bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kształtowanie instrumentów ochrony demokracji w Polsce na przykładzie zakazu zgromadzeń. Perspektywa ideowa
Authors: Moroska-Bonkiewicz Aleksandra 
Published: December 2021

There is no single, universal model for the protection of democracy that sets limits on freedom and tolerance in liberal democracies. In response to political extremism, states apply various measures — from highly repressive ones, such as restrictions on freedom of speech or association, to more liberal ones based on persuasive strategies. Which instruments are adopted and implemented depends on the decisions of public actors. This article deals with the ban on assembly, which is a repressive instrument of democracy protection. Basing on the analysis of selected assembly bans cases, the aim is first to determine which model of democracy protection is closer to the solutions adopted in Poland — militant or procedural democracy, and second to indicate why such solutions were adopted. More precisely, by means of an ideational perspective, the aim is to explain the different positions taken by public actors in the process of implementing the assembly ban. The article uses the method of qualitative content analysis of legal acts and decisions made by public authorities regarding holding assemblies. By means of a purposeful case selection, the analysis was carried out on the assembly bans against extreme right-wing groups in Warsaw and Wrocław. The research has shown that the legal norms adopted in Poland allow the application of assembly bans in accordance with the concept of militant democracy. However, the implementation shows a different approach of public actors in this matter. Municipalities are closer to the model of a militant democracy, as they allow a preventive ban on assembly as an instrument of public order protection in relation to freedom of speech infringements. In doing so, they do not maintain neutrality towards the views public discourse participants. The courts, on the other hand, exclude the subject of assemblies as a basis for their preventive restriction, the premises of the ban being violence or a direct threat to life, health and property. Their position is thus closer to the procedural model of protecting democracy. The adopted ideational perspective points to possible reasons for the different positions of public actors. Their attitude to values which are crucial for the protection of democracy shows differences. This applies, among others, to the different weight ascribed to particular democratic values, the different perception of threats to the society and the democratic state, and the divergence in defining the thresholds of freedom and tolerance.
∗ Artykuł powstał w wyniku realizacji projektu badawczego UMO-2014/15/D/HS5/03272 finansowanego ze środków Narodowego Centrum Nauki. Wyrazy podziękowania kieruję do recenzentów za bardzo wnikliwe i inspirujące komentarze.
Großraum: teoretyczne uzasadnienie hitlerowskich podbojów czy nowy porządek prawnomiędzynarodowy?
Authors: Chrząszcz Bartosz 
Published: December 2021

The doctrine of “Great Space” is one of the basic conceptual categories in Carl Schmitt’s extensive and often inconsistent political and legal thought. Studying the extensive research on the life and work of this lawyer, carried out by representatives of various sciences and political orientations, we can get the impression that in comparison with decisionism, the characteristics of a receivership and sovereign dictatorship, looking for analogies between religious and political and systemic concepts referred to as political theology, the figures of the enemy and friend accompanying the Concept of the Political, Großraum remains the least thoroughly investigated. There are at least a few reasons for this, but the most important seems to be the reluctance that is constantly present in many circles, resulting from the strong relationship of this concept with the period of accession to the NSDAP and the conviction that its purpose is only to justify Nazi aggression during the Second World War. Meanwhile, the research problem is much more complex, and the Nazi episode alone in Carl Schmitt’s over 97-year-long life does not provide unambiguous conclusions among the authors who deal with his thought in their scientific works.
The main purpose of this article is to determine whether the Großraum in fact justifies the Nazi conquests, or whether it may also be legitimate to claim that it is a vision of a new international legal order drawn up by a lawyer closely scrutinizing the surrounding political reality. An attempt to answer this question should be preceded by thorough considerations quoting the jurist’s attitude to the development and the hitherto nature of public international law. In this respect, it is crucial to analyze the breakdown of the ius publicum Europaeum, refer to the essence and purpose of the American Monroe doctrine, as well as thoroughly examine the concept of Großraum, which presents the researcher with a difficult task requiring its verification both politically and legally. The presented analysis will therefore take into account the historical, political, and legal levels and will implement the belief in the comprehensive nature of the issue under study. The final part of the article will include an analysis of the consequences of Großraum doctrine that led to the internment of Schmitt and the trial where the most important is his interrogation by Robert M.W. Kempner. All these issues will bring us closer to establishing the true meaning of the “Great Space” theory and shed new light on research devoted to Schmitt, dubiously described as the “crown jurist of the Third Reich”.
Prawo osobowe na ziemiach polskich wcielonych do Rzeszy Niemieckiej podczas drugiej wojny światowej
Authors: Kruszewski Tomasz 
Published: December 2021

The subject of this article are basic questions within the range of civil law. They concern the general position of a human and legal people in the sphere of this law on Polish territory, which was incorporated into the Third Reich. The position of individuals, the citizens of II RP, under the occupation of the Third Reich in years 1939–1945, is analysed by the author not from the perspective of literal meaning of regulations of general part of Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB) from 1896, but from the perspective of their specific interpretation, congruent with strategic and ideological purposes of the Nazi regime.
In the article, the following issues are touched upon in turn: 1) personal law in terms of classical civil law contra national-socialist regime; 2) racism towards civil rights of a subjective individual; 3) elimination of the Jews from the legal relationships of civil law; 4) difficulties in the sphere of access to certain professions for Polish people and some restrictions upon personal rights; 5) the dependence of possibilities of exercising the private personal right on the consent to denationalization; 6) ban concerning getting married and the right to motherhood and fatherhood; 7) legislation of sterilisation and euthanasia.
The formal changes in the legislation which were in force in the Third Reich — except for personal and family law (as well as legal rules connected with it regarding health protection of offspring), and “peasant law” (Bauernrecht) — were not significant, as is proved by the author. The old legal order was reversed in the Third Reich due to its new interpretation: classical concepts and legal institutions were filled with a different content.
After the formal extension of BGB to territories incorporated into the Reich, which followed the decree of 25 September 1941 introducing German civil law, these territories became a field of social-political and racial-nationalist experiments, which in fact had a little in common with the German Civil Code’s regulations. A principle of equal access to private subjective rights was respected only in case of German people, i.a. the part which passively gave up to indoctrination. In relation to Jews, racism spoiled in this case the idea and concept of private subjective rights.
AERO DYNAMIC SHAPE OF TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT “FLYING WING” SCHEME WITH HIGH ASPECT RATIO
Authors: Олег Львович Лемко  , Євген О. Кушніренко  
Published: December 2021

"Normal" aerodynamic scheme despite the fact that it has become the dominant in global aviation, in terms of aerodynamics is not ideal. To create a lifting force only wing is just necessary. All other elements of aircraft glider - fuselage , horizontal and vertical tail exist only for the crew, passengers and cargo, ensuring the sustainability and management to provide a satisfactory landing characteristics. It became apparent that with the increasing size of the planes becomes possible and appropriate to place all the major part of their weight directly in the wing. This idea was expressed in aerodynamic scheme "flying wing".The purpose of the research is to form aerodynamic look of transport aircraft "flying wing" scheme with high aspect ratio, creating aerodynamic design that provides the greatest rate of return and optimal weight range and flight duration.Objectives of the study are: analysis of scientific sources on establishing LA scheme "flying wing", development of forming methods of the aerodynamic look of transport aircraft scheme "flying wing", based on a synthesis of existing methods for assessing the flight - the technical characteristics of the aircraft, studies and analyzes of theoretical methods of aerodynamic layouts transport aircraft "flying wing" scheme to determine the aerodynamic and flight characteristics. Were used following scientific methods to solve the research problems: 1. Method of forming the aerodynamic characteristics of the freeform aircraft shape in the parameters of similarity and generalized design parameters. 2. Statistical methods for assessing the aerodynamic and performance characteristics. 3. Numerical methods.The practical value of my work: developed method allows you to create aerodynamic layout scheme aircraft "flying wing" of the great extension that allows you to fully realize the benefits of the scheme, developed and reasonable advices on the aircraft aerodynamic look of "flying wing" scheme of high aspect ratio.
ATTRIBUTES OF EFFECTIVE FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHERS: INSIGHTS FROM UKRAINE
Authors: Levrints (Lőrincz) Marianna , Myshko Svitlana , Lizák Kateryna 
Published: December 2021

The paper set out to explore pre-and in-service foreign language teachers’ perceptions of attributes of effective teachers in Ukraine within a framework developed by the authors of the study to unravel the construct of effective language teaching. Two groups of pre-service (n=105) and in-service (n=127) teachers were recruited using a snowball sampling technique. The independent samples t-test and MANOVA statistical procedures were utilised to analyse and compare data generated from a self-report questionnaire. The findings indicated that the highest value was assigned to the performance category of teacher effectiveness, followed by the prerequisite category, including teacher competence, with the lowest value attached to the output category. A considerable degree of convergence was observed in students’ and teachers’ views on many attributes of teacher effectiveness. Both groups endorsed such attributes as clear teaching, target language proficiency, knowledge of language pedagogy, active engagement of learners, downplaying the importance of learners’ test scores. Nevertheless, a statistically significant difference was detected between the perceptions of the two groups of subjects. The students accentuated teachers’ personality and rapport domains, as well as motivating instruction. They also endorsed traditional approaches to language teaching in giving preference to form-focused instruction. Conversely, the teachers associated effective teaching with competence, careful planning and ongoing professional development. Teachers gave precedence to current methodological approaches in favouring meaning-focused instruction. A conclusion was drawn that teachers form more sophisticated cognitions of effective teaching in the process of professional maturation, thus implying the necessity for closer attention to the development of prospective teachers’ cognitions in teacher education programmes.
Building a classifier in the personality recognition system based on eye tracking data
Authors: Chori Vladislav , Shamanina Tetyana , Pavlenko Vitaliy 
Published: December 2021

Identification systems that use biometric characteristics to solve the problem of access to information systems are becoming more common. The article proposes a new method of biometric identification of computer systems users, based on the determination of the integral Volterra model of the human oculo-motor system (OMS) according to experimental research "input-output" using innovative eye tracking technology. With the help of the Tobii Pro TX300 eye tracker, the data of OMC responses to test visual stimuli were obtained, displayed as bright dots on the computer screen at different distances from the start position in the "horizontal" direction. Based on the data obtained, the transition functions of the first, second and third orders of the OMS for two people were determined. To construct a personality classifier, the informativeness of the proposed heuristic features, determined on the basis of the transition functions in terms of the probability of correct recognition (PCR), is investigated. Pairs of features are established that are resistant to computational errors and have a high PCR value - in the range 0.92 - 0.97. Fig.: 8. Table: 5. Bibliography: 30 items.
Key words: biometric identification, personality recognition, Volterra model, oculo-motor system, eye tracking technology, informativeness of features, classification.
Effectiveness of Postoperative Pain Management By Multimodal Analgesia Without Epidural Analgesia After Laparoscopic Colon Cancer Surgery: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Yane Yoshinori , Daito Koji , Chiba Yasutaka , Shirai Toru , Hida Jin-ichi , Ueda Kazuki , Nakao Shinichi , Kawamura Junichiro 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background:Although epidural analgesia has been recommended for its strong analgesic effect for postoperative analgesia management, the increasing number of patients undergoing anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy to treat cerebrocardiovascular diseases cannot receive epidural analgesia given the risk of serious complications, including epidural hematoma. We aimed to evaluate the analgesic effects of multimodal analgesia involving intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA), and repeated scheduled acetaminophen administration, and block as local anesthesia, to establish postoperative analgesia management method replacing epidural analgesia in laparoscopic colectomy.Methods:We enrolled patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer at our hospital. The primary outcome was days of postoperative hospital stay. The efficacies of multimodal and epidural analgesia were compared. The secondary outcomes were the pain assessment and safety.Results:We registered 48 patients; among them, 40 patients were eligible. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 9.00 days (95% CI = 8.19 to 9.39, p < 0.0001). There were relatively high pain scores from postoperative day (POD) 0-1, which subsequently decreased and reach their lowest value at POD 4-5.Conclusions:Multimodal analgesia with IV-PCA and repeated scheduled acetaminophen administration could provide a safe and effective analgesic effect after laparoscopic colectomy and may be a postoperative analgesia management alternative to epidural analgesia.
Superconducting thermo-magnetic-mechanical energy conversion machine
Authors: Al-ani Mahir 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a superconducting thermo-magnetic-mechanical (STMM) energy conversion process. This energy conversion concept revolves around of utilizing a cryogenic coolant, e.g., liquid nitrogen, as a thermal energy facilitator to cool down the superconductor to below the critical temperature. Then, utilizing the mixed state, i.e., Meissner effect and weak vertex - which leads to partially shielding the magnetic field - an external magnetic field is used to apply force on the superconductor and create motion. The concept proposed is demonstrated using thorough Multiphysics understanding i.e., thermal, magnetic, and mechanical. The proof of concept is completed by using a combination of analytical and numerical simulations and calculations, and measurements. Using this concept, a practical automotive drive has been theoretically designed and compared with a counterpart electric drive. The proposed technology has a potential to provide a step change for the sustainable cleaner cost-effective transportation.
Analysis of Transmission of Hepatitis C Viruses: Dental vs. Surgical Procedures
Authors: Ahmad Fawad , SAJJAD Muhammad , Akram Muhammad Umair , Zulfiqar Rabia , Kara Recep , Azam Ahmad Talha 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Objectives: The primary purpose of the present study is to evaluate the cause of HCV transmission either by dental or surgical procedures in Pakistan. It will reveal the standards of current practices and knowledge of surgical instrument sterilization in Pakistan. Methods:The contemporary study design was cross-sectional. A total of 7097 patients were included in the study that was the confirmed cases of Hepatitis C from four districts of Punjab, Pakistan, during the period of three years from Jul 1, 2018, to Jun 30, 2021. The ANN model simulates a discrete Pareto distribution; descriptive statistics were applied by using SPSS 23.Results:In age distribution, most patients were aged 26-37 from the 2020- 2021 year of study with 45.6%age. The total mean ± SD was 2.42 ± .935 with 0.000P-values. Results show that high-risk variables are strongly associated with the surgical history, such as sector analysis (public and private) with 0.000 P-values. Analysis of these variables indicated that inquiry about surgical instruments sterilization and age groups(100%)were the most vital variable in the ANN model. Pareto distribution values of surgical procedures that are transmitting hepatitis C viruses more than the dental procedures. Conclusion: Surgical procedures are high transmission source of hepatitis C viruses than dental procedures. Clinical Significance: More care should be taken, and more severe sterilization measures should be taken to prevent the transmission of hepatitis C infection, especially in dental and general surgery procedures in Pakistan.
Geographic Variation for the Composition of Parrotfish in the South China Sea
Authors: Quan Qiumei , Liu Yong , Wang Teng , Li Chunhou 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Based on the key ecological processes of parrotfish in coral reefs, we compiled species presence-absence data across 51 sites in the South China Sea to identify the distribution and composition of parrotfish and explore the relationship between species distribution and environmental factors, and 50 species (the Pacific: 57 species) of parrotfish were record. Nansha islands had the highest abundance with 41 parrotfish species. Nestedness analysis indicated parrotfish community had statistically significant nested patterns in the South China Sea and Nansha islands was the topmost site of nested matrix rank. Scleractinian coral species richness and Log(reef area) both had a significant effect on sites nested matrix rank (P < 0.05), which supports habitat nestedness hypothesis in the South China Sea. Scrapers were the most important functional group composition while the browser had a greater contribution on species nested matrix rank. Linear regression model showed parrotfish species richness increased with increasing longitude, scleractinian coral species richness and reef area. Variations in the parrotfish species richness in longitude was related to distance from the biodiversity hotspot in the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Parrotfish was mainly distributed in the range of 26-29℃, which was almost the same as the optimum temperature for coral growth. Nansha islands should be as biodiversity conservation priority areas, which could provide important reference significance for conservation efforts of parrotfish in degraded coral reefs habitats, especially in the context of increasing natural variability and anthropogenic disturbance.
Analysis of Non-Parametric Trend and Climatic Parameter Homogeneity Tests in a Data-scarce Region: A Spatio-Temporal Perspective in the Tawang River Basin, Eastern Himalayas
Authors: Devi Juna Probha , Mahanta Chandan , Barua Anamika 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This study is aimed at studying long–term historical and future (1950-2099) trends for the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 on approximately 30-year timescale at annual and seasonal for precipitation and at annual, seasonal, monthly, and diurnal temperature range (DTR) for temperature maximum (T_max), temperature minimum (T_min) variations using statistical trend analysis techniques– Mann–Kendall test (MK) and Sen's slope estimator (S) and the homogeneity test using Pettitt’s test. The study is carried out in three spatial points across the Tawang Chu in the district of Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh. The summer mean precipitation for RCP 4.5 (2006-2065) shows a positive trend with a rise in precipitation between 1.56 mm to 9.94 mm in all the study points. The mean annual precipitation statistics for all the points show an increase of RCP 4.5 in 2006-2052 and 2053-2099 timescale. Both RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios exhibit a uniform rise in T_min and T_max during investigation. For all the points, the results likewise reveal a rising trend in mean annual T_min and T_max. Still, the inter-decadal temperature statistical analysis shows that the increase in mean annual T_min is greater than the increase in T_max, indicating a decreasing trend in DTR. It is anticipated that this study's outcomes will contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between change in climate and the regional hydrological behaviour and will be benefitting the society to develop a regional strategy for water resource management, can serve as a resource for climate impact research scope- assessments, adaptation, mitigation, and disaster management strategies for India's north-eastern region.
Robust Video Steganography for Social Media Sharing Based on Principal Component Analysis
Authors: Fan Pingan , Zhang Hong , Zhao Xianfeng 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Most social media channels are lossy where videos are transcoded to reduce transmission bandwidth or storage space, such as social networking sites and video sharing platforms. Video transcoding makes most video steganographic schemes unusable for hidden communication based on social media. This paper proposes robust video steganography against video transcoding to construct reliable hidden communication on social media channels. A new strategy based on principal component analysis is provided to select robust embedding regions. Besides, side information is generated to label these selected regions. Side information compression is designed to reduce the transmission bandwidth cost. Then, one luminance component and one chrominance component are joined to embed secret messages and side information, keeping the embedding and extraction positions in sync. Video preprocessing is conducted to improve the applicability of our proposed method to various video transcoding mechanisms. Experimental results have shown that our proposed method provides strong robustness against video transcoding and achieves satisfactory security performance against steganalysis. The bit error rate of our method is lower than state-of-the-art robust video steganographic methods. It is a robust and secure method to realize reliable hidden communication over social media channels, such as YouTube and Vimeo.