bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parties
Authors: Law European 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the part of the European Rules of Civil Procedure which aims to ensure that the court is properly accessible to all persons who have a legitimate interest in bringing or defending proceedings, i.e., in vindicating or enforcing rights. Parties to litigation can be persons who are able to hold rights under substantive law. Lacking litigation capacity, parties must be represented according to applicable law. In appropriate cases, proceedings may be brought by several claimants or against several defendants as parties joined to the litigation. The court may order the consolidation of separate proceedings for the purpose of properly managing them. At any time after the commencement of proceedings, substitution or succession of a party by another person is possible if required by law or if it is necessary in the interest of good administration of justice. The chapter then considers cross-border issues, including the capacity of foreign nationals to be a party, as well as their litigation capacity.
Costs
Authors: Law European 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the subject of litigation costs, looking at Part XII of the European Rules of Civil Procedure. The seven rules under Part XII are set at general level, due to the impact of national law and the structure of the legal profession in European jurisdictions upon this area of civil procedure in a technical sense. While some jurisdictions have created a system where the court fees almost fully cover the state's expenses for the civil court system, other jurisdictions have opted for a system that is basically free of charge for the parties. A further important difference across European jurisdictions that has a significant impact on litigation costs is the different approaches to fees payable in respect of legal representation in proceedings. Finally, the rules on court organisation are also relevant to litigation costs.
Structure of the Atom
Authors: Oriakhi Christopher O. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Structure of the Atom describes the quantum-mechanical model of the atom, which explains the fundamental nature of energy and matter, in terms of how electrons are arranged within atoms and how that arrangement determines the ultimate chemical and physical properties of elements. A discussion of atomic spectra, the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, and the quantum numbers of an atomic orbital is provided. Other topics include the determination of quantum numbers from energy levels, the shapes of atomic orbitals, electron filling order, and the determination of the complete electron configuration of the elements.
Chemical Bonding 2: Modern Theories of Chemical Bonding
Authors: Oriakhi Christopher O. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Chemical Bonding II: Modern Theories of Chemical Bonding explains four bonding theories related to molecular geometry and bonding. Lewis structures and the Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) model are used to describe and predict the electron group geometry, molecular geometry and shapes of molecules. The VSEPR model is then used to predict molecular polarity as a function of shape. This leads to Valence Bond Theory, which uses the principles of orbital overlap and hybridization of atomic orbitals to describe chemical bonding. Finally the Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT) based on electron delocalization is discussed in terms of bonding and anti-bonding molecular orbitals.
Liquids and Solids
Authors: Oriakhi Christopher O. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Liquids and Solids introduce basic physical properties of liquids and solids. An overview of the liquid state is presented, with reference to polar covalent bonds and dipole moment. The effects of temperature on the vapour pressure of a liquid are described, including the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, which can be used to calculate the vapour pressure of a liquid at various temperatures. The chapter reviews the types of solids including their chemical structures and properties. The crystal lattice system and the unit cell relationships for the seven types of crystal lattice structures and the four substructures are examined. Guidelines for determining the number of atoms in a unit cell, including calculations involving unit cell dimensions, are explained. The ionic crystal structure, radius ratio rule for the ionic compounds and determination of crystal structure by X-ray diffraction and Bragg’s equation are covered.
Place, Being, and Agency
Authors: Cartwright Kent 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 identifies the special world of Shakespearean comedy in terms of the multiple dimensions of place, something that seems especially pertinent to the comic genre. Shakespeare’s comedies deploy the Renaissance sense of place as capable of being either mundane or magical. Reflecting that dialectic, the association of place with Italy in the comedies calls upon popular notions of that locale as full of contradictions yet open to the possibility of transformation. The comedies often organize locale in terms of a contrast between “regulative” and “protean” places (the latter recalling Frye’s “green world”). Protean environs are enchanted and can enchant, as in As You Like It (which receives extended treatment); they make change and transformative experience possible; and yet they exhibit different degrees of agency in different plays. Notwithstanding its power, the protean world is a nice place to visit, but one would not want to live there. The chapter concludes by assessing the power of place to affect action and meaning in a range of comedies.
