bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changing Dynamics in the South African Labour Market
Authors: Bhorat Haroon , Stanwix Ben , Thornton Amy 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Fundamental features of the post-apartheid South African economy include persistent and increasing unemployment alongside extreme levels of household income inequality. These well-established welfare challenges are strongly shaped by the nature of employment and earnings outcomes in the domestic labour market. This chapter reviews some of the major new developments that have occurred in the labour market since 2000. At a macro level the authors document the changing structure of the economy’s sectoral growth trajectory, which has resulted in a relative contraction of the primary and industrial sectors amidst a rapid expansion in the services economy. The latter in turn has delivered an employment path in South Africa, which has been almost exclusively services based. This sectoral shift has occurred alongside a pattern of skills-biased occupational change, and substantial wage growth for those at the top of the earnings distribution. At the same time, the public sector and a corresponding unionized class have expanded and continue to command significant wage premia, while returns to education are declining for specific qualifications. From a policy perspective there have been a series of important labour market interventions aiming to support low-wage workers, with the expansion of minimum wages a notable development in this regard. However, levels of non-compliance with both wage and non-wage labour market regulations are high. We conclude by drawing attention to several active employment policies that have been pursued by the state in an attempt to tackle the unemployment crisis, with mixed results.
Politics and Economic Policymaking in South Africa since 1994
Authors: Hirsch Alan , Levy Brian , Nxele Musa 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Economic policy in South Africa since 1994 has confronted the imperative to include middle class, working class and poor black people more fully into the economy in circumstances which circumscribe the scope for constructive negotiation and lasting agreement. The new regime of 1994 sought a political settlement which allowed stronger growth, economic transformation of the elite and economic inclusion of the poor. After meeting with some success, the combination of the global financial crisis and new political leadership led to policy uncertainty, increasing corruption and some deterioration of state capacity, which resulted in exceptionally slow growth. The puzzle this chapter engages with is why the struggle over rents has stood in the way of a mutually beneficial deal.
Unemployment in South Africa
Authors: Heintz James , Naidoo Karmen 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
South Africa has exhibited sustained high rates of open unemployment since the end of apartheid, when reliable statistical measurements became available. The lack of decent employment opportunities contributes to ongoing social and economic inequalities. This chapter examines the reasons behind the country’s high unemployment rates. After a brief analysis of unemployment trends and patterns, it discusses alternative explanations of South Africa’s employment problems, with a focus on structural causes arising from historical and institutional factors. The chapter also examines how policy choices post-apartheid have affected employment outcomes, including macroeconomic policies, trade policies, and labour market policies.
Introduction
Authors: Van Der Poel Marc , Edwards Michael , Murphy James J. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter serves as a general introduction to the handbook. It provides a brief sketch of the history and reception of the Institutio Oratoria, together with a summary of the essays that will follow. The handbook offers a collection of twenty-two essays arranged in four parts, which provide a comprehensive survey of Quintilian’s work, his rhetorical and pedagogical legacy, and the scholarly traditions in which modern research in Quintilian is rooted. The contributors are scholars from a variety of disciplines and scholarly traditions, in accordance with the subjects treated. The volume showcases the important place Quintilian has in the cultural and intellectual traditions of the Western world, and illustrates the merit of interdisciplinary approaches to the study of his work.
Quintilian and the Law
Authors: Tellegen-Couperus Olga 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
How did Quintilian regard the relationship between rhetoric and law? It is only in the last book of his Institutio oratoria that Quintilian deals with this question. In 12.3 he states that the well-educated orator must have a broad knowledge of the law so that he will not be dependent on information from a legal expert. In the course of the book, Quintilian shows that he himself was well acquainted with Roman law for he often explains rhetorical technique by giving legal examples, and these examples deal with a wide variety of topics and refer to a wide variety of sources. The topics include criminal law and private law, particularly the law of succession, and legal procedure. The sources range from speeches by Cicero to fictitious laws and cases. Quintilian regarded rhetoric as superior to law but he will have agreed with Cicero that rhetoric and law were partners in dignity.
Quintilian and the Performing Arts
Authors: Díaz Marroquín Lucía 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the relationship between Quintilian’s teachings on rhetoric and the artistic milieu of Imperial Rome at the time in which he was writing. It sketches out the deeply philhellenic culture of the Empire, which fostered admiration for the performing arts, and discusses to what extent the public spaces in which the art of rhetoric was performed influenced public oratory and the orators’ dramatic and vocal techniques themselves.
