bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decreased nutrient digestibility due to viscosity is independent of the amount of dietary fibre fed to growing pigs
Authors: Hung Yuan-Tai , Zhu Jinlong , Shurson Gerald C. , Urriola Pedro E. , Saqui-Salces Milena 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFibre content and its effect on chyme viscosity are associated with changes in the digestive system of humans and pigs. It is unclear if fibre content and viscosity affect digestive function independently or interactively. We evaluated apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients and intestinal function in thirty-six ileal-cannulated barrows fed for 29 d either maize–soyabean meal (MSBM) or high-fibre MSBM + 30 % distillers dried grains with solubles (MSBM + DDGS) modified to three levels of viscosity by adding 5 % non-viscous cellulose (CEL), 6·5 % medium-viscous carboxymethylcellulose (MCMC) or 6·5 % high-viscous CMC (HCMC). Digesta were collected on days 27 and 28 and intestinal samples on day 29. Feeding CMC, regardless of fibre content, increased viscosity of whole digesta (P = 0·003) and digesta supernatant (P < 0·0001) compared with CEL. Feeding MSBM + DDGS or CMC decreased AID of DM (P = 0·003; P < 0·0001) and crude protein (P = 0·02; P < 0·0001) compared with MSBM or CEL. Feeding CMC regardless of fibre content increased jejunal crypt depth (P = 0·02) and ileal goblet cell area (P = 0·004) compared with CEL. Adding DDGS or CMC did not affect villus height and gene expression of jejunal monosaccharide and amino acid transporters. Feeding HCMC, regardless of fibre content, elevated amylase activity by 46 and 50 % in jejunal (P = 0·03) and ileal digesta (P = 0·01) compared with CEL. In summary, diets with increased viscosity decreased nutrient digestibility and induced intestinal changes that were independent of the amount of fibre fed.
Systematic review of the effects of pandemic confinements on body weight and their determinants
Authors: Khan Moien AB , Menon Preetha , Govender Romona , Abu Samra Amal MB , Allaham Kholoud K , Nauman Javaid , Östlundh Linda , Mustafa Halla , Smith Jane E.M. , AlKaabi Juma M 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPandemics and subsequent lifestyle restrictions such as ‘lockdowns’ may have unintended consequences, including alterations in body weight. This systematic review assesses the impact of pandemic confinement on body weight and identifies contributory factors. A comprehensive literature search was performed in seven electronic databases and in grey sources from their inception until 1 July 2020 with an update in PubMed and Scopus on 1 February 2021. In total, 2361 unique records were retrieved, of which forty-one studies were identified eligible: one case–control study, fourteen cohort and twenty-six cross-sectional studies (469, 362 total participants). The participants ranged in age from 6 to 86 years. The proportion of female participants ranged from 37 % to 100 %. Pandemic confinements were associated with weight gain in 7·2–72·4 % of participants and weight loss in 11·1–32·0 % of participants. Weight gain ranged from 0·6 (sd 1·3) to 3·0 (sd 2·4) kg, and weight loss ranged from 2·0 (sd 1·4) to 2·9 (sd 1·5) kg. Weight gain occurred predominantly in participants who were already overweight or obese. Associated factors included increased consumption of unhealthy food with changes in physical activity and altered sleep patterns. Weight loss during the pandemic was observed in individuals with previous low weight, and those who ate less and were more physically active before lockdown. Maintaining a stable weight was more difficult in populations with reduced income, particularly in individuals with lower educational attainment. The findings of this systematic review highlight the short-term effects of pandemic confinements.
Prediction of spring maize yields using leaf color chart, chlorophyll meter, and GreenSeeker optical sensor
Authors: Jagdeep-Singh  , Varinderpal-Singh  
Published: March 2021

SummaryPredicting in-season crop yield is a unique tool for drawing important crop management decisions for precision farming. Field experiments were conducted at two locations in northwestern India under different agro-climatic zones to predict and validate spring maize yield using various in-season spectral indices. The spectral properties measured with leaf color chart (LCC), chlorophyll meter (SPAD meter), and GreenSeeker optical sensor were used to predict grain yield. A power function based on the Normalized Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI) measured with GreenSeeker optical sensor at V9 growth stage (9th leaf with fully exposed collar) presented higher values of coefficient of determination and explained 61% of the variability in spring maize grain yield, whereas NDVI measured at early and late growth stages were not reliable for the purpose. The spectral properties recorded with the SPAD meter and LCC rendered better grain yield estimates at VT growth stage (tasseling) and were respectively able to explain 75 and 76% variability in grain yield. The developed models were validated on an independent data set from another field experiment on spring maize. The normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) was <10% for LCC and SPAD at all the growth stages and at V9 growth stage for NDVI. The LCC, SPAD, and NDVI values adjusted with cumulative growing degree day were not helpful to improve NRMSE.
