bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implications of the school-household network structure on SARS-CoV-2 transmission under school reopening strategies in England
Authors: Munday James D. , Sherratt Katharine , Meakin Sophie , Endo Akira , Pearson Carl A. B. , Hellewell Joel , Abbott Sam , Bosse Nikos I. ,   CMMID COVID-19 Working Group, Eggo Rosalind M. , Simons David , O’Reilly Kathleen , Russell Timothy W. , Lowe Rachel , Leclerc Quentin J. , Emery Jon C. , Klepac Petra , Nightingale Emily S. , Quaife Matthew , van Zandvoort Kevin , Knight Gwenan M. , Jombart Thibaut , Villabona-Arenas C. Julian , Rees Eleanor M. , Diamond Charlie , Auzenbergs Megan , Medley Graham , Foss Anna M. , Gore-Langton Georgia R. , Deol Arminder K. , Jit Mark , Gibbs Hamish P. , Procter Simon R. , Rosello Alicia , Jarvis Christopher I. , Liu Yang , Houben Rein M. G. J. , Hué Stéphane , Clifford Samuel , Quilty Billy J. , Gimma Amy , Tully Damien C. , Sun Fiona Yueqian , Prem Kiesha , Atkins Katherine E. , Wallinga Jacco , Edmunds W. John , van Hoek Albert Jan , Funk Sebastian 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn early 2020 many countries closed schools to mitigate the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Since then, governments have sought to relax the closures, engendering a need to understand associated risks. Using address records, we construct a network of schools in England connected through pupils who share households. We evaluate the risk of transmission between schools under different reopening scenarios. We show that whilst reopening select year-groups causes low risk of large-scale transmission, reopening secondary schools could result in outbreaks affecting up to 2.5 million households if unmitigated, highlighting the importance of careful monitoring and within-school infection control to avoid further school closures or other restrictions.
Recent global decrease in the inner-core rain rate of tropical cyclones
Authors: Tu Shifei , Xu Jianjun , Chan Johnny C. L. , Huang Kian , Xu Feng , Chiu Long S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHeavy rainfall is one of the major aspects of tropical cyclones (TC) and can cause substantial damages. Here, we show, based on satellite observational rainfall data and numerical model results, that between 1999 and 2018, the rain rate in the outer region of TCs has been increasing, but it has decreased significantly in the inner-core. Globally, the TC rain rate has increased by 8 ± 4% during this period, which is mainly contributed by an increase in rain rate in the TC outer region due to increasing water vapor availability in the atmosphere with rising surface temperature. On the other hand, the rain rate in the inner-core of TCs has decreased by 24 ± 3% during the same period. The decreasing trend in the inner-core rain rate likely results mainly from an increase in atmospheric stability.
Classical magnetic vortex liquid and large thermal Hall conductivity in frustrated magnets with bond-dependent interactions
Authors: Chern Li Ern , Buessen Finn Lasse , Kim Yong Baek 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRecently, the observation of large thermal Hall conductivities in correlated insulators with no apparent broken symmetry has generated immense interest and debates on the underlying ground states. Here, considering frustrated magnets with bond-dependent interactions, which are realized in the so-called Kitaev materials, we theoretically demonstrate that a large thermal Hall conductivity can originate from a classical ground state without any magnetic order. We discover a liquid state of magnetic vortices, which are inhomogeneous spin textures embedded in the background of polarized spins, under out-of-plane magnetic fields. In the classical regime, different configurations of vortices form an effectively degenerate manifold. We study the static and dynamical properties of the magnetic vortex liquid state at zero and finite temperatures. In particular, we show that the spin excitation spectrum resembles a continuum of nearly flat Chern bands, which ultimately leads to a large thermal Hall conductivity. Possible connections to experiments are discussed.
