bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Placebo Effects
Authors: Benedetti Fabrizio 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The book Placebo Effects: Understanding the Other Side of Medical Care examines the importance and the role of placebos across all medical conditions. This book offers a comprehensive description of all aspects of placebo research, a discipline that is now becoming a melting pot of concepts and ideas for medicine and neuroscience. A modern approach to the placebo effect and medical care is emphasized and highlighted across a variety of conditions. The first part sets the stage for a better understanding of placebo effects. To do this, it approaches medical care from an evolutionary and neuroscientific perspective, which helps understand the other side of medical care; that is, the psychosocial component. In the second part, old and new concepts and findings are described, so as to improve understanding of the specific conditions treated in the following chapters. The third part is dedicated to the most studied conditions, such as pain, motor disorders, depression, the immune and endocrine systems, and the fourth part describes those conditions that have been investigated much less, such as the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal and genitourinary systems. All clinical, ethical, and methodological problems and implications related to the placebo effect are discussed in the fifth part, whereas other conditions outside the healing context, such as sport and social psychology, are briefly described in the sixth part.
Seeking relief
Authors: Benedetti Fabrizio 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, why and how the patient starts seeking relief are analysed in terms of motivated behaviour whereby motivation mechanisms are at work in order to trigger the appropriate behavioural repertoire, whose final step is the suppression of discomfort. The distinction between suppressing discomfort and getting a reward is not always straightforward. When one wants to suppress his own discomfort from hunger or pain, he is actually seeking the reward of food or analgesia, which is itself the means leading to the suppression of hunger or pain. The mesolimbic dopaminergic system is at the very heart of this seeking behaviour, and can be identified as a motivation/reward system. There is compelling evidence that the mesolimbic dopaminergic system may be activated when a subject expects clinical amelioration.
Placing placebo effects within the context of the doctor–patient relationship as a defence mechanism
Authors: Benedetti Fabrizio 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter seeks to emphasize the tight relationship between placebo effects and the doctor–patient relationship. The basic concept of defence mechanisms is that the body can protect itself from invaders, as the immune system does, and from damage, as the wound healing processes do. Complex cultural and social factors can also represent an important mechanism of defence. Within the context of body defence mechanisms and social interactions, the doctor–patient relationship represents a special case of beneficial social interaction which can be conceptualized as a true defence mechanism. The central point is that the system ‘patient–therapist’ is at work regardless of whether the therapy is effective or ineffective. Even if the therapy is totally ineffective, that is it has no specific effects, expectation of benefit (the placebo effect) may be sufficient to inhibit discomfort and eventually to influence the course of illness.
Special medical conditions and therapeutic interventions
Authors: Benedetti Fabrizio 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers some special conditions, such as oncology, surgery, physiotherapy, complementary and alternative interventions, and itch. For example, cancer progression is not affected by placebo treatments, however symptoms can be reduced by placebos. Nocebo effects are crucially involved in anticipatory nausea and vomiting before a cancer chemotherapy session, with a basic mechanism of classical conditioning. Placebo surgery may induce improvement in surgical clinical trials, but it also raises many ethical questions. Clinical trials for physical/manual therapies represent a major problem, as it is difficult to design trials with placebo manual treatments, thus limiting our understanding in this area. Alternative and complementary therapies, like acupuncture, show high rates of placebo responses. Itch has been found to respond very well to placebo interventions, thus it represents a nice model to investigate.
The Control of Violence
Authors: Calvo-Gonzalez Oscar 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis chapter explains why economic growth in Spain in the century and a half before 1950 was not sustained. The chapter provides evidence that the main shortcoming of economic growth in the period before 1950 was its instability. The high frequency of economic shrinking, as opposed to low rates of economic growth when the economy was expanding, is thus behind the failure to converge with more advanced economies. The chapter also draws on the insights from Douglass North and coauthors on the difference between limited and open access orders, to provide an account of why economic shrinking and inequality of opportunity remained the norm. A greater control of political violence was only achieved in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, and even then, only under a narrow elite bargain. When the political settlement between elites unraveled in the early twentieth century a return to violence ensued, undermining economic progress.
