bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What difference does a letter make? - Exploring Incident Management System with respect to the Incident Command System
Authors: Griffiths Will 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
How can a process be flexible enough for use in any incident, yet rigid enough to provide the structure required in times where stress is high, and time is short?
In 2014 the IPIECA-IOGP Joint Industry Project (JIP; an outcome of the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill) recommended the implementation of a structured Incident Management System (IMS) in their publication of a Good Practice Guide (GPG): Incident Management System for the Oil and Gas Industry. Now, half a decade on from this publication, many oil companies have, or are in the process of implementing some form of IMS across their global operations.
The GPG describes IMS as a “set of proven organizational and management principles.” It also states that it is based on ICS as it “is a version of IMS that is widely used by Industry”.
As multiple IMS's exist globally, this paper explores whether the blanket adoption of a single existing system can be used when so many considerations, are required. Through observing and assisting their members in introducing (and maintaining) an IMS across various business units, Oil Spill Response Limited (OSRL) has seen how systems can be tailored that are flexible enough to meet the specific needs of the company concerned. Examples include introducing initial assessment procedures and customisation of documentation. Potential limitations of ICS possible evolutions of IMS are discussed.
Incorporation of the organisational and management principles described by the JIP provides guidance when modifying/tailoring a system that can be used by businesses facing different scenarios in different environments and with differing levels of resources. The change in terminology from the Incident Command System to the Incident Management System allows for customisation of a proven system and increased flexibility whilst being based on tried and trusted foundations.
Impact of the Hydrophobicity of the Particles on the Formation and Behavior of Oil Particle Aggregates (OPA)
Authors: Ji Wen , Zhao Lin , Lee Kenneth , King Thomas , Robinson Brian , Boufadel Michel C. 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Oil droplets in marine environment interact with particles to form oil particle aggregates (OPA). As it was argued that the hydrophobicity of particles impacts the formation of OPA and subsequently the entrapment of oil and the transport of OPA, this study altered the hydrophobicity of kaolinite through the addition of chitosan and the contact angle was increased from 28.8° to 57.3°. Modified kaolinite was mixed with 500 mg/L crude oil in 200 rpm for 3 hours, then bottom layer was separated and extracted. Observations of the settled OPA microscale structure and calculations of oil trapping efficiency (OTE) were accomplished. Results indicated that with higher hydrophobicity of kaolinite, oil droplets were maintained in larger sizes in OPAs. This could increase the buoyancy of formed OPAs, thus decrease the amount of settled OPAs.
Post-Deepwater Horizon Dispersant Use Planning in Hawaii with a Focus on Science-based Stakeholder Participation and Endangered Species Act Section 7 Consultation.
Authors: Richman Lance Ramon , Walker Ann Hayward , Marhoffer William R. 
Published: December 2021

