bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Connecting policy to licensed assisted living communities, introducing health services regulatory analysis
Authors: Smith Lindsey , Carder Paula , Bucy Taylor , Winfree Jaclyn , Brazier Joan F. , Kaskie Brian , Thomas Kali S. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo document dementia‐relevant state assisted living regulations and their changes over time as they pertain to licensed care settings.Data SourcesFor all states, current directories of licensed assisted living communities and state regulations for each year, 2007‐2018, were obtained from state agency websites and Nexis Uni, respectively.Study DesignWe identified multiple types of regulatory classifications for each state and documented the presence or absence of specific dementia care provisions in the regulations for each type by study year. Maps and summary statistics were used to compare results to previous research and document change longitudinally.Data Collection/Extraction MethodsWe used a policy analysis approach to connect communities listed in directories to applicable regulatory text. Then, we employed policy surveillance and question‐based coding to record the presence or absence of specific policies for each classification and study year.Principal FindingsOur team empirically documented provisions requiring dementia‐specific training for administrators and direct care staff, and cognitive impairment screening for each study year. We found that 23 states added one or more of these requirements for one or more license types, but the states that had these provisions for all types of licensed assisted living declined from four to two.ConclusionsWe identified significant, previously undocumented, within‐state policy variation for assisted living licensed settings between 2007 and 2018. Using the regulatory classification instead of the state as the unit of analysis revealed that many policy adoptions were limited to dementia‐designated settings. This suggests that people living with dementia in general assisted living are not afforded the same protections. We call our approach health services regulatory analysis and argue that it has the potential to identify gaps in existing policies, an important endeavor for health services research in assisted living and other care settings.
Bioavailability and antioxidant activity of nanotechnology‐based botanic antioxidants
Authors: Myint Khaing zar , Yu Qiannan , Xia Yongmei , Qing Jiu , Zhu Song , Fang Yun , Shen Jie 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBotanic bioactive substances have issues with their solubility, stability, and oral bioavailability in the application, which could be improved by nanotechnologies. In another hands, green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) with plant extract is also a promising technology for preparation of NPs due to its safety advantage, yet the bioactive botanic substances that could be more than the assistant of the green synthesis of NPs. Based on the above concerns, this review summarized the preparation of botanic NPs with various plant extract, their solubility, stability, and oral bioavailability; specific attention has been paid to the botanic Ag/Au NPs, their capacity of antioxidant, bioavailability, antimicrobial, anti‐inflammatory, and anticancer.
Process optimization and ethanol use for obtaining white and red dragon fruit powder by foam mat drying
Authors: Macedo Leandro Levate , Corrêa Jefferson Luiz Gomes , Araújo Cintia da Silva , Vimercati Wallaf Costa , Pio Leila Aparecida Salles 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDragon fruit shows good sensory and nutritional attributes, but it is also highly perishable. Drying is a unitary operation that promotes the reduction of moisture content, extending the useful life of the product. In this study, the elaboration of white and red dragon fruit powder by foam mat drying was studied with optimization of the proportion of foaming agent and stirring time. The use of ethanol and air temperature were evaluated on drying kinetics, effective moisture diffusivity (Deff), and drying rate (DR). The study was divided into two steps. In the first, density, stability, porosity and overrun foam were evaluated and the optimal condition was determined. For the white and red pulp foams, the optimal conditions were, respectively, 26.88 min and 4.12 kg 100 kg–1 and 23.5 min and 3.44 kg 100 kg–1. In the second step, the foam was subjected to ethanol pretreatment and convective drying (50 or 70 °C). The best condition involved pretreatment and the highest tested temperature, with the shortest drying time and the highest Deff and DR.Practical ApplicationFoam mat drying is a suitable method for drying perishable fruits, such as dragon fruit. The foam properties need to be optimized to ensure the success of the drying process. The ethanol pretreatment and the drying air temperature influence the drying kinetics. Therefore, determining the optimal process conditions is very important.
Enzyme biotechnology development for treating polymers in hydraulic fracturing operations
Authors: Scheffer Gabrielle , Berdugo‐Clavijo Carolina , Sen Arindom , Gieg Lisa M. 
