bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Datio ob rem and datio ob causam – the purpose of performance in Roman law
Authors: Sobczyk Marek 
Published: December 2021

Summary
This paper deals with one of the most important unjustified enrichment claims in Roman law, the condictio causa data causa non secuta concentrating on the crucial issue of the purpose of performance. In Roman law the purpose of performance was denoted by the term res as a part of datio ob rem (giving for a purpose) or causa as a part of datio ob causam (giving on a basis); however, in the secondary literature there is a dispute over the exact meaning of those terms and their mutual relationship. Some scholars identify res with the counter-performance which was expected from the recipient. Others consider this interpretation of res as too narrow, because datio ob rem was applied not only where the giver expected counter-performance but also when he tried to achieve other goals, including that not associated with the recipient’s behaviour at all. In order to find a solution to that long-lasting dispute the article analyses typical examples of cases described in the sources as datio ob rem or datio ob causam.
Income and Employment Potential for Youth and Women in Tanzania’s Micro, Small and Medium Tourism Enterprises
Authors: Aikaeli Jehovaness 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper looks into the income and employment potential for youth and women in tourism micro, small and medium enterprises (MSME s). The survey data collected from seven regions of Tanzania during September–October 2018 is used. Analyses are focused on two main issues: estimation of determinants of income in tourism MSME s and implications for youth and women employment; and examination of perceived youth employment potential in the tourism industry of Tanzania. Quantile regression approach is applied in estimation of determinants of income; and the ratios of perceived employment potential and constraints to the youth employment are analysed. The findings demonstrate earning as the leading employment incentive and is determined by education of the owners of MSME s, inter alia. Larger proportion of enterprises owned by youth than those owned by elderly people are informal, which has a negative bearing on incomes of youth. Women and youth owned enterprises are constrained in terms of credit access. Policy implications include the need to address the social problem of gender inequality, enhancing requisite skills and knowledge for tourism sector professions, and formalisation and scaling up of credit access for the youth and women.
Coupling of Wind and Potential Temperature in an Ekman Model in the Stratified Atmospheric Boundary Layer
Authors: Ren Shuzhan , Luo Dehai 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A linear Ekman model in the stratified atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is proposed based on the steady-state version of the linearized three-dimensional primitive equations with the inclusion of the vertical diffusivity. Due to the inclusion of the potential temperature equation and hydrostatic equation, pressure and potential temperature couple with wind in the proposed model, and thus are not arbitrarily specified variables as in previous studies on the baroclinicity in the Ekman model. The extended thermal wind balance equation and the Ekman potential vorticity equation are derived to describe the coupling. The two equations, along with the equation describing the constraint on potential temperature, are employed to derive the analytical solutions of the proposed Ekman model. Because potential temperature is not a specified variable but part of the solution, the derived analytical solutions have very different forms from those derived in previous studies. The differences illustrate the impact of the inclusion of the potential temperature equation and hydrostatic equation on wind, pressure, and potential temperature in the proposed Ekman model. It is found that the computed wind profiles based on the proposed model can capture some important features of the observed wind profiles.
Cardioprotective potential of lithium and role of fractalkine in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder
Authors: Chen Pao-Huan , Hsiao Cheng-Yi , Chiang Shuo-Ju , Shen Ruei-Siang , Lin Yen-Kuang , Chung Kuo-Hsuan , Tsai Shang-Ying 
Published: December 2021

Objective: Over a half century, lithium has been used as the first-line medication to treat bipolar disorder. Emerging clinical and laboratory studies suggest that lithium may exhibit cardioprotective effects in addition to neuroprotective actions. Fractalkine (CX3CL1) is a unique chemokine associated with the pathogenesis of mood disorders and cardiovascular diseases. Herein we aimed to ascertain whether lithium treatment is associated with favorable cardiac structure and function in relation to the reduced CX3CL1 among patients with bipolar disorder. Methods: We recruited 100 euthymic patients with bipolar I disorder aged over 20 years to undergo echocardiographic study and measurement of plasma CX3CL1. Associations between lithium treatment, cardiac structure and function and peripheral CX3CL1 were analyzed according to the cardiovascular risk. The high cardiovascular risk was defined as (1) age ⩾ 45 years in men or ⩾ 55 years in women or (2) presence of concurrent cardiometabolic diseases. Results: In the high cardiovascular risk group ( n = 61), patients who received lithium as the maintenance treatment had significantly lower mean values of left ventricular internal diameters at end-diastole (Cohen’s d = 0.65, p = 0.001) and end-systole (Cohen’s d = 0.60, p = 0.004), higher mean values of mitral valve E/A ratio (Cohen’s d = 0.51, p = 0.019) and superior performance of global longitudinal strain (Cohen’s d = 0.51, p = 0.037) than those without lithium treatment. In addition, mean plasma levels of CX3CL1 in the high cardiovascular risk group were significantly lower among patients with lithium therapy compared with those without lithium treatment ( p = 0.029). Multiple regression models showed that the association between lithium treatment and mitral value E/A ratio was contributed by CX3CL1. Conclusion: Data from this largest sample size study of the association between lithium treatment and echocardiographic measures suggest that lithium may protect cardiac structure and function in patients with bipolar disorder. Reduction of CX3CL1 may mediate the cardioprotective effects of lithium.
Associations between seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori and ABO/rhesus blood group antigens in healthy blood donors in southwest Iran
Authors: Khosravi Azar Dokht , Sirous Mehrandokht , Saki Morteza , Seyed-Mohammadi Sakineh , Modares Mousavi Seyed Reza , Veisi Hojat , Abbasinezhad Poor Asma 
Published: December 2021

