bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using a satisficing model of experimenter decision-making to guide finite-sample inference for compromised experiments
Authors: Heckman James J , Karapakula Ganesh 
Published: April 2021

Summary
This paper presents a simple decision-theoretic economic approach for analysing social experiments with compromised random assignment protocols that are only partially documented. We model administratively constrained experimenters who satisfice in seeking covariate balance. We develop design-based small-sample hypothesis tests that use worst-case (least favourable) randomization null distributions. Our approach accommodates a variety of compromised experiments, including imperfectly documented rerandomization designs. To make our analysis concrete, we focus much of our discussion on the influential Perry Preschool Project. We reexamine previous estimates of programme effectiveness using our methods. The choice of how to model reassignment vitally affects inference.
Signal-mediated localization of Candida albicans pheromone response pathway components
Authors: Costa Anna Carolina Borges Pereira , Omran Raha Parvizi , Law Chris , Dumeaux Vanessa , Whiteway Malcolm 
Published: April 2021

Summary

A MAPK cascade consists of three kinases, (MEKK, MEK and MAPK), that are sequentially activated in response to a stimulus and serve to transmit signals. In C. albicans and in yeast, an MAPK cascade is linked to the pheromone pathway through a scaffold protein (Cst5 and Ste5, respectively). Cst5 is much shorter and lacks key domains compared to Ste5, so in C. albicans, other elements, in particular the MEKK Ste11, play key roles in controlling the associations and localizations of network components.

