bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cosmogenic noble gas nuclides in zircons from the Estherville mesosiderite
Authors: Haba Makiko K. , Nagao Keisuke 
Published: May 2021

AbstractZirconium produces cosmogenic Kr through spallation reactions with cosmic rays. Meteoritic zircons (ZrSiO4) therefore possibly contain a significant amount of cosmogenic Kr in addition to other cosmogenic nuclides. Detection of cosmogenic nuclides from meteoritic zircons would make it possible to determine precise cosmic ray exposure (CRE) ages without knowing the whole rock chemistry because of the robust nature of zircons and limited target elements that produce cosmogenic nuclides in a zircon crystal. Herein, we report the noble gas compositions of zircons separated from the Estherville mesosiderite in addition to those of the silicate and metal parts. The zircons contain cosmogenic noble gas nuclides, and more importantly, cosmogenic 81Kr (t1/2 = 2.29 × 105 years) was successfully detected in the zircons. The 81Kr‐Kr exposure age of the zircons was calculated to be 76 ± 5 million years (Ma). This age corresponds to the CRE ages obtained from cosmogenic 3He and 21Ne (82 ± 8 and 88 ± 9 Ma, respectively) of the silicate part and the previously reported 36Cl‐36Ar age of the metal part (77 ± 9 Ma). The consistent CRE ages using different dating methods demonstrate that the 81Kr‐Kr dating using meteoritic zircons is a new promising tool for determining the CRE age of meteorites. Moreover, based on the 81Kr‐Kr age of the zircons, the production rates of cosmogenic 3He and 21Ne in a meteoritic zircon were estimated to be (15 ± 2) × 10−9 and (0.69 ± 0.04) × 10−9 cm3 STP g−1 Ma−1, respectively.
Recovery from hybrid breakdown reveals a complex genetic architecture of mitonuclear incompatibilities
Authors: Pereira Ricardo J. , Lima Thiago G. , Pierce‐Ward N. Tessa , Chao Lin , Burton Ronald S. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractReproductive isolation is often achieved when genes that are neutral or beneficial in their genomic background become functionally incompatible in a foreign genomic background, causing inviability, sterility or other forms of low fitness in hybrids. Recent studies suggest that mitonuclear interactions are among the initial incompatibilities to evolve at early stages of population divergence across taxa. Yet, the genomic architecture of mitonuclear incompatibilities has rarely been elucidated. We employ an experimental evolution approach starting with low‐fitness F2 interpopulation hybrids of the copepod Tigriopus californicus, in which frequencies of compatible and incompatible nuclear alleles change in response to an alternative mitochondrial background. After about nine generations, we observe a generalized increase in population size and in survivorship, suggesting efficiency of selection against maladaptive phenotypes. Whole genome sequencing of evolved populations showed some consistent allele frequency changes across three replicates of each reciprocal cross, but markedly different patterns between mitochondrial backgrounds. In only a few regions (~6.5% of the genome), the same parental allele was overrepresented irrespective of the mitochondrial background. About 33% of the genome showed allele frequency changes consistent with divergent selection, with the location of these genomic regions strongly differing between mitochondrial backgrounds. In 87% and 89% of these genomic regions, the dominant nuclear allele matched the associated mitochondrial background, consistent with mitonuclear co‐adaptation. These results suggest that mitonuclear incompatibilities have a complex polygenic architecture that differs between populations, potentially generating genome‐wide barriers to gene flow between closely related taxa.
Balloon cells promote immune system activation in focal cortical dysplasia type 2b
Authors: Zimmer Till S. , Broekaart Diede W. M. , Luinenburg Mark , Mijnsbergen Caroline , Anink Jasper J. , Sim Nam Suk , Michailidou Iliana , Jansen Floor E. , van Rijen Peter C. , Lee Jeong Ho , François Liesbeth , van Eyll Jonathan , Dedeurwaerdere Stefanie , van Vliet Erwin A. , Mühlebner Angelika , Mills James D. , Aronica Eleonora 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimsFocal cortical dysplasia (FCD) type 2 is an epileptogenic malformation of the neocortex associated with somatic mutations in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Histopathologically, FCD 2 is subdivided into FCD 2a and FCD 2b, the only discriminator being the presence of balloon cells (BCs) in FCD 2b. While pro‐epileptogenic immune system activation and inflammatory responses are commonly detected in both subtypes, it is unknown what contextual role BCs play.MethodsThe present study employed RNA sequencing of surgically resected brain tissue from FCD 2a (n = 11) and FCD 2b (n = 20) patients compared to autopsy control (n = 9) focusing on three immune system processes: adaptive immunity, innate immunity and cytokine production. This analysis was followed by immunohistochemistry on a clinically well‐characterised FCD 2 cohort.ResultsDifferential expression analysis revealed stronger expression of components of innate immunity, adaptive immunity and cytokine production in FCD 2b than in FCD 2a, particularly complement activation and antigen presentation. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed these findings, with strong expression of leukocyte antigen I and II in FCD 2b as compared to FCD 2a. Moreover, T‐lymphocyte tissue infiltration was elevated in FCD 2b. Expression of markers of immune system activation in FCD 2b was concentrated in subcortical white matter. Lastly, antigen presentation was strongly correlated with BC load in FCD 2b lesions.ConclusionWe conclude that, next to mutation‐driven mTOR activation and seizure activity, BCs are crucial drivers of inflammation in FCD 2b. Our findings indicate that therapies targeting inflammation may be beneficial in FCD 2b.
Pediatric problematic severe asthma: Recent advances in management
Authors: Scotney Elizabeth , Burchett Saskia , Goddard Thomas , Saglani Sejal 
Published: May 2021

