bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local hydrological gradients structure high intraspecific variability in plant hydraulic traits in two dominant central Amazonian tree species
Authors: Garcia Maquelle N , Hu Jia , Domingues Tomas F , Groenendijk Peter , Oliveira Rafael S , Costa Flávia R C 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Addressing the intraspecific variability of functional traits helps understand how climate change might influence the distribution of organismal traits across environments, but this is notably understudied in the Amazon, especially for plant hydraulic traits commonly used to project drought responses. We quantified the intraspecific trait variability of leaf mass per area, wood density, and xylem embolism resistance for two dominant central Amazonian tree species, along gradients of water and light availability, while accounting for tree age and height. Intraspecific variability in hydraulic traits was high, with within-species variability comparable to the whole-community variation. Hydraulic trait variation was modulated mostly by the hydrological environment, with higher embolism resistance of trees growing on deep-water-table plateaus compared with shallow-water-table valleys. Intraspecific variability of leaf mass per area and wood density was mostly modulated by intrinsic factors and light. The different environmental and intrinsic drivers of variation among and within individuals lead to an uncoupled coordination among carbon acquisition/conservation and water-use traits. Our findings suggest multivariate ecological strategies driving tropical tree distributions even within species, and reflect differential within-population sensitivities along environmental gradients. Therefore, intraspecific trait variability must be considered for accurate predictions of the responses of tropical forests to climate change.
Is Cryoprecipitate-Reduced Plasma an Efficacious Replacement Fluid for Therapeutic Plasma Exchange for Patients with Thrombotic Microangiopathy? A Single-Center Retrospective Experience
Authors: Kim Han Joo , Yang John Jeongseok , Kim Hyungsuk , Hwang Sang-Hyun , Oh Heung-Bum , Chung Yousun , Ko Dae-Hyun 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objective
We designed a study to compare the efficacy of cryoprecipitate-reduced plasma (CRP) and fresh frozen plasma (FFP), at the level of individual sessions, for treating refractory thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) with therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE).

Materials and Methods
Platelet counts (× 10³/μL) and lactate dehydrogenase (LD; IU/L) levels were measured before and after each session. We compared the mean-percentage and absolute changes in platelet count and LD after each TPE session.

Results
The data from 33 patients treated for TMA between 2009 and 2018 were collected for this study. Both absolute and percentage increases in the platelet count were statistically significant (P = .003 and P = .011, respectively) when CRP was used. However, when patients were divided into subgroups according to specific diagnosis, no significant differences were found among the groups, except in terms of the absolute platelet count increase in the thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura group (P &lt;.001).

Conclusion
The platelet count increase was higher when patients received CRP than when they received FFP. We found that CRP may be a rescue option for patients with refractory TMA.
Validation of an In-House-Developed GC-MS Method for 5α-Cholestanol According to ISO 15189:2012 Requirements
Authors: Coker Canan , Uysal Sezer 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objective
The aim of this study was to validate a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for the measurement of 5α-cholestanol in the clinical laboratory in agreement with ISO 15189:2012.

Materials and Methods
The GC-MS performance was evaluated and proficiency testing data were used to estimate the measurement uncertainty of the method considering the recommendations of international guidelines.

Results
The calibration curves were linear from 6 to 50 μmol/L, with r2 &gt;.99. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were determined to be 0.36 and 2.58 μmol/L, respectively. The bias ranged from –18.9% to 15.2% for 6.5, 18.3, and 66 μmol/L. The intra- and interassay reproducibility was &lt;20% at the various concentrations studied. The expanded uncertainty was determined to be 50.9%.

