bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Automated Flaw Detection in Multi-channel Phased Array Ultrasonic Data Using Machine Learning
Authors: Siljama Oskar , Koskinen Tuomas , Jessen-Juhler Oskari , Virkkunen Iikka 
Published: August 2021

AbstractModern ultrasonic inspections utilize ever-richer data-sets made possible by phased array equipment. A typical inspection may include tens of channels with different refraction angle, that are acquired at high speed. These rich data sets allow highly reliable and efficient inspection in complex cases, such as dissimilar metal or austenitic stainless steel welds. The rich data sets allow human inspectors to detect cracks with low signal-to-noise ratio from the wider signal patterns. There’s a clear trend in the industry to even richer data sets with full matrix capture (FMC) and related techniques. Convolutional neural networks have recently shown capability to detect flaws with human level accuracy in ultrasonic signals at the B-scan level. To enable automated flaw detection at human-level accuracy for critical applications, these neural networks need be developed to take advantage of today’s rich phased array data-sets. In the present paper, we extend previous work and develop convolutional neural networks that perform highly reliable flaw detection on typical multi-channel phased array data on austenitic welds. The results show, that the modern neural networks can accommodate the rich ultrasonic data and display high flaw detection performance.
Meta-inferences and Supervaluationism
Authors: Incurvati Luca , Schlöder Julian J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMany classically valid meta-inferences fail in a standard supervaluationist framework. This allegedly prevents supervaluationism from offering an account of good deductive reasoning. We provide a proof system for supervaluationist logic which includes supervaluationistically acceptable versions of the classical meta-inferences. The proof system emerges naturally by thinking of truth as licensing assertion, falsity as licensing negative assertion and lack of truth-value as licensing rejection and weak assertion. Moreover, the proof system respects well-known criteria for the admissibility of inference rules. Thus, supervaluationists can provide an account of good deductive reasoning. Our proof system moreover brings to light how one can revise the standard supervaluationist framework to make room for higher-order vagueness. We prove that the resulting logic is sound and complete with respect to the consequence relation that preserves truth in a model of the non-normal modal logic NT. Finally, we extend our approach to a first-order setting and show that supervaluationism can treat vagueness in the same way at every order. The failure of conditional proof and other meta-inferences is a crucial ingredient in this treatment and hence should be embraced, not lamented.
Focused ultrasound in neuro-oncology: the role of the Focused Ultrasound Foundation in driving adoption and innovation
Authors: Whipple Emily C. , Favero Camille A. , Kassell Neal F. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe Focused Ultrasound Foundation was created to improve the lives of millions of people worldwide by accelerating the development of this noninvasive technology. The Foundation works to clear the path to global adoption by organizing and funding research, fostering collaboration, and building awareness among patients and professionals. Since its establishment in 2006, the Foundation has become the largest nongovernmental source of funding for focused ultrasound research. For more information, visit http://www.fusfoundation.org.
Pituitary metastases from neuroendocrine neoplasms: case report and narrative review
Authors: Ragni Alberto , Nervo Alice , Papotti Mauro , Prencipe Nunzia , Retta Francesca , Rosso Daniela , Cacciani Marta , Zamboni Giuseppe , Zenga Francesco , Uccella Silvia , Cassoni Paola , Gallo Marco , Piovesan Alessandro , Arvat Emanuela 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Pituitary metastases (PM) are uncommon findings and are mainly derived from breast and lung cancers. No extensive review of PM from neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) is on record. Here we describe a clinical case of PM from pancreatic NEN and review the clinical features of PM from NENs reported in the literature.

Methods
A case of PM from a pancreatic NEN followed at our institution is described. We also reviewed the 43 cases of PM from NENs reported in the literature.

Results
A 59-year old female patient, previously submitted to duodeno-cephalo-pancreasectomy for a well-differentiated pancreatic NEN, with known hepatic metastases, underwent a 68 Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT that revealed an uptake in the pituitary gland. A subsequent MRI displayed a pituitary lesion, with suprasellar extension. After a hormonal and genetic diagnostic workup that excluded the diagnosis of MEN 1, the worsening of headache and visual impairment and the growth of the lesion lead to its surgical removal. A pituitary localization of the pancreatic NEN was identified. Regarding the published cases of PM from NENs, the most common tumour type was small cell lung cancer (SCLC), accounting for nearly half of the cases, followed by bronchial and pancreatic well differentiated NENs. The most frequent symptom was a variable degree of visual impairment, while headache was reported in half of the cases. Partial or total anterior hypopituitarism was present in approximately three quarters of the cases, while diabetes insipidus was less common. The most frequent treatment for PM was surgical resection, followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The clinical outcome was in line with previous reports of PM from solid tumours, with a median survival of 14 months. Surgery of PM was associated with prolonged survival.

Conclusions
PM from NENs have clinical features similar to metastases derived from other solid tumours, albeit the involvement of the anterior pituitary seems more frequent; a thorough pituitary hormonal evaluation is mandatory, after focused radiological studies, particularly if a surgical approach is considered. The optimal management of PM remains disputed and seems mainly driven by the aggressiveness of the primary tumour and the presence of symptoms. In well-differentiated NENs, particularly in the case of symptomatic PM, surgical removal may be a reasonable approach.
Conservative solutions for progress: on solution types when combining QCA with in-depth Process-Tracing
Authors: Álamos-Concha Priscilla , Pattyn Valérie , Rihoux Benoît , Schalembier Benjamin , Beach Derek , Cambré Bart 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWhat is the most appropriate QCA solution type when engaging in a multimethod design that includes QCA and in-depth process-tracing (PT)? While either the intermediate or the parsimonious solution are generally favored in QCA-only studies, we identify important challenges that can emerge when selecting those solutions in a QCA-PT multimethod study. We particularly highlight the risk of mechanistic heterogeneity, omitted conditions, and draw the attention on the issue of generalization. We discuss each of these intertwined challenges in depth, and explain why the conservative solution is useful to consider in addressing them. We substantiate our arguments by drawing on a recently completed evaluation study that was commissioned by the Flemish ESF Agency in Belgium. In the study, we combined QCA and theory-guided in-depth process-tracing to uncover under what combinations of conditions (QCA) a training programme would lead to successful training transfer and how (PT) this happened in the successful cases. The article highlights the need to carefully consider the selection of solution types in any multimethod design comprising QCA.
Rethinking stabilization policies; Including supply-side measures and entrepreneurial processes
Authors: Braunerhjelm Pontus 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Traditional macroeconomic stabilization policies seek to moderate swings in economic activity through measures that primarily augment aggregate demand. Such measures are, however, inadequate in mitigating the comprehensive effects of crisis such as the COVID-19, which affects both the demand and supply sides of the economy. Moreover, monetary policies are presently close to a liquidity trap combined with weakened transmission links to the real economy. Fiscal policies have been reactivated, albeit in an ad hoc and experimental manner. Based on a literature review and the policy responses following the COVID-19 crisis, the objective is to present a modified and extended framework for stabilization policies. In particular, the importance of microeconomic supply-side measures that promote entrepreneurial processes and knowledge-upgrading efforts are emphasized. Furthermore, a coherent realigning of policies at the micro- and macro-levels is argued to enhance the potential for long-term growth and to facilitate the restructuring of an economy that normally follows a crisis.
Homophily and peer influence in early-stage new venture informal investment
Authors: Qin Fei , Mickiewicz Tomasz , Estrin Saul 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Conceptualising early-stage new venture informal investors as co-entrepreneurs whose actions are socially embedded, we examine the role of social influence and how it interplays with entrepreneurial experience at the individual level leading to informal investment. We extend theories of social homophily and social influence to argue that informal investment decisions are influenced by shared experience and entrepreneurism in peer groups. We test our hypotheses with a multi-level model using first a large cross-country dataset and next in depth within a country. Our analysis reveals that both individual entrepreneurship experience and peer group-embedded experience significantly influence the likelihood that an individual becomes an early-stage investor. Furthermore, these social effects substitute for the lack of individual entrepreneurial experience.
Clinical outcomes of surgical embolectomy versus catheter-directed thrombolysis for acute limb ischemia: a nationwide cohort study
Authors: Yang Po-Kai , Su Chien-Chou , Hsu Chih-Hsin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn Taiwan, the outcomes of acute limb ischemia have yet to be investigated in a standardized manner. In this study, we compared the safety, feasibility and outcomes of acute limb ischemia after surgical embolectomy or catheter-directed therapy in Taiwan. This study used data collected from the Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Database (NHID) and Cause of Death Data between the years 2000 and 2015. The rate ratio of all-cause in-hospital mortality and risk of amputation during the same period of hospital stay were estimated using Generalized linear models (GLM). There was no significant difference in mortality risk between CDT and surgical intervention (9.5% vs. 10.68%, adjusted rate ratio (95% CI): regression 1.0 [0.79–1.27], PS matching 0.92 [0.69–1.23]). The risk of amputation was also comparable between the two groups. (13.59% vs. 14.81%, adjusted rate ratio (95% CI): regression 0.84 [0.68–1.02], PS matching 0.92 [0.72–1.17]). Age (p < 0.001) and liver disease (p = 0.01) were associated with higher mortality risks. Heart failure (p = 0.03) and chronic or end-stage renal disease (p = 0.03) were associated with higher amputation risks. Prior antithrombotic agent use (p = 0.03) was associated with a reduced risk of amputation. Both surgical intervention and CDT are effective and feasible procedures for patients with ALI in Taiwan.
Evidence of interpopulation variation in the germination of Eryngium maritimum L. (Apiaceae)
Authors: Cortés-Fernández I. , Cerrato M. D. , Ribas-Serra A. , Cardona C. , González C. , Gil L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGermination is considered as one of the most crucial steps in a plant’s lifetime. The germination of Eryngium maritimum, a dune species located across all European coasts, has been extensively analysed in Northern populations, where it is considered a locally endangered species. However, less attention has been given to southern populations, where the knowledge about the germination of the species is very limited. The main objective of the present study was to analyse the effect of cold stratification in one Mediterranean and one Atlantic population of the species, as well as to compare the potential variation of seed dormancy among a latitudinal gradient in European populations based on current literature. Seeds collected from Mallorca (Mediterranean, Spain) and Asturias (Atlantic, Spain) were germinated at different temperatures and cold stratification periods ranging from 4 to 20 weeks. These results were merged with the results of previous studies to test the potential effect of latitude and climatic variables in germination. Although the optimal incubation temperature was 10 ºC, the highest final germination percentages (up to 96%) was obtained in both populations combining specific cold stratification periods (5 ºC) and constant incubation temperatures (15–20 ºC). Atlantic seeds needed longer cold stratification times to reach high germination percentages compared with Mediterranean seeds. Apart from the stratification response, significant differences in viability and in germination were observed between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean populations. Considering data from previous studies in the analysis, the results suggest that there is a potential effect of latitude in the ecological germination requirements, by which the higher the latitude, the longer the cold stratification period required to germinate, with a correlation with the mean annual temperature. These results suggests that two factors, modulation of dormancy relating to adaptative or maternal effects and viability, govern the germination of the species.
HuGoS: a virtual environment for studying collective human behavior from a swarm intelligence perspective
Authors: Coucke Nicolas , Heinrich Mary Katherine , Cleeremans Axel , Dorigo Marco 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSwarm intelligence studies self-organized collective behavior resulting from interactions between individuals, typically in animals and artificial agents. Some studies from cognitive science have also demonstrated self-organization mechanisms in humans, often in pairs. Further research into the topic of human swarm intelligence could provide a better understanding of new behaviors and larger human collectives. This requires studies with multiple human participants in controlled experiments in a wide variety of scenarios, where a rich scope of possible interactions can be isolated and captured. In this paper, we present HuGoS—‘Humans Go Swarming’—a multi-user virtual environment implemented using the Unity game development platform, as a comprehensive tool for experimentation in human swarm intelligence. We demonstrate the functionality of HuGoS with naïve participants in a browser-based implementation, in a coordination task involving collective decision-making, messaging and signaling, and stigmergy. By making HuGoS available as open-source software, we hope to facilitate further research in the field of human swarm intelligence.
Comparing Automated Morphology Quantification Software on Dendrites of Uninjured and Injured Drosophila Neurons
Authors: Nguyen Carolee , Thompson-Peer Katherine L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDendrites shape inputs and integration of depolarization that controls neuronal activity in the nervous system. Neuron pathologies can damage dendrite architecture and cause abnormalities in morphologies after injury. Dendrite regeneration can be quantified by various parameters, including total dendrite length and number of dendrite branches using manual or automated image analysis approaches. However, manual quantification is tedious and time consuming and automated approaches are often trained using wildtype neurons, making them poorly suited for analysis of genetically manipulated or injured dendrite arbors. In this study, we tested how well automated image analysis software performed on class IV Drosophila neurons, which have several hundred individual dendrite branches. We applied each software to automatically quantify features of uninjured neurons and neurons that regenerated new dendrites after injury. Regenerated arbors exhibit defects across multiple features of dendrite morphology, which makes them challenging for automated pipelines to analyze. We compared the performances of three automated pipelines against manual quantification using Simple Neurite Tracer in ImageJ: one that is commercially available (Imaris) and two developed by independent research groups (DeTerm and Tireless Tracing Genie). Out of the three software tested, we determined that Imaris is the most efficient at reconstructing dendrite architecture, but does not accurately measure total dendrite length even after intensive manual editing. Imaris outperforms both DeTerm and Tireless Tracing Genie for counting dendrite branches, and is better able to recreate previous conclusions from this same dataset. This thorough comparison of strengths and weaknesses of each software demonstrates their utility for analyzing regenerated neuron phenotypes in future studies.
The Po Plain Loess Basin (Northern Italy): Scientific Values, Threats, and Promotion Opportunities
Authors: Bollati Irene M. , Zerboni Andrea 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGeoheritage studies periodically propose assessment methodologies addressed to quantify the value of sites of interests towards geoconservation and/or promotion. Loess outcrops in the Po Plain Loess basin (Northern Italy) represent potential geoheritage sites, allowing to reconstruct glacial and interglacial cycles, testifying evidence of paleoseismicity, and preserving traces of Palaeolithic human exploitation along the foreland of the Alpine and Apennine ranges. In this contribution, firstly we propose a brief review on the loess sites in the framework of geoheritage studies. Then, we evaluate the 6 most significant loess outcrops scattered across the Po Plain Loess Basin (Monte Netto Hill, Val Sorda Sequence, Gajum Section, Ghiardo Plateau, Valenza Section, Torino Hill) applying a quantitative methodology aimed at ranking each locality respect to a benchmark site — the Romanengo Plateau — which is the sole loess site included in the Italian Inventory of Geosites. The 70% of sites obtained a global value higher than our benchmark. They show a high diversity, not only from the scientific point of view (i.e.,site-intrinsic geodiversity), but also when we consider theirPotential for Use. Despite often disregarded in the international panorama, Italian loess sites require a great attention. Moreover, such sites areevolving passive geomorphosites, thus potentially vulnerable from natural and human causes: this must be considered in the framework of geoconservation and sustainable promotion of each site. Finally, we discuss the possibility of promoting Italian loess sites through different strategies (e.g. virtual tours, 3D models, and gamification based on landscape reconstruction) allowing to visit them by remote and favouring promotion. At the same time, this approach will also promote geoconservation, improving awareness in the general public on the relevance of such sites for Earth (natural and human-related) history.
Exploring a food system index for understanding food system transformation processes
Authors: van Berkum Siemen , Ruben Ruerd 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWhereas most indicators for food systems performance only focus on outcomes, we explore the prospects for a kind of Food Systems Index (FSI) that tries to capture several key components that influence differences in food system performance at country level. We outline the theoretical foundations and methodological approach underlying the FSI framework and illustrate its relevance for understanding major food system characteristics. We therefore focus on major FSI differences between regions and types of countries and compare FSI outcomes across different types of food systems and in relationship to other indicators of change in the rural and economic structure. We explain the potential of the FSI framework for identifying more coherent food system policies but also acknowledge the challenges for its further operationalization.
Rock typing based on hydraulic and electric flow units for reservoir characterization of Nubia Sandstone, southwest Sinai, Egypt
Authors: El-Sayed Abdel Moktader A. , Sayed Nahla A. El , Ali Hadeer A. , Kassab Mohamed A. , Abdel-Wahab Salah M. , Gomaa Moataz M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe present work describes and evaluates the reservoir quality of the sandstone of the Nubia Formation at the Gebel Abu Hasswa outcrop in southwest Sinai, Egypt. Hydraulic flow unit (HFU) and electrical flow unit (EFU) concepts are implied to achieve this purpose. The Paleozoic section made up of four formations has been studied. The oldest is Araba Formation followed by Naqus formations (Nubia C and D) overlay by Abu Durba, Ahemir and Qiseib formations (Nubia B), where the Lower Cretaceous (Nubia A) is represented by the Malha Formation. The studied samples have been collected from Araba, Abu Durba, Ahemir and the Malha formations. The hydraulic flow unit (HFU) discrimination was carried out based on permeability and porosity relationship, whereas the electrical flow unit (EFU) differentiation was carried out based on the relationship between formation resistivity factor and porosity. Petrographic investigation of the studied thin sections illustrates that the studied samples are mainly quartz arenite. Important roles to enhance or reduce the pore size and/or pore throats controlling the reservoir petrophysical behavior are due to the diagenetic processes. The present study used the reservoir quality index (RQI) and Winland R35 as additional parameters applied to discriminate the HFUs. The study samples have five hydraulic flow units of different rock types, where the detected electrical flow units are only three. The differences between them are may be due to the cementation process with iron oxides that might act as pore filling, lining and pore bridging, sometimes bridges helping to decrease permeability without serious reduction in porosity. The reduction between the number of EFUs and HFUs comes from the effect of diagenesis processes which is responsible for a precipitation of different cement types such as different clay minerals and iron oxides.