bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association between risk of type 2 diabetes and changes in energy intake at breakfast and dinner over 14 years: a latent class trajectory analysis from the China health and nutrition Survey, 1997–2011
Authors: Ren Xiyun , Gao Jian , Han Tianshu , Sun Changhao 
Published: July 2021

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the association between the trajectories of energy consumption at dinner versus breakfast and the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D).DesignCohort study.SettingThe study was conducted in China.ParticipantsA total of 10 727 adults, including 5239 men and 5488 women, with a mean age of 42.7±11.2 years and a mean follow-up time of 9.1 years, met the study criteria and completed a questionnaire about energy intake and diabetes status from the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 1997–2011.Primary outcome measuresParticipants were divided into subgroups based on the trajectories of the ratio of energy consumption at dinner versus breakfast. Cox multivariate regression models were used to explore the associations between different trajectories and the risk of T2D after adjustment for confounders and their risk factors. Mediation analysis was performed to explore the intermediary effect of triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC), uric acid (UA) and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) between the trajectories and the risk of T2D.ResultsFor energy consumption at dinner versus breakfast, compared with a low-stable trajectory, the adjusted HR of T2D in low-increasing from early-stage trajectory was 1.29 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.60). TG, TC, UA and ApoB were significantly higher in low-increasing from early-stage trajectory than other trajectories and play partial regulation roles between trajectories and T2D.ConclusionsThis study emphasised the harmful effect of a gradual increase in the ratio of energy consumption at dinner versus breakfast from early stage on the development of T2D and partially mediated by TG, TC, UA and ApoB, highlighting that it is necessary to intake more energy at breakfast compared with dinner to prevent T2D in adults.
Cross-sectional study of prevalence and risk factors, and a cost-effectiveness evaluation of screening and preventive treatment strategies for latent tuberculosis among migrants in Singapore
Authors: Lim Vanessa W , Wee Hwee Lin , Lee Phoebe , Lin Yijun , Tan Yi Roe , Tan Mei Xuan , Lin Lydia Wenxin , Yap Peiling , Chee Cynthia BE , Barkham Timothy , Lee Vernon , Chen Mark , Ong Rick Twee-Hee 
Published: July 2021

ObjectivesWHO recommends that low burden countries consider systematic screening and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in migrants from high incidence countries. We aimed to determine LTBI prevalence and risk factors and evaluate cost-effectiveness of screening and treating LTBI in migrants to Singapore from a government payer perspective.DesignCross-sectional study and cost-effectiveness analysis.SettingMigrants in Singapore.Participants3618 migrants who were between 20 and 50 years old, have not worked in Singapore previously and stayed in Singapore for less than a year were recruited.Primary and secondary outcome measuresCosts, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), threshold length of stay, incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs), cost per active TB case averted.ResultsOf 3584 migrants surveyed, 20.4% had positive interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) results, with the highest positivity in Filipinos (33.2%). Higher LTBI prevalence was significantly associated with age, marital status and past TB exposure. The cost-effectiveness model projected an ICER of S$57 116 per QALY and S$12 422 per active TB case averted for screening and treating LTBI with 3 months once weekly isoniazid and rifapentine combination regimen treatment compared with no screening over a 50-year time horizon. ICER was most sensitive to the cohort’s length of stay in Singapore, yearly disease progression rates from LTBI to active TB, followed by the cost of IGRA testing.ConclusionsFor LTBI screening and treatment of migrants to be cost-effective, migrants from high burden countries would have to stay in Singapore for ~50 years. Risk-stratified approaches based on projected length of stay and country of origin and/or age group can be considered.
Impact on quality of life from multimodality treatment for lung cancer: a randomised controlled feasibility trial of surgery versus no surgery as part of multimodality treatment in potentially resectable stage III-N2 NSCLC (the PIONEER trial)
Authors: Taylor Sally , Yorke Janelle , Tsim Selina , Navani Neal , Baldwin David , Woolhouse Ian , Edwards John , Grundy Seamus , Robson Jonathan , Rhodes Sarah , Gomes Fabio , Blackhall Fiona , Faivre-Finn Corinne , Evison Matthew 
Published: July 2021

