bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forest pathology studies of transboundary territories in Asian Russia
Authors: Morozova T I , Egorova I N , Voronin V I 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A number of cross-border national parks have been established in the border areas of Russia. On the basis of the studies carried out, it is possible to outline a number of current forest pathology challenges facing the national parks. A full picture of sanitary state of the forest can only be obtained by detailed special surveys. It is necessary to organise monitoring of insects and phytopathogenic fungi on permanent touristic routs and model sites. When determining the situation with forest pathology in a vast region, a systematic approach is required. It includes a consistent study of the composition of pathogens, the selection among them of species causing epiphytotics, identification of their biological and ecological characteristics, assessment of the ecological and economic significance, a study of factors that increase the harmfulness. This makes it possible to determine the range of pathogens to be monitored, to identify forest areas with the highest probability of disease outbreak.
Characteristic Analysis and Prevention of Ice Galloping of Transmission Lines Based on Finite Element Method
Authors: Jian Zhou , Li Li , Feng Tao , Guo Jun 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Ice galloping is one of the disasters that have the greatest impact on the safe operation of transmission lines in winter. This article analyze the characteristics and prevention method of ice galloping of electric grid transmission lines based on finite element method. The amplitude and time response of transmission line during ice galloping can be obtained. A new type of efficient anti-galloping interface spacer is proposed, which can reduce the galloping amplitude. The effectiveness of the proposed method and model is verified by application examples.
Identification of Rotor Crack Faults by Vibration Analysis
Authors: Zhang Xueyan , He Guoan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
According to the vibration equation of the cracked rotor, the main vibration characteristics of the cracked rotor are summarized. On this basis, combined with the field diagnosis experience, a practical method of identifying the cracked rotor through vibration analysis is proposed. Furthermore, the proposed method is illustrated by three cases of rotor crack fault identification in the operation of steam turbine and boiler primary air fan. Successful diagnosis avoids the occurrence of potential major accidents.
Evaluation on Efficient Crushing Test in Deep Poor Drillability Formation
Authors: Ma Yongqian , Shao Ru , Liu Xiaolan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The ancient formation is very thick, strong abrasion and poor drillability. Formation pressure of some area is abnormal high-pressure, induced high mud density, and borehole instability problems in some formation restrict the positive displacement motor (PDM) application, and impact drilling tools are instable. All above factors restraint the rate of penetration. Based on the result of litho-mechanical experiments, the impacting experiments are performed on samples of the Jurassic formation, impact fractured efficiency are evaluated, the results show high impact resistance in the formation, the best impact speed is over 12m/s, and the result was important design basis for impact tools improvement to increase the rate of penetrate (ROP) in the deep poor drillability formation.
Preparation of Graphite Phase Bismuth Carbon Nitride Vanadate Composites and Experimental Analysis of Free Radical Capture
Authors: Wang Wei’e , Wu Bohong , Gao Zhiyang , Lv Yuguang 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Photocatalysts are mainly divided into two categories: one is that they have good response to sunlight and visible light, such as BiVO4 and Fe2O3; One is that it has its own defects and can not make full use of the energy converted by visible light. In recent years, a class of oxides have attracted much attention because of their good performance of visible light photocatalytic degradation of pollutants. People also have a strong interest in the research of compound oxides in pollutant degradation. In order to further clarify the photocatalytic mechanism of GCB composite samples, different capture agents were added to determine the main active species in the photocatalytic process. Only through the method of modification, the synergistic effect can enhance its photocatalytic activity. 1% g-C3N4/BiVO4(GCB) sample, drhb = 90.4%, the photocatalytic activity did not change significantly after adding IPA. After adding EDTA and VC, the photocatalytic activity decreased, drhb = 32.6% and drhb = 51%. Therefore, the experiments show that h+ and ·O2- are active species of GCB catalytic system, O2 is more important for RHB degradation.
Lipid yields of algae dried in an enhanced solar chimney
Authors: Morris L O , Chu C M , Suali E 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This work focuses on the lipid yield of algae dried using an enhanced solar chimney dryer with the aim towards high quality biodiesel production and low energy consumption. Jaworski’s medium was chosen for the cultivation in this research project as it can provide enough nutrients to green algae of type Chlorella. Sp. Centrifugation is an effective method to harvest the algae from its medium prior to a drying process. In this project, the methods used for drying were oven drying, open-sun drying and an enhanced solar chimney drying. The moisture content was determined where the average moisture content were 82.5% for oven drying method, 81.6% for open sun drying and 82.2% for solar chimney drying. Methods were found to affect differently the algae properties in terms of the lipid yield and mineral content. The lipid yields were 23.7%, for oven drying, 20.6% for open sun drying and 24.4% for enhanced solar chimney drying. While the oven drying was found to be the fastest way to dry the algae, the solar chimney drying proved best in energy saving while producing the same amount or more algae lipid within reasonable drying times.
