bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of serum insulin‐like growth factor‐1, insulin, glucose levels in patients with adolescent and post‐adolescent acne
Authors: Akpinar Kara Yesim 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectivesThere are many endogenous and exogenous factors that cause acne formation. This study aimed to determine whether the acne severity in patients with various age ranges is associated with serum insulin‐like growth factor, insulin, and glucose and to identify how much they affect the acne severity.Materials and MethodsIn this case‐control prospective study, 44 patients with acne vulgaris and 44 age‐ and gender‐matched control subjects without acne were evaluated. Patients and the control group were divided into two age‐groups as adolescence and post‐adolescence. According to the Global Acne Scoring System (GASS) of the acne group, the acne score grades between 0 and 44 were calculated. The correlations between the IGF‐1, insulin, glucose levels, and acne grades were calculated in each group.ResultsIn our study, the acne scores and serum IGF‐1 levels were found to be significantly higher in patients under the age of 21 than patients over the age of 21. There was a statistically significant difference in acne score between the two groups. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the serum IGF‐1, insulin, and glucose levels of the acne group and the control group.ConclusionIn this study, it has been revealed that IGF‐1 is effective at the pathogenesis of acne in adolescence.
Effect of CAD/CAM Bur Deterioration on the Surface Roughness of Ceramic Crowns
Authors: Al Hamad Khaled Q. , Al Quran Firas A. , Jwaied Sawsan Z. , Al‐Dwairi Ziad N , Al‐Rashdan Bashar A. , Baba Nadim Z. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the effect of repetitive milling on the surface roughness of ceramic crowns.Materials and MethodsTwenty feldspathic ceramic crowns (VITABLOCS Mark II; Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany) milled with hard milling protocol, and 20 zirconia crowns (5Y‐TZP, inCoris TZI; Dentsply Sirona, York, PA) milled with soft milling protocol, using a 5‐axis milling machine (inLab MC X5; Dentsply Sirona) were investigated. Atomic force microscopy (SPM SmartSPM™‐1000) was used for surface roughness measurements (Ra, RMS). Pearson correlation between bur deterioration percentage as provided by the software of the milling machine and surface roughness was performed with an (r) range between 1 and –1. Trend analysis between the 2‐half and among the 4‐quarter bur lifetime was performed with linear contrast analysis and partial eta squared (η) for estimate of effect size. Analysis of mean variance between the zirconia and feldspathic ceramic groups was performed with a t‐test, with α = 0.05.ResultsCorrelation analysis showed small correlation for Ra, RMS (r = –0.02, –0.16 for the feldspathic ceramic crowns and r = 0.044, 0.034 for the zirconia crowns), and no significant differences for the 2‐half and 4‐quarter groups (p > 0.05) for both crown types. Estimate of effect size was rated as medium for the 2‐half groups (Ra = 0.420, RMS = 0.395) and large for the 4‐quarter groups (RA = 0.22, F = 1.48, RMS = 0.19, F = 1.26) for the feldspathic ceramic crowns, and small effect size for the 2‐half groups (Ra = 0.18, RMS = 0.20) and the 4‐quarter groups (Ra = 0.035, RMS = 0.037) for the zirconia crowns. There was no significant difference (p = 0.178, F = 0.016. p = 0.088, F = 0.002) between the feldspathic ceramic and zirconia crowns with medium and large effect size (0.45, 0.57) for RA and RMS.ConclusionsMilling zirconia and feldspathic ceramic crowns had small correlation between bur deterioration and surface roughness when the burs were used within their recommended lifetime. However, hard milled feldspathic ceramic crowns had higher surface roughness than the soft milled zirconia crowns. Bur deterioration had a larger effect on the surface roughness of the feldspathic ceramic crowns than the zirconia crowns.
