bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Pathway to Bacterial Genetics
Authors: Schindler Thomas E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews Esther Zimmer’s early training, as she set out on a parallel career pathway, from Neurospora to bacteria, to her future husband Joshua Lederberg. While still a junior at Hunter College, Zimmer found the best possible mentor in Bernard Ogilvie Dodge, the foremost expert in Neurospora, the new model organism of genetic research. After graduation, Dodge helped her gain further research experience at the Industrial Hygiene Research Laboratory in Bethesda, Maryland, where she worked with Alexander Hollaender, an expert in radiation biology. After two years of training in the procedures for developing X-ray and UV induced mutations, Zimmer acquired her bona fides for graduate school. She was accepted to graduate school at Stanford University because of Dodge’s association with George Beadle, who, with Edward Tatum, had developed a new paradigm for biochemical genetics: “one gene: one enzyme.” In 1946, their similar experiences in Neurospora research brought Joshua and Esther together.
Global Racial Violence
Authors: Barder Alexander D. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the nineteenth-century history of American settler colonialism, what it reveals about the transformation of global politics in terms of racial violence, and, as a consequence, how it comes to structure ideas about global peace and order. It examines more specifically the case of American settler colonialism in the nineteenth century and the very ideas of the vanishing Indian. The nineteenth-century American Indian Wars were a critical dimension of the relationship between savage or racial warfare and global order. The discussion turns to Theodore Roosevelt’s idea that global politics is not (or not primarily) the realm of power politics; rather, the cleavages remain those of civilized races perpetually dominating or fearing racial violence from uncivilized barbarians. As a consequence, savage wars or racial wars become part and parcel of American imperial expansion, and their legacy is derived from the history of American settler colonialism.
What’s the Big Deal about Horror Movies, and Who Watches Them, Anyway?
Authors: Clasen Mathias 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The audience for horror films is more diverse than many people seem to assume. The genre appeals to women and men, young and old, thrill seekers and neurotics alike. The horror genre is also more popular than many might assume, with hundreds of horror movies being produced in the United States each year, and an increase in horror movie production in recent decades. When people seek out horror movies, they desire emotional stimulation, and the fear elicited by a horror movie is a main attraction, not an unfortunate byproduct. The threat simulation theory of horror argues that people have safe, vicarious experiences with dangerous scenarios through scary fiction. This adaptive function of horror explains the paradoxical appeal of the genre.
“Okay, I’m Ready to Watch a Horror Movie. What Now?”
Authors: Clasen Mathias 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
If a nervous person wants to watch a horror movie, there are several pieces of science-based advice that may help make the experience as pleasant as possible, such as watching with others, watching at home, and keeping the sound at a reasonable level. Moreover, certain coping strategies can help to adjust psychological distance, thus decreasing immersion and fright response. At the same time, increasing psychological distance allows for an aesthetic form of engagement with horror, which comes with its own peculiar pleasure. The trick is to find a horror movie that hits the viewer’s sweet spot in terms of scariness, and to maximize the odds of having a fun and constructive experience.
Varieties of Atheism in Science
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard , Johnson David R. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Not all atheists are New Atheists, but thanks in large part to the prominence and influence of New Atheists such as Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, Daniel Dennett, and Christopher Hitchens, New Atheism has claimed the pulpit of secularity in Western society. New Atheists have given voice to marginalized nonreligious individuals and underscored the importance of science in society. They have also advanced a derisive view of religion and forcefully argued that science and religion are intrinsically in conflict. Many in the public think that all scientists are atheists and all atheist scientists are New Atheists, militantly against religion and religious people. But what do everyday atheist scientists actually think about religion? Drawing on a survey of 1,293 atheist scientists in the U.S. and U.K., and 81 follow-up in-depth interviews, this book explains the pathways that led to atheism among scientists, the diverse views of religion they hold, their perspectives on the limits of what science can explain, and their views of meaning and morality. The findings reveal a vast gulf between the rhetoric of New Atheism in the public sphere and the reality of atheism in science. The story of the varieties of atheism in science is consequential for scientific and religious communities and points to tools for dialogue between these seemingly disparate groups.
