bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amphibian species vary in their learned avoidance response to the deadly fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
Authors: McMahon Taegan A. , Hill Megan N. , Lentz Garrett C. , Scott Electra F. , Tenouri Nadia F. , Rohr Jason R. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Lethal and sublethal effects of pathogens should theoretically select for host avoidance of these pathogenic organisms. Some amphibians can learn to avoid the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) after one infection‐clearance event.

Here, we investigated whether four taxonomically distinct amphibians, Cuban tree frogs Osteopilus septentrionalis, southern toads Anaxyrus (Bufo) terrestris, greenhouse frogs Eleutherodactylus planirostris and pine woods tree frogs Hyla femoralis, exhibited any innate or learned avoidance of Bd on a moist substrate and, if so, what cues they used to identify the fungus.

Cuban tree frogs, pine woods tree frogs and greenhouse frogs did not appear to exhibit detectable innate or learned avoidance of Bd. However, southern toads learned to avoid Bd after only one exposure. Southern toads avoided any treatment containing Bd metabolites but did not avoid treatments that lacked Bd metabolites even when dead zoospores were present.

Bd metabolites appeared to be the cues that amphibians use to avoid Bd. These metabolites may have a distinct smell or may cause discomfort, which would be consistent with a classical or Pavlovian conditioning response.

