bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Pharmacovigilance among Doctors at a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital Birgunj, Nepal
Authors: Singh Smita , Sarraf Deependra Prasad , Singh Prabin , Poudyel Pragati 
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Pharmacovigilance helps in the detection and prevention of adverse effects of drugs. For the effectiveness of this program, health care professionals should report adverse drug reactions (ADRs) considering it as their moral and professional obligation. The objective of the study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of the doctors towards ADRs and pharmacovigilance in National Medical College Teaching Hospital (NMCTH), a tertiary care teaching hospital situated in the Narayani zone.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out using a self-administered questionnaire consisting of four parts; first part included a demographic profile of participants, the second part consisted of ten questions for the assessment of the knowledge about pharmacovigilance, third part comprised of six questions on attitude and fourth part consisted of five questions on practice. The results were depicted in the form of percentages for each KAPs questionnaire.
Results: The response rate of participants was 85.16%. Pharmacovigilance was correctly defined by 52%. Department of drug administration was responsible for monitoring ADRs in Nepal was correctly given by 80%. Only 8% had reported ADRs, although 62% had encountered an ADR in their clinical practice.
Conclusion: The doctors at NMCTH had a poor KAP towards pharmacovigilance and educational intervention is needed for the proper functioning of this program.
Carotid Plaques Among Different Ethinic Patients with Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Shrestha Bhakta Dev , Bajracharya Sunny , Shrestha Samrat , Gorkahly Manen Prasad 
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Sonographic evaluation of the carotid artery is commonly used for risk assessment in stroke. In Nepal, there are few studies regarding morphological changes in the carotid artery including the percentage of stenosis, types of plaque, sites of plaque. These changes quite vary in relation to age, sex, and ethnicity, and other risk factors. The primary objective of the study was to find the prevalence of carotid plaques in different ethnic groups with ischemic stroke.
Materials and Methods: The study was an observational, cross-sectional descriptive study conducted in the Neuromedicine department of the National Academy of Medical Sciences. The study included a consecutive sampling of the patients diagnosed with ischemic stroke admitted in the neuro/medicine ward or those visiting neuro/medicine OPD of Bir hospital.
Results: Out of the 80 study patients,26.3% patients were Brahmans/Chhetri,11.3% were Madhesi,10 % were Dalits,25% were Newars and 27.5% were Janajati. In descending order, the presence of carotid plaque in Janajati (20%) was followed by Newars (18.8), Brahmans (17.5%), Madhesi group (8.8%), and Dalit (7.5%). The mean number of plaque was higher in Brahman/Chhetri group 3.33 with S.D 3.28 and lowest in Janajati group 2.20 with S.D 3.16. It was found that around 24% of the cases had unilateral carotid plaques and 49% had bilateral carotid plaques. Janajati group had a maximum proportion of bilateral plaques while Dalit had the least proportion (15% vs 2.5%). However, the difference among the ethnic groups was not significant.
Conclusion: The prevalence of carotid plaques, the maximum number of plaques, and the number of bilateral plaques, all were highest in the Janajati group. However, the mean number of the carotid plaque was highest among the Dalit group. Further larger studies are required to study the association of the Nepalese ethnicity with carotid morphological changes.
