bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) authentication and batch‐to‐batch consistency for different types of paints using benchtop and handheld FTIR spectrophotometers for oil and gas industry
Authors: Salim Yoga Sugama , Rashid Norsyazlin Abd , Halim Suhaila Idayu Abdul , Chan Chin Han , Ong Chong Hup , Harun Mohamad Kamal 
Published: June 2021

AbstractStandardization of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) fingerprint region for paints and assessment on the reproducibility using different spectrophotometers were investigated. While selective fingerprint regions may be confusing for technicians/analysts who are non‐chemists, we attempt to generalize these regions (e.g., 1300–1000 cm−1 for Epoxy part A and 1400–1000 cm−1 for Epoxy part B) by choosing a universal region (2000–900 cm−1) that works for different paints. Comparison result using a paired student t‐test shows that the degree of similarity (r) values from the studied regions are not statistically different. The paint fails the screening analysis occasionally on‐site when analyzed using handheld FTIR due to the higher level of noise that gives low r values (r < 0.900 ± 0.002). The same samples were analyzed using a benchtop FTIR and the r values are above 0.900 ± 0.002. While the screening may lead to a false rejection of the sample on‐site, there could be occurrence of false acceptance. The on‐site screening of EPZ part A with different formulations, for instance, shows that the r values over the entire IR spectrum are above 0.900 ± 0.002 when analyzed using handheld FTIR. After the samples were analyzed using the benchtop, the r values fall below 0.900 ± 0.002.
Doxorubicin hydrochloride‐loaded electrospun poly(l‐lactide‐co‐ε‐caprolactone)/gelatin core–shell nanofibers for controlled drug release
Authors: Wang Lei , Huang Yifan , Xin Binjie , Li Tingxiao 
Published: June 2021

AbstractElectrospun core–shell nanofibers have aroused attention in drug delivery systems and tissue engineering because of the latent structures which can encapsulate various drugs and obtain tailored release profiles. Here, poly(l‐lactide‐co‐ε‐caprolactone) (PLCL) with gelatin (GE) blends were employed to electrospin the shell of core–shell nanofibers which could act as a protection layer for the controlled released behavior of the model drug doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX). Core–shell nanofiber membranes with different drug loaded amounts were fabricated and the corresponding drug release behaviors were researched. The surface morphology of the obtained nanofibers was assessed by SEM and the structure of the core–shell nanofibers were observed by inverted fluorescence microscopy and TEM. The hydrophilicity was evaluated by water contact angle testing and the results indicated that the obtained fibers all possess good hydrophilicity. The mechanical properties of the fiber membranes were evaluated by tensile testing. Exploring the composition of the fiber membranes by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy proved that DOX existed in the drug‐loaded fiber membranes. In vitro release was evaluated by UV–visible spectroscopy and the accumulative release curves of DOX showed that increasing drug rates would lead to increasing cumulative release amounts but decreasing cumulative drug release rates. The results indicated that drugs encapsulated in PLCL/GE core–shell nanofiber material would be efficient and a potential material for drug delivery systems. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
ANN Model of Preparation of Energetic Materials by Spray Drying
Authors: Li Xiaodong , Yang Yue , Li Weiwei 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSpray drying is an effective method to reduce shock sensitivity of energetic materials with the advantages of integrating atomization, drying, crystallization, and coating in one step. However, with the complex hydrodynamics and crystal growth process during spray drying, the development of theoretical models is very difficult. Therefore, five types of artificial neural network (ANN) models are proposed to accurately predict the mean particle size of energetic materials prepared by spray drying, such as Cascade‐forward back propagation neural network (CFBP), Elman‐forward back propagation neural network (EFBP), Feed‐forward back propagation neural network (FFBP), Generalized regression neural network (GR) and Radial basis neural network (RB). The model input parameters are the inlet temperature (T), the liquid flow rate (L), the gas flow rate (G), the mass fraction (w), the molecular weight (M), and the surface tension (δ). The output parameter is the mean particle sizes (dp). To further illuminate the superior performance of ANN model, the effects of temperature, liquid flow rate, gas flow rate, mass fraction, and surface tension on the mean particle size are conducted. The ANN model of mean particle size for the energetic materials prepared by spray drying could be much useful for further improving its property.
