bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Esophagogastrostomy With Fundoplication Versus Double-tract Reconstruction After Laparoscopic Proximal Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer
Authors: Tominaga Shinta , Ojima Toshiyasu , Nakamura Masaki , Katsuda Masahiro , Hayata Keiji , Kitadani Junya , Takeuchi Akihiro , Motobayashi Hideki , Nakai Tomoki , Yamaue Hiroki 
Published: May 2021

Purpose:
We investigated that double-tract reconstruction (DTR) may be more beneficial than esophagogastrostomy (EG) with fundoplication in terms of nutritional outcomes, focusing on loss of body weight.

Materials and Methods:
This study included 56 consecutive patients with early gastric cancer in the upper third of the stomach who received laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy, 39 underwent EG. In the 17 patients requiring resection of the abdominal esophagus or where the size of the remnant stomach was 50% or less, we performed DTR.

Results:
There was no significant difference in the rate of body weight change at 6 or 12 months, or in biochemical markers (hemoglobin, total protein, and albumin) at 12 months. However, 8 patients in the EG group had extreme body weight loss (≥20%) within 12 months. Conversely, in the DTR group, no patients had any extreme body weight loss.

Conclusion:
DTR is useful after laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy, especially in terms of preventing extreme body weight loss.
Traumatic posterior anal injury requiring a sphincteroplasty without diversion: a case report
Authors: Weledji Elroy P. , Ntonwetape Ngwane 
Published: May 2021

Introduction and importance:
The anal sphincters may be divided by direct anal trauma or by severe pelvic injuries. Clinical assessment of traumatic anal injury may suffice in determining the sphincter defect in resource-limited settings where endoanal ultrasonography is not available. As long as about half the sphincter ring remains active there is a good chance of restoring satisfactory fecal continence following an overlapping sphincteroplasty.

Case presentation:
A 25-year-old heterosexual African man was admitted as an emergency following gunshots to the abdomen and pelvis. He underwent small bowel resection, and a delayed repair of a discrete 50% posterior anal sphincter complex injury (grade 3b) without a diverting stoma.

Clinical discussion:
The case presented the successful repair of a discrete posterior anal sphincter damage from a gunshot that was not total but sufficient to cause appreciable loss of anorectal control. The preoperative clinical assessment correlated well with the intraoperative assessment of the sphincter injury. Following an overlapping sphincteroplasty, the patient maintained continence at 1-year follow-up.

Conclusion:
In resource-limited settings, preoperative clinical assessment may correlate well with the intraoperative assessment of anal sphincter injury and, thus allow a safe and efficacious repair.
Update on neuroimaging in brain tumours
Authors: Smits Marion 
Published: May 2021

Purpose of review
To highlight some of the recent advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in terms of acquisition, analysis, and interpretation for primary diagnosis, treatment planning, and surveillance of patients with a brain tumour.

Recent findings
The rapidly emerging field of radiomics associates large numbers of imaging features with clinical characteristics. In the context of glioma, attempts are made to correlate such imaging features with the tumour genotype, using so-called radiogenomics. The T2-fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) mismatch sign is an easy to apply imaging feature for identifying isocitrate dehydrogenase-mutant 1p/19q intact glioma with very high specificity.
For treatment planning, resting state functional MRI (fMRI) may become as powerful as task-based fMRI. Functional ultrasound has shown the potential to identify functionally active cortex during surgery.
For tumour response assessment automated techniques have been developed. Multiple new guidelines have become available, including those for adult and paediatric glioma and for leptomeningeal metastases, as well as on brain metastasis and perfusion imaging.

Summary
Neuroimaging plays a central role but still often falls short on essential questions. Advanced imaging acquisition and analysis techniques hold great promise for answering such questions, and are expected to change the role of neuroimaging for patient management substantially in the near future.
Update on neuroimaging in non-Alzheimer's disease dementia: a focus on the Lewy body disease spectrum
Authors: Scamarcia Pietro G. , Agosta Federica , Caso Francesca , Filippi Massimo 
Published: May 2021

Purpose of review
An accurate differential diagnosis between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and non-AD dementia is of paramount importance to study disease mechanisms, define prognosis, and select patients for disease-specific treatments. The purpose of the present review is to describe the most recent neuroimaging studies in Lewy body disease spectrum (LBDS), focusing on differences with AD.

