bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EBUS versus EUS‐B for diagnosing sarcoidosis: The International Sarcoidosis Assessment (ISA) randomized clinical trial
Authors: Crombag Laurence M. M. , Mooij‐Kalverda Kirsten , Szlubowski Artur , Gnass Maciej , Tournoy Kurt G. , Sun Jiayuan , Oki Masahide , Ninaber Maarten K. , Steinfort Daniel P. , Jennings Barton R. , Liberman Moishe , Bilaceroglu Semra , Bonta Peter I. , Korevaar Daniël A. , Trisolini Rocco , Annema Jouke T. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackground and objectiveEndosonography with intrathoracic nodal sampling is proposed as the single test with the highest granuloma detection rate in suspected sarcoidosis stage I/II. However, most studies have been performed in limited geographical regions. Studies suggest that oesophageal endosonographic nodal sampling has higher diagnostic yield than endobronchial endosonographic nodal sampling, but a head‐to‐head comparison of both routes has never been performed.MethodsGlobal (14 hospitals, nine countries, four continents) randomized clinical trial was conducted in consecutive patients with suspected sarcoidosis stage I/II presenting between May 2015 and August 2017. Using an endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) scope, patients were randomized to EBUS or endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)‐B‐guided nodal sampling, and to 22‐ or 25‐G ProCore needle aspiration (2 × 2 factorial design). Granuloma detection rate was the primary study endpoint. Final diagnosis was based on cytology/pathology outcomes and clinical/radiological follow‐up at 6 months.ResultsA total of 358 patients were randomized: 185 patients to EBUS‐transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS‐TBNA) and 173 to EUS‐B‐fine‐needle aspiration (FNA). Final diagnosis was sarcoidosis in 306 patients (86%). Granuloma detection rate was 70% (130/185; 95% CI, 63–76) for EBUS‐TBNA and 68% (118/173; 95% CI, 61–75) for EUS‐B‐FNA (p = 0.67). Sensitivity for diagnosing sarcoidosis was 78% (129/165; 95% CI, 71–84) for EBUS‐TBNA and 82% (115/141; 95% CI, 74–87) for EUS‐B‐FNA (p = 0.46). There was no significant difference between the two needle types in granuloma detection rate or sensitivity.ConclusionGranuloma detection rate of mediastinal/hilar nodes by endosonography in patients with suspected sarcoidosis stage I/II is high and similar for EBUS and EUS‐B. These findings imply that both diagnostic tests can be safely and universally used in suspected sarcoidosis patients.
Comparative Risk: Dread and Unknown Characteristics of the COVID‐19 Pandemic Versus COVID‐19 Vaccines
Authors: Wong Jody Chin Sing , Yang Janet Zheng 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis research characterizes risk perceptions of the COVID‐19 pandemic and the COVID‐19 vaccines based on the dread and unknown dimensions of the psychometric paradigm. We examine if mental risk comparisons of these two risk objects influence risk mitigation behaviors (vaccination intention; vaccine acceptance; preventive behaviors) and emotional responses among unvaccinated and vaccinated Americans. A survey (N = 1532) was conducted based on a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults in May 2021. Results reveal considerable impact of risk comparison, especially along the dread dimension, on the outcomes of interest. In essence, this research reveals critical insights regarding vaccine hesitancy and risk communication about vaccination.
