bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Desire as Belief
Authors: Gregory Alex 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWhat is it to want something? Or, as philosophers might ask, what is a desire? This book defends ‘desire-as-belief’, the view that desires are just a special subset of our beliefs: normative beliefs. This view entitles us to accept orthodox models of human motivation and rationality that explain those things with reference to desire, but nonetheless to also make room for our normative beliefs to play a role in those domains. And this view tells us to diverge from the orthodox view on which desires themselves can never be right or wrong. Rather, according to desire-as-belief, our desires can themselves be assessed for their accuracy, and they are wrong when they misrepresent normative features of the world. Hume says that it is not contrary to reason to prefer the destruction of the whole world to the scratching of your finger, but he is wrong: it is foolish to prefer the destruction of the whole world to the scratching of your finger, and this is foolish because this preference misrepresents the relative worth of these things.
Representing Reasons
Authors: Gregory Alex 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis chapter assesses the worry that desire-as-belief raises the bar too high for desiring since it excludes many animals from having desires. In response, the chapter first sketches a general theory of how normative beliefs get their contents: a version of conceptual role semantics according to which the content of a given normative belief is determined by the inputs and outputs to that state. Then, with this theory in hand, the chapter argues that animals count as borderline cases of creatures with desires, since they are borderline cases of creatures with reasons beliefs. This conclusion has some intuitive appeal, and remaining resistance may be undercut by appeal to the distinction between desires and likings, and by appeal to the fact that “wants” is sometimes used merely to mean “needs”.
Conclusion
Authors: Gregory Alex 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis brief chapter first restates the arguments for desire-as-belief, reiterates how it illuminates various questions about motivation, rationality, and what we ought to do, and recapitulates the ways in which the view can avoid objections. It then briefly restates the contrasts between desire-as-belief and some rival views. The chapter next presents some autobiographical claims about which aspects of the view the author finds most and least compelling, and finally notes various topics that stand out as requiring further investigation in relation to desire-as-belief: the nature of reasons, the prospects for objectivism in metaethics, developments in neuroscience, and questions about desire-as-belief and the status of knowledge – as opposed to mere belief – about reasons.
Understanding Elite Commitment to Social Protection
Authors: Lavers Tom 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the political economy of the adoption and evolution of Rwanda’s Vision 2020 Umurenge Programme (VUP), concluding that strong government commitment to the VUP was shaped by the characteristics of the political settlement that was established around 2000. For the Rwandan government, the VUP has never been just a social transfer programme, but a key part of the development strategy that aims to promote social stability and the legitimacy of the ruling coalition through rapid socioeconomic development. In particular, the VUP originates in an emerging distributional crisis in the mid-2000s in which rapid economic growth alongside low rates of poverty reduction threatened the government narrative of inclusive development. While donor social protection ideas have also been influential, these are purposely adapted by government with a view to meeting its developmental and political goals.
Towards a Vernacular Study of Border Security
Authors: Vaughan-Williams Nick 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This introductory chapter sets out the puzzle posed by the intensification of walling and deterrent security on the one hand and the proliferation of populist calls for tougher borders on the other. It argues that in order to address this puzzle it is necessary not only to consider the roles of governmental actors, media sources, and people on the move in the performance of Europe’s so-called ‘migration crisis’, but also the views, experiences, and political agency of EU citizens in whose name tougher border security is ultimately legitimized. While the nationalist populist mantra of ‘taking back control’ of borders and sovereignty claims to speak for large numbers of EU citizens, relatively little is known about how citizens conceptualize, understand, and talk about the ‘crisis’—and the twinned issues of migration and border security—in the context of their everyday lives. The discussion engages with theoretical and methodological debates about the status of the vernacular as a distinctive approach in the social sciences. It builds on existing interdisciplinary literature in order to develop a vernacular study of border security, which draws on positioning theory in order to understand subject formation in, and the wider political significance of, social conversations. It outlines how this vernacular approach was applied in the ‘Border Narratives’ project, the findings of which form the underpinning research for the book as a whole. Finally, it provides a map of the key arguments, summarizes main contributions, and explains how each chapter addresses a different facet of the above puzzle.
