bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low Molecular-weight Hyaluronic Acid Versus Physiotherapy for the Treatment of Supraspinatus Tendinopathy: A Randomized Comparative Clinical Trial
Authors: Rezasoltani Zahra , Esmaily Hadi , Dadarkhah Afsaneh , Rousta Mansoure , Mohebbi Rezvaneh , Vashaei Fatemeh 
Published: February 2021

Introduction:
The tendons of the rotator cuff are major sources of shoulder pain. This study aimed to compare the effects of low molecular-weight hyaluronic acid with physiotherapy (PT) in patients with supraspinatus tendinopathy (ST).

Methods:
We carried out a parallel two-group randomized comparative clinical trial in an outpatient clinic of physical medicine and rehabilitation at a teaching hospital. In total, 51 patients (31 women) aged 20 to 55 years with ST were randomly allocated to subacromial hyaluronate injection (n = 28) and PT (n = 23) groups. For the hyaluronate group, we administered a single injection of 2 mL (20 mg) hyaluronate 1% (500 to 700 kDa). For PT, we prescribed three sessions of treatment per week for 12 weeks, totaling 36 sessions including rotator cuff activation exercises. The primary outcome was shoulder pain in the visual analog scale. The secondary outcomes included the range of movement and the disability score of the shoulder, and a World Health Organization questionnaire on quality of life. We did the measurements at the baseline and at one, four, and 12 weeks after intervention.

Results:
The results showed that both interventions were beneficial in the management of ST. However, hyaluronate was more effective in reducing shoulder pain at rest and during activities (both P < 0.001, effect size = 0.52 and 0.68, respectively). The two interventions similarly decreased patients' disability (P = 0.196). Hyaluronate improved shoulder motion and the quality of life better than PT.

Conclusion:
In the treatment of ST, low molecular-weight hyaluronate is more effective than PT, at least for three months. Particularly, hyaluronate is more successful in alleviating pain.
Pharmacogenetics of Direct Oral Anticoagulants
Authors: Shnayder Natalia , Petrova Marina , Bochanova Elena , Zimnitskaya Olga , Savinova Alina , Pozhilenkova Elena , Nasyrova Regina 
Published: February 2021

For more than 50 years, oral vitamin K antagonists were the choice of anticoagulant for the long-term treatment and prevention of arterial and venous thromboembolic events. In recent years, four direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban and edoxaban have been compared with warfarin for thromboembolism prevention. These anticoagulants directly inhibit specific proteins within the coagulation cascade; in contrast, oral vitamin K antagonists inhibit the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. Dabigatran, a direct thrombin inhibitor, and rivaroxaban, apixaban and edoxaban, the factor Xa inhibitors, produce a more predictable, less labile anticoagulant effect. DOACs do not have limitations inherent vitamin K antagonists. DOACs have a predictable pharmacokinetic profile and are free of advers drugs reactions inherent in vitamin K antagonists. However, it is necessary to take into account the pharmacogenetic characteristics of the individual that can affect effectiveness and safety of use of DOACs. The results carried out to the present fundamental and clinical studies of DOACs studies demonstrate an undeniable the influence of genome changes on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of DOACs. However, the studies need to be continued. There is a need to plan and conduct larger studies in various ethnic groups with the inclusion of sufficient associative genetic studies of the number of patients in each of the documented groups treatments with well-defined phenotypes.
Convective Heat Transfer of Ethanol/Polyalphaolefin Nanoemulsion in Mini- and Microchannel Heat Exchangers for High Heat Flux Electronics Cooling
Authors: Rios Jaime , Kabirnajafi Mehdi , Gameda Takele , Mohammed Raid , Xu Jiajun 
Published: February 2021

