bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Specific mitochondrial adaptation to chronic hypoxia counteracts effects of acute hypoxia in perfused rats beating hearts
Authors: Deschodt‐Arsac Veronique , Calmettes Guillaume , Vaillant Fanny , Chapolard Mathilde , Muller Bernard , Diolez Philippe 
Published: June 2021

Hypoxic states of the cardiac system are associated with heart pathologies. Modifications of energetics induced by chronic hypoxia were studied under conditions of oxygen deprivation in order to understand the specific resistance encountered after adaptation to chronic hypoxia.Swiss mice were exposed to a simulated altitude of 5500m for 21 days. The effects of a low PO2 (100/120 mmHg) on contractile performance (RPP), phosphocreatine concentration (assessed by 31P‐NMR) were studied to describe the integrative changes in cardiac energetics induced by acute hypoxia from the Modular Control Analysis (MoCA).Hypoxic hearts were insensitive to the severe oxygen reduction unlike control hearts for which concomitant decreases in RPP (− 46%) and in [PCr] (−23%) were observed. This absence of change was explained by a higher sensitivity of energy supply for hypoxic hearts (p<0.01) measured under low oxygen perfusion resulting in the conservation of a healthy control pattern of contraction despite oxygen deprivation.This positive adaptation to oxygen deprivation could participate in the improvement of cardiac energetics, specifically at the level of energy supply by mitochondria. Since alteration of the energetic system could induce severe organ dysfunction, adaptation to hypoxia may limit the damages induced by acute hypoxia observed in multiple pathologies.
Restrictive diet during pregnancy‐induced vascular dysfunction and hypertension in mice is associated with insulin resistance
Authors: Rexhaj Emrush , Rimoldi Stefano , Pireva Agim , Brenner Roman , Bouillet Elisa , Sartori Claudio , Allemann Yves , Scherrer Urs 
Published: June 2021

In mice, restrictive diet pregnancy (RDP), a model mimicking preeclampsia in humans, induces vascular dysfunction in the offspring that is related to decreased vascular nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. There is abundant evidence that NO plays an important role in the regulation of insulin sensitivity in animals and humans. We speculated that offspring of RDP mice are insulin‐resistant.We, therefore, assessed insulin sensitivity (euglycemic‐hyperinsulinemic clamp studies) in offspring of RDP and control mice fed with high‐fat diet (HFD) for 8 wks. The main new finding was that HFD induced much more severe insulin resistance in offspring of RDP than in control mice, as evidenced by a markedly smaller glucose infusion rate to maintain euglycemia (77.4±10.7 vs. 96.7±12.2, P<.001) in offspring of RDP than in control mice. Insulin resistance was not related to an intrinsic defect of skeletal muscle because muscle glucose uptake was comparable in the 2 groups. In analogy to other NO‐deficient states, this problem is probably related to vascular dysfunction resulting in impaired insulin stimulation of blood flow and substrate delivery to skeletal muscle tissue. Preeclampsia‐induced vascular dysfunction has also been found in humans. We speculate that preeclampsia represents a novel risk factor facilitating diet‐induced insulin resistance in humans.Grant support: Swiss National Science Foundation and Swiss Society of Hypertension
Apocynin exerts dose‐dependent cardioprotective effects by attenuating reactive oxygen species (ROS) in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)
Authors: Young Lindon , Parker Christopher , Barsotti Robert , Bartol Kyle , Habtamu Tsion , Tolson Jasmine , Koko Deima , Diaz Brian , Casey Brendan , Ondrasik Regina , Chen Qian 
Published: June 2021

