bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is the Analects a Sacred Text?
Authors: Cline Erin M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
While many have not regarded the Confucian Analects as a sacred or religious text, the Analects bears the features of a sacred text. Exploring the origins of the word “sacred” and its contemporary usage and connection to words like “religious” and “spiritual,” this chapter treats “sacred” as a family resemblance concept. It explores the various features of the sacred, including those things (rituals, experiences, texts, people, deities) that are worthy of reverence, awe, and solemnity, and that elicit humility and gratitude. Like other sacred texts, the Analects has historically enjoyed an elevated status in a particular tradition and culture. It presents a particular person, Kongzi, not only as a transmitter of teachings but also as an exemplar of them who is worthy of reverence. In addition, the central ideas and teachings of the Analects are deeply sacred in nature.
Spirits and Tian in the Analects
Authors: Cline Erin M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The importance of having reverence for different kinds of spiritual entities or forces is expressed throughout the text of the Analects, and those passages that discuss nature spirits, ancestral spirits, and Tian (“Heaven”) clearly reflect the importance of the sacred. This chapter explores the controversy among scholars of the Analects concerning how to interpret the view that we find in the text concerning different kinds of spirits and the mysterious entity known as Tian (“Heaven”). Through a close textual examination of all of the passages that discuss or mention these entities, and the discussions of traditional and contemporary commentators, this chapter probes distinctions such as theistic/atheistic, transcendent/immanent, and personal/impersonal, which are often used to describe Kongzi’s views on these matters, in order to understand how we ought to describe the distinctive view we find in the text.
Multitopia
Authors: Hazaz-Berger Hagar 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The extensive literature on social protests offers almost no reference to the social protest field as a space of search for a personal meaning. This chapter attempts to explore the questions of searching for personal meaning in a social event, focusing on a central encampment in Tel-Aviv during the summer 2011 social protest in Israel. The findings suggest that people who came to the encampment were raising questions and looking for meaning in a space that allowed them to temporarily wonder outside of their normal life, a space the author describes as a “wondering space.” The people inside this space raise questions and search for meanings through spiritual practices, blurring or ignoring social categories and shaping identities through deconstruction and reconstruction of these categories. The author’s analysis suggests that the search for personal meaning in a social event can provide insights about the cracks in the Zionist utopia, reflecting the need to find personal utopias. This situation is described as “multitopia”—a multiutopian sphere, where every subject is looking for their own personal meaning, trying the bridge the ideological cracks in Israeli society.
The Meaning of Denial
Authors: Beit-Hallahmi Benjamin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Could denial be a source of meaning? The meaning of denying death is clear, and most religions have been doing it for millennia. Claiming an immortal soul and thus denying the annihilation of our individual consciousness is something humans have embraced for more than 100,000 years. This chapter examines a group known as Physical Immortality, that many considered more bizarre than other belief minorities, because it promises its adherents eternal life in the same physical body they are inhabiting in this life. The author’s observations of the group and its members taught him that while the beliefs were indeed unusual, the members were ordinary and normal. It turned out to be an early manifestation of New Age activities in Israel. The group did not develop a distinct identity in its members, which was one reason for its decline. What characterized most followers was a playful openness to building up the self through support, belonging, and positivity, even if expressed in absurdities.
The Zionist Absurd
Authors: Abulof Uriel 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
“If you have your ‘why?’ in life, you can get along with almost any ‘how?,’ ” argued Friedrich Nietzsche. Does the same apply to societies seeking meaning to ensure their collective existence? This chapter submits that it does, engaging contemporary Israel. The author argues that the political pursuit of moral meaning amounts to existential legitimation, or “nomization,” which can boost the nation’s resilience but, if failed, may end in an impasse of meaning, a political absurd. Israel has grown strong in many respects but existential fears, which have characterized Zionism from its onset, have not subsided. These existential fears and freedom—the realization of Zionism as but one solution to the modern Jewish condition—prompted Zionists to seek existential legitimation to the Jewish state. However, a growing sense that “the whole world is against us no matter what” has engendered the “Zionist absurd,” believing all Israel’s legitimation efforts are doomed, and thus substituting bad faith—essentialism, determinism, and fatalism—for freedom.
Conclusion
Authors: Lee Christina H. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This conclusion recapitulates the findings of the investigations of the previous chapters and offers possibilities for further research. It reinforces the notion that the examined santos were widely embraced by their followers during the early Spanish period because their devotions embedded narratives that memorialized the violent history of the loss of their land, the unbinding of their community, and, most grievously, the assault on their spiritual practices. The key legends and miracles that popularized the devotions to these saints all recall, in one way or another, specific events or circumstances in which a community believed it was subjected to indefensible harm.
