bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dark Matter as dark dwarfs and other macroscopic objects: multiverse relics?
Authors: Gross Christian , Landini Giacomo , Strumia Alessandro , Teresi Daniele 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
First order phase transitions can leave relic pockets of false vacua and their particles, that manifest as macroscopic Dark Matter. We compute one predictive model: a gauge theory with a dark quark relic heavier than the confinement scale. During the first order phase transition to confinement, dark quarks remain in the false vacuum and get compressed, forming Fermi balls that can undergo gravitational collapse to stable dark dwarfs (bound states analogous to white dwarfs) near the Chandrasekhar limit, or primordial black holes.
Existence and Uniqueness of Isothermal, Slightly Compressible Stratified Flow
Authors: Passerini Arianna 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe show well-posedness for the equations describing a new model of slightly compressible fluids. This model was recently rigorously derived in Grandi and Passerini (Geophys Astrophys Fluid Dyn, 2020) from the full set of balance laws and falls in the category of anelastic Navier–Stokes fluids. In particular, we prove existence and uniqueness of global regular solutions in the two-dimensional case for initial data of arbitrary “size”, and for “small” data in three dimensions. We also show global stability of the rest state in the class of weak solutions.
SAMHD1 in cancer: curse or cure?
Authors: Schott Kerstin , Majer Catharina , Bulashevska Alla , Childs Liam , Schmidt Mirko H. H. , Rajalingam Krishnaraj , Munder Markus , König Renate 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHuman sterile α motif and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1), originally described as the major cellular deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase (dNTPase) balancing the intracellular deoxynucleotide (dNTP) pool, has come recently into focus of cancer research. As outlined in this review, SAMHD1 has been reported to be mutated in a variety of cancer types and the expression of SAMHD1 is dysregulated in many cancers. Therefore, SAMHD1 is regarded as a tumor suppressor in certain tumors. Moreover, it has been proposed that SAMHD1 might fulfill the requirements of a driver gene in tumor development or might promote a so-called mutator phenotype. Besides its role as a dNTPase, several novel cellular functions of SAMHD1 have come to light only recently, including a role as negative regulator of innate immune responses and as facilitator of DNA end resection during DNA replication and repair. Therefore, SAMHD1 can be placed at the crossroads of various cellular processes. The present review summarizes the negative role of SAMHD1 in chemotherapy sensitivity, highlights reported SAMHD1 mutations found in various cancer types, and aims to discuss functional consequences as well as underlying mechanisms of SAMHD1 dysregulation potentially involved in cancer development.
Diabetes concomitant to aortic stenosis is associated with increased expression of NF-κB and more pronounced valve calcification
Authors: Kopytek Magdalena , Mazur Piotr , Ząbczyk Michał , Undas Anetta , Natorska Joanna 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Aims/hypothesis
Type 2 diabetes has been demonstrated to predispose to aortic valve calcification. We investigated whether type 2 diabetes concomitant to aortic stenosis (AS) enhances valvular inflammation and coagulation activation via upregulated expression of NF-κB, with subsequent increased expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2).

Methods
In this case–control study, 50 individuals with severe isolated AS and concomitant type 2 diabetes were compared with a control group of 100 individuals without diabetes. The median (IQR) duration of diabetes since diagnosis was 11 (7–18) years, and 36 (72%) individuals had HbA1c ≥48 mmol/mol (≥6.5%). Stenotic aortic valves obtained during valve replacement surgery served for in loco NF-κB, BMP-2, prothrombin (FII) and active factor X (FXa) immunostaining. In vitro cultures of valve interstitial cells (VICs), isolated from obtained valves were used for mechanistic experiments and PCR investigations.

Results
Diabetic compared with non-diabetic individuals displayed enhanced valvular expression of NF-κB, BMP-2, FII and FXa (all p ≤ 0.001). Moreover, the expression of NF-κB and BMP-2 positively correlated with amounts of valvular FII and FXa. Only in diabetic participants, valvular NF-κB expression was strongly associated with serum levels of HbA1c, and moderately with fructosamine. Of importance, in diabetic participants, valvular expression of NF-κB correlated with aortic valve area (AVA) and maximal transvalvular pressure gradient. In vitro experiments conducted using VIC cultures revealed that glucose (11 mmol/l) upregulated expression of both NF-κB and BMP-2 (p < 0.001). In VIC cultures treated with glucose in combination with reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor (N-acetyl-l-cysteine), the expression of NF-κB and BMP-2 was significantly suppressed. A comparable effect was observed for VICs cultured with glucose in combination with NF-κB inhibitor (BAY 11–7082), suggesting that high doses of glucose activate oxidative stress leading to proinflammatory actions in VICs. Analysis of mRNA expression in VICs confirmed these findings; glucose caused a 6.9-fold increase in expression of RELA (NF-κB p65 subunit), with the ROS and NF-κB inhibitor reducing the raised expression of RELA by 1.8- and 3.2-fold, respectively.

Conclusions/interpretation
Type 2 diabetes enhances in loco inflammation and coagulation activation within stenotic valve leaflets. Increased valvular expression of NF-κB in diabetic individuals is associated not only with serum HbA1c and fructosamine levels but also with AVA and transvalvular gradient, indicating that strict long-term glycaemic control is needed in AS patients with concomitant type 2 diabetes. This study suggests that maintaining these variables within the normal range may slow the rate of AS progression.

Graphical abstract
Self-reported auditory problems are associated with adverse mental health outcomes and alcohol misuse in the UK Armed Forces
Authors: Parker Fred N. H. , Fear Nicola T. , Stevelink S. A. M. , Rafferty L. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Auditory problems, such as hearing loss and tinnitus, have been associated with mental health problems and alcohol misuse in the UK general population and in the US Armed Forces; however, few studies have examined these associations within the UK Armed Forces. The present study examined the association between auditory problems and probable common mental disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and alcohol misuse.

Methods
5474 serving and ex-service personnel from the UK Armed Forces were examined, selected from those who responded to phase two (data collection 2007–09) and phase three (2014–16) of a military cohort study. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between auditory problems at phase two and mental health problems at phase three.

Results
9.7% of participants reported ever experiencing hearing problems alone, 7.9% reported tinnitus within the last month alone, and 7.8% reported hearing problems with tinnitus. After adjustment, hearing problems with tinnitus at phase two was associated with increased odds of probable common mental disorders (AOR = 1.50, 95% CI 1.09–2.08), post-traumatic stress disorder (AOR = 2.30, 95% CI 1.41–3.76), and alcohol misuse (AOR = 1.94, 95% CI 1.28–2.96) at phase three. Tinnitus alone was associated with probable post-traumatic stress disorder (AOR = 1.80, 95% CI 1.03–3.15); however, hearing problems alone were not associated with any outcomes of interest.

Conclusions
The association between auditory problems and mental health problems emphasises the importance of the prevention of auditory problems in the Armed Forces: through enhanced audiometric screening, improved hearing protection equipment, and greater levels of utilisation of such equipment.
Attitudes toward the use of humanoid robots in healthcare—a cross-sectional study
Authors: Andtfolk Malin , Nyholm Linda , Eide Hilde , Rauhala Auvo , Fagerström Lisbeth 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe use of robotic technology in healthcare is increasing. The aim was to explore attitudes toward the use of humanoid robots in healthcare among patients, relatives, care professionals, school actors and other relevant actors in healthcare and to analyze the associations between participants’ background variables and attitudes. The data were collected through a cross-sectional survey (N = 264) in 2018 where participants met a humanoid robot. The survey was comprised of background variables and items from a modified Robot Attitude Scale. Multiple linear regression analysis and Spearman’s Rho correlation were used to analyze associations between variables. Most of the participants were positive toward the use of humanoid robots in healthcare and only a few were negative. Attitudes toward the use of humanoid robots were more positive among other relevant actors, such as service personnel and politicians in healthcare, participants with a higher educational level and older adults. More research is needed on the reasons underlying negative attitudes because these might affect the introduction of humanoid robots in healthcare. A careful evaluation of appropriate first target groups as well as which tasks are appropriate for humanoid robots to perform in healthcare are needed.
A critical review on the environmental impact of manufacturing: a holistic perspective
Authors: Panagiotopoulou Vasiliki Christina , Stavropoulos Panagiotis , Chryssolouris George 
Published: September 2021

AbstractManufacturing sector is considered to be the second highest contributor in greenhouse gases emissions in EU, secondary to energy sector. The environmental impact of products, processes, and infrastructures of manufacturing is defined as the mass equivalent of carbon dioxide emissions, also known as carbon footprint, because carbon dioxide accounts for the largest portion of greenhouse gases emissions. The aim of this review is to show the impact of manufacturing on carbon emissions and to investigate the importance of carbon emission factors on the carbon footprint of manufacturing. This was performed via (1) mapping and categorizing the sources of carbon emission at process, machine, and system level; (2) identifying the weight factor of carbon emissions factors via sensitivity analysis; and (3) determining which carbon emission factor has the heaviest contribution in carbon footprint calculation. In all examples of the sensitivity analysis, it was shown that carbon emission factor for electrical energy was the only contributing factor at process level while being the strongest at machine level. At system level, the strongest contributor was the carbon emission factor for material production. To reduce the carbon emissions, one must identify the tuneable parameters at process, machine, and system level, from material, machine tool, and energy point of view. However, the highest reduction in carbon footprint can be achieved by reducing the carbon emission factors of electrical energy using renewable power sources such as solar or wind and by reducing the carbon emission factors for material production using recycling materials as “raw” material.
Manufacturing technologies and joining methods of metallic thin-walled pipes for use in high pressure cooling systems
Authors: McNair Sophie A. M. , Chaharsooghi Alborz Shokrani , Carnevale Mauro , Rhead Andrew , Onnela Antti , Daguin Jerome , Cichy Kamil , Postema Hans , Bacchetta Nicola , French Thomas , Lunt Alexander J. G. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSmall diameter thin-walled pipes, typically with a diameter less than 20 mm and a ratio of outer diameter to wall thickness is 20 or above, have increasingly become a key value adding factor for a number of industries including medical applications, electronics and chemical industries. In high-energy physics experiments, thin-walled pipes are needed in tracking detector cooling systems where the mass of all components needs to be minimised for physics measurement reasons. The pipework must reliably withstand the cooling fluid operation pressures (of up to 100 bar), but must also be able to be reliably and easily joined within the cooling system. Suitable standard and/or commercial solutions combining the needed low mass and reliable high-pressure operation are poorly available. The following review of literature compares the various techniques that exist for the manufacture and joining of thin-walled pipes, both well-established techniques and novel methods which have potential to increase the use of thin-walled pipes within industrial cooling systems. Gaps in knowledge have been identified, along with further research directions. Operational challenges and key considerations which have to be identified when designing a system which uses thin-walled pipes are also discussed.
Two-stage contests with preferences over style
Authors: Kaplan Todd R. , Wettstein David 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMany grant applications have a preliminary stage where only a select group are invited to submit a full application. Similarly, procurement contracts by governments are often awarded through a two-stage procedure. We model and analyze such environments where the designer cares about the style of the application as well as its quality. The designer has the option of choosing an initial stage, where contestants can enter and learn about their desirability while the designer learns about their style. We determine closed form solutions for equilibrium outcomes and designer payoffs and use this to analyze whether or not a second stage is desirable, different rules for deciding who will advance, and whether or not to communicate the number of contestants that qualify for the second stage.
Negative-ion field desorption revitalized by using liquid injection field desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry on recent instrumentation
Authors: Linden Mathias H. , Linden H. Bernhard , Gross Jürgen H. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractField ionization (FI), field desorption (FD), and liquid injection field desorption/ionization (LIFDI) provide soft positive ionization of gaseous (FI) or condensed phase analytes (FD and LIFDI). In contrast to the well-established positive-ion mode, negative-ion FI or FD have remained rare exceptions. LIFDI provides sample deposition under inert conditions, i.e., the exclusion of atmospheric oxygen and water. Thus, negative-ion LIFDI could potentially be applied to highly sensitive anionic compounds like catalytically active transition metal complexes. This work explores the potential of negative-ion mode using modern mass spectrometers in combination with an LIFDI source and presents first results of the application of negative-ion LIFDI-MS. Experiments were performed on two orthogonal-acceleration time-of-flight (oaTOF) instruments, a JEOL AccuTOF GCx and a Waters Micromass Q-TOF Premier equipped with LIFDI sources from Linden CMS. The examples presented include four ionic liquids (ILs), i.e., N-butyl-3-methylpyridinium dicyanamide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tricyanomethide, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, and trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate), 3-(trifluoromethyl)-phenol, dichloromethane, iodine, polyethylene glycol diacid, perfluorononanoic acid, anionic surfactants, a tetraphosphazene silanol-silanolate, and two bis(catecholato)silanes. Volatile samples were delivered as vapors via the sample transfer capillary of the LIFDI probe or via a reservoir inlet. Condensed phase samples were applied to the emitter as dilute solutions via the sample transfer capillary. The compounds either yielded ions corresponding to their intact anions, A−, or the [M–H]− species formed upon deprotonation. This study describes the instrumental setups and the operational parameters for robust operation along with a discussion of the negative-ion LIFDI spectra of a variety of compounds.
Clinical results after very early, early and late arthroscopic arthrolysis of the knee
Authors: Eggeling Lena , Klepsch Leonard , Akoto Ralph , Frosch Karl-Heinz 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Impaired patient outcome can be directly related to a loss of motion of the knee following surgical procedures. If conservative therapy fails, arthroscopic arthrolysis is an effective procedure to improve range of motion (ROM). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of patients undergoing very early (< 3 months), early (3 to 6 months), and late (> 6 months) arthroscopic arthrolysis of the knee.

Methods
With a follow-up on average at 35.1 ± 15.2 (mean ± SD, 24 to 87) months, 123 patients with post-operative motion loss (> 10° extension deficit/ < 90° of flexion) were included between 2013 and 2018 in the retrospective study, while eight patients were lost to follow-up. A total of 115 patients were examined with a minimum follow-up of two years. Twenty percent (n = 23) of patients of this study population had a post-operative motion loss after distal femoral fracture, 10.4% (n = 12) after tibial head fracture, 57.4% (n = 66) after anterior/posterior cruciate ligament (ACL/PCL) reconstruction, 8.7% (n = 10) after infection of the knee, and 3.4% (n = 4) after patella fracture. Thirty-seven patients received very early (< 3 months, mean 1.8 months) arthroscopic arthrolysis, and 37 had early (3 to 6 months, mean 4.3 months) and 41 late (> 6 months, mean 9.8 months) arthroscopic arthrolysis after primary surgery.

Results
The average ROM increased from 73.9° before to 131.4° after arthroscopic arthrolysis (p < 0.001). In the group of very early (< 3 months) arthroscopic arthrolysis 76% (n = 28) of the patients had a normal ROM (extension/flexion 0/140°), in the group of early (3–6 months) arthrolysis 68% (n = 25) of the patients and in the group of late arthrolysis 41.5% (n = 17) of the patients showed a normal ROM after surgery (p = 0.005). The total ROM after arthrolysis was also significantly increased in the group of very early and early arthrolysis (136.5° and 135.3° vs. 123.7°, p < 0.001). A post-operative flexion deficit occurred significantly less in the group of very early and early arthroscopic arthrolysis compared to the late arthroscopic arthrolysis (3.9° and 4.2° vs. 16.6°, p < 0.001). Patients treated with very early (< 3 months) and early (3 to 6 months) showed a significantly increased post-operative Tegner score of 4.8 ± 1 and 4.7 ± 1.1 compared to 3.8 ± 1.1 in the group of late arthroscopic arthrolysis (> 6 months, p < 0.001).

Conclusions
An arthroscopic arthrolysis is highly effective and leads to good to excellent mid-term results. An early arthroscopic arthrolysis within 6 months after primary surgery leads to significantly improved ROM and functional scores compared to the late arthrolysis (> 6 months).
Patients with renal transplant and moderate-to-severe LUTS benefit from urodynamic evaluation and early transurethral resection of the prostate
Authors: Righetto Marialaura , Mancini Mariangela , Modonutti Daniele , Calpista Arturo , Beltrami Paolo , Dal Moro Fabrizio 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Purpose
To assess long-term renal function and micturition pattern of males submitted to transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for moderate-to-severe lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) after renal transplantation (RT). To investigate the role of clinical and urodynamic (UD) parameters for bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) diagnosis in these patients.

Methods
Retrospective data analysis of ≥ 50 years old patients who underwent RT between 01/2005 and 12/2016. Patients with moderate-to-severe LUTS after RT who underwent a urologic evaluation and a UD study were included. TURP was performed in case of BOO diagnosis. Kidney function and micturition patterns were evaluated before, 3, 12, 24, 36, and 48 months after TURP. Predictors of BOO were assessed at univariable and multivariable logistic regression models. Statistical analysis was performed with STATA16.

Results
233 male patients ≥ 50 years underwent RT. 71/233 (30%) patients developed voiding LUTS. 52/71 (73%) patients with moderate-to-severe LUTS underwent UD. TURP was performed in 36/52 (69%) patients, with BOO diagnosis. Median (interquartile range) follow-up was 108 (75–136) months. Maximum flow at flowmetry (Qmax), International Prostate Symptom Score and post-voided residual volume improved significantly after surgery. Serum creatinine decreased and glomerular filtration rate improved significantly at follow-up, especially when TURP was performed ≤ 6 months from RT. At the multivariable model, bladder capacity ≥ 300 mL (OR = 1.74, CI 95% 1.03–3.15, p = 0.043) and detrusor pressure at Qmax (OR = 2.05, CI 95% 1.48–3.02, p = 0.035) were the independent predictors of BOO.

Conclusion
RT patients with moderate-to-severe LUTS at risk for BOO and graft failure are better identified by UD than clinical parameters. Bladder capacity and voiding pressure are key for the early diagnosis of BOO.
DNS of a turbulent boundary layer using inflow conditions derived from 4D-PTV data
Authors: Appelbaum Jason , Ohno Duncan , Rist Ulrich , Wenzel Christoph 
Published: September 2021

AbstractUnsteady, 3D particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) data are applied as an inlet boundary condition in a direct numerical simulation (DNS). The considered flow case is a zero pressure gradient (ZPG) turbulent boundary layer (TBL) flow over a flat plate. The study investigates the agreement between the experimentally measured flow field and its simulated counterpart with a hybrid 3D inlet region. The DNS field inherits a diminishing contribution from the experimental field within the 3D inlet region, after which it is free to spatially evolve. Since the measurement does not necessarily provide a spectrally complete description of the turbulent field, the spectral recovery of the flow field is analyzed as the TBL evolves. The study summarizes the pre-processing methodology used to bring the experimental data into a form usable by the DNS as well as the numerical method used for simulation. Spectral and mean flow analysis of the DNS results show that turbulent structures with a characteristic length on the order of one average tracer particle nearest neighbor radius $${\bar{r}}_{\text {NN}}$$

r

¯

NN

or greater are well reproduced and stay correlated to the experimental field downstream of the hybrid inlet. For turbulent scales smaller than $${\bar{r}}_{\text {NN}}$$

r

¯

NN

, where experimental data are sparse, a relatively quick redevelopment of previously unresolved turbulent energy is seen. The results of the study indicate applicability of the approach to future DNS studies in which specific upstream or far field boundary conditions (BCs) are required and may provide the utility of decreasing high initialization costs associated with conventional inlet BCs.
Graphic abstract