bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Static and Dynamic Crush Testing and Analysis of a Rail Vehicle Corner Structural Element
Authors: Mayville Ronald A. , Hammond Randolph P. , Johnson Kent N. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the results of an experimental study to establish the strength and energy absorption capability of cab car rail vehicle corner structures built to current strength requirements and for structures modified to carry higher loads and absorb more energy. We reviewed current structures and designed an end beam test element — the most common way of meeting current requirements — whose strength in the baseline state was at least 150,000 lbf. This design was then modified to provide a strength of over 400,000 lbf. The designs, which included consideration of the deformation and fracture response under impact loading, were carried out using conventional structural engineering methods and explicit finite element analysis.
Filler Dispersion Measurements Within Thermal Management Materials for Electronic Applications
Authors: Mathis Nancy E. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
An interfacial technique to measure thermal conductivity within filled samples has been investigated in order to meet the requirements of developers of electronics packaging and interconnect materials. By summarizing several homogeneity studies conducted on filled materials, this work illustrates the need to better characterize fiber dispersion during development and production of filled materials intended for thermal management.
Heat and Mass Transfer in Advanced Batteries
Authors: Wang C. Y. , Gu W. B. , Cullion R. , Thomas B. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper presents an overview of heat and mass transfer issues in advanced rechargeable batteries such as nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) and lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. These batteries are important power sources for ultra-clean, fuel-efficient vehicles and modern portable electronics. Recent demands for environmentally responsible vehicles and strong portable power have prompted fundamental studies of heat and mass transport processes in battery systems in conjunction with electrochemistry and materials science. In this paper, discussions are presented on what are the critical heat and mass transfer issues present in advanced batteries and how these issues affect the battery performance, safety, life cycle, and cost. A theoretical framework describing the transport phenomena with electrochemical reactions is provided. Selected results are presented to illustrate the importance of coupled electrochemical and thermal modeling for advanced batteries. The recent progress is also reviewed in developing and validating battery models at Penn State GATE Center for Advanced Energy Storage.
Augmented Performance of Flow Boiling Heat Transfer in a Tube With Axial Micro-Grooves and its Augmentation Mechanisms
Authors: Cheng Lixin , Chen Tingkuan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Experiments of upward flow boiling heat transfer with water in a vertical smooth tube and a tube with axial micro-grooves were respectively conducted. Both of the tested tubes have a length of 2.5 m, an inner diameter of 15 mm and an outlet diameter of 19 mm. The tube with axial micro grooves has many micro rectangle grooves in its inner wall along the axial direction. The grooves have a depth of 0.5 mm and a width of 0.3 mm. The tests were performed at an absolute pressure of 6 bar. The heat flux ranged from 0 to 550 kW/m2 and the mass flux was selected at 410, 610 and 810 kg/m2s, respectively. By comparison, flow boiling heat transfer coefficients in the enhanced tube are 1.6 ∼ 2.7 fold that in the smooth tube while the frictional pressure drop in the enhanced tube is slightly greater than that in the smooth tube. The augmentation of flow boiling heat transfer in the tube with axial micro-grooves is apparent. Based on the experimental data, a correlation of flow boiling heat transfer is proposed for the enhanced tube. Finally, the mechanisms of heat transfer enhancement are analyzed.
Analysis of Conjugate Heat Transfer in a Three-Dimensional Microchannel Heat Sink for Cooling of Electronic Components
Authors: Fedorov Andrei G. , Viskanta Raymond 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A three-dimensional model is developed to investigate flow and conjugate heat transfer in the microchannel-based heat sink for electronic packaging applications. The incompressible laminar flow Navier-Stokes equations of motion as well as the energy conservation equations for the fluid and solid are employed as the governing model equations which are numerically solved using the generalized single-equation framework for solving conjugate problems.
First, the theoretical model developed is validated by comparing the model predictions of the thermal resistance and the friction coefficient with available experimental data for a wide range of Reynolds numbers. Then, the parametric calculations are performed to investigate the effects of different working fluids, solid substrate materials and channel geometry on conjugate heat transfer in the microchannel heat sink.
The bulk and wall temperature and heat flux distributions as well as the average heat transfer characteristics are reported and discussed. Important practical design recommendations are also provided regarding the cooling efficiency of the microchannel heat sink.
A Critical Review of Drying Models for Coated Paper
Authors: Noboa Homero L. , Seyed-Yagoobi Jamal 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Drying of coated paper is a complex process that includes the three mechanisms of heat transfer (conduction, convection, and radiation) coupled with water (liquid, vapor and bound), air, and binder mass transfer. Limited work has been conducted so far to mathematically simulate this drying process. This paper critically reviews the major relevant theoretical models and discusses each model’s strengths and shortcomings. The critical review reveals that there is a need for a better and more complete model to capture all the physics of the process of drying of coated paper. Furthermore, the theoretical results (e.g. drying rates, heat and mass transfer fluxes, temperature and species’ concentration profiles) should be directly verified against laboratory and machine data under various operating conditions.
Determination of Surface Heat Flux in Quenching
Authors: Alam M. K. , Pasic H. , Anagurthi K. , Zhong R. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Quench probes have been used to collect temperature data in controlled quenching experiments; the data is then used to deduce the heat transfer coefficients in the quenching medium. The process of determination of the heat transfer coefficient at the surface is the inverse heat conduction problem, which is extremely sensitive to measurement errors. This paper reports on an experimental and theoretical study of quenching carried out to determine the surface heat flux history during a quenching process by an inverse algorithm based on an analytical solution. The algorithm is applied to experimental data from a quenching experiment. The surface heat flux is then calculated, and the theoretical curve obtained from the analytical solution is compared with experimental results. The inverse calculation appears to produce fast, stable, but approximate results. These results can be used as the initial guess to improve the efficiency of iterative numerical solutions which are sensitive to the initial guess.
A Tomographic Reconstruction Method for Three-Dimensional Liquid Crystal Thermography
