bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bulk inclusion micro‐zircon U–Pb geochronology: A new tool to date low‐grade metamorphism
Authors: Hollinetz M. Sophie , Schneider David A. , McFarlane Christopher R. M. , Huet Benjamin , Rantitsch Gerd , Grasemann Bernhard 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDating low‐grade metamorphism is challenging since such rocks commonly lack suitable target minerals for acquiring pressure–temperature–time–deformation (P–T–t–d) data. Herein a new geochronological method termed ‘bulk inclusion dating’ is applied to a chloritoid‐bearing schist from the Staufen‐Höllengebirge Nappe (SHN, Austroalpine Unit, Eastern Alps, Austria) for which Cretaceous metamorphism is imprecisely constrained. Thermodynamic modelling of the phase relations and mineral chemistry predicts the stability of the equilibrium assemblage in a P–T field between 450–490℃ and 0.5–0.7 GPa, which agrees with peak temperature constraints ~490℃ derived from Raman spectroscopy of carbonaceous material. Chemical zoning of, and the zonation of inclusions within, chloritoid confirm porphyroblast growth at these conditions. High‐resolution imaging reveals thousands of minute (length: 0.1–3 µm), euhedral micro‐zircon crystals included in chloritoid porphyroblasts and in the matrix. The morphological and microstructural characteristics of micro‐zircon as well as the crystal size distributions indicate that it nucleated and grew at greenschist facies conditions most likely from a Zr‐saturated fluid. In situ laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy bulk inclusion dating of metamorphic zircon in the chloritoid rim using a laser spot diameter of 120 μm yields a U–Pb age of 116.7 ± 9.1 Ma (MSWD: 1.5, n: 79). We interpret zircon precipitation and progressive coarsening coeval with chloritoid growth during prograde metamorphism and thus link the age to the late prograde part of the P–T evolution. The contribution of other U‐bearing phases (apatite, epidote, rutile) does not significantly disturb the U–Pb age. The data provide clear evidence for Early Cretaceous metamorphism in the SHN and indicates that metamorphism started at least 20 m.y. before the formation of eclogites in the Austroalpine Unit. The method introduced here allows integration between metamorphic conditions and age constraints in low‐grade metamorphic rocks and opens up new potential applications in petrochronology.
Monopronucleated (1PN) and tripronuclear (3PN) zygotes formation during assisted reproduction in POSEIDON group 4 patients: Emphasizing on polar bodies
Authors: Tsai Ni‐Chin , Su Yu‐Ting , Lin Yu‐Ju , Chiang Hsin‐Ju , Huang Fu‐Jen , Kung Fu‐Tsai , Huang Hsuan‐Wei , Lan Kuo‐Chung 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAimAbnormal fertilization (1PN/3PN) and its accompanying polar body (PB) conditions have been less discussed in poor ovarian responders. By observing the PBs, we analyzed the mechanisms of abnormal fertilization and aimed to explore the role of intracytoplasmic sperm injection/in vitro fertilization (ICSI/IVF) in POSEIDON group 4 patients.MethodsAn observational study. All fresh IVF/ICSI cycles from January 2018 to December 2019 were evaluated. The inclusion criteria were POSEIDON group 4. Fertilization and PB conditions were assessed 16–18 h post‐insemination. Primary observation endpoints including normal fertilization, abnormal fertilization, and total fertilization failure rate.ResultsA total of 351 cycles involving 180 patients met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 15 cycles reported no retrieved oocytes. Finally, 336 cycles (IVF, n = 267; ICSI, n = 69) were included. A total of 1005 oocytes and 939 embryos were assessed. The mean female age was 40.8 years, and the mean AMH level was 0.6 ng/mL. The normal fertilization rate was 69.7%. The zygote distribution was 18.7% 0PN, 3.9% 1PN, 66.9% 2PN, 9.5% 3PN, and 1.0% ≥4PN. For 1PN zygotes, 59% were denoted as 1PN2PB. The mean 3PN rate was 8.9%.ConclusionsIn POSEIDON group 4, most of the monopronucleated zygotes were 1PN2PB. Digyny (3PN1PB), due to failure to extrude the second PB, was the major cause of triploidy in which ICSI could not circumvent. The distribution of abnormally fertilized zygotes was similar in IVF and ICSI. To investigate the mechanisms of abnormal fertilization and assess whether ICSI is necessary, analysis of PB will provide important clues.
