bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An assessment of terminology for intraspecific diversity in fishes, with a focus on “ecotypes” and “life histories”
Authors: Clemens Benjamin J. , Schreck Carl B. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractUnderstanding and preserving intraspecific diversity (ISD) is important for species conservation. However, ISD units do not have taxonomic standards and are not universally recognized. The terminology used to describe ISD is varied and often used ambiguously. We compared definitions of terms used to describe ISD with use in recent studies of three fish taxa: sticklebacks (Gasterosteidae), Pacific salmon and trout (Oncorhynchusspp., “PST”), and lampreys (Petromyzontiformes). Life history describes thephenotypicresponses of organisms to environments and includes biological parameters that affect population growth or decline. Life‐history pathway(s) are the result of different organismal routes of development that can result in different life histories. These terms can be used to describe recognizable life‐history traits. Life history is generally used in organismal‐ and ecology‐based journals. The terms paired species/species pairs have been used to describe two different phenotypes, whereas in some species and situations a continuum of phenotypes may be expressed. Our review revealed overlapping definitions for race and subspecies, and subspecies and ecotypes. Ecotypes aregenotypicadaptations to particular environments, and this term is often used in genetic‐ and evolution‐based journals. “Satellite species” is used for situations in which a parasitic lamprey yields two or more derived, nonparasitic lamprey species. Designatable Units, Evolutionary Significant Units (ESUs), and Distinct Population Segments (DPS) are used by some governments to classify ISD of vertebrate species within distinct and evolutionary significant criteria. In situations where the genetic or life‐history components of ISD are not well understood, a conservative approach would be to call them phenotypes.
Predatory cues drive colony size reduction in marine diatoms
Authors: Rigby Kristie , Selander Erik 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Colony formation is a common feature among nonmotile marine phytoplankton. Several theories exist around the potential benefits of larger colonies.

Here, we test the hypothesis that predation is one of the drivers behind colony formation and chain length plasticity. We exposed cultures of Thalassiosira rotula, Chaetoceros curvisetus, and Chaetoceros affinis to copepodamides, a chemical alarm cue released by copepods and perceived as an indicator of predation threat by their prey. This was coupled with a grazing experiment, which compared copepod grazing rates on different chain lengths.

Our results show that T. rotula and C. curvisetus decreased their chain lengths by 79% and 49%, respectively, in response to copepodamides. Single cells and short chains were grazed at lower rates compared with long chains, and the copepodamide‐driven size shift led to 30% and 12% lower grazing in T. rotula and C. curvisetus, respectively. In contrast, C. affinis showed a slight increased chain length in response to copepodamides although nonsignificant.

We found that 2 of 3 studied species reduce their chain length in response to the presence of copepod grazers. Altered size structure has implications for the route of carbon in the marine food webs and carbon export to deeper strata.
Commensal small mammal trapping data in Southern Senegal, 2012–2015: where invasive species meet native ones
Authors: Granjon Laurent , Fossati‐Gaschignard Odile , Artige Emmanuelle , Bâ Khalilou , Brouat Carine , Dalecky Ambroise , Diagne Christophe , Diallo Mamoudou , Gauthier Philippe , Handschumacher Pascal , Kane Mamadou , Husse Lætitia , Niang Youssoupha , Piry Sylvain , Sarr Nathalie , Sow Aliou , Duplantier Jean‐Marc 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDescribing patterns and testing hypotheses on processes driving biological invasions represent major issues in ecology. Addressing these questions requires building adequate data sets, i.e., covering areas and spanning periods adapted to the invasion processes studied. Rodents include major invasive species, among which the black rat Rattus rattus and the domestic mouse Mus musculus have nearly colonized the entire world, from their native Asian range. To do so, they have benefitted from their ability to cope with human‐modified environments and to live in the immediate vicinity of Man, who served as a vector of their dispersal between regions and continents. In Senegal, both R. rattus and M. musculus, initially introduced by early West European colonizers some centuries ago, are currently expanding thanks to road traffic and infrastructure development and rampant urbanization that concerns even remote regions of the country. As part of projects aimed at studying (1) the role of invasive black rat populations in the emergence of zoonotic diseases in southeastern Senegal, and (2) the evolutionary consequences of parasites in R. rattus and M. musculus invasions in Senegal, we conducted a series of field campaigns throughout the southern half of the country, between May 2012 and September 2015. The objectives were to catch commensal small mammals using standard trapping procedures, identify