IntroductionOptimal treatment for ‘potentially resectable’ stage III-N2 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) requires multimodality treatment: local treatment (surgery or radiotherapy) and systemic anticancer therapy. There is no clear evidence of superiority for survival between the two approaches and little research has explored quality of life (QOL). This study will inform the design of a phase III randomised trial of surgery versus no surgery as part of multimodality treatment for stage III-N2 NSCLC with QOL as a primary outcome.Methods and analysisPatient participants will be randomised to receive multimodality treatment (1) with surgery OR (2) without surgery. The Quintet Recruitment Intervention will be used to maximise recruitment. Eligible patients will have ‘potentially resectable’ N2 NSCLC and have received a multidisciplinary team recommendation for multimodality treatment. Sixty-six patients and their carers will be recruited from 8 UK centres. Patient/carer QOL questionnaires will be administered at baseline, weeks 6, 9, 12 and month 6. Semistructured interviews will be conducted. Quantitative data will be analysed descriptively and qualitative data will be analysed using framework analysis.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been obtained. Results will be disseminated via publications, national bodies and networks, and patient and public involvement groups.Trial registrationNCT04540757
Influence of DM-sensitivity on immunogenicity of MHC class II restricted antigens
Authors: Bernhardt Anna Luise , Zeun Julia , Marecek Miriam , Reimann Hannah , Kretschmann Sascha , Bausenwein Judith , van der Meijden Edith D , Karg Margarete M , Haug Tabea , Meintker Lisa , Lutzny-Geier Gloria , Mackensen Andreas , Kremer Anita N 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundGraft-versus-host-disease (GvHD) is a major problem in allogeneic stem cell transplantation. We previously described two types of endogenous human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-II restricted antigens depending on their behavior towards HLA-DM. While DM-resistant antigens are presented in the presence of HLA-DM, DM-sensitive antigens rely on the expression of HLA-DO-the natural inhibitor of HLA-DM. Since expression of HLA-DO is not upregulated by inflammatory cytokines, DM-sensitive antigens cannot be presented on non-hematopoietic tissues even under inflammatory conditions. Therefore, usage of CD4+ T cells directed against DM-sensitive antigens might allow induction of graft-versus-leukemia effect without GvHD. As DM-sensitivity is likely linked to low affinity peptides, it remains elusive whether DM-sensitive antigens are inferior in their immunogenicity.MethodsWe created an in vivo system using a DM-sensitive and a DM-resistant variant of the same antigen. First, we generated murine cell lines overexpressing either H2-M or H2-O (murine HLA-DM and HLA-DO) to assign the two model antigens ovalbumin (OVA) and DBY to their category. Further, we introduced mutations within the two T-cell epitopes and tested the effect on DM-sensitivity or DM-resistance. Furthermore, we vaccinated C57BL/6 mice with either variant of the epitope and measured expansion and reactivity of OVA-specific and DBY-specific CD4+ T cells.ResultsBy testing T-cell recognition of OVA and DBY on a murine B-cell line overexpressing H2-M and H2-O, respectively, we showed that OVA leads to a stronger T-cell activation in the presence of H2-O demonstrating its DM-sensitivity. In contrast, the DBY epitope does not rely on H2-O for T-cell activation indicating DM-resistance. By introducing mutations within the T-cell epitopes we could generate one further DM-sensitive variant of OVA and two DM-resistant counterparts. Likewise, we designed DM-resistant and DM-sensitive variants of DBY. On vaccination of C57BL/6 mice with either epitope variant we measured comparable expansion and reactivity of OVA-specific and DBY-specific T-cells both in vivo and ex vivo. By generating T-cell lines and clones of healthy human donors we showed that DM-sensitive antigens are targeted by the natural T-cell repertoire.ConclusionWe successfully generated DM-sensitive and DM-resistant variants for two model antigens. Thereby, we demonstrated that DM-sensitive antigens are not inferior to their DM-resistant counterpart and are therefore interesting tools for immunotherapy after allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
Predictors of poor outcome despite successful endovascular treatment for ischemic stroke: results from the MR CLEAN Registry
Authors: van de Graaf Rob A , Samuels Noor , Chalos Vicky , Lycklama a Nijeholt Geert J , van Beusekom Heleen , Yoo Albert J , van Zwam Wim H , Majoie Charles B L M , Roos Yvo B W E M , van Doormaal Pieter Jan , Ben Hassen Wagih , van der Lugt Aad , Dippel Diederik W J , Lingsma Hester F , van Es Adriaan C G M , Roozenbeek Bob 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundApproximately one-third of patients with ischemic stroke treated with endovascular treatment do not recover to functional independence despite rapid and successful recanalization. We aimed to quantify the importance of predictors of poor functional outcome despite successful reperfusion.MethodsWe analyzed patients from the MR CLEAN Registry between March 2014 and November 2017 with successful reperfusion (extended Thrombolysis In Cerebral Infarction ≥2B). First, predictors were selected based on expert opinion and were clustered according to acquisition over time (ie, baseline patient factors, imaging factors, treatment factors, and postprocedural factors). Second, several models were constructed to predict 90-day functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale (mRS)). The relative importance of individual predictors in the most extensive model was expressed by the proportion of unique added χ2to the model of that individual predictor.ResultsOf 3180 patients, 1913 (60%) had successful reperfusion. Of these 1913 patients, 1046 (55%) were functionally dependent at 90 days (mRS >2). The most important predictors for mRS were baseline patient factors (ie, pre-stroke mRS, added χ20.16; National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score at baseline, added χ20.12; age, added χ20.10), and postprocedural factors (ie, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH), added χ20.12; pneumonia, added χ20.09). The probability of functional independence for a typical stroke patient with sICH was 54% (95% CI 36% to 72%) lower compared with no sICH, and 21% (95% CI 4% to 38%) for pneumonia compared with no pneumonia.ConclusionBaseline patient factors and postprocedural adverse events are important predictors of poor functional outcome in successfully reperfused patients with ischemic stroke. This implies that prevention of postprocedural adverse events has the greatest potential to further improve outcomes in these patients.
Meeting Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guideline recommendations and risk of all-cause mortality
Authors: Clarke Anna E. , Carson Valerie , Chaput Jean-Philippe , Colley Rachel C. , Roberts Karen C. , Rollo Scott , Tremblay Mark S. , Janssen Ian 
Published: July 2021

