bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pyrenochaeta lycopersici
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pyrenochaeta lycopersici
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Lycopersicon esculentum
; also on
Capsicum
and
Nicotiana
. DISEASE: Brown root rot or corky root of tomato (
Lycopersicon esculentum
). In Europe it seems to occur only in crops grown in close succession under glass. The plants lack vigour, become stunted and give poor yields. There is a cortical rot of the fine and medium sized roots; larger roots become corky with swollen, cracked and furrowed bark, almost canker-like; finally the stem base may rot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Canada, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Rumania, Scandinavia, UK (24, 78; 42, 491; 50, 3178; Last
et al, NAAS Quarterly Review
62: 68, 1963). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne. This fungus occurs in a sterile mycelial state within corky root of tomatoes and pycnidia have not been found in the natural state.
Deuterophoma tracheiphila
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Deuterophoma tracheiphila
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Citrus limon
; also
Citrus aurantium, C. grandis, C. medica
and rough lemon. DISEASE: Mal secco of
Citrus
spp., mainly lemon (C.
limon
). The first, although less specific, symptom of this vascular disease (tracheomycosis) is a sudden wilt and death of the leaves. If infection occurs towards the base of the tree or through the roots collapse is quick and the whole tree is eventually killed. Depending on the pattern of infection wilt may begin in one section or in several parts of the tree. If infection begins in the upper canopy spread of the leaf and branch collapse is much slower. Cuts into the wood (before wilt and death of the bark) reveal the characteristic orange-yellow to reddish discoloration of the vascular tissue. The host epidermal covering over the pycnidia assumes an ashy appearance. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Found in the Mediterranean and Black Sea areas: Algeria, Cyprus, France, Greece (including Crete and the Aegean Islands), Israel, Italy (including Sardinia), Lebanon, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, USSR (Republic of Georgia and Caucasus). Countries in the region that appear free from mal secco are Morocco Portugal and Spain (43, 3223). A record from Colombia (Choco, 46, 3029) probably requires confirmation and one for Uganda should be deleted (CMI Map 155, Ed. 2, 1966). TRANSMISSION: Water-borne from host debris.
Venturia macularis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Venturia macularis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Populus
spp. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe and North America. DISEASE: Shoot-tip or scab of poplars. TRANSMISSION: By airborne conidia in water droplets (Dance, 1961).
Rhizoctonia oryzae-sativae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Rhizoctonia oryzae-sativae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Oryza sativa
; has been found on
O. cubensis, Juncellus serotinus
and
Zizania latifolia
[Zizania aquatica]
. DISEASE: Lesions with pale centres and distinct brown margins develop on sheaths. They are usually small (0.5-1 cm) but several may occur together. Attack on culms results in browning, lodging and death. Can also infect roots. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: China, Japan; Malaya, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Vietnam. TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne. Is capable of overwintering in soil as sclerotia or mycelium; also in stubble and other crop residues (11, 801).
Corticium rolfsii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Corticium rolfsii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Arachis, Phaseolus
and many other legumes,
Beta, Brassica, Cannabis, Cinchona, Citrus, Cucumis, Ficus
,
Lycopersicon, Musa, Oryza, Solanum, Saccharum
and a wide variety of other crops, ornamental plants and weeds. DISEASE: Stem rot, foot rot, crown rot, sclerotium wilt, blight. Infection commonly commences at about soil level and extends a few cm above and below. Epidermis, cortex and stele are all invaded; necrosis precedes penetration. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in moist tropics and warm temperate areas; present in most of Africa and southern Asia; Australasia; Spain, Italy and through central Europe to southern Sweden; North America (particularly important in southern USA), Central America and the West Indies and much of S. America (CMI Map 311, ed. 3, 1969). TRANSMISSION: A facultative parasite, capable of extensive saprophytic growth in surface layers of soil. Persists on crop residues and weed hosts. The sclerotia are disseminated by cultural practices, wind and water; a proportion survive passage through sheep and cattle. They occur as contaminants amongst seed and the fungus is occasionally seed-borne, e.g. in groundnut and watermelon, or present on vegetative propagation material. The perfect state is infrequent in the field and is probably not of primary importance in disease transmission.
