bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two-dimensional frictionless large deformation contact problems using isogeometric analysis and Nitsche’s method
Authors: Zhao Gang , Zhang Ran , Wang Wei , Du Xiaoxiao 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
The simulation of large deformation contact problems has been a tough subject due to the existence of multiple nonlinearities, including geometric nonlinearity and contact interface nonlinearity. In this paper, we develop a novel method to compute the large deformation of 2D frictionless contact by employing Nitsche-based isogeometric analysis. The enforcement of contact constraints as one of the main issues in contact simulation is implemented by using Nitsche’s method, and the node-to-segment scheme is applied to the contact interface discretization. We detailedly derive the discrete formulations for 2D large deformation frictionless contact where NURBS is used for geometrical modeling and the Neo-Hookean hyperelastic materials are applied to describe the deformation of the model. The collocation method with Greville points is employed to integrate the contact interface and the classical Legendre–Gauss quadrature rule is used for contact bodies’ integration. The Lagrange multiplier method and penalty method are also implemented for comparison with Nitsche’s method. Several examples are investigated, and the obtained results are compared with that from commercial software ABAQUS to verify the effectiveness and accuracy of the Nitsche-based isogeometric analysis.
The ‘Allegiance’ Test: Judicial Legislation and Interpretation of GCIV
Authors: Galvis Martínez Manuel 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The article critically addresses the ‘allegiance’ test developed by International Criminal Jurisdictions for the determination of protected personal status under the Fourth Geneva Convention. Through a deconstruction of its elements and the methodology employed in its creation, the author shows substantial and methodological flaws that showcase the test as highly questionable example of judicial legislation. The article concludes that, although the test is likely to go into substantial desuetude, its existence as an interpretative tool will persist and thus its flaws and potential dangers must be assessed critically to prevent unrestricted and unfounded judicial legislation. In particular, the article exposes the lack of relation between the concept of allegiance and the so-called ‘allegiance’ test.
Who Owns the Heat? The Scope for Geothermal Heat to Contribute to Net Zero
Authors: McClean Anna , Pedersen Ole W 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Geothermal resources can be used to produce heat or generate electricity. It has been estimated that the UK has sufficient geothermal resources to meet all its heating demands for the next 100 years and provide 9 per cent of England’s and 85 per cent of Scotland’s electricity demand. Geothermal resources therefore have the potential to make a significant contribution to the achievement of net zero carbon emissions, particularly in relation to the decarbonization of the heating and cooling of buildings, but are currently underutilized in the UK. This article examines the implications that the lack of clear definition of ‘heat’ and questions regarding its ownership have on the regulation of geothermal resources. It considers a number of possibilities for the ownership model for heat and concludes that a hybrid model of ownership in which geothermal heat is owned by the Crown but ownership of the land within which it is located remains in private ownership may create a regime in which geothermal heat can be used efficiently and sustainably and which helps the industry grow.
Challenges for Students in the Creation, Growth, and Management of an Academic, Student-run Asylum Clinic
Authors: Milewski Andrew R , Ackerman Kevin S , Pilato Tara C , Shah Pooja D , Kalman Thomas P 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Medical school asylum clinics are complex organizations that blend medical and legal expertise with service to assist individuals seeking refuge from human rights violations. The balance of power shared by the students and faculty who lead these clinics varies widely across institutions, usually in an inverse reciprocal relationship. The Weill Cornell Center for Human Rights will observe its 10th anniversary in 2020 and is notable for espousing maximal student autonomy in the organization’s governance with minimal faculty control or administration participation. This level of autonomy requires that, in addition to successfully running the organization, student leaders must adeptly manage logistical, administrative, and ethical challenges without compromising the trust and confidence of the medical college and larger university. This article describes a series of difficult decisions involving policy, conflict resolution, and resource management made expeditiously by the student leadership. Ethical dilemmas, operational challenges, and the difficulties imposed by an unexpected global catastrophe—the COVID-19 pandemic—are presented alongside detailed descriptions of how these issues were deliberated and resolved by the student leadership.
