bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In search of the optimal enrichment program for zoo‐housed animals
Authors: Podturkin Aleksei A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractZoo‐housed animals are regularly exposed to new forms of environmental enrichment to make their lives less predictable. However, providing new enrichment can have unpredictable effects. We evaluated the effectiveness of two enrichment regimes: (1) providing only new enrichments – “Novelty” and (2) only familiar enrichments – “Familiar.” In this case study, enrichment efficacy was assessed using activity budget analysis and novel object tests. The subjects were two focal animals: the golden jackal (Canis aureus) and the European badger (Meles meles). Our results suggest that both assessment methods provided similar conclusions about the animal's welfare. The “Familiar” treatment significantly increased activity and decreased abnormal behavior in the jackal's activity budget, who avoided novel objects in her baseline novel object test. The Novelty treatment resulted in the growth of time the jackal spent in the moat instead of the main enclosure, and an increase in avoidance and abnormal behaviors. In contrast, the badger demonstrated a high intensity of exploratory behavior in the baseline novel object test, and both regimes led to an increase in the activity budget of the badger. We propose that a stable, but complex enrichment can be an effective robust tool to increase animal welfare, but its efficacy depends on the novelty preference of individual animals. A novel object test can be a rapid tool to assess individual animals' novelty preferences, and this information may help to choose optimal enrichment regimes for individual animals.
How the Science of HIV Treatment-as-Prevention Restructured PEPFAR’s Strategy: The Case for Scaling up ART in ‘Epidemic Control’ Countries
Authors: Whitacre Ryan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe clinical logics of TasP shaped PEPFAR’s latest strategic initiative to achieve ‘epidemic control’ including the organisation’s use of metrics for evaluating performance, and decisions for allocating funds to specific programs and countries. TasP was conceptualised as an ‘evidence-based’ solution for effectively treating and preventing HIV, which could be consistently measured and reported on, however its ability to produce the right kinds of evidence remained abstract and hypothetical. The effects of TasP have also been evident in the budget since PEPFAR launched the strategy to achieve ‘epidemic control’. Whereas under previous initiatives to ‘lead to the global response’ to the epidemic, PEPFAR supported a wider variety of program areas, including by strengthening health systems, under the strategy of epidemic control PEPFAR has prioritised treatment programs over and above all others. TasP also justified disproportionate spending on a subset of countries. By adopting the clinical logics of TasP, PEPFAR justified spending on a limited number of programmes in a small set of countries that could produce what it defined as the right kinds of outcomes, and laid the groundwork for the retreat of US foreign aid.
Key Technologies of Sovereignty Network
Authors: Li Hui , Yang Xin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn order to realize all functions of the sovereignty network while guarantee the security at the same time, what key technologies should be used in the architecture? This chapter will elaborate on the key technologies of the sovereignty network. Firstly, on application layer, we proposed a large-scale multilateral managed consortium blockchain technology named as Proof of Vote to construct the multi-identifier system (MIS) for all nations in the world to jointly and equally co-manage the top-level identifiers, which assures the intercommunication between different nations. Meanwhile, each nation owns autonomy on low-level identifiers of its corresponding top-level identifiers, which reflects independent of cyberspace sovereignty. Then, we proposed some efficient algorithms to support inter-translating and addressing for multi-identifier and huge size of hundred billion identifiers, together with the hyperbolic routing scheme forming the core technologies of network layer in MIN Architecture. Technologies for guaranteeing privacy, security, and transmission control, etc. were also presented.
Coronagraben in Switzerland: culture and social distancing in times of COVID-19
Authors: Deopa Neha , Fortunato Piergiuseppe 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSocial distancing measures help contain the spread of COVID-19, but actual compliance has varied substantially across space and time. We ask whether cultural differences underlie this heterogeneity using mobility data across Switzerland between February and December 2020. We find that German-speaking cantons decreased their mobility for non-essential activities significantly less than French-speaking cantons. However, we find no such significant differences for bilingual cantons. Contrary to the evidence in the literature, we find that within the Swiss context, high trusting areas exhibited a smaller decline in mobility. Additionally, cantons supporting a limited role of the state in matters of welfare also experienced a smaller reduction in mobility.
Semigroups and evolutionary equations
Authors: Trostorff Sascha 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe show how strongly continuous semigroups can be associated with evolutionary equations. For doing so, we need to define the space of admissible history functions and initial states. Moreover, the initial value problem has to be formulated within the framework of evolutionary equations, which is done by using the theory of extrapolation spaces. The results are applied to two examples. First, differential-algebraic equations in infinite dimensions are treated and it is shown, how a $$C_{0}$$

