bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Moxifloxacin Concentrations in Tuberculosis Patient Populations by Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling
Authors: Litjens Carlijn H. C. , Verscheijden Laurens F. M. , Bolwerk Celine , Greupink Rick , Koenderink Jan B. , van den Broek Petra H. H. , van den Heuvel Jeroen J. M. W. , Svensson Elin M. , Boeree Martin J. , Magis‐Escurra Cecile , Hoefsloot Wouter , van Crevel Reinout , van Laarhoven Arjan , van Ingen Jakko , Kuipers Saskia , Ruslami Rovina , Burger David M. , Russel Frans G. M. , Aarnoutse Rob E. , te Brake Lindsey H. M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMoxifloxacin has an important role in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Unfortunately, coadministration with the cornerstone TB drug rifampicin results in suboptimal plasma exposure. We aimed to gain insight into the moxifloxacin pharmacokinetics and the interaction with rifampicin. Moreover, we provided a mechanistic framework to understand moxifloxacin pharmacokinetics. We developed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model in Simcyp version 19, with available and newly generated in vitro and in vivo data, to estimate pharmacokinetic parameters of moxifloxacin alone and when administered with rifampicin. By combining these strategies, we illustrate that the role of P‐glycoprotein in moxifloxacin transport is limited and implicate MRP2 as transporter of moxifloxacin‐glucuronide followed by rapid hydrolysis in the gut. Simulations of multiple dose area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) of moxifloxacin (400 mg once daily) with and without rifampicin (600 mg once daily) were in accordance with clinically observed data (predicted/observed [P/O] ratio of 0.87 and 0.80, respectively). Importantly, increasing the moxifloxacin dose to 600 mg restored the plasma exposure both in actual patients with TB as well as in our simulations. Furthermore, we extrapolated the single dose model to pediatric populations (P/O AUC ratios, 1.04‐1.52) and the multiple dose model to children with TB (P/O AUC ratio, 1.51). In conclusion, our combined approach resulted in new insights into moxifloxacin pharmacokinetics and accurate simulations of moxifloxacin exposure with and without rifampicin. Finally, various knowledge gaps were identified, which may be considered as avenues for further physiologically based pharmacokinetic refinement.
Home‐based aerobic exercise and resistance training for severe chronic kidney disease: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Uchiyama Kiyotaka , Adachi Keika , Muraoka Kaori , Nakayama Takashin , Oshida Takuma , Yasuda Marie , Hishikawa Akihito , Minakuchi Hitoshi , Miyashita Kazutoshi , Tokuyama Hirobumi , Wakino Shu , Itoh Hiroshi 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe potential effects of aerobic and resistance training in patients with severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) are not fully elucidated. This study investigated the effects of a home‐based exercise programme on physical functioning and health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with Stage 4 CKD, equivalent to estimated glomerular filtration rate of 15–30 mL/min/1.73 m2.MethodsForty‐six patients with Stage 4 CKD (median age, 73 years; 33 men) were randomly assigned to exercise (n = 23) and control (n = 23) groups. Exercise group patients performed aerobic exercise at 40–60% peak heart rate thrice weekly and resistance training at 70% of one‐repetition maximum twice weekly at home for 6 months. Control patients received no specific intervention. Primary outcomes were distance in incremental shuttle walking test and HRQOL assessed using the Kidney Disease Quality of Life—Short Form questionnaire. Secondary outcomes included kidney function assessed with combined urea and creatinine clearance, urinary biomarkers, and anthropometric and biochemical parameters associated with CKD.ResultsImprovement in incremental shuttle walking test was significantly greater in the exercise group compared with controls (39.4 ± 54.6 vs. −21.3 ± 46.1; P < 0.001). Among Kidney Disease Quality of Life domains, significant mean differences were observed between the exercise group and the control group in work status, quality of social interaction, and kidney disease component summary outcomes (12.76 ± 5.76, P = 0.03; 5.97 ± 2.59, P = 0.03; and 4.81 ± 1.71, P = 0.007, respectively). There were greater reductions in natural log (ln)‐transformed urinary excretion of liver‐type fatty acid‐binding protein, ln serum C‐reactive protein, and acylcarnitine to free carnitine ratio in the exercise group compared with controls, with significant between‐group differences of −0.579 ± 0.217 (P = 0.008), −1.13 ± 0.35 (P = 0.003), and −0. 058 ± 0.024 (P = 0.01), respectively.ConclusionsOur 6 month home‐based exercise programme improved aerobic capacity and HRQOL in patients with Stage 4 CKD, with possible beneficial effects on kidney function and CKD‐related parameters.
