bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Radiographic, Ultrasound, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Detection of Retained Stingray Barb: A Cadaveric Study
Authors: Docter Taylor A. , Altschuh Lauren B. , Medak Anthony J. , Statum Sheronda M. , Chung Christine B. , Van Hoesen Karen B. , Coffey Christanne H. 
Published: July 2021

Introduction Stingray envenomations are a common marine animal injury for which it is important to identify and remove retained barbs to prevent secondary infection. The optimal imaging modality in stingray foreign body detection is not well characterized in the existing literature. In this study, we compared the accuracy of plain radiography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in detecting stingray barbs in the human foot and ankle. Methods This cadaveric study included a 1:1 randomization to the presence or absence of barbs in 24 sample injuries of human cadaveric foot and ankle specimens. Physicians trained in emergency medicine and radiology performed ultrasound examinations on each specimen and interpreted the presence or absence of a barb. Participants also interpreted x-ray images in the same manner. MRI scans were separately interpreted by a musculoskeletal radiology attending. Data were analyzed using McNemar’s test. Results The 19 participants included 14 (74%) trained in emergency medicine and 5 (26%) trained in radiology. Forty-seven percent were residents, 42% faculty, and 11% fellows. X-ray was associated with the highest sensitivity of 94% for the identification of a retained barb, followed by MRI (83%) and ultrasound (70%). MRI was associated with the highest specificity of 100%, followed by x-ray (98%) and ultrasound (73%). Conclusions Retained stingray barbs can lead to secondary infection after envenomation. In human cadaveric specimens, x-ray demonstrated the highest sensitivity, MRI demonstrated the highest specificity, and ultrasound demonstrated lower sensitivity and specificity.
Wisdom of affect? Emotion, environment, and the future of resource extraction
Authors: Sörlin Sverker 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe “Arctic Uchronotopias” special issue of Polar Record is an important contribution to scholarly reflection on resource extraction. The ideas, perspectives, and empirical cases that we encounter have significance for extractivism wherever it takes place, both inside and outside of the Arctic region. To see extractivism through an Arctic lens is particularly useful since it brings up many of the issues that are often at stake in extraction activities, but not always at the same time: geopolitics, transboundary relations, environmental and climate impacts, cultural and natural heritage, indigenous relations, rights issues, local and regional development, and lives and fates of communities. Above all, these papers bring out the full spectrum of issues and tensions related to ongoing major global shifts, such as the Great Acceleration and Overheating, and those transformations of which resource extraction forms a major part. The research presented in Arctic Uchronotopias demonstrates that affect and emotions have explanatory value in the geopolitics of Arctic resource extraction. It also shows that emotional and cognitive experience and wisdom carry values and properties that conventional Environmental Impact Assessments and other technologies of evaluation and decision-making can capture.
Critical Observations of Gaseous Elemental Mercury Air‐Sea Exchange