Synthesis and applications. Not all species of amphibians respond the same way to Bd exposure; some can learn to avoid Bd and the metabolites it produces, while others do not. These findings have important implications for both management practices and policy, and should be considered when developing disease models and conservation plans for amphibians.
The influence of syntactic knowledge on reading comprehension varies as a function of oral vocabulary in Spanish‐speaking children
Authors: Rodríguez‐Ortiz Isabel R. , Moreno‐Pérez Francisco J. , Simpson Ian C. , Valdés‐Coronel Marta , Saldaña David 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundReading comprehension is a complex process influenced by many factors. However, the abilities that are known to influence reading comprehension may not contribute equally for children with different levels of oral language.AimsHere we examined the relationship of two factors known to influence reading comprehension (morphology and syntax) in a group of children who varied in their levels of oral vocabulary.MethodTwo hundred seventy‐three typically developing Spanish‐speaking fourth graders were assessed on non‐verbal intelligence, word and pseudoword reading, oral vocabulary, morphological awareness and syntax, along with reading comprehension ability. Standardised oral language scores within this group ranged from the first to the 99th percentile. Mediated multiple regression with moderation was used to assess (1) whether the influence of oral vocabulary on reading comprehension was mediated by decoding, morphology or syntax and (2) whether the effects of syntax on reading comprehension varied as a function of oral vocabulary levels.ResultsThere was a direct positive relationship between vocabulary and reading comprehension, and this was mediated by word reading and syntax, but not by pseudoword reading or morphology. Furthermore, the relation between syntax and reading comprehension was moderated by oral vocabulary such that the strength of this relationship diminished as oral vocabulary levels increased.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that longitudinal research is necessary to explore the possibility that a syntax intervention might be beneficial for readers with low oral vocabulary.
From parvenu to “highbrow” tastes: The rise of cultural capital in China’s intergenerational elites
Authors: Li Gordon C. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA new generation of elites distinguished by their cultural endowments has emerged in China. Unlike the older generation of elites who signaled status through the display of wealth but shared similar tastes, the new generation of cultured elites has sophisticated, often Western‐oriented “highbrow” tastes in their cultural consumption. By comparing the upbringings and the tastes of interviewees from various backgrounds, this study suggests a widening taste‐chasm between the elites and the underclasses in urban cities. The social process behind this is argued to be the rapid formation of cultural capital in China, in which parental privileges accumulated in the market economy converted into cultural privileges in the new generation of new elites.
Understanding the relationship between natural resources, renewable energy consumption, economic factors, globalization and CO2 emissions in developed and developing countries
Authors: Muhammad Bashir , Khan Sher 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis study is not only important for policy creators but also useful for governments of both developed and developing countries in which to improve their carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and also to maintain growth in renewable electricity production. This study is concerned with the impact that renewable energy consumption, economic factors, globalisation and natural resources have on CO2 emissions in 31 developed and 155 developing countries over the period 1991 to 2018, and utilises time pair dynamic fixed effect and time pair dynamic generalised method of moments (GMM) and system generalised method of moments (system GMM) estimators. The results indicate that renewable energy and social globalisation play a very important role in a CO2 emission reduction of both developed and developing countries. Moreover, in developed countries fuel exports, economic growth, and economic globalisation increase CO2 emissions. Although in developing countries, fuel exports and economic globalisation reduce CO2 emissions, and economic growth and political globalisation increase CO2 emissions. Therefore, policy implications are suggested for both the developed and developing countries' not only for environmental reasons, but also for sustaining growth in fuel exports and for increasing renewable electricity.
A chromosomal assembly of the soybean cyst nematode genome
Authors: Masonbrink Rick E. , Maier Tom R. , Hudson Matthew , Severin Andrew , Baum Thomas 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) is a sedentary plant parasite that exceeds billion USD annually in yield losses. This problem is exacerbated by H. glycines populations overcoming the limited sources of natural resistance in soybean and by the lack of effective and safe alternative treatments. Although there are genetic determinants that render soybeans resistant to nematode genotypes, resistant soybeans are increasingly ineffective because their multiyear usage has selected for virulent H. glycines populations. Successful H. glycines infection relies on the comprehensive re‐engineering of soybean root cells into a syncytium, as well as the long‐term suppression of host defences to ensure syncytial viability. At the forefront of these complex molecular interactions are effectors, the proteins secreted by H. glycines into host root tissues. The mechanisms that control genomic effector acquisition, diversification, and selection are important insights needed for the development of essential novel control strategies. As a foundation to obtain this understanding, we created a nine‐scaffold, 158 Mb pseudomolecule assembly of the H. glycines genome using PacBio, Chicago, and Hi‐C sequencing. A Mikado consensus gene prediction produced an annotation of 22,465 genes using short‐ and long‐read expression data. To evaluate assembly and annotation quality, we cross‐examined synteny among H. glycines assemblies, and compared BUSCO across related species. To describe the predicted proteins involved in H. glycines’ secretory pathway, we contrasted expression between preparasitic and parasitic stages with functional gene information. Here, we present the results from our assembly and annotation of the H. glycines genome and contribute this resource to the scientific community.
Chromosome‐level genome assembly of the bean bug Riptortus pedestris
Authors: Huang Hai‐Jian , Ye Yu‐Xuan , Ye Zhuang‐Xin , Yan Xiao‐Tian , Wang Xin , Wei Zhong‐Yan , Chen Jian‐Ping , Li Jun‐Min , Sun Zong‐Tao , Zhang Chuan‐Xi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe bean bug (Riptortus pedestris) causes great economic losses of soybeans by piercing and sucking pods and seeds. Although R. pedestris has become the focus of numerous studies associated with insect–microbe interactions, plant–insect interactions, and pesticide resistance, a lack of genomic resources has limited deeper insights. Here, we report the first R. pedestris genome at the chromosomal level using PacBio, Illumina, and Hi‐C technologies. The assembled genome was 1.080 Gb in size with a contig N50 of 2.882 Mb. More than 96.3% of the total genome bases were successfully anchored to six unique chromosomes. Genome resequencing of male and female individuals and chromosomic staining demonstrated that the sex chromosome system of R. pedestris is XO, and the shortest chromosome is the X chromosome. In total, 19,026 protein‐coding genes were predicted, 18,745 of which were validated as being expressed. Temporospatial expression of R. pedestris genes in six tissues and 37 development stages revealed 4,657 and 7,793 genes mainly expressed in gonads and egg periods, respectively. Evolutionary analysis demonstrated that R. pedestris and Oncopeltus fasciatus formed a sister group and split ∼80 million years ago (Mya). Additionally, a 5.04 Mb complete genome of symbiotic Serratia marcescens Rip1 was assembled, and the virulence factors that account for successful colonization in the host midgut were identified. The high‐quality R. pedestris genome provides a valuable resource for further research, as well as for the pest management of bug pests.
Bioimpedance as a measure of fluid status in critically ill patients: A systematic review
Authors: Madsen Janne M. , Wichmann Sine , Bestle Morten H. , Itenov Theis S. 
Published: May 2021

