bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessments of Societal Subjective Well-Being
Authors: Tay Louis , Jebb Andrew T. , Scotney Victoria S. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines 10 methodological issues when assessing and analyzing societal well-being using self-reports. First, there are unit-of-analysis issues: deciding the appropriate level of analysis, accounting for individual-level score variability in societal-level scores, testing isomorphism across levels, and finding ways of aggregating and accounting for score variability. Second, there are comparability issues: researchers have sought to homogenize well-being scales with different response scales or use translated measures to compare across nations. Furthermore, there is the concern of whether well-being measures can capture the full range of well-being (both positive and negative aspects). The final set of issues are prediction issues: well-being measures may be more sensitive to negative than positive events/experiences, societal well-being may not always be linearly related to variables of interest, and domain-specific measures may be more sensitive than general measures of well-being, especially when tracking specific changes in well-being or comparing subgroups.
Defending a Hybrid of Objective List and Desire Theories of Well-Being
Authors: Lauinger William A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter extends previous work by the author on a view of human well-being that is a hybrid of objective list theories and desire theories. Though some of the chapter’s content traverses old ground, much is new—not in terms of ultimate conclusions, but rather in terms of routes toward these ultimate conclusions and certain implications of these ultimate conclusions (e.g., implications concerning the measurement of well-being). There are two different visions of what human beings are that the author privileges and attempts to synthesize: first, a broadly Aristotelian vision that pushes us toward an objective list theory and, second, a vision of humans as unique individuals with different sets of intrinsic desires, where this desire-focused vision is itself informed by Jacques Lacan and his view that each human self is constituted by a particular and dynamic chains-of-signifiers-plus-desire-flow structure.
Response to “Advancing the Science of Well-Being: A Dissenting View on Measurement Recommendations”
Authors: VanderWeele Tyler J. , Trudel-Fitzgerald Claudia , Kubzansky Laura D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In response to Chapter 18, the authors of this chapter agree with the points made by Ryff et al. on the importance of nomenclature, the multidimensional nature of well-being, and the importance of context while holding that none of this contradicts their own recommendations. The authors revisit the rationale provided for their specific recommendations, which they believe Ryff et al. chose to ignore. They defend the view, contrary to Ryff et al., that if it is possible to include only a single well-being item on a survey then it is best to include one, rather than nothing at all. The authors note that several single-item well-being indicators strongly predict numerous relevant outcomes in longitudinal studies. They reiterate that the present recommendations are provisional and observe that Ryff et al. offer no alternative set of recommendations. The authors state their belief that a set of provisional recommendations, drawing on current evidence, will help promote the monitoring and study of well-being and is better than none at all.
God’s Marshall Plan
Authors: Strasburg James D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines how ecumenical American Protestants sought to come to Europe’s “spiritual aid” through carrying out a “Marshall Plan for the Churches.” By the summer of 1947, these Protestant ecumenists were preparing to rebuild European churches, distribute material aid across the continent, and promote theological exchange across the Atlantic. All the while, they also sought to strengthen the standing of democracy and capitalism in Europe and, in particular, to bolster European spiritual defenses against communism. While German and European Protestants welcomed ecumenical aid, they also protested the Cold War interests of the United States. In particular, they challenged American ecumenists for contributing to the spread of what they deemed a new kind of American imperial order in the world. In response, a growing number of Europeans called on ecumenical Protestants across the North Atlantic to become a “third way” spiritual force between American democracy and Soviet communism.
A Sound Economy
Authors: Titon Jeff Todd 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA sound community announces the presence and potential of an ecological rationality. In a sound community, music is communicative, as natural as breathing, participatory and exchanged freely, strengthening and sustaining individuals and communities. A sound community exhibits a sound economy, just, participatory, and egalitarian. Wealth and power are widely distributed and shared, and maintained through the visible hand of democratic management. A sound economy is based in a sound ecology where exchanges are based in honest signals that invite reciprocity and trust. In a sound ecology, sound being and sound knowing lead to sound action, which is cooperative, mutually beneficial, and just.
