bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSVI-5 Effects of Feeding Corn Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (cDDGS) Diets with and Without Supplemental Enzymes on Growth Performance of Pigs: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Jang Jae-Cheol , Zeng Zhikai , Urriola Pedro E , Shurson Gerald C 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A literature review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effects of dietary energy system (NE or ME), oil content of cDDGS, diet inclusion levels, and pig age on growth performance in pigs fed cDDGS-based diets. The mean differences (MD) of ADG, ADFI, and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) were calculated and expressed as a percentage change relative to feeding corn-soybean meal (CSB)- and cDDGS-based diets to nursery (BW &lt; 25kg) and growing-finishing (BW &gt; 25kg) pigs. In addition, MD were determined in CSB- and cDDGS-based diets to determine the effects of supplementation of various types of exogenous enzymes with or without phytase on growth performance. A total of 27 studies with 106 growth performance observations were included in the non-enzyme supplemented dataset, and 36 studies with 84 observations for enzyme responses in CSB and cDDGS diets were in the enzyme dataset. Feeding the cDDGS diets resulted in decreased (P &lt; 0.01) the MD of ADG (- 4.27%) and G:F (- 1.99%) for nursery pigs, and decreased (P &lt; 0.01) the MD of ADG (-1.68%) and G:F (-1.06%) for growing-finishing pigs. Feeding high oil (≥ 10% ether extract) cDDGS-based diets to pigs resulted in a 2.96% reduction in ADFI while feeding reduced-oil (&lt; 10% ether extract) cDDGS-based diets reduced G:F by 1.56% compared with pigs fed CSB diets. Supplementation of exogenous enzymes improved (P &lt; 0.05) the MD of ADG and G:F by 1.94% and 2.65%, respectively in CSB diets and by 2.67% and 1.87%, respectively, in cDDGS diets. Proteases, enzyme cocktails, or xylanases improved (P &lt; 0.05) ADG by 7.29%, 2.64% and 2.48% in pigs fed CSB-based diet, respectively. In conclusion, cDDGS-based diets slightly reduces growth performance of nursery and growing-finishing pigs, but supplementation of xylanase or enzyme cocktail improves G:F of pigs fed cDDGS-based diets
PSVI-10 Impact of Soybean Inclusion Level in Late Gestation on Offspring Performance
Authors: Loucks Abigail R , van Sambeek Dana M , Hines Elizabeth A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Inclusion of soybean meal (SBM) in gestation diets has been decreasing as producers replace amino acid sources with more cost-effective ingredients. In particular, SBM components have been associated with immunoglobulin production and increased nutrition in late gestation has been associated with limited growth performance increases. Yet, it is unknown if SBM inclusion levels in late gestation diets influences offspring growth during the lactation and nursery phases. Therefore, the objective of this project is to investigate the impact of SBM inclusion rates in late gestation on offspring performance. Sows (n = 63) were assigned to one of four diets, 14 days prior to farrowing: A (n = 13; 0% SBM, 13.5% crude protein (CP), B (n = 16; 10% SBM, 13.5% CP), C (n = 17; 30% SBM, 21.5% CP), D (n = 17; 0% SBM, 21.5% CP). Growth performance of piglets was evaluated during lactation. Piglets per diet: A (n = 170), B (n = 183), C (n = 200), D (n = 228). Body weights were recorded daily from birth through d10 of lactation then at d15 and every 7 days until weaning. Colostrum and milk at d15 were evaluated for immunoglobulin concentration. After weaning, weights were recorded at two-week intervals during the nursery phase. No significant effect of gestation diet was observed for birth weight (P = 0.27) or ADG from day 0 to weaning (P = 0.78). Wean weight (WW), post-wean weight 1 (PW1), and post-wean weight 2 (PW2) were not different across dietary treatments (P &gt; 0.28). Immunoglobulin production was similar across diets. These results suggest that the inclusion rate of SBM content in the last 14 days of gestation has no impact on offspring performance. Continued research is needed into understanding the impact of nutritional status of the sow during gestation on long-term offspring performance.
