bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introducing Mass Communications Strategies to Medical Students: A Novel Short Session for Fourth-Year Students
Authors: Krohn Kristina M. , Crichlow Renee , McKinney Zeke J. , Tessier Katelyn M. , Scheurer Johannah M. , Olson Andrew P.J. 
Published: December 2021

Problem
The World Health Organization calls on all with quality medical information to share it with the public and combat health misinformation; however, U.S. medical schools do not currently teach students effective communication with lay audiences about health. Most physicians have inadequate training in mass communication strategies.

Approach
In August 2018, a novel 90-minute class at the University of Minnesota Medical School introduced fourth-year medical students to basic skills for communicating with lay audiences through mass media. Instructors were physicians with experience interacting with the general public via radio, op-ed articles, social media, print media, television, and community and legislative advocacy. After a 20-minute lecture and sharing of instructors’ personal experiences, students completed two 30-minute small-group activities. They identified communications objectives and talking points for a health topic, drafting these as Tweets or an op-ed article outline, then presented talking points in a mock press conference with their peers, practicing skills just learned. Pre- and postsurveys documented students’ previous engagement and comfort with future engagement with mass media messaging.

Outcomes
Over 1 week, 142 students participated in 6 separate classes, and 127 completed both pre- and postsurveys. Before the course, only 6% (7/127) of students had comfortably engaged with social media and 14% (18/127) had engaged with traditional media in their professional roles. After the course, students self-reported an increase in their comfort, perceived ability, and likelihood of using specific communications skills to advocate for their patients (all P < .001).

Next Steps
The course will be expanded into a 5-session thread for third- and fourth-year medical students spread over 2 years. This thread will include meeting physicians who engage with lay audiences, identifying best practices for mass health communication, identifying bias and misinformation, “dos and don’ts” of social media, and communication skills for legislative advocacy.
The Crest Injection Technique for Glabellar Line Correction and the Paracentral Artery
Authors: Tansatit Tanvaa , Uruwan Sukanya , Rungsawang Chalermquan 
Published: December 2021

Summary:
The glabella is a zone that carries a high risk of blindness after performing filler injections. The arteries beneath the glabellar lines were investigated by meticulous dissections in 30 geriatric embalmed cadavers with latex injections into the arterial system. The results showed that the supratrochlear artery, a direct branch of the ophthalmic artery, ascended from the muscular layer of the medial eyebrow along the medial canthal vertical line of the intercanthal vertical zone (53 in 60 hemifaces, or 88%). The dominant single paracentral artery from the radix artery was found within the radix vertical zone (eight out of 30 glabellae, or 27%). Among these, the dominant paracentral artery was near the midline in two cadavers and arose along the radix vertical line in six cadavers. The dominant paracentral artery may be the cause of ocular complications during injections of glabellar lines between the medial eyebrows, especially at the radix vertical lines. The supratrochlear artery might cause ocular complications when an injection is performed close to the medial eyebrows. Pinching to create a skin crest and evert glabellar line for a precise injection is recommended to temporarily occlude the paracentral artery.
Impact of Railway Critical Incidents on Train Drivers and Effectiveness of Critical Incident Management and Support Protocols
Authors: Bardon Cécile , Dargis Luc , Mishara Brian L. 
Published: December 2021

Objective:Train drivers are regularly involved in railway critical incidents (CI) and critical incident management and support protocols (CIMSPs) have been developed to support them. This study describes the impact of CIs and evaluates the effectiveness of CIMSPs.Methods:We interviewed 74 train drivers 1 week, 1, 3, and 6 months after a CI. We performed Linear growth model analyses to describe recovery paths and the effect of CIMSPs, considering the effect of CI complexity, proximity to victims, social support, self-assessment of health, use of resources, and attribution of responsibility.Results:CIs have a significant negative impact on train drivers. Recovery paths can be explained by the level of implementation of CIMSPs, and other contributing factors.Conclusions:CIMSPs are effective in reducing the negative impact of CIs and should be implemented rigorously by employers.
Inter-rater Reliability of the Classification of the J-Sign Is Inadequate Among Experts
Authors: Hiemstra Laurie A. , Sheehan Brendan , Sasyniuk Treny M. , Kerslake Sarah 
Published: December 2021

Objective:
The purpose of this study was to determine the inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of the symmetry, classification, and underlying pathoanatomy associated with the J-sign in patients with recurrent lateral patellofemoral instability.