AbstractProblematic severe asthma remains a significant challenge to manage, accounting for the majority of healthcare utilization among children with asthma. The heterogeneity is recognized and the clinical phenotypes of “difficult‐to‐treat” asthma (DA) and “severe therapy‐resistant asthma” (STRA) help to guide management. Recent evidence supports molecular distinctions between these phenotypes and shows poor correlations between peripheral and airway markers of inflammation, especially in STRA. Airway neutrophils in the context of childhood severe asthma have been explored, but their role in disease causation, protection, or as bystanders remain unknown, and thus, treatment implications are unclear. Several novel management strategies, including once‐daily maintenance therapy, single‐device maintenance and reliever therapy, and novel biological treatments are being increasingly used for DA and STRA. However, pediatric data for efficacy of novel treatments is scarce, and when available, is restricted to adolescents. The aim of this review is to highlight recent advances in objective biomarkers that aid stratification and management of childhood severe asthma and to highlight gaps in pediatric evidence. Specifically, the urgent need for efficacy studies to improve the management of problematic severe asthma in children younger than 12 years.
The impact of excess taxing capacity on short‐term resources
Authors: Lofton Michelle L. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLocal governments aim to accumulate slack resources to mitigate economic turbulence. Yet efforts to increase multiple slack resources could hinder accumulation. This paper examines whether increasing one form of slack is detrimental to the accumulation of another. By using data from 672 New York local governments from 1996 to 2016, this article examines the impact of excess taxing capacity, or unused property taxing authority, on unrestricted cash and short‐term borrowing. Regression results indicate that short‐term resources are reduced to boost excess taxing capacity for counties to suggest cash flows can be hindered by increasing political forms of slack.
Describing universal Strongyloides serologic screening among pediatric intestinal and liver transplant recipients
Authors: Chatani Brandon , Selvaggi Gennaro , Garcia Jennifer , Gonzalez Ivan A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundStrongyloides spp hyperinfections are a worldwide phenomenon that proves fatal for solid organ transplant recipients. Screening protocols to guide prophylaxis management vary institution to institution from universal to epidemiology driven. Our institution initiated a universal screening protocol regardless of travel history and exposure to ensure no cases were missed.MethodsIn this study, we describe the outcomes of three Strongyloides sero‐positive children whom underwent intestinal or liver transplantation and the experience of universal screening at a tertiary care county hospital in South Florida.ResultsAmong the 66 intestine and liver pediatric transplant recipients who were screened for Strongyloides antibodies, only three were identified to be sero‐positive via the screening mechanism. Two of three had significant epidemiology risk factors. None of the patients reviewed were found to have developed hyperinfection. However, reflecting on the experience represented by our series of pediatric patients, the risk of any complication related to Strongyloides status appears low. Even among this South Florida population whom come from or travel to endemic regions are in contact with sero‐positive individuals, very few illustrate sero‐positivity.ConclusionWhile institutions continue to analyze the cost‐benefit of universal testing vs. universal prophylaxis vs. targeted screening, the decision must encompass the patient population, rolling cumulative incidence, and morbidity and mortality related to this disease.
Confidence and career choices: an experiment*
Authors: Barron Kai , Gravert Christina 
Published: May 2021

