bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public/private‐sector collaboration in contraceptive research and development: summary and historical perspective
Authors: Spieler J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis summary and historical perspective relates exclusively to contraceptive research and development during the period between the early 1970s and the present. This paper covers the raison d'être for public/private‐sector collaboration in this field, provides definitions and summarizes the issues motivating and confronting both sectors, discusses and outlines a generic memorandum of understanding (MOU) that can be used to initiate collaborative research activities, and presents a time line of selected milestones in public/private‐sector collaboration, many of which were initiated by the Rockefeller Foundation. Public and private‐sector collaboration takes advantage of the unique strengths of both sectors and offers good opportunities for a ‘win–win’ situation in product development.
Pushing the frontiers of science — the Mellon reproductive biology centers
Authors: Makinson C. , Harper M.J.K. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe 20‐year history of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation's support for US reproductive biology centers and junior investigators is summarized. The main results of the Foundation's program during the 1990s are described under the following headings: research generated by seed money, research generated by the twinning program, and commercial partnerships. The twinning program supports research collaborations between US centers and reproductive biology centers in developing countries, and was recently reviewed by an external panel. Both the seed money and twinning mechanisms were judged to have been successful in promoting research relevant to contraception which, in many instances, resulted in publications in peer‐reviewed journals and in follow‐on funding from other sources. The Foundation established a new program in 1998. The paper lists the US centers included in the new program and the ‘target’ areas of research that will be emphasized.
Gene mediated insulin‐like growth factor‐I delivery to the synovium
Authors: Saxer Rachel A. , Bent Stephen J. , Brower‐Toland Brent D. , Mi Zhibao , Robbins Paul D. , Evans Christopher H. , Nixon Alan J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe feasibility of articular gene therapy using insulin‐like growth factor‐I transgene expression in synovial tissues was assessed in vitro by transfection of synovial explant and monolayer cultures. Synovial membrane was harvested from horses and distributed for explant culture in multiwell plates or digested for monolayer culture in multiwell plates and chamber slides. Synovial monolayers were cultured for 48 h after infection with 0, 100, 200, or 500 moi adenovirus‐IGF‐I (AdeIGF‐I) to establish an optimum dose. Explants were then either infected with AdeIGF‐I or adenoviral LacZ and cultured for 8 days, treated with 100 ng/ml recombinant IGF‐I as a positive control, or remained as uninfected untreated culture controls. Expression of IGF‐I in explants and monolayers was assessed by in situ hybridization and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and translation confirmed by IGF‐I radioimmunoassay (RIA) and tissue immunoreaction. Effects of IGF‐I on synovial function was assessed by proteoglycan and hyaluronan assay, and northern blot assessment of decorin and collagen type I expression. Significant transgene expression in synovial cells was present for all AdeIGF‐I concentrations. Similarly, medium IGF‐I concentrations were significantly elevated in AdeIGF‐I infected synovial monolayer and explant cultures at all time points. Peak IGF‐I concentration of 246 ± 43 ng/ml developed in explant cultures on day 4; IGF‐I levels in control explant groups were unchanged over baseline values. In situ hybridization and immunolocalization for IGF‐I indicated focal IGF‐I expression in intimal and subintimal layers of infected explants, with diffuse immunoreaction throughout infected subintimal and fibrous layers. For monolayer cultures, intracellular immunoreaction to IGF‐I was markedly higher in infected cells, and was most prominent at 100 moi. Effects of IGF‐I on synoviocyte cultures were evident on northern blots, which showed decreased decorin expression and elevated type I collagen production in AdeIGF‐I infected monolayers. Proteoglycan concentration in the medium from explant cultures rose over the initial 4 days but was similar between treatment groups. The concentration of hyaluronan in medium from explant cultures did not differ significantly within or between treated and control groups during the 8‐day study period. These data indicate that IGF‐I can be successfully introduced to synovial structures by adenoviral vectors and results in effective IGF‐I ligand synthesis without untoward synovial morphologic effects. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Punlished by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Differential distribution of the G protein γ3 subunit in the developing zebrafish nervous system
