bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The American Thinker
Authors: Brown Amanda 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 establishes Thurman’s place within modern American thought, arguing that he is part of the American pragmatist tradition. Thurman inherited pragmatism from William James by way of W. E. B. Du Bois and Rufus Jones. Du Bois applied James’s ideas about people’s “blindness” to the experiences of others and the theory that social norms could evolve over time, through human agency, to better represent the needs of the democratic whole to his ideas about Black agitation and activism—a school of thinking within which Thurman was educated and nurtured. Thurman’s liberal theological component, especially his mysticism, is best understood through the James-Jones lineage. Rufus Jones drew off of James’s secular theories on mystical experience to popularize a culture of religious seeking and the pursuit of spiritual truth. Informed by his Quaker background, Jones theorized that the individual could reach points of heightened consciousness and could achieve a sense of oneness with a divine truth (James did not specify what this universal truth was, but Jones insisted that it was God). Both James and Jones favored affirmation mysticism—the idea that once a person experienced wholeness with the rest of the universe that he would be motivated and even responsible for attempting to create the same synchronicity within the society that he lived. Thurman, who had mystical leanings since childhood but could never fully articulate his insights on spirituality, felt as though he found a kindred spirit after he encountered one of Jones’s books on mysticism in 1929. The discovery led Thurman to study under Jones at Haverford that spring (with special permission from the college since Haverford did not admit Black students at that point). Thurman emerged from Haverford armed with a sophisticated grasp of affirmation mysticism that he connected seamlessly to his activist education. Through close readings of James, Du Bois, Jones, and Thurman, the chapter argues that Thurman’s pragmatist heritage both establishes him as a distinctly modern American thinker and sets the Fellowship Church—the physical expression of his ideas—as a distinctly modern American institution.
Coloring the Christian Left
Authors: Brown Amanda 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 utilizes Thurman’s biography to comment on the ways in which a dynamic minority point of view pushed the otherwise White-dominated Christian Left to take on a more pluralistic and tolerant identity in the 1920s and 1930s. In line with Du Bois’s theory that minorities have a special insight, or “second sight,” to critique dominant culture, the chapter emphasizes how Thurman and his peers merged the concerns of the colored cosmopolitan community—the “darker peoples” that lived under Western imperialism and American Jim Crow—with the concerns of the Christian spiritual cosmopolitan community whose ideology strived to transcend social position.
Forecasting the Impact of Automation on Jobs
Authors: Estlund Cynthia 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 digs more deeply into the outlook for job destruction and job creation, and adds some theory and data to Chapter 1’s anecdotes about how machines can replace human workers. It reports an emerging consensus among leading scholars that automation is already contributing to the polarization, or hollowing out, of the labor market by destroying more middle-skill jobs than it is creating. And it reports on the more concerning prediction—still a minority view though more than plausible—that machines are destined to produce overall net job losses as they continually whittle away at humans’ comparative advantages. The chapter arrives at a working premise for the rest of the book that straddles those two forecasts: We are facing a future of less work—at least less work for those with ordinary human skills and without advanced education, and perhaps less work overall. While that straddle might seem untenable, either forecast is similarly bleak for most workers—if we do not respond constructively; and when it comes to the shape of a constructive response, both forecasts point largely in the same direction.
Preliminaries to Developing an Account of Honesty
Authors: Miller Christian B. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides relevant background and stage setting. In section 1.1, the focus is on the virtue of honesty, as opposed to honest actions. Section 1.2 then turns to the scope of the virtue, or the kinds of behaviors to which it applies. Here the focus is on cases of lying, misleading, cheating, stealing, and promise-breaking. Section 1.3 wraps up the chapter by outlining four desiderata which any promising account of honesty should attempt to satisfy, with the first one being to develop a response to what is called the ‘unification challenge’ given that honesty pertains to so many different kinds of morally relevant behavior.
Dishonesty and the Virtuousness of Honesty
Authors: Miller Christian B. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Thus far this book has considered the first two desiderata for an account of the virtue of honesty: addressing the unification challenge and avoiding counterintuitive results. This chapter turns to the two remaining ones: helping to provide plausible accounts of the corresponding vice(s) and not threatening the virtue status of honesty. It takes up each of these in order, before ending with a recent challenge to the very idea that honesty is a virtue in the first place. The chapter responds to this challenge and defends the status of honesty as a virtue, even if in some cases it could lead to morally wrong behavior.
