bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les hommes de Gorbatchev
Authors: Momzikoff-Markoff Sophie 
Published: November 2021

Décembre 1991. L’Empire rouge qui a si longtemps fait trembler l’Occident s’effondre. Les raisons de sa fin aussi brutale qu’imprévue sont longtemps demeurées mystérieuses. Quels facteurs ont poussé Mikhaïl Gorbatchev à lancer son pays sur les chemins risqués et néanmoins pleins d’espoir des réformes ?
Cinq ans plus tôt, en février 1986, celui qui occupe depuis une année déjà le poste de secrétaire général du PCUS annonce une nouvelle manière de penser les relations internationales en URSS. Celle-ci se déploie sur plusieurs axes : dans un monde interdépendant, la coopération prime désormais sur la confrontation, dans la mesure où les États doivent s’entendre pour répondre à des défis globaux. Face à la menace d’une guerre nucléaire, la course aux armements entre l’Est et l’Ouest doit cesser et il faut que les capacités militaires des États-Unis et de l’URSS soient ramenées à un niveau raisonnable. Rejetant ainsi l’usage de la force pour conduire les relations internationales, l’URSS se veut à l’avant-garde de la lutte pour la paix, concept qui remplace progressivement celui de lutte des classes en politique extérieure.
De 1986 à la fin de l’année 1991, cette approche originale, appelée la « Nouvelle Pensée », remet en question la ligne traditionnelle de la politique extérieure soviétique. Sur un plan théorique, elle met fin au dogmatisme idéologique et signale l’adaptation des principes fondateurs du marxisme-léninisme au monde qui l’entoure. Sur un plan pratique, les actions politiques qui sont associées à la Nouvelle Pensée dans la seconde moitié des années 1980 mènent à la fin de la guerre froide. Ce tournant ne peut être compris sans étudier, sur le long terme, les influences ayant rendu possible la révolution gorbatchévienne. Car ce sont des hommes et leurs réseaux, situés à la charnière des mondes politique et scientifique, qui proposent depuis le milieu des années 1950, dans le secret des corridors du Kremlin, de nouvelles approches en matière de relations internationales.
Association between eNOS gene promoter polymorphism (-786T>C) and idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss in Iranian women
Authors: Jalili Maryam Sadat , Asadollahi Samira , Seifati Seyed Morteza , Ashrafzadeh Hamid Reza , Ghasemi Nasrin 
Published: November 2021

Objective:
To investigate the frequency of -786T>C variant in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene promoter in Iranian women with recurrent pregnancy loss.

Methods:
Blood samples were obtained from 100 unrelated women affected by recurrent pregnancy loss and 100 unaffected women as the controls. Genomic DNA was extracted and -786T>C polymorphism in eNOS gene promoter was investigated by PCR-RFLP method. Statistical analyses and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the groups of patients and controls were performed by Chi-square test and SPSS standard software (Version 21).

Results:
The frequency of homozygous TT was 40% in cases and 46% in the control group; the frequency of CC was 7% in cases and 5% in the control group; frequency heterozygote TC was 53% in cases and 49% in the control group. Genotype frequencies between the two groups showed no significant differences (P>0.05).

Conclusions:
The -786T>C polymorphism is not more frequent in recurrent pregnancy loss in this population.
Protective effects of honey compound syrup on busulfan-induced azoospermia in male rats
Authors: Athari Seyyed Shamsadin , Lorian Keivan , Kashafroodi Haniye , Ghafarzadeh Saadat , Choopani Rasool 
Published: November 2021

Objective:
To evaluate the protective effects of honey compound syrup on sperm count and testis tissue in rats.

Methods:
Thirty rats were randomly assigned to five groups. The control group received 1 mL normal saline with dimethyl sulfoxide intraperitoneally; the busulfan group received busulfan 10 mg/kg body weight at the first and twenty-first days of the experiment via intraperitoneal injection; the last three groups received busulfan 10 mg/kg body weight to induce azoospermia, and then received 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 mg/kg honey compound syrup, respectively, after induction of azoospermia. After administration, the testis and epididymis of all rats were removed. Then, reproductive organ weight and sperm parameters (sperm concentration, epididymal sperm reserve and daily sperm production) were measured. After hematoxylin-eosin staining, seminiferous tubule cells and diameters were assessed.

