bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Soft Law in a Hard Shell’: India, International Rulemaking and the International Solar Alliance
Authors: Jha Vyoma 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis article examines the creation of the International Solar Alliance (ISA), a new international organization led by India and backed primarily by developing countries. Official documents and wide-ranging interviews offer insights into the treaty-making process. Using a political economy approach to the study of international law, the article analyzes politico-legal issues associated with the creation of the ISA. The legal form of the ISA is best described as ‘soft law in a hard shell’: it uses the legal infrastructure of a treaty while relying on the social structure of participating actors for its future implementation. Empirical evidence suggests that three factors explain the treaty structure of the ISA: India's leadership role in the treaty-making process, the early involvement of non-state actors, and the preference of developing countries for legal form. Ultimately, the case illustrates India's shift towards a leadership role in climate change governance, and the steady emergence of non-state actors in driving climate action.
Crustal Rotation and Fluids: Factors for the 2019 Ridgecrest Earthquake Sequence?
Authors: Tong Ping , Yao Jiayuan , Liu Qinya , Li Tianjue , Wang Kai , Liu Shaolin , Cheng Yau‐Wing , Wu Shucheng 
Published: January 2021

AbstractP‐wave azimuthal anisotropic tomography reveals that the July 6, 2019 Mw 7.1 Ridgecrest earthquake occurred in a region with clockwise crustal rotation. The rotation together with the sinistral slip on the Garlock Fault is a response to the northwest‐trending, dextral shear within the Eastern California Shear Zone due to the relative motion between the Pacific and North America Plates. The hypocentral area of the Ridgecrest mainshock is characterized by a sharp lateral velocity contrast which has a reversal in contrast polarity at about 5 km depth. We find high Vp/Vs ratio structures covering the rupture zones of the Mw 6.4 foreshock and the Mw 7.1 mainshock, which may indicate the existence of fluids in the fault zones. We speculate that fluids and crustal rotation may have played important mechanical roles in causing the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence.
Assessment of Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity of the Community Earth System Model Version 2 Through Simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Zhu Jiang , Otto‐Bliesner Bette L. , Brady Esther C. , Poulsen Christopher J. , Tierney Jessica E. , Lofverstrom Marcus , DiNezio Pedro 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe upper end of the equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) has increased substantially in the latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Projects phase 6 with eight models (as of this writing) reporting an ECS > 5°C. The Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2) is one such high‐ECS model. Here we perform paleoclimate simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) using CESM2 to examine whether its high ECS is realistic. We find that the simulated LGM global mean temperature decrease exceeds 11°C, greater than both the cooling estimated from proxies and simulated by an earlier model version (CESM1). The large LGM cooling in CESM2 is attributed to a strong shortwave cloud feedback in the newest atmosphere model. Our results indicate that the high ECS of CESM2 is incompatible with LGM constraints and that the projected future warming in CESM2, and models with a similarly high ECS, is thus likely too large.
Generation of the Amundsen Sea Low by Antarctic Orography
Authors: Goyal Rishav , Jucker Martin , Sen Gupta Alex , England Matthew H. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe Amundsen Sea Low (ASL) is a distinctive feature of the Southern Hemisphere high latitude atmospheric circulation, regulating regional Antarctic climate, meridional heat transport, ocean circulation, and sea‐ice in the Amundsen‐Bellingshausen Seas. Most previous research on the ASL has focused on its variability with only a few studies attempting to understand why the climatological ASL exists. These studies have proposed different hypotheses to explain the presence of the ASL, however, a clear understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the generation of the ASL remains uncertain. Here we use an atmospheric general circulation model to show that the ASL is a consequence of the interaction between Antarctic topography and the westerly wind jet, with negligible influence from low‐latitude teleconnections. A nonrotating fluid flow simulation further suggests that the ASL can be explained by flow separation resulting from the interaction of westerly winds with the topography of Antarctica.
Understanding Tropical Convection Through Triple Oxygen Isotopes of Precipitation From the Maritime Continent
