bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identity
Authors: Martín Alcoff Linda 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers an account of central issues and themes in feminist philosophical reflections on identity, including examples of important contributions to this discussion, as well as current and future directions. The central questions are, what is the ground of our social identity categories, what function do they serve, and for whom? Are identity concepts inherently oppressive, or can they be transformed in liberatory ways? Feminist analyses of gender and sexuality overlap with general philosophical questions about the nominal nature of social kinds and the question of how pluralities can be represented as a unity. Because of the intersectional nature of identity, the analysis of gender and sexuality is also inevitably connected to the broader discussions in social theory about the historical formation and political importance of identity.
War and Terrorism
Authors: May Schott Robin 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers an account of central issues in feminist philosophical work on war and terrorism. Violence and oppression have been core feminist issues, both historically and substantively. Feminists have cleared two distinctive but parallel paths for reflections on violence. One path focuses on embodiment and norms and analyzes violence in terms of gender and sexuality. A second path engages with questions of the political frames of violence. Who is visible, who receives recognition, who is treated with dignity, and who is not? How are exclusions from the frame of recognition a condition for the ongoing existence of such political and moral frames? These two directions inform discussions of war and terrorism as well. This chapter traces how both militaristic masculinities/ femininities and a politics of exclusion/inclusion contribute to the legitimation of war and terror. Looking forward, the chapter notes the importance of feminist anti-militarism and of posing feminist questions to new technologies of war.
Feminist Philosophy of Human Rights
Authors: Meyers Diana Tietjens 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers an account of central issues and themes in feminist philosophical work on human rights, including examples of important contributions to this discussion, as well as current and future directions. Major feminist theories of the grounding of human rights are presented together with feminist critiques of human rights as a basis for feminist practice. Genocidal rape and the right to bodily integrity, the right to care and the care drain from the Global South to the Global North, and the feminization of poverty in the context of global justice are discussed in detail. Issues concerning women’s agency within diverse cultural contexts punctuate these discussions.
Feminist Philosophical Engagements with Trans Studies
Authors: Bettcher Talia Mae 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In this chapter Bettcher examines feminist philosophical engagements with transgender studies. In the first section, she discusses the emergence of trans studies as well as the recent development of trans philosophy within the discipline. The latter makes the question of feminist philosophical engagement more complex. To what extent does the feminist philosophy engage with trans philosophy? To what extent does it merely philosophize about trans phenomena? In the second section, Bettcher considers an approach that adds trans to a longer list of excluded identities, focusing specifically on analytic work designed to answer the question “What is a woman?” Drawing on Crenshaw’s notion of intersectionality, Bettcher raises worries about this sort of approach in both its traditional and ameliorative variations. In the final section, Bettcher considers intersectional approaches to trans oppression/resistance as well as impediments to their pursuit including oppositional starting points, unhelpful models of trans oppression/resistance, and, finally, complexities that arise when considering the intersections of trans and sexist oppressions.
The Legacy of Simone de Beauvoir
Authors: Leboeuf Céline 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Simone de Beauvoir’s work has been a great inspiration for feminist philosophers. This chapter explores her legacy to the discipline. I begin by examining the opening question of The Second Sex: What is a woman? I argue that one of Beauvoir’s distinctive contributions was to put this question on the philosophical map. While her account of woman has been criticized—for example, for privileging the experiences of white middle-class women—her phenomenological approach to sexual difference can be appropriated to expand the scope of her analysis. I also discuss her iconic line, “One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman” and claim that it should not be read in terms of the traditional sex/gender distinction. Such an interpretation misconstrues her conception of the body, which for her is never merely a natural object, but rather a situation wherein nature and cultural interpretations are intertwined. In addition, I consider the issues, such as economic power, legal status, and reproductive rights, that Beauvoir considered central to women’s liberation.
