bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Muscular Structural Changes Following Fadenoperation
Authors: Alio J L , Chacon M , Faci A , Uson J , Jimenez I , Vives A , Garcia-Julian G , Moros M , Gonzalez L 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The authors describe the macroscopic, histological, and ultrastructural findings observed in an experimental animal model of the fadenoperation. Grossly, muscular fibrosis and musculo-scleral adhesions were well established after the second postoperative month. Histologic findings demonstrated the development of a granulomatous, foreign body reaction around the musculo-scleral fixation suture, collagenization of the muscle tissue from the first postoperative month and degenerative phenomena in the muscle fibers. Electron transmission microscopic study showed atrophy and angulation with distortion of the myofibrillar matrix, along with alteration of the Z bands of muscle fibers, mitochondrial alteration, and dilatation of the sarcotubular system. All these experimental findings suggest the relative irreversible effects of the fadenoperation after the early postoperative period and for the first time, demonstrated that this surgical technique alters the muscle structure.
Management of the Posterior Capsule in Congenital Cataracts
Authors: Parks Marshall M 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Amblyopia is the most serious problem associated with congenital cataracts. In their management, every effort should be directed toward treating the amblyopia. The treatment is surgical, optical, and occlusion of the preferred eye. The surgical component of the treatment should be performed within the critical period to avoid intractable deprivation amblyopia, and consist of a technique that insures the pupillary space to remain clear. Posterior lens capsulectomy with anterior vitrectomy is required to assure this result. However, cystoid macular edema has been reported with this approach. At present, probably there is greater risk to final visual acuity from intractable amblyopia resulting from the cloudy intact posterior lens capsule than from cystoid macular edema.
Goniotomy vs Trabeculotomy
Authors: Hoskins H Dunbar , Shaffer Robert N , Hetherington John 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARY
Goniotomy is a safe effective procedure in isolated trabeculodysgenesis occurring in children under the age of two years, and is preferred by the authors in all such cases when visibility allows. It may also be effective for varying periods of time in Sturge- Weber syndrome, Aniridia, Axenfeld's syndrome, and Lowe's syndrome when these occur in infancy.
Trabeculotomy is generally preferred in children with trabeculodysgenesis over the age of three years, in situations where corneal clouding prevents adequate visualization of the trabecular meshwork, and in patients with aniridia. In the latter group, although goniotomy can be effective, its success rate is low, The absence of iris covering the lens does increase the risk of lenticular injury and, therefore, trabeculotomy is usually chosen.
Ectopic (Extradural) Meningioma of the Orbit: A Report of Two Cases in Children
Authors: Johnson Thomas E , Weatherhead Robert G , Nasr Amin M , Siqueira Edir B 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Meningiomas arising from the optic nerve or secondarily invading the orbit from the intracranial cavity are uncommonly encountered in children. Ectopic (extradural) meningiomas are exceedingly rare orbital tumors that do not originate from either the optic nerve or the intracranial meninges. We evaluated and treated two boys aged 7 and 10 years with probable primary ectopic (extradural) orbital meningiomas. Both patients presented with a gradual onset of progressive, painless proptosis. In addition, computed tomographic scans demonstrated involvement of the superomedial orbit without bony erosion or hyperostosis, but with expansion of the adjacent sinus. Neither tumor demonstrated attachment to the optic nerve or intracranial extension at the time of surgery. Both patients were successfully treated with complete surgical excision. Evaluation did not reveal the presence of neurofibromatosis in either child.
Results of a Single Lateral Rectus Resection for Divergence and Partial Sixth Nerve Paralysis
Authors: Hoover Darren L , Giangiacomo Joseph 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A single 5.5-millimeter to 8.0-millimeter lateral rectus resection eliminated diplopia in five of six adult patients with divergence paralysis and in all three patients with a sixth cranial nerve paresis. Preoperative distance esotropia ranged from 11 to 20 prism diopters in primary gaze. Prism therapy failed in seven of nine patients. Lateral incomitance was reduced in three patients with a mild limitation of abduction preoperatively, but was not induced in the six patients with divergence paralysis. Significant overcorrection of the near esodeviation did not occur. A single lateral rectus resection can effectively eliminate diplopia in selected patients with divergence and partial sixth nerve paralysis.
