bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Capacity for childhood obesity research in Latin American and US Latino populations: State of the field, challenges, opportunities, and future directions
Authors: Salvo Deborah , Parra Diana C. , Jáuregui Alejandra , Reséndiz Eugen , Garcia‐Olvera Armando , Velazquez Daniel , Aguilar‐Farias Nicolas , Colón‐Ramos Uriyoán , Hino Adriano A. , Kohl Harold W. ( Bill) , Pratt Michael , Ramirez Varela Andrea , Ramirez‐Zea Manuel , Rivera Juan A. 
Published: April 2021

SummaryChildhood obesity is a major problem in Latin America and among US Latinos. Effective public health policies require contextually relevant evidence to guide them, which demands sustained research capacity. The objectives of this study are to determine research productivity in Latin America and in the United States focused on Latino populations and examine domains of research capacity (research infrastructure, training programs, mentoring, funding, and networks). We conducted a scoping review of indexed childhood obesity‐related articles published June 2015–December 2019. We collected data on perceptions of capacity for childhood obesity research among Latin American investigators through an online survey. We identified 612 childhood obesity‐related articles (505 from Latin America, 124 from the United States, and 17 US–Latin America collaborations). Brazil, Mexico, Chile, Colombia, and the United States are the top publishing countries. There are similar numbers of obesity, nutrition, and physical activity articles, but physical activity research capacity lagged in other domains (research training, funding, and networking opportunities). Complementary research areas, including sedentary behavior, systems science, and policy studies, are uncommon in Latin America but more prevalent in the United States, whereas sleep research is nascent across settings. Realizing the promise of an effective cross‐border collaborative childhood obesity prevention agenda will require committed investment in all domains of research capacity and across all relevant topics.
Is the right ventricular function affected by permanent pacemaker?
Authors: Sinkar Kunal , Bachani Neeta , Bagchi Avishek , Jadwani Jaipal , Panicker Gopi Krishna , Bansal Raghav , Mahajan Ankit , Lokhandwala Yash 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimsThe effect of right ventricular (RV) pacing on left ventricular (LV) function has been extensively evaluated, but the effect on RV function per se has not been evaluated systematically. We aimed to assess the effect of dual chamber pacemaker on RV function.Methods and ResultsAll consecutive patients undergoing dual chamber pacemaker from January 2018 to March 2019 for AV block with a structurally normal heart were included. They underwent pre‐procedure detailed echocardiography (including three‐dimensional [3D] RV ejection fraction [RVEF]), a screening echocardiogram 2 days after pacemaker implantation and again a detailed echocardiogram at 6‐month follow‐up. We compared the baseline echocardiographic RV parameters with those 6 months after the pacemaker implantation. A total of 60 patients underwent successful pacemaker implantation. At 6 months, most of the patients were pacemaker dependent with pacing percentage of 98.9% ± 2.4%; there was a significant increase in TR and a mean drop in RVEF by 2.8 ± 5%, with 23 (38.3%) having at least a 5% decrease in RVEF. The drop in RVEF positively correlated with TR vena contracta at 6 months but did not correlate with pulmonary artery systolic pressure at 6 months.ConclusionOur study shows the presence of demonstrable RV dysfunction as early as 6 months in a majority of patients who have undergone pacemaker implantation.
The Changing Age Distribution of the United States
Authors: Preston Samuel H. , Vierboom Yana C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe age distribution of a population is a product of a century of demographic history. This paper describes how the history of births, deaths, and migrations has fashioned the US age distribution in 2018. It also shows how that history, combined with contemporary processes, was actively producing changes in the age distribution between 2013 and 2018. Changes in survivorship, migration, and births all contributed to population aging during this period, with a declining growth rate of births the leading contributor. Using a novel approach, the paper demonstrates how the inertia reflected in changing age distributions sheds light on the future population of the United States. Massive growth in the population above age 70 will occur by 2033 if recent age patterns of age‐specific mortality and migration are maintained.
