bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maintaining Production of Frac-Packed Wells by Inhibiting Scale Buildup and Fines Migration
Authors: Liang F. , Vo L.K. , Nguyen P.D. , Green T.W. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The forming of scale or the migration and intrusion of formation fines and sand into the proppant pack often drastically diminishes the conductivity of frac-packs and propped fractures which can negatively impact well production. This paper describes the development of a new surface modification agent (SMA) that can be applied during frac-packing operations or the remedial treatments of propped fractures or near-wellbore (NWB) formations. Studies were conducted to demonstrate the mechanisms by which this SMA simultaneously inhibits scale formation in the proppant pack while also controlling migration and intrusion of formation sand and fines.
Once coated on the proppant as part of hydraulic fracturing, frac-packing, or gravel pack treatment, or when injected into the proppant pack and formation matrix, this SMA forms a thin film on the particulates, covering the fines and anchoring the particulates in place. The SMA coating also forms a hydrophobic film that encapsulates particulate surfaces, inhibiting chemical reactions that lead to scale formation in pack matrix and subsequent productivity loses.
Experiments using packed beds of proppant, formation sands, and various fines were performed to simulate proppant pack conditions and formation fines before and after remedial treatments. It was observed that SMA treatments formed only a very thin film, which encapsulated proppant or formation particulates and created cohesion between grains, without plugging pore spaces. Additionally, laboratory results demonstrate that SMA treatments can effectively prevent buildup of scale in various sand packs as well as successfully controlling migration of formation fines into proppant packs to maintain fluid flow paths.
In addition to remedial treatments, SMA treatment fluid can be applied while treating formations following a sandstone acidizing treatment, during treatment of formations before a high-rate water pack or frac-pack treatment, or as part of a pad fluid to treat the fracture faces before placement of proppant into a fracture and/or a screen annulus.
Comparison of the Impact of Dip and Vertical Transmissibility on Oil Recovery and Carbon Storage Using Water over Gas Injection in the Forest Reserve Field, Trinidad
Authors: Jones S. C. , Sobers L. E. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A combination of geologic carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration and CO2 enhanced oil recovery (CO2EOR) can address the two of Trinidad and Tobago's energy sector challenges: falling oil production and increasing CO2 emissions. Geologic storage of CO2 in heavy oil reservoirs can increase oil production while injected CO2 is effectively sequestered. Our investigations are based on 225 ft (~69 m) of the unconsolidated Lower Forest sand, average porosity and permeability of 32% and 125 md, respectively, found within the Forest reserve field, Trinidad. The middle section of this sand package contains a 26 ft (8m) thick layer of shaly sand with average permeability 70 md and average porosity 28%. We used reservoir simulations to determine the impact of dip and reduced transmissibility on the performance of the water over gas injection strategy using CO2. From our results we conclude that the reduced vertical transmissibility and dip affects the formation of the oil bank, water underride and the rate of CO2 migration.
Best Cluster Head Selection and Route Optimization for Cluster Based Sensor Network Using (M-pso) and Ga Algorithms
Authors: Prakash Ved , Pandey Suman , singh deepti 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Clustering plays a vital role in extending the lifespan and optimized direction of a wireless sensor network by integrating sensor nodes through clusters and choosing cluster heads (CHs) and non-cluster heads (NCHs). Cluster head aggregated data and non-cluster heads forward to the base station (BS). In this paper, we have introduced a new Dynamic Multipath Routing Protocol (DMPRP) for selections of cluster heads (CHs) and non-cluster heads (NCHs), which is ideally selected using M-PSO algorithm. After calculating the probabilities, the best selection of cluster heads has taken, and results have used to find the optimized shortest path using the Genetic Algorithm (GA). The GA algorithm uses an objective function consisting of a network to determine the optimal path.
