bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigating the role of familial and peer‐related factors on electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) use among U.S. adolescents
Authors: Cavazos‐Rehg Patricia , Li Xiao , Kasson Erin , Kaiser Nina , Borodovsky Jacob , Grucza Richard A. 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTIntroductionTobacco use is a public health concern, and adolescents are at an increased risk of starting and continuing to use tobacco relative to other age groups. Parent involvement and other social environmental factors may influence the development and persistence of tobacco use behaviors in adolescence. This study used the nationally representative Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study data set, and responses from 7025 adolescent participants were analyzed to illustrate the longitudinal relationship between social environment influences and use of adolescent electronic nicotine delivery systems (i.e., ENDS).MethodsSocial environmental factors were assessed at Wave 3 and then compared to electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) status transitions (i.e., initiation, expansion, persistence) at follow‐up. Survey‐weighted multivariable logistic regression models were used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).ResultsInitiation and persistence of ENDS use were associated with tobacco availability in the house, perception of having no adverse parent reaction to discovering ENDS use and having a best friend who uses ENDS. Initiation of ENDS use was further associated with having biological relatives who have ever been diagnosed with a substance use disorder (SUD) and persistence of ENDS use was also positively associated with lack of in‐house rules. Parents talking about ENDS use with adolescents had no association across all three outcomes.ConclusionsFindings suggest that parental and environmental factors alter the risk of initiation and persistence of ENDS and tobacco use in adolescents, and these should be considered when working with this at‐risk population.
Identity synthesis and confusion in early to late adolescents: Age trends, gender differences, and associations with depressive symptoms
Authors: Bogaerts Annabel , Claes Laurence , Buelens Tinne , Verschueren Margaux , Palmeroni Nina , Bastiaens Tim , Luyckx Koen 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTIntroductionResearch on identity development has primarily studied over‐time trends in identity status change and exploration and commitment processes among late adolescents and emerging adults. Identity development in early and mid‐adolescents has generally been overlooked. Hence, little is known about how a sense of identity synthesis and confusion evolves from early to late adolescence for boys and girls.MethodsThe present cross‐sectional study examined gender‐moderated age trends in identity synthesis and confusion from ages 12 to 25 among 5860 Belgian adolescents (56.1% girls; Mage = 16.09). In addition, using a subsample of 2782 participants, we investigated associations of identity synthesis and confusion with depressive symptoms in early, mid‐, and late adolescents.ResultsMean scores on identity synthesis decreased from ages 12 to 15, subsequently increased from ages 15 to 23, and decreased again later on. Mean scores on identity confusion followed a parallel but opposite cubic trend. Gender differences in these age trends were dependent upon the developmental period. For all age groups, identity synthesis scores were negatively associated with depressive symptoms, whereas positive associations emerged between identity confusion and depressive symptoms.ConclusionsFrom 12 to 25 years old, individuals experience an increasing sense of identity synthesis and less identity confusion, despite fluctuations that appear to be dependent upon the developmental period. Identity synthesis and confusion seem to be strongly negatively and positively associated with depressive symptoms in early, mid‐, and late adolescents.
It should not require a pandemic to make community engagement in research leadership essential, not optional
Authors: Grumbach Kevin , Cottler Linda B. , Brown Jen , LeSarre Monique , Gonzalez-Fisher Ricardo F. , Williams Carla D. , Michener J. Lloyd , Nease Donald E. , Tandon Darius , Varma Deepthi S. , Eder Milton 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Efforts to move community engagement in research from marginalized to mainstream include the NIH requiring community engagement programs in all Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSAs). However, the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed how little these efforts have changed the dominant culture of clinical research. When faced with the urgent need to generate knowledge about prevention and treatment of the novel coronavirus, researchers largely neglected to involve community stakeholders early in the research process. This failure cannot be divorced from the broader context of systemic racism in the US that has contributed to Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) communities bearing a disproportionate toll from COVID-19, being underrepresented in COVID-19 clinical trials, and expressing greater hesitancy about COVID-19 vaccination. We call on research funders and research institutions to take decisive action to make community engagement obligatory, not optional, in all clinical and translational research and to center BIPOC communities in this process. Recommended actions include funding agencies requiring all research proposals involving human participants to include a community engagement plan, providing adequate funding to support ongoing community engagement, including community stakeholders in agency governance and proposal reviews, promoting racial and ethnic diversity in the research workforce, and making a course in community engaged research a requirement for Masters of Clinical Research curricula.
