bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coccomyces vilis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F. , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Coccomyces vilis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Mangifera indica
. DISEASE: Causes a leaf spot of mango, frequency in association with
Lophodermium mangiferae
(see sheet no. 798). The fungus is probably not a serious pathogen. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Apparently confned to India. TRANSMISSION: Unknown. Similar fungi directly infect host leaves by the air-dispersed ascospores.
Entyloma calendulae f. dahliae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Entyloma calendulae f. dahliae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Dahlia variabilis, D. coccinia, D. pinnata
; cultivated dahlia. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Dahlia
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in Europe including Finland and Sweden; Africa; North America (USA); Central and South America and West Indies (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Venezuela); Asia (Burma, India, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Papua New Guinea); Australia and New Zealand. CMI Map 114, ed. 4, 1983. TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne. Overwinters as ustilospores buried in plant debris; not transmitted by seed or in tubers, although spread by soil attached to tubers is possible (6, 97; 17, 655; 41, 603; 49, 1050); mature ustilospores are capable of remaining viable for a long period when dry (16, 304). Conidia contribute to dissemination during the growing season (49, 1050).
Ustilago hypodytes
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ustilago hypodytes
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A wide range of grasses, including species of
Agropyron
(many),
Ammophila, Brachypodium, Bromus, Calamagrostis, Diplachne, Distichlis, Elymus
(many),
Festuca, Glyceria, Hilaria, Hordeum, Haynaldia, Lygeum, Melica, Orysopsis, Panicum, Phalaris, Phleum, Poa
(many),
Puccinellia, Secale, Sitanion, Sporobolus, Stipa
(many), and
Trisetum
. DISEASE: Stem smut of grasses. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Chiefly a temperate species found in Europe (including Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USSR, Yugoslavia) and North America (Canada, USA) and extending to central and South America (Argentina, Peru, Uruguay), N. Africa (Libya, Morocco, Tunisia), Japan, Australia and New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: Not fully understood, though inoculation experiments have demonstrated that infection occurs in mature vegetative plants (possibly through meristematic tissue), not seeds or flowers (22, 240; 24, 511). Once established, infection is systemic, probably overwintering in the root system and spreading by vegetative multiplication of host plants as well as from plant to plant (24, 511; 19, 720).
Erynia neoaphidis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Wilding N. , Brady B. L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Erynia neoaphidis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae); records from
Blissus spp., Lygus lineolaris
(Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) and
Chlorina furcifera
(Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Probably world wide; recorded from Europe, Asia, Africa, North and South America and Australasia.
Phacidiopycnis tl jberivora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phacidiopycnis tl jberivora
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Solanum tuberosum, Alnus, Beta, Escallonia, Eucalyptus, Hoya, Humulus, Medicago, Olearia, Ribes, Syringa, Vaccinium
and probably several other plants. DISEASE: Stem-end hard rot or progressive dry rot, or corky rot of potatoes (11, 671; Foster & Macleod, 1932). Symptoms are variable; on mature tubers lesions vary in size from pin heads to those involving the whole tuber. With the progress of infection lesions become sunken, circular with a well defined margin. When immature tubers become infected they become mummified (Foster & Macleod, 1932). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India); Australasia and Oceania (Australia, New South Wales, New Zealand); Europe (UK); North America (Canada, Alberta, Vancouver, British Columbia; USA, Washington). TRANSMISSION: No specific studies reported. Probably by conidia discharged during alternating dry and wet conditions; penetration of tubers through wounds and abrasions.
Phomopsis caricae-papayae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phomopsis caricae-papayae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Carica papaya
(papaw or papaya or pawpaw). DISEASE: Stem rot and fruit rot of
Carica papaya
. Stem rot starts near the base or higher as well defined lesions spreading rapidly. In severe cases causes death of plants. On fruits the visible symptoms are water-soaked spot on the surface which increases on maturity. The infected area becomes depressed, dark brown to black and revealing cracks at an advanced stage (Dhingra & Khare, 1971). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Nigeria, South Africa), Asia (India, Pakistan), Australasia and Oceania (Australia, Queensland; Hawaii); West Indies (Dominican Republic, St. Lucia); South America (Brazil, Pernambuco; Venezuela). TRANSMISSION: The method of natural infection and factors which favour the spread of the disease have not been thoroughly studied. Presumably by conidia dispersed by water splash and the fungus survives on dry stems and leaf stalks.
