bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An implicit representation of stimulus ambiguity in pupil size
Authors: Graves Jackson E. , Egré Paul , Pressnitzer Daniel , de Gardelle Vincent 
Published: November 2021

Significance
The perception of our environment usually comes with a sense of how uncertain or certain we are about what we perceive. In some cases, however, stimuli that are objectively ambiguous are not acknowledged as such, raising the question of whether uncertainty is not processed at all in these cases or whether instead, uncertainty signals might be computed but inaccessible to conscious awareness. Here, we show that the ambiguity of an auditory stimulus (measured through the variability of perceptual decisions over trials) is reflected in pupil dilation, despite participants being unaware of this ambiguity. This finding suggests that uncertainty signals in the brain are not always connected to conscious awareness.
Hippocampal neurons’ cytosolic and membrane-bound ribosomal transcript profiles are differentially regulated by learning and subsequent sleep
Authors: Delorme James , Wang Lijing , Kodoth Varna , Wang Yifan , Ma Jingqun , Jiang Sha , Aton Sara J. 
Published: November 2021

Significance
Sleep loss disrupts consolidation of hippocampus-dependent memory. To understand the cellular basis for this effect, we quantified RNAs associated with translating ribosomes in cytosol and on cellular membranes of different hippocampal neuron populations. Our analysis suggests that while sleep loss (but not learning) alters numerous ribosomal transcripts in cytosol, learning has dramatic effects on transcript profiles for less–well-characterized membrane-bound ribosomes. We demonstrate that postlearning sleep deprivation occludes already minimal learning-driven changes on cytosolic ribosomes. It simultaneously alters transcripts associated with metabolic and biosynthetic processes in membrane-bound ribosomes in excitatory hippocampal neurons and highly active, putative “engram” neurons, respectively. Together, these findings provide insights into the cellular mechanisms altered by learning and their disruption by subsequent sleep loss.
Stochastic rectification of fast oscillations on slow manifold closures
Authors: Chekroun Mickaël D. , Liu Honghu , McWilliams James C. 
Published: November 2021

Significance
Slow–fast systems arise in many scientific applications, in particular in atmospheric and oceanic flows with fast inertia–gravity waves and slow geostrophic motions. When the slow and fast variables are strongly coupled—symptomatic of breakdown of slow-to-fast scales deterministic parameterizations—it remains a challenge to derive reduced systems able to capture the dynamics. Here, generic ingredients for successful reduction of such systems are identified and illustrated for the paradigmatic atmospheric Lorenz 80 model. The approach relies on a filtering operated through a nonlinear parameterization that separates the full dynamics into its slow motion and fast residual dynamics. The latter is mainly orthogonal to the former and is modeled via networks of stochastic nonlinear oscillators, independent of the slow dynamics.
Three-dimensional virtual histology of the human hippocampus based on phase-contrast computed tomography
Authors: Eckermann Marina , Schmitzer Bernhard , van der Meer Franziska , Franz Jonas , Hansen Ove , Stadelmann Christine , Salditt Tim 
Published: November 2021

