bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Different DNA-binding specificities of NLP and NIN transcription factors underlie nitrate-induced control of root nodulation
Authors: Nishida Hanna , Nosaki Shohei , Suzuki Takamasa , Ito Momoyo , Miyakawa Takuya , Nomoto Mika , Tada Yasuomi , Miura Kenji , Tanokura Masaru , Kawaguchi Masayoshi , Suzaki Takuya 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Leguminous plants produce nodules for nitrogen fixation; however, nodule production incurs an energy cost. Therefore, as an adaptive strategy, leguminous plants halt root nodule development when sufficient amounts of nitrogen nutrients, such as nitrate, are present in the environment. Although legume NODULE INCEPTION (NIN)-LIKE PROTEIN (NLP) transcription factors have recently been identified, understanding how nodulation is controlled by nitrate, a fundamental question for nitrate-mediated transcriptional regulation of symbiotic genes, remains elusive. Here, we show that two Lotus japonicus NLPs, NITRATE UNRESPONSIVE SYMBIOSIS 1 (NRSYM1)/LjNLP4 and NRSYM2/LjNLP1, have overlapping functions in the nitrate-induced control of nodulation and act as master regulators for nitrate-dependent gene expression. We further identify candidate target genes of LjNLP4 by combining transcriptome analysis with a DNA affinity purification-seq approach. We then demonstrate that LjNLP4 and LjNIN, a key nodulation-specific regulator and paralog of LjNLP4, have different DNA-binding specificities. Moreover, LjNLP4–LjNIN dimerization underlies LjNLP4-mediated bifunctional transcriptional regulation. These data provide a basic principle for how nitrate controls nodulation through positive and negative regulation of symbiotic genes.
Self-Deception as a Moral Failure
Authors: MacKenzie Jordan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this paper, I defend the view that self-deception is a moral failure. Instead of saying that self-deception is bad because it undermines our moral character or leads to morally deleterious consequences, as has been argued by Butler, Kant, Smith, and others, I argue the distinctive badness of self-deception lies in the tragic relationship that it bears to our own values. On one hand, self-deception is motivated by what we value. On the other hand, it prevents us from valuing those things properly. I argue that we owe it ourselves to take seriously our own values, by striving to properly value them. This gives us both prudential and moral reasons to avoid self-deception.
The Impact of Firearm Legislation on Firearm Deaths, 1991–2017
Authors: Gunn John F , Boxer Paul , Andrews Tracy , Ostermann Michael , Bonne Stephanie L , Gusmano Michael , Sloan-Power Elizabeth , Hohl Bernadette 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFirearm violence is a major public health concern in the USA with firearm suicide and homicide accounting for the majority of gun deaths. The present work seeks to explore the role of firearm legislation in reducing suicide and homicide rates. Using the State Firearm Law Database (www.statefirearmlaws.org), suicide and homicide rates were compared across the 50 US states from 1991 to 2017. A firearm regulations index was computed to represent the total number of state firearm laws. Generalized estimating equations were used to explore population-level increases or decreases in firearm regulations and their association with state suicide and homicide rates after controlling for several state-level covariates. Even after accounting for several key covariates (US region; time; gun ownership; percent of the state population that was White, Black, below the poverty line and 25 years or older with a bachelor’s degree; incarceration rate, unemployment rate and divorce rate), we found that firearm laws significantly predicted state firearm suicide and homicide rates. States with greater numbers of laws had reduced suicide and homicide rates compared with those with fewer laws. The present findings point to the role of firearm legislation in curbing rates of gun violence across the USA.
On The Schaper Numbers Of Partitions
Authors: Jolliffe Liam , Martin Stuart 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
One of the most useful tools for calculating the decomposition numbers of the symmetric group is Schaper’s sum formula. The utility of this formula for a given Specht module can be improved by knowing the Schaper number of the corresponding partition. Fayers gives a characterization of those partitions whose Schaper number is at least two. In this paper, we shall demonstrate how this knowledge can be used to calculate some decomposition numbers before extending this result with the hope of allowing more decomposition numbers to be calculated in the future. For p = 2 we shall give a complete characterization of partitions whose Schaper number is at least three, and those whose Schaper number at least four. We also present a list of necessary conditions for a partition to have Schaper number at least three for odd primes and a conjecture on the sufficiency of these conditions.
