bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of self‐reported obesity among diverse Latino adult populations in New York City, 2013–2017
Authors: Devia Carlos , Flórez Karen R. , Costa Sergio A. , Huang Terry T.‐K. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIntroductionLatinos in the United States represent a heterogeneous population disproportionally impacted by obesity. Yet, the prevalence of obesity by specific Latino group is unclear. Using the New York City Community Health Survey (2013–2017), this study compared self‐reported obesity in the city's largest Latino adult populations (Puerto Ricans, Mexicans, Dominicans, Ecuadorians, and Colombians).MethodsAge‐standardized prevalence using the 2000 Census and prevalence ratios (PRs) for self‐reported obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) by country of origin were estimated using weighted multivariable logistic regression adjusting for socio‐demographic characteristics, health status, and behaviors.ResultsObesity prevalence among Mexicans (36.8%; 95% CI [31.5, 42.4]) and Puerto Ricans (36.3%; 95% CI [31.7, 41.3]) was significantly higher than that among Colombians (23.8%; 95% CI [18.8, 29.5]), Ecuadorians (24.2%; 95% CI [20.7, 28.1]), and Dominicans (27.0%; 95% CI [25.0, 29.1]). After adjusting for covariates, compared to Mexicans, the PRs of obesity remained significantly lower for Colombians (PR = 0.80; 95% CI [0.64, 1.00]), Ecuadorians (PR = 0.72; 95% CI [0.61, 0.86]) and Dominicans (PR = 0.75; 95% CI [0.65, 0.85]). There was no significant difference between Mexicans and Puerto Ricans.ConclusionObesity prevalence differs by country of origin, suggesting that clustering of Latinos in public health research may obscure unique risks among specific groups. Despite group differences, all Latino groups exhibit high prevalence of obesity and warrant renewed efforts tailored to the specific context and culture of each group to prevent and reduce obesity.
Implications of a granulocyte‐high glioblastoma microenvironment in immune suppression and therapy resistance†
Authors: Krishnan Shanmugarajan , Amoozgar Zohreh , Fukumura Dai , Jain Rakesh K 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe failure of anti‐VEGF/R and immune checkpoint therapies to improve overall survival in Phase III clinical trials in glioblastoma (GBM) is considered to be due in part to the prevalent immunosuppression in the GBM tumor microenvironment. Immune suppression is mediated in part by resident microglia and bone‐marrow‐derived myeloid cells recruited during tumor progression. A paper by Blank et al published in a recent issue of The Journal of Pathology proposes a myeloid cell‐mediated mechanism that could contribute to resistance to anti‐VEGF/R in GBM patients. A granulocyte‐rich GBM tumor microenvironment may push the associated microglia/macrophages to exhibit an activated and immune suppressive phenotype. The identification of pro‐angiogenic factors produced by microglia/macrophages and granulocytes in such a tumor microenvironment may offer new targets for improving antiangiogenic therapy of GBM beyond VEGF. Further, consideration of parameters such as IDH status, corticosteroid dosage, tumor mutational burden, gender, vascular function, and pericyte coverage could exploit current immunotherapies to the fullest to reprogram the granulocyte‐rich immunosuppressive GBM tumor microenvironment to an immunostimulatory one. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Health practitioners' perceptions of the barriers and enablers to the implementation of reproductive genetic carrier screening: A systematic review
Authors: Best Stephanie , Long Janet , Theodorou Tahlia , Hatem Sarah , Lake Rebecca , Archibald Alison , Freeman Lucinda , Braithwaite Jeffrey 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundAs interest in reproductive genetic carrier screening rises, with increased availability, the role of healthcare practitioners is central in guiding uptake aligned with a couples' values and beliefs. Therefore, practitioners' views on implementation are critical to the success of any reproductive genetic carrier screening programme.AimTo explore healthcare practitioners' perceptions of the barriers and enablers to implementation.Materials & MethodsWe undertook a systematic review of the literature searching seven databases using health practitioner, screening and implementation terms returning 490 articles.ResultsScreening led to the inclusion of 26 articles for full‐text review. We found three interconnected themes relating to reproductive genetic carrier screening: (i) use and impact, (ii) practitioners' beliefs and expectations and (iii) resources.DiscussionBarriers and enablers to implementation were present within each theme and grouping these determinants by (a) community for example lack of public interest, (b) practitioner for example lack of practitioner time and (c) organisation for example lack of effective metrics, reveals a preponderance of practitioner barriers and organisational enablers. Linking barriers with potential enablers leaves several barriers unresolved (e.g., costs for couples) implying additional interventions may be required.ConclusionFuture research should draw on the findings from this study to develop and test strategies to facilitate appropriate offering of reproductive genetic carrier screening by healthcare practitioners.
Neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Van der Veeken Lennart , Vergote Simen , Kunpalin Yada , Kristensen Karl , Deprest Jan , Bruschettini Matteo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackground: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) reportedly has neurologic consequences in childhood however little is known about the impact in isolated CDH.Aims: Herein we aimed to describe the risk of neurodevelopmental complications in children born with isolated CDH.Materials & Methods: We systematically reviewed literature for reports on the neurological outcome of infants born with isolated CDH. The primary outcome was neurodevelopmental delay. Secondary outcomes included, motor skills, intelligence, vision, hearing, language and behavior abnormalities.Results: Thirteen out of 87 (15%) studies reported on isolated CDH, including 2624 out of 24,146 children. Neurodevelopmental delay was investigated in four studies and found to be present in 16% (3‐34%) of children. This was mainly attributed to motor problems in 13% (2‐30%), whereas cognitive dysfunction only in 5% (0‐20%) and hearing in 3% (1‐7%). One study assessed the effect of fetal surgery. When both isolated and non‐isolated children were included, these numbers were higher.Discussion: This systematic review demonstrates that only a minority of studies focused on isolated CDH, with neurodevelopmental delay present in 16% of children born with CDH.Conclusion: To accurately counsel patients, more research should focus on isolated CDH cases and examine children that underwent fetal surgery.
