bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trigger performance of five pediatric home ventilators and one ICU ventilator depending on circuit type and system leak in a physical model of the lung
Authors: Baumgartner Jana , Schmidt Johanna , Klotz Daniel , Schneider Hendryk , Schumann Stefan , Fuchs Hans 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe population of children with chronic respiratory failure requiring long‐term mechanical ventilation in the home has grown worldwide. The optimal choice from an increasing number of home ventilators commercialized for children is often challenging for the attending physicians. The aim of the present study was to compare the trigger performance of five pediatric bilevel home ventilators and one intensive care unit ventilator depending on circuit type and system leak.MethodsThe trigger performances of the ventilators were compared in combination with all compatible circuits using a physical model of the lung with increasing system leak. The flow generator simulated the patient's breathing effort with flow rates of 2.7–6.4 L/min at a frequency of 30 breaths/min. All ventilators were set to deliver 16 cmH2O inspiratory pressure support and 4 cmH2O positive end‐expiratory pressure.ResultsTrigger thresholds varied from 1.5 to 8 L/min, the pressure rise time to 90% of the maximum from 140 to 385 ms and the trigger work from 0.5 to 6.6 mbar · s. All devices had very short trigger delays below 40 ms. The leak compensation depended on the circuit type. The internal diameter of the circuit had no relevant impact on the trigger performance or the leak compensation.ConclusionWe observed considerable differences in the triggering performance of the evaluated home ventilators depending on leak size and type of circuit. Therefore, an optimal combination of device and circuit should consider the patient's age and condition and the probability of system leak.
Trifluoromethylpyridine thiourea derivatives: design, synthesis and inhibition of the self‐assembly of tobacco mosaic virus particles
Authors: Xu Fangzhou , Guo Shengxin , Zhang Wei , Wang Yanyan , Wei Panpan , Chen Shunhong , Wu Jian 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDDevastating plant virus diseases leading to bad harvests and lower quality of crops have made feeding the beyond seven billion population a huge challenge. Nevertheless, growing resistance and cross resistance of crop protection agents have made this challenge harder. Therefore, an efficient crop protection agent with novel structure and mode of action showing higher efficiency and eco‐friendly is urgently needed.RESULTSThe coat protein (CP) of a virus is a potential target for the discovery of new antiviral agents. Antiviral molecules can inhibit infection by obstructing the assembly of virus particles. A series of novel phthalamide‐like thiourea derivatives containing trifluoromethylpyridine was designed and synthesized. Most of the compounds exhibited good antiviral activity against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Compound 7b showed notable curative, protective and inactivation activities against TMV. Its inactivation half‐maximal effective concentration (EC50) value (20.5 μg mL−1) was better even than commercial ningnanmycin (23.2 μg mL−1). Compound 7b also had stronger TMV‐CP binding ability than ningnanmycin and destroyed the external shape of TMV particles and hindered the self‐assembly of TMV‐CP and TMV‐RNA.CONCLUSIONThese phthalamide‐like thiourea derivatives especially compound 7b containing trifluoromethylpyridine are potential lead compounds and inhibitors of TMV particle self‐assembly. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Antiinflammatory and antiinfective effect of caffeine in a mouse model of disseminated salmonellosis
Authors: Dorvigny Betty Mancebo , Tavares Lethicia Souza , de Almeida Ingrydt Alcântara , Santana Lucas Nunes , de Souza Silva Esther , de Souza Juliana Kelly Urtigas , Soares Anísio Francisco , da Silva Júnior Valdemiro Amaro , Lima‐Filho José Vitor 
Published: December 2021

AbstractCaffeine has been reported for its antiinflammatory properties by stimulating phagocytosis. In this study, we investigated the antiinflammatory and antiinfective potential of caffeine in murine macrophage cell cultures and Swiss mice infected with virulent Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium. Peritoneal macrophages (pMØ) were treated with caffeine on 96‐well plates for 24 hr and then infected with Salmonella for 4 hr. In another experiment, the pMØ were first infected with the bacterium for 4 hr and then treated with caffeine for 24 hr. In addition, Swiss mice were inoculated, intraperitoneally, with S. typhimurium and then received caffeine intravenously. Control groups received phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) or dexamethasone. We found that treatments with caffeine increased the macrophage cell viability and reduced the intracellular bacterial load. The administration of caffeine to Swiss mice reduced the infiltration of leukocytes into the peritoneal cavity after the bacterial challenge. Furthermore, the bacterial burdens in the peritoneal fluid, bloodstream, spleen, and liver were decreased by caffeine treatment. The expression levels of tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), IL‐6, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOs) were down‐regulated after infection in caffeine‐treated mice. We can conclude that caffeine has both antiinflammatory and antiinfective properties that can be useful for management of bacterial infections along with antibiotics.