The present study experimentally and numerically investigates the flow and heat transfer characteristics of a novel nanostructured heat transfer fluid, namely, ethanol/polyalphaolefin nanoemulsion, inside a conventionally manufactured minichannel of circular cross section and a microchannel heat exchanger of rectangular cross section manufactured additively using the Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) process. The experiments were conducted for single-phase flow of pure polyalphaolefin (PAO) and ethanol/PAO nanoemulsion fluids with two ethanol concentrations of 4 wt% and 8 wt% as well as for two-phase flow boiling of nanoemulsion fluids to study the effect of ethanol nanodroplets on the convective flow and heat transfer characteristics. Furthermore, the effects of flow regime of the working fluids on the heat transfer performance for both the minichannel and microchannel heat exchangers were examined within the laminar and transitional flow regimes. It was found that the ethanol/PAO nanoemulsion fluids can improve convective heat transfer compared to that of the pure PAO base fluid under both single- and two-phase flow regimes. While the concentration of nanoemulsion fluids did not reflect a remarkable distinction in single-phase heat transfer performance within the laminar regime, a significant heat transfer enhancement was observed using the nanoemulsion fluids upon entering the transitional flow regime. The heat transfer enhancement at higher concentrations of nanoemulsion within the transitional regime is mainly attributed to the enhanced interaction and interfacial thermal transport between ethanol nanodroplets and PAO base fluid. For two-phase flow boiling, heat transfer coefficients of ethanol/PAO nanoemulsion fluids were further enhanced when the ethanol nanodroplets underwent phase change. A comparative study on the flow and heat transfer characteristics was also implemented between the traditionally fabricated minichannel and additively manufactured microchannel of similar dimensions using the same working fluid of pure PAO and the same operating conditions. The results revealed that although the DMLS fabricated microchannel posed a higher pressure loss, a substantial heat transfer enhancement was achieved as compared to the minichannel heat exchanger tested under the same conditions. The non-post processed surface of the DMLS manufactured microchannel is likely to be the main contributor to the augmented heat transfer performance. Further studies are required to fully appreciate the possible mechanisms behind this phenomenon as well as the convective heat transfer properties of nanoemulsion fluids.
Movement-Related Cortical Potential Associated with Jaw-Biting Movement in the Patients with Oral Cancer after the Surgery
Authors: Nakajima Ichiro , Shinohara Mitsuyo , Ohba Hiroiku 
Published: February 2021

Oral cancer is first treated with surgery for the patients. In most cases, it becomes difficult for these patients to perform smooth jaw movements postoperatively, causing masticatory dysfunctions, due to the mandible excision including muscles and peripheral nerves. However, it is still unknown whether the surgery affects the brain function for jaw movement in the patients. In this study, therefore, we investigated a significance of the movement-related cortical potential (MRCP) for jaw movements in the patients after the cancer surgery, to clarify the motor preparation process in the brain, as compared with healthy subjects. Eight normal subjects and seven patients with oral cancers were enrolled in the study. Experiment 1: The normal subjects were instructed to perform jaw-biting movement and hand movement, respectively. The MRCPs appeared bilaterally over the scalp approximately 1 to 2 s before the onset of muscle discharge in both movements. Experiment 2: The MRCPs appeared preoperatively in the jaw biting movement in all patients. However, the amplitudes of the MRCP decreased significantly after than before the surgery (p < 0.05). Our data indicated the dysfunction of the motor preparation process for jaw movements in the patient after the surgery, suggesting impairment of feed-forward system in the maxillofacial area.
İleri Evre Medüller Tiroid Kanseri Tedavisinde Tirozin Kinaz İnhibitörü Kullanımı-Tek Merkez Deneyimi
Authors: EBİNÇ Senar 
Published: February 2021

