bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Politiser le désarroi militant
Authors: Carrié Fabien 
Published: March 2021

Cet article restitue la genèse et la carrière, au sein du mouvement animaliste français contemporain, de la notion controversée de « végéphobie », discrimination que subiraient les végétarien·ne·s, végétalien·ne·s et vegans engagé·e·s pour les animaux. Pour comprendre les logiques de cette formalisation, on s’intéresse en préalable au développement du mouvement de libération animale et pour les droits des animaux en Grande-Bretagne et aux États-Unis à partir des années 1970. Les difficultés rencontrées par les passeur·se·s français pour implanter ce mouvement social et pour reproduire le coup double réussi des intellectuel·le·s anglophones de la cause, parvenu·e·s à légitimer leurs mots d’ordre à la fois dans le champ intellectuel et dans l’espace militant, entraînent des tentatives d’ajustement. Ainsi en est-il de l’invention de la végéphobie, nourrie des expériences malheureuses des premiers importateur·rice·s en France des mots d’ordre de l’antispécisme et de la libération animale. En politisant le désarroi militant et en traduisant les résistances rencontrées comme autant d’expressions d’un système généralisé d’oppression, il s’agit de redéfinir partiellement l’entreprise de représentation politique afin d’y inclure également les représentant·e·s revendiqué·e·s des animaux. L’étude de la trajectoire de cette notion, couplée à l’analyse comparée des développements de la cause animale en France et dans les pays anglophones, permet de montrer en acte comment évoluent et se transforment les porte-parolats et les pratiques militantes.
Autonomies of Art and Culture
Authors: Pacouret Jérôme , Hauchecorne Mathieu 
Published: March 2021

This dossier aims to explore the way social sciences study relations between spaces of symbolic production and the political or economic fields. It focuses on uses in the sociology of culture, art, and ideas of the concept of autonomy, and on the various forms that the relative autonomy of art and culture can take depending on the configurations studied. The contributions and different case studies presented highlight the polysemy of the concept of autonomy on a theoretical level, and the multiplicity of its variations on an empirical level. Through a comparative presentation of the different cases studied in the dossier, the introduction specifically addresses three issues: the links between scholarly and vernacular uses of the concept of autonomy ; the empirical measure of the latter ; and the social conditions that enable it.
Les transformations de la programmation musicale
Authors: Picaud Myrtille 
Published: March 2021

Cet article examine les liens entre autonomie structurelle et autonomie professionnelle, en comparant les sous-champs des salles de musique à Paris et Berlin. Alors que la musique « vivante » connait de profondes mutations économiques, cet article éclaire comment les variations de l’autonomie d’un sous-champ influent sur la définition de l’activité des programmateurs et programmatrices dans les deux villes. L’hétéronomie croissante du sous-champ parisien, facilitée par le plus fort développement professionnel, menace l’autonomie des programmateurs, qui s’ajustent en redéfinissant leur territoire professionnel. La situation berlinoise éclaire quant à elle les conditions de possibilité de l’autonomie d’un sous-champ musical dont l’économie est moins développée, où l’autonomie professionnelle des programmateurs et programmatrices est limitée. Autonomie structurelle et autonomie professionnelle ne vont ainsi pas de pair, mais leur articulation doit être comprise à l’aune des rapports de force au sein du champ musical global.
Indépendance et autonomie
Authors: Noël Sophie 
Published: March 2021

La revendication d’indépendance a pris dans les espaces de production symbolique, et en particulier dans le secteur du livre, une importance croissante. Nombreuses sont les structures éditoriales ou les librairies se définissant comme « indépendantes » dans un contexte de rationalisation économique perçu comme une menace pour leur autonomie telle que la définit la sociologie de la culture. L’objet de cet article est de confronter ces deux notions proches, l’une (l’indépendance) issue des catégories indigènes, l’autre (l’autonomie) renvoyant à l’univers savant. Ce faisant, il s’agit d’éclairer les enjeux liés aux usages rhétoriques et à la mobilisation de la thématique de l’indépendance par deux catégories centrales d’acteurs du monde du livre, les éditeurs et les libraires. L’hypothèse poursuivie est que la mise en avant de leur indépendance par des acteurs de taille et d’importance diverses répond à une perte d’autonomie au sens sociologique du terme, tout en leur fournissant une arme efficace pour la défense de positions menacées. Alors que les contraintes économiques et la concurrence entre acteurs se font plus pressantes, l’indépendance devient une ressource symbolique centrale et un enjeu dans la lutte pour la reconnaissance, tant externe qu’interne.
Autorité créative et management des talents dans l’industrie télévisée britannique
Authors: Sessego Vic 
Published: March 2021

