bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High inclusion rates of hybrid rye instead of corn in diets for growing-finishing pigs do not influence the overall growth performance and most carcass traits are not influenced by hybrid rye
Authors: McGhee Molly L , Harsh Bailey N , Stein Hans H 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIt was hypothesized that hybrid rye may replace corn in diets for growing and finishing pigs without impacting growth performance, carcass characteristics, or meat quality. A total of 128 pigs (23.69 ± 2.51 kg) were allotted to four treatments with eight replicate pens per treatment. Phases 1 and 2 diets were fed for 35 d each and phase 3 diets were fed for 27 d. Within each phase, pigs were fed a control corn and soybean meal diet or a diet in which 33%, 66%, or 100% of the corn in the control diet was replaced with hybrid rye. Average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) decreased (linear, P &lt; 0.05) in phase 1 with increased dietary inclusion of hybrid rye. In phase 3, gain:feed (G:F) increased and then decreased (quadratic, P &lt; 0.05) with more hybrid rye in the diet. Overall ADG, ADFI, and G:F did not differ among treatments. Diet did not impact most carcass traits, but loin (visual) and backfat (instrumental L*) color were paler (linear, P &lt; 0.05) with greater inclusion of hybrid rye in the diet. Organ weights increased (linear, P &lt; 0.05) with increased dietary hybrid rye. In conclusion, pigs fed hybrid rye consumed less feed in phase 1, resulting in reduced ADG, but growth performance for the entire growing-finishing period did not differ among treatments. Hybrid rye may replace all the corn in growing and finishing pig diets without diminishing growth performance or carcass quality, but feed intake may be reduced at high inclusion rates.
Thyroid hormone suppression in feeder pigs following polymicrobial or porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-2 challenge
Authors: Pasternak J Alex , MacPhee Daniel J , Lunney Joan K , Rowland Raymond R R , Dyck Michael K , Fortin Frédéric , Dekkers Jack C M , Plastow Graham S , Harding John C S ,   PigGen Canada
Published: November 2021

