bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic Research Application in the Study of Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Khokhlov A. L. , Romanov Ph. A. , Mokhov A. A. , Pozdnyakov N. O. , Miroshnikov A. E. , Yavorsky A. N. 
Published: May 2021

The current science and research trends, as well as the development of personalized medicine, point to the need to use genetic tests in course of the study of pharmaceuticals. Pharmacogenetic testing has become indispensable when developing new pharmaceuticals in order to study both the peculiarities of pharmacodynamic effects or the prospects of personalized treatment, and the characteristics of metabolism or drug-drug interaction. In addition, the introduction of pharmacogenetics in bioequivalence studies allows limiting, at early stages, the criteria for inclusion or non-inclusion of volunteers based on certain gene polymorphisms determining the metabolic rate.The study of the genetic characteristics of clinical trial participants allows a more detailed analysis of the role of gene polymorphisms in terms of both pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the studied pharmaceuticals.A separate important issue is genetic material collection from the clinical trial participants. On the one hand, the use of biological material collections is an essential tool for accomplishing the practical tasks in both the pharmaceutical industry and the state-of-the-art medicine. On the other hand, the legal review and ethics review of genetic material collection and use can become formidable barriers to the development of biobanking. The existing legislative differences between Russia and other countries allow identifying the most challenging regulatory aspects, and can contribute to international law harmonization in the sphere of biobanking in the future.
Historical Approaches to Euthanasia: The Unfinished Story of a Concept
Authors: Haddadi A. , Ravaz F. 
Published: May 2021

Various ethics committees in Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Luxembourg, Portugal, and France have made attempts to describe the notion of euthanasia. Opinion No 063 (January 27, 2000) of the National Advisory Committee on Ethics shows that there has been no concensus on the definition of this concept. It is therefore necessary to review historical background of euthanasia from ancient times to modern period to better understand its potential applications in divergent contexts.Studies devoted to euthanasia usually involve two modalities, namely active and passive. The active modality entails the act of deliberately killing a patient with or against their will in order to relieve persistent suffering, while the passive modality deals with the rational valid refusal of life-sustaining medical interventions necessary for the patient's life and health. The goal of this article is to present different historical approaches to euthanasia from two modalities and engage the bioethics community in a discussion on legal, social, and ethical issues of euthanasia all over the world.
Clinico-radiological and functional outcomes of bicolumnar plating in schatzker type 5 and type 6 fractures of proximal tibia in tertiary care hospital in North India: a series of 26 patients
Authors: Singh Pankaj Vir , Singh Gagandeep , Singh Manmeet , Ghani Abdul , Singh Amarjeet , Lone Zubair A. 
Published: May 2021

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Ideal mode of treatment is always debatable for Schatzker type 5 and type 6 fractures in proximal tibia. The aim of the study was management in tibial plateau fracture are to obtain anatomic reduction of the articular surface, restoration of axial alignment, and achieve stable fixation which can be done by open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) using bicolumnar plating.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> 26 patients with Schatzker type 5 and type 6 fractures were managed by bicolumnar plating. They were followed up to six months in terms of radiological union, functional outcomes and complications. Functional outcome at the end of follow up was assessed using knee society scoring system.<strong></strong></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Good to excellent results were obtained in almost all the patients using knee society scoring system, mean knee ROM achieved was 114.5 degree. Average time to achieve radiological union was 14.4 weeks. These results were in comparison with the studies done earlier.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Bicolumnar plating is an effective method of treatment of Schatzker type 5 and type 6 fractures and provide excellent result in expert hands. Rehabilitation using early CPM (continuous passive movement) is very effective in reducing the post-operative complications like knee stiffness.</p><p> </p>
A review of the challenges facing people with hearing loss during the COVID-19 outbreak: toward the understanding the helpful solutions
Authors: Tavanai Elham , Rouhbakhsh Nematollah , Roghani Zohreh 
Published: May 2021

