bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Individual Differences Offer Insight Into Clinical Recommendations for Directional and Remote Microphone Technology Use in Children
Authors: Gustafson Samantha J. , Ricketts Todd A. , Picou Erin M. 
Published: January 2021

PurposeThis study sought to evaluate the effects of common hearing aid microphone technologies on speech recognition and listening effort, and to evaluate potential predictive factors related to microphone benefits for school-age children with hearing loss in a realistic listening situation.MethodChildren (n= 17, ages 10–17 years) with bilateral, sensorineural hearing loss were fitted with hearing aids set to include three programs: omnidirectional, adaptive directional, and omnidirectional + remote microphone. Children completed a dual-task paradigm in a moderately reverberant room. The primary task included monosyllabic word recognition, with target speech presented at 60 dB A from 0° (front) or 180° (back) azimuth. The secondary task was a “go/no-go,” visual shape-recognition task. Multitalker babble noise created a +5 dB SNR. Children were evaluated in two speaker conditions (front, back) using all three hearing aid programs. The remote microphone transmitter remained at the front speaker throughout testing. Speech recognition performance was calculated from the primary task while listening effort was measured as response time during the secondary task.ResultsSpeech presented from the back significantly increased listening effort and caused a reduction in speech perception when directional and remote microphones were used. Considerable variability was found in pattern of benefit across microphones and source location. Clinical measures did not predict benefit patterns with directional or remote microphones; however, child age and performance with omnidirectional microphones did.ConclusionsWhen compared to a traditional omnidirectional setting, the directional and remote microphone configurations evaluated in this study have the potential to provide benefit for some children and increase difficulty for others when used in dynamic environments. A child's performance with omnidirectional hearing aids could be used to better inform clinical recommendations for these technologies.
Multi‐objective operation of distributed generations and thermal blocks in microgrids based on energy management system
Authors: Homayoun Rohollah , Bahmani‐Firouzi Bahman , Niknam Taher 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe optimal multi‐objective operation of microgrids with distributed generations and thermal block based on the energy management system is presented. In the thermal block, the combined heat and power system and boiler and thermal storage system supply the load of the block thermal. Therefore, the proposed strategy minimises three objectives of an microgrid's operation, that is, cost, energy loss and voltage deviation functions. Also, it is subject to AC power flow equations, system operation limits and distributed generations and thermal block constraints. The problem is modelled as a multi‐objective optimisation method; then is converted to a single‐objective problem model using the ε‐constraint‐based Pareto optimisation. Moreover, the proposed strategy includes uncertainties of the load, energy price and active power of renewable distributed generations; hence, a stochastic programming based on the hybrid Mont Carlo simulation and point estimate method is used to model these uncertain parameters. Then, the teaching–learning‐based optimisation and firefly algorithm are utilised to solve the problem to achieve a reliable optimal solution. Finally, the proposed strategy is simulated on the IEEE 69‐bus microgrid, and thus, the capabilities of the proposed strategy are extracted.
Four‐dimensional relativistic scattering of electromagnetic waves from an arbitrary collection of moving lossy dielectric spheres
Authors: Radpour Hamed , Pourziad Ali , Sarabandi Kamal 
Published: January 2021

AbstractFour‐dimensional (4D) relativistic scattering of electromagnetic waves from an arbitrary collection of uniformly translational moving lossy dielectric spheres is discussed. Two reference frames, four 4D coordinate systems and Lorentz transformation are used to obtain the scattered electromagnetic fields. The direct scattering of the spheres and their interactions are considered with a novel approach. The introduced method is straightforward and the analytical relations for the fields are achieved. To check the validity of the proposed method, different examples for both stationary and moving scatterers are investigated. The effects of key parameters such as the size, material, velocity, number, position of the spheres and also the frequency of the incident wave are discussed. The derived scattered fields are valid for low, medium and high velocities but according to practical applications low and moderate velocities are highlighted in numerical results.