I/R results in cardiac contractile dysfunction in part due to increased ROS and decreased endothelial‐derived nitric oxide (NO) release. Thus, inhibiting NADPH oxidase and subsequent ROS release with apocynin may preserve cardiac function and reduce infarct size following I/R. In isolated rat hearts following I (30 min)/R (45 min), apocynin given at reperfusion significantly restored left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) dose‐dependently by 57 ± 9% (40 μM, n=7) and 82 ± 5% (400 μM, n=9) (p<0.01) of baseline respectively, at 45 min postreperfusion compared to untreated control I/R hearts (n=9) that recovered to 46 ± 7% (n=9) of baseline values for LVDP. The dose‐dependent effect of apocynin on LVDP was also associated with a significant decrease in infarct size compared to untreated I/R hearts (p<0.05). To test whether these effects were caused by apocynin‐induced reduction in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, index of ROS) and increased NO release, we studied ROS in real‐time in vivo during femoral artery/vein I/R. Apocynin (14 mg/kg, given i.v. at reperfusion, n=6) significantly decreased H2O2 and increased endothelial‐derived NO release in femoral I/R from 20 to 45 min postreperfusion compared to saline controls (n=7) (p<0.01). These results suggest that apocynin attenuates I/R‐induced cardiac contractile dysfunction and infarct size by inhibiting ROS release from NADPH oxidase in reperfused tissues.This study was supported by the NIH Grant 2R15HL‐76235–02 and the Center for the Chronic Disorders of Aging at Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine.
Morphological Changes Underlying High Fat Diet‐Associated Arterial Stiffening Differ with Advancing Age
Authors: Henson Grant D , Reihl Kelly D , Walker Ashley E , Bramwell R Colton , Donato Anthony J , Lesniewski Lisa A 
Published: June 2021

Although it is not known how these risk factors interact, aging and obesity independently increase arterial stiffness and contribute to cardiovascular morbidity/mortality. We studied normal chow (NC) or high (40%) fat (HF) fed young (5–7mo) and old (28–31mo) male B6D2F1 mice to determine the effect of aging on obesity‐associated increases in arterial stiffness and morphology. Aortic stiffness, measured by pulse wave velocity (PWV), was greater in old compared to young (369±8 v 245±14 cm/s, P=0.04) NC fed mice and was concurrent with a ~3‐fold increase (P=0.015) in aortic collagen content (Picrosirius Red) and a ~50% reduction (P<0.05) in medial elastin (Van Gieson). In young mice, HF increased stiffness (359±18 cm/s, P<0.05) and was associated with increased collagen (59±9 v 19±8%, P=0.04) and reduced elastin (54±7 v 88±3%, P<0.05), similar to aging alone. Although aortic stiffness was higher in old mice after HF (385±47 cm/s, P=0.02) there was no effect on collagen content or medial elastin in old mice. In conclusion, age‐related arterial stiffening is associated with altered collagen and elastin content and, although HF feeding increases arterial stiffness across age, the associated morphological changes differ between young and old mice. Thus, the underlying mechanisms and effective therapeutic strategies used to combat obesity –associated arterial stiffness may differ with advancing age.AG040297, AG033755, AG033196
Associations between dietary/serum carotenoids and cardiovascular disease risk factors
Authors: Wang Ying , Chung Sang‐Jin , Vance Terrence M. , Fernandez Maria‐Luz , Chun Ock K. 
Published: June 2021

Although cohort studies have found inverse associations between dietary/serum carotenoids and incidence of CVD, little is known about the association between dietary/serum carotenoids and CVD risk factors. A cross‐sectional study was conducted to examine the associations of dietary/serum carotenoids with plasma lipids, homocysteine (Hcy), and C‐reactive protein (CRP). A total of 7,398 participants aged over 19 y free of CVD or cancer in the NHANES 2003–2006 were utilized. After adjusting for covariates, the odds ratios for CRP >; 2.4 mg/L (ref: CRP ≤ 2.4 mg/L) were 0.14 (95% CI: 0.04–0.47), 0.29 (CI: 0.17–0.77), 0.32 (CI: 0.12–0.85) and 0.39 (CI: 0.15–0.97) for participants in the highest quartile vs. the lowest of β‐cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein+zeaxanthin, and total carotenoid intakes, respectively. Serum carotenoids, except α‐carotene, were positively associated with plasma total cholesterol (p<0.05). Serum α‐carotene, cis β‐carotene, and lutein+zeaxanthin were positively associated with HDL (p<0.05) but not with LDL. The odds ratios for Hcy >; 12 μmol/L (ref: Hcy ≤ 12 μmol/L) were 0.29 (CI: 0.12–0.72), 0.36 (CI: 0.14–0.95), and 0.24 (CI: 0.11–0.56) for participants in the highest quartile vs. the lowest of serum α‐carotene, cis β‐carotene, and lycopene, respectively. Serum carotenoids were better predictors than dietary carotenoids in terms of their protective effects against CVD.Grant Funding Source: NA
Maternal WIC Participation Improves Breastfeeding Rates: A Statewide Analysis of WIC Participants
Authors: Metallinos‐Katsaras Elizabeth Sophia , Brown Lisa , Colchamiro Rachel 
Published: June 2021