The effect of rituximab on the quality of life of children with refractory nephrotic syndrome
Authors: Takahashi Toshiyuki , Okamoto Takayuki , Yokota Isao , Sato Yasuyuki , Hayashi Asako , Ueda Yasuhiro , Aoyagi Hayato , Ueno Michihiko , Kobayashi Norio , Uetake Kimiaki , Nakanishi Masanori , Ariga Tadashi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundRituximab (RTX) is an effective treatment for maintaining remission in patients with nephrotic syndrome (NS), but there are few reports on the effect of RTX treatment on quality of life (QOL). The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of periodically repeated RTX treatment from the perspective of QOL.MethodsWe systematically assessed the QOL of pediatric patients with refractory NS and parents’ perceptions of their children’s QOL through a 2 year RTX treatment protocol. Pediatric patients from Hokkaido University Hospital with refractory NS who met our specific criteria were enrolled between January 2015 and December 2015. The RTX infusion was performed 4 times at 6‐month intervals, followed by mizoribine administration with early discontinuation of calcineurin inhibitors. Quality of life scores were measured by the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory version 4.0 (PedsQL) at each RTX administration and evaluated 2 years later.ResultsTwenty‐two patients were analyzed. The patients’ QOL and their parents’ perceptions of their QOL improved over our 2 year treatment protocol. Nevertheless, the parents' scores were lower than the patients’ scores on all scales, with slower improvement.ConclusionsOur treatment protocol showed a significant improvement of QOL in patients with refractory NS. Although the risk of the RTX treatment should be considered, the treatment is useful for patients with refractory NS.
Prophylactic antithrombotic management in adult and pediatric kidney transplantation: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Bapistella Sascha , Zirngibl Matthias , Buder Kathrin , Toulany Nikan , Laube Guido F. , Weitz Marcus 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundRGT is a major cause for early graft loss after KTx. Although evidence‐based recommendations are lacking, aP is often used to prevent RGT. This systematic review aimed to determine the effectiveness and safety of aP in adult and pediatric KTx recipients.MethodsMEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, conference proceedings, and electronic databases for trial registries were searched for eligible studies using search terms relevant to this review (April 21, 2020). The systematic review was carried out following the recommendations of the Cochrane Collaboration and the Prefered Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) Statement.ResultsTwelve studies comprising 2370 patients (adult = 1415, pediatric = 955) were included, of which three were RCTs. The overall risk for developing RGT was lower in the group with aP compared with the control group (RR 0.24, 95% confidence interval 0.12–0.49). The antithrombotic drugs used were heparin (7/12), acetylsalicylic acid (2/12), a combination of both (2/12), and dipyridamole (1/12) with a high variability in timing, dosing, and mode of application. Adverse effects were reported rarely, with minor bleeding as the main complication. The non‐randomized studies had significant risks of bias in the domains of patient selection, confounder, and measurement of outcomes.ConclusionBased on pooled analysis, aP seems to reduce the risk of RGT in KTx. However, the reliability of these results is limited, as the quality of the available studies is poor and information on adverse effects associated with aP is scarce. Additional high‐quality research is urgently needed to provide sufficient data supporting the use of aP in KTx.
Genetic variability and evolutionary dynamics of tomato black ring virus population
Authors: Budzyńska Daria , Hasiów‐Jaroszewska Beata , Elena Santiago F. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTomato black ring virus (TBRV) is an important pathogen infecting a wide range of plant species worldwide. Phylogenetic studies of TBRV have already been conducted, although limited by the use of short genomic regions or a reduced amount of isolates. In the present study, we carried out an exhaustive phylogenetic and population genetic analysis based on the coat protein gene (CP) sequence of 57 TBRV isolates originating from different host plants and European geographic regions (47 isolates from Poland, 8 from Lithuania, one from the UK, and one from Hungary). Moreover, the selective pressure acting on particular codons and coevolution of amino acid residues in the CP were analysed. The results clearly showed that the TBRV population is being shaped by recombination and both positive and purifying selection. The analyses revealed that the placement of TBRV isolates in the phylogenetic trees was nonrandom, with isolates clustering according to host plant families and geographic origin.
