bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Controlled Switching of the Number of Skyrmions in a Magnetic Nanodot by Electric Fields
Authors: Hou Zhipeng , Wang Yadong , Lan Xiaoming , Li Sai , Wan Xuejin , Meng Fei , Hu Yangfan , Fan Zhen , Feng Chun , Qin Minghui , Zeng Min , Zhang Xichao , Liu Xiaoxi , Fu Xuewen , Yu Guanghua , Zhou Guofu , Zhou Yan , Zhao Weisheng , Gao Xingsen , Liu Jun‐ming 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMagnetic skyrmions are topological swirling spin configurations that hold promise for building future magnetic memories and logic circuits. Skyrmionic devices typically rely on the electrical manipulation of a single skyrmion, but controllably manipulating a group of skyrmions can lead to more compact and memory‐efficient devices. Here, an electric‐field‐driven cascading transition of skyrmion clusters in a nanostructured ferromagnetic/ferroelectric multiferroic heterostructure is reported, which allows a continuous multilevel transition of the number of skyrmions in a one‐by‐one manner. Most notably, the transition is non‐volatile and reversible, which is crucial for multi‐bit memory applications. Combined experiments and theoretical simulations reveal that the switching of skyrmion clusters is induced by the strain‐mediated modification of both the interfacial Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction and effective uniaxial anisotropy. The results not only open up a new direction for constructing low‐power‐consuming, non‐volatile, and multi‐bit skyrmionic devices, but also offer valuable insights into the fundamental physics underlying the voltage manipulation of skyrmion clusters.
Recent Progress in Protective Membranes Fabricated via Electrospinning: Advanced Materials, Biomimetic Structures, and Functional Applications
Authors: Shi Shuo , Si Yifan , Han Yanting , Wu Ting , Iqbal Mohammad Irfan , Fei Bin , Li Robert K. Y. , Hu Jinlian , Qu Jinping 
Published: December 2021

AbstractElectrospinning is a significant micro/nanofiber processing technology and has been rapidly developing in the past 2 decades. It has several applications, including advanced sensing, intelligent manufacturing, and high‐efficiency catalysis. Here, multifunctional protective membranes fabricated via electrospinning in terms of novel material design, construction of novel structures, and various protection requirements in different environments are reviewed. To achieve excellent comprehensive properties, such as, high water vapor transmission, high hydrostatic pressure, optimal mechanical property, and air permeability, combinations of novel materials containing nondegradable/degradable materials and functional structures inspired by nature have been investigated for decades. Currently, research is mainly focused on conventional protective membranes with multifunctional properties, such as, anti‐UV, antibacterial, and electromagnetic‐shielding functions. However, important aspects, such as, the properties of electrospun monofilaments, development of “green electrospinning solutions” with high solid content, and approaches for enhancing adhesion between hydrophilic and hydrophobic layers are not considered. Based on this systematic review, the development of electrospinning for protective membranes is discussed, the existing gaps in research are discussed, and solutions for the development of technology are proposed. This review will assist in promoting the diversified development of protective membranes and is of great significance for fabricating advanced materials for intelligent protection.
Nanocellulose and Its Interface: On the Road to the Design of Emerging Materials
Authors: Bettotti Paolo , Scarpa Marina 
Published: December 2021

AbstractNanocellulose has several unique properties that render it a versatile material with possible uses in a broad spectrum of applications. Nanocellulose is proved to form stable colloidal suspensions with interesting rheological properties, assemble in soft hydrogels of tunable porosity, compact dried films. Suggested or already current applications of these systems are in the field of electronics, biomedical, textile, and printing technologies. This review reports on the recent and emerging trends in nanocellulose research concerning the behavior, design, and modification of its interface. This nanomaterial is obtained by a biological source and its behavior is dictated from the composition and structure of native cellulose. The understanding of interface phenomena and their manipulation are the main issues for the effective manufacture of emulsions, coatings and films. In reviewing the recent applications, emphasis is placed on the systems which require control of the order and dynamic of nanocellulose assembly to realize smart materials exploiting the rich and complex behavior of nanocellulose.