Influence of digoxin on mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation: Overview of systematic reviews
Authors: Baker William L. , Sobieraj Diana M. , DiDomenico Robert J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOnce a routine part of atrial fibrillation (AF) management, digoxin use has declined. Likely hastening this decline are findings from several studies and systematic reviews identifying a potential association between digoxin use and all‐cause mortality in AF populations. However, inconsistency exists within some of these studies potentially leading to confusion among clinicians. To critically evaluate the current literature to contextualize the associations between digoxin and mortality risk in patients with AF by performing an overview of systematic reviews. We searched MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Database of Systematic Reviews, and SCOPUS from their earliest date through October 12, 2020, to identify systematic reviews (SRs) that included studies enrolling patients with AF or atrial flutter and evaluated the association between digoxin use and all‐cause mortality. We used the AMSTAR 2 tool to assess the risk of bias for each included SR. Results from reviews are qualitatively synthesized. Our search identified 10 SRs that met our inclusion criteria. Of the 41 unique AF studies included in these SRs, 41% were cohort studies, 29% were post hoc analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 15% were RCTs, and 15% were registry studies. Based on our AMSTAR 2 assessment, the overall confidence in the results of the 10 reviews was rated as “moderate” in three SRs, “low” in three SRs, and “critically low” in the rest. Except for one review, each included SR shows that digoxin use in AF is associated with a 15 to 38% higher risk of all‐cause mortality. This association may be greater when AF‐only populations are considered compared with a mix of AF and heart failure populations. Serum digoxin concentration (SDC) data were infrequently considered, but available data suggested a greater association between increasing SDC and all‐cause mortality. This overview of reviews found general consistency regarding the association between digoxin use and higher all‐cause mortality in AF populations. However, heterogeneity exists among and between SRs and an unmet need exists for additional study in a RCT setting with close monitoring and reporting of SDC to better inform clinical practice.
Intraperitoneal administration of lidocaine or tramadol alone or in combination on postoperative pain after ovariohysterectomy in dogs
Authors: Farokhzad Behnam , Sabiza Soroush , Razi Jalali Mohammad , Baniadam Ali 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe present prospective randomized experimental study aimed to assess the intraperitoneal (ip) administration of lidocaine or tramadol, alone or in combination, on postoperative pain management following ovariohysterectomy in dogs. Eighteen healthy female mixed‐breed dogs, aged 1–2 years, weighed 16.7 ± 3.8 kg, were used. Animals were sedated with acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg, intramuscular). Forty minutes later, anaesthesia was induced through intravenous titration with diazepam (0.5 mg/kg) and ketamine (10 mg/kg) and maintained with isoflurane 1.5%. Afterwards, ovariohysterectomy was performed, and prior to the closure of the linea alba, animals received lidocaine containing epinephrine (8.8 mg/kg, ip) in group L, tramadol (4 mg/kg, ip) in group T and lidocaine containing epinephrine (8.8 mg/kg, ip) plus tramadol (4 mg/kg, ip) in the LT group. Cortisol, vital signs and pain scoring systems were evaluated at different time points. Vital signs did not change among the groups. Cortisol level in the LT group significantly decreased compared to the L and T groups one, three and six hours after surgery. Pain scores also did not change among the groups based on Sammarco and Simple descriptive (SDS) scoring method. However, pain scores in the LT group were higher than the two other groups according to the University of Melbourne pain scale (UMPS) and the short form of Glasgow pain scale (CMPS‐SF). According to the obtained results, the combination of lidocaine and tramadol seemed to be able to provide better analgesia compared with their separate administration. Therefore, combined intraperitoneal administration of lidocaine (8.8 mg/kg) and tramadol (4 mg/kg) with a final volume of (0.2 ml/kg) following ovariohysterectomy is recommended.
Effect of filling ratio and backwash on performance of a continuous‐flow SPD reactor packed with PCL as carbon source
Authors: Zhang Shiyang , He Xin , Prodanovic Veljko , Zhang Kefeng 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this study, three up‐flow fixed‐bed bioreactors, named as A, B, and C, packed with polycaprolactone (PCL) under different filling ratios (31%, 62%, and 93%, respectively), were investigated over a long period (96 days). During the stable period, the mean effluent
concentrations in reactors A, B, and C were 1.35 ± 0.50, 1.07 ± 0.41, and 1.03 ± 0.27 mg/L, respectively, which showed the removal of
was not closely related to filling ratio (p > 0.05, one‐way ANOVA). However, it was found that biomass in reactor A was 2.13 and 5.55 times in B and C, respectively. Excessively thick biofilm refrained the enzymatic hydrolysis of PCL and biofilm's specific denitrification rate (SDNR). Backwash stimulated organic matter release and enabled biofilm to restore its denitrification activity. The maximum cycle of backwash was 6 days for the lowest filling ratio reactor. Additionally, the utilization rates for denitrification were 83.3%, 86.4%, and 60.5% in reactors A, B, and C, respectively, which was higher after backwash than before backwash.Practitioner points

