bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FORMULASI SEDIAAN LOTION SEBAGAI TABIR SURYA DARI EKSTRAK METANOL KULIT LUAR BUAH JENGKOL (Archidendron jiringa (jack) I.C.Nielsen)
Authors: Sopian Ahmad , Fajr In Rahmi Fatria , Syahdania Nadya 
Published: September 2021

Sunscreen is a chemical or ingredient that contains elements that protect the skin from the harmful effects of direct sunlight. The flavonoid molecules in the jengkol fruit's outer skin have a conjugated aromatic benzene group, which can absorb UVA or UVB radiation and cause skin damage. The goal of this study is to figure out what concentration of methanol extract of the outer skin of jengkol fruit (100 ppm, 150 ppm, 200 ppm, 250 ppm, 300 ppm) gives the best SPF value and what effect that concentration has on the outer skin of jengkol fruit as an active ingredient in sunscreen preparations. Using spectrophotometry, the efficacy of a methanol extract of the outer skin of the jengkol fruit as an active component in sunscreen was assessed at concentrations of 100 ppm, 150 ppm, 200 ppm, 250 ppm, and 300 ppm. The methanol extract of the jengkol fruit's outer peel had a concentration of 300 ppm (SPF value 4.783) and was divided into three formulae with concentrations of 0.3 (F1), 0.45 (F2), and 0.65 (F3) (F3). Physical, chemical, stability, and SPF quality of the resulting formulations were evaluated. Each jengkol fruit outer skin extract lotion formulation was shown to be effective as a sunscreen, with SPF values of 27.90 (F1), 8.46 (F2), and 15.56 respectively (F3)ABSTRAKTabir surya adalah zat atau ramuan yang mengandung bahan kandungan pelindung kulit terhadap paparan sinar matahari langsung yang dapat menyebabkan gangguan kulit. Senyawa flavonoid dalam kulit luar buah jengkol memiliki gugus benzene aromatic terkonjugasi yang dapat menyerap sinar UVA atau UVB serta dapat menyebabkan efek buruk terhadap kulit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan konsentrasi ekstrak methanol kulit luar buah jengkol (100 ppm, 150 ppm, 200 ppm, 250 ppm, 300 ppm) yang memberikan nilai SPF paling baik dan mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi ekstrak metanol kulit luar buah jengkol sebagai bahan aktif sediaan tabir surya. Ekstrak metanol kulit luar buah jengkol dengan menggunakan konsentrasi 100 ppm, 150 ppm, 200 ppm, 250 ppm, dan 300 ppm yang ditentukan efektivitasnya sebagai bahan aktif tabir surya menggunakan spektrofotometri. Ekstrak metanol kulit luar buah jengkol dengan konsentrasi 300 ppm (nilai SPF 4,783) diformulasikan dalam tiga formula dengan variasi konsentrasi 0,3 (F1), 0,45 (F2), 0,65 (F3). Sediaan yang diperoleh dievaluasi mutu fisik, kimia, stabilitas, dan SPF. Masingmasing formula lotion ekstrak kulit luar buah jengkol ditentukan efektifitasnya sebagai tabir surya dan mendapatkan nilai SPF 27,90 (F1), 8,46 (F2) dan 15,56 (F3).
OPTIMIZATION OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS EXTRACTION FROM PURPLE BASIL LEAF BY CONVENTIONAL AND MICROWAVE ASSISTED EXTRACTION METHOD
Authors: Ozcan Basak ebru , Sagdic Osman , Karasu Salih , Ozkan Kubra , Akcicek Alican 
Published: September 2021

