bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stratigraphy of the western Nepal Lesser Himalaya: A synthesis
Authors: Upreti B. N. 
Published: April 2021

The western Nepal Lesser Himalaya, lying between the Marsyangdi and Bheri Rivers, is generally free from crystalline nappes and exposes the sedimentary and metasedimentary rock sequences in a wide zone between the MBT and the MCT. Geologically, the area is complicated by the presence of a number of folds, thrusts and imbricate zones. Despite the complicated geology, excellent studies have been carried out in recent years on the stratigraphy of this region. However, individual work has been confined in areas separated by wide intervening parts that are not as well studied. Many researchers have proposed different stratigraphic nomenclatures in their respective study areas, and their stratigraphic subdivisions do not always correspond well with each other. Therefore, confusion and uncertainties have remained in the stratigraphic interpretation of the western Nepal Lesser Himalaya. An attempt has been made here to appraise and synthesize the work done so far to bring out a clearer picture of the problems and prospects in the stratigraphic investigations in western Nepal.
For convenience, the stratigraphy of the Lesser Himalayan metasediments the younger group of fossiliferous sedimentary rocks and the Jajarkot Nappe are treated separately. An attempt has been made to extend the stratigraphic nomenclature of the Nawakot Complex of central Nepal established by Stocklin and Bhattarai (1977) and Stocklin (1980) to western Nepal. In spite of the type sections of these rocks in central Nepal and the rocks of western Nepal being separated by a large intervening area, there is a fair consistency in the stratigraphic sequence and rock assemblages in the two areas. The uniformity in the use of nomenclature of rock units will greatly help to build up a more systematic and reliable stratigraphy of Nepal Lesser Himalaya in the future.
The low grade metamorphic and the sedimentary rocks of the Lesser Himalaya are divided into the older Nawakot Unit and the younger Tansen Unit. Only the Tansen Unit is fossiliferous. Whereas the Nawakot Unit is largely of Precambrian age, the Tansen Unit ranges in age from Permo-Carboniferous to Lower Tertiary. The Jajarkot Nappe, tectonically overlying the Lesser Himalayan metasediments, consists of medium grade metamorphic rocks such as garnet bearing schists, feldspathic schists and quartzites. These rocks are succeeded conformably by unmetamorphosed carbonate rocks of possibly Cambro­ Ordovician age and stratigraphically and tectonically comparable to the Phulchauki Group of the Kathmandu Nappe of central Nepal.
Stratigraphy and structural framework of the Sub-Himalaya, Bagmati River region, Central Nepal
Authors: Adhikary T. P. , Rimal L. N. 
Published: April 2021

The Sub-Himalaya in the Bagmati River region of central Nepal consists of two groups of rocks very different in age and characters. The Bagmati Group, an assemblage of pre-Siwalik rocks are found within the Siwalik Group. The Bagmati Group consists of sedimentary rocks, metasediments and basic rocks. The Siwalik Group is divided into the Lower, Middle and Upper Siwaliks. The Upper Siwalik is further subdivided into the Gadhan Khola, Chiruwa Khola and Bhainse Khola Formations. Vertebrate fossils were found in the lower and middle part of the Upper Siwaliks. An index fossil identified as Elephas planifrons was discovered for the first time in this region from a massive sandstone bed belonging to the upper part of the Upper Siwaliks. A conglomerate horizon with predominantly Siwalik sandstone clasts occur at the uppermost level of the Siwalik Group exposed in the southern belt. They in turn are unconformably overlain by flat lying younger Dun gravels.
The Sub-Himalayan rocks are distributed into the northern and the southern belts, separated by the Chaura-Marin Thrust. The northern belt is characterised by a number of thrusts and faults resulting in the cropping out of the Bagmati Group sediments and the repetition of the formations of the Siwalik Group. The southern belt shows largely north dipping sequences from the Lower to the Upper Siwaliks. Both the belts show plunging folds in the vicinity of the thrusts. Several NW-SE, NE-SW and N-S trending faults have cut across the entire Siwalik Range.
Environment of deposition of the sandstones of Lower Vindhyans of parts of Durg district, Madhya Pradesh, India
Authors: Chandra M. , Singhal B. B. S. , Awasthi A. K. 
Published: April 2021