Multifaceted intervention for improving antimicrobial prescription at discharge in the emergency department
Authors: Tagashira Yasuaki , Goto Manaka , Kondo Reiko , Honda Hitoshi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe frequent prescription of antimicrobials, such as at discharge from the emergency department, calls for optimizing this practice through modifying physicians’ prescribing behavior. A 1-year, multifaceted intervention implemented in an emergency department decreased the mean monthly antimicrobial prescription rate at discharge and increased the proportion of appropriate prescriptions.
The effect of school feeding programme on class absenteeism and academic performance of schoolchildren in Southern Ethiopia: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Desalegn Tsion A , Gebremedhin Samson , Alemayehu Fikadu R , Stoecker Barbara J 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjective:Ethiopia recently scaled up the implementation of a school feeding programme (SFP). Yet, evidence on the impact of such programmes on academic outcomes remains inconclusive. We evaluated the effect of the SFP on class absenteeism and academic performance of primary school students (grade 5–8) in Sidama zone, Southern Ethiopia.Design:This prospective cohort study enrolled SFP-beneficiary (n 240) and non-beneficiary (n 240) children 10–14 years of age from sixteen public schools and followed them for an academic year. School absenteeism was measured as the number of days children were absent from school in the year. Academic performance was defined based on the average academic score of the students for ten subjects they attended in the year. Data were analysed using multivariable mixed effects negative binomial and linear regression models.Setting:Food insecure districts in Sidama zone, Southern Ethiopia.Participants:SFP-beneficiary and non-beneficiary children 10–14 years of age.Results:The mean (sd) number of days children were absent from school was 4·0 (sd 1·5) and 9·3 (sd 6·0), among SFP beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries, respectively. Students not covered by the SFP were two times more likely to miss classes (adjusted rate ratio = 2·30; 95 % CI 2·03, 2·61). Pertaining to academic performance, a significant but small 2·40 (95 % CI 0·69, 4·12) percentage point mean difference was observed in favour of SFP beneficiaries. Likewise, the risk of school dropout was six times higher among non-beneficiaries (adjusted rate ratio = 6·04; 95 % CI 1·61, 22·68).Conclusions:SFP promotes multiple academic outcomes among socio-economically disadvantaged children.
Underthrusting of the Tarim Lithosphere Beneath the Western Kunlun Range, Insights From Seismic Profiling Evidence
Authors: Wang Shengli , Chen Yan , Charreau Julien , Li Yongxiang , Chen Zhuxin , Zhu Guangyou , Xu Huaizhi , Li Chao , Wang Liangshu 
Published: February 2021

AbstractUplift of the western Kunlun range results from the Indian indentation into Eurasia and induced underthrusting of the Tarim lithosphere. This underthrusting keeps pace with migration of the western Kunlun foreland basin. The basin‐scale sequences provide a decipherable record of the migration. To quantify the underthrusting, we analyzed a ∼323.2‐km‐long seismic profile crossing the middle segment of the western Kunlun foreland. We traced seismic reflectors to investigate the architecture of the foreland sequences and assigned ages of reflectors by correlating them with the dated outcropping sections. The foreland sequences consist of four layers. The lowermost Layer 1 starts to lap on the preforeland unit at ∼40 Ma, indicating that the Cenozoic western Kunlun initiated slightly prior to ∼40 Ma. Layer 2 shows a large sharp step northward to exceed the forebulge at ∼25 Ma, suggesting that the modern geomorphology of the Tarim Basin took shape. The southwestern boundary of Layer 4 migrates northeastwards by a fold row relative to that of Layer 3. The gradual retreat of reflector terminations from ∼40 to ∼30 Ma suggests that the Tarim lithosphere is viscoelastic. The linear fitting of the forelandward envelop of reflector termination sites since ∼30 Ma indicates that the Tarim lithosphere underthrusted at an average rate of ∼8.18 mm/yr. This rate comprises the shortening rate of ∼3.8–5.7 mm/yr and the western Kunlun latitudinal propagation rate of ∼4.4–2.5 mm/yr. The abrupt increase in sedimentation rate since ∼11 Ma suggests that western Kunlun had reached its current elevation.
