bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lower relative abundance of ectomycorrhizal fungi under a warmer and drier climate is linked to enhanced soil organic matter decomposition
Authors: Querejeta José Ignacio , Schlaeppi Klaus , López‐García Álvaro , Ondoño Sara , Prieto Iván , van der Heijden Marcel G. A. , del Mar Alguacil María 
Published: August 2021

Summary

The aboveground impacts of climate change receive extensive research attention, but climate change could also alter belowground processes such as the delicate balance between free‐living fungal decomposers and nutrient‐scavenging mycorrhizal fungi that can inhibit decomposition through a mechanism called the Gadgil effect.

We investigated how climate change‐induced reductions in plant survival, photosynthesis and productivity alter soil fungal community composition in a mixed arbuscular/ectomycorrhizal (AM/EM) semiarid shrubland exposed to experimental warming (W) and/or rainfall reduction (RR). We hypothesised that increased EM host plant mortality under a warmer and drier climate might decrease ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) abundance, thereby favouring the proliferation and activity of fungal saprotrophs.

The relative abundance of EMF sequences decreased by 57.5% under W+RR, which was accompanied by reductions in the activity of hydrolytic enzymes involved in the acquisition of organic‐bound nutrients by EMF and their host plants. W+RR thereby created an enhanced potential for soil organic matter (SOM) breakdown and nitrogen mineralisation by decomposers, as revealed by 127–190% increases in dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen, respectively, and decreasing SOM content in soil.

Climate aridification impacts on vegetation can cascade belowground through shifts in fungal guild structure that alter ecosystem biogeochemistry and accelerate SOM decomposition by reducing the Gadgil effect.
A derived ZW chromosome system in Amborella trichopoda, representing the sister lineage to all other extant flowering plants
Authors: Käfer Jos , Bewick Adam , Andres‐Robin Amélie , Lapetoule Garance , Harkess Alex , Caïus José , Fogliani Bruno , Gâteblé Gildas , Ralph Paula , dePamphilis Claude W. , Picard Franck , Scutt Charlie , Marais Gabriel A. B. , Leebens‐Mack James 
Published: August 2021

Summary

The genetic basis and evolution of sex determination in dioecious plants is emerging as an active area of research with exciting advances in genome sequencing and analysis technologies. As the sole species within the sister lineage to all other extant flowering plants, Amborella trichopoda is an important model for understanding the evolution and development of flowers. Plants typically produce only male or female flowers, but sex determination mechanisms are unknown for the species.

Sequence data derived from plants of natural origin and an F1 mapping population were used to identify sex‐linked genes and the nonrecombining region.

Amborella trichopoda has a ZW sex determination system. Analysis of genes in a 4 Mb nonrecombining sex‐determination region reveals recent divergence of Z and W gametologs, and few Z‐ and W‐specific genes.