Öz
Giriş: Medüller tiroid kanseri nadir görülen tiroid kanserlerindendir. Hastaların %5-10 kadarı uzak metastaz ile başvurmaktadır. Metastatik hastalıkta göreceli olarak sitotoksik kemoterapilere dirençli olan bu kanser tipinde tirozin kinaz inhibitörleriyle uzun süre stabil yanıt elde edilebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada medüller tiroid kanserinde tirozin kinaz inhibitörleri kullanımı ve tedavi yanıtlarını incelemeyi amaçladık.
Yöntemler: 2006-2019 tarihleri arasında Dicle Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Hastanesi Tıbbi Onkoloji Kliniği’ne başvurmuş olan lokal ileri veya metastatik medüller tiroid kanseri tanılı hastaların klinik özellikleri, aldıkları tedaviler ve tedaviye yanıtları retrospektif olarak incelendi.
Bulgular: Çalışmamıza 2006-2019 yılları arasında kliniğimize başvuran metastatik medüller tiroid kanserli 12 hasta alındı. Hastalarımızın 4’ü (%33,3) kadın, 8’i (%66,7) ise erkek idi. Her iki cinsiyette ortalama yaş 44.5 (24-67) yıldı. Sekiz (%66) hastada sadece lenf nodu veya yumuşak doku metastazı varken, 3 (%25) hastada hem kemik hem de visseral organ metastazı mevcut idi. Bir (%8,3) hastada ise sadece kemik metastazı vardı. On iki hastamızın 2’sinde medüller tiroid kanseri multiple endokrin neoplazi 2A sendromunun bir parçası idi. Birinci basamak tedavide 5 hasta sitotoksik kemoterapi almıştı. Bu hastalarda progresyonsuz sağkalım 6 ay olarak izlendi. On iki hastamızın hepsi birinci veya ikinci basamakta tirozin kinaz inhibitörü kullanmıştı. Birinci veya ikinci basamakta vandetanib kullanmış olan 10 hastada medyan takip süresi 28 ay idi ve bu hastalarda medyan progresyonsuz sağkalım süresine henüz ulaşılamamıştı. Geriye kalan iki hasta da sorafenib kullanmıştı. Herhangi bir tirozin kinaz inhibitörü kullanan hastalarda ise medyan progresyonsuz sağkalım süresi 40 ay olarak izlendi.
Sonuç: Medüller tiroid kanserinin tedavisinde tirozin kinaz inhibitörleri ve özellikle vandetanib kullanımı uzun süreli hastalık stabilizasyonu ve progresyonsuz sağkalım avantajı sağlamaktadır.
Investigation of the 1249G>A Genetic Variation of ABCC2 Drug Transporter Gene in the Turkish Population
Authors: UCKUN SAHİNOGULLARİ Zuhal 
Published: February 2021

Objectives: ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters are a major superfamily of drug transporters and provide active transport of diverse substrates across cell membranes of several cell types. Genetic variations that affect function in ABCC2 gene may alter therapeutic outcome and the risk of toxicity to substrate drugs. The goal of the current survey was to ascertain the allele and genotype frequencies of ABCC2 1249G>A polymorphism in a Turkish population and to compare the findings obtained with the frequencies of previously reported populations.
Methods: The frequencies of the ABCC2 1249G>A gene polymorphism were determined in 101 healthy Turkish individuals using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methods.
Results: The frequencies of GG, GA and AA genotypes were 67.3%, 28.7% and 4.0%, respectively. The frequencies were 81.7% for G allele and 18.3% for A allele. The frequencies of genotypes were in concurrence with Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. Significant distinctions were observed in the comparison of the study data with the results of some populations of East and South Asian ancestries.
Conclusions: The current study presents the distribution of genotype and allele frequencies of ABCC2 1249G>A polymorphism in the Turkish population. As far as is known, this is the first study about the frequencies of the ABCC2 1249G>A polymorphism in the Turkish population. This study may ensure valuable information for evaluating inter-individual differences in drug response, estimating adverse reactions and improving disease management, briefly, it can contribute to pharmacogenetic and epidemiological studies.
Ethanol Biomarker Testing and Challenges
Authors: Snozek Christine L. H. , Souers Rhona , Dizon Annabel , Magnani Barbarajean , Krasowski Matthew D. 
Published: February 2021

Context.—
Clinical and forensic testing for ethanol biomarkers, including ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS), is used to discern alcohol use from abstinence. These markers can be key in major decisions, including transplant eligibility or retaining licensure after alcohol misuse. Accuracy, precision, and recognition of the implications of reporting cutoffs are all essential for correct interpretation.

Objective.—
To evaluate trends in testing for EtG and EtS, including how laboratories perform testing and how comparable participant results are.

Design.—
The study examined the College of American Pathologists ethanol biomarker proficiency testing survey from 2013 to 2019. Trends in methodology, reporting cutoffs, and participant performance were evaluated for qualitative and quantitative EtG testing and for quantitative EtS testing.

Results.—
There was little consensus in reporting cutoffs, which ranged from 10 to 1000 ng/mL for EtG and 10 to 1500 ng/mL for EtS. Although median EtG and EtS compared well with target concentrations, individual participants' results varied widely. For quantitative enzyme immunoassay, accuracy and precision were best in EtG challenges less than 1500 ng/mL. For EtG or EtS by mass spectrometry, overall accuracy was good over a wide concentration range, but variability between participants was high. Approximately 10% (409 of 4059) of results were unacceptable, which for mass spectrometry corresponded to more than 35% above or below the group mean.