Performing Transitional Justice
Authors: Impey Angela 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter invites critical scrutiny of the role of performance ethnography in development praxis, focusing specifically on the place of ethnomusicology in current discourses about alternative frameworks for transitional justice in post-conflict and fragile states. The paper responds to the increasing appeal in transitional justice literature for legal pluralism and reflects on the challenges and opportunities that traditional justice strategies pose for many of the fundamental assumptions that currently underlie post-conflict rule-of-law work. Taking direction from Brown et al. (2011) and Mignolo (2013), who call for imaginative “delinking” from current epistemic hegemonies in seeking solutions to pressing societal problems, the chapter argues for greater consideration of culture in responding to the multidimensional legacies of protracted conflict (Rush & Simić 2014). Drawing on research on Dinka ox-songs in South Sudan—a country that emerged from half a century of civil war with Sudan, but remains profoundly destabilized by internecine violence—the paper argues that in their capacity as public hearings, ox-songs offer locally embedded judicial instruments or “justice rituals” (Rossner 2013) of narration, listening, and understanding, opening discursive spaces for the expression of multiple public positions and forms of agency. While songs recount individual, clan, or community memories within the context of culturally legitimate expressive spaces, they equally reveal potentially incompatible rejoinders to social justice, forgiveness, and inclusivity, thus supporting new pathways for hybrid or plural frameworks for truth-telling, justice, and reparative outcomes.
Queen of Heartaches
Authors: Golia Julie 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter profiles three pioneering advice columnists, Elizabeth Gilmer (writing as Dorothy Dix), Marie Manning (writing as Beatrice Fairfax), and Annie Brown Leslie (writing as Nancy Brown), who carved out a distinctly, even proudly feminine niche of interpersonal reportage. Advice columnists emphasized rather than downplayed their femaleness, arguing that their gender bestowed upon them unique skills that made them advice experts. These journalists played a key role in the development of the celebrity reporter, proving willing to publicize their personal life narratives in their columns and in the mainstream press—but with careful editorial control. Drawing on precedents set by Progressive Era journalists, advice columnists envisioned themselves as mediators of information and counsel in an increasingly complex, subjective, and bureaucratic world. Reaching audiences of millions, they served as influential advisors and disseminators of information about social services in modern America.
John Calvin
Authors: Chung-Kim Esther 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter investigates the extensive work of French refugee pastors for the Reformation of church and society in Geneva. John Calvin with other French Reformed pastors were able to help create a separate relief fund for religious refugees as a parallel organization to the general hospital through the financial support of wealthier refugees and transnational network of donors under the management of church leaders. The establishment of the French Fund provided a relief agency for refugees that did not rely on any state funding. As a model in Reformed religion, this institution in the church and the Consistory helped reinforce the Reformed religious identity among displaced French Protestants. As a spokesperson for the pastors, Calvin helped establish a safety net for poor foreigners by preaching on communal care and generosity, by reorganizing church leadership and discipline, and by supporting a special fund for refugees in response to the practical needs arising from migration.
The Compatibility of Constitutional Democracy and International Law
Authors: Pavel Carmen E. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The principle of national constitutional supremacy sits uneasily with the authority claimed by international law to constrain state action, even action arising in conformity with constitutional rules. The authority of various institutions in a constitutional democracy is democratically sanctioned, which comes with a special moral force and normative legitimacy. Therefore, one of the unappreciated features of constitutional supremacy is its democratically sanctioned potential to undermine international law and ultimately undermine the protection it affords to states and to the rights and interests of their citizens. This chapter argues that this incompatibility can be reduced or resolved by changes in rules at both the domestic and the international levels and suggests a certain way of resolving it that does the least possible damage to domestic constitutional supremacy while reconciling it with central demands of international law.
The Robot Dogs of War
Authors: Baker Deane-Peter 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The prospect of robotic warriors striding the battlefield has, somewhat unsurprisingly, been shaped by perceptions drawn from science fiction. While illustrative, such comparisons are largely unhelpful for those considering potential ethical implications of autonomous weapons systems. In this chapter, I offer two alternative sources for ethical comparison. Drawing from military history and current practice for guidance, this chapter highlights the parallels that make mercenaries—the ‘dogs of war’—and military working dogs—the actual dogs of war—useful lenses through which to consider Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems—the robot dogs of war. Through these comparisons, I demonstrate that some of the most commonly raised ethical objections to autonomous weapon systems are overstated, misguided, or otherwise dependent on outside circumstance.
