bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Type Synthesis of Long Symmetric Planar Shape-Morphing Mechanism Arrays
Authors: Lusk Craig 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper describes a novel type synthesis methodology for creating planar shape-morphing mechanism chains of any length with specified mobility (degree-of-freedom). It is expected that this will be of use in designing complex shape-morphing objects. The methodology is based on using graph theory in conjunction with symmetry theory for borders (Frieze groups). It is shown that the methodology can produce chains of a variety of lengths and mobility, and these chains have symmetric topologies and that symmetric kinematics may be possible for some of the chains, which simplifies their analysis. Techniques for decreasing and increasing the mobility of the chains are discussed. Finally, a gallery of shape morphing chains is given to provide concrete illustrations of the diversity of designs generated using this methodology.
Vibration Suppression of a Linear Oscillator Force-Excited by Random Excitation via an Inerter Pendulum Vibration Absorber
Authors: Cosner Joel A. , Tai Wei-Che 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this theoretical study, the vibration suppression and nonlinear energy transfer, as a function of a dimensionless pendulum length parameter, is investigated for an Inerter Pendulum Vibration Absorber (IPVA) attached to a linear single-degree-of-freedom spring-mass-damper system, subject to white noise excitation. Stochastic differential equations of motion are first developed and integrated to determine the evolution of the response and associated mean and mean square values for long integration times. Dynamic statistical moment equations are then developed, while arc-length continuation is used to track stationary the moments as a function of the pendulum length. Two noise intensity and damping configurations are analyzed and a critical parameter value, in both cases, is found to produce a qualitative change in the system dynamics accompanied by optimal vibration suppression. The results are compared to the response of a linear system without an IPVA to quantify the vibration suppression. Realizations in the time domain are finally calculated to provide validation for the results and gain insight into the changing dynamics of the system as a function of the pendulum length, leading to the discovery of intermittent rotation for sufficiently large pendulum length.
Classification of Dimensional Deviation in Additive Manufacturing LPBF Process for AlSi10Mg Alloy According to ISO 286 and ANSI B4.2
Authors: Ben Amor Sabrine , Zongo Floriane , Louhichi Borhen , Brailovski Vladimir , Tahan Antoine 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) processes are gaining popularity and are currently used in many research activities including the biomedical applications, the automotive industries and the aerospace. Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is an important AM process. Metallic LPBF process is experiencing significant growth, but one of the difficulties facing this growth is limited knowledge of its dimensional and geometrical performances, in addition to the inability to predict it. In this paper, we present the dimensional deviations of some LPBF-manufactured parts selected for this investigation. a uniform method was developed regarding relevant test specimens to examine dimensional deviations in order to derive dimensional tolerance values. The manufactured test specimens were measured to examine the process dimensional deviations behavior. These parts were manufactured from AlSi10Mg powder using an EOSINT M280 printer. The results show possible dimensional tolerance values that were classified from IT1 to IT11 according to the international standard ISO 286.
Molecular characterisation and antibiotic susceptibility of meningococcal isolates from healthy men who have sex with men
Authors: Neri Arianna , Palmieri Annapina , Prignano Grazia , Giuliani Massimo , Latini Alessandra , Fazio Cecilia , Vacca Paola , Ambrosio Luigina , Ciammaruconi Andrea , Fillo Silvia , Anselmo Anna , Fortunato Antonella , Lista Romano , Stefanelli Paola 
Published: November 2021

ObjectivesTo evaluate and characterise meningococcal carriage among healthy men who have sex with men (MSM) within a screening programme forNeisseria gonorrhoeaeinfection at the San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, Italy.MethodsA total of 441 MSM attending the STI/HIV Centre of the San Gallicano Institute, Rome, Italy, in 2016 were routinely screened forN. gonorrhoeaeinfection by pharyngeal and rectal swabs.N. meningitidisisolates were evaluated for antibiotic susceptibility and characterised by whole genome sequencing. Genetic relationships among the meningococcal carriage isolates were determined using core genome multilocus sequence typing analysis. The soluble domain of AniA (sAniA) protein expression by western blotting was also evaluated.ResultsA total of 62 (14.1%, 95% CI 11.1 to 17.6) carriage meningococci were found among 441 MSM. Forty-three viableN. meningitidisisolates were cultivated (42 from pharyngeal and 1 from rectal swabs). All the viable isolates were susceptible to cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin and rifampicin. Four isolates were penicillin G-resistant and 73% of those penicillin G-susceptible showed a minimum inhibitory concentration from 0.064 μg/mL to 0.25 μg/mL. Serogroup B was the most frequent (44.2%), followed by Z (16.3%), E (9.3%), and Y and W (2.3%), respectively. Multilocus sequence typing analysis identified 29 sequence types belonging to 12 clonal complexes. The sAniA protein was expressed in 8 out of 28 (29%) screened meningococcal carriage isolates.ConclusionsSerogroup B meningococcal carriage identified from oral and anal specimens among healthy MSM was the most frequent serogroup identified in this study. Molecular evaluation revealed a degree of similarity among strains belonging to the same clonal complex.
Effects of electronic cigarette e-liquid flavouring on cigarette craving
Authors: Dyer Maddy L , Khouja Jasmine N , Jackson Abigail R , Havill Michelle A , Dockrell Martin J , Munafo Marcus R , Attwood Angela S 
Published: November 2021

