bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rare case of torsion of giant ovarian mass post-colonoscopy
Authors: Ng Irene A T , Wong Jolene S M , Wong Jermaine , Chia Claramae S , Ong Chin-Ann J 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
We present an unprecedented case of torsion of a large ovarian cyst following colonoscopy. A 43-year-old female was found to have a 20 × 13 × 19 cm pelviabdominal mass possibly arising from the right ovary. Endoscopic evaluation was performed prior to planned resection of the ovarian mass. The patient experienced progressive lower abdominal pain after the procedure with a computed topography finding of torsion. She underwent exploratory laparotomy, right salpingo-oophorectomy with intra-operative frozen section and omentectomy. Final histology revealed features of benign serous cystadenoma with extensive haemorrhagic infarction in keeping with torsion. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of torsion of a large ovarian cyst after colonoscopy. We propose a postulated mechanism of this patient’s ovarian torsion and urge clinicians to be cognizant of acute ovarian torsion as a cause of severe abdominal pain following endoscopy.
Creativity complicates tweets: a quantitative lens on syntactic characteristics of twitter
Authors: Wang Yaqin , Liu Haitao 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Twitter is a newly emerged computer-mediated discourse (CMD) genre in recent years for exchanging short textual messages with the 140-character constraint. Little explicitly quantitative attention has been given to the syntactic structure of twitter, though. Under the framework of dependency grammar, the present study intends to investigate the syntactic characteristics of twitter based on quantitative methods by a comparison with traditional written genres and CMD genres. Results show that (1) most tweets are syntactically easy to understand, shaped by the principle of least effort. With the shortest sentence length, twitter has more syntactically difficult sentences than do traditional fictions, which somehow contradicts the common belief. (2) The word order of twitter demonstrates a different distribution from that of the other genres. (3) Twitter’s distribution of dependency types in relation to all the other genres shows a dynamic property. Some of the frequencies of syntactic relations of twitter are similar to those of traditional fiction and others close to those of traditional news. To summarize, creative linguistic features of twitter interestingly complicate syntactic characteristics, through which we may obtain new insights regarding twitter syntax as well as possible contextual factors behind that.
U.S. Neurosurgical Response to COVID-19: Forging a Path Toward Disaster Preparedness
Authors: Ravindra Vijay M , Dunn Gavin P , Belverud Shawn , Carroll Christopher P , Zuckerman Scott L , Menger Richard , Malone David , Cooke Jonathon , Porenksy Paul , Klugh III Arnett , Gilhooly Jonathan , Tomlin Jeffrey , Bell Randy , Ikeda Daniel S 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The worldwide COVID-19 pandemic poses challenges to healthcare capacity and infrastructure. The authors discuss the structure and efficacy of the U.S. Navy’s response to COVID-19 and evaluate the utility of this endeavor, with the objective of providing future recommendations for managing worldwide healthcare and medical operational demands from the perspective of Navy Neurosurgery.

Materials and Methods
The authors present an extensive review of topics and objectively highlight the efforts of U.S. Navy Neurosurgery as it pertains to the humanitarian mission during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Results
During the humanitarian mission (March 27, 2020–April 14, 2020), the response of active duty and reserve neurosurgeons in the U.S. Navy was robust. Neurosurgical coverage was present on board the U.S. Navy Ships Mercy and Comfort, with additional neurosurgical deployment to New York City for intensive care unit management and coverage.