Present paper attempts to establish the environment of deposition of the sandstones belonging to the Chandarpur Group exposed in parts of the Durg district, Madhya Pradesh (India). Grain size and shape analyses of the sandstones are carried out. Vertical variations of the different grain size statistics of the fluvial and beach sediments are also studied. A multivariate linear discriminant technique was adopted for discriminating the sediments of these two environments. The palaeocurrents are towards north, northeast and southeast.
Petrographic studies and provenance analysis of the sandstones show that the beach environment is richer in quartz and poorer in matrix as compared to the fluvial ones. The sandstones have been clearly differentiated with the help of multivariate discriminant analysis using thin section modal constituents like quartz, feldspars, iron oxide, matrix, etc. Results of the lithostratigraphic, grain size and petrographic studies fairly tally with each other suggesting that the sandstones under study were deposited under two very different fluvial and beach environments.
Jurassic shelf sedimentation and sequence stratigraphy of the Surghar Range, Pakistan
Authors: Ahmed S. , Mertmann D. , Manutsoglu E. 
Published: April 2021

In the Surghar Range, facies and biostratigraphical analysis of Jurassic deposits show that the platform development was affected by both the variations in sea-level and the influences of a nearby hinterland. The well exposed shallow marine to intertidal sediments of the Shinawari Formation and the Samana Suk Formation were deposited from the Toarcian to the middle Callovian.
A rise in sea-level during the lower Toarcian submerged the area which was a delta plain before. Shallowing upward cycles and smaller-scale paracycles are characteristic for the marine sequence. Relative sea-level lowstands occurred during the Bajocian, the Bathonian and the Callovian. The lower two coincide with terrigenous influx from the southeast. A lower Callovian hardground is overlain by transgressive middle Callovian open marine limestones. The Jurassic shallow marine platform development ends with another hardground. Drowning of the platform is indicated by the overlying deeper shelf deposits of the Oxfordian - Neocomian Chichali Formation.
Groundwater recharge to the confined aquifer system in the Terai plain of Nawalparasi district, western Nepal: a hydrochemical approach
Authors: Pathak Dinesh , Rao G. Krishna 
Published: April 2021

Groundwater recharge estimate is an essential part of the management of the water resources. The Terai plain of Nepal with multi-aquifer system and a number of river systems need thorough understanding on their interconnection.
Groundwater samples from the dugwells, shallow tube wells, deep tube wells, and river water were analysed for major chemical constituents. The chemistry of confined aquifer system is found to be different from the unconfined aquifers. The groundwater recharge to the confined aquifers is therefore believed to be not by vertical infiltration from the shallow aquifers but directly from the palaeo and present river beds. Estimation of groundwater recharge in parts of the Terai plain by rainfall factor warrants rethinking.
Lithological controls on hydrogeochemical parameters: a case study from parts of Vaigai River basin, Madurai, India
Authors: Sharma K. K. , Jayashree S. 
Published: April 2021

Water being a universal solvent carries minerals in solution which though present in small quantities determine its suitability for various purposes. The suitability of a well is determined more by the quality of water and not by the quantity of water which it can yield. Geochemical studies provide complete know ledge of the water resources of a hydrological region.
The influence of mineralogical composition upon the filtering properties and the water quality can be analysed form the point of view of the mineral properties. Quality of ground water varies from place to place and from stratum to stratum, it also varies from season to season. There are various techniques to analyse the groundwater quality. However, not much work has been carried out to study the variations in water quality as a result of 1ithological and structural controls. In the present paper, an attempt has been made in this direction. It is found that the first step for any groundwater quality data analysis should be its correlation with the lithological variations. This paper presents the details of the work carried out in the Vaigai River basin of Tamilnadu.
Characteristics of Benighat group in the context of geological framework of Gorkha - Mugling area and the southern Chure range
Authors: Adhikary T. P. 
Published: April 2021

A separate Benighat group is suggested for the Upper Nawakot Group, occupying the core of the Mahabharat syncline in the Gorkha-Mugling area. Lower Nawakot Group is also divided into two lithologically ahd structurally distinct groups, Dhading& Kunchha.
Benighat Group is an assemblage of alternating calcareous and argillaceous rock units. Six mappable units are distinguished, viz. Hushdi Beds, Dhungre Slates, Jogimara Limestone, Sairling Phyllites, Malekhu Limestone and Robang Phyllites. Basic rocks are found to occur in the upper and middle parts of the Benighat Group.
The Intra-Montane basins of the midland zone, geological hazards with special reference to human activities
Authors: Sharma Toran 
Published: April 2021

Intra-montane basins of the Midland zone are made up of Pli- Quaternary deposits and are represented by terrace landform which are still on the formative stages. Their geological environment is very delicate and unmindful land utilization could have an unrepairable consequences.
Over the recent years, unmanaged land utilization practices have initiated a series of land degradational processes which are not conducive to the population thriving on the landform. This paper is an attempt to highlight the geological environment of the basins and also to point out how the socioeconomic activities are accelerating the geological hazards.
Lithostratigraphic comparison of three Diamictite successions of Nepal Lesser Himalaya
Authors: Dhital M. R. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The Proterozoic Blaini-type of diamictite sequences have been identified from the Lesser Himalaya (Brookfield, 1987). A tillitic sequence called the Sisne Formation of Gondwana age was reported by Sakai (1983) from Tansen, the Western Nepal Lesser Himalaya. The newly reported Kokaha Diamictite and Sallyan Diamictite situated to the east and west of Tansen, respectively, exhibit some lithostratigraphic similarity with the Sisne Formation, though the underlying and overlying rocks are quite different
The Kokaha Diamictite from the Barahakshetra area of Eastern Nepal is underlain by grey quartzite with coal seams and conglomerate lenses. Sometimes tuffs and agglomerates are also found together with the diamictite in some places. It is followed upsection by grey calcareous sandstone, siltstone and shale. The Sisne Formation from the Tansen area of Western Nepal overlies grey dolomite with a disconformity and is followed by the Taltung Formation separated by another disconformity. The Taltung Formation itself is composed of basic volcanics, conglomerate, sandstone and siltstone. A non-Blaini type of diamictite horizon called the Sallyan Diamictite from the Sallyan area of West Nepal occurs in low -grade metamorphic rocks. It disconformably overlies quartzite, meta-conglomerates and phyllites, and is transitionally followed by black carbonaceou s slates. Lack of reliable fossils, metamorphism and strong deformation pose difficulties in correlating it with other diamictites.
Application of Geochemical Technique in Exploration and Evaluation of Copper, Lead and Zinc Resources of Nepal
Authors: Jnawali B. M. , Amatya K. M. 
Published: April 2021

Application of Geochemical technique in mineral exploration was used in Nepal during 1975-1985 by the Mineral Exploration Development Board (MEDR). Systematic drainage reconnaissance over 40,000 km2 area resulted in the recognition of a large number of anomalies several of which are related to previously unknown mineralizations. The anomalies were categorized into 1 to 4 assessed on the basis of magnitude, homogeneity, area and potential host rock. All anomalies of category 1 and 2 that were investigated by follow-up stream sediment and soil geochemistry of varying stages were finally found to disclose the mineralized sources. In all cases, detailed grid soil sampling results in conjunction with geologic observations enabled to ascertain the location, extent and continuity of sub­ outcropping bedrock source with considerable precision, but it was not possible to make reliable estimate of grade.
It has been attempted to evaluate the base metal resource based on the data available of the MEDR work as well as Department of Mines and Geology (DMG) and others. Although no economic deposits have been discovered except Ganesh Himal Zinc Lead, about 20 base metal prospects have been drilled and tonnage and grade proved and estimated. Of these, Kalitar Copper and Wapsa Copper deposits are considered to be of marginal economic grade, while the rest are inventoried a deposits of subeconomic to non-economic grade.
Peningkatan Kemampuan Menulis Teks Fabel Menggunakan Model Pembelajaran Creative Problem Solving (CPS) Siswa Kelas VII MTs Al-Quran Harsallakum Kota Bengkulu
Authors: Wahana Rilla , Susetyo Susetyo , Gumono Gumono 
Published: April 2021

Tujuan penelitian ini mendeskripsikan peningkatan kemampuan menulis teks fabel menggunakan model pembelajaran Creative Problem Solving (CPS) siswa kelas VII MTs Al-Quran Harsallakum Kota Bengkulu. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) dengan model Hopkins. Penelitian ini terdiri dari dua siklus, masing-masing siklus terdiri empat tahap yakni, perencanaan, pelaksanaan, pengamatan, dan refleksi. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik tes, observasi, dan observasi. Teknik analisis data pada penelitian adalah memberikan nilai atau skor terhadap teks fabel yang ditulis siswa, serta penilaian terhadap aktivitas siswa dan guru dalam pembelajaran menulis teks fabel yang dilakukan peneliti dan teman sejawat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terjadi peningkatan aktivitas guru siklus I 87,50% menjadi 100%. Aktivitas siswa juga mengalami peningkatan pada siklus I berdasarkan pengamatan obeserver yakni sebesar 4,56% dan penilai sebesar 4,22%. Sedangkan pada kemampuan menulis teks fabel siswa kelas VII.G MTs Al Quran Harsallakum kota Bengkulu mengalami peningkatan dalam menulis teks fabel dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran Creative Problem Solving (CPS), dilihat pada siklus I rata-rata nilai siswa sebesar 73,15 dengan kategori cukup dan meningkat pada siklus II dengan nilai rata-rata sebesar 84,35 kategori baik.
CONSERVATION OF THE GENE POOL OF ENDANGERED ARGALI SPECIES
Authors: Sansyzbay A. R. , Umitzhanov M. , Bakirov N. W. , Rysbayev M. B. 
Published: April 2021