Convergence Insufficiency in Thyroid Eye Disease
Authors: Burke John P , Shipman Tracey C , Watts Mark T 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The incidence of convergence insufficiency in patients with thyroid ophthalmopathy and their response to convergence exercise is unknown. Twenty-seven consecutive patients with thyroid eye disease (TED) were evaluated prospectively. Six patients with symptomatic convergence insufficiency obtained varying degrees of subjective and objective benefit from treatment. None of the six had other TED-related complaints that required therapeutic intervention. The study findings should alert the clinician to consider convergence insufficiency in patients with TED and nonspecific ophthalmic symptoms.
Progressive Overcorrection After Inferior Rectus Recession
Authors: Sprunger Derek T , Helveston Eugene M 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We reviewed 67 cases of inferior rectus muscle recession. In 14 cases, the hypotropia was corrected to a satisfactory alignment in the immediate postoperative period followed by a progressive overcorrection (hypertropia). Patients with thyroid eye disease were at highest risk for progressive overcorrection, as 9 of 18 (50%) developed the problem. Patients undergoing adjustable suture were at a higher risk for development of the overcorrection, as 1 of 35 (3%) surgeries done with standard techniques had the overcorrection while 13 of 32 (41%) done on an adjustable suture had the problem. However, the actual act of adjustment was found not to be a predisposing factor. Also, operating upon multiple muscles was found not to be a risk factor for the complication. Once progressive overcorrection occurred, it was more difficult to correct when the patient had thyroid eye disease.
We also reviewed 77 consecutive cases of superior, lateral, and medial rectus muscle recessions and found no cases of progressive overcorrection.
The Effect of Grating Orientation on Resolution Acuity in Patients With Nystagmus
Authors: Meiusi Rhondi S , Lavoie Jane D , Summers C Gail 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The acuity card procedure is an effective method for the assessment of grating acuity in preverbal and nonverbal patients. However, the effect of nystagmus on this acuity assessment has not been well-described. We studied the effect of grating orientation on the measurement of resolution acuity in a group of nystagmus patients, a group of patients with albinism and nystagmus, and a normal control group.
The resolution acuity was significantly (P « .01) better with horizontal grating orientation in both the nystagmus and the albino groups, but grating orientation did not affect resolution acuity in the control group. This study suggests that grating orientation must be taken into account when using the acuity card procedure in patients with nystagmus.
The Influence of Study Habits on Myopia in Jewish Teenagers
Authors: Zylbermann Roger , Landau David , Berson David 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The prevalence and degree of myopia were measured in 870 teenagers, males and females. We found a statistically significantly higher prevalence and degree of myopia in a group of 193 Orthodox Jewish male students who differed from the rest in their study habits.
Orthodox schooling is characterized by sustained near vision and frequent changes in accommodation due to the swaying habit during study and the variety of print size. A possible myopic effect of this unique visual demand is postulated.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Visual Pathways in Human Albinos
Authors: Brodsky Michael C , Glasier Charles M , Creel Donnell J 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Neuroanatomical and electrophysiological studies of albino visual pathways have demonstrated that retinogeniculate axons arising from the temporal retina decussate abnormally in the optic chiasm to synapse in the contralateral lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). Anomalies in the LGN secondarily disrupt normal geniculo-cortical and interhemispheric cortico-cortical (callosal) visual connections. It is not known whether retinogeniculate misrouting affects the size or configuration of the afferent visual pathways in human albinos. We used T1 -weighted coronal and sagittal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to examine the prechiasmatic intracranial optic nerves, optic chiasm, and corpus callosum in 10 human albinos. In all subjects, these structures were normal in size and configuration. Despite the complex cascade of aberrant central neuronal connections, the human albino visual pathways and their interhemispheric connections appear normal in size and configuration when viewed with MRI.