Where Are Global Vegetation Greening and Browning Trends Significant?
Authors: Cortés José , Mahecha Miguel D. , Reichstein Markus , Myneni Ranga B. , Chen Chi , Brenning Alexander 
Published: February 2021

AbstractGlobal greening trends have been widely reported based on long‐term remote sensing data of terrestrial ecosystems. Typically, a hypothesis test is performed for each grid cell; this leads to multiple hypothesis testing and false positive trend detection. We reanalyze global greening and account for this issue with a novel statistical method that allows robust inference on greening regions. Based on leaf area index (LAI) data, our methods reduce the detected greening from 35.2% to 15.3% of the terrestrial land surface; this reduction is most notable in nonwoody vegetation. Our results confirm several greening regions (China, India, Europe, Sahel, North America, Brazil, and Siberia), that are also supported by independent data products. We also report evidence for an increasing seasonal amplitude in LAI north of 35°N. Considering the widespread use of spatially replicated trend tests in global change research, we recommend adopting the proposed multiple testing procedure to control false positive outcomes.
The 3D Structure of Saturn Magnetospheric Neutral Tori Produced by the Enceladus Plumes
Authors: Smith Howard Todd , Richardson John D. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis research provides updated and validated spatial distributions of Enceladus‐generated H2O, OH, and O neutral tori. These tori are produced by the primary neutral source, Enceladus, and consist of populations of coorbiting neutral particles that provide the bulk of heavy molecules to Saturn's (neutral particle dominant) magnetosphere. We conducted self‐consistent neutral particle and plasma modeling that is constrained and validated by all relevant Cassini and Hubble Space Telescope observations. Our results include a three dimensional (3D) spatial distribution of all three neutral tori. Significant findings include (1) short‐term plume variability combines to produce an average H2O source rate of ∼280 kg/s; (2) Enceladus plume variability does not impact the neutral tori distribution because it occurs on time scales less than the orbital periodicity (<17 h); (3) H2O source torus particles quickly dissociate in <65 days while only ∼22% are directly ionized; (4) the resulting OH torus dissociates in <40 days and only ∼11% are directly ionized; (5) ∼59% of the significantly dispersed O torus is directly ionized; and (6) the near plume environment is very important and relatively small changes (<0.5 eV) in the core electron population within the plume region dramatically change the H3O+ abundance.
Anthropogenic Iron Deposition Alters the Ecosystem and Carbon Balance of the Indian Ocean Over a Centennial Timescale
Authors: Pham Anh L. D. , Ito Takamitsu 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPhytoplankton growth in the Indian Ocean is generally limited by macronutrients (nitrogen: N and phosphorus: P) in the north and by micronutrient (iron: Fe) in the south. Increasing atmospheric deposition of N and dissolved Fe (dFe) into the ocean due to human activities can thus lead to significant responses from both the northern and southern Indian Ocean ecosystems. Previous modeling studies investigated the impacts of anthropogenic nutrient deposition on the ocean, but their results are uncertain due to incomplete representations of the Fe cycling. This study uses a state‐of‐the‐art ocean ecosystem and Fe cycling model to evaluate the transient responses of ocean productivity and carbon uptake in the Indian Ocean, focusing on the centennial time scale. The model includes three major dFe sources and represents an internal Fe cycling modulated by scavenging, desorption, and complexation with multiple, spatially varying ligand classes. Sensitivity simulations show that after a century of anthropogenic deposition, ecosystem responses in the Indian Ocean are not uniform due to a competition between the phytoplankton community. In particular, the competition between diatom, coccolithophore, and picoplankton alters the balance between the organic and carbonate pumps in the Indian Ocean, increasing the carbon uptake along 50°S and the southeastern tropics while decreasing it in the Arabian Sea. Our results reveal the important role of ecosystem dynamics in controlling the sensitivity of carbon fluxes in the Indian Ocean under the impact of anthropogenic nutrient deposition over a centennial timescale.
