bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing vibrissal morphology and infraorbital foramen area in pinnipeds
Authors: Milne Alyx O. , Muchlinski Magdalena N. , Orton Llwyd D. , Sullivan Matthew S. , Grant Robyn A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPinniped vibrissae are well‐adapted to sensing in an aquatic environment, by being morphologically diverse and more sensitive than those of terrestrial species. However, it is both challenging and time‐consuming to measure vibrissal sensitivity in many species. In terrestrial species, the infraorbital foramen (IOF) area is associated with vibrissal sensitivity and increases with vibrissal number. While pinnipeds are thought to have large IOF areas, this has not yet been systematically measured before. We investigated vibrissal morphology, IOF area, and skull size in 16 species of pinniped and 12 terrestrial Carnivora species. Pinnipeds had significantly larger skulls and IOF areas, longer vibrissae, and fewer vibrissae than the other Carnivora species. IOF area and vibrissal number were correlated in Pinnipeds, just as they are in terrestrial mammals. However, despite pinnipeds having significantly fewer vibrissae than other Carnivora species, their IOF area was not smaller, which might be due to pinnipeds having vibrissae that are innervated more. We propose that investigating normalized IOF area per vibrissa will offer an alternative way to approximate gross individual vibrissal sensitivity in pinnipeds and other mammalian species. Our data show that many species of pinniped, and some species of felids, are likely to have strongly innervated individual vibrissae, since they have high values of normalized IOF area per vibrissa. We suggest that species that hunt moving prey items in the dark will have more sensitive and specialized vibrissae, especially as they have to integrate between individual vibrissal signals to calculate the direction of moving prey during hunting.
Evidence of determinate growth in an American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) based on long‐term recapture and osteohistological confirmation
Authors: Rainwater Thomas R. , Woodward Holly N. , Woodward Allan R. , Wilkinson Philip M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDespite the general perception that crocodilians exhibit indeterminate growth, recent long‐term field studies and laboratory investigations have independently suggested that growth in these animals is determinate. In this study, we had the unique opportunity to examine skeletal growth in a wild adult American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) based on change in body length measurements (snout‐vent length) in the field and confirm these findings using osteohistological analyses (presence/absence of an external fundamental system [EFS]) of long bones. The alligator was captured and measured five times over 7 years and exhibited no discernable growth during that period, suggesting skeletal maturity had been attained at or prior to its first capture. Our field assessment of determinate growth in this alligator was osteohistologically confirmed by the presence of an EFS in the animal's humerus, femur, tibia, and fibula. To our knowledge, this study is the first to report determinate growth in a wild crocodilian using both field and laboratory methods, providing further evidence of this growth pattern in crocodilians.
Rational Design of Diphenyldiacetylene‐Based Fluorescent Materials Enabling a 365‐nm Light‐Initiated Topochemical Polymerization
Authors: Zhu Mingjie , Zhu Liangliang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPhotopolymerization of diacetylenes usually requires stringent reaction conditions like high energy irradiation of 254‐nm light or even γ‐rays, which are generally harmful to the human body and thus mild conditions with lower energy irradiation are required. In this study, different diphenyldiacetylene (DPDA) derivatives were rationally designed followed by the investigation of their photopolymerization behavior. It was found that the para‐substituted amino groups could render the absorption band of DPDA bathochromically shifted, ensuring a 365‐nm light wavelength coverage. On this basis, an organogel system was constructed by chemically modifying cholesteryl and lipoic acid onto the DPDA moiety in aromatic solvents. Such uniform self‐assemblies further facilitated to a rather high degree of polymerization by 365‐nm irradiation. As a kind of fluorescent materials, the whole polymerization process of this system can be visualized by a photoluminescent signal.
