bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leidenfrost Motion of Water Microdroplets on Surface Substrate: Epitaxy of Gallium Oxide via Mist Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Ha Minh‐Tan , Kim Kyoung‐Ho , Shin Yun‐Ji , Jeong Seong‐Min , Bae Si‐Young 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIt is hypothesized that gravity‐driven sedimentation and gliding of water microdroplets on a substrate surface due to the Leidenfrost effect explain the deposition behaviors of epilayers via mist chemical vapor deposition (mist CVD). The deposition rate, thickness uniformity, and surface morphology are dependent on the velocity, incident angle, incident probability, gliding distance, and the lifetime of the droplets on the surface of the substrate. Practically, the deposition of corundum structured gallium oxide (α‐Ga2O3) epilayers on a tilted 2‐inch c‐plane sapphire substrate validated the hypothesis. A high substrate tilt angle and a low mist stream velocity are favorable for a high deposition rate. In contrast, a low substrate tilt angle and a high mist stream velocity are suitable for high uniformity and stable deposition of the α‐Ga2O3 thin films via mist CVD.
High Contrast Ultrathin Light‐Field Camera Using Inverted Microlens Arrays with Metal–Insulator–Metal Optical Absorber
Authors: Bae Sang‐In , Kim Kisoo , Jang Kyung‐Won , Kim Hyun‐Kyung , Jeong Ki‐Hun 
Published: January 2021

AbstractLight‐field imaging has attracted much attention in constructing 3D objects with a simple configuration and capturing all the spatial and directional data in a single photographic exposure. Here, an ultrathin light‐field camera (ULFC) for high contrast and high‐resolution light‐field imaging using a metal–insulator–metal optical absorber based inverted microlens arrays (MIM‐iMLA) is reported. A metal–insulator–metal based optical absorber (MIM‐OA) between microlenses exhibits high light absorption in the full visible region, thereby highly blocking microlens crosstalk. The MIM‐iMLA double the image contrast and improve MTF50 by up to 32%, compared to conventional light‐field image. In addition, the MIM‐iMLA substantially reduces an image plane distance and brings the objective lens position closer to the MLA. The ULFC exhibits a short total track length of 5.1 mm, demonstrating high contrast light‐field image acquisition and high accuracy 3D depth map estimation after light‐field rendering. This ultrathin and high contrast light‐field camera can provide a new platform for miniaturized 3D cameras in biomedical applications, biometrics, automated inspection, or mobile camera applications.
Broadband Achromatic Transmission–Reflection‐Integrated Metasurface Based on Frequency Multiplexing and Dispersion Engineering
Authors: Zhang Zuojun , Wang Jiangyu , Pu Mingbo , Ma Xiaoliang , Huang Cheng , Guo Yinghui , Luo Xiangang 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTransmission–reflection‐integrated metasurfaces (TRIMs) provide an effective avenue to realize functionality integration and miniaturization of imaging and communication systems. However, most of the previous works suffer from large chromatic aberrations due to the intrinsic dispersive properties of the resonators constituting metasurfaces, which results in the meta‐devices working in a small operation bandwidth. Here, a broadband achromatic TRIM is proposed based on the frequency‐multiplexing scheme and dispersion engineering in transmission and reflection mode, respectively. As a proof of the scheme, 1D achromatic transmission–reflection‐integrated focusing metasurface and common‐caliber transmitarray and reflectarray flat plate antenna are demonstrated over a broad frequency range. The achromatic focusing in transmission mode and reflection mode with simulated focusing efficiencies of 13.12–17.21% and 14.57–20.86% are simultaneously realized at 12–18 and 19–24 GHz, respectively. The radiation gains increase by an average of 17.53 and 23.57 dB for the transmission mode and reflection mode relative to the bare standard rectangle waveguides. The scheme for achromatic and independent electromagnetic manipulation in transmission and reflection mode can also be applied to other frequency ranges and promise unprecedented progress for optical imaging and wireless telecommunication.
