bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can a penalized-likelihood estimation algorithm be used to reduce the injected dose or the acquisition time in&nbsp;68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT studies?
Authors: Chicheportiche Alexandre , Goshen Elinor , Godefroy Jeremy , Grozinsky-Glasberg Simona , Oleinikov Kira , Meirovitz Amichay , Gross David J. , Ben-Haim Simona 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Image quality and quantitative accuracy of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) depend on several factors such as uptake time, scanner characteristics and image reconstruction methods. Ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM) is considered the gold standard for image reconstruction. Penalized-likelihood estimation (PL) algorithms have been recently developed for PET reconstruction to improve quantitation accuracy while maintaining or even improving image quality. In PL algorithms a regularization parameter β controls the penalization of relative differences between neighboring pixels and determines image characteristics. In the present study, we aim to compare the performance of Q.Clear (PL algorithm, GE Healthcare) and OSEM (3 iterations, 8 subsets, 6 mm post-processing filter) for 68Ga-DOTATATE (68Ga-DOTA) PET studies, both visually and quantitatively.Thirty consecutive whole-body 68Ga-DOTA studies were included. The data were acquired in list mode and were reconstructed using 3D OSEM and Q.Clear with various values of β, and various acquisition times per bed position (bp), thus generating images with reduced injected dose (1.5 min/bp: β=300-1100; 1.0 min/bp: β=600-1400 and 0.5 min/bp: β=800-2200). An additional analysis adding β values up to 1500, 1700 and 3000 for 1.5, 1.0 and 0.5 min/bp, respectively, was performed for a random sample of 8 studies. Evaluation was performed using a phantom and clinical data. Two experienced nuclear medicine physicians blinded to the variables assessed the image quality visually.Results: Clinical images reconstructed with Q.Clear, set at 1.5, 1.0 min/bp and 0.5 min/bp using β = 1100, 1300, 3000 respectively, resulted in images with noise equivalence to 3D OSEM (1.5 min/bp) with a mean increase in SUVmax of 14%, 13% and 4%, an increase in SNR of 30%, 24% and 10%, and in SBR of 13%, 13% and 2%, respectively. Visual assessment yielded similar results for β values of 1100-1400 and 1300-1600 for 1.5 and 1.0 min/bp, respectively although for 0.5 min/bp there was no significant improvement compared to OSEM.Conclusion: 68Ga-DOTA reconstructions with Q.Clear, 1.5 and 1.0 min/bp resulted in increased tumor SUVmax and in improved SNR and SBR at a similar level of noise compared to 3D OSEM. Q.Clear with β =1300-1600 enables one-third reduction of acquisition time or injected dose, with similar image quality compared to 3D OSEM.
Health and support service needs of individuals with disability from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Pho Jacqueline Nhu Quynh , Tan Aidan Christopher , Chaudhary Katrina , Hines Sonia , Ellison Caroline , Isaac Vivian , Lim David 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: All individuals should have the right to engage meaningfully in occupations that meet their aspirations and life goals as well as promote their health and wellbeing. For individuals with disability, meaningful engagement in occupations is supported by timely, effective and adaptive health and support services. However, research has revealed multiple barriers preventing utilization of these services by individuals with disability from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds. This review aims to identify gaps and solutions in health and support services of individuals with disability from CALD backgrounds to meaningfully engage in occupations.Methods: A scoping review will be conducted in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology for scoping reviews. A detailed search strategy will be used to search CINAHL, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, PsycInfo, JBI and Cochrane Library, as well as grey literature in Trove, Mednar and OpenGrey from January 1974 onwards. Two reviewers will independently screen all citations and full-text articles for eligibility against specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Potential conflicts will be resolved through discussion. Data will be extracted and presented in a diagrammatic or tabular form accompanied by a narrative summary. Discussion: The scoping review will present the health and support service needs of individuals with disability from CALD backgrounds and will extend the current reviews as it focuses the engagement in meaningful occupation. Findings from this review have the potential to inform local policy discussions and practice-based disability care.Systematic review registration: Open Science Framework (osf.io/hw2fb).
Human and natural drivers of the recent contrasting trends
between daytime and nighttime hot extremes
Authors: Yeh Sang-Wook , Lee Eun-Hye , Min Seung-Ki 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The frequency and duration of extreme heat events, including heat waves (HWs, daytime hot extremes) and tropical night (TNs), are increasing significantly as the climate warms, adversely affecting human health, agriculture, and energy consumption. Although many detection and attribution studies have examined extreme heat events, the underlying mechanisms associated with the recent increase in HWs and TNs remain unclear. In this study, we analyze the controlling factors behind the distinct increases in HW and TN events over the Northern Hemisphere during boreal summer (June to August). We found that the occurrence of HW events has been increasing gradually since 1980, mostly due to anthropogenic forcing. However, the occurrence of TN events increased abruptly during the late 1990s and has changed little since then. We demonstrate that this sudden increase in TN events is closely associated with low frequency variability in sea surface temperature, including the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, indicating its natural origin. We further found that CMIP5 climate models fail to capture the observed non-linear increases in TN events, implying potentially large uncertainty in future projections of nighttime heat events and its impacts on human society and ecosystem.
Characterization of resistance mechanisms of Enterobacter cloacae Complex Co-resistant to Carbapenem and Colistin
Authors: Liu Shixing , Fang Renchi , Zhang Ying , Chen Lijiang , Huang Na , Yu Kaihang , Zhou Cui , Cao Jianming , Zhou Tieli 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: The emergence of carbapenem-resistant and colistin-resistant ECC pose a huge challenge to infection control. The purpose of this study was to clarify the mechanism of the carbapenems and colistin co-resistance in Enterobacter cloacae Complex (ECC) strains. Methods: Nineteen ECC isolates co-resistant to carbapenems and colistin were collected from a regional medical center in China. Carbapenemase gene, extended-spectrum β-lactamase gene, AmpC cephalosporinase gene ampC, mcr series genes, and ecr gene were detected by PCR. Genetic clusters of based on hsp60 sequence analysis were performed. Expression levels of outer membrane protein OmpC/OmpF and efflux pump protein AcrA/AcrB were investigated. And the structural modification of lipid A of 19 ECC strains was analyzed. Results: This study showed that the mechanisms of carbapenem resistance in this study are: 1. Generating carbapenemase (7 of 19); 2. The production of AmpC or ESBLs combined with decreased expression of out membrane protein (12 of 19). hsp60 sequence analysis suggested 10 of 19 the strains belong to colistin hetero-resistant clusters and the mechanism of colistin resistance is increaseing expression of acrA in the efflux pump AcrAB-TolC alone (5 of 19) or accompanied by a decrease of affinity between colistin and outer membrane caused by the modification of lipid A (14 of 19). Moreover, an ECC strain co-harboring plasmid-mediated mcr-4.3 and blaNDM-1 has been found.Conclusions: This study suggested that there is no overlap between the resistance mechanism of co-resistant ECC strains to carbapenem and colistin. However, the emergence of strain co-harboring plasmid-mediated resistance genes indicated that ECC is a potential carrier for the horizontal spread of carbapenems and colistin resistance.
Laparoscopic versus open feeding jejunostomy insertion in oesophagogastric cancer
Authors: Mastoridis Sotiris , Bracalente Giada , Hanganu Chistine-Bianca , Neccia Michela , Giuliani Antonio , Gillies Richard , Marshall Robert , Maynard Nicholas , Sgromo Bruno 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Jejunal feeding is an invaluable method by which to improve the nutritional status of patients undergoing neoadjuvant and surgical treatment of oesophageal malignancies. However, the insertion of a feeding jejunostomy can cause significant postoperative morbidity. The aim of this study is to compare the outcomes of patients undergoing placement of feeding jejunostomy by conventional laparotomy with an alternative laparoscopic approach. Methods: A retrospective review of data prospectively collected at the Oxford Oesophagogastric Centre between August 2017 and July 2019 was performed including consecutive patients undergoing feeding jejunostomy insertion. Results: In the study period, 157 patients underwent jejunostomy insertion in the context of oesophageal cancer therapy, 126 (80%) by open technique and 31 (20%) laparoscopic. Pre-operative demographic and nutritional characteristics were broadly similar between groups. In the early postoperative period jejunostomy-associated complications were noted in 54 cases (34.4%) and were significantly more common among those undergoing open as compared with laparoscopic insertion (38.1% vs 19.3%, P = 0.049). Furthermore, major complications were more common among those undergoing open insertion, whether as a stand-alone or at the time of staging laparoscopy (n = 11/71), as compared with insertion at the time of oesophagectomy (n = 3/86, P = 0.011). Conclusions: This report represents the largest to our knowledge single-centre comparison of open versus laparoscopic jejunostomy insertion in patients undergoing oesophagectomy in the treatment of gastroesophageal malignancy. We conclude that the laparoscopic jejunostomy insertion technique described represents a safe and effective approach to enteral access which may offer superior outcomes to conventional open procedures.
