bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serologic aspects of treating immune thrombocytopenic purpura using intravenous Rh immune globulin
Authors: Savasman C.M. , Sandler S.G. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), IgG autoantibody-coated platelets are phagocytized by mononuclear macrophages, primarily in the spleen. Intravenous Rh immune globulin (IV RhIG) has been used since 1983 to treat D+, nonsplenectomized patients with ITP. The beneficial therapeutic effect of IV RhIG is attributed to competitive inhibition of phagocytosis of IgG-coated platelets by IgG anti-D-coated D+ red blood cells (reticuloendothelial or Fc receptor blockade). Following infusions of IV RhIG in D+ ITP patients, the direct and indirect antiglobulin tests become transiently positive, reflecting passively transferred anti-D and other alloantibodies that were present in the infused IV RhIG. These consistent and predictable serologic findings contrast with the inconsistent and weak anti-D reactivity observed when D– women are treated with relatively small doses of intramuscular RhIG for Rh immunoprophylaxis. The pathophysiology of ITP and the effect of infusing IV RhIG in patients with ITP are illustrated in this review, using computer-generated figures.
Immunohematology 2001;17:106–110.
Strategies for Psychiatric Rehabilitation and their Cognitive Outcomes in Schizophrenia: Review of Last Five-year Studies
Authors: Rampino Antonio , Falcone Rosa M. , Giannuzzi Arianna , Masellis Rita , Antonucci Linda A. , Torretta Silvia 
Published: May 2021

Background:
Cognitive deficits are core features of Schizophrenia, showing poor response to antipsychotic treatment, therefore non-pharmacological rehabilitative approaches to such a symptom domain need to be identified. However, since not all patients with Schizophrenia exhibit the same cognitive impairment profile, individualized rehabilitative approaches should be set up.

Objectives:
We explored the last five-year literature addressing the issue of cognitive dysfunction response to rehabilitative methodologies in Schizophrenia to identify possible predictors of response and individualized strategies to treat such a dysfunction.

Conclusion:
A total of 76 studies were reviewed. Possible predictors of cognitive rehabilitation outcome were identified among patient-specific and approach-specific variables and a general overview of rehabilitative strategies used in the last five years has been depicted. Studies suggest the existence of multifaced and multi-domain variables that could significantly predict pro-cognitive effects of cognitive rehabilitation, which could also be useful for identifying individual-specific rehabilitation trajectories over time.
An individualized rehabilitative approach to cognitive impairment in Schizophrenia is possible if taking into account both patient and approach specific predictors of outcomes.
Epidemiology of Bronchiolitis in Hospitalized Infants at Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Authors: Al Shibli Amar , Nouredin Muhammad B. , Al Amri Abdulla , Iram Durdana , Narchi Hassib 
Published: May 2021

Background:
Bronchiolitis is the commonest lower respiratory tract infection, found worldwide in children < 2 years of age. Over sixty percent of cases are caused by Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). The disease is known to have significant morbidity, mortality and health care costs. Its seasonal variability, manifestations and complications vary between countries. The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis in Al Ain City, United Arab Emirates.

Methods:
Retrospective observational chart review was made of an unselected cohort of infants ≤ 2 years admitted to the pediatric department of Tawam hospital over a 3-year period and discharged with the diagnosis of bronchiolitis. Epidemiological data and risk factors were analyzed.

Results:
RSV was the commonest pathogen (51%). Hospitalizations occurred year-round but increased significantly in December and January. The patients’ median age was 5.8 months with a male predominance (male:female ratio of 1.5:1.0). The mean age at admission was 6.6 months and presentation occurred, on average, 2.9 days after the onset of the symptoms. The majority (94%) had respiratory distress on presentation. Chest x-ray was performed in 80% of the patients. Most children received bronchodilator therapy and oxygen therapy was administered to 42%. The mean duration of hospital stay was 3 days.

Conclusion:
Bronchiolitis remains a common reason for hospital admission and carries significant morbidity. RSV is the primarily responsible virus for hospital admissions and morbidity.
A better understanding of the burden of bronchiolitis in our setting would enable better planning and use of hospital resources to minimize its short and long-term sequelae.
Prevalence of Refractive Errors among Children in Saudi Arabia: A Systemic Review
Authors: Alghamdi Waleed 
Published: May 2021

Introduction:
The aim of this review was to estimate the prevalence of refractive errors (RE) and uncorrected refractive error (URE) in school-aged children of 4 to 14 years of age in Saudi Arabia.

Methods:
An extensive search was performed for peer-reviewed studies with data from the Saudi population during the past 20 years. The Cochrane Library, Pubmed, and Embase databases were used. Two independent reviewers evaluated publications and extracted the data. The quality of the studies was evaluated based on a critical appraisal tool designed for systematic reviews. The pooled prevalence of refractive error, uncorrected refractive error and different types of refractive error were estimated by using the random-effects meta-analysis.

