bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE ORIGIN OF THE WORD PICA
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

I suspect that few pediatricians know the etymology or origin of the word pica; few words in medicine have a more fanciful background.
Pica was first used as a term for a perverted craving for substances unfit to be used as food by Ambrose Paré (1509-1590). Pica is the medieval Latin name for the bird called the magpie, who, it is claimed, has a penchant for eating almost anything. When we say a child is suffering from pica, we are really calling him a magpie.1 Furthermore the French form of pica is pie. The word piebald, which is often used in relation to Waardenburg's syndrome, is compounded from pie, a magpie, and bald, from the Welsh word meaning a white streak on the forehead.2 Since the magpie is also black and white, the word piebald to describe the forelock of white hair surrounded by the patient's normal darker colored hair is based on solid etymologic evidence.
Antibiotics and Their Effect on Bordetella pertussis in the Nasopharynx
Authors: Adasek Peter J. , Meyer Marie N. , Ray C. George 
Published: December 2021

Antibiotic therapy of varying dose, type, and duration was given to 11 infants and children with clinically and laboratory proven pertussis, and cultures and FA studies were used to determine their nasopharyngeal carriage of B. pertussis organisms. Nine of the 11 patients were found to still be harboring the organisms at the conclusion of the initial course of therapy.
It is recommended that patients with pertussis who are treated with antibiotics should not be assumed to be non-contagious after therapy is completed and that appropriate bacteriologic or FA studies are essential in determining whether nasopharyngeal carriage still exists.
HEALTH SERVICES FOR HANDICAPPED CHILDREN—MEANWHILE, BACK IN THE STATES . . .
Authors: Green Morris 
Published: December 2021

The report by Smith and Lindsay in this issue encompasses with admirable conciseness and useful critique their recent examination of health services for handicapped children in Europe. Although it seems appropriate that we consider for application in this country those arrangements and techniques found helpful in countries abroad with health problems similar to our own, there are some realistic and limiting differences.
The outstanding dissimilarity is the degree of national commitment to services for handicapped children. Whether based on self-interest alone-or compassion-a sense of national obligation at least equal to that in the European countries is a prerequisite to any broad advancement in services for handicapped children in this country.
Near Fatality in an Infant Following "Lomotil" Poisoning
Authors: Bargman Gerald J. , Gardner Lytt I. 
Published: December 2021

Harries and Rossiter,1 and others2-5 have recently reported the death of a 2 year old boy following the accidental ingestion of "Lomotil" tablets (0.025 mg atropine sulfate and 2.5 mg diphenoxylate hydrochloride per tablet). Several additional reports of Lomotil poisoning were published this year.2-5 We would like to describe the near fatality of a white, 20-month-old girl, following the accidental ingestion of "Lomotil" tablets.
On the morning prior to hospital admission, the child was noted by her mother to have ingested about 16 "Lomotil" tablets, by estimate.
CHILDHOOD INJURIES: A CHALLENGE TO SOCIETY
Authors: Watson William 
Published: December 2021

The general public still seems largely unaware of the cost in human lives, health, and happiness of the present toll of accidental injury and death in our society. This applies particularly to death and injury of children. Those people professionally involved in the end results-the physicians and others who see the unnecessary suffering-recognize the extent of the problem, but outside this group even the educated public displays a curious indifference. In a recent book on contemporary social problems, there is no mention of accidental injury and death throughout the whole 600-odd pages.
The reasons for this neglect and indifference to a problem whose incidence and consequences could probably be reduced are unclear. Even in the matter of automobile accidents, which kill some 50,000 persons annually in the United States and maim and injure hundreds of thousands of others, there appears to be a fatalistic acceptance which is quite extraordinary when one reflects on it. It is a great pity that all motor car accidents do not happen on the same day; perhaps the shock of seeing American highways reduced to the condition of a battlefield might dramatize the problem sufficiently for steps to be taken about controlling it.
The public's acceptance of death on the highway contrasts sharply with its responsiveness to dramas involving very rare diseases or conditions: the polio vaccine deaths of a few years ago, for example, in which, statistically speaking, the danger was infinitesimal. The debate about guncontrol legislation is another case in point. This has been dramatized by the deaths by gunfire of a small number of prominent men within a limited period, but the fact that more than 500 children lose their lives every year as a result of shootings seemed unable to generate an equal display of concern, despite the fact that ours is a society in which the child is supposed to be revered.
PHYSICAL ABUSE OF CHILDREN
Authors: Gil David G. 
Published: December 2021

