bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional echocardiography
Authors: Gianstefani Silvia , Monaghan Mark J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Despite the fact that three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) has been available for many years, its utilization on a routine clinical basis has been rather limited. However, recent improvements in image quality, semi-automated quantification, better workflow, and other developments such as fusion imaging, have now accelerated the integration of 3D imaging into routine echo practice. In this chapter, we have reviewed the standard and well established applications of the technique such as volumetric chamber analysis and 3D evaluation of valvular pathology, as well as highlighting some of the exciting new developments such as the use of artificial intelligence and photo-realistic visualization. these newer techniques will undoubtedly help ensure that 3D echocardiography plays a pivotal role in contemporary cardiac imaging leading and cutting edge patient care.
Contrast echocardiography
Authors: Senior Roxy , Becher Harald , Pinto Fausto J. , Khattar Rajdeep S. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Contrast echocardiography has become an established technique to enhance endocardial border definition in those with suboptimal images. This has been enabled by newer intravenously administered ultrasound contrast agents that can traverse the pulmonary circulation intact, coupled with ultrasound imaging techniques designed specifically to allow good visualization of these agents in the left ventricular cavity and myocardium. Contrast echocardiography improves the evaluation of left ventricular function providing more accurate and reproducible measurements of volumes and ejection fraction. Contrast use in stress echocardiography improves the feasibility, diagnostic accuracy, and reader confidence in the test. Consequently, contrast agents enhance decision-making, shorten time to diagnosis, and reduce downstream costs in those with difficult acoustic windows. The technique is particularly useful in delineating apical pathology, and may be used to assess cardiac masses and aortic diseases. Myocardial perfusion may also be assessed during resting and stress echocardiography, improving the evaluation of coronary artery disease.
Aortic valve stenosis
Authors: Pibarot Philippe , Baumgartner Helmut , Clavel Marie-Annick , Côté Nancy , Orwat Stefan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Aortic valve stenosis (AS) is the most prevalent valvular heart disease and is increasingly diagnosed in high-income countries due to an ageing population but also to more widely available diagnostic tools. The prevalence of AS is estimated at ~0.5% in the general population, ~2–3% in the population over 65 years old. This disease starts with mild fibrosis and calcification and thickening of the aortic valve leaflets without obstruction of blood flow, which is termed aortic sclerosis, and evolves over the years to severe calcification with impaired leaflet mobility and significant obstruction to blood flow, i.e. AS. The clinical presentation includes the spectrum from asymptomatic patients with different grades (mild, moderate, severe) of AS severity to symptomatic patients with severe AS who may present with preserved or already depressed left ventricular (LV) function and/or reduced transvalvular flow. Accurate assessment of the AS anatomic and haemodynamic severity as well as the extent of cardiac damage associated with AS are crucial for the therapeutic management of patients with AS. Doppler-echocardiography is the method of choice providing a comprehensive non-invasive diagnostic work-up of these patients.
Imaging-guided transseptal puncture and transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale/atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, and paravalvular leaks
Authors: Kronzon Itzhak , Monteagudo Juan Manuel , Faletra Francesco F. , Mehla Priti , Saric Muhamed 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Repairing structural heart diseases without surgery has been a major challenge. The title ‘The Father of Interventional Cardiology’ belongs to William J. Rushkind (1922–1986) who performed atrial balloon septostomy in newborn babies with D-transposition as early as 1968. He also designed devices for the transcatheter closure of atrial defects and of patent ductus arteriosus. The introduction of better devices and skilled operators led to successful procedures which are less traumatic, shorter, and in many cases significantly less expensive. The various modalities of cardiac imaging have become a crucial ingredient of the preprocedural diagnosis, procedural guidance, and the assessment of procedural results and follow-up. This chapter will demonstrate and discuss the role of imaging in several catheter-based procedures that are now commonly practised by the current generation of interventional cardiologists who are involved in structural heart disease.
