bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Additive value of magnetic resonance neurography in diagnosis of brachial plexopathy: a cross-section descriptive study
Authors: Mabrouk Sara Mohamed Mahmoud , Zaytoon Hossam Abd El Hafiz , Farid Ashraf Mohamed , Khadrah Rania Sobhy Abou 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Management of brachial plexopathy requires proper localization of the site and nature of nerve injury. Nerve conduction studies and electrophysiological studies (ED) are crucial when diagnosing brachial neuropathy but these do not determine the actual site of the lesion. Conventional MRI has been used to evaluate the brachial plexus. Still, it carried the disadvantage of the inability to provide multi-planar images that depict the entire length of the neural plexus .It might be difficult to differentiate the brachial plexus nerves from adjacent vascular structures. Magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) is an innovative imaging technique for direct imaging of the spinal nerves. Our study aims to detect the additive role of MRN in the diagnosis of brachial plexopathy over ED. Forty cases of clinically suspected and proved by clinical examination and ED—traumatic (N = 30) and non-traumatic (N = 10)—were included in our study. We compared MRN finding with results of clinical examination and ED.

Results
MRN findings showed that the root was involved in 80% of cases, trunks in 70% of cases affecting the middle trunk in 40% of cases, the middle and posterior cord in 25%, lateral cord in 50%, and terminal branches on 10% of cases. Ten percent of cases were normal according to MRN, and 90% had abnormal findings in the form of preganglionic nerve root avulsion in 30% of cases, mild perineural edema surrounding C6/7 nerve roots in 20%, lower brachial trunk high signal in 10%, complicated with pseudo meningocele in 20%, and with increased shoulder muscle T2 signal intensity with muscle atrophy in 10%. There were minimal differences between clinical examination finding and MRN findings, with very good agreement between electromyography and nerve conduction (p value < 0.05, with sensitivity and specificity values of 94.44% and 100%, respectively).

Conclusion
MRN is important in differentiating different types of nerve injuries, nerve root avulsion, and nerve edema, playing an important role in differentiating the site of nerve injury, both preganglionic or postganglionic and planning for treatment of the cause of nerve injury, either medical or surgical.
Mental health emergencies and COVID-19: the impact of ‘lockdown’ in the East Midlands of the UK
Authors: Moore Harriet Elizabeth , Siriwardena Aloysius Niroshan , Gussy Mark , Tanser Frank , Hill Bartholomew , Spaight Robert 
Published: July 2021

Background
The most immediate response of the research community to COVID-19 has been a focus on understanding the effects, treatment and prevention of infection. Of equal and ongoing importance is elucidating the impact of mitigation measures, such as lockdown, on the well-being of societies. Research about mental health and lockdown in the UK has predominately involved large surveys that are likely to encounter self-selection bias. Further, self-reporting does not constitute a clinical judgement.

Aims
To (a) compare the age, gender and ethnicity of patients experiencing mental health emergencies prior compared with during lockdown, (b) determine whether the nature of mental health emergencies has changed during compared with before lockdown, (c) explore the utility of emergency medical service data for identifying vulnerability to mental health emergencies in real time during a pandemic.

Method
A total of 32 401 clinical records of ambulance paramedics attending mental health emergencies in the East Midlands of the UK between 23 March and 31 July 2020 and the same period in 2019 were analysed using binary logistic regression.

Results
People of younger age, male gender and South Asian and Black ethnicity are particularly vulnerable to acute mental health conditions during lockdown. Patients with acute cases of anxiety have increased during lockdown whereas suicide and intentional drug overdose have decreased.