Authors: He Shaoneng , Jackisch Dominik , Samanta Dhrubajyoti , Yi Phyllis Kho Yu , Liu Guangxin , Wang Xianfeng , Goodkin Nathalie F. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMonthly precipitation samples from Singapore were collected between 2013 and 2019 for stable isotope analysis to further our understanding of the drivers of tropical precipitation isotopes, in particular, 17O‐excess. δ18O ranges from –11.34‰ to –2.34‰, with a low correlation to rainfall (r = –0.31, p = 0.014), suggesting a weak amount effect. d‐excess is relatively consistent and has an average value of 10.89‰ ± 3.45‰. Compared to high‐latitude regions, 17O‐excess in our samples generally falls in a narrower range from 2 to 47 per meg with an average of 21 ± 11 per meg. Moreover, 17O‐excess shows strong periodic variability; spectral analysis reveals 3‐month, 6‐month, and 2.7‐year periodicities, likely corresponding to intraseasonal oscillations, monsoons, and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), respectively. In contrast, d‐excess shows no clear periodicities. Although spectral analysis only identifies 6‐month periodicity in the δ18O time series, δ18O tracks the Nino3.4 sea surface temperature variability; the average δ18O value (–5.2‰) is higher during El Niño years than ENSO neutral years (–7.6‰). Therefore, regional convection associated with monsoons and ENSO has different impacts on δ18O, d‐excess, and 17O‐excess. 17O‐excess and d‐excess are anticorrelated and do not relate to the relative humidity in moisture source regions. Extremely low humidity and drought conditions in moisture source regions would be required to account for high 17O‐excess. Processes during transport and precipitation likely modify these two parameters, especially 17O‐excess, which no longer record humidity conditions of moisture source regions. Our findings will be useful for further modeling studies to identify physical processes during convection that alter d‐excess and 17O‐excess.
Toward Data‐Driven Generation and Evaluation of Model Structure for Integrated Representations of Human Behavior in Water Resources Systems
Authors: Ekblad Liam , Herman Jonathan D. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSimulations of human behavior in water resources systems are challenged by uncertainty in model structure and parameters. The increasing availability of observations describing these systems provides the opportunity to infer a set of plausible model structures using data‐driven approaches. This study develops a three‐phase approach to the inference of model structures and parameterizations from data: problem definition, model generation, and model evaluation, illustrated on a case study of land use decisions in the Tulare Basin, California. We encode the generalized decision problem as an arbitrary mapping from a high‐dimensional data space to the action of interest and use multiobjective genetic programming to search over a family of functions that perform this mapping for both regression and classification tasks. To facilitate the discovery of models that are both realistic and interpretable, the algorithm selects model structures based on multiobjective optimization of (1) their performance on a training set and (2) complexity, measured by the number of variables, constants, and operations composing the model. After training, optimal model structures are further evaluated according to their ability to generalize to held‐out test data and clustered based on their performance, complexity, and generalization properties. Finally, we diagnose the causes of good and bad generalization by performing sensitivity analysis across model inputs and within model clusters. This study serves as a template to inform and automate the problem‐dependent task of constructing robust data‐driven model structures to describe human behavior in water resources systems.
Flexible modeling and control of capacitive-deionization processes through a linear-state-space dynamic Langmuir model
Authors: Nordstrand Johan , Dutta Joydeep 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWhile black-box models such as neural networks have been powerful in many applications, direct physical modeling (white box) remains crucial in many fields where experimental data are difficult or time-consuming to obtain. Here, we demonstrate with an example from desalination by capacitive deionization (CDI), how an existing physical model could be strengthened by combining a general modeling framework with physical insights (gray box). Thus, a dynamic Langmuir (DL) model is extended to a linear-state-space DL model (LDL). Results obtained show the new LDL model could incorporate general structural and operational modes, including membrane CDI and constant-current operation. The formulation removes the need for direct measurements of detailed device properties without adding model complexity, and MATLAB code for automatically implementing the model is provided in the Supplementary Information. We conclude the new LDL model is widely applicable, offering great flexibility in calibration data, and enabling prediction over general operating modes.
Isoscattering strings of concatenating graphs and networks
Authors: Ławniczak Michał , Sawicki Adam , Białous Małgorzata , Sirko Leszek 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe identify and investigate isoscattering strings of concatenating quantum graphs possessing n units and 2n infinite external leads. We give an insight into the principles of designing large graphs and networks for which the isoscattering properties are preserved for $$n \rightarrow \infty $$