Association of immunoglobulin G4‐related disease with a family history of malignancy: A retrospective study of 168 cases
Authors: Hu Diping , Li Yanhong , Zhou Yu , Luo Yubin , Cheng Lu , Tan Chunyu , Zhang Qiuping , Zhao Yi , Liu Yi 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectiveImmunoglobulin G4‐related disease (IgG4‐RD) is a systemic immune‐mediated fibroinflammatory condition. Previous studies have indicated relationships between malignancy and autoimmunity. This retrospective cohort study aimed to determine IgG4‐RD incidence and clinical features in patients with a family history of malignancy.MethodsTo analyze the relationship between IgG4‐RD and family history of malignancy, we reviewed IgG4‐RD patients with a family history of malignancy diagnosed in various departments in West China Hospital, Sichuan University from December 2012 to September 2019. Clinical data and laboratory features were compared between IgG4‐RD patients with and without a family history of malignancy.ResultsAmong 168 enrolled patients with IgG4‐RD, 22 (13.1%) had a family history of malignancy. The most frequently involved system in family members with malignancy was the digestive system (38.5%). Among patients with a family history of malignancy, the most frequently involved organs in IgG4‐RD were the pancreas (31.9%) and lymph nodes (31.9%). Age at symptom onset was older in IgG4‐RD patients with a family history of malignancy than in patients without a family history of malignancy (50–59 years: 36.3% vs. 16.4%, p = 0.0393). Hemoglobin (p = 0.0172) and albumin (p = 0.0247) levels were higher and globulin (p = 0.0232) levels were lower in patients with a family history of malignancy.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that a family history of malignancy may be associated with IgG4‐RD development. We hypothesize that genetic susceptibility may be involved in the pathogenesis of IgG4‐RD.
Emission Brightness and Concentration Quenching Threshold of GdVO4 : Eu3+ Nanophosphors Co‐Doped with Alkali Metal Ions
Authors: Yang Yuanyuan , Yan Yinglin , Fan Chaojiang , Zou Yiming , Wang Juan , You Caiyin , Yang Rong 
Published: December 2021

AbstractGdVO4 : Eu3+ nanophosphors co‐doped with alkali metal ions (Li+, Na+, K+) of various concentrations were fabricated by an efficient hydrothermal method. The microstructure and luminescent emission properties were tested systematically. The results demonstrated that the co‐doping of M+ led to lattice distortion, which is closely related to dopants’ ionic radii and concentrations. The lattice distortion further resulted in a fluctuation of luminescent brightness. The optimal luminescent properties of GdVO4 : Eu3+ co‐doped with Li+(10 atom‐% (at. %)), Na+(8 at. %), K+(6 at. %) were achieved respectively. Among them, the GdVO4 : Eu3+ co‐doped with Li+ of 10 at % possessed the highest emission intensity. Moreover, the alkali metal ions co‐doping also gave rise to the elevation of the concentration quenching threshold of Eu3+, which further enhanced the luminescent performance.