Abstract
Candida albicans opaque cells release pheromones to stimulate cells of opposite mating type to activate their pheromone response pathway. Although this fungal pathogen shares orthologous proteins involved in the process with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the pathway in each organism has unique characteristics. We have used GFP-tagged fusion proteins to investigate the localization of the scaffold protein Cst5, as well as the MAP kinases Cek1 and Cek2, during pheromone response in C. albicans. In wild-type cells, pheromone treatment directed Cst5-GFP to surface puncta concentrated at the tips of mating projections. These puncta failed to form in cells defective in either the Gα or β subunits. However, they still formed in response to pheromone in cells missing Ste11, but with the puncta distributed around the cell periphery in the absence of mating projections. These puncta were absent from hst7Δ/Δ cells, but could be detected in the ste11Δ/Δ hst7Δ/Δ double mutant. Cek2-GFP showed a strong nuclear localization late in the response, consistent with a role in adaptation, while Cek1-GFP showed a weaker, but early increase in nuclear localization after pheromone treatment. Activation loop phosphorylation of both Cek1 and Cek2 required the presence of Ste11. In contrast to Cek2-GFP, which showed no localization signal in ste11Δ/Δ cells, Cek1-GFP showed enhanced nuclear localization that was pheromone independent in the ste11Δ/Δ mutant. The results are consistent with CaSte11 facilitating Hst7-mediated MAP kinase phosphorylation and also playing a potentially critical role in both MAP kinase and Cst5 scaffold localization.
Diligent Bureaucrats and the Expulsion of Jews from West Prussia, 1772–1786
Authors: Dahms Thomas 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Historiography has repeatedly highlighted the mitigating influence of the Prussian administration on Frederick the Great’s oppressive policies toward the Jews. Scholars have argued that officials frequently opposed the king’s discriminatory legislation and intentionally delayed its implementation. These actions, they claimed, were influenced by the Enlightenment humanism of the Prussian administrators and their training in natural law theories and mercantilist economics, both taught at German universities at the time. Such descriptions are central in the influential narrative of late eighteenth-century Prussia as a remarkably tolerant state that developed relatively lenient policies towards the Jews. This article challenges the traditional portrayal of the Prussian administration by examining the actions of three officials involved in the expulsion of several thousand Jews from the province of West Prussia between 1772 and 1786. It argues that the remarkably positive assessment of the Prussian bureaucrats and their role in the Jewish policies of the time needs significant revision. First, previous historiography has overstated the extent to which Prussian officials objected to the king’s discriminatory policies. Secondly, occasional instances of resistance from within the administration were mainly motivated by political, economic and demographic objectives or even careerist pursuits that had little to do with the Jewish communities. Lastly, the Prussian administrators did not merely adhere to economic principles or even to ideals of tolerance and humanity. To a significant extent, their actions were also influenced by anti-Jewish sentiment.
Minimal epitope for Mannitou IgM on paucimannose-carrying glycoproteins
Authors: Robakiewicz Stefania , Bridot Clarisse , Serna Sonia , Gimeno Ana , Echeverria Begoña , Delgado Sandra , de Ruyck Jérôme , Semwal Shubham , Charro Diego , Dansercoer Ann , Verstraete Kenneth , Azkargorta Mikel , van Noort Kim , Wilbers Ruud H P , Savvides Savvas N , Abrescia Nicola G A , Arda Ana , Reichardt Niels C , Jiménez-Barbero Jesús , Bouckaert Julie 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Paucimannosidic glycans are restricted to the core structure [Man1–3GlcNAc2Fuc0–1] of N-glycans and are rarely found in mammalian tissues. Yet, especially [Man2-3GlcNAc2Fuc1] have been found significantly upregulated in tumors, including in colorectal and liver cancer. Mannitou IgM is a murine monoclonal antibody that was previously shown to recognize Man3GlcNAc2 with an almost exclusive selectivity. Here, we have sought the definition of the minimal glycan epitope of Mannitou IgM, initiated by screening on a newly designed paucimannosidic glycan microarray; among the best binders were Man3GlcNAc2 and its α1,6 core-fucosylated variant, Man3GlcNAc2Fuc1. Unexpectedly and in contrast to earlier findings, Man5GlcNAc2-type structures bind equally well and a large tolerance was observed for substitutions on the α1,6 arm. It was confirmed that any substitution on the single α1,3-linked mannose completely abolishes binding. Surface plasmon resonance for kinetic measurements of Mannitou IgM binding, either directly on the glycans or as presented on omega-1 and kappa-5 soluble egg antigens from the helminth parasite Schistosoma mansoni, showed submicromolar affinities. To characterize the epitope in greater and atomic detail, saturation transfer difference nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was performed with the Mannitou antigen-binding fragment. The STD-NMR data demonstrated the strongest interactions with the aliphatic protons H1 and H2 of the α1–3-linked mannose and weaker imprints on its H3, H4 and H5 protons. In conclusion, Mannitou IgM binding requires a nonsubstituted α1,3-linked mannose branch of paucimannose also on proteins, making it a highly specific tool for the distinction of concurrent human tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens.
T5 The Impact of Burn Survivor Pre-injury Income and Payer on Health-Related Quality of Life Outcomes
Authors: Sheckter Clifford C , Carrougher Gretchen J , Smith Mallory B , Wolf Steven E , Schneider Jeffrey C , Gibran Nicole S , Stewart Barclay T 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Introduction
The critical care, surgery, and rehabilitation required to recover patients with serious burn injuries are associated with high financial costs. In the US, these costs are often borne by patients. However, the relationship between pre-injury finances (personal income and payer) and health-related quality of life (HRQL) of burn survivors has not been reported. We hypothesized that lower income and public payers would be independent predictors of poorer HRQL.

Methods
Burn survivors with complete data for pre-injury personal income and payer were extracted from the NIDILRR Burn Model System National Database. HRQL outcomes included VA-Rand 12 (VR-12) scores at 6-, 12-, and 24-months post-injury. VR-12 scores were evaluated using generalized linear models and adjusted for potential confounders (age, gender, self-identified race, measures of burn injury severity). Model performance was assessed with Akaike Information Coefficient.

Results
453 burn survivors had complete data for income and payer status. 36.4% earned less than $25k/year, 24% earned $25k-49k/year, 23% earned $50k-99k/year, 10% earned $100k-149k/year, 3% earned $150k-199k/year, and 3% earned ≥$200k/year. Mental component summary (MCS) and physical component summary (PCS) scores were highest for those who earned $150-199k/year (55.8, 55.8), and lowest for those who earned &lt; $25k/year (49.0, 46.4). There was a negative relationship between income &lt; $25k/year and MCS scores at 6-, 12-, and 24-months post-injury (p&lt; 0.05). This relationship was not observed with PCS scores. After adjusting for demographics, payer, and burn severity, 24-month PCS scores were negatively associated with Medicare payer (p=0.025), black race (p=0.008) and number of operations during index admission (p=0.026). There were no significant associations with MCS scores.

