bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acoustic deterrents influence foraging activity, flight and echolocation behaviour of free-flying bats
Authors: Gilmour Lia R. V. , Holderied Marc W. , Pickering Simon P. C. , Jones Gareth 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
Acoustic deterrents have shown potential as a viable mitigation measure to reduce human impacts on bats; however, the mechanisms underpinning acoustic deterrence of bats have yet to be explored. Bats avoid ambient ultrasound in their environment and alter their echolocation calls in response to masking noise. Using stereo thermal videogrammetry and acoustic methods, we tested predictions that: (i) bats would avoid acoustic deterrents and forage and social call less in a ‘treated airspace’; (ii) deterrents would cause bats to fly with more direct flight paths akin to commuting behaviour and in line with a reduction in foraging activity, resulting in increased flight speed and decreased flight tortuosity; and (iii) bats would alter their echolocation call structure in response to the masking deterrent sound. As predicted, overall bat activity was reduced by 30% and we recorded a significant reduction in counts of Pipistrellus pygmaeus (27%), Myotis spp. (probably M. daubentonii) (26%), and Nyctalus spp. and Eptesicus spp. (68%) passes. Pipistrellus pygmaeus feeding buzzes were also reduced by the deterrent in relation to general activity (by 38%); however, social calls were not (only 23% reduction). Bats also increased their flight speed and reduced the tortuosity of their flight paths, and P. pygmaeus reduced echolocation call bandwidth and start frequency of calls in response to deterrent playback, probably owing to the masking effect of the sound. Deterrence could therefore be used to remove bats from areas where they forage, for example wind turbines and roads, where they may be under threat from direct mortality.
Formic acid modulates latency and accuracy of nestmate recognition in carpenter ants
Authors: Baracchi David , Giurfa Martin , d'Ettorre Patrizia 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTDecision-making processes face the dilemma of being accurate or faster, a phenomenon that has been described as speed–accuracy trade-off in numerous studies on animal behaviour. In social insects, discriminating between colony members and aliens is subject to this trade-off as rapid and accurate rejection of enemies is of primary importance for the maintenance and ecological success of insect societies. Recognition cues distinguishing aliens from nestmates are embedded in the cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) layer and vary among colonies. In walking carpenter ants, exposure to formic acid (FA), an alarm pheromone, improves the accuracy of nestmate recognition by decreasing both alien acceptance and nestmate rejection. Here, we studied the effect of FA exposure on the spontaneous aggressive mandible opening response (MOR) of harnessed Camponotus aethiops ants presented with either nestmate or alien CHCs. FA modulated both MOR accuracy and the latency to respond to odours of conspecifics. In particular, FA decreased the MOR towards nestmates but increased it towards aliens. Furthermore, FA decreased MOR latency towards aliens but not towards nestmates. As response latency can be used as a proxy of response speed, we conclude that contrary to the prediction of the speed–accuracy trade-off theory, ants did not trade off speed against accuracy in the process of nestmate recognition.
Functional loss of ketogenesis in odontocete cetaceans
Authors: Wolfgang Michael J. , Choi Joseph , Scafidi Susanna 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
Odontocete cetaceans exhibit genomic mutations in key ketogenesis genes. In order to validate an inferred lack of ketogenesis made by observations from genome sequencing, we biochemically analyzed tissues from several odontocete cetacean species and demonstrate that they indeed do not exhibit appreciable hepatic β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) or its carnitine ester. Furthermore, liver tissue exhibited significantly lower long chain acylcarnitines and increased odd chain acylcarnitines indicative of a decreased reliance on hepatic long chain fatty acid oxidation in these carnivorous mammals. Finally, we performed single molecule, real-time next generation sequencing of liver and brain RNA of Tursiops truncatus and demonstrate that the succinyl-CoA transferase required for acetoacetate catabolism is expressed in the nervous system. These data show that odontocete cetaceans have lost the ability to perform ketogenesis and suggest a hepatocentric coenzyme A recycling function rather than a predominantly systemic–bioenergetic role for ketogenesis in other ketogenic competent mammals such as humans.
Cembranoid-Related Diterpenes, Novel Secoditerpenes, and an Unusual Bisditerpene from a Formosan Soft Coral Sarcophyton Tortuosum
Authors: Lin Kuan-Hua , Lin Yu-Chi , Huang Chiung-Yao , Tseng Yen-Ju , Chen Shu-Rong , Cheng Yuan-Bin , Hwang Tsong-Long , Wang Sheng-Yang , Chen Hsing-Yin , Dai Chang-Feng , Sheu Jyh-Horng 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Further chemical investigation of the ethyl acetate extract of the soft coral Sarcophyton tortuosum has led to the isolation of ten terpenoidal metabolites, including six new compounds, secoditerpenes secotortuosenes A and B (1 and 2), diterpenes tortuosenes C and D (3 and 4) and tortuosumol (5), and a biscembranoid bisotortuolide cyclobutane A (6), along with four known compounds, ketoemblide (7), sartrolide G (8), emblide (9), and sarcrassin E (10). Compounds 5 and 6 are metabolites of intra- and intermolecular [2+2] cyclizations, respectively. Notably, 1 and 2 are 12-membered carbocyclic compounds possessing a 2-methyl-3-oxopentanyl side chain and representing an unprecedented molecular skeleton, while compound 6 possesses a unique cyclobutanyl biscembranoid skeleton. The absolute configurations of 1 and 5 were determined by TDDFT ECD calculations. Bioassays showed that compound 5 exhibited selective cytotoxicity against the growth of the Molt-4 cell line, while 6 exhibited inhibitory activity against P388, K562, and HT-29 cancer cell lines. Compounds 3 and 5–7 showed effects for inhibition toward the generation of superoxide anion, while 3, 6, and 7 displayed inhibition activity against elastase release in fMLF/CB-induced neutrophils. In addition, compounds 6, 7, and 10 exhibited anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting nitric oxide generation in the LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cell assay.
Aerobic Electrochemical Transformations of DDT to Oxygen-Incorporated Products Catalyzed by a B12 Derivative
Authors: Moniruzzaman Mohammad , Yano Yoshio , Ono Toshikazu , Hisaeda Yoshio , Shimakoshi Hisashi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractElectrochemical transformations of DDT into oxygen-incorporated products, amides and esters, catalyzed by a B12 derivative, heptamethyl cobyrinate perchlorate, have been developed under aerobic conditions. The dechlorinative oxygenation of DDT forms the acyl chloride as an intermediate for the synthesis of the amide and ester in the reaction with the amine and alcohol, respectively. This electrochemical method demonstrated with 20 oxygen-incorporated dechlorinated products up to 88% yields with 15 new compounds and was also successfully applied to the conversion of methoxychlor to an amide and ester.
Geographic inequalities in non-acute healthcare supply: evidence from Ireland
Authors: Smith Samantha , Walsh Brendan , Wren Maev-Ann , Barron Steve , Morgenroth Edgar , Eighan James , Lyons Seán 
Published: October 2021

