bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why Another Growth Chart?
Authors: Owen George M. , Garn Stanley M. 
Published: December 2021

The paper by Duncan and colleagues in a previous issue1 presents growth charts based on an earlier report by McCammon2 which summarized measurements collected by the Denver Child Research Council since 1933. Any "new" growth charts should have compelling advantages over those already in common use.3,4 Such advantages might reflect the nature and size of the sample, the up-to-date character of the sample, and artistic or novel features of the charts themselves.
It is only in the latter category that the Denver charts seem to have succeeded. That is, weight, height, and head circumference measurements are depicted graphically for two age intervals on one sheet of paper.
A SIXTEENTH CENTURY CURE FOR AN ENGLISH INFANT AFFLICTED WITH A FEVER AND WORMS
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Dr. John Hall (1529?-1568?), an English poet and medical writer, and also a member of The Worshipful Company of Chirurgeons, used the following regimen to treat the Countess of Salisbury's son who was afflicted with a fever and worms.
Talbot, the first-born of the Countess of Salisbury, aged about one year, being miserably afflicted with a fever and worms, so that death was only expected, was thus cured. There was first injected a clyster of milk and sugar. This gave two stools, and brought away four worms. By the mouth was given hartshorn burnt, prepared in the form of a julep and to the pulse was applied Ung. Populeon drams mixed with spiders webs, and a little powder of nutshells. It was put to one pulse of one wrist one day, to the other the next. To the stomach was applied Nithridate; to the navel, and emplaster against worms. And thus he became well in three days, for which the Countess returned me many thanks, and gave me a great reward.1
Galactokinase Deficiency in Twins
Authors: Monteleone James A. , Monteleone Patricia L. , Bert Michael , Hilliard Richard 
Published: December 2021

The recent article by Olabiwonnu et al., reporting two new cases of galactokinase deficiency, deserves comment.
The authors reported the results of serum and urine studies for galactose and galactose derivatives on their patients while on a "galactose-free diet." The urine galactose and galactitol levels were rather high. We recently followed a six-week-old classic galactosemic (galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency) while on Nutramigen and Prosobee and determined urine galactose and galactitol levels; in addition we have done urine and serum galactose and galactitol levels on the galactokinase deficient family we have been following and which was quoted in the article.2
Haloperidol in Stuttering
Authors: Milman Doris H. 
Published: December 2021

A response to the letter of Dr. C. E. Healy (Pediatrics, 53:587, 1974) on the use of haloperidol in stuttering and more especially to the reply of the Committee on Drugs is in order.
To address the Committee's reply first, I agree that controlled conditions, a double-blind protocol, and appropriate statistical analysis are desirable. None of this, however, will come about until someone, Dr. Healy for example, records a clinical experience that inspires the indicated investigation.
Salicylate, pharmacokinetics, and the pediatrician
Authors: Done Alan K. 
Published: December 2021

Clinicians may, at first glance, wonder why the paper in this issue by Levy and Yaffe1 on the volume of distribution of salicylate in children should concern them or, indeed, why it even appears in their journal.
This important and excellent study is a prime example of the growing influence and involvement of clinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics in medicine generally and pediatrics particularly. Already substantial, with the growing complexity of pediatric therapeutics, this relationship stands to become even more widespread and intense as a result of increasing emphasis on more and better pediatric drug studies. Evolving ethical-legal constraints notwithstanding,2 these must and will expand.
Dr. Kendig Replies
Authors: Kendig Edwin L. 
Published: December 2021

It should first be pointed out that in Nansemond County, Virginia, the incidence of presumptive sarcoidosis is 500 per 100,000 population, more than three times greater than that noted anywhere else in the world. Other nearby counties appear to be similarly affected and sarcoidosis is a common diagnosis in the geographic area served by the Medical College of Virginia Hospitals.
Dr. Pickering correctly states that "sarcoidosis is difficult to define and protean in its manifestations and simulates many disease entitles such as tuberculosis, fungal infection, leprosy, syphilis, berylliosis, silicosis, tumor, and foreign bodies."
WHY IT IS WRONG TO EDUCATE CHILDREN OF THE LOWER CLASSES: TWO EIGHTEENTH CENTURY VIEWS—ONE FRENCH, THE OTHER ENGLISH
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