No Remedy to Cholera in Haiti: How the UN Undermines Human Rights
Authors: Barbanel Dove 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
UN Peacekeepers stationed on the banks of Haiti’s largest river, the Artibonite, unleashed a cholera epidemic upon the country ten years ago, but the almost one million people affected still have not seen justice. This, despite the mobilization of grassroots organizations, human rights professionals, students, journalists and independent experts in international human rights law. This article aims to articulate rights violations in the Haiti cholera case, discuss the lack of accountability, and analyse efforts by advocates to overcome obstacles to justice through a multi-faceted intervention involving the UN Special Procedures system. Human rights-based approaches to UN accountability coupled with analyses of the UN’s organizational immunity foreground the continued lack of remedy for the victims of cholera, which is a violation of their human rights attributable to the UN. In conducting public advocacy and investigating the issue of UN responsibility for cholera in Haiti, UN Special Rapporteurs like Philip Alston also relied on a human-rights based approach that built some public pressure for accountability. While advocates continue to push for accountability after a 10-year epidemic, and accountability is possible, the as-yet unsatisfactory resolution to the Haiti cholera case points to a need for UN reform to create more local, democratic structures of governance that are responsive to human rights obligations, in the face of considerable political, economic and social forces in Haiti and internationally that weigh against accountability.
Common Shareholders and Interlocking Directors: The Relation Between Two Corporate Networks
Authors: Azar José 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper studies the empirical relationship between common ownership and interlocking directorships. I estimate a gravity equation model for the probability that a pair of firms will have a common director, as a function of the geographic distance between the firms, their sizes, and a set of covariates, including measures of common ownership between the firms. The main finding is that, robustly across several measures of common ownership, firm pairs with higher levels of common ownership are associated with a higher likelihood of sharing directors. Also, their distance in the network of directors is smaller on average. Consistent with the “gravity” interpretation, larger firms are more likely to share directors, and firms that are geographically more distant are less likely to share directors.
The biomechanics of leaf oscillations during rainfall events
Authors: Lauderbaugh Leal K , Holder Curtis D 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Plants are dynamic systems during rainfall events. As raindrops splash on leaf surfaces, the momentum of the raindrop is transferred to the leaf, causing the leaf to oscillate. The emphasis of this review is on the general principles of leaf oscillation models after raindrop impact and the ecological importance. Various leaf oscillation models and the underlying physical properties from biomechanics theory are highlighted. Additionally, we review experimental methods to derive the model parameters for and explore advances in our understanding of the raindrop–leaf impact process.
Crowter v Secretary of State for Health and Social Care [2021] EWHC 2536: Discrimination, Disability, and Access to Abortion
Authors: Tongue Zoe L 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In a recent case before the High Court of England and Wales, Crowter v Secretary of State for Health and Social Care, three claimants challenged the disability ground for abortion contained in section 1(1)(d) of the Abortion Act 1967. It was argued on behalf of the claimants that this provision was incompatible with a number of rights protected by the European Convention on Human Rights. Among the arguments made was a claim that this provision perpetuates discriminatory attitudes and negative stereotypes towards disabled people. While the case was rightly unsuccessful, as restricting or removing section 1(1)(d) would only force pregnant people to continue pregnancies in difficult circumstances, the claim around discrimination carries some weight. The High Court rejected this line of argument, missing an opportunity to consider the ways in which the Abortion Act is both inadequate in relation to access to abortion and perpetuates stigma towards disabled people. However, the reform required to address this must take place in Parliament and cannot be done by the courts.
