bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Protection of Genetic Privacy in Biobanking at International Level
Authors: Hallinan Dara 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter sketches a baseline level of protection for genetic privacy rights in biobanking, against which legal systems, including the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), might be compared. This baseline level of protection is provided via identifying principles dealing with the protection of all types of genetic privacy rights, and rights holders, in biobanking in the international framework. The chapter identifies two types of international principles: common international principles—principles identified in a majority of all biobank-relevant international instruments; and emerging international principles—principles identifiable in a majority of biobank-specific international instruments. It also offers a critical analysis of the protection offered under the international framework. This critique does not aim to undermine the legitimacy of regarding identified international principles as offering a baseline level of protection. Rather, it merely aims to highlight that the protection provided has flaws, and thus should not be regarded as definitive or perfect.
Our Brains at War
Authors: Fitzduff Mari 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Our Brains at War: The Neuroscience of Conflict and Peacebuilding suggests that we need radical change in how we think about war, leadership, and politics. Most of us, including most political scientists, fail to appreciate that the main factors in today’s identity wars and politics arise not from logic but from instincts and emotions, against which reason often has little sway. Many of our physiological and genetic tendencies, of which we are mostly unaware, can easily fuel our antipathy toward other groups, make us choose supposedly “strong” leaders over more mindful leaders, facilitate the recruitment of fighters for both legal and illegal militia groups, and enable even the most seemingly gentle of us to inflict horrific violence on others. Unfortunately, in today’s world, such instincts and emotions also increase our susceptibility to being easily led toward hateful activities by social media. Without understanding the genetic, neural, and hormonal tendencies that facilitate such predispositions, it will be extremely difficult to achieve sustainably peaceful societies. Drawing on the latest research from newer sciences such as social biopsychology, behavioral genetics, political psychology, and social and cognitive neuroscience, this book identifies the sources and the consequences of such instincts and emotions. It also suggests that we need new and radical ways of dealing with societal and global conflicts by openly addressing the biological factors that help create them and by taking them into account in our plans for more constructive politics and more effective peacebuilding in our increasingly fracturing world.
Us and Others
Authors: Fitzduff Mari 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at the importance of group belonging for feelings of safety and validation, particularly in times of conflict. It examines how and why varying group identities such as religion, ethnicity, and social and cultural identities enable people to deny the importance of the lives of members of other groups or even their own lives. It looks at the social and biological advantages of group membership, which can increase our suspicion and rejection of others. It also looks at how we usually understand others not by thinking but by feeling and addresses the role of mirror neurons in this process, as well as hormones such as oxytocin, and their implications for group conflict. It considers the phenomenon of emotional contagion between groups, which will drive them to group behavior that can be contrary to their “normal” behavior.
The Lure of Extremism
Authors: Fitzduff Mari 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at the phenomenon of violent extremism or “terrorism”—so called depending on the context. It notes that fundamentalism (including violent fundamentalism) is a form of extreme belief—with the group aspects often more important than the actual beliefs. The chapter shows just how strongly our choices for membership of extreme groups are facilitated by our genetic, neurological, and hormonal predispositions to situations of tension and to danger, particularly when added to perceptions of group inequities and exclusion. It appears that membership of such groups is more often about a sense of solidarity and collectiveness than about truth, and strategies aimed at changing “beliefs” can have only a limited force. Thus, the actual as well as the expressed reasons for joining such groups need to be taken into account in designing strategies to change such memberships.
The Good Kill
Authors: LiVecche Marc , Mallard Timothy S. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Good Kill examines killing in war in its moral and normative dimension. It argues against the commonplace belief, often tacitly held if not consciously asserted, among academics, the general public, and even military professionals, that killing, including in a justified war, is always morally wrong even when necessary. In light of an increasingly sophisticated understanding of combat trauma, this belief is a crisis. Moral injury, a proposed subset of posttraumatic stress disorder, occurs when one does something that goes against deeply held normative convictions. In a military context, the primary predictor of moral injury is having killed in combat. In turn, the primary predictor for suicide among combat veterans is moral injury. In this way, the assertion that killing is wrong but in war it is necessary becomes deadly, rendering the very business of the profession of arms morally injurious. It does not need to be this way. Beginning with the simple observation—recognized by both common sense and law—that killing comes in different kinds, this book equips warfighters and those charged with their care and formation with confidence in the rectitude of certain kinds of killing. Engaging with Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, Reinhold Niebuhr, Paul Ramsey, Nigel Biggar, and other leading Christian realists, crucial normative principles within the just war tradition are brought to bear on questions regarding just conduct in war, moral and nonmoral evil, and enemy love. The Good Kill helps equip the just warrior to navigate the morally bruising field of battle without becoming irreparably morally injured.
The Problem of Paradox
Authors: LiVecche Marc 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 helps uncover why so many warfighters hold the belief that killing is wrong. It does so by linking this belief to a particular kind of ethical paradox, commonplace in Western Christianity and the wider culture. This paradox is grounded in the twentieth-century American public intellectual Reinhold Niebuhr. This chapter introduces the Niebuhrian tension placed between the Christian conceptions of love and justice, sometimes cast as contradictory obligations to a law of love and a law of responsibility. This chapter proceeds in two parts. The first part illustrates Niebuhr’s view of love, which, rooted in pacifism, illuminates his belief that killing is morally wrong. The second half, however, demonstrates how Niebuhr’s commitment, rooted in realism, to responsibility leads him to willingly suspend the law of love. After showing how the Niebuhrian paradox renders warfighting inherently morally injurious, this chapter concludes by challenging it.
Just War in the Midst of Combat
Authors: LiVecche Marc 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 deals with the conceptual challenge of whether the just war ethic can properly be described as retributive. The just war view of killing is defended against charges that it is conceptually incoherent, especially when it presents killing as an element in the process of reconciliation. In defense of the just war stance, this chapter examines the Augustinian notion that love can be harsh and severe as it seeks the flourishing of the object of its love. With Thomas Aquinas and Paul Ramsey coming into the conversation, just war is presented as an act of love in the last resort. Continuing to track with the Augustinian stream, this chapter offers a focused engagement with the contemporary just war ethicist Nigel Biggar and his work on the nature of evil, agent intention, and double effect as it intersects with the question of killing and enemy love.
Nuclear Mosques and Monuments
Authors: Hamblin Jacob Darwin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
After the Indian nuclear test and the oil crisis of the mid-1970s, North Americans and Europeans exerted leverage through the very technologies that represented power, might, and independence—not the vague promises of technical assistance programs but direct aid in advanced equipment such as fighter planes, tanks, and missiles. Still, nuclear reactors had become symbols of power in South Asia and the Middle East, and numerous governments financed ambitious nuclear programs—many of them with clandestine bomb programs. Despite the risks of weapons proliferation, it seemed clear to US and European governments that encouraging nuclear infrastructure, by promising a cornucopian future, was a clear path forward in regaining control of the world’s natural resources and reasserting leverage in a changing geopolitical landscape.
The Gendered Pastor
Authors: Lauve-Moon Katie 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 first provides a historical account of events leading to the formation of the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship (CBF). It also serves as the theoretical foundation of the book and offers an in-depth description of Acker’s concept of gendered jobs. This chapter presents quantitative data illustrating the gendered division of labor across the entire CBF and utilizes survey data to explore congregants’ conceptions of the ideal pastor in relation to gender. This chapter illustrates how the position of senior pastor conflates with leadership and authority and, therefore, is inherently masculinized despite some feminized expectations. This means that if congregants assume essential gender differences between men and women beyond anatomy, then women will be less likely to secure these positions.
Conclusion
Authors: Golia Julie 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
After World War II, transformations in the newspaper industry, in mainstream gender values, and in the nature of popular discourse again reshaped Americans’ experience with advice. The rise in the 1950s of a new generation of advice columns, led by Ann Landers and Abigail Van Buren, also marked the decline of local, participatory columns like the Detroit News’ “Experience” and the Chicago Defender’s “Advice to the Wise and Otherwise.” Yet early twentieth-century advice columns set key precedents of collective communication that continue to shape the digital communities that serve as our primary modes of personal interaction today.
Migration and Religious Refugees
Authors: Chung-Kim Esther 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
One of the biggest impacts on poverty in early modern Europe was migration. As various circumstances and conflicts generated a growing population of religious refugees in many cities, the magnitude of need overwhelmed local poor relief structures. This crisis prompted the development of poor relief outside of civic jurisdiction and prompted the development of separate ways to care for the foreign poor. For example, John a Lasco led a religiously autonomous foreigners’ church in London, where he emphasized commitment to poor relief among the exiles. This chapter examines the religious interpretations of the migration experience, its role in shaping religious identity, and the impact of migration on poor relief. By establishing poor relief systems for refugees, the foreigner churches, or stranger churches, relieved city governments of the additional financial burden of caring for refugees and simultaneously set up a form of church management to aid religious refugees.
Law Beyond the State
Authors: Pavel Carmen E. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
At the dawn of the twenty-first century, international politics is increasingly governed by legal rules and institutions. Yet widespread skepticism of its value and transformative potential, and sometimes outright hostility toward it, abound. This book provides a normative justification for international law. Namely, it argues that the same reasons which support the development of law at the domestic level—the promotion of peace; the protection of individual rights; the facilitation of extensive, complex forms of cooperation; and the resolution of collective action problems—also support the development of law at the international level. The book offers moral and legal reasons for states to improve, strengthen, and further institutionalize the capacity of international law. The argument thus engages in institutional moral reasoning. It also shows why it should matter to individuals that their states are part of a rule-governed international order. When states are bound by common rules of behavior, their citizens reap the benefits. International law encourages states to protect individual rights and provides a forum where they can communicate, negotiate, and compromise on their differences in order to protect themselves from outside interference and pursue their domestic policies more effectively, including those directed at enhancing their citizen’s welfare. Thus, international law makes a critical, irreplaceable, and defining contribution to an international order characterized by peace and justice.
Opposing political corruption
Authors: Ceva Emanuela , Ferretti Maria Paola 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The principal resources for opposing political corruption should be internal to a public institution. When, upon scrutinizing a possible deficit of office accountability, political corruption becomes manifest, new anticorruption obligations ensue for officeholders. Anticorruption is the response officeholders should give to political corruption as an interrelated group. Anticorruption thus understood designates the practices of self-correction officeholders should follow to restore the normative order of just interactions constitutive of their institution. The chapter discusses, from this point of view on anticorruption, various practices of answerability such as codes of conduct, transparency provisions, mutual supervision, and whistleblowing.
Epilogue and Conclusion
Authors: Thackeray David , Toye Richard 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We explore the ongoing importance of election promises since 1997. Even if the way that promises are disseminated has changed with the growing importance of the internet and social media in campaigning, expectations surrounding manifestos remain roughly those that were set during the twentieth century. And yet the Brexit controversy has arguably created an acute crisis in trust in politicians’ promises and uncertainty about the authority of election manifestos. In the aftermath of the Brexit vote, manifestos enjoyed a more central role in the 2017 and 2019 elections than they had achieved at other elections during the early twenty-first century, not least because of the ambiguities of the mandate provided by the referendum.
Browsing and Streaming
Authors: Mysoor Poorna 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the application of implied licences to browsing as an activity on the internet. In this process, in addition to temporary copies of the content made on screen and in transmission, copies are made in the buffer of the computer in order to facilitate uninterrupted access, even if the content is not downloaded. If each copy made in this process needs permission from the copyright owner, then it would significantly impede the functioning of the internet. If browsing is not authorised, it would make infringers out of millions of users for simply viewing websites. The UK’s response has been to subsume this process into the statutory exception under section 28A of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, which was transposed from Article 5(1) of the EU Infosoc Directive. This provision, however, suffers from inadequacies owing to certain inherent inflexibilities particularly apparent in relation to browsing of infringing content. This chaper argues that implied licence can offer a more flexible and dependable avenue to resolve the temporary copying issue, rather than the statutory exeption.
Considerations in the Initial Design of Regional Development Banks
Authors: Roper Steven D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the origins, lending policies, and regional development bank (RDB) relationships with the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development from a comparative perspective focusing on the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). Generally, existing historical works tend to focus on single case studies rather than explore similarities and differences among RDB. By comparing these two RDB in terms of the broader political considerations in which they were formed, we develop a greater understanding of the diversity and the similarity of RDB. This chapter argues that the international environment and regional competition among states played a substantial role in the initial development of each of these banks which in turn has fundamentally influenced the nature of lending and types of projects supported.
The European Investment Bank and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
Authors: Kavvadia Helen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter attempts to complement existing scholarly work by taking a holistic and contextual view of the European Investment Bank (EIB) and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). It addresses the following questions: How are the business fundamentals of the EIB and AIIB organized so as to fulfil their broader objectives? How are they ‘equipped’ to meet the requested increased objectives and face the current and future challenges? What role do these two institutions play in the regional development bank (RDB) field? And what are their future prospects in this field? In attempting to answer these questions this chapter follows a synthetic approach by initially investigating each RDB individually as an organizational entity and subsequently as an actor in the field of RDB. In order to analyse the EIB and AIIB as organizations, this chapter employs a novel mechanism developed by the author with recourse to Business Models and the Theory of Fields.
The Question of Technology
Authors: Wallgren Thomas , Toivakainen Niklas 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
While modern civilization takes pride in its commitment to reason, its discourse of technology remains confused and paradoxical. Technology has what the chapter calls a noisy presence in everyday life, art, advertisements, corporate propaganda and popular culture, characterized by the interplay between boyish enthusiasm and dark presentiment. Oddly, the noisy acknowledgment of the historical force of technology tends to transmute into embarrassed silence in critical debate and political life. Therefore, technology stands out as a scandalous affront to the paramount ideal of modernity, self-determination. The chapter’s diagnostic suggestion is that the paradoxical status in the discourse of technology is produced and upheld in the interplay between four incompatible notions of technology, namely that technology is progressive, unstoppable, neutral, and natural. It closes with some remarks on the moral dynamic that allows the preservation of much noise and little reason in the modern discourse of technology.
Atechnological Experience Unfolding
Authors: Heikkurinen Pasi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the meaningful end of the human-dominated geological epoch and examines the role of technology in relation to it. It proposes that the transition to a meaningful post-Anthropocene is supported by experiencing ‘non-technology’ or ‘without-technology’. Further technologization will only accelerate anthropogenic destruction, while the absence of technological instruments and a technological mode of being will do the reverse. The chapter conceptualizes this phenomenon of ‘atechnology’—the absence of instruments and the instrumental relation to being in nature. Atechnological experiences are used descriptively to explain how the earth can move to a post-Anthropocene epoch and employed also for normative purposes, to ignite sustainable change. The ‘technology–atechnology’ continuum the chapter introduces importantly allows sustainability scholars and policymakers to deliberate not only on the proper kind of technology or the amount of technology needed, but also to consider atechnology as a way to relate to the world, others, and oneself.
Group-Sovereignty Conflict
Authors: O’Flynn. Levy 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores conflicts that centre on group sovereignty. In such conflicts, two or more identity-based groups compete for political dominion within a specific territory. We introduce group sovereignty in broad terms as a concept in political and constitutional theory. We also offer some initial suggestions for the design of a deliberative peace referendum to take account of group sovereignty elements in conflict. We contend that this element cannot be ignored or wished away, but must be accommodated—for instance, by means of a rule of ‘concurrent consent’ in the referendum. Such a rule requires a majority vote within each of the distinct groups in conflict. A critical question raised, however, is the degree to which deliberation is feasible when we give group identity (the root cause of many deliberative pathologies) a robust role in the deliberative peace referendum.
Anti-Monopoly Law
Authors: Oda Hiroshi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In 2014, the Japanese Anti-Monopoly Law came from the United States. It was dormant for decades until 1990 when the US–Japan SII Talks were completed. Since then, Anti-Monopoly Law was invigorated. The business system in Japan became much more transparent and fairer in the last several decades. Cartels, including bid-rigging, are now under control. In 2014, the Anti-Monopoly Law was substantially amended and its quasi-judicial power was taken away
Purposeful Ecosystem Orchestration
Authors: Remy Sylvain , Kolokotsa Julie , Ondrus Jan , Ouarzazi Yassine El , Glady Nicolas 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7 begins by setting out the nature and importance of corporate purpose. The power and effect of corporate purpose depend on its authenticity and way in which it is specified. Striking a balance between breadth and vision, and specificity and precision determines its relevance and impact. Authenticity involves living the corporate purpose and translating it effectively into corporate actions. It should not be preserved in aspic but instead evolve steadily over time to promote its relevance. The chapter suggests that it is not only the internal organization of a company that should be aligned with its purpose but so too should its external ecosystem. Ecosystems include other businesses, non-profit organizations, local communities, and governments. Ecosystem orchestration ‘redefines a stakeholder’s “stake” in the corporate purpose as a forward-looking opportunity to co-create value, instead of a backward-looking opportunity to capture value created by the corporation on its own.’