bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Certificación energética de un edificio de oficinas
Authors: Castro-Fernández Miguel , Vilaragut Llanes Miriam , Oloroun-Shola Bissiriou Aziz 
Published: December 2021

La certificación energética se presenta como una herramienta de gran utilidad al ofrecer información sobre la eficiencia energética, los consumos energéticos asociados y las emisiones de CO2 que dichos consumos generan, por lo que buscar oportunidades de ahorro de energía eléctrica en edificaciones mediante la certificación energética, se presenta como una oportunidad que en Cuba no ha sido explotada aún. En este trabajo se desarrolla un estudio sobre la aplicación del procedimiento que se aplica en la Comunidad Europea para certificar las edificaciones ya construidas, y se proponen un grupo de medidas de eficiencia energética y el posible de uso de Fuentes Renovables de Energía en el edificio bajo estudio, con el objetivo de elevar la certificación inicial otorgada. Para ello se aplica el software CE3X, el cual permite evaluar los indicadores de consumo energético y la cantidad de emisiones de CO2, asociadas a dicho consumo, que se libera a la atmosfera. Como conclusión se obtiene que el edificio presenta un alto consumo de energía, siendo un elemento fundamental el consumo que tiene en el sistema de climatización. Este problema permitió plantear propuestas detalladas obteniendo como resultado un ahorro de energía anual del 43% y del 52% de las emisiones globales de CO2. Las medidas propuestas para lograr los anteriores se justifican económicamente por los valores del Valor Actual Neto (VAN) calculado, a partir de una inversión total para satisfacer las mejoras escogidas de 36 300,00 €, estimándose que en 8 años toda la inversión habrá sido recuperada.
Desenvolvimento de algoritmos de inteligência artificial para detecção de defeitos em para-raios a partir
Authors: Cesarino da Nóbrega Samuel , Bezerra Vilar Pablo , Soares de Lira George Rossany 
Published: December 2021

Os principais defeitos em para-raios estão comumente associados a elevações de corrente e, por isso, ao aquecimento por efeito Joule. Assim, a termovisão nestes equipamentos é uma técnica adequada para a detecção de defeitos. Porém, tal uso da termovisão depende de um operador experiente para interpretar os resultados obtidos, sujeitando o processo a erros de interpretação. Diante disso, este trabalho tem como objetivo aplicar técnicas de Inteligência Artificial na classificação de imagens térmicas de para-raios como forma de tornar o processo mais confiável. Foram desenvolvidos algoritmos de inteligência artificial baseados em técnicas de Redes Neurais Artificiais e deep learning, tendo em vista que muitos autores obtiveram sucesso na utilização destes métodos no diagnóstico de falhas em outros equipamentos do sistema elétrico de potência. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as redes neurais desenvolvidas pelo método backpropagation apresentaram uma boa eficiência ao classificar imagens de para-raios e que não há necessidade de segmentar o para-raios da imagem termográfica para realizar a classificação.
TO DISCLOSE A LESS GENERIC PRONOUN: ADDRESSING NON-BINARY "THEY"
Authors: Nabila Izzatia , Setiawan Slamet , Widyastuti Widyastuti 
Published: December 2021

Since the 13th century singular they have been used freely to account to the lack of gender-fair pronoun in the English language. Singular they that is normally employed as a pronominal non-possessive indefinite singular pronoun, in contrast to an expression on he/she generic. This study aims to provide a linear timeline that accounts to the usage of singular they from 13th century to date. Discerns through the scope of Diachronic studies. This study offers an analysis of context with diachronic relevance. The study uses argumentative cross-examination methods, by combing previous findings conducted by researchers who had undertook and attempted to write under similar theme .The results of this study show periodical changes from 13th century to the next, implying that sociocultural changes may be reflected in linguistic changes. The article postulates some that can be interpreted as lenient acceptance for the application of singular they. This study concludes despite the constant rejection singular they are a proper substitute for the gender-neutral pronoun in the English language due to two major advantages for singular they could afford neutrality and naturalness element in comparison to neologism.