Border Anxieties
Authors: Vaughan-Williams Nick 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 focuses on EU citizens’ border anxieties and vernacular narratives of ontological (in)security; it argues that such narratives offer insights into the everyday politics of desire for border security predicated upon fantasies of control. Analysis of group discussions centres on how citizens conceptualized ‘the border’, what they understood by ‘tougher’ borders, and why they found bordering practices—including walling—appealing as a policy paradigm for responding to migration in the contemporary EU context. The discussion engages critically with interdisciplinary debates about psycho-social approaches to bordering and the politics of ‘ontological security’. Work orientated by the dominant Laing–Giddens paradigm offers a conceptualization of the relationship between macro-level and micro-level bordering practices, notions of home and belonging, and the illusion of the bounded nation-state as the origin of a pure and stable identity, but it presumes that ‘more bordering’ equates to ‘greater security’. By contrast, Brown’s (2010) psychoanalytical approach to walling offers tools for understanding the counter-intuitive process whereby excessive bordering practices may result from and further stimulate the repression of anxieties, which leads to an obsessive drive that produces the very dangers it seeks to negate. But while Brown’s view helps in part to address the puzzle posed by the contemporary EU context, it ultimately leaves no possibility of escape, no potential for change, and no recognition of actually existing alternatives to ever more bordered states and lives, and yet these counter-narratives are also rendered visible by a vernacular approach to European border security.
The Reactive Attitudes and Responsibility
Authors: Brink David O. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe chapter introduces Strawson’s link between the reactive attitudes and responsibility. It defends a realist understanding of that link, in which it is responsibility that grounds the reactive attitudes. It explains how responsibility and excuse are inversely related and how our practices of excuse vindicate a compatibilist conception of responsibility. It concludes by exploring quality of will and distinguishing accountability from attributability and answerability.
Affirmative Defenses
Authors: Brink David O. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDifferent affirmative exculpatory defenses are distinguished and examined, including justifications, such as self-defense and necessity, and excuses, such as insanity, duress, and provocation. Traditional assumptions about the normative architecture of the defenses are examined and questioned. Should the standards in defenses be objective or subjective? Can self-defense be assimilated to necessity? Should we recognize partial justifications? Are necessity and duress distinct defenses? Is provocation a justification or excuse? These questions are addressed and a revised conception of the architecture of defenses is defended.
Legal Advice, the Foreign Office, and Britain’s Neutrality Policy, 1870–1914
Authors: Frei Gabriela A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
As the predominant sea power in the nineteenth century, Britain shaped the understanding of neutrality at sea prior to 1914 like no other nation. This chapter examines how Britain formulated its neutrality policy in the aftermath of the American Civil War, and how this policy was implemented in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, the Sino-French War of 1884–1885, and the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905. Each conflict posed new legal challenges. It focuses on how the British government received legal advice, and how the government administration of foreign affairs changed as a result of the growing importance of legal advice in international politics. While the Foreign Office was responsible for the implementation of the neutrality policy, this chapter highlights the importance of the Law Officers of the Crown who, as the principal legal advisers of the British government, shaped state practice and, more generally, the understanding of neutrality at sea.
Horizontal Agreements
Authors: Whish Richard 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 considers the application of the Competition Act 1998 to ‘Horizontal Agreements’, and in particular to cartel behaviour, since that piece of legislation entered into force on 1 March 2000. It is a tour de force of the enforcement practice. The chapter notes that early years of the legislation were somewhat disappointing, with a fairly low level of enforcement, although the OFT did score success with pioneering investigations of so-called ‘hub and spoke’ cartels in the Football Shirts and Toys and Games cases. From about 2006 onwards there were more decisions from the OFT, and some of the cases, such as Construction bid-rigging and Fuel surcharges, were high profile ones. Despite this, criticism of under-performance was voiced, not least by the National Audit Office. It is noted that in due course the OFT was replaced by the CMA, and there has been a noticeable increase in enforcement in recent years. Whish suggests that in a post-Brexit world it can be anticipated that there will be yet more enforcement, including of larger cartels which historically would have been investigated by the European Commission in Brussels.