A Highly Efficient Iron(II) Catalyst for the Epoxidation of Olefins with m‐Chloroperoxybenzoic Acid
Authors: Wu Yan‐Yan , Meng Xiang‐Guang , Yu Wen‐Wang , Huang Hong , Chen Li‐Yu , Xu Ding‐Guo 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAn iron (II) complex with oxazoline and pyrrole functional groups was prepared and used to catalyze the epoxidation of alkenes by m‐chloroperoxybenzoic acid. The iron (II) complex exhibited good catalytic activity for the epoxidation of aromatic terminal alkenes and cyclic alkene in acetonitrile. The 99.7 % conversion of styrene with 91.2 % selectivity of styrene oxide was achieved after reaction 30 minutes at 25 °C. The auxiliary ligands, solvents and oxidants are sensitive to the epoxidation reaction. A possible catalytic mechanism for epoxidation of alkene was proposed.
Chemical Solution Deposition of Al(OH)3‐AlOOH Films: Application for Surface Sensitizing of Rigid and Flexible Substrates to Improve the Adhesion in Coating Technology Areas
Authors: Cota‐Leal Marcos , García‐Valenzuela Jorge A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this work, we present a simple and low cost formulation to obtain transparent Al(OH)3‐AlOOH thin films by chemical solution deposition at 60 °C. The deposited material was characterized by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The adhesion of the obtained thin films to various rigid and flexible substrates, that include tin‐free glass, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, cellulose acetate, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyimide, was tested. We also demonstrate here that a very thin film of Al(OH)3‐AlOOH can act as sensitizing layer for subsequent deposition of adherent and uniform CdS thin films on a variety of substrates; therefore, a modification of the reaction conditions by an increase in cadmium salt or a decrease in reaction temperature, which are factors that promote adhesion, is then not necessary. As a further result, a general formulation to deposit films of metal hydroxides/oxyhydroxides/oxides is presented. In addition, realistic assessments of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis on Al(OH)3, AlOOH, and Al2O3 compounds are presented for the first time.
Pathways towards Boosting Solar‐Driven Hydrogen Evolution of Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Liu Yaoyao , Li Bingjie , Xiang Zhonghua 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPhotocatalytic H2 evolution under solar illumination has been considered to be a promising technology for green energy resources. Developing highly efficient photocatalysts for photocatalytic water splitting is long‐term desired but still challenging. Conjugated polymers (CPs) have attracted ongoing attention and have been considered to be promising alternatives for solar‐driven H2 production due to the excellent merits of the large π‐conjugated system, versatile structures, tunable photoelectric properties, and well‐defined chemical composites. The excellent merits have offered numerous methods for boosting photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (PHE) of initial CP‐based photocatalysts, whose apparent quantum yield is dramatically increased from <1 to >20% in recent five years. According to the photocatalytic mechanism, this review herein systematically summarizes three major strategies for boosting photocatalytic H2 production of CPs: 1) enhancing visible light absorption, 2) suppressing recombination of electron‐hole pairs, and 3) boosting surface catalytic reaction, mainly involving eleven methods, that is, copolymerization, modifying cross‐linker, constructing a donor‐acceptor structure, functionalization, fabricating organic heterojunction, loading cocatalyst, and surface modification. Finally, the perspectives towards the future development of PHE are proposed.