Documentos pintados y promoción social
Authors: Suárez Arévalo Jesús 
Published: December 2021

En el Antiguo Régimen era relativamente frecuente que en los documentos que servían como prueba irrefutable del disfrute de mercedes y privilegios se pintaran miniaturas para realzar su importancia simbólica en los momentos en que fuera necesaria su exhibición pública en caso de que se cuestionasen esos derechos adquiridos.
En este trabajo vamos a estudiar algunos ejemplos de la familia Bernuy correspondientes al siglo XVI, cuando se inicia su largo camino hasta la nobleza, y la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII, cuando tiene lugar su culminación.
Implementing Cognitive Procurement and its Influence on Supply Chain During the Era of Digital Transformation in Oil and Gas Industry 4.0
Authors: Kannankutty Manoj , Manoj Menon Aditya 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The digital transformation is key for every oil and gas organization to implement its fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0). Digital transformation in procurement uses artificial intelligence, big data, market intelligence, etc. to create self-learning systems; for the procurement of goods and services. This is also known as cognitive procurement or procurement 4.0.
The objective of this paper is to examine the methods of implementing cognitive procurement, the impact it creates in the procurement life cycle, and in the supply chain.
The paper also provides insight into three governance models of human-machine interaction that is implemented in stages based on procurement requirement and technology adoption maturity of the organization.Human-in-the-loop modelHuman on-the-loop modelHuman out-of-loop model
The data for this study is obtained by preparing a list of relevant questions from multiple sources. An online survey questionnaire is sent to the procurement professionals in different organizations in the oil and gas industry. The questions reveal procurement expert's responses for:Potential challenges for the digital transformation in procurement and supply chain.Methods of enabling technologies to leverage procurement procedures and processes.
The results and the observations of the study are used to measure the benefits of implementing cognitive procurement in the oil and gas industry 4.0. The new transformed roles of procurement for industry 4.0 are also discussed in the conclusion, which includes:Daily activitiesProcurement decision-making activitiesStrategic SourcingProcurement to drive organizational profitability, effectiveness and efficiency
The paper will benefit oil and gas organizations that are planning to implement cognitive procurement as part of the digital transformation. The paper will also benefit any parties interested in understanding more about cognitive procurement.
Applied Artificial Intelligence in the Subsurface
Authors: Dykstra Mason , Lasscock Ben 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this paper we present an example of improved approaches for how to interact with data and leverage artificial intelligence for the subsurface. Currently, subsurface workflows typically rely on a lot of time-consuming manual input and analysis, but the promise of artificial intelligence is that, once properly trained, an AI can take care of the more routine tasks, leaving the domain expert free to work on more complex and creative parts of the job.
Artificial intelligence work on subsurface datasets in recent years has typically taken the form of research and proof of concept type work, with a lot of one-off solutions showing up in the literature using new and innovative ideas (e.g. Hussein et al, 2021; Misra et al, 2019). Oftentimes this work requires a good degree of data science knowledge and programming skills on the part of the scientist, putting many of the approaches outlined in these and a multitude of other papers out of reach for many subsurface experts in the Oil and Gas industry. In order for Artificial Intelligence to become applied as part of regular workflows in the subsurface, the industry needs tools built to help subsurface experts access AI techniques in a more practical, targeted way.
We present herein a practical guide to help in developing applied artificial Intelligence tools to roll out within your organization or to the industry more broadly.
Integrating Rock Typing Methods Including Empirical, Deterministic, Statistical, Probabilistic, Predictive Techniques and New Applications for Practical Reservoir Characterization
Authors: Gunter Gary William William , Sahar Mohamed Yacine Yacine , Allen David F. , Viro Eduardo Jose , Negabahn Shahin , Watfa Mohamed 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper discusses integrating common methods and applications for "Rock Typing" (also known as Petrophysical Rock Typing-PRT) including empirical, deterministic, statistical, probalistic and automatic/predictive approaches. Many industry asset teams apply one or more of these methods when creating static reservoir models, using dynamic reservoir simulations, completing petrophysical studies for saturation height models and determining reservoir volumetrics as part of reservoir characterization studies.