Conclusions
Self-reported data may underrepresent the true impact of lockdown on male mental health and ethnic minority groups. Emergency medical data can be used to identify vulnerable communities in the context of the extraordinary circumstances surrounding the current pandemic, as well as under more ordinary circumstances.
“Jack In, Young Pioneer”: Frontier Politics, Ecological Entrapment, and the Architecture of Cyberspace
Authors: Boswell Suzanne F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This essay uncovers the environmental and historical conditions that played a role in cyberspace’s popularity in the 1980s and 1990s. Tracing both fictional and critical constructions of cyberspace in a roughly twenty-year period from the publication of William Gibson’s Sprawl trilogy (1984–1988) to the Telecommunications Act of 1996, this essay argues that cyberspace’s infinite, virtual territory provided a solution to the apparent ecological crisis of the 1980s: the fear that the United States was running out of physical room to expand due to overdevelopment. By discursively transforming the technology of cyberspace into an “electronic frontier,” technologists, lobbyists, and journalists turned cyberspace into a solution for the apparent American crisis of overdevelopment and resource loss. In a period when Americans felt detached from their own environment, cyberspace became a new frontier for exploration and a so-called American space to which the white user belonged as an indigenous inhabitant. Even Gibson’s critique of the sovereign cyberspace user in the Sprawl trilogy masks the violence of cybercolonialism by privileging the white American user. Sprawl portrays the impossibility of escaping overdevelopment through cyberspace, but it routes this impossibility through the specter of racial contamination by Caribbean hackers and Haitian gods. This racialized frontier imaginary shaped the form of internet technologies throughout the 1990s, influencing the modern user’s experience of the internet as a private space under their sovereign control. In turn, the individualism of the internet experience restricts our ability to create collective responses to the climate crisis, encouraging internet users to see themselves as disassociated from conditions of environmental and social catastrophe.
Geomemory and Genre Friction: Infrastructural Violence and Plantation Afterlives in Contemporary African American Novels
Authors: Evans Rebecca 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This essay argues that contemporary African American novels turn to the gothic in order to dramatize the uncanny infrastructural and spatial afterlives of the plantation through a literary strategy it identifies as geomemory: a genre friction between mimetic and gothic modes in which postplantation spaces in the US South are imbued with temporal slippages such that past and present meet through the built environment. Tracing the plantation’s environmental and infrastructural presence in the Gulf Coast and throughout the US South, this essay argues that the plantation’s presence is fundamentally gothic. Geomemory, a trope evident across the emerging canon of contemporary African American fiction, allows writers to address the representational challenge of infrastructural and spatial violence via a defamiliarizing chronotope in which past, present, and future come into uneasy contact. Further, geomemory’s particular enmeshment with spatial design and infrastructure means that it moves from identifying the modern afterlife of the plantation to situating the present in the long context of plantation modernity.
Metal-free Covalent Triazine Framework Prepared from 2,4,6-Tricyano-1,3,5-triazine through Open-system and Liquid-phase Synthesis
Authors: Gohda Syun , Ono Hironobu , Yamada Yasuhiro 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A metal-free covalent triazine framework (CTF) was synthesized from 2,4,6-tricyano-1,3,5-triazine (TCT) through open-system and liquid-phase synthesis using trifluoromethanesulfonic acid as both a catalyst and a solvent (TCT-CTF). In conventional closed-system methods, metal ions used as catalysts remained even after purification, and large quantities could not be synthesized. The proposed method solved these problems and synthesized higher-quality TCT-CTF with a layered structure and a composition with a C/N ratio of 1, which is close to the ideal value.
Hydrogen-bonding-induced Layered Assembly of Cage Siloxanes Modified with Diisopropylsilanol Groups
Authors: Sato Naoto , Kuroda Yoshiyuki , Wada Hiroaki , Shimojima Atsushi , Kuroda Kazuyuki 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Cage siloxanes modified with diisopropylsilanol groups were synthesized and crystallized into a layered structure containing 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene molecules in the interlayer voids, which indicates that the organic groups attached to the silanol groups have an important role in the assembling behavior of cage siloxanes.
Impact of Five-membered Heterocyclic Rings on Photophysical Properties Including Two-photon Absorption Character
Authors: Pham Thuy Thi Thu , Chitose Youhei , Tam Tran Thi Thanh , Tseng Wei-Lun , Lin Tzu-Chau , Abe Manabu 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A series of dipolar-type terphenyl derivatives 1–3 featuring an electron donor (p-NMe2C6H4 group) and acceptor (p-NO2C6H4 group) unit was synthesized and their photophysical properties were investigated. By using aromatic heterocycles (thiophene, furan, pyrrole) as the π-linkers between the donor and acceptor units, significant effects on the bathochromic shift and enhancement of the two-photon absorption wavelength and the two-photon absorption cross-sections were observed, respectively.
A Bargaining-Based Model of Security Design
Authors: Tsur Matan 
Published: July 2021

