bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Error Measures for Functional Product Testing
Authors: Cho Uichung , Wood Kristin L. , Crawford Richard H. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
During product development, testing of models and prototypes offers significant advantages over direct product testing, including easier, cheaper, and faster fabrication. However, two issues prevent effective functional testing with prototypes: prediction accuracy and confidence in scale testing results.
The traditional similarity method, which is based on dimensional analysis, is commonly applied to perform scale testing. However, the method may not provide accurate scale testing results, especially when available model materials are different from the final product materials. The authors have developed a new empirical similarity method, wherein specimen pairs and partial knowledge of systems are systematically utilized, to improve the prediction accuracy. In this paper we describe the construction of error measures to utilize scale testing results with confidence.
In practice, scale testing results are validated based on experiences with previous testing results. This approach to predicting accuracy is difficult to formalize. We develop and simulate a systematic two-level error estimation procedure. Realistic numerical examples demonstrate the feasibility of the approach.
On the Hybrid Workpiece Localization/Inspection/Machinability Problem
Authors: Chu Y. X. , Cao K. , Wu H. , Li Z. X. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This work addresses the localization, inspection and machinability problem of a workpiece. It includes the problem of aligning the CAD model of a workpiece such that all points measured on the finished surfaces of the workpiece match closely to corresponding surfaces on the model with minimum zone tolerances while all unmachined surfaces lie outside the model and have the maximal machinable volume. This is referred to as the hybrid localization/inspection/machinability problem and has important applications in setting up and inspecting of partially finished workpieces. This paper first gives a formulation of the hybrid problem using differential geometric theory and the minimax method, then proposes a methodology for treating localization, on-line inspection and machinability of workpieces simultaneously. The hybrid problem is decoupled into a (symmetric) localization/inspection problem and a machinability problem using the geometric properties of the hybrid problem. Then both problems are formulated as constrained optimization problems and transformed into linear programming (LP) problems to solve them easily. Finally we present simulation results to demonstrate efficiency of our method for the hybrid problem.
Strategies to Minimize Deburring Costs
Authors: Hassamontr Jaramporn , Dornfeld David A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A number of researchers have investigated burr formation mechanisms through careful observations and well thought-out experiments. The results of their studies help untangle underlying effects of key machining parameters on burr formation. However, so far, nobody has practically incorporated such knowledge into the area of process planning. The purpose of this paper is to develop general strategies to minimize deburring cost. Furthermore, it establishes basic decision making tools for efficient deburring planning.
Reliability Analysis of Non-Constant-Size Part Populations in Design for Remanufacture
Authors: Jiang Z. H. , Shu L. H. , Benhabib B. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Remanufacture offers significant economic and ecological advantages over other end-of-life options. The goal of this research is to enable estimation of cost due to replacement of parts in systems undergoing remanufacture.
In our previous work, a novel repairable-system reliability model that allows system modifications was developed to describe a population of systems undergoing remanufacture. In this paper, the reliability model is modified to accommodate population size changes during the replacement process. The effects of two types of disturbances to population size, pulse and continuous, on the replacement rate behavior are studied. Analysis of actual industrial data is presented as an example of population replacement under continuous disturbance. This example confirms that a simulation using the reliability model proposed in this paper yields an estimation for replacement rate with acceptable error bound.
Product and Factory Modeling for Production Rate Determination
Authors: Karthik S. G. , Magrab Edward B. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
An intelligent graphical user interface that captures a product’s functional and assembly structure and the factory that will make it are described. The results are then used to evaluate a factory’s production rate for the product. The program requires the product to be either a functionally uncoupled or decoupled design. The interface then: (1) implements a visualization of the functionally decomposed product structure; (2) implements an abstraction of a factory; (3) automatically generates candidate primary manufacturing processes and materials that are compatible with each other based on a very small number of attributes; (4) enables the user to make Make/Buy decisions for the components comprising the product; (5) assists the user in the selection of secondary manufacturing processes that are compatible with the primary manufacturing processes and materials for parts made in-house, and specify the vendor and the supply lead time for outsourced parts; (6) enables the specification of alternate materials and manufacturing processes; (7) implements a visual representation of the assembly structure as specified by the user; and (8) partially automates the creation of the assembly structure, and assists in the selection of assembly methods that are compatible with the materials chosen. In addition, the program assists in the design for assembly by: (1) requiring the product development team to think about the assembly process early in the design stage; (2) providing a visualization of the relationship of all components comprising the product to its other components; (3) requiring the specification of the order in which they are to be assembled; and (4) requiring the selection of assembly processes that are compatible with each other and the materials chosen. It also requires the specification of the capabilities of the factory that is going to make one or more of the components of the product, and requires that Make/Buy decisions for the parts comprising the product be made.
