bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local vs global approaches to treat two equivalent methyl internal rotations and 14N nuclear quadrupole coupling of 2,5-dimethylpyrrole
Authors: Nguyen Thuy , Stahl Wolfgang , Nguyen Ha Vinh Lam , Kleiner Isabelle 
Published: May 2021

The microwave spectrum of 2,5-dimethylpyrrole was recorded using a molecular jet Fourier transform microwave spectrometer operating in the frequency range from 2 to 26.5 GHz. Only one stable conformer was observed as expected and confirmed by quantum chemical calculations carried out to complement the experimental analysis. The two equivalent methyl groups cause each rotational transition to split into four torsional species, which is combined with the quadrupole hyperfine splittings in the same order of magnitude arising from the 14N nucleus. This results in a complicated spectrum feature. The spectral assignment was done separately for each torsional species. Two global fits were carried out using the XIAM code and the BELGI-C2v-2Tops-hyperfine code, a modified version of the BELGI-C2v-2Tops code, giving satisfactory root-mean-square deviations. The potential barriers to internal rotation of the two methyl groups were determined to be V3 = 317.208(16) cm−1. The molecular parameters were obtained with high accuracy, providing all necessary ground state information for further investigations in higher frequency ranges and on excited torsional-vibrational states.
The Widened Pipe Model of plant hydraulic evolution
Authors: Koçillari Loren , Olson Mark E. , Suweis Samir , Rocha Rodrigo P. , Lovison Alberto , Cardin Franco , Dawson Todd E. , Echeverría Alberto , Fajardo Alex , Lechthaler Silvia , Martínez-Pérez Cecilia , Marcati Carmen Regina , Chung Kuo-Fang , Rosell Julieta A. , Segovia-Rivas Alí , Williams Cameron B. , Petrone-Mendoza Emilio , Rinaldo Andrea , Anfodillo Tommaso , Banavar Jayanth R. , Maritan Amos 
Published: May 2021

Significance
For most of its path through plant bodies, water moves in conduits in the wood. Plant water conduction is crucial for Earth’s biogeochemical cycles, making it important to understand how natural selection shapes conduit diameters along the entire lengths of plant stems. Can mathematical modeling and global sampling explain how wood conduits ought to widen from the tip of a plant to its trunk base? This question is evolutionarily important because xylem conduits should widen in a way that keeps water supply constant to the leaves as a plant grows taller. Moreover, selection should act on economy of construction costs of the conducting system. This issue is ecologically important because it helps suggest why climate change alters vegetation height worldwide.
The influence of exercise training volume alterations on the gut microbiome in highly‐trained middle‐distance runners
Authors: Craven Jonathan , Cox Amanda J. , Bellinger Phillip , Desbrow Ben , Irwin Christopher , Buchan Jena , McCartney Danielle , Sabapathy Surendran 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to determine the influence of training volume alterations on diversity and composition of the gut microbiome in a free‐living cohort of middle‐distance runners. Fourteen highly‐trained middle‐distance runners (n = 8 men; O2peak = 70.1 ± 4.3 ml·kg·min−1; n = 6 women, O2peak: 59.0 ± 3.2 ml·kg·min−1) completed three weeks of normal training (NormTr), three weeks of high‐volume training (HVolTr; a 10, 20 and 30% increase in training volume during each successive week from NormTr), and a one‐week taper (TaperTr; 55% exponential reduction in training volume from HVolTr week three). Faecal samples were collected before and immediately after each training phase to quantify alpha‐diversity and composition of the gut microbiome. A three‐day diet record was collected during each training phase and a maximal incremental running test was completed after each training phase. Results showed no significant changes in nutritional intake, alpha‐diversity, or global microbial composition following HVolTr or TaperTr compared to NormTr (p’s > 0.05). Following HVolTr, there was a significant decrease in Pasterellaceae (p = 0.03), Lachnoclostridium (p = 0.02), Haemophilus (p = 0.03), S. parasagunis (p = 0.02), and H. parainfluenzae (p = 0.03), while R. callidus (p = 0.03) significantly increased. These changes did not return to NormTr levels following TaperTr. This study shows that the alpha‐diversity and global composition of the gut microbiome were unaffected by changes in training volume. However, an increase in training volume led to several changes at the lower taxonomy levels that did not return to pre‐HVolTr levels following a taper period.
Phosphorus-only fertilization rapidly initiates large nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria blooms in two oligotrophic lakes
Authors: Molot Lewis A , Higgins Scott N , Schiff Sherry L , Venkiteswaran Jason J , Paterson Michael J , Baulch Helen M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Two small, oligotrophic lakes at the IISD-Experimental Lakes Area in northwestern Ontario, Canada were fertilized weekly with only phosphorus (P) in the summer and early fall of 2019. The P fertilization rates were high enough (13.3 µg l−1 added weekly) to produce dense, month-long blooms of N2-fixing Dolichospermum species in both lakes within 9–12 weeks after fertilization began, turning them visibly green without the addition of nitrogen. P-only fertilization increased average seasonal chlorophyll a concentrations and cyanobacteria biomass well above the pre-fertilization levels of 2017 and 2018. Nitrogen (N) content in the epilimnion of thermally stratified Lake 304 and the water column of shallow Lake 303 doubled and P storage in the water column temporarily increased during the blooms. These whole-lake fertilization experiments demonstrate that large cyanobacteria blooms can develop rapidly under high P loading without anthropogenic N inputs, suggesting that aggressive N control programs are unlikely to prevent bloom formation and that P controls should remain the cornerstone for cyanobacteria management.
Global patterns and potential drivers of human settlements within protected areas
Authors: Guan Zhuoli , Elleason Moses , Goodale Eben , Mammides Christos 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Protected areas (PAs) represent one of our most important conservation strategies for halting biodiversity loss. The number of PAs has increased remarkably over the last few decades. Yet, biodiversity is still being lost at alarming rates, even within many of those PAs. Understanding the factors that influence the levels of human pressure within PAs remains a key objective. In this study, we examined the factors associated with the human settlements’ levels within the world’s PAs. Using the random forests technique, an ensemble machine learning method, and a vast number of PAs (81 100–137 523), we assessed the importance of nine factors, including the PAs’ management objective as reflected by their International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Category. The IUCN classifies PAs into six categories ranging from strict nature reserves to areas in which multiple human uses are permitted. The prevalent but untested assumption is that human settlements’ levels within PAs vary according to their management objective, with less strict PAs having higher levels. Our results, however, show that the differences between the categories were for the most part minor. The most important predictor of human settlements was accessibility measured as the time required to reach the PA from the nearest major city. These findings were consistent across all of the world’s subregions. Other less important factors included the extent of croplands within PAs, elevation, and slope. Our findings suggest that PAs nearer urban centers tend to have higher human settlements’ levels regardless of their other characteristics, such as management objective and year of establishment. Managing those PAs successfully will be necessary to achieve the post-2020 global biodiversity targets and will require conservation strategies that acknowledge and engage the local communities.
Virulence of Steinernema spp. an entomopathogenic nematodes Indonesia isolates against larvae of white grub Lepidiota stigma F (Coleoptera: Scarabaediae) in the laboratory condition
Authors: Purnomo H , Haryadi N T , Hoesain M , Zahro’in E , Nuryatiningsih  
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Lepidiota stigma (F) (Coleoptera; Scarabaeidae) is the key pest in sugarcane plantation caused devastated damaged on roots. The objectives of this research are to determine virulence of Steinernema sp, an entomopathogenic nematodes to larvae of L. stigma in laboratory. The Experiment was conducted in the laboratory, Agrotechnolofy Department University of Jember. Filter paper and sand method was used to determined the effective concentration of entomopathogenic nematodes againts larva of white grub.The result showed that all entomopathogenic nematodes able to kill larvae of white grub L. stigma at all level concentration and soil depth. The result also convinced that Steinernema sp. origin from Kediri was more virulence compared with the other isolates.
The effect of application times and temperatures of hydro-precooling on the respiration rate of cayenne pepper (Capsicum annuum ‘bird’s eye’)
Authors: Koibur M K , Bintoro N 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Hydro-precooling is known as one of the methods to preserve quality during the storage period of agricultural products. Punctuality of the application and temperature of precooling water has a pronounced effect of the respiration rate of agricultural products. This research was intended to study the effect of application times and temperatures of the hydro-precooling process on the respiration rate of cayenne pepper (Capsicum annuum ‘Bird’s Eye’) during the storage period. Three different application times, just at harvesting, 12, and 24 hours after harvesting, and three water temperatures of 5°C, 10°C, and 15°C were studied in a completely randomized design with three replications. Chili samples were hydro-precooled by immersion method then loaded in the respirometer and stored in cold storage at the same temperature as precooled water temperatures. Oxygen and carbon dioxide changes were monitored using O2 and CO2 Gas Analyzer (Quantek 902D) every day for 21 days of storage period. It was found that storage time, precooling application time, water temperature, and their interaction significantly influenced the respiration rate of the samples. However, the respiratory quotient was only influenced by storage time and precooled product temperature (p<0.05). The treatment combination of precooling application just at harvesting and precooling temperature of 10°C resulted in the lowest respiration rate.
Development of controlled drip irrigation with lock time system
Authors: Jamaluddin  , Syam H , Rizal M , Rauf R F , Rivai A A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The utilization of controlled systems in drip irrigation can increase land productivity and can minimize water usage in the dry season. This irrigation system can reduce water loss and can increase the effectiveness and efficiency of agricultural activity. The purposes of this study were to develop and to analyze the ability of controlled drip irrigation with lock time system for watering crops on time and according to the needs. The research method of this study was research and development (R & D) method, starting from designing a control system, prototyping, functional testing, field testing, and data analysis. Based on the test results, the controlled drip irrigation system that had been developed had high time accuracy, with an error percentage of 0.9%. The response of the solenoid valve function had high sensitivity, with an R2 value of 0.99%. This system had high spray consistency with an average spraying error rate of 1.3 ml per emitter. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the controlled drip irrigation device with a lock time system that had been developed can function properly and is suitable for watering crops on time and according to crop needs.
Decomposition rate of pineapple peel waste byearthworms (Lumbricus rubellus, Hoff.) at different doses and water content
Authors: Subchan W , Winarso S , Indriyanti E 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Earthworms can be used as an indicator of fertility or soil quality. Its ability to decompose organic waste is very high. On the other hand, the organic waste generated by various human activities is enormous and continuous, including vegetable and fruit waste. In particular, pineapple peel waste which is a tropical fruit in traditional markets continues to be abundant and often becomes an environmental problem. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the rate of decomposition of pineapple peel waste by earthworms (Lumbricus rubellus, Hoff) based on different doses and water content. The research was conducted at the Biological Conservation Laboratory, University of Jember. Pineapple peel waste was taken from traditional markets in the city of Jember. Combination treatment between pineapple peel waste water content (dry and fresh) and addition of pineapple peel waste per week as much as 140 g / week and 280 g / week. The soil medium used was 1500 g and inoculated earthworms with biomass 20 (± 0.53) grams at the beginning of the treatment. The evaluation of decomposition rate was based on soil organic C content and was evaluated weekly for 5 weeks.The results showed that the dried pineapple peel waste obtained a faster decomposition rate than the wet condition (fresh). The highest average speed in the treatment of pineapple peel waste with drying and weekly additions of 140 g / week was 86.76% per week and the lowest was in the combination treatment of wet pineapple waste (fresh) and weekly addition of 28 g / week of 63.17% per week. The decomposition rate at the beginning of incubation or the highest first week was followed by a decrease in speed based on the time of incubation.
The effect of lime of dolomite and NPK fertilizers on the response of growth, yield and protein content on black soybean (Glycine soja L.Merr) in acid soils
Authors: Soeparjono S , Kadiyasari I F 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The development of cultivation from plant black soybeans (Glycine soja (L.) Merr.) in the acid soils can be an alternative to increase the yield of black soybean plants. However, the utilization of acid soils is plagued by soil pH value, high content of Al, Mn, and Fe as well as low availability of macro elements N (nitrogen), P (phospor), K (potassium), Ca (calcium), and Mg (magnesium). This study aims to determine the effect of dose of lime dolomite and NPK fertilizers on the response of growth, yield, and protein content of plant black soybeans on acid soils. This research used Complete Random Design (CRD) consist of 2 factors, each factor consists of 4 levels. The dose of lime dolomite 4,5 tons/ha was able to produce the highest total dissolved protein content amounted 4,30%, while giving the lime of dolomite and NPK fertilizers showed significant results in plant’s height, weight of fresh pods, weight of seeds/plant, number of seeds/plant, weight of 100 seeds, dry weight of stover, and dry weight of roots.
Study on production of several soybean varieties with corn intercropping system on dry land in East Lampung, Lampung Province
Authors: Slameto  , Meidaliyantisyah  , Irawati A , Wibawa W 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Soybean is a commodity which is less desirable for farmers to be planted yet it has an increasing high demand for processed food products made from soybean (tofu, tempeh, soy sauce, soy milk, etc.). As a strategic commodity,innovations are needed to provide solutions in order to maintain soybean production, especially in dry land. The purpose of this study was to assess the level of production of several soybean varieties grown using the intercropping system (turiman) with corn on suboptimal dry land. The study was conducted in East Lampung during the 2nd planting season from December 2019 to March 2020. The soybean varieties planted are Dena, Devon, Anjasmoro, and the local one (Tanggamus). The varieties of corn planted are the local existing one. The intercropping system used a corn-soybean pattern of 2 rows of corn and 7 rows of soybeans (Jale 2-7). The corn planted with zigzag pattern. The land area used for intercropping crops is 1 ha. The results showed that the intercropping system between soybeans and corn provided optimal soybean and corn production. The average soybean production was 1.548 kg/ha. The highest soybean production was the Devon variety (2,141 kg/ha) intercropping with corn (BS-18). Meanwhile, the Anjasmoro variety yielded 1.249-1.775 kg/ha, Dena variety yielded 1.428-1.541 kg/ha, and the local Tanggamus variety yielded 971-1.790 kg/ha. Corn production was 11.879-18.672 kg/ha of wet shelled corn. The average corn production was 15.110 kg/ha. The corn-soybean (Jale 2-7) intercropping system was able to optimize the use of dry land based on rainwater irrigation. This innovation contributed to the improvement of the cropping index from CI = 100 to 150-200.
Potential of food crop waste as one of beef cattle feed sources to support meat self-sufficiency in Gorontalo District during the new normal period
Authors: Surya  , Fadwiwati A Y 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This study aims to determine the potential of food crop waste as one of beef cattle feed sources to support meat self-sufficiency in the Gorontalo District during the new normal period. This research is a descriptive study using primary and secondary data. The data obtained is then calculated for the analysis of livestock performance to see the growth rate of beef production and the analysis of the concentration index for agricultural waste feed production in the Gorontalo District. The results obtained indicate that the growth rate of beef production in the Gorontalo District is In (y) = 13.50 + 0.12 t so that the growth rate increases by 12%. Furthermore, the FPCI value in the Gorontalo District is still in the low category in 12 Sub-Districts, the medium category in 4 Sub-Districts, and the high category in 3 Sub-Districts. This shows that the availability of beef cattle feed is not fully fulfilled if it only relies on existing food crop waste even though there is a growth in meat production in the Gorontalo Distric.
Determination of agronomic properties of tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum L.) voor-oogst on krosok production using path analysis
Authors: Salim A , Setyoko U , Oktaviasari P 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Tobacco is an important trade commodity in Indonesia because it supports the country’s economy through taxes and excise. The path analysis is used to measure the direct and indirect effects of agronomic character parameters that are strongly correlated with the results. The path analysis in this study aims to find the agronomic characteristics of tobacco that can be used as selection criteria to get high krosok production. The number of samples used was 50 plants. Observation parameters included plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves per plant, foot leaf length, foot leaf width, middle leaf length, middle leaf width, shoot leaf length, shoot leaf width, leaf wet weight, yield, heavyweight. The results showed the wet weight of the leaves can be used as direct selection criteria. The fresh weight of the leaves has a high positive correlation (Rx10y = 0.812), a high positive direct effect (Px10y = 0.924), and a contribution value of 75.007%.
Response of sweet potato yield components to stakes angle and mulch type: Sweet potato cultivation in the Papua highlands
Authors: Soplanit A , Rumbarar M K 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis study aims to improve the ability of sweet potato plants to obtain photosynthetic active radiation through a combination of stake angle with mulch as a reflector. The experiments were arranged in a separate plot design with three replications. The main plot consisted of Cangkuang variety with 90° stakes and Cangkuang varieties with 60° stakes. The subplots consisted of no mulch, straw mulch, white sand mulch, clear plastic mulch, and black silver plastic mulch. The results showed that the use of mulch as a reflector on both stake angle was able to increase photosynthesis active radiation by 27.84% to 34.63% compared to without mulch at 16.82%, and the optimum leaf area index at the age of 100 DAP was 3.74 to 4.45 at stake angle of 90° and 3.23 to 4.10 at stake angle of 60°. The number of tubers per plant increased and reached the highest of 3.17 and 4.50 in straw mulch, the number of marketable tubers from 51.90% to 59.23% compared to without mulch of 41.97% for stakes angle of 90° and 44.67% to 65.83% compared without mulch of 32.47% for stakes angle of 60°.
Genetic variability parameters of maize (Zea mays L.) mutant irradiated gamma-ray
Authors: Makhziah  , Moeljani I R 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Mutation induction often used to increase genetic variability in plant breeding for further proceed. Thirty inbred lines of maize mutants (M1) of were evaluated in a randomized complete block design experiment with three replications for morphology and agronomy of genetic variability parameters. Data were collected on days to anthesis and silking, anthesis-silking interval (ASI), plant height, leaves number, days to maturity, ear number, grain yield, grains number, weight of 100-grain. Mean values were used to determine characters’ phenotypic and genotypic variances, phenotypic, genotypic and environmental coefficients of variation. Moderate heritability estimates were observed for most traits. Otherwise based on genotypic coefficient of variance, for most traits had low genetic variability but generally high genetic variability was observed for most traits based on standard deviation of genotypic variance. Grain yield as important trait had moderate genetic variability based on heritability estimates, high based on genotypic coefficient of variance and standard deviation of genotypic variance. Hence provides better opportunities for selecting plant material regarding these traits.
Rumen un-degraded dietary protein and TCA soluble protein with gambier leave residue supplementation as a source of tannins in cattle feed supplement
Authors: Ramaiyulis  
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This study aims to obtain high rumen undegraded dietary protein and TCA soluble protein in a rations combination of forage, concentrates, and supplements. Gambier leaf residue (GLR) supplementation in cattle feed supplement contains 29.53% crude protein and 75.01% TDN energy. There were 4 treatment rations, forage (F), F + concentrate (FC), F + supplement (FS), and FCS, where the tannin concentration of 0.117% was found in the FS and FCS rations. Rumen microbial degradation and microbial protein synthesis were evaluated in vitro method using cattle rumen fluid. The results showed that GLR supplementation as a source of condensed tannins significantly reduced the rate of protein degradation in the rumen from 1.17 to 0.99% per hour. This effect has implications for the increase in rumen undegraded dietary protein (RUDP) and Peptide-N as rumen fermentation products. Rations containing supplements (FS and FCS significantly produced higher microbial biomass and microbial protein. TCA soluble N was superior in the FCS combination ration which produced the highest amount of protein for intestine sourced from RUDP and microbial protein.