Dans l’industrie télévisuelle, les définitions classiques de l’auteur·e sont incompatibles avec l’essence collective du processus de production. Cet article analyse la division du travail du processus d’écriture de la série britannique de science-fiction Doctor Who, en explorant notamment les rapports de force conduisant à l’attribution du statut d’auteur·e à certaines des personnes engagées dans la création de la série plutôt qu’à d’autres. Mener à bien cette analyse impose de redéfinir ce que constitue le fait d’être auteur·e dans un contexte collectif, ce que nous appellerons « auteurité » (traduction du concept authorship). Nous verrons comment les contraintes de production sont intégrées dans le processus d’écriture lui-même, brouillant les frontières entre l’écriture, considérée comme le domaine de l’auteur·e dans la télévision britannique, et le processus de production, considéré comme essentiellement technique. Enfin, nous envisagerons les conséquences de la perception de certaines des personnes engagées dans le processus créatif comme auteurs et comme « talents » sur le management et l’organisation de la production.
La Maison de l’histoire européenne
Authors: Dupont Christine 
Published: March 2021

La Maison de l’histoire européenne (MHE) est un musée d’histoire de l’Europe, institué et administré par le Parlement européen et ouvert à Bruxelles depuis mai 2017. Quels sont les défis rencontrés par cette institution muséale particulière ? Le point de vue de cette contribution est celui de l’une des conservatrices qui travaille, depuis le lancement du projet en 2011, au développement des contenus et à leur communication. Le musée est donc ici au centre du propos, à travers ses collections et ses présentations d’abord (quel récit d’histoire de l’Europe ?), à travers les normes qui le régissent et les pratiques professionnelles qu’il met en œuvre ensuite, et, enfin, à travers ce qu’implique la spécificité européenne, transnationale de ce musée, aussi bien du point de vue des contenus que du fonctionnement au sein d’une institution européenne.
Ce que le numérique fait à la lecture
Authors: Rabot Cécile 
Published: March 2021