Results:
Busulfan damaged the testis tissue and impaired spermatogenesis. Administration of honey compound syrup in three doses improved testis tissue and spermatogenesis. The protective effects of honey compound syrup may relate to the antioxidant properties of honey and other compounds in this syrup.

Conclusions:
Administration of honey compound syrup could be an ameliorative agent for the side effects of chemotherapy drugs such as busulfan on the male reproductive system.
Lifestyle modification in school-going children before and after COVID-19 lockdown
Authors: Saxena Rohit , Gupta Vivek , Rakheja Vaishali , Dhiman Rebika , Bhardawaj Amit , Vashist Praveen 
Published: November 2021

Purpose:
To evaluate the impact of COVID-19 lockdown restrictions on lifestyle of school-going children.

Methods:
This was a questionnaire-based prospective study of 1237 school children aged 9-14 years enrolled from various private and government schools across Delhi in October-December 2020. These children were being followed-up over the previous 2 years (before pandemic) with details of their lifestyle like near/outdoor/reading activities using a questionnaire as a part of another study. The data during the COVID-19 lockdown was collected by telephonic interview. This was compared to similar information collected from this cohort in the pre-Covid period in 2019 when the students had a regular physical school curriculum.

Results:
A significant decline was noted in time spent on outdoor activity (from 8.5 hours/week in pre-COVID-19 time to 1.6 hours/week during COVID-19 lockdown; P < 0.001) and doing homework offline (from 15.3 hour/week to 14 hours/week; P < 0.001). A significant increase was noted in screen time spent on digital devices (from 6.2 hours/week to 19.8 hours/week; P<0.001), and watching television (from 12.2 hours/week to 13.4 hours/week; P < 0.001). The rise in the digital on-screen time was significantly more in boys (P < 0.001) and in students from private schools (P < 0.001). The rise in the duration of watching television was significantly more in girls than boys (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
COVID-19 lockdown has markedly impacted the lifestyle of school children by significantly decreasing the outdoor activity and increasing the screen time, thereby pre-disposing them to ocular ill-health and myopia. This necessitates the adoption of guidelines for promoting healthy digital habits in children.
Glaucoma and optical coherence tomography changes in migraine: A comparative cross-sectional study
Authors: Panicker Gayathri , Kaliaperumal Subashini , Narayan Sunil , Mani Malavika 
Published: November 2021

Purpose:
To study the prevalence of glaucoma among adults with migraine and the effect of migraine on peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) and central macular thickness (CMT) using optical coherence tomography (OCT) compared to those without migraine headache, i.e. in tension-type headache (TTH) and normal group.

Methods:
One hundred and eleven patients (222 eyes) were recruited in three groups. migraine, TTH, and normal subjects visiting hospital outpatient services. After noting demographic details and pertinent history, ophthalmological evaluation including optic disc for glaucomatous changes along with computerized visual field testing and OCT for pRNFL thickness and CMT was performed in all eyes. Continuous variables were compared using ANOVA or Kruskal–Wallis test, while categorical variables including the association of glaucoma with migraine were analyzed using Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test.

Results:
Prevalence of glaucoma in migraine group (12.2%) was more than in comparison groups (6.8% in TTH, 4.1% in normal) which was however not significant (Fisher’s exact P = 0.207). Average pRNFL thickness (103.59 ± 12.82 μm) and thickness in nasal (90.49 ± 19.19 μm) and temporal quadrants (70.58 ± 16.13 μm) and CMT (213.78 ± 19.81 μm) were significantly reduced (ANOVA P < 0.05) in migraine patients when compared to the other groups and this was independent of the presence of glaucoma.

Conclusion:
Prevalence of glaucoma is not significantly higher in migraine patients. However, migraine causes thinning of retinal layers on OCT that is statistically significant.
Overcoming myopic shift by the initial inductive hypermetropia in pediatric cataract surgery
Authors: Panahibazaz Mahmoud Reza , Mohammadpour Shirin , Samaeili Azade 
Published: November 2021

Purpose:
To assess the outcome of under-correction of intraocular lens (IOL) power in pediatric cataract surgery.

Methods:
We collected clinical data of 103 patients (181 eyes), all aged ≤15 years, who had undergone cataract surgery by a surgeon during 2006–2016. The mean duration of follow-up was 73 ± 38 months (range: 24–108). IOL power was calculated by Hoffer Q formula in axial length (AL) <21 mm and SRKT formula in AL ≥21 mm and then modified based on this approach: 7D initial inductive hypermetropization in children ≤1-year-old, 5D in 1–3, 3.5D in 3–5, 2.5D in 5–7, 1.5D in 7–9, 1D in 9–10, and 0 in children >10 years old.

