bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mito‐Bomb: Targeting Mitochondria for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Guo Xiaolu , Yang Naidi , Ji Wenhui , Zhang Hang , Dong Xiao , Zhou Zhiqiang , Li Lin , Shen Han‐Ming , Yao Shao Q. , Huang Wei 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCancer has been one of the most common life‐threatening diseases for a long time. Traditional cancer therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy (CT), and radiotherapy (RT) have limited effects due to drug resistance, unsatisfactory treatment efficiency, and side effects. In recent years, photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), and chemodynamic therapy (CDT) have been utilized for cancer treatment owing to their high selectivity, minor resistance, and minimal toxicity. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that selective delivery of drugs to specific subcellular organelles can significantly enhance the efficiency of cancer therapy. Mitochondria‐targeting therapeutic strategies are promising for cancer therapy, which is attributed to the essential role of mitochondria in the regulation of cancer cell apoptosis, metabolism, and more vulnerable to hyperthermia and oxidative damage. Herein, the rational design, functionalization, and applications of diverse mitochondria‐targeting units, involving organic phosphine/sulfur salts, quaternary ammonium (QA) salts, peptides, transition‐metal complexes, guanidinium or bisguanidinium, as well as mitochondria‐targeting cancer therapies including PDT, PTT, CDT, and others are summarized. This review aims to furnish researchers with deep insights and hints in the design and applications of novel mitochondria‐targeting agents for cancer therapy.
The Food–Materials Nexus: Next Generation Bioplastics and Advanced Materials from Agri‐Food Residues
Authors: Otoni Caio G. , Azeredo Henriette M. C. , Mattos Bruno D. , Beaumont Marco , Correa Daniel S. , Rojas Orlando J. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe most recent strategies available for upcycling agri‐food losses and waste (FLW) into functional bioplastics and advanced materials are reviewed and the valorization of food residuals are put in perspective, adding to the water–food–energy nexus. Low value or underutilized biomass, biocolloids, water‐soluble biopolymers, polymerizable monomers, and nutrients are introduced as feasible building blocks for biotechnological conversion into bioplastics. The latter are demonstrated for their incorporation in multifunctional packaging, biomedical devices, sensors, actuators, and energy conversion and storage devices, contributing to the valorization efforts within the future circular bioeconomy. Strategies are introduced to effectively synthesize, deconstruct and reassemble or engineer FLW‐derived monomeric, polymeric, and colloidal building blocks. Multifunctional bioplastics are introduced considering the structural, chemical, physical as well as the accessibility of FLW precursors. Processing techniques are analyzed within the fields of polymer chemistry and physics. The prospects of FLW streams and biomass surplus, considering their availability, interactions with water and thermal stability, are critically discussed in a near‐future scenario that is expected to lead to next‐generation bioplastics and advanced materials.
Chaotic Organic Crystal Phosphorescent Patterns for Physical Unclonable Functions
Authors: Im Healin , Yoon Jinsik , Choi Jinho , Kim Jinsang , Baek Seungho , Park Dong Hyuk , Park Wook , Kim Sunkook 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSince the 4th Industrial Revolution, Internet of Things based environments have been widely used in various fields ranging from mobile to medical devices. Simultaneously, information leakage and hacking risks have also increased significantly, and secure authentication and security systems are constantly required. Physical unclonable functions (PUF) are in the spotlight as an alternative. Chaotic phosphorescent patterns are developed based on an organic crystal and atomic seed heterostructure for security labels with PUFs. Phosphorescent organic crystal patterns are formed on MoS2. They seem similar on a macroscopic scale, whereas each organic crystal exhibits highly disorder features on the microscopic scale. In image analysis, an encoding capacity as a single PUF domain achieves more than 1017 on a MoS2 small fragment with lengths of 25 µm. Therefore, security labels with phosphorescent PUFs can offer superior randomness and no‐cloning codes, possibly becoming a promising security strategy for authentication processes.
