bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deep Learning‐Based Super‐Resolution Climate Simulator‐Emulator Framework for Urban Heat Studies
Authors: Wu Yuankai , Teufel Bernardo , Sushama Laxmi , Belair Stephane , Sun Lijun 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis proof‐of‐concept study couples machine learning and physical modeling paradigms to develop a computationally efficient simulator‐emulator framework for generating super‐resolution (<250 m) urban climate information, that is required by many sectors. To this end, a regional climate model/simulator is applied over the city of Montreal, for the summers of 2019 and 2020, at 2.5 km (LR) and 250 m (HR) resolutions, which are used to train and validate the proposed super‐resolution deep learning (DL) model/emulator. The DL model uses an efficient sub‐pixel convolution layer to generate HR information from LR data, with adversarial training applied to improve physical consistency. The DL model reduces temperature errors significantly over urbanized areas present in the LR simulation, while also demonstrating considerable skill in capturing the magnitude and location of heat stress indicators. These results portray the value of the innovative simulator‐emulator framework, that can be extended to other seasons/periods, variables and regions.
Saltwater Intrusion Intensifies Coastal Permafrost Thaw
Authors: Guimond Julia A. , Mohammed Aaron A. , Walvoord Michelle A. , Bense Victor F. , Kurylyk Barret L. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSurface effects of sea‐level rise (SLR) in permafrost regions are obvious where increasingly iceless seas erode and inundate coastlines. SLR also drives saltwater intrusion, but subsurface impacts on permafrost‐bound coastlines are unseen and unclear due to limited field data and the absence of models that include salinity‐dependent groundwater flow with solute exclusion and freeze‐thaw dynamics. Here, we develop a numerical model with the aforementioned processes to investigate climate change impacts on coastal permafrost. We find that SLR drives lateral permafrost thaw due to depressed freezing temperatures from saltwater intrusion, whereas warming drives top‐down thaw. Under high SLR and low warming scenarios, thaw driven by SLR exceeds warming‐driven thaw when normalized to the influenced surface area. Results highlight an overlooked feedback mechanism between SLR and permafrost thaw with potential implications for coastal infrastructure, ocean‐aquifer interactions, and carbon mobilization.
Discrete Aurora on Mars: Insights Into Their Distribution and Activity From MAVEN/IUVS Observations
Authors: Schneider N. M. , Milby Z. , Jain S. K. , Gérard J.‐C. , Soret L. , Brain D. A. , Weber T. , Girazian Z. , McFadden J. , Deighan J. , Jakosky B. M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN)'s Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph has identified 278 occurrences of discrete aurora events on Mars, which are patchy, sporadic ultraviolet emissions emanating from the upper atmosphere. We confirm prior results finding that emissions are highly correlated with crustal magnetic fields results, with the brightest and most frequent occurrences located around strong crustal fields in the southern hemisphere. The six‐year data set shows that events can also occur globally, in regions of weak or absent crustal fields. We find that events occur primarily in evening hours, especially during favorable orientations of the interplanetary magnetic field. Under these conditions, auroral events probably occur nightly and last for hours. Optical counterparts to these UV emissions would probably be detectable with present‐day instrumentation, and would be visible to future astronauts.
Retrieval of Airglow Emission Rates in Analytical Form for Limb‐Viewing Satellite Observations at Low Latitudes
Authors: Tam Sunny W. Y. , Chiang Chih‐Yu , Huang Ke‐Chen , Chang Tzu‐Fang 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe observation strategy of the limb‐viewing Imager of Sprites and Upper Atmospheric Lightning (ISUAL) payload aboard the FORMOSAT‐2 spacecraft inspires our development of a method to retrieve the volume emission rates from an array of airglow radiance measurements. The retrieval can be performed simply by evaluation of an analytical formula. The method can be applied to radiation at any wavelength, and its utilities are demonstrated in a reconstructed observation event of the 630.0‐nm OI airglow based on model‐generated emission rates. The simulated observation shows that radiance measurements may underestimate the heights of airglow locations by as much as 20 km. But application of the method to retrieve the emission rate profiles can recover the airglow locations with good accuracy, on average missing the height of the peak emission rate by only 2 km or so, corresponding to only 1–2 grid points in the calculations. The retrieval of airglow locations remains quite accurate even when the effect of noise is incorporated into the array of simulated radiance. Accuracy of the retrieved emission rates improves with the range of the field of view in the vertical direction. The method is also able to resolve the interference between the OI and OH emissions in the radiance data, separating the sources of the two types of emissions at distinctly different altitudes in the retrieved emission rate profiles. Overall, consideration of the reasoning behind this retrieval method could be useful for designing future satellite missions that focus on airglow research.