Background: Recent reforms in Ireland, as outlined in Sláintecare, the report of the cross-party parliamentary committee on health, are focused on shifting from a hospital-centric system to one where non-acute care plays a more central role. However, these reforms were embarked on in the absence of timely and accurate information about the capacity of non-acute care to take on a more central role in the system. To help address this gap, this paper outlines the most comprehensive analysis to date of geographic inequalities in non-acute care supply in Ireland. Methods: Data on the supply of 10 non-acute services including primary care, allied health, and care for older people, were collated. Per capita supply for each service is described for 28 counties in Ireland (Tipperary and Dublin divided into North and South), using 2014 supply and population data. To examine inequity in the geographic distribution of services, raw population in each county was adjusted for a range of needs indicators. Results: The findings show considerable geographic inequalities across counties in the supply of non-acute care. Some counties had low levels of supply of several types of non-acute care. The findings remain largely unchanged after adjusting for need, suggesting that the unequal patterns of supply are also inequitable. Conclusions: In the context of population changes and the influence of non-need factors, the persistence of historical budgeting in Ireland has led to considerable geographic inequities in non-acute supply, with important lessons for Ireland and for other countries. Such inequities come into sharp relief in the context of COVID-19, where non-acute supply plays a crucial role in ensuring that acute services are preserved for treating acutely ill patients.
Macaé além do petróleo: diversificação socioeconômica através do turismo
Authors: Zickwolff Erick Da Cunha Coelho , Caldas Glauber Henrique Santos , Coelho Vânia Hatab , Jesus Aline César , Bantim Natasha Ribeiro 
Published: October 2021

