Habitat restoration for brown trout (Salmo trutta) has limited effects on macroinvertebrate communities in a historically metal-contaminated stream
Authors: Wolff Brian A. , Pomeranz Justin P. F. , Kotalik Christopher J. , Hall Edward K. , Clements William H. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Quantifying the success of stream remediation or restoration projects that are designed to improve water quality or habitat, respectively, is often challenging because of insufficient posttreatment monitoring, poorly defined restoration goals, and failure to consider fundamental aspects of ecological theory. We measured the effects of habitat restoration on aquatic and terrestrial prey resources in a system recovering from the long-term effects of mining pollution. The study was conducted in the Upper Arkansas River, a Rocky Mountain stream located in central Colorado, USA. Remediation of California Gulch, a United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Superfund Site that discharged metals from past mining operations into the stream, was completed in 2000, resulting in significant improvements in water quality, benthic macroinvertebrate communities, and brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations. A large-scale restoration project designed to improve habitat and increase the density and biomass of brown trout was completed in 2014. To assess the effectiveness of these habitat improvements on invertebrate communities in this system, we sampled sites for 9 years before (2010–2014) and after (2015–2018) restoration was completed. In contrast to our expectations, we observed few changes in the abundance of aquatic or terrestrial invertebrates after restoration. The most common response was an overall reduction in abundance resulting from significant instream disturbances during and immediately after restoration, followed by a gradual return to pretreatment conditions. Despite reductions in prey abundance, the number of prey items in the diet of brown trout increased significantly after restoration. We discuss several explanations for these responses, including the effects of residual metals, increased predation by brown trout, and the recalcitrance of novel communities dominated by metal-tolerant species. Our results suggest that the effectiveness of remediation and restoration differed between macroinvertebrates and fish. Benthic macroinvertebrates were more dependent on water quality improvements at the watershed scale, whereas brown trout populations responded to both improvements in water quality and reach-scale improvements in habitat. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:1047–1055. © 2021 SETAC
KEY POINTS
The effectiveness of remediation and restoration differed between macroinvertebrates and fish: benthic communities were more dependent on water quality improvements at the watershed-scale, whereas brown trout populations responded to both improvements in water quality and instream habitat. Ecological characteristics that maintain novel communities in streams may make them less responsive to habitat restoration; therefore, restoration goals may need to be modified as a result of long-term restructuring and the establishment of novel communities. Although restoration likely improved fish and macroinvertebrate habitat, macroinvertebrates did not show predicted changes in abundance due to greater top-down control by brown trout.