Reimagining the Judiciary
Authors: Escobar-Lemmon Maria C. , Hoekstra Valerie J. , Kang Alice J. , Kittilson Miki Caul 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This book examines the factors that facilitate women’s representation on high courts worldwide. Diverse courts improve collective decision-making, strengthen public confidence in the judiciary and judicial decisions, and broaden access to the judicial process. Taken together, domestic and international factors explain women’s representation. These influences include judicial pipelines, domestic institutions including selection processes, and international expectations about gender equity. These explanations are evaluated using an original dataset, which includes both men and women appointed to high courts in all regions of the world. Pathways and processes are examined in-depth through five case studies: Canada, Colombia, Ireland, South Africa, and the United States. Taking a multi-method approach, the book combines insights from a cross-national, time-serial dataset with case studies drawing on fieldwork. Women are being appointed to high courts in greater numbers across every region of the world, and political and legal institutions provide context for where the gains are earliest and strongest. The findings suggest a chain of favorable promoters for women’s representation on high courts: new norms of gender equality encourage the reimagining of the judiciary; advocacy organizations challenge the status quo; and windows of opportunity enable change.
Pre-hospital emergency medicine
Authors: Harrison Oliver 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter contains 15 questions that encompass all of the important areas of pre-hospital care, with detailed explanations. Although it is unlikely that many students will have encountered pre-hospital medicine directly, it is likely that they will encounter patients who have received timely pre-hospital care. An understanding of the therapies, clinical decision-making, and emergent scenarios faced by doctors working in pre-hospital emergency medicine (PHEM) is therefore vital. Unique to this series, questions are rated by difficulty and are cross-referenced to the eleventh edition of Oxford Handbook of Clinical Specialties to track revision progress and revise effectively.
Psychiatry
Authors: McMullen Isabel 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Mental health problems are estimated to affect one in four people each year in the UK, making mental illness one of the commonest presentations to General Practice surgeries, outpatient clinics, and Emergency Departments. Yet many doctors and medical students feel uncertain about how to approach patients with a psychiatric disorder. This chapter contains 45 questions that encompass all of the important areas of this subject, with detailed explanations. Unique to this series, questions are rated by difficulty and are cross-referenced to the eleventh edition of Oxford Handbook of Clinical Specialties to track revision progress and revise effectively.
Current Issues in the Conceptualization and Measurement of Executive Function Skills
Authors: Willoughby Michael , Hudson Kesha 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Executive functions (EF) are domain general cognitive processes that contribute to individual learning, problem solving, and planning across the lifespan. Multidisciplinary interest in EF skills stems from their broad relevance to functionally important outcomes. However, this multidisciplinary interest in EF has also resulted in a large literature that is not internally consistent. In this chapter, we characterize historical shifts in the conceptualization and definition of EF skills. We describe quantitative and qualitative aspects of developmental change in EF skills. Finally, we highlight discrepancies that exist between current measurement approaches. The inconsistencies and discrepancies that we highlight are not surprising given the maturity of the EF literature. By drawing attention to these issues, we aim to provide readers a broad vantage from which they can critically evaluate the other chapters in this volume.
Ozu Yasujirō’s A Story of Floating Weeds and the Art of Being Behind
Authors: Preston Carrie J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In Ozu Yasujirō’s silent film A Story of Floating Weeds (1934), Kihachi, the aging leader of an itinerant kabuki troupe, repeatedly scratches his behind. This gesture appears to be directed at the viewer’s face because of Ozu’s famously low camera position, the so-called tatami shot—produced by fixing the camera at the eye level of a person kneeling in seiza on the tatami floor. The shot is used as evidence for another cliché about Ozu, that he is the “most Japanese” and “most traditional” of Japanese directors. Ozu seems “traditional” when associated with the practice of kneeling in kabuki but seems “experimental” when compared to the European modernist directors who also rejected Hollywood conventions. Ozu’s cinema undermines the common binaries between traditional/modernist and “East/West.” A Story of Floating Weeds drifts behind the times, pauses to scratch at the new constructions of Japanese traditions, and then turns its back on them along with some versions of European modernism.