One of the basic obstacles to the development of effective countermeasures against accidental injury is the fact that the intensity of public concern over a particular type of injury-producing episode bears little relationship to its prevalence or to the seriousness of its consequences. An aircraft accident that takes 40 lives receives national attention through the mass media, whereas the fact that 150 persons died on the highways on the same day (and on every subsequent day) goes virtually unnoticed. The entrapment of a handful of children in discarded refrigerators has produced major changes in federal, state, and local laws; the death and injury of fifty times that number from accidental gunshot wounds has failed to produce even minimally effective legislation for the regulation of firearms. The "box office" appeal of various types of accident would make an interesting study; certainly in the absence of some knowledge of this phenomenon the cost-effectiveness principle is almost impossible to apply to accident counter-measures.
The following paper deals very productively with this problem. For a number of years the "abused" or "battered" child has elicited very strong concern on the part of professionals in law, medicine, social work, and child care. And one consequence of this concern has been the establishment of legislative machinery and a reporting system. Good epidemiological research reveals, however, that child abuse, despite the intense response that it has aroused, has, in fact, relatively low prevalence and that, by implication, the funds and manpower that it now absorbs more appropriately be devoted to a more signfficant cause of childhood injury. Unfortunately, legislative and administrative routines, once established, tend to perpetuate themselves. It will be interesting to note whether, in the light of the epidemiological findings, the reporting requirements will be withdrawn.
Another major contribution of this paper is its attribution of child abuse to the social rather than the psychological characteristics of the parents. Although the past decade has witnessed an increasing concern with poverty and the poor, virtually no attention has been devoted to the differential vulnerability to accidental injury of children in various socioeconomic levels ard subcultural groups. Our increased understanding of cultural deprivation and of lower-class life style gives us ample material for speculation about this differential, but such speculation is hazardous, and systematic empirical research must be undertaken. Meanwhile the present paper and the one by Kravitz and Driessen offer us useful guidelines.
Plasma Lipoprotein Lipase in Children with Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome
Authors: Hyman Lawrence R. , Wong Paul W. K. , Grossman Aaron 
Published: December 2021

Plasma lipoprotein lipase activity was determined in six children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome and in six controls. The mean lipoprotein lipase activity was significantly lower in the symptomatic nephrotic patients. This decreased enzyme activity may contribute to the hyperlipemia usually observed in the nephrotic syndrome.
See table in the PDF file
Letter to the Editor
Authors: Allen V. Robert 
Published: December 2021

The Committee on Youth has tried to present a brief discussion of drugs which are primanly abused by adolescents. Emphasis was placed on those drugs whose properties might be relatively unfamiliar to pediatricians. Alcohol and tobacco were reluctantly omitted solely in the interests of brevity. Similarly, it was decided to omit footnotes and voluminous documentation, and to offer instead a list of general references to which the pediatrician might turn.
The controversy over marijuana arises in part because there is as yet no definitive answer to the question of whether fostering dependency on a chemical will necessarily lead to increased dependency in terms of a total life experience.
Multidisciplined Patient Care Rounds
Authors: Cochran William D. 
Published: December 2021

