bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimates of the Prevalence and Incidence of Genital Herpes, United States, 2018
Authors: Spicknall Ian H. , Flagg Elaine W. , Torrone Elizabeth A. 
Published: January 2021

Background
Although there are more recent estimate of genital herpes prevalence, incidence estimates in the United States (US) have not been updated since 2008.

Methods
We estimated genital herpes prevalence and incidence for 2018 among adults aged 18 to 49 years. We estimated prevalence using 2015–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) seroprevalence data among the noninstitutionalized civilian population and extrapolated this prevalence to the full US population using 2018 American Community Survey data. We estimated incidence using 2011 to 2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey HSV-2 data as inputs to a simple mathematical model. We used Monte Carlo simulation to generate 10,000 input parameter sets for age and sex subpopulations and summarized our estimates by their median; uncertainty intervals for these estimates are characterized by their first (Q1) and third (Q3) quartiles. We conducted sensitivity analyses investigating the impact of HSV type 1 (HSV-1) infection on estimates of genital herpes burden.

Results
In 2018, there were an estimated 18.6 (Q1 = 18.1, Q3 = 19.0) million prevalent and 572,000 (Q1 = 479,000, Q3 = 673,000) incident genital herpes infections among 18- to 49-year-olds. Women accounted for two thirds of prevalent infections with an estimated 12.1 (Q1 = 11.9, Q3 = 12.5) million infections. Incidence was highest among 18- to 24-year-olds with an estimated 242,000 (Q1 = 210,000, Q3 = 274,000) infections. Sensitivity analyses indicated that HSV-1 could be responsible for millions more prevalent genital herpes infections, and tens of thousands of additional incident genital herpes infections, depending on the percentage of HSV-1 infections that are genital.

Discussion
Genital herpes is a common sexually transmitted disease in the United States. Future research to understand the burden of genital infections attributable to HSV-1 would refine estimates of genital herpes burden.
The Estimated Lifetime Medical Cost of Diseases Attributable to Human Papillomavirus Infections Acquired in 2018
Authors: Chesson Harrell W. , Laprise Jean-François , Brisson Marc , Martin Dave , Ekwueme Donatus U. , Markowitz Lauri E. 
Published: January 2021

Introduction
We estimated the lifetime medical costs of diagnosed cases of diseases attributable to human papillomavirus (HPV) infections acquired in 2018.

Methods
We adapted an existing mathematical model of HPV transmission and associated diseases to estimate the lifetime number of diagnosed cases of disease (genital warts; cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; and cervical, vaginal, vulvar, penile, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers) attributable to HPV infections that were acquired in 2018. For each of these outcomes, we multiplied the estimated number of cases by the estimated lifetime medical cost per case obtained from previous studies. We estimated the costs of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis in a separate calculation. Future costs were discounted at 3% annually.

Results
The estimated discounted lifetime medical cost of diseases attributable to HPV infections acquired in 2018 among people aged 15 to 59 years was $774 million (in 2019 US dollars), of which approximately half was accounted for by infections in those aged 15 to 24 years. Human papillomavirus infections in women accounted for approximately 90% of the lifetime number of diagnosed cases of disease and 70% of the lifetime cost attributable to HPV infections acquired in 2018 among those aged 15 to 59 years.

Conclusions
We estimated the lifetime medical costs of diseases attributable to HPV infections acquired in 2018 to be $774 million. This estimate is lower than previous estimates, likely due to the impact of HPV vaccination. The lifetime cost of disease attributable to incident HPV infections is expected to decrease further over time as HPV vaccination coverage increases.
The Estimated Direct Lifetime Medical Costs of Sexually Transmitted Infections Acquired in the United States in 2018
Authors: Chesson Harrell W. , Spicknall Ian H. , Bingham Adrienna , Brisson Marc , Eppink Samuel T. , Farnham Paul G. , Kreisel Kristen M. , Kumar Sagar , Laprise Jean-François , Peterman Thomas A. , Roberts Henry , Gift Thomas L. 
Published: January 2021