“That Saves Them the Blessings of Civilization”
Authors: Valdez Moses Michael 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The classic Hollywood Western is generally taken to be the antithesis of avant-garde art, a popular genre unaffected by modernism. However, John Ford’s Stagecoach (1939) provides an illustrative example of middlebrow American modernist cinema. Influenced by French literary naturalism and German expressionism, Ford’s Western obliquely engages with the ills of modern urban existence and the interrelated “crises of modernity” that characterized the interwar years, when the global viability of liberal democracy was cast into doubt. In Stagecoach, the problems of modernity are treated (diegetically), though not fully cured, by a transformative if dangerous journey into the American Wild West. By integrating the formal innovations of F. W. Murnau’s expressionist style with his own epic and monumental vision of the American west, Ford epitomized an underappreciated form of American vernacular modernism that emerged across the arts in the 1910s, flourished in the 1920s and 1930s, and survived into the post-WWII era.
Leni Riefenstahl’s Nazi Neoclassicism
Authors: Otto Elizabeth 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Leni Riefenstahl is easily the most successful female director of the earlier twentieth century, as gauged by the size of her audience and the scope of her influence. Despite her lifelong claims of innocence, she has largely been remembered for her culpability as one of Adolf Hitler’s premier image-makers, in films including Triumph of the Will (1935). In this essay, I focus on Olympia, her two-part film of the 1936 Berlin Olympics. Drawing heavily on neoclassical imagery mixed with overtly modernist camerawork, Olympia masquerades as an apolitical celebration of human beauty and fortitude that claims the Olympic idea for the Youth of the World. Yet the film simultaneously conveys other messages that served the regime; it glorifies Hitler and the Nazi state, which it positions as the true inheritor of the classical ideal. In Olympia, Riefenstahl created a film that accomplished exactly what the state attempted with the Olympic games themselves: to project an image of an international, modern Germany while still symbolically conveying Nazi Germany’s power.
REPRISAL: mapping lignification dynamics using chemistry, data segmentation, and ratiometric analysis
Authors: Morel Oriane , Lion Cedric , Neutelings Godfrey , Stefanov Jonathan , Baldacci-Cresp Fabien , Simon Clemence , Biot Christophe , Hawkins Simon , Spriet Corentin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis article describes a methodology for detailed mapping of the lignification capacity of plant cell walls that we have called “REPRISAL” for REPorter Ratiometrics Integrating Segmentation for Analyzing Lignification. REPRISAL consists of the combination of three separate approaches. In the first approach, H*, G*, and S* monolignol chemical reporters, corresponding to p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol, are used to label the growing lignin polymer in a fluorescent triple labeling strategy based on the sequential use of three main bioorthogonal chemical reactions. In the second step, an automatic parametric and/or artificial intelligence segmentation algorithm is developed that assigns fluorescent image pixels to three distinct cell wall zones corresponding to cell corners, compound middle lamella and secondary cell walls. The last step corresponds to the exploitation of a ratiometric approach enabling statistical analyses of differences in monolignol reporter distribution (ratiometric method [RM] 1) and proportions (RM 2) within the different cell wall zones. We first describe the use of this methodology to map developmentally related changes in the lignification capacity of wild-type Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) interfascicular fiber cells. We then apply REPRISAL to analyze the Arabidopsis peroxidase (PRX) mutant prx64 and provide further evidence for the implication of the AtPRX64 protein in floral stem lignification. In addition, we also demonstrate the general applicability of REPRISAL by using it to map lignification capacity in poplar (Populus tremula × Populus alba), flax (Linum usitatissimum), and maize (Zea mays). Finally, we show that the methodology can be used to map the incorporation of a fucose reporter into noncellulosic cell wall polymers.
The Effect of Adding Dry Needling to Physical Therapy in the Treatment of Cervicogenic Headache: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Mousavi-Khatir Seyedeh Roghayeh , Fernández-de-las-Peñas César , Saadat Payam , Javanshir Khodabakhsh , Zohrevand Amirhossein 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Objective
To compare the long-term effect of adding real or sham dry needling with conventional physiotherapy in cervicogenic headache.