ObjectivePrecise measurements of fluid status lack valid methods. Bioimpedance is an attractive diagnostic tool because it is noninvasive, quick, and relatively cheap. This systematic review aims to assess the existing evidence of bioimpedance as an accurate measure of fluid status in critically ill patients.Data sourcesPubMed and Embase up till March 2021 were systematically searched (PROSPERO: CRD42020157436).Study selectionEligibility criteria were studies reporting original data from cohorts of adult patients in intensive care units and doing at least one whole‐body bioimpedance and one reference test. In addition, studies assessing internal reproducibility were included.Data extractionAn extraction form was designed for the purpose.Data synthesisNine hundred five studies were screened for eligibility, and 28 studies, comprising 1482 individual patients, were included in the final analysis. Eight studies compared bioimpedance with a gold standard, and two of those reported the results adequate. We found a low mean difference, but the 95% limits of agreements had wide limits. The remaining studies applied different surrogates as reference tests. Correlations ranged from 0.05 to 0.99. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) certainty of evidence for all outcomes was very low.ConclusionsThe accuracy of bioimpedance as a measure for fluids in critically ill patients in the intensive care unit cannot be determined. Due to the lack of a gold standard, numerous studies compared bioimpedance with surrogate outcomes with great variability in both designs and results. Assessing the internal reproducibility of bioimpedance had the same limitations, but the studies overall reported good internal reproducibility.
Attachment styles moderate Theory of Mind differences between persons with schizophrenia, first‐degree relatives and controls
Authors: Varela Luis F. , Wong Katie H. T. , Shergill Sukhi S. , Fett Anne‐K. J. 
Published: May 2021

ObjectivesTheory of Mind (ToM) plays a role in social functioning and is impaired in patients with schizophrenia and to a lesser degree in first‐degree relatives, compared to healthy controls. This study investigates whether attachment styles moderate these observed group differences in ToM.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study included a sample of 51 patients, 23 first‐degree relatives, and 49 controls who completed assessments of anxious and avoidant attachment (Psychosis Attachment Measure), ToM (Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test), and estimated cognitive ability. Patients’ symptoms were assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.ResultsPatients differed from controls and relatives in ToM performance but not in attachment avoidance or attachment anxiety. Attachment anxiety showed an interaction with group over ToM. The interaction was significant only between patients and controls but not between patients and relatives or relatives and controls. Post‐hoc analysis showed that patients and controls showed differential ToM performance at average and high attachment anxiety. In patients, symptom levels did not moderate the association between attachment and ToM.ConclusionsAttachment anxiety is related to poorer levels of ToM in patients, suggesting this may have a contributory role in schizophrenia. The findings stress the need for longitudinal research into the directionality of the relationship between ToM and attachment anxiety.Practitioner points

Relationships with significant others might be a factor that influences the way in which social information is processed by persons with a diagnosis of a psychotic disorder.

In patients, higher levels of attachment anxiety – that is, low self‐worth, fear of abandonment and rejection, continuous vigilance of threat‐related cues – were associated with a lower ability to understand the mental states of others. However, at lower levels of attachment anxiety, their ToM performance was comparable to that of relatives and controls. This effect was not influenced by symptom severity.