Mycosphaerella berkeleyi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Mycosphaerella berkeleyi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Arachis hypogaea
. DISEASE: Late leaf spot of groundnut; also called tikka with
Mycosphaerella arachidis
(CMI Descript. 411). The circular lesions, up to
c
. 8 mm diam., become very dark brown or black with the chlorotic halos on the upper surface being less distinct and developing later than those of
M. arachidis. Mycosphaerella herkeleyi
symptoms are most clearly identified by the distinct dark stroma of the conidial state which develops on the undersurface of the leaf;
M. arachidis
forms conidia on both surfaces and has no such stroma. Severe attacks cause defoliation (13, 74; 17, 651; 35, 342). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread with host (CMI Map 152, ed. 3, 1967). TRANSMISSION: In India the air dispersed conidia showed a diurnal periodicity with a peak at 1000 h (50, 1524). Carry over occurs in host debris (41, 76) and seed transmission seems unimportant.
Cercospora longipes
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cercospora longipes
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Saccharum officinarum
. DISEASE: Brown spot of sugarcane. Oval to linear red brown spots first appear on the older leaves; they enlarge up to 13 mm long, develop a chlorotic halo and the centre may become straw coloured. The spots are numerous and spread progressively upwards on the plant; severe attacks cause necrosis over large areas, leaf shed and death. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread (see distribution of diseases in Proceedings of the International Society of Sugarcane Technologists, 14th Congress, 1971). TRANSMISSION: No studies reported.
Elsinoe ampelina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Critchett C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Elsinoe ampelina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Vitis
spp., especially varieties of the European grape (
V. vinifera
) and of some North American grapes including
V. rupestris, V. Iabrusca
and
V. aestivalis
. Also on
Vitis
hybrids, especially those derived from susceptible Vinifera or Rupestris parents (27, 461, Arnaud & Arnaud). For details of susceptibility of cultivated varieties and hybrids see Gaudineau (general review), Arnaud & Arnaud, Jennings (33, 67), Boehm (39, 70), du Plessis, Goyal
et al.
(51, 2735), Krarajnan
et al.
(49, 2948), Mirica
et al.
(50, 2404). For susceptibility of tropical and North American
Vitis
spp. see Fennell (27, 461). DISEASE: Grape anthracnose, black spot of vine (spot anthracnose etc.), birds eye rot (fruits). General symptoms may include:
leaves -
curling downwards, laceration or chlorosis of leaf parts and death of entire young leaf; shot-hole and premature leaf abscission;
stems -
stunting and death of young shoots, deterioration of older shoots and stocks, loss of fruit yield;
fruits -
loss of young bunches and distortion, splitting, mummification or abscission of berries by direct attack on fruit surface. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in most grape-growing areas where suitable rainfall conditions occur (CMI Map 234, ed. 2, 1967). TRANSMISSION: Initially by splash dispersal of conidia produced from overwintered sclerotia on lesions on stems, petioles or old bunch stalks (du Plessis). Secondary infection from diseased leaves, fruits, etc.
Albugo ipomoeae-panduratae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mukerji K. G. , Critchett C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Albugo ipomoeae-panduratae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On members of the
Convolvulaceae
, especially on species of
Ipomoea (Quamoclit, Merremia
) and
Convolvulus
. Economic hosts include
Ipomoea batatas
(sweet potato,
I. pes-tigridis
and probably
I. aquatic
(=
I. replans -
water spinach);
I. horsfalliae, I. purpurea
and
Calonyction aculeatum
are amongst ormentals attacked. DISEASE: White rust of sweet potitto. common white (blister) rust of
Ipomoca (Convolvulus
etc.). Sporangial pustules are produced on lower leaf surfaces, (petioles, stem and flowers), separately from the oospores, the latter often developing in pronounced swellings, galls or elongated tumour-like growths of stem and branches (flowers, petioles, roots) (Singh & Bedi, 1966; Farlow, 1889). The disease may cause trailing species to assume an upright habit (11, 545) and individual branches may show a witches broom effect. Diseased plants can also exhibit chlorosis, general distortion, defoliation and flower abortion (Singh & Bedi, 1965, 1966; Harter & Weimer, 1929). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread on
Ipomoea
and
Convolvulus
spp. in tropical and warmer temperate regions. Main areas incluide North America (USA), tropical and South America (most countries); Africa (Moroco, Sudan and countries south of Sahara); S.W. Europe (S. France, Italy, Malta); S.W. USSR (Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan) and Asia (India, Pakistan and Far East); Australia (Queensland) and Pacific. Apparently not recorded in S.E. Europe, nor in Middle Eastern countries from Egypt through to Afghanistan. See under notes for distribution on
I. batatas
. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne sporangia and by short distance water dispersal of sporangia and zoospores. Initial infection by oospores from overwintered host tissue can occur (Harter & Weimer, 1929; 39, 750).
