bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3D hydrogel models of the neurovascular unit to investigate blood–brain barrier dysfunction
Authors: Potjewyd Geoffrey , Kellett Katherine A.B. , Hooper Nigel M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU), consisting of neurons, glial cells, vascular cells (endothelial cells, pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs)) together with the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM), is an important interface between the peripheral blood and the brain parenchyma. Disruption of the NVU impacts on blood–brain barrier (BBB) regulation and underlies the development and pathology of multiple neurological disorders, including stroke and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The ability to differentiate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into the different cell types of the NVU and incorporate them into physical models provides a reverse engineering approach to generate human NVU models to study BBB function. To recapitulate the in vivo situation such NVU models must also incorporate the ECM to provide a 3D environment with appropriate mechanical and biochemical cues for the cells of the NVU. In this review, we provide an overview of the cells of the NVU and the surrounding ECM, before discussing the characteristics (stiffness, functionality and porosity) required of hydrogels to mimic the ECM when incorporated into in vitro NVU models. We summarise the approaches available to measure BBB functionality and present the techniques in use to develop robust and translatable models of the NVU, including transwell models, hydrogel models, 3D-bioprinting, microfluidic models and organoids. The incorporation of iPSCs either without or with disease-specific genetic mutations into these NVU models provides a platform in which to study normal and disease mechanisms, test BBB permeability to drugs, screen for new therapeutic targets and drugs or to design cell-based therapies.
“Endoscopy Salon” for Controlling Respiratory Droplet Spreading During Endoscopic Procedure
Authors: Kasemsiri Pornthep , Vatanasapt Patravoot , Naruekon Jakkree , Peintong Chamsai , Chayaopas Nichtima , Thongrong Cattleya , Laohakittikul Chanticha , Teeramatwanich Watchareeporn , Laohasiriwong Supawan , Ratanaanekchai Teeraporn , Tongchai Panwad 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Introduction Preventing droplet dispersal is an important issue for decreasing the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) transmission rate; numerous personal protective equipment (PPE) devices have been recently developed for this.
Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of a novel PPE device to prevent droplet spread during nasal endoscopic and fiber optic laryngoscopic examination and postuse equipment cleaning technique.
Methods The “endoscopy salon” was created with a hooded salon hair dryer, plastic sheath, and silicone nipple. Comparison fluorescence dye dispersal from simulating forceful coughing with and without using the “endoscopy salon” was conducted to assess the droplet spread control. The effects of heat produced in the “endoscopy salon” and disinfection cleaning were also evaluated.
Results Fluorescent dye droplet spread from a mannequin's mouth without using the “endoscopy salon” to care providers' clothes and the floor surrounding mannequin, whereas no dye droplets spread out when using the “endoscopy salon”. The maximal temperature observed in the hair dryer was 56.3°C. During the cleaning process, when a plastic bag was attached to the hair dryer's hood to create a closed system, the temperature increased to 79.8 ± 3.1 °C. These temperatures eliminated four test organism cultures during equipment disinfection.
Conclusion This novel “endoscopy salon” device prevented respiratory droplet spread and eliminated infectious organisms during postuse equipment cleaning.
Dynamic Hemostasis and Fibrinolysis Assays in Intensive Care COVID-19 Patients and Association with Thrombosis and Bleeding—A Systematic Review and a Cohort Study
Authors: Hvas Christine Lodberg , Larsen Julie Brogaard , Adelborg Kasper , Christensen Steffen , Hvas Anne-Mette 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPatients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the infectious pathology caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, have a high risk of thrombosis, though the precise mechanisms behind this remain unclarified. A systematic literature search in PubMed and EMBASE identified 18 prospective studies applying dynamic coagulation assays in ICU COVID-19 patients. Overall, these studies revealed normal or slightly reduced primary hemostasis, prolonged clot initiation, but increased clot firmness. Thrombin generation assay parameters generally were equivalent to the control groups or within reference range. Fibrinolysis assays showed increased clot resistance. Only six studies related their findings to clinical outcome. We also prospectively included 51 COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU. Blood samples were examined on day 1, 3–4, and 7–8 with platelet function tests, rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM), in vivo and ex vivo thrombin generation, and clot lysis assay. Data on thrombosis, bleeding, and mortality were recorded during 30 days. Primary hemostasis was comparable to healthy controls, but COVID-19 patients had longer ROTEM-clotting times and higher maximum clot firmness than healthy controls. Ex vivo thrombin generation was similar to that of healthy controls while in vivo thrombin generation markers, thrombin–antithrombin (TAT) complex, and prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 (F1 + 2) were higher in ICU COVID-19 patients than in healthy controls. Impaired fibrinolysis was present at all time points. TAT complex and F1 + 2 levels were significantly higher in patients developing thrombosis (n = 16) than in those without. In conclusion, only few previous studies employed dynamic hemostasis assays in COVID-19 ICU-patients and failed to reveal a clear association with development of thrombosis. In ICU COVID-19 patients, we confirmed normal platelet aggregation, while in vivo thrombin generation was increased and fibrinolysis decreased. Thrombosis may be driven by increased thrombin formation in vivo.
