bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing Botulinum Toxin Injections with Extraocular Muscle Surgery in Toddlers with Esotropia: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Handschin Tristan Michael , Roulez Francoise , Schötzau Andreas , Palmowski-Wolfe Anja 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background In toddlers with esotropia, early alignment of the visual axes either with extraocular muscle surgery (EOMS) or botulinum toxin injections (BTIs) into both medial rectus muscles may result in improved depth perception. We compared the outcome of BTIs with EOMS in toddlers in order to gain further insight into the advantages and disadvantages of either method.
Patients and Methods In this retrospective study, our encrypted database was searched for toddlers with esotropia aged 35 months or younger at the time of initial treatment with either BTIs or EOMS and who had a follow-up of at least 2 years. We analyzed the angle of deviation, dose effect (DE), and binocularity as well as the number of interventions.
Results We identified 26 toddlers who received their first treatment for esotropia within the first 35 months of life: 16 with BTIs (9 males, 7 females) and 10 with EOMS (3 males, 7 females). Mean follow-up was considerably longer in the EOMS (87.7 months) than in the BTI group (35.7 months). Age at first intervention was 22.8 months in the BTI and 24.1 months in the EOMS group, and each toddler wore its full cycloplegic refraction. Mean angle at treatment was 41.25 prism diopters (PD) in the BTI compared to 52.9 PD in the EOMS group. The BTI group received an average of 1.68 BTIs, with a mean dosage of 14.5 IU Botox and a mean DE (mDE) of 1.8 PD/IU. In the EOMS group, the average number of surgeries was 1.4, with a mean dosage of 16.85 mm and a mDE of 3.14 PD/mm surgery. Some degree of binocularity could be observed in 9 (56%) of the BTI (5 × Bagolini positive, 2 × 550″, 2 × 220″) and in 4 (40%) of the EOMS group (2 × 3600″, 1 × 550″, 1 × 300″). By the end of the
BTI group follow-up, four toddlers electively underwent EOMS rather than a 3rd BTI (followed by a 3rd BTI in 1), which resulted in the appearance of measurable binocularity in all four (1 × Bagolini positive, 1 × 220″, 1 × 200″, 1 × 60″).
Conclusions Our results show that BTIs are a viable treatment alternative in early esotropia. Even if EOMS is ultimately required, some binocularity may develop as the visual axes are aligned for some time in the sensitive phase owing to the effects of Botox. Moreover, less surgical dosage is needed than would have otherwise been necessary to treat the original angle of deviation. BTIs are faster, less invasive, and present as an effective alternative when patient compliance is too low to reliably measure the angle of deviation, which is essential for the planning of EOMS.
Body Mass and Body Composition Changes over 7 Years in a Male
Professional Rugby Union Team
Authors: McHugh Clíodhna , Hind Karen , O'Halloran Aoife , Davey Daniel , Farrell Gareth , Wilson Fiona 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate longitudinal body mass and body
composition changes in one professional rugby union team (n=123),
(i) according to position [forwards (n=58) versus backs
(n=65)], analysis of players with 6 consecutive seasons of DXA scans
(n=21) and, (iii) to examine differences by playing status [academy
and international], over 7 years. Players [mean age: 26.8 y, body
mass index: 28.9+kg.m2] received DXA scans at fourtime
points within each year. A modest (but non-significant) increase in mean
total mass (0.8 kg) for professional players was reflected by
increased lean mass and reduced body fat mass. At all-time points, forwards
had a significantly greater total mass, lean mass and body fat percentage
compared to backs (p<0.05). Academy players demonstrated increased
total and lean mass and decreased body fat percentage over the first 3 years
of senior rugby, although this was not significant. Senior and academy
international players had greater lean mass and lower body fat percentage
(p<0.05) than non-international counterparts. Despite modest
increases in total mass; reflected by increased lean mass and reduced fat
mass, no significant changes in body mass or body composition, irrespective
of playing position were apparent over 7 years.
Drug-Induced Pseudo-Central Serous Chorioretinopathy in Carcinoma Patients
Authors: Jung Sascha Mathias , Valmaggia Christophe , Jörger Markus , Todorova Margarita 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Purpose Patients with carcinomas often share symptoms of vision deterioration as part of paraneoplastic retinopathy (PNR), based on a cross-reaction between antigens expressed by the underlying tumor and retinal proteins. However, some of the underlying symptoms may be explained by a drug-induced toxicity. The application of new therapeutic strategies with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitors in advanced cancers are still under evaluation for safety and tolerability, but also for dose-limiting toxicities. In the presented data, we identified a drug-induced pseudo-central serous chorioretinopathy (pCSC) to be the reason for central vision deterioration.