Study design:
Blinded, inter-rater reliability study.

Setting:
N/A.

Participants:
Thirty patellofemoral joint experts.

Interventions:
Thirty clinicians independently assessed 30 video recordings of patients with recurrent lateral patellofemoral instability performing the J-sign test.

Main outcome measures:
Raters documented J-sign symmetry and graded it according to the quadrant and Donell classifications. Raters indicated the most significant underlying pathoanatomy and presence of sagittal plane maltracking. Intra-rater reliability was assessed by 4 raters repeating the assessments. Mean pairwise simple and/or weighted Cohen's kappa were performed to measure inter-rater and intra-rater reliability, as well as calculation of percent agreement.

Results:
J-sign symmetry demonstrated fair inter-rater reliability (k = 0.26), whereas intra-rater reliability was moderate (k = 0.48). Inter-rater reliability for the quadrant and Donell classifications indicated moderate agreement, k = 0.51 and k = 0.49, respectively, whereas intra-rater reliability was k = 0.79 and k = 0.72, indicating substantial agreement. Inter-rater reliability of the foremost underlying pathoanatomy produced only slight agreement (k = 0.20); however, intra-rater reliability was substantial (k = 0.68). Sagittal plane maltracking demonstrated slight inter-rater agreement (k = 0.23) but substantial intra-rater agreement (k = 0.64).

Conclusions:
The symmetry, classification, and underlying pathoanatomy of the J-sign demonstrated fair to moderate inter-rater reliability and moderate to substantial intra-rater reliability among expert reviewers using video recordings of patients with recurrent lateral patellofemoral instability. These findings suggest individual raters have a consistent standard for assessing the J-sign, but that these standards are not reliable between assessors.

Level of evidence:
III.
Thorn in Your Side or Thorn in Your Head? Anxiety and Stress as Correlates of Exercise-Related Transient Abdominal Pain
Authors: Wynne Jaison L. , Wilson Patrick B. 
Published: December 2021

Objectives:
The etiology of exercise-related transient abdominal pain (ETAP) is not congruent among researchers notwithstanding numerous studies on the matter. No pursuit has sought to correlate ETAP with factors such as anxiety, stress, sleep dysfunction, and pain sensitivity that are linked to other gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances in athletes.

Design:
Cross-sectional observational study involving an anonymous survey.

Setting:
Online.

Participants:
One hundred sixty-eight male and female adults running at least 10 miles/wk.

Assessments of risk factors:
Age, body mass index, years of running experience, GI symptoms, the State-Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety (STICSA), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)-14, Sleep Problems Index-I, and Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire.

Main outcomes:
Exercise-related transient abdominal pain prevalence over the past month as well as ETAP severity and frequency.

Results:
Exercise-related transient abdominal pain occurred in 39.9% of participants at least once in the past month. Exercise-related transient abdominal pain–positive runners were significantly younger and less experienced than ETAP-negative runners. Exercise-related transient abdominal pain–positive runners demonstrated higher resting and running-related GI symptoms, PSS-14, and STICSA scores compared with ETAP-negative runners. After accounting for age and experience, the ETAP-positive group had STICSA and PSS-14 scores that were 3.4 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.0-5.8] and 4.1 (95% CI, 1.2-6.0) points higher, respectively, than the ETAP-negative group. State-Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety scores were significantly, modestly correlated (ρ = 0.27, P = 0.03) with ETAP frequency but not severity in runners who were ETAP-positive.

