bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Automated identification of clinical features from sparsely annotated 3-dimensional medical imaging
Authors: Rakocz Nadav , Chiang Jeffrey N. , Nittala Muneeswar G. , Corradetti Giulia , Tiosano Liran , Velaga Swetha , Thompson Michael , Hill Brian L. , Sankararaman Sriram , Haines Jonathan L. , Pericak-Vance Margaret A. , Stambolian Dwight , Sadda Srinivas R. , Halperin Eran 
Published: March 2021

AbstractOne of the core challenges in applying machine learning and artificial intelligence to medicine is the limited availability of annotated medical data. Unlike in other applications of machine learning, where an abundance of labeled data is available, the labeling and annotation of medical data and images require a major effort of manual work by expert clinicians who do not have the time to annotate manually. In this work, we propose a new deep learning technique (SLIVER-net), to predict clinical features from 3-dimensional volumes using a limited number of manually annotated examples. SLIVER-net is based on transfer learning, where we borrow information about the structure and parameters of the network from publicly available large datasets. Since public volume data are scarce, we use 2D images and account for the 3-dimensional structure using a novel deep learning method which tiles the volume scans, and then adds layers that leverage the 3D structure. In order to illustrate its utility, we apply SLIVER-net to predict risk factors for progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of blindness, from optical coherence tomography (OCT) volumes acquired from multiple sites. SLIVER-net successfully predicts these factors despite being trained with a relatively small number of annotated volumes (hundreds) and only dozens of positive training examples. Our empirical evaluation demonstrates that SLIVER-net significantly outperforms standard state-of-the-art deep learning techniques used for medical volumes, and its performance is generalizable as it was validated on an external testing set. In a direct comparison with a clinician panel, we find that SLIVER-net also outperforms junior specialists, and identifies AMD progression risk factors similarly to expert retina specialists.
Genomic insights into the host specific adaptation of the Pneumocystis genus
Authors: Cissé Ousmane H. , Ma Liang , Dekker John P. , Khil Pavel P. , Youn Jung-Ho , Brenchley Jason M. , Blair Robert , Pahar Bapi , Chabé Magali , Van Rompay Koen K. A. , Keesler Rebekah , Sukura Antti , Hirsch Vanessa , Kutty Geetha , Liu Yueqin , Peng Li , Chen Jie , Song Jun , Weissenbacher-Lang Christiane , Xu Jie , Upham Nathan S. , Stajich Jason E. , Cuomo Christina A. , Cushion Melanie T. , Kovacs Joseph A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPneumocystis jirovecii, the fungal agent of human Pneumocystis pneumonia, is closely related to macaque Pneumocystis. Little is known about other Pneumocystis species in distantly related mammals, none of which are capable of establishing infection in humans. The molecular basis of host specificity in Pneumocystis remains unknown as experiments are limited due to an inability to culture any species in vitro. To explore Pneumocystis evolutionary adaptations, we have sequenced the genomes of species infecting macaques, rabbits, dogs and rats and compared them to available genomes of species infecting humans, mice and rats. Complete whole genome sequence data enables analysis and robust phylogeny, identification of important genetic features of the host adaptation, and estimation of speciation timing relative to the rise of their mammalian hosts. Our data reveals insights into the evolution of P. jirovecii, the sole member of the genus able to infect humans.
Conceptual method for the detailed analytical calculation of capacitance matrix elements in variable capacitance synchronous machines
Authors: Pourmirzaei Deylami Fazel , Darabi Ahmad 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis article describes a detailed analytical method for obtaining the capacitance matrix elements in variable capacitance synchronous machines (VCSMs). The analytical modelling approach is performed by introducing a decentralized sinusoidal distribution of the stator/rotor electrodes and involves obtaining the capacitance matrix elements based on the electro motive force distribution in the air gap and calculating the induced electric charge in the stator/rotor electrode surfaces. The proposed analytical formulas are valid for both radial‐field and axial‐field VCSM structures. The analytical model is evaluated and well verified through analysing a multi‐stack axial‐field VCSM using 3D finite element simulation. Furthermore, a prototype of the VCSM is manufactured and tested to validate the results obtained from the proposed analytical model and finite element method simulations. Based on the results, the proposed model and analytical formulas are able to accurately estimate the capacitance matrix elements of the VCSMs.
Das Knochenmarködem-Syndrom: interdisziplinäre Diagnosestrategie und Therapieoptionen
Authors: Stumpf Ulla , Kraus Moritz , Baumbach Sebastian F , Koliogiannis Vanessa , Bechtold-Dalla Pozza Susanne , Feist-Pagenstert Isa , Fürmetz Julian , Baur-Melnyk Andrea , Saller Maximilian M , Straube Andreas , Leipe Jan , Schmidmaier Ralf 
Published: March 2021