Allies among Enemies: Political authority and party (dis)loyalty in Bangladesh
Authors: JACKMAN DAVID , MAÎTROT MATHILDE 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe authority of political leaders in Bangladesh rests on diverse qualities, not least of which are the muscle and finance they can mobilize, and the relationships they can craft with senior party members. These are utilized to confront rivals both within and outside their own party. In some instances, the intensity of intra-party competition can be so severe that a further quality emerges: the capacity to find allies among enemies. Building local inter-party alliances can bolster the authority of politicians, yet be to the detriment of party coherence. This argument is developed through an analysis of mayoral and parliamentary elections held in the past decade in a small Bangladeshi city, where a ruling party member of parliament (MP) and opposition mayor appear to have developed such a relationship. This has thwarted the electoral ambitions of their fellow party members and has posed a serious challenge to party discipline. While political competition is often seen as being either inter- or intra-party, here it is focused around inter-party alliances. This portrayal suggests we need to give greater emphasis to the decentralized and local character that political authority can take in Bangladesh.
Industrial disability in the Japanese railways business: the activity of Testudō Kōsaikai, 1931–1955
Authors: Nagahiro Toshitaka 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe industrialization process generated many disabilities. However, the historical study of industrial disability has not progressed. This study examines disability welfare in the Japanese railroad industry. In particular, Testudō Kōsaikai, an organization of the Japanese National Railways (JNR) established in 1931, was uniquely devoted to welfare activities by linking a profit-making business and the provision of welfare. To cover welfare costs, such as providing workshops for disabled people, Kōsaikai conducted profit-making businesses, such as sales at station stalls. However, the welfare of disabled people in the JNR, including the activities of Kōsaikai, has not been previously examined. This study clarified the structure of disability welfare in the Japanese railroad industry until the early postwar period. People with a lower degree of disability, such as one upper or lower member amputation, were employed by the JNR, while some of these people were employed by Kōsaikai as sellers or officers, or accepted job training in Kōsaikai workshops. On the contrary, although few people with higher degrees of disability were employed by the JNR and Kōsaikai, the latter employed their family members to compensate them for their living costs.
Lower Crustal Earthquakes in the March 2018 Sequence Along the Western Margin of Afar
Authors: La Rosa Alessandro , Keir Derek , Doubre Cecile , Sani Federico , Corti Giacomo , Leroy Sylvie , Ayele Atalay , Pagli Carolina 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDuring the evolution of continental rift systems, extension is thought to progressively focus in‐rift to the future breakup boundary while faults along the rift margins progressively deactivate. However, observational constraints on how strain is partitioned between rift axis and rift margins are still lacking. The Afar rift records the latest stages of rifting and incipient continental breakup. Here, we analyzed the recent MW 5.2 earthquake on the Western Afar Margin on March 24, 2018 and the associated seismic sequence of >500 earthquakes using 24 temporary seismic stations deployed during 2017–2018. We show seismicity occurring at lower crustal depths, from ∼15 to ∼30 km, with focal mechanisms and relocated earthquakes highlighting both west‐dipping and east‐dipping normal faults. We tested earthquake depth using InSAR by processing six independent interferograms using Sentinel‐1 data acquired from both ascending and descending tracks. None of them shows evidence of surface deformation. We tested possible ranges of depth by producing forward models for a fault located at progressively increasing depths. Models show that surface deformation is not significant for fault slip at depths greater than 15 km, in agreement with the hypocentral depth of 19 km derived from seismic data for the largest earthquake. Due to the localized nature of deep earthquakes near hot springs coupled with subsurface evidence for magmatism, we favor an interpretation of seismicity induced by migrating fluids such as magma or CO2. We suggest that deep fluid migration can occur at the rifted‐margin influencing seismicity during incipient continental rupture.