Pre-reproductive stress in adolescent female rats alters oocyte microRNA expression and offspring phenotypes: pharmacological interventions and putative mechanisms
Authors: Zaidan Hiba , Galiani Dalia , Gaisler-Salomon Inna 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPre-reproductive stress (PRS) to adolescent female rats alters anxiogenic behavior in first (F1)- and second-generation (F2) offspring and increases mRNA expression of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 1 (Crhr1) in oocytes and in neonate offspring brain. Here, we ask whether the expression of Crhr1 and Crhr1-targeting microRNA is altered in brain, blood, and oocytes of exposed females and in the brain of their neonate and adult F1 and F2 offspring. In addition, we inquire whether maternal post-stress drug treatment reverses PRS-induced abnormalities in offspring. We find that PRS induces a selective increase in Crhr1-targeting mir-34a and mir-34c in blood and oocytes, while non-Crhr1 microRNA molecules remain unaltered. PRS induces similar microRNA changes in prefrontal cortex of F1 and F2 neonates. In adult animals, cortical Crhr1, but not mir-34, expression is affected by both maternal and direct stress exposure. Post-PRS fluoxetine (FLX) treatment increases pup mortality, and both FLX and the Crhr1 antagonist NBI 27914 reverse some of the effects of PRS and also have independent effects on F1 behavior and gene expression. PRS also alters behavior as well as gene and miRNA expression patterns in paternally derived F2 offspring, producing effects that are different from those previously found in maternally derived F2 offspring. These findings extend current knowledge on inter- and trans-generational transfer of stress effects, point to microRNA changes in stress-exposed oocytes as a potential mechanism, and highlight the consequences of post-stress pharmacological interventions in adolescence.
Adenosine A2A receptor inhibition reduces synaptic and cognitive hippocampal alterations in Fmr1 KO mice
Authors: Ferrante Antonella , Boussadia Zaira , Borreca Antonella , Mallozzi Cinzia , Pedini Giorgia , Pacini Laura , Pezzola Antonella , Armida Monica , Vincenzi Fabrizio , Varani Katia , Bagni Claudia , Popoli Patrizia , Martire Alberto 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn fragile X syndrome (FXS) the lack of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) leads to exacerbated signaling through the metabotropic glutamate receptors 5 (mGlu5Rs). The adenosine A2Areceptors (A2ARs), modulators of neuronal damage, could play a role in FXS. A synaptic colocalization and a strong permissive interaction between A2Aand mGlu5 receptors in the hippocampus have been previously reported, suggesting that blocking A2ARs might normalize the mGlu5R-mediated effects of FXS. To study the cross-talk between A2Aand mGlu5 receptors in the absence of FMRP, we performed extracellular electrophysiology experiments in hippocampal slices ofFmr1KO mouse. The depression of field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSPs) slope induced by the mGlu5R agonist CHPG was completely blocked by the A2AR antagonist ZM241385 and strongly potentiated by the A2AR agonist CGS21680, suggesting that the functional synergistic coupling between the two receptors could be increased in FXS. To verify if chronic A2AR blockade could reverse the FXS phenotypes, we treated theFmr1KO mice with istradefylline, an A2AR antagonist. We found that hippocampal DHPG-induced long-term depression (LTD), which is abnormally increased in FXS mice, was restored to the WT level. Furthermore, istradefylline corrected aberrant dendritic spine density, specific behavioral alterations, and overactive mTOR, TrkB, and STEP signaling inFmr1KO mice. Finally, we identifiedA2ARmRNA as a target of FMRP. Our results show that the pharmacological blockade of A2ARs partially restores some of the phenotypes ofFmr1KO mice, both by reducing mGlu5R functioning and by acting on other A2AR-related downstream targets.