C
0

-semigroup can be associated with such problems. In the second example we treat a concrete hyperbolic delay equation.
Higher Socioeconomic Status is Associated with Improved Outcomes After Obesity Surgery Among Women in Germany
Authors: Wagner Jonas , Zanker Nicola , Duprée Anna , Mann Oliver , Izbicki Jakob , Wolter Stefan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundLow socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with an increased prevalence of obesity. It is unknown whether SES influences the outcome after bariatric surgery in Germany. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate whether the SES is linked with an inferior outcome after bariatric surgery.MethodsWe included all patients who underwent bariatric surgery in our university hospital from 2012–2014. Net income was estimated by matching the zip codes of patient residency with the region‐specific purchasing power index. We analyzed the relationship between SES, weight loss and remission of comorbidities.ResultsWe included 559 patients in this study and detected a mean 5‐year percentage excess weight loss (%EWL) of 52.3%. We detected a significantly lower initial body mass index (BMI) and weight in patients with a higher income. One year after surgery, we did not find a significant difference. Further analysis revealed that only women with a higher income had a significantly lower BMI and weight 3 and 5 years after surgery.ConclusionsBariatric surgery is beneficial for all patients regardless of income. Furthermore, we demonstrated that women with high SES have a better outcome after bariatric surgery.
Romiplostim in children with newly diagnosed or persistent primary immune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Grainger John D. , Kühne Thomas , Hippenmeyer Jane , Cooper Nichola 
Published: July 2021

AbstractImmune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a disease of heterogenous origin characterized by low platelet counts and an increased bleeding tendency. Three disease phases have been described: newly diagnosed (≤ 3 months after diagnosis), persistent (> 3–12 months after diagnosis), and chronic (> 12 months after diagnosis). The majority of children with ITP have short-lived disease and will not need treatment. For children with newly diagnosed ITP, who have increased bleeding symptoms, short courses of steroids are recommended. In children who do not respond to first-line treatment or who become steroid dependent, thrombopoietin receptor agonists (TPO-RAs) are recommended because of their efficacy and safety profiles. In this narrative review, we evaluate the available evidence on the use of the TPO-RA romiplostim to treat children with newly diagnosed or persistent ITP and identify data from five clinical trials, five real-world studies, and a case report. While the data are more limited for children with newly diagnosed ITP than for persistent ITP, the collective body of evidence suggests that romiplostim is efficacious in increasing platelet counts in children with newly diagnosed or persistent ITP and may result in long-lasting treatment-free responses in some patients. Furthermore, romiplostim was found to be well tolerated in the identified studies. Collectively, the data suggest that earlier treatment with romiplostim may help children to avoid the side effects associated with corticosteroid use and reduce the need for subsequent treatment.
Swirl–nozzle interaction experiment: quasi-steady model-based analysis
Authors: Hirschberg Lionel , Bake Friedrich , Knobloch Karsten , Rudolphi Angelo , Kruck Sebastian , Klose Oliver , Hulshoff Steven J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMeasurements of sound due to swirl–nozzle interaction are presented. In the experiment a swirl structure was generated by means of unsteady tangential injection into a steady swirl-free flow upstream from a choked convergent–divergent nozzle. Ingestion of swirl by the choked nozzle caused a mass-flow rate change, which resulted in a downstream-measured acoustic response. The downstream acoustic pressure was found to remain negative as long as the swirl is maintained and reflections from the open downstream pipe termination do not interfere. The amplitude of this initial acoustic response was found to be proportional to the square of the tangential mass-flow rate used to generate swirl. When the tangential injection valve was closed, the mass-flow rate through the nozzle increased, resulting in an increase of the downstream acoustic pressure. This increase in signal was compared to the prediction of an empirical quasi-steady model, constructed from steady-state flow measurements. As the opening time of the valve was varied, the signal due to swirl evacuation showed an initial overshoot with respect to quasi-steady behavior, after which it gradually decayed to quasi-steady behavior for tangential injection times long compared to the convection time in the pipe upstream of the nozzle. This demonstrates that the acoustic signal can be used to obtain quantitative information concerning the time dependence of the swirl in the system. This could be useful for understanding the dynamics of flow in engines with swirl-stabilized combustion.
Graphic abstract
Patient assessment and feasibility of treatment in older patients with cancer: results from the IN-GHO® Registry
Authors: Honecker Friedemann , Huschens Susanne , Angermund Ralf , Kallischnigg Gerd , Freier Werner , Friedrich Christoph , Hartung Gerold , Lutz† Arnulf , Otremba Burkhard , Pientka Ludger , Späth-Schwalbe Ernst , Kolb Gerald , Bokemeyer Carsten , Wedding Ulrich ,   the Initiative Geriatrische Hämatologie und Onkologie (IN-GHO®).
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Predicting feasibility of treatment in older patients with cancer is a major clinical task. The Initiative Geriatrische Hämatologie und Onkologie (IN-GHO®) registry prospectively collected data on the comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA), physician’s and patient’s-self assessment of fitness for treatment, and the course of treatment in patients within a treatment decision aged ≥ 70 years.