Methods A retrospective, observational, case-controlled study included seven patients receiving MEK and six patients receiving FGFR inhibitor treatment for bronchopulmonal cancer. We compared the clinical and diagnostic pictures of pCSC patients with that of 50 CSC patients (100 eyes) and 7 patients (14 eyes) with PNR. The activity of pCSC was assessed by clinical examination, supported by multimodal imaging. The relationships between clinical symptomatology and systemic disease activity were evaluated.
Results Three out of thirteen patients (23.1%) showed signs of pCSC (one FGFR and two MEK inhibitor patients). All three pCSC patients showed central bilateral detachment of the neurosensory retina on OCT imaging, but also paracentral multifocal lesions in the second subject. Compared to our CSC and PNR patients, the lesions in pCSC patients showed no lipofuscin irregularities on FAF. With reduction of the MEK treatment, the lesions on one MEK subject disappeared and BCVA restored to 0.8. In one MEK- and the FGFR subject, the lesions reduced in size without therapy discontinuation.
Conclusion Based on our data, MEK and FGFR inhibitor-associated pCSC is a mild, self-limited retinopathy that seems to disappear simultaneously or shortly after discontinuation of medication, with subsequent restoration of the central visual function.
Visual Outcomes after Anti-VEGF Therapy for Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration in a Real-Life Setting
Authors: Wenkstern Andrea R. , Valmaggia Christophe 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background To report visual outcomes of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy for exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in a real-life setting.
Patients and Methods Retrospective case series of consecutive patients treated with either ranibizumab and/or aflibercept for monolateral or bilateral exudative AMD. A physician established the indication for treatment and administered the injections. An independent physician confirmed the indication for primary treatment. A Pro Re Nata and a Treat and Extend regimen were used. Assessment of subretinal and/or intraretinal fluid, retinal hemorrhage and increase in pigment epithelial detachment served as criteria for further treatment decisions. Visual acuity (VA) was measured in ETDRS letters at each examination and then analyzed using a specialized software. Evolution of mean VA was considered for all study eyes and subgroups of eyes with an initial VA ≥ 70 ETDRS letters (subgroup 1) and ≤ 69 ETDRS letters (subgroup 2).
Results A total of 102 eyes of 76 patients (30 men, mean age 75.9 years; 46 women, mean age 81.5 years) were included. Subgroup 1 consisted of 47 eyes, and subgroup 2 of 55 eyes. Mean follow-up was 55 months (range 6 to 150 months). For the entire collective as for subgroups 1 and 2, the mean VA was 64, 77, or 51 ETDRS letters at baseline. Mean VA improved at month 12 (68, 80, or 58 ETDRES letters) and then slowly decreased over time until month 150 (62, 72, or 54 ETDRS letters). Maximum improvement of + 5, + 3, or, + 9 ETDRS letters occurred after 9, 8, or 10 months of follow-up. Atrophy and fibrosis were mainly responsible for VA decrease. Ten serious adverse events were reported to Swissmedic: two cases of cardiovascular events and eight cases of intraocular inflammation.
Conclusions Anti-VEGF therapy carried out in a real-life setting shows good VA outcomes with a favorable safety profile.
Surgical Outcomes of Gonioscopy-Assisted Transluminal Trabeculotomy (GATT) in Patients with Open-Angle Glaucoma – A Retrospective Case Series
Authors: Vez Sarah , Müller Luzia , Bochmann Frank 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the outcome of gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy (GATT) in patients with open-angle glaucoma (OAG).
Participants and Methods A retrospective case series of patients with uncontrolled OAG treated by GATT at the cantonal Hospital Lucerne, a tertiary referral center, between October 2018 and July 2019 with a minimal 6-month follow-up period. Main outcome measures were intraocular pressure (IOP), number of antiglaucoma medications, and complications.