This study examines the association between length of exposure to WIC services and breastfeeding initiation/duration. All women with singleton live births, first certified into MA WIC prenatally or PP (2001–2009), whose infants had complete breastfeeding and covariate data (maternal race, age, education, smoking status, BMI, HH income and size, birthweight and sex) were included (n=122,506). Multivariate Logistic and General Linear Model Regressions were used to examine timing of WIC entry (i.e., trimester of prenatal or PP) in relation to: 1) breastfeeding initiation, 2) mean duration 3) durations of 3, 6 and 12 months. Among prenatal WIC entrants, first (vs. third) trimester entry was associated with a 10% higher likelihood for primiparous, and a 32% higher likelihood for multiparous mothers (p < .01) of initiating breastfeeding. Prenatal entrants were more likely than PP entrants (p < .0001) to initiate breastfeeding (13% for primi and 23% for multiparous). Prenatal WIC entrants breastfed 1.7 (primiparous), and 3.4 (multiparious) weeks longer than PP entrants (p < .0001). Among multiparous women, first trimester entry was associated a greater likelihood of breastfeeding for three (15% greater), six (25% greater) and 12 (33% greater) months compared to third trimester entrants (p < 0001). WIC improves breastfeeding rates among a low income diverse population of women.Funding: MA Dept Pub Hlth
Obesity increases the severity of secondary bacterial coinfection following influenza virus infection
Authors: Karlsson Erik A , van De Velde Nicholas , McCullers Jon , Schultz‐Cherry Stacey 
Published: June 2021

Obesity is a significant risk factor for influenza virus infection. However, little is known about obesity and secondary bacterial coinfections; the major cause of morbidity and mortality. Obesity increases inflammation, alters immune response and decreases wound repair in the lungs of obese mice infected with influenza virus, all risk factors for bacterial colonization. Therefore, we questioned the effect of obesity on secondary bacterial pneumonia. Infection of lean and obese mice with a nonlethal dose of influenza virus followed by a nonlethal dose of Streptococcus pneumoniae resulted in 100% mortality in obese mice by day 3 post bacterial challenge with no loss of lean controls. No differences were observed in viral titers between groups; however, lung bacterial titers were significantly increased in obese animals. Histological analysis revealed widespread damage to the lungs of obese mice. Obesity increases the severity and mortality from influenza‐associated complications and secondary bacterial pneumonia may be greatly enhanced in an increasingly obese human population. Further study is necessary to determine the mechanisms of increased susceptibility to influenza, secondary bacterial infection and possible therapeutic strategies in this expanding risk group.Grant Funding Source: NIH NIAID contract number HHSN266200700005C and the American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities (ALSAC)
Effect of Two Oat‐based Breakfast Cereals on Appetite, Satiety, and Food Intake
Authors: Rebello Candida Joan , Johnson William , Martin Corby , Bordenave Nicolas , van Klinken B. Jan Willem , O'shea Marianne , Chu YiFang , Greenway Frank 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo compare the effect of two oat‐based cereals on appetite, satiety, and food intakeMethods48 healthy individuals, ≥18 years of age were enrolled in a randomized, controlled, crossover trial. Following an overnight fast, subjects consumed either oatmeal or a ready‐to‐eat oat‐based breakfast cereal (RTEC) in random order at least a week apart. Each breakfast contained 363kcals (250kcals cereal, 113kcals milk). Visual analogue scales measuring appetite and satiety were completed at baseline and postprandial. Lunch was served four hours after breakfast. The molecular weight, radius of gyration and viscosity of oat fiber (β‐glucan) were determined. Appetite and satiety responses were analyzed by area under the curve. Food intake and β‐glucan properties were analyzed using t‐tests or chisquare analysis.ResultsOatmeal resulted in greater increase in fullness and greater reduction in hunger, desire to eat, and prospective intake compared to RTEC (p<0.002 for all). Food intake at lunch was lower after eating oatmeal compared to RTEC (p<0.0123). β‐glucan in oatmeal had higher molecular weight (p<0.0001), radius of gyration (p<0.0001) and viscosity (p=0.03) than in RTEC.ConclusionsOatmeal suppressed appetite, increased satiety and reduced food intake compared to RTEC. The physicochemical properties of oat fiber are important factors affecting satiety and food intake. Study funded by PepsiCo
Human Airway Secretions Inhibit Pseudomonas aeruginosa Activity: Effects on Survival, Growth, and Flagellar Motility
Authors: Weitz Anna K , Willborg Jessica L , Hinz Sandra M , Bankers‐Fulbright Jennifer L 
Published: June 2021

