bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NONINVASIVE DIAGNOSTIC STRATEGY OF OCULAR TOXOCARIASIS BASED ON CLINICAL FEATURES
Authors: Jiang Zhaoxin , Sun Limei , Huang Li , Li Songshan , Hou Aohan , Zheng Shuxin , Ding Xiaoyan 
Published: December 2021

Purpose:To develop a noninvasive diagnostic strategy based on the clinical manifestations of ocular toxocariasis (OT) and evaluate its sensitivity and specificity.Methods:Patients with unilateral OT-like lesions were enrolled retrospectively and classified into OT and non-OT groups according to the immunologic diagnosis criterion of anti-OT immunoglobulin G. Nine clinical manifestations were recorded and compared between the groups. Among them, the retrolental membrane, branch-like vitreous strands, and retinal granulomas were the most common, which were further classified into three categories, including at least 1 of three signs, at least two of three signs, and all three signs positive. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were calculated for each strategy.Results:There were 105 immunologically confirmed patients with OT and 70 patients with non-OT uveitis/vitreoretinopathy. Retinal granulomas, retrolental membrane, and branch-like vitreous strands were significantly more frequent in OT patients than in non-OT patients. At least 1 of 3 signs positive strategy showed the highest sensitivity (100.0%) but the lowest specificity (62.0%). At least 2 of 3 signs positive strategies showed 80.0% sensitivity and 94.3% specificity. All 3 signs positive strategies had the lowest sensitivity (46.7%) and the highest specificity (100.0%). The cutoff point of this revealed an area under the curve of 0.85 and a 95% confidence interval of 0.79 to 0.91.Conclusion:A comprehensive strategy based on at least two out of three positive signs showed excellent sensitivity and specificity and could serve as a noninvasive and fast screening strategy for the clinical diagnosis of OT.
Assessing the Dental and Oral Health Needs at Vascular Anomalies Centers Across the United States
Authors: Mitra Shivani , Shen Daniel , Afshar Salim 
Published: December 2021

Objective:
Patients with vascular anomalies often have serious oral health complications. We sought to capture nationwide vascular anomalies centers’ perspectives on the oral health and dental access of their patients.

Methods:
Eighty-one major multidisciplinary vascular anomalies centers across the United States were identified by online search. A 15-question survey was developed on Qualtrics and emailed to the centers. All survey responses were anonymous and self-reported.

Results:
Fifty-nine centers were included in our study and 27 (46%) responded to our survey. Twenty-five centers (92%) report seeing patients very often or somewhat often with oral health/dental related issues that require further care. Out of these 25 centers, 17 centers (68%) report being unable to easily meet the oral health needs of their patients. Eighteen out of 21 (86%) centers currently without an oral health professional at their center said having an oral health professional on their team would be valuable.

Conclusions:
There is a reported oral healthcare access gap for patients with vascular anomalies. Centers indicate a desire to closely work with dental professionals. There is a reported challenge in finding a dentist with adequate training or experience to care for patients with vascular anomalies. Increased efforts to educate community dental professionals on vascular anomalies care may help to bridge the gap.
Interaction between sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 and the sympathetic nervous system
Authors: Azzam Omar , Matthews Vance B. , Schlaich Markus P. 
Published: December 2021

Purpose of review
Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have taken centre stage in research and therapeutic efforts to modulate hard clinical outcomes in patients with heightened cardiovascular and renal risk profiles. Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation is a prominent feature across several cardiovascular and renal disease states. This review reflects on the remarkable clinical impact of SGLT2 inhibitors on cardiorenal outcomes, and navigates the evidence for a proposed clinically relevant interaction between SGLT2 and the SNS.

Recent findings
SGLT2 inhibitors exert several pleiotropic effects beyond glucose-lowering. These include, but are not limited to, diuresis and natriuresis, blood pressure lowering, reduction in inflammation and oxidative stress, stimulation of erythropoiesis, and improvement in cardiac energetics. Treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors is associated with significant improvement in cardiorenal outcomes irrespective of diabetes status. In addition, evidence from preclinical studies points to a strong signal of a bidirectional temporal association between SGLT2 inhibition and reduction in SNS activation.

