bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perioperative mortality in bariatric surgery: meta-analysis
Authors: Robertson A G N , Wiggins T , Robertson F P , Huppler L , Doleman B , Harrison E M , Hollyman M , Welbourn R 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
Bariatric surgery is an established treatment for severe obesity; however, fewer than 1 per cent of eligible patients undergo surgery. The perceived risk of surgery may contribute to the low uptake. The aim of this study was to determine perioperative mortality associated with bariatric surgery, comparing different operation types and data sources.

Methods
A literature search of Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials was conducted to identify studies published between 1 January 2014 and 31 July 2020. Inclusion criteria were studies of at least 1000 patients reporting short-term mortality after bariatric surgery. Data were collected on RCTs. Meta-analysis was performed to establish overall mortality rates across different study types. The primary outcome measure was perioperative mortality. Different operation types were compared, along with study type, in subgroup analyses. The study was registered at PROSPERO (2019: CRD 42019131632).

Results
Some 4356 articles were identified and 58 met the inclusion criteria. Data were available on over 3.6 million patients. There were 4707 deaths. Pooled analysis showed an overall mortality rate of 0.08 (95 per cent c.i. 0.06 to 0.10; 95 per cent prediction interval 0 to 0.21) per cent. In subgroup analysis, there was no statistically significant difference between overall, 30-day, 90-day or in-hospital mortality (P = 0.29). There was no significant difference in reported mortality for RCTs, large studies, national databases or registries (P = 0.60). The pooled mortality rates by procedure type in ascending order were: 0.03 per cent for gastric band, 0.05 per cent for sleeve gastrectomy, 0.09 per cent for one-anastomosis gastric bypass, 0.09 per cent for Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, and 0.41 per cent for duodenal switch (P &lt; 0.001 between operations).

