bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A case of hereditary angioedema due to C1-inhibitor deficiency with recurrent abdominal pain diagnosed 40 years after the occurrence of the initial symptom
Authors: Honda Daisuke , Ohsawa Isao , Iwanami Keiichi , Rinno Hisaki , Tomino Yasuhiko , Suzuki Yusuke 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHereditary angioedema due to C1-inhibitor deficiency (HAE-C1-INH) is a rare disease, which induces an acute attack of angioedema mediated by bradykinin. HAE-C1-INH can cause serious abdominal pain when severe edema develops in the gastrointestinal tract. However, because it takes a long time, 13.8 years on average in Japan, from the occurrence of the initial symptom to the diagnosis due to low awareness of the disease, undiagnosed HAE-C1-INH patients sometimes undergo unnecessary surgical procedures for severe abdominal pain. We herein present a 56-year-old patient with HAE-C1-INH, who underwent numerous abdominal operations. He frequently needed hospitalization with the administration of opioid due to severe abdominal pain. However, after he was accurately diagnosed with HAE-C1-INH at 55 years of age, he could start self-administration for an acute attack with icatibant, a selective bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist. Consequently, he did not need hospitalizing for ten months after the beginning of the treatment. A series of an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment for HAE-C1-INH improved his quality of life. Thus, HAE-C1-INH should be considered, when we meet patients with unidentified recurrent abdominal pain. This case highlights significance of an early diagnosis and appropriate treatment for HAE-C1-INH.
A price on warming with a supply chain directed market
Authors: Raffensperger John F. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractExisting emissions trading system (ETS) designs inhibit emissions but do not constrain warming to any fixed level, preventing certainty of the global path of warming. Instead, they have the indirect objective of reducing emissions. They provide poor future price information. And they have high transaction costs for implementation, requiring treaties and laws. To address these shortcomings, this paper proposes a novel double-sided auction mechanism of emissions permits and sequestration contracts tied to temperature. This mechanism constrains warming for many (e.g., 150) years into the future and every auction would provide price information for this time range. In addition, this paper proposes a set of market rules and a bottom-up implementation path. A coalition of businesses begin implementation with jurisdictions joining as they are ready. The combination of the selected market rules and the proposed implementation path appear to incentivize participation. This design appears to be closer to “first best” with a lower cost of mitigation than any in the literature, while increasing the certainty of avoiding catastrophic warming. This design should also have a faster pathway to implementation. A numerical simulation shows surprising results, e.g., that static prices are wrong, prices should evolve over time in a way that contradicts other recent proposals, and “global warming potential” as used in existing ETSs is generally erroneous.
Student‐teacher conflict moderates the link between students’ social status in the classroom and involvement in bullying behaviors and exposure to peer victimization
Authors: Marengo Davide , Fabris Matteo Angelo , Prino Laura Elvira , Settanni Michele , Longobardi Claudio 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTIntroductionStudent–teacher relationships have been shown to influence bullying‐related behaviors in students. In this study we considered the moderating role of student‐teacher conflict and students’ social status in the classroom and involvement in bullying behaviors and peer victimization.MethodsSample consisted of 1742 students (47.2% females, mean age = 10.79; SD = 1.36; range = 8–14) clustered in 113 classrooms, of which 1017 (58.4%) attended primary schools and 725 (41.6%) attended lower secondary schools. We implemented a series of multilevel analyses aimed at determining the role of student‐teacher conflict, and students’ social status among classroom peers (i.e., average, popular, rejected, neglected, and controversial statuses), as well their interaction, in influencing verbal, physical, and social forms of bullying and victimization at school.ResultsStudent‐teacher conflict had a significant positive effect on all bullying and victimization variables. Regarding students’ social status, rejected students showed increased bullying and victimization when compared with average students, except in social bullying. Significant interactions emerged indicating that a highly conflictual student‐teacher relationship exacerbated bullying behaviors and the risk of victimization among rejected students. Additionally, popular students who had conflictual relationship with their teachers were more likely to engage in physical bullying then average students.ConclusionsOur study suggests the importance of low conflictual student‐teacher relationships in acting as a buffer for aggressive student‐student interactions in the classroom, especially when these interactions involve students rejected by their classroom peers.
