bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pinnipeds and salmon farming: Threats, conflicts and challenges to co‐existence after 50 years of industrial growth and expansion
Authors: Heredia‐Azuaje Heide , Niklitschek Edwin J. , Sepúlveda Maritza 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn this review, we summarize and discuss the main interactions affecting salmon farming and pinniped populations worldwide. Out of seven pinnipeds commonly engaged in these interactions, only one, Eumetopias jubatus, is currently listed, as ‘Near Threatened’, by the IUCN. This scenario may change as the salmon farming industry is expanding to higher latitudes and climate change is threatening many pinniped populations. Pinniped attacks cause productive and economic losses, equivalent to 1%–12% of gross production costs, due to predation, induced escapes and implementing deterrent measures. Other potential negative effects on the industry remain unassessed: lower fish growth, immunosuppression, diseases transmission, damaging infrastructure and injuring farmworkers. Main direct threats to pinnipeds include intended and unintended killing, which lack independent quantifications and have generated a growing number of ethical, economic and socio‐political concerns, as well as trade regulations affecting the industry. Physical perturbation, pollution, nutrification and/or prey subsidies related to this industry may induce behavioural, trophic and social changes, as well as breeding and/or foraging habitat loss/change in impacted areas. Despite their relevance, the magnitude and consequences of these potential impacts have been poorly evaluated and documented, precluding us from assembling accurate assessments on most interactions. Hence, we recommend focusing further research on assessing the effects of these interactions and make a call for implementing and maintaining reliable and independent records of: (i) intended and unintended killings and (ii) demography of affected populations. Implementing an ecosystem approach may be key to reduce negative impacts of salmon farming on pinnipeds and coastal ecosystems.
Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the subgenus Oxyphortica Duda from the Oriental region (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Stegana)
Authors: Wang Ya‐Lian , Lu Jin‐Ming , Gao Jian‐Jun , Zhang Yuan , Chen Hong‐Wei 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPhylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences of three mitochondrial (COI, COII and ND2) and six nuclear (28S, atpA, CAD, EF2, HSPA4 and TUBA1) gene regions recovered a novel lineage (Crypsistegana subgen.n.) and lends support to the monophyly of the subgenus Oxyphortica. Integrating molecular and morphological evidence, we revise the taxonomic status of Oxyphortica, reclassify species of uncertain affinity into four new species groups (adentata, geisson, polystylata and subconvergens) and place five new species discovered from southern China in Crypsistegana subgen.n. and two species groups (geisson and polystylata) of Oxyphortica, respectively. To evaluate the performance of individual genes in phylogenetic inference, the phylogenetic informativeness profiles were generated. The results reveal mitochondrial loci possess much greater phylogenetic signal to resolve species‐level relationships, while nuclear loci perform better at the subgenus level within the genus Stegana. In addition, both tectonic and climatic events appear to have played pivotal roles in the diversification of Oxyphortica. The present distribution pattern of this subgenus might have been shaped from a rapid adaptive radiation in Southwest China as a secondary area of endemicity.
Empirically Incoherent Quantum Gravity
Authors: Norton Joshua 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIt is argued that certain quantum theories of gravity — string theory, loop quantum gravity, non‐commutative field theory — do not include spacetime as part of their fundamental ontology. There is a concern in the literature that theories of this kind are physically opaque and empirically incoherent. In this paper, I clarify and amend Huggett and Wüthrich's argument against these claims. Whereas the content of this paper centres on the disappearance and re‐emergence of spacetime in quantum gravity, much of the philosophical work centres more generally on issues of (emergent) ontology and how this ontology can be extracted from formal theories, the role of formal derivations in justifying ontological relations, the nature of Kuhnian revolutions, and the application of these revolutions to quantum gravity.
Use of TaqMan Array Cards to investigate the aetiological agents of diarrhoea among young infants with severe acute malnutrition
Authors: Palit Parag , Nuzhat Sharika , Khan Shaila Sharmeen , Gazi Md Amran , Islam Md Ridwan , Islam Md Ohedul , Mahfuz Mustafa , Liu Jie , Houpt Eric R. , Haque Rashidul , Ahmed Tahmeed 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveStudies involving less sensitive conventional microscopy and culture‐based approaches have identified distinct differences in diarrhoeal aetiology in childhood malnutrition. Our study involved the use of an advanced molecular biology technique, the TaqMan Array Cards (TAC), to elucidate the diarrhoeal aetiology among young infants with severe acute malnutrition (SAM).MethodA total of 113 faecal samples was collected from SAM infants, aged 2–6 months, upon admission to the Dhaka Hospital of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) with complications of diarrhoea and related comorbidities. We used TAC for the detection of 29 different diarrhoeal enteropathogens from a single faecal sample. For comparison, we also analysed 25 diarrhoeal samples from well‐nourished infants of similar age.ResultsHigher odds of detection of all bacterial enteropathogens were associated with diarrhoea among SAM infants. In particular, the detection of Aeromonas sp (aOR: 25.7, p = 0.011), Campylobacter sp (aOR: 9.6, p < 0.01) and ETEC (aOR: 5.2, p = 0.022) was significantly associated with diarrhoea among SAM infants in comparison to well‐nourished infants. 80% higher odds of detection of rotavirus and norovirus GII were associated with diarrhoea among well‐nourished infants in comparison to SAM infants (aOR: 0.2, p < 0.05).ConclusionOur study findings demonstrate a difference in diarrhoeal aetiology among SAM and well‐nourished young infants, which may be useful in providing an evidence‐based logic for possible revision of treatment guidelines for treatment of young diarrhoeal infants with SAM in the early management of the menace of antimicrobial resistance.
Relationship between transfusion burden, healthcare resource utilization, and complications in patients with beta‐thalassemia in Taiwan: A real‐world analysis
Authors: Tang Chao‐Hsiun , Furnback Wesley , Wang Bruce C. M. , Tang Jackson , Tang Derek , Lu Meng‐Yao , Huang Vicky W.‐H. , Musallam Khaled M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundThis study utilized a population‐based claims database to identify patients with beta‐thalassemia and evaluate associations between transfusion burden, healthcare resource utilization (HCRU), and complications.Study design and methodsTaiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database was used to identify patients with beta‐thalassemia (ICD‐10 D56.1) in 2016. Patients with a beta‐thalassemia claim in 2016 were indexed into the study at their first claim on or after January 1, 2001 in the dataset through to December 31, 2016 and followed until the end of study. During the follow‐up period, red blood cell transfusion (RBCT) units, HCRU, iron chelation therapy use, and beta‐thalassemia‐related complications incidence were recorded. Patients were grouped into transfusion burden severity cohorts based on average number of RBCT units per 12 weeks during follow‐up: 0 RBCT units, >0 to <6 RBCT units (mild), ≥6 to <12 RBCT units (moderate), and ≥12 RBCT units (severe).ResultsA total of 2984 patients were included with mean follow‐up of 6.95 years. Of these, 1616 (54.2%) patients had no claims for RBCT units, 1112 (37.3%) had claims for >0 to <6 RBCT units, 112 (3.8%) for ≥6 to <12 RBCT units, and 144 (4.8%) for ≥12 RBCT units per 12 weeks. Transfused patients had significantly more all‐cause HCRU and iron chelation therapy compared with non‐transfused patients during follow‐up. Thalassemia‐related HCRU and risk of liver, endocrine, cardiac, and renal complications were significantly and positively correlated with increases of RBCT units.DiscussionClinical and healthcare resource burden of patients with beta‐thalassemia is closely related to transfusion burden.
Syndromic surveillance of the frequency and severity of respiratory compromise of brachycephalic dogs in ICUs
Authors: Barchard‐Couts Adrienne ,   on behalf of the Brachycephalic Study Group, Rozanski Elizabeth 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundBrachycephalic dogs (BCD) are increasingly popular companion animals and widely recognized to suffer from respiratory compromise based upon their conformation; however, the actual percentages of BCD in veterinary ICUs are unknown. This study aimed to evaluate a canine ICU census, as well as the presence, development, and severity of respiratory compromise in BCD using syndromic surveillance.Key FindingsTen institutions provided surveillance data twice weekly over an 11‐week study period. The total canine ICU census was 1254 dogs hospitalized during the days and times of the study period; of this population, 125 (10%) were BCD. Fifty‐six (45%) BCD were hospitalized in ICUs because they were perceived to be at risk of respiratory complications while recovering from general anesthesia or had a nonrespiratory condition requiring ICU admission, with the remaining 69 dogs (55%) being treated for respiratory disease. Twenty dogs (16%) developed respiratory complications requiring ICU admission after initially being hospitalized for another condition. Four percent of dogs were supported with mechanical ventilation.Clinical SignificanceSyndromic surveillance was a useful method for evaluating the number of BCD in a veterinary ICU. Almost 1 in 5 BCD developed respiratory compromise after initial evaluation for an unrelated problem. Ongoing evaluation of the medical issues associated with brachycephaly is warranted.
Successful treatment of prolonged refractory ventricular fibrillation in an anesthetized dog
Authors: Gatson Bonnie J. , Swift Simon , Paranjape Vaidehi 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo describe a case of successful return of spontaneous circulation in an anesthetized dog that developed spontaneous ventricular fibrillation during CPR that was refractory to multiple defibrillation attempts by utilizing pharmacological antiarrhythmic therapy.Case summaryCardiopulmonary arrest occurred during surgical preparation in a 1‐year‐old German Shepherd Dog under general anesthesia for fluoroscopic implantation of an Amplatz canine duct occluder for treatment of a patent ductus arteriosus. Pulseless electrical activity was initially diagnosed, and resuscitative efforts were immediately initiated, including basic cardiac life support, discontinuation of anesthesia with administration of reversal agents, and low‐dose epinephrine administration (0.01 mg/kg, IV). After 10 minutes of CPR, the patient developed ventricular fibrillation and single‐dose monophasic defibrillation attempts of escalating energy were performed. Despite these efforts, return of spontaneous circulation was unable to be achieved. However, administration of magnesium sulfate (20 mg/kg, IV) along with an additional single monophasic defibrillation attempt was successful in achieving return of spontaneous circulation.New or unique information providedUnder current advanced cardiac life support guidelines, the best resuscitation strategy for refractory ventricular fibrillation, in which the arrhythmia persists despite multiple defibrillation attempts, remains unclear. This is especially true for veterinary patients, where refractory ventricular fibrillation is an uncommon cardiac arrest rhythm. Although guidelines for the use of antiarrhythmic therapy during cardiac arrest are well established in human medicine, evidence‐based guidelines to support best practices in companion animals do not exist due to sparse data gathered through experimental studies. Only a few case reports describe successful return of spontaneous circulation following prolonged ventricular fibrillation in clinical veterinary patients. Although the use of magnesium sulfate as an antiarrhythmic agent during refractory ventricular fibrillation has been previously reported in people, this is the first case to our knowledge of refractory ventricular fibrillation in a dog that responded to magnesium sulfate.
Progress in the development and application of permeable reaction barriers for remediation of dissolved oil contaminants in groundwater
Authors: Shen Huan , Huang Yong , Su Yue 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAs a technology for in situ treatment and remediation of groundwater contamination, permeable reaction barriers (PRBs) have the advantages of operational efficiency and low infrastructure footprint. In order to clarify previous research results and provide references for future research on remediation of contamination by dissolved oil contaminants in groundwater, the focus of this article is to review and compare the application of PRBs for the removal of dissolved oil contaminants and highlights the research gaps. We concentrate on the relationship between structure design, media types and service life of PRBs, along with groundwater flow velocity, temperature, pH and other hydrochemical conditions. These influencing factors are used to make a detailed explanation and analysis of remediation of oil contamination in groundwater. The current application of PRBs is mainly limited to heavy metals and inorganics, rather than persistent organics such as components in oil. The application of new PRB materials and combination of multiple remediation technologies in oil‐contaminated sites will be the focus of future research.
Estimates of persistent inward currents are reduced in upper limb motor units of older adults
Authors: Hassan Altamash S. , Fajardo Melissa E. , Cummings Mark , McPherson Laura Miller , Negro Francesco , Dewald Julius P. A. , Heckman C. J. , Pearcey Gregory E. P. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAgeing is a natural process causing alterations in the neuromuscular system, which contributes to reduced quality of life. Motor unit (MU) contributes to weakness, but the mechanisms underlying reduced firing rates are unclear. Persistent inward currents (PICs) are crucial for initiation, gain control and maintenance of motoneuron firing, and are directly proportional to the level of monoaminergic input. Since concentrations of monoamines (i.e. serotonin and noradrenaline) are reduced with age, we sought to determine if estimates of PICs are reduced in older (>60 years old) compared to younger adults (<35 years old). We decomposed MU spike trains from high‐density surface electromyography over the biceps and triceps brachii during isometric ramp contractions to 20% of maximum. Estimates of PICs (ΔFrequency; or simply ΔF) were computed using the paired MU analysis technique. Regardless of the muscle, peak firing rates of older adults were reduced by ∼1.6 pulses per second (pps) (P = 0.0292), and ΔF was reduced by ∼1.9 pps (P < 0.0001), compared to younger adults. We further found that age predicted ΔF in older adults (P = 0.0261), resulting in a reduction of ∼1 pps per decade, but there was no relationship in younger adults (P = 0.9637). These findings suggest that PICs are reduced in the upper limbs of older adults during submaximal isometric contractions. Reduced PIC magnitude represents one plausible mechanism for reduced firing rates and function in older individuals, but further work is required to understand the implications in other muscles and during a variety of motor tasks.Key points
Persistent inward currents play an important role in the neural control of human movement and are influenced by neuromodulation via monoamines originating in the brainstem.
During ageing, motor unit firing rates are reduced, and there is deterioration of brainstem nuclei, which may reduce persistent inward currents in alpha motoneurons.
Here we show that estimates of persistent inward currents (ΔF) of both elbow flexor and extensor motor units are reduced in older adults.
Estimates of persistent inward currents have a negative relationship with age in the older adults, but not in the young.
This novel mechanism may play a role in the alteration of motor firing rates that occurs with ageing, which may have consequences for motor control.
Patterns of incision and deformation on the southern flank of the Yellowstone hotspot from terraces and topography
Authors: Tuzlak Daphnee , Pederson Joel , Bufe Aaron , Rittenour Tammy 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of the greater Yellowstone region requires constraints on deformation spanning million year to decadal timescales, but intermediate-scale (Quaternary) records of erosion and deformation are lacking. The Upper Snake River drainage crosses from the uplifting region that encompasses the Yellowstone Plateau into the subsiding Snake River Plain and provides an opportunity to investigate a transect across the trailing margin of the hotspot. Here, we present a new chronostratigraphy of fluvial terraces along the lower Hoback and Upper Snake Rivers and measure drainage characteristics through Alpine Canyon interpreted in the context of bedrock erodibility. We attempt to evaluate whether incision is driven by uplift of the Yellowstone system, subsidence of the Snake River Plain, or individual faults along the river's path. The Upper Snake River in our study area is incising at roughly 0.3 m/k.y. (300 m/m.y.), which is similar to estimates from drainages at the leading eastern margin of the Yellowstone system. The pattern of terrace incision, however, is not consistent with widely hypothesized headwater uplift from the hotspot but instead is consistent with downstream baselevel fall as well as localized deformation along normal faults. Both the Astoria and Hoback faults are documented as active in the late Quaternary, and an offset terrace indicates a slip rate of 0.25–0.5 m/k.y. (250–500 m/m.y.) for the Hoback fault. Although tributary channel steepness corresponds with bedrock strength, patterns of χ across divides support baselevel fall to the west. Subsidence of the Snake River Plain may be a source of this baselevel fall, but we suggest that the closer Grand Valley fault system could be more active than previously thought.
Peanut Consumption and Risk of Stroke and Ischemic Heart Disease in Japanese Men and Women: The JPHC Study
Authors: Ikehara Satoyo , Iso Hiroyasu , Kokubo Yoshihiro , Yamagishi Kazumasa , Saito Isao , Yatsuya Hiroshi , Kimura Takashi , Sawada Norie , Iwasaki Motoki , Tsugane Shoichiro ,   the JPHC Study Group
Published: September 2021

Background and Purpose:
Several prospective cohort studies and a randomized clinical trial have shown the beneficial effects of peanut consumption on cardiovascular disease and its risk factors. We examined the association between peanut consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease in Japanese men and women.

Methods:
We analyzed data of 74 793 participants aged 45 to 74 years who completed a lifestyle questionnaire including the validated food frequency questionnaire in the Japan Public Health Center–based Prospective Study. They were followed up from 1995 to 2009 for cohort I and from 1998 to 1999 to 2012 for cohort II. Peanut consumption was calculated from the food frequency questionnaire, and the end points were incidence of stroke, ischemic heart disease, and cardiovascular disease (stroke and ischemic heart disease).

Results:

During a median follow-up of 14.8 years, 3,599 strokes and 849 ischemic heart diseases were reported. Higher peanut consumption was associated with reduced risks of total stroke, ischemic stroke, and cardiovascular disease among men and women. The multivariable hazard ratios (95% CIs) for the highest versus lowest quartiles of peanut consumption after adjustment for age, sex, public health center, smoking, alcohol consumption, perceived stress level, physical activity, vegetable, fruit, fish, soy, sodium and total energy intakes, body mass index, history of hypertension, history of diabetes, and cholesterol-lowering drug were 0.84 (0.77–0.93,
P
for trend=0.002) for total stroke, 0.80 (0.71–0.90,
P
for trend=0.002) for ischemic stroke, 0.93 (0.79–1.08,
P
for trend=0.27) for hemorrhagic stroke, 0.97 (0.80–1.17,
P
for trend=0.81) for ischemic heart disease and 0.87 (0.80–0.94,
P
for trend=0.004) for cardiovascular disease, and these associations were similarly observed in both sexes.

Conclusions:
Higher peanut consumption was associated with reduced risk of stroke, especially ischemic stroke, but not ischemic heart disease in Japanese men and women.
Protective Role of Caregiver Preparedness on the Relationship Between Depression and Quality of Life in Stroke Dyads
Authors: Pucciarelli Gianluca , Lyons Karen S. , Petrizzo Antonello , Ambrosca Rossella , Simeone Silvio , Alvaro Rosaria , Lee Christopher S. , Vellone Ercole 
Published: September 2021

Background and Purpose:
Depression and quality of life (QOL) have an interdependent and transactional nature in stroke survivor-caregiver dyads. While the strong relationship between depression and physical and emotional QOL in stroke survivor-caregiver dyads is well known, it is less clear if this relationship is moderated by caregiver preparedness, which could easily be targeted with interventions. In this study, we examined the moderating role of caregiver preparedness on the association between depression and QOL in stroke survivor-caregiver dyads.

Methods:
We used a longitudinal design with follow-ups every 3 months over a 1-year period. Considering the nonindependent nature of the data (survivors and their caregivers), we used multilevel modeling to analyze data at the dyad level. We implemented 4 longitudinal dyadic moderation models (one for each QOL domain: physical, psychological, social, and environmental) using hierarchical linear modeling.

Results:

A sample of 222 stroke survivor-caregiver dyads was analyzed. Stroke survivors were older (
M
=70.8, SD=11.9) than their caregivers (
M
=52.4, SD=13.1). Stroke survivors predominantly had an ischemic stroke, equally distributed by site. Caregivers were primarily female (66%), with a medium to high educational level (57%). Caregiver preparedness significantly moderated the association between survivor depression and survivor psychological (
B
=0.56,
P
<0.01) and environmental (
B
=0.58,
P
<0.01) QOL at baseline and social QOL over time (
B
=0.24,
P
<0.05). Similarly, caregiver preparedness significantly moderated the association between caregiver depression and caregiver physical (
B
=0.25,
P
<0.01) and environmental (
B
=0.18,
P
<0.05) QOL over time.

Conclusions:
Caregiver preparedness has a positive influence on both members of the dyad. Assessment of stroke-caregiver preparedness could be helpful to motivate clinicians to develop and implement interventions for stroke survivor-caregiver dyads.