Quintilian in Northern Europe during the Renaissance, 1479–1620
Authors: Mack Peter 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the impact of Quintilian’s Institutio oratoria in northern Europe between 1479 and 1620. It discusses the printing history of the text, which began in Italy but was largely northern European after 1520 and which peaked in the years 1520–1550, and the commentaries which were published alongside the text. It analyses the use made of Quintilian by prominent northern humanist writers of textbooks on rhetoric and letter-writing, such as Rudolph Agricola, Erasmus, Philipp Melanchthon, Juan Luis Vives, Peter Ramus, Cyprien Soarez, Gerardus Vossius, and Nicolas Caussin. It considers the use made of Quintilian’s ideas in theories of education by Sir Thomas Elyot and Erasmus and in Montaigne’s Essais.
Interpretative Survey of Quintilian Editions and Translations from 1470 until the Present
Authors: Van Der Poel Marc 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers a systematic and analytical survey of the printed editions and translations of Quintilian’s Institutio and the pseudo-Quintilian Major and Minor Declamations from the editio princeps of the Institutio in 1470 until the present day. It is based on the critical work done by early modern bibliographers (especially Gesner in his edition of the Institutio, 1738, Fabricius in his Bibliotheca Latina, 1773, and the editors of the Bipont edition, 1784), on digital library catalogues and other catalogues (especially Green and Murphy’s Renaissance Rhetoric Short-Title Catalogue), and on consultation of many editions, including most of the early modern ones in digitized form. The chapter is concluded by a selective chronological list of editions from 1470 onwards, divided into lists of editions of the Institutio and the Declamationes, anthologies and compendia of the Institutio, separate books of the Institutio, and bilingual editions and translations of the Institutio and the Declamationes into English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish.
Quintilian’s Underlying Educational Programme
Authors: Van Der Poel Marc 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the educational programme presented in Books 1, 2, and 10 of the Institutio, in connection with Quintilian’s view that rhetoric is a virtue and his pedagogical principles, which not only constitute the foundation of his review of the curricula of grammar and rhetoric, but also inform his discussion of rhetoric in the entire work. The Roman ideal of the perfect orator is central to Quintilian’s ideas on education, but these are nevertheless firmly rooted in reality, nourished by his own teaching experience and aimed at the practical goal of improving the education of the orator. Two important concerns of Quintilian about current practices are the pupil’s transition from the grammaticus to the rhetor, especially the relinquishing by rhetors of certain aspects of their duties, and school declamation. More generally, Quintilian voices indirect but unmistakable criticism of contemporary society and culture, for instance when he speaks about the decadent lifestyle in households or expresses moral judgements about effeminacy and licentiousness in epideictic performances. On the other hand, Quintilian is not a moralist or an unworldly idealist, but rather an inspired pedagogue and a retired orator with a passion for good oratory. His main audiences seem to be the grammatici and rhetors of Rome, to whom he presents clear educational principles and didactic advice, and trainee orators and young adult orators, to impress upon them the purposes of the orator and his art.
Securing the Critical National Infrastructure
Authors: Mussington David 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Critical infrastructure cybersecurity has risen to the forefront of national policy in much of the world. These systems use information and communications technologies (ICTs) to deliver key services and opportunities central to participation in the digital economy. Not only are critical national infrastructures (CNIs) of importance to the health and well-being of citizens, they also contribute to the economic, military, and political functioning of modern societies. Targeting of these systems by cyber actors has become a commonplace concern for both experts and policymakers. This chapter addresses the state of these efforts, and their utility for defining new norms of state interaction that constrain escalation and instability in international security.
The Role of Defence in National Cybersecurity
Authors: Kerttunen Mika 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Essential to states organizing and regulating civil-military relations, the author analyses the actual and potential role and tasks that the defence sector and armed forces can take up in national cybersecurity policy and strategy. After identifying competences and capabilities that the defence sector could employ for national cybersecurity, the chapter identifies generic roles, from being an independent actor to being another integrated stakeholder, for the defence sector and the armed forces. The author notices how inclusion of the defence sector into national cybersecurity updates the concerns of the ‘military-industrial complex’ influencing not only cybersecurity policy but also how information and communication technologies are to be used in a society. Therefore, the chapter ultimately encourages states to implement strong political control in order to avoid unnecessary securitization and militarization of information technology and cyber development policies, misuse of public mandate and funds, and, ultimately, abuses of power by any elite.
