bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A retrospective analysis of 512 cases of breast fine needle aspiration cytology utilizing the recently proposed IAC Yokohama system for reporting breast cytopathology
Authors: Dixit Nutan , Trivedi Shalini , Bansal Vikas Kumar 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundRecently the International Academy of Cytology (IAC) introduced a new reporting system for breast fine‐needle aspiration cytology that classifies cytologic diagnoses into five‐categories: (I) insufficient material, (II) benign, (III) atypical, (IV) suspicious of malignancy, and (V) malignant. The current study was undertaken to categorize the breast lesions utilizing the newly proposed IAC Yokohama classification system and evaluate the risk of malignancy (ROM) for respective categories and the diagnostic yield of this technique.MethodsAll FNAs of breast lesions over 2.5 years were categorized retrospectively using the newly proposed IAC Yokohama reporting system. The ROM was calculated along with sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, diagnostic accuracy, false positive, and false‐negative rate using the histological diagnosis as the gold standard.ResultsThe 512 cases were distributed as follows: Category I (insufficient material) 7.4%, Category II (benign) 74%, Category III (atypical) 5.7%, Category IV(suspicious) 1.4%, and Category V (malignant) 11.5%. Histopathological correlation was available in 285 (55.7%) cases. The respective ROM calculated was 33.3%, 0.5%, 13.3%, 83.3%, and 100% for Category I‐V. The Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive and Negative Predictive Value, and Diagnostic accuracy were 95%, 99.5%, 98.27%, 98.6, and 98.5% respectively.ConclusionsDespite previous attempts to establish a standardized diagnostic terminology, there has been a lack of a single internationally approved standardized reporting system allowing substantial diagnostic clarity and incorporating distinct diagnostic categories, each linked with a specific ROM and recommended management. This System also provides enhanced communication between pathologists and attending clinicians for the benefit of the patient.
Experimentally measured group direct benefits according to worker density explain group living of the termiteReticulitermes chinensis
Authors: Bai Zhuangdong , Liu Yibin , Sillam‐Dussès David , Wang Rui‐Wu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe evolution of cooperation requires more benefits of group living than solitary lifestyle. However, to some degree, our understanding about the benefits is hindered by abstract debates over theoretical and experimental evidences of individual selection or group selection because it is difficult to examine the actual benefits at the group level. Moreover, group density is a crucial ecological factor which deeply affects group reproduction and survival, few studies have been performed in social insects. Here, we study the effects of worker density on group direct benefits in the termite speciesReticulitermes chinensis. The termiteR.chinensisis an ideal model which lives with a high worker density in wood. We used the quantity of eggs and the total biomass (biomass of all group members) accumulation as two components of group benefits. We investigated the group benefits in the context of worker density according to eleven worker densities, and we measured the group benefits and the resource consumption with the same group members in two types of artificial nest areas. Moreover, we counted the stomodeal trophallaxis occurrences from any workers to queens under three worker densities to explore the degree of cooperation according to worker density. We found that both the number of eggs and the total biomass accumulation significantly increased with increasing worker density in groups. Furthermore, the consumption of resources was similar between groups with the same number of individuals gathered in small or large nest areas, but the production of eggs and the biomass accumulation were higher in groups of small nest areas than in large nest areas. Additionally, we found the stomodeal trophallaxis behavior significantly increased in higher worker density groups. Our results suggest that the group benefits influenced by the high worker density may at least partially explain the group living of eusocial insects in ecology.
Burrow characteristics and ecological significance of Marmota himalayana in the northeastern Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Wang Shu‐Lin , Hou Fu‐Jiang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBurrows provide burrowing animals with a place to hibernate, reproduce, and avoid predators and harsh weather conditions and thus have a vital impact on their survival. However, the general physical characteristics and ecological functions of Marmota himalayana burrows as well as whether there are differences in burrow traits under different terrains (e.g., sunny slopes, shady slopes, and flat areas) are not well understood. From July to August 2019 (warm season), we used unmanned aerial vehicles to fly at low altitudes and slow speeds to locate 131 M. himalayana burrows (45 on shaded slopes, 51 on sunny slopes, and 35 on flat areas) in the northeastern Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau region. We then measured the physical characteristics (burrow density, entrance size, first tunnel length, volume, orientation, and plant characteristics near the burrow entrance) of these burrows on site. We found that terrain had a substantial influence on burrow density, orientation, and entrance size and on the angle of the burrow entrance; species richness had a substantial impact on path density and tunnel volume. The physical parameters of the M. himalayana burrows showed that they function to protect the marmots from natural enemies and bad weather, provide good drainage, and maintain a stable microclimate around the entrance. We discuss the ability of burrowing animals (e.g., M. himalayana) to adapt to the external environment based on their burrow characteristics.
