bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The distinctive flagellar proteome of Euglena gracilis illuminates the complexities of protistan flagella adaptation
Authors: Hammond Michael , Zoltner Martin , Garrigan Jack , Butterfield Erin , Varga Vladimir , Lukeš Julius , Field Mark C. 
Published: July 2021

Summary

The eukaryotic flagellum/cilium is a prominent organelle with conserved structure and diverse functions. Euglena gracilis, a photosynthetic and highly adaptable protist, employs its flagella for both locomotion and environmental sensing.

Using proteomics of isolated E. gracilis flagella we identify nearly 1700 protein groups, which challenges previous estimates of the protein complexity of motile eukaryotic flagella.

We not only identified several unexpected similarities shared with mammalian flagella, including an entire glycolytic pathway and proteasome, but also document a vast array of flagella‐based signal transduction components that coordinate gravitaxis and phototactic motility. By contrast, the pellicle was found to consist of > 900 protein groups, containing additional structural and signalling components.

Our data identify significant adaptations within the E. gracilis flagellum, many of which are clearly linked to the highly flexible lifestyle.
Repeated extreme heatwaves result in higher leaf thermal tolerances and greater safety margins
Authors: Ahrens Collin W. , Challis Anthea , Byrne Margaret , Leigh Andrea , Nicotra Adrienne B. , Tissue David , Rymer Paul 
Published: July 2021

Summary

The frequency and severity of heatwave events are increasing, exposing species to conditions beyond their physiological limits. Species respond to heatwaves in different ways, however it remains unclear if plants have the adaptive capacity to successfully respond to hotter and more frequent heatwaves.

We exposed eight tree populations from two climate regions grown under cool and warm temperatures to repeated heatwave events of moderate (40°C) and extreme (46°C) severity to assess adaptive capacity to heatwaves.

Leaf damage and maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) were significantly impacted by heatwave severity and growth temperatures, respectively; populations from a warm‐origin avoided damage under moderate heatwaves compared to those from a cool‐origin, indicating a degree of local adaptation. We found that plasticity to heatwave severity and repeated heatwaves contributed to enhanced thermal tolerance and lower leaf temperatures, leading to greater thermal safety margins (thermal tolerance minus leaf temperature) in a second heatwave.