ZusammenfassungDas Knochenmarködem (KMÖ) ist ein häufiger, rein deskriptiver Befund in der Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT). Schmerz ist das klinische Hauptsymptom. Knochenmarködeme unterscheiden sich wesentlich in Ursache, zugrundeliegender Erkrankung sowie in Therapie, Verlauf und Prognose. Diese Komplexität macht, zusammen mit dem Fehlen evidenzbasierter Leitlinien, die Identifizierung der Ursachen und deren Therapie zu einer großen Herausforderung. Ein interdisziplinärer Arbeitskreis des osteologischen Schwerpunktzentrums des LMU Klinikums hat ein KMÖ-Konsensuspapier erbarbeitet und publiziert [4]. Hier sollen die Ergebnisse mit einem Schwerpunkt auf das schmerzhafte KMÖ-Syndrom (KMÖS) präsentiert werden. In unserer klinischen Erfahrung kommt es zu deutlichen Verzögerungen bei Diagnose sowie Therapie, deshalb besteht nach wie vor die Notwendigkeit von interdisziplinären klinischen Empfehlungen. In der hier vorliegenden Arbeit ist nun eine Überarbeitung des Konsensuspapiers [4] mit Fokus auf dem Aspekt des schmerzhaften Knochenmarködem-Syndroms erfolgt. Aus erneuter Literaturrecherche, Überprüfung klinischer Erfahrungen (Expertenmeinung) und der ergebnisorientierten Überarbeitung des LMU-Konsenuspapiers wurde eine Zusammenfassung mit diagnostischen Maßnahmen, Differenzialdiagnosen und Therapieoptionen beim KMÖS erstellt. Ziel ist eine stratifizierte, klinische Herangehensweise hinsichtlich weiterführender Diagnostik und auch Therapie bei Vorliegen eines schmerzhaften KMÖS.
Biological control of desert locust (
Schistocerca gregaria
Forskål)
Authors: Githae Eunice W. , Kuria Erick K. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Desert locust (
Schistocerca gregaria
Forskål) is one of the most serious agricultural pests in the world due to its voracity, speed of reproduction, and range of flight. We discuss the current state of knowledge on its biological control using microorganisms and botanical extracts.
Metarhizium flavoviride
was among the first fungus to be recognized as a bio-control agent against desert locust in the laboratory and field conditions. Nevertheless, its oil formulation adversely affected non-target organisms, hence led to further research on other microorganisms.
Metarhizium anisopliae
var.
acridum
(syn.
Metarhizium acridum
) is an environmentally safer bio-pesticide that has no measurable impact on non-target organisms. However, there are various shortcomings associated with its use in desert locust control as highlighted in this review. Bacterial pathogens studied were from species of
Bacillus
,
Pseudomonas
, and
Serratia
. Botanical extracts of 27 plant species were tested against the locust but showed varied results.
Azadirachta indica
and
Melia volkensii
were the most studied plant species, both belonging to family Meliaceae, which is known to have biologically active limonoids. Out of the 20 plant families identified, Apiaceae was the most represented with a frequency of 21%. However, only crude botanical extracts were used and therefore, the active ingredients against desert locust were not identified. Through a comprehensive research, an integrated pest management strategy that incorporates these bio-controls would be a realistic option to control desert locust infestations.
Edge effect on the piezoelectric characteristics of rectangular-shaped monolayer MSe2 (M = Cr, Mo, W) nanosheets
Authors: Dong Jiansheng , Ouyang Gang 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The edge effect on the piezoelectric characteristics of two-dimensional (2D) layered materials is crucial to the design of high performance energy storage and photoelectric devices. Nevertheless, the comprehensive understanding of edge effects on the relationship between bond relaxation and piezoelectric responses of 2D materials at the atomic-level remains puzzling. Here, we explore the piezoelectric properties of monolayer MSe2 (M = Cr, Mo, W) and reveal how piezoelectric properties depend on the size and edge type based on atomic-bond-relaxation approach and continuum medium mechanics. A comprehensive analysis reveals that monolayer MSe2 exhibits anisotropic piezoelectric behaviors. Meanwhile, the piezoelectric power output is strongly dependent on the stress direction. Our study provides a way to optimize the piezoelectricity and related properties of 2D materials for practical applications.
Electrostatic image force energy for charges in three-layer structures: exact formulas and their approximations
Authors: Gabovich A M , Voitenko A I 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The problem of image force energy W(Z) in three-layer plane structures, where Z is the coordinate perpendicular to the layers, has been reconsidered. In the classical electrostatic limit, where the dielectric permittivities ɛ