Conclusions
The U.S. Navy neurosurgical response to the COVID-19 pandemic was swift and altruistic. Although neurosurgical pathologies were limited among the presenting patients, readiness and manpower continue to be strong influences within the Armed Forces. The COVID-19 response demonstrates that neurosurgical assets can be rapidly mobilized and deployed in support of wartime, domestic, and global humanitarian crises to augment both trauma and critical care capabilities.
The tidal evolution of dark matter substructure – II. The impact of artificial disruption on subhalo mass functions and radial profiles
Authors: Green Sheridan B , van den Bosch Frank C , Jiang Fangzhou 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Several recent studies have indicated that artificial subhalo disruption (the spontaneous, non-physical disintegration of a subhalo) remains prevalent in state-of-the-art dark matter (DM)-only cosmological simulations. In order to quantify the impact of disruption on the inferred subhalo demographics, we augment the semi-analytical SatGen dynamical subhalo evolution model with an improved treatment of tidal stripping that is calibrated using the Dynamical Aspects of SubHaloes database of idealized high-resolution simulations of subhalo evolution, which are free from artificial disruption. We also develop a model of artificial disruption that reproduces the statistical properties of disruption in the Bolshoi simulation. Using this framework, we predict subhalo mass functions (SHMFs), number density profiles, and substructure mass fractions and study how these quantities are impacted by artificial disruption and mass resolution limits. We find that artificial disruption affects these quantities at the $10{-}20{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ level, ameliorating previous concerns that it may suppress the SHMF by as much as a factor of 2. We demonstrate that semi-analytical substructure modelling must include orbit integration in order to properly account for splashback haloes, which make up roughly half of the subhalo population. We show that the resolution limit of N-body simulations, rather than artificial disruption, is the primary cause of the radial bias in subhalo number density found in DM-only simulations. Hence, we conclude that the mass resolution remains the primary limitation of using such simulations to study subhaloes. Our model provides a fast, flexible, and accurate alternative to studying substructure statistics in the absence of both numerical resolution limits and artificial disruption.
DETERMINATION OF NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY AND RADIOLOGICAL HAZARD ASSOCIATED WITH SEDIMENTS SOURCED FROM OGUNPA RIVER CHANNELS, IBADAN, NIGERIA
Authors: Jibiri N N , Egwu S O , Adesiji N E 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The natural radionuclides content and radiological assessment of sediments of the Ogunpa waste-water channel were evaluated to ascertain the radiological safety of the sediments as a building material. The mean activity concentrations of 40K, 226Ra and 232Th in Bq kg−1 were found to be 171 ± 69, 11 ± 5 and 10 ± 4, respectively. The overall mean radium equivalent 29 ± 13 Bq kg−1 was &lt;370 Bq kg−1 that can give the maximum recommended dose of 1 mSv to the general public. The activity concentrations of the radionuclides were all less than world average for soils and sediments. Thus, the use of the sediments from the Ogunpa water channel as building material is safe and would not pose any significant radiological health hazards.
Reproductive activation in honeybee (
Apis mellifera
) workers protects against abiotic and biotic stress
Authors: Kennedy Anissa , Herman Jacob , Rueppell Olav 
Published: March 2021

Social insect reproductives exhibit exceptional longevity instead of the classic trade-off between somatic maintenance and reproduction. Even normally sterile workers experience a significant increase in life expectancy when they assume a reproductive role. The mechanisms that enable the positive relation between the antagonistic demands of reproduction and somatic maintenance are unclear. To isolate the effect of reproductive activation, honeybee workers were induced to activate their ovaries. These reproductively activated workers were compared to controls for survival and gene expression patterns after exposure to Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus or the oxidative stressor paraquat. Reproductive activation increased survival, indicating better immunity and oxidative stress resistance. After qPCR analysis confirmed our experimental treatments at the physiological level, whole transcriptome analysis revealed that paraquat treatment significantly changed the expression of 1277 genes in the control workers but only two genes in reproductively activated workers, indicating that reproductive activation preemptively protects against oxidative stress. Significant overlap between genes that were upregulated by reproductive activation and in response to paraquat included prominent members of signalling pathways and anti-oxidants known to affect ageing. Thus, while our results confirm a central role of vitellogenin, they also point to other mechanisms to explain the molecular basis of the lack of a cost of reproduction and the exceptional longevity of social insect reproductives. Thus, socially induced reproductive activation preemptively protects honeybee workers against stressors, explaining their longevity.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ageing and sociality: why, when and how does sociality change ageing patterns?'
Why and how do termite kings and queens live so long?
Authors: Tasaki Eisuke , Takata Mamoru , Matsuura Kenji 
Published: March 2021