Imaging for electrophysiological procedures
Authors: O’Neill Louisa , Sim Iain , Whitaker John , Williams Steven , Chubb Henry , Maurovich-Horvat Pál , O’Neill Mark , Razavi Reza 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Electrophysiology is one of the most rapidly growing area of cardiology. Currently &gt;50,000 catheter ablations are performed in Europe every year and &gt;200,000 patients receive a device for arrhythmia treatment, sudden death prevention, or cardiac resynchronization. The advantages and limitations of fluoroscopy are well known. The rapid development of implantable cardiac devices therapies and ablation procedures all depend on accurate and reliable imaging modalities for preprocedural assessments, intraprocedural guidance, detection of complications, and post-procedural assessment for the longitudinal follow-up of patients. Therefore, over the last decades, imaging become an integral part of electrophysiological procedures.
CMR and detection of coronary artery disease
Authors: Nagel Eike , Schwitter Juerg , Plein Sven 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging plays a major role in the diagnosis and assessment of coronary artery disease (CAD). This chapter will focus on the diagnosis of ischaemia by CMR with brief reference to viability assessment, which is covered in detail elsewhere. Perfusion-CMR has matured to a reliable technique for the assessment of CAD. It detects and excludes CAD with a high diagnostic performance. There is also increasing evidence from single-centre studies and the European CMR registry for the high prognostic value of ischaemia detection by perfusion-CMR and a normal CMR study in patients with or without known CAD predicts a rate for MACE of 0.3–1%/year. Coronary angiography by CMR will not be discussed in this chapter, however, as it is only recommended for delineation of the course of coronary artery anomalies.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Cardim Nuno , Toste Alexandra , Nijveldt Robin 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Imaging plays a major role in the evaluation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients, offering answers to clinical questions. Imaging techniques provide a broad spectrum of information, including morphological data, functional information, and ischaemia assessment, useful in many clinical settings of HCM. The clinical diagnosis of HCM is based on unexplained left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) by imaging, though the role of genetic diagnosis has increased. A multimodality imaging (MMI) approach is encouraged in HCM. Each technique must be selected to provide solutions to the specific problems, avoiding duplicated data, and taking into account its technical characteristics, availability, benefits, risks, and costs.
Constrictive pericarditis
Authors: Caforio Alida L.P. , Galderisi Maurizio , Imazio Massimo , Marcolongo Renzo , Adler Yehuda , Santoro Ciro 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Constrictive pericarditis is a pericardial syndrome where the pericardium becomes relatively rigid and inelastic, may be thickened and calcified or not, and impairs mid to late diastolic filling. Constrictive pericarditis is the final pathway of several different diseases or causes, usually starting from pericarditis and pericardial effusion, and progressing towards pericardial fibrosis and calcification. Constrictive pericarditis is commonly the final evolution of any type of pericarditis and pericardial effusion. The risk of developing such evolution is especially related to the aetiology. The risk of progression is especially related to the aetiology: low (&lt;1%) in viral and idiopathic pericarditis, intermediate (2–5%) in immune-mediated pericarditis and neoplastic pericardial diseases, and high (20–30%) in bacterial pericarditis, especially purulent pericarditis. It is important to recognize transient (subacute) constrictive pericarditis early on in the process versus calcific chronic constrictive pericarditis.
The role of echocardiography
Authors: Evangelista Arturo , Teixidó-Turà Gisela 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Echocardiography plays an important role in the diagnosis and follow-up of aortic diseases. Evaluation of the aorta is a routine part of the echocardiographic examination. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is an excellent modality for imaging the aortic proximal ascending aorta, which is important in the diagnosis and follow-up of aorta aneurysms. Transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) overcomes the limitations of TTE in thoracic aorta assessment. Although TEE is the technique of choice in the diagnosis of aortic dissection, TTE may be used as the initial modality in the emergency setting. Intimal flap in proximal ascending aorta, pericardial effusion/tamponade, and left ventricular function can be easily visualized by TTE. However, a negative TTE does not rule out aortic dissection and other imaging techniques must be considered. TEE should define entry tear size and location, mechanisms and severity of aortic regurgitation, and true lumen compression. TEE is essential in selecting and monitoring surgical and endovascular treatment and in detecting possible complications.
