bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
РОЗРОБКА МЕТОДИКИ ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ЯКІСНОГО СКЛАДУ АМІНОКИСЛОТ У РІДКОМУ ЕКСТРАКТІ ЧЕБРЕЦЮ ПОВЗУЧОГО
Authors: Зарівна Н. О. , Фіра Л. С. , Грошовий Т. А. 
Published: December 2021

Вступ. В останні роки суттєво зросла кількість досліджень, пов’язаних із вивченням таких біологічно активних речовин (БАР), як амінокислоти. Згідно з джерелами літератури, саме вони проявляють різнопланову фармакологічну активність і, тим самим, виконують важливі функції в організмі людини. Зокрема, встановлено, що деякі амінокислоти проявляють протизапальну, імуномодулюючу, заспокійливу дію тощо. Тому доречно розглядати їх як перспективні БАР для створення нових лікарських засобів. Фармацевтична розробка на основі густого екстракту чебрецю повзучого (ЧП) та ефірної олії чебрецю звичайного передбачала насамперед підбір оптимального способу одержання рідкого екстракту чебрецю повзучого, який отримували за технологією, що дозволила в короткий термін одержати максимальний витяг БАР і відтворити, відповідно, якісний склад досліджуваної сировини. При стандартизації трави чебрецю повзучого серед основних маркерів якості було обрано також амінокислоти, тому необхідно підтвердити їх якісний склад і в рідкому екстракті ЧП, що є невід’ємним етапом при проведенні стандартизації досліджуваного екстракту.
Мета дослідження – розробити методику визначення якісного складу амінокислот у рідкому екстрак­ті чебрецю повзучого та запропонувати відповідні маркери якості для проведення його стандартизації.
Методи дослідження. Під час дослідження використано рідкий екстракт чебрецю повзучого, метод тонкошарової хроматографії, стандартні зразки речовин: гліцину, глутамінової кислоти (“Sigma”), лейцину, тирозину, аланіну, аспарагінової кислоти (“Fluka”), хроматографічні пластинки “Silica gel F254” фірми “Merck”, прилад для автоматичного нанесення проб на пластинку “CAMAG Linomat 5”, хроматографічну камеру “GAMAG”, сушильну шафу.
Результати й обговорення. Для стандартизації рідкого екстракту ЧП необхідно прослідкувати можливість ідентифікації його основних БАР, продовжуючи запропонований підхід: трава ЧП – рідкий екстракт – густий екстракт – готовий лікарський засіб. Ідентифікацію амінокислот у рідкому екстракті ЧП проводили в системі розчинників ізопропанол Р – мурашина кислота Р – вода Р у співвідношенні 40:2:10 фармакопейним методом аналізу – тонкошаровою хроматографією висхідним способом. Для розробки цієї методики вивчали різні системи розчинників, способи та умови хроматографування, в результаті чого було підібрано оптимальну систему розчинників із хорошою розділювальною здатністю.
Висновки. Розроблено методику визначення якісного складу амінокислот у рідкому екстракті чебрецю повзучого. Під час цього експерименту ідентифіковано 6 амінокислот і запропоновано відповідні маркери якості для проведення стандартизації досліджуваного екстракту.
ЗМІНИ ВМІСТУ НІТРИТ-АНІОНА В МІОКАРДІ ШЛУНОЧКІВ ТА ПЕРЕДСЕРДЬ ЩУРІВ ЗА УМОВ РОЗВИТКУ ЕЛЕКТРОЛІТНО-СТЕРОЇДНОЇ КАРДІОМІОПАТІЇ
Authors: Свередюк Ю. А. , Пелих В. Є. , Чарнош С. М. , Денефіль О. В. 
Published: December 2021

Вступ. Артеріальна гіпертензія і метаболічні порушення часто є наслідком тривалого лікування стероїдними препаратами. Харчування з високим вмістом NaCl у раціоні здатне значно збільшити цей ризик. Серйозним ускладненням на основі вказаних порушень часто є розвиток кардіоміопатії. До превентивних у даному випадку належить система монооксиду азоту. L-карнітин, який є антиоксидантом, має здатність впливати на енергетичний обмін, процеси апоптозу, транскрипцію ДНК і може бути перспективним засобом корекції порушень у системі монооксиду азоту.
Мета дослідження – вивчити вміст нітрит-аніона в серці щурів при довготривалій дії дексаметазону, підвищеному вмісті NaCl (4 %) у питній воді та корекції L-карнітином.
Методи дослідження. Експеримент виконано на 96 білих нелінійних щурах з дотриманням норм біо­етики. Вміст нітрит-аніона визначали в гомогенатах передсердь і шлуночків за методом Гріса. Сте­роїдну кардіоміопатію моделювали шляхом щоденного застосування дексаметазону протягом 15 днів. Половина тварин для пиття отримувала 4 % розчин NaCl у водопровідній воді. Корекцію проводили за допомогою L-карнітину per os.
Результати й обговорення. Встановлено, що тривале застосування дексаметазону і високий вміст солі у питній воді призводять до зниження рівня нітрит-аніона в шлуночках серця щурів обох статей (24 %, p<0,05). L-карнітин продемонстрував здатність відновлювати рівень метаболіту. Різниця між статями проявлялася у тварин з нормальним рівнем NaCl у питній воді. При високому рівні солі у воді негативні зміни інтенсивніші й різниця між статями вже не така виражена. У передсердях виявлено лише різницю у вмісті нітрит-аніона між статями (на 13 % (p<0,05), нижчий рівень у самців порівняно із самками на всіх етапах дослідження. Дексаметазон чи сіль не впливає на досліджуваний метаболіт у цій тканині.
Висновки. Стероїдно-електролітне пошкодження серця супроводжується зниженням вмісту нітрит-аніона в міокарді шлуночків, L-карнітин ефективно нівелює ці зміни. У міокарді передсердь виявлено різницю у вмісті нітрит-аніона лише залежно від статі, дексаметазон чи високий вміст солі не впливає на даний показник.
Differential Developmental Associations of Material Hardship Exposure and Adolescent Amygdala–Prefrontal Cortex White Matter Connectivity
Authors: Hardi Felicia A. , Goetschius Leigh G. , Peckins Melissa K. , Brooks-Gunn Jeanne , McLanahan Sara S. , McLoyd Vonnie , Lopez-Duran Nestor L. , Mitchell Colter , Hyde Luke W. , Monk Christopher S. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Accumulating literature has linked poverty to brain structure and function, particularly in affective neural regions; however, few studies have examined associations with structural connections or the importance of developmental timing of exposure. Moreover, prior neuroimaging studies have not used a proximal measure of poverty (i.e., material hardship, which assesses food, housing, and medical insecurity) to capture the lived experience of growing up in harsh economic conditions. The present investigation addressed these gaps collectively by examining the associations between material hardship (ages 1, 3, 5, 9, and 15 years) and white matter connectivity of frontolimbic structures (age 15 years) in a low-income sample. We applied probabilistic tractography to diffusion imaging data collected from 194 adolescents. Results showed that material hardship related to amygdala–prefrontal, but not hippocampus–prefrontal or hippocampus–amygdala, white matter connectivity. Specifically, hardship during middle childhood (ages 5 and 9 years) was associated with greater connectivity between the amygdala and dorsomedial pFC, whereas hardship during adolescence (age 15 years) was related to reduced amygdala–orbitofrontal (OFC) and greater amygdala–subgenual ACC connectivity. Growth curve analyses showed that greater increases of hardship across time were associated with both greater (amygdala–subgenual ACC) and reduced (amygdala–OFC) white matter connectivity. Furthermore, these effects remained above and beyond other types of adversity, and greater hardship and decreased amygdala–OFC connectivity were related to increased anxiety and depressive symptoms. Results demonstrate that the associations between material hardship and white matter connections differ across key prefrontal regions and developmental periods, providing support for potential windows of plasticity for structural circuits that support emotion processing.
Distinct Brain Mechanisms for Conflict Adaptation within and across Conflict Types
Authors: Yang Guochun , Wang Kai , Nan Weizhi , Li Qi , Zheng Ya , Wu Haiyan , Liu Xun 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Cognitive conflict, like other cognitive processes, shows the characteristic of adaptation, that is, conflict effects are attenuated when immediately following a conflicting event, a phenomenon known as the conflict adaptation effect (CAE). One important aspect of CAE is its sensitivity to the intertrial coherence of conflict type, that is, behavioral CAE occurs only if consecutive trials are of the same conflict type. Although reliably observed behaviorally, the neural mechanisms underlying such a phenomenon remains elusive. With a paradigm combining the classic Simon task and Stroop task, this fMRI study examined neural correlates of conflict adaptation both within and across conflict types. The results revealed that when the conflict type repeated (but not when it alternated), the CAE-like neural activations were observed in dorsal ACC, inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), superior parietal lobe, and so forth (i.e., regions within typical task-positive networks). In contrast, when the conflict type alternated (but not when it repeated), we found CAE-like neural deactivations in the left superior frontal gyri (i.e., a region within the typical task-negative network). Network analyses suggested that the regions of ACC, IFG, superior parietal lobe, and superior frontal gyrus can be clustered into two antagonistic networks, and the ACC–IFG connection was associated with the within-type CAE. This evidence suggests that our adaptation to cognitive conflicts within a conflict type and across different types may rely on these two distinct neural mechanisms.
Distributed and Multifaceted Effects of Threat and Safety
Authors: Murty Dinavahi V. P. S. , Song Songtao , Morrow Kelly , Kim Jongwan , Hu Kesong , Pessoa Luiz 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In the present fMRI study, we examined how anxious apprehension is processed in the human brain. A central goal of the study was to test the prediction that a subset of brain regions would exhibit sustained response profiles during threat periods, including the anterior insula, a region implicated in anxiety disorders. A second important goal was to evaluate the responses in the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminals, regions that have been suggested to be involved in more transient and sustained threat, respectively. A total of 109 participants performed an experiment in which they encountered “threat” or “safe” trials lasting approximately 16 sec. During the former, they experienced zero to three highly unpleasant electrical stimulations, whereas in the latter, they experienced zero to three benign electrical stimulations (not perceived as unpleasant). The timing of the stimulation during trials was randomized, and as some trials contained no stimulation, stimulation delivery was uncertain. We contrasted responses during threat and safe trials that did not contain electrical stimulation, but only the potential that unpleasant (threat) or benign (safe) stimulation could occur. We employed Bayesian multilevel analysis to contrast responses to threat and safe trials in 85 brain regions implicated in threat processing. Our results revealed that the effect of anxious apprehension is distributed across the brain and that the temporal evolution of the responses is quite varied, including more transient and more sustained profiles, as well as signal increases and decreases with threat.
The Double Entendre of Paul’s Trade as σκηνοποιός (Acts 18:3)
Authors: Shin W. Gil 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The word σκηνοποιός (Acts 18:3), a hapax legomenon, has been the subject of intense scrutiny because it may disclose the socio-economic nature of Paul’s trade. However, attempts to reconstruct historically his trade have not confidently identified its accurate historical reference. Since this difficulty derives from Luke’s choice of vocabulary—he uses a word that is very rare in the canon of Greco-Roman literature—this study attends to the word’s rhetorical setting that may explain Luke’s lexical choice. This choice would enhance the word’s symbolic value although weakening its referential value. Σκηνοποιός is plausibly an instance of Lukan etymological wordplay that draws on the continued symbolism of σκηνή in Luke-Acts—a term that captures Luke’s restoration eschatology.
The Commodities Fetish? Financialisation and Finance Capital in the US Oil Industry
Authors: Hanieh Adam 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This article explores the financialisation of the world’s most important commodity, oil. It argues that much of the literature on the financialisation of commodities tends to adopt a dualistic approach to financial markets and physical producers, where financial and non-financial activities are assumed to be externally-related and counterposed to one another. The article locates the roots of this analytical separation in a mistaken acceptance of the fetish character of interest-bearing capital (IBC) – a view that the exchange of loanable sums of capital represents a relationship between money-capitalists rather than a relationship to the moment of production. Against such dichotomous readings, the article argues that the financialisation of oil needs to be understood as part of the reworking of ownership and control across the oil commodity circuit, expressed through the combined centralisation and concentration of capital over the money, productive and commercial moments. This argument is demonstrated through an original empirical investigation of the US oil industry, including 20 years of weekly trading data on the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) and a detailed study of more than 160 oil and energy-related firms in the US. By mapping the structural weight and connections between different capitalist actors involved in accumulation across the oil sector, we gain a better understanding of the ultimate dynamics (and beneficiaries) of the carbon economy.
Syria
Authors: Bellamy Alex J. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The Syrian civil war stands as the most serious failure of the responsibility to prevent since the adoption of R2P in 2005. As the war has continued, there have been atrocities and abuse committed against vulnerable populations on a widespread and systematic scale. This article focuses on the atrocity prevention efforts undertaken in the first phase of the crisis from March 2011 to August 2012. It shows that while there were multiple tools utilized by a range of local, regional, and international actors, none of them had a lasting impact on the commission of atrocity crimes in Syria. This failure is due to five principal reasons. First, engagement to prevent atrocities came too late. Second, domestic and regional conditions were not conducive to prevention. Third, there was little reason for the warring parties to compromise. Fourth, there was a disconnect between what Western states wanted to achieve in Syria and what they were prepared to do about it. And fifth, the UN’s envoys had limited options for engagement.
Conclusions
Authors: Bellamy Alex J. , Šimonović Ivan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The prevention of atrocity crimes is the cornerstone of R2P. Yet, how prevention works in practice is little understood. In practice, multiple actors at different levels employ multiple prevention tools simultaneously which relate to, and impact upon, the regional, national and local contexts in which atrocity crime risk is evident. Strengthening preventive action requires better understanding of the combination of measures employed and how these measures interact and affect the risk of atrocity crimes. Recognising the growing gap between the promise and practice of atrocity prevention, the UN Office on Genocide Prevention and R2P commissioned a series of case studies to evaluate atrocity prevention efforts, covering the countries of Burundi, Central African Republic, Cote d’Ivoire, Guinea, Kenya, Myanmar, South Sudan and Syria. From these studies, four main lessons become apparent. One, imminently apprehended atrocity crimes are preventable. Two, best outcomes are achieved when atrocity prevention is made a priority. Three, unity of purpose is essential. And four, atrocity prevention relies on several factors, some of which are outside the control of those undertaking prevention. These lessons mean that while atrocity prevention is difficult, it is possible.
Triangular Francs: The Eisenhower Administration’s Complicated Franco-American-South Vietnamese System of Foreign Aid to Saigon
Authors: Maguire Lori 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This article examines the little-known system of foreign aid that the Eisenhower administration called “triangular trade.” Created to increase development aid without specific Congressional authorization, U.S. officials managed it chaotically and often secretly. This article analyzes U.S. application of this policy in relations with France, focusing on an examination of “triangular francs” whose most important manifestation occurred in South Vietnam. It tries to understand the complicated and often contentious relationships between the three nations with respect to “triangular francs,” illustrating its often neo-colonial aspects. After first presenting the system, the article proceeds to examine each of the three participants’ role in it and reservations about it. In particular, it seeks to show how Saigon’s leaders sought to influence the system to make it more advantageous to them and the impact this had on both Paris and Washington.
Between Machine and Man: The Question of Creation in the Transmission of Western Mechanical Knowledge in Seventeenth-Century China (A Case Study)
Authors: Wang Wenfei 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper aims to explore how the Jesuit missionaries and their Chinese supporters negotiated the tension between mechanical knowledge, along with its embedded theological implications and the Chinese worldview by examining the Yuanxi qiqi tushuo luzui 遠西奇器圖說錄最 and the biography of a Chinese inventor Huang Lüzhuang 黃履莊 in the context of the polemical debates on Christianity in seventeenth century China. Centring on the concept of creation, I demonstrate how the understanding of machine or automata relates to broader questions regarding the natural world and human agency at the juncture of intellectual transformations in both Europe and China: While some European thinkers, inspired by machines, promoted the worldview of a passive nature analogous to machine, concepts of unity and spontaneity provided the Chinese with an opportunity to account for the autonomy of the machine as something operating in accordance with the self-generating natural world.
3D printed geometrically tessellated sheets with origami-inspired patterns
Authors: Wickeler Anastasia L. , Naguib Hani E. 
Published: December 2021

This study demonstrates that the impact energy absorption capabilities of flexible sheets can be significantly enhanced by implementing tessellated designs into their structure. Configurations of three tessellated geometries were tested; they included a triangular-based, a rectangular-based, and a novel square-based pattern. Due to their geometrical complexity, multiple configurations of these tessellations were printed from a rubber-like material using an inkjet printer with two different thicknesses (2 and 4 mm), and their ability to absorb impact energy was compared to an unpatterned inkjet-printed sheet. In addition, the effect of multi-sheets stacking was also tested. Due to the tailored structure, the impact testing showed that the single-layer sheets were more effective at absorbing impact loads, and experience less deformation, than their two-layer counterparts. The 4 mm thick tessellated patterns were most effective at absorbing impact loads; all three thick patterns measured about 40% lower impact forces transferred to the base of the samples compared to the unpatterned counterparts.
The Impact of COVID‐19 on Head and Neck Cancer Treatment: Before and During the Pandemic
Authors: Solis Roberto N. , Mehrzad Mehrnaz , Faiq Samya , Frusciante Roberto P. , Sekhon Harveen K. , Abouyared Marianne , Bewley Arnaud F. , Farwell D. Gregory , Birkeland Andrew C. 
Published: December 2021

ObjectivesTo describe the impact that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic had on the presentation of patients with head and neck cancer in a single tertiary care center.Study DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingAcademic institution.MethodsWe performed a retrospective review of patients with newly diagnosed head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) who presented as new patients between September 10, 2019, and September 11, 2020. Patients presenting during the 6 months leading up to the announcement of the pandemic (pre–COVID‐19 period) on March 11, 2020, were compared to those presenting during the first 6 months of the pandemic (COVID‐19 period). Demographics, time to diagnosis and treatment, and tumor characteristics were analyzed.ResultsThere were a total of 137 patients analyzed with newly diagnosed malignancies. There were 22% fewer patients evaluated during the COVID‐19 timeframe. The groups were similar in demographics, duration of symptoms, time to diagnosis, time to surgery, extent of surgery, and adjuvant therapy. There was a larger proportion of tumors classified as T3/T4 (61.7%) in the COVID‐19 period vs the pre–COVID‐19 period (40.3%) (P =. 024), as well as a larger median tumor size during the COVID‐19 period (P =. 0002). There were no differences between nodal disease burden (P =. 48) and distant metastases (P =. 42).ConclusionDespite similar characteristics, time to diagnosis, and surgery, our findings suggest that there was an increase in primary tumor burden in patients with HNSCC during the early COVID‐19 pandemic.
Study on the enlargement index of femtosecond laser-assisted capsulorhexis in 2–6-year-old patients with congenital cataract
Authors: Liao Menglian , Guo Da , Liao Shan , Zhang Wenwen , Lin Ding , Tang Qiongyan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
To identify the capsule enlargement index after femtosecond laser-assisted anterior capsulorhexis in 2–6-year-old children who underwent congenital cataract surgery.

Methods
In this prospective case series study, femtosecond laser-assisted anterior capsulorhexis was performed in patients with congenital cataract, aged 2–6 years. The actual achieved capsulorhexis diameters were measured with Digimizer version 4.2.6. Correlation coefficient (r) and multiple linear regression analysis were used to evaluate the variables that could potentially influence anterior capsulorhexis enlargement index (E).

Results
This prospective study enrolled 28 eyes of 22 patients with congenital cataract. The mean age of the patients at surgery was 4.67 years ±1.54 (standard deviation [SD]). “E” of the 28 cases was 1.211 ± 0.039 (SD). Correlation analysis showed that “E” correlated significantly with the anterior chamber depth (ACD) (r = − 0.469, p = 0.021) and axial length (AL) (r = 0.452, p = 0.027). The following formula was developed by using multivariable linear regression analysis: Predicted E = 1.177–0.052 × ACD + 0.009 × AL, R2 = 0.346 (F = 4.396, p = 0.046).

Conclusions
The anterior capsulorhexis enlargement index and its calculation formula could help to set up an accurate programmed capsulorhexis diameter for femtosecond laser-assisted congenital cataract surgery in children aged 2–6 years. Thus, an appropriate actual capsulorhexis diameter could be achieved.