Introduction
Authors: Lee Wayne E. , Preston David L. , Silbey David , Carlson Anthony E. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Introduces the problem of intercultural combat and how it changes the individual experience of battle. It also defines the partly overlapping categories of asymmetrical, unconventional, or irregular warfare. Intercultural warfare is a clash of mindsets as much as weapons. Intercultural combat defies expectations, and frequently presents a problem in sustaining a winning strategic narrative, since the two sides’ definitions of victory differ. This introduction sets the stage with a brief look at the colonial period and the role of Indians as “unexpected enemies.” In general Americans have always thought about war as likely to be against someone culturally similar. In reality, most American wars have been against cultural “others.”
Interlude I
Authors: Lee Wayne E. , Preston David L. , Silbey David , Carlson Anthony E. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Outlines the changes in military technology and army composition in the United States between the end of the French and Indian War and the Spanish American War in 1898. In contrast to the usual focus on the Amerian Civil War, this chapter points out that the majority of American wars were fought by small numbers of regulars, supplemented by state volunteers, and were generally in the service of expanding American territory across the continent. Both before and after the cataclysm of the Civil War the vast majority of conflicts that the United States engaged in were against Native Americans. The war against Spain in 1898 merely marked the overseas extension of those ambitions. Even so, the tiny standing army failed to institutionalize the lessons of such wars and continued to focus on expected enemies: a European invasion.
The Battle of Manila, February 4–5, 1899
Authors: Lee Wayne E. , Preston David L. , Silbey David , Carlson Anthony E. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Narrates the fighting between Filipino insurrectos and the American regular and volunteer troops deployed to the Philippines to fight the Spanish. Spanish surrender and American ambitions ultimately led to a conventional battle on the outskirts of Manila. The Battle of Manila marked a turning point in intercultural war. A conventional battle waged using symmetrical tactics, it was one of the encounters that showed decisively that, with some exceptions, non-western forces could no longer stand on the battlefield against a western power. In the battle itself, American racist attitudes combined with experience fighting Indians to dominate American tactics and the soldiers’ experience of combat. For their part, Filipino forces were defined in many ways by the patron system through which they were recruited, which undermined the overall cohesion and effectiveness of their army. The Americans won decisively at Manila, but then struggled to adapt when the Filipinos turned to guerrilla warfare.
Interlude II
Authors: Lee Wayne E. , Preston David L. , Silbey David , Carlson Anthony E. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Outlines the changes in military technology and army composition in the United States between the end of the the Spanish American War in 1898 and the end of the Cold War. Examines continued institutional military resistance to incorporating counterinsurgency or irregular war into its training and doctrine, despite repeated experiences with it around the world. Includes a brief examination of intercultural combat in the Vietnam War and then the deliberate forgetting of those lessons during the next two decades.
Makuan/Operation Dragon Strike, September 15–17, 2010
Authors: Lee Wayne E. , Preston David L. , Silbey David , Carlson Anthony E. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Narrates the American and Taliban experience of combat in the village of Makuan, during Operation DRAGON STRIKE, in the Zhari district of southern Afghanistan. Although by 2010 American troops were accustomed to Taliban tactics and the intercultural quality of combat in Afghanistan, and had developed exquisitely refined force packages and tactics in order to both destroy Taliban forces and try to win over Afghan villagers, the fight at Makuan shows how the experience of combat continued to challenge American hopes. Taliban use of IEDs generated casualties, introduced chaotic skirmishes, and disrupted the fragile working relationship of US forces and their Afghan National Army (ANA) allies.
The Other Face of Battle
Authors: Lee Wayne E. , Preston David L. , Silbey David , Carlson Anthony E. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Concludes the book by examining the consistent American experience of fighting intercultural and generally unexpected wars. In each case Americans have begun those wars generally dismissivenes of their opponent’s abilities, but have ended up depending on them as auxiliaries. Strategically speaking, American application of “more,” in the sense of more firepower, bigger guns, more exquisite technology, and so on, has not always equated to success. The experience of intercultural combat has also likely generated greater and more persistent individual psychic trauma among veterans. Lastly, despite the depth and breadth of this experience, the American institutional military is again turning away from the lessons of intercultural, asymmetric warfare, and focusing on future conventional combat against peer enemy states in “Large Scale Combat Operations” or LSCO. This continued focus on “expected” wars defies the historical evidence of unexpected enemies.
Luke’s Story, Part 1
Authors: Myers Alicia D. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the first of Luke’s two volumes, the Gospel. This chapter begins with a basic historical overview, giving attention to the growing consensus of interpreting Theophilus as a patron of Luke and Acts. The chapter then notes hierarchies of human traits in the Roman world, including class, gender, and bodies, before discussing how Luke uses and subverts these elements. Luke uses the ancient virtue of hospitality, important to the wider Greco-Roman world, but especially manifested in Abrahamic traditions in Jewish contexts. Luke employs Abrahamic themes to show God’s inclusion of humanity in the Kingdom. The chapter provides a literary overview of the Gospel before examining the major themes of special beginnings (Luke 1:5–58), Jesus’s inaugural teaching and mission to the marginalized, and Jesus’s death as a martyr that leads to his resurrection and ascension. It ends with a section on how the Gospel transitions into Acts.