Conclusions
HRQL was highest for burn survivors earning between $150-199k/year. Participants who earned &lt; $25k/year had the lowest VR-12 scores and particularly MCS scores. On multivariable analysis, most of the differences in HRQL associated with pre-injury income were explained by differences in demographic, payer and burn severity factors.
1 Development of the School-Aged Life Impact Burn Recovery Evaluation (SA-LIBRE: 5–12) Profile: A Conceptual Model Framework
Authors: Rencken Camerin A , Rodríguez-Mercedes Silvanys L , Patel Khushbu F , Grant Gabrielle G , Kinney Erin M , Sheridan Robert L , Brady Keri J , Palmieri Tina L , Warner Petra , Fabia Renata , Schneider Jeffrey C , Stoddard Frederick J , Kazis Lewis E , Ryan Colleen M 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Pediatric burn injuries can alter the trajectory of the survivor’s entire life. Patient-centered outcome measures are helpful to capture and assess their unique physical and psychosocial needs and long-term recovery. This study aimed to develop a conceptual model framework to measure outcomes most important to pediatric burn survivors aged 5 to 12 years as a part of the SA-LIBRE5-12 Computer Adaptive Test (CAT) development.

Methods
This study used a systematic literature review guided by the WHO International Classification of Functioning – Child and Youth. Previously established domains in the American Burn Association/Shriners Hospitals for Children Burn Outcomes Questionnaire5-18 further guided framework development. Individual interviews with parents and clinicians were conducted to obtain perspectives on domains most important to assess following a burn injury in children aged 5 to 12 years. One clinician focus group was completed to identify gaps in the preliminary framework, and semi-weekly expert consensus meetings were conducted to solidify the framework. Qualitative data were analyzed by grounded theory methodology in NVivo 12 software.

Results
The literature review identified 82 articles. Eight parents and seven clinicians participated in individual interviews, four clinicians participated in one focus group, and three consultants were included in the expert consensus meetings. The consultants included a burn surgeon, psychiatrist, and health services researcher. Three major domains emerged from the grounded theory approach, including: 1) Physical Functioning: fine motor and upper extremity, gross motor and lower extremity, pain, skin sensitivity, sleep and fatigue, and physical resilience; 2) Psychological Functioning: cognitive, behavioral, emotional, resilience, and body image; and 3) Family and Social Functioning: school, peer relations, community participation, family relationships, and parental satisfaction.

Conclusions
The comprehensive literature review, clinician and parent individual interviews, clinician focus group, and expert consensus meetings resulted in a conceptual model framework for parent-reported health outcomes after a burn injury in school-aged children aged 5 to 12 years. The framework will be used to develop item banks for a CAT-based assessment of school-aged children’s health and developmental outcomes.
2 Rates of Follow up After Burn Injury Are Disturbingly Low and Linked with Social Factors
Authors: Karashchuk Irina P , Solomon Eve A , Greenhalgh David G , Sen Soman , Palmieri Tina L , Romanowski Kathleen S 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Due to risks of scarring and difficulties with re-socialization, it is important that burn patients attend follow up appointments to minimize adverse sequelae. Studies in trauma and emergency medicine have shown a correlation between reduced follow up and low socioeconomic status. Our goal was to examine the factors leading to missed follow up appointments in the burn center population.

Methods
Following IRB approval, a retrospective chart review was conducted using electronic medical records of all adult patients admitted to the burn center from 2016–2018. Data collected included information on burn injury, social status, substance use, and zip code demographics. Exclusions included patients with non-burn injuries, who died in the hospital, who were transferred to another hospital, who did not have any scheduled outpatient follow up, who had insurance which precluded follow up at our institution, and prisoners. Data analysis was conducted using chi-square, t-test, linear, and logistic regression models.

