bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Myogenesis of Siboglinum Fiordicum Sheds Light on Body Regionalisation in Beard Worms (Siboglinidae, Annelida)
Authors: Rimskaya-Korsakova Nadezhda Nikolaevna , Karaseva Nadezda , Pimenov Timofei , Rapp Hans Tore , Southward Eve , Temereva Elena , Worsaae Katrine 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
BackgroundMany annelids, including well-studied species such as Platynereis, show similar structured segments along their body axis (homonomous segmentation). However, numerous annelid species diverge from this pattern and exhibit specialised segments or body regions (heteronomous segmentation). Recent phylogenomic studies and paleontological findings suggest that a heteronomous body architecture may represent an ancestral condition in Annelida. To better understand the segmentation within heteronomous species we describe the myogenesis and mesodermal delineation of segments in Siboglinum fiordicum during development. ResultsEmploying confocal and transmission electron microscopy we show that the somatic circular musculature lies inside the longitudinal musculature and is predominantly developed at the anterior end of the larva. The longitudinal musculature consists of four separate strands at the ventral, dorsal, and ventrolateral body sides. Posteriorly, the longitudinal strands form a continuous layer. Our application of transmission electron microscopy allows us to describe the developmental order of the non-muscular septa. The first septum to form is supported by thick bundles of longitudinal muscles and separates the body into an anterior and a posterior region. The second group of septa to develop further divides the posterior body region (opisthosoma) and is supported by developing circular muscles. At the late larval stage, a septum reinforced by circular muscles divides the anterior body region into a forepart and a trunk segment. The remaining septa and their circular muscles form one by one at the very posterior end of the opisthosoma. Functionally, the prominent ventrolateral longitudinal muscles in the larva are proposed to drive the search movements of the head, while the anterior circular muscles and the posterior continuous layers of longitudinal muscles support the burrowing behaviour of the larva.ConclusionsThe heteronomous Siboglinum lacks the strict anterior to posterior sequence of segment formation as it is found in the most studied annelid species. Instead, the first septum divides the body into two body regions, before segments are layed down in first the posterior opisthosoma and then in the anterior body, respectively. Similar pattern of segment formation is described for the heteronomous chaetopterid Chaetopterus variopedatus and may represent an ancestral segmentation process in Annelida.
Shelf Life of Fresh Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) upon Foliar Application of Sulfur as Pesticide
Authors: Nazoori Fatemeh , ZamaniBahramabadi Elaheh , Mirdehghan Seyed Hossein , Afrousheh Maryam 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Application of sulfur as pesticide is a strategy in plant protection, but it is of great importance for a pesticide not to influence the quality of the product. In this study, movento (0.5 kg/1000 L), confidor (0.4 kg/1000 L) and refinery micronized (R) and mineral (M) sulfur (30 and 60 kg/1000 L in water) were sprayed on pistachio trees of cultivar ‘Ahmadaghaei’ twice (in middle May and after 50 days) for controlling the psylla. Pistachios were harvested in late September and stored in 4 °C for 25 and 50 days in order to evaluate the effect of pesticides on the quality of hulls and kernels. Weight, taste, aroma, appearance, respiration rate, firmness of hull and kernel, phenolic content of kernel, anthocyanin, chlorophyll, carotenoid, a*, b* and chroma of hull and kernel declined over time, while phenolic content of hull, L* and hue of hull and kernel displayed an increasing trend. Antioxidant activity of hulls and kernels and ethylene production remained stable over time. Chemical pesticides stimulated loss of weight and hull firmness. Refinery micronized sulfur at both concentrations caused higher wight loss, higher chlorophyll of hull and kernel, lower carotenoid of hull and kernel, higher L* and hue and lower a*, b* and chroma of hull and kernel (lighter and greener color). All sulfur treatments reduced firmness and antioxidant activity of hull and kernel, while elevated the respiration rate, hull phenolics and hull anthocyanin. R30 saved the taste and aroma after 50 days. R30 and M30 showed higher ethylene production.
