bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Degradable Photonic Synaptic Transistors Based on Natural Biomaterials and Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Ou Qingqing , Yang Ben , Zhang Junyao , Liu Dapeng , Chen Tianqi , Wang Xin , Hao Dandan , Lu Yang , Huang Jia 
Published: February 2021

AbstractArtificial synaptic devices have potential for overcoming the bottleneck of von Neumann architecture and building artificial brain‐like computers. Up to now, developing synaptic devices by utilizing biocompatible and biodegradable materials in electronic devices has been an interesting research direction due to the requirements of sustainable development. Here, a degradable photonic synaptic device is reported by combining biomaterials chlorophyll‐a and single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Several basic synaptic functions, including excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC), paired pulse facilitation (PPF), transition from short‐term memory (STM) to long‐term memory (LTM), and learning and forgetting behaviors, are successfully emulated through the chlorophyll‐a/SWCNTs synaptic device. Furthermore, decent synaptic behaviors can still be achieved at a low drain voltage of −0.0001 V, which results in quite low energy consumption of 17.5 fJ per pulse. Finally, the degradability of this chlorophyll‐a/SWCNTs transistor array is demonstrated, indicating that the device can be environmentally friendly. This work provides a new guide to the development of next‐generation green and degradable neuromorphic computing electronics.
Transfer of 1D Photonic Crystals via Spatially Resolved Hydrophobization
Authors: Däntl Marie , Guderley Susanna , Szendrei‐Temesi Katalin , Chatzitheodoridou Dimitra , Ganter Pirmin , Jiménez‐Solano Alberto , Lotsch Bettina V. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract1D photonic crystals (1DPCs) are well known from a variety of applications ranging from medical diagnostics to optical fibers and optoelectronics. However, large‐scale application is still limited due to complex fabrication processes and bottlenecks in transferring 1DPCs to arbitrary substrates and pattern creation. These challenges were addressed by demonstrating the transfer of millimeter‐ to centimeter‐scale 1DPC sensors comprised of alternating layers of H3Sb3P2O14 nanosheets and TiO2 nanoparticles based on a non‐invasive chemical approach. By depositing the 1DPC on a sacrificial layer of lithium tin sulfide nanosheets and hydrophobizing only the 1DPC by intercalation of n‐octylamine via the vapor phase the 1DPC can be detached from the substrate by immersing the sample in water. Upon exfoliation of the hydrophilic sacrificial layer, the freestanding 1DPC remains at the water–air interface. In a second step, it can be transferred to arbitrary surfaces such as curved glass. In addition, the transfer of patterned 1DPCs is demonstrated by combining the sacrificial layer approach with area‐resolved intercalation and etching. The fact that the sensing capability of the 1DPC is not impaired and can be modified after transfer renders this method a generic platform for the fabrication of photonic devices.
Attending to the Rhythms of the Sea, Place and Gendered Cultures in Interviewing Fishers and Fishing Families
Authors: Gustavsson Madeleine 
Published: February 2021

AbstractResearchers have called for more research on the socio-cultural lifeworlds of fishing, but these discussions have yet to filter through to methodological considerations. This chapter draws on ‘in the field’ experiences of using qualitative in-depth interviews with fishers and fishing families. Through discussing the ethical and practical challenges which emerged when interviewing fishers and fishing families—particularly concerned with recruitment, interview emplacements, gendering of fishing lives, social contexts, interviewee-interviewer relations and sensitive topics—the chapter suggests researcher reflexivity is key to deal with these challenges. It highlights the importance of adapting research practices to local contexts and rhythms to truly gain an in-depth understanding of fishing lives.
Rethinking Freshwater Management in the Context of Climate Change: Planning for Different Times, Climates, and Generations
Authors: Parsons Meg , Fisher Karen , Crease Roa Petra 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, we explore environmental justice as an intergenerational imperative for Indigenous peoples by examining how different conceptions of time shape responses to climate change. We offer insights into how bringing Māori, Indigenous people of Aotearoa New Zealand, understandings of time can open new spaces for thinking about and planning for climate change in ways that do not reinforce and rearticulate the multiple environmental injustices (disproportionately experienced by Indigenous peoples because of settler colonialism). We examine how Māori concepts of time (as a spiral) and kaitiakitanga (environmental guardianship) challenge the dominant framing of climate change (premised on anthropometrism and forward-thinking temporality) and provide the opportunity to consider how climate justice (encompassing both mitigation and adaptation) as involving intergenerational responsibilities to both human and more-than-human beings.
