bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shrimp ferritin greatly improves the physical and chemical stability of astaxanthin
Authors: Zhang Chenxi , Tan Xiaoyi , Lv Chenyan , Zang Jiachen , Zhao Guanghua 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe low stability of trans‐astaxanthin (AX) not only limits its applications as a functional factor in food systems, but also affects the sensor quality of most shrimp products. Therefore, it is important to find an easy, effective way to improve the physical and chemical stability of AX. In this study, by taking advantage of the co‐existence of AX and shrimp ferritin (Marsupenaeus japonicus ferritin, MjF), we investigated the interaction of AX with MjF. Results showed that AX molecules are able to bind on the outer surface of MjF to form complexes, and quantitative analyses demonstrated that one ferritin molecule is bound to ∼48 AX molecules. Consequently, such binding not only greatly enhances the water solubility, thermal stability, and photo stability of AX, but also protects AX from Fe2+‐induced oxidative damage, as compared to free AX. Thus, MjF could be used as a protective molecule to improve the physical and chemical stability of AX.Practical ApplicationOur study opens up a new avenue for improving the physicochemical properties of bioactive molecules by interacting with protein, and shrimp ferritin could be explored as a protective system for the bioactive molecules.
Devonian–Carboniferous Hangenberg Crisis in South China: Variations in Trace Elements, Strontium and Carbon Isotope Chemostratigraphy in the Nanbiancun Carbonate Section
Authors: DENG Faliang , LIU Xijun , YU Hongxia , YAO Ye , ZHANG Zhiguo , WEI Weilie , LI Rui 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe global Hangenberg Crisis or Hangenberg Extinction is a mass extinction near the Devonian–Carboniferous boundary. Comprehensive research of petrology and geochemistry on the Devonian–Carboniferous boundary, as exposed in the Nanbiancun auxiliary stratotype section, South China, elucidates paleoenvironmental changes and controls on marine strontium (87Sr/86Sr) and carbonate carbon (δ13Ccarb) isotopes during the Hangenberg Crisis. The new 87Sr/86Sr data reveal a regression in the Middle Siphonodella praesulcata Zone, while the Hangenberg Extinction was occurring in South China. Moreover, the δ13Ccarb data records a negative excursion near the base of the Middle Siphonodella praesulcata Zone that may have been connected with the Hangenberg Extinction. A positive δ13Ccarb excursion, corresponding with the Upper Siphonodella praesulcata Zone, may reflect the effects of a vigorous biological pump. The magnitude of the Hangenberg Carbon Isotopic Excursion in peak δ13carb values and δ13Ccarb gradient in carbonate Devonian–Carboniferous boundary sections of the South China Craton during the Hangenberg Crisis, are a function of depositional water depth and distance from the shore. The carbon cycling during the Hangenberg Carbon Isotopic Excursion had a much stronger impact on oceanic surface waters than on the deep ocean and the δ13Ccarb gradient of local seawater was likely caused by enhanced marine productivity, associated with biological recovery in platform sediments during the Hangenberg Crisis.
Is R&D Really That Special? A Fixed‐Cost Explanation for the Empirical Patterns of R&D Firms†
Authors: Resutek Robert J. 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTI propose an explanation for the positive relation between R&D, future earnings, and future stock returns based on the fixed‐cost qualities of R&D. If R&D is relatively fixed over short horizons, demand shocks realized by some R&D firms will push these firms into R&D intensity levels that are suboptimal as common scale proxies—market equity, assets, and sales—respond more quickly to demand shocks than R&D. In response, R&D firms realizing negative demand shocks reduce future expenses and capital expenditures, producing higher future profitability on lower sales growth. Consistent with the fixed‐cost hypothesis, I find the higher future profits of high R&D firms are explained by cost cutting, not revenue growth. Collectively, the restructuring of cost and capital structures of the subset of high R&D firms realizing demand shocks explains the future profit and investment patterns of R&D firms, while the fixed‐cost qualities of R&D seem to explain patterns in future stock returns. My results have implications for literatures that examine how decisions on R&D investment levels affect future firm performance, growth, and stock returns.