Organbadversuche an humanen Pulmonalgefäßen: Beurteilung der Medikamentenwirkung zur Behandlung der pulmonalarteriellen Hypertonie
Authors: Stadlbauer C. , Golovchenko S. , Englert L. , Spaeth M. , Hoenicka M. , Hofmann H.-S. , Ried M. 
Published: January 2021

ZusammenfassungIn der Therapie der pulmonalarteriellen Hypertonie (PAH) kommen zahlreiche Medikamentenklassen zum Einsatz, u. a. Endothelinrezeptorantagonisten (ERA) und Phosphodiesterase-5-(PDE-5-)Inhibitoren. In einem humanen Ex-vivo-Modell sollte überprüft werden, ob durch die Kombination zweier Substanzklassen ein höherer Effekt erzielt werden kann oder – bei gleichem Effekt – eine niedrigere Dosierung der Einzelsubstanzen ausreicht. Wir etablierten ein Organbadmodell, welches uns die In-vitro-Untersuchung der dosisabhängigen Effekte von ERA und PDE-5-Inhibitoren auf die durch Norepinephrin und Endothelin-1 induzierte Kontraktilität humaner Pulmonalgefäße sowie den Vergleich von Mono- und Dualtherapie ermöglichte. Auch wenn die Übertragung der Ex-vivo-Daten auf die Situation im Patienten mit Vorsicht erfolgen muss, so hat sich das Organbad dennoch als hilfreiches Instrument zur Evaluation der dosisabhängigen Effekte von ERA, PDE-5-Inhibitoren und deren Kombination erwiesen. Die Wirksamkeit der Kombinationstherapie und das Potenzial zur Dosisreduktion waren in diesem Modell abhängig von den verwendeten Konzentrationen und vom Einfluss der Vorerkrankungen auf die Blutgefäßfunktion. Diese Arbeit beschreibt die bisherigen und wichtigsten Ergebnisse unserer experimentellen Untersuchungen und gibt einen Ausblick auf zukünftige Projekte.
Prevalence and Predictors of Venous Thromboembolism or Mortality in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients
Authors: Cohen Stuart L. , Gianos Eugenia , Barish Mathew A. , Chatterjee Saurav , Kohn Nina , Lesser Martin , Giannis Dimitrios , Coppa Kevin , Hirsch Jamie S. , McGinn Thomas G. , Goldin Mark E. , Spyropoulos Alex C. ,   for the Northwell Health COVID-19 Research Consortium
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background We aimed to identify the prevalence and predictors of venous thromboembolism (VTE) or mortality in hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients.
Methods A retrospective cohort study of hospitalized adult patients admitted to an integrated health care network in the New York metropolitan region between March 1, 2020 and April 27, 2020. The final analysis included 9,407 patients with an overall VTE rate of 2.9% (2.4% in the medical ward and 4.9% in the intensive care unit [ICU]) and a VTE or mortality rate of 26.1%. Most patients received prophylactic-dose thromboprophylaxis. Multivariable analysis showed significantly reduced VTE or mortality with Black race, history of hypertension, angiotensin converting enzyme/angiotensin receptor blocker use, and initial prophylactic anticoagulation. It also showed significantly increased VTE or mortality with age 60 years or greater, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) of 3 or greater, patients on Medicare, history of heart failure, history of cerebrovascular disease, body mass index greater than 35, steroid use, antirheumatologic medication use, hydroxychloroquine use, maximum D-dimer four times or greater than the upper limit of normal (ULN), ICU level of care, increasing creatinine, and decreasing platelet counts.
Conclusion In our large cohort of hospitalized COVID-19 patients, the overall in-hospital VTE rate was 2.9% (4.9% in the ICU) and a VTE or mortality rate of 26.1%. Key predictors of VTE or mortality included advanced age, increasing CCI, history of cardiovascular disease, ICU level of care, and elevated maximum D-dimer with a cutoff at least four times the ULN. Use of prophylactic-dose anticoagulation but not treatment-dose anticoagulation was associated with reduced VTE or mortality.
