bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome in the British Isles
Authors: Stiefel Gary , Alviani Cherry , Afzal Nadeem A , Byrne Aideen , du Toit George , DunnGalvin Audrey , Hourihane Jonathan , Jay Nicola , Michaelis Louise Jane , Erlewyn-Lajeunesse Michel 
Published: August 2021

BackgroundFood protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is a delayed type of food allergy, most often seen in infancy. We aimed to estimate its incidence, to describe common food triggers and the patient journeys of this rare but serious condition.DesignWe undertook a prospective epidemiological survey of FPIES using the British Paediatric Surveillance Unit.SettingUK and Ireland.ParticipantsA survey of all paediatricians over 13 months between January 2019 and February 2020.Main outcome measures204 cases were reported, 98 (48%) meeting case definition, giving an incidence of 0.006% for England based on 93 cases.Results98 patients reported 135 trigger foods, 27% (26 of 98) had multiple food triggers. Common food triggers included cow’s milk (24%, 33 of 135), fruits and vegetables (19%, 26 of 135), hen’s egg (16%, 22 of 135) and fish (14%, 19 of 135). In 46% (41 of 90), the initial trigger food had been ingested three or more times before diagnosis, with a median diagnostic delay of 7.9 months (3.0, 17.3). Half (50 of 98) were admitted, yet only 5% (5 of 98) received appropriate acute treatment with ondansetron. Most cases were diagnosed by an allergy specialist (74 of 98, 76%), within a median of 7.5 (3.0, 13.3) miles from home.ConclusionThe incidence of FPIES was significantly lower than expected across the whole of the British Isles. Most reports were of cases local to specialist allergy centres, with delays in diagnosis. This suggests under-recognition of FPIES in frontline clinical setting where education of healthcare professionals is required to improve recognition, earlier diagnosis and treatment.
Posterior hip dislocation associated with concomitant ipsilateral femoral head and shaft fractures: an unusual combination of injuries
Authors: Chouhan Deepak , Behera Prateek , Ansari Mohammed Tahir , Digge Vijay Kumar 
Published: August 2021

The combination of posterior hip dislocation with an ipsilateral femoral head and shaft fractures is unusual. While cases of concomitant fractures of femoral head and shaft have been previously reported, the treatment of such injuries is challenging. Presence of an associated hip dislocation further complicates the matter. A timely diagnosis and treatment are crucial to have a good outcome.We are presenting the case of a 20-year-old man who sustained a traumatic posterior hip dislocation with ipsilateral femoral shaft and femur head fractures. After reducing the hip, we fixed the femoral shaft with a retrograde femur nail and the femoral head by the trochanteric flip approach in the same sitting. The patient returned to his pre-injury occupation after 4 months. He has been doing well until his last follow-up, 1 year after the surgery, thus emphasising the utility of following basic principles of trauma management in the management of unusual injuries.
Umbilical artery lactate levels and associated maternal and newborn characteristics at Mulago National Referral Hospital: a cross-sectional observational study
Authors: Ogik Victor , Muyingo Mark , Musooko Moses , Nankunda Jolly 
Published: August 2021

