bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determinants of food insecurity among elderly people: findings from the Canadian Community Health Survey
Authors: Kansanga Moses Mosonsieyiri , Sano Yujiro , Bayor Isaac , Braimah Joseph Asumah , Nunbogu Abraham Marshall , Luginaah Isaac 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFood insecurity among elderly people is a major public health concern due to its association with several health conditions. Despite growing research and implementation of diverse income-based policy measures, food insecurity among elderly people remains a major policy issue in Canada. Additional research could inform food policy beyond strategies that target improving the financial resources of elderly people. Drawing data from the Canadian Community Health Survey (N = 24,930), we explored the correlates of food insecurity among older adults using negative log-log logistic regression techniques. Our findings show that certain categories of elderly people are more prone to food insecurity. These segments include seniors who are visible minorities (OR = 1.29, p < 0.01), live alone (OR = 1.13, p < 0.05), have a very weak sense of community belonging (OR = 1.40, p < 0.001), in poor physical health (OR = 1.20, p < 0.01), and those in lower age and income categories. These findings corroborate previous studies that demonstrate that food insecurity among elderly people is a complex phenomenon influenced by diverse socio-economic factors. In Canada, food security policies targeted at elderly people have largely prioritised poverty alleviation through income support programmes. While these programmes can improve the purchasing power of elderly people, they may not be sufficient in ensuring food security. There is a need to embrace and further investigate an integrated approach that pays attention to other contextual socio-economic dynamics.
The heart of bureaucratic power: Explaining international bureaucracies’ expert authority
Authors: Liese Andrea , Herold Jana , Feil Hauke , Busch Per-Olof 
Published: February 2021

AbstractExpert authority is regarded as the heart of international bureaucracies’ power. To measure whether international bureaucracies’ expert authority is indeed recognised and deferred to, we draw on novel data from a survey of a key audience: officials in the policy units of national ministries in 121 countries. Respondents were asked to what extent they recognised the expert authority of nine international bureaucracies in various thematic areas of agricultural and financial policy. The results show wide variance. To explain this variation, we test well-established assumptions on the sources of de facto expert authority. Specifically, we look at ministry officials’ perceptions of these sources and, thus, focus on a less-studied aspect of the authority relationship. We examine the role of international bureaucracies’ perceived impartiality, objectivity, global impact, and the role of knowledge asymmetries. Contrary to common assumptions, we find that de facto expert authority does not rest on impartiality perceptions, and that perceived objectivity plays the smallest role of all factors considered. We find some indications that knowledge asymmetries are associated with more expert authority. Still, and robust to various alternative specifications, the perception that international bureaucracies are effectively addressing global challenges is the most important factor.
Hantavirus–Leptospira coinfections in small mammals from central Germany
Authors: Jeske K. , Jacob J. , Drewes S. , Pfeffer M. , Heckel G. , Ulrich R. G. , Imholt C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
European orthohantaviruses (Puumala orthohantavirus (PUUV); Dobrava-Belgrade orthohantavirus (DOBV), genotype Kurkino; Tula orthohantavirus (TULV)), and Leptospira spp. are small mammal-associated zoonotic pathogens that cause diseases with potentially similar symptoms in humans. We investigated the frequency of Leptospira spp. and hantavirus single and double infections in small mammals from 22 sites in Thuringia, central Germany, during 2017. TULV infections were detected at 18 of 22 sites (mean prevalence 13.8%, 93/674). PUUV infections were detected at four of 22 sites (mean prevalence 1.5%, 7/471), and respective PUUV sequences formed a novel phylogenetic clade, but DOBV infections were not detected at all. Leptospira infections were detected at 21 of 22 sites with the highest overall prevalence in field voles (Microtus agrestis) with 54.5% (6/11) and common voles (Microtus arvalis) with 30.3% (205/676). Leptospira–hantavirus coinfections were found in 6.6% (44/671) of common voles but only in two of 395 bank voles. TULV and Leptospira coinfection probability in common voles was driven by individual (age) and population-level factors. Coinfections seemed to be particularly associated with sites where Leptospira spp. prevalence exceeded 35%. Future investigations should evaluate public health consequences of this strong spatial clustering of coinfections.