Visual pedagogy‐guided toothbrushing training to enhance fine motor skills in individuals with intellectual disabilities and impaired fine motor skills
Authors: Tangnuntachai Nichruethai , Smutkeeree Apiwan , Jirarattanasopha Varangkanar , Leelataweewud Pattarawadee 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimsTo evaluate the effect of visual pedagogy‐guided toothbrushing training on oral hygiene, toothbrushing ability, and fine motor skills in individuals with intellectual disability (ID) and impaired fine motor skills.MethodsThis quasi‐experimental study comprised 37 subjects aged 6–24 years. The plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), toothbrushing ability, and fine motor skills were evaluated before and after 3 and 6 months of individual visual pedagogy‐guided toothbrushing training. Friedman's post hoc test and Spearman's correlation coefficient were used for statistical analyses.ResultsThe PI, GI, toothbrushing ability, and fine motor skills of the 23 subjects who remained in the study at the 6‐month follow‐up period significantly improved from those measured at baseline (p < 0.05). A significant association was observed between the improvements in both toothbrushing ability and fine motor skills (p < 0.05).ConclusionsVisual pedagogy‐guided toothbrushing training could improve the oral hygiene and toothbrushing ability of individuals with ID and impaired fine motor skills. Moreover, improvements in the toothbrushing ability could enhance the fine motor skills of these individuals.
On regional integration, fiscal income, and GDP per capita
Authors: Han Yutao , Song Zhen 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis paper investigates the economic impacts of regional integration on a small, less developed jurisdiction in a dynamic fiscal competition environment. The trade‐offs between the economic benefits and the loss of policy flexibility resulting from integration are analyzed from the perspectives of fiscal revenue and GDP per capita. Our results show that the small jurisdiction's loss of flexibility in policymaking can dominate the other effects of integration. Specifically, if the small jurisdiction's efficiency in providing public inputs is originally sufficiently high (low), regional integration always reduces (improves) its net revenue, independently of the extent of efficiency improvement due to integration. However, when the small jurisdiction's efficiency is originally intermediate, the impact on net revenue crucially depends on the magnitude of the efficiency effect. Our analysis also characterizes the trade‐offs resulting from integration between policy flexibility on the one hand and capital mobility and fiscal equalization on the other.
Is America coming apart? Socioeconomic segregation in neighborhoods, schools, workplaces, and social networks, 1970–2020
Authors: Mijs Jonathan J. B. , Roe Elizabeth L. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAs income inequality in the United States has reached an all‐time high, commentators from across the political spectrum warn about the social implications of these economic changes. America, they fear, is “coming apart” as the gap between the rich and poor grows into a fault line. This paper provides a comprehensive review of empirical scholarship in sociology, education, demography, and economics in order to address the question: How have five decades of growing economic inequality shaped America's social landscape? We find that growing levels of income inequality have been accompanied by increasing socioeconomic segregation across (1) friendship networks and romantic partners, (2) residential neighborhoods, (3) K‐12 and university education, and (4) workplaces and the labor market. The trends documented in this review give substance to commentators' concerns: compared to the 1970s, rich and poor Americans today are less likely to know one another and to share the same social spaces. The United States is a nation divided.
