bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute Effects of a Combined Strength and Endurance Training Rehabilitation Protocol for Patients in Different Professions with Back Pain
Authors: Pietsch Aki , Schroeder Jan , Reer Ruediger , Edler Christopher , Riepenhof Helge 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a combined strength and endurance training rehabilitation protocol for patients in different professions with back pain.
Material and Methods 162 patients (craftsman n=56, preschool teachers n=45 and nurses n=61) were included into a prospective observational study. Peak force of trunk muscles (isometric testing), endurance (PWC130) and back pain dysfunction (ODI) were assessed before (t1) and after (t2) a 3-week-period of individually tailored but not professionally clustered rehabilitation training.
Results The ODI (%) disability as well as all trunk muscle peak forces and aerobic endurence improved significantly in all subsamples (p<0.01), with the exception of the preschool teachers. They showed unaltered PWC130 values (p=0.255), which was in turn accompanied by a significant weight gain (+1%, p<0.001), while craftsmen and nurses demonstrated no changes in weight or waist circumference (p>0.05). But all analyses revealed great interindividual variations. Pre-post changes did not differ significantly among the profession groups (p>0.05).
Conclusions Interindividual response variations should be considered as a typical finding well known in back pain rehabilitation studies. We did not reveal benefit differences between occupational subsamples after the present combined strength and endurance training protocol. Future research should apply a randomized study design to compare the regular rehabilitation program and enriched programs including specific occupational demands.
Formation and quantitative analysis of internal structure of Si nanoparticles developed via bead-milling
Authors: Zhao Mingcai , Zhang Juan , Wang Wei , Zhang Qi 
Published: July 2021

Amorphous silicon nanomaterial is isotropic on the macroscale and can effectively inhibit the expansion/contraction during lithiation/delithiation processes, which remarkably improves the cycle performance of Li-ion batteries. Bead-milling is a simple, cost-effective, and scalable method for manufacturing amorphous and/or crystalline silicon nanoparticles. In this work, the internal structure of Si nanoparticles prepared by bead-milling was found to consist of amorphous and nanocrystalline silicon as well as amorphous silicon oxide. X-ray diffraction patterns and Raman spectra are used to calculate the average crystallite size and estimate the degree of crystallization and amorphization of silicon. The quantitative analysis of amorphous silicon oxide is carried out through x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization and oxygen content measuring. It was found that the average particle size (D50) and the crystallite size were reduced to 91 and 3.7 nm, respectively, from 4.06 μm and 50.6 nm before bead-milling, and the degree of amorphization and oxygen content increased to 85.7% and 7.38%, respectively, from 37.5% and 0.12% before bead-milling. It is demonstrated that the longer the milling time, the smaller the sizes of particles and crystals and the higher the ratio of the amorphous phase. However, it inversely causes side-effects such as the increase in oxidization of Si nanoparticles and the increase in content of ZrO2 impurity.
Demonstration of electronic devices in graphitic carbon nitride crystalline film
Authors: Urakami Noriyuki , Ogihara Kohei , Futamura Hatsuki , Takashima Kensuke , Hashimoto Yoshio 
Published: July 2021

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) exhibits semiconducting properties and is a promising candidate for use as a metal-free functional material. Electronic transport in g-C3N4 depends on the crystal orientation, resulting in the anisotropic characteristics of low out-of-plane and high in-plane resistivity. We investigated a Schottky barrier diode (SBD) and a heterojunction diode (HJD) with out-of-plane transport properties and a top-gate device with in-plane transport properties. The SBD with a Cr/Au Schottky contact exhibited rectifying behavior with a turn-on voltage of ∼1.0 V and estimated series resistance and barrier height at the interface of 1.63 kΩ and 344 meV, respectively. The HJD comprises a g-C3N4 film and an n-type hexagonal silicon carbide (4H–SiC) substrate, with a turn-on voltage of 4.0 eV. The HJD belonged to a type-II band alignment with a staggered-gap; it had a thin insulator-based van der Waals gap at the interface, thereby inducing tunneling transport. In-plane carrier transport control was carried out by the top-gate device with a Parylene-C film gate dielectric and was achieved only when the negative bias voltage was applied along the out-of-plane direction, indicating the realization of the normally off switch that utilizes the intrinsic transport characteristics and a simple device structure.
