bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Single-station fault plane solutions
Authors: Langston Charles A. 
Published: June 2021

abstractFault plane solutions are derived from systematic trial-and-error (“grid”) testing of three-component body waveform data from a single station. Modeling P and SH waveform data from five shallow events recorded teleseismically demonstrates that radiation pattern information contained within the interference of the direct wave and surface reflections and the overall relative amplitude between P and SH waveforms is sufficient to discriminate between fault type (e.g., strike-slip versus dip-slip) and often agrees with well-constrained first-motion studies. Events studied are the 9 April 1968 Borrego Mountain, California; 20 June 1978 Thessaloniki, Greece; 13 August 1978 Santa Barbara, California; 20 May 1979 Alaska; and 6 August 1979 Coyote Lake, California, earthquakes. It is also shown using data from the 27 July 1980 Sharpsburg, Kentucky, earthquake that inclusion of pP/P and sP/P polarity and amplitude information to an otherwise unconstrained first-motion study can significantly improve the quality of the fault plane solution. Although there are many potential problems (source multiplicity, directivity, etc.) which can prohibit finding a good model with these techniques and inclusion of data from many stations is clearly desirable, the results of this study suggest that sparse, high-quality waveform data sets may be as or more useful for obtaining source mechanisms than standard first-motion studies. At a minimum, they should be performed together as a consistency check. This procedure would be most useful in the common situation where only a few receivers are available for a particular event.
Earthquake mechanisms and tsunami generation: The Kurile Islands event of 13 October 1963
Authors: Ward Steven N. 
Published: June 2021

abstract
Investigations of tsunamigenesis on a spherically symmetric and elastic Earth using normal mode summations and moment tensor line sources are extended to include general double-couple mechanisms so that computed tsunami waveforms can be compared with specific observations. Amplitudes of 19 tide gauge records of the Kurile Islands sea wave of 13 October 1963 are reproduced within a factor of 2 by either a single line source 250 km in length or by a triplet of parallel line sources separated by 42 km. Both models predict a strong beaming of tsunami strength with wave heights toward the northwest and southeast three to eight times larger than those in the northeast and southwest. For faults over 150 km in length, 2 of the 6 moment tensor components dominate tsunami production. This fact motivated the coining of a new parameter, tsunami moment Mt. By cataloging tsunami fields produced by suites of fault mechanisms, I find that Mt is approximately proportional to the tsunamigenic potential of earthquakes. Despite the critical role of fault mechanism in tsunami generation, many sources have nearly equal tsunami moment and nearly equal ability for sea wave excitation. Estimates of shallow source strength from measurements of elastic surface waves have questionable integrity at both long (&gt;100 sec) and short (&gt;30 sec) periods. Amplitudes of high-frequency waves suffer from saturation due to source size and duration, while low-frequency amplitudes are unstable with respect to small perturbations in fault mechanism because of the influence of the Earth's surface. Many tsunami earthquakes may be artifacts of underestimated source strength resulting from the inefficiency of shallow, nearly vertical dip-slip faults to produce long-period surface waves.
Mapping of crack edges by seismic methods
Authors: Achenbach J. D. , Norris A. , Viswanathan K. 
Published: June 2021

abstractThe inverse problem of diffraction of elastic waves by the edge of a large crack has been investigated on the basis of elastodynamic ray theory and the geometrical theory of diffraction. Two methods are discussed for the mapping of the edge of a crack-like flaw in an elastic medium. The methods require as input data the arrival times of diffracted ultrasonic signals. The first method maps flash points on the crack edge by a process of triangulation with the source and receiver as given vertices of the triangle. By the use of arrival times at neighboring positions of the source and/or the receiver, the directions of signal propagation, which determine the triangle, can be computed. This inverse mapping is global in the sense that no a priori knowledge of the location of the crack edge is necessary. The second method is a local edge mapping which determines planes relative to a known point close to the crack edge. Each plane contains a flash point. The envelope of the planes maps an approximation to the crack edge. The errors due to inaccuracies in the input data and in the computational procedure have been illustrated by specific examples.
Preliminary microzonation of the Memphis, Tennessee, area
Authors: Sharma Sunil , Kovacs William D. 
Published: June 2021

