The evolution of IB research: a topic model analysis of EIBA conference papers (1975-2020)
Authors: Corado Simões Vítor , Rocha João Pedro , Piepenbrink Anke , Cantwell John , Gugler Philippe 
Published: December 2024

Purpose
This paper comes in the context of the European International Business Academy (EIBA) History project, and the long period analysed was broken down in six time windows (1975–1981, 1982–1988, 1989–1995, 1996–2002, 2003–2012; and 2013–2020), in line with the periodisation followed in writing such history. The main purpose was to identify the key themes of the papers presented at EIBA conferences between 1975 and 2020.

Design/methodology/approach
The analysis was carried out drawing on topic modelling, a machine-learning statistical solution that is capable of processing large volumes of text data.

Findings
A set of 5,296 Competitive and Workshop papers was processed with the use of topic modelling. The method enabled to identify 24 underlying research topics. These were then grouped into nine higher-level categories. The results show a consistent growth in the number of papers presented, especially in the periods going from 1989–2012. This is a sign of an increasing attractiveness, openness and attendance in EIBA’s annual conferences. Overall, the topics with the highest probabilities were topic 22 (Measuring and Assessing IB performance), followed ex-aequo by topics 13 (Evolutionary Approaches, Matrix Structures and Managerial Challenges) and 20 (Comparative Management Education and Behaviour) and then by topic 4 (Born Globals and International New Ventures). A key finding was the change in methodological approaches over time, with a significant increase in the use of sound quantitative and qualitative methods, instead of broad narratives mostly based on descriptive statistics.

Research limitations/implications
Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), as a quantitative approach to analyse text data, has some limitations. LDA, along with other distributional models, may identify degrees of semantic relations between words, but is not able by itself to specify the kind of relation, entailing a possible loss of contextual information which might have been able to further assist in the study. Another limitation stems from the use of very old paper proceedings, whose quality was sometimes low, making reading difficult.

Practical implications
This research provides a longitudinal perspective of the evolution of the key research topics in international business over about 45 years. Its findings are very important for all those who are interested on the evolution of the IB field.

Social implications
The research provides an interesting perspective of the development of a scientific field as well as of a scientific community.

Originality/value
The main contributions of this research are fourfold. Firstly, to the best of the authors' knowledge, it provides the most complete longitudinal analysis about the evolution of IB research topics published so far. Secondly, it extracts relevant information about the evolution of the IB research issues addressed at EIBA’s annual conferences, enabling a 46-year longitudinal perspective on research interests as they emerged. Thirdly, it provides a successful application of topic modelling for the analysis of large volumes of textual data. Fourthly, it addresses the entirety of the text documents, as opposed to specific sections or keywords only, ensuring increased analytical depth.