bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Red mark syndrome (RMS) in farmed rainbow trout: First report of outbreaks in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Galeotti Marco , Volpatti Donatella , Byadgi Omkar , Beraldo Paola , Orioles Massimo , Sarti Massimo , Ciulli Sara , Magi Gian Enrico 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRed mark syndrome (RMS) is a non‐lethal inflammatory skin disorder spreading in farmed adult rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and reported worldwide. The aetiology is still uncertain, but positive correlation was found between Midichloria‐like organism and RMS‐affected fish. Here, we describe the first cases of RMS in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The outbreaks under study occurred in two intensive farms during the late winter and spring of 2020. Affected fish showed signs of disease ascribable to RMS, confirmed by pathological and molecular examination.
CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated grna gene knockout leads to neurodevelopmental defects and motor behavior changes in zebrafish
Authors: Zhu Jiuling , Xu Huimin , Song Hui , Li Xiang , Wang Ning , Zhao Junli , Zheng Xiaojing , Kim Kwang‐Youn , Zhang Hui , Mao Qinwen , Xia Haibin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractProgranulin (PGRN) is a secreted glycoprotein with multiple biological functions in early embryogenesis, anti‐inflammation, and neurodegeneration. A good model for the functional study of PGRN is the zebrafish with knockdown or knockout of grn, the gene encoding PGRN. Morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs) and zinc finger nucleases have been used to generate zebrafish grn models, yet they have shown inconsistent phenotypes due to either the neurotoxicity of the MOs or possible genetic compensation responses during gene editing. In this study, we generated stable grna (one of the major grn homologues of zebrafish) knockout zebrafish by using CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated genome editing. A grna sgRNA was designed to target the similar repeated sequence shared by exon 13, exon 15, and exon 19 in zebrafish. The F1 generation with the frameshift mutation of + 4 bp (the addition of 4 bp to exon15), which causes a premature termination, was obtained and subjected to morphological and behavioral evaluation. The grna knockout zebrafish showed neurodevelopmental defects, including spinal motor neurons with shorter axons, decreased sensory hair cells, thinning of the outer nuclear layer and thickening of the inner nuclear layer of the retina, decreased expression of rhodopsin in the cone cells, and motor behavior changes. Moreover, the phenotypes of grna knockout zebrafish could be rescued with the Tol2 system carrying the grna gene. The grna knockout zebrafish model generated in this study provides a useful tool to study PGRN function and has potential for high‐throughput drug screening for disease therapy.
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Dermatological signs in liver transplant recipients
Authors: Sarac Gulbahar , Ozcan Kubra Nur , Baskiran Adil , Cenk Hulya , Sarac Mehmet , Sener Serpil , Yilmaz Sezai 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn recent years, the number of liver transplantations for advanced‐stage liver diseases has considerably increased and the patients have a wide range of dermatologic manifestations.AimThis study aims to reveal cutaneous, mucosal, and nail lesions in liver transplant recipients in quite large patient series.Patients/MethodsThe study included 520 patients in the Inonu University Liver Transplantation Institute. New and followed‐up patients attended to the study between May and October 2019. The patients were examined by a dermatologist, and their data were recorded.ResultsThe study included 163 female and 357 male patients with the main age of 44.20 ± 18.18 (range: 1‐83 years), and 465 livers (89.4%) were taken from live donors, while 54 livers (10.4%) were taken from cadavers. A total of 314 (60.4%) patients had dermatophyte infections, 174 (33.4%) patients had pathological nail changes, and 427 (82.1%) patients had oral mucosal lesions. Graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) developed in 9 (1.73%) patients after the transplantation, and 5 patients died of GVHD. Four patients had cutaneous malignancies.ConclusionsTumoral and nontumoral dermatological diseases may be encountered following the transplantation depending on underlying liver disease, immunosuppressive treatment, the graft itself, or any primary cutaneous disease. Liver transplantation recipients require a multidisciplinary clinical approach, and dermatological care must be an integral part of this approach.
