bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cerebral and skeletal muscle tissue oxygenation during exercise challenge in children and young adults with sickle cell anaemia
Authors: Barriteau Christina M. , Chiu Abraham , Rodeghier Mark , Liem Robert I. 
Published: July 2021

SummaryWe used near‐infrared spectroscopy to examine tissue oxygenation (StO2) during exercise in 17 children and young adults with sickle cell anaemia (SCA) and 13 controls. Patients had lower cerebral StO2 at all exercise stages and demonstrated significantly greater decreases in cerebral StO2 later during exercise. Quadriceps StO2 increased similarly in patients and controls during early exercise, but decreases from baseline were greater in patients during later exercise. At similar workloads, patients demonstrated lower cerebral StO2 (69·2 ± 6·6 vs. 79·5 ± 5·3%, P < 0·001) and trended towards lower quadriceps StO2 (67·7 ± 9·0 vs. 73·2 ± 7·9%, P = 0·09) Further studies of tissue oxygenation during exercise in SCA are warranted.
Radiosynthesis and in silico bioevaluation of 131I‐Sulfasalazine as a highly selective radiotracer for imaging of ulcerative colitis
Authors: Sanad M. H. , Rizvi Syed Faheem Askari , Farag Ayman B. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis study demonstrated the tracking of ulcerative colitis, which is considered a stressful immune disease. Although there are many ways to test for this disease including dependence on gases, dyes, and painful anal endoscopy, these treatment modalities have many disadvantages. Hence, it is the utmost need of time to discover new methods to detect this chronic immune disease and to avoid the defects of traditional methodologies. Sulfasalazine (SSD) was labeled with iodine‐131 (half‐life: 8 days, Energy: 971 keV) under optimum reaction conditions including the amount of reducing agent, pH factor, chloramine‐T (Ch‐T) amount, and incubation period. Characterization was performed using 1H/ 13C‐NMR, ESI‐MS, and HPLC (UV/ Radio) techniques. The biodistribution study was performed in normal and ulcerative mice models, and in silico molecular docking study was performed to evaluate the possible mechanism of action to target peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). The high radiolabeling yield of [131I]‐sulfasalazine ([131I]‐SSD) was achieved ≥90% through the direct labeling method with radioactive iodine‐131 in the presence of chloramine‐T (100 μg). The radiotracer [131I]‐SSD was observed to be stable in normal saline and freshly eluted serum up to 12 hr at ambient temperature (37℃ ± 2℃). The radiotracer [131I]‐SSD showed the highest uptake in the targeted organ (i.e., ulcerative colon) which was observed to be ≥75% injected dose per gram (% ID/g) organ for 24 hr postinjection (p.i). Furthermore, in silico data collected from molecular modeling analysis of SSD and [131I]‐SSD with antimicrobial protein (PDB code: 3KEG) and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) (PDB code: 4XTA) showed azoreductase activity and high binding potential for PPAR‐γ site, respectively. The results of biological studies obtained in this study enlighten the usefulness of radiotracer [131I]‐SSD as a potential imaging agent for ulcerative colitis.