Deep Structure of the North Natal Valley (Mozambique) Using Combined Wide‐Angle and Reflection Seismic Data
Authors: Leprêtre A. , Schnürle P. , Evain M. , Verrier F. , Moorcroft D. , de Clarens P. , Corela C. , Afilhado A. , Loureiro A. , Leroy S. , d'Acremont E. , Thompson J. , Aslanian D. , Moulin M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe North Natal Valley (NNV) and the Mozambique Coastal Plain (MCP) are key areas for the understanding of the SW Indian Ocean history since the Gondwana break‐up. Nevertheless, the deep structures and the nature of the NNV and MCP remain discussed in the absence of deep geophysical data. In 2016, the NNV, MCP and Limpopo margin (LM) have been investigated along seven wide‐angle and MCS profiles. The combined wide‐angle and reflection seismic interpretation along the N‐S MZ7 profile reveals an upper sedimentary sequence characterized by low velocities generally not exceeding 3 km/s, with thicknesses varying from 0.150 km in the central part to ∼2.8 km in the south. The underlying sequence is formed of a 2.53.0 km thick volcano‐sedimentary sequence which presents important lateral and with depth changes and presence of high velocity lenses, indicating inter‐bedded volcanic sills and recurrent magmatic episodes. The south of the NNV including the Naude Ridge (NR) presents a disturbed sedimentary cover with structural highs and southward‐dipping reflectors and sub‐basins. The crust, reaching 35–40 km onshore below the MCP, gently thins below the continental shelf to a regular thickness of ∼29 km below the NNV. Crustal velocities reveal low velocity gradients, with atypical high velocities. South the ND, the crust thins to 15 km. We interpret the velocity architecture combined with the evidences of volcanism at shallower depths as indicating an intensively intruded continental crust. Contrary to what is proposed in most geodynamic models, the Mozambique Coastal plain and the Natal Valley are both of continental nature, with an abrupt necking zone located south of NR. The Antarctica plate was therefore situated at the eastern limit of these two domains before the Gondwana breakup.
Köppen Climate Zones in China Over the Last 21,000 Years
Authors: Wu Beilei , Lang Xianmei , Jiang Dabang 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis study investigates the spatiotemporal evolution of Köppen climate zones in China over the past 21,000 calendar years based on a set of transient simulations from TraCE‐21ka using version 3 of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM3). The model results reproduce the modern distribution of Köppen climate zones observed by the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) TS4.03 dataset reasonably well. More than half of the national land has experienced changes in climate types, which is characterized by the warmer and drier trend in major climate types from the last glacial maximum (LGM) to the present. This evolution mainly includes the emergence and northward extension of tropical climates in far south of China, slight expansion of arid climates toward surrounding regions, northward invasion of temperate climates at the expense of cold climates, and retreat of polar climates to the higher altitudes of the central Tibetan Plateau. Temperature and precipitation have played different roles in the transformations of various Köppen climate types. Temperature has been dominant throughout the entire period, and precipitation has become increasingly important since the late Holocene. The comparison between the reconstructed vegetation, as estimated from pollen records, and simulated vegetation inferred from Köppen climate types displays consistency in the aforementioned change trends over China.
Deriving Mercury Geodetic Parameters With Altimetric Crossovers From the Mercury Laser Altimeter (MLA)
Authors: Bertone S. , Mazarico E. , Barker M. K. , Goossens S. , Sabaka T. J. , Neumann G. A. , Smith D. E. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBased on the previous applications of laser altimetry to planetary geodesy at GSFC, we use the recently developed PyXover software package to analyze altimetric crossovers from the Mercury Laser Altimeter (MLA). Using PyXover, we place new constraints on Mercury's geodetic parameters via least squares minimization of crossover discrepancies. We simultaneously solve for orbital corrections for each MLA ground track, for the geodetic parameters of the International Astronomical Union‐recommended orientation model for Mercury (pole right‐ascension and declination coordinates, prime meridian rotation rate, and librations), and for the Mercury's Love number h2. We calibrate the formal errors of our solution based on closed‐loop simulations and on the level of robustness against a priori values, data selection, and parametrization. Our solution of the Mercury's rotational parameters is consistent with published values. In particular, our new estimate for the orientation of the pole places Mercury in a Cassini state, with an obliquity ϵ = 2.031 ± 0.03 arcmin compatible with previous “surface” related measurements. Moreover, we provide a first data‐based estimate of the Love number h2 = 1.55 ± 0.65. The latter is consistent with expectations from models of Mercury's interior, although its precision does not enable their refinement.
