bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intrathecal Immunoglobulin M Synthesis is an Independent Biomarker for Higher Disease Activity and Severity in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Oechtering Johanna , Schaedelin Sabine , Benkert Pascal , Müller Stefanie , Achtnichts Lutz , Vehoff Jochen , Disanto Giulio , Findling Oliver , Fischer‐Barnicol Bettina , Orleth Annette , Chan Andrew , Pot Caroline , Barakovic Muhamed , Rahmanzadeh Reza , Galbusera Riccardo , Heijnen Ingmar , Lalive Patrice H. , Wuerfel Jens , Subramaniam Suvitha , Aeschbacher Stefanie , Conen David , Naegelin Yvonne , Maceski Aleksandra , Meier Stephanie , Berger Klaus , Wiendl Heinz , Lincke Therese , Lieb Johanna , Yaldizli Özgür , Sinnecker Tim , Derfuss Tobias , Regeniter Axel , Zecca Chiara , Gobbi Claudio , Kappos Ludwig , Granziera Cristina , Leppert David , Kuhle Jens ,   and for the Swiss Multiple Sclerosis Cohort Study
Published: May 2021

ObjectiveWe aimed to determine in relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS) whether intrathecal synthesis of immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG is associated with outcomes reflecting inflammatory activity and chronic worsening.MethodsWe compared cerebrospinal fluid analysis, clinical and magnetic resonance imaging data, and serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL) levels at baseline and follow‐up in 530 patients with relapsing MS. Patients were categorized by the presence of oligoclonal IgG bands (OCGB) and intrathecal synthesis of IgG and IgM (intrathecal fraction [IF]: IgGIF and IgMIF). Relationships with the time to first relapse, sNfL concentrations, T2‐weighted (T2w) lesions, MS Severity Score (MSSS), and time to initiation of high‐efficacy therapy were analyzed in covariate‐adjusted statistical models.ResultsBy categorical analysis, in patients with IgMIF the median time to first relapse was 28 months shorter and MSSS on average higher by 1.11 steps compared with patients without intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis. Moreover, patients with IgMIF had higher sNfL concentrations, more new/enlarging T2w lesions, and higher total T2w lesion counts (all p ≤ 0.01). These associations were absent or equally smaller in patients who were positive for only OCGB or OCGB/IgGIF. Furthermore, quantitative analyses revealed that in patients with IgMIF ≥ median, the time to first relapse and to initiation of high‐efficacy therapy was shorter by 32 and by 203 months, respectively (both p < 0.01), in comparison to patients with IgMIF < median. Dose‐dependent associations were also found for IgMIF but not for IgGIF with magnetic resonance imaging‐defined disease activity and sNfL.InterpretationThis large study supports the value of intrathecal IgM synthesis as an independent biomarker of disease activity and severity in relapsing MS. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:477–489
Ultrasmall Nanocapsules Obtained by Controlling Ostwald Ripening
Authors: Doan‐Nguyen Thao P. , Jiang Shuai , Koynov Kaloian , Landfester Katharina , Crespy Daniel 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe describe here a method to synthesize ultrasmall nanocapsules with a diameter of 6 nm, exhibiting a well‐defined core–shell morphology. Remarkably, the nanocapules are synthesized in a miniemulsion process without the need of large amounts of surfactant as commonly used in the microemulsion process. Ultrasmall nanocapsules with an oil core and a silica shell are formed by the concurrent processes of a sol–gel reaction and Ostwald ripening. Using solvents with different water solubilities and alkoxysilanes with different reactivities, we demonstrate that sizes of obtained nanocapsules depend on the ripening rate and alkoxysilane conversion rate. The method can be also used for encapsulating natural oils such as peppermint oil and limonene. This work shows that the Ostwald ripening phenomenon can be employed beneficially for the preparation of very small colloids.
