bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DISCO: a database of Deeply Integrated human Single-Cell Omics data
Authors: Li Mengwei , Zhang Xiaomeng , Ang Kok Siong , Ling Jingjing , Sethi Raman , Lee Nicole Yee Shin , Ginhoux Florent , Chen Jinmiao 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The ability to study cellular heterogeneity at single cell resolution is making single-cell sequencing increasingly popular. However, there is no publicly available resource that offers an integrated cell atlas with harmonized metadata that users can integrate new data with. Here, we present DISCO (https://www.immunesinglecell.org/), a database of Deeply Integrated Single-Cell Omics data. The current release of DISCO integrates more than 18 million cells from 4593 samples, covering 107 tissues/cell lines/organoids, 158 diseases, and 20 platforms. We standardized the associated metadata with a controlled vocabulary and ontology system. To allow large scale integration of single-cell data, we developed FastIntegration, a fast and high-capacity version of Seurat Integration. We also developed CELLiD, an atlas guided automatic cell type identification tool. Employing these two tools on the assembled data, we constructed one global atlas and 27 sub-atlases for different tissues, diseases, and cell types. DISCO provides three online tools, namely Online FastIntegration, Online CELLiD, and CellMapper, for users to integrate, annotate, and project uploaded single-cell RNA-seq data onto a selected atlas. Collectively, DISCO is a versatile platform for users to explore published single-cell data and efficiently perform integrated analysis with their own data.
Interactionist Theories of Emotion
Authors: McCarthy E. Doyle 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Classical and contemporary developments in the study of culture are examined for ways to conceptualize emotion(s) and to frame their study. The foundation of this approach is found in early social pragmatism and interactionism, both of which view the structuring of mind, self, and emotion as sociocultural processes. The same principles are found in contemporary arguments about emotions and subjectivity made by ‟constructionist” works in psychology and social science as well as in culture theory today. These approaches have given greater emphasis to the study of everyday beliefs of social actors, arguing that the entire domain of subjectivity is not (as commonly understood) devoid of social and cultural influence. Rather, subjectivity itself is “socially constructed.” In this way and in others, pragmatist social psychology and contemporary culture theory have both enlarged and changed the idea of subjectivity from something isolated and unique and purely individual to something shared and observable. Subjectivity’s continual formation and development take place in society in interaction with others. Accordingly, emotions and the ways they are experienced exist within socially and historically variable cultures, implying that people’s ideas about what emotions are and what they mean vary across cultures as well as within cultures.
Poliheuristic Theory in Strategic Interactions
Authors: Tal-Shir Eldad , Mintz Alex 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter extends poliheuristic theory to the analysis of leaders’ decisions in strategic interactions and offers a framework for the conduct of both ex-ante and ex-post analyses of such decisions. Using the case study of the United States and Russia with regard to the decision to dismantle Syria’s chemical arsenal in September 2013, the authors show that the leaders’ decision followed a two-step poliheuristic process consisting of 1) eliminating alternatives dissatisfactory on non-compensatory dimensions and 2) obtaining equilibrium for the reduced choice sets through a game-theoretic strategic interaction. The chapter also discusses and uses a new method of decision analysis, applied decision analysis.
New Mexico and the Central Great Plains in the Civil War
Authors: Smith Stacey L. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter investigates campaigns of the American Civil War in New Mexico Territory and the Great Plains. It contends that the U.S. federal government fought a multifront war during the 1860s that spanned the Confederate South and the American states and territories of the Far West. The war in the Far West aimed to establish U.S. territorial sovereignty and political authority over the nation’s vast North American empire. Across the 1860s, federal officials sought to defend the West against Confederate invaders, compel Native Americans to submit to U.S. rule, force Spanish Mexican citizens to give up systems of Indian slavery and peonage, and rein in rogue White Americans living in federal territories. Federal officials, however, often lacked the political clout or military force to achieve these goals. The Civil War in the Far West reveals the unevenness and weakness of the American state in the mid-nineteenth century.
Second Bull Run/Manassas
Authors: Matsui John H. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The summer of 1862 witnessed the struggle between Northern Republican and Democratic ideologies embodied in the Army of Virginia and the Army of the Potomac even as Union and Confederate armies faced off in the Second Manassas Campaign. Formed to protect Washington while Maj. Gen. George McClellan advanced on Richmond, the Army of Virginia and its leader, Maj. Gen. John Pope, implemented a Republican or “hard war” policy of military occupation by confiscating civilian property and imposing loyalty oaths. Northern and Southern Democrats (characterized by McClellan and Maj. Gen. Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson, respectively) recognized the threat that Pope’s ideology posed and sought to crush it, either by delaying reinforcement or decisive battlefield defeat. The defeat of Pope and his army by Confederate forces at Second Manassas delayed but did not destroy the twin Republican agendas of emancipation and destruction of the Confederacy. Pope and his political generals prefigured the total-war policies of the war’s last year.