Building policy capacity for managing rapid, complex change in China’s health system
Authors: Husain Lewis , Bloom Gerald , Xiao Yue 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The concept of policy capacity is often used to explain the success or failure of governments or countries in conceiving of, developing, and implementing policies, but is often poorly systematised. Wu et al provide a framework for understanding types of policy capacity, arguing that three kinds of capacity, distributed across policy systems, are needed for effective implementation. This paper applies that framework to a discussion of China, a country that has been managing a fundamental transformation since at least the late 1970s, which has underpinned the country’s growth and development. The paper focuses on a subset of China’s reforms – reforms to the healthcare system since the 1990s. Discussion of policy capacity shows (1) that policy capacity is dynamic and adaptive, in response to changing challenges due to rapid transformation in the country; (2) that the development and distribution of capacities has, overall, been government-directed, with strong research and analytical support from public think tanks and universities; (3) that understanding of policy capacity is evolving, with government paying increasing attention to the need to develop a learning state and society in response to increasingly complex problems of development. Examination of the Chinese case has relevance for how other countries develop and adapt policy capacities over time to manage rapid transformation, uncertainty and shocks.
Verification and validation of the high-performance Lorentz-orbit code for use in stellarators and tokamaks (LOCUST)
Authors: Ward S.H. , Akers R. , Jacobsen A.S. , Ollus P. , Pinches S.D. , Tholerus E. , Vann R.G.L. , Van Zeeland M.A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A novel high-performance computing algorithm, developed in response to the next generation of computational challenges associated with burning plasma regimes in ITER-scale tokamak devices, has been tested and is described herein. The Lorentz-orbit code for use in stellarators and tokamaks (LOCUST) is designed for computationally scalable modelling of fast-ion dynamics, in the presence of detailed first wall geometries and fine 3D magnetic field structures. It achieves this through multiple levels of single instruction, multiple thread parallelism and by leveraging general-purpose graphics processing units. This enables LOCUST to rapidly track the full-orbit trajectories of kinetic Monte Carlo markers to deliver high-resolution fast-ion distribution functions and plasma-facing component power loads. LOCUST has been tested against the prominent NUBEAM and ASCOT fast-ion codes. All codes were compared for collisional plasmas in both high and low-aspect ratio toroidal geometries, with full-orbit and guiding-centre tracking. LOCUST produces statistically consistent results in line with acceptable theoretical and Monte Carlo uncertainties. Synthetic fast-ion D-α diagnostics produced by LOCUST are also compared to experiment using FIDASIM and show good agreement.
Sulphide pollutants elimination and degradation in petroleum wastewater by ozonation process
Authors: Kadhim Wafaa A , AL-Jadir Thaer , Albrazanjy Mohammed G. , Al-Rubaiey Njim A , Dakhil Ali Mohammed , Al-Saedi Noor Dheyaa , Ab Rahima M H 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAn efficient and robust chemical oxidation process using an OZ-3G ozone generator was developed and investigated to degrade and reduce sulphide toxicity in petrochemical wastewater. Different concentrations of sulphide in synthetic wastewater were prepared and evaluated using the Spectrophotometric technique. The values of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and pH were also studied. The obtained results demonstrated that 100 minutes of ozone treatment removed 97.4 % for 40 mg/L concentration. The pH was decreased gradually with the increase along the time of oxidation. Based on the ozone method’s significant results, ozonation can be considered a potential candidate method for wastewater treatment in petroleum refineries.