Fat Adherence Syndrome Treated With Intraoperative Mitomycin-C: A Rabbit Model
Authors: Brooks Steven E , Ribeiro Gerald de B , Archer Steven M , Elner Victor M , Del Monte Monte A 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We used an animal model of restrictive strabismus analogous to the fat adherence syndrome in humans to test the efficacy of topical intraoperative mitomycin-C (MMC) in preventing the development of restrictive scar tissue. A cicatriciel adhesion was created between the inferior rectus muscle and the Inferior orbital rim of each eye in eight rabbits, and passive forced auctions were quantitatively measured with a spring scale. Eight eyes were treated intraoperatively with topical MMC 0.5 mg/mL, the other eight with sterile water. Passive forced auctions were again measured 4 weeks postoperativefy and representative orbits were exenterated for histopathologic examination.
Significant restriction of motility was produced in six of the eight control eyes. Though prophylactic treatment with MMC may have been beneficial in some cases, on average, the restriction developing in these eyes did not significantly differ from that In the control eyes. In addition, longer exposure times to MMC led to marked orbital inflammation and severe restriction of ocular motility. Finally, histopathologic evaluation of the orbits of the MMC-treated eyes revealed marked fibrosis of perimuscular connective tissues.
Although MMC may have a role in the management of fat adherence syndrome, further study is needed to establish safe and efficacious methods of delivery.
Augmenting Surgery for Sensory Esotropia With Near/Distance Disparity With a Medial Rectus Posterior Fixation Suture
Authors: Elsas Frederick J , Mays Andrew 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Ten esotropie patients with near/distance disparity and diminished vision in one eye had monocular horizontal strabismus surgery combined with a posterior fixation suture placed on the medial rectus. Before surgery, all patients were at least 20 prism diopters (Δ) more esotropie at near than at distance fixation. The disparity In the near/distance deviation was reduced by 18 Δ.
Screening for Retinopathy of Prematurity: Do Former Guidelines Still Apply?
Authors: Schalij-Delfos Nicoline E , Zijlmans Bart L M , Wittebol-Post Darel , Tan Karel E W P , Cats Bernard P 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Early detection of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in premature and very-low-birth-weight infants is crucial. In this retrospective study, 581 infants either with a birth weight below 1500 g or a gestational age of less than 32 weeks, or who did not fit these criteria but were judged to be at increased risk, were screened for ROP. ROP developed in 159 (27.4%). The incidence of ROP appeared to be inversely proportional to birth weight and gestational age. Infants with a birth weight below 750 g had a significantly higher risk of developing stage 3 and 4 ROP. The mean age at detection was 7.6 ± 1.6 weeks. Nearly all of the ROP cases and all of the stage 3 and 4 cases were detected between the 5th and 10th week. Because screening should be focused on these visionthreatening stages, ophthalmic examinations should be concentrated in, but not limited to, the period between the 5th and the 10th postnatal week.
Results of Sutureless Wound Construction in Children Undergoing Cataract Extraction
Authors: Basti Surendra , Krishnamachary Murali , Gupta Satish 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A prospective study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of self-sealing (sutureless) wound construction for cataract surgery in children. Self-sealing wounds were constructed during cataract surgery in 25 eyes of 24 children between 7 and 16 years of age. Absence of wound leak at the conclusion of surgery was taken as indicating a secure wound. Watertight wounds were achieved In 19 eyes, 11 of those In children older than 11. Six eyes demonstrated wound leak, and sutures had to be applied to achieve a secure wound. All wound leaks occurred in children younger than 11. Patients younger than 11 who underwent primary posterior capsulotomy and anterior vitrectomy had a significantly higher incidence of wound leak after sutureless cataract surgery (P<.001). We conclude that the self-sealing wound probably should not be used for cataract surgery in children younger than 11.