Conclusions.—
Although many participants performed well, there was insufficient consensus in reporting cutoffs, and a consistent fraction of laboratories failed to achieve survey standards. Guidelines for assay performance and reporting could greatly benefit laboratories and end users.
Estado funcional e as políticas de ajuste estrutural na Educação Básica brasileira
Authors: Silva Renata Valério , Alves da Silva Moreira Jani , França Volsi Maria Eunice 
Published: February 2021

O texto tem como objetivo analisar a concepção de Estado funcional e as políticas de ajuste estrutural para a educação básica no contexto de intensificação do neoliberalismo no Brasil. Se refere aos resultados de uma pesquisa exploratória de caráter bibliográfico e documental. Para dar conta do proposto, o texto analisa os pressupostos históricos e políticos do financiamento da educação básica e a questões históricas pertinentes, que desencadearam a intensificação das políticas de ajuste estrutural neoliberal na educação básica. Concluiu-se que as políticas de ajuste estrutural são resultados dos atos governamentais, que, por sua vez, caminham na contramão do que é condizente para os serviços públicos. As articulações entre o setor privado e público resultaram em políticas de ajustes estruturais que favorecem a economia e os interesses da elite brasileira e, nesse cenário, a educação básica pública é posta como uma mercadoria lucrativa. Isso, por sua vez, favorece a cultura de que o setor privado apresenta resultados, enquanto o setor público é visto como ineficiente. É uma ótica de lógica mercadológica posta no sistema educacional como solução para os problemas enfrentados pela educação pública, que resulta na desvalorização do setor público.
Saline Water Threshold Level that Maximizes Grain Yield Production and Minimizes Sodium Accumulation for Salinity Stress-sensitive and Tolerant Wheat Cultivars
Authors: Morsy Sabah , Elbasyoni Ibrahim S. , Baenziger Stephen 
Published: February 2021

Saline irrigation is one of the approaches that was developed to address the freshwater gap in many regions around the world. This experiment was conducted in two growing seasons under open field conditions in pots. In addition to the control (0.5 dSm-1), three levels of saline water, i.e., 5.0, 7.0, and 9 dSm-1 were used to irrigate ten commercially grown Egyptian wheat cultivars. The number of days to flowering, plant height, fertile tillers, grain weight per spike, number of kernels per spike, and grain yield were measured. Furthermore, Na+, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2, and Cl− were also measured. The objectives of the current study were to (a) estimate the quantitative impact of various levels of saline irrigation water on physio-agronomical performance of commercially grown wheat cultivars; (b) highlight the importance of using salinity stress tolerant wheat cultivars in a scenario where they grow beside salinity stress-sensitive ones and are irrigated with multiple levels of saline water. Salinity stress tolerant wheat cultivars tend to maintain higher levels of K+, Ca+2, and Mg+2, compared to the sensitive ones. Overall, the average performance of the salinity stress-tolerant cultivars across the levels of saline water used was 26.5% higher than the sensitive ones for grain yield. Our results also indicated that 6.25 dSm-1 is the maximum saline water that can be used to irrigate the sensitive wheat cultivars. In which 6.25 dSm-1 is the salinity level that maximizes grain yield, the number of fertile tillers, and K+ concentration while minimizing Na+ accumulation in plants. For the same reasons, nine dSm-1 was defined as the salinity threshold for the salinity stress-tolerant cultivars.
Changes in Antioxidant Markers and Histopathology of Wistar Rats Fed with Edible Clay (Nzu)
Authors: Dokubo A. , Okwudike A. E. , Nwauche K. T. 
Published: February 2021