Identification of the Charge Transfer Channel in Cobalt Encapsulated Hollow Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Matrix@CdS Heterostructure for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Li Xuli , Song Shaojia , Gao Yangqin , Ge Lei , Song Weiyu , Ma Tianyi , Liu Jian 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWater splitting to H2 by photocatalysis remains an effective strategy to alleviate the energy crisis. Unfortunately, single‐component photocatalyst still suffers from sluggish reaction kinetics. In this work, a noble‐metal free photocatalytic system of nitrogen‐doped carbon@Co embedded in carbon nanotubes (NC@Co‐NCT)/cadmium sulfide (CdS) is fabricated by coupling CdS nanorods with the metal–organic framework‐derived Co encapsulated nitrogen‐doped carbon (NC) material. The optimal photocatalytic activity of NC@Co‐NCT/CdS is determined to be 3.8 mmol h−1 g−1, which is ≈5.8 times of CdS. By combining the experimental evidences and density functional theory calculations, a novel photoelectron transfer channel in the heterojunction interfaces is revealed, expediting the migration and separation of photo‐induced charge carriers of CdS. Moreover, the presence of Co nanoclusters can act as the active sites, boosting the H2 evolution reaction. This study can present a new avenue to design advanced photocatalysts with high‐efficiency electrons and holes separation.
Temperature‐Feedback Nanoplatform for NIR‐II Penta‐Modal Imaging‐Guided Synergistic Photothermal Therapy and CAR‐NK Immunotherapy of Lung Cancer
Authors: Xu Mengze , Xue Bin , Wang Yue , Wang Dan , Gao Duyang , Yang Shuo , Zhao Qi , Zhou Cangtao , Ruan Shuangchen , Yuan Zhen 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this study, to visually acquire all‐round structural and functional information of lung cancer while performing synergistic photothermal therapy (PTT) and tumor‐targeting immunotherapy, a theranostic nanoplatform that introduced upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) and IR‐1048 dye into the lipid‐aptamer nanostructrure (UCILA) is constructed. Interestingly, the IR‐1048 dye grafted into the lipid bilayer can serve as the theranostic agent for photoacoustic imaging, optical coherence tomography angiography, photothermal imaging, and PTT in the second near infrared (NIR‐II) window. In addition, loaded in the inner part of UCILA, UCNPs possess the superior luminescence property and high X‐ray attenuation coefficient, which can act as contrast agents for computed tomography (CT) and thermo‐sensitive up‐conversion luminescence (UCL) imaging, enabling real‐time tracking of metabolic activity of tumor and temperature‐feedback PTT. Furthermore, under the complementary guidance of penta‐modal imaging and an accurate monitoring of in situ temperature change during PTT, UCILA exhibits its excellent capability for ablating the lung tumor with minimal side effects. Meanwhile, synergistic CAR‐NK immunotherapy is carried out specifically to eradicate any possible residual tumor cells after PTT. Therefore, the UCILA nanoplatform is demonstrated as a multifunctional theranostic agent for both penta‐modal imaging and temperature‐feedback PTT while conducting targeting immunotherapy of lung cancer.
Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Directing Group Assisted (Hetero)aryl C−H Functionalization: Construction of C−C/C‐Heteroatom Bonds
Authors: Sarkar Tanumay , Shah Tariq A. , Maharana Prabhat Kumar , Talukdar Kangkan , Das Bijay Ketan , Punniyamurthy Tharmalingam 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTransition‐metal‐catalyzed C−H functionalization is one of the fascinating scientific fronts in organic synthesis for the formation of conjugated arenes and has emerged as a benchmark to revolutionize the synthetic enterprise since past decades. In this realm, chelation‐guided functionalization of C−H bonds using an exogenous directing group has received considerable attention recently for the expedient regioselective construction of C−C and C‐heteroatom bonds as an efficient and sustainable alternative. This article outlines our contribution towards a wide variety of transformations that have been achieved by the directed C−H functionalization through the fine tuning of catalytic systems.