The sex chromosomes of A. trichopoda evolved less than 16.5 Myr ago, long after the divergence of the extant angiosperms.
Harnessing rare variants in neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopment disorders—a Keystone Symposia report
Authors: Cable Jennifer , Purcell Ryan H. , Robinson Elise , Vorstman Jacob A. S. , Chung Wendy K. , Constantino John N. , Sanders Stephan J. , Sahin Mustafa , Dolmetsch Ricardo E. , Shah Bina Maniar , Thurm Audrey , Martin Christa L. , Bearden Carrie E. , Mulle Jennifer G. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractNeurodevelopmental neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia, have strong genetic risk components, but the underlying mechanisms have proven difficult to decipher. Rare, high‐risk variants may offer an opportunity to delineate the biological mechanisms responsible more clearly for more common idiopathic diseases. Indeed, different rare variants can cause the same behavioral phenotype, demonstrating genetic heterogeneity, while the same rare variant can cause different behavioral phenotypes, demonstrating variable expressivity. These observations suggest convergent underlying biological and neurological mechanisms; identification of these mechanisms may ultimately reveal new therapeutic targets. At the 2021 Keystone eSymposium “Neuropsychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Harnessing Rare Variants” a panel of experts in the field described significant progress in genomic discovery and human phenotyping and raised several consistent issues, including the need for detailed natural history studies of rare disorders, the challenges in cohort recruitment, and the importance of viewing phenotypes as quantitative traits that are impacted by rare variants.
Morphological alterations in tongue epithelial cells infected by SARS‐CoV‐2: A case–control study
Authors: Marques Barbara Bruno Fagundes , Guimarães Taísa Coelho , Fischer Ricardo Guimarães , Tinoco Justine Monteiro Monnerat , Pires Fábio Ramoa , Lima Junior Josué da Costa , Stevens Roy H. , Tinoco Eduardo Muniz Barretto 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the present case–control study was to evaluate the morphological aspects of the epithelial cells from the dorsum of the tongue and the expression of the SARS‐CoV‐2 Spike protein in these cells, in patients with and without COVID‐19 infection.Methods24 individuals with at least one symptom of COVID‐19 were recruited among inpatients from Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). 14 patients who tested positive for COVID‐19 by RT‐PCR were included in the case group, and 10 patients who tested negative were included in the control group. Cytological smears from the dorsum of the tongue were obtained from all patients and analyzed using immunohistochemistry directed against SARS‐CoV‐2‐Spike protein. Morphological changes in epithelial cells were analyzed using light microscopy.ResultsImmunohistochemistry showed that 71% of the COVID‐19 patients presented epithelial cells positive for the presence of the SARS‐CoV‐2 Spike protein, and all cells coming from patients in the control group were negative. Cytological analysis showed significant differences when comparing epithelial cells from COVID‐19‐positive and COVID‐19‐negative patients.ConclusionCOVID‐19 may generate dimensional changes in tongue epithelial cells; however, further studies are necessary to understand how this happens.
Dramaturgy and crisis management: A third act
Authors: Ball Sarah , McConnell Allan , Stark Alastair 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDramaturgical perspectives have been used successfully in the past by crisis management researchers. However, previous contributions have been limited because they have been actor‐centered, which has meant that they have tended to ignore the critical role that an audience can play in the drama of a crisis. This article therefore presents a “third act” in which dramaturgical perspectives are used to deliver an actor‐and‐audience centered analysis of crisis management. This third act is built around the dramaturgical concept of “characterization,” which we introduce to assess how an audience receives the symbolic outputs and discourses that are produced by crisis actors. After this theorizing, we present an analytical model, which will allow future researchers to analyze the interplay between actor, audience, and legitimacy when examining crisis. We conclude by illustrating the model's analytical capacity via an examination of the role of leaders and experts during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Nonglandular prickle formation is associated with development and secondary metabolism‐related genes in Rosa multiflora
Authors: Zhang Yu , Zhao Mingjie , Zhu Wan , Shi Chunmei , Bao Manzhu , Zhang Wei 
Published: August 2021

