bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Properties of the brightest globular cluster in M 81 based on multicolour observations
Authors: Wang Shoucheng , Ma Jun 
Published: March 2021

Context.Researching the properties of the brightest globular cluster (referred to as GC1) in M 81 can provide a fossil record of the earliest stages of galaxy formation and evolution. The Beijing–Arizona–Taiwan–Connecticut (BATC) Multicolour Sky Survey has carried out deep exposures of M 81.Aims.We derive the magnitudes in intermediate-band filters of the BATC system for GC1 and determine its age, mass, and structural parameters.Methods.GC1 was observed by BATC using 14 intermediate-band filters covering a wavelength range of 4000–10 000 Å. Based on photometric data in BATC and Two Micron All Sky Survey near-infraredJHKsfilters, we constructed an extensive spectral energy distribution of GC1, spanning the wavelength range from 4000 to 20 000 Å. By comparing multicolour photometry with theoretical single stellar population synthesis models, we derived the age and mass of GC1. In addition, we obtained ellipticities, position angles, and surface brightness profiles for GC1 based on the images of deep observations with the Advanced Camera for Surveys on theHubbleSpace Telescope. GC1 is better fitted by the Wilson model than by the King and Sérsic models in theF606Wfilter, and it is better fitted by the Sérsic model than by the King and Wilson models in theF814Wfilter. The ‘best-fit’ half-light radius of GC1 obtained here is 5.59 pc, which is larger than the majority of normal globular clusters (GCs) of the same luminosity.Results.The age and mass of GC1 estimated here are 13.0 ± 2.90 Gyr and 1.06 − 1.48 × 107 M⊙, respectively. TheRhversusMVdiagram shows that GC1 occupies the same area as extended star clusters. Therefore, we suggest that GC1 is more likely an accreted former nuclear star cluster than a classical GC similar to most of those in the Milky Way.
Relief of Sitting Pain by Resecting Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerve, and Elucidation of Its Anatomical Branching Pattern
Authors: Kachniarz Bartlomiej , Dellon Arnold Lee 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackground Injury to the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve (PFCN) produces sitting pain in the buttock, posterior thigh, and/or the ischial tuberosity. The anatomy of the PFCN has not been well described, and just one small cohort of patients has been reported to have resection of the PFCN.Methods Retrospective review of all patients undergoing resection of the PFCN for sitting pain by the senior author between 2012 and 2019 was performed. Evaluation was done by chart review, intraoperative description of the anatomy of the PFCN, and the outcome of resection of the PFCN with implantation of the proximal nerve into the gluteus muscle. Outcome was determined by direct patient examination, email reports, and telephonic interview.Results Fifty-two patients were included in this study, of which nine were bilateral operative procedures. Thirty-four patients had sufficient follow-up data at a mean of 23 months (3–85 months, range). MRI evidence of hamstring injury was present in 50% of the patients. The classic PFCN anatomy was present in 44% of limbs with the other 56% having a high division permitting branches to the lateral buttock and posterior thigh to be preserved. In patients with bilateral anatomy observations, symmetry was present in 67%. An excellent result (absence of sitting pain, normal activities of daily living [ADL]) was obtained in 53%, a good result (some residual sitting pain with some reduction in ADL), was obtained in 26% and no improvement was observed in 21% of patients.Conclusion Sitting pain due to injury to the PFCN can be relieved by the resection of the PFCN with implantation of the proximal end into muscle. Presence of an anatomical variation, a high division of the PFCN, can permit preservation of sensation in the lateral buttock and posterior thigh in the patient whose symptoms involve just the perineum and ischial tuberosity.
Cysto-Vaginoscopy of a 3D-Printed Cloaca Model: A Step toward Personalized Noninvasive Preoperative Assessment in Patients with Complex Anorectal Malformations
Authors: Krois Wilfried , Schmölz Lukas , Wagner Michael , Gröpel Peter , Unger Ewald , Berger Angelika , Metzelder Martin , Reck Carlos Albert 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Introduction For the classification of the complexity of cloacal malformations and the decision on the operative approach, an exact anatomical assessment is mandatory. To benefit from using three-dimensional (3D)-printed models in preoperative planning and training, the practicability of these models should be guaranteed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality and feasibility of a real-size 3D-printed cloaca model for the purpose of cysto-vaginoscopic evaluation.
Materials and Methods We performed a 3D reconstruction and printed a real-size, rubber-like 3D model of an infant pelvis with a cloacal malformation and asked invited pediatric surgeons and pediatric urologists to perform a cysto-vaginoscopy on the model and to complete a brief questionnaire to rate the quality and feasibility of the model and to indicate whether they would recommend the model for preoperative planning and training.
