bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microscopic implication and evaluation of herbaceous melliferous plants of southern KhyberPakhtunkhwa‐Pakistanusing light and scanning electron microscope
Authors: Ullah Sher Aman , Zafar Muhammad , Ahmad Mushtaq , Ghufran Muhammad Asad , Bursal Ercan , Kilic Omer , Sultana Shazia , Yaseen Ghulam , Khan Siraj , Majeed Salman 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe aim of the present study is to investigate the pollen morphology of melliferous plant taxa of Southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa‐Pakistan. Using light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), the palynological study of 18 species of melliferous plants namelyCalendula arvensis,Cenchrus pennisetiformis,Citrullus colocynthis,Cucumis melo subsp. agrestisvar.agrestis,Cucurbita maxima,Cymbopogon jwarancusa,Cynodon dectylon,Dactyloctenium aegyptium,Helianthus annus,Lagenaria siceraria,Launaea procumbens,Luffa cylindrica,Pennisetum glaucum,Saccharum spontaneum,Sonchus asper,Verbesina encelioides,Xanthium strumarium, andZea mayswas carried out. Both qualitative and quantitative characteristics of pollen were studied. Variations were observed in pollen morphology. The dominant pollen shape was prolate‐spheroidal (11 species). All the pollen units were monad. The highest exine thickness was found inCitrullus colocynthis(8.45 μm). The maximum polar and equatorial diameter (102 and 97.55 μm) was found inLuffa cylindrica. Similarly, the highestP/Eratio was found inCucurbita maxima(1.46). Most of the species showed tricolpate and monoporate type of pollen. The exine sculpturing, number of spines per pollen and between colpi and the pollen fertility and sterility provided significant results for the documentation of melliferous plants. Thus, the information listed in this article will prove helpful to identify the potential melliferous plants in the area, geographical origin of the honey, and the availability of pure honey in the local and international market.
Morphological and ultrastructural characterization and cuticular armature of the proventriculus in Bolua turkiyae Ünal, 1999 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)
Authors: Polat Irmak 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe alimentary canal is divided into three parts in insects as foregut, midgut, and hindgut. The intima of the foregut in orthopteran species is covered by cuticular layer which is differentiated into some spicules, microspines, lamellae, teeth, and ordenticles. Arrangement of these cuticular structures and histomorphological features differ in the pharynx, esophagus, crop, and proventriculus parts of the foregut. Moreover, the arrangement of these cuticular structures can vary among insect species. Consequently, these structures can be used as taxonomical characters. In this study, the morphological and ultrastructural features of the proventriculus which is the last part of the foregut in Bolua turkiyae Ünal, 1999 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) were investigated. B. turkiyae is an endemic species and there is no detailed information about the biology of this species. With the use of a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope it was revealed that sclerotized structures with microspines in different morphologies and arrangements are present on the inner surface of the proventriculus. These structures show a high level of similarity despite some differences in Orthoptera.
Identification of anti‐inflammatory vesicle‐like nanoparticles in honey
Authors: Chen Xingyi , Liu Baolong , Li Xingzhi , An Thuy T. , Zhou You , Li Gang , Wu‐Smart Judy , Alvarez Sophie , Naldrett Michael J. , Eudy James , Kubik Gregory , Wilson Richard A. , Kachman Stephen D. , Cui Juan , Yu Jiujiu 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHoney has been used as a nutrient, an ointment, and a medicine worldwide for many centuries. Modern research has demonstrated that honey has many medicinal properties, reflected in its anti‐microbial, anti‐oxidant, and anti‐inflammatory bioactivities. Honey is composed of sugars, water and a myriad of minor components, including minerals, vitamins, proteins and polyphenols. Here, we report a new bioactive component‒vesicle‐like nanoparticles‒in honey (H‐VLNs). These H‐VLNs are membrane‐bound nano‐scale particles that contain lipids, proteins and small‐sized RNAs. The presence of plant‐originated plasma transmembrane proteins and plasma membrane‐associated proteins suggests the potential vesicle‐like nature of these particles. H‐VLNs impede the formation and activation of the nucleotide‐binding domain and leucine‐rich repeat related (NLR) family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, which is a crucial inflammatory signalling platform in the innate immune system. Intraperitoneal administration of H‐VLNs in mice alleviates inflammation and liver damage in the experimentally induced acute liver injury. miR‐4057 in H‐VLNs was identified in inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Together, our studies have identified anti‐inflammatory VLNs as a new bioactive agent in honey.