Contrasting early successional dynamics of bacterial and fungal communities in recently deglaciated soils of the maritime Antarctic
Authors: Gyeong Hyeryeon , Hyun Chang‐Uk , Kim Seok Cheol , Tripathi Binu Mani , Yun Jeongeun , Kim Jinhyun , Kang Hojeong , Kim Ji Hee , Kim Sanghee , Kim Mincheol 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAlthough microorganisms are the very first colonizers of recently deglaciated soils even prior to plant colonization, the drivers and patterns of microbial community succession at early‐successional stages remain poorly understood. The successional dynamics and assembly processes of bacterial and fungal communities were compared on a glacier foreland in the maritime Antarctic across the ~10‐year soil‐age gradient from bare soil to sparsely vegetated area. Bacterial communities shifted more rapidly than fungal communities in response to glacial retreat; species turnover (primarily the transition from glacier‐ to soil‐favouring taxa) contributed greatly to bacterial beta diversity, but this pattern was less clear in fungi. Bacterial communities underwent more predictable (more deterministic) changes along the soil‐age gradient, with compositional changes paralleling the direction of changes in soil physicochemical properties following deglaciation. In contrast, the compositional shift in fungal communities was less associated with changes in deglaciation‐induced changes in soil geochemistry and most fungal taxa displayed mosaic abundance distribution across the landscape, suggesting that the successional dynamics of fungal communities are largely governed by stochastic processes. A co‐occurrence network analysis revealed that biotic interactions between bacteria and fungi are very weak in early succession. Taken together, these results collectively suggest that bacterial and fungal communities in recently deglaciated soils are largely decoupled from each other during succession and exert very divergent trajectories of succession and assembly under different selective forces.
Simulation of mixed traffic with cooperative lane changes
Authors: Li Qianwen , Li Xiaopeng , Huang Zhitong , Halkias John , McHale Gene , James Rachel 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis study proposes a mixed traffic simulation framework that integrates vehicle car‐following (CF) and lane‐changing (LC) with connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) of different cooperation behaviors. This framework is centered at a CAV LC model incorporated with CF dynamics in mixed traffic. The model was calibrated and validated using data collected from small‐scale field experiments in a previous study. To demonstrate a large‐scale application of this framework, PTV Vissim was used to implement the framework on a segment of Interstate 75 highway. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to investigate the impacts of key parameters on traffic mobility and stability performance. The results show that traffic performance degraded as the traffic demand and vehicle diverging rate increased. As the CAV penetration rate increased, traffic performance fluctuated when CAVs were more conservative. As the CAV cooperation rate, incentive criterion threshold, and incentive criterion bias increased, mobility and stability performance first improved and then degraded. When CAV platooning was considered, traffic performance was enhanced. These findings shed light on mixed traffic management from the perspectives of both transportation operators (e.g., facilities and policies to promote vehicle cooperation) and automakers (e.g., tuning parameters in their LC models) to achieve the best traffic performance.
The future of antibiotics begins with discovering new combinations
Authors: Zhu Meilin , Tse Megan W. , Weller Juliane , Chen Julie , Blainey Paul C. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAntibiotic resistance is a worldwide and growing clinical problem. With limited drug development in the antibacterial space, combination therapy has emerged as a promising strategy to combat multidrug‐resistant bacteria. Antibacterial combinations can improve antibiotic efficacy and suppress antibacterial resistance through independent, synergistic, or even antagonistic activities. Combination therapies are famously used to treat viral and mycobacterial infections and cancer. However, antibacterial combinations are only now emerging as a common treatment strategy for other bacterial infections owing to challenges in their discovery, development, regulatory approval, and commercial/clinical deployment. Here, we focus on discovery—where the sheer scale of combinatorial chemical spaces represents a significant challenge—and discuss how combination therapy can impact the treatment of bacterial infections. Despite these challenges, recent advancements, including new in silico methods, theoretical frameworks, and microfluidic platforms, are poised to identify the new and efficacious antibacterial combinations needed to revitalize the antibacterial drug pipeline.