A long postreproductive life span is a shared trait among genetically distinct killer whale populations
Authors: Nielsen Mia Lybkær Kronborg , Ellis Samuel , Towers Jared R. , Doniol‐Valcroze Thomas , Franks Daniel W. , Cant Michael A. , Weiss Michael N. , Johnstone Rufus A. , Balcomb Kenneth C. , Ellifrit David K. , Croft Darren P. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe extended female postreproductive life span found in humans and some toothed whales remains an evolutionary puzzle. Theory predicts demographic patterns resulting in increased female relatedness with age (kinship dynamics) can select for a prolonged postreproductive life span due to the combined costs of intergenerational reproductive conflict and benefits of late‐life helping. Here, we test this prediction using >40 years of longitudinal demographic data from the sympatric yet genetically distinct killer whale ecotypes: resident and Bigg's killer whales. The female relatedness with age is predicted to increase in both ecotypes, but with a less steep increase in Bigg's due to their different social structure. Here, we show that there is a significant postreproductive life span in both ecotypes with >30% of adult female years being lived as postreproductive, supporting the general prediction that an increase in local relatedness with age predisposes the evolution of a postreproductive life span. Differences in the magnitude of kinship dynamics however did not influence the timing or duration of the postreproductive life span with females in both ecotypes terminating reproduction before their mid‐40s followed by an expected postreproductive period of about 20 years. Our results highlight the important role of kinship dynamics in the evolution of a long postreproductive life span in long‐lived mammals, while further implying that the timing of menopause may be a robust trait that is persistent despite substantial variation in demographic patterns among populations.
Sperm length divergence as a potential prezygotic barrier in a passerine hybrid zone
Authors: Cramer Emily R. A. , Grønstøl Gaute , Maxwell Logan , Kovach Adrienne I. , Lifjeld Jan T. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe saltmarsh sparrow Ammospiza caudacuta and Nelson's sparrow A. nelsoni differ in ecological niche, mating behavior, and plumage, but they hybridize where their breeding distributions overlap. In this advanced hybrid zone, past interbreeding and current backcrossing result in substantial genomic introgression in both directions, although few hybrids are currently produced in most locations. However, because both species are nonterritorial and have only brief male–female interactions, it is difficult to determine to what extent assortative mating explains the low frequency of hybrid offspring. Since females often copulate with multiple males, a role of sperm as a postcopulatory prezygotic barrier appears plausible. Here, we show that sperm length differs between the two species in the hybrid zone, with low among‐male variation consistent with strong postcopulatory sexual selection on sperm cells. We hypothesize that divergence in sperm length may constitute a reproductive barrier between species, as sperm length co‐evolves with the size of specialized female sperm storage tubules. Sperm does not appear to act as a postzygotic barrier, as sperm from hybrids was unexceptional.
Are COVID‐19 conspiracies a threat to public health? Psychological characteristics and health protective behaviours of believers
Authors: Juanchich Marie , Sirota Miroslav , Jolles Daniel , Whiley Lilith A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe tested the link between COVID‐19 conspiracy theories and health protective behaviours in three studies: one at the onset of the pandemic in the United Kingdom (UK), a second just before the first national lockdown, and a third during that lockdown (N = 302, 404 and 399). We focused on conspiracy theories that did not deny the existence of COVID‐19 and evaluated the extent to which they predicted a range of health protective behaviours, before and after controlling for psychological and sociodemographic characteristics associated with conspiracy theory belief. COVID‐19 conspiracy beliefs were positively correlated with beliefs in other unrelated conspiracies and a general conspiracy mind‐set, and negatively correlated with trust in government and a tendency towards analytical thinking (vs. intuitive thinking). Unexpectedly, COVID‐19 conspiracy believers adhered to basic health guidelines and advanced health protective measures as strictly as non‐believers. Conspiracy believers were, however, less willing to install the contact‐tracing app, get tested for and vaccinated against COVID‐19, and were more likely to share COVID‐19 misinformation—all of which might undermine public health initiatives. Study 3 showed conspiracy theory believers were less willing to undertake health protective behaviours that were outside of their personal control, perceiving these as having a negative balance of risks and benefits. We discuss models explaining conspiracy beliefs and health protective behaviours, and suggest practical recommendations for public health initiatives.
