bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leakage Mitigation in NW FET using Negative Schottky Junction Drain and its Process Variation
Analysis
Authors: Shaikh Mohd Rizwan Uddin , Loan Sajad A , Alharbi Abdullah G 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In this work, a Schottky junction on the drain side employing low workfunction (WF) metal is proposed as a method to suppress the OFF-state leakage in nanowire (NW) field-effect transistor (FET). Instead of a highly n+ doped drain, low WF metal with negative electron Schottky-barrier height (SBH) as a drain minimizes the lateral band-to-band tunneling (L-BTBT) considerably. L-BTBT is the movement of carriers (holes) from the drain conduction band (CB) into the channel valence band (VB) during the OFF-state. Impact of varying WF at channel-drain junction on the device characteristics is studied. It is observed that SBH60 eV is required to mitigate L-BTBT compared to the conventionally-doped and junctionless (JL) NW counterpart. Furthermore, unlike L-BTBT, leakage in NW Schottky-drain (SD) comprises of holes tunneling through the SB from the metal drain into the channel and termed as the lateral SB tunneling (L-SBT). In contrast to JL NW FET, the process variation immunity (varying channel doping, NCh and NW diameter, dNW ) and the ON-state current of the proposed device is not compromised at the expense of lower OFF-state LSBT. Instead, the device is less susceptible to process variations and retains the ON-state performance of the NW MOSFET. For a ±20% change in NCh, ∆IOF F /IOF F of 7% compared to 97% in NW JL FET is observed.
Consequences of Obstetric Fistula: Lived Experiences of Fistula Patient Women in Jimma University Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia.
Authors: Sori Demisew Amenu , Debelew Gurmesa Tura , Berihe Aster , Hordofa Zerihun Asefa 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background: Women in low-income countries, including Ethiopia, experience delays in seeking treatment and suffer from obstetric fistula and its consequences. To assess the consequences of obstetric fistula among women who were patient of the problem in Jimma University Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia. Methods: An exploratory study was conducted among 24 women receiving obstetric fistula treatment from April 01-30, 2019 at Jimma University Medical Centre. Data were collected by in-depth interviews. Data analysis was done by using thematic framework analysis.Results: Most women with obstetric fistula face various physical challenges such as pain, body weakness, and numbness of legs. They also face various psychosocial problems such as humiliation, stigma, and discrimination, inability to participate in social events, divorce, stress, depression, and suicidal ideation. Conclusion: Obstetric fistula exerts tremendous physical, emotional, financial, and social trauma on those affected. So, strengthening the existing fistula care and integrate psycho-social and economic support is very crucial.
Non-destructive and Quantitative Viscoelastic-Mapping of Cellulose Nanofibrils Using Low-Total-Force Contact Resonance Force Microscopy (LTF-CRFM)1
Authors: Hess Kristen M. , Killgore Jason P. , Sr Wil V. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Low-total-force contact resonance force microscopy (LTF-CRFM), an atomic force microscopy method, is introduced as a non-destructive means to quantify the local viscoelastic loss tangent (δ) of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs). The method limits static and dynamic forces during measurement to minimize substrate and geometry effects and to reduce the potential for stress-induced CNF damage. LTF-CRFM uses Brownian motion to achieve the thermally-limited lowest dynamic force, while approaching adhesive pull-off to achieve the low static force. LTF-CRFM measurements were shown to generate analyzable data without evidence of nonlinear artifacts and without damage to the CNF over static forces ranging from 11.6 nN to 84.6 nN. The measured δ of CNFs was 0.015 ± 0.0094, which is the first reported δ measurement of an isolated CNF. Finally, LTF-CRFM successfully mapped δ along the length of CNFs to determine that kink defects along the CNF do not impart a local viscoelastic property change at the length scale of the measurement.
