bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Virologic Features of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection in Children
Authors: Yonker Lael M , Boucau Julie , Regan James , Choudhary Manish C , Burns Madeleine D , Young Nicola , Farkas Eva J , Davis Jameson P , Moschovis Peter P , Bernard Kinane T , Fasano Alessio , Neilan Anne M , Li Jonathan Z , Barczak Amy K 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
Data on pediatric coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has lagged behind adults throughout the pandemic. An understanding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral dynamics in children would enable data-driven public health guidance.

Methods
Respiratory swabs were collected from children with COVID-19. Viral load was quantified by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); viral culture was assessed by direct observation of cytopathic effects and semiquantitative viral titers. Correlations with age, symptom duration, and disease severity were analyzed. SARS-CoV-2 whole genome sequences were compared with contemporaneous sequences.

Results
One hundred ten children with COVID-19 (median age, 10 years [range, 2 weeks–21 years]) were included in this study. Age did not impact SARS-CoV-2 viral load. Children were most infectious within the first 5 days of illness, and severe disease did not correlate with increased viral loads. Pediatric SARS-CoV-2 sequences were representative of those in the community and novel variants were identified.

Conclusions
Symptomatic and asymptomatic children can carry high quantities of live, replicating SARS-CoV-2, creating a potential reservoir for transmission and evolution of genetic variants. As guidance around social distancing and masking evolves following vaccine uptake in older populations, a clear understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics in children is critical for rational development of public health policies and vaccination strategies to mitigate the impact of COVID-19.
A vanA vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium ST80 outbreak resulting from a single importation event
Authors: Pratama Ryanbi , Beukers Alicia G , McIver Christopher J , Keighley Caitlin L , Taylor Peter C , van Hal Sebastiaan J 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
A marked genotype shift among vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) from vanB to vanA in Australia between 2011 and 2015 is a well-known phenomenon. It is hypothesized that this was caused by multiple independent clones emerging simultaneously in different settings and/or regions.

Objectives
To gain insights into the circumstances surrounding the shift from vanB to vanA VREfm in one Australian hospital.

Methods
The genomes of 69 vanA VREfm isolates from St George Hospital collected between 2009 and 2018 were studied. An expansion of ST80 vanA VREfm was noted following a single introduction. ST80 isolates were thus further characterized using hybrid sequencing and contextualized through comparisons with other published Australian ST80 isolates. Phylogenies were constructed with plasmid sequences compared with the index isolate.

Results
The 2011 expansion of ST80 vanA VREfm isolates in our institution originated from the 2009 index isolate, from a patient transferred from overseas. Phylogenetic analysis with other Australian ST80 vanA VREfm isolates showed that the 2011 expansion event was unique, with limited spread to adjacent local health districts. Plasmid analysis showed multiple variants, which can also be traced back to the 2009 isolate, consistent with ongoing plasmid adaptation over time.