Conclusion
The GC-MS method for the measurement of 5α-cholestanol has proved to have acceptable analytical performance for use in the clinical laboratory.
The Medicalisation of Childbirth and Access to homebirth in the UK: Covid-19 and Beyond
Authors: Nelson Anna , Romanis Elizabeth C. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this article, we explore how the law has perpetuated the medicalisation of childbirth, and outline why this may limit the ability of birthing persons to access and opt for homebirth. We argue that this is inherently problematic because it restricts choice and autonomy in childbirth. We suggest that the widespread blanket withdrawals of homebirthing services by National Health Service trusts during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic serves as an illustrative example of the broader failure to recognise, both socially and legally, the significance of homebirth for some. We argue that, if framed correctly, the law has the potential to support, rather than restrict, choice regarding place of birth.
Galaxy and mass assembly (GAMA): The environmental impact on SFR and metallicity in galaxy groups
Authors: Sotillo-Ramos D , Lara-López M A , Pérez-García A M , Pérez-Martínez R , Hopkins A M , Holwerda B W , Liske J , López-Sánchez A R , Owers M S , Pimbblet K A 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
We present a study of the relationships and environmental dependencies between stellar mass, star formation rate, and gas metallicity for more than 700 galaxies in groups up to redshift 0.35 from the Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey. To identify the main drivers, our sample was analysed as a function of group-centric distance, projected galaxy number density, and stellar mass. By using control samples of more than 16 000 star-forming field galaxies and volume-limited samples, we find that the highest enhancement in SFR (0.3 dex) occurs in galaxies with the lowest local density. In contrast to previous work, our data show small enhancements of ∼0.1 dex in SFR for galaxies at the highest local densities or group-centric distances. Our data indicates quenching in SFR only for massive galaxies, suggesting that stellar mass might be the main driver of quenching processes for star forming galaxies. We can discard a morphological driven quenching, since the Sérsic index distribution for group and control galaxies are similar. The gas metallicity does not vary drastically. It increases ∼0.08 dex for galaxies at the highest local densities, and decreases for galaxies at the highest group-centric distances, in agreement with previous work. Altogether, the local density, rather than group-centric distance, shows the stronger impact in enhancing both, the SFR and gas metallicity. We applied the same methodology to galaxies from the IllustrisTNG simulations, and although we were able to reproduce the general observational trends, the differences between group and control samples only partially agree with the observations.
Phenotype Bias Determines How Natural RNA Structures Occupy the Morphospace of All Possible Shapes
Authors: Dingle Kamaludin , Ghaddar Fatme , Šulc Petr , Louis Ard A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Morphospaces—representations of phenotypic characteristics—are often populated unevenly, leaving large parts unoccupied. Such patterns are typically ascribed to contingency, or else to natural selection disfavoring certain parts of the morphospace. The extent to which developmental bias, the tendency of certain phenotypes to preferentially appear as potential variation, also explains these patterns is hotly debated. Here we demonstrate quantitatively that developmental bias is the primary explanation for the occupation of the morphospace of RNA secondary structure (SS) shapes. Upon random mutations, some RNA SS shapes (the frequent ones) are much more likely to appear than others. By using the RNAshapes method to define coarse-grained SS classes, we can directly compare the frequencies that noncoding RNA SS shapes appear in the RNAcentral database to frequencies obtained upon a random sampling of sequences. We show that: 1) only the most frequent structures appear in nature; the vast majority of possible structures in the morphospace have not yet been explored; 2) remarkably small numbers of random sequences are needed to produce all the RNA SS shapes found in nature so far; and 3) perhaps most surprisingly, the natural frequencies are accurately predicted, over several orders of magnitude in variation, by the likelihood that structures appear upon a uniform random sampling of sequences. The ultimate cause of these patterns is not natural selection, but rather a strong phenotype bias in the RNA genotype–phenotype map, a type of developmental bias or “findability constraint,” which limits evolutionary dynamics to a hugely reduced subset of structures that are easy to “find.”
Visual Gene Expression Reveals a cone-to-rod Developmental Progression in Deep-Sea Fishes