ObjectiveTo determine the maternal and newborn characteristics associated with high umbilical artery lactate levels at Mulago National Referral Hospital.DesignCross-sectional observational study.SettingDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology at a national referral hospital located in the capital of Uganda, Kampala.ParticipantsWe randomly selected 720 pregnant mothers at term who presented in labour and their newborn babies.Primary outcomeUmbilical artery lactate level.ResultsDuring the study, there were 579 vaginal deliveries (18 instrumental) and 141 caesarean sections which met the inclusion criteria. One hundred and eighty-seven neonates (187) had high arterial lactate levels. The following factors were associated with an increased likelihood of high lactate concentration: male sex (adjusted OR (aOR)=1.71; 95% CI 1.16 to 2.54; p<0.05), primigravidity (aOR=2.78; 95% CI 1.89 to 4.08; p<0.001), meconium-stained liquor (aOR=5.85; 95% CI 4.08 to 8.47; p<0.001) and administration of oxytocin (aOR=1.97; 95% CI 1.00 to 3.77; p<0.05).ConclusionAbout a fifth of the babies born in Mulago National Referral Hospital during the study period had high umbilical artery lactate. The maternal-fetal factors significantly associated with high umbilical artery lactate levels included: baby’s sex, mother’s gravidity, meconium-stained amniotic fluid and oxytocin administration during labour.
SafeFit Trial: virtual clinics to deliver a multimodal intervention to improve psychological and physical well-being in people with cancer. Protocol of a COVID-19 targeted non-randomised phase III trial
Authors: Grimmett Chloe , Bates Andrew , West Malcolm , Leggett Samantha , Varkonyi-Sepp Judit , Campbell Anna , Davis June , Wootton Stephen , Shaw Clare , Barlow Rachael , Ashcroft Joanna , Scott Andrew , Moyes Helen , Hawkins Lesley , Levett Denny Z H , Williams Fran , Grocott Michael P W , Jack Sandy 
Published: August 2021

IntroductionThe impact of the COVID-19 pandemic (caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus) on individuals with cancer has been profound. It has led to increased anxiety, distress and deconditioning due to reduced physical activity. We aim to investigate whether SafeFit, a multimodal intervention of physical activity, nutrition and psychological support delivered virtually by cancer exercise specialists (CES), can improve physical and emotional functionings during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods and analysisA phase III non-randomised intervention trial, target recruitment of 1050 adults with suspected or confirmed diagnosis of cancer. All recruited participants will receive the multimodal intervention delivered by CES for 6 months. Sessions will be delivered 1-to-1 using telephone/video conferencing consultations. CES will work with each participant to devise a personalised programme of (1) physical activity, (2) basic dietary advice and (3) psychological support, all underpinned by behaviour change support.Primary outcomePhysical and emotional functioning as measured by the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer-Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC-QLQ-C30). Secondary outcomes: overall quality of life measured by EORTC-QLQ-C30 and EQ-5D-5L, health economics, patient activation, self-efficacy to self-manage chronic disease, distress, impact of COVID-19 on emotional functioning, self-reported physical activity, functional capacity and nutrition. Adherence to the intervention will also be measured and a process evaluation conducted.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval was obtained from the Health Research Authority (reference number 20/NW/0254). Results of this trial will be disseminated through publication of peer-reviewed articles, presentations at scientific conferences, and to the public and people with cancer in collaboration with our patient and public involvement representatives and partners.Trial registration numberNCT04425616.
Effects of a waiting list control design on alcohol consumption among online help-seekers: protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Bendtsen Marcus , Ulfsdotter Gunnarsson Katarina , McCambridge Jim 
Published: August 2021

IntroductionSparse attention has been given to the design of control conditions in trials, despite their important role as contrasts for novel treatments, and thus as a key determinant of effect sizes. This undermines valid inferences on effect estimates in trials, which are fundamentally comparative in nature. Such challenges to understanding also makes generalisation of effect estimates complex, for example, it may not be clear to what degree real-world alternatives to the novel treatments in pragmatic trials are similar to the control conditions studied. The present study aims to estimate the effects of being allocated to a waiting list control condition.Methods and analysisIndividuals searching online for help to reduce their drinking will be invited to take part in a study. Individuals aged 18 years or older, who in the past month consumed six or more drinks on one occasion, or consumed 10 or more drinks the past week, will be eligible to participate. Both groups will receive identical feedback and advice on behaviour change; however, one group will be informed that they have to wait 1 month for the intervention materials. One month postrandomisation, participants will receive an email with the follow-up questionnaire measuring the primary outcomes: (1) frequency of heavy episodic drinking (defined as at study entry) in the past month; and (2) overall past week alcohol consumption. Differences between groups will be analysed using negative binomial regression models estimated using Bayesian inference. Recruitment will begin in October 2021. A Bayesian group sequential design will be employed to determine when to end enrolment (expected to be between 500 and 1500 individuals).Ethics and disseminationThe study was approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority on 2021-01-25 (Dnr 2020–06267). Findings will be disseminated in open access peer-reviewed journals no later than 2023.Trial registration trialISRCTN14959594; Pre-results.
Perspectives on Spain’s legislative experience providing access to healthcare to irregular migrants: a qualitative interview study
Authors: Hsia Renee Y , Gil-González Diana 
Published: August 2021

