bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modified brain storming optimization technique for transient stability improvement of SVC controller for a two machine system
Authors: Choudhury Subhashree , Dash Taraprasanna 
Published: May 2021

Purpose
Static VAR compensators (SVC) have been recognized to be one of the most important flexible AC transmission systems devices used for mitigating the low-frequency electrochemical oscillations occurring in the system and for reactive power compensation, thereby improving the overall dynamic stability and efficiency of the system. The purpose of this paper is to optimize and dynamically tune the control parameters of the classical proportional integral and derivative (PID) controller of the SVC for a two-machine system by designing a new robust optimization technique.

Design/methodology/approach
The angular speed deviation between the two machines is used as an auxiliary signal to SVC for generation of the required damping output. To justify the efficacy of the system undertaken, a light load fault at time t = 1 s is projected to the system. The simulation is carried out in MATLAB/Simulink architecture.

Findings
The proposed technique helps in the enhancement of system efficiency, reliability and controllability and by effectively responding to the non-linearities taking place in a power grid network. The results obtained are indicative of the fact that the proposed modified brain storming optimization (MBSO) technique reduces system disturbances very quickly, increases the system response in terms of better rise time, settling time and peak overshoot and improves the efficiency of the system.

Originality/value
A detailed comparison of the MBSO technique is compared with the conventional brain storming optimization (BSO) and PID technique. Total harmonic distortion through fast Fourier transform is also compiled to prove that the values of the proposed MBSO method found out to be confined well within the prescribed IEEE-514 boundaries.
Potential of crocodile blood as a medication and dietary supplement: A systemic review
Authors: Chook Chui Yiu Bamboo , Chen Francis M. , Leung Fung Ping , Chen Zhen‐Yu , Wong Wing Tak 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCrocodile blood has long been used as a traditional medicine in many Asian countries to treat diseases such as asthma, allergies, and many others. Yet, only recently has the safety and effectiveness of using crocodile blood as a medicine been examined using modern scientific methods; with both conserved and novel active components identified from crocodile blood. Further in vitro and in vivo investigations found that crocodile blood can have a wide range of beneficial effects, including antimicrobial, antiviral, anti‐oxidative, anti‐inflammatory, antitumour effects, anti‐anaemia, and enhancement of wound healing. A systematic research of literature published in English‐language journals up to April 2020 was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Based on the biological and chemical knowledge of crocodile immunity and crocodile blood, this article aims to: provide a critical review on the proposed properties of crocodile blood, identify the knowledge gap and offer some insights for future investigations regarding the use of crocodile blood as a medication or dietary supplement.
Genome‐informed approach to identify genetic determinants of Flavobacterium psychrophilum phage susceptibility
Authors: Daniel Castillo , Johanna Jørgensen , Krister Sundell , Lone Madsen , Inger Dalsgaard , Tom Wiklund , Mathias Middelboe 
Published: May 2021

SummaryThe fish pathogen Flavobacterium psychrophilum infects farmed salmonids worldwide, and application of bacteriophages has been suggested for controlling disease outbreaks in aquaculture. Successful application of phages requires detailed knowledge about the variability in phage susceptibility of the host communities. In this study, we analysed the genetic diversity of F. psychrophilum hosts and phages from the Baltic Sea area to identify genetic determinants of phage‐host interaction patterns. A host range analysis of 103 phages tested against 177 F. psychrophilum strains (18 231 phage–host interactions) identified nine phage clusters, infecting from 10% to 91% of the strain collection. The core genome‐based comparison of 35 F. psychrophilum isolates revealed an extremely low overall genomic diversity (>99.5% similarity). However, a small subset of 16 ORFs, including genes involved in the type IX secretion system (T9SS), gliding motility and hypothetical cell‐surface related proteins, exhibited a highly elevated genetic diversity. These specific genetic variations were linked to variability in phage infection patterns obtained from experimental studies, indicating that these genes are key determinants of phage susceptibility. These findings provide novel insights on the molecular mechanisms determining phage susceptibility in F. psychrophilum and emphasizes the importance of phages as drivers of core genomic diversity in this pathogen.
Formate metabolism in the acetogenic bacterium Acetobacterium woodii
Authors: Moon Jimyung , Dönig Judith , Kramer Sina , Poehlein Anja , Daniel Rolf , Müller Volker 
Published: May 2021