Extracellular vesicles as modifiers of antibody‐drug conjugate efficacy
Authors: Barok Mark , Puhka Maija , Yazdi Narjes , Joensuu Heikki 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAntibody‐drug conjugates (ADCs) are a new class of anti‐cancer drugs that consist of a monoclonal antibody, a highly potent small‐molecule cytotoxic drug, and a chemical linker between the two. ADCs can selectively deliver cytotoxic drugs to cancer cells leading to a reduced systemic exposure and a wider therapeutic window. To date, nine ADCs have received marketing approval, and over 100 are being investigated in nearly 600 clinical trials. The target antigens of at least eight out of the nine approved anti‐cancer ADCs and of 69 investigational ADCs are present on extracellular vesicles (EVs) (tiny particles produced by almost all types of cells) that may carry their contents into local and distant cells. Therefore, the EVs have a potential to mediate both the anti‐cancer effects and the adverse effects of ADCs. In this overview, we discuss the mechanisms of action of ADCs and the resistance mechanisms to them, the EV‐mediated resistance mechanisms to small molecule anti‐cancer drugs and anti‐cancer monoclonal antibodies, and the EVs as modifiers of ADC efficacy and safety.
Non‐farm employment and poverty reduction in Mauritania
Authors: Ba Mamoudou , Anwar Amar , Mughal Mazhar 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis study examines the effect of non‐farm labour participation on poverty reduction in rural Mauritania. Farm households with more land and livestock participate to a greater extent in non‐farm activities compared with households with smaller land or cattle. We study poverty's relationship with non‐farm labour activities in terms of the incidence as well as the intensity and severity of poverty. The study is the first to highlight the contribution of the non‐agricultural sector in the reduction of poverty in the rural areas of Mauritania. We apply probit, propensity score matching and inverse probability weighting techniques to determine the signs and impacts of participation on poverty reduction. The results show that the probability of being poor is 5.9% lower among households that have at least one member participating in non‐farm activities compared with those only associated with the agriculture sector. Participation in non‐farm activities is associated with lower intensity and severity of poverty (3.6% and 1.9%, respectively). We find that surplus labour released by the agriculture sector is absorbed in the non‐farm economy. Income generation through diversification into non‐farm activities therefore seems to be an effective way to reduce poverty in rural areas.
Genotype and residual enzyme activity in medium‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency: Are predictions possible?
Authors: Tucci Sara , Wagner Christine , Grünert Sarah C. , Matysiak Uta , Weinhold Natalie , Klein Jeannette , Porta Francesco , Spada Marco , Bordugo Andrea , Rodella Giulia , Furlan Francesca , Sajeva Anna , Menni Francesca , Spiekerkoetter Ute 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMedium‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCADD) is the most common defect of mitochondrial β‐oxidation. Confirmation diagnostics after newborn screening (NBS) can be performed either by enzyme testing and/or by sequencing of the ACADM gene. Here, we report the results from enzyme testing in lymphocytes with gene variants from molecular analysis of the ACADM gene and with the initial acylcarnitine concentrations in the NBS sample. From April 2013 to August 2019, in 388 individuals with characteristic acylcarnitine profiles suggestive of MCADD the octanoyl‐CoA‐oxidation was measured in lymphocytes. In those individuals with residual activities <50%, molecular genetic analysis of the ACADM gene was performed. In 50% of the samples (195/388), MCADD with a residual activity ranging from 0% to 30% was confirmed. Forty‐five percent of the samples (172/388) showed a residual activity >35% excluding MCADD. In the remaining 21 individuals, MCAD residual activity ranged from 30% to 35%. The latter group comprised both heterozygous carriers and individuals carrying two gene variants on different alleles. Twenty new variants could be identified and functionally classified based on their effect on enzyme function. C6 and C8 acylcarnitine species in NBS correlated with MCAD activity and disease severity. MCADD was only confirmed in half of the cases referred suggesting a higher false positive rate than expected. Measurement of the enzyme function in lymphocytes allowed fast confirmation diagnostics and clear determination of the pathogenicity of new gene variants. There is a clear correlation between genotype and enzyme function underlining the reproducibility of the functional measurement in vitro.