Objective To investigate correlations between ABO/rhesus (Rh) blood group antigens and anti- Helicobacter pylori and anti-cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) seropositivity in blood donors. Methods A total of 311 blood donors were enrolled. ABO and Rh blood groups were determined using hemagglutination tests. Specific anti- H. pylori IgG and anti-CagA IgG antibodies in sera were quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Correlations between blood groups and anti- H. pylori and anti-CagA seropositivity were evaluated using the Chi-square test. Results O+ was the most frequent blood type (38%, n = 118). Anti- H. pylori IgG seropositivity was observed in 240 (77.2%) blood donors, while anti-CagA IgG seropositivity was observed in 132 (42.5%) blood donors. Although seropositivity rates for both anti- H. pylori and anti-CagA IgG were higher in individuals with blood type O, no statistically significant associations were observed between seropositivity and any ABO/Rh blood groups. Conclusion Individuals with blood type O may have higher rates of H. pylori seropositivity.
A conceptual beachhead: “Beaches and dunes of human-altered coasts” by Karl F. Nordstrom (1994)
Authors: Lazarus Eli D 
Published: December 2021

Approaching 30 years since its publication in Progress in Physical Geography, Nordstrom’s work from 1994 reads like an uncannily current synopsis of grand challenges in interdisciplinary coastal science. The article is a playbook of testable hypotheses for emerging and future empirical coastal research.
Cutaneous allodynia in pediatric and adolescent patients and their mothers: A comparative study
Authors: Raibin Karine , Markus Tal Eidlitz 
Published: December 2021

Background Allodynia in adults with migraine is related to disease duration. In pediatric patients with migraine, the same proportion reported allodynia in the first six months of migraine presentation as in prolonged disease. This study examined a possible association between migraine pediatric allodynia and maternal allodynia. Methods We interviewed children with migraine first, and then their mothers, regarding allodynia and headache symptoms. We reviewed hospital charts on pediatric medical background and headache symptoms. Mothers and children older than 11 years filled the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Results Ninety-eight children with migraine, mean age 13.49 ± 3.1 years, and their mothers, mean age 43.5 ± 6.2 years were recruited to the study. Pediatric allodynia was associated with maternal allodynia; the latter was reported in 82.8% of children with allodynia versus 35.3% of children without allodynia (p < 0.001). Maternal migraine was reported in 44 (68.7%) of children with allodynia versus 16.3% without allodynia, p < 0.001. No difference was found in Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire scores, between children with and without allodynia. Conclusions Pediatric allodynia is associated with maternal migraine. Genetic and environmental factors such as maternal behavior may contribute to reduced pain threshold.
Effect of glass fibers length on the properties of polytetrafluoroethylene composites reinforced by glass fibers and graphite: Experimental and simulation study
Authors: Gao Lei , Xiao Wei , Ji Xin 
Published: December 2021

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-based matrix composites filled with glass fibers (GF) and graphite (GR) were prepared by an internal mixer and molded using a compression mold to produce test samples. The objective was to study the mechanical and tribological properties of PTFE composites filled with different lengths of GF. The fillers of GR and GF were 5 and 15 wt.%, respectively, with the lengths of the GF of 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35-μm in the work. The mechanical performance tests and tribological tests were carried out under the same conditions. The experimental results revealed that the mechanical properties and tribological properties of the PTFE composites filled with GF and GR were associated with the lengths of GF. When the length of GF increased from 15 to 20 μm, GF could be homogeneously dispersed in the PTFE-based matrix composites and the tensile strength reached the maximum value of 21.68 MPa. Also, with 20-μm long GF, the composites exhibited the lowest coefficient of friction values and wear rates compared to PTFE with GF of the other lengths. The changes in frictional heat generation and frictional force of the composites during sliding friction were simulated using the finite element method. The theoretical simulation results matched with the experimental values, which proved the accuracy of the theoretical simulations.
Correlation of Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio with Expression of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Within Stroke Emboli
Authors: Larco Jorge Arturo , Abbasi Mehdi , Madhani Sarosh Irfan , Mereuta Madalina Oana , Liu Yang , Dai Daying , Kadirvel Ramanathan , Savastano Luis , Kallmes David F. , Brinjikji Waleed 
Published: December 2021