Ampicillin pharmacokinetics in azotemic and healthy dogs
Authors: Monaghan Kelly N. , Labato Mary Anna , Papich Mark G. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundLittle is known about effects of factors such as kidney disease, affecting ampicillin pharmacokinetics in dogs.ObjectivesDetermine the pharmacokinetics of ampicillin after a single intravenous dose in healthy and azotemic dogs.AnimalsNine dogs presenting with acute kidney injury and 10 healthy dogs.MethodsThis was a prospective study. An ampicillin dose of 22.2 mg/kg (mean dose) was administered once intravenously. Blood samples were obtained at timed intervals (just before administration, 1, 2, 4, 12, and 24 hours), analyzed using high‐pressure liquid chromatography followed by pharmacokinetic analysis of the plasma drug concentrations.ResultsPeak ampicillin concentration (mcg/mL; 97.07 (36.1) vs 21.3 (50.26)), P<.001 (geometric mean (coefficient of variation, CV%)), half‐life (hours; 5.86 (56.55) vs 0.97 (115.3)), P<.001) and AUC (h × mcg/mL; 731.04 (83.75) vs 33.57 (53.68)), P<.001) were greater in azotemic dogs than in healthy dogs. Azotemic dogs also had significantly lower clearance (30.06 (84.19) vs 655.03 (53.67); mL/kg h, P < .001) and volume of distribution (253.95 (30.14) vs 916.93 (135.24); mL/kg, P <.001) compared to healthy dogs.Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceIncreased drug concentrations and slower clearance of ampicillin in azotemic dogs could have clinical importance in contributing to antibiotic associated morbidity requiring indicating the need to adjust ampicillin dosing in dogs with decreased kidney function.
Diagnosis of obesity based on body composition‐associated health risks—Time for a change in paradigm
Authors: Bosy‐Westphal Anja , Müller Manfred J. 
Published: January 2021

SummaryTraditional diagnosis and understanding of the pathophysiology of obesity are based on excessive fat storage due to a chronically positive energy balance characterized by body mass index (BMI). Quantitative and qualitative analysis of lean and adipose tissue compartments by body composition analysis reveals that characterization of obesity as “overfat” does not facilitate a comprehensive understanding of obesity‐associated health risk. Instead of being related to fat mass, body composition characteristics underlying BMI‐associated prognosis may depend (i) on accelerated growth by a gain in lean mass or fat‐free mass (FFM) in children with early BMI rebound or adolescents with early puberty; (ii) on a low muscle mass in aging, associated chronic disease, or severe illness; and (iii) on impaired adipose tissue expandability with respect to cardiometabolic risk. It is therefore time to call the adipocentric paradigm of obesity into question and to avoid the use of BMI and body fat percentage. By contrast, obesity should be seen in face of a limited FFM/muscle mass together with a limited capacity of fat storage.
Institutional Grammar 2.0: A specification for encoding and analyzing institutional design
Authors: Frantz Christopher K. , Siddiki Saba 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPublic affairs scholars have contributed rich insights on the role and outcomes of institutions in policy and administrative settings. They have offered numerous empirical studies of these topics, alongside concepts and theories that can be leveraged in their assessment. But there remains a relative dearth in attention to approaches that can be used to support rigorous assessments of institutional design itself—those that support reliable and nuanced representations of institutional structure and meaning. The Institutional Grammar (IG) is one such approach that has gained in prominence over the last decade. Existing applications validate the IG's utility toward rigorous assessments of institutional design, and highlight the IG's value in operationalizing concepts relevant in policy and administration scholarship. We build on existing IG research by presenting a revised specification IG 2.0 for encoding and analyzing institutional design that responds to representational necessities and analytical opportunities within and beyond policy and administrative domains.
