bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring government networks through interorganizational relationships: research strategies based on social network analysis (SNA)
Authors: Fonseca Diogo Ribeiro da 
Published: August 2021

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide methodological guidelines and examples of how social network analysis (SNA) can be used in public management network research. SNA describes network structures formed by the patterns of relationships between different actors. Exchange relationships between government, market and society, which conceptualize public sector policies and goals, can be analyzed as a means to highlight underlying governance structures, coordination and management mechanisms, organizational capabilities and strategies of government activities.Design/methodology/approachDrawing from key aspects and concepts of network management, structuring, and modes of governance, research strategies are presented for the analysis of public networks through an illustrative study of relational patterns between providers and receivers of training in the public sector.FindingsSNA highlights prevalent modes of organizing – bureaucratic, market or collaborative (networked) – key actors, roles and strategies that influence network structure, and collective and individual results. Network data can provide information on the relationship between context, organizations' roles and characteristics, and the effectiveness of public policies.Practical implicationsInformation regarding patterns of exchange relationships such as services, resources, influence, knowledge and personnel, are relevant for policymaking processes and may subsidize new approaches and policy instruments that seek to optimize, develop and prescribe structural arrangements for better coordination and effective provision of public services.Originality/valueThe paper advances current literature by presenting a general methodological approach to large interorganizational networks, useful for the consistent theoretical development of governance network theory in the public administration field.
Professional identity and career aspirations as mediators between principals’ authentic leadership and teachers’ intentions and behaviors
Authors: Tsemach Sigalit , Shapira-Lishchinsky Orly 
Published: August 2021

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore the mediating role of workplace attitudes: professional identity and career aspirations between perceptions of principals’ authentic leadership and teacher behaviors: intent to leave, organizational citizenship behavior, counterproductive work behavior, lateness and intention to leave among teachers.Design/methodology/approachThe sample was composed of 605 teachers, randomly selected, nested in 41 Israeli elementary, junior high and high schools. Data analysis was based on multi-level structural equations.FindingsThe findings indicated that the more the school was perceived by the teachers as having an authentic leader, the professional identity of the teachers was higher and was negatively associated with counterproductive work behavior toward colleagues in the school, while the teachers’ career aspirations were higher and negatively associated with counterproductive work behavior toward the organization.Originality/valueThis study shows the importance of teachers’ individual and collective perceptions and their impacts on teacher behaviors. The practical contribution may include encouraging principals to promote high standards of authentic leadership, to raise teachers’ professional identity and their career aspirations and reduce teachers’ counterproductive work behavior and intention to leave.
Growing SMEs and internal financing: the role of business practices
Authors: Fadil Nazik , St-Pierre Josée 
Published: August 2021

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify business practices that may promote internal financing of growing SMEs. The authors expand the literature on entrepreneurial finance that reduces business practices to either financial management or bootstrapping, by exploring all management practices that may have an impact on liquidities. This study enriches the literature on business practices. This is an important consideration for managers of SMEs who intend to preserve their financial independence and their capacity to survive different crises.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical study involved a sample of 235 growing Canadian SMEs. The sample was extracted from a private database using a questionnaire that covered a wide range of business practices. Variance testing of business practices between SMEs with a line of credit and those without (and lower overall debt) was supplemented by a logistic regression.FindingsSMEs which make use of efficiency-promoting technology, carry out preventive maintenance and control their costs and turnover during their growth are more inclined to use less external financing.Originality/valueThis is the first study that associates business practices, beyond bootstrapping, with financing and which answers a critical question posed by SME executives on how to preserve their financial and decision-making autonomy through growth stages. In addition, the desire to retain control of the company does not compel the SME manager to limit the size of the company.
Why forest fails to recover after repeated wildfires in Amazonian floodplains? Experimental evidence on tree recruitment limitation
Authors: Flores Bernardo M. , Holmgren Milena 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Amazonian floodplain forests are particularly vulnerable to wildfires that spread during extreme droughts, causing large‐scale forest dieback. After a second wildfire, these forests persist trapped with low tree cover and empty seed banks, yet the mechanisms that could explain this arrested succession remain unknown.

Here we use a 4‐year field experiment to test whether tree recruitment failures in burnt floodplain forests are caused by environmental filtering, limiting early seedling emergence and establishment. We sowed seeds and planted seedlings of six floodplain trees with contrasting life strategies, and tested the roles of environmental filters by comparing tree seedling performances under different habitats (i.e. unburned forest, forest edge with burnt site, forest burnt once and forest burnt twice), and by manipulating soil root mats and herbaceous cover.