New troodontid theropod specimen from Inner Mongolia, China clarifies phylogenetic relationships of later‐diverging small‐bodied troodontids and paravian body size evolution
Authors: Wang Shuo , Zhang Qiyue , Tan Qingwei , Jiangzuo Qigao , Zhang Huitao , Tan Lin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA new troodontid (LH PV39) recovered from the Upper Cretaceous Wulansuhai Formation, Inner Mongolia, China, is described, highlighting the dorsoventrally compressed sacral centra. The completely fused neurocentral junctions indicate that LH PV39 had reached adulthood at the time of death, but its size is nevertheless 20% smaller than that of the sympatricPhilovenator, demonstrating that it is the second small‐bodied troodontid recovered from the Wulansuhai Formation. Phylogenetic analyses scoring LH PV39 using different strategies and performed with different algorithms unambiguously recovered it as a troodontid. While the parsimony‐based analysis scoring LH PV39 as an independent OTU with all of its available characteristics included recovered it as a basal troodontid, the Bayesian analysis suggests a closer relationship of LH PV39 toAlmasand an unnamed troodontid from Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia (MPC‐D100/1126+D100/3500). Body size analysis confirmed a single trend of gigantism throughout the evolution of troodontids, and suggests that the Late Cretaceous troodontids evolved in two directions: (i) several size‐independent characteristics evolved while retaining the small sizes that are typical of the Early Cretaceous relatives, resulting in the Late Cretaceous small‐bodied troodontids; and (ii) size‐dependent characteristics (e.g., the elongation of the rostrum) evolved accompanying the size increase, resulting in large‐bodied derived troodontids. The mosaic features of the Late Cretaceous small‐bodied troodontids place them intermediate between their Early Cretaceous basal relatives and the Late Cretaceous large‐bodied taxa in a well‐resolved phylogeny, which is crucial for understanding the size and morphological evolution of troodontids.
Merkel cell polyomavirus is a passenger virus in both poroma and porocarcinoma
Authors: Meriläinen Anna‐Stiina , Sihto Harri , Koljonen Virve 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundMerkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) has been studied in several malignant and nonmalignant tissues. However, only in Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) has the connection to tumorigenesis been established. Previously, eccrine porocarcinoma samples were shown to express MCPyV in the majority of samples. We aimed to examine MCPyV in porocarcinoma and poroma samples using MCC as the reference material.MethodsWe analyzed 17 porocarcinoma and 50 poroma samples for the presence of MCPyV using LT antigen immunostaining and DNA detection methods. In addition, 180 MCC samples served as controls.ResultsMCPyV LT antigen immunostaining was detected in 10% of poroma and 18% of porocarcinoma samples; on the other hand, it was present in 65% of MCC samples. MCPyV DNA was detected in only 10% of poroma and porocarcinoma samples compared with 96% of MCC samples. The viral DNA copy number in all MCPyV DNA‐positive MCCs was at least 25 times higher than that in porocarcinoma or poroma samples with the highest MCPyV DNA‐to‐PTPRG ratio.ConclusionsThe low number of viral DNA copies in poroma and porocarcinoma samples, together with the negative LT expression of MCPyV DNA‐positive tumors, indicates that MCPyV is simply a passenger virus rather than an oncogenic driver of porocarcinoma.
A brief primer on the PhD supervision relationship
Authors: Madan Christopher R. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBecoming a successful academic and securing a principal investigator (PI) position at a research‐intensive university requires many distinct skills. Beyond some form of technical skills and domain‐specific knowledge, some of these skills include time management, scientific writing, public speaking, and project management. Training prior to the PI position involved some of these latter skills, and perhaps even some degree of trainee supervision, but PhD‐level supervision and the associated responsibilities do not arrive until one becomes a PI. Many academic skills are learned ‘on the job’, but few more so than PhD supervision. While I myself have limited PhD supervision experience, I have reviewed the literature on PhD student‐supervisor relationship and here present a brief primer.
Quality of life following formation of an ileal conduit due to urinary bladder neoplasm: A systematic review
Authors: Donegan Breege , Kingston Liz 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimTo present the findings of a systematic review on reported quality of life following the formation of a urinary diversion as a result of cystectomy due to urinary bladder neoplasm.BackgroundBladder cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer of the urological system. Treatment often involves undergoing a radical cystectomy with an ileal conduit formation. Quality of life issues associated with this surgery are complex and varied.DesignA systematic review using thematic synthesis.Data SourcesA comprehensive search, using The Cochrane Library, CINAHL, PubMed and PsycInfo databases, focusing on the years from 2007 to 2020.Review methodsThe Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses was the chosen checklist used. Studies were critically appraised using the Crowe Critical Appraisal Tool.ResultsThe formation of an ileal conduit negatively affects respondent's quality of life particularly regarding body image, social distress, reduced sexual activity and employment. Poor research focus on the impact of ileal conduit formation on sexual well‐being postoperatively was apparent.ConclusionsFurther research using qualitative methodologies is needed to gain a deeper understanding of how this life‐changing procedure impacts quality of life.