Clinical assessment of upper airway and its complications in Hunter syndrome
Authors: Iijima Masatoshi , Hirano Daishi , Yokoi Kentaro , Kobayashi Hiroshi , Fujiwara Masako , Ida Hiroyuki , Oishi Kimihiko 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundHunter syndrome (HS) is an X‐linked, recessive, lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme, iduronate sulfatase (IDS). It is characterized by multisystem accumulations of glycosaminoglycans and upper airway obstruction is one of the major causes of death. While the current disease severity classifications for HS are mainly based on the degree of neurocognitive impairment, its association with the level of upper airway obstruction has not been assessed.MethodsA retrospective chart review of HS patients who were followed at the Jikei University School of Medicine was performed. Association between the degree of airway obstruction and the currently used disease severity scores was evaluated.ResultsWe identified eight HS patients and they were enrolled in the study. The Modified Mallampati classification (MMC) score, used to predict difficulties for oropharyngeal procedures, was significantly correlated with the HS severity. It was also correlated with the Apnea‐Hypopnea Index (AHI). No significant correlation between IDS enzymatic activity and the severity of HS disease was identified.ConclusionsVariable clinical expressivities exist in HS, but the risk of respiratory complications is likely to be associated with disease severity, assessed by the previously recognized neurocognitive function‐based severity scoring systems. MMC can be a simple supplementary tool to evaluate disease severity as well as predict difficulties for oropharyngeal procedures and respiratory function complications in HS, such as sleep apnea.
Evaluation of Acute Reactions on Mouse Skin Irradiated with 222 and 235 nm UV‐C
Authors: Yamano Nozomi , Kunisada Makoto , Nishiaki‐Sawada Aiko , Ohashi Hiroyuki , Igarashi Tatsushi , Nishigori Chikako 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBiological response and DNA damage following irradiation with shorter wavelengths in the UV‐C range were evaluated to investigate the safety at three wavelengths because of the recent emergence of germicidal equipment emitting short‐wavelength UV‐C for various purposes, including medical uses. To estimate an acceptable safety dose for human skin in the UV‐C range, especially short UV‐C, we studied the biological effects of 207, 222 and 235 nm UV‐C using albino hairless mice and evaluated the inflammatory reactions in the skin. To explore an appropriate indicator to evaluate the biological response, we employed determination of the minimal perceptible response dose (MPRD), by which any subtle cutaneous response; erythema, edema and scale could be observed by visual inspection. Erythema was rarely observed, but edema and scale formation were evident for short UV‐C wavelengths. The MPRD at 207, 222 and 235 nm was determined to be > 15, 15 and 2.0 kJ m−2, respectively. These values could be thresholds and indicators for possible safety assessments. Our data suggest that the current human exposure limits for short UV‐C wavelengths below 254 nm are overly restrictive and should be reconsidered for future disinfection lamps with short UV‐C wavelengths.
The role of alternative oxidase in plant hypersensitive response
Authors: Suleman M. , Ma M. , Ge G. , Hua D. , Li H. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe innate immune system of plants is crucial in defining the fate of a plant cell during plant–pathogen interactions. This response is often accompanied by a hypersensitive reaction leading to the death of a plant cell and restricted pathogen growth. Plant mitochondria, in this case, play a key role by maintaining a balance between cell respiration and reactive oxygen species formation. One of the key features of the hypersensitive response is the shift of the normal plant respiratory pathway to a special ‘alternative’ pathway. Plants contain an enzyme, alternative oxidase, for maintaining metabolic homeostasis of the cell. This energy dissipating respiration provides a branch in normal respiration by using ubiquinone to form water and heat, thus maintaining the energy status of the cell. Alternative oxidase is thought to minimize production of reactive oxygen species and can also function in ‘anti‐apoptotic’ machinery in plant cells. In this mini review, we briefly describe the alternative respiratory pathway and explain the role of alternative oxidase in important cellular processes, such as programmed cell death and the hypersensitive response.