I would like to rise in defense of my colleague, Dr. Brazelton, and of his Letter to the Editor1 which stimulated the Editor's answer, the criticisms of Dr. John P. Fields2 and the presentation of the House Officers1 views by Drs. Lovejoy, Hollister, and Mclnerney.3
Perhaps not known to Dr. Field but known to those of us associated with Harvard Medical School and the Children's Hospital Medical Center of Boston, there is little if any formal instruction in psychology at the medical school level or formal psychiatry and psychology at the pediatric training level.
PLAUSIBILITIES AND POSSIBILITIES IN EARLY EDUCATION
Authors: White Sheldon H. 
Published: December 2021

Early education became a topic of great public interest about 5 years ago, when Head Start was being established and support was being mustered for it. One problem maintaining the racial issue clearly lay in the schools. Minority group children were flunking out of society in their public school years and more and more evidence showed that their difficulties were already apparent in the first grade. It seemed reasonable, then, to move toward preparing these children for school by the establishment of programs of preschool education.
However reasonable the mission of compensatory preschool education, its implementation had to be attempted in the face of important shortages of information and resources.
The Development of Immunological Factors in Infants with Hyperbilirubinemia
Authors: Nejedlá Zdenka 
Published: December 2021

Twelve infants with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia caused by Rh or ABO incompatibility were followed for 1 year after birth. Antibodv determinations for diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and three strains of E. coil (026, 055, and 079) were done. The results were compared with those from a control group of 25 healthy infants and from 40 infants who had received exchange transfusion after birth. The data suggests that bilirubin is a causative factor in the significant depression of antibody levels against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis in infants with hyperbilirubinemia when compared to healthy infants.
[see pdf for figures]
Letter To The Editor
Authors: Gilchrist Gerald S. 
Published: December 2021

The article entitled, "Split Products of Fibrin in the Serum of Newborns," by Drs. Stiehm and Clatanoff (Pediatrics, 43: 770, 1969) deserves further comment, in the light of their conclusion that the presence of split products of fibrinogen (SPF) in newborn serum within the first 24 hours of life is not of pathological significance. I do not believe that these conclusions can be drawn until two further points are clarified with respect to methodology.
First, the authors specify that their SPF assay was performed on serum which was obtained after the blood was allowed to clot and retract for 1 to 3 hours before centrifugation.
HOW SAFE IS PUPIL TRANSPORTATION?
Authors: Charles Seymour , Shelness Annemarie 
Published: December 2021

School bus transportation, a small but highly significant section of public motor vehicle transportation, was selected for study. The evidence discloses that accepted safety features and practices are largely being ignored. Drivers, whom the safety establishment has traditionally indicated for accident causation, are not being selected, trained or supervised in accordance with any uniform guidelines. Four states do not require a medical examination, four require one only prior to employment, at infrequent intervals, or for drivers over 65.
Seventeen states permit school buses to be driven by 16- and 17-year olds, 14 states set a minimum age limit ranging from 18 through 20; 19 states require that schoolbus drivers be at least 21.
Although many states recommend maximum bus driver age limits, actually a total of 35 states set no maximum age limit. In 11 states 65 is the upper driver age limit, and in four others the limit is 70.
The majority of states do not conduct an adequate bus driver education program. Higher wage scales and professional status might alleviate the present shortage of drivers in some areas.
Substantial research on means of crash attenuation and occupant protection has not been implemented. Hostile interiors which have injury potential should be eliminated. Drivers should wear safety belts to insure maintenance of seated position and vehicle control in a collision. All passengers should have seat belts, but only in association with safety seats. Small school buses offer considerably less crash protection than standard full size buses.
Serious weaknesses in operational practices include allowing youngsters to stand in buses, the lack of auxiliary supervision to the driver by another responsible adult, and the careless practices in the crossing of children to and from the stopped bus. The importance of better driver supervision is stressed.
Effective countermeasures call for the Federal Government to develop uniform safety standards for the design of buses and for the operation of this essential public service to the youth of our nation.
AUDIOLOGICAL FINDINGS IN HEARING LOSS SECONDARY TO MATERNAL RUBELLA
Authors: Borton Thomas E. , Stark Earl W. 
Published: December 2021