The Strategic Response of Banks to Macroprudential Policies: Evidence from Mortgage Stress Tests in Canada*
Authors: Clark Robert , Li Shaoteng 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Following the crisis, macroprudential regulations targeting mortgage-market vulnerabilities were widely adopted, their success often relying on the response of financial intermediaries. We provide evidence from Canada suggesting banks may have behaved strategically to limit the effectiveness of recently implemented mortgage stress tests. Before implementation, borrowers had to prove they could make mortgage payments based on the interest rate specified in the contract. The new tests require borrowers to show they can afford payments based on a typically higher qualifying rate, derived from the mode of 5-year rates posted by the six largest banks. The government’s objective was to cool credit markets, but, since many mortgages are government-insured, the big banks’ interests were not aligned. We find evidence of rate manipulation using a difference-in-differences approach comparing changes in spreads for 5-year mortgages with 3-year spreads, unaffected by the policy. The qualifying rates were lowered encouraging continued borrowing, muting the tests’ impact.
Locus Coeruleus Activation Patterns Differentially Modulate Odor Discrimination Learning and Odor Valence in Rats
Authors: Ghosh Abhinaba , Massaeli Faghihe , Power Kyron D , Omoluabi Tamunotonye , Torraville Sarah E , Pritchett Julia B , Sepahvand Tayebeh , Strong Vanessa D , Reinhardt Camila , Chen Xihua , Martin Gerard M , Harley Carolyn W , Yuan Qi 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The locus coeruleus (LC) produces phasic and tonic firing patterns that are theorized to have distinct functional consequences. However, how different firing modes affect learning and valence encoding of sensory information are unknown. Here, we show bilateral optogenetic activation of rat LC neurons using 10-Hz phasic trains of either 300 ms or 10 s accelerated acquisition of a similar odor discrimination. Similar odor discrimination learning was impaired by noradrenergic blockade in the piriform cortex (PC). However, 10-Hz phasic light-mediated learning facilitation was prevented by a dopaminergic antagonist in the PC, or by ventral tegmental area (VTA) silencing with lidocaine, suggesting a LC–VTA–PC dopamine circuitry involvement. Ten-hertz tonic stimulation did not alter odor discrimination acquisition, and was ineffective in activating VTA DA neurons. For valence encoding, tonic stimulation at 25 Hz induced conditioned odor aversion, whereas 10-Hz phasic stimulations produced an odor preference. Both conditionings were prevented by noradrenergic blockade in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Cholera Toxin B retro-labeling showed larger engagement of nucleus accumbens-projecting neurons in the BLA with 10-Hz phasic activation, and larger engagement of central amygdala projecting cells with 25-Hz tonic light. These outcomes argue that the LC activation patterns differentially influence both target networks and behavior.
Differential Expression Pattern of Pathogenicity-Related Genes of Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum YQ Responding to Tissue Debris of Casuarina equisetifolia
Authors: Zhou Xiang , Wang Yue , Li Chuqiao , Xu Yuanyou , Su Xiu , Yang Tian , Zhang Xinqi 
Published: April 2021

Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (RSSC) contains a group of destructive plant pathogenic bacteria, causing bacterial wilt of >200 species of crops and trees, such as Casuarina equisetifolia, worldwide. RSSC can survive in the soil environment for a long time and start infection after activation by host plants. This study conducted a transcriptome analysis on the expression pattern of the pathogenicity-related genes of a new isolated RSSC strain YQ (Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum phylotype I-16) in response to C. equisetifolia cladophyll (a branch of a stem that resembles and functions as a leaf) and root debris under in vitro culture. The cladophyll debris induced more genes up-regulated than the root debris, including pathogenicity-related genes involved in motility, effectors, type III secretion systems, quorum sensing, and plant cell wall degradation. Besides, many differentially expressed genes were related to transcriptional regulator such as cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate. Moreover, the cultures with cladophyll debris induced a faster wilting in bioassays, and the cell swimming was enhanced by cladophyll exudate. C. equisetifolia cladophylls could activate the expression of pathogenicity-related genes of strain YQ and accelerate infection. Our findings suggest that litterfall management in C. equisetifolia forests, or even other plantations, should receive attention to prevent the induction of bacterial wilt disease caused by RSSC.