Stable Biological Production in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific Across the Plio‐Pleistocene Transition (∼3.35–2.0 Ma)
Authors: Jakob Kim A. , Ho S. Ling , Meckler A. Nele , Pross Jörg , Fiebig Jens , Keppler Frank , Friedrich Oliver 
Published: March 2021

AbstractUpwelling within the Eastern Equatorial Pacific (EEP) Ocean is a key factor for the Earth's climate because it supports >10% of the present‐day biological production. The dynamics of upwelling in the EEP across the Plio‐Pleistocene transition—an interval particularly relevant for understanding near‐future warming due to Anthropocene‐like atmospheric carbon‐dioxide levels—have been intensively studied for the region east of the East Pacific Rise. In contrast, changes of the equatorial upwelling regime in the open Pacific Ocean west of this oceanographic barrier have received markedly less attention. We therefore provide new proxy records from Ocean Drilling Program Site 849 located within the EEP open‐ocean upwelling regime. Our target interval (∼3.35–2.0 Ma) covers the Plio‐Pleistocene transition characterized by the intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation (iNHG). We use benthic δ18O values to generate a new, high‐resolution age model for Site 849, and sand‐accumulation rates together with benthic δ13C values to evaluate net export production. Although showing temporary substantial glacial‐interglacial variations, our records indicate stability in net export production on secular timescales across the iNHG. We suggest the following processes to have controlled the long‐term evolution of primary productivity at Site 849. First, nutrient export from the high latitudes to the EEP; second, a successive shoaling of the Pacific nutricline during the studied interval; and third, a simultaneous reduction in dust‐borne iron input.
The Margin‐Oblique Kumawa Strike‐Slip Fault in the Banda Forearc, East Indonesia: Structural Deformation, Tectonic Origin and Geohazard Implication
Authors: Yang Xiaodong , Singh Satish C. , Deighton Ian 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe northeast Banda margin is affected by the arc‐continent collision between the Australian continental margin and the Banda arc. Unlike margin‐parallel strike‐slip faults in other subduction zones, the margin‐oblique Seram‐Kumawa Shear Zone (SKSZ) has greatly deformed the Banda forearc with 80 km displacement along plate boundary. It trends ∼ WNW‐ESE comprising the Kawa shear zone (KSZ, >200 km) on the Seram island and the Kumawa fault (KF, >200 km) offshore SE Seram. Using multibeam bathymetry, marine seismic reflection and earthquake data, we studied the active tectonics and driving mechanism of the SKSZ with focus on its offshore part (KF). Our results show: (1) the KF is a young (∼2 Ma), linear crustal structure with three segments from NW to SE: pull‐apart basin (dextral), diffuse shear zone (sinistral) and distinct fault trace (sinistral); (2) It propagates southeastward and cross‐cuts the entire upper plate with prominent seafloor expression, but without seismicity along it, similar to the Banda detachment caused by forearc extension; (3) By incorporating the oblique collision and regional tectonics with our results, we proposed that the KF is formed primarily by the upper plate extension induced by subduction rollback during the last 2 Ma, with minor contribution from oblique arc‐continent collision; (4) The slip rate of the KF has reduced from 40 mm/yr over 2 Ma to <14 mm/yr at present. These observations combined with the clear seafloor faulting, 80‐km displacement and occurrence of a Mw 5.2 earthquake on its horsetail fault suggest it is currently locked awaiting a large earthquake.
