bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Future Weakening of the ENSO Ocean Carbon Buffer Under Anthropogenic Forcing
Authors: Liao Enhui , Resplandy Laure , Liu Junjie , Bowman Kevin W. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the largest driver of atmospheric CO2 interannual variability. The equatorial Pacific Ocean, which is a natural source of CO2 to the atmosphere, acts as a buffer of the terrestrial variations by releasing less CO2 during El Niño events and releasing more CO2 during La Niña events. Here, we examine how this ocean carbon buffer will respond to high anthropogenic emissions using Earth system models from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6. The models project weaker ocean CO2 flux anomalies in the future due to two main factors: a stronger compensation between thermal and nonthermal changes in ocean biogeochemistry (55% of signal) and a weaker influence of ENSO on the CO2 transfer across the air‐sea interface (10%–25% of signal). The ocean would no longer buffer the land response to ENSO, and could even reinforce its impact on atmospheric CO2, amplifying the atmospheric carbon variability on interannual timescales.
A Stable H2O Atmosphere on Europa’s Trailing Hemisphere From HST Images
Authors: Roth Lorenz 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPrevious studies of the global intensities of the oxygen emissions at 1,356 Å and 1,304 Å revealed molecular oxygen (O2) in Europa's atmosphere. Here we investigate the relative changes of the two oxygen emissions when Europa emerges from eclipse as well as the radial profiles of the relative emissions across the sunlit disk in Hubble Space Telescope observations taken in 1999, 2012, 2014, and 2015 while the moon was at various orbital positions. The eclipse observation constrains the atomic oxygen (O) column density to or lower. We then find that the OI1356‐Å/OI1304‐Å ratio systematically decreases towards the disk center on the trailing hemisphere. The observed emission ratio pattern and the persistence of it from 1999 to 2015 imply a stable H2O abundance in the central sunlit trailing hemisphere with an H2O/O2 ratio of 12–22. On the leading hemisphere, the emissions are consistent with a pure O2 atmosphere everywhere across the moon disk.
First Observations of O2+ Band EMIC Waves in the Terrestrial Magnetosphere
Authors: Yu Xiongdong , Yuan Zhigang , Ouyang Zhihai 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAlthough electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are often known to exhibit three (H+, He+, and O+) usual bands, other peculiar minor ions (excluding He+ and O+) might also play an important role in the spectra of EMIC waves. This letter reports an interesting case that He+ band EMIC waves appear to split into O2+ and He+ band emissions. Wave frequency spectra suggesting that the organization of the wave emissions by the O2+ gyrofrequency motivates an investigation of the effects of O2+ presence on EMIC wave growth using linear theory. The calculated growth rates show that the original He+ band EMIC waves might be locally excited when O2+ is absent, while significant growth occurs for O2+ band and He+ band EMIC waves when O2+ is present. Our results provide insight into the generation of O2+ band EMIC waves.
Cloud Top Radiative Cooling Rate Drives Non‐Precipitating Stratiform Cloud Responses to Aerosol Concentration
Authors: Williams Abigail S. , Igel Adele L. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIncreases in aerosol concentration are well known to influence the microphysical processes and radiative properties of clouds. By reducing droplet size, an increase in aerosol can lessen collision efficiency and increase liquid water path (LWP) in precipitating clouds or enhance evaporation rate and decrease LWP in non‐precipitating clouds. We utilize large eddy simulations to further investigate these aerosol indirect effects in Arctic mixed‐phase clouds and find, in agreement with previous studies, precipitating clouds to experience an increase in LWP and non‐precipitating clouds a decrease in LWP. Most importantly however, our results reveal a different explanation for why such an LWP decrease occurs in decoupled, non‐precipitating clouds. We find enhanced evaporation near cloud top to be driven primarily by a strengthening of maximum radiative cooling rate with aerosol concentration which drives stronger entrainment, an effect that holds true even in clouds that are optically thick.