Graphene Oxide‐Supported Microwell Grids for Preparing Cryo‐EM Samples with Controlled Ice Thickness
Authors: Kang Min‐Ho , Park Junsun , Kang Sungsu , Jeon Sungho , Lee Minyoung , Shim Ji‐Yeon , Lee Jeeyoung , Jeon Tae Jin , Ahn Min Kyung , Lee Sung Mi , Kwon Ohkyung , Kim Byung Hyo , Meyerson Joel R. , Lee Min Jae , Lim Kwang‐Il , Roh Soung‐Hun , Lee Won Chul , Park Jungwon 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCryogenic‐electron microscopy (cryo‐EM) is the preferred method to determine 3D structures of proteins and to study diverse material systems that intrinsically have radiation or air sensitivity. Current cryo‐EM sample preparation methods provide limited control over the sample quality, which limits the efficiency and high throughput of 3D structure analysis. This is partly because it is difficult to control the thickness of the vitreous ice that embeds specimens, in the range of nanoscale, depending on the size and type of materials of interest. Thus, there is a need for fine regulation of the thickness of vitreous ice to deliver consistent high signal‐to‐noise ratios for low‐contrast biological specimens. Herein, an advanced silicon‐chip‐based device is developed which has a regular array of micropatterned holes with a graphene oxide (GO) window on freestanding silicon nitride (SixNy). Accurately regulated depths of micropatterned holes enable precise control of vitreous ice thickness. Furthermore, GO window with affinity for biomolecules can facilitate concentration of the sample molecules at a higher level. Incorporation of micropatterned chips with a GO window enhances cryo‐EM imaging for various nanoscale biological samples including human immunodeficiency viral particles, groEL tetradecamers, apoferritin octahedral, aldolase homotetramer complexes, and tau filaments, as well as inorganic materials.
Reporting Excellent Transverse Piezoelectric and Electro‐Optic Effects in Transparent Rhombohedral PMN‐PT Single Crystal by Engineered Domains
Authors: Deng Chenguang , Ye Lianxu , He Chongjun , Xu Guisheng , Zhai Qinxiao , Luo Haosu , Liu Youwen , Bell Andrew J. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTransparent ferroelectric crystals with high piezoelectricity are challenging to build because of their complex structure and disordered domains in rhombohedral relaxor ferroelectrics. There are eight domains along the <111> direction, which cause light scattering. In this study, perfect transparency is achieved along the [110] and [001] directions in [110]‐poled rhombohedral 0.72Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3‐0.28PbTiO3 (PMN‐PT) crystals, which have a high d31 value of 1700 pC N−1 and a high electro‐optic coefficient γ33 of 320 pm V−1. This implies that the [110]‐oriented rhombohedral PMN‐0.28PT crystal can realize the mode of transverse modulation, whereas the [001]‐oriented PMN‐0.28PT crystal is more suitable for the longitudinal mode. Through piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM), it is confirmed that the [110]‐poled rhombohedral PMN‐PT crystals form 71° layered domains, which are similar to the 109° layered domains of the [001]‐oriented transparent crystal. Combined with PFM and birefringence microscopy, the degradation of domains and thickness dependence of piezoelectricity provide clear evidence for the relationship between the engineered domain structures and piezoelectric properties, which should be considered in the design of piezoelectric or electro‐optic devices with excellent performance. This work enriches the research on ferroelectric domain engineering for excellent transparency and high piezoelectricity to provide new ideas for photoacoustic devices.
A Liquid Metal Artificial Muscle
Authors: Shu Jian , Ge Du‐An , Wang Erlong , Ren Hongtai , Cole Tim , Tang Shi‐Yang , Li Xiangpeng , Zhou Xiangbo , Li Rongjie , Jin Hu , Li Weihua , Dickey Michael D. , Zhang Shiwu 
Published: September 2021

AbstractArtificial muscles possess a vast potential in accelerating the development of robotics, exoskeletons, and prosthetics. Although a variety of emerging actuator technologies are reported, they suffer from several issues, such as high driving voltages, large hysteresis, and water intolerance. Here, a liquid metal artificial muscle (LMAM) is demonstrated, based on the electrochemically tunable interfacial tension of liquid metal to mimic the contraction and extension of muscles. The LMAM can work in different solutions with a wide range of pH (0–14), generating actuation strains of up to 87% at a maximum extension speed of 15 mm s−1. More importantly, the LMAM only needs a very low driving voltage of 0.5 V. The actuating components of the LMAM are completely built from liquids, which avoids mechanical fatigue and provides actuator linkages without mechanical constraints to movement. The LMAM is used for developing several proof‐of‐concept applications, including controlled displays, cargo deliveries, and reconfigurable optical reflectors. The simplicity, versatility, and efficiency of the LMAM are further demonstrated by using it to actuate the caudal fin of an untethered bionic robotic fish. The presented LMAM has the potential to extend the performance space of soft actuators for applications from engineering fields to biomedical applications.