Design
A randomized controlled trial.

Setting
Physiotherapy Clinic, Rouhani Hospital of Babol University of Medical Sciences, Iran

Subjects
Sixty-nine patients with cervicogenic headache.

Methods
Patients were randomly assigned into a control group (n = 23) receiving conventional physical therapy; a dry needling group (n = 23) receiving conventional physical therapy and dry needling on the cervical muscles; placebo needling group (n = 23) receiving conventional physical therapy and superficial dry needling at a point away from the trigger point. The primary outcome was the headache intensity and frequency. Neck disability, deep cervical flexor performance, and range of motion were secondary outcomes. Outcomes were assessed immediately after treatment and 1, 3, and 6 months later.

Results
Sixty-five patients were finally included in the analysis. Headache intensity and neck disability decreased significantly more in the dry needling compared to sham and control groups after treatment and during all follow-ups. The frequency of headaches also reduced more in the dry needling than in control and sham groups, but it did not reach statistical significance. Higher cervical range of motion and enhancement of deep cervical flexors performance was also observed in the dry needling compared to sham and control groups.

Conclusion
Dry needling has a positive effect on pain and disability reduction, cervical range of motion, and deep cervical flexor muscles performance in patients with cervicogenic headache and active trigger points, although the clinical relevance of the results was small.

Trial registration
The trial design was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (www.irct.ir, IRCT20180721040539N1) before the first patient was enrolled.
P14 A case of myositis in patient with atypical bacterial pneumonia
Authors: Smrity Smrity , Lawson Cathy , Marsh Sarah 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Case report - Introduction
Bacterial community-acquired atypical pneumonia is sometimes complicated by myositis or by renal parenchymal disease. They can present with myositis and present with muscle weakness, pain or swelling, and elevated muscle enzymes. We present the case of a patient with lower limb weakness and raised creatinine kinase with atypical pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila.

Case report - Case description
A 76-year-old Caucasian man, who was previously fit and independent and walked 3 miles every day presented with a 1-week history of progressive leg weakness, and inability to mobilize. He had a fall and was on the floor for 2 hours. He had a background history of hypercholesterolemia and was on atorvastatin for 15 years. On his vital observation, he was found tachypnoeic, tachycardic, and hypoxic. He had a right upper lobe crackle but he didn’t have respiratory symptoms. His muscle power in his leg was 3/5 with carpet burns on knees and elbow.
Initial investigation showed raised inflammatory marker CRP 412mg/L, AKI stage 1, and CK 43400 IU/L. His CXR showed dense right upper lobe consolidation. Legionella urinary antigen was positive. Myositis myoblot, ANA, ANCA negative. COVID-19 swab negative.
Treated with IV antibiotic, supplemental oxygen, and IV fluid. Transferred to ITU due to worsening of hypoxia and kidney function. Interestingly, the CK level had improved significantly within 48 hours along with clinical improvement in his symptoms. There was no role of steroid or immunosuppressant due to his significant clinical improvement. On day 7 he was off oxygen, kidney function improved, had physiotherapy, and transferred to ward and on day 10 he was ambulant and discharged home.

Case report - Discussion
To date, very few case reports of myositis in a patient with atypical pneumonia have been reported. The mechanism underlying acute myositis in atypical pneumonia is still unknown. The present analysis points out that the organism underlying atypical bacterial pneumonia may occasionally invade the muscle tissue thereby inducing both myositis and secondary kidney damage.