Conclusions
These findings confirm an expansion event following a VREfm introduction event leading to a sustained clonal and plasmid outbreak over several years. Moreover, it demonstrates the complexity of countrywide replacement events. This study also highlights the use of hybrid sequencing in establishing an epidemiological relationship to the index isolate that was initially inapparent.
PRO: Procalcitonin has clinical utility in children with community-acquired pneumonia
Authors: Florin Todd A , Williams Derek J 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Procalcitonin (PCT) is a useful, albeit imperfect, diagnostic aid that can help clinicians make more informed decisions around antibiotic use in children with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI), including community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Recent data suggest that a very low PCT concentration has a high negative predictive value to identify a population of children at low risk of typical bacterial infections. Although the preponderance of data on the clinical utility of PCT in LRTI come from adult studies, the potential for benefit is likely greatest in paediatric CAP and other LRTIs where viral aetiologies predominate, yet antibiotics are frequently prescribed.
Racing With or Against the Machine? Evidence on the Role of Trade in Europe
Authors: Gregory Terry , Salomons Anna , Zierahn Ulrich 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Digital technologies displace labor from routine tasks, raising concerns that labor is racing against the machine. We develop an empirically tractable task-based framework to estimate the aggregate employment effects of routine-replacing technological change (RRTC), along with the labor and product demand channels through which this aggregate effect comes about, focusing on the role of inter-regional trade. While RRTC has indeed had strong displacement effects in Europe between 1999 and 2010, it has simultaneously created new jobs through increased product demand, resulting in net employment growth. However, the distribution of gains from technological progress matters for its job-creating potential.
The Matterozzi collection of Early Christian gold-glass at the British Museum: An investigation of textual records and an edition of archival sources
Authors: Mezzolani Valerio , Rini David 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This article recounts the story of an outstanding and yet little-known eighteenth-century character, the collector of sacred art Alessandro Matterozzi (1713–1783). He displayed in his family palace in Urbania (Marche, Italy), among paintings and antiquities, a select collection of Early Christian gold-glass, a form of decorative glass made of two layers of glass with a design in gold leaf fused between them. The seventeen pieces acquired from his collection by the British Museum consist of the bases of glass vessels found mainly in Early Christian catacombs. The drawings filed in Gaetano Marini’s sylloge entitled ‘Inscriptiones christianae’ (1765–1801), now in the Vatican Library, together with other newly studied written sources, document how Matterozzi assembled one of the largest gold-glass collections of his time, which was later added to the collections of the British Museum.
Ethanol production by Escherichia coli from detoxified lignocellulosic teak wood hydrolysates with high concentration of phenolic compounds
Authors: Sierra-Ibarra Estefanía , Alcaraz-Cienfuegos Jorge , Vargas-Tah Alejandra , Rosas-Aburto Alberto , Valdivia-López Ángeles , Hernández-Luna Martín G , Vivaldo-Lima Eduardo , Martinez Alfredo 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Teak wood residues were subjected to thermochemical pretreatment, enzymatic saccharification, and detoxification to obtain syrups with a high concentration of fermentable sugars for ethanol production with the ethanologenic Escherichia coli strain MS04. Teak is a hardwood, and thus a robust deconstructive pretreatment was applied followed by enzymatic saccharification. The resulting syrup contained 60 g l–1 glucose, 18 g l–1 xylose, 6 g l–1 acetate, less than 0.1 g l–1 of total furans, and 12 g l–1 of soluble phenolic compounds (SPCs). This concentration of SPC is toxic to E. coli, and thus two detoxification strategies were assayed: (1) treatment with Coriolopsis gallica laccase followed by addition of activated carbon and (2) overliming with Ca(OH)2. These reduced the phenolic compounds by 40% and 76%, respectively. The detoxified syrups were centrifuged and fermented with E. coli MS04. Cultivation with the overlimed hydrolysate showed a 60% higher volumetric productivity (0.45 gETOH l–1 hr–1). The bioethanol/sugar yield was over 90% in both strategies.
Impacts of Cucurbit Chlorotic Yellows Virus (CCYV) on Biological Characteristics of Its Vector Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) MED Species
Authors: He Haifang , Li Jingjing , Zhang Zelong , Tang Xuefei , Song Danyang , Yan Fengming 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Plant viruses can change the phenotypes and defense pathways of the host plants and the performance of their vectors to facilitate their transmission. Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (CCYV) (Crinivirus), a newly reported virus occurring on cucurbit plants and many other plant species, is transmitted specifically by Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 (B biotype) and MED (Q biotype) cryptic species in a semipersistent manner. This study evaluated the impacts of CCYV on B. tabaci to better understand the plant-virus-vector interactions. By using CCYV-B. tabaci MED-cucumber as the model, we investigated whether or how a semipersistent plant virus impacts the biology of its whitefly vector. CCYV mRNAs were detectable in nymphs from first to fourth instars and adults of B. tabaci with different titers. Nymph instar durations and adult longevity of female whiteflies greatly extended on CCYV-infected plants, but nymph instar durations and adult longevity of male whiteflies were not significantly influenced. In addition, the body length and oviposition increased in adults feeding on CCYV-infected plants, but the hatching rates of eggs and survival rates of different stages were not affected. Most interestingly, the sex ratio (male:female) significantly reduced to 0.5:1 in whitefly populations on CCYV-infected plants, while the ratio remained about 1:1 on healthy plants. These results indicated that CCYV can significantly impact the biological characteristics of its vector B. tabaci. It is speculated that CCYV and B. tabaci have established a typical mutualist relationship mediated by host plants.