them using morphological or molecular tools, and take samples from them upon autopsy, to look for zoonotic parasites and pathogens. Along with data on individual specimens, information on microhabitats was gathered at each trap position. This resulted in the constitution of a data set of more than 13,000 trapnights, which allowed the capture of more than 3,100 small mammals, all characterized by a series of associated biological, geographical, and environmental data. The small mammals concerned are mainly rodents (10 species), shrews, and hedgehogs. The two invasive rodent species were the most numerous, exceeding in numbers all the other species pooled. This data set makes it possible to study coarse to fine‐scaled distribution of species of this commensal community in southern Senegal, as well as the possible determinants of this distribution in terms of habitat preferences and/or interspecific interactions. This data set can be freely used for non‐commercial purposes and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The perception of Naturology students from inhaling the pink pepper essential oil (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi)
Authors: Huei Zago Wang Juliana , Kozuchovski Daré Patricia , Armiliato Emer Aline 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSchinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Brazilian pepper tree or ‘aroeira’) is a native Brazilian tree, which its different parts are used medicinally for several applications, and its fruits are known as pink pepper. Composed mainly by monoterpenes, pink pepper's essential oil (EOpp) presents cytotoxic, antioxidant, insecticidal, cicatrizant, fungicidal, bactericidal and antimicrobial activity. It is known that there exists some literature, which describes psycho‐emotional effects, as well as symbolic aspects related to the use of essential oils (EOs) in clinical practice. However, there is a lack of current scientific studies that address these effects described in the literature, resulting from the stimulus via inhalation, as well as if it can interfere in the effectiveness of treatments with EOs. This research aimed to describe the perceptions and psychological associations of UNISUL's students of Naturology, when inhaling EOpp. This is a qualitative, descriptive, exploratory and field research. This research was conducted with 30 participants in individual in‐depth interviews. The inhalation of EOpp was related to the perception of physical sensations such as relaxation, sedation and improvement of breathing, as well as discomfort in the respiratory system, such as nose stinging; childhood memories and other past recollections, feelings of comfort, welcome, warmth, tranquility, calm, well‐being and peace; and improvement of self‐perception, sense of presence and decreased thoughts. It was possible to conclude that most of the feelings and emotions expressed by the interviewed participants were more directly related to the physical sensations and memories that emerged with the inhalation of EOpp, than with EOpp itself.
Regional premiums in nonferrous metals markets
Authors: Gilbert Christopher L. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPeculiarities of the LME contract structure give the impression that exchange spot prices measure transaction prices paid by consumers and received by producers. This impression can be misleading. Transaction prices also include a regional premium that can account for a substantial component of the full price. In well‐supplied markets, premiums measure the cost of intermediating exchange warehouses and consumers. In periods of tight demand they reflect the urgency of consumer requirements. I use a Markov‐switching model to analyze the regional and temporal variation in aluminum and zinc premiums.
Did Protestantism promote prosperity via higher human capital? Replicating the Becker–Woessmann (2009) results
Authors: Edwards Jeremy 
Published: July 2021

SummaryThis paper shows that the Becker–Woessmann reformulation of the Weber thesis—Protestants were more prosperous in 19th‐century Prussia because they had higher human capital—is untenable. Regional variations in the Prussian institutional framework influenced economic outcomes, but Becker and Woessmann's econometric analysis takes no account of these variables, which suggests that their instrumental variable—distance to Wittenberg, a spatial variable—is invalid. When these regional effects are taken into account, 19th‐century Prussia provides no evidence that Protestantism increased prosperity by increasing human capital.
Tracking and specialization of high schools: Heterogeneous effects of school choice
Authors: De Groote Olivier , Declercq Koen 
Published: July 2021

SummaryWe analyze the impact of choosing an elite school on high school graduation in an early tracking system in Flanders (Belgium). Whereas elite schools offer only an academic track, most other schools offer multiple tracks. On average, students experience a 3.3 percentage point increase in the likelihood of obtaining a degree. We find that the effects are heterogeneous. On average, students who self‐select into elite schools do not experience an effect. However, students who do not choose an elite school would experience positive effects. Our results can be explained by different tracking decisions in both types of schools.