The Chattanooga and Knoxville Campaigns
Authors: Astor Aaron 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Confederate Gen. Braxton Bragg’s Army of Tennessee besieged Union forces in Chattanooga after the Battle of Chickamauga in September 1863. Union Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and Maj. Gen. George Thomas took control of the Union Army there and exploited the complex mountainous topography to create a “Cracker Line” to the west. With the siege effectively broken by late October, Bragg sent Lt. Gen. James Longstreet’s Corps to Knoxville to retake that railroad city, which had been occupied by Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside’s Army of the Ohio since early September. In late November the Union Army of the Cumberland and Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman’s recently arrived Army of the Tennessee broke out of Chattanooga while Burnside’s men defeated Longstreet’s attack on Knoxville’s Fort Sanders. The Union Army’s successful Chattanooga and Knoxville military campaigns opened Georgia to Union invasion, confirmed Grant’s suitability for leadership over all Union forces, and recalibrated the politics of loyalty in a bitterly divided section of the South.
Sherman’s March to the Sea
Authors: Bailey Anne J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman’s March to the Sea began at Atlanta, Georgia, on November 15, 1864, and ended thirty-seven days later in Savannah, Georgia. With roughly 60,000 infantry and 5,500 cavalry, Sherman cut a path often sixty miles wide across the state’s most fertile and populated region. He wanted to make war so harsh on civilians that they would demand that the Confederate government abandon the fight. Despite the folklore surrounding the March there was not widespread destruction, but Sherman did succeed in bringing the war to the state’s previously untouched plantation region and to the White population that had not felt any direct effects from the fighting. The March also forever changed the lives of slaves who abandoned their masters to follow Sherman’s soldiers. As a result, the March to the Sea ranks as one of the most significant Union campaigns despite the fact there were no major battles or heavy casualties.
Eastern Kentucky and Northwestern Virginia, 1861–1862
Authors: McKnight Brian D. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
From May 1861 through 1862, Appalachian eastern Kentucky and northwestern Virginia stood at the forefront of many decisions by the governments of the United States and the Confederate States. These regions, with their topographical challenges, provided the perfect cover for guerrilla activity. Poor roads and isolated communities holding populaces with divided loyalties encouraged small-unit tactics. The contest for northwestern Virginia grew out of the want of control of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Quick and sharp, the war in northwestern Virginia ultimately resulted in the formation of a new Union state. It provided the fields for many important figures who would grow to prominence in the coming war, including Gen. Robert E. Lee and Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan. In eastern Kentucky, the armies competed for the important road connecting the Cumberland Gap to the Bluegrass region. The Battle of Mill Springs settled the question of who would control the region.
The Future of Administrative Justice
Authors: Adler Michael 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis chapter considers the future of administrative justice. Using the United Kingdom as a case study, it argues that the rise and fall of administrative justice can be likened to the swing of a pendulum. It considers first-instance decision-making, the role of outsourcing, the expanding role of administrative review and its implications for administrative justice, the decline of tribunals and the rise of ombudsmen, the effectiveness of oversight arrangements, and the impact of digitalisation. It concludes that the future of administrative justice in the United Kingdom is unlikely to involve a replay of anything that has been encountered in the past.
Coming of Age in Elite Families, c. 1200–c. 1650
Authors: Wilkinson Louise J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Access to wealth and privileged status lent the youth culture of the aristocracies of Western Europe a distinctive flavor in the medieval and early modern periods. Issues touching wardship, property rights, and the transmission of lands between generations gave adults a vested interest in supervising the young in adolescence, and in educating them for the responsibilities of governing estates and making marriages that were, ideally, closely aligned to dynastic interests. Like adolescents from other social backgrounds, fledgling young lords and ladies were sometimes tempted into wayward behavior and rebelled in conduct, words, and deeds against their elders. Yet, common experiences and shared rites of passage among elite youth—such as undergoing military training on the part of boys and serving in great households and attending princely courts—offered young nobles a chance to socialize with one another. They experienced youthful companionship and enjoyed recreational activities together, including jousting, hawking, hunting, dancing, and making music. They also learned the intricacies surrounding courtship and love. In these ways, young men and women became acculturated into noble society.
