bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental drivers of sexual dimorphism in a lizard with alternative mating strategies
Authors: Chelini Marie Claire , Brock Kinsey , Yeager Justin , Edwards Danielle L. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the relative importance of sexual and natural selection in shaping morphological traits is a long‐standing goal of evolutionary ecology. Male‐biased sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is typically associated with male–male competition. Similarly, male polymorphisms are considered a consequence of competitive social interactions. This classic paradigm overlooks the fact that environmental factors mediate social interactions and can lead to ecological adaptations. Common side‐blotched lizards, Uta stansburiana, are a model system for this paradigm due to well‐known rock‐paper‐scissors social dynamics between male morphs. SSD in this species has been considered primarily a consequence of social interactions, with male size resulting from the number of morphs in each population and female size being constrained through fecundity benefits. We test if the environment explains intraspecific variation in SSD and number of male morphs in U. stansburiana. By compiling data from 49 populations, we show that environmental variables are stronger predictors of SSD than the number of male morphs. Similarly, we show that the environment mediates SSD and potentially contributes to morph loss in colder environments. We propose that the environment favours smaller males in areas of high seasonality. Our results demonstrate the importance of the environment as a mediator of SSD.
Do medical schools teach medical humanities? Review of curricula in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom
Authors: Howick Jeremy , Zhao Lunan , McKaig Brenna , Rosa Alessandro , Campaner Raffaella , Oke Jason , Ho Dien 
Published: June 2021

AbstractRationale and objectivesMedical humanities are becoming increasingly recognized as positively impacting medical education and medical practice. However, the extent of medical humanities teaching in medical schools is largely unknown. We reviewed medical school curricula in Canada, the UK and the US. We also explored the relationship between medical school ranking and the inclusion of medical humanities in the curricula.MethodsWe searched the curriculum websites of all accredited medical schools in Canada, the UK and the US to check which medical humanities topics were taught, and whether they were mandatory or optional. We then noted rankings both by Times Higher Education and U.S. News and World Report and calculated the average rank. We formally explored whether there was an association between average medical school ranking and medical humanities offerings using Spearman's correlation and inverse variance weighting meta‐analysis.ResultsWe identified 18 accredited medical school programmes in Canada, 41 in the UK, and 154 in the US. Of these, nine (56%) in Canada, 34 (73%) in the UK and 124 (80%) in the US offered at least one medical humanity that was not ethics. The most common medical humanities were medical humanities (unspecified), history, and literature (Canada); sociology and social medicine, medical humanities (unspecified), and art (UK); and medical humanities (unspecified), literature and history (US). Higher ranked medical schools appeared less likely to offer medical humanities.ConclusionsThe extent and content of medical humanities offerings at accredited medical schools in Canada, the UK and the US varies, and there appears to be an inverse relationship between medical school quality and medical humanities offerings. Our analysis was limited by the data provided on the Universities' websites. Given the potential for medical humanities to improve medical education and medical practice, opportunities to reduce this variation should be exploited.
Effect of vertical velocity profile approximations on estimates of dam breach discharge using surface velocities
Authors: Liu Jie , Xiao Hong , Lin Pengzhi , Zhou Chuanxing , Wang Wei 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn order to investigate the relationship between water surface velocity and breach hydrograph, a series of dam breach experiments with a generalised landslide dam were conducted in an open channel of 50 m × 4 m × 2 m. The large‐scale particle image velocimetry (LSPIV) technique was applied to measure the time history of water surface velocity during the dam breach process, and the hydrography was obtained by integrating the surface velocity along the water depth. The influence of different vertical velocity profile approximation and suspended sediment concentration on the peak breach discharge were analysed and discussed. The results showed that the water depth over the breach crest can be described as a function of water surface velocity using . A simple formula based on surface velocity and breach width for the estimation of breach discharge was further proposed and verified.
Information Sharing in a Competitive Microcredit Market
Authors: De Haas Ralph , Millone Matteo , Bos Jaap 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe analyze contract‐level data on approved and rejected microloans to assess the impact of a new credit registry in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a country with a competitive microcredit market. Our findings are threefold. First, information sharing reduces defaults, especially among new borrowers, and increases the return on lending. Second, lending tightens at the extensive margin as loan officers, using the new registry, reject more applications. Third, lending also tightens at the intensive margin: microloans become smaller, shorter, and more expensive. This affects both new borrowers and lending relationships established before the registry. In contrast, repeat borrowers whose lending relationship started after the registry introduction begin to benefit from larger loans at lower interest rates.
Rural differentiation and rural change: Microlevel evidence from Kenya
Authors: Fibæk Maria Mwaipopo 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis study investigates how smallholder differentiation can be reconciled with processes of rural development. Conventional theories and policies are primarily based on assumptions of an undifferentiated smallholder sector. Conversely, some agrarian political economy scholars argue that smallholder differentiation may be correlated with dynamic rural development. To contribute to the debate, rural households in this study are stratified into income classes, and accumulation patterns among each income class are examined. The analysis shows that smallholder differentiation does not coincide with dynamic rural development. Instead of accumulating wealth through farming, richer households have diversified to better paid employment.
Nursing interventions for the promotion of tracheostomy self‐care: A scoping review
Authors: Queirós Sílvia Maria Moreira , Pinto Igor Emanuel Soares , de Brito Maria Alice Correia , Santos Célia Samarina Vilaça de Brito 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAims and objectivesTo map nursing interventions, their characteristics, and outcomes, in promoting self‐care of the person with a tracheostomy.BackgroundThe development of competencies in self‐care of a person with a tracheostomy is recognised as one of the most significant nursing intervention areas for the promotion of autonomy, prevention of complications and adaptation. Identifying nursing interventions for the promotion of self‐care of the person with a tracheostomy enables enhanced clinical practice knowledge within different care contexts and the identification of gaps in the available evidence.DesignThe Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology was used to perform this scoping review.Method: A search was conducted on the CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. The search for grey literature included Portugal´s Open Access Scientific Repository, OpenGrey, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. Studies published in Portuguese, English, Spanish and French were included. The PRISMA‐ScR checklist was used.ResultsFrom a total of 4,224 identified articles, 31 were included in this review. Multiple nursing interventions were identified and grouped into four types of action: informing, managing, determining and attending. Although most interventions are implemented with the face‐to‐face method, there is a growing interest in using technologies for this purpose. The dose is the characteristic most poorly described in interventions. Various results were obtained; however, valid assessment tools were not always used.ConclusionsDesigning and testing intervention programmes for the promotion of self‐care of the person with a tracheostomy is necessary, based on available and robust evidence to guide clinical practice.Relevance to clinical practiceThis review allowed to systematise nursing interventions to promote self‐care of the person with a tracheostomy. The use of combined interventions and methodologies is likely to be more effective in care delivery.
Simulation as a joint learning activity in clinical placement—interaction between first‐year nursing students and qualified nurses
Authors: Aamlid Hege , Tveit Bodil 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAimsThe purpose of the study was to explore students’ experiences from joint simulation training with qualified nurses that took place in students’ first‐year placement at a nursing home.BackgroundNursing students’ clinical placement in nursing homes has been pictured as inadequate, boring and irrelevant. There is a need for innovative learning designs that include increased collaboration between the educational institution and clinical placement site to support student learning in practice. Simulation training is highlighted as a learning activity that enhances practical skills and reflection.DesignThe study had a qualitative evaluation design to explore and capture students’ experiences and provide an understanding of the impact of the joint simulation activity during placement.MethodsThree retrospective focus group interviews were conducted with a total of twenty nursing students. Written reflective notes from sixteen of the students were included in the study. The data were analysed by means of a thematic content analysis. COREQ reporting guidelines were used.ResultsFour themes were identified as follows: (a) anxiety and arrangements, (b) realistic scenarios—real nurses, (c) debriefing and reflection and (d) the aftereffect of the simulation training for the clinical placement.ConclusionsThe joint simulation training gave the students an opportunity to actively participate in a complex clinical learning situation together with qualified nurses and within a safe environment. This learning activity provoked feelings and stress within the students. However, it also enriched the students’ learning experience and strengthened the outcome of the clinical placement through an improved relationship between the students and qualified nurses.Relevance to clinical practiceCreating collaborative learning activities between nursing homes and universities, such as joint simulation, can increase relevance and enhance learning and student satisfaction in their clinical placement. It can also promote nursing homes as interesting learning arena and future workplace for nursing students.
COVID‐19 associated brain/spinal cord lesions and leptomeningeal enhancement: A meta‐analysis of the relationship to CSF SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Lewis Ariane , Jain Rajan , Frontera Jennifer , Placantonakis Dimitris G. , Galetta Steven , Balcer Laura , Melmed Kara R. 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTBackground and PurposeWe reviewed the literature to evaluate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) results from patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) who had neurological symptoms and had an MRI that showed (1) central nervous system (CNS) hyperintense lesions not attributed to ischemia and/or (2) leptomeningeal enhancement. We sought to determine if these findings were associated with a positive CSF severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) polymerase chain reaction (PCR).MethodsWe performed a systematic review of Medline and Embase from December 1, 2019 to November 18, 2020. CSF results were evaluated based on the presence/absence of (1) ≥ 1 CNS hyperintense lesion and (2) leptomeningeal enhancement.ResultsIn 117 publications, we identified 193 patients with COVID‐19 who had an MRI of the CNS and CSF testing. There were 125 (65%) patients with CNS hyperintense lesions. Patients with CNS hyperintense lesions were significantly more likely to have a positive CSF SARS‐CoV‐2 PCR (10% [9/87] vs. 0% [0/43],p= 0.029). Of 75 patients who had a contrast MRI, there were 20 (27%) patients who had leptomeningeal enhancement. Patients with leptomeningeal enhancement were significantly more likely to have a positive CSF SARS‐CoV‐2 PCR (25% [4/16] vs. 5% [2/42],p= 0.024).ConclusionThe presence of CNS hyperintense lesions or leptomeningeal enhancement on neuroimaging from patients with COVID‐19 is associated with increased likelihood of a positive CSF SARS‐CoV‐2 PCR. However, a positive CSF SARS‐CoV‐2 PCR is uncommon in patients with these neuroimaging findings, suggesting they are often related to other etiologies, such as inflammation, hypoxia, or ischemia.
Leukaemic infiltration in the oral and maxillofacial region: An update
Authors: de Sena Ana Carolina Velasco Pondé , de Arruda José Alcides Almeida , Costa Fernanda Pereira Delgado , Lemos Ana Paula Vilaça , Kakehasi Fabiana Maria , Travassos Denise Vieira , Abreu Lucas Guimarães , Fonseca Felipe Paiva , Mesquita Ricardo Alves , Silva Tarcília Aparecida 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to integrate the available data published on leukaemic infiltration in the oral and maxillofacial region into a comprehensive analysis of its clinical manifestations, imaginological characteristics, management and survival.Materials and methodsAn electronic search with no publication date restriction was undertaken in October 2020 in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Embase. Overall survival was calculated by survival analysis with the Kaplan‐Meier test. A critical appraisal of included articles was performed using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool.ResultsA total of 63 studies including 68 patients were selected for data extraction. The most common haematologic diagnosis was acute myeloid leukaemia (47%). The most affected individuals were 40 to 49 years old (20.9%). The male‐to‐female ratio was 1.2:1. The gingiva was the most affected site (37%). Swelling/mass/oedema (33.7%) and enlargement/hyperplasia/hypertrophy (25.5%) were the main clinical findings. Osteolytic lesions with bone destruction were the main imaginological characteristics among the reported cases. Follow‐up was available for 36 patients. Overall, within the 21‐month follow‐up, the survival probability dropped to 14.3%.ConclusionA considerable number of studies reported oral manifestations mainly in individuals with the acute form of leukaemia. Children and adults were affected, but the fifth decade of life was the most common. Dentists should be vigilant since these manifestations may be important for a diagnosis and for the monitoring of the treatment response and recurrence of haematological neoplasia.
The effect of intrinsic and extrinsic quality on the willingness to pay for a convenient meal: A combination of home‐use‐test with online auctions
Authors: Garrido Dolores , Gallardo R. Karina , Ross Carolyn F. , Montero Maria Laura , Tang Juming 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA sensory evaluation using a home‐use‐test (HUT) setting and experimental online auctions at three storage times, were used to elicit willingness to pay (WTP) for two samples of ready meals with extended shelf life, one using microwave assisted pasteurization system (MAPS) and the other using freezing. The effect of the information on the name of a new technology and the environmental impacts associated with each technology was also measured. We found that sensory characteristics of the ready meal are the key drivers for subjects' WTP. Considering the specific context of this study, we did not find evidence that the name of the technology and the information on the environmental impacts associated with each technology impacted participants' WTP.Practical ApplicationsOur study contributes by presenting a protocol for conducting a combined HUT and online auction across three storage times for a complex food matrix (i.e., the jambalaya ready meal) in which the eating environment is important. Also influential is that participants actually ate the meal, therefore the sensory evaluation results that were gathered were more impactful for bids than the extrinsic attributes included. Given the logistic challenges of conducting a HUT along with experimental auctions across time, this study had a limited number of participants. Therefore, we cannot provide a conclusive evidence that disclosing the name of the technology used and its effects on the environment would encourage purchase of ready meals.
The impact of cognitive and noncognitive factors on odor discrimination performance
Authors: Sabiniewicz Agnieszka , Wrage Florian , Hummel Thomas 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate which components among a range of cognitive and noncognitive factors contribute to odor discrimination and to which extent. One hundred sixty participants were assessed for olfactory discrimination considering (a) the sequence of presentation of the detection target and (b) response time taken to perform the discrimination task. Participants were tested with several cognitive tests covering executive functioning, and semantic memory and noncognitive tests measuring optimism, mindset, general self‐efficacy, and self‐esteem. Hierarchical regression analyses conducted in classic and Bayesian ways demonstrate a strong impact of semantic memory and age on odor discrimination performance. Conversely, executive functions together with noncognitive factors and response time were rather weak predictors of odor discrimination performance. Additionally, the positioning of the target odor, when presented last, facilitated the correct choice in odor discrimination. In conclusion, odor discrimination is related to semantic memory, while noncognitive factors exert only minor influences on odor discrimination scores.Practical ApplicationsIn the present study, we found that the target odor, when presented as the last of the three pens, facilitated the correct choice in odor discrimination process. Even though, the influence of the target odor position was noticed only in case of several trials, it should be considered in the future studies. Moreover, the amount of time taken to respond when performing odor discrimination task did not contribute strongly to the final outcome. Thus, controlling for the response time in this kind of task appears not to be highly significant.
Meta‐analysis of energy intake of growing–finishing pigs in China
Authors: Hou Lei , Wang Li , Wen Xiaolu , Yang Xuefen , Gao Kaiguo , Zhu Cui , Li Long , Xiao Hao , Jiang Zongyong 
Published: June 2021

AbstractData from 655 treatments of 116 studies were used in a meta‐analysis to determine the daily digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME) and net energy (NE) intake of Chinese growing–finishing pigs, and to predict feed efficiency responses to change in dietary DE, ME and NE. Three alternative functions (i.e., polynomial, Bridges and asymptotic function) were employed for fitting daily DE, ME or NE intakes to mean body weight. The results showed that the three models from the current study provided reasonable fit (allR2 > 0.83) for the energy intake data. However, under the same energy system, the polynomial function had the smallest Akaike's information criteria (AIC) and residual standard deviation (RSD), followed by Bridges and asymptotic functions. The three model‐generated energy intakes of growing pigs were significantly less than that of the Chinese Feeding Standard of Swine, but similar to that of the National Research Council (2012), while the values of finishing pigs were greater than both standards. Compared with those that predict feed efficiency based on DE or ME, the equation with NE as a predictor had the minimized AIC and RSD. It was also found that feed efficiency increased with increasing dietary energy density (DED), but this response varied with pig body weight, and the lighter pigs were more sensitive to DED than heavier pigs.
Nurse practitioner scope of practice and the prevention of foot complications in rural diabetes patients
Authors: Hughes Danny R. , Filar Candice , Mitchell David T. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPurposeDiabetic foot ulcers afflict a quarter of type‐2 diabetes mellitus patients and are associated with higher mortality rates among people with diabetes. Routine primary and preventive care is essential to both prevent and treat foot ulcers before they can contribute to further adverse outcomes. One approach for expanding this care to people with diabetes in rural communities is increasing the practice authority of nurse practitioners. This study examines whether the presence of nurse practitioner practice authority is associated with fewer foot ulcer complications in rural populations as measured through the incidence of foot debridement—a common procedure for addressing severe diabetic foot ulcers.MethodsThis study uses medical claims to estimate the incidence of foot debridement for US counties. A multivariable linear regression was performed to examine the association between nurse practitioner practice authority and the county incidence of foot debridement after adjusting for measures of local health care workforce and sociodemographics.FindingsNurse practitioner practice authority was associated with 219.4 fewer foot debridements per 10,000 enrollees (P < .001) in rural counties. Rural health clinics (P < .03) and skilled nursing facilities (P < .03) were also associated with fewer rural debridements. The number of nurse practitioners (P < .69) and primary care physicians (P < .69) per enrollee were not significant. No measure of health care workforce was associated with the incidence of foot debridement in urban counties.ConclusionsExpanding nurse practitioner practice authority may be an effective solution for preventing complications from diabetic foot ulcers in rural communities.