Towards a psychoanalytic migration studies: A son, a brother, a father, an American, and his house in a Cameroonian village
Authors: Page Ben 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Around the world, migrants are building houses in their countries-of-origin. For the women and men who create them, these houses are unambiguously significant. Yet, in academic migration studies, they are often seen as peripheral—interesting rather than important. This article follows recent work that aims to show why these houses really do matter. These houses are where migrants can seek to process the trauma of the disconnection that is inherent in migration and are how they repress the anxieties that arise from transnationalism. Migrants’ emotions are externalised onto the house. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in Cameroon between 2013 and 2018, this article develops a case study about one transnational migrant, his family, and his house. It uses the example to develop two arguments: first that these houses sit within transnational networks, but the networks are subject-centred so a theory of the subject is needed to analyse them. Secondly, that human subjects make a deal when they exchange infantile egocentrism for collective inter-subjectivity, which is similar to the deal made between transnational migrants and their ancestral home when they receive permission to leave in exchange for continuing to connect—a link that is materialised in the house. Both these arguments combine to support an underlying claim that migration studies in general, and studies of migrant housing in particular would benefit from building further on existing work that draws on psychoanalytical approaches.
On planetary systems as ordered sequences
Authors: Sandford Emily , Kipping David , Collins Michael 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
A planetary system consists of a host star and one or more planets, arranged into a particular configuration. Here, we consider what information belongs to the configuration, or ordering, of 4286 Kepler planets in their 3277 planetary systems. First, we train a neural network model to predict the radius and period of a planet based on the properties of its host star and the radii and period of its neighbours. The mean absolute error (MAE) of the predictions of the trained model is a factor of 2.1 better than the MAE of the predictions of a naive model that draws randomly from dynamically allowable periods and radii. Secondly, we adapt a model used for unsupervised part-of-speech tagging in computational linguistics to investigate whether planets or planetary systems fall into natural categories with physically interpretable ‘grammatical rules.’ The model identifies two robust groups of planetary systems: (1) compact multiplanet systems and (2) systems around giant stars (log g ≲ 4.0), although the latter group is strongly sculpted by the selection bias of the transit method. These results reinforce the idea that planetary systems are not random sequences – instead, as a population, they contain predictable patterns that can provide insight into the formation and evolution of planetary systems.
On the dark matter haloes of optical and IR-selected AGNs in the local universe
Authors: Alpaslan Mehmet , Tinker Jeremy L 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
We use the technique of total satellite luminosity, Lsat, to probe the dark matter haloes around active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in the SDSS Main Galaxy Sample. Our results focus on galaxies and AGNs that are the central galaxy of their halo. Our two AGN samples are constructed from optical emission-line diagnostics and from Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) infrared colours. Both optically selected and WISE-selected AGN have Lsat values twice as high as non-active galaxy samples when controlling for stellar mass and mean stellar age. This implies that the haloes are twice as massive, but we cannot rule out that the increase in Lsat is due to these AGNs residing in younger haloes at the same mass. When only controlling for host galaxy stellar mass, WISE-selected AGNs also have higher Lsat values than optical AGNs at the factor of two level, consistent with previous results comparing the clustering of obscured and unobscured AGNs. However, controlling for stellar age in the two populations of host galaxies removes half of this difference, attenuating the statistical significance of the difference. We perform permutation tests to quantify the difference in the halo populations of each sample. The difference in star formation properties does not fully explain the difference in the two AGN populations, however. Although AGN luminosity correlates with mean stellar age, the difference in stellar age between the WISE and optical samples cannot be fully explained by differences in their AGN luminosity distributions.