Classification and Taxonomy
Authors: Miller Christian B. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
With the explosion of interest in virtue and virtue ethics, one set of issues that has been comparatively neglected is how to categorize moral character traits. There are virtues and there are vices. Each virtue has at least one corresponding vice, perhaps many. Virtues and vices have opposite moral valences. So much is familiar. But many underexplored questions remain: For a given moral domain, are virtues and vices the only options, or could there be intermediate states of character besides these two? Do virtues and vices come in degrees? Are they incompatible with each other, such that by having one of them, one necessarily cannot have the opposing trait? If there is more than one vice for a given virtue, can a person have multiple vices at the same time? This chapter hopes to make some progress in thinking further about these questions.
The Emerging Psychological and Moral Picture
Authors: Miller Christian B. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
How should we make sense of the data reported in the previous chapter, both on psychological grounds and on moral ones too? This chapter will make an initial attempt. First I step back and make some general observations from the data, observations which will then serve as constraints on a plausible psychological account. Then in section 10.2, I propose such an account, drawing extensively on the leading proposal currently offered in the empirical literature. Finally, section 10.3 shifts from the empirical to the evaluative, as we assess whether the emerging psychological picture is one that fits comfortably with the requirements involved in being an honest person.
Degrees of Legitimacy
Authors: Rafanelli Lucia M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the legitimacy objection to reform intervention (that it is impermissible because it disrespects recipients’ legitimate institutions) and argues that legitimacy should be understood as a scalar quality. The chapter argues that not all reform interventions are vulnerable to the legitimacy objection by showing that not all reform interventions are premised on a denial of recipient institutions’ legitimacy. Some reform interventions treat recipient institutions as one should treat fully legitimate institutions; they may be justified even if recipients’ institutions are fully legitimate. Other reform interventions treat recipient institutions neither as fully legitimate nor as completely illegitimate; they may be justified when recipients’ institutions are partially legitimate. Making sense of this requires adopting a scalar notion of legitimacy, which allows us to account for important global political phenomena that binary variants obscure. The chapter also argues we are morally required to open our own societies to reform intervention.
Understand Your Audiences
Authors: Meredith Dennis 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Contrary to what many researchers believe, lay audiences see scientists in a very positive light, meaning that they have a natural credibility. Researchers need to understand audiences in order to communicate effectively. Audiences are “need-to-knowers,” concentrating on topics that are particularly relevant to them. They also communicate within their own values, so scientists need to use communication strategies that take such personal values into account. Scientists also need to “pop their perceptual bubbles” that prevent them from understanding audiences. That is, they need to understand that audiences are not as engaged in science as they are and that their egos should not lead them to use technical terms when communicating with lay audiences.
Organize Dynamic Multimedia Presentations
Authors: Meredith Dennis 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Researchers can synergistically increase the impact of their text, audio, and visuals by integrating them into multimedia packages that present their work in a coherent framework. Multimedia presentations can take many forms. These might include virtual tours of a laboratory or center, explanations of a specific research discovery or research program, or multimedia explorations of a topic. Producing multimedia packages requires not only understanding video and audio production techniques, but also forming production teams to plan, execute, and market the multimedia package. A marketing plan can be done in consultation with your public information officer, committees, administrators, and others. After a multimedia package is debuted, it should be periodically reviewed and feedback invited to improve and update the package.
Should You Be a Public Scientist?
Authors: Meredith Dennis 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Deciding whether to be a “public scientist”—using the media spotlight to highlight important issues—means deciding whether one is a natural explainer. Also, it must be decided how much time and effort can be committed to such outreach and how it impacts research and other activities. Explaining research does offer satisfactions, in that the researcher is contributing to public understanding of science. One problem is that the coverage of science and technology is small and shrinking. That said, opportunities to reach the public directly through websites and social media are considerable. The role of public scientists and the importance of explaining research in general are becoming ever more critical because failure to bridge the information gulf between researchers and the public will hamper, perhaps tragically, our ability to solve the massive global problems we face—climate change, resource depletion, ecological damage, food security, and disease.
Disorienting Empire
Authors: Dufallo Basil 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Disorienting Empire is the first book to examine Republican Latin poetry’s recurring interest in characters who become lost. The book explains the prevalence of this theme with reference to the rapid expansion of Rome’s empire in the Middle and Late Republic. It was both a threatening and an enticing prospect, the book argues, to imagine the ever-widening spaces of Roman power as a place where one could become disoriented, both in terms of geographical wandering and in a more abstract sense connected with identity and identification, especially as it concerned gender and sexuality. Plautus, Terence, Lucretius, and Catullus, as well as the “triumviral” Horace of Satires, book 1, all reveal an interest in such experiences, particularly in relation to journeys into the Greek world from which these writers drew their source material. Fragmentary authors such as Naevius, Ennius, and Lucilius, as well as prose historians including Polybius and Livy, add depth and context to the discussion. Setting the Republican poets in dialogue with queer theory and postcolonial theory, the book brings to light both anxieties latent in the theme and the exuberance it suggests over new creative possibilities opened up by reorienting oneself toward new horizons and new identifications—by discovering with pleasure that one could be other than one thought. Further, in showing that the Republican poets had been experimenting with such techniques for generations before the Augustan Age, Disorienting Empire offers its close readings as a preface to the interpretation of Aeneas’s wandering journey in Vergil’s Aeneid.