Authors: Mishra D. , Lutjen P. M. , Prasad V. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Liquid crystal thermography generates two-dimensional temperature information in a fluid layer. Three-dimensional temperature field can be reconstructed using the two-dimensional temperature fields obtained at various locations with the help of synchronized transverse movements of the light sheet and camera (Lutjen et al., 1999). However, it is not feasible to generate a large number of liquid crystal thermographs that are needed for the reconstruction of a high resolution three-dimensional temperature field. A tomographic reconstruction method is suggested here that can be appropriately used to produce a high resolution three-dimensional reconstruction from a limited number of two-dimensional images of the full temperature field. The two-dimensional temperature fields generated from the experiments can be used to obtain an integrated information of the three-dimensional field from various directions known as projections of the actual three-dimensional field and can be used to reconstruct a high resolution volumetric temperature field.
A Technique for Direct Measurement of Local Convective Heat Flux Using Interferometry
Authors: Naylor D. , Duarte N. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
An interferometric procedure is described for measuring the local surface temperature gradient directly from a wedge (finite) fringe field. For a two-dimensional temperature field, it is shown that the local convective heat transfer coefficient can be obtained by measuring the angle of intersection of a fringe with an isothermal surface. Using an uncertainty analysis it is shown that this method gives the most accurate results for the measurement of relatively low gradients. A correction term for refraction effects and an expression for the optimum wedge fringe spacing are also derived. Measurements of the natural convection from a vertical flat plate are compared to the boundary layer solution.
A Thermal Law of the Wall for Separating and Recirculating Flows
Authors: Cruz Daniel O. A. , Silva Freire Atila P. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The characteristics of the turbulent boundary layer near a separation point are studied here. The emphasis is on providing analytical expressions for the velocity and temperature near wall solutions which are also valid in the region of reverse flow. These expressions can then be used as boundary conditions in numerical schemes that use two-equation differential models. The paper proposes a new expression for the description of the near wall characteristic length which is shown to hold also in the reverse flow region. The specified velocity profiles are based on a previous formulation of the problem by Cruz and Silva Freire (IJHMT, 41, 2097 2111, 1998) but, as written here, they are presented for the first time. The temperature profiles near the wall are also described by a newly proposed expression that reduces to the logarithmic profile in the attached region, and assumes a minus half power law profile at the separation point. In the separated region, the logarithmic profile is recovered. All results are validated through the data of Vogel and Eaton (Trans. ASME JHT, 107, 922 929, 1985).
High Integrity Protection Systems and Pressure Relief Systems
Authors: Raney Glenn A. , Summers Angela E. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Many Users are applying high integrity protection systems (HIPS) for overpressure protection of vessels and pipelines. HIPS can be an excellent alternative to standard, passive protection systems, if they are designed correctly. Various standards are applicable when HIPS are used in lieu of pressure relief valves. This paper will address the design issues, as well as the applicable industry standards.
Magneto-Rheological Fluids in Squeeze-Flow: Validation of Quasi-Steady Mathematical Models
Authors: Stanway Roger , Sims Neil D. , Johnson Andrew R. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
It is now well established that magneto-rheological (MR) fluids can provide the basis for constructing controllable vibration damping devices. Moreover, the characteristics of MR fluids are generally compatible with industrial requirements and there is enormous scope for commercial exploitation. In this paper the authors describe the design and construction of a vibration isolator which incorporates an MR damper. The damper is unusual in that it operates in the squeeze-flow mode. A quasi-steady model of the MR damper is summarised and then extended to include the vibration isolator dynamics. Model predictions are compared with experimental results. It is shown that by employing the MR damper a wide range of control can be exercised over the transmissibility of the vibration isolator. Also the quasi-steady model is able to account for observed behaviour.
An Application of Distributed Computing to the Finite Element Investigation of Lift Force on a Freely-Rotating Sphere in Simple Shear Flow
Authors: Buscaglia Gustavo C. , Ferrari Hugo E. , Carrica Pablo M. , Dari Enzo A. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
An application of “cluster computing” in finite element CFD is reported, demonstrating the feasibility of solving relevant 3D problems on low-cost architectures (PC’s connected by fast Ethernet network). The main ingredients of our implementation are described.
The results concern the lift force on a solid particle in simple shear flow. It is shown that, if the particle is allowed to rotate freely about its center, the self-established rotation significantly alters the lift coefficient. in particular, the lift force points away from a wall for any Re (≤ 100), while if the particle does not rotate the lift changes sign.
Suitable estimates for the typical time involved in the angular acceleration of solid spherical particles are derived.
Swell wave progression in the English Channel: implications for coastal monitoring
Authors: Dhoop Thomas , Thompson Charlie 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Energetic swell waves, particularly when they coincide with high water levels, can present significant coastal hazards. To better understand and predict these risks, analysis of the sea levels and waves that generate these events and the resulting coastal impacts is essential. Two energetic swell events, neither of which were predicted by modelled flood forecasts, occurred in quick succession in the English Channel. The first event, on 30 January 2021, produced moderate significant wave heights at or just below the 0.25 year return period along the southwest English coast, but combined with significant swell caused overtopping at East Beach in West Bay and at Chesil Beach. The second event, on 1 February 2021, generated the highest wave energy periods measured at many locations along the southern English coastline and, at high water, caused waves to run up over the promenades at Poole Bay and Christchurch Bay and caused overtopping at Hayling Island. Both events are described in detail, and their spatial footprints are mapped through a joint return period analysis using a copula function. It is found that typical joint return period analysis of water level and significant wave height underestimates potential impacts, while a joint consideration of water level and wave power (P) describes the 31 January event better and a joint consideration of water level and energy period (T
e) best describes the 1 February event. Therefore, it is recommended that T
e and P are adopted for coastal monitoring purposes, and that future studies further explore the use of both parameters for swell monitoring.
A highly sensitive D-type photonic crystal fiber infrared sensor with indium tin oxide based on surface plasmon resonance
Authors: Liu Wei , Hu Chunjie , Zhou Lei , Yi Zao , Shi Ying , Liu Chao , Lv Jingwei , Yang Lin , Chu Paul K. 
Published: December 2021

A highly sensitive surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor composed of a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with the D-type structure is designed and analyzed by the full-vector finite element method (FEM). Indium tin oxide (ITO) is adopted as the plasmonic substance on account of the low cost and controllable infrared range (1500–2600 nm). By optimizing the structural parameters, the sensor shows a maximum wavelength sensitivity of 46,000 nm/RIU and average sensitivity of 13,166.67 nm/RIU for analyte refractive indexes between 1.355 and 1.385. This PCF combining a circular layout and D-type structure offers excellent sensitivity while the deposition and manufacturing complexity can be reduced. This sensor will possess an extremely expansive development space in the field of chemical analysis and environmental safety.
Correlation between Changes in Serum RBP4, hs-CRP, and IL-27 Levels and Rosuvastatin in the Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Wang Yali , Zhou Changrui , Yu Tianlian , Zhao Feng 
Published: December 2021

Objective. To investigate the correlation between changes in serum RBP4, hs-CRP, and IL-27 levels and rosuvastatin in the treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD). Methods. One hundred and twenty patients with CHD admitted in our hospital were selected as the research object, including 60 patients with acute coronary syndrome as the ACS group, and 60 patients with stable angina as the SA group. Another 60 patients without CHD who were examined in our hospital at the same time were included in the non-CHD group. The patients with CHD were further divided into the control group (CG) (n = 42, with routine treatment) and the study group (SG) (n = 78, with routine treatment and rosuvastatin) to measure serum RBP4, hs-CRP, and IL-27 levels and analyze the correlation between each index and rosuvastatin in the treatment of CHD. Results. After retrospective analysis, no significant difference was found among the ACS group, the SA group, and the non-CHD group (

P

> 0.05). As for serum RBP4, hs-CRP, and IL-27 levels, ACS group > SA group > non-CHD group, with obvious differences among groups (

P

< 0.05). After Spearman correlation analysis, a positive correlation was observed between Gensini score and serum RBP4, hs-CRP, and IL-27 levels in patients with CHD (