Evaluating the internal consistency of subtraction‐based and residualized difference scores: Considerations for psychometric reliability analyses of event‐related potentials
Authors: Clayson Peter E. , Baldwin Scott A. , Larson Michael J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn studies of event‐related brain potentials (ERPs), difference scores between conditions in a task are frequently used to isolate neural activity for use as a dependent or independent variable. Adequate score reliability is a prerequisite for studies examining relationships between ERPs and external correlates, but there is no extensive treatment on the suitability of the various available approaches to estimating difference score reliability that focus on ERP research. In the present study, we provide formulas from classical test theory and generalizability theory for estimating the internal consistency of subtraction‐based and residualized difference scores. These formulas are then applied to error‐related negativity (ERN) and reward positivity (RewP) difference scores from the same sample of 117 participants. Analyses demonstrate that ERN difference scores can be reliable, which supports their use in studies of individual differences. However, RewP difference scores yielded poor reliability due to the high correlation between the constituent reward and non‐reward ERPs. Findings emphasize that difference score reliability largely depends on the internal consistency of constituent scores and the correlation between those scores. Furthermore, generalizability theory yields more suitable estimates of internal consistency for subtraction‐based difference scores than classical test theory. We conclude that ERP difference scores can show adequate reliability and be useful for isolating neural activity in studies of individual differences.
The effect of regulation‐driven trade barriers and governance quality on export entrepreneurship
Authors: Munemo Jonathan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of regulation‐driven trade barriers on export entrepreneurship in a panel of 60 countries between 2006 and 2014. The paper finds robust evidence that unfavorable trade regulations significantly reduce export entry rate and export entry density (two critical measures of export entrepreneurship) by increasing the time and cost associated with documentary and customs compliance procedures. These findings support the hypothesis that less conducive business regulations are an important domestic supply constraint which impedes export entrepreneurship by increasing trade costs. In addition, the paper finds that the magnitude of the negative relationship between export entrepreneurship and regulation‐driven trade barriers is significantly more pronounced in countries with poor governance quality. Two measures of governance quality (i.e., political stability and rule of law) are shown to be relatively more significant in aiding favorable trade regulations that promote export entrepreneurship. Furthermore, a reduction in regulation‐driven trade barriers has a positive impact on net entry rate and survival rates of first‐, second‐ and third‐year exporters, and high‐quality governance institutions significantly increase the magnitude of this positive relationship.
Mixed Convection in Pipe and Duct Flows With Strong Magnetic Fields
Authors: Zikanov Oleg , Belyaev Ivan , Listratov Yaroslav , Frick Peter , Razuvanov Nikita , Sviridov Valentin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
An imposed strong magnetic field suppresses turbulence and profoundly changes the nature of the flow of an electrically conducting fluid. We consider this effect for the case of mixed convection flows in pipes and ducts, in which unique regimes characterized by extreme temperature gradients and high-amplitude fluctuations (the so-called magnetoconvective fluctuations) have been recently discovered. The configuration is directly relevant to the design of the liquid-metal components of future nuclear fusion reactors. This review presents the general picture of the flow transformation emerging from the recent studies, illustrates the key known facts, and outlines the remaining open questions. Implications for fusion reactor technology and novel experimental and numerical methods are also discussed.
Gas-Tungsten Arc Welding of Dissimilar Aluminum Alloys With Nano-Treated Filler
Authors: Murali Narayanan , Sokoluk Maximilian , Yao Gongcheng , Pan Shuaihang , De Rosa Igor , Li Xiaochun 
Published: January 2021

AbstractArc welding of dissimilar aluminum alloys is in high demand in industry but often challenging in practice. Dissonant material properties between the base metals often lead to solidification cracking in the weld metal upon cooling. Here, we report a nano-treatment approach that infuses TiC nanoparticles into filler material mimicking commercial ER5183 to successfully join dissimilar systems of AA2024 + AA5083 and AA2024 + AA7075 with the gas-tungsten arc welding process. Welded specimens were free of hot cracking, and microstructural studies revealed globular, refined grains smaller than 20 µm in the weld metals of both systems. Mechanical properties of both systems were examined with microhardness and tensile testing, and they showed sound behavior in their as-welded conditions. Nano-treatment therefore presents a new way to reliably weld dissimilar systems that are traditionally considered unweldable.
An Adversarial Agent-Based Design Method Using Stochastic Stackelberg Game Conditions
Authors: Rismiller Sean C. , Cagan Jonathan , McComb Christopher 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Products must often endure challenging conditions while fulfilling their intended functions. Game-theoretic methods can readily create a wide variety of these conditions to consider when creating designs. This work introduces Cognitively Inspired Adversarial Agents (CIAAs) that use a Stackelberg game format to generate designs resistant to these conditions. These agents are used to generate designs while considering a multidimensional attack. Designs are produced under these adversarial conditions and compared to others generated without considering adversaries to confirm the agents’ performance. The agents create designs able to withstand multiple combined conditions.
Application of a Convolutional Neural Network for Wave Mode Identification in a Rotating Detonation Combustor Using High-Speed Imaging
Authors: Johnson Kristyn B. , Ferguson Donald H. , Tempke Robert S. , Nix Andrew C. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Utilizing a neural network, individual down-axis images of combustion waves in the rotating detonation engine (RDE) can be classified according to the number of detonation waves present and their directional behavior. While the ability to identify the number of waves present within individual images might be intuitive, the further classification of wave rotational direction is a result of the detonation wave’s profile, which suggests its angular direction of movement. The application of deep learning is highly adaptive and, therefore, can be trained for a variety of image collection methods across RDE study platforms. In this study, a supervised approach is employed where a series of manually classified images is provided to a neural network for the purpose of optimizing the classification performance of the network. These images, referred to as the training set, are individually labeled as one of ten modes present in an experimental RDE. Possible classifications include deflagration, clockwise and counterclockwise variants of co-rotational detonation waves with quantities ranging from one to three waves, as well as single, double, and triple counter-rotating detonation waves. After training the network, a second set of manually classified images, referred to as the validation set, is used to evaluate the performance of the model. The ability to predict the detonation wave mode in a single image using a trained neural network substantially reduces computational complexity by circumnavigating the need to evaluate the temporal behavior of individual pixel regions throughout time. Results suggest that while image quality is critical, it is possible to accurately identify the modal behavior of detonation waves based on only a single image rather than a sequence of images or signal processing. Successful identification of wave behavior using image classification serves as a steppingstone for further machine learning integration in RDE research and development of comprehensive real-time diagnostics.
Geometric Constraint-Based Reconfiguration and Self-Motions of a Four-CRU Parallel Mechanism
Authors: Nurahmi Latifah , Putrayudanto Pradiktio , Wei Guowu , Agrawal Sunil K. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Over the past few years, the concept of multi-directional three-dimensional (3D) printing has been introduced to print complex shapes and overhang geometry. This technique requires the nozzle to constantly change orientation to print the object along its tangential direction. A six-degrees-of-freedom (6-DOF) robotic arm or Stewart platform can be a solution, but these mechanisms use more components and motors. An alternative solution has been proposed in this paper based on a four-CRU (cylindrical, revolute, and universal joints) mechanism. This mechanism can orient the nozzle by switching into different motion types with minimal numbers of motors while keeping the mechanism rigid and agile. Therefore, analyses of the reconfiguration, workspace, singularities, and self-motions of a four-CRU mechanism presented in this paper have become necessities. By using primary decomposition, four geometric constraints have been identified, and the reconfiguration analysis has been carried out in each of these. It reveals that each geometric constraint will have three distinct operation modes, namely Schönflies mode, reversed Schönflies mode, and an additional mode. The additional mode can either be a four-DOF mode or a degenerated three-DOF mode, depending on the type of geometric constraints. By taking into account the actuation and constraint singularities, the workspace of each operation mode has been analyzed and geometrically illustrated. It allows us to determine the regions in which the reconfiguration takes place. Furthermore, the inherent self-motion in the Schönflies mode is revealed and illustrated, which occurs at two specified actuated leg lengths. Demonstration of the reconfiguration process and self-motions is provided through a mock-up prototype.