Results and Discussion:
Eight school-based studies were included in this review. Among the overall pooled population of 12,247childern, the estimated prevalence of refractive error was 17.5% (95% CI: 11.1- 25). In the five studies that reported uncorrected refractive error (N=10,198), the pooled prevalence was 16.8% (95% CI: 11.4 – 21.3). The overall prevalence of refractive errors was very similar among boys, 16.8 (95% CI: 10.8- 24.1), and girls, 17.7% (95% CI: 10.2 – 25.9). Myopia was the most prevalent refractive error and was present in 40.8% (95% CI: 16.1 – 69.9) followed by astigmatism 29.7% (95% CI: 6.1- 61.7) and hyperopia 28.3% (95% CI: 16.9 – 41.2).

Conclusion:
This review highlights the high prevalence of refractive errors and uncorrected refractive error among children in Saudi Arabia. More studies are required using standardised methods in different regions where there is a lack of information on UREs. It is recommended that vision screening programs of children for RE should be implemented at the community level and integrated into school health programmes in order to detect UREs and prevent amblyopia, which is one of the debilitating consequences of URE.
Pojęcie profilaktyki jako działania
Authors:   Uniwersytet Warszawski, Salamucha Agnieszka 
Published: May 2021

The paper concerns the concept of social prevention as a special kind of action. My aim is to define the characteristics of this concept (and - indirectly - the phenomenon of social prevention) with the tools of analysis proposed by Nicholas Rescher (1966, 215-220): (1) agent (who did the action?); (2) act-type (what did she do?); (3) modality of action (how did she/he do the action?): a. modality of manner (in what manner did she/he do the action?), b. modality of means (by what means did she/he do the action?); (4) setting of action (in what context did she/he do the action?): a.	temporal aspect (when did she/he do the action?), b. spatial aspect (where did she/he do the action?), c. circumstantial aspect (under what circumstances did she/he do the action?); (5) rationale of action (why did she/he do the action?): a. causality (what caused her/him to do the action?), b.	finality (with what aim did she/he do the action?), c. intentionality (in what state of mind did she/ he do the action?).
Mobile Delivery of Mindfulness-Based Smoking Cessation Treatment Among Low-Income Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Mhende Josephine , Bell Sharrill A , Cottrell-Daniels Cherell , Luong Jackie , Streiff Micah , Dannenfelser Mark , Hayat Matthew J , Spears Claire Adams 
Published: May 2021

Background
Smoking is the leading cause of premature death, and low-income adults experience disproportionate burden from tobacco. Mindfulness interventions show promise for improving smoking cessation. A text messaging program “iQuit Mindfully” was developed to deliver just-in-time support for quitting smoking among low-income adults. A pilot study of iQuit Mindfully was conducted in spring 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, among low-income and predominantly African American smokers.

Objective
This pilot study examined the acceptability and feasibility of delivering Mindfulness-Based Addiction Treatment via mHealth during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods
Participants were adult cigarette smokers (n=23), of whom 8 (34.8%) were female, 19 (82.6%) were African American, and 18 (78.3%) had an annual income of <US $24,000. They were randomly assigned to either 8 weeks of iQuit Mindfully as a fully automated standalone intervention or iQuit Mindfully in combination with therapist-led in-person group treatment. For participant safety, in-person mindfulness groups were transitioned to the internet and assessments also took place over the internet. Survey questions asked participants about changes in their stress, smoking habits and quit attempts, and their perceptions of the mindfulness and text messaging intervention in the context of the pandemic.

Results
Most participants (n=15 of 21, 71.4%) indicated a change in stress due to the pandemic, of whom 14 (93.3%) indicated higher stress. Participants shared concerns about finances, homelessness, health, and social isolation. Most (n=17 of 21, 80.9%) believed that smoking increases the risk of contracting COVID-19, and although that was motivating for some, others expressed lower motivation to quit smoking because of higher stress. Most (n=18 of 21, 85.7%) stated that practicing mindfulness was helpful during the pandemic. Mean ratings of the helpfulness of text messages and the extent to which they would recommend the program to others were 7.1 (median 8 on a 10-point scale, SD 2.9) and 8.2 (median 9, SD 2.5), respectively. Through open-ended program evaluations, participants shared details about how mindfulness practices and the text messages helped them manage stress and feel a sense of social support during the pandemic. Moreover, 10 of 19 (52.6%) of participants achieved 7-day abstinence from smoking, with no differences between conditions.

Conclusions
This study supports the promise of text messaging and the use of teleconferencing to provide mindfulness and smoking cessation services to underserved populations during a pandemic.
Barriers and Facilitators to the Implementation of Virtual Reality as a Pain Management Modality in Academic, Community, and Safety-Net Settings: Qualitative Analysis
Authors: Sarkar Urmimala , Lee Jane E , Nguyen Kim H , Lisker Sarah , Lyles Courtney R 
Published: May 2021

Background
Prior studies have shown that virtual reality (VR) is an efficacious treatment modality for opioid-sparing pain management. However, the majority of these studies were conducted among primarily White, relatively advantaged populations and in well-resourced settings.

Objective
We conducted a qualitative, theory-informed implementation science study to assess the readiness for VR in safety-net settings.

Methods
Using the theoretical lens of the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) framework, we conducted semistructured interviews with current VR users and nonusers based in safety-net health systems (n=15). We investigated barriers and facilitators to a commercially available, previously validated VR technology platform AppliedVR (Los Angeles, CA, USA). We used deductive qualitative analysis using the overarching domains of the CFIR framework and performed open, inductive coding to identify specific themes within each domain.

Results
Interviewees deemed the VR intervention to be useful, scalable, and an appealing alternative to existing pain management approaches. Both users and nonusers identified a lack of reimbursement for VR as a significant challenge for adoption. Current users cited positive patient feedback, but safety-net stakeholders voiced concern that existing VR content may not be relevant or appealing to diverse patients. All respondents acknowledged the challenge of integrating and maintaining VR in current pain management workflows across a range of clinical settings, and this adoption challenge was particularly acute, given resource and staffing constraints in safety-net settings.

Conclusions
VR for pain management holds interest for frontline pain management clinicians and leadership in safety-net health settings but will require significant tailoring and adaption to address the needs of diverse populations. Integration into complex workflows for pain management is a significant barrier to adoption, and participants cited structural cost and reimbursement concerns as impediments to initial implementation and scaling of VR use.
Factors Affecting the Extent of Patients’ Electronic Medical Record Use: An Empirical Study Focusing on System and Patient Characteristics (Preprint)
Authors: Agrawal Lavlin , Ndabu Theophile , Mulgund Pavankumar , Sharman Raj 
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND

Patients’ access to and use of electronic medical records (EMRs) places greater information in their hands, which helps them better comanage their health, leading to better clinical outcomes. Despite numerous benefits that promote health and well-being, patients’ acceptance and use of EMRs remains low. We study the impact of predictors that affect the use of EMR by patients to understand better the underlying causal factors for the lower use of EMR.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to examine the critical system (eg, performance expectancy and effort expectancy) and patient characteristics (eg, health condition, issue involvement, preventive health behaviors, and caregiving status) that influence the extent of patients’ EMR use.

METHODS

We used secondary data collected by Health Information National Trends Survey 5 cycle 3 and performed survey data analysis using structural equation modeling technique to test our hypotheses. Structural equation modeling is a technique commonly used to measure and analyze the relationships of observed and latent variables. We also addressed common method bias to understand if there was any systematic effect on the observed correlation between the measures for the predictor and predicted variables.

RESULTS

The statistically significant drivers of the extent of EMR use were performance expectancy (β=.253; <i>P</i>&lt;.001), perceived behavior control (β=.236; <i>P</i>&lt;.001), health knowledge (β=–.071; <i>P</i>=.007), caregiving status (β=.059; <i>P</i>=.013), issue involvement (β=.356; <i>P</i>&lt;.001), chronic conditions (β=.071; <i>P</i>=.016), and preventive health behavior (β=.076; <i>P</i>=.005). The model accounted for 32.9% of the variance in the extent of EMR use.

CONCLUSIONS

The study found that health characteristics, such as chronic conditions and patient disposition (eg, preventive health behavior and issue involvement), directly affect the extent of EMR use. The study also revealed that issue involvement mediates the impact of preventive health behaviors and the presence of chronic conditions on the extent of patients’ EMR use.
Ocean effects on weather and climate
Authors: Adem Julian 
Published: May 2021

Un modelo termodinámico se usa, para el hemisferio norte, en enero y en julio, para evaluar en el sistema Atmósfera-Océano-Continente las contribuciones, en los campos de temperatura, de la evaporación y del calor sensible dado a la atmósfera de la superficie de los océanos; así como del almacenamiento de energía en los mismos. Se presentan cálculos de la respuesta del sistema Atmósfera-Océano-Continente a una anomalía inicial de 2°C en la temperatura de la superficie de los océanos. Los resultados muestran que importantes anomalías aparecen en la temperatura, las funciones de calentamiento y la circulación atmosférica, que dependen de la estación del año. Se hace una estimación cuantitativa de los efectos del océano en la respuesta del Sistema Atmósfera-Océano-Continente a un aumento de 2% en la constante solar, para el hemisferio norte.
The Canadian Cordillera
Authors: Stacey Roger A. 
Published: May 2021

