bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theologians and Their Bellies
Authors: Ptaszyński Maciej 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
An analysis of the role and meaning of the epithet “theologaster,” coined by Erasmus of Rotterdam in his letter from Paris in 1497, can reward us with insights into the interplay of Reformation, scholastic, and humanist forces in the sixteenth century. Although Erasmus rarely used the term in his later correspondence or in his works, the epithet gained some popularity among the humanists and the reformers. During the confessional debates, both sides, the Catholics and the Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire and in France, reached for this same epithet as an argument and a weapon with which to demonstrate the incompetence of their opponents. The term, however, can rarely be found in the confessional polemics in Poland, despite the enormous popularity of Erasmus in the region. The history of the epithet sheds light on the importance of the humanist legacy for the confessional era.
A Quantitative Study of the Paratexts in Erasmus-Froben Imprints
Authors: Blair Ann , Patton Maryam 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We study the paratexts in Erasmus’ imprints with Johann then Hieronymus Froben of Basel between 1514 and 1536. From Valentina Sebastiani’s bibliography of Johann Froben we observe that Erasmus was a more abundant paratexter than other authors who published with Johann Froben. We supplement that work with a bibliography of Erasmus’ imprints with Hieronymus Froben. We note trends across the Erasmus-Froben corpus, including: a remarkable number of imprints, equally balanced between new editions and re-editions, abundant dedications without correlation to format, indexes in folio volumes especially, a growing attention to errata lists over time. These patterns shed light on one author-printer partnership but also on more general trends in learned publishing in the early 16th century.
What Is a Safe Area? Definition, Typology and Empirical Cases
Authors: Hering Robin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In today’s conflicts, the number of people needing physical protection is at an all-time high. Often, protection is provided by the creation of safe areas. Although the notion largely disappeared after the Srebrenica genocide, safe areas have continued to exist empirically. Recently, safe areas had a minor revival in academic analysis and in the political rhetoric vis-à-vis Syria. Yet, fundamental gaps remain as it is still unclear what a safe area actually is and whether all safe areas function in the same way. This article develops a precise definition and comprehensive typology of safe areas. The definition is based on considerations regarding geographical limitation and location, target group, kind of provided protection, involved actors, and effective existence. Furthermore, four ideal types of safe areas are identified based on a division between belligerents’ consent/international presence and different geographical sizes. This is complemented by an extensive collection of empirical cases since 1900.
How does Spinoza’s “Democracy” differ from that of Hobbes?
Authors: Israel Jonathan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Field focuses on the role in political theory of the concept of potentia of the people—power understood as the informal, natural power of the people—as distinct from potestas understood as the formal arrangement of power under the constitution of a given state. In a close analysis of the arguments of Hobbes and Spinoza on popular power and sovereignty, the book critiques democratic interpretations of both theories. While correct about that, the book neglects fundamental dissimilarities in their views of popular power. Of profound importance is the meaning of the concept “multitude”: unlike Hobbes, Spinoza distinguishes between the great mass of individuals and “the wise,” seeing the “multitude” as encompassing most kings. Also, there is a great gulf between their understandings of the “common good.” For Spinoza, obedience to the sovereign, Hobbes’s desideratum, is only compatible with freedom in the context of a state directed to the common good.
The Elements of Law and Hobbes’s Purpose
Authors: Evrigenis Ioannis 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The unauthorized 1650 publication of The Elements of Law broke Hobbes’s treatise into two parts that were inconsistent with his own division of the work. This obscured what is arguably the most important insight into Hobbes’s method: his account of how human beings use language to instigate and appease others. I review the evidence of how the publication history of the Elements resulted in a break between I.13 and I.14 that Hobbes did not intend. I then argue that as the description of the very method that Hobbes was using to counteract dangerous dogmatists and appease his fellow citizens, the discussion in question made sense in a work intended for private circulation but not in treatises to be read by those on whom the method was to be applied. I show how reading I.13 and I.14 together, as Hobbes had intended, shows that Hobbes never changed his mind about rhetoric.
“Je cherche la vérité”
Authors: Frot Catherine , Gouvard Jean-Michel 
Published: October 2021

Résumé
Après une brève introduction qui replace dans son contexte la reprise du rôle de Winnie par Catherine Frot en 2012, un entretien avec l’ actrice relate pourquoi elle a souhaité s’ attaquer à ce rôle, comment le projet s’ est monté, comment elle a abordé et s’ est approprié le texte de Beckett, comment elle a travaillé avec Marc Paquien, le metteur en scène, de quelle manière la pièce a été reçue par le public en France et au Canada, et enfin ce que la pièce en elle-même lui a apporté à titre personnel.
“Bob Wilson a obéi à Beckett… à sa façon… mais il lui a obéi”
Authors: Chemin Charles , Protin Matthieu 
Published: October 2021

Résumé
Dans cet entretien, Charles Chemin décrit le processus de création qui a donné naissance à la mise en scène de Krapp’s Last Tape par Bob Wilson. Il explique comment ils ont travaillé ensemble selon des modalités qui font étrangement écho à l’ intrigue même de la pièce : un jeune Charles Chemin a joué dans un premier temps le rôle de Krapp, défrichant la représentation, et offrant à Bob Wilson une vision de lui-même en jeune homme. Puis Bob Wilson monte à son tour sur scène pour s’ emparer, à sa façon, du rôle. Charles Chemin, en évoquant la création de la pièce, aborde aussi la question de la relation entre Bob Wilson et Beckett, et les affinités qui existent entre ces deux artistes.
The Case of the Missing Disciple: Abū l-Ḥasan al-Rustughfanī and the First Reception of al-Māturīdī’s Theology in Samarqand
Authors: Harvey Ramon 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Despite recognition of Abū l-Ḥasan al-Rustughfanī (d. ca. 345/956) as the most important student of Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī (d. 333/944), a sustained treatment of his theological views has not hitherto appeared. One of the challenges that has been identified in prior studies is a lack of primary sources. To overcome this obstacle, I analyse manuscripts of “Bāb al-mutafarriqāt min fawāʾid” and “al-Asʾila wa-l-ajwiba,” two texts recording al-Rustughfanī’s theological responsa, locating them within available bibliographic information and discussing the question of literary structure. I then contextualise the material within the polemical milieu of mid-fourth/tenth century Samarqand, arguing that al-Rustughfanī is the earliest figure in the Samarqandī Ḥanafī kalām tradition to self-consciously adopt the full name ahl al-sunna wa-l-jamāʿa to express his theological identity. Finally, I provide an annotated theological overview of the main doctrines found in the texts with a detailed case study on divine speech and the Qurʾān, showing how al-Rustughfanī bridges the gap between al-Māturīdī’s rationalistic kalām and the Ḥanafī traditionalism of al-Ḥakīm al-Samarqandī (d. 342/953).
Avicenna on Equivocity and Modulation: A Reconsideration of the asmāʾ mushakkika (and tashkīk al-wujūd)
Authors: Janos Damien 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This study investigates Avicenna’s conception of philosophical terminology through an analysis of the relation between equivocity (ishtirāk) and modulation (tashkīk) and by drawing evidence from a broad array of logical, physical, and metaphysical texts. In so doing, it also re-examines the notion of the modulation of existence (tashkīk al-wujūd). Although the intrinsic definitional ambiguity of tashkīk makes it possible to approach it alternatively through the lens of univocity and equivocity, there are strong textual and philosophical reasons to believe that Avicenna preferred to regard tashkīk as a kind of moderate equivocity, as opposed to both univocity and a kind of pure or absolute equivocity. As a corollary, it is preferable to construe tashkīk al-wujūd as a “modulated equivocity of being” rather than as a “modulated univocity of being.” On the one hand, this underscores the continuity with Aristotle’s theory of pros hen predication and its late-antique Greek and early Arabic reception, which Avicenna, as heir to a long commentatorial tradition, reinterprets in his own way. On the other hand, the reading of the asmāʾ mushakkika and tashkīk al-wujūd proposed here may explain some of the origins of the ontological debates on the construal of existence that developed from the post-classical reception of Avicenna’s works.
Zeit im Lied
Authors: Dröse Astrid 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This article focuses on Opitz’s well-known song “Ach Liebste/ laß vns eilen” and its intercultural contexts. While so far mainly ancient texts (Horace/ carpe-diem motif) as well as sonnets and odes of Ronsard have been analyzed as models and intertextual references, the author here examines the Air de Cour “Ma belle je vous prie” by the French composer Gabriel Bataille as a model. The analysis shows that Opitz, although clearly oriented on the French Air, makes decisive translational changes: Opitz translates the courtly semantics of time of the Air into a typically Protestant-bourgeois vocabulary reflecting temporal acceleration and economization.
Lebenszeit und Weltzeit in epischen Versdichtungen der frühen Neuzeit
Authors: Werle Dirk 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This article starts from Achim Landwehr’s thesis that the present is an invention of the 17th century, and that this is reflected not least in developments in contemporary narrative literature. It analyzes the narrative representation of the relationship between life-time and world-time (Lebenszeit und Weltzeit) in the epic poem Achilles Germanorvm, published anonymously in 1632, in which the contemporary events of the Thirty Years War are interpreted allegorically in the light of the Trojan War. It is shown that the present in the epic is not emphatically asserted as present, but presented as part of a model of time operating with the factors of repetition, recurrence, and mythical meaningfulness. World-time (Weltzeit) appears in the epic as structured by repetition and recurrence, and the role of the single individual is also embedded in this model. Landwehr’s account, however, needs to be corrected to the effect that, contrary to what he insinuates, such interpretations of the present did exist at all in the genre of epic verse in the 17th century and that the epic genre had not at all become outmoded at that period. They are highly relevant for understanding a history of the telling of time in the 17th century.
On a possible convergence area in Northern China
Authors: ARCODIA Giorgio Francesco 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The received view that the differences among Sinitic languages are mostly limited to their phonology and, to a lesser extent, to the lexicon (Chao 1968), has been challenged in recent years, with plenty of studies showing that Chinese ‘dialects’ are, indeed, diverse at all levels, including morphology and (morpho-)syntax (see Chappell 2015a for an overview). Some major differences within the Sinitic branch follow areal patterns, in which contact is often claimed to play a crucial role. In our contribution, we would like to propose that there is an area within Northern China, spread over the Shanxi, Henan, Hebei, and Shandong provinces, in which we find Sinitic languages possessing some features not seen (or, at least, uncommon) elsewhere. These include: 1. reduced/nonconcatenative morphology (see Arcodia 2013, 2015; Lamarre 2015); 2. object markers based on speech act verbs (see Chappell 2013); and 3. structural particles with an l-initial (see Chen A. 2013, a.o.). Based on our own survey of a sample of 96 dialects, we shall discuss the distribution of these features, as well as their possible origins.
Experiencing ‘nikah Captivity’ in the West
Authors: Liversage Anika 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Based on interviews with Muslim minority women and Islamic authorities, this article proposes a step-based model for understanding Muslim divorce processes in diaspora. Such processes are highly dependent on individual women’s embedding in gendered geographies of power: The analysis shows that second-generation immigrant women generally are quite easily able to put a full end to unwanted marriages. In contrast, first-generation immigrant women may end up living in yearlong ‘nikah captivity’, unable to have their nikahs (their ‘Muslim marriages’) dissolved, even though they have obtained a divorce under Danish law. When (ex)husbands keep (ex)wives in such nikah captivity, it can be regarded as a type of post-separation violence, facilitated by the migration-induced separation of Muslims from Islamic institutions.
A new genus of Microveliinae from New Guinea, with a discussion of multiple independent occurrences of “dwarf males” in Veliidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)
Authors: Zettel Herbert , Laciny Alice 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
A new genus of Microveliinae from New Guinea, Shaverdinia gen. n., with two new species, S. shaverdella sp. n. (type species) and S. balkei sp. n., is described. Important characters are a long pronotum of the apterous morph, short tarsi bearing simple claws, a forewing without spots, with four closed cells and in males a long protibial grasping comb and a proctiger that bears an asymmetrical process on the right side. In addition, Shaverdinia gen. n. is characterized by a strong size dimorphism, males being much smaller than females. In New Guinea and Australia this character is shared by Phoreticovelia Polhemus & Polhemus, 2000, but this genus does not exhibit any of the aforementioned characteristics. Microvelia gestroi Kirkaldy, 1901 is discussed. A worldwide overview on size dimorphism in Veliidae is added.
Emotions, Simulation, and Abstract Art
Authors: Johnson-Laird P. N. , Oatley Keith 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Some people feel emotions when they look at abstract art. This article presents a ‘simulation’ theory that predicts which emotions they will experience, including those based on their aesthetic reactions. It also explains the mental processes underlying these emotions. This new theory embodies two precursors: an account of how mental models represent perceptions, descriptions, and self-reflections, and an account of the communicative nature of emotions, which distinguishes between basic emotions that can be experienced without knowledge of their objects or causes, and complex emotions that are founded on basic ones, but that include propositional contents. The resulting simulation theory predicts that abstract paintings can evoke the basic emotions of happiness, sadness, anger, and anxiety, and that they do so in several ways. In mimesis, models simulate the actions and gestures of people in emotional states, elicited from cues in the surface of paintings, and that in turn evoke basic emotions. Other basic emotions depend on synaesthesia, and both association and projection can yield complex emotions. Underlying viewers’ awareness of looking at a painting is a mental model of themselves in that relation with the painting. This self-reflective model has access to knowledge, enabling people to evaluate the work, and to experience an aesthetic emotion, such as awe or revulsion. The comments of artists and critics, and experimental results support the theory.
Observations on the Jām-e Čehel Kelid in Iran
Authors: Karami Leila 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The paper is based on two types of sources: folkloristic-anthropological texts, and a number of jām-e čehel kelid (magic bowls) located in Iranian museums and in the collections of antiquarians and dealers. In this context, the stories of evil forces and miracles narrated by the antiquarians that I interviewed appear just as plausible as the fears and miraculous beliefs of the men and women who resorted to these bowls, attributing hermetical functions to them. Moreover, I gathered from narrations offered by antiquarians and found in folkloristic-anthropological texts that in the past, every individual family nucleus had its own bespoke bowl in home. This article presents the terminology used in the texts, the rituals connected to the bowls, and some of the more peculiar characteristics of the bowls I observed.
A Statement Released by Israeli šarīʿah Courts on the Appointment of the First Female in the Position of šarīʿah Judge in Israel
Authors: Edres Nijmi 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The article proposes an introduction and a full translation of a Statement released by the Association of šarīʿah Courts in Israel regarding the appointment of female šarīʿah Judge Manṣūr Ḫaṭīb. The document, originally published in Arabic on the online newspaper išrāqah, proves to be relevant for several reasons. First, it provides an example of a highly strategic reference to Muslim tradition in contemporary times. Secondly, it bears witness to the image of “last fortified stronghold” that Šarīʿah courts are crafting for themselves in the framework of the relationship between the Jewish majority and the Palestinian minority in Israel. Finally, it offers a cross-sectional portrayal of the challenges faced by the Šarīʿah courts in that specific historical moment and context.
A revised list of seaweeds from the Red Sea (1756–2020)
Authors: Einav Rachel , Guiry Michael D. , Israel Álvaro 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
A taxonomic list of macro marine algae (seaweeds) described in the literature for the Red Sea during the years 1756–2020 is presented. The list was prepared using existing published studies, local monitoring reports, as well as “grey” or unpublished lists of seaweeds for the area. Altogether, we examined more than 300 publications and compiled more than 900 taxonomic names, of which 576 correspond to valid species, whilst 355 names were considered synonyms for these species. The phylum Chlorophyta (green seaweeds) was represented by 37 currently accepted genera and 133 species (including 74 species synonyms). The phylum Ochrophyta (Phaeophyceae only; brown seaweeds) was represented by 52 genera, 157 species and 99 synonyms; and the phylum Rhodophyta (red seaweeds) by 130 genera, 286 species and 182 synonyms. The brown seaweed Sargassum appears to be a particularly biodiverse genus in the area represented by 58 species and 26 synonyms. Our study shows the inconsistency and lack of long-term taxonomic studies and recent molecular investigations of seaweeds from nearly the whole Red Sea.
How Many Moods Are There in Polish? The Case of the Polish Subjunctive
Authors: Kaleta Agnieszka 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The present paper is concerned with the Polish construction introduced with the subordinating complementizer żeby. The construction is interesting for its mood properties, which have been subject of a long-standing debate in Polish linguistics. The paper explores the semantic range of the construction and illuminates its mood properties. More specifically, it argues that żeby clauses represent a subjunctive mood and as such should be distinguished from indicative and conditional constructions. This distinction is described in terms of Langacker’s model of control and Givón’s theory of semantic binding. It is argued that the żeby construction constitutes an intermediate category between indicative mood, which grants the speaker a high degree of control over a proposition described in the complement clause, on the one hand, and conditional mood, which situates a proposition outside the conceptualizer’s dominion of control, on the other. The paper also highlights the iconic and metonymic motivation behind the distribution of żeby clauses in present-day Polish.
The Adoption of Japanese Imagery in Catalan Art Nouveau Stained Glass
Authors: Gil Farré Núria 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In the late nineteenth century, Catalonia witnessed an exponential increase in the use of and predilection for the designs and aesthetic characteristics of Japanese art in the design of stained glass. At the time, oriental forms were received with enthusiasm, which resulted in the development of production of artistic stained glass, inspired by these new models.
This article focuses on the different ways in which Japanese-based designs made their way from Japan to the stained glass workshops of Catalonia, where they were transformed into spectacular pieces, some of which are still preserved today. In addition, the article examines how stained glass makers assimilated the aesthetics and compositional concepts of Japanese art and made them their own, adapting them to their needs while creating innovative stained glass that helped them to, paradoxically, converge with the medieval stained glass on which they were based.
Marie Nordlinger and the Bings
Authors: Weisberg Gabriel 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The essay traces the role of Marie Nordlinger (1876-1961) against her ties with Siegfried Bing, Marcel Bing, Marcel Proust and Charles Lang Freer. Nordlinger first worked in the ateliers of art nouveau later becoming a confidante of the Bings who helped sell Japanese prints in the United States especially to Charles Lang Freer when she visited the country.
Penal Slavery in Early Modern Scandinavia
Authors: Heinsen Johan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In Scandinavia, a penal institution known as “slavery” existed from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries. Penal slaves laboured in the creation and maintenance of military infrastructure. They were chained and often stigmatized, sometimes by branding. Their punishment was likened and, on a few occasions, linked to Atlantic slavery. Still, in reality, it was a wholly distinct form of enslavement that produced different experiences of coercion than those of the Atlantic. Such forms of penal slavery sit uneasily in historiographies of punishment but also offers a challenge for the dominant models of global labour history and its attempts to create comparative frameworks for coerced labour. This article argues for the need for contextual approaches to what such coercion meant to both coercers and coerced. Therefore, it offers an analysis of the meaning of early modern penal slavery based on an exceptional set of sources from 1723. In these sources, the status of the punished was negotiated and practiced by guards and slaves themselves. Court appearances by slaves were usually brief—typically revolving around escapes as authorities attempted to identify security breaches. The documents explored in this article are different: They present multiple voices speaking at length, negotiating their very status as voices. From that negotiation and its failures emerge a set of practiced meanings of penal “slavery” in eighteenth-century Copenhagen tied to competing yet intertwined notions of dishonour.