The present study aimed to determine the optimum extraction conditions of conventional solvent extraction (CSE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) techniques to obtain maximum total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC), total anthocyanin (TAC) and antioxidant capacity (AA). Response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD) were used to determine optimum points of CSE and MAE. Both two extraction methods, all parameters significantly affected TPC, AA, TFC and TAC (p<0.05). MAE showed higher bioactive compounds yield than that of CSE. Optimum point for CSE and MAE was found to be 60Â°C and 30 min and 591.83 W and 2.98 min respectively. TPC, AA, TFC and TAC were obtained as 33.81mg/g, 160.27 mg/g, 11.89 mg/g and 331.01 mg/kg for CSE and 62.99 mg/g, 214.62 mg/g, 21.80 mg/g and 3462.93 mg/kg for MAE respectively. This study recommended that the MAE should be used for the extraction of PBL to increase phenolic extraction yield.
EFFECTS OF THERMAL RADIATION AND BUOYANCY FORCE ON TRANSIENT HARTMANN FLOW IN A CHANNEL WITH PERMEABLE WALLS
Authors: VERMA OM PRAKASH , Makinde O D 
Published: September 2021

The combined effects of thermal radiation, buoyancy force and variable heat source on an unsteady MHD flow of a conducting fluid through a porous walled channel is theoretically investigated. Base on some simplified assumptions, the model partial differential equations are obtained and tackled analytically using variable separable technique. Numerical solutions depicting the impact of various embedded thermophysical parameters on the fluid velocity and temperature profiles, skin friction and Nusselt number are displayed graphically and quantitatively discussed. An escalation in both skin friction and heat transfer rate is observed with a rise in fluid injectionâ€“suction at the channel walls.
ENTROPY GENERATION IN MHD FLOW THROUGH A DEFORMABLE POROUS LAYER WITH CONSTANT INJECTION/ SUCTION AT THE BOUNDARY
Authors: Das Utpal Jyoti 
Published: September 2021

The present paper examines the entropy generation on MHD flow of viscous fluid over a deformable vertical porous layer with constant injection/ suction velocity at the boundary walls of the layer. The combined phenomenon of the solid deformation and fluid movement in the porous medium are taken into consideration. The influence of relevant non-dimensional parameters on the fluid velocity, solid displacement, temperature and concentration profiles are discussed. Also, the impact of Brinkman number, volume fraction parameter and drag parameter on entropy generation and Bejan number are discussed.
MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF HOT AIR DRIED APPLE AND EFFECTS OF VARIETY, SHAPE AND TEMPERATURE ON DRYING BEHAVIOR AND QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: SARI FERDA 
Published: September 2021

In this study, drying kinetics and quality characteristics of apple cv. Starking, Gala and Granny Smith circles and squares were studied at two different drying temperatures, 60 Â°C and 70 Â°C. Drying times were varied between 85-165 min. Depending on variety, shape and temperature. The falling rate period was observed and drying rate changed depending on the drying parameters. Four mathematical models were fitted to experimental data and Logarithmic model was found to be the best for all the samples. Total phenolic contents and antioxidant capacities of dried apple samples varied in the range of 4.11-8.36 mg GAE/g dry matter and 4536.43-7370.47 mmol AEAC 100/g dry matter, respectively and showed a tendency to increase or decrease after drying depending on the variety and shape interaction. Shape had also significant effect on antioxidant capacities of samples as well as the variety (p<0.05). The results of variance analysis demonstrated that there were significant differences among color values of apple samples dried at 60 ÂºC and 70 ÂºC.
DRYING BEHAVIOR AND SOME QUALITY PARAMETERS OF POTATO FINGER CHIPS USING INFRARED RADIATION
Authors: Doymaz Ibrahim 
Published: September 2021

The effect of different infrared (IR) powers on drying of potato finger chips was investigated in infrared dryer. The potato finger chips dried at 48, 50, 62, 74 and 88 W infrared powers and constant slice thickness of 7 mm. Results showed that drying characteristics of potato chips were greatly influenced by infrared power. The experimental drying data were fitted to seven thin-layer drying models. The models were compared on coefficient of determination (R2), reduced chi-square (c2) and root mean square error (RMSE) values between experimental and predicted moisture ratios. The Midilli & Kucuk model was found to the best in predicting the drying kinetics of potato chips during infrared drying. The effective moisture diffusivity using the Fickâ€™s diffusion model varied from 1.82Ã—10-9 to 3.06Ã—10-9m2/s. It was found that the effective moisture diffusivitiy increased with increasing IR power. Activation energy was estimated by a modified Arrhenius type equation as 1.35 kW/kg. The results also showed that with increasing infrared power, rehydration capacity was decreased.
Travelling-wave behaviour in problems with degenerate diffusion
Authors: Quirós Fernando 
Published: September 2021

