bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The discovery of taxol: Wall, Horwitz, Holton
Authors: Cordes Eugene H. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Taxol is a widely employed drug for chemotherapy of breast cancer and finds use for ovarian and lung cancer as well as for Kaposi’s syndrome. Getting from the discovery of taxol to approval for treatment of cancer took 30 years. The molecule was discovered in the Pacific yew tree, where it occurs in very small amounts. Early studies proved encouraging but not striking enough to generate real enthusiasm for pushing taxol forward. Then Susan Horwitz discovered its mechanism of action—it prevents the dissolution of microtubules—and enthusiasm strengthened. The problem at that stage was getting enough taxol to treat patients. Environmentalists were concerned that harvesting trees for taxol would destroy basically all of the Pacific yew trees in old forests, a legitimate concern. The discovery of a taxol precursor in the English yew, where it occurs in substantial amounts, coupled with the synthesis of taxol from that precursor solved the supply issue. It is now made by total synthesis. Determination by a few scientists over decades brought this important cancer drug into practice.
Avermectins: molecules of life battle parasites
Authors: Cordes Eugene H. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Avermectins are effective anti-parasitic agents in human health, animal health, and agriculture. A family of closely related avermectins was discovered in Japan in a fermentation broth of a previously unknown microorganism. These molecules were discovered once in screening 250,000 broths. They were developed initially for animal health by Merck, and a number of agents reached the market: for food animals, horses, pets. The derivatives of the avermectins that are marketed are known as ivermectins. Their use for parasitic diseases of humans was explored, and they were found to be highly effective for river blindness and filariasis (elephantiasis), diseases that afflict the poor in many areas but especially in sub-Saharan Africa The drugs are made available at no cost to victims of these diseases. There is hope that these parasitic diseases can be eradicated. The avermectins also find use in agriculture.
Diabetes breakthroughs: Thornberry and Weber
Authors: Cordes Eugene H. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Januvia and Janumet are important additions to the array of drugs that are employed to treat type 2 diabetes. Januvia (sitagliptin) works by an entirely novel mechanism: it is a potent and specific inhibitor of an enzyme known as DPP-4 (dipeptidyl peptidase-4). DPP-4 promotes the destruction of a peptide known as GLP-1 (glucagon-like-peptide-1), an incretin. Incretins are agents that stimulate the secretion of insulin and repress the secretion of glucagon. Both actions tend to normalize glucose levels. Indeed, clinical trials with GLP-1 have shown that this peptide normalizes blood glucose levels in both the fed and fasted states. GLP-1 must be given by injection and is not suitable for routine use by diabetic patients. However, an inhibitor of the enzyme that degrades GLP-1 is the functional equivalent of administration of GLP-1. Januvia acts in exactly this way. Janumet is a combination product in which Januvia is combined with metformin, an effective anti-diabetes agent that has been employed for many years. There are now a number of gliptins (DPP-4 inhibitors) in clinical use for type 2 diabetes.
Take it off! Take it all off! Drugs for weight reduction
Authors: Cordes Eugene H. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Obesity is a major and growing threat to good health to most parts of the world. In the United States, Xenical, marketed over the counter as Alli, is the only drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration for long-term use for weight control. There are several others—Qsymia, Contrave, Belviq, Saxenda—that are approved for short-term use. A number of others, approved earlier, have been withdrawn from the market for patient safety reasons, including the popular combination known as phen-fen. The pharmaceutical industry has found the discovery of effective and safe weight control drugs to be a formidable challenge. Xenical (tetrahydrolipstatin) is an inhibitor of an enzyme in the gut that promotes the digestion of fats. As a result, an increased fraction of ingested fat is excreted in the feces rather than being absorbed in the body, a reduction in effective calorie intake. This is a novel weight control mechanism of action. Other agents act to suppress appetite or as stimulants to calorie burning. Dietary measures to control weight take several forms, but the effective measure is calorie intake, not diet composition. The field of weight control is rife with false and unsubstantiated claims of efficacy. Research to find better drugs for weight control continues.
Rape and Other Ways of Reading
Authors: Graybill Rhiannon 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Approaches to biblical rape often assume what Sharon Marcus calls a “gendered grammar” of rape: Rape is something male subjects do to female objects. Furthermore, this heterosexual relation is treated as the most important dynamic in the text. However, heterosexual rape also occurs as a secondary event in texts that are overwhelmingly about the relationships between women. A feminist theory of biblical sexual violence needs to account for the points of contact between rape stories and stories of female relationships. Hagar and Sarah in Genesis 16 and 21 furnish a key example. Drawing on contemporary literary fiction about relationships between women, this chapter argues that the significance of Hagar and Sarah’s relationship cannot be reduced to the scene of sexual exploitation. Instead, the text presents a complex and entangled account of female relationality and intimacy.
Conclusion
Authors: Graybill Rhiannon 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The conclusion synthesizes the account of how to read stories of rape and sexual violence “after terror”—that is, with and through the methodological framework offered by this book. Several repeated themes emerge. First, there is no single story or script for “rape stories.” This includes many of the explanatory or affective frames applied to rape stories, including “rape is the worst thing possible,” “rape is exceptional,” and “there is no after to rape.” Second, just as there is no one way to tell a rape story, there is no one way of framing harm, in either type or degree. One alternative model is peremption, the unlimited limiting of possibility. Third, the after of rape stories names both the immediate aftermath—what happens next in the narrative, for example—and the larger space in and around the story, including readers’ responses. Fourth, the work of feminist criticism is about finding ways to read and live with biblical rape stories. To do feminist work is to stay with the fuzzy, the messy, and the icky, even or especially when such reading seem difficult.
Trade as a Source of Populist Conflict
Authors: Jones Kent 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses attitudes toward trade as the result of the balance between the desire to truck and barter and the desire to seek safety and identity in a social group. External threats, or a loss of status due to the presence or influence of foreigners, tend to tilt the balance in favor of protection from outsiders. Domestically, political tension arises between insiders and outsiders in the society. Populism transforms such fears into larger collective issues such as the loss of sovereignty, or the deprivation of status in society due to foreign incursions, including immigration and imports, and a confrontation between the elite and the people. Voting behavior becomes subject to emotional impulses when populist leaders present such issues as existential threats. Voters may also vote in solidarity to redress negative impacts on their broader community, even if the disruption, such as import-induced job loss, does not affect them directly. Populist movements and parties include left-wing, right-wing, and anti-establishment varieties.
Emotional Flashpoints of Populism and Trade
Authors: Jones Kent 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses populist movements and how they typically depend on the emotional appeal of their platforms in order to achieve electoral success. Populist leaders therefore tend to identify flashpoint issues that resonate with their constituents in terms of the conflict with the discredited elite. Conceptual flashpoints include national sovereignty, which the elite have allegedly compromised; and trade balances, whereby the deficit country is the loser; and tariffs, presented as weapons to punish foreign countries. Institutional flashpoints include the World Trade Organization, regional trade agreements, and the European Union as a special case in the Brexit referendum. Identifiable countries and groups serve to personalize the focus of populist resentment, and represent the third type of flashpoint. Mexico and China have served this function for Trump especially, while immigrants and terrorists play this role in the United States, the European Union, and elsewhere.
Trump’s Assault on the Global Trading System
Authors: Jones Kent 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses Trump’s trade policy goal, which was to overturn the rules-based global system favoring trade liberalization. He did this with the help of his trade representative, Robert Lighthizer, a lawyer familiar with the legal and institutional aspects of trade. His assault on WTO rules began with unilateral tariffs on steel and aluminum, declaring that imports from all countries, including close allies, endangered national security. He bypassed WTO dispute settlement provisions to launch a trade war against China, with escalating tariffs, and finally forced the WTO dispute settlement system to shut down with repeated vetoes of appellate body appointments. His so-called trade war truce with China also violated WTO provisions on nondiscrimination. He repeatedly imposed tariffs on countries he deemed to be currency manipulators, despite evidence to the contrary, and threatened tariffs on Mexico in order to force the country to change its immigration policy. As the former leader of the global trading system, Trump’s actions undermined the foundations of the global trading system.
The Future Belongs to Globalized Societies
Authors: Jones Kent 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The concluding chapter summarizes the major findings of the book. Populism has inflicted the greatest damage to global trade and the trading system through the policies of Donald Trump and the UK Brexit vote. Trump’s populist manifesto presents globalism as the opposite of patriotism, but globalized societies increase their national welfare through trade, serving patriotic goals. In order to rebuff the populist temptation it will be necessary to improve adjustment policies, so that workers will have better chances of moving to new jobs when globalization disrupts markets. National trade policy should prevent the concentration of power in one individual’s discretion. The WTO needs to be revitalized through updating its rule book, introducing more effective safeguard measures, and finding new methods of reaching consensus. Maintaining democratic institutions will also be necessary, along with global efforts to defuse refugee crises, and national efforts to integrate and assimilate immigrants.
Becoming Jewish, Believing in Jesus?
Authors: Carpenedo Manoela 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter investigates the question of how the Judaizing Evangelicals appear to want to become Jewish, believing in Jesus. It carefully analyzes the social and cultural organization of the religious hybridization undertaken by the community of the Judaizing Evangelicals. Special attention is given to how Christian tenets are gradually understood in new ways and are replaced by Jewish ideas and practices within this changing religious community. The analysis indicates that religious change is an open dialectic process, challenging both clear-cut “continuity” and “discontinuity” arguments found in the anthropology of religion. By revealing the dialectic role of past structures in change processes, the theoretical framework expands current conceptualizations exploring cultural hybridity.
The Future Frightens Me
Authors: Ball Blake Scott 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Peanuts in the 1950s could be a strange, quirky, existentialist journey. Equal parts bleak and absurd, Charles Schulz’s humor resonated with mid-century Americans plagued by feelings of alienation, anxiety, and dislocation. Peanuts was in many ways a Cold War story. Nuclear explosions and fallout, cowboy and Indian battles, and spacemen played a prominent role in the children’s play. Linus’s security blanket and Lucy’s psychiatry booth became powerful metaphors for the therapeutic revolution in American culture and were regularly used in psychiatry textbooks of the period. Schulz’s work became increasingly popular among college-aged existentialists and beatniks. In 1955, Schulz’s rapid rise in popularity led to a national Cartoonist of the Year award.
Snoopy Is the Hero in Vietnam
Authors: Ball Blake Scott 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Snoopy, the character who was one of the more surprising critics of the American approach to the Vietnam War. In particular, Snoopy’s imaginary conflict as the World War I flying ace fighting the Red Baron became a unique commentary on the impact of war on the American homefront. The character also became a popular symbol among American servicemen, both to register their dedication to the fight and their frustrations with the war itself. For his part, Schulz mapped a path of support for troops, but disdain for the unpopular war and especially for the continuance of the draft.
I Believe in Conserving Energy
Authors: Ball Blake Scott 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Peanuts was a suburban story and expressed many of the contemporary concerns about the environment and the future. Nature played an important role in Schulz’s work, becoming an active member of the cast at times. Schulz’s conception of environmental responsibility attempted to balance alleviating the negative consequences of modern industry with the need for continued industrial productivity. This environmental ethos made Peanuts characters attractive mascots for 1970s presidential administrations looking to market their own public policies in the midst of the energy and pollution crises of the decade. At times, however, Schulz’s work could be deployed by corporate leaders as a way to deflect their own industrial responsibility onto individual consumers.
“I Have a Vision, Charlie Brown”
Authors: Ball Blake Scott 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
From the very beginning, Schulz was an advocate for strong, independent females. Characters like Lucy and Peppermint Patty refused to be defined or dominated by the boys, whether in social interactions, school, or sports. Lucy became a vocal supporter of women’s liberation. These characters became important popular symbols for the burgeoning feminist movement in Cold War America. Peppermint Patty and Marcie, because of their unique relationship, became powerful symbols for lesbian, bisexual, and queer women in a culture where they often felt unrepresented. Schulz took a direct role in endorsing and championing Title IX reforms for women’s athletics, lending his artwork to the national debate.
The World in the Wave Function
Authors: Ney Alyssa 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWhat are the ontological implications of quantum theories, that is, what do they tell us about the fundamental objects that make up our world? How should quantum theories make us reevaluate our classical conceptions of the basic constitution of material objects and ourselves? Is there fundamental quantum nonlocality? This book articulates several rival approaches to answering these questions, ultimately defending the wave function realist approach. Wave function realism is a way of interpreting quantum theories so that the central object they describe is the quantum wave function, interpreted as a field in an extremely high-dimensional space. According to this approach, the nonseparability and nonlocality we seem to find in quantum mechanics are ultimately manifestations of a more intuitive, separable, and local picture in higher dimensions.
The Argument from Entanglement
Authors: Ney Alyssa 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn quantum mechanics, entangled states are not exotic or rare. Rather, entanglement is the norm and so the metaphysical consequences of entanglement are a central issue for anyone wishing to provide an ontological interpretation of the various formulations of quantum mechanics. This chapter presents the argument for wave function realism from quantum entanglement, which says that wave function realism is necessary if one wants an ontological interpretation that does not conflate distinct quantum states. It explains quantum entanglement and how postulating a wave function in higher dimensions can help to metaphysically ground the phenomenon. The chapter ultimately concludes that the argument from quantum entanglement fails as there are several rival positions that can also explain quantum entanglement and recover the distinctions between different entangled states. These include the primitive ontology approach, various other holisms, ontic structural realism, spacetime state realism, and the multi-field approach.
Must an Ontology for Quantum Theories Contain Local Beables?
Authors: Ney Alyssa 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis chapter considers and responds to the objection that a wave function in a high-dimensional space cannot ultimately constitute the low-dimensional macroscopic objects of experience. It discusses two forms this objection takes: one based on the putative fact that our evidence for quantum theories consists of low-dimensional objects, and another based on the putative fact that quantum theories are about low-dimensional objects, that they have primitive ontologies of local beables. Even admitting that there may be something straightforward and comprehensible about the fundamental ontologies for quantum theories proposed by the wave function realist, the philosophers who raise these objections see a problem with these ontologies in that they cannot serve as the constitutive foundation for the world as we experience it. And this undermines the promise of wave function realism to serve as a framework for the interpretation of quantum theories.
The Decision Problem
Authors: Perrings Charles 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 reviews key elements of decision theory as applied to the management of environmental resources. It illustrates the principles governing economic decisions generally, especially the equimarginal principle, and shows how these principles guide trade-offs between goods and services consumed by individuals or communities, or between inputs employed by households, firms, or public enterprises. It identifies the elements of decision problems involving constrained optimization, and shows how these elements appear in problems involving the conservation of scarce resources. It also introduces Lagrangian methods for the optimization of constrained decision problems, and provides an initial treatment of the role of discounting in decisions involving time.
Substitutability and the Valuation of Natural Capital
Authors: Perrings Charles 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7 considers the substitutability between produced and natural capital—assets used in the production of goods and services, and between environmental and other goods and services. It shows the ways in which the limits of substitutability are captured in both production and utility functions, and what this means for conservation. The chapter also discusses the relation between substitutability and the value of environmental inputs, using concepts of gross substitutability and complementarity, and the elasticity of substitution. The authors also note that the relative value of environmental inputs is frequently dependent on the environmental conditions under which production takes place.
Poverty, Value, and Conservation
Authors: Perrings Charles 
Published: May 2021

AbstractChapter 10 addresses the relation between conservation, income, and wealth, focusing on the problem of biodiversity. It reconsiders the current consensus that poverty alleviation will reduce biodiversity loss. It addresses three dimensions of the problem: the role of income in the demand for natural resources; the empirical relation between income and biodiversity conservation; and the link between wealth, property rights, and the incentive to conserve. The first connects poverty, population growth, and the demand for natural resources. The second shows how biodiversity conservation and per capita income are related. The third connects poverty and property rights. It shows that for rural landholders to have an incentive to conserve their land, they also need to have secure rights. A necessary condition for land conservation to be optimal by the Hotelling principle is that the rights-holder can realize the gains to be had from conserving the resource.
Destinations in Mind
Authors: Cassibry Kimberly 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Destinations in Mind explores how objects depicting distant places helped Romans understand their vast empire. At a time when many sites were written about but only a few were represented in art, four distinct sets of artifacts circulated new information. Engraved silver cups list all the stops from Spanish Gades to Rome, while resembling the milestones that helped travelers track their progress. Vivid glass cups represent famous charioteers and gladiators competing in circuses and amphitheaters, and offered virtual experiences of spectacles that were new to many regions. Bronze bowls commemorate forts along Hadrian’s Wall with colorful enameling typical of Celtic craftsmanship. Glass bottles display labeled cityscapes of Baiae, a notorious resort, and Puteoli, a busy port, both in the Bay of Naples. These artifacts and their journeys reveal an empire divided not into center and periphery, but connected by roads that did not all lead to Rome. They bear witness to a shared visual culture that was not divided into high and low art, but united by extraordinary craftsmanship. New aspects of globalization are apparent in the multilingual place names that the vessels bear, in the transformed places that they visualize, and in the enriched understanding of the empire’s landmarks that they impart. With in-depth case studies, the book argues that the best way to comprehend the Roman empire is to look closely at objects depicting its fascinating places.
Introduction
Authors: Cassibry Kimberly 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Introduction addresses the emerging study of Roman souvenirs and establishes a new framework for their analysis. Whereas prior studies have valuably considered the role of Roman souvenirs in curating memory and their relation to modern memorabilia, this book explores how their craftsmanship relates to perceptions of place. The book’s four case studies focus on artifacts that conjure particular destinations through a combination of words and images. These artifacts are simultaneously portable works of art and material texts. They can be held in the hand yet they evoke monumental buildings, cities, frontiers, and roads. They are Roman, Italian, and provincial in their sites of production and use. The book’s interdisciplinary analysis therefore draws on theories of place, globalization, materiality, and multi-sensory experience in order to answer the following question: how did souvenirs allow residents of the Roman empire to be in one place while imagining another?