SummaryAcetogenic bacteria are already established as biocatalysts for production of high‐value compounds from C1 substrates such as H2 + CO2 or CO. However, little is known about the physiology, biochemistry and bioenergetics of acetogenesis from formate, an interesting feedstock for biorefineries. Here, we analysed formate metabolism in the model acetogen Acetobacterium woodii. Cells grew optimally on 200 mM formate to an optical density of 0.6. Formate was exclusively converted to acetate (and CO2) with a ratio of 4.4:1. Transcriptome analyses revealed genes/enzymes involved in formate metabolism. Strikingly, A. woodii has two genes potentially encoding a formyl‐THF synthetase, fhs1 and fhs2. fhs2 forms an operon with a gene encoding a potential formate transporter, fdhC. Deletion of fhs2/fdhC led to a reduced growth rate, formate consumption and optical densities. Acetogenesis from H2 + CO2 was accompanied by transient formate production; strikingly, formate reutilization was completely abolished in the Δfhs2/fdhC mutant. Take together, our studies gave the first detailed insights into the formatotrophic lifestyle of A. woodii.
Conservative Party Statecraft and the Johnson Government
Authors: Hayton Richard 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article uses the statecraft framework outlined by Andrew Gamble to analyse the Conservative government of Boris Johnson. It argues that under Johnson, the Conservative Party is pursuing its most far‐reaching statecraft strategy since the Thatcher era, aimed at re‐establishing the conditions for Conservative hegemony. At the heart of Johnson's statecraft lies Brexit itself, which serves as a national cause around which to organise the politics of support. Leaving the EU demands a renewal of the national community which, for the Conservatives, is framed as a narrow Anglo‐Britishness, centred on an essentially English understanding of the Union of the United Kingdom and of Britishness itself. This assertive politics of national identity shapes the party's approach to territorial statecraft and its ideological struggle to ensure that the dominant narratives of British politics are once again Conservative ones.
The Large Uterus Classification System: a prospective observational study
Authors: Uccella S , Kho RM , Garzon S , Casarin J , Zorzato PC , Ghezzi F 
Published: May 2021