THE SOUNDSCAPE IN THE REPLICA OF THE CERÉN TEMAZCAL
Authors: Sheets Payson , Mahoney Robert 
Published: February 2021

AbstractArchaeologists have relied almost exclusively upon sight among the five human senses to investigate architecture, features, and artifacts. In recent decades researchers have explored how ancient people may have experienced sound, because it was an essential component of lived experiences in ancient societies. Natural and culturally constructed spaces had acoustical properties that enhanced social, political, economic, and ritual events. This article investigates through the lens of archaeoacoustics the large domed earthen temazcal that residents constructed at Joya de Cerén during the seventh century a.d. Its uniqueness at this Classic-period Maya village in El Salvador has attracted considerable interest due to its exceptional preservation and distinct shape. Fortunately, in 2012, architects were able to construct a precise replica for public access. Through the years, visitors entering the replica have noted how significantly their voices were altered, once inside. To evaluate scientifically these observations, two recordings of sound were made and analyzed acoustically. The earthen dome morphology causes “preferred frequencies” to be sustained for a long time, while nonfavored frequencies diminish quickly. The predominant resonance is at 64 hertz, a tone so low that basso profundo singers can barely achieve it. The internal morphology greatly accentuates voices of mature males, but not those with higher pitches, such as mature females or children. The acoustical environment may have been utilized by men for divination, education, curing, rites of passage, and other functions, some of which have not been previously considered. The nature of the lived experience in a socially charged performance space is explored here with new insights regarding how the sweatbath was vital to all in the community.
ON THE TRUTH-CONVERGENCE OF OPEN-MINDED BAYESIANISM
Authors: STERKENBURG TOM F. , DE HEIDE RIANNE 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWenmackers and Romeijn [38] formalize ideas going back to Shimony [33] and Putnam [28] into an open-minded Bayesian inductive logic, that can dynamically incorporate statistical hypotheses proposed in the course of the learning process. In this paper, we show that Wenmackers and Romeijn’s proposal does not preserve the classical Bayesian consistency guarantee of merger with the true hypothesis. We diagnose the problem, and offer a forward-looking open-minded Bayesians that does preserve a version of this guarantee.
S‐Velocity Mantle Structure of East Asia From Teleseismic Traveltime Tomography: Inferred Mechanisms for the Cenozoic Intraplate Volcanoes
Authors: Kim Yong‐Woo , Chang Sung‐Joon , Witek Michael , Ning Jieyuan , Wen Jingchong 
Published: February 2021

AbstractClusters of Cenozoic volcanoes are found in Korea and Northeast China away from plate boundaries, but the mechanisms responsible for their formation is still unknown. To resolve this issue, we derive an S‐wave velocity model of the upper mantle structure beneath East Asia using 131,947 S‐wave relative traveltimes from 974 earthquakes recorded at 1,948 seismic stations in China, Korea, Taiwan, and Japan. Our results show that low‐velocity anomalies beneath Mt. Baekdu (Changbaishan) and Jeju Island extend to the bottom of the mantle transition zone (MTZ) through slab gaps in the stagnant Pacific slab. On the other hand, low‐velocity anomalies beneath the Datong volcanic field are observed to connect to the edge of the stagnant Pacific slab, which may be attributed to subduction‐triggered upwelling or deep dehydration from the hydrous MTZ perturbed by subducting slabs. Furthermore, tilted high‐velocity anomalies are found all the way down to the MTZ beneath the Great Xing'an Range and the Songliao basin, which may indicate delaminated lithosphere. The intraplate volcanoes north of the Songliao basin, such as the Wudalianchi and Halaha volcanoes, are located just above the delaminated bodies, thereby implying that decompression melting after delamination may be responsible for the intraplate volcanoes. Therefore, the dominant origin of intraplate volcanoes in East Asia may be subduction‐related hot upwelling, complemented by shallow origins such as edge‐driven convection and lithospheric delamination.