abstractThe city of Memphis, which is situated very close to the inferred epicenter of one of the three major 1811 to 1812 earthquakes, is in a potentially hazardous zone which will be susceptible to the usual seismic hazards. By recognizing the high level of seismicity in the New Madrid area, this study attempts to microzone the potential hazards by considering the following subjects: (i) the seismicity of the central United States; (ii) design earthquakes; and (iii) response analysis which allows construction of the necessary microzonation maps.The seismicity of the region is evaluated from state-of-the-art literature as there is no recorded strong-motion data available for the central United States. Synthetically generated accelerograms, simulating the design earthquakes, were used to represent the ground motions which were applied at a depth of 45 m, below ground surface, at numerous sites in Memphis. The soil stratigraphy was conceptualized from borehole data, made available by local sources, and dynamic soil properties estimated from available empirical correlations.The results of the response analysis were transformed into microzonation maps depicting: (i) zones showing qualitative estimates of ground response; (ii) zones showing the natural frequency of the soils; (iii) zones showing the peak spectral acceleration for 2 per cent damping ratio; and (iv) zones of liquefaction potential.These maps are useful for preliminary design and are not intended to be used on a quantitative basis. Further investigation is necessary in determining the stratigraphy and soil properties for a site-specific design and analysis.
The solution of the dynamic field of the Haskell fault model reconsidered
Authors: List R. D. 
Published: June 2021

abstractA method of obtaining the displacement field of the Haskell model of an earthquake source, based on the well-known equivalence of seismic dislocations and body force, is described. It is shown that the solution of Madariaga (1978) can be generalized and that the two methods are equivalent for the problem of a rectangular dislocation expanding on a plane in an infinite space with a variable rupture speed and variable slip in the direction of rupture. One of the advantages of the equivalent body force method is that it can be used to readily obtain the transformed solution to the Haskell model in a half-space for a rectangular dislocation, expanding with variable rupture speed and variable slip.
The Sharpsburg, Kentucky, earthquake of 27 July 1980
Authors: Herrmann Robert B. , Langston Charles A. , Zollweg James E. 
Published: June 2021

abstractThe Sharpsburg, Kentucky, earthquake was the second largest earthquake to have occurred in the United States, east of the Continental Divide, in the past 20 yr, having a seismic moment of 4.1 × 1023 dyne-cm. A surface-wave focal mechanism study defines a nodal plane striking N30°E, dipping 50°SE, and a nearly vertical nodal plane striking N60°W. P-wave first motion data indicate right-lateral motion on the nodal plane striking N30°E, with the pressure axes oriented east-west. These angles can be varied by ±10° without affecting the fit to the surface-wave data. The surface-wave solution is reinforced by a modeling of long-period seismograms at regional distances.The P, pP, and sP polarities and amplitudes from the short-period vertical component array stack at NORSAR are used together with six unambiguous short-period P-wave first motions recorded in North America to test whether it is possible to constrain focal mechanism solutions with such data. These solutions are compatible with the surface-wave solution. Waveform modeling of the NORSAR data suggests a source pulse duration of 1.0 sec and constrains the depth to 12.0 km. To match mb estimates from NORSAR and Canadian stations, t*, for teleseismic P, must be 0.7 and 0.5, respectively, when the synthetics are scaled using the surface-wave seismic moment.In spite of extensive coverage of the epicentral zone, fewer than 70 aftershocks were recorded. The largest aftershock and an mbLg = 2.2. Aftershock locations suggest that the nodal plane striking N30°E is the fault plane. An aftershock area of 30 to 50 km2 implies a stress drop of 2.8 to 6 bars and a dislocation of 2.0 to 3.4 cm.Because of the variety of studies performed, this earthquake is presently the best-studied eastern North American seismic event with well-constrained estimates of focal depth, focal mechanism and seismic moment, and indications of the duration of the source time function and upper mantle P-wave t*.
A note on relocating the 1963 Watsonville earthquakes
Authors: Evans David G. , McEvilly Thomas V. 
Published: June 2021