Advanced Failure Modes and Effects Analysis of Complex Processes
Authors: Kmenta Steven , Fitch Peder , Ishii Kosuke 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the use of Advanced Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (AFMEA) as a methodology to analyze manufacturing process reliability. The proposed method applies to early process design and seeks to improve product quality, process efficiency, and time to market. The method uses behavior modeling to relate process functions, performance state variables, and physical entities. The model can be used to define process failures explicitly and provides a framework for assessing causes and effects. An example of a precision turning operation illustrates how AFMEA applies to the analysis of manufacturing processes. A pilot analysis of an ultrasonic inspection process revealed that AFMEA is comprehensive and adaptable to other processes. Ongoing work for AFMEA is developing deployment strategies for minimal time burden and links to embedded error proofing.
Web-Enabled Feature-Based Modeling in a Distributed Design Environment
Authors: Lee Jae Yeol , Kim Hyun , Han Sung-Bae 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Network and Internet technology open up another domain for building future CAD/CAM environments. The environment will be global, network-centric, and spatially distributed. In this paper, we present Web-enabled feature-based modeling in a distributed design environment. The presented approach combines the current feature-based modeling technique with distributed computing and communication technology for supporting product modeling and collaborative design activities over the network. The approach is implemented in a client/server architecture, in which Web-enabled feature modeling clients, neutral feature model server, and other applications communicate with one another via a standard communication protocol. The paper discusses how the neutral feature model supports multiple views and maintains naming consistency between geometric entities of the server and clients as the user edits the part in a client. Moreover, it explains how to minimize the network delay between the server and client according to dynamic feature modeling operations.
Conceptual Design for Assembly
Authors: Lombeyda Santiago V. , Regli William C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents an approach to support computer-aided conceptual design of mechatronic assemblies in a collaborative, multi-user environment. We describe a system, Conceptual Understanding and Prototyping (CUP), that allows a team of design engineers, collaborating over the Internet, to develop a high-level structure-function-behavior (S-B-F) description of an assembly in a VRML-based virtual environment. Our goal is to enable users to navigate intricate product data management (PDM) and case-based design knowledge-bases, providing the ability to perform design at conceptual level and have intelligent CAD tools that can draw on details from large repositories of previously archived designs.
This work furthers research efforts in computer support for collaborative design activities — drawing on work in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and Computer Supported Collaborative Work (CSCW). We envision CUP to be a network interface to next-generation of engineering PDM systems and CAD databases. We are deploying CUP as query interface to the National Design Repository (http://repos.mcs.drexel.edu). This will enable CAD users to interrogate large quantities of legacy data and identify artifacts with structural and functional similarities — allowing designers to perform case-based and variant design.
The Open Assembly Design Environment: An Architecture for Design Agent Interoperability
Authors: Lyons Kevin , Shooter Steven , Keirouz Walid , Hart Peter 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The Open Assembly Design Environment (OpenADE) project is an initiative at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to provide an integrated and augmented CAD environment for assembly design. The goals of the project are: (1) to identify representations and issues for the next generation of assembly-related standards and (2) assist designers with assembly considerations throughout the phases of a product’s design — from conception to final process plan development. OpenADE’s open architecture provides standard interfaces that allow it to link to commercial and non-commercial design tools: parametric design systems, virtual reality environments, assembly analysis tools, and assembly process planners. The OpenADE project has explored issues relating to knowledge representations, virtual reality, assembly-level tolerances, constraint-based specifications, and assembly process management. This article describes the OpenADE architecture and the components that have already been implemented. It also describes plans for extending OpenADE’s assembly knowledge representations and handling of geometric and kinematic constraints.
