bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Belastung von Eltern mit Kindern im Schulalter während verschiedener Phasen der COVID-19-Pandemie in Deutschland: Eine Analyse der COVID-19-Snapshot-Monitoring-(COSMO‑)Daten
Authors: Rabe Julia Elisabeth , Schillok Hannah , Merkel Christina , Voss Stephan , Coenen Michaela , De Bock Freia , von Rüden Ursula , Bramesfeld Anke , Jung-Sievers Caroline ,   COSMO-Gruppe, Betsch Cornelia , Korn Lars , Felgendreff Lisa , Eitze Sarah , Schmid Philipp , Sprengholz Philipp , Wieler Lothar , Schmich Patrick , Thaiss Heidrun , De Bock Freia , von Rüden Ursula , Merkel Christina , Orth Boris , Stollorz Volker , Ramharter Michael , Bosnjak Michael , Omer Saad 
Published: November 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Eltern stehen während der COVID-19-Pandemie vor einer Vielzahl persönlicher Herausforderungen, während sie gleichzeitig mit schulbezogenen Maßnahmen zur Pandemieeindämmung konfrontiert werden.

Zielsetzung
Dieser Beitrag fokussiert auf die Belastung von Eltern mit Kindern im Schulalter über verschiedene Phasen der COVID-19-Pandemie in Deutschland und identifiziert besonders vulnerable Subgruppen.

Methoden
Die COSMO-Studie ist eine repetitive Querschnittsstudie zur Erfassung der psychosozialen Lage der Bevölkerung in Deutschland während der Pandemie, mit einer Stichprobengröße von ca. n = 1000 Befragten pro Erhebungswelle. COSMO-Daten zur allgemeinen und elternspezifischen Belastung wurden von März 2020 bis Januar 2021 quantitativ analysiert.

Ergebnisse
Während der ersten COVID-19-Welle waren Eltern mit Kindern im Schulalter – verglichen mit der allgemeinen Studienpopulation – signifikant stärker belastet. Die Belastung nahm jedoch von März/April bis Juni 2020 deutlich ab. Während der zweiten COVID-19-Welle im Januar 2021 war die Belastung über alle Gruppen hinweg homogen hoch. Folgende Faktoren waren mit einer höheren Belastung assoziiert: Alleinerziehendenstatus, niedriges Haushaltseinkommen, eine chronische Erkrankung, eine COVID-19-Infektion sowie ein Migrationshintergrund; wobei diese Faktoren nicht über alle Erhebungswellen hinweg signifikant waren. Mütter gaben an, stärker von elternspezifischen Belastungen betroffen zu sein als Väter.

Schlussfolgerung
Schulbasierte Maßnahmen zur Infektionskontrolle müssen sorgfältig gegen die Auswirkungen auf die elterliche Belastung mit nachfolgenden negativen Auswirkungen auf das Familiensystem abgewogen werden.
Lokal fortgeschrittene oder oligometastasierte Blasenkarzinome – Stellenwert der Lokaltherapie von Primärtumor und Metastasen
Authors: Rebhan Katharina , Gust Kilian M. 
Published: November 2021

ZusammenfassungHintergrundDas muskelinvasive Blasenkarzinom stellt in seiner Behandlung eine besondere Herausforderung dar, da die Therapie mit signifikanten Nebenwirkungen und Komplikationsraten einhergeht, insbesondere bei Patienten mit relevanten Begleiterkrankungen. Im metastasierten Stadium besteht der Therapiezweck in der Palliation, wobei das Vorliegen einer Oligometastasierung eine gesonderte Rolle einnimmt. In diesem Stadium kann auch die Therapie des Primärtumors relevant sein, wenn die Metastasen neben einer systemischen Therapie ebenso lokal behandelt werden können – insbesondere auch in Hinblick auf die über die letzten Jahre die Therapielandschaft erweiternden neuen medikamentösen Möglichkeiten.Ziel der ArbeitIn diesem Reviewartikel sollen die Einflüsse einer definitiven Therapie des Primärtumors bei Patienten mit oligometastasiertem Urothelkarzinom der Harnblase dargelegt werden.Material und MethodenBasierend auf einer nicht-systemischen Literaturrecherche soll ein Überblick über bestehende Ergebnisse zur Therapie des oligometastasierten Blasenkarzinoms in Hinblick auf den Einfluss der Therapie des Primärtumors geben, wobei die Daten meist auf retrospektiven Studien und Metaanalysen bestehen.SchlussfolgerungEine Lokaltherapie des Primärtumors im Rahmen eines multimodalen Therapiekonzepts kann bei selektionierten Patienten mit lymphogen metastasiertem und oligometastasiertem Blasenkarzinom einen positiven Einfluss auf Überleben, Lebensqualität und Vermeidung von Lokalkomplikationen nehmen, wobei für die Wahl der lokalen Therapie dieselben Kriterien angewendet werden sollten wie im nicht-metastasierten Stadium.