Summary
Ongoing preclinical and clinical trials aimed at unravelling the proposed interaction between SGLT and SNS will enhance our understanding of their individual and/or collective contributions to cardiovascular disease progression and guide future targeted therapeutic interventions.
Gene therapy for kidney disease: targeting cystinuria
Authors: Peek Jennifer L. , Wilson Matthew H. 
Published: December 2021

Purpose of review
The aim of this study was to summarize recent findings in kidney gene therapy while proposing cystinuria as a model kidney disease target for genome engineering therapeutics.

Recent findings
Despite the advances of gene therapy for treating diseases of other organs, the kidney lags behind. Kidney-targeted gene delivery remains an obstacle to gene therapy of kidney disease. Nanoparticle and adeno-associated viral vector technologies offer emerging hope for kidney gene therapy. Cystinuria represents a model potential target for kidney gene therapy due to its known genetic and molecular basis, targetability, and capacity for phenotypic rescue.

Summary
Although gene therapy for kidney disease remains a major challenge, new and evolving technologies may actualize treatment for cystinuria and other kidney diseases.
COVID-19 in patients with glomerular disease
Authors: Turner-Stokes Tabitha , Edwards Helena , Lightstone Liz 
Published: December 2021

Purpose of review
Managing patients with glomerular disease during the COVID-19 pandemic has been challenging, as the infection risk associated with immunosuppression must be balanced against the need to control severe glomerular disease that can lead to kidney failure. This review provides an overview of COVID-19 and the effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with glomerular disease.

Recent findings
Registry data, although biased towards outcomes of hospitalized patients, suggest that the mortality from COVID-19 is higher in patients with glomerular disease than in the general population. Glucocorticoid use prior to SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with adverse outcomes from COVID-19. Rituximab significantly attenuates serological responses to both natural infection and vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, although it is not clear whether this leads to adverse outcomes. Case reports of disease flares occurring after vaccination have been reported, but causality in any of these cases has yet to be proven and the absolute risk remains very small.

Summary
Patients with glomerular disease represent an at-risk group for severe COVID-19 disease and vaccination is key to reducing this risk. As immunosuppressed patients demonstrate an attenuated response to vaccination, the efficacy of a third primary dose followed by a subsequent booster is being investigated.
Cellular and molecular interrogation of kidney biopsy specimens
Authors: Eadon Michael T. , Dagher Pierre C. , El-Achkar Tarek M. 
Published: December 2021

Purpose of review
Traditional histopathology of the kidney biopsy specimen has been an essential and successful tool for the diagnosis and staging of kidney diseases. However, it is likely that the full potential of the kidney biopsy has not been tapped so far. Indeed, there is now a concerted worldwide effort to interrogate kidney biopsy samples at the cellular and molecular levels with unprecedented rigor and depth. This review examines these novel approaches to study kidney biopsy specimens and highlights their potential to refine our understanding of the pathophysiology of kidney disease and lead to precision-based diagnosis and therapy.

Recent findings
Several consortia are now active at studying kidney biopsy samples from various patient cohorts with state-of-the art cellular and molecular techniques. These include advanced imaging approaches as well as deep molecular interrogation with tools such as epigenetics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics. The emphasis throughout is on rigor, reproducibility and quality control.

Summary
Although these techniques to study kidney biopsies are complementary, each on its own can yield novel ways to define and classify kidney disease. Therefore, great efforts are needed in order to generate an integrated output that can propel the diagnosis and treatment of kidney disease into the realm of precision medicine.
Mitochondrial deacetylase Sirt3 in vascular dysfunction and hypertension
Authors: Dikalov Sergey , Dikalova Anna 
Published: December 2021

Purpose of review
Hypertension is a multifactorial disorder involving perturbations of the vasculature, the kidney, and the central nervous system. Hypertension represents a major risk factor for stroke, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. Despite treatment with multiple drugs, 37% of hypertensive patients remain hypertensive, likely due to the mechanisms contributing to blood pressure elevation that are not affected by current treatments. This review focuses on recently described novel role of mitochondrial deacetylase Sirt3 in vascular dysfunction and hypertension.