Resilience and sustainable supply chain network design by considering renewable energy
Authors: Lotfi Reza , Kargar Bahareh , Hoseini Seyed Hosein , Nazari Sima , Safavi Soroush , Weber Gerhard‐Wilhelm 
Published: June 2021

SummaryNowadays, using renewable energy (RE) is faster growing by each country. The managerial and designer of supply chain network design (SCND) have to plan to apply RE in pillars of supply chain (SC). This research indicates resilience and sustainable SCND by considering RE (RSSCNDRE) for the first time. A two‐stage new robust stochastic optimization is embedded for RSSCNDRE. The first stage locates facility location and RE and the second stage defines flow quantity between SC components. We solve the model by GAMS‐CPLEX solver to locate components of SC and RE. Effects of changing conservative coefficient and demand are investigated and by increasing 20% for conservative coefficient, the cost function increase by 0.5%. Also, when demand is high, activating RE is economically feasible and we cannot buy and supply energy by the government power network and have to supply energy by RE. After activating RE, by increasing 20% for demand, the cost function increases by 6%. We contribute fix‐and‐optimize strategy to define the upper bound for a large‐scale problem. The proposed upper bound for the main model is less than 10% and appropriate for estimating the cost of large‐scale problems. This research suggested to equip SC by RE that SC becomes resilient against demand fluctuation and sustainable energy resource compatible with sustainable development goal (SGD7).
Phase‐change composites silicone rubber/paraffin@SiO2 microcapsules with different core/shell ratio for thermal management
Authors: Deng Hao , Yang Wenbin , Cai Tianyu , He Fangfang , Li Yongsheng , Zhang Kai , He Ren 
Published: June 2021

SummaryA series of paraffin (Pa)@silicon dioxide (SiO2) microcapsules with different core/shell ratios were constructed by interfacial‐polycondensation of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and γ‐Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS), and then were embedded in addition‐cure liquid silicone rubber (ALSR) to fabricate ALSR/Pa@SiO2 phase‐change composites. The SiO2 shell can avoid the leakage of Pa. Meanwhile, the in‐situ modification of the SiO2 shell by MPS can enhance the interface bonding between Pa@SiO2 and ALSR, because the C═C bond introduced by MPS on the SiO2 shell can participate in the curing reaction of ALSR. The study explored the effects of the core/shell ratio on the Pa@SiO2 microcapsules and ALSR/Pa@SiO2 composites. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis demonstrated that ALSR/Pa@SiO2 composites have dependable thermal energy storage capability which can reach to 90.7 J g−1 and phase‐change enthalpy of the composites increase with the core/shell ratio. The ALSR/Pa@SiO2 composites were found as form‐stable phase‐change materials with low leakage rate, which is attributed to the protection of both SiO2 shell and ALSR matrix. Due to the chemical interfacial interaction, the composites displayed improved mechanical strength. The composites can be used for thermal management and temperature regulation as an electronic packaging material.
Density-Dependent Metabolic Costs of Copper Exposure in a Coastal Copepod
Authors: Lode Torben , Heuschele Jan , Andersen Tom , Titelman Josefin , Hylland Ketil , Borgå Katrine 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Traditional ecotoxicology methods involving copepods have focused on exposure of pooled individuals and averaged responses, but there is increasing awareness of the importance of individual variation. Many biological traits are density dependent, and decisions to use single-individual or pooled exposure may affect responses to anthropogenic stressors. We investigated how conspecific density as a biotic stressor affects behavioral and respiratory responses to copper (Cu) exposure in the coastal copepod Tigriopus brevicornis. Adults were incubated at densities of 1, 2, or 4 individuals per replicate in 3.2 mL of exposure medium (23 µg Cu L–1 or control). Our results show an interaction of Cu exposure and density on respiration. The Cu exposure increased respiration, but this effect diminished with increasing density. We also found reduced swimming activity with increasing density. We propose 2 nonexclusive alternative explanations for the density-dependent respiratory increase of Cu exposure: 1) a behavioral stress response to low conspecific density, or 2) increased Cu exposure due to increased swimming activity. We emphasize the importance of considering density-dependency in responses when designing and interpreting ecotoxicology studies. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2538–2546. © 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
A comprehensive score reflecting memory‐related fMRI activations and deactivations as potential biomarker for neurocognitive aging
Authors: Soch Joram , Richter Anni , Schütze Hartmut , Kizilirmak Jasmin M. , Assmann Anne , Behnisch Gusalija , Feldhoff Hannah , Fischer Larissa , Heil Julius , Knopf Lea , Merkel Christian , Raschick Matthias , Schietke Clara‐Johanna , Schult Annika , Seidenbecher Constanze I. , Yakupov Renat , Ziegler Gabriel , Wiltfang Jens , Düzel Emrah , Schott Björn Hendrik 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOlder adults and particularly those at risk for developing dementia typically show a decline in episodic memory performance, which has been associated with altered memory network activity detectable via functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). To quantify the degree of these alterations, a score has been developed as a putative imaging biomarker for successful aging in memory for older adults (Functional Activity Deviations during Encoding, FADE; Düzel et al., Hippocampus, 2011; 21: 803–814). Here, we introduce and validate a more comprehensive version of the FADE score, termed FADE‐SAME (Similarity of Activations during Memory Encoding), which differs from the original FADE score by considering not only activations but also deactivations in fMRI contrasts of stimulus novelty and successful encoding, and by taking into account the variance of young adults' activations. We computed both scores for novelty and subsequent memory contrasts in a cohort of 217 healthy adults, including 106 young and 111 older participants, as well as a replication cohort of 117 young subjects. We further tested the stability and generalizability of both scores by controlling for different MR scanners and gender, as well as by using different data sets of young adults as reference samples. Both scores showed robust age‐group‐related differences for the subsequent memory contrast, and the FADE‐SAME score additionally exhibited age‐group‐related differences for the novelty contrast. Furthermore, both scores correlate with behavioral measures of cognitive aging, namely memory performance. Taken together, our results suggest that single‐value scores of memory‐related fMRI responses may constitute promising biomarkers for quantifying neurocognitive aging.