Excessively thick biofilm refrained the enzymatic hydrolysis of PCL.
Backwash stimulated organic matter release and enabled biofilm to restore its denitrification activity.
The maximum cycle of backwash was 6 days for the lowest filling ratio reactor.
A higher utilization rate of PCL for denitrification was observed after backwash.
Dispersion of InPZnS/ZnSe/ZnS multishell quantum dots (QDs) in water: extension to QDs with different core sizes and identical shell thickness
Authors: Heyne Benjamin , Geßner André , Wedel Armin , Taubert Andreas 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe have previously shown (Nanomaterials, 2020, 10 (9), 1858) that InPZnS/ZnSe/ZnS multishell quantum dots (QDs) with a variety of shell thicknesses can be dispersed in water using a ligand exchange reaction with mercaptocarboxylic acids. Here, we demonstrate that the concept can further be extended to a larger variety of QD core sizes while keeping the shell thickness constant. The photoluminescence quantum yield of the QDs in the aqueous phase depends on the QD size and the QDs only show a slight red‐shift upon dispersion in water. This provides access to a larger group of particles with different emission colors, which is interesting for application in e. g. biological or medical diagnostics.
Menace and Mitigation of Health and Environmental Hazards of Charcoal Production in Nigeria
Authors: Eniola Philip Olanrewaju 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe use of biomass and biofuels, such as wood, charcoal, petroleum, kerosene, and gas, is becoming competitive based on the level of development of each nation. However, charcoal production (CP) and marketing now tends to be a major business among many households in both rural and urban communities with no consideration of its effects on climate change adaptation. While the research question considers the various definition of climate change adaptation, and the importance of charcoal production in Nigeria, the manuscript speaks mainly of the problems of charcoal production, the lack of planning to address these problems, and the lack of planning to move the communities away from this practice and out of poverty. It addresses the impacts of charcoal production on agriculture, such as lack or loss of labor and destruction of arable lands. The paper discusses the effect of charcoal production on health. Also, the environmental problems of CP are highlighted in the manuscript. The policy frameworks on forestry by the Federal Ministry of Environment 2006 with its flaws will be included. Remedy such as the establishment of a Land Use Planning Agency (LUPAG) and panacea for greening the charcoal value chain issues will be discussed. Lastly, attention is given to the agricultural adaptation strategies to climate change which are capable of reducing charcoal production, such as mixed cropping.
Alveolar bone heights of maxillary central incisors in unilateral cleft lip and palate patients using cone-beam computed tomography evaluation
Authors: Stasiak Marcin , Wojtaszek-Słomińska Anna , Racka-Pilszak Bogna 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Purpose
The aims of this retrospective cross-sectional study were to measure and compare labial and palatal alveolar bone heights of maxillary central incisors in unilateral cleft lip and palate patients, following STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) guidelines.