Recent findings
In the past several years, we have shown that the mitochondria are dysfunctional in hypertension; however, the role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of hypertension remains elusive. We recently showed that patients with essential hypertension have decreased levels of the mitochondrial deacetylase Sirt3 leading to hyperacetylation of mitochondrial proteins. There is likely a causative role. Indeed, genetic deletion of Sirt3 in mice promotes vascular dysfunction and hypertension. Sirt3 depletion promotes endothelial dysfunction, increases smooth muscle cell hypertrophy, instigates vascular inflammation, and induces age-dependent hypertension.

Summary
Sirt3 is critical for vascular cell homeostasis, however, multiple risk factors impair Sirt3 leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and vascular dysregulation which contribute to hypertension and end-organ injury. Targeting Sirt3 may represent novel therapeutic approach to improve treatment of vascular dysfunction and reduce hypertension.
Paediatric alternative payment models: emerging elements
Authors: Gratale Daniella , Viveiros Janet , Boyer Katie 
Published: December 2021

Purpose of review
The aim of this study was to summarize emerging elements of paediatric alternative payment models (APMs), identify strategies to address barriers in implementing paediatric APMs and share policy approaches.

Recent findings
The unique health needs of children and adolescents must be considered as paediatric value-based care and APMs are developed. The longer time period for achieving cost savings, relatively few existing model tests and challenges with cross-sector data-sharing and pooled financing are barriers to the adoption of paediatric APMs. The Integrated Care for Kids (InCK) model and some state-based efforts are testing whether an integrated service delivery model combined with paediatric APMs can reduce expenditures and improve care and outcomes. However, the relative paucity of models makes it difficult to identify the most effective strategies and overall impact of paediatric APMs.

Summary
Emerging paediatric APMs include the following key elements: developmentally appropriate approaches, paediatric-specific quality and cost measures, a focus on primary care, special considerations for children with complex healthcare needs and cross-sector integration of data, workforce and financing. A variety of strategies, rooted in cross-sector partnerships, can be pursued to address implementation barriers and ultimately support paediatric care transformation.
Clinical and public policy interventions to address food insecurity among children
Authors: Brochier Annelise , Garg Arvin , Peltz Alon 
Published: December 2021

Purpose of review
This article describes the impacts of food insecurity (FI) on child health, outlines clinical and public policy interventions to mitigate FI in children, and defines new paradigms in population health to ameliorate the harmful effects of FI in children.

Recent findings
Rates of FI among children have dramatically increased with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, with particular adverse impact on low-income children. Population health innovations in screening, referral, and social service integration offer new opportunities to address FI.

Summary
Despite advances in clinical practice and public policy, FI remains a persistent issue for many US children. Clinicians and policymakers have opportunities to leverage clinical and community-based integration to improve service delivery opportunities to ameliorate childhood hunger and racial and socioeconomic inequity in the United States.
The COVID-19 pandemic and its potential enduring impact on children
Authors: Irwin Margaret , Lazarevic Bojan , Soled Derek , Adesman Andrew 
Published: December 2021

Purpose of review
The COVID-19 pandemic has ushered in great and rapid change in our society. Although children are somewhat less likely to get infected or have severe symptoms from COVID-19, they are being adversely affected by this global public health emergency in many direct and indirect ways. This review focuses on the major areas in which children and adolescents are suffering, and how pediatricians can anticipate and optimize child healthcare and support as the COVID-19 pandemic and its aftermath continues.

Recent findings
This review provides preliminary insights into the physical, psychological, educational, developmental, behavioral, and social health implications of the pandemic on the pediatric population, highlighting both the pandemic's current and potential future impact on children.

Summary
The COVID-19 pandemic has and will likely continue to adversely affect many different aspects of children's health and well-being. It is important for pediatricians to be aware of these consequences of COVID-19 and take steps to help their patients now and in the future. Because the virus continues to ravage many parts of the world, continued research is needed to identify and evaluate any additional COVID-related challenges and concerns that adversely impact the growth and development of children.
Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis and the kidney
Authors: Balani Shanthi , Kizilbash Sarah J. , Kouri Anne M. 
Published: December 2021

Purpose of review
The purpose of this review is to highlight recent studies that have emerged on the topic of ANCA-associated vasculitis with some historical context. The review also discusses how the adult data is relevant to pediatric patients.