Patients and methods
The registry included 3169 patients from 93 centres and evaluated clinical course and treatment outcomes 2–3 and 6 months after initial assessment. Fitness for treatment was classified as fit, compromised and frail according to results of a CGA, and in addition by an experienced physician’s and by patient’s itself. Feasibility of treatment (termed IN-GHO®-FIT) was defined as a composite endpoint, including willingness to undergo the same treatment again in retrospect, no modification or unplanned termination of treatment, and no early mortality (within 90 days).

Results
CGA classified 30.0% as fit, 35.8% as compromised, and 34.2% as frail. Physician’s and patient’s-self assessment classified 61.8%/52.3% as fit, 34.2%/42.4% as compromised, and 3.9%/5.3%, as frail, respectively. Survival status at day 180 was available in 2072 patients, of which 625 (30.2%) had died. After 2–3 months, feasibility of treatment could be assessed in 1984 patients. 62.8% fulfilled IN-GHO®-FIT criteria. Multivariable analysis identified physician’s assessment as the single most important item regarding feasibility of treatment.

Conclusion
Geriatricians were involved in 2% of patients only. Classification of fitness for treatment by CGA, and physician’s or patient’s-self assessment showed marked discrepancies. For the prediction of feasibility of treatment no single item was superior to physician’s assessment. However CGA was not performed by trained geriatricians.
Encoding Two-Dimensional Range Top-k Queries
Authors: Jo Seungbum , Lingala Rahul , Satti Srinivasa Rao 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe consider the problem of encoding two-dimensional arrays, whose elements come from a total order, for answering $${\text{Top-}}{k}$$

Top-
k

queries. The aim is to obtain encodings that use space close to the information-theoretic lower bound, which can be constructed efficiently. For an $$m \times n$$

m
×
n

array, with $$m \le n$$

m
≤
n

, we first propose an encoding for answering 1-sided $${\textsf {Top}}{\text {-}}k{}$$

Top
-
k

queries, whose query range is restricted to $$[1 \dots m][1 \dots a]$$

[
1
⋯
m
]
[
1
⋯
a
]

, for $$1 \le a \le n$$

1
≤
a
≤
n

. Next, we propose an encoding for answering for the general (4-sided) $${\textsf {Top}}{\text {-}}k{}$$

Top
-
k

queries that takes $$(m\lg {{(k+1)n \atopwithdelims ()n}}+2nm(m-1)+o(n))$$

(
m
lg

(
k
+
1
)
n

n

+
2
n
m

(
m
-
1
)

+
o

(
n
)