Extremely Stretchable and Tough Piezoelectric Gels for Artificial Electronic Skin
Authors: Li Qingqing , Chen Lianmin , Guo Mingyu , Hu Zhijun 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPiezoelectric sensors and energy harvesters have received considerable interest due to their self‐powered capability and potential applications in various electronic devices. However, it is still a challenge to fabricate stretchable piezoelectric devices because piezoelectrics mainly consists of stiff crystalline structures. Here, extremely stretchable and tough piezoelectric gels are reported, which are prepared simply by swelling poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐based poly(urethane‐urea) (PUU) gels with aqueous solution of molecular ferroelectrics. The hydrogen interactions between the PEG segments in the gels and the molecular ferroelectrics (dabcoHReO4, DH) enable well dispersion and crystallization of DH in the PEG segments. The resulted PUU/DH composite piezoelectric gels exhibit unique tensile mechanical properties, including superior strain (>1000%), high breaking strength (>10 MPa), modulus (>2 MPa), and toughness (>57 MJ cm−3). The extremely stretchable and tough piezoelectric gels show excellent piezoelectric properties (d33 ≈ 62 pC N−1 for films with a 10 wt% of DH and light transparency (>90%), and can quantitatively detect different mechanical deformations. Additionally, the energy generators can harvest mechanical energy with a power density of 1.7 µW cm−2. This work is expected to motivate new design principles for fabricating piezoelectric materials with excellent mechanical and piezoelectric properties for various applications.
Camouflaging a High‐Index Dielectric Scatterer with Buried Metasurfaces
Authors: Cacocciola Riccardo , Ratni Badreddine , Mielec Nicolas , Mimoun Emmanuel , Burokur Shah Nawaz 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMetasurface‐tuning is presented as a solution to camouflage high‐index and electrically large dielectric parasitic scatterers. By incorporating metasurfaces into the dielectric volume of the scatterer, it is possible to reduce its scattering signature with respect to a given dielectric reference. The metasurface's surface impedance is retrieved analytically from a transmission‐line model and the induced field ratio parameter is introduced to characterize the scattering behavior of the scatterer. The scattering reduction effect achieved by the metasurfaces is validated with microwave near‐field full‐wave simulations and experiments for both normal and off‐normal transverse‐electric and transverse‐magnetic polarized incident wave illuminations. The study highlights the capability of metasurface‐tuning as a polarization‐insensitive and frequency‐adjustable solution to reduce spurious scattering from high‐index dielectric mechanical pieces such as seams in large ground‐based radio‐frequency antenna radomes.
Separators Based on the Dynamic Tip‐Occupying Electrostatic Shield Effect for Dendrite‐Free Lithium‐Metal Batteries
Authors: Dong Qin , Wang Tao , Gan Ruiyi , Tong Cheng , Xu Rui , Shao Minhua , Li Cunpu , Wei Zidong 
Published: December 2021

AbstractLithium‐metal batteries (LMBs) have long been considered the “holy grail” of next‐generation energy storage systems due to the unique advantages of Li metal, such as having a high specific capacity and the lowest potential. Unfortunately, the practical application of LMBs is seriously hindered by the uncontrollable growth of dendritic Li. To address this issue, a positively charged layer (PCL) with freely moving multication sidechains is successfully polymerized on a commercial polypropylene (PP) separator. The cationic groups on the sidechains of the polymer realize dendrite‐free Li deposition based on the “dynamic tip‐occupying electrostatic shield” effect. LMBs with improved cycling stability and rate performance can be achieved by using a PP‐N,N,N,N”,N”‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PP‐PMDT) separator. All the results demonstrate that this strategy for constructing a flexible “electrostatic shield layer” can successfully eliminate the formation of Li dendrites while retaining the desired performance.