Case report - Key learning points
We should be aware of this rare complication of atypical pneumonia and the resolution of symptoms that occur with the treatment of pneumonia. This would avoid unnecessary investigation and use of steroid.
Chronotype as self-regulation: morning preference is associated with better working memory strategy independent of sleep
Authors: Heimola Mikko , Paulanto Kaisu , Alakuijala Anniina , Tuisku Katinka , Simola Petteri , Ämmälä Antti-Jussi , Räisänen Pekka , Parkkola Kai , Paunio Tiina 
Published: October 2021

AbstractStudy ObjectivesWe set out to examine how chronotype (diurnal preference) is connected to ability to function in natural conditions where individuals cannot choose their sleep schedule. We conducted a cross-sectional study in military conscript service to test the hypothesis that sleep deprivation mediates the adverse effects of chronotype on cognitive functioning. We also examined the effects of time of day.MethodsOne hundred forty participants (ages 18–24 years) completed an online survey, including the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire and a Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. Most (n = 106) underwent an actigraphy recording. After bivariate analyses, we created a mediation model (self-reported sleepiness and sleep deprivation mediating effect of chronotype on cognition) and a moderation model (synchrony between most alert time and testing time).ResultsReaction times in inhibition task correlated negatively with sleep efficiency and positively with sleep latency in actigraphy. There was no relation to ability to inhibit responses. More significantly, spatial working memory performance (especially strategicness of performance) correlated positively with morning preference and negatively with sleep deprivation before service. Synchrony with most alert time of the day did not moderate these connections. No other cognitive task correlated with morningness or sleep variables.ConclusionsIn line with previous research, inhibitory control is maintained after insufficient sleep but with a tradeoff of slower performance. The connection between morning preference and working memory strategy is a novel finding. We suggest that diurnal preference could be seen as an adaptive strategy, as morningness has consistently been associated with better academic and health outcomes.
Diagnosed or prescribed only? A national analysis of initial evaluation and management of insomnia among older adult Medicare beneficiaries
Authors: Wickwire Emerson M , Jobe Sophia L , Martin Jennifer L , Williams Scott G , Capaldi Vincent F , Collen Jacob , Doyinsola Bailey M , Scharf Steven M , Johnson Abree , Albrecht Jennifer S 
Published: October 2021

AbstractStudy ObjectivesTo describe initial insomnia-related encounters among a national sample of Medicare beneficiaries, and to identify older adults at risk for potentially inappropriate prescription insomnia medication usage.MethodsOur data source was a random 5% sample of Medicare administrative claims data (2006–2013). Insomnia was operationalized as International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnostic codes. Insomnia medications included FDA-approved insomnia-related medication classes and drugs. Logistic regression was employed to identify predictors of being “prescribed only” (i.e., being prescribed an insomnia medication without a corresponding insomnia diagnosis).ResultsA total of N = 60 362 beneficiaries received either an insomnia diagnosis or a prescription for an insomnia medication as their first sleep-related encounter during the study period. Of these, 55.1% (n = 33 245) were prescribed only, whereas 44.9% (n = 27 117) received a concurrent insomnia diagnosis. In a fully adjusted regression model, younger age (odds ratio (OR) 0.98; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.98, 0.99), male sex (OR 1.15; 95% CI 1.11, 1.20), and several comorbid conditions (i.e., dementia [OR 1.21; 95% CI 1.15, 1.27] and anemia [OR 1.17; 95% CI 1.13, 1.22]) were positively associated with being prescribed only. Conversely, black individuals (OR 0.83; 95% CI 0.78, 0.89) and those of “other” race (OR 0.89; 95% CI 0.84, 0.94) were less likely to be prescribed only. Individuals who received care from a board-certified sleep medicine provider (BCSMP) were less likely to be prescribed only (OR 0.27; 95% CI 0.16, 0.46).ConclusionsFewer than half of Medicare beneficiaries prescribed insomnia medications ever received a formal sleep-related diagnosis.