Adaptive finite‐time control for turbo‐generator of power systems with prescribed performance
Authors: Liang Qi , Yang Qinmin , Meng Wenchao , Li Yunpeng 
Published: June 2021

AbstractControl of turbo‐generator is facing great challenges resulting from more renewable energies injected into power systems, and it is still a challenging task to improve the accuracy and convergence speed when the operation point changes. In this paper, an adaptive finite‐time controller design is proposed for turbo‐generators in the presence of bounded disturbances and unknown system dynamics. Compared with existing methods, the finite‐time stability rather than asymptotic stability or uniformly ultimately bounded (UUB) can be guaranteed and prescribed transient performance can be achieved. First, the constant constraints on the system states and terminal sliding mode (TSM) manifold are proposed to enhance the transient performance. Furthermore, the uncertainties of the system are overcome by the neural network (NN), and both the bounded external disturbances and the reconstruction error of NN are handled by an adaptive term and a robust term. In addition, the important chattering‐free property could be achieved by the boundary layer. Finally, the finite‐time stability of the output in the system is rigidly proved via Lyapunov analysis, and the effectiveness of the theoretical result is substantiated by extensive simulations.
Gastrointestinal symptoms and sensory abnormalities associated with behavioral problems in children with neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Kurokawa Shunya , Nomura Kensuke , Miyaho Katsuma , Sanada Kenji , Iwamoto Chiaki , Naraoka Minori , Yoneda Shintaro , Tomizawa Yoshihiro , Sawae Yukinori , Iwanaga Ryuichiro , Mimura Masaru , Kishimoto Taishiro 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBehavioral problems directly affect the quality of life of caregivers and children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and/or attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and is known to be associated with clinical factors such as gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, sensory abnormalities, intellectual abilities, and use of medication. However, previous studies have not considered these relationships comprehensively. We conducted a cross‐sectional study of 6–12‐year‐old children with diagnoses of ASD and/or ADHD at two hospitals in Japan. Scores for the aberrant behavior checklist (ABC), autism‐spectrum quotient (AQ), and Conners 3, as well as information on daily sleep and exercise, GI symptoms, and Short Sensory Profile, were collected. Each factor was subjected to a correlation analysis to investigate its effect on ABC scores. A stepwise multiple linear regression analysis for the factors with p < 0.05 was performed. Data were obtained from 60 patients with a mean age of 8.3 years; 21 had ASD alone, 18 had ADHD alone, and 21 had ASD + ADHD. The correlation analyses identified six factors associated with ABC severity: (a) methylphenidate use, (b) Conners hyperactivity score, (c) Conners inattention score, (d) AQ score, (e) SSP score, and (f) GI symptom score. The multiple regression showed that “GI symptoms” and “sensory abnormalities” were independently associated with ABC severity. Although further studies are needed to show a causal relationship, appropriate assessment of GI symptoms and sensory abnormalities may help alleviate some problematic behaviors and improve the quality of life of children with neurodevelopmental disorders and their families.Lay summaryBehavioral problems in children with neurodevelopmental disorders are known to be associated with many factors. This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the known factors. We have discovered that “gastrointestinal symptoms” and “sensory abnormalities” were independently associated with Behavioral problems. Our results suggest that it is important for clinicians and caregivers to pay more attention to children's GI symptoms and sensory abnormalities that may not present as obvious symptoms or complaints.
Piloting During a Pandemic
Authors: Emerson Brock 
Published: June 2021

Key TakeawaysFour pilot teams shared experiences with piloting during the COVID‐19 pandemic, emphasizing that thoughtful planning streamlines the piloting process while mitigating the risk of transmitting illness.Remote access to and control of pilot equipment, along with the use of virtual communication platforms, enabled teams to successfully perform pilot‐scale studies.Operating pilot systems through the pandemic allowed teams to respond to drastic changes on a small scale to mitigate risks around full‐scale processes at the treatment plant.
Polymer‐Driven Nitrosamine Formation in Houston's Drinking Water
Authors: Wolde‐Kirkos Abate T. , Joshi Narendra , Thakur Shubha 
Published: June 2021

Key TakeawaysAfter finding nitrosamines in its water system, the City of Houston studied how polymer coagulants and different stages of water purification affect nitrosamine formation.Results showed that as polymer dose increased and as water backwash or recycled water was mixed in, nitrosamine levels increased.Utilities should remove nitrosamine precursors from source water and optimize polymer dosage to reduce nitrosamines in the purification plant and drinking water distribution system.