We review some recent results on the large-time behaviour of solutions to certain reaction-diffusion equations involving a diffusion operator that degenerates at the level 0. Nonnegative solutions with compactly supported initial data have a compact support for any later time, so that the problem has a free boundary whose asymptotic location one would like to determine. Problems in this family have a unique (up to translations) travelling wave solution with a finite front. When the initial datum is bounded, radially symmetric and compactly supported, we prove that solutions converging to 1 (which exist for all the reaction terms under consideration) do so by approaching a translation of this unique traveling wave in the radial direction, but with a logarithmic correction in the position of the front when the dimension is bigger than one. As a corollary we obtain the asymptotic location of the free boundary and level sets in the non-radial case up to an error term of size O(1). A main technical tool of independent interest is an estimate for the flux.

This is a collaboration with Y. Du, A. Gárriz and M. Zhou.
Conspiracies and Refugees: Armenian Migrants in Bulgaria in the Last Decade of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Popek Krzysztof 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
During the First World War, the Ottoman Empire caused the death of up to 1.5 million Armenians and the creation of a large diaspora scattered around the world, currently counting up to five hundred thousand people. However, it should not be forgotten that the first mass pogroms targeting Armenians took place in the 1890s, events that are much less recognized in the literature of the subject. Also, in this case, the pogroms led to migrations on a large scale—many Armenians took refuge in Russia, but there were also those who ended up in the Balkans at that time. In the last decade of the nineteenth century, Armenian immigrants were coming to Bulgaria for different reasons than fear for their lives—they were preparing an attempt on the life of the sultan who was responsible for the repressions on their nation and were organizing themselves politically against the Ottoman Empire. This article analyzes the Bulgarian authorities’ attitude toward these migrants.
What Does it Mean to be Human, Prehuman, or Posthuman?
Authors: Agar Nicholas 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
There has been a lack of precision in attempts to say precisely what it might mean to be or become posthuman. This article offers a way to determine what distinguishes humans from posthumans. It treats the relationship between humans and posthumans as the mirror image of the relationship between humans and prehumans. I propose that we view posthumans as not us, but of us. Posthumans are distinct from humans but of humans, where the “of” expresses an important evaluative relationship. This account furnishes a framework for considering the proposals of some transhumanist philosophers that we should forsake our humanity in favor of superior posthuman modes of existence. I argue that we have a pro tanto commitment to remaining human. There are costs in surrendering our humanity that could be justified, but only if the potential benefits from becoming posthuman were both great and probable. Transhumanists offer effective marketing for radical enhancement. But there is a gap between a marketing pitch for radical enhancement and one that justifies surrendering the real benefits of remaining human.
تطوير طريقة مشتقة طرح الاطياف لتقدير بعض الادوية المضادة للاحتقان بشكل آني
Authors: حمد مؤمن فريد , حنون عماد طارق , خليل علي ابراهيم 
Published: September 2021

تم تقدير مزيج من عقاقير الكلورفينيرامين ماليت[CPM ] والباراسيتامول [Para] وهيدروكلوريد الفينيل فرين [PPH] بصورة آنية باستعمال طريقة مطورة من دون الحاجة الى فصل مسبق للعقاقير وفي نفس المستحضر الصيدلاني، وهكذا تكون الطريقة بسيطة وسريعة ودقيقة. ان الطريقة المقترحة تعتمد على مشتقة طرح الأطياف، وذلك بطرح طيفي امتصاص عقارين متداخلين من طيف امتصاص مزيج لثلاث عقاقير وناتج العملية هو طيف امتصاص العقار الثالث المراد تقديره ومن ثم يتم اشتقاق هذا الطيف باستعمال نمطي المشتقة الأولى والثانية، وتعاد هذه العملية عند تقدير كل عقار. وقد اظهرت النتائج ان مدى الخطية كان ]0.1-15[ و]0.1-40[ و ]0.5-50[ مكغم.مل-1، بينما تراوحت قيمة RSD% (0.068- 5.508) و(1.649-] 0.143[ و]3.744- 0.144[، وقيم R.E% ]-3.542 - -0.049[ و]0.004 - -0.958[ و]-2.250 - 1.771[، للعقاقير] CPM وPara وPPH [على التوالي. تم تطبق الطريقة المقترحة وكانت ناجحة في تقدير العقاقير في بعض المستحضرات الدوائية.
اختبار كفاءة السماد الحيوي من العزلة المحلية Bradyrhizobium japonicum في نمو وحاصل نبات فول الصويا L. Glycine max
Authors: Mahdi Wael Mohammed Mahdi , الكرطاني عبد الكريم عريبي سبع 
Published: September 2021

اجريت تجربة حقلية لاختبار كفاءة السماد الحيوي المحضر من العزلة المحلية Bradyrhizobium japonicum في نمو وحاصل نبات فول الصوياL. Glycine max في تربة مزيجه معقمة وغير معقمة. اظهرت النتائج زيادة معنوية في جميع الصفات المدروسة لفول الصويا في المعاملات المسمدة، وكانت الزيادة المئوية للمعاملات المسمدة مقارنة بالمعاملات غير المسمدة في عدد العقد ووزنها الرطب والجاف 205.80%، 677.77%، 2250% على التتابع، أما الوزن الجذري والخضري الجاف فقد كانت الزيادة 173.84%، 149.94%، وتفوقت المعاملات المسمدة في ارتفاع النبات والمساحة الورقية ونسبة النيتروجين في الاجزاء الخضرية على المعاملات غير المسمدة، وبزيادة مئوية بلغت 30.02%، 244.04%، 27.66 على التتابع. كما اظهرت النتائج تفوق المعاملات المسمدة معنويا على غير المسمدة في عدد القرنات بالنبات والحاصل الكلي ونسبة البروتين في البذور، وكانت الزيادة المئوية 56.97% ، 149.15% ، 29.80% على التتابع. اما عن نتائج التعقيم فقد اظهرت فروقا معنوية في وزن العقد الرطب والجاف والوزن الخضري الجاف والمساحة الورقية فضلا عن الحاصل الكلي ونسبة البروتين مقارنة بغير المعقمة. إذ بلغت الزيادة المئوية 400%، 633.33%، 10.15% ، 17.37%، 27.41% ،11.26% على التتابع. أما نتائج التداخل الثنائي بين التسميد الحيوي والتعقيم، فقد تفوقت المعاملة المسمدة والمعقمة معنويا على المعاملة غير المسمدة والمعقمة في جميع الصفات المدروسة، ولم يكن بين المعاملة المسمدة والمعقمة والمعاملة المسمدة وغير المعقمة فرقا معنويا في بعض تلك الصفات، ويمكن ان تعزى هذه النتيجة الى كفاءة السلالة المستعملة في حالة التعقيم وقدرتها في منافسة البكتريا المستوطنة في احداث الاصابة وتكوين العقد في الجذور.
“Até quando, Senhor?”: do grito de sofrimento à confiança no Senhor em tempos de crise e pandemia à luz do Salmo 13
Authors: Silveira Rogério Goldoni 
Published: September 2021

