bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conversion of alpine pastureland to artificial grassland altered CO2 and N2O emissions by decreasing C and N in different soil aggregates
Authors: Zhang Mei , Li Dianpeng , Wang Xuyang , Abulaiz Maidinuer , Yu Pujia , Li Jun , Zhu Xinping , Jia Hongtao 
Published: July 2021

Background
The impacts of land use on greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions have been extensively studied. However, the underlying mechanisms on how soil aggregate structure, soil organic carbon (SOC) and total N (TN) distributions in different soil aggregate sizes influencing carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from alpine grassland ecosystems remain largely unexplored.

Methods
A microcosm experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of land use change on CO2and N2O emissions from different soil aggregate fractions. Soil samples were collected from three land use types, i.e., non-grazing natural grassland (CK), grazing grassland (GG), and artificial grassland (GC) in the Bayinbuluk alpine pastureland. Soil aggregate fractionation was performed using a wet-sieving method. The variations of soil aggregate structure, SOC, and TN in different soil aggregates were measured. The fluxes of CO2 and N2O were measured by a gas chromatograph.

Results
Compared to CK and GG, GC treatment significantly decreased SOC (by 24.9–45.2%) and TN (by 20.6–41.6%) across all soil aggregate sizes, and altered their distributions among soil aggregate fractions. The cumulative emissions of CO2 and N2O in soil aggregate fractions in the treatments of CK and GG were 39.5–76.1% and 92.7–96.7% higher than in the GC treatment, respectively. Moreover, cumulative CO2emissions from different soil aggregate sizes in the treatments of CK and GG followed the order of small macroaggregates (2–0.25 mm) > large macroaggregates (> 2 mm) > micro aggregates (0.25–0.053 mm) > clay +silt (< 0.053 mm), whereas it decreased with aggregate sizes decreasing in the GC treatment. Additionally, soil CO2 emissions were positively correlated with SOC and TN contents. The highest cumulative N2O emission occurred in micro aggregates under the treatments of CK and GG, and N2O emissions among different aggregate sizes almost no significant difference under the GC treatment.

Conclusions
Conversion of natural grassland to artificial grassland changed the pattern of CO2 emissions from different soil aggregate fractions by deteriorating soil aggregate structure and altering soil SOC and TN distributions. Our findings will be helpful to develop a pragmatic management strategy for mitigating GHGs emissions from alpine grassland.
Relationship between Transversus Abdominis Strength and Lumbar Lordosis in Young Adults
Authors: Patel Niketa , Patil Deepali Dinesh , Parmar Lata 
Published: July 2021

Background: The researchers and clinicians are emphasizing on function of Transverse Abdominis (TrA) which is a deepest abdominal muscles because there is an evidence that TrA is recruited independently of the other abdominal muscles in many different tasks and plays an important role in lumbar stability.
Aim: The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between TrA muscle strength and lumbar lordosis in young adults.
Methods: Total 394 subjects were recruited from the constituent institutions of Sumandeep Vidyapeeth with the age range 18-35years. All the subjects, Lumbar lordosis angle and their TrA strength were measured with the Flexicurve and Pressure Biofeedback Unit respectively. Lumbar lordosis angle was calculated using established formula. Average of 03 trials was considered for TrA strength.
Results: Pearson correlation coefficient was -0.18 on correlating Lumbar lordosis angle with TrA strength, -0.09 for age with TrA strength and 0.11 for age with lumbar lordosis angle.
Conclusion: This study concludes that there is negative relationship between lumbar lordosis and TrA i.e. as the lumbar lordosis angle increases, the strength of TrA muscle decreases.
Does Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) Powder Extract Contain Fluoride?
Authors: Iyer Ramya R. , Seth Avinash Kumar , Parmar Ghanshyam 
Published: July 2021

Background: Green tea being a rich source of fluoride, may provide anti-caries benefits when incorporated in toothpaste formulation.
Aim: To estimate the concentration of fluoride in dry green tea extract.
Methods: Prior to the estimation of fluoride in the sample, the dry green tea extract powder was tested for its physical characteristics, analytical characteristics, active ingredients and contaminants. Microbial assay was done for quantifying E. Coli, yeast and Salmonella. Fluoride estimation was done by IS 3025 P 60 method.
