bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Colorants in coatings
Authors: Maile Frank J. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe aim of this chapter is to provide a compact overview of colorants and their use in coatings including a brief introduction to paint technology and its raw materials. In addition, it will focus on individual colorants by collecting information from the available literature mainly for their use in coatings. Publications on colorants in coatings applications are in many cases standard works that cover the wider aspects of color chemistry and paint technology and are explicitly recommended for a more detailed study of the subject [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18]. Articles or information on paint formulation using coatings which contain colorants are rare [19]. This formulation expertise is often company property as it is the result of many years of effort built up over very long series of practical “trial-and-error” optimization tests and, more recently, supported by design of experiment and laboratory process automation [20, 21]. Therefore, it is protected by rigorous secrecy agreements. Formulations are in many ways part of a paint manufacturer’s capital, because of their use in automotive coatings, coil coatings, powder coatings, and specialist knowledge is indispensable to ensure their successful industrial use [22]. An important source to learn about the use of pigments in different coating formulations are guidance or starting formulations offered by pigment, additive, and resin manufacturers. These are available upon request from the technical service unit of these companies. Coating formulations can also be found scattered in books on coating and formulation technology [4, 5, 18, 23,24,25,26,27]. This overview can in no way claim to be complete, as the literature and relevant journals in this field are far too extensive. Nevertheless, it remains the author’s hope that the reader will gain a comprehensive insight into the fascinating field of colorants for coatings, including its literature and current research activities and last but not least its scientific attractiveness and industrial relevance.
Effect of nanostructured Al2O3 on poly(ethylene oxide)-based solid polymer electrolytes
Authors: Walke Patrick , Kirchberger Anna , Reiter Felix , Esken Daniel , Nilges Tom 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of nanostructured Al2O3 particles on Li ion conducting, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based membranes prepared by electrospinning, solution casting and hot pressing. Pure PEO:LiBF4 solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) and also plasticizer containing membranes were investigated with various amounts of Al2O3. In a first step, the best-performing composition of pure PEO:LiBF4 concerning the resulting ionic conductivity was identified and used as a standard for further experiments. In the following, the influence of the preparation method, the nature of the Al2O3, and the type of the plasticizer additives on the thermal and electrochemical properties for this standard composition were investigated. The Al2O3 composition was varied between 1 and 5 wt%. The ionic conductivity of bare electrospun PEO:LiBF4 SPE standard material has been improved by a factor ten to 1.9 × 10−6 S cm−1 at T = 293 K when 5 wt% of Al2O3 is added. For solution-casted PEO:LiBF4 standard compositions 18:1 with an initial ionic conductivity of 6.7 × 10−8 S cm−1, the addition of 2 wt% Al2O3 increased the performance to 1.4 × 10−7 S cm−1, both at T = 293 K. If succinonitrile and Al2O3 was admixed to the solution casted standard material, the ionic conductivity was further increased to reach 5.5 × 10−5 S cm−1 at T = 293 K. This material with a composition of 18:3:1 + 2 wt% Al2O3, outperforms the standard material by three orders of magnitude.
Biological activities of some Salvia species
Authors: Doğan Mehmet , Akıcı Nurdan , Diken Mehmet Emin , Doğan Serap , Yilmaz Kardas Begumhan , Dirmenci Tuncay 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this study, total phenolic, flavonoid and protein contents, antiradical capacities, antibacterial and cytotoxic properties of five different Salvia species (Salvia macrochlamys Boiss., Salvia kronenburgii Rech.f., Salvia euphratica Montbret. ex Aucher var. euphratica, Salvia huberi Hedge and Salvia kurdica Benth) were investigated. The total phenolic content of the species was in the range of 59.6 ± 20 to 150.1 ± 1.1 mg/g, total flavonoid content in the range of 20.4 ± 2.2 to 38.9 ± 4.1 mg/g, and total protein content in the range of 14.0 ± 0.5 to 22.0 ± 1.1 mg/g. Radical scavenging capacities of the Salvia species were determined in the range of 84.1 ± 4.5 to 96.8 ± 0.1%. Moreover, Salvia extracts showed powerful antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Cytotoxic effects of the samples on human lymphocytes were determined by MTS assay and S. kronenburgii and S. euphratica var. euphratica decreased the harmful effects of 2-hydroperoxy-2-methylpropane (tert-butyl hydroper-oxide, t-BOOH) at all time points tested. The highest amounts of rutin hydrate belong to S. kronenburgii and S. euphratica var. euphratica, and the highest amounts of luteolin-7-glucoside belong to S. huberi and S. kronenburgii. Vanillic acid was present only in S. huberi and S. kurdica.