Results Overall, 41 participants rated the model quality as good to very good (M = 3.28, standard deviation [SD] = 0.50, on a scale from 1 to 4). The model was rated as feasible for preoperative training (M = 4.10, SD = 0.75, on a scale from 1 to 5) and most participants (85.4%) would recommend the model for preoperative training. The cysto-vaginoscopy of the model was considered as a valid training tool for real-life cases and improved the confidence on the anatomy of a cloaca.
Conclusion The results of our study indicate that patient-specific 3D-printed models might be a useful tool in the preoperative evaluation of complex anorectal malformations by simulation of cysto-vaginoscopy with an excellent view on anatomical structures to assess the whole spectrum of the individual cloacal malformation. Our model might be a valuable add-on tool for specialty training in pediatric colorectal surgery.
Inclusion of Cephalexin in COVID-19 Treatment Combinations May Prevent Lung Involvement in Mild Infections: A Case Report with Pharmacological Genomics Perspective
Authors: Khodavirdipour Amir 
Published: March 2021

AbstractNovel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a nonsegmented positive sense RNA, enveloped RNA virus that belongs to the family of β-coronaviridae. This virus shall cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) which consequently leads to breathing difficulty and need to admit to intensive care units (ICUs). The current conventional treatment combination in most of the hospitals in Iran includes azithromycin 500 + naproxen 500 + vitamin C 1,000 + Zinc + vitamin D3 1,000. In this case reports (n = 4), we would like to report significant findings in course of COVID-19 treatment reported to our clinic on August 8 and 9, 2020; patients presented as walk in and were advised house isolation and complete bed rest as there were no signs of lung involvement and their overall condition was stable. By the inclusion of cephalexin 500 in treatment combination, patients who received cephalexin 500 for 5 days along with other medicines did not develop any lung involvement and breathing complications. Cephalexin is the gold standard in upper and lower respiratory tract infections and here also shall play a vital role besides other conventional therapies. Azithromycin is a macrodial antibiotic working via the ABCB1 gene pathway. As of date, there is no clear evidence of pharmacogenomics data in COVID-19 patients. More research needs to be performed in COVID-19 before any sort of pharmacogenomics tests could be advised.
Health and economic impact of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in hindering antimicrobial resistance in China
Authors: Lu Ember (Yiwei) , Chen Hui-Han , Zhao Hongqing , Ozawa Sachiko 
Published: March 2021

Significance
This study offers a comprehensive and scientifically grounded quantitative model predicting the broader economic value of pneumococcal vaccination (PCV) in slowing the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in China. China has high antibiotic use and low PCV coverage, making it an important country to assess in addressing AMR. Based on current published evidence, this model shows that introducing PCV in China’s national immunization program would likely save lives and bring wider societal benefits by reducing antibiotic utilization and treatment failures due to AMR.
Eliminating the LIGO bounds on primordial black hole dark matter
Authors: Bœhm Céline , Kobakhidze Archil , A.J. O'Hare Ciaran , S.C. Picker Zachary , Sakellariadou Mairi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Primordial black holes (PBHs) in the mass range (30–100) M⊙ are interesting candidates for dark matter but are tightly constrained by the LIGO merger rate. In deriving these constraints, PBHs were treated as constant Schwarzschild masses. A careful analysis of cosmological black holes however leads to a time-dependent effective mass. This implies stricter conditions for binary formation, so that the binaries formed merge well before LIGO's observations. The observed binaries are those coalescing within galactic halos, at a rate consistent with LIGO data. This reopens the possibility of LIGO mass PBH dark matter.
Local time of an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck particle
Authors: Kishore G , Kundu Anupam 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we study the local time spent by an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (OU) particle at some location till time t. Using the Feynman–Kac formalism, the computation of the moment generating function (MGF) of the local time can be mapped to the problem of finding the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of a quantum particle. We employ quantum perturbation theory to compute the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions in powers of the argument of the MGF which particularly help to directly compute the cumulants and correlations among local times spent at different locations. In particular, we obtain explicit expressions of the mean, variance, and covariance of the local times in the presence and in the absence of an absorbing boundary, conditioned on survival. In the absence of absorbing boundaries, we also study large deviations of the local time and compute exact asymptotic forms of the associated large deviation functions explicitly. In the second part of the paper, we extend our study of the statistics of local time of the OU particle to the case not conditioned on survival. In this case, one expects the distribution of the local time to reach a stationary distribution in the large time limit. Computations of such stationary distributions are known in the literature as the problem of first passage functionals. In this paper, we study the approach to this stationary state with time by providing a general formulation for evaluating the MGF. From this MGF, we compute the cumulants of the local time exhibiting the approach to the stationary values explicitly for a free particle and a OU particle. Our analytical results are verified and supported by numerical simulations.