Spatial Variations of Upper Crustal Anisotropy Along the San Jacinto Fault Zone in Southern California: Constraints From Shear Wave Splitting Analysis
Authors: Jiang Enyuan , Liu Kelly H. , Gao Yuan , Fu Xiaofei , Gao Stephen S. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTo discern spatial and explore possible existence of temporal variations of upper crustal anisotropy in an ∼15 km section of the San Jacinto Fault Zone (SJFZ) that is composed of the Buck Ridge and Clark faults in southern California, we conduct a systematic shear wave splitting investigation using local S‐wave data recorded by three broadband seismic stations located near the surface expression of the SJFZ. An automatic data selection and splitting measurement procedure is first applied, and the resulting splitting measurements are then manually screened to ensure reliability of the results. Strong spatial variations in crustal anisotropy are revealed by 1,694 pairs of splitting parameters (fast polarization orientation and splitting delay time), as reflected by the dependence of the resulting splitting parameters on the location and geometry of the raypaths. For raypaths traveling through the fault zones, the fast orientations are dominantly WNW‐ESE which is parallel to the faults and may be attributed to fluid‐filled fractures in the fault zones. For non‐fault‐zone crossing raypaths, the fast orientations are dominantly N–S which are consistent with the orientation of the regional maximum compressive stress. A three‐dimensional model of upper crustal anisotropy is constructed based on the observations. An increase in the raypath length normalized splitting times is observed after the 03/11/2013 M4.7 earthquake, which is probably attributable to changes in the spatial distribution of earthquakes before and after the M4.7 earthquake rather than reflecting temporal changes of upper crustal anisotropy.
Seismic Moment Accumulation Response to Lateral Crustal Variations of the San Andreas Fault System
Authors: Ward Lauren A. , Smith‐Konter Bridget R. , Xu Xiaohua , Sandwell David T. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRheologic variations in the Earth's crust (like elastic plate thickness [EPT] or crustal rigidity) modulate the rate at which seismic moment accumulates for potentially hazardous faults of the San Andreas Fault System (SAFS). To quantify rates of seismic moment accumulation, Global Navigation Satellite Systems, and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar data were used to constrain surface deformation rates of a four‐dimensional viscoelastic deformation model that incorporates rheological variations spanning a 900 km section of the SAFS. Lateral variations in EPT, estimated from surface heat flow and seismic depth to the lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary, were converted to lateral variations in rigidity and then used to solve for seismic moment accumulation rates on 32 fault segments. We find a cluster of elevated seismic moment rates (11–20 × 1015 Nm year−1 km−1) along the main SAFS trace spanning the historical Mw 7.9 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake rupture length; present‐day seismic moment magnitude on these segments ranges from Mw 7.2–7.6. We also find that the average plate thickness in the Salton Trough is reduced to only 60% of the regional average, which results in a ∼60% decrease in moment accumulation rate along the Imperial fault. Likewise, a 30% increase of average plate thickness results in at least a ∼30% increase in moment rate and even larger increases are identified in regions of complex plate heterogeneity. These results emphasize the importance of considering rheological variations when estimating seismic hazard, suggesting that meaningful changes in seismic moment accumulation are revealed when considering spatial variations in crustal rheology.
Scale‐Aware Space‐Time Stochastic Parameterization of Subgrid‐Scale Velocity Enhancement of Sea Surface Fluxes
Authors: Bessac Julie , Christensen Hannah M. , Endo Kota , Monahan Adam H. , Weitzel Nils 
Published: February 2021

AbstractStochastic representation of the influence of the subgrid‐scales on the resolved scales in weather and climate models has been shown to improve ensemble spread and resolved variability. We propose a statistical scale‐aware space‐time model to characterize the contribution of mesoscale wind variability to air‐sea exchanges. In an earlier study, we analyzed the difference between “true” fluxes computed from a high resolution simulation and “resolved” fluxes obtained by coarse graining. This discrepancy is modeled in space and time, conditioned on the coarse‐grained wind and precipitation fields, to parameterize the enhancement of fluxes by mesoscale velocity variations. Stochastic parameterization models have traditionally been developed for particular model resolutions without the explicit capability to adapt to model resolution. We present an approach to develop stochastic models that adapt to resolution in a scale‐aware fashion. The scale‐aware parameterization is developed from empirical results for systematically coarse‐grained high‐resolution numerical model output. The statistical model is fit from numerical model output at three different coarsening resolutions. From this scale‐aware parameterization, we derive a stochastic parameterization of flux enhancement by subgrid velocity variations for arbitrary resolutions and characterize the conditional distributions and space‐time structures of the flux enhancement across model resolutions.