Notably, while we show that adaptation and physiological plasticity are important factors affecting plant adaptive capacity to thermal stress, plasticity of thermal tolerances and thermal safety margins provides the opportunity for trees to persist among fluctuating heatwave exposures.
Pop‐up publics: Temporary publicness at the Auckland Night Markets
Authors: Klein Mitchell , Cox Bethany , Tuck Kelsie , Baker Tom , Jones Ryan , Schloffel‐Armstrong Salene 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe increasing significance of temporary urban initiatives—like community gardens, markets, festivals and artistic ventures—raises questions about their role in the public life and “publicness” of cities. In dialogue with normative and alternative literature on public space, we examine how temporary urbanism is implicated in the production of publicness. Through examining the Auckland Night Markets in New Zealand, we discuss how these events produce publicness through (a) the people that attend them and their experiences, (b) control practices and (c) their spatial configuration. Our discussion lends support to emerging accounts of public space and publicness as pluralistic and dynamic.
Association of phthalate exposure and airway dysfunction with mediation by serum periostin
Authors: Baek Hey Sung , Won Ha Young , Kim Ju Hee , Ha Eun Kyo , Jee Hye Mi , Shin Youn Ho , Kim Mi‐Ae , Han Man Yong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundPhthalates can cause respiratory and immunological disorders. However, little is known about the role of serum periostin and YKL‐40 levels in mediating the effects of phthalates. We investigated the mediating role of these biomarkers in the relationship between phthalates and airway dysfunction.MethodsA total of 487 children (aged 10–12 years old) were examined. Four high‐molecular‐weight phthalate (HMWP) [Σ4HMWP] metabolites and 3 low‐molecular‐weight phthalate (LMWP) [Σ3LMWP] metabolites in urine samples were measured. Serum periostin and YKL‐40 levels were measured. Airway function was measured using impulse oscillometry. A mediation model was used to quantify the mediating effects of periostin and YKL‐40 on airway dysfunction.ResultsAfter adjustment for height, gender, BMI z‐score, aeroallergen sensitization, secondary smoking, and vitamin D level, the level of urinary Σ3LMWP metabolites was significantly associated with respiratory system resistance at 5 Hz (Rrs5; adjusted β: 0.020, 95% CI: 0.005–0.034; p = .010). The levels of urinary Σ4HMWP and Σ3LMWP metabolites were significantly associated with periostin level, but not with YKL‐40 level. In addition, the periostin level was associated with Rrs5 (adjusted β: 0.048, 95% CI: 0.015–0.081; p = .005) and Rrs20‐5 (adjusted β: 0.040, 95% CI: 0.011–0.069; p = .007). Serum periostin level had a significant effect in mediating the relationship between Σ3LMWP and Rrs5 (13.9%, 95% CI: 10.7–77.0; p < .001).ConclusionExposure to LMWPs was significantly associated with airway dysfunction, and this effect was partially attributable to increased serum periostin level.
Ideology and the Foreign Policy of Barack Obama: A Liberal‐Realist Approach to International Affairs
Authors: O'Connor Brendon , Cooper Danny 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWhen Barack Obama was elected president, many commentators predicted a reversal of the ideologically charged foreign policy of George W. Bush. As the years unfolded, descriptions of President Obama's foreign policy diverged significantly. However, whatever label was applied, many scholars and commentators were quick to emphasize President Obama's pragmatism and prudence. In our article, we question this interpretation, arguing that it does not do justice to the role of ideology in the conduct of foreign policy during Obama's presidency. We make the case for seeing ideology as an ever‐present influence on the conduct of American foreign policy, as all presidents draw on ideologies. In Obama's case, we label his foreign policy “liberal‐realist” due to its reliance on a combination of liberal and realist ideas.
The emotion‐elicited late positive potential is stable across five testing sessions
Authors: Weinberg Anna , Correa Kelly A. , Stevens Elizabeth S. , Shankman Stewart A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMany studies have examined associations between neural and behavioral markers of attention to emotion and individual differences in affective functioning. However, the majority of these studies are cross‐sectional, and examine associations between brain, behavior, and individual differences at one or two time‐points, limiting our understanding of the extent to which these neural responses reflect trait‐like patterns of attention. The present study used the Emotional Interrupt paradigm, and examined the stability and trajectory of behavioral (i.e., reaction time to targets following task‐irrelevant appetitive, neutral, and aversive images), and neural responses to images (i.e., the late positive potential or LPP), across five sessions separated by one week in 86 individuals. Additionally, we examined the extent to which the LPP and behavioral measures were sensitive to naturally occurring daily fluctuations in positive and negative affect. Results indicate that, though the magnitude of the conditional LPP waveforms decreased over time, the degree of emotional modulation (i.e., differentiation of emotional from neutral) did not; in fact, differentiation of appetitive from neutral increased over time. Behavioral responses were similarly stable across sessions. Additionally, we largely did not observe significant effects of state positive and negative affect on the LPP or behavior over time. Finally, the LPP elicited by appetitive images significantly predicted reaction time to targets following these images. These data suggest that neural and behavioral markers of attention to motivationally salient cues may be trait‐like in nature, and may be helpful in future studies seeking to identify markers of vulnerability for diverse forms of psychopathology.
Development of cod farming in Norway: Past and current biological and market status and future prospects and directions