Phytophthora infestans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stamps D. J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phytophthora infestans
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Potato, tomato, other
Solanaceae
. DISEASE: Late blight of potato and tomato. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide (CMI Map 109, ed. 5, 1982). Distribution of compatibility types differs; the A1 and A2 are both present in Mexico (37, 503), whereas elsewhere only the A1 was thought to occur until the A2 was recorded in Switzerland in 1981 (64, 288). TRANSMISSION: Sporangia are readily detached and disseminated by wind and rain splash. Infection may spread from early potato crops to nearby maincrops. Tubers are contaminated by sporangia washed into the soil from blighted haulms (60, 2899), or on exposure at lifting. The fungus overwinters in tubers. Seed tubers, tuber refuse from clamp sites and volunteer plants provide sources of new infection (52, 216; 56, 973). Tomatoes were infected from potato crops (51, 3560).
Cladosporium allii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cladosporium allii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Allium canadense, A. porrum, A. sativum, A. schoenoprasum
and
A. vineale
. DISEASE: Leaf blotch. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (British Isles). TRANSMISSION: Possibly from contaminated debris.
Ramularia rubella
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Wilson S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ramularia rubella
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Rumex acetosa, R. aquaticus, R. brownii, R. conglomeratus, R. crispus, R. hymenosepalus, R. longifolius, R
.
nepalensis, R. obtusifolius, R. pulcher, R. stenophyllus
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Rumex
spp. Symptoms occur more frequently on older leaves. Spots are apparent on both sides of leaf. Lesions are irregular, frequently angular or circular, brown with a buff centre often having a dark brown or purple border, sometimes coalescent. Size varies from 1-15 mm (mostly 7 mm) diam. Sporulation begins at centre of lesion, conidia in profusion will give a frosted appearance to spots. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION:
North America
: USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, Ohio, Washington, Wisconsin);
South America
: Brazil;
Europe
: Eire, England, Germany, Romania, Sweden, USSR;
Africa
: Libya;
Asia
: India, Iraq;
Australasia
: Australia (Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria), New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: Probably wind dispersal by air-borne spores.
Ramularia anomala
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Wilson S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ramularia anomala
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Polygonum amphibium, P. coccineum, P. orientale, P. scandens
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Polygonum
spp., lesions irregular, buff which with brown border, size varies from 1-6 mm (usually 2 mm) diam. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION:
North America
: USA (Indiana, Nebraska, Wisconsin). TRANSMISSION: Not known, probably wind dispersal by air-borne spores.
Candida guilliermondii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Davis C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Candida guilliermondii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE:
Candida guilliermondii
is an uncommon cause of human candidosis. It has been reported in cases of acute disseminated candidosis (approximately 1-2% cases), endocarditis, arthritis, paronychia and burns infections. It has also been isolated from vagina, urine, oral cavity, gastro-intestinal tract and ear. Isolations from animals include those from cases of mastitis in cows, sheep and goats and from bovine abortion. Rather more unusual isolations include a report by Sutka of 20 cows slaughtered due to infertility and udder infection from which C.
guilliermondii
was isolated from liver, lungs, kidney + spleen (
Acta Veterinaria Yugoslavia
53: 225-231, 1983).
Candida guilliermondii
has been isolated from a variety of birds and other warm-blooded animals and from soil, sand, seawater and swimming pools. Attempts to produce superficial or systemic infections in laboratory animals have generally been unsuccessful, suggesting that it is an opportunist or weak pathogen. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Reported from Africa (West Africa, Nigeria, South Africa, Sudan, Tunisia); Asia (Hong Kong, India, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam); Australasia and Oceania (Fiji, Samoa); Europe (many countries); North America (Cuba, El Salvador, Mexico, USA); South America (Argentina, Brazil, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela).