Severity of heterosubtypic influenza virus infection in ferrets is reduced by live attenuated influenza vaccine
Authors: Marriott Anthony C. , Gooch Karen E. , Brown Phillip J. , Ryan Kathryn A. , Jones Nicola J. , Merredew Natasha , Wiblin Nathan , Dibben Oliver , Bright Helen , Hallis Bassam , Whittaker Catherine J. , Carroll Miles W. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractLive attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) is widely used to protect humans from seasonal influenza infection, particularly in children. In contrast to inactivated vaccines, the LAIV can induce both mucosal and cellular immune responses. Here we show that a single dose of monovalent H1N1pdm09-specific LAIV in the ferret model is fully protective against a subsequent wild-type H1N1pdm09 challenge, and furthermore reduces the severity of disease following challenge with a different influenza A subtype (H3N2). The reduced severity comprised reductions in weight loss and fever, as well as more rapid clearance of virus, compared to non-vaccinated H3N2-challenged ferrets. No H3N2-neutralizing antibodies were detected in vaccinated ferret sera. Rather, heterosubtypic protection correlated with interferon-gamma+ (IFN-γ+) T-cell responses measured in peripheral blood and in lung lymphocytes. The IFN-γ+ cells were cross-reactive to H3N2 virus even when obtained from vaccinated animals that had never been exposed to H3N2 virus. We believe this study provides compelling evidence that the LAIV can provide a significant reduction in infection and symptoms when challenged with heterosubtypic influenza strains not included in the LAIV, highlighting the importance of cross-reactive T-cells in the design of a universal influenza vaccine.
Environmental evolution, faunal and human occupation since 2 Ma in the Anagni basin, central Italy
Authors: Florindo Fabio , Marra Fabrizio , Angelucci Diego E. , Biddittu Italo , Bruni Luciano , Florindo Federico , Gaeta Mario , Guillou Hervé , Jicha Brian , Macrì Patrizia , Morigi Caterina , Nomade Sebastien , Parenti Fabio , Pereira Alison , Grimaldi Stefano 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe present the study of a composite, yet continuous sedimentary succession covering the time interval spanning 2.6–0.36 Ma in the intramontane basin of Anagni (central Italy) through a dedicated borecore, field surveys, and the review of previous data at the three palaeontological and archaeological sites of Colle Marino, Coste San Giacomo and Fontana Ranuccio. By combining the magneto- and chronostratigraphic data with sedimentologic and biostratigraphic analysis, we describe the palaeogeographic and tectonic evolution of this region during this entire interval. In this time frame, starting from 0.8 Ma, the progressive shallowing and temporary emersion of the large lacustrine basins and alluvial plains created favorable conditions for early hominin occupation of the area, as attested by abundant tool industry occurrences and fossils. This study provides new constraints to better interpret the hominin migratory dynamics and the factors that influenced the location and spatial distribution during the early occupation of this region.
Compensatory image of the stability of people with multiple sclerosis and atrial vertigo based on posturography examination
Authors: Kahl Oliwer , Wierzbicka Ewelina , Dębińska Magdalena , Mraz Maciej , Mraz Małgorzata 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPathophysiology of balance disorders due to multiple sclerosis (MS) and atrial vertigo (AV) is different. We evaluated posture stability when maintaining balance in people with MS presenting symptoms of ataxia and those with AV. We included 45 women (15 with MS; 15 with AV; 15 controls). A posturography platform was used to measure balance parameters. To characterize the image of stability and the compensation of balance disorders, the surface area of the stabilogram (SAS), vision control index (VCI) and the vision-motion control index (VMCI) were used. The stability image of people with MS and AV with eyes open (p = 0.002), with eyes closed (p = 0.080) and with visual biofeedback (p = 0.0008) differed significantly. SAS depended on visual biofeedback regardless of the occurrence of balance disorders and was the basis for determining the compensatory share of vision-motor coordination. Differences in VCI between groups were insignificant. VMCI was significantly higher in people with balance disorders than in those without, but similar in the MS and AV groups. The image of stability is different in people with MS and AV. Thanks to visual biofeedback, it becomes possible to launch effective vision-motor coordination when compensating balance disorders. VCI may become the measure of compensation for balance disorders.