Authors: Kelly Gregory M. , Vanderbeld Barbara , Krawetz Roman , Mangos Steve 
Published: July 2002

AbstractG proteins play an essential role in the transduction and propagation of extracellular signals across the plasma membrane. It was once thought that the G protein α subunit was the sole regulator of intracellular molecules. The G protein βγ complex is now recognized as participating in many signaling events. While screening a zebrafish cDNA library to identify members of the protein 4.1 superfamily (Kelly, G.M., Reversade, B., Biochem. Cell Biol. 75 (1997), 623), we fortuitously identified a clone that encodes a zebrafish G protein γ subunit. The 666 nucleotides of the zebrafish G protein γ subunit cDNA encodes a polypeptide of 75 amino acids with high degree of homology to human, bovine, rat and mouse γ subunits. BLAST search analysis of GenBank revealed that the zebrafish γ subunit is 93% identical and 97% similar to the mammalian γ3 subunit. The γ3 gene was mapped to the zebrafish linkage group 21, approximately 10.76 cRays from bf, a gene with sequence homology to the human properdin factor gene. RT‐PCR and in situ hybridization analyses first detected γ3 mRNA during late somitogenesis, where it was expressed preferentially in the Vth cranial nerve, the forebrain and in ventrolateral regions of the mid‐ and hindbrain including the spinal cord. The ability of the zebrafish γ3 subunit to form a signaling heterodimeric complex with a β subunit was tested using a human β2 subunit. The γ3 formed a heterodimer with β2 and the complex was capable of binding calmodulin in a calcium‐dependent manner. Overexpression of the β2γ3 complex in zebrafish embryos lead to the loss of dorsoanterior structures and heart defects, possibly owing to an up‐regulation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase activity and/or decline in protein kinase A signaling. Together, these data imply that a βγ heterodimer plays a role in signal transduction events involving G protein coupled receptors and that these events occur in specific regions in the nervous system of the developing zebrafish.
Development of the tecto–thalamic projection neurons and the differential expressions ofcalcium‐binding proteins in the rat
Authors: Okoyama Shigeo , Kudo Motoi 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe studied expression of calbindin‐D 28 K and parvalbumin in tecto–thalamic projection neurons and during the formation of their tecto–thalamic projections using a double‐labeling with Fluoro–Gold. To discern the completion of these projections, Fluoro–Gold, an opalescent fluorescent dye, was injected into the dorsal lateral geniculate and/or the lateral posterior nucleus in rats of various ages from neonates to adults. After one day's survival, the brains were removed and sections of the brain were immunohistochemically processed using Cy3, a red fluorescent dye, as a marker for calbindin‐D 28 K or parvalbumin. The three types of tecto–thalamic neurons, which have been described previously in the adult rats, were identified in the present study. The results revealed that in developing rats: 1) A population of medium‐sized neurons (the presumed pyriform cells) express calbindin‐D 28 K as early as the day of birth prior to the formation of their tecto–thalamic projection that occured on postnatal day 4. Most (over 90%) of them project to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus; 2) A population of large neurons (the presumed wide‐field vertical cells) express calbindin‐D 28 K on postnatal day 7, and most of them (over 90%) project to the lateral posterior nucleus; 3) Another population of medium‐sized neurons (the presumed narrow‐field cells) express parvalbumin on post‐natal day 17, but only a half (45%) of them project to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. In the developing nervous system, calcium ions play important roles in the biological and molecular events underlying neural development. Changes in the free intracellular calcium ion level, indicating neuronal activity has been reported to be correlated with onset of calbindin‐D 28 K or parvalbumin‐immunoreactivity that participate in the regulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis in neurons. Therefore, the present findings may reflect distinct developmental events in the different classes of tectal relay neurons that form parallel visual pathways, but which have such different functions as the detection of luminance, discrimination of direction, and the detection of fast movements.