n
→
∞

. The theoretical predictions are confirmed experimentally using $$n=2$$

n
=
2

units, four-leads microwave networks. In an experimental and mathematical approach our work goes beyond prior results by demonstrating that using a trace function one can address the unsettled until now problem of whether scattering properties of open complex graphs and networks with many external leads are uniquely connected to their shapes. The application of the trace function reduces the number of required entries to the $$2n \times 2n $$

2
n
×
2
n

scattering matrices $${\hat{S}}$$

S
^

of the systems to 2n diagonal elements, while the old measures of isoscattering require all $$(2n)^2$$

(
2
n
)

2

entries. The studied problem generalizes a famous question of Mark Kac “Can one hear the shape of a drum?”, originally posed in the case of isospectral dissipationless systems, to the case of infinite strings of open graphs and networks.
Roles of the semisolid heating on the microstructure of a hypereutectic Al–Fe–Cu alloy
Authors: Wang Wei , Liu Bo 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA hypereutectic Al–Fe–Cu alloy with a high-volume fraction ferro-aluminum second phase (AlFe phases for short) was reheated in the solid–liquid region and the microstructure evolution was investigated. During semisolid heating, the high-melting AlFe phases in the Al–Fe–Cu alloy were demonstrated to stunt the grain growth and to block the liquid coalescing and the solid moving. Consequently, the grain sizes in the alloy increased rapidly and then slowly with increasing holding time, and the grains increased gradually with increasing temperature. Smaller grain grew into the large grain but it did not continually grow into the larger grain with increasing temperature or holding time. The shape factor (SF) of the alloy increased gradually and then decreased quickly with increasing temperature or holding time. The major alloying elements in addition to magnesium in the hypereutectic Al–Fe–Cu alloy were finally enriched at the grain boundaries or around the AlFe phases. Besides dissolving in the grains or AlFe phases, copper also diffused between the grains or around AlFe phases, resulting in the formation of diverse Cu-enriched zones. Cu constituents in the inter-grains are outnumbered in the intra-grains. The coarsening kinetics of the alloy was controlled by grain boundary diffusion. The coarsening rate constants K in the initial stage of heating (5–20 min) were several times larger than that in the later stage of heating (20–60 min), indicating the blocking effect of AlFe phases on coarsened grain being obvious.
Advances in automatic identification of flying insects using optical sensors and machine learning
Authors: Kirkeby Carsten , Rydhmer Klas , Cook Samantha M. , Strand Alfred , Torrance Martin T. , Swain Jennifer L. , Prangsma Jord , Johnen Andreas , Jensen Mikkel , Brydegaard Mikkel , Græsbøll Kaare 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWorldwide, farmers use insecticides to prevent crop damage caused by insect pests, while they also rely on insect pollinators to enhance crop yield and other insect as natural enemies of pests. In order to target pesticides to pests only, farmers must know exactly where and when pests and beneficial insects are present in the field. A promising solution to this problem could be optical sensors combined with machine learning. We obtained around 10,000 records of flying insects found in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) crops, using an optical remote sensor and evaluated three different classification methods for the obtained signals, reaching over 80% accuracy. We demonstrate that it is possible to classify insects in flight, making it possible to optimize the application of insecticides in space and time. This will enable a technological leap in precision agriculture, where focus on prudent and environmentally-sensitive use of pesticides is a top priority.
Oxidation-induced thermopower inversion in nanocrystalline SnSe thin film
Authors: Shimizu Sunao , Miwa Kazumoto , Kobayashi Takeshi , Tazawa Yujiro , Ono Shimpei 
Published: January 2021

