bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CT-Based Pelvic T1-Weighted MR Image Synthesis Using UNet, UNet++ and Cycle-Consistent Generative Adversarial Network (Cycle-GAN)
Authors: Kalantar Reza , Messiou Christina , Winfield Jessica M. , Renn Alexandra , Latifoltojar Arash , Downey Kate , Sohaib Aslam , Lalondrelle Susan , Koh Dow-Mu , Blackledge Matthew D. 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundComputed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the mainstay imaging modalities in radiotherapy planning. In MR-Linac treatment, manual annotation of organs-at-risk (OARs) and clinical volumes requires a significant clinician interaction and is a major challenge. Currently, there is a lack of available pre-annotated MRI data for training supervised segmentation algorithms. This study aimed to develop a deep learning (DL)-based framework to synthesize pelvic T1-weighted MRI from a pre-existing repository of clinical planning CTs.MethodsMRI synthesis was performed using UNet++ and cycle-consistent generative adversarial network (Cycle-GAN), and the predictions were compared qualitatively and quantitatively against a baseline UNet model using pixel-wise and perceptual loss functions. Additionally, the Cycle-GAN predictions were evaluated through qualitative expert testing (4 radiologists), and a pelvic bone segmentation routine based on a UNet architecture was trained on synthetic MRI using CT-propagated contours and subsequently tested on real pelvic T1 weighted MRI scans.ResultsIn our experiments, Cycle-GAN generated sharp images for all pelvic slices whilst UNet and UNet++ predictions suffered from poorer spatial resolution within deformable soft-tissues (e.g. bladder, bowel). Qualitative radiologist assessment showed inter-expert variabilities in the test scores; each of the four radiologists correctly identified images as acquired/synthetic with 67%, 100%, 86% and 94% accuracy. Unsupervised segmentation of pelvic bone on T1-weighted images was successful in a number of test casesConclusionPelvic MRI synthesis is a challenging task due to the absence of soft-tissue contrast on CT. Our study showed the potential of deep learning models for synthesizing realistic MR images from CT, and transferring cross-domain knowledge which may help to expand training datasets for 21 development of MR-only segmentation models.
Colorectal Cancer Screening Prevalence and Adherence for the Cancer Prevention Project of Philadelphia (CAP3) Participants Who Self-Identify as Black
Authors: Blackman Elizabeth L. , Ragin Camille , Jones Resa M. 
Published: July 2021

IntroductionColorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths among Black men and women. While colorectal cancer screening (CRCS) reduces mortality, research assessing within race CRCS differences is lacking. This study assessed CRCS prevalence and adherence to national screening recommendations and the association of region of birth with CRCS adherence, within a diverse Black population.MethodsData from age-eligible adults, 50–75 years, (N = 357) participating in an ongoing, cross-sectional study, was used to measure CRCS prevalence and adherence and region of birth (e.g., Caribbean-, African-, US-born). Prevalence and adherence were based on contemporaneous US Preventive Services Task Force guidelines. Descriptive statistics were calculated and adjusted prevalence and adherence proportions were calculated by region of birth. Adjusted logistic regression models were performed to assess the association between region of birth and overall CRCS and modality-specific adherence.ResultsRespondents were 69.5% female, 43.3% married/living with partner, and 38.4% had &lt;$25,000 annual income. Overall, 78.2% reported past CRCS; however, stool test had the lowest prevalence overall (34.6%). Caribbean (95.0%) and African immigrants (90.2%) had higher prevalence of overall CRCS compared to US-born Blacks (59.2%) (p-value &lt;0.001). African immigrants were five times more likely to be adherent to overall CRCS compared to US-born Blacks (OR = 5.25, 95% CI 1.34–20.6). Immigrants had higher odds of being adherent to colonoscopy (Caribbean OR = 6.84, 95% CI 1.49–31.5; African OR = 7.14, 95% CI 1.27–40.3) compared to US-born Blacks.ConclusionsWhile Caribbean and African immigrants have higher prevalence and adherence of CRCS when compared US-born Blacks, CRCS is still sub-optimal in the Black population. Efforts to increase CRCS, specifically stool testing, within the Black population are warranted, with targeted interventions geared towards US-born Blacks.
Standardized Incidence Rate, Risk and Survival Outcomes of Second Primary Malignancy Among Renal Cell Carcinoma Survivors: A Nested Case-Control Study
Authors: Wang Zhixian , Yin Yisheng , Wang Jing , Zhu Yunpeng , Li Xing , Zeng Xiaoyong 
Published: July 2021

PurposeSecond primary malignancy (SPM) is challenging for treatment and long-term survival. We sought to investigate the standardized incidence rate (SIR), risk factors, and survival outcomes for SPM after renal cell carcinoma (RCC) treatment.MethodA nested case-control study was designed, we identified all T1-4N0-1M0 RCC patients diagnosed between 2004 and 2015 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database and followed them for SPM diagnosis for up to 13 years. Patients with SPM diagnosis ≥6 months after treatment of primary T1-4N0-1M0 RCC were identified as the case cohort and SPM-free patients were the control cohort. SIRs and the excess risk were calculated. A competing risks and Cox model were used to evaluate the risk factors of SPM and overall survival (OS).ResultsA cohort of 6,204 RCC patients with SPM were matched with a control group of 31,020 RCC patients without SPM. The median time-to-SPM interval was 54.5 months in RCC patients with SPM diagnosis. Besides, an SPM of T3/4 or/and M1 stage diagnosis was positively associated with a longer time-to-SPM interval. SIR of SPM increased by follow-up time and decreased with age at diagnosis (Pfor all &lt;0.001). SPM in the kidney had the highest SIR (54.6, P &lt;0.001) among all SPMs. Prostate cancer (29.8%) in males and breast cancer (23.5%) in females were the most common SPM. Older age, black ethnicity, male sex, higher family income, papillary RCC, and lower TNM stage were significant risk factors for SPM diagnosis. The proportion of deaths from SPM exceeds that of deaths from RCC 3 years after the first RCC treatment. Patients with SPM and early time-to-SPM interval shortens the OS compared with SPM-free patients. The 5-year OS was 85.9% and 58.9% from the first RCC and the SPM diagnosis, respectively. Besides, patients with low-grade/early-stage SPM could benefit from aggressive surgical treatment for solid tumors.ConclusionsCollectively, our study described the epidemiological characteristics of SPM among RCC survivors and identified the independent predictors of the SPM diagnosis and its survival outcomes. This study highlights the importance of patient education and follow-up after the surgery for RCC.
A Novel Integrated Metabolism-Immunity Gene Expression Model Predicts the Prognosis of Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients
Authors: Chen Songming , Duan Yumei , Wu Yanhao , Yang Desong , An Jian 
Published: July 2021

Background:Although multiple metabolic pathways are involved in the initiation, progression, and therapy of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), the tumor microenvironment (TME) for immune cell infiltration that is regulated by metabolic enzymes has not yet been characterized.Methods:517 LUAD samples and 59 non-tumor samples were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database as the training cohort. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Univariate Cox analysis were applied to screen the candidate metabolic enzymes for their role in relation to survival rate in LUAD patients. A prognostic metabolic enzyme signature, termed the metabolic gene risk score (MGRS), was established based on multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis and was verified in an independent test cohort, GSE31210. In addition, we analyzed the immune cell infiltration characteristics in patients grouped by their Risk Score. Furthermore, the prognostic value of these four enzymes was verified in another independent cohort by immunohistochemistry and an optimized model of the metabolic-immune protein risk score (MIPRS) was constructed.Results:The MGRS model comprising 4 genes (TYMS, NME4, LDHA, andSMOX) was developed to classify patients into high-risk and low-risk groups. Patients with a high-risk score had a poor prognosis and exhibited activated carbon and nucleotide metabolism, both of which were associated with changes to TME immune cell infiltration characteristics. In addition, the optimized MIPRS model showed more accurate predictive power in prognosis of LUAD.Conclusion:Our study revealed an integrated metabolic enzyme signature as a reliable prognostic tool to accurately predict the prognosis of LUAD.
Mid-Infrared ZnS Ridge Waveguide Fabricated by Femtosecond Laser Ablation Combined With Ion Irradiation
Authors: Zhang Xinbin , Cheng Yazhou , Zhang Yongcheng 
Published: July 2021

We have experimentally studied the fabrication of ridge waveguides in zinc sulfide (ZnS) crystal by femtosecond laser ablation combined with Kr8+ ion irradiation. At the wavelength of 4 μm, the waveguide at TE mode shows better guiding properties than TM mode. The transmission performance of the waveguide is improved by using thermal annealing technology to reduce the color centers and point defects in the waveguide. The waveguide propagation loss at TE mode at 4 μm wavelength is reduced to as low as 0.6 dB/cm after annealing. Raman spectroscopy shows that Kr8+ ion irradiation does not cause large lattice damage to ZnS crystal.
Treatment of Cardiovascular Dysfunction With PDE5-Inhibitors – Temperature Dependent Effects on Transport and Metabolism of cAMP and cGMP
Authors: Selli Anders L. , Kuzmiszyn Adrina K. , Smaglyukova Natalia , Kondratiev Timofei V. , Fuskevåg Ole-Martin , Lyså Roy A. , Ravna Aina W. , Tveita Torkjel , Sager Georg , Dietrichs Erik S. 
Published: July 2021

IntroductionCardiovascular dysfunction is a potentially lethal complication of hypothermia. Due to a knowledge gap, pharmacological interventions are not recommended at core temperatures below 30°C. Yet, further cooling is induced in surgical procedures and survival of accidental hypothermia is reported after rewarming from below 15°C, advocating a need for evidence-based treatment guidelines. In vivo studies have proposed vasodilation and afterload reduction through arteriole smooth muscle cGMP-elevation as a favorable strategy to prevent cardiovascular dysfunction in hypothermia. Further development of treatment guidelines demand information about temperature-dependent changes in pharmacological effects of clinically relevant vasodilators.Materials and MethodsHuman phosphodiesterase-enzymes and inverted erythrocytes were utilized to evaluate how vasodilators sildenafil and vardenafil affected cellular efflux and enzymatic breakdown of cAMP and cGMP, at 37°C, 34°C, 32°C, 28°C, 24°C, and 20°C. The ability of both drugs to reach their cytosolic site of action was assessed at the same temperatures. IC50- and Ki-values were calculated from dose–response curves at all temperatures, to evaluate temperature-dependent effects of both drugs.ResultsBoth drugs were able to reach the intracellular space at all hypothermic temperatures, with no reduction compared to normothermia. Sildenafil IC50 and Ki-values increased during hypothermia for enzymatic breakdown of both cAMP (IC50: 122 ± 18.9 μM at 37°C vs. 269 ± 14.7 μM at 20°C, p &lt; 0.05) and cGMP (IC50: 0.009 ± 0.000 μM at 37°C vs. 0.024 ± 0.004 μM at 32°C, p &lt; 0.05), while no significant changes were detected for vardenafil. Neither of the drugs showed significant hypothermia-induced changes in IC50 and Ki–values for inhibition of cellular cAMP and cGMP efflux.ConclusionSildenafil and particularly vardenafil were ableto inhibit elimination of cGMP down to 20°C. As the cellular effects of these drugs can cause afterload reduction, they show potential in treating cardiovascular dysfunction during hypothermia. As in normothermia, both drugs showed higher selectivity for inhibition of cGMP-elimination than cAMP-elimination at low core temperatures, indicating that risk for cardiotoxic side effects is not increased by hypothermia.
Distress, Appraisal, and Coping Among the Frontline Healthcare Provider Redeployed to the Epicenter in China During COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Ji Zhongliang , Han Wei , Deng Zhe , Lu Kailin 
Published: July 2021

Objective: The central issue of this research is to evaluate the extent of cognitive appraisal and coping processes within the pandemic encounter and determines their influence on frontline healthcare providers who had been dispatched to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epicenter (HPDE) distress symptoms.Materials and methods: An electronic survey of the HPDE and frontline healthcare providers who worked in their original medical facility (HPOF) was conducted from March 1 to 15, 2020. Two variables, appraisal (measured with an 18-item questionnaire) and coping (measured The Brief Cope questionnaire), were used in the analysis to explain distress symptoms (Impact of Event Scale-Revised).Results: A total of 723 eligible respondents completed the survey with a response rate of 57.3% (351 HPDE and 372 HPOF). The mean IES-R scores of HPDE respondents were 26.47 ± 11.7. Of HPDE respondents, 246 (70.09%) reported distress symptoms (score 9–88). The scores of intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal for HPDE were 10.28 ± 4.7, 8.97 ± 4.3, and 7.20 ± 3.2, respectively. The respondents had higher scores in overall distress and three subscales than HPOF. Appraisal and coping variables explained 77% of the distress variance. Five appraisal variables (health of self, health of family/others, virus spread, vulnerability or loss of control, and general health) were positively associated with distress symptoms. Four coping variables (active coping, positive reframing, self-distraction, and behavioral disengagement) were negatively associated with distress level, whereas self-blame was positively associated with distress symptoms. Regarding the appraisal, the scores of HPDE were significantly higher than HPOF (all p-values &lt; 0.05), whereas being isolated was not significantly different between HDPE nurses and HPOF nurses. HPDE was significantly more likely to use humor, emotional support, instrumental support, self-distractions, venting, substance use, denial, behavioral disengagement, and self-blame (P &lt; 0.05), whereas HPOF was significantly more likely to use active coping and acceptance (P &lt; 0.05). HPDE doctors were significantly more likely than nurses to use active coping and acceptance (P &lt; 0.05), whereas HPDE nurses were significantly more likely to use emotional support and use self-blame (P &lt; 0.05).Conclusion: Frontline healthcare providers who had been dispatched to the COVID-19 epicenter respondents had a higher distress level. Therefore, we should provide proactive psychological support based on specific appraisal and coping variables.
Stakeholder Perspectives on Advancing Understanding of Prenatal Opioid Exposure and Brain Development From the iOPEN Consortium of the Healthy Brain and Child Development Study
Authors: DiPietro Jennifer L. , Mackiewicz Seghete Kristen L. , Krans Elizabeth E. , Snider Kasey Edwards , Bower Reina , Parker Kea , Gullickson Janie , Potter Alexandra S. , Garavan Hugh , Vatalaro Tessa C. , Thomason Moriah E. , Sullivan Elinor L. , Graham Alice M. 
Published: July 2021

Introduction: There is a dire need for research regarding the implications of opioid use during pregnancy on fetal and childhood development to better inform both medical practice and policy. The Healthy Brain and Child Development Study will examine brain and behavioral development from birth through the first decade of life. Due to large scope and anticipated complexity of this initiative, an 18-month planning phase was implemented across 28 sites across the nation. A core element of the Phase I initiative involved the development of Stakeholder Advisory Committees to inform the next phase of the initiative.Methods: Phase I stakeholder meetings were conducted at Oregon Health and Science University, New York University Langone Medical Center, the University of Pittsburgh, and the University of Vermont to better understand perspectives and inform upcoming research. Despite differences in the structure of the stakeholder meetings by site, the overarching goals for the meetings included establishing relationships, gathering input, and learning about research engagement. Documents from each meeting were reviewed for location, duration, attendees, common research themes, and pertinent suggestions for improving research approaches.Results: All stakeholders had high levels of interest in research for pregnant people with substance use disorders and agreed on research priorities including collaboration, connection, communication, and support. Different stakeholders offered unique perspectives on various aspects of study design and themes that emerged through meetings.Discussion: Overall, there was excitement about the research, especially the opportunity to include the voices of people with lived experience; collaboration between providers, peer support specialists, patients, and others; and excitement around contributing to research that could elucidate new and pertinent findings in the realm of addiction medicine and child development. Sites also found that there is mistrust between people with substance use disorder and the medical system, and this could be addressed by including people with lived experience on the research team, forming connections, communicating clearly, training the research team in implicit bias, and practicing trauma-informed care. In conclusion, these stakeholder meetings provided valuable information for structuring upcoming studies; however, researchers would have benefitted from more time and more opportunities for in-person connection.
Understanding the Spatial Predictors of Malnutrition Among 0–2 Years Children in India Using Path Analysis
Authors: Singh Monika , Alam Md Sayeef , Majumdar Piyusha , Tiwary Bhaskar , Narzari Hina , Mahendradhata Yodi 
Published: July 2021

Background: Despite several programs and policies to turn down the burden of malnutrition in the country, the rank of India in the Global Hunger Index (GHI) is 102 among 117 countries, which indicates a serious hunger situation. It is essential to design more specific interventions by focusing on the key determinants that may directly or indirectly influence malnutrition in India.Methods: Utilizing data from the National Family and Health Survey-4 (NFHS) (2015-16), we developed a structural equation model to find the direct, indirect, and total effect of various determinants on stunting, wasting, and underweight. We used spatial analysis to identify local occurrences of factors that are critical in controlling malnutrition. A p-value of 0.05 was considered to be significant throughout the study. Analysis was performed using STATA (version 15.1MP) and GeoDa software (version 1.14).Results: A final sample of 90, 842 children of 0–24 months of age was selected for the analysis. The CFI and TLI values of 0.98 and 0.93, respectively, are indicative of a good fit model. Moran's I value of global spatial autocorrelation for the widespread presence of diarrhea, poor drinking water source, exclusive breastfeeding, low birth weight, no prenatal visits, poor toilet facility was observed to be 0.446, 0.638, 0.345, 0.439, 0.620, and 0.727, respectively.Conclusion: A robust direct relation was observed for diarrhea, exclusive breastfeeding, and children born with stunting, underweight, and wasting. The variables associated indirectly with the outcome variables were the education of the mother, residence, and desired pregnancy. The identification of hotspots through spatial analysis would help revive control strategies in the affected area according to geographical needs. It is extensively addressed that interventions related to health and nutrition during the first 1, 000 days of life is crucial to seize the upshoot of growth floundering among children.
One Year of the COVID‐19 Pandemic. What Do We Know and What Is Yet to Come? — The Summarising Review
Authors: Malchrzak Wojciech , Mastalerz-Migas Agnieszka , Sroka Zbigniew , Spiegel Maciej 
Published: July 2021

Objectives: The aim of this review is to summarize the most relevant scientific discoveries regarding SARS- CoV-2 virus infection, with the special emphasis put on its pathophysiology and way of treatment.Methods: In November 2020, the research articles have been collected and examined manually to pick the most relevant. In case of fresh topics, e.g. vaccines, we have performed searching using adequate keywords. Preliminary analysis was conducted on 200 manuscripts.Results: Among them 59 papers were out-of-scope, and thus were rejected from the further elaboration. Another 25 papers were rebuffed because they presented topics, that have been extensively described in the already included papers. Basing on the 29 papers we have estimated ratio of observed SARS-CoV-2 infection clinical manifestations and comorbidities among hospitalized patients. 12 papers let us evaluate frequencies of deviations within laboratory markers concentrations, as well as weighted average of the laboratory tests results.Conclusion: Due to the significant infectivity of the virus and its harmfulness towards organism further studies are required to find accurate way of the disease treatment and suspending its spreading.
La banca central en la Constitución de 1991
Authors: Hernández Quintero Hernando A. 
Published: July 2021

Uno de los mayores logros de la Constitución de 1991 fue el de consagrar el Banco de la República como una persona jurídica de derecho público, que funciona como órgano constitucional, de naturaleza propia y especial,con autonomía administrativa, patrimonial y técnica. En el presente artículo se realiza un recuento y análisis de las normas que han regulado la entidad de emisión desde 1923 hasta nuestros días.
Analisis Faktor Koagulasi : Korelasi Fibrinogen dengan Rendahnya Derajat Oksigenasi Pada Pasien COVID-19
Authors: Listyoko Aditya Sri , Djajalaksana Susanthy , Sugiri Yani Jane 
Published: July 2021

Latar Belakang: Hiperkoagulopati merupakan salah satu komplikasi pada COVID-19. Mekanisme koagulopati pada COVID-19 masih belum diketahui secara pasti, dimana salah satunya adalah peningkatan fibrinogen bebas dalam darah yang merupakan salah satu mekanisme penyebab koagulopati pada COVID-19. Objective: Menganalisis faktor koagulopati pada pasien COVID-19 yang dirawat di rumah sakit dan hubungannya dengan derajat oksigenasi. Metode: Kami melakukan analisis observasional, cross sectional, single-center, pada 25 pasien terkonfirmasi COVID-19. Uji statistik dipergunakan untuk menilai faktor faktor koagulasi seperti fibrinogen, D-dimer, trombosit dan hubungannya dengan derajat keparahan penyakit serta hubungannya dengan derajat oksigenasi yang dinilai dari PaO2/FiO2. Hasil: Subjek terdiri dari 12 pasien (48%) pada kelompok ringan-sedang dan 13 pasien (52%) pada kelompok berat. D-dimer dengan rerata 1,30 mg/L (0,43 mg/L-4,08 mg/L) meningkat pada 11 pasien (91,67%) pada kelompok ringan-sedang dan 11 pasien (84,61%) pada kelompok berat dengan rerata 11,42 mg/L (0,34 mg/L–66,30 mg/L). Fibrinogen dengan rerata 399,73 mg/dL (235,10 mg/dL -529 mg/dL) meningkat pada 7 pasien (58,33%) kelompok ringan sedang dan 10 pasien (76,92%) pada kelompok berat dengan rerata 444,31 mg/dL (284,7 mg/dL–543,0 mg/dL). Analisis statistik menunjukkan D-dimer berkaitan dengan derajat keparahan penyakit (p=0,039) dan fibrinogen berkorelasi terbalik dengan derajat oksigenasi yang dinilai dari PaO2/FiO2 ) (p=0.019; Pearson correlation = -4,67). Kesimpulan: Peningkatan kadar fibrinogen berkorelasi dengan penurunan derajat oksigenasi dan D-dimer berkaitan dengan derajat keparahan penyakit pada pasien rawat inap, diperkirakan peningkatan faktor koagulasi seperti fibrinogen dan D-dimer mungkin merupakan faktor kunci berkembangnya COVID-19 menjadi kondisi yang lebih berat.