P

< 0.05). After treatment, serum RBP4, hs-CRP, and IL-27 levels were gradually reduced. At 4 weeks after treatment, serum RBP4, hs-CRP, and IL-27 levels of the CG and the SG were decreased conspicuously, and compared with the control, each index of the SG was obviously lower (

P

< 0.05). Conclusion. Serum RBP4, hs-CRP, and IL-27 play an important role in the occurrence and development of CHD, with a positive correlation to the Gensini score, which can indicate the severity of cardiovascular disease to a certain extent. Meanwhile, rosuvastatin can remarkably reduce serum RBP4, hs-CRP, and IL-27 levels, which is of significance for prognosis.
Is Blood Pressure Lowering in the Very Elderly With Previous Stroke Associated With a Higher Risk of Adverse Events?
Authors: Tharmaratnam Damien , Karayiannis Christopher C. , Collyer Taya A. , Arima Hisatomi , McClure Leslie A. , Chalmers John , Anderson Craig S. , Benavente Oscar R. , White Carole L. , Algra Ale , Moran Chris , Phan Thanh G. , Wang Wei C. , Srikanth Velandai , Tharmaratnam Damien , Karayiannis Christopher C. , Collyer Taya A. , Arima Hisatomi , McClure Leslie A. , Chalmers John , Anderson Craig S. , Benavente Oscar R. , White Carole L. , Algra Ale , Moran Chris , Phan Thanh G. , Wang Wei C. , Srikanth Velandai 
Published: December 2021

Background
We investigated whether blood pressure lowering for secondary prevention is associated with a reduction in recurrent stroke risk and/or a higher risk of adverse events in very elderly compared with younger trial participants.

Methods and Results

This is a random effects meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials of blood pressure lowering for secondary stroke prevention to evaluate age‐stratified (<80, ≥80 years) risk of adverse events. Ovid‐MEDLINE was searched for trials between 1970 and 2020. Summary‐level data were acquired including outcomes of stroke, cardiovascular events, mortality, and adverse events. Seven trials were included comprising 38 596 participants, of whom 2336 (6.1%) were aged ≥80 years. There was an overall reduction in stroke risk in the intervention group compared with controls (risk ratio [RR], 0.90 [95% CI, 0.80, 0.98], I
2
=49%), and the magnitude of risk reduction did not differ by age subgroup (<80, ≥80 years). There was no increase in the risk of hypotensive symptoms in the intervention group for patients aged <80 years (RR, 1.19 [95% CI, 0.99], 1.44, I
2
=0%), but there was an increased risk in those ≥80 years (RR, 2.17 [95% CI, 1.22], 3.86, I
2
=0%). No increase was observed in the risk of falls, syncope, study withdrawal, or falls in either age subgroup.

Conclusions
Very elderly people in secondary prevention trials of blood pressure lowering have an increased risk of hypotensive symptoms, but with no statistical increase in the risk of falls, syncope, or mortality. However, evidence is lacking for frail elderly with multiple comorbidities who may be more vulnerable to adverse effects of blood pressure lowering.
COVID‐19 and Anticoagulation for Atrial Fibrillation: An Analysis of US Nationwide Pharmacy Claims Data
Authors: Hernandez Inmaculada , Gabriel Nico , He Meiqi , Guo Jingchuan , Tadrous Mina , Suda Katie J. , Magnani Jared W. 
Published: December 2021

Background
Adherence to oral anticoagulation (OAC) is critical for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. However, the COVID‐19 pandemic may have disrupted access to such therapy. We hypothesized that our analysis of a US nationally representative pharmacy claims database would identify increased incidence of lapses in OAC refills during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Methods and Results

We identified individuals with atrial fibrillation prescribed OAC in 2018. We used pharmacy dispensing records to determine the incidence of 7‐day OAC gaps and 15‐day excess supply for each 30‐day interval from January 1, 2019 to July 8, 2020. We constructed interrupted time series analyses to test changes in gaps and supply around the pandemic declaration by the World Health Organization (March 11, 2020), and whether such changes differed by medication (warfarin or direct OAC), prescription payment type, or prescriber specialty. We identified 1 301 074 individuals (47.5% women; 54% age ≥75 years). Immediately following the COVID‐19 pandemic declaration, we observed a 14% decrease in 7‐day OAC gaps and 56% increase in 15‐day excess supply (both
P
<0.001). The increase in 15‐day excess supply was more marked for direct OAC (69% increase) than warfarin users (35%;
P
<0.001); Medicare beneficiaries (62%) than those with commercial insurance (43%;
P
<0.001); and those prescribed OAC by a cardiologist (64%) rather than a primary care provider (48%;
P
<0.001).

Conclusions
Our analysis of nationwide claims data demonstrated increased OAC possession after the onset of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Our findings may have been driven by waivers of early refill limits and patients’ tendency to stockpile medications in the first weeks of the pandemic.