Significance
We demonstrate multiscale phase-contrast X-ray computed tomography (CT) of postmortem human brain tissue. Large tissue volumes can be covered by parallel-beam CT and combined with subcellular detail for selected regions scanned at high magnification. This has been repeated identically for a larger number of individuals, including both Alzheimer’s-diseased patients and a control group. Optimized phase retrieval, followed by automated segmentation based on machine learning, as well as feature identification and classification based on optimal transport theory, indicates a pathway from healthy to pathological structure without prior hypothesis. This study provides a blueprint for studying the cytoarchitecture of the human brain and its alterations associated with neurodegenerative diseases.
Territorial and non-territorial arrangements in a multi-ethno-linguistic context
Authors: Németh Ádám 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This article argues that the geographically dispersed distribution of the minorities in the Baltic republics
(apart from the Poles in Lithuania and the Russians in Northeast Estonia) constitutes an objective obstacle to provision of
territorially based minority rights. However, the potential alternatives to the territorial principle are also rarely adopted. The
cultural autonomy model in Estonia and Latvia failed to be implemented in practice, while threshold rules (in respect of
topographical bilingualism, for example) are in force only in Estonia, and there with the highest threshold in Europe (50%). The
paper aims to explain the reluctance to adopt these solutions by reviewing the main factors that affect language policy
implementation in general. It also considers the background to the debate over which languages need protection: the minority
languages within the Baltic States or the titular languages themselves (Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian), which at the global
level are small and vulnerable. In general, the strictness of language policies is in inverse relation to the size of the
minorities, with Lithuania being the most liberal and Latvia the most restrictive.
The economic effects of the territoriality principle
Authors: Csata Zsombor , Hlatky Roman , Liu Amy H. , Young Ariel Pitre 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The territoriality principle stipulates that minority communities in a given territory should be linguistically accommodated. What are the economic effects of this principle? In this paper, we argue that the recognition of multiple languages confers respect on the minority group; it allows people to engage and participate meaningfully in society – thereby facilitating economic well-being. There is, however, a caveat: when recognition happens in areas where the minority is the overwhelming majority, there is a risk that the near-exclusive use of the minority language cuts the community off from the larger national state, which in turn stunts development. To test this, we focus on Transylvania, Romania. We leverage a legal stipulation that recognizes minority languages in areas where the minority constitutes more than 20% of the population. Using data at the municipal level, we find that recognition increases economic well-being in general – but not in areas where the minority are numerically dominant. Our results are normatively welcoming, but they also caution governments not simply to recognize minority languages but also to protect them adequately.
Method to evaluate systematic uncertainties due to magnet misalignments in electric dipole moment measurements using a storage ring
Authors: Magiera A , Aggarwal A , Poncza V 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Various scenarios of measurements of electric dipole moment (EDM) of light hadrons with the use of a storage ring were proposed. Most of these methods are based on the measurement of the vertical spin component for an initially horizontal polarized beam. Since the expected EDM effect is very small, one has to pay attention to various sources of systematic uncertainties. One of the most important sources are misalignments of the magnets forming the storage ring lattice, which may produce an effect that mimics an EDM. This false signal could be much larger than the expected EDM signal, even for very small magnet misalignments. This paper describes a novel method for the determination of the contribution of magnets misalignments to the expected EDM signal. It is shown that the magnitude of this effect could be estimated via a Fourier analysis of the time-dependent vertical polarization. This could be achieved by sampling the vertical polarization with a frequency larger than the beam revolution frequency, which corresponds to polarization measurements in at least two positions in the storage ring. The presented method can be applied to any scenario proposed for EDM measurements using a storage ring.
The METREPOL criteria—are they still relevant?
Authors: Lebaron-Jacobs Laurence , Herrera-Reyes Eduardo 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The medical management of radiation accidents manual on the acute radiation syndrome proposed a successful strategic approach to diagnosing and treating acute radiation syndrome: the response category concept. Based on clinical and laboratory parameters, this approach aimed to assess damage to critical organ systems as a function of time, categorising different therapeutical approaches. After 20 years of its publication, the following paper attempts to provide a broad overview of this important document and tries to respond if proposed criteria are still relevant for the medical management of radiation-induced injuries. In addition, a critical analysis of its limitations and perspectives is proposed.
A coherent framework for non-ionising radiation protection