Authors: Lupše Nik , Cortesi Fabio , Freese Marko , Marohn Lasse , Pohlmann Jan-Dag , Wysujack Klaus , Hanel Reinhold , Musilova Zuzana 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Vertebrates use cone cells in the retina for color vision and rod cells to see in dim light. Many deep-sea fishes have adapted to their environment to have only rod cells in the retina, while both rod and cone genes are still preserved in their genomes. As deep-sea fish larvae start their lives in the shallow, and only later submerge to the depth, they have to cope with diverse environmental conditions during ontogeny. Using a comparative transcriptomic approach in 20 deep-sea fish species from eight teleost orders, we report on a developmental cone-to-rod switch. While adults mostly rely on rod opsin (RH1) for vision in dim light, larvae almost exclusively express middle-wavelength-sensitive (“green”) cone opsins (RH2) in their retinas. The phototransduction cascade genes follow a similar ontogenetic pattern of cone—followed by rod-specific gene expression in most species, except for the pearleye and sabretooth (Aulopiformes), in which the cone cascade remains dominant throughout development, casting doubts on the photoreceptor cell identity. By inspecting the whole genomes of five deep-sea species (four of them sequenced within this study: Idiacanthus fasciola, Chauliodus sloani; Stomiiformes; Coccorella atlantica, and Scopelarchus michaelsarsi; Aulopiformes), we found that they possess one or two copies of the rod RH1 opsin gene, and up to seven copies of the cone RH2 opsin genes in their genomes, while other cone opsin classes have been mostly lost. Our findings hence provide molecular evidence for a limited opsin gene repertoire in deep-sea fishes and a conserved vertebrate pattern whereby cone photoreceptors develop first and rod photoreceptors are added only at later developmental stages.
The health benefits of anthocyanins: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies and controlled clinical trials
Authors: Sandoval-Ramírez Berner-Andrée , Catalán Úrsula , Llauradó Elisabet , Valls Rosa-María , Salamanca Patricia , Rubió Laura , Yuste Silvia , Solà Rosa 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Anthocyanins (ACNs) are phenolic compounds present in foods and have undefined health benefits. The present umbrella review aimed to analyze the effects of ACNs on multiple aspects of human health (from systematic reviews and meta-analyses [SRMs] of randomized controlled trials [RCTs]), and the associations of ACNs with the risk of various diseases (from SRMs of observational studies [OSs]). Following the PRISMA methodology, the PubMed, SCOPUS, and Cochrane databases were searched up to November 1, 2020 for OS-SRMs and RCT-SRMs that examined the effects of ACNs on health. The risk of bias of RCT-SRMs was assessed using the AMSTAR 2, and that of OS-SRMs was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology. Based on 5 OS-SRMs (57 studies and 2 134 336 participants), ACNs of various sources were significantly associated with a reduction in the risks of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. According to 8 RCT-SRMs (139 interventions and &gt;4984 participants), ACNs improved plasmatic lipids, glucose metabolism, and endothelial function, without affecting blood pressure. No associations between ACNs and breast or gastric cancer risks were found. ACN intake opens new pathways for the management of glucose metabolism, the plasmatic lipid profile, and the improvement of endothelial function in humans.
MiR398-regulated antioxidants contribute to Bamboo mosaic virus accumulation and symptom manifestation
Authors: Lin Kuan-Yu , Wu Su-Yao , Hsu Yau-Heiu , Lin Na-Sheng 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Virus infections that cause mosaic or mottling in leaves commonly also induce increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, how ROS contributes to symptoms is less well documented. Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) causes chlorotic mosaic symptoms in both Brachypodium distachyon and Nicotiana benthamiana. The BaMV △CPN35 mutant with an N-terminal deletion of its coat protein gene exhibits asymptomatic infection independently of virus titer. Histochemical staining of ROS in mock-, BaMV-, and BaMV△CPN35-infected leaves revealed that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulated solely in BaMV-induced chlorotic spots. Moreover, exogenous H2O2 treatment enhanced yellowish chlorosis in BaMV-infected leaves. Both BaMV and BaMV△CPN35 infection could induce the expression of Cu/Zu superoxide dismutase (CSD) antioxidants at messenger RNA and protein level. However, BaMV triggered the abundant accumulation of full-length NbCSD2 preprotein (prNbCSD2, without transit peptide cleavage), whereas BaMV△CPN35 induced a truncated prNbCSD2. Confocal microscopy showed that majority of NbCSD2-green fluorescent protein (GFP) predominantly localized in the cytosol upon BaMV infection, but BaMV△CPN35 infection tended to cause NbCSD2-GFP to remain in chloroplasts. By 5′-RNA ligase-mediated rapid amplification of cDNA ends, we validated CSDs are the targets of miR398 in vivo. Furthermore, BaMV infection increased the level of miR398, while the level of BaMV titer was regulated positively by miR398 but negatively by CSD2. In contrast, overexpression of cytosolic form NbCSD2, impairing the transport into chloroplasts, greatly enhanced BaMV accumulation. Taken together, our results indicate that induction of miR398 by BaMV infection may facilitate viral titer accumulation, and cytosolic prNbCSD2 induction may contribute to H2O2 accumulation, resulting in the development of BaMV chlorotic symptoms in plants.