abstractEvents in the Watsonville earthquake sequence of August and September 1963 were found by Udias (1965) not to concentrate on the main San Andreas fault break. New locations are found using a more site-specific velocity model with carefully determined station adjustments. Resulting relocated hypocenters indicate that this sequence probably does not exhibit the anomalous spatial scatter found previously. The revised locations are found to be consistent with patterns of recent seismicity, based on dense network coverage, which show a tight coincidence with the San Andreas fault.
Seismic waves from a horizontal stress discontinuity in a layered solid
Authors: Abramovici F. , Kanasewich E. R. , Kelamis P. G. 
Published: June 2021

abstractThe displacement components for a horizontal stress discontinuity along a buried finite fault in an elastic homogeneous layer on top of an elastic half-space are given analytically in terms of generalized rays. For a particular case of a concentrated horizontal force pointing in an arbitrary direction, detailed time-dependent expressions are given. For a simple model of a “crustal” layer over a “mantle” half-space, the numerical seismograms in the near- and intermediate-field show some interesting features. These include a prominent group of compressional waves whose radial component is substantial at distances four times the crustal thickness. All the dominant shear arrivals (s, SS, and sSS) are important and show large variations of amplitude as the source depth and receiver distance are varied. Some of the prominent individual generalized rays are shown, and it is found that they can be grouped naturally into families based on the number of interactions with the boundaries. The subdivision into individual generalized rays is useful for analysis and for checks on the numerical stability of the synthetic seismograms. Since the solution is analytic and the numerical evaluation is complete up to any desired time, the results are useful in comparing other approximate methods for the computation of seismograms.
The Dead Sea earthquake of 23 April 1979
Authors: Arieh E. , Rotstein Y. , Peled U. 
Published: June 2021

abstractThe Dead Sea earthquake of 23 April 1979 (mb = 5.1) was felt throughout Israel and in parts of the neighboring countries. The epicentral distribution of this earthquake, its aftershocks, two of the largest Dead Sea earthquakes during the last 50 yr and recent microearthquake data suggest that an active segment of the Dead Sea rift fault system lies along the eastern part of the Dead Sea. A detailed intensity study shows a pronounced dependence of seismic intensities on ground characteristics. Strong motion seismograph measurements were obtained for the first time in the Levant countries and they suggest that peak ground accelerations are not significantly different from worldwide data.
Upper bounds on near-source peak ground motion based on a model of inhomogeneous faulting
Authors: McGarr A. 
Published: June 2021

abstractTwo independent arguments indicate an upper bound of about 10 for the ratio ro/ri in the expressions for peak velocity v and peak acceleration a at close hypocentral distances R: v = (βΔτro/μR)[0.10(ro/ri) + 0.15] and a = (Δτ/ρR)[0.30(ro/ri)2 + 0.45], where ri is the radius of the most heavily loaded asperity that fails within an earthquake source region of radius ro, Δτ is the stress drop, β is the shear-wave velocity, μ is the modulus of rigidity, and ρ is the density; these relationships are for ground motion recorded in a whole-space. First, a recently reported data set was augmented by observations for six earthquakes in the magnitude range 4 ≦ ML ≦ 6.6, for which ground motion was recorded at a minimum of five sites at hypocentral distances of the order of 10 km; the new events include the 1979 Coyote Lake and 1979 Imperial Valley shocks. The entire data set of 22 events, spanning a range in seismic moment from 5 × 1016 to over 1026 dyne-cm, is consistent both with the bound ro/ri &lt; 10 and with the previous conclusion that this ratio does not depend systematically on earthquake size. Second, a theoretical argument, using the result of Savage and Wood that the apparent stress acting on the earthquake fault plane is less than half of the stress drop, is made to the effect that ro/ri &lt; 10. In addition, absolute limits, independent of earthquake size, for peak acceleration are related to the state of stress in the crust; for an extensional state of stress a ≦ 0.40 g and for a compressional stress state a ≦ 2.0 g, where a now represents the maximum horizontal acceleration as recorded at the surface directly above the seismic source.
Inelastic wave propagation in sodium chloride
Authors: Larson D. B. 
Published: June 2021

