bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Care to Wager Again? An Appraisal of Paul Ehrlich's Counterbet Offer to Julian Simon, Part 2: Critical Analysis
Authors: Desrochers Pierre , Geloso Vincent , Szurmak Joanna 
Published: February 2021

ObjectiveThis paper provides the first comprehensive assessment of the outcome of Paul Ehrlich's and Stephen Schneider's counteroffer (1995) to economist Julian Simon following Ehrlich's loss in the famous Ehrlich‐Simon wager on economic growth and the price of natural resources (1980‐1990). Our main conclusion in a previous article is that, for indicators that can be measured satisfactorily or can be inferred from proxies, the outcome favors Ehrlich‐Schneider in the first decade following their offer. This second article extends the timeline towards the present time period to examine the long‐term trends of each indicator and proxy, and assesses the reasons invoked by Simon to refuse the bet.MethodsLiterature review, data gathering, and critical assessment of the indicators and proxies suggested or implied by Ehrlich and Schneider. Critical assessment of Simon's reasons for rejecting the bet. Data gathering for his alternative indicators.ResultsFor indicators that can be measured directly, the balance of the outcomes favors the Ehrlich‐Schneider claims for the initial ten‐year period. Extending the timeline and accounting for the measurement limitations or dubious relevance of many of their indicators, however, shifts the balance of the evidence towards Simon's perspective.ConclusionThe fact that Ehrlich and Schneider's own choice of indicators yielded mixed results in the long run, coupled with the fact that Simon's preferred indicators of direct human welfare yielded largely favorable outcomes is, in our opinion, sufficient to claim that Simon's optimistic perspective was largely validated.
Acute and chronic pancreatitis in pregnancy
Authors: O’Heney Josie L , Barnett Rebecca E , MacSwan Ruth M , Rasheed Ashraf 
Published: February 2021

Key content

Acute pancreatitis can be a life‐threatening condition at any stage of life. It is seen in up to 3 in 10 000 pregnancies, with high rates of preterm delivery and maternal mortality rates of up to 3%.

Diagnosis in pregnancy can be more challenging, and its aetiology is distributed differently to that of the nonpregnant population.

When managing pregnant patients, consideration of implications for the fetus poses an additional challenge.

Pregnant patients with chronic pancreatitis need careful assessment, paying attention to nutritional and exocrine needs, pain management and the development of diabetes mellitus.

Learning objectives

Know the symptoms, signs and causes of acute pancreatitis in pregnant women, as well as methods of investigation and classification.

Understand how to manage acute pancreatitis.

Appreciate the challenges faced by women with chronic pancreatitis and how to manage them, including pregnancy outcome.
Inactivation of cytosolic FUMARASE2 enhances growth and photosynthesis under simultaneous copper and iron deprivation in Arabidopsis
Authors: Garcia‐Molina Antoni , Lehmann Martin , Schneider Katja , Klingl Andreas , Leister Dario 
Published: February 2021