Triclosan regulates the Nrf2/HO‐1 pathway through the PI3K/Akt/JNK signaling cascade to induce oxidative damage in neurons
Authors: Wang Dan , Liu Jieyu , Jiang Hong 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTriclosan (TCS), a broad‐spectrum antimicrobial agent, is recognized as an environmental endocrine disruptor. TCS has caused a wide range of environmental, water and soil pollution. TCS is also still detected in food. Due to its high lipophilicity and stability, TCS can enter the human body through biological enrichment and potentially threatenes human health. In recent years, the neurotoxic effects caused by TCS contamination have attracted increasing attention. This study was designed to investigate the mechanism underlying TCS‐induced HT‐22 cells injury and to explore the effect of TCS on the PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and Nrf2/HO‐1 signaling pathways in HT‐22 cells. In this study, we examined the adverse effects of TCS treatment on ROS generation, and MDA, GSH‐Px, and SOD activities. The expression levels of proteins in the Nrf2, PI3K/Akt, MAPK pathways and Caspase‐3, BAX, Bcl‐2 were measured and quantified by Western blotting. The results showed that TCS could significantly reduce the activity of HT‐22 cells, increase the production of intracellular ROS and upregulate the expression of proapoptotic proteins. In addition, TCS promoted an increase in the MDA and SOD levels, and downregulated the GSH‐Px activity, and oxidative damage occurred in neurons. The mechanism underlying this toxicity was related to TCS‐induced PI3K/Akt/JNK‐mediated regulation of the Nrf2/HO‐1 signaling pathway. This result was further confirmed by the specific inhibitors LY294002 and SP600125. In summary, TCS could induce oxidative damage in HT‐22 neurons, and activation of the PI3K/Akt/JNK/ Nrf2 /HO‐1 signaling cascade was the main mechanism underlying the TCS‐induced HT‐22 neuronal toxicity.
Restorative Design for Heritage Requalification: Selected Roman Works
Authors: Cupelloni Luciano 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe theme is the urban re-qualification, applied in particular to the architectural heritage and the public space. The goal is the ongoing challenge of outlining a new perspective aimed at “common good” and sustainability. The instrument chosen is the “environmental technological design,” understood as a cultural, scientific, and social position, that is, as a position on the role of architecture. The contribution reiterates the urgency of restoring the transformative power of the design mission to the project, too often reduced to a set of technical compilation procedures. In the best cases, a position that is lost in the complication of procedures, in the extension of time, in the waste of economic and human resources. A crisis of the project as “anticipation” of progressive scenarios, precisely in the most acute, ever more serious phase, of the urgency of the reorganization of urban systems, with a view to environmental, social and economic sustainability. Not a recent urgency, today only brought to light, dramatically, by the reality of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Among the solutions, the design experimental research, well beyond the objective of flexibility, up to the notion of “functional indifference,” understood not as shapeless neutrality, but as the maximum functionality of spatial, architectural and urban quality.
The Blue Growth Smart Specialization Challenges Towards the Restorative Economy
Authors: Baltov Milen 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe ‘blue economy’ embraces more than five million jobs and the gross added value in the second decade of this century is surpassing EUR half a trillion a year. Now when this growth even accelerates in many more sub-sectors the process goes driven in two ways. On one side, a wave of smart specialization strategies at regional and urban level is under way, in many cases incorporating the restorative economy elements. On the other side, changes just happened even without the respective strategies in the blue economy structure and challenge the established sectors. The purpose of this chapter of the book is to identify the main challenges of the smart specialization strategies at urban and regional level incorporating the blue growth elements that are met towards the restorative economy frames. The methods used are a literature and key policy documents review and some secondary data analysis over performed by the European Commission contractor investigation with reference to a project performed in the sector. As a conclusion the recommendation for sectoral specialization of the coastal areas and its cities’ economy in accordance with the innovative potential for blue growth was outlined, with the understanding it might be fragile due to the unsustainable economic activities in the seas.
Circular Economy in Construction from Waste to Green Recycled Products in Israel: A Case Study
Authors: Weinstein Zvi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe chapter describes a policy of the State of Israel with the aim to cope with construction and demolition waste (CDW) through recycling, to be further used as green products. It is aimed at supporting the national economy and the recovery of the open public spaces that became places for illegal landfills, impacting the natural environment. Two major tools are used to achieve these aims: the first is the circular economy (CE), instrumentally led by the Ministry of Economy, and the second is the regulatory framework led by the Ministry of Environmental Protection. Both have the capacities to cope with, and support, the national economy and the environment. We argue that the way to achieve the full integration between the circular economy and the legal framework has still a wide gap, although big changes and advancements have been made towards reaching a comprehensive policy. Both Ministries are aware that it is a long process to achieve real changes after many years of environmental neglect due mainly to conflictual politics, economic interests, lack of budget and other government priorities. The means to achieve that goal include the use of the circular economy principles for recycling CDW into green and reusable products, on the one hand, and empowering the responsibility and accountability of local municipalities through regulation, on the other.