Judging Pharmaceutical Environmental Risk by its Cover? The Effects of Prescription Medication and Disease Severity on Environmental Risk Perception
Authors: Luís Sílvia , Moura Rita , Lima Maria Luísa , Poggio Lucia , Aragonés Juan Ignacio , Camilo Cristina 
Published: November 2021

AbstractRecent wastewater analyses performed in care homes for the elderly showed high levels of water pollution resulting from pharmaceutical waste. The way people perceive the environmental risk of pharmaceuticals can contribute to reversing this problem, but the factors that influence risk perception remain relatively unknown. The aims of the study are two‐fold. We first focused on exploring the levels of knowledge regarding environment/water pollution due to pharmaceutical residues from the groups responsible for prescribing (health professionals), handling (staff), and consuming pharmaceuticals (residents) in care homes for the elderly. Second, we assessed the environmental risk perception of pharmaceuticals based on two main factors: prescription medication (nonprescribed versus prescribed) and disease severity (milder versus severe disease), accounting for their level of knowledge (deficit versus sufficiency of knowledge). The study was designed based on correlational research. Data were collected in homes for the elderly located in three Southwestern European countries (N = 300), using self‐report surveys. Current knowledge was perceived to be low and the need to know more was perceived to be high, across all groups. As hypothesized, results indicated that to assess the environmental risk, participants made use of information that was unrelated to pharmaceutical persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity (PBT). Prescribed pharmaceuticals and/or medication used to treat severe diseases were perceived as being more hazardous for the environment. Simple main effects analysis comparing between knowledge levels confirmed that this effect occurred mostly when participants had knowledge deficit for disease severity but not for prescription medication. These misconceptions might discourage taking an active role in reducing the impact of pharmaceutical residues in the environment.
Throwing performance by playing positions of male handball players during the European Championship 2020
Authors: Pueo Basilio , Tortosa‐Martínez Juan , Chirosa‐Rios Luis J. , Manchado Carmen 
Published: November 2021

The aim of this study was to analyze the throwing velocity and effectiveness of elite male handball players during the European Championship 2020. A local positioning system was used for the first time in a European Championship to collect 6568 throw events from 337 players of 24 national teams during 65 matches. ANOVA (F = 80.8, p < 0.01, η2 = 0.058) revealed that back players throws were significantly faster (24.3–26.5 m/s) than the rest of the players (22.2–22.5 m/s). Similarly, throws made from the central zone showed the highest speed values of 28.0 m/s (F = 43.2, p < 0.01, η2 = 0.050). In regard to the goal hit zone, higher speeds were shown for throws in side zones (24.9–26.8 m/s) compared to central zones (23.0–23.8 m/s) (F = 49.0, p < 0.01, η2 = 0.063). Effectiveness was higher in wing players (62%–64%) than the rest (45%–56%) (F = 30.9, p < 0.01, η2 = 0.023). Interestingly, the two higher velocity categories (>22 m/s) showed similar effectiveness (~60%), which were higher than the preceding slower category of 17–22 m/s (39.7%) (F = 175.1, p < 0.01, η2 = 0.074). Regarding court zones, throws from first‐line zones (48%–60%), were more effective than from second line (38%–43%) (F = 13.1, p < 0.01, η2 = 0.016). With respect to the goal hit zone, effectiveness was higher in side (72%–77%) than in central zones (58%–64%) (F = 523.2, p < 0.01, η2 = 0.418). Coaches should improve the throwing velocity of players but also train at submaximal velocities (effective velocity) to save energy and reduce the potential risk of injury. Finally, training should be specialized according to the performance shown by players from different throwing zones, rather than from playing positions.
Effects of 16 weeks of pyramidal and polarized training intensity distributions in well‐trained endurance runners
Authors: Filipas Luca , Bonato Matteo , Gallo Gabriele , Codella Roberto 
Published: November 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of four different training periodizations, based on two different training intensity distributions during a 16‐week training block in well‐trained endurance runners. Sixty well‐trained male runners were divided into four groups. Each runner completed one of the following 16‐week training interventions: a pyramidal periodization (PYR); a polarized periodization (POL); a pyramidal periodization followed by a polarized periodization (PYR → POL); and a polarized periodization followed by a pyramidal periodization (POL → PYR). The PYR and POL groups trained with a pyramidal or polarized distribution for 16 weeks. To allow for the change in periodization for the PYR → POL and POL → PYR groups, the 16‐week intervention was split into two 8‐week phases, starting with pyramidal or polarized distribution and then switching to the other. The periodization patterns were isolated manipulations of training intensity distribution, while training load was kept constant. Participants were tested pre‐, mid‐ and post‐intervention for body mass, velocity at 2 and 4 mmol·L−1 of blood lactate concentration (vBLa2, vBLa4), absolute and relative peak oxygen consumption () and 5‐km running time trial performance. There were significant group × time interactions for relative (p < 0.0001), vBLa2 (p < 0.0001) and vBLa4 (p < 0.0001) and 5‐km running time trial performance (p = 0.0001). Specifically, participants in the PYR → POL group showed the largest improvement in all these variables (~3.0% for relative , ~1.7% for vBLa2, ~1.5% for vBLa4, ~1.5% for 5‐km running time trial performance). No significant interactions were observed for body mass, absolute , peak heart rate, lactate peak and rating of perceived exertion. Each intervention effectively improved endurance surrogates and performance in well‐trained endurance runners. However, the change from pyramidal to polarized distribution maximized performance improvements, with relative representing the only physiological correlate.