Normal stages of embryonic development of a brood parasite, the rosy bitterling Rhodeus ocellatus (Teleostei: Cypriniformes)
Authors: Yi Wenjing , Rücklin Martin , Poelmann Robert E. , Aldridge David C. , Richardson Michael K. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBitterlings, a group of freshwater teleosts, provide a fascinating example among vertebrates of the evolution of brood parasitism. Their eggs are laid inside the gill chamber of their freshwater mussel hosts where they develop as brood parasites. Studies of the embryonic development of bitterlings are crucial in deciphering the evolution of their distinct early life‐history. Here, we have studied 255 embryos and larvae of the rosy bitterling (Rhodeus ocellatus) using in vitro fertilization and X‐ray microtomography (microCT). We describe 11 pre‐hatching and 13 post‐hatching developmental stages spanning the first 14 days of development, from fertilization to the free‐swimming stage. In contrast to previous developmental studies of various bitterling species, the staging system we describe is character‐based and therefore more compatible with the widely‐used stages described for zebrafish. Our bitterling data provide new insights into to the polarity of the chorion, and into notochord vacuolization and yolk sac extension in relation to body straightening. This study represents the first application of microCT scanning to bitterling development and provides one of the most detailed systematic descriptions of development in any teleost. Our staging series will be an important tool for heterochrony analysis and other comparative studies of teleost development, and may provide insight into the co‐evolution of brood parasitism.
Intravoxel Incoherent Motion Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Prediction of Induction Chemotherapy Response in Locally Advanced Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma: Comparison With Model‐Free Dynamic Contrast‐Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Guo Baoliang , Ouyang Fusheng , Ouyang Lizhu , Huang Xiyi , Guo Tiandi , Lin Shaojia , Liu Ziwei , Zhang Rong , Yang Shao‐min , Chen Haixiong , Hu Qiu‐gen 
Published: February 2021

BackgroundMultiparametric intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) provides diffusion and perfusion information for the treatment prediction of cancer. However, the superiority of IVIM over dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in locally advanced hypopharyngeal carcinoma (LAHC) remains unclear.PurposeTo compare the diagnostic performance of IVIM and model‐free DCE in assessing induction chemotherapy (IC) response in patients with LAHC.Study TypeProspective.PopulationForty‐two patients with LAHC.Field Strength/Sequence3.0 T MRI, including IVIM (12 b values, 0–800 seconds/mm2) with a single‐shot echo planar imaging sequence and DCE‐MRI with a volumetric interpolated breath‐hold examination sequence. IVIM MRI is a commercially available sequence and software for calculation and analysis from vendor.AssessmentThe IVIM‐derived parameters (diffusion coefficient [D], pseudodiffusion coefficient [D*], and perfusion fraction [f]) and DCE‐derived model‐free parameters (Wash‐in, time to maximum enhancement [Tmax], maximum enhancement [Emax], area under enhancement curve [AUC] over 60 seconds [AUC60], and whole area under enhancement curve [AUCw]) were measured. At the end of IC, patients with complete or partial response were classified as responders according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors.Statistical TestsThe differences of parameters between responders and nonresponders were assessed using Mann–Whitney U tests. The performance of parameters for predicting IC response was evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic curves.ResultsTwenty‐three (54.8%) patients were classified as responders. Compared with nonresponders, the perfusion parameters D*, f, f × D*, and AUCw were significantly higher whereas Wash‐in was lower in responders (all P‐values <0.05). The f × D* outperformed other parameters, with an AUC of 0.84 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.69–0.93), sensitivity of 79.0% (95% CI: 54.4–93.9), and specificity of 82.6% (95% CI: 61.2–95.0).Data ConclusionThe IVIM MRI technique may noninvasively help predict the IC response before treatment in patients with LAHC.Level of Evidence2Technical EfficacyStage 2
Performance of Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System Version 2.1 for Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Park Kye Jin , Choi Sang Hyun , Kim Mi‐hyun , Kim Jeong Kon , Jeong In Gab 
Published: February 2021