Background & Purpose It has been hypothesized that circulating neutrophils have a direct correlation with the composition of emboli in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in peripheral blood and the expression of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) within stroke emboli. Methods Consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to large vessel occlusion (LVO) that underwent mechanical thrombectomy (MT) were included. Patients were divided into two groups based on NLR median value. Retrieved thrombi were histologically analyzed using Martius Scarlett Blue (MSB) for main thrombus components including red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), fibrin and platelet. Immunohistochemistry staining for von Willebrand Factor (vWF) and anti-citrullinated H3 (H3Cit; NETs marker) was also performed. Results Samples from a total of 84 patients were included. The average percentage of RBCs, WBCs, fibrin, platelet, H3Cit, and vWF components in thrombi were 45.1%, 3.5%, 21.8%, 29.6%, 19.7% and 14.8% respectively. When stratifying by NLR group [low (≤3.94) versus high (>3.95)], high NLR group had significantly more WBCs (4.5%), fibrin (24.2%), H3Cit (22.7%) and vWF (17.1%) thrombus fractions compared to low NLR group. Additionally, RBC content (38.8%) was lower in the high NLR group. Conclusions NLR is correlated with the amounts of WBCs, fibrin, NETs and vWF within the thrombi retrieved from AIS patients due to LVO.
A long-term survival rat model of spinal cord ischemia injury: Thoracic aortic occlusion combined with aortic bypass circulation
Authors: Yin Cheng-yong , Fei Jun-jie , Duan Yu-yin , Yang Ke , Li Xin , Wu Zhong-cheng , Huang Ying-Shan , Guo Yi 
Published: December 2021

Objective This study aims to investigate the methods for rat spinal cord ischemia injury models with a high long-term survival rate. Methods The rats were divided into three groups: the treatment group, the control group, and the sham operation group. The treatment group had a blocked thoracic aorta (landing zone 3 by Ishimaru – T11) + aortic bypass circulation for 20 min. In the control group, the thoracic aorta at the landing zone 3 was blocked for 20 min. In the sham operation group, only thoracotomy without thoracic aortic occlusion was performed. The mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) of the thoracic aorta and caudal artery before and after thoracic aortic occlusion was monitored intraoperatively. Spinal cord function was monitored by a transcranial motor evoked potential (Tc-MEP) during the operation. Spinal cord function was evaluated by the BBB scale (Basso, Beattie, & Bresnahan locomotor rating scale) scores at multiple postoperative time points. The spinal cord sections of the rats were observed for 7 days after surgery, and the survival curves were analyzed for 28 days after surgery. Results After aortic occlusion, the MABP of thoracic aorta decreased to 6% of that before occlusion, and the MABP of caudal artery decreased to 63% of that before occlusion in the treatment group. In the control group, the MABP of both thoracic aorta and caudal artery decreased to 19% of that before occlusion. The Tc-MEP waveform of the treatment group disappeared after 6 min, and that of the control group disappeared after 8 min until the end of surgery. There was no change in the Tc-MEP waveform in the sham operation group. The BBB score of the treatment group decreased more obviously than the control group, and there was a significant difference. There was no decrease in the sham group. Spinal cord sections showed a large number of degeneration and necrosis of neurons, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and proliferation of surrounding glial cells in the treatment group. In the control group, multiple neurons were necrotic. The histology of the sham operation group was normal. The 28-day survival rate of the treatment group was 73.3%, which was higher than the control group (40.0%), and there was a significant difference ( p < 0.05). Conclusion Thoracic aortic occlusion combined with aortic bypass is an effective modeling method for rats with accurate modeling effects and high long-term survival rates.
Factors associated with the elasticity of asymptomatic carotid plaques in hypertension Tibetan population
Authors: Liu Guyue , Xu Qing , Sun Min , Xiao Rong 
Published: December 2021

