bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Associations between Maternal Adverse Childhood Experiences, Substance Use During Pregnancy and Poor Infant Outcomes: A Protocol for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Hemady Chad Lance , Wong Siu Ching , Thurston Christina , Fry Deborah , Murray Aja Louise , Meinck Franziska 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background: Research suggests that maternal exposure to childhood adversity is associated with substance use during pregnancy and poor infant outcomes (i.e., premature birth, low birth weight). However, to date, no systematic review has synthesised the effect of ACEs on these three outcomes.Method: The framework for this review will be adapted from the guidelines laid out in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. The electronic databases to be searched will include: PubMed, SCOPUS, PsycInfo, Web of Science, and CINAHL and will be carried out by one reviewer. Studies that fit the pre-specified eligibility criteria will be screened, assessed, and extracted independently by two reviewers with discrepancies to be resolved by a third reviewer. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for cross-sectional and cohort studies will be used to critically evaluate the methodological quality of the selected studies. If a sufficient number of studies are found to be comparable, a meta-analysis will be conducted using a random effects model.Discussion: This review will provide supporting evidence on the body of literature exploring the long-term and intergenerational consequences of adverse childhood experiences. The results of the review can help inform policies and interventions related to maternal health as well as early childhood development. The gaps identified in the review can also help inform recommendations for future research.
Principal leadership practices during the COVID-19 lockdown
Authors: Thornton Kate 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
New Zealand secondary school principals were required to make changes to their leadership practices when schools were closed as part of a national lockdown in response to the COVID-19 situation in early 2020. Eighteen school principals from a range of secondary schools were interviewed about their experiences. The research found that principals engaged in leadership that was relational, distributed and collaborative. They prioritised the wellbeing of teachers and students, responded flexibly to the challenges faced, drew on expertise from both within and outside of the school, and took opportunities to refocus and try new ways of working.
An interesting rare tylenchid species, Antarctenchus urmiensis n. sp. (Tylenchomorpha; Psilenchidae) from Urmia Lake islands, northwest Iran, with a discussion on the taxonomy of related genera
Authors: Amiri Bonab Mohammad , Abolafia Joaquín , Pedram Majid 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A population of an amphidelphic tylenchid nematode was recovered from Urmia Lake islands in association with native shrubs of the region. It had a Tylenchidae-type cloacal bursa in male and looked morphologically similar to the genera under the family Psilenchidae sensu Siddiqi, representing a new species, described and illustrated in present study as Antarctenchus urmiensis n. sp. It is characterized by the slender body at anterior region, gradually narrowing toward posterior end. Four lines in lateral fields in extremities, increasing to six at mid-body. Deirids at secretory-excretory pore (S-E pore) level and phasmids at 38–62% of the tail. Low-expanded cephalic region having a moderately sclerotized cephalic framework, continuous with body, and not flattened dorso-ventrally. Finely annulated cuticle. Amphidial apertures pore-like. Short (13–15 µm long) stylet, its conus 35–42% of the total length and three small tear-drop like knobs. Pharynx with ellipsoid metacorpus and small valve, small saccate pharyngeal bulb offset from intestine. Reproductive system didelphic-amphidelphic, vulva with no membrane or epyptigma. Tail conical, not elongate or filiform, usually slightly ventrally bent, with a sharp or blunt tip and a small indentation at dorsal side close to tip. Males with similar anterior body region and tail to those of female, tylenchoid spicules and small cloacal bursa. In molecular phylogenetic analyses using partial small and large subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU and LSU rDNA D2-D3) sequences, the new species appeared as an independent lineage between the clades of Hoplolaimina sensu Siddiqi and the clades of Atetylenchus spp. + Psilenchus spp. in the SSU phylogeny. In LSU phylogeny, it placed in a clade including representatives of Atetylenchus, Psilenchus, Amplimerlinius, Pratylenchoides, Nagelus, and Geocenamus.
The currently available phylogenies and taxonomic frameworks were re-evaluated for the placement of the didelphic Tylenchidae-like genera, the overall results showing the best resolution is achieved with the family concept of Psilenchidae under Dolichodoroidea.
RNA Coronaviruses’ Outbreaks: Recent Progress on the SARS-CoV-2
Pandemic Diagnostic Tests, Vaccination and Therapeutics
Authors: Suaifan Ghadeer A.R.Y. , Alkhawaja Bayan A. , Mohammed Aya A.M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract:
Coronaviruses are RNA-infective viruses that could be considered principal players in universal
high-profile outbreaks, namely the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS, 2002-2003),
the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS, 2012) and the continuing novel coronavirus disease
(COVID-19, 2019) pandemic. RNA coronaviruses infections raise public health concerns with infections’
severity ranging from serious pandemics and highly contagious infections to common influenza
episodes. With a wide consensus concerning the seminal role of early detection of the infectious agent
on the clinical prognosis, recent technological endeavors have facilitated the rapid, sensitive and specific
diagnosis of viral infections.
Given that the burst of confirmed cases of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are climbing
steeply, and we are amid this pandemic, this work will center at the respiratory RNA-viruses outbreaks,
including the three coronaviruses-related pandemics, emphasizing on the approved diagnostic
approaches, outlining therapeutic clinical trials as well as vaccine candidates. Based on the accumulated
data and knowledge on the previous RNA-virus outbreaks, this review aspires to link the current
intervention measures against SARS-CoV-2 infection with the previous interventions and to provide a
roadmap for any possible future measures.
Efficacy of McKenzie Manipulative Therapy on Pain, Functional Activity and Disability for Lumbar Disc Herniation
Authors: Hossain Mohammad Anwar , Jahid Iqbal Kabir , Hossain Md. Forhad , Uddin Zakir , Kabir Md. Feroz , Hossain K. M. Amran , Hassan Md. Nazmul , Walton Lori 
Published: April 2021