Synthesis of Rhodium Complexes with Chiral Diene Ligands via Diastereoselective Coordination and Their Application in the Asymmetric Insertion of Diazo Compounds into E−H Bonds
Authors: Ankudinov Nikita M. , Chusov Denis A. , Nelyubina Yulia V. , Perekalin Dmitry S. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA new method for the synthesis of chiral diene rhodium catalysts is introduced. The readily available racemic tetrafluorobenzobarrelene complexes [(R2‐TFB)RhCl]2 were separated into two enantiomers via selective coordination of one of them with the auxiliary S‐salicyl‐oxazoline ligand. One of the resulting chiral complexes with an exceptionally bulky diene ligand [(R,R‐iPr2‐TFB)RhCl]2 was an efficient catalyst for the asymmetric insertion of diazoesters into B−H and Si−H bonds giving the functionalized organoboranes and silanes with high yields (79–97 %) and enantiomeric purity (87–98 % ee). The stereoselectivity of separation via auxiliary ligand and that of the catalytic reaction was predicted by DFT calculations.
Poly (vinyl alcohol)/polylactic acid blend film with enhanced processability, compatibility, and mechanical property fabricated via melt processing
Authors: Liu Zhaogang , Lu Hongchao , Zhang Huili , Li Li 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPoly (vinyl alcohol)/polylactic acid (PVA/PLA) blend film, which is environment friendly and has potential applications in food and electronic packaging fields, was fabricated by melt extrusion casting. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the formation of the hydrogen bonding between PLA and PVA, which improved the compatibility of PLA with PVA, making PLA uniformly dispersed in PVA matrix as small spheres, even when PLA content increase to 15 wt%. In this way, the original hydrogen bond network among PVA was disturbed and the chain mobility of PVA was activated, endowing PVA/PLA blends with lower melt viscosity than bot modified PVA and PLA, and the blend films with the increased crystallinity, mechanical property, and water resistance. Compared with PVA film, the crystallinity, tensile strength and Young's modulus of the blend film with 15 wt% PLA, respectively, increased by 15.1%, 9 and 51 MPa, and the water contact angle enlarged from 23° to 60°.
Monotone convergence rate of norm‐optimal‐gain‐arguable iterative learning control for LDTI systems
Authors: Ruan Xiaoe , Liu Yan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFor a class of repetitive linear discrete‐time‐invariant (LDTI) systems, this paper exploits a norm‐optimal‐gain‐arguable iterative learning control (NOGAILC) scheme. For the scheme, the sequential performance index is additive quadratic norms of the tracking error vector and the incremental input vector, while the argument is the iteration‐time‐variable learning‐gain vector. To balance the importance of the incremental input vector and the tracking error vector, the sequential tuning factors are concerned. By means of matrix theory, the learning‐gain vector and the convergence rate are explicated that indicate that both the tracking error and the optimal performance index are linearly monotonically convergent and the NOGAILC with a smaller tuning factor delivers a faster convergence. Further, for the system parameters existing uncertainties, a quasi‐NOGAILC profile is established and the time‐domain rigorous derivation conveys that the quasi‐scheme is linearly monotonically convergent for the parameters uncertainties within a wider range. Numerical simulations testify the validity and the effectiveness.
Security‐aware optimal actuator placement in vehicle platooning
Authors: Basiri Mohammad Hossein , Pirani Mohammad , L. Azad Nasser , Fischmeister Sebastian 
Published: May 2021

AbstractVehicle platooning, as a large class of cyber‐physical systems, is prone to be under the risk of cyber attacks. One (or more) external intelligent intruder(s) might attack one (or more) of the vehicles participating in a platoon. This paper proposes a general approach to find an optimal actuator placement strategy according to the Stackelberg game between the attacker and the defender. The game payoff is the energy needed by the attacker to steer the consensus follower–leader dynamics of the system towards his desired direction. The attacker tries to minimize this energy while the defender attempts to maximize it. Thus, based on the defined game and its optimal equilibrium point, the defender(s) selects optimal actuator placement action to face the attacker(s). Both cases of single attacker–single defender and multiple attackers–multiple defenders cases are investigated. Furthermore, we study the effects of different information flow topologies, namely, the unidirectional and bidirectional data transfer structures. Besides, the impacts of increasing the connectivity among the nodes on the security level of the platoon are presented. Simulation results for h–nearest neighbor platoon formations along with experimental results using the scaled cars governed by robotic operating system (ROS) verify the effectiveness of the method.