Sodium Azide: An Inorganic Nitrogen Source for the Synthesis of Organic N‐Compounds
Authors: Tashrifi Zahra , Khanaposhtani Mohammad Mohammadi , Larijani Bagher , Mahdavi Mohammad 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSodium azide (NaN3) is a colorless or white crystalline salt with diverse medicinal and industrial applications. Recently, NaN3 is considered as an inexpensive and valuable source of nitrogen in organic synthesis for the construction of N‐heterocycles, amines, nitriles and amides due to extremely good nucleophilicity of the azide anion. Accordingly, NaN3 can act as single (a molecule of NaN3 can transfer its azido group or one nitrogen atom) or dual synthon (two molecules of NaN3 can introduce two separate nitrogen atoms, two azido groups or one of each) in organic synthesis. However, although it has been extensively used as a single synthon in organic synthesis there are rare reports on its role as a dual synthon. In this review, we attempted to summarize and categorize the recent literatures (from 2010 on) focusing on the use of sodium azide as a nitrogen source usually via reductive amination with a brief and concise description of the reaction mechanisms. In this respect, we divided the relevant database into two main categories, namely single synthon and dual synthon. The first category is in turn divided into two subcategories: (I) formation of N‐heterocycles based on the number of members in the rings and (II) formation of acyclic N‐compounds (primary amines/amides).
A Potent Strategy of Combinational Blow Toward Enhanced Cancer Chemo‐Photodynamic Therapy via Sustainable GSH Elimination
Authors: Yu Jie , Xiao Hua , Yang Zuo , Qiao Chaoqiang , Zhou Bin , Jia Qian , Wang Zhongdi , Wang Xiaofei , Zhang Ruili , Yang Yang , Wang Zhongliang , Li Jianxiong 
Published: December 2021

AbstractExcessive glutathione (GSH), which is produced owing to abnormal metabolism of tumor cells, scavenges photo‐induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consumes chemotherapeutic drugs, thereby attenuating the efficacy of photodynamic therapy and chemotherapy, respectively. Predominant strategies for GSH inhibition involve its chemical depletion, which only leads to a temporary therapeutic effect because GSH is replenished via various compensatory routes in tumor cells. Here, a versatile GSH‐inhibiting nanosystem (termed PCNPs) for persistent synergistic therapy of cancer is reported. The porous skeleton of PCNPs allows easy encapsulation of buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) to sustainably suppress the biosynthesis of GSH. Thus, PCNPs not only demonstrate a prolonged release of BSO and improve drug utilization for efficient chemotherapy, but also act as an efficient photo‐induced singlet oxygen radical generator that prevents the loss of ROS, thereby enhancing photodynamic therapy. In addition, the liposomal coating prevents cargo release in the blood, improves the accumulation of PCNPs at the tumor site, and promotes the cellular uptake of oxaliplatin and BSO. This strategy is applicable to ROS‐based therapy and chemotherapy, which are suppressed by GSH, and may further enhance the synergistic effect of GSH‐restrained therapy.
Bewertung des Sprödbruchwiderstands höchstfester Stähle im Mobilkranbau
Authors: Kern Andreas , Kirschbaum Markus , Kucharczyk Pawel , Langenberg Peter , Schnitter Frederik 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDie Festlegung von Zähigkeitsanforderungen für tragende Stahlstrukturen für Mobilkrane basiert bis heute größtenteils auf Erfahrungswerten oder deren Herleitung ist nicht transparent und nachvollziehbar. Mit bruchmechanischen Methoden konnten erstmals die Anforderungen an die Werkstoffzähigkeit für ein sprödbruchsicheres Betreiben differenziert bewertet und nachvollziehbar quantifiziert werden. Die vorgestellte Methodik lässt für verschiedene Bauteile, Beanspruchungsbedingungen und Vorgaben für Schweißnahtunregelmäßigkeiten die zu erwartende Lebensdauer sowie die erforderliche Werkstoffzähigkeit abschätzen.
Mechanisms of acrolein induces toxicity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells: Oxidative stress, DNA damage response, and apoptosis
Authors: Liu Dan , Cheng Ye , Mei Xueying , Xie Yanzhen , Tang Zhipeng , Liu Jianli , Cao Xiangyu 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAcrolein is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant that produced by the incomplete combustion of cigarette smoke, forest fires, petroleum fuels, plastic materials, and cooking fumes. Inhalation is a common form of people exposure to acrolein, increasing evidence demonstrates that acrolein impairs the cardiovascular system by targeting vascular endothelial cells. However, the molecular mechanism of the cytotoxicity of acrolein exposure on vascular endothelial cells remains unclear. This work focused on the toxicity of acrolein on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The molecular mechanism was studied based on oxidative stress, DNA damage response (DDR), and mitochondrial apoptosis pathways. After HUVECs were treated with 12.5, 25, and 50 μM acrolein for 24 h, cell viability, cell colony formation, mitochondrial membrane potential, and adenosine triphosphate content significantly reduced, and acrolein increased intracellular reactive oxygen species, apoptosis rate, and 8‐hydroxy‐2 deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG) level. Furthermore, p38MAPK and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase signaling pathways were activated in response to oxidative stress. Moreover, acrolein induced G0/G1phase arrest, promoted the expression of γ‐H2AX, activated the DDR signaling pathway (Ataxia‐Telangiectasia‐Mutated [ATM] and Rad‐3‐related/Chk1 and ATM/Chk2), and triggered the consequent cell cycle checkpoints. Finally, the protein expression of Bax/Bcl‐2 and cleaved Caspase‐3 was up‐regulated, suggesting apoptosis was induced by triggering the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. All these results indicated that acrolein induced HUVECs cytotoxicity by regulating oxidative stress, DNA damage, and apoptosis. This study provides a novel perspective on the mechanism of acrolein‐induced cardiovascular toxicity, it will be helpful for the prevention of acrolein‐induced cardiovascular disease.
From individuals to communities: Habitat complexity affects all levels of organization in aquatic environments
Authors: Soukup Pavel R. , Näslund Joacim , Höjesjö Johan , Boukal David S. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractHabitat complexity describes a wide array of spatial distribution patterns of physical structures in habitats. It affects aquatic ecosystems on multiple levels from individuals (e.g., foraging behavior) to species interactions (e.g., predation, prey selection) and entire communities (e.g., biodiversity, food web structure). We present a conceptual framework to classify these effects and use it to summarize recent advances in the field. We identify three main research gaps and limitations preventing a full synthesis of the effects of habitat complexity on aquatic communities and ecosystems. Habitat complexity is often characterized using ad hoc measures, which limits cross‐experimental comparison and meta‐analytical and modeling approaches. The effects of habitat complexity on communities and ecosystems can also involve feedback loops on lower levels of organization including the habitat complexity itself. Such ecological feedbacks can influence habitat formation and amplify or mitigate the direct effects of habitat loss and simplification or habitat restoration on populations and communities, yet are surprisingly little understood. Finally, most studies examine habitat complexity on the presence‐absence scale. This limits our ability to recognize nonlinear responses across habitat complexity gradients, which occur in many contexts in aquatic habitats. Since nonlinear responses can stabilize or destabilize population and community dynamics, we call for the use of a higher resolution of habitat complexity in future studies. We conclude that currently degraded habitats offer exciting opportunities for combining restorative efforts with research that could combine multi‐level experiments and monitoring to improve our understanding of the role of habitat complexity across aquatic ecosystems.This article is categorized under:
Water and Life > Nature of Freshwater Ecosystems
Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and Awareness
Can quantum fluctuations differentiate between standard and unimodular gravity?
Authors: de Brito Gustavo P. , Melichev Oleg , Percacci Roberto , Pereira Antonio D. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We formally prove the existence of a quantization procedure that makes the path integral of a general diffeomorphism-invariant theory of gravity, with fixed total spacetime volume, equivalent to that of its unimodular version. This is achieved by means of a partial gauge fixing of diffeomorphisms together with a careful definition of the unimodular measure. The statement holds also in the presence of matter. As an explicit example, we consider scalar-tensor theories and compute the corresponding logarithmic divergences in both settings. In spite of significant differences in the coupling of the scalar field to gravity, the results are equivalent for all couplings, including non-minimal ones.