TRANS-ACTING SIRNA3-derived short interfering RNAs confer cleavage of mRNAs in rice
Authors: Luo Linlin , Yang Xiaoyu , Guo Mingxi , Lan Ting , Yu Yu , Mo Beixin , Chen Xuemei , Gao Lei , Liu Lin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPlant TRANS-ACTING SIRNA3 (TAS3)-derived short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) include tasiR-AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORs (ARFs), which are functionally conserved in targeting ARF genes, and a set of non-tasiR-ARF siRNAs, which have rarely been studied. In this study, TAS3 siRNAs were systematically characterized in rice (Oryza sativa). Small RNA sequencing results showed that an overwhelming majority of TAS3 siRNAs belong to the non-tasiR-ARF group, while tasiR-ARFs occupy a diminutive fraction. Phylogenetic analysis of TAS3 genes across dicot and monocot plants revealed that the siRNA-generating regions were highly conserved in grass species, especially in the Oryzoideae. Target genes were identified for not only tasiR-ARFs but also non-tasiR-ARF siRNAs by analyzing rice Parallel Analysis of RNA Ends datasets, and some of these siRNA–target interactions were experimentally confirmed using tas3 mutants generated by genome editing. Consistent with the de-repression of target genes, phenotypic alterations were observed for mutants in three TAS3 loci in comparison to wild-type rice. The regulatory role of ribosomes in the TAS3 siRNA–target interactions was further revealed by the fact that TAS3 siRNA-mediated target cleavage, in particular tasiR-ARFs targeting ARF2/3/14/15, occurred extensively in rice polysome samples. Altogether, our study sheds light into TAS3 genes in plants and expands our knowledge about rice TAS3 siRNA–target interactions.
Enriched H3K4me3 marks at Pm-0 resistance-related genes prime courgette against Podosphaera xanthii
Authors: Margaritopoulou Theoni , Kizis Dimosthenis , Kotopoulis Dimitris , Papadakis Ioannis E , Anagnostopoulos Christos , Baira Eirini , Termentzi Aikaterini , Vichou Aikaterini-Eleni , Leifert Carlo , Markellou Emilia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Powdery mildew (PM) disease, caused by the obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen Podosphaera xanthii, is the most reported and destructive disease on cultivated Cucurbita species all over the world. Recently, the appearance of highly aggressive P. xanthii isolates has led to PM outbreaks even in resistant crops, making disease management a very difficult task. To challenge this, breeders rely on genetic characteristics for PM control. Analysis of commercially available intermediate resistance courgette (Cucurbita pepo L. var. cylindrica) varieties using cytological, molecular, and biochemical approaches showed that the plants were under a primed state and induced systemic acquired resistance (SAR) responses, exhibiting enhanced callose production, upregulation of salicylic acid (SA) defense signaling pathway genes, and accumulation of SA and defense metabolites. Additionally, the intermediate resistant varieties showed an altered epigenetic landscape in histone marks that affect transcriptional activation. We demonstrated that courgette plants had enriched H3K4me3 marks on SA-BINDING PROTEIN 2 and YODA (YDA) genes of the Pm-0 interval introgression, a genomic region that confers resistant to Cucurbits against P. xanthii. The open chromatin of SA-BINDING PROTEIN 2 and YDA genes was consistent with genes’ differential expression, induced SA pathway, altered stomata characteristics, and activated SAR responses. These findings demonstrate that the altered epigenetic landscape of the intermediate resistant varieties modulates the activation of SA-BINDING PROTEIN 2 and YDA genes leading to induced gene transcription that primes courgette plants.
Experiences of Military Primary Care Providers During Chronic Pain Visits: A Qualitative Descriptive Study
Authors: Mathew Asha , McQuinn Honor , Flynn Diane M , Ransom Jeffrey C , Doorenbos Ardith Z 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objective
Chronic pain complaints are the second most common reason for outpatient primary care visits, yet a comprehensive assessment of the processes and experiences of providers during a chronic pain visit is still lacking. This qualitative descriptive study aimed to conceptualize the processes and experiences that military primary care providers go through while they assess and manage chronic pain.