Biosensor as an alternative diagnostic method for rabies virus detection: A literature review
Authors: Zandi Milad , Zandi Sajad , Mohammadi Ramin , Hosseini Parastoo , Teymouri Samane , Soltani Saber , Rasouli Azadeh 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRabies virus as a neurotropic agent causes rabies in humans and animals. Rabies virus transmission usually occurs through direct contact with saliva of rabid animals. However, serological and molecular tests commonly are used in diagnosing rabies but all the detection methods of rabies have some limitations. It is necessary to develop a rapid, effective, and low‐cost biosensor as an alternative tool to detect rabies virus. In this review, we studied related biosensor researches to rabies virus detection for comparing it with other detection test including serological and molecular methods. Given that very limited studies have been conducted in this field, biosensors as quick, effective, and high sensitivity tools can be used in diagnostic of rabies as an alternative tool instead of other detection methods. According to the important role of rapid detection of rabies in the control of infection and public health measures, development of a biosensor as a quick tool can be very significant in the diagnosis of rabies.
Yeast immobilization systems for second‐generation ethanol production: actual trends and future perspectives
Authors: Chacón‐Navarrete Helena , Martín Carlos , Moreno‐García Jaime 
Published: May 2021

AbstractYeast immobilization with low‐cost carrier materials is a suitable strategy to optimize the fermentation of lignocellulosic hydrolysates for the production of second‐generation (2G) ethanol. It is defined as the physical confinement of intact cells to a certain region of space (the carrier) with the preservation of their biological activity. This technological approach facilitates promising strategies for second‐generation bioethanol production due to the enhancement of the fermentation performance that is expected to be achieved. Using immobilized cells, the resistance to inhibitors contained in the hydrolysates and the co‐utilization of sugars are improved, along with facilitating separation operations and the reuse of yeast in new production cycles. Until now, the most common immobilization technology used calcium alginate as a yeast carrier but other supports such as biochar or multispecies biofilm membranes have emerged as interesting alternatives. This review compiles updated information about cell carriers and yeast‐cell requirements for immobilization, and the benefits and drawbacks of different immobilization systems for second‐generation bioethanol production are investigated and compared.
The differential diagnostic value of a battery of oculomotor evaluation in Parkinson's Disease and Multiple System Atrophy
Authors: Zhou Hong , Wang Xia , Ma Di , Jiang Yanyan , Li Fan , Sun Yunchuang , Chen Jing , Sun Wei , Pinkhardt Elmar H , Landwehrmeyer Bernhard , Ludolph Albert , Zhang Lin , Zhao Guiping , Wang Zhaoxia 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIntroductionClinical diagnosis of Parkinsonism is still challenging, and the diagnostic biomarkers of Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) are scarce. This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic value of the combined eye movement tests in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and those with MSA.MethodsWe enrolled 96 PD patients, 33 MSA patients (18 with MSA‐P and 15 with MSA‐C), and 40 healthy controls who had their horizontal ocular movements measured. The multiple‐step pattern of memory‐guided saccade (MGS), the hypometria/hypermetria of the reflexive saccade, the abnormal saccade in smooth pursuit movement (SPM), gaze‐evoked nystagmus, and square‐wave jerks in gaze‐holding test were qualitatively analyzed. The reflexive saccadic parameters and gain of SPM were also quantitatively analyzed.ResultsThe MGS test showed that patients with either diagnosis had a significantly higher incidence of multiple‐step pattern compared with controls (68.6%, 65.2%, and versus. 2.5%, p < .05, in PD, MSA, versus. controls, respectively). The reflexive saccade test showed that MSA patients showing a prominent higher incidence of the abnormal saccade (63.6%, both hypometria and hypermetria) than that of PD patients and controls (33.3%, 7.5%, respectively, hypometria) (p < .05). The SPM test showed PD patients had mildly decreased gain among whom 28.1% presenting “saccade intrusions”; and that MSA patients had the significant decreased gain with 51.5% presenting “catch‐up saccades”(p < .05). Only MSA patients showed gaze‐evoked nystagmus (24.2%), square‐wave jerks (6.1%) in gaze‐holding test (p < .05).ConclusionsA panel of eye movements tests may help to differentiate PD from MSA. The combined presence of hypometria and hypermetria in saccadic eye movement, the impaired gain of smooth pursuit movement with “catch‐up saccades,” gaze‐evoked nystagmus, square‐wave jerks in gaze‐holding test, and multiple‐step pattern in MGS may provide clues to the diagnosis of MSA.
