bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interrelationships between Inflammatory Biomarkers, Fecal and Plasma Short Chain Fatty Acids
Authors: Rust Bret , Cooper Danielle , Welch Lucas , Horn William , Newman John , Marco Maria , Martin Roy , Keim Nancy 
Published: June 2021

Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) have been associated with improved glycemia and to reductions in inflammatory responses in cell and rodent models. Low grade inflammation has been associated with insulin resistance. We measured fecal and plasma SCFA and inflammatory biomarkers in response to a proprietary oligosaccharide intervention. 22 overweight and obese men and women participated in a three‐way crossover study that included 3 levels of oligosaccharide: 0, 15 and 30 g/d. for 3 weeks. During each treatment, a collection of 5 days' feces were combined and analyzed for SCFA. At the end of each treatment, a meal challenge protocol was employed in which participants consumed half their daily dose of oligosaccharide with breakfast followed by a standard lunch. We measured plasma acetate, propionate and butyrate in 12 blood draws over the course of a 9 hour test day and inflammatory cytokines at 3 time points, 0, 195 and 435 min following the breakfast test meal. All SCFA analyses were conducted by GC‐MS. Inflammatory cytokines were measured on an 8‐plex chemiluminescent MSD plate except for adiponectin and CRP which employed an Integra 400 bio‐analyzer. Breath hydrogen and methane were collected to characterize participants as either methane producers (MP) or non‐producers (NM). Adiponectin was positively associated with fecal SCFA (p<0.05). TNF‐α and IL‐10 were negatively associated with various plasma SCFA AUC segments (p<0.05). Neither CRP nor IL‐6 was associated with either fecal or plasma SCFA. Fecal SCFA concentrations did not correlate well with plasma SCFA AUCs. Fecal propionate and butyrate were lower in MP than NM. Breath methane was negatively associated with SCFA production in MP. Plasma and fecal SCFA may predict some inflammatory responses but differences in the time of collections and the span of collections may reflect different temporal relationships to cytokines.Support or Funding InformationFunding provided by USDA CRIS 2032‐51530‐022‐OOD and the West Coast Metabolomics Center (U24 DK097154)
Pig Has No Brown Adipose Tissue
Authors: Hou Lianjie , Hu Ching Yuan , Wang Chong 
Published: June 2021

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is critical for mammal's survival in the cold environment. UCP1 is responsible for the thermogenesis in the BAT and is recognized as a specific marker for BAT. Pig is a useful medical model for humans due to its similarity in size and physiology. Pig is also important economically as a meat‐producing livestock. A previous study identified brown adipocytes in different pig adipose tissues by microscopic and electron microscopic methods. In one immunoblotting study, UCP1 was not detected in any porcine adipose tissues by the rabbit anti‐rat UCP1 antibody. But, a recent study showed that UCP1 protein is present in porcine adipose tissue and is responsive to postnatal leptin treatment. These authors used an ovine UCP1 antibody in their immunoblotting assay. However, the positive result may be explained by non‐specific hybridization with other mitochondrial anion carrier proteins, such as UCP2 or UCP3 by the antibody used in the previous study. Therefore, whether BAT or more precisely UCP1 protein, exists in pig has never been conclusively established. The objective of this study was to ascertain whether pig has UCP1 protein.In this study, we used rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technique to obtain the UCP1 mRNA 3′ end sequence, confirmed only exons 1 and 2 of the UCP1 gene are transcribed in the pig. We then cloned the pig UCP1 gene exons 1 and 2, and used these two exons to express pig UCP1 protein by E. coli BL21. We purified and used the expressed pig UCP1 protein as antigen for antibody production in a rabbit. Immunoblotting assay was conducted using inguinal fat, interscapular fat, epididymal fat, retroperitoneal fat, supraclavicular fat, perirenal fat, neck fat, liver, muscle from pigs. Mice BAT was used as a positive control. Our rabbit anti‐pig UCP1 antibody can hybridize with mice UCP1 protein (about 35KD) and pig UCP1 (about 15KD) expressed by E. coli BL21, but could not detect UCP1 protein in any pig tissues. Our data clearly show only exons 1 and 2 of UCP1 gene are transcribed in pig adipose tissue, but the truncated pig UCP1 mRNA is not being translated. Since these results unequivocally demonstrate that pig has no UCP1 protein; therefore, the pig has no brown adipose tissue.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program 863 (#2013AA102502); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (#31372283); The Team Project of Guangdong Agricultural Bureau (#2016LM2148) and the Natural Fund Key Projects of Guangdong Province (#2015A030311006). C.H. is supported by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Hatch project HAW‐H2037, managed by the College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa.
SOCS3‐Luciferase mice: a model to identify mediators of leptin resistance
Authors: Cordonier Elizabeth Lyn , Liu Tiemin , Saito Kenji , Chen Sylvia Siyu , Xu Yong , Fukuda Makoto 
Published: June 2021