AbstractConfidence is often seen as an important determinant of success. However, empirical evidence regarding the causal effect of confidence on choices is sparse. Using a stylized laboratory experiment, we examine the effect of an increase in confidence on two important labor market choices: (i) the amount of ability‐contingent earnings risk to take on, and (ii) the subsequent effort choice. We find that increased confidence leads subjects to take on more ability‐contingent earnings risk. However, effort levels are unaffected. Overall, the upward shift in confidence is detrimental for low‐ability workers as a result of high baseline levels of confidence.
Market‐based commons: Social agroforestry, fire mitigation strategies, and green supply chains in Indonesia’s peatlands
Authors: Miller Michelle Ann 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper develops the transboundary concept of market‐based commons to explore how partial and incomplete privatisation measures are contributing to the creation, operation, and maintenance of common property in agrarian societies embedded in global economies. Focusing on Indonesia’s Riau province, I show how transboundary publics and geographically dispersed users of peatland resources collectively engage in environmental stewardship around sustainable forms of peatland development and activities aimed at mitigating the socio‐ecological costs of growth. The paper explores three types of peatland commons centred on social agroforestry using paludiculture (wet cultivation) techniques, fire mitigation strategies, and green supply chains around sustainable peatland products. I argue that while these market‐based commons are still in their infancy, they inscribe a specific set of transboundary governance relationships that seek to reform rather than resist capitalism by promoting both the protective and productive functions of carbon‐rich peatlands as profitable environmental goods of public value.
Open‐source image analysis software yields reproducible MRI measures of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration in sheep models
Authors: Jones Jeryl , Harrison Cerano , Harbold Alison , Bridges William , Mercuri Jeremy 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSheep are established models for intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) translational research. Objectives of this retrospective, secondary analysis, observational study were to evaluate reproducibility of two magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of IVDD in sheep using open‐source image analysis software. Sagittal planar, T2‐weighted, lumbar MRI scans from a previous, prospective study were evaluated (4 sheep @ 3 treatment periods/sheep @ 7 lumbar discs /treatment period = 84 discs). A standardized protocol was developed for measuring MRI index (nucleus pulposus signal intensity × nucleus pulposus sagittal area), and nucleus pulposus signal intensity standard deviation (NPSISD). Scans were randomized and four observers with varying experience levels applied the protocol to independently perform triplicate measures. Mean coefficient of variation values for both the MRI index and NPSISD were within an acceptable range (< 10). Mean values for the three readers with at least 2 months of image analysis experience did not differ (P > .05).
Competition between Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Ambrosia trifida: Is there a threat of a stronger competitor?
Authors: Savić Aleksandra , Oveisi Mostafa , Božić Dragana , Pavlović Danijela , Saulić Markola , Schärer Heinz Müller , Vrbničanin Sava 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRecent reports of the presence of Ambrosia trifida (AT) in areas infested by A. artemisiifolia (AA) in Serbia warn of the impending establishment of a more damaging crop weed. Here, we test the potential competitive effects of these two weed species. We conducted a field competition study in 2016 and 2017 as a replacement series experiment arranged in a split plot, with main plots (20.5 m × 2 m) at total plant densities of 10 and 100 plants/m2, and sub‐plots (3 m × 2 m) at the proportion of AT to AA of 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80 and 0:100. Individual plant biomass (IPB) for AT was lowest when grown in monoculture, while AA reached its highest IPB in its monoculture. With AT < 40%, the AT IPB was larger than (2017) or the same as AA (2016). With AT > 40%, its IPB decreased due to increased intraspecific competition. We obtained the lowest sub‐plot biomass (SPB) of AT + AA in mixtures with 40:60 and 60:40 ratios, and also the highest SPB of other weed species. We show that despite a larger leaf area, AT may not fully replace AA and thus not become a new threat to crops, as it not only suffers from intraspecific competition at high densities, but also from interspecific competition with AA. Therefore, crops may benefit from a stable coexistence of both species as compared to highly dominant AT or AA. Further studies in the presence of crops are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
Prevalence of dental caries among Indigenous populations compared to non-Indigenous populations: a quantitative systematic review protocol
Authors: Nath Sonia , Ju Xiangqun , Haag Dandara Gabriela , Kapellas Kostas , Santiago Pedro Henrique Ribeiro , Jamieson Lisa 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective:
The objective of this review is to evaluate if the prevalence of dental caries is higher among Indigenous populations compared to non-Indigenous populations.

Introduction:
Globally, Indigenous populations have experienced substantial inequalities in health, including oral health care, when compared to their non-Indigenous counterparts. Indigenous populations experience a higher prevalence of dental caries, but most of this data has been collected from convenience samples not involving non-Indigenous groups. This review will highlight differences in the prevalence of dental caries globally among Indigenous groups compared to non-Indigenous groups.

Inclusion criteria:
The systematic review will include all studies that have compared the prevalence of dental caries (% of decayed teeth>0) and dental caries experience (mean score of decayed, missing, filled teeth) among Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations across all ages.

Methods:
Initially, articles will be searched in MEDLINE, followed by a more comprehensive search on Scopus, EBSCO (Dentistry and Oral Sciences Sources), Cochrane Database, and OpenGrey. The search will be conducted independently by two reviewers from database inception to September 2020. A reference list will be made identifying all eligible studies. Titles and abstracts will be reviewed, as well as the full text of articles that meet the inclusion criteria. To assess methodological quality, a standardized critical appraisal checklist for studies reporting prevalence will be selected, followed by standardized data extraction using the JBI tool. The results from included studies will be analyzed using JBI SUMARI.

Systematic review registration number:
PROSPERO CRD42020204311
Methods of analyzing patterns of multimorbidity using network analysis: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Jones Imogen , Cocker Fiona , Jose Matthew D. , Charleston Michael A. , Neil Amanda 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective:
The purpose of this review is to summarize the techniques used for network analysis of multimorbidity to inform development of a standard methodology.

Introduction:
There is a growing trend of using network analysis to investigate relationships between chronic illnesses in people with multimorbidities. However, there is currently no recommended approach to calculating and displaying networks of chronic health conditions. This review intends to summarize the current literature to further the development of a standard methodology.

Inclusion criteria:
Studies will be included if they investigated the relationships between multiple chronic health conditions without referring to an index condition, using network analysis techniques. Studies using both survey and administrative data will be included. Studies including biological or genomic data sets will not be included as they are out of scope.

Methods:
Databases searched will include MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and PsycINFO. All relevant publications will be included provided they were published before October 2020. Publications from all languages will be included where an appropriate translation in English can be obtained. Data extracted will include country of origin, type of data used, measure of association, software used, and notes on any specific points of methodological interest relevant to the review question.
Chapter 4: Physical Education Teacher Education Initial Certification: Meeting the Challenges
Authors: Ward Phillip , Mitchell Murray F. , Lawson Hal A. , van der Mars Hans 
Published: May 2021