Optical and Physical Properties of Laponite for Use as Clay Surrogate in Geotechnical Models
Authors: Pierozan Rodrigo Cesar , Almikati Abdurrahman , Araujo Gregorio Luis Silva , Zornberg Jorge Gabriel 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Laponite has emerged as a particularly promising material for use as a soft clay surrogate in geotechnical modeling, as it provides a relevant range of transparency, plasticity, and overall geotechnical behavior. This paper presents an investigation of the significant factors affecting the transparency of laponite for its use in physical geotechnical models. Image analysis techniques and complementary optical tests were conducted to gain an understanding of the factors causing changes in optical clarity. Aging time, laponite content, and rheological additive dosage were found to be the most significant factors affecting the transparency of laponite. Specifically, the ratio between the rheological additive dosage and laponite content (additive mass ratio) was found to serve as a relevant index to define the material’s optical behavior, and its use facilitated the determination of the optimum laponite and additive contents. The presence of inclusions within the internal laponite structure, such as trapped air pockets and unhydrated laponite crystals, identified as the key factor compromising optical clarity, could be ultimately associated with the selection of insufficient dosages of rheological additive. Overall, laponite was identified as a viable surrogate of natural clays suitable for models requiring comparatively large in-depth visualization.
AR-GE / TASARIM MERKEZİ NEDİR? TÜRKİYE’DE AR-GE ve TASARIM MERKEZİ KURULUM SÜRECİNE İLİŞKİN BİR ARAŞTIRMA
Authors: KARAKUŞ Güzide 
Published: September 2021

Araştırma ve Geliştirme faaliyetleri işletmeler için verimliliği ve karlılığı arttırmada önemli bir gereklilik olmak ile birlikte ülke yönetimleri için de ekonomik ve sosyal refahın anahtarıdır. Devletler katma değeri yüksek ürünler üreten işletmeleriyle büyür ve küresel kararlarda etkin rol oynayabilirler. Bu farkındalık ile birlikte kamu otoriteleri uzun yıllardan beri işletmelerin yeni veya önemli ölçüde iyileştirilmiş ürün, hizmet ve süreç geliştirme faaliyetlerine yönelmesi için Araştırma ve Geliştirme (Ar-Ge) yatırımlarını arttırmaya yönelik çeşitli teşvikler sunmaktadırlar.
Türkiye’de de 2008 tarihinde yayınlanan 5746 Sayılı “Araştırma, Geliştirme ve Tasarım Faaliyetlerinin Desteklenmesi Hakkında Kanun” ile birlikte Ar-Ge ve Tasarım Merkezi kavramları tanımlanmıştır. Kanun doğrultusunda Ar-Ge faaliyetlerine yönelik kamu desteklerinin tek noktada birleştirilmesi, teşviklerin daha sistemli ve izlenebilir bir biçimde sunulması ve çıktıların ölçülebilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Bu çalışmada öncelikle Ar-Ge ve Tasarım merkezinin ne olduğu ve kurulum süreci hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Uygulama bölümünde ilk olarak bir işletmenin Ar-Ge/Tasarım Merkezi olma süreci içerisinde yer alınarak süreç gereklilikleri ve oluşum aşamaları ortaya konulmuştur. Arkasından konu hakkında danışmanlık faaliyeti yürüten bir işletmenin gözlem ve değerlendirmeleri doğrultusunda Ar-Ge ve Tasarım merkezi kurulum sürecinde karşılaşılan sorunlar belirlenmiş ve Pareto Prensibi doğrultusunda analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonuçlarının yasa koyucular, uygulayıcılar ve alanda çalışan akademisyenler için fayda sağlaması hedeflenmiştir.