Results: Fluoride was not detected in the dry powder extract of green tea dry extract powder.
Conclusion: Green tea powder extract incorporated in herbal toothpastes cannot be read as a natural substitute of fluoride in toothpaste.
Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Brick Kiln Workers: A Review
Authors: Niketa Patel , Kumar Soni Arati Paresh , Kumar G. P. 
Published: July 2021

Background: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) have become very common condition. Brick kiln workers are a profession which is not spare from MSDs. The workers in such industries have no knowledge of ergonomics and health problems which add on to the existing MSDs. The aim of this study is to present a summary review of the current state of knowledge about musculoskeletal disorders in brick kiln workers.
Methodology: The literatures were searched using various search engines and databases. Search engines were used are Google Scholar, Pub Med, Science Direct and Databases are COCHRANE, CINHAL, MEDLINE, PEDRO etc. The Source of the data has been electronic sources (Databases, Electronic libraries, Electronic Journals, Google Scholar) and print sources (Journals, Textbooks, Hand searching, Follow-up reference).
Result: Articles were tabulated revealing their title, author, year, study design. A total of 150 papers and reports were identified from the database search. These papers underwent title and abstract screening. 57 had full text screening, of which 13 articles did not include information on the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in brick kiln workers and were therefore excluded. So, total 44 articles were included for the review.
Conclusion: Brick making is a multitask activities where specific workers are involved in specific processes. Not to forget that all the brick making manufacturing processes requires time and is a heavy manual work load with repetitive movements in awkward posture due to which MSDs are but obvious to occur. Also, the workers in such industries are uneducated with almost no knowledge of ergonomics and health problems which add on to the existing MSDs.
Formulation and Evaluation of Transferosomes Loaded with an Anti-Hyperlipidemic Drug
Authors: Pravalika R. , Bindu E. Hima , Iswariya V. T. , Battu Sowjanya 
Published: July 2021

The primary goal of this research is to create transferosome formulations that contain an anti-hyperlipidemic medication. Simvastatin, the medication employed in the formulation, has a low bioavailability of 60% and undergoes substantial hepatic degradation. These are the deformable nano-vesicles which can deliver both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs through transdermal route to enhance the Bioavailability of drugs which undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism when given through oral route which can increase patient compliance. Transferosomes are prepared and characterized by various evaluation tests like SEM analysis, vesicular size, surface morphology. After all evaluations done, Out of 12 formulations F2 formulation showed more entrapment efficiency. The reason for this is that there are more phospholipids present, and as the surfactant concentration rises, medication release becomes more rapid. Our main goal is to improve bioavailability, which can be accomplished by optimising the concentrations of phospholipid and surfactant in this drug delivery system, resulting in a controlled release of drug.
Commissioning of a three‐dimensional arc‐based technique for total body irradiation
Authors: Aldrovandi León G. , Farías Rubén O. , Mauri María F. , Mairal María L. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to describe the commissioning of a novel three‐dimensional arc‐based technique for total body irradiation (TBI) treatments. The development and implementation of this technique allowed our institution to transition from a bilateral two‐dimensional (2D) technique to a methodology based on volumetric dose calculation. The methodology described in this work is a derivation from the MATBI technique, with the static fields being replaced by four contiguous arc‐fields for each anterior and posterior incidence. The reduced number of fields we employed makes it possible to reach a satisfactory dose uniformity through manual optimization in a straightforward process. We use the Eclipse anisotropic analytical algorithm (AAA) algorithm, commissioned with preconfigured beam data for a 6 MV photon beam, at standard SSD (100 cm). A thorough evaluation of the accuracy of the AAA algorithm at an extended distance (approximately 200 cm) was carried out. For the evaluation, we compared measured and calculated percentage depth–dose and profiles that included open‐field, penumbra, and out‐of‐field regions. The analysis was performed for both static and arc fields, taking into consideration unshielded fields and also in the presence of lung shielding blocks. End‐to‐end tests were carried out for our institutional template plan by two means: with a 2D ion chamber array detector in solid phantom and using Gafchromic films in an anthropomorphic phantom. The results obtained in this work demonstrate that the Eclipse AAA algorithm commissioned for standard treatments can be safely used with our TBI planning technique. Moreover, this technique proved to be a highly efficient path to replace conventional treatment techniques, providing a homogeneous dose distribution, dosimetric robustness, and shorter treatment times. In addition, as inherited from the MATBI technique, our methodology can be implemented in small treatment rooms, with no need for ancillary equipment.