Introduction:
Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is a common determinant of low back pain (LBP) and priority for cost-effective therapeutic approach is necessary. The objective of the study was to explore the effectiveness of McKenzie Manipulative Therapy (MMT) for patients with LDH.

Methodology:
This was an assessor blinded, 36-month RCT, at Center for Rehabilitation of the Paralyzed (CRP) in Savaar, Bangladesh. Seventy-two subjects, ages 28-47 years and clinically diagnosed with MRI findings of LDH, were randomly recruited from hospital records and sixty-eight found eligible. The control group received stretching exercise and graded oscillatory mobilization, and the experimental group received McKenzie manipulative therapy for 12 sessions in 4 weeks, both groups received a standard set of care also. The pain was the primary outcome and the secondary outcome was participation in functional activities and disability.

Results:
Pain and Disability found significant improvement in both groups, with the McKenzie approach significantly superior to the control group (p<.05). Bothersome in Activities (SBI) reported significantly lower post report compared to baseline for both groups (p<.01). McKenzie showed significantly superior outcomes for fear avoidance (FABQ) total and SBI feeling of abnormal sensation in leg compared to the control group (p <.05).

Conclusion:
The McKenzie manipulative therapy approach was found to be effective for pain, disability and participation in activities for single or multiple level LDH patients in a short time from day 1 to week 4, and the treatment effect extends after 6 months.
Clinical Trial Registration No.: CTRI/2020/ 04/024667.
CTX-M-type Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases Producing Enterobacteriaceae
Isolated from Urine in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
Authors: Acharya Mahesh , Joshi Prabhu Raj , Thapa Kamal , Paudel Saroj , Poudel Prativa , Bonnet Richard 
Published: April 2021

Background:
Despite the global increase of CTX-M type Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamases
(ESBLs) in recent years among Enterobacteriaceae isolates from urinary tract infections, little
data is available from Nepal.

Objective:
This study was conducted to detect the genes encoding extended-spectrum β-lactamases
among Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the urine samples from Nepal.

Methods:
A total of 148 Enterobacteriaceae isolates were obtained from urine samples in Annapurna
Neurological Institute and Allied Sciences from July 2016 to June 2017. ESBL production was
detected according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) recommended
method. PCR and sequencing were used for the detection of ESBL genes.