The relation between felt area and magnitude for central United States earthquakes
Authors: Nuttli Otto W. , Zollweg James E. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Felt areas of earthquakes in the central United States are known to increase sizeably with small increases in magnitude. In order to establish a quantitative relation between magnitude and felt area, 22 recent earthquakes were studied, resulting in the empirical equation
m b = 2.65 + 0.098 f + 0.054 f 2 for f ≦ 6
where ƒ is the logarithm to the base 10 of the felt area in square kilometers. This equation can be used to estimate the magnitude of earthquakes in the central United States for which there are intensity maps but no instrumental data. Furthermore, from the equation one can determine that the limit of perceptibility corresponds to a sustained, hard-rock, vertical-component particle velocity of about 22μ/sec.
Seismicity of the Baffin Bay region
Authors: Qamar Anthony 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Twenty-eight earthquakes in the Baffin Bay region have been relocated using the method of Joint Hypocenter Determination. The revised locations indicate two parallel, linear trends, one along the northeast coast of Baffin Island and the other in the western part of Baffin Bay. The seismicity does not appear to be controlled by glacial rebound but may be a remnant of sea-floor spreading which occurred 40 to 60 m.y. ago. Early P arrivals at near seismograph stations (Δ &lt; 20°) can be explained by a high-velocity (8.5 km/sec) upper mantle in the Baffin region.
Geodetic determination of strain at the Nevada Test Site following the Handley event
Authors: Savage J. C. , Kinoshita W. T. , Prescott W. H. 
Published: September 2021

abstractRepeated surveys of a trilateration network (aperture greater than 20 km) centered on ground zero for the HANDLEY event, a nuclear explosion at the Nevada Test Site with yield in excess of 1 megaton, suggest that the explosion induced an east-west extension of the network by more than 50 mm. In the year following the detonation, this deformation reversed such that the final configuration represented a small east-west contraction from the pre-HANDLEY state. In the subsequent 2-year period, only minor deformation was detected. Thus, the overall response of Pahute Mesa may be described as stable. The explosion-induced deformation is thought to be partly due to slip on faults driven by the large-amplitude seismic waves from the explosion. The mechanism of the postshot relaxation is not understood.
Seismic source function for an underground nuclear explosion
Authors: Aki Keiiti , Bouchon Michel , Reasenberg Paul 
Published: September 2021

abstractThe reduced displacement potential obtained from close-in observation of seismic displacement during an underground explosion usually takes the form of a step function with or without a small overshoot. Theoretical prediction by shock-wave calculation appears to agree with the close-in data. The step-function source has also been supported by the observations on Rayleigh waves at periods longer than 10 sec. We found, however, some inconsistency between the published data on residual potentials obtained from close-in data and those on seismic moments obtained from long-period Rayleigh waves. It appears that only about 13 of the residual potential is transmitted to the far-field at long periods. This discrepancy is, however, consistent with several observations made on teleseismic signals suggesting an impulse rather than a step as the primary form of the potential function. New observations of the two NTS events at distances 2.6 to 7.8 km using wide dynamic range, wide-band accelerometers, combined with data from the far-field, support a large overshoot 4 to 5 times the residual value. This result accounts for the efficiency of the Ms - mb discriminant between earthquakes and explosions with mb around 4 and greater. The compaction of the source volume by spalling was suggested as a possible mechanism for the large overshoot.
Body waves as normal and leaking modes—leaking modes of Love waves
Authors: Radovich B. J. , De Bremaecker J. Cl. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Dispersion curves of leaking modes of Love waves are computed for a one-layer crust-mantle model. The frequency and wave number are complex, but the group velocity is purely real. Group velocities well below the Airy phase of normal modes are found; waves with group velocities between 1.0 and 3.8 km/sec attenuate the least, but even these decay too much ever to be detected. There are no phase velocities between the velocity of the half-space and that corresponding to the Brewster angle.