This paper studies how security design affects project outcomes. Consider a firm that raises capital for multiple projects by offering investors a share of the revenues. The revenue of each project is determined ex post through bargaining with a buyer of the output. Thus, the choice of security affects the feasible payoffs of the bargaining game. We characterize the securities that achieve the firm’s maximal equilibrium payoff in bilateral and multilateral negotiations. In a large class of securities, the optimal contract is remarkably simple. The firm finances each project separately with defaultable debt. Welfare and empirical implications are discussed. (JEL C78, D21, D86, G12, G32)
The Price Effect of Stock Repurchases: Evidence from Dual Class Firms
Authors: Bargeron Leonce , Farrell Michael 
Published: July 2021

We examine a sample of dual-class firms to isolate the magnitude and duration of the demand-driven price effect from stock repurchases. In this novel setting, the non-repurchased class serves as a near-perfect counterfactual to the repurchased class and controls for private information about firm value contained in the repurchases. The average repurchase in our sample, 0.30% of outstanding shares within a month, increases the stock price by 40 to 70 basis points relative to the non-repurchased class of stock. The effect dissipates completely over the subsequent month unless extended by continued repurchases. This small, short-lived price effect leaves little scope for CEOs to benefit from value-destroying repurchases motivated by self-interest. This paper was accepted by Victoria Ivashina, finance.
Expression and role of lumican in acute aortic dissection: A human and mouse study
Authors: Chen Shao-Wei , Chou Shing-Hsien , Tung Ying-Chang , Hsiao Fu-Chih , Ho Chien-Te , Chan Yi-Hsin , Wu Victor Chien-Chia , Chou An-Hsun , Hsu Ming-En , Lin Pyng-Jing , Kao Winston W. Y. , Chu Pao-Hsien 
Published: July 2021

Introduction
Aortic dissection (AD) is a life-threatening emergency, and lumican (LUM) is a potential Biomarker for AD diagnosis. We investigated LUM expression patterns in patients with AD and explored the molecular functions of Lum in AD mice model.

Methods
LUM expression patterns were analyzed using aortic tissues of AD patients, and serum soluble LUM (s-LUM) levels were compared between patients with acute AD (AAD) and chronic AD (CAD). Lum-knockout (Lum−/−) mice were challenged with β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) and angiotensin II (Ang II) to induce AD. The survival rate, AD incidence, and aortic aneurysm (AA) in these mice were compared with those in BAPN–Ang II–challenged wildtype (WT) mice. Tgf-β/Smad2, Mmps, Lum, and Nox expression patterns were examined.

Results
LUM expression was detected in the intima and media of the ascending aorta in patients with AAD. Serum s-LUM levels were significantly higher in patients with AAD than CAD. Furthermore, AD-associated mortality and thoracic aortic rupture incidence were significantly higher in the Lum−/− AD mice than in the WT AD mice. However, no significant pathologic changes in AA were observed in the Lum−/− AD mice compared with the WT AD mice. The BAPN–Ang II–challenged WT and Lum−/− AD mice had higher Tgf-β, p-Smad2, Mmp2, Mmp9, and Nox4 levels than those of non-AD mice. We also found that Lum expression was significantly higher in the BAPN-Ang II–challenged WT in comparison to the unchallenged WT mice.

Conclusion
LUM expression was altered in patients with AD display increased s-LUM in blood, and Lum−/− mice exhibited augmented AD pathogenesis. These findings support the notion that LUM is a biomarker signifying the pathogenesis of injured aorta seen in AAD. The presence of LUM is essential for maintenance of connective tissue integrity. Future studies should elucidate the mechanisms underlying LUM association in aortic changes.
La perspectiva de la sostenibilidad en la sociedad del conocimiento interconectado: gobernanza, educación, ética
Authors: Aznar Minguet Pilar , Martínez Agut Mª Pilar 
Published: July 2021