Postoperative Results in Inferior Oblique Palsy
Authors: Kutschke Pamela J , Scott William E 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Purpose: Although rare, the entity of isolated inferior oblique palsy has been discussed in past literature. The purpose of this study is to expand on the number of cases as well as the surgical options. Postoperative clinical findings, especially head-tilt measurements also are discussed.
Methods: The charts of patients were retrospectively reviewed following surgical correction of unilateral inferior oblique palsy. Data analyzed included type of surgical correction, pre- and postoperative measurements in all fields of gaze, torsion, and sensory status.
Results: Twenty-eight patients were studied. Patients were separated into groups based on the type of procedure performed. Indications for each type of procedure will be discussed. Twenty-three patients had a single surgical procedure. Of these, 16 had excellent surgical results. Five patients required reoperation with four achieving an excellent surgical result. Head-tilt testing at the last postoperative visit was positive for iatrogenic superior oblique palsy (4) and residual inferior oblique palsy (3).
Conclusions: In the largest series of unilateral inferior oblique palsy to date, the results appear to be good if the indications for the proper surgical procedure are followed. The number of cases of iatrogenic superior oblique palsy appear to be consistent with that discussed in previous literature, but not higher than the incidence of residual inferior oblique palsy. Postoperative head-tilt measurements were consistent with the deviation found in other fields of gaze.
Management of Experimental Globe Perforation During Strabismus Surgery
Authors: Sprunger Derek T , Klapper Stephen R , Bonnin Jose M , Minturn John T 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Background:The incidence of potentially vision-threatening globe perforation during strabismus surgery is reportedly between less than 1% and 12% of cases. Optimal treatment of globe perforation is not known; however, traditionally it has been treated with cryotherapy at the time of surgery or observation without treatment. The indirect-ophthalmoscope-directed diode laser may provide a safe and effective alternative treatment.
Methods: We perforated the globes of six adult Dutch rabbits (12 eyes) and treated four eyes with cryotherapy and four with diode laser; the remaining four were not treated.
Results: Histologic examination of the untreated eyes revealed a cellular reaction around the polyglactin suture that formed a non-uniform chorioretinal adhesion. The cryotherapy eyes had a tenuous chorioretinal adhesion and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells in the vitreous on several sections. The laser-treated eyes had a firm, wide chorioretinal adhesion, with minimal tissue disruption and no release of RPE cells. No complications occurred.
Conclusion: We conclude that indirect-ophthalmoscope-directed diode laser retinopexy was safe and efficacious for globe perforation during strabismus surgery on rabbits and could be expected to be useful in humans.
Astigmatic Refractive Errors Associated With Limbal Dermoids
Authors: Robb Richard M 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A retrospective review of 17 patients with limbal dermoids revealed that 13 (76%) had astigmatism of 1.00 diopter or greater in the involved eye. In all but one patient, the minus cylinder axis of the astigmatism coincided with the location of the dermoid. Thirteen patients had surgery to remove the dermoids at ages ranging from 8 months to 15 years. The preoperative astigmatism persisted postoperatively with little change in its orientation or amount regardless of age at the time of surgery.
Ophthalmological Issues in the Neurofibromatoses
Authors: Korf Bruce R 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The neurofibromatoses are a set of at least two distinct disorders characterized by the development of nerve sheath tumors and diverse other features. Both are genetically determined as autosomal dominant traits, and both genes have been identified, with resultant major insights into pathogenesis. The neurofibromatoses have prominent effects on the visual system, which are important both for diagnosis and clinical management. This review focuses on clinical aspects of the neurofibromatoses, highlighting ophthalmological issues and recent advances in molecular genetics.
A Sweep VEP Test for Color Vision Deficits in Infants and Young Children
Authors: Ver Hoeve James N , France Thomas D , Bousch G Andrew 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Purpose: Color vision testing in young children typically is precluded by the motor and cognitive skills required by standard tests; yet this information can be useful for diagnosis and counseling in many conditions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate a visual evoked potential (VEP) method for assessing red-green color vision anomalies in pediatrie patients.