Reproductive phenology and morphology of Macrocystis pyrifera (Laminariales, Ochrophyta) from southern New Zealand in relation to wave exposure1
Authors: Leal Pablo P. , Roleda Michael Y. , Fernández Pamela A. , Nitschke Udo , Hurd Catriona L. 
Published: June 2021

Macrocystis pyrifera is a major habitat forming kelp in coastal ecosystems of temperate regions of the northern and southern hemispheres. We investigated the seasonal occurrence of adult sporophytes, morphological characteristics, and reproductive phenology at two sites within a wave‐protected harbour and two wave‐exposed sites in southern New Zealand every 3–4 months between 2012 and 2013. Seasonality in reproduction was assessed via the number of sporophylls, the occurrence of sori on sporophylls, and non‐sporophyllous laminae (fertile pneumatocyst‐bearing blades and fertile apical scimitars), meiospore release, and germination. We found that M. pyrifera was present and reproductive year‐round in three of the four sites, and patterns were similar for the wave‐exposure conditions. Sori were found on pneumatocyst‐bearing blades and apical scimitars in addition to the sporophylls, and viable meiospores were released from all three types of laminae. Morphological variations between sites with different wave exposure indicate that sporophytes from wave‐protected sites have bigger blades and holdfasts and are longer than those from wave‐exposed sites. We discuss the implications of these biological variables for the ecology of M. pyrifera inhabiting different wave exposure environments in southern New Zealand.
Management of NAFLD patients with advanced fibrosis
Authors: Maya‐Miles Douglas , Ampuero Javier , Gallego‐Durán Rocío , Dingianna Paola , Romero‐Gómez Manuel 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe prevalence of non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has increased to 25% in the general population and could double by 2030. Liver fibrosis is the main indicator of morbidity and mortality and recent estimations suggest a substantial number of individuals with undiagnosed advanced liver disease. Strategies to monitor advanced fibrosis are essential for early detection, referral, diagnosis and treatment in primary care and endocrine units, where NAFLD and consequently liver fibrosis are more prevalent. Blood‐based non‐invasive methods could be used to stratify patients according to the risk of the progression of fibrosis and combined with imaging techniques to improve stratification. Powerful new diagnostic tools such as MRE and PDFF are emerging and might prevent the need for liver biopsy in the near future. The current therapeutic landscape of NAFLD is rapidly evolving with an increasing number of molecules that treat key factors involved in its progression, but that still have a limited or no ability to effectively reverse fibrosis. Management of this disease will probably require a combination of sequential and personalized treatments as a result of its complex and dynamic pathophysiology. Lifestyle interventions are still the most effective therapeutic option and should be better integrated into patient management together with specific programs of bariatric endoscopy/surgery for morbidly obese patients.
Real‐world evidence in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Mospan Andrea R. , Morris Heather L. , Fried Michael W. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractReal‐world evidence includes all health‐related information, such as electronic health records, insurance claims, pharmacy records and wearables that are obtained outside of clinical trials. These data can provide critical insights into the natural history of disease and evaluate the safety and effectiveness of treatment regimens used in clinical practice. Real‐world data have been applied to varying degrees by global regulatory agencies to inform and expedite many phases of drug development and help refine the use of therapeutic regimens after marketing, especially in populations that are under‐represented in registration trials. For the management of hepatocellular carcinoma, early detection provides the best chance for curative therapies, whose success has been evaluated in numerous cohorts. The availability of novel systemic therapies, including kinase inhibitors and immunotherapies, has provided new treatment options and improved survival in patients with advanced stage hepatocellular carcinoma. Real‐world longitudinal observational studies can help understand the long‐term safety and effectiveness of these agents.
Hepatocellular Carcinomas: Towards a pathomolecular approach
Authors: Paradis Valérie 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMolecular analysis of primary liver malignancies has provided a refinement of the pathological diagnosis of this entity and the identification of an increasing number of tumor subtypes of hepatocellular proliferation, either malignant (hepatocellular carcinomas) or benign (hepatocellular adenomas). Besides the diagnosis, a combined pathomolecular approach can also provide further insights into patient prognosis, and help select patients who can benefit from targeted therapies. Hepatocellular carcinomas define a heterogeneous group of malignant hepatocellular proliferation at various levels: macroscopic, histological and molecular. While most carcinomas occur in patients with chronic liver diseases and advanced fibrosis in the background liver, some arise from the malignant transformation of a pre‐existing hepatocellular adenoma. TERT promoter mutations are the most frequent genomic alterations observed in the process of malignancy, and they occur early in the process of liver carcinogenesis. Overall, a more active biopsy strategy should be considered a key step in the management of patients with HCC.
Empirical Studies on Truth and the Project of Re‐engineering Truth
Authors: Reuter Kevin , Brun Georg 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMost philosophers have largely downplayed any relevance of multiple meanings of the folk concept of truth in the empirical domain. However, confusions about what truth is have surged in political and everyday discourse. In order to resolve these confusions, we argue that we need a more accurate picture of how the term ‘true’ is in fact used. Our experimental studies reveal that the use of ‘true’ shows substantial variance within the empirical domain, indicating that ‘true’ is ambiguous between a correspondence and a coherence reading. We then explore the consequences of these results for the project of re‐engineering truth.
CO2‐responsiveness of leaf isoprene emission: Why do species differ?
Authors: Niinemets Ülo , Rasulov Bahtijor , Talts Eero 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLeaf isoprene emission rate, I, decreases with increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration with major implications for global change. There is a significant interspecific variability in [CO2]‐responsiveness of I, but the extent of this variation is unknown and its reasons are not understood. We hypothesized that the magnitude of emission reduction reflects the size and changeability of precursor pools responsible for isoprene emission (dimethylallyl diphosphate, DMADP and 2‐methyl‐erythritol 2,4‐cyclodiphosphate, MEcDP). Changes in I and intermediate pool sizes upon increase of [CO2] from 400 to 1500 μmol/mol were studied in nine woody species spanning boreal to tropical ecosystems. I varied 10‐fold, total substrate pool size 37‐fold and the ratio of DMADP/MEcDP pool sizes 57‐fold. At higher [CO2], I was reduced on average by 65%, but [CO2]‐responsiveness varied an order of magnitude across species. The increase in [CO2] resulted in concomitant reductions in both substrate pools. The variation in [CO2]‐responsiveness across species scaled with the reduction in pool sizes, the substrate pool size supported and the share of DMADP in total substrate pool. This study highlights a major interspecific variation in [CO2]‐responsiveness of isoprene emission and conclusively links this variation to interspecific variability in [CO2] effects on substrate availability and intermediate pool size.
Quantifying SARS‐CoV‐2 Infection Risk Within the Google/Apple Exposure Notification Framework to Inform Quarantine Recommendations
Authors: Wilson Amanda M. , Aviles Nathan , Petrie James I. , Beamer Paloma I. , Szabo Zsombor , Xie Michelle , McIllece Janet , Chen Yijie , Son Young‐Jun , Halai Sameer , White Tina , Ernst Kacey C. , Masel Joanna 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMost early Bluetooth‐based exposure notification apps use three binary classifications to recommend quarantine following SARS‐CoV‐2 exposure: a window of infectiousness in the transmitter, ≥15 minutes duration, and Bluetooth attenuation below a threshold. However, Bluetooth attenuation is not a reliable measure of distance, and infection risk is not a binary function of distance, nor duration, nor timing. We model uncertainty in the shape and orientation of an exhaled virus‐containing plume and in inhalation parameters, and measure uncertainty in distance as a function of Bluetooth attenuation. We calculate expected dose by combining this with estimated infectiousness based on timing relative to symptom onset. We calibrate an exponential dose–response curve based on infection probabilities of household contacts. The probability of current or future infectiousness, conditioned on how long postexposure an exposed individual has been symptom‐free, decreases during quarantine, with shape determined by incubation periods, proportion of asymptomatic cases, and asymptomatic shedding durations. It can be adjusted for negative test results using Bayes' theorem. We capture a 10‐fold range of risk using six infectiousness values, 11‐fold range using three Bluetooth attenuation bins, ∼sixfold range from exposure duration given the 30 minute duration cap imposed by the Google/Apple v1.1, and ∼11‐fold between the beginning and end of 14 day quarantine. Public health authorities can either set a threshold on initial infection risk to determine 14‐day quarantine onset, or on the conditional probability of current and future infectiousness conditions to determine both quarantine and duration.
CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES OF PLASTIC WASTES: POSSIBILITY OF REINFORCING MATERIAL FOR SOIL
Authors: Yuriz Yasmin , Tuan Ismail Tuan Noor Hasanah , Mohamed Ismail , Mat Hassan Nik Normunira 
Published: June 2021

The current statistic shows that the percentage of plastic has significantly increased in the landfill and leads to environmental issues due to its non-biodegradable characteristic. However, these challenges can be turned into opportunities by reusing and recycling such waste for civil engineering applications. Hence, the focuses of this paper are to analyze the possibility of utilizing plastic waste in the soil reinforcement field using VOSviewer software and to evaluate the chemical, thermal, physical, and mechanical properties of the plastics (plastic straw, plastic bottle, and plastic bag). The data for this study was collected from the articles published in Scopus. Nevertheless, there are very limited articles that relate soil reinforcement with the thermal, chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of plastic waste. Therefore, this paper aims to evaluate the properties of plastic waste, which were plastic bottles, plastic bags, and plastic straw. The properties of plastic waste have been investigated to ensure it meets the requirement for soil reinforcement technology. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra indicated the presence of carbon and hydrogen chains in those plastics waste. The plastic straw, plastic bag, and plastic bottle were degraded at 382°C, 456°C, and 449°C, respectively. This finding indicated that all of these plastics waste were thermally stable in the tropical temperature. Moreover, the densities of the plastics waste were less than 1 g/cm3, which contributes to the lightweight material and it’s very crucial to eliminating the self-loading from the reinforcement material.
Utilidad del Doppler pulsado en el diagnóstico ecográfico de neumotórax oculto: a propósito de un caso
Authors: Montero Vargas Leidy Jholeth , Montaña David Enrique , Valencia Canastero Carlos Fernando 
Published: June 2021

presentamos el caso de una paciente que consulta por dificultad respiratoria posterior a un accidente de tránsito en donde la radiografía de tórax y los modos habituales de ultrasonido no permitieron realizar el diagnostico, mientras que la realización de PW sugirió la presencia de neumotórax, lo que posteriormente se confirmó con la tomografía de tórax, considerando que por lo que consideramos el modo PW se podría considerar como complemento al algoritmo de ecografía pulmonar para descartar la presencia de neumotórax a fin de mejorar su rendimiento, PW es un método fácil y rápido de realizar con el cual podemos efectuar un diagnóstico preciso.
La importancia de la presunción clínica en el diagnóstico de tromboembolismo pulmonar de baja probabilidad: presentación de caso
Authors: Flórez González Gustavo Andrés , Acevedo Guiot Andrea del Pilar 
Published: June 2021

El tromboembolismo pulmonar es una condición clínica ligada a diversos factores de riesgo y a una alta morbimortalidad. Las escalas orientadas en establecer una probabilidad pre-test están diseñadas para detectar factores de riesgo para presentar la enfermedad, sin embargo su diagnóstico es un gran reto cuando no existen dichos factores, como en el reporte de este caso atendido en un hospital de cuarto nivel (Hospital Universitario San Ignacio) en Bogotá D.C. (Colombia).
Se tomó como base la guía de tromboembolismo pulmonar de la sociedad europea de cardiología del 2019 y se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura utilizando los términos mesh: “tromboembolismo pulmonar en pacientes de baja probabilidad” en las fuentes Pubmed, google schoolar y scopus, con obtención de resultados insuficientes lo cual hace importante reportar este caso y conlleva a resaltar el impacto de la presunción clínica como herramienta fundamental de diagnóstico en urgencias.
Manejo no convencional del trauma penetrante cardiaco: una revisión integrativa de la literatura
Authors: Sierra Barbosa Diego Orlando , López Sandoval Tatiana , Dominguez Torres Luis Carlos 
Published: June 2021

Introducción. En los últimos 30 años, la ventana pericárdica terapéutica se ha convertido en una alternativa para el abordaje de los pacientes con Trauma Penetrante Cardíaco (TPC) sin compromiso hemodinámico. Su utilidad radica en el drenaje del hemopericardio, disminuyendo la tasa de esternotomías y/o toracotomías no terapéuticas.