O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar as perspectivas da atividade turística no município fluminense de Macaé, levando em conta a recente crise econômica vivida pela cidade, entre os anos de 2014 e 2018, além do atual quadro de incertezas geradas pela pandemia da Covid-19. Para uma melhor contextualização do tema, foi realizado um breve levantamento acerca do desenvolvimento econômico macaense, desde suas origens agrárias até o estabelecimento da base de operação para as atividades de prospecção e de produção da Bacia de Campos, pela Petrobras, e a construção da identidade de “Capital Nacional do Petróleo”. As razões que contribuíram para o cenário da crise da década de 2010 também foram investigadas, mostrando que, devido ao atual estágio do capitalismo global, alguns acontecimentos internacionais – como a variação nos preços do barril de petróleo – podem ter um impacto tão significativo para uma cidade brasileira, quanto a situação política do próprio país. Para que, de fato, se pudesse pensar nas possibilidades do desenvolvimento futuro de um turismo sustentável em Macaé, tornou-se necessário que se perquirisse sobre o momento vivido no município hoje, com a presença e circulação do coronavírus (Sars-CoV-2) alterando o cotidiano, obrigando o estabelecimento de novas práticas diárias, além da gradual retomada, das atividades relacionadas com o petróleo. A conclusão deste exercício, ao mesmo tempo analítico e imaginativo, aponta para a necessidade do estabelecimento de parcerias entre o poder público municipal, através de suas diversas pastas – com destaque para a Secretaria Adjunta de Turismo – a iniciativa privada e as instituições de ensino superior e técnico com sede na cidade, inclusive com uma aproximação regional com os diversos municípios da região turística da Costa do Sol, a qual pertence.
O TEATRO NA PRODUÇÃO FABULAR E CRÍTICA DE UM PENSAMENTO ANTIRRACISTA / Theater in the fabular and critical production of an antiracist thought
Authors: Patrocínio Soraya Martins 
Published: October 2021

O presente artigo busca refletir como o teatro, lugar da partilha de sensibilidades, apresenta-se como meio fabular de fazer emergir performances que criam e recriam histórias e identidades e se abre para lugares outros na organização do sensível, ao estabelecer discursos e imagens outras acerca da negrura, como possibilidade mesma de elaboração de uma perspectiva que potencialize outros saberes, tradições e subjetividades. Os teatros pensados, realizados, encenados/performados por artistas negras e negros podem aparecer como uma forma de lançar mão dos corpos da negrura como imagem-texto, inventariar outras imagens possíveis para esses corpos e criar imagens e narrativas que faltam. São teatralidades carregadas de uma “politicidade sensível”, que fundam espaços de cena em que a não separação nítida entre realidade e ficção representa a possibilidade de voltar ao passado e extrair dele outras narrativas para recoreografar as lacunas da memória e alinhavar histórias que se constituem nos tempos do vivido e do contado. Nesse sentido, a prática teatral pode ser uma importante ferramenta de luta e de educação antirracista, na medida em que traduz a experiência e a memória do negro no Brasil; destrói os estereótipos que reproduzem os preconceitos raciais; e processa a reposição do negro de objeto enunciado a sujeito enunciador da sua própria história e subjetividade.
The in vivo location of edge-wear in hip arthroplasties
Authors: Bergiers Sean , Hothi Harry , Henckel Johann , Di Laura Anna , Belzunce Martín , Skinner John , Hart Alister 
Published: October 2021