Results:
The mean age of all children at surgery time was 5.85 ± 4.56 years (range: 1–178 months). There was a mean myopic shift of −6.379 D in the ≤1 year, −5.532 in the 1–3, −3.194 in the 3–5, −2.301 in the 5–7, −1.06 in the 7–9, −1.567 in the 9–10, and 0.114 in the >10-year-old age group. In 125 eyes (69.1%) of 181, the final SE was between −2 and +2 D, and 21 eyes (11.6%) achieved the goal of emmetropization. Mean best-corrected visual acuity logarithm of the minimum angle of the resolution was 0.30 in children ≤1 year, 0.39 in 1–3, 0.21 in 3–5, 0.18 in 5–7, 0.14 in 7–9, 0.16 in 9–10, and 0.11 in children >10 years old.

Conclusion:
This study shows a larger myopic shift in younger children. Using our approach, all age groups could finally achieve acceptable final refraction.
Peripapillary and macular retinoschisis - A vision-threatening sequelae of advanced glaucomatous cupping
Authors: Senthilkumar Vijayalakshmi A , Mishra Chitaranjan , Kannan Naresh B , Raj Priyanka 
Published: November 2021

Purpose:
To present a selected case series of advanced glaucoma-associated peripapillary and macular retinoschisis and response to various treatment strategies with a comprehensive literature review.

Methods:
Retrospective observational case series. Retrospective review of five selected cases of advanced glaucoma with peripapillary and macular retinoschisis.

Results:
All five patients had advanced glaucomatous damage with macular and peripapillary retinoschisis, three (patients 2, 3, and 5) had a neurosensory detachment of the macula. Increased intraocular pressure was managed with maximal antiglaucoma medications and G6 micropulse diode laser treatment in the first patient, transscleral diode laser in the second patient, mitomycin-C augmented trabeculectomy in the third patient, maximal antiglaucoma medications alone in the fourth patient, pars plana vitrectomy followed by trabeculectomy in the fifth patient.

Conclusion:
We speculate that peripapillary and macular retinoschisis may indicate a vision-threatening sequelae of advanced glaucoma. The probable inciting factor for this vision-threatening pathology being elevated intraocular pressure, fluctuations in intraocular pressure, and chronic glaucoma with advanced cupping. We emphasize that meticulous examination of the macula in patients with advanced glaucoma is mandatory. It is imperative to do OCT macula in patients with advanced glaucoma to diagnose this distinct entity at an earlier stage and preserve the existing visual potential.
Safety and efficacy of corneal tissue harvested from organophosphorous deceased patients
Authors: Sarangi Swapna , Sahu Srikant K , Priyadarshini Smruti R , Das Sujata 
Published: November 2021

Purpose:
To analyze the quality of tissues and outcome of corneal transplants from tissues harvested from the donors of organophosphorus poisoning victims.

Methods:
A retrospective study was carried out on corneas harvested from organophosphorus poisoning victims between January 2016 and December 2018. Details of quality of tissues and outcome following keratoplasty were collected from the eye bank and outpatient records, respectively.

Results:
Four hundred and seventy-eight donor corneas were collected from the victims of organophosphorus poisoning during the study period. The mean age of the donor was 38.8 ± 16.5 years. The mean donor-to-preservation time was 6.2 ± 3.2 hours. The mean endothelial cell density on specular microscopy was 2986.5 ± 369.0 cells/mm2. Four hundred and twenty-two (88.2%) donor corneas were utilized. Of the 121 corneas utilized at our institute for transplantation, 73 and 48 corneas were for optical and therapeutic/tectonic indications, respectively. Of the 73 optical grafts, 25 patients were lost-to-follow-up and 58.3% (28/48) who came for one-year follow-up were found to be clear.