PSI-10 The Relationship Between Litter Size and Functional Teat Number at Farrowing on Litter Size at Weaning
Authors: Speckman Evan C , Howard Jeremy T , Wiegert Jeff G 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Sow functional teat number (FTEAT) is positively associated with piglet preweaning survival and litter throughput. The objective was to estimate the value of FTEAT in relationship to litter size to optimize the number of pigs weaned. Number of pigs born alive (NBA) and total teat number (TTEAT) were counted at farrowing on 836 multiparous purebred sows between March and September, 2020. Teats were evaluated by trained staff at farrowing and considered functional based on visual appraisal of teat morphology. Litter size at weaning (LSW) was recorded after a 26.5 d lactation length (LL). Sow was the experimental unit and all data were analyzed as a function of the biological sow. Number born alive was categorized by quartile: Q1 ≤ 10 NBA (n=185; µ=8.2); Q2 = 11 to 12 NBA (n=194; µ=11.6); Q3 = 13 to 14 NBA (n=238; µ=13.5); Q4 ≥ 15 NBA (n=219; µ=16.3). Data were analyzed in PROC GLM of SAS with farm, breed, and NBA quartile as categorical effects and LL and FTEAT as linear terms. The interaction of NBA quartile and FTEAT was also included. Mean TTEAT, FTEAT, LSW and preweaning survival were 15.4, 14.5, 11.3 and 89.4%, respectively. As a linear term, a one teat increase in FTEAT improved (P&lt; 0.01) LSW by 0.3±0.1 pigs. Yet the value of an additional functional teat increased with increasing NBA. A one teat increase in FTEAT improved (P&lt; 0.01) LSW in Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 by 0.12, 0.27, 0.33, and 0.38 pigs, respectively. The analysis demonstrates the impact of FTEAT on sow performance increases with increasing litter size, and highlights the importance of functional teats to optimize litter throughput and maximize the genetic potential of a maternal line.
PSI-6 Genetic Parameters for Food Allergy Responses in Divergently-selected Pig Lines
Authors: Chen Yuwen , de Oliveira Hinayah Rojas , Alvarenga Amanda B , Schinckel Allan P , Stewart Terry S , Brito Luiz F 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Genetic selection for health and welfare-related traits is paramount in livestock breeding. Piglet allergic responses to soybean protein negatively impact animal growth and welfare. The objectives of this study were to estimate the heritability of soybean allergic responses and genetic correlations between soybean and peanut allergies (r1,2) in divergently-selected pig lines. The base population consisted of nine sire lines (primarily Yorkshire and Landrace) and two dam sources (Yorkshire × Chester White-F1 and Landrace × Yorkshire-F1). Soybean and peanut-allergic responses were measured through a skin test (0–6 scale; 0-no allergic responses; 6-severe allergic responses; characterized by wheal and flair) on pigs fed a diet containing soybean meal for 21 d post-weaning. A total of 5,505 animals from nine generations of two contrasting lines (i.e., high and low skin test reaction) were included in the analyses. The statistical model included contemporary group, breeding lines, replication, sex, and weaning weight (linear covariate) as fixed effects (P-value &lt; 0.05), and additive genetic, maternal genetic, and maternal permanent environment as random effects. Threshold and linear Bayesian models were used to estimate genetic parameters, using a pedigree-based relationship matrix containing 9,201 animals. The heritability estimates for the general soybean allergic response were 0.199 ± 0.045 and 0.119 ± 0.025 for the threshold (liability scale) and linear models, respectively, suggesting that soybean allergic responses are heritable and can be improved through selective breeding. A weak negative genetic correlation between allergic responses and birth weight was observed (r1,2 = -0.253 ± 0.192), which shows that the genetic variance of soybean allergy is less dependent on birth weight. However, a high positive genetic correlation was estimated between soybean and peanut-allergic responses (r1,2 = 0.89 ± 0.048), which indicates a potential cross-reactivity of soybean and peanut allergies. Our findings suggest that it is possible to reduce food allergy responses in pigs through selective breeding.