BackgroundE-liquid flavour restrictions may discourage electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) uptake among youth. However, possible unintended consequences may include reduced appeal and effectiveness of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation. Non-tobacco flavours appear to be important for smoking cessation, but how and why are currently unclear.MethodsWe conducted an experimental study in a UK sample of adult daily smokers using an independent groups design (N=84). Participants were randomised to use an e-cigarette with nicotine-containing fruit/sweet-flavoured e-liquid (blackcurrant, strawberry, vanilla, caramel) or unflavoured e-liquid for 1 week. The primary outcomes were average, peak and cue-elicited cigarette craving (the latter was assessed using a cue exposure task). The secondary outcomes were smoking lapse occurrence, enjoyment of the e-cigarette, ease of transitioning from smoking to using an e-cigarette, intentions to continue using an e-cigarette, intentions and motivation to quit smoking, return to smoking, and continuation of e-cigarette use.ResultsE-liquid flavouring did not appear to have an effect on average cigarette craving (b0.18, 95% CI −0.44 to 0.79, p=0.57), peak cigarette craving (b−0.12, 95% CI −0.59 to 0.35, p=0.62) or cue-elicited cigarette craving (b−0.21, 95% CI −3.86 to 3.43, p=0.91). We did not find evidence of a difference in secondary outcomes.ConclusionsWe did not find evidence to suggest that nicotine-containing fruit/sweet-flavoured and unflavoured e-liquids have different effects on cigarette cravings after 1 week of use. Further research is needed to establish if differences emerge over longer periods of exposure and extend to smoking cessation outcomes.
Feature Matching-based Approaches to Improve the Robustness of Android Visual GUI Testing
Authors: Ardito Luca , Bottino Andrea , Coppola Riccardo , Lamberti Fabrizio , Manigrasso Francesco , Morra Lia , Torchiano Marco 
Published: November 2021

In automated Visual GUI Testing (VGT) for Android devices, the available tools often suffer from low robustness to mobile fragmentation, leading to incorrect results when running the same tests on different devices.

To soften these issues, we evaluate two feature matching-based approaches for widget detection in VGT scripts, which use, respectively, the complete full-screen snapshot of the application (
Fullscreen
) and the cropped images of its widgets (
Cropped
) as
visual locators
to match on emulated devices.

Our analysis includes validating the portability of different feature-based visual locators over various apps and devices and evaluating their robustness in terms of cross-device portability and correctly executed interactions. We assessed our results through a comparison with two state-of-the-art tools, EyeAutomate and Sikuli.
Despite a limited increase in the computational burden, our Fullscreen approach outperformed state-of-the-art tools in terms of correctly identified locators across a wide range of devices and led to a 30% increase in passing tests.
Our work shows that VGT tools’ dependability can be improved by bridging the testing and computer vision communities. This connection enables the design of algorithms targeted to domain-specific needs and thus inherently more usable and robust.
The Optimal Graph Whose Least Eigenvalue is Minimal among All Graphs via 1-2 Adjacency Matrix
Authors: Gul Lubna , Ali Gohar , Waheed Usama , Aamir Nudrat 
Published: November 2021

All graphs under consideration are finite, simple, connected, and undirected. Adjacency matrix of a graph

G

is 0,1 matrix

A
=

a

i
j

=

0
,

i
f

v

i

=

v

j

o
r

d

v

i

,

v

j

≥
2

1
,

i
f

d

v

i

,

v

j

=
1.

. Here in this paper, we discussed new type of adjacency matrix known by 1-2 adjacency matrix defined as

A

1,2

G

=

a

i
j

=

0
,

i
f

v

i

=

v

j

o
r

d

v

i

,

v

j

≥
3

1
,

i
f

d

v

i

,

v

j

=
2

, from eigenvalues of the graph, we mean eigenvalues of the 1-2 adjacency matrix. Let

T
n
c

be the set of the complement of trees of order

n

. In this paper, we characterized a unique graph whose least eigenvalue is minimal among all the graphs in