Molecular analysis and systematic profiling of allosteric inhibitor response to clinically significant epidermal growth factor receptor missense mutations in non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Zhao Yan , Zhu Dan , Gao Junzhen 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHuman epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is an attractive anti‐non‐small cell lung cancer (anti‐NSCLC) druggable target, but many traditional adenosine triphosphate (ATP)‐competitive EGFR inhibitors have been clinically observed to eventually establish acquired resistance due to kinase mutations. Allosteric inhibitors represent a new direction of EGFR‐targeted therapy, which have been successfully developed since 2016 to overcome the widely occurring kinase drug‐resistant mutations T790M/C797S [Jia Y, et al. Nature 2016; 534: 129–132]. In this study, a systematic inhibitor response‐to‐mutation profile of 11 reported EGFR allosteric inhibitors against 17 clinically significant EGFR missense mutations in NSCLC was created by integrating computational analyses and kinase assays, from which we were able to identify a number of representative mutation/inhibitor pairs with sensitization and deactivation. It is unraveled that most mutations have only a moderate or modest effect on inhibitor binding, while few mutations located within or nearby the kinase's allosteric site can cause strong sensitization or deactivation to allosteric inhibitors; thus they can influence the inhibitor binding substantially by forming or breaking noncovalent interactions between them. In particular, the gatekeeper mutation T790M and constitutively activated mutation L858R were observed to effectively improve the inhibitory potency of allosteric inhibitors, whereas the gain‐of‐function mutation T854A was revealed to considerably reduce inhibitory activity by breaking a geometrically perfect hydrogen bond. In addition, we also found that the allosteric inhibitor‐addressed conformational change in EGFR kinase domain has only a marginal effect on ATP binding, suggesting that allosteric inhibitors do not use the substrate‐regulatory strategy to suppress kinase activity; instead, they just shift the EGFR conformational equilibrium from active to inactive states by inducing a displacement in kinase's αC‐helix.
Vitamin D level, lipid profile, and vitamin D receptor and transporter gene variants in sickle cell disease patients from Kurdistan of Iraq
Authors: Hama Abdalla Hussein , Shakiba Ebrahim , Rahimi Zohreh , Karimi Mehran , Mozafari Hadi , Abdulkarim Omed Adnan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntroductionSickle cell disease (SCD) patients are susceptible to the development of vitamin D deficiency (VDD). Vitamin D through binding to vitamin D receptor (VDR) exerts its function and affects gene transcription in target tissues. VDR gene variants affect bone mineral density.MethodsIn a case‐control study, 101 SCD patients including 61 sickle cell anemia (SCA), 39 S/β‐thalassemia, and 1 HbS/HbD (SD) along with 110 healthy individuals from Kurdistan of Iraq were studied. The lipid profile, vitamin D level, FokI, and TaqI variants of VDR and group‐specific component (GC) were detected using the standard enzymatic method, the immunodiagnostic systems limited EIA kit and PCR‐RFLP methods, respectively.ResultsAround 93% and 82% of SCA and S/β‐thalassemia patients, respectively, had VDD compared to 83% of healthy individuals. Severe VDD (<10 ng/ml) was detected in 78.7% of patients with HbSS. Plasma levels of total cholesterol, HDL‐C, and LDL‐C in SCD patients were significantly lower compared to controls. Vitamin D levels were negatively correlated to TG and positively correlated to total cholesterol and HDL‐C. The frequencies of the C allele of FokI were 81.7% (p = 0.003), 80.3% (p = 0.034), and 84.6% (p = 0.011) in all SCD, SCA, and S/β‐thalassemia patients, respectively, compared to 69.1% in controls. However, no significant difference was detected comparing the frequencies of VDR TaqI and GC polymorphisms between SCD patients and controls.ConclusionIn the present study, we found hypocholesterolemia, high prevalence of VDR FokI C allele, and low vitamin D levels among children and adults with SCD from Kurdistan of Iraq.
Synthesis, insecticidal activities, and structure–activity relationships of 1,3,4‐oxadiazole‐ring‐containing pyridylpyrazole‐4‐carboxamides as novel insecticides of the anthranilic diamide family
Authors: Khallaf Abdalla , Wang Ping , Zhuo Shuping , Zhu Hongjun , Liu Hui 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe preparation of novel anthranilic diamide derivatives is extremely important for agricultural pest control. In this study, pyridylpyrazole‐4‐carboxamides containing a 1,3,4‐oxadiazole ring were designed and synthesized via the dehydration of aromatic hydrazine derivatives and formanilides in the presence of an alkali. The insecticidal activities of these new compounds against the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) were evaluated. N‐(4‐chloro‐2‐methyl‐6‐(5‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazol‐2‐yl)phenyl)‐5‐methyl‐1‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)‐1H‐pyrazole‐4‐carboxamide (8h6) showed 67%, 50%, 34%, 20%, and 17% activity at concentrations of 100, 50, 10, 5, and 1 μg ml−1, respectively. Density functional theory calculations showed that the introduction of the 1,3,4‐oxadiazole ring significantly changed the electron distributions in both the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals, resulting in these compounds having much larger energy gaps than the well‐known insecticide chlorantraniliprole, which may account for their lower activity. The results of this study demonstrate that anthranilic diamides substituted with a 1,3,4‐oxadiazole ring are effective insecticides that can be used for pest management.