SUMMARYCopper (Cu) and iron (Fe) are essential for plant growth and are often in short supply under natural conditions. Molecular responses to simultaneous lack of both metals (‐Cu‐Fe) differ from those seen in the absence of either alone. Metabolome profiling of plant leaves previously revealed that fumarate levels fall under ‐Cu‐Fe conditions. We employed lines lacking cytosolic FUMARASE2 (FUM2) activity to study the impact of constitutive suppression of cytosolic fumarate synthesis on plant growth under Cu and/or Fe deficiency. In fum2 mutants, photosynthesis and growth were less impaired under ‐Cu‐Fe conditions than in wild‐type (WT) seedlings. In particular, levels of photosynthetic proteins, chloroplast ultrastructure, amino acid profiles and redox state were less perturbed by simultaneous Cu‐Fe deficiency in lines that cannot produce fumarate in the cytosol. Although cytosolic fumarate has been reported to promote acclimation of photosynthesis to low temperatures when metal supplies are adequate, the photosynthetic efficiency of fum2 lines grown under Cu‐Fe deficiency in the cold was higher than in WT. Uptake and contents of Cu and Fe are similar in WT and fum2 plants under control and ‐Cu‐Fe conditions, and lack of FUM2 does not alter the ability to sense metal deficiency, as indicated by marker gene expression. Collectively, we propose that reduced levels of cytosolic fumarate synthesis ultimately increase the availability of Fe for incorporation into metalloproteins.
Immune thrombocytopenia induced by beta‐lactam antibiotics: Cross‐reactions of responsible antibodies with other beta‐lactam drugs
Authors: Slaught Matthew , Rasmussen Mark , Bougie Daniel , Aster Richard 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundBeta‐lactam antibiotics are a relatively common cause of immune thrombocytopenia. Because the many beta‐lactam drugs now in clinical use have structural similarities, when a patient experiences this complication the question of whether an alternative member of this drug family can safely be used often arises but there are little data available to guide this decision.Study Design and MethodsDrug‐dependent, platelet‐reactive antibodies from 32 patients who experienced thrombocytopenia while being treated with a beta‐lactam drug of the penam (piperacillin, etc.) or cephem (ceftriaxone etc.) groups were studied for serologic cross‐reactivity with other drugs from these families using flow cytometry. Cross‐reactions observed were analyzed for correlations with structural features of the drugs tested.ResultsAmong 14 antibodies specific for penam drugs, five “strong” cross‐reactions with other penam drugs were found. Among 18 antibodies specific for cephem drugs, 8 “strong cross‐reactions were identified. Antibodies induced by penam drugs did not cross‐react strongly with cephem drugs and vice versa. A strong correlation between cross‐reactions and similar or identical R1 side groups of the beta‐lactams studied was observed.DiscussionThe findings suggest that patients who experience immune thrombocytopenia while being treated with a beta‐lactam of the penam group can safely be treated with a cephem drug and vice versa. If a patient is to be switched to another beta lactam within the same group, the likelihood of serologic cross‐reactivity can be minimized by choosing an agent with a distinctly different R1 side group.
Human platelets labeled at two discrete biotin densities are functional in vitro and are detected in vivo in the murine circulation: A promising approach to monitor platelet survival in vivo in clinical research
Authors: Ravanat Catherine , Pongérard Anaïs , Freund Monique , Heim Véronique , Rudwill Floriane , Ziessel Catherine , Eckly Anita , Proamer Fabienne , Isola Hervé , Gachet Christian 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe production of platelet concentrates (PCs) is evolving, and their survival capacity needs in vivo evaluation. This requires that the transfused platelets (PLTs) be distinguished from those of the recipient. Labeling at various biotin (Bio) densities allows one to concurrently trace multiple PLT populations, as reported for red blood cells.Study Design and MethodsA method is described to label human PLTs at two densities of Bio for future clinical trials. Injectable‐grade PLTs were prepared in a sterile environment, using injectable‐grade buffers and good manufacturing practices (GMP)‐grade Sulfo‐NHS‐Biotin. Sulfo‐NHS‐Biotin concentrations were chosen to maintain PLT integrity and avoid potential alloimmunization while enabling the detection of circulating BioPLTs. The impact of biotinylation on human PLT recirculation was evaluated in vivo in a severe immunodeficient mouse model using ex vivo flow cytometry.ResultsBioPLTs labeled with 1.2 or 10 μg/ml Sulfo‐NHS‐Biotin displayed normal ultrastructure and retained aggregation and secretion capacity and normal expression of the main surface glycoproteins. The procedure avoided detrimental PLT activation or apoptosis signals. Transfused human BioPLT populations could be distinguished from one another and from unlabeled circulating mouse PLTs, and their survival was comparable to that of unlabeled human PLTs in the mouse model.ConclusionsProvided low Sulfo‐NHS‐Biotin concentrations (<10 μg/ml) are used, injectable‐grade BioPLTs comply with safety regulations, conserve PLT integrity, and permit accurate in vivo detection. This alternative to radioisotopes, which allows one to follow different PLT populations in the same recipient, should be valuable when assessing new PC preparations and monitoring PLT survival in clinical research.
ABO blood group and COVID‐19: a review on behalf of the ISBT COVID‐19 Working Group
Authors: Goel Ruchika , Bloch Evan M. , Pirenne France , Al‐Riyami Arwa Z. , Crowe Elizabeth , Dau Laetitia , Land Kevin , Townsend Mary , Jecko Thachil , Rahimi‐Levene Naomi , Patidar Gopal , Josephson Cassandra D. , Arora Satyam , Vermeulen Marion , Vrielink Hans , Montemayor Celina , Oreh Adaeze , Hindawi Salwa , van den Berg Karin , Serrano Katherine , So‐Osman Cynthia , Wood Erica , Devine Dana V. , Spitalnik Steven L. ,   the ISBT COVID‐19 Working Group
Published: February 2021