AbstractThyroid hormones are powerful regulators of growth, development, and basal metabolic rate and can be dysregulated under conditions of severe stress or illness. To understand the role of these hormones in porcine disease response, serum samples were obtained from three batches of nursery-aged pigs (n = 208) exposed to a natural polymicrobial disease challenge with an array of bacterial and viral pathogens. Levels of total thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) assessed in sera by radioimmunoassay, decreased significantly by 14 days post-exposure (DPE). Levels of T3 partially rebounded by 48 DPE, while T4 levels remain depressed. Post-exposure T3 and T4 levels were positively correlated with acute and long-term average daily gain (ADG). Cross-sectional sampling of animals maintained at the high health source farms, showed no equivalent change in either hormone when managed under standard industrial conditions. To further elucidate the effect of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-infection on thyroid hormone levels, archived sera over 42 days post inoculation (DPI) from nursery pigs (N = 190) challenged with one of two PRRSV2 strains by the PRRS Host Genetics Consortium were similarly assessed, with animals selected in a two-by-two design, to investigate biological extremes in ADG and viral load (VL). All animals showed a similar decrease in both thyroid hormones reaching a minimum at 7 DPI and returning to near pre-challenge levels by 42 DPI. Post-challenge T3 and T4 levels were significantly greater in high ADG groups, with no significant association with VL or strain. The results of this study demonstrate porcine susceptibility to thyroid disruption in response to disease challenge and demonstrate a relationship between this response and growth performance.
Ecology and Epidemiology of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in the Northeastern United States: An Historical Perspective
Authors: Armstrong Philip M , Andreadis Theodore G 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn the current review, we examine the regional history, ecology, and epidemiology of eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) to investigate the major drivers of disease outbreaks in the northeastern United States. EEEV was first recognized as a public health threat during an outbreak in eastern Massachusetts in 1938, but historical evidence for equine epizootics date back to the 1800s. Since then, sporadic disease outbreaks have reoccurred in the Northeast with increasing frequency and northward expansion of human cases during the last 20 yr. Culiseta melanura (Coquillett) (Diptera: Culicidae) serves as the main enzootic vector that drives EEEV transmission among wild birds, but this mosquito species will occasionally feed on mammals. Several species have been implicated as bridge vectors to horses and humans, with Coquilletstidia perturbans (Walker) as a leading suspect based on its opportunistic feeding behavior, vector competence, and high infection rates during recent disease outbreaks. A diversity of bird species are reservoir competent, exposed to EEEV, and serve as hosts for Cs. melanura, with a few species, including the wood thrush (Hlocichia mustelina) and the American robin (Turdus migratorius), contributing disproportionately to virus transmission based on available evidence. The major factors responsible for the sustained resurgence of EEEV are considered and may be linked to regional landscape and climate changes that support higher mosquito densities and more intense virus transmission.
Resurgence of Interest in Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Vaccine Development
Authors: Powers Ann M 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV; Family Togaviridae), is an endemic pathogen first isolated in 1933 with distribution primarily in the eastern US and Canada. The virus has caused periodic outbreaks in both humans and equines along the eastern seaboard and through the southern coastal states. While the outbreaks caused by EEEV have been sporadic and varied geographically since the discovery of the virus, it has continued to expand its range moving into the Midwest states as well. Additionally, one of the largest outbreaks was recorded in 2019 prompting concerns that outbreaks were becoming larger and more frequent. Because the virus can cause serious disease and because it is transmissible by both mosquitoes and aerosol, there has been renewed interest in identifying potential options for vaccines. Currently, there are no licensed vaccines and control relies completely on the use of personal protective measures and integrated vector control which have limited effectiveness for the EEEV vectors. Several vaccine candidates are currently being developed; this review will describe the multiple options under consideration for future development and assess their relative advantages and disadvantages.
(R)-(+)-Lasiodiplodin isolated from the endophytic fungus Sordaria tamaensis exhibits potent antimycobacterial and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro and in vivo: a dual approach for the treatment of severe pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Calixto Sanderson Dias , Simão Thatiana Lopes Biá Ventura , de Almeida Fabrício Moreira , Antunes Stella Schuenck , Romeiro Nelilma Correia , de Souza Borges Warley , das Chagas Fernanda Oliveira , Seldin Lucy , de Carvalho Eulógio Carlos Queiroz , Andrioli Willian Jonis , Guimarães Denise Oliveira , Lasunskaia Elena , Muzitano Michelle Frazão 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Objectives
This study aimed to evaluate endophytic fungi isolated from Tocoyena bullata and Humiria balsamifera plant species for their antimycobacterial and anti-inflammatory activities, focusing on severe pulmonary tuberculosis cases which are often associated with exacerbated inflammation.

Methods
Mycobacterium suspensions were incubated with the samples for 5 days. RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with LPS were also incubated with them for 24 h to assess the inhibition of inflammatory mediator production and cytotoxicity. C57BL/6 mice were infected with Mtb M299 and treated for 15 days with lasiodiplodin (Lasio).

Key findings
Endophytic fungus Sordaria tamaensis, obtained from T. bullata, was the most promising. Its ethanolic extract impaired mycobacterial growth with MIC50 (µg/ml): 1.5 ± 0.6 (BCG), 66.8 ± 0.1 (H37Rv) and 80.0 ± 0.1 (M299). (R)-(+)-Lasio showed MIC50 92.2 ± 1.8 µg/ml (M299). In addition, Lasio was able to inhibit NO, IL-1β and TNF-α production and was not cytotoxic for macrophages. M. tuberculosis-infected C57BL/6 animals treated by Lasio reduced the number of acid-fast bacilli, lung pathology, leucocyte influx and proinflammatory cytokine production in the lungs. The class IIa fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase was the predicted hypothetical target of Lasio.