Metformin ameliorates the severity of experimental Alport syndrome
Authors: Omachi Kohei , Kaseda Shota , Yokota Tsubasa , Kamura Misato , Teramoto Keisuke , Kuwazuru Jun , Kojima Haruka , Nohara Hirofumi , Koyama Kosuke , Ohtsuki Sumio , Misumi Shogo , Takeo Toru , Nakagata Naomi , Li Jian-Dong , Shuto Tsuyoshi , Suico Mary Ann , Miner Jeffrey H. , Kai Hirofumi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMetformin is widely used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, and increasing numbers of studies have shown that metformin also ameliorates tumor progression, inflammatory disease, and fibrosis. However, the ability of metformin to improve non-diabetic glomerular disease and chronic kidney disease (CKD) has not been explored. To investigate the effect of metformin on non-diabetic glomerular disease, we used a mouse model of Alport syndrome (Col4a5 G5X) which were treated with metformin or losartan, used as a control treatment. We also investigated the effect of metformin on adriamycin-induced glomerulosclerosis model. Pathological and biochemical analysis showed that metformin or losartan suppressed proteinuria, renal inflammation, fibrosis, and glomerular injury and extended the lifespan in Alport syndrome mice. Transcriptome analysis showed that metformin and losartan influenced molecular pathways-related to metabolism and inflammation. Metformin altered multiple genes including metabolic genes not affected by losartan. Metformin also suppressed proteinuria and glomerular injury in the adriamycin-induced glomerulosclerosis mouse model. Our results showed that metformin ameliorates the glomerular sclerosis and CKD phenotype in non-diabetic chronic glomerular diseases. Metformin may have therapeutic potential for not only diabetic nephropathy but also non-diabetic glomerular disease including Alport syndrome.
Quantitative probe for in-plane piezoelectric coupling in 2D materials
Authors: Yarajena Sai Saraswathi , Biswas Rabindra , Raghunathan Varun , Naik Akshay K. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPiezoelectric response in two-dimensional (2D) materials has evoked immense interest in using them for various applications involving electromechanical coupling. In most of the 2D materials, piezoelectricity is coupled along the in-plane direction. Here, we propose a technique to probe the in-plane piezoelectric coupling strength in layered nanomaterials quantitively. The method involves a novel approach for in-plane field excitation in lateral Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) for 2D materials. Operating near contact resonance has enabled the measurement of the piezoelectric coupling coefficients in the sub pm/V range. Detailed methodology for the signal calibration and the background subtraction when PFM is operated near the contact resonance of the cantilever is also provided. The technique is verified by estimating the in-plane piezoelectric coupling coefficients (d11) for freely suspended MoS2 of one to five atomic layers. For 2D-MoS2 with the odd number of atomic layers, which are non-centrosymmetric, finite d11 is measured. The measurements also indicate that the coupling strength decreases with an increase in the number of layers. The techniques presented would be an effective tool to study the in-plane piezoelectricity quantitatively in various materials along with emerging 2D-materials.
Comparison of different protocols for demineralization of cortical bone
Authors: Pang Siyuan , Su Frances Y. , Green Amesha , Salim Justin , McKittrick Joanna , Jasiuk Iwona 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBone is a biological composite material consisting of two main components: collagen and mineral. Collagen is the most abundant protein in vertebrates, which makes it of high clinical and scientific interest. In this paper, we compare the composition and structure of cortical bone demineralized using several protocols: ethylene-diamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA), formic acid (CH2O2), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and HCl/EDTA mixture. The efficiencies of these four agents were investigated by assessing the remaining mineral quantities and collagen integrity with various experimental techniques. Raman spectroscopy results show that the bone demineralized by the CH2O2agent has highest collagen quality parameter. The HCl/EDTA mixture removes the most mineral, but it affects the collagen secondary structure as amide II bands are shifted as observed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis reveals that HCl and EDTA are most effective in removing the mineral with bulk measurements. In summary, we conclude that HCl best demineralizes bone, leaving the well-preserved collagen structure in the shortest time. These findings guide on the best demineralization protocol to obtain high-quality collagen from bone for clinical and scientific applications.