The complete singlet contribution to the massless quark form factor at three loops in QCD
Authors: Chen Long , Czakon Michał , Niggetiedt Marco 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
It is well known that the effect of top quark loop corrections in the axial part of quark form factors (FF) does not decouple in the large top mass or low energy limit due to the presence of the axial-anomaly type diagrams. The top-loop induced singlet-type contribution should be included in addition to the purely massless result for quark FFs when applied to physics in the low energy region, both for the non-decoupling mass logarithms and for an appropriate renormalization scale dependence. In this work, we have numerically computed the so-called singlet contribution to quark FFs with the exact top quark mass dependence over the full kinematic range. We discuss in detail the renormalization formulae of the individual subsets of the singlet contribution to an axial quark FF with a particular flavor, as well as the renormalization group equations that govern their individual scale dependence. Finally we have extracted the 3-loop Wilson coefficient in the low energy effective Lagrangian, renormalized in a $$ \mathrm{non}\hbox{-} \overline{\mathrm{MS}} $$
non
‐

MS
¯

scheme and constructed to encode the leading large mass approximation of our exact results for singlet quark FFs. We have also examined the accuracy of the approximation in the low energy region.
Comments on the Atiyah-Patodi-Singer index theorem, domain wall, and Berry phase
Authors: Onogi Tetsuya , Yoda Takuya 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
It is known that the Atiyah-Patodi-Singer index can be reformulated as the eta invariant of the Dirac operators with a domain wall mass which plays a key role in the anomaly inflow of the topological insulator with boundary. In this paper, we give a conjecture that the reformulated version of the Atiyah-Patodi-Singer index can be given simply from the Berry phase associated with domain wall Dirac operators when adiabatic approximation is valid. We explicitly confirm this conjecture for a special case in two dimensions where an analytic calculation is possible. The Berry phase is divided into the bulk and the boundary contributions, each of which gives the bulk integration of the Chern character and the eta-invariant.
Food preference and food type innovation of surface- vs. cave-dwelling waterlouse (Asellus aquaticus) after 60 000 years of isolation
Authors: Herczeg Gábor , Nyitrai Viktória , Balázs Gergely , Horváth Gergely 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Behavioural innovativeness is important for colonising new habitats; however, it is also costly. Along the colonisation event of a simple, stable and isolated habitat offering only new food sources, one could hypothesize that the colonising individuals are more innovative than the average in their source population, showing preference to the new resource, while after colonisation, the adapted population will lose its innovativeness and become specialised to the new resource. To test this hypothesis, we compared food preference and food type innovation of a cave-dwelling waterlouse (Asellus aquaticus) population (genetically isolated for at least 60 000 years) to three surface-dwelling populations, also sampling individuals that have recently entered the cave (‘colonists’). In the cave, the only food sources are endogenous bacterial mats, while surface populations feed on various living and dead plant material together with their fungal and bacterial overgrow. We assayed all populations with the familiar and unfamiliar food types from the natural habitats and two novel food types not occurring in the natural habitats of the species. We found that all populations preferred surface to cave food and consumed the unnatural novel food types. Surface populations avoided cave food and colonists spent the most time with feeding on surface food. We conclude that the cave population maintained its preference for surface food and did not lose its food type innovativeness. We suggest that adapting to the special cave food was a major challenge in colonising the cave.

Significance statement
Behavioural innovativeness is a key trait for adapting to environmental changes or to colonise new habitats. However, it has developmental and maintenance costs due to the high energy need of the necessary sensory and neural organs. Therefore, we asked whether behavioural innovativeness decreases after colonising an isolated, stable and highly specialised habitat. By comparing food type innovativeness of surface-dwelling populations of waterlouse (Asellus aquaticus) to a population that has colonised a cave at least 60 000 years ago, we found that the high innovativeness towards unnatural food was retained in the cave population. Further, all populations preferred surface food (decaying leaves), with surface populations almost completely avoiding cave food (endogenous bacteria mats). We suggest that (i) food type innovativeness is evolutionary rigid in our system and (ii) the cave food was rather an obstacle against than a trigger of cave colonisation.