Sensing soluble uric acid by Naip1-Nlrp3 platform
Authors: Braga Tarcio Teodoro , Davanso Mariana Rodrigues , Mendes Davi , de Souza Tiago Antonio , de Brito Anderson Fernandes , Cruz Mario Costa , Hiyane Meire Ioshie , de Lima Dhemerson Souza , Nunes Vinicius , de Fátima Giarola Juliana , Souto Denio Emanuel Pires , Próchnicki Tomasz , Lauterbach Mario , Biscaia Stellee Marcela Petris , de Freitas Rilton Alves , Curi Rui , Pontillo Alessandra , Latz Eicke , Camara Niels Olsen Saraiva 
Published: February 2021

AbstractUric acid (UA), a product of purine nucleotide degradation able to initiate an immune response, represents a breakpoint in the evolutionary history of humans, when uricase, the enzyme required for UA cleavage, was lost. Despite being inert in human cells, UA in its soluble form (sUA) can increase the level of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in murine macrophages. We, therefore, hypothesized that the recognition of sUA is achieved by the Naip1-Nlrp3 inflammasome platform. Through structural modelling predictions and transcriptome and functional analyses, we found that murine Naip1 expression in human macrophages induces IL-1β expression, fatty acid production and an inflammation-related response upon sUA stimulation, a process reversed by the pharmacological and genetic inhibition of Nlrp3. Moreover, molecular interaction experiments showed that Naip1 directly recognizes sUA. Accordingly, Naip may be the sUA receptor lost through the human evolutionary process, and a better understanding of its recognition may lead to novel anti-hyperuricaemia therapies.
Molecular recognition in the infection, replication, and transmission of COVID-19-causing SARS-CoV-2: an emerging interface of infectious disease, biological chemistry, and nanoscience
Authors: Kumar Prem , Sobhanan Jeladhara , Takano Yuta , Biju Vasudevanpillai 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA coronavirus (CoV) commonly known as SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) and causing COVID-19 (coronavirus disease of 2019) has become a pandemic following an outbreak in Wuhan. Although mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (SGP) are obvious from comparative genome studies, the novel infectious nature of the virus, its new varients detected in the UK, and outside and recovery–death ratios of COVID-19 inspired us to review the mechanisms of the infection, replication, release, and transmission of progeny virions and the immune response in the host cell. In addition to the specificity of SARS-CoV-2 binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor and transmembrane protease serine 2, the varied symptoms and severity of the infection by the original and mutated forms of the virus suggest the significance of correlating the host innate and adaptive immunity with the binding of the virus to the mannose receptor via lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), toll-like receptors via LPS/proteins/RNA, and sialic acid (Sia) via hemagglutinin, or sugar-acid segments of glycans. HA-to-Sia binding is considered based on the innate Sia N-acetylneuraminic acid and the acquired Sia N-glycolylneuraminic acid in the epithelial cells and the sialidase/neuraminidase- or esterase-hydrolyzed release and transmission of CoVs. Furthermore, the cytokine storms common to aged humans infected with SARS-CoV-2 and aged macaques infected with SARS-CoV encourage us to articulate the mechanism by which the nuclear capsid protein and RNAs bypass the pattern recognition-induced secretion of interferons (IFNs), which stimulate IFN genes through the Janus-activated kinase-signal transducer and activator of a transcription pathway, leading to the secretion of antiviral proteins such as myxovirus resistance protein A/B. By considering the complexities of the structure, and the infectious nature of the virus and the structures and functions of the molecules involved in CoV infection, replication, and immune response, a new interface among virology, immunology, chemistry, imaging technology, drug delivery, and nanoscience is proposed and will be developed. This interface can be an essential platform for researchers, technologists, and physicians to collaborate and develop vaccines and medicines against COVID-19 and other pandemics in the future.
Spectral phase transitions in optical parametric oscillators
Authors: Roy Arkadev , Jahani Saman , Langrock Carsten , Fejer Martin , Marandi Alireza 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDriven nonlinear resonators provide a fertile ground for phenomena related to phase transitions far from equilibrium, which can open opportunities unattainable in their linear counterparts. Here, we show that optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) can undergo second-order phase transitions in the spectral domain between degenerate and non-degenerate regimes. This abrupt change in the spectral response follows a square-root dependence around the critical point, exhibiting high sensitivity to parameter variation akin to systems around an exceptional point. We experimentally demonstrate such a phase transition in a quadratic OPO. We show that the divergent susceptibility of the critical point is accompanied by spontaneous symmetry breaking and distinct phase noise properties in the two regimes, indicating the importance of a beyond nonlinear bifurcation interpretation. We also predict the occurrence of first-order spectral phase transitions in coupled OPOs. Our results on non-equilibrium spectral behaviors can be utilized for enhanced sensing, advanced computing, and quantum information processing.