Background
We estimated the lifetime medical costs attributable to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) acquired in 2018, including sexually acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Methods
We estimated the lifetime medical costs of infections acquired in 2018 in the United States for 8 STIs: chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, syphilis, genital herpes, human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B, and HIV. We limited our analysis to lifetime medical costs incurred for treatment of STIs and for treatment of related sequelae; we did not include other costs, such as STI prevention. For each STI, except HPV, we calculated the lifetime medical cost by multiplying the estimated number of incident infections in 2018 by the estimated lifetime cost per infection. For HPV, we calculated the lifetime cost based on the projected lifetime incidence of health outcomes attributed to HPV infections acquired in 2018. Future costs were discounted at 3% annually.

Results
Incident STIs in 2018 imposed an estimated $15.9 billion (25th–75th percentile: $14.9–16.9 billion) in discounted, lifetime direct medical costs (2019 US dollars). Most of this cost was due to sexually acquired HIV ($13.7 billion) and HPV ($0.8 billion). STIs in women accounted for about one fourth of the cost of incident STIs when including HIV, but about three fourths when excluding HIV. STIs among 15- to 24-year-olds accounted for $4.2 billion (26%) of the cost of incident STIs.

Conclusions
Incident STIs continue to impose a considerable lifetime medical cost burden in the United States. These results can inform health economic analyses to promote the use of cost-effective STI prevention interventions to reduce this burden.
Development, Assessment, and Outcomes of a Community-Based Model of Antiretroviral Care in Western Kenya Through a Cluster-Randomized Control Trial
Authors: Goodrich Suzanne , Siika Abraham , Mwangi Ann , Nyambura Monicah , Naanyu Violet , Yiannoutsos Constantin , Spira Thomas , Bateganya Moses , Toroitich-Ruto Cathy , Otieno-Nyunya Boaz , Wools-Kaloustian Kara 
Published: January 2021

Objective:
To develop and assess an alternative care model using community-based groups for people living with HIV and facilitate by lay personnel.

Methods:
Geographic locations in the Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare Kitale clinic catchment were randomized to standard of care versus a community-based care group (ART Co-op). Adults stable on antiretroviral therapy and virally suppressed were eligible. Research Assistant–led ART Co-ops met in the community every 3 months. Participants were seen in the HIV clinic only if referred. CD4 count and viral load were measured in clinic at enrollment and after 12 months. Retention, viral suppression, and clinic utilization were compared between groups using χ2, Fisher exact, and Wilcoxon rank sum tests.

Results:
At 12 months, there were no significant differences in mean CD4 count or viral load suppression. There was a significant difference in patient retention in assigned study group between the intervention and control group (81.6% vs 98.6%; P < 0.001), with a number of intervention patients withdrawing because of stigma, relocation, pregnancy, and work conflicts. All participants, however, were retained in an HIV care program for the study duration. The median number of clinic visits was lower for the intervention group than that for the control group (0 vs 3; P < 0.001).

Conclusions:
Individuals retained in a community-based HIV care model had clinical outcomes equivalent to those receiving clinic-based care. This innovative model of HIV care addresses the problems of insufficient health care personnel and patient retention barriers, including time, distance, and cost to attend clinic, and has the potential for wider implementation.
Surgical Outcomes, Technical Performance, and Surgery Burden of Robotic Total Gastrectomy for Locally Advanced Gastric Cancer
Authors: Chen Qi-Yue , Zhong Qing , Liu Zhi-Yu , Li Ping , Wang Jia-Bin , Lin Jian-Xian , Lu Jun , Cao Long-Long , Lin Mi , Tu Ru-Hong , Huang Ze-Ning , Lin Ju-Li , Zheng Hua-Long , Lin Guang-Tan , Zheng Chao-Hui , Huang Chang-Ming , Xie Jian-Wei 
Published: January 2021

Objective:
To compare the short-term outcomes, surgery burden, and technical performance of robotic total gastrectomy (RTG) and laparoscopic total gastrectomy (LTG) for gastric cancer (GC).

Summary of Background Data:
The impact of robotic systems on total gastrectomy remains obscure.

