bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
KOSELLECK'S TIMES
Authors: Zammito John H. 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTIn this essay, I examine the key features of Reinhart Koselleck's situatedness in his place and time, insofar as they help us grasp his particular slant on historical writing, and then discuss the main thrust of his Historik, or his theory of the possibility of historical practice. Koselleck argued that historical theory must be a theory about time, or, more accurately, times. In his decisive terminology, the historical “present” consisted in the Gleichzeitigkeit des Ungleichzeitigen (contemporaneity of the noncontemporaneous), or the historical moment was analogous to a geological stratification, with different Zeitschichten (sediments of time) making their presence felt in distinct configurations of pressure and pacing. Koselleck strove, within his German cultural situation, to acknowledge the Gadamerian argument for the linguistic character of historical understanding and, indeed, of the human experience it enunciates, but he also suggested that historical practice had to unearth the prelinguistic structures that also (and inescapably) constrained experience and its articulation. All in all, Koselleck provided heuristic considerations for concrete empirical practice, neither endeavoring nor achieving theoretical prescriptions whereby histories must be constructed or adjudicated.
Exploring prevalence of wound infections and related patient characteristics in homecare using natural language processing
Authors: Woo Kyungmi , Song Jiyoun , Adams Victoria , Block Lorraine J. , Currie Leanne M. , Shang Jingjing , Topaz Maxim 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe aimed to create and validate a natural language processing algorithm to extract wound infection‐related information from nursing notes. We also estimated wound infection prevalence in homecare settings and described related patient characteristics. In this retrospective cohort study, a natural language processing algorithm was developed and validated against a gold standard testing set. Cases with wound infection were identified using the algorithm and linked to Outcome and Assessment Information Set data to identify related patient characteristics. The final version of the natural language processing vocabulary contained 3914 terms and expressions related to the presence of wound infection. The natural language processing algorithm achieved overall good performance (F‐measure = 0.88). The presence of wound infection was documented for 1.03% (n = 602) of patients without wounds, for 5.95% (n = 3232) of patients with wounds, and 19.19% (n = 152) of patients with wound‐related hospitalisation or emergency department visits. Diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, and skin ulcer were significantly associated with wound infection among homecare patients. Our findings suggest that nurses frequently document wound infection‐related information. The use of natural language processing demonstrated that valuable information can be extracted from nursing notes which can be used to improve our understanding of the care needs of people receiving homecare. By linking findings from clinical nursing notes with additional structured data, we can analyse related patients' characteristics and use them to develop a tailored intervention that may potentially lead to reduced wound infection‐related hospitalizations.
The evolutionary impact of population size, mutation rate and virulence on pathogen niche width
Authors: Fisher Adam M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the evolution of pathogen niche width is important for predicting disease spread and the probability that pathogens can emerge in novel hosts. Findings from previous theoretical studies often suggest that pathogens will evolve to be specialists in specific host environments. However, several of these studies make unrealistic assumptions regarding demographic stochasticity and the ability of pathogens to select their hosts. Here, an individual‐based model was used to predict how population size, virulence and pathogen mutation rate affects the evolution niche specialism in pathogens. Pathogen specialism evolved regardless of virulence or populations size; thus, the findings of this study are somewhat consistent with those of previous work. However, because specialist pathogens had only a weak selective advantage over generalist pathogens, high mutation rates caused random trait variation to accumulate, preventing the evolution of specialism. Mutation rate varies greatly across different species and strains of pathogen. By showing that high mutation rates may prevent pathogen specialism evolving, this study highlights an intrinsic pathogen trait that may influence the evolution of pathogen niche width.
Better response to low FODMAP diet in disorders of gut–brain interaction patients with pronounced hydrogen response to a nutrient challenge test
Authors: Schindler Valeria , Giezendanner Stéphanie , Van Oudenhove Lukas , Murray Fritz Ruprecht , Buehler Joelle , Bordier Valentine , Hente Juliane , Pohl Daniel 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackground and AimPrevious studies have shown a reduction of gastrointestinal symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients following a low FODMAP diet (LFD). It remains unknown which disorders of gut–brain interaction (DGBI) patients would benefit most from LFD. We aimed to analyze LFD response regarding a preceding nutrient challenge test (NCT).MethodsData of 110 consecutive DGBI patients undergoing NCT and LFD between August 2015 and August 2018 were analyzed retrospectively. LFD response was assessed by changes in IBS Symptom Severity Score (IBS‐SSS). In mixed‐effects linear regression models, the impact of hydrogen values and abdominal symptoms during NCT, performed with 30‐g lactulose and 400‐mL liquid test meal, on IBS‐SSS changes were analyzed.ResultsLow FODMAP diet induced a significant IBS‐SSS reduction of 78 points (95% confidence interval [CI] 50–96;P < 0.001). Patients with higher NCT‐induced hydrogen increase during proximal intestinal transit had a significantly better LFD response (−66 IBS‐SSS reduction per 10‐ppm hydrogen increase, 95% CI −129 to −4,P = 0.045). Additionally, the higher the NCT‐induced maximum hydrogen increase during mid‐distal and distal intestinal transit, the better are the responses to LFD (−6 IBS‐SSS per 10‐ppm maximum delta hydrogen, 95% CI −11 to −1,P = 0.040). There was no association of LFD response with abdominal symptom generation during NCT.ConclusionsOur study is the first one analyzing and demonstrating significant associations between NCT results and LFD response. These findings are of high clinical importance, as they identify a subgroup of DGBI patients that may profit most from a restrictive LFD as first‐line therapy.
Identification and Management of Traveler's Diarrhea
Authors: Levi Miriam E. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTraveler's diarrhea (TD) is a common occurrence when people travel to foreign countries and can affect individuals of all ages, including those who are pregnant. This clinical syndrome is caused by a variety of intestinal pathogens, and treatment is based on the acuity of the patient's symptoms. This case report describes the clinical presentation and management of a pregnant woman with a history of TD who requests an antibiotic prescription for the potential need of empiric self‐treatment of TD for an upcoming business trip outside of the United States. The clinical presentation of TD, differential diagnoses, treatment plan options, prevention recommendations, and empiric self‐treatment are reviewed. Current evidence‐based guidelines are discussed, and high‐risk conditions such as pregnancy are considered.
Wnt5a modulates dendritic spine dynamics through the regulation of Cofilin via small Rho GTPase activity in hippocampal neurons
Authors: Vallejo Daniela , Lindsay Carolina B. , González‐Billault Christian , Inestrosa Nibaldo C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDendritic spines are small, actin‐rich protrusions that act as the receiving sites of most excitatory inputs in the central nervous system. The remodeling of the synapse architecture is mediated by actin cytoskeleton dynamics, a process precisely regulated by the small Rho GTPase family. Wnt ligands exert their presynaptic and postsynaptic effects during formation and consolidation of the synaptic structure. Specifically, Wnt5a has been identified as an indispensable synaptogenic factor for the regulation and organization of the postsynaptic side; however, the molecular mechanisms through which Wnt5a induces morphological changes resulting from actin cytoskeleton dynamics within dendritic spines remain unclear. In this work, we employ primary rat hippocampal cultures and HT22 murine hippocampal neuronal cell models, molecular and pharmacological tools, and fluorescence microscopy (laser confocal and epifluorescence) to define the Wnt5a‐induced molecular signaling involved in postsynaptic remodeling mediated via the regulation of the small Rho GTPase family. We report that Wnt5a differentially regulates the phosphorylation of Cofilin in neurons through both Ras‐related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 and cell division cycle 42 depending on the subcellular compartment and the extracellular calcium levels. Additionally, we demonstrate that Wnt5a increases the density of dendritic spines and promotes their maturation via Ras‐related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1. Accordingly, we find that Wnt5a requires the combined activation of small Rho GTPases to increase the levels of filamentous actin, thus promoting the stability of actin filaments. Altogether, these results provide evidence for a new mechanism by which Wnt5a may target actin dynamics, thereby regulating the subsequent morphological changes in dendritic spine architecture.
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Breathing, speaking, coughing or sneezing: What drives transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2?
Authors: Stadnytskyi V. , Anfinrud P. , Bax A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe SARS‐CoV‐2 virus is highly contagious, as demonstrated by numerous well‐documented superspreading events. The infection commonly starts in the upper respiratory tract (URT) but can migrate to the lower respiratory tract (LRT) and other organs, often with severe consequences. Whereas LRT infection can lead to shedding of virus via breath and cough droplets, URT infection enables shedding via abundant speech droplets. Their viral load can be high in carriers with mild or no symptoms, an observation linked to the abundance of SARS‐CoV‐2‐susceptible cells in the oral cavity epithelium. Expelled droplets rapidly lose water through evaporation, with the smaller ones transforming into long‐lived aerosol. Although the largest speech droplets can carry more virions, they are few in number, fall to the ground rapidly and therefore play a relatively minor role in transmission. Of more concern is small speech aerosol, which can descend deep into the LRT and cause severe disease. However, since their total volume is small, the amount of virus they carry is low. Nevertheless, in closed environments with inadequate ventilation, they can accumulate, which elevates the risk of direct LRT infection. Of most concern is the large fraction of speech aerosol that is intermediate‐sized because it remains suspended in air for minutes and can be transported over considerable distances by convective air currents. The abundance of this speech‐generated aerosol, combined with its high viral load in pre‐ and asymptomatic individuals, strongly implicates airborne transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 through speech as the primary contributor to its rapid spread.
Cyclical aspiration using a novel mechanical thrombectomy device is associated with a high TICI 3 first pass effect in large‐vessel strokes
Authors: Kalousek Vladimir , Yoo Albert J. , Sheth Sunil A. , Janardhan Vikram , Mamic Josip , Janardhan Vallabh 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackground and PurposeComplete reperfusion (TICI 3) after the first thrombectomy attempt or first pass effect (FPE) is associated with best clinical outcomes in large‐vessel occlusion (LVO) acute ischemic stroke. While endovascular therapy techniques have improved substantially, FPE remains low (24–30%), and new methods to improve reperfusion efficiency are needed.MethodsIn a prospective observational cohort study, 40 consecutive patients underwent cyclical aspiration thrombectomy using CLEARTM Aspiration System (Insera Therapeutics Inc., Dallas, TX). Primary outcome included FPE with complete/near‐complete reperfusion (TICI 2c/3 FPE). Secondary outcomes included early neurological improvement measured by the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), safety outcomes, and functional outcomes using modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Outcomes were compared against published historical controls.ResultsAmong 38 patients who met criteria for LVO, median age was 75 (range 31–96). FPE was high (TICI 3: 26/38 [68%], TICI 2c/3: 29/38 [76%]). Among anterior circulation strokes, core lab‐adjudicated FPE remained high (TICI 3: 17/29 [59%], TICI 2c/3: 20/29 [69%]), with excellent final successful revascularization results (Final TICI 3: 24/29 [83%], Final TICI 2c/3: 27/29 [93%]). FPE in the CLEAR‐1 cohort was significantly higher compared to FPE using existing devices (meta‐analysis) from historical controls (TICI 2c/3: 76% vs. 28%, p = 0.0001). High rates of early neurological improvement were observed (delta NIHSS≥4: 35/38 [92.1%]; delta NIHSS≥10: 27/38 [71%]). Similarly, high rates of good functional outcomes (mRS 0–2: 32/38 [84%]) and low mortality (2/38 [5%]) were observed.ConclusionCyclical aspiration using the CLEARTM Aspiration System is safe, effective, and achieved a high TICI 3 FPE for large‐vessel strokes.
Histological and immunohistochemical features suggesting aetiological differences in lymph node and (muco)cutaneous feline tuberculosis lesions
Authors: Mitchell J. L. , Del Pozo J. , Woolley C. S. C. , Dheendsa R. , Hope J. C. , Gunn‐Moore D. A. 
Published: June 2021

ObjectivesTo identify and describe histological and immunohistochemical criteria that may differentiate between skin and lymph node lesions associated with Mycobacterium (M.) bovis and M. microti in a diagnostic pathology setting.Materials and MethodsArchived skin and lymph node biopsies of tuberculous lesions were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, Ziehl‐Neelsen and Masson's Trichrome. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expression of calprotectin, CD3 and Pax5. Samples were scored for histological parameters (i.e. granulomas with central necrosis versus small granulomas without central necrosis, percentage necrosis and/or multinucleated giant cells), number of acid‐fast bacilli (bacterial index) and lesion percentage of fibrosis and positive immunohistochemical staining.ResultsTwenty‐two samples were examined (M. bovis n=11, M. microti n=11). When controlling for age, gender and tissue, feline M. bovis‐associated lesions more often featured large multi‐layered granulomas with central necrosis. Conversely, this presentation was infrequent in feline M. microti‐associated lesions, where small granulomas without central necrosis predominated. The presence of an outer fibrous capsule was variable in both groups, as was the bacterial index. There were no differences in intralesional expression of immunohistochemical markers.Clinical SignificanceDifferences in the histological appearance of skin and lymph node lesions may help to infer feline infection with either M. bovis or M. microti at an earlier stage when investigating these cases, informing clinicians of the potential zoonotic risk. Importantly, cases of tuberculosis can present with numerous acid‐fast bacilli. This implies that a high bacterial index does not infer infection with non‐zoonotic non‐tuberculous mycobacteria.
Recovery of meteorites using an autonomous drone and machine learning
Authors: Citron Robert I. , Jenniskens Peter , Watkins Christopher , Sinha Sravanthi , Shah Amar , Raissi Chedy , Devillepoix Hadrien , Albers Jim 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe recovery of freshly fallen meteorites from tracked and triangulated meteors is critical to determining their source asteroid families. Even though our ability to locate meteorite falls continues to improve, the recovery of meteorites remains a challenge due to large search areas with terrain and vegetation obscuration. To improve the efficiency of meteorite recovery, we have tested the hypothesis that meteorites can be located using machine learning techniques and an autonomous drone. To locate meteorites autonomously, a quadcopter drone first conducts a grid survey acquiring top‐down images of the strewn field from a low altitude. The drone‐acquired images are then analyzed using a machine learning classifier to identify meteorite candidates for follow‐up examination. Here, we describe a proof‐of‐concept meteorite classifier that deploys off‐line a combination of different convolution neural networks to recognize meteorites from images taken by drones in the field. The system was implemented in a conceptual drone setup and tested in the suspected strewn field of a recent meteorite fall near Walker Lake, Nevada.
Intrinsic and extrinsic factors interact during development to influence telomere length in a long‐lived reptile
Authors: Bae Junsoo , Bertucci Emily M. , Bock Samantha L. , Hale Matthew D. , Moore Jameel , Wilkinson Phil M. , Rainwater Thomas R. , Bowden John A. , Koal Therese , PhamTuan Hai , Parrott Benjamin B. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe mechanisms connecting environmental conditions to plasticity in biological aging trajectories are fundamental to understanding individual variation in functional traits and life history. Recent findings suggest that telomere biology is especially dynamic during early life stages and has long‐term consequences for subsequent reproduction and survival. However, our current understanding is mostly derived from studies investigating ecological and anthropogenic factors separately, leaving the effects of complex environmental interactions unresolved. American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) are long‐lived apex predators that rely on incubation temperature during a discrete period during development and endocrine cues to determine sex, making them especially vulnerable to current climatic variability and exposure to anthropogenic contaminants interfering with hormone function. Here, we combine field studies with a factorial design to understand how the developmental environment, along with intrinsic biological variation contribute to persistent telomere variation. We found that exposure to a common endocrine disrupting contaminant, DDE, affects telomere length, but that the directionality is highly dependent upon incubation temperature. Variation in hatchling growth, underlies a strong clutch effect. We also assess concentrations of a panel of glucocorticoid hormones and find that contaminant exposure elicits an increase in circulating glucocorticoids. Consistent with emerging evidence linking stress and aging trajectories, GC levels also appear to trend with shorter telomere length. Thus, we add support for a mechanistic link between contaminants and glucocorticoid signalling, which interacts with ecological aspects of the developmental environment to alter telomere dynamics.
Photobiomodulation Effect of Different Diode Wavelengths on the Proliferation of Human Gingival Fibroblast Cells
Authors: Etemadi Ardavan , Sadatmansouri Saeed , Sodeif Fatemeh , Jalalishirazi Fatemeh , Chiniforush Nasim 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTThis study is focused on comparing the effect of various energy densities and wavelengths of diode lasers on the proliferation of human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cells in vitro. In this study, 204 sample cells were examined in 4 test groups (laser radiation) and 1 control group (non‐laser radiation). The proliferation rate of radiated cells with wavelengths of 635, 660, 808 and 980 nm and the densities of 1, 1.5, 2.5 and 4 J cm−2 was measured after 1, 3 and 5 days using the MTT assay. The proliferation rate of human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cells in test groups was increased on day 1 at wavelengths of 635, 808 and 980 nm and on day 3 at the wavelength of 980 nm compared with the control group. Our findings denoted that the photobiomodulation therapy increased the proliferation rate of HGF. The most desirable laser radiation setting, which led to the highest proliferation rate of the cells, included 980 nm wavelength with 1, 1.5 and 4 J cm−2 energy densities and 635 nm wavelength with 4 J cm−2 energy density.
A Benchmark Dose Analysis for Maternal Pregnancy Urine‐Fluoride and IQ in Children
Authors: Grandjean Philippe , Hu Howard , Till Christine , Green Rivka , Bashash Morteza , Flora David , Tellez‐Rojo Martha Maria , Song Peter X.K. , Lanphear Bruce , Budtz‐Jørgensen Esben 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAs a guide to establishing a safe exposure level for fluoride exposure in pregnancy, we applied benchmark dose modeling to data from two prospective birth cohort studies. We included mother–child pairs from the Early Life Exposures in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) cohort in Mexico and the Maternal‐Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) cohort in Canada. Maternal urinary fluoride concentrations (U‐F, in mg/L, creatinine‐adjusted) were measured in urine samples obtained during pregnancy. Children were assessed for intelligence quotient (IQ) at age 4 (n = 211) and between six and 12 years (n = 287) in the ELEMENT cohort, and three to four years (n = 407) in the MIREC cohort. We calculated covariate‐adjusted regression coefficients and their standard errors to assess the association of maternal U‐F concentrations with children's IQ measures. Assuming a benchmark response of 1 IQ point, we derived benchmark concentrations (BMCs) and benchmark concentration levels (BMCLs). No deviation from linearity was detected in the dose–response relationships, but boys showed lower BMC values than girls. Using a linear slope for the joint cohort data, the BMC for maternal U‐F associated with a 1‐point decrease in IQ scores was 0.31 mg/L (BMCL, 0.19 mg/L) for the youngest boys and girls in the two cohorts, and 0.33 mg/L (BMCL, 0.20 mg/L) for the MIREC cohort and the older ELEMENT children. Thus, the joint data show a BMCL in terms of the adjusted U‐F concentrations in the pregnant women of approximately 0.2 mg/L. These results can be used to guide decisions on preventing excess fluoride exposure in pregnant women.
How competitive are income annuity providers over time?
Authors: Blanchett David , Finke Michael , Nikolic Branislav 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe 2019 SECURE Act provides safe harbor protections to employers who evaluate the costs of providing guaranteed income including gathering information on competing providers. Annuities can be more difficult to evaluate than mutual funds because annuity expenses can be opaque, financial strength matters, and insurer competitiveness can change over time. We find significant variation in the payout rates across providers over time. While the payout rankings of annuity companies (e.g., best to worst) are fairly sticky over the short‐term, over the full period of the analysis the correlation declines effectively to zero (vs. the initial rankings). This suggests individuals or institutions who choose a single annuity provider based on income payout should revisit the decision regularly to ensure the quotes are still competitive. Companies for which immediate annuities are a higher fraction of total sales tend to rank higher and remain so more persistently over time.