Scaling-Up a New Socio-Mental Health Service Model in Iran to Reduce Burden of Neuropsychiatric Disorders: An Economic Evaluation Study
Authors: Hosseinijebeli Seyede Sedighe , Rezapour Aziz , Hajebi Ahmad , Lakeh Maziar Moradi , Damari Behzad 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: The integration of core packages of mental health care into routine primary health care has been introduced as an effective way to achieve universal health coverage in mental health care. Based on the transition of mental health care in Iran, from introducing basic mental health care in PHC to the experience of community-based mental health centers for urban areas, a new socio-mental health service model has been so far proposed. This study aimed to estimate the impact of scaling-up the new socio-mental health model at the national level as well as its associated costs.Methods: This study was a cost-consequence analysis following One Health Tool methodology. The data required for the study were collected in the first quarter of the year 2020 with a time horizon from 2020 to 2030. The selected metric for summarizing health effects is healthy life years gained. Resources used in terms of medicines, staff salaries and outpatient visits were documented and associated costs were subsequently estimated in order to estimate the average cost of each intervention per case. Results: The health impacts are calculated in terms of healthy life years gained, after adjusting the prevalence and incidence rates for each disorder. In total, 1,702,755 healthy life years were expected to be gained. Considering total 1,363,581,654 US dollars cost in basic scenario, each healthy life years gained will cost around 801 US dollars. Based on the WHO criteria for cost-effectiveness threshold, all of the values ranged from 724 to 1119 US dollars obtained through eight different scenarios were considered as cost-effective given the GDP per capita of 5,550 US dollars for Iran.Conclusions: Mental health budget in Iran equals to about three percent of total health expenditure while the mental health cost per capita is estimated to be 1.73 US dollar which are relatively low considering the share of the MNS disorders in the national burden of diseases. The results of current study showing the cost of 16.4 US dollar per capita for scaling up this comprehensive mental health service model can convince high-level policy-makers to increase the share of mental health budget accordingly.
Bulk-up synchronisation of successive larval cohorts of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and Anopheles coluzzii through temperature reduction at early larval stages: effect on emergence rates, body size and mating success
Authors: Zubair Qaswa , Matthews Holly , Sougoufara Seynabou , Mujeeb Fatima , Ashall Simon , Aboagye-Antwi Fred , Tripet Frederic 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Malaria persists as a huge medical and economic burden. Although the number of cases and death rates have reduced in recent years, novel interventions are a necessity if such gains are to be maintained. Alternative methods to target mosquito vector populations that involve the release of large numbers genetically modified mosquitoes are in development. However, their successful introduction will require innovative strategies to bulk-up mosquito numbers and improve mass rearing protocols for Anopheles mosquitoes. Methods: Here we aimed to exploit the relationship between mosquito aquatic stage development and temperature so that multiple cohorts of mosquitoes, from separate egg batches, could be synchronised for a ‘bulk-up’ of the number of mosquitoes released. First instar larvae were separated into two cohorts: the first, maintained under standard insectary conditions at 27 o C, the second subjected to an initial 5-day cooling period at 19 o C. Results: Cooling of 1 st instars slowed the mean emergence times of An. coluzzii and An. gambiae by 2.4 and 3.5 days, respectively, compared to their 27 o C counterparts. Pupation and emergence rates were good (> 85%) in all conditions. Temperature adjustment had no effect on mosquito sex ratio and adult fitness parameters such as body size and mating success were also comparable with the control cohort. Conclusions: Bulk-up larval synchronization is a simple method allowing more operational flexibility in mosquito production towards mark-release-recapture studies and mass release interventions.