Identification of novel, non‐edible oil seeds via scanning electron microscopy as potential feedstock for green synthesis of biodiesel
Authors: Rozina  , Ahmad Mushtaq , Zafar Muhammad , Yousaf Zainab , Ullah Sher Aman , Sultana Shazia , Bibi Farhana 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn the present era, environmental glitches associated with extensive emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) and energy crises caused by exhausting fossil fuel reservoirs has diverted researcher's interest toward alternative and renewable energy sources. Biodiesel is a renewable, biodegradable, and sustainable alternative to petro‐diesel. Biodiesel synthesized from non‐edible seed oils is preferred due its cost effectiveness and eco‐friendly nature. Hence, our present study focused on investigation and identification of micromorphological characters of six novel, non‐edible seed oil feedstock for biodiesel production via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results of light microscopy of seeds revealed distinct variation in seed size (15.8–1.8 mm in length and 9.4–1.1 in width), shape (round to Cuneiform), and color (from black to yellowish green). Non‐edible seed oil content fall in range of 28–38% (wt/wt). Free fatty acid (FFA) content varied from 0.56 to 2.06 mg KOH/g. Multivariate analysis was performed to investigate correlation between three significant variables of seed oil yielding feedstock such as potential for biodiesel synthesis, oil content, and FFA content via principal component analysis. Ultra morphological investigation of seeds surfaces via SEM exhibited distinctive variation in surface sculpturing, cell arrangement, cell shape, periclinal wall shape, margins, protuberances, and anticlinal wall shape. Seed surface sculpturing varied from reticulate, semitectate, wrinkled, rugose, papillate, perforate, and striate. Periclinal wall arrangements confirmed variation from glabrous, raised, depressed, elevated, smooth, pentagonal, entire, and ripple margins. Whereas, anticlinal walls pattern demonstrated variation from angular, smooth, wavy, deep, dentate, entire, irregular, puzzled, elongated, curved, and depressed. Finally, it was concluded from obtained results that SEM could be a possible useful tool in disclosing veiled micromorphological characters of non‐edible oil yielding seeds, which provides useful information to researchers for their correct, authentic identification, and classification in modern synthetic system.
One‐pot three‐component reaction; synthesis of new symmetrically bridge 4,4′‐(1,4‐phenylene)di‐pyrimidines under solvent free conditions
Authors: Mohamed Asmaa H. , Abdelmeged Hager S. , Shaker Raafat M. , Abdel‐Latif Fathy F. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe present article describes a facile one‐pot synthesis of a new series of 4,4′‐(1,4‐phenylene)‐dipyrimidines (6a–c and 10a, b) by the reaction of terephthalaldehyde (1), 2‐acetylthiophene, and/or nitriles with S‐benzylthiouronium chloride 3a. And also, the di‐pyrimidinones 13a‐d were obtained by the reaction of different amidines 3a–d and ethyl cyanoacetate (11) with terephthalaldehyde (1) under solvent‐free conditions in the existence of sodium hydroxide which is found to be a more efficient base for these reactions. The final products were characterized by spectral data and elemental analysis, IR, MS, 1H, and 13C NMR spectroscopy.
A convenient synthetic approach to a novel class of aryldifluoromethyl pyrimidine derivatives containing strobilurin motif as insecticidal agents
Authors: Hao Shulin , Cai Zengfei , Zhang Wenliang , Cao Yangyang , Du Xiaohua 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA series of aryldifluoromethyl pyrimidine compounds containing strobilurin were synthesized through bioelectronic isometric design with azoxystrobin as the lead compound and a convenient approach to aryldifluoromethylpyrimidine intermediates was developed, which features mild reaction conditions and simple operation. The title compounds and aryldifluoromethylpyrimidine intermediates were characterized by NMR and HRMS. Both 7c and 7l of the preliminary screening tests showed 100% inhibition against Mythimna separata at 100 mg/L. At 20 mg/L, the lethal rate of 7l against Mythimna separata can be up to 80%.
