bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atomoxetine (Strattera)-Induced Pathologic Laughing in a Patient With Pontine Hemorrhage: A Case Report
Authors: Park Jong Mi , Kim Yong Wook , Choi Soojin 
Published: January 2021

Objectives
Pathologic laughing, characterized by episodes of abrupt and inappropriate laughter occurring irrespective of a person's emotional feelings, has been reported in patients with neurologic deficits. Some pharmacotherapies, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, are effective in alleviating pathologic laughing. However, contrary to previous reports, we report a case of pathologic laughing that developed after a patient with pontine hemorrhage was administered atomoxetine (Strattera).

Case Presentation
A 55-year-old man was diagnosed with acute intracerebral hemorrhage in the right pons and midbrain. The patient showed mild cognitive impairment, and he was administered 10 mg of atomoxetine once daily as a cognitive enhancer. On the day of atomoxetine administration, he suddenly developed episodes of inappropriate laughter that was uncontrollable. The Pathological Laughter and Crying Scale showed a score of 4 of 54 on the day he started taking atomoxetine, and his score was 18 on the second day. He was administered atomoxetine for 3 consecutive days, but it was stopped on the fourth day. His laughing diminished, and his score improved to 5. His smiling expression and a score of 1 on the scale lasted for 1 week. On day 8 of drug discontinuation, his score was zero and all symptoms disappeared.

Conclusions
Previously, no single medication has been reported to cause pathologic laughing. Atomoxetine is a stimulant that increases norepinephrine and dopamine levels in the prefrontal cortex. This report suggests that, unlike what is known thus far, norepinephrine and dopamine might play a crucial role in the development of pathologic laughing.
No Association Between SLC6A4 Gene Polymorphisms With Treatment Remission to Venlafaxine in Han Chinese Depressive Patients
Authors: Wu Na , Liu Liangjie , Ren Decheng , Yuan Fan , Bi Yan , Guo Zhenming , Hou Binyin , Ji Lei , Han Ke , Feng Mofan , Su Kai , Yu Tao , Li Xingwang , Yang Fengping , Sun Xueli , Dong Zaiquan , Yu Shunying , Yi Zhenghui , Xu Yifeng , He Lin , Wu Shaochang , Zhao Longyou , Changqun Cai , Shi Yi , He Guang 
Published: January 2021

Objective
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a heterogeneous psychiatric disorder and considered to be one of the most common mental diseases worldwide. The antidepressant venlafaxine, as a serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, is applied to MDD relief. Solute carrier family 6 member 4 (SLC6A4) has been reported to promote the reuptake of serotonin and to be closely correlated to depression. The present study examined whether rs6354 and rs1487971 in SLC6A4 are associated with remission after venlafaxine treatment in MDD patients.

Methods
This study consisted of 195 Han Chinese patients with MDD, who accepted a 6-week treatment with venlafaxine. Two SLC6A4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected from database of SNP and genotyped by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometer in MassARRAY Analyzer 4 platforms. The 17-item Hamilton Depression Scale was used to access the severity of major depression. Allele and genotype frequencies between patients in remission and nonremission were calculated with online software SHEsis.

Results
No significant differences in allele or genotype frequencies were observed in rs6354 and rs1487971. There were no significant associations between 2 SNPs and venlafaxine treatment outcome.

