bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relational Imperativism about Affective Valence
Authors: Kauppinen Antti 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Affective experiences motivate and rationalize behaviour in virtue of feeling good or bad, or their valence. It has become popular to explain such phenomenal character with intentional content. Rejecting evaluativism and extending earlier imperativist accounts of pain, I argue that when experiences feel bad, they both represent things as being in a certain way and tell us to see to it that they will no longer be that way. Such commands have subjective authority by virtue of linking up with a relevant background concern. The imperative content explains but doesn’t constitute world-directed motivation. It also rationalizes action indirectly, by giving rise to an affective seeming that represents the situation as calling for the authoritatively commanded behaviour. One experience feels worse than another if its content tells us to bear a higher opportunity cost to comply with the command. Finally, experience-directed motivation is contingent on our being attitudinally (dis)pleased with the character of our experience.
Locke and his Early Critics and Defenders: Metaphysical and Epistemic Differences
Authors: Boeker Ruth 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Many of Locke’s early critics reject Locke’s account of persons and personal identity on metaphysical and/or religious grounds. This chapter focuses on a selection of these objections and thereby reveals metaphysical, religious, and epistemic differences between Locke’s view and the views of his early critics and defenders. It pays particular attention to two debates that led several critics to reject Locke’s thinking about persons and personal identity, but also prompted others to defend his view, namely debates whether the soul always thinks and debates whether matter can think. With respect to each debate the aim of the chapter is to identify factors why Locke’s early critics endorse metaphysical and epistemic views that differ from Locke’s view and how this leads them to reject Locke’s thinking about persons and personal identity.
Practical Necessity, Freedom, and History
Authors: James David 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
By means of careful analysis of relevant writings by Hobbes, Rousseau, Kant, Hegel, and Marx, the author argues that the concept of practical necessity is key to understanding the nature and the extent of human freedom. Practical necessity here means being, or believing oneself to be, constrained to act in certain ways in the absence (whether real or imagined) of other, more attractive options, or by the high costs attached to pursuing other options. Agents become subject to practical necessity because of economic, social, and historical forces over which they have, or appear to have, no effective control, while the extent to which they are subject to this form of necessity varies according to the amount of economic and social power that one agent possesses relative to other agents. The concept of practical necessity is also shown to acknowledge how the beliefs and attitudes of social agents are, in large part, determined by social and historical processes in which they are caught up, and how the type of motivation that we attribute to such agents should recognize this fact. Another key theme is how Rousseau, Kant, Hegel, and Marx, in contrast to Hobbes, explain the emergence of the conditions of a free society in terms of a historical process that is initially governed by practical necessity. The role that this form of necessity plays in explaining historical necessity invites thefollowing question: to what extent arehistorical agents genuinely subject to practical and historical necessity?
Paper Bombs
Authors: Rosenberg Joseph Elkanah 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the literary response to the Nazi book-burnings, as well as to the piles of papery waste left behind by bombing raids. It begins with a reading of the now iconic photograph of readers browsing the stacks of the bombed Holland House library. Widely circulated, but entirely staged, the propagandistic photograph embodies a curious Blitz-era fascination with book violence, a fascination that wavers precariously between dread and desire. In novels written during the war, books are grotesquely transformed into weapons that, in Elizabeth Bowen’s words, have the potential to “blow whole places into existence.” This desire has its aftermath in the post-war imagination of new worlds emerging out of the ashes of destroyed books.
From Psychology to Philosophy
Authors: Begby Endre 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Calls to develop a framework for ‘non-ideal epistemology’ have recently gained traction in philosophical discourse, but little detail has yet been offered as to what this might involve. This chapter aims to remedy this shortcoming, both as a broader theoretical development and with specific view toward the epistemology of prejudice. Specifically,this chapter develops the notion of non-ideal epistemology along two dimensions. Along one dimension, constraints arising from distinctive capacity limitations of the human mind (“endogenous non-ideality”) are considered. In another dimension, constraints arising from specific limitations on the information environments that epistemic agents are forced to operate within (“exogenous non-ideality”) are considered. Taking a non-ideal approach to epistemology does not, however, mean giving up on epistemic normativity altogether: to the contrary, this chapter argues that non-ideal epistemology provides the only way for such norms to provide a genuine critical grip on human cognition at all.