El presente artículo pretende estimular la reflexión sobre la introducción de la perspectiva de la sostenibilidad en las nuevas sociedades de la información y del conocimiento sustentadas por las TIC, y caracterizadas por una globalización que dista mucho de ser inclusiva. Implica la construcción de un sistema mundial que promueva la búsqueda de la calidad ambiental, la justicia social y una economía equitativa y viable a largo plazo. La UNESCO ha señalado tres caminos básicos para conseguirlo: la gobernanza, la educación y la éticaLa gobernanza puede propiciar una conectividad social equitativa, cambios en los modelos de producción y consumo y la búsqueda y aplicación de soluciones reales a la problemática socio-ambiental. La educación puede propiciar una formación permanente de personas críticas, responsables y comprometidas con actitudes de respeto y armonía con el medio natural y social; organismos internacionales como la OCDE, Naciones Unidas y Gobiernos, a través del desarrollo de sus sistemas educativos, han ido conformando el modelo de formación por competencias, entre las cuales las competencias para la sostenibilidad son consideras clave. Y todo ello desde enfoques éticos que orienten las capacidades humanas a pensar, actuar y promover la defensa de la vida en nuestro planeta.
A contrastive study of grammatical metaphors in abstracts of Chinese MA theses and expert academic writing
Authors: Huang Ziou , Yu Hui 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
As a significant indicator of College students’ ability in academic English communication, academic papers, especially their condensed abstracts require various writing techniques among which the use of grammatical metaphors (GMs) is typical. To improve the English academic writing level of Chinese postgraduate students, it is significant to compare their use of GMs with that in expert research articles. On the basis of Halliday’s reclassification of GMs, this study aims to compare the characteristics of GMs in abstracts of MA theses and expert research articles (RAs). It is found that there is universal use of nearly all GM types in both groups. The two groups are similar in that they share the top five most frequently used GMs, and there are no significant differences in the use of more than half of the GM types. However, the overall GM frequency of expert RAs is significantly higher than that of MA theses. Significant differences are also found in the use of six GM types. Furthermore, some correlations between certain GM types found in expert RAs are missing in MA theses. Reasons for these differences may include the limited understanding of GM, the underdeveloped cognitive ability, the genre differences, and the first language differences. Based on these findings, implications for teaching and learning are discussed.
Critical review on microfibrous composites for applications in chemical engineering
Authors: Yang Yi , Zhu Huiqi , Bao Lulu , Xu Xuhui 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Microfibrous composites (MCs) are novel materials with unique structures and excellent functional properties, showing great potential in industrial applications. The investigation of the physicochemical properties of MCs is significant for accommodating the rapid development of high-efficiency chemical engineering industries. In this review, the characteristics, synthesis and applications of different types of previously reported MCs are discussed according to the constituent fibres, including polymers, metals and nonmetals. Among the different types of MCs, polymer MCs have a facile synthesis process and adjustable fibre composition, making them suitable for many complex situations. The high thermal and electrical conductivity of metal MCs enables their application in strong exothermic, endothermic and electrochemical reactions. Nonmetallic MCs are usually stable and corrosion resistant when reducing and oxidizing environments. The disadvantages of MCs, such as complicated synthesis processes compared to those of particles or powders, high cost, insufficient thorough study, and unsatisfactory regeneration effects, are also summarized. As a result, a more systematic investigation of MCs remains necessary. Despite the advantages and great application potential of microfibrous composites, much effort remains necessary to advance them to the industrial level in the chemical engineering industry.
Importancia del lenguaje cartográfico: análisis de tramo en mapas de ruta, Bogotá-Medellín: 1997, 2006 y 2010
Authors: Córdoba Pinzón Andrea Antonia 
Published: July 2021

La gestión de la información para representar distancias y altimetrías encontradas en los mapas de ruta permite visibilizar datos por medio de tablas, gráficas, fotografías, perfiles e imágenes. A partir de lo anterior surge el siguiente interrogante: ¿Es clara la información de distancias y altimetría en los mapas de ruta para un grupo de usuarios de varios niveles? Para dar respuesta en este artículo se propone un ejercicio investigativo de tipo mixto, en el que se utilizó material cartográfico en formato análogo de cuadros de distancias y perfiles de altimetría de los mapas de ruta Bogotá-Medellín y una encuesta semiestructurada. El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar la lectura en los mapas de ruta de la vía Bogotá-Medellín de 1997, 2006 y 2010 realizada por un grupo de usuarios e indagar la claridad, dificultad y formas de
lectura de los cuadros de distancias y perfiles de altimetría.
“No vendemos la tierra”: Oposiciones y contestaciones de una zona rural frente al conflicto de expansión urbana de Bogotá
Authors: Camacho Bonilla Aureliano 
Published: July 2021