T
n
c

.
Evaluating Outcome Prediction Models in Endovascular Stroke Treatment Using Baseline, Treatment, and Posttreatment Variables
Authors: Ospel Johanna M. , Ganesh Aravind , Kappelhof Manon , McDonough Rosalie , Menon Bijoy K. , Almekhlafi Mohammed , Demchuk Andrew M. , McTaggart Ryan A. , Field Thalia S. , Dowlatshahi Dar , Nogueira Raul G. , Tarpley Jason W. , Puetz Volker , Nagel Simon , Tymianski Michael , Hill Michael D. , Goyal Mayank ,   the ESCAPE‐NA1 Investigators
Published: November 2021

Background
Statistical models to predict outcomes after endovascular therapy for acute ischemic stroke often incorporate baseline (pretreatment) variables only. We assessed the performance of stroke outcome prediction models for endovascular therapy in stroke in an iterative fashion using baseline, treatment‐related, and posttreatment variables.

Methods
Data from the ESCAPE‐NA1 (Safety and Efficacy of Nerinetide [NA‐1] in Subjects Undergoing Endovascular Thrombectomy for Stroke) trial were used to build 4 outcome prediction models using multivariable logistic regression: model 1 included baseline variables available before treatment decision making, model 2 included additional treatment‐related variables, model 3 additional posttreatment variables that become available early (within 24–48 hours), and model 4 later (beyond 48 hours) after endovascular therapy. The primary outcome was functional independence (90‐day Modified Rankin Scale score 0–2). Model performance was compared using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Shapley values were used to determine marginal contributions of variables to outcome variance in the regression models.

Results
Among 1105 patients, functional independence was achieved by 666 (60.3%). When using baseline variables only (model 1), the AUC was 0.74 (95% CI, 0.71–0.77); this iteratively improved when treatment and posttreatment variables were added to the models (model 2: AUC, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.74–0.80; model 3: AUC, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.77–0.83; model 4: AUC, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.79–0.85). With baseline variables alone, 26% of patients who achieved functional independence were erroneously classified as not achieving functional independence. Even with the most comprehensive model, 19.8% of patients were misclassified as such. Patient age contributed most to outcome variance (Shapley value, 0.28), followed by severe adverse events including pneumonia (0.16) and intracranial hemorrhage at 24‐hours imaging (0.13).