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous opportunistic pathogen that is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The relative selectivity of P. aeruginosa colonization in CF patients suggests that the CF airway, in contrast to normal airways, is particularly hospitable to P. aeruginosa. One likely possibility for this difference is that normal but not CF airways secrete compounds that attenuate the virulence of P. aeruginosa and prevent colonization. In this study, we examined the ability of normal airway epithelial secretions to inhibit two properties of P. aeruginosa associated with colonization: proliferation and flagellar motility. For these initial experiments, we used apical secretions from polarized Calu‐3 cell monolayers and the P. aeruginosa strain PA14. Treatment of PA14 cells with Calu‐3 secretions dramatically reduced both average swimming speed (30 vs. 15 μm/sec) and the number of motile bacteria (56% vs. 42%). Inhibition of PA14 growth was not seen after 24‐hours of incubation with Calu‐3 secretions, in contrast to previous reports. Our preliminary attempts to identify the active component(s) in Calu‐3 secretions suggest that one or more proteins >;50 kDa are responsible. We conclude that normal airway epithelial secretions directly inhibit certain P. aeruginosa functions associated with airway colonization.This project was funded by the Augsburg College Undergraduate Research and Graduate Opportunities (URGO) Office and Sundquist Scholars Program.
Anatomy Academy exposes undergraduate and medical students to all ACGME core competencies through an experiential learning environment
Authors: Wisco Jonathan J. , Diaz Molly M. , Padilla Jessica , Ojukwu Kenechukwu 
Published: June 2021

In 1999 the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) introduced six Core Competencies – Patient Care, Medical Knowledge, Practice‐based Learning and Improvement, Interpersonal and Communication Skills, Professionalism, Systems‐based Practice – for which all residents, regardless of specialty, are expected to be competent. The shift in residency education to meet the ACGME requirements has caused a domino effect in how schools approach medical education. We have developed a program called Anatomy Academy (AA) wherein undergraduate, medical, dental, allied health and education students teach anatomy, physiology and nutrition concepts to 5th and 6th grade children as an educational intervention to fight childhood obesity. We found, through IRB approved self‐efficacy evaluations and prompted written reflections, that the experiential learning environment benefits all participants in the program through vertical and horizontal learning and mentoring experiences and exposure to all 6 core competencies. We propose that AA, or similar programs, have an essential role in medical education.Grant Funding Source: The Albert Schweitzer Fellowship and the UCLA Monica Salinas Fellowship
How Good are Mice and Monkeys as Models for Human Face Transplants? Comparative Physiological Perspectives on Myosin Fiber Types
Authors: Burrows Anne M , Durham Emily L , Matthews Lea C , Smith Timothy D , Parr Lisa A 
Published: June 2021

Human face transplants are becoming a viable surgical option for patients with severe facial injuries. Reanimation of the muscles of facial expression is a desired outcome and both murines and rhesus macaques are candidate animal models of surgical protocols. However, it is not clear how appropriate these models are for the unique structural and functional complexity of the human face. The present study examines myosin fiber types and select peripheral characteristics of the facial nerve in laboratory mice and rhesus macaques in order to assess their suitability as models of human facial transplants. Samples of the zygomaticus major and orbicularis oris muscles containing ends of the facial nerve were gathered from three mice, three rhesus macaques, and three human cadavers for histochemical and immunohistochemical processing. Proportions of fast to slow twitch myosin fibers and morphometric characteristics of the facial nerve were compared among the species. Results show that like humans, mice and macaque facial musculature is dominated by fast twitch myosin fibers but many facial nerve characteristics differ among these species. Physiologically, the macaque may be the better model facial transplants, especially with respect to facial nerve characteristics. Murines may be confounding as a model due in part to the unique musculature and large number of facial nerve axons associated with the highly mobile whiskers.Support from the Samuel and Emma Winters Foundation and NIH MH082282
Do front‐of‐pack nutrition rating systems and symbols (FOPS) direct consumers to the healthiest products in an unregulated environment?
Authors: Emrich Teri , L'Abbe Mary 
Published: June 2021