Biodegradation of chlorpyrifos pesticide using silver bio-nanoparticles Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis extracts
Authors: Al-Zubaidi Labeeb A. , Alnuaimi Marwah Th. , Aljanabi Zahraa Zahraw , Adel Manal M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Pesticides are vastly used for pests monitoring in agriculture and public health fields, causing severe depletion in quality of drinking water. Moreover, most insecticides resist biodegradation and carcinogen even at very low levels up to Parts per billion (ppb). This study was carried during April/2019 and extended to January/ 2020 in Directorate of Environment and Water, Baghdad-Iraq to synthesis and characterization silver bionanoparticles by using Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis extract (biological methods) and investigate this activity on the chlorpyrifos pesticide under laboratory conditions. The silver bionanoparticles were characterized using many techniques, X-ray Diffractometer (XRD Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and zeta potential analyzer spectroscopy. The results of XRD technique confirmed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles. AFM analysis revealed that particles were spherical, single or in aggregates. Determination the shafting of active groups sites was performed using FTIR. The zeta potential values were -36.33 mV for AgNPs. The biodegradation of chlorpyrifos using silver bionanoparticles was determined quantitatively using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques. From the result, it can be suggested that silver bio-nanoparticles from Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis extracts lead to biodegradation of chlorpyrifos completely without forming harmful products confirmed by GC-MS analysis. We endorse that this process has scientific potential in the biodegradation of chlorpyrifos pesticide contaminated water using Green biosynthesis of nanoparticles.
A Comparative Study between V/F and IFOC Control for Three-Phase Induction Motor Drives
Authors: Awdaa M A , Obed A A , Yaqoob S J 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The voltage/frequency “(V/F) control” method is considered as widely used method in industrial application for control the induction motor (IM) due to its simplicity and lower the cost. The main problems in this method are the slow response, and it cannot be applied in the applications that required smooth speed control. To solve these problems, a roust control method of indirect field-oriented control (IFOC) was developed. In this paper, a comparative study of classical V/F control and IFOC of 3-ph IM is done. The principle action for both methods are studied and then they implemented and simulated using “MATLAB/Simulink” software for a 10 HP (7.457kw) 3-ph squirrel cage type IM. Besides, the sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique with a proportional-integral (PI) controller has been used to control the VSI inverter in the V/F method. While, the space vector PWM (SVPWM) technique has been used to control the VSI inverter in the IFOC method. The 3-ph IM has been achieved to its desired speed with good transient time and steady state response when the step change in the torque load has applied. Therefore, the IFOC method provides smooth speed control, high performance, and fast response under different dynamic conditions compared to classical V/F method.
Transient Stability Enhancement of Multi-Machine Power System Based on PID Controlled Dynamic Braking Strategies
Authors: Bibi Laith Hameed Mohammed , Hawas Majli Nema 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The Braking Resistor (BR) or Dynamic Brake known as one of the effective practices to enhance the transient stability of synchronous generators and power systems, following a significant disturbance. In this paper, two methods for calculating the value of BR, one by using a one per unit value of BR, and the other one by using calculating criteria or equation to find the value of BR which will give a cost-wise analysis. Also, by using the Thyristor Controlled Braking Resistor (TCBR) with a PID Controller for the control of the insertion of the braking resistor to enhance the transient stability of the proposed power system, the so-called IEEE9Bus System (or Two Machines to Infinite Bus System). Comparison is made in terms of the speed deviation and load angle of the synchronous generators while using the calculated BR and the one per unit BR which will give us a cost-wise analysis when choosing the brake and the effectiveness of the brake to enhance the transient stability of the poposed power system.
Modelling and simulation of microgrid power system including a hybrid energy storage system
Authors: Jasim Nihad Abdulkhudhur , Hawas Majli Nema 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Microgrid technology is evolving rapidly with increased use Renewable energy (RE) in electricity sector. In this paper, an isolated DC microgrid is simulated with solar photovoltaic (PV) as the RE source to supply power to resistive DC charges along with a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) for battery and supercapacitor. Various cases of load and solar insolation variability are simulated to validate the proposed power management strategy for controlling the DC bus voltage. The output waveforms are compared with and without HESS, and beneficial reduction in transient voltage is observed when using the HESS. A case using IEEE 9bus is also simulated to evaluate device output with a constant demand for load. It is found that in all cases HESS helps to minimize transients of the DC bus voltage effectively. The HESS also compensates for very large transients resulting in sudden changes in the output of PV or load demand.