Results:
Overall, 24.3% (36/148) of the study isolates were positive for ESBL production. E. coli
was the predominant ESBL-producing organism (28.8%). ESBL-producing organisms showed a
high rate of resistance to ceftazidime (58.4%), cefepime (91.7%), aztreonam (83.4%), and
ciprofloxacin (80.6%). Also, 30.6% of ESBL-producing organisms were multi-drug resistant. All
ESBL producers were CTX-M positive; other ESBL genes were not detected. The majority of the
ESBL positive organisms produced CTX-M-15 (n= 31) and few organisms (n= 5) were CTX-M-27
producers.

Conclusion:
The present study shows that the predominant CTX-M type ESBL in our hospital setting
is CTX-M-15.
Emergency Physician Twitter Use in the COVID-19 Pandemic as a Potential Predictor of Impending Surge: Retrospective Observational Study
Authors: Margus Colton , Brown Natasha , Hertelendy Attila J , Safferman Michelle R , Hart Alexander , Ciottone Gregory R 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundThe early conversations on social media by emergency physicians offer a window into the ongoing response to the COVID-19 pandemic.ObjectiveThis retrospective observational study of emergency physician Twitter use details how the health care crisis has influenced emergency physician discourse online and how this discourse may have use as a harbinger of ensuing surge.MethodsFollowers of the three main emergency physician professional organizations were identified using Twitter’s application programming interface. They and their followers were included in the study if they identified explicitly as US-based emergency physicians. Statuses, or tweets, were obtained between January 4, 2020, when the new disease was first reported, and December 14, 2020, when vaccination first began. Original tweets underwent sentiment analysis using the previously validated Valence Aware Dictionary and Sentiment Reasoner (VADER) tool as well as topic modeling using latent Dirichlet allocation unsupervised machine learning. Sentiment and topic trends were then correlated with daily change in new COVID-19 cases and inpatient bed utilization.ResultsA total of 3463 emergency physicians produced 334,747 unique English-language tweets during the study period. Out of 3463 participants, 910 (26.3%) stated that they were in training, and 466 of 902 (51.7%) participants who provided their gender identified as men. Overall tweet volume went from a pre-March 2020 mean of 481.9 (SD 72.7) daily tweets to a mean of 1065.5 (SD 257.3) daily tweets thereafter. Parameter and topic number tuning led to 20 tweet topics, with a topic coherence of 0.49. Except for a week in June and 4 days in November, discourse was dominated by the health care system (45,570/334,747, 13.6%). Discussion of pandemic response, epidemiology, and clinical care were jointly found to moderately correlate with COVID-19 hospital bed utilization (Pearson r=0.41), as was the occurrence of “covid,” “coronavirus,” or “pandemic” in tweet texts (r=0.47). Momentum in COVID-19 tweets, as demonstrated by a sustained crossing of 7- and 28-day moving averages, was found to have occurred on an average of 45.0 (SD 12.7) days before peak COVID-19 hospital bed utilization across the country and in the four most contributory states.ConclusionsCOVID-19 Twitter discussion among emergency physicians correlates with and may precede the rising of hospital burden. This study, therefore, begins to depict the extent to which the ongoing pandemic has affected the field of emergency medicine discourse online and suggests a potential avenue for understanding predictors of surge.
CELAS E ELAS – DESMONTANDO CENAS E CONSTRUINDO LUGARES DE FALA E ESCUTA NO TEATRO FEMINISTA
Authors: Steckert Jacobs Daiane Dordete 
Published: April 2021