Conclusions:
In runners, this is the first investigation to reveal that anxiety and stress are associated with the presence of ETAP.
Soy consumption, cognitive function, and dementia
Authors: Szczerba Edyta , Koch Manja , Schlesinger Sabrina 
Published: December 2021

Purpose of review
With the rising number of people living with dementia, the interest in modifiable risk factors including dietary intake for dementia is increasing. Although there is a growing body of evidence investigating soy's health effects, the direction and strength of the association between soy consumption and risk of dementia and cognitive decline are still uncertain. Thus, we aimed to review the evidence linking soy consumption to dementia and cognitive function.

Recent findings
Some studies showed that higher intake of total soy products was associated with a lower risk or prevalence of cognitive impairment. Some studies pointed to an inverse association between higher tofu consumption and cognitive function, whereas a higher intake of soybean was associated with better cognitive function.

Summary
Previous studies are scarce and have provided contradictory results. Soy is a high-protein alternative to red meat and processed meat. Further studies are needed to clarify the safety and potential preventive effects particularly in healthy populations before clinical disease manifestation and irreversible injury have occurred.
Inequality and child health: dynamic population health interventions
Authors: Halfon Neal , Russ Shirley A. , Kahn Robert S. 
Published: December 2021

Purpose of review
Established social gradients across a wide range of child health issues including obesity, anxiety, infectious diseases, injuries, prematurity and low birth weight suggest that much illness is avoidable and there is an imperative to intervene in this whole of society issue. This review examines recent advances in understanding of the pathways to health and health inequalities and their application to interventions to improve health equity.

Recent findings
Children's health develops over the life course in ways that are profoundly influenced by their entire developmental ecosystem including individual, family, community and system-level factors. Interventions to address child health inequalities must include action on the structural determinants of health, a greater focus on family and community health development, and attention to the acquisition of developmental capabilities. Nascent dynamic population health initiatives that address whole developmental ecosystems such as All Children Thrive, Better Start Bradford and Generation V, hold real promise for achieving child health equity.

Summary
Pathways to health inequalities are driven by social and structural determinants of health. Interventions to address inequalities need to be driven less by older biomedical models, and more by prevailing ecological and complex systems models incorporating a life course health development approach.
Brief Report: Nicotine Metabolism Ratio Increases in HIV-Positive Smokers on Effective Antiretroviral Therapy: A Cohort Study
Authors: Bien-Gund Cedric H. , Bilker Warren , Schnoll Robert A. , Tyndale Rachel F. , Ho Joshua I. , Bremner Remy , Ashare Rebecca L. , Gross Robert 
Published: December 2021

Background:
People with HIV (PWH) smoke tobacco at much higher rates than the general population. Previous research has shown that PWH have faster nicotine metabolism than HIV-uninfected individuals, which may underlie this disparity, but the cause is unknown. We investigated whether higher nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR; 3-hydroxycotinine:cotinine), a validated biomarker of nicotine metabolism through CYP2A6, was associated with antiretroviral use among HIV-infected smokers.

Methods:
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of HIV-positive smokers in the University of Pennsylvania Center for AIDS Research cohort. We compared the NMR before viral suppression (>10,000 copies/mL) and after viral suppression on antiretroviral therapy (<200 copies/mL). We used mixed-effects linear regression to analyze the change in NMR after viral suppression and assessed for effect modification by efavirenz use.

Results:
Eighty-nine individuals were included in the study. We observed effect modification by efavirenz use (interaction term for efavirenz use, P < 0.001). Among those on nonefavirenz regimens, the mean NMR increased by 0.14 (95% confidence interval: 0.05 to 0.23, P = 0.002). Among those on efavirenz-containing regimens, the mean NMR increased by 0.53 (95% confidence interval: 0.39–0.66, P < 0.001).