Results Thirty-one eyes of 29 patients with a mean age of 70.9 years and a minimal follow-up period of 6 months were included in this study. Twenty eyes were treated for pseudoexfoliation (64.5%), seven for primary open-angle (22.6%), three for pigmentary (9.7%), and one for traumatic (3.2%) glaucoma. Twenty-six eyes had data at the 6-month follow-up and 12 eyes at the 12-month follow-up. Twenty-two eyes (70.9%) were pseudophakic prior to the operation. Mean preoperative IOP was 33 mmHg (standard deviation [SD] 8.0 mmHg). The postoperative IOP was 13.9 mmHg [SD 2.2] at the 6- and 13.9 mmHg [SD 3.1] at the 12-month follow-up. The postoperative IOP evolution translated into a 58% decrease between 6 and 12 months (p < 0.001). Thirteen patients (41.9%) were treated with oral Diamox prior to GATT. The number of antiglaucoma medications decreased from a preoperative average of 2.9 [SD 1.2] to postoperative 1 [SD 1] drug (p < 0.001). The most frequent adverse event
was the occurrence of postoperative hyphema. Hyphema was observed in 21 (68.0%), 7 (22.6%), and 2 (6.4%) eyes at days 1, 7, and 30 after GATT, respectively. Intraocular hypertension over 25 mmHg was seen in eight eyes (25.8%), and in four of them, a steroid response was suspected. One patient developed an anterior uveitis and a macular edema.
Conclusion GATT is an effective and safe intervention for OAG, particularly in pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PEX). The advantages of GATT compared to filtration surgery are the low rate of long-term complications and that the intervention is feasible even when difficult conjunctival conditions are encountered.
Prospektive Kohortenstudie bei stationären augenchirurgischen Patienten für die Validierung der ClassIntra-Klassifikation für unerwünschte intraoperative Ereignisse
Authors: Hasler Pascal W. , Dell-Kuster Salome , Bossong Olga , Goldblum David , Schartau Pamela Jutta , Wellner Franziska , Rosenthal Rachel , Steiner Luzius A. 
Published: April 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Gemäß unserer Literaturrecherche gibt es kein validiertes System für die standardisierte Erfassung von unerwünschten intraoperativen Ereignissen (iAEs) in der Augenchirurgie. ClassIntra wurde neu entwickelt, um chirurgie- oder anästhesiebezogene Abweichungen vom idealen intraoperativen Verlauf zu klassifizieren. Ziel der Studie ist die Validierung und die Praktikabilitätserfassung von ClassIntra in der Augenchirurgie.
Methoden In diese prospektive, monozentrische Kohortenstudie wurden nur stationäre, augenchirurgische Patienten eingeschlossen. Die iAEs wurden gemäß ClassIntra klassifiziert und entsprechend den therapeutischen Konsequenzen und den Symptomen des Patienten in 5 Schweregrade unterteilt. Ein 2-wöchiges Follow-up wurde durchgeführt, um alle postoperativen Komplikationen gemäß der Clavien-Dindo-Klassifikation zu erfassen. Primärer Endpunkt war die risikokorrigierte Assoziation zwischen dem schwersten ClassIntra-Grad und der Summe aller postoperativen Komplikationen (Comprehensive Complication Index, CCI) innerhalb des Follow-ups. Außerdem wurden Ophthalmologen und Anästhesisten gebeten, einen Onlinefragebogen auszufüllen, der eine Zuordnung der 5 ClassIntra-Schweregrade zu 10 fiktiven klinischen Fallszenarien erforderte. Die Reliabilität wurde durch den Vergleich der Bewertungen durch die Kliniker mit den vordefinierten Bewertungen des Studienteams geschätzt.
Ergebnisse Es wurden 100 stationäre Patienten im mittleren Alter von 64 Jahren (SA 15) eingeschlossen. Die Mehrheit der Patienten waren ASA II (n = 53, 53%) oder ASA III (n = 42, 42%). Es wurden 32 iAEs in 22 Patienten erfasst (17 × Grad I, 12 × Grad II, 3 × Grad III). Postoperativ traten 94 Komplikationen in 50 Patienten auf (44 × Grad I, 36 × Grad II, 14 × Grad IIIa). Für den primären Endpunkt zeigte sich eine mittlere Differenz im CCI von 2,1 (95%-Konfidenzintervall [KI] − 2,5 – 6,8) pro Zunahme im ClassIntra-Schweregrad. 50 Ophthalmologen und Anästhesisten haben den Onlinefragebogen vollständig ausgefüllt (Antwortrate 54%). Der Intraklassenkorrelationskoeffizient betrug 0,79 (95%-KI 0,64 – 0,94).