Deep Extragalactic VIsible Legacy Survey (DEVILS): evolution of the σSFR–M⋆ relation and implications for self-regulated star formation
Authors: Davies L J M , Thorne J E , Bellstedt S , Bravo M , Robotham A S G , Driver S P , Cook R H W , Cortese L , D’Silva J , Grootes M W , Holwerda B W , Hopkins A M , Jarvis M J , Lidman C , Phillipps S , Siudek M 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
We present the evolution of the star formation dispersion–stellar mass relation (σSFR–M⋆) in the DEVILS D10 region using new measurements derived using the ProSpect spectral energy distribution fitting code. We find that σSFR–M⋆ shows the characteristic ‘U-shape’ at intermediate stellar masses from 0.1 &lt; z &lt; 0.7 for a number of metrics, including using the deconvolved intrinsic dispersion. A physical interpretation of this relation is the combination of stochastic star formation and stellar feedback causing large scatter at low stellar masses and AGN feedback causing asymmetric scatter at high stellar masses. As such, the shape of this distribution and its evolution encodes detailed information about the astrophysical processes affecting star formation, feedback and the lifecycle of galaxies. We find that the stellar mass that the minimum σSFR occurs evolves linearly with redshift, moving to higher stellar masses with increasing lookback time and traces the turnover in the star-forming sequence. This minimum σSFR point is also found to occur at a fixed specific star formation rate (sSFR) at all epochs (sSFR ∼ 10−9.6 Gyr−1). The physical interpretation of this is that there exists a maximum sSFR at which galaxies can internally self-regulate on the tight sequence of star formation. At higher sSFRs, stochastic stellar processes begin to cause galaxies to be pushed both above and below the star-forming sequence leading to increased SFR dispersion. As the Universe evolves, a higher fraction of galaxies will drop below this sSFR threshold, causing the dispersion of the low stellar mass end of the star-forming sequence to decrease with time.
Dynamical orbital evolution scenarios of the wide-orbit eccentric planet HR 5183b
Authors: Mustill Alexander J , Davies Melvyn B , Blunt Sarah , Howard Andrew 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
The recently discovered giant exoplanet HR5183b exists on a wide, highly eccentric orbit (a = 18 au, e = 0.84). Its host star possesses a common proper-motion companion which is likely on a bound orbit. In this paper, we explore scenarios for the excitation of the eccentricity of the planet in binary systems such as this, considering planet–planet scattering, Lidov–Kozai cycles from the binary acting on a single-planet system, or Lidov–Kozai cycles acting on a two-planet system that also undergoes scattering. Planet–planet scattering, in the absence of a binary companion, has a $2.8{-}7.2{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ probability of pumping eccentricities to the observed values in our simulations, depending on the relative masses of the two planets. Lidov–Kozai cycles from the binary acting on an initially circular orbit can excite eccentricities to the observed value but require very specific orbital configurations for the binary and overall there is a low probability of catching the orbit at the high observed high eccentricity ($0.6{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$). The best case is provided by planet–planet scattering in the presence of a binary companion: here, the scattering provides the surviving planet with an initial eccentricity boost that is subsequently further increased by Kozai cycles from the binary. We find a success rate of $14.5{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ for currently observing e ≥ 0.84 in this set-up. The single-planet plus binary and two-planet plus binary cases are potentially distinguishable if the mutual inclination of the binary and the planet can be measured, as the latter permits a broader range of mutual inclinations. The combination of scattering and Lidov–Kozai forcing may also be at work in other wide-orbit eccentric giant planets, which have a high rate of stellar binary companions.