Fiber‐Reinforced Composite Polymer Electrolytes for Solid‐State Lithium Batteries
Authors: Gao Longxue , Tang Bin , Jiang Haoyang , Xie Zhaojun , Wei Jinping , Zhou Zhen 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSolid‐state composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs) have attracted much attention due to their flexibility and low interfacial impedance. Researchers have been improving their ionic conductivity at room temperature, ionic transference number, and (electro)chemical stability. Here, a fiber‐reinforced CPE is prepared by infusing polyethylene oxide (PEO) and Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (LLZTO) electrolytes onto polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber networks. The introduction of both inorganic ceramic filler LLZTO and plasticizer succinonitrile (SN) reduces the crystallinity of PEO, increases the solubility of lithium salts, and further improves ionic transport kinetics. The ionic conductivity of CPE is 2.57 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 30 °C and the lithium‐ion transference number is 0.6. Meanwhile, the high content of LLZTO (60 wt.%) brings a better capability to suppress lithium dendrites, and thus lithium symmetrical cells based on this CPE can be stably cycled for up to 500 h. In addition, the PAN fiber network endows CPE with high mechanical strength and high oxidation resistivity, and accordingly an electrochemical stability window as high as 4.7 V. Both LiFePO4/CPE/Li and LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2/CPE/Li cells can be operated at 30 °C for 100 cycles. This work provides a promising strategy for the preparation of thin CPEs for solid‐state lithium metal batteries.
Plasmonic Optoelectronic Memristor Enabling Fully Light‐Modulated Synaptic Plasticity for Neuromorphic Vision
Authors: Shan Xuanyu , Zhao Chenyi , Wang Xinnong , Wang Zhongqiang , Fu Shencheng , Lin Ya , Zeng Tao , Zhao Xiaoning , Xu Haiyang , Zhang Xintong , Liu Yichun 
Published: December 2021

AbstractExploration of optoelectronic memristors with the capability to combine sensing and processing functions is required to promote development of efficient neuromorphic vision. In this work, the authors develop a plasmonic optoelectronic memristor that relies on the effects of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and optical excitation in an Ag–TiO2 nanocomposite film. Fully light‐induced synaptic plasticity (e.g., potentiation and depression) under visible and ultraviolet light stimulations is demonstrated, which enables the functional combination of visual sensing and low‐level image pre‐processing (including contrast enhancement and noise reduction) in a single device. Furthermore, the light‐gated and electrically‐driven synaptic plasticity can be performed in the same device, in which the spike‐timing‐dependent plasticity (STDP) learning functions can be reversibly modulated by visible and ultraviolet light illuminations. Thereby, the high‐level image processing function, i.e., image recognition, can also be performed in this memristor, whose recognition rate and accuracy are obviously enhanced as a result of image pre‐processing and light‐gated STDP enhancement. Experimental analysis shows that the memristive switching mechanism under optical stimulation can be attributed to the oxidation/reduction of Ag nanoparticles due to the effects of LSPR and optical excitation. The authors' work proposes a new type of plasmonic optoelectronic memristor with fully light‐modulated capability that may promote the future development of efficient neuromorphic vision.
Synthesis of Acrylonitrile Derivatives via Visible Light‐induced Coupling Reaction of Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman Adducts with Tertiary Amines and α‐Trimethylsilyl Amines
Authors: Ni Niannian , Chen Jiawei , Ding Siyu , Cheng Dongping , Li Xiaonian , Xu Xiaoliang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractRu‐catalyzed coupling reaction of Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman (MBH) adducts with tertiary amines and α‐trimethylsilyl amines under visible light is disclosed. Compared with the reported MBH adducts with ester as withdrawing‐electron groups, MBH adducts with cyano group in this paper show different chemical reaction characteristics. The universality of substrates has been extended. A series of structurally complementary acrylonitriles are obtained in satisfied yields under mild condition, which provides a good opportunity to discover new meaningful bioactive compounds.