Exploring the role of new physics in $b \to u \tau \bar \nu$ decays
Authors: Bhatta Aishwarya , Ray Atasi , Mohanta Rukmani 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The recent measurements on $R_D$, $R_{D^*}$, and $R_{J/\psi}$ by three pioneering experiments, BaBar, Belle, and LHCb, indicate that the notion of lepton flavor universality is violated in weak charged-current processes, mediated through $b \to c \ell \bar \nu_\ell$ transitions. These intriguing results, which delineate a tension with their Standard Model predictions at the level of (2–3)$\sigma$, have triggered many new physics propositions in recent times, and are generally attributed to the possible implication of new physics in $ b \to c \tau \bar \nu$ transitions. This, in turn, opens up another avenue, i.e., $ b \to u \tau \bar \nu$ processes, to look for new physics. Since these processes are doubly Cabibbo suppressed, the impact of new physics could be significant enough, leading to sizable effects in some of the observables. In this work, we investigate in detail the role of new physics in $B \to (\pi,\rho,\omega)\tau \bar \nu$ and $B_s \to (K,K^*) \tau \bar \nu$ processes considering a model-independent approach. In particular, we focus on standard observables like branching fraction, the lepton flavor non-universality (LNU) parameter, forward–backward asymmetry, and polarization asymmetries. We find significant deviations in some of these observables, which can be explored by the currently running experiments, LHCb and Belle-II. We also briefly comment on the impact of the scalar leptoquark $R_2(3,2,7/6)$ and vector leptoquark $U_1(3,1,2/3)$ on these decay modes.
Slow-wave sleep during a brief nap is related to reduced cognitive deficits during sleep deprivation
Authors: Stepan Michelle E , Altmann Erik M , Fenn Kimberly M 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Sleeping for a short period (i.e. napping) may help mitigate impairments in cognitive processing caused by sleep deprivation, but there is limited research on effects of brief naps in particular. Here, we tested the effect of a brief nap opportunity (30- or 60-min) during a period of sleep deprivation on two cognitive processes with broad scope, placekeeping and vigilant attention. In the evening, participants (N = 280) completed a placekeeping task (UNRAVEL) and a vigilant attention task (Psychomotor Vigilance Task [PVT]) and were randomly assigned to either stay awake overnight or sleep at home. Sleep-deprived participants were randomly assigned to receive either no nap opportunity, a 30-min opportunity, or a 60-min opportunity. Participants who napped were set up with polysomnography. The next morning, sleep participants returned, and all participants completed UNRAVEL and the PVT. Sleep deprivation impaired performance on both tasks, but nap opportunity did not reduce the impairment, suggesting that naps longer than those tested may be necessary to cause group differences. However, in participants who napped, more time spent in slow-wave sleep (SWS) was associated with reduced performance deficits on both tasks, effects we interpret in terms of the role of SWS in alleviating sleep pressure and facilitating memory consolidation.
An Introduction to the Head and Neck
Authors: Vogl Wayne 
Published: June 2021

The head and neck can be viewed as a series of chambers, compartments, and tubes. One of the more interesting stories in head and neck anatomy is the connection between the respiratory and oro‐pharyngeal systems, and the evolution of dynamic valve systems to separate the pathways for food and air. The soft palate, epiglottis and vocal folds, together with the hyoid apparatus, the floor of the oral cavity and soft tissues surrounding the laryngeal cavity, act cooperatively during chewing, breathing and swallowing to ensure that air, food and liquid normally end up at the appropriate times in the correct tube ‐ either the trachea or the esophagus. Simple box diagrams can be used to illustrate the major compartments in the head and neck and the relationships between them, and to demonstrate the function of the valve systems used to separate the digestive and respiratory pathways. Similar diagrams can also be used to place the human system into comparative, developmental and evolutionary contexts.Support or Funding InformationNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Neutrophil Count is an Accurate Differential Diagnostic Biomarker in Stroke Versus Transient Ischemic Attack
Authors: Petrone Ashley Brooke , Stephens Ronald J , Eisenman Rhae Dawn , Shaffer Harry Gustaves , Adcock Amelia K 