The purpose of this investigation was to describe the audiological findings in hearing loss secondary to maternal rubella. The mothers of all but three of the 80 subjects contracted rubella during the first trimester of pregnancy. Over 75.0% sustained the infection during the second or third month of gestation. The greatest incidence of additional congenital defects was found in those instances in which maternal rubella occurred during the first month of pregnancy. In almost all instances, all other congenital abnormalities had been identified prior to diagnosis of hearing impairment. Therefore, careful attention should be given to the possibility of undiagnosed hearing impairment being present in children whose mothers contracted rubella during the time of pregnancy.
Audiograms were available for 55 of the subjects. The majority of these 55 subjects demonstrated hearing impairments classified as moderately severe to profound in degree. Ear differences were found in only 16 (29.0%) of the 55 children. No audiometric configuration emerged as representative of hearing impairment secondary to maternal rubella. Nevertheless, 40% of the audiograms were falling in pattern. The majority of the subjects demonstrated sensorineural impairments. However, about one-fourth exhibited mixed-type losses, according to the audiogram.
DUODENAL ULCER IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: Rosenlund Mary Loretta , Koop C. Everett 
Published: December 2021

There has been some disagreement concerning the admittedly rare incidence of duodenal ulcer disease in children. Because of conflicting reports from other pediatrics centers, we have reviewed the records of all patients admitted to The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia in the past 20 years (1948 through 1967) in whom duodenal ulcer was diagnosed by x-ray, at operation or on postmortem examination (Table I).
There were 27 children between the ages of 15 days and 15½ years, with well established duodenal ulcers. Six of these were female (22%). The age at presentation was scattered, but the majority were between 2 and 11 years of age. Presenting complaints were varied: gastrointestinal bleeding was most common in the younger age group, while abdominal pain, usually persistent and intermittent, was the most common symptom in the older children.
The diagnosis of duodenal ulcer was made by x-ray examination in 22 patients and at operation in 2; and the ulcers were discovered only at autopsy in 3 children. All the ulcers were duodenal; the precise location was not specified in 9, but 11 were bulbar and 7 were postbulbar. Complications of the ulcer were noted in 9 patients.
Perforation occurred in 7 patients, leading to death in 4 (all had disease of the central nervous system) and repeated bleeding in 2. Etiology of the ulcer disease was determined in 15 of the children, but the cause was unknown in 12.
Our series is concerned only with duodenal ulcers which, admittedly, comprise the greatest percentage of peptic ulcers.
Letter To The Editor
Authors: Snyder Russell D. , Mortimer Joan 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Snyder and Mrs. Mortimer comment as follows:
Doctor Faigel's comments are very pertinent to the problem of childhood dyslexia. It appears to us also that some children without special remediation overcome or disregard their disability and become quite successful and well adjusted as adults. A clue to proper management of dyslexic children could probably be obtained by careful study of this group of adults. A tape recorder is a very beneficial aid to some but by no means all of these children.
Adolescent Nutrition and Growth, edited by Felix P. Heald, M.D. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Division of Meredith Publishing Company (440 Park Avenue South, New York, New York 10016), 1969, 258 pp. $7.95
Authors: Gallagher J. Roswell 
Published: December 2021

During each of the past 5 years the children's Hospital of the District of Columbia and The George Washington Medical Center have offered a postgraduate seminar on Adolescent Medicine. This volume's chapters are the edited recordings or manuscripts of the 8 presentations given in 1966 on adolescents' growth and the 10 given in 1967 on their nutrition.
Conducted by authorities in their fields, these excellent seminars have been designed to furnish further information to those concerned with adolescents' medical care and to stimulate them and those primarily interested in the seminar's topic, to develop new ideas and approaches to relevant problems.
Letter To The Editor
Authors: Gillespie James B. , Lynch John P. 
Published: December 2021