abstract
Explosion-induced free-field ground motion measurements in sodium chloride closely follow simple cube root scaling laws over 10 orders of magnitude of explosion energy (from 0.6 to 2.2 ×1010 kJ). This observation has important implications for the use of scale model experiments in simulating many of the effects associated with large chemical and nuclear explosions. Small-scale experiments in polycrystalline sodium chloride have been conducted using chemical explosives with energies between 0.6 and 300 kJ. Measurements at various confining pressures up to 32.2 MPa show that both cavity volume and free-field motion produced by explosions in pressed salt are independent of confining pressure. Within a scaled slant range (the radial distance to the center of the energy source) of about 80 m/kt1/3, the salt undergoes shear failure of the matrix (deformation which is both inelastic and nonlinear). Beyond 80 m/kt1/3 and to 250 m/kt1/3 (where these data end), the deformation continues to be strongly inelastic, but the magnitude of this inelasticity appears to decrease with range. Furthermore, measurement at a slant range of 168 m/kt1/3 of the combined signals produced by two simultaneous charges (separated by 191 m/kt1/3) shows little, if any, deviation from linearity.
A linear programming approach to time-term analysis
Authors: Neil Bird D. 
Published: June 2021

abstractA linear programming approach to time-term analysis of seismic refraction data, one that is more adaptable than previous methods, has been developed. The travel-time equations are constraints to a choice of objective functions, which produce different models that fit the data. As examples: a “best-fit” model can be obtained by minimizing the L1 norm of the misfit errors; by maximizing and minimizing the sum of the time terms, the deepest and shallowest models can be derived. In addition, the method can be adapted to allow for refractor anisotropy without any assumptions on the form of the anisotropy.Examples with sets of theoretical data illustrate the different ways in which the technique can be used. A set of travel times for the Pn phase from the northeast Pacific, previously interpreted to document compressional wave velocity anisotropy, exemplifies the application of the method.
Representasi Tubuh Ideal Perempuan dalam Iklan Thermolyte Plus
Authors: Putri Salsabila Aulia , Novitasari Arinda , Khoirunnisa Hasna Arsita 
Published: June 2021

Latar belakang masalah ini adalah kompleksitasnya mengenai standar kecantikan pada sosok perempuan. Perempuan yang ditunjang memiliki visual yang sempurna menjadi suatu tuntutan dalam perempuan untuk menampilkan sosok dirinya. Adapun penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk memaparkan mengenai tubuh ideal perempuan yang terdapat pada iklan Thermolyte Plus. Tubuh ideal perempuan sering kali direpresentasikan media massa dengan makna yang berbeda, dimana makna tersebut berbeda dengan makna sebenarnya tentang tubuh ideal pada perempuan. Kesepakatan yang terjadi dimasyarakat membuat adanya persepsi akan makna tubuh ideal perempuan sesuai dengan apa yang media tampilkan. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan kajian kritis dan juga menggunakan metode semiotika untuk menganalisis objek penelitian. Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu iklan Thermolyte Plus merepresentasikan bahwa sosok perempuan ideal wajib memiliki tubuh yang langsing tanpa lemak berlebih karena dengan tubuh langsing tersebut akan membuat perempuan percaya diri untuk tampil.
A comparative study between ranibizumab and its first biosimilar razumab in terms of efficacy and safety in DME, RVO and wet AMD associated with CNVM
Authors: Preethi B  , Shilpa G  , Shah Dhwani Anil , Murthy Praveen R 
Published: June 2021