Bioengineered Biomimetic and Bioinspired Noninvasive Drug Delivery Systems
Authors: Rahamim Valeria , Azagury Aharon 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe main purpose herein is to provide an up‐to‐date review on noninvasive biomimetic, bioinspired, and bioengineered drug delivery system (DDS). Noninvasive DDS is an ever‐growing field critical for the applicability of drugs. It offers noninvasive administration routes with improved controlled, targeted, and triggered drug delivery. Noninvasive DDS employ many approaches and strategies, such as, nano‐ and microparticles, lipid‐based systems, sonophoresis, electrophoresis and iontophoresis, penetration enhancers, microneedles, and gels. The last decade seen a surge in research papers employing the paradigms of biomimicry, bioinspiration, and bioengineering. However, since the use of these terms in noninvasive DDS field is often inconsistent and unclear, some generalized perspectives are provided on the possible usage of these terms in future publications. Additionally, a critical discussion on the novelty and origins of these paradigms is provided. The advantages and disadvantages of each of the noninvasive routes and their current main limitations are summarized. The main aspects of indicated fields are discussed: The unique physiology of the related tissues, the main hurdles for mass transport, the various DDS tested, and materials selection. Finally, the basic concepts and therapeutic effects of these DDS are discussed and future venues for noninvasive biomimetic, bioinspired, and bioengineered DDS research are proposed.
Dynamic Schottky Diode Direct‐Current Generator under Extremely Low Temperature
Authors: Zheng Haonan , Shen Runjiang , Zhong Huikai , Lu Yanghua , Yu Xutao , Lin Shisheng 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn situ energy supply method has a high demand for the various distributed devices in the fast‐developing Internet of Things. Harvesting energy from the environment that converts mechanical energy into electricity has emerged as a promising candidate for in situ energy network. However, although hardly achieved, electricity is much more desired under low temperature environments, such as the north pole or on Mars. Here, it is reported that the dynamic Schottky diode can work well under a low temperature of 77 K, while the electricity output can be greatly increased compared with that at room temperature. The voltage and current output can be increased to 1.21 V and 11.38 µA compared to 0.76 V and 4.86 µA at room temperature, the higher carrier mobility at a lower temperature is responsible for this improvement. This research passes the way for power generation in some extreme cold areas, which can further promote the practical application of dynamic diode generators.
Photoactive Electro‐Controlled Visual Perception Memory for Emulating Synaptic Metaplasticity and Hebbian Learning
Authors: Tsai Meng Yu , Lee Ko Chun , Lin Che Yi , Chang Yuan Ming , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Ho Ching Hwa , Lien Chen Hsin , Chiu Po Wen , Lin Yen Fu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn bionic technology, it has become an innovative process imitating the functionality and structuralism of human biological systems to exploit advanced artificial intelligent machines. Bionics plays a significant role in environmental protection, especially for its low energy loss. By fusing the concept of receptor‐like sensing component and synapse‐like memory, the photoactive electro‐controlled optical sensory memory (PE‐SM) is proposed and realized in a single device, which endows a simple methodology of reducing power consumption by photoactive electro‐control. The PE‐SM is the system built with the stacked atomically thick materials, in which rhenium diselenide serves as a robust photosensor, hexagonal boron nitride serves as a tunneling dielectric, and graphene serves as a charge‐storage layer. With the features of the PE‐SM, it performs synaptic metaplasticities under optical spikes. In addition, a simulated spiking neural network composed of 24 × 24 PE‐SMs is further presented in an unsupervised machine learning environment, performing image recognition via the Hebbian rule. The PE‐SM not only improves the neuromorphic computing efficiency but also simplifies the circuit‐size structure. Eventually, the concept of photoactive electro‐control can extend to other photosensitive 2D materials and provide a new approach of constructing either visual perception memory or photonic synaptic devices.