Methods:
This prospective study included 50 patients with advanced proximal GC underwent RTG combined with spleen-preserving splenic hilar lymphadenectomy between March 2018 and February 2020. Patients who underwent LTG in the FUGES-002, http://links.lww.com/SLA/C929 study were enrolled to compare the outcomes between RTG and LTG.

Results:
After propensity score matching, 48 patients in the RTG group and 96 patients in the LTG group were included in the analysis. The RTG group had a lower volume of intraoperative blood loss than the LTG group (38.7 vs 66.4 mL, P = 0.042). Significantly more extraperigastric lymph nodes were retrieved in the RTG group than in the LTG group (20.2 vs 17.5, P = 0.039). The average number of errors was lower in the RTG group than in the LTG group (43.2 vs 53.8 times/case, P < 0.001). The RTG group had a higher technical skill score (30.2 vs 28.4, P < 0.001) and a lower surgery task load index (33.2 vs 39.8, P < 0.001) than the LTG group. No significant difference was found in terms of postoperative morbidity between the 2 groups (14.6% vs 16.7%, P = 0.748).

Conclusions:
In complex total gastrectomy for GC, compared with traditional laparoscopic surgery, robotic surgery provides a technically superior operative environment and reduces surgeon workload at high-volume specialized institutions.
Tonic Pupil Following COVID-19
Authors: Gopal Madhumita , Ambika Selvakumar , Padmalakshmi Krishnakumar 
Published: January 2021

Abstract:
A 37-year-old patient presented to our emergency department with sudden onset decreased vision with a history of being treated for COVID 19 3 weeks earlier. On examination, she was found to have a tonic right pupil, which was confirmed with a dilute pilocarpine test. As tonic pupils are known to be caused by neurotropic viruses and our current understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 is that it does affect the nervous system, we feel that the tonic pupil in our patient may be secondary to COVID 19.
Grounding cognition: heterarchical control mechanisms in biology
Authors: Bechtel William , Bich Leonardo 
Published: January 2021

We advance an account that grounds cognition, specifically decision-making, in an activity all organisms as autonomous systems must perform to keep themselves viable—controlling their production mechanisms. Production mechanisms, as we characterize them, perform activities such as procuring resources from their environment, putting these resources to use to construct and repair the organism's body and moving through the environment. Given the variable nature of the environment and the continual degradation of the organism, these production mechanisms must be regulated by control mechanisms that select when a production is required and how it should be carried out. To operate on production mechanisms, control mechanisms need to procure information through measurement processes and evaluate possible actions. They are making decisions. In all organisms, these decisions are made by multiple different control mechanisms that are organized not hierarchically but heterarchically. In many cases, they employ internal models of features of the environment with which the organism must deal. Cognition, in the form of decision-making, is thus fundamental to living systems which must control their production mechanisms.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Basal cognition: conceptual tools and the view from the single cell’.
Spontaneous electrical low-frequency oscillations: a possible role inHydraand all living systems
Authors: Hanson Alison 
Published: January 2021