ObjectiveTo investigate the Large Uterus Classification System (LUCS) ability to predict surgical outcomes and complications in total laparoscopic hysterectomies (TLHs) for large uteri.DesignProspective observational study.SettingTwo referral centres.Population or sampleThree hundred and ninety‐two women who underwent TLH for a large uterus (uterine fundus at or over the transverse umbilical line).MethodsBetween 2004 and 2019, the intraoperative LUCS was estimated in all patients. The LUCS considers the uterine and adnexal vascular pedicles displacement. Type 1 is without vascular pedicles displacement. Type 2 has the cephalad displacement of adnexal vascular pedicles. The uterine vessels displacement regardless of adnexal pedicles defines Type 3.Main outcome measuresPatients’ characteristics with perioperative outcomes were prospectively collected and compared between the three types of large uteri.ResultsTwo hundred and fifty‐one (64%), 82 (20.9%) and 59 (15.1%) women had Type 1, Type 2 and Type 3 uteri, respectively. Women with Type 1 uteri had a lower uterine weight, shorter operative time, less blood loss and lower complication rates than women with Types 2 and 3. The conversion rate to laparotomy in Type 1 was similar to that in Type 2 (odds ratio [OR] 0.98; 95% CI 0.32–3.56) but lower than Type 3 (OR 0.35; 95% CI 0.14–0.97); in Type 2 it was lower than Type 3, although without the conventional statistical significance (OR 0.36; 95% CI 0.13–1.13; P = 0.07). Multivariable analysis showed that the uterine Type (1 versus 2–3) was independently associated with the total complications rate (OR 2.00; 95% CI 1.09–3.68; P = 0.02).ConclusionsThe LUCS appears associated with surgical outcomes and complications, potentially stratifying the surgical risk and guiding the surgical technique in TLHs for large uteri.Tweetable abstractThe Large Uterus Classification System may predict outcomes in total laparoscopic hysterectomy of large uteri.
Microinvasive glaucoma surgery: a review and classification of implant‐dependent procedures and techniques
Authors: Jabłońska Joanna , Lewczuk Katarzyna , Konopińska Joanna , Mariak Zofia , Rękas Marek 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe aim of this article is to discuss how physiology and anatomical background affect the effectiveness of implant‐dependent microinvasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS). First, we provide a micro view of aqueous outflow and tissue behaviour. Second, we review studies exploring the mechanisms of the pressure‐lowering effect of MIGS, as well as tissue behaviour during aqueous flow and tissue motion. We also describe and classify microinvasive surgical procedures and the most important types of implants, as well as their mechanisms of action, implantation techniques and efficacy. Further, we summarize the indications and surgical results presented in recent studies, providing an evidence‐based update on novel and emerging MIGS techniques for the treatment of open‐angle glaucoma. These data can help surgeons to personalize the management of glaucoma and to choose the best MIGS option for individual glaucoma patients.
Endogenous neurosteroids pregnanolone and pregnanolone sulfate potentiate presynaptic glutamate release through distinct mechanisms
Authors: Smejkalova Tereza , Korinek Miloslav , Krusek Jan , Hrcka Krausova Barbora , Candelas Serra Miriam , Hajdukovic Dragana , Kudova Eva , Chodounska Hana , Vyklicky Ladislav 
Published: May 2021

Background and PurposeNeurosteroids influence neuronal function and have multiple promising clinical applications. Direct modulation of postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptors by neurosteroids is well characterized, but presynaptic effects remain poorly understood. Here, we report presynaptic glutamate release potentiation by neurosteroids pregnanolone and pregnanolone sulfate and compare their mechanisms of action to phorbol 12,13‐dibutyrate (PDBu), a mimic of the second messenger DAG.Experimental ApproachWe use whole‐cell patch‐clamp electrophysiology and pharmacology in rat hippocampal microisland cultures and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy in HEK293 cells expressing GFP‐tagged vesicle priming protein Munc13‐1, to explore the mechanisms of neurosteroid presynaptic modulation.Key ResultsPregnanolone sulfate and pregnanolone potentiate glutamate release downstream of presynaptic Ca2+ influx, resembling the action of a phorbol ester PDBu. PDBu partially occludes the effect of pregnanolone, but not of pregnanolone sulfate. Calphostin C, an inhibitor that disrupts DAG binding to its targets, reduces the effect PDBu and pregnanolone, but not of pregnanolone sulfate, suggesting that pregnanolone might interact with a well‐known DAG/phorbol ester target Munc13‐1. However, TIRF microscopy experiments found no evidence of pregnanolone‐induced membrane translocation of GFP‐tagged Munc13‐1, suggesting that pregnanolone may regulate Munc13‐1 indirectly or interact with other DAG targets.Conclusion and ImplicationsWe describe a novel presynaptic effect of neurosteroids pregnanolone and pregnanolone sulfate to potentiate glutamate release downstream of presynaptic Ca2+ influx. The mechanism of action of pregnanolone, but not of pregnanolone sulfate, partly overlaps with that of PDBu. Presynaptic effects of neurosteroids may contribute to their therapeutic potential in the treatment of disorders of the glutamate system.
Inhibition of inflammatory pain and cough by a novel charged sodium channel blocker
Authors: Tochitsky Ivan , Jo Sooyeon , Andrews Nick , Kotoda Masakazu , Doyle Benjamin , Shim Jaehoon , Talbot Sebastien , Roberson David , Lee Jinbo , Haste Louise , Jordan Stephen M. , Levy Bruce D. , Bean Bruce P. , Woolf Clifford J. 
Published: May 2021