Authors: Tinker Rick , Abramowicz Jacques , Karabetsos Efthymios , Magnusson Sigurður , Matthes Rüdiger , Moser Mirjana , Niu Shengli , O’Hagan John , van Deventer Emilie 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A coherent and overarching framework for health protection from non-ionising radiation (NIR) does not currently exist. Instead, many governments maintain different compliance needs targeting only some NIR exposure situations. An international framework developed by the World Health Organization would promote a globally consistent approach for the protection of people from NIR. Designed based on decades of practical experience the framework provides guidance on establishing clear national health and safety objectives and how they should be achieved. It supports multisectoral action and engagement by providing a common language and systematic approach for managing NIR. The framework should allow governments to respond to policy challenges on how to achieve effective protection of people, especially in a world that is rapidly deploying new NIR technologies. In this paper the concepts and key features are presented that underpin the framework for NIR protection, including examples of implementation.
Skin dose contamination conversion coefficients. Benchmark with three simulation codes
Authors: Frosio Thomas , Bertreix Philippe , Menaa Nabil , Thomas Samuel , EBERHARDT Holger , ENDRES Janis 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Handling of radioactive material by operators can lead to contamination at the surface of the skin in case of an accident. The quantification of the dose received by the skin due to a contamination scenario is performed by means of dedicated dose coefficients as it is the case for other radiation protection dose quantities described in the literature. However, most available coefficients do not match realistic scenarios according to state-of-the-art of science and technology. Therefore, this work deals with dedicated dose conversion factors for skin contamination. Since there is an increasing demand on dose coefficients in general, these specific coefficients can be used for various calculations in radiation protection. In this work a method to evaluate such coefficients for the skin contamination dose related to photons, electrons, positrons, alpha and neutron particles is proposed. The coefficients are generated using Monte-Carlo simulations with three well established calculation codes (FLUKA, MCNP, and GEANT4). The results of the various codes are compared against each other for benchmarking purposes. The new dose coefficients allow the computation of the skin received dose, in the case of skin contamination scenario of an individual, taking into account the decay radiation of the radionuclides of interest. To benchmark the quantity derived here, comparisons of radionuclide contamination doses to the skin using the VARSKIN code available in the literature are performed with the results of this work.
Reanalysis of cancer mortality using reconstructed organ-absorbed dose: J-EPISODE 1991‒2010
Authors: Furuta Hiroshige , Kudo Shin’ichi , Ishizawa Noboru , Saigusa Shin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The Japanese Epidemiological Study on Low-Dose Radiation Effects (J-EPISODE) has been conducted since 1990 by the Radiation Effects Association to analyse health effects for nuclear workers. It uses the recorded doses, i.e. dosimeter readings, evaluated in H
p(10) for estimation of radiation risk; however, the International Commission on Radiological Protection does not recommend the use of effective doses for epidemiological evaluation and instead recommends the use of organ-absorbed doses for assessing cancer risk. Recently, the J-EPISODE has developed a conversion factor that can convert dosimeter readings to organ-absorbed doses following, in principle, the approach adopted by the International Agency for Research on Cancer 15-Country Collaborative Study. The approach was modified based on recent dosimeter usage practices and the Japanese physique. The aim of this study was to reanalyse the excess relative risk (ERR) of cancer mortality for the J-EPISODE using the previous analysis method but substituting the organ-absorbed dose for the recorded dose to confirm the adaptability and relevance of organ-absorbed doses for the J-EPISODE. The organ-absorbed doses from 1957 to 2010 were reconstructed for the whole cohort. The cancer mortality risk was reanalysed with Poisson regression methods, first by comparing the ERR/Gy for all cancers excluding leukaemia with the risk after excluding lung cancer for the whole cohort of 204 103 participants. In the whole cohort, all cancers excluding leukaemia, lung cancer and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma had statistically significant positive ERR/Gy estimates; leukaemia excluding chronic lymphocytic leukaemia had negative but not statistically significant estimates. Gallbladder cancer and pancreatic cancer showed statistically significant negative. Then, a subcohort of 71 733 respondents was selected based on lifestyle surveys with data on qualitative smoking status as well as quantitative smoking information on pack-years. Pack-years for current smokers and former smokers and years since the cessation of smoking for former smokers were used for the smoking-adjusted model. The most important feature of the J-EPISODE revealed to date was a decreasing tendency of the ERR/Sv by the smoking adjustment. For almost all causes of death such as lung cancer and stomach cancer, the estimated ERR/Gy decreased by the smoking adjustment, although those for the colon, prostate and kidney and other urinary organs were almost the same after the adjustment. This tendency remained unchanged even when using the organ-absorbed dose, indicating the appropriateness of using organ-absorbed doses for further risk analysis. At the same time, it indicated that confounding by smoking seriously biased the radiation risk estimates in the J-EPISODE and thus should be accounted even if organ dose is used.
Absolute efficiency of a two-stage microchannel plate for electrons in the 30–900 eV energy range
Authors: Apponi A , Pandolfi F , Rago I , Cavoto G , Mariani C , Ruocco A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We report on an apparatus able to measure the absolute detection efficiency of a detector for electrons in the 30–900 eV range. In particular, we discuss the characterisation of a two-stage chevron microchannel plate (MCP). The measurements have been performed in the LASEC laboratory at Roma Tre University, whit a custom-made electron gun. The very good stability of the beam current in the fA range, together with the picoammeter nominal resolution of 0.01 fA, allowed the measurement of the MCP absolute efficiency ε. We found an

ϵ
=
(
0.489
±
0.003
)

with no evident energy dependence. We fully characterised the MCP pulse shape distribution, which is quasi-Gaussian with a well visible peak above the noise level. We measured a 68

%

variation of the average pulse height between 30 and 500 eV. Furthermore, with a deeper analysis of the pulse shape, and in particular of the correlation between pulse height, area and width, we found a method to discriminate single- and multi- electron events occurring within a 10 ns time window.
Predicting distant metastases in soft-tissue sarcomas from PET-CT scans using constrained hierarchical multi-modality feature learning
Authors: Peng Yige , Bi Lei , Kumar Ashnil , Fulham Michael , Feng Dagan , Kim Jinman 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Objective. Positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) is regarded as the imaging modality of choice for the management of soft-tissue sarcomas (STSs). Distant metastases (DM) are the leading cause of death in STS patients and early detection is important to effectively manage tumors with surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In this study, we aim to early detect DM in patients with STS using their PET-CT data. Approach. We derive a new convolutional neural network method for early DM detection. The novelty of our method is the introduction of a constrained hierarchical multi-modality feature learning approach to integrate functional imaging (PET) features with anatomical imaging (CT) features. In addition, we removed the reliance on manual input, e.g. tumor delineation, for extracting imaging features. Main results. Our experimental results on a well-established benchmark PET-CT dataset show that our method achieved the highest accuracy (0.896) and AUC (0.903) scores when compared to the state-of-the-art methods (unpaired student’s t-test p-value < 0.05). Significance. Our method could be an effective and supportive tool to aid physicians in tumor quantification and in identifying image biomarkers for cancer treatment.
Resonant wave–filament interactions as a loss mechanism for HHFW heating and current drive
Authors: Tierens W , Myra J R , Bilato R , Colas L 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Perkins et al (2012 Phys. Rev. Lett.
109 045001) reported unexpected power losses during high harmonic fast wave (HHFW) heating and current drive in the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX). Recently, Tierens et al (2020 Phys. Plasmas
27 010702) proposed that these losses may be attributable to surface waves on field-aligned plasma filaments, which carry power along the filaments, to be lost at the endpoints where the filaments intersect the limiters. In this work, we show that there is indeed a resonant loss mechanism associated with the excitation of these surface waves, and derive an analytic expression for the power lost to surface wave modes at each filament.
Experiments on the dynamic wetting of growing icicles
Authors: Ladan John , Morris Stephen W 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The distinctive shape of an icicle is the outcome of a highly non-equilibrium process involving heat and mass transport in the presence of fluid flowing over an evolving topography. It has previously been shown that the ripple patterns with a near universal wavelength that are observed on many icicles are correlated with small levels of impurities in the feed water. Models of icicle shape evolution, and of the origin of the ripple pattern, require a detailed understanding of how liquid water flows over a growing icicle. The impurity effect is not accounted for by any existing model of ripple formation. Here, we explore this flow dynamics using laboratory-grown icicles with a fluorescent dye as an impurity. Contrary to previous models, we find that the ice is incompletely wetted by the liquid phase, and that the whole process is much more stochastic than has been previously assumed. In addition, the presence of impurities modifies the wetting properties of the ice surface, while the emerging topography interacts with the liquid distribution. There is evidence for mixed-phase ice. These observations must inform any successful model of an impurity-driven rippling instability. Our results have general implications for the morphological evolution of many natural, gravity-driven, wet ice growth processes.
Antiferromagnetic topological crystalline insulator and mixed Weyl semimetal in two-dimensional NpAs monolayer
Authors: Zou Xiaorong , Mao Ning , Li Bingyang , Sun Wenli , Huang Baibiao , Dai Ying , Niu Chengwang 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Magnetic topological states have attracted significant attentions due to their intriguing quantum phenomena and potential applications in topological spintronic devices. Here, we propose a two-dimensional material NpAs monolayer as a candidate for multiple topological states accompanied with the changes of magnetic structures. Under the antiferromagnetic configuration, the long-awaited topological crystalline insulator (TCI) emerges with a nonzero mirror Chern number

C

M

=
1

and a giant band gap of 630 meV, and remarkably a pair of gapless edge states can be tailored by rotating the magnetization directions while the TCI phase survives. Moreover, we establish the existence of quantum anomalous Hall effect and nontrivial nodal points under the ferromagnetic configuration, thereby giving rise to the mixed Weyl semimetal after adding the magnetization direction to topological classification. Our findings not only provide an ideal candidate for uncovering exotic topological characters with magnetism but also put forward potential applications in topological spintronics.
Confidence polytopes for quantum process tomography
Authors: Kiktenko E O , Norkin D O , Fedorov A K 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In the present work, we propose a generalization of the confidence polytopes approach for quantum state tomography (QST) to the case of quantum process tomography (QPT). Our approach allows obtaining a confidence region in the polytope form for a Choi matrix of an unknown quantum channel based on the measurement results of the corresponding QPT experiment. The method uses the improved version of the expression for confidence levels for the case of several positive operator-valued measures. We then demonstrate how confidence polytopes can be employed for calculating confidence intervals for affine functions of quantum states (Choi matrices), such as fidelities and observables mean values, which are used both in QST and QPT settings. As we propose, this problem can be efficiently solved using linear programming tools. We also study the performance and scalability of the developed approach on the basis of simulation and experimental data collected using IBM cloud quantum processor.
Double shear layer evolution on the non-uniform computational mesh
Authors: Kulikov Yu M , Son E E 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper considers the problem of a thin shear layer evolution at Reynolds number rmRe = 400000 using the novel Compact Accurately Boundary Adjusting high-Resolution Technique (CABARET). The study is focused on the effect of the specific mesh refinement in the high shear rate areas on the flow properties under the influence of the developing instability. The original sequence of computational meshes (2562, 5122, 10242, 20482 cells) is modified using an iterative refinement algorithm based on the hyperbolic tangent. The properties of the solutions obtained are discussed in terms of the initial momentum thickness and the initial vorticity thickness, viscous and dilatational dissipation rates and also integral enstrophy. The growth rate for the most unstable mode depending on the mesh resolution is considered. In conclusion the accuracy of calculated mesh functions is estimated via L
1, L
2, L
∞ norms.