Extended Bound States in the Continuum with Symmetry‐Broken Terahertz Dielectric Metasurfaces
Authors: Han Song , Pitchappa Prakash , Wang Wenhao , Srivastava Yogesh Kumar , Rybin Mikhail V. , Singh Ranjan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractExcitation of the non‐radiative eigenmodes in photonics and metamaterials above their light cone, that is, the bound states in the continuum (BICs), has drawn fundamental and technological interest. However, the current studies on photonic BICs are mainly restricted to the characterization of the eigenmodes with fixed point group. Here, a fourfold rotationally symmetric (C4v) array of silicon resonators in a square lattice is investigated that reveals the traditional symmetry‐protected (Γ‐state) and accidental (off‐Γ) BICs in the momentum space. Upon symmetry‐breaking, BICs at Γ‐state transform into quasi‐states with decaying quality factors that obey the inverse‐square law α−2 as a function of the structural asymmetry parameter α. Surprisingly, at larger asymmetries, multiple new states of extended BICs are observed beyond typical inverse‐square law behavior. The structural asymmetry of a resonator provides an important degree of freedom for exploring the Friedrich–Wintgen and new accidental BICs that are topologically protected by robust polarization vortices. The extended family of sharp BIC resonances in all‐dielectric silicon metasurfaces is extremely important for scalable applications in terahertz sensing, higher harmonic generation, and ultralow‐power switching.
Incorporating Electrochemical Halide Oxidation into Drift‐Diffusion Models to Explain Performance Losses in Perovskite Solar Cells under Prolonged Reverse Bias
Authors: Bertoluzzi Luca , Patel Jay B. , Bush Kevin A. , Boyd Caleb C. , Kerner Ross A. , O'Regan Brian C. , McGehee Michael D. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPartial shading of a solar module can induce a set of cells within the module to operate under reverse bias. Studies have shown that metal halide perovskite solar cells with a wide variety of compositions and contacts exhibit interesting behavior in reverse bias that includes both reversible performance loss and non‐reversible degradation. In this paper, an advanced drift‐diffusion approach incorporating an electrochemical term to explain the short‐circuit, open circuit and fill factor losses that are experimentally measured after prolonged reverse bias is used. It is shown that holes can tunnel into the perovskite due to sharp band bending near the contact, accumulate within the bulk of the perovskite absorber, and trigger the oxidation of halides to form neutral halogens. The density of neutral halogens is much higher in reverse bias because there are hardly any electrons available to reduce the iodine. The resulting halogens act as bulk recombination centers. While the interstitial halogen density does decay when the cell is operated in forward bias, permanent degradation can occur if the iodine diffuses out of the perovskite layer. Finally, the ways in which changing parameters such as the mobile ion density or the series resistance at the contact can influence device performance and stability are discussed.
Strategies and Challenges on Selectivity of Photocatalytic Oxidation of Organic Substances
Authors: Xiong Lunqiao , Tang Junwang 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMost organic compounds are conventionally synthesized under high temperature and elevated pressure, resulting in significant energy consumption and wastage. Heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation has the potential to provide a green route for the synthesis of the majority of industrially important chemicals. The major limiting factor affecting the efficiency of photocatalytic organic synthesis is the lack of high selectivity; therefore, substantial effort has been devoted to solving this problem. Responding to this fast‐moving progress, this review gives an overview of the fundamental understanding of the reactive oxygen species involved in photocatalytic organic oxidations and furthermore, the general mechanisms of a few crucial oxidation reactions. The focus of this critical review is on the discussion of diverse strategies to improve the selectivity of high value chemicals, including band engineering, metal loading, hybrid materials, and defect engineering, with the primary aim of highlighting the catalyst design protocols based on the reaction mechanism. Finally, the difficulties and challenges of developing highly selective oxidation photocatalysts are comprehensively discussed in order to help direct the focus of future research.
