bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relationship between intellectual property rights and competition law
Authors: Whish Richard , Bailey David 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the relationship between intellectual property rights and competition law. After a brief introduction, it deals in general terms with the application of Article 101 to licences of intellectual property rights. The chapter proceeds to discuss the provisions of Regulation 316/2014, the block exemption for technology transfer agreements. It also considers the application of Article 101 to various other agreements concerning intellectual property rights such as technology pools and settlements of litigation. This is followed by a section on the application of Article 102 to the way in which dominant undertakings exercise their intellectual property rights, including an examination of the controversial subject of refusals to license intellectual property rights which are sometimes found to be abusive. The chapter concludes with a look at the position in UK competition law.
Mergers (2): EU law
Authors: Whish Richard , Bailey David 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines EU merger control. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 2 provides an overview of EU merger control. Section 3 discusses the jurisdictional rules which determine whether a particular merger should be investigated by the European Commission in Brussels or by the national competition authorities (‘the NCAs’) of the Member States. Section 4 deals with the procedural considerations such as the mandatory pre-notification to the Commission of mergers that have a Union dimension and the timetable within which the Commission must operate. Section 5 discusses the substantive analysis of mergers under the EU Merger Regulation (EUMR), and section 6 explains the procedure whereby the Commission may authorise a merger on the basis of commitments, often referred to as remedies, offered by the parties to address its competition concerns. The subsequent sections describe the Commission’s powers of investigation and enforcement, judicial review of Commission decisions by the EU Courts and cooperation between the Commission and other competition authorities, both within and outside the EU. The chapter concludes with an examination of how the EUMR merger control provisions work in practice.
Competition law and digital ecosystems: Learning to walk before we run
Authors: Jenny Frederic 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The paper analyzes the challenges faced by competition authorities with respect to the digital sector. Borrowing insights from the business policy literature and from the economic literature, the paper first analyzes the specificities of digital firms (multi-sided platforms and ecosystems) with respect to their development and competitive strategies. Building on this foundation the paper explores some of the challenges of applying traditional competition analysis to competition in the business sector. We then discuss a number of issues relevant to competition law enforcement in the digital sector starting with the role of data, competition within ecosystems and between ecosystems, consumer biases, and the role of gatekeepers. We conclude with a research agenda for economists and competition authorities.
COVID-19: Military Nurses Leading Innovation Through Research, Clinical Care, Education, and Collaboration
Authors: King Heather C , Talbot Laura A 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Military nurses have been placed in the forefront of clinical and leadership roles during the COVID-19 pandemic. Serving in critical roles, military nurses have spearheaded innovations in clinical practice, conducted research, and implemented evidence-based practice projects that have advanced the capabilities of the Armed Forces Nurse Corps. This collection captures and highlights many of these military nursing contributions combating the COVID-19 pandemic.
Nurse Leader Expertise for Pandemic Management: Highlighting the Essentials
Authors: Hopkinson Susan G , Jennings Bonnie Mowinski 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic requires military nurse leaders in various patient care settings to engage in disaster response. Evidence supports essential leadership attributes for nurses that include skilled communication, organizational influence, and personnel management. Yet, nursing expertise that shapes nurse leader responsibilities during disaster management remains unclear. A description of how military nurse leaders contributed their nursing expertise during the COVID-19 pandemic response at one U.S. Military health care facility is provided to begin to delineate disaster management responsibilities.
Practical Structure and Moral Skill
Authors: Shepherd Joshua 
Published: September 2021

AbstractI argue that moral skill is limited and precarious. It is limited because global moral skill—the capacity for morally excellent behaviour within an über action domain, such as the domain of living, or of all-things-considered decisions, or the same kind of capacity applied across a superset of more specific action domains—is not to be found in humans. It is precarious because relatively local moral skill, while possible, is prone to misfire. My arguments depend upon the diversity of practical structures confronting human agents, the limitations of human skill learning and reason-sensitivity, and the failure of moral considerations to respect the social and institutional boundaries we develop to structure our practical lives.
Surgical Outcomes of Obese Patients With Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis From Endemic Areas of Obesity in the United States
Authors: McDonald Tyler C. , Heffernan Michael J. , Ramo Brandon , Haber Lawrence , Sheffer Benjamin , Murphy Joshua , Murphy Robert , Fletcher Nicholas , Coyne Killian , Lubicky John , Bumpass David B. , Crawford Charles , Carreon Leah , Toner Sarah , Stafford William H. , Poppino Kiley , Adams Tyler , Song Bryant M. , Gidwani Simran , Taillac Heather , Cornaghie Mary , Sukkarieh Hamdi , Wright Patrick B. , Conklin Michael , Gilbert Shawn , Thimothee Josny , Bhanat Eldrin , Brooks Jaysson T. 
Published: September 2021

Background:
Obesity rates continue to rise among children and adolescents across the globe. A multicenter research consortium composed of institutions in the Southern US, located in states endemic for childhood obesity, was formed to evaluate the effect of obesity on pediatric musculoskeletal disorders. This study evaluates the effect of body mass index (BMI) percentile and socioeconomic status (SES) on surgical site infections (SSIs) and perioperative complications in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) treated with posterior spinal fusion (PSF).

Methods:
Eleven centers in the Southern US retrospectively reviewed postoperative AIS patients after PSF between 2011 and 2017. Each center contributed data to a centralized database from patients in the following BMI-for-age groups: normal weight (NW, 5th to <85th percentile), overweight (OW, 85th to <95th percentile), and obese (OB, ≥95th percentile). The primary outcome variable was the occurrence of an SSI. SES was measured by the Area Deprivation Index (ADI), with higher scores indicating a lower SES.

Results:
Seven hundred fifty-one patients were included in this study (256 NW, 235 OW, and 260 OB). OB and OW patients presented with significantly higher ADIs indicating a lower SES (P<0.001). In addition, SSI rates were significantly different between BMI groups (0.8% NW, 4.3% OW, and 5.4% OB, P=0.012). Further analysis showed that superficial and not deep SSIs were significantly different between BMI groups. These differences in SSI rates persisted even while controlling for ADI. Wound dehiscence and readmission rates were significantly different between groups (P=0.004 and 0.03, respectively), with OB patients demonstrating the highest rates. EBL and cell saver return were significantly higher in overweight patients (P=0.007 and 0.002, respectively).

Conclusion:
OB and OW AIS patients have significantly greater superficial SSI rates than NW patients, even after controlling for SES.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.
Mechanical Complications in Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery
Authors: Teles Alisson R. , Aldebeyan Sultan , Aoude Ahmed , Swamy Ganesh , Nicholls Fred H. , Thomas Kenneth C. , Jacobs W. Bradley 
Published: September 2021

Study Design.
Cohort study.

Objective.
Our goal was to verify the validity of the global alignment and proportion (GAP) score, SRS-Schwab, and Roussouly theoretical apex of lordosis in predicting mechanical complications in adult spinal deformity (ASD).

Summary of Background Data.
Achieving adequate sagittal alignment is critical to obtain favorable outcomes in ASD surgery. It has been proposed that mechanical complications are largely secondary to postoperative spinal alignment.

Methods.
Retrospective review of consecutive primary ASD cases that underwent deformity correction in the same institution over a 5-year period. Association between the 6-week postoperative spinal alignment classification and occurrence of mechanical complications on the last follow-up was assessed using logistic regressions. The discriminant capacity was assessed using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.

Results.
58.3% (N = 49/84) of patients presented with mechanical complications and 32.1% (N = 27/84) underwent revision surgery. GAP score did not show discriminant ability to predict complications (AUC = 0.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.40–0.66, P = 0.58). Conversely, the SRS-Schwab sagittal modifier score demonstrated a statistically significant (although modest) predictive value for mechanical complications (AUC = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.54–0.79, P = 0.008). There was a significant association between pelvic tilt (PT) (P = 0.03) and sagittal vertical axis (SVA) (P = 0.01) at 6 weeks postoperatively and the occurrence of later mechanical complications. There was no significant association between matched Roussouly theoretical apex of lordosis and final outcome (P = 0.47).

Conclusion.
The results point to the complexity of mechanical failure and the high likelihood that causative factors are multifactorial and not limited to alignment measures. GAP score should be used with caution as it may not explain or predict mechanical failure based on alignment in all populations as originally expected. Future studies should focus on etiology, surgical technique, and patient factors in order to generate a more universal score that can be applied to all populations.

Level of Evidence: 4
Treatment Effect and Pain During Treatment With Intense Pulsed-Light Therapy According to the Light Guide in Patients With Meibomian Gland Dysfunction
Authors: Min Ji Sang , Yoon Sook Hyun , Kim Kang Yoon , Jun Ikhyun , Kim Eung Kweon , Kim Tae-im , Seo Kyoung Yul 
Published: September 2021

Purpose:
We investigated whether there is a difference in the treatment effect and pain during the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) with intense pulsed-light (IPL) between new light guide and conventional light guide.

Methods:
We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 85 patients (170 eyes) who underwent IPL treatment of the upper and lower eyelids 3 times, at 3-week intervals, for MGD. Patients treated with the 6-mm or 8 × 15-mm cylindrical light guide were designated as group A or group B, respectively. The ocular surface disease index (OSDI), dry eye (DE), and MGD parameters were obtained before the first and after the third IPL treatments. Visual analog scale (VAS) scores were obtained at every IPL treatment. OSDI, DE, and MGD parameters and VAS scores were compared between the groups.

Results:
VAS scores at the first, second, and third IPL treatments were lower in group A than in group B. OSDI, DE, and MGD parameters were improved after 3 IPL treatments in both groups. There were no significant differences in OSDI, DE symptoms, and MGD parameters between before the first IPL treatment and after the third IPL treatment between the groups.

Conclusions:
Using the new 6-mm cylindrical light guide for IPL treatment in patients with MGD induced less pain during treatment and had similar treatment effects to the conventional 8 × 15-mm light guide. The new 6-mm cylindrical light guide can be useful when treating patients with dark or hyperpigmented skin and for pediatric patients with low compliance.
Systematic Review of Smartphone Apps as a mHealth Intervention to Address Substance Abuse in Adolescents and Adults
Authors: Kazemi Donna M. , Li Shaoyu , Levine Maureen J. , Auten Beth , Granson Matthew 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Substance abuse represents a foremost national concern for adolescents and adults; investigators have implemented a variety of interventions, delivered with both in-person and mobile-based apps' modalities. The electronic techniques could be more effective because they avoid the cost, privacy, and accessibility issues associated with in-person intervention. To address this issue, a systematic review of the scientific evidence relative to the efficacy of app-based interventions delivered by mobile devices (smartphones) to reduce substance abuse in adolescents and adults was carried out.

Methods
To identify relevant studies published from 2005 to 2019, a comprehensive search was conducted. Databases that were searched include CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, Embase, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Web of Science. Keywords and relevant controlled vocabulary terms related to substance abuse and technology were included. Studies were included if they had examined reductions in substance abuse and problem behaviors as a primary outcome with app-based interventions delivered to adolescents and adults.

Results
The initial search yielded 21,641 articles, duplicates were removed, and 14,797 citations remained; title/abstract screening yielded 190 full-text articles. One hundred seventy-three were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria, leaving 17 final articles to be analyzed in this review. Use of app-based interventions showed some evidence of effectiveness in reducing substance abuse in the adolescent adult population.

Conclusion
Most intervention studies analyzed focused on alcohol reduction. Further research is needed on diverse substance abuse utilizing larger sample sizes, longitudinal studies, and theoretical foundations on the practice of delivering interventions using mobile-based apps.
A 28-Day Challenge to Help Quit Smoking Using Telephone Follow-Ups Combined With the WeChat App
Authors: Zhang Sisi , Ding Qian , Shen Jun , Qu Heming , Meng Xiaoping 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The study aims to assess the effectiveness of telephone follow-ups combined with a smartphone app (e.g., WeChat [Tencent], which is one of the most widely used communication apps in China), as a smoking cessation intervention. Social volunteers were recruited on March 1, 2017, and randomized to supervision groups with five participants in each group. Every day, the specialists shared some information related to smoking cessation including the videos, songs, and scientific knowledge in WeChat groups and conducted telephone follow-ups on the third, fifth, seventh, ninth, 12th, 17th, 22nd, 27th, and 30th day in March and on April 1. Ultimately, a comparison was made of the self-reported smoking abstinence and self-reported average number of cigarettes smoked between the participants. One hundred ten volunteers participated in the study, with 105 who completed follow-up. Self-reported smoking abstinence in the past 7 days occurred in 65.7% of the participants (n = 69) compared with 34.3% (n = 36) in whom smoking abstinence did not occur. The mean age of those who failed was 40.15 years (range: 22–70 years), and 55.5% (n = 20) attributed their failure to personal reasons. However, the self-reported average number of cigarettes smoked every day was less than that before the study (on average, 10.34 ± 8.17 per day), and this difference was statistically significant (95% CI [8.312, 12.364], p < .01). It was effective to deliver a telephone follow-up combined with a smartphone app follow-up as an intervention for smoking cessation.
How Total Performance Scores of Medicare Value-Based Purchasing Program Hospitals Change Over Time
Authors: Ramirez Adriana G. , Marsh Katherine M. , McMurry Timothy L. , Turrentine Florence E. , Tracci Margaret A. , Jones Rayford S. 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT

Background and Purpose:
The Medicare Value-Based Purchasing (VBP) program established performance-based financial incentives for hospitals. We hypothesized that total performance scores (TPS) would vary by hospital type.

Methods:
Value-Based Purchasing reports were collected from 2015 to 2017 and merged with the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Impact File data. A total of 3,005 hospitals were grouped into physician-owned surgical hospitals (POSH), accountable care organizations (ACO), Kaiser, Vizient, and General hospitals. Longitudinal linear mixed-effects models compared temporal differences of TPS and secondary composite outcome, process, patient satisfaction, safety, and cost efficiency measures between hospital types.

Results:
Total performance scores decreased across all hospital types (p < .001). Physician-owned surgical hospitals had the highest TPS (59.9), followed by Kaiser (49.2), ACO (36.7), General (34.8), and Vizient (30.7) (p < .001). Hospital types differed significantly in size, geography, mean case-mix index, Medicare patient discharges, percent Medicare days to inpatient days, Disproportionate Share Hospital payments, and uncompensated care per claim. Scores improved in 84% of POSH and 14.6% of Kaiser hospitals using score reallocations.

Conclusion:
In comparison with General hospitals, the TPS was higher for POSH and Kaiser and lower for Vizient in part due to weighting reallocation and individual domain scores.

Implications:
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services scoring system changes have not addressed the methodological biases favoring certain hospital types.
Preventing Postoperative Opioid-Induced Respiratory Depression Through Implementation of an Enhanced Monitoring Program
Authors: Kozub Elizabeth , Uttermark Anne , Skoog Richard , Dickey William 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT

Background:
Opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD) is a serious complication that can lead to negative outcomes. There are known risk factors for OIRD; however, a lack of national guidelines for the prevention and early detection of OIRD exists.

Methods:
An evidence-based practice study was conducted to create an enhanced monitoring (EM) program. The EM program consisted of risk stratification of surgical spine patients, including the use of STOP-BANG screening for obstructive sleep apnea, capnography monitoring, use of home positive airway pressure therapy, capnography alarm optimization, hospitalist consultation, nursing education, and patient education.

Results:
Approximately 17% (N = 937/5,462) of surgical spine patients were enrolled in the EM program. Fifty-six percent of EM patients were monitored with capnography and had out of range end-tidal carbon dioxide levels 17% of the time. The rate of transfers to the intensive care unit (ICU) for OIRD decreased, though not statistically significant (p = .151).

Conclusions:
The EM program with risk stratification was found to reduce transfers to the ICU for OIRD. Although not statistically significant, the decreased number of transfers was clinically significant. Engagement of the interprofessional team and capnography alarm parameter optimization helped to reduce nonactionable alarms.
Associations Between Work-Zone Groups and Compensation Claims: Experience From a Poultry Meat Processing Plant
Authors: Donovan Michael , Khan Asaduzzaman , Johnston Venerina 
Published: September 2021

Objective:
At a poultry meat processing plant, work-zone group was an influencing factor upon an intervention program aimed at reducing musculoskeletal disorders (MSD), and also upon safety climate and disability management practices. This study aimed to explore if compensation claim outcomes also differed across work-zones in this plant.

Methods:
De-identified workers’ compensation claims data from the processor were categorized according to three main work-zones (kill, process, and despatch). Multivariable generalized linear modeling explored the compensation claims costs across these work-zones, adjusted for age, shift, and claim type.

Results:
For MSDs, costs per claim were 3.5 times lower in the kill-zone compared to the despatch-zone. Shift worked and claim type were significant covariates in the modeling.

Conclusion:
Organizations should prioritize interventions within work-zones with poorer compensation outcomes and consider the association of organizational microclimates upon these claims.
Decision-Making Involvement, Self-Efficacy, and Transition Readiness in Youth With Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Varty Maureen , Speller-Brown Barbara , Wakefield Bonnie J. , Ravert Russell D. , Kelly Katherine Patterson , Popejoy Lori L. 
Published: September 2021

Background
Transition to adult healthcare is a critical time for adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with sickle cell disease, and preparation for transition is important to reducing morbidity and mortality risks associated with transition.

Objective
We explored the relationships between decision-making involvement, self-efficacy, healthcare responsibility, and overall transition readiness in AYAs with sickle cell disease prior to transition.

Methods
This cross-sectional, correlational study was conducted with 50 family caregivers–AYAs dyads receiving care from a large comprehensive sickle cell clinic between October 2019 and February 2020. Participants completed the Decision-Making Involvement Scale, the Sickle Cell Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Readiness to Transition Questionnaire. Multiple linear regression was used to assess the relationships between decision-making involvement, self-efficacy, healthcare responsibility, and overall transition readiness in AYAs with sickle cell disease prior to transition to adult healthcare.

Results
Whereas higher levels of expressive behaviors, such as sharing opinions and ideas in decision-making, were associated with higher levels of AYA healthcare responsibility, those behaviors were inversely associated with feelings of overall transition readiness. Self-efficacy was positively associated with overall transition readiness but inversely related to AYA healthcare responsibility. Parent involvement was negatively associated with AYA healthcare responsibility and overall transition readiness.

Discussion
While increasing AYAs’ decision-making involvement may improve AYAs’ healthcare responsibility, it may not reduce barriers of feeling unprepared for the transition to adult healthcare. Facilitating active AYA involvement in decision-making regarding disease management, increasing self-efficacy, and safely reducing parent involvement may positively influence their confidence and capacity for self-management.