AbstractGiven the growing demand for environmentally friendly energy sources, thermoelectric energy conversion has attracted increased interest as a promising CO2-free technology. SnSe single crystals have attracted attention as a next generation thermoelectric material due to outstanding thermoelectric properties arising from ultralow thermal conductivity. For practical applications, on the other hand, polycrystalline SnSe should be also focused because the production cost and the flexibility for applications are important factors, which requires the systematic investigation of the stability of thermoelectric performance under a pseudo operating environment. Here, we report that the physical properties of SnSe crystals with nano to submicron scale are drastically modified by atmospheric annealing. We measured the Seebeck effect while changing the annealing time and found that the large positive thermopower, + 757 μV K−1, was completely suppressed by annealing for only a few minutes and was eventually inverted to be the large negative value, − 427 μV K−1. This result would further accelerate intensive studies on SnSe nanostructures, especially focusing on the realistic device structures and sealing technologies for energy harvesting applications.
MuSA: a graphical user interface for multi-OMICs data integration in radiogenomic studies
Authors: Zanfardino Mario , Castaldo Rossana , Pane Katia , Affinito Ornella , Aiello Marco , Salvatore Marco , Franzese Monica 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAnalysis of large-scale omics data along with biomedical images has gaining a huge interest in predicting phenotypic conditions towards personalized medicine. Multiple layers of investigations such as genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics, have led to high dimensionality and heterogeneity of data. Multi-omics data integration can provide meaningful contribution to early diagnosis and an accurate estimate of prognosis and treatment in cancer. Some multi-layer data structures have been developed to integrate multi-omics biological information, but none of these has been developed and evaluated to include radiomic data. We proposed to use MultiAssayExperiment (MAE) as an integrated data structure to combine multi-omics data facilitating the exploration of heterogeneous data. We improved the usability of the MAE, developing a Multi-omics Statistical Approaches (MuSA) tool that uses a Shiny graphical user interface, able to simplify the management and the analysis of radiogenomic datasets. The capabilities of MuSA were shown using public breast cancer datasets from TCGA-TCIA databases. MuSA architecture is modular and can be divided in Pre-processing and Downstream analysis. The pre-processing section allows data filtering and normalization. The downstream analysis section contains modules for data science such as correlation, clustering (i.e., heatmap) and feature selection methods. The results are dynamically shown in MuSA. MuSA tool provides an easy-to-use way to create, manage and analyze radiogenomic data. The application is specifically designed to guide no-programmer researchers through different computational steps. Integration analysis is implemented in a modular structure, making MuSA an easily expansible open-source software.
CD79a promotes CNS-infiltration and leukemia engraftment in pediatric B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Lenk Lennart , Carlet Michela , Vogiatzi Fotini , Spory Lea , Winterberg Dorothee , Cousins Antony , Vossen-Gajcy Michaela , Ibruli Olta , Vokuhl Christian , Cario Gunnar , El Ayoubi Omar , Kramer Lisa , Ritgen Matthias , Brüggemann Monika , Häsler Robert , Schrappe Martin , Fuhrmann Stephan , Halsey Christina , Jeremias Irmela , Hobeika Elias , Jumaa Hassan , Alsadeq Ameera , Schewe Denis M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCentral nervous system (CNS) involvement remains a challenge in the diagnosis and treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In this study, we identify CD79a (also known as Igα), a signaling component of the preB cell receptor (preBCR), to be associated with CNS-infiltration and –relapse in B-cell precursor (BCP)-ALL patients. Furthermore, we show that downregulation of CD79a hampers the engraftment of leukemia cells in different murine xenograft models, particularly in the CNS.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Blockade Corrects Monocyte/Macrophage Imbalance in Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Zhao Yajing , Xu Pengcheng , Guo Li , Wang Haoyi , Min Yanan , Feng Qi , Hou Yu , Sun Tao , Li Guosheng , Ji Xuebin , Qiu Jihua , Peng Jun , Liu Xinguang , Hou Ming 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPrimary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an acquired autoimmune bleeding disorder. Monocytes and macrophages are the major cells involved in autoantibody-mediated platelet clearance in ITP. In the present study, we found increased percentages of peripheral blood proinflammatory CD16+ monocytes and elevated frequencies of splenic tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-expressing macrophages in ITP patients compared with healthy controls. Concurrently, we observed elevated TNF-α secretion in plasma as well as higher TNF-α mRNA expression in total peripheral blood mononuclear cells and CD14+ monocytes of ITP patients. Of note, in vitro TNF-α blockade with neutralizing antibody remarkably reduced polarization to M1 macrophages by inhibiting the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Moreover, TNF-α blockade dampened macrophage phagocytosis and T cell stimulatory capacity. Finally, in passive and active murine models of ITP, anti-TNF-α therapy reduced the number of nonclassical monocytes and M1 macrophages, ameliorated the retention of platelets in spleen and liver, and increased the platelet count of ITP mice. Taken together, TNF-α blockade decreased the number and function of proinflammatory subsets of monocytes and macrophages by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway, leading to remarkable attenuation of antibody-mediated platelet destruction. Thus, TNF-α blockade may be a promising therapeutic strategy for the management of ITP.
Systematic analysis of differential rhythmic liver gene expression mediated by the circadian clock and feeding rhythms
Authors: Weger Benjamin D. , Gobet Cédric , David Fabrice P. A. , Atger Florian , Martin Eva , Phillips Nicholas E. , Charpagne Aline , Weger Meltem , Naef Felix , Gachon Frédéric 
Published: January 2021