Dynamic stress analysis of scattering by a circular cavity in a radially inhomogeneous unbounded space under SH waves
Authors: Yang Zailin , Xiao Yong , Yang Yong , Sun Menghan , Deng Hongyu 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The density of a radially inhomogeneous unbounded space is derived as a function form. Harmonic dynamics stress of the radially inhomogeneous medium with a circular cavity is investigated by the complex variable function method. The governing equation under incident SH waves in the radially inhomogeneous unbounded medium is expressed as a Helmholtz equation with a variable coefficient. It is equivalently transformed into a standard Helmholtz equation by the conformal transformation method. Then, the stress fields in the radially inhomogeneous medium can be proposed. The results indicate that the changes in density parameter of the medium and wave number further affect the dynamic stress concentration factor around the circular cavity.
Pretransplant Quality of Life and Post-Transplant Survival in Adolescents with Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Bernstein Ruth , Lynn Courtney , Faro Albert , Barker David , Quittner Alexandra 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveCystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common indication for pediatric lung transplantation and the third most common for adults. The selection of candidates and timing of transplant is challenging and whether there is a survival benefit of this procedure for pediatric patients is controversial. Use of the Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire-Revised (CFQ-R), a well-validated, disease-specific quality of life measure may improve pretransplant referral decision-making.MethodsThis multicenter study evaluated whether specific domains on the CFQ-R (i.e., Physical Functioning, Respiratory Symptoms), assessed pretransplant, predicted survival 4-year post-transplant (n = 25). A two-step Cox regression, with physical predictors entered in step one (i.e., age, CF-related Diabetes, FEV1% predicted) and the Physical Functioning and Respiratory Symptoms CFQ-R scales entered in step two, was used to assess whether the CFQ-R explained additional and unique variance. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess the sensitivity and specificity of optimal cut-points of significant CFQ-R domains.ResultsThe Respiratory Symptoms scale predicted survival 4-year post-transplant (Exp(B) = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.14–1.01; area under the curve = 0.87) and once it was added to the model, no other individual predictors were significant. The incremental improvement beyond the physical parameters approached but did not reach statistical significance (χ2 Δ = 5.79, p = .06).ConclusionsThis study suggested that including patient-reported outcomes could aid pretransplant referral decision-making. The Respiratory Symptoms scale in particular may serve as a useful tool to help determine when to refer and evaluate an individual for transplant.
The phospho-base N-methyltransferases PMT1 and PMT2 produce phosphocholine for leaf growth in phosphorus-starved Arabidopsis
Authors: Ngo Anh H , Angkawijaya Artik Elisa , Lin Ying-Chen , Liu Yu-chi , Nakamura Yuki 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for plants. Membrane lipid remodeling is an adaptive mechanism for P-starved plants that replaces membrane phospholipids with non-P galactolipids, presumably to retrieve scarce P sources and maintain membrane integrity. Whereas metabolic pathways to convert phospholipids to galactolipids are well-established, the mechanism by which phospholipid biosynthesis is involved in this process remains elusive. Here, we report that phospho-base N-methyltransferases 1 and 2 (PMT1 and PMT2), which convert phosphoethanolamine to phosphocholine (PCho), are transcriptionally induced by P starvation. Shoots of seedlings of pmt1 pmt2 double mutant showed defective growth upon P starvation; however, membrane lipid profiles were unaffected. We found that P-starved pmt1 pmt2 with defective leaf growth had reduced PCho content, and the growth defect was rescued by exogenous supplementation of PCho. We propose that PMT1 and PMT2 are induced by P starvation to produce PCho mainly for leaf growth maintenance, rather than for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis, in membrane lipid remodeling.
X-ray bubbles in the circumgalactic medium of TNG50 Milky Way- and M31-like galaxies: signposts of supermassive black hole activity
Authors: Pillepich Annalisa , Nelson Dylan , Truong Nhut , Weinberger Rainer , Martin-Navarro Ignacio , Springel Volker , Faber Sandy M , Hernquist Lars 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
The TNG50 cosmological simulation produces X-ray emitting bubbles, shells, and cavities in the circumgalactic gas above and below the stellar discs of Milky Way- and Andromeda-like galaxies with morphological features reminiscent of the eROSITA and Fermi bubbles in the Galaxy. Two-thirds of the 198 MW/M31 analogues inspected in TNG50 at z = 0 show one or more large-scale, coherent features of overpressurized gas that impinge into the gaseous halo. Some of the galaxies include a succession of bubbles or shells of increasing size, ranging from a few to many tens of kpc. These are prominent in gas pressure, X-ray emission, and gas temperature, and often exhibit sharp boundaries with typical shock Mach numbers of 2–4. The gas in the bubbles outflows with maximum (95th pctl) radial velocities of ∼100–1500 km s−1. TNG50 bubbles expand with speeds as high as 1000–2000 km s−1 (about 1–2 kpc Myr−1), but with a great diversity and with larger bubbles expanding at slower speeds. The bubble gas is at 106.4−7.2 K temperatures and is enriched to metallicities of $0.5-2~\rm Z_{\odot }$. In TNG50, the bubbles are a manifestation of episodic, kinetic, wind-like energy injections from the supermassive black holes at the galaxy centres that accrete at low Eddington ratios. According to TNG50, X-ray, and possibly γ-ray, bubbles similar to those observed in the Milky Way should be a frequent feature of disc-like galaxies prior to, or on the verge of, being quenched. They should be within the grasp of eROSITA in the local Universe.
Implications of a spatially resolved main sequence for the size evolution of star-forming galaxies
Authors: Pezzulli Gabriele 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
Two currently debated problems in galaxy evolution, the fundamentally local or global nature of the main sequence of star formation and the evolution of the mass–size relation of star-forming galaxies (SFGs), are shown to be intimately related to each other. As a preliminary step, a growth function g is defined, which quantifies the differential change in half-mass radius per unit increase in stellar mass (g = d log R1/2/d log M⋆) due to star formation. A general derivation shows that g = KΔ(sSFR)/sSFR, meaning that g is proportional to the relative difference in specific star formation rate between the outer and the inner half of a galaxy, with K a dimensionless structural factor for which handy expressions are provided. As an application, it is shown that galaxies obeying a fundamentally local main sequence also obey, to a good approximation, g ≃ γn, where γ is the slope of the normalized local main sequence ($\mathrm{ sSFR} \,\, \propto \,\, \Sigma _\star ^{-\gamma }$) and n is the Sersic index. An exact expression is also provided. Quantitatively, a fundamentally local main sequence is consistent with SFGs growing along a stationary mass–size relation, but inconsistent with the continuation at z = 0 of evolutionary laws derived at higher z. This demonstrates that either the main sequence is not fundamentally local, or the mass–size relation of SFGs has converged to an equilibrium state at some finite time in the past, or both.
Presence of red giant population in the foreground stellar substructure of the Small Magellanic Cloud
Authors: James Dizna , Subramanian Smitha , Omkumar Abinaya O , Mary Adhya , Bekki Kenji , Cioni Maria-Rosa L , de Grijs Richard , El Youssoufi Dalal , Kartha Sreeja S , Niederhofer Florian , van Loon Jacco Th 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
The eastern region of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) is found to have a foreground stellar substructure, which is identified as a distance bimodality (∼12 kpc apart) in the previous studies using red clump (RC) stars. Interestingly, studies of red giant branch (RGB) stars in the eastern SMC indicate a bimodal radial velocity (RV) distribution. In this study, we investigate the connection between these two bimodal distributions to better understand the nature and origin of the foreground stellar substructure in the eastern SMC. We use the Gaia Early Data Release 3 astrometric data and archival RV data of RGB stars for this study. We find a bimodal RV distribution of RGB stars (separated by ∼35–45 km s−1) in the eastern and south-western (SW) outer regions. The observed proper motion values of the lower and higher RV RGB components in the eastern regions are similar to those of the foreground and main-body RC stars, respectively. This suggests that the two RGB populations in the eastern region are separated by a similar distance to those of the RC stars, and the RGB stars in the lower RV component are part of the foreground substructure. Based on the differences in the distance and RV of the two components, we estimate an approximate time of formation of this substructure as 307 ± 65  Myr ago. This is comparable with the values predicted by simulations for the recent epoch of tidal interaction between the Magellanic Clouds. Comparison of the observed properties of RGB stars, in the outer SW region, with N-body simulations shows that the higher RV component in the SW region is at a farther distance than the main body, indicating the presence of a stellar counter-bridge in the SW region of the SMC.
isymba: a symplectic massive bodies integrator with planets interpolation
Authors: Roig Fernando , Nesvorný David , Deienno Rogerio , Garcia Matias J 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
A planetary instability occurring at time &lt;100 My after formation of the giant planets (GPs) in our Solar system can be responsible for some characteristics of the inner Solar system. However, the actual influence of the instability on the terrestrial planet formation is not well understood. The simulations of terrestrial planet formation are very CPU-expensive, and this limits the exploration of different instability scenarios. To include the effects of the GPs instability in the simulations of terrestrial planets formation in a feasible way, we approach the problem in two steps. First, we model and record an evolution of the GPs that replicates the present outer Solar system in the end. Then, we use that orbital record, properly interpolated, as the input for a second step to simulate its effects on the terrestrial planet formation. For this second step, we developed isymba, a symplectic massive bodies algorithm, where ‘i’ stands for interpolation. isymba is a very useful code to accurately evaluate the effects of planetary instabilities on minor body reservoirs, whilst accounting for close encounters among massive objects. We provide a detailed description of how isymba was developed and implemented to study terrestrial planet formation. Adapting isymba for other problems that demand interpolation from previous simulations can be done following the method described here.
Improved hydrodynamic pulsation models for the pulsating extreme helium star V652 Herculis
Authors: Jeffery C Simon , Montañés-Rodríguez Pilar , Saio Hideyuki 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
New non-linear hydrodynamic models have been constructed to simulate the radial pulsations observed in the extreme helium star V652 Her. These use a finer zoning to allow higher radial resolution than in previous simulations. Models incorporate updated OPAL and OP opacity tables and adopt a composition based on the best atmospheric analyses to date. Key pulsation properties including period, velocity amplitude, and shock acceleration are examined as a function of the mean stellar parameters (mass, luminosity, and effective temperature). The new models confirm that, for large amplitude pulsations, a strong shock develops at minimum radius, and is associated with a large phase delay between maximum brightness and minimum radius. Using the observed pulsation period to constrain parameter space in one dimension, other pulsation properties are used to constrain the model space further, and to critically discuss observational measurements. Similar models may be useful for the interpretation of other blue large amplitude pulsators, which may also exhibit pulsation-driven shocks.