Synthesis of polymeric emulsifiers based on ketoaldehyde resin and their application in emulsifying styrene/water two‐phase system
Authors: Wang Guolin , Cai Guiting , Zhang Menghao , Wang Ziyu , Li Chaofeng , Zhang Yanwu 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThough the stabilization effect of polymeric emulsifiers onto emulsions is worse than that of small molecular emulsifiers, the application of polymeric emulsifiers can avoid small molecule residues in polymer products. Herein, a series of polymeric emulsifiers (M‐CFR‐x‐K [Na]/M‐MeCFR‐x‐K) are synthesized based on cyclohexanone formaldehyde resin (CFR)/methylcyclohexanone formaldehyde resin (MeCFR), which are firstly modified by maleic anhydride and then neutralized by bases. The effect of different counter ions, terminal groups and chain lengths on emulsion (styrene/water) property is studied by monitoring the stability and droplet size distribution of the emulsions. The results indicate that the emulsifier with KOH as neutralizer has better emulsifying performance than that with NaOH. Besides, the emulsion prepared by M‐MeCFR‐1.20‐K, which has a hydrophilic group just at one end is more stable than that of M‐CFR‐2.25‐K, which both ends are hydrophilic groups. The chain length of polymeric emulsifiers affects the stability of emulsions. And when the acid value is 1.91 mmol/g, the modified resin (M‐CFR‐2.25‐K) has the best emulsifying performance. Furthermore, M‐CFR‐2.25‐K (acid value:1.91 mmol/g) is used for emulsion polymerization. And after the reaction, polystyrene particulates can be directly obtained by precipitation without special demulsification procedure.
Autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia: An updated conceptual review
Authors: Jutla Amandeep , Foss‐Feig Jennifer , Veenstra‐VanderWeele Jeremy 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia (SCZ) are separate disorders, with distinct clinical profiles and natural histories. ASD, typically diagnosed in childhood, is characterized by restricted or repetitive interests or behaviors and impaired social communication, and it tends to have a stable course. SCZ, typically diagnosed in adolescence or adulthood, is characterized by hallucinations and delusions, and tends to be associated with declining function. However, youth with ASD are three to six times more likely to develop SCZ than their neurotypical counterparts, and increasingly, research has shown that ASD and SCZ converge at several levels. We conducted a systematic review of studies since 2013 relevant to understanding this convergence, and present here a narrative synthesis of key findings, which we have organized into four broad categories: symptoms and behavior, perception and cognition, biomarkers, and genetic and environmental risk. We then discuss opportunities for future research into the phenomenology and neurobiology of overlap between ASD and SCZ. Understanding this overlap will allow for researchers, and eventually clinicians, to understand the factors that may make a child with ASD vulnerable to developing SCZ.Lay SummaryAutism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia are distinct diagnoses, but people with autism and people with schizophrena share several characteristics. We review recent studies that have examined these areas of overlap, and discuss the kinds of studies we will need to better understand how these disorders are related. Understanding this will be important to help us identify which autistic children are at risk of developing schizophrenia.
Airborne particles and cardiovascular morbidity in severe inherited hypercholesterolemia: Vulnerable endothelium under multiple attacks
Authors: Vuorio Alpo , Budowle Bruce , Kovanen Petri T. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDespite recent advances in the research related to air pollution and associated adverse cardiovascular events, the combined effects of air pollution, climate change, and SARS‐CoV‐2 infection on cardiovascular health need to be researched further. This Commentary addresses their impacts on cardiovascular health in the approximately 25 million people with a severe form of inherited hypercholesterolemia, called familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). The arterial endothelium in these individuals is potentially under multiple attacks caused by particles of both endogenous and exogenous origin. Thus, they have a lifelong highly elevated level of circulating low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol which drives premature atherosclerosis. The high levels of LDL particles, often associated with an elevated level of circulating lipoprotein(a) particles, are both capable of inducing and maintaining endothelial dysfunction. Such pre‐existing endothelial dysfunction can be exacerbated by exposure to SARS‐CoV‐2 viral particles, by exposure to fine particulate matter generated by climate change‐associated wildfires, and by dehydration during deadly heatwaves linked to the globally rising temperatures. The external factors can severely worsen the pre‐existing endothelial dysfunction, and thereby significantly increase the risk of a cardiovascular event in the exposed FH patients.