“I Am Not Like Richard”
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard , Johnson David R. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Modernist atheists, the largest subset of atheist scientists, are the most like the New Atheists. They do not identify as religious or spiritual, they do not interact with religious individuals or organizations, and they are more likely than other atheists to view the science-faith interface as a relationship of conflict. Nevertheless, while this group includes fierce critics of religion, many view it as having a positive role in society. And independent of these views, most modernist atheists believe that New Atheist discourse on the relationship between religion and science is damaging to public trust in science and scientists.
Blame Ourselves
Authors: Okrent Arika , O’Neill Sean 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter evaluates how, over the centuries, as English became increasingly used in official institutions, written, taught, codified, and standardized, not only did the language change, but our idea of what the language is changed. All languages have rules—even unwritten, uncodified vernaculars. Linguistic rules are patterns, conventions for making utterances, that conform to certain general (though much debated) principles of human language ability. Languages that are written, codified, and standardized also have explicitly endorsed or prescribed rules. Rules that are taught and enforced to a certain degree, but not necessarily followed. Correctness in language can be defined in relation to rules that are either tacit conventions or explicitly formalized prescriptions. Over time, because language is something people do, both kinds of rules will change. Language also interacts with formal logic, the axioms and rules of inference, but it plays by its own rules. Ultimately, when it comes to language, we are creatures of habit and creatures of creativity.
Beyond Neoliberalism
Authors: Ergas Christina 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 explains the cultural stories and values that bolster the neoliberal paradigm, one that shapes exploitative socioecological relationships. It argues that ideas have consequences and details the history of Western thought—such as Descartes’ hierarchical dualisms and social sciences’ profound misunderstanding of Darwin’s theory of evolution—that brought extreme individualization, inequality, and fierce competition. These stories and values promote ideas that humans have moral dominion over nature and man has dominion over woman. This world view justifies social inequity as well as humans’ exploitation of other species and the environment. These codified stories and values perpetuate humans’ acts of harm against others and the planet. The chapter further discusses how and why economic context matters in shaping paths of resistance and co-opting alternative and green technologies. It explains the need to scale up socioecological values first in order to cultivate the underlying framework for a new environmental economic paradigm.
Scaling Up the Values Themselves
Authors: Ergas Christina 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The fifth chapter develops a radical sustainability framework by examining the socioecological values in sustainability experiments that exist in different political-economic contexts, the ecovillage in the United States and the urban farm in Cuba. It asks: What are the environmental values and stories that each case demonstrates? An argument is made for a paradigm shift from human’s war with nature to human’s collaboration with nature to regenerate a thriving biosphere. This means shifting Western culture away from that of atomized, competitive, self-interested individual consumers who use technology to dominate nature. And it means shifting toward a new culture that values community ties, cooperation with the socionatural world, “plentitude” or sufficiency, local self-reliance, and physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being for all. In addition, it means creating an economy built on social justice and environmental regeneration.
Counternarratives of Catastrophe
Authors: Ghodsee Kristen , Orenstein Mitchell A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 investigates how analysts, policymakers, and political movements began to articulate a counternarrative of disaster capitalism as a frame for understanding transition. The disaster capitalism narrative suggests that Western institutions sought to exploit postsocialist recessions to impose harsh reforms for self-interested motives. Following the financial crisis of 2008, populist movements, which often advocated heterodox economic policies, emerged across the postsocialist world. The chapter shows the links between economic anxiety brought on by the failures of transition and the rhetoric and ideology of growing populist movements. It also points to China’s policy of long-term economic liberalization as a success when compared to the economic devastation that neoliberal reforms wrought on the postsocialist countries of East Europe and Central Asia.
Attitudes Shift over Time
Authors: Ghodsee Kristen , Orenstein Mitchell A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 11 evaluates how public opinion data suggest shifts in attitudes toward transition since the beginning of the twenty-first century. It shows that of nine countries surveyed between 1991 and 2009, five saw decreases in support for the change from authoritarianism to democracy while every one of them saw decreased support for the change to capitalism, contrasting with increasing life satisfaction and support for the demise of communism. The chapter also finds that although increases in subjective life satisfaction were significant, they were still concentrated among the “winners” of transition. This chapter also suggests that although the negative impacts of the global financial crisis were much more severe in postsocialist countries, postsocialist elites remained committed to neoliberal capitalism after the financial crisis. Still, many postsocialist citizens, even in successful transition countries, believe that their lives were better prior to 1989.