Ultrathick MoS2 Films with Exceptionally High Volumetric Capacitance
Authors: Bo Zheng , Cheng Xiangnan , Yang Huachao , Guo Xinzheng , Yan Jianhua , Cen Kefa , Han Zhaojun , Dai Liming 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Manufacturing electrode films at an industrial-level submillimeter thickness (~ 100 µm) with superior volumetric performance is of practical significance for the commercialization of miniaturized supercapacitor systems. Herein, we propose a commercially scalable solvated-ion-intercalated hydrothermal strategy to demonstrate a recorded-high volumetric capacitance (511.29 F cm− 3) for supercapacitors based on industrial-level submillimeter MoS2 film electrode (94.2 µm). The intercalated solvated-Li+ ions increase the amount of negative surface charges and reduce the formation energy of 1T MoS2, leading to a high metallic phase purity of 82.7% with enhanced electrical conductivity. Together with the expanded interlayer distance (~ 1.23 nm), this allows rapid electron transfer and ion transport in the excessively-stacked ultrathick MoS2 film to be simultaneously realized. Thus, the as-fabricated MoS2||activated carbon asymmetric supercapacitor presents both high energy and power densities, outperformed those of commercial devices, including supercapacitors with submillimeter-thick electrodes and even micrometer-thick electrodes.
Optimized Virtual Optical Waveguides Enhance Light Throughput in Scattering Media
Authors: Pediredla Adithya , Scopelliti Matteo Giuseppe , Narasimhan Srinivasa , chamanzar Maysam , Gkioulekas Ioannis 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Ultrasonically sculpted gradient-index optical waveguides make it possible to non-invasively steer and confine light inside scattering media. This confinement capability has applications in tissue and brain imaging, where virtual optical waveguides can be used on their own or cascaded with physical optical elements. The level of light confinement strongly depends on ultrasound parameters such as modulation pattern, frequency, and amplitude, as well as the material parameters of the scattering medium such as the refractive index, scattering coefficient, and phase function. We provide a characterization of these dependencies for a radially symmetric virtual optical waveguide. To this end, we develop a physically-accurate simulator, and use it to quantify how different ultrasound and material parameters affect light confinement. We explain our observations through a qualitative analysis of the behavior of multiply scattered light. We use the results of this analysis to demonstrate that, by properly designing ultrasound parameters, we can achieve a fourfold improvement in light confinement compared to previous virtual optical waveguide designs. We additionally show that virtual optical waveguides can achieve up to 50% light throughput enhancement compared to an ideal external lens, in a medium that mimics the scattering properties of human bladder, and at an optical thickness of one transport mean free path. Lastly, we show experimental results that corroborate the simulation predictions. In particular, we demonstrate for the first time that virtual optical waveguides effectively recycle scattered light in turbid media, and can achieve a 15% light throughput enhancement at five transport mean free paths.
Vertebral fractures as a precursor to potential hip fractures in elderly women
Authors: Wu Xuan , Chen Xiang-xu , Bai Li-yong , Chen Hui , Rui Yun-feng 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the kind of low-energy fracture which is a precursor of hip fracture in the elderly, and to suggest the importance of osteoporosis treatment and gait training for fall prevention after this low-energy fracture to prevent the occurrence of secondary hip fracture. Methods: From January 2017 to December 2020, a total of 564 patients who underwent surgical treatment for hip fractures were admitted to the Zhongda Hospital affiliated to Southeast University. Baseline information including gender, age, diagnosis and type of low-energy fracture before hip fracture were collected. FRAX score, the number of patients received functional training and the number of patients received anti-osteoporosis treatment were analyzed. Results: There were180 male patients and 384 female patients in the total 564 patients. The number of male patients with low-energy fractures before hip fracture was 28, including hip fracture (8 cases), vertebral fracture (8 cases) and humeral fracture (7 cases), and radial fracture (5 cases). The number of female hip fracture patients with a low-energy fracture before fracture was 62, containing vertebral fracture (31 cases), hip fracture (15 cases), radial fracture (9 cases) and humeral fracture (7 cases). It was found that vertebral fractures were the most frequent low-energy fractures that preceded hip fractures in elderly women compared to other low-energy fractures. It was showed that the 10-year probability of hip fracture and other site fractures was significantly higher in the group with lumbar fractures and other site fractures than those in the group without fractures assessed by using the FRAX measurement system. There were no statistical significance among the three groups of patients who underwent functional training and anti-osteoporosis treatment. We could not find statistical significance among the three groups of patients who underwent functional training and anti-osteoporosis treatment. Conclusion: Vertebral fracture is a precursor of hip fracture in elderly women. In face of the vertebral fractures, surgeons, especially orthopedic surgeons, should pay extra attention to the treatment of osteoporosis and anti-fall functional training.