Aims Hypertension is a major risk factor for coronary, cerebrovascular, and the greatest cause of stroke. Half of stroke events are the result of cerebrovascular atherosclerosis, including carotid plaques. It is of major importance to detect which plaques are vulnerable, even though not yet ruptured. Due to the particularity of the Tibetan population, this study evaluated the elasticity of asymptomatic carotid plaques in Tibetan hypertension patients using shear wave elastography (SWE) and explored associated risk factors. Methods A total of 91 Tibetan patients were divided into normotension, grade 1-2, and grade 3 hypertension groups based on the level of blood pressure. All subjects underwent common duplex ultrasonic examination and SWE evaluation for carotid plaques. Elasticity of carotid plaque was assessed by Young’s modulus. Results The final analysis included 126 plaques as representative plaques according to Total Plaque Risk Score. The mean and maximum Young’s modulus in the grade 3 hypertension group were smaller, and more plaques with irregularity surface compared with the other two groups ( p < 0.05). Multivariate regression analysis showed drinking butter tea (β = −0.220, p = 0.009; β = −0.240, p = 0.004, respectively) was the independent factor associated with mean and maximum Young’s modulus. Conclusions SWE is feasible for measurement of Young’s modulus of carotid plaques. Plaques in the grade 3 hypertension group were more likely to become vulnerable ones. In hypertension Tibetan patients, drinking butter tea was an independent factor associated with mean and maximum Young’s modulus of asymptomatic carotid plaque.
Metabolic syndrome is associated with prostate enlargement: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression on patients with lower urinary tract symptom factors
Authors: Omran Asma , Leca Bianca M. , Oštarijaš Eduard , Graham Natasha , Da Silva Ana Sofia , Zaïr Zoulikha M. , Miras Alexander D. , le Roux Carel W. , Vincent Royce P. , Cardozo Linda , Dimitriadis Georgios K. 
Published: December 2021

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined by at least three of the following five criteria: blood pressure ⩾130/85 mmHg, fasting blood glucose ⩾5.6 mmol/l, triglycerides concentration ⩾1.7 mmol/l, waist circumference ⩾102 cm (for men), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration <1.03 mmol/l (for men). MetS has been associated with worse lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and higher International Prostate Symptom questionnaire scores. Materials and Methods: MEDLINE, Cochrane, ClinicalTrials.gov, and SCOPUS were critically appraised for all peer-reviewed manuscripts that suitably fulfilled our protocol’s inclusion criteria established a priori. Meta-analytical and meta-regression calculations were performed in R using the Sidik–Jonkman and Hartung–Knapp random effects model and predefined covariates. Results: A total of 70 studies ( n = 90,206) were included in qualitative synthesis. From these, 60 studies focused on MetS and LUTS: 44 reported positive correlations, 5 reported negative correlations, 11 reported no association, and 10 studies focused on MetS and total prostate volume (TPV). MetS positively correlated with moderate LUTS [odds ratio (OR)  = 1.56, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.35–1.80], severe LUTS (OR = 2.35, 95% CI = 1.82–3.03), overactive bladder (OAB; OR = 3.2, 95% CI = 1.6–5.8), and nocturia severity (OR = 2.509, 95% CI = 1.571–4.007) at multivariate analysis. A total of 30 studies ( n = 22,206) were included in meta-analysis; MetS was significantly associated with higher TPV (mean differences = 4.4450 ml, 95% CI = 2.0177–6.8723), but no significant predictive factors for effect sizes were discovered. Conclusion: Our meta-analysis demonstrates a significant association between the aggravating effects of MetS, which commonly coexists with obesity and benign prostate enlargement.
Health chatbots acceptability moderated by perceived stigma and severity: A cross-sectional survey
Authors: Miles Oliver , West Robert , Nadarzynski Tom 
Published: December 2021

Background Chatbots and virtual voice assistants are increasingly common in primary care without sufficient evidence for their feasibility and effectiveness. We aimed to assess how perceived stigma and severity of various health issues are associated with the acceptability for three sources of health information and consultation: an automated chatbot, a General Practitioner (GP), or a combination of both. Methods Between May and June 2019, we conducted an online study, advertised via Facebook, for UK citizens. It was a factorial simulation experiment with three within-subject factors (perceived health issue stigma, severity, and consultation source) and six between-subject covariates. Acceptability rating for each consultation source was the dependant variable. A single mixed-model ANOVA was performed. Results Amongst 237 participants (65% aged over 45 years old, 73% women), GP consultations were seen as most acceptable, followed by GP-chatbot service. Chatbots were seen least acceptable as a consultation source for severe health issues, while the acceptability was significantly higher for stigmatised health issues. No associations between participants’ characteristics and acceptability were found. Conclusions Although healthcare professionals are perceived as the most desired sources of health information, chatbots may be useful for sensitive health issues in which disclosure of personal information is challenging. However, chatbots are less acceptable for health issues of higher severity and should not be recommended for use within that context. Policymakers and digital service designers need to recognise the limitations of health chatbots. Future research should establish a set of health topics most suitable for chatbot-led interventions and primary healthcare services.