bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of corrosion products induced under different environmental conditions
Authors: Alhawat Musab , Zinkaah Othman Hameed , Araba Almahdi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Corrosion in reinforced concrete structures is mainly governed by materials properties as well as environmental conditions. In this paper, the rust products produced under two different environmental conditions were investigated. In the first group of specimens, corrosion was induced by conducting wetting and drying cycles for about two years, whilst the other group was artificially corroded by impressed a voltage technique. Composition analysis of corrosion products assembled on steel reinforcement was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), while the main elements existed in corrosion were identified via Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The morphological characterization of tested corrosion was analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results obtained from XRD and SEM at the same level of corrosion showed that lepidocrocite, goethite and magnetite were observed under both types of conditions, whilst akaganeite was only identified under exposure to natural conditions.
Data Mining preparation: Process, Techniques and Major Issues in Data Analysis
Authors: Jassim Mustafa Abdalrassual , Abdulwahid Sarah N. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Data preparation is an essential stage in data analysis. Many institutions or companies are interested in converting data into pure forms that can be used for scientific and profit purposes. It helps you set goals regarding system capabilities and features or the benefits your company expects from its investment. This purpose creates an immediate need to review and prepare the data to clean the raw data. In this paper, we highlight the importance of data preparation in data analysis and data extraction techniques, in addition to an integrated overview of relevant recent studies dealing with mining methodology, data types diversity, user interaction, and data mining. Finally, we suggest some potential suggestions for future research and development.
Investigation of asphalt binder performance modified with ceramic waste powder
Authors: Ali Atheer Muhammed , Al-Mansoori Tariq 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The widespread use of industrially produced ceramic in multiple uses around the world has resulted in large quantities of wastes dumped in landfills. Thus, the presence of these quantities of waste materials is a source of concern for environmental pollution. For the purposes of conservation and sustainable construction, recycle and reuse of ceramic wastes are a good and new attempt in this field. This study investigated the effect of various percentages of ceramic waste powder (CWP) on the physical and rheological properties of binders. Two different penetration grades of binder 60/70 and 80/100 were used in this research, and each one was blended with three different percentages of CWP content (3%, 6%, and 9% by weight of binder), to evaluate for such related properties of the ceramic waste powder modified binder (CWPMB). Laboratory tests undertaken included penetration, softening point, viscosity, storage stability, and Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR). To simulate the short-term aging, Rolling Thin Film Oven Test (RTFOT) was conducted after RTFO aging, whereas the long-term aging simulated by Pressure Aging Vessel (PAV) test which is used after (PAV) aging, then, evaluated for rutting (G*/sinδ) and fatigue (G*sinδ) factors by conducting the (DSR) test. It found that the addition of CWP enhances the physical properties of the asphalt binders, due to increased viscosity, storage stability, and softening point, as well as decreasing the penetration. The results observed that the high percentages of CWP content can increase G*/sinδ before and after RTFO aging and decrease G*sinδ after PAV aging, which is leading to higher resistance to permanent deformation (rutting and fatigue) of binders. Also, as compared to the 80/100 CWPMB, the results showed that the stiffer 60/70 CWPMB was more resistant to rutting and less resistant to fatigue cracking.
Experimental Study on Torsional Behavior of steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Members under Pure Torsion
Authors: Mures Jawad K. , Chkheiwer Aqeel H. , Ahmed Mazin. A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAn experimental study was conducted on ten steel fiber reinforced concrete specimens with low longitudinal reinforcement ratio to investigate the torsional behavior under pure torsion. The crack patterns, cracking torque, ultimate torsional strength, and torsional ductility, were discussed. The major parameters were the ratio and type of adding steel fiber. The obtained results showed that the cracks width of end hooked steel fiber specimens were wider than the corrugated steel fibers specimens, the cracks width decrease with increase the steel fiber ratio, and the number of cracks of end hooked steel fiber specimens were less than the corrugated steel fibers specimens. In the specimens of mix steel fiber, the width and the number of cracks less and more than other specimens, respectively. The higher percentage of the steel fiber, gives greatest torsional resistance. However, with an increase in the percentage of steel fiber the workability decreases.
Structural Design According to Constructal Theory in Architecture
Authors: Latif Aseel Abdulhaleem , Shahin Bahjat Rashad 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Constructal theory plays a major role in the conceptual design stage of the structural system in architecture. It provides a conceptual framework for predicting the form depending on natural systems to model those systems geometrically according to the constructal law that works in two directions: the first is towards predicting the general form of the structural system, and the second is the physical application of the law in the process of detailed design of the parts of the system. The aim of this paper is to determine the mechanism adopted in the structural design according to the constructal theory, assuming that the structural design according to the constructal theory achieves high structural efficiency. The paper depends in its theoretical framework on the clarification of the concepts of constructal theory, the mechanism of constructal law work, and then the verification of its compliance with the applicable rules to achieve high efficiency. The paper concludes a set of indicators that can be adopted in assessing the level of structural efficiency - at the level of form and material - of architecturally designed structures according to the constructal theory. The research concluded that constructal theory contributes significantly to research on the origins of living systems, and to employ them in the process of creating the architectural form on one hand, and enhancing the structural efficiency of the structural performance on the other hand.
Application of the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) concept to measure the maintenance performance of buildings
Authors: Breesam Hatem Khaleefah , Kadhim Jawad Zahraa Abdul 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Measuring maintenance performance is necessary to ensure that maintenance achieves the required goals and to enhance the preservation of the building, as most government institutions rely on traditional financial measurement methods to measure performance and this is not sufficient, as the social and environmental aspect play a prominent role in improving work performance, preserving the environment and achieving user satisfaction. This study aims to find out the applicability of the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) methodology to measure maintenance performance of government buildings in Iraq. A questionnaire was conducted for professionals in the field of building maintenance. Analysis of the questionnaire that was answered by (75) engineers revealed that the most influential factors in applying the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) methodology; are the quality and age of work and its impact on the environment, income (wages), the raw materials used in the work, user satisfaction, the age and quality of the building, management quality, the financial performance of the company. Also, the indicators that can be applied locally according to the questionnaire are; occupational safety practices, professional development, materials, contribution to the field of unemployment problems, transportation, the indirect economic impact on society, human rights (child labour), product responsibility (user’s safety), suppliers, security aspects, transparency, products, and services. We found that the most important obstacles that hinder performance measurement, are multiple and conflicting priorities and objectives. Three case studies were taken for government building maintenance projects, to obtain more accurate and realistic data for the factors and indicators obtained from the questionnaire, by analysing case studies, we find that the most important factors are; They are the age, build quality, quality, working life and its impact on the environment and financial performance. Also, the indicators that are most applicable to local institutions; are occupational safety practices, human rights (child labour), product liability, professional development, and participation in the field of unemployment, materials, and transportation. Therefore, it can be said that the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) methodology can be applied in measuring the maintenance performance of government buildings in Iraq, thus developing the reality of government building maintenance developed.
Studying and evaluating the capacity of parking at commercial street in Amara city, Iraq
Authors: Shnewer Fadhil M , Handhal Mohammed M , Al. Saedi Ali Salah J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Studying and evaluating the parking is an important step in keeping up with the rapid development of parking. The present study aims to evaluate the parking capacity at one of the commercial streets in Amara city (Dijlah Street). The present study based on data that collected using special survey papers related to the parking. The collected data applied field work in order to observe and draw the actual layout for each park. Each park was planned to four cases of vehicle stall layout (90°, 60°, 45° and 30°) according to the global standards in order to obtain the designed capacity. The evaluation was implemented by comparing the actual parking situation and the new planning for each park. The current study indicates that all parking located at Dijlah Street (16 parks) are planned with a random approach for vehicles stalling. The general configuration of those parking is not plan with a constant system. From management point of view, the study presented the true guide line for parking planning, therefore; the competent authorities could be taken advantage of the study.
Effect of Height and Surface Roughness of a Broad Crested Weir on the Discharge Coefficient: Experimental Study
Authors: Alboresha Rafid , Hatem Uday 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Weir is usually incorporated as control or regulation devices in hydraulic systems, with flow measurement as their secondary. It is normally intended for use in the field and thus to regulate broad discharges. Broad-Crested weir is among the oldest common weir types. In this paper, the effect of height and surface roughness for different Board Crested weirs models were studied on discharge coefficient (Cd) in a horizontal open channel. In the crest of the weir, certain materials may be combined with concrete (e.g., boulders) or may be used as cladding to minimize the effect of water overflow (e.g. stone). The weir surface should not be considered smooth in this case, and the discharge coefficient (Cd) must be re-estimated. For these purposes, laboratory flume was used to study the effect of height and surface roughness on the discharge coefficients with four of the different weir models dimensions of the concrete blocks. In this study, the flow conditions were considered to be free water flow and the viscosity effect was neglected. In all cases, the weir height effect was directly proportional to the discharge coefficient while the surface roughness effect was found to be inversely proportional to the coefficient Cd of the case study.
Numerical Analysis on the Effect of Slot Width on the Design of Vertical Slot Fishways
Authors: Hameed Iman H. , Hilo Ali N. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
An accurately designed fishway plays an important role in dimensioning migration issues of fish and assists in allowing fish to meet their life cycle’s essential necessities. ANSYS FLUENT was used to study the effect of changing slot width on the velocity, turbulence kinetic energy, and head difference (Δh) in water level inside the fishway. The turbulence model was used to predict the local zone turbulence inside the fishway. Using a previously designed model suggested by Zhang in 2017, this study investigated the influence of the change of the slot width for five values, 0.2, 0.25,0.3,0.4, and 0.5 m. The velocity value obtained for 0.2 m slot width (bo), which represented 10% from pool width (B), was 1.57 m/s. While, for a slot width of 0.5 m which represented 25% from pool width, the velocity value was 1.59 m/s with high turbulence regions inside the pools due to the increase in the velocity of the flow. The best flow velocity obtained was 1.23 m/s. This value was obtained when using a 0.3 m value for the slot width. The turbulence kinetic energy for this value of the slot width was 0.08 m
2;/s
2;. Therefore, the value of 0.3 m of the slot width was considered as the optimum value for the examined vertical slot fishway design. The optimum ratio of the slot width to the pool width (bo/B) was 15%.
Comparative Experimental Investigation of Flexure and Shear Strength in Hybrid - Trapezoidal Reinforced Concrete Sections
Authors: Sada Majid Jafar , Resan Sa’ad Fahad 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The structural behavior of the hybrid reinforced concrete beams of the trapezoidal section is investigated in this paper. This study aims mainly to investigate the interaction effect of hybrid concrete compressive strength for section has geometry variation upon beam strength characteristics. Throughout the considered experimental program, 10 simply supported reinforced concrete beams were prepared and tested using a four-point load setting. All specimens had equal cross-sectional area. These specimens were divided into two groups, each group contain 5 beams. The first group deals with flexural behavior and the second group concerned with shear behavior. In addition to hybrid compressive strength considerations, two types of concrete with different compressive strengths of (25 and 50 MPa) were used and three trapezoidal geometries with different alignment side angles (75, 80, and 85) are adopted. The experimental testing showed that the effectiveness of the hybrid trapezoidal force formation maintained the strength of the samples decreased more than the hybrid effect force. As for the flexural behavior, the ultimate strength decreased by (2.82%) and the deflection increased by (56.81%) with respect to rectangular specimens. For shear behavior, the ultimate load was close or identical to the control specimens with deflection increment ranging from (9% to 60%) with respect rectangular specimen. The effect of area distribution within section (section shape sides orientation) was clearly on the first crack load where the angle (80) recorded a highest value of crack load.
Speech Enhancement Algorithm Based on a Hybrid Estimator
Authors: Mahmmod Basheera M. , Abdulhussain Sadiq H. , Naser Marwah A. , Alsabah Muntadher , Mustafina Jamila 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Speech is the essential way to interact between humans or between human and machine. However, it is always contaminated with different types of environment noise. Therefore, speech enhancement algorithms (SEA) have appeared as a significant approach in speech processing filed to suppress background noise and return back the original speech signal. In this paper, a new efficient two-stage SEA with low distortion is proposed based on minimum mean square error sense. The estimation of clean signal is performed by taking the advantages of Laplacian speech and noise modeling based on orthogonal transform (Discrete Krawtchouk-Tchebichef transform) coefficients distribution. The Discrete Krawtchouk-Tchebichef transform (DKTT) has a high energy compaction and provides a high matching between Laplacian density and its coefficients distribution that affects positively on reducing residual noise without sacrificing speech components. Moreover, a cascade combination of hybrid speech estimator is proposed by using two stages filters (non-linear and linear) based on DKTT domain to lessen the residual noise effectively without distorting the speech signal. The linear estimator is considered as a post processing filter that reinforces the suppression of noise by regenerate speech components. To this end, the output results have been compared with existing work in terms of different quality and intelligibility measures. The comparative evaluation confirms the superior achievements of the proposed SEA in various noisy environments. The improvement ratio of the presented algorithm in terms of PESQ measure are 5.8% and 1.8% for white and babble noise environments, respectively. In addition, the improvement ratio of the presented algorithm in terms of OVL measure are 15.7% and 9.8% for white and babble noise environments, respectively.
Design Temperatures for Composite Concrete-Steel Girders: A-Verification of the Finite Element Model
Authors: Mussa Faten I. , Abid Sallal R. , Tayşi Nildem 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Based on experimental records from a composite beam with a steel section and topping concrete flange, a finite element thermal analysis model was conducted and verified. The experimental beam was provided with 14 embedded and surface temperature sensors inside the concrete flange and on the steel section. The temperature records from the experimental beam were collected for two winter months. The finite element thermal model was conducted to simulate the thermal response of composite beams under the influence of open-field thermal conditions. The model solves for the conduction of heat in concrete and steel considering the different boundary conditions that include; solar radiation, reflected radiation, temperature of air and the speed of the ambient air. To verify the introduced thermal model, the predicted temperatures at the 14 thermocouples were compared with the experimental ones along the 24 hours of three days with different weather conditions. The comparisons showed that for the three days, the model could capture the temperature-time behavior accurately for all thermocouples with moderately low average absolute errors of 0.4 to 2.0 °C. Another notice was that the maximum errors in the steel section were higher than in concrete.
Design Temperatures for Composite Concrete-Steel Girders: B-Case Study
Authors: Mussa Faten I. , Abid Sallal R. , Tayşi Nildem 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Long-term metrological records for Adana city, which is located in the Mediterranean region in Turkey, were facilitated in this study together with a verified finite element thermal model. The aim of this study is to investigate the sectional temperature gradients in concrete-steel composite bridge girders. Solar radiation and air temperature history of more than 50 years was used, and a practical-size typical composite bridge girder was modeled for six selected months that represent the conditions of the four seasons in Adana. The analysis showed that the behaviors of positive vertical and lateral temperature gradients in summer were completely different from those in winter, while the negative temperature gradients exhibited similar sectional distributions in all seasons. The results also showed that the maximum vertical temperature gradient occurred in summer, while the maximum lateral temperature gradient occurred in winter. The maximum positive vertical gradients occurred at the top concrete surface in summer and within the steel web in winter. For the investigated conditions, the recorded maximum positive vertical gradients in summer and winter were approximately 15.0 and 12.2 °C, respectively, while the maximum positive lateral temperature gradients in summer and winter were approximately 6.1 and 10.9 °C, respectively.
Enhancement of Ti by carbon Nanotubes addition for bone repair
Authors: Hassan Wetaify Ahmed Rajih , Radhi Safaa Hashim , Abdullah Firas Fouad 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This study involves fabricating Ti based materials reinforced by carbon nano-tubes. CNTs were added with weight percentage (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 wt% ) to enhance the mechanical properties of titanium. Some properties were measured for nanocomposites (CNTs/Titanium) such as microhardness, elastic modulus, wear rate in addition to microstructure by SEM. Microhardness was increased for nano-composites, which increased 421 Kg/mm2. The results of elastic modulus shown the decreasing in elastic modulus from 124 GPa to 82 GPa for nanocomposites. Wear rate results exhibited the lower wear rate of nano-composites compared with titanium due to the filling the vacancy in microstructure by CNTs. The scanning electron microscopy images showed that uniform distribution of CNTs in titanium and the lowest defect in microstructure. The good coherence between CNTs and base metal led to good mechanical properties.
Mechanical properties of cryo-rolled commercially pure titanium
Authors: Alobaid B 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Commercial pure Titanium (CP-Ti) was processed by cryo-rolling with a thickness reduction of 20% and 50% at a cryogenic temperature (T = –196°C). It was found that cryo-rolling to the total reduction of thickness 50% leads to form ultra-fine grains. The results showed that strength and hardness were enhanced by decreasing grain size. Both strength and hardness of the cryo-rolled CP-Ti were noticed higher than as-received material. The mechanical properties of the cryo-rolled 20% and 50% were significantly increased: the yield strength by 9% and 45%, and the ultimate tensile strength by 26% and 60%, respectively, compared to as-received CP-Ti. While the elongation was decreased by 38% and 78% compared with the as-received CP-Ti.
Integration of GIS and BIM in Urban Planning -A Review
Authors: Elsheikh Asser , Alzamili Hadeal H. , Al-Zayadi Sora K. , Alboo-Hassan Ali S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Urban planning is considered one of the most important research spaces currently in existence, as it directly affects the daily life. Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Geographic information system (GIS) became a powerful platform because of their variety individual features and capabilities. But each platform contains weaknesses. In order to overcome these weaknesses, the integration of BIM and GIS must be obtained. So this paper aims to review recent studies that are based on the integration between GIS and BIM technologies in the field of urban planning. Finally, and through what has been reviewed from the studies, the summary showed that the importance of these technologies lies in the many types of their uses in the field of urban planning such as strategic urban planning, site selection, land use, master planning and future planning.