Absolute Age and Temperature Constraints on Deformation Along the Basal Décollement of the Jura Fold‐and‐Thrust Belt From Carbonate U‐Pb Dating and Clumped Isotopes
Authors: Looser N. , Madritsch H. , Guillong M. , Laurent O. , Wohlwend S. , Bernasconi S. M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDuring its late‐stage evolution, the European Alpine orogen witnessed a northwest‐directed propagation of its deformation front along an evaporitic basal décollement into the foreland. This resulted in the decoupling of the northern Alpine Molasse Basin from its basement and the formation of the Jura fold‐and‐thrust belt. Here, we present the first absolute age and temperature constraints on deformation along this basal décollement using carbonate U‐Pb LA‐ICP‐MS dating and clumped isotope thermometry. We analyzed calcite veins associated with a thrust fault branching off from the basal décollement in the distal Molasse Basin and slickenfibers from thrusts and strike‐slip faults in the eastern Jura Mountains. Our U‐Pb data provide evidence for tectonic activity related to Alpine contraction between 14.3 and 4.5 Ma ago. According to the oldest deformation ages, the propagation of Alpine deformation into the distal foreland along the basal décollement occurred earlier than previously inferred by biostratigraphy, at Middle Miocene (Langhian) times at the latest. Younger deformation ages between 11.3 and 4.5 Ma correspond very well in time with shortening in the Subalpine Molasse and the Central Alps, proving simultaneous tectonic activity along both thrust fronts; i.e., the Jura Mountains and the Subalpine Molasse. Clumped isotopes reveal vein calcite precipitation at temperatures between 53 and 104 °C from fluids with oxygen isotope compositions between −6.2‰ and +9.5‰ reflecting distinct burial settings. Combined, our U‐Pb and clumped isotope data show that the burial conditions in the studied area remained constant between 14.3 and 4.5 Ma indicating that large‐scale foreland erosion did not initiate before 4.5 Ma.
Rainfall Washoff of Spores From Concrete and Asphalt Surfaces
Authors: Mikelonis Anne M. , Calfee M. W. , Lee Sang Don , Touati Abderrahmane , Ratliff Katherine 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAfter a biological terrorist attack, understanding the migration of agents such as Bacillus anthracis is critical due to their deadly nature. This is important in urban settings with higher likelihood of human exposure and a large fraction of impervious materials contributing to pollutant washoff. The study goals were to understand the removal of spores from urban surfaces under different rainfall conditions, to compare washoff of two B. anthracis surrogate spores, and to compare two empirical fits for the first flush of spores from small areas. Concrete and asphalt were inoculated with either Bacillus atrophaeus or Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki spores and exposed to simulated rainfall. The study assessed goodness‐of‐fit for the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM)'s exponential washoff function compared to an alternative two‐stage exponential function. The highest average washoff of spores was 15% for an hour‐long experiment. Spore washoff was not significantly different for the two spore types, but there were significant differences in washoff from asphalt versus concrete with more occurring from asphalt. Average kinetic energy of the storm event impacted washoff from asphalt, but not concrete. The two‐stage function had a better goodness‐of‐fit than the SWMM exponential function. As such, emergency responders should be aware that the spread of contamination is impacted by the droplet characteristics of the storm event and the surface material type in the contaminated area; modelers should be aware that different data‐fitting approaches may be more appropriate for first‐flush calculations of small washoff areas than those used for continuous long‐term simulation of large subcatchments.
A Cognitive-Behavioral Group Intervention for Parents of Youth with Chronic Pain: Development, Feasibility, and Preliminary Effectiveness
Authors: Lee Soeun , Edwards Kim , McMurtry C. Meghan 
Published: February 2021

Background: Caregiving for a youth with chronic pain is associated with unique stressors. Parents can play important roles for youth coping and functional outcomes, although parents often report uncertainty about how to support their youth and may benefit from learning evidence-based strategies. However, few parent-targeted interventions for pediatric chronic pain exist, particularly delivered within a group format. Objectives: The aims of this study were to describe the development of a parent-targeted group intervention within an outpatient interdisciplinary pediatric chronic pain clinic and to assess preliminary feasibility and effectiveness. Method: The development and content of the intervention are described in detail. Feasibility was assessed via enrollment, attendance, and attrition. Effectiveness was assessed via parent self-reported responses to pain and psychological flexibility (PF) before and after treatment. Results: Seventy parents consented and participated in the 5-week group intervention (2 hr/session). Preliminary results demonstrated adequate feasibility, with attendance rates at 61.4% and attrition rates at 24.3%. After treatment, there were significant moderate- to large-sized decreases in 3 of 4 parent behaviors assessed (protectiveness, monitoring, minimizing) and large-sized increases in PF. Conclusions: This group intervention for parents can produce positive changes in self-reported parent behavior and PF and may be a feasible way to intervene within an outpatient interdisciplinary setting. Implications for Impact Statement Parents play important roles for supporting coping and functional outcomes in youth with chronic pain, although parents report uncertainty over how to best support their youth and may benefit from learning evidence-based strategies. This study suggests that a relatively brief parent-targeted group intervention (5 weeks, 2 hr/week) may help promote psychological flexibility and reduce unhelpful parent behaviours that may reinforce pain.
Specific inactivation of an antifungal bacterial siderophore by a fungal plant pathogen
Authors: Ho Ying-Ning , Hoo Sin Yong , Wang Bo-Wei , Hsieh Chi-Ting , Lin Ching-Chih , Sun Chi-Hui , Peng Chia-Chi , Lin Chih , Yang Yu-Liang 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Bacteria and fungi secrete many natural products that inhibit each other’s growth and development. The dynamic changes in secreted metabolites that occur during interactions between bacteria and fungi are complicated. Pyochelin is a siderophore produced by many Pseudomonas and Burkholderia species that induces systemic resistance in plants and has been identified as an antifungal agent. Through imaging mass spectrometry and metabolomics analysis, we found that Phellinus noxius, a plant pathogen, can modify pyochelin and ent-pyochelin to an esterification product, resulting in reduced iron-chelation and loss of antifungal activity. We also observed that dehydroergosterol peroxide, the fungal metabolite, is only accumulated in the presence of pyochelin produced through bacteria–fungi interactions. For the first time, we show the fungal transformation of pyochelin in the microbial interaction. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding the dynamic changes of metabolites in microbial interactions and their influences on microbial communities.
Improved model simulation of soil carbon cycling by representing the microbially derived organic carbon pool
Authors: Fan Xianlei , Gao Decai , Zhao Chunhong , Wang Chao , Qu Ying , Zhang Jing , Bai Edith 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
During the decomposition process of soil organic carbon (SOC), microbial products such as microbial necromass and microbial metabolites may form an important stable carbon (C) pool, called microbially derived C, which has different decomposition patterns from plant-derived C. However, current Earth System Models do not simulate this microbially derived C pool separately. Here, we incorporated the microbial necromass pool to the first-order kinetic model and the Michaelis–Menten model, respectively, and validated model behaviors against previous observation data from the decomposition experiments of 13C-labeled necromass. Our models showed better performance than existing models and the Michaelis–Menten model was better than the first-order kinetic model. Microbial necromass C was estimated to be 10–27% of total SOC in the study soils by our models and therefore should not be ignored. This study provides a novel modification to process-based models for better simulation of soil organic C under the context of global changes.