Augmenting Conceptual Design With Manufacturing: An Integrated Generic Task Approach
Authors: Martinez Iliana , Lukibanov Oleg , Lenz Timothy , Radcliffe Clark , Sticklen Jon 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The consideration of manufacturing expertise can improve both the quality and the speed of artifact design by helping to evaluate the ease with which an artifact can be manufactured. Most work in this area has addressed the detailed stage of the design process and has required precise CAD-like representations. To make the most effective use of this expertise, however, design for efficacious manufacturing should also be a concern in the conceptual stage of the design process. This paper describes a computational approach that generates conceptual fabrication plans given a qualitative description of a design. This system contains expert-level knowledge from the composites manufacturing community and incorporates a comprehensive ontology into a framework for representing conceptual manufacturing plans. The Generic Task approach serves as the broad methodological foundation for these developments. Polymer composite structural elements of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) are used to test this conceptual fabrication planning system.
Optimal Pose Selection for In-Situ Fabrication of Planar Mechanisms
Authors: Rajagopalan Sanjay , Cutkosky Mark R. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF) techniques allow the in-situ fabrication of fully-assembled devices with mating/fitting parts. Recently, this technique of fabrication has been found to be useful for building integrated mechanisms in robotics, and a wide array of other similar applications are anticipated. An interesting issue that arises during the fabrication of such mechanisms is the determination of an optimal pose in which the mechanism should be built. For example, should the mechanism be built in a folded or stretched-out position? In conventional manufacturing these issues do not arise, as each individual link is typically manufactured separately and then the pieces are brought together during assembly.
In this paper, we address the issue of finding a preferred (or optimal) pose for in-situ fabrication of planar mechanisms. There are many factors (e.g. achievable tolerances, non-interference, workspace size limitations, thermal considerations etc.) which can determine the suitability of a candidate build pose so that pre-specified task requirements are met. We limit our analysis to finding the optimal build configuration given achievable (in general, non-homogeneous, anisotropic) accuracy on joint position. For this treatment, we also make the simplifying assumption that the task requirements can be best satisfied by minimizing variability of link-lengths. Alternate task requirements, for example, maintaining end-point accuracy within a tolerance region, are being considered as part of ongoing work. We cast the problem of minimizing variability in link length as that of determining the relative position of two location tolerance regions for which the difference between their extremal distances is at a minimum (i.e., as they undergo constrained relative motion in the Euclidean plane). The method is similar to computational geometry techniques that have been developed in pattern matching and robot motion planning, with some important differences. We present some example mechanisms and their optimal pose under given workspace configurations.
Risk Effect Minimization Using Flexible Product and Process Design
Authors: Roser Christoph , Kazmer David 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper addresses robust product development practices by evaluating the flexibility of the development process and the resulting product and process designs. A flexible design has the ability to change performance while requiring only minor time and costs to change the design parameters. A design change might be necessary if the actual design performance is not matched by the predicted design performance. The described methodology utilizes response surfaces for multiple performance attributes to assess the utility across the design space. This utility is optimized with respect to the robustness against noise and prediction inaccuracies. Based on this design, non-dominant pareto optimal sets of all feasible design changes are then developed to asses potential performance gains against the time and cost needed to incur the change assuming correct performance predictions. While robust design practices seek to reduce the risk of design change, the proposed method rather accepts the risk of design change and minimizes the potential negative effects.
Selective Disassembly of Components With Geometric Constraints
Authors: Srinivasan Hari , Gadh Rajit 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper analyzes the problem of global disassembly of a selected component from a geometrically constrained assembly. The geometric constraints are (I) spatial constraints due to the three-dimensional geometric interactions between the components in an assembly and (II) user-defined constraints, such as grouping of components as subassemblies and directional constraints on component geometry. A new algorithm has been proposed to determine the disassembly sequence for a selected component, minimizing the number of component removals. The algorithm analyzes both the spatial constraints of the assembly geometry and the user-defined constraints in evaluating the accessibility of components, which is followed by determining the topological disassembly ordering of the components to evaluate an optimal sequence. Preliminary implementation results of the algorithm, and discussions on the applicability of the algorithm to maintenance, recycling and assembling applications, are presented.