PSI-3 Effects of Mowing on Forage Availability and Quality During the Summer
Authors: Johnson Michelle , Jurak Meghan , Neira Lucas T , McCann Joshua C , Shike Daniel W 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objective was to determine how mowing date affected forage availability and quality. Cool season grass plots were randomly assigned to 4 treatments (n=2): mowed on day 1 (M1), mowed on day 15 (M15), mowed on day 29 (M29), and not mowed (NM). During the 56-day experiment, forage heights were measured using a rising plate meter to determine forage availability and samples were clipped for proximate analysis. The MIXED procedure of SAS was used to analyze data. On day 14, CP in M1 was 37.5% greater (P = 0.05) than the composite of M15, M29, and NM. However, the composite of M15, M29, and NM had greater (P = 0.02) forage availability than M1 on day 14. On day 28, M15 had greater (P = 0.02) ADF than M1, while the composite of M29 and NM was intermediate and not different than other treatments. There was also a treatment effect (P &lt; 0.01) on forage availability on day 28; the composite of M29 and NM was greatest followed by M1 and M15, respectively. On day 42, the NDF of M29 was greater (P = 0.01) than M1, M15, and NM. Decreased CP was observed (P = 0.05) for NM compared with M1, M15, and M29 on day 42. Forage availability was different (P &lt; 0.01) for all treatments on day 42 with NM being the greatest followed by M1, M15, M29, respectively. On day 56, NM tended (P = 0.08) to have the greatest DM, but there was no difference (P ≥ 0.31) in NDF, ADF, and CP. Forage availability was different (P &lt; 0.01) for all treatments on day 56 with NM being the greatest followed by M1, M15, M29, respectively. In conclusion, mowing reduced forage availability as expected, but it also increased CP on day 14 and 42.
PSI-5 Effects of Bacillus and Lactobacillus in Milk Replacer on Calf Health
Authors: McAtee Kenzie , Quantz Steven T , Rehberger Tom , Habib Kellen , Smith Kristen , Boomer W , Tarpoff Anthony J , Bradford Barry J , Gragg Sara E , Jones Cassandra K 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Stress in pre-ruminant calves can impact the functionality of the gastric epithelial lining, thereby impacting calf health during times of stress and potentially later in life. To mitigate this challenge, milk replacers frequently contain antibiotics to reduce the proliferation of harmful bacteria that may result in disease in pre-ruminant, milk supplemented calves. However, there is consumer and regulatory pressure to reduce the reliance on these antimicrobials and evaluate alternatives, such as probiotics, that may shift gut bacterial populations without impacting potential antimicrobial resistance. The objective of this study was to determine if supplementing calves with Lactobacillus and Bacillus species in milk replacer impacts pre-ruminant calf health. The project included 44 calves (50% Angus/50% Holstein) in a randomized complete block design, with calf serving as the experimental unit and age serving as a blocking factor. Calves were fed twice daily one of two treatments: 1) milk replacer with Lactobacillus and two Bacillus species at a total rate of 1.25 x 10^9 cfu/head/day; or 2) non-treated milk replacer. There were 22 replicates per treatment. To determine health status, calves were scored daily based on health indicators for fecal consistency or eye, nose, or ear normality. Health scores were ranked from 0 to 3, with 0 representing normal and 3 signaling severe symptoms, such as bilateral eye or nasal discharge, ear droop, or watery feces. Statistical analysis was performed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Overall, there was no evidence (P &gt; 0.05) that Lactobacillus and Bacillus inclusion impacted any measured health parameter. Notably, approximately 50% of calves had fecal scores indicating some level of watery stool, but this was not impacted (P &gt; 0.05) by probiotics. In summary, the inclusion of probiotics in calf milk replacer did not appear to impact calf health in the first 30 days.