Les écrits sur le numérique et ses effets sur la culture sont nombreux, mais insuffisants pour qui veut tenter de comprendre ce que le numérique fait à la lecture littéraire ordinaire. De nombreux discours, optimistes ou inquiets, pointent les possibles ouverts par les nouveaux supports ou les menaces qu’ils font apparaître. Les neurosciences semblent pouvoir conforter les deux positions, selon l’interprétation qu’elles font de leurs données ; elles n’offrent souvent qu’une compréhension limitée en n’intégrant guère les variations sociales des usages et en replaçant peu les usages dans une pratique et dans un contexte. Les sciences de l’information et de la communication se concentrent plus largement sur les dispositifs, les usages et usager·ère·s qu’ils supposent ou favorisent, que sur leurs appropriations réelles. Les statistiques publiques mesurent des usages sans pouvoir en rendre compte. Ce dossier de Biens symboliques entend réinscrire la lecture dans les perspectives offertes à la fois par l’histoire du livre et par les sciences sociales. Pour sortir de débats largement idéologiques qui opposent les anciens et les modernes, il se propose de réunir des enquêtes empiriques qui à la fois distinguent les supports et sont attentives aux variations sociales entre les usages. Le dossier s’ouvre par un entretien avec Roger Chartier qui situe la lecture numérique dans le temps long de l’histoire de l’écrit et interroge la rupture que le numérique a opérée dans l’ordre des livres. Trois enquêtes sociologiques sur des pratiques de lecture ordinaire mettent ensuite cette interrogation à l’épreuve du terrain : qu’est-ce qui change dans le passage de l’imprimé aux écrans pour les lecteur·rice·s socialisé·e·s dans l’ordre des livres qui deviennent des adeptes du support numérique, testent un dispositif de prêt de liseuses ou au contraire n’imaginent pas du tout transposés en numérique les profits qu’ils tirent du livre papier ? Le dossier explore enfin quelques usages propres permis par le numérique, de pratiques savantes ordinaires qui passent par l’usage de corpus numérisés à des pratiques de lecture/commentaire d’une production littéraire de bande dessinée nativement numérique. Si « métamorphose du lecteur » il y a, selon l’expression de Pierre Assouline, où se situe-t-elle ? Sans prétendre en préciser toutes les facettes, ce dossier vise à montrer l’intérêt de l’enquête empirique sur une question qui a fait couler beaucoup d’encre mais reste largement ouverte.
Insulin Receptor–Expressing T Cells Appear in Individuals at Risk for Type 1 Diabetes and Can Move into the Pancreas in C57BL/6 Transgenic Mice
Authors: Nandedkar-Kulkarni Neha , Esakov Emily , Gregg Brigid , Atkinson Mark A. , Rogers Douglas G. , Horner James D. , Singer Kanakadurga , Lundy Steven K. , Felton Jamie L. , Al-Huniti Tasneem , Kalinoski Andrea Nestor , Morran Michael P. , Gupta Nirdesh K. , Bretz James D. , Balaji Swapnaa , Chen Tian , McInerney Marcia F. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Insulin receptor (IR) expression on the T cell surface can indicate an activated state; however, the IR is also chemotactic, enabling T cells with high IR expression to physically move toward insulin. In humans with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and the NOD mouse model, a T cell–mediated autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β cells occurs. In previous work, when purified IR+ and IR− T cells were sorted from diabetic NOD mice and transferred into irradiated nondiabetic NOD mice, only those that received IR+ T cells developed insulitis and diabetes. In this study, peripheral blood samples from individuals with T1D (new onset to 14 y of duration), relatives at high-risk for T1D, defined by positivity for islet autoantibodies, and healthy controls were examined for frequency of IR+ T cells. High-risk individuals had significantly higher numbers of IR+ T cells as compared with those with T1D (p &lt; 0.01) and controls (p &lt; 0.001); however, the percentage of IR+ T cells in circulation did not differ significantly between T1D and control subjects. With the hypothesis that IR+ T cells traffic to the pancreas in T1D, we developed a (to our knowledge) novel mouse model exhibiting a FLAG-tagged mouse IR on T cells on the C57BL/6 background, which is not susceptible to developing T1D. Interestingly, these C57BL/6-CD3FLAGmIR/mfm mice showed evidence of increased IR+ T cell trafficking into the islets compared with C57BL/6 controls (p &lt; 0.001). This transgenic animal model provides a (to our knowledge) novel platform for investigating the influence of IR expression on T cell trafficking and the development of insulitis.
Depression and behavior problems among children residing at welfare hostels and orphanages
Authors: Pasupula Sai Kiran , Kodali Madhavi , Benerji Therissa , Parvathaneni Krishna Mohan 
Published: March 2021

Context:
Childhood-onset of depression is often associated with childhood family adversity, parental neglect, and problematic peer relationships. Emotional and behavioral problems and high rates of depression were more common in orphans when compared to nonorphan.

Aim:
The aim was to study and compare the depression and behavioral problems among children residing at welfare hostels and orphanages.

Materials and Methods:
This study is a cross-sectional and descriptive study. Three welfare hostels and four orphanages run by nongovernment organizations were approached, and children between the ages of six and fourteen were recruited. Children residing at home were taken as controls. Children's Depression Rating Scale and Rutter's Behavior Scale for Children were applied to assess depression and behavioral problems, respectively.

Statistical Analysis Used:
Statistical analysis was done using Epi Info software.

Results:
Depression is found to a greater extent among children in the orphanages' group than in the welfare group. Rutter's score ≥9 was observed in 15%, 8.3%, and 5% of children in the welfare hostels' group, orphanages' group, and controls' group, respectively.

Conclusions:
The prevalence of depression is found to be more among orphanage children, followed by children residing at welfare hostels compared to the control group. Behavior problems are more among children residing at welfare hostels than children residing at orphanages.
Knowledge, awareness, and attitude of health professions student's towards end-of-life patient care
Authors: Sameer Aga Syed , Khan Muhammad Anwar 
Published: March 2021

Objectives:
Provision of ethical medical care is the totem pole of the health-care system and to make appropriate decisions while providing the end-of-life (EOL) care is essential for all physicians. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, awareness, and attitude of health professions students (HPSs) about the bioethics of EOL medical care.