Temperature variability over urban, town, and rural areas: The case of Pakistan
Authors: Sajjad Sajjad Hussain , Blond Nadège , Mohsin Tanzina , Shakrullah Khadija , Clappier Alain 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis study investigates the evolution of temperatures at several locations in Pakistan. Data on annual and seasonal minimum (Tn) and maximum (Tx) temperatures from 1950 to 2013 of urban (16 stations), town (11 stations), and rural (nine stations) areas are analysed to establish the mean decadal rate of change in urban, town, and rural temperatures. The homogeneity of the data was assessed using HOMER 2.6. To measure the temporal intensity of change in temperature, the data were split into two different periods: 1950–1981 (P1, phase of less urbanization) and 1982–2013 (P2, phase of highly urbanized period) and were analysed separately for both phases of 32 years each. The per decade changes of annual minimum and maximum temperatures (dTna and dTxa, respectively) over most stations show an increase in temperatures. The trends of annual and seasonal dTn and dTx observed over urban, town, and rural stations during P2 are significantly higher than those observed during P1. The increase in minimum temperatures is more significant than that in maximum temperature, and it is also more significant on urban stations than the town and rural stations. However, the maximum temperatures increase more at town stations than urban and rural stations. Overall, the tendencies in temperatures reflect less change in summer temperatures than other seasons of the year over the whole period.
Light‐Triggered Unique Shape Transformation of Giant Polymersomes with Tubular Protrusions
Authors: Ren Kaixuan , Blosser Matthew C. , Malmstadt Noah 
Published: September 2021

AbstractLight‐triggered unique shape transformation of calcein‐loaded giant polymersomes with tubular protrusions, which serve as a reservoir membrane area during the shape transformation, is reported here. Under irradiation at the excitation wavelength of calcein, the tubular protrusions form strings of budded vesicles and then reintegrate into the mother vesicle. The initial giant polymersomes transform to two connected spherical vesicles via two pathways to alleviate the osmotic pressure imbalance across the vesicle membrane. The two connected spherical vesicles further transform to a mother vesicle with an inner daughter vesicle after switching off the light to relieve the bending energy. The finding provides a promising platform to mimic cell morphology changes.
Discard Mortality of Red Snapper Released with Descender Devices in the U.S. South Atlantic
Authors: Runde Brendan J. , Bacheler Nathan M. , Shertzer Kyle W. , Rudershausen Paul J. , Sauls Beverly , Buckel Jeffrey A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Fishery regulations mandate the release of many caught fish, elevating the importance of having accurate estimates of discard mortality. Red Snapper Lutjanus campechanus are overfished and undergoing overfishing in the southeast U.S. Atlantic, in part due to the high number of releases that die from discard mortality. We used acoustic telemetry to track the fine-scale movements of hook-and-line-caught Red Snapper released with descender devices at a hard-bottom site off North Carolina, USA. Movement characteristics of known-fate (live and dead) Red Snapper were used to infer fates of other individuals, from which we generated a proportional mortality estimate of 0.08 (95% CI = 0.00–0.17) for successfully descended Red Snapper with no hook trauma. This best-case mortality estimate was then used in a simulation to estimate overall Red Snapper discard mortality for the recreational fishery in the southeast U.S. Atlantic based on hooking location and a depth of approximately 37 m. For this fishery, we estimated the median proportional rate of discard mortality to be 0.13 (2.5% and 97.5% percentiles = 0.10, 0.17) if all released individuals were descended. This estimate is lower than the discard mortality values (˜0.2–0.3 for the recreational fishery) used in the current Red Snapper stock assessment, but it is likely not reflective of the current reality given that descender use is not 100% in this region; this estimate is also depth specific. Increased use of descender devices will reduce discard mortality for Red Snapper, enhancing efforts to rebuild this stock.
Gastric Evacuation Rates of Spiny Dogfish, Goosefish, and Summer Flounder: Implications for Multispecies Models
Authors: Stehlik Linda L. , Rosendale John , Phelan Beth A. , Hare Jonathan A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The gastric evacuation rates of Spiny Dogfish Squalus acanthias, Summer Flounder Paralichthys dentatus and Goosefish Lophius americanus held at two different temperatures were determined in the laboratory by gastric lavage. Overall, exponential models provided the best fit for the evacuation rates. The Spiny Dogfish, an elasmobranch, evacuated more slowly than the Summer Flounder (a teleost) but the Goosefish, also a teleost, had the slowest evacuation rate of the three species. The Goosefish evacuation rate was nearly ten times slower than that of Summer Flounder. Evacuation was more rapid at the higher temperature tested in all three species. At 15°C, Summer Flounder had the highest average evacuation rate (0.094 exponential rate of decline), followed by Spiny Dogfish (0.063 exponential rate of decline), and then Goosefish (0.018 exponential rate of decline). Among the three species, activity levels and feeding behaviors are also very different, contributing to differences in evacuation rate. Species-specific parameters of evacuation rate should be considered to better inform multispecies and ecosystem models and to more accurately estimate consumption and prey removal rather than using broad taxonomic groupings as in current common practice.