Authors: Osterwalder S. , Nerentorp M. , Zhu W. , Jiskra M. , Nilsson E. , Nilsson M. B. , Rutgersson A. , Soerensen A. L. , Sommar J. , Wallin M. B. , Wängberg I. , Bishop K. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAir‐sea exchange of gaseous elemental mercury (Hg0) is not well constrained, even though it is a major component of the global Hg cycle. Lack of Hg0 flux measurements to validate parameterizations of the Hg0 transfer velocity contributes to this uncertainty. We measured the Hg0 flux on the Baltic Sea coast using micrometeorological methods (gradient‐based and relaxed eddy accumulation [REA]) and also simulated the flux with a gas exchange model. The coastal waters were typically supersaturated with Hg0 (mean ± 1σ = 13.5 ± 3.5 ng m−3; ca. 10% of total Hg) compared to the atmosphere (1.3 ± 0.2 ng m−3). The Hg0 flux calculated using the gas exchange model ranged from 0.1–1.3 ng m−2 h−1 (10th and 90th percentile) over the course of the campaign (May 10–June 20, 2017) and showed a distinct diel fluctuation. The mean coastal Hg0 fluxes determined with the two gradient‐based approaches and REA were 0.3, 0.5, and 0.6 ng m−2 h−1, respectively. In contrast, the mean open sea Hg0 flux measured with REA was larger (6.3 ng m−2 h−1). The open sea Hg0 flux indicated a stronger wind speed dependence for the Hg0 transfer velocity compared to commonly used parameterizations. Although based on a limited data set, we suggest that the wind speed dependence of the Hg0 transfer velocity is more consistent with gases that have less water solubility than CO2 (e.g., O2). These pioneering flux measurements using micrometeorological techniques show that more such measurements would improve our understanding of air‐sea Hg exchange.
An Initial Assessment of the Contribution of Fresh Submarine Ground Water Discharge to the Alkalinity Budget of the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Kolker D. , Bookman R. , Herut B. , David N. , Silverman J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractExcess total alkalinity (TA) of Mediterranean Sea (MS) seawater relative to its Atlantic origin has been attributed to high inputs from major rivers and the Black Sea. Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), which was recently shown to be an important source of nutrients to the MS, may also be an important source of TA to the MS. During 2015–2017, water samples were taken from a shoreline groundwater spring near Tel‐Shikmona, northern Israel, and analyzed for TA, salinity, and dissolved inorganic nutrients. Spring water TA varied seasonally between a low of 3,919 and a high of 7,148 µmol kg−1 in the summer and winter, respectively. Long‐term records from a nearby monitoring site indicate that wintertime coastal water TA is positively correlated with annual rainfall rates. Based on the Tel‐Shikmona groundwater spring measurements and other measurements from the MS region reported in the literature, we estimated that the TA flux from the fresh component of SGD (FSGD) in this region is 22%–37% and 17%–30% of the riverine and Black Sea TA fluxes to the MS, respectively.
Effects of Heterogeneous Stream‐Groundwater Exchange on the Source Composition of Stream Discharge and Solute Load