AbstractGrowing evidence suggests that ABO blood group may play a role in the immunopathogenesis of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, with group O individuals less likely to test positive and group A conferring a higher susceptibility to infection and propensity to severe disease. The level of evidence supporting an association between ABO type and SARS‐CoV‐2/COVID‐19 ranges from small observational studies, to genome‐wide‐association‐analyses and country‐level meta‐regression analyses. ABO blood group antigens are oligosaccharides expressed on red cells and other tissues (notably endothelium). There are several hypotheses to explain the differences in SARS‐CoV‐2 infection by ABO type. For example, anti‐A and/or anti‐B antibodies (e.g. present in group O individuals) could bind to corresponding antigens on the viral envelope and contribute to viral neutralization, thereby preventing target cell infection. The SARS‐CoV‐2 virus and SARS‐CoV spike (S) proteins may be bound by anti‐A isoagglutinins (e.g. present in group O and group B individuals), which may block interactions between virus and angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme‐2‐receptor, thereby preventing entry into lung epithelial cells. ABO type‐associated variations in angiotensin‐converting enzyme‐1 activity and levels of von Willebrand factor (VWF) and factor VIII could also influence adverse outcomes, notably in group A individuals who express high VWF levels. In conclusion, group O may be associated with a lower risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and group A may be associated with a higher risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection along with severe disease. However, prospective and mechanistic studies are needed to verify several of the proposed associations. Based on the strength of available studies, there are insufficient data for guiding policy in this regard.
The effect of the interosseous ligament and selected antebrachiocarpal ligaments on rotation of the radius during extension of the carpus
Authors: Atamna Raya , Bitton Erez , Shemtov Yael , Segev Gilad , Shipov Anna , Milgram Joshua 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of the interosseous ligament and selected antebrachiocarpal ligaments on the internal rotation of the radius relative to the ulna, during carpal extension.Study DesignCadaveric study.Sample populationTwenty‐four cadaveric canine forelimbs.MethodsTwenty‐four forelimbs were disarticulated at the elbow joint and the antebrachia were prepared for testing. The forelimbs were divided to 6 groups, defined by the order in which ligaments were transected. All specimens were tested intact and after transecting each of the ligaments with the order defined by the group. Rotation of the radius relative to the ulna, caused by extension of the carpus, was measured using a sensor connected to the radius.Results:The mean(±sd) maximum internal rotation of the radius (5.94° ± (1.23°)) with all the ligaments intact was significantly greater (p < 0.012) than the mean(±sd) maximum internal rotation of the radius (3.13° (± 1.13°)) after transecting the interosseus ligament. Transecting the interosseous ligament subsequent to one of the other ligaments caused a decrease in internal radial rotation (p = 0.629), while, transecting the short radial collateral ligament caused an increase in radial rotation (p = 0.629). Transecting the palmar radiocarpal and ulnocarpal ligaments had no effect on radial rotation.ConclusionThe interosseous ligament was stretched with internal rotation of the radius due to carpal extension. Carpal flexion resulted in external rotation of the radius. This effect was lost when the interosseus ligament was transected.Clinical SignificanceRotation of the radius is associated with carpal extension, and is likely an intrinsic part of forelimb biomechanics.
Research leadership of returned overseas TESOL scholars in Cambodia
Authors: Moore Stephen H. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAmong the key concerns in developmental world Englishes is that of educational collaboration and cooperation. This article reports a recent study that investigated the research roles and activities of Cambodian applied linguistics (English Language Teachers (ELT) or Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL)) scholars who completed a thesis in English outside their own country at an English‐medium higher education institution. In particular, it explores what happens to these scholars when they return to their home institutions in Cambodia with a Master's or PhD degree. Given their overseas training is widely perceived to be superior to that offered by local master's and doctoral programs, it is important to know to what extent these scholars are sharing their knowledge and skills, making an impact through taking on significant leadership roles, and occupying positions of influence within university settings. The research site is a leading public university in Cambodia.
Numerical and Experimental Investigation of the Bending Zone in Free U-Bending
Authors: Qian Zhen , Zhao Yitian , Wang Chang , Liu Sheng , Xiong Ziliu , Meehan Paul A. , Daniel William J. T. , Ding Shichao 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
With the increasing application of the advanced high strength steel material in the automobile industry, the thickness reduction of the bending area has attracted more and more attention since the product strength is highly influenced by the quality of the bending region. In this paper, three major factors, the thickness reduction, the variation of the local bending radius within the bending zone, and the tooling mark on the product’s surface, are investigated through three different loading patterns for a free U-bending profile numerically and experimentally. The results demonstrate a thinning pattern consists of three peaks over the bending region for large bending ratio (R/t = 2.14) and only one peak for small bending ratio (R/t = 0.5). Corresponding valleys for the local radius are found to match the thinning pattern. Further, the use of finite element simulation can successfully predict the location and the severity of the wear on the product. From the experiment results, even if the metal blank only experienced one stroke, the tooling mark contains both adhesive and abrasive wear. A better understanding of the characteristics of the bending zone is achieved, and the findings can help in improving the design process for forming strategies.
Synthesis of Planar Kinematic Chains With Prismatic Pairs Based on a Similarity Recognition Algorithm
Authors: Cui Rongjiang , Ye Zhizheng , Xu Shifu , Wu Chuanyu , Sun Liang 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The structural synthesis of planar kinematic chains (KCs) with prismatic pairs (P-pairs) is the basis of innovating mechanisms containing P-pairs. In the literature, only a little research has been carried out to synthesize planar KCs with P-pairs. Moreover, these synthesis methods for KCs with P-pairs involve all possible combinations of edges, resulting in a large number of isomorphic KCs and a low synthesis efficiency. In this study, our previous similarity recognition algorithm is improved and applied to synthesize planar KCs with P-pairs. Only a small number of isomorphic KCs are generated in the synthesis process and the synthesis efficiency is greatly enhanced. Our method is applied to synthesize 9-link 2-DOF, 10-link 1-DOF, and 11-link 2-DOF KCs with one and two P-pairs. Our synthesis results are consistent with those of the existing literature. The present work is helpful to design mechanisms with P-pairs and can be extended to mechanisms with other types of kinematic pairs.
Band Gap and Stiffness Tuning of a Sandwich Plate by Magnetostrictive Materials
Authors: Korivand Soroush , Mehrvarz Amin , Candelino Nicholas , Khodaei Mohammad Javad , Jalili Nader 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this research, a novel method is developed to manipulate smart structures' natural frequencies to eliminate or alleviate the detrimental effects caused by vibrating close to the natural frequencies. To this end, this work considers a sandwich plate structure with Terfenol-D, which is a magnetostrictive material, comprising its middle layer. The stiffness of this smart material changes based on the magnetic field that it is exposed to. Thus, natural frequencies and resonances of the whole structure can be manipulated. Furthermore, in this research, the Terfenol-D in the middle layer is divided into five parallel sections so that each of them can be controlled separately. Therefore, it is possible to selectively activate portions of the magnetostrictive layers that run parallel along one of the plate's directions to create periodic changes in the structure's stiffness. Thus, the structure can be kept safe when excitations or disturbances approach one of its natural frequencies by activating sections to produce configurations that modify the natural frequencies. To this end, the structure's natural frequencies are obtained analytically for a thin plate with Kirchhoff equations. Then, the results are verified by the numerical results obtained using the finite element method. Moreover, activating certain portions of the Terfenol-D layer provides a periodic structure with a band gap that can filter out oscillatory motions with frequencies that fall within the band gap. This structure's band gap has been examined in two one-dimensional (1D) periodic, two two-dimensional (2D) periodic, and two non-periodic conditions using the finite element method.
Filling Ratio Optimization for High-Performance Nanoengineered Copper-Water Heat Pipes
Authors: Abdulshaheed Ahmed A. , Wang Pengtao , Huang Guanghan , Zhao Yueyang , Li Chen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This experimental test investigates the effect of filling ratio (FR) and inclination angle on the thermal performance of a nanoengineered copper-water heat pipe. A hydrophilic copper oxide coating (CuO) is synthesized and integrated on the inner wall of the evaporation section of the heat pipe. The heat pipe is fabricated from an inner grooved copper pipe with dimensions of 12.7 mm outer diameter, 11 mm inner diameter, and 440 mm length. Ultra-filtered de-ionized (DI) water is used as a working fluid. Four different FRs of DI water 3%, 5%, 10%, and 15% are investigated to determine the optimum configuration. All samples are tested at various inclination angles and working loads. Experimental results show that the optimum filling ratio is the 5% FR, which was indicated by the lowest thermal resistance of 0.019 K/W.
Comparing Active, Passive, and Combined Warm-Ups Among Junior Alpine Skiers in −7°C
Authors: McGawley Kerry , Spencer Matt , Olofsson Anna , Andersson Erik P. 
Published: February 2021