AbstractRoses are among the most economically important ornamental plants worldwide. But prickles on the stem and leaves cause difficulties for cultivation or inconveniences during harvest and transportation, thus are an undesirable horticultural character. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of prickle development. In this study, we sought to develop Rosa multiflora (in the family Rosaceae) as a model plant to study prickle formation. The morphology, structure, and ontogeny of prickles were characterized, and transcriptome analysis of prickly and prickleless R. multiflora genotypes was performed. Morphological observation and microscopic analyses revealed that prickles of R. multiflora were non‐glandular prickles (NGPs) and their maturation went through five developmental stages, which was accompanied by the accumulation of secondary metabolites such as lignin and anthocyanins. Comparative transcriptome analysis identified key pathways and hub genes potentially involved in prickle formation. Interestingly, among the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), several notable development and secondary metabolism‐related transcription factors (TFs) including NAC, TCP, MYB, homeobox, and WRKY were up‐regulated in prickly internodes. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that DEGs were enriched in the pathways related to biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, flavonoids, and phenylpropanoids in the prickly R. multiflora. Our study provides novel insights into the molecular network underlying the regulation of prickle morphogenesis in R. multiflora, and the identified candidates might be applied to the genetic improvement of roses.
Formal adult education and socioeconomic inequality: Second chances or Matthew Effects?
Authors: Kosyakova Yuliya , Bills David B. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn countries around the world, population aging, technological change, and labor market transformations are leading to an increasing incidence of mismatch between the skills and credentials held by workers and those required by their jobs. This is leading large numbers of people to return to schooling to enhance their prospects in the workplace. Access to adult education is highly stratified, and the returns to educational re‐entry vary across social categories. This state‐of‐the‐art paper focuses on two aspects. First, it examines the degree to which adult education (specifically, degree‐bearing education) most benefits the less advantaged and thus mitigates socioeconomic inequality (second chance effects). Second, it addresses the degree to which the benefits of adult education go primarily to those who are already advantaged (Matthew Effects). Our review adopts the perspective of the socioeconomic life course and is explicitly cross‐nationally comparative.
SNARE proteins VAMP721 and VAMP722 mediate the post‐Golgi trafficking required for auxin‐mediated development in Arabidopsis
Authors: Zhang Liang , Ma Jingwen , Liu Huan , Yi Qian , Wang Yanan , Xing Jingjing , Zhang Peipei , Ji Shengdong , Li Mingjun , Li Jingyuan , Shen Jinbo , Lin Jinxing 
Published: August 2021