Results
A total of 878 patients (mean age 45.1 ± 16.8 years, 646 males (73.6%), mean burn size (TBSA) 10.16±11.7%) were analyzed. In our population, 96 (10.93%) patients were homeless, 284 (32.35%) had drug dependence, 128 (14.58%) had alcoholism, and the mean poverty level was 17.7±8.34%. Of those analyzed, 224 (25.5%) failed to attend any follow up appointments and 492 (56.0%) had at least one missed appointment. Patients who did not attend any follow up appointments had smaller burns (8.2±9.5% vs. 10.8±12.3%), traveled farther (91.8±101.1 miles vs. 69.0±68.7 miles), were more likely to be homeless (22.8% vs. 6.9%) and to have drug dependence (47.3% vs. 27.2%). Patients who missed at least one appointment were younger (43.8±16.1vs. 46.8±17.4 years), more likely to be homeless (17.5% vs. 2.6%) and have drug dependence (42.5% vs. 19.4%). On multivariate analysis, factors associated with never returning to clinic were: Distance from hospital (odds ratio (OR) 1.004, p=0.0001), TBSA (OR 0.96, p= 0.0001), Drug Dependence (OR 0.49, p&lt; 0.0001), and Homelessness (OR 0.31, p&lt; 0.0001). Factors associated with missing at least one appointment were: Age (OR 0.99 p&lt; 0.03), Drug Dependence (OR 0.51, p&lt; 0.0001), Homelessness (OR 0.20, p&lt; 0.0001), and ED visits (OR 0.57, p&lt; 0.05).

Conclusions
In our population, a high percentage of patients fail to make any appointment following their injury and an even higher number miss at least one appointment. The factors that influence failure to return and missing at least one appointment are similar but not exactly the same. Both follow up and missed appointments are influenced by social determinants of health.
7 Patterns for Monitoring Burn Recovery: Preliminary Results from the LIBRE Journey Study
Authors: Kelter Brian M , Wolfe Audrey E , Acton Amy , Slavin Mary D , Ni Pengsheng , Ryan Colleen M , Kazis Lewis E , Schneider Jeffrey C 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Introduction
While social rehabilitation after burn injury is one of the multiple facets of recovery, there are limited data on long term social participation outcomes. The computer adaptive test LIBRE Profile was developed to examine social participation outcomes across six domains. The objective of the study is to use the LIBRE Profile to measure social integration and explore the trajectories of recovery in multiple outcome domains.

Methods
Preliminary data from the ongoing LIBRE Journey research study were analyzed. Demographic and clinical characteristics examined included age, gender, race, ethnicity, education level, marital status, burn size and time since injury. LIBRE Profile scores collected at baseline (time of study enrollment), 6 months, and 12 months were used to develop score trajectories for each of the six LIBRE Profile domains (Family and Friends, Social Activities, Romantic Relationships, Sexual Relationships, Social Interactions, and Work and Employment). Recovery was analyzed for time since injury from 1 year to 70 years. Linear mixed models were applied to each domain, adjusting for demographic and clinical characteristics. Models were fit with the score trajectory and 95% confidence intervals to demonstrate change across time and the impact of the covariates.

Results
The study population included 343 burn survivors with mean age at injury of 45.3 years (SD 15.5) and mean burn size of 18.7% (SD 25.4). The population was 42.1% male, 83.1% white, and 91.6% non-Hispanic. With the exception of Family and Friends and Romantic Relationships, all other domain scores increased with times since injury (p&lt; 0.001).(Example curve: Figure) Those with larger burn size scored worse in Social Activities and Work and Employment. Males demonstrated higher scores than females on Romantic Relationships and Sexual Relationships. Higher education was associated with higher scores on the Family and Friends domain; Marriage was associated with higher scores on Family and Friends, Romantic Relationships and Work and Employment domains.

Conclusions
Preliminary analysis of LIBRE Journey data demonstrates ability to generate trajectories of recovery for each of the six domains of social participation. Four of the six domains demonstrate evidence of improvement over time, suggesting important positive patterns of social integration occurring in the short- and long-term post injury.
15 Use of Bioelectric Impedance Analysis in Burn Patients: A Pilot Study
Authors: Hulsebos Ian F , Johnson Maxwell B , Spera Leigh J , Fobar Megan C , Collier Zachary J , Yenikomshian Haig A , Gillenwater Justin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Bioelectric Impedance Analysis (BIA) is a rapid, non-invasive, and inexpensive technology based on electrical conductivity. BIA assesses body composition, fluid shifts, and phase angle, an electrical force vector where smaller values suggest cellular injury. Our objective was to use BIA to longitudinally track the clinical status of burn patients. We hypothesized that BIA would detect progressive decreases in muscle mass throughout the patient’s hospital course and that low phase angle values would correlate with severity of injury.