The two quotations below are representative examples of eighteenth century French and English views about the undesirability of offering too much education to the children of the poor.
Today, [1763] even the lower classes want to study. Laborers and artisans send their children to boarding schools in the small towns where living is cheap, and when they have received a wretched education, which has taught them merely to despise their fathers' trades, they fling themselves into the monasteries, become priests or officers of justice, and frequently turn out to be a danger to society.
The Brothers of Christian Doctrine, nicknamed the "Ignorantines," have made things worse. They teach reading and writing to people who should never have learned more than a little drawing or how to handle the plane or the file and who now don't want to do this . . . . The good of society requires that the lower classes' knowledge should go no further than their occupations. No man who can see beyond his depressing trade will ply it with patience and courage. The lower classes scarcely need to know how to read or write except for those members of it who live by these skills or are helped by them to make their living . . . . it is better to have few students provided they are well educated . . . . [L. R. Caradeuc de la Chalotais, Essai d'education nationale].
England, 1792. However desirable it may be to rescue the lower kinds of people from ignorance . . . . it cannot be right to train them all in a way which will probably raise their ideas above the very lowest occupations of life and disqualify them for those servile offices which must be filled by some members of the community, and in which they may be equally happy with the highest, if they will do their duty . . . .
Percutaneous Cardiac Catheterization of the Neonate
Authors: Carter Guy A. , Girod Donald A. , Hurwitz Roger A. 
Published: December 2021

A modified Seldinger percutaneous approach for catheterization was used for cardiac evaluation and monitoring of infants weighing less than 4,520 gm. From January 1968, through April 1971, 160 left- and 230 right-sided cardiac procedures were done. After July 1969 81% of all left- and 42% of all right-sided procedures were done percutaneously. After October 1969 catheters were also inserted percutaneously in 20 infants for intensive care monitoring. During this period three children were noted to have diminished pulse on discharge, two were noted to have vascular thrombosis, and two had episodes of bleeding from the catheter site requiring transfusion of fresh blood. Both instances of vascular thrombosis occurred in infants with monitoring catheters.
The percutaneous method of catheter insertion into the femoral vessels offers a safe method for cardiac catheterization of the neonate and of insertion of monitoring catheters where the umbilical route is not feasible. Vessel continuity is also preserved, providing a route for repeated studies if necessary.
Current Status of the Use of Theophyllines in Children
Authors: Simons F. Estelle R. , Pierson William E. , Bierman C. Warren 
Published: December 2021

Theophyllines have gone through cycles of popularity and unpopularity as therapeutic agents since they were first used for relief of asthma in 1936. By competitive inhibition of the enzyme phosphodiesterase, they prevent the breakdown of cyclic 3',5'—AMP (adenosine monophosphate) to 5'—AMP and act synergistically with beta-adrenergic agents to increase the intracellular concentration of 3' 5 cyclic AMP. In lung tissue cyclic 3',5'—AMP leads to relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle, perhaps by direct effect or perhaps by suppression of local histamine release.1 Theophyllines are of particular value in the epinephrine-resistant patient with asthma.
Toxic effects of theophyllines are related to serum theophylline levels and represent intensifications of pharmacologic effects. They include insomnia, irritability, restlessness, tremors, convulsions, flushing, tachycardia and other cardiac arrhythmias, hypotension or hypertension, abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, hematemesis, dehydration, and albuminuria. Gastrointestinal side effects are centrally mediated and are not prevented or ameliorated by giving theophyllines rectally or intravenously.2
In the 1960's many physicians virtually discontinued the use of aminophylline, which is 80% theophylline by weight and hydrolyzed to free theophylline in vivo, because of numerous reports of deaths following its administration.3-6 Most of the childhood deaths attributable to this drug occurred after use of rectal suppositories.5,6 Absorption from the suppository base is slow and unpredictable,7 and cumulative effects often occur. Administration of excessive amounts of theophylline or aminophylline (or administration of the latter by rapid intravenous injection, injection into a central venous catheter,8 or administration to patients with compromised cardiovascular or renal systems3,4) has also been associated with deaths, more often in adults than in children. Idiosyncratic reactions are exceptionally rare.
Aspirin Intolerance in Chronic Childhood Asthma: Detected by Oral Challenge
Authors: Rachelefsky Gary Stuart , Coulson Anne , Siegel Sheldon Colman , Stiehm E. Richard 
Published: December 2021