To compare safety and efficacy of intravitreal therapy between anti vascular endothelial growth factor (Anti-VEGF) Ranibizumab and biosimilar Razumab in diabetic macular oedema (DME), wet age related macular degeneration (AMD) with choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) and retinal vein occlusion (RVO). Prospective comparative study involved 60 eyes of 56 adults, randomized into 2 groups from September 2016 to November 2017. Group 1 (n=30) received Ranibizumab (0.5mg in 0.05ml) and group 2(n=30) Razumab (0.5mg in 0.05ml). Initial loading dose of one injection given to all subjects and a pro re nata schedule followed thereafter. Patients received maximum of 3 injections and were followed up to 12 weeks. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central foveal thickness (CFT) were considered for the primary outcome and adverse drug reactions (ADR) was considered in the secondary outcome. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The 12-week mean BCVA in group 1 was 0.39 (+-0.24); and in group 2 was 0.53 (+-0.37), which had improved significantly from baseline (group 1 p= 0.007, group 2 p &#60;0.001). Inter group comparison was statistically insignificant (p=0.249). The 12 weeks mean CFT in group 1 was 308 (+-107.26) ; and group 2 was 307.60 (+- 87.15), which had improved significantly from baseline in both groups (p &#60;0.001). Inter group difference was statistically insignificant (p=0.544). One patient in group 2 experienced an ADR (p=0.305). In this study both Ranibizumab and Razumab were safe and efficacious.
Comparative study of anatomic and functional changes of the corneal endothelium in cataract patients undergoing phacoemulsification and MSICS
Authors: Khosa Gurvinder , Singh Karanijit , Kaur Prempal , Kumar Rajesh , Ajmani Upasna 
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of Phacoemulsification and Manual small incision cataract surgery (MSICS) on the corneal endothelium and to assess its impact on visual acuity and induced astigmatism. In this prospective randomized study, 100 cases were randomly selected with the help of lottery system. 50 cases underwent phacoemulsification (group 1) and 50 underwent MSICS (group 2) by a single surgeon. The endothelial cell count, central corneal thickness, best corrected visual acuity and induced astigmatism was measured preoperatively and postoperatively on day 1, 7, 28 and on day 42. Mean endothelial cell loss (cells/mm2) in group 1 at the end of six weeks was 538.64 (20.59%) and in group 2 was 485.66 (19.20%) which was statistically insignificant (p &#62;0.05). The mean central corneal thickness was reduced in both the groups with a mean of 0.51±0.04 mm in group 1 and 0.50±0.03 mm in group 2 which was statistically insignificant. Postoperative best corrected visual acuity of more than 6/18 was found in 49 (98%) cases in each group at six weeks, and was statistically insignificant (p value &#62; 0.05). Phacoemulsification group had statistically significant less mean postoperative astigmatism than MSICS group (p value &#60; 0.05). Both groups gave similar statistically insignificant results in relation to endothelial cell loss, central corneal thickness and best corrected visual acuity at the end of six weeks, although the mean astigmatism was more in group 2 in comparison to group 1 with a statistically significant difference.
The Derivational Processes of Coronavirus Related Terms in WHO Website "Mythbusters"
Authors: Butar Brando Pancarian 
Published: June 2021

The present research discusses about the derivational process of Coronavirus in WHO website “Mythbusters”. The reason of choosing the topic is because word formation processes occur in various area, including scientific areas. The impact of Coronavirus disease influenced the usage of spesific terms related with Coronavirus. People need to understand the Coronavirus related terms, so that they able to use and understand new terms to help them deliver different kinds of information. This research has the purpose of figuring out what types of derivational word formation of Coronavirus related terms are found in the WHO "Mythbusters." Thus, a morphological approach is used to facilitate the researcher on conducting the analysis. The researcher conducted a qualitative research using content analysis in analyzing the data. Based on the analysis of derivational processes in WHO website “Mythbusters” article, the researcher found 24 coronavirus related terms formed by derivational processes. There are 18 coronavirus related terms formed by derivation process, which consist of 10 nominalizer and 8 adjectivalizer found in the article. The derivational affixes occur in “Mythbusters” are {-ion}, {Anti-}, {-ness}, {-ment}, {-al}, {-ous}, {-ful}, and {-y}. There are 6 coronavirus related term formed by compound process. 5 terms are formed with compound noun process, while the other is formed by compound adjective. Key words: Derivational, Coronavirus, WHO