Obesity is characterized by diminished neural sensitivity to leptin, the most powerful anorectic hormone that critically maintains normal body weight, yet exact mechanisms underlying leptin resistance remain unclear. Suppressor of cytokine signaling (Socs3) has been identified as a critical mediator of neural leptin resistance. Since hypothalamic Socs3 is significantly increased under the conditions associated with leptin resistance such as overfeeding and in multiple obesity models, we assume that Socs3 induction could be used as a reliable readout to screen for compounds or pathways involved in leptin resistance. Thus, we have generated mice (SOCS3‐Luc) that express luciferase by introducing firefly luciferase‐polyA (Promega) into the ATG site of the Socs3 in a bacterial artificial chromosome (bMQ126k03) via homologous recombination. To validate SOCS3‐Luc mice, we injected lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a known, potent activator of Socs3, into the periphery of SOCS3‐Luc mice and their littermate controls (WT) and assessed luciferase activity and luciferase gene expression. SOCS3‐Luc mice treated with LPS showed a 2‐fold (p<0.05, n=3) and 3.7‐fold (p<0.01, n=3) increase in luciferase activity in the hypothalamus and liver, respectively compared to mice treated with a dPBS vehicle control. Hypothalamic and liver samples from WT mice showed no luciferase activity. Luciferase gene expression was increased by 8.3 fold (p<0.01, n=3) and 7‐fold (p<0.01, n=3) in LPS‐treated hypothalamus and liver respectively, compared to dPBS treated SOCS3‐Luc animals. Previously we have shown that an organotypic brain slice model is a powerful tool to measure effects on hypothalamic leptin signaling that allows us to dissect signaling mechanisms of leptin resistance in the hypothalamus. Using the ex vivo slice model of SOCS3‐Luc, we next tested if luciferase activity is indeed altered by the known modulators of leptin sensitivity. Slices treated with LPS show a 3‐fold (p<0.01, n=3) increase in luciferase activity compared to their PBS controls. Forskolin, a previously reported inducer of leptin resistance, showed a 2.4‐fold (p<0.0001) increase in luciferase activity compared to slices treated with a DMSO vehicle control while metformin, which has previously been reported to sensitize leptin signaling showed a 3.5‐fold (p<0.0001) decrease in luciferase activity. These results confirm that organotypic brain slices prepared from SOCS3‐Luc mice can serve as a suitable screening tool. Future studies involve in vivo imaging of SOCS3‐Luc mice under various conditions such as fasting/refeeding and high fat diet feeding.Support or Funding InformationSupported by USDA‐CRIS 625051000055, NIH‐P30DK079638, NIH‐R01DK104901, and NIH‐T32HD071839
Advanced endoscopic gastrointestinal techniques for the bariatric patient: implications for the anesthesia provider
Authors: Kim Andrew , Spiro Joshua A. , Hatzidais Thomas J. , Randolph Norman D. , Li Rosie Q. , Ayubcha Diana , Weiss Mark S. 
Published: June 2021

Purpose of review
The incidence of obesity and the use of endoscopy have risen concurrently throughout the 21st century. Bariatric patients may present to the endoscopy suite for primary treatments as well as preoperatively and postoperatively from bariatric surgery. However, over the past 10 years, endoscopic bariatric and metabolic therapies (EBMTs) have emerged as viable alternatives to more invasive surgical approaches for weight loss.

