bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Daily Assessment of Executive Functioning and Expressive Suppression Predict Daily Functioning among Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Brothers Stacey L. , Suchy Yana 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjective:Executive functioning (EF) is known to be associated with performance of instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). However, prior research has found that the degree to which EF fluctuates was more predictive of self-reported cognitive and IADL lapses than was average EF performance. One source of such EF fluctuations is engagement in an emotion regulation strategy known as expressive suppression (ES). Importantly, ES has also been shown to relate to IADL performance, presumably due to its impact on EF. However, past research is limited due to assessing IADLs only in the laboratory or via self-report. The present study examined (a) the association of daily EF and ES fluctuations with performance of actual IADL tasks in participants’ homes, and (b) whether any significant association between ES fluctuations and daily IADLs would be mediated by daily EF variability.Method:Participants were 52 older adults aged 60 to 95. Over the course of 18 days while at home, participants completed daily IADL tasks as well as daily measures of EF and ES via ecological momentary assessment.Results:Contrary to our hypothesis, average EF across days predicted at-home IADLs above and beyond daily EF variability, which itself was also predictive. ES variability also predicted daily IADLs, and this association was fully mediated by average daily EF.Conclusions:Daily fluctuations in ES appear to have a deleterious impact on performance of IADLs at home, likely due to the impact of such fluctuations on EF, although the average level of EF capacity is also important.
Governor Partisanship Explains the Adoption of Statewide Mask Mandates in Response to COVID-19
Authors: Adolph Christopher , Amano Kenya , Bang-Jensen Bree , Fullman Nancy , Magistro Beatrice , Reinke Grace , Wilkerson John 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPublic mask use has emerged as a key tool in response to COVID-19. We develop a classification of statewide mask mandates that reveals variation in their scope and timing. Some US states quickly mandated wearing of face coverings in most public spaces, whereas others issued narrow mandates or no mandate at all. We consider how differences in COVID-19 epidemiological indicators and partisan politics affect when states adopted broad mask mandates, starting with the earliest mandates in April 2020 and continuing through the end of 2020. The most important predictor is the presence of a Republican governor, delaying statewide indoor mask mandates an estimated 98.0 days on average. COVID-19 indicators such as confirmed case or death rates are much less important predictors. This finding highlights a key challenge to public efforts to increase mask wearing, one of the most effective tools for preventing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 while restoring economic activity.
Methane Growth Rate Estimation and Its Causes in Western Canada Using Satellite Observations
Authors: Islam S. M. Nazrul , Jackson Peter L. , Sweeney Colm , McKain Kathryn , Frankenberg Christian , Aben Ilse , Parker Robert J. , Boesch Hartmut , Wunch Debra 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn this study, the GOSAT Proxy Retrieval (v9.0) data product of column‐averaged dry‐air mole fractions of atmospheric methane (XCH4) for the period 2009–2019 was analyzed to detect methane (CH4) trends in the three western Canadian provinces where oil and gas development activities have changed significantly over the last decade. Although we found statistically significant increasing XCH4 trends in all subdomains (northeast British Columbia‐NE, Alberta‐AB, southern Saskatchewan‐SK), XCH4 trends are not higher than the background trend (7.25 ± 0.30 ppb/yr) and enhancement trends (ΔXCH4, after removing the background quantity) are not detectable at any subdomain during 2009–2019. For further insight into trends in all subdomains, we divided the whole period (2009–2019) into two shorter periods (2009–2013 and 2014–2019) and estimated trends. We found XCH4 trends are higher than background trends particularly in the AB and SK subdomains during 2009–2013, and their ΔXCH4 trends are positive and also marginally statistically significant. However, we do not find any detectable ΔXCH4 trend if we consider either long‐term (2009–2019) or the second shorter period (2014–2019), suggesting local emission sources are dominating year to year fluctuation. From the source attribution analysis, we found both wetland and oil and gas sectors are controlling the CH4 growth rate in western Canada, but the oil and gas sector is the dominant driver in NE and SK subdomains. We also found the satellite‐based average ΔXCH4 trend (15.43 ± 8.19%/yr) between 2009 and 2013 likely reflects a trend in oil and gas CH4 emissions in AB and SK for the same period.