Published: January 2021

SummaryCarboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a polymer used in many different industrial sectors. In the oil and gas industry, CMC is often used during hydraulic fracturing (fracking) operations as a thickening agent for effective proppant delivery. Accumulations of CMC at fracture faces (known as filter cakes) can impede oil and gas recovery. Although chemical oxidizers are added to disrupt these accumulations, there is industrial interest in developing alternative, enzyme‐based treatments. Little is known about CMC biodegradation under fracking conditions. Here, we enriched a methanogenic CMC‐degrading culture and demonstrated its ability to enzymatically utilize CMC under the conditions that typify oil fields. Using the extracellular enzyme fraction from the culture, significant CMC viscosity reduction was observed between 50 and 80˚C, at salinities up to 20% (w/v) and at pH 5–8 compared to controls. Similar levels of viscosity reduction by extracellular enzymes were observed under oxic and anoxic conditions. This proof‐of‐concept study demonstrates that enzyme biotechnology holds great promise as a viable approach to treating CMC filter cakes under oilfield conditions.
A reference‐free approach to analyse RADseq data using standard next generation sequencing toolkits
Authors: Heller Rasmus , Nursyifa Casia , Garcia‐Erill Genís , Salmona Jordi , Chikhi Lounes , Meisner Jonas , Korneliussen Thorfinn Sand , Albrechtsen Anders 
Published: January 2021

AbstractGenotyping‐by‐sequencing methods such as RADseq are popular for generating genomic and population‐scale data sets from a diverse range of organisms. These often lack a usable reference genome, restricting users to RADseq specific software for processing. However, these come with limitations compared to generic next generation sequencing (NGS) toolkits. Here, we describe and test a simple pipeline for reference‐free RADseq data processing that blends de novo elements from STACKS with the full suite of state‐of‐the art NGS tools. Specifically, we use the de novo RADseq assembly employed by STACKS to create a catalogue of RAD loci that serves as a reference for read mapping, variant calling and site filters. Using RADseq data from 28 zebra sequenced to ~8x depth‐of‐coverage we evaluate our approach by comparing the site frequency spectra (SFS) to those from alternative pipelines. Most pipelines yielded similar SFS at 8x depth, but only a genotype likelihood based pipeline performed similarly at low sequencing depth (2–4x). We compared the RADseq SFS with medium‐depth (~13x) shotgun sequencing of eight overlapping samples, revealing that the RADseq SFS was persistently slightly skewed towards rare and invariant alleles. Using simulations and human data we confirm that this is expected when there is allelic dropout (AD) in the RADseq data. AD in the RADseq data caused a heterozygosity deficit of ~16%, which dropped to ~5% after filtering AD. Hence, AD was the most important source of bias in our RADseq data.
Clinical utility of the C‐reactive protein:albumin ratio in non‐small cell lung cancer patients treated with nivolumab
Authors: Araki Taisuke , Tateishi Kazunari , Sonehara Kei , Hirota Shuko , Komatsu Masamichi , Yamamoto Manabu , Kanda Shintaro , Kuraishi Hiroshi , Hanaoka Masayuki , Koizumi Tomonobu 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundNivolumab is a second‐line chemotherapy for non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study explored the impact of clinical biomarkers such as neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio (NLR), C‐reactive protein:albumin ratio (CAR), and modified Glasgow prognostic score on the efficacy and outcome of nivolumab monotherapy in previously treated NSCLC patients.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed advanced or postoperative recurrence of NSCLC in 113 patients in two Japanese facilities from January 2015 to December 2019. Optimal cutoff values of NLR and CAR were assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves predicting death events to conduct regression analysis. Baseline values and values collected eight weeks after nivolumab treatment were measured to investigate time‐series changes of these markers.ResultsThe patients showed median overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS) of 14.0 months and 2.3 months, respectively, with both being significantly longer in patients with partial response (PR) than in patients with progressive disease (PD). Optimal cutoff levels for NLR and CAR were 5.8 and 0.83, with significant decrease in CAR (P = 0.002) from baseline levels in PR patients and significant increase in PD patients. Baseline CAR ≥0.83 was significantly associated with one‐year mortality events and overall survival (OS), and multivariate analysis showed significant association of age ≤70 years, an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score of 2 or 3, and a baseline CAR ≥0.83 with inferior OS.ConclusionsFor second‐line nivolumab therapy, evaluation of baseline CAR and subsequent changes in CAR may be predictive of therapeutic response to nivolumab and long‐term survival in NSCLC patients.Key pointsSignificant findings of the studyThe baseline value of C‐reactive protein:albumin ratio was significantly associated with one‐year mortality and overall survival in non‐small cell lung cancer patients treated with nivolumab.What this study addsTime‐series change of C‐reactive protein:albumin ratio may be useful for predicting the treatment efficacy in patients treated with nivolumab.