ObjectivesIn 2018, Spain adopted a national law that significantly expanded healthcare access to all residents, including undocumented migrants. This was a substantial shift from a more restrictive system of coverage in previous years. However, irregular migrants continue to experience challenges accessing healthcare in Spain. This study aimed to describe the legislative and administrative barriers to implementation of this law from the perspective of providers and administrators of the healthcare system.DesignWe interviewed 12 individuals using a semistructured format.SettingSpain.Participants12 participants were interviewed; 7 males, 5 females. Participants included Spanish healthcare workers, government officials, hospital administrators, individuals working with non-governmental organisations focused on the provision of healthcare, and experts studying healthcare for underserved populations.Primary and secondary outcome measuresInterviews delved into personal experiences and knowledge of the entitlements and barriers of providing or trying to access care for undocumented migrants.ResultsThe interviews yielded eight key themes: (1) context of universal healthcare in Spain pre-2012; (2) erosion of trust as rationale for more restrictive policies of 2012; (3) challenges of the 3-month residency requirement; (4) areas of ambiguity: exceptions in the 2012 Royal Decree Law not discussed in the 2018 Royal Decree Law; (5) jurisdictional authority and conflicts between national and AC government; (6) near impossibility of obtaining documentation for exportation of healthcare; (7) difficulties obtaining necessary paperwork to register residency; and (8) rise of NGOs to provide support to irregular migrants.ConclusionWhile there has been a general political movement to expand healthcare access for undocumented migrants in Spain, there remains a fundamental need to clarify the legal entitlements for undocumented migrants nationally and create administrative consistency across autonomous communities for providing health cards for undocumented migrants. Other countries may be able to draw lessons from the Spanish experience about the legislative frameworks surrounding access to healthcare for undocumented migrants.
What is the effectiveness of community-based health promotion campaigns on chlamydia screening uptake in young people and what barriers and facilitators have been identified? A mixed-methods systematic review
Authors: Pearce Emma , Jolly Kate , Harris Isobel Marion , Adriano Ada , Moore David , Price Malcolm , Ross Jonathan 
Published: August 2021

BackgroundThe UK National Chlamydia Screening Programme uses an opportunistic approach. Many programmes use campaigns to raise awareness of chlamydia screening in young people. This review aimed to assess the effectiveness of campaigns on uptake of chlamydia screening in young people.MethodsWe conducted a mixed-methods systematic review of articles assessing the outcomes of community-based health-promotion campaigns to increase chlamydia screening in young people, their experiences of the campaigns and other facilitators and barriers to the conduct of the campaigns. We searched four databases for quantitative and qualitative studies with no language restrictions.Main resultsFrom 10 329 records identified, 19 studies (20 articles) were included in the review: 14 quantitative, 2 qualitative and 3 mixed methods. All studies with quantitative outcomes were before-after study designs or interrupted time series. The prediction interval for relative change (RC) in test counts ranged from 0.95 to 1.56, with a summary pooled estimate of RC 1.22 (95% CI 1.14 to 1.30, 13 studies, I2=97%). For test positivity rate, 95% prediction interval was 0.59 to 1.48, with a summary pooled estimate of RC 0.93 (95% CI 0.81 to 1.07, 8 studies, I2=91.8%). Large variation in characteristics between studies precluded exploring outcomes by type of campaign components. Seven major qualitative themes to improve screening were identified: targeting of campaigns; quality of materials and message; language; anonymity; use of technology; relevance; and variety of testing options.ConclusionsHealth promotion campaigns aiming to increase chlamydia testing in those aged 15–24 years may show some effectiveness in increasing overall numbers of tests, however numbers of positive tests do not follow the same trend. Qualitative findings indicate that campaigns require clear, relevant messaging that displays the full range of testing options and assures anonymity in order to be effective.
Reinforcement schemes for cold-formed steel joists with a large web opening in the flexural zone: an experimental investigation
Authors: Acharya Sandesh R. , Sivakumaran Ken S. 
Published: August 2021