Candida krusei
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Davis C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Candida krusei
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE:
Candida krusei
is an uncommon cause of candidosis in humans and warm-blooded animals. Implications in human disease include renal candidosis, oesophagitis, endocarditis, peritonitis, urinary tract infection and vaginitis. Isolation from blood culture is uncommon but includes 3 isolates from 82 blood cultures from a group of cancer patients (Meunier-Carpenter,
Am. J. Med
. 71: 363-370, 1981) and 3 in a review of 318 yeasts recovered from blood cultures (Odds, 1979).
Candida krusei
has also been isolated from burns, gastric-ulcers, nails and sputum. Associations with veterinary mycoses include bovine mastitis and abortion.
Candida krusei
is the most common yeast to be implicated in bovine mastitis and in one study was isolated on 19 occassions out of a total of 102, (Austwick
et al.
in Winner & Hurley (eds),
Symposium on Candida infections
, pp. 89-100, London: Livingstone, 1966).
Candida krusei
is considered to be only weakly pathogenic, since attempts to produce superficial or systemic infections in laboratory animals have generally been unsuccessful although mild skin and visceral infections have been reported. Several
in vitro
studies have demonstrated that adherence of
C. krusei
to mammalian cells is significantly lower than that of C.
albicans
and
C. tropicalis
(Klotz
et al., Infect. Immun
. 42: 374-384, 1983 and Skerl
et al., Can. J. Microbiol
. 30: 221-227, 1984). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Algeria, West Africa, Madagascar, South Africa, Sudan, Zaire, Zimbabwe); Asia (Hong Kong, India, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam); Australasia and Oceania (Australia, Fiji); Europe (most countries); North America (Canada, Cuba, El Salvador, Mexico, USA); South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru, West Indies).
Candida tropicalis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Davis C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Candida tropicalis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE:
Candida tropicalis
is an opportunistic pathogenic regularly implicated in candidosis in man and animals. The disease process, generally restricted to the compromised host, is similar to that caused by
C. albicans
and includes meningitis, endocarditis, acute disseminated candidosis, pyelonephritis, oesophagitis and vaginitis in man, with bovine mastitis and mycotic abortion occurring in animals.
Candida tropicalis
has been isolated from a variety of warm-blooded animals but rarely from the environment and has been isolated from the gut, vagina and oral cavity of humans indicating that the organism occurs as a commensal of these sites. Such results are, however, difficult to interpret since results vary greatly from study to study and most results have been obtained from hospitalized patients (see Odds, 1969). Pathogenicity experiments have shown that
Candida tropicalis
is the second most virulent
Candida
species (second only to
C. albicans
). Numerous studies have shown the organism to cause fatal disseminated infection in laboratory animals following intravenous inoculation, although there is some discrepancy as to the level of pathogenicity in unmodified hosts. Hurley obtained 100% mortality in normal mice following intravenous inoculation of 2.5 × 10 cells (in Winner & Hurley (eds),
Symposium on Candida Infections
, London: E. & S. Livingstone Ltd, pp. 13-21, 1966). Kennedy & Voltz, however, obtained gut colonization and dissemination to visceral organs in antibiotic treated mice following intragastric inoculation of 10 organisms but no colonization of untreated mice (
Sabouraudia
21: 27-33, 1983). For other literature on pathogenicity see Odds (1979). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Probably worldwide. Africa (Algeria, Congo, Egypt, West Africa, Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Mauritius, Nigeria, Somalia, Sudan, S. Africa); Asia (Bangladesh, China, Hong Kong, India, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Vietnam); Australasia and Oceania (Australia, New Zealand, Cook Islands, Fiji, Tahiti); Europe (many countries); North America (Canada, Cuba, El Salvador, Mexico, USA); South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela).