The Manifestation of Desire
Authors: Cartwright Kent 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 conceptualizes the device of ‘manifestation,’ the term identifying the causal power of desires, thoughts, and words to call forth objects and even characters in Shakespeare’s comic world. In the spirit of critic Elena Zupančič, the device shows, among other things, the way that comedy can surface the amusing monstrousness and presumptuousness of human wishes. The concept of manifestation entails various literary and dramatic values that characterize Shakespearean comedy. Historically, it reflects interests and theories found in Renaissance treatises on magic, and it even parallels certain modern-day linguistic patters. The chapter formalizes and theorizes the device, drawing examples from a range of comedies. The Comedy of Errors (Dr. Pinch), A Midsummer Night’s Dream (Helana and the love potion), and The Merry Wives of Windsor (the Witch of Brainford) come in for special discussion. The chapter ends by situation manifestation in relation to entrance effects in medieval and Tudor drama and to allegorical effects in Spenser’s The Faerie Queene.
Ending and Wondering
Authors: Cartwright Kent 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 on endings discusses harmony and dissonance, and explores relevant Italian Renaissance comic practice and theories of comedy. The chapter leads into three final sections, the first (“Exclusion”) taking up the problem of how the “other” (here Shylock), seemingly excluded from the “harmonious” ending, can retain a ghostly presence; the second (“Delusion”) addressing the question of what protagonists and authority figures (and audiences) are left not knowing by the end, as seen in Much Ado About Nothing; and the third (“Forgiveness”) focusing on the special way that the comedies employ wonder to make forgiveness possible (as with Proteus, Claudio, Angelo, and Bertram), a process different from that of the late romances, where forgiveness precedes wonder. Here the problem of human and communal forgiveness moves beyond church strictures and takes illumination from present-day philosophical thinking.
The Return Expectations of Public Pension Funds
Authors: Andonov Aleksandar , Rauh Joshua D 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The return expectations of public pension funds are positively related to cross-sectional differences in past performance. This positive relation operates through the expected risk premium, rather than the expected risk-free rate or inflation rate. Pension funds act on their beliefs and adjust their portfolio composition accordingly. Persistent investment skills, risk taking, efforts to reduce costly rebalancing, and fiscal incentives from unfunded liabilities cannot fully explain the reliance of expectations on past performance. The results are consistent with extrapolative expectations, since the dependence on past returns is greater when executives have personally experienced longer performance histories with the fund.
Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Emotional ego- and altercentric biases in high-functioning autism spectrum disorder: Behavioral and neurophysiological evidence
Authors: Hartmann Helena , Lengersdorff Lukas , Hitz Hannah H. , Stepnicka Philipp , Silani Giorgia 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSelf-other distinction is a crucial aspect of social cognition, as it allows us to differentiate our own mental and emotional states from those of others. Research suggests that this ability might be impaired in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but convincing evidence of self-other distinction deficits in the emotional domain is lacking. Here we aimed at evaluating emotional self-other distinction abilities in adults with and without ASD, in two behavioral pilot studies and one fMRI study. By using a newly developed virtual ball-tossing game that induced simultaneous positive and negative emotional states in each participant and another person, we were able to measure emotional egocentric and altercentric biases (namely the tendency to ascribe self-/other-related emotions to others/ourselves, respectively). Despite no behavioral differences, individuals with ASD showed decreased activation 1) in the right temporoparietal junction (rTPJ) during active overcoming of the emotional egocentric bias vs. passive game viewing, and 2) in the right supramarginal gyrus (rSMG) during ego-vs. altercentric biases, compared to neurotypical participants. These results suggest a different recruitment of these two regions in ASD when dealing with conflicting emotional states of oneself and another person. Furthermore, they highlight the importance of considering different control conditions when interpreting the involvement of rTPJ and rSMG during self-other distinction processes.
CINmetrics: An R package for chromosomal instability analysis
Authors: Oza Vishal H. , Fisher Jennifer L. , Darji Roshan , Lasseigne Brittany N. 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACTGenomic instability is an important hallmark of cancer and more recently has been identified in others like neurodegenrative diseases. Chromosomal instability, as a measure of genomic instability, has been used to characterize clinical and biological phenotypes associated with these diseases by measuring structural and numerical chromosomal alterations. There have been multiple chromosomal instability scores developed across many studies in the literature; however, these scores have not been compared because of the lack of a single tool available to calculate and facilitate these various metrics. Here, we provide an R package CINmetrics, that calculates six different chromosomal instability scores and allows direct comparison between them. We also demonstrate how these scores differ by applying CINmetrics to breast cancer data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The package is available on CRAN athttps://cran.r-project.org/package=CINmetricsand on github athttps://github.com/lasseignelab/CINmetrics.
Reconstructing heterogeneous pathogen interactions from co-occurrence data via statistical network inference
Authors: Man Irene , Benincà Elisa , Kretzschmar Mirjam E. , Bogaards Johannes A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractInfectious diseases often involve multiple pathogen species or multiple strains of the same pathogen. As such, knowledge of how different pathogen species or pathogen strains interact is key to understand and predict the outcome of interventions that target only a single pathogen or subset of strains involved in disease. While population-level data have been used to infer pathogen strain interactions, most previously used inference methods only consider uniform interactions between all strains, or focus on marginal interactions between pairs of strains (without correction for indirect interactions through other strains). Here, we evaluate whether statistical network inference could be useful for reconstructing heterogeneous interaction networks from cross-sectional surveys tracking co-occurrence of multi-strain pathogens. To this end, we applied a suite of network models to data simulating endemic infection states of pathogen strains. Satisfactory performance was demonstrated by unbiased estimation of interaction parameters for large sample size. Accurate reconstruction of networks may require regularization or penalizing for sample size. Of note, performance deteriorated in the presence of host heterogeneity, but this could be overcome by correcting for individual-level risk factors. Our work demonstrates how statistical network inference could prove useful for detecting pathogen interactions and may have implications beyond epidemiology.
Transgenerational effects decrease larval resilience to ocean acidification & warming but juvenile European sea bass could benefit from higher temperatures in the NE Atlantic
Authors: Howald Sarah , Moyano Marta , Crespel Amélie , Cominassi Louise , Claireaux Guy , Peck Myron A. , Mark Felix C. 
Published: November 2021

1.AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ocean acidification (OA) and warming (OW) as well as the transgenerational effect of OA on larval and juvenile growth and metabolism of a large economically important fish species with a long generation time. Therefore we incubated European sea bass from Brittany (France) for two generations (>5 years in total) under current and predicted OA conditions (PCO2: 650 and 1700 µatm). In the F1 generation both OA condition were crossed with OW (temperature: 15-18°C and 20-23°C). We found that OA alone did not affect larval or juvenile growth and OW increased developmental time and growth rates, but OAW decreased larval size at metamorphosis. Larval routine metabolic rate (RMR) and juvenile standard metabolic rate (SMR) were significantly lower in cold compared to warm conditioned fish and also lower in F0 compared to F1 fish. We did not find any effect of OA on RMR or SMR. JuvenilePO2critwas not affected by OA, OW or OAW in both generations.We discuss the potential underlying mechanisms resulting in beneficial effects of OW on F1 larval growth and RMR and in resilience of F0 and F1 larvae and juveniles to OA, but on the other hand resulting in vulnerability of F1, but not F0 larvae to OAW.. With regard to the ecological perspective, we conclude that recruitment of larvae and early juveniles to nursery areas might decrease under OAW conditions but individuals reaching juvenile phase might benefit from increased performance at higher temperatures.Summary statementWe found that OA did not affect developmental time, growth, RMR and SMR, while OW increased these traits. OAW decreased larval size at metamorphosis. We discuss underlying mechanisms and the ecological perspective resulting from these results and conclude that recruitment to nursery areas might decrease under OAW conditions but individuals reaching juvenile phase might benefit from increased performance at higher temperatures in Atlantic waters.
Critical role of H3K27 methylation in cell fate determination of two cell lineages in male gametophyte
Authors: Huang Xiaorong , Sun Meng-Xiang 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDuring angiosperm male gametogenesis, microspores divide to produce a vegetative cell (VC) and a male germline (MG), each with a distinct cell fate. How the MG cell/VC fate is determined remains largely unknown. Here, we report that H3K27me3 is essential for VC fate commitment and H3K27me3 erasure contributes to the MG cell fate initiation in male gametophyte of Arabidopsis. The VC-targeted H3K27me3 erasure disturbed the VC development and resulted in the VC fate shifting towards a gamete destination, which suggests that MG cells require H3K27me3 erasure for triggering the gamete cell fate. Multi-omics and cytologic analysis confirmed the occurrence of extensive cell identity transition due to H3K27me3 erasure. Therefore, we experimentally confirm that the MG cell/VC fate is epigenetically regulated. The H3K27 methylation plays a critical role in the guidance of MG cell/VC fate determination for pollen fertility in Arabidopsis. Our work also provides new evidences for two previous hypotheses that the germline cell fate is specified by the differential distribution of yet unknown determinant, and VC maintains the microspore’s default program, namely the H3K27me3 setting, whereas MG requires reprogramming.
Unraveling the spatiotemporal spread of COVID-19 in Brazil through spatial network connectivity
Authors: Barrozo Ligia V , Small Christopher 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundDescribing and understanding the process of diffusion can allow local managers better plan emergence scenarios. Thus, the main aim of this study was to describe and unveil the spatiotemporal patterns of diffusion of the COVID-19 in Brazil from February 2020 until April 2021.MethodsThis is a retrospective purely observational ecologic study including all notified cases and deaths. We used satellite-derived night light imagery and spatiotemporal Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis to quantify the spatial network structure of lighted development and the spatiotemporal transmission of the pathogen through the network.ResultsThe more populous state capitals within the largest network components presented higher frequency of deaths and earlier onset compared to the increasing numbers of smaller, less populous municipalities trending toward lower frequency of deaths and later onset. By week 48 2020, the full network was almost completely affected. Cases and deaths showed a distinct second wave of wider geographic expansion beginning in early November 2020.ConclusionsThe spatiotemporal diffusion in Brazil was characterized by an intertwined process of overseas relocation, hierarchical network transmission and contagious effects. A rapid response as the immediate control of all ports, airports and borders combined with mandatory quarantine are critical to retard disease diffusion.
Optimal information loading into working memory in prefrontal cortex explains dynamic coding
Authors: Stroud Jake P. , Watanabe Kei , Suzuki Takafumi , Stokes Mark G. , Lengyel Máté 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWorking memory involves the short-term maintenance of information and is critical in many tasks. The neural circuit dynamics underlying working memory remain poorly understood, with different aspects of prefrontal cortical (PFC) responses explained by different putative mechanisms. By mathematical analysis, numerical simulations, and using recordings from monkey PFC, we investigate a critical but hitherto ignored aspect of working memory dynamics: information loading. We find that, contrary to common assumptions, optimal loading of information into working memory involves inputs that are largely orthogonal, rather than similar, to the persistent activities observed during memory maintenance, naturally leading to the widely observed phenomenon of dynamic coding in PFC. Using a novel, theoretically principled metric, we show that PFC exhibits the hallmarks of optimal information loading. We also find that optimal loading emerges as a general dynamical strategy in task-optimized recurrent neural networks. Our theory unifies previous, seemingly conflicting theories of memory maintenance based on attractor or purely sequential dynamics, and reveals a normative principle underlying dynamic coding.
Occurrence, antimicrobial resistance pattern and molecular characterization ofListeria monocytogenesisolated from bovine’s milk and meat in Mekelle City, Ethiopia
Authors: Kidanu Tesfay Hailu , Gugsa Getachew , Redda Yisehak Tsegaye , Ahmed Meselu , Awol Nesibu 
Published: November 2021

AbstractListeria monocytogenesis an opportunistic and emerging foodborne zoonotic pathogen that encompasses a diversity of strains with varied virulence and can cause serious human and animal infections worldwide with low incidence but high hospitalization and case fatality rates. A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2016 to June 2017 to estimate the molecular epidemiology ofL. monocytogenesand its serotypes, and antimicrobial resistance pattern of isolates in Mekelle City. A total of 768 (384 of milk and 384 meat) samples of bovine origin were collected using a purposive random sampling technique. Isolation and identification ofL. monocytogeneswas done according to standard and recommended bacteriological procedures. Genome-based confirmation of each isolate was performed at species and serovar levels by targetingIap, Imo0737, ORF2819andORF2110 genesusing specific primers.In vitroantimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using agar plate antibiotic disk diffusion method. The overall prevalence ofL. monocytogeneswas 26 (3.39%). Sample type prevalence rates ofL. monocytogeneswere 4.17 % and 2.6% in meat and milk samples, respectively. There was a statically significant difference (p<0.05) on the prevalence rates of the organism in meat samples collected from abattoir (1.67%), butcher shops (8.33%), and restaurants (8.33%). Serovars that were identified were belonged to 1/2b and 4b. Large proportions of isolates were highly susceptible to Ampicillin (88.46%) and Vancomycin (84.62%). However, the isolates had shown the highest level of resistance against Nalidixic Acid (96.15%). The highest intermediate was observed to Amoxicillin (57.69%). Moreover, 42.31% of the isolates were developed resistance for more than two drugs. Hence, both its occurrence and development of a multi-drug resistance indicated that, a coordinated effort is imperative to reduce or eliminate the risk posed by this pathogen in food chains and on controlled and careful use of antimicrobials both in veterinary and human treatment regimes.