Patients and methods
The study group consisted of 21 patients with a mean age of 16 years. High-resolution cone-beam computed tomography was performed at least one year after secondary alveolar bone grafting. The experimental side was the cleft side and the contralateral side without congenital cleft was the control. Measurements were performed on incisors’ midsagittal cross-sections. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for intergroup comparisons.

Results
The labial and palatal distances between alveolar bone crests and cementoenamel junctions were significantly greater on the cleft side than on the noncleft side. Mean differences were 0.75 and 1.41 mm, respectively. The prevalence of dehiscences at the cleft side maxillary central incisors was 52% on the labial surface and 43% on the palatal surface. In the controls, it was 19% and 14%, respectively.

Conclusion
The cleft-adjacent maxillary central incisors had more apically displaced alveolar bone crests on the labial and palatal sides of the roots than the controls. Higher prevalence of dehiscences was found on the cleft side. Bone margin differences predispose to gingival height differences of the central incisors. These differences could increase the demands of patients to obtain more esthetic treatment results with orthodontic extrusion and periodontal intervention on the cleft side.
Size for gestational age affects the risk for type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents: a Swedish national case–control study
Authors: Lindell Nina , Bladh Marie , Carlsson Annelie , Josefsson Ann , Aakesson Karin , Samuelsson Ulf 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Aim/hypothesis
Environmental factors are believed to contribute to the risk of developing type 1 diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate how size for gestational age affects the risk of developing childhood type 1 diabetes.

Methods
Using the Swedish paediatric diabetes quality register and the Swedish medical birth register, children with type 1 diabetes diagnosed between 2000 and 2012 (n = 9376) were matched with four control children (n = 37,504). Small for gestational age (SGA) and large for gestational age (LGA) were defined according to Swedish national standards. Data were initially analysed using Pearson’s χ2 and thereafter by single and multiple logistic regression models.

Results
An equal proportion of children were born appropriate for gestational age, but children with type 1 diabetes were more often born LGA and less often born SGA than control children (4.7% vs 3.5% and 2.0% vs 2.6%, respectively, p < 0.001). In the multiple logistic regression analysis, being born LGA increased (adjusted OR 1.16 [95% CI 1.02, 1.32]) and SGA decreased (adjusted OR 0.76 [95% CI 0.63, 0.92]) the risk for type 1 diabetes, regardless of maternal BMI and diabetes.

Conclusions/interpretation
Size for gestational age of Swedish children affects the risk of type 1 diabetes, with increased risk if the child is born LGA and decreased risk if the child is born SGA. Being born LGA is an independent risk factor for type 1 diabetes irrespective of maternal BMI and diabetes. Thus, reducing the risk for a child being born LGA might to some extent reduce the risk for type 1 diabetes.

Graphical abstract
Quantitative verification of Kalman filters
Authors: Evangelidis Alexandros , Parker David 
Published: February 2021

AbstractKalman filters are widely used for estimating the state of a system based on noisy or inaccurate sensor readings, for example in the control and navigation of vehicles or robots. However, numerical instability or modelling errors may lead to divergence of the filter, leading to erroneous estimations. Establishing robustness against such issues can be challenging. We propose novel formal verification techniques and software to perform a rigorous quantitative analysis of the effectiveness of Kalman filters. We present a general framework for modelling Kalman filter implementations operating on linear discrete-time stochastic systems, and techniques to systematically construct a Markov model of the filter's operation using truncation and discretisation of the stochastic noise model. Numerical stability and divergence properties are then verified using probabilistic model checking. We evaluate the scalability and accuracy of our approach on two distinct probabilistic kinematic models and four Kalman filter implementations.
3D-surface MALDI mass spectrometry imaging for visualising plant defensive cardiac glycosides in Asclepias curassavica
Authors: Dreisbach Domenic , Petschenka Georg , Spengler Bernhard , Bhandari Dhaka R. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMass spectrometry–based imaging (MSI) has emerged as a promising method for spatial metabolomics in plant science. Several ionisation techniques have shown great potential for the spatially resolved analysis of metabolites in plant tissue. However, limitations in technology and methodology limited the molecular information for irregular 3D surfaces with resolutions on the micrometre scale. Here, we used atmospheric-pressure 3D-surface matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry imaging (3D-surface MALDI MSI) to investigate plant chemical defence at the topographic molecular level for the model system Asclepias curassavica. Upon mechanical damage (simulating herbivore attacks) of native A. curassavica leaves, the surface of the leaves varies up to 700 μm, and cardiac glycosides (cardenolides) and other defence metabolites were exclusively detected in damaged leaf tissue but not in different regions of the same leaf. Our results indicated an increased latex flow rate towards the point of damage leading to an accumulation of defence substances in the affected area. While the concentration of cardiac glycosides showed no differences between 10 and 300 min after wounding, cardiac glycosides decreased after 24 h. The employed autofocusing AP-SMALDI MSI system provides a significant technological advancement for the visualisation of individual molecule species on irregular 3D surfaces such as native plant leaves. Our study demonstrates the enormous potential of this method in the field of plant science including primary metabolism and molecular mechanisms of plant responses to abiotic and biotic stress and symbiotic relationships.
Graphical abstract