The Epistemology of Prejudice Acquisition
Authors: Begby Endre 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The standard analysis of the epistemology of prejudice often assumes that we might simply define prejudice as a type of belief acquired or maintained without regard to one’s evidence, and therefore as involving some kind of breakdown of epistemic rationality. We now move to assess this assumption on its merits. Chapter 4 considers the problem in light of the acquisition of prejudiced belief. It argues that canons of inductive inference as well as considerations from the epistemology of testimony strongly support the view that individuals can come to acquire prejudiced belief without compromising their epistemic rationality. In fact, given the information environments they find themselves in, these might well be the beliefs that they should form, epistemically speaking, in the simple sense these are the beliefs that are best supported by their evidence. There is no conceptual barrier to understanding how people could be epistemically justified in acquiring prejudiced beliefs.
The Epistemology of Prejudice Maintenance
Authors: Begby Endre 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
But what about prejudice maintenance? Questions of acquisition aside, how could anyone be epistemically rational in retaining their prejudiced belief over time in the face of the significant amounts of contrary evidence confronting them in their everyday lives? This chapter argues that much of this evidence can be easily absorbed by prejudiced believers, in keeping with our best canons of epistemic rationality. Drawing on recent work on generic generalizations, the chapter argues that prejudiced beliefs are in no sense falsified by single contrary instances, or even larger swaths of them. Even when subjects are rationally required to recognize instances as providing contrary evidence, the correct response may simply be to reduce one’s credence in the relevant proposition. The result may be that they are somewhat less prejudiced than before. But they are still prejudiced, even as, by hypothesis, they have responded correctly to their evidence.
Conclusion
Authors: Perrone Nicolás M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The final chapter summarizes how investment treaties and ISDS increase the calculability of foreign investors to the detriment of states and local communities, shaping foreign investment relations more generally. This outcome is the result of the standards included in investment treaties, as interpreted by ISDS tribunals, as much as the silencing of specific issues and actors in these arbitrations. For the legal imagination that dominates international investment law, the chapter shows, what is excluded is as important as what is protected. The book concludes by highlighting how current discussions about reforming investment treaties and ISDS are also embedded in this dominant imaginary. The lesson to be learned from the norm entrepreneurs of the 1950s and 1960s is that ideas alone are not enough to transform the rules governing the global economy.
1842‒1852
Authors: Bradley Ian 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Three of Arthur Sullivan’s grandparents were Irish and probably Roman Catholic. This chapter explores his ancestry and the Irish and Roman Catholic influences on his character, his faith, and his music. It considers and dismisses the suggestions made during his lifetime that he had Jewish and negroid antecedents. It covers his childhood in Sandhurst, where his father was military bandmaster, the influence of the parish church there, his early schooling, and his entrance into the Chapel Royal as a chorister.
1852‒1861
Authors: Bradley Ian 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Arthur Sullivan’s musical formation was effected during his teenage years in three institutions: the Chapel Royal, where he was a chorister between the ages of 12 and 15, the Royal Academy of Music, where he studied from 14 to 16 as the first Mendelssohn scholar, and the Conservatory of Music in Leipzig which he attended from the age of 16 until just before his 19th birthday. Each of these places had a considerable impact on him, deepening his childhood love of church music and laying the foundations of his later career as a composer and conductor of sacred works. His time at the Chapel Royal also played a significant role in his spiritual development, owing partly to the strong influence of Thomas Helmore, the master of the choristers. In his teens, Sullivan composed several anthems and got to know many of the leading church musicians of the day. His training in church music is compared to the similar grounding in church and religious music experienced by several of the most prominent Continental European composers of operetta in the mid-nineteenth century.
1871‒1877
Authors: Bradley Ian 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
By now widely recognized as England’s leading composer, Arthur Sullivan devoted the first half of the 1870s to sacred works, including a massive Te Deum to celebrate the recovery of the Prince of Wales from typhoid fever (1872), his most significant oratorio, The Light of the World (1873), forty-two original hymn tunes and seventy-five hymn tune arrangements and numerous sacred songs and ballads. The Light of the World broke significant new ground by dispensing with a narrator and for the first time in English oratorio making Jesus a real character who appeared and sang and interacted with other characters. As well as acting as editor for a major Anglican hymnal, Church Hymns and Tunes (1874), Sullivan wrote numerous hymn tunes, including the ever-popular ST GERTRUDE for ‘Onward, Christian soldiers’ and NOEL for ‘It came upon the midnight clear’. He may also have had a hand in ST CLEMENT for ‘The day, Thou gavest, Lord, is ended’. In 1877, sitting at the bedside of his dying brother, he wrote the tune for his sacred ballad, ‘The Lost Chord’ which became the best-selling song of the last quarter of the nineteenth century.