The objective of this investigation was to develop an economical and an efficient reinforcement scheme for large web openings in cold-formed steel (CFS) joists in flexural zones that would restore the original moment resistance of the section. This investigation considered commonly used floor joists in North American CFS construction. Tests on joists webs with no openings and with large circular and square openings located at the mid-depth revealed that large openings can reduce the flexural strength by 23%. A reinforcement scheme was established consisting of the screw fastening of bridging channels [38.1 mm × 12.7 mm (1.5″ × 0.5″)] with the same thickness as the receiving joist, along the compression and the tensile edges of the opening, using a screw spacing of 31.75 mm. Three identical tests utilizing the proposed reinforcement scheme restored the corresponding flexural strengths of the CFS section under consideration, and the failure locations were outside the reinforced opening regions.
Cover crop effects on soil temperature in a clay loam soil in southwestern Ontario
Authors: Yang X.M. , Reynolds W.D. , Drury C.F. , Reeb M.D. 
Published: August 2021

Although it is well established that soil temperature has substantial effects on the agri-environmental performance of crop production, little is known of soil temperatures under living cover crops. Consequently, soil temperatures under a crimson clover and white clover mix, hairy vetch, and red clover were measured for a cool, humid Brookston clay loam under a corn–soybean–winter wheat/cover crop rotation. Measurements were collected from August (after cover crop seeding) to the following May (before cover crop termination) at 15, 30, 45, and 60 cm depths during 2018–2019 and 2019–2020. Average soil temperatures (August–May) were not affected by cover crop species at any depth, or by air temperature at 60 cm depth. During winter, soil temperatures at 15, 30, and 45 cm depths were greater under cover crops than under a no cover crop control (CK), with maximum increase occurring at 15 cm on 31 January 2019 (2.5–5.7 °C) and on 23 January 2020 (0.8–1.9 °C). In spring, soil temperatures under standing cover crops were cooler than the CK by 0.1–3.0 °C at 15 cm depth, by 0–2.4 °C at the 30 and 45 cm depths, and by 0–1.8 °C at 60 cm depth. In addition, springtime soil temperature at 15 cm depth decreased by about 0.24 °C for every 1 Mg·ha−1 increase in live cover crop biomass. Relative to bare soil, cover crops increased near-surface soil temperature during winter but decreased near-surface soil temperature during spring. These temperature changes may have both positive and negative effects on the agri-environmental performance of crop production.
The Principle-Agent Conflict Problem in a Continuous-Time Delegated Asset Management Model
Authors: Li Yanan , Li Chuanzheng 
Published: August 2021

This paper considers the principle-agent conflict problem in a continuous-time delegated asset management model when the investor and the fund manager are all risk-averse with risk sensitivity coefficients