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia and Pulmonary Embolism: An Association to Consider
Authors: Solari Daria , Alberio Lorenzo , Ribi Camillo , Grandoni Francesco , Stalder Gregoire 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAutoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is increasingly recognized as a strong risk factor for venous thrombosis. However, there are currently no guidelines on thromboembolism prevention and management during AIHA. Here, we describe the case of a patient with AIHA and pulmonary embolism and resume the current knowledge on epidemiology, risk factors, treatment, and pathophysiology of thrombosis during AIHA, as well as new therapeutic perspectives to prevent thrombus formation during AIHA.
Place-Based Education and Heritage Education in in-service teacher training: research on teaching practices in secondary schools in Galicia (NW Spain)
Authors: Riveiro-Rodríguez Tania , Domínguez-Almansa Andrés , López Facal Ramón , Izquierdo Rus Tomás 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis paper analyses what occurs when in-service secondary teachers face a new subject, Landscape and Sustainability. Recently implemented in Galicia (NW Spain), this subject has no strong curricular constrictions. It is opened to diverse contents that can be integrated into Social Sciences. It promotes an environmental, social and critical consciousness. The hypothesis was that teachers may present deficiencies when approaching a subject which, due to its characteristics, requires training extending beyond disciplinary knowledge, thus impeding better performance and a greater degree of learning among pupils. The study was organised in three axes: (a) observation of the teaching and learning process in schools (n = 3); (b) teacher’s conceptions (n = 38) on the subject, its context and their pupils’ learning; and (c) pupils’ reflections (n = 70) derived from their learning process. The objectives were: (1) to elaborate a theoretical substantiation for the subject and, in accordance with it, making a critical analysis of the practices observed; (2) to analyse how teachers conceive the subject; and (3) to analyse the pupils’ reflections regarding the experience and to what extent they acquire social, civic and/or academic skills. The methodology was qualitative, using in the data analysis a quantitative perspective too. The instruments used were the participant observation, interviews, a closed questionnaire and a semi-opened questionnaire. The results are presented in a descriptive-interpretative way, but also quantitative. It can be advanced that teachers designed the subject in line with Place-Based Education and Heritage Education, but the lack of specific training in those theories ends up blurring their holistic approach in the nearby places. Teachers show similar conceptions about the subject and its teaching process. And the majority of students value positively the methodology used in the initiatives and acquire a socio-critical consciousness.
Instagram and intermodal configurations of value
Authors: Zappavigna Michele , Ross Andrew S. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis paper explores how ideological positions associated with food are construed multimodally in Instagram posts produced by everyday social media users. Discourse about food choices is an important site for revealing syndromes of values that characterise the ideological positions that are embedded in everyday life. An example of a highly valued food is the avocado which is an important bonding icon in semantic domains from veganism, clean eating, keto/low-carb eating, ethical/sustainable eating to fitness. We explore how values associated with avocado toast are enacted intermodally through the interplay of meanings made in the images, captions, and tags in a corpus of 64,585 Instagram posts tagged #avotoast. The study draws on previous social semiotic work on visual intersubjectivity and everyday aesthetics in social photography (Zhao and Zappavigna 2018a) to interpret the visual meanings made in these posts. It also draws on research into intermodal coupling (image-text relations) and ambient affiliation (online social bonding) (Zappavigna 2018) to understand how different values are construed in these texts. A modified grounded theory approach is used to isolate and exemplify the visual and textual features at stake, and then to explore ideological positionings through close multimodal analysis. A particularly interesting pattern in the corpus is the interaction of aesthetic and moralising discourses. For instance, a regulative metadiscourse realised through hashtags is used to project an instructional discourse about how to eat and what is considered ethical, sustainable, and nutritious food consumption. Rather than being directly encoded as judgement of behaviour these assessments tended to be expressed as appreciation of food items and their aesthetics or worth (e.g., clean, healthy, etc.).
