bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of Susceptible Weed Hosts of Phytophthora spp. in Cocoa Trees in the Nawa Region, South-West of Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Kra Daniel Kouamé , Baka Yapi Richmond , N’golo David Coulibaly , Ipou Ipou Joseph 
Published: March 2021

The cocoa tree, the mainexport crop in Côte d'Ivoire is frequently attacked by a disease: brown pod rot, caused by Phytophthora spp. which causes a considerable drop in production. This soil-borne pathogen attacks on so-called weeds when environmental conditions are favourable. The presence of these susceptible weed hosts can amplify this scourge of brown rot by transmitting the pathogen to the crop plant. In order to improve the yield of this crop, a study was conducted in the Nawa region to identify the weed hosts through the characterization of the pathogen.
This study consisted first in the inventory of susceptible host weeds of Phytophthora spp. and second in the morphological characterization of the pathogen.
Concerning the host weeds inventory we procceeded determining all symptomatic weeds located within 3 m of the cocoa plants affected by brown rot.
We identified 48 susceptible host species, divided into 41 genera and 22 families and we observed brown spots on the leaves of Oplismenus burmannii and Laportea aestuans; on the leaves of Clerodendrum splendens and Xanthosoma mafaffa, brown necroses surrounded by a yellow halo were noticed. Oily brown spots were examined on the leaves of Ageratum conyzoides. On the proximal, lateral and distal parts of the pods symptoms of brown spots covered with whitish mycelia were observed. Phytophthora strains obtained from the pods and weeds on PDA culture medium were characterized by matted, white mycelial colonies with a cottony appearance. Microscopic features revealed the presence of sporocysts, oospores and chlamydospores of different shapes.
Final Health and Environmental Risk Assessment of Genetically Modified Soybean MON 87701
Authors: Andreassen Åshild Kristin , Asare Nana Yaa Ohene , Bakke Anne Marie , Dahl Knut Kelkås , Dalen Knut Thomas , Nielsen Kåre Magnus , Sanden Monica , Sipinen Ville Erling , Vikse Rose , Brandtzæg Per , Junttila Olavi , Meadow Richard , Sorteberg Hilde-Gunn Opsahl 
Published: March 2021

Soybean MON 87701 expresses the cry1Ac gene from Bacillus thuringiensis. The encoded Cry1Ac protein confers resistance against specific lepidopteran pests. Updated bioinformatics analyses of the inserted DNA and flanking sequences in soybean MON 87701 have not indicated a potential production of harmful toxins and allergens or polypeptides caused by the genetic modification. Genomic stability of the functional insert and consistent expression of the cry1Ac gene, have been shown over several generations of soybean MON 87701. Data from several field trials performed in USA, Canada, Chile and Argentina during 2005-2006 show that soybean MON 87701 is compositionally, morphologically and agronomically equivalent to its conventional counterpart and other commercial soybean cultivars. Subchronic feeding studies with rats as well as nutritional assessment with broilers have not revealed relevant adverse effects of MON 87701. These studies indicate that MON 87701 is nutritionally equivalent to and as safe as conventional soybean cultivars. The Cry1Ac protein produced in soybean MON 87701 do not show sequence resemblance to known toxins or IgE-dependent allergens, nor has the whole GM plant been reported to cause changes in IgE-mediated allergic reactions in patients reactive to soybean or in non-ectopic control individuals. Soybean is not cultivated in Norway, and there are no cross-compatible wild or weedy relatives of soybean in Europe. Based on current knowledge and considering the intended uses, which exclude cultivation, the VKM GMO Panel concludes that soybean MON 87701 with the Cry1Ac protein:

- Is compositionally, morphologically and agronomically equivalent to its conventional counterpart and other commercial soybean cultivars
- Is unlikely to introduce a toxic or allergenic potential in food or feed compared to conventional soybean cultivars
- Is nutritionally equivalent to and as safe as its conventional counterpart and other conventional soybean cultivars
- Does not represent an environmental risk in Norway.