Our results show that seedling emergence was around 15% across all habitats. In general, seedlings performed best in burnt forests. Seedling growth was highest in forests burnt once, possibly because of high nutrient availability after fire. In forests burnt twice, tree seedlings grew relatively less, as nutrients become limiting due to flood erosion; yet, seedlings survived longer, possibly because of lower competition with sparse, naturally recruiting trees. We found similar patterns for seedlings that emerged in the field from sowed seeds.

Synthesis. Our experimental evidence suggests that environmental filtering related to soil nutrient limitations may slow down forest recovery after repeated wildfires. Yet, our findings showing that floodplain trees are able to germinate from seeds and establish successfully in twice burnt forests suggest that seed limitation may be the reason why forest recovery fails persistently. A corollary to the problem is that repeatedly burnt forests seem to be trapped by a self‐reinforcing feedback, in which low tree cover reduces seed dispersal and consequently seed availability, keeping tree cover low. Overall, our findings indicate that active restoration initiatives based on seeding native tree species may help accelerating the recovery of degraded floodplain forests after repeated wildfires.
Mycorrhizal effects on decomposition and soil CO2 flux depend on changes in nitrogen availability during forest succession
Authors: Liu Ruiqiang , He Yanghui , Zhou Guiyao , Shao Junjiong , Zhou Lingyan , Zhou Huimin , Li Nan , Song Bingqian , Liang Chao , Yan Enrong , Chen Xiaoyong , Wang Xihua , Wang Minhuang , Bai Shahla Hosseini , Zhou Xuhui , Phillips Richard P. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Mycorrhizal fungi play a central role in plant nutrition and nutrient cycling, yet our understanding on their effects on free‐living microbes, soil carbon (C) decomposition and soil CO2 fluxes remains limited.

Here we used trenches lined with mesh screens of varying sizes to isolate mycorrhizal hyphal effects on soil C dynamics in subtropical successional forests.

We found that the presence of mycorrhizal hyphae suppressed soil CO2 fluxes by 17% in early‐successional forests, but enhanced CO2 losses by 20% and 32% in mid‐ and late‐successional forests respectively. The inhibitory effects of mycorrhizal fungi on soil CO2 fluxes in the young stands were associated with changes in soil nitrogen (N) mineralization and microbial activities, suggesting that competition between mycorrhizae and saprotrophs for N likely suppressed soil C decomposition. In the mid‐ and late‐successional stands, mycorrhizal enhancement of CO2 release from soil likely resulted from both hyphal respiration and mycorrhizal‐induced acceleration of organic matter decay.

Synthesis. Our results highlight the sensitivity of mycorrhizal fungi‐saprotroph interactions to shifts in nutrient availability and demand, with important consequences for soil carbon dynamics particularly in ecosystems with low nutrient conditions. Incorporating such interactions into models should improve the simulations of forest biogeochemical cycles under global change.
Suspected predatory bites on a snorkeler by an oceanic whitetip shark Carcharhinus longimanus off Moorea island (French Polynesia)
Authors: Clua Eric E. G. , Demarchi Simon , Meyer Carl G. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractUnderstanding why sharks bite humans is essential for developing strategies to prevent these incidents. Here, we use bite wound characteristics and eye witness descriptions of shark behavior to determine the likely motivation for several bites perpetrated by an oceanic whitetip (OWT) shark Carcharhinus longimanus on an adult female snorkeler off Moorea island (French Polynesia) in October 2019. The victim was snorkeling with others in pelagic waters as part of an organized whale‐watching tour when the shark—without any warning behavior—bit her at least three times resulting in severe injuries with substantial loss of soft tissue from the chest and both forearms. The victim survived these injuries thanks to rapid and effective first aid provided by her companions. The sudden, unprovoked and repeated bites with substantial tissue removal are consistent with predatory behavior although the dominance hypothesis cannot be fully ruled out. This would be the first case of a predatory shark bite ever documented in French Polynesia in over 70 years of data collection. Given the routine association of OWT sharks with cetaceans, in‐water whale watching activities should adopt appropriate risk management strategies in regions hosting this species of shark.
Photoluminescence of blood by acidic hydrogen peroxide—A preliminary test
Authors: Lee Wonyoung , Hong Sungwook 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this study, the authors found that treating blood with 1 M HCl and 2% (w/v) 5‐sulfosalicylic acid (SSA) in 1% (v/v) hydrogen peroxide mixture can produce photoluminescence of blood. SSA was added as a blood fixer. The photoluminescence was induced by irradiation of a forensic light source at 505 nm, which was detected using a 550 nm barrier filter. In this experiment, various level of acid and hydrogen peroxide were tested to find the optimal formulation of reagents, spot tests were conducted with diluted blood to test the sensitivity of this reagent, and impressions in blood left on porous/nonporous surfaces were enhanced. The sensitivity of this solution was slightly lower than Bluestar and was similar to leucocrystal violet or leucomalachite green on both porous/non‐porous surfaces. The photoluminescence of blood treated with this reagent has been observed over 2 months. Using this reagent, it was possible to observe fingermarks or footwear impressions in blood on a black porous/non‐porous surface. Through this, it was found that using this reagent could enhance bloodstains regardless of the porosity or color of the surface.
Classification algorithm using halftone features of counterfeit bills and CNN
Authors: Lee Joong , Kim HongSeok , Kang Tae‐Yi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWith recent advancements in image processing and printing technology, home printers have improved in performance and grown more widespread. As such, they have been increasingly used in counterfeiting and forgery. Most counterfeit bills in Korea have been created using home scanners and printers. The identification of printer model is thus necessary to rapidly track down criminals and solve crimes. Household printers can be largely divided into inkjet and laser printers. These two types of printers print halftone textures instead of continuous images. This study proposed a technique of printer classification based on halftone textures that can be observed in printed documents. Since halftone textures are expressed as periodic lattices, the images were transformed via FFT, which is highly effective at expressing periodicity. ResNet, known for its superior gradient flow, was used for training. The experiment was conducted on 12 color laser jets and 2 inkjets. Scans of bills printed by each printer were used, and halftone texture analysis was performed on these images for printer model classification. Each image was cropped into several parts; one of the cropped parts was analyzed. The analysis showed that laser printers could be 100% distinguished from inkjet printers. An accuracy of 98.44% was achieved in make classification. When 50 cropped images were used instead of a single image, the technique achieved 100% accuracy in model classification. The proposed technique is non‐destructive; it offers high accessibility and efficiency as it can be performed using a scanner alone, without requiring additional optical equipment.
Definitions and terminology regarding child alignments, estrangement, and alienation: A survey of custody evaluators
Authors: Bernet William , Baker Amy J. L. , Adkins Kevin Lee 
Published: August 2021

AbstractParental alienation (PA) is a highly consequential family dynamic that causes harm to children and parents. While many mental health and legal professionals agree that PA is common and potentially very harmful to children, there is still the appearance that there is controversy and discord in the field. The purpose of this study was to test the extent of consensus in the field regarding the basic tenets of PA theory. Specifically, 11 key terms related to PA were identified through expert input and preliminary field‐testing. An on‐line survey was created specifically for the study to assess level of agreement with these key terms among custody evaluators. This profession was selected because of their high degree of training and experience with a variety of family conflict situations; 119 child custody evaluators selected as members of a professional custody evaluator listing (88% response rate) rated their endorsement of these 11 key definitions with response options including: strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, and strongly disagree. Results revealed that roughly 80% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed with each of the 11 definitions. These results demonstrate a high degree of consensus and should guide future trainings of legal and mental health professionals to ensure a common language and understanding of this phenomenon.
Copula‐Based Bivariate Return Period Analysis and Its Implication to Hydrological Design Event
Authors: Zhou Yuliang , Zhang Dong , Zhou Ping , Wang Zhaoli , Yang Pan , Jin Juliang , Cui Yi , Ning Shaowei 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn univariate frequency analysis, the return period of an event has a one‐to‐one correspondence with its characteristic value, and the response of the hydraulic structure to hydrological load expressed by the hydrological event is monotonic. Thus, the design criteria of the hydraulic structure can be equivalently represented by the return period of the hydrological event, and consequently, design event‐based design parameters evaluated have been widely used in practical engineering. However, the monotonic correspondence between the return period of the hydrological event and the response of the hydraulic structure does not exist in the multivariate context, and hydrological load with a larger joint return period does not always produce a more unsafe response. Misunderstandings of concepts of return periods of hydrological event, and estimation of hydrological design events usually take place in multivariate frequency analysis. This study theoretically derives the relations between different types of joint return periods, joint return period and its marginal return periods, the occurrence of bivariate extreme events and their return periods, and then the theoretical framework is tested. Results from the case contribute to the understanding of bivariate return periods of hydrological event, and the results demonstrate that design criteria cannot be equivalently represented by joint return periods of hydrological load, and design parameters of the hydraulic structure should not be determined by multivariate hydrological design events.
Estimating canopy fuel load with hemispherical photographs: A rapid method for opportunistic fuel documentation with smartphones
Authors: Cameron Hilary A. , Díaz Gastón M. , Beverly Jennifer L. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Canopy fuel load (CFL) affects wildfire intensity and is a critical input for fire behaviour models; however, measuring CFL in the field is time‐consuming and costly.

Until recently, hemispherical photographs have been unable to adequately describe canopy metrics in non‐diffuse light conditions. Recent developments allow calculation of canopy openness (CO) and leaf area index (LAI) using hemispherical photographs taken in sunny conditions.

We describe an inexpensive and effective method for estimating CFL in the field opportunistically using CO and LAI values derived from hemispherical photographs taken in variable lighting conditions with a smartphone and fisheye lens attachment.

Implications of this work include: new data for modelling effects of forest structure on fire behaviour; inexpensive assessment and monitoring of forest structure changes over time and in relation to management actions; and decision support for fuel treatment planning and prescribed burning operations.
Religious founders and employee welfare
Authors: Li Yaoqin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis study explores the role of religious founders in promoting employee welfare in family firms. We propose that a founder’s religious beliefs can shape the cognitive framework for ethical issues and then influence the firm’s employee welfare practices. Empirical tests based on survey data reveal that firms with religious founders are more likely to offer employee welfare than firms without religious founders. This positive relationship is weakened when the firm founder has a political identity. Further analysis shows that the impact of the founder’s religious beliefs on employee welfare is greater for firms located in areas with a stronger religious atmosphere, indicating that religion mainly works through the institutional‐forcing channel rather than the faith‐driving channel. Overall, our findings provide inspiration for the promotion of employee welfare from an ethical light.
Evaluation of different Apexification treatments of teeth with immature apices and apical periodontitis on the fractal dimensions of trabecular bone
Authors: Ince Yusufoglu Selen , Ugur Aydin Zeliha , Tulumbaci Fatih , Bayrak Seval 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to investigate in the fractal dimension (FD) time‐dependent changes of periapical bone after two different apexification treatments in teeth with immature apices and apical periodontitis. This study included 55 cases treated with apexification. Cases were divided into two groups: a calcium hydroxide group and a mineral trioxide aggregate group. In each case, the lesion area was evaluated by fractal analysis on periapical radiographs obtained before and 1‐year after treatment via Image‐J program. The FD of each region of interest on the radiographs was calculated using the fractal analysis method. The data were statistically analysed. In both groups, the FD values increased compare to initial at 1‐year follow‐up after treatment (P < .05). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of the time‐dependent increase in FD values (P = 0.118). In the present study, time‐dependent changes in FD were independent of the apexification method.
Effects of surgery and general anaesthesia on sleep–wake timing: CLOCKS observational study
Authors: van Zuylen M. L. , Meewisse A. J. G. , Ten Hoope W. , Eshuis W. J. , Hollmann M. W. , Preckel B. , Siegelaar S. E. , Stenvers D. J. , Hermanides J. 
Published: August 2021

SummarySurgery and general anaesthesia have the potential to disturb the body’s circadian timing system, which may affect postoperative outcomes. Animal studies suggest that anaesthesia could induce diurnal phase shifts, but clinical research is scarce. We hypothesised that surgery and general anaesthesia would result in peri‐operative changes in diurnal sleep–wake patterns in patients. In this single‐centre prospective cohort study, we recruited patients aged ≥18 years scheduled for elective surgery receiving ≥30 min of general anaesthesia. The Munich Chronotype Questionnaire and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were used to determine baseline chronotype, sleep characteristics and sleep quality. Peri‐operative sleeping patterns were logged. Ninety‐four patients with a mean (SD) age of 52 (17) years were included; 56 (60%) were female. The midpoint of sleep (SD) three nights before surgery was 03.33 (55 min) and showed a phase advance of 40 minutes to 02.53 (67 min) the night after surgery (p < 0.001). This correlated with the midpoint of sleep three nights before surgery and was not associated with age, sex, duration of general anaesthesia or intra‐operative dexamethasone use. Peri‐operatively, patients had lower subjective sleep quality and worse sleep efficiency. Disruption started from one night before surgery and did not normalise until 6 days after surgery. We conclude that there is a peri‐operative phase advance in midpoint of sleep, confirming our hypothesis that surgery and general anaesthesia disturb the circadian timing system. Patients had decreased subjective sleep quality, worse sleep efficiency and increased daytime fatigue.
Two Mithila Artists Respond to Modi’s COVID‐19 Lockdown in 2020
Authors: Wadley Susan Snow 
Published: August 2021

SummaryIn the spring and summer of 2020, as the COVID‐19 pandemic began to sweep through India, artists from the Mithila region began to paint about the new world in which they lived. Their thoughtful engagement with the changes they faced—changes in behavior, in social life, in nature—is reflected in their many paintings at the Syracuse University Art Museum, which I organized into an online exhibit, “Mithila Art in the Time of Covid‐19.” Several painters focused on the All‐India Lockdown imposed by Prime Minister Modi on March 24, 2020. With millions of laborers stranded in India’s cities, lacking work, housing, or food, a massive human movement home began. Here I engage with four paintings of the Lockdown and journeys home, two by a Dalit male artist, himself at times a migrant day‐laborer, and the other two by a middle‐class/upper caste educated female artist. Representing social positions at the two ends of the social structure of the Mithila region, they present contrasting views of what the Lockdown meant. Both also focus on what they see as the failure of the Indian government in this time of crisis.