Weeds Detection and Classification using Convolutional Long-Short-Term Memory
Authors: Arif Sheeraz , Kumar Rajesh , Abbasi Shazia , Mohammadani Khalid , Dev Kapeel 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The smart agricultural robotic system can decrease the dependence on various traditional agriculture crop spraying methods such as pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizer. To meet the world population food requirements, conventional schemes are not sufficient for spraying agrochemicals to control the weeds and increase crop production. Therefore, a smart and intelligent farming system is introduced to increase the production of crops and to reach crop production target. In this paper, Deep Learning (DL) based algorithms is applied for the identification and classification of weed plants using combination of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Long-Short- Term Memory (LSTM). Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) has a unique structure to get discriminative features for the input images, and LSTM allows to jointly optimize the classification. To validate the proposed scheme, nine kinds of weeds are classified using the proposed method such as vine weeds, three-leaf weeds, spiky weeds, and invasive creeping weeds. We carried out several extensive experiments and 99.36% of average classification accuracy is achieved. The obtained results show that the combination of CCN-LSTM has significantly higher classification capabilities in comparison to other existing prominent approaches.
Recreational Harvest of Sharks and Rays in Western Australia is only a Minor Component of the Total Harvest
Authors: Braccini Matias , Lai Eva , Ryan Karina , Taylor Stephen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Sharks and rays are of global conservation concern with an increasing number of species at risk of extinction, mostly attributed to overfishing by commercial fishing. Their recreational harvest is poorly known but it can be of similar magnitude to the commercial harvest in some regions. We quantified the recreational harvest of sharks and rays in Western Australia, a region with a marine coastline of > 20,000 km. We recorded 33 species/taxonomic groups but the harvest was dominated by dusky and bronze whalers, blacktip reef shark, gummy shark, Port Jackson shark, wobbegongs, and rays and skates. Most species caught were released (85% of all individuals), although gummy and whiskery sharks were typically retained. There was a clear latitudinal gradient of species composition with tropical and subtropical species of the genus Carcharhinus dominating in the north and temperate species of the families Triakidae, Carcharhinidae, Heterodontidae and Rajidae dominating in the south. The recreational harvest was negligible compared with commercial landings. The newly available time series data can be incorporated into stock assessments to allow the quantification of recreational fishing mortality of shark and ray species and therefore comply with state, national and international initiatives for their conservation and sustainable management.
Surrogate Modeling of Time-Dependent Metocean Conditions during Hurricanes
Authors: Qiao Chi , Myers Andrew T. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Metocean conditions during hurricanes are defined by multiple parameters (e.g., significant wave height and surge height) that vary in time with significant auto- and cross-correlation. In many cases, the nature of the variation of these characteristics in time is important to design and assess the risk to offshore structures, but a persistent problem is that measurements are sparse and time history simulations using metocean models are computationally onerous. Surrogate modeling is an appealing approach to ease the computational burden of metocean modeling, however, modeling the time-dependency of metocean conditions using surrogate models is challenging because the conditions at one time instant are dependent on not only the conditions at that instant but also on the conditions at previous time instances. In this paper, time-dependent surrogate modeling of significant wave height, peak wave period, peak wave direction, and storm surge is explored using a database of metocean conditions at an offshore site. Three types of surrogate models, including Kriging, Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), and Recurrent Neural Network with Gated Recurrent Unit (RNN-GRU), are evaluated, with two different time-dependent structures considered for the Kriging model and two training set sizes for the MLP model, resulting in a total of five models evaluated in this paper. The performance of the models is compared in terms of accuracy and sensitivity towards hyperparameters, and the MLP and RNN-GRU models are demonstrated to have extraordinary prediction performance in this context.
Control theory-based data assimilation for hydraulic models as a decision support tool for hydropower systems: sequential, multi-metric tuning of the controllers
Authors: Milašinović Miloš , Prodanović Dušan , Zindović Budo , Stojanović Boban , Milivojević Nikola 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Increasing renewable energy usage puts extra pressure on decision-making in river hydropower systems. Decision support tools are used for near-future forecasting of the water available. Model-driven forecasting used for river state estimation often provides bad results due to numerous uncertainties. False inflows and poor initialization are some of the uncertainty sources. To overcome this, standard data assimilation (DA) techniques (e.g., ensemble Kalman filter) are used, which are not always applicable in real systems. This paper presents further insight into the novel, tailor-made model update algorithm based on control theory. According to water-level measurements over the system, the model is controlled and continuously updated using proportional–integrative–derivative (PID) controller(s). Implementation of the PID controllers requires the controllers’ parameters estimation (tuning). This research deals with this task by presenting sequential, multi-metric procedure, applicable for controllers’ initial tuning. The proposed tuning method is tested on the Iron Gate hydropower system in Serbia, showing satisfying results.