18.5% Efficiency Organic Solar Cells with a Hybrid Planar/Bulk Heterojunction
Authors: Hong Ling , Yao Huifeng , Cui Yong , Bi Pengqing , Zhang Tao , Cheng Yongxin , Zu Yunfei , Qin Jinzhao , Yu Runnan , Ge Ziyi , Hou Jianhui 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe donor:acceptor heterojunction has proved as the most successful approach to split strongly bound excitons in organic solar cells (OSCs). Establishing an ideal architecture with selective carrier transport and suppressed recombination is of great importance to improve the photovoltaic efficiency while remains a challenge. Herein, via tailoring a hybrid planar/bulk structure, highly efficient OSCs with reduced energy losses (Elosss) are fabricated. A p‐type benzodithiophene‐thiophene alternating polymer and an n‐type naphthalene imide are inserted on both sides of a mixed donor:acceptor active layer to construct the hybrid heterojunction, respectively. The tailored structure with the donor near the anode and the acceptor near the cathode is beneficial for obtaining enhanced charge transport, extraction, and suppressed charge recombination. As a result, the photovoltaic characterizations suggest a reduced nonradiative Eloss by 25 meV, and the best OSC records a high efficiency of 18.5% (certified as 18.2%). This study highlights that precisely regulating the structure of donor:acceptor heterojunction has the potential to further improve the efficiencies of OSCs.
Liquid Metal Composites with Enhanced Thermal Conductivity and Stability Using Molecular Thermal Linker
Authors: Wang Han , Xing Wenkui , Chen Shen , Song Chengyi , Dickey Michael D. , Deng Tao 
Published: September 2021

AbstractGallium‐based liquid metal (LM) composite with metallic fillers is an emerging class of thermal interface materials (TIMs), which are widely applied in electronics and power systems to improve their performance. In situ alloying between gallium and many metallic fillers like copper and silver, however, leads to a deteriorated composite stability. This paper presents an interfacial engineering approach using 3‐chloropropyltriethoxysilane (CPTES) to serve as effective thermal linkers and diffusion barriers at the copper‐gallium oxide interfaces in the LM matrix, achieving an enhancement in both thermal conductivity and stability of the composite. By mixing LM with copper particles modified by CPTES, a thermal conductivity (κ) as high as 65.9 W m−1 K−1 is achieved. In addition, κ can be tuned by altering the terminal groups of silane molecules, demonstrating the flexibility of this approach. The potential use of such composite as a TIM is also shown in the heat dissipation of a computer central processing unit. While most studies on LM‐based composites enhance the material performance via direct mixing of various fillers, this work provides a different approach to fabricate high‐performance LM‐based composites and may further advance their applications in various areas including thermal management systems, flexible electronics, consumer electronics, and biomedical systems.
Quantitative Coassembly for Precise Synthesis of Mesoporous Nanospheres with Pore Structure‐Dependent Catalytic Performance
Authors: Mei Shu‐Chuan , Rui Xian‐Hong , Li Liang , Huang Gui‐Xiang , Pan Xiao‐Qiang , Ke Ming‐Kun , Wang Zhao‐Hua , Yu Han‐Qing , Yu Yan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPrecise synthesis of porous materials is essential for their applications. Self‐assembly is a widely used strategy for synthesizing porous materials, but quantitative control of the assembly process still remains a great challenge. Here, a quantitative coassembly approach is developed for synthesizing resin/silica composite and its derived porous spheres. The assembly behaviors of the carbon and silica precursors are regulated without surfactants and the growth kinetics of the composite spheres are quantitatively controlled. This assembly approach enables the precise control of the size and pore structures of the derived carbon spheres. These carbon spheres provide a good platform to explore the structure–performance relationships of porous materials, and demonstrate their pore structure‐dependent performance in catalytic water decontamination. This work provides a simple and robust approach for precise synthesis of porous spheres and brings insights into function‐oriented design of porous materials.