GIScience and neighborhood change: Toward an understanding of processes of change
Authors: Delmelle Elizabeth C. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractProcesses of neighborhood change are the result of the unfolding of events and decisions by multiple actors operating at varying spatial and temporal scales, enabled and constrained upon an unequal urban landscape. The contributions of GIScience toward understanding these processes have evolved from the simple mapping of static, cross‐sectional maps toward an embrace of novel data and methods that enable longitudinal trajectories to be extracted and neighborhood futures to be predicted. In this article, I review these advancements and chart a course forward that considers a future research agenda that is critically cognizant of the potentials and perils of new data sources and method, is representative of the full spectrum of processes operating both visibly and invisibly that give rise to observed neighborhood outcomes, and considers their varying spatial and temporal scales.
Surgical removal of intra‐articular loose bodies from the cervical articular process joints in 5 horses
Authors: Tucker Rachel , Parker Russell A. , Meredith Lauren E. , Hughes Thomas K. , Foote Alastair K. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the surgical removal of intra‐articular loose bodies (LBs) from the cervical articular process joints (APJs) in five horses and to describe the outcome of the surgery.Study designShort case series.AnimalsFive client‐owned horses with naturally occurring LBs within the cervical APJs.MethodsMedical records were reviewed of horses that were diagnosed with LBs of the cervical APJs on computed tomography (CT), where the LBs were subsequently removed surgically. Details of case selection and surgical technique were reviewed along with postoperative complications and clinical outcome. Histopathology was performed on LBs in some cases.ResultsSurgery was performed on six APJs in five horses. Of the 14 LBs identified with CT, 13 were successfully removed from the C4/C5, C5/C6 and C6/C7 articulations. No surgical complications were encountered, and clinical signs of cervical dysfunction improved in all horses. All clinical cases returned to ridden work by 6 months post surgery. Histopathologic examination revealed the removed structures to be osteochondral or chondral loose bodies consisting of cartilaginous proliferation with or without ossification and central necrosis.ConclusionsSurgical removal of LBs is achievable from the cervical APJs and can result in the resolution of cervical pain. This procedure offers a new treatment option for management of selected horses with cervical pain, following thorough assessment and CT imaging.
A Surrogate Model to Predict Production Performance in Digital Twin-Based Smart Manufacturing
Authors: Chua Ping Chong , Moon Seung Ki , Ng Yen Ting , Ng Huey Yuen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
With the dynamic arrival of production orders and unforeseen changes in shop-floor conditions within a production system, production scheduling presents a challenge for manufacturing firms to ensure production demands are met with high productivity and low operating cost. Before a production schedule is generated to process the incoming production orders, production planning is performed. Given the large number of input parameters involved in the production planning, it poses the challenge on how to systematically and accurately predict and evaluate production performance. Hence, it is important to understand the interactions of the input parameters between the production planning and the scheduling. This is to ensure that the production planning and the scheduling are coordinated and can be performed to achieve optimal production performance such as minimizing cost effectively and efficiently. Digital twin presents an opportunity to mirror the real-time production status and analyze the input parameters affecting the production performance in smart manufacturing. In this paper, we propose an approach to develop a surrogate model to predict the production performance using input parameters from a production plan using the capabilities of real-time synchronization of production data in digital twin. Multivariate adaptive regression spline (MARS) is applied to construct a surrogate model based on three categories of input parameters, i.e., current production system load, machine-based and product-based parameters. An industrial case study involving a wafer fabrication production is used to develop the surrogate model based on a random sampling of varying numbers of training data set. The proposed MARS model shows a high correlation coefficient and a large reduction in the number of input parameters for both linear and nonlinear cases with relation to three performances, namely flowtime, tardiness, and machine utilization.