Recent findings
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved several different gastric EBMTs including aspiration therapy, intragastric balloons, and endoscopic suturing. Other small intestine EBMTs including duodenal mucosal resurfacing, endoluminal magnetic partial jejunal diversion, and Duodenal-Jejunal Bypass Liner are not yet FDA approved, but are actively being investigated.

Summary
Obesity causes anatomic and physiologic changes to every aspect of the human body. All EBMTs have specific nuances with important implications for the anesthesiologist. By considering both patient and procedural factors, the anesthesiologist will be able to perform a safe and effective anesthetic.
Mapping of Vertical Femoral Neck Fractures in Young Patients Using Advanced 2 and 3-Dimensional Computed Tomography
Authors: Sarfani Shumaila , Beltran Michael J. , Benvenuti Michael , Collinge Cory A. 
Published: June 2021

Objective:
To better describe the pathoanatomy of young patients' femoral neck fractures with the goal of improving surgeons' decisions for treatment including reduction and fixation.

Design:
This is a retrospective study of patient records, plain radiographs, and the modern computed tomography scans to study the pathoanatomy of Pauwels II and III femoral neck fractures (coronal angle >30 degrees) in young adults.

Setting:
One American College of Surgeons Level 1 trauma center.

Patients:
All patients 18–49 years of age with a surgically repaired Pauwels' II and III (>30 degrees) femoral neck fracture between 2013 and 2017.

Methods:
Fifty-six adult patients younger than 50 years were identified with a femoral neck fracture in the study period, of whom 30 met study criteria. We evaluated plain radiography and computed tomography data including fracture orientation, characteristics of fracture morphology including size, shape, and dimensions, comminution, displacement, and deformity.

Results:
Fracture morphology typically included a wide-based caudal head-neck segment (80%) that ends at a variable location along the medial calcar, sometimes as caudal as the lesser trochanter. Comminution was present in 90% of cases mostly located in the inferior quadrant, but anterior or posterior to the void left by the head–neck's caudal segment. The fractures orientations and deformities were reported by means and ranges.

Conclusions:
We investigated and reported on the pathoanatomy of high-energy femoral neck fractures in young adults with the goal of increasing understanding of the injury and improving surgeons' ability to provide for improved treatment decisions and quality fracture repair.

Level of Evidence:
Diagnostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
MYC in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: functional implications and targeted strategies
Authors: Li Qilong , Pan Sa , Xie Ting , Liu Hudan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive hematological cancer that frequently occurs in children and adolescents, which results from the transformation of immature T-cell progenitors. Aberrant cell growth and proliferation of T-ALL lymphoblasts are sustained by activation of strong oncogenic drivers. Mounting evidence highlights the critical role of the NOTCH1-MYC highway toward the initiation and progression of T-ALL. MYC has been emphasized as a primary NOTCH1 transcriptional target impinging in leukemia-initiating cell activity particularly responsible for disease onset and relapse. These findings lay a foundation of T-ALL as an ideal disease model for studying MYC-mediated cancer. The biology of MYC deregulation in T-ALL supports innovative strategies for therapeutic targeting of MYC. To summarize the relevant literature and data in recent years, we here provide a comprehensive overview of the functional importance of MYC in T-ALL development, and the molecular mechanisms underlying MYC deregulation in T-ALL. Finally, we illustrate the innovative MYC-targeted approaches that have been evaluated in pre-clinical models and shown significant efficacy. Given the complexity of T-ALL molecular pathogenesis, we propose that a combination of anti-MYC strategies with conventional chemotherapies or other targeted/immunotherapies may provide the most durable response, especially for those patients with relapsed and refractory T-ALL.
Factors contributing to persistent disparate outcomes of in vitro fertilization treatment
Authors: Aly Jasmine , Plowden Torie C. , Christy Alicia Y. 
Published: June 2021

Purpose of review
Disparate healthcare outcomes are ubiquitous and occur across all fields of medicine, specifically for racial and ethnic minorities. Within reproductive health, minority women face disparate access to care, particularly infertility services, poor outcomes of fertility treatment, alarmingly higher rates of maternal morbidity and mortality as well as higher rates of preterm birth, lower live birth rates when they conceive spontaneously or when they conceive with assisted reproductive technology. The objective of this review is to highlight factors contributing to the persistent racial/ethnic disparities in in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes.