Cultural Heritage, Tourism and the UN Sustainable Development Goals: The Case of Croatia
Authors: Kordej-De Villa Željka , Šulc Ivan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe chapter analyses the quality of managing cultural heritage sites in Croatia, particularly those inscribed to the UNESCO World Heritage List, which are under growing pressure of overtourism. The analysis was performed by using qualitative and quantitative data on visitors of the UNESCO heritage and the most important impacts of tourism on destination areas, compared to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) focused on tourism and heritage. The study investigates the state of safeguarding, protecting and valorizing cultural heritage in relevant documents and in practice, focusing on Dubrovnik as a case study area. The analysis revealed the insufficient plans for managing UNESCO World Heritage Sites in relevant documents and in the field, as well as lack of monitoring of tourism impacts. The selected cases in Croatia confirmed that the most common way for heritage valorization is within the framework of tourism (McKercher and du Cros, Cultural tourism. The partnership between tourism and cultural heritage management, Routledge, New York/London, 2009), where heritage is most often associated with sustainable tourism. However, desirable regenerative tourism, that repairs the harm that has already been done, is still far from the present situation and it will require much effort in its planning, designing tools for its implementation and its management to achieve it in the near future.
Benefit Points for the Project
Authors: Hannay Jo Erskine 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe start by looking at projects and their most abstract product elements, the epics, and show how to estimate their benefit using benefit points. Then we show how to sort epics according to a benefit-cost index to help decide the order in which to put epics into releases. Instantiating points with a monetary value provides added means of prioritizing and determining when to stop sending epics into construction. We show two modes of estimating benefit: one where the purpose is to fulfil a given goal (confirmatory mode), and the other where the purpose is to explore where to set the goal (exploratory mode).
Enabling Public Participation in Shaping the Inclusive Energy Transition Through Serious Gaming—Case Studies in India
Authors: Palavalli Bharath M. , Krishnan Sruthi , Iddya Yashwin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTo create holistic plans for equitable access to energy and to create sustainable transition pathways, stakeholder consultation and engagement processes are essential. In India, the planning process for energy has challenges that range from legacy processes, increasing energy demand to fuel growth, pressures arising from competing (as well as new and old) technologies, to varying goals for all the stakeholders. We categorize these factors as institutional structures, geopolitical, environmental, technical, social, and monetary factors. To ensure a vision for a collective future and a coherent plan for energy, it is important that the processes enable participation and allow for co-ordination and interaction to strengthen dialogue. Processes should capture intangibles and include slack for events such as pandemics, which are no longer treated either as externalities or once-in-a-lifetime events. In this chapter, we give two examples of serious games as tools to address these challenges in the context of planning. The first example is of a game created for bureaucrats, decision-makers in the government, and private energy companies to plan collectively and compare results from various plans for energy expenditure in India. In the second case, the game aids transportation planning in urban India, which requires additional effort to ensure a transition to equitable access to energy. Using results from the game sessions, we illustrate how such methods can bridge gaps in energy planning in the diverse and challenging context of India.
A Comprehensive Engineering Approach to Shaping the Future Energy System
Authors: Lukszo Zofia , Farahani Samira 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe urgency to significantly reduce the impacts of climate change is felt around the globe. By signing the Paris agreement in 2016, 195 governments have agreed on a long-term goal of keeping the increase in global average temperature below 2 °C above preindustrial levels and on aiming to limit the increase to 1.5 °C. To reach these goals, major technological, organizational, and social changes in different sectors and their services are needed. To understand and steer the transition from the current energy system towards a carbon-free energy system, we propose a comprehensive engineering framework that integrates different aspects, such as technical, economic, cyber-physical, social, institutional and political, that are needed in the design of such a complex system. We explain the importance of combining different disciplines to provide comprehensive models and tools in order to support and achieve a sustainable, affordable, reliable and inclusive energy transition.