As one of the first model systems in biology, the basal metazoanHydrahas been revealing fundamental features of living systems since it was first discovered by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in the early eighteenth century. While it has become well-established within cell and developmental biology, this tiny freshwater polyp is only now being re-introduced to modern neuroscience where it has already produced a curious finding: the presence of low-frequency spontaneous neural oscillations at the same frequency as those found in the default mode network in the human brain. Surprisingly, increasing evidence suggests such spontaneous electrical low-frequency oscillations (SELFOs) are found across the wide diversity of life on Earth, from bacteria to humans. This paper reviews the evidence for SELFOs in diverse phyla, beginning with the importance of their discovery inHydra, and hypothesizes a potential role as electrical organism organizers, which supports a growing literature on the role of bioelectricity as a ‘template’ for developmental memory in organism regeneration.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Basal cognition: conceptual tools and the view from the single cell’.
Six-month Neurological and Psychiatric Outcomes in 236,379 Survivors of COVID-19
Authors: Taquet M. , Geddes J.R. , Husain M. , Luciano S. , Harrison P.J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundNeurological and psychiatric sequelae of COVID-19 have been reported, but there are limited data on incidence rates and relative risks.MethodsUsing retrospective cohort studies and time-to-event analysis, we estimated the incidence of ICD-10 diagnoses in the 6 months after a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19: intracranial haemorrhage; ischaemic stroke; Parkinsonism; Guillain-Barré syndrome; nerve/nerve root/plexus disorders; myoneural/muscle disease; encephalitis; dementia; mood, anxiety, and psychotic disorders; substance misuse; and insomnia. Data were obtained from the TriNetX electronic health records network (over 81 million patients). We compared incidences with those in propensity score-matched cohorts of patients with influenza or other respiratory infections using a Cox model. We investigated the effect on incidence estimates of COVID-19 severity, as proxied by hospitalization and encephalopathy (including delirium and related disorders).Findings236,379 patients survived a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19. Among them, the estimated incidence of neurological or psychiatric sequelae at 6 months was 33.6%, with 12.8% receiving their first such diagnosis. Most diagnostic categories were commoner after COVID-19 than after influenza or other respiratory infections (hazard ratios from 1.21 to 5.28), including stroke, intracranial haemorrhage, dementia, and psychotic disorders. Findings were equivocal for Parkinsonism and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Amongst COVID-19 cases, incidences and hazard ratios for most disorders were higher in patients who had been hospitalized, and markedly so in those who had experienced encephalopathy. Results were robust to sensitivity analyses, including comparisons against an additional four index health events.InterpretationThe study provides evidence for substantial neurological and psychiatric morbidity following COVID-19 infection. Risks were greatest in, but not limited to, those who had severe COVID-19. The information can help in service planning and identification of research priorities.FundingNational Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre.
Mask adherence and rate of COVID-19 across the United States
Authors: Fischer Charlie B. , Adrien Nedghie , Silguero Jeremiah J. , Hopper Julianne J. , Chowdhury Abir I. , Werler Martha M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMask wearing has been advocated by public health officials as a way to reduce the spread of COVID-19. In the United States, policies on mask wearing have varied from state to state over the course of the pandemic. Even as more and more government leaders encourage or even mandate mask wearing, many citizens still resist the notion. Our research examines mask wearing policy and adherence in association with COVID-19 case rates. We used state-level data on mask wearing policy for the general public and on proportion of residents who stated they always wear masks in public. For all 50 states and the District of Columbia (DC), these data were abstracted by month for April ⍰ September 2020 to measure their impact on COVID-19 rates in the subsequent month (May ⍰ October 2020). Monthly COVID-19 case rates (number of cases per capita over two weeks) >200 per 100,000 residents were considered high. Fourteen of the 15 states with no mask wearing policy for the general public through September reported a high COVID-19 rate. Of the 8 states with at least 75% mask adherence, none reported a high COVID-19 rate. States with the lowest levels of mask adherence were most likely to have high COVID-19 rates in the subsequent month, independent of mask policy or demographic factors. Mean COVID-19 rates for states with at least 75% mask adherence in the preceding month was 109.26 per 100,000 compared to 249.99 per 100,000 for those with less adherence. Our analysis suggests high adherence to mask wearing could be a key factor in reducing the spread of COVID-19. This association between high mask adherence and reduced COVID-19 rates should influence policy makers and public health officials to focus on ways to improve mask adherence across the population in order to mitigate the spread of COVID-19.