Double Side Electromagnetic Interference‐Shielded Bending‐Insensitive Capacitive‐Type Flexible Touch Sensor with Linear Response over a Wide Detection Range
Authors: Yoo Dongwoo , Won Dong‐Joon , Cho Woosung , Lim Jongkyeong , Kim Joonwon 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFlexible capacitive‐type touch sensors have significant potential in robotics, foldable displays, and wearable electronics. However, the general parallel‐plate structure of these sensors unintentionally changes initial values and sensitivity in various situations, such as in electromagnetic interference (EMI) and bending. In the present study, a double side EMI‐shielded bending‐insensitive capacitive‐type touch sensor is proposed with a linear response over a wide detection range. The device has a novel design that includes double‐sided silver nanowires (AgNWs) embedded on the surface of pyramidal‐polyurethan sponge (AeSoPS) facing the opposite direction. The double‐sided AeSoPS structure offers various advantages, such as bending‐insensitive property, EMI shielding, and linearity and detection range improvement. The fabricated device exhibits excellent linearity (R2 = 0.999) up to 700 kPa, bending‐insensitive property on rigid (up to a radius of curvature of 0.7 mm) and soft surfaces, and accurate pressure measurement with superior EMI shielding effectiveness of 99.9% attenuation from EMI (30 dB within a broad frequency range from 0.5 to 12 GHz). Therefore, the developed sensor with improved performance is promising for use in flexible touch sensors, as it offers reliable sensing functions and EMI protection in various environments.
Developments of Advanced Electrospinning Techniques: A Critical Review
Authors: Li Ya , Zhu Jiadeng , Cheng Hui , Li Guoqing , Cho Hyunjin , Jiang Mengjin , Gao Qiang , Zhang Xiangwu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractElectrospinning, considered as a low‐cost and straightforward approach, attracts tremendous attention because nanofibrous materials with functional properties prepared by it can be widely applied in numerous fields, including rechargeable batteries, filtration, and distillation. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the latest advances in developing this unique technique, which starts with a brief introduction of the advantages of electrospinning and highlights ongoing research activities, followed by its principles and progress. Afterward, the corresponding properties of electrospun nanofibers are discussed. A future vision regarding challenges and perspectives in this area is proposed at the end. It is believed that this review would provide an extensive and comprehensive reference to utilize this advanced technique to generate novel nanofibers performing in high demanding areas.
Markovnikov Wacker‐Tsuji Oxidation of Allyl(hetero)arenes and Application in a One‐Pot Photo‐Metal‐Biocatalytic Approach to Enantioenriched Amines and Alcohols
Authors: Albarrán‐Velo Jesús , Gotor‐Fernández Vicente , Lavandera Iván 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe Wacker‐Tsuji aerobic oxidation of various allyl(hetero)arenes under photocatalytic conditions to form the corresponding methyl ketones is presented. By using a palladium complex [PdCl2(MeCN)2] and the photosensitizer [Acr‐Mes]ClO4 in aqueous medium and at room temperature, and by simple irradiation with blue led light, the desired carbonyl compounds were synthesized with high conversions (>80%) and excellent selectivities (>90%). The key process was the transient formation of Pd nanoparticles that can activate oxygen, thus recycling the Pd(II) species necessary in the Wacker oxidative reaction. While light irradiation was strictly mandatory, the addition of the photocatalyst improved the reaction selectivity, due to the formation of the starting allyl(hetero)arene from some of the obtained by‐products, thus entering back in the Wacker‐Tsuji catalytic cycle. Once optimized, the oxidation reaction was combined in a one‐pot two‐step sequential protocol with an enzymatic transformation. Depending on the biocatalyst employed, i. e. an amine transaminase or an alcohol dehydrogenase, the corresponding (R)‐ and (S)‐1‐arylpropan‐2‐amines or 1‐arylpropan‐2‐ols, respectively, could be synthesized in most cases with high yields (>70%) and in enantiopure form. Finally, an application of this photo‐metal‐biocatalytic strategy has been demonstrated in order to get access in a straightforward manner to selegiline, an anti‐Parkinson drug.magnified image