Theoretical Analysis on Nonlinear Buckling, Post-Buckling of Slender Beams and Bi-Stable Mechanisms
Authors: Wu Ke , Zheng Gang 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Compliant mechanisms (CMs) are used to transfer motion, force, and energy, taking advantages of the elastic deformation of the involved compliant members. A branch of special type of elastic phenomenon called (post) buckling has been widely considered in CMs: avoiding buckling for better payload-bearing capacity and utilizing post-buckling to produce multi-stable states. This paper digs into the essence of beam’s buckling and post-buckling behaviors where we start from the famous Euler–Bernoulli beam theory and then extend the mentioned linear theory into geometrically nonlinear one to handle multi-mode buckling problems via introducing the concept of bifurcation theory. Five representative beam buckling cases are studied in this paper, followed by detailed theoretical investigations of their post-buckling behaviors where the multi-state property has been proved. We finally propose a novel type of bi-stable mechanisms termed as pre-buckled bi-stable mechanisms (PBMs) that integrate the features of both rigid and compliant mechanisms. The theoretical insights of PBMs are presented in detail. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first study on the theoretical derivation of the kinematic models of PBMs, which could be an important contribution to this field.
Reliability-Based Analysis and Optimization of the Gravity Balancing Performance of Spring-Articulated Serial Robots With Uncertainties
Authors: Nguyen Vu Linh , Kuo Chin-Hsing , Lin Po Ting 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This article proposes a method for analyzing the gravity balancing reliability of spring-articulated serial robots with uncertainties. Gravity balancing reliability is defined as the probability that the torque reduction ratio (the ratio of the balanced torque to the unbalanced torque) is less than a specified threshold. In this paper, the reliability analysis is performed by exploiting a Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) with consideration of the uncertainties in the link dimensions, masses, and compliance parameters. A reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) method is also developed to seek reliable spring setting parameters for maximized balancing performance under a prescribed uncertainty level. The RBDO is formulated with consideration of a probabilistic reliability constraint and solved by using a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the gravity balancing performance and reliability of a robot with uncertainties. A sensitivity analysis of the balancing design is also performed. Lastly, the effectiveness of the RBDO method is demonstrated through a case study in which the balancing performance and reliability of a robot with uncertainties are improved with the proposed method.
Fundamental Investigation of Effects of Surrounding Conditions on Measurement Uncertainty in Temperature of Surface-Mounted Components by Thermocouples
Authors: Fukue Takashi , Hirasawa Koichi 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This study describes the development of an evaluation method of uncertainty in temperature measurement of surface-mounted components by several types of thermocouples. When thermocouples conduct the temperature measurement of the surface-mounted components, the components’ temperature decreases because the thermocouples dissipate heat like a pin fin. Temperature measurement techniques for miniaturized electrical components are strongly needed to ensure the operation’s guaranteed temperature. In this report, a heat transfer experiment around thermocouples installed on the surface of the PCBs was conducted while changing the type and the mounting angle of thermocouples. Through the temperature measurement, the decrease of the temperature around the thermocouples was confirmed.