Biosensors and biomarkers for determining gestational diabetes mellitus and jaundice in children
Authors: Peng Shuangqin , Wang Qin , Xiong Guoping , Gopinath Subash C.B. , Lei Gang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractGestational diabetes and jaundice are the correlated diseases predominantly found in mother and newborn child. Jaundice is a neonatal complication with an increased risk when mother has gestational diabetes. Mothers with diabetes at an early stage of gestational age are at higher risk for hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice) and hypoglycemia. So, it is mandatory to monitor the condition of diabetes and jaundice during the pregnancy period for a healthy child and safest delivery. On the other hand, nanotechnology has displayed a rapid advancement that can be implemented to overcome these issues. The development of high‐performance diagnosis using appropriate biomarkers provides their efficacy in the detection gestational diabetes and jaundice. This review covers the aspects from a fast‐developing field to generate nanosensors in the nanosized dimensions for the applications to overcome these complications by coupling diagnostics with biomarkers. Further, the serum‐based biomarkers have been discussed for these inborn complications and also the diagnosis with the current trend.
Innovativer und nachhaltiger Ersatzneubau von Betonbrücken
Authors: Wirker Andreas , Donner Ralf , Flederer Holger , Bösche Thomas 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDer Ersatzneubau von Straßenbrücken wird künftig enorm an Bedeutung gewinnen. Da die Brückenerneuerung in Deutschland gegenwärtig nahezu ausschließlich am Standort des Bauwerks erfolgt, werden durch lange Bauzeiten erhebliche Verkehrseinschränkungen verursacht. Das hier vorgestellte und von der Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen beauftragte Forschungsvorhaben zeigt Vorgehensweisen auf, mit denen die Bauzeit im Bereich der Verkehrstrasse erheblich reduziert werden kann. Durch separate Lösungsansätze für die Unterbauten, Überbauten und Kappen sowie die Bauverfahren stehen Kombinationsmöglichkeiten für verschiedenste Anwendungsfälle zur Verfügung. Die sofortige Anwendbarkeit einzelner Varianten ist gegeben, da diese vom Regelwerk abgedeckt sind. Für die stringente Anwendung der Fertigteilbauweise besteht die Notwendigkeit, noch weiterführende Toleranzanforderungen im Regelwerk zu definieren. Für einzelne Varianten besteht noch Forschungsbedarf. Mit den erarbeiteten Lösungen kann die Bauzeit vor Ort und damit auch die Einschränkung des Verkehrs um bis zu 66 % verringert und die CO2‐Emmisionen erheblich reduziert werden. Die Kostensteigerung bleibt dabei moderat. Gleichzeitig sollten bei künftigen Vorhaben auch die externen Kosten mit einbezogen werden, da sich dadurch die Vorteile der Fertigteilbauweise noch wirtschaftlicher herauskristallisieren. Eine wesentliche Voraussetzung für die Umsetzung der modularen Bauweise ist die grundsätzliche Bereitschaft, diese anzuwenden.