Accuracy of Echocardiographic Estimates of Pulmonary Artery Pressures in Pulmonary Hypertension: Insights From the KARUM Hemodynamic Database
Authors: Venkateshvaran Ashwin , Seidova Natavan , Tureli Hande Oktay , Kjellström Barbro , Lund Lars H , Tossavainen Erik , Lindquist Per 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
BACKGROUND. Accurate assessment of pulmonary artery (PA) pressures is integral to diagnosis, follow-up and therapy selection in pulmonary hypertension (PH). Despite wide utilization, the accuracy of echocardiography to estimate PA pressures has been debated. We aimed to evaluate echocardiographic accuracy to estimate right heart catheterization (RHC) based PA pressures in a large, dual-centre hemodynamic database. METHODS. Consecutive PH referrals that underwent comprehensive echocardiography within 3 hours of clinically indicated right heart catheterization were enrolled. Subjects with absent or severe, free-flowing tricuspid regurgitation (TR) were excluded. Accuracy was defined as mean bias between echocardiographic and invasive measurements on Bland-Altman analysis for the cohort and estimate difference within ±10mmHg of invasive measurements for individual diagnosis. RESULTS. In 419 subjects, echocardiographic PA systolic and mean pressures demonstrated minimal bias with invasive measurements (+2.4 and +1.9mmHg respectively) but displayed wide limits of agreement (-20 to +25 and -14 to +18mmHg respectively) and frequently misclassified subjects. Recommendation-based right atrial pressure (RAP) demonstrated poor precision and was falsely elevated in 32% of individual cases. Applying a fixed, median RAP to echocardiographic estimates resulted in relatively lower bias between modalities when assessing PA systolic (+1.4mmHg; 95% limits of agreement +25 to –22mmHg) and PA mean pressures (+1.4mmHg; 95% limits of agreement +19 to -16mmHg).CONCLUSIONS. Echocardiography accurately represents invasive PA pressures for population studies but may be misleading for individual diagnosis owing to modest precision and frequent misclassification. Recommendation-based estimates of RAPmean may not necessarily contribute to greater accuracy of PA pressure estimates.
Upregulation of the ErbB family by EZH2 in hepatocellular carcinoma confers resistance to FGFR inhibitor
Authors: Prawira Aldo , Le Thi Bich Uyen , Ho Rebecca Zhi Wen , Huynh Hung 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Purpose

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common manifestation of liver cancer, is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide with limited treatment options. Infigratinib, a pan-FGFR inhibitor, has shown a potent antitumour effect in HCC. However, drug resistance is often observed in long term treatment. In this study, we examined the potential feedback mechanism(s) leading to infigratinib and explored a combination therapy to overcome resistance in HCC.
Methods

Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumours were subcutaneously implanted into SCID mice and were subsequently treated with infigratinib. Tumour growth was monitored over time, and tumour samples were subjected to immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. For drug combination studies, mice were treated with infigratinib and/or varlitinib. Gene overexpression and knockdown studies were conducted to investigate the relationship between EZH2 and ErbB activity in infigratinib resistance.
Results

Infigratinib-resistant tumours exhibited higher levels of p-ErbB2 and p-ErbB3, concomitant with an increase in EZH2 expression. Gene overexpression and knockdown studies revealed that EZH2 directly regulates the levels of p-ErbB2 and p-ErbB3 in acquired resistance to infigratinib. The addition of varlitinib effectively overcame infigratinib resistance and prolonged the antitumour response, with minimal toxicity.
Conclusion

The upregulation of the ErbB family by EZH2 appears to contribute to infigratinib resistance. The combination of infigratinib and varlitinib showed a potent antitumour effect and did not result in additional toxicity, warranting further clinical investigation.
Hypoxia Pre-Challenged Glioma-Derived Exosomes Promote Recovery From Spinal Cord Injury by Inducing M2 Macrophage Polarization via Modulating MicroRNA-1246/TERF2IP and Let-7b/TERF2IP Signaling Pathway
Authors: Zhi Zhongzheng , Zhang Chenglin , Wang Yingjie , Kang Jian , Yuan Wei , Liu Jingdong , Wu Furong , Xu Guanghui 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background: Hypoxic GLIOMA derived exosomes may induce M2 macrophage polarization by upregulating TERF2IP expression. Furthermore, M2 macrophage polarization was found to be associated with accelerated SCI recovery by suppressing inflammatory response. The underlying mechanism of the therapeutic role of hypoxic GLIOMA derived exosomes in SCI recovery remains to be explored.Methods: Electron microscopy and Western blot were used to characterize U251 derived exosomes. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to measure the mRNA expression of target genes, and Western blot and IHC were used to evaluate the protein expression of target genes. ELISA was performed to examine the levels of cytokines. Luciferase assay was carried out to explore the inhibitory role of miR-1246/let-7b in the expression of TERF2IP. TUNEL was performed to evaluate the apoptosis of spinal cord cells in SCI rats. Results: Hypoxic U251 derived exosomes significantly enhanced the expression of CD163, IL-10, IL-1RA, TGFB1, and CCL2 as well as the proportion of CD11b+/CD163+ cells while suppressing the expression of TNFa in U937 cells. Furthermore, the expression of miR-1246 and let-7b was remarkably elevated by Hypoxic U251 derived exosomes, while the expression of TERF2IP was inhibited. Luciferase assay demonstrated that miR-1246/let-7b effectively suppressed the expression of TERF2IP through binding to its 3’ UTR. In an SCI rat model, hypoxic U251 derived exosomes notably promoted the survival and functional recovery of left hindlimb by up-regulating IL-10, miR-1246, and let-7b expression while down-regulating TNFa/TERF2IP expression and attenuating apoptosis of spinal cord cells.Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrated that glioma derived exosomes upregulated the expression of miR-1246 and let-7b to suppress the expression of TERF2IP to induce M2 macrophage polarization. The promoted M2 macrophage polarization suppressed inflammatory response to accelerate the recovery from SCI.
Association Between Visual Impairment and Income Change: A Longitudinal Follow-up Study With a National Health Screening Cohort
Authors: Choi Hyo Geun , Lee Min Joung , Baek Sung Uk 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We evaluated the influence of visual impairment (VI) on income change using the longitudinal database of a Korean National Health Insurance Service cohort. A total of 5,292 participants ≥ 40 years old and registered as visually impaired persons were selected at a 1:4 ratio with 45,081 controls matched for age, sex, and income level. The income level of both the VI and control groups increased over time. In the VI group, the income levels 3, 4 and 5 years were higher than the initial value, while the income levels from 1 through 5 years were increased each year in the control group. The rate of change in income between time and VI were significant. In the subgroup analysis considering age, sex, and severity of VI, the rate of change in income were significant in < 65 years old subgroups. Regarding the severity of VI, a significant interaction was found for the mild-to-moderate VI subgroup. Although both the VI and control groups showed increased income levels over 5 years, the degree of income increase in the VI group was relatively lower than that in the control group. This finding was prominent in the middle-age subgroup. These results strongly suggested that VI induced an income inequality.
Cadmium(II) Capture Using Amino Functionalized Hydrogel with Double Network Interpenetrating Structure: Adsorption Behavior Study
Authors: Liu Sihua , Wang Haifei , Hu Jue , Li Yue , zhou guiyin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Heavy metal pollution caused by the indiscriminate disposal of toxic heavy metal wastewater has become one of the serious water environmental issues. In this study, a novel NH2-PAA/Alginate hydrogel with double network interpenetrating structure was constructed with alginate, acrylic acid, and other raw materials. Characterized by SEM, this hydrogel shows a three-dimensional porous structure, which would be useful in adsorption process for its high diffusion coefficient. The results of adsorption experimental show that the NH2-PAA/Alginate possessed the well adsorption capacity when pH above 3.5, the maximum adsorption capacity calculated by Langmuir was 176.5 mg/g, the adsorption equilibrium can be achieved within 150 min. In addition, the NH2-PAA/Alginate has good recycling ability and stability. The results of XPS analysis reveal that the Cd(II) exchanged with Ca(II) and then coordinated with amino and hydroxyl groups in NH2-PAA/Alginate. The NH2-PAA/Alginate hydrogel can deal with all kinds of heavy metal ions and is a potential material for heavy metal adsorption.