Inserido no Livro I do Saltério (Sl 3–41), o Sl 13 é uma lamentação individual na qual o salmista apresenta todo o seu sofrimento diante do Senhor, suplica e, por fim, manifesta a sua confiança no Senhor. A observação dos elementos sintáticos, semânticos e estilísticos facilita a determinação da sua estrutura em três seções: na primeira (Sl 13,1-3), após o título (v. 1), é apresentado o lamento (v. 2-3), que se faz ouvir diante do Senhor por meio da repetida e enfática pergunta “até quando, Senhor?”; na segunda (Sl 13,4-5), o salmista eleva a sua súplica (v. 4abc) e manifesta a motivação deste pedido de ajuda (v. 4d-5c); na terceira (Sl 13,6), há a declaração de confiança e o louvor, prestado ao Senhor, que age em sua vida. Os elementos da seção II parecem espelhar a seção I. E, de modo geral, este Salmo, que é um modelo dos Salmos de lamentação, revela o movimento estabelecido na vida do orante: do grito de socorro e de uma situação de tormento (v. 2-3) rumo à saída definitiva deste estado de crise profunda. Ao final, sentindo-se ouvido pelo Senhor, o salmista eleva o seu “hino de louvor” cantado em breves palavras (v. 6cd), mas alicerçado na ação segura e firme do Senhor. Por todos estes motivos, o Sl 13 apresenta-se como um importante caminho de oração para o ser humano que vive em meio às crises neste tempo de pandemia.
Biotic Relations Between Pathogenic Leptospires And Green Algae
Authors: Hulai Olexandr , Hulai Vitalii , Tkachuk Nataliia 
Published: September 2021

Leptospira interrogans spirochetes belong to a group of pathogens of particularly dangerous infections that cause leptospirosis in many species of wild, farm and domestic animals, as well as humans. Significant economic damage caused by this disease to livestock around the world, numerous cases of death from leptospirosis, and mainly waterborne transmission of the infection determine the topicality of studying all the aspects of the existence of L. interrogans in freshwater ecosystems. The objective of our study was to determine the nature of ecological relationships between L. interrogans and green algae. We used green algae of the Desmodesmus brasiliensis species as a model object. In the experiments, sterile algae culture filtrates were added to L. interrogans containers grown at 27–28 °C. Comparison of the content of spirochete cells in the experiment and control samples, conducted 24 hours after exposure, showed that the reproduction of L. interrogans is markedly inhibited in the samples containing algae secretions at the dilutions of 1:10 and 1:100. In order to reduce resistance to the allelopathic influence of D. brasiliensis algae, leptospira strains were located as follows: Pomona, Australis, Hebdomadis, Canicola, Sejroe, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Grippotyphosa, Tarassovi. The obtained results indicate a complex intraspecific structure of L. interrogans and their high ecological plasticity. In addition, experimental data indicate that, due to the release of biologically active substances into the aquatic environment, green algae have the potential to affect the dynamics of a number of leptospirosis pathogens in situ. Given the important epidemiological and epizootic significance of pathogenic leptospira, further research is necessary to determine the patterns of their interactions and existence in the environment.
Simulium (Trichodagmia) (Diptera, Simuliidae) phylogeny revisited: the Neotropical and Afrotropical connection
Authors: Molina Óscar S. , Gil-Azevedo Leonardo H. 
Published: September 2021

Simulium (Trichodagmia) Enderlein, 1934 has an unstable classification system. The broader concept of the subgenus includes five species-groups resulting from an extensive history of synonymisations, often outside of a phylogenetic framework. This concept also ignores relationship hypotheses with the Afrotropical subgenera S. (Anasolen) Enderlein, 1930, S. (Freemanellum) Crosskey, 1969, S. (Xenosimulium) Crosskey, 1969, and the Oviedoi species-group, with several Neotropical species of S. (Trichodagmia). We performed a morphological phylogenetic analysis to test the monophyly of S. (Trichodagmia), its species-groups, and their relationship with the above-mentioned subgenera and Oviedoi species-group. We analysed a data matrix with 69 terminal taxa and 62 characters under parsimony implied weights, with a range of concavities (k1–100), finding three categories of k. Our analysis concludes that S. (Trichodagmia) is not monophyletic, since Oviedoi and the Afrotropical subgenera group with its species-groups Tarsatum and Orbitale. Therefore, we propose a new classification for S. (Trichodagmia) by restricting it to the Orbitale species-group, revalidating S. (Hearlea) Vargas et al., 1946, S. (Hemicnetha) Enderlein, 1934, S. (Obuchovia) Rubtsov, 1947 and S. (Shewellomyia) Peterson, 1975, synonymysing S. (Xenosimulium) with S. (Anasolen), and erecting a new subgenus, S. (Disculter) subgen. nov. for Oviedoi. The geographical distribution of the groups involved is discussed.
Prevalence of Anaemia among Pregnant Women in the First Antenatal Care (ANC) Clinic Visit in St. Mary's Hospital Okpoga, Okpokwu Local Government Area, Benue State, Nigeria
Authors: Atser P. N. , Iorliam E. B. , Ochogwu M. , Ondoma J. , Wuam S. 
Published: September 2021

Aims: The study was carried out to determine the prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women attending St. Mary's Hospital Okpoga, Benue State, Nigeria, with respect to demographic factors, socio-economic and underlying medical determinants among pregnant women.
Methodology: A retrospective study design was used for the study. The study of 858 pregnant women who booked for antenatal care (ANC) between March 2019 to March 2020 was done. Their records were retrieved from the Records Department and the ANC unit using a standard proforma.
Results: The findings revealed that prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women at booking was (55.2%). The highest prevalence of anaemia by age range 15-20 years was (62.2%), by educational status, highest prevalence was among those with no formal education (84.3%), by occupation highest prevalence was among house wives (59.9%). By underlying medical condition – severe form of parasitaemia (78.5%), by degree of severity, mild form of anaemia 74.1%, was most prevalent. By parity, it was highest among multiparous women (66.9%), by habitants it was highest among rural habitants (73.9%) while prevalence by gestational age it was highest among pregnant mothers who were in their 3rd trimester (60%) in the first antenatal care (ANC) visit.
Conclusion: Pregnant mothers need to book early for antenatal clinic to access services such as intermittent preventive treatment, uptake of iron supplements and anthelmintics. They should also be empowered economically to access ANC in order to reduce the problem of anaemia in pregnancy.
Efficacy of Percussive Massage versus Calf Stretching on Pain, Range of Motion, Muscle Strength and Functional Outcomes in Patients with Plantar Fasciitis – A Research Protocol
Authors: Lakhwani Madhu , Phansopkar Pratik 
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Plantar fasciitis occurs with the deterioration of the plantar fascia and related surrounding tissues around the heel's medial calcaneal tuberosity. This illness usually causes tightness in the calf muscles. These tight muscles are thought to interfere with the normal biomechanics of ambulation. The invention of percussion massage guns intends to improve the usefulness and efficiency of self-myofascial release, following in the footsteps of vibrating foam rollers. Since there is limited research on muscle gun devices, despite their growing popularity, this study will look into their effects on range of motion, essential physiological or biomechanical factors that contribute to the disease, and their capacity to reduce muscular tightness.
Methodology: Subjects with Plantar Fasciitis (n = 48) will be recruited for a single-blind RCT. Participants will be assigned randomly to the experimental or control groups with a one-to-one allocation ratio. Participants in Group A will receive treatment via Theragun, Hot/cold immersion therapy, and a home exercise regimen during a one-week period immediately following baseline evaluations and randomization. Participants in GROUP B would only be subjected to Calf Stretching, a Contrast Bath, and a home exercise regimen. For a week, the calf muscles were treated for 5 minutes every day (7 sessions in all). As 1 week is completed, the efficacy of the approach for both groups is assessed using ankle flexibility tests, VAS, universal goniometers, Active Manual muscle testing, and the (PFPS) as outcome measures.
Discussion: The purpose of this study is to compare the benefits of the Hypervolt device vs calf stretching in individuals with plantar fasciitis. The outcomes of the study, which may include a newly designed rehabilitation technique, may assist patients experiencing Plantar +-Fasciitis.
Conclusion: Conclusion will be drawn based on the effect of both the techniques on Pain, Range of Motion, Muscle Strength, and Functional Outcomes in Patients with Plantar Fasciitis.