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUNDDifferential diagnosis of transient ischemic attack (TIA) versus acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is difficult, and neuroimaging with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the only definitive method to confirm AIS. In a typical stoke page imaging protocol, patients initially receive a non‐contrast computed tomography (CT) scan to potentially confirm the presence of infarct, but more importantly, to rule out intracranial hemorrhage in order to administer tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). While this CT is rapid and appropriate for tPA decision‐making, approximately 60–70 percent of AIS cases, later confirmed with MRI, are initially CT‐negative. Further, it is even more difficult to differentiate mild AIS (National Institute of Health Stroke Scale < 5) from TIA, and the decision whether to treat mild AIS with tPA is currently controversial, making this differential diagnosis even more critical. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine if neutrophil count could assist in the accurate differential diagnosis of TIA versus mild AIS.METHODSWe performed a retrospective chart review of a random sample of 100 patients discharged from a local hospital with a discharge diagnosis of TIA. From the initial sample of 100 patients, 54 met inclusion criteria for this study. In addition, we matched a sample of 54 mild AIS patients and 54 control subjects for comparison. An independent samples T test was used to detect mean differences in neutrophil count, and logistic regression to determine the odds ratios for differential diagnosis.RESULTSUpon admission, neutrophil count is significantly higher in mild AIS (6.52 ±0.34 × 103 cells/uL) compared to TIA (5.35 ±0.26 × 103 cells/uL) (p =.042). Further, at a specificity of 82 percent, mild AIS patients are 3.1 times more likely to have a neutrophil count >6.52 compared to TIA (p=.021).CONCLUSIONSNeutrophil count is a simple, easy to interpret biomarker that can differentiate stroke from TIA with greater accuracy than CT scan. As such, neutrophil count may be used to assist in the decision to administer tPA to mild AIS.Support or Funding InformationNo funding was received for this project.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Gene Expression Changes during Early Reperfusion following Short or Long Hepatic Ischemia in a Rodent Model
Authors: Zabala Valerie , Boylan Joan M , Gruppuso Philip A , Sanders Jennifer A 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundIn the U.S., patients on the waiting list in need of a liver transplant outnumber available donors by two‐fold. During transplantation, ischemia‐reperfusion (IR) of the donor tissue activates pathways that elicit inflammatory and sterile immune responses. However, fundamental molecular mechanisms of hepatic IR remain unclear. Understanding the response to various durations of ischemia could help identify targets for the attenuation of damage pathways during IR, increasing available donors suitable for transplant.MethodsUsing a rat model of 70% warm ischemia, RNA was extracted from the non‐ischemic and the ischemic‐reperfused lobes after 30 minutes of reperfusion following two durations of ischemia: 30 minutes and 60 minutes (termed short versus long IR, respectively). Using microarrays, differentially expressed genes and pathway analyses were utilized to examine potential upstream regulation. Nuclear extracts from each reperfused replicate were used for transcription factor activation profiling arrays. Western blotting to examine activation of MAPK pathways was also performed.ResultsOnly 22 genes were found to change significantly in the short IR lobes compared to their non‐ischemic counterparts. These changes in gene expression were also seen in the long IR model. However, in the long IR group, many more genes changed significantly. Upstream analysis implicated reduced mTORC2 signaling in the regulation of these genes. Pathway analysis revealed enrichment of pathways related to mitochondrial dysfunction. Transcription factor activation profiling displayed a significant reduction in the activity of several transcription factors, including Foxf2, KLF4, Tcf/Lef, HNf1 and Oct4. Western blotting revealed a significant increase in Erk1/2 and JNK activity in the long IR model but not in the short IR model.ConclusionsChanges in gene expression suggest mTORC2 as a major contributing factor during early reperfusion in the 60 minute ischemia model. Transient activation of Erk1/2 and JNK signaling may be involved in the response to IR following long periods of ischemia. Examination of simultaneous changes in mitochondria function and mTORC2 signaling and changes downstream from activated Erk1/2 and JNK signaling may reveal potential targets that will favor cell survival.Support or Funding InformationVZ was a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Gilliam Fellow and is currently supported by the NSF Graduate Fellowship Program. These studies were supported by the Rhode Island Department of Pediatrics.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Preserving the extra cellular matrix is critical for improving efficacy of keratinocyte sheets for treatment of burn wounds
Authors: Alharbi Suzan , Niimi Yosuke , Popov Vsevolod , Hawkins Hal , Cox Robert , Wiener Dominique , Osada Atsuyoshi , Ihara Koji , Sakurai Hiroyuki , Herndon David , Enkhbaatar Perenlei 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionCultured autologous keratinocyte sheets (KS) have been proposed for treating burn wounds for over 30 years; however, they have not been translated to clinical practice because of negative effects of enzymes, used for detachment, on KS quality. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that non‐enzymatically detached KS exert better effects on grafted burn wound healing compared to enzymatically detached KS.MethodsFor non‐enzymatic detachment, autologous ovine primary keratinocytes were cultured in novel temperature‐responsive dishes (T sheets), and were detached by temperature reduction to 20°C. For comparison, the aliquots of keratinocytes were also cultured in conventional dish to be detached by use of enzyme (Dispase) (D sheets). We have tested the efficacy of these sheets using a well‐characterized, novel and clinically relevant ovine model of grafted burn wounds. Briefly, six full thickness skin burns (5×5cm) were induced in sheep dorsum under anesthesia and analgesia. After 24 hrs, burned skin was excised and wounds were grafted with ovine cadaver skin. After 3 weeks, rejected cadaver skin epidermis was debrided and wounds were covered with T and D sheets. Thereafter, the wounds were assessed for two more weeks. Wound samples were collected postmortem for various assays. The autologous keratinocytes for the sheet culture were isolated at the same day of skin grafting which mimics the clinical situation.ResultsCultured keratinocytes in both dishes formed firm sheets within three weeks, mimicking the time of cadaver skin epidermis rejection. Keratinocyte sheet thickness was significantly higher in T sheets compared to D sheets. In vivo, T sheets were better accepted with significantly higher wound re‐epithelialization percentage than D sheets at days 7 and 14 after sheet grafting. Although the epidermis thickness was comparable in wounds treated with both types of sheets, the dermal‐epidermal junction was well defined in wounds covered with T sheets at 14th day as evidenced by continuous lamina densa and high number of hemi‐desmosomes. Histopathological evaluation for burn wounds revealed that wounds treated with T sheets had less hemorrhage, ulceration incidence and neutrophils infiltration.ConclusionNovel non‐enzymatic method for KS detachment provides better sheet quality and accelerates healing of grafted burn wounds.Support or Funding InformationShriner's Hospital for Children SHC85100 and SHC84050This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Gut bacteria contributes to NAFLD pathogenesis by promoting secondary bile acids biosynthesis
Authors: Jiao Na , Wu Dingfeng , Yang Zihuan , Fang Sa , Li Xiaoyi , Yuan Meifei , Zhu Ruixin , Zhu Lixin 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveThe gut microbiota affect liver metabolism and health through its metabolites. We previously observed that the microbiome may have a negative effect on non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) through elevated secondary bile acids (BAs) production, and consequently suppressed BA‐mediated signaling. In this study, we examined the whole genome sequencing (WGS) data from NAFLD microbiome aiming to identify the species that contribute to the altered BA metabolism in NAFLD.MethodsThe metagenome data of the gut microbiota from 79 NAFLD patients were compared to those from 18 healthy controls. Metaphlan2 and HUMAnN were used to examine the gene‐based taxonomic and functional profiles of gut microbiota. Genome‐based analysis was further performed to obtain insights on the microbial genomes and to identify BA metabolizing microbes. Statistical tests, feature selection and microbial interaction analysis were integrated to identify disease markers and structural alterations