OsNBL3, a mitochondrion‐localized pentatricopeptide repeat protein, is involved in splicing nad5 intron 4 and its disruption causes lesion mimic phenotype with enhanced resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses
Authors: Qiu Tiancheng , Zhao Xiaosheng , Feng Huijing , Qi Linlu , Yang Jun , Peng You‐Liang , Zhao Wensheng 
Published: July 2021

SummaryLesion mimic mutants are used to elucidate mechanisms controlling plant responses to pathogen attacks and environmental stresses. Although dozens of genes had been functionally demonstrated to be involved in lesion mimic phenotype in several plant species, the molecular mechanisms underlying the hypersensitive response are largely unknown. Here, a rice (Oryza sativa) lesion mimic mutant natural blight leaf 3 (nbl3) was identified from T‐DNA insertion lines. The causative gene, OsNBL3, encodes a mitochondrion‐localized pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) protein. The nbl3 mutant exhibited spontaneous cell death response and H2O2 accumulation, and displayed enhanced resistance to the fungal and bacterial pathogens Magnaporthe oryzae and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. This resistance was consistent with the up‐regulation of several defence‐related genes; thus, defence responses were induced in nbl3. RNA interference lines of OsNBL3 exhibited enhanced disease resistance similar to that of nbl3, while the disease resistance in overexpression lines did not differ from that of the wild type. In addition, nbl3 displayed improved tolerance to salt, accompanied by up‐regulation of several salt‐associated marker genes. OsNBL3 was found to mainly participate in the splicing of mitochondrial gene nad5 intron 4. Disruption of OsNBL3 leads to the reduction in complex I activity, the elevation of alternative respiratory pathways and the destruction of mitochondrial morphology. Overall, the results demonstrated that the PPR protein‐coding gene OsNBL3 is essential for mitochondrial development and functions, and its disruption causes the lesion mimic phenotype and enhances disease resistance and tolerance to salt in rice.
Convergent evolution of gene regulatory networks underlying plant adaptations to dry environments
Authors: Artur Mariana A. S. , Kajala Kaisa 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPlants transitioned from an aquatic to a terrestrial lifestyle during their evolution. On land, fluctuations on water availability in the environment became one of the major problems they encountered. The appearance of morpho‐physiological adaptations to cope with and tolerate water loss from the cells was undeniably useful to survive on dry land. Some of these adaptations, such as carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCMs), desiccation tolerance (DT) and root impermeabilization, appeared in multiple plant lineages. Despite being crucial for evolution on land, it has been unclear how these adaptations convergently evolved in the various plant lineages. Recent advances on whole genome and transcriptome sequencing are revealing that co‐option of genes and gene regulatory networks (GRNs) is a common feature underlying the convergent evolution of these adaptations. In this review, we address how the study of CCMs and DT has provided insight into convergent evolution of GRNs underlying plant adaptation to dry environments, and how these insights could be applied to currently emerging understanding of evolution of root impermeabilization through different barrier cell types. We discuss examples of co‐option, conservation and innovation of genes and GRNs at the cell, tissue and organ levels revealed by recent phylogenomic (comparative genomic) and comparative transcriptomic studies.
Lr21 diversity unveils footprints of wheat evolution and its new role in broad‐spectrum leaf rust resistance
Authors: Naz Ali A. , Bungartz Annemarie , Serfling Albrecht , Kamruzzaman Mohammad , Schneider Michael , Wulff Brande B. H. , Pillen Klaus , Ballvora Agim , Oerke Erich‐Christian , Ordon Frank , Léon Jens 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAegilops tauschii, the progenitor of the wheat D genome, contains extensive diversity for biotic and abiotic resistance. Lr21 is a leaf rust resistance gene, which did not enter the initial gene flow from Ae. tauschii into hexaploid wheat due to restrictive hybridization events. Here, we used population genetics and high‐resolution comparative genomics to study evolutionary and functional divergence of Lr21 in diploid and hexaploid wheats. Population genetics identified the original Lr21, lr21‐1 and lr21‐2 alleles and their evolutionary history among Ae. tauschii accessions. Comparative genetics of Lr21 variants between Ae. tauschii and cultivated genotypes suggested at least two independent polyploidization events in bread wheat evolution. Further, a recent re‐birth of a unique Lr21‐tbk allele and its neofunctionalization was discovered in the hexaploid wheat cv. Tobak. Altogether, four independent alleles were investigated and validated for leaf rust resistance in diploid, synthetic hexaploid and cultivated wheat backgrounds. Besides seedling resistance, we uncover a new role of the Lr21 gene in conferring an adult plant field resistance. Seedling and adult plant resistance turned out to be correlated with developmentally dependent variation in Lr21 expression. Our results contribute to understand Lr21 evolution and its role in establishing a broad‐spectrum leaf rust resistance in wheat.
Turning to international litigation to protect the Amazon?
Authors: Bendel Justine , Stephens Tim 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSafeguarding the Amazon biome remains a critical priority, not only for the eight Amazon River basin States but also for the world at large given the ecosystem’s planetary importance. There is now a new sense of urgency surrounding Amazon protection given the substantial increase in rates of deforestation and fires in the region. Accordingly, new options to advance Amazon protection are beginning to be explored, including proceedings in international courts and tribunals. This article provides a critical assessment of the potential for such litigation, examining the possible claims that could be advanced, the risks associated with each of these and which are more likely to be successful. It argues that the litigation landscape is complex, and there are jurisdictional, normative and evidentiary hurdles in the way of a clear‐cut judgment requiring Amazon States to take the urgent and direct measures needed to bring the ecosystem back from the brink.
The mirage of universalism in international nuclear liability law: A critical assessment 10 years after Fukushima
Authors: Handrlica Jakub 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe desire for a universal (global) regime for nuclear liability has, since the early beginnings of peaceful uses of nuclear energy, represented one of the pillars of international nuclear law. This desire reflects concerns over potential transboundary impacts of a nuclear accident, which can cause damage in regions located thousands of miles from the scene of the accident. A decade ago, such an accident occurred because of an earthquake and a subsequent tsunami at the nuclear power plant in Fukushima, Japan. This article aims to address the impact of the Fukushima accident on the development of international conventions governing nuclear liability. By analysing the developments in the post‐Fukushima period, this article questions whether these developments show evidence of a development towards such a universal regime or whether the emergence of several regional liability regimes represents a more probable option for the future.
Early Miocene carbonate ramp development in a warm ocean, North West Shelf, Australia
Authors: Riera Rosine , Bourget Julien , Allan Tony , Håkansson Eckart , Wilson Moyra E. J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAlthough carbonate ramps are widely described from the geological record, there is still a debate on the relative influence of water temperature, trophic conditions and type of carbonate factories on their development. The ca 2400 km long Australian North West Shelf is among the largest Cenozoic carbonate provinces worldwide, and records a transition from an early Miocene ramp to a middle Miocene rimmed platform. This change is observable on publicly available seismic data, giving the opportunity to investigate environmental influences on platform evolution. This study combines macroscopic and petrographic descriptions of early Miocene strata cropping out in the Cape Range Anticline (North West Cape, southern end of the North West Shelf) and of time‐equivalent well cuttings from the adjacent, offshore Exmouth Sub‐basin. Particular emphasis is placed on the identification of larger benthic foraminifera at a broad generic level, because differing taxa have a limited range of habitable conditions that serve as environmental proxies. The results show that early Miocene strata are dominantly composed of larger benthic foraminifera with minor coralline algae in the proximal platform, grading to micropackstones in the more distal platform. A ramp margin is inferred from the lithological data on the basis of the lack of framework builders and the presence of open oceanic indicators. Facies shallow upward through individual outcrops, with a proximal to distal trend towards the north‐west. These trends along outcrops are consistent with the seismic interpretations. Identification of taxa with warm, oligotrophic water affinity suggests that the ramp was formed in an oligotrophic and warm ocean, despite the absence of coral reefs. Changes of carbonate facies with depth do not seem to be associated with changes in ramp morphology, and the latter may have been controlled by physical oceanic parameters, such as offshore currents and waves.
