bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate impact and adaptation to heat and drought stress of regional and global wheat production
Authors: Pequeno Diego N L , Hernández-Ochoa Ixchel M , Reynolds Matthew , Sonder Kai , MoleroMilan Anabel , Robertson Richard D , Lopes Marta S , Xiong Wei , Kropff Martin , Asseng Senthold 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is the most widely grown food crop in the world threatened by future climate change. In this study, we simulated climate change impacts and adaptation strategies for wheat globally using new crop genetic traits (CGT), including increased heat tolerance, early vigor to increase early crop water use, late flowering to reverse an earlier anthesis in warmer conditions, and the combined traits with additional nitrogen (N) fertilizer applications, as an option to maximize genetic gains. These simulations were completed using three wheat crop models and five Global Climate Models (GCM) for RCP 8.5 at mid-century. Crop simulations were compared with country, US state, and US county grain yield and production. Wheat yield and production from high-yielding and low-yielding countries were mostly captured by the model ensemble mean. However, US state and county yields and production were often poorly reproduced, with large variability in the models, which is likely due to poor soil and crop management input data at this scale. Climate change is projected to decrease global wheat production by −1.9% by mid-century. However, the most negative impacts are projected to affect developing countries in tropical regions. The model ensemble mean suggests large negative yield impacts for African and Southern Asian countries where food security is already a problem. Yields are predicted to decline by −15% in African countries and −16% in Southern Asian countries by 2050. Introducing CGT as an adaptation to climate change improved wheat yield in many regions, but due to poor nutrient management, many developing countries only benefited from adaptation from CGT when combined with additional N fertilizer. As growing conditions and the impact from climate change on wheat vary across the globe, region-specific adaptation strategies need to be explored to increase the possible benefits of adaptations to climate change in the future.
Permafrost-derived dissolved organic matter composition varies across permafrost end-members in the western Canadian Arctic
Authors: MacDonald Erin N , Tank Suzanne E , Kokelj Steven V , Froese Duane G , Hutchins Ryan H S 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Organic matter, upon dissolution into the aqueous state as dissolved organic matter (DOM), can undergo mineralization by microbes. There has been increasing effort to characterize DOM released from thawing permafrost because it may perpetuate a permafrost carbon feedback. Permafrost-derived DOM often has a composition that can be highly susceptible to mineralization by microbes, but most studies to date that characterize permafrost-derived DOM have been limited to select regions, and tend to focus on a single type of permafrost (sometimes unspecified) that reflects a particular deposit type. Importantly, diversity in the nature of the deposit, formation of permafrost, and thaw modification processes leads to spatial and stratigraphic variability in its properties, but our understanding of variation in the composition of DOM derived from differing permafrost types (end-members) is poor. Here, we used ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry to characterize DOM composition derived from a series of permafrost end-member types that are commonly found within the thaw-vulnerable western Canadian Arctic, including: tills (glacially deposited), diamicton (thawed and remobilized material of mixed origin), lacustrine (lake basin sediments into which permafrost has aggraded), peat (partially decomposed organic material), and Yedoma (syngenetic silty loess) deposits. We identified marked variation in DOM composition among permafrost end-member types. Tills were compositionally dissimilar to all other permafrost end-members. Compounds unique to Yedoma were predominantly aliphatic, while compounds unique to peat, lacustrine, and diamicton spanned saturation and oxygenation gradients. All permafrost leachates were generally higher in aliphatics, lower in aromatics, and less oxygenated than active layer leachates. Compositional differences appear to reflect variation in permafrost parent materials, and particularly strong effects from past modification processes while in the unfrozen or thawed state. Constraining DOM composition and assessing its stratigraphic variability will become more pressing as the spatial and stratigraphic extent of thaw increases with future warming.
Simultaneous block diagonalization of matrices of finite order
Authors: Bischer Ingolf , Döring Christian , Trautner Andreas 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
It is well known that a set of non-defect matrices can be simultaneously diagonalized if and only if the matrices commute. In the case of non-commuting matrices, the best that can be achieved is simultaneous block diagonalization. Here we give an efficient algorithm to explicitly compute a transfer matrix which realizes the simultaneous block diagonalization of unitary matrices whose decomposition in irreducible blocks (common invariant subspaces) is known from elsewhere. Our main motivation lies in particle physics, where the resulting transfer matrix must be known explicitly in order to unequivocally determine the action of outer automorphisms such as parity, charge conjugation, or time reversal on the particle spectrum.
Building a model for predicting digestive enzymes activity depending on lipid composition of diet
Authors: Akimov S S , Grechkina V V , Lebedev S V 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Animal nutrition is an important aspect in optimizing the production process of meat and dairy farming. In the process of feeding animals, various digestive enzymes are released, which contribute to the proper functioning of the animal’s body. Biochemical blood indicators can be an indicator of health. They can characterize the level of animals’ adaptation to various stressful factors including the specific conditions of animal feeding. Research results show that a high correlation between the digestive enzymes of the pancreas and biochemical parameters of calves’ blood was shown with regards to the time factor and fat component when they were injected with vegetable fats. The dependent relationship in the experimental groups was as follows: sunflower oil (+) uric and acid lipase (r=0.57), total bilirubin and protease (r=0.51), glucose and lipase (r=0.68), protease and total protein (r=0.59), protease and albumin (r=0.51), protease and total bilirubin (r=0.63), protease–phosphorus (r=–0.55), respectively. (–) AST amylase (r=–0.54), ALT lipase (r=–0.52), amylase and total bilirubin (r=–0.68), amylase and iron (r=–0.62). Palm oil (+) total protein and lipase (r=0.58), glucose and protease (r=0.51), AST protease (r=0.54), iron amylase (r=0.57), calcium and lipase (r=0.63), negative gamma–GT and lipase (r=–0.53). Soybean oil (+) protease and creatinine (r=0.50). (–) urea lipase (r=–0.52), LDH protease (r=–0.75), iron and protease (r=–0.58), amylase–iron (r=–0.65) amylase–g–GT (r=–0.64), amylase–ALT (r=0.62). Flaxseed oil (+) albumin protease (r=0.53), ALT amylase (r=0.627), ALT protease (r=0.56), AST lipase (r=0.52), cholesterol amylase (r=0.55), phosphorus lipase (r=0.523). (–) gamma–GT protease (r=–0.54), glucose amylase (r=–0.63), glucose protease (r=–0.52). Thus, a pronounced positive relationship was observed over a period of time in sunflower (30–60 minutes), palm (60–90 minutes) and linseed (0–30 minutes) oils. Negative effects can be seen when using a diet supplemented with soybean oil. The developed mathematical models make it possible to predict the secretory function of the pancreas and the body’s response to various types of fats, with a database of biochemical parameters and the enzymatic activity of the pancreas.
Influence of climatic seasons and the origin of animals on indicators of cattle productivity
Authors: Kolpakov V , Ruchay A , Dzhulamanov K , Kosyan D 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The processes of life of the body, as well as its physiological functions, are largely characterized by the biochemical and morphological compositions of blood. Studying the level and direction of metabolic processes in animals under the influence of genotypic and paratypical factors is of great practical interest. The object of the study was bull-calves from cows of different productive values of the created hornless type of Hereford breed cattle. We found an increased level of β-globulins in experimental bulls of groups III and V in the winter as well as a significant (in 1.2 times) increase (p≤0.05) of the vitamin A content in group II, compared to the first group. A significant increase in the concentration of carotene in the II experimental group reached a 1.3 times point (p≤0.05) and, at the same time, found its decrease in the IV group by 17.1 % (p≤0.05) compared to the first group. It was noted that the more massive calves had higher levels of hemoglobin and red blood cells in temperature-contrast periods of the year. The superiority of bulls from group III over peers in these indices was 5.05–16.29 % and 5.1–13.5 %. All changes in the values of the morphological and biochemical compositions of blood were at the optimal level changing by seasons of the year. In most cases, the high values corresponded to a higher growth rate of the live mass of the bulls of studied genotypes.
Comparison of productive and biological characteristics of indigenous and imported cattle in Yakutia
Authors: Miroshnikov S , Yausheva E , Kosyan D , Sleptsov I , Martynov A 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The aim of this research was evaluation of the rumen and faecal bacterial communities with high-throughput sequencing of 16S rDNA in indigenous Yakut and transferred Kalmyk cows, which have potentially valuable gene pools for beef cattle breeding. The obtained results showed a similar composition of the microbiomes in the rumens of Yakut and Kalmyk cows. The dominant bacterial phyla in the rumen microbiocenoses were Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes represented mainly by the Prevotellaceae, Porphyromonadaceae, Ruminococccaceae and Lachnospiraceae families. In the faeces of the cow breeds, compared families Bacteroidaceae, Clostridiaceae, Ruminococcaceae and Verrucomicrobiaceae were the most numerous. Further work is necessary to reveal the role of the identified bacterial taxa in changes of the rumen fermentation.
Materials and equipment for seed production in Russia
Authors: Marinchenko T E 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Cultivated plants, which form the basis of the human diet, are also used for feeding livestock and poultry and as process raw materials. With the growth of human needs and an increase in the number of factors and the degree of negative impact on plants (changing unstable climate, including drought, decreased fertility, increased resistance of plant pathogens and pests to pesticides, cumulative effects of agrochemical load, etc.), there is a need for further development of research in the field of breeding and seed production. The development of these areas through the introduction of competitive domestic technologies based on the latest scientific achievements is the national interest of the state in the field of food security for the long term. Provision of Russian producers with high-quality domestic seeds of high reproduction for a number of crops is insufficient, which creates a threat to the country’s food independence. An important factor in providing agricultural producers with domestic seeds is the development of the material and technical base of breeding and seed production, including state-of-the-art laboratories and equipment for seed preparation, since processing and preparation of seeds are today necessary conditions for improving the quality and competitiveness of domestic seed. The state and problems of the development of plant breeding and seed production, as well as the proportion of seed supply of domestic breeding are discussed. Some domestic projects in the field of seed production are analyzed in order to determine their potential for solving strategic tasks for the development of domestic seed production.
Biotechnology for the Production of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Plant Material and its Pharmacognostic Analysis
Authors: Tikhomirova L I , Lisenko R C 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The paper describes a technique for micropropagation of S. baicalensis. It implies the use of seeds as primary explants, reproduction of an actively proliferating culture on an MS medium containing 1.0-0.5 μM kinetin and 0.25 μM IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) and 0.05 μM GA (gibberellic acid), rooting of shoots on a medium containing 1 μM IBA. A microscopic analysis of Baikal skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis) grown in a tissue culture made it possible to establish the following diagnostic signs: - for the leaf – diacytic stomatal complex, simple warty hairs and capitate hairs; essential oil glands with 4.6 and 8 excretory cells; - for the stem – simple warty and capitate hairs, prosenchyme cells in the epidermis. Biologically active substances of 70% ethanol extracts from progeny plants were screened. Tanins, xanthones, flavonoids and other phenolic compounds were found to be present. A quantitative analysis of some biologically active substances made it possible to obtain the following data: the content of extractives amounted to 12.50±1.03%, with the tannins to make up 8.25±0.62% and a total of flavonoids to be in the range of 5.8±0.2%. For the first time, the content of xanthones was determined in progeny plants of S. baicalensis in terms of mangiferin to be 48±0.01% per ADM.
Assessment of the quality and safety of the use of vegetable fats in meat production
Authors: Sheida E V , Lebedev S V , Vershinina I A , Grechkina V V , Gubaidullina I Z 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The high demand for quality and nutritious foods is constantly growing. To provide the population with high-quality meat products, it is necessary to determine the impact of the components introduced into the feed ration, which have a negative and positive impact on the production of these products, and then develop and apply tools to improve their quality. The oil and fat industry is a potential source of production of high-quality feed products for various types of animal husbandry, since the composition of oil-containing raw materials contains all the necessary components for animal nutrition. The main objective of our study was to assess and predict the quality and safety of the use of vegetable fats (palm, sunflower, soybean, rapeseed and flaxseed oils) in the production of beef meat. It has been found that the additional inclusion of vegetable fats enhances the intensity of metabolic processes in the body and thereby contributes to an increase in meat productivity.
Influence of processing factors on raw chicken meat quality and safety
Authors: Berketova L V , Gribova N A , Perov V. I. , Eliseeva L G , Akimova N. A. , Soltaeva N L 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The paper analyzes the latest researches and reviews the issues devoted to procurement of qualitative and safe food stock and food products of chicken meat. The authors consider various factors influencing the quality of primary food stock that is further used in human food ration. The use of additives in chicken feed enhances the nutrition value of chicken meat due to an increase in the content of proteins, fats, essential amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids, which, in turn, contributes to an increase in biological value of food stock. Feed additives containing selenium make it possible to receive meat enriched with this nutrient for use in dietary ration. Different ways of raw chicken meat processing are analyzed, including scalding, injection and treatment with different mixtures; their impact on nutrition value of chicken meat is studied with the purpose of using it in dietary rations and groups of consumers. The object of the research was to identify factors influencing the quality and safety of chicken meat.
Carcass quality traits of beef cattle with different DGAT1 genotypes
Authors: Sedykh T A , Kalashnikova L A , Gizatullin R S 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The paper presents the research results on carcass quality traits of beef cattle for different DGAT1 genotypes. The study aimed to detect the effect of SNP DGAT1-K232A on carcass and beef quality of Hereford and Limousine bull calves of different genotypes. The tasks were SNP genotyping of animals by DGAT1-K232A, detecting the impact of SNP on carcass quality and morphological composition, weight and yield of half carcasses, organoleptic properties of meat, as well as the chemical composition of beef. The method of a polymerase chain reaction with a subsequent restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was used to genotype fattening bull calves of Hereford (91 heads) and Limousine (109 heads) breeds. The animals were raised until 20 months of age in conditions of a resource-saving indoor and pasture-based system. There was an apparent effect of SNP DGAT1-K232A (DGAT1KK>DGAT1AA, P◘0.05) on the interior raw fat weight and yield indicators, subcutaneous fat tissue thickness, fat content in the rib eye and a sample of minced meat. Thus, genotyping by SNP DGAT1-K232A can be used as an additional criterion to improve the quality traits of meat in beef cattle breeding.
Antioxidant profile of Amaranthus paniculatus L. of the Pamyat of Kovas variety
Authors: Gins V K , Motyleva S M , Kulikov I M , Tumanyan A F , Romanova E V , Baikov A A , Gins E M , Terekhin A A , Gins M S 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The study of the composition and content of biologically active compounds in the leaves and inflorescences of the Pamyat of Kovas vegetable variety of the VNIISSOK selection revealed a difference in their accumulation in the leaves of the lower and upper layers. The maximum accumulation of biologically active substances was found in the leaves and inflorescences of the upper layer, exhibiting high antioxidant activity. In the studied extracts, antioxidant metabolites were found: amarantine, ascorbic acid, flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, simple phenols and hydroxybenzoic acids, as well as pectins. The features typical for vegetable leaf crops were found: the maximum number of studied antioxidant metabolites accumulates in the leaves of the upper layer and amaranth inflorescences, while the decrease in the content of antioxidants is observed in aging leaves.
Study of the influence of anthropogenic factors on organism
Authors: Notova S V , Kazakova T V , Marshinskaia O V , Kiyaeva E V , Sheida E V 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The use of iron nanoparticles of various forms in industry continues to grow; therefore, there are risks of environmental damage and toxicity. The study was conducted on Wistar rats (n = 36). Nanoparticles of iron oxide and cobalt ferrite were injected once intraperitoneally at doses of 2 and 2.3 mg/kg (45 nm). On the 1st, 7th and 21st day of the experiment, the emotional and motor activities were assessed using the Open Field and Black and White Chamber tests. The results presented demonstrate that the liver and spleen are target organs that are able to accumulate nanoparticles; iron nanoparticles have a neurotropic effect and may have an anxiolytic effect. Despite the negative results obtained, the prospects of using nanoparticles cannot be denied. The use of a systematic and comprehensive approach to the assessment of risks and toxicity of nanomaterials will allow creating conditions to build a unified concept of nanosafety.
Fertilizers effect on yield and apples’ fruits quality on leached chernozem
Authors: Dzanagov S Kh , Gazdanov A V , Lazarov T K , Asaeva T D , Basiev A E , Kanukov Z T 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In the Central Ciscaucasia, including North Ossetia-Alania, in recent years, new fast-growing, immune, highly-productive varieties of apple trees of an intensive type have become widespread. The effectiveness of the use of fertilizers for growing new varieties of apple trees has not been studied. In this regard, a study was made of the responsiveness of three apple varieties to mineral and organic fertilizers (manure) and their combination. The apple orchard was studied on leached chernozem, covered by pebble from a depth of 50 cm and having a wash water regime. As a result of research, it was found that the use of mineral and organic fertilizers in this type of garden is an effective agrotechnological technique. The use of mineral and organic fertilizers increases the productivity of the fruits of the varieties Aidored, Florina and Stark-Nart by 20.0–130.4 % compared with non-fertilized control. The Florina variety was the most fruitful. Significantly less productive is the Aydored variety and especially Stark-Nart. In the control, respectively, Florin’s variety – 22.0 t/ha, Aidored – 12.5 t/ha and Stark-Nart – 11.5 t/ha. Of the fertilized options, the best in all three varieties was N150P150К150: productivity was 40.5, 28.5, and 26.5 t/ha, respectively. The fertilizers under study affected the quality indicators of fruits in different ways. For Aidored variety, there is a tendency toward a decrease in the dry matter content and fruit acidity as the level of mineral nutrition increases, while the content of sugar, vitamin C, P-active substances, sugar-acid index and pectin substances increase. According to these indicators, N150P150К150 stands out as the best of the fertilized options. In relation to the Florin and Stark-Nart varieties, it should be pointed out that the patterns of action of fertilizers on the quality of fruits noted for the Aidored variety are identical, although the quantitative indicators are not the same. In particular, it can be noted that in terms of sugar content, Stark-Nart is inferior to two other varieties. And in terms of acidity, Florin is an advantage (the fruits are less acidic). Vitamin C is more in the fruits of the Aidored variety (9.3 mg / 100 g in the control), Florin is in second place, and Stark-Nart is in third (in the control of 8.0 and 7.1, respectively).
Plasmonic refractive index sensing enhanced by anapole modes in metal-dielectric nanostructure array
Authors: Wu Jingzhi , Li Zhihui , Li Mengwei , Wang Yanhong 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Periodic nanostructures consisting of metal-dielectric nanostructures array are studied for refractive index (RI) sensing. The anapole mode of metal-dielectric structure is used to enhance plasmonic resonance and reduce energy losses. High sensitivity RI sensing can be achieved by the nanostructure with circular polarization illumination. Numerical results show that the sensor exhibit almost perfect linearity of resonance wavelength shift with RI ranging from 1.3 to 1.39 with sensitivity of 593 nm RIU−1. The proposed nanostructure could find applications in biomolecules manipulation and optical sensors.
Microstructural and mechanical characterization of powder-pack boronized Incoloy A286 superalloy
Authors: Türkmen İlyas , Korkmaz Adem 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this study, Incoloy A286 superalloy were boronized successfully by powder-pack boronizing process at 850 °C, 900 °C and 950 °C for 4 h by using a boronizing powder mixture containing H3BO3 as boron source. The thickness and morphology of the boride layer was identified by microstructural examinations. The boride layer with complex, compact and smooth morphology was formed on the surface of the samples. As a result of XRD analyses, it was determined that the compact boride layer was formed many phases such as FeB, Fe2B, Fe3B, CrB and Ni4B3 etc. It was specified that the average hardness value of the boride layer was approximately between 2400 and 3000 HV by microhardness tests. Also the graphs of friction coefficient and values of the specific wear rate were obtained by performing ball on disk wear tests. It was identified that the specific wear rate of boronized samples was approximately 9.5 times lower than that of unboronized samples.