Vertical Agreements
Authors: Jones Alison 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Alison Jones looks at vertical agreements in Chapter 3. This chapter charts the development of UK competition law and policy towards vertical agreements over the 20 years since the Competition Act 1998 came into force. It traces how UK policy has evolved, before examining the UK jurisprudence that assesses the compatibility of vertical agreements with competition law. It notes that although many UK cases initially focused on resale price maintenance, more recently a number have analysed vertical restraints affecting online selling, which have proliferated since 2000 with the rapid growth of e-commerce. The chapter also considers how the law could, or should, develop in the future, especially now the transition period following the UK’s departure from the EU has ended. An important issue considered is whether, post-Brexit, the UK authorities should continue to follow EU competition law in this sphere, which has in significant respects been influenced by internal market considerations, or whether it should take a different course.
Competition Law and the Digital Economy in the UK and Beyond
Authors: Gormsen Liza Lovdahl 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In Chapter 14, Liza Lovdahl Gormsen considers the contemporaneous debate on how best to address aspects of the interaction between competition law and the digital economy. She stressed that data is the pinnacle of the digital economy. It has fuelled amazing innovations in all sectors of the economy, but the accumulation of data in the hands of a few global companies may lead to lock-in, bottleneck issues, and leverage. The chapter notes that according to the report Unlocking Digital Competition, which was prepared for the UK Treasury, competition policy will need to be updated to address the novel challenges posed by the digital economy. Some of these updates can happen within current powers, but legal changes are important to ensure that this job can be done effectively. The Competition and Markets Authority’s market study on Online Platforms and Digital Advertising recommends establishing a Digital Markets Unit and ex ante regulation as a possible way forward. Building on the outputs from the Furman Review, the government asked the CMA to lead a Digital Markets Taskforce. In December 2020, the latter published its advice, A New Pro-competition Regime for Digital Markets, where it sets out the role of the Digital Markets Unit and an overview of its proposed regulatory framework for digital firms. This chapter looks at some of the challenges for UK competition policy in digital markets, in particular in relation to data, enforcement, and regulation. It also touches upon some of the potential issues that the UK faces in the digital economy following Brexit.
Introduction
Authors: Lepoutre Maxime 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The Introduction sets the stage by arguing that, in their current form, normative ideals of democratic public discourse tend to be too distant from reality to yield action-guiding prescriptions. Perhaps inclusive public speech is a powerful way of pooling knowledge or contesting power when people who like each other exchange reasons in good faith. But this tells us very little about the value of inclusive public speech in divided settings such as our own, where speech is routinely used to rage, vilify, or deceive, against a background of mutual dislike, political ignorance, and social fragmentation. The Introduction then argues that, to remedy this problem, we need to develop a systematic normative picture of democratic public speech—and specifically, of the norms that should govern democratic public speech—that is sensitive to these non-ideal features.
Offering Shared Reasons
Authors: Lepoutre Maxime 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers an influential norm of public discourse—the ‘shared reasons’ constraint—according to which deliberators must appeal to considerations that are suitably shared when offering justifications. This norm plays an important role in facilitating the contestation of power. Nevertheless, in contexts marked by deep social divisions, even the weakest formulation of the shared reasons constraint ends up excluding too many considerations from public debate. The chapter suggests that, to offset this exclusiveness, we should first restrict the shared reasons constraint to the most formal arenas of public discussion. But it then argues that this is not enough. We must also welcome emotionally charged and non-argumentative forms of speech. Though these forms of speech have traditionally been viewed as antithetical to the shared reasons constraint, the two must in fact operate hand in hand. Emotionally charged narrative enriches the pool of shared resources from which the shared reasons constraint proceeds, and thereby mitigates its exclusionary implications.
The Problem of Fragmentation
Authors: Lepoutre Maxime 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses the challenge that social and spatial fragmentation poses for inclusive public discourse. This fragmentation impedes democratic speech by keeping people apart, by fuelling intergroup ill will, and by amplifying intergroup inequalities. To address this problem, the chapter recommends adopting ‘integrative’ policies aimed at desegregating social and political groups. Integrative policies, however, remain deeply controversial. For one thing, they may appear to violate people’s freedom of association. And, in particular, such policies seemingly overlook the important interest that members of historically oppressed groups have in residential self-segregation. But, properly understood, integrative measures in fact need not jeopardize these interests. First, integrative policies create meaningful associative opportunities even as they restrict others. Second, integrating a system of public discourse does not require integrating all sites in that system. Doing so therefore leaves space for historically oppressed groups to engage in a meaningful measure of residential self-segregation.