Real‐world efficacy of atezolizumab in non‐small cell lung cancer: A multicenter cohort study focused on performance status and retreatment after failure of anti‐PD‐1 antibody
Authors: Furuya Naoki , Nishino Makoto , Wakuda Kazushige , Ikeda Satoshi , Sato Takashi , Ushio Ryota , Tanzawa Shigeru , Sata Masafumi , Ito Kentaro 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundAtezolizumab is a programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) targeted monoclonal antibody that inhibits PD‐L1 interacting with its receptors PD‐1 and B7‐1, thereby enhancing anticancer immunity. Some real‐world efficacy and safety studies of anti‐PD‐1 antibody have been previously reported. However, there have been no reports investigating the efficacy of atezolizumab monotherapy in clinical practice which have focused on performance status and previous anti‐PD‐1 antibody treatment.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed consecutive advanced NSCLC patients who received atezolizumab monotherapy between April 2018 and February 2019 at eight institutions. A total of 152 patients with NSCLC were enrolled in this study.ResultsA total of 38 patients (25%) had already been treated with anti‐PD‐1 treatment (nivolumab or pembrolizumab) before atezolizumab. The median OS and TTF was 384 days (12.8 months) (95% confidence interval [CI]: 206–424), and 42 days (1.4 months) (95% CI: 27–56) in all patients, respectively.ECOG PS 0 had significantly longer OS (median OS; not reached, p < 0.0001) and TTF (median TTF; 63 days, p = 0.012) compared with PS 1 or 2–3. Most retreated patients were unable to continue atezolizumab for a longer period, but seven patients (18.4%) were able to continue atezolizumab over four months as an ICI retreatment.ConclusionsIn previously treated advanced NSCLC patients, atezolizumab monotherapy demonstrated good efficacy and safety regardless of heavily treated patients in real‐world clinical practice, and ECOG PS 0 was a favorable predictive factor. The efficacy of retreatment with atezolizumab was limited but was well tolerated in patients treated with prior anti‐PD‐1 antibody.
Beyond Risk Shifting: The Knowledge‐Transferring Role of Audit Liability Insurers*
Authors: Frank Michele , Maksymov Eldar , Peecher Mark , Reffett Andrew 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTRegulators and researchers tend to focus primarily on the risk‐shifting benefits of audit liability insurance. We obtain field data from the US audit insurance industry (16 interviews and 83 survey responses) to examine whether insurers also possess characteristics favorable to transferring their private risk management knowledge to the audit firms they insure. Possessing such characteristics would enable insurers to use their relative knowledge advantage to provide a benefit to audit firms beyond risk shifting. Thus, examining this issue helps broaden our understanding of insurers' role in auditing. We examine our data through the lens of the knowledge transfer theory and find evidence that audit liability insurers have the motivation and capacity to accumulate and transfer risk management knowledge to the audit firms they insure. We find that audit firms, particularly the small resource‐constrained firms (i.e., non–Big 4 and non‐second‐tier), rely on and benefit from their insurers' risk management knowledge. We also find that insurers transfer such knowledge through multiple mechanisms, including free consultative services, policy premium incentives, and continuing professional education classes. Our results highlight the important role of audit insurers as transferors of risk management knowledge to audit firms. Broadly, our results extend knowledge transfer theory and suggest areas for future research in US and international contexts.