Lifespan varies greatly across the tree of life. Of the various explanations for this phenomenon, those that involve trade-offs between reproduction and longevity have gained considerable support. There is an important exception: social insect reproductives (queens and in termites, also kings) exhibit both high reproductive outputs and extraordinarily long lives. As both the ultimate and proximate mechanisms underlying the absence of the fecundity/longevity trade-off could shed light on the unexpected dynamics and molecular mechanisms of extended longevity, reproductives of social insects have attracted much attention in the field of ageing research. Here, we highlight current ecological and physiological studies on ageing and discuss the various possible evolutionary and molecular explanations of the extended lifespans of termite reproductives. We integrate these findings into a coherent framework revealing the evolution of longevity in these reproductives. Studies on termites may explain why and how ageing is shaped by natural selection.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ageing and sociality: why, when and how does sociality change ageing patterns?’
Development and Implementation of a scalable and versatile test for COVID-19 diagnostics in rural communities
Authors: Ceci A. , Muñoz-Ballester C. , Tegge A. , Brown K.L. , Umans R.A. , Michel F.M. , Patel D. , Tewari B. , Martin J. , Alcoreza O. , Maynard T. , Martinez-Martinez D. , Bordwine P. , Bissell N. , Friedlander M. , Sontheimer H. , Finkielstein C.V. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTRapid and widespread testing of severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is essential for an effective public health response aimed at containing and mitigating the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Successful health policy implementation relies on early identification of infected individuals and extensive contact tracing.However, rural communities, where resources for testing are sparse or simply absent, face distinctive challenges to achieving this success. Accordingly, we report the development of an academic, public land grant University laboratory-based detection assay for the identification of SARS-CoV-2 in samples from various clinical specimens that can be readily deployed in areas where access to testing is limited. The test, which is a quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)-based procedure, was validated on samples provided by the state laboratory and submitted for FDA Emergency Use Authorization. Our test exhibits comparable sensitivity and exceeds specificity and inclusivity values compared to other molecular assays. Additionally, this test can be re-configured to meet supply chain shortages, modified for scale up demands, and is amenable to several clinical specimens. Test development also involved 3D engineering critical supplies and formulating a stable collection media that allowed samples to be transported for hours over a dispersed rural region without the need for a cold-chain. These two elements that were critical when shortages impacted testing and when personnel needed to reach areas that were geographically isolated from the testing center. Overall, using a robust, easy-to-adapt methodology, we show that an academic laboratory can supplement COVID-19 testing needs and help local health departments assess and manage outbreaks. This additional testing capacity is particularly germane for smaller cities and rural regions that would otherwise be unable to meet the testing demand.
“We also deserve help during the pandemic”: The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on foreign domestic workers in Hong Kong
Authors: Lui Ingrid D. , Vandan Nimisha , Davies Sara E. , Harman Sophie , Morgan Rosemary , Smith Julia , Wenham Clare , Grépin Karen Ann 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic poses particular challenges for migrant workers around the world. This study explores the unique experiences of foreign domestic workers (FDWs) in Hong Kong, and how COVID-19 impacted their health and economic wellbeing. Interviews with FDWs (n= 15) and key informants (n= 3) were conducted between May and August 2020. FDWs reported a dual-country experience of the pandemic, where they expressed concerns about local transmission risks as well as worries about their family members in their home country. Changes to their current work situation included how their employers treated them, as well as their employment status. FDWs also cited blind spots in the Hong Kong policy response that also affected their experience of the pandemic, including a lack of support from the Hong Kong government. Additional support is needed to mitigate the particularly negative effects of the pandemic on FDWs.
Evaluation of Junior Doctors’ Knowledge of Corneal Donation and the New Opt-Out System in England
Authors: Gopal Bhavesh , Titi-Lartey Owuraku Asiedu , Fernandes Princeton , Noubani Nur-Emel , Blatherwick Elizabeth , Said Dalia G. , Dua Harminder S. , Ting Darren Shu Jeng 
Published: March 2021

ObjectivesTo evaluate the knowledge of corneal donation and the new opt-out system among junior doctors in the East Midlands, UK.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study performed during June-September 2020. A 26-item questionnaire-based survey was disseminated to all 340 junior doctors working in the East Midlands, UK. Relevant data, including participants background, knowledge of corneal donation and the new opt-out system introduced in England, were analysed.ResultsA total of 143 responses were received (response rate=42.1%). Nineteen (13.3%) junior doctors had previously discussed about corneal donation. The majority (100, 69.9%) of them perceived the importance of obtaining consent for corneal donation as junior doctors, but only 24 (16.8%) felt comfortable in discussing corneal donation. The knowledge of corneal donation was low, with a mean correct response rate of 33.3+/-20.8%. Only 28 (19.6%) doctors were aware of the 24-hour death-to-enucleation time limit. The majority (116, 81.1%) of doctors would consider certifying a death on the ward quicker if they knew it could potentially compromise the quality of corneas. Most (103, 72%) doctors were aware of the new opt-out system but only 56 (39.2%) doctors correctly stated that donation can only proceed with family consent.ConclusionJunior doctors working at the frontline services serve as valuable members in contributing to the process of obtaining consent for organ/tissue donation. Our study highlights the lack of knowledge of corneal donation and the opt-out system amongst junior doctors in the UK. Targeted postgraduate training during the induction process may potentially enhance the donation rate.
Covid-19 in the California State Prison System: An Observational Study of Decarceration, Ongoing Risks, and Risk Factors
Authors: Chin Elizabeth T. , Ryckman Theresa , Prince Lea , Leidner David , Alarid-Escudero Fernando , Andrews Jason R. , Salomon Joshua A. , Studdert David M. , Goldhaber-Fiebert Jeremy D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundCorrectional institutions nationwide are seeking to mitigate Covid-19-related risks.ObjectiveTo quantify changes to California’s prison population since the pandemic began and identify risk factors for Covid-19 infection.DesignWe described residents’ demographic characteristics, health status, Covid-19 risk scores, room occupancy, and labor participation. We used Cox proportional hazard models to estimate the association between rates of Covid-19 infection and room occupancy and out-of-room labor, respectively.SettingCalifornia state prisons (March 1-October 10, 2020).ParticipantsResidents of California state prisons.MeasurementsChanges in the incarcerated population’s size, composition, housing, and activities. For the risk factor analysis, the exposure variables were room type (cells vs dormitories) and labor participation (any room occupant participating in the prior 2 weeks) and the outcome variable was incident Covid-19 case rates.ResultsThe incarcerated population decreased 19.1% (119,401 to 96,623) during the study period.On October 10, 2020, 11.5% of residents were aged ≥60, 18.3% had high Covid-19 risk scores, 31.0% participated in out-of-room labor, and 14.8% lived in rooms with ≥10 occupants. Nearly 40% of residents with high Covid-19 risk scores lived in dormitories. In 9 prisons with major outbreaks (6,928 rooms; 21,750 residents), dormitory residents had higher infection rates than cell residents (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 2.51 95%CI, 2.25-2.80) and residents of rooms with labor participation had higher rates than residents of other rooms (AHR, 1.56; 95%CI, 1.39-1.74).LimitationsInability to measure density of residents’ living conditions or contact networks among residents and staff.ConclusionDespite reductions in room occupancy and mixing, California prisons still house many medically vulnerable residents in risky settings. Reducing risks further requires a combination of strategies, including rehousing, decarceration, and vaccination.Funding SourcesHorowitz Family Foundation; National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship; Open Society Foundations.
The COVIDome Explorer Researcher Portal
Authors: Sullivan Kelly D. , Galbraith Matthew D. , Kinning Kohl T. , Bartsch Kyle , Levinsky Nik , Araya Paula , Smith Keith P. , Granrath Ross E. , Shaw Jessica R. , Baxter Ryan , Jordan Kimberly R. , Russell Seth , Dzieciatkowska Monika , Reisz Julie A. , Gamboni Fabia , Cendali Francesca , Ghosh Tusharkanti , Monte Andrew A. , Bennett Tellen D. , Miller Michael G. , Hsieh Elena W.Y. , D’Alessandro Angelo , Hansen Kirk C. , Espinosa Joaquin M. 
Published: March 2021