Argali living on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan are listed in the Red Book and need special protection of the state. The number of these animals is falling every year. Urgent measures are being taken to preserve the existing species of argali in all their genetic diversity. One of the promising methods of preserving the gene pool of endangered species of wild animals is the method of deep freezing of sperm and embryo transplantation. The argali or mountain sheep species includes several subspecies that are quite well studied and differ in their external characteristics: ⦁	altai ram or Оvis аmmоn аmmоn; ⦁	anatolian mouflon or Оvis аmmоn аnаtоliса; ⦁	bukhara ram or Оvis аmmоn bосhаrеnsis; ⦁	kazakh argali or Оvis аmmоn соllium; ⦁	gansu argali or Оvis аmmоn dаlаilаmае; ⦁	tibetan mountain sheep or Оvis аmmоn hоdgsоnii; ⦁	north China mountain sheep or Оvis аmmоn jubаtа; ⦁	tianshan mountain sheep or Оvis аmmоn kаrelini; ⦁	argali Kozlova or Оvis аmmоn kоzlоvi; ⦁	karatau mountain sheep or Оvis аmmоn nigrimоntаnа; ⦁	cyprus ram or Оvis аmmоn орhiоn; ⦁	mountain ram marco polo or Оvis аmmоn роlii; ⦁	kyzylkum mountain sheep or Оvis аmmоn sеvеrtzоvi; ⦁	urmian mouflon or Оvis аmmоn urmiаnа. Conservation of biological diversity around the world is now deservedly given great attention. The problem of accelerated reproduction of genetic resources has become particularly relevant at the present time, when the Red Book is becoming larger every year, and the world around us is becoming poorer. Every year, the planet loses many species of animals and plants. Therefore, the search for conservation opportunities for endangered populations of wild animals is not only of scientific, but also of great practical interest. The theoretical basis for the conservation of rare and endangered species of wild animals in Kazakhstan has not yet been developed and has not yet been sufficiently studied. The use of biotechnological techniques makes it possible to preserve the genetic basis of valuable and endangered animal species.
CONTINUIDADE DE CUIDADOS DE REABILITAÇÃO ENTRE CONTEXTOS DE SAÚDE: ESTUDO DE CASO
Authors: Silva Rui Pedro , Sousa Elisabeth 
Published: April 2021

Objetivo: Descrever, sob a perspetiva da continuidade de cuidados, um caso clínico onde se verificou acompanhamento por enfermagem de reabilitação durante um ano, envolvendo diferentes contextos de prestação de cuidados de saúde.
Materiais e método: O caso reporta a um utente com multimorbilidade, o qual foi alvo de cuidados de saúde em quatro contextos de distintos ao longo do último ano: ECCI, internamento hospitalar de agudos, internamento hospitalar de manutenção/reabilitação e ambulatório. Em cada um dos contextos descritos, o utente foi alvo de uma avaliação por parte de enfermagem de reabilitação, da qual resultou a implementação de um plano de reabilitação sempre que a condição clínica o permitiu. Em cada um dos contextos isolados verificou-se evolução positiva funcional e/ou clínica, da qual se traduz evolução significativa ao comparar os extremos cronológicos do período temporal em causa. Entre cada contexto distinto verificou-se comunicação formal e informal de dados clínicos, entre os quais o plano de reabilitação em curso no momento da transição entre contextos.
Resultados e discussão: Da análise dos dados expostos, é possível fazer as seguintes inferências: a) houve evolução positiva da condição funcional do utente entre o início e o final do período em análise (recuperação total da força muscular, do equilíbrio e da autonomia dos autocuidados); b) em cada contexto individual, e sempre que a condição clínica do utente permitiu, foi implementado um plano de reabilitação específico, do qual resultaram ganhos funcionais e clínicos; c) embora tenha havido comunicação formal e informal entre contextos acerca do plano de reabilitação, não se seguiu um plano de reabilitação único e dinâmico; d) possivelmente, um plano de reabilitação único e dinâmico permitiria atingir mais rapidamente os resultados obtidos, pela maior fluidez dos cuidados entre contextos.
Conclusão: É possível ter estratégias de reabilitação a longo prazo em casos clínicos complexos, mesmo que entrem em equação vários contextos de prestação de cuidados de saúde. Embora a comunicação entre os diferentes contextos permita sequenciar os respetivos planos de reabilitação, existe espaço para que se melhore a continuidade de cuidados entre diferentes serviços e se ambicione a adoção de um plano de reabilitação único, transversal e dinâmico; um possível caminho para essa melhoria será a formalização da comunicação direta entre os seus profissionais, como complemento da utilização dos sistemas de informação em uso.
Sistem Pakar Berbasis Android untuk Diagnosis Diabetes Melitus dengan Metode Forward Chaining
Authors: NAWANGNUGRAENI DEVI ASTRI 
Published: April 2021