Aims Acetabular edge-loading was a cause of increased wear rates in metal-on-metal hip arthroplasties, ultimately contributing to their failure. Although such wear patterns have been regularly reported in retrieval analyses, this study aimed to determine their in vivo location and investigate their relationship with acetabular component positioning. Methods 3D CT imaging was combined with a recently validated method of mapping bearing surface wear in retrieved hip implants. The asymmetrical stabilizing fins of Birmingham hip replacements (BHRs) allowed the co-registration of their acetabular wear maps and their computational models, segmented from CT scans. The in vivo location of edge-wear was measured within a standardized coordinate system, defined using the anterior pelvic plane. Results Edge-wear was found predominantly along the superior acetabular edge in all cases, while its median location was 8° (interquartile range (IQR) -59° to 25°) within the anterosuperior quadrant. The deepest point of these scars had a median location of 16° (IQR -58° to 26°), which was statistically comparable to their centres (p = 0.496). Edge-wear was in closer proximity to the superior apex of the cups with greater angles of acetabular inclination, while a greater degree of anteversion influenced a more anteriorly centred scar. Conclusion The anterosuperior location of edge-wear was comparable to the degradation patterns observed in acetabular cartilage, supporting previous findings that hip joint forces are directed anteriorly during a greater portion of walking gait. The further application of this novel method could improve the current definition of optimal and safe acetabular component positioning. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(10):639–649.
Gas-plasma-based generation of broadband terahertz radiation with 640  mW average power
Authors: Buldt Joachim , Stark Henning , Müller Michael , Grebing Christian , Jauregui César , Limpert Jens 
Published: October 2021

We present a high-power source of broadband terahertz (THz) radiation covering the whole THz spectral region (0.1–30 THz). The two-color gas plasma generation process is driven by a state-of-the-art ytterbium fiber chirped pulse amplification system based on coherent combination of 16 rod-type amplifiers. Prior to the THz generation, the pulses are spectrally broadened in a multipass cell and compressed to 37 fs with a pulse energy of 1.3 mJ at a repetition rate of 500 kHz. A gas-jet scheme has been employed for the THz generation, increasing the efficiency of the process to 0.1%. The air-biased coherent detection scheme is implemented to characterize the full bandwidth of the generated radiation. A THz average power of 640 mW is generated, which is the highest THz average power achieved to date. This makes this source suitable for a variety of applications, e.g., spectroscopy of strongly absorbing samples or driving nonlinear effects for the studies of material properties.
The extent of protective footwear use among school-age rural children at high risk for podoconiosis and socio-economic correlates: A household cross-sectional survey in Southern Ethiopia
Authors: Tora Abebayehu , Tadele Getnet , Davey Gail , McBride Colleen M. 
Published: October 2021

Background
Podoconiosis is preventable if genetically susceptible people wear shoes starting from an early age and do so consistently. However, lack of routine use of footwear is one of the major risk factors for podoconiosis and several other foot-related Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). This study is aimed at describing the extent of footwear use among school-age rural children susceptible to the disease and investigating associated socioeconomic factors.

Methods
Cross sectional surveys were conducted in 330 randomly selected households in Wolaita zone, southern Ethiopia. A household head and a child aged between 9 and 15 years were recruited from each household. Household heads provided socioeconomic data while children were asked about their footwear ownership and footwear use.

Results
Nearly half (49.5%) of the children reported either walking barefoot or wearing under-protective footwear in a range of situations. Girls, older children, those in higher school grades, who belonged to families with higher socio-economic status, and those who owned a larger number of pairs of footwear reported more protective use of footwear. The linear regression model constituting the adequacy of footwear ownership and interaction term (i.e. family socioeconomic status by adequacy of footwear ownership) variables explained 30% of variance in the protective use of footwear (AR2 = 0.307). The interaction effect of adequate ownership of footwear and family socioeconomic status consistently predicted the protective use of footwear among children (β = -0.175, p<0.01) though the main effect of adequacy of footwear ownership was stronger (β = 0.507, p<0.001).