Toward a New Social Contract?
Authors: Ghodsee Kristen , Orenstein Mitchell A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 12 shows that despite improvements in life satisfaction and living standards, postsocialist citizens do not believe that most people have done well in the transition and exhibit deep distrust of institutions and other people. In short, postsocialist societies have not created and legitimized a new social contract. While many individuals are doing well, few believe that society is doing well as a whole. This perception of corruption, distrust, and societal failures has fueled the rise of illiberalism, a preference for stronger states, and dissatisfaction with neoliberal capitalism. Low levels of trust in state and social institutions, high levels of perceived inequality, and significant popular support for a strong state all have eroded support for transitional reforms.
Return to the Past
Authors: Ghodsee Kristen , Orenstein Mitchell A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 15 analyzes ethnographic data that suggests many people in postsocialist countries, particularly those who lived in rural areas, felt that their lives were moving backward following transition. It shows that many were forced to return to subsistence agriculture and pastoral herding as rural state enterprises collapsed through privatization and as state job guarantees disappeared. The chapter explores how the flaws of privatization led to the substantial growth of informal economies and examines the new phenomenon of homelessness in societies where all had previously been guaranteed a home. In analyzing homelessness, it shows how the dissolution of state-support networks caused those without individual support networks to be “thrown away,” many of whom would end up living on the street in the clutches of alcoholism. The chapter considers nostalgia for past systems by those who cannot compete in a market economy, generally the elderly or members of marginalized groups.
Genomic Politics
Authors: Hochschild Jennifer 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Genomic science is moving out of the laboratory and into societal uses: gene therapy for terrible diseases, evidence determining guilt or innocence in a courtroom, exploration of one’s racial and ethnic ancestry, prenatal testing, and much more. Genomics promises great benefits. It also entails great risks: surveillance, a revival of eugenics, the threat of bioterrorism, and the distortions brought about by understanding life as mechanically determined rather than freely chosen.
It Depends
Authors: Rettew David 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The story of how the book came about will be described as the author found himself becoming a new child psychiatrist and a new parent around the same time. The argument is made for why the common one-size-fits-all approach of most parenting books falls short for so many parents and why there is a need for a reliable synthesis of parenting-related scientific information that includes the possibility that the “correct” answer for a particular child might depend on different factors. A case example is given to illustrate the point. This opening chapter also lays out the plan and format for the rest of the book.
Child Temperament 101
Authors: Rettew David 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The second chapter introduces the reader to some core principles of temperament and how these dimensions often combine to yield five different temperamental types (mellow, moderate, anxious, vigorous, and agitated). Instructions and tools will be provided to help the reader identify their child’s temperament traits and type as well as their own. The well-known goodness-of-fit theory will be described to support the idea for why it is so important to incorporate temperament when making good parenting choices. This chapter will also briefly cover topics related to sex differences and the causes of temperament. The basic knowledge about temperament acquired in this chapter will be applied to future chapters concerning specific parenting debates.
Working
Authors: Rettew David 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The decision to return to work and leave infants and toddlers in the care of childcare providers can be excruciating for families. Reliable answers regarding the developmental impacts of different caregiving arrangements have been hard to come by—even after the federal government decided that it was going to conduct what was supposed to be a definitive study: The National Institute of Child Health and Development’s Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. Over 200 publications have come from this study alone, and, as might be expected, the results of this massive study are hard to boil down into a sound bite. The results of this study and others are summarized, and the “It Depends” section explains how the best childcare choice for an individual child might change according to that child’s temperament and other factors.
Yucky
Authors: Rettew David 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
A large number of young children are very selective in their eating. The internet is full of solutions, but many of them openly contradict each other. Some experts advise to get rid of dessert altogether, while others say the treat should be given up front, right next to the peas and applesauce. This chapter will take a look at the various strategies being proposed by experts and the evidence, or lack thereof, behind them. Practical suggestions will be offered in line with some of the approaches recommended by professional organizations as well as some instances that might require different methods to be used.
Sparing the Rod (and the Chair?)
Authors: Rettew David 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Corporal punishment is illegal in many countries yet remains a core disciplinary practice in countless American families. The current debate often finds itself drawn along political lines, despite a fairly vast literature that finds little to support spanking. A lack of short-term effectiveness coupled with evidence that corporeal punishment leads to worse child behavior has led most child experts to discourage parents from using it. Indeed, some have even moved to condemn what were considered less harsh techniques like time-outs, although here the evidence is weaker. Lacking in many of these arguments is the consideration of several “it depends” factors that may be playing an important role in the degree that corporeal punishment results in resentment and feelings of rejection on the part of the child.
iToddler
Authors: Rettew David 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The amount of time even young children spend watching television, playing video games, and generally looking at some sort of screen is truly astonishing. At the same time, technology has become a necessary part of so many aspects of our life. This chapter will summarize the evolving positions of many national child health organizations on screens and delve into the complex studies that have tried to measure the effects of media on child mental health and cognition with regards to things like aggression, anxiety, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Tips for helping children develop healthy habits for screen use are shared, and information is presented regarding how inherent qualities of the child need to be taken into account when looking at the potential risks and benefits of screen use for an individual child.
Good Job!
Authors: Rettew David 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Children from generations past were not coddled. With the dawn of the self-esteem movement, however, many parenting experts began to stress the importance of providing praise and positive reinforcement as an important way to show children they are valued. Lately, however, there has been concern that too many “Good jobs!” may have backfired developmentally, particularly if they haven’t been truly earned. The research that has been done shows that the issue is much more complex. All praise, it turns out, is not created equal with some types having effects that are the exact opposite of other types. Furthermore, the idea that some children receive too much praise is certainly not mutually exclusive with the idea that others don’t get near enough. This chapter will distill what is actually known about this hotly debated topic and offer a roadmap to help parents distinguish between children who might benefit from hearing additional praise and those who might be getting too much.
Introduction
Authors: Gochberg Reed 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The introduction highlights the changes and transitions that accompanied the development of museums in the early nineteenth century. Tracing ideas about “useful knowledge” from cabinets and lyceums to museums and galleries, the introduction explores competing ideas about the scope and purpose of museum collections during this period. The discussions that surrounded museums in travel narratives, fiction, and periodicals reveal the unpredictable and imaginative reflections evoked by their collections, as writers and visitors frequently saw opportunities to consider how objects were preserved, classified, and displayed. Much like the books, specimens, and artifacts housed together in museum collections, these debates crossed fields and disciplines, raising broader questions about the role of museums in determining what counts as “useful knowledge” and who participates in the conversation.
American Claimants
Authors: Gochberg Reed 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines descriptions of the British Museum in travel narratives and diaries by American travelers to show how it informed broader conversations about the development of American museums. Visiting during the mid-nineteenth century, American tourists encountered a museum that was attempting to organize its collections and define its purpose as a public museum, and their descriptions highlight the anxieties raised by this process. Nathaniel Hawthorne lamented the museum’s vast quantities of objects, linking a fruitless search for meaningful artifacts to questions of genealogy. Other American travelers more explicitly considered the role of visitors in interpreting collections. The artist Orra White Hitchcock reflected on the place of women in the museum’s galleries, while the Black abolitionist William Wells Brown celebrated the opportunity to continue his education and to participate in critical discussions of the museum.
Everyday Peace on the Battlefield
Authors: Mac Ginty Roger 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines informal truces and acts of humanity and reciprocity during violent conflict. It is interested in the ‘hard cases’ of all-out warfare and draws on World War I and World War II personal diaries and memoirs. The chapter demonstrates that in some circumstances, everyday peace—or at least everyday tolerance and civility—has been possible during warfare. It contains multiple examples of ‘ordinary’ combatants showing humanity, compassion, and generosity to their supposed opponents. These cases are particularly interesting from the point of view of this book as they often occurred ‘under the radar’ or outside the surveillance of the state and others. Indeed, in many cases, they were expressly forbidden by military organisations and were contrary to the prevailing national mood of antagonism towards the enemy. They show individual and group initiative, as well as resistance to a national or wider group.