Flexible analysis of TSS mapping data and detection of TSS shifts with TSRexploreR
Authors: Policastro Robert A , McDonald Daniel J , Brendel Volker P , Zentner Gabriel E 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Heterogeneity in transcription initiation has important consequences for transcript stability and translation, and shifts in transcription start site (TSS) usage are prevalent in various developmental, metabolic, and disease contexts. Accordingly, numerous methods for global TSS profiling have been developed, including most recently Survey of TRanscription Initiation at Promoter Elements with high-throughput sequencing (STRIPE-seq), a method to profile transcription start sites (TSSs) on a genome-wide scale with significant cost and time savings compared to previous methods. In anticipation of more widespread adoption of STRIPE-seq and related methods for construction of promoter atlases and studies of differential gene expression, we built TSRexploreR, an R package for end-to-end analysis of TSS mapping data. TSRexploreR provides functions for TSS and transcription start region (TSR) detection, normalization, correlation, visualization, and differential TSS/TSR analyses. TSRexploreR is highly interoperable, accepting the data structures of TSS and TSR sets generated by several existing tools for processing and alignment of TSS mapping data, such as CAGEr for Cap Analysis of Gene Expression (CAGE) data. Lastly, TSRexploreR implements a novel approach for the detection of shifts in TSS distribution.
What is visible across the visual field?
Authors: Haun Andrew M 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIt is sometimes claimed that because the resolution and sensitivity of visual perception are better in the fovea than in the periphery, peripheral vision cannot support the same kinds of colour and sharpness percepts as foveal vision. The fact that a scene nevertheless seems colourful and sharp throughout the visual field then poses a puzzle. In this study, I use a detailed model of human spatial vision to estimate the visibility of certain properties of natural scenes, including aspects of colourfulness, sharpness, and blurriness, across the visual field. The model is constructed to reproduce basic aspects of human contrast and colour sensitivity over a range of retinal eccentricities. I apply the model to colourful, complex natural scene images, and estimate the degree to which colour and edge information are present in the model’s representation of the scenes. I find that, aside from the intrinsic drift in the spatial scale of the representation, there are not large qualitative differences between foveal and peripheral representations of ‘colourfulness’ and ‘sharpness’.
ATRT-04. CORRELATION OF CLINICOPATHOLOGIC FEATURES AND CUMULATIVE INCIDENCE OF RELAPSE FOR PATIENTS WITH ATYPICAL TERATOID RHABDOID TUMOR ON ACNS0333: A REPORT FROM THE CHILDREN’S ONCOLOGY GROUP
Authors: Reddy Alyssa , Biegel Jaclyn , Huang Annie , Strother Douglas , Judkins Alexander , Pollack Ian , Buxton Allen , Mahajan Anita , Ho Ben , Mazewski Claire , Lewis Victor , Fouladi Maryam , Krailo Mark 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Purpose
Intensive multi-modal regimens have improved survival for patients with atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor, however relapse rates remain high. A better understanding of clinical and pathologic features associated with tumor relapse is critical to risk-stratifying patients.

Patients and Methods
ACNS0333 treatment consisted of multi-agent chemotherapy, high-dose chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, lasting approximately 6 months. Variables including patient age, sex, tumor location, M-stage, degree of resection, order of therapy, germline status, and molecular subgroup were analyzed. Cumulative incidence (CI) of event free survival due to relapse was evaluated for each variable.