Recent findings
Recent studies document poorer outcomes after IVF treatment. Black women have been shown to have lower live birth rates following IVF treatment for more than 15 years.

Summary
In an effort to better understand these negative outcomes, scientists and clinicians have investigated possible biological contributing factors including the vaginal microbiome, differences in oocyte quality, embryo viability, endometrial factors, and hormonal differences. Multiple social/cultural factors also play a role including access to care, particularly for people with low income, patient (mis)education, and medical racism/bias.
Editorial: It was the best of times; it was the worst of times: the impact of the SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19) pandemic on reproductive endocrinology
Authors: Alvero Ruben 
Published: June 2021

Purpose of review
To review the impact that COVID-19 has had on the practice of reproductive endocrinology and infertility.

Recent findings
As in all areas of medicine, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused profound changes in reproductive endocrinology and infertility. However, the pandemic has encouraged providers and systems to change approaches and unmasked many opportunities that may have actually improved care. The pandemic also forced the field to provide society with fact-based information even as data was constantly emerging and evolving and to do so rapidly.
Combating misinformation became an equally important effort and led to increased participation of providers using traditional and social media to provide the most reliable and up to date information. A return to status quo ante bellum is unlikely.
Incorporating image enhanced endoscopy in your everyday practice
Authors: Kiesslich Ralf 
Published: June 2021

Purpose of review
The purpose of this review is to analyze newly available image enhanced endoscopic techniques and to evaluate how these techniques can be integrated into daily routine.

Recent findings
Recent guidelines have clearly stated how competency can be achieved. Endoscopist should have achieved general competence in endoscopy (more than 300 examinations) before commencing training in optical diagnosis.

Summary
A validated optical diagnosis training course should be attended and meeting competence thresholds by assessing a minimum number of lesions prospectively during real-time endoscopy should be performed.
These guidelines will help to standardize training and to achieve high efficiency in enhanced imaging.
Impact of TeamSTEPPS Training With Rural Hospital Staff
Authors: Prochnow Laura , Tschannen Dana 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Teamwork and communication are critical components to patient safety and reducing clinical errors. TeamSTEPPS is a successful team-training program evaluated by many health care settings; however, there are limited data on its use in small, rural hospitals.

Local Problem:
A large health care system purchased a small, rural hospital with the goal to improve patient care by creating a team-based culture and a financially stable organization.

Methods:
This quality improvement project used a pre-/postdesign to evaluate the staff's knowledge, application, and attitudes toward team skills and behaviors.

Intervention:
The intervention was a customized TeamSTEPPS training program delivered to an interprofessional team at a small rural hospital.

Results:
The interprofessional staff demonstrated improved attitudes toward team behaviors and incorporated the tools into their practice.

Conclusions:
TeamSTEPPS is an effective program for training a variety of health care disciplines.
Recognition and Management of Pediatric Sepsis in a Resource-Limited Emergency Department in Mwanza, Tanzania
Authors: Mesiwala Adnan , Suleman Shahzmah , Sundararajan Radhika , Kowalsky Rachel , Morton Kathleen , Uy Vincent , Platt Shari , Alfonzo Michael J. 
Published: June 2021

Objective
The World Health Organization aims to reduce worldwide under-five mortality rates (U5MR), with a focus on resource-limited settings (RLS). Tanzania reports a mean U5MR of 54 per 1000 live births, largely due to treatable infectious diseases that may lead to sepsis, accounting for 40% of the under-five deaths. Bugando Medical Centre in Mwanza, Tanzania represents a resource-limited setting in Sub-Saharan Africa and estimates a 14% pediatric mortality rate. We sought to better understand provider experience in recognizing and managing pediatric sepsis in the emergency department (ED) at Bugando Medical Centre in Mwanza, Tanzania.

Methods
We conducted a qualitative study with a purposive sampling of 14 Bugando Medical Centre ED providers from January to February 2019, via minimally structured interviews, to identify factors influencing the recognition and management of children presenting to the ED with concern for sepsis. Interviews were conducted in English, audio recorded, and transcribed. Data saturation determined the sample size. Three primary coders independently coded all transcripts and developed an initial coding list. Consensus among all authors generated a final coding scheme. A grounded theory approach guided data analysis.