Posterior Reversible Encepalopathy Syndrome in A Child With Post Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis- A Rare Case Report
Authors: Ghimire Sunita , Shrestha Shree Krishna , Bastola Ram Chandra , Dahal Anita , Shakya Pragya 
Published: July 2021

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome is a condition occurring in majority of case of hypertensive encephalopathy mainly due to vasogenic edema in parieto occipital region in neuroimaging. It is reversible if timely treatment is done .Here we are reporting a 11 year old female child with acute post streptococal glomerulonephrtitis leading to typical clinical and radiological features of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome
Pengembangan Perangkat Pembelajaran Menggunakan Model Problem Posing Berorientasi Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Matematis
Authors: Putri Resyania Aprilla , Istikomah Endang , Sthephani Aulia , Zetriuslita Zetriuslita 
Published: July 2021

This study aims to describe the level of validity of mathematics learning tools using the Problem Posing model oriented to mathematical problem solving abilities on statistics which has been tested valid. The development model in this study uses the Plomp model which has three stage, namely the Preliminary Research Phase, the Prototype Phase, the Assessment Phase. The data collection techniques used wereÂ the validation of learning tools. The data collection instrument used was a validation sheet. The data analysis technique used is descriptive statiscal analysis technique. The result of the research validation analysis by three validators obtained an average validation every RPP of each validator was 100% for aspect of indicator one as measured by guttman scale of which are very valid criteriaÂ and 80,36% for aspect of indicator two to seven as measured by likert scale of which are valid criteria, and for the average validation every LKPD of each validator was 93,33% for aspect of indicator one as measured by guttman scale of which are very valid criteria and 75% aspect of indicator two to three as measured by likert scale of which are valid criteria. Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that the development of learning tools using the Problem PosingÂ model oriented to the mathematical problem solving abilities has been tested for its validity.Keywords: LKPD, RPP, Problem Posing
Interactive educational and methodological complex "Initial information about the structure of substance"
Authors: Blinov D. M. 
Published: July 2021

The article presents the author's digital educational resource — an interactive educational and methodological complex "Initial information about the structure of substance". The resource was developed in support of the school physics course of the 7th grade and is dedicated to the section "Initial information about the structure of substance". This is a didactic manual that can be used both in the classroom-lesson system of teaching, and in the independent study of physics — in the form of distance or home learning. The article describes the structure and content of a digital educational resource, as well as its features. The idea of its creation and the prospects of its use are considered. The interactive educational and methodological complex "Initial information about the structure of substance" was presented at the Republican competition "Mosaic of digital educational resources — 2021" and was awarded a 1st degree diploma.
Radical SAM Enzymes and Ribosomally‐Synthesized and Post‐translationally Modified Peptides: A Growing Importance in the Microbiomes
Authors: Benjdia Alhosna , Berteau Olivier 
Published: July 2021

To face the current antibiotic resistance crisis, novel strategies are urgently required. Indeed, in the last 30 years, despite considerable efforts involving notably high-throughput screening and combinatorial libraries, only few antibiotics have been launched to the market. Natural products have markedly contributed to the discovery of novel antibiotics, chemistry and drug leads, with more than half anti-infective and anticancer drugs approved by the FDA being of natural origin or inspired by natural products. Among them, thanks to their modular structure and simple biosynthetic logic, ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptides (RiPPs) are promising scaffolds. In addition, recent studies have highlighted the pivotal role of RiPPs in the human microbiota which remains an untapped source of natural products. In this review, we report on recent developments in radical SAM enzymology and how these unique biocatalysts have been shown to install complex and sometimes unprecedented posttranslational modifications in RiPPs with a special focus on microbiome derived enzymes.
Label-free Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Aptasensor for Ultrasensitive Detection of Lung Cancer Biomarker Carcinoembryonic Antigen
Authors: Wang Yawei , Chen Lei , Xuan Tiantian , Wang Jian , Wang Xiuwen 
Published: July 2021

In this work, an integrated electrode system consisting of a graphene working electrode, a carbon counter electrode and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode was fabricated on an FR-4 glass fiber plate by a polyethylene self-adhesive mask stencil method combined with a manual screen printing technique. The integrated graphene electrode was used as the base electrode, and AuNPs were deposited on the working electrode surface by cyclic voltammetry. Then, the carcinoembryonic antigen aptamer was immobilized using the sulfhydryl self-assembly technique. The sensor uses [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− as a redox probe for label free detection of carcinoembryonic antigen based on the impedance change caused by the difference in electron transfer rate before and after the binding of carcinoembryonic antigen aptamer and the target carcinoembryonic antigen. The results showed a good linear relationship when the CEA concentration is in the range of 0.2–15.0 ng/ml. The detection limit was calculated to be 0.085 ng/ml (S/N = 3).