Background and Aim: COVID-19 is a pandemic infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus has made dramatic changes in people's individual, family, and social lifestyle. Most countries have implemented some regulations including wearing face masks, face shields, and gloves and physical, and social distance in public places to reduce the spread of the virus. However, these global recommendations may be associated with significant social, communication, and behavioral challenges for hearing-impaired people. This review explains the problems that hearingimpaired people may experience in the COVID19 outbreak and also some helpful solutions that can be implemented by audiologists, healthcare professionals, and other members of the society that somehow interact with these people in such conditions that communication barriers increase.
Recent Findings: Recent findings indicate that wearing face masks, physical, and social distancing, e-learning and virtual communications during COVID-19 pandemic have provided some problems for people with hearing loss. This can, in turn, have negative consequences including increased feelings of loneliness, isolation and also some limitations in access to educational materials and rehabilitation training of lockdowns of schools and rehabilitation centers or some challenges of online learning at home.
Conclusion: People with hearing loss may experience problems during COVID-19 pandemic. There are some strategies that can be implemented to partially solve some communicative and social problems in this group. The use of transparent face masks, compensatory strategies, as well as optimization of virtual, and telehealth, telerehabilitation and tele-education services can be helpful for hearing-impaired people during this pandemic era.

Keywords: COVID-19; face mask; social distancing; hearing-impaired people; communication; compensatory strategies
Promoting healthy hearing over the lifespan
Authors: Hall III James W. 
Published: May 2021

Background and Aim: Comorbid conditions and unhealthy lifestyles are risk factors for auditory dysfunction, including age-related hearing loss. With a focus on adults, this paper describes a new approach to hearing health care that aims to prevent or mitigate hearing loss and related disorders, like tinnitus. Accurate diagnosis and effective management of hearing loss is best achieved with a patient-specific test battery that includes sensitive measures of peripheral and central auditory function.
Background and Aim: Comorbid conditions and unhealthy lifestyles are risk factors for auditory dysfunction, including age-related hearing loss. With a focus on adults, this paper describes a new approach to hearing health care that aims to prevent or mitigate hearing loss and related disorders, like tinnitus. Accurate diagnosis and effective management of hearing loss is best achieved with a patient-specific test battery that includes sensitive measures of peripheral and central auditory function.
Conclusion: The traditional model for hearing health care service delivery relies on a rather outdated and simplistic protocol for evaluating and describing hearing loss, and a technologyfocused approach for management. This paper offers an evidence-based rationale for expanding the test battery for diagnosing hearing loss, and a multidisciplinary intervention approach.

Keywords: Comorbid conditions; smoking; diet; value-added tests
The effects of noise exposure and work-related fatigue on the acceptable noise level test in normal-hearing people
Authors: Heidari Nafiseh , Geshani Ahmad , Rouhbakhsh Nematollah , Faghihzadeh Elham , Alishahi Mohammad 
Published: May 2021

Background and Aim: The acceptable noise level (ANL) assesses the noise that a person can tolerate during a running speech. Although it is a strong test, it has not yet become popular in clinical practice. One of the reasons is its contradictory results. Since it is a psychoacoustic test, psychological factors can affect its output. Investigation of these factors can provide more accurate results. This study aims to investigate the effects of noise and work-related fatigue on the ANL in normal-hearing people. Methods: Participants were the male workers in the administration (n = 26) and production (n = 26) departments of an automotive manufacturing industry in Iran. They were evaluated before and after leaving the workplace in order to determine the effects of noise exposure, fatigue as well as their simultaneous effects on the ANL.
Results: In both groups, the ANL showed a significant increase after work compared to its level before work, and the background noise level (BNL) was significantly decreased. There was no significant difference in the BNL between administration and production groups before work. The most comfortable level (MCL) showed no significant increase. Moreover, the MCL changes were not significantly different in the production group compared to administration group, but the BNL and ANL changes were significantly higher.
Conclusion: Noise exposure and work-related fatigue affect the ANL. During the ANL test, earlier exposure to noise and the amount of fatigue should be controlled.

Keywords: Exposure to noise; fatigue; acceptable noise level
Development of expressive language and social skills in children with normal hearing and hearing impairment
Authors: Sadat Tabatabaei Maryam , Soleymani Zahra , Aghajanzadeh Mahshid 
Published: May 2021

