bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From the cloud to the ground: converting satellite data into conservation decisions
Authors: Pintea Lilian 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
An estimated 65% of the world’s land and more than 80% of Earth’s biodiversity are under indigenous or local community customary ownership, care, and use. Recent developments in remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), mobile, and cloud computing provide the opportunity to systematically and cost-effectively monitor land-cover and land-use changes and threats at multiple scales. It is now possible, via satellite observations, to obtain a synoptic view of ecosystems at spatial and temporal resolutions that are more detailed, locally relevant, and consistent from village to global scales. However, to make geospatial data and technologies work for conservation, we still need to understand how data turn into actionable information and conservation decisions. This chapter uses Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation as a framework to discuss insights from 18 years of using geospatial technologies with the local communities, village and district governments, and other partners to monitor chimpanzee habitats and threats and inform chimpanzee conservation strategies and actions in Tanzania. It focuses on how Earth Observation data and associated technologies enabled and benefitted from the creation of research-implementation spaces in which stakeholders were able to collaborate and interact with geospatial data and results in a diversity of ways. This enabled development of geospatial applications and solutions ‘with’ and not ‘for’ local stakeholders, resulting in expansion of new protected areas managed by village and districts governments and restoration of habitats in some degraded village forest reserves.
Application of SMART software for conservation area management
Authors: Cronin Drew T. , Dancer Anthony , Long Barney , Lynam Antony J. , Muntifering Jeff , Palmer Jonathan , Bergl Richard A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Wildlife species worldwide are under threat from a range of anthropogenic threats, with declines primarily caused by overexploitation and habitat loss associated with an increasing human population and per capita resource use. Exploitation is driven by numerous factors, but is often the result of illegal activities, such as hunting, logging, and wildlife trade. Protected areas, designed to safeguard threatened species and their habitats, are the foundation of biodiversity conservation, and several analyses have demonstrated that effective protected areas are critical to the maintenance of biodiversity. However, other analyses show that most protected areas suffer from a lack of resources and poor management. Numerous technologies have been developed to address these challenges by facilitating adaptive management via ranger-based data collection, data analysis and visualization, and strategic planning. This chapter reviews the Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tool (SMART) platform, with a particular emphasis on conservation law enforcement monitoring, and demonstrates both how SMART has been used to improve management of conservation areas, and how complementary systems and emerging technologies can be integrated into a single unified platform for conservation area management. In a relatively short period of time, SMART has grown to become the global standard for conservation area management. More than 800 national parks and other conservation areas are currently using SMART in more than 65 countries worldwide. SMART sites have seen improvements in patrol effectiveness, increases in populations of critically endangered species like tigers, and reductions in threats from poaching and habitat loss.
The ministry of sound
Authors: King Kathryn 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Every week, more than a million people attend a religious service in one of England’s 16,000 Anglican parish churches. In doing so, almost all will participate in communal singing as a member of the dynamic ensemble that is a parish church congregation. What are the functions of these ensembles? What are their social dynamics? How do their members regard them? And how do these ensembles mediate, become mediated by, and manifest in the music itself? Building on the growing body of Christian congregational music literature, this chapter discusses the findings of an empirical study of one church, and explores how music-making can impact on the individuals and ensembles who participate in it, and on the music they, collectively, produce.
Playful production
Authors: Haddon Elizabeth , Laws Catherine 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This case study of The Assembled, an ensemble based at the University of York, UK, explores the approach, rationale, and processes used to develop performances operating at the intersection of experimental music and devised theatre practices. Detailing the rationale for the formation of the ensemble and the relationship to its institutional educational context, the chapter also discusses the historical background to the work of experimental music ensembles and illuminates the working practices of the group, examining components of collaborative facilitation emerging from participant interviews. These relate to the ethos of the group, methods of operation, considerations of space and audience, and verbal interaction.
Come together
Authors: Moy Wendy K. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This ethnography of the Seattle Men’s Chorus (SMC) examined the culture of a highly successful chorus with particular attention to the members’ musical and social interactions in both rehearsals and gatherings outside of rehearsals. The shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices of the SMC, the largest community chorus in North America and the largest gay men’s chorus in the world, were explored. Overarching themes that emerged were the chorus as a “chosen family” and the artistic director as a servant leader who takes care of his “family.” More importantly, the presence of all three types of social capital (bonding, linking, and bridging) in the SMC is the crux of this study’s examination into why it is so successful. The SMC’s indicators of social capital are discussed, as well as how they manifest in relationships among the chorus members, artistic director, and the community, which has implications for community ensemble practices at large.
Working practices of professional piano accompanists outlined through a conceptual framework
Authors: Roussou Evgenia 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Working practices of professional accompanists in the solo–accompaniment medium were analyzed as reported by professional musicians, both piano accompanist practitioners and instrumental and vocal soloists. The data collected from two empirical studies, in conjunction with material drawn from pre-existing literature, resulted in the formulation of a conceptual framework of professional piano accompaniment practice. The framework provides a foundation for understanding the working practices of professional accompanists, in terms of the specific and general skills exemplified in their practice. The working practices outlined in this chapter are concerned with four themes central to the framework: interaction, communication, support, and expectations and assumptions. Each theme is illustrated using sample scenarios, providing scope for understanding their application by accompanists, in practice.
Developing familiarity
Authors: Ginsborg Jane , Bennett Dawn 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
How does a newly formed duo of expert musicians negotiate a shared understanding of an unfamiliar work? Two musicians learned two songs over the course of seven days, each musician memorizing one of the songs. A multistrategy approach was used to analyze and triangulate data from their individual practice sessions and joint rehearsals. In this case study, the musicians’ rehearsal talk was analyzed to examine the nature of their socio-emotional interactions, preferred rehearsal strategies, and the features of the music to which they referred. Their interactions were positive: they made suggestions and agreed with each other, provided orientation, relieved tension with humor, and demonstrated solidarity. They tended to repeat short sections, referring most often to tempo, and then ensemble, entries, and dynamics. The study highlights the value of taking an observational approach to the study of collaborative rehearsal and performance, not least for the musicians themselves.
Gestures in ensemble performance
Authors: Jensenius Alexander Refsum , Erdem Çağrı 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Gestures, defined as meaning-bearing bodily actions, play important and varied roles in ensemble performance. This chapter discusses how the term “gesture” differs from physical “motion” and perceived “action.” The functional differences between sound-producing, sound-facilitating, sound-accompanying, and communicative actions are presented, alongside how these can be performed and/or perceived as meaning-bearing gestures. The role of gestures in ensemble performance is examined from four perspectives: (1) ensemble size and setup; (2) the musical degrees of freedom of the ensemble; (3) the musical leadership; and (4) the role of machines in the musicianship. It is argued that the use of gestures varies between different types of ensembles and musical genres. The common denominator is the need for meaning-bearing bodily communication between performers, with such gestures also playing an important part in the musical communication with the audience.
Technologies for investigating large ensemble performance
Authors: Ponchione-Bailey Cayenna , Clarke Eric F. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Empirical research into large ensemble performance has crossed many disciplinary boundaries from music education to management studies, and has included the investigation of musicians’ interpersonal coordination and communication, group creativity and decision-making, conductors’ gestures, group musical expression, the social organization of large groups and their leadership, audience perceptions of performances, the individual and social benefits of participation, and rehearsal practices. However, there are still relatively few empirical studies of large ensemble performance, due to the social and practical factors that make it challenging to collect research data from large numbers of people engaged in a complex musical activity. Technological developments have increasingly expanded the research methods available to include sophisticated audio capture and analysis, web-based video-stimulated recall, and motion capture. This chapter discusses the challenges faced by researchers investigating large ensembles and describes some of the technological solutions that are opening up new avenues for data collection and analysis.
Ensemble timing and synchronization
Authors: D’Amario Sara , Bailes Freya 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Timing and synchronization represent fundamental elements of ensemble playing. Empirical research has demonstrated remarkably tight synchronization in ensembles, including instrumental and classical singing formations. Nevertheless, asynchronies between co-performers during ensemble playing are inevitable and, to some extent, desirable: musicians deliberately co-vary their timing and synchronization to attain mastery in expressive ensemble performance. By reviewing published studies on ensemble synchrony, the contextual factors that may impact synchronization are presented. Considerations of ensemble timing are then broadened to better recognize variations by musical tradition. Ultimately, the chapter reflects on the relationships between intrapersonal and interpersonal synchrony in ensemble, from the lowest levels of the temporal hierarchy, including neural activity, to the higher levels comprising breathing and cardiac activities, and musicians’ body gestures. This overview provides a conceptual framework to explore aspects of context as well as the physiology and the psychology of collective music-making, suggesting a fruitful avenue for further investigations.
Using performance sociograms to investigate inter-performer relationships in music ensembles
Authors: Seibert Christoph 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Performance sociograms provide a means with which to visualize and investigate relationships between musicians during ensemble performance as they are subjectively experienced. This chapter presents a case study with a contemporary music ensemble, exemplifying a methodological approach that provides insights on a phenomenological level by minimally affecting the performance itself. Relationships between co-performers as experienced by individuals in three performances were assessed via questionnaires, interviews, and self-created sociograms. Performance sociograms were also generated based on a qualitative content analysis of these data. Each performance sociogram provides a view on the respective performance situation from an individual musician’s perspective. Comparing sociograms reveals insights into individual differences and developments from concert to concert. Enabling integration of qualitative and quantitative data, which can be combined with a variety of approaches from ethnography to computational approaches, sociograms are a promising tool for future research into understanding relationships between players in music ensembles.
Empowering ensembles
Authors: English Helen J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores how membership of a music ensemble can empower participants across a range of dimensions: purpose, connections, achievement, and identity formation. In a Western context, empowerment is often linked to agency, purpose, and self-esteem. Agency and purpose are raised through the goals and educational aspects of music ensembles. Self-esteem is linked to achievement, frequently flowing during music ensemble experiences. Connection, another key aspect of empowerment, includes connections to others, the past, and lost selves. For migrants and refugees, the connection is often to a past self and a relinquished land and culture. The research studies reviewed in this chapter encompass the homeless, prisoners, migrants, refugees, and older adults. Expanding from the reviewed work, the chapter looks at historical examples to discuss how music ensembles helped Australian settler communities create their worlds and shows how findings from these historical music ensembles can inform research into music communities today.
Enhanced learning through joint instrumental education
Authors: Schiavio Andrea 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The perspectives of music teachers and students on the main benefits of collaborative musical learning are explored in this chapter. Qualitative data from two recently conducted studies are discussed through the main conceptual resources of the “embodied approach” to mind. In these studies, an open-ended questionnaire was administered to expert music teachers and students from the European Union and North America who took part in individual and collective instrumental music classes. The overall results indicate that the joint element of the tuition allowed students to become more responsible for their own learning, helping teachers foster more inclusive settings where interactions among peers are prioritized. Having considered the relevance of the results in light of classic views on peer-learning by Piaget and Vygotsky, it is argued that an embodied approach can help researchers and educators better capture the relational dynamics of collective pedagogies.
Collaborative composition and performance in arts and health workshops
Authors: Williams James 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The “Collective Music-Making as Social Interaction” (CMSI) study was conducted at Vic University, Catalonia. The project was a music-based arts and health workshop, featuring as part of the University’s Art as a Tool for Social Transformation program, aimed to explore how music and the design of bespoke notation can be used in groups to support social interaction among participants. Findings identified within the experiences of participants included discovery, expression, perception, recognition, imagination, communication, cohesiveness, confidence, and self-esteem. The project reveals how a creative, collaborative process can demonstrate a group’s capacity to learn new ways of socially interacting and communicating. The study also shows how the collective product (both composition and ensemble performance) is representative of such social interaction. It is suggested that designing musical notation in collective workshops can facilitate healthy engagement between individuals, proposing extensions of the model for use with arts on prescription and social prescribing service users.
Ensemble singing for wellbeing and social inclusion of street children
Authors: Manrique Juliana Moonette , Gutiérrez Angelina 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
With international agencies tapping music as a channel to address the social needs of marginalized populations, this study explored the outcomes of ensemble singing on the health and social integration of street children in the Philippines. Using mixed methods, perceived effects of ensemble singing on the wellbeing and social inclusion of street children were investigated, as well as the challenges of ensemble singing as a type of intervention for the health and social integration of marginalized groups and the implications of such music-based social action research for ensemble performance studies. Although challenges to ensemble singing were revealed by the children, both choristers and facilitators perceived a range of social, physical, psychological, and spiritual benefits. Facilitators reflected on the transformative potential of ensemble singing for the wellbeing of marginalized populations. This investigation anticipates further exploration on the transnational spectrum of ensemble music in relation to health, social inclusion, and music-based social action research.
Commencement of Proceedings
Authors: Law European 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the provisions on commencement of proceedings under the European Rules of Civil Procedure. The first section of this part of the Rules concerns the pre-commencement procedural duties. Rule 51 provides that ‘before proceedings are issued, parties shall co-operate with each other in order to avoid unnecessary disputes and costs, to facilitate the early consensual resolution of their dispute and, where such a resolution is not possible, the proportionate management of future proceedings according to Rules 2–11 and 47–50’. The second section concerns the commencement and pleadings. To commence proceedings, the claimant must submit a statement of claim to the court, as provided in Rule 53. Rule 52 sentence 1 implements the principle of party disposition from the outset of proceedings. A claimant may exercise their right of disposition at the earliest stage of proceedings by withdrawal of the claim, while a defendant may do so by admission of the claim upon notice being given. The chapter then looks at the requirements for the statement of defence and counterclaims, as well as the contents of the joint application and the termination of party-agreed-proceedings.
Chemical Bonding 1: Basic Concepts
Authors: Oriakhi Christopher O. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts examines general ideas of chemical bonding between atoms and ions and how this bonding affects the chemical properties of the elements. An overview of Lewis symbols, Lewis structures and the octet rule is presented including the role of valence electrons in ionic and covalent bonding. The energy changes that accompany ionic bond formation are also discussed with emphasis on lattice energy. The chapter covers guidelines and general procedures for writing Lewis structures or electron dot formulas for molecular compounds and polyatomic ions. The concepts and applications of resonance, formal charge and exceptions to the octet rules are presented, along with coverage of the relationship between bond polarity and electronegativity.
Solution Chemistry
Authors: Oriakhi Christopher O. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Solution Chemistry discusses the solution process, properties of solutions, saturated solutions and solubility, and factors affecting the solubility of solutes. Several quantitative measures of concentration are explained: percent by mass, parts per million, molarity, molality, normality and mole fraction. A systematic method of solving solubility problems is reviewed and several illustrative examples provided. Solubility is described as an equilibrium process with emphasis on the effect of temperature and pressure on the solubility of solute. The relationship between solubility and temperature for ionic compounds is illustrated by solubility curves. Henry’s law, which expresses the relationship between the pressure of a gas and its solubility, is discussed.
Ideal Solutions and Colligative Properties
Authors: Oriakhi Christopher O. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Ideal Solutions and Colligative Properties deals with the properties of solutions that depend on the concentration, but not the identity, of solute particles. The discussion examines the solution properties of vapour pressure depression, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression and osmotic pressure for an ideal solution, and how they differ from the properties of the pure solvent. Raoult’s law is used to quantify the magnitude of vapour pressure lowering. This is followed by illustrations of boiling point elevation and freezing point depression as well as the determination of boiling and freezing points of a solution. Calculation of osmotic pressure and its use to determine the molar mass of a solute is discussed.
Chemical Thermodynamics
Authors: Oriakhi Christopher O. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Chemical Thermodynamics discusses the fundamental laws of thermodynamics along with their relationships to heat, work, enthalpy, entropy, and temperature. Predicting the direction of a spontaneous change and calculating the change in entropy of a reaction are core concepts. The relationship between entropy, free energy and work is covered. The Gibbs free energy is used quantitatively to predict if reactions or processes are going to be exothermic and spontaneous or endothermic under the stated conditions. Also explored are the enthalpy and entropy changes during a phase change. Finally the Gibbs free energy of a chemical reaction is related to its equilibrium constant and the temperature.
Introduction
Authors: Cartwright Kent 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The Introduction claims the centrality of comedy as a Renaissance genre. It outlines the study’s thesis, that Shakespearean comedy contains an aura of enchantment that plays against its rationalist dimension and that enchantment effects can provoke thought, communalism, and ethical awareness. The Introduction locates the argument in various contexts: that of recent theories of comedy, including those emphasizing rationalism; that of modern disenchantment and countervailing defenses of wonder and enchantment; that of ideas of the comic surplus as demarcating a mysterious, even Utopian, aspect of comedy; that of recent critical interest in magic and medievalism; and, finally, that of present-day criticism of Shakespearean comedy. Studies of Shakespeare’s comedy sometimes avoid confronting its fantasy dimension, which can use experiences of enchantment to put the dominant narrative (along with its own claims) in doubt. In the comedies, enchantment can be revelatory—while remaining a little ridiculous and demanding continued thought.