Schlussfolgerung Die Anwendung von ClassIntra während der täglichen Routine in der Augenchirurgie erwies sich als praktikables Tool, um iAEs standardisiert zu erfassen. Obwohl sich die Konstruktvalidität nicht nachweisen ließ, unterstreicht die hohe Kongruenz der Umfrageergebnisse eine gute Handhabung der neu entwickelten Klassifikation auch in der Augenchirurgie.
Comparison of All Arthroscopic Implantation of Chitosan-Based Liquid Scaffold and Hyaluronan-Based Soft Scaffold in the Treatment of Condylar Osteochondral Lesions in the Knee
Authors: Akmeşe Ramazan , Özbek Emre Anıl , Kocaoğlu Hakan , Ertan Mehmet Batu , İnanç İrem , Erdemli Esra 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCell-free scaffolds used in cartilage regeneration are produced from different materials. The aim of this study is to compare the clinical and radiological results of two different scaffolds with hyaluronan- or chitosan-based structure used in the treatment of symptomatic condylar osteochondral lesions. The study comprises 69 patients who were operated for osteochondral lesion repair with hyaluronan- (n = 37) or chitosan-based (n = 32) scaffold. The International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores were collected for both groups at the preoperative and postoperative 3rd, 12th, and 24th months. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed between the 12th and 15th months postoperatively and this with magnetic resonance observation of cartilage repair tissue (MOCART) scoring were compared. Within group assessments demonstrate significant improvement in IKDC, Lysholm, and VAS scores at postoperative 3rd and 12th months. However, in both groups, IKDC, Lysholm and, VAS scores at the postoperative 24th month indicate no significant further improvement, compared with the 12th month results. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of IKDC, Lysholm, VAS, and MOCART scores at any time period. This study shows that both scaffolds are useful in cartilage regeneration but have no clinical or radiological superiority to each other. Surgeons should select the method with which they feel comfortable. This is a level III, retrospective comparative study.
Essential role of papillae flexibility in nectar capture by bees
Authors: Lechantre Amandine , Draux Ayrton , Hua Hoa-Ai Béatrice , Michez Denis , Damman Pascal , Brau Fabian 
Published: April 2021

SignificanceFlowers provide the energy resources of bees. In a competitive world, we can hypothesize that flowers attract bees by producing very sweet nectar since it offers the greatest energetic rewards. However, the nectar sugar concentration rarely exceed 60%, and in vivo measurements show that bees capture nectar less efficiently beyond that limit. Here, we explain the physiological origin of this limit based on an elastoviscous mechanism. Most of bees collect the nectar with tongues covered by elongated papillae that open when immersed in a fluid, the opening dynamics determining the amount of nectar collected per lap. At very large sugar concentrations, we found that viscous forces impede the full opening of papillae, reducing the amount of nectar collected.
Fully pseudospectral solution of the conformally invariant wave equation on a Kerr background
Authors: Hennig Jörg , Macedo Rodrigo Panosso 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We study axisymmetric solution to the conformally invariant wave equation on a Kerr background by means of numerical and analytical methods. Our main focus is on the behaviour of the solutions near spacelike infinity, which is appropriately represented as a cylinder. Earlier studies of the wave equation on a Schwarzschild background have revealed important details about the regularity of the corresponding solutions. It was found that, on the cylinder, the solutions generically develop logarithmic singularities at infinitely many orders. Moreover, these singularities also ‘spread’ to future null infinity. However, by imposing certain regularity conditions on the initial data, the lowest-order singularities can be removed. Here we are interested in a generalisation of these results to a rotating black hole background and study the influence of the rotation rate on the properties of the solutions. To this aim, we first construct a conformal compactification of the Kerr solution which yields a suitable representation of the cylinder at spatial infinity. Besides analytical investigations on the cylinder, we numerically solve the wave equation with a fully pseudospectral method, which allows us to obtain highly accurate numerical solutions. This is crucial for a detailed analysis of the regularity of the solutions. In the Schwarzschild case, the numerical problem could effectively be reduced to solving (1 + 1)-dimensional equations. Here we present a code that can perform the full 2 + 1 evolution as required for axisymmetric waves on a Kerr background.