Cognitive outcomes at ages seven and nine years in South African children from the children with HIV early antiretroviral (CHER) trial: a longitudinal investigation
Authors: van Wyhe Kaylee S , Laughton Barbara , Cotton Mark F , Meintjes Ernesta M , van der Kouwe Andre JW , Boivin Michael J , Kidd Martin , Thomas Kevin GF 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntroductionMany children living with HIV (CLWH) display impaired cognition. Although early combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) produces improved cognitive outcomes, more long‐term outcome data are needed. After concluding the Children with HIV Early antiRetroviral (CHER) trial in 2011, we investigated cognitive performance, at seven and nine years of age. Participants had been randomized to deferred ART (ART‐Def; n = 22); immediate time‐limited ART for 40 weeks (ART‐40W; n = 30) and immediate time‐limited ART for 96 weeks (ART‐96W; n = 18). We also recruited HIV‐exposed uninfected (CHEU; n = 28) and HIV‐unexposed (CHU; n = 35) children.MethodsData were collected between May 2012 and December 2017. Mixed‐model repeated‐measures ANOVAs assessed differences over time between CLWH (ART‐40W, ART‐96W and ART‐Def) and CHIV‐ CHEU and CHU between ART‐Early (ART‐40W and ART‐96W), ART‐Def, CHEU and CHU; and between ART‐40W, ART‐96W, ART‐Def, CHEU and CHU.ResultsAll comparisons found significant effects of Time for most outcome variables (better scores at nine than at seven years; ps < 0.05). The first ANOVAs found that for (a) motor dexterity, CLWH performed worse than CHIV‐ at seven years (p < 0.001) but improved to equivalence at nine years, (b) visual‐spatial processing and problem solving, only CLWH (p < 0.04) showed significant performance improvement over time and (c) working memory and executive function, CLWH performed worse than CHIV‐ at both seven and nine years (p = 0.03 and 0.04). The second ANOVAs found that for (a) working memory, CHU performed better than ART‐Early and CHEU (p < 0.01 and <0.04), and (b) motor dexterity, ART‐Def performed worse than ART‐Early, CHEU and CHU at seven years (p = 0.02, <0.001 and <0.001 respectively) but improved to equivalence at nine years (ps > 0.17). Similarly, for motor dexterity, ART‐Def performed worse than ART‐96W, CHEU and CHU at seven years (p < 0.04, <0.001 and <0.001) but improved to equivalence at nine years (ps > 0.20).ConclusionsAlthough neurocognitive developmental trajectories for treatment groups and controls were largely similar (i.e. performance improvements from 7 to 9), all ART‐treated children, regardless of treatment arm, remain at risk for cognitive deficits over early school ages. Although the nature of these deficits may change as cognitive development proceeds, there are potential negative consequences for these children’s future learning, reasoning and adaptive functioning.