Diabetes Melitus termasuk salah satu penyakit yang menyebabkan kematian terbesar. Hal tersebut disebabkan pengetahuan masyarakat yang kurang mengenai gejala-gejala penyakit yang ditimbulkan sehingga mengalami keterlambatan penanganan. Artikel ini menyajikan pengembangan aplikasi sistem pakar yang digunakan sebagai perangkat diagnosis Diabetes Melitus pada mobile Android. Tujuan aplikasi ini untuk mendeteksi Diabetes Melitus berdasakan gejala yang sedang dialami oleh seseorang sesuai dengan tipe penyakit Diabetes Melitus dan menentukan persentase kemungkinan terjadinya penyakit tersebut. Dalam pengembangkan aplikasi sistem pakar ini menggunakan metode forward chaining. Penerapan metode forward chaining digunakan untuk mengumpulkan informasi kemudian dilanjutkan dengan mengimplementasikan penalaran dengan aturan if-then sebagai hasil kesimpulan diagnosis sesuai dengan gejala. Tahapan dalam pengembangan aplikasi sistem pakar ini menggunakan Expert System Development Life Cycle (ESDLC). Hasil pengembangannya yaitu sistem pakar yang digunakan untuk diagnosis penyakit Diabetes Melitus sesuai gejala yang dialami. Aplikasi sistem pakar tersebut diimplementasikan pada mobile Android. Aplikasi sistem pakar ini menampilkan hasil yang spesifik yaitu selain menampilkan diagnosis Diabetes Melitus juga menampilkan persentase kemungkinan terjadinya penyakit tersebut pada seseorang.
Kata Kunci – Android; Diabetes Melitus; Diagnosis; Forward chaining; Sistem pakar.
Rancang Bangun Aplikasi Tracking Paket Ekspedisi CV MK Express
Authors: Juwariyah Siti , Sufaidah Siti , Widya Moh Anshori Aris 
Published: April 2021

Inovasi menjadi salah satu upaya bagi sebuah instansi atau perusahaan untuk terus meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan, hal ini dilakukan agar dapat bertahan di era hiperkompetisi saat ini. CV MK Express adalah perusahaan baru yang bergerak di bidang jasa, yaitu ekspedisi pengiriman barang maupun dokumen. Sebagai perusahaan pendatang, CV MK Express berinovasi dengan cara membuat sebuah aplikasi berbasis mobile. Aplikasi ini meliputi sistem pelacakan, penjemputan dan pengantaran paket yang memanfaatkan fitur GPS (Global Positioning System). Sistem pelacakan paket pada aplikasi ini berbeda dengan aplikasi sejenis karena menggunakan sistem lacak realtime, dimana pengguna dapat melihat titik keberadaan paket per interval waktu yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang dan membangun aplikasi tersebut dengan basis mobile android. Android pada aplikasi ini berjenis hybrid dan dibangun menggunakan framework7, sedangkan basis data yang digunakan adalah MySQL. Di sisi pelanggan penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan kemudahan dalam melakukan permintaan penjemputan dan pelacakan paket, sedangkan di sisi perusahaan diharapkan dapat memperlancar proses bisnis yang dijalankan.
Kata Kunci – android hybrid, ekspedisi, framework7, GPS (Global Positioning System), sistem tracking.