Analysis of temporal trends in potential COVID-19 cases reported through NHS Pathways England
Authors: Leclerc Quentin J. , Nightingale Emily S. , Abbott Sam ,   CMMID COVID-19 Working Group, Rees Eleanor M. , Eggo Rosalind M. , Quaife Matthew , Sun Fiona Yueqian , Pearson Carl A. B. , Prem Kiesha , Munday James D. , Meakin Sophie R. , Medley Graham , van Zandvoort Kevin , Edmunds W. John , Rosello Alicia , Funk Sebastian , O’Reilly Kathleen , Quilty Billy J. , Procter Simon R. , Gimma Amy , Kucharski Adam J. , Deol Arminder K. , Emery Jon C. , Bosse Nikos I. , Gibbs Hamish P. , Simons David , Hué Stéphane , Jarvis Christopher I. , Klepac Petra , Liu Yang , Foss Anna M. , Diamond Charlie , Villabona-Arenas C. Julian , Endo Akira , Houben Rein M. G. J. , Flasche Stefan , Russell Timothy W. , Clifford Samuel , Knight Gwenan M. , Hellewell Joel , Davies Nicholas G. , Atkins Katherine E. , Tully Damien C. , Auzenbergs Megan , Jit Mark , Lowe Rachel , Jombart Thibaut 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe National Health Service (NHS) Pathways triage system collates data on enquiries to 111 and 999 services in England. Since the 18th of March 2020, these data have been made publically available for potential COVID-19 symptoms self-reported by members of the public. Trends in such reports over time are likely to reflect behaviour of the ongoing epidemic within the wider community, potentially capturing valuable information across a broader severity profile of cases than hospital admission data. We present a fully reproducible analysis of temporal trends in NHS Pathways reports until 14th May 2020, nationally and regionally, and demonstrate that rates of growth/decline and effective reproduction number estimated from these data may be useful in monitoring transmission. This is a particularly pressing issue as lockdown restrictions begin to be lifted and evidence of disease resurgence must be constantly reassessed. We further assess the correlation between NHS Pathways reports and a publicly available NHS dataset of COVID-19-associated deaths in England, finding that enquiries to 111/999 were strongly associated with daily deaths reported 16 days later. Our results highlight the potential of NHS Pathways as the basis of an early warning system. However, this dataset relies on self-reported symptoms, which are at risk of being severely biased. Further detailed work is therefore necessary to investigate potential behavioural issues which might otherwise explain our conclusions.
A microfabricated multi-compartment device for neuron and Schwann cell differentiation
Authors: De Vitis Eleonora , La Pesa Velia , Gervaso Francesca , Romano Alessandro , Quattrini Angelo , Gigli Giuseppe , Moroni Lorenzo , Polini Alessandro 
Published: March 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the complex communication between different cell populations and their interaction with the microenvironment in the central and peripheral nervous systems is fundamental in neuroscience research. The development of appropriate in vitro approaches and tools, able to selectively analyze and/or probe specific cells and cell portions (e.g., axons and cell bodies in neurons), driving their differentiation into specific cell phenotypes, has become therefore crucial in this direction. Here we report a multi-compartment microfluidic device where up to three different cell populations can be cultured in a fluidically independent circuit. The device allows cell migration across the compartments and their differentiation. We showed that an accurate choice of the device geometrical features and cell culture parameters allows to (1) maximize cell adhesion and proliferation of neuron-like human cells (SH-SY5Y cells), (2) control the inter-compartment cell migration of neuron and Schwann cells, (3) perform long-term cell culture studies in which both SH-SY5Y cells and primary rat Schwann cells can be differentiated towards specific phenotypes. These results can lead to a plethora of in vitro co-culture studies in the neuroscience research field, where tuning and investigating cell–cell and cell–microenvironment interactions are essential.
Aqueductal CSF stroke volume measurements may drive management of shunted idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus patients
Authors: Scollato Antonio , Caini Saverio , Angelini Lucia , Lastrucci Giancarlo , Di Lorenzo Nicola , Porfirio Berardino , Gallina Pasquale 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCSF shunting with adjustable valve is the treatment of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. The opening pressure valve setting is left to the neurosurgeon’s experience. Aqueductal CSF stroke volume by phase-contrast magnetic resonance measures the CSF passing through the Sylvian aqueduct and it changes with intracranial hydrodynamics. We sought to identify a window of stroke volume differences associated with the best clinical outcome and lowest rate of complications.
The records of 69 patients were reviewed. At every clinical check, stroke volume, opening pressure valve, clinical outcome, and CSF overdrainage were analyzed. The correlation between stroke volume differences and negative outcome was also analyzed. The median follow-up was 2.3 years (range 0.3–10.4 years). The odds of negative outcome between two consecutive checks significantly increased by 16% (95%CI 4–28%, p = 0.006). Taking the lowest risk group as reference, the odds ratio of negative outcome was 1.16 (95%CI 0.51–2.63, p = 0.726) for SV differences less than − 37.6 µL, while it was 1.96 (95%CI 0.97–3.98, p = 0.062) for stroke volume changes above + 23.1 µL. Maintaining stroke volume values within a definite range might help maximize clinical benefit and avoid the risk of CSF overdrainage.