Fostering trustworthy data sharing: Establishing data foundations in practice
Authors: Stalla-Bourdillon Sophie , Carmichael Laura , Wintour Alexsis 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Independent data stewardship remains a core component of good data governance practice. Yet, there is a need for more robust independent data stewardship models that are able to oversee data-driven, multi-party data sharing, usage and re-usage, which can better incorporate citizen representation, especially in relation to personal data. We propose that data foundations—inspired by Channel Islands’ foundations laws—provide a workable model for good data governance not only in the Channel Islands, but also elsewhere. A key advantage of this model—in addition to leveraging existing legislation and building on established precedent—is the statutory role of the guardian that is a unique requirement in the Channel Islands, and when interpreted in a data governance model provides the independent data steward. The principal purpose for this paper, therefore, is to demonstrate why data foundations are well suited to the needs of data sharing initiatives. We further examine how data foundations could be established in practice—and provide key design principles that should be used to guide the design and development of any data foundation.
MarriageorProfession? MarriageandProfession? Marriage Patterns Among Highly Successful Women of Jewish Descent and Other Women in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century German-Speaking Central Europe
Authors: Zwicker Lisa Fetheringill , Rose Jason Ulysses 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis study analyzes the marriage patterns of five hundred highly successful women in modern German-speaking Central Europe. Among the women at the very top of their professions, women of Jewish descent were more likely than non-Jewish women to marry while they pursued their careers. The results of our quantitative study—67.6 percent of women of Jewish descent married versus 51.6 percent of non-Jewish women—provide a unique body of data that complements and contributes to other research that identifies distinctive aspects of Central European Jewish life patterns: the high number of Jewish women university students, the importance of women of Jewish descent in a number of fields, and Jewish families as early adopters of a modern family form with a small number of children and intensive investment in each child.
Benchmark Discrepancies and Mutual Fund Performance Evaluation
Authors: Cremers K. J. Martijn , Fulkerson Jon A. , Riley Timothy B. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe introduce a new holdings-based procedure to identify whether a mutual fund has a benchmark discrepancy, which we define as a benchmark other than the prospectus benchmark best matching a fund’s investment strategy. We find that funds with a benchmark discrepancy tend to be riskier than their prospectus benchmarks indicate. As a result, the funds on average outperform their prospectus benchmarks, before further risk adjustments, despite underperforming the benchmarks that best match their portfolios.
Comprehensive Review on Reaching and Grasping of Objects in Robotics
Authors: Marwan Qaid Mohammed , Chua Shing Chyi , Kwek Lee Chung 
Published: February 2021

SUMMARYInteraction between a robot and its environment requires perception about the environment, which helps the robot in making a clear decision about the object type and its location. After that, the end effector will be brought to the object’s location for grasping. There are many research studies on the reaching and grasping of objects using different techniques and mechanisms for increasing accuracy and robustness during grasping and reaching tasks. Thus, this paper presents an extensive review of research directions and topics of different approaches such as sensing, learning and gripping, which have been implemented within the current five years.