Nanocomplex‐Mediated In Vivo Programming to Chimeric Antigen Receptor‐M1 Macrophages for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Kang Mikyung , Lee Seong Ho , Kwon Miji , Byun Junho , Kim Dongyoon , Kim Cheesue , Koo Sagang , Kwon Sung Pil , Moon Sangjun , Jung Mungyo , Hong Jihye , Go Seokhyeong , Song Seuk Young , Choi Jae Hyun , Hyeon Taeghwan , Oh Yu‐Kyoung , Park Hee Ho , Kim Byung‐Soo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractChimeric antigen receptor‐T (CAR‐T) cell immunotherapy has shown impressive clinical outcomes for hematologic malignancies. However, its broader applications are challenged due to its complex ex vivo cell‐manufacturing procedures and low therapeutic efficacy against solid tumors. The limited therapeutic effects are partially due to limited CAR‐T cell infiltration to solid tumors and inactivation of CAR‐T cells by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Here, a facile approach is presented to in vivo program macrophages, which can intrinsically penetrate solid tumors, into CAR‐M1 macrophages displaying enhanced cancer‐directed phagocytosis and anti‐tumor activity. In vivo injected nanocomplexes of macrophage‐targeting nanocarriers and CAR‐interferon‐γ‐encoding plasmid DNA induce CAR‐M1 macrophages that are capable of CAR‐mediated cancer phagocytosis, anti‐tumor immunomodulation, and inhibition of solid tumor growth. Together, this study describes an off‐the‐shelf CAR‐macrophage therapy that is effective for solid tumors and avoids the complex and costly processes of ex vivo CAR‐cell manufacturing.
Plasmonic Nanoparticle Lattice Devices for White‐Light Lasing
Authors: Guan Jun , Li Ran , Juarez Xitlali G. , Sample Alexander D. , Wang Yi , Schatz George C. , Odom Teri W. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA plasmonic nanolaser architecture that can produce white‐light emission is reported. A laser device is designed based on a mixed dye solution used as gain material sandwiched between two aluminum nanoparticle (NP) square lattices of different periodicities. The (±1, 0) and (±1, ±1) band‐edge surface lattice resonance (SLR) modes of one NP lattice and the (±1, 0) band‐edge mode of the other NP lattice function as nanocavity modes for red, blue, and green lasing respectively. From a single aluminum NP lattice, simultaneous red and blue lasing is realized from a binary dye solution, and the relative intensities of the two colors are controlled by the volume ratio of the dyes. Also, a laser device is constructed by sandwiching dye solutions between two Al NP lattices with different periodicities, which enables red–green and blue–green lasing. With a combination of three dyes as liquid gain, red, green, and blue lasing for a white‐light emission profile is realized.
Liquid Crystal Elastomers with Enhanced Directional Actuation to Electric Fields
Authors: Fowler Hayden E. , Rothemund Philipp , Keplinger Christoph , White Timothy J. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe integration of soft, stimuli‐responsive materials in robotic systems is a promising approach to introduce dexterous and delicate manipulation of objects. Electrical control of mechanical response offers many benefits in robotic systems including the availability of this energy input, the associated response time, magnitude of actuation, and opportunity for self‐regulation. Here, a materials chemistry is detailed to prepare liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) with a 14:1 modulus contrast and increase in dielectric constant to enhance electromechanical deformation. The inherent modulus contrast of these LCEs (when coated with compliant electrodes) directly convert an electric field to a directional expansion of 20%. The electromechanical response of LCE actuators is observed upon application of voltage ranging from 0.5 to 6 kV. The deformation of these materials is rapid, reaching strain rates of 18% s−1. Upon removal of the electric field, little hysteresis is observed. Patterning the spatial orientation of the nematic director of the LCEs results in a 2D–3D shape transformation to a cone 8 mm in height. Individual and sequential addressing of an array of LCE actuators is demonstrated as a haptic surface.