Preoperative predictors of difficult oropharyngeal exposure for transoral robotic surgery: The Pharyngoscore
Authors: Gaino Francesca , Gorphe Philippe , Vander Poorten Vincent , Holsinger F. Christopher , Lira Renan B. , Duvvuri Umamaheswar , Garrel Renaud , Van Der Vorst Sebastien , Cristalli Giovanni , Ferreli Fabio , De Virgilio Armando , Giannitto Caterina , Morenghi Emanuela , Colombo Giovanni , Malvezzi Luca , Spriano Giuseppe , Mercante Giuseppe 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundInsufficient exposure may require termination of procedure in transoral robotic surgery (TORS). The aim of study was to develop a “Pharyngoscore” to quantify the risk of difficult oropharyngeal exposure (DOE) before TORS.MethodsThree‐hundred six patients undergoing any surgical procedure at one Academic Hospital were prospectively enrolled. Oropharynx was exposed with Feyh–Kastenbauer retractor. Exposure was evaluated by direct and endoscopic visualization of the four oropharyngeal subsites. Preoperative clinical/anthropometric parameters were studied in good oropharyngeal exposure and DOE groups. Logistic regression was performed to explore association between clinical/anthropometric parameters and DOE. Statistically significant parameters at multivariate analysis were incorporated into a nomogram.ResultsSixty‐five (21.2%) subjects were characterized by DOE. Variables associated with DOE at univariate analysis were male (p = 0.031), modified Mallampati Class (MMC) ≥ III (p < 0.001), smaller interincisor gap (p < 0.001), and larger neck circumference (p = 0.006). MMC, interincisor gap, and neck circumference were significant at multivariate analysis and were presented with a nomogram for creating the Pharyngoscore.ConclusionsThe Pharyngoscore is a promising tool for calculating DOE probability before TORS.
One way or another? An international comparison of expatriate performance management in multinational companies
Authors: Bader Anna Katharina , Bader Benjamin , Froese Fabian Jintae , Sekiguchi Tomoki 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDue to the high costs and strategic importance of expatriate assignments, expatriate performance management (EPM) plays an increasingly important role for multinational enterprises (MNEs). However, research on EPM is still in its infancy. Drawing from the convergence/divergence debate in international human resource management, this study investigates and compares EPM strategies and practices across MNEs from three different country clusters to better understand whether EPM practices tend to converge, diverge, or crossverge (i.e., show aspects of both). Results from surveying 132 Anglo‐Saxon, Germanic, and Japanese MNEs reveal prominent differences (divergence) at the EPM strategic level such that Japanese MNEs tend to pursue more ethnocentric staffing strategies and design EPM systems specifically tailored to expatriates. On the practice level, we found both commonalities and differences between Japanese and Anglo‐Saxon and Germanic MNEs, pointing toward crossvergence. Theoretical and practical implications of our results are discussed.
Understanding Literacy and Policy from a Classroom Teacher's Perspective
Authors: Zancanella Don , Rice Mary Frances 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe are so proud to be incoming co‐editors of the literacy policy column for JAAL. We desire to open a forum that illuminates how policy functions in contemporary settings, especially in relation to literacy teaching and learning. Our experiences as teachers, teacher educators, and literacy scholars has taught us that knowledge about policy is powerful. Such knowledge can make one feel less like a victim of politicians and policy‐makers and inspire advocacy. It can also help teachers work around and even resist uninformed and poorly‐designed policies. During our tenure, we will strive present our observations in an interesting way‐‐because one problem with learning about policy is that the writing about it is too often unnecessarily technical, legalistic, and down‐right dull. This first column looks carefully at the shower of policies that rains down on a teacher, making a seemingly mundane request from peers a veritable deluge of policy decisions.