Our intention is to provide guidance and important information on how and when to use the various methods, so people can make an informed selection. This discussion is important as many disciplines apply these PRT techniques without understanding the pros, cons and limitations of the different methods. An important tool is comparing PRT results from multiple methods.
The topics and workflows that are covered focus on various PRT techniques and workflows. We will use case-studies to illustrate the key features and make important comparisons. Key results include comparing pros and cons, how to use and combine multiple PRT techniques and verify results.
This paper includes these techniques and workflows;MICP, core analysis and pore throat calibration.Core-Log Integration focused on PRT analysis.Winland, Pittman, Aguilera and Hartmann et.al Gameboard methods.K-Phi ratio, Flow Zone Indicators and Rock Quality Index methods.Classic, Modified and Stratigraphic Lorenz methods.IPSOM and HRA Probabilistic methods.Case Study – Super Plot and Advanced Automatic PRT Method.Special Topics – Carbonate Methods, NMR and Single Well Vertical Line.
Practical approaches based on case studies show how PRT analysis can be applied in mature fields to identify by-passed hydrocarbon zones and zones that have a high probability of producing water using open hole, cased hole and production logs. Traditional Rock Typing (PRT) analysis can be applied as a single well technique or as a multi-well method so operations teams can identify additional business opportunities (remedial workovers, infill drilling locations or exploitation targets) and compare reservoir performance with intrinsic rock properties.
New applications and additional topics cover single, multiple well approaches and new emerging PRT techniques (including NMR well logs and machine learning). We recommend how to merge classic facies with PRT analysis for 3-D applications including populating a 3D volume.
Hard Backreaming Due to Hole Shrinkage Through Carbonate Reservoir in Offshore Abu Dhabi
Authors: Tsusaka Kimikazu , Fuji Tatsuya , Toma Motohiro , Fukuda Kengo , Shaver Michael Alexander , Yudhia Denya Pratama , Ogasawara Hiroyasu , Al Ali Salim Abdalla , Toki Takahiro , Couzigou Erwan , Matsubuchi Hitoshi 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The 3,000 ft long lateral holes drilled through water-injected area in the carbonate reservoir in the offshore Abu Dhabi have been forced to implement hard backreaming. The abnormal extra operational time has been taken due to poor performance in the operation to pull out a bottomhole assembly after drilling to the total depth. The study aims to analyze root-causes of the hard backreaming through the carbonate reservoir in the studied field. The speed of tripping-out was analyzed every stand of drill pipe by using time domain data of movement of traveling block. The correlations between the speed of tripping-out and rock characteristics such as porosity and constituent minerals in rocks were investigated. Hole shape was analyzed in the representative intervals of low trip-out speed using 16-sector caliper derived from azimuthal density logging. Stress concentration around the borehole wall was also analyzed using geomechanical model. The investigation revealed that hole shrinkage due to plastic deformation of the borehole wall was the most possible root-cause of the hard backreaming in the carbonate reservoir. Namely, BHA had to ream up deformed borehole wall in tripping-out. From the viewpoint of rock characteristics, the speed of tripping-out was found to be lower in the specific geologic layers with higher content of dolomite. This is because dolomite rocks cause larger resistance in reaming it in tripping-out since the strength of dolomite rocks is larger than that of limestone. Based on our findings, use of reamers on bit is found to be the better solution to improve the tripping-out performance in the problematic geologic layers instead of conventional operational attempts such as spotting of acid and use of high viscous fluids in hole cleaning. In addition, optimization of the design and position of reamers and stabilizers is essential to succeed in the future 10,000 ft long extended-reach wells in the studied oil field.