John’s Story
Authors: Myers Alicia D. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines John’s Gospel with some mention of 1–3 John and discusses theories of the Johannine community. After noting its basic background, the chapter pays special attention to the way John focuses on rightly recognizing Jesus, connecting this motif to other recognition type-scenes in ancient literature and the focus on discerning truth or wisdom in Hellenistic philosophies. The chapter offers brief definitions of major philosophical schools of thought and compares them to Jewish wisdom traditions. The focus on recognizing Jesus establishes the foundation for the Gospel’s extensive irony and intra-Jewish polemic. After a literary overview, the chapter explores key passages and themes including the prologue, Jesus’s signs and speeches, the problem of misrecognition and troubling characterization of the Jews, and Jesus’s death and resurrection. The chapter ends with a discussion of how debates over Jesus’s identity persist in contemporary contexts.
Apocryphal Gospels and Acts
Authors: Myers Alicia D. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the continuing traditions of Christian writing in the apocryphal gospels and acts. Framed as part of the larger discussion of canon development, this chapter presents canonization as a process rather than an event and shows how extrabiblical works give insight into early Christian interpretations of Jesus and his earliest followers. As a type of fan fiction, the apocryphal writings illustrate early appreciation for the canonical Gospels and Acts as well as the variety of ways Christians applied these traditions in new contexts and times. Rather than exploring all these writings, this chapter introduces significant apocryphal gospels (Infancy Gospel of Thomas, Protoevangelium of James, Gospel of Thomas, portions of the Pilate Cycle, Gospel of Peter, Gospel of Mary) and the most popular apocryphal acts (Acts of Paul including the Acts of Thecla, Acts of Peter, Acts of John, Acts of Andrew, Acts of Thomas).
Economics Lessons in History with Alexander Hamilton
Authors: Ruebeck Christopher S. , Lodge Mary Jo 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
There are two significant American economic stories to tell in Hamilton, both of which are woven through the personal story of Hamilton’s life and his duel with Burr, and both of which connect to the popularity of the musical: international trade and America’s credit. Those two larger topics remain important to today’s economists, economic policy makers, students of economics, and, indeed, all citizens. Intertwined with international trade is interpersonal trade, a subject to which Hamilton also contributed. A country’s credit has importance internationally as well as within its borders, in its connection to the structure of the banking system. This chapter examines how these economic concepts played out in Hamilton’s life as depicted in Chernow’s biography and how they are depicted in the musical. The musical has provided a means for audiences to better understand how the government affects the economics of the individual.
A “Model” American Musical
Authors: Liu Sissi 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter submits three properties that define Hamilton as a model American musical. First, it is a model cultural commodity on multiple political fronts: rendering race ambiguous, it appeals to the typical Broadway audience; promoting utopian fantasies, it enchants the underprivileged. Second, it puts forth a model history education tool that lauds white Founding Fathers, applauds American exceptionalism, and downplays atrocities suffered by its disenfranchised people. Last but not least, Hamilton facilitates the rise of model minorities—the elitist people-of-color who thrive in a neoliberal society where individuals do not necessarily operate on a level playing field. This essay proposes the term “model minorities”—both a critique of and reparation to “model minority,” a problematic term coined to refer to Asian Americans in the 1960s, to elucidate the key relationship between Hamilton and the minority population in the times of neoliberalism.
Hamilton and the Liminal Director
Authors: Kenny Alan Patrick , Lodge Mary Jo 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores how Thomas Kail, as director, has nurtured and developed Lin-Manuel Miranda’s work, while simultaneously serving as an interpreter, editor, dramaturg, and cheerleader, and, indeed, as a liminal space between Miranda as actor and Miranda as writer. While many of these functions are standard today for directors of new work, and typically date back for musicals to directing greats like Jerome Robbins, Kail fulfilled all of these functions with the added challenge of Miranda as star. This essay explores how both Miranda’s and Kail’s shared history, and Kail’s reliance on the same collaborators from show to show has fostered his successful interactions with Miranda. It also examines how Kail shaped the development of Hamilton, as Miranda was writing it, and how Kail’s collaborative style and focus on script analysis can provide a model for future directors of musicals in development, particularly when working with a writer-performer.