BackgroundThe Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI‐RADS) was introduced in 2012 and updated to version 2.1 (v2.1) in early 2019 to improve diagnostic performance and interreader reliability.PurposeTo evaluate the diagnostic performance of PI‐RADS v2.1 in comparison with v2.MethodsA systematic review and meta‐analysis of the literature was performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases to identify studies evaluating the diagnostic performance of PI‐RADS v2.1 for diagnosing clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa).Study TypeSystematic review and meta‐analysis.SubjectOne thousand two hundred forty‐eight patients with 1406 lesions from 10 eligible articles.Field Strength/sequenceConventional MR sequences at 1.5 T and 3 T.AssessmentTwo reviewers independently identified and reviewed the original articles reporting diagnostic performance of PI‐RADS v2.1.Statistical TestsMeta‐analytic summary sensitivity and specificity were calculated using a bivariate random effects model. Meta‐analytic sensitivity and specificity between PI‐RADS v2 and v2.1 were compared.ResultsThe pooled sensitivity and specificity of PI‐RADS v2.1 were 87% (95% confidence intervals, 82–91%) and 74% (63–82%), respectively. In five studies available for a head‐to‐head comparison between PI‐RADS v2.1 and v2, there were no significant differences in either sensitivity (90% [86–94%] vs. 88% [83–93%], respectively) or specificity (76% [59–93%] vs. 61% [39–83%], respectively; P = 0.37). The sensitivity and specificity were 81% (73–87%) and 82% (68–91%), respectively, for a PI‐RADS score cutoff of ≥4, and 94% (88–97%) and 56% (35–97%) for ≥3. Regarding the zonal location, the sensitivity and specificity for the transitional zone only were 90% (84–96%) and 76% (62–90%) respectively, whereas for the whole gland they were 85% (79–91%) and 71% (57–85%).Data ConclusionPI‐RADS v2.1 demonstrated good overall performance for the diagnosis of csPCa. PI‐RADS v2.1 tended to show higher specificity than v2, but the difference lacked statistical significance.Level of Evidence3Technical Efficacy Stage3
DC and transient models of the MSET device
Authors: Peled Assaf , Amrani Ofer , Rosenwaks Yossi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAs a multigate device, the multiple‐state electrostatically formed nanowire transistor (MSET) exhibits a rather complex characteristic on account of the coupling between each of its two adjacent terminals. The MSET has shown promise across a steadily growing range of applications and integrated circuit components. However, an analytical model of the MSET has not been formulated. The objective of this work was to develop practical DC and transient models of the MSET. The modeling approach comprises two stages: the first stage consists of a bottom‐up derivation of the I–V characteristics from the fundamental physical level using the physical processes within the device to derive equations that describe its steady‐state behavior; the second stage proposes a set of analytical equations more applicable to simulation environments. A transient model that considers device parasitic capacitance is also established. The models are validated against robust model simulations in TCAD Sentaurus and Cadence Virtuoso.
Advances in microfluidic in vitro systems for neurological disease modeling
Authors: Holloway Paul M. , Willaime‐Morawek Sandrine , Siow Richard , Barber Melissa , Owens Róisín M. , Sharma Anup D. , Rowan Wendy , Hill Eric , Zagnoni Michele 
Published: February 2021

AbstractNeurological disorders are the leading cause of disability and the second largest cause of death worldwide. Despite significant research efforts, neurology remains one of the most failure‐prone areas of drug development. The complexity of the human brain, boundaries to examining the brain directly in vivo, and the significant evolutionary gap between animal models and humans, all serve to hamper translational success. Recent advances in microfluidic in vitro models have provided new opportunities to study human cells with enhanced physiological relevance. The ability to precisely micro‐engineer cell‐scale architecture, tailoring form and function, has allowed for detailed dissection of cell biology using microphysiological systems (MPS) of varying complexities from single cell systems to “Organ‐on‐chip” models. Simplified neuronal networks have allowed for unique insights into neuronal transport and neurogenesis, while more complex 3D heterotypic cellular models such as neurovascular unit mimetics and “Organ‐on‐chip” systems have enabled new understanding of metabolic coupling and blood–brain barrier transport. These systems are now being developed beyond MPS toward disease specific micro‐pathophysiological systems, moving from “Organ‐on‐chip” to “Disease‐on‐chip.” This review gives an outline of current state of the art in microfluidic technologies for neurological disease research, discussing the challenges and limitations while highlighting the benefits and potential of integrating technologies. We provide examples of where such toolsets have enabled novel insights and how these technologies may empower future investigation into neurological diseases.