Empirical Data on Attitudes Toward Autonomous Systems
Authors: Galliott Jai , Baggiarini Bianca , Rupka Sean 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Combat automation, enabled by rapid technological advancements in artificial intelligence and machine learning, is a guiding principle in the conduct of war today. Yet, empirical data on the impact of algorithmic combat on military personnel remains limited. This chapter draws on data from a historically unprecedented survey of Australian Defence Force Academy cadets. Given that this generation of trainees will be the first to deploy autonomous systems (AS) in a systematic way, their views are especially important. This chapter focuses its analysis on five themes: the dynamics of human-machine teams; the perceived risks, benefits, and capabilities of AS; the changing nature of (and respect for) military labor and incentives; preferences to oversee a robot, versus carrying out a mission themselves; and the changing meaning of soldiering. We utilize the survey data to explore the interconnected consequences of neoliberal governing for cadets’ attitudes toward AS, and citizen-soldiering more broadly. Overall, this chapter argues that Australian cadets are open to working with and alongside AS, but under the right conditions. Armed forces, in an attempt to capitalize on these technologically savvy cadets, have shifted from institutional to occupational employers. However, in our concluding remarks, we caution against unchecked technological fetishism, highlighting the need to critically question the risks of AS on moral deskilling, and the application of market-based notions of freedom to the military domain.
After the Flood
Authors: Husain Faisal H. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter documents the long-term consequences of the Euphrates’ channel shift that occurred in the late seventeenth century. The rural order established by the Ottoman administration from the sixteenth century unraveled. The herders’ associations sponsored by the state disintegrated and gave way to assertive tribal confederations that regularly clashed with Ottoman authorities. To restore order, Istanbul empowered the governor of Baghdad Hasan Pasha, who fulfilled his mandate while pursuing his own personal agenda. He established a household that transformed into a provincial dynasty called the Pashalik of Baghdad, in control of the most important positions in the Ottoman provincial government. By the end of the eighteenth century, this trend toward provincial autonomy would place the most critical stretches of the Tigris and Euphrates under the command of Baghdad, which made the most important decisions related to navigation and irrigation.
Performing Fragility
Authors: Droumeva Milena 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter argues that the vocal performance of Lara Croft’s character in Tomb Raider 2013 manifests a particular type of media femininity requiring her fear and fragility and contrasts with similar games featuring male leads. Extending the discussion of the male gaze to sound brings new insight to the relationships between a character’s look, her movements and mechanics, and her vocalizations, to embody the character’s gender or act as gendered corporeality. The chapter argues that by virtue of being sound “effects,” women’s voices and feminized sounds in games draw on and solidify some of the most deeply entrenched gendered norms of sound design and voice-over work. Lara Croft’s excessive breathiness, as well as the overuse of environmental reverberation, codes her gendered sonic position as “feminized.” Players experience Lara Croft’s vocalizations as coded with abundant emotionality and fragility—sounds of strain, inner monologue, gasps, reactions, and battle cries—especially when compared with a similar narrative and game character, Nathan Drake, from the Uncharted series. By comparing the gendered sonic positioning of Lara and Nathan, the chapter shows her embodied vocal fragility by linking these characteristics to a transmedia historiography of feminized vocal typologies.
Passing the flame
Authors: Adelson Robert 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
For more than fifty years, the Erard firm had enjoyed relatively stable management in the hands of Sébastien and Jean-Baptiste. Sébastien’s death in 1831, however, ushered in a volatile period of just over twenty years during which the direction of the firm would change twice. At first, Pierre took control of the enterprise, doing his best to maintain the firm’s reputation for innovation. But Pierre’s unexpected cognitive decline and early death resulted in the transfer of the firm’s management to his wife Camille, thrusting the future of the Erard manufacture into unknown territory.
Refusing to Kiss the Slipper
Authors: Bruening Michael W. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Refusing to Kiss the Slipper re-examines the Reformation in francophone Europe, presenting for the first time the perspective of John Calvin’s evangelical enemies. This book brings together a cast of Calvin’s opponents from various French-speaking territories to show that opposition to Calvinism was stronger and better organized than has ever before been recognized. It examines individual opponents, such as Pierre Caroli, Jerome Bolsec, Sebastian Castellio, Charles Du Moulin, and Jean Morély, but more importantly, it explores the anti-Calvinist networks that developed around such individuals. Each group had its own origins and agenda, but all agreed that Calvin’s claim to absolute religious authority too closely echoed the religious sovereignty of the pope. These oft-neglected opponents refused to offer such obeisance—to kiss the papal slipper—arguing instead for open discussion of controversial doctrines. This book also shows that the challenge posed by these groups shaped the way the Calvinists themselves developed their reform strategies. The book demonstrates that the breadth and strength of the anti-Calvinist networks requires us to abandon the traditional assumption that Huguenots and other francophone Protestants were universally Calvinist.