Candida viswanathii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Davis C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Candida viswanathii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: There is little knowledge relating to the pathogenicity of
Candida viswanathii
. The organism has been isolated on two occasions from the cerbrospinal fluid of patients with fatal meningitis, but unfortunately, in both cases, further clinical investigations were not possible and postmortem examinations were not undertaken (Sandhu
et al., Sabouraudia
14: 251-241, 1976). Experiments with laboratory animals have demonstrated variable pathogenicity between strains. Sandhu
et al.
were able to recover the organism from multiple organs of 1/4 rabbits and 4/4 mice following intravenous inoculation with one strain of
Candida viswanathii
but from only 1/4 rabbits and 0/4 mice challenged with a second strain (
Sabouraudia
4: 37-40, 1965). Histopathological evidence of infection was only rarely demonstrated. In a later study with a third strain of
C. viswanathii
8/10 cortisone treated mice died within 2 weeks of intravenous inoculation of the organism whereas only 1/10 untreated mice died. Histological evidence of infection was shown in all affected mice. In a recent study of experimental pathogenicity of
Candida
species,
Candida viswanathii
was found to be lethal to untreated mice on intravenous inoculation with doses of > 1 × 10 cells. Although shown to be less pathogenic than either
C. albicans
or
C. tropicalis, C. viswanathii
was the only other species to have a lethal effect on untreated mice (Bistoni
et al., Sabouraudia
22: 409-418, 1984). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: All clinical isolates have so far been from India. Extra-human sources have come from South Africa and Indian Ocean.
Cochliobolus chloridis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cochliobolus chloridis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Chloris gayana
. DISEASE: Leaf blight of
Chloris
. By inoculation it is less pathogenic to
Sorghum
producing only small numbers of punctiform purplish spots (56: 2109). The disease is associated with the anamorph. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, India, Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia.
Cochliobolus ravenelii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cochliobolus ravenelii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Sporobolus
sp. DISEASE: False smut associated with the anamorph. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Argentina, Australia, Azores, Brazil, Burma, Costa Rica, Columbia, Ghana, Hong Kong, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Malawi, Malaysia, Mauritius, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Uganda, Uruguay, USA, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe. TRANSMISSION: By infected seeds and air-borne conidia.
Bipolaris crustacea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Bipolaris crustacea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Sporobolus
sp. DISEASE: Attacking inflorescences of
Sporobolus
forming black, crustose fungal masses which completely or partly envelop the inflorescences. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Burma, Indonesia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, South Africa. TRANSMISSION: By infected seeds and air-borne conidia.
Nocardia vaccinii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Nocardia vaccinii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Vaccinium
spp. ; found on a cross of
V. australe
with
V. ashei
. Probably occurs in the wild on
Gaylussacia baccata
, the black huckleberry. DISEASE: Bud-proliferating gall of blueberry. The galls occur at, or just below, the soil line in the form of a swollen mass of proliferating buds. Most buds abort at an early stage of development, but some grow into weak shoots giving a witches' broom effect. The shoots eventually die and the gall tissue, initially soft and white, becomes hard and brown to black. The plants develop poorly. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: USA (Maryland). TRANSMISSION: The pathogen is apparently spread in infested compost and can be carried into the nursery if unsterilized leaf litter is used.
Pseudomonas viridiflava
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pseudomonas viridiflava
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Wide variety of hosts. Initially reported on bean (
Phaseolus vulgaris
), but since reported as naturally occurring on at least 31 different species in 14 different families (see for example 53, 395; Billing, 1970). By inoculation a further 30 host species, including 5 extra families, have been found to be susceptible (60, 1802: 9: 695). DISEASE: Originally isolated from reddish brown circular spots on bean pods, but a variety of symptoms have since been reported. Wilkie
et al.
(1973) reported leaf spot of pumkin and lupin, leaf rot of cauliflower, leaf blotch of passion fruit, stem rot of poppy, internal stem rot of tomato, a wet rot of leaves, stipules and stems of pea, panicle rot of grape, and blossom blight of chinese gooseberry (
Actinidia chinensis
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Possibly world wide. Currently known from Kenya (50, 1060), Uganda (NCPPB 1474), Iran (NCPPB 2012), Japan (59, 1887), Australia (NSW, Qd., 63, 3168), New Zealand (53, 395), France (52, 2974), W. Germany (57, 739), Hungary (NCPPB 389), Netherlands (NCPPB 2502), Spain (54, 5140), Switzerland (Original Descr.), UK (50, 1060), USA (California 61, 749; Florida 14: 565; New York 12: 71; Pennsylvania 62, 4928). TRANSMISSION: Apparently exists as a common epiphyte which gains entry through wounds, as a secondary organism, or when the plant has been predisposed by unfavourable conditions when these, or other conditions also favour the bacterium.