Some Inadequate Conceptions of Divine Holiness
Authors: Murphy Mark C. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers and rejects some extant conceptions of holiness. On one view, to be holy is simply to be divine; but even if the property being holy is identified with the property being divine, an account of holiness should provide also an account of what is distinctive about conceptualizing divinity in terms of holiness. On another view, holiness is separateness; but unless we are given some accounting of the sort of separateness at issue, the account is uninformative. Another view of holiness is Kantian, taking holiness to be moral perfection; but it seems possible to affirm God’s holiness while denying that God is properly evaluable by moral standards. Recent attempts by philosophers to give systematic accounts of holiness—that offered by O. R. Jones (to be holy is to exhibit divine personality) and that offered by Quentin Smith (to be holy is to be the most exalted being in a privileged genus)—are failures.
Primary Holiness
Authors: Murphy Mark C. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter proposes an account of primary holiness—the underivative holiness that God exhibits—that takes as its starting point Rudolf Otto’s theory of the experience of holiness in The Idea of the Holy. While there is much in Otto that is worth rejecting, his idea that the distinctive mark of the holy is its involving both a fascinans aspect and a tremendum aspect is both plausible and fruitful. The fascinans aspect is that the holy is experienced as overwhelmingly attractive. The tremendum aspect is that the holy is experienced as repelling, but in a normative sense—one experiences the holy as something in whose presence one is not fit to be, and so one is out-of-place by drawing too near. This is the basis for a plausible normative theory of holiness: to be holy is to be a being with respect to which such responses are appropriate.
Divine Holiness and Divine Perfection
Authors: Murphy Mark C. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter defends an argument from divine holiness to divine perfection. Primary holiness presupposes a value gap between the holy being and others—it is the greatly superior value of the holy being that makes union with that being desirable for other beings, and makes intimate unity with the holy being at some level unfitting. A necessarily holy being will have to be infinitely and unqualifiedly valuable. For otherwise there will be beings other than God that approach the holy being’s value, at least in certain contexts, in such a way that union with God will not be overwhelmingly desirable and extremely intimate union will not be unfitting. As the God of Scripture must be thought of as absolutely holy, the connection between absolute holiness and absolute perfection underwrites a new argument from Scripture to Anselmian perfect being theology.
Secondary Holiness
Authors: Murphy Mark C. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A desideratum for a theory of God’s primary holiness is that it be possible to offer an account of how secondary holiness—the holiness of beings other than God—derives from it. This chapter aims to sketch such an account of secondary holiness. Holiness functions in the manner of Aristotelian pros hen homonymy, in which there is an explanatorily central property and other properties called by that name are so denominated because they stand in some relevant explanatory relationship to the central notion. While there are multiple such relationships to primary holiness, the main derivative sense of holiness as applied to nondivine things consists in being an object such that intimate unity with it counts as unity with the primarily holy God.
Two Flawed Frameworks for Divine Action
Authors: Murphy Mark C. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to downgrade the plausibility of the two standard frameworks for understanding divine action: the morality framework and the love framework. The morality framework holds that God necessarily acts in accordance with a set of universal moral standards. The love framework holds that God necessarily exhibits to their maximum the desires constitutive of love. Against the morality framework, there is very strong basis to think that God does not necessarily have reasons to adhere to the norms of morality that bind us, and only if God were to have such reasons could such norms necessarily apply to God. Against the love framework, the view of God as necessarily maximally loving is at odds with the norms for perfection in love, relies on a false view about the way that our desires give us reasons, and founders when confronted with the difficulty of specifying an intrinsic maximum for being loving.
Absolute Holiness and Life Everlasting
Authors: Murphy Mark C. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
According to traditional Christian doctrine that there are two possible final destinations for humans: Heaven or Hell. With respect to Heaven, the holiness framework understands entrance of humans into union with God in Heaven to be an act of gracious contingent love bestowed by God, limited by the extent to which that human exhibits the imperfection that make even more intimate union unfitting. Everlasting heavenly life, on this view, is a continual perfecting of the human in a way that makes even closer union with God more fitting, which in turn makes further transformation toward perfection possible. With respect to Hell, the holiness framework makes intelligible why universalism could be false: persons who are confirmed in sin have settled themselves on evil, and thus are not only unfit for intimate union with God—their unfitness is so extreme as to preclude God’s appropriately even acting so as to aid effectively in their transformation. Holiness considerations can also be invoked to explain the falsity of annihilationism.
