bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pediatric Preventive Cardiology: Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Strong William B. , Dennison Barbara A. 
Published: December 2021

Pediatric preventive cardiology has as one of its goals, the reduction in incidence and severity of cardiovascular disease in adults by the promotion of prudent life-styles in children and adolescents. Few would find fault with this goal, yet the "best" approach and strategy to reduce atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease has been the source of controversy.1-4 The recently published National Institutes of Health Consensus Conference Statement on lowering blood cholesterol to prevent heart disease has summarized the literature relating blood cholesterol and heart disease.5 The strategies recommended include: (1) dietary changes to reduce total dietary fat, saturated fat, and dietary cholesterol consumption in everyone older than 2 years of age, (2) universal blood cholesterol screening for all adults older than 18 years of age, (3) more intensive diet therapy for those with a blood cholesterol level ≥75th percentile, (4) possible addition of drug therapy for individuals whose blood cholesterol levels remain ≥75th percentile despite diet therapy, and (5) in individuals with elevated blood cholesterol levels, emphasis on management of other coronary heart disease risk factors: hypertension, cigarette smoking, diabetes and physical inactivity.
The European Atherosclerosis Society has also recently advocated screening the population to find those at high risk (eg, those with an elevated blood cholesterol level in conjunction with population strategies to improve nutrition, eradicate smoking, control hypertension, and promote suitable physical activity.6
Assessment of Renal Function in Newborn Infants
Authors: Springate James E. , Fildes Robert D. , Feld Leonard G. 
Published: December 2021

Proper interpretation of renal function tests in newborn infants requires knowledge of conceptual age. A plasma creatinine concentration of 1.2 mg/dL, serum bicarbonate concentration of 16 mEq/L, and a fractional excretion of sodium of 5% is normal in a 2-week-old infant born at 28 weeks's gestational age but markedly abnormal in a 2-week-old baby born at term.
Newborn infants with urinary tract infections need radiologic evaluation for vesicoureteral reflux and urinary tract obstruction using voiding cystourethrogram and renal sonography or radionuclide scanning. Intravenous pyebography is not the test of choice for this evaluation.
If severe hypertension develops in a 1-week-old infant, seriously ill with respiratory distress syndrome, evaluation should include determination of the use of umbilical artery catheters and investigation for renal artery thrombosis with sonography and radionuclide scanning because renovascular disease is the major cause of hypertension in newborn infants.
Sleeplessness, Night Awakening, and Night Crying in the Infant and Toddler
Authors: Ferber Richard 
Published: December 2021

1. Although nighttime awakenings are common in the second half year and beyond, this is not a developmental necessity; rather, most normal infants gain the capacity to "sleep through the night" by 6 months of age.
2. There is not a single cause of (or a single treatment for) nighttime awakenings and crying; many factors may be responsible, and these must be identified and individually treated if there is to be resolution.
3. What are often perceived as abnormal awakenings are really only the normal awakenings associated with normal sleep stage cycling, and, parents' "treatment" of these awakenings with interventions, such as rocking or feeding, only make it more difficult for the child to go back to sleep without them after subsequent awakenings.
4. No evaluation of a sleepless child is complete without a thorough understanding of the child's daily schedule. The child's sleep schedule may be consistent and his sleep normal, and only the timing may be shifted from that desired by the parents. The bedtime difficulties or early morning awakenings generated in this setting may be handled inappropriately by the family, creating even more complicated problems. Or, the schedule may be irregular, sleep/wake rhythms may not adjust, and any of a variety of apparent sleep disorders may appear.
Ethical Issues in the Care of Newborn Infants
Authors: Weil William B. 
Published: December 2021

Some of the difficulties of obtaining surrogate decisions that are in the children's best interests, the extension of this problem to the newborn period, and the political and social derivatives of these difficulties have been reviewed. The 1984 child abuse and neglect amendments have been summarized and their impact on the care of newborns has been discussed. The outcomes of this entire process have been described and the potential extension of these issues to the prenatal period has been mentioned.
Although not everything that has transpired or will transpire as the result of the Baby Doe issue is salutary, it seems likely that the care of newborn infants has changed and will continue to change, and these changes will ultimately impact on medical care for everyone.
Diagnosis of Deafness in Infancy
Authors: Ruben Robert J. 
Published: December 2021