Métodos. Se realizó una revisión integrativa de la literatura, con búsqueda activa de artículos publicados a partir de 1980 hasta la actualidad, en inglés y español, en diferentes bases de datos que incluyeran en su descripción el manejo no convencional del TPC mediante ventana pericárdica, y que evaluaran mortalidad, complicaciones postoperatorias y/o estancia hospitalaria.
Resultados. Se incluyeron 7 estudios: 3 experimentales y 4 descriptivos. Los resultados mostraron que la mortalidad en pacientes sometidos al manejo convencional varió del 0% al 63%, en comparación con los pacientes llevados a manejo no convencional con una tasa de mortalidad maxima del 33%, aunque las muestras de cada uno fueron muy variables, la tasa de complicaciones fue menor en el primer grupo (24.2% vs. 20.6% respectivamente), así como la estancia hospitalaria (3.7 versus 6.7 días), respectivamente.
Discusión. El manejo con ventana pericárdica y drenaje de hemopericardio en pacientes con TPC y estabilidad hemodinámica es seguro. La tasas de mortalidad complicaciones y estancia hospitalaria son inferiores con respecto al manejo convencional con esternotomía y/o toracotomía.
Cycling-Induced Microstructural Changes in Alloy Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Adams Jacob N. , Nelson George J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
High-capacity electrochemical alloying materials, such as tin and tin-based alloys, present an opportunity for the advancement of lithium-ion batteries. However, the destructive effects of volumetric expansion must be mitigated in order to sustain this high capacity during extended cycling. One way to mitigate these effects is by alloying Sn with more malleable metals to accommodate the strain related to severe volumetric expansion. Ex situ X-ray microtomography data of cycled Cu6Sn5 pellets were used to quantify the microstructural changes that occur during lithiation and delithiation. The microtomography data were segmented into three distinct phases to evaluate phase size distributions, specific surface area, and tortuosity. Electrodes lithiated and then delithiated showed the most substantial reduction in overall phase sizes. This suggests that full lithiation of the Sn followed by partial delithiation of the Li4.4Sn to Li2CuSn can cause substantial microstructural changes related to volume expansion on lithiation and structural collapse upon delithiation. When considering other microstructural characteristics, this subset of the electrodes analyzed showed the highest tortuosity values. These results show that in addition to the mechanical degradation of the electrodes, excessive volume expansion can also influence transport networks in the active material and supporting phases of the electrode. While based on studies of the active–inactive alloy Cu6Sn5 for lithium-ion battery applications, the insights obtained are expected to be applicable to other alloy electrodes and battery chemistries.
Facilitators and barriers for implementation of a load management intervention in football
Authors: Dalen-Lorentsen Torstein , Ranvik Andreas , Bjørneboe John , Clarsen Benjamin , Andersen Thor Einar 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundIn a recent randomised controlled trial, we found that a commonly used training load management approach was not effective in preventing injuries and illnesses in Norwegian elite youth footballers.AimTo investigate players’ and coaches’ barriers and facilitators to a load management approach to prevent injuries and illnesses and their attitudes and beliefs of load management and injuries and illnesses in general.MethodsWe asked players and coaches about their views on injury risk in football, the benefits and limitations of load management in general and implementation of load management in football. The questionnaires used were based on similar studies using the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance framework.ResultsWe recorded answers from 250 players and 17 coaches. Most players (88%) reported that scientific evidence showing improved performance from the intervention measures is a key facilitator to completing the intervention. Similarly, coaches reported that the most important facilitator was scientific evidence that the preventive measures were effective (100%). Players reported that the coach’s attitude to preventive measures was important (86%), and similarly, 88% of coaches reported that the player’s attitude was important.ConclusionsBy having a mutual positive attitude towards the intervention, players and coaches can positively contribute to each other’s motivation and compliance. Both players and coaches reported scientific evidence for load management having injury-preventive and performance-enhancing effect and being time efficient as important facilitators.Trial registration numberTrial registration number