Context: Warming up in very cold climates and maintaining an elevated body temperature prior to a race is challenging for snow-sport athletes. Purpose: To investigate the effects of active (ACT), passive (PAS), and a combination of ACT and PAS (COM) warm-ups on maximal physical performance in a subzero environment among snow-sport athletes. Methods: Ten junior alpine skiers completed 3 experimental trials in −7.2 (0.2)°C. The ACT involved 5 minutes of moderate cycling, 3 × 15-second accelerations, a 6-second sprint, 5 countermovement jumps (CMJs), and a 10-minute passive transition phase, while in PAS, participants wore a lower-body heated garment for 24 minutes. In COM, participants completed the active warm-up, then wore the heated garment during the transition phase. Two maximal CMJs and a 90-second maximal isokinetic cycling test followed the warm-up. Results: CMJ performance was likely (P = .150) and very likely (P = .013) greater in ACT and COM, respectively, versus PAS. Average power output during the cycling test was likely (P = .074) greater in ACT and COM versus PAS. Participants felt likely to almost certainly warmer (P < .01) and more comfortable (P = .161) during ACT and COM versus PAS. In addition, participants felt likely warmer (P = .136) and very likely more comfortable (P = .161) in COM versus ACT. Conclusions: COM resulted in significantly improved CMJ performance versus PAS while both ACT and COM led to likely improved 90-second cycling performance. Participants felt significantly warmer during ACT and COM versus PAS and likely warmer in COM versus ACT. Therefore, a combined warm-up is recommended for alpine skiers performing in subzero temperatures.
How Did the COVID-19 Confinement Period Affect Our Physical Activity Level and Sedentary Behaviors? Methodology and First Results From the French National ONAPS Survey
Authors: Genin Pauline Manon , Lambert Céline , Larras Benjamin , Pereira Bruno , Toussaint Jean-François , Baker Julien Steven , Tremblay Angelo , Thivel David , Duclos Martine 
Published: February 2021