Combustion temperature analysis in a fluidized-bed reactor by utilizing palm oil biomass for a renewable energy
Authors: Erdiwansyah  , Mahidin  , Husin Husni , Nasaruddin  , Muhibbuddin  , Faisal M , Muhtadin  
Published: November 2021

AbstractBiomass from palm oil is a renewable energy source that can be utilized and has very promising availability. Biomass energy is a renewable and sustainable energy that can replace conventional (fossil) fuels. The main objective of the experiment in this article is to analyze the combustion temperature, emissions, and efficiency of palm oil biomass fuel to use and applied in rural/remote areas. The palm oil biomass used in this study is palm kernel shells, empty fruit bunches, oil palm midrib, and oil palm fibers. The experiments in the research carried out in a fluidized-bed combustion chamber designed explicitly with capacities of up to 5 kg of biomass. The results of operations on fluidized-bed when the valve is open 100%, 75%, and 50% with overall palm oil biomass show a high combustion temperature. The highest combustion temperature was recorded in the TC test for 100% open valves with 3 kg biomass of 943°C. While the minimum combustion temperature obtained on TF2 at 50% open valve with 1 kg biomass of 619°C, overall combustion temperatures in this experiment showed high results. The maximum emission for O2 is 20.4% which is obtained at 50% open valve, while for CO2 the maximum emission is produced when 100% open valve is 19.9% with a biomass weight of 1 kg and 3 kg, respectively. The yield for maximum combustion efficiency when using 1 kg of biomass recorded at 50% open valve was 94.9%. While the minimum efficiency of 87.7% is obtained when the valve is 100% open with biomass of 2 kg. As the biomass fuel used in fluidized-bed increases, the combustion temperature also increases significantly.
Microwave-assisted synthesis of photoluminescent carbon dots from palm fronds biomass wastes
Authors: Ang W L , Alqasem Q A , Mohammad A W 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Oil palm fronds (OPF) is one of the largest biomass sources in Malaysia that has been underutilized. In this work, OPF has been used as a precursor to synthesize carbon dots (CDs) via microwave irradiation method. The impacts of irradiation power and duration and the reacting solution have been investigated. It was discovered that CDs with the highest photoluminescence intensity was obtained at microwave irradiation power of 385 W for 30 s. Irradiation at lower or higher power resulted in incomplete or over carbonization that reduced the fluorescence property. In addition, CDs synthesized with diethylene glycol (DEG) as reacting solution possessed higher photoluminescence intensity as compared to ultrapure water solution. This could be attributed to more complete CDs formation that happened at higher temperature, which could only be achieved by DEG solution (higher boiling point). The CDs were then tested as a sensor for lead (II) ions. The UV-vis absorbance was found to be reduced with the presence of lead (II) ions. This indicated that the lead (II) ions might interact with CDs and disrupted with the absorbance of UV light. Overall, OPF could be a potential precursor for the synthesis of low-cost and easily available CDs for environmental applications.
Hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol using Cu-based catalyst supported on oxide pellets
Authors: Berahim N H , Abu Seman A , Yasin N H , Abd Halim N S , Mohd Zabidi N A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Hydrogenation of CO2 into methanol is one of the most economical process to reduce CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. Since methanol is an industrial commodity used in chemical products as well as transportation fuel, this process has gained considerable interest, which enables the effective utilization of CO2. Nevertheless, the efficiency of direct CO2 hydrogenation to produce methanol is strongly reliant on the activity of the catalyst. In this regard, the present work highlights the synthesis of methanol, catalytic evaluation and characterization of catalysts Cu/ZnO supported on Al2O3 and SBA-15 pellets with the addition of group IV, V and VII metal oxides mixture as promoters. The catalysts were systematically prepared via impregnation technique with fixed Cu:Zn and promoter ratio from group VII:V:IV. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by H2-temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), N2 adsorption-desorption and N2O pulse chemisorption method. The crushing strength of the pellets were also tested. Catalytic performances were evaluated for methanol synthesis from CO2 hydrogenation in a tubular, stainless steel fixed-bed reactor at 250 °C, 2 MPa, gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) 4000 ml/g.h and H2/CO2 ratio of 3:1. The tri-promoted Cu/ZnO supported on Al2O3 pellet resulted in CO2 conversion of 13.3 % compared to 11.61 % from that of SBA-15-supported catalyst. However, the catalyst supported on SBA-15 pellet exhibited 54.59% methanol selectivity, whereas Al2O3-supported catalyst only resulted in 46.73 % methanol selectivity.