Results
Thirty-three of 65 evaluable patients had tumor relapse. For the entire cohort, the CI of relapse was 21.8% at 6 months, 40.6% at one year and 50.3% at 4 years. For patients with infratentorial tumors, CI of relapse was 26.3%, 34.2% and 37.2%, at 6 months, 1 and 4 years respectfully compared to 15.3%, 49.9%, and 69.7% for those with supratentorial tumors (p 0.051). Patients with SHH subtype had no relapses in the first 6 months and CI of relapse of 37.5% at 4 years, while those with TYR and MYC subgroups had CI of relapse of 33.3% and 26.7% at 6 months and 46.3% and 73.3% at 4 years respectfully (p 0.088). Patients with germline mutations had a cumulative incidence of relapse of 20% at 6 months and 60% at 12 months compared to 22.6% and 37.7% respectfully for those without. No obvious trends were noted based on other analyzed variables.

Conclusions
ACNS0333 was not powered to determine prognostic indicators of relapse, however, this data suggest interesting trends based on tumor location, subtype and germline status. Infratentorial location and SHH subtype maybe associated with lower risk of relapse. Larger data sets must be compiled to further investigate these variables, perform multivariate analyses and inform risk-stratification on future trials.
ATRT-08. TARGETING THE TP53-MDM2 ENHANCES RADIATION SENSITIVITY IN ATRT
Authors: Alimova Irina , Danis Etienne , Wang Dong , Pierce Angela , Serkova Natalie , Venkataraman Sujatha , Vibahakar Rajeev 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumor is a highly aggressive pediatric brain tumor. Despite radiation, aggressive chemotherapy and autologous stem cell rescue, the children usually have poor survival. A functional genomic screen identified the TP53-MDM2 axis as a therapeutic vulnerability in ATRT. Gene expression demonstrates that all ATRT sub-groups have high level of MDM2 a negative regulator of p53. We demonstrate that MDM2 inhibition by shRNA or with small-molecule drugs, Nutlin3 and Idasanutlin resulted in decreased ATRT cell growth, inhibition of clonogenic potential and induction of apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. MRI imaging of intracranial tumors shows that Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC), a good marker for successful treatment, significantly increased with Idasanutlin treatment showing tumor necrosis. Moreover, Idasanutlin significantly decreased growth of intracranial orthotopic ATRT brain tumors as evaluated by T2 MRI imaging and prolonged survival compared to control animals. Further idasanutlin potentiated radiation induced DNA damage and increased sensitivity to radiaton of ATRT cells. These findings highlight the TP53-MDM2 axis as a rational therapeutic target in ATRT.
BIOL-09. HNRNPA1 SPLICED VARIANT: KEY RESISTANT GENE SIGNATURE IN GLIOMAS
Authors: Yadav Ajay 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Glioblastoma is inevitably a recurrent cancer. Despite of recent advancement, temozolomide remain the prescribed lifeline drug, after the surgery. Inadvertently, MGMT (O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase) expression mechanistically linked with Temozolomide (alkylating drug) glioma resistant development. To understand the resistant against Temozolomide sought to deciphered, by making invitro drug resistant glioma cell lines. RNA seq analysis over a illumina platform; drug resistant glioma cell lines showed various critical key factor such as splice factor hnRNPA1 and deubiquitinating enzymes were showed to highly upregulated in resistant cell lines. Commonly, from our previous study, the stability of hnRNPA1 in presence of USP5 were showed to promote cell survival, whereas knocking down of USP5 significantly lower down the telomerase activity and NAD/NADH ratio enlarge. Furthermore, expression of MGMT was showed significantly downregulated in hnRNPA1 knock down T98G glioma cells, as well as in U87 Temozolomide resistant cells. Extrinsic apoptosis pathway was showed more prevalent in hnRNPA1 knock down glioma cells in presence of Trail ligand. Interestingly, we found one more spliced variants of hnRNPA1 exclusively expressing in drug resistant cells is new finding. Selectively knocking down of hnRNPA1 splice variant promotes apoptosis. RNA seq analysis followed the comparison between two hnRNPA1 spliced variant knock down, drug resistant glioma cell lines showed differentially expressed transcript support our finding to be distinctly regulated by hnRNPA1 spliced variants. Spliced variant of hnRNPA1 showed a potential therapeutic candidate signature.