Diel Variability of CO2 Emissions From Northern Lakes
Authors: Rudberg D. , Duc N. T. , Schenk J. , Sieczko A. K. , Pajala G. , Sawakuchi H. O. , Verheijen H. A. , Melack J. M. , MacIntyre S. , Karlsson J. , Bastviken D. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractLakes are generally supersaturated in carbon dioxide (CO2) and emitters of CO2 to the atmosphere. However, estimates of CO2 flux () from lakes are seldom based on direct flux measurements and usually do not account for nighttime emissions, yielding risk of biased assessments. Here, we present direct measurements from automated floating chambers collected every 2–3 hr and spanning 115 24 hr periods in three boreal lakes during summer stratification and before and after autumn mixing in the most eutrophic lake of these. We observed 40%–67% higher mean in daytime during periods of surface water CO2 supersaturation in all lakes. Day‐night differences in wind speed were correlated with the day‐night differences in the two larger lakes, but in the smallest and most wind‐sheltered lake peaks of coincided with low‐winds at night. During stratification in the eutrophic lake, CO2 was near equilibrium and diel variability of insignificant, but after autumn mixing was high with distinct diel variability making this lake a net CO2 source on an annual basis. We found that extrapolating daytime measurements to 24 hr periods overestimated by up to 30%, whereas extrapolating measurements from the stratified period to annual rates in the eutrophic lake underestimated by 86%. This shows the importance of accounting for diel and seasonal variability in lake CO2 emission estimates.
Carbon and Nitrogen Turnover Times of South Korean Forests Estimated via Data‐Model Fusion
Authors: Kim Hyung‐Sub , Luo Yiqi , Noulèkoun Florent , Noh Nam Jin , Lee Jongyeol , Son Yowhan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBiogeochemical models use estimates of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) turnover times for the future projection of global forest C and N stocks, but unexplained variation in the C and N turnover times is causing considerable uncertainty. This study aimed to estimate C and N turnover times of South Korean forests and explain their variation with forest type, temperature, precipitation, stand age, and ecosystem C:N ratio. We used the balance method and data‐model fusion to estimate the C and N turnover times. Data‐model fusion was used to integrate the National Forest Inventory data (2011–2020) with a biogeochemical model, Forest Biomass and Dead organic matter Carbon and Nitrogen (FBD‐CAN). The N turnover time (376–499 years) was ∼45 times longer than the C turnover time (9–10 years). Forest type had no substantial effects on the C and N turnover times. However, the C and N turnover times were positively correlated with stand age and ecosystem C:N ratio, and negatively correlated with temperature. Overall, ecosystem C:N ratio, stand age, temperature, and precipitation explained 45%, 15%, 12%, and 3%, respectively, of the total variation of the C and N turnover times. These results contribute to the understanding and prediction of forest C and N changes in a changing world and highlight the importance of considering C:N ratio for reliable estimation of the C and N turnover times.