The beneficial role of the synthetic microneurotrophin BNN20 in a focal demyelination model
Authors: Kalafatakis Ilias , Patellis Alexandros , Charalampopoulos Ioannis , Gravanis Achille , Karagogeos Domna 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBNN20, a C17‐spiroepoxy derivative of the neurosteroid dehydroepiandrosterone, has been shown to exhibit strong neuroprotective properties but its role in glial populations has not been assessed. Our aim was to investigate the effect of BNN20 on glial populations by using in vitro and in vivo approaches, taking advantage of the well‐established lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)‐induced focal demyelination mouse model. Our in vivo studies, performed in male mice, showed that BNN20 treatment leads to an increased number of mature oligodendrocytes (OLs) in this model. It diminishes astrocytic accumulation during the demyelination phase leading to a faster remyelination process, while it does not affect oligodendrocyte precursor cell recruitment or microglia/macrophage accumulation. Additionally, our in vitro studies showed that BNN20 acts directly to OLs and enhances their maturation even after they were treated with LPC. This beneficial effect of BNN20 is mediated, primarily, through the neurotrophin receptor TrkA. In addition, BNN20 reduces microglial activation and their transition to their pro‐inflammatory state upon lipopolysaccharides stimulation in vitro. Taken together our results suggest that BNN20 could serve as an important molecule to develop blood–brain barrier‐permeable synthetic agonists of neurotrophin receptors that could reduce inflammation, protect and increase the number of functional OLs by promoting their differentiation/maturation.
Melanin and chromoblastomycosis agents: Characterization, functions, and relation with antifungals
Authors: Koehler Alessandra , Heidrich Daiane , Pagani Danielle M. , Corbellini Valeriano A. , Scroferneker Maria L. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMelanins are a diverse group of dark pigments with similar properties. In fungi, the most studied is the dihydroxynaphtalene (DHN)‐melanin, present in several species including all the chromoblastomycosis agents, a chronic, disabling, and recalcitrant subcutaneous mycosis. It is synthesized in a pathway known as the pentaketide pathway, which has the agrochemical tricyclazole as an inhibitor, widely used in in vitro studies because it does not prevent the growth of fungi. There are different methodologies for qualitative and quantitative analyses of DHN‐melanin, which made it possible to discover its important structural and antioxidant functions, with melanin acting as a protective factor against the host's immune system. Also, it can interact with some of the main antifungals of medical interest, reducing its activity and the susceptibility of fungi to these agents. This review aims to discuss the aspects of DHN‐melanin, focusing on chromoblastomycosis, bringing the main findings of the published scientific studies, and highlighting the need for further research to understand this important fungal pathogenicity and a virulence factor.
A dated volcano‐tectonic deformation event in Jan Mayen causing landlocking of Arctic charr
Authors: Larsen Eiliv , Lyså Astrid , Höskuldsson Ármann , Davidsen Jan G. , Nadeau Marie J. , Power Michael , Tassis Georgios , Wastegård Stefan 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTWe provide the first documentation of tectonic deformation resulting from a volcanic eruption on the island of Jan Mayen. Vertical displacement of about 14 m southwest of the stratovolcano Beerenberg is associated with an eruption in ad 1732 on its southeastern flank. The age of the uplift event is bracketed by radiocarbon‐dated driftwood buried by material deposited due to uplift, and by tephra from this eruption. Constraints, inferred from radiocarbon ages alone, allow for the possibility that uplift was completed prior to the ad 1732 eruption. However, the occurrence of tephra in the sediment column indicates that some displacement was ongoing during the eruption but ceased before the eruption terminated. We attribute the tectonic deformation to intrusion of shallow magma associated with the volcanic eruption. Our results complement previous studies of volcanic activity on Jan Mayan by providing precise age constraints for past volcanic activity. Also, it raises new hypotheses regarding the nature, timing and prevalence of precursor tectonic events to Jan Mayan eruptions. The uplift caused the complete isolation of a coastal lake by closing its outlet to the sea, thus landlocking the facultative migratory fish species Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus).