bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical Outcomes and Identification of Patients With Persistent Penumbral Profiles Beyond 24 Hours From Last Known Well
Authors: Sarraj Amrou , Mlynash Michael , Heit Jeremy , Pujara Deep , Lansberg Maarten , Marks Michael , Albers Gregory W. 
Published: February 2021

Background and Purpose:
DEFUSE 3 (Endovascular Therapy Following Imaging Evaluation for Ischemic Stroke 3) infarct volumes at 24 hours did not significantly differ in the endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) versus medical management (MM) only groups. We hypothesized that this was due to underestimation of the final infarct volume among patients with persistent penumbral tissue 24 hours after randomization that subsequently progressed to infarction. We sought to assess the clinical outcomes in patients with persistent penumbral profile >24 hours from last known well and identify them based on the Persistent Penumbra Index (PPI, time-to-maximum of the residue function >6 s perfusion lesion divided by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging lesion volume on 24-hour postrandomization imaging).

Methods:
Patients were stratified into those with a 24-hour postrandomization penumbral (PPI>1) versus a nonpenumbral (PPI≤1) profile. The primary outcome was 90-day–modified Rankin Scale.

Results:

One hundred eighty-two patients were randomized (EVT: 92, MM: 90). Twenty-four–hour postrandomization time-to-maximum of the residue function and infarct volumes were assessable for 144 (EVT: 75, MM: 69). Infarct volumes did not differ between EVT and MM (median [interquartile range] mL: 35.0 [17.6–81.6] versus 41.0 [25.4–106.2],
P
=0.185). Thirty-two patients had persistent penumbral profile (PPI>1), of these 29 (91%) received MM. PPI was 0 (0–0.07) for EVT, and 0.77 (0.23–1.79) for MM,
P
<0.001. Patients with clinical-imaging mismatch (more severe strokes and smaller infarct volumes) were more likely to have persistent penumbral profile (PPI>1; adjusted odds ratio, 1.20 [1.11–1.30] for every 1-point National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale-increment and adjusted odds ratio, 0.977 [0.964–0.990] for every 10 cc smaller infarct volume,
P
<0.001). Patients with nonpenumbral profile (PPI≤1) had higher odds of achieving functional independence (39% versus 9%; adjusted odds ratio, 9.9[95% CI, 2.3–42.8],
P
=0.002), a trend towards lower mortality (12% versus 34%,
P
=0.002; adjusted odds ratio, 0.34 [95% CI, 0.11–1.03],
P
=0.057) and early clinical improvement (24-hour National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale—decrease ≥8 points or 0–1): 29% vs 9%,
P
=0.034) which persisted at discharge and 90-day follow-up. For a given volume, patients with PPI≤1 had significantly higher likelihood of functional independence as compared to those with PPI>1.

Conclusions:
Patients with persistent penumbral profile who have salvageable tissue beyond 24 hours from last known well can be identified by PPI and clinical-imaging mismatch. They have a poor prognosis and may benefit from very late window reperfusion therapies. Clinical trials in these patients are warranted.

Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT02586415.
An Evaluation of Chinese Human-Computer Dialogue
Technology
Authors: Feng Zixian , Zhu Caihai , Zhang Weinan , Chen Zhigang , Che Wanxiang , Huang Minlie , Li Linlin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
There is a growing interest in developing human-computer dialogue systems which is an important branch in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). However, the evaluation of large-scale Chinese human-computer dialogues is still a challenging task. To attract more attention to dialogue evaluation work, we held the fourth Evaluation of Chinese Human-Computer Dialogue Technology (ECDT). It consists of few-shot learning in spoken language understanding (SLU) (Task 1) and knowledge-driven multi-turn dialogue competition (Task 2), the data sets of which are provided by Harbin Institute of Technology and Tsinghua University. In this paper, we will introduce the evaluation tasks and data sets in detail. Meanwhile, we will also analyze the evaluation results and the existing problems in the evaluation.
Notes on the morphology, bionomics, distribution and efficacy of Steinernema siamkayai (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) from western Uttar Pradesh, India
Authors: Bhat Aashaq Hussain , Chaubey Ashok Kumar , Hartmann Jan , Nermut’ Jiří , Půža Vladimir 
Published: February 2021

Summary
The entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema siamkayai has been a subject of several detailed studies but its morphological, molecular and ecological characterisation is still incomplete. In the present study we studied morphology of several strains of S. siamkayai using morphometrics and light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and we aimed to complete its molecular characterisation by obtaining the sequence of the D2-D3 region of the 28S rDNA in addition to ITS rDNA and mitochondrial (12S and COI) DNA studies. Furthermore, we studied the species life cycle and we attempted to assess its distribution using a meta-analysis of the GenBank records. Finally, insecticidal properties were evaluated against Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura. The SEM study revealed the presence of the adcloacal pair of genital papillae in males. Duration of the life cycle of the Indian strains did not differ from the previous records; however, we have observed production of the infective juveniles by the first-generation adults. For the first time in entomopathogenic nematodes, we have recorded intra-individual variability in the D2-D3 region of the 28S rDNA and we discuss potential implications of this phenomenon for the use of this marker in EPN systematics. Our analysis of distribution has shown that S. siamkayai is ubiquitous throughout the Indian subcontinent but is rarely found in South East Asia. The pathogenicity results showed that the present species effectively killed the tested pests under laboratory conditions, demonstrating its potential as a biocontrol agent.
Ordinary and Detached Blameworthiness
Authors: Wieland Jan Willem 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Elinor Mason argues that there are different kinds of blameworthiness: ordinary and detached. In the following, I summarize the key aspects of both kinds, and critically discuss the exact boundaries between them. According to Mason, we should not blame wrongdoers in the ordinary way if they do not know that their conduct is problematic. This is plausible insofar as the function of ordinary blame is to remind wrongdoers of values that they already share, but I will suggest that we need a slightly different account if its function is to communicate values that they do not share yet.
The Moist Entropy Budget of Terminating Madden–Julian Oscillation Events
Authors: Chrisler Brett , Stachnik Justin P. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRecent studies have examined moist entropy (ME) as a proxy for moist static energy (MSE) and the relative role of the underlying processes responsible for changes in ME that potentially affect MJO propagation. This study presents an analysis of the intraseasonally varying (ISV) ME anomalies throughout the lifetime of observed MJO events. A climatology of continuing and terminating MJO events is created from an event identification algorithm using common tracking indices including the OLR-based MJO index (OMI), filtered OMI (FMO), real-time multivariate MJO (RMM), and velocity potential MJO (VPM) index. ME composites for all indices show a statistically significant break in the wavenumber-1 oscillation at day 0 for terminating events in nearly all domains except RMM phase 6 and phase 7. The ME tendency is decomposed into horizontal and vertical advection, sensible and latent heat fluxes, and shortwave and longwave radiative fluxes using ERA-Interim data. The relative role of each processes toward the eastward propagation is discussed as well as their effects on MJO stabilization. Statistically significant differences occur for all terms by day −10. A domain sensitivity test is performed where eastward propagation is favored for vertical advection given a larger, asymmetric domain for continuing events. A reduced eastward propagation from vertical advection is evident 2–3 days before similar differences in horizontal advection for terminating events. The importance of horizontal advection for the eastward propagation of the MJO is discussed in addition to the relative destabilization from vertical advection in the convectively suppressed region downstream of future terminating MJOs.
Hepatopancreatobiliary Fellowship Graduates: Where Do They Stand today?
Authors: Jackson Terence , Lim Joseph S. , Cho Edward , Osman Houssam , Nagatomo Kei , Jeyarajah Dhiresh Rohan 
Published: February 2021

Background The Americas Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association (AHPBA) Education and Training Committee standardized a Hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) Surgery Fellowship certification process in 2010. Several classes of fellows have since graduated from HPB, combined Society of Surgical Oncology/AHPBA, and combined American Society of Transplant Surgeons/AHPBA fellowships, but there is little information on their career outcomes. We seek to offer long-term data on the careers of HPB fellowship graduates. Methods A 26-question anonymous survey was distributed among graduates of accredited programs for the last 10 years. We generated descriptive statistics from the responses. Results The respondents were evenly distributed in terms of graduation years between 2010 and 2019. Fifty-eight percent of fellows had completed a prior fellowship, 82% received 1 to 3 job offers during the fellowship, and 75% of respondents were still at their first job. The majority of graduates (>60%) were able to secure a job with a >50% HPB practice and >40 HPB cases per year within 3 years of graduation. Overall, >90% candidates rated their satisfaction with fellowship training greater than 8 out of 10. Discussion This survey helps shed light on the early formative years in the practices of HPB fellowship graduates. These data show that HPB fellowship training is essential and effective in providing job security and helps fellowship graduates develop a gratifying practice.
Examining the Relationship Between Electricity Consumption, Economic Growth, Energy Prices and Technology Development in India
Authors: Mohapatra Geetilaxmi , Giri A. K. 
Published: February 2021

This article examines the empirical relationship between electricity consumption, economic growth, energy prices and technology development for India by taking annual time series data from 1981 to 2017. By using the ARDL bounds testing approach to co-integration, the study found long-run equilibrium relationship does exist among the variables. The article reports the existence of positive and significant impact of economic growth on electricity consumption, whereas technological development negatively affects electricity consumption in both the long run and short run. The Granger causality results reveal the presence of unidirectional causality from economic growth and technological development to electricity consumption in India. Therefore, the present study suggests policy makers in India to increase investment in electricity infrastructure to support high economic growth in the country. Further, the policy makers and the government should encourage more technological innovation to minimise usage of fossil fuels and support the use of green energy. This action could help the economy achieve a sustainable economic growth with better environmental quality. JEL Codes: C22, O4, O13, Q43, Q48
Applying the AFIX Quality Improvement Model to Increase Adult Immunization in Wisconsin
Authors: Borchardt Stephanie M. , Mitchell Kailynn , Larson Taylor , Ehlers Ellen , Schauer Stephanie L. 
Published: February 2021

Objectives Assessment, Feedback, Incentives, and eXchange (AFIX) is a quality improvement model used to increase childhood and adolescent immunization rates in the United States. We evaluated implementation of a similar quality improvement model to boost adult immunization rates. Methods During November 2016 through May 2017, adult immunization outreach specialists conducted 124 in-person visits to clinics in Wisconsin that immunize adults, submit immunization information to the Wisconsin Immunization Registry (WIR), and agreed to participate in adult AFIX. Outreach specialists ran immunization assessment reports using the WIR and showed a paper copy of the report during the visit. Health care providers were encouraged to implement at least 1 of 18 strategies (eg, reminder-and-recall intervention, giving adult immunization resources to patients) to increase adult immunization rates. Outreach specialists conducted follow-up with health care providers at 3, 6, and 9-18 months after the initial visit to encourage strategy implementation. We compared AFIX sites with control clinics on practice type, geographic location, and clinic size. Results Clinics that participated in adult AFIX had a significantly larger increase in median adult immunization rates for completion of the human papillomavirus vaccine series at the 9- to 18-month follow-up than control clinics did (10.4% vs 7.7%; P = .02). The median immunization rate for 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine/23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine completed in series was higher, but not significantly so, among adult AFIX clinics than among control clinics (12.6% vs 10.7%; P = .18). Conclusions Adult AFIX resulted in increased awareness about adult immunization recommendations and may be a useful tool for increasing adult immunization rates.
Use of Geographic Information System Mapping in the Examination of Specialized Low Vision Resources and Areas of Need in Michigan
Authors: Connors Elyse , Willard Amber E. , Baker Kathleen M. , Debiak Katie , Beranek Renee , Roodbar Sam 
Published: February 2021

Introduction: The number of adults with visual impairments (i.e., blindness or low vision) is increasing, especially with the aging of the population. Although awareness of vision loss as a public health problem is growing, public health budgets are decreasing. This study exemplifies the use of publicly available secondary data and geographic information system (GIS) mapping to spatially map areas of potential higher risk for vision loss and identify where specialized, low vision resources are located, by county, in Michigan. Methods: County-level, publicly available data on risk factors for low vision (health and demographic) and specialized low vision resources (medical, rehabilitation, and community) are extracted from existing public health data sets and information published on the Internet. GIS mapping is applied to visually examine potential areas of disparity between need and resources. Results: Broadly speaking, counties in Michigan with the highest number of risk factors for low vision are clustered in the center of the Lower Peninsula and on the eastern and western ends of the Upper Peninsula. Areas that have fewer resources for low vision are clustered in the thumb area and the middle to upper part of the Lower Peninsula. Resources are concentrated near the state’s metropolitan areas (i.e., Detroit and suburbs, Kalamazoo, and Grand Rapids). Discussion: Maps can be helpful in locating areas of health disparities, but they need to be interpreted carefully such as by considering the county’s population size. Understanding the eligibility criteria of available services can help to uncover groups of persons not being served. Implications for practitioners: With increasing need for services and shrinking budgets, strategic planning may help alleviate anticipated shortfalls in available services. Use of publicly available data and GIS mapping may be an affordable and efficient method to identify areas of need and resources, for targeted public health efforts in vision.
Locus of Control in College Students with and Without Visual Impairments, and the Visual Characteristics that Affect It
Authors: Abbasi Jondani Javad 
Published: February 2021

Introduction: According to previous research, locus of control (LOC) has a crucial role in an individual’s psychological well-being. The purpose of this study was 3-fold: (1) comparing LOC of college students with and without visual impairments while controlling for gender, educational level, and age; (2) investigating the relationship between LOC and visual characteristics in college students with visual impairments; and (3) predicting LOC of these students using their visual characteristics. Methods: The design of this study was causal-comparative. The statistical population included a sample of college students with and without visual impairments who were enrolled at the University of Isfahan, Iran. Fifteen of the 20 college students with visual impairments were selected through convenience sampling and amongst sighted students, 15 individuals were selected in a way that they were matched with college students with visual impairment regarding gender, educational level, and age. The Rotter Locus of Control Scale was used to measure LOC. Also, visual impairment characteristics and demographic data were collected. The results were analyzed by t-test and stepwise regression analysis. Results: Results indicated no significant difference between LOC of college students with and without visual impairments ( p > .05), and both groups tended to have internal LOC on average. The results indicated that adjustment to visual impairment and the recent status of visual impairment might predict the LOC of a college student who is visually impaired and explained 59.2% of its variance with this sample ( p < .005). Discussion: LOC of college students with visual impairments was similar to their sighted counterparts. The better adjusted the person was to his or her visual impairment and the less worsening the status of visual impairment was, the higher internal LOC he or she had. Implications for practitioners: Families and society can help individuals with visual impairments build their internal LOC, by teaching them how to adjust to their disability and providing them the conditions to increase their independence. At the same time, preparing them for entering university may also help them develop their sense of internal LOC.
‘They make a business out of desperate people’: The role of recruitment agents in cross-border labour chains
Authors: Stringer Christina , Kartikasari Ani , Michailova Snejina 
Published: February 2021

This article examines the role recruitment agents play in the complex web of forced labour. Our focus is the abusive treatment of Indonesian crew onboard South Korean factory trawlers fishing in New Zealand’s waters. We gathered data from multiple sources: (1) documents, including Indonesia’s national legislation and migrants’ employment contracts; (2) 27 interviews with Indonesian crew; and (3) translation work for New Zealand government ministries, court cases, and film productions. We analyse how recruitment agents are implicated, as seen through the crew’s eyes, in three phases – before departure, onboard the vessels, and following their return home. JEL Classification: J81, F55, F66
COVID-19 Protective Behaviors: The Role of Living Arrangements and Localities
Authors: Cohn-Schwartz Ella , Ayalon Liat 
Published: February 2021

Objectives: Guided by the human-ecological model, we aimed to identify contextual factors related to protective behaviors during the COVID-19 outbreak. Method: Data are based on a nationally representative survey of adults aged 50+ in Israel during the COVID-19 outbreak ( N = 1,019). Regression models predicted three behaviors: using hand sanitizers and masks, stocking up food, and avoiding social meetings. The independent variables were living arrangements (microsystems) and type of localities (macrosystems). Results: Participants who lived alone or lived in rural localities were less likely to adopt protective measures. Conclusion: Policy makers should pay particular attention to adults who live alone or live in rural areas as they might be less likely to adopt protective behaviors and face higher health risks during the pandemic.
Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound for COVID-19: Findings and Prognostic Implications From 105 Consecutive Patients
Authors: Yasukawa Kosuke , Minami Taro , Boulware David R. , Shimada Ayako , Fischer Ernest A. 
Published: February 2021

Background: The prognostic value of point-of-care lung ultrasound has not been evaluated in a large cohort of patients with COVID-19 admitted to general medicine ward in the United States. The aim of this study was to describe lung ultrasound findings and their prognostic value in patients with COVID-19 admitted to internal medicine ward. Method: This prospective observational study consecutively enrolled 105 hospitalized participants with COVID-19 at 2 tertiary care centers. Ultrasound was performed in 12 lung zones within 24 hours of admission. Findings were assessed relative to 4 outcomes: intensive care unit (ICU) need, need for intensive respiratory support, length of stay, and death. Results: We detected abnormalities in 92% (97/105) of participants. The common findings were confluent B-lines (92%), non-homogenous pleural lines (78%), and consolidations (54%). Large confluent B-lines, consolidations, bilateral involvement, and any abnormality in ≥ 6 areas were associated with a longer hospitalization and need for intensive respiratory support. Large confluent B-lines and bilateral involvement were also associated with ICU stay. A total lung ultrasound score <5 had a negative predictive value of 100% for the need of intensive respiratory support. A higher total lung ultrasound score was associated with ICU need (median total 18 in the ICU group vs. 11 non-ICU, p = 0.004), a hospitalization ≥ 9d (15 vs 10, p = 0.016) and need for intensive respiratory support (18 vs. 8.5, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Most patients hospitalized with COVID-19 had lung ultrasound abnormalities on admission and a higher lung ultrasound score was associated with worse clinical outcomes except death. A low total lung ultrasound score (<5) had a negative predictive value of 100% for the need of intensive respiratory support. Point-of-care ultrasound can aid in the risk stratification for patients with COVID-19 admitted to general wards.
Evaluating the Effects of a Trauma Recovery Program for Korean Burn Patients
Authors: Hwang Se Hee , Lim Jung-won 
Published: February 2021

Purpose: The current study aimed to investigate the effects of a trauma recovery program named the “My Special Program for Acute Burn Survivors (SPA)” program in Korean burn patients. Methods: This was a randomized pretest-posttest control group study that included patients with an acute burn injury. Participants in the intervention group ( n = 42) completed the “SPA” program, whereas those in the control group ( n = 43) received standard care. Participants completed baseline and follow-up measures that assessed perceived stress, psychological distress, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Results: The results for perceived stress revealed a statistically significant change regardless of assigned group. For psychological distress, there was an interaction effect of time and condition in terms of the anxiety subscale only. The findings for PTSD revealed a statistically significant decrease in the total PTSD score for the intervention group only. Conclusion: The current study suggests that SPA interventions may help alleviate and prevent negative outcomes among burn patients.