Episodic Nutrient Addition Affects Water Column Nutrient Processing Rates in River‐to‐Lake Transitional Zones
Authors: Pearce Nolan J. T. , Larson James H. , Evans Mary Anne , Frost Paul C. , Xenopoulos Marguerite A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractStorm‐driven nutrient loading from tributaries can fuel eutrophication in nearshore and open water areas of lentic ecosystems. However, nutrient processing in river‐to‐lake transitional zones can substantially alter the amount and composition of nutrients transported to lakes from upstream surface waters. We measured the removal of nutrients and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from the water column in the Fox rivermouth (Green Bay, Lake Michigan) to evaluate the response of rivermouth plankton to episodic nutrient enrichment. Light and dark water column incubations (8–12 hr) were conducted on four occasions from April through September to measure changes in dissolved nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and DOC concentrations in three locations along the Fox rivermouth. Two incubation experiments were conducted on consecutive days, (a) under ambient nutrient concentrations, and (b) under experimentally enriched N and P concentrations. Spatial and temporal variation was observed in nutrient uptake rates, but light incubations consistently had higher nutrient uptake rates than dark incubations. Nutrient enrichment increased total dissolved P and total dissolved N uptake and DOC release in light incubations, but only increased total dissolved P uptake in dark incubations. Moreover, nutrient uptake ratios (N:P) decreased from ambient to nutrient enriched conditions and indicated preferential P uptake by phytoplankton communities in light conditions. Our study substantiates that rivermouths can process nutrients bound for downstream ecosystems and demonstrates the potential of plankton communities to dynamically increase net uptake rates in response to episodic nutrient enrichment.
Seasonal Variation in Nitrate Removal Mechanisms in Coastal Stormwater Ponds
Authors: Gold Adam C. , Thompson Suzanne P. , Piehler Michael F. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractStormwater wet ponds (SWPs) are engineered structures used to collect and retain stormwater runoff from developed areas. SWPs are generally regarded as important nitrogen (N) sinks, but seasonal variation in SWP N cycling that influences pond nitrogen removal has not been characterized. To inform SWP function across seasons, we sampled the sediments and water columns of three stormwater ponds in the southeastern US coastal plain and measured gas and nutrient fluxes from the sediment‐water interface during ambient conditions and nitrate (NO3)‐enriched “simulated storm” conditions. Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) was the dominant form of dissolved N in the water column, while nitrate + nitrite (NOx) was typically below detection. SWP sediment organic matter properties varied by study site but had minimal impact on sediment N processes or estimated NO3 fate. SWP sediments generally functioned as TN sinks during NO3‐enriched conditions, but the estimated fate of NO3 varied based on water temperature, DON concentrations, and sediment O2 uptake. These results suggest that permanent N removal (denitrification) by SWPs varies seasonally, with retention of NOx becoming more important during hotter conditions when NOx uptake is largest. Low ambient NOx concentrations and rapid NO3 uptake suggest that coastal stormwater ponds can host reduced conditions that may promote NO3 retention over denitrification. Additional research is needed to determine the fate of retained NO3 in SWP sediments and how variation in NO3 fate might impact downstream water quality.
Diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging targeted biopsy techniques compared to transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy of the prostate: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Bass E. J. , Pantovic A. , Connor M. J. , Loeb S. , Rastinehad A. R. , Winkler M. , Gabe Rhian , Ahmed H. U. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background
Multiparametric MRI localizes cancer in the prostate, allowing for MRI guided biopsy (MRI-GB) 43 alongside transrectal ultrasound-guided systematic biopsy (TRUS-GB). Three MRI-GB approaches exist; visual estimation (COG-TB); fusion software-assisted (FUS-TB) and MRI ‘in-bore’ biopsy (IB-TB). It is unknown whether any of these are superior.
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to address three questions. First, whether MRI-GB is superior to TRUS-GB at detecting clinically significant PCa (csPCa). Second, whether MRI-GB is superior to TRUS-GB at avoiding detection of insignificant PCa. Third, whether any MRI-GB strategy is superior at detecting csPCa.

Methods
A systematic literature review from 2015 to 2019 was performed in accordance with the START recommendations. Studies reporting PCa detection rates, employing MRI-GB and TRUS-GB were included and evaluated using the QUADAS-2 checklist. 1553 studies were found, of which 43 were included in the meta-analysis.

Results
For csPCa, MRI-GB was superior in detection to TRUS-GB (0.83 vs. 0.63 [p = 0.02]). MRI-GB was superior in detection to TRUS-GB at avoiding detection of insignificant PCa. No MRI-GB technique was superior at detecting csPCa (IB-TB 0.87; COG TB 0.81; FUS-TB 0.81, [p = 0.55]). There was significant heterogeneity observed between the included studies.