Background and PurposeMany pain‐triggering nociceptor neurons express TRPV1 or TRPA1, cation‐selective channels with large pores that enable permeation of QX‐314, a cationic analogue of lidocaine. Co‐application of QX‐314 with TRPV1 or TRPA1 activators can silence nociceptors. In this study, we describe BW‐031, a novel more potent cationic sodium channel inhibitor, and test whether its application alone can inhibit pain associated with tissue inflammation and whether this strategy can also inhibit cough.Experimental ApproachWe tested the ability of BW‐031 to inhibit pain in three models of tissue inflammation:‐ inflammation in rat paws produced by complete Freund's adjuvant or by surgical incision and a mouse ultraviolet (UV) burn model. We tested the ability of BW‐031 to inhibit cough induced by inhalation of dilute citric acid in guinea pigs.Key ResultsBW‐031 inhibited Nav1.7 and Nav1.1 channels with approximately sixfold greater potency than QX‐314 when introduced inside cells. BW‐031 inhibited inflammatory pain in all three models tested, producing more effective and longer‐lasting inhibition of pain than QX‐314 in the mouse UV burn model. BW‐031 was effective in reducing cough counts by 78%–90% when applied intratracheally under isoflurane anaesthesia or by aerosol inhalation in guinea pigs with airway inflammation produced by ovalbumin sensitization.Conclusion and ImplicationsBW‐031 is a novel cationic sodium channel inhibitor that can be applied locally as a single agent to inhibit inflammatory pain. BW‐031 can also effectively inhibit cough in a guinea pig model of citric acid‐induced cough, suggesting a new clinical approach to treating cough.
Neogene basin infilling from cosmogenic nuclides (10Be and21Ne) in Atacama, Chile: Implications for palaeoclimate and supergene copper mineralization
Authors: Sanchez Caroline , Regard Vincent , Carretier Sébastien , Riquelme Rodrigo , Blard Pierre‐Henri , Campos Eduardo , Brichau Stéphanie , Lupker Maarten , Hérail Gérard 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIncreasing evidence suggests that supergene exotic copper deposits were emplaced during periods of geomorphic quiescence and pulses of humidity in arid environments. We tested this idea in the Centinela Mining District in the Atacama Desert (northern Chile). We collected 14 sand samples at depth (up to 110 m) in two open‐pit mines (Central Tesoro and Mirador) exposing Miocene sediment, and located in the El Tesoro Basin, which hosts two exotic copper‐rich orebodies. We inverted the10Be and21Ne concentrations by using a two‐box model (IMIS, inversion of multi‐isotopes in a sedimentary basin) composed of an eroding source of sediment and a depositional sedimentary basin, and by selecting denudation and sedimentation rate histories that can explain our data. The ages found demonstrate that the two exotic orebodies were deposited during a narrow period between 14 Ma (10 Ma younger than previously thought) and 9.5 Ma, when an ignimbrite covered the sedimentary sequence. The dated lower exotic copper orebody was deposited during or just before a sharp decrease in the sedimentation rates (from >100 to 0.5–5 m/Ma), which is consistent with published sedimentological and carbonate isotopic data in this district. This confirms the idea that exotic deposits form during a quiescence of the geomorphic activity. Nevertheless, our model suggests that the back‐ground denudation rate providing sediment to these basins between ca. 14 Ma and ca. 9.5 Ma was surprisingly high (>250 m/Ma) for such an arid environment. These denudation rates can be explained by a relatively rapid local back‐scarp retreat providing most of the sediment to these basins and possibly a wetter climate compared to the present. Then, during the period 10–7 Ma, the denudation rates decreased to >50 m/Ma. This decrease may correspond to a local progressive decrease in the slope of the surrounding hills, or to a progressive aridification, or a combination of both phenomena.
Pathogenic variants of ATG4D in infertile men with non‐obstructive azoospermia identified using whole‐exome sequencing
Authors: Sha Yanwei , Liu Wensheng , Wei Xiaoli , Zhu Xingshen , Tang Bowen , Zhang Xiaoya , Yang Xiaoyu , Wang Yifeng , Wang Xiong 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNon‐obstructive azoospermia (NOA) is the most severe form of male infertility, and it is primarily associated with genetic defects. We performed whole‐exome sequencing of 236 patients with NOA and identified a homozygous pathogenic variant of autophagy‐related 4D cysteine peptidase (ATG4D) in two siblings from a consanguineous family and compound heterozygous pathogenic variants of ATG4D in two sporadic cases. The expression of LC3B, a regulator of autophagic activity, was significantly decreased, and the apoptosis rate of spermatogenic cells in testicular tissues was increased. Transfection of GC‐2spd cells with a ATG4D mutant plasmid (Flag‐Atg4dmut) significantly decreased the expression level of Lc3b and increased the rate of apoptosis. Moreover, a pathogenic variant in X‐linked ATG4A and compound heterozygous pathogenic variants of ATG4B were identified in one patient each. All novel variants were segregated by disease phenotype and were predicted to be pathogenic. Our findings revealed that autophagy‐related cysteine peptidase family genes may play crucial roles in human spermatogenesis and identified ATG4D as a novel candidate gene for male infertility due to NOA.
Neurological development of children who are HIV‐exposed and uninfected
Authors: Toledo Gabriela , Côté Hélène C F , Adler Catherine , Thorne Claire , Goetghebuer Tessa 
Published: May 2021