Conclusion
Increased adoption of protective footwear is needed to effectively prevent school-age children living in endemic areas from developing podoconiosis and other neglected tropical diseases. Interventions aimed to improve the protective footwear use should consider approaches that also increase the socio-economic capacity of families in podoconiosis endemic communities.
Serological response to nifurtimox in adult patients with chronic Chagas disease: An observational comparative study in Argentina
Authors: Vizcaya David , Grossmann Ulrike , Kleinjung Frank , Zhang Ruiping , Suzart-Woischnik Kiliana , Seu Sandra , Ramirez Teresa , Colmegna Leylen , Ledesma Oscar 
Published: October 2021

Nifurtimox is indicated in Chagas disease but determining its effectiveness in chronic disease is hindered by the length of time needed to demonstrate negative serological conversion. We manually reviewed long-term follow-up data from hospital records of patients with chronic Chagas disease (N = 1,497) in Argentina diagnosed during 1967–1980. All patients were aged ≥18 years at diagnosis and were either treated with nifurtimox (n = 968) or received no antitrypanosomal treatment (n = 529). The primary endpoint was negative seroconversion (the “event”), defined as a change from positive to negative in the serological or parasitological laboratory test used at diagnosis. Time to event was from baseline visit to date of endpoint event or censoring. The effectiveness of nifurtimox versus no treatment was estimated with Cox proportional hazard regression using propensity scores with overlap weights to calculate the hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval. The nifurtimox group was younger than the untreated group (mean, 32.4 vs. 40.3 years), with proportionally fewer females (47.9% vs. 60.1%), and proportionally more of the nifurtimox group than the untreated group had clinical signs and symptoms of Chagas disease at diagnosis (28.9% vs. 14.0%). Median maximum daily dose of nifurtimox was 8.0 mg/kg/day (interquartile range [IQR]: 8.0–9.0) and median treatment duration was 44 days (IQR: 1–90). Median time to event was 2.1 years (IQR: 1.0–4.5) for nifurtimox-treated and 2.4 years (IQR: 1.0–4.2) for untreated patients. Accounting for potential confounders, the estimated hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for negative seroconversion was 2.22 (1.61–3.07) favoring nifurtimox. Variable treatment regimens and follow-up duration, and an uncommonly high rate of spontaneous negative seroconversion, complicate interpretation of this epidemiological study, but with the longest follow-up and largest cohort analyzed to date it lends weight to the benefit of nifurtimox in adults with chronic Chagas disease.
Trial registration: The study protocol was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03784391.
Statistics and the Quest for Quality Journalism: A Study in Quantitative Reporting, A. Martinisi and J. A. Lugo-Ocando (2020)
Authors: Van Witsen Anthony 
Published: October 2021

Review of: Statistics and the Quest for Quality Journalism: A Study in Quantitative Reporting, A. Martinisi and J. A. Lugo-Ocando (2020)
London: Anthem Press, 206 pp.,
ISBN 978-1-78527-533-3, h/bk, $125.00
Does the environment matter, a closer look at the environmental approach by small businesses in Africa developing countries.
Authors: Chazireni Bobo 
Published: October 2021

Environmental Social Responsibility (ESR) is a notion, where business integrates environmental concerns in their operations and the interaction with stakeholders, without compromising profit. To this day, ESR studies are limited to areas of ethics, society and employees while literature is blunt on its impact on societies, consumer behaviour and governments. SMEs in developing countries are not spared their approach to ESR as a sustainability strategy. SMEs’ approach seems to digress from leverage on loyalty which emanates from their nearness to communities who in turn are potential customers. This paper takes a closer look at SMEs’ approach to ESR driven by SME business owners’ perception towards ESR. The paper will take account of SMEs’ behavioural response towards ESR and establish whether they regard ESR a strategic sustainability approach with long-term positive bottom-line benefits.
Results were attained through assessing perceptions of SMEs towards ESR; assessing impact practice of ESR by SMEs; exploring factors that undermining practise of ESR by SMEs. A mixed approach was adopted where data was obtained using face to face interviews. Results showed that the majority of SME business owners had a negative approach towards the practice of ESR. SMEs believe ESR was mainly for large corporations since their operations were hideously affecting the environment. As new knowledge, recommendations from this paper will be shared with Chambers of Commerce in Africa developing countries. Some of the recommendations were that the chambers of commerce, local authorities must proactively support SMEs to practise ESR through awareness workshops, train and share the ESR strategy alignment with business strategy.