Method: The relative chromatic luminance (C=R/R+G) of a rapidly reversing red-green checkerboard was varied across a wide range within a short viewing period (10 sec). Swept-parameter VEP methods were used to measure the cortical response to the range of C presented.
Results: Individuals with normal color vision exhibit a VEP response that exceeds noise levels across all values of C, often with an amplitude minima near the photopic equiluminant point (C=0.5). Results from children with established protan and deutan color vision anomalies show loss of VEP amplitude and phase at values of C consistent with the respective color defect. A patient with achromatopsia showed a generalized depression of VEP response across all values of C tested.
Conclusion: Color sweep VEP techniques appear promising for the clinical assessment of color status in pediatric patients.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Evaluation of Congenital and Acquired Superior Oblique Palsy
Authors: Özkan Seyhan B , Aribal M Erkin , Sener Emin Cumhur , Sanaç Ali Sefik , Gürcan Fazila 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Background: According to the recently popularized classification of superior oblique (SO) palsy based on congenital variations of the tendon, the primary pathology is the abnormality of the SO tendon rather than an innervational problem in congenital cases. If this hypothesis is true, denervation atrophy of SO muscle should not occur In patients with congenital SO palsy.
Methods: Eight patients with traumatic and nine patients with definite congenital SO palsy underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the orbit. SO muscle width and cross-sectional area measurements were taken from coronal images and compared with the clinically uninvolved superior oblique muscles.
Results: Atrophy of varying degrees was observed in the SO muscle both in congenital and acquired cases. No significant difference was found in the appearance of the SO muscle between acquired and congenital SO palsy groups.
Conclusion: We have been unable to demonstrate abnormalities of the SO tendon in both groups. The MRI appearance of the SO muscle suggested that in congenital SO palsy, the pathology is not limited to the tendon; there also is an abnormality of the muscle itself.
Suppression of Vestibular Nystagmus by Forced Convergence in Normal Human Subjects
Authors: Shirado Osamu , Gizzi Martin , Harper Harry , Wang Weijia 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Background: It has been suggested that the principal mechanism of nystagmus suppression in the nystagmus blockage syndrome is either adduction of the eye or convergence. We examined this issue using the nystagmus of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) as a model.
Methods: A motorized, computer-controlled rotary chair was used to produce VOR in darkness, using either sinusoidal or velocity step stimulation. Left eye position was monitored and horizontal slow-phase eye velocity was calculated. Subjects were cued to converge or perform other gaze tasks.
Results: Convergence suppressed nystagmus. With sinusoidal stimulation, nystagmus was nearly extinguished in extreme lateroversion, probably due to mechanical tethering of the eye. However, VOR gain suppression of 47% during convergence was observed even when the monitored eye was close to primary position. With velocity step stimulation, nystagmus was nearly extinguished at moderate angles of adduction.
Conclusions: Convergence is sufficient to suppress nystagmus, without vision and without regard to whether the eye is adducted.
Subnormal Binocular Vision in the Williams Syndrome
Authors: Olitsky Scott E , Sadler Laurie S , Reynolds James D 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Purpose: Patients with Williams syndrome have been found to have a high prevalence of strabismus. This may be due to a primary sensory abnormality. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of subnormal binocular vision in patients with Williams syndrome.
Methods: Patients being followed in an interdisciplinary Williams syndrome clinic were prospectively evaluated to determine their binocular status.
Results: Eleven patients with Williams syndrome underwent an ophthalmologic evaluation. Twenty-seven percent of patients had strabismus (3/11). Eight patients demonstrated no measurable strabismus. Six of these patients were found to have monofixation syndrome.
Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of subnormal binocular vision in Williams syndrome. This subnormal binocular vision may explain the high prevalence of strabismus in this syndrome.