Conclusion
Bariatric surgery is safe, with low reported perioperative mortality rates.
MOG autoantibodies trigger a tightly-controlled FcR and BTK-driven microglia proliferative response
Authors: Pellerin Kathryn , Rubino Stephen J , Burns Jeremy C , Smith Benjamin A , McCarl Christie-Ann , Zhu Jing , Jandreski Luke , Cullen Patrick , Carlile Thomas M , Li Angela , Rebollar Jorge Vera , Sybulski Jennifer , Reynolds Taylor L , Zhang Baohong , Basile Rebecca , Tang Hao , Harp Chelsea Parker , Pellerin Alex , Silbereis John , Franchimont Nathalie , Cahir-McFarland Ellen , Ransohoff Richard M , Cameron Thomas O , Mingueneau Michael 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAutoantibodies are a hallmark of numerous neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis, autoimmune encephalitides and neuromyelitis optica. Whilst well understood in peripheral myeloid cells, the pathophysiological significance of autoantibody-induced Fc receptor signalling in microglia remains unknown, in part due to the lack of a robust in vivo model. Moreover, the application of therapeutic antibodies for neurodegenerative disease also highlights the importance of understanding Fc receptor signalling in microglia.Here, we describe a novel in vivo experimental paradigm that allows for selective engagement of Fc receptors within the CNS by peripherally injecting anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) monoclonal antibodies into normal wild-type mice.MOG antigen-bound immunoglobulins were detected throughout the CNS and triggered a rapid and tightly regulated proliferative response in both brain and spinal cord microglia. This microglial response was abrogated when anti-MOG antibodies were deprived of Fc receptor effector function or injected into Fcγ receptor knockout mice and was associated with the downregulation of Fc receptors in microglia, but not peripheral myeloid cells, establishing that this response was dependent on central Fc receptor engagement. Downstream of the Fc receptors, BTK was a required signalling node for this response, as microglia proliferation was amplified in BtkE41K knock-in mice expressing a constitutively active form of the enzyme and blunted in mice treated with a CNS-penetrant small molecule inhibitor of BTK. Finally, this response was associated with transient and stringently regulated changes in gene expression predominantly related to cellular proliferation, which markedly differed from transcriptional programs typically associated with Fc receptor engagement in peripheral myeloid cells.Together, these results establish a physiologically-meaningful functional response to Fc receptor and BTK signalling in microglia, while providing a novel in vivo tool to further dissect the roles of microglia-specific Fc receptor and BTK-driven responses to both pathogenic and therapeutic antibodies in CNS homeostasis and disease.
Illusory Body Ownership Affects the Cortical Response to Vicarious Somatosensation
Authors: Pamplona Gustavo S P , Salgado Julio A D , Staempfli Philipp , Seifritz Erich , Gassert Roger , Ionta Silvio 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Fundamental human feelings such as body ownership (“this” body is “my” body) and vicariousness (first-person-like experience of events occurring to others) are based on multisensory integration. Behavioral links between body ownership and vicariousness have been shown, but the neural underpinnings remain largely unexplored. To fill this gap, we investigated the neural effects of altered body ownership on vicarious somatosensation. While recording functional brain imaging data, first, we altered participants’ body ownership by robotically delivering tactile stimulations (“tactile” stroking) in synchrony or not with videos of a virtual hand being brushed (“visual” stroking). Then, we manipulated vicarious somatosensation by showing videos of the virtual hand being touched by a syringe’s plunger (touch) or needle (pain). Only after the alteration of body ownership (synchronous visuo-tactile stroking) and specifically during late epochs of vicarious somatosensation, vicarious pain was associated with lower activation in premotor and anterior cingulate cortices with respect to vicarious touch. At the methodological level, the present study highlights the importance of the neural response’s temporal evolution. At the theoretical level, it shows that the higher-level (cognitive) impact of a lower-level (sensory) body-related processing (visuo-tactile) is not limited to body ownership but also extends to other psychological body-related domains, such as vicarious somatosensation.
Epidemiology of Cervical Adenocarcinoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma Among Women Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Compared With the General Population in the United States
Authors: Rositch Anne F , Levinson Kimberly , Suneja Gita , Monterosso Analise , Schymura Maria J , McNeel Timothy S , Horner Marie-Josephe , Engels Eric , Shiels Meredith S 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundAlthough cervical cancer risk overall is elevated among women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; WLH), it is unclear whether risks are similarly elevated across histologic subtypes.MethodsData from the HIV/AIDS Cancer Match Study, a linkage of 12 US HIV and cancer registries during 1996 -2016, were used. Cervical cancers were categorized as adenocarcinoma (AC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), or other histologic subtype. Standardized incidence ratios compared rates of AC and SCC in WLH to those in general population. For WLH, risk factors for AC and SCC were evaluated using Poisson regression. Five-year survival was estimated by HIV status and histology.ResultsOverall, 62 615 cervical cancers were identified, including 609 in WLH. Compared with the general population, incidence of AC was 1.47 times higher (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03–2.05) and SCC was 3.62 times higher among WLH (95% CI: 3.31–3.94). Among WLH, there was no difference in AC rates by race/ethnicity or HIV transmission group, although SCC rates were lower among White women (vs Black) and higher among women who inject drugs (vs heterosexual transmission). Among WLH, 5-year overall survival was similar for AC (46.2%) and SCC (43.8%) but notably lower than for women not living with HIV.ConclusionsAmong WLH, AC rates were modestly elevated, whereas SCC rates were greatly elevated compared with the general population. These findings suggest there may be differences in the impact of immunosuppression and HIV in the development of AC versus SCC, given their common etiology in human papillomavirus infection.
Epigenetic Aging Biomarkers Associated With Cognitive Impairment in Older African American Adults With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Authors: Shiau Stephanie , Arpadi Stephen M , Shen Yanhan , Cantos Anyelina , Ramon Christian Vivar , Shah Jayesh , Jang Grace , Manly Jennifer J , Brickman Adam M , Baccarelli Andrea A , Yin Michael T 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
Accelerated epigenetic aging using DNA methylation (DNAm)-based biomarkers has been reported in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV, PWH), but limited data are available among African Americans (AA), women, and older PWH.

Methods
DNAm was measured using Illumina EPIC Arrays for 107 (69 PWH and 38 HIV-seronegative controls) AA adults ≥60 years in New York City. Six DNAm-based biomarkers of aging were estimated: (1) epigenetic age acceleration (EAA), (2) extrinsic epigenetic age acceleration (EEAA), (3) intrinsic epigenetic age acceleration (IEAA), (4) GrimAge, (5) PhenoAge, and (6) DNAm-estimated telomere length (DNAm-TL). The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Toolbox Cognition Battery (domains: executive function, attention, working memory, processing speed, and language) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were administered. Participants were assessed for frailty by the Fried criteria.

Results
The PWH and control groups did not differ by sex, chronological age, or ethnicity. In total, 83% of PWH had a viral load &lt;50 copies/mL, and 94% had a recent CD4 ≥200 cells/µL. The PWH group had a higher EAA, EEAA, GrimAge, and PhenoAge, and a lower DNAm-TL compared to the controls. IEAA was not different between groups. For PWH, there were significant negative correlations between IEAA and executive function, attention, and working memory and PhenoAge and attention. No associations between biomarkers and frailty were detected.

Conclusions
Evidence of epigenetic age acceleration was observed in AA older PWH using DNAm-based biomarkers of aging. There was no evidence of age acceleration independent of cell type National Institutes of Health composition (IEAA) associated with HIV, but this measure was associated with decreased cognitive function among PWH.
The Risk of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Transmission from Patients With Undiagnosed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) to Roommates in a Large Academic Medical Center
Authors: Karan Abraar , Klompas Michael , Tucker Robert , Baker Meghan , Vaidya Vineeta , Rhee Chanu 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We assessed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission between patients in shared rooms in an academic hospital between September 2020 and April 2021. In total, 11 290 patients were admitted to shared rooms, of whom 25 tested positive. Among 31 exposed roommates, 12 (39%) tested positive within 14 days. Transmission was associated with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cycle thresholds ≤21.
Role of non-invasive multimodality imaging in autoimmune pericarditis
Authors: Jain Vardhmaan , Chhabra Garvit , Chetrit Michael , Bansal Agam , Berglund Felix , Montanè Bryce , Furqaan Muhammad M , Bachour Salaam P , Kontzias Apostolos , Forte Alexandra Villa , Aronow Wilbert S , Imazio Massimo , Cremer Paul C , Klein Allan L 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Systemic autoimmune diseases are an important cause of pericardial involvement and contribute to up to ∼22% cases of pericarditis with a known aetiology. The underlying mechanism for pericardial involvement varies with each systemic disease and leads to a poor understanding of its management. Multimodality imaging establishes the diagnosis and determines the type and extent of pericardial involvement. In this review, we elaborate upon various pericardial syndromes associated with different systemic autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases and the multitude of imaging modalities that can be used to further characterize autoimmune pericardial involvement. Lastly, these forms of pericarditis have a greater likelihood of recurrence, and clinicians need to understand their unique treatment approaches to improve patient outcomes.
Remote monitoring data from cardiac implantable electronic devices predicts all-cause mortality
Authors: Ahmed Fozia Zahir , Sammut-Powell Camilla , Kwok Chun Shing , Tay Tricia , Motwani Manish , Martin Glen P , Taylor Joanne K 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Aims
To determine if remotely monitored physiological data from cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) can be used to identify patients at high risk of mortality.

Methods and results
This study evaluated whether a risk score based on CIED physiological data (Triage-Heart Failure Risk Status, ‘Triage-HFRS’, previously validated to predict heart failure (HF) events) can identify patients at high risk of death. Four hundred and thirty-nine adults with CIEDs were prospectively enrolled. Primary observed outcome was all-cause mortality (median follow-up: 702 days). Several physiological parameters [including heart rate profile, atrial fibrillation/tachycardia (AF/AT) burden, ventricular rate during AT/AF, physical activity, thoracic impedance, therapies for ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation] were continuously monitored by CIEDs and dynamically combined to produce a Triage-HFRS every 24 h. According to transmissions patients were categorized into ‘high-risk’ or ‘never high-risk’ groups. During follow-up, 285 patients (65%) had a high-risk episode and 60 patients (14%) died (50 in high-risk group; 10 in never high-risk group). Significantly more cardiovascular deaths were observed in the high-risk group, with mortality rates across groups of high vs. never-high 10.3% vs. &lt;4.0%; P = 0.03. Experiencing any high-risk episode was associated with a substantially increased risk of death [odds ratio (OR): 3.07, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.57–6.58, P = 0.002]. Furthermore, each high-risk episode ≥14 consecutive days was associated with increased odds of death (OR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.06–1.48; P = 0.006).

Conclusion
Remote monitoring data from CIEDs can be used to identify patients at higher risk of all-cause mortality as well as HF events. Distinct from other prognostic scores, this approach is automated and continuously updated.
Montaigne’s Vagabond Styles: Political Homelessness in the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Claussen Emma 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article analyses political homelessness in French literature during the Wars of Religion (1562–1598), using Montaigne’s ‘De la vanité’ (‘Of Vanity’) as a case study. In that chapter, in which Montaigne discusses travel extensively, he aligns writers and vagabonds, later describing his writing style and way of thinking as vagabondage. There is no direct equivalent of the term ‘homelessness’ in early modern French, but ‘vagabond’ is frequently used to describe those of no fixed abode. Montaigne’s brief appropriations of the vagabond figure enable a reassessment of his relation to home and to politics, understood in the broader context of mass displacement and renewed philosophical reflection on home in this period. Firstly, the alignment between writers and vagabonds is read as a reference to Montaigne’s experience of papal censorship in Rome and an anticipation of his claim to be a citizen of the world. Montaigne’s creative vagabondage has affinities with Rosi Braidotti’s theory of ‘nomadic subjectivity’ (another kind of world-citizenship), which is both an aesthetic principle and a way of interrogating – and affirming – political agency. The article then goes on to analyse the extent to which Montaigne is ‘politically homeless’, in the sense that he is alienated by politics and refuses factionalism. Lastly, we consider Montaigne’s relation to homelessness in the context of contemporary print culture: the existence of clandestine ‘homeless texts’ reveals the limits of Montaigne’s strategic vagabondage. The conclusion then returns to the stakes of Montaigne’s claim that his style of writing is a ‘vagabond’ movement.
Unique patterns of mating pheromone presence and absence could result in the ambiguous sexual behaviors of Colletotrichum species
Authors: Wilson Andi M , Lelwala Ruvini V , Taylor Paul W J , Wingfield Michael J , Wingfield Brenda D 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Colletotrichum species are known to engage in unique sexual behaviors that differ significantly from the mating strategies of other filamentous ascomycete species. For example, most ascomycete fungi require the expression of both the MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 genes to induce sexual reproduction. In contrast, all isolates of Colletotrichum harbor only the MAT1-2-1 gene and yet, are capable of recognizing suitable mating partners and producing sexual progeny. The molecular mechanisms contributing to mating types and behaviors in Colletotrichum are, however, unknown. A comparative genomics approach analyzing 35 genomes, representing 31 Colletotrichum species and two Verticillium species, was used to elucidate a putative molecular mechanism underlying the unique sexual behaviors observed in Colletotrichum species. The existence of only the MAT1-2 idiomorph was confirmed across all species included in this study. Comparisons of the loci harboring the two mating pheromones and their cognate receptors revealed interesting patterns of gene presence and absence. The results showed that these genes have been lost multiple, independent times over the evolutionary history of this genus. These losses indicate that the pheromone pathway no longer plays an active role in mating type determination, suggesting an undiscovered mechanism by which mating partner recognition is controlled in these species. This further suggests that there has been a redirection of the underlying genetic mechanisms that regulate sexual development in Colletotrichum species. This research thus provides a foundation from which further interrogation of this topic can take place.
Towards an open-source landscape for 3-D CSEM modelling
Authors: Werthmüller Dieter , Rochlitz Raphael , Castillo-Reyes Octavio , Heagy Lindsey 
Published: June 2021

SUMMARY
Large-scale modelling of 3-D controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) surveys used to be feasible only for large companies and research consortia. This has changed over the last few years, and today there exists a selection of different open-source codes available to everyone. Using four different codes in the Python ecosystem, we perform simulations for increasingly complex models in a shallow marine setting. We first verify the computed fields with semi-analytical solutions for a simple layered model. Then we validate the responses of a more complex block model by comparing results obtained from each code. Finally, we compare the responses of a real-world model with results from the industry. On the one hand, these validations show that the open-source codes are able to compute comparable CSEM responses for challenging, large-scale models. On the other hand, they show many general and method-dependent problems that need to be faced for obtaining accurate results. Our comparison includes finite-element and finite-volume codes using structured rectilinear and octree meshes as well as unstructured tetrahedral meshes. Accurate responses can be obtained independently of the chosen method and the chosen mesh type. The runtime and memory requirements vary greatly based on the choice of iterative or direct solvers. However, we have found that much more time was spent on designing the mesh and setting up the simulations than running the actual computation. The challenging task is, irrespective of the chosen code, to appropriately discretize the model. We provide three models, each with their corresponding discretization and responses of four codes, which can be used for validation of new and existing codes. The collaboration of four code maintainers trying to achieve the same task brought in the end all four codes a significant step further. This includes improved meshing and interpolation capabilities, resulting in shorter runtimes for the same accuracy. We hope that these results may be useful for the CSEM community at large and that we can build over time a suite of benchmarks that will help to increase the confidence in existing and new 3-D CSEM codes.
To bend without breaking: a qualitative study on leadership by doctors in Sierra Leone
Authors: Johnson Oliver , Sahr Foday , Begg Kerrin , Sevdalis Nick , Kelly Ann H 
Published: June 2021

AbstractStrong leadership capabilities are essential for effective health services, yet definitions of leadership remain contested. Despite the acknowledged contextual specificity of leadership styles, most leadership theories draw heavily from Western conceptualizations. This cultural bias may attenuate the effectiveness of programmes intended to transform healthcare practice in Sub-Saharan Africa, where few empirical studies on health leadership have been conducted. This paper examines how effective leadership by doctors was perceived by stakeholders in one particular context, Sierra Leone. Drawing together extensive experience of in-country healthcare provision with a series of in-depth interviews with 27 Sierra Leonean doctors, we extended a grounded-theory approach to come to grips with the reach and relevance of contemporary leadership models in capturing the local experiences and relevance of leadership. We found that participants conceptualized leadership according to established leadership models, such as transformational and relational theories. However, participants also pointed to distinctive challenges attendant to healthcare provision in Sierra Leone that required specific leadership capabilities. Context-specific factors included health system breakdown, politicization in the health sector and lack of accountability, placing importance on skills such as persistence, role modelling and taking initiative. Participants also described pressure to behave in ways they deemed antithetical to their personal and professional values and also necessary in order to continue a career in the public sector. The challenge of navigating such ethical dilemmas was a defining feature of leadership in Sierra Leone. Our research demonstrates that while international leadership models were relevant in this context, there is strong emphasis on contingent or situational leadership theories. We further contribute to policy and practice by informing design of leadership development programmes and the establishment of a more enabling environment for medical leadership by governments and international donors.