Distribution, nature and threats to soils of the Australian Alps: A review
Authors: Wilson Brian R. , Tulau Mitch , Kuginis Laura , McInnes‐Clarke Sally , Grover Samantha , Milford Humphrey , Jenkins Brian R. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe Australian Alps contain an assemblage of soil types that is unique on the Australian continent. The above‐ground ecosystems of the Australian Alps have received considerable scientific attention but research relating to the nature of its soils has been much more limited. A fuller understanding of the role of soils in these ecosystems is required to inform effective management strategies. This review was undertaken to assess existing research on soils in the Australian Alps. We aimed to summarise our current knowledge of their nature, distribution and characteristics, to examine the services they provide and to assess their vulnerability to the range of threats that exist to the soil resource both local and external. Soils of higher elevations, namely Transitional Alpine Humus Soils, Alpine Humus Soils and upland Peat Soils are particularly important to the ecology, hydrology and potential carbon storage of the region, yet our understanding of the nature, formation and functioning of these soil types remains weak. A series of knowledge gaps and research priorities are identified, relating to basic knowledge needs on the formation, distribution and function of these soils, particularly their microbial populations and the impacts of specific threats (i.e. climate change, grazing, fire, visitors, infrastructure, feral animals and pollution).
Difficulties of assessing the impacts of the 2019–2020 bushfires on koalas
Authors: Cristescu Romane H , Gardiner Riana , Terraube Julien , McDonald Kye , Powell Dan , Levengood Alexis L. , Frère Céline H 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe 2019–2020 Australian bushfires were unprecedented both in extent and severity, impacting wildlife through direct mortality as well as habitat damage. More than 10% of koala habitat is estimated to have been affected by fires. Estimating the number of koalas lost is crucial to assess koala conservation status and to determine the appropriate management actions required. However, this is not a trivial task, as accurate data on koala distribution and population density before the fires is patchy.Acknowledging this weakness, we sought to estimate fire impact on koalas at specific sites, by comparing habitat areas affected by the fire with habitat areas that were unaffected by the fire, pairing closely related study sites (based on geography and vegetation). To compare koala density, we deployed two koala detection methods; drone‐acquired thermal imagery and detection dogs coupled with genetic fingerprinting, in four fire‐affected sites paired with four control sites in New South Wales and Queensland.Through drone surveys, we detected 140 koalas in 5,240 ha in New South Wales. The detection dogs found 144 scat samples corresponding to 79 unique koalas in 77 ha of transects in Queensland. Our preliminary results show many koalas were still present in fire‐affected areas after the 2019–2020 bushfire season. Koala density was 24 to 71% lower in fire‐affected sites compared with control sites in three of the habitat pairs, whereas unexpectedly, in the fourth pair, we observed a 317% higher koala density in the fire‐affected site. This underlined that koalas can be present in fire‐affected areas and that monitoring their health could be critical for months after the fires.
Distributional modelling, megafires and data gaps highlight probable underestimation of climate change risk for two lizards from Australia’s montane rainforests
Authors: Torkkola Janne J. , Chauvenet Alienor L. M. , Hines Harry , Oliver Paul M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSpecies endemic to high elevations are predicted to see declines in their suitable habitat under future global climate change, even in protected or little disturbed areas. However, such risks are often not included in conservation assessments, especially when appropriate models to predict climate change impacts are not available. Here, we use species distribution models to explore the likely impacts of climate change and recent megafires on the status of two high‐elevation cloud forest‐centred lizards from Australia that were listed as Least Concern in a recent (2017) IUCN Red List assessment of Australian reptiles. We found both species (Harrisoniascincus zia and Silvascincus tryoni) are predicted to lose all suitable habitat by 2050, under ‘optimistic’ future climate projections. We also found that 52.34–48.5% of H. zia modelled suitable habitat was potentially affected by recent and unprecedented megafires in eastern Australia, while only 0.02–0% of S. tryoni habitat was affected. Our results support upgrading the IUCN Red Listings of H. zia and S. tryoni to vulnerable and endangered, respectively. Our data also highlight an alarming paucity in the number of verified records for these species over the last decade, at precisely the time when these records are becoming critical to testing and validating predictions of declines. The next decade looms as a critical period to establish baseline data sets on the distribution and genetic diversity of these high‐elevation taxa. For reasonably visible and easily identifiable species such as these skinks, citizen science approaches may offer a key path to addressing this challenge.