Conclusion:
Donor corneas retrieved from organophosphorus poisoning are safe for transplantation. The postoperative outcome of the tissue utilized from these donors is satisfactory.
Clinical profile, diagnostic challenges, and outcomes in subacute/chronic cerebral sinus venous thrombosis
Authors: Sachdeva Virender , Nalawade Rohan , Kannam Mohan , Kapoor Rajat , Chattannavar Goura , Kale Sheetal Bajirao , Sheth Jenil , Badakere Akshay , Majhi Debasmita , Warkad Vivekanand Uttamrao , Chougule Pratik , Kekunnaya Ramesh 
Published: November 2021

Purpose:
To report clinical profile, diagnostic challenges, and outcomes in cases of subacute/chronic cerebral sinus venous thrombosis (CSVT) presenting to neuro-ophthalmologists/neurologists.

Methods:
This was a multicentric, retrospective, observational study. Records of patients with neuroimaging proven subacute/chronic CSVT seen the from January 1, 2016 to March 31, 2020 were analyzed. Data collected included duration of symptoms, diagnosing physician, ophthalmological vs. focal/generalized neurological symptoms, optic disc examination, perimetry, and neuroimaging findings. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA software.

Results:
Forty-three patients with subacute (30)/chronic (13) CSVT were identified (32 males, 11 females). Median age was 37 (IQR 27–47) years. The presenting complaints were blurred vision 34 (79%), headaches in 25 (58%), vomiting 12 (28%), and diplopia 11 (26%). Eleven patients had associated sixth cranial nerve palsy. All but two patients had either disc edema/optic atrophy; four had unilateral disc edema at presentation. Ophthalmologists and neurologists diagnosed/suspected CSVT correctly in 13/29 (45%) and 11/14 (78.5%) patients, respectively. Most common initial alternate diagnosis was idiopathic intracranial hypertension in 12 (28%). Female gender, age ≤36, unilateral papilledema, not obtaining venogram at initial workup increased chances of initial alternate diagnosis. Median follow-up duration was 21 days. Average visual function remained stable in majority of patients at last follow-up. In total, 47.6% of patients had best-corrected visual acuity ≥20/30 at the final follow-up.

Conclusion:
In our series, subacute or chronic CSVT presented presented primarily with symptoms of intracranial hypertension. Unilateral papilledema, middle-aged patients, female gender, lack of focal/generalized neurological symptoms created diagnostic dilemma. Visual function remained stable in majority of patients.
Mitoquinol Mesylate Ameliorates Hematological Aberration in Cirrhotic-Hepatocellular Carcinogenic Rats
Authors: Sulaimon Lateef Adegboyega , Adisa Rahmat Adetutu , Abdulkareem Fatimah Biade 
Published: November 2021

Introduction:
Hematological abnormalities such as anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia experienced by cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy necessitate the need to develop agents that stimulate erythropoiesis and boost immune response in cancer.

Aim:
The present study investigated the effects of mitoquinol mesylate (MitoQ) on the hematological profile of diethyl nitrosamine (DEN)-induced cirrhotic-hepatocellular carcinogenic (HCC) rats.

Materials and Methods:
One hundred Wistar strain albino rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 20) for the experimental period of 20 weeks. Groups A, B, and C received distilled water, 10 mg/kg each of DEN and MitoQ respectively. Animals in Group D were pretreated with 10 mg/kg MitoQ for a week followed by coadministration of 10 mg/kg each of MitoQ and DEN for 20 weeks, while Group E received 10 mg/kg DEN for 8 weeks and then coadministration of 10 mg/kg each of DEN and MitoQ till the end of 20th week. Animals were sacrificed at the end of 12th, 16th, and 20th week. Blood samples were collected into labeled heparinized bottles for hematological analysis.

Results:
Administration of DEN significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the levels of red blood cell (RBC) count and erythrocytes indices. These erythrogram parameters were continuously deranging from 6.86 ± 0.26 to 2.69 ± 0.01, from 37.40 ± 1.99 to 30.35 ± 0.57, from 12.16 ± 0.97 to 8.90 ± 0.37 in the levels of RBC, packed cell volume, and hemoglobin, respectively, with the progression of HCC from cirrhosis to advanced HCC in Wistar rats. Further, the levels of white blood cells (WBCs, 3.68 ± 0.08), granulocytes (1.30 ± 0.06), lymphocytes (0.63 ± 0.11), and platelets (440.00 ± 22.67) were significantly reduced in the DEN group compared to healthy control (4.46 ± 0.12, 2.14 ± 0.27, 1.70 ± 0.13, and 685.80 ± 15.48 in the levels of WBC, granulocytes, lymphocytes, and platelets, respectively) at the advanced HCC stage. Interestingly, MitoQ interventions significantly (P < 0.05) reversed alterations in hematological indices induced by DEN toxicity.

Conclusion:
Our findings suggest that MitoQ is safe and capable of normalizing hematological abnormalities associated with cirrhosis and HCC in Wistar rats.
Evaluation of Haematological Parameters and Oxidative Stress-Induced in Rats Exposed to Radio-Frequency Radiation from Mobile Phones
Authors: Ezemelue Priscilla Ngozi , Onyegbule D. Ugochukwu , Okoli Leona Chika , Kareem Kafilat Olaide , Awodele Olufunsho , Otitoloju Adebayo Akeem 
Published: November 2021

Introduction:
The use of new wireless technologies emitting radio-frequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) radiation has been introduced worldwide, raising concerns about their biosafety. So far, there have been contradictory scientific reports which have led to active debates over the bio-effects of EMF on the ecosystem.

Aim:
This study, therefore, aims to evaluate the bio-effect of exposure to RF-EMF from a mobile phone simulator.

Materials and Methods:
The experimental study used 16 healthy albino rats (8 females/8 males) randomly selected and divided equally into two groups: Group A (8 rats exposed to mobile phone simulators) and Group C (8 rats as control); the study procedure was carried out for 6 weeks. The rats were examined for physical changes, hematological profiles, and serum oxidative stress (OS) biomarkers.

Results:
The outcome of the study showed that exposure to RF-EMF affected the weight of the animals; this is illustrated when comparing the baseline weight/final weight of the exposed as compared to the control. This trend was also replicated when compared across gender, though further analysis showed no significance across the two groups (P > 0.05). The result of the hematological analysis showed that only granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils) showed significance (P = 0.04), while for OS biomarkers, the result showed that superoxide dismutase and catalase showed significant difference (P = 0.02), respectively, across the two groups.

Conclusion:
This study concludes that exposure to RF-EMF has an associated effect on hematology and OS induction and therefore recommends the adherence to the precautionary principle while further research has been carried out on their specific mechanism and site of action.
Feasibility and Safety of Retrograde Radical Cystectomy under Combined Spinal and Epidural Anesthesia in High-risk and Elderly Patients. A Single Surgeon Experience
Authors: Khawaja Abdul Rouf , Dar Yasir , Suhail Malik , Sofi Khalid , Muzaffar Prince , Parra Sajad , Malik Sajad , Bhat Arif , Wani Mohd 
Published: November 2021

Purpose:
The purpose of the study is to study feasibility and safety of retrograde radical cystectomy (RC) under regional anesthesia (RA) in high-risk and elderly patients of muscle invasive bladder carcinoma.

Materials and Methods:
This study was an observational study, conducted in the department of urology, SKIMS, Kashmir, India, from 2012 to 2020. All patients underwent retrograde RC under RA.

Results:
Thirty-seven patients were operated with median follow-up period of 32 months and included 30 male and 7 female patients with median age of 74.5 years (70–83 years). The American Society of Anesthesiologists score was II in 20 patients, III in 15 patients, and IV in 2 patients. All the patients included in study had significant comorbidities. All patients were anemic and required preoperative blood transfusions for optimization. Total blood loss ranged from 200 to 900 ml (mean: 400 ml). Bilateral internal iliac artery was ligated preemptively in all patients. Total transfusion required ranged from one to six units (mean: 2 units). Number of lymph nodes removed ranged from 15 to 35 (mean: 20). Total peritoneal exposure time ranged from 0 to 70 min (mean: 50 min). None of the patient needed intensive care postoperatively. Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) recovery time ranged from 1 to 4 days (mean of 1.5 days). Total hospital stay ranged from 7 to 15 days (mean: 9 days). On follow-up, one patient had stent (feeding tube) fracture, and the residual fragment was managed by antegrade approach. One patient had ureteroileal anastomotic stricture which was managed by refashioning of the anastomosis (Bricker to Wallace). One patient had stomal stenosis with features of recurrent urinary tract infections and underwent refashioning of stoma with stabilization of renal function.

Conclusion:
To circumvent the need of postoperative ventilation, intensive care unit admission, and prolonged hospital stay, we advocate retrograde extraperitoneal RC under combined RA (CRA) as preferred approach of surgical intervention in high-risk and elderly patients with little abdominal organ disturbance and early bowel recovery.