Annual home‐based HIV testing in the Chókwè Health Demographic Surveillance System, Mozambique, 2014 to 2019: serial population‐based survey evaluation
Authors: MacKellar Duncan , Thompson Ricardo , Nelson Robert , Casavant Isabelle , Pals Sherri , Bonzela Juvencio , Jaramillo Alicia , Cardoso Judite , Ujamaa Dawud , Tamele Stelio , Chivurre Victor , Malimane Inacio , Pathmanathan Ishani , Heitzinger Kristen , Wei Stanley , Couto Aleny , Vergara Alfredo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntroductionWHO recommends implementing a mix of community and facility testing strategies to diagnose 95% of persons living with HIV (PLHIV). In Mozambique, a country with an estimated 506,000 undiagnosed PLHIV, use of home‐based HIV testing services (HBHTS) to help achieve the 95% target has not been evaluated.MethodsHBHTS was provided at 20,000 households in the Chókwè Health Demographic Surveillance System (CHDSS), Mozambique, in annual rounds (R) during 2014 to 2019. Trends in prevalence of HIV infection, prior HIV diagnosis among PLHIV (diagnostic coverage), and undiagnosed HIV infection were assessed with three population‐based surveys conducted in R1 (04/2014 to 04/2015), R3 (03/2016 to 12/2016), and R5 (04/2018 to 03/2019) of residents aged 15 to 59 years. Counts of patients aged ≥15 years tested for HIV in CHDSS healthcare facilities were obtained from routine reports.ResultsDuring 2014 to 2019, counsellors conducted 92,512 home‐based HIV tests and newly diagnosed 3711 residents aged 15 to 59 years. Prevalence of HIV infection was stable (R1, 25.1%; R3 23.6%; R5 22.9%; p‐value, 0.19). After the first two rounds (44,825 home‐based tests; 31,717 facility‐based tests), diagnostic coverage increased from 73.8% (95% CI 70.3 to 77.2) in R1 to 93.0% (95% CI 91.3 to 94.7) in R3, and prevalence of undiagnosed HIV infection decreased from 6.6% (95% CI 5.6 to 7.5) in R1 to 1.7% (95% CI 1.2 to 2.1) in R3. After two more rounds (32,226 home‐based tests; 46,003 facility‐based tests), diagnostic coverage was 95.4% (95% CI 93.7 to 97.1) and prevalence of undiagnosed HIV infection was 1.1% (95% CI 0.7 to 1.5) in R5. Prevalence of having last tested at home was 12.7% (95% CI 11.3 to 14.0) in R1, 45.2% (95% CI 43.4 to 47.0) in R3, and 41.4% (95% CI 39.5 to 43.2) in R5, and prevalence of having last tested at a healthcare facility was 45.3% (95% CI 43.3 to 47.3) in R1, 40.1% (95% CI 38.4 to 41.8) in R3, and 45.2% (95% CI 43.3 to 47.0) in R5.ConclusionsHBHTS successfully augmented facility‐based testing to achieve HIV diagnostic coverage in a high‐burden community of Mozambique. HBHTS should be considered in sub‐Saharan Africa communities striving to diagnose 95% of persons living with HIV.
Longitudinal Sodium MRI of Multiple Sclerosis Lesions: Is there Added Value of Sodium Inversion Recovery MRI
Authors: Mennecke Angelika B. , Nagel Armin M. , Huhn Konstantin , Linker Ralf A. , Schmidt Manuel , Rothhammer Veit , Wilferth Tobias , Linz Peter , Wegmann Julius , Eisenhut Felix , Engelhorn Tobias , Doerfler Arnd 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundSodium enhancement has been demonstrated in multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions.PurposeTo investigate sodium MRI with and without an inversion recovery pulse in acute MS lesions in an MS relapse and during recovery.Study TypeProspective.SubjectsTwenty‐nine relapsing–remitting MS patients with an acute relapse were included.Field Strength/SequenceA 3D density‐adapted radial sodium sequence at 3 T using a dual‐tuned (23Na/1H) head coil.AssessmentFull‐brain images of the tissue sodium concentration (TSC1, n = 29) and a sodium inversion recovery sequence (SIR1, n = 20) at the beginning of the anti‐inflammatory therapy and on medium‐term follow‐up visits (days 27–99, n = 12 [TSC], n = 5 [SIR]) were measured. Regions of interest (RoIs) with contrast enhancement (T1CE+) and without change in T1‐weighted imaging (FL + T1n) were normalized (nTSC and nSIR). To gain insight on the origin of the TSC enhancement at time point 1, it is investigated whether the nTSC enhancement of the lesions is accompanied by a change of the respective nSIR. Potential prognostic value of nSIR1 is examined referring to the nTSC progression.Statistical TestsnTSC and nSIR were compared regarding the type of lesion and the time point using a one‐way ANOVA. Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated for nTSC over nSIR and for nTSC1‐nTSC2 over nSIR1. A P‐value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsAt the first measurement, all lesion types showed increased nTSC, while nSIR was decreased in the FL + T1n and the T1CE+ lesions in comparison to the normal‐appearing white matter. For acute lesions, the difference between nTSC at baseline and nTSC at time point 2 showed a significant correlation with the baseline nSIR.Data ConclusionAt time point 1, nTSC is increased, while nSIR is unchanged or decreased in the lesions. The mean sodium IR signal at baseline correlates with recovery or progression of an acute lesion.Evidence Level2Technical EfficacyStage 4