Social closeness and support are associated with lower risk of suicide among U.S. Army soldiers
Authors: Dempsey Catherine L. , Benedek David M. , Nock Matthew K. , Zuromski Kelly L. , Brent David A. , Ao Jingning , Aliaga Pablo A. , Heeringa Steven G. , Kessler Ronald C. , Stein Murray B. , Ursano Robert J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveWe tested the aspects of social support, unit cohesion, and religiosity hypothesized to be protective factors for suicide among U.S. service members.MethodsThis case–control study compared U.S. Army soldiers who died by suicide while on active duty (n = 135) to controls of two types: those propensity score‐matched on known sociodemographic risk factors (n = 128); and those controls who had thought about, but not died by, suicide in the past year (n = 108). Data included structured interviews of next of kin (NOK) and Army supervisors (SUP) for each case and control soldier. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine predictors of suicide.ResultsPerceived social closeness and seeking help from others were associated with decreased odds of suicide, as reported by SUP (OR = 0.2 [95% CI = 0.1, 0.5]) and NOK (OR = 0.4 [95% CI = 0.2, 0.8]). Novel reports by SUP informants of high levels of unit cohesion/morale decreased odds of suicide (OR = 0.1 [95% CI = 0.0, 0.2]). Contrary to study hypotheses, no religious affiliation was associated with lower odds of suicide (OR = 0.3 [95% CI = 0.2, 0.6]).ConclusionsPerceived social closeness and unit/group cohesion are associated with lower odds of suicide. These results point toward social intervention strategies as testable components of suicide prevention programs.
Investigation of patient factors associated with the number of transfusions required during chemotherapy for high‐risk neuroblastoma
Authors: Konno Saori , Yanagisawa Ryu , Kubota Noriko , Ogiso Yoshifumi , Nishimura Noriyuki , Sakashita Kazuo , Tozuka Minoru 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundBlood transfusion is an important supportive care for high‐risk neuroblastoma. When the number of transfusions increases, transfusion‐associated adverse reactions may be more problematic. However, the factors determining the degree of myelosuppression and the number of transfusions during chemotherapy for high‐risk neuroblastoma remain unclear.Materials and MethodsWe investigated patient factors determining the number of required transfusions in 15 high‐risk neuroblastoma patients who received five courses of chemotherapy. Clinical data, cytokine profile and colony‐forming assay with bone marrow samples at diagnosis were analysed.ResultsThe required number of transfusions of both platelets and erythrocytes decreased once in the second course and then increased as the course progressed. The variability among cases increased as the chemotherapy course progressed. In cases of low peripheral blood platelet count and lower fibrinogen level at diagnosis, the number of platelet transfusions was higher during chemotherapy. In contrast, there was a negative correlation between the forming ability of granulocyte–macrophage or erythroid colonies and the number of erythrocyte transfusions in the latter period.ConclusionIn the early stages of chemotherapy, bone marrow infiltration in neuroblastoma and/or coagulopathy complication may cause thrombocytopenia and requirement of platelet transfusion; conversely, in the later stages, the number of erythrocyte transfusions may be defined by the patient's inherent hematopoietic ability. These factors may be useful in predicting the required number of transfusions.
Evidence‐Based Competency Training Program for Blood Product Administration
Authors: Jumpp Savannah 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundHealth care in deployed military environments requires robust clinical nursing skills to care for patients with traumatic injuries. Blood product administration is a critical skill in which nurses should be competent. However, in non‐deployed environments, blood transfusions are performed less frequently, resulting in skill competency loss.AimsOur clinical inquiry focused on maintaining competency for infrequently performed nursing skills, specifically blood product administration.MethodsA literature review and critical appraisal were executed, followed by an evidence‐based practice change. A knowledge test, objective and subjective assessment, and training satisfaction evaluation were performed to measure the practice change outcomes. Both inpatient and outpatient nurses were included.ResultsSixteen articles were identified and appraised. The evidence recommended a blended education approach, that is, lecture plus hands‐on practice. Thus, a classroom lecture and simulation scenario were put into practice with an existing computer‐based training for blood administration. The nurses met knowledge test standards (≥ 90%) before and after implementation, while skill performance improved by 13% and improved self‐competence scores by 7%. Nurses in outpatient settings improved performance scores by 18.4% compared to inpatient nurses, whose scores improved by 9.4%. The simulation scenario completion time decreased by 8.3 minutes post‐implementation, and the training program earned a 90% satisfactory rating.Linking Evidence to ActionA blended education program improves clinical skill performance and enhances confidence in performing critical interventions. Blended education provides a safe learning environment for nurses to be prepared for the management of low‐volume patient care emergencies.