Background and Aim: Expressive language is the most basic and widespread means of communication; children with hearing impairments are one of the largest groups of children with speech and language disorders. Therefore, this study compares the relationship between the development of expressive language and social skills in children with cochlear implants (CIs), hearing aid (HA) users and normal Persian-speaking peers aged five to seven years old.
Methods: The present study is a cross-sectional comparative study. 45 children in three groups; normal hearing, CIs and HA users were selected by convenience sampling. The child’s communication and social skills were assessed using Matson and children’s communication checklist (CCC) tests. Through the analysis of a descriptive speech sample of language indicators, the mean length of utterance- morpheme (MLU-m), number of different words (NDW) and the percentage of intelligible utterances (PIU) of the child were obtained and examined. ANOVA test was used to compare the groups and Pearson test was used to examine the correlation between variables.
Results: The mean score of CCC test, PIU and NDW are significantly different in the three groups. MLU and Matson subtests are not significantly different in three groups. Correlation between variables was different in each group. Conclusion: Communication skills, intelligibiResults: The mean score of CCC test, PIU and NDW are significantly different in the three groups. MLU and Matson subtests are not significantly different in three groups. Correlation between variables was different in each group. Conclusion: Communication skills, intelligibiResults: The mean score of CCC test, PIU and NDW are significantly different in the three groups. MLU and Matson subtests are not significantly different in three groups. Correlation between variables was different in each group.
Conclusion: Communication skills, intelligibility, and lexical diversity are significantly different between normal and hearing- impaired children. MLU and Matson subtests are not significantly different in three groups. The correlation patterns among different subtests of CCC and Matson for children with hearing impairment were different form normal hearing children.
Keywords: Hearing impairment; communication skills; mean length of utterance; percentage of intelligible utterances; number of different words; social skills
The effect of principal's managerial competence and teacher discipline on teacher productivity
Authors: Azainil Azainil , Komariyah Laili , Yan Yan 
Published: May 2021

The importance of the competence of principals and teacher discipline is one of the determinants for increasing teacher productivity and school success. This research aims to determine the effect of principal managerial competence and teacher discipline on teacher productivity. This study uses quantitative analysis with the ex post facto method. The population of this study was 115 teachers spread across 7 State Elementary Schools in Telen District, East Kalimantan Province. By using the cluster random sampling technique, a sample of 68 teachers was obtained. Instruments were used with a questionnaire. The results of data analysis using multiple linear regression concluded that the principal managerial competence had a significant effect on teacher productivity, teaching discipline had a significant effect on teacher productivity, and principal managerial competence and teacher discipline had a significant effect on teacher productivity. This research can increase teacher productivity in the success of the school in achieving its goals.

Keywords: Principal’s managerial competence, teacher discipline, teacher productivity.
Integrating language literacy in physical sciences in Riba Cross District, South Africa
Authors: Kibirige Israel , Mogofe Asaph Romolus 
Published: May 2021

The language of teaching and learning challenges Physical Sciences teachers and impacts learners’ achievements. The study aimed to investigate how language literacy is integrated into the teaching of Physical Sciences. A descriptive survey design was adopted. The participants were five Grade 10 Physical Sciences teachers and 211 learners (108 boys; 103 girls) from nine schools exhibiting low academic achievements. Data were gleaned through the Literacy Skills Usage Survey Questionnaire (LSUSQ). The results show that 77.78% of the teachers did not engage learners in report writing and arguments which are fundamental to language literacy, suggesting that integrating literacy in science teaching was inadequate. Learners had difficulties in contributing to word walls, writing reports, and arguing from evidence. The lack of integration suggests that teachers lacked training in integrating language literacy into science teaching. These findings underscore the need for workshops to enable teachers to incorporate language literacy in teaching Physical Sciences.

Keywords: arguing from evidence, integrate, language literacy, reading and report writing
Empirical investigation into teachers’ attitudes towards inclusive education: A study of future faculty of Qatari schools
Authors: Hamid Mohamed , Mohamed Nagwa Ibrahim A. 
Published: May 2021

Disabled students are capable of learning and growing equally to normal students, therefore the educational infrastructure of many developed countries is inclined towards an inclusive educational system. However, such students, unfortunately, are not treated well in developing countries where teachers’ attitudes are a key hindrance to an inclusive education system. This study assesses future faculty attitudes towards inclusive education in Qatari independent schools. A mixed population from Arabic studies, Islamic studies, English language, social studies, mathematics, and science sections of both primary and secondary programmes are selected from the College of Education at Qatar University. The Questionnaire of Attitudes towards Inclusion (QAI) is designed for populations of all genders and sections. Data are analysed statistically initially using the t-test and, later with descriptive statistics in SPSS software. The research findings suggests that future faculty show a positive attitude concerning with inclusive education. However, this attitude toward teaching special children varies which depends on the severity of disability and the nature. Further, teachers prefer to teach mild special children for instance those with learning disabilities. Additionally, the findings reveal no substantial differences in future faculty attitudes to special children in inclusive education with respect to gender or specialization. The study emphasizes the importance of academic and psychological preparation of teachers in Qatari independent schools to understand the nature of disability and motivate them to enhance their acceptance of children with disabilities.