SUMMARYCOVID-19 pathology involves dysregulation of diverse molecular, cellular, and physiological processes. In order to expedite integrated and collaborative COVID-19 research, we completed multi-omics analysis of hospitalized COVID-19 patients including matched analysis of the whole blood transcriptome, plasma proteomics with two complementary platforms, cytokine profiling, plasma and red blood cell metabolomics, deep immune cell phenotyping by mass cytometry, and clinical data annotation. We refer to this multidimensional dataset as the COVIDome. We then created the COVIDome Explorer, an online researcher portal where the data can be analyzed and visualized in real time. We illustrate here the use of the COVIDome dataset through a multi-omics analysis of biosignatures associated with C-reactive protein (CRP), an established marker of poor prognosis in COVID-19, revealing associations between CRP levels and damage-associated molecular patterns, depletion of protective serpins, and mitochondrial metabolism dysregulation. We expect that the COVIDome Explorer will rapidly accelerate data sharing, hypothesis testing, and discoveries worldwide.
Sensitivity to missing not at random dropout in clinical trials: use and interpretation of the Trimmed Means Estimator
Authors: Hazewinkel Audinga-Dea , Bowden Jack , Wade Kaitlin H. , Palmer Tom , Wiles Nicola , Tilling Kate 
Published: March 2021

AbstractOutcome values in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) may be missing not at random (MNAR), if patients with extreme outcome values are more likely to drop out (e.g., due to perceived ineffectiveness of treatment, or adverse effects). In such scenarios, estimates from complete case analysis (CCA) and multiple imputation (MI) will be biased. The trimmed means (TM) estimator operates by setting missing values to the most extreme value, and then “trimming” away equal fractions of both treatment groups, estimating the treatment effect using the remaining data. The TM estimator relies on two assumptions, which we term the “strong MNAR” and “location shift” assumptions. In this article, we derive formulae for the bias resulting from the violation of these assumptions for normally distributed outcomes. We propose an adjusted estimator, which relaxes the location shift assumption and detail how our bias formulae can be used to establish the direction of bias of CCA, MI and TM estimates under a range of plausible data scenarios, to inform sensitivity analyses. The TM approach is illustrated with simulations and in a sensitivity analysis of the CoBalT RCT of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) in 469 individuals with 46 months follow-up. Results were consistent with a beneficial CBT treatment effect. The MI estimates are closer to the null than the CCA estimate, whereas the TM estimate was further from the null. We propose using the TM estimator as a sensitivity analysis for data where it is suspected that extreme outcome values are missing.
Torque teno virus load predicts allograft rejection but not viral infection after kidney transplantation
Authors: van Rijn Aline L , Wunderink Herman F , Sidorov Igor A , de Brouwer Caroline S , Kroes Aloysius CM , Putter Hein , de Vries Aiko PJ , Rotmans Joris I , Feltkamp Mariet CW 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe main challenge of immunosuppressive therapy after solid organ transplantation is to create a new immunