bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contextualizing land‐use and land‐cover change with local knowledge: A case study from Pokot Central, Kenya
Authors: Petersen Maike , Bergmann Christoph , Roden Paul , Nüsser Marcus 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRural communities in the drylands of sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) derive their livelihoods primarily from their natural resource base. Unprecedented changes in these environments over the past few decades are likely to intensify in the future and land users need to develop sustainable adaptation strategies. This study aims to identify land‐use and land‐cover (LULC) changes and their drivers in a sub‐Saharan dryland, between 1986 and 2017, by integrating local knowledge and remote sensing. Local knowledge and environmental perception are used as the basis for defining LULC classes and for training and validation of change detection. This study detects significant LULC changes in 41% of the investigated area, and identifies bush encroachment into former pastures as the dominant LULC change with an increase of woodland by 39% and a decrease of grassland by 74%. This process is perceived as severe degradation by local respondents and is linked to changing management regimes and unreliable rainfall patterns. Deforestation and woodland thinning account for 44% of the detected changes, and can be traced back to increased habitation and farming, although the local community also identifies charcoal production as a driving factor. The integration of remote sensing and local knowledge provides a holistic view on LULC change in Pokot Central, Kenya and offers a solid base for site‐specific and actor‐centred management approaches necessary for sustainable pathways of drylands. Our results emphasize the need to include local actors in the development of adaptation strategies and management guidelines for drylands.
Management of intractable post‐adrenalectomy chylous ascites with microsurgical intra‐abdominal lymphaticovenous anastomosis: A case report and literature review
Authors: Chu Cheng‐Feng , Wu Chun‐Te , Hsieh Wei‐Chuan , Huang Jung‐Ju 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPostoperative chylous ascites is a rare but highly morbid complication following thoracic or abdominal surgeries. Treatment options vary according to different clinical scenarios and facility equipment, but there is no standard guideline. We report a case of 46‐year‐old patient with chylous ascites after left laparoscopic adrenalectomy for metastatic lung cancer. The conservative treatments failed, included diet control, somatostatin provided and intranodal lymphangiography with lipiodol injection. Laparotomy was performed to explore the lymphatic vessel in the retroperitoneal area where a major and several small leaking holes were identified along the thoracic duct. The left gonadal vein was explored and transposed toward the lymphatic vessel. The lymphaticovenous anastomosis (LVA) was done using side (major leaking hole) to end (gonadal vein) fashion. The chylous leakage dropped from 2000 to 200 mL per day gradually within 10 days after LVA, and the patient was discharged uneventfully 30 days after the LVA surgery. He was followed at our clinic during the first postoperative 10 months without recurrent chylous ascites. This case demonstrates that microsurgical intervention with LVA to physiologically drain the chyle can be an optimal treatment for chylous ascites. A literature review was also conducted, and strategic management is proposed.
Holographic Optical Elements and Projector Design Considerations for Automotive Windshield Displays
Authors: Martin Sam , Thompson Jason , Redmond Ian 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHOEs can be used in a range of automotive applications including head‐up displays, windshield clusters, and transparent window displays. Here, the authors provide a market overview of the technology, an update on its key aspects and performance, and cover projector design considerations when illuminating holographic films.
Experiment for teaching virtual cathode in nerve conduction studies
Authors: Nandedkar Sanjeev D. , Barkhaus Paul E. , Stålberg Erik V. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIntroduction/AimsThe virtual cathode (VC) is a site near the anode where the nerve can be stimulated. Costimulation of neighboring nerves via the VC can affect recording and interpretation of responses. Hence, it is important to teach trainees the concept of the VC. The VC has been demonstrated previously with subtle changes in response latency, amplitude, and shape. Herein we describe an experiment that simply demonstrates a VC with its effects recognizable by gross changes in waveforms.MethodsCompound muscle action potentials of the abductor pollicis brevis were recorded using various placements of the cathode and anode at different stimulus intensity levels. Studies were performed in nine healthy subjects.ResultsThree patterns were observed that demonstrated no stimulation, partial stimulation, and complete nerve stimulation by the VC. Partial stimulation yielded responses with long duration and low amplitude. Response patterns also depended on stimulus strength and proximity of the nerve from the skin surface.DiscussionThis experiment demonstrates that nerve stimulation can occur near the anode when high‐intensity stimulus is used. It also illustrates collision of action potentials. This exercise can help trainees understand potential pitfalls in nerve conduction studies, especially at very proximal stimulation sites or when high stimulus intensity is used.
Min‐sum controllable risk problems with concave risk functions of the same value range
Authors: Gurevsky Evgeny , Kopelevich Dmitry , Kovalev Sergey , Kovalyov Mikhail Y. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA min‐sum controllable risk problem, defined on a given set of elements or on combinatorial structures, which are either paths of a directed acyclic graph or spanning trees of an undirected graph, with resource‐dependent risk functions of the elements, is studied. The resource amount is limited, and the objective is to distribute it between the selected elements or elements of the selected structure so that the total risk is minimized. A reduction to a series of easier problems is suggested. Solution approaches based on this reduction are asymptotically faster than the solution approaches suggested in the literature for special cases of this problem.
Comparative studies of silane coupled e‐glass fiber and e‐glass fiber reinforced bismaleimide‐epoxy hydroxylated BaTiO3 nanocomposites on the dielectric and mechanical properties
Authors: K. Savitha Unnikrishnan , T. Sunil Jose , S. Dinoop lal 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSilane coupled E‐glass fiber (SC‐EGF) and E‐glass fiber (EGF) reinforced bismaleimide (BMI)‐epoxy‐hydroxylated BaTiO3 (BTOH) nanocomposites with 1–5 wt% of BTOH nanofiller were fabricated by hand lay‐up method and compression molded. Surface hydroxylation of synthesized BaTiO3 nanoparticles was carried out using H2O2. Both BT and BTOH nanoparticles were characterized by SEM, XRD, and FTIR studies. Among the reinforced nanocomposites, SC‐EGF‐reinforced showed a remarkable increase in mechanical and dielectric properties. The tensile strength of BMI‐epoxy composite increased 1.56 and 3.10 times when loaded with 2 and 3 wt% of BTOH, respectively. Their flexural strength too increased 2.14 and 2.21 times upon 2 and 3 wt% of BTOH loading. BMI‐epoxy‐BTOH nanocomposites with 3 wt% of BTOH showed higher tensile strength, flexural strength, and dielectric strength indicating that it possesses better mechanical and insulating properties and composites with 2 wt% showed higher dielectric constant and lower dielectric loss indicating that this composition could be explored to high dielectric applications.
Assessing neuropsychological phenotypes of pediatric brain tumor survivors
Authors: Sharkey Christina M. , Mullins Larry L. , Clawson Ashley H. , Gioia Anthony , Hawkins Misty A. W. , Chaney John M. , Walsh Karin S. , Hardy Kristina K. 
Published: April 2021

IntroductionPediatric brain tumor survivors (PBTS) are at risk for both neurocognitive impairments and psychological difficulties, yet these two domains have historically been discretely examined, with assessment of psychosocial outcomes rarely included in studies of cognitive outcomes. Taking a person‐centered approach, the current study aimed to more comprehensively evaluate PBTS late effect profiles, including both neurocognitive and psychological sequelae, and predictors of these profiles.MethodPBTS (N = 89) were assessed in a pediatric neuropsychological clinic between May 2009 and May 2018, diagnosed at least 1 year prior, and off‐treatment for at least 3 months (Mage = 6.57 years, SD = 4.53; 46.1% female). Parent‐ and teacher‐report of psychological symptoms, and performance‐based measures of neurocognitive functioning were examined using latent profile analysis. The R3STEP procedure identified predictors of class membership.ResultsThe optimal model identified four classes characterized by: (1) average functioning across all measures (“Average,” n = 47), (2) average psychosocial functioning and impaired neurocognitive functioning (“Cognitive Deficit,” n = 25), (3) elevated social problems and significant neurocognitive impairments (“Social/Cognitive Deficit,” n = 9), and (4) impaired visual planning and problem‐solving and elevated parent‐reported psychosocial problems, but average processing speed, working memory, and teacher‐reported psychosocial outcomes (“Discrepant,” n = 8). Ethnicity, race, radiation treatment, and diagnoses of neurofibromatosis 1, hydrocephalus, and cerebellar mutism syndrome were significant predictors of class membership (ps < 0.05).ConclusionThe present study identified distinct phenotypes with unique patterns of relations among neurocognitive and psychological domains. These findings are a vital first step toward identifying those at highest risk for poor outcomes and informing interventions that effectively address interrelated treatment targets for specific groups.
Effect of electrical activity of the diaphragm waveform patterns on SpO2 for extremely preterm infants ventilated with neurally adjusted ventilatory assist
Authors: Araki Ryosuke , Tomotaki Seiichi , Akita Mitsuyo , Motokura Kouji , Tomobe Yutaro , Yamauchi Takeru , Hanaoka Shintaro , Tomotaki Hiroko , Iwanaga Kogoro , Niwa Fusako , Takita Junko , Kawai Masahiko 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the association between electrical activity of the diaphragm (Edi) waveform patterns and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) in extremely preterm infants who are ventilated with neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA).Study DesignWe conducted a retrospective cohort study at a level III neonatal intensive care unit. Extremely preterm infants born at our hospital between November 2019 and November 2020 and ventilated with NAVA were included. We collected Edi waveform data and classified them into four Edi waveform patterns, including the phasic pattern, central apnea pattern, irregular low‐voltage pattern, and tonic burst pattern. We analyzed the Edi waveform pattern for the first 15 h of collectable data in each patient. To investigate the association between Edi waveform patterns and SpO2, we analyzed the dataset every 5 min as one data unit. We compared the proportion of each waveform pattern between the desaturation (Desat [+]) and non‐desaturation (Desat [–]) groups.ResultsWe analyzed collected data for 105 h (1260 data units). The proportion of the phasic pattern in the Desat (+) group was significantly lower than that in the Desat (–) group (p < .001). However, the proportions of the central apnea, irregular low‐voltage, and tonic burst patterns in the Desat (+) group were significantly higher than those in the Desat (–) group (all p < .05).ConclusionOur results indicate that proportions of Edi waveform patterns have an effect on desaturation of SpO2 in extremely preterm infants who are ventilated with NAVA.
Selective actions of insecticides on desensitizing and non‐desensitizing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in cockroach (Periplaneta americana) neurons
Authors: Salgado Vincent L 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDInsect desensitizing nicotinic acetylcholine (nAChD) receptors are desensitized by low concentrations of agonists, including neonicotinoid insecticides, but are essentially insensitive to spinosyns, while non‐desensitizing nicotinic acetylcholine (nAChN) receptors are selectively activated by spinosyns and relatively insensitive to neonicotinoids.RESULTSThe single‐electrode voltage‐clamp technique was used to measure the actions of newer nicotinic insecticides dinotefuran, sulfoxaflor, triflumezopyrim, spinetoram and GS‐ω/k‐hexatoxin‐Hv1a on cockroach neuronal nAChD and nAChN currents. Like imidacloprid and clothianidin, newer orthosteric nicotinic agonist insecticides dinotefuran and sulfoxaflor act by desensitizing nAChD receptors. The mesoionic insecticide triflumezopyrim selectively inhibited nAChD current with an half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 1.2 nmol L−1, with no activation. Unlike other Group 4 insecticides, it did not activate nAChN current, but inhibited it with an IC50 of 3.8 μmol L−1, indicating that the compound is a true antagonist. Spinosad and the spinosyn‐derived insecticide spinetoram potently and selectively activated nAChN receptors. GS‐ω/k‐hexatoxin‐Hv1a had no effect on nAChN currents and it had a complex action on nAChD currents, inhibiting at sub‐nanomolar concentrations and causing some activation and enhancement of ACh‐evoked currents at 30 nmol L−1 and above. Some cells express GS‐ω/k‐hexatoxin‐Hv1a‐resistant nAChD receptors.CONCLUSIONSNicotinic acetylcholine receptor competitive modulators (IRAC Group 4) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor allosteric modulators, site II (hexatoxins, IRAC Group 32) are selective for nAChD receptors, while nicotinic acetylcholine receptor allosteric modulators, site I (spinosyns, IRAC Group 5) are selective for nAChN receptors. It is proposed that IRAC Groups 5 and 32 be re‐named non‐desensitizing nicotinic acetylcholine receptor allosteric modulators and desensitizing nicotinic acetylcholine receptor allosteric modulators, respectively. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Do local labor market conditions impact bank profitability?
Authors: Swanson Andrew , Zanzalari Danielle 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis paper studies the impact of local unemployment shocks on bank profitability. Our work advances on previous studies that use national‐ or state‐level data, as we create a bank‐specific measure of local unemployment in which the bank has exposure. Using this novel measure, we determine how shocks to unemployment affect each individual bank's profitability. Our results indicate that an increase in the local market unemployment rate decreases bank profitability on average by 3.2%. The impact of local market conditions on profitability is stronger for banks that are large, operate in more markets, face more competition, and have a greater reliance on lending. We further examine what components of bank profitability are most impacted by local labor market conditions and find that net interest income is most impacted.
NFR‐aware prioritization of software requirements
Authors: Roy Mandira , Deb Novarun , Cortesi Agostino , Chaki Rituparna , Chaki Nabendu 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNon‐functional requirements (NFRs) play a significant role in the software development process. However, the classical requirement prioritization methods for incremental software development, typically, consider the attributes of functional features only, often neglecting the non‐functional constraints. This might lead to catastrophic defects in the system design, as the conflicts among the NFRs are ignored. In this paper, a novel prioritization approach for functional requirements (FRs) is introduced within the incremental software development process. The proposed approach considers the conflicts among NFRs, in the prioritization process, to minimize the incon sistencies of software development. The devised NFR‐aware prioritization algorithm can be tuned according to the weights that the analyst assigns to NFR conflicts and FR‐NFR dependencies. We have assessed our prioritization approach using available requirements data sets and have compared the results in different scenarios.
Climate Change May Cause Shifts in Growth and Instantaneous Natural Mortality of American Shad Throughout Their Native Range
Authors: Gilligan‐Lunda Erin K. , Stich Daniel S. , Mills Katherine E. , Bailey Michael M. , Zydlewski Joseph D. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAmerican Shad Alosa sapidissima is an anadromous species with populations ranging along the U.S. Atlantic coast. Past American Shad stock assessments have been data limited and estimating system‐specific growth parameters or instantaneous natural mortality (M) was not possible. This precluded system‐specific stock assessment and management due to reliance on these parameters for estimating other population dynamics (such as yield per recruit). Furthermore, climate‐informed biological reference points remain a largely unaddressed need in American Shad stock assessment. Population abundance estimates of American Shad and other species often rely heavily on M derived from von Bertalanffy growth function (VBGF) parameters. Therefore, we developed Bayesian hierarchical models to estimate coastwide, regional, and system‐specific VBGF parameters and M using data collected from 1982 to 2017. We tested predictive performance of models that included effects of various climate variables on VBGF parameters within these models. System‐specific models were better supported than regional or coast‐wide models. Mean asymptotic length (L∞) decreased with increasing mean annual sea surface temperature (SST) and degree days (DD) experienced by fish during their lifetime. Although uncertain, K (Brody growth coefficient) decreased over the same range of lifetime SST and DD. Assuming no adaptation, we projected changes in VBGF parameters and M through 2099 using modeled SST from two climate projection scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 and 8.5). We predicted reduced growth under both scenarios, and M was projected to increase by about 0.10. It is unclear how reduced growth and increased mortality may influence population productivity or life history adaptation in the future, but our results may inform stock assessment models to assess those trade‐offs.
A Framework for Resilient Urban Futures
Authors: Iwaniec David M. , Grimm Nancy B. , McPhearson Timon , Berbés-Blázquez Marta , Cook Elizabeth M. , Muñoz-Erickson Tischa A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractResilient urban futures provides a social–ecological–technological systems (SETS) perspective on promoting and understanding resilience. This chapter introduces the concepts, research, and practice of urban resilience from the Urban Resilience to Extremes Sustainability Research Network (UREx SRN). It describes conceptual and methodological approaches to address how cities experience extreme weather events, adapt to climate resilience challenges, and can transform toward sustainable and equitable futures.
Anticipatory Resilience Bringing Back the Future into Urban Planning and Knowledge Systems
Authors: Muñoz-Erickson Tischa A. , Selkirk Kaethe , Hobbins Robert , Miller Clark , Feagan Mathieu , Iwaniec David M. , Miller Thaddeus R. , Cook Elizabeth M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAnticipatory thinking is a critical component in urban planning practices and knowledge systems in an era of unpredictability and conflicting expectations of the future. This chapter introduces “anticipatory resilience” as a futures-oriented knowledge system that intentionally addresses uncertain climate conditions and explores alternative, desirable future states. It suggests a portfolio of tools suitable for building long-term foresight capacity in urban planning. Examples of knowledge systems interventions are presented to explore the trade-offs, constraints, possibilities, and desires of diverse future scenarios co-generated in settings with people that hold different perspectives, knowledge, and expectations.
How We Got Here: Producing Climate Inequity and Vulnerability to Urban Weather Extremes
Authors: Hamstead Zoé A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis collected volume is intentionally future-oriented; it is authored by a team of interdisciplinary scientists and practitioners who collaborate to translate research findings into networked adaptive practices that we hope will protect urban communities against the impacts of extreme weather. While future-oriented, we cannot protect future generations against urban weather extremes without understanding the historical processes through which these existential and ethical crises came about. This chapter describes how economic and political institutions produced the climate crisis in ways that also constitute a humanitarian crisis, inscribing climate inequity into the urban built environment and institutions. It offers reflections on ways in which this history must be wrestled with in the context of equitable and resilient urban futures.
Modeling Urban Futures: Data-Driven Scenarios of Climate Change and Vulnerability in Cities
Authors: Ortiz L. , Mustafa A. , Rosenzweig B. , Carrero Rocio , McPhearson Timon 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCities are complex systems where social, ecological, and technological processes are deeply coupled. This coupling complicates urban planning and land use development, as changing one facet of the urban fabric will likely impact the others. As cities grapple with climate change, there is a growing need to envision urban futures that not only address more frequent and intense severe weather events but also improve day-to-day livability. Here we examine climate risks as functions of the local land use with numerical models. These models leverage a wide array of data sources, from satellite imagery to tax assessments and land cover. We then present a machine-learning cellular automata approach to combine historical land use change with local coproduced urban future scenarios. The cellular automata model uses historical and ancillary data like existing road systems and natural features to develop a set of probabilistic land use change rules, which are then modified according to stakeholder priorities. The resulting land use scenarios are evaluated against historical flood hazards, showcasing how they perform against stakeholder expectations. Our work shows that coproduced scenarios, when grounded with historical and emerging data, can provide paths that increase resilience to weather hazards as well as enhancing ecosystem services provided to citizens.
International Organizations, Care and Migration: The Case of Migrant Health Care Workers
Authors: Yeates Nicola , Pillinger Jane 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNicola Yeates and Jane Pillinger offer a much-needed summary of the historical development of health care worker migration as a global social policy field in which distinct fields of care and migration overlap. Focusing on international governmental and non-governmental organizations, the chapter draws attention to shifting constellations of ideas, actors and institutions in this field since the end of WWII to the present day. It emphasizes the necessity of a pluralistic and dynamic understanding of the field, and the role of contestation, cooperation and coordination in the unfolding of global policy, in order to better comprehend the origins of this field and its key characteristics. Emphasizing a multi-sectoral perspective and lateral connections in the construction of this global social policy field, Yeates and Pillinger explore the methodological and analytical implications of this for the study of IOs in global social policy more generally.