Time to ventilation and success rate of airway devices in microgravity: A randomized crossover manikin‐trial using an underwater setting
Authors: Warnecke Tobias , Dauth Lisa , Ahlbäck Anton , DuCanto James , Fleischhammer Elisabeth , Glatz Carlos , Kerkhoff Steffen , Mathes Alexander , Schmitz Jan , Starck Clement , Thierry Seamus , Hinkelbein Jochen 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundMedical support for space exploration missions must prepare for severe medical events in conditions of microgravity. A key component to managing these events is techniques of airway management. The aim of the present trial is to compare airway management devices in simulated microgravity.MethodsIn this randomized cross‐over trial (RCT), four different devices were compared under simulated microgravity conditions utilizing a neutrally buoyant free‐floating underwater manikin and poolside in normal gravity (control group). The primary endpoint was the successful placement of the airway device. The secondary endpoints were the number of attempts and the duration of each attempt.ResultsA total of 20 participants performed placement of each device in both gravity conditions in an Airway mannequin. The fastest time to initial ventilation in simulated microgravity was possible with the laryngeal tube (18.9 ± 8 seconds) followed by laryngeal mask (20.1 ± 9 seconds). The I‐gel® supraglottic airway device required substantially more time for successful insertion in simulated microgravity (35.4 ± 25 seconds) as did endotracheal tube intubation by direct laryngoscopy (70.4 ± 35 seconds). Simulated microgravity conditions prolonged time to initial ventilation by 3.3 seconds (LM), 3.9 seconds (LT), 19.9 seconds (I‐gel) and 43.1 seconds (endotracheal intubation, ETI) when compared to poolside attempts in normogravity.ConclusionIn simulated microgravity conditions, use of the laryngeal tube or laryngeal mask provided the quickest time to initial ventilation, without deliberate tethering of the mannequin and rescuer to a fixed surface. Endotracheal intubation required significantly longer procedure times and, thus, was considered insufficient for clinical use in microgravity.
The Effectiveness of Alcohol Impact Areas in Reducing Crime in Washington Neighborhoods
Authors: Jones‐Webb Rhonda , Joshi Spruha , Erickson Darin , McKee Patricia , Nelson Toben , Toomey Traci 
Published: January 2021

BackgroundWe evaluated the effectiveness of Alcohol Impact Areas (AIA) in reducing crime around off‐premise alcohol outlets in 3 AIAs in Spokane and Tacoma, Washington, using an interrupted time series design with comparison groups. AIAs only exist in Washington and include designated areas in a city where specific brands of malt liquor are restricted. We hypothesized that mandatory restrictions on malt liquor sales in AIAs would be significantly associated with decreases in crime, especially less‐serious crime.MethodsIn Spokane and Tacoma, targets were 3 AIAs and 3 comparison areas with demographically similar neighborhoods without malt liquor restrictions in the same respective city. Nine different crime outcomes were evaluated: Part I selected crimes, Part II selected crimes (further split into nuisance crimes and other Part II crimes), assaults, vandalism, narcotics, disorderly conduct, and all selected crimes combined. Crime was typically compared 3 years prior to and 3 years following policy adoption using time series and negative‐binomial modeling. Separate models were run for each area and each crime.ResultsStudy hypotheses were partially supported. Malt liquor restrictions in AIAs were associated with significant decreases in crime, particularly certain Part II crimes and assaults (simple and aggravated) in 12 of the 23 models. The strength of the observed associations varied by AIA. Average monthly crime counts across all crime categories decreased more in the Tacoma AIA than in Spokane AIAs, and average monthly crime decreased more in Spokane AIA 2 (East Central) than in AIA 1 (Downtown Core). Malt liquor restrictions were significantly associated with increases in disorderly conduct in the Tacoma AIA; the increase, however, was small.ConclusionsFindings suggest that malt liquor policies such as AIAs may be one of a number of tools local officials can use to reduce alcohol‐related crime in cities, especially less‐serious crime.