Contamination of Stream Sediment With Heavy Metals in the Awetu Watershed of Southwestern Ethiopia
Authors: Astatkie Higemengist , Ambelu Argaw , Mengistie Embialle 
Published: July 2021

Surface sediment samples were collected from different streams of Awetu Watershed in southwestern Ethiopia. Sediment samples were analyzed for As, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Hg levels using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The heavy metal concentration ranged from 183.60 to 1,102.80 mg/kg for As (mean 623.32 ± 291.65 mg/kg), 4.40–303.20 mg/kg for Cd (151.09 ± 111.5 mg/kg), 149.20–807.20 mg/kg for Cr (375 ± 212.03 mg/kg), 485.60–3,748.80 mg/kg for Pb (2005.94 ± 954.99 mg/kg) and 3.6–5.6 mg/kg for Hg (4.64 ± 0.59 mg/kg). The mean heavy metal concentration in the streams followed the decreasing order of Pb &gt; As &gt; Cr &gt; Cd &gt; Hg. As, Cr and Pb are detected at high concentrations with values of 623.32, 375.00, and 2,005.94 mg/kg respectively. A low level of heavy concentration (3.6 mg/kg) was recorded for Hg. The contamination factor (CF) of all the studied heavy metals ranged from a low degree (CF &lt; 1) to a very high degree (CF ≤ 6). Mainly, Dololo and Kito streams show a very high degree of contamination (CF ≤ 6) than Awetu and Boye streams. Specifically, As, Cd and Cr in the Dololo and Kito streams have significantly elevated concentrations than others. Geo-accumulation index (Igeo) shows low to moderate contamination level with As, Pb, and Hg; uncontaminated to heavily contaminated by Cr; and moderate to extreme contamination by Cd. Untreated solid waste, garages and farmlands were sources of contamination. Streams receiving wastewater effluents from teaching institutions had higher heavy metal concentrations. Dumping of electronic wastes and car washing discharges also identified as another source of pollution.
Community-Engaged Approaches to Cervical Cancer Prevention and Control in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Scoping Review
Authors: Habila Magdiel A. , Kimaru Linda Jepkoech , Mantina Namoonga , Valencia Dora Yesenia , McClelland D. Jean , Musa Jonah , Madhivanan Purnima , Sagay Atiene , Jacobs Elizabeth T. 
Published: July 2021

Background:Cervical cancer remains one of the top causes of cancer mortality among African women. Cervical cancer screening and early detection and treatment of precancer is one of the evidence-based interventions to reduce incidence and mortality. The application of community-based participatory research (CBPR) has been used in the United States to improve participation in screening and reduce cervical cancer disparities. However, it is unclear whether these engaged approaches have been used in sub-Saharan African to address disparities related to cervical cancer mortality.Objectives:Highlight community engagement in cervical cancer prevention and control in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), describe the community engagement efforts that are currently being used, and to describe the best practices for community engagement toward the end-goal of cervical cancer prevention and control.Methods:We searched PubMed, Embase, CINHAL, African Journals Online (AJOL), and African Index Medicus-WHO from inception until June 8, 2020. After screening 620 titles and abstracts, and reviewing 56 full-text articles according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, 9 articles met the selection criteria and were included. Relevant data variables were extracted from the included articles and a narrative synthesis was performed.Results:Between 2005 and 2019, 9 articles describing research in Ghana, Kenya, Zambia, Senegal, South Africa, and Nigeria were included. These articles described work that largely took place in rural settings predominantly among women age 15–65 years. Leveraging community networks such as community health workers, religious organizations, traditional leaders, and educational institutions increased awareness of cervical cancer. Working within existing social structures and training community members through the research effort were promising methods for addressing the disparities in cervical cancer incidence and mortality among communities.Discussion:The findings of this scoping review have contributed to the understanding of which novel approaches to community-based practices can be used to address cervical cancer disparities among SSA communities that carry a disproportionate disease burden. Community engagement in the research process, while effortful, has shown to be beneficial to researchers and to the communities that they serve, and provides valuable next steps in the effort to address cervical cancer disparities in SSA.