Autonomous Outflow Control Technology AOCD in New Water/Polymer Injectors in Heavy Oil Fields from South Sultanate of Oman
Authors: Al Harrasi Ameera , Maskari Muna , Urdaneta Gerardo , Al-Jumah Ali , Badi Salim , Busaidi Iman , Harthy Khalfan , Abazeed Osama , Moradi Mojtaba 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Several techniques have been applied to improve fluid conformance of injection wells to increase water flooding performance and eventually field oil recovery. Normal outflow control devices (OCDs) are effective solutions for this problem in reservoirs with static properties, however, they fail in reservoirs with complex/dynamic properties including fractures. There, the continuously increasing contrast in the injectivity of a section with the fractures compared to the rest of the well causes diverting a great portion of the injected fluid into the thief zone thus creating short-circuit to the nearby producer wells.
This paper summarizes the integrated technical learnings from the successful application of the installation of the first Autonomous Outflow Control (AOCD) technology in a new long horizontal injector well. It shows the result of extending this technology to other injectors in both water and polymer phases in the field, it details the facts and observations and the insights the multidisciplinary authors have captured.
This autonomously reactive control on the injection fluid conformance resulted in an increased sweep and ultimate oil recovery while reducing the total volume of injected fluid.
Morphological Adaptation for Speed Control of Pipeline Inspection Gauges MC-PIG
Authors: Phodapol Sujet , Suthisomboon Tachadol , Kosanunt Pong , Vongasemjit Ravipas , Janbanjong Petch , Manoonpong Poramate 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Passive and active hybrid pipeline inspection gauges (PIGs) have been used for in-pipe inspection. While a passive PIG cannot control its speed, the hybrid version can achieve this by using an integrated valve specifically designed and embedded in the PIG. This study proposes a generic new method for speed adaptation in PIGs (called MC-PIG) by introducing a generic, modular, controllable, external valve unit add-on for attaching to existing conventional (passive) PIGs with minimal change. The MC-PIG method is based on the principle of morphological computation with closed-loop control. It is achieved by regulating/computing the PIG's morphology (i.e., a modular rotary valve unit add-on) to control bypass flow. Adjustment of the valve angle can affect the flow rate passing through the PIG, resulting in speed regulation ability. We use numerical simulation with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to investigate and analyze the speed of a simulated PIG with the valve unit adjusted by proportional-integral (PI) control under various in-pipe pressure conditions. Our simulation experiments are performed under different operating conditions in three pipe sizes (16″, 18″, and 22″ in diameter) to manifest the speed adaptation of the PIG with the modular valve unit add-on and PI control. Our results show that the PIG can effectively perform real-time adaptation (i.e., adjusting its valve angle) to maintain the desired speed. The valve design can be adjusted from 5 degrees (closed valve, resulting in high moving speed) to a maximum of 45 degrees (fully open valve, resulting in low moving speed). The speed of the PIG can be regulated from 0.59 m/s to 3.88 m/s in a 16″ pipe at 4.38 m/s (in-pipe fluid velocity), 2500 kPa (operating pressure), and 62 °C (operating temperature). Finally, the MC-PIG method is validated using a 3D-printed prototype in a 6″ pipe. Through the investigation, we observed that two factors influence speed adaptation; the pressure drop coefficient and friction of the PIG and pipeline. In conclusion, the results from the simulation and prototype show close characteristics with an acceptable error.