Conclusions:
We observed a clinically and statistically significant increase in NMR after viral suppression among smokers with HIV, which more than doubled among those on efavirenz-based regimens. Higher NMR among HIV-positive smokers on antiretroviral therapy may help explain the higher rates of tobacco use and lower quit rates among PWH in care. These findings suggest that regimen choice and other modifiable factors may be targets for future attempts to increase success rates for tobacco cessation among PWH.
Evidence-based Surgical Competency Outcomes from the Clinical Readiness Program
Authors: Andreatta Pamela , Bowyer Mark W. , Ritter E. Matthew , Remick Kyle , Knudson Mary Margaret , Elster Eric A. 
Published: December 2021

Objectives:
1) Evaluate the value and strength of a competency framework for identifying and measuring performance requirements for expeditionary surgeons; 2) Verify psychometric integrity of assessment instrumentation for measuring domain knowledge and skills; 3) Identify gaps in knowledge and skills capabilities using assessment strategies; 4) Examine shared variance between knowledge and skills outcomes, and the volume and diversity of routine surgical practice.

Background:
Expeditionary military surgeons provide care for patients with injuries that extend beyond the care requirements of their routine surgical practice. The readiness of these surgeons to independently provide accurate care in expeditionary contexts is important for casualty care in military and civilian situations. Identifying and closing performance gap areas are essential for assuring readiness.

Methods:
We implemented evidence-based processes for identifying and measuring the essential performance competencies for expeditionary surgeons. All assessment instrumentation was rigorously examined for psychometric integrity. Performance outcomes were directly measured for expeditionary surgical knowledge and skills and gap areas were identified. Knowledge and skills assessment outcomes were compared, and also compared to the volume and diversity of routine surgical practice to determine shared variance.

Results:
Outcomes confirmed the integrity of assessment instrumentation and identified significant performance gaps for knowledge and skills in the domain.

Conclusions:
Identification of domain competencies and performance benchmarks, combined with best-practices in assessment instrumentation, provided a rigorous and defensible framework for quantifying domain competencies. By identifying and implementing strategies for closing performance gap areas, we provide a positive process for assuring surgical competency and clinical readiness.
Chryseobacterium lecithinasegens sp. nov., a siderophore-producing bacterium isolated from soil at the bottom of a pond
Authors: Kutsuna Ryo , Mashima Izumi , Miyoshi-Akiyama Tohru , Muramatsu Yuki , Tomida Junko , Kawamura Yoshiaki 
Published: December 2021

Bacterial strain PAGU 2197T, which was isolated from soil collected from the bottom of a pond in Japan, is characterized in this study. Cells of strain PAGU 2197T were aerobic, Gram-negative, short rod-shaped, non-motile, flexirubin-producing, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive and lecithinase-negative. A phylogenetic study based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and multilocus sequence analysis (gyrB, rpoB and rpoD) indicated that strain PAGU 2197T belongs to the genus

Chryseobacterium

and is a member of an independent lineage including

Chryseobacterium tructae

CCUG 60111T (sequence similarity, 95.9 %),

Chryseobacterium lactis

CCUG 60566T (93.4 %) and

Chryseobacterium viscerum

CCUG 60103T (91.6 %). The average nucleotide identity values were 80.83–85.04 %. Because average nucleotide identity values of 95–96 % exceed the 70 % DNA–DNA hybridization cutoff value for species discrimination, strain PAGU 2197T represents a novel species in the genus

Chryseobacterium

. The genome of strain PAGU 2197T was 4 967 738 bp with a G+C content of 35.5 mol%. The sole respiratory quinone of strain PAGU 2197T was MK-6; the major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3OH, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1
ω7c and/or C16 : 1
ω6c) and summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1
ω9c and/or C16 : 0 10-methyl); and the major polar lipids were phosphoglycolipids and phosphatidylethanolamine. These results indicate that strain PAGU 2197T should be classified as representing a novel species in the genus