Catullan Wanderings
Authors: Dufallo Basil 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
A symbol of disorientation par excellence, the Cretan Labyrinth has become an emblematic image of Catullus’s longest extant work, his “epyllion,” poem 64, on the marriage of Peleus and Thetis. Chapter 4 argues that due to this depiction and others like it of wandering and roaming in the spaces of Rome’s ever-growing empire, Catullus’s oeuvre represents the culminating example of the Republican poets’ interest in becoming lost as a theme related to expansion. After tracking the theme in the fragmentary “neoteric” poets Cinna, Calvus, Caecilius, and Varro of Atax, this chapter proceeds via a series of specific Catullan examples. In poem 22, Catullus underscores the disorientation of the erring self as a special concern by calling attention to each person’s self-delusional error (20). Catullus depicts a disorienting epic-style journey to Asia Minor, a site of Roman expansion, in another “epyllion” on the eunuch priest of Cybele, Attis (poem 63). Poem 61 represents the roaming, androgynous marriage god Hymen as responsible for producing youths to guard Rome’s imperial borders. The wandering course of the Argonauts in poem 64 again directs attention toward Rome’s imperial ambitions in the Greek East, while the fearful errores of the Cretan Labyrinth link the myth of Theseus to the Argonautic story so as to make wandering an ambiguously unifying theme of the poem as a whole. Such geographical movements become unstable analogs in Catullan verse for internal transitions from love to hate, erotic and familial attachment to isolation and abandonment, and even male to female.
Caesar’s Mistakes and Horace’s Errores
Authors: Dufallo Basil 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Although the book’s main concern is with Latin poetry of the Republic proper, Chapter 5 extends its analysis into the “Triumviral Period” (44–29 BCE) and thus closer to the Augustan Age. As Rome fell into a new round of bloody civil conflicts through which two essentially monarchic rulers—first Julius Caesar and then Octavian/Augustus—sought dominion over the whole empire, the poetic conceit of making one’s way through disorienting circumstances became freighted with new meaning. Vergil in the Aeneid was not the only poet to adopt this conceit in response to these events. But recognizing as much requires a different understanding of how the theme of becoming lost relates to the expansion of Roman power and the interplay between Greek and Roman culture. Rather than use the motif to figure travel in far-flung areas of the empire, Horace’s Satires, book 1, with its Epicurean satirist personae vulnerable to some of the same charges of queer attitudes and behaviors as Lucretius, limits its ramblings geographically to Rome and Italy. In doing so, however, it makes them into a means of suggesting the stable—and potentially universal—power of the man already dominant in the whole of the Western empire: Octavian. Horace’s presentation involves a skillful handling of Octavian’s links to the divine, particularly the divinity of his deceased adoptive father, Julius Caesar, whose worship Octavian himself had already introduced into state-sponsored cult. Satires 1 thus reveals awareness of the empire-wide projection of power on which Octavian’s position of leadership was coming to depend.
Epilogue
Authors: Dufallo Basil 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Vergil’s Aeneid has so successfully canonized Aeneas as the paradigmatic Roman hero, in whom Augustan audiences must have seen their own struggles mirrored, that it can be easy to lose sight of the fact that Vergil had to contend not only with the exigencies of his present-day social and political context, but also with the potential for his subject matter to derail itself, go off course onto potentially less successful pathways that the earlier literary tradition had opened up for it. Vergil’s poetic choices about his portrayal of Aeneas’ disorientation are in this sense reorientations of a poetic past that could have resulted in a very different Aeneas from the one whom Vergil does present. By way of rounding off this book—and suggesting some possible avenues for future research—the epilogue considers a number of specific connections between the Republican poetry treated in the earlier chapters and aspects of Vergil’s epic.