Cyber Power in International Relations
Authors: Stevens Tim , Kavanagh Camino 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a conceptual and analytical framework for the understanding of ‘cyber power’ in the theory and practice of international relations. Cyber power is the product of relationships between actors, rather than a material quantity that can be possessed and converted into strategic outcomes. This chapter identifies four forms of cyber power that arise from different configurations of state and non-state actors: compulsory, institutional, structural, and productive. Analysis of national cyber strategies shows how states develop, leverage, and exploit their relationships with the actors and structures of the international system to generate cyber power in pursuit of their strategic objectives. Cyber power should therefore be understood as a multiplicity of forms of power in and through cyberspace, not as a singular concept or practice. Moreover, cyber power should be framed within broader conceptualizations of power, rather than treated as somehow distinct and discrete.
The Future Human and Behavioural Challenges of Cybersecurity
Authors: Ashenden Debi 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the future human and behavioural challenges that are likely to have an impact on cybersecurity. It identifies some general challenges that will need to be overcome. The first challenge will be to accept that cybersecurity practitioners are not average end users. It is important to understand cybersecurity as a social practice that is carried out in specific and variable contexts if we are to design successful behavioural and social interventions. The second challenge is to improve the levels of creativity and innovation demonstrated by cybersecurity practitioners. Finally, the third challenge is to look at how we address cybersecurity risk. Meeting these challenges will depend on developing a skill set among cybersecurity practitioners that puts soft skills on a par with technical skills, and establishes trust relationships through genuine dialogue realized through participative approaches to cybersecurity.
Introduction
Authors: Cornish Paul 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This introduction provides an overview of the Handbook. The structure of the Handbook is intended to show that cyber security is far more than a matter of threat, vulnerability, and conflict, serious though these matters are; that it manifests on many (if not all) levels of human interaction; and that an understanding of cyber security requires us to think not just in terms of policy and strategy but also in terms of technology, economy, sociology, criminology, trade, and morality. Accordingly, contributors to the Handbook include experts in cyber security from around the world and from a wide range of perspectives: former government officials, private sector executives, technologists, political scientists, strategists, lawyers, criminologists, ethicists, security consultants, and policy analysts.
Ethical Standards and ‘Communication’ Technologies
Authors: O’Neill Onora 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Discussion of the ethics of digital communication often focuses on the speech content communicated, rather than on the speech acts performed. This can be illustrated by data protection approaches to rights to privacy, which seek to prevent the reuse of personal content unless the relevant data subjects give informed consent. Unfortunately, the partition of content into personal and non-personal is insecure: personal data can sometimes be inferred from data not seen as personal. A more robust approach to digital ethics would focus on communicative action, and would query the degree of protection and above all the anonymity available to those who control and organize others’ digital communication.
Cybersecurity Information Sharing
Authors: Murdoch Stuart 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the impact on cyber security of a shift from voluntary coordination to mandatory incident reporting. It traces the efforts to organize collaboration for cyber security incident response back to its voluntary beginnings with the establishment of CERT/CC by DARPA in response to the Morris Worm in 1988, via the establishment of ISACs then ISAOs under successive US presidents, to the CiSP in the UK following the London 2012 Olympics. Recognizing efforts to standardize and automate information sharing, the discussion touches on how information sharing has come to form the basis of national cyber strategies, forming a foundational element of internationally recognized maturity models for those strategies, and it goes on to consider the increasing move towards more mandatory incident reporting, especially in Critical National Infrastructure sectors across the globe, from the Defence Industrial Base in the United States to the NISD throughout the European Union. It considers the impact of mandating reporting on levels of collaboration overall, concluding that regulators must be careful not to create sector-specific silos or undermine existing levels of voluntary sharing through their enforcement of such mandatory schemes.
Cybersecurity, Human Rights, and Empiricism
Authors: Penney Jonathon 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines recent research on the impact of surveillance, both mass and targeted forms, and considers these insights and their implications for cybersecurity. State surveillance has been central to the ‘securitization’ in cybersecurity, particularly the increasing sophistication and expansion of digital surveillance. The chapter looks at different theoretical and empirical approaches to understanding the impact of such surveillance activities, particularly surveillance studies and chilling effects theory. It also considers how new research shows that surveillance has an impact on a range of fundamental human rights and freedoms, with important implications for civil society and deliberative democracy. Awareness of surveillance, or the threat of it, can have a substantial chilling effect on people’s exercise of these rights, leading them to self-censor or avoid seeking or imparting certain sensitive information. Surveillance can also be said to violate international rights against discrimination and protections for minorities, in that it has unequal or disproportionate impact on certain groups, including vulnerable minorities. The chapter then argues for new frameworks for cybersecurity centred on civil society or human rights.