Chryseobacterium

, for which the name Chryseobacterium lecithinasegens sp. nov. is proposed, with strain PAGU 2197T (=NBRC 114264T=CCUG 75150T) as the type strain.
Stroke prevalence among isolated systolic hypertension subjects in Indonesia
Authors: Pamelasari Defi , Azam Mahalul , Fibriana Arulita Ika , Rahadian Arief , Saefurrohim Muhamad Zakki , Aljunid Syed Mohamed 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIntroductionHypertension has been known to be a decisive factor for stroke in the elderly; however, limited studies reported stroke risk factors in subjects with isolated systolic hypertension (ISH).MethodsThis cross-sectional survey was conducted using Riskesdas 2018 secondary data. Subjects aged 55 years who had a systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and diastolic < 90 mmHg were included as the study sample. According to the National Institute of Health Research and Development, the Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia, all study variables were measured using household and individual questionnaires. The data were analyzed using the chi-square test and Fisher’s test.ResultsOf 3159 subjects with ISH 8.3% had a stroke, the risk factors that had a significant relationship with the prevalence of stroke (p<0.005) were gender (1,790; 1,420-2,256), smoking habits (1,645; 1,291-2,096), physical and mental stress (2,080; 1,618-2,673), area of residence (1,720; 1,331-2222), and education level (0.656; 0.515-0.835).ConclusionPrevalence of stroke among ISH in Indonesia was 8.3%. Female with smoking habits, had mental and physical stress, liviing in urban area, and had low level eduatcion were associated with the status of stroke in ISH subjects in Indonesia.
The interkingdom horizontal gene transfer in 44 early diverging fungi boosted their metabolic, adaptive and immune capabilities
Authors: Ciach Michał Aleksander , Pawłowska Julia , Górecki Paweł , Muszewska Anna 
Published: December 2021

AbstractNumerous studies have been devoted to individual cases of horizontally acquired genes in fungi. It has been shown that such genes expand the hosts’ metabolic capabilities and contribute to their adaptations as parasites or symbionts. Some studies have provided an extensive characterization of the horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in Dikarya. However, in the early diverging fungi (EDF), a similar characterization is still missing. In order to fill this gap, we have designed a computational pipeline to obtain a statistical sample of reliable HGT events with a possibly minimal number of false detections. We have analyzed 44 EDF proteomes and identified 829 xenologs in fungi ranging fromChytridiomycotaandBlastocladiomycotatoMucoromycota. We have identified several patterns and statistical properties of EDF HGT. Ancestrally aquatic fungi are generally more likely to acquire foreign genetic material than terrestrial ones. Endosymbiotic bacteria can be a source of useful xenologs, as exemplified by NOD-like receptors transferred toMortierellomycota. Closely related fungi have similar rates of intronization of xenologs. The number of post-transfer paralogs of a protein can be described by a heavy-tailed Yule-Simons distribution. Post-transfer gene fusions complicate the landscape of HGT. We have designed a methodology to obtain a reliable, statistical sample of inter-kingdom xenologs across the tree of life of EDF to give a preliminary characterization of their general properties and patterns. We show that HGT is driven by bursts of gene exchange and duplication, resulting in highly divergent numbers and molecular properties of xenologs between fungal lineages. A close ecological relationship with another organism seems to be a predisposing condition for HGT, but does not always result in an extensive gene exchange. We argue that there is no universal approach for HGT identification and inter- and intra kingdom transfers require tailored identification methods. Our results help to better understand how and to what extent HGT has shaped the metabolic, adaptive, and immune capabilities of fungi.
A point mutation in the nucleotide exchange factor eIF2B constitutively activates the integrated stress response by allosteric modulation
Authors: Wang Lan , Boone Morgane , Lawrence Rosalie E , Frost Adam , Walter Peter , Schoof Michael 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn eukaryotic cells, stressors reprogram the cellular proteome by activating the integrated stress response (ISR). In its canonical form, stress-sensing kinases phosphorylate the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF2 (eIF2-P), which ultimately leads to reduced levels of ternary complex required for initiation of mRNA translation. Translational control is primarily exerted through a conformational switch in eIF2’s nucleotide exchange factor, eIF2B, which shifts from its active A-State conformation to its inhibited I-State conformation upon eIF2-P binding, resulting in reduced nucleotide exchange on eIF2. Here, we show functionally and structurally how a single histidine to aspartate point mutation in eIF2B’s β subunit (H160D) mimics the effects of eIF2-P binding by promoting an I-State like conformation, resulting in eIF2-P independent activation of the ISR. These findings corroborate our previously proposed (Schoof et al. 2021) A/I-State model of allosteric ISR regulation.