This study determined if meeting the Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines recommendations are associated with all-cause mortality. Participants were 3471 adults from the 2005–2006 U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey followed for mortality over 11 years. They were classified as meeting or not meeting recommendations for sleep duration, sedentary behaviour, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). A total of 63.8%, 35.3%, and 41.5% of participants met recommendations for sleep, sedentary behaviour, and physical activity while 12.3% met all 3 recommendations. The hazard ratio (HR) for all-cause mortality in participants meeting the recommendations relative to those not meeting the recommendations were 0.91 (0.72, 1.16) for sleep, 0.92 (0.61, 1.40) for sedentary behaviour, and 0.42 (0.24, 0.74) for MVPA. The HR for meeting none, any 1, any 2, and all 3 recommendations were 1.00, 0.86 (0.65, 1.14), 0.49 (0.28, 0.86), and 0.72 (0.34, 1.50). When the cut-point used to denote acceptable sedentary time was changed from ≤8 to ≤10 hours/day, the HR for meeting none, any 1, any 2, and all 3 recommendations were 1.00, 0.83 (0.59, 1.15), 0.57 (0.34, 0.96), and 0.43 (0.20, 0.93). These findings provide some support of the ability of the 24-hour Movement Guidelines to predict mortality risk. Novelty: The 24-Hour Movement Guidelines provide recommendations for sleep, sedentary behaviour, and physical activity. The findings of this study provide some support of the ability of these new guidelines to predict mortality risk.
Vapour phase hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde using cobalt supported inside and outside hollow carbon spheres
Authors: Mente Pumza , Mashindi Victor , Magubane Alice , Phaahlamohlaka Tumelo N. , Gangatharan Prakash M. , Forbes Roy P. , Coville Neil J. 
Published: July 2021

The hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde is usually performed in the liquid phase in batch mode. In this study, a vapour phase flow system has been used to evaluate the use of cobalt catalysts supported inside and outside hollow carbon spheres (HCSs). The influence of temperature, hydrogen flow rate, and catalyst mass on the hydrogenation reaction was investigated. The catalysts generally showed modest conversion to the required products, hydrocinnamaldehyde, 3-phenyl propanol, cinnamyl alcohol, together with formation of various decomposition products. The data revealed that the Co@HCS showed better conversion and product selectivity compared with the Co/HCS. The catalysts with smaller particle sizes (ca. 6 nm) were more efficient than those with larger particles (30–40 nm). An increase in reaction temperature (200–300 °C) resulted in a lower cinnamaldehyde conversion and a poor product selectivity. TPR studies revealed that the Co@HCSs had a stronger metal-support interaction than the Co/HCSs catalysts. Catalyst recycling studies revealed that only the Co/HCSs could be regenerated (four cycles) and post reaction analysis of the catalysts revealed that this was due to HCS pore blockage and not Co sintering.
Models to predict whole-disk specific gravity and moisture content in planted longleaf pine from cutover and old field sites
Authors: Raut Sameen , Dahlen Joseph , Bullock Bronson , Montes Cristian , Dickens David 
Published: July 2021

Efforts to restore longleaf pine across the southeast United States have occurred on two distinct site types: cutover forests and old agricultural fields. We measured wood and bark physical properties of unthinned planted longleaf pine from 16 stands across Georgia, ages 12 to 25, with eight stands sampled from each site type. Three-hundred and twenty trees were felled and 3572 disks collected from within the trees. Wood and bark specific gravity (SG), moisture content (MC), and proportion of bark were measured. Non-linear mixed effects models were developed to predict the variation in wood and bark SG with respect to relative height, age, and site type. Cutover sites had higher whole-tree wood SG (0.504 vs 0.455) and bark SG (0.374 vs 0.347) than old agricultural fields. The models explained 50% and 37% of the variability in wood and bark SG, respectively. Moisture content models were fitted as a function of SG for wood (R2 = 0.87) and bark (R2 = 0.71). Bark thickness, dry mass, and green volume were higher for cutover forest sites. Trees sampled included both defect-free and defect-containing trees; however, no significant differences in the wood physical properties were found. These results provide important information for the utilization of plantation longleaf pine.
Heavy-ion fusion reactions at extreme sub-barrier energies
Authors: Jiang C. L. , Back B. B. , Rehm K. E. , Hagino K. , Montagnoli G. , Stefanini A. M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe study of fusion reactions at extreme sub-barrier energies has seen an increased interest in recent years, although difficult to measure due to their very small cross sections. Such reactions are extremely important for our understanding of the production of heavy elements in various environments. In this article, the status of the field is reviewed covering the experimental techniques, the available data, and the theoretical approaches used to describe such reactions. The fusion hindrance effect, first discovered in medium-mass systems, has been found to be relevant also for lighter systems. In some light systems, resonance structures are found to be important, while for heavy systems, the fission process plays an important role. In the near barrier region, couplings to collective excitations in the fusion participants and transfer reactions have been found to give a good description of the measured fusion cross sections and it results in a distribution of fusion barrier heights. New physics ingredients, related to the overlap process of the two projectiles, have to be introduced to describe the hindrance behavior. In addition, it has recently been found that the fusion cross section in both near-barrier and sub-barrier regions can be described very well in many cases using simple, analytical forms of the barrier-height distributions or a modified version of the classic Wong formula.
On the Distributed Complexity of Large-Scale Graph Computations
Authors: Pandurangan Gopal , Robinson Peter , Scquizzato Michele 
Published: July 2021

Motivated by the increasing need to understand the distributed algorithmic foundations of large-scale graph computations, we study some fundamental graph problems in a message-passing model for distributed computing where k ≥ 2 machines jointly perform computations on graphs with
n
nodes (typically, n >> k). The input graph is assumed to be initially randomly partitioned among the
k
machines, a common implementation in many real-world systems. Communication is point-to-point, and the goal is to minimize the number of communication
rounds
of the computation.

Our main contribution is the
General Lower Bound Theorem
, a theorem that can be used to show non-trivial lower bounds on the round complexity of distributed large-scale data computations. This result is established via an information-theoretic approach that relates the round complexity to the minimal amount of information required by machines to solve the problem. Our approach is generic, and this theorem can be used in a “cookbook” fashion to show distributed lower bounds for several problems, including non-graph problems. We present two applications by showing (almost) tight lower bounds on the round complexity of two fundamental graph problems, namely,
PageRank computation
and
triangle enumeration
. These applications show that our approach can yield lower bounds for problems where the application of communication complexity techniques seems not obvious or gives weak bounds, including and especially under a stochastic partition of the input.