Quantum mechanics for non-inertial reference frames
Authors: Moreno M , del Río J A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In quantum mechanics courses, the concept of a reference frame is frequently hidden. In this article, we present a basic perspective to introduce the transformations of a reference frame based on unitary transformations. These unitary transformations are inspired in canonical transformation for reference frame from the perspective of classical mechanics. The manner we deal with this change in reference frame allows us to discuss some fundamental concepts in Schrödinger and Heisenberg pictures, as well as the ideas of passive and active description in quantum mechanics. These unitary transformations are inspired in a reference-frame canonical transformation from the perspective of classical mechanics. The approach we take for this reference-frame change allows for a discussion on fundamental concepts in Schrödinger and Heisenberg pictures, as well as the ideas of passive and active description in quantum mechanics. We apply this unitary transformation in five examples.
Flexible low-voltage organic thin-film transistors and PMOS inverters: the effect of channel width on noise margin
Authors: Singh Subhash , Matsui Hiroyuki , Tokito Shizuo 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Low-operating-voltage (<2 V) organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) and P-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor (PMOS) inverter circuits are fabricated on a 125 µm-thick flexible polyethylene naphthalate substrate using a blend of 2,7-dihexyl-dithieno[2,3-d;2′,3′-d′]benzo[1,2-b;4,5-b′]dithiophene and polystyrene as an active p-type organic semiconducting material. All three electrodes (gate, source, and drain) are inkjet-printed, while the active semiconducting material is deposited by a dispenser system to achieve a saturation mobility of 0.32 cm2 V−1 s−1 at V
GS = −2 V. Two different PMOS inverters are fabricated, for which the signal gain peak values are resolved for an ultra-low supply voltage, V
DD = −0.5 V. We achieve a signal gain of 2.73 at V
DD = −0.5 V. The effect of channel width is demonstrated for both OTFTs and PMOS devices. The ‘on’ current increases with channel width, and the switching point of the PMOS inverters shifts toward the middle of the voltage transfer characteristics, and hence improves the noise margin.
Operando 3D imaging of defects dynamics of twinned-nanocrystal during catalysis
Authors: Meneau Florian , Rochet Amélie , Harder Ross , Cha Wonsuk , Ribeiro Passos Aline 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Using operando Bragg coherent x-ray diffraction imaging, we visualised three-dimensionally a single twinned-gold nanocrystal during the CO oxidation reaction. We describe the defect dynamics process occurring under operating conditions and indicate the correlation between the nucleation of highly strained regions at the surface of the nanocrystal and its catalytic activity. Understanding the twinning deformation mechanism sheds light on the creation of active sites, and could well contribute to the understanding of the catalytic behaviour of other catalysts. With the start-up of 4th generation synchrotron sources, we anticipate that coherent hard x-ray diffraction imaging techniques will play a major role in imaging in situ chemical processes.
Current distribution and group velocities for electronic states on

α−T3

lattice ribbons in a magnetic field
Authors: Oriekhov D O , Voronov Sergey 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We study the group velocities of electronic states and distributions of currents in

α
−

T

3

lattice ribbons under a uniform perpendicular magnetic field. Using the effective low-energy model we analyze all possible simple configurations of lattice termination with zigzag and armchair boundaries. We show that the edge current depends on the type of zigzag termination, and can be zero or finite near the edge. Also similar dependence is observed in the case of armchair termination and is related to the size of the ribbon. The nonzero current flowing along the edge can be used a signature of formation of propagating edge states. In addition, we show the qualitative difference in the distribution of the edge current between the case of α = 1 (dice model) and other values of model parameter α ≠ 1 for armchair-terminated ribbons.
Effect of temperature and humidity on the sensing performance of TiO2 nanowire-based ethanol vapor sensors
Authors: Shooshtari Mostafa , Salehi Alireza , Vollebregt Sten 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we study the influence of two key factors, temperature, and humidity, on gas sensors based on titanium dioxide nanowires synthesized at 4 different temperatures and with different morphology. The samples’ structure are investigated using SEM, XRD and FTIR analysis. The effects of humidity and temperature are studied by measuring the resistance and gas response when exposed to ethanol. At room temperature, we observed a 15% sensitivity response to 100 ppm of ethanol vapor and by increasing the operating temperature up to 180 °C, the response is enhanced by two orders of magnitude. The best operating temperature for the highest gas response is found to be around 180 °C. Also, it was observed that every nanowire morphology has its own optimum operating temperature. The resistance of sensors is increased at higher Relative Humidity (RH). Besides, the response to ethanol vapor experiences a gradual increase when the RH rises from 10% to 60%. On the other hand, from 60% to 90% RH the gas response decreases gradually due to different mechanisms of interaction of the TiO2 with H2O and ethanol molecules.