)

bits, which generalizes the joint Cartesian tree of Golin et al. [TCS 2016]. Compared with trivial $$O(nm\lg {n})$$

O
(
n
m
lg
n
)

-bit encoding, our encoding takes less space when $$m = o(\lg {n})$$

m
=
o
(
lg
n
)

. In addition to the upper bound results for the encodings, we also give lower bounds on encodings for answering 1 and 4-sided $${\textsf {Top}}{\text {-}}k{}$$

Top
-
k

queries, which show that our upper bound results are almost optimal.
Profitability of farm-scale management strategies against the boll weevil in the tropics: case study from the Colombian Caribbean
Authors: Burbano-Figueroa Oscar , Sierra-Monroy Alexandra , Whitney Cory , Borgemeister Christian , Luedeling Eike 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDecision making in pest management is a challenging task. While pest dynamics are often quite uncertain, such decisions are often based on tenuous assumptions of certainty (economic injury levels and marginal utility approximations). To overcome such assumptions and adequately consider uncertainty, we apply decision analysis to evaluate management strategies used by farmers in the Colombian Caribbean against the boll weevil (BW). We represent the decision to protect the crop using partial budget analysis. This allows us to capture key properties of BW control strategies, while accounting for uncertainty about pest infestation pressure, control effectiveness and cotton yield and price. Our results indicate that proactive pest management is more efficient than reactive control given the current BW infestation pressure. However, farmers may prefer the reactive strategy, since they have experienced seasons with low infestation pressure where no insecticide applications were required. The proactive strategy, in contrast, requires scheduled pesticide applications in all years. Results show that in seasons with high infestation pressure the expected revenues of the reactive strategy tend to decrease, mainly because more spray applications are required when fields are heavily infested by the weevil. Value of information analysis revealed that uncertainties related to the start of the infestation, loss damage rate and attainable yield have the greatest influence on the decision recommendation for crop protection. Narrowing these key knowledge gaps may offer additional clarity on the performance of the current management strategies and provide guidance for the development of strategies to reduce insecticide use. This is particularly important for the promotion of the proactive strategy, which, under the current infestation pressure, has potential to reduce insecticide use. While economic injury levels can only be applied to responsive measures, our approach of partial budget analysis under uncertainty allows us to assess and compare both responsive and preventive measures in the same methodological framework. This framework can be extended to non-pesticide control measures.
The Influence of Slopes of Isolated Three-Dimensional Valleys on Near-Surface Turbulence
Authors: Freitas Sylvio , Harms Frank , Leitl Bernd 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMotivated by a limited understanding of how valleys affect near-surface turbulence, characterizations of neutrally stable atmospheric-boundary-layer flows over isolated valleys are presented. In particular, the influence of the slopes of the three-dimensional ridges that form the idealized valleys are investigated. Flows over three distinct symmetric valley geometries were modelled in a large boundary-layer wind tunnel. For each valley geometry, the high-resolution measurements from the crests of each of the ridges and the midpoint between them are compared with an undisturbed moderately rough classed boundary-layer flow over flat terrain with homogeneous surface roughness. Flow separation originates above the crests of the first ridges of all geometries and generates recirculation zones. These are characterized by slope-dependent increases in three-dimensional near-surface turbulence when compared with the attached flows further upstream. The recirculation zones longitudinally extend to roughly half the valley width. Above the crests of the second ridges, the longitudinal velocity component decreases and turbulence intensity increases when compared with the flows above the crests of the first ridges. Results also exhibit significant increases of turbulence above the inner-valley regions of all geometries.
Breast cancer incidence and early diagnosis in a family history risk and prevention clinic: 33-year experience in 14,311 women
Authors: Evans D. Gareth , Howell Sacha J. , Gandhi Ashu , van Veen Elke M. , Woodward Emma R. , Harvey James , Barr Lester , Wallace Andrew , Lalloo Fiona , Wilson Mary , Hurley Emma , Lim Yit , Maxwell Anthony J. , Harkness Elaine F. , Howell Anthony 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Women at increased familial breast cancer risk have been offered screening starting at an earlier age and increased frequency than national Screening Programmes for over 30 years. There are limited data on longer-term largescale implementation of this approach on cancer diagnosis.