MIDWIFERY EDUCATION ROUNDTABLE DISCUSSION: TRANSITIONS TO THE WORKPLACE
Authors: Lydon‐Rochelle Mona T. , Kantrowitz‐Gordon Ira , Tower Martha J. “Jody” , Trego Lori , Lagerberg Ruth 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTA snapshot of four graduates’ views on their educational experience at a research institution as well as their perspective on how it prepared them for the challenges they faced in entering the workplace is presented. Discussants stated that research knowledge is a critical aspect to clinical practice. Their educational experience provided them with the ability to understand information technology applications, identify and access relevant scientific research, evaluate the integrity and comparability of research findings, and apply research findings to clinical practice. Areas within the curriculum that were identified as needing more content and/or greater emphasis included primary health care, how to work competently and effectively with persons from diverse cultural, socioeconomic, and racial and ethnic backgrounds, experience with public health providers, and content such as intimate partner violence and adolescent behaviors.
Deriving genetic coefficients from variety trials to determine sorghum hybrid performance using the CSM–CERES–Sorghum model
Authors: Liang Xi , Hoogenboom Gerrit , Voulgaraki Stamatia , Boote Kenneth J. , Vellidis George 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) is well‐known to adapt to stressful environmental conditions. However, yield variability of sorghum has not been thoroughly investigated for different growing conditions in a subtropical climate. The overall goal of this study was to identify yield potential and management options for sorghum production in the southeastern United States. Specific objectives were to calibrate and evaluate the Cropping System Model (CSM)–CERES–Sorghum model with sorghum variety trial data and to apply the model for determining hybrid performance as a function of sowing date for different environments in Georgia. The model was calibrated and evaluated with data for six grain sorghum hybrids from 31 variety trials conducted in Georgia and Florida. Following calibration and evaluation, the model was used to simulate grain yield of the six hybrids in response to seven sowing dates under rainfed and irrigated conditions at 10 locations in Georgia using 40 yr of historical weather data. The results indicate that normalized root mean square error (RMSEn) between simulated and observed yield for the six hybrids ranged from 1.4 to 19% for model calibration and from 12 to 28% for model evaluation, suggesting that the model can be calibrated and evaluated using limited data from variety trials. For the long‐term scenarios, differences in simulated grain yield were found for hybrids, sowing dates, and locations under both rainfed and irrigated conditions. This demonstrated that the CSM–CERES–Sorghum model can be used to investigate the effects of climate variability on crop yield and to develop management practices for optimizing sorghum production.
H3PO4‐induced micellization of styrene‐ethylene oxide block copolymers in toluene solutions
Authors: Ayubali Mufadal , Kotlarchyk Michael , Smith Thomas W. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn toluene/dimethoxyethane (80/20)v solution, copolymers containing 11, 33, and 51 mol% of oxyethylene residues and having a fixed PS‐segment molecular weight of ~60,000 g/mol, are dissolved molecularly. Doping with 10, 20, and 50 mol% of H3PO4 based on the oxyethylene content, induces varying degrees, of micellization in the respective block copolymer solutions. Light scattering and viscometry were used to evaluate the relationship between block‐copolymer composition and the state of aggregation for solutions of styrene/ethylene oxide block copolymers as a function of solution concentration and level of doping with phosphoric acid. Specifically, diffusion coefficients, hydrodynamic radii, and critical micelle concentration were evaluated by dynamic light scattering. Radii of gyration were obtained by complementary static light scattering measurements. In all three block copolymers, complete micellization is realized at the 50 mol% H3PO4 doping level. At the 20 mol% H3PO4 doping level, complete micellization is induced with the copolymers containing 11 and 33 mol% of oxyethylene residues.