Authors: Zhang Zhi‐Yuan , Schmidt Christian , Nixdorf Erik , Kuang Xingxing , Fleckenstein Jan H. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe exchange of water and solutes between the stream and groundwater along a stream network affects the source composition of discharge and solute load in the stream. To date, this hydrologic turnover has only been analyzed with respect to the exchange of water. In this study, we extend the concept of hydrologic turnover to solutes and analyze the effects of different hydrologic conditions on the spatial patterns and magnitude of exchange fluxes. Based on a coupled stream‐groundwater model built in MODFLOW using the Streamflow‐routing package, we simulated stream‐groundwater exchange along a stream of 30 km in length and evaluated the evolution of stream water source composition under different precipitation and streamflow conditions. Results show that even for highly variable hydrologic conditions, the direction of stream‐groundwater exchange (loss/gain) remained unchanged in consistently gaining or losing reaches, but changed in interspersed transitional reaches. The comparison between the source composition of discharge and nitrate load in stream water revealed a decoupling of discharge and solute load contribution from groundwater to the stream, as zones of high water gains do not necessarily coincide with zones of high solute concentrations. Overall, nearly 80% of total groundwater contributions to the outflow of water from the catchment were generated over only 20% of the total stream length. Our research highlights the importance of distinguishing water and solute load contributions to streams. This in turn implies that to reduce groundwater‐borne nutrient loads to streams, measures need to focus on the specific reaches with highest load contributions.
Insight Into the Early Exhumation of the Cycladic Blueschist Unit, Syros, Greece: Combined Application of Zoned Garnet Geochronology, Thermodynamic Modeling, and Quartz Elastic Barometry
Authors: Gorce Jennifer S. , Caddick Mark J. , Baxter Ethan F. , Dragovic Besim , Schumacher John C. , Bodnar Robert J. , Kendall Jamie F. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractConstraining conditions and mechanisms of the early stages of exhumation from within subduction zones is challenging. Although pressure, temperature, and age can be inferred from the exhumed rock record, it is generally difficult to derive each of these parameters from any single rock, thus demanding assumptions that diverse data from multiple samples can be safely combined into a single pressure‐temperature‐time (P‐T‐t) path that might then be used to infer tectonic context and mechanisms of exhumation. Here, we present new thermobarometric and geochronologic information preserved in a single sample from Syros, Greece, to deduce the conditions and rates of the earliest phase of exhumation as a part of the well‐preserved high‐pressure metamorphic rocks of the Cycladic Blueschist Unit (CBU). The sample studied here is a garnet‐bearing, quartz‐mica schist that records two distinct metamorphic events. Results from thermodynamic models and quartz‐in‐garnet elastic geobarometry show that metamorphic garnet cores formed as P‐T conditions evolved from ∼485°C and 2.2 GPa to 530°C and 2.0 GPa, and that garnet rims formed as conditions evolved from ∼560°C and 2.1 GPa to ∼550°C and 1.6 GPa. Sm‐Nd geochronology on garnet cores and rims yields ages of 45.3 ± 1.0 and 40.5 ± 1.9 Ma, respectively, thus indicating a 4.8 ± 2.1 Myr growth span. Given the decompression path calculated based on garnet core and rim P‐T estimates, we conclude that the distinct phases of garnet growth preserve evidence of the initial exhumation of portions of the CBU.
A Laboratory Perspective on the Gutenberg‐Richter and Characteristic Earthquake Models
Authors: Korkolis Evangelos , Niemeijer André R. , Paulssen Hanneke , Trampert Jeannot 
Published: July 2021

AbstractProbabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) is the standard method used for designing earthquake‐resistant infrastructure. In recent years, several unexpected and destructive earthquakes have sparked criticism of the PSHA methodology. The seismological part of the problem is the true frequency‐magnitude distribution of regional seismicity. Two major models exist, the Gutenberg‐Richter (G‐R) and the Characteristic Earthquake (CE) model, but it is difficult to choose between them. That is because the instrumental, historical, and paleoseimological data available are limited in many regions of interest. Here, we demonstrate how a friction experiment on aggregates of glass beads can produce both regular (CE equivalent) and irregular (G‐R equivalent) stick‐slip. Using a new rotary shear apparatus we produced and analyzed large catalogs of acoustic emission (AE) events related to stick‐slip. The distributions of AE sizes, interevent times, and interevent distances were found to be sensitive to particle size and the applied normal stress, and, to a lesser degree, the stiffness of the loading apparatus. More importantly, the system spontaneously switched behavior for short periods of time. In the context of PSHA, if faults are able to switch behavior as our experimental system does, then justifying the choice of either the CE or the G‐R model is impossible based on existing observations.
The Contribution of a Newly Unraveled 64 Years Common Oscillation on the Estimate of Present‐Day Global Mean Sea Level Rise
Authors: Ding Hao , Jin TaoYong , Li JianCheng , Jiang WeiPing 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe multidecadal fluctuations in sea level changes play an important role in the exact quantification of present‐day global mean sea level (GMSL) rise and its acceleration. Here, we use an array processing technique (optimal sequence estimation) to analyze 44 global tide gauge (TG) sea‐level records with identical January 1933–December 2019 data spans. The results reveal for the first time a common 64.0 ± 3 years periodic oscillation with a spherical harmonic Y21 spatial pattern. Based on the estimated equivalent “excitation” amplitude (A = 47.7 ± 2 mm) and phase (φ = −0.406 rad), we constructed a global model for this 64 years sea‐level fluctuation. The complex amplitudes of the extracted ∼64 years fluctuation from 94 TG records with different data spans, and of two GMSL time series are consistent with the corresponding results predicted by the constructed model using the stacking results using 44 TGs. We find that the 64 years oscillation has significant contributions on the estimate of reconstructed GMSL trend: it contributed about 24% to the sea‐level trend during 1993–2014 and cause a relative deceleration during 2024–2055; while it contributes slightly to the satellite‐based GMSL trend estimates during 1993–2020. We confirm that this 64 years signal is not originated from the Earth's polar motion; however, it has good consistency with the Earth's magnetic field dipole changes, and with the ∼65 years oscillation in the ΔLOD, which suggests that this 64 years signal could come from core motions. We believe our results unravel a new understanding of the mechanisms of GMSL's long‐term fluctuations within the Earth system.
Forecasting the Remaining Duration of an Ongoing Solar Flare
Authors: Reep Jeffrey W. , Barnes Will T. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe solar X‐ray irradiance is significantly heightened during the course of a solar flare, which can cause radio blackouts due to ionization of the atoms in the ionosphere. As the duration of a solar flare is not related to the size of that flare, it is not directly clear how long those blackouts can persist. Using a random forest regression model trained on data taken from X‐ray light curves, we have developed a direct forecasting method that predicts how long the event will remain above background levels. We test this on a large collection of flares observed with GOES‐15, and show that it generally outperforms simple linear regression, giving a median error of less than 2 min for the approximate end time of a flare. This random forest model is computationally light enough to be performed in real time, allowing for the prediction to be made during the course of a flare.
Functional genomics for breast cancer drug target discovery
Authors: Yoshimaru Tetsuro , Nakamura Yusuke , Katagiri Toyomasa 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBreast cancer is a heterogeneous disease that develops through a multistep process via the accumulation of genetic/epigenetic alterations in various cancer-related genes. Current treatment options for breast cancer patients include surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy including conventional cytotoxic and molecular-targeted anticancer drugs for each intrinsic subtype, such as endocrine therapy and antihuman epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) therapy. However, these therapies often fail to prevent recurrence and metastasis due to resistance. Overall, understanding the molecular mechanisms of breast carcinogenesis and progression will help to establish therapeutic modalities to improve treatment. The recent development of comprehensive omics technologies has led to the discovery of driver genes, including oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes, contributing to the development of molecular-targeted anticancer drugs. Here, we review the development of anticancer drugs targeting cancer-specific functional therapeutic targets, namely, MELK (maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase), TOPK (T-lymphokine-activated killer cell-originated protein kinase), and BIG3 (brefeldin A-inhibited guanine nucleotide-exchange protein 3), as identified through comprehensive breast cancer transcriptomics.
School nutrition laws in the US: do they influence obesity among youth in a racially/ethnically diverse state?
Authors: Sanchez-Vaznaugh Emma V. , Matsuzaki Mika , Braveman Paula , Acosta Maria Elena , Alexovitz Kelsey , Sallis James F. , Peterson Karen E. , Sánchez Brisa N. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background/objectives
Little is known about the separate or combined effects of state and national nutrition policies regulating food and beverages in schools on child overweight/obesity (OV/OB) and related racial/ethnic disparities. We investigated the influence of school nutrition policies enacted in California, independently and in combination with the United States’ national policy “Healthy Hunger Free Kids Act” (HHFKA) on childhood OV/OB and racial/ethnic disparities.