Bilateral reticular haze and scar involving central cornea
Authors: Moshirfar Majid 
Published: April 2021

A 17-year-old girl with a few years' history of declining vision, photophobia, and dry eye symptoms was referred to our clinic. She noted that the vision in the right eye declined significantly over the past several months.
On her last year examination, her uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) was recorded as 20/25 in both eyes with a corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) of 20/20 in both eyes with minimal refractive error, with a diagnosis of bilateral Salzmann nodular degeneration. The patient was given artificial tears and was encouraged to wear sunglasses.
On examination now, UDVA was 20/70 in the right eye and 20/40 in the left eye. The manifest refraction was −2.00 + 1.25 × 96 in the right eye and −1.00 + 2.00× 34 in the left eye, with a CDVA of 20/50 and 20/30, respectively. Slitlamp examination revealed superficial reticular stromal scar with clear intervening spaces involving the anterior 75 μm of the stromal cornea in the central 6.0 mm optical zone (Figure 1).

JOURNAL/jcrs/04.03/02158034-202104000-00021/figure1/v/2023-08-19T002607Z/r/image-tiff

JOURNAL/jcrs/04.03/02158034-202104000-00021/figure2/v/2023-08-19T002607Z/r/image-tiff

The rest of the anterior and posterior segment examination was completely normal and noncontributory. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) revealed subepithelial lesion involving the central aspect of the cornea in the right eye more than that in the left eye (Figure 2). Family history was significant for an older sister with a similar problem who never required medical attention. She also has mild photophobia and dry eye symptoms.
What is your differential diagnosis? What diagnostic test will help you in your diagnosis and clinical decision-making? What is the most likely diagnosis in this case? Do you recommend medical and/or surgical intervention in the right eye, realizing that there has been exacerbation of her ocular condition in the most recent year? What is the long-term prognosis and future plan for a patient with this potential condition?
Statins Are Associated with Improved 28-day Mortality in Patients Hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Authors: Memel Zoe N. , Lee Jenny J. , Foulkes Andrea S. , Chung Raymond T. , Thaweethai Tanayott , Bloom Patricia P. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundStatins may be protective in viral infection and have been proposed as treatment in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection.ObjectiveWe evaluated the effect of statins on mortality in four groups hospitalized with (SARS-CoV-2) infection (continued statin, newly initiated statin, discontinued statin, never on statin).DesignIn a single center cohort study of 1179 patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 infection, the outcome of death, Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission or hospital discharge was evaluated. Patients’ statin use, laboratory data, and co-morbidities were determined via chart review and electronic health records. Using marginal structural models to account for timing of statin initiation and competing risks, we compared the likelihood of severe outcomes in the four statin exposure groups.SettingAcademic medical center in the United StatesParticipantsPatients hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 infectionMeasurements28-day mortality, ICU admission, or dischargeResultsAmong 1179 patients, 360 were never on a statin, 311 were newly initiated on a statin, 466 were continued on a statin, and 42 had a statin discontinued. In this cohort, 154 (13.1%) patients died by 28-days. With marginal structural model analysis, statin use reduced the hazard of 28-day mortality (HR 0.566 [CI 0.372, 0.862], p = 0.008). Both new initiation of statins (HR 0.493 [CI 0.253, 0.963], p=0.038) and continuing statin therapy reduced the hazard of 28-day mortality (HR 0.270 [CI 0.114, 0.637], p=0.003). Sensitivity analysis found that statin use was associated with improved mortality for patients > 65 years, but not for patients 65 years or younger.LimitationObservational designConclusionStatin therapy during hospitalization for SARS-CoV-2 infection, including new initiation and continuation of therapy, was associated with reduced short-term mortality.