Recent findings
Pediatric studies on AAV are lacking. Therapies targeted to the inflammatory cascade specifically implicated in AAV, such as MPO inhibitors and complement mediators, are emerging. The PEXIVAS study recently called into question the routine use of plasma exchange (PLEX) in severe AAV, with no difference in ESKD or mortality found between patients who did or did not receive PLEX. Longer maintenance duration of nearly 48 months is preferred as compared with shorter duration in patients who are not on dialysis because of higher relapse rates in children with AAV.

Summary
Current treatment in AAV includes corticosteroids, rituximab, and cyclophosphamide for induction. Maintenance therapy commonly consists of azathioprine or rituximab. Plasma exchange (PLEX) is no longer recommended for induction therapy for AAV but some experts still consider this as an option for patients who are not responding to therapy or have severe disease at presentation. However, emerging novel therapies may be on the horizon.
EURO-MUSCULUS/USPRM Dynamic Ultrasound Protocols for Shoulder
Authors: Ricci Vincenzo , Chang Ke-Vin , Güvener Orhan , Mezian Kamal , Kara Murat , Leblebicioğlu Gürsel , Stecco Carla , Pirri Carmelo , Ata Ayşe Merve , Dughbaj Muhammad , Jain Nitin B. , Özçakar Levent 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this dynamic protocol, ultrasound examination of the shoulder using different maneuvers is described for several/relevant shoulder problems. Scanning videos are coupled with real-time patient examination videos for better understanding. The authors believe that this practical guide prepared by an international consensus of several experts (EURO-MUSCULUS: European Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Study Group and USPRM: Ultrasound Study Group of ISPRM [International Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine]) will help musculoskeletal physicians perform a better and uniform/standard approach.
Renal function and associated mortality risk in adults commencing HIV antiretroviral therapy in Zimbabwe
Authors: Drak Douglas , Shamu Tinei , Heron Jack E. , Chimbetete Cleophas , Dahwa Rumbi , Gracey David M. 
Published: December 2021

Background:
People with HIV (PWH) in sub-Saharan Africa appear to have a higher incidence of renal disease than other global regions but data are limited. This renal impairment may be associated with an increased mortality risk.

Aims:
To define the prevalence of renal disease and explore its association with mortality risk in a cohort from Zimbabwe commencing antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV infection.

Methods:
A retrospective study of all patients aged at least 18 years, commenced on ART for HIV infection at the Newlands Clinic in Harare, Zimbabwe between January 2007 and September 2019 was conducted. Data were extracted from electronic medical records. Patients with no baseline creatinine measurement were excluded. Baseline characteristics were assessed as potential predictors for mortality by Cox proportional hazard regression.

Results:
Three thousand and thirty-nine patients were eligible for inclusion. Most were female (62.1%), with a median age of 36 years (IQR 30–43). At baseline, 7.3% had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 90 ml/min per 1.73 m2 or less and 11.4% had proteinuria. Over a median follow-up period of 4.6 years (IQR 2.5–6.9), the mortality rate was 8.7%. One half of deaths (49.2%) occurred within the first year. In multivariable analysis, a baseline eGFR between 60 and 90 ml/min per 1.73 m2 [hazard ratio 2.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.46–3.33, P < 0.001] and proteinuria (hazard ratio 2.10, 95% CI 1.35–3.27, P < 0.001) were associated with increased mortality risk.

Conclusion:
Baseline renal impairment was common. Both a reduced eGFR or proteinuria were independently associated with a doubling of mortality risk. These should serve as markers in the clinical setting of at-risk patients.
Infusion Reactions After Receiving the Broadly Neutralizing Antibody VRC01 or Placebo to Reduce HIV-1 Acquisition: Results From the Phase 2b Antibody-Mediated Prevention Randomized Trials
Authors: Takuva Simbarashe , Karuna Shelly T. , Juraska Michal , Rudnicki Erika , Edupuganti Srilatha , Anderson Maija , De La Grecca Robert , Gaudinski Martin R. , Sehurutshi Alice , Orrell Catherine , Naidoo Logashvari , Valencia Javier , Villela Larissa M. , Walsh Stephen R. , Andrew Philip , Karg Carissa , Randhawa April , Hural John , Gomez Lorenzo Margarita M. , Burns David N. , Ledgerwood Julie , Mascola John R. , Cohen Myron , Corey Lawrence , Mngadi Kathy , Mgodi Nyaradzo M. ,   the HVTN 703/HPTN 081 and HVTN 704/HPTN 085 Study Teams
Published: December 2021