Skin defenses of North American salamanders against a deadly salamander fungus
Authors: Pereira K. E. , Woodley S. K. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe recently emerged fungal pathogen,Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans(Bsal) causes the lethal skin disease chytridiomycosis in susceptible salamander species and is predicted to emerge within the Americas with devastating consequences. Host responses toBsalare variable but the factors underlying these differences are unknown. To investigate the role of skin‐associated immune defenses againstBsaland the closely related,B. dendrobatidis(Bd), we sampled skin peptides from wild and captive North American salamanders (spotted salamanders [Ambystoma maculatum], n = 10; hellbenders [Cryptobranchus alleganiensis], n = 2; red‐legged salamanders [Plethodon shermani], n = 18;and Ocoee salamanders [Desmognathus ocoee], n = 15) and conductedin vitroexperimental assays to test whether salamander skin peptides inhibit chytrid growth. Interspecies differences in skin defenses againstBsalandBd, and peptide mixtures were also assessed using a standardized measure and RP‐HPLC, respectively. ForA. maculatum, skin peptides inhibitedBsalandBdgrowth, consistent with knownBsalresistance.Cryptobranchus alleganiensisskin peptides inhibited the growth ofBsalbut notBd. Plethodon shermaniandD. ocoeeskin peptides facilitatedBsalgrowth and had either no effect or inconsistent effects onBdgrowth. With the exception ofA. maculatum, most species had relatively weak skin defenses against both chytrid pathogens. Collectively, we demonstrate that salamander skin peptide defenses against chytrid pathogens are highly variable and not always equally effective againstBsalandBd. By advancing knowledge about the factors underlying chytrid susceptibility, particularlyBsal, our findings will help inform conservation initiatives aimed at reducing disease impacts and biodiversity loss.
Propaganda and Skepticism
Authors: Horz Carlo M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractExisting work on propaganda finds that its extremeness and effectiveness vary in sometimes puzzling ways in response to major environmental factors such as repression, diversion, and crisis. Formal models of propaganda generally examine these factors in isolation, rendering a comprehensive understanding difficult; moreover, they often impose rationality assumptions at odds with experimental findings. I propose a behavioral game‐theoretic model of propaganda in which, consistent with psychology research, citizens are cognitively constrained and their skepticism toward propaganda is endogenous. These cognitive constraints generate a trade‐off for the propagandist between motivating extreme action through extreme statements and triggering citizen skepticism. I then incorporate repression, diversion, and crisis into the model. I synthesize, and explain, empirical findings on the relationships between these factors by showing how each affects both the citizen's level of skepticism and the propagandist's calculus.
The role of regional anaesthesia in the emerging subspecialty of onco‐anaesthesia: a state‐of‐the‐art review
Authors: Dockrell L. , Buggy D. J. 
Published: January 2021

SummaryCancer accounts for millions of deaths globally each year, predominantly due to recurrence and metastatic disease. The majority of patients with primary solid organ cancers require surgery, however, some degree of tumour dissemination related to surgery is inevitable. The surgical stress response and associated immunosuppression, pain, inflammation, tissue hypoxia and angiogenesis have all been implicated in promoting tumour survival, proliferation and recurrence. Regional anaesthesia was hypothesised to reduce the surgical stress response and immunosuppression, minimise the need for volatile anaesthesia and reduce pain and opioid requirements, thus mitigating pro‐tumour pathways associated with the peri‐operative period and improving long‐term oncological outcomes. While some retrospective studies suggested an association between regional anaesthesia and reduced cancer recurrence, the first large randomised controlled trial on the effect of anaesthetic technique on cancer outcome found no significant difference between paravertebral regional anaesthesia and volatile anaesthesia with opioid analgesia in patients undergoing breast cancer surgery. Randomised controlled trials on the long‐term oncological outcomes of regional anaesthesia in other tumour types are ongoing. The focus on how peri‐operative interventions, especially regional anaesthesia, during cancer resection surgery, may enhance short‐term recovery and perhaps influence long‐term outcome has spawned the global emergence of the subspecialty of onco‐anaesthesia. This review aims to discuss the most recent evidence on the use of regional anaesthesia in cancer surgery and the significance of its role in onco‐anaesthesia.