Orbital Influences on Conditions Favorable for Glacial Inception
Authors: O'Neill Grainne R. , Broccoli Anthony J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractGlacial cycles are driven by cyclical changes in Earth's orbital parameters: obliquity, precession, and eccentricity. A common interpretation of Milankovitch's orbital theory suggests high‐latitude June insolation is the dominant forcing in driving glacial cycles, which places emphasis on the importance of precession. However, there is abundant evidence for the importance of obliquity. Here, we use linear reconstructions based on single‐forcing climate model simulations to produce time series of climate variables important in the growth and decay of ice sheets to examine the relative influences of obliquity and precession in locations important to glacial inception. We show that obliquity can cause changes in positive degree‐days (sum of mean daily temperatures above 0°C) of larger magnitude than those of precession for Scandinavia and Baffin Island. Our positive degree‐day time series were best represented by Milankovitch's caloric summer insolation metric. Snowfall is dominated by obliquity in Scandinavia and by precession in Baffin Island.
Local Hydraulic Resistance in Heterogeneous Porous Media
Authors: Krol Quirine , Fouxon Itzhak , Corso Pascal , Holzner Markus 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe examine the validity of the commonly used Hagen‐Poiseuille model of local resistance of porous media using direct numerical simulations. We provide theoretical arguments that highlight possible limitations of this model and formulate a new constitutive model that is based on the circularity of iso‐pressure surfaces. We compare the performance of both models on three different three‐dimensional artificial porous media. We show that the new model improves the root‐mean‐squared‐relative error from , and for the HP model to , and for the three porous media respectively. We anticipate that our approach may find broad application in network models of porous media that are typically build from 3D images with intricate pore geometries.
The El Niño–Southern Oscillation Pattern Effect
Authors: Ceppi Paulo , Fueglistaler Stephan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractEl Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability is accompanied by out‐of‐phase anomalies in the top‐of‐atmosphere tropical radiation budget, with anomalous downward flux (i.e., net radiative heating) before El Niño and anomalous upward flux thereafter (and vice versa for La Niña). Here, we show that these radiative anomalies result mainly from a sea surface temperature (SST) “pattern effect,” mediated by changes in tropical‐mean tropospheric stability. These stability changes are caused by SST anomalies migrating from climatologically cool to warm regions over the ENSO cycle. Our results are suggestive of a two‐way coupling between SST variability and radiation, where ENSO‐induced radiative changes may in turn feed back onto SST during ENSO.
Observations and Modeling of Strong Thermospheric Winds at High Latitudes and Their Impact on the Lower Thermosphere
Authors: Barreto‐Schuler Christian W. , Shepherd Gordon G. , Chen Yongsheng , Shepherd Marianna G. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA strong westward wind pattern at altitudes of ∼140–250 km at high latitudes (∼65°) in the approximate longitude range of 100°E–200°E in the Southern Hemisphere, and from 200°E to 300°E in the Northern Hemisphere, known as a “wind wall,” is investigated. Simulations from the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere and ionosphere extension (WACCM‐X) and the Global Airglow (GLOW) model, along with Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII) observations, allowed the description of most of the wind wall features. The results indicate that the wind wall is linked to the well‐known high‐latitude wind convection pattern. This atmospheric circulation is significantly stronger during active geomagnetic conditions, where its dusk anticyclonic circulation cell is also enhanced, which results in the origin of the wind wall. The study also reveals the impacts of the wind wall on the vertical velocity and its consequences for the O(1S) green line emission on the lower thermosphere, as well as its influence on the atomic oxygen depletion at high latitudes, which is mainly a response to the complex high‐latitude wind convection pattern and its spatial and temporal variation.