Background:
The antibody-mediated prevention (AMP) studies (HVTN 703/HPTN 081 and HVTN 704/HPTN 085) are harmonized phase 2b trials to assess HIV prevention efficacy and safety of intravenous infusion of anti-gp120 broadly neutralizing antibody VRC01. Antibodies for other indications can elicit infusion-related reactions (IRRs), often requiring premedication and limiting their application. We report on AMP study IRRs.

Methods:
From 2016 to 2018, 2699 HIV-uninfected, at-risk men and transgender adults in the Americas and Switzerland (704/085) and 1924 at-risk heterosexual women in sub-Saharan Africa (703/081) were randomized 1:1:1 to VRC01 10 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, or placebo. Participants received infusions every 8 weeks (n = 10/participant) over 72 weeks, with 104 weeks of follow-up. Safety assessments were conducted before and after infusion and at noninfusion visits. A total of 40,674 infusions were administered.

Results:
Forty-seven participants (1.7%) experienced 49 IRRs in 704/085; 93 (4.8%) experienced 111 IRRs in 703/081 (P < 0.001). IRRs occurred more frequently in VRC01 than placebo recipients in 703/081 (P < 0.001). IRRs were associated with atopic history (P = 0.046) and with younger age (P = 0.023) in 703/081. Four clinical phenotypes of IRRs were observed: urticaria, dyspnea, dyspnea with rash, and “other.” Urticaria was most prevalent, occurring in 25 (0.9%) participants in 704/085 and 41 (2.1%) participants in 703/081. Most IRRs occurred with the initial infusion and incidence diminished through the last infusion. All reactions were managed successfully without sequelae.

Conclusions:
IRRs in the AMP studies were uncommon, typically mild or moderate, successfully managed at the research clinic, and resolved without sequelae. Analysis is ongoing to explore potential IRR mechanisms.
Birth of a Healthy Baby 9 Years After a Surgically Successful Deceased Donor Uterus Transplant
Authors: Ozkan Omer , Ozkan Ozlenen , Dogan Nasuh Utku , Bahceci Mustafa , Mendilcioglu Inane , Boynukalin Kubra , Ongun Hakan , Kantarci Abdul Mecit , Yaprak Muhittin , Cengiz Melike , Hadimioglu Necmiye , Kafadar Yusuf Taner , Celik Kiymet 
Published: December 2021

Objective:
To describe surgical procedures, previous failed pregnancies, methods for overcoming pregnancy failure and, most importantly, birth of a healthy infant, in a uterus transplantation from a deceased donor.

Background:
Majority of uterus transplants have involved live donors, but several advantages make deceased donor transplantation a practicable option, principally by eliminating surgical risks to the live donor.

Methods:
Uterus transplantation from a deceased donor was performed in September 2011 in Turkey. After 5 miscarriages, perfusion computed tomography revealed an obstructed blood-outflow. To overcome this blood flow obstruction, a saphenous vein graft was anastomosed between utero-ovarian and left ovarian vein with laparotomy. Follow-up computed tomography confirmed resolution of venous congestion and a decrease in uterine volume.

Results:
Following vascular augmentation surgery, fetal cardiac activity were observed 28 days after the first embryo transfer attempt. Preterm premature rupture of the membranes was diagnosed at 19 weeks’ gestation. Cesarean section was planned at 28 weeks’ gestation due to intrauterine growth restriction and suspected preeclampsia. A healthy 760 g male baby was delivered. The baby was discharged from the neonatal intensive care unit 79 days after delivery in good condition weighing 2475 g.

Conclusions:
Deceased donor uterus transplantation is a reasonable approach for treating uterine factor-related infertility. In case of recurrent miscarriages, regional vascular augmentation by arterial or venous supercharging may be required to overcome regional misperfused regions determined by imaging studies.