Results
We achieved thematic saturation after 13 interviews. Responses identified patient-, provider-, and health care system–related factors influencing sepsis recognition and management in children presenting to the ED. Patient-related factors include the use of traditional healers, limited parent health literacy, and geographic factors impacting access to medical care. Provider-related factors include limited knowledge of pediatric sepsis, lack of a standard communication process among providers, and insufficient experience with procedural skills on children. Health care system-related factors include limited personnel and resources, delayed transfers from referral hospitals, and lack of standard antibiotic-use guidelines.

Conclusions
This qualitative study identified patient, provider, and health care system-related factors that influence the emergency care of children with suspected sepsis in a quaternary hospital in Mwanza, Tanzania. These factors may serve as a framework for educational opportunities to improve the early recognition and management of pediatric sepsis in a resource-limited setting.
Combinatorial small molecule-mediated activation of CBP/p300 with environmental enrichment in chronic severe experimental spinal cord injury to enable axon regeneration and sprouting for functional recovery
Authors: Mueller Franziska , De Virgiliis Francesco , Kong Guiping , Zhou Luming , Serger Elisabeth , Chadwick Jessica , Sanchez-Vassopoulos Alexandros , Singh Akash Kumar , Eswaramoorth Muthusamy , Kundu Tapas K , Di Giovanni Simone 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe interruption of spinal circuitry following spinal cord injury disrupts neural activity and is followed by a failure to mount an effective regenerative gene expression response resulting in permanent neurological disability. Functional recovery requires the enhancement of axonal and synaptic plasticity of spared as well as injured fibres, which need to sprout and/or regenerate to form new connections. Here we will investigate whether the combined epigenetic stimulation of the regenerative gene expression program with neuronal activity-dependent enhancement of neuroplasticity and guidance can overcome the current inability to promote neurological recovery in severe and chronic spinal cord injury. This will be carried out by delivering the small molecule CBP/p300 activator CSP-TTK21 in combination with environmental enrichment. We will deliver the CBP/p300 activator CSP-TTK21 weekly between week twelve and twenty following a severe transection model of spinal cord injury in the mouse. Data analysis will assess modifications in regenerative signalling, in motor and sensory axon sprouting and regeneration, in synaptic plasticity as well as in neurological sensorimotor recovery. This approach will advance our mechanistic understanding of regenerative failure and provide insight of whether combining growth promoting strategies with enhancement of neural activity is an effective therapeutic strategy in chronic spinal cord injury.
A comprehensive investigation of m6A regulators prognostic value and associated molecular pathways in breast invasive cancer
Authors: Demircan Turan , Yavuz Mervenur , Akgül Sıddıka 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBreast invasive cancer (BIC) is one of the most commonly observed and the deadliest cancer among women. Despite the progress that has been made in improving breast cancer outcomes by the development of advanced treatment options, due to the heterogeneity and complexity of the disease, more studies are required to explore underlying molecular mechanisms of breast cancer which may provide useful insights to overcome the constraints related to current therapeutic options. The goal of this study was to reveal the crucial roles of m6A regulatory proteins in BIC development using various publicly available datasets and databases. We first conducted a comprehensive analysis to depict the mutation frequency and types for m6A regulatory genes in sub-types of BIC for the evaluation of the genetic alterations landscape of breast cancer. Changes in expression levels of m6A regulatory factors were identified as the key genetic alteration in BIC. Implementation of Kaplan-Meier tool to assess the predictive value of m6A pathway components in BIC validated the use of VIRMA, METTL14, RBM15B, EIF3B, YTHDF1, and YTHDF3 as prognostic biomarkers of breast cancer. We then examined the enriched gene ontology (GO) terms and KEGG pathways for the tumor samples with genetic alterations in the m6A pathway. Dysregulation of m6A regulatory factors in BIC was associated with cell division and survival-related pathways such as ‘nuclear division’ and ‘chromosome segregation’ via the upregulation of the genes functioning in these biological processes and the gained overactivity of these pathways may account for poor prognosis of the disease. The performed analyses highlighted m6A pathway genes as potential regulators of BIC growth and as a valuable set to be utilized as clinical biomarkers in BIC disease.