Statistical prediction of the occurrence of maximum magnitude earthquakes
Authors: Yegulalp Tuncel M. , Kuo J. T. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
This paper intends (a) to improve the early results for statistical prediction of the occurrence of maximum magnitude earthquakes obtained by Yegulalp and Kuo by including all of the seismicity data of both Gutenberg and Richter, and Rothé covering the period 1904 to 1965 and (b) to show the predictability of the regional occurrence of maximum magnitude earthquakes for the period 1953 to 1965 by using the seismicity data for 1904 to 1952.
Of 51 regions, as classified by Gutenberg and Richter for the world, data for 46 have been analyzed and tested for their goodness-of-fit to the theoretical extremal distributions. The parameters of the asymptotic extremal distributions have been estimated by the method of least squares. Results show that the regional occurrence of maximum magnitude earthquakes definitely favors the third type asymptotic distribution over the first type. The existence of a finite upper bound for the third type asymptotic distribution is physically consistent with the fact that the strength of the solid Earth is finite.
Among all of the regions, the curves for the northern and western circum-Pacific belt are generally the highest; those for the eastern circum-Pacific belt are the second highest: those for Eurasia, i.e., the Alpide belt and its adjacent regions, are the third highest; and those for the oceans and stable continental masses are the lowest.
The predictability of the regional occurrence of maximum magnitude earthquakes has been tested by predicting the magnitudes corresponding to the return periods of 2, 3, 5, and 13 years for the period 1953 to 1965 and comparing the corresponding number of exceedances with the observed number of exceedances for these magnitudes. Except for the regions with inadequate data, agreement has been remarkably good for most of the regions: thus, the validity and the usefulness of the present results are established.
Apparently, the two sets of the seismicity data of Gutenberg and Richter (1954) and Richter (1958) and that of Rothé (1972) are statistically stable. On the basis of the present complete data for 1904 to 1965, predicted maximum magnitudes in each of 46 regions for the return periods of 20, 50, and 100 years are given.
Topographic effects on ground motion for incident P waves: A model study
Authors: Rogers A. M. , Katz L. J. , Bennett T. J. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
A scale model experiment was conducted to study the effect of topography on ground motion for incident P waves. It was found that amplifications as large as 35 per cent may occur in the time domain for a wide-band input with predominant wavelength equal to the width of the scatterer base. The largest diffracted wave observed was a forward scattered Rayleigh wave with an amplitude of about 55 per cent of the incident motion. Examination of the spectral ratios showed that, for more band-limited input pulses, peak amplifications of the crest motions relative to the base may be as high as 200 per cent. These differences are comparable to, but smaller than, the 400 per cent amplifications observed in field studies conducted by Davis and West (1973). Results of a parameter study indicate topographic effects to be weakly dependent on slope and angle of incidence. However, the effects do change significantly as a function of frequency and position on the scatterer. For receiver positions at depth, scattered body waves were found to be more significant. The radiation lobes of these waves are directed predominantly downward. Qualitative agreement was found between the model results and field results observed on a nearly two-dimensional feature (NASA Mountain near Beatty, Nevada) where underground nuclear explosion ground motions were recorded.
The Managua, Nicaragua, earthquake of December 23, 1972: Location, focal mechanism, and intensity distribution
Authors: Algermissen S. T. , Dewey J. W. , Langer C. J. , Dillinger W. H. 
Published: September 2021

abstractThe Managua earthquake occurred at a shallow depth of focus beneath the center of Managua, producing a maximum intensity of MM IX in the center of the city. The epicenter of the main shock is determined to within several kilometers by use of the strong-motion accelerogram recorded at the ESSO refinery. Such accuracy is unprecedented for a large Central American earthquake, and makes the Managua earthquake valuable as a calibration event for minimizing the bias in location of other earthquakes in Nicaragua. The character of the distribution of P-wave residuals and the location of the earthquake well inland from the Benioff zone in Nicaragua suggest that much of the bias in epicenters calculated for earthquakes in the vicinity of Managua is due to station effects rather than source effects. P-wave first-motions are consistent with a left-lateral strike-slip fault as the earthquake source.