The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and US Coast Guard (USCG) recognize that use of dispersants is a viable option in conjunction with, or in lieu of, mechanical or other types of recovery. Working with the USCG, EPA initiated two projects in Hawai'i in support of a recently-revised Hawai'i Dispersant Use Plan (the Plan) that addresses the pre-authorized use of dispersants in marine waters offshore of Hawaii.
A process to evaluate a response option must balance the restoration of maritime commerce and the minimization of environmental damage of an oil spill with the imperative to (1) remove the maximum amount of oil from the environment (2) as rapidly as possible while (3) producing the minimum environmental collateral damage. The “big tent” approach of Net Environmental Benefit Analysis (NEBA), bringing in subject matter experts (SMEs) and stakeholders from various interest groups, i.e., marine industry, environmentalists, oil spill response organizations (OSROs), historic specialists, Native Hawai'i cultural specialists, economic specialists, etc., is critical to getting stakeholder buy in and insuring a proper, scientific rigorous approach to evaluating these critical technologies for use.
The process used here for creating and evaluating the Plan by utilizing a NEBA in support of a Biological Evaluation for the Endangered Species Act, Section 7 Consultation, is an efficient and proper way to evaluate dispersants and other “hot button” response technologies for use in an oil spill impacted environment.
Beyond Data Validation – Advanced Strategies for Assessing Data Quality for Oil Spill Investigations
Authors: Cook Linda , Benton Laurie , Edwards Melanie 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Field sampling investigations in response to oil spill incidents are growing increasingly more complex with analytical data collected by a variety of interested parties over many years and with different investigative purposes. For the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) Oil Spill, the analytical chemistry data and toxicity study data were required to be validated in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) data validation for Superfund program methods. The process of validating data according to EPA guidelines is a manual and time-consuming process focused on chemistry results for individual samples within a single data package to assess if data meet quality control criteria. In hindsight, the burden of validating all of the chemistry data appears to be excessive, and for some parameters unnecessary, which was costly and slowed the process of disseminating data. Depending on the data use (e.g., assessing human and ecological risk, qualitative oil tracking, or forensic fingerprinting), data validation may not be needed in every circumstance or for every data type.
Publicly available water column, sediment, and oil chemistry analytical data associated with the DWH Oil Spill, obtained from the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative Information and Data Cooperative data portal were evaluated to understand the impact, effort, accuracy, and benefit of the data validation process. Questions explored include: What data changed based on data validation reviews?How would these changes affect the associated data evaluation findings?Did data validation introduce additional errors?What data quality issues did the data validation process miss?What statistical and data analytical approaches would more efficiently identify potential data quality issues?
Based on our evaluation of the chemical data associated with the DWH Oil Spill, new strategies to assess the quality of data associated with oil spill investigations will be presented.
Salvage Companies as OSROs: Benefits and Limitations
Authors: Cariglia Nicky 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Response to oil spills in remote locations have long be limited primarily by logistical considerations. Frequently, issues associated with these cases are driven by lack of infrastructure, preparedness and regional capacity. Whilst year on year the number of significant ship-source oil spills have been on the decrease and global response preparedness has generally improved, in remote areas they still present a challenge which can prolong the response and associated impacts.
Correlated with oil spills the salvage industry has also seen a steady decline in the number of major casualties. However, the need for salvage contractors to maintain adequate capacity, infrastructure, equipment and expertise to be able to respond to major casualties as and when they occur still remains. This is especially important with the construction of ever larger vessels. The backdrop of fewer casualties, whilst needing to retain capacity to deal with increasingly complex salvage operations has resulted in an attempt to diversify and expand services provided by salvage contractors. Oil spill response (OSR) has been viewed by some as a natural extension to the salvage industry's remit to prevent pollution from casualties. This is particularly so for remote cases where advanced logistics, the ability to support a large cash-flow and global contacts are key to implement a response. Such regions are less likely to have established OSR organisations able, experienced or large enough to respond to the situation.
Several recent cases have demonstrated that salvage contractors could be in a unique position to fill these gaps. However, based on recent experience from several cases where salvage contractors have overseen OSR operations, there are several limitations that should be addressed by these organisations to cement their position in this role. This paper discusses the strengths and weaknesses of salvage contractors in OSR as observed by the authors over several cases and presents lessons learned with general recommendations for such organisations to sustainably complement the OSR sector.
Solvo-thermal Assisted-Synthesis; Experimental and Theoretical Characterization; and Biological Evaluations of Azo-Chelator-Ligand Chelates of Fe(II) and Zn(II) ions
Authors: Chioma Festus 
Published: December 2021

Background and Objectives: The resistance of microbes against anti-bacteriological drugs leading to countless deaths and terminal ailments remains a basis for concern. Hence, the main interest of this study was to design, synthesize and report unusual compounds with basic hydrophilic moieties plus hydrophobic functions for anti-bacteriological studies.
Materials and Methods: Analytical (melting points, micro-analysis (C. H.N.S) magnetic susceptibility (µeff), molar conductance plus solubility test) methods; spectral (Fourier Transform Infrared(FTIR)), electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (1H- plus 13C-NMR), electronic(UV-Vis)) measurements; theoretical (DFT) evaluations were utilized for the characterization of the chelator and its chelates. All synthesized compounds were examined for antimicrobial and antioxidant potentials while the chelator was singly evaluated for solvent extractive capacity.
Results: A nitrogenous based chelator-ligand, (E)-1-(((4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)imino)methyl) naphthalen-2-ol(LH) synthesized through reflux-condensation reaction of 2-amino-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine with 2-hydroxy-1-napthaldehyde was acquired. Further reflux of the chelator-ligand with bivalent ions of iron-sulphate and zinc-acetate salts plus 2,2’-bipyridine resulted into separate bivalent-heteroleptic metallic chelates. The deprotonated nitrogen of the amine moiety and carbon of the carbonyl gave rise to the chelator-ligand with N2O2 chromophore detected around the metallic atom in the chelates. The µeff data plus UV-Vis spectral values of the chelates conformed to 6-coordinate octahedral geometry. All the chelates were high spin and non-ionic in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The antimicrobial and antioxidant screening of the compounds presented moderate to fantastic results, while the metallic extractive proficiency of the chelator showed outstanding extractability for Fe2+ and Zn2+ions with an efficiency of 79.34% and 51.92% correspondingly.
Conclusion: All the synthesized compounds are novel and demonstrated prospective biological, plus metallic ions’ extractive potentials required for designs plus isolation of products also for such actions.
A Study of Various Constraints in Lentil Production and Marketing in District Lakhimpur (Kheri) of Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Zeb Ilma , Kumar Sanjay , Athar Mantasha 
Published: December 2021