Most previously reported individuals with acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin, ASA)-induced asthma have been adults. This study was undertaken to define the prevalence of ASA intolerance among children with intractable asthma.
Fifty children (34 boys and 16 girls) ranging in age from 6 to 18 years with extrinsic (atopic) asthma were studied. None had a history of ASA sensitivity or nasal polyps; all required continuous medication including cromolyn sodium and daily or intermittent steroids.
Anti-asthmatic medications were stopped 12 hours prior to testing. At the same time of day, each subject, in a doubleblind manner, on two separate days, ingested either 300 mg of ASA or 100 mg of lactose (placebo). Measurements of FVC, FEV1, and FEF25-75 were obtained prior to challenge and one half, one, two, three, and four hours after. ASA intolerance required a decrease of 30% in lung function with ASA as compared to placebo. Fourteen of 50 (28%) were ASA-intolerant; a greater number were girls, and they had more sinusitis and an onset of disease prior to 2 years of age. Steroid dependency, frequency of eczema, nasal eosinophilia, ilia, serum IgE levels, and peripheral eosinophil counts did not differ between the two groups.
The use of aspirin in childhood asthma should be limited.
Cholesterol Among Children of Men With Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Hennekens Charles H. , Jesse Mary Jane , Klein Barbara E. , Gourley Janet E. , Blumenthal Sidney 
Published: December 2021

Plasma cholesterol levels were obtained on 90 children of 39 men with premature myocardial infarction and 86 children of 39 healthy men. The mean cholesterol among children of affected men (195.1 mg/100 ml) was higher than among children of healthy men (176.6 mg/100 ml) (P = .009). Higher mean levels were demonstrable at each of nine age groups from 1 to 21 years (P = .004). Levels greater than 230 mg/100 ml were found in 16.7% of children of affected fathers and 4.7% of children of healthy fathers, a ratio of 3.6 to 1 (P = .01). These findings are compatible with the hypothesis that elevated childhood cholesterol level offers a mechanism whereby family history predicts coronary disease.
A dip in cholesterol during adolescence, a finding that varies with population studied, was demonstrable among children of both affected and healthy men.
The Incidence of Birthmarks in the Neonate
Authors: Jacobs Alvin H. , Walton Robert G. 
Published: December 2021

The presence of various types of birthmarks was determined in 1,058 newborn infants under 72 hours of age. Of these, 79.5% were white, 6.2% were black, 11.2% were ladinos, and 2.6% were Asiatic. Mongol spots were present in 9.6% of the white babies, 95.5% of the black babies, 81% of the Asiatic babies, and 70.1% of ladino infants. Pigmented lesions were present in 42 (4%) of the infants. Biopsies obtained in 34 (3.2%) revealed that only one-third (11) of these were melanocytic nevi. Salmon patches were present in 40.3% of the infants, recognizable early strawberry marks in 2.6%, and port-wine stains in 0.3%.
In addition to birthmarks, it was determined that 30.3% of the 508 babies examined at one of the two hospitals had toxic erythema of the newborn.
Dr. Katz Replies
Authors: Katz Harvey P. 
Published: December 2021

I thank Dr. Abello for his comment regarding our home culture approach to streptococcal throat infections.
As stated in our article, we evaluate patients only if the culture demonstrates the presence of group A,β-hemolytic streptococci. In the outcome measures described in our study and in subsequent evaluations, there have been no complications of this approach. In excess of 1,500 families are now trained in self-evaluation and home culture technique, and patients appear to understand the rationale.
Concern Over High Infant Death Rate in Arizona
Authors: Baum Ted 
Published: December 2021

The State of Arizona, and its pediatricians in particular, have taken considerable pride in recent years in the steady decline in infant mortality demonstrated by annual statistics for our State. We give credit for much of this decline to Arizona's Statewide Newborn Transport and Intensive Care Program, in which the majority of private pediatricians participate.
It is therefore with some dismay that we discover in Dr. Myron Wegman's "Annual Summary of Vital Statistics" (Pediatrics 56:960, December 1975) that in 1974 Arizona recorded an infant death rate of 16.0, an increase from the 1973 rate of 15.4.
"THERE IS NO EPIDEMIC OF CANCER IN THE UNITED STATES"
Authors:   Student
Published: December 2021