Molecular Mechanisms of Genetic Interaction (Epistasis) in the Evolution and Management of Antibiotic Resistance Tuberculosis: Current Consequence and Future Perspectives
Authors: Seid Aynias , Berhane Nega 
Published: March 2021

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious chronic human disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria. M. tuberculosis has a great capability of resistance with plentiful natural and acquired mechanisms in their genome that contribute to the spread of highly drug resistance strains and became major public health concern. The majority of drug resistance in M. tuberculosis strains has been resulted from a numbers of chromosomal mutation events most of which are due to the mechanisms of epistasis that leads to the creation of resistance genes to anti-TB drugs. Epistasis can occur when two or more mutations interact with each other to express new phenotypic traits to modify their fitness cost. Thus, the objective of this review was to assessed the molecular mechanisms of epistasis and its consequences in the evolution and managements of antibiotic resistance-TB. The epistatic interactions within and between resistance gene mutations in M. tuberculosis could be detected by co-culture competitive fitness experimental assay under optimal growth conditions that showed either significantly negative or improving deleterious positive fitness effect. Molecular mechanisms of epistatic interaction could have important practical consequences in the trajectory of drug resistance, evolution of antimicrobial resistance and management of antibiotic resistance-TB. Understanding the evolution of M. tuberculosis under antibiotic treatments is a burning issue today. Unlike the deleterious positive epistasis, the beneficial negative epistatic interaction of resistance gene mutations under multidrug therapy method and/or collateral drug sensitivity approaches based on the knowledge of drug combinations help to mitigate the spread of drug-resistant strains, reduce treatment duration, minimize adverse drug effects on evolution of MDR/XDR-TB and improve treatment outcomes of TB patients.
Pharmacy Students’ Perception towards Clinical Pharmacognosy Course
Authors: Ahmed Nehad J. , Alonazi Abdulsalam , Zehravi Mehrukh , Abdel-Kader Maged S. 
Published: March 2021

Aim: The aim of this study was to identify pharmacy student’s perception towards clinical pharmacognosy.
Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study that was conducted in Al-Kharj. The survey contains 2 parts; the Level of the students and pharmacy students’ perception towards the clinical pharmacognosy course. The data were collected and analyzed using Excel software.
Results: About 51.20 % of the students said that clinical pharmacognosy is an interesting subject. About 57.60% of them said that clinical pharmacognosy is an integral part of clinical pharmacy practice but only 28.80% of them agreed that clinical pharmacognosy should be a mandatory part of the pharmacy curriculum. Approximately 68.00% of the students agreed that clinical pharmacognosy provides sufficient knowledge about mechanisms of actions, indications, proper dosing and side effects of herbal drugs.
Conclusion: It is concluded that pharmacy students showed positive perceptions towards the clinical pharmacognosy course. It is important to increase the awareness of pharmacy students about clinical pharmacognosy in order to prescribe herbal drugs correctly and to educate health care professionals and patients about the efficacy and safety of the herbal products.
Health Related Quality of Life and Depression among Blood Cancer Patients in Pakistan: The Missing Public Health Link
Authors: Malik Madeeha , Rizwan Ifrah , Hussain Azhar 
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Limited access to health care facilities, less number of qualified oncologists, lack of technical equipment for diagnosis are the major factors effecting adequate control and prevention of blood cancer in Pakistan.
Objective: The objective of the study was to assess health related quality of life and depression among blood cancer patients in Pakistan.
Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used. Two pre validated questionnaires i.e. SF 36 and HADS were self-administered to a sample of 400 blood cancer patients’ selected using convenience sampling technique for measuring HRQoL and depression, respectively. After data collection, data was cleaned, coded and entered in SPSS.
Results: The results highlighted that lowest scores for HRQoL among blood cancer patients were observed in the domain of role emotional (33.55, ± 27.528) followed by bodily pain (42.93, ± 30.838) whereas highest scores were observed in the domain of mental health (73.7, ± 18.488). Significant difference (p ≥ 0.05) was observed in HRQoL of cancer patients with different marital status, stages of blood cancer and receiving different types of therapies.
Conclusion:The present study concluded that blood cancer patients had poor HRQoL and moderate depression in spite of advanced therapeutic strategies.
Dispensing of Banned Phenolphthalein and Ketoconazole: Simulated Patients Method
Authors: Alshakka Mohammed , Badulla Wafa , Ibrahim Mohamed Izham Mohamed 
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Banned and harmful medicines can affect patient’s health, safety and life. There are two medicines available in Aden community pharmacies (phenolphthalein (PP) and ketoconazole (KZ)) that are globally banned. The objective of this study was to evaluate the availability and dispensing of banned phenolphthalein and ketoconazole by community pharmacists.
Methods: A preliminary cross-sectional simulated patients method was carried out. The study gathered data on dispensing behavior. Simulated patients were trained to access the availability of banned drugs existing in the community pharmacies. The availability of these two banned drugs was observed and recorded. The pharmacists were asked about the availability of a PP laxative for treating constipation called in Yemen a khat laxative (Sharbat Alkhat) and KZ for fungal infections in 50 convenient samples of community pharmacies that were selected based on ease of access by the simulated patients.
Results: PP was found in 3/50 (6%) pharmacies, while 31/50 (62%) pharmacies kept KZ in the premise.
Conclusion: The availability of these drugs in Yemeni pharmacies is worrisome. It can affect the safety of the public.
Driving Difficulties in Patients With Axial Spondyloarthritis: Results From the Scotland Registry for Ankylosing Spondylitis
Authors: Morton LaKrista , Macfarlane Gary J. , Jones Gareth , Walker‐Bone Karen , Hollick Rosemary 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveTo describe the driving difficulties experienced by individuals with axial spondyloarthritis (SpA), and to characterize associated clinical and sociodemographic features and impact on work.MethodsThe Scotland Registry for Ankylosing Spondylitis (SIRAS) is a cohort study of patients with a clinical diagnosis of axial SpA. Baseline information was collected on clinical and patient‐reported measures and work participation measures (using the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire: Specific Health Problem [WPAI:SHP]). Patient‐rated difficulties with 9 driving tasks were used in a factor analysis, and relationships between driving difficulty and work participation were investigated.ResultsIn total, 718 patients provided data for analysis, of which 642 (89%) had some difficulty with at least 1 driving task, and 72 (10%) had some difficulty with all 9 tasks. Three domains of driving difficulty were identified: dynamic driving scenarios, crossing traffic, and the physical act of driving. Chronic widespread pain, knee and back pain, fatigue, high disease activity, and anxiety/depression were significantly associated with reporting driving difficulties across all 3 domains, particularly the physical act of driving. After adjusting for sociodemographic, disease activity, physical and mental health, driving difficulties in each domain were associated with a 2–3 times increased likelihood of restricted work productivity and with an increased risk of sickness absence in the past 7 days.ConclusionDriving difficulties are common in individuals with axial SpA and impact on work, even after adjusting for clinical status. Improving understanding and awareness of driving disability will help direct advice and resources to enable individuals to remain independent and economically active.
From Lingering to Rift: Metasurface Decoupling for Near‐ and Far‐Field Functionalization
Authors: Li Jiaxin , Wang Yiqun , Chen Chen , Fu Rao , Zhou Zhou , Li Zile , Zheng Guoxing , Yu Shaohua , Qiu Cheng‐Wei , Zhang Shuang 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMetasurfaces, simultaneously operating in near‐ and far‐fields, can be employed as a promising candidate to implement different functions, thus significantly improving the information density, security, and system integration. Recent works have showcased some approaches for decoupling‐at‐large between near‐ and far‐field functionalities, but unfortunately, their coupling effects are just reduced and mitigated to some extent rather than eradicated, which in turn leads to the performance limitation of metadevices. Herein, we propose a general platform for the complete rift between near‐ and far‐field functionalities, enabled by strictly decoupled manipulation of optical amplitude and phase, leading to their distinct functions in the near‐ and far‐fields, respectively. This concept is experimentally demonstrated by integrating the functions of a phase‐only metalens and an amplitude‐only grayscale‐imaging nanoprint into a single‐cell metasurface. Because of their completely decoupled functions, both meta‐elements show high‐performance characteristics, i.e., imaging quality close to the diffraction limit and high‐definition grayscale‐imaging with resolution as high as 63 500 dots per inch (dpi). The validated recipe may empower advanced explorations and applications in highly integrated nano‐optoelectronics requiring high performance and less crosstalk.