Background: Lentil pulse crop on account of their vital role in nutritional security and soil ameliorative properties have been an integral part of sustainable agriculture since ages. The decrease in production and shrinkage in the area of pulse crops in Lakhimpur (Kheri), Uttar Pradesh is a cause of great concern. Keeping in view the importance of lentils, the study was carried out to examine the various constraints faced by the different groups of farmers.
Aims: To study the various Constraints in lentil production and marketing.
Place and Duration of Study: Lakhimpur (kheri) district of Uttar Pradesh, between year 2020 and 2021.
Methodology: A total of 100 respondents were selected randomly from the Mitauli block of Lakhimpur (kheri) district, Uttar Pradesh and a pre-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data from the farmers. Respondents were classified into three ccategories based on their size of land holdings.
Results: It is revealed by the Garrett scores that the major production constraint faced by most of the farmers was unfavorable weather condition (score of 66.39) and major marketing constraint faced was small quantity of marketable surplus (score of 61.98).
Conclusion: From the findings of the study, it has been stated that there was a high level of constraints associated with production and marketing of lentils. Highly responded constraints for production were unfavorable weather condition(rank I), non-availability of quality water for irrigation(rank II),inadequate knowledge of recommended packages and practices (rank III).Similarly small quantity of marketable surplus(rank I),availability of reliable market information system (rank II) and price fluctuation(rank III)were the major constraints in case of marketing of lentils. Due to having these constraints, farmers faced a lot of troubles which hampered agricultural activities, increased quantum of credit assistance and led to selling of agricultural crops at low prices.
Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Group A Beta-Haemolytic Streptococcal Throat Isolates of Primary School Children in Rivers State, Nigeria
Authors: Woroma Wonodi , Grace Okari Tamunoiyowuna , Ibo Opara Peace 
Published: December 2021

Group A beta-haemolytic streptococcus (GABHS) pharyngitis when untreated can cause non-suppurative sequelae such as acute rheumatic fever and post-streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis. Prompt treatment of infected individuals with appropriate antibiotics that the organism is susceptible to, is important in preventing these untoward complications.
This study intends to identify the antibiotic susceptibility of GABHS in Rivers State, Nigeria, and to guide health care workers in choosing effective antibiotic for the treatment of GABHS infections in children.
Methodology: Throat swabs were taken from primary school pupils aged 6 to 12 years in Rivers State between May and July 2015. The throat swabs were cultured using 5% sheep blood agar. Antibiotic susceptibility was carried out on the Group A beta-haemolytic streptococcal isolates. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0 using descriptive statistics. Chi square tests of significance were used with a 95% confidence interval (P< 0.05).
Results: A total of 18 out of 456 pupils had a positive streptococcal throat culture for GABHS giving a prevalence rate of 3.9%. The isolated GABHS were most susceptible to azithromycin (87%) followed by penicillin (81.5%) and ampicillin (64.8%). The pathogens were least susceptible to tetracycline (37%) and co-trimoxazole (18.5%).
Conclusion: The prevalence of GABHS was low and it was mostly susceptible to Azithromycin and penicillin. These could be used as the drug of choice in the empirical treatment of GABHS throat infection in the locality.
An Application of the Growth Model to HIV/AIDS Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy with Coinfections in a District Hospital in Ghana
Authors: Ofori Michael Fosu , Mohammed Aliyu , Mensah Kofi 
Published: December 2021

Lethal opportunistic diseases like Tuberculosis and Hepatitis C are deeply ingrained complications for patients diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The effect of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) on Hepatitis C and Tuberculosis in HIV patients in Ghana continues to be unpredictable, especially in younger patients. This study aimed to describe the patient survival time distribution on antiretroviral treatment using Statistical Growth model. A retrospective cohort of 634 patients aged between 22 to 73 years were selected from the District Health Information Management System 2 (DHIMS 2), a secondary source, using a random sampling approach. These patients were diagnosed with HIV and started antiretroviral therapy between 2000 and 2019 at St. Martins Catholic Hospital in Amansie South District of the Ashanti Region. The probability of survival for almost all of the risk factors decreases gradually at different clinical states, i.e., from state 1 through to state 4. Hepatitis C or Tuberculosis can also be diagnosed chronically in approximately one in ten patients. Age, sex and the CD4 cell count of patients substantially (p- value =0.001 in log-rank tests) contributed to the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus. Survival of infants, aged <1year, after treatment was of negative effect. The statistical growth analytical approach offers a good estimate of survival rate ( 79.82%) among major risk factors for infants, aged <1yearon ART with proportion of survival growth of 0.95, hence the survival time of infants, aged <1yearon HAART is negatively affected irrespective of the treatment initiation period.
Bacteriological and Nutritional Quality of Irvingia gabonensis Fruit Juice
Authors: Ezenatein Gloria Ekpartaziba , Etebu Ebimieowei , Assayomo Ebimobowei 
Published: December 2021