Further research is required to confirm the potential influence of attachment insecurity on ToM ability as the latter is strongly related to patient’s functional outcomes.
Subgroup analysis of ICARIA‐MM study in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma patients with high‐risk cytogenetics
Authors: Harrison Simon J. , Perrot Aurore , Alegre Adrian , Simpson David , Wang Ming Chung , Spencer Andrew , Delimpasi Sosana , Hulin Cyrille , Sunami Kazutaka , Facon Thierry , Vlummens Philip , Yong Kwee , Campana Frank , Inchauspé Marlène , Macé Sandrine , Risse Marie‐Laure , van de Velde Helgi , Richardson Paul 
Published: May 2021

SummaryTreatment benefit in multiple myeloma (MM) patients with high‐risk cytogenetics remains suboptimal. The phase 3 ICARIA‐MM trial (NCT02990338) showed that isatuximab plus pomalidomide–dexamethasone prolongs median progression‐free survival (mPFS) in patients with relapsed/refractory MM (RRMM). This subgroup analysis of ICARIA‐MM compared the benefit of isatuximab in high‐risk [defined by the presence of del(17p), t(4;14) or t(14;16)] versus standard‐risk patients. The efficacy of isatuximab in patients with gain(1q21) abnormality was also assessed in a retrospective subgroup analysis. In ICARIA‐MM, 307 patients received isatuximab–pomalidomide–dexamethasone (n = 154) or pomalidomide–dexamethasone (n = 153). Isatuximab (10 mg/kg intravenously) was given weekly in the first 28‐day cycle, and every other week thereafter. Standard pomalidomide–dexamethasone doses were given. Isatuximab–pomalidomide–dexamethasone improved mPFS (7·5 vs 3·7 months; HR, 0·66; 95% CI, 0·33–1·28) and overall response rate (ORR, 50·0% vs 16·7%) in high‐risk patients. In patients with isolated gain(1q21), isatuximab addition improved mPFS (11·2 vs 4·6 months; HR, 0·50; 95% CI, 0·28–0·88) and ORR (53·6% vs 27·6%). More grade ≥3 adverse events occurred in high‐risk patients receiving isatuximab (95·7%) versus the control group (67·6%); however, isatuximab did not increase events leading to discontinuation or treatment‐related mortality. Isatuximab–pomalidomide–dexamethasone provides a consistent benefit over pomalidomide–dexamethasone treatment in RRMM patients regardless of cytogenetic risk.
Graft‐versus‐host disease risk after chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell therapy: the diametric opposition of T cells
Authors: Sanber Khaled , Savani Bipin , Jain Tania 
Published: May 2021

SummaryChimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T‐cell therapy has brought a paradigm shift in the management of haematological malignancies and has opened novel avenues of investigational therapeutic strategies. Given these encouraging responses, it has become imperative to understand the full spectrum of biology and potential toxicities that can arise from these novel agents, as well as those under investigation. With the increasing use of CAR T‐cell therapy for relapse following allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) and the imminence of allogeneic CAR T cells, risks from T cell‐based therapy, such as the previously well‐recognised graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD), have gained prominence and warrant explanation. In the present review, we discuss the risk of GVHD in the: (1) post‐HCT setting using recipient or donor‐derived CAR T cells, as well as (2) non‐HCT setting using autologous, as well as allogeneic T‐cell therapies. A better understanding of this risk is important to advance the field and ensure safe development and use of these agents in the clinic.
The role of ligand endocytosis in notch signalling
Authors: Seib Ekaterina , Klein Thomas 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe Notch signalling receptor is a mechanoreceptor that is activated by force. This force elicits a conformational change in Notch that results in the release of its intracellular domain into the cytosol by two consecutive proteolytic cleavages. In most cases, the force is generated by pulling of the ligands on the receptor upon their endocytosis. In this review, we summarise recent work that shed a more detailed light on the role of endocytosis during ligand‐dependent Notch activation and discuss the role of ubiquitylation of the ligands during this process.
Global sourcing under uncertainty
Authors: Gervais Antoine 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper develops a general equilibrium model of international trade in homogenous intermediate inputs. In the model, trade between countries is driven exclusively by uncertainty in the delivery of inputs. Because their managers are risk‐averse, final good firms contract with multiple suppliers located in different countries in an attempt to decrease the variability of their profits. The analysis shows that risk diversification provides an incentive for international trade over and above such reasons as comparative advantages (emphasized in classical models of international trade) and economies of scale (emphasized in new trade models) and highlights a new channel—a reduction in uncertainty—through which trade liberalization increases welfare.
Detection of viral gene expression in risk‐stratified biopsies reveals no active HPV in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Vandiver Amy R. , Thomas Brandon J. , Karimzada Mohammad , Knowles Byron C. , Botten Giovanni A. , Spreafico Roberto , Rotman Jeremy N. , Gharavi Nima M , Chesnut Cameron , Wesel Kevin , Mangul Serghei , Soriano Teresa , Scumpia Philip O. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundHuman papillomavirus (HPV) infection is known to promote the development of mucosal squamous cell carcinoma (mSCC), including pathologically high‐grade lesions, but its role in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cuSCC) remains unclear, particularly in lesions that are considered high risk.ObjectiveWe aimed to determine whether enhanced HPV transcriptional activity can be detected in high‐risk cuSCC samples compared with low‐grade SCC samples or normal skin.MethodsWe performed RNA sequencing of cuSCC across 23 risk‐stratified skin lesions. A subset of samples was tested for the presence of HPV DNA. High‐quality, non‐human reads from each sample group were used for viral analysis using Microbiome Coverage Profiler.ResultsNone of the samples analysed had detectable expression of HPV RNA, while 64% of samples tested positive for HPV DNA. All samples were found to have expression of human endogenous retrovirus, and multiple samples showed expression of other viruses.ConclusionsViral and prophage gene expression can be monitored in cuSCC or normal skin biopsies, yet no sample in our study showed evidence of active HPV gene expression despite evidence of HPV genome presence. This suggests HPV transcription does not play a role in differentiating high‐risk cuSCCs from low‐risk cuSCCs or normal skin.
Habitats and seasons differentiate the assembly of bacterial communities along a trophic gradient of freshwater lakes
Authors: Jiao Congcong , Zhao Dayong , Huang Rui , He Fei , Yu Zhongbo 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Freshwater lakes are subject to variable degrees of eutrophication. Within lakes, the planktonic bacterial community (PBC) and sediment bacterial community (SBC) are both significant participants in biogeochemical processes of lake ecosystems. However, how the assembly patterns of bacterial communities vary seasonally along a trophic gradient in freshwater lakes is poorly understood.

Here, we collected and analysed water and sediment samples from 13 shallow lakes located in an urban region of China during summer and winter, the trophic states of which ranged from mesotrophic to middle eutrophic in summer and oligo‐mesotrophic to light eutrophic in winter. High‐throughput sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA genes was used to determine the diversity and composition of bacterial communities.

Our results indicated that bacterial communities derived from different habitats and seasons did not exhibit a uniform response to lake trophic states. Linear and nonlinear mixed effect models suggested that the α‐diversity of PBC and SBC, respectively, showed a unimodal and monotonically decreasing trend with increasing eutrophication in summer, whereas that of PBC and SBC, respectively, exhibited no obvious trend or an increased pattern along the trophic gradient in winter. In addition, the taxonomic compositional dissimilarity of the PBC was most significantly related to lake trophic differences in summer. Phylogenetic structure analysis revealed that mostly environmental selection regulated the SBC and PBC in both seasons. Moreover, dispersal limitation and homogenising dispersal contributed more to the assembly of SBC and PBC in both seasons, respectively. Water temperature, associated with seasonal variability, was the most important variable driving the PBC assembly, while sediment pH overwhelmed nutrients in regulating the seasonal patterns of SBC assemblages.

Overall, we highlighted that the water and sediments, as well as the seasons, differentiated the diversity patterns and assembly processes of bacterial communities along a trophic gradient of freshwater lakes. Our findings provide novel information for understanding the ecological responses of lacustrine bacterial communities to trophic gradients and seasonal variations. This study also contributes an important reference for predicting the changes of microbial community biodiversity under future scenarios of eutrophication.

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