Local Immunomodulatory Strategies to Prevent Allo‐Rejection in Transplantation of Insulin‐Producing Cells
Authors: Wang Xi , Brown Natalie K. , Wang Bo , Shariati Kaavian , Wang Kai , Fuchs Stephanie , Melero‐Martin Juan M. , Ma Minglin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIslet transplantation has shown promise as a curative therapy for type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, the side effects of systemic immunosuppression and limited long‐term viability of engrafted islets, together with the scarcity of donor organs, highlight an urgent need for the development of new, improved, and safer cell‐replacement strategies. Induction of local immunotolerance to prevent allo‐rejection against islets and stem cell derived β cells has the potential to improve graft function and broaden the applicability of cellular therapy while minimizing adverse effects of systemic immunosuppression. In this mini review, recent developments in non‐encapsulation, local immunomodulatory approaches for T1D cell replacement therapies, including islet/β cell modification, immunomodulatory biomaterial platforms, and co‐transplantation of immunomodulatory cells are discussed. Key advantages and remaining challenges in translating such technologies to clinical settings are identified. Although many of the studies discussed are preliminary, the growing interest in the field has led to the exploration of new combinatorial strategies involving cellular engineering, immunotherapy, and novel biomaterials. Such interdisciplinary research will undoubtedly accelerate the development of therapies that can benefit the whole T1D population.
Quasi‐Paired Pt Atomic Sites on Mo2C Promoting Selective Four‐Electron Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Zhang Lei , Yang Tong , Zang Wenjie , Kou Zongkui , Ma Yuanyuan , Waqar Moaz , Liu Ximeng , Zheng Lirong , Pennycook Stephen J. , Liu Zhaolin , Loh Xian Jun , Shen Lei , Wang John 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAtomically dispersed Pt species are advocated as a promising electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) to boost noble metal utilization efficiency. However, when assembled on various substrates, isolated Pt single atoms are often demonstrated to proceed through the two‐electron ORR pathway due to the unfavorable O─O bond cleavage thermodynamics in the absence of catalytic ensemble sites. In addition, although their distinct local coordination environments at the exact single active sites are intensively explored, the interactions and synergy between closely neighboring single atom sites remain elusive. Herein, atomically dispersed Pt monomers strongly interacting on a Mo2C support is demonstrated as a model catalyst in the four‐electron ORR, and the beneficial interactions between two closely neighboring and yet non‐contiguous Pt single atom sites (named as quasi‐paired Pt single atoms) are shown. Compared to isolated Pt single atom sites, the quasi‐paired Pt single atoms deliver a superior mass activity of 0.224 A mg−1Pt and near‐100% selectivity toward four‐electron ORR due to the synergistic interaction from the two quasi‐paired Pt atom sites in modulating the binding mode of reaction intermediates. Our first‐principles calculations reveal a unique mechanism of such quasi‐paired configuration for promoting four‐electron ORR.
Machine Learning Guided Design of Single–Phase Hybrid Lead Halide White Phosphors
Authors: Yuan Hailong , Qi Luyuan , Paris Michael , Chen Fei , Shen Qiang , Faulques Eric , Massuyeau Florian , Gautier Romain 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDesigning new single‐phase white phosphors for solid‐state lighting is a challenging trial–error process as it requires to navigate in a multidimensional space (composition of the host matrix/dopants, experimental conditions, etc.). Thus, no single‐phase white phosphor has ever been reported to exhibit both a high color rendering index (CRI ‐ degree to which objects appear natural under the white illumination) and a tunable correlated color temperature (CCT). In this article, a novel strategy consisting in iterating syntheses, characterizations, and machine learning (ML) models to design such white phosphors is demonstrated. With the guidance of ML models, a series of luminescent hybrid lead halides with ultra‐high color rendering (above 92) mimicking the light of the sunrise/sunset (CCT = 3200 K), morning/afternoon (CCT = 4200 K), midday (CCT = 5500 K), full sun (CCT = 6500K), as well as an overcast sky (CCT = 7000 K) are precisely designed.