Fall Awareness Behaviour And Its Associated Factors Among Malaysian Community Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Wen Goh Jing , Singh Devinder Kaur Ajit , Mesbah Normala , Hanafi Anis Afifa Mohd , Azwan Adlyn Farhana 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background Falls are one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity in older adults. However, despite adoption of prevention strategies, the number of falls in older adults has not declined. The aim of this study was to examine fall awareness behaviour and its associated factors among Malaysian community dwelling older adults. Methods A total of 144 community dwelling older adults (mean age of 70.69±4.3 years) participated in this study. Physical performance were assessed using timed up and go (TUG), gait speed (GS), chair stand and hand grip tests. Fall Awareness Behaviour (FaB) and Fall Risk Assessment Questionnaires (FRAQ) were administered to assess behaviour and fall prevention knowledge respectively. Results Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that the practice of fall awareness behaviour (R2=0.256) was significantly associated with being male [95% C.I: 2.178 to 7.789, p<0.001], having lower BMI [95% C.I: -0.692 to -0.135, p<0.05], living with family [95% C.I: 0.022 to 5.953, p<0.05] and those having higher functional mobility [95% C.I: -2.008 to -0.164, p<0.05]. Conclusions Fall awareness behaviour should be emphasized among older females, those with lower functional mobility, higher BMI and living alone.
Effect of sequentially fed high protein, hydrolysed protein, and high fibre diets on the faecal microbiota of healthy dogs: a cross-over study
Authors: Martinez-Lopez Lina Maria , Pepper Amy , Pilla Rachel , Woodward Andrew , Suchodolski Jan , Mansfield Caroline 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
BackgroundDietary content and environmental factors can shape the gut microbiota, and consequently, the way the gut microbiota metabolises fats, carbohydrates and proteins, affecting overall health of the host. We evaluated the impact of 3 diets (all meat, high insoluble fibre dry extruded diet and hydrolysed protein dry extruded diet) on the gut microbiota of healthy dogs in a cross-over sequential study. ResultsWe showed that diet can have a large effect on the gut microbiome in dogs, regardless of the order of feeding. High-protein (all meat) diets were characterised by an increase in bacteria belonging to the Fusobacteria and Bacteroidetes phyla, whereas a high-insoluble fibre commercial diet correlated with increases in Firmicutes and Actinobacteria phyla. However, the individual dog’s baseline microbiota had the most impact on the magnitude and nature of the changes in response to dietary intervention. Conclusion Our results suggest that the dog faecal microbiome is driven by protein and fibre composition, and targeted modification of these patterns could be useful in the modulation of the gut microbiota in different diseases.
The role of laparoscopic procedure against inguinal hernia comparing with open procedure
Authors: Sato Hideaki , Yoshizawa Jyoji , Sugiyama Akihide , Nakagami Tomokazu , Watarai Yu 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
BackgroundLaparoscopic approach, especially laparoscopic percutaneous extraperitoneal closure (LPEC) for inguinal hernia (IH) is widely spread but few studies have compared its invasiveness with that of conventional approach (OPEN). This study compared the role and postoperative early phase symptoms of LPEC with OPEN at our institute.MethodsThe records of 940 IH patients from 2014 to 2019 were analyzed on the basis of age, sex, method of surgery, pre- and post-operative diagnosis, postoperative symptoms, and complications.ResultsThe OPEN group comprised 393 males, of which 44 were diagnosed with contralateral hernia (7.1%). In the LPEC group, 158 males had an average age of 3.88 years. The contralateral patent processus vaginalis (CPPV) was identified in 148 patients during operation. OPEN operation time for patients aged <1 year was 42.7 minutes, vs 33.4 minutes for LPEC. The two groups experienced comparable paces of fever and first oral intake time; however, pain and recurrence rate were greater in the LPEC group.ConclusionLPEC can be performed to avoid contralateral occurrence; surgical time is reduced for patients aged <1 year. However, the reduced invasiveness of LPEC compared to that of OPEN did not minimize postoperative symptoms or complications.