The physical education teacher education (PETE) faculty charged with oversight and delivery of initial teacher licensure programs confront several challenges. Some necessitate responses to revised and new standards, while others can be reframed as timely opportunities for improvement and innovation, whether in response to or in anticipation of rapid, dramatic societal change. Six examples of challenges as opportunities are discussed in this chapter: (a) the need to determine the skills, essential knowledge, values, and sensitivities for work practices in the schools of the future; (b) the dual priority for evidence-based practices in PETE and in school programs; (c) PETE faculty members’ obligations to adapt their pedagogical practices and revise preservice programs in concert with expert, veteran teachers from schools with exemplary programs; (d) manifest needs to make choices among competing, evidence-supported physical education program models; (e) needs and opportunities to redesign PETE programs, especially those located in kinesiology departments; and (f) emergent policy imperatives to demonstrate the value-added effects, both short- and long-term, on tomorrow’s teachers.
Novel utilisation of ultrawide-field fundus photography for detecting retinal nerve fibre layer defects in glaucomatous eyes
Authors: Kim Mi Jeung , Lee Jung Hyun , Park Ji In , Choi Jin Young , Sohn Joonhong , Hwang Ho Sik , Hwang Daniel Duck-Jin 
Published: May 2021

Background/aimsEvaluation of the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) is important for identifying glaucomatous damage. Ultrawide-field fundus photography (UWP) imaging is increasingly used in the ophthalmological field; however, it is unknown whether it can be used for detecting RNFL defects (RNFLDs). We investigated whether RNFLD can be detected with UWP images and compared the clinical effectiveness of three types of images for detecting RNFLD: conventional red-free RNFL photography (RFP), non-mydriatic UWP and digitally converted green separation of non-mydriatic UWP (G-UWP).MethodsEyes with glaucoma or glaucoma suspect and normal control eyes meeting the eligibility criteria were consecutively enrolled from September 2019 to April 2020. Their conventional RFP, non-mydriatic UWP and G-UWP images were assessed for detecting RNFLD to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity for detecting RNFLD.ResultsThree image sets of 196 participants (84 normal control, 25 glaucoma suspect and 87 glaucoma) were obtained. The sensitivity of G-UWP (94.6%; 95% CI 88.7 to 98.0) and RFP (92.9%; 95% CI 86.4 to 96.9) was higher than that of UWP (82.1%; 95% CI 73.8 to 88.7; p<0.05). The sensitivities of G-UWP and RFP are comparable. The specificity of G-UWP (78.6%; 95% CI 68.3 to 86.8) and UWP (75.0%; 95% CI 64.4 to 83.8) was comparable, but both were lower than that of RFP (98.8%; 95% CI 93.5 to 100.0; p<0.05).ConclusionNon-mydriatic UWP images can be used to detect RNFLD. Non-mydriatic G-UWP showed comparable sensitivity but lower specificity to conventional RFP. Non-mydriatic G-UWP could be used as a convenient and useful diagnostic tool for screening glaucoma in clinical settings.
Disparities in severe neonatal morbidity and mortality between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal births in Western Australia: a decomposition analysis
Authors: Adane Akilew A , Bailey Helen D , Marriott Rhonda , Farrant Brad M , White Scott W , Shepherd Carrington C J 
Published: May 2021

Background
The health disadvantages faced by Australian Aboriginal peoples are evidenced in early life, although few studies have focused on the reasons for population-level inequalities in more severe adverse outcomes. This study aimed to examine the scale of disparity in severe neonatal morbidity (SNM) and mortality between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal births and quantify the relative contributions of important maternal and infant factors.

Method
A retrospective cohort study with singleton live births (≥32 weeks’ gestation) was conducted using Western Australia linked whole population datasets, from 1999 to 2015. Aboriginal status was determined based on the mothers’ self-reported ethnic origin. An Australian validated indicator was adapted to identify neonates with SNM. The Oaxaca-Blinder method was employed to calculate the contribution of each maternal and infant factor to the disparity in SNM and mortality.

Results
Analyses included 425 070 births, with 15 967 (3.8%) SNM and mortality cases. The disparity in SNM and mortality between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal births was 2.9 percentage points (95% CI 2.6 to 3.2). About 71% of this gap was explained by differences in modelled factors including maternal area of residence (23.8%), gestational age (22.2%), maternal age (7.5%) and antenatal smoking (7.2%).

Conclusions
There is a considerable disparity in SNM and mortality between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal births in Western Australia with the majority of this related to differences in maternal sociodemographic factors, antenatal smoking and gestational age. Public health programmes targeting these factors may contribute to a reduction in early life health differentials and benefit Aboriginal population health through the life course.