PSIV18 Effects of Added Zn Level on Growth Performance and Hemoglobin of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Cemin Henrique S , Swalla Luke A , Pietig Jamie L , Hansen Sharlie A , Hansen Ernie L 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of added Zn level on growth performance and hemoglobin of nursery pigs. A total of 673 pigs (initial BW = 6.0 kg) were used in a 45-d trial. There were 3 treatments based on added Zn level: 100, 2,000, or 3,000 mg/kg from Zn oxide. Experimental diets were fed for 21 d. After that, pigs were fed a common corn and soybean meal-based diet with 100 mg/kg added Zn for 24 d. There were 8 replicates per treatment. Pigs were weighed approximately every 10 d to evaluate growth performance, and blood samples were collected for hemoglobin analysis. Data was analyzed with SAS MIXED procedure. From d 0 to 10, there was a linear improvement (P &lt; 0.05) in ADG, ADFI, and G:F with increasing Zn level. From d 10 to 21, increasing Zn level resulted in higher ADFI (linear, P = 0.009). However, there was no difference (P &gt; 0.10) in ADG and G:F. From d 0 to 21, pigs fed increasing added Zn had improved (linear, P &lt; 0.05) ADG and ADFI. From d 21 to 45, pigs previously fed high levels of added Zn had higher ADFI (linear, P = 0.023), but there was no evidence for differences (P &gt; 0.10) for ADG and G:F. Overall (d 0 to 45), pigs fed increasing added Zn levels had improved (linear, P &lt; 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and final BW. A quadratic response (P &lt; 0.05) was observed for hemoglobin on d 10 and 45, with no differences (P &gt; 0.10) observed on d 21. In summary, pigs fed high levels of added Zn presented improved growth performance. Although the response was linear in nature, the differences between pigs fed 2,000 or 3,000 mg/kg Zn were minimal for the response variables evaluated.
The Potential Use of DNA Methylation Patterns from Peripheral Blood Leukocytes as a Surrogate for Stress Axis Tissues in Mature Brahman Cows
Authors: Baker Emilie C , Earnhardt Audrey L , Cilkiz Kubra Z , Littlejohn Brittni P , Collins Haley C , Ghaffari Noushin , Riggs Penny K , Long Charles R , Welsh Thomas H , Randel Ron D , Riley David G 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
DNA methylation (DNAm) patterns are tissue specific and aid in tissue specific gene expression changes. The use of DNAm patterns from peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) as a surrogate for patterns in other tissues is common, especially in longitudinal studies when sampling of tissues is not plausible. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the suitability of using DNAm patterns of PBL as a surrogate for the DNAm patterns in neuroendocrine tissues responsible for stress responses and energy metabolism. Samples from the paraventricular region of the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, adrenal cortex, and the adrenal medulla were harvested from 5-yr-old Brahman cows (n = 8) and DNA was extracted from each sample. Methylation was assessed using reduced representation sodium bisulfite sequencing and differentially methylated regions (DMR) between the PBL DNA and tissue DNA were identified using EdgeR from Bioconductor, R. Analysis revealed over 15,000 DMRs located within promoter regions of genes in each tissue, with the majority of the sites having increased methylation in the PBL (Table 1). To further evaluate the use of PBL DNA as a surrogate, Pearson correlation values were calculated for genes (n = 20) pertinent to each respective tissue using the mean methylation of the specific gene in the PBL and in the tissue (Table 2). Three correlations were significant (P ≤ 0.05), two of which were negative. The sizable differences indicate that DNA methylation patterns from PBL do not compare well to patterns from hypothalamic, pituitary, adrenal cortex, and adrenal medulla tissues from 5-yr-old Brahman cows. This is especially the case for the majority of the specific genes examined in this study. Whether DNAm in the surrogate PBL will shift in a direction similar to that of specific tissues of Brahman cows exposed to stressful stimuli during developmental periods remains to be determined.
Impact of Sow Transition Diet and Genetic Line on Sow Reproduction Under Heat Stress Conditions
Authors: Gilleland Carson , Peppmeier Zack , Knauer Mark 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objective was to evaluate a sow transition diet and genetic line for farrowing duration and sow lactation characteristics. One batch of second parity sows (n = 78) were farrowed at the NCDA Tidewater Research Station in July. Sows consisted of two genetic lines, one selected since 2012 for young age at puberty and the other selected for old age at puberty. From day 109 of gestation until day 3 of lactation, sows were fed either 2.73 kg of a corn-soy lactation diet (3322 Kcal ME/kg, 0.99% SID lysine) once per day or 1.36 kg twice per day of a transition diet (3489 Kcal/kg, 0.71 SID lysine). The transition diet contained 45% wheat middlings, 8% added soybean oil, 3000 FTU/kg of phytase and 500 ppm zinc sulfate. Continuous traits and categorical traits were analyzed in SAS using linear models and chi-square tests, respectively. Results showed sows fed the transition diet farrowed numerically faster (P = 0.18) than those receiving the lactation diet (3:04 vs. 3:47). Transition diet fed sows tended (P = 0.10) to have a shorter wean-to-estrus interval than sows fed the lactation diet (5.27 vs. 5.69 days). Sows from the young puberty genetic line tended (P = 0.07) to have a greater average daily feed intake during lactation when compared to old puberty line females (4.92 vs. 4.71 kg). Young puberty sows also had a greater (P = 0.03) percentage of females exhibiting estrus by day 7 after weaning when compared to the old puberty genetic line (80 vs. 57%). No differences (P = 0.39 to 0.87) were detected between diets or genetic lines for stillborn piglet percentage, average piglet birth weight, average piglet weaning weight or litter size at weaning. Results suggest young puberty sows are more likely to return to estrus under the conditions of this study.
Incorporation of a Statewide Webinar Series into an Existing County-based Beef Cattle Extension Program
Authors: Carter Courtnie L , Rhinehart Justin D 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
With the objective of continuing educational delivery while county Extension offices were unable to host large group meeting due to pandemic response regulations, a series of webinars were developed as a component of the Tennessee Master Beef Producer program. A secondary objective was to maintain a county-based approach to programmatic delivery. To reach these objectives, individual webinars (Zoom Video Communications, San Jose, CA; n = 9), each lasting approximately 1.5 hr were developed by UT Extension Specialists and offered between October and November of 2020 covering the topics of breeding and genetics, reproductive management, nutrition, animal handling, economics, health management, and forages. Questions were administered during the live session via the Zoom polling function to assess production statistics and collect evaluation data. The series was advertised in local communities through UT Extension County Agents. Agents were given the opportunity to choose as many or as few to incorporate into their local delivery and could choose to give producers the option of viewing at home, at socially distanced group meetings, or either. Interaction was limited to the chat function within Zoom with the expectation that attendees would make audio and video interaction difficult to manage. Total live participation was 8,009 and averaged 890 ± 15.3 unique views per session. Each webinar was recorded and posted to YouTube to be used by agents for later delivery. In-webinar polling showed that an average of 91% of the webinar participants planned to implement a change on their operation as a direct result of information provided in the presentation. Post-webinar Likert scale (1 to 5) analysis of participants indicated approval of speaker ability (4.52 ± 0.03) and content quality (4.51 ± 0.03). These results indicate a high adoption rate by agents and that webinars are an effective tool for achieving behavioral change through a county-based Extension system.
2016–2020 Alabama Pasture to Rail Program and Data: An Educational Retained Ownership Program for Alabama Cattle Producers
Authors: Tigue Daniel A , Rodning Soren P , Vining Paul , McWilliams Danny , Mullenix Kim K 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Alabama Pasture to Rail Program gives cattle producers across the state an opportunity to retain ownership of a portion of their calf crop and receive feedlot performance, health and carcass data. From October 2016 through December 2020, 3,200 calves from 98 Alabama farms and 1 farm in southern Tennessee were commingled at central shipping locations and transported to Hy-Plains Feedyard in Montezuma, KS to be fed until harvest. Of these, 2,188 were harvested and data collected at the time this abstract was written. Overall, these calves averaged 1.55 ± 0.38 kg/d ADG, 94.45 ± 11.70 cm2 Ribeye Area (REA), 1.51 ± 0.51 cm Backfat Thickness (BF), 385.32 ± 45.21 kg Hot Carcass Weight (HCW), and a 473.84 ± 98.17 Marbling Score (MS), with 76.10% grading Choice or Higher and 90.07% Yield Grade 3 or Lower. From a cattle heath perspective, 11.88% of the cattle were treated at some point during the feeding period, with 2.65% of calves dying or being sold as chronically sick calves prior to harvest of their respective groups. Compared to the estimated value of the calves prior to shipping to the feedyard, calves generated an average of $77.17/hd additional profit for consignors for a total of $168,855.69 profit. At the conclusion of the program, each producer received a summary of the performance of the calves on the truckload which their calves shipped, the individual data for all of their calves, payment for the calves based on a grid pricing system, and an individual analysis of the performance of their calves and how they might improve them in the future. Additionally, producers were asked to complete a survey on their satisfaction with the program and how they intend to use the data in the future. On a scale from 1 to 6 (6 being extremely satisfied), producers were asked to rank their satisfaction with the overall program (5.56), shipping protocols (5.67), data and summaries (5.78), and performance of their cattle (4.89).