Raised cardiovascular disease mortality after central nervous system tumour diagnosis: analysis of 171 926 patients from UK and USA
Authors: Jin Kai , Brennan Paul M , Poon Michael TC , Sudlow Cathie LM , Figueroa Jonine D 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundPatients with central nervous system (CNS) tumours have significant morbidity and mortality. Some studies showed CNS tumours patients may be at risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. The magnitude of CVD risk among CNS tumours patients has not been comprehensively assessed. If CVD mortality is elevated in this population, there may be a potential for risk reduction to improve outcomes. We examined CVD mortality risk in patients with malignant and non-malignant CNS tumours.MethodsWe conducted analyses using UK (Wales)-based Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) for 8,743 CNS tumour patients diagnosed in 2000-2015 (54.9% of whom died), and US-based National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) for 163,183 patients in 2005-2015 (39.6% of whom died). We calculated age-, sex-, and calendar-year-adjusted standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for CVD death in CNS tumour patients compared to Welsh and US residents. We used multivariable cause-specific Cox regression models to examine factors associated with CVD mortality among CNS tumour patients. We stratified all analyses by malignancy and main histological types.ResultsCVD was the second commonest cause of death for CNS tumour patients in SAIL (UK) and SEER (US) (9.5% & 11.7%, respectively). Patients with CNS tumours had higher CVD mortality than the general population (SAIL SMR=2.64, 95% CI=2.39-2.90, SEER SMR=1.38, 95% CI=1.35-1.42). Malignant CNS tumour patients had over 2-fold higher CVD mortality risk in both US and UK cohorts. SMRs for non-malignant tumours were almost 2-fold higher in SAIL than in SEER (SAIL SMR=2.73, 95% CI=2.46-3.02, SEER 1.30, 95% CI=1.26-1.33). The greatest magnitude of excess CVD mortality risk, particularly from cerebrovascular disease, was substantially greater in patients diagnosed at age younger than 50 years and within the first year after their cancer diagnosis (SAIL SMR=2.98, 95% CI=2.39-3.66; SEER SMR=2.14 95% CI=2.03-2.25). Age, sex, race/ethnicity in USA, deprivation in UK and no surgery were associated with CVD mortality.DiscussionCVD mortality is high among patients diagnosed with both malignant and non-malignant CNS tumours compared to the general population. Targeted interventions and risk stratification tools might improve survival.
E-cadherinGene Promoter Hyper-methylation in Blood Samples from Breast Cancer Cases
Authors: Ajaz Sadia , Zaidi Sani-e-Zehra , Ali Saleema Mehboob , Siddiqa Aisha , Memon Muhammad Ali 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn carcinomas, dissemination of cancer cells via blood or lymph circulation constitutes an early event. E-cadherin is a transmembrane calcium dependent adhesion protein. Cellular de-differentiation and plasticity, underlying metastasis, is attributed to the loss of function ofE-cadherin(cdh1) gene. The loss of gene expression may arise from promoter hypermethylation, which has been reported in multiple cancers. In the present pilot project, sixty (60) blood samples were collected from the breast cancer patients at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. DNA was isolated from the cells circulating in the peripheral blood of the participants. Promoter hypermethylation was investigated through sodium-bisulfite treatment of DNA followed by methylation-specific PCR. In 53.3% of the patients,E-cadheringene promoter hypermethylation was observed. Promoter hypermethylation ofE-cadherinhas been reported in DNA isolated from the tissue specimen. However, to the best of our knowledge this is the first report ofE-cadherinpromoter hypermethylation in cells isolated from the peripheral blood of breast cancer patients from a geographically specific population. The results have important implications in tumour staging and selection of treatment regimens.
Investigating the Impact of Caregiver Transportation Needs on Children’s Response to Behavioral and Mental Health Treatment: A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Riley Elizabeth N. , Vsevolozhskaya Olga A. , Zaykin Dmitri V. , Shimshock Stephen M. , Lyons John S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDespite a rich and developing research literature on the relationships between transportation and healthcare outcomes, the impact of unmet transportation needs on children, particularly on their general psychosocial functioning, is less well understood. We hypothesized that caregiver’s transportation needs may be a key point of intervention for child-level health outcomes, such that the resolution of caregiver transportation needs may have an important, downstream impact on other areas of the child’s functioning. We tested this hypothesis in a sample of children (n=4341) served in a large, statewide public behavioral healthcare system. We conducted a retrospective longitudinal analysis of children served in the system between March 2019 and March 2020, using a specialized assessment tool that captures a comprehensive range of psychosocial functioning: the Child and Adolescent Needs and Strengths (CANS; Lyons, 2009) assessment. Linear mixed-effects analyses demonstrated that, if caregivers’ transportation needs were resolved during the episode of care, those children demonstrated greater improvements on both need reduction and strength building across multiple domains than did their peers whose caregivers had unresolved transportation needs. By the end of the episode of care, children whose caregivers had resolved transportation needs were not significantly different than those children whose caregivers never had transportation needs. The resolution of transportation needs may be an important focus for providers working with children with a complex behavioral health, such that the resolution of these transportation needs seems to have a large, positive downstream impact on their overall functioning.
Pharmacogenomics of hypertension in chronic kidney disease: the CKD-PGX study
Authors: Eadon Michael T. , Maddatu Judith , Moe Sharon M. , Sinha Arjun D. , Ferreira Ricardo Melo , Miller Brent W. , Sher S. Jawad , Su Jing , Pratt Victoria M. , Chapman Arlene B. , Skaar Todd S. , Moorthi Ranjani N. ,   for the CKD-PGX investigators
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundPatients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) often have uncontrolled hypertension despite polypharmacy. Pharmacogenomic drug-gene interactions (DGIs) may impact the metabolism or efficacy of antihypertensive agents. We hypothesized that providing a panel of 11 pharmacogenomic predictors of antihypertensive response would improve hypertension control.MethodsA prospective cohort with CKD and hypertension was followed to assess the effect of pharmacogenomic testing on blood pressure control. The analysis population included 382 hypertensive subjects genotyped for cross-sectional assessment of drug-gene interactions and 335 subjects followed for 1 year to assess systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP).ResultsMost participants (58.2%) with uncontrolled hypertension had a DGI reducing the efficacy of one or more antihypertensive agents. Subjects with a DGI had 1.88-fold (95% CI 1.2-2.8) higher odds of uncontrolled hypertension as compared to those without a DGI, adjusted for race and CKD grade. CYP2C9 reduced metabolism genotypes were associated with losartan response and uncontrolled hypertension (Odds Ratio 5.2, CI 1.9 -14.7). CYP2D6 intermediate or poor metabolizers had less frequent uncontrolled hypertension compared to normal metabolizers taking metoprolol or carvedilol (OR 0.55, CI 0.3-0.95). In 335 subjects completing 1 year follow-up, SBP (−4.0 mmHg, CI 1.6-6.5) and DBP (−3.3 mmHg, CI 2.0-4.6) were improved. The magnitude of reductions in SBP (−14.8 mmHg, CI 10.3-19.3) and DBP (−8.4 mmHg, CI 5.9-10.9) were greatest in the 90 individuals with uncontrolled hypertension and an actionable genotype.ConclusionsThere is a potential role for the addition of pharmacogenomic testing to optimize antihypertensive regimens in patients with CKD.