Exploring new roles for actin upon LTP induction in dendritic spines
Authors: Bonilla-Quintana Mayte , Wörgötter Florentin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDendritic spines, small protrusions of the dendrites, enlarge upon LTP induction, linking morphological and functional properties. Although the role of actin in spine enlargement has been well studied, little is known about its relationship with mechanical membrane properties, such as membrane tension, which is involved in many cell processes, like exocytosis. Here, we use a 3D model of the dendritic spine to investigate how polymerization of actin filaments can effectively elevate the membrane tension to trigger exocytosis in a domain close to the tip of the spine. Moreover, we show that the same pool of actin promotes full membrane fusion after exocytosis and spine stabilization.
Lock-in vibration retrieval based on high-speed full-field coherent imaging
Authors: Meteyer Erwan , Montresor Silvio , Foucart Felix , Le Meur Julien , Heggarty Kevin , Pezerat Charles , Picart Pascal 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe use of high-speed cameras permits to visualize, analyze or study physical phenomena at both their time and spatial scales. Mixing high-speed imaging with coherent imaging allows recording and retrieving the optical path difference and this opens the way for investigating a broad variety of scientific challenges in biology, medicine, material science, physics and mechanics. At high frame rate, simultaneously obtaining suitable performance and level of accuracy is not straightforward. In the field of mechanics, this prevents high-speed imaging to be applied to full-field vibrometry. In this paper, we demonstrate a coherent imaging approach that can yield full-field structural vibration measurements with state-of-the-art performances in case of high spatial and temporal density measurements points of holographic measurement. The method is based on high-speed on-line digital holography and recording a short time sequence. Validation of the proposed approach is carried out by comparison with a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer and by realistic simulations. Several error criteria demonstrate measurement capability of yielding amplitude and phase of structural deformations.
Liquiñe-Ofqui’s fast slipping intra-volcanic arc crustal faulting above the subducted Chile Ridge
Authors: De Pascale Gregory P. , Froude Melanie , Penna Ivanna , Hermanns Reginald L. , Sepúlveda Sergio A. , Moncada Daniel , Persico Mario , Easton Gabriel , Villalobos Angelo , Gutiérrez Francisco 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe southernmost portion of the Liquiñe-Ofqui fault zone (LOFZ) lies within the proposed slab window which formed due to oblique subduction of the Chile Ridge in Patagonia. Mapping of paleo-surface ruptures, offsets, and lithological separations along the master fault allowed us to constrain geologic slip rates for the first time with dextral rates of 11.6–24.6 mm/year (Quaternary) and 3.6–18.9 mm/year (Late-Cenozoic) respectively. We had trouble mapping the LOFZ in one local because of a partially collapsed and previously undiscovered volcanic complex, Volcan Mate Grande (VMG: 1,280 m high and thus Vesuvius-sized) that grew in a caldera also offset along the LOFZ and has distinct geochemistry from adjacent stratovolcanoes. Besides the clear seismic and volcanic hazard implications, the structural connection along the main trace of the fast slipping LOFZ and geochemistry of VMG provides evidence for the slab window and insight into interplay between fast-slipping crustal intra-arc crustal faults and volcanoes.
Fractal-induced 2D flexible net undulation
Authors: Goh Michael Joon Seng , Chiew Yeong Shiong , Foo Ji Jinn 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA net immersed in fractal-induced turbulence exhibit a transient time-varying deformation. The anisotropic, inhomogeneous square fractal grid (SFG) generated flow interacts with the flexible net to manifest as visible cross-sectional undulations. We hypothesize that the net’s response may provide a surrogate in expressing local turbulent strength. This is analysed as root-mean-squared velocity fluctuations in the net, displaying intensity patterns dependent on the grid conformation and grid-net separation. The net’s fluctuation strength is found to increase closer to the turbulator with higher thickness ratio while presenting stronger fluctuations compared to regular-square-grid (RSG) of equivalent blockage-ratio,σ. Our findings demonstrate a novel application where 3D-reconstruction of submerged nets is used to experimentally contrast the turbulence generated by RSG and multilength scale SFGs across the channel cross-section. The net’s response shows the unique turbulence developed from SFGs can induce 9 × higher average excitation to a net when compared against RSG of similarσ.