Background: The French National Observatory for Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors conducted a national survey aiming to evaluate the potential effects of confinement on the population’s physical activity levels and sedentary behaviors. Methods: In close collaboration with the French Ministry of Sports and a selected expert committee, 3 different questionnaires investigating 3 subgroup populations were included in the survey: (1) children, (2) adolescents, and (3) adults. Results: Forty-two percentage of children, 58.7% of adolescents, 36.4% of adults, and 39.2% of older people had reduced physical activity levels. Particularly, active transportation and endurance practices showed a significant decrease, while domestic, muscular strengthening, and flexibility activities increased. Sitting time and screen time increased, respectively, in 36.3% and 62.0% of children, 25.5% and 69.0% in adolescents, 24.6% and 41.0% in adults, and 36.1% and 32.1% in seniors. Conclusion: The COVID-19 confinement period led to important modifications in individual movement behaviors at all ages, particularly favoring decreased physical activity and increased sedentariness. These findings suggest that the authors need to inform and encourage people to maintain and improve their physical activities and to change their sedentary time habits during postconfinement and during the period of a potential future lockdown.
Programmed cell death along the midline axis patterns ipsilaterality in gastrulation
Authors: Maya-Ramos Lisandro , Mikawa Takashi 
Published: February 2021

Apoptosis prevents left-right crossing
Animals generally display a bilateral body plan, with symmetry between the left and right sides. Maya-Ramos and Mikawa examined the mechanism that prevents the crossing of cells between sides. Using chick embryos, they show that cellular mixing between sides is prevented by a barrier at the embryonic midline that involves programmed cell death and the extracellular matrix. This work demonstrates the dependence of normal development on programmed cell death during the gastrulation stage.

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