Cercospora canescens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cercospora canescens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Phaseolus
spp., also on
Lablab niger, Vigna
and
Voandzeia subterranea
[Vigna subterranea]
(51, 4672). DISEASE: Leaf spot; the symptoms are not particularly charactenstic and are often similar to others caused by other species of
Cercospora
on these crops. These species were discussed briefly in an account of
C. vanderysii
Henn on
P. vulgaris
(bean grey spot) in Colombia (38, 437). This fungus can be distinguished from
C. canescens
by the dense grey, cushion-like growth over the leaf lesions. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in warmer regions. TRANSMISSION: No studies reported.
Cercospora cruenta
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cercospora cruenta
[Mycosphaerella cruenta]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Vigna sinensis
[Vigna unguiculata]
and
V. unguiculata
; also on
Calopogonium, Lablab niger, Phaseolus
spp. and
Stizolobium deeringianum
[Mucuna pruriens]
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of cowpea. On
Phaseolus aureus
[Vigna radiata]
the leaf spots are more or less circular, purplish-red and mostly with light grey centres, usually 3-4 mm diam. ; large, irregular necrotic patches, limited by the veins, are formed, pods are destroyed, purplish stem lesions are up to 4 cm long (4, 75). On
Vigna sinensis
[Vigna unguiculata]
the reddish-brown leaf spots (becoming necrotic) can be 1 cm diam., outline irregular, there may be coalescence of the spots and leaflets wither (14, 280; 42, 168). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in warmer regions. TRANSMISSION: No studies reported.
Mycosphaerella brassicicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Mycosphaerella brassicicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Brassica
spp. DISEASE: Ringspot of
Brassica
spp. ; the symptoms are most conspicuous on the outer leaves. The small necrotic spots enlarge to an average 0.5-1 (-2) cm diam. ; the spots are generally circular with light brown or grey centres, a definite edge is bounded by a narrow water-soaked area and a chlorotic zone; where the lesions are numerous the whole leaf becomes yellowish and shows curled, cracked and ragged edges. Within the lesion the perithecia (hypophyllous at first, later amphigenous) form in a typically zonate manner; they may be extremely numerous and the lesion appears black. Rectangular or oval lesions are caused on the midribs, stems and siliqua (5, 459). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread (CMI Map 189, ed. 3, 1969) but generally restricted to cool, moist regions; there are few records from Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Morocco, South Africa, Uganda). TRANSMISSION: Air-borne ascospores but no specific studies reported. The pycnidia contain spermatia which are not infective (25, 591; 41, 112).
Phomopsis sclerotioides
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phomopsis sclerotioides
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On members of
Cucurbitaceae
. DISEASE: Black rot of cucumber (
Cucumis sativus
). On finer roots, small isolated sunken necrotic spots. Later infections on older roots greyish black or brown areas (not necessarily sunken), bounded by darker areas (black wavy lines); coalescence occurs. Roots may be girdled and killed and the cortical tissue sloughs off. Stem infected at base from several rotted roots; stems show elongate brown (sometimes black) lesions with amber, gummy exudations. Plants are stunted, have fewer lateral shoots and small, downward cupped, leaves; partially developed fruit does not mature. Irreversible wilt (non-vascular) often reached as fruiting begins (46, 3612; 48, 3235). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Britain, Canada (British Columbia), Denmark, France, Germany, Malaysia (Sabah), Netherlands and Norway (CMI Map 509, ed. 1, 1975). TRANSMISSION: Through soil.