Function of γδ T cells in tumor immunology and their application to cancer therapy
Authors: Park Jang Hyun , Lee Heung Kyu 
Published: March 2021

AbstractT cells of the γδ lineage are unconventional T cells with functions not restricted to MHC-mediated antigen presentation. Because of their broad antigen specificity and NK-like cytotoxicity, γδ T-cell importance in tumor immunology has been emphasized. However, some γδ T-cell subsets, especially those expressing IL-17, are immunosuppressive or tumor-promoting cells. Their cytokine profile and cytotoxicity are seemingly determined by cross-talk with microenvironment components, not by the γδTCR chain. Furthermore, much about the TCR antigen of γδ T cells remains unknown compared with the extreme diversity of their TCR chain pairs. Thus, the investigation and application of γδ T cells have been relatively difficult. Nevertheless, γδ T cells remain attractive targets for antitumor therapy because of their independence from MHC molecules. Because tumor cells have the ability to evade the immune system through MHC shedding, heterogeneous antigens, and low antigen spreading, MHC-independent γδ T cells represent good alternative targets for immunotherapy. Therefore, many approaches to using γδ T cells for antitumor therapy have been attempted, including induction of endogenous γδ T cell activation, adoptive transfer of expanded cells ex vivo, and utilization of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells. Here, we discuss the function of γδ T cells in tumor immunology and their application to cancer therapy.
Resistance to BET inhibitors in lung adenocarcinoma is mediated by casein kinase phosphorylation of BRD4
Authors: Calder Jack , Nagelberg Amy , Luu Jennifer , Lu Daniel , Lockwood William W. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTargeting the epigenome to modulate gene expression programs driving cancer development has emerged as an exciting avenue for therapeutic intervention. Pharmacological inhibition of the bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) family of chromatin adapter proteins has proven effective in this regard, suppressing growth of diverse cancer types mainly through downregulation of the c-MYC oncogene, and its downstream transcriptional program. While initially effective, resistance to BET inhibitors (BETi) typically occurs through mechanisms that reactivate MYC expression. We have previously shown that lung adenocarcinoma (LAC) is inhibited by JQ1 through suppression of FOSL1, suggesting that the epigenetic landscape of tumor cells from different origins and differentiation states influences BETi response. Here, we assessed how these differences affect mechanisms of BETi resistance through the establishment of isogenic pairs of JQ1 sensitive and resistant LAC cell lines. We found that resistance to JQ1 in LAC occurs independent of FOSL1 while MYC levels remain unchanged between resistant cells and their JQ1-treated parental counterparts. Furthermore, while epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is observed upon resistance, TGF-β induced EMT did not confer resistance in JQ1 sensitive LAC lines, suggesting this is a consequence, rather than a driver of BETi resistance in our model systems. Importantly, siRNA knockdown demonstrated that JQ1 resistant cell lines are still dependent on BRD4 expression for survival and we found that phosphorylation of BRD4 is elevated in resistant LACs, identifying casein kinase 2 (CK2) as a candidate protein mediating this effect. Inhibition of CK2, as well as downstream transcriptional targets of phosphorylated BRD4—including AXL and activators of the PI3K pathway—synergize with JQ1 to inhibit BETi resistant LAC. Overall, this demonstrates that the mechanism of resistance to BETi varies depending on cancer type, with LAC cells developing JQ1 resistance independent of MYC regulation, and identifying CK2 phosphorylation of BRD4 as a potential target to overcome resistance in this cancer.
Erosion reduces soil microbial diversity, network complexity and multifunctionality
Authors: Qiu Liping , Zhang Qian , Zhu Hansong , Reich Peter B , Banerjee Samiran , van der Heijden Marcel G A , Sadowsky Michael J , Ishii Satoshi , Jia Xiaoxu , Shao Mingan , Liu Baoyuan , Jiao Huan , Li Haiqiang , Wei Xiaorong 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
While soil erosion drives land degradation, the impact of erosion on soil microbial communities and multiple soil functions remains unclear. This hinders our ability to assess the true impact of erosion on soil ecosystem services and our ability to restore eroded environments. Here we examined the effect of erosion on microbial communities at two sites with contrasting soil texture and climates. Eroded plots had lower microbial network complexity, fewer microbial taxa, and fewer associations among microbial taxa, relative to non-eroded plots. Soil erosion also shifted microbial community composition, with decreased relative abundances of dominant phyla such as Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Gemmatimonadetes. In contrast, erosion led to an increase in the relative abundances of some bacterial families involved in N cycling, such as Acetobacteraceae and Beijerinckiaceae. Changes in microbiota characteristics were strongly related with erosion-induced changes in soil multifunctionality. Together, these results demonstrate that soil erosion has a significant negative impact on soil microbial diversity and functionality.