Conclusions
It suggested that rs6354 or rs1487971 within SLC6A4 appears not to be involved in the venlafaxine treatment outcome in Han Chinese patients with MDD.
Natural toxic impact and thyroid signalling interplay orchestrates riverine adaptive divergence of salmonid fish
Authors: Esin Evgeny V. , Markevich Grigorii N. , Melnik Nikolay O. , Kapitanova Daria V. , Shkil Fedor N. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAdaptive radiation in fishes has been actively investigated over the last decades. Along with numerous well‐studied cases of lacustrine radiation, some examples of riverine sympatric divergence have been recently discovered. In contrast to the lakes, the riverine conditions do not provide evident stability in the ecological gradients. Consequently, external factors triggering the radiation, as well as developmental mechanisms underpinning it, remain unclear.Herein, we present the comprehensive study of external and internal drivers of the riverine adaptive divergence of the salmonid fishSalvelinus malma. In the Kamchatka River, north‐east Asia, this species splits in the reproductively isolated morphs that drastically differ in ecology and morphology: the benthivorous Dolly Varden (DV) and the piscivorous stone charr (SC).To understand why and how these morphs originated, we performed a series of field and experimental work, including common‐garden rearing, comparative ontogenetic, physiological and endocrinological analyses, hormonal ‘engineering’ of phenotypes and acute toxicological tests.We revealed that the type of spawning ground acts as the decisive factor driving the radiation ofS. malma. In contrast to DV spawning in the leaf krummholz zone, SC reproduces in the zone of coniferous forest, which litter has a toxic impact on developing fishes. SC enhances resistance to the toxicants via metabolism acceleration provided by the elevated thyroid hormone expenditure. These physiological changes lead to the multiple heterochronies resulting in a specific morphology and ecology of SC.Salvelinus malmarepresents a notable example of how the thyroid axis contributes to the generation of diverse phenotypic outcomes underlying the riverine sympatric divergence. Our findings, along with the paleoecology data concerning spruce forest distribution during the Pleistocene, provide an opportunity to reconstruct a scenario ofS. malmadivergence. Taken together, obtained results with the data of the role of thyroid hormones in the ontogeny and diversification of fishes contribute a resource to consider the thyroid axis as a prime director orchestrating the phenotypic plasticity promoting evolutionary diversification under the changing environmental conditions.
Taxation of capital gains upon accrual: is it really more efficient than realisation?
Authors: Arachi Giampaolo , D'Antoni Massimo 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTaxation of capital gains upon realisation is known to discourage the liquidation of an appreciated asset (lock‐in effect), thus resulting in a distortion in portfolio choices. However, compared with taxation upon accrual, realisation‐based taxation may imply a lower distortion in intertemporal allocation of consumption. In particular, we show that this is always the case when preferences are intertemporally weakly separable and homothetic. Using a simple model of intertemporal choice, we assess and compare the distortions induced by the two tax regimes of accrual‐based and realisation‐based taxation of capital gains. Our numerical simulations show that, for reasonable values of the parameters, realisation‐based taxation can in fact imply a lower overall distortion of investment choices, and hence no clear ranking of the two systems is possible in general. Additionally, we find that the differences in efficiency, in either direction, are likely to be very small.
The diagnostic tools for viable but nonculturable pathogens in the food industry: Current status and future prospects
Authors: Gao Rui , Liao Xinyu , Zhao Xihong , Liu Donghong , Ding Tian 
Published: January 2021

AbstractViable but nonculturable (VBNC) microorganisms have been recognized as pathogenic contaminants in foods and environments. The failure of VBNC cells to form the visible colonies hinders the ability to use conventional media for their detection. Efficient and rapid detection of pathogens in the VBNC state is a prerequisite to ensure the food safety and public health. Despite their nonculturability, VBNC cells have distinct characteristics, such as morphology, metabolism, chemical composition, and gene and protein expression, that have been used as the basis for the development of abundant diagnostic tools. This review covers the current status and advances in various approaches for examining microorganisms in the VBNC state, including but not limited to the methodological aspects, advantages, and drawbacks of each technique. Existing methods, such as direct viable count, SYTO/PI dual staining, and propidium monoazide quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), as well as some techniques with potential to be applied in the future, such as digital PCR, enhanced‐surface Raman spectroscopy, and impedance‐based techniques, are summarized in depth. Finally, future prospects for the one‐step detection of VBNC bacteria are proposed and discussed. We believe that this review can provide more optional methods for researchers and promote the development of rapid, accurate detecting methods, and for inspectors, the diagnostic tools can provide data to undertake risk analysis of VBNC cells.
How can the EU Farm to Fork strategy deliver on its organic promises? Some critical reflections
Authors: Moschitz Heidrun , Muller Adrian , Kretzschmar Ursula , Haller Lisa , de Porras Miguel , Pfeifer Catherine , Oehen Bernadette , Willer Helga , Stolz Hanna 
Published: January 2021