Financial Crises and the Limits of Bank Reform
Authors: Keller Eileen 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This book is about the nature of crisis responses and the politics of financial sector reform leading to their adoption. Studying both French and German participation in international banking reforms and the responses implemented to the global financial crisis domestically, it shows that they cannot be separated from the institutional and the specific socio-economic context in which they emerged. Whereas France pushed for greater independence from the banks by strengthening financial disintermediation and non-bank intermediation, Germany supported classic bank intermediation. Analysing the reasons for this puzzling difference, the book shows that the main lessons drawn from the crisis were the consequence of differing patterns of social learning, which led to changes in widely shared beliefs of specific aspects of banking. While these related to the conditions of bank lending and the limits of bank intermediation in France, in Germany, they were linked to the risks of financial innovation and financial sector concentration. The book builds on an in-depth analysis of French and German banking with a focus on the decade prior to the crisis, crisis management, and the reforms implemented in response to the crisis. It features extensive interview data with over 70 professionals from the financial industry, regulatory agencies, and senior political decision-makers, complemented by profound document and data analysis. Contrary to other accounts of the post-crisis reforms concentrating on regulatory change only, this book focuses on how evolving financial practices and reform priorities mutually condition each other over time, forming distinctive developmental paths.
Adjustments to financial globalization
Authors: Keller Eileen 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter gives an overview of the adjustments made in France and Germany since the onset of financial globalization. In brief terms, it sketches the emergence of modern finance and the changes financial globalization has brought about. The chapter synthesizes the main characteristics of the French and the German banking sectors and their development until the financial crisis. The chapter also discusses how both adjusted to financial innovation and increased competition, strengthening their financial markets. The chapter concludes with the implications these developments have had for banking and the funding of the economy in both countries, analysing a series of empirical indictors on bank lending, bank profitability, and market-based forms of funding.
Studying the development of integrated financial sectors
Authors: Keller Eileen 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents the theoretical framework of social learning. Given the changes financial sectors underwent in the decades before the crisis, it begins with a brief overview of how the research on financial sectors has developed in comparative and international political economy. It summarizes key insights, synthesizes the progress that has been made, and highlights remaining conceptual difficulties. The subsequent sections spell out the ontological foundations and the theoretical building blocks that inform the book’s analytic prism of social learning, which is the answer provided to the difficulties identified in the first part. The chapter closes with the causal chain that underlies the mechanism of social learning, which structures the subsequent empirical chapters.
The Great Recession and international banking reforms
Authors: Keller Eileen 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the French and German participation in international banking reform in the aftermath of the Great Recession. It begins with a brief overview of the origins and the spread of the global financial crisis. It then spells out key elements of the G20 reform agenda on banking regulation and it discusses the implications of bank capital requirements as well as liquidity and leverage ratios for different types of bank activities. The chapter moves on to analyse how representatives from France and Germany participated in the negotiations on Basel III and its transposition in the EU by the CRR-CRDIV reform package, studying the priorities identified in both countries. In a next step, the French and the German priorities are compared to those of representatives from the United States and the United Kingdom, given their more strongly market-based financial systems.
The French and the German financial crisis
Authors: Keller Eileen 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyses how French and German banks were affected by the crisis and how the crisis unfolded in both countries. It compares the governments’ responses and reconstructs how the crisis was diagnosed. The chapter shows that surprisingly different dynamics developed in both countries, despite an initially rather similar situation. Whereas the financial crisis became a veritable crisis of bank intermediation in the way it was widely perceived in France, in Germany it was primarily considered as a crisis of Anglo-Saxon finance capitalism and the failure of individual banks’ business models that had drifted away from traditional bank lending. While the French concluded that alternatives to bank intermediation should be developed, the Germans focused on strengthening classic bank intermediation. The chapter traces the dynamics that brought about the differing reform agendas and spells out the coalitions that supported corresponding political reforms.
The nature of crisis responses
Authors: Keller Eileen 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The final chapter concludes by discussing the policy implications of the findings for the future management of the financial sector and banking crises. It highlights major developments in banking since the financial crisis and discusses the nature of the political responses to it. The insights from the previous chapters relate to the selective reconstruction of the crisis and its consequences for political reform, competitive concerns, competing policy aims, and a bias of contemporary capitalist democracies towards the promise of future growth. Given the limits of financial regulation and the expectation of future bank bailouts, the chapter encourages a broadening of the fora in which financial knowledge is constructed.