bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intrinsic polarization coupling in 2D α‐In2Se3toward artificial synapse with multimode operations
Authors: Gao Jing , Zheng Yue , Yu Wei , Wang Yanan , Jin Tengyu , Pan Xuan , Loh Kian Ping , Chen Wei 
Published: February 2021

AbstractEmulation of advanced synaptic functions of the human brain with electronic devices contributes an important step toward constructing high‐efficiency neuromorphic systems. Ferroelectric materials are promising candidates as synaptic weight elements in neural network hardware due to their controllable polarization states. However, the increased depolarization field at the nanoscale and the complex fabrication process of the traditional ferroelectric materials hamper the development of high‐density, low‐power, and highly sensitive synaptic devices. Here, we report the implementation of two‐dimensional (2D) ferroelectric α‐In2Se3as an active channel material to emulate typical synaptic functions. The α‐In2Se3‐based synaptic device features multimode operations, enabled by the coupled ferroelectric polarization under various voltage pulses applied at both drain and gate terminals. Moreover, the energy consumption can be reduced to ~ 1 pJ by using high‐κdielectric (Al2O3). The successful control of ferroelectric polarizations in α‐In2Se3and its application in artificial synapses are expected to inspire the implementation of 2D ferroelectric materials for future neuromorphic systems.
Comparison of Multipiscivore Foraging Success on Native and Invasive Prey Fish under Variable Light Intensities
Authors: Michels N. O. , Hrabik T. R. , Mensinger A. F. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPiscivorous fishes attack and consume a variety of prey; however, few studies have examined interactions of multiple predators with multiple prey species. The situational complexity of foraging at different times of day was explored by examining the interactions of paired native predators (BurbotLota lotaor Smallmouth BassMicropterus dolomieu) with either native (Mottled SculpinCottus bairdii) or invasive (Round GobyNeogobius melanostomus) benthic prey. The study allowed the comparison of a pursuit predator (Smallmouth Bass) and an ambush predator (Burbot). Trials were performed under natural relevant lighting conditions with downwelling light intensity and emission spectrum matched to the irradiance at a 10‐m depth in the St. Louis River estuary during the summer at night, civil twilight, sunrise, and midmorning. Smallmouth Bass were more active and initiated 1,510 reactions that resulted in the successful capture of 61 Round Goby and 103 Mottled Sculpin, whereas Burbot initiated 475 reactions resulting in 24 successful retentions, including 9 Round Goby and 15 Mottled Sculpin. The percentage of successful retentions was greater for Smallmouth Bass (10.9%) than for Burbot (5%). Reaction probabilities to each prey differed significantly, which resulted in a two‐fold increase in attacks on Mottled Sculpin compared with Round Goby within the same time period. Reaction distances for both predators did not differ regarding prey species, but Smallmouth Bass reacted from farther away than did Burbot (maximum reaction distances of 159 and 98 cm, respectively). Greater success of native predators on native prey has likely caused higher mortality on native prey populations due to greater predator success, while capturing invasive prey decreases the net energy intake.
Seismic damage assessment of a supertall tubed mega frame structure based on a simplified finite element model
Authors: Zhou Zhi , Qian Jiang , Huang Wei , Yao Kun 
Published: February 2021