Conclusions
(R)-(+)-Lasio stood out as a promising anti-TB compound, exhibiting anti-inflammatory and antimycobacterial effects, as well as low cytotoxicity.
Rostered Routine Testing: A Necessary Evil?
Authors: Tan Seow Yen , How Choon How , Poon Beng Hoong , Tan Thean Yen , Siau Chuin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We report our institution’s experience of detecting a staff member who was infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 while he was asymptomatic, as part of a rostered routine testing program, and how the institution was able to undertake measures to curb the spread, hence reducing the impact on the daily operations of our institution.
Proportions, Timing, and Re-equilibration Progress during the 1959 Summit Eruption of Kīlauea: an Example of Magma Mixing Processes Operating during OIB Petrogenesis
Authors: Helz Rosalind Tuthill 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPetrographic and chemical analysis of scoria samples collected during the 1959 Kīlauea summit eruption illustrates the progress of thermal and chemical homogenization of the melts, and the gradual growth and/or re-equilibration of olivine phenocrysts, over the course of the eruption. Glass compositions show that thermal equilibration was largely complete within the span of the eruption, whereas chemical homogenization was a work in progress. The olivine phenocryst population, known to contain conspicuous antecrystic components, is also hybrid within the euhedral population. The bulk of the olivine reached the level of the erupting magma on November 18–19, 1959. Zoning patterns in olivine phenocrysts show that initially unzoned grains developed normal zoning by the end of the eruption. Reverse zoning in relatively Fe-rich olivine phenocrysts (interpreted as cognate to the stored magma) was progressively eliminated from November 21 to December 19, 1959, by diffusive re-equilibration between crystals and melt. Toward the end of the eruption, the only olivine composition in direct contact with the melt was Fo84–86, with the original rim compositional heterogeneity gone in 4–5 weeks’ time. Activity in December 1959 differed from that in November, as high fountaining events were more closely spaced and almost all samples were picritic, with bulk MgO ≥16·5 wt%. Three different levels were in play during the 1959 eruption: a deep source for high-MgO melts and forsteritic (Fo87–89) olivines, an intermediate source for the bulk of the stored magma, and a shallower source for the most differentiated magma. This model is consistent with geophysical, petrological and chemical observations. Comparison of the 1959 eruption with results from older explosive deposits suggests that stored and recharge melts and olivine from the deeper parts of Kīlauea’s plumbing are similar in composition to those observed or inferred in the 1959 eruption, so they behave similarly during extrusive and explosive periods alike.
Hexaconazole exposure ravages biosynthesis pathway of steroid hormones: revealed by molecular dynamics and interaction
Authors: Abdi Sayed Aliul Hasan , Alzahrani Abdulaziz , Alghamdi Saleh , Alquraini Ali , Alghamdi Adel 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWidespread application of hexaconazole for agriculture purpose poses a threat to human health by disrupting normal endocrine homeostasis. To avoid adverse health effects on human, it is crucial to identify the effects of hexaconazole on key enzymes responsible for steroidal hormone synthesis. In view of this, present study was conducted to investigate the interaction mechanisms of hexaconazole with key enzymes in comparison with their food drug administration (FDA) approved inhibitor by molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. Results indicate that hexaconazole contacts with the active site of the key enzymes required for steroidal hormonal synthesis. Results pertaining to root-mean-square deviation, root-mean-square calculation, radius of gyration, hydrogen bonding and solvent accessible surface area exhibited that the interaction pattern and stability of interaction of hexaconazole was similar to enzyme specific inhibitor. In addition, ligand and enzyme complex interaction energy of hexaconazole was almost similar to key enzyme and FDA-approved enzyme specific inhibitor complex. This study offers a molecular level of understanding of hexaconazole with different enzymes required for steroidal hormonal synthesis. Findings of the study clearly suggest that hexaconazole has efficacy to stably interact with various enzyme required to progress the pathway of hormonal synthesis. If incessant exposure of hexaconazole occurs during agricultural work it may lead to ravage hormonal synthesis or potent endocrine disruption. The result of binding energy and complex interaction energy is depicted in the graphical abstract.
Active Time Use and Well-Being in Older Adulthood: Results From a Day Reconstruction Method Study
Authors: Möwisch Dave , Brose Annette , Schmiedek Florian 
Published: November 2021