SUMMARYThe plant hormone auxin controls many aspects of plant development. Membrane trafficking processes, such as secretion, endocytosis and recycling, regulate the polar localization of auxin transporters in order to establish an auxin concentration gradient. Here, we investigate the function of the Arabidopsis thaliana R‐SNAREs VESICLE‐ASSOCIATED MEMBRANE PROTEIN 721 (VAMP721) and VAMP722 in the post‐Golgi trafficking required for proper auxin distribution and seedling growth. We show that multiple growth phenotypes, such as cotyledon development, vein patterning and lateral root growth, were defective in the double homozygous vamp721 vamp722 mutant. Abnormal auxin distribution and root patterning were also observed in the mutant seedlings. Fluorescence imaging revealed that three auxin transporters, PIN‐FORMED 1 (PIN1), PIN2 and AUXIN RESISTANT 1 (AUX1), aberrantly accumulate within the cytoplasm of the double mutant, impairing the polar localization at the plasma membrane (PM). Analysis of intracellular trafficking demonstrated the involvement of VAMP721 and VAMP722 in the endocytosis of FM4‐64 and the secretion and recycling of the PIN2 transporter protein to the PM, but not its trafficking to the vacuole. Furthermore, vamp721 vamp722 mutant roots display enlarged trans‐Golgi network (TGN) structures, as indicated by the subcellular localization of a variety of marker proteins and the ultrastructure observed using transmission electron microscopy. Thus, our results suggest that the R‐SNAREs VAMP721 and VAMP722 mediate the post‐Golgi trafficking of auxin transporters to the PM from the TGN subdomains, substantially contributing to plant growth.
Numerical Evaluation and High-Speed Rotating Test on Circular Arc Spring Dampers for Centrifugal Compressors
Authors: Takeuchi Ryota , Ishimaru Hidetsugu , Yamashita Hideaki , Inoue Takahiko , Yabui Shota , Inoue Tsuyoshi 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
A circular arc spring damper (CASD) is a recently proposed fluid-film damper that has two or more arc-shaped centering springs and dual radial clearances formed by wire electric discharge machining (WEDM). CASD requires less space and weight than a conventional cage-centered squeeze-film damper (SFD). It provides linear stiffness and stable damping force in rotor-bearing systems to attenuate vibration due to imbalance or to improve rotordynamic stability. The authors have been investigated the dynamic characteristics of CASD in component-level experiments. However, their performance and applicability to real machines have not been confirmed in system-level experiments. Additionally, a theoretical means of evaluation for CASD should be established to predict its dynamic coefficients and to understand the mechanism of dynamic force generation. In the first part of this study, a numerical evaluation method using two-way fluid–structure interaction (FSI) analysis and its theoretical background is presented. Transient structural analysis and fluid-film flow analysis with a simple homogeneous cavitation model are coupled in the commercial multiphysics platform ansys. The accuracy of the method was validated by comparing the damping and added-mass coefficients with results from previous experiments. Furthermore, several aspects of the force generation mechanism and the difference from conventional SFD were studied numerically. The second part of the study addresses the application of CASD in a multistage centrifugal compressor. A combined 4-in. diameter, five-pad tilting pad journal bearing (TPJB) with four-arc type CASD was newly designed and manufactured. To prove the applicability of the developed damper bearing, a series of rotating tests were conducted at a high-speed balancing facility with a full-scale dummy rotor with a critical speed ratio (CSR) of approximately 3.1. The measured unbalance response showed a much lower amplification factor (AF) than that of the conventional TPJB without the damper, which infers a significant improvement in the stability. The measured responses agreed with the rotordynamic analysis, which uses the dynamic coefficients of CASD derived from the proposed numerical evaluation method.
Modeling of Turbulent Premixed CH4/H2/Air Flames Including the Influence of Stretch and Heat Losses
Authors: Kutkan Halit , Amato Alberto , Campa Giovanni , Ghirardo Giulio , Tay Wo Chong Luis , Æsøy Eirik 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes turbulent combustion model for CH4/H2/air mixtures which includes the effect of heat losses and flame stretch. This approach extends a previous model concept designed for methane/air mixtures and improves the prediction of flame stabilization when hydrogen is added to the fuel. Heat loss and stretch effects are modeled by tabulating the consumption speed of laminar counterflow flames in a fresh-to-burnt configuration with detailed chemistry at various heat loss and flame stretch values. These computed values are then introduced in the turbulent combustion model by means of a turbulent flame speed expression which is derived as a function of flame stretch, heat loss, and H2 addition. The model proposed in this paper is compared to existing models on experimental data of spherical expanding turbulent flame speeds. The performance of the model is further validated by comparing computational fluid dynamics predictions to experimental data of an atmospheric turbulent premixed bluff-body-stabilized flame fed with CH4/H2/air mixtures ranging from pure methane to pure hydrogen.
Case Study: Comparison of Swimsuits and Wetsuits Through Biomechanics and Energetics in Elite Female Open Water Swimmers
Authors: Zacca Rodrigo , Mezêncio Bruno , de Souza Castro Flávio A. , Nakamura Fábio Y. , Pyne David B. , Vilas-Boas João Paulo , Fernandes Ricardo J. 
Published: August 2021

Aim: The authors investigated how the Arena Powerskin R-EVO Closed Back swimsuit and Arena Carbon Triwetsuit (full-sleeve wetsuit), both approved by the Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) regulations, affect biomechanics and energetics of 3 elite female open water (OW) swimmers at maximal and 4 submaximal swimming intensities. Methods: Three elite female OW swimmers (OW1 = 24 y, 1.64 m, 60 kg; OW2 = 23 y, 1.69 m, 65 kg; OW3 = 27 y, 1.63 m, 64.5 kg) were tested 1 week prior to a FINA/CNSG (China National Sports Group) Marathon Swim World Series event and 40 days before the 18th FINA World Championships 2019. Each OW swimmer completed 2 identical testing sessions, one with a swimsuit and other with a wetsuit, involving shoulder flexion power output assessed from medicine-ball throw, maximal performance and drag coefficient assessment, and an incremental intermittent swim test at 4 different relative intensities. Results: Estimated peak oxygen uptake was 4.4 L·min−1 for OW1, 5.6 L·min−1 for OW2, and 5.0 L·min−1 for OW3. Despite a distinct behavior observed on index of coordination for OW3, a null index of synchronization, increased stroke rate (mean difference = 2%–8%), reduced drag factor (minimum = −14%; maximum = −30%), lower energy cost (mean difference = −2% to −6%), and faster performance (mean difference = 2% to 3%) were observed with the wetsuit compared with swimsuit for all elite OW swimmers. Conclusion: The wetsuit enhances submaximal swimming performance, and this increase is dependent on the OW swimmer’s characteristics. The higher stroke rate and lower stroke length detected with wetsuit could be related to movement constraints imposed by the suit.
Jack and Jill Went to Instill: Did the Educative Teacher Performance Assessment Cause Them to Falter?
Authors: Baxter Deborah S. , Sinelnikov Oleg A. 
Published: August 2021