. . . there is no increase in the death rate ("mortality incidence") from cancer during the last 44 years; this despite constantly improving medical diagnosis and reporting procedures. The rate has hovered at about 131 cancer deaths per hundred thousand persons per year. If deaths from lung cancer are subtracted (and the conservative assumption is made by experts that 85 percent or more of them are due to cigarette smoking), the overall "incidence" of death from cancer would be less today than in 1933, by about 10 percent.
So there is no epidemic of cancer in the United States, but there is a disproportionate number of cancer deaths due to cigarette smoking. Given our current economic problems, provision of more tax money to the National Cancer Institute for more "research" should lie low on the list of our national priorities. Tax money should instead be substantially diverted from the "cancer establishment" and be channeled into a nationwide action program about the dangers of cigarettes, a program which ought to start in kindergarten.
Cigarettes cause not only lung cancer but a host of other, more numerous and debilitating diseases; many clinicians estimate that 25 percent or more of hospitalization, doctor and prescription drug bills are generated directly or indirectly by cigarette smoking. If we could save one-half of the $150 billion currently being spent each year on these items, the nation would enjoy a windfall profit.
I see no governmental leaders taking any bold, effective action to expurgate what is so obviously and offensively scandalous.
Detection of Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease in Children: Semmelweis Revisited?
Authors: Glueck Charles J. 
Published: December 2021

Can we detect children at risk for coronary disease?
Focusing upon screening for hyperlipidemia in childhood, Holtzman1 recently concluded "...at this juncture we do not know how to detect most children at risk for coronary disease, and even if we did, we would not know what to do when we found them." Holtzman's conclusions, however, seem to be incongruent with multiple, extensive, population-based studies of coronary heart disese (CHD) risk factors in children.
One hundred twenty-nine years ago, Semmelweis2 summarized his data relative to etiologies of puerperal fever, and suggested preventive medical approaches, much to the derision of his contemporaries.
Clinical and Metabolic Abnormalities in a Boy with Dietary Deficiency of Biotin
Authors: Sweetman Lawrence , Surh Linda , Baker Herman , Peterson Raymond M. , Nyhan William L. 
Published: December 2021

In the article "Clinical and Metabolic Abnormalities in a Boy with Dietary Deficiency of Biotin," by Sweetman et al (Pediatrics 68: 553-558, 1981), Table 3 as shown on page 556 is incorrect. The correct version is as follows:
See Table in the PDF File
SPIROMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF LUNG FUNCTION IN HEALTHY CHILDREN
Authors: TURNER JAMES A. , MCLEAN ROSS L. 
Published: December 2021

A group of 50 normal children between the ages of 5¾ and 14 years has been studied by means of gross spirometry in an attempt to derive base line results for comparison with patients suffering from pulmonary disease. The results of these studies are summarized below:
1. The normal range of vital capacity for a given height is estimated on the basis of these observations to be given by the equation y = -2.41 + 0.0341 x ± 2(0.199), where y = vital capacity in liters, and x = standing height in cm.
The subdivisions of vital capacity are expressed in terms of per cent of vital capacity. For this group the average inspiratory reserve was 76.0% and the standard deviation of the distribution was 4.6%. Correspondingly, the average expiratory reserve was 24.0%, and the standard deviation was 4.6%.
2. The normal range of maximum voluntary ventilatory capacity is estimated as y = -39.001 + 0.7712 x ± 2(8.077), where y = maximum voluntary ventilatory capacity in 1./min. and x = standing height in cm.
3. The average breathing reserve in the group studied was 89.7%, and the standard deviation 3.4%.
These studies compared favorably with those observed by other investigators.
4. The results of resting ventilation, average tidal air and oxygen consumption revealed more variation than similar studies in adults as illustrated by wider standard deviations. This variability would be expected in view of the apprehension and excitability of young children. The mean resting ventilation for the group studied was 5.94 l./min./m2 with a standard deviation of 1.64. The mean oxygen consumption was 174.64 ml./min./m2 and the standard deviation was 39.20.
The group studied was a relatively small one and the results must thus be subject to review as more data on pulmonary function in children becomes available.
STUDIES ON THE LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF CYSTIC FIBROSIS OF THE PANCREAS
Authors: JOHNSTONE DOUGLAS E. , NETER ERWIN 
Published: December 2021