Analysis of Annual Maximum Rainfall for Frequency Distribution to Determine the Best-fitted Probability Distribution for Different Sites in Pakistan.
Authors: khan Tasir , Wang Yejuan , Anwar Mohammad 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In the project of irrigation and addition structure of hydraulic, it is important to assess the specific probability of extreme rainfall. The novelty of this study is the use of KS, Chi-square, root mean square error (RMSE), and peak weight root means square error (PWRMSE) to evaluate the fit theoretical and Empirical distributions. Thirty-seven years of meteorological data from 1980 to 2017, the frequency analysis of the annual maximum rainfall in 10 regions of Pakistan was conducted. Used eight formulas to predict the annual return period of the maximum hourly precipitation every year. Five different probability distribution functions (PDF) are used to predict the probability distribution of the annual maximum hourly rainfall. Use the chi-square test and Kolmogorov- Smirnov to assess the goodness of fit. It shows that the log-logistics distribution is the overall best-fitting PDF of the annual maximum hourly rainfall in most areas of Pakistan. Besides, the peak weight relative mean square error and root mean square error goodness of fit test indicators both indicate that most suitable distribution of the probability function of all stations analysis is similar. The value of root means square error (RMSE) is almost always smaller than peak weight root means square error (PWRMSE). This is due to the higher weighting of value above the average value in the PWRMSE goodness of fit index, while for the RMSE goodness of fit index individual value has an equal weight.
Community Pharmacists’ as Influenza immunizers in a Middle Eastern country: A national web-based cross-sectional study
Authors: Youssef Dalal , Abbas Linda Abou , Hassan Hamad 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background

Utilizing community pharmacists (CPs) as immunizers has being adopted in various countries as approach to boost influenza vaccination coverage. Our study aims to explore the Lebanese CPs’ willingness to administer influenza vaccine, and to identify factors associated with this willingness.
Methods

This is a web-based, cross-sectional study, conducted over 2 months, from the 1st of November to the end of December 2020, among Lebanese CPs. An anonymous, questionnaire using google form was sent electronically to pharmacists. The collected data was analyzed using the statistical software SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to examine factors associated with the willingness of CPs to administer influenza vaccine.
Results

A total of 412 CPs participated in this survey of which 76.9% are willing to administer influenza vaccines. More than 90% of them had a good overall knowledge score and 88.8% of CPs showed a positive overall attitude score, particularly towards involvement of CPs in influenza vaccine provision. Their willingness to administer vaccine was positively associated with the younger age (aOR = 3.106 with 95% CI (1.597 to 6.040)), higher education level (aOR = 2.022 with 95% CI (1.093 to 3.741)), previous experience in immunization (aOR = 2.725 with 95% CI (1.320 to 5.627)) and urbanicity of pharmacy (aOR = 1.542 with 95% CI(1.219 to 4.627)). Extensive working hours (aOR = 2.341 with 95% CI (1.131 to 4.845)), working in pharmacies that are operating round-the-clock, showing positive attitude towards immunization (aOR = 3.014 with 95% CI (1.872 to 10.422)) and towards provision of influenza vaccines (aOR = 13.721 with 95% CI (13.721 to 38.507)) were also positively associated to this willingness. Conversely, patient privacy (aOR = 0.553 with 95% CI (0.079 to 0.983)), time and cost for professional development (aOR = 0.551 with 95% CI (0.172 to 0.918)), limited patient’s trust (aOR = 0.339 with 95% CI (0.203 to 0.784)), financial remuneration (aOR = 0.182 with 95% CI (0.088 to 0.377)), and requirement of formal certification in vaccine administration (aOR = 0.182 with 95% CI (0.088 to 0.377)) were negatively associated to this willingness.