Buddha on Politics, Economics, and Statecraft
Authors: Long William J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis chapter outlines doctrinal Buddhist political and economic theory including its notions about interstate relations, which are based on its unique understanding of the nature of reality. Some readers may be surprised to hear that there exists a theory of politics in Buddha’s teachings. But in fact, Buddha spoke extensively about politics, contrary to the assertion of Max Weber who famously asserted that Buddhism was “a specifically a-political and anti-political status religion.” Although the overriding goal of Buddha’s teachings is the liberation of individuals from pervasive suffering, Buddha considered politics as important, not so much for its intrinsic value, but because it created an external environment that can facilitate or impede an individual’s pursuit of happiness, defined as spiritual advancement and achievement of wisdom about the true nature of oneself and the world. Although best understood as an extension of his teachings on human liberation, Buddha was also an original social and a significant political philosopher. Buddha’s social teachings parallel modern democratic thought, mixed market economics, and cosmopolitan internationalism in the West. This chapter outlines Buddha’s political and economic theory, including his thoughts about statecraft and the possibilities for international order.
The Aśokan Empire
Authors: Long William J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis chapter introduces the first case study that serves as empirical referent for a Buddhist approach to statecraft in ancient times by considering the early kingdom of Aśoka. This chapter and the one that follows offer “proofs of concept” for the possibility of applying Buddhist ideas in the practice of politics and statecraft. Aśoka governed according to the dharma, meaning principles and policies that reflect Buddha’s teachings, although Aśoka expressed his principles and policies in edicts written in nonreligious, nonexclusive language. Aśoka’s rule was characterized by the promotion of nonviolence; social welfare; environmental protection; religious tolerance; political pluralism; the fair and compassionate administration of justice; and sound and responsive public administration meaning transparency, accessibility, impartiality, and accountability. His foreign policy was founded on principles of nonviolence, nonaggression, conciliation, stability, and improved understanding among international actors through diplomacy and mutually beneficial commerce. Aśoka even practiced the exercise of “soft power” by establishing medical facilities in foreign lands, sharing beneficial plants, and installing infrastructure beyond his immediate borders as acts of goodwill toward neighboring countries. While these governing principles and policies may be commonplace today, Aśoka, it should be remembered, governed in Asia in the third century B.C.E.
Modern Bhutan’s Buddhist Statecraft
Authors: Long William J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis chapter introduces the country of Bhutan and its unique pursuit of a Buddhist-inspired foreign policy during the modern era (1949–present). This chapter illustrates how a modern state implements a national security and economic development policy consistent with Buddhist philosophical principles and Buddha’s political and economic teachings and, like the prior chapter, it serves as proof of concept for the possibility of putting Buddhist ideas into practice. The cornerstone of Bhutan’s foreign and domestic policies is its pursuit of Gross National Happiness, a concept that endorses holistic progress in the material, spiritual, emotional, cultural, and environmental welfare of its society.
Wound Closure and Care in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Authors: Veeraraghavan Ravi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractManagement of soft tissue wounds needs a careful assessment of the wound, a good understanding of wound types and healing as well as adequate knowledge and skill for wound care. The various steps in wound care include cleansing and debridement, haemostasis, tetanus immunisation and antibiotic medication and wound closure.Wound closure can be accomplished in diverse ways, but suturing remains the mainstay. A wide variety of materials are available for wound suturing. One has to choose the right material and technique depending on the wound type and closure needs. Alternate techniques such as staples, tapes and adhesives are fast gaining popularity.
Postoperative Care of the Maxillofacial Surgery Patient
Authors: Kumar J. Naveen , Ravi Poornima 
Published: February 2021

Abstract“Surgery” is defined as “treatment of injuries or disorders of the body by incision or manipulation, especially with instruments”. As such, it is nothing more than the mere performance of maneuvers at the operating room and certainly does not qualify to be called “treatment”. It is postoperative care that completes the process, ultimately benefitting the patient. In general, this includes the overall maintenance of wellbeing and early recovery of function before the patient can be discharged to be on his own. Additionally, the maxillofacial patient presents with issues exclusive to the anatomy and physiology of the head and neck region. One needs to have in-depth knowledge of these unique aspects, in addition to being a shrewd clinician at the postoperative ward. This chapter aims to equip the surgeon with such information as is necessary to provide the best of services following maxillofacial surgery.
Endodontic Surgery
Authors: Simon Deepti 
Published: February 2021

AbstractEndodontic surgery straddles the specialties of endodontics and dento alveolar surgery. With the advent of the operating microscope, newer endodontic filling materials and stem cell therapy, humungous strides have been taken in this area, thus enabling transmutation of peri apical surgery into an avant-garde treatment modality, this chapter is a modest attempt to expound the various aspects of the subject from the surgeons frame of reference. Hence greater import is laid on incisions, flaps,surgical techniques, rather than restorative materials and retro cavity preparation.
Bone Augmentation Procedures in Implantology
Authors: Kumar Vinay V. , Ebenezer Supriya , Thor Andreas 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSuccessful implant dentistry mandates implants to be placed in an appropriate three-dimensional manner that supports the prosthesis adequately. Due to the resorption patterns of edentulous jaws, the ideal position of implants required varying amounts of bone augmentation. Commonly carried out bone-augmentation procedures are Guided Bone Regeneration, onlay bone grafting and sinus floor elevation. This chapter discusses the resorption pattern of edentulous jaws, the biology of alveolar bone of relevance to the maxillofacial surgeon, the biomaterials used for augmentation and the commonly carried out augmentation procedures.
Osteomyelitis, Osteoradionecrosis, and Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of Jaws
Authors: Walter Christian , Renné Christoph 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe main function of the bones is the internal support and the storage of inorganic ions. Bones consist of the outer compact bone that harbors the inner cancellous bone and the bone marrow. Main cells are the bone-building osteoblasts, the bone-supporting osteocytes, and the bone-resorbing osteoclasts. All the cell lines communicate via the OPG RANK RANKL system.The term osteomyelitis describes inflammation of all bone structures. Depending on the clinical presentation and the cause triggering the osteomyelitis, it can be classified into acute osteomyelitis that is called secondary chronic osteomyelitis after a time span of more than 4 weeks. In general, an odontogenic infection is responsible whereas the trigger of the secondary chronic osteomyelitis is unknown. Symptoms of acute osteomyelitis are fever, listlessness, swelling, pain, reddishness, trismus, tooth mobility, pus, and paresthesia. In the secondary chronic stadium, the swelling is less prominent and a periosteal reaction, sequester formation, and fistulas can occur. The primary chronic osteomyelitis often has few and not very prominent symptoms with a nonsuppurative inflammation. Therapy consists of antibacterial mouth rinses and antibiotics to different surgical procedures.Osteoradionecrosis and medication-associated osteonecrosis are subentities where the radiation or a medication alters the bone biology and subsequently causes osteonecrosis of the affected bones.
OroAntral Communications and OroAntral Fistula
Authors: Manuel Suvy 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRoutine exodontia is a common procedure performed by the general dental practitioner and the oral surgeon alike. Most of the maxillary premolar/molar extractions heal uneventfully, but some may cause inadvertent opening into the maxillary sinus, manifesting as immediate oroantral communications (OACs) or delayed oroantral fistulae. The common reasons being difficulty encountered in the extractions intra-operatively due to myriads of reasons or the OAC may be due to a pre-existing pathology in the periapical region or within the sinus lining. Whatever the reason be, it is paramount that the surgeon identifies the problem and approaches it in a sequential manner to avoid long-term consequences and to attain a perfect closure. The timing of the closure is crucial, which is dependent upon the sinus health and the socket condition. This may be complicated by a missing root tip, which is lying in the sinus. This chapter aims to walk the reader through these events in a logical fashion so that they can take appropriate decisions and use the correct surgical technique, which will ensure successful closure of the defect.
Management of Medical Comorbidities in Maxillofacial Surgery
Authors: Moorthy Aditya , Krishna Shreya 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOral and Maxillofacial surgery, like any surgical specialty, has two vital requirements. First, having the right armamentarium, and, second, acquiring appropriate skills and knowledge of the patients’ disease process, including comorbidities. With the changing demographic in India, the profile of Indian patient has undergone a sea change in the last few decades. From acute conditions that had little impact on subsequent health of the patient, we have arrived at a scenario where a large proportion of patients present with chronic disorders like diabetes, ischemic heart diseases, etc. that affect many elective procedures we undertake and require optimization of the overall physical status of the patient before proceeding with any surgery.Trainee surgeons need to be aware and updated and should be able to recognize, treat, or appropriately refer patients to the requisite specialty in case of complex conditions beyond their remit or ability. In this chapter, readers will get a very brief overview of the different organ systems that play crucial role in homeostasis and how to modify the treatment when there’s an imbalance in either of these systems.
Botulinum Toxin and Fillers for Maxillofacial Esthetics
Authors: Matsa Sainath 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe skin undergoes major changes gradually with aging. Development of facial wrinkles and sagging of skin are common features of aging which affect facial aesthetics. Facial wrinkles are mainly caused or worsened by the repeated contraction of facial muscles and physiological changes associated with aging. Reversal of these clinical signs have been successfully achieved with Botulinum Toxin Type A and Hyaluronic acid dermal fillers. They are very safe and effective under a trained physician or surgeon for a number of therapeutic and cosmetic conditions. Knowledge of the anatomy of facial muscles and proper technique are important to achieve predictable results and avoid complications. This chapter deals with the clinical indications and various techniques of using Botulinum toxin and Fillers for cosmetic purposes.