A study of 78 patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas was carried out to determine whether gelatin-liquefying bacteria may be responsible for gelatin liquefaction of gelatin film by feces and duodenal juice. In addition, the records of 254 children with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas were reviewed relative to the incidence of apparently false positive gelatin film tests. The following data were obtained:
1. Fecal specimens of 48 out of 78 patients yielded positive gelatin film tests. Only 9 of these 48 specimens were positive in a dilution of 1:25 or higher, but 33 gave positive tests in a dilution of 1:10. Likewise, a review of 254 charts of proved cases of cystic fibrosis revealed that of 131 tests on 59 patients, 71 or 54% were positive.
2. Gelatin-liquefying bacteria were present in the feces of 44 out of 45 patients whose stool specimens gave a positive gelatin film test and which also were examined bacteriologically, but in only 2 out of 28 whose feces gave negative gelatin film tests.
3. Treatment with penicillin may be associated with an increase in the percentage of positive gelatin film tests. Of 42 patients whose feces were obtained prior to or without penicillin therapy only 4 gave positive gelatin film tests, whereas the feces of 55 of 80 patients who had received treatment with penicillin did so.
4. Soy bean trypsin inhibitor partially or completely prevented gelatin liquefaction by fecal specimens of patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas only if the latter were diluted to 1:5 or less, possibly indicating the presence of small amounts of trypsin. This titer of soy bean trypsin inhibitor-neutralizable enzyme is far below normal.
5. Gelatin-liquefying bacteria were found in all 10 of the cultured duodenal juice specimens which gave apparently false positive gelatin film tests in a dilution of 1:10 or higher.
6. The incidence of gelatin-liquefying bacteria in the throat and feces of patients giving apparently false positive fecal gelatin film test was far greater in the penicillin-treated patients than in untreated patients.
7. The importance of the apparently false positive gelatin film test is discussed and modifications of this test are outlined which make for greater reliability.
PLASMA AND ERYTHROCYTE CHEMISTRY OF THE NORMAL INFANT FROM BIRTH TO TWO YEARS OF AGE
Authors: OVERMAN RICHARD R. , ETTELDORF JAMES N. , BASS ANNE C. , HORN G. B. 
Published: December 2021

One hundred eighty-eight normal infants from birth to 2 years of age have been studied in a serial manner with regard to concentrations of Na, K, and Cl in plasma and erythrocytes; plasma Ca, NPN, protein and CO2; plasma pH and venous hematocrit. These values have been compared with those of normal women at term and with other adult normal values. Nineteen samples of blood from the umbilical artery were likewise analyzed for comparison.
Serial and progressive alterations in the measured variables occurred and in several regards the normal infant body fluid chemical anatomy departs sharply from normal adult values.
JOHN LOCKE ON THE TREATMENT OF ‘CONVULSION FITS BEFORE TOOTHEING’ (1682)
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Although John Locke (1632-1704), physician and philosopher, is best known for his Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690), his medical journals contain a wealth of information about seventeenth-century English medical practice. Among his entries concerning diseases of infants and children is the following description of his treatment of "convulsion fits before tootheing."1 (Teething was frequently blamed for convulsions until this century.)
Mond. Jul. 3. [1682] Convulsion fits before tootheing are from gripeings in the belly. Method [of treatment] 1st. Syrup of Meconium gr. 20 [diacodium or syrup of poppies], and when that has abated as it will do next fit, give sweet [oil] of [almonds] 1 oz., and when that had done purgeing as it will in 12 howers, allay the pain again with syrup of meconium, the fits ariseing only from pain. And so it is afterwards in tootheing, if they are bound purge with sweet [oil] of [almonds] and then allay with syrup of meconium. If they are loose syrup of meconium alone will do, for tis the pains along that cause convulsions in children. If the child be vigorous and a year old [bloodlet] also to prevent height of blood and feaver.