SummaryA tubed mega frame structure is composed of tubes located at the perimeter of the structure as mega columns and mega beams. This paper explores the applicability of this structural system to supertall buildings in high seismic intensity areas. First, a refined finite element (FE) model of a 585‐m tall tubed mega frame structure was built in ABAQUS, as well as a mega‐braced frame‐core structure on which the tubed mega frame structure is based. In order to improve the efficiency of nonlinear analyses, beam‐based simplified FE models of the two structures were developed in OpenSees and validated against the refined FE models. Then, incremental dynamic analyses of the tubed mega frame structure were conducted based on its simplified model. The damage of the tubes was quantified by a modified Park–Ang damage model. The analyses indicate that the seismic damage of the tubes in the tubed mega frame structure develops rapidly after yielding, because tubes at the perimeter of the structure suffer severe axial load under high‐intensity earthquakes. It is suggested that the axial load ratio of the tubed mega columns should be controlled to avoid brittle failure in the seismic design of supertall tubed mega frame structures.
Cadmium cytotoxicity and possible mechanisms in human trophoblast HTR‐8/SVneo cells
Authors: Liao Ying , Zheng Hong , Wu Langbo , He Lei , Wang Yu , Ou Yangsong , Yang Hongjun , Peng Shiqin , Chen Fengwang , Wang Xiaoyan , Zhao Jiayuan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in the human body through food chain can lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes. In this study, Cd cytotoxicity and its mechanisms in HTR‐8/SVneo cells were investigated. Cd disrupted the cellular submicrostructure and inhibited the cell viability in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner. The levels of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde content, and the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) and total superoxode dismutase (T‐SOD) were concentration‐dependently increased by Cd. In addition, Cd dose‐dependently inducedcell apoptosis and decreased cell migration and invasion capacities. Finally, Cd significantly upregulated all the genes related to oxidative stress (SOD1, ROS1, and HSPA6), inflammatory response, cell cycle, apoptosis, and migration and invasion. This study will provide insights into the prevention and treatment of pregnancy‐related diseases caused by Cd intoxication.
Design of polymers for siRNA delivery: Recent progress and challenges
Authors: Wang Hui , Zhang Song , Lv Jia , Cheng Yiyun 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRNA interference with the ability to specifically silence target genes has shown great potential to treat various diseases. The primary challenge for RNA interference is to effectively and selectively deliver genetic materials such as small interfering RNA (siRNA) to targeted tissues and cells in vivo. Numerous efforts have been made to overcome the extracellular and intracellular barriers during siRNA delivery. In this review, we focused on most recent advances in the design of functional polymers to achieve efficient siRNA delivery via addressing the various parameters, including siRNA binding, serum stability, specific targeting, tissue penetration, cellular internalization, endosomal escape, and intracellular siRNA release. The beneficial roles of assembled polymer nanostructures and polymer‐based hybrid nanocomposites in siRNA delivery were also reviewed. Finally, the challenges and perspectives in the future development of polymer‐based siRNA delivery systems will be discussed.
Broiler production challenges in the tropics: A review
Authors: Kpomasse Cocou Claude , Oke Oyegunle Emmanuel , Houndonougbo Frédérick Makpondji , Tona Kokou 
Published: February 2021

AbstractUnder tropical climate, broiler production is encumbered by several constraints which make it difficult for them to attain their genetic potential. The scarcity and high price of poultry feed and veterinary services and the harsh environmental conditions with respect to thermal stress are some of the challenges that hinder optimal growth of the birds. Limited availability of feedstuffs, including crucial feed ingredients like maize and oil seedcakes, is an important challenge to the sector, since feed still represents a major cost of producing broiler chickens. Additionally, the problem of climate change, which has become a global concern, is the main problem in broiler production under hot and humid climate. Under high ambient temperature, feed intake decreases, carbohydrates metabolism and protein synthesis efficiency are disturbed. Lipid utilization is lower and glucose or insulin homeostasis is altered while fat deposition and oxidative stress increases. Several strategies are used to ameliorate the effect of heat stress in poultry. The objective of this review was to summarize the challenge in broiler production under hot and humid climate and different approaches to fight heat stress in poultry.
The Sivers asymmetry in hadronic dijet production
Authors: Kang Zhong-Bo , Lee Kyle , Shao Ding Yu , Terry John 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We study the single spin asymmetry in the back-to-back dijet production in transversely polarized proton-proton collisions. Such an asymmetry is generated by the Sivers functions in the incoming polarized proton. We propose a QCD formalism in terms of the transverse momentum dependent parton distribution functions, which allow us to resum the large logarithms that arise in the perturbative calculations. We make predictions for the Sivers asymmetry of hadronic dijet production at the kinematic region that is relevant to the experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). We further compute the spin asymmetries in the selected positive and negative jet charge bins, to separate the contributions from u- and d-quark Sivers functions. We find that both the sign and size of our numerical results are roughly consistent with the preliminary results from the STAR collaboration at the RHIC.
Double parton distributions in the pion from lattice QCD
Authors: Bali Gunnar S. , Castagnini Luca , Diehl Markus , Gaunt Jonathan R. , Gläßle Benjamin , Schäfer Andreas , Zimmermann Christian 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We perform a lattice study of double parton distributions in the pion, using the relationship between their Mellin moments and pion matrix elements of two local currents. A good statistical signal is obtained for almost all relevant Wick contractions. We investigate correlations in the spatial distribution of two partons in the pion, as well as correlations involving the parton polarisation. The patterns we observe depend significantly on the quark mass. We investigate the assumption that double parton distributions approximately factorise into a convolution of single parton distributions.
Gapped Goldstones at the cut-off scale: a non-relativistic EFT
Authors: Cuomo G. , Esposito A. , Gendy E. , Khmelnitsky A. , Monin A. , Rattazzi R. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
At finite density, the spontaneous breakdown of an internal non-Abelian symmetry dictates, along with gapless modes, modes whose gap is fixed by the algebra and proportional to the chemical potential: the gapped Goldstones. Generically the gap of these states is comparable to that of other non-universal excitations or to the energy scale where the dynamics is strongly coupled. This makes it non-straightforward to derive a universal effective field theory (EFT) description realizing all the symmetries. Focusing on the illustrative example of a fully broken SU(2) group, we demonstrate that such an EFT can be constructed by carving out around the Goldstones, gapless and gapped, at small 3-momentum. The rules governing the EFT, where the gapless Goldstones are soft while the gapped ones are slow, are those of standard nonrelativistic EFTs, like for instance nonrelativistic QED. In particular, the EFT Lagrangian formally preserves gapped Goldstone number, and processes where such number is not conserved are described inclusively by allowing for imaginary parts in the Wilson coefficients. Thus, while the symmetry is manifestly realized in the EFT, unitarity is not. We comment on the application of our construction to the study of the large charge sector of conformal field theories with non-Abelian symmetries.
2020 global reassessment of the neutrino oscillation picture
Authors: de Salas P. F. , Forero D. V. , Gariazzo S. , Martínez-Miravé P. , Mena O. , Ternes C. A. , Tórtola M. , Valle J. W. F. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We present an updated global fit of neutrino oscillation data in the simplest three-neutrino framework. In the present study we include up-to-date analyses from a number of experiments. Concerning the atmospheric and solar sectors, besides the data considered previously, we give updated analyses of IceCube DeepCore and Sudbury Neutrino Observatory data, respectively. We have also included the latest electron antineutrino data collected by the Daya Bay and RENO reactor experiments, and the long-baseline T2K and NOνA measurements, as reported in the Neutrino 2020 conference. All in all, these new analyses result in more accurate measurements of θ13, θ12, $$ \Delta {m}_{21}^2 $$
Δ

m
21
2

and $$ \left|\Delta {m}_{31}^2\right| $$

Δ

m
31
2

. The best fit value for the atmospheric angle θ23 lies in the second octant, but first octant solutions remain allowed at ∼ 2.4σ. Regarding CP violation measurements, the preferred value of δ we obtain is 1.08π (1.58π) for normal (inverted) neutrino mass ordering. The global analysis still prefers normal neutrino mass ordering with 2.5σ statistical significance. This preference is milder than the one found in previous global analyses. These new results should be regarded as robust due to the agreement found between our Bayesian and frequentist approaches. Taking into account only oscillation data, there is a weak/moderate preference for the normal neutrino mass ordering of 2.00σ. While adding neutrinoless double beta decay from the latest Gerda, CUORE and KamLAND-Zen results barely modifies this picture, cosmological measurements raise the preference to 2.68σ within a conservative approach. A more aggressive data set combination of cosmological observations leads to a similar preference for normal with respect to inverted mass ordering, namely 2.70σ. This very same cosmological data set provides 2σ upper limits on the total neutrino mass corresponding to Σmν< 0.12 (0.15) eV in the normal (inverted) neutrino mass ordering scenario. The bounds on the neutrino mixing parameters and masses presented in this up-to-date global fit analysis include all currently available neutrino physics inputs.
Islands in de Sitter space
Authors: Balasubramanian Vijay , Kar Arjun , Ugajin Tomonori 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We consider black holes in 2d de Sitter JT gravity coupled to a CFT, and entangled with matter in a disjoint non-gravitating universe. Tracing out the entangling matter leaves the CFT in a density matrix whose stress tensor backreacts on the de Sitter geometry, lengthening the wormhole behind the black hole horizon. Naively, the entropy of the entangling matter increases without bound as the strength of the entanglement increases, but the monogamy property predicts that this growth must level off. We compute the entropy via the replica trick, including wormholes between the replica copies of the de Sitter geometry, and find a competition between conventional field theory entanglement entropy and the surface area of extremal “islands” in the de Sitter geometry. The black hole and cosmological horizons both play a role in generating such islands in the backreacted geometry, and have the effect of stabilizing the entropy growth as required by monogamy. We first show this in a scenario in which the de Sitter spatial section has been decompactified to an interval. Then we consider the compact geometry, and argue for a novel interpretation of the island formula in the context of closed universes that recovers the Page curve. Finally, we comment on the application of our construction to the cosmological horizon in empty de Sitter space.
Is N = 2 Large?
Authors: Kitano Ryuichiro , Yamada Norikazu , Yamazaki Masahito 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We study θ dependence of the vacuum energy for the 4d SU(2) pure Yang-Mills theory by lattice numerical simulations. The response of topological excitations to the smearing procedure is investigated in detail, in order to extract topological information from smeared gauge configurations. We determine the first two coefficients in the θ expansion of the vacuum energy, the topological susceptibility χ and the first dimensionless coefficient b2, in the continuum limit. We find consistency of the SU(2) results with the large N scaling. By analytic continuing the number of colors, N , to non-integer values, we infer the phase diagram of the vacuum structure of SU(N) gauge theory as a function of N and θ. Based on the numerical results, we provide quantitative evidence that 4d SU(2) Yang-Mills theory at θ = π is gapped with spontaneous breaking of the CP symmetry.
The ICON Trauma Study: the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on major trauma workload in the UK
Authors: Adiamah Alfred , Thompson Amari , Lewis-Lloyd Christopher , Dickson Edward , Blackburn Lauren , Moody Nick , Gida Sunil , La Valle Angelo , Reilly John-Joe , Saunders John , Brooks Adam ,   The ICON Trauma Study Group, Adiamah Alfred , Anis Fady , Blackburn Lauren , Brewer Hilary , Brooks Adam , Brailsford Rachel , Boardman Shannon , Dahaley Amanjeet , Dickson Edward , Draper Zoe , Freij Ramzi , Gaskin Wendy , Gida Sunil , Hutchinson Lauren , Jackman Jamaall , Kapeleris Audrey , Koh Amanda , Lamb Christopher , Lewis-Lloyd Christopher , La Valle Angelo , Lee Rachel , McSweeny Shane , Nassif Yasar , Navarro Alex , O’Connor Rory , O’Sullivan Ciara , Oyende Olamide , Reilly John-Joe , Sanderson Sharon , Saunders John , Thompson Amari , Theophilidou Elena , Walsh Sandeep , Winter Robert 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has impacted population health and care delivery worldwide. As information emerges regarding the impact of “lockdown measures” and changes to clinical practice worldwide; there is no comparative information emerging from the United Kingdom with regard to major trauma.MethodsThis observational study from a UK Major Trauma Centre matched a cohort of patients admitted during a 10-week period of the SARS-CoV-2-pandemic (09/03/2020–18/05/2020) to a historical cohort of patients admitted during a similar time period in 2019 (11/03/2019–20/05/2019). Differences in demographics, Clinical Frailty Scale, SARS-CoV-2 status, mechanism of injury and injury severity were compared using Fisher’s exact and Chi-squared tests. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses examined the associated factors that predicted 30-days mortality.ResultsA total of 642 patients were included, with 405 in the 2019 and 237 in the 2020 cohorts, respectively. 4/237(1.69%) of patients in the 2020 cohort tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. There was a 41.5% decrease in the number of trauma admissions in 2020. This cohort was older (median 46 vs 40 years), had more comorbidities and were frail (p < 0.0015). There was a significant difference in mechanism of injury with a decrease in vehicle related trauma, but an increase in falls. There was a twofold increased risk of mortality in the 2020 cohort which in adjusted multivariable models, was explained by injury severity and frailty. A positive SARS-CoV-2 status was not significantly associated with increased mortality when adjusted for other variables.ConclusionPatients admitted during the COVID-19 pandemic were older, frailer, more co-morbid and had an associated increased risk of mortality.
Risikokommunikation bei der Eindämmung der COVID-19-Pandemie: Herausforderungen und Erfolg versprechende Ansätze
Authors: Loss Julika , Boklage Evgeniya , Jordan Susanne , Jenny Mirjam A. , Weishaar Heide , El Bcheraoui Charbel 
Published: February 2021

ZusammenfassungRisikokommunikation spielt eine zentrale Rolle in Public-Health-Notlagen: Sie muss informierte Entscheidungen ermöglichen, schützendes bzw. lebenserhaltendes Verhalten fördern und das Vertrauen in öffentliche Institutionen bewahren. Zudem müssen Unsicherheiten über wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse transparent benannt werden, irrationale Ängste und Gerüchte entkräftet werden. Risikokommunikation sollte die Bevölkerung partizipativ einbeziehen. Ihre Risikowahrnehmung und -kompetenz müssen kontinuierlich erfasst werden. In der aktuellen Pandemie der Coronavirus-Krankheit 2019 (COVID-19) ergeben sich spezifische Herausforderungen für die Risikokommunikation.Der Wissensstand zu vielen wichtigen Aspekten, die COVID-19 betreffen, war und ist oftmals unsicher oder vorläufig, z. B. zu Übertragung, Symptomen, Langzeitfolgen und Immunität. Die Kommunikation ist durch wissenschaftliche Sprache sowie eine Vielzahl von Kennzahlen und Statistiken geprägt, was die Verständlichkeit erschweren kann. Neben offiziellen Mitteilungen und Einschätzungen von Expertinnen und Experten wird über COVID-19 in großem Umfang in sozialen Medien kommuniziert, dabei werden auch Fehlinformationen und Spekulationen verbreitet; diese „Infodemie“ erschwert die Risikokommunikation.Nationale wie internationale Forschungsprojekte sollen helfen, die Risikokommunikation zu COVID-19 zielgruppenspezifischer und effektiver zu machen. Dazu gehören u. a. explorative Studien zum Umgang mit COVID-19-bezogenen Informationen, das COVID-19 Snapshot Monitoring (COSMO), ein regelmäßig durchgeführtes Onlinesurvey zu Risikowahrnehmung und Schutzverhalten sowie eine interdisziplinäre qualitative Studie, die die Konzeption, Umsetzung und Wirksamkeit von Risikokommunikationsstrategien vergleichend in 4 Ländern untersucht.
Effects of linagliptin vs glimepiride on cognitive performance in type 2 diabetes: results of the randomised double-blind, active-controlled CAROLINA-COGNITION study
Authors: Biessels Geert Jan , Verhagen Chloë , Janssen Jolien , van den Berg Esther , Wallenstein Gudrun , Zinman Bernard , Espeland Mark A. , Johansen Odd Erik 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Aims/hypothesis
Type 2 diabetes, particularly with concomitant CVD, is associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment. We assessed the effect on accelerated cognitive decline (ACD) of the DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin vs the sulfonylurea glimepiride in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Methods
The CAROLINA-COGNITION study was part of the randomised, double-blind, active-controlled CAROLINA trial that evaluated the cardiovascular safety of linagliptin vs glimepiride in individuals with age ≥40 and ≤85 years and HbA1c 48–69 mmol/mol (6.5–8.5%) receiving standard care, excluding insulin therapy. Participants were randomised 1:1 using an interactive telephone- and web-based system and treatment assignment was determined by a computer-generated random sequence with stratification by center. The primary cognitive outcome was occurrence of ACD at end of follow-up, defined as a regression-based index score ≤16th percentile on either the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) or a composite measure of attention and executive functioning, in participants with a baseline MMSE score ≥24. Prespecified additional analyses included effects on ACD at week 160, in subgroups (sex, age, race, ethnicity, depressive symptoms, cardiovascular risk, duration of type 2 diabetes, albuminuria), and absolute changes in cognitive performance. Participants, caregivers, and people involved in measurements, examinations or adjudication, were all masked to treatment assignment.

Results
Of 6033 participants recruited from hospital and primary care sites, 3163 (38.0% female, mean age/diabetes duration 64/7.6 years, MMSE score 28.5, HbA1c 54 mmol/mol [7.1%]) represent the CAROLINA-COGNITION cohort. Over median 6.1 years, ACD occurred in 27.8% (449/1618, linagliptin) vs 27.6% (426/1545, glimepiride), OR 1.01 (95% CI 0.86, 1.18). Also, no differences in ACD were observed at week 160 (OR 1.07 [0.91, 1.25]), between treatments across subgroups, or for absolute cognitive changes.

Conclusions/interpretation
In a large, international outcome trial in people with relatively early type 2 diabetes at elevated cardiovascular risk, no difference in risk for ACD was observed between linagliptin and glimepiride over 6.1 years.

Funding
This study was sponsored by Boehringer Ingelheim.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01243424.

Graphical abstract