Cyberweapons
Authors: Gaycken Sandro 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains tactical offensive cyberoperations to derive a precise definition of cyberweapons. The definition will be used to explore implementable options for cyber arms control and functional cyber norms, it will help to delineate important research gaps and red lines and to identify novel options for an application of international humanitarian law to strategic cyberwarfare, such as an application of the human shield rule to ban commercial information technology from military units.
Drivers of Growth and Decline in Sahelian Livestock Sectors
Authors: Eilittä Marjatta 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Sahelian livestock systems, an indelible feature of its landscapes and significant contributor to its economies, are under significant pressures to change. Whereas high predicted demand increases for livestock products offer great prospects for income growth, expansion of croplands and settlements as well as climate change will likely negatively impact Sahelian producers. It is clear that for Sahel to respond to livestock market opportunities, changes in traditional trade and production practices are needed, in particular to improve reach of market signals to producers, reduce the high transaction costs, and improve productivity. The Sahelian markets have to date shown continued capacity to supply growing Sahelian and regional markets, and in fact the changes, are already evident. These include expansion and diversification of trader networks, changing procurement patterns, agricultural expansion, and increased use of supplemental feeds, among others. These changes are certain to further evolve.
The Political Economy of Aid in the Sahel
Authors: Bergamaschi Isaline 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The chapter looks at the issue of aid dependence from donors in Sahelian countries. It argues that aid dependence is the result of a historical process whose roots are found in the colonial experience, and that has led over decades to the internationalization and co-production of public policies in the countries under study. It then shows that in reaction to the promotion of standardized policy measures, elites in the Sahel shape the political economy, strategies, and processes of appropriation in order to protect their interests. Finally, the chapter highlights four drivers through which the aid regime reproduces itself in pursuit of development and poverty reduction.
Political Parties and Elite Resilience in Sahelian Politics
Authors: Eizenga Daniel 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
All Sahelian political regimes had adopted multiparty elections by the 1990s, however, few of the subsequent elections led to peaceful political change or democratization. These newly adopted multiparty systems produced a variety of outcomes ranging from the continued rule of a given political party, to the fracturing of political parties, to military intervention, to near state collapse. This chapter offers a historical account of political parties within this context. It identifies the broad historical trends from independence until the multiparty elections, and presents a typology of political parties in the Sahel. It then presents an initial analysis of the thirty-five legislative elections that have taken place in these six countries since multiparty systems have been installed. The chapter finds that the Sahel may represent an ideal sub-region for comparative analysis for future research on political parties, party systems, political transitions, and regime trajectories in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Islam and Muslim Societies in the Contemporary Sahel
Authors: Soares Benjamin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis chapter presents an overview of Islam and the Islamic landscape in the contemporary Sahel and points to broad patterns and major trends as they relate to the practice of Islam in the region. After discussing the conventional wisdom about Islam in Africa, in which Islam is frequently equated with Sufism and “reform,” this chapter addresses several interrelated themes: Islam and its broad appeal in the region; intra-Muslim debate; global interconnections and the media revolution; and Salafism and Islamism trends, as well as jihadism. As it suggests, the Islamic landscape in the Sahel is much more diverse and complex than most commentary usually suggests. It also underscores the importance of understanding how the practice of Islam in the region has been changing in recent years in an increasingly globalized world. Finally, the chapter emphasizes how much more there is to know about Islam and Muslim societies in this region in flux.
Jihadist Insurgencies in the Sahel
Authors: Yahaya Ibrahim Ibrahim 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Over the last decade, jihadist violence has expanded and intensified throughout the Sahel region. Jihadi groups, including Boko Haram, Islamic State West Africa Province, Jama’at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM), Katiba Macina, and al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), have established strongholds in many places in the central Sahel, as well as in and around the Lake Chad Basin. As they strengthen their presence, Sahelian jihadists have introduced new changes in local social relations and practices, experimented with new forms of governance, and attempted to insert themselves into the local political economy. Yet, as they gain ground and conquer new spaces, their governance model has also shown its limits: their presence has increasingly fueled deadly communal violence, and infighting among jihadi groups has become recurrent and deadly. This chapter analyses the factors and dynamics behind this surge of jihadi violence in the Sahel. It attempts to situate the global jihadi discourse within the spectrum of Islamic ideologies and discourses and elaborates on the dynamics, both at the state and local levels, that have favored the emergence of jihadi groups.