Anglo Fears
Authors: Jacques Peter J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The rejection of climate change science is organized by a countermovement, a collective effort to oppose a threatening social movement, in this case global environmentalism along with climate mitigation efforts. This chapter shows that, from a comparative perspective, the Anglo group of countries are quite alone in organizing the Climate Change Countermovement (CCCM), even though climate denial manifests in an unorganized way more broadly. This chapter offers the theoretical possibility that this Anglo climate denial emerges as a defense of imperial privilege threatened by the social change required to address a warming world. The theory is then supported by selections from authors of books who reject climate change and that evidence a fear of loss—of US power, of possessive individualism, and of Western progress.
The Integration of Conservation and Security
Authors: Duffy Rosaleen , Massé Francis 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the intersections among violence, security, and the environment. It uses a political ecology lens to analyze the violences that arise from “enforcement-first” approaches in tackling the illegal wildlife trade (IWT) as one aspect of conservation. Growing concern about IWT as a threat to biodiversity and security has led to calls for an urgent response. This has encouraged and facilitated the development of responses that are anchored in law enforcement and militarization. This is in part due to the redefining of IWT as a global security threat because it is deemed as a source of funding for armed groups and involves organized crime networks. The intense focus on the need to tackle IWT has led to shifts in conservation policy, such that anti-poaching operations are often accompanied by considerable levels of violence by conservation authorities.
Cities and the Environment in Africa
Authors: Gore Christopher 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The capacity of African cities to respond to environmental challenges has been confounded by a host of political, demographic, ecological, and financial issues for decades. Cities are rarely provided the revenue or given authority to spend revenue to provide sufficient environmental services. City governments are also often in conflict with national governments over their policy choices or political orientation. Multilevel collaboration is needed to address urban challenges, but African city governments and citizens do independently produce solutions. This chapter examines the evolution of responses to urban environmental challenges in two sub-Saharan African cities—Durban, South Africa, and Nairobi, Kenya—and argues that, central to advancing improvements, is understanding urban political processes and the spaces that city-based organizations create to shape and improve their future.
Legal Traditions
Authors: Duve Thomas 
Published: October 2021

AbstractLegal anthropology has to understand and deal with complex and often plural constellations of normative bodies, legal discourses, institutions, and practices. They shape the legal regimes people live in. These legal regimes as well as the ways in which societies operate with legal diversity have developed over time. History has done more than shape the vocabulary and the grammar of each community’s law. The narratives we produce about the past are also used to construct and express individual and social identities. Thus, history and its (re)construction by later generations can impose constraints and limit available options, but also open spaces of negotiation and provide for innovation. Legal regimes of the past are often called ‘legal traditions’. In the last decades, the idea of ‘legal traditions’ has gained considerable practical importance. Especially in former colonial countries, and due to the increasing recognition of the rights of Indigenous Peoples in international and national law, many actors are drawing on history to claim rights and obligations for the present and the future. In a similar manner, some historical legal regimes seem to embody injustice, leading to pleas for the recognition of their unjust character or even for material compensation. The aim of this chapter is to offer some reflections on the concept of ‘legal traditions’ and its role in constructing our identities and shaping our present legal regimes.
Indigenous Peoples, Identity, and Free, Prior, and Informed Consultation in Latin America
Authors: Guevara Gil Armando 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis chapter documents the social life of the right to free, prior, and informed consultation in Latin America. Challenging the original intent of the signatories of International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples (1989), Indigenous peoples, subaltern communities, and their advocates—a tacit coalition of activists, scholars, judges, legislators, and diplomats—work at the intersection of law and anthropology to redefine and substantiate the right to consultation. Two movements characterize this endeavour. First, the right is being broadened, significantly expanding the legal subjects able to claim its enforcement. Second, consultation is being upgraded from a soft to a solid right, deepening it, so to speak, as a way of overcoming the procedural trap that reduces consultations to rituals of domination. Interestingly, corporations and multilateral banks are acknowledging this decolonizing reinterpretation of the right to free, prior, and informed consultation. While its full-blown implementation as an expression of the right of Indigenous self-determination is still utopian, both broadening and deepening the right to consultation empower Indigenous and subaltern communities in their daily struggles against extractivism and developmentalism.