in NAFLD gut microbiome.ResultsThe gut microbiota of NAFLD were less diverse than those of healthy subjects. In addition, interactions among the members of the gut community in NAFLD were less than those in healthy subjects. We identified 37 differential species markers, including Ruminococcus torques, Clostridium leptum, and Escherichia coli; and 32 differential pathway markers including secondary BA biosynthesis and arachidonic acid metabolism, that distinguish NAFLD from healthy controls. Subsequently, 115 high‐quality microbial genomes (HQMGs) were re‐assembled, and taxonomy determined at strain level. Notably, metabolic potentials analysis identified 15 HQMGs, from Clostridium saccharolyticum and Ruminococcus bromii, that are involved in secondary BA biosynthesis, and were dominant in NAFLD and interplayed as a synergetic ecological guild.ConclusionsIn‐depth analysis of the WGS data from NAFLD patients and healthy controls revealed the structural and functional alterations of the gut microbiota. We identified the bacterial strains responsible for elevated secondary BA production in NAFLD, supporting our hypothesis that elevated secondary BA biosynthesis contributes to the development of NAFLD. The 15 BA‐metabolizing strains dominant in NAFLD could be novel therapeutic targets for NAFLD. In addition, our WGS study revealed strain‐specific functional differences within certain gut microbial species.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China 81770571 (to LZ), 81774152(to RZ), 41530105 (to RZ).This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Autophagy Deficiency in the Liver Altered Pathogenesis of Alcoholic Liver Disease and Profile of Gut Microbiota
Authors: Yan Shengmin , Khambu Bilon , Chen Xiaoyun , Yin Xiao‐Ming 
Published: June 2021

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular degradation process that is critical to maintain metabolism homeostasis in the liver. To investigate the role of autophagy in liver diseases, we examined the impact of autophagy deficiency on ethanol‐induced liver injury and the gut‐liver relationship. First, hepatic autophagy deficient mice were challenged with ethanol by either acute or acute‐on‐chronic scheme. Our results demonstrated a protective role of autophagy in ethanol‐induced liver injury in a genetic and an inducible hepatic Atg7 knockout mice. Surprisingly, hepatic Atg5 knockout mice, which had a minor presentation of liver injury, were resistant to acute ethanol treatment, and were actually improved in the liver presentation following the treatment of in the chronic‐plus‐binge regime. A series of ethanol metabolism‐related genes were altered in livers of ethanol‐fed Atg5Δhep mice, which was accompanied with a faster clearance of plasma ethanol. This may partially explain the seemingly paradoxical observations. Second, gut microbiota was analyzed in fecal samples from hepatic autophagy deficient mice by 16S sequencing. The profile of gut microbiota was altered by hepatic autophagy deficiency with a notable increase of bile acids metabolism related bacteria. In addition to this, significant increase of total bile acids was observed in serum, liver, and feces. Moreover, ileal FXR was activated as increased gene expression of its target genes, including Shp, Fgf15 and Ibabp. Finally, modulation of gut microbiota by antibiotics treatment suppressed ileal FXR activation, increased enterohepatic bile acids pool, and aggravated liver injury in hepatic autophagy‐deficient mice. Collectively, our results indicate that hepatic autophagy has significant impacts on liver homeostasis and gut microbiota. The alteration of gut microbiota in hepatic autophagy deficiency can have in turn notable effects on liver injury.Support or Funding InformationThis research was partially supported by NIH R01AA021751 (X.‐M.Y.).This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Mechanisms of Gastrulation: from Zebrafish to Human
Authors: Solnica‐Krezel Lila 
Published: June 2021

During animal gastrulation germ layers are induced, patterned and shaped into a body plan. These inductive and morphogenetic processes must be coordinated in space and time to ensure normal development, but the underlying mechanisms are not understood. I will discuss our forward and reverse genetic approaches in zebrafish that address this problem. I will also discuss our work with embryonic stem cells to investigate aspects of human gastrulation.Support or Funding Information1R35GM118179‐01 NIH/NIGMS Inductive and Morphogenetic Processes Shaping the Zebrafish Embryonic AxesThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.