A Review of Downhole Wireless Technologies and Improvements
Authors: Bouldin Brett , AlShmakhy Ahmed , Bazuhair Ahmed Khaled , Alzaabi Muzoon Hasan , Fellinghaug Jarl André 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDownhole wireless communication in the form of mud pulse telemetry enabled directional drilling over the past 60 years and has been hugely successful. Technologies like Measurement While Drilling (MWD), Logging While Drilling (LWD), and Geosteering would simply not exist without it. But in the Production and Producing end of the business, applications for downhole wireless communication have been less clear, especially where long distances and long-term monitoring are concerned. Several wireless technologies are in use today for long-term production applications. Electromagnetic (EM), acoustic, and pressure pulse telemetries are finding application as wireless production gauges, drill stem test tools, and drilling alternatives to pressure pulse. But the large-scale vision of, "Breaking the Wire!" in production wells has not yet occurred. Permanent Downhole Gauges (PDG) with an umbilical to surface are still the product of choice for long-term production monitoring. A history of wireless approaches in production applications will be given and the different methods used in the industry will be explained. A comparison and contrast of wireless telemetry methods will be explored, explained, and evaluated. Advantages and disadvantages will be listed for each approach. A ranking system will be employed to illustrate the evaluation results of the different wireless telemetry methods. New variants for wireless telemetry, power supplies, and measurement methods will be proposed. Preferred applications for each gauge type will be given. Downhole gauges can be improved by integrating pressure pulse, a downhole power generator, and downhole flow rate measurement into a single unit. The overall size can be ten times shorter than existing systems while still generating a larger wireless signal. Such a system would make wireless downhole gauges much more practical and should significantly increase their uptake in the industry. Real-time measurement of downhole pressure and downhole flow rate transforms the accuracy and effectiveness of Pressure Transient Analysis (PTA). Better reservoir understanding can be gained by using only drawdown tests, without shutting in the well. Smaller tools are generally more cost effective.
Extending FMC Based Ultrasonic Imaging Practices to Smaller Wall Thickness
Authors: Pörtzgen Niels , Solem Ola Bachke 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
During the construction of pipelines for the transportation of oil and gas, the inspection of girth welds is a critical step to ensure the integrity and thereby the safety and durability of the pipeline. In this paper we present an advanced technology ‘IWEX’ for the non-destructive testing of welds based on 2D and 3D ultrasonic imaging. This technology allows for safe, fast, and accurate inspection whereby the results are presented comprehensively. This will be illustrated with results from a recent project.
The IWEX technology is based on an ultrasonic inspection concept, whereby ‘fingerprints’ of ultrasonic signals are recorded, also referred to as ‘full matrix capture’ (FMC) data. Then, an image area is defined, consisting out of pixels over an area large enough to cover the inspection volume. With the FMC data, image amplitudes are calculated for each pixel so that the shape of geometry (back wall, front wall, cap, and root) and possible indications are revealed. As opposed to traditional ultrasonic testing strategies, the detection and sizing of indications is therefore less dependent on its orientation.
The project concerned the inspection of J and V welds from a 5.56″ diameter carbon steel pipe with an 8.4mm wall thickness. The wall thickness is relatively thin compared to common inspection scopes. Therefore, the inspection set-up was adapted, and procedural changes were proposed. Consequently, additional validation efforts were required to demonstrate compliance with the required inspection standard; DNVGL-ST-F101: 2017. As part of this, welds were scanned with seeded indications and the reported locations were marked for macro slicing under witnessing of an independent representative from DNVGL.
The resulting images from the indications in the welds showed great detail with respect to the position, orientation and height of the indications. A quantitative comparison with the results from the macro slices was performed, including a statistical analysis of the height sizing and depth positioning accuracies. From the analysis, it could be observed that the expected improvements with respect to the resolution and sizing accuracy were indeed achieved. Thereby, the procedure has proven to be adequate for the inspection of carbon steel girth welds within the thin wall thickness range (~6mm to ~15mm).
The IWEX technology is a member of the upcoming inspection strategy based on imaging of ultrasonic FMC data. This strategy can be considered as the next step in the evolution of inspection strategies after phased array inspection. The IWEX technology has been witnessed and qualified by independent 3rd parties like DNVGL, this makes the IWEX technology unique in its kind and it opens opportunities for further acceptance in the industry and other inspection applications.