Methodology:
This cross-sectional study was carried out in all colleges of our University for Health Sciences, Jeddah Campus from September 2019 to December 2019. A predesigned and validated questionnaire about end of life patient care was adopted to achieve the purpose of the study.

Results:
A total of 522 students responded to this survey, of them, 290 (55.6%) were male, while 232 (44.4%) were female with a ratio of 1:1.25. Also, 226 (43.3%) of the respondents were from College of Medicine (COM), 142 (27.2%) from College of Health Professions (COSHP), 86 (16.5%) from College of Applied Medical Sciences (CAMS), and 68 (13.0%) from College of Nursing (CON). 44.9% of the males and 52.6% of females had a disagreement with the statement that patient has the right to end his or her own life of which 24.8% of COM, 27.9% of CAMS, 35.3% of CON, and 26.85% of COSHP strongly disagreed (P < 0.001). Additionally, most of the HPSs agreed to that terminally ill patients can die peacefully at home of which 69.9% were of COM, 46.5% of CAMS, 41.2% of CON, and 46.5% of COSHP students (P < 0.001). The analysis of data showed that COM and CON students' bioethical knowledge and awareness about EOL care was higher than that of CAMS and COSHP.

Conclusions:
The awareness about the bioethical concepts of EOL care was good among the HPSs of KSAU-HS, however this study identifies a need of introducing the bioethical concepts of palliative care in the curriculum.
Hybrid implants in anterior cervical decompressive surgery for degenerative disease
Authors: Visocchi Massimiliano , Marino Salvatore , Ducoli Giorgio , Barbagallo Giuseppe M. V. , Ciappetta Pasqualino , Signorelli Francesco 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) still represent the mainstream surgical approach in the treatment of degenerative cervical Degenerative Disc Disease (DDD), being a loss of mobility at the treated segment and adjacent segment diseases well-known complications. To overcome those complications, hybrid surgery (HS) incorporating ACDF and cervical disk arthroplasty is increasingly performed for DDD.

Methods:
We retrospectively reviewed the clinical, surgical, and outcome data of 62 consecutive patients (male/female, 29/37) harboring cervical disk herniation with or without osteophytes, with radiculopathy with or without myelopathy, who underwent a cervical discectomy on two or more levels with the anterior approach with at least one disk prosthesis along with cage and plate or O Profile screwed plate.

Results:
All the patients improved regardless of the cervical construct used. No significant relationship between different kind of prostheses as well as their surgical level, the number and the site of the cages (screwed and/or plated) was found out concerning immediate stability, dynamic prosthesis effectiveness, and clinical improvement in all the patients up to the maximum follow-up.

Conclusions:
Although the optimal surgical technique for cervical DDD remains controversial, HS represents a safe and effective procedure in selected patients with multilevel cervical DDD, as demonstrated by biomechanical and clinical studies and the present series. Some technical aspects should be considered when dealing with this procedure, like the drilling of the endplate, and some radiological findings have to be detected because potentially predictive of future misplacement.
Pulsatile cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in Chiari I malformation syringomyelia
Authors: Luzzi Sabino , Giotta Lucifero Alice , Elsawaf Yasmeen , Elbabaa Samer K. , Del Maestro Mattia , Savioli Gabriele , Galzio Renato , Gragnaniello Cristian 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the syringomyelia associated with Chiari I malformation (CM-1) are still not completely understood, and reliable predictors of the outcome of posterior fossa decompression (PFD) are lacking accordingly. The reported prospective case-series study aimed to prove the existence of a pulsatile, biphasic systolic–diastolic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics inside the syrinx associated with CM-1 and to assess its predictive value of patients' outcome after PFD. Insights into the syringogenesis are also reported.