Deep brain stimulation: Challenges at the tissue‐electrode interface and current solutions
Authors: Kolaya Emily , Firestein Bonnie L. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDeep brain stimulation (DBS) is used to treat the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease patients by stimulating the subthalamic nucleus. However, optimization of DBS is still needed since the performance of the neural electrodes is limited by the body's response to the implant. This review discusses the issues with DBS, such as placement of electrodes, foreign body response, and electrode degradation. The current solutions to these technical issues include modifications to electrode material, coatings, and geometry.
A nomogram to predict the cancer‐specific survival of stage II–IV Epithelial ovarian cancer after bulking surgery and chemotherapy
Authors: Zhao Ling , Yu Ping , Zhang Li 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveIn order to predict the survival rate of ovarian cancer patients, multiple independent risk factors are integrated to establish a prognostic nomogram.MethodsCox analysis was used to construct the nomogram. All of the mainly independent factors, which can be used to predict 3‐year and 5‐year survival rates for cancer in the training cohort, were incorporated to establish nomograms. The C‐index, operating characteristic, ROC curves, and calibration plots can show evaluation results of performance.ResultsModel derivation was based on 3277 patients who belong to different races. The best threshold for age was 51, 59, and 67 year old and the older the people, the worse their survival. Meanwhile, many lymph node examinations indicated a favorable survival and the survival of the positive set was worse than of that. In addition, the optional threshold was 64 mm for tumor size and the set larger than 64 mm had a better survival than that less than 64 mm. Univariate Cox proportional hazards regression model showed that the similar worse outcomes were showed in black race, advanced grade, stage T3, stage M1, lymph nodes positive, and CA125 positive compared with the first group. We found that the number of lymph nodes examined and tumor size had an inverse relationship with its corresponding score of CSS in training cases with bulking surgery and chemotherapy.ConclusionsWe developed a model which relatively accurately predicted the prognosis of ovarian cancer by multiple univariate analysis, at the same time, the proposed nomograms exhibit superior prognostic discrimination and survival prediction.
The role of consumer innovativeness and green perceptions on green innovation use: The case of shared e‐bikes and e‐scooters
Authors: Flores Phil Justice , Jansson Johan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe growing awareness of environmental issues can be linked to the demand for green transport innovations. Consumer behavior studies have pointed to the importance of consumer innovativeness (CI) and green perceptions in the adoption of green innovations. The purpose of this paper is to identify how users and nonusers of shared micromobility perceive the greenness of shared e‐bikes and e‐scooters and how CI affects shared microvehicle adoption. The paper also analyses the relationships between green perceptions and environmental referent cognitions—biospheric values, environmental knowledge, ascription of responsibility, and environmental attitudes. Shared e‐bike and e‐scooter users and nonusers in Copenhagen and Stockholm were surveyed using an online questionnaire. Results revealed that users consider themselves innovative and perceive the shared microvehicles as relatively green, while nonusers do not. When comparing users, CI and green perceptions relate to shared e‐bike use, but notably, only CI is linked to shared e‐scooter use. The results also show that environmental knowledge and environmental attitudes are related to green perceptions. The practical and theoretical implications of the results are discussed.
Empirical generalisations in customer mindset metrics
Authors: Mecredy Philip J. , Wright Malcolm J. , Feetham Pamela M. , Stern Philip 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTwo very well‐known empirical generalisations in marketing are Double jeopardy (DJ) and the duplication of purchase law (DoP). These generalisations provide important insights into consumer buying behaviour but require ongoing replication and extension to determine the conditions under which they hold. Surprisingly, despite growing recognition of the role of customer mindset metrics in brand choice, DJ, and DoP have not been extensively tested within this context. We therefore analyse survey data (n = 1862) in three repertoire and two subscription markets to determine whether two key mindset metrics, brand awareness and brand consideration, also follow DJ and DoP patterns. Our study successfully demonstrates that brands with low recognition suffer twice with lower unaided brand recall and lower purchase consideration. While brand recall and consideration follow a linear DJ trend, brand recognition and consideration follow an exponential DJ trend. We also confirm the existence of Duplication of Awareness and Duplication of Consideration patterns. Brands share greater awareness or consideration levels with other highly recognised or considered brands than with lowly recognised or considered brands. However, contrary to the DoP law, we find consistent market partitioning, with category buyers who are aware of, or consider smaller brands also being aware of, or considering other smaller brands at a slightly greater rate than expected. We provide possible explanations for differing DJ slopes and duplication partitions, as well as theoretical and managerial implications.