Este artigo imbrica relatos e reflexões sobre o processo de criação da (des)montagem teatral e perfopalestra celas e elas, experiência teatral que aborda a opressão de gênero em prisões metafóricas e reais de mulheres, como um exercício de lugares de fala e de escuta no teatro feminista. Palavras-chaveCelas e Elas. Lugar de Fala e Lugar de Escuta. Desmontagem Teatral. Perfopalestra. Teatro Feminista.
The Role of Convex Equity Incentives in Managers' Forecasting Decisions
Authors: Cho Young Jun , Tsui David , Yang Holly I. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Prior literature suggests that voluntary disclosures of forward-looking information tend to lead to capital market benefits, but these disclosures may also result in negative capital market consequences if subsequent performance falls below expectations. We, therefore, hypothesize that convex equity incentives, which reward managers for stock price gains while limiting their exposure to losses, should promote greater voluntary forward-looking disclosure. Consistent with our hypothesis, we find a significantly positive association between equity incentive convexity and forecast issuance and frequency. We also find that the positive association is more pronounced for firms with higher sales volatility and managers with shorter tenure, in which cases managers are more concerned with missing their own forecasts. Our study suggests that the risks arising from providing voluntary disclosures are important considerations in managers' disclosure decisions.
JEL Classifications: M41.
Antimicrobial resistance of bacterial strains in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with and without fixed appliances
Authors: Pellissari Bruno Andrade , Sabino Gabriela Sergini Pereira , de Souza Lima Roberto Nepomuceno , Motta Rogério Heládio Lopes , Suzuki Selly Sayuri , Garcez Aguinaldo Silva , Basting Roberta Tarkany , Barbosa Jurandir Antonio , Martins Montalli Victor Angelo 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT

Objectives
To identify microorganisms isolated from patients wearing fixed orthodontic appliances and to evaluate the resistance of isolated bacterial strains to different antimicrobials.

Materials and Methods
Seventeen healthy patients wearing a fixed orthodontic appliance (group 1) and six nonwearers (group 2, control group) were evaluated. The biofilm that formed around the orthodontic brackets was collected, and the samples were then plated in a chromogenic medium (chromIDT, bioMérieux). Colony-forming units (CFUs) were isolated and inoculated in blood-agar medium. Automated biochemical tests (VITEK 2, bioMérieux) were carried out to identify the genus and species of the microorganisms and the resistance provided by 43 drugs (37 antibacterial and 6 antifungal).

Results
The most prevalent microbial genera identified in group 1 were Streptococcus (24.0%), Staphylococcus (20.0%), Enterobacter (12.0%), Geobacillus (12.0%), and Candida (12.0%), and the most frequent species were Enterobacter cloacae complex (13.6%) and Staphylococcus hominis (13.6%). In group 2, the most prevalent genera were Streptococcus (57.1%), Staphylococcus (14.2%), Sphingomonas (14.2%), and Enterobacter (14.2%). With regard to antimicrobial resistance, 14 of 19 (74%) isolated bacterial strains were found to be resistant to at least 1 of the tested antimicrobials.

Conclusions
The findings of the present study suggest that patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances have a more complex biofilm with a higher level of bacterial resistance.
THE USE OF AUTONOMOUS WEAPON SYSTEMS IN ARMED CONFLICT : LEGALITY AND CHALLENGES FOR FUTURE WEAPON REGULATION
Authors: Wilia Andreas , Wulan Christianti Diajeng 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAutonomous Weapon Systems (AWS) has been developed as an alternative weapon system in the battlefield. It has a fundamental difference with other weapons systems which lies in decision making carried out without human intervention. AWS is able to make decisions about life and death and it has been legally, morally and ethically challenged since it has potential to distract moral and ethical on the battlefield. However, as a smart weapon, it gives a significant advantage since it can be deployed in very dangerous areas for the purpose of self-defense in critical situations. This article argues that AWS is still a conventional weapon and cannot be absolutely prohibited even if it is deemed as a vulnerable and destructive weapon which potentially violates international humanitarian law (IHL). AWS is still fully compliant with IHL basic principles for as long as there is a sufficient legal basis that provides the limit and legality of the use of AWS. Accordingly, this article also suggests that the future AWS regulation should be followed by appropriate technical provision on the development, production, ownership, transfer and use in armed conflict.Keywords: Armed Conflict, Autonomous Weapon Systems, International Humanitarian Law, Weapon Regulation