Anti-inflammatory effects of DhHP-6 in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages and carrageenan-induced air pouch model in rat
Authors: Meng Fanwei , Ke Junfeng , Xu Jia , Li Jinze , Wang Liping 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
DhHP-6 (Deuterohemin-Ala-His-Thr-Val-Glu-Lys) is a novel peptide mimic of peroxidases that was previously designed in our laboratory. Here, we explored the anti-inflammatory potential of DhHP-6 against lipopolysaccharide(LPS)stimulated inflammatory response in RAW264.7 cells and carrageenan-induced air pouch model rats. DhHP-6 treatment dramatically attenuated the production of nitric oxide (NO), IL-6, andTNF-α in LPS induced RAW264.7 cells. Also, it blocked phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα and suppressed the nuclear translocation of p65. DhHP-6 (0.2, 0.6, and 2.0 mg/kg) significantly reduced the levels of total proteins and WBC counts in the exudates of the air pouch model rats. Moreover, MDA contents in the plasma of rats were reduced and SOD activities were enhanced in the DhHP-6-treatment group. Our results strongly show the effectiveness of DhHP-6 as an anti-inflammatory agent. The mechanism could be related to the reduction of Reactive oxygen species(ROS), inhibition of NF-κB nuclear translocation, and reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Meissner Effect: History of Development and Novel Aspects
Authors: Kozhevnikov Vladimir 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The discovery of the Meissner (Meissner–Ochsenfeld) effect in 1933 was an incontestable turning point in the history of superconductivity. First, it demonstrated that superconductivity is an unknown before equilibrium state of matter, thus allowing to use the power of thermodynamics for its study. This provided a justification for the two-fluid model of Gorter and Casimir, a seminal thermodynamic theory founded on a postulate of zero entropy of the superconducting (S) component of conduction electrons. Second, the Meissner effect demonstrated that, apart from zero electric resistivity, the S phase is also characterized by zero magnetic induction. The latter property is used as a basic postulate in the theory of F. and H. London, which underlies the understanding of electromagnetic properties of superconductors. Here the experimental and theoretical aspects of the Meissner effect are reviewed. The reader will see that, in spite of almost nine decades age, the London theory still contains questions, the answers to which can lead to a revision of the standard picture of the Meissner state (MS) and, if so, of other equilibrium superconducting states. An attempt is made to take a fresh look at electrodynamics of the MS and try to work out with the issues associated with this the most important state of all superconductors. It is shown that the concept of Cooper's pairing along with the Bohr–Sommerfeld quantization condition allows one to construct a semi-classical theoretical model consistently addressing properties of the MS and beyond, including non-equilibrium properties of superconductors caused by the total current. As follows from the model, the three “big zeros” of superconductivity (zero resistance, zero induction and zero entropy) have equal weight and grow from a single root: quantization of the angular momentum of paired electrons. The model predicts some yet unknown effects. If confirmed, they can help in studies of microscopic properties of all superconductors. Preliminary experimental results suggesting the need to revise the standard picture of the MS are presented.
Title Protective effects of rituximab on puromycin-induced apoptosis, loss of adhesion and cytoskeletal alterations in human podocytes
Authors: Jeruschke Stefanie , Künzl Dana , Hoyer Peter Friedrich , Weber Stefanie 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background Podocytes are highly specialized cells playing a key role in the filtration function of the kidney. A damaged podocyte ultrastructure is associated with a reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and accompanied with a loss of adhesion to the glomerular basement membrane leading to proteinuria in many forms of glomerular diseases, e.g. nephrotic syndrome. If the first-line therapy with glucocorticoids fails, alternative immunosuppressive agents are used, which are known to have the potential to stabilize the actin cytoskeleton. A new option for preventing relapses in steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome is the monoclonal antibody rituximab, which, in addition to its B-cell depleting effect, is assumed to have direct effects on podocytes.Objectives We here provide data on the non-immunological off-target effects of the immunosuppressant rituximab on podocyte structure and dynamics in an in vitro puromycin aminonucleoside model of podocyte injury.Methods A conditionally immortalized human podocyte cell line was used. Differentiated podocytes were treated with puromycin aminonucleoside and rituximab. Our studies focussed on analyzing the structure of the actin cytoskeleton, cellular adhesion and apoptosis using immunofluorescence staining and protein biochemistry methods.Results Treatment with rituximab resulted in a stabilization of podocyte actin stress fibers in the puromycin aminonucleoside model, leading to an improvement in cell adhesion. A lower apoptosis rate was observed after parallel treatment with puromycin aminonucleoside and rituximab visualized by reduced nuclear fragmentation. Consistent with this data Western-blot analyses demonstrated that rituximab directly affects the caspase pathways by inhibiting the activation of Caspases-8 and − 3, suggesting that rituximab may inhibit apoptosis.Conclusions In conclusion, our results indicate an important role of the immunosuppressant rituximab in terms of stability and morphogenesis of podocytes, involving apoptosis pathways. This could help to improve therapeutical concepts for patients with proteinuria mediated by diseased podocytes.