SummaryThe European Commission's Farm to Fork (F2F) Strategy sets ambitious targets to transform the whole food system towards greater sustainability, but we are critical about its strong focus on technical innovations while neglecting the social and structural aspects in transforming food systems. Also, the target of 25 per cent of EU's agricultural land under organic production by 2030 can only be reached if policy measures go beyond production to include processing and retail, and develop the demand side; otherwise, we could witness collapsing markets with strongly decreasing farm prices. An Organic Action Plan needs to include flexibility for implementation, accounting for the respective national situations; and specific objectives for each farming sector should be formulated. The strategy's call for a ‘shift to healthy, sustainable diets’ needs a comprehensive approach, involving all relevant stakeholders, such as processors, retailers and consumers to identify the most suitable leverage points and support changes in consumption patterns and habits. The Member States need to equip their AKIS accordingly and educate advisors, researchers, knowledge brokers and others for the required change in attitudes and practice. With a view to the necessary comprehensive transformation, the AKIS should be extended to a Food and Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation System.
Patient prognostic scores and association with survival improvement offered by postoperative radiotherapy for resected IIIA/N2 non‐small cell lung cancer: A population‐based study
Authors: Xu Lei , Xie Hou‐nai , Chen Xian‐kai , Bi Nan , Qin Jian‐jun , Li Yin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundCurrently, there is no consensus on the role of postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy (PORT) for resected stage IIIA/N2 non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Our study sought to determine which patients may be able to benefit from PORT, based on a patient prognostic score.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted to identify patients diagnosed with IIIA/N2 NSCLC between 1988 and 2016 in the SEER database. Eligible patients were divided into the following two groups: PORT group and non‐PORT group. We classified patient prognostic scores as an ordinal factor and stratified patients based on prognostic scores. A Cox proportional hazards model with propensity score weighting was performed to evaluate cancer‐specific mortality (CSM) between the two groups.ResultsWe identified 7060 eligible patients with IIIA/N2 NSCLC, 2833 (40.1%) in the PORT group and 4227 (59.9%) in the non‐PORT group. Overall, the 10‐year CSM rate in the weighted cohorts was 70.4% in the PORT group, 72.0% in the non‐PORT group, and patients who received PORT had a lower CSM rate (p = 0.001). Compared with the non‐PORT group, significant survival improvements in the PORT group were observed in patients with higher age, grade, T stage and lymph node ratio (LNR), and without chemotherapy. The improved survival of patients receiving PORT was significantly correlated with patient prognostic scores (p < 0.001).ConclusionsIn our population‐based study, the prognostic score was associated with the survival improvement offered by PORT in IIIA/N2 NSCLC, suggesting that prognostic scores and clinicopathological characteristics may be helpful in proper candidate selection for PORT.
A diagnostic evaluation of single screen testing for malaria in the returning traveler: A large retrospective cohort study
Authors: Reynard Charles , Geary Katie , Chiodini Peter , Brereton Michelle , Burthem John , McDermott John , van den Berg Patricia , Body Richard 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundScreening for malaria in the returning traveler has often required repeat testing; however, audit data suggest that patients have not been reattending. We sought to ascertain if this was safe by examining the diagnostic efficacy of a single screen consisting of a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and a thin film.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with suspected malaria who attended in the past 5 years from two large teaching hospitals. We assessed the diagnostic accuracy of a single screen, reporting measures of sensitivity and specificity. To establish a reference standard, we cross‐linked data with the national malaria registry held at Public Health England and regional centers.ResultsThe cohort consisted of 1365 patients, of whom 33 opted out of the research and one did not have a complete initial screen. Of those 1331 screens there were 74 cases of Plasmodium falciparum (prevalence of 5.6%) and 104 of any malaria species (prevalence of 7.8%). Sensitivity for the detection of P. falciparum was 100.00% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 95.1 to 100), with a specificity of 99.4% (95% CI = 98.9 to 99.8). For the detection of any species of malaria the sensitivity was slightly lower due to the presence of one false negative; sensitivity was 99.0% (95% CI = 94.8 to 100) and specificity was 99.5% (95% CI = 98.9 to 99.8).ConclusionsA single thin film and RDT is likely to be sufficient as a first screen for falciparum malaria in the returning traveler with important caveats. For those sent home from emergency departments, appropriate safety netting must be provided. Further prospective study is required to investigate this approach.
Accounting for intangibles and intellectual capital: a literature review from 2000 to 2020
Authors: Garanina Tatiana , Hussinki Henri , Dumay Johannes 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis article presents the results of a systematic literature review on intangibles and intellectual capital (IC) focusing on articles published in the top 20 accounting journals between 2000 and 2020. We find that North American accounting scholarship during this period has predominantly focused on identifiable intangibles and how these appear in the balance sheet. Much less attention has been given to management issues and IC, even though these issues are more common in European and Australian accounting literature. By evaluating recent developments and trends, this contribution aims at identifying promising avenues for future research endeavours.
Protocol for probiotic therapy vs placebo for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes to prolong pregnancy duration (Pro‐PPROM) trial
Authors: Sandeford Jonathan , Nippita Tanya , Bhuta Tushar , Patterson Jillian , Morris Jonathan , Seeho Sean 
Published: January 2021

BackgroundPreterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM) is a common preterm birth antecedent. Preterm infants experience increased adverse newborn outcome risks. Infection is a risk factor for early birth in PPROM. Current management is antibiotic therapy, antenatal corticosteroids and to plan delivery at 37 weeks gestation. The microbiota and probiotics are potentially protective and may improve outcomes.AimsThe primary aim is to evaluate whether oral probiotic therapy (Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716) administered during PPROM between 24 and 34 weeks gestation prolongs pregnancy duration. The secondary aim is to evaluate maternal and neonatal outcomes.Materials and MethodsThis is a pragmatic, multicentre, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled randomised controlled trial in Australia. The population will be women with a singleton pregnancy and PPROM less than 34 weeks gestation. The intervention will be an oral probiotic therapy compared with a placebo control. The primary outcome will be the proportion of women still pregnant at seven days following PPROM. One‐to‐one randomisation will occur within 24 h of PPROM. The trial is powered (80%, alpha = 0.05) to detect an absolute percentage increase in the primary outcome of 30%, (from expected rate of 20% up to 50%).DiscussionThis trial will provide evidence for the effectiveness of the probiotic in prolonging pregnancy duration. Findings will inform the feasibility of a larger trial to examine the effect of oral probiotics on clinically important maternal and neonatal outcomes in PPROM.
Effects of androgen on extracellular vesicles from endothelial cells in rat penile corpus cavernosum
Authors: Yan Ling‐Tao , Yang Zhi‐Hui , Lin Haocheng , Jiang Jun , Jiang Rui 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe explicit mechanism of erectile dysfunction caused by low androgen status is unknown. It was reported that eNOS was expressed in extracellular vesicles (EVs). Androgen may regulate erectile function by affect the release of EVs from endothelial cells.ObjectivesTo investigate whether androgen affects the production of EVs and nitric oxide (NO) in endothelial cells of rat penile corpus cavernosum.Materials and MethodsEndothelial cells of rat penile corpus cavernosum were isolated and purified from 6‐week‐old healthy male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Endothelial cells were treated with different concentrations of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in a cell culture medium as follows: no‐androgen group (NA group, DHT 0 nmol/L), very‐low androgen group (VLA group, DHT 0.1 nmol/L), low androgen group (LA group, DHT 1 nmol/L), and physiological concentrations androgen group (PA group, DHT 10 nmol/L). After 24 h, EVs of supernatant in each group were isolated and identified. The content of EVs and NO in the supernatant and the expression of CD9, CD63, TSG101, and eNOS in EVs were detected.ResultsPositive expression of CD9, CD63, TSG101, and eNOS was found in isolated EVs. The concentration of EVs was lower in the NA group compared with other groups (p < 0.01). The expression of eNOS and the concentration of NO was lower in the NA group than that in other groups (p < 0.05); it was lower in the VLA group than that in the LA group (p < 0.05) and lower in LA group than that in PA group (p < 0.05). When the concentration of DHT in endothelial cell culture medium ranged from 0 to 10 nmol/L, the concentration of DHT was positively correlated with the content of EVs and NO.ConclusionDecrease in eNOS‐expressing EVs is one mechanism of NO reduction in endothelial cells of rat corpus cavernosum caused by low androgen levels.
Obstetrics, genetics, and litigation
Authors: Milunsky Aubrey 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIntroductionClaims of medical negligence are universal. Unexpected adverse pregnancy outcome may trigger litigation. Such outcomes, especially with neurodevelopmental sequelae, may be compounded by a genetic disorder, congenital abnormality, or syndrome.Material and methodsThis is a report of 297 cases in which a pregnancy complication, error, or incident occurred that was followed by progeny with a genetic disorder, congenital abnormality, or syndrome that spawned litigation. The author assessed, opined, and in many cases, testified about causation.ResultsPregnancies complicated by hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy were not infrequently compounded by offspring with a genetic disorder, congenital abnormality, or syndrome. Multiple cases were brought because of missed ultrasound or laboratory diagnoses, or failures in carrier detection. Teratogenic medication prescribed before or during pregnancy invited legal purview. Failure to refer (or confer) for genetic evaluation or counseling in the face of significant risk, occurred repeatedly. Ethical breaches and hubris promptly led to litigation.ConclusionsMany lessons and recommendations emerge in this report. These include the realization that the vast majority of errors in this series involved at least two caregivers, serial ultrasound studies are important, decreased fetal movements may signal a genetic disorder, congenital abnormality, or syndrome, family history and ethnicity are vital, cognitive biases profoundly affect decision‐making. Finally, the simplest of errors have the potential for causing life‐long grief.
Uncertainty in research about key invasion characteristics limits the evaluation of exotic perennial grasses in natural systems in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Rayment Julia T , French Kris 
Published: January 2021