Recent findings
Different neuroimaging methods are used to investigate patterns of alterations, which can be helpful to distinguish LBDS from AD. Positron emission tomography radiotracers and advanced MRI structural and functional methods discriminate these two conditions with increasing accuracy. Prodromal disease stages can be identified, allowing an increasingly earlier diagnosis.

Summary
Neuroimaging biomarkers can aid in obtaining the best diagnostic accuracy in LBDS. Despite the main role of neuroimaging in clinical setting is to exclude secondary causes of dementia, structural and metabolic imaging techniques give an essential help to study in-vivo pathophysiological mechanisms of diseases. The importance of neuroimaging in LBDS is given by the increasing number of imaging biomarker developed and studied in the last years.
Resuming In-Person Classes under COVID-19: Evaluating Assigned Seating Protocols in Limiting Contacts at Postsecondary Institutions
Authors: Daly-Grafstein Daniel , Daly Patricia , Gustafson Reka 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn order to limit the spread of COVID-19, Canadian postsecondary institutions are offering the majority of classes online for the 2020-21 academic year. The goal of Canada’s public health pandemic response is to reduce severe illness and mortality from COVID-19 while minimizing social disruption. To achieve this goal, post secondary institutions need practical tools to limit COVID-19 spread and facilitate contact tracing while returning students to in-person instruction. In this paper, we explore the impact of assigned seating for students attending in-person classes in reducing potential contacts. We conduct a variety of seating simulations using student enrollment data and measure the number of potential contacts under each scenario. We find that assigning seats to students significantly reduces the expected number of contacts relative to random seating, making the return to in-person classes more feasible under these scenarios.
Spatial and regional directory of tropicalAuriculariamushrooms in Southwest, Nigeria
Authors: Ekun Victor S. , Adenipekun Clementina O. , Ojuederie Omena B. , Etaware Peter M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBioremediation of wastelands and dumpsites in Africa is fast declining due to reduced mushroom populations. In the past, the forest of Africa was teaming with mushrooms, but nowadays; mushrooms are severely exploited, resulting in gradual drift to extinction. Mushrooms have the tendency to degrade recalcitrant wastes and absorb heavy metals (Bio-accumulation). Unless concerted efforts are made to rejuvenate or rescue the surviving mushroom population, Africa will one day be overshadowed by wastes. The mushroom diversity in Southwest, Nigeria was determined by both morphological and molecular markers, 14 primers (OPB-11, OPB-12, OPB-15, OPB-20, OPB-21, OPH-3, OPH-5, OPH-10, OPH-15, OPT-1, OPT-5, OPT-7, OPT-10 and OPT-19) produced polymorphism with the test samples under electrophoresis gel (PCR and RAPD). Using standard morphological markers,Auricularia auriculawas found to be evenly distributed across 8 locations in Ekiti and Osun, 6 locations in Ogun, 5 locations in Oyo and 4 locations in Lagos. There was none identified in Ondo.Auricularia polytrichawas found in abundance in all the locations in Ondo. Lagos only had 3 out of its outline Stations graced with the presence ofA. polytricha, whereas, Ogun, Ekiti, Osun and Oyo had no records ofA. polytricha. From the genetic dissimilarity chart, 6 clusters of mushroom, sub-characterized into 3 distinct species (Auricularia polytricha,A. auriculaand an unrelatedAuriculariaoutlier species) and 5 cultivars were obtained in the region of Southwest, Nigeria. The population of all theAuriculariamushrooms currently present in Southwest, Nigeria was effectively captioned (Location, type and identity) by this research.
SARS-CoV-2 ferritin nanoparticle vaccines elicit broad SARS coronavirus immunogenicity
Authors: Joyce M. Gordon , Chen Wei-Hung , Sankhala Rajeshwer S. , Hajduczki Agnes , Thomas Paul V. , Choe Misook , Chang William , Peterson Caroline E. , Martinez Elizabeth , Morrison Elaine B. , Smith Clayton , Ahmed Aslaa , Wieczorek Lindsay , Anderson Alexander , Chen Rita E. , Case James Brett , Li Yifan , Oertel Therese , Rosado Lorean , Ganesh Akshaya , Whalen Connor , Carmen Joshua M. , Mendez-Rivera Letzibeth , Karch Christopher , Gohain Neelakshi , Villar Zuzana , McCurdy David , Beck Zoltan , Kim Jiae , Shrivastava Shikha , Jobe Ousman , Dussupt Vincent , Molnar Sebastian , Tran Ursula , Kannadka Chandrika B. , Zemil Michelle , Khanh Htet , Wu Weimin , Cole Matthew A. , Duso Debra K. , Kummer Larry W. , Lang Tricia J. , Muncil Shania E. , Currier Jeffrey R. , Krebs Shelly J. , Polonis Victoria R. , Rajan Saravanan , McTamney Patrick M. , Esser Mark T. , Reiley William W. , Rolland Morgane , de Val Natalia , Diamond Michael S. , Gromowski Gregory D. , Matyas Gary R. , Rao Mangala , Michael Nelson L. , Modjarrad Kayvon 
Published: May 2021