Immunogenicity and safety of a quadrivalent meningococcal tetanus toxoid-conjugate vaccine (MenACYW-TT)vs. a licensed quadrivalent meningococcal tetanus toxoid-conjugate vaccine in meningococcal vaccine-naïve and meningococcal C conjugate vaccine-primed toddlers: a phase III randomised study
Authors: van der Vliet D. , Vesikari T. , Sandner B. , Martinón-Torres F. , Muzsay G. , Forsten A. , Adelt T. , Diaz Gonzalez C. , Simko R. , B'Chir S. , Neveu D. , Jordanov E. , Dhingra M. S. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractVaccination remains the best strategy to reduce invasive meningococcal disease. This study evaluated an investigational tetanus toxoid-conjugate quadrivalent meningococcal vaccine (MenACYW-TT)vs.a licensed tetanus toxoid-conjugate quadrivalent meningococcal vaccine (MCV4-TT) (NCT02955797). Healthy toddlers aged 12–23 months were included if they were either meningococcal vaccine-naïve or MenC conjugate (MCC) vaccine-primed (≥1 dose of MCC prior to 12 months of age). Vaccine-naïve participants were randomised 1:1 to either MenACYW-TT (n= 306) or MCV4-TT (n= 306). MCC-primed participants were randomised 2:1 to MenACYW-TT (n= 203) or MCV4-TT (n= 103). Antibody titres against each of the four meningococcal serogroups were measured by serum bactericidal antibody assay using the human complement. The co-primary objectives of this study were to demonstrate the non-inferiority of MenACYW-TT to MCV4-TT in terms of seroprotection (titres ≥1:8) at Day 30 in both vaccine-naïve and all participants (vaccine-naïve and MCC-primed groups pooled). The immune response for all four serogroups to MenACYW-TT was non-inferior to MCV4-TT in vaccine-naïve participants (seroprotection: range 83.6–99.3% and 81.4–91.6%, respectively) and all participants (seroprotection: range 83.6–99.3% and 81.4–98.0%, respectively). The safety profiles of both vaccines were comparable. MenACYW-TT was well-tolerated and demonstrated non-inferior immunogenicity when administered to MCC vaccine-primed and vaccine-naïve toddlers.
Spanish Scientists’ Opinion about Science and Researcher Behavior
Authors: Frias-Navarro Dolores , Pascual-Soler Marcos , Perezgonzalez José , Monterde-i-Bort Héctor , Pascual-Llobell Juan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe surveyed 348 Psychology and Education researchers within Spain, on issues such as their perception of a crisis in Science, their confidence in the quality of published results, and the use of questionable research practices (QRP). Their perceptions regarding pressure to publish and academic competition were also collected. The results indicate that a large proportion of the sample of Spanish academics think there is a crisis in Science, mainly due to a lack of economic investment, and doubts the quality of published findings. They also feel strong pressure to publish in high impact factor journals and a highly competitive work climate.
Dust Storm‐Enhanced Gravity Wave Activity in the Martian Thermosphere Observed by MAVEN and Implication for Atmospheric Escape
Authors: Yiğit Erdal , Medvedev Alexander S. , Benna Mehdi , Jakosky Bruce M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLower atmospheric global dust storms affect the small‐ and large‐scale weather and variability of the whole Martian atmosphere. Analysis of the CO2 density data from the Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer instrument on board NASA's Mars Atmosphere Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft show a remarkable increase of gravity wave (GW)‐induced density fluctuations in the thermosphere during the 2018 major dust storm with distinct latitude and local time variability. The mean thermospheric GW activity increases by a factor of two during the storm event. The magnitude of relative density perturbations is around 20% on average and 40% locally. One and a half months later, the GW activity gradually decreases. Enhanced temperature disturbances in the Martian thermosphere can facilitate atmospheric escape. For the first time, we estimate observationally that, for a 20% and 40% GW‐induced disturbances, the net increase of Jeans escape flux of hydrogen is a factor of 1.3 and 2, respectively.
Balanced Cross‐Sections and Numerical Modeling of the Lithospheric‐Scale Evolution of the Hindu Kush and Pamir
Authors: Kelly Sean , Beaumont Christopher 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe role of deformation and removal of continental lithospheric mantle (CLM) during continent‐continent collision, while recognized as fundamental to the evolution of orogenic systems, often remains speculative as direct evidence for these processes is typically absent. Nevertheless, these poorly understood deep lithospheric processes are expected to produce first‐order controls on the style of crustal shortening, magmatism, and metamorphism in large‐scale orogens. The Hindu Kush and Pamir offer an excellent opportunity to constrain these deep processes, as high‐quality seismic images reveal oppositely dipping slabs under the Hindu Kush and Pamir, inferred to be subducting Indian and Asian lithospheres, respectively. Using two‐dimensional mantle‐scale geodynamical models, we show that these along‐strike differences can be explained by the nature of the indenting Indian plate; thinner fringe Indian crust beneath the Hindu Kush, and full‐thickness Indian crust beneath the Pamir. In the Hindu Kush models, steep subduction of India follows early delamination of the Asian lithospheric mantle, whereas in the Pamir models, Asian delamination is followed by flat‐slab underthrusting of Indian CLM and forced subduction of northern Asian terranes. These styles of mantle delamination and subduction have key implications for the ensuing styles of magmatism, metamorphism, and crustal‐scale evolution of these systems. In the Hindu Kush, subduction of fringe India leads to burial of Indian crust under Asia, limiting both Himalayan growth and deformation of the Tajik Basin. In contrast, in the Pamir, forced subduction of the Alai terrane leads to Alai crust underthrusting the Pamir, forming the Pamir orocline.
Profiles of Near‐Surface Rock Mass Strength Across Gradients in Burial, Erosion, and Time
Authors: Townsend Kirk F. , Clark Marin K. , Zekkos Dimitrios 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRock mass strength is recognized as an important control on landscape morphology and evolution. However, the controls on rock strength in mountainous topography remain poorly characterized, in part because strength remains challenging to quantify at spatial scales relevant to geomorphology. Here we quantify the mechanical properties of rock masses using subsurface S‐wave velocities, Schmidt hammer hardness values, and Geological Strength Index (GSI) observations. We produce shallow depth profiles of rock mass shear strength using intact rock hardness as measured from a Schmidt hammer, and assessment of the structure and surface conditions of fractures using GSI. We apply these techniques to the Western Transverse Ranges, southern California, USA, where gradients in stratigraphic age and erosion rate allow us to evaluate our methodology. We resolve strength differences of 200 kPa to ∼5 MPa that appear to be related to diagenetic changes associated with the maximum burial depth of young clastic sedimentary rocks. For rocks of the same lithologic type, stratigraphic age, and inferred burial histories, we resolve smaller differences in strength (300 kPa–1.5 MPa) that appear to be positively correlated with mean erosion rates. We suggest that the increase in strength with increasing erosion rate reflects decreased residence time in the weathering zone for ranges experiencing faster fault slip rates. These findings demonstrate up to an order of magnitude variability in strength with respect to burial, erosion, and time for lithologically similar rocks. As such, lithology alone is unlikely to adequately capture the role of rock strength in landscape evolution.
Identifying Geomorphic Process Domains in the Synthetic Landscapes of West Virginia, USA
Authors: Jaeger K. L. , Ross M. R. V. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHuman activities such as mining, agriculture, and urbanization have resulted in severe, large‐scale alteration to landform organization and associated geomorphic processes. The mountaintop mining (MTM) region of West Virginia, USA has experienced dramatic topographic alteration, by removing steep slopes and introducing plateau‐like areas at ridgelines and benches on valley fills. The resulting engineered landforms create synthetic landscapes, disconnected from previous geomorphic processes. Invoking the process domain concept, we compare differences in slope‐area relations, cumulative area distributions (CADs), elevation, slope, upslope accumulated area, and a slope*area product before and after mining to adjacent unmined sub‐catchments in five study basins. Differences in the slope‐area relation include a 42% slope reduction in low drainage areas, corresponding to hillslopes, unchanneled valleys, and debris flow dominated channels, which may fall below thresholds required for debris flow processes. The curved slope‐area relation that represents valley incision by debris flows is replaced by slope‐area relations that resemble basins where gullying and the stream power law dominate. Extremely high chemical weathering of unconsolidated valley fills materials may facilitate process domain shifts from debris flows to gullying and fluvial erosion. The characteristic power law scaling break in CADs that represents the headward limit of the channelized network is subdued in post‐mined sites and may reflect headward channelized network extension in mined basins. Slope‐area relations and CADs present a unique topographic signature of MTM activity, potentially providing an analytical approach to assess impacts on underlying geomorphic processes for other synthetic landscapes such as cities or large‐scale agricultural production.