Neural response to trauma‐related and trauma‐unrelated negative stimuli in remitted and persistent pediatric post‐traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Wang Peng , Peng Zu‐Lai , Liu Lu , An Li , Liu Yu‐Xin , Cao Qing‐Jiu , Sun Li , Ji Ning , Chen Yun , Yang Bin‐Rang , Wang Yu‐Feng 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroductionMost youths who suffer from post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) lose their diagnosis in the first 1–2 years. However, there are few studies on this brain mechanism, and the heterogeneity of the findings is partially due to the different stimuli applied and the mixed trauma history. Therefore, the use of trauma‐related/unrelated stimuli to study the remittance mechanism of earthquake‐induced PTSD could advance our knowledge of PTSD and inspire future treatment.MethodsThirteen youths with PTSD, 18 remitted participants, and 18 control participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), while viewing trauma‐related pictures, trauma‐unrelated negative pictures, and scrambled pictures.ResultsUnder trauma‐unrelated condition, the neural activity of the left hippocampus in the remitted group was between the two other groups. Under trauma‐related condition, the PTSD and the remitted group exhibited higher neural activity in the right middle occipital gyrus than controls. The remitted group showed higher neural activity in the right parahippocampal gyrus and right lingual gyrus under trauma‐related condition than trauma‐unrelated condition, while no significant difference was found in PTSD group.ConclusionPTSD status‐related group differences are mainly reflected in the left hippocampus under the trauma‐unrelated condition, while the hyperactivity in the right middle occipital gyrus under trauma‐related condition could be an endophenotype for PTSD.
Patterns and trends of cancer incidence in children and adolescents in China, 2011–2015: A population‐based cancer registry study
Authors: Sun Kexin , Zheng Rongshou , Zhang Siwei , Zeng Hongmei , Wang Shaoming , Chen Ru , Wei Wenqiang , He Jie 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundCancer is a major concern for children and adolescents worldwide. This study aims to report on cancer incidence patterns at age 0–19 years in 2011–2015 and their trends in 2000–2015.MethodsWe collected data on malignancies in population of 0–19 years submitted by high‐quality population‐based cancer registries in China. Age‐standardized rates by world standard population (WSR) and annual percent change (APC) were calculated.ResultsIn total, 215 cancer registries from 30 provinces contributed datasets during 2011–2015. Twenty‐two registries provided continuous data for trend analysis from 2000 to 2015. In total 16,954 malignancies occurred in 177,416,582 person‐years. WSRs were 93.32 and 96.03 per million person‐years in children aged 0–14 and 0–19 years. Incidence rates were higher in boys than in girls and were higher in urban area than in rural area. In children aged 0–14 years, the top three common diagnostic groups were leukemia, central nervous system (CNS) tumors, and lymphomas in both sexes. In adolescents aged 15–19 years, the top three common diagnostic groups were leukemia, epithelial tumors and melanoma, and CNS tumors in boys and epithelial tumors and melanoma, leukemia, and germ cell and gonadal tumors in girls. WSRs for cancers in 0–19 years of age increased significantly in boys from 2000 to 2005 (APC = 5.3%, 95% CI: 2.3%–8.3%) and in girls from 2000 to 2015 (APC = 1.2%, 95% CI: 0.1%–2.4%).ConclusionsCancer incidence in children and adolescents is on the rise in China. The observed age, sex, and geographical variations in cancer incidence should be used to inform targeted prevention and control policies.
Predicting anxiety in cancer survivors presenting to primary care – A machine learning approach accounting for physical comorbidity
Authors: Haun Markus W. , Simon Laura , Sklenarova Halina , Zimmermann‐Schlegel Verena , Friederich Hans‐Christoph , Hartmann Mechthild 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to explore predictors for anxiety as the most common form of psychological distress in cancer survivors while accounting for physical comorbidity.MethodsWe conducted a secondary data analysis of a large study within the German National Cancer Plan which enrolled primary care cancer survivors diagnosed with colon, prostatic, or breast cancer. We selected candidate predictors based on a systematic MEDLINE search. Using supervised machine learning, we developed a prediction model for anxiety by splitting the data into a 70% training set and a 30% test set and further split the training set into 10‐folds for cross‐validating the hyperparameter tuning step during model selection. We fit six different regression models, selected the model that maximized the root mean square error (RMSE) and fit the selected model to the entire training set. Finally, we evaluated the model performance on the holdout test set.ResultsIn total, data from 496 cancer survivors were analyzed. The LASSO model (α = 1.0) with weakly penalized model complexity (λ = 0.015) slightly outperformed all other models (RMSE = 0.370). Physical symptoms, namely, fatigue/weakness (β = 0.18), insomnia (β = 0.12), and pain (β = 0.04), were the most important predictors, while the degree of physical comorbidity was negligible.ConclusionsPrediction of clinically significant anxiety in cancer survivors using readily available predictors is feasible. The findings highlight the need for considering cancer survivors’ physical functioning regardless of the degree of comorbidity when assessing their psychological well‐being. The generalizability of the model to other populations should be investigated in future external validations.