Mechanical Ventilation Exacerbates Poly (I:C) Induced Acute Lung Injury: Central Role for Caspase-11 and Gut-Lung Axis
Authors: Jin Shuqing , Ding Xibing , Yang Chenxuan , Li Wenbo , Deng Meihong , Liao Hong , Lv Xin , Pitt Bruce R. , Billiar Timothy R. , Zhang Li-Ming , Li Quan 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundThe mechanisms by which moderate tidal volume ventilation (MTV) exacerbates preexisting lung injury are unclear. We hypothesized that systemic endotoxemia via the gut-lung axis would lead to non-canonical and canonical inflammasome activation and pyroptosis in a two-hit model involving polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C)), a synthetic analog of dsRNA and MTV and that this would associate with acute lung injury (ALI).MethodsAnesthetized mice were administered Poly(I:C) intratracheally and then 6 h later, they were mechanically ventilated for 4 h with otherwise non-injurious MTV (10ml/kg). Changes in intestinal and alveolar capillary permeability were measured. Further documentation of ALI was assessed by evans blue albumin permeability, protein and IL-1 family concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) or plasma, and histopathology in cohorts of wildtype (WT), whole body genetically ablated caspase-11 (caspase-11-/-), caspase-1/caspase-11 double knockout (caspase-1/11-/-), gasdermin D (GSDMD)-/-, nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 3 (NLRP3)-/- and advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor (RAGE) -/- mice.ResultsNon-injurious MTV exacerbated the mild lung injury associated with Poly(I:C) administration. This included the disruption of alveolar-capillary barrier and increased levels of interleukin (IL)-6, high mobility group proteins 1 (HMGB-1), IL-1β in BALF and IL-18 in plasma. Combined (Poly(I:C)-MTV) injury was associated with increase in gastrointestinal permeability and endotoxin in plasma and BALF. Poly(I:C)-MTV injury was sensitive to caspase-11 deletion with no further contribution of caspase-1 except for maturation and release of IL-18 (that itself was sensitive to deletion of NLRP3). Combined injury led to large increases in caspase-1 and caspase-11. Genetic ablation of GSDMD attenuated alveolar-capillary disruption and release of cytokines in combined injury model.ConclusionsThe previously noted exacerbation of mild Poly(I:C)-induced ALI by otherwise non-injurious MTV is associated with an increase in gut permeability resulting in systemic endotoxemia. The gut-lung axis resulted in activation of pulmonary non-canonical (cytosolic mediated caspase-11 activation) and canonical (caspase-1) inflammasome (NLRP3) mediated ALI in this two-hit model resulting in GSDMD sensitive alveolar capillary barrier disruption, pyroptosis (alveolar macrophages) and cytokine maturation and release (IL-1β; IL-18). Pharmacologic strategies aimed at disrupting communication between gut and lung, inhibition of inflammasomes or GSDMD in pyroptosis may be useful in ALI.