Purpose: This study examined and deconstructed socialization experiences relative to the educative teacher performance assessment (edTPA) process of preservice teachers during their physical education (PE) teacher education program and induction year as a PE teacher. Method: Utilizing a multiple case study design, two PE teachers were purposefully selected and investigated from a PE teacher education program requiring a passing score on the edTPA. Interviews and stimulated recall sessions served as data sources. Results: The following themes were identified: (a) initial interactions and impetus for teaching—engaging and fun; (b) instruction in PE teacher education—learning a ton; (c) internship—gauging, I’m stunned; (d) implementation of edTPA—raging, I’m done; and (e) induction—waging has begun. Discussion/Conclusions: Although participants in this study were able to note several positives of the assessment, a majority of the findings corroborate previous research suggesting that edTPA may serve as a subtractive experience for PE preservice teachers.
Nonclimatic and extrabasinal processes controlled pedogenesis in paleosols of the Paleocene Nacimiento Formation, New Mexico, USA
Authors: Hobbs Kevin M. , Fawcett Peter J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPaleosols can represent intervals of nondeposition in sedimentary packages and are used with increasing frequency as proxies for paleoenvironmental conditions during basin filling. However, the complexities of factors both internal and external to pedogenesis require consideration of paleosols in any basin or sedimentary package in a broader context than is often assumed. With this in mind, we measured and analyzed pedogenic features, stratigraphic position, geochemical composition, and petrography of paleosols in the Nacimiento Formation to gain insight into the paleoenvironmental conditions of the early Paleocene in the San Juan Basin. During this interval, the San Juan Basin was located in middle northern latitudes (~40°N) and saw rapid terrestrial siliciclastic sedimentation related to Laramide tectonism. Evidence from earlier researchers suggests that prevailing climate conditions during Nacimiento Formation deposition were warm and humid. We used morphological properties of paleosols to categorize paleosols into pedotypes indicative of distinct pedogenic conditions. The general stratigraphic distribution of these pedotypes shows an up-section increase in soil drainage conditions through the Nacimiento Formation that cannot be correlated with known climate changes. We suggest that fluvial system evolution was the major control on pedogenic conditions. We investigated Nacimiento Formation paleosols with widely used paleosol geochemical climate analyses, which provided paleoclimate estimates that are in disaccord with independently derived estimates. We show that in alluvial depositional systems with source areas in weathered sedimentary rocks, these analyses can be difficult to interpret and likely lead to estimates that do not reflect true pedogenic conditions during the postdepositional near-surface alteration of sediments. Petrographic analysis of Nacimiento Formation paleosols showed that some likely formed under semiarid to subhumid conditions that allowed pedogenic accumulation and illuviation of smectite clays yet did not substantially chemically alter primary detrital plagioclase feldspar grains in paleosol B horizons. The paleosols of the Nacimiento Formation, when analyzed at the basin scale, show that sedimentary aggradational processes can overpower climate processes in creation of a sequence of paleosols in a stratigraphic section. In addition, the incorporation of clays from sedimentary rocks in a basin's source area can drastically skew the geochemical signatures and therefore interpretations of paleosols in that basin.