Subjects/methods
An interrupted time series design was used with data from 12,363,089 child-level records on 5th- and 7th-graders in California public schools to estimate sex- and racial/ethnic-specific time trends in OV/OB prevalence during three periods: before the California nutrition policies (2002–2004); when only California policies were in effect (2005–2012); and when they were in effect simultaneously with HHFKA (2013–2016).

Results
Before the state’s policies, OV/OB prevalence increased annually among children in most subgroups. Improvements in OV/OB trends were observed for almost all groups after the California policies were in effect, with further improvements after the addition of HFFKA. The total change in annual log-odds of OV/OB, comparing the periods with both state and federal policies versus no policies, ranged from −0.08 to −0.01 and varied by grade, sex, and race/ethnicity. Within each sex and grade, the greatest changes were among African-American (−0.08 to −0.02, all p < 0.05) followed by Latino children (−0.06 to −0.01, all p < 0.05). Although disparities narrowed among these groups versus White children after the dual policy period, disparities remained large.

Conclusions
State and national nutrition policies for schools may have contributed to containing the upward trend in childhood OV/OB and racial/ethnic OV/OB disparities within California. However, sizable OV/OB prevalence and disparities persist. To end the epidemic, promote healthy weight and increase health equity, future efforts should strengthen state and national policies to improve food quality in schools, particularly those serving populations with the highest OV/OB prevalence.
Anti-scattering light focusing by fast wavefront shaping based on multi-pixel encoded digital-micromirror device
Authors: Yang Jiamiao , He Qiaozhi , Liu Linxian , Qu Yuan , Shao Rongjun , Song Bowen , Zhao Yanyu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSpeed and enhancement are the two most important metrics for anti-scattering light focusing by wavefront shaping (WS), which requires a spatial light modulator with a large number of modulation modes and a fast speed of response. Among the commercial modulators, the digital-micromirror device (DMD) is the sole solution providing millions of modulation modes and a pattern rate higher than 20 kHz. Thus, it has the potential to accelerate the process of anti-scattering light focusing with a high enhancement. Nevertheless, modulating light in a binary mode by the DMD restricts both the speed and enhancement seriously. Here, we propose a multi-pixel encoded DMD-based WS method by combining multiple micromirrors into a single modulation unit to overcome the drawbacks of binary modulation. In addition, to efficiently optimize the wavefront, we adopted separable natural evolution strategies (SNES), which could carry out a global search against a noisy environment. Compared with the state-of-the-art DMD-based WS method, the proposed method increased the speed of optimization and enhancement of focus by a factor of 179 and 16, respectively. In our demonstration, we achieved 10 foci with homogeneous brightness at a high speed and formed W- and S-shape patterns against the scattering medium. The experimental results suggest that the proposed method will pave a new avenue for WS in the applications of biomedical imaging, photon therapy, optogenetics, dynamic holographic display, etc.
Retinopathy of prematurity shows alterations in Vegfa164 isoform expression
Authors: Mezu-Ndubuisi Olachi J. , Song Yong-Seok , Macke Erica , Johnson Hailey , Nwaba Ginika , Ikeda Akihiro , Sheibani Nader 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Pathologic ocular neovascularization in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and other proliferative retinopathies are characterized by dysregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A). A study of Vegfa isoform expression during oxygen-induced ischemic retinopathy (OIR) may enhance our understanding of Vegf dysregulation.

Methods
Following induction of OIR, immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed on room air (RA) and OIR mice.

Results
Total Vegfa messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was stable in RA mice, but increased in OIR mice with a peak at postnatal day 17 (P17), before returning to RA levels. Vegfa164a expression was similar in both OIR and RA mice at P10 (Phase 1 OIR), but 2.4-fold higher in OIR mice compared to RA mice at P16 (Phase 2 OIR). At P10, Vegfa164b mRNA was similar in OIR vs RA mice, but was expressed 2.5-fold higher in OIR mice compared to RA mice at P16. At P10 and P16, Vegfr2/Vegfr1 expression was increased in OIR mice compared to RA mice. Increased activation of microglia was seen in OIR mice.

Conclusions
Vegfa164a, Vegfa164b, and Vegfr1 were overexpressed in OIR mice, leading to abnormal signaling and angiogenesis. Further studies of mechanisms of Vegf dysregulation may lead to novel therapies for ROP and other proliferative retinopathies.

Impact

Vegfa164 has two major isoforms, a proangiogenic, Vegfa164a, and an antiangiogenic, Vegfa164b, with opposing receptors, inhibitory Vegfr1, and stimulatory Vegfr2, but their role in OIR is unclear.

In Phase 1 OIR, both isoforms and receptors are expressed similarly.

In Phase 2 OIR, both isoforms are overexpressed, with an increased ratio of inhibitory Vegfr1.

Modulation of angiogenesis by Vegf regulation enables pruning of excess angiogenesis during physiology, but results in ineffective angiogenesis during OIR. Knowledge of VEGF dysregulation may have novel therapeutic implications in the management of ROP and retinal proliferative diseases.