Fe-based alloys and their shielding properties against directly and indirectly ionizing radiation by using FLUKA simulations
Authors: Al-Buriahi M S , Gaikwad D K , Hegazy H H , Sriwunkum Chahkrit , Neffati R 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Effective shielding material is an essential demand to minimize the harmful effects of ionizing radiation in various nuclear and medicine facilities. In this article, we report on the directly and indirectly ionizing radiation shielding properties of Fe-based alloys in the chemical composition of Fe83/B13−x/Cx/Si3/P1, where x is ranging from 0 up to 4 mol%. Indirectly ionizing radiation studies include the interactions of the Fe-based alloys with the neutral radiation such as photon (X and gamma rays) and neutron. The photon interaction parameters (e.g. LAC, MAC, MFP, EAC, HVL, SGRC, and dose rate) were obtained by using FLUKA simulations and theoretical calculations for energies 0.6, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 3, 5, 10, and 15 MeV. The neutron interaction parameters were investigated for thermal and fast neutrons in terms of scattering, absorption, and removal cross sections. Moreover, directly ionizing radiation studies include the interactions of the selected alloys with charged particles such as electron, proton, alpha, and carbon. The obtained results indicate that a maximum dose rate (∼108 R hr−1) is observed in the 1 mm thickness of FBCSP-A, FBCSP-B, FBCSP-C, FBCSP-D and FBCSP-E alloys at 15 MeV. While, the minimum dose rate is noted at the lower E side (0.6 MeV) in the 5 mm thickness of Fe-based alloys, and decreased from 74.589 × 105 to 74.644 × 105 (R hr−1) for FBCSP-A to FBCSP-E alloys. It can be concluded that the Fe-based alloys are useful for shielding applications against directly and indirectly ionizing radiation as compared with traditional, common, and commercial shields.
A critical review of the common thermocouple reference functions
Authors: Webster Emile 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe use of thermocouples in many present-day applications can often occur with little consideration as to the inherited historical burden of the reference functions the thermocouples must meet. For base-metal thermocouples, the reference functions are specified by equations relating temperature toelectro-motive-forceand not by alloy composition. Most of the common thermocouples contain at least one alloyed thermoelement, the bulk of which are now known to be inherently unstable above 200 °C. As manufacturing technologies change, along with the material feedstock from which thermocouples are made, modern thermocouples can frequently give measurements that deviate significantly from the ASTM and IEC standards. This study first reviews the development of the thermocouple alloys and historical conditions under which the reference functions were derived and contrasts this with modern thermocouple alloys and new testing methods. From this comparison, it is shown that users of modern base-metal thermocouples need to be extremely cautious when anticipating likely behaviour, with even short exposures to modest temperatures revealing a myriad of manufacturer-dependent instabilities. Minor variations in composition are shown to strongly influence reversible crystallographic ordering effects in addition to passivation behaviour at high temperatures, in some instances leading to catastrophic failure. It is also shown that the initial anneal state given by the manufacturer has a significant effect on the stability and hence, drift rate, with inadequate anneal leading to unnecessarily large drift rates at less than 200 °C. Lastly, this review looks at recent attempts to develop more-stable thermocouples, based on state-of-the-art techniques able to identify specific causes of instability in many of the historic thermocouple alloys and demonstrates how these new thermocouples might better serve the end user’s needs.
Graphene-semiconductor nanocomposites for cancer phototherapy
Authors: Younis Muhammad Rizwan , He Gang , Lin Jing , Huang Peng 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Being a carbon-based hybrid, graphene-semiconductor composites have attracted considerable attention in recent decades owing to their potential features such as high photosensitivity, extended light absorption, and effective separation of charge carriers, thus have been regarded as a promising platform for environmental and biomedical applications, respectively. In this mini-review, we first summarized the recent advancements in the development of graphene-based semiconductor nanocomposites via sol–gel, solution mixing, in situ growth, hydrothermal, and solvothermal approaches, and then comprehensively reviewed their potential light activated cancer phototherapeutic applications. Finally, we rationally analyze the current challenges and new perspectives for the future development of more effective phototherapeutic nanoagents. We hope to offer enriched information to harvest the utmost fascinating properties of graphene as a platform to construct efficient graphene/semiconductor hybrids for cancer phototherapy.