La puesta en marcha de diversos proyectos de expansión de la ciudad en sus periferias, ha suscitado una serie de conflictos y tensiones entre diversos actores. La zona de transición rural urbana de Usme-Bogotá ha sido el escenario durante más de dos décadas, de profundas transformaciones territoriales, sociales y económicas, originando la conformación de un movimiento de contestación y oposición campesino en contra del proceso de urbanización. El presente artículo es parte de los resultados de la tesis doctoral titulada “No vendemos la tierra”, una zona rural frente a los proyectos de expansión de Bogotá: contestaciones, resistencias y negociaciones”. El objetivo es comprender la estructuración y organización de la comunidad rural en Usme, la definición de sus reivindicaciones, sus modos de acción y legitimación, y finalmente la apropiación y construcción del territorio por parte de los actores locales.
Turkish normative data for the Test of Masticating and Swallowing Solids (TOMASS)
Authors: KAVAKCI Mariam , TANRİVERDİ Melike , BARMAK Elife , KAPAN Nazife 
Published: July 2021

Purpose: Swallowing is a complex neuromuscular process requiring the integrity of many muscles and nerves. The natural aging process can result in deterioration of the swallowing structures and result in functional changes in healthy older adults. The Test of Masticating and Swallowing Solids is the only non-instrumental test that provides quantitative measures for solid food ingestion. This study aimed to establish normative data for the Test of Masticating and Swallowing Solids in healthy Turkish adults to potentially serve as a standard in dysphagia evaluation.
Materials and Methods: A total of 144 healthy Turkish adults (ages 20-80+ years) grouped by age and gender participated in this study. The test required participants to eat a regional cracker. Per the protocol, the number of masticatory cycles, number of swallows, number of bites, and total duration to eat the cracker were recorded.
Results: Normative data were obtained for the Test of Masticating and Swallowing Solids from 144 healthy adults, stratified by age and gender. Younger participants took fewer bites (2.00 versus 2.65), chewed less (34.50 versus 51.02), swallowed less (2.06 versus 3.39), and swallowed quicker (30.14 versus 49.20) than older participants. In terms of gender, males took fewer bites (1.94 versus 2.59), chewed less (40.98 versus 45.83), and swallowed quicker (36.72 versus 41.23) than females.
Conclusion: The Test of Masticating and Swallowing Solids is a quick, sensitive, and objective measure of solid bolus ingestion that may be useful for identifying dysphagic patients at bedside and for tracking the efficiency of the oral phase of swallowing.
Pengaruh Kuat Arus Dan Besar Sudut Kampuh Terhadap Kekuatan Impact Dan Nilai Kekerasan Plat Baja Karbon Rendah Dengan Menggunakan Las SMAW
Authors: Aziz Soleh Abdul 
Published: July 2021

Abstract: Welding is welding that utilizes flame heat in electric arcs to melt electrodes and workpieces. SMAW welding is widely used because of its relatively easy to use, cost-friendly and maximum quality results. In conducting welding has several factors that will affect the quality of the welding results such as a welder, welding current and metal distance and welding seam angle. This study aims to determine whether there is an influence of current variations and magnitude of the seam angle to the value of the impact strength and the hardness value of the SMAW welding results. This study uses a pre-experimental method with a one-shot case model. The results of this study indicate the highest impact strength values of current variations in the 80 Ampere specimen at the angle of seam V 60o in the amount of 0.0799 J / mm2 and in the 80 Ampere specimen in the angle of the 80o V in the seam angle of 0.0942 J / mm2. Then for the highest impact strength value variation of seam angle V group of seam angle specimen V 80o current 80 Amperes is equal to 0.0942 J / mm2 and specimen angle of seam V 80o current 100 Ampere 0.0824 J / mm2. The highest hardness value is obtained with a variation of the current specimen group of 100 Ampere in the angle of seam V 60o that is equal to 187.1 HVN and in the specimen group 100 Ampere with the angle of contact V 80o that is equal to 204.4 HVN. Then the highest hardness value variation angle seam V specimen V 80o with current 80 Amperes is equal to 191.63 HVN and specimen angle of seam V 80o with 100 amperes current that is equal to 204.4 HVN. KeyWords : SMAW, Welding current, V groove, Impact Strength, Hardness