Widespread use of antiretroviral drugs for pregnant/breastfeeding females with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has led to declining vertical transmission. Despite being HIV‐uninfected, the increasing number of children who are HIV‐exposed and uninfected (CHEU) often present with developmental alterations. We review seminal and recent evidence on the neurological development of CHEU and associations with early life HIV/antiretroviral exposure. Our conceptual model highlights the numerous exposures and universal risk factors for CHEU developmental disorders. Early studies suggest a significant association between HIV exposure and neurological abnormalities, varying according to the burden of HIV‐specific exposures and other risk factors. More recent observations from the modern era are inconsistent, although some studies suggest specific antiretrovirals may adversely affect neurological development of CHEU. As the CHEU population continues to grow, alongside simultaneous increases in types and combinations of antiretrovirals used in pregnancy, long‐term monitoring of CHEU is necessary for understanding the effects of HIV/antiretroviral exposure on CHEU developmental outcomes.
What this paper adds

Evidence on the neurological development of children who are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐exposed and uninfected (CHEU) is synthesized.

Comparisons are made to children who are HIV‐unexposed, across treatment eras and settings, and by antiretroviral drug regimens and drug classes.

CHEU exposures are complex and include HIV‐specific and universal risk factors which may affect development during the early years of life.
A broadscale analysis of host‐symbiont cophylogeny reveals the drivers of phylogenetic congruence
Authors: Hayward Alexander , Poulin Robert , Nakagawa Shinichi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSymbioses exert substantial biological influence, with great evolutionary and ecological relevance for disease, major evolutionary transitions, and the structure and function of ecological communities. Yet, much remains unknown about the patterns and processes that characterise symbioses. A major unanswered question is the extent to which symbiont phylogenies mirror those of their hosts and if patterns differ for parasites and mutualists. Addressing this question offers fundamental insights into evolutionary processes, such as whether symbionts typically codiverge with their hosts or if diversity is generated via host switches. Here, we perform a meta‐analysis of host‐symbiont phylogenetic congruence, encompassing 212 host‐symbiont cophylogenetic studies that include ~10,000 species. Our analysis supersedes previous qualitative assessments by utilising a quantitative framework. We show that symbiont phylogeny broadly reflects host phylogeny across biodiversity and life‐history, demonstrating a general pattern of phylogenetic congruence in host‐symbiont interactions. We reveal two key aspects of symbiont life‐history that promote closer ties between hosts and symbionts: vertical transmission and mutualism. Mode of symbiosis and mode of transmission are intimately interlinked, but vertical transmission is the dominant factor. Given the pervasiveness of symbioses, these findings provide important insights into the processes responsible for generating and maintaining the Earth's rich biodiversity.