Profitability of a hybrid heating system for a single-family house in Poland based on a heat pump and photovoltaics
Authors: Drzymała A , Korzeniewska E 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The article presents an analysis of the profitability of an investment consisting of a heat pump and a photovoltaic installation located in Poland for an exemplary single-family house. The factors that have a significant impact on the profitability and payback time of such installations operating in a dual configuration are described. A simulation of profitability taking into account the legal regulations and support systems was presented. The considered case of profitability concerns a specific technical solution in which an 8 kW air / water pump was used. The pomp cooperates with a photovoltaic installation with a power of up to 10kW, operating in a discount system with an energy consumption factor of 0.8. For the purposes of this article, the DCF (discounted cash flow) method was used. Using this method, it is possible to calculate the market value of the investment with the assumed boundary criteria. A comparison of the economic efficiency of an investment can be presented using the IRR (internal rate of return) method.
Modification of pigments content in red clover sprouts with the use of pulsed electric field
Authors: Gałązka-Czarnecka I , Korzeniewska E , Czarnecki A , Stańdo J 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
An innovative issue in food engineering is using the impulse electric field (PEF) in modeling the content of biologically active compounds in plant raw materials, including seeds. In the described experiment it was shown that it is possible to modify the carotenoid content in germinating seeds of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) by treating the seeds with PEF before cultivation. The research material was the seeds of red clover ‘Rozeta’ variety. As a result of the conducted research, an increase in the content of lutein and zaaxanthin by 10% and β-carotene by 16% was obtained after the sprouts were subjected to a field of 5 kV/cm intensity.
Current and future energy refilling stations in motor vehicles, problems and effects of replacing internal combustion vehicles with electric ones
Authors: Kaznowski R , Sztafrowski D 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The paper deals with changes in construction and operation that would have to take place at a petrol station located in Wroclaw next to one of the shopping malls in the event of replacing internal combustion vehicles with electric ones. In addition, it was estimated to what extent the photovoltaic panels placed on the gallery roof can relieve the energy supplier’s network. By modeling the expected electric vehicle system in the years 2025-2030, efforts were made to identify potential barriers to its operation on the assumed scale by referring to the operation of electromobility in countries where this system became popular. The launch of a group of a dozen large charging stations in the city will allow the operation of the electric vehicle system in the amount assumed for the years 2025 - 2030, but will force a significant demand for electricity. Generation of electricity from RES will be enough to meet the needs of charging electric vehicles in Poland in the assumed time horizon, ie until 2040. Demand for vehicle charging power may cause problems with its availability in the system in the absence of implementation of the incentive system for vehicle charging off-peak hours.
Response of potato starch granules to microwave radiation
Authors: Miernik A , Jakubowski T 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This study aimed to determine the response of potato starch granules to microwave radiation indicated by changes in starch granule size. Laboratory analyses were carried out in 2019 with tubers of an early edible potato cultivar Innovator. The tubers were irradiated for 10-600 s using a 100 W generator producing microwaves having a frequency of 2.45 GHz. Dimensions of starch granules were measured using an OPTICA B-510BF optical microscope and PROVIEW x64 software, 3.7.13483.20181206. The results were analyzed in STATISTICA 13.3. software package at a significance level of α=0.05. The microwaves were shown to significantly modify the maximal diameter and surface area of potato starch granules.
Selected methods for starch content determination in plant materials
Authors: Miernik A , Jakubowski T 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This manuscript presents selected analytical methods for starch content determination in plant materials. The presentation includes tools and equipment needed to apply a selected method and method accuracy in determinations of starch content and parameters. An overview of these methods may be useful while designing studies focused on starch content in materials of plant origin. The manuscript also discusses the effect of microwave radiation on selected parameters of starch granules. In addition, it presents results of an experiment aimed at determining the response of potato starch granules to microwave radiation. In that experiment, the size of potato granules was measured using an OPTICA B-510BF optical microscope and PROVIEW x64 software, 3.7.13483.20181206. The results obtained were analyzed at a significance level of α=0.05 using STATISTICA 13.3 software package.