Yield components of dryland winter wheat genotypes and response to seeding rate
Authors: Holman Johnathon D. , Haag Lucas A. , Schlegel Alan J. , Assefa Yared 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSeeding at the optimum rate is among many decisions considered crucial for crop production. The main objective of this research was to evaluate seeding rate responses for popular dryland winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties and determine if variety specific seeding rates were warranted. The study was conducted from 2015 through 2018 at Colby, Garden City, and Tribune, KS. The response of four winter wheat varieties Byrd, T158, TAM 111 or TAM 114, and Winterhawk at five seeding rates (34, 50, 67, 84, and 101 kg ha−1) were studied. The main effects of seeding rate and variety affected grain yield in all 12 environments with only one exception. The lowest yielding seeding rate was 34 kg ha−1 with seeding rates of 84 and 101 kg ha−1 producing the greatest yields in all years and locations. Averaged across site‐years, there was a 17% yield advantage from selecting seeding rates 67 kg ha−1 and greater compared with the lowest seeding rate (34 kg ha−1). A combination of two or more yield components was a good predictor for wheat yield response to increased seeding rate. Lower than optimum seeding rates reduced grain yield while no agronomic penalty was observed to seeding rates above the optimum. We concluded a seeding rate of 67 kg ha−1 or more and variety selection are important factors for dryland winter wheat yield in the central Great Plains region. Results of this study do not support the necessity of variety specific seeding rate for dryland wheat production in the central Great Plains.
Luminescent metal nanoclusters: Biosensing strategies and bioimaging applications
Authors: Xiao Yan , Wu Zhennan , Yao Qiaofeng , Xie Jianping 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMetal nanoclusters (MNCs) are ultrasmall metal‐organic aggregates, composed of a metal core less than 2 nm and a protecting shell of metal‐organic ligand motifs. The controlled aggregation of metal atoms (in the cluster core) and metal‐organic ligand motifs (around the cluster core) renders MNCs with numerous molecule‐like properties, among which strong and bright luminescence has attracted extensive basic and applied interests. It has now known that aggregation‐induced emission is a feasible mechanism for controlling luminescence of MNCs, which makes it particularly useful in biosensing and bioimaging applications. Although the luminescence fundamentals and design principles largely determine the practicality and effectiveness of MNCs in biosensing and bioimaging applications, a systematic summary of this topic is lacking in the current literature. In this review, we aim to provide a concise discussion of the latest developments in biosensing and bioimaging applications of luminescent MNCs, highlighting their luminescence mechanisms, biosensing principles, and bioimaging strategies. Specifically, we first introduce the recent advances in the synthetic chemistry of MNCs, and then briefly discuss the luminescence fundamentals of MNCs. Then the design strategy and practicality of luminescent MNCs in biosensing and bioimaging applications are exemplified. We conclude the review with our perspectives on the further development of MNC‐based optical probes in biosensing and bioimaging applications. Our review is expected to provide guidance for the future practice of designing and synthesizing luminescent MNCs for biomedical and other applications.
Self‐assembled magnetic nanomaterials: Versatile theranostics nanoplatforms for cancer
Authors: Wang Shuren , Wang Zhiyi , Hou Yanglong 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSelf‐assembled magnetic nanomaterials (MNMs) are a class of promising biomaterials possessing excellent physiochemical and biological characteristics, making them highly attractive in biomedical applications. A myriad of magnetic nanosystems can be created by using self‐assembly as a synthetic tool. Favorable nano‐bio interfacial properties are shown in these promising self‐assembled magnetic nanosystems, while still retaining their physical/chemical functionalities. This review aims to provide a systematical overview of the self‐assembled MNMs. In addition, this review highlights their implementations in cancer theranostics in detail. Overall, this review points out the direction for the application of self‐assembled MNMs in biomedicine, and presents how clinical oncology could benefit from the self‐assembled nanotechnology.