Spatial planning for water sustainability projects under climate uncertainty: balancing human and environmental water needs
Authors: Fovargue Rachel E , Rezapour Shabnam , Rosendahl Derek , Wootten Adrienne M , Sabzi Hamed Zamani , Moreno Hernan A , Neeson Thomas M 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Societies worldwide make large investments in the sustainability of integrated human-freshwater systems, but uncertainty about water supplies under climate change poses a major challenge. Investments in infrastructure, water regulation, or payments for ecosystem services may boost water availability, but may also yield poor returns on investment if directed to locations where water supply unexpectedly fluctuates due to shifting climate. How should investments in water sustainability be allocated across space and among different types of projects? Given the high costs of investments in water sustainability, decision-makers are typically risk-intolerant, and considerable uncertainty about future climate conditions can lead to decision paralysis. Here, we use mathematical optimization models to find Pareto-optimal satisfaction of human and environmental water needs across a large drought-prone river basin for a range of downscaled climate projections. We show how water scarcity and future uncertainty vary independently by location, and that joint consideration of both factors can provide guidance on how to allocate water sustainability investments. Locations with high water scarcity and low uncertainty are good candidates for high-cost, high-reward investments; locations with high scarcity but also high uncertainty may benefit most from low regret investments that minimize the potential for stranded assets if water supply increases. Given uncertainty in climate projections in many regions worldwide, our analysis illustrates how explicit consideration of uncertainty may help to identify the most effective strategies for investments in the long-term sustainability of integrated human-freshwater systems.
Induced innovation in energy technologies and systems: a review of evidence and potential implications for CO2 mitigation
Authors: Grubb Michael , Drummond Paul , Poncia Alexandra , McDowall Will , Popp David , Samadi Sascha , Penasco Cristina , Gillingham Kenneth T , Smulders Sjak , Glachant Matthieu , Hassall Gavin , Mizuno Emi , Rubin Edward S , Dechezleprêtre Antoine , Pavan Giulia 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We conduct a systematic and interdisciplinary review of empirical literature assessing evidence on induced innovation in energy and related technologies. We explore links between demand-drivers (both market-wide and targeted); indicators of innovation (principally, patents); and outcomes (cost reduction, efficiency, and multi-sector/macro consequences). We build on existing reviews in different fields and assess over 200 papers containing original data analysis. Papers linking drivers to patents, and indicators of cumulative capacity to cost reductions (experience curves), dominate the literature. The former does not directly link patents to outcomes; the latter does not directly test for the causal impact of on cost reductions. Diverse other literatures provide additional evidence concerning the links between deployment, innovation activities, and outcomes. We derive three main conclusions. (a) Demand-pull forces enhance patenting; econometric studies find positive impacts in industry, electricity and transport sectors in all but a few specific cases. This applies to all drivers—general energy prices, carbon prices, and targeted interventions that build markets. (b) Technology costs decline with cumulative investment for almost every technology studied across all time periods, when controlled for other factors. Numerous lines of evidence point to dominant causality from at-scale deployment (prior to self-sustaining diffusion) to cost reduction in this relationship. (c) Overall innovation is cumulative, multi-faceted, and self-reinforcing in its direction (path-dependent). We conclude with brief observations on implications for modelling and policy. In interpreting these results, we suggest distinguishing the economics of active deployment, from more passive diffusion processes, and draw the following implications. There is a role for policy diversity and experimentation, with evaluation of potential gains from innovation in the broadest sense. Consequently, endogenising innovation in large-scale models is important for deriving policy-relevant conclusions. Finally, seeking to relate quantitative economic evaluation to the qualitative socio-technical transitions literatures could be a fruitful area for future research.