In the past 20 years, the prospects for hearing-impaired infants have improved significantly. It is now possible to diagnose deafness even in neonates and premature infants and to provide care that can prevent or ameliorate some of the most devastating effects of hearing loss. There have been steady advances in surgical and other medical procedures and in habilitation techniques. The value of many forms of therapy, however, depends greatly on how early intervention occurs.
Approximately one in 1,000, or 0.1%, of all infants are severely to profoundly deaf; their problems are permanent and pervasive. An estimated four to ten times as many infants suffer from hearing loss that is either unilateral or less than profound.
Hearing deficits affect language acquisition and consequently cognitive, social, and emotional growth. Behavioral and biologic evidence points to a critical time for linguistic development. Children normally master the language they hear around them by the age of 4 or 5 years, when they become competent to comprehend and produce all the variations of sentence construction found in adult speech. In this same period, deaf children can be taught sign language. The aptitude and flexibility for language acquisition diminishs with age. Early language deprivation results in permanent impairment.
Infants suspected of having hearing loss can be evaluated by means of auditory-evoked potentials, recently developed technology available at audiologic facilities throughout the country.
Preparticipation Evaluation for Athletics
Authors: Hulse Eddie , Strong William B. 
Published: December 2021

Increasing participation in physical activities and sports has been noted in all age groups. The increase is encouraging from a health promotion, disease prevention, and sociologic perspective. As a result of the increased participation, sports-related medical problems are being recognized with increasing frequency. Injuries and sudden unexpected deaths resulting from physical activity are being described with increasing frequency. Injuries are especially likely to occur as previous nonathletes begin involvement without adequate preparation.
The increased interest in exercise, sports, and health-related activities involves children as well as adults. Organized sports for preschool children now exist in most communities. Estimates suggest that more than 20 million children are involved in community-based sports programs. High school sports are no longer restricted to a relatively few male-predominated sports. More than 30 sports are now approved for male participation and 27 for female participation. The concept of the female athlete continues to change as each new accomplishment plateau is achieved and increasing numbers of young women become involved.
Pediatricians are now faced with questions and issues that have only recently surfaced as pediatric problems. Young children are involved in "adult" sports (ie, marathons, adolescent olympic-level gymnastics) in which overuse injuries are likely to occur. These injuries may interfere with a child's ability to enjoy sports later in life.
Kawasaki Disease: Cardiac Problems and Management
Authors: Kato Hirohisa , Inoue Osamu , Akagi Teiji 
Published: December 2021

Kawasaki disease or mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome is an acute febrile illness recognized most often in children younger than 4 years of age. It is characterized by mucosal inflammation, indurative edema of the hands and feet, skin rash, and cervical lymphadenopathy. The diagnostic criteria prepared by the Kawasaki disease research committee supported by the Ministry of Health and Welfare of the Japanese government are shown in Table 1. These criteria make up the characteristic symptoms and laboratory findings of the disease. It was first described as a clinical entity in Japan in 1967, by Dr Tomisaku Kawasaki (Fig 1). Kawasaki disease has been most prevalent in Japan; however, it has now been recognized in the United States and other countries. Kawasaki disease has aroused intense interest because of the catastrophic sequelae: coronary arteritis accompanied by coronary aneurysms and thrombotic occlusion which may lead to sudden death or ischemic heart disease.
In the early days, the prognosis for individuals with Kawasaki disease was considered to be good. However, the first nationwide survey in Japan in 1971 clarified that 1.7% of the patients had died from acute heart failure or myocardial infarction, and all autopsies had shown coronary arteritis accompanied by aneurysms and thrombotic occlusion.
Cataracts in Infancy
Authors: Calhoun Joseph H. 
Published: December 2021

A cataract is a loss of transparency of any size or degree in that unique organ of vision, the crystalline lens of the eye. To the layman a cataract often connotes a visually significant opacity that impairs vision and requires surgery.
ANATOMY OF THE LENS
The lens is a biconcave transparent organ that can alter its shape to meet different optical needs. It lies immediately posterior to the iris and just anterior to the vitreous humor. A portion of the lens is visible through the pupil. The lens is held or suspended in place by the zonules or suspensory ligaments, which arise from the reqion of the ciliary processes and attach to the equator of the lens.
EMBRYOLOGY OF THE LENS
The lens is unique in many ways. At about the 4-mm stage in the embroy. the surface ectoderm over the advancing optic vesicle begins to thicken, and then invaginates to form the lens pit, which later separates from the surface ectoderm to form a spherical cavity, the lens vesicle. Those cells originally on the surface of the ectoderm now line the lens vesicle surrounded by the basement membrane of these cells, the future lens capsule. By the seventh week of life, those cells on the posterior part of the vesicle have elongated and proliferated to obliterate the cavity of the lens vesicle to form the embryonic nucleus, which remains unchanged throughout life (Fig 1).
Penentuan Komposisi Bahan Bakar Nabati Dalam Bahan Bakar Minyak Campuran Menggunakan Metode Direct Counting C-14
Authors: Sanusi Neneng Laksminingpuri , Ramadhani Moch Faizal , Nurfadhlini Nurfadhlini , Aisyah Lies 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRAK. Telah dilakukan penentuan komposisi bahan bakar nabati (BBN) dalam bahan bakar minyak campuran (BBMC) dengan metode direct counting C-14. Penentuan komposisi BBN dalam BBMC dilakukan dengan cara memipet 10 mL BBMC ke dalam vial gelas kemudian ditambahkan 10 mL larutan sintilator Ultima Gold F (UGF) ke dalamnya. Vial tersebut dikocok agar campuran menjadi homogen kemudian dicacah menggunakan LSC (Liquid Scintillation Counter) Elmer Perkin 2900TR selama 20 menit sebanyak 30 siklus. Hasil pencacahan ditampilkan dalam bentuk tSIE (transformed external standard spectrum) dan cpm (cacahan permenit). Hasil analisis memperlihatkan nilai cpm yang meningkat seiring kenaikan persentase BBN dalam BBMC. Nilai cpm terendah dan tertinggi untuk sampel bensin, avtur, dan solar berturut-turut adalah 14,2363 dan 62,0343, 10,664 dan 44,535, serta 9,410 dan 61,789. Terdapat korelasi kuat antara nilai tSIE dan nilai cpm pada bensin dan solar tapi tidak pada avtur. Hasil analisis terhadap sampel uji menunjukkan bahwa sampel tersebut berada di luar grafik deret sampel. Metode direct counting ini diharapkan dapat menjadi referensi dalam uji mutu BBMC.ABSTRACT. The composition of biofuel (BF) in mixed oil fuel (MOF) has been determined using the C-14 direct counting method. Determination of the composition of BF in MOF was carried out by pipetting 10 mL of BBMC into a glass vial and then adding 10 mL of Ultima Gold F (UGF) scintillator solution into it. The vial was shaken so that the mixture became homogeneous and then counted using the Elmer Perkin 2900TR LSC (Liquid Scintillation Counter) for 20 minutes for 30 cycles. The results of the counting are displayed in the form of tSIE (transformed external standard spectrum) and cpm (counts per minute). The results of the analysis show that the value of cpm increases with the increase in the percentage of BF in MOF. The lowest and highest cpm values for gasoline, avtur, and diesel samples were 14.2363 and 62.0343, 10.664 and 44.535, and 9.410 and 61.789, respectively. There is a strong correlation between tSIE and cpm values for gasoline and diesel but not for avtur. The results of the analysis of the test sample indicate that the sample is outside the sample series graph. This direct counting method is expected to be a reference in the BBMC quality test.
PERHITUNGAN INVENTORI NUKLIDA PADA PIN SEL BAHAN BAKAR REAKTOR PWR
Authors: Paulus Santo , Bakhri Syaiful , Surbakti Tukiran 
Published: December 2021

Perhitungan fisika reaktor untuk deplesi bahan bakar telah dilakukan, yang mengarah pada inventori isotop Pu di dalam bahan bakar sisa. Perhitungan inventori sotop bahan bakar dilakukan dengan program computer WIMSD-5B menggunakan data nuklir ENDFB-VII.1. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memprediksi jumlah atom Pu didalam bahan bakar selama reactor dioperasikan 3 tahun. Nilai parameter fluks dihitung program WIMSD dengan model pin bahan bakar yang terletak di zona bahan bakar aktif. Bahan bakar yang dimodelnya terdiri dari tipe A dan B. Hasil perhitungan faktor perkalian tak hingga pin sel PWR yang dihitung menggunakan paket program WIMSD berturut-turut adalah 1,13614 dan 1,19171 untuk bahan bakar tipe A dan B. Dari hasil perhitungan dapat dinyatakan bahwa jumlah Pu yang tersisa tergantung pada model bahan bakar yang digunakan. Nilai faktor perkalian tak hingga juga sangat dipengaruhi oleh bentuk model bahan bakar yang digunakan
Evaluation of trichoscopic features in female pattern hair loss
Authors: Agrawal Somya , Varma Krishnendra , Kumar Ujjwal , Mahadik Aishwarya 
Published: December 2021

Female pattern hair loss (FPHL) is explained by decrease in hair fiber production and their eventual miniaturization. It is considered a counterpart of male androgenetic alopecia but the role of androgens in its pathogenesis is yet to be proven. To evaluate the trichoscopic features in females with patterned hair loss. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied and 37 cases were enrolled in our study. Detailed history and clinical examination were done to establish the diagnosis. Trichoscopic examination was done after taking consent in diagnosed cases. On trichoscopy, hair diameter variability, peri pilar sign, white dots, scalp pigmentation and focal atrichia was observed in 62.2%, 62.2%, 40.5%, 45.9% and 40.5% respectively. Most common trichoscopy finding observed was peri pilar sign and hair diameter variability in 23/37 females. Definitive diagnosis of FPHL is difficult to be established solely on the basis of clinical examination. Thus, trichoscopy serves as a non-invasive tool to ascertain the diagnosis in these patients.
Pattern of Dermatoses in a tertiary care hospital in Konkan Region, Maharashtra
Authors: Raju U Ketan , Bobade Hanamant G , Mishra Anil 
Published: December 2021

Skin diseases can manifest in various ways. Sometimes it can be secondary to underlying systemic disease. In developing countries including India skin diseases are very common but they are being neglected with the thought that they are always benign.Our study is a cross sectional one done to determine the pattern and magnitude of skin diseases. All newly registered patients reporting to Skin OPD of B.K.L.Walawalkar Rural Medical College, Dervan during the period from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2019 were enlisted in the study. Out of 5090 patients included in our study, ­­52.62% were female patients and 47.38% were males with female to male ratio of 1.11:1. Majority of the patients (21.47%) was from the age group 21-30 years followed by the age group of 11-20 years (19.58%), followed by the age group of 31-40 years (18.52%). Fungal infections constituted the maximum number of the cases (51.53%), followed by Eczema (17.44%). The Acne comprised of (7.19%). Fungal infections comprised majority of cases followed by eczema and allergic disorders in Konkan region of Maharashtra which has a tropical and humid climate. Thus an extensive study may be needed to have a holistic approach to the problem establish a correlation between the variables.
Correlation of psoriasis and serum vitamin D
Authors: Gujrati Ritika , Varma Krishnendra , Kumar Ujjwal 
Published: December 2021

Psoriasis is an immuno-mediated chronic systemic disease involving cytokines of helper Th1 pathway. Vitamin D has an effect on keratinocyte proliferation, differentiation and immune modulation of immune system especially Th1 pathway, which is altered in psoriatic skin suggesting that Vitamin D may have a role in pathogenesis of psoriasis. To study correlation between psoriasis vulgaris and serum vitamin D. To evaluate serum vitamin D level in psoriasis cases and in control group and correlating vitamin D level with severity and duration of the psoriasis. 57 cases (&#62;15years of age) with psoriasis and 57 healthy subjects were recruited. Psoriasis was clinically diagnosed and severity evaluated by PASI scale. Vitamin D was analysed by enhanced chemilumine scence on vitrus Eci autoanalyzer of Orth clinical diagnostic. Vitamin D deficiency defined as &#60;20ng/ml, insufficiency 20-30ng/ml and sufficient 30-100ng/ml. Vitamin D deficiency in the study was 22.8% in patients and 14% in control group. Vitamin D insufficiency was found in 42.1% of cases and 19.3% of control. According to chi-square the p-value is 0.003 showing significant association. There was a tendency towards decrease in vitamin D level with increase in disease duration. There was negative correlation between vitamin D and PASI score. The study found a significant relationship between vitamin D and psoriasis. Further metanalysis involving larger study population will be required to establish whether vitamin D levels benefits patient with psoriasis vulgaris.
Comparative evaluation of the clinical effects of high Air-Through soft diaper and standard diaper in Indian babies with diaper rash
Authors: Anjali N Salvi , Joshi Rajiv , Bhawe Amit , Takagi Rinko , Toyoshima Haruko , Fukuda Yuko 
Published: December 2021