Automated 3D Fixture Layout Design
Authors: Wang Michael Yu 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a new approach to the problem of fixture layout design for 3D workpieces. The approach is based on a concept of optimum experiment design, and the problem is treated as an optimal pursuit to select optimal locators from an initial collection of a large number of fixel locations on the surfaces of the given workpiece and to achieve form-closure for the part. An interchange algorithm is described, in which the fixture locators are generated sequentially first and are further improved. The algorithm uses the D-optimality criterion to minimize the workpiece positioning error. An example of a 3D workpiece is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Introducing Knowledge-Based Engineering Into an Interconnected Product Development Process
Authors: Whitney Daniel E. , Dong Qi , Judson Jared , Mascoli Gregory 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Recently, a large automobile company implemented a Knowledge-based Engineering (KBE) application to help design an engine component. While the KBE developers aimed to facilitate a single engineer’s ability to design this component using only the KBE application, it can be shown that in fact this component’s design is tightly coupled to that of several others. Can KBE handle situations like this? How common are they? To address these and other questions, Design Structure Matrix (DSM) models were made of this component at three levels: system interactions, assembly of the component, and individual parts. The size, row names, and internal entries of these matrices were compared to matrices constructed from several conventional written design guides and a flowchart of the KBE application. In each case, the DSM contained more rows or more matrix entries per row, especially at the system interaction level. Since the DSMs were constructed by interviewing experienced engineers, one implication is that while low-aggregation information may be documented, system level information at this company mostly resides in people’s heads. An informal measure of “knowledge content” based on the number of matrix entries per row was shown to be consistent with similar measurements made on DSMs obtained by several other researchers. These results indicate some of the scope and complexity challenges that KBE faces.
Supporting Product Introduction Processes Through Product Structures
Authors: Trott Steven J. , Baxter James E. , McKay Alison , de Pennington Alan , Henson Brian 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper reports research on approaches for accessing and controlling product data within the Product Introduction Process (PIP) through the specification, prototyping, and integration of a set of product structures, product viewpoints and their relationships. A significant achievement has been the validation of a collection of computer-based models of product structures that enable the capture of work breakdown, product specification, product functionality, and the physical parts that comprise the product. Furthermore, a number of relationships between these product structures and the business processes that use and create them have been identified. The work presented in this paper demonstrates the importance of representing relationships between product introduction processes and products through the adoption of product structures. The potential for exploiting product structures to improve understanding of relationships between products and processes is illustrated. A case study captures flows of related functional and physical product structures within PIPs across a two-tier supply chain, and discusses the issues involved in supporting such related product and process information.
Comparison-Based Decision Making in Engineering Design
Authors: Wan Jie , Krishnamurty Sundar 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Engineering design has been increasingly viewed as a decision making process involving complex multiple criteria optimization. Many Multi-Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT)-based models exist to develop the single attribute functions and the weight assessment for the overall utility with individual strengths and drawbacks. Focusing on the efforts towards a consistent preference representation supported engineering design procedure, a binary comparison and indirect assessment based method is presented in this paper to efficiently aid the continuous multicriteria decision making in engineering design. Uniqueness of this approach lies in its ability to deal with issues such as the preference consistency and accuracy, decision maker’s cognitive burden, conditions of uncertainty and risk, dynamic and interactive modeling of the designer’s preference structure, and MAU-like aggregation of the system utilities. The many salient features of this comparison-based multiattribute utility approach include a novel inequality lottery strategy, an adaptive meshing based linear additive utility model, a linear programming based dynamic preference modeling and systematic consistency checking, and an efficient exploration of optimal solution set and sensitivity analysis. The development of this method and its utilization in engineering design are presented in the context of a mechanism parametric design problem and the results are discussed.
Decision Support for Systematic Product Evolution
Authors: Coulter Stewart , Bras Bert 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Many companies are trying to reduce the environmental impacts of their products. Simultaneously, designers are forced to achieve the same, or more stringent, design constraints in less time, balancing the need to get a product out the door with the desire to improve the product’s performance. It is our contention that a systematic approach to designing a product over several revisions, creating a systematic, evolution of a given product, will facilitate achievement of environmental goals within the constraints of the design process for this product. In this paper, we outline a method, and associated decision support for developing such a systematic multi-iterational design strategy. The approach is illustrated with a design of an automotive center console for reduced environmental impact while minimizing the cumulative amount of resources spent over multiple product iterations.