bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research Protocol for Assessment of Solitary and Combined effect of Guduchi and Punarnava on Structural and Functional Changes of Ageing in Liver and Kidney in Wistar Rats
Authors: Tawalare Kalpana , Dandekar Pradnya , Desai Priti , Tawalare Kiran 
Published: June 2021

Background: The liver and kidney play a central role in metabolic and detoxification processes leads to structural degeneration of organs with aging, which may hamper the functional ability of these organs. Acharya charaka suggests to use drugs of vayasthapana mahakashaya in different combinations to prevent ageing. Guduchi (Tinospora cardifolia) and punarnava (Boerhavia diffusa) are two drugs chosen to evaluate the solitary and combined effect on structural and functional changes in liver and kidney of Wistar rat.
Materials and Methods: After identification and phytochemical study of test drugs, the 32 healthy, male rats of 18 months will be divided into four different groups, with eight rats in each group. 1st to 4th group will receive distilled water, guduchi kwath, punarnava kwath, guduchi and punarnava kwath respectively for 30 consecutive days at the rate of 8.1ml/kg dose, orally. Before administration of control drug and test drug blood sample assessment will be done for LFT, KFT, and SOD level. The same investigation will be repeated after one month trial period. Then after 60 days,120 days and 180 days, two animals from each group will be sacrificed, organs such as liver and kidney will be extracted and preserved for histopathological study, and blood samples will be collected for investigation. The remaining animals will be returned to the animal house for their reuse.
Expected Results: Guduchi and punarnava may provide strength to liver and kidney and thus helpful in delaying degenerative changes of organs.
Advances in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: From Academic Research to Commercial Viability
Authors: Chen Yi , Wang Tianyi , Tian Huajun , Su Dawei , Zhang Qiang , Wang Guoxiu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLithium‐ion batteries, which have revolutionized portable electronics over the past three decades, were eventually recognized with the 2019 Nobel Prize in chemistry. As the energy density of current lithium‐ion batteries is approaching its limit, developing new battery technologies beyond lithium‐ion chemistry is significant for next‐generation high energy storage. Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries, which rely on the reversible redox reactions between lithium and sulfur, appears to be a promising energy storage system to take over from the conventional lithium‐ion batteries for next‐generation energy storage owing to their overwhelming energy density compared to the existing lithium‐ion batteries today. Over the past 60 years, especially the past decade, significant academic and commercial progress has been made on Li–S batteries. From the concept of the sulfur cathode first proposed in the 1960s to the current commercial Li–S batteries used in unmanned aircraft, the story of Li–S batteries is full of breakthroughs and back tracing steps. Herein, the development and advancement of Li–S batteries in terms of sulfur‐based composite cathode design, separator modification, binder improvement, electrolyte optimization, and lithium metal protection is summarized. An outlook on the future directions and prospects for Li–S batteries is also offered.
Recent Advances in Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Metal Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals/Polymer Nanocomposites
Authors: Liang Shuang , Zhang Mingyue , Biesold Gill M. , Choi Woosung , He Yanjie , Li Zili , Shen Dingfeng , Lin Zhiqun 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMetal halide perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) have recently garnered tremendous research interest due to their unique optoelectronic properties and promising applications in photovoltaics and optoelectronics. Metal halide PNCs can be combined with polymers to create nanocomposites that carry an array of advantageous characteristics. The polymer matrix can bestow stability, stretchability, and solution‐processability while the PNCs maintain their size‐, shape‐ and composition‐dependent optoelectronic properties. As such, these nanocomposites possess great promise for next‐generation displays, lighting, sensing, biomedical technologies, and energy conversion. The recent advances in metal halide PNC/polymer nanocomposites are summarized here. First, a variety of synthetic strategies for crafting PNC/polymer nanocomposites are discussed. Second, their array of intriguing properties is examined. Third, the broad range of applications of PNC/polymer nanocomposites is highlighted, including light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), lasers, and scintillators. Finally, an outlook on future research directions and challenges in this rapidly evolving field are presented.
Tailoring of White Luminescence in a NaLi3SiO4:Eu2+ Phosphor Containing Broad‐Band Defect‐Induced Charge‐Transfer Emission
Authors: Zhao Ming , Yang Zhiyu , Ning Lixin , Xia Zhiguo 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSingle‐component materials with white‐light emission are ideal for lighting applications. However, it is very challenging to achieve white luminescence in single‐dopant activated solid phosphors. Herein, white NaLi3Si1−xO4:Eu2+ materials are designed via defect engineering and synthesized by reducing the Si content (0.15 ≤ x ≤ 0.25). Stochiometric NaLi3SiO4:Eu2+ exhibits a narrow‐band blue emission at 469 nm, ascribed to the 5d → 4f transition of Eu2+ at highly symmetric cuboid Na sites, while samples with Si content reduced by 15–25% display white emission with two peaks at 472 nm and 585 nm. The newly appeared broadband yellow peak arises from charge‐transfer transitions involving Eu2+ and nearby defects, as verified by an unusual bandwidth, a large Stokes shift, and a long decay time. A single‐component white light‐emitting diode device is fabricated by employing a white phosphor to demonstrate a color‐rendering index of 82.9. This result provides a new design strategy for single‐component white‐light materials with broad‐band defect‐induced charge‐transfer emission.
2D NbOI2: A Chiral Semiconductor with Highly In‐Plane Anisotropic Electrical and Optical Properties
Authors: Fang Yuqiang , Wang Fakun , Wang Ruiqi , Zhai Tianyou , Huang Fuqiang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractExploring in‐plane anisotropic 2D materials is of great significance to the fundamental studies and further development of polarizationsensitive optoelectronics. Herein, chiral niobium oxide diiodide (NbOI2) is introduced into the intriguing anisotropic 2D family with the experimental demonstration of anisotropic optical and electrical properties. 2D NbOI2 crystals exhibit highly anisotropic dispersed band structures around the Fermi surface and strong in‐plane anisotropy of phonon vibrations owing to the different bonding modes of Nb atoms along the b‐ and c‐axes. Consequently, the anisotropic factors of optical absorbance and photoresponsivity in 2D NbOI2 crystals reach up to 1.75 and 1.7, respectively. These anisotropic properties make 2D NbOI2 an interesting platform for novel polarization‐sensitive optoelectronic applications.
Conception of a Smart Artificial Retina Based on a Dual‐Mode Organic Sensing Inverter
Authors: Hung Chih‐Chien , Chiang Yun‐Chi , Lin Yan‐Cheng , Chiu Yu‐Cheng , Chen Wen‐Chang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe human visual system enables perceiving, learning, remembering, and recognizing elementary visual information (light, colors, and images), which has inspired the development of biomimicry visual system‐based electronic devices. Photosensing and synaptic devices are integrated into these systems to realize elementary information storage and recognition to imitate image processing. However, the severe restrictions of the monotonic light response and complicated circuitry design remain challenges for the development of artificial visual devices. Here, the concept of a smart artificial retina based on an organic optical sensing inverter device that can be operated as a multiwavelength photodetector and recorder is reported first. The device exhibits a light‐triggered broadband (red/green/blue) response, a low energy consumption as low as ±5 V, and an ultrafast response speed (<300 ms). Moreover, the multifunctional component is also combined within a single cell for health monitoring of the artificial retina during light surveillance to avoid retinopathy. Proof‐of‐concept devices, by simplifying the circuitry and providing dual‐mode functions, can contribute significantly to the development of bionics design and broaden the horizon for smart artificial retinas in the human visual system.
Integrated Ionic‐Additive Assisted Wet‐Spinning of Highly Conductive and Stretchable PEDOT:PSS Fiber for Fibrous Organic Electrochemical Transistors
Authors: Chen Yanping , Meng Jie , Xu Yiman , Li Yaogang , Zhang Qinghong , Hou Chengyi , Sun Hengda , Wang Gang , Wang Hongzhi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAs one of the most prevalently used conductive polymers, poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) has been studied for many years. Recently, especially with the development of smart clothing and wearable devices, PEDOT:PSS fiber is becoming the focus of researchers. However, the undesirable conductivity and stretchability hinder its applications. In this work, an integrated ionic‐additive assisted wet‐spinning strategy (IIAWS) is demonstrated to address the existing bottlenecks. The fabricated fiber exhibited an extremely high conductivity of 3573 S cm−1 and stretchability of about 30%. The mechanisms for conductivity enhancement in the entire preparation process are systematically studied and clarified. Furthermore, an all‐solid‐state fibrous organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) device based on the PEDOT:PSS fiber is fabricated with a transconductance of 2.44 mS and impressive bending property.