Relationships between test positivity rate, total laboratory confirmed cases of malaria, and malaria incidence in high burden settings of Uganda: an ecological analysissis
Authors: Okiring Jaffer , Epstein Adrienne , Namuganga Jane F. , Kamya Victor , Sserwanga Asadu , Kapisi James , Ebong Chris , Kigozi Simon P. , Mpimbaza Arthur , Wanzira Humphrey , Briggs Jessica , Kamya Moses R. , Nankabirwa Joaniter I. , Dorsey Grant 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background Malaria surveillance is critical for monitoring changes in malaria morbidity over time. National Malaria Control Programmes often rely on surrogate measures of malaria incidence, including the test positivity rate (TPR) and total laboratory confirmed cases of malaria (TCM), to monitor trends in malaria morbidity. However, there are limited data on the accuracy of TPR and TCM for predicting temporal changes in malaria incidence, especially in high burden settings.Methods This study leveraged data from 5 malaria reference centres (MRCs) located in high burden settings over a 15-month period from November 2018 through January 2020 as part of an enhanced health facility-based surveillance system established in Uganda. Individual level data were collected from all outpatients including demographics, laboratory test results, and village of residence. Estimates of malaria incidence were derived from catchment areas around the MRCs. Temporal relationships between monthly aggregate measures of TPR and TCM relative to estimates of malaria incidence were examined using linear and exponential regression models. Results A total of 149,739 outpatient visits to the 5 MRCs were recorded. Overall, malaria was suspected in 73.4% of visits, 99.1% of patients with suspected malaria received a diagnostic test, and 69.7% of those tested for malaria were positive. Temporal correlations between monthly measures of TPR and malaria incidence using linear and exponential regression models were relatively poor, with small changes in TPR frequently associated with large changes in malaria incidence. Linear regression models of temporal changes in TCM provided the most parsimonious and accurate predictor of changes in malaria incidence, with adjusted R2 values ranging from 0.81 to 0.98 across the 5 MRCs. However, the slope of the regression lines indicating the change in malaria incidence per unit change in TCM varied from 0.57 to 2.13 across the 5 MRCs, and when combining data across all 5 sites, the R2 value reduced to 0.38. Conclusions In high malaria burden areas of Uganda, site-specific temporal changes in TCM had a strong linear relationship with malaria incidence and were a more useful metric than TPR. However, caution should be taken when comparing changes in TCM across sites.
On the Spatiotemporal Behavior in Biology-Mimicking Computing Systems
Authors: Vegh Janos , Berki Ádám József 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Both the growing demand to cope with ”big data” (based on, or assisted by, artiﬁcial intelligence) and the interest in understanding the operation of our brain more completely, stimulated the eﬀorts to build biology-mimicking computing systems from inexpensive conventional components and build diﬀerent (”neuro-morphic”) computing systems. On one side, those systems require an unusually large number of processors, which introduces performance limitations and nonlinear scaling. On the other side, the neuronal operation drastically diﬀers from the conventional workloads. The conduction time (transfer time) is ignored in both in conventional computing and ”spatiotemporal” computational models of neural networks, although von Neumann warned: ”In the human nervous system the con-duction times along the lines (axons) can be longer than the synaptic delays, hence our above procedure of neglecting them aside of τ [the processing time] would be unsound” [1], section 6.3. This diﬀerence alone makes imitating biological behavior in technical implementation hard. Besides, the recent issues in computing called the attention to that the temporal behavior is a general feature of computing systems, too. Some of their eﬀects in both biological and technical systems were al-ready noticed. Instead of introducing some ”looks like” models, the correct handling of the transfer time is suggested here. Introducing the temporal logic, based on the Minkowski transform, gives quantitative insight into the operation of both kinds of computing systems, furthermore provides a natural explanation of decades-old empirical phenomena. Without considering their temporal behavior correctly, neither eﬀective implementation nor a true imitation of biological neural systems are possible.