Representativeness of FLUXNET Sites Across Latin America
Authors: Villarreal Samuel , Vargas Rodrigo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractEnvironmental observatory networks (EONs) provide information to understand and forecast the spatial and temporal dynamics of Earth's biophysical processes. Consequently, representativeness analyses are important to provide insights for improving EONs' management, design, and interpretation of their value‐added products. We assessed the representativeness of registered FLUXNET sites (n = 41, revised on September 2018) across Latin America (LA), a region of great importance for the global carbon and water cycles, which represents 13% of the world's land surface. Nearly 46% of registered FLUXNET sites are located in evergreen broad‐leaf forests followed by sites in woody savannas (∼20%). Representativeness analyses were performed using a 0.05° spatial grid for multiple environmental variables, gross primary productivity (GPP), and evapotranspiration (ET). Our results showed a potential representativeness of 34% of the surface area for climate properties, 36% for terrain parameters, 34% for soil resources, and 45% when all aforementioned environmental variables were summarized into a principal component analysis. Furthermore, there was a 48% potential representativeness for GPP and 34% for ET. Unfortunately, data from these 41 sites are not all readily available for the scientific community, limiting synthesis studies and model benchmarking/parametrization. The implication is that global/regional data‐driven products are forced to use information from FLUXNET sites outside LA to predict patterns in LA. Representativeness could increase to 86% (for GPP) and 80% (for ET) if 200 sites are optimally distributed. We discussed ongoing challenges, the need to enhance interoperability and data sharing, and promote monitoring efforts across LA to increase the accuracy of regional‐to‐global data‐driven products.
Daily mean temperature and HFMD: risk assessment and attributable fraction identification in Ningbo China
Authors: Zhang Rui , Lin Zhehan , Guo Zhen , Chang Zhaorui , Niu Ran , Wang Yu , Wang Songwang , Li Yonghong 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) remains a significant public health issue, especially in developing countries. Many studies have reported the association between environmental temperature and HFMD. However, the results are highly heterogeneous in different regions. In addition, there are few studies on the attributable risk of HFMD due to temperature.

Objectives
The study aimed to assess the association between temperature and HFMD incidence and to evaluate the attributable burden of HFMD due to temperature in Ningbo China.

Methods
The research used daily incidence of HFMD from 2014 to 2017 and distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) to investigate the effects of daily mean temperature (Tmean) on HFMD incidence from lag 0 to 30 days, after controlling potential confounders. The lag effects and cumulative relative risk (CRR) were analyzed. Attributable fraction (AF) of HFMD incidence due to temperature was calculated. Stratified analysis by gender and age were also conducted.

Results
The significant associations between Tmean and HFMD incidence were observed in Ningbo for lag 0–30. Two peaks were observed at both low (5–11 °C) and high (16–29 °C) temperature scales. For low temperature scale, the highest CRR was 2.22 (95% CI: 1.61–3.07) at 7 °C on lag 0–30. For high temperature scale, the highest CRR was 3.54 (95% CI: 2.58–4.88) at 24 °C on lag 0–30. The AF due to low and high temperature was 5.23% (95% CI: 3.10–7.14%) and 39.55% (95% CI: 30.91–45.51%), respectively. There was no significant difference between gender- and age-specific AFs, even though the school-age and female children had slightly higher AF values.

Conclusions
The result indicates that both high and low temperatures were associated with daily incidence of HFMD, and more burdens were caused by heat in Ningbo.