Methods:
Fourteen patients with symptomatic CM-1 syringomyelia underwent to a preoperative neuroimaging study protocol involving conventional T1/T2 and cardiac-gated cine phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging sequences. Peak systolic and diastolic velocities were acquired at four regions of interest (ROIs): syrinx, ventral, and dorsal cervical subarachnoid space and foramen magnum region. Data were reported as mean ± standard deviation. After PFD, the patients underwent a scheduled follow-up lasting 3 years. One-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni Post hoc test of multiple comparisons was performed P was <0.001.

Results:
All symptoms but atrophy and spasticity improved. PFD caused a significant velocity changing of each ROI. Syrinx and premedullary cistern velocities were found to be decreased within the 1st month after PFD (<0.001). A caudad and cephalad CSF jet flow was found inside the syrinx during systole and diastole, respectively.

Conclusion:
Syrinx and premedullary cistern velocities are related to an early improvement of symptoms in patients with CM-1 syringomyelia who underwent PFD. The existence of a biphasic pulsatile systolic–diastolic CSF pattern inside the syrinx validates the “transmedullary” theory about the syringogenesis.
Predictive value of intraoperative D-wave and m-MEP neurophysiological monitoring in patients with preoperative motor deficits in immediate and late postoperative period
Authors: Bir Megha , Gupta Uditi , Jaryal Ashok Kumar , Singh Akanksha , Netam Ritesh , Kale Shashank Sharad , Chandra Sarat P , Singh Manmohan , Rath Girija Prasad 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Presence of preoperative motor deficits in patients poses a distinct challenge in monitoring the integrity of corticospinal tracts during spinal surgeries. The inconsistency of the motor-evoked potentials is such patients, limits its clinical utility. D-wave is a robust but less utilized technique for corticospinal tract monitoring. The comparative clinical value of these two techniques has not been evaluated in the patients with preoperative deficits.

Objectives:
The objective of the study was to compare the predictive utility of myogenic Motor Evoked Potentials (m-MEP) and D-wave in terms of recordability and their sensitivity and specificity in predicting transient and permanent new motor deficits.

Materials and Methods:
Thirty-one patients with preoperative motor deficit scheduled to undergo spinal surgery were included in the study. Intraoperative m-MEP and D-wave changes were identified and correlated with postoperative neurology in the immediate postoperative period and at the time of discharge.

Results:
The mean preoperative motor power of the patient pool in left and right lower limb was 2.97 ± 1.56 and 3.32 ± 1.49, respectively. The recordability of m-MEPs and D-wave was observed to be 79.4% and 100%, respectively. The m-MEP predicted the motor deterioration in immediate postoperative period with 100% sensitivity and 80% specificity, while D-wave had 14% sensitivity and 100% specificity. At the time of discharge, m-MEPs' specificity reduced to 61%, while D-wave demonstrated 100% specificity.

Conclusions:
D-wave has a better recordability than m-MEPs in neurologically compromised patients. D-wave predicts development of long-term deficits with 100% specificity, while m-MEPs have a high sensitivity for transient neurological deficit. A combination of D-wave and m-MEP is recommended for monitoring the integrity of the corticospinal tract in patients with preoperative motor deficits.
A morphological analysis of the cervical spine of the dolphin
Authors: Goel Aimee , Shah Abhidha , Gaikwad Santosh 
Published: March 2021

Objective:
Morphology of bones of cervical vertebrae of dolphin was studied. When compared to human vertebrae the structural modifications in terms of functional needs are evaluated.

Material:
Morphological analysis of duly prepared bones of species D. delphis was carried out.

Result:
The craniocervical junction and cervical spine of the dolphin (Delphinus delphis) has unique adaptations to allow for dorsoventrally undulating swimming movements as well as leaping out of water. The key differences from the human cervical spine include the absence of an odontoid process limiting rotatory movements, disproportionately short and wide vertebral bodies and a unilaterally elongated transverse process of the axis. Moreover, the cervical spine of the dolphin is disproportionally short compared to humans. These modifications give strength and stability to the cervical spine allowing maximal agility for flexion-extension movements of the lumbocaudal spine, which are keys for propulsion. The unilaterally elongated transverse process likely allows for rotatory spinning, suggesting possible lateral dominance of rotatory spin in this species.

Conclusions:
Despite the skeletal adaptations, the cervical spine is strongly resonant of a mammalian heritage with a remarkably similar form and structure to house neurovascular contents and to allow muscular attachments.