The most metal-rich asymptotic giant branch stars
Authors: Karakas Amanda I , Cinquegrana Giulia , Joyce Meridith 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
We present new stellar evolutionary sequences of very metal-rich stars evolved with the Monash Stellar Structure code and with mesa. The Monash models include masses of 1–8 M⊙ with metallicities Z = 0.04 to Z = 0.1 and are evolved from the main sequence to the thermally pulsing asymptotic giant branch (TP-AGB). These are the first Z = 0.1 AGB models in the literature. The mesa models include intermediate-mass models with Z = 0.06 to Z = 0.09 evolved to the onset of the TP phase. Third dredge-up only occurs in intermediate-mass models Z ≤ 0.08. Hot bottom burning shows a weaker dependence on metallicity, with the minimum mass increasing from 4.5 M⊙ for Z = 0.014 to ≈5.5 M⊙ for Z = 0.04, 6 M⊙ for 0.05 ≤ Z ≤ 0.07 and above 6.5 M⊙ for Z ≥ 0.08. The behaviour of the Z = 0.1 models is unusual; most do not experience He-shell instabilities owing to rapid mass-loss on the early part of the AGB. Turning off mass-loss produces He-shell instabilities, however thermal pulses are weak and result in no TDU. The minimum mass for carbon ignition is reduced from 8 M⊙ for Z = 0.04 to 7 M⊙ for Z = 0.1, which implies a reduction in the minimum mass for core-collapse supernovae. mesa models of similarly high metallicity (Z = 0.06–0.09) show the same lowering of the minimum mass for carbon ignition: carbon burning is detected in a 6 M⊙ model at the highest metallicity (Z = 0.09) and in all 7 M⊙ models with Z ≥ 0.06. This demonstrates robustness of the lowered carbon burning threshold across codes.
Deep Extragalactic VIsible Legacy Survey (DEVILS): identification of AGN through SED fitting and the evolution of the bolometric AGN luminosity function
Authors: Thorne Jessica E , Robotham Aaron S G , Davies Luke J M , Bellstedt Sabine , Brown Michael J I , Croom Scott M , Delvecchio Ivan , Groves Brent , Jarvis Matt J , Shabala Stanislav S , Seymour Nick , Whittam Imogen H , Bravo Matias , Cook Robin H W , Driver Simon P , Holwerda Benne , Phillipps Steven , Siudek Malgorzata 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
Active galactic nuclei (AGN) are typically identified through radio, mid-infrared, or X-ray emission or through the presence of broad and/or narrow emission lines. AGN can also leave an imprint on a galaxy’s spectral energy distribution (SED) through the re-processing of photons by the dusty torus. Using the SED fitting code ProSpect with an incorporated AGN component, we fit the far-ultraviolet to far-infrared SEDs of ∼494 000 galaxies in the D10-COSMOS field and ∼230 000 galaxies from the GAMA survey. By combining an AGN component with a flexible star formation and metallicity implementation, we obtain estimates for the AGN luminosities, stellar masses, star formation histories, and metallicity histories for each of our galaxies. We find that ProSpect can identify AGN components in 91 per cent of galaxies pre-selected as containing AGN through narrow-emission line ratios and the presence of broad lines. Our ProSpect-derived AGN luminosities show close agreement with luminosities derived for X-ray selected AGN using both the X-ray flux and previous SED fitting results. We show that incorporating the flexibility of an AGN component when fitting the SEDs of galaxies with no AGN has no significant impact on the derived galaxy properties. However, in order to obtain accurate estimates of the stellar properties of AGN host galaxies, it is crucial to include an AGN component in the SED fitting process. We use our derived AGN luminosities to map the evolution of the AGN luminosity function for 0 &lt; z &lt; 2 and find good agreement with previous measurements and predictions from theoretical models.
Cross-checking SMBH mass estimates in NGC 6958 – I. Stellar dynamics from adaptive optics-assisted MUSE observations
Authors: Thater Sabine , Krajnović Davor , Weilbacher Peter M , Nguyen Dieu D , Bureau Martin , Cappellari Michele , Davis Timothy A , Iguchi Satoru , McDermid Richard , Onishi Kyoko , Sarzi Marc , van de Ven Glenn 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
Supermassive black hole masses (MBH) can dynamically be estimated with various methods and using different kinematic tracers. Different methods have only been cross-checked for a small number of galaxies and often show discrepancies. To understand these discrepancies, detailed cross-comparisons of additional galaxies are needed. We present the first part of our cross-comparison between stellar- and gas-based MBH estimates in the nearby fast-rotating early-type galaxy NGC 6958. The measurements presented here are based on ground-layer adaptive optics-assisted Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) science verification data at around 0${_{.}^{\prime\prime}}$6 spatial resolution. The spatial resolution is a key ingredient for the measurement and we provide a Gaussian parametrization of the adaptive optics-assisted point spread function for various wavelengths. From the MUSE data, we extracted the stellar kinematics and constructed dynamical models. Using an axisymmetric Schwarzschild technique, we measured an MBH of $(3.6^{+2.7}_{-2.4}) \times 10^8\,$M⊙ at 3σ significance taking kinematical and dynamical systematics (e.g. radially varying mass-to-light ratio) into account. We also added a dark halo, but our data do not allow us to constrain the dark matter fraction. Adding dark matter with an abundance matching prior results in a 25 per cent more massive black hole. Jeans anisotropic models return MBH of $(4.6^{+2.5}_{-2.7}) \times 10^8$ and $(8.6^{+0.8}_{-0.8}) \times 10^8\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ at 3σ confidence for spherical and cylindrical alignments of the velocity ellipsoid, respectively. In a follow-up study, we will compare the stellar-based MBH with those from cold and warm gas tracers, which will provide additional constraints for the MBH for NGC 6958, and insights into assumptions that lead to potential systematic uncertainty.