Conclusions
In patients with suspected PCa on MRI, MRI-GB offers superior rates of csPCa detection and reduces detection of insignificant PCa compared to TRUS-GB. No individual MRI-GB technique was found to be better in csPCa detection. Prospective adequately powered randomized controlled trials are required.
Transferrin-Pep63-liposomes accelerate the clearance of Aβ and rescue impaired synaptic plasticity in early Alzheimer’s disease models
Authors: Yang Xiu , Li Xu , Liu Le , Chen Yuan-Hao , You Yue , Gao Yin , Liu Yue-Ying , Yang Li , Tong Kun , Chen Di-Shi , Hao Jing-Ru , Sun Nan , Zhao Zi-Ming , Gao Can 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by aberrant accumulation of extracellular β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides in the brain. Soluble Aβ oligomers are thought to be the most neurotoxic species and are correlated with cognitive dysfunction in early AD. However, there is still no effective treatment so far. We determined that Pep63, a small peptide, had a neuroprotective effect on synaptic plasticity and memory in our previous study. Here, we developed novel and multifunctional liposomes targeting both Aβ oligomers and fibrils based on a liposome delivery system. Transferrin-Pep63-liposomes (Tf-Pep63-Lip), possessing the ability for blood-brain barrier targeting, were also incorporated with phosphatidic acid (PA) and loaded with neuroprotective Pep63. We discovered that administration of Tf-Pep63-Lip could significantly reduce the Aβ burden in the hippocampus, and improve cognitive deficits in 6-month-old APP/PS1 mice in the Morris-Water maze task and fear-conditioning test with the combined effects of PA and Pep63. Tf-Pep63-Lip could capture Aβ oligomers or fibrils and then facilitated microglial chemotaxis nearby for clearance. Simultaneously, Tf-Pep63-Lip hindered Aβ1-42 aggregation and disaggregated Aβ1-42 assembly due to multivalent PA-Aβ. Pep63 effectively inhibited the binding between EphB2 and Aβ oligomers after release from liposomes and rescued NMDA receptors trafficking, the basis of synaptic plasticity. No side effects were observed in either APP/PS1 or wild-type mice, indicating that Tf-Pep63-Lip might be safe under the dosing regimen used in our experiment. Taken together, our results suggested that Tf-Pep63-Lip may serve as a safe and efficient agent for AD combination therapy.
Inhibitor of DNA binding 2 (Id2) mediates microtubule polymerization in the brain by regulating αK40 acetylation of α-tubulin
Authors: Yun Taegwan , Ko Hyo Rim , Jo Dong-Gyu , Park Kye Won , Cho Sung-Woo , Kim Jihoe , Ahn Jee-Yin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAcetylation of α-tubulin lysine 40 (αK40) contributes to microtubule (MT) stability and is essential for neuronal development and function, whereas excessive αK40 deacetylation is observed in neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here we identified inhibitor of DNA binding 2 (Id2) as a novel MT-binding partner that interacts with α-tubulin and enhances αK40 acetylation, leading to MT polymerization in the neurons. Commensurate with our finding that the low levels of Id2 expression along with a reduced αK40 acetylation in the postmortem human AD patient and 5X-FAD, AD model mice brain, Id2 upregulation in the hippocampus of 5X-FAD, which exhibit high levels of Sirt2 expression, increased αK40 acetylation and reconstitutes axon growth. Hence our study suggests that Id2 is critical for maintaining MT stability during neural development and the potential of Id2 to counteract pathogenic Sirt2 activity in AD.