Digital breast tomosynthesis compared to diagnostic mammographic projections (including magnification) among women recalled at screening mammography: a systematic review for the European Commission Initiative on Breast Cancer (ECIBC)
Authors: Canelo‐Aybar Carlos , Carrera Lourdes , Beltrán Jessica , Posso Margarita , Rigau David , Lebeau Annette , Gräwingholt Axel , Castells Xavier , Langendam Miranda , Pérez Elsa , Giorgi Rossi Paolo , Van Engen Ruben , Parmelli Elena , Saz‐Parkinson Zuleika , Alonso‐Coello Pablo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundDiagnostic mammography projections (DxMM) have been traditionally used in the assessment of women recalled after a suspicious screening mammogram. Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) reduces the tissue overlap effect, thus improving image assessment. Some studies have suggested DBT might replace DxMM with at least equivalent performance.ObjectiveTo evaluate the replacement of DxMM with DBT in women recalled at screening.MethodsWe searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library databases to identify diagnostic paired cohort studies or RCTs comparing DBT vs DxMM, published in English that: reported accuracy outcomes, recruited women recalled for assessment at mammography screening, and included a reference standard. Subgroup analysis was performed over lesion characteristics. We provided pooled accuracy estimates and differences between tests using a quadrivariate model. We assessed the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach.ResultsWe included ten studies that reported specificity and sensitivity. One study included 7060 women while the remaining included between 52 and 738 women. DBT compared with DxMM showed a pooled difference for the sensitivity of 2% (95% CI 1%–3%) and a pooled difference for the specificity of 6% (95%CI 2%–11%). Restricting the analysis to the six studies that included women with microcalcification lesions gave similar results. In the context of a prevalence of 21% of breast cancer (BC) in recalled women, DBT probably detects 4 (95% CI 2–6) more BC cases and has 47 (95%CI 16–87) fewer false‐positive results per 1000 assessments. The certainty of the evidence was moderate due to risk of bias.ConclusionThe evidence in the assessment of screen‐recalled findings with DBT is sparse and of moderate certainty. DBT probably has higher sensitivity and specificity than DxMM. Women, health care providers and policymakers might value as relevant the reduction of false‐positive results and related fewer invasive diagnostic procedures with DBT, without missing BC cases.
Phase 1 study of telisotuzumab vedotin in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors
Authors: Fujiwara Yutaka , Kenmotsu Hirotsugu , Yamamoto Noboru , Shimizu Toshio , Yonemori Kan , Ocampo Christopher , Parikh Apurvasena , Okubo Sumiko , Fukasawa Kazuteru , Murakami Haruyasu 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTTelisotuzumab vedotin (formerly ABBV‐399) is an antibody‐drug conjugate targeting c‐Met–overexpressing tumor cells, irrespective of MET gene amplification status. Safety, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary efficacy of telisotuzumab vedotin were evaluated outside of Japan. This phase 1 open‐label study evaluated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary antitumor activity of telisotuzumab vedotin in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors. Telisotuzumab vedotin was administered intravenously at either 2.4 mg/kg (n = 3) or 2.7 mg/kg (n = 6) every 3 weeks, following a 3 + 3 design. Maximum tolerated dose was not reached on the basis of the study design; no dose‐limiting toxicity events were observed. The most common treatment‐emergent adverse events related to telisotuzumab vedotin were peripheral sensory neuropathy (44%), and nausea, decreased appetite, and decreased white blood cell count (33% each). Most frequent grade ≥3 treatment‐emergent adverse events, irrespective of relationship to telisotuzumab vedotin, were decreased neutrophil count and hypoalbuminemia, reported in two patients (22%) each. Systemic exposure of telisotuzumab vedotin at both dose levels was approximately dose proportional. Pharmacokinetic profile in Japanese patients was similar to that previously reported in non‐Japanese patients. Two (22%) patients achieved a partial response, six (67%) had stable disease, one (11%) had progressive disease. Overall disease control rate was 89% (eight of nine patients; 95% confidence interval: 51.8%–99.7%]). Median progression‐free survival was 7.1 months (95% confidence interval: 1.2–10.4). In conclusion, telisotuzumab vedotin demonstrated a manageable safety profile, with antitumor activity in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors; the recommended phase 2 dose was confirmed as 2.7 mg/kg every 3 weeks.ClinicalTrials.gov registration number: NCT03311477.