Authors: Puvanendran Velmurugu , Mortensen Atle , Johansen Lill‐Heidi , Kettunen Anne , Hansen Øyvind J. , Henriksen Edgar , Heide Morten 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAtlantic cod is a historically abundant species in the North Atlantic region and has contributed to the prosperity of many nations. But a decline in stocks in the last century has prompted to initiate commercial farming of cod in captive conditions. Several approaches have been employed ranging from stock enhancement, capture‐based aquaculture and intensive cod farming. However, except for the enhancement efforts which were carried out for almost a century, efforts on other methods were intermittent coinciding with lower quotas. Intensive farming was attempted in Norway, Scotland, Ireland, Canada, Iceland and Faroe Islands in the 2000s. But it was carried out hastily to cash in the demand for cod in the market even though there were many biological knowledge gaps that are required for a successful aquaculture venture. The reasons for the failure of commercial farming in Norway during the 2000s were not only because of limited knowledge of the biology of cod but also the economic meltdown in Europe in 2008. Cod farming came to a halt; however, the Norwegian National Cod Breeding Program (NCBP) initiated in 2003 continued to operate and produced a fifth generation of a domesticated cod in 2019. Efforts to fill the gaps and the selective breeding for better growth and disease resistance within NCBP have improved the quality of the juveniles produced. We will discuss the past efforts and reasons for failure in farming of cod, how the current situation looks and the future direction in terms of cod biology, political atmosphere and market.
Modelling High-Dimensional Categorical Data using Nonconvex Fusion Penalties
Authors: Stokell Benjamin G. , Shah Rajen D. , Tibshirani Ryan J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe propose a method for estimation in high-dimensional linear models with nominal categorical data. Our estimator, called SCOPE, fuses levels together by making their corresponding coefficients exactly equal. This is achieved using the minimax concave penalty on differences between the order statistics of the coefficients for a categorical variable, thereby clustering the coefficients. We provide an algorithm for exact and efficient computation of the global minimum of the resulting nonconvex objective in the case with a single variable with potentially many levels, and use this within a block coordinate descent procedure in the multivariate case. We show that an oracle least squares solution that exploits the unknown level fusions is a limit point of the coordinate descent with high probability, provided the true levels have a certain minimum separation; these conditions are known to be minimal in the univariate case. We demonstrate the favourable performance of SCOPE across a range of real and simulated datasets. An R package CatReg implementing SCOPE for linear models and also a version for logistic regression is available on CRAN.
Parents’ strategies and advice for creating a positive sleep situation in the family
Authors: Gustafsson Silje , Jacobzon Anna , Lindberg Birgitta , Engström Åsa 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to describe the experience‐based knowledge of parents of children aged 0–3 years for creating a positive sleep situation in the family.DesignThis study has a qualitative design. Data were collected using an online survey and analysed using the critical incident technique.MethodsThe study participants were recruited through an announcement posted in parenting groups on a social media platform in September 2018. A total of 93 parents answered the questionnaire; 76 of the parents matched the study's selection criteria, and their responses were included in the analysis.ResultsThe results are presented from the two main questions in the survey: “Strategies for creating a positive sleep situation” and “Advice to new parents regarding sleep”. Having routines and reading the child's signals were important strategies, as were creating good conditions for sleep and making sure the child was well‐fed and content at bedtime. Winding down and giving the child closeness and touch was described as important, and some parents would co‐sleep to soothe the child quickly and create a sense of security and belonging. Parents’ most frequent advice to other parents was to accept the situation and to let go of the idea that the child should sleep without waking up in a separate bed or room.ConclusionPersonal preferences and needs are likely to vary among individuals, and it is important that nurses tailor sleep advice in accordance with families’ preferences and needs, taking individual variations and views into account.
Discovery of a large axillary artery vascular malformation during the evaluation of a patient with hemodialysis access‐induced distal ischemia: Implications on pathophysiology and management
Authors: Evans Andrew , Nguyen Binh , Nassar George 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA patient with a 6‐year‐old left upper arm brachial cephalic AVF presented with symptoms of hemodialysis access‐induced distal ischemia (HAIDI). Physical exam findings showed a well‐developed AVF, but compression of the AVF aggravated arm pain and induced diffuse erythema of the left upper extremity. Angiographic evaluation disclosed the presence of a large axillary artery vascular malformation (AVM) as well as distal forearm hypo‐perfusion. We elected to publish this case report to describe the interesting physical exam findings related to the AVM, and discuss HAIDI treatment options that are peculiar to this case. We also highlight the importance of thorough vascular evaluation prior to AV access creation as well as during the investigation of the cause of HAIDI.
Satisfaction with online teaching of medical statistics during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A survey by the Education Committee of the Italian Society of Medical Statistics and Clinical Epidemiology
Authors: Rota Matteo , Peveri Giulia , Fanelli Margherita , Torelli Lucio , Rocchi Marco BL , Specchia Claudia 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOn May 2020, after 2 months of online teaching with no face‐to‐face lectures, the Education Committee of the Italian scientific Society of Medical Statistics and Clinical Epidemiology conceived an online survey to assess satisfaction of Italian academics of medical statistics with online teaching and remote exams. This survey highlighted teachers' perceptions as well as opportunities and limitations of online teaching of medical statistics, biostatistics, and epidemiology. Although 61% of Italian academics of medical statistics declared to be favorable to provide online teaching of medical statistics, biostatistics, and epidemiology in the future, we recognize that distance education cannot substitute the unique value of teaching and knowledge exchange that could only be transmitted through a personal interaction between students and teachers. These indications may be useful to improve the quality of the teaching process in the future.
The Ultimate Tool: The Body, Planning of Physical Actions, and the Role of Mental Imagery in Choosing Motor Acts