Natural catalyst for luminol chemiluminescence: application to validate peroxide levels in commercial hair dyes
Authors: Deepa Simon , Ramu Arumugam , Rajendrakumar Kannapiran 
Published: December 2021

AbstractHere, we report a hydrothermally treated green leaves (Moringa oleifera) extract exploited as an efficient and highly sensitive catalyst to catalyze the chemiluminescence (CL) reaction of luminol. In the absence of enhancer, this green and hydrothermally treated catalyst was found to significantly enhance the CL intensity ~3.5‐fold compared with the traditionally used K3Fe(CN)6 catalyst. The structure and surface morphology of the catalyst was elucidated using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. The synergistic effect of the catalyst in the CL reaction was systematically investigated in the presence of hydrogen peroxide using ultraviolet–visible and CL spectroscopy. Studies showed that the sensitivity of the catalyst could be amplified by adjusting several parameters such as pH of the medium and concentrations of the base and luminol. The sensitivity of the novel‐type catalyst was examined through the validation of hydrogen peroxide levels in commercial hair dye samples. Markedly, the catalyst displayed ultrasensitivity to hydrogen peroxide as the limit of detection of hydrogen peroxide using this catalyst was determined to be 0.02 μM under optimized conditions. In general, the proposed inexpensive, ecofriendly, and nontoxic catalyst could enable the determination of hydrogen peroxide for diverse analytical applications.
Study on the material basis of Dahuang Zhechong pill of anti‐hepatoma effect by promoting vascular normalization
Authors: Chen Honglin , Yang Furong , Fu Chuankui , Zhang Zimeng , Xu Kejia , Lu Shengfeng , Chen Zhipeng , Wu Li , Li Weidong 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDahuang Zhechong Pill (DHZCP) is a traditional Chinese medicine prescription used to treat many diseases especially chronic liver disease accompanied by promotion of vascular normalization. In this work, UPLC–Q‐TOF–MS/MS analysis was applied to identify the chemical components absorbed in the blood. HIF‐1α, VEGF, Ang2 and Tie2 related to vascular normalization were detected to determine the dynamic changes of pharmacodynamic indicators. Then, the spectrum–effect relationship between the UHPLC fingerprint and pharmacodynamic indicators was evaluated dynamically using partial least squares (PLS). As a result, 103 components were identified from rat serum samples, including 56 original compounds and 47 metabolites. According to the PLS, active constituents of DHZCP acting on HIF‐1α, VEGF, Ang2 and Tie2 (8, 15, 17 and 20) were found. In subsequent experiments on cells, 7/11 components of HIF‐1α/VEGF were found in HepG2 and HUVEC cells, and 11/14/2 components of HIF‐1α/VEGF/Tie2. The main pharmacodynamic components of DHZCP in promoting vascular normalization were successfully identified by the spectrum–effect relationship analysis.
Serum concentration of zinc is elevated in clinically stable bipolar disorder patients
Authors: Jonsson Bo H. , Orhan Funda , Bruno Sanna , Oliveira Ana Osório , Sparding Timea , Landen Mikael , Sellgren Carl M. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundBipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic psychiatric disorder characterized by recurrent mood episodes interspersed with euthymic periods. A growing number of studies have indicated that zinc plays an important role in coordinating immune responses, as well as being involved in synaptic transmission. In the current study, we set out to measure serum levels of zinc in a meticulously phenotyped cohort of 121 euthymic BD subjects and 30 matched controls.MethodsSerum levels of zinc were measured by photometry. To assess the interplay between zinc levels and immune activation in BD, we measured serum levels of high‐sensitive C‐reactive protein (hsCRP) levels by immunoturbidimetric assay, and serum levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1), chitinase 3‐like protein 1 (YKL‐40), and soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14) by electrochemiluminescence enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. The baseline clinical diagnostic instrument for BD was the Affective Disorder Evaluation, and executive functioning was assessed by using the Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System.ResultsControlling for potential confounding factors, BD patients displayed increased serum levels of zinc unrelated to hsCRP, MCP‐1, YKL‐40, and sCD14 levels. Serum levels of zinc did not associate with executive functioning or measurements of disease severity.DiscussionThis study suggests that the zinc homeostasis is disturbed in BD and that this dyshomeostasis is not related to ongoing mood symptoms or immune activation. Of note, serum levels were increased and hence do not support continuous zinc supplementation in BD.