Life and Biology
Authors: Cykowski Beth 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines Heidegger’s understanding of life by analysing his appraisal of early twentieth-century biology. The chapter places this appraisal into the context of Heidegger’s overall aim of identifying the lineage that runs from the ancient conception of the human’s status within physis, through the physis/ēthos division in Plato’s Academy, into modern articulations of the life/spirit opposition. Heidegger pursues this aim in The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics by exploring biology, the discipline that explicitly seeks to examine one side of the life/spirit divide, and assessing what the landscape of this discipline looks like in the contemporary situation. The chapter argues that, given the broader context, it is acceptable that Heidegger summarises the contents of life-science research in a way that expresses metaphysical prejudices, for his claim is that we must first understand the delusions of thinking, and how we ourselves came to be deluded, in order to retrieve and rearticulate more essential knowledge.
The Classical Developmental State in Korea
Authors: Kwon Hyeong-ki 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the characteristics of the classical developmental state in Korea in the Park Chung Hee era of the 1960s and 1970s, how it was established, and how it evolved. Neoliberals emphasize the free market of the 1960s in the Park Chung Hee era. By contrast, most developmental state (DS) scholars focus on the HCI drive of the 1970s to identify the typical developmental state in Korea. However, unlike the arguments of neoliberals and DS theorists, this chapter reveals that the basic characteristics of the Korean classical developmental state, including state-guided capitalism and export-led industrialization, were already established in the 1960s, although the 1970s saw a shift to an extreme variant of developmental state. In addition, unlike historical institutionalists’ emphasis on historical legacy of Japanese colonialism, this chapter emphatically examines the political process of elite competition for the origin of Korean DS.
Asian Financial Crisis and Transformation of Korean Capitalism
Authors: Kwon Hyeong-ki 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines how the Korean state could continue its state-led developmentalism even when state interventionism was pointed out as a main culprit for the economic crisis of 1997. The 1997 Asian financial crisis prompted serious reflection upon the problems of Korea’s input-oriented developmentalism, as well as the ineffectiveness of state intervention. However, to solve the economic crisis of 1997, Korea did not abandon state-led developmentalism, but developed another version of state-led developmentalism, emphasizing the promotion of strategic hi-tech venture firms and SME parts industries. This chapter first examines the competing diagnoses and solutions to the economic crisis of 1997, and then explores how, through politics between the state and large corporations, the existing volume-oriented expansionism changed toward a knowledge-intensive strategy. Finally, this chapter examines how competition among economic ministries, including the Ministry of Industry (MoI) and the Ministry of Information and Communications (MIC), drove the evolution of Korean industrial policy.
Government Liability in France
Authors: Perroud Thomas 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Some distinctive features characterize the French legal system. First, there is no formal provision in the French Constitution concerning public authority liability. However, some general principles of liability exist. Another important distinctive feature is that the principles governing administrative liability are traditionally part of a wholly separate body of law. The Conseil d’Etat defined and refined such principles, though a closer analysis shows that such body of law is increasingly similar to that which governs the relationship between private bodies. Two further procedural and substantive features, respectively, are that a formal request may be made to the administration and that illegality connotes fault, and hence liability.
EU Law and UK Law
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter compares the respective answers of the English and EU systems of administrative liability within a wider comparative study. It focuses on their common and distinctive traits. It does so, first, with regard to the constitutional provisions concerning government liability and its connections with judicial review of administration. It points out, in particular, the different meaning and significance of fault. Next, the chapter turns to the answers given to the hypothetical cases on which the ‘common core’ method is based. As a preliminary remark, it sheds light on the particularities of the EU administration. It then looks at basic principles. It shows that, in relation to procedural fairness, the similarity outweighs the difference between the UK and the EU, while, on substantive grounds, the latter has a general principle of liability, unlike the former. A more detailed analysis also shows that the case law of EU courts has provided increased certainty in respect to the breach of procedural constraints on exercises of administrative power. In the UK, a public authority must owe a duty of care to the claimant to be held liable, and the conditions for an action to be successful are more difficult to satisfy than where the same action is pursued between private individuals.
Liberal Democracies and the Control of Virtue
Authors: Moscoso Leopoldo A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Following Neal Tate and Vallinder’s hypothesis on the global expansion of judicial power, this chapter draws on Alessandro Pizzorno’s seminal contribution in the late 1990s to provide a historical account of the aforementioned process. The provided account links the ‘due process revolution’ with the growing social demand for norms, as well as the building of the Sozialstaat with the transformation of parliamentary regimes. The historical method is used to identify different trajectories while emphasis is given to the emergence of political parties and their relations with the consolidation of the public sphere in fin de siècle Western, liberal democracies. A final reflection is proposed which claims that current trends towards the politicization of justice cannot be properly understood without reference to the process of judicialization of politics.