Authors: Rosenbaum David A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe ultimate tool, it could be said, is the brain and body. Therefore, a way to understand tool use is to study the brain's control of the body. A more manageable aim is to use the tools of cognitive science to explore the planning of physical actions. Here, I focus on two kinds of physical acts which directly or indirectly involve tool use: producing finger‐press sequences, and walking and reaching for objects. The main question is how people make choices between finger‐press sequences, and how people make choices between walk‐and‐reach sequences. Are the choices made with reference to motor imagery, in which case the longer the sequences are the longer it takes to choose between them, or are shortcuts taken which rely on distinctive features of the alternatives? The reviewed experiments favor the latter alternative. The general view of action planning emerging from this work is one in which action features are highlighted and held in memory, not just to choose between potential actions but also to control the unfolding of long actions over time. Speculations are offered about tool use.
Developmental Trajectories in the Understanding of Everyday Uncertainty Terms
Authors: Meder Björn , Mayrhofer Ralf , Ruggeri Azzurra 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDealing with uncertainty and different degrees of frequency and probability is critical in many everyday activities. However, relevant information does not always come in the form of numerical estimates or direct experiences, but is instead obtained through qualitative, rather vague verbal terms (e.g., “the virus often causes coughing” or “the train is likely to be delayed”). Investigating how people interpret and utilize different natural language expressions of frequency and probability is therefore crucial to understand reasoning and behavior in real‐world situations. While there is considerable work exploring how adults understand everyday uncertainty phrases, very little is known about how children interpret them and how their understanding develops with age. We take a developmental and computational perspective to address this issue and examine how 4‐ to 14‐year‐old children and adults interpret different terms. Each participant provided numerical estimates for 14 expressions, comprising both frequency and probability phrases. In total we obtained 2856 quantitative judgments, including 2240 judgments from children. Our findings demonstrate that adult‐like intuitions about the interpretation of everyday uncertainty terms emerge fairly early in development, with the quantitative estimates of children converging to those of adults from around 9 years on. We also demonstrate how the vagueness of verbal terms can be represented through probability distributions, which provides additional leverage for tracking developmental shifts through cognitive modeling techniques. Taken together, our findings provide key insights into the developmental trajectories underlying the understanding of everyday uncertainty terms, and open up novel methodological pathways to formally model the vagueness of probability and frequency phrases, which are abundant in our everyday life and activities.
Perceptions on acceptability and reported consumption of marijuana by blood donors prior to donation in the recreational use state of Colorado, USA
Authors: Annen Kyle , DomBourian Melkon G. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesBlood donor opinions and behaviours regarding marijuana use are not well known nor is the potential impact to the blood supply. We sought to assess opinions and frequency of marijuana use in proximity to blood donation via a survey of blood donors at a hospital‐based blood collection site in a state where recreational marijuana use has been legal since 2012.Materials and MethodsBlood donors at least 18 years of age who donated between 2014 and 2019 were surveyed electronically, with all responses kept anonymous to encourage engagement and accurate reporting.ResultsOverall response rate was 8.03% (12,186 surveys sent with 979 responses). Of responding donors, 23.5% indicated that they felt that consuming various forms of marijuana was acceptable prior to blood donation. Marijuana use <72 h prior to blood donation was reported in all demographic groups surveyed except age 18–24 years. Of donors who reported daily marijuana use, 47.4% indicated >20 donations and 52.6% indicated apheresis platelet donation.ConclusionNearly one quarter of responding blood donors feel that marijuana use is acceptable prior to blood donation, and nearly every demographic group surveyed indicated use of marijuana <72 h prior to donation. These results suggest the need for additional research to determine if marijuana‐related metabolites in collected blood products negatively impact recipients, particularly vulnerable populations such as children and pregnant women. These results may inform whether changes in donor screening or testing for marijuana use are warranted.
Interventions to Support Adolescents With Cancer in Decision‐Making: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Wu Li‐Min , Huang I‐Chin , Su Hsiu‐Lan , Lee Shu‐Li 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundAdolescents have autonomous views and participatory rights. There is increasing support for involving adolescents with cancer in the healthcare decision‐making process.AimsThe purpose of this study was to synthesize current knowledge to identify major components and outcomes of interventions to enhance shared decision‐making (SDM) by adolescents with cancer during and after treatment.MethodsSix electronic databases (PubMed, CINHAL, MEDLINE, Cochrane, EBSCO, and Web of Science) were searched from their inceptions to February 2020. Eligibility criteria were intervention studies, studies of interventions to support adolescents with cancer involved in SDM, and studies of patients diagnosed with cancer between 10 and 18 years of age. Data extraction and quality appraisal were conducted by using a standardized data extraction form. Quality appraisal was based on the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool.ResultsOf 331 citations, five studies with a total of 648 participants aged between 13 and 21 years met inclusion criteria. Interventions included structured sessions held one to three times per week. SDM engagement strategies incorporated weekly assignments, live action videos, brochures, Five Wishes© advance directives, and follow‐up counseling. Treatment preference congruence in adolescent and parent dyads was higher in intervention groups. Meta‐analysis was performed on two studies and demonstrated statistically significant improvements in decision quality at 6 months (z = 3.37, p = .001; 95% CI = .174–.657) and 12 months (z = 3.17, p = .002; 95% CI = .150–.633) after SDM interventions in adolescent cancer survivors. No adverse events among patients were found, although anxiety scores increased in families in an intervention group.Linking Evidence to ActionThis review identified essential components of SDM interventions. Our findings may guide the future design of interventions to support high‐quality decision‐making by adolescents with cancer. Coaching can educate adolescent cancer survivors on quality decision‐making methods and can improve the quality of consequent decisions. More research is needed to determine outcomes of SDM interventions.