One‐Year Outcomes Following Emergency Laparotomy: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ng Zi Qin , Weber Dieter 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundEmergency laparotomies (EL) are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. To date, 30‐day mortality has been predominately reported, and been the focus of various national emergency laparotomy audits. Only a few studies have reported on the long‐term mortality associated with EL. The aim of this study was to review the one‐year mortality following EL.MethodA systematic review was conducted using PRISMA guidelines to identify studies published in the last 10 years reporting on long‐term mortality associated with EL. The data abstracted included: patient demographics, pathology or type of operation performed for EL, post‐operative mortality at 7‐day, 30‐day, 90‐day, 1‐year, beyond 1‐year and inpatient, functional outcomes and risk factors associated with mortality. A quality assessment of included studies was performed.ResultsFifteen studies reporting long‐term outcomes associated with EL were identified, including the results of 48,023 patients. The indications and/or pathologies for ELs varied. The 30‐day mortality after EL ranged from 5.3% to 21.8%, and the one‐year mortality ranged from 15.1 to 47%. The mortality in the six studies focusing on elderly patients ranged from 30 to 47%.ConclusionThe long‐term mortality rate associated with EL is substantial. Further study is required to understand the 1‐year mortality described in the studies and translate these findings for meaningful application into the clinical care of these patients.
Exogenous and Endogenous Triggers Differentially Stimulate Pigr Expression and Antibacterial Secretory Immunity in the Murine Respiratory Tract
Authors: Pausder Alexander , Fricke Jennifer , Schughart Klaus , Schreiber Jens , Strowig Till , Bruder Dunja , Boehme Julia D. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPurposeTransport of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) through the airway epithelial cell barrier into the mucosal lumen by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) is an important mechanism of respiratory mucosal host defense. Identification of immunomodulating substances that regulate secretory immunity might have therapeutic implications with regard to an improved immune exclusion.Thus, we sought to analyze secretory immunity under homeostatic and immunomodulating conditions in different compartments of the murine upper and lower respiratory tract (URT&LRT).MethodsPigrgene expression in lung, trachea, and nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) of germ-free mice, specific pathogen-free mice, mice with an undefined microbiome, as well as LPS- and IFN-γ-treated mice was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. IgA levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), nasal lavage (NAL), and serum were determined by ELISA. LPS- and IFN-γ-treated mice were colonized withStreptococcus pneumoniaeand bacterial CFUs were determined in URT and LRT.ResultsRespiratoryPigrexpression and IgA levels were dependent on the degree of exposure to environmental microbial stimuli. While immunostimulation with LPS and IFN-γ differentially impacts respiratoryPigrexpression and IgA in URTvs. LRT, only prophylactic IFN-γ treatment reduces nasal colonization withS. pneumoniae.ConclusionAirway-associated secretory immunity can be partly modulated by exposure to microbial ligands and proinflammatory stimuli. Prophylactic IFN-γ-treatment modestly improves antibacterial immunity in the URT, but this does not appear to be mediated by SIgA or pIgR.
Interaction of surfactants with barley leaf surfaces: time-dependent recovery of contact angles is due to foliar uptake of surfactants
Authors: Baales Johanna , Zeisler-Diehl Viktoria V. , Malkowsky Yaron , Schreiber Lukas 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Main conclusion
Time-dependent contact angle measurements of pure water on barley leaf surfaces allow quantifying the kinetics of surfactant diffusion into the leaf.