Concern has been raised that unregulated FOPS may mislead consumers into believing that a single food is ‘healthier’ than foods not bearing the FOPS. The nutritional criteria of a non‐profit (Health Check™) and a manufacturer (Sensible Solutions™) FOPS were applied to a national database of packaged food products. The proportion of foods qualifying for a given FOPS was compared to the proportion carrying the FOPS using exact binomial test. 7503 and 3010 of the 10,487 foods in the database could be assigned a Health Check™ or Sensible Solutions™ food category, respectively. 3360 (44.8%) of the foods assigned a Health Check™ category qualified for a Health Check™ symbol and 560 (7.5%) foods carried the symbol. Up to 2380 (79.1%) of the foods assigned a Sensible Solutions™’ category qualified for a Sensible Solutions™ symbol and 122 (4.1%) foods carried the symbol. The discord between products qualifying for and carrying these FOPS persisted at the food category and subcategory level. More than 75% of the products in many of the subcategories of either FOPS qualified for their respective symbols. These results suggest that FOPS are not always a useful guide to identifying the healthiest food products as more products qualify for these systems than are identified by the systems’ symbols.Grant Funding Source: Earle W. Mc Henry Research Chair Award (M.L.), CIHR Frederick Banting and Charles Best Canada Graduate Scholarship, Cancer Care Ontario/CIHR Training Grant in Population Intervention for Chronic Disease Prevention: A Pan‐ Canadian Program (#53893), and CIHR Strategic Training Program in Public Health Policy (T.E.)
Gene‐dietary fat interaction and bone mineral density in Children: a twin study in China
Authors: Huang Tao , Zhao Wei , Liu Huijuan , Wang Youfa 
Published: June 2021

AimsDietary fat correlates with bone mineral density (BMD). However, it is unknown if gene‐diet interaction modulates the relationship. We tested the association between dietary fat and BMD, and test if dietary fat modifies the degree of genetic influence on BMD and bone speed of sound (SOS) in Chinese child twins.MethodsWe included 622 twins aged 7–15 y (n=311 pairs, 162 monozygotic (MZ), 149 dizygotic (DZ)) from South China. Data on anthropometry, dietary intake, BMD, and SOS were collected. Quantitative genetic analyses of structural equation models were fit using the Mx statistical package.ResultsThe within‐pair intra‐class correlations (ICC) for BMD and SOD were higher for MZ than for DZ twins. The ICC for BMD in DZ twins were nearly half of that for MZ twins (ICC=0. 39vs0. 70). The heritability of BMD and SOS were 71% and 79%. Phenotypic correlation between fat intake and SOS was significant (r=−0.185, p=0.035). SOS was negatively correlated with fat intake in boys (r=0.111, p=0.048), but not in girls. Full Cholesky decomposition models show SOS has a strong genetic correlation with fat intake (rA =−0.88, 95% CI=−0.94, 0.01); the environmental correlation between fat intake and SOS was weak (rE =−0.04, 95% CI=−0.20, 0.13). Fat intake modified the additive genetic effects on BMD.ConclusionsGenetic factors explain 71% and 79% of individual variance in BMD and SOS, respectively. Low fat intake counteract genetic predisposition to low BMD.Grant Funding Source: NIH/NIDDK (P60 DK0079637) and NIH/NICHD (U54 HD070725‐01)
Dietary supplementation of ginseng prevents obese and metabolic syndromes in high fat diet‐fed mice
Authors: Li Xiaoxiao , Luo Jing , Velayuthan Anandh Pon , McMillan Ryan , Hulver Mattew , Zhen Wei , Alkhalidy Hana , Liu Dongmin 
Published: June 2021

Obesity and diabetes are growing health problems world‐wide. In this study, we found that dietary provision of Chinese ginseng (0.5 g/kg diet) greatly prevented body weight gain in high fat diet‐fed mice. Gensing‐fed mice had lower body fat mass, while lean mass was only moderately modulated. In addition, treatment with ginseng improved fasting blood glucose, glucose tolerance, peripheral insulin sensitivity, and blood pressue in obese mice. Body temperature was higher in mice fed gensing‐supplemented diet but energy expenditure and cage activity were not altered. Dietary intake of ginseng increased fatty acid oxidation in the liver but not in skeletal muscle. These data suggest that Chinese ginseng can potently prevent the development of metabolic syndrome in high fat diet‐fed mice.Grant Funding Source: This work was supported by grants from National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine of National Institute of Health (1R01AT007077–01 to DL) and the American Diabetes Association research award (7–11‐BS‐84 to DL)