The incidence of diaper dermatitis (rash) in India is reported to be in the range of four to thirty-five per cent in children up to 2 years of age. To evaluate the clinical effect of using High Air-Through Soft Diaper and babies’ favourite diaper (Standard diaper) on Indian babies’ skin. This was a single-blinded, randomized, controlled, cross-over study. Eligible babies were randomized in two treatment groups. Babies in Group A used High Air-Through Soft Diaper for the first two weeks and then used standard diaper for the next 2 weeks. Babies in Group B used a standard diaper for the first two weeks and then used a High Air-Through Soft Diaper for the next 2 weeks. The study was completed with 105 babies. Theevaluation of the skin using the scoring system and photographs for representative purposes. At baseline, the mean total diaper rash scores were comparable in both Group A and Group B viz. 3.04 ± 1.00 and 3.30 ± 1.04 respectively and the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.195). After 2 weeks, the mean total diaper rash score increased significantly from the baseline in both Group A and Group B (5.05 ± 1.97; p = 0.001 and 6.16 ± 2.22, p = 0.001 respectively); the rise in the mean total diaper rash score was significantly more in Group B than that in Group A (p = 0.045). After 4 weeks, a significant increase in the mean total diaper rash score (1.31 ± 2.69; p =0.001) was observed from what it was at 2 weeks in the Group A and there was an insignificant decrease in the mean total diaper rash score (-0.52 ± 2.54; p =0.153) in Group B from what it was at 2 weeks; the change in the mean total diaper rash score was significantly more in Group A than that in Group B (P = 0.001). Both High Air-Through Soft Diaper and standard diaper in babies caused a significant increase in mean total diaper rash score. However, the extent and the degree of rash induced with the use of High Air-Through Soft Diaper was significantly less than that during the usage of the standard diaper. Thus, High Air-Through Soft Diaper due to technologies used in it appears to be superior to the standard diaper in reducing the mean total diaper rash score.
PRP therapy in chronic diffuse alopecia areata – A case report
Authors: Tyagi Kashish , Kapoor Sheilly , Mohapatra Ishani , Sharma Komal 
Published: December 2021

Alopecia areata, an auto-immune disorder characterised by the appearance of non-scarring bald patches affecting the hair bearing areas of the body, it can be extremely difficult to treat and has a poor prognosis despite many therapeutic options. Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) has been previously used to treat variety of alopecia including alopecia areata. A 21-year old girl presented with asymptomatic loss of hair from the scalp for the last more than two years. On examination, there was diffuse loss of hair all over the scalp with few small, thin light-coloured hair in the occipital region. Histopathological examination showed miniaturised hair follicles surrounded by variable inflammatory lymphohistiocytic infiltrate with a marked reduction in terminal-vellus hair ratio to 1:1.The response to previous treatments was poor at the end of 1 year. A trial of PRP was given with no adjuvant treatment with a total of eight sessions of PRP. Dramatic response was noted after 2 sessions in the form of improvement in hair diameter and total volume. Resistant areas also started showing hair growth. There are a few studies assessing the role of PRP therapy in AA. First report to establish the efficacy of PRP as a treatment modality in AA, showed PRP therapy to be superior to TCA and Placebo in growing pigmented hair in AA patches. A case report with ophiasis type AA resistant to intralesional steroid injections showed excellent response to PRP therapy. Previous studies have demonstrated beneficial role of PRP therapy in cases of patchy alopecia areata, in contrast ours was a case of chronic diffuse AA. Inspite of many treatment modalities tried for more than a year, the response was unsatisfactory. PRP therapy yielded amazing results in the form of hair growth over resistant areas and overall increase in pigmented hair which were sustained at one and a half year follow up. Our case was unique in the way that excellent response to PRP treatment was noted (a) In a case of diffuse alopecia areata. (b) In a case non- responsive to standard modalities. (c) In a case with no other supportive treatment.