AbstrakSistem Senjata Otonom (AWS) telah dikembangkan sebagai sistem senjata alternatif dalam pertempuran dan memiliki perbedaan fundamental dengan sistem senjata lain yaitu, keputusan yang diambil tanpa adanya intervensi manusia. AWS mampu untuk memutuskan hidup dan matinya target kombatan sehingga penggunaannya ditentang baik secara hukum, moral, dan etika karena berpotensi merusak moral dan etika dalam peperangan. Namun demikian, sebagai senjata modern, AWS memberikan keuntungan yang nyata mengingat AWS dapat ditempatkan di daerah yang berbahaya bagi manusia untuk alasan bela diri dalam situasi yang sangat sulit. Penelitian ini menyatakan bahwa AWS tetap merupakan senjata konvensional yang penggunaannya tidak dapat dilarang secara absolut sekalipun berpotensi menjadi senjata penghancur yang dapat melanggar hukum humaniter. AWS mampu untuk mematuhi prinsip-prinsip dasar hukum humaniter sepanjang pengaturan dan pembatasan penggunaannya diatur dalam instrumen hukum humaniter yang memadai yang hingga saat ini belum tersedia. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini menyarankan bahwa aturan AWS masa depan harus juga mencakup aturan-aturan teknis tentang pengembangan, pembuatan, kepemilikan, pengalihan serta penggunaan dari AWS dalam sengketa bersenjata. Kata Kunci: Aturan Senjata, Konflik Bersenjata, Hukum Humaniter Internasional, Sistem Senjata Otonom
THE URGENCY TO INCLUDE GENDER AS PROTECTED GROUP UNDER THE CRIME OF GENOCIDE
Authors: Satrio Purnomo Anandy 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This research will discuss exigence to assign gender as protected groups in Genocide under Rome Statute which contains about gender (indeed third gender) selective mass killing. This research is inspired from the allegation of selective mass killing to gender in Nanjing, China, India, and Indonesia which begs protection from crime of genocide. This research method used is the juridical normative approach method. The research is conducted by analyzing the data gained from library studies and international conventions related to International Criminal Law. The specification of research is done by describing the related legislations associated with the legal theory and practice of implementing an object of research. The result of this research shows that the gender has similar characteristics exclusive groups as the protected groups under article 6 Rome Statute. What the result of that based on article 9 Rome Statute, amendment protected group is possible to do.
Keywords: Gender, Genocide, International Criminal Court

Abstrak
Penelitian ini akan membahas urgensi untuk menambahkan gender sebagai kelompok yang dilindungi dalam kejahatan genosida yang diatur di bawah ketentuan Statuta Roma terkait pembantaian berpreferensi gender (termasuk gender ketiga). Penelitian ini terinspirasi dari adanya dugaan pembantaian selektif gender di Nanking, Tiongkok, India, bahkan Indonesia yang membutuhkan perlindungan dari ketentuan genosida. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menganalisis data yang diperoleh dari studi kepustakaan dan studi peraturan konvensi internasional yang berkaitan dengan Hukum Pidana Internasional. Penelitian menggunakan spesifikasi penelitian deskriptif analitis yaitu menggambarkan peraturan yang dikaitkan dengan teori hukum dan praktek pelaksanaan suatu objek penelitian. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukan bahwa gender memiliki karakteristik yang sama dengan kelompok yang dilindungi dalam kejahatan genosida. Sehingga sesuai dengan Pasal 9 Statuta Roma amandemen terhadap kelompok yang dilindungi dalam kejahatan genosida dimungkinkan untuk dilakukan.
Kata Kunci: Gender, Genosida, Mahkamah Peradilan Pidana
Dossiê temático "Educação pública na contemporaneidade: cenários, desafios e perspectivas"
Authors: Leal da Hora Dinair , Fonseca Dora 
Published: April 2021

O dossiê temático Educação pública na contemporaneidade: cenários, desafios e perspectivas, aqui apresentado em duas seções, ratifica o empenho da Revista Exitus em acompanhar e analisar criticamente as transformações que ocorrem no campo educacional. Assim, reúnem-se, na publicação do presente Dossiê, pesquisadores na área da educação, das instituições Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA, Universidade Federal de Roraima - UFRR, Universidade Federal do Acre - UFAC, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas - UEA, Universidade Federal do Amapá - UNIFAP, componentes do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação na Amazônia - PGEDA – Doutorado em Rede, contando ainda com pesquisadores da Universidade de Aveiro – UA, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Universidade do Porto e pesquisador da UERJ, que assumem o significado essencial da educação pública para a formação qualitativa da sociedade e que, atualmente, especialmente no Brasil, vem recebendo ameaças importantes para a sua desconstrução, pelas atuais políticas em processo de implantação e implementação.