Setting
Single U.S. Army medical center.

Methods
Semistructured interviews with 12 military primary care providers. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded with the use of qualitative software. Transcripts were analyzed with thematic analysis to identify emergent themes.

Results
Three broad themes with associated subthemes captured the processes and the providers’ experiences: 1) comprehending the pain story—asking the right questions about pain impact, navigating through the complexities of the pain story, and conveying understanding of the pain story back to the patient; 2) optimizing the pain story—perceiving provider–patient disconnect on pain management goals, resetting realistic goals, creating an optimal individualized treatment plan, and evaluating treatment effectiveness; and 3) empathetic and therapeutic engagement with patients—trusting patients and fostering the patient–provider relationship. A thematic map illustrates these provider experiences.

Conclusions
During chronic pain visits, the provider–patient disconnect on the goals of chronic pain treatment presents a considerable challenge. Further in-depth studies on addressing provider–patient disconnect are warranted to identify solutions, which would help providers communicate realistic chronic pain management expectations to patients. The themes and subthemes described in this study could serve as a guide for directing strategies to improve chronic pain visits in primary care.
Initial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public health training: participatory action research to understand experiences in the East Midlands
Authors: Maile E L , Horsley S M , Dunn T , Knight J M ,   The Delphi group registrars, Brough Grace , Davies Nathan , Pierce Elizabeth , Evans Megan S , Rebecca Johnston Helen , Turvey Andrew , Blackmore Claire , Cooper Rosie 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundSpecialty public health training consists of 48 months of practice across the domains of health protection, healthcare public health and health improvement.With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, activity pivoted towards pandemic management and the response became a significant element of registrar practice.This research aimed to understand the impact of this shift in focus on registrars’ role and training.MethodsParticipatory action research comprising (i) a reflective survey sent to all specialty registrars in the East Midlands training region and (ii) Delphi rounds with survey respondents to generate consensus and define themes.ResultsSixteen (44%) registrars completed the survey with 12 (75%) participating in the Delphi rounds. The early pandemic response stages both challenged and re-affirmed registrars’ role and identity in public health and training while providing unique and diverse learning and development. Underpinning these themes is a variability in experience depending on prior experience, placement and training stage.ConclusionsThe pandemic impacted the practice, training and home-life of registrars who were required to negotiate significant challenge and uncertainty. This original work adds to a growing body of correspondence and opinion pieces articulating the experiences and challenges of medical and public health education during a pandemic.