i
of all structure components (i = 1, 2, 3) are constants, the exact general dependences W(Z) were obtained for each layer and any ɛ

i
-combination in terms of the Lerch transcendent function. For certain combinations of ɛ

i
, an ion adsorption minimum was found to arise in one of the covers far from the interlayer. Some other combinations of ɛ

i
can lead to the appearance of a potential barrier, which does not permit a free charge existing in the cover to approach the interlayer, although it will be attracted to the interlayer in the close vicinity of the latter. For symmetric structures (ɛ
1 = ɛ
3), the asymptotic behavior of

W

(

Z

→
∞

)

was shown to be

Z

−
2

rather than

Z

−
1

, as it takes place in the two-layer case. Simple approximate analytical formulas that describe W(Z) and possess high accuracy for arbitrary relationships among the ɛ

i
-constants were proposed.
Investigating the effect of temperature dependent many-body interactions on electronic structures of SnTe in the Matsubara-time domain
Authors: Sihi Antik , Pandey Sudhir K 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Recently, SnTe has gained attention due to its non-trivial topological nature and eco-friendly thermoelectric applications. We report a detailed temperature dependent electronic structure of this compound using DFT and GW methods. The calculated values of bandgaps by using PBEsol and G
0
W
0 methods are found to be in good agreement with the experiment, whereas mBJ underestimates the bandgap. The averaged value of diagonal matrix elements of fully screened Coulomb interaction (

W

̄

) at ω = 0 eV for Sn (Te) 5p orbitals is ∼1.39 (∼1.70) eV. The nature of frequency dependent

W

̄

(

ω

)

reveals that the correlation strength of this compound is relatively weaker and hence the excited electronic state can be properly studied by full-GW many-body technique. The plasmon excitation is found to be important in understanding this frequency dependent

W

̄

(

ω

)

. The temperature dependent electron–electron interactions (EEI) reduces the bandgaps with increasing temperature. The value of bandgap at 300 K is obtained to be ∼161 meV. The temperature dependent lifetimes of electronic state along W–L–Γ direction are also estimated. This work suggests that EEI is important to explain the high temperature transport behaviour of SnTe.
A porous heterostructure catalyst for oxygen evolution: synergy between IrP2 nanocrystals and ultrathin P,N-codoped carbon nanosheets
Authors: Yang Xiaohui , Zi Xiangrong , Wang Yanwei , Zhang Han , Ma Jin-Ling , Fang Ling , Zhang Huijuan , Li Jian , Wang Yu 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Designing efficient and robust oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts is of great importance for various electrochemical energy storage and conversion applications. Herein, we developed IrP2 nanocrystals uniformly anchored in P,N-codoped carbon nanosheets (IrP2@PNC-NS) as highly active OER electrocatalysts. The ultrathin PNC-NS reconstructs an agaric-like porous structure, which can inhibit the agglomeration of the IrP2 nanocrystals effectively. Moreover, the in-situ phosphatization leads to the formation of a strong electron interaction between PNC-NS and IrP2 nanocrystals, endowing the heterostructure materials with satisfying synergistic effects. Benefiting from the collaborative advantages of ideal configuration structure and favorable synergistic effects, IrP2@PNC-NS exhibits excellent OER performance with a low overpotential of 221 mV at 10 mA cm−2, and a small Tafel slope of 37.5 mV dec−1. DFT calculations reveal that the synergistic effects derived from the IrP2/PNC interfaces, which can effectively tune the activation barriers towards facilitating the oxygen evolution process. This work provides new insight into the design of heterostructure materials for advanced OER electrocatalysts.
Reduction of calibration uncertainty due to mounting of three-axis accelerometers using the intrinsic properties model
Authors: Gaitan Michael , López Bautista Iris Mariela , Geist Jon 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We show that the calibration of tri-axis accelerometers based on the device’s intrinsic properties alleviates the uncertainty due to mounting misalignment in comparison to the use of the sensitivity matrix. The intrinsic properties of a tri-axis accelerometer are based on a (u, v, w) coordinate system that represent the direction of maximum sensitivities of each of the three accelerometers (U, V, W) and are assumed not to be perfectly orthogonal to each other. The calibration procedure requires rotation of the device in the gravitational field around each of the Cartesian coordinate (x, y, z) axes. One component in driving down the uncertainty of laboratory comparisons and calibration repeats relates to misalignment in mounting the device onto the calibration instrument. We show that the uncertainty of the cross-axis terms of the sensitivity matrix is a dominating factor affecting uncertainty down to a 0.01° misalignment at a 100 µV noise level. The misalignment component can be exacerbated when calibrating modern microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-based accelerometers, which are typically a few millimeters in dimension.
Turbulence suppression by energetic particles: a sensitivity-driven dimension-adaptive sparse grid framework for discharge optimization
Authors: Farcaş Ionuţ-Gabriel , Di Siena Alessandro , Jenko Frank 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A newly developed sensitivity-driven approach is employed to study the role of energetic particles in suppressing turbulence-inducing micro-instabilities for a set of realistic JET-like cases with NBI deuterium and ICRH 3He fast ions. First, the efficiency of the sensitivity-driven approach is showcased for scans in a 21-dimensional parameter space, for which only 250 simulations are necessary. The same scan performed with traditional Cartesian grids with only two points in each of the 21 dimensions would require 221 = 2, 097, 152 simulations. Then, a 14-dimensional parameter subspace is considered, using the sensitivity-driven approach to find an approximation of the parameter-to-growth rate map averaged over nine bi-normal wave-numbers, indicating pathways towards turbulence suppression. The respective turbulent fluxes, obtained via nonlinear simulations for the optimized set of parameters, are reduced by more than two order of magnitude compared to the reference results.
Thermodynamic modeling of the Ti-Nb-Sn system and its preliminary applications in aging precipitation and solidification simulations
Authors: Peng Yingbiao , Huang Gongzhi , Long Luping , Yan Lianwu , Long Jianzhan , He Shiwen , Xu Tao 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Gasping the thermodynamic and phase diagram of the materials being studied is essential for further guiding the development process, like composition design, heat treatment optimization and so on. Nb and Sn are common alloying elements in Ti-based biomedical alloys. In this work, the Ti-Nb-Sn system has been thermodynamically assessed based on experimental phase equilibria. A self-consistent thermodynamic description for the Ti-Nb-Sn system including two ternary compounds Ti3Nb3Sn2 and Ti3NbSn has been obtained. Based on the comparison between the calculated and experimental phase equilibria, the reliability of the presently obtained thermodynamic description has been verified. The influence of Nb and Sn contents on the precipitation temperature and amount of hcp α-Ti phase in bcc β-(Ti, Nb) has been investigated based on thermodynamic calculations. Results show that the increase of Nb or Sn content in Ti-based alloys would significantly reduce the precipitation amount and transformation temperature of hcp α-Ti phase in bcc β-(Ti, Nb) and the influence of Nb content is more effective than that of Sn. The solidified phases in several as-cast alloys have been thermodynamically predicted based on Scheil solidification simulations. The presently developed thermodynamic description of the Ti-Nb-Sn system can serve as a sub-ternary one in the thermodynamic database for multicomponent Ti-based biomedical alloys.
Microstructures and mechanical properties of 4 wt%TiB2/Al-Si-Cu-Zn (T6) composite thin-walled shell housing fabricated by high pressure die casting
Authors: Xi Shuaiying , Ma Guodong , Li Lu , Zhang Yuanbo , Yu Xiangyang , Li Yongkun , Zhou Rongfeng 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The application demand of lightweight high-quality aluminum alloy parts in automotive and aerospace fields is increasingly. In aluminum matrix composites, reinforcing particles can significantly improve the performance of the matrix. In this paper, the microstructures and mechanical properties of die-cast 4 wt%TiB2/Al-9Si-3Cu-0.8Zn composite were systematically analyzed by x-ray diffraction, optical microscope, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer, transmission electron microscopy and tensile testing. The composite was successfully fabricated from an Al-K2TiF6-KBF4 system by in situ melting technique. The research results show that the average grain sizes of the α-Al phase gradually decreased with the increase of filling distance. And the TiB2 particles were distributed around eutectic Si in irregular polyhedral morphology or nearly circular shape. Meanwhile, the crystal structures of Ti-B compound and long needle shaped nano-sized precipitated were identified and analyzed, and they were found to be TiB2 and Al2Cu phase, respectively. Tensile testing results show that the mechanical properties of die-cast composite clearly increase after T6 heat treatment. The yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation could reach 311 MPa, 379 MPa and 2.8% respectively, with the best injection velocity (1.8 m s−1). The significantly enhancement of mechanical properties of composite after T6 heat treatment was mainly due to the introduction of TiB2 reinforcing phase and the precipitation of Al2Cu precipitate in the aging stage. The results implied that the introduction of TiB2 reinforced particles could improve the mechanical properties of die castings, which has an important guiding role for its practical application.
Neural networks and quantum field theory
Authors: Halverson James , Maiti Anindita , Stoner Keegan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We propose a theoretical understanding of neural networks in terms of Wilsonian effective field theory. The correspondence relies on the fact that many asymptotic neural networks are drawn from Gaussian processes (GPs), the analog of non-interacting field theories. Moving away from the asymptotic limit yields a non-Gaussian process (NGP) and corresponds to turning on particle interactions, allowing for the computation of correlation functions of neural network outputs with Feynman diagrams. Minimal NGP likelihoods are determined by the most relevant non-Gaussian terms, according to the flow in their coefficients induced by the Wilsonian renormalization group. This yields a direct connection between overparameterization and simplicity of neural network likelihoods. Whether the coefficients are constants or functions may be understood in terms of GP limit symmetries, as expected from ’t Hooft’s technical naturalness. General theoretical calculations are matched to neural network experiments in the simplest class of models allowing the correspondence. Our formalism is valid for any of the many architectures that becomes a GP in an asymptotic limit, a property preserved under certain types of training.
Using Positive Attribute Framing to Attenuate Nocebo Side Effects: A Cybersickness Study
Authors: Mao Alanna , Barnes Kirsten , Sharpe Louise , Geers Andrew L , Helfer Suzanne G , Faasse Kate , Colagiuri Ben 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundSide effect warnings can contribute directly to their occurrence via the nocebo effect. This creates a challenge for clinicians and researchers, because warnings are necessary for informed consent, but can cause harm. Positive framing has been proposed as a method for reducing nocebo side effects whilst maintaining the principles of informed consent, but the limited available empirical data are mixed.PurposeTo test whether positive attribute framing reduces nocebo side effects relative to negative framing, general warning, and no warning.MethodsNinety-nine healthy volunteers were recruited under the guise of a study on virtual reality (VR) and spatial awareness. Participants were randomized to receive positively framed (“7 out of 10 people will not experience nausea”), negatively framed (“3 out of 10 people will experience nausea”), general (“a proportion of people will experience nausea”), or no side effect warnings prior to VR exposure.ResultsReceiving a side effect warning increased VR cybersickness relative to no warning overall, confirming that warnings can induce nocebo side effects. Importantly, however, positive framing reduced cybersickness relative to both negative framing and the general warning, with no difference between the latter two. Further, there was no difference in side effects between positive framing and no warning.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that positive framing not only reduces nocebo side effects relative to negative framing and general warnings, but actually prevents nocebo side effects from occurring at all. As such, positive attribute framing may be a cheap and ethical way to reduce nocebo side effects.