Conclusion

Addressing the unearthed concerns related to utilizing CPs as influenza immunizers through a concerted effort is a key to success in any future implementation of vaccination services in pharmacies.
Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Infection Control Among Undergraduate Dental Students at B.P.Koirala Institute of Health Sciences.
Authors: Acharya Pujan , Baral Ratna , Shrestha Sajeev , Baral Dharanidhar 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background: In academic institutes, dental students are not only involved in academic activities, but also in the management of patients’ care. This calls for inculcation of adequate knowledge and positive attitude among them so that a good clinical practice is implemented in the dental setting, thereby creating a safe working environment for students as well as patients. Thus, the study was conducted to assess knowledge and attitude regarding infection control among undergraduate dental students of B.P.Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal.Methods: An online descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at BPKIHS from February till March 2021. Undergraduate students from third year, fourth year and internship were included in the study. A self-administered questionnaire comprised of demographic characteristics, knowledge and attitude regarding infection control was used to collect the data via a Google form. Descriptive and inferential statistics was used to analyze the data. The p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant at 95% confidence interval.Results: A total of 136 undergraduate dental students participated out of which 65.0% were females and 35.0% were males. Out of the total participants, 78.7% were found to have adequate knowledge while 74.3% participants showed ‘positive’ attitude. Mean age of the participants with adequate knowledge was significantly higher than participants with inadequate knowledge (p=0.047). The difference in knowledge among participants was statistically significant (p=0.001) in academic years. The majority (90.4%) of interns showed adequate knowledge followed by fourth year (83.7%) and third year (58.7%) students. The difference in attitude, was also statistically significant (p= 0.011) in academic years, but it was mostly (90.4%) of positive attitude in fourth year participants followed by third year (68.3%) and Interns (65.4 %).Conclusion: The present study reports adequate knowledge and positive attitude regarding infection control among undergraduate dental students in BPKIHS. Further studies are encouraged to be conducted among students from different academic institutes all over the country to ascertain their level of attitude and knowledge regarding infection control in dental care services.
Factors Impacting University–Industry Collaboration in European Countries
Authors: Cudic Bojan , Alešnik Peter , Hazemali David 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper aims to examine the links between university-industry collaboration (UIC) predictors (inputs), and the results of UIC cooperation (outputs). The focus of the research is UIC within the European Union member states and the Western Balkan countries.The analysis was conducted using the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). This method enabled examining the links between variables that are not directly observable. The authors used data for the period of three years, 2015–2018. The results prove that countries investing in UIC predictors (inputs) have better UIC performance (outputs). Based on the statistical analysis, the authors identified the investments in knowledge, networking, and research and development (R&D), in general, as the most significant that impact UIC performance.