Revolutionary Movement
Authors: Martincich Dustyn 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores Andy Blankenbuehler’s revolutionary use of ensemble choreography for Hamilton. By rethinking traditional functions of dance in musical theater productions, Blankenbuehler mobilizes the ensemble to drive the narrative by activating the liminal spaces in and between scenes to synthesize the score, movement, and design elements. Blankenbuehler’s choreography employs dance to define or give texture to transitions and fills narrative gaps in time and space. As Hamilton’s ensemblists move between portraying abstract emotional entities and portraying actual characters in the story, their movement becomes the primary indicator of the passage of time and connects necessary storytelling elements. Blankenbuehler’s choreographic choices in movement vocabulary, spatial composition, and styles that fuse dance genres, deems ensemblists vital in threading Hamilton’s visual, physical, lyrical, and rhythmic narrative together while engaging audiences with an effortless suggestion of spectacle.
Telling the Story of Hamilton in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Hawkins Ella 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The design for the original Broadway production of Hamilton has played a crucial role in establishing a relationship between the musical’s historical narrative and its thoroughly modern musical styles and notably diverse casting. Devised as “[p]eriod from the neck down, modern from the neck up,” Paul Tazewell’s costume design simultaneously represents the past and reflects the present. This chapter uses visual evidence (costume designs, photographs, and video recordings) and information from a new interview with Tazewell to locate the points at which historical and modern aesthetics intersect to tell the story of Hamilton. It explores how the costume design for the Broadway production functions as a storytelling device, creating an onstage world that straddles the eighteenth and twenty-first centuries. It then considers how variations in the tension between these eras contribute to the construction of specific characters in the musical.
Early Peopling of the Americas
Authors: Fuente Constanza de la , Moreno-Mayar J. Víctor , Raghavan Maanasa 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Our current understanding of the early peopling of the Americas includes sources, numbers, timings, and routes of the early migrations into the Americas. This knowledge is held primarily in light of recent genome-wide ancient DNA studies. Within the Americas, models of the diversification of founder population(s) and past population structure are informed by ancient DNA from the continents. Finally, in ongoing and future research initiatives, there is a need for active community engagement and partnerships to ensure inclusivity and long-term sustainability.
Mitochondrial DNA Analysis and Pre-Hispanic Maya Migrations
Authors: Muñoz-Moreno Maria de Lourdes , Ochoa-Lugo Mirna Isabel , Pérez-Ramírez Gerardo , Beaty Kristine G. , Meza Adrián Martínez , Crawford Michael H. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The Maya civilization developed in Mesoamerica persisted approximately 3,000 years and was one of the most advanced of its time. Mayas had the only known full writing system, as well as highly developed mathematical and astronomical systems. They also developed sophisticated architecture and arts. The Maya area of settlement ranged from the Yucatan Peninsula through Guatemala, Belize, and part of the Mexican states of Tabasco and Chiapas, as well as parts of Honduras and El Salvador. The Maya civilization reached its peak of power and influence in the Preclassic period, from 2000 BCE to 250 CE. Despite the profound impact of the Mayan civilization on Mesoamerica and neighboring populations, studies of genetic variation of ancient Maya populations in pre-European times are scarce. Therefore, this work examines evidence in ancient DNA from archaeological sites in the states of Yucatan, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, and Tabasco. We report data analysis from sequences of the mtDNA hypervariable region I (HV1) from bone remains found in excavations of archaeological sites of the Maya region and their relationship with ancient and contemporary communities in this region, including Central and South America, as well as with Asia and Beringia. We discuss the results in the light of the influence of climate change in the area and relate them to evidence from language change. Gene flow within the Maya area occurred with a directional flow to South America in the Preclassic and Classic eras of the Mesoamerican chronology. This is supported by historical documentation, that has shown that the ancestors of the Maya civilization entered the Yucatan Peninsula after the first movement of people from Northern Asia into the Americas, with later migrations of the Maya ancestors to Mesoamerica, through Central America and the Caribbean, and toward the northern portions of South America.
Diversity of Mexican Paternal Lineages Reflects Evidence of Migration and 500 Years of Admixture
Authors: Gómez R. , Schurr T. G. , Meraz-Ríos M. A. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This study examined Y-chromosome variation in 1614 mestizo Mexican males from different geographic regions to delineate the indigenous and colonial history of Mexico. The findings reveal a great diversity of paternal lineages within Mexican males, as well as a limited number of shared haplotypes among them. Native American haplogroups Q-L54 and Q-M3 were observed at varying frequencies in mestizos, and haplogroups of African origin were found at very low frequencies. On the other hand, we noted a significant genetic contribution from Spanish populations, in particular those from the Andalusian, Catalonian, and Basque regions of the Iberian Peninsula. In addition, we identified genetic contributions from Sephardic Jewish, North African, and Middle Eastern males to the mestizo Y-chromosome diversity, as well as genetic influences from the circum-Mediterranean regions of Spain. The results of this analysis provide new insights into the genetic landscape of the Mexican population and reveal important details about the sources of its genetic richness.