For the Academy, Dr. Gillespie and Mr. Lynch replied as follows:
We appreciate your remarks concerning the Academy's cooperation in preparing Redbook's Young Mother manual. Interestingly, we have received 33 letters concerning development of this publication. Thirty-one of these letters have supported our efforts to provide young mothers with information about infant care through the Young Mother manual. Pediatricians writing the Academy have suggested that the manual be sent to 24 hospitals now not receiving it.
Letter To The Editor
Authors: Gil David G. 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Gil comments as folllows
Dr. Fontana's comments on my paper reflect a clinical prespective on child abuse, which may be appropriate in dealing with individual incidents, but not in unravelling the nature and scope of a complex phenomenon involving medical, psychological, social, cultural, and legal aspects. To Dr. Fontana, child abuse is merely a "pediatric syndrome" and he questions, by implication, the credentials of nonmedical investigators of the phenomenon. Such a narrow conceptualization reflects the "emotional bias and vested interest" to which Dr. Fontana objects so eloquently in his letter.
Incident of Salt-Losing Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Authors: Vines Robert 
Published: December 2021

In New South Wales we have long been aware that, in our community, the incidence of the salt-losing variant of congenital adrenocortical hyperplasia differs from that reported in the literature. It was of interest then to read of the similar incidence found by Drs. Marks and Fink1 and the even higher incidence reported by Dr. Cohen.2
At the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children, over the last 17 years 78 children have been seen suffering from congenital adrenocortical hyperplasia.
Letter To The Editor
Authors: Meyer Roger J. 
Published: December 2021

Dr.Meyer writes:
Thank you for the opportunity of viewing Dr. Fontana's comments on Dr. Gil's report. I concur with Dr. Gil's assessment of the situation and find it regrettable that this useful contribution was not seen in perspective. It was our intention in both the 1966 and 1968 National Childhood Injury Symposium issues to present this problem as an important component of the injury spectrum and to offer some evidence of its epidemiology and expression as a symptom of disordered family life.
DR. JOHN THOMSON, THE FATHER OF SCOTTISH PEDIATRICS, AN ABSTEMIOUS MAN HIMSELF, WRITES ABOUT THE MEDICINAL VALUE OF ALCOHOL FOR SICK INFANTS AND CHILDREN
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Dr. John Thomson (1856—1926), the foremost pediatrician of Scotland in his day, published a textbook of pediatrics in 1898 entitled Guide to the Clinical Examination and Treatment of Sick Children. In this book, acclaimed by many to be one of few classic pediatric texts written in the last hundred years, Thomson, who in all likelihood rarely—if ever—drank himself, strongly recommended alcohol as a medicinal measure for sick infants and children.1 He wrote:
Alcohol is also frequently of great use in acute disease, in childhood as in later life. In ordinary feverish illnesses, stimulants are not required; but, if there are signs of heart failure or if a typhoid condition should set in, they are urgently called for. Alcohol is also useful in various exhausting conditions, such as the pulmonary and other complications of whooping-cough or measles, and in septicaemia. It is often valuable in children with atrophy, and especially in those who have been greatly reduced by diarrhoea and vomiting.
Alcohol may be administered in the form of brandy, whisky, wine, or sherry whey. For dispensary patients in general it is best to order whisky, as it is more easily obtained of good quality than the other forms of stimulants. If it is desirable to give small doses of alcohol to an infant whose surroundings are such as to render it inadvisable to order plain whisky, a few drops of rectified spirit or brandy may be added to each dose of any medicine that he is taking. When whisky is ordered for young babies it must not be given too concentrated—not more than fifteen drops to the teaspoonful.
Letter To The Editor
Authors: Asnes Russell S. 
Published: December 2021

Thank you for the opportunity to answer Dr. Werthmann's letter.
The confusion with regard to the studies of Drs. Weldon and Odell, and Panagopoulos, et al., resulted from the omission by the printer of a line from our original answer to Dr. Hall's letter. The response in question should have read "Shapiro reported a 0.62% mortality rate for 3,395 exchange transfusions. Weldon and Odell reported a 0.6% mortality rate for 351 exchange transfusions. Panagopoulos, et al. reported a 0.66% mortality for 606 exchange transfusions."