Identifying road avoidance behavior using time‐geography for red deer in Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada
Authors: Loraamm Rebecca , Anderson James , Burch Claire 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAnalysis of animal movement as a complex spatiotemporal signal attenuated by behavioural and contextual factors comprises a recent perspective in the time‐geographic study of movement. For their significant ecological and human impacts, animal–roadway interactions have become a particularly important subject matter in this arena. Analyses relying on spatiotemporal aggregation or reductive modelling of the information held in movement trajectories may overlook the influences of behaviour and environmental context. Towards expanding perspectives on animal movement and roadway interactions, this research acknowledges and characterizes the varying influence of temporally dynamic elements in the environmental context at fine spatiotemporal scales. In particular, these elements are hourly traffic volumes and their effect on the probability of animal–roadway interactions. A set of methods from time geography and signal analysis, including the probabilistic space‐time prism, comprehensive probability surface, and cross‐correlation were combined to provide for serial comparison of hourly roadway interaction probabilities and traffic volumes for red deer (Cervus elaphus) tracked in Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada. Results suggest a cyclical, diurnal repulsion in roadway interaction probabilities from periods of higher traffic volume at the hourly scale in the study area, consistent with prior theoretical and empirical findings on ungulates living in similar environmental settings.
Clinical risk score for predicting invasive fungal disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Analysis of the China Assessment of Antifungal Therapy in Hematological Diseases (CAESAR) study
Authors: Sun Yuqian , Hu Jiong , Huang He , Chen Jing , Li Jianyong , Ma Jun , Li Juan , Liang Yingmin , Wang Jianmin , Li Yan , Yu Kang , Hu Jianda , Jin Jie , Wang Chun , Wu Depei , Xiao Yang , Huang Xiaojun 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackground and objectiveInvasive fungal disease (IFD) is associated with a high mortality for patients with hematological malignancies undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT). This study aimed not only to develop a proven/probable IFD risk‐scoring model but to identify high‐risk populations that would benefit from anti‐fungal prophylaxis.MethodsData from the China Assessment of Antifungal Therapy in Hematological Diseases (CAESAR) study were retrieved, and all patients (n = 1053) undergoing allo‐HSCT were randomly divided into the training set (n = 685) for model development and the validation set (n = 368) for model verification. A weighted risk score for proven or probable IFD was established through multivariate logistic regression analysis.ResultsThe study population had a mean age of 28.95 years and the majority underwent myeloablative transplantation in complete remission 1 (53.4%). Five risk factors of IFD were identified, namely neutropenia lasting longer than 14 days, corticosteroid use, diabetes, haploidentical donor, and unrelated donor. Based on the risk score for IFD, the patients were categorized into three groups: low risk (score 0‐4, 1.5%‐4.0%), intermediate risk (score 5‐8, 9.8%), and high risk (score>8, 24.7%‐14.0%). Anti‐fungal prophylaxis may provide benefits for patients with intermediate (8.5% vs. 18.5%, P = .0085) or high risk (19.4% vs. 30.8%, P = .4651) but not low risk (2.1% vs. 3.8%, P = .6136) of IFD.ConclusionA practical weighted risk score for IFD in patients receiving allo‐HSCT was established, which can aid decision‐making regarding the administration of anti‐fungal prophylaxis.
Stress Concentrations Around Spheroidal Inclusions and Cavities
Authors: Edwards R. H. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Previous investigations have been concerned with the stress concentration around a spheroidal cavity under certain restricted loading assumptions. In this paper exact closed solutions are obtained for the following: (a) The distribution of stress around a spheroidal inclusion in an elastic body which is in an arbitrary uniform state of stress infinitely far from the inclusion, and, in particular, for the distribution of stress around a spheroidal cavity under the same loading conditions. (b) The thermal stress distribution arising from distinct uniform temperature changes applied to the spheroidal inclusion and the surrounding medium. Technically important features of the solutions obtained are discussed.
Shakedown in Continuous Media
Authors: Symonds P. S. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A new and simpler proof is given for a theorem due to Melan concerning the conditions under which an elastic-plastic body will “shake down” i.e., reach a residual stress state on which only elastic stresses are superimposed for all further variations of the surface loading stresses within limits prescribed at surface points. The theorem is applied to discuss the case of a circular bar subjected to an axial force and a torsional moment which vary independently between given limits. Relations to previous work on trusses and rigid frames are discussed briefly.
Influence of Flame Front on the Flow Field
Authors: Tsien H. S. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Flame front is a region in the flow field where rapid change in the chemical composition of the fluid occurs with consequent release of chemical energy in the form of heat. In the majority of cases the phenomenon is a very complicated one involving the heat transfer by conduction and radiation, the changes in concentration of the different components by diffusion and chemical reaction. Owing to this and the difficult problem of chemical kinetics, only recently the complete theory of flame front has been formulated, particularly by the group under J. O. Hirschfelder. Fortunately, as a result of the rapid rate of chemical reaction, the thickness of the flame front under ordinary conditions is generally very small, being less than 1 mm. Therefore, if one is interested in the influence of flame front on the flow field but not on the detailed structure of the flame, the flame can be assumed as infinitesimally thin, and only the final changes of the state of fluid due to combustion need be considered. This procedure is entirely analogous to that of treating the shock wave as having zero thickness in studying dynamics of compressible fluids. This simplification will be adopted for the present investigation.
Buckling of a Sandwich Cylinder Under Uniform Axial Compressive Load
Authors: Eringen A. Cemal 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A boundary-value problem of elasticity for a thick hollow circular cylinder is solved under the following boundary conditions, namely, (a) on the lateral surfaces, displacements are specified as arbitrary functions of the longitudinal co-ordinates only, and (b) at both ends, the radial displacements and the longitudinal surface forces are taken to be equal to zero. The displacements, strains, and stresses are obtained in terms of these arbitrary displacement functions. The stresses determined are used to obtain the buckling load of a sandwich cylinder, which employs the thick hollow cylinder as the core. Two simultaneous differential equations are obtained from the equilibrium conditions between the contacting lateral surfaces of the sandwich material (faces) and the core. Numerical calculations and curves are made of the buckling stress for a given core material and for two types of face materials employed in aircraft design. In a special case, when the radius approaches infinity, the result is found to be in good agreement with previously published experimental results. No test data for the general case were available to the author during the preparation of this paper.
Stresses in Pipe Bundles
Authors: Poritsky H. , Horvay G. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
For purposes of stress analysis, a closely packed bundle of very many pipes can be replaced by a homogeneous but nonisotropic solid (HNS for short). This paper deals with the derivation of the elastic constants of the HNS, the solution of its stress problem under certain conditions, and the conversion of the results into stresses and displacement of individual pipes. As an example, the thermal stresses are determined that arise in a pipe bundle due to a nonuniform axial temperature gradient.
A Note on Elastic Surface Deformation
Authors: Kornhauser Murray 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Surface deformation of elastic bodies having the same modulus is treated by the standard texts on elasticity, but the applicability of the solution is limited to the range of the tables of coefficients presented. This note extends the tables to cover the range that applies to bodies having one principal curvature much larger than the other. Some inaccuracy in the tables in current use also is noted. The reader is referred to any good text on elasticity for a general discussion of this problem.
Velocity Distributions and Design Data for Ideal Incompressible Flow Through Cascades of Airfoils
Authors: Resnick Robert , Green L. J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Theoretical incompressible velocity distributions for three airfoils in various cascade arrangements and for different entering-air angles are presented. Design charts and design formulas relating cascade angle, entering-air angle, turning angle, and blade camber are presented for 10 per cent thick airfoils at solidity 1. An empirical turning-angle formula is developed and is found to be reasonably accurate and rather generally applicable.
Transverse Vibrations of a Free Circular Plate Carrying Concentrated Mass
Authors: Roberson R. E. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The plate under consideration carries a concentrated mass at its center, which is struck impulsively in a direction perpendicular to the undisturbed plate face. Only circularly symmetric vibrations are considered. The solution is carried out by the use of the Laplace transform method, treating the concentrated mass as a plate-density impulse. The first four natural frequencies are displayed as functions of mass ratio, and the first mode shape is displayed for three mass ratios. The natural frequencies, particularly the higher, are shown to be very sensitive to changes in mass ratio at small values of the concentrated mass.