Harmonic reduction in IEEE-3-bus using hybrid power filters
Authors: Waheed Mohammed , sultan Ahmed Jasim , Abdullah al Bakry Ali A. , Saeed Falah Noori 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The development of industrial applications and the comprehensive uses of power systems has led to the emergence of harmonics, that non-linear loads are the cause of it. A hybrid power filters (HPFs) is an ideal solution in compensating reactive power and mitigating harmonic current. In this paper, the IEEE-3-bus system companied with the hybrid power filter is performed to reduce current harmonics and improved performance under many operation conditions. The system tested with two types of power filters: firstly, a shunt passive power filer and secondly, a shunt hybrid power filter: which consists of a passive power filter in series with an active power filter. Hybrid power filters simulation results with control strategy have the effectiveness in the reduction of current harmonics from (29.85%) to (0.78%) comparing with other types.
Modeling, Simulation and Analysis of Electric Vehicle Driven by Induction Motor
Authors: Hadboul Raad Mohammad , Ali Dr. Amer Mejbel 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The electric vehicle (EV)was spread around the world due to the environmental considerations. Induction motor (IM) is one type of electric motors used as main drive for EV. The present work uses Matlab/Simulink for modeling and simulation of MITSUBISHI I-MIEV model city car. Three case studies were taken in the simulation of complete (EV+IM) model with different loads and speeds. The simulation tests indicate the ability of IM in driving the EV with high stability in different motion mode.
A Comparative Study of Perfect and Imperfect SIC in Downlink PD-NOMA based on Sharing Bandwidth
Authors: Fakhrildin Sadiq M-B. , Wadday Ahmed Ghanim , Al_Nakkash Aseel Hameed 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this paper, a scheme for sharing bandwidth-non-orthogonal multiple access (SB-NOMA) based on coordinated multi-point (CoMP) is proposed to improve total sum capacity and user capacity. The proposed algorithm is implemented in a cellular network platform, and the performance is analysed via two cases. First, the network performance is evaluated considerning both channel conditions and interference effects, which is addressed as the worst-case condition. The total network capacity is evaluated assuming Channel Estimation Error (CEE) and Imperfect Successive Interference cancelation (SIC). Second, the network is tested assuming ideal case condition materialized by canceling the effect of inter-channel interference (ICC) of the Base Station (BS) on Near User (NUE). The simulation results show that the capacity increases for SB-NOMA with installed by increasing the number of Cooperative BS (CBSs), where (2bits/Hz/s) is the gain in total capacity that is achieved by increasing the CBSs by one. Moreover, power allocation to the proposed scheme shown (0.15 - 0.85) represents the best value for maintaining capacity achievement.
Performance Analysis of WDM-hybrid RFoFSO\FO System Under Different Weather Conditions Utilizing A Hybrid Optical Amplifier
Authors: Esraa Zuhair S. , Alnajjar Satea H. , Arif Fouad Abdul Razzaq 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The hybrid system WDM Radiofrequency over free space optics\fiber optic (RoFSO\FO) is one of the modern technologies that support developing the 5th generation for the communication network. The WDM RoFSO\FO system is designed to transmit high data rates over a long distance under variable weather conditions (fog, dust, and rain). Where the attenuation caused by atmospheric changes is one of the most important obstacles faced the FSO channel. The spatial diversity technique is used by sending multiple copies across the free space to improve system performance. The hybrid design tested the performance of 16 channels optical transmission, each channel transmits 2.5Gbps data rate modulated by PSK modulator on a 20GHz radio frequency signal. Where 40 gigabits per second was transmitted via 4000m multi-channels FSO extending to 120 km optical fiber as a total distance, 80 km of which was amplified by Raman / EDFA hybrid optical amplifier. The bit error rate BER and the Q-factor monitored and compared with the standard Kim model. From the results obtained by using the OptiSystem simulation, an improvement in the system was found significantly by increasing the transmission capacity when using WDM technology and long-distance transmission under variable weather conditions without adding a light source.