Keywords: Disabled students, inclusive education, Qatari independent schools, special education, teaching attitude
Women and leadership style in school management: Study of gender perspective
Authors: Mulawarman Widyatmike Gede , Komariyah Laili , Suryaningsi Suryaningsi 
Published: May 2021

Women’s representation in leadership positions is still low because there is still an opinion that women are not worthy of being leaders and only men are worthy of being leaders. This condition proves women’s low participation in leadership roles because the patriarchal culture still strongly influences people’s perspective. This paper aims to describe the roles and positions of women in school management. The research data are in the form of observations and interviews with female school principals and four male vice principals. The qualitative method with a gender perspective is used to identify women’s leadership style in Elementary School 002, Muara Badak District. The results showed that the principal in Muara Badak District prefers masculine characters and maintains a feminine character. It has an impact on assertiveness in controlling the school management process. Second, in carrying out school management functions, the principal’s leadership style applies a democratic leadership style. As a leader, participation seeks to provide trust and establish good communication by prioritising teamwork in decision-making.

Keywords: Women’s leadership, school management, gender perspective.
From theory to practice: Constructivist learning practices among Jordanian kindergarten teachers
Authors: Rababah Ebtesam Qassim 
Published: May 2021

The fundamental principle of “constructivist education” is that learning takes place when the learner enthusiastically participates in a process of “knowledge construction”. This study is aimed at exploring kindergarten teachers’ constructivist learning practices in Jordan. The participants of the study consisted of 60 kindergarten teachers; 30 kindergarten teachers taught kindergarten children in public schools and 30 kindergarten teachers taught kindergarten children in private schools in Irbid city of Jordan during the 2018–2019 school year. The study utilised a descriptive quantitative design, with an observation of Jordanian kindergarten teachers to gather data on the constructivist learning practices among Jordanian kindergarten teachers. The researcher designed an observation instrument that consisted of 35 items to collect data about constructivist learning practices. The findings revealed that the constructivist learning practices of kindergarten teachers were not developed to a high level of practice, but they achieved a moderate and low degree. Moreover, the researcher found that there are no “statistically significant” differences at (α≤ 0.05) among the sampled Jordanian kindergarten teachers’ implementation of constructivist learning practices based on experience, and their academic qualifications. However, kindergarten teachers utilised constructivist teaching practices in public schools more than in private schools. Professional workshops regarding constructivist learning practices among Jordanian kindergarten teachers are recommended.

Keywords: Instructional practices, kindergarten teachers, constructivist learning, Jordan.
The effect of the think–pair–share model on learning outcomes of Civics in elementary school students
Authors: Wuryandani Wuri , Herwin Herwin 
Published: May 2021

This study aims to test and prove the effect of the think–pair–share learning model on student learning outcomes in Civics in elementary schools. The research design used is a pre-experimental design with the One Group Pre-test–Post-test type. This research was conducted in one group that was randomly selected. The treatment intended is the think–pair–share learning model. The research sample used was 31 students who were at the grade IV level. The data collection technique was carried out using test instruments in Civics. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistical analysis and inferential statistics through the t-test. The results of this study indicate that there is a significant effect of the think–pair–share learning model on student learning outcomes in Civics. The score of the student learning outcomes has increased significantly after implementing the think–pair–share learning model in Civics learning.

Keywords: Civics, learning outcomes, think–pair–share.
Examining the relation between form information and movement in music education: The skeleton dance
Authors: Angı Çiğdem Eda 
Published: May 2021

Providing examples suitable for the children's world in the music education given to younger age groups may reinforce the knowledge to be taught. For this reason, cartoons can be utilized for an engaging and fun lesson environment. One of the best examples of this situation is believed to be the short cartoon series Silly Symphony produced by Walt Disney. The most important feature of the cartoon that makes it significant to be used in music education is that the music was composed before the images, i.e., the images were drawn in accordance with the technical and structural characteristics of the music. The aim of the research is to examine the musical characteristics of The Skeleton Dance, the first cartoon of the series, and the relationship between form structure and movement. This is a descriptive research. After the evaluations conducted, it was concluded that the use of cartoon in children's music education in terms of listening, analysis / grouping and application dimensions would be positive and beneficial.

Keywords: Music Education, Form Information, Cartoon, Silly Symphony, The Skeleton Dance, Movement.