Crustal Deformation and Detachment in the Sulu Orogenic Belt: New Constraints From Onshore‐Offshore Wide‐Angle Seismic Data
Authors: Liu Lihua , Hao Tianyao , Lu Chuanchuan , Wu Zhiqiang , Zheng Yanpeng , Wang Fuyun , Xu Ya , Kim Kwang‐hee , Kim Han‐joon 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe deployed the first dense onshore‐offshore seismic survey profile across the ultrahigh/high‐pressure metamorphic Sulu Orogenic Belt (SLOB). By applying multiple seismic and gravity modeling, we obtained the crustal P wave velocity and density model across the SLOB and extending into tectonic units on both sides, including the eastern Sino‐Korean Block (SKB), and the lower Yangtze Block (YZB). A ∼120‐km‐wide high‐velocity and high‐density upper crust in the southern SLOB reveals the distribution of ultrahigh/high‐pressure metamorphism, which should be linking with the deep subduction, detachment, and exhumation of YZB midcrust. In the northern SLOB, the U‐shaped velocity contours throughout the crust and the low‐density midcrust reveals the downward bending of the crustal deformation due to the collision between SKB and YZB. The crustal deformation and detachment in the SLOB revealed by our results indicate that the orogenic spatial distribution should be wider than what we know before.
East Asian Summer Monsoon Rainfall Anomalies in 2020 and the Role of Northwest Pacific Anticyclone on the Intraseasonal‐to‐Interannual Timescales
Authors: Wang Xudong , Guan Zhaoyong , Jin Dachao , Zhu Jing 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn summer 2020, extreme rainfall occurred over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin (YRB). The accumulated precipitation amount of this rainfall event broke the record since 1961. On the interannual timescale, seasonal mean rainfall anomalies in the YRB during summer 2020 are related to the tropical North Indian Ocean (NIO) sea surface temperature (SST) warming and a La Niña event in the equatorial eastern Pacific. Both the NIO SST warming and La Niña help to generate the anomalous tropospheric low‐level Northwest Pacific anticyclone (NWP‐AAC) via the Matsuno‐Gill type response. On the subseasonal timescale, rainfall anomalies in the YRB exhibit two significant periods during summer 2020, intraseasonal (40–60 days) and quasi‐biweekly (∼10 days). The former intraseasonal component is the focus of this study. The intraseasonal NWP‐AAC, which is a part of tropical intraseasonal oscillation, plays a dominant role in connecting the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) rainfall with tropical convection. Using the pattern regression, a real‐time index (RTI) is proposed to represent the intraseasonal‐to‐interannual variability of the NWP‐AAC. The RTI captures the quasi‐biennial tendency of NWP‐AAC as well as its intraseasonal variability. These suggest that the NWP‐AAC is a common mode across timescales. Also, the RTI well depicts the EASM rainfall variability in 2020. Our results provide an alternative view of cross‐scale EASM variability, with an emphasis on the conduit effect of NWP‐AAC from intraseasonal to interannual timescale. Hence, the RTI could be utilized for subseasonal to seasonal climate monitoring in the Asian summer monsoon region.
Positron emission tomography imaging of serotonin degeneration and beta-amyloid deposition in late-life depression evaluated with multi-modal partial least squares
Authors: Smith Gwenn S. , Workman Clifford I. , Protas Hillary , Su Yi , Savonenko Alena , Kuwabara Hiroto , Gould Neda F. , Kraut Michael , Joo Jin Hui , Nandi Ayon , Avramopoulos Dimitri , Reiman Eric M. , Chen Kewei 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDepression in late-life is associated with increased risk of cognitive decline and development of all-cause dementia. The neurobiology of late-life depression (LLD) may involve both neurochemical and neurodegenerative mechanisms that are common to depression and dementia. Transgenic amyloid mouse models show evidence of early degeneration of monoamine systems. Informed by these preclinical data, the hypotheses were tested that a spatial covariance pattern of higher beta-amyloid (Aβ) and lower serotonin transporter availability (5-HTT) in frontal, temporal, and parietal cortical regions would distinguish LLD patients from healthy controls and the expression of this pattern would be associated with greater depressive symptoms. Twenty un-medicated LLD patients who met DSM-V criteria for major depression and 20 healthy controls underwent PET imaging with radiotracers for Aβ ([11C]-PiB) and 5-HTT ([11C]-DASB). A voxel-based multi-modal partial least squares (mmPLS) algorithm was applied to the parametric PET images to determine the spatial covariance pattern between the two radiotracers. A spatial covariance pattern was identified, including higher Aβ in temporal, parietal and occipital cortices associated with lower 5-HTT in putamen, thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus and raphe nuclei (dorsal, medial and pontine), which distinguished LLD patients from controls. Greater expression of this pattern, reflected in summary 5-HTT/Aβ mmPLS subject scores, was associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms. The mmPLS method is a powerful approach to evaluate the synaptic changes associated with AD pathology. This spatial covariance pattern should be evaluated further to determine whether it represents a biological marker of antidepressant treatment response and/or cognitive decline in LLD patients.