SignificanceThe rotation of the Earth around its own axis creates daily changes in the environment for virtually all living organisms. To anticipate and adapt to those changes, mammals possess an evolutionarily conserved circadian clock that controls most aspects of physiology. Using a previously undescribed analysis tool, we studied the impact of the circadian clock and its underlying feeding rhythms on hepatic gene expression. Our analysis shows that the loss of feeding rhythms in clock-disrupted animals is an important component of their phenotype. Finally, we were able to decipher the specific role of feeding rhythms, the circadian clock, and its controlled output of PARbZip transcription factors in the regulation of liver rhythmic gene expression.
Transcriptome-targeted analysis of human peripheral blood-derived macrophages when cultured on biomaterial meshes
Authors: Mora-Navarro Camilo , Ozpinar Emily W , Sze Daphne , Martin David P , Freytes Donald O 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Surgical meshes are commonly used to repair defects and support soft tissues. Macrophages (Mφs) are critical cells in the wound healing process and are involved in the host response upon foreign biomaterials. There are various commercially available permanent and absorbable meshes used by surgeons for surgical interventions. Polypropylene (PP) meshes represent a permanent biomaterial that can elicit both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. In contrast, poly-4-hydroxybutyrate (P4HB) based meshes are absorbable and linked to positive clinical outcomes but have a poorly characterized immune response. This study evaluated the in vitro targeted transcriptomic response of human Mφs seeded for 48 h on PP and P4HB surgical meshes. The in vitro measured response from human Mφs cultured on P4HB exhibited inflammatory and anti-inflammatory gene expression profiles typically associated with wound healing, which aligns with in vivo animal studies from literature. The work herein provides in vitro evidence for the early transcriptomic targeted signature of human Mφs upon two commonly used surgical meshes. The findings suggest a transition from an inflammatory to a non-inflammatory phenotype by P4HB as well as an upregulation of genes annotated under the pathogen response pathway.
Scalar fields in 3D asymptotically flat higher-spin gravity
Authors: Ammon Martin , Pannier Michel , Riegler Max 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this work we construct a novel associative algebra and use it to define a theory of higher-spin gravity in (2 + 1)-dimensional asymptotically flat spacetimes. Our construction is based on a quotient of the universal enveloping algebra of

i
s
l

(

2
,
R

)

with respect to the ideal generated by its Casimir elements, the mass squared

M

2

and the three-dimensional analogue of the square of the Pauli–Lubanski vector

S

and propose to call the resulting associative algebra

i
h
s

(

M

2

,
S

)

. We provide a definition of its generators and even though we are not yet able to provide the complete set of multiplication rules of this algebra our analysis allows us to study many interesting and relevant sub-structures of

i
h
s

(

M

2

,
S

)

. We then show how to consistently couple a scalar field to an

i
h
s

(

M

2

,
S

)

higher-spin gauge theory.