SummaryExotic perennial grasses (EPGs) pose a significant risk to native communities globally. With over 2,200 species in Australia, understanding which characteristics enable high threat invasions, and comparing between functionally similar EPGs, can help prioritise species management. We developed a framework of risk and used the literature to rank 21 EPGs considered a threat to plant communities in New South Wales, while also evaluating the reliability of information currently available. Characteristics were scored within five broad categories that distinguish invasiveness: Arrival, Establishment, Persistence, Impact and Distribution. These included aspects of reproductive biology, competitive ability and environmental tolerance. The risk assessment was effective in assessing key characteristics of invasion. EPGs with an economic benefit (trade‐off species) were more likely to have reliable research and frequently ranked as high‐risk invaders in natural habitats due to the overlap of characteristics important in invasion with those considered important in agriculture. Lack of formal scientific research hindered assessment for some species, and some traits had been poorly assessed in the literature. High uncertainty was associated with key characteristics for Establishment, Persistence and Impact. Uncertainty in key characteristics revealed a need for improved integration of less formal research validated by more formal scientific research. This may lead to more informed decisions in the management of EPGs in native habitats and assist in early control of EPGs not yet assessed.
Fertilizer application increases nitrate nitrogen concentration in Urochloa brizantha cv. MG5 as annual summer grass in temperate zone
Authors: Kaneko Makoto , Nakamura Yoshi‐nori , Yamada Akihisa , Kato Naoki , Hattori Ikuo 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn southwestern Japan, palisadegrass (Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R.D. Webster) is used as annual summer grass with fertilizer application. In this system, the risk of a poisonous nitrate nitrogen concentration in grass is high. Nevertheless, no report describes a study of nitrate nitrogen in palisadegrass as annual summer grass. Therefore, we clarified the effects of chemical fertilizer to nitrate nitrogen concentration in palisadegrass cultivated as annual summer grass for two years. Treatments were factorial combinations of three basal fertilizer applications (0, 100 or 200 kg N, P2O5, K2O/ha) and two additional fertilizer applications (0 or 100 kg N, P2O5, K2O/ha) in a randomized complete block design with five replicates. Results well demonstrated that nitrate nitrogen concentrations in palisadegrass increase with fertilizer application, especially with fertilizer added after decreased growth of palisadegrass caused by lower temperatures. Harvest of palisadegrass after additional fertilizer application requires awareness of its nitrate nitrogen content.