Simulation of ozonolysis of volatile organic compounds: Effect on flue gas composition
Authors: Lim M , Lea-Langton A R 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This study shows that the reaction of ozone with various volatile organic compounds (VOC) yields different flue gas composition in terms of the carbon dioxide, oxygen and moisture contents. Steam production and thermal output requirements from a combustion system (i.e., a boiler) may dictate the range of operating conditions, such as the air to fuel mass flow rates. To improve the combustion efficiency in these operating conditions, low temperature plasmas have been used to ionize air and generate ozone as an oxidant for ozonolysis with the VOC. Therefore, this study simulates the reaction mechanism of the ozonolysis of VOC and the effect on the flue gas composition, which affects the combustion efficiency. Simulation results show that residual oxygen in the flue gas reduces, reducing the excess air. Thus, the corresponding efficiency loss through dry flue gas would be reduced. Literature data shows that emissions of alkanes, alkynes and alkenes per unit mass of solid fuel is evident for both coal and biomass, and thus ozonolysis of these VOC would reduce the excess air, improving the combustion efficiency.
Continuous desalting concept on ionic liquid-mediated de-acidification process of crude oil: A pilot study
Authors: Hussain A , Basar J 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Desalting process concept was tested using methyltrimethylammonium methylcarbonate [N4441][MeCO3] treated Pyrenees crude oil (initial Total Acid Number (TAN) of 1.6 mg KOH/g oil) with the aim to gain empirical evidences on the effectiveness of in-line water washing and electrostatic aided phase separation as mean to recover the naphthenic acid derivatives for recycling. The treated crude oil (final TAN value of less than 0.3 mg KOH/g oil) was subjected to typical operating scheme such as single stage desalting and effects of water wash volumes. The novelty of the work comes from the utilisation of ionic liquids to neutralise acid components of the crude oil. Furthermore, the work is also able to test the hypothesis of whether naphthenate salts behave as is its inorganic counterpart and quantify the solubility behaviour in water as extraction medium. The effectiveness of such scheme will be measured against naphthenic acids derivative percent recovery in the wash water. The results indicate the electrostatic conditions can facilitate the recovery of the naphthenate salts post neutralization with high recovery rate of average of 70.6 % with 30 % water wash volume in a single-stage contact, observed over 12 hours steady-state operation. The water wash weight was observed to increase post separation which indicate hydrocarbon carry-over in the heavy phase due to formation of tight water – oil emulsion. The technique is viable should the amount of water required is available and the process water can be recycled safely into the desalter again without causing tripping to the desalter. Ionic liquid can be used in conjunction with desalter and the presence of electrostatic field did hasten the separation of the phases, however the amount of water used may hinder the viability of the solution.
Grease formulation and characterization from waste automotive engine oil with the use of complex thickener
Authors: Rahman N W A , Ying S S Y , Aziz M A A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Waste engine oil one of the most abundant wastes in Malaysia, and through the reutilization of waste automotive engine oil helps to create a sustainable environment. The objective of this research is to develop the best formulation of lithium complex grease derived from waste automotive engine oil as base oil. The main focused parameter in this study is the different formulation ratio of base oil, thickener and co-thickener. Lithium 12-hydroxystearate is mixed with azelaic acid to produce lithium complex 12-hydroxystearate. Two different type of base oils, i.e. fresh automotive engine oil (FAO) and waste automotive engine oil (WEO) are used to formulate Li-complex grease. The grease derived from FAO is used to compare the physical properties derived from WEO. The texture of the formulation of base oil higher than 82 weight percentage was very fluid. The formulation of grease is carried out by differencing the ratio of the waste automotive engine oil, lithium complex 12-hydroxystearate and azelaic acid, which are 82:18, 80:20 and 70:30. The properties of the grease formulated is conducted through several tests, such as ASTM approach, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) characterization, oil separation and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Such interesting properties included consistency, chemical compound of the grease, oil separation and thermal stability. Based on the finding, the best formulated Li-complex grease is WG3, classified NLGI 3. The significant peak derived from FAO and WEO to observe is 1710 cm−1 as this peak indicated the oxidation stability. From the result, the intensity of carboxylic acid is weak that ranged 1709 – 1711 cm−1. Hence, this indicated the grease formulated exhibited better oxidation stability. Furthermore, the formulated grease was thermally stable as the onset temperature was 250.09 °C. In conclusion, the formulation of Li-complex from WEO can be used as an alternative source of base oil in the grease industry, due to the good properties exhibition and preserving the environment as well as the increment of fossil fuel’s demand and cost.