Different and better than you: The interplay between social identity, moral identity, and social comparison
Authors: Rehman Khan Shazia 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe aim of this research was to answer the question whether moral identity affects the relationship between one's social identity and social comparison. Drawing from the concept of social identity theory, social cognitive theory and self‐consistency theory, it was theorized that moral identity may positively affect the relationship between social identity and social comparison through the importance of group membership for individuals. Two studies were conducted (N = 267, N = 307) for this purpose. The results of the studies lend support to the hypothesized framework, explaining the complex relationship of the moral identity with social identity, and how seeing oneself as moral can fuel social comparison. Thus, the results highlight the boundary condition under which social comparisons will be increased or decreased. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement.
Multi‐level tetrahedralization‐based accelerator for ray‐tracing animated scenes
Authors: Aman Aytek , Demirci Serkan , Güdükbay Uğur , Wald Ingo 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe describe a hybrid acceleration structure for ray tracing. The hybrid structure is a Bounding Volume Hierarchy (BVH) where the leaf nodes are tetrahedralized for a decent ray‐surface intersection performance. We use the hybrid acceleration structure (BTH) in a two‐level acceleration structure for rendering animated scenes. There is a BVH at the top level in this two‐level structure and the proposed hybrid structure (BTH) at the bottom level. We test the proposed two‐level structure (BVH‐BTH) for various animated scenes and obtained promising results against other acceleration structures in terms of rendering times. The two‐level BVH‐BTH structure outperforms the two‐level BVH structure for the tested dynamic scenes.
Local control editing paradigms for part‐based 3D face morphable models
Authors: Ghafourzadeh Donya , Fallahdoust Sahel , Rahgoshay Cyrus , Beauchamp Andre , Aubame Adeline , Popa Tiberiu , Paquette Eric 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe propose an approach to construct realistic 3D facial morphable models (3DMM) that allows an intuitive facial attribute editing workflow. Current face modeling methods using 3DMM suffer from a lack of local control. We thus create a 3DMM by combining local part‐based 3DMM for the eyes, nose, mouth, ears, and facial mask regions. Our local principal component analysis (PCA)‐based approach uses a novel method to select the best eigenvectors from the local 3DMM to ensure that the combined 3DMM is expressive, while allowing accurate reconstruction. We provide different editing paradigms, all designed from the analysis of the data set. Some use anthropometric measurements from the literature and others allow the user to control the dominant modes of variation extracted from the data set. Our part‐based 3DMM is compact, yet accurate, and compared to other 3DMM methods, it provides a new trade‐off between local and global control. We tested our approach on a data set of 135 scans used to derive the 3DMM, plus 19 scans that served for validation. The results show that our part‐based 3DMM approach has excellent generative properties and allows the user intuitive local control.
Thin‐Film Filtration of Difficult‐to‐Filter Suspensions Using Polymeric Membranes
Authors: Lam Zihim , Anlauf Harald , Nirschl Hermann 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFine‐grained particle systems build up a highly consolidated and thin layer on the filter medium and cause a high filter cake resistance. The objective of the novel thin‐film filtration process is an effective mechanical separation of these particle systems using membranes on a vacuum drum filter. The mechanical stability of the membrane is evaluated since a roller is required for the cake discharge and the filtration performance is compared with that of a commonly used filter cloth. Analyses reveal that the surface porosity is the crucial factor for the mechanical stability of the membrane. Furthermore, the filter cloth shows a higher filter media resistance than the membrane. A significant increase in the specific dry mass throughput and a particle‐free filtrate could be achieved.