Friction Spot Joining (FSpJ) process of Aluminium AA6061-T6/Poly Vinly Chloride (PVC)
Authors: Sadkhan Faeq Yaseen , Hussain Sabah Khammass , Khuder Abdulwahab Hassan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The goal of this research is to use a Friction Spot Joining (FSpJ) is a new technique which used for joining hybrid structures of metal-polymer composite. The FSpJ was proposed to join sheets of aluminum alloy of type AA6061-T6 and polymer of type polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The aluminum alloys sheets were of 3mm thickness, while the polymer sheets were of 5mm thickness. All sheets were manufactured with dimensions of 25*100 mm2. The aluminum sheets were drilled with two holes: the first of 8mm diameter with 1mm depth, the second hole was of the same pervious hole center with a penetrating hole diameter of d mm (2,4 and 6) the aluminum holes were made at a the center of the lap joint area. The process parameters included the rotating speed of the tool of 710, 900, 1120, 1400 and 1800 RPM, plunging depth of the tool of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 mm and pre-heating time of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 sec. The results indicated that all the specimens were joined successfully. The tested sample indicated that the failure of FSpJ joints occurred at two locations; the first at polymer side and the second was occurred by shearing the lap joint of specimens. The first type of failure indicated that the shear strength of the joined samples exceeded the shear strength of the polymer with a shear strength joint efficiency of more than 100%. The specimens that failed by shearing the polymer at the lap joint region were failed without dislocation the molten polymer from the aluminum hole cup. The shear force of the AL-PVC joints ranged from (704-1664N). The hole diameter exhibited the highest effect on the joint shear force followed by the plunging depth, rotating speed and pre-heating time of the rotating tool. The macrostructure examination and SEM tests indicate that a macro mechanical interlocking formed between the metal and filled hole which attributed to the main joining mechanism at the common surface.
Forming A Cylindrical Billet from Aluminium Alloy Chips (AA2024-T3) by using Friction Stir Consolidation Technique
Authors: Ismail Noor A. , Hussein Sabah Khammass , Al-Joubori Ahmed A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Recently, Friction stir consolidation (FSC) is a solid-state manufacturing and recycling process for metal scrap, hence, becoming much important side to convert the metal scrap into finish or semi-finished products. In contrast with the conventional process or re-melting process, the FSC advantage that lower metal waste, environmentally friendly and low cost. In This research, investigated the feasibility to produce a fully dense cylindrical billet from milling machine chips of aluminium alloy type (AA2024-T3) by using an FSC process, the chips plunged onto a hollow cylindrical die by a rotating tool. The chips softening due to the friction heat generation and subjected to the dynamic recrystallization DRX and high plastic deformation. The process was done with different values of rotation speed tool, plunging depth of the tool and preheating time. A 20 mm diameter coherent cylindrical billet with four highs (20, 25, 30, and 35)mm were obtained. The quality of the obtained billets is evaluated through morphological observation.
Design and Implementation of Portable Auto Defibrillator
Authors: Emad Mayss , Rashid Ahmed , Humaidi Amjad J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA) is a case that made the heart stop pumping the blood. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) and ventricular tachycardia (VT) are the major causes that lead to cardiac arrest. To treat SCA, a defibrillator device is used to return the heart to its normal sinus rhythm. The main generation of the defibrillator is the manual type which has many limitations involved., It requires the physician’s instruction to determine the patient state and the amount of joule required; therefore, it is preferable to design an auto defibrillator. The aim of this paper is to design a hardware implementation system of auto dc-shock utilized in the emergency case for diagnosing patient case and recovering the normal state of the heart. This prototype consists of five main parts, including the diagnosing system, high voltage section, charging unit, discharging unit, and safety unit. The output of diagnosing system is followed by charging and discharging period in order to get a suitable amount of joule according to patient situation of 50, 100, 120, and 150 joule discharged on the patient body by using a biphasic system provided by safety mode circuit so that the discharge process automatically happens in the case of not discharged on the patient body. The proposed diagnosing system in hardware design was tested on several patients in Ibn al-Nafis hospital and healthy patients at home and the accuracy was achieved of 97.03%, specificity is 97.8%, and the detection error rate is 3.09%.