In Situ Ultrafast and Patterned Growth of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides from Inkjet‐Printed Aqueous Precursors
Authors: Wan Xi , Miao Xin , Yao Jie , Wang Shuai , Shao Feng , Xiao Shaoqing , Zhan Runze , Chen Kun , Zeng Xiaoliang , Gu Xiaofeng , Xu Jianbin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractChemical vapor deposition (CVD) has been widely used to synthesize high‐quality 2D transition‐metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) from different precursors. At present, quantitative control of the precursor with high precision and good repeatability is still challenging. Moreover, the process to synthesize TMDCs with designed patterns is complicated. Here, by using an industrial inkjet‐printer, an in situ aqueous precursor with robust usage control at the picogram (10−12 g) level is achieved, and by precisely tuning the inkjet‐printing parameters, followed by a rapid heating process, large‐area patterned TMDC films with centimeter size and good thickness controllability, as well as heterostructures of the TMDCs, are achieved facilely, and high‐quality single‐domain monolayer TMDCs with millimeter‐size can be easily synthesized within 30 s (corresponding to a growth rate up to 36.4 µm s−1). The resulting monolayer MoS2 and MoSe2 exhibits excellent electronic properties with carrier mobility up to 21 and 54 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. The study paves a simple and robust way for the in situ ultrafast and patterned growth of high‐quality TMDCs and heterostructures with promising industrialization prospects. Moreover, this ultrafast and green method can be easily used for synthesis of other 2D materials with slight modification.
Protein Microarray Immobilization via Epoxide Ring‐Opening by Thiol, Amine, and Azide
Authors: Dadfar Seyed Mohammad Mahdi , Sekula‐Neuner Sylwia , Trouillet Vanessa , Hirtz Michael 
Published: March 2021

AbstractImmobilization of functional molecules in ordered microarrays has vast importance for many applications in sensing and diagnostics. Here, the immobilization of small molecule compounds and protein in microchannel cantilever spotting (μCS) on epoxy‐terminated glass surfaces is studied via ring‐opening of epoxides by thiol, amine, and azide, with the purpose of creating microscale patterns for sensing applications. For this, glass surfaces carrying epoxy groups from silanization are functionalized with microarrays by μCS with different fluorescent and nonfluorescent dyes containing thiol, amine, or azide groups. Experiments with the fluorophores reveal that all routes result in successful immobilization in a short time. Furthermore, from these experiments, optimal reaction conditions including time, temperature, catalyst type, and catalyst amount are determined. The feasibility of these routes in sensing applications is examined by means of protein binding experiments. Comparing the fluorescence intensity values of different biotin carrying spot arrays immobilized on the epoxy‐terminated glass surfaces, after incubating the surfaces with fluorescent‐labeled streptavidin, reveal the highest surface density of immobilized biotin for the amine route in comparison to the thiol and azide routes. The obtained results from this work can inform the design and fabricating of protein biosensors as well as other biomedical and diagnostic applications.
All‐Amorphous Junction Field‐Effect Transistors Based on High‐Mobility Zinc Oxynitride
Authors: Reinhardt Anna , von Wenckstern Holger , Grundmann Marius 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis report is on the electrical properties of all‐amorphous junction field‐effect transistors (JFETs) based on n‐type zinc oxynitride (ZnON) as a channel material and room‐temperature deposited p‐type ZnCo2O4 (ZCO) as a heterojunction gate. Devices with different channel thicknesses are thereby compared. Best devices with 48 nm channel layer thickness achieve drain current on/off–ratios of 105 and low subthreshold swing of 134 mV dec−1 within a gate voltage sweep of less than 2 V. The channel mobility extraction is reliable for 90 nm‐thick channels yielding saturation mobility values over 50 cm2 V−1 s−1. For JFETs with 48 nm‐thick channels an overestimation of the saturation mobility due to deviations from the ideal transistor characteristics is determined.
The Value of Watching How Materials Grow: A Multimodal Case Study on Halide Perovskites
Authors: Sutter‐Fella Carolin M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMaterial synthesis is one of the most important aspects in humankinds’ endeavor to discover and create new materials for energy applications. One strategy to tailor materials with desired functions in a rational way is by knowing how functions relate to structure, synthetic variables, arrangement of atoms and molecules, and how functions evolve during synthesis. In order to accelerate materials synthesis, discovery, and optimization by 10 times it is the right time now to integrate computational tools, synthesis, and characterization. One particular barrier to realizing this concept is the understanding of when and how phases form in real time during synthesis, which is challenging to asses by existing theoretical frameworks. In addition, transient or metastable phases with positive free energy above the lowest‐free energy ground state can be revealed by such real time (in situ) measurements. Metastable materials are ubiquitous in condensed matter and can show superior properties compared to their equilibrium form. This essay discusses the value of emerging multimodal in situ characterizations exemplified on hybrid halide perovskites. Finally, the ways in which the implementation of in situ measurements can advance the materials science synthesis field as well as their role to enable close‐loop feedback control and autonomous synthesis are discussed.
Investigation of Defect‐Tolerant Perovskite Solar Cells with Long‐Term Stability via Controlling the Self‐Doping Effect
Authors: Cho Seong Ho , Byeon Junseop , Jeong Kiwan , Hwang Jiseon , Lee Hyunjoon , Jang Jihun , Lee Jieun , Kim Taehoon , Kim Kihwan , Choi Mansoo , Lee Yun Seog 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAlthough there have been significant advances in the stability of perovskite solar cells through encapsulation techniques to remove extrinsic degradation factors, such as moisture and oxygen, irreversible photo‐degradation originating from intrinsic defects is still challenging and remains elusive. Herein, the photo‐aging mechanism due to intrinsic defects is investigated in nitrogen‐filled conditions, excluding extrinsic degradation factors. Devices with similar power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of 21%, but with different Fermi levels in the perovskite films, via controlling the self‐doping effect, have been investigated. Opto‐electronic investigations and depth profiles of the elemental constituents show that after photo‐aging, strain relaxation in the perovskite lattice and a Fermi level shift towards conduction band edge are observed, implying the formation of new defect states in Pb‐rich devices. Furthermore, thermal admittance spectroscopy measurement of the devices suggests that the formation of the deep‐traps in the perovskite leads to irreversible degradation. Thin‐film solar cells that are relatively Pb‐deficient (FA‐rich) exhibit improved long‐term stability, retaining over 90% of their initial PCE during 500 h of continuous 1‐Sun illumination. This study suggests passivation of the Pb‐I related antisite defects near the grain boundaries and the interface is crucial for the fabrication of solar cells with enhanced long‐term stability.
Highly γ‐Selective Arylation and Carbonylative Arylation of 3‐Bromo‐3,3‐difluoropropene via Nickel Catalysis
Authors: Cheng Ran , Sang Yueqian , Gao Xing , Zhang Shu , Xue Xiao‐Song , Zhang Xingang 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA nickel‐catalyzed highly γ‐regioselective arylation and carbonylative arylation of 3‐bromo‐3,3‐difluoropropene has been developed. The reaction proceeds under mild reaction conditions, providing the gem‐difluoroalkenes with high efficiency and good functional group tolerance. The resulting gem‐difluoroalkenes can serve as versatile building blocks for diversified synthesis. Preliminary mechanistic studies and density functional theory calculations reveal that both non‐radical and radical pathways are possible for the reaction, and the radical pathway is more likely. The high γ‐regioselectivity results from the β‐bromide elimination of alkylnickel(II) species or from the reductive elimination of nickel(III) species [(aryl)(CF2=CHCH2)NiIII(Ln)X]. The γ‐selective carbonylation of 3‐bromo‐3,3‐difluoropropene under 1 atm CO gas also provides a new way for nickel‐catalyzed carbonylation.
Chasing the Mond Cation: Synthesis and Characterization of the Homoleptic Nickel Tetracarbonyl Cation and its Tricarbonyl‐Nitrosyl Analogue
Authors: Schmitt Manuel , Mayländer Maximilian , Goost Julian , Richert Sabine , Krossing Ingo 
Published: March 2021

Abstract130 years after Mond discovered the first homoleptic carbonyl complex Ni(CO)4, we report on a [Ni(CO)4].+ salt as the first synthesis of any homoleptic nickel carbonyl cation in the condensed phase. It was prepared by oxidation of nickel metal with the synergistic oxidant Ag[F{Al(ORF)3}2]/0.5 I2 (RF=C(CF3)3) in CO atmosphere. This D2d‐symmetric metalloradical represents the last missing entry among the structurally characterized homoleptic carbonyl cations of Groups 6 to 11. Additionally, the nickel tricarbonyl‐nitrosyl cation [Ni(CO)3(NO)]+ was obtained by usage of NO[F{Al(ORF)3}2] and all products were fully characterized by means of IR, Raman, NMR/EPR, single crystal and powder XRD.