γ

f

and

γ

m

, respectively. Suppose that the investor entrusts his money to the fund manager. The return of the investment is determined by the manager’s effort level and incentive strategy, but the benefit belongs to the investor. In order to encourage the manager to work hard, the investor will determine the manager’s salary according to the terminal income. This is a stochastic differential game problem, and the distribution of income between the manager and the investor is a key point to be solved in the custody model. The uncertain form of the incentive strategy implies that the problem is different from the classical stochastic optimal control problem. In this paper, we first express the investor’s incentive strategy in term of two auxiliary processes and turn this problem into a classical one. Then, we employ the dynamic programming principle to solve the problem.
Heritage Ontologies in Nigeria: An Analysis of How Heritage Connects and Disconnects People
Authors: Ugwuanyi J. Kelechi , Itanyi Edmund I. , Obieluem Uchenna H. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper examines the principles of cultural heritage conservation in pre-colonial, colonial, and post-colonial Nigeria. It uncovers how cultural heritage is used and cared for in pre-colonial time based on its ‘utilitarian values’ and the ways colonialism isolated and appropriated cultural heritage from utilitarian communities to create museums/secluded sites for exclusive national narrative. The article interrogates how local worldviews and the intricate relationship of people and environment play around heritage and identity, and how the discourses include or exclude indigenous/local people in the national heritage-making processes. It goes further to show that post-colonial Nigeria has continued with the heritage binaries (e.g. local and national, past and present) created by colonialism, which reflects some approaches that obscure more complex underlying cultural continuities in villages/local communities. The paper argues more generally for a review of national heritage conservation policies and practices to accommodate side-lined local heritage knowledge systems in Africa.
Implementation of the Unified Representation of Deep Moist Convection in the CWBGFS
Authors: Su Chun-Yian , Wu Chien-Ming , Chen Wei-Ting , Chen Jen-Her 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis study implements the unified parameterization (UP) in the Central Weather Bureau Global Forecast System (CWBGFS) based on the relaxed Arakawa–Schubert scheme (RAS) at a horizontal resolution of 15 km. The new cumulus parameterization that incorporates the UP framework is called URAS. The UP generalizes the representation of moist convection between the parameterized and the explicitly resolved processes according to the process-dependent convective updraft fraction (σ). Short-term hindcasts are performed to investigate the impacts of the UP on the simulated precipitation variability and organized convective systems over the Maritime Continent when multiple scales of convection occurred. The result shows that σ is generally larger when convective systems develop, which adaptively reduces the parameterized convection and increases the spatial variation of moisture. In the URAS experiment, the moisture hotspots within organized convective systems contribute to the enhanced local circulation and the more significant variability of precipitation. Consequently, the URAS has a more realistic precipitation spectrum, an improved relationship between the maximum precipitation and the horizontal scale of the convective systems, and an improved column water vapor–precipitation relationship.
Rituximab for treatment of non-infectious and non-malignant orbital inflammatory disease
Authors: Ng Caleb C. , Sy Aileen , Cunningham Emmett T. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Purpose
To provide a comprehensive review of rituximab use for the treatment of non-infectious/non-malignant orbital inflammation.

Methods
Review of literature through January 2021.

Results
Individual data was available for 167 patients with refractory non-infectious/non-malignant orbital inflammation who received treatment with rituximab (RTX). Rituximab was generally utilized as third-line or later treatment (108/149, 72.5%) at a mean of 44.6 months following the diagnosis of orbital inflammation (range = 0 to 360 months; median = 13.7 months). Patients with non-infectious/non-malignant orbital inflammation either received prior treatment with corticosteroids only (27/122, 22.1%), or with one (31/122, 25.4%), two (25/122, 20.5%), or three or more (25/122, 20.5%) corticosteroid-sparing immunosuppressive agents with or without corticosteroids before initiation of RTX treatment. The rheumatologic protocol (two infusions of 1 gram of RTX separated by 14 days) was utilized most frequently (80/144, 55.6%), followed by the oncologic protocol (four weekly infusions of 375 mg/m2 RTX; 51/144, 35.4%). Various other off-label regimens were used infrequently (13/144, 9.0%). Rituximab treatments resulted in a positive therapeutic response for the majority of patients with orbital inflammation (146/166, 88.0%). Commonly treated diagnoses included granulomatosis with polyangiitis (99/167, 59.3%), IgG-4 related disease (36/167, 21.6%), and orbital inflammation of indeterminate cause (25/167, 15.0%). No side effects were reported in 83.3% (55/66) of cases. The most common RTX-induced adverse event was an infusion-related temporary exacerbation of orbital disease (4/66, 6.1%), which occurred prior to the routine use of systemic corticosteroids as pre-conditioning.

Conclusions
Overall, RTX appears to be both efficacious and well-tolerated as second- or third-line therapy for patients with non-infectious/non-malignant orbital inflammation.