Cold Gas Spray of Copper on Aluminum Nitride as Substrate for Power Electronics
Authors: Guerrero Margie , Quintero Pedro , Ozdemir Ozan , Schwartz Tricia 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Ceramic substrates for electronic packaging of high-power applications are growing in demand due to their robustness as power and thermal requirements increase. Aluminum nitride (AlN) has excellent thermal and electrical properties with copper currently being bonded to AlN via a direct bond copper (DBC) technique. However, substrates fabricated by DBC are subjected to thermo-mechanical fatigue during fabrication processes and power cycling. DBC substrate’s reliability is negatively affected by the large mismatch in coefficient of thermal expansion that hinders the possibility of thicker substrates, therefore limiting its use for applications above 20 kV. This work employed cold gas spraying (CGS) to mechanically bond Cu on AlN. CGS is a low-temperature additive manufacturing method that accelerates powder particles at near-supersonic velocities to impact a surface causing plastic deformation and mechanical bonding. On ceramic-metal systems CGS has not been widely studied owing to ceramics’ inability to deform plastically, therefore, surface functionalization was performed to enhance the mechanical interlocking mechanism. A factorial design of experiments (DOE) was used to assess the effect of factors: temperature, pressure, stand-off distance, angle of deposition, and travel speed on various substrate surfaces in the CGS fabrication process. These experiments resulted in a successful deposition of copper on AlN.
Reliability of Electronic Drivers: An Industrial Approach
Authors: Watté P. , van Hees G. , Engelen R. , van Driel W. D. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Reliability of electronic drivers, or systems, is crucial for the business of Signify. We manufacture and sell more than a million drivers per year. Field returns taught us what failure modes are important, but this is not sufficient to provide lifetime claims for our products. Being in this business for almost a century, in order to provide detailed lifetime claims, we have established an internal reliability tool. This tool provides our designers the correct information for flawless driver development. The specially developed Electronics Reliability Tool (ERT) uses on the one hand FIT tables provided by handbooks like e.g., Telcordia and on the other hand also considers wear-out mechanisms due to e.g., lightning strikes. Validation and verification of our predictions is performed by collecting sold quantities, field returns, do extensive failure analysis and compare these values with calculated ones. Each internally designed driver is subjected to an ERT calculation. The forecasted lifetime is used as a yard stick to witness the drivers’ targeted lifetime. In our presentation we will demonstrate the tool. In this paper, we describe details of how ERT calculates failure rates. We will also present the comparison between field performance and calculated values of our electronic drivers.
Thermal and Electrical Co-Optimization of a Multi-Chip Double-Sided Cooled GaN Module
Authors: Carlton Hayden , Hossain Md Maksudul , Ur Rashid Arman , Chen Yuxiang , Mantooth Alan , Imran Asif , Luo Fang , Harris John , Krone Alexis , Huitink David 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The need for high power density electrical converters/inverters dominates the power electronics realm, and wide bandgap semiconducting materials, such as gallium nitride (GaN), provide the enhanced material properties necessary to drive at higher switching speeds than traditional silicon. However, lateral GaN devices introduce packaging difficulties, especially when attempting a double-sided cooled solution. Herein, we describe optimization efforts for a 650V/30A, GaN half-bridge power module with an integrated gate driver and double-sided cooling capability. Two direct bonded copper (DBC) substrates provided the primary means of heat removal from the module. In addition to the novel topology, the team performed electrical/thermal co-design to increase the multi-functionality of module. Since a central PCB comprised the main power loop, the size and geometry of the vias and copper traces was analyzed to determine optimal functionality in terms of parasitic inductance and thermal spreading. Thermally, thicker copper layers and additional vias introduced into the PCB also helped reduce hot spots within the module. Upon fabrication of the module, it underwent electrical characterization to determine switching performance, as well as thermal characterization to experimentally measure the total module’s thermal resistance. The team successfully operated the module at 400 V, 30 A with a power loop parasitic inductance of 0.89 nH; experimental thermal measurements also indicated the module thermal resistance to be 0.43 C/W. The overall utility of the design improved commensurately by introducing simple, yet effective electrical/thermal co-design strategies, which can be applied to future power modules.