Hair Transplantation
Authors: Pothula Sreedhar Reddy , Jayanth B. S. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHair transplant as performed today has evolved over the past two decades in to a specialty by itself catching the attention of many specialists including maxillofacial surgeons who deal with defining the esthetics and perfection of the face. The advent of follicular unit micrograft and minigraft has provided a very safe, predictable and reproducible basis for establishing a natural hairline to the satisfaction of the patients. This chapter reviews and introduces the maxillofacial surgeons to the basics relevant to hair science, pathogenesis of hair loss, role of medicines, planning and execution of the two popular techniques of hair transplantation namely the follicular unit transplantation and follicular unit extraction as practiced in contemporary world today. There is an in-depth overview provided to the clinicians on the surgical details of the two popular procedures with their respective advantages and disadvantages; finally the chapter ends with description of complications commonly encountered and why maxillofacial surgeons are naturally selected to perform this highly skilled and gratifying procedure.
Management of Facial Scars
Authors: Ilankovan Velupillai , Sayan Anna 
Published: February 2021

AbstractScar formation is a very complicated process, which is outlined in this chapter. As oral and maxillofacial surgeons we have a duty to produce unsightly scars. Scar management includes prevention, pre-injury treatments during the healing period and definitive treatment once the scar is established. This chapter outlines multiple non-surgical remedies that can be used to manage scars including: steroid, 5 FU, dermabrasion, subcision, fillers, lasers, radiation and emulsified scar rejuvenation. Furthermore, we explain surgical techniques that can be incorporated in the scar management including Z-plasty, W plasty, irregular line closures and V-Y plasty and Y-V plasty. The algorithm at the end of this chapter is used to summarise method or combination of methods that is used to treat different scars including invisible scars, stretched scars, depressed scars, hypertrophic scars and keloid scars. This algorithm provides a good review of all different treatment modalities used in scar management.
Piezosurgery in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Authors: Renapurkar Shravan , Nagamalla Sowjanya 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPiezoelectric devices are a revolutionary surgical tool with original application in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and then adapted to multiple other surgical specialties, including orthopedic surgery, neurosurgery, and otorhinolaryngology. The major advantage for the surgeon is protection of the soft tissues, which are vital for the outcome and patient’s quality of life. This chapter deals with a description of the equipment, principles of use, advantages/disadvantages, and some common clinical applications. With time, the device and its applications have evolved and continue to diversify.
Salivary Gland Pathologies
Authors: Agni Nisheet Anant 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSaliva is responsible for various functions from lubrication to digestion. The saliva is secreted by numerous minor and major salivary glands. These salivary glands are sometimes affected by various local and systemic inflammatory conditions, obstructive pathologies with benign and malignant tumors. This chapter deals with various pathologies of salivary glands and their management.
Intraoral Endoscopic Approach for Treatment of Condylar Fractures of the Mandible
Authors: Wilde Frank 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe literature is replete with techniques regarding the open reduction and fixation of the condylar fractures of the mandible. The extraoral approach is preferred by the majority of surgeons in comparison to the intraoral approach. Nevertheless, open reduction and internal fixation by an extraoral approach has the evident risk to cause transient or even permanent facial nerve injury [1–4], leads inevitably to a facial scar [1, 5], and can course salivary fistulas, sialoceles [1, 6], Frey syndrome, or disturbance of the great auricular nerve [1]. In contrast, an intraoral approach is minimizing these abovementioned risks and facial scars can be avoided in general [7, 8].
Fractures of the Zygomaticomaxillary Complex
Authors: Panneerselvam Elavenil , Ravi Poornima , Sasikala B. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFractures of the Zygomatico Maxillary complex result in cosmetic deformity as well as functional deficits such as altered vision, restricted mouth opening and paresthesia. Accurate restitution of the form and function of the ZMC is challenging because of its multipoint- articulation within the cranio facial skeleton and the difficulty involved in intra-operative assessment of reduction at all articulations. Management of ZMC fractures is unique; (1) The approaches used for reduction may be different from those for fixation (2) Lack of complete visualization of fracture predisposes to over or under reduction resulting in sub optimal outcomes (3) Philosophies of fixation and stabilization are numerous and debatable.With advancements in the imaging technology, armamentarium and refinement of approaches to fracture, there is an emerging trend towards achieving utmost precision in reduction and fixation with minimally invasive surgical principles. This chapter aims at elaborating the biodynamics of ZMC fractures, the evolution of various techniques for reduction & fixation along with their rationale and finally the cutting-edge technology in management of fractured ZMC.