Physical and rheological properties of liquid whole egg after treatment of concentrated microwave field (CMF)
Authors: Oziemblowski M , Nawirska-Olszańska A , Maksimowski D , Trenka M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The influence of selected physical and rheological properties of the egg mass after the treatment of concentrated microwave field (CMF) was analysed in the study. CMF treatment can be generated in the continuous or pulsed way where microwave field is concentrated by a special waveguide. The raw material for the research was fresh hen eggs obtained from Leghorn Brown laying hens at the age of 30-50 weeks. The study investigated the effect of CMF pulses on the raw material, where the variable parameters were intervals between single pulses of 0.5 s, 1.0 s or 1.5 s, as well as 3 different numbers of CMF pulse packets for each of these intervals (5, 7 or 9). In this way, 9 research variants were obtained, not counting the control sample. After completion of the CMF treatment, the temperature of the samples was measured, and then they were cooled down to the temperature of 20 °C, where the analysis of active acidity (pH), color measurements expressed as L*a*b* and viscosity was performed. The results were statistically processed using the analysis of variations, Duncan’s test and the so-called “Response Surface Methodology” with corresponding Pareto charts showing the significance of the analyzed variables and their interactions. It was found that both the amount of energy supplied to the system and the intervals between the CMF pulses for most of the analyzed parameters had a statistically significant effect. The “response surface” models may have practical application, eg in industrial conditions, in determining the impact of individual technological parameters on the final quality of food products, including physical and rheological characteristics.
Structure analysis of the thermal energy spectrum generated during stimulation of organic matter by an electromagnetic field
Authors: Popardowski E , Kiełbasa P , Dróżdż T. , Rad M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The article presents the spectral characteristics of the temperature distribution in an induction coil which is an actuator in the technology of electromagnetic stimulation of organic matter and in the technology of elimination of undesirable microorganisms. The rate and method of heating the coil were precisely determined depending on the magnitude of the magnetic induction and the stimulation time of the material as well as the amount of flow of the coil cooling agent. Based on the experiment, the structure of the exposure time and the structure of the distribution of biological material in the working part of the coil were determined. Furthermore, the degree of cooling was determined so as to eliminate the uncontrolled momentary temperature amplitude on the course of the organic matter stimulation process.
Survey identification of impact the 50 Hz magnetic field on selected biochemical parameters of human blood
Authors: Sztafrowski D , Jakubaszko J 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The paper presents the influence of 50 Hz magnetic field on selected biochemical parameters of human blood. The analysis was carried out in test environment created in the department of Electrical Power Engineering at Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, using magnetic field of 50 Hz, with values and homogeneity equivalent to these of electrical power objects. The study was conducted in collaboration with the Wroclaw Medical University.
Analysis of digital simulation of electrical fields intensity by using central differences of second or fourth order
Authors: Sztafrowski D , Gumiela J 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
For the computational identification of the intensity of the electric component of the electromagnetic field, methods are used in which the differential description describing of a spatial distribution of the potential is converted and then presented as the difference description. Depending on the number of terms of the series corresponding to the function searched for in the difference method, the value of each grid point can be determined by standard using the central difference of the second or fourth order. For the selected case of the 220 kV overhead powerline, the authors compared the influence of the applied order of the central difference on the calculation time and the value of the maximum relative error of the simulation.
Improving vehicle routing decision for subsidized rice distribution using linear programming considering stochastic travel times
Authors: Nurprihatin Filscha , Regent Montororing Yuri Delano 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
As the highest regency with the absolute poverty rate in Indonesia, Bogor Regency must be able to handle the poverty program appropriately and ensure its effectiveness and efficiency. Subsidized rice is one of the government programs for poor households. This program is important because rice is a food commodity with the largest contribution to the food poverty line. The effectiveness of the distribution is very dependent on the accuracy of the target number of beneficiaries and the accuracy of the amount of rice received at the consumption points. Meanwhile, the distribution efficiency is measured from the distribution route by taking into account the travel time that is directly related to transportation costs. This study discusses the distribution from only 1 (one) warehouse to 57 destinations. This study contributes to the enrichment of a cluster first route second approach to solve the routing problem. This paper applies Ward’s method and K-Means sequentially which generates 4 (four) clusters. Linear programming under the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem model is utilized to generate the routing decisions. Clusters 1 and 3 must take 1 and 2 trips, respectively. Meanwhile, clusters 2 and 4 each take 3 trips. As a result, the proposed method ensures all trips consume the shortest time.
Optimizing rice distribution routes in Indonesia using a two-step linear programming considering logistics costs
Authors: Nurprihatin Filscha , Regina Tasya , Rembulan Glisina Dwinoor 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The increase in rice consumption should be balanced with an increase in rice production. However, although the national rice production was declared a surplus, the volume of national rice imports also increased. The imports in 2018 were 2.2 million tons and showed that surplus rice production is not effectively taken as an advantage in overcoming the deficit in some provinces in Indonesia. Some provinces that experiencing surplus should be able to fill the shortage in the other provinces. This paper contributes to determine distribution routes and help the government to fulfill the shortage demand. This study uses the two-steps linear programming method. The first step is performed by the transportation model and followed by the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) model in sequence. This two-step linear programming reaches an optimal global solution in distributing goods from oversupply provinces to the over-demand one. The results show cost savings are gained if this strategy is performed to meet the demand, rather than importing the rice.