A Novel Immunomodulator Delivery Platform Based on Bacterial Biomimetic Vesicles for Enhanced Antitumor Immunity
Authors: Hua Liangqun , Yang Zhongqian , Li Weiran , Zhang Qishu , Ren Zhaoling , Ye Chao , Zheng Xiao , Li Duo , Long Qiong , Bai Hongmei , Sun Wenjia , Yang Xu , Zheng Peng , He Jinrong , Chen Yongjun , Huang Weiwei , Ma Yanbing 
Published: September 2021

AbstractT cell activation‐induced cell death (AICD) during tumor pathogenesis is a tumor immune escape process dependent on dendritic cells (DCs). Proper immune‐modulatory therapies effectively inhibit tumor‐specific CD8+ T cell exhaustion and enhance antitumor immune responses. Here, high‐pressure homogenization is utilized to drive immunomodulator IL10‐modified bacteria to extrude through the gap and self‐assemble into bacterial biomimetic vesicles exposing IL10 (IL10‐BBVs) on the surface with high efficiency. IL10‐BBVs efficiently target DCs in tumor‐draining lymph nodes and thus increase the interaction between IL10 on BBVs and IL10R on DCs to suppress AICD and mitigate CD8+ T cell exhaustion specific to tumor antigens. Two subcutaneous peripheral injections of IL10‐BBVs 1 week apart in tumor‐bearing mice effectively increase systemic and intratumoral proportions of CD8+ T cells to suppress tumor growth and metastasis. Tumor‐specific antigen E7 is enclosed into the periplasm of IL10‐BBVs (IL10‐E7‐BBVs) to realize concurrent actions of the immunomodulator IL10 and the tumor antigen human papillomavirus (HPV) 16E7 in lymph nodes, further enhancing the antitumor effects mediated by CD8+ T cells. The development of this modified BBV delivery platform will expand the application of bacterial membranes and provide novel immunotherapeutic strategies for tumor treatment.
Fundamental Limits to the Refractive Index of Transparent Optical Materials
Authors: Shim Hyungki , Monticone Francesco , Miller Owen D. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIncreasing the refractive index available for optical and nanophotonic systems opens new vistas for design, for applications ranging from broadband metalenses to ultrathin photovoltaics to high‐quality‐factor resonators. In this work, fundamental limits to the refractive index of any material are derived, given only the underlying electron density and either the maximum allowable dispersion or the minimum bandwidth of interest. In the realm of small to modest dispersion, the bounds are closely approached and not surpassed by a wide range of natural materials, showing that nature has already nearly reached a Pareto frontier for refractive index and dispersion. Conversely, for narrow‐bandwidth applications, nature does not provide the highly dispersive, high‐index materials that the bounds suggest should be possible. The theory of composites to identify metal‐based metamaterials that can exhibit small losses and sizeable increases in refractive index over the current best materials is used. Moreover, if the “elusive lossless metal” can be synthesized, it is shown that it would enable arbitrarily high refractive index in the high‐dispersion regime, nearly achieving the bounds even at refractive indices of 100 and beyond at optical frequencies.
Novel Ultrabright and Air‐Stable Photocathodes Discovered from Machine Learning and Density Functional Theory Driven Screening
Authors: Antoniuk Evan R. , Schindler Peter , Schroeder W. Andreas , Dunham Bruce , Pianetta Piero , Vecchione Theodore , Reed Evan J. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe high brightness, low emittance electron beams achieved in modern X‐ray free‐electron lasers (XFELs) have enabled powerful X‐ray imaging tools, allowing molecular systems to be imaged at picosecond time scales and sub‐nanometer length scales. One of the most promising directions for increasing the brightness of XFELs is through the development of novel photocathode materials. Whereas past efforts aimed at discovering photocathode materials have typically employed trial‐and‐error‐based iterative approaches, this work represents the first data‐driven screening for high brightness photocathode materials. Through screening over 74 000 semiconducting materials, a vast photocathode dataset is generated, resulting in statistically meaningful insights into the nature of high brightness photocathode materials. This screening results in a diverse list of photocathode materials that exhibit intrinsic emittances that are up to 4x lower than currently used photocathodes. In a second effort, multiobjective screening is employed to identify the family of M2O (M = Na, K, Rb) that exhibits photoemission properties that are comparable to the current state‐of‐the‐art photocathode materials, but with superior air stability. This family represents perhaps the first intrinsically bright, visible light photocathode materials that are resistant to reactions with oxygen, allowing for their transport and storage in dry air environments.