Combat Sports and Gladiatorial Combat in Greek and Roman Private Art
Authors: Brown Shelby 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The private art of violent Greek and Roman competitions shows iconic moments commemorated by ordinary fans and a wealthy elite. The depictions assume a viewer who understands the rules and identifies with fighters, spectators, or sponsors. Greek combat sports were associated with individual achievement and persistence through pain. Equal combatants, idealized and indistinguishable in Archaic and Classical art, fought nude for personal and regional glory, overseen by a referee. Hellenistic art introduced fighters whose battered faces declared personal suffering the price of victory. Roman public combatants were degraded by competition, although ennobled by martial valour, as were gladiators who willingly faced death. In the arena, differently equipped combatants were paired as fighting ‘types’. Ordinary art emphasized action and equipment. The art of the wealthy also referenced the sponsor, who decided the terms of victory and loss. The gazes of referees and combatants turned toward him; in real life, he interacted with the audience about the outcome, and they praised his public benefaction.
Greek Festivals in the Hellenistic Era
Authors: Newby Zahra 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The Hellenistic era incorporated new city foundations in Egypt and the Near East, as well as the ancient Greek cities of mainland Greece, Asia Minor, and Magna Graecia. This chapter examines Greek festivals and athletic contests amid the struggles of cities and individuals for recognition and self-identity. Relying especially on epigraphic and archaeological evidence, it will look at the Olympic Games during this period, and at the widening geographical origins of its victors. New festivals were established and played crucial roles in inter-city politics; note especially the new isolympic and isopythian games such as the Ptolemaia in Alexandria and the festival of Artemis Leucophyene at Magnesia on the Maeander. The guilds of performers played important roles in the Hellenistic period. We consider how the experience of an athletic victor now compared with that in the past.
Overview and Approaches
Authors: Scanlon Thomas F. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The aims, scope, structure and cultural background of the present volume are outlined here. It aims to present progressive current thought in the field and indicate directions for future work. It also juxtaposes Greek and Roman games and spectacle, to shed light on similarities and differences in the two cultures, and also to suggest parallels in other cultures, including our own. It aims to facilitate research and provoke thinking in particular aspects of Greek sport and Roman spectacle. The focus of the collection is to an extent in the social contexts of games, namely the evolution of sport and spectacle diachronically and geographically across cultural and political boundaries, and how games are adapted to multiple contexts and multiple purposes, reinforcing, for example, social hierarchies, performing shared values, and playing out deep cultural tensions. This chapter also interrogates the terms for sport today and in antiquity, and presents the high value placed on sport by ‘following the money’ in both eras.
Theories of Greek and Roman Sport
Authors: Christesen Paul 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the use of theory in the study of Greek and Roman sport. It begins with a brief review of the reasons for the relative paucity of theory in the relevant scholarship, then goes on to examine five different kinds of theory that have been productively applied to the study of sport: functionalism, conflict theory, the ‘discipline’ theory of Michel Foucault, Pierre Bourdieu’s work on corporeal discipline and on the relationship between sport and social inequality, and ritual theory. This is by no means a comprehensive survey of theories that have been used in the study of sport—a task that could occupy a volume of its own. The five theories discussed here were chosen because they have strong potential usefulness in the study of Greek and Roman sport.
Thematic Texts
Authors: Chew Kathryn 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Early imperial literature approaches arena events as ‘spectacula’, referencing both what is seen and the viewer who sees it, both bound by a complicated reciprocity. The tensions driving this relationship are articulated by writers as consumers of these shows, at once receptive and in opposition to spectacle and its imperial sponsors. This chapter examines how spectacle informs the works of three socially distinct authors, whose writings respond to the visuality and ideology of spectacle at its height. Ovid came of age with Augustus’ rise to power and spectacle and sport are the wallpaper of his imagination. Ovid bends spectacle to his literary purposes, embracing love as an event and spectators as participants and performers. Celebrating Titus’ inaugural games for the Flavian amphitheatre, Martial avoids grand tableaux and instead praises the emperor in epigrammatic form, encapsulating momentary images. Church Father Tertullian reacts against the attraction of spectacle as a ritual force in powerful competition with Christianity for the hearts and minds of the people.
Spectatorship, Control, and Collective Groups
Authors: Sumi Geoffrey S. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
It is axiomatic that the Roman emperor attempted to control the city populace through an ideology of ‘bread and circuses’ (free grain and public entertainment). Yet a riot during a food crisis in 189 ce, which began in the circus and spread to the streets, shows that spectators could be the agents of political interaction at public spectacles rather than merely passive participants, that public spectacles could be organizing events for the non-elite population. It has been argued that crowds in order to form require a ‘notion of legitimation’. Indeed, the crowd at this riot was engendered in part through the long-standing conventions of spectatorship at Roman public spectacles, including 1) public spectacles as venues for popular protest and interactions with the emperor; 2) the custom of arranged seating, including claques, factions, and trade guilds (collegia); 3) common forms of spectator response, such as acclamations.