Melampsora medusae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Walker J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Melampsora medusae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pycnia and aecia on
Coniferae
, especially
Larix
and
Pseudotsuga
, less commonly on
Pinus
and other genera (Ziller, 1965). Uredinia and telia on species of
Populus
, especially
Populus deltoides
, and its varieties and hybrids
P. balsamifera, P. nigra
var.
italica
and others. Its exact host range on species of
Populus
is not known due to confusion with other species of
Melampsora
and to uncertainty in the reported identity of some species of
Populus
and clones (Walker, Hartigan & Bertus, 1974). DISEASE: Leaf rust of poplars, causing severe leaf damage and early defoliation on susceptible species and clones. Continued defoliation of successive flushes of growth predisposes trees to winter injury and dieback (Peace, 1962) and can cause death of trees, especially nursery stock and trees 1-2 yr old (25, 204; 47, 241; Walker Haitigan & Bertus, 1974). Reduction in incremental growth of timber occurs with susceptible varieties. Some damage can occur to the conifer hosts. It is often severe on
Pseudotsuga menziesii
(45, 459; 47, 126) and in nurseries
Pinus
spp. and
Larix
spp. can be heavily attacked (Ziller, 1965). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (Canada, USA), Asia (Japan); Australasia and Oceania (Australia, New Zealand); Europe (France, Spain). Reports of
Melampsora
spp. on poplars (including
P. deltoides
and
P. canadensis
) from South America (Argentina, 21, 173), Uruguay (Lindquist & de Rosengurtt, 1967) may refer in part to
M. medusae
. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne urediniospores, often over long distances (suspected from eastern Australia to New Zealand). Urediniospores survive the winter in milder climates on semi-evergreen lines and on green sucker growth of deciduous trees. This is probably the main method of overwintering in the Southern Hemisphere and in warmer parts of the Northern Hemisphere. The possibility of bud carryover as occurs with
M. epitea
on
Salix
in Iceland (Jorstad, 1951) and the Canadian Arctic (Savile, 1972) should be investigated. Telia survive the winter and basidiospores formed in spring infect susceptible conifers in parts of the Northern Hemisphere (Ziller, 1965) but no conifer infection has so far been found in Australia.
Elsinoe veneta
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Critchet C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Elsinoe veneta
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Rubus
spp., especially on European and American red raspberries (
R. idaeus
and
R. idaeus
var.
oculentissimus
), black raspberry (
R. occidentalis
) and on loganberries, boysenberries, youngberries, etc. (
R. ursinus, R. villosus, R. vitifolius
) and the European bramble (
R. fruticosus
). DISEASE: Cane spot or anthracnose of raspberry causing dwarfing of canes and often dieback from the tip. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread, occurring especially in cooler temperate areas of North America, W. Europe and Australia (CMI Map 503, ed. 1, 1974). TRANSMISSION: Initially by wind-borne ascospores from overwintered fruiting bodies. Ascospore release usually continuing during spring-early summer (Burkholder; Jones) or until autumn (Harris; 37, 201). Also initially by rain-splashed conidia from mycelium in overwintered lesions (Burkholder; 6, 740; 42, 332). Secondary infection by conidia from current season's lesions. Role of perfect state uncertain in some areas (Burkholder; 42, 622; 43, 2354).
Fulvia fulva
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Holliday P. , Mulder J. L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Fulvia fulva
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Lycopersicon esculentum
. DISEASE. Leaf mould of tomato is a major disease of this crop. The first symptoms are pale chlorotic spots (margins indefinite) on the upper leaf surface. Sporulation, on the lower surface beneath the spots, is downy, light grey, becoming buff to tawny brown or olive green. Defoliation may occur. Infection of blossoms and fruits is much less important. There was an interval of
c
. 6 weeks between the incidence of severe leaf colonization (50% leaf area) and decreases in yield (48, 1982). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide (CMI Map 77, ed. 5, 1972). TRANSMISSION: By air-dispersed conidia; these were considered to be viable for 9-12 months under adverse conditions (18, 142). Seed contamination may occur.
Drechslera siccans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Drechslera siccans
[Pyrenophora lolii]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On leaves of
Lolium
and occasionally on
Festuca
other
Gramineae
. DISEASE: Brown blight. Causing lanceolate dark-brown spots or streaks up to 2 × 1 mm between the parallel veins of the leaf blade; these later coalesce to form brown blotches without any definite border. With age the centre of some of the larger spots may become necrotic and assume an eye-spot appearance. When infection is severe leaves may become chlorotic and die. The fungus has also been reported from
Phaseolus vulgaris
(38, 54; 42, 585). Infection on grasses causes oval, chocolate coloured leaf spots with white centres; larger lesions are dark streaks 1 cm or more long on the leaf blades. The mesophyll may be completely destroyed, leaving only the veins; spikes may be discoloured and distorted (20, 21). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Probably widespread in temperate regions. TRANSMISSION: Detected on seed (47, 3058; 50, 3873).