How visual metaphors can contradict verbal occurrences
Authors: Augé Anaïs 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We investigate the different interpretations related to the metaphorical
imprint
of climate change in English and French media discourses. This cross-linguistic perspective is motivated by the particularities of both languages which have been assumed to promote different understandings of climate change-related concepts. We focus on the metaphor
carbon footprint
whose meaning can be compared to another climate change metaphor in English:
fingerprint
. These two source domains share a highly specific and concrete meaning interpreted from lexical constructions enabled by the English language. In French, however, such a specification cannot be interpreted from the meaning of the metaphor
empreinte carbone
(
carbon imprint
) which defines a similar concept. We rely on visual representations of these metaphorical expressions in English and French to discuss the characteristics associated with each source domain: we show that visual metaphors can contradict expectations emerging from the interpretations of verbal metaphors.
Fundamental sensitivity bounds for quantum enhanced optical resonance sensors based on transmission and phase estimation
Authors: Dowran Mohammadjavad , Woodworth Timothy S. , Kumar Ashok , Marino Alberto 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Quantum states of light can enable sensing configurations with sensitivities beyond the shot-noise limit (SNL). In order to better take advantage of available quantum resources and obtain the maximum possible sensitivity, it is necessary to determine fundamental sensitivity limits for different possible configurations for a given sensing system. Here, due to their wide applicability, we focus on optical resonance sensors, which detect a change in a parameter of interest through a resonance shift. We compare their fundamental sensitivity limits set by the quantum Cramér-Rao bound (QCRB) based on the estimation of changes in transmission or phase of a probing bright two-mode squeezed state (bTMSS) of light. We show that the fundamental sensitivity results from an interplay between the QCRB and the transfer function of the system. As a result, for a resonance sensor with a Lorentzian lineshape a phase-based scheme outperforms a transmission-based one for most of the parameter space; however, this is not the case for lineshapes with steeper slopes, such as higher order Butterworth lineshapes. Furthermore, such an interplay results in conditions under which the phase-based scheme provides a higher sensitivity but a smaller degree of quantum enhancement than the transmission-based scheme. We also study the effect of losses external to the sensor on the degree of quantum enhancement and show that for certain conditions, probing with a classical state can provide a higher sensitivity than probing with a bTMSS. Finally, we discuss detection schemes, namely optimized intensity-difference and optimized homodyne detection, that can achieve the fundamental sensitivity limits even in the presence of external losses.
Effect of silane treatments on mechanical performance of kenaf fibre reinforced polymer composites: a review
Authors: Nurazzi N M , Shazleen S S , Aisyah H A , Asyraf M R M , Sabaruddin F A , Mohidem N A , Norrrahim M N F , Kamarudin S H , Ilyas R A , Ishak M R , Abdullah N , Nor N M 
Published: November 2021

AbstractNatural cellulosic fibres, such as kenaf, can be used in polymeric composites in place of synthetic fibres. The rapid depletion of synthetic resources such as petroleum and growing awareness of global environmental problems associated with synthetic products contribute to the acceptance of natural fibres as reinforcing material in polymer composite structures. In Africa and Asia, kenaf is considered a major crop used for various cordage products such as rope, twine, and burlap and in construction, it is used for thermal insulation of walls, floors, and roofs and soundproofing solutions. In the furniture and automotive industry, it is used to manufacture medium-density fibreboard and other composite materials for structural applications. Kenaf is primarily composed of cellulose (approximately 40%–80%), which accounts for its superior mechanical performance. Kenaf fibres are chemically treated before mixing with the polymer matrix to improve their fibre interaction and composite performance. The alkaline treatment with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution is the most frequently used chemical treatment, followed by a silane treatment. Numerous chemical concentrations of NaOH and silane solutions are investigated and several combined treatments such as alkaline-silane. The present review discusses the effect of silane treatments on the surface of kenaf fibre on the fabrication of polymer composites and their mechanical properties.
Standardized Anatomic and Regenerative Facial Fat Grafting: Objective Photometric Evaluation 1 to 19 Months After Injectable Tissue Replacement and Regeneration
Authors: Cohen Steven R , Wesson Jordan , Willens Sierra , Nadeau Taylor , Hillman Chloe , Dobke Marek , Tiryaki Tunc 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Background
A standardized technique for facial fat grafting, injectable tissue replacement and regeneration (ITR2), incorporating new regenerative approaches, was developed to address anatomic volume losses in superficial and deep fat compartments as well as skin aging.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to track the short- and long-term effects of facial fat grafting by ITR2 in the midfacial zone over 19 months.

Methods
Twenty-nine females were analyzed for midfacial volume changes after autologous fat transfer with ITR2 with varying fat parcel sizes. Volumes were evaluated with an imaging system to calculate differences between a predefined, 3-dimensional midfacial zone measured preoperatively and after fat grafting.

Results
Patient data were analyzed collectively and by age (&lt;55 and &gt;55 years). Collective analysis revealed a trend of initial volume loss during Months 1 to 7 followed by an increase during Months 8 to 19, averaging 56.6% postoperative gain, and ending at an average of 52.3% gain in volume by 14 to 19 months. A similar trend was observed for patients &lt;55 years of age, with a 54.1% average postoperative gain and a greater final average of 75.2%. Conversely, patients &gt;55 years of age revealed a linear decay from 60.6% to 29.5%. Multiple regression analysis revealed no statistically significant influence of weight change throughout the study.

Conclusions
A dynamic change in facial volume was observed, with an initial decrease in facial volume followed by a rebound effect, by 19 months after treatment, of improved facial volume regardless of the amount of fat injected. Volume improvement was greater in patients &lt;55 years old, whereas in patients &gt;55 years old, volume gradually decreased. This study represents the first time that progressive improvement in facial volume has been shown 19 months after treatment.

Level of Evidence: 4
Bridging the gap between cyberwar and cyberpeace
Authors: Burton Joe , Christou George 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The conceptual debate around the term cyber warfare has dominated the cybersecurity discipline over the last two decades. Much less attention has been given during this period to an equally important question: what constitutes cyber peace? This article draws on the literatures in peace and conflict studies and on desecuritization in critical security studies, to suggest how we might begin to rearticulate the cybersecurity narrative and shift the debate away from securitization and cyberwar to a more academically grounded focus on desecuritization and cyber peace. It is argued that such a move away from a vicious circle where states frame cybersecurity predominantly within a national security narrative and where they seek to perpetually prepare for cyberwar, to a virtual cycle of positive cyber peace, is not only a desirable, but a necessary outcome going forward. We assert that this is particularly important if we are to avoid (continuing) to construct the very vulnerabilities and insecurities that lead to the prioritization of offence and destruction in cyberspace, rather than transformative, human-centred development in information and communications technology innovation.
Djiboutian sovereignty: worlding global security networks
Authors: Cobbett Elizabeth , Mason Ra 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The research problem this article addresses is whether the unique confluence of overseas security forces in a single territorial space through the leasing of land for foreign military bases compromises the state's sovereignty. We study Djibouti's practice of renting land to military powers from an analytical position that is diametrically opposed to the literature on the ‘scramble’ for Africa and often erroneous assumptions of an erosion of sovereignty. Using the concept of ‘worlding’, we argue in this article that instead of reading ‘military base diplomacy’ as eroding and undermining Djibouti's sovereignty, this case demonstrates the ways in which ‘the art of being global’ underpins new forms of territoriality and unexpected forms of locality in Africa. Consequently, we maintain that African experiences of sovereignty offer the challenges, along with the rewards, of greater analytical depth to International Relations scholarship while expanding our understanding of different empirical cases beyond the western-centric accounts of sovereignty in line with an abstract ideal that does not tell us much about the world, postcolonial experiences and global politics. Through a case-study approach, we focus specifically on the stark distinctions between Japan and China, which both have their respective first postwar overseas military bases in the country, and the Djiboutian state itself, in terms of how each are interpreting and practicing sovereignty to fit their own national narrative, international status and domestic legal frameworks. The findings challenge simplistic analyses of African states as victims of exploitative Great Powers, gradually and repeatedly being stripped of their sovereignty.
April 12, 2005—Letting Go and Mastering Fear
Authors: McQuellon Richard P. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The central themes of this dialogue are mastery of fear and letting go of worldly anchoring activities such as reading the New York Times. Reading the poetry of Mary Oliver and listening to classical music help to settle emotions and the restless mind. The tumor is growing so large that it is causing breathing problems, frightening Nell. She is worried that she might suffocate and feels panic when short of breath. She is working closely with her hospice team on the task of symptom management, especially pain and shortness of breath. Nell has found comfort in the simple acts of watching a television program with spouse Al and her treasured cat Amber curled up beside her. Her activities distract her from the ripple of fear that moves through her when she becomes short of breath and contemplates the unknown of dying.