Anti-Calvinists of Francophone Switzerland
Authors: Bruening Michael W. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Early conflicts between the Calvinists and Pierre Caroli, Antoine Marcourt, and their allies led to the development of local bastions of sustained opposition to Calvin and his disciples in francophone Switzerland, chiefly in the areas around Yverdon, Morges, and the Pays de Gex. Pierre Caroli fled to Switzerland after the Affair of the Placards. There, he became friends with Jean Lecomte, Thomas Malingre, and Antoine Marcourt. In the first major split among evangelicals in Switzerland, however, he became an enemy of Calvin, Farel, and Viret in a quarrel over prayers for the dead and the trinity. In 1538, the appointment of Marcourt and Jean Morand to replace the exiled Calvin and Farel in Geneva exacerbated the division between the two sides. By the mid-1540s, opposition to the Calvinists was well entrenched in the areas where these individual opponents were active.
Conclusion
Authors: Bruening Michael W. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The book’s conclusion demonstrates the extent to which the various anti-Calvinist networks overlapped, showing that there was a truly international web of opposition to Calvinism among francophone evangelicals. What chiefly bound them together was hatred of Calvin (and/or Beza), opposition to the execution of Servetus, and disgust at Calvin’s assumption of uncompromising religious authority. This section offers some preliminary explanations for the Calvinists’ ultimate victory, pointing to their dominance of major cities, printing presses, educational institutions, and synods, as well as to their concerted propaganda campaigns against their enemies and their insistence on unambiguous doctrinal statements. Those treated in this book, by contrast, challenged religious authority but mostly failed to establish religious communities. As such, they can be seen as the earliest practitioners of modern theologian Paul Tillich’s “Protestant Principle.”
The Struggle for Historical Justice
Authors: Sander Barrie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter situates the book within existing scholarship concerning the historical function of international criminal courts and introduces the book’s analytical perspective, namely the characterisation of international criminal courts as confrontational terrains that are host to struggles for historical justice—intense contests in which a range of different actors vie for judicial acknowledgement of their preferred interpretations of the past. In order to facilitate a critical examination of these struggles, the chapter elaborates a framework for exploring how the situated choices of different actors have influenced the scope and content of judicially constructed historical narratives in different institutional contexts. The framework identifies the actors involved in struggles for historical justice, the questions around which such struggles tend to be structured, and the practices through which such struggles are conducted.
The Crime Question
Authors: Sander Barrie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter examines the practices that have influenced the range and definition of crimes adjudicated within international criminal courts and the implications for the scope and content of the historical narratives constructed in their judgments. The chapter reveals how the range and definition of crimes have been shaped by different actors at particular junctures within international criminal justice processes, including the drafting of statutory frameworks, the selection of charges to include in indictments, and the interpretation of crime categories in judicial decisions and judgments. Crucially, the relative importance of these junctures and the relative influence of different actors have tended to vary depending on the institutional context in which struggles for control over the selection and meaning of categories of crime have been conducted. The chapter concludes by identifying forms of criminality that have consistently been marginalised within international criminal courts despite falling within their subject-matter jurisdiction.
Losing Knowledge by Thinking about Thinking
Authors: Nagel Jennifer 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Defeat cases are often taken to show that even the most securely based judgment can be rationally undermined by misleading evidence. Starting with some best-case scenario for perceptual knowledge, for example, it is possible to undermine the subject’s confidence in her sensory faculties until it becomes unreasonable for her to persist in her belief. Some have taken such cases to indicate that any basis for knowledge is rationally defeasible; others have argued that there can be unreasonable knowledge. I argue that defeat cases really involve not an exposure of weakness in the basis of a judgment, but a shift in that basis. For example, when threatening doubts are raised about whether conditions are favorable for perception, one shifts from a basis of unreflective perceptual judgment to a basis of conscious inference. In these cases, the basis of one’s knowledge is lost, rather than rationally undermined. This approach to defeat clears the path for a new way to defend infallibilism in epistemology, and a new understanding of what can count as the basis of any instance of knowledge.