SUMMARYThe need for SARS-CoV-2 next-generation vaccines has been highlighted by the rise of variants of concern (VoC) and the long-term threat of other coronaviruses. Here, we designed and characterized four categories of engineered nanoparticle immunogens that recapitulate the structural and antigenic properties of prefusion Spike (S), S1 and RBD. These immunogens induced robust S-binding, ACE2-inhibition, and authentic and pseudovirus neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in mice. A Spike-ferritin nanoparticle (SpFN) vaccine elicited neutralizing titers more than 20-fold higher than convalescent donor serum, following a single immunization, while RBD-Ferritin nanoparticle (RFN) immunogens elicited similar responses after two immunizations. Passive transfer of IgG purified from SpFN- or RFN-immunized mice protected K18-hACE2 transgenic mice from a lethal SARS-CoV-2 virus challenge. Furthermore, SpFN- and RFN-immunization elicited ACE2 blocking activity and neutralizing ID50 antibody titers >2,000 against SARS-CoV-1, along with high magnitude neutralizing titers against major VoC. These results provide design strategies for pan-coronavirus vaccine development.HIGHLIGHTSIterative structure-based design of four Spike-domain Ferritin nanoparticle classes of immunogensSpFN-ALFQ and RFN-ALFQ immunization elicits potent neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2, variants of concern, and SARS-CoV-1Passively transferred IgG from immunized C57BL/6 mice protects K18-hACE2 mice from lethal SARS-CoV-2 challenge
High-Stability Polyimide-based Flexible Electrodes with IrOxto Interface the Mouse Vagus Nerve
Authors: Sun Tao , Falcone Jessica , Crosfield Christine , Lopez Maria Fernanda , Peragine Joanne , Modi Romil , Sharma Rohit , Baker Brian , Anderson Gavin , Savani Shubh , Li Chunyan , Chang Eric H. , Sohal Harbaljit , Rieth Loren 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveWe developed robust and cost-effective cuffFlexelectrodes to facilitate bioelectronic medicine research in mouse models. They utilize polyimide (PI) as a dielectric insulation and iridium oxide (IrOx) for the electrodes, and are designed to interface small autonomic and somatic nerves (e.g. mouse vagus nerve).ApproachFlexelectrodes were made using micro-fabrication technology, and innovative integration processes were developed to enable reliable acute and chronic vagus nerve interfaces. The electrochemical properties ofFlexelectrodes were characterized. Moreover, accelerated aging at 57 °C and stimulation-stability (Stim-Stab) testing (109pulses at ∼ 1.59 mC/cm2/phase) were performed to evaluate the lifetime of the PI encapsulation and IrOxelectrodes, respectively.Flexelectrodes efficacy was demonstrated by stimulating the mouse vagus nerve (∼100 µm) and measuring heart and respiratory rate changes as biomarkers.ResultsCost effective and robust lead and connector integration strategies were demonstrated, including small helical leads that improved the lead elongation by > 7x. PI encapsulation had stable impedance spectra for at least 336 days for interdigitated electrodes. Stim-Stab testing using an aggressive paradigm and rigorous optical and electrical characterization, revealed that half of electrodes showed less than minor damage at the endpoints. A trend of decreasing respiratory rate with stimulation current reached statistical significance at 500 µA, demonstrating efficacy forFlexelectrodes.SignificanceFlexelectrodes offer demonstrated efficacy, low impedance (443 ± 32 Ω at 103Hz), excellent bench test stability, and cost-effective fabrication. Acute devices are easy to integrate, and mechanically robust chronic devices will be investigatedin vivoin future studies. These characteristics make the electrodes well-positioned to advance bioelectronics medicine research by 1) enabling reliable studies with statistically relevant populations of acute mouse models, and 2) offering the potential for a technology that can be used in chronic studies, which scales to very small nerves.
Natural Killer cells demonstrate distinct eQTL and transcriptome-wide disease associations, highlighting their role in autoimmunity