The changes in the antioxidant markers and histopathology in both adult male and female wistar rats fed with Calabash Chalk (nzu) was investigated. Twenty (20) wistar rats weighing between (120-150 g) were used for this study. They were randomly divided into four (4) Groups containing five (5) animals each (n=5) A-D. Groups (B-D) were fed with 1.0%, 2.0% and 8.0% of clay. Group A, not fed with clay served as control. After 21 days of continuous feeding, the animals were sacrificed and their liver organs excised for the following antioxidant markers (Catalase CAT, Reduced Glutathione GSH, Superoxide dismutase, SOD) and histopathology. The results showed significant (p< 0.05) increase in catalase activity in rats fed with 1.0% and 8.0% clay compared to control (0 clay) and group fed with 2.0%. However, no significant (p>0.05) difference was obtained for the group fed with 2.0% when compared to control. The results obtained for GSH and SOD also showed no significant (p>0.05) difference in the fed groups when compared to control. Histopathological changes indicated mild periportal and intraparenchymal inflammation in group fed with 8.0%. From the study it can be deduced that clay consumption has the potential to elicit the activities of antioxidant markers and subsequent depletion providing weak defenses against reactive oxygen species (ROS) and liver damage in the rats.
Development of Novel Fermented Almond Milk Tea and It’s Evaluation as Antidiabetic Drink
Authors: Kannan Deepak , Kumaran Akash , Venkatesan Sanjay , Sukumaran Prabhu 
Published: February 2021

Background: It is well known that almond and tea is best known to prevent Diabetes mellitus due to its abundant source of polyphenols. Also, probiotics also have been used in the treatment of Diabetes. This study is focused on the combined effect of all these three ingredients through the process of fermentation.
Objective: The aim of this present study is to develop, analyse sensory parameters in human volunteers for optimisation and evaluate the antidiabetic efficiency of Fermented Almond milk tea (FAMT) both in vitro and in vivo analysis.
Study Design: Development of FAMTàOptimisation of FAMT based on sensory analysis from 25 human participantsà In vitro antidiabetic analysis of FAMT extract à Animal studies.
Place and Duration: The research work was conducted during November, 2019 to March, 2020 at the Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Post Bag No.1, Pennalur, Sriperumbudur Tk, Kancheepuram Dt, TN-602117, India.
Materials and Methods: FAMT was prepared by optimisation of different formulation based on sensory analysis recorded from 25 healthy human volunteers. The FAMT extract was prepared and was used for the in vitro analysis and phytochemical screening. The animal study was performed with 30 Albino Wistar rats which were divided into 5 groups under preventive regimen. Group I was healthy normoglycemic control group. Group II served as positive control. Group III received metformin (350 mg/kg bw, p.o) for 28 days. Group IV received 5% Fermented almond milk for 28 days. Group V received 5% FAMT for 28thday. All groups except Group I received single dose of STZ (50 mg/kg bw, i.p) on the 29th day for the induction of Diabetes mellitus. After 7 days from induction, animals were anaesthetized and blood was drawn for the evaluation of plasma glucose and serum TG, cholesterol & insulin.
Results: It was observed that FAMT (8:2) was favoured by the participants more than other formulations. FAMT was found to contain Saponins, flavonoids and phenol. The total poly phenol of FAMT (373 ± 3.0 μg/ml) was high than Fermented almond milk (232.5 ± 2.50 μg/ml). The DPPH scavenging, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibiting percentage of FAMT (59 ± 4%,52 ± 3%, 50 ± 4% respectively) was high when compared to fermented almond milk (32 ± 2%,34 ± 2% and 45 ± 2% respectively). From animal studies it was significantly observed that plasma glucose (P<0.0001) was reduced, serum insulin (P<0.001) was increased, serum TG (P<0.0.001) and cholesterol (P<0.01) were reduced when compared to Positive control Group- II.
Conclusion: Thus, FAMT was proved to act as a prophylactic anti-diabetic drink and was more potent than normal fermented almond milk.
Pharmacy Students’ Perceptions towards Online Learning
Authors: Ahmed Nehad J. , Alkhawaja Faisal Z. , Alrawili Abdulrahman S. , Alonazi Wael 
Published: February 2021

Aim: This study aimed to describe the perceptions of pharmacy students towards online learning in Saudi Arabia.
Methodology: This study included an online survey that was self-administered to be filled by pharmacy students. Results were downloaded and stored in Microsoft Excel spreadsheets and the results were analyzed descriptively and represented by numbers and percentages.
Results: Most of the students said that they prefer viewing lectures by traditional in-class learning (66%). Only 40% said that they would be able to keep pace with the course by viewing lectures weekly for fully online courses that include lectures available only on blackboard. Additionally, 50% of the students prefer to attend pharmacy curriculum courses by both traditional delivered lecture style and blended online learning.
Conclusion: Pharmacy students showed some interest in online learning methods within the pharmacy curriculum but the majority of them preferred traditional dedicated-instructor delivered lecture style. It is important to use both the traditional learning with online learning during the Covid-19 outbreak.