Differential dopamine release by psychosis-generating and non-psychosis-generating addictive substances in the nucleus accumbens and dorsomedial striatum
Authors: Danielsson Klara , Stomberg Rosita , Adermark Louise , Ericson Mia , Söderpalm Bo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSchizophrenia is associated with three main categories of symptoms; positive, negative and cognitive. Of these, only the positive symptoms respond well to treatment with antipsychotics. Due to the lack of effect of antipsychotics on negative symptoms, it has been suggested that while the positive symptoms are related to a hyperdopaminergic state in associative striatum, the negative symptoms may be a result of a reduced dopamine (DA) activity in the nucleus accumbens (nAc). Drug abuse is common in schizophrenia, supposedly alleviating negative symptomatology. Some, but not all, drugs aggravate psychosis, tentatively due to differential effects on DA activity in striatal regions. Here this hypothesis was tested in rats by using a double-probe microdialysis technique to simultaneously assess DA release in the nAc and associative striatum (dorsomedial striatum; DMS) following administration of the psychosis-generating substances amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg), cocaine (15 mg/kg) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, 3 mg/kg), and the generally non-psychosis-generating substances ethanol (2.5 g/kg), nicotine (0.36 mg/kg) and morphine (5 mg/kg). The data show that amphetamine and cocaine produce identical DA elevations both in the nAc and DMS, whereas nicotine increases DA in nAc only. Ethanol and morphine both increased DMS DA, but weaker and in a qualitatively different way than in nAc, suggesting that the manner in which DA is increased might be important to the triggering of psychosis. THC elevated DA in neither region, indicating that the pro-psychotic effects of THC are not related to DA release. We conclude that psychosis-generating substances affect striatal DA release differently than non-psychosis-generating substances.
“If I have teeth, I can smile.” Experiences with tooth loss and the use of a removable dental prosthesis among people who are partially and completely edentulous in Karnataka, India
Authors: Rodrigues Anisha , Dhanania Shradha , Rodrigues Rashmi 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Objectives
Tooth loss is a phenomenon associated with structural and functional changes, with a negative influence on the oral and general health of an individual. Removable dental prosthesis is commonly fabricated as treatment for tooth loss. However, the perceptions and experiences of individuals during the transition from a dentate to a partially or completely edentulous state and their acceptance of the denture are largely ignored. The objective of this study was to explore the perceptions and experiences during the transition from a dentate state to being partially or completely edentulous in the Indian population.

Methods
Fifteen individuals wearing partial or complete denture prosthesis were interviewed in depth using open-ended questions. These interviews were recorded using a voice-recording device. They were then transcribed, and a coding process was applied using the thematic framework approach to qualitative analysis.

Findings
Five themes emerged, namely: (i) Transition from dentulous to partially or completely edentulous state; (ii) Varying experiences with the use of dentures; (iii) Convenience and duration of wearing dentures; (iv) Attitude of dentists towards patients’ complaints; (v) Knowledge and preference of available treatment modalities.

Conclusions
The loss of natural teeth seemed to affect the psychological, functional, and social well-being of participants. Tooth loss was believed to be a natural aging process. Costs of treatment deterred the uptake of fixed denture treatment options. However, some participants preferred removable dentures to fixed prosthesis.
Epo/EpoR signaling in osteoprogenitor cells is essential for bone homeostasis and Epo-induced bone loss
Authors: Rauner Martina , Murray Marta , Thiele Sylvia , Watts Deepika , Neumann Drorit , Gabet Yankel , Hofbauer Lorenz C. , Wielockx Ben 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHigh erythropoietin (Epo) levels are detrimental to bone health in adult organisms. Adult mice receiving high doses of Epo lose bone mass due to suppressed bone formation and increased bone resorption. In humans, high serum Epo levels are linked to fractures in elderly men. Our earlier studies indicated that Epo modulates osteoblast activity; however, direct evidence that Epo acts via its receptor (EpoR) on osteoblasts in vivo is still missing. Here, we created mice lacking EpoR in osteoprogenitor cells to specifically address this gap. Deletion of EpoR in osteoprogenitors (EpoR:Osx-cre, cKO) starting at 5 weeks of age did not alter red blood cell parameters but increased vertebral bone volume by 25% in 12-week-old female mice. This was associated with low bone turnover. Histological (osteoblast number, bone formation rate) and serum (P1NP, osteocalcin) bone formation parameters were all reduced, as were the number of osteoclasts and TRAP serum level. Differentiation of osteoblast precursors isolated from cKO versus control mice resulted in lower expression of osteoblast marker genes including Runx2, Alp, and Col1a1 on day 21, whereas the mineralization capacity was similar. Moreover, the RANKL/OPG ratio, which determines the osteoclast-supporting potential of osteoblasts, was substantially decreased by 50%. Similarly, coculturing cKO osteoblasts with control or cKO osteoclast precursors produced significantly fewer osteoclasts than coculture with control osteoblasts. Finally, exposing female mice to Epo pumps (10 U·d−1) for 4 weeks resulted in trabecular bone loss (−25%) and increased osteoclast numbers (1.7-fold) in control mice only, not in cKO mice. Our data show that EpoR in osteoprogenitors is essential in regulating osteoblast function and osteoblast-mediated osteoclastogenesis via the RANKL/OPG axis. Thus, osteogenic Epo/EpoR signaling controls bone mass maintenance and contributes to Epo-induced bone loss.
Secretory products from epicardial adipose tissue induce adverse myocardial remodeling after myocardial infarction by promoting reactive oxygen species accumulation
Authors: Hao Shuang , Sui Xin , Wang Jing , Zhang Jingchao , Pei Yu , Guo Longhui , Liang Zhenxing 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAdverse myocardial remodeling, manifesting pathologically as myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis, often follows myocardial infarction (MI) and results in cardiac dysfunction. In this study, an obvious epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) was observed in the rat model of MI and the EAT weights were positively correlated with cardiomyocyte size and myocardial fibrosis areas in the MI 2- and 4-week groups. Then, rat cardiomyocyte cell line H9C2 and primary rat cardiac fibroblasts were cultured in conditioned media generated from EAT of rats in the MI 4-week group (EAT-CM). Functionally, EAT-CM enlarged the cell surface area of H9C2 cells and reinforced cardiac fibroblast activation into myofibroblasts by elevating intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Mechanistically, miR-134-5p was upregulated by EAT-CM in both H9C2 cells and primary rat cardiac fibroblasts. miR-134-5p knockdown promoted histone H3K14 acetylation of manganese superoxide dismutase and catalase by upregulating lysine acetyltransferase 7 expression, thereby decreasing ROS level. An in vivo study showed that miR-134-5p knockdown limited adverse myocardial remodeling in the rat model of MI, manifesting as alleviation of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis. In general, our study clarified a new pathological mechanism involving an EAT/miRNA axis that explains the adverse myocardial remodeling occurring after MI.
CXCL13/CXCR5 axis facilitates endothelial progenitor cell homing and angiogenesis during rheumatoid arthritis progression
Authors: Tsai Chun-Hao , Chen Chao-Ju , Gong Chi-Li , Liu Shan-Chi , Chen Po-Chun , Huang Chien-Chung , Hu Sung-Lin , Wang Shih-Wei , Tang Chih-Hsin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAngiogenesis is a critical process in the formation of new capillaries and a key participant in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathogenesis. The chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 13 (CXCL13) plays important roles in several cellular functions such as infiltration, migration, and motility. We report significantly higher levels of CXCL13 expression in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice compared with controls and also in synovial fluid from RA patients compared with human osteoarthritis (OA) samples. RA synovial fluid increased endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) homing and angiogenesis, which was blocked by the CXCL13 antibody. By interacting with the CXCR5 receptor, CXCL13 facilitated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and angiogenesis in EPC through the PLC, MEK, and AP-1 signaling pathways. Importantly, infection with CXCL13 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) mitigated EPC homing and angiogenesis, articular swelling, and cartilage erosion in ankle joints of mice with CIA. CXCL13 is therefore a novel therapeutic target for RA.
Multi-platform profiling characterizes molecular subgroups and resistance networks in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Bloehdorn Johannes , Braun Andrejs , Taylor-Weiner Amaro , Jebaraj Billy Michael Chelliah , Robrecht Sandra , Krzykalla Julia , Pan Heng , Giza Adam , Akylzhanova Gulnara , Holzmann Karlheinz , Scheffold Annika , Johnston Harvey E. , Yeh Ru-Fang , Klymenko Tetyana , Tausch Eugen , Eichhorst Barbara , Bullinger Lars , Fischer Kirsten , Weisser Martin , Robak Tadeusz , Schneider Christof , Gribben John , Dahal Lekh N. , Carter Mathew J. , Elemento Olivier , Landau Dan A. , Neuberg Donna S. , Cragg Mark S. , Benner Axel , Hallek Michael , Wu Catherine J. , Döhner Hartmut , Stilgenbauer Stephan , Mertens Daniel 
Published: September 2021

AbstractKnowledge of the genomic landscape of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) grows increasingly detailed, providing challenges in contextualizing the accumulated information. To define the underlying networks, we here perform a multi-platform molecular characterization. We identify major subgroups characterized by genomic instability (GI) or activation of epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT)-like programs, which subdivide into non-inflammatory and inflammatory subtypes. GI CLL exhibit disruption of genome integrity, DNA-damage response and are associated with mutagenesis mediated through activation-induced cytidine deaminase or defective mismatch repair. TP53 wild-type and mutated/deleted cases constitute a transcriptionally uniform entity in GI CLL and show similarly poor progression-free survival at relapse. EMT-like CLL exhibit high genomic stability, reduced benefit from the addition of rituximab and EMT-like differentiation is inhibited by induction of DNA damage. This work extends the perspective on CLL biology and risk categories in TP53 wild-type CLL. Furthermore, molecular targets identified within each subgroup provide opportunities for new treatment approaches.
Functional basis of electron transport within photosynthetic complex I
Authors: Richardson Katherine H. , Wright John J. , Šimėnas Mantas , Thiemann Jacqueline , Esteves Ana M. , McGuire Gemma , Myers William K. , Morton John J. L. , Hippler Michael , Nowaczyk Marc M. , Hanke Guy T. , Roessler Maxie M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPhotosynthesis and respiration rely upon a proton gradient to produce ATP. In photosynthesis, the Respiratory Complex I homologue, Photosynthetic Complex I (PS-CI) is proposed to couple ferredoxin oxidation and plastoquinone reduction to proton pumping across thylakoid membranes. However, little is known about the PS-CI molecular mechanism and attempts to understand its function have previously been frustrated by its large size and high lability. Here, we overcome these challenges by pushing the limits in sample size and spectroscopic sensitivity, to determine arguably the most important property of any electron transport enzyme – the reduction potentials of its cofactors, in this case the iron-sulphur clusters of PS-CI (N0, N1 and N2), and unambiguously assign them to the structure using double electron-electron resonance. We have thus determined the bioenergetics of the electron transfer relay and provide insight into the mechanism of PS-CI, laying the foundations for understanding of how this important bioenergetic complex functions.
Design and realization of topological Dirac fermions on a triangular lattice
Authors: Bauernfeind Maximilian , Erhardt Jonas , Eck Philipp , Thakur Pardeep K. , Gabel Judith , Lee Tien-Lin , Schäfer Jörg , Moser Simon , Di Sante Domenico , Claessen Ralph , Sangiovanni Giorgio 
Published: September 2021

AbstractLarge-gap quantum spin Hall insulators are promising materials for room-temperature applications based on Dirac fermions. Key to engineer the topologically non-trivial band ordering and sizable band gaps is strong spin-orbit interaction. Following Kane and Mele’s original suggestion, one approach is to synthesize monolayers of heavy atoms with honeycomb coordination accommodated on templates with hexagonal symmetry. Yet, in the majority of cases, this recipe leads to triangular lattices, typically hosting metals or trivial insulators. Here, we conceive and realize “indenene”, a triangular monolayer of indium on SiC exhibiting non-trivial valley physics driven by local spin-orbit coupling, which prevails over inversion-symmetry breaking terms. By means of tunneling microscopy of the 2D bulk we identify the quantum spin Hall phase of this triangular lattice and unveil how a hidden honeycomb connectivity emerges from interference patterns in Bloch px ± ipy-derived wave functions.