Personal protective equipment use during industrial hog operation work activities and acute lung function changes in a prospective worker cohort, North Carolina 2014–2015
Authors: Coffman Vanessa R. , Hall Devon J. , Pisanic Nora , Nadimpalli Maya , McCormack Meredith , Diener‐West Marie , Davis Meghan F. , Heaney Christopher D. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroductionOccupational activities related to industrial hog operation (IHO) worker lung function are not well defined. Therefore, we aimed to identify IHO work activities associated with diminished respiratory function and the effectiveness, if any, of personal protective equipment (PPE) use on IHOs.MethodsFrom 2014 to 2015, 103 IHO workers were enrolled and followed for 16 weeks. At each biweekly visit, work activities and PPE use were self‐reported via questionnaire and lung function measurements were collected via spirometry. Generalized linear and linear fixed‐effects models were fitted to cross‐sectional and longitudinal data.ResultsIncreasing years worked on an IHO were associated with diminished lung function, but baseline and longitudinal work activities were largely inconsistent in direction and magnitude. Unexpectedly, a −0.3 L (95% confidence interval: −0.6, −0.04) difference in forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) was estimated when workers wore PPE consistently (≥80% of the time at work) versus those weeks they did not. In post‐hoc analyses, we found that coveralls and facemasks were worn less consistently when workers experienced worse barn conditions and had more contact with pigs, but coveralls were worn more consistently as cleaning activities increased.ConclusionsSimilar to past studies, baseline estimates were likely obscured by healthy worker effect bias, but showed decrements in worker lung function as years of work increased. A challenge to disentangling the effect of work activities on lung function was the discovery that IHO workers used PPE differently according to the work task. These data suggest that interventions may be targeted toward improving barn conditions so that workers can consistently utilize IHO‐provided PPE.
Leprosy in medieval Denmark: Exploring life histories through a multi‐tissue and multi‐isotopic approach
Authors: Brozou Anastasia , Fuller Benjamin T. , Grimes Vaughan , Lynnerup Niels , Boldsen Jesper L. , Jørkov Marie Louise , Pedersen Dorthe Dangvard , Olsen Jesper , Mannino Marcello A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectivesBy focusing on two Danishleprosaria(Næstved and Odense; 13th–16th c. CE) and using diet and origin as proxies, we follow a multi‐isotopic approach to reconstruct life histories of patients and investigate how leprosy affected both institutionalized individuals and the medieval Danish community as a whole.Materials and MethodsWe combine archaeology, historical sources, biological anthropology, isotopic analyses (δ13C, δ15N, δ34S,87Sr/86Sr) and radiocarbon dating, and further analyze bones with different turnover rates (ribs and long bones).ResultsThe δ13C, δ15N and δ34S results indicate a C3terrestrial diet with small contributions of marine protein for leprosy patients and individuals from other medieval Danish sites. A similar diet is seen through time, between males and females, and patients with and without changes on facial bones. The isotopic comparison between ribs and long bones reveals no significant dietary change. The δ34S and87Sr/86Sr results suggest that patients were local to the regions of theleprosaria. Moreover, the radiocarbon dates show a mere 50% agreement with the arm position dating method used in Denmark.ConclusionsA local origin for the leprosy patients is in line with historical evidence, unlike the small dietary contribution of marine protein. Although only 10% of the analyzed individuals have rib/long bone offsets that undoubtedly show a dietary shift, the data appear to reveal a pattern for 25 individuals (out of 50), with elevated δ13C and/or δ15N values in the ribs compared to the long bones, which points toward a communal type of diet and reveals organizational aspects of the institution.
Enzyme‐Cleavable Linkers for Protein Chemical Synthesis through Solid‐Phase Ligations
Authors: Abboud Skander A. , Amoura Mehdi , Madinier Jean‐Baptiste , Renoux Brigitte , Papot Sébastien , Piller Véronique , Aucagne Vincent 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe total synthesis of long proteins requires the assembly of multiple fragments through successive ligations. The need for intermediate purification steps is a strong limitation, particularly in terms of overall yield. One solution to this problem would be solid‐supported chemical ligation (SPCL), for which a first peptide segment must be immobilized on a SPCL‐compatible solid support through a linker that can be cleaved under very mild conditions to release the assembled protein. The cleavage of SPCL linkers has previously required chemical conditions sometimes incompatible with sensitive protein targets. Herein, we describe an alternative enzymatic approach to trigger cleavage under extremely mild and selective conditions. Optimization of the linker structure and use of a small enzyme able to diffuse into the solid support were key to the success of the strategy. We demonstrated its utility by the assembly of three peptide segments on the basis of native chemical ligation to afford a 15 kDa polypeptide.
Current‐Density Regulating Lithium Metal Directional Deposition for Long Cycle‐Life Li Metal Batteries
Authors: Mao Heng , Yu Wei , Cai Zhuanyun , Liu Guixian , Liu Limin , Wen Rui , Su Yaqiong , Kou Huari , Xi Kai , Li Benqiang , Zhao Hongyang , Da Xinyu , Wu Hu , Yan Wei , Ding Shujiang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractUncontrolled dendrite formation in the high energy density of lithium (Li) metal batteries (LMBs) may pose serious safety risks. While numerous studies have attempted to protect separators, these proposed methods fail to effectively inhibit upward dendrite growth that punctures through the separator. Here, we introduce a novel “orientated‐growth” strategy that transfers the main depositional interface to the anode/current collector interface from the anode/separator interface. We placed a layer of cellulose/graphene carbon composite aerogel (CCA) between the current collector and the anode (LCL‐bottom). This layer works as a charge organizer that induces a high current density and encourages Li to deposit at the anode/current collector interface. Both in situ and ex situ images of the electrode demonstrate that the anode part of the cell has been flipped; with the newly deposited particles facing the current collector and the smooth surface facing the separator. The electrode in half and full cells showed outstanding cyclic stability and rate capability, with the LCL‐bottom/LFP full cell capable of maintaining 94 % of its initial capacity after 1000 cycles.
Influence of Magnetic Fields on Electrochemical Reactions of Redox Cofactor Solutions
Authors: Park Jimin , Koehler Florian , Varnavides Georgios , Antonini Marc‐Joseph , Anikeeva Polina 
Published: June 2021

AbstractRedox cofactors mediate many enzymatic processes and are increasingly employed in biomedical and energy applications. Exploring the influence of external magnetic fields on redox cofactor chemistry can enhance our understanding of magnetic‐field‐sensitive biological processes and allow the application of magnetic fields to modulate redox reactions involving cofactors. Through a combination of experiments and modeling, we investigate the influence of magnetic fields on electrochemical reactions in redox cofactor solutions. By employing flavin mononucleotide (FMN) cofactor as a model system, we characterize magnetically induced changes in Faradaic currents. We find that radical pair intermediates have negligible influence on current increases in FMN solution upon application of a magnetic field. The dominant mechanism underlying the observed current increases is the magneto‐hydrodynamic effect. We extend our analyses to other diffusion‐limited electrochemical reactions of redox cofactor solutions and arrive at similar conclusions, highlighting the opportunity to use this framework in redox cofactor chemistry.
Deciphering Competitive Routes for Nickel‐Based Nanoparticle Electrodeposition by an Operando Optical Monitoring
Authors: Godeffroy Louis , Ciocci Paolo , Nsabimana Anaclet , Miranda Vieira Mathias , Noël Jean‐Marc , Combellas Catherine , Lemineur Jean‐François , Kanoufi Frédéric 
Published: June 2021

AbstractElectrodeposition of earth‐abundant iron group metals such as nickel is difficult to characterize by simple electrochemical analyses since the reduction of their metal salts often competes with inhibiting reactions. This makes the mechanistic interpretation sometimes contradictory, preventing unambiguous predictions about the nature and structure of the electrodeposited material. Herein, the complexity of Ni nanoparticles (NPs) electrodeposition on indium tin oxide (ITO) is unraveled operando and at a single entity NP level by optical microscopy correlated to ex situ SEM imaging. Our correlative approach allows differentiating the dynamics of formation of two different NP populations, metallic Ni and Ni(OH)2 with a <25 nm limit of detection, their formation being ruled by the competition between Ni2+ and water reduction. At the single NP level this results in a self‐terminated growth, an information which is most often hidden in ensemble averaged measurements.
An Element‐Substituted Cyclobutadiene Exhibiting High‐Energy Blue Phosphorescence
Authors: Shoji Yoshiaki , Ikabata Yasuhiro , Ryzhii Ivan , Ayub Rabia , El Bakouri Ouissam , Sato Taiga , Wang Qi , Miura Tomoaki , Karunathilaka Buddhika S. B. , Tsuchiya Youichi , Adachi Chihaya , Ottosson Henrik , Nakai Hiromi , Ikoma Tadaaki , Fukushima Takanori 
Published: June 2021

Abstract1,3,2,4‐Diazadiboretidine, an isoelectronic heteroanalogue of cyclobutadiene, is an interesting chemical species in terms of comparison with the carbon system, whereas its properties have never been investigated experimentally. According to Baird's rule, Hückel antiaromatic cyclobutadiene acquires aromaticity in the lowest triplet state. Here we report experimental and theoretical studies on the ground‐ and excited‐state antiaromaticity/aromaticity as well as the photophysical properties of an isolable 1,3,2,4‐diazadiboretidine derivative. The crystal structure of the diazadiboretidine derivative revealed that the B2N2 ring adopts a planar rhombic geometry in the ground state. Yet, theoretical calculations showed that the B2N2 ring turns to a square geometry with a nonaromatic character in the lowest triplet state. Notably, the diazadiboretidine derivative has the lowest singlet and triplet states lying at close energy levels and displays blue phosphorescence.
Cochlear apical morphology in toothed whales: Using the pairing hair cell—Deiters' cell as a marker to detect lesions
Authors: Morell Maria , IJsseldijk Lonneke L. , Piscitelli‐Doshkov Marina , Ostertag Sonja , Estrade Vanessa , Haulena Martin , Doshkov Paul , Bourien Jérôme , Raverty Stephen A. , Siebert Ursula , Puel Jean‐Luc , Shadwick Robert E. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe apex or apical region of the cochlear spiral within the inner ear encodes for low‐frequency sounds. The disposition of sensory hair cells on the organ of Corti is largely variable in the apical region of mammals, and it does not necessarily follow the typical three‐row pattern of outer hair cells (OHCs). As most underwater noise sources contain low‐frequency components, we expect to find most lesions in the apical region of the cochlea of toothed whales, in cases of permanent noise‐induced hearing loss. To further understand how man‐made noise might affect cetacean hearing, there is a need to describe normal morphological features of the apex and document interspecific anatomic variations in cetaceans. However, distinguishing between apical normal variability and hair cell death is challenging. We describe anatomical features of the organ of Corti of the apex in 23 ears from five species of toothed whales (harbor porpoise Phocoena phocoena, spinner dolphin Stenella longirostris, pantropical spotted dolphin Stenella attenuata, pygmy sperm whale Kogia breviceps, and beluga whale Delphinapterus leucas) by scanning electron microscopy and immunofluorescence. Our results showed an initial region where the lowest frequencies are encoded with two or three rows of OHCs, followed by the typical configuration of three OHC rows and three rows of supporting Deiters' cells. Whenever two rows of OHCs were detected, there were usually only two corresponding rows of supporting Deiters' cells, suggesting that the number of rows of Deiters' cells is a good indicator to distinguish between normal and pathological features.