Authors: Gilchrist James J , Makino Seiko , Naranbhai Vivek , Lau Evelyn , Danielli Sara , Hameiri-Bowen Dan , Lee Wanseon , Ng Esther , Whalley Justin , Knight Julian C , Fairfax Benjamin P 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNatural Killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes with central roles in immunosurveillance and are implicated in autoimmune pathogenesis. The degree to which regulatory variants affect NK gene expression is poorly understood. We performed expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping of negatively selected NK cells from a population of healthy Europeans (n=245). We find a significant subset of genes demonstrate eQTL specific to NK cells and these are highly informative of human disease, in particular autoimmunity. An NK cell transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) across five common autoimmune diseases identified further novel associations at 27 genes. In addition to these cis observations, we find novel master-regulatory regions impacting expression of trans gene networks at regions including 19q13.4, the Killer cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor (KIR) Region, GNLY and MC1R. Our findings provide new insights into the unique biology of NK cells, demonstrating markedly different eQTL from other immune cells, with implications for disease mechanisms.
Frequent paternal mitochondrial inheritance and rapid haplotype frequency shifts in copepod hybrids
Authors: Lee Jeeyun , Willett Christopher S. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTMitochondria are assumed to be maternally inherited in most animal species, and this foundational concept has fostered advances in phylogenetics, conservation, and population genetics. Like other animals, mitochondria were thought to be solely maternally inherited in the marine copepodTigriopus californicus, which has served as a useful model for studying mitonuclear interactions, hybrid breakdown, and environmental tolerance. However, we present PCR, Sanger sequencing, and Illumina Nextera sequencing evidence that extensive paternal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) transmission is occurring in inter-population hybrids ofT. californicus. PCR on four types of crosses between three populations (total sample size of 376 F1 individuals) with 20% genome-wide mitochondrial divergence showed 2% to 59% of F1 hybrids with both paternal and maternal mtDNA, where low and high paternal leakage values were found in different cross directions of the same population pairs. Sequencing methods further verified nucleotide similarities between F1 mtDNA and paternal mtDNA sequences. Interestingly, the paternal mtDNA in F1s from some crosses inherited haplotypes that were uncommon in the paternal population. Compared to some previous research on paternal leakage, we employed more rigorous methods to rule out contamination and false detection of paternal mtDNA due to non-functional nuclear mitochondrial DNA fragments. Our results raise the potential that other animal systems thought to only inherit maternal mitochondria may also have paternal leakage, which would then affect the interpretation of past and future population genetics or phylogenetic studies that rely on mitochondria as uniparental markers.
A broadly active fucosyltransferase LmjFUT1 whose mitochondrial localization and catalytic activity is essential in the parasitic protozoan Leishmania
Authors: Guo Hongjie , Damerow Sebastian , Penha Luciana , Menzies Stefanie , Polanco Gloria , Zegzouti Hicham , Ferguson Michael A. J. , Beverley Stephen M. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTGlycoconjugates play major roles in the infectious cycle of the trypanosomatid parasite Leishmania. While GDP-Fucose synthesis is essential (Guo et al 2017), fucosylated glycoconjugates have not been reported in Leishmania major. Four predicted fucosyltransferases appear conventionally targeted to the secretory pathway; SCA1/2 play a role in side-chain modifications of lipophosphoglycan, while gene deletion studies here showed that FUT2 and SCAL were not essential. Unlike most eukaryotic glycosyltransferases, the predicted α 1-2 fucosyltransferase encoded by FUT1 localized to the mitochondrion. A quantitative ‘plasmid segregation’ assay, expressing FUT1 from the multicopy episomal pXNG vector in a chromosomal null Δfut1- background, established that FUT1 is essential. Similarly “plasmid shuffling” confirmed that both enzymatic activity and mitochondrial localization were required for viability, comparing import-blocked or catalytically inactive enzymes respectively. Enzymatic assays of tagged proteins expressed in vivo or of purified recombinant FUT1 showed it had a broad fucosyltransferase activity including glycan and peptide substrates. Unexpectedly a single rare Δfut1-s segregant (Δfut1s) was obtained in rich media, which showed severe growth defects accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction and loss, all of which were restored upon FUT1 re-expression. Thus, FUT1 along with the similar Trypanosoma brucei enzyme TbFUT1 (Bandini et al 2021) joins the eukaryotic O-GlcNAc transferase isoform as one of the few glycosyltransferases acting within the mitochondrion. Trypanosomatid mitochondrial FUT1s may offer a facile system for probing mitochondrial glycosylation in a simple setting and their essentiality renders it an attractive target for chemotherapy of these serious human pathogens.Significance StatementAbundant surface glycoconjugates play key roles in the infectious cycle of protozoan parasites including Leishmania. Through defining biosynthetic pathways we identified a fucosyltransferase FUT1 that was localized to the parasite mitochondrion, an atypical compartment for glycosyltransferases. FUT1 was essential for normal growth, requiring both mitochondrial localization and enzymatic activity. Loss of FUT1 in a unique segregant showed extensive mitochondrial defects. Enzymatic tests showed FUT1 could fucosylate glycan and peptide substrates in vitro, although as yet the native substrate is unknown. Trypanosomatid mitochondrial FUT1s may offer a facile system in the future for probing mitochondrial glycosylation in a setting uncomplicated by multiple isoforms targeted to diverse compartments, and its essentiality renders it an attractive target for chemotherapy of these deadly parasites.
Binding mechanism underlying FIH-1 suppression caused by the N-terminal disordered region of Mint3
Authors: Ten Tensho , Nagatoishi Satoru , Hoshino Masaru , Nakayama Yoshiki , Seiki Motoharu , Sakamoto Takeharu , Tsumoto Kouhei 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMint3 is known to enhance aerobic ATP production, known as the Warburg effect, by binding to FIH-1. Since this effect is considered to be beneficial for cancer cells, the interaction is a promising target for cancer therapy. However, previous research has suggested that the interacting region of Mint3 with FIH-1 is intrinsically disordered, which makes investigation of this interaction challenging. Therefore, we adopted a physicochemical approach that combined thermodynamic studies with structural analyses in solution, to clarify the binding mechanism. First, using a combination of CD, NMR, and hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS), we confirmed that the N-terminal half, which is the interacting part of Mint3, is mostly disordered. Next, using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), we revealed that the interaction of Mint3 and FIH-1 produces an enormous change in enthalpy and entropy. The profile is consistent with the model that the flexibility of disordered Mint3 is drastically reduced upon binding to FIH-1. Moreover, we performed a series of ITC experiments with several types of truncated Mint3s, an effective approach since the interacting part of Mint3 is disordered, and identified 78-88 as a novel core site for binding to FIH-1. The truncation study of Mint3 also revealed the thermodynamic contribution of each part to the interaction, where one contributes to the affinity (ΔG), while the other only affects enthalpy (ΔH), by forming non-covalent bonds. This insight can serve as a foothold for further investigation of IDRs and drug development for cancer therapy.