An analysis of rainfall variability and drought over Barmer District of Rajasthan, Northwest India
Authors: Mehta Darshan , Yadav S. M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Climate variability, mainly the annual air temperature and precipitation, have received great attention worldwide. The magnitude of this climate variability changes with variation in location. Rajasthan comes under the arid and semi-arid zone of India in which monsoon is a principal element of water resource. Due to erratic and scanty rainfall in this zone, agriculture is totally dependent on the monsoon. The objective of the present study is to assess the meteorological drought characteristics using Drought Indices Calculator DrinC from the historical rainfall records of the Barmer District of Rajasthan State by employing the criterion of percentage departure (D%), rainfall anomaly index (RAI) and standardized precipitation index (SPI). Trend analysis of seasonal and extreme annual monthly rainfall was carried out for the Barmer District of Rajasthan State using the data period between 1901 and 2002 at the 5% level of significance. Sen's slope estimator was also applied to identify the trend. Temporal analysis is useful to predict and identify the possible drought severity and its duration in the study region. It also helps in understanding its effect on groundwater recharge and increasing the risk of water shortage. Trend analysis of rainfall over 102 years shows an increasing trend in pre-monsoon, post-monsoon, southwest monsoon and annual rainfall and a decreasing trend in winter rainfall. Through this study, policy makers and local administrators will be benefitted, which will help them in taking proactive drought relief decisions in the drought-hit regions.
Czas i przestrzeń w badaniach sztuki oraz twórczości literackiej ks. profesora Janusza St. Pasierba
Authors: Mazurczak Urszula 
Published: February 2021

SUMMARY
The Author separated the visualized time and the time when the painting was created. Both are rooted in the point of history which was important for the artist, in the time of creating the work of art as well as in the internal structure of the painting which is expressed through the theme and the presented figures. The researcher who was deeply influenced by history, browsed it deeply in order to find every “now”, adding it to the timeline of the artist’s life, or to the history he was a part of. The timeline, history, constitutes a basis of the knowledge about the artist’s workshop and it is the basis for the historical-comparative method. The Priest Professor Pasierb knew hermeneutics with the hermeneutic circle of Hans Gadamer and Paul Ricoeur. In his exploration of the temporal structure of his works of art he indicates to the reader the circular structure of the composition, which is typical for the scenes of the greatest masters of the Baroque, e.g. The Coronation of Mary, The Adoration of the Shepherds. The structure of time is particularly important in the portraits of Herman Han in the painting of 17th century. The analysis of the paintings of the master of Gdańsk Herman Han, especially of his painting The Coronation of the Virgin Mary in the main altar in Pelplin is an introduction for discovering the circular structures of time and space. It shows the Author’s concepts as close to the traditional Antique concepts of time: as the two opposites: Chronos – the inevitable time which consumes everything on its way and Kairos, the fugacious moment which can, however, be stopped by wisdom, beauty, the ability of predicting. The sensitivity to time, the Kairos, was expressed by the priest Professor Pasierb who was impressed by a Greek vase painted by Makron (Paris, Louvre) “long-haired boy with a hoop and with a dog, quickly running round an attic goblet, looking back where they are calling you, come back, you didn’t listen, today it is too late, twenty-five centuries passed. The painter Makron whom you passed by so quickly, managed to write kalos – Beautiful”. The basic method used for the analysis of time and space in the painting is the hermeneutic method of Paul Ricoeur and Hans Georg Gadamer.