Methods
A cohort study of 10 patients from January 1, 2020 to March 13, 2020 was performed at an ABA-verified burn center. Patient and burn characteristics and laboratory data were collected. BIA measurements were performed daily for the first 10 days of admission and then twice weekly until discharge. The primary outcome was to detect changes in body composition. The secondary objectives were to detect differences between low and high-risk patients in terms of water composition and phase angle. Patients with APACHE II &gt; 15, measured at burn unit admission, were considered high risk for burn injury related morbidity and mortality.

Results
BIA detected a statistically significant negative correlation between time spent hospitalized and leg lean mass (LM) (r2=0.56, P&lt; 0.0001), right arm LM (r2=0.52, P&lt; 0.0001) and left leg LM (r2=0.57, P&lt; 0.0001), and positive correlation between body fat mass (BFM) and time spent hospitalized (r2=0.50, P=0.0004). Water composition (volume of extracellular water (ECW) per total body water (TBW)) negatively correlated with low-risk patients: right arm (r2=0.51, P&lt; 0.0001), left arm (0.71, P&lt; 0.001), thorax (0.66, P&lt; 0.0001), right leg (0.74, P&lt; 0.0001), left leg (0.35, P=0.002). Full body phase angle increased with low-risk patients over their hospital course (r2=0.62, P&lt; 0.0001), while phase angle decreased with high-risk patients (r2=0.71, P=0.0006). Full body phase angle differentiated high risk patients (P&lt; 0.0001), and phase angle of thorax differentiated between patients with and without inhalation injury (P=0.002).

Conclusions
Our study demonstrates that BIA measures changes in body composition and fluid shifts, identifies inhalation injury, and correlates with severity of injury in hospitalized burn patients. This pilot study included a limited number of participants with varying anatomic injuries presenting unique measurement challenges. Regardless, our preliminary data justifies a larger prospective study to confirm these results and correlate them with clinical outcomes.
26 Clogged Feeding Tubes: Why Does It Matter?
Authors: Zavala Sarah , Wang Ashley , Zhang Cheryl W , Larson Jennifer M , Liu Yuk Ming 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Many patients treated on a burn unit require tube feeding as their primary caloric source or as supplemental feeding due to their injuries. Burn patients specifically require higher caloric intake due to the hypermetabolic state of burn injuries. Inadequate nutritional support contributes to longer ICU stays and higher mortality. Clogged feeding tubes reduce nutrition provided due to temporary discontinuation of feeding. The objective of this study was to identify risk factors for the incidence of tube clogging.

Methods
This was a single-center retrospective chart review of all patients admitted to an American Burn Association-verified Burn Unit between August 2017 and October 2019 who received tube feeds during their admission. Data collected included baseline demographics, clinical outcomes, and details about tube feed formulations, number of clogs, and details leading up to the clog. Baseline demographics were compared using descriptive statistics. Nominal data was compared using Chi-square test. Continuous data was analyzed using student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney U test.

Results
A total of 170 patients were included; admission diagnoses included burn (97), soft tissue infections (29), SJS/TEN (11), and others (33). At least one clogged feeding tube was experienced by 51 patients and some experienced up to seven separate clogs. SJS/TEN patients were less likely to experience a clog (9.2 vs 0%, p = 0.035) and frostbite patients were more likely to experience a clog (0 vs 5.9%, p = 0.026). Burn mechanism did not affect incidence of tube feed clog, but patients with larger total body surface area (TBSA) burned were more likely to have a clog (15.55 vs 25.03%, p = 0.004). It was a median of 12 days until the first clog occurred (IQR 7.8–17.3). Two tube feed formulas demonstrated an increased likelihood of clog: a renal formulation (16.8 vs 33.3%, p = 0.017) and a polymeric concentrated product (5.0 vs 17.6%, p = 0.008). Both products have a high viscosity. Patients who experienced a clog had a longer length of stay (21.5 vs 44.0 days, p = 0.001).

Conclusions
This study identified several risk factors associated with higher incidence of clogged feeding tube in the burn unit including tube feed formulation and viscosity, admission diagnosis, and larger TBSA in burn patients. This study also confirms that clogged feeding tubes, and the resultant insufficient nutritional support, may contribute to an increased length of stay.