The Acne-treatment Potential of Cinnamomum Camphora Chvar. Borneol Essential Oil in Vitro and in Vivo
Authors: Xiao Shanshan , Yu Hang , Xie Yunfei , Guo Yahui , Fan Jiajia , Yao Weirong 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background: Acne is one of the most common chronic inflammatory skin diseases, abnormal proliferation of keratinocytes can block the hair follicle sebaceous glands result in the formation of acne. Most drugs to treat acne can cause a variety of side effects, therefore, it is important to seek natural and safe complementary and alternative therapies.Methods: The inhibitory effects of BEO were determined on the proliferation of human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells induced by heat-inactivated Staphylococcus epidermidis and release of the inflammatory mediators. Further, a component-target-signal pathway for BEO’s effects on acne was constructed through network pharmacology and the mechanism of BEO action was studied in vivo through the rabbit ear acne model.Results: BEO inhibited both cell proliferation, induced by heat-inactivated Staphylococcus epidermidis (p < 0.0001), and release of the inflammatory mediators TNF-α (p < 0.0001) and IL-1β (p < 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner (r = -0.9952, -0.9492), in a HaCaT cell-model of acne. A network pharmacology analysis of the chemical components of BEO characterized these effects as multi-component, multi-target and multi-pathway. All targets were mainly associated with metabolic pathways, the toll-like receptor signaling pathway and the NF-κB signaling pathway. BEO also reduced the severity of acne lesions, induced by intracutaneous injection of S. epidermidis in a rabbit ear acne model. The expression of inflammatory mediators and key signaling pathway components, including TLR2, AKT, P13K, NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β in rabbit ear, and TNF-α and IL-1 β in serum, were down-regulated (p < 0.05), indicating that BEO acts by inhibiting the pro-inflammatory TLR2/PI3K-AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway.Conclusion: The current results showed that BEO has clear potential for development into a natural and safe anti-inflammatory skin preparation, which is an effective alternative to conventional treatments containing antibiotics and synthetic anti-inflammatory agents.
The Effect of Family-centered Care Model on Sleep Quality and Medication Compliance of Children With Simple Congenital Heart Disease After Transcatheter Intervention
Authors: Dai Wang-Sheng , Xie Wen-Peng , Liu Jian-Feng , Chen Qiang , Cao Hua 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to explore the effect of a family-centered care model on the sleep quality and medication compliance of children with simple congenital heart disease undergoing transcatheter interventional. Methods: 50 children with simple congenital heart disease who underwent transcatheter interventional in the cardiac surgery department of a provincial hospital in China from January 2020 to December 2020 were selected, and the children were randomly divided into the study group (n=25) and the control group (n=25) by a random number table method. The children in the control group were given routine care, and the children in the study group were given family-centered care on the basis of the control group. One month later, the sleep quality and medication compliance of all children were retrospectively studied. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to assess the children’s sleep quality, and the Chinese revised version of Morisky Medication Adherence Scale was used to evaluate the children’s medication compliance. Results: The sleep quality score of the study group was significantly lower than that of the control group, and the medication compliance score of the study group was significantly higher than that of the control group. The differences were statistically significant (P<0.05).Conclusion: The family-centered care model was beneficial to improve the sleep quality and medication compliance of children with simple congenital heart disease after transcatheter intervention, and provided important reference information for the postoperative follow-up of such children.
Genomic variation and genetic structure profile of Iraqi barley accessions using ISSR and arbitrary functional gene-based molecular markers
Authors: Lateef Djshwar Dhahir , Mustafa Kamil Mahmud , Tahir Nawroz Abdul-razzak 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Few attempts have been made in Iraq to investigate the genetic variation in barley accessions using molecular markers. In this context, the objective of this study was to investigate the diversity of 59 accessions of barley using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR), conserved DNA-derived polymorphism (CDDP), and start codon targeted (SCoT) markers. A total of 391 amplified polymorphic bands were generated using 45 ISSR, 9 CDDP, and 12 SCoT primers that produced 255, 35, and 101 polymorphic bands, respectively. The average values of gene diversity were 0.77, 0.67, and 0.81 for ISSR, CDDP, and SCoT markers, respectively. The mean values of polymorphism information content for ISSR, CDDP, and SCoT markers were 0.74, 0.63, and 0.80 respectively. The discrimination power of the three approaches for assessing allelic diversity in barley accessions was as follows: SCoT > ISSR > CDDP. The barley accessions were classified and clustered into two main groups. Molecular variance analysis revealed 15, 9, and 14% variability among populations with ISSR, CDDP, and SCoT markers, respectively. The mantel test results revealed that the three molecular marker matrices had significant positive relationships. The SCoT markers have the potential to be useful tools for selecting appropriate parents for breeding program.