Kaunas of 1919-1939: a temporary capital built by its citizens
Authors: Petrulis Vaidas 
Published: February 2021

W latach 1919-1939, wskutek sytuacji politycznej, Kowno zyskało status tymczasowej stolicy Litwy. Te dwie dekady, w czasie których miasto było centrum wielu ważkich wydarzeń politycznych, ekonomicznych i kulturalnych, znacznie przyczyniły się do stworzenia tożsamości Kowna. W tym okresie miał miejsce boom architektoniczny, który zaowocował pojawieniem się wyjątkowej grupy budynków, charakteryzujących się unikalnym połączeniem rozmaitych wpływów i interpretacji modernizmu oraz narodowego romantyzmu. Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia historyczny przegląd kulturalnych i ekonomicznych okoliczności, które wpłynęły na rozwój budownictwa w Kownie w okresie dwudziestolecia międzywojennego.
Due to the political circumstances from 1919 to 1939 the city of Kaunas had a status of provisional capital of Lithuania. Two decades of being at the epicentre of political, economic and cultural events greatly contributed to the creation of the city‘s identity. Construction boom of these years left an exceptional collection of architecture behind, with a unique combination of different influences and interpretations of modernism and national romanticism. This article will give a historical overview of cultural and economic circumstances which influenced architectural development between two World Wars.
Türkçe Ders Kitaplarındaki Yazma Etkinliklerinin İncelenmesi
Authors: Karacaoğlu Mehmet Önder , Dağ Murat , Uzun Oğuzhan 
Published: February 2021

Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı, Türkçe derslerinde kullanılmak üzere Talim Terbiye Kurulu kararları doğrultusunda Türkçe ders kitaplarını belirlemektedir. Bu kitaplar gerek özel yayınevleri gerekse Millî Eğitim Bakanlığının kendi bünyesinde oluşturduğu komisyonlar tarafından hazırlanmaktadır. 2003-2004 eğitim-öğretim yılından itibaren Bakanlık tarafından ücretsiz olarak öğrencilere ulaştırılan bu kitaplar Türkçe dersinin temel dil becerilerinin geliştirilmesi sürecine uygun olarak etkinlik temelli olarak hazırlanmaktadır. Türkçe Dersi Öğretim Programı’nda (MEB, 2019) Türkçe dersindekullanılacak kitaplarda kaç tema yer alması gerektiği, yer alan metinlerin tür dağılımı, öğrenciler tarafından edinilmesi gereken kazanımlar yer almaktadır. Bu kazanımların alanları temel dil becerilerine göre belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışma, ortaokul ve imam-hatip ortaokullarında kullanılan Türkçe ders kitaplarında yer alan yazma becerisine yönelik hazırlanmış etkinliklerin Türkçe Dersi Öğretim Programı (MEB, 2019) ile ne kadar tutarlılık içinde olduğunu tespit etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma analitik araştırma modeli ile tasarlanmıştır. Araştırmada inceleme nesnesi olarak 2020-2021 eğitimöğretim yılında her sınıf düzeyinde farklı yayınevlerince hazırlanan dört Türkçe ders kitabı incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda temalarda yer alan yazma etkinlikleri; sayı, tür ve Türkçe Dersi Öğretim Programı’na (MEB, 2019) uygunluk açısından incelenmiştir. Etkinliklerin hangi kazanımla ilişkili olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Sınıflar bazında tasnif edilerek tablolaştırılan yazma etkinliklerinin Türkçe Dersi Öğretim Programı’ndaki (MEB, 2019) yazma becerisi kazanımlarına uygunluğu değerlendirilmiştir. 8. sınıf Türkçe ders kitabının nispeten yeterli düzeydeolduğu; 5, 6, 7. sınıf kitaplarının ise yazma becerisinin gelişimi için tam anlamıyla yeterli olmadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Modern Trends in Analytical Techniques for Method Development and Validation of Pharmaceuticals: A Review
Authors: Sharma Shivani , Singh Navdeep , Ankalgi Amar Deep , Rana Arti , Ashawat Mahendra Singh 
Published: February 2021

The process of drug development requires a suitable technique which helps the scientist to analyze the drug molecule is an accurate, precise, and easiest way. For the quantitative and qualitative estimation of drugs in analytical chemistry it is very important to identify the best method for method development. This study helps the author to understand the various analytical techniques available for the process of drug development which includes spectroscopy, chromatography, electrochemical techniques, electrophoretic, flow injection analysis, and hyphenated technique. All these methods contain different analytical process with a variety of separate techniques. Also, we discuss about the modern trend which are available, and implacable in all these methods to improve the analytical behavior of these techniques. In method development process the validation of document must be required in the form of accuracy, precision, specificity, limit of detection, linearity, and range is considered. So, this review article contains the brief summary of available analytical techniques, and the latest trend in method development, or the process of method validation, and development of method. The discussed methods in this review article were revealed by the scientist, and these techniques must require in new drug development process, which helps the person to utilize the potential of these techniques. Trend in the analytical chemistry to overcome the error in method development was necessary, and the latest trends in method development technique were useful to defeat errors in analytical techniques.