We then present distributed algorithms for PageRank and triangle enumeration with a round complexity that (almost) matches the respective lower bounds; these algorithms exhibit a round complexity that scales superlinearly in
k
, improving significantly over previous results [Klauck et al., SODA 2015]. Specifically, we show the following results:

PageRank:
We show a lower bound of Ὼ(n/k
2
) rounds and present a distributed algorithm that computes an approximation of the PageRank of all the nodes of a graph in Õ(n/k
2
) rounds.

Triangle enumeration:
We show that there exist graphs with
m
edges where any distributed algorithm requires Ὼ(m/k
5/3
) rounds. This result also implies the first non-trivial lower bound of Ὼ(n
1/3
) rounds for the
congested clique
model, which is tight up to logarithmic factors. We then present a distributed algorithm that enumerates all the triangles of a graph in Õ(m/k
5/3
+ n/k
4/3
) rounds.
Thyroid Nodules Located in the Lower Pole Have a Higher Risk of Malignancy than Located in the Isthmus: A Single-Center Experience
Authors: Duman Gulhan , Sariakcali Baris 
Published: July 2021

Purpose. The aim of our study is to investigate whether thyroid nodules (TNs) localization has value as a predictor of malignancy. Ultrasonography provides very valuable information in the evaluation of TNs, but it does not correlate perfectly with histopathologic findings. Therefore, studies that will include new diagnostic methods that can improve these unknowns can be welcomed gratefully. Methods. This study was carried out retrospectively in a tertiary care center from September 2016 to January 2020. The study included 862 adult patients who have one or more nodules. Ultrasonography of characteristics of nodules such as echogenicity, content, margins, calcifications, size, and localization was recorded. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) was performed on dominant and suspicious 1142 nodules. Results. The patients were composed of 692 (80.3%) females and 170 (19.7%) males. Compared to nodules located in the isthmus; the malignancy risk increased 8.39 (OR: 8.39 (2.34–30.12),

p

= 0.001) times in the lower pole, 4.27 (OR: 4.27 (1.16–15.72),

p

= 0.029), times in the middle pole, 8.09 (OR: 8.09 (2.11–30.94),

p

= 0.002) times in the upper pole, and 7.63 (OR: 7.63 (1.95–29.81),

p

= 0.003) times in the nodules covering the whole of the lobe. Although the most nodular location was in the middle pole, the risk of malignancy was less than that in the lower and upper poles. Conclusions. Unlike the other localization studies, we found a higher risk of malignancy in the lower and similarly upper thyroid poles. Besides well-defined malignancy indicators in the literature and guidelines, localization information is promising for this purpose in the future.
Heat Transfer Potentiality and Flow Behavior in a Square Duct Fitted with Double-Inclined Baffles: A Numerical Analysis
Authors: Boonloi Amnart , Jedsadaratanachai Withada 
Published: July 2021

Numerical analysis of heat transfer mechanisms and flow topologies for the heat exchanger square channel (HESC) installed with the double-inclined baffles (DIB) is reported. The main objective of the present research is to study the influences of DIB height to duct height (

b
/
H
=
0.05
–
0.30

), DIB distance to duct height (

P
/
H
=
1
–
1.5

), and flow attack angle (

α
=

30

°

and

45

°

) on the flow topologies, heat transfer features, and thermal performances. The Reynolds numbers (based on the entry HESC around 100–2000) are analyzed for the present problem. The numerical models of the HESC installed with the DIB are solved with finite volume method (commercial code). The simulated results of the HESC installed with the DIB are reported in forms of flow topologies and heat transfer characteristics. The Nusselt numbers (Nu), friction factors (

f

), and thermal enhancement factors (TEF) of the HESC placed with the DIB are offered. As the numerical results, it is seen that the DIB produces the vortex streams and impinging streams in all cases. The vortex streams and impinging streams disturb the thermal boundary layer on the HESC walls that is a key motive for the growth of heat transfer rate. The best TEF of the HESC installed with the DIB is about 3.87 at

P
/
H
=
1

,

α
=

30

°

,

Re
=
2000

, and

b
/
H
=
0.15

. Additionally, the TEF contours, which help to design the HESC inserted with the DIB, are performed.