Representation of Stony Surface‐Atmosphere Interactions in WRF Reduces Cold and Wet Biases for the Southern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Yue Siyu , Yang Kun , Lu Hui , Zhou Xu , Chen Deliang , Guo Weidong 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCurrent regional and global climate models often have significant cold and wet biases in the simulation of climate for the Southern Tibetan Plateau (STP). This region has complex terrain and steep slopes, and the underlying surface in many areas is stony with little soil and vegetation, which causes negligible infiltration and rapid runoff. The default soil type (loam) in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) is thus replaced with bedrock to improve the representation of the mountainous hydrological processes in this region. The domain of bedrock is identified by using satellite‐based Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and terrain elevation standard deviation. The model results demonstrate that the WRF‐simulated precipitation and temperature are sensitive to soil type setting in this region. After the soil type is corrected, the mean precipitation bias at weather stations in the STP is reduced from 35 mm to −6 mm and the cold bias of 2 m air temperature is reduced from 1.5°C to 0.8°C when evaluated against weather station data. The relevant land and atmospheric processes are explored. The revision of the soil type from loam to bedrock results in increased sensible heat flux and decreased evaporation. A higher sensible heat flux results in higher air temperature, and the suppressed evaporation attenuates precipitation‐evaporation feedback. The altered energy budget enhances the valley wind, resulting in a sinking motion anomaly and reduced precipitation over lower elevations. The study highlights the critical role of soil type in the realistic representation of land‐atmosphere interactions by numerical models for the unique region.
Microphysical Characteristics of the Coexisting Frontal and Warm‐Sector Heavy Rainfall in South China
Authors: Han Bin , Du Yu , Wu Chong , Liu Xi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractInland frontal heavy rainfall (FR) and coastal warm‐sector heavy rainfall (WR) are two typical types of precipitation in South China during the pre‐summer rainy season. FR and WR are found to be generated by different mechanisms, but their differences in microphysical features and relevant possible reasons are not well understood. In the present study, dual‐polarization observations merged from 10 radars are utilized to investigate microphysical characteristics of two coexisting convective systems producing FR and WR. Overall, the WR has a stronger convection intensity, larger raindrop size, and higher liquid water content than the FR. The larger raindrops might be partly attributed to the deeper warm‐sector convection evidenced by stronger convective updrafts, which could potentially promote mixed‐phase processes. Raindrops in the WR are still larger even when the WR has a similar convection intensity with the FR, which might be explained by the active warm rain processes associated with higher low‐level humidity and more evident low‐level rotation in the WR. In addition, the FR was originally developed near the front and then vacated from the front into the warm sector, exhibiting an obvious temporal evolution in microphysical characteristics. Despite weaker convection intensity, the FR away from the front manifests a larger mean raindrop size than the FR near the front possibly because of more abundant environmental moisture in the warm sector.
Remotely Sensed Land Surface Temperature Can Be Used to Estimate Ecosystem Respiration in Intact and Disturbed Northern Peatlands
Authors: Burdun Iuliia , Kull Ain , Maddison Martin , Veber Gert , Karasov Oleksandr , Sagris Valentina , Mander Ülo 
Published: October 2021

AbstractRemotely sensed land surface temperature (LST) enables global modeling and monitoring of CO2 fluxes from peatlands. We aimed to provide the first overview of the potential for using LST to monitor ecosystem respiration (Reco) in disturbed (drained and extracted) peatlands. We used chamber‐measured data (2017–2020) from five disturbed and two intact northern peatlands and LST data from Landsat 7, 8, and MODIS missions. First, we studied the strength of the relationships between fluxes and their in situ drivers (i.e., thermal and moisture conditions). Second, we examined the association between LST and in situ temperatures. Third, we compared chamber‐measured Reco with the modeled Reco driven by in situ measured water table depth and (a) in situ measured surface temperature and (b) remotely sensed MODIS LST data. In situ temperatures were a stronger driver of CO2 fluxes in disturbed sites (repeated measures correlation rmR = 0.8–0.9) than in intact ones (rmR = 0.5–0.8). LST had a higher association with in situ measured temperatures in disturbed sites (mean rmR = 0.79 for MODIS) and weaker in the intact (hummocks and hollows) peatlands (mean rmR = 0.38 for Landsat and 0.48 for MODIS). Reco models driven by MODIS LST and in situ surface temperature yielded similar accuracy: R2 was 0.27, 0.66, and 0.67 and 0.29, 0.70, and 0.66 for intact and for drained and extracted sites, respectively. Overall, these findings suggest the applicability of LST as a proxy of the thermal regime in Reco models, particularly for disturbed peatlands.
Tidal Marsh Sediment and Carbon Accretion on a Geomorphologically Dynamic Coastline
Authors: van Ardenne L. B. , Hughes J. F. , Chmura G. L. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe examined the sediment profiles, surface accretion rates, and soil carbon (C) accumulation rates of two brackish tidal marshes on Kilbella and Wannock Rivers of the central coast of British Columbia, Canada, a region where such tidal marsh studies are rare. Sediment grain size is variable within these deposits and is a significant predictor of soil C density. The average soil C density of the Kilbella (0.027 ± 0.01 g C cm−³) and the Wannock marsh (0.029 ± 0.007 g C cm−³) are within the range of reported global averages. Compared to global estimates, the depth weighted mean rates of soil C accumulation are low, between 29 and 50 g C m−2 year−1, although high sectional rates (up to 490 ± 230 g C m−³ year−1) occur in deeper segments of the marsh profile at Kilbella. Modern accretion rates are below moderate to high sea level rise scenarios. The Kilbella marsh contains sand layers from periods of mass sedimentation events (landslides and tsunamis), which provide the marsh with elevation capital that can be critical to its sustainability. The Kilbella profile demonstrates that variation in carbon density with depth cannot be predicted in marshes on geomorphologically dynamic coasts.
Impact of Surface Roughness on Evaporation in 2D Micromodels
Authors: Ding Yi , Geistlinger Helmut 
Published: October 2021

AbstractEvaporation—a key process for water exchange between soil and atmosphere—is controlled by internal water fluxes and surface vapor fluxes. Recent studies demonstrated that the dynamics of the water flow in pore corners and thick‐film flow on the rough pore‐solid interface determine the time behavior of the evaporation rate. A comprehensive experimental study of the combined effect of corner flow (CF) and thick‐film flow (TFF) on evaporation is lacking. Herein, we present a comparative micromodel study of the evaporation process using 2D‐porous media, which exhibit the same stochastic pore structure, but different degree of surface roughness (silicon micromodels with smooth surface and glass‐ceramic micromodels with rough surface). Our study proves both experimentally and theoretically that surface roughness and wettability play a key role for the time and temperature behaviors of the evaporation process. We found a similar behavior up to 42°C regarding the mass loss as a function of time in stage‐2 and a transition to linear t behavior for higher temperatures (61°C) with a high statistical significance (regression coefficients near 1) for both micromodels. Our experimental results elucidate the strong temporal correlation between mass loss and geometric pattern of the unsaturated CF and TFF region. Partial wetting in silicon micromodels causes a weak driving force for CF, whereas complete wetting in glass‐ceramic micromodels causes a strong driving force for TFF. For a consistent description of the time‐dependent mass loss and geometry of the CF/TFF region, the fractality of the evaporation front must be considered. Based on our data, we estimate the film thickness and discover some interesting film‐thinning effect with increasing temperature.
SPDEF suppresses head and neck squamous cell carcinoma progression by transcriptionally activating NR4A1
Authors: Wang Yanting , Ren Xianyue , Li Weiyu , Cao Ruoyan , Liu Suyang , Jiang Laibo , Cheng Bin , Xia Juan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSAM pointed domain containing E26 transformation-specific transcription factor (SPDEF) plays dual roles in the initiation and development of human malignancies. However, the biological role of SPDEF in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains unclear. In this study, the expression level of SPDEF and its correlation with the clinical parameters of patients with HNSCC were determined using TCGA-HNSC, GSE65858, and our own clinical cohorts. CCK8, colony formation, cell cycle analysis, and a xenograft tumor growth model were used to determine the molecular functions of SPDEF in HNSCC. ChIP-qPCR, dual luciferase reporter assay, and rescue experiments were conducted to explore the potential molecular mechanism of SPDEF in HNSCC. Compared with normal epithelial tissues, SPDEF was significantly downregulated in HNSCC tissues. Patients with HNSCC with low SPDEF mRNA levels exhibited poor clinical outcomes. Restoring SPDEF inhibited HNSCC cell viability and colony formation and induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, while silencing SPDEF promoted cell proliferation in vitro. The xenograft tumor growth model showed that tumors with SPDEF overexpression had slower growth rates, smaller volumes, and lower weights. SPDEF could directly bind to the promoter region of NR4A1 and promoted its transcription, inducing the suppression of AKT, MAPK, and NF-κB signaling pathways. Moreover, silencing NR4A1 blocked the suppressive effect of SPDEF in HNSCC cells. Here, we demonstrate that SPDEF acts as a tumor suppressor by transcriptionally activating NR4A1 in HNSCC. Our findings provide novel insights into the molecular mechanism of SPDEF in tumorigenesis and a novel potential therapeutic target for HNSCC.