Introduction
Authors: Adolphe Bruce 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The Introduction explains the purpose and method of the book: to improve the musical imagination through creative, fun exercises based on improvisational theater games that have been reimagined for musicians. A sense of playfulness and spontaneity is central to this approach. The primary goal of developing the mind’s ear is to improve the ability to imagine and remember music in silence and to be able to hear in the mind music that is printed on the page without the aid of instrument. It is essential to attend to the musician’s inner life, to explore emotions in relation to musical expression, rather than only emphasize the physical challenges of instrumental technique. Strengthening emotional memory as actors are trained to do, as well as deliberately exercising the imagination and the mind’s ear will lead to more meaningful performances, more personal compositions, and will enrich the listening experience. The introduction also addresses related concepts in subsections: Something to Say; On Interpretation; On Performing New Music; Hearing in Silence.
Exercises Involving Groups
Authors: Adolphe Bruce 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
There is an actor in every musician, and these exercises tap into the theatrical nature of music-making. Closer to pure theater games than the other exercises in this book, the exercises in this brief but essential section provide a variety of ways for groups to explore musical and theatrical expressivity without needing to play musical instruments. The exercises here are fun yet challenging experiments that consider issues of tempo, range, dynamics, phrasing, silence, ensemble coordination, communication, conducting, improvised counterpoint, and much more, through the use of spoken text, improvised speech, noises, and movement. These exercises might be used as warmups before group rehearsals, whether of a chorus, chamber ensemble, band, or orchestra. They are designed to support positive group interaction and build trust and confidence while having fun and learning together.
Exercises in Composing
Authors: Adolphe Bruce 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This part is designed primarily with composers in mind, yet while experience writing music would be helpful here, it is not absolutely required to enjoy doing these exercises. The exercises may be done by an individual alone, and they are also useable in a composition class, private lesson, theory seminar, or improvisation workshop. Part V opens with an essay about creativity in general that also explores ideas of truth and beauty in music. Beauty is not discussed in a mundane sense—not in the sense of prettiness or loveliness—but rather the concept of Beauty within music composition as it is embodied in the relation of the parts to the whole, a sense of proportion, and the aptness of technique to the idea expressed. This is followed by a series of exercises designed to inspire musical creativity. These involve a range of approaches, including: imitating models; channeling composers; creating alternatives to existing music; using spoken text as subtext for composition; stylistic juxtapositions and confrontations; altering parameters such as meter; rewriting pre-existing music; using structural analysis to create new music; cutting and pasting; group composing games; versions and variations of a phrase; deceptive endings, detours, and interruptions; and music based on physical manifestations of emotion discovered through acting.
The Critique of Commodification
Authors: Hermann Christoph 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The chapter traces the intellectual history of the term “commodification” and presents major arguments against commodification from different strands of literature. Commodification was introduced into academic discourse in the 1970s by Marxist scholars who analyzed the transformation of culture, the emergence and spread of capitalism, as well as the nature of the welfare state. The term was then picked up by non-Marxist academics in various disciplines, usually to criticize certain kinds of monetary exchange or specific markets rather than capitalism per se. The chapter identifies three major strands of literature with distinctive arguments against commodification: the moral, pragmatic, and materialist critiques. It argues that only the materialist critique is able to see that commodification threatens the livelihood of people and the environment. After discussing differences between the three approaches, the chapter points to an important commonality: all critics of commodification believe that commodification has gone too far in recent decades.
A Theory of Commodification
Authors: Hermann Christoph 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents a novel theory of commodification. According to Marx, commodification is a process by which exchange value comes to dominate use value. Markets, money, and profit-orientation are instruments that facilitate the subjugation of use value to exchange value. However, the book takes market value, rather than exchange value, as the denominator of use value. Market value depends on supply and demand and is open to manipulation and speculation. The chapter, furthermore, argues that commodification is a process and, subsequently, distinguishes between formal, real, and fictitious commodification. Typically, real commodification (the transformation of goods and services) follows formal commodification (the imposition of a price), but in some cases products first have to be standardized in order to become commodities that can be exchanged on a market. Fictitious commodification, i.e., the introduction of quasi-markets in public services and the transformation of service users into consumers, prepares the ground for formal and real commodification.
Consequences of Commodification
Authors: Hermann Christoph 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the major consequences of commodification. It does so by focusing on five spheres that are crucial for social reproduction—healthcare, (higher) education, public utilities, housing, as well as food and agriculture. It then highlights twelve tendencies associated with commodification: the exclusion of potential users; neglect of needs that are not backed by sufficient purchasing power or cannot be satisfied in a profitable manner; focus on those needs whose satisfaction promises high profits, frequently at the cost of needs that are less lucrative; focus on short-term profits at the cost of long-term sustainability; privatization of profits and collectivization of costs; standardization and homogenization; bureaucratization and expansion of management/administration; sacrificing quality for profitability; manipulation and speculation; growing inequality; the marginalization of motivations not based on profit; and more commodification.