Substrate Protection in Controlled Enzymatic Transformation of Peptides and Proteins
Authors: Zhao Yan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractProteins are involved in practically every single biological process. The many enzymes involved in their synthesis, cleavage, and posttranslational modification (PTM) carry out highly specific tasks with no usage of protecting groups. Yet, the chemists’ strategy of protection/deprotection potentially can be highly useful, for example, when a specific biochemical reaction catalyzed by a broad‐specificity enzyme needs to be inhibited, during infection of cells by enveloped viruses, in the invasion and spread of cancer cells, and upon mechanistic investigation of signal‐transduction pathways. Doing so requires highly specific binding of peptide substrates in aqueous solution with biologically competitive affinities. Recent development of peptide‐imprinted cross‐linked micelles allows such protection and affords previously impossible ways of manipulating peptides and proteins in enzymatic transformations.
Reduction of door‐to‐balloon time in patients with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction by single‐catheter primary percutaneous coronary intervention method
Authors: Lee Kyong Hee , Torii Sho , Oguri Mitsutoshi , Miyaji Tsuyosi , Kiyooka Takahiko , Ono Yuujirou , Asada Kouhei , Adachi Taichi , Takahashi Akihiko , Ikari Yuji 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe objectives of this study is to confirm reduction of door‐to‐balloon (D2B) time with single‐catheter percutaneous coronary intervention (SC‐PCI) method.BackgroundReduction of total ischemic time is important in the emergency treatment of ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). There have been no established methods in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to shorten ischemic time via radial access. Ikari left curve was reported as a universal guiding catheter for left and right coronary arteries. Several procedure steps can be skipped by SC‐PCI method as the advantage of a universal catheter.MethodsThis study is a retrospective analysis of a total of 1,275 consecutive STEMI cases treated with primary PCI in 14 hospitals. Patients were divided into two groups, SC‐PCI method (n = 298) and conventional PCI method (n = 977). Primary endpoints were door‐to‐balloon (D2B) time and radiation exposure dose.ResultsThe mean age was 68 ± 13 years old. Radial access was used in 85% of participants. PCI success was achieved in 99.5% of participants and the SC‐PCI method was successfully performed in 92.6%. The D2B time was shorter (68 ± 46 vs. 74 ± 50 min, respectively; p = .02), and the radiation exposure dose was lower (1,664 ± 970 vs. 2008 ± 1,605 mGy, respectively; p < .0001) in the SC‐PCI group than in the conventional group.ConclusionPrimary PCI with SC‐PCI method for patients with STEMI demonstrated shorter D2B time and lower radiation exposure dose.
Iron‐Containing Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Nanomaterials Prepared via NaCl Template as Efficient Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Juvanen Silver , Sarapuu Ave , Vlassov Sergei , Kook Mati , Kisand Vambola , Käärik Maike , Treshchalov Alexey , Aruväli Jaan , Kozlova Jekaterina , Tamm Aile , Leis Jaan , Tammeveski Kaido 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIron‐containing nitrogen‐doped carbon catalysts for the electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) were prepared by high‐temperature pyrolysis of glucose, K3[Fe(CN)6], and dicyandiamide or urea as precursors. Sodium chloride was used as a template and a confining agent during the pyrolysis, while graphitic carbon nitride formed from dicyandiamide decomposed at higher temperatures, contributing to the enhancement of the porosity and nitrogen doping. The ratio of the precursors and the template was varied to improve the catalysts′ ORR activity, determined in alkaline solution by the rotating disk electrode method. The ORR inhibition tests by cyanide anions revealed the existence of nitrogen‐coordinated Fe centres as electrocatalytically active sites in the doped catalyst. The high durability and methanol tolerance of the catalyst material prepared with an optimised precursor ratio make it a promising catalyst for applications in alkaline membrane fuel cells.