Increased risk of near term global warming due to a recent AMOC weakening
Authors: Bonnet Rémy , Swingedouw Didier , Gastineau Guillaume , Boucher Olivier , Deshayes Julie , Hourdin Frédéric , Mignot Juliette , Servonnat Jérôme , Sima Adriana 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSome of the new generation CMIP6 models are characterised by a strong temperature increase in response to increasing greenhouse gases concentration1. At first glance, these models seem less consistent with the temperature warming observed over the last decades. Here, we investigate this issue through the prism of low-frequency internal variability by comparing with observations an ensemble of 32 historical simulations performed with the IPSL-CM6A-LR model, characterized by a rather large climate sensitivity. We show that members with the smallest rates of global warming over the past 6-7 decades are also those with a large internally-driven weakening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). This subset of members also matches several AMOC observational fingerprints, which are in line with such a weakening. This suggests that internal variability from the Atlantic Ocean may have dampened the magnitude of global warming over the historical era. Taking into account this AMOC weakening over the past decades means that it will be harder to avoid crossing the 2 °C warming threshold.
A three-tiered colloidosomal microreactor for continuous flow catalysis
Authors: Wu Hua , Du Xuanlin , Meng Xiaohui , Qiu Dong , Qiao Yan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIntegrative colloidosomes with hierarchical structure and advanced function may serve as biomimetic microreactors to carry out catalytic reactions by compartmentalizing biological species within semipermeable membranes. Despite of recent progress in colloidosome design, integration of biological and inorganic components into tiered structures to tackle the remaining challenges of biocatalysis is highly demanded. Here, we report a rational design of three-tiered colloidosomes via the Pickering emulsion process. The microreactor consists of crosslinked amphiphilic silica-polymer hybrid nanoparticles as the semipermeable shell, an enzyme-incorporated catalytic sub-layer, and a partially-silicified adsorptive lumen. By leveraging confinement and enrichment effect, we demonstrate the acceleration of lipase-catalyzed ester hydrolysis within the microcompartment of organic-inorganic hybrid colloidosomes. The catalytic colloidosomes are further assembled into a closely packed column for enzymatic reactions in a continuous flow format with enhanced reaction rates. The three-tiered colloidosomes provide a reliable platform to integrate functional building blocks into a biomimetic compartmentalized microreactor with spatially controlled organization and high-performance functions.
Importance of untested infectious individuals for interventions to suppress COVID-19
Authors: Pérez-Reche Francisco J. , Forbes Ken J. , Strachan Norval J. C. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe impact of the extent of testing infectious individuals on suppression of COVID-19 is illustrated from the early stages of outbreaks in Germany, the Hubei province of China, Italy, Spain and the UK. The predicted percentage of untested infected individuals depends on the specific outbreak but we found that they typically represent 60–80% of all infected individuals during the early stages of the outbreaks. We propose that reducing the underlying transmission from untested cases is crucial to suppress the virus. This can be achieved through enhanced testing in combination with social distancing and other interventions that reduce transmission such as wearing face masks. Once transmission from silent carriers is kept under control by these means, the virus could have been fully suppressed through fast isolation and contact tracing of tested cases.