Multicenter Survey for Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriales in Central Japan
Authors: Hara Yuki , Iguchi Mitsutaka , Tetsuka Nobuyuki , Morioka Hiroshi , Hirabayashi Aki , Tomita Yuka , Oka Keisuke , YAGI Tetsuya 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background: Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriales (CPE) are resistant to many antimicrobial agents and raise concerns about its treatment options as well as its infection control. Methods: It was conducted a multicenter study between 2015 and 2019 in order to clarify the molecular epidemiology of CPE in the Central Japan region.Results: Out of the 56,494 Enterobacteriales strains detected during the timeframe of this study, 341 (0.6%) strains which met our criteria were analyzed. 65 out of 341 strains were determined to be CPE, and the incidence rate of CPE in Enterobacteriales was 0.12% (65/56,494). Most of which were IMP-1 and only three were IMP-6 types. Three Escherichia coli strain producing NDM-5 were detected and MLST analysis also showed the ST78 type was most predominant in the E. cloacae complex CPE (n = 14, 60.9%). On the other hand, various STs were detected in CP-K. pneumoniae, in which ST37 and ST517 were the most common ST types. Conclusion: The incidence rate of CPE was slightly higher than the national data registers for this region, and it was possible to detect the spread of ST78 of carbapenemase-producing E. cloacae complex across hospitals by using this limited three-month follow-up analysis, which indicated the need to strengthen regional infection control programs.
PROPOSAL FOR A MECHANICAL MODEL OF MOBILE SHALES
Authors: Soto Juan , Heidari Mahdi , Hudec Michael 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Structural systems involving mobile shale represent one of the most difficult challenges for geoscientists dedicated to exploring the subsurface structure of continental margins. Mobile-shale structures range from surficial mud volcanoes to deeply buried shale diapirs and shale-cored folds. Where mobile shales occur, seismic imaging is typically poor, drilling is hazardous, and established principles to guide interpretation are few. The central problem leading to these issues is the poor understanding of the mechanical behaviour of mobile shales. Here we propose that mobile shales are at critical state, and discuss how this proposition can explain key observations associated with mobile shales. The critical-state model can explain the occurrence of both fluidized shales (e.g., in mud volcanoes) and more viscous shales flowing with grain-to-grain contact (e.g., in mud diapirs), mobilization of cemented or compacted materials, and the role of overpressure in shale mobility. Our model offers new avenues for understanding complex and fascinating mobile-shale structures.
Special Relativity sans Lorentz Transformation (OR) Perceptional Relativity
Authors: Asokan Sebastin Patrick 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This paper shows that if we accept that there is no absolute perception of Reality and the same Reality is perceived differently by different observers, then a simple and straightforward explanation for the constancy of Light's speed in all inertial frames of reference is possible without any need for paradoxical Lorentz Transformation. This paper also proves that Lorentz Transformation, as incorporated in the Special Theory of Relativity, is conceptually flawed. This paper also points out the misconceptions regarding the claimed experimental verifications of Lorentz Transformation's predictions in the Hafele–Keating experiment and μ meson experiment. This paper concludes that Einstein's Special Theory Relativity can stand on its own merits without Lorentz Transformation.