His‐bundle pacing as an alternative to CRT in a patient with left bundle branch block, left ventricular dysfunction, and TAVI‐induced complete AV block
Authors: Silva Cunha Pedro , Pais João , Oliveira Mário Martins 
Published: March 2021

AbstractOur clinical case supports the effectiveness of distal His‐Bundle pacing in obtaining ventricular resynchronization in patients with LBBB and left ventricular dysfunction, particularly in the context of post‐TAVI conduction disturbances.
Immunochemistry in the work‐up of mesothelioma and its differential diagnosis and mimickers
Authors: Mneimneh Wadad S. , Jiang Yuying , Harbhajanka Aparna , Michael Claire W. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe differential diagnosis in cellular effusions with cytological atypia often includes malignant mesothelioma (MM), reactive mesothelial proliferation, and malignancies of metastatic origin, particularly carcinomas. The International Reporting System for Serous Fluid recently established guidelines for reporting MM. In conjunction with the cytomorphologic evaluation, the role of immunochemistry (IC) was emphasized as a very useful tool in the workup of serous fluids, especially with the availability of novel markers. Utilizing a panel of markers, IC allows the characterization of the cells, whether mesothelial or not, and when mesothelial origin is established, IC can frequently assist in delineating its benign or malignant nature. IC can also confirm metastatic disease, allowing the identification of the primary origin in most cases. This review summarizes the current status of IC and its role in the diagnosis of MM and its differential diagnosis in serous fluids.
Unravelling the effect of multiple stressors on ecological structure of littoral lake macroinvertebrates
Authors: Jurca Tamara , Donohue Louise , McGoff Elaine , Tunali Saliha Y. , Irvine Kenneth 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMorphological alteration of shorelines and eutrophication both affect the biological integrity of European lakes. These pressures, often acting simultaneously, are difficult to tease apart. In this study, we related the number of taxa with specific habitat preference to habitat complexity across lakes of varying nutrient state. Habitat complexity at morphologically altered shorelines was significantly lower than at unaltered sites across trophic categories. A generalised linear mixed‐effects model showed decreased number of taxa with specific mesohabitat preference at morphologically simplified sites in oligotrophic and mesotrophic, but not eutrophic lakes. These results suggest: (1) an antagonistic interaction between the effect of nutrient enrichment and morphological alterations on lake littoral communities and (2) the number of macroinvertebrate habitat specialists could potentially be used to assess the effects of structural simplifications of shorelines in lakes of low to medium nutrient status. We conclude that the use of functional traits approach in aquatic ecology should foster better understanding of stressor–response relationships for combined effect of multiple stressors.
How to bargain successfully with adolescents: What can be learned from youth development professionals
Authors: Perry S. Cole , Izenstark Dina , Larson Reed 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis study examines risks and potential benefits that youth professionals experience in bargaining with adolescents. We conducted semistructured qualitative interviews with 50 experienced adult leaders of 27 high‐quality arts, technology, and leadership youth programs (serving ethnically‐diverse teens). Half worked with younger teens (ages 11–14), half with older (ages 14–18). Leaders reported bargaining in ways responsive to youth's wants and needs, reaching win‐win agreements. Leaders of younger youth experienced more risks in bargaining, so took greater control over what was bargained. They used bargains most often to motivate when youth's enthusiasm dropped, and these bargains sometimes helped youth develop self‐motivation. Leaders of older youth reported fewer risks and more benefits. They bargained as equals, asking youth to share decision‐making responsibility. They used bargaining as a pedagogical tool to model, support, and challenge youth, which helped build their capacities for deliberative decision‐making. The findings illuminate strategies for practitioners to use bargaining effectively.
Sonographic imaging of appendiceal orifice polyps in children
Authors: Zhang Min , Qin Ling‐ling , Lin Hai 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAlthough gastrointestinal polyps are a common disease, appendiceal orifice polyps are rare and usually found incidentally during autopsy or surgery. Data on the sonographic features of appendiceal orifice polyps in children are limited. We describe the sonographic features of appendiceal orifice polyps in two children.