Reducing axial truncation artifacts in iterative cone‐beam CT for radiation therapy using a priori preconditioned information
Authors: Cai Meng , Byrne Mikel , Archibald‐Heeren Ben , Metcalfe Peter , Rosenfeld Anatoly , Wang Yang 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPurposeCone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) is increasingly utilized in radiation therapy for image guidance and adaptive applications. While iterative reconstruction algorithms have been shown to outperform traditional filtered back‐projection methods in improving image quality and reducing imaging dose, they cannot handle data truncation in the axial view, which frequently occurs in the full‐fan partial‐trajectory acquisition mode. This proof‐of‐concept study presents a novel approach on truncation artifact reduction by utilizing a priori preconditioned information as the initial input for the iterative algorithm.MethodsProjections containing axial truncation were used for image reconstruction in extended axial field‐of‐view (AFOV) using the conjugate gradient least‐squares (CGLS) algorithm. A priori information in the form of a planning fan‐beam CT (FBCT) was repositioned in the expected CBCT imaging geometry, then further processed to dampen high‐density features and convolved with a cubic Gaussian kernel to ensure differentiability for the gradient descent method. Anatomical and positional differences between the estimated and the actual imaging object were introduced to verify the efficacy of the proposed method.ResultsExtending the reconstruction AFOV alone could partially reduce truncation artifact. Using a priori information directly resulted in ghosting artifact when there were anatomical and positional differences between the estimated and the actual imaging object. Using a priori preconditioned information was shown to effectively reduce truncation artifact and recover peripheral information.ConclusionsUsing a priori preconditioned information can effectively alleviate truncation artifact and assist recovery of peripheral information in iterative CBCT reconstruction.
Spectroscopy‐based multi‐parametric quantification in subjects with liver iron overload at 1.5T and 3T
Authors: Simchick Gregory , Zhao Ruiyang , Hamilton Gavin , Reeder Scott B. , Hernando Diego 
Published: September 2021

PurposeTo evaluate the precision profile (repeatability and reproducibility) of quantitative STEAM‐MRS and to determine the relationships between multiple MR biomarkers of chronic liver disease in subjects with iron overload at both 1.5 Tesla (T) and 3T.MethodsMRS data were acquired in patients with known or suspected liver iron overload. Two STEAM‐MRS sequences (multi‐TE and multi‐TE‐TR) were acquired at both 1.5T and 3T (same day), including test–retest acquisition. Each acquisition enabled estimation of R1, R2, and FWHM (each separately for water and fat); and proton density fat fraction. The test–retest repeatability and reproducibility across acquisition modes (multi‐TE vs. multi‐TE‐TR) of the estimates were evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients, linear regression, and Bland‐Altman analyses. Multi‐parametric relationships between parameters at each field strength, across field strengths, and with liver iron concentration were also evaluated using linear and nonlinear regression.ResultsFifty‐six (n = 56) subjects (10 to 73 years, 37 males/19 females) were successfully recruited. Both STEAM‐MRS sequences demonstrated good‐to‐excellent precision (intraclass correlation coefficient ≥ 0.81) for the quantification of R1water, R2water, FWHMwater, and proton density fat fraction at both 1.5T and 3T. Additionally, several moderate (R2 = 0.50 to 0.69) to high (R2 ≥ 0.70) correlations were observed between biomarkers, across field strengths, and with liver iron concentration.ConclusionsOver a broad range of liver iron concentration, STEAM‐MRS enables rapid and precise measurement of multiple biomarkers of chronic liver disease. By evaluating the multi‐parametric relationships between biomarkers, this work may advance the comprehensive MRS‐based assessment of chronic liver disease and may help establish biomarkers of chronic liver disease.