Inference and Inductive Risk
Authors: Johnson L. Syd M 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Several types of inferences are common in the diagnosis and prognosis of brain injuries. These inferences, although necessary, introduce epistemic uncertainty. This chapter details the various inferences and considers the concept of inductive risk, introduced by Richard Rudner in the 1950s, and the problem of inductive risk: given uncertainty, what is the appropriate epistemic standard of evidence for accepting a scientific (or medical) hypothesis? Two principles of inductive risk are proposed to tackle the problem of inductive risk present in disorders of consciousness (and other medical contexts): the First Principle calls on us to index epistemic risk-taking to the level of ethical risk, thus constraining acceptable epistemic risk-taking. The Second Principle tells us to index ethical risk-taking to the level of epistemic risk, thus constraining ethical risk-taking to a level commensurate with epistemic uncertainty.
The Ethics of Uncertainty
Authors: Johnson L. Syd M 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The ethics of uncertainty is an approach to ethical decision-making under conditions of uncertainty. Two legal cases involving patients in the minimally conscious state—Robert Wendland, and a U.K. patient known as M—illustrate the difficulty and complexity of making decisions when so much is unknown about the experiences and minds of these patients. The ethics of uncertainty refocuses ethical enquiry concerning patients with disorders of consciousness, placing less emphasis on their contested personhood and more on inductive risk, on respect for autonomy, and on justice, especially epistemic justice, and the duties of privileged epistemic agents like physicians and medical staff. It encourages an expansive All Things Considered approach to ethical decision-making where the goal is not to arrive at clean, consistent, abstract, ideal decisions for an ideal world, but to enable decision makers facing complexity and uncertainty to fulfill their duties as moral and epistemic agents.
Peripheral nerve stimulation trial and implantation
Authors: Ferguson Kris , Abd-Elsayed Alaa 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter will detail the surgical recommendations and step-by-step approaches for both trial stimulation and permanent implantation of peripheral nerve stimulation to treat sacroiliac joint pain. It also provides a brief history of this procedure, which has evolved from being a procedure that required careful, open dissection of the target nerve to a sleek treatment requiring only image guidance and a minimally invasive percutaneous approach. A trial stimulation period typically ranges from 7 to 14 days; steps for the trial simulation procedure include preparation, target point identification, and lead insertion. Additional topics for the permanent implantation procedure include tunneling and pocket dissection.
Preoperative considerations
Authors: Fiala Kenneth , Martens Joshua , Abd-Elsayed Alaa 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Sacroiliac joint fusion surgery is an option for patients whose sacroiliac joint pain has been refractory to conservative pain management. A good candidate for fusion surgery is one who has completed all appropriate nonsurgical management efforts, including physical therapy, intraarticular sacroiliac steroid injections, oral analgesics, and radiofrequency ablation of sacral nerve roots, without experiencing any improvement in pain. This chapter covers candidate selection, the two main surgical approaches used for this fusion surgery (open and minimally invasive), anticoagulation guidelines, and the risk of infection and complications. Before surgery it is very important to make sure the patient understands the risks of the surgery as well as the potential for success.
Posterior fusion
Authors: Ullger Cory , Jayakumar Mogana V. , Jassal Navdeep 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Sacroiliac joint pain and dysfunction has increasingly been identified as an important pain generator in patients with chronic back pain or failed back surgery syndrome. It is estimated up to 30% of patients presenting with low back pain will have contributions from a painful sacroiliac joint. Historically, fusion of the joint has been performed with an open posterior or posterolateral approach. Minimally invasive surgical (MIS) approaches were introduced in 2008, and since that time MIS posterior and lateral approaches have become common. Numerous medical device companies have marketed MIS systems, and evidence of safety and efficacy is mounting. This chapter will detail the posterior approaches using fluoroscopic and navigation system guidance. Evidence for safety and efficacy of posterior sacroiliac joint fusion approaches will also be discussed.
The pharynx
Authors: van Gijn Daniel R. , Dunne Jonathan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The pharynx is the cranial limit of the alimentary tract and lies behind the nasal, oral and laryngeal cavities – extending from the skull base to the sixth cervical vertebrae. It consists of a thick muscular tube formed from the three constrictor muscles, stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus and salpingopharyngeus – lined by the pharyngobasilar fascia internally and buccopharyngeal fascia externally. The nasopharynx communicates with the nasal cavity anteriorly and laterally with the middle ear via the eustachian tubes. The oropharynx extends from the soft palate superiorly to the superior border of the epiglottis below, communicating with the nasopharynx above via the pharyngeal isthmus and oral cavity in front via the oropharyngeal isthmus. It is characterised by Waldeyer’s lymphatic ring. The hypopharynx extends from the epiglottis to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage, where it continues as the oesophagus. Its anterior wall is formed by the inlet of the larynx superiorly and posterior part of the cricoid cartilage inferiorly.