bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative evaluation of 5% sodium hypochlorite and Nd:YAG laser in reducing endotoxins level from infected root canals – An in vivo microbiological study
Authors: Tikku Aseem Prakash , Verma Promila , Bharti Ramesh , Gupta Prashant , Singh Brijesh 
Published: November 2021

Objectives:
Endodontic infection is one of the most challenging aspects of dental treatment which is primarily caused by Gram-negative anaerobic bacterial species. The primary objective in the management of endodontic treatment is eradication of bacteria, as well as elimination of endotoxin. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of 5% sodium hypochlorite, a mixture of calcium hydroxide+2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel and Nd:YAG lasers for decreasing the level of endotoxin in infected root canals.

Material and Methods:
Forty four patients in the age group of 18–50 years were carefully chosen for the study and divided into control (Group 1, n = 11) and experimental group (Group 2, n = 33). Experimental group was further split into three subgroups according to the medicaments used. Samples were collected after the access opening (pre-operative specimens), after the biomechanical preparation (intermediate samples), and after the application of intracanal medicament for 15 days. The concentration of endotoxin in each sample was measured using quantitative chromogenic limulus amebocyte lysate assay. The data collected were statistically analyzed using SPSS for Windows (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, Inc., Chicago, IL,) Version 15.0 Statistical Analysis Software. The level of significance was set at 0.05 for all tests.

Results:
Pretreatment endotoxins level observed was 6.783EU/ml in Control group and 7.261EU/ml, 6.963EU/ml, 7.247EU/ml in experimental subgroups. After biomechanical preparation and use of medicaments endotoxins level reduced to 3.919EU/ml in Control group and 0.5222EU/ml (sodium hypochlorite) 1.164EU/ml (calcium hydroxide+chlorhexidine), 0.841EU/ml (laser).

Conclusion:
This study concluded after analyzing the data that use of 5% sodium hypochlorite and Nd:YAG laser was effective in decreasing the level of endotoxins and use of intracanal medicament (2% CHX+ calcium hydroxide) for 15 days further helps to reduce the endotoxin level.
Entre démolition et protection
Authors: Breton-Demeule Charles 
Published: November 2021

La démolition par abandon est une problématique qui touche de nombreuses villes à travers le monde. Elle survient lorsqu’un bâtiment patrimonial est laissé sans entretien pendant plusieurs années, jusqu’à ce que sa démolition devienne inévitable. Le droit municipal se trouve au cœur de cette problématique, puisqu’il est susceptible de permettre aux villes d’adopter des règlements pour prévenir l’entretien et la démolition des bâtiments patrimoniaux. La mise au jour de cette problématique amène à s’interroger sur les types de pouvoirs que détiennent les villes pour contribuer à sa prévention.
Le présent texte a pour but d’apporter un éclairage juridique à la problématique internationale de la démolition par abandon en prenant l’exemple du droit québécois. Récemment confronté à une vague de démolition d’immeubles patrimoniaux, le législateur québécois a choisi d’adopter, en avril 2021, un projet de loi destiné à conférer des pouvoirs et des obligations aux villes pour assurer l’entretien des bâtiments patrimoniaux. L’analyse de ce projet de loi, ainsi que celle des causes juridiques qui ont mené à son adoption, est l’occasion d’interroger les fondements du droit municipal québécois et des pouvoirs de prévention de la vétusté immobilière.
Understanding the Role of “the City” in Developing Complex Regulatory Frameworks
Authors: Tilt David 
Published: November 2021

This paper considers the relationship between the legal regulation of haute couture in Europe and the importance of “the city” as the locus of complex cultural, legal, and geographical forces. Haute couture and its legal framework are used as a case study to investigate how local dynamics – in this case, focusing on the role of the city – can shape the national and international legal responses to a cultural phenomenon, as well as provide a more complete understanding of how culturally significant practices acquire such an enduring meaningfulness in society.

Connecting the role of ‘the city’ and legal regulation is particularly interesting through the lens of haute couture because while cities are frequent hosts to artistic or cultural movements, haute couture resulted in an elaborate system of strict regulation that extends beyond the ordinary intellectual property toolbox. This framework has a broader function than national intellectual property law because it not only reflects the legal dynamic of a particular industry, but the cultural and artistic practices of a specific, and particularly localised in this case, city.

Haute couture is a demonstration of the complex relationship between local, national, and international modalities of law-making. Haute couture emerged as a niche, city-specific, cultural development yet it resulted in a national framework of regulation that reinforced the centralisation of Paris in haute couture, building and further supporting localisation and sub-localisation in the context of the dense network of fashion houses, ateliers, and schools.
Educating Student Teachers to Become High Quality Professionals – A Finnish Case
Authors: Niemi Hannele 
Published: November 2021

For decades, the Finnish orientation toward teacher education has committed itself to the development of an inquiry oriented and research-based professional culture. The aims of teacher education are to train students to find and analyse problems they may expect to face in their future work. This study consists of a survey of student teachers (n=545) in two universities in Finland. Web-based surveys with quantitative and qualitative questions were sent to all student teachers in the beginning of May 2010. Students assessed how teacher education had provided them with the competences they need in a high standard profession, what kinds of active learning experiences they had in their TE studies, and how research studies of teacher education had contributed to their professional development. Theparticipants of the study assessed that they had achieved good skills in planning teaching and curricula. They were capable of using different teaching methods. They were aware of their own teaching philosophy and their responsibilities as professionals and life-long learners. They consider the research component of TE valuable to their independent and critical thinking. They were very engaged in studies. Finnish pre-service teacher educationseems to function very well and to be effective in providing the skills teachers need to work as independent professionals. The results of the study show, however, that students also need more supervision and guidance on how to collaborate with parents and other stakeholders outside school, such as representatives of working life as well as partners in business lifeand culture.
Postgraduate Students’ Perception of Creativity in the Research Process
Authors: Juriševič Mojca 
Published: November 2021

The purpose of the research was, with the aid of a short questionnaire, to determine how postgraduate students (N = 32) perceive the opportunities for creative research in general, andhow they perceive creativity in the preparation of their own research work in particular. Descriptive analysis shows that students (1) perceive a positive study-research climate that encourages creative processes (independence, motivation, intellectual challenges), (2) judge that researchers have numerous opportunities for creative work in the various phases of research and (3) evaluate themselves as highly creative individuals in everyday life. Students perceive themselves as being at their most creative in the definition of the research problem, which they mainly identify with the use of personal strategies (work experience) and take various lengths of time to form, typically up to one year. The most difficult problem in this regard is represented by giving meaning to the problem (breadth, depth, specificity, application). Amongst the perceived encouragement with which mentors motivate students for creative research the most frequent is less directive general guidance in study and research. On the basis of the presented findings, guidelines are suggested for the more effective encouragement of creative research in postgraduate students.
Being confident in practice: A study on the influences on confidence in new graduate nurses
Authors:   , Greenlees-Rae Joanne 
Published: November 2021

<p>The purpose of this study was to understand influences on new graduate nurses’ confidence in their nursing practice. Confidence is a self-belief that an affirmative outcome will be achieved in a situation, and is influenced by factors individual to each person. New graduate nurses commence nursing practice feeling somewhat confident or not confident at all, and this feeling of confidence changes and evolves over their first year of practice as they navigate transition from a nursing student to a professional nursing role. Being confident is an important attribute of a nurse as it assists nurses to make decisions in their practice to achieve the outcomes they, or their patients and families and/or whanau require. Being confident will assist new graduate nurses to perform clinically, and to help them to face any challenges in their practice. This study used the principles of Appreciative Inquiry as a methodology. Appreciative Inquiry is a flexible and positive approach to research, placing an emphasis on dialogue, collaboration and affirmation. It sought to discover what was working well with regards to confidence and its influences for the new graduate nurse. Utilising the elements of Appreciative Inquiry, I have analysed the dialogue of nine new graduate nurses who shared their stories of their nursing practice. Five themes were identified: firstly understanding confidence and the subthemes of self-awareness, knowing confidence, defining confidence, reflection, self-doubt, over-confidence, and feigning confidence; secondly developing a professional identity with the subtheme of resilience; thirdly relationships with the subthemes of collegial relationships, culture of the environment, the patients’ influence, feedback, and trust; and the fourth theme of developing learning and experience with the subthemes of learning and knowledge, experience, and critical thinking and decision making, and finally the fifth theme of looking to the future. The study dialogue identifies influences on the nurses’ confidence, and their reflective practice particular to each nurse which consistently permeate their nursing practice. Recommendations are made for further nursing practice, education and research.</p>
Samoan People’s Knowledge and Understanding of Cardiovascular Disease
Authors:   , Taueetia Su’a Tuaupua 
Published: November 2021

<p>This thesis explores Samoan people’s knowledge and understanding of Cardiovascular Disease and its risks; Cardiovascular Risk Assessments; and their reasons for undertaking or not undertaking lifestyle changes, if they are found to be at risk of cardiovascular disease. An interpretive phenomenological design, facilitated by the Talanoa narrative approach, incorporating the ‘Leai se tu fa’amauga’ Pacific framework was employed to conduct this research. Participants were recruited from Primary Health Services in Wellington and Porirua. Sixteen Samoan participants aged 45 to 65, and seven practice nurses were interviewed, supported by a literature review of cardiovascular disease as one of the leading causes of premature deaths and health inequalities in New Zealand, affecting mainly Pacific peoples. Samoan people’s voices utilising fa’a-Samoa worldviews and models of care in particular the NZ health policies to improve health literacy for this population have grounded the research and its findings. My interest in this exploration was a result of my own experience working as a practice nurse in health centres with high numbers of Pacific peoples. I often questioned whether they understood the information they were provided with, when they had their cardiovascular risk assessment. Although cardiovascular risk assessment is one of the government’s primary health targets with an emphasis on increasing the number of assessments for Pacific peoples to improve their health outcomes, Pacific peoples’ health remains poor. A number of health policies and strategies have been in place for almost two decades such as; Making a Pacific Difference and Strategic Initiatives for Pacific Peoples (MoH, 1998), the Pacific Health Disabily Action Plan (MoH, 2002), Improving Quality Care for Pacific Peoples (MoH, 2008c), and Ala Mo’ui: Pathways to Pacific Health and Wellbeing 2010-2014 (Minister of Health & Minister of Pacific Island Affairs, 2010). However there is still little or no progress in Pacific peoples’ health outcomes. The results showed that the lack of health literacy and poor command of the English language limited Samoan people’s knowledge and understanding. A number of additional factors such as demographic characteristics, educational levels, the Samoan worldview and the fa’a-Samoa, patient follow up care, length of appointment times, the ambiguity of information and lack of the continuity of community programmes, all affected the uptake of lifestyle changes. The majority of participants felt there was no true value gained from completing cardiovascular risk assessment. A key question thus raised is, ‘Does completing a cardiovascular risk assessment have any health benefits for Pacific peoples?’ The implications of the key themes that emerged from the data form the basis for recommendations on the role of the practice nurse, current and future health policies as well as future research.</p>
The Wellington urban motorway : the parts played by the planning authorities and the Bolton Street Preservation Society
Authors:   , Miller Richard Ogilvy 
Published: November 2021

<p>The inadequacy of our present planning system to accomodate at the critical stage participation of interested citizens in the control of their environment. A case history showing how the negotiations between the various authorities and the Bolton Street Cemetery Preservation Society, the route of the motorway, concerning demonstrates the truth or otherwise of the hypothesis.</p>
Virtual Recollection: Artifact Engagement in Three-Dimensional Environments
Authors:   , Achten Ryan 
Published: November 2021

<p>Cultural institutions, specifically libraries, museums, and archives, have long been recognised for their collection and preservation of artifacts as a means of conserving cultural memory. With an emergence of digital modes of archiving, an emphasis has been placed on reproducing existing physical artifacts as digital representations and archival of born-digital media. Within the common practice of representing three-dimensional digital artifacts as two-dimensional counterparts, only a facet of the original artifact is represented; omitting valuable spatial and contextual information while precluding opportunities for new forms of artifactual engagement. By adopting the gaming engine Unity3D, software for interfacing with archive collections was developed to explore how digital three-dimensional spatiality within cultural institution practice may enhance interaction between users and artifacts. Using a combination of configuration, probe, and abstract experimentalist devices, this research explored ways users may engage with digital artifacts in their native spatiality, and the opportunities or limitations these interactions may give rise to. By exploiting diegetic space intrinsic within interfaces, environmental narratives may become powerful tools when communicating and understanding artifactual information. This paper delineates aspects of narrative potential within artifacts and their surrounding environment possible through three-dimensional representation.</p>
Reclaiming Social Space: Adapting Neighbourhoods to Support an Ageing Population
Authors:   , McClintock Lisa 
Published: November 2021

<p>The age structure of New Zealand’s population is expected to undergo a dramatic change in the next few decades. By 2050, it is thought that approximately one quarter of the population will be aged 65+. Research indicates that the overwhelming preference of older adults is to age in their own homes and communities if possible. However, loneliness among community-dwelling older adults is widespread. Architecture as a discipline has unique potential to critique existing neighbourhood design and generate creative solutions to provide a more socially fulfilling environment for residents to age in place. Architecture for ageing must combat loneliness and enable continued contact in later life. This research explores the sensitive adaptation of inner suburban Wellington neighbourhoods with the aim of empowering inhabitants to age positively in the community.</p>
An Archaeomagnetic Study of Hangi Stones in New Zealand
Authors:   , Kinger Rimpy 
Published: November 2021

<p>Burnt or fired archaeological artefacts often retain a record of the magnetic field in which they were last heated and cooled. Over the past four years we have collected oriented hangi stones from 10 archaeological sites spread across the North and South Islands of New Zealand. The stones vary in lithology from andesites, originating from the central North Island volcanoes, favoured by Maori for their durability and with remanent magnetization up to 30 A/m, to sandstones and schists from the main axial ranges, with magnetizations as weak as 10-4 A/m. Radiocarbon dating of charcoal fragments retrieved from amongst the stones indicates that the sites span from ca. 1400 AD to the present. In all cases, we have independently oriented and retrieved several stones, and we have made several samples from each stone, either by drilling (standard cylindrical samples) or sawing (pseudo-cubes) in the laboratory. We have calculated site mean palaeomagnetic directions (Dec between 1.5o and 19.6o and Inc between -52.2o and -68.3o) from principal component analysis of thermal demagnetization and alternating field demagnetization data, discarding the data of stones that show evidence of disturbance after cooling. The directions are in good agreement with recently published palaeosecular variation records from lake sediments. We have carried out palaeointensity experiments using the Coe/Thellier method with pTRM and tail checks, and with selection criteria modified to the situation. Palaeointensities range from 50μT to 77μT. Rock magnetic experiments contribute to our understanding of the mineralogy, domain state and blocking temperature spectra. We compare our data with predictions of the global field models ARCH3k and gufm1, and suggest that the addition of our new data will improve these models for the SW Pacific region for the most recent time period. Archaeomagnetic measurements are also used to date hangi sites by matching the palaeo-direction to an established archaeomagnetic dating model, NZPSV1k. Archaeomagnetic dating is used to resolve ambiguities in the calibration of radiocarbon dates, and shows up inconsistencies due to unreliable source material for radiocarbon dating. Archaeomagnetic dating and radiocarbon dating results are combined to give the best estimates of the best age of the hangi sites.</p>
High Ground, Low Ground: Explorations in Topography and Neighbourliness in Coastal Dune Settlement
Authors:   , Wallis Stephanie 
Published: November 2021

<p>The desire to live close to the ocean often brings about settlement that sprawls along the beachfront, parallel to the coastline. This settlement structure is problematic as it diminishes the importance of community while exposing beachfront housing to coastal hazards. The coastal dune settlements of Waikanae and Paraparaumu, where this research has been undertaken, exhibits this problematic settlement structure. Using these sites as a case study, the research seeks to re-examine the New Zealand coastal land settlement formation. It explores what could happen if the current coastal settlement pattern re-organised as a more social structure? The research is investigating an approach to settlement through re-examining the idea of neighbourhood by looking at its whole relation to the coastal dune topography, ecology, and wider landscape relations. However, not only does this research look at the social potentials of coastal settlement but how disaster planning can become a device to achieve this outcome. Essentially, it aligns itself with the attitude that flooding and coastal hazards should not just be looked at as an engineering problem but an opportunity to alter the way in which we settle coastlines in a way that builds community.</p>
Colonisation and Aboriginal Land Tenure: Taiwan during the Qing Period (1684-1895) and the Japanese Period (1895-1945)
Authors:   , Ye Ruiping 
Published: November 2021

<p>This thesis is concerned with the land rights of the aboriginal peoples of Taiwan. It explores how under the Qing (1684-1895) and Japanese (1895-1945) regimes, laws and policies regarding aboriginal land in Taiwan resulted in aboriginal land tenure changes and loss of land. The thesis also explores how the respective legal systems and legal cultures of the Qing and Japanese states influenced policy-making concerning aboriginal land. The thesis examines the different effects of the Qing and Japanese administrations on aboriginal land tenure in Taiwan. It analyses Qing policies towards land settlement in Taiwan, the extent of the government’s recognition and protection of aboriginal land rights, the changes that the distinctive Qing property law regime, including the Chinese customary land practice, brought to aboriginal land tenure, and the aborigines’ interaction with the government and settlers regarding their land. To a lesser extent and as a comparison, the thesis then discusses the Japanese government’s attitudes towards the aborigines and aboriginal land tenure, and Japan’s reforms of land tenure in Taiwan. The thesis puts the study of Taiwan aboriginal land policies into the wider framework of the administration of Taiwan by two governments whose legal systems were quite different: the Qing government, which in many respects was a traditional Chinese imperial regime, and Japan, which by the time it colonised Taiwan had reformed its law along European lines and which was considered to be a modern and European-style state. Ultimately, this thesis attempts to find out what role the Qing legal system played in shaping the policies and in the transformation of aboriginal land tenure, and how the Japanese legal system, largely westernised after the Meiji Restoration in 1868, influenced Japanese policies regarding aboriginal land in Taiwan. Thus a central concern of the thesis is the connection between law and colonial policy. This thesis concludes that the Qing colonisation of Taiwan was different from the later Japanese colonisation of Taiwan and from Western styles of colonisation. Shaped by its legal culture, constitutional framework, administrative system and property law regime, the Qing government had very little or no intention and took little action to transform aboriginal land tenure. Rather the Qing legal tradition allowed for or enabled Chinese settlers to manipulate aboriginal land tenure and impose Chinese culture on the aborigines, an effect often unintended by the government. In contrast, Japan colonised Taiwan with a specific intention to exploit the resources of the island and thus the government played a strong role in changing aboriginal land tenure in Taiwan.</p>