Perceived stress and its predictors in women with threatened preterm labour: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Najjarzadeh Maryam , Abbasalizadeh Shamsi , Mohammad‐Alizadeh‐Charandabi Sakineh , Asghari‐Jafarabadi Mohammad , Mirghafourvand Mojgan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAimTo determine prevalence and predictors of perceived stress in women with threatened preterm labour.DesignCross‐sectional.MethodsWe recruited 409 women with threatened preterm labour, hospitalized at two tertiary hospitals. We assessed their socio‐demographic and obstetrics characteristics, and their perceived stress, perceived social support, experience of violence using validated scales. Multiple linear regression was used to determine the predictors.ResultsData from all recruited women were analysed. Most of them had borderline (36%) or high (42%) level stress. Overall, 17 predictors were identified explaining 89.5% of variation in the stress score. Predictors of the higher stress score included: urban living, experience of sexual and psychological violence, perceived insufficient social support, experience of vaginal bleeding during current pregnancy, abnormal results in initial pregnancy tests, having multiple roles at home, being less than 28 weeks pregnant, being parous, sleep disorders, history of health problems, insufficient income and unwanted pregnancy.
Evidence‐based insomnia treatment strategy using novel orexin antagonists: A review
Authors: Kishi Taro , Nishida Maika , Koebis Michinori , Taninaga Takehiro , Muramoto Kenzo , Kubota Naoki , Moline Margaret , Sakuma Kenji , Okuya Makoto , Nomura Ikuo , Iwata Nakao 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMost conventional insomnia medications are gamma‐aminobutylic acid receptor agonists. However, physical dependence is a concern and one of the major limiting factors for long‐term treatment. The dual orexin receptor antagonists, suvorexant and lemborexant, were recently approved for treating chronic insomnia, giving a novel pharmacotherapeutic option. Because there are no comparative studies on these drugs, a network meta‐analysis was conducted, which is suitable for comparing interventions. According to this analysis, 5‐ and 10‐mg lemborexant were superior to 20‐mg suvorexant because of the greater improvement in initiating sleep after 1‐week administration. Furthermore, 5‐mg lemborexant (not 10 mg) and suvorexant were similarly well tolerated, without requiring discontinuation due to adverse events. We also overviewed the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of lemborexant and suvorexant that may support these clinical outcomes. When compared to suvorexant, lemborexant quickly binds to the orexin receptors. The time to reach the maximum concentration after multiple administrations is shorter for lemborexant than for suvorexant. Considering these results, we recommend 5‐mg lemborexant as an initial treatment for insomnia, followed by 10‐mg lemborexant or suvorexant.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus increases the risk of hepatic fibrosis in individuals with obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Barb Diana , Repetto Enrico M. , Stokes Michael E. , Shankar Sudha S. , Cusi Kenneth 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis study assessed the impact of diabetes mellitus (DM) on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with advanced fibrosis prevalence in adults with overweight or obesity in the United States.MethodsParticipants (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [NHANES] 2015‐2016 database) included 834 middle‐aged patients with DM (21.7%) and 3,007 without DM (78.3%). NAFLD was defined by Fatty Liver Index (FLI) ≥ 60 or United States FLI (USFLI) ≥ 30. Moderate‐to‐high and high risk of advanced fibrosis was defined by fibrosis‐4 index (FIB‐4) ≥ 1.67 and ≥ 2.67, respectively, and NAFLD fibrosis scores > 0.676 also indicated a high risk.ResultsNAFLD prevalence increased with BMI. Steatosis was higher in individuals with overweight with DM versus without DM (USFLI ≥ 30: 48.3% vs. 17.4%; p < 0.01) and in individuals with obesity with DM versus without DM (USFLI ≥ 30: 79.9% vs. 57.6%; p < 0.01). DM significantly increased the proportion of individuals at moderate‐to‐high risk of fibrosis (FIB‐4 ≥ 1.67: 31.8% vs. 20.1%; p < 0.05). In the high risk of advanced fibrosis group (FIB‐4 ≥ 2.67), the risk almost doubled (3.8% vs. 7.1%). Among individuals with obesity, DM increased the proportion of adults with moderate and high risk of fibrosis by 1.8‐ and 2.5‐fold, respectively (p < 0.01 and p = 0.39, respectively, vs. without DM).ConclusionsIn this US cohort, DM modestly impacted steatosis, which was primarily obesity‐driven. DM added a significant risk of fibrosis to individuals with overweight or obesity, suggesting that screening is imperative in adults with DM.