Abstract
Barley leaf surfaces were sprayed with three different aqueous concentrations (0.1, 1.0 and 10%) of a monodisperse (tetraethylene glycol monododecyl ether) and a polydisperse alcohol ethoxylate (BrijL4). After 10 min, the surfactant solutions on the leaf surfaces were dry leading to surfactant coverages of 1, 10 and 63 µg cm−2, respectively. The highest surfactant coverage (63 µg cm−2) affected leaf physiology (photosynthesis and water loss) rapidly and irreversibly and leaves were dying within 2–6 h. These effects on leaf physiology did not occur with the lower surfactant coverages (1 and 10 µg cm−2). Directly after spraying of 0.1 and 1.0% surfactant solution and complete drying (10 min), leaf surfaces were fully wettable for pure water and contact angles were 0°. Within 60 min (0.1% surfactant) and 6 h (1.0% surfactant), leaf surfaces were non-wettable again and contact angles of pure water were identical to control leaves. Scanning electron microscopy investigations directly performed after surfactant spraying and drying indicated that leaf surface wax crystallites were partially or fully covered by surfactants. Wax platelets with unaltered microstructure were fully visible again within 2 to 6 h after treatment with 0.1% surfactant solutions. Gas chromatographic analysis showed that surfactant amounts on leaf surfaces continuously disappeared over time. Our results indicate that surfactants, applied at realistic coverages between 1 and 10 µg cm−2 to barley leaf surfaces, leading to total wetting (contact angles of 0°) of leaf surfaces, are rapidly taken up by the leaves. As a consequence, leaf surface non-wettability is fully reappearing. An irreversible damage of the leaf surface fine structure leading to enhanced wetting and increased foliar transpiration seems highly unlikely at low surfactant coverages of 1 µg cm−2.
Perspectives, past, present and future: the proline cycle/proline-collagen regulatory axis
Authors: Phang James M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn the 35 years since the introduction of the “proline cycle”, its relevance to human tumors has been widely established. These connections are based on a variety of mechanisms discovered by many laboratories and have stimulated the search for small molecule inhibitors to treat cancer or metastases. In addition, the multi-layered connections of the proline cycle and the role of proline and hydroxyproline in collagen provide an important regulatory link between the extracellular matrix and metabolism.
Die “history of safe use” im europäischen Gentechnikrecht
Authors: Spranger Tade Matthias 
Published: November 2021

ZusammenfassungDie “grüne” Gentechnik ist seit jeher ein spannungsreiches Feld: Während die
Befürworter im Interesse hehrer Ziele eine “technikfreundlichere” Regulierung fordern und
sozioökonomischen Bedenken die Existenzberechtigung absprechen, verweisen Kritiker auf mögliche
Risiken für Mensch und Umwelt, aber auch darauf, dass Gentechnik oftmals als Projektionsfläche
für nicht eingelöste Heilsversprechen genutzt wird. Mit der Erfindung der Genom-Editierung hat
der ohnehin recht offensiv geführte Diskurs nochmals an Schärfe gewonnen. Das 2018 ergangene
Urteil des EuGH in der Rechtssache C-528/16 hat zwar grundlegende Weichenstellungen für eine möglichst
umfassende Gentechnik-Regulierung vorgenommen, bietet aber auch Anlass zur Entwicklung von Umgehungsstrategien.
Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht den in diesem Kontext besonders wichtigen Terminus der “history
of safe use”.
Synchronous development in open-source projects: A higher-level perspective
Authors: Bock Thomas , Hunsen Claus , Joblin Mitchell , Apel Sven 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMailing lists are a major communication channel for supporting developer coordination in open-source software projects. In a recent study, researchers explored temporal relationships (e.g., synchronization) between developer activities on source code and on the mailing list, relying on simple heuristics of developer collaboration (e.g., co-editing files) and developer communication (e.g., sending e-mails to the mailing list). We propose two methods for studying synchronization between collaboration and communication activities from a higher-level perspective, which captures the complex activities and views of developers more precisely than the rather technical perspective of previous work. On the one hand, we explore developer collaboration at the level of features (not files), which are higher-level concepts of the domain and not mere technical artifacts. On the other hand, we lift the view of developer communication from a message-based model, which treats each e-mail individually, to a conversation-based model, which is semantically richer due to grouping e-mails that represent conceptually related discussions. By means of an empirical study, we investigate whether the different abstraction levels affect the observed relationship between commit activity and e-mail communication using state-of-the-art time-series analysis. For this purpose, we analyze a combined history of 40 years of data for three highly active and widely deployed open-source projects:QEMU,BusyBox, andOpenSSL. Overall, we found evidence that a higher-level view on the coordination of developers leads to identifying a stronger statistical dependence between the technical activities of developers than a less abstract and rather technical view.
Sharing Our Concepts with Machines
Authors: Butlin Patrick 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAs AI systems become increasingly competent language users, it is an apt moment to consider what it would take for machines to understand human languages. This paper considers whether either language models such as GPT-3 or chatbots might be able to understand language, focusing on the question of whether they could possess the relevant concepts. A significant obstacle is that systems of both kinds interact with the world only through text, and thus seem ill-suited to understanding utterances concerning the concrete objects and properties which human language often describes. Language models cannot understand human languages because they perform only linguistic tasks, and therefore cannot represent such objects and properties. However, chatbots may perform tasks concerning the non-linguistic world, so they are better candidates for understanding. Chatbots can also possess the concepts necessary to understand human languages, despite their lack of perceptual contact with the world, due to the language-mediated concept-sharing described by social externalism about mental content.
Quantitative and qualitative study of endogenous and exogenous growth regulators in eggplant (Solanum melongena) microspore cultures
Authors: Calabuig-Serna Antonio , Camacho-Fernández Carolina , Mir Ricardo , Porcel Rosa , Carrera Esther , López-Díaz Isabel , Seguí-Simarro Jose M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn eggplant microspore embryogenesis, embryos are produced and then transformed into undifferentiated calli, instead of developing as true embryos. This is the main current bottleneck that precludes this process from being efficient. In this work we aimed to shed light on the factors involved in the successful in vitro development of eggplant haploid embryos by evaluating the role of growth regulators (GRs) in this process. We analyzed the endogenous levels of different GRs, including auxins, cytokinins and gibberelins, as well as salicylic, jasmonic and abscisic acid, in microspores and microspore-derived embryos at different culture stages. We also analyzed the same GR profiles in leaf and anther wall tissues of different eggplant backgrounds. Finally, we assessed the application of different GR combinations to the culture medium. Our results showed that in eggplant there are no genotype-specific endogenous GR profiles that can be associated to a high embryogenic response. Instead, the embryogenic response seems related to different GR accumulation patterns during in vitro culture. The changes observed in the endogenous levels of salicylic and abscisic acid were not related to the embryo transition. There were, however, changes in the levels of indole acetic acid and dihydrozeatin. The best GR combination to promote callus production was 0.5 mg/L 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 0.5 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). A 20% reduction of NAA and BAP reduced embryo production but produced structures more anatomically similar to embryos. These results shed light on the role of GRs during the development of microspore-derived embryos in eggplant microspore cultures.
Using chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy to fight glioblastoma multiforme: past, present and future developments
Authors: Soler David C. , Kerstetter-Fogle Amber , McCormick Thomas S. , Sloan Andrew E. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntroductionGlioblastoma multiforme (GBM) constitutes one of the deadliest tumors to afflict humans, although it is still considered an orphan disease. Despite testing multiple new and innovative therapies in ongoing clinical trials, the median survival for this type of malignancy is less than two years after initial diagnosis, regardless of therapy. One class of promising new therapies are chimeric antigen receptor T cells or CAR-T which have been shown to be very effective at treating refractory liquid tumors such as B-cell malignancies. However, CAR-T effectivity against solid tumors such as GBM has been limited thus far.MethodsA Pubmed, Google Scholar, Directory of Open Access Journals, and Web of Science literature search using the terms chimeric antigen receptor or CAR-T, GBM, solid tumor immunotherapy, immunotherapy, and CAR-T combination was performed for publication dates between January 1987 and November 2021.ResultsIn the current review, we present a comprehensive list of CAR-T cells developed to treat GBM, we describe new possible T-cell engineering strategies against GBM while presenting a short introductory history to the reader regarding the origin(s) of this cutting-edge therapy. We have also compiled a unique list of anti-GBM CAR-Ts with their specific protein sequences and their functions as well as an inventory of clinical trials involving CAR-T and GBM.ConclusionsThe aim of this review is to introduce the reader to the field of T-cell engineering using CAR-Ts to treat GBM and describe the obstacles that may need to be addressed in order to significantly delay the relentless growth of GBM.