Informing antenna design for sky-averaged 21-cm experiments using a simulated Bayesian data analysis pipeline
Authors: Anstey Dominic , Cumner John , de Lera Acedo Eloy , Handley Will 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACTGlobal 21-cm experiments aim to measure the sky-averaged H i absorption signal from cosmic dawn and the epoch of reionization. However, antenna chromaticity coupling to bright foregrounds can introduce distortions into the observational data of such experiments. We demonstrate a method for guiding the antenna design of a global experiment through data analysis simulations. This is done by performing simulated observations for a range of inserted 21-cm signals and then attempting to identify the signals with a data analysis pipeline. We demonstrate this method on five antennas that were considered as potential designs for the Radio Experiment for the Analysis of Cosmic Hydrogen: a conical log spiral antenna, an inverted conical sinuous antenna, and polygonal-, rectangular-, and elliptical-bladed dipoles. We find that the log spiral performs significantly better than the other antennas tested, able to correctly and confidently identify every inserted 21-cm signal. In second place is the polygonal dipole antenna, which was only unable to detect signals with both very low amplitudes of 0.05 K and low centre frequency of 80 MHz. The conical sinuous antenna was found to perform least accurately, only able to detect the highest amplitude 21-cm signals, and even then with biases. We also demonstrate that, due to the non-trivial nature of chromatic distortion and the processes of correcting for it, these are not the results that could have been expected superficially from the extent of chromatic variation in each antenna.
Second-generation dust in planetary systems: the case of HD 163296
Authors: D’Angelo Gennaro , Marzari Francesco 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
Observations indicate that large, dust-laden protoplanetary discs are common. Some features, like gaps, rings, and spirals, suggest they may host young planets, which can excite the orbits of nearby leftover planetesimals. Energetic collisions among these bodies can lead to the production of second-generation dust. Grains produced by collisions may have a dynamical behaviour different from that of first-generation, primordial dust out of which planetesimals and planets formed. We aim to study these differences for the HD 163296 system and determine whether dynamical signatures in the mixture of the two dust populations can help separate their contributions. We use three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic models to describe the gaseous disc with three, Saturn- to Jupiter-mass, embedded planets. Dust grains, of sizes $1\, \mu \mathrm{m}$–$1\, \mathrm{mm}$, are treated as Lagrangian particles with resolved thermodynamics and mass-loss. Initial disc and planet configurations are derived from observation-based work, which indicates low gas viscosity. The 3D approach also allows us to detect the formation of vortices induced by Rossby waves, where dust becomes concentrated and may contribute to planetesimal formation. We find that the main differences in the dynamical behaviour of first- and second-generation dust occur in the vertical distribution. The two populations have similar distributions around the disc mid-plane, although second-generation dust shows longer residence times close to the radial locations of the planets’ gas gaps. Sedimentation rates of $\mu$m-sized grains are comparable to or lower than the production rates by planetesimals’ collisions, making this population potentially observable. These outcomes can be extended to similar systems harbouring giant planets.