Keywords: Analytical techniques, Modern trends, Process of method development, and validation.
A Review on Gastro-Retentive Floating Microspheres
Authors: Birajdar Anuradha A. , Deshmukh Madhuri T. , Shete Rajkumar V. 
Published: February 2021

The floating microsphere's purpose is to improve gastric retention time. Floating drug delivery systems are lower in bulk thickness than gastric juice and remain floating on gastric juice for a long period of time without impacting the gastric-emptying rate and increasing bioavailability. Gastro-retentive microspheres are particularly suitable for the continuous or late release of oral formulations with blending versatility to achieve various release patterns, low dose risk as a reproducible and short gastric retention time. The aim of this review is to address literature on the floating device, techniques, selection of suitable or inappropriate drug candidates for GRDDS, low density polymers used to swim over gastric fluid, processes, and floating microsphere assessment and application.
Keywords: GRDDS, Floating system, Approaches, Polymer, Mechanism, Methods
Excipients, drug release mechanism and physicochemical characterization methods of Solid lipid nanoparticles
Authors: Matta Vasu Deva Reddy 
Published: February 2021

From last thirty years, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) gain much importance as drug delivery vehicle for enhanced delivery of the drugs, proteins, nutraceuticals and cosmetics. SLNs defined as a submicron size range nanoparticle with below 1000 nm and are mainly composed of lipids and surfactants, capable of incorporating both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs. SLNs also used as controlled systems, targeted delivery and altered therapeutic efficacy purpose. A wide variety of methods such as double emulsion, solvent evaporation, ultra sonication, high-pressure homogenization and microemulsion used for SLNs production. This review provides the significance of SLNs in drug delivery with highlighting on selection of excipients, drug release mechanism, principles and limitations associated with their physicochemical and surface morphological characterization.
Keywords: Solid lipid nanoparticles, enhanced delivery, preparation, characterization, application.
Muco-adhesive buccal tablets of candesartan cilexetil for oral delivery: preparation, in-vitro and ex-vivo evaluation
Authors: Samanthula Kumara Swamy , Bairi Agaiah Goud , Mahendra Kumar CB 
Published: February 2021

Candesartan cilexetil (CC) is an angiotensin II-receptor blocker (ARB). The antihypertensive effect of CC 4-16 mg/day was as great as that of other once-daily dosage regimens. Candesartan cilexetil has high first-pass metabolism and low oral bioavailability. The bioavailability of such drugs may be significantly improved if delivered through the buccal route; hence mucosal delivery is one of the alternative methods of systemic drug delivery. This study’s objective was to develop mucoadhesive buccal tablets of candesartan cilexetil using carbopol-934P, hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), Eudragit RLPO, and sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (Na-CMC) as mucoadhesive polymers. Prepared CC buccal tablet formulations were evaluated for an optimized system based on physicochemical properties, ex-vivo residence time, in-vitro, and ex vivo permeation studies. The evaluation parameters of the tablets were within the acceptable Pharmacopoeial limits. However, the swelling and bio-adhesive time were increased with increasing polymer concentrations. The in-vitro release research shown that buccal tablets with sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (Na-CMC) exhibited a higher release than all other formulations and have been considered as optimized CC formulation. The release mechanism from kinetic methods suggests that the drug release follows zero-order kinetics with a diffusion mechanism. Further, in-vivo research in animal fashions is required to prove the bioavailability performance of the formulation.
Keywords: Candesartan cilexetil, mucoadhesive buccal tablets, first-pass metabolism, bioavailability.