bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and Comorbidity of Depression and Anxiety among Medical Students in Babcock University, Ogun State, Nigeria
Authors: Dike-Israel Naomi A. , Akinboye Dora O. 
Published: May 2021

Background: Depression and anxiety are mental health disorders which both result in high negative affect and are two of the most common mental health disorders globally. Stress is one factor implicated in the cause and aggravation of such mental disorders. Medicine is among some of the most stressful courses that a student can undertake in the university.
Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and comorbidity of depression and anxiety among medical students in Ogun state, Nigeria.
Study Design: Cross-sectional survey design
Methodology: 225 medical students (MBBS) aged 15-26 (mean: 19.09±2.14), majority of whom were female (69.8%), attending a private university in Ogun state participated in the study. The levels of depression and anxiety were assessed by administering an instrument comprising of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI).
Results: Findings indicated a prevalence of depression (moderate: 16.0%, severe: 9.8%) and anxiety (moderate: 11.1%, severe: 17.3%). The study revealed significant gender differences in the manifestation of depression (male: 19.1%, female: 28.7%) and anxiety (male: 13.3%, female: 35.0%) indicating that female students are more likely to be diagnosed with both disorders. The study identified a strong positive correlation between depression and anxiety in medical students (r = 0.803).
Conclusion: Depression and anxiety are significantly prominent disorders among medical students. Therefore, sensitization and periodic mental health screening for medical students should be carried out to ensure optimal health.
Biogenic Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles on a Green Support as a Reusable Catalyst for the Hydrogenation of Nitroarene and Quinoline
Authors: Adeyeye Nafiu Sodiq , Shaheen Shah Syed , Aziz Abdul , Shaikh M. Nasiruzzaman 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDirect attachment of gold nanoparticles to a green support without the use of an external reducing agent and using it for removing toxic pollutants from wastewater, i. e., reduction of nitroarene to amine, are described. A novel approach involving the reduction of gold by the jute plant (Corchorus genus) stem‐based (JPS) support itself to form nanoparticles (AuNPs) to be used as a catalytic system (‘dip‐catalyst’) and its catalytic activity for the hydrogenation of series of nitroarenes in aqueous media are presented. AuNPs/JPS catalyst was characterized using SEM, UV‐Vis, FTIR, TEM, XPS, and ICP‐OES. Confined area elemental mapping exhibits uniform and homogeneous distribution of AuNPs on the support surface. TEM shows multi‐faceted AuNPs in the range of 20–30 nm. The reactivity of AuNPs/JPS for the transfer hydrogenation of nitroarene as well as hydrogenation of quinoline under molecular H2 pressure was evaluated. Sodium borohydride, when used as the hydrogen source, demonstrates a high catalytic efficiency in the transfer hydrogenation reduction of 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP). Quinoline is quantitatively and chemoselectively hydrogenated to 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinoline (py‐THQ) using molecular hydrogen. Reusability studies show that AuNPs are stable on the support surface and their selectivity is not affected.
Simultaneous quantitation of serum caffeine and its metabolites by ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for CYP1A2 activity prediction in premature infants
Authors: Jiang Zhouhong , Gao Xiangbo , Liang Jianfeng , Ni Shaoqing 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCaffeine (CA) is accepted as a probe of cytochrome P450 1A2 enzyme (CYP1A2) activity and is commonly used in premature infants with great inter‐individual variability of metabolism. To evaluate the change characteristics of CYP1A2 activity in premature infants, an ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and optimized for the simultaneous quantitation of serum CA and its major metabolites, including paraxanthine (PX), theophylline (TP) and theobromine (TB), in premature infants. A C18 column and gradient elution with 0.1% formic acid in methanol and 0.1% formic acid in water at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min were used for compound separation. The mass spectrometer monitored the transitions of CA (m/z 195.0 → 138.0), CA‐d9 (m/z 204.0 → 144.1), PX (m/z 181.0 → 124.1), TP (m/z 181.0 → 123.9) and TB (m/z 181.0 → 138.0) using multiple reaction monitoring in positive ion mode. CYP1A2 activity was evaluated by serum molar concentration ratios of CA and its metabolites. The results showed that CYP1A2 has a significant positive correlation with the clearance of CA, and was affected by current weight and CYP1A2*1C. The results suggested that the serum concentration ratios of CA metabolites could be used to predict the changes in CYP1A2 enzyme activity in premature infants.
Efficient Synthesis of Sugar Alcohols over a Synergistic and Sustainable Catalyst
Authors: Zhang Liangqing , Qiu Jiarong , Tang Xing , Sun Yong , Zeng Xianhai , Lin Lu 
Published: May 2021

Main observation and conclusionA series of catalysts were prepared for sugar alcohols production to overcome the deficiencies of the previous reported catalysts, such as low yield of sugar alcohols, single function, instability, and controversial role of active sites. The role of each metal and their synergistic‐cooperation was discussed in detail with a combination of conditional experiments and characterizations. The results indicated that bifunctional Ni6.66Fe1Al1.55 catalyst has unique structure with superparamagnetism and excellent activity. The (111) and (200) planes of metallic Ni are the hydrogenation active phases and preferentially exposed on Ni‐Al‐Ox spinel. The desired arabitol or mannitol was obtained by tuning the ratio of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites. The recycling tests indicated that the unique structure of the prepared Ni‐based catalyst can suppress leaching and poisoning, which has high textural stability and activity.
The effect of sex on the efficacy and safety of dual antithrombotic therapy with dabigatran versus triple therapy with warfarin after PCI in patients with atrial fibrillation (a RE‐DUAL PCI subgroup analysis and comparison to other dual antithrombotic therapy trials)
Authors: Eccleston David S. , Kim Joseph M. , ten Berg Jurien M. , Steg P. Gabriel , Bhatt Deepak L. , Hohnloser Stefan H. , de Veer Anne , Nordaby Matias , Miede Corinna , Kimura Takeshi , Lip Gregory Y. H. , Oldgren Jonas , Cannon Christopher P. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe RE‐DUAL PCI trial demonstrated that in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), dual therapy with dabigatran and a P2Y12 inhibitor, either clopidogrel or ticagrelor, reduced the risk of bleeding without an increased risk of thromboembolic events as compared to triple therapy with warfarin in addition to a P2Y12 inhibitor and aspirin. What remains unclear is whether this effect is consistent between males and females undergoing PCI.HypothesisThe reduction in risk of bleeding without increased risk of thromboembolic events with dual therapy with dabigatran and a P2Y12 inhibitor in comparison to triple therapy with warfarin, a P2Y12 inhibitor and aspirin is consistent in females and males.MethodsThe primary safety endpoint was the first International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis (ISTH) major bleeding event (MBE) or clinically relevant non‐major bleeding event (CRNMBE). The efficacy endpoint was the composite of death, thromboembolic event (stroke, myocardial infarction, and systemic embolism) or unplanned revascularization. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were applied to calculate corresponding hazard ratios and interaction p values for each endpoint.ResultsA total of 655 women and 2070 men were enrolled. The risk of major or CRNM bleeding was lower with both dabigatran 110 mg dual therapy and dabigatran 150 mg dual therapy compared with warfarin triple therapy in female and male patients (for 110 mg: females: HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.47–1.01, males: HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.37–0.59, interaction p value: 0.084 and for 150 mg: females HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.48–1.16, males HR 0.71, 95% CI 0.56–0.90, interaction p value: 0.83). There was also no detectable difference in the composite efficacy endpoint of death, thromboembolic events or unplanned revascularization between dabigatran dual therapy and warfarin triple therapy, with no statistically significant interaction between sex and treatment (interaction p values: 0.73 and 0.72, respectively).ConclusionsConsistent with the overall study results, the risk of bleeding was lower with dabigatran 110 mg and 150 mg dual therapy compared with warfarin triple therapy, and risk of thromboembolic events was comparable with warfarin triple therapy independent of the patient's sex.
Apatinib for the treatment of metastatic or locoregionally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma after failure of chemotherapy: A multicenter, single‐arm, prospective phase 2 study
Authors: Ruan Xiaolan , Liang Jin‐Hui , Pan Yufei , Cai Rui , Zhang Rong Jun , He Zhuokai , Yang Xi , Niu Zhijie , Jiang Wei 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundThe authors aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of apatinib in patients with metastatic or locoregionally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).MethodsA multicenter, single‐arm, prospective phase 2 study was conducted on patients (18‐70 years of age) with metastatic or recurrent NPC who had failed chemotherapy. Patients with recurrent disease involving vascular structure invasion were excluded. All enrolled patients received apatinib (500 mg daily) in continuous 4‐week cycles until disease progression or development of unacceptable toxicity. The primary end point of this study was objective response rate (ORR), and the secondary end points were progression‐free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and toxicity. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03130270).ResultsBetween January 2017 and June 2018, 33 patients were enrolled. At the end of the data collection (May 20, 2020), the 33 patients had completed a total of 261.2 cycles of apatinib. Although 12 patients achieved a partial response, no patient achieved a complete response; thus, the ORR in the 33 patients was 36.4% (95% CI, 19.0%‐53.7%). At the end of follow‐up (median, 30 months; 95% CI, 24.9‐35.1), median OS and median PFS were 16 months (95% CI, 14.6‐17.4 months) and 5.0 months (95% CI, 3.6‐6.4 months), respectively. The most common adverse events (grade 1/2) were hand‐foot syndrome (18 [54.5%]), hypertension (14 [42.4%]), oral ulcer (8 [24.2%]), and proteinuria (4 [12.1%]). Two patients (1 with diabetes and 1 with hypertension) developed cerebral infarction. Grade 3/4 toxicities were uncommon.ConclusionsApatinib shows promising activity, with manageable toxicities, in patients with metastatic or locoregionally recurrent NPC. Further evaluation of apatinib in large‐scale studies is warranted.Lay Summary

Clinical studies on vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)–targeted therapy for recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) are limited.

A recent preclinical study that evaluated apatinib in models of NPC showed a high objective response rate and a favorable safety profile.

Our data further confirmed good efficacy in patients with lung metastasis.

Further studies of the efficacy and safety of apatinib combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors or chemotherapy in NPC is warranted.
Exemptions to state laws regulating opioid prescribing for patients with cancer‐related pain: A summary
Authors: Bulls Hailey W. , Bell Lindsay F. , Orris Steven R. , Goodin Burel R. , Liebschutz Jane M. , Wozniak Antoinette , Merlin Jessica S. , Schenker Yael 
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUNDCancer‐related pain is highly prevalent and is commonly treated with prescription opioids. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) now encourages conservative opioid prescribing in recognition of potential opioid‐related risks. However, CDC guidelines have been misapplied to patients with cancer. Recent laws at the state level reflect the CDC's guidance by limiting opioid prescribing. It is unclear whether states exempt cancer‐related pain, which may affect cancer pain management. Thus, the objective of this study was to summarize current state‐level opioid prescribing laws and exemptions for patients with cancer.METHODSTwo study authors reviewed publicly available state records to identify the most recent opioid prescribing laws and cancer‐related exemptions. Documents were required to have the force of law and be enacted at the time of the search (November 2020).RESULTSResults indicated that 36 states had enacted formal legislation limiting the duration and/or dosage of opioid prescriptions, and this was largely focused on acute pain and/or initial prescriptions. Of these states, 32 (89%) explicitly exempted patients with cancer‐related pain from opioid prescribing laws. Exemptions were broadly applied, with few states providing specific guidance for cancer‐related pain prescribing.CONCLUSIONSThe results of this study indicate that most states recognize the importance of prescription opioids in cancer‐related pain management. However, drafting nuanced and clinically relevant opioid legislation is challenging for a heterogenous population. Additionally, current attempts to regulate opioid prescribing by state law may unintentionally undermine patient‐centered approaches to pain management. Additional resources are needed to facilitate clarity at the intersection of opioid‐related legislation and clinical management for cancer‐related pain.LAY SUMMARY

In this review of state‐level legislation, current limitations on opioid prescribing are summarized and detailed information is provided on exemptions for patients with cancer.

The majority of states have enacted specific dosage and/or duration limitations on opioid prescribing while including broad exemptions for cancer‐related pain.

Cancer‐related pain exemptions are important to include, as is consistent with national and professional guidelines (eg, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). However, these exemptions may also unintentionally undermine patient‐centered approaches to pain management.

Additional resources, including specific guidance for patients with cancer, are needed to facilitate clarity at the intersection of opioid‐related legislation and clinical pain management.

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Impact of CYP2D6 Genetic Variation on Radical Cure of Plasmodium vivax Malaria
Authors: Suarez‐Kurtz Guilherme 
Published: May 2021

Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax) is the most widespread human malaria parasite, with 2.5 billion people at risk of infection worldwide. P. vivax forms liver hypnozoites, which trigger further symptomatic episodes (relapses) weeks or months after the initial episode. Radical cure of vivax malaria requires hypnozoitocide therapy to prevent relapses. The two US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐approved hypnozoiticides for human use, primaquine, and tafenoquine, are pro‐drugs, that require in vivo conversion into metabolites with redox activity. This mini‐review focuses on the association between CYP2D6‐mediated hydroxylation and hypnozoitocide efficacy of primaquine and tafenoquine. Studies in murine models show that the antimalarial activity of primaquine and tafenoquine is abolished by CYP2D knock‐out and partially restored by knock‐in of humanized CYP2D6. Human studies explored the impact of CYP2D6 genetic variation and genotype‐inferred CYP2D6 phenotype on anti‐relapse efficacy. Most, but not all, studies with primaquine report higher rates of relapse in patients with decreased CYP2D6 activity (activity scores (AS) ≤ 1) compared to normal activity (AS ≥ 1.5). Potential factors for discordance among studies include risk of reinfection in endemic areas, adherence to primaquine‐treatment, assignment of CYP2D6 phenotypes based on CYP2D6 polymorphism and choice of AS values for dichotomizing the study cohorts. Tafenoquine anti‐relapse efficacy did not differ between patients with AS < 1 vs. AS ≥ 1.5 in 2 studies. Absence/small number of poor CYP2D6 metabolizers in AS ≤ 1 groups, combined with lesser dependence of tafenoquine on CYP2D6‐mediated conversion into active redox metabolites may account for this result. Additional tafenoquine studies with larger representation of poor CYP2D6 metabolizers are warranted.
Phenotypic performance and associated QTL of ‘Peace’ × ‘CDC Stanley’ mapping population under conventional and organic management systems
Authors: Xiang Rongrong , Semagn Kassa , Iqbal Muhammad , Chen Hua , Yang Rong‐Cai , Spaner Dean 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIdentification of consistent QTL in both conventional and organic management systems is a prerequisite for improving spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) through marker‐assisted selection. The objectives of the present study were to continue investigating the effect of management systems on agronomic and end‐use quality traits, and map associated quantitative trait loci (QTL) in a hard red spring wheat population. We evaluated 165 recombinant inbred lines derived from ‘Peace’ × ‘CDC Stanley’ for nine agronomic and end‐use quality traits under conventional and organic management systems for 2 yr and genotyped them with the wheat 90K iSelect array. Using inclusive composite interval mapping on phenotypic data across two environments per management and the International Wheat Genome Sequence Consortium (IWGSC) RefSeq v2.0 physical map of 1,058 informative single nucleotide polymorphisms, we uncovered 32 QTL (17 under conventional and 15 under organic) associated with nine traits of which five QTL were common in both managements. The remaining QTL were specific either to the conventional (12) or organic (10) managements. Each QTL explained from 1.2 to 19.2% and together accounted for 3.0 to 28.4% and 3.3 to 21.9% of the total phenotypic variance of each trait evaluated under conventional and organic management systems, respectively. We found three coincident genomic regions on chromosomes 1B, 3B, and 4B associated with two and three traits. All QTL identified in the present study were not reported in any of our previous mapping populations and would provide more data to wheat researchers conducting similar studies under conventional and organic management systems.
Serum glycated albumin as good biomarker for predicting type 2 diabetes: A retrospective cohort study of China National Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Survey
Authors: Bai Yuanyuan , Fang Yujie , Ming Jie , Wei Huigang , Zhang Pinghua , Yan Juan , Du Yongfeng , Li Qiaoyue , Yu Xinwen , Guo Minglan , Liang Shengru , Hu Ruofan , Ji Qiuhe 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimsGlycated albumin (GA) is a biomarker for short‐term (2–3 weeks) glycaemic control. However, the predictive utility of GA for diabetes and prediabetes is largely uncharacterised. We aimed to investigate the relationships of baseline serum GA levels with incident diabetes and prediabetes.MethodsThis was a longitudinal cohort study involving 516 subjects without diabetes or prediabetes at baseline. Blood glucose levels were observed during follow‐up. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using COX proportional hazard models. Receiver operating characteristic curves and areas under the curves (AUCs) were used to evaluate the discriminating abilities of glycaemic biomarkers and prediction models.ResultsDuring a 9‐year follow‐up, 51 individuals (9.88%) developed diabetes and 92 (17.83%) prediabetes. Unadjusted HRs (95% CI) for both diabetes and prediabetes increased proportionally with increasing GA levels in a dose–response manner. Multivariable‐adjusted HRs (95% CI) for diabetes were significantly elevated from 1.0 (reference) to 5.58 (1.86–16.74). However, the trend was no longer significant for prediabetes after multivariable adjustment. AUCs for GA, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and 2‐h postprandial blood glucose (2h‐PBG) for predicting diabetes were 0.698, 0.655 and 0.725, respectively. The AUCs for GA had no significant differences compared with those for FBG (p = 0.376) and 2h‐PBG (p = 0.552). Replacing FBG or 2h‐PBG or both with GA in diabetes prediction models made no significant changes to the AUCs of the models.ConclusionsGA is of good prognostic utility in predicting diabetes. However, GA may not be a useful biomarker for predicting prediabetes.
Thriving in a hostile world: Insights from the dietary strategy of two allopatric, closely related tepui summit endemic amphibians
Authors: Kok Philippe J. R. , Broholm Tessa L. , Mebs Dietrich 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTo date, there has been no published investigation on the trophic diversity in any tepui summit vertebrate. In this paper, we analyzed the dietary composition of a tepui summit endemic toad, Oreophrynella quelchii from Roraima‐tepui, and compared it with that of O. nigra from Kukenán‐tepui, to examine to what extent diet differs between these two sister species across isolated, although neighboring, tepui tops. The digestive tracts of a total of 197 toads were dissected: 111 from O. quelchii and 86 from O. nigra. The diet composition of O. quelchii was relatively diverse, with 13 major prey categories; mites (Acari, 36.5%) and beetles (Coleoptera, 21.0%) numerically dominated its diet. Despite occurring on two different tepui summits, O. quelchii and O. nigra exhibited a similar diet composition, although in O. nigra mites (Acari, 42.4%) and hymenopterans (especially ants, 16.9%) numerically dominated the diet. The present data suggest that tepui summit Oreophrynella species are flexible in their diet and are active foragers that also feed on aquatic arthropods, successful strategies in tepui competitive environments.
Genetic diversity and kinship relationships in one of the largest South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) populations of the Pacific Ocean
Authors: Gutiérrez Josefina , Seguel Mauricio , Saenz‐Agudelo Pablo , Acosta‐Jamett Gerardo , Verdugo Claudio 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe genetic diversity of populations is the basis for individual fitness and potential adaptability to environmental changes. The South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) is a pinniped species that is widely distributed along the southern cone of South America. However, two distinct populations have evolved: the Northern Pacific/Peruvian population and the Southern Pacific/Atlantic population. One of the main breeding colonies of the Southern Pacific/Atlantic population is located on Guafo Island, in southern Chilean Patagonia. This breeding colony represents the closest reproductive population to the remote Peruvian group. Therefore, our study aimed to determine whether the Guafo colony may potentially facilitate gene flow, contribute new alleles, and increase genetic variability of the Peruvian populations, thereby linking the Northern and Southern Pacific populations for the species. In this study, species‐specific microsatellite markers were developed to genetically characterize Guafo Island's South American fur seal population. Our results confirm that the Guafo colony is a panmictic population with evidence of lack of genetic structure. Further, our results indicate that most individuals are unrelated and that half‐siblings are rare, suggesting that polygyny in this species is less frequent than previously thought. Finally, based on the identification of multiple pairs of full siblings, we also present the first genetic evidence of twins in South American fur seals. These attributes suggest that the Guafo colony is a large, panmictic population, which could act as a potential genetic reservoir, and ultimately assist in linking two genetically distinct populations.