A Comprehensive Analysis of Immune Constituents in Blood and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Allows Identification of an Immune Signature of Severe Asthma in Children
Authors: Adel-Patient Karine , Grauso Marta , Abou-Taam Rola , Guillon Blanche , Dietrich Céline , Machavoine François , Briard Mélanie , Garcelon Nicolas , Faour Hassan , Neuraz Antoine , Delacourt Christophe , Molina Thierry Jo , Leite-de-Moraes Maria , Lezmi Guillaume 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundTargeted approaches may not account for the complexity of inflammation involved in children with severe asthma (SA), highlighting the need to consider more global analyses. We aimed to identify sets of immune constituents that distinguish children with SA from disease-control subjects through a comprehensive analysis of cells and immune constituents measured in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and blood.MethodsTwenty children with SA and 10 age-matched control subjects with chronic respiratory disorders other than asthma were included. Paired blood and BAL samples were collected and analyzed for a large set of cellular (eosinophils, neutrophils, and subsets of lymphocytes and innate lymphoid cells) and soluble (chemokines, cytokines, and total antibodies) immune constituents. First, correlations of all immune constituents between BAL and blood and with demographic and clinical data were assessed (Spearman correlations). Then, all data were modelled using supervised multivariate analyses (partial least squares discriminant analysis, PLS-DA) to identify immune constituents that significantly discriminate between SA and control subjects. Univariate analyses were performed (Mann-Whitney tests) and then PLS-DA and univariate analyses were combined to identify the most discriminative and significant constituents.ResultsConcentrations of soluble immune constituents poorly correlated between BAL and blood. Certain constituents correlated with age or body mass index and, in asthmatics, with clinical symptoms, such as the number of exacerbations in the previous year, asthma control test score, or forced expiratory volume. Multivariate supervised analysis allowed construction of a model capable of distinguishing children with SA from control subjects with 80% specificity and 100% sensitivity. All immune constituents contributed to the model but some, identified by variable-important-in-projection values &gt; 1 and p &lt; 0.1, contributed more strongly, including BAL Th1 and Th2 cells and eosinophilia, CCL26 (Eotaxin 3), IgA and IL-19 concentrations in blood. Blood concentrations of IL-26, CCL13, APRIL, and Pentraxin-3 may also help in the characterization of SA.ConclusionsThe analysis of a large set of immune constituents may allow the identification of a biological immune signature of SA. Such an approach may provide new leads for delineating the pathogenesis of SA in children and identifying new targets for its diagnosis, prediction, and personalized treatment.
Lung Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of COVID-19 Pneumonia: Not Always and Not Only What Is COVID-19 “Glitters”
Authors: Quarato Carla Maria Irene , Mirijello Antonio , Maggi Michele Maria , Borelli Cristina , Russo Raffaele , Lacedonia Donato , Foschino Barbaro Maria Pia , Scioscia Giulia , Tondo Pasquale , Rea Gaetano , Simeone Annalisa , Feragalli Beatrice , Massa Valentina , Greco Antonio , De Cosmo Salvatore , Sperandeo Marco 
Published: July 2021

Background: In the current coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, lung ultrasound (LUS) has been extensively employed to evaluate lung involvement and proposed as a useful screening tool for early diagnosis in the emergency department (ED), prehospitalization triage, and treatment monitoring of COVID-19 pneumonia. However, the actual effectiveness of LUS in characterizing lung involvement in COVID-19 is still unclear. Our aim was to evaluate LUS diagnostic performance in assessing or ruling out COVID-19 pneumonia when compared with chest CT (gold standard) in a population of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients.Methods: A total of 260 consecutive RT-PCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2-infected patients were included in the study. All the patients underwent both chest CT scan and concurrent LUS at admission, within the first 6–12 h of hospital stay.Results: Chest CT scan was considered positive when showing a “typical” or “indeterminate” pattern for COVID-19, according to the RSNA classification system. Disease prevalence for COVID-19 pneumonia was 90.77%. LUS demonstrated a sensitivity of 56.78% in detecting lung alteration. The concordance rate for the assessment of abnormalities by both methods increased in the case of peripheral distribution and middle-lower lung location of lesions and in cases of more severe lung involvement. A total of nine patients had a “false-positive” LUS examination. Alternative diagnosis included chronic heart disease (six cases), bronchiectasis (two cases), and subpleural emphysema (one case). LUS specificity was 62.50%. Collateral findings indicative of overlapping conditions at chest CT were recorded also in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and appeared distributed with increasing frequency passing from the group with mild disease (17 cases) to that with severe disease (40 cases).Conclusions: LUS does not seem to be an adequate tool for screening purposes in the ED, due to the risk of missing some lesions and/or to underestimate the actual extent of the disease. Furthermore, the not specificity of LUS implies the possibility to erroneously classify pre-existing or overlapping conditions as COVID-19 pneumonia. It seems more safe to integrate a positive LUS examination with clinical, epidemiological, laboratory, and radiologic findings to suggest a “virosis.” Viral testing confirmation is always required.