Se discuten las subdivisiones fisiográficas y geológicas de la Cordillera del Canadá, y se definen los límites actuales entre las Placas de las Américas, del Pacífico y de Juan de Fuca. Se propone una interpretación preliminar de la historia geológica de la Cordillera desde el Proterozoico, en base a la teoría de placas. Se pasa revista a las mediciones aeromagnéticas, de variación magnética, de gravedad y de flujo térmico, a los experimentos de refracción sísmica y a los estudios sismológicos en la región cordillerana y el Oceana Pacífico adyacente, y se presenta una tentativa de relacionar estos datos con la historia tectónica de la Cordillera. Los temas de mayor interés son los límites actuales entre las placas de las Américas, del Pacífico y de Juan de Fuca, y la historia reciente del punto triple entre estas placas que se encuentra al NW de la Isla Vancouver. Al interior de la Cordillera los problemas de especial interés son las evidencias de antiguos límites de placas, y el estudio de las características físicas de la corteza y del manto superior.
The concept of a lithosphere
Authors: Tozer David C. 
Published: May 2021

La actual tendencia de definir la litósfera como una región de propiedades elásticas características, puede distorsionar un importante aspecto cualitativo de los procesos tectónicos en un planeta. Si se admite a escala de laboratorio que un mismo material puede comportarse casi clásticamente (como un sólido) o casi viscosamente (como un líquido) según el régimen de carga, podemos sugerir el término “litósfera" para designar aquella región de un planeta (si la hay) que se comporta en forma casi elástica bajo la acción de los esfuerzos asociados al proceso de transferencia de calor. Al definirse una región de este tipo es necesario entrar a discutir el comportamiento anclástico del material planetario. Esta idea es desarrollada para el caso particular de la Tierra, aunque se hace referencia también a otros planetas. Una litósfera así definida es mucho más delgada que la basada en la profundidad de la "capa de baja velocidad", y su espesor puede ser varias veces mayor bajo los continentes que bajo los océanos. Esto afecta significativamente la estabilidad (y por ende la edad radiogénica) de la litósfera en ambas regiones. Se propone una exploración muy diferente de la capa de baja velocidad bajo los océanos.
Driving mechanisms for plate tectonics
Authors: Turcotte Donald L. 
Published: May 2021

Esta generalmente aceptada la idea de que el motor de la tectónica de placas sea algún tipo de convección térmica. La fuerza impelente puede aplicarse dentro de la placa, o bien puede transmitirse a la placa desde abajo. Las siguientes fuerzas actúan sobre una placa: 1) el exceso de peso específico y la mayor elevación de los límites de fase en la placa descendente, 2) el deslizamiento gravitacional de la placa desde las crestas oceánicas. Ambas fuerzas pueden calcularse con relativa precisión. Las fuerzas transmitidas a la placa por esfuerzos de corte aplicados en la base son mucho más difíciles de estimar. No se conoce la forma del flujo convectivo en el manto y las cifras estimativas sobre la viscosidad pueden variar en órdenes de magnitud. La posibilidad de que tales fuerzas contribuyan al mecanismo motriz de la tectónica de placas pertenece al dominio de la especulación.
Estudio meteorológico de las inundaciones de diciembre de 1970 en Costa Rica
Authors: Grandoso Hector 
Published: May 2021

Se analiza la situación meteorológica del 3 y 4 de diciembre de 1970, que produjo grandes lluvias e inundaciones en la Vertiente del Caribe de Costa Rica. Las cartas de la troposfera inferior no muestran ningún sistema sinóptico significativo, pero destaca la presencia de un disturbio de importancia desde el nivel 500 mb para arriba. Se trata de una vaguada en los Oestes de latitudes medias que se profundiza y se extiende en las latitudes tropicales hasta Costa Rica. En los trópicos la vaguada de altura toma una orientación NE-SW y da lugar a una línea de cortante o una bajada segregada. El sistema orográfico de Costa Rica actúa como generador de lluvias abundantes al producirse un flujo anómalo del NE en la troposfera superior y al aumentar el espesor de la capa potencialmente inestable por encima de sus valores normales. Por otra parte, las montañas bloquean el flujo en la capa superficial a barlovento, dando lugar a una corriente de retorno del Oeste contrario al flujo sinóptico del NE.Las precipitaciones máximas del orden de 350 mm en un día, de 700 mm en dos días y de 800 mm en tres días son del tipo continúo moderado y no conectivo. Se propone un mecanismo de liberación gradual de la inestabilidad potencial por el ascenso orográfico. Se destaca que precipitaciones de esta magnitud son mayores que las producidas por cualquier otro disturbio sinóptico, incluyendo los huracanes, en América Central.