Numbers of close contacts of individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 and their association with government intervention strategies
Authors: McAloon Conor G. , Wall Patrick , Butler Francis , Codd Mary , Gormley Eamonn , Walsh Cathal , Duggan Jim , Murphy T. Brendan , Nolan Philip , Smyth Breda , O’Brien Katie , Teljeur Conor , Green Martin J. , O’Grady Luke , Culhane Kieran , Buckley Claire , Carroll Ciara , Doyle Sarah , Martin Jennifer , More Simon J. 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundContact tracing is conducted with the primary purpose of interrupting transmission from individuals who are likely to be infectious to others. Secondary analyses of data on the numbers of close contacts of confirmed cases could also: provide an early signal of increases in contact patterns that might precede larger than expected case numbers; evaluate the impact of government interventions on the number of contacts of confirmed cases; or provide data information on contact rates between age cohorts for the purpose of epidemiological modelling.MethodsWe analysed data from 140,204 contacts of 39861 cases in Ireland from 1st May to 1st December 2020. Only ‘close’ contacts were included in the analysis. A close contact was defined as any individual who had had > 15 minutes face-to-face (<2 m) contact with a case; any household contact; or any individual sharing a closed space for longer than 2 hours, in any setting.ResultsThe number of contacts per case was overdispersed, the mean varied considerably over time, and was temporally associated with government interventions. Negative binomial regression models highlighted greater numbers of contacts within specific population demographics, after correcting for temporal associations. Separate segmented regression models of the number of cases over time and the average number of contacts per case indicated that a breakpoint indicating a rapid decrease in the number of contacts per case in October 2020 preceded a breakpoint indicating a reduction in the number of cases by 11 days.DiscussionThese data were collected for a specific purpose and therefore any inferences must be made with caution. The data are representative of contact rates of cases, and not of the overall population. However, the data may be a more accurate indicator of the likely degree of onward transmission than might be the case if a random sample of the population were taken. Furthermore, since we analysed only the number of close contacts, the total number of contacts per case would have been higher. Nevertheless, this analysis provides useful information for monitoring the impact of government interventions on the number of contacts; for helping pre-empt increases or decreases in case numbers, and for triangulating assumptions regarding the contact mixing rates between different age cohorts for epidemiological modelling.
Survey of Contaminated Percutaneous Injuries in Anesthesia Practitioners
Authors: Zbeidy Reine , Livingstone Joshua , Shatz Vadim , Raveh Yehuda , Gad Rofayda , Nicolau-Raducu Ramona , Souki Fouad G. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundAnesthesia practitioners are at inherent risk for percutaneous injuries by blood-contaminated needles and sharp objects. These exposures may result in transmission of HIV and hepatitis viruses. Data about this occupational hazard from contaminated needles and sharp devices is limited and decades old. We conducted a web-based survey to assess the occurrence, reporting, characteristics, and outcome of contaminated percutaneous injuries (CPI) in anesthesia residents, fellows, and attendings.MethodsAfter institutional research board approval, an email was sent to 217 anesthesia practitioners requesting their participation in an online survey about contaminated percutaneous injuries. Responses were collected from February through March 2020. Results are reported as absolute numbers and proportions with 95% confidence interval (CI).ResultsThe overall survey response rate was 51% (110/217). 59% (65/110) (95% CI, 50–68) of participants reported having one or more contaminated percutaneous injury during their years of anesthesia practice (42% (21/50) of residents, 50% (4/8) of fellows, 77% (40/52) of anesthesia attendings). Prevalence of injuries related to attendings’ years of anesthesia practice was 69% (95% CI, 44–94) for 5-10 years, 62.5% (95% CI, 29–96) for 10-15 years, and 79% (95% CI, 63– 95) for greater than 15 years of practice.35% (95% CI, 26–44) of participants reported having one or more CPI within the last 5 years (40% of residents, 50% of fellows, 29% of attendings). Occurrence of CPI within the last 5 years based on attending anesthesiologist years of practice was 57% for less than 5 years, 37.5% for 10-15 years, and 20% for 15-20 years of practice. 75% (95% CI, 65–85) reported the incident at the time of injury. 59% (95% CI, 48–70) of injuries were due to hollow bore needles. 50% (95% CI, 39–61) of total injuries were high risk. 26% of injured anesthesia practitioners received post-exposure prophylaxis and there were zero seroconversions.ConclusionMost anesthesiologists will sustain a contaminated percutaneous injury during their careers. Incidence of these injuries decreases with years of practice. Occurrence of these injuries is high among anesthesia residents, with the majority reporting their injuries. Half of the injuries are high risk with a quarter requiring postexposure prophylaxis. More education and interventions are needed to reduce percutaneous injuries and improve reporting.