AbstractActive time use is considered to be one of the keys to successful aging. Previous studies have investigated the influence of various activities on subjective well-being (SWB) and health in later life. As different activities have often been investigated in isolation, showing only minor influences of each activity on well-being, a more global measure of active time use might show a stronger relation to well-being. Moreover, empirical evidence is still insufficient regarding the relationship between active time use and SWB in very old age and regarding the impact of socioeconomic factors that can hinder or promote active time use. Therefore, we examined (1) the association between active time use and SWB using information from the day reconstruction method (DRM) as a more global approach to active time use; (2) the association between active time use and SWB until very old age, and (3) income and education as relevant correlates for active time use. The results indicated that a global measure of active time use was associated with higher levels of SWB. This pattern was present until very old age for several dimensions of negative affect (NA). Finally, higher levels of income and education were associated with a higher level of active time use, potentially pointing at contextual constraints of active time use. In sum, the results show that a global index for measuring active time use provides a comprehensive insight into the relationship between time use and SWB, and we suggest that it should be considered in further studies.
An Innovative Approach for Integrating Mandatory, Longitudinal Spirituality Training Into the Medical School Curriculum
Authors: Fleenor David W. , Atkinson Holly G. , Karani Reena , Lerner Susan , Leisman Staci , Marin Deborah 
Published: November 2021

Problem
Most Americans indicate they are religious and/or spiritual and wish to have their beliefs taken into account when engaging with health care providers, yet gaps in medical education and health care practice remain. To underscore the importance of spirituality as a significant social determinant of health, a team at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York developed mandatory spirituality and health training for students integrated into all 4 years of the undergraduate medical education curriculum.

Approach
From 2014 to 2020, a small group of faculty took an innovative approach, launching the initiative and expanding the team by engaging interprofessional faculty and staff from across the institution. The team used an iterative process to integrate 4 distinct modules into 4 existing courses, spanning the 4 years of medical school.

Outcomes
The majority of students found that the spirituality and health curriculum was valuable to training and professional development. They appreciated the importance of patients’ spiritual needs, valued learning about the role chaplains play in patient care and how to initiate a consult, and indicated they intended to integrate spiritual history taking in their patient care. With respect to process, 3 key factors—establishing an interprofessional team, working through an iterative process, and integrating the curriculum into existing courses—were critical to designing and implementing the modules.

Next Steps
The team aims to expand and improve the curriculum by linking learning to specific standardized competencies as well as developing more specific performance assessments to demonstrate achievement of competencies. Professional development efforts will be enhanced so faculty can better model and reinforce the integration of spirituality into health care practices and expand the curriculum on spirituality and health into graduate medical education.
Differential Diagnosis of a Unique Vulvar Mass in an Adolescent
Authors: Chow Stephanie , Doyle Alexis , Hammer Phoebe , Tyson Nichole A. 
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND:
Vulvar masses in adolescents have a broad differential diagnosis, yet few reports exist detailing masses of mammary origin.

CASE:
A nulliparous, healthy 16-year-old adolescent presented with a longstanding, ulcerated, 17-cm vulvar mass of unknown origin and pronounced inguinal lymphadenopathy. The patient underwent a left radical partial vulvectomy, with pathology revealing terminal duct lobular units consistent with polymastia.

CONCLUSION:
Differential diagnosis of a vulvar mass in an adolescent should include polymastia.
Etiology and Outcome of Isolated Fetal Ascites
Authors: Horgan Rebecca , Youssef Julia A. , Levy Ariel T. , Berger Seth I. , Dreux Sophie , Brizot Maria L. , Boutall Alison , Abuhamad Alfred Z. , Angarita Ana M. , Al-Kouatly Huda B. 
Published: November 2021

OBJECTIVE:
To describe the etiology of isolated fetal ascites and associated perinatal outcomes, and to assess the progression of isolated fetal ascites to fetal hydrops.