Conclusions
A substantial contribution to outcomes after endovascular therapy comes from factors unrelated to currently collected baseline patient variables. One‐fifth of patients achieving functional independence were misclassified as not achieving independence, even with the most comprehensive model. Our findings suggest that the achievable accuracy of current outcome prediction models is limited, and caution should be used when applying them in clinical practice.
Who Are Protected by the Fundamental Guarantees under International Humanitarian Law? Part 1: Breaking with the Status Requirement in Light of the icc Case Law
Authors: van Steenberghe Raphaël 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
International humanitarian law provides for fundamental guarantees, the content of which is similar irrespective of the nature of the armed conflict, and which are applicable to individuals even if they do not fall into the categories of specifically protected persons under the 1949 Geneva Conventions. Those guarantees, all of which derive from the general requirement of human treatment, include prohibitions of specific types of conduct against persons, such as murder, cruel treatment, torture and sexual violence, or against property, such as pillaging. However, it is traditionally held that entitlement to those guarantees depends upon two requirements: the ‘status requirement’, which basically means that the concerned persons must not or must no longer take a direct part in hostilities, and the ‘control requirement’, which basically means that the concerned persons or properties must be under the control of a party to the armed conflict. This study argues in favour of breaking with these two requirements, in light of the existing ICC case law. The study is divided into two parts, with each part devoted to one requirement and made the object of a specific paper. The two papers follow the same structure. They start with general observations on the requirement concerned, examine the relevant ICC case law and put forward several arguments in favour of an extensive approach to the personal scope of the fundamental guarantees. The first paper, which is published in this issue, deals with the status requirement. It especially delves into the ICC decisions in the Ntaganda case with respect to the issue of protection against intra-party violence. It advocates for the applicability of the fundamental guarantees in such a context by rejecting the requirement of a legal status, on the basis of several arguments. Those arguments rely on IHL provisions protecting specific persons, on the potential for humanizing IHL on the matter and on the approach making the status requirement relevant only when the fundamental guarantees apply in the conduct of hostilities. The second paper, which will be published in a coming issue, deals with the control requirement. It examines several ICC cases in detail, including the Katanga and Ntaganda cases, in relation to the issue of the applicability of the fundamental guarantees in the conduct of hostilities. It is argued that the entitlement to those guarantees is not dependent upon any general control requirement, and that, as a result, some of these guarantees (mainly those whose application or constitutive elements do not imply any physical control over the concerned persons or properties) may apply in the conduct of hostilities.
Navigating the Tensions: Women’s Rights, Religion and Freedom of Religion or Belief
Authors: Ghanea Nazila 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Despite the normative integration between freedom of religion or belief (FORB) and women’s equality, these synergies are difficult to discern and there is a common misperception that women’s rights to equality and FORB are clashing rights. This is compounded by the extensive religiously phrased reservations by states upon ratification of international treaties that amplify this misperception that FORB serves to restrict women’s rights to equality. The advocacy groups supporting these rights, and also their normative sources in international human rights law instruments, are largely distinct. However, general non-discrimination provisions do address both, and General Comment no. 28 captures both rights holistically. The correctives to these misperceptions lie in reflecting upon the universality, indivisibility, interdependence, and interrelatedness of all human rights norms. They also lie in the realization that FORB is a right like any other. FORB is neither a right of “religion” as such nor an instrument for support of religiously phrased reservations and limitations on women’s rights to equality. This is particularly the case with harmful practices, as elaborated in the joint general recommendation/General Comment no. 31 of the Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and no. 18 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child however, the core principles also extend to other infringements of women’s rights to equality. It is essential to (re)vitalize the synergies between FORB and women’s equality in order to advance each of these rights, to be able to address overlapping rights concerns, and to adequately acknowledge intersectional claims. Furthermore, the relevant advocacy groups and human rights mechanisms need to give further attention to this as a priority matter.
The Spinning Silkworm: Benedetto Croce’s History as the Story of Liberty
Authors: Peters Rik 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This article explores the abiding relevance of Croce’s last book in the philosophy of history, which, due its publication during the war has always been neglected. After discussing the context of Croce’s antagonism to the anti-historicist tendencies of his own times, the book is interpreted as theoretical underpinning of Croce’s ‘ethico-political’ histories by which he sought to close the gap between historical thinking and action. This he does on the basis of a sophisticated realist ontology, which is still relevant for contemporary philosophy of history.
What’s Forgotten About The Structure of Scientific Revolutions?
Authors: Kuukkanen Jouni-Matti 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Thomas Kuhn’s The Structure of Scientific Revolutions is a classic, and it is certainly not forgotten. However, an essential aspect about it has been neglected. That is, Kuhn’s Structure is a book in philosophy of history in the sense that Structure attempts gives an account of historical events, focuses on the whole of the history of science and stipulates a structure of the history of science to explain historical events. Kuhn’s book and its contribution to the debates about the progress of science and the contingency and inevitability of the history of science shows why and how philosophy of history is relevant for the history and philosophy of science. Its successful integration of historical and philosophical aspects in one account makes it worthwhile reading also for philosophers of history in the twentieth-first century. In particular, it raises the question whether the historical record can justify philosophical views and comprehensive syntheses of the past.
From India to Egypt: Note on a Mamluk Ewer Dating Back to 698/1298–99
Authors: Bernardini Michele 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This note aims to open up a discussion regarding a particular group of Islamic metalwork. It is the case of some particular ewers attested by three objects produced in Mamluk Egypt dating back from the end of the 13th century. Later specimens are evidence of a broad Indian production and exportation of this type of objects. The note poses some issues on the first production of this group of objects in India and its likely diffusion towards Egypt.
County-Level Social Determinants of Health and COVID-19 in Nursing Homes, United States, June 1, 2020–January 31, 2021
Authors: Hege Adam , Lane Sandi , Spaulding Trent , Sugg Margaret , Iyer Lakshmi S. 
Published: November 2021

Objectives: Nursing homes are a primary setting of COVID-19 transmission and death, but research has primarily focused only on factors within nursing homes. We investigated the relationship between US nursing home–associated COVID-19 infection rates and county-level and nursing home attributes. Methods: We constructed panel data from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) minimum dataset, CMS nursing home data, 2010 US Census data, 5-year (2012-2016) American Community Survey estimates, and county COVID-19 infection rates. We analyzed COVID-19 data from June 1, 2020, through January 31, 2021, during 7 five-week periods. We used a maximum likelihood estimator, including an autoregressive term, to estimate effects and changes over time. We performed 3 model forms (basic, partial, and full) for analysis. Results: Nursing homes with nursing (0.005) and staff (0.002) shortages had high COVID-19 infection rates, and locally owned (−0.007) or state-owned (−0.025) and nonprofit (–0.011) agencies had lower COVID-19 infection rates than privately owned agencies. County-level COVID-19 infection rates corresponded with COVID-19 infection rates in nursing homes. Racial and ethnic minority groups had high nursing home–associated COVID-19 infection rates early in the study. High median annual personal income (−0.002) at the county level correlated with lower nursing home–associated COVID-19 infection rates. Conclusions: Communities with low rates of nursing home infections had access to more resources (eg, financial resources, staffing) and likely had better mitigation efforts in place earlier in the pandemic than nursing homes that had access to few resources and poor mitigation efforts. Future research should address the social and structural determinants of health that are leaving racial and ethnic minority populations and institutions such as nursing homes vulnerable during times of crises.