Catalog of Nicaraguan earthquakes
Authors: Leeds David J. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
A documented catalog of 457 Nicaraguan seismic and volcanic events reported for the 453-year period 1520-1973 is presented. Earthquakes range in size from those that caused the destruction of the former capital at Leon in 1609, 1663 and again in 1885 to instrumentally recorded events of small magnitude. The present capital, Managua, was devastated in 1931 and in 1972. Magnitude ranges have been assigned for all events. Although a large number of shocks are listed with magnitudes of 6.0 and greater, none larger than 7.7 is known. The 64-item bibliography is a comprehensive list of source material on Nicaraguan seismicity.
On the ratio of P-wave to S-wave corner frequencies for shallow earthquake sources
Authors: Dahlen F. A. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
We construct a theoretical three-dimensional kinematical model of shallow-focus earthquake faulting in order to investigate the ratio of the P- and S-wave corner frequencies of the far-field elastic radiation. We attempt to incorporate in this model all of the important gross kinematical features which would arise if ordinary mechanical friction should be the dominant traction resisting fault motion. These features include a self-similar nucleation at a single point, a subsonic spreading of rupture away from that point, and a termination of faulting by smooth deceleration. We show that the ratio of the P-wave corner frequency to the S-wave corner frequency for any model which has these features will be less than unity at all points on the focal sphere.
A note on the accuracy of computed ground displacements from strong-motion accelerograms
Authors: Trifunac M. D. , Lee V. W. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
In this paper the accuracy of routine methods for processing strong-motion earthquake accelerograms (Trifunac, 1971, 1972; Hudson et al., 1971) has been tested by comparing displacement curves computed from the twice-integrated accelerograph recordings with displacement curves computed from displacement-meter measurements. The displacement meters have transducers with natural periods typically several seconds long. Agreement is found to be very good, suggesting that the methods used for routine processing of strong-motion accelerograms are quite accurate.
Seismicity and plate tectonics in south Central Alaska
Authors: Van Wormer J. D. , Davies J. , Gedney L. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Hypocenter distribution shows that the Benioff zone associated with the Aleutian arc terminates in interior Alaska some 75 km north of the Denali fault. There appears to be a break in the subducting Pacific plate in the Yentna River-Prince William Sound area which separates two seismically independent blocks, similar to the segmented structure reported for the central Aleutian arc.
Seismic regionalization in North America based on Average Regional Seismic Hazard Index
Authors: Howell B. F. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCumulative Seismic Hazard Index (CSHI) is the logarithm of the sum of the seismic energies experienced at any location. Average Regional Seismic Hazard Index (ARSHI) is the regional average of Cumulative Hazard Index values normalized to 100 years. Both can be expressed in the same units as Mercalli intensity. ARSHI differs from previously proposed measures of seismicity in that it compensates for variations in the completeness of the historic record and for variations in the rate of attenuation of seismic energy with distance. More rapid attenutation of intensity with distance in the West than in the East reduces the difference in hazard between these regions.In North America between 30° and 50° N latitude, ARSHI varies from 8.44 in the Western Nevada to 5.28 in the Canadian Shield and Plains provinces. Since ARSHI is measured on a logarithmic scale, this is a range of a factor of over 1,000 in average energy flux.A trough of low seismicity between areas of high seismicity roughly coincides with areas of recent volcanic activity and high heat flow in parts of the Great Basin, the Columbia Plateau and adjoining areas. This low seismicity is interpreted as possibly being due to weakening of the crustal rocks by higher than normal temperatures. This interpretation would mean that low seismicity in this area is not evidence of a lack of tectonic activity. It is consistent with either a rising convection cell, a branch of the East Pacific Rise system underlying this area, or with igneous upwelling over an old subduction zone.
Reflections, rays, and reverberations
Authors: Kennett B. L. N. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
The connection is established between conventional matrix methods for layered media and the reflection and transmission properties of a single layer. This interrelation is then used to set up an iterative approach to the calculation of reflection and transmission coefficients in multilayered media. This approach lends itself to a ray interpretation and allows estimates of errors involved in taking truncated partial ray expansions to be made. The special effects due to a free surface are also considered.