Element selection for crystalline inorganic solid discovery guided by unsupervised machine learning of experimentally explored chemistry
Authors: Vasylenko Andrij , Gamon Jacinthe , Duff Benjamin B. , Gusev Vladimir V. , Daniels Luke M. , Zanella Marco , Shin J. Felix , Sharp Paul M. , Morscher Alexandra , Chen Ruiyong , Neale Alex R. , Hardwick Laurence J. , Claridge John B. , Blanc Frédéric , Gaultois Michael W. , Dyer Matthew S. , Rosseinsky Matthew J. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe selection of the elements to combine delimits the possible outcomes of synthetic chemistry because it determines the range of compositions and structures, and thus properties, that can arise. For example, in the solid state, the elemental components of a phase field will determine the likelihood of finding a new crystalline material. Researchers make these choices based on their understanding of chemical structure and bonding. Extensive data are available on those element combinations that produce synthetically isolable materials, but it is difficult to assimilate the scale of this information to guide selection from the diversity of potential new chemistries. Here, we show that unsupervised machine learning captures the complex patterns of similarity between element combinations that afford reported crystalline inorganic materials. This model guides prioritisation of quaternary phase fields containing two anions for synthetic exploration to identify lithium solid electrolytes in a collaborative workflow that leads to the discovery of Li3.3SnS3.3Cl0.7. The interstitial site occupancy combination in this defect stuffed wurtzite enables a low-barrier ion transport pathway in hexagonal close-packing.
KLF5 activates lncRNA DANCR and inhibits cancer cell autophagy accelerating gastric cancer progression
Authors: Cheng Zhiyi , Liu Guiyuan , Huang Chuanjiang , Zhao Xiaojun 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCancer cell autophagy has been associated with the progression of gastric cancer (GC), but involvement of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) remains unclear. Initial bioinformatics analysis has identified abnormally highly expressed KLF5 in GC, as well as the predicted regulatory mechanism associating with lncRNA DANCR, miR-194, and AKT2. The expression of KLF5, DANCR, and AKT2 in GC tissue was upregulated, and the expression of miR-194 was downregulated. We knocked KLF5 down and manipulated the expression of DANCR, miR-194, and AKT2 to characterize their roles in GC cell viability, autophagy, and apoptosis. The mechanistic investigations revealed that KLF5 activated the transcription of DANCR in the promoter region and elevated its expression. DANCR acted as a miR-194 sponge to repress its expression in GC. MiR-194 targeted and inhibited AKT2 expression. Silencing KLF5 augmented GC cell autophagy, apoptosis and impeded its viability through the DANCR/miR-194/AKT2 axis. The tumor-inhibiting properties of KLF5 knockdown were substantiated in vivo. Together, our study uncovered the oncogenic role of KLF5-dependent lncRNA DANCR transcription in GC in vivo and in vitro, which implicates the miR-194/AKT2 axis in tumor growth regulation, and it may be a potential therapeutic target for human GC.
Clinical characteristics of magnetic foreign body misingestion in children
Authors: Huang Yu Kun , Hong Shao Xian , Tai I. Hsin , Hsieh Kai Sheng 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMagnetic foreign body misingestion (MFBM) is now occurring more frequently. It may cause remarkable mortality and morbidity in children. A retrospective analysis of the clinical data of children admitted to Xiamen Children’s Hospital between March 2017 and July 2020 due to accidental MFBM. A total of 14 children who had MFBM were collected, the proportion between urban and rural areas was 8:6, and the ratio of male to female was 6:1. The age ranged from 1.2 to 8.9 years (median 4.6 years). The number of magnetic foreign bodies ingested by mistake is 1 to 17 (average 6.5). Magnetic foreign objects are divided into magnets (3 cases) + magnetic beads (11 cases). About 40% (5/14) of this patient series showed no available misingestion history. Management includes: 4 cases of open surgery (including 1 case of laparoscopic transfer to operation), 3 cases of laparoscopic surgery, 2 cases of gastroscopy, 5 cases of conservative treatment of foreign bodies discharged through the anus. Of the 7 surgical cases, 6 cases presented with intestinal obstruction and intestinal perforation (at least 1 intestinal perforation and at most 5). Abdominal sonography has limitations in the detection of magnetic foreign bodies in the digestive tract. The proportion of laparoscopic surgery in the 7 surgical cases is nearly half. All surgical cases recovered smoothly after treatment. Our experience shows that MFBM is a big issue for the small children! The early symptoms of MFBM are often atypical especially among young children and MFBM may lead to severe adverse events. We proposed a management strategy for MFBM in children. We advise pediatricians/emergency physicians, parents/children’s guardians and society should raise the collaborated alertness of MFBM. Global awareness of risk prevention of magnetic material accidental ingestion cannot be overemphasized.