Aims: This study was undertaken to examine the bacteriological and nutritional quality of Irvingia gabonensis fruit juice locally produced and stored for 28 days at 40C.
Study Design: Four groups of the Irvingia fruit samples were prepared and stored at 4oC. The samples were analysed at different intervals, beginning from day 0, to day 28. The juice was also observed for onset of spoilage and turbidity during sampling days.
Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in Biological Sciences, Faculty Of Science, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Amassoma, Bayelsa State between July 2019 to September 2019.
Methodology: The microbiological analysis was done using culture dependent methods.
Results: The results revealed the weighted mean of the total heterotrophic bacterial count increased as the storage days’ increases (3.76 ± 0.04 at day 0 to 4.03 ± 0.02 at day 28). Similar results were obtained for the population of coliform bacteria (from 3.59 ± 0.03 to 3.89 ± 0.02), Staphylococcal counts (3.73 ± 0.01 to 3.98 ± 0.00) and pseudomonads’ counts (3.64 ± 0.02 to 3.88 ± 0.07). A total of 240 bacterial isolates were isolated throughout the storage days. However, Escherichia coli recorded the highest percentage of occurrence while Bacillus sp., had the least. The proximate analysis of the juice samples indicated a decline in the fibre content (0.84- 0.72), protein (7.46- 6.53), carbohydrate (64.3 – 55.6), ash (2.46 – 2.18), and fat 23.41 – 21.1). It also showed that freshly prepared Irvingia gabonensis fruit juice is of high quality.
Conclusion: The degradation of the nutrients is suggested to result from the bacterial activities in the stored juices. There is also an increase in the bacterial population as the storage days’ increase. The presence of contaminating bacteria was found to deplete the nutritional content of the fruit juice from their metabolic activities.
Facilitators and Barriers to Retention in HIV Care among HIV Infected MSM Attending Community Health Center Yaba, Lagos Nigeria
Authors: Offie Daniel Chinenyeike , Obeagu Emmanuel Ifeanyi , Akueshi Chiedozi , Njab Jean E. , Ekanem Ekanem E. , Dike Paul Nnoaharam , Oguh Daniel Nnaoma 
Published: December 2021

Background: The burden of HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) has posed a huge public health threat to the developing country like Nigeria. Identification of effective strategies to improve their retention in HIV care especially for young HIV infected MSM is critical for overall success in scaling down the national burden of HIV/AIDS. The aim of this study was to assess the facilitators and barriers to retention in HIV care among HIV infected MSM attending community health center, Yaba Lagos Nigeria.
Methods: A two months (May –June,2016) exploratory qualitative research study was conducted among 181 respondents enrolled into HIV care within 12 months that attend community health center, Yaba Lagos Nigeria. A pretested and semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information on the specific facilitators and barriers to retention in HIV care among respondents. Data entries and analysis were done using SPSS package version 20. Descriptive statistics was used to summarize quantitative variables, and frequency tables were generated for the relevant variables.
Results: The median age (in years) of the participants sampled was 24. The study identified friendly clinic service 44%, having positive relationship with clinic staff 16%, friendly and secured environment 20% as the major facilitators to retention in HIV care while implicating distance 36% and self -denial 21% as major barriers to retention in HIV care among the respondents.
Conclusion: Majority of the respondents were retained in HIV care services due to the available friendly clinic services and conducive environment instituted at the service provision site.
Causes of Acute Abdominal Pain in Geriatrics: A Review
Authors: Albalawi Abdullah Saed , Amer Mohammed Omar , Alharbi Mohammed Ghannam , Alshaleikhi Etizaz Ayed 
Published: December 2021

Background: Aging affects all functions of the gastrointestinal system (GIS). The elderly commonly has atypical presentation of a disease with more subtle symptoms; hence physicians who are not familiar with these might miss the opportunity to make a diagnosis of abdominal pain in timely manner. The main objective of our study is to summarize the current evidence regarding causes and management of acute abdominal pain in elderly.
Methodology: MEDLINE, Embolic, CINAHL, PsycInfo, and ASSIA were searched from 2000 until April 2021, and reference lists of included studies were searched. Studies were included that described causes and management of abdominal pain in elderly. No software has been utilized to analyze the data. The data was extracted based on specific form that contains (Author’s name, publication year, country, methodology and results).
Results: The study included 7 papers. 2 cross sectional, 2 prospective and 3 retrospective studies all reporting causes and management of acute abdominal pain in elderly.
Conclusion: The most common causes of abdominal pain in elderly population were biliary disease, appendicitis and bowel obstruction. Renal colic, hernia and ischemia were also reported in different rates. Diagnosis and management of abdominal pain especially in elderly should be immediate to avoid potential complications.