Who Rallies around the Flag? Nationalist Parties, National Security, and the 2019 Indian Election
Authors: Hintson Jamie , Vaishnav Milan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractNational security crises often generate a ‘rally‐around‐the‐flag’ effect, especially under nationalist administrations, but the salience of a security crisis varies within a country. Does exposure to a crisis intensify rallying by fomenting nationalism, inciting hawkishness, and distracting from quotidian economic concerns? Or does exposure deepen dissatisfaction with the incumbent, thereby reducing a rallying effect? We argue the latter using evidence from a difficult test in India. A major pre‐election terrorist attack boosted the nationwide popularity of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the nationalist ruling party. Yet we find that proximity to the victims’ funeral processions, which served as patriotic rallies, substantially reduced BJP support where the party was incumbent. The size and breadth of our observed effects indicate that the social commemoration of the attack, rather than direct personal connections to its victims, fuelled anti‐incumbent sentiment. Mobilizing collective anger after a crisis may dampen rather than augment a rally‐around‐the‐flag effect.
Diagnosis and management of hypernatraemia in children
Authors: Zieg Jakub 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHypernatraemia is most commonly caused by excessive loss of solute‐free water or decreased fluid intake; less often, the aetiology is salt intoxication. Especially infants, young children and individuals with a lack of access to water are at risk of developing hypernatraemia. Diagnosis is based on detailed history, physical examination and basic laboratory tests. Correction of hypernatraemia must be slow to prevent cerebral oedema and irreversible brain damage. This article reviews the aetiology, differential diagnosis and management of conditions associated with paediatric hypernatraemia. Distinguishing states with water deficiency from states with salt excess is important for proper management of hypernatraemic patients.
Neurodevelopmental problems in children with febrile seizures followed to young school age: A prospective longitudinal community‐based study in Sweden
Authors: Nilsson Gill , Lundström Sebastian , Fernell Elisabeth , Gillberg Christopher 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAimTo estimate the accumulated prevalence of neurodevelopmental problems from preschool to school age in children with a history of febrile seizures (FS).MethodsIn a community‐based cohort of children with previous FS, 25/73 clinically assessed children met diagnostic criteria for neurodevelopmental disorders or had major indications of such problems at the age of 4–5 years. Parents of 54 of the 73 children accepted to take part in an interview according to the Autism‐Tics, ADHD and other Comorbidities (A‐TAC) inventory, when the children were 9–10 years.ResultsThere was a trend for ADHD symptom scores to be higher in the FS group. Non‐participants at age 9–10 years had had much higher rates of neurodevelopmental problems at 4–5 years, and the total number of such problems at either 4–5 or age 9–10 was 41% (30/73).ConclusionHigh rates of neurodevelopmental problems (41%) were found at either age 4–5 or 9–10 years or both in this group of 73 children with FS. Non‐participants at 9–10 years had had much higher rates of neurodevelopmental problems at 4–5 years. Further follow‐up of this cohort is needed before definite conclusions can be drawn about whether FS should be considered a marker for more complex neurodevelopmental problems.
Small bowel water content assessed by MRI in health and disease: a collation of single‐centre studies
Authors: Dellschaft Neele , Hoad Caroline , Marciani Luca , Gowland Penny , Spiller Robin 
Published: October 2021

SummaryBackgroundNew developments in MRI have allowed the non‐invasive, accurate measurement of the small bowel water content (SBWC).AimsTo collate studies measuring SBWC following ingestion of a range of foods in both health and disease to provide data for adequately powering future studies in this area.MethodsThis collation brings together 29 studies including 954 participants (530 healthy, 54 diverticulosis, 255 IBS, 53 functional constipation, 12 cystic fibrosis, 15 Crohn's disease, 20 coeliac disease, 15 scleroderma) which have been carried out in a single centre using comparable study designs.ResultsFasting SBWC (mean 82 [SD 65] mL) shows high variability with a small decline with advancing age (healthy volunteers only; individual patient data). Fasting values are increased in untreated coeliac disease (202 [290] mL, P = 0.004). Post‐prandial SBWC shows less intra‐individual variability than fasting values in healthy volunteers. SBWC is increased by eating, most markedly by high fat meals but also by fibre, both viscous and particulate. Indigestible residue accumulates in late post‐prandial period but empties soon after ingestion of a high calorie meal which produces a significant drop (by 50 [52] mL) in healthy volunteers. The associated fall in SBWC is abnormal in people with cystic fibrosis (SBWC reduced by 10 [121] mL, P = 0.002) and in people with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea (SBWC reduced by 17 [43] mL, P = 0.007).ConclusionsSBWC as assessed by MRI is a valuable biomarker indicating the balance of secretion and absorption in health and disease and the impact of treatments.
Study on the colouring, microstructure, and glaze formula of ‘Ru‐type ware’ excavated from Qingliang Temple kiln in Henan Province, China
Authors: Wu Bo , Zhao Hong , Feng Songlin , Feng Xiangqian , Zhao Dan , Liu Xiaomin , Li Jihong , Zhao Weijuan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThirty samples of ‘Ru‐type ware’ glazes from Qingliang Temple Kiln were selected. The dominant wavelength, microstructure, and chemical composition of elements in the glaze formula of each glaze sample were measured and studied through integrating‐sphere spectrophotometry, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence analyses. The energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence data were processed by multivariate statistical analysis. The following conclusions were drawn. With the dominant wavelength range of 535–660 nm, Ru‐type ware glaze falls into the category of a celadon‐glazed system. The glaze formulas of different glaze colours of Ru‐type ware are comparable but not identical, the difference in content of colour oxides Fe2O3 and TiO2 resulting in the various glaze colours of Ru‐type ware. For the first time, Ru‐type ware glaze is revealed as a crystallisation‐phase glaze. This finding demonstrates that the firing process of the Ru‐type ware was inherited to some extent from Ru Guan ware.
Participatory modelling of upward shifts of altitudinal vegetation belts for assessing site type transformation in Swiss forests due to climate change
Authors: Zischg Andreas Paul , Frehner Monika , Gubelmann Päivi , Augustin Sabine , Brang Peter , Huber Barbara 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAimsClimate change is expected to markedly change site factors, tree species composition and finally ecosystem services provided by forests. Here, we describe the development of a framework for modelling how these changes may transform forest site types. Site types capture information on site conditions like climate, topography and soil, all factors with strong influence on tree species occurrence.LocationSwitzerland.MethodsWe elicited expert knowledge and followed a participatory modelling approach for quantifying upward shifts of altitudinal vegetation belts and the changes in the zonal distribution of main tree species, as a basis for assessing transformation pathways of forest site types for three climate projections.ResultsThe model results show marked range shifts of altitudinal vegetation belts. The change in the vegetation belt and a rule base for forest site type transformations allow for assessing the location‐specific and long‐term transformation pathway from the current to a future forest site type.ConclusionsThe resulting maps enable forest managers to take climate change into account when selecting tree species. The presented method complements statistical distribution models as it considers more site information, integrates expert knowledge and is based on a forest site type classification which is already widely used by forest practitioners.
Book‐Sharing for Parenting and Child Development in South Africa: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Dowdall Nicholas , Murray Lynne , Skeen Sarah , Marlow Marguerite , De Pascalis Leonardo , Gardner Frances , Tomlinson Mark , Cooper Peter J. 
Published: October 2021

This study evaluated the impact of a parenting intervention on children’s cognitive and socioemotional development in a group of caregivers and their 21‐to‐28‐month‐old children in a low‐income South African township. A randomized controlled trial compared an experimental group (n = 70) receiving training in dialogic book‐sharing (8 weekly group sessions) with a wait‐list control group (n = 70). They were assessed before the intervention, immediately following it, and at a six month follow‐up. The intervention had positive effects on child language and attention, but not behavior problems, prosocial behavior, or theory of mind. Intervention caregivers were less verbally and psychologically harsh, showed more sensitivity and reciprocity and more complex cognitive talk. This program benefitted parenting and child development and holds promise for low‐income contexts.
Longitudinal change in adolescent hope among recent immigrant Latinx adolescents: Links with adolescent and parent cultural stress, family functioning, emotional well‐being, and behavioral health
Authors: Lorenzo‐Blanco Elma I. , Zhang Minyu , Cobb Cory , Meca Alan , Szapocznik José , Unger Jennifer B. , Cano Miguel Ángel , Schwartz Seth J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAdolescent hope can promote the emotional and behavioral well‐being of Latinx families. Positive family functioning may foster adolescent hope, whereas cultural stress may compromise adolescent hope and well‐being. We examined how adolescent hope changed over time, and whether cultural stress and family functioning predicted emotional and behavioral health via adolescent hope intercept and slope. Recent Latinx immigrant adolescents (Mage = 14.51) and parents (Mage = 41.09; N = 302; n = 150 from Los Angeles; n = 152 from Miami) completed measures of above constructs over 3 years (Summer 2010 to Spring 2013). Latent growth curve modeling indicated that adolescent hope increased over time. Higher cultural stress predicted lower initial hope. Higher family functioning predicted higher initial levels of and less steep increase in hope. Increase in hope predicted better emotional and behavioral health. Family functioning predicted better health outcomes by way of hope.
Outcomes of radical surgical resections for nonmetastatic anorectal melanomas: Experience from a tertiary care centre
Authors: Chatterjee Ambarish , Rohila Jitender , Kazi Mufaddal , Sharma Vivekanand , Desouza Ashwin , Ostwal Vikas , Bajpai Jyoti , Engineer Reena , Bal Munita , Saklani Avanish 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAimThe outcome of radical surgery in nonmetastatic anorectal melanoma (AM) patients is studied infrequently. Here, we aimed to explore the stage‐wise outcomes and the impact of radical resections in these patients.MethodsIn this single‐centre retrospective study, data of 154 eligible patients were recorded and analysed. Data were obtained from November 2010 to September 2019 with follow‐up until November 2020. Overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS) was calculated by Kaplan Meir method and univariate analysis of prognostic factors by Cox regression.ResultsOf 154 patients, 110 were metastatic (stage III) and 44 were nonmetastatic (stage I:22, stage II:22) and underwent curative resections. Median follow‐up was 48 months (14–119 months). A total of 39 patients underwent total mesorectal excisions (TME) and five transanal excision (TAE) were performed. Seven patients underwent extended resections. Stage I and II patients had 3‐ and 5‐year OS of 40% and 36%; and DFS of 45% and 33.2%, respectively. Median OS and DFS were 31 and 24 months, respectively. Stage II (node‐positive) patients had better median OS compared to stage III (21 vs. 4 months; p = 0.000), and 54.5% patients had recurrences, most commonly both systemic and nodal (45.83%). Median OS of patients without recurrence was 34 months.ConclusionIn this large surgical series of AMs, outcome in stage I and II patients was significantly better than stage III and patients with stage II disease can have acceptable oncological outcomes. Radical surgical resections with or without lymphadenectomy could be considered in these patients. The role of adjuvant systemic therapy and radiation needs to be explored as part of multimodality treatment.
How translational modeling in oncology needs to get the mechanism just right
Authors: Yates James W. T. , Fairman David A 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTranslational model‐based approaches have played a role in increasing success in the development of novel anticancer treatments. However, despite this, significant translational uncertainty remains from animal models to patients. Optimization of dose and scheduling (regimen) of drugs to maximize the therapeutic utility (maximize efficacy while avoiding limiting toxicities) is still predominately driven by clinical investigations. Here, we argue that utilizing pragmatic mechanism‐based translational modeling of nonclinical data can further inform this optimization. Consequently, a prototype model is demonstrated that addresses the required fundamental mechanisms.