The impact of the mulberry (Morus nigra L.) leaf extract on the physicochemical properties of poly(vinyl alcohol) blend films
Authors: Rafflisman N S , Mah S K , Lee S Y , Yee K S P , Chowdhury S 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this work, mulberry (Morus nigra L.) leaf extract was added in poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-based films and its impact on the film’s properties was evaluated. In addition, HCl and glycerol were studied for their use as additives to prepare PVA-based films. The results showed that HCl and glycerol have minimal impacts on the films’ appearance, while mulberry leaf extract imparted green colour to the films produced, mainly due to the presence of green pigments. Moreover, the results suggested that a significant interaction has occurred between the polymer matrix and leaf extract, contributing to a more compact and uniform film morphology. The tensile strengths of the films increased from 21.38 to 28.28 MPa after the addition of mulberry leaf extract. Additionally, the films were tested for their application as food wrapping films. Overall, the results showed that PVA-based films incorporated with mulberry leaf extract have higher capability to preserve the freshness of food when compared to commercial cling wraps from brands such as Diamond and Glad. Appropriate proportions of additives (mulberry leaf extract, HCl and glycerol) used in the formulation of P-GH-M20 films showed improvement in its mechanical properties and food preservation capability.
Comparative laboratory cost analysis of various activated carbon activation process
Authors: Lai J Y , Ngu L H 
Published: November 2021

AbstractActivated carbon (AC) is an established adsorbent for organic pollutants reduction, metal removal, and liquid and gas adsorption. Cost analysis corresponds to determining the best approach for AC production depending on activation techniques with different degrees of activation is still minimal in literature. A cost estimation of AC production in laboratory scale using different conventional activation and post-activation surface modification process is performed in this study. This study attempts to develop a cost-friendly selection of activation process from laboratory scale prices. Chemicals and utility costs were acquired from vendor quotes (i.e., Sigma-Aldrich and Fisher Scientific) and Sarawak industrial electricity tariffs based on 100 g production. Oil palm-based ACs produced from five different activation or surface modification methods were compared to ascertain the least expensive production approach in terms of estimated production cost. Of the five methods investigated, method that quoted the least expensive production cost is chemical activation using potassium hydroxide (KOH) with minimum estimated cost of $7.30 whereas the most expensive production cost involves surface modification by polyethyleneimine (PEI) impregnation with cost of $873.00. Therefore, the estimated production cost for KOH activation is the minimum at $0.073 g−1while the maximum is $8.73 g−1for PEI impregnation.
Development of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate membrane for facilitated CO2/N2 separation
Authors: Kim T P , Jawad Z A , Chin B L F 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is responsible for approximately 80% of greenhouse gases emission that is the main source to global climate change causing notable environmental impacts. Poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) have polar PEG repeating units, which provide a strong affinity towards carbon dioxide (CO2) molecules has been blended with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) to synthesize membrane for CO2/nitrogen (N2) separation. The new synthesized membrane is studied for potential applications in gas separation and to be implemented in control CO2 emission. APTMS is also used to delay the diffusion between polymer and solvent. In this study, concentration of polymer of PEGDA and casting solvent of APTMS in terms of mol ratio from a range of 0.9:1.1 to 1.3:0.7 is discussed. Based on the results, PEGDA membrane shows best gas separation performance at mol ratio of PEGDA to APTMS of 1:1 where the permeance for both CO2/N2, and CO2/N2 selectivity are 75.21±0.15 GPU, 22.95±0.05 GPU and 3.28±0.12, respectively. An optimal aminosilane/polymer reaction ratio benefits the gas separation performance of the membrane due to the affinity of the membrane towards CO2 and formation of different membrane surface morphology.
Optimization of lipids extraction from Moringa oleifera seeds for biodiesel feedstock
Authors: Fizal A N S , Zainordin N H , Jamil M I M , Hamid H A , Khalil N A , Hossain M D S , Zulkifli M , Yahaya A N A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper explore the mechanism of lipid extraction efficiency on Moringa oleifera seeds using Soxhlet extraction method. This present study essential to determine the effect of particle size of the sample, extraction time and type of solvent applied towards the efficiency in extracting the lipids from the material. Soxhlet extraction method utilizing Buchi B118 was use in this study and response surface method was applied to analysed the data and determine the optimum parameter condition to obtain the highest yield of Moringa oil extraction. Moringa oil derived from Moringa oleifera seeds was converted into biodiesel (FAME) via Transesterification process. Conversion of Moringa FAME was observed using three different alcohol oil to molar ratio by based-catalysed. This study shows significant strong correlations between particle size of the sample, extraction time and type of solvent use towards extraction yield. The Response surface analysis shows that 1.3611 mm particle size of sample, 3 hours of extraction time and hexane as extraction solvent was the optimum condition in order to get the highest yield of lipids extract from both Moringa oleifera samples. Authentication extraction based on RSM recommendation showed an average Moringa oil yield of 39.75 % by weight.