DATA SOURCES:
PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched using the following keywords: “fetus” OR “foetal” OR “fetal” OR “foetus” AND “ascites” from inception to February 2020. The search was limited to the English language.

METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION:
A total of 1,983 articles were identified through the search strategy. All studies containing five or more cases of isolated fetal ascites were included.

TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS:
Eleven studies, involving 315 cases of isolated fetal ascites, were eligible for inclusion in this systematic review. All included studies were evaluated using the tool for evaluating the methodologic quality of case reports and case series described by Murad et al. Data were summarized using narrative review and descriptive statistics. Two-tailed Fisher exact P values calculated from hypergeometric distribution were used to compare outcome by etiology. CIs were calculated with Clopper-Pearson exact binomial interval. The etiologies of isolated fetal ascites are genitourinary (24%), gastrointestinal (20%), viral or bacterial infections (9%), cardiac (9%), genetic disorders not otherwise categorized (8%), chylous ascites (6%), metabolic storage disorders (3%), other structural disorders (4%), other causes (4%) and idiopathic (13%). Survival is most favorable for cases of isolated fetal ascites as a result of chylous (100%), idiopathic (90%), gastrointestinal (77%) and genitourinary (77%) etiologies. Survival is least favorable for fetuses with isolated fetal ascites as a result of structural disorders (25%), cardiac etiology (32%) and metabolic storage disorders (33.3%). When pregnancy terminations were excluded, survival rates were similar between fetuses diagnosed at or after 24 weeks of gestation compared with those diagnosed at less than 24 weeks (74% vs 61%, P=.06). Progression of fetal ascites to fetal hydrops occurred in 6.6% (95% CI 3.6–9.6%) (17/259) of cases when pregnancies that were terminated were excluded.

CONCLUSION:
Isolated fetal ascites has a diverse etiology. Outcome is related to the etiology of isolated fetal ascites. In the majority of cases, fetal ascites does not progress to fetal hydrops.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION:
PROSPERO, CRD42020213930.
Effect of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (rhBMP-2) with Hydroxyapatite Carrier in Induced Membrane Technique: A Retrospective Propensity Score-Matched Study
Authors: Son Whee Sung , Lim Eic Ju , Sakong Seungyeob , Kim HanJu , Choi Wonseok , Cho Jae-Woo , Oh Jong-Keon 
Published: November 2021

Objectives:
To determine the effect of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) with hydroxyapatite (HA) carrier augmentation in managing critical-sized bone defect (CSBD) with induced membrane technique (IMT).

Design:
Retrospective comparative study.

Setting:
Academic level I trauma center.

Patients/Participants:
The study included 14 patients who underwent rhBMP-2 with HA carrier (rhBMP-2/HA) augmentation in IMT for managing CSBD (BMP group). Moreover, 14 patients who underwent IMT without rhBMP-2 augmentation were matched by propensity score analysis (non-BMP group).

Intervention:
IMT with or without rhBMP-2/HA augmentation.

Main Outcome Measurement:
Changes in quality and quantity measurements of grafted bone to regenerated bone using serial computed tomography.

Results:
In the BMP and non-BMP groups, the changes in densities from grafted bone to regenerated bone were +379.63 Hounsfield unit and +248.55 Hounsfield unit (P = 0.034), changes in dense bone percentage were +37.52% and +23.31% (P = 0.027), corticalization rates under the plate were 79.70% and 39.30% (P = 0.007), changes in volume were −20.77% and −23.35% (P = 0.812), union rates were 85.71% and 78.57% (P = 0.622), numbers of patients requiring additional procedures were 4 and 3 (P = 0.663), and time to union were 316.3 and 585.45 days (P = 0.040), respectively.

Conclusions:
RhBMP-2/HA augmentation increases the density of regenerated bone, enhances corticalization under the plate, and shortens the time to union while managing CSBD with IMT.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.