Methods
Women at our institution at ≥ 17% lifetime breast cancer risk have been offered enhanced screening with annual mammography starting at age 35 or 5-years younger than youngest affected relative, with upper age limit 50 for moderate and 60 for high-risk. Breast cancer pathology, stage and receptor status were assessed as well as survival from cancer diagnosis by Kaplan–Meier analysis.

Results
Overall 14,311 women were seen and assessed for breast cancer risk, with 649 breast cancers occurring in 129,119 years follow up (post-prevalent annual incidence = 4.55/1000). Of 323/394 invasive breast cancers occurring whilst on enhanced screening, most were lymph-node negative (72.9%), T1 (≤ 20 mm, 73.2%) and stage-1 (61.4%), 126/394 stage2–4 (32%). 10-year breast cancer specific survival was 91.3% (95% CI 87.4–94.0) better than the 75.9% (95% CI 74.9–77.0) published for England in 2013–2017. As expected, survival was significantly better for women with screen detected cancers (p < 0.001). Ten-year survival was particularly good for those diagnosed ≤ 40 at 93.8% (n = 75; 95% CI 84.2–97.6). Women with lobular breast cancers had worse 10-year survival at 85.9% (95% CI 66.7–94.5). Breast cancer specific survival was good for 119 BRCA1/2 carriers with 20-year survival in BRCA1:91.2% (95% CI 77.8–96.6) and 83.8% (62.6–93.5) for BRCA2.

Conclusions
Targeted breast screening in women aged 30–60 years at increased familial risk is associated with good long-term survival that is substantially better than expected from population data.
Market Structure and Financial Stability: the Interaction between Profit-Oriented and Mutual Cooperative Banks in Italy
Authors: Amendola Adalgiso , Barra Cristian , Boccia Marinella , Papaccio Anna 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this study, we analyze the relation between market structure and financial stability both theoretically and empirically by considering two types of agents: profit-oriented banks and mutual cooperative banks in the context of Italy. The main findings show that under the condition that mutual cooperative banks are not dominated by borrowers, there is an inverted U-shaped relation in which a less concentrated market structure increases stability for both types of banks but a more concentrated market structure reduces it.
Factors shaping economics of land use change in Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan
Authors: Ali Amjad , Ali Ghulam , Shah Ghulam Muhammad , Shah Attaullah , Karim Rehmat , Joshi Srijana , Ali Karamat , Khan Babar 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSustainable land use is one of the emergent mountain concerns which requires immediate policy and regulatory attention. This study examines land use change and land prices at three different 5-yearly intervals: 2019, 2014 and 2009 respectively in three urbanizing districts of Gilgit-Baltistan Pakistan. Empirical evidences are gathered by using mixed-method approaches. Findings of the study suggest that households’ land holdings of cultivated and uncultivated patches have declined significantly whereas, built-up area continued to rise over the years. Simultaneously, value of land in the urban centers has increased exponentially. As a result, sustainability of future economic benefits and ecosystem health becomes a major challenge for local community and policy makers. Therefore, this study recommends effective and sustainable land use planning with the emphasis on legislation, policy making, judicious and healthy use of ecosystem services and local ownership synced with customary laws and traditional knowledge.
Cerebellar Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled Pilot Study
Authors: Akremi Haifa , Hamel Raphaël , Dumas Anne , Camden Chantal , Corriveau Hélène , Lepage Jean-Francois 
Published: July 2021

AbstractEvidence-based therapeutic options for children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) are scarce. This work explored the effects of cerebellar anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (atDCS) on three 48 h-apart motor sequence learning and upper limb coordination sessions in children with DCD. The results revealed that, as compared to a Sham intervention (n = 10), cerebellar atDCS (n = 10) did not meaningfully improve execution speed but tended to reduce the number of execution errors during motor sequence learning. However, cerebellar atDCS did neither meaningfully influence offline learning nor upper limb coordination, suggesting that atDCS’ effects are circumscribed to its application duration. These results suggest that cerebellar atDCS could have beneficial effects as a complementary therapeutic tool for children with DCD.