Attention to dividends, inattention to earnings?
Authors: Ham Charles G. , Kaplan Zachary R. , Utke Steven 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe examine whether dividends serve as substitutes or complements to accounting information in firm valuation. Consistent with dividends substituting for earnings information, we find that dividend paying firms have 11%–15% lower earnings response coefficients (ERCs) than non-payers. We find more substitution when the dividend provides a stronger signal of permanent earnings: when the firm is less likely to cut the dividend, when the firm is likely to fund the dividend out of earnings rather than cash reserves, or when the dividend is larger. We then show that dividend payers have lower absolute returns, less trading volume, and fewer analyst forecasts at the earnings announcement (EA), suggesting that dividend payers attract less attention to their less informative EAs. Finally, we show that the lower EA attention translates into less earnings management and fewer earnings-related disclosures for dividend payers relative to non-payers. Collectively, this evidence suggests that dividends supply information about permanent earnings and, although costly, could be an efficient way for some firms to satisfy investors’ demand for earnings information.
Insurance decisions under nonperformance risk and ambiguity
Authors: Lambregts Timo R. , van Bruggen Paul , Bleichrodt Han 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAn important societal problem is that people underinsure against risks that are unlikely or occur in the far future, such as natural disasters and long-term care needs. One explanation is that uncertainty about the risk of non-reimbursement induces ambiguity averse and risk prudent decision makers to take out less insurance. We set up an insurance experiment to test this explanation. Consistent with the theoretical predictions, we find that the demand for insurance is lower when the nonperformance risk is ambiguous than when it is known and when decision makers are risk prudent. We cannot attribute the lower take-up of insurance to our measure of ambiguity aversion, probably because ambiguity attitudes are richer than aversion alone.
Impact of thrombus burden on long-term clinical outcomes in patients with either anterior or non-anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Scarparo Paola , van Gameren Menno , Wilschut Jeroen , Daemen Joost , Den Dekker Wijnand K. , Zijlstra Felix , Van Mieghem Nicolas M. , Diletti Roberto 
Published: November 2021

AbstractLarge thrombus burden (LTB) during ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) could translate into worse clinical outcomes. The impact of a LTB in terms of long-term clinical outcomes on different myocardial infarct territories has not yet been fully evaluated. From April 2002 to December 2004, consecutive patients with STEMI undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with drug eluting stent were evaluated. The study sample was stratified in two groups: anterior STEMI and non-anterior STEMI. LTB was considered as a thrombus larger than or equal to 2-vessel diameters, and small thrombus burden less than 2-vessel diameters. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were evaluated at 10-year and survival data were collected up to 15-year. A total of 812 patients were evaluated, 6 patients were excluded due to inadequate angiographic images, 410 (50.9%) had an anterior STEMI and 396 (49.1%) a non-anterior STEMI. Patients with LTB had higher rates of 10-year mortality (aHR 2.27, 95%CI 1.42–3.63; p = 0.001) and 10-year MACE (aHR 1.46, 95%CI 1.03–2.08; p = 0.033) in anterior STEMI, but not in non-anterior STEMI (aHR 0.78, 95%CI 0.49–1.24; p = 0.298; aHR 0.71, 95%CI 0.50–1.02; p = 0.062). LTB was associated with increased 30-day mortality (aHR 5.60, 95%CI 2.49–12.61; p < 0.001) and 30-day MACE (aHR 2.72, 95%CI 1.45–5.08; p = 0.002) in anterior STEMI, but not in non-anterior STEMI (aHR 0.39, 95%CI 0.15–1.06; p = 0.066; aHR 0.67, 95%CI 0.31–1.46; p = 0.316). Beyond 30-day, LTB had no impact on mortality and MACE in both groups. In anterior STEMI, LTB is associated with worse long-term clinical outcomes, this effect was driven by early events.