Recent advances in polysaccharide‐based hydrogels for synthesis and applications
Authors: Li Zili , Lin Zhiqun 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHydrogels are three‐dimensional (3D) crosslinked hydrophilic polymer networks that have garnered tremendous interests in many fields, including water treatment, energy storage, and regenerative medicine. However, conventional synthetic polymer hydrogels have poor biocompatibility. In this context, polysaccharides, a class of renewable natural materials with biocompatible and biodegradable properties, have been utilized as building blocks to yield polysaccharide‐based hydrogels through physical and/or chemical crosslinking of polysaccharides via a variety of monomers or ions. These polysaccharide‐derived hydrogels exhibit peculiar physicochemical properties and excellent mechanical properties due to their unique structures and abundant functional groups. This review focuses on recent advances in synthesis and applications of polysaccharide‐based hydrogels by capitalizing on a set of biocompatible and biodegradable polysaccharides (i.e., cellulose, alginate, chitosan, and cyclodextrins [CDs]). First, we introduce the design and synthesis principles for crafting polysaccharide‐based hydrogels. Second, polysaccharide‐based hydrogels that are interconnected via various crosslinking strategies (e.g., physical crosslinking, chemical crosslinking, and double networking) are summarized. In particular, the introduction of noncovalent and/or dynamic covalent interactions imparts polysaccharide‐based hydrogels with a myriad of intriguing performances (e.g., stimuli–response and self‐recovery). Third, the diverse applications of polysaccharide‐based hydrogels in self‐healing, sensory, supercapacitor, battery, drug delivery, wound healing, tissues engineering, and bioimaging fields are discussed. Finally, the perspectives of polysaccharide‐based hydrogels that promote their future design to enable new functions and applications are outlined.
Investigation of Quantum Droplets: An Analytical Approach
Authors: Debnath Argha , Khan Ayan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRecent observations of droplets in dipolar and binary Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) gives motivation to study the theory of droplet formation in detail. Specifically, the authors are interested in investigating the possibility of droplet formation in a quasi‐1D geometry. Recent observations have suggested that droplets are stabilized by competition between effective mean‐field and beyond mean‐field interaction. Hence, it is possible to map the effective equation of motion to a cubic‐quartic nonlinear Schrödinger equation (CQNLSE). Two analytical solutions of the modified Gross–Pitaevskii equation or CQNLSE are obtained and they are verified numerically. Based on their stability, the parameter regime for which droplets can form is investigated. The effective potential allows for conclusions about the regions of soliton domination and self‐bound droplet formations.
The Formation/Decomposition Equilibrium of LiH and its Contribution on Anode Failure in Practical Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Xu Gaojie , Li Jiedong , Wang Chao , Du Xiaofan , Lu Di , Xie Bin , Wang Xiao , Lu Chenglong , Liu Haisheng , Dong Shanmu , Cui Guanglei , Chen Liquan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDiscovering the underlying reason for Li anode failure is a critical step towards applications of lithium metal batteries (LMBs). In this work, we conduct deuterium‐oxide (D2O) titration experiments in a novel on‐line gas analysis mass spectrometry (MS) system, to determine the content of metallic Li and lithium hydride (LiH) in cycled Li anodes disassembled from practical LiCoO2/Li LMBs. The practical cell is comprised of ultrathin Li anode (50 μm), high loading LiCoO2 (17 mg cm−2, 2.805 mAh cm−2) and different formulated electrolytes. Our results suggest that the amount of LiH accumulation is negatively correlated with cyclability of practical LMBs. More importantly, we reveal a temperature sensitive equilibrium (Li + 1/2 H2 ⇌ LiH) governing formation and decomposition process of LiH at Li anode. We believe that the unusual understanding provided by this study will draw forth more insightful efforts to realize efficient Li protection and the ultimate applications of “holy grail” LMBs.
Photocatalyst for High‐Performance H2 Production: Ga‐Doped Polymeric Carbon Nitride
Authors: Jiang Wenshuai , Zhao Yajie , Zong Xupeng , Nie Haodong , Niu Lijuan , An Li , Qu Dan , Wang Xiayan , Kang Zhenhui , Sun Zaicheng 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA photocatalyst system is generally comprises a catalyst and cocatalyst to achieve light absorption, electron‐hole separation, and surface reaction. It is a challenge to develop a single photocatalyst having all functions so as to lower the efficiency loss. Herein, the active GaN4 site is integrated into a polymeric carbon nitride (CN) photocatalyst (GCN), which displays an excellent H2 production rate of 9904 μmol h−1 g−1. It is 162 and 3.3 times higher than that of CN with the absence (61 μmol h−1 g−1) and presence (2981 μmol h−1 g−1), respectively, of 1.0 wt % Pt. Under light irradiation the electron is injected and stored at the GaN4 site, where the LUMO locates. The HOMO distributes on the aromatic ring resulting in spatial charge separation. Transient photovoltage discloses the electron‐storage capability of GCN. The negative GaN4 promotes proton adsorption in the excited state. The positive adsorption energy drives H2 desorption from GaN4 after passing the electron to the proton. This work opens up opportunities for exploring a novel catalyst for H2 production.