Information Geometry
Authors: Amari Shun‐ichi 
Published: July 2021

SummaryStatistical inference is constructed upon a statistical model consisting of a parameterised family of probability distributions, which forms a manifold. It is important to study the geometry of the manifold. It was Professor C. R. Rao who initiated information geometry in his monumental paper published in 1945. It not only included fundamentals of statistical inference such as the Cramér–Rao theorem and Rao–Blackwell theorem but also proposed differential geometry of a manifold of probability distributions. It is a Riemannian manifold where Fisher–Rao information plays the role of the metric tensor. It took decades for the importance of the geometrical structure to be recognised. The present article reviews the structure of the manifold of probability distributions and its applications and shows how the original idea of Professor Rao has been developed and popularised in the wide sense of statistical sciences including AI, signal processing, physical sciences and others.
Novel polysaccharide extracted from Sipunculus nudus inhibits HepG2 tumour growth in vivo by enhancing immune function and inducing tumour cell apoptosis
Authors: Su Jie , Liao Dengyuan , Su Yongchang , Liu Shuji , Jiang Linlin , Wu Jingna , Liu Zhiyu , Wu Yuping 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA novel polysaccharide was extracted from Sipunculus nudus (SNP). The molecular weight (MW) of SNP was determined to be 9223 Da by high‐performance gel permeation chromatography analyses, and the structure of the SNP repeat units was determined to be →3,4‐β‐D‐GlcpNAC (1→ and →4) ‐α‐D‐Glcp (1→ in the ratio of 15:1; →2) ‐α ‐D‐Galp ‐ (1→ as a side chain; and β‐D‐Galp‐(1→ and α‐ D‐Glcp ‐ (1→ as end groups by GC‐MS analysis and NMR assays. The effect of SNP on hepatoma HepG2‐bearing mice was analysed to verify its potential in the clinical treatment of liver cancer. A total of 90 male athymic nu/nu mice were divided into therapeutic and preventive groups and fed with different amounts of SNP. The antitumour effect of SNP on HepG2‐bearing mice and mechanism of such were studied by analysing the tumour size, spleen index, thymus index, immune factors in the blood, tumour apoptosis factors, etc. The results suggest that SNP not only increased the index of immune organs in the body, but also enhanced the secretion of immune factors, including interleukin‐2, interferon gamma and tumour necrosis factor‐alpha in the serum. SNP induced the apoptosis of tumour cells via the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, which upregulated caspase‐3, caspase‐8, caspase‐9 and BCL2‐associated X, but downregulated B‐cell lymphoma‐2 and vascular endothelial growth factor protein expression. In conclusion, SNP inhibited tumour growth by enhancing immune function and inducing tumour cell apoptosis in HepG2‐bearing mice. Therefore, SNP may be further investigated as a promising candidate for future antitumour drugs.
Influences of the feature extraction area of duck egg image for the identification accuracy on the unfertilized duck eggs on the hatching tray
Authors: Dong Jun , He Ke , Sun Qinming , Tang Xiuying 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHowever, feature parameter extraction region of duck egg image could affect the identification results of model and the speed of image processing. Therefore, the image skeleton‐maximum inscribed circle algorithm and Hough gradient algorithm (2‐1HT) were proposed to segment duck egg image feature paramer region. Support vector machine (SVM) and naive bayes (NB) models were established to evaluate accuracy of feature parameters extracted by different algorithms. The comparison shows that the SVM model based on feature parameters extracted by image skeleton maximum inscribed circle algorithm has the best discriminant performance, with the value of Q, SE, and SP being 98.81%, 98.44%, and 100.00%, respectively. Moreover, the process speed and prediction accuracy of image skeleton‐maximum inscribed circle algorithm were much higher than that of Hough gradient algorithm.Practical ApplicationsTherefore, optimizing the image feature parameter extraction algorithm of a single duck egg in grouped duck eggs was of great significance to improve the discrimination accuracy of the model and realize the automatic recognition of infertile duck eggs.
Urban pluvial flood adaptation: Results of a household survey across four German municipalities
Authors: Dillenardt Lisa , Hudson Paul , Thieken Annegret H. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn recent years, German cities were heavily impacted by pluvial flooding and related damage is projected to increase due to climate change and urbanisation. It is important to ask how to improve urban pluvial flood risk management. To understand the current state of property level adaptation, a survey was conducted in four municipalities that had recently been impacted by pluvial flooding. A hybrid framework based on the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and the Protection Action Decision Model (PADM) was used to investigate drivers of adaptive behaviour through both descriptive and regression analyses. Descriptive statistics revealed that participants tended to instal more low‐ and medium‐cost measures than high‐cost measures. Regression analyses showed that coping appraisal increased protection motivation, but that the adaptive behaviour also depends on framing factors, particularly homeownership. We further found that, while threat appraisal solely affects protection motivation and responsibility appraisal affects solely maladaptive thinking, coping appraisal affects both. Our results indicate that PMT is a solid starting point to study adaptive behaviours in the context of pluvial flooding, but we need to go beyond that by, for instance, considering factors of the PADM, such as responsibility, ownership, or respondent age, to fully understand this complex decision‐making process.
Efficacy of Ginger in Preventing Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Zhu Wei , Dai Yan , Huang Mingjun , Li Jiping 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPurposeWe aimed to synthesize the published evidence to evaluate the preventive efficacy of ginger on postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV).DesignA systematic review and meta‐analysis were conducted in this study.MethodsPubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL were systematically searched from their outset to October 2020, without language limitation. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effects of ginger and prophylactic antiemetics or placebo on PONV were included. Data were analyzed by the fixed effects model or random effects models regarding the results of heterogeneity.FindingsA total of 14 studies involving 1417 participants were included. Compared with placebo, the ginger group had significantly lower nausea severity (MD = −0.71, 95% CI = −1.37 to −0.06, p = 0.03) and lower proportion of rescue antiemetic use (RR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.62–0.82, p < 0.001; RR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.56–0.91, p < 0.001). The ginger group had significantly lower incidence of nausea and vomiting over 6 h after operation (RR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.55–0.85, p < 0.001; RR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.42–1.44, p = 0.43) compared with placebo. When compared with the prophylactic antiemetic group, the ginger group had significantly lower incidence of nausea (RR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.56–0.99, p = 0.04), but no significant differences in the incidence of vomiting and proportion of rescue antiemetic use were found.ConclusionsGinger was effective for the prevention of PONV. More RCTs comparing ginger and other prophylactic antiemetics are needed to evaluate whether ginger could replace the traditional prophylactic antiemetics.Clinical RelevanceThis study’s results could be used as an evidence for all patients following surgery who are at risk of PONV without allergy to ginger.
Aesthetic Autonomy and Norms of Exposure
Authors: Matherne Samantha 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIs there tension in a view of the conditions of being in a proper position to make aesthetic evaluations that is committed to aesthetic autonomy and norms of exposure? I define ‘aesthetic autonomy’ in terms of the Kantian idea that in order to make a proper aesthetic evaluation, one must rely on oneself rather than on any outside source. I define ‘norms of exposure’ in terms of the Humean idea that practice and aesthetic education are conditions of proper aesthetic evaluation.Prima facie, these two commitments point toward competing accounts of whether exposure is a condition of being in a position to make proper aesthetic evaluations. However, I argue that a closer look at the Kantian position reveals that aesthetic exposure is a condition of being able to make aesthetic evaluations in an autonomous way in the Kantian framework.
Against normativism about mental attitudes
Authors: Bergamaschi Ganapini Marianna 
Published: July 2021

AbstractNormativists argue that the mind is essentially normative and any adequate account of our mental attitudes must involve normative terms and judgments. In particular, one brand of Normativism defends the claim that mental attitudes are defined by constitutive norms. Against this, Anti‐normativists have offered non‐normative accounts of mental states.The goal of this paper is to bolster Anti‐normativism by undermining one key argument in favor of Normativism.
Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase genes LcXTH4/7/19 are involved in fruitlet abscission and are activated by LcEIL2/3 in litchi
Authors: Ma Xingshuai , Li Caiqin , Yuan Ye , Zhao Minglei , Li Jianguo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOrgan abscission in plants requires the hydrolysis of cell wall components, mainly including celluloses, pectins, and xyloglucans. However, how the genes that encode those hydrolytic enzymes are regulated and their function in abscission remains unclear. Previously we revealed that two cellulase genes LcCEL2/8 and two polygalacturonase genes LcPG1/2 were responsible for the degradation of celluloses and pectins, respectively, during fruitlet abscission in litchi. Here, we further identified three xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase genes (LcXTH4, LcXTH7, LcXTH19) that are also involved in this process. Nineteen LcXTHs, named LcXTH1‐19, were identified in the litchi genome. Transcriptome data and qRT‐PCR confirmed that LcXTH4/7/19 were significantly induced at the abscission zone (AZ) during fruitlet abscission in litchi. The GUS reporter driven by each promoter of LcXTH4/7/19 was specifically expressed at the floral abscission zone of Arabidopsis, and importantly ectopic expression of LcXTH19 in Arabidopsis resulted in precocious floral organ abscission. Moreover, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and dual‐luciferase reporter analysis showed that the expression of LcXTH4/7/19 could be directly activated by two ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3‐like (EIL) transcription factors LcEIL2/3. Collectively, we propose that LcXTH4/7/19 are involved in fruitlet abscission, and LcEIL2/3‐mediated transcriptional regulation of diverse cell wall hydrolytic genes is responsible for this process in litchi.
Selection and performance in post‐compulsory education
Authors: Ahmad Uzma , McIntosh Steven , Popli Gurleen 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis paper investigates the determinants of participation and performance in post‐compulsory education, controlling for selection into post‐compulsory education and prior attainment, using a unique primary data set on pupils studying in the post‐compulsory grade in 2011–2012 from one district of Punjab province in Pakistan. The main findings of this paper show that participation and performance in post‐compulsory education are two different processes, with participation being driven by the availability of post‐compulsory institutions within travel distance and performance, once in post‐compulsory education, determined by ability. The results further highlight that distance reduces participation most for those living in rural areas.
Manufacturing Capability of Three-Dimensional Printed Stereolithography Parts for Impact Applications
Authors: Schmitz Anne 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing with high-resolution stereolithography (SLA) has grown in popularity for creating personalized medical devices. 3D printing is now starting to expand to weight-bearing components, e.g., prosthetic feet, as data on the dynamic properties impact and fatigue is published in the literature. The next step toward using 3D printing in impact applications is to assess the capability of the high-resolution SLA process to manufacture components of uniform impact resistance. Because impact testing is destructive, a surrogate measure to check a part's viability for resisting an impact load also needs to be established. Thirteen notched Izod specimens were printed on a Form2 SLA printer using the manufacturer's photocurable resins: clear, flexible, durable, and draft. Once all the specimens were printed, washed in isopropyl alcohol, and cured with ultraviolet light, the impact resistance was quantified using a pendulum impact tester in a notched Izod configuration. Then, the hardness of the specimens was quantified using a Shore durometer. The process capability indices of the impact resistance for the various polymers were 0.11 (clear), 0.43 (flexible), 0.65 (durable), and 1.07 (draft). Impact resistance and Shore durometer were only correlated for the flexible resin with a Spearman coefficient of r = 0.738, p &lt; 0.005. Since the process capability index was so variable across materials, 3D printing with SLA polymers is not a viable manufacturing process for creating parts of consistent impact resistance. The current technology would lead to too many rejected parts.