Electrooxidative Rhodium‐Catalyzed [5+2] Annulations via C−H/O−H Activations
Authors: Wang Yulei , Oliveira João C. A. , Lin Zhipeng , Ackermann Lutz 
Published: January 2021

AbstractElectrooxidative annulations involving mild transition metal‐catalyzed C−H activation have emerged as a transformative strategy for the rapid construction of five‐ and six‐membered heterocycles. In contrast, we herein describe the first electrochemical metal‐catalyzed [5+2] cycloadditions to assemble valuable seven‐membered benzoxepine skeletons by C−H/O−H activation. The efficient alkyne annulation featured ample substrate scope, using electricity as the only oxidant. Mechanistic studies provided strong support for a rhodium(III/I) regime, involving a benzoxepine‐coordinated rhodium(I) sandwich complex as the catalyst resting state, which was re‐oxidized to rhodium(III) by anodic oxidation.
Subglottic stenosis imitating the carina – a case report of airway mimicry
Authors: Trageser H. , Lott C. , Epp K. , Pirlich N. 
Published: January 2021

SummaryWe present a case of awake tracheal intubation with flexible bronchoscopy which resulted in incorrect tracheal tube placement. The presence of a stenotic subglottic lesion with an appearance similar to the carina led to the tube being positioned with only the tip within the trachea whilst the cuff was located between the vocal cords. A capnography trace was identified before induction of anaesthesia; however, visual confirmation of the carina was undertaken in a rushed manner due to the patient becoming agitated. Once the incorrect tracheal tube placement was identified, the decision was made to wake the patient. Thereafter, a more experienced operator successfully performed awake tracheal intubation with flexible bronchoscopy using a smaller tracheal tube, which easily passed through the subglottic stenosis. This report emphasises the importance of performing the ‘two‐point check’ every time awake tracheal intubation is undertaken: to confirm correct tube placement, both a capnography trace and view of the tracheal lumen including the carina and main bronchi is required. This must be properly performed before induction of anaesthesia; safety should not be compromised by a stressful environment or time pressure.
Development and characterization of a poly (vinyl alcohol) and sodium alginate blend foam for wound dressing loaded with propolis and all‐trans retinoic acid
Authors: Cesar Pedro Henrique Souza , Natarelli Caio Vinicius Lima , Oliveira Juliano Elvis de , Andrade Paula Ariane , dos Santos Tamara Leite , Marcussi Silvana 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPropolis is a complex mixture of phytochemicals, with antibacterial, anti‐inflammatory, and healing properties. All‐trans retinoic acid is implicated in wound healing by stimulating angiogenesis, cell recruitment, extracellular matrix deposition, and reepithelization. The incorporation of both agents to a polymeric wound dressing composed of poly (vinyl alcohol) and sodium alginate may result in improved healing allied to controlled release, fluid uptake, and wound protection. In the present work, we have physically characterized this wound dressing and analyzed its release kinetics. The anti‐inflammatory capacity was assayed. SEM images showed a highly porous structure with a diverse morphology. FTIR spectra displayed a highly cross‐linked structure with both polymers connected by hydrogen bonds and acetal bridges. The wound dressings were able to retain great volumes of PBS. Propolis and vitamin A releasing behavior were maintained for 6 h. The concentrations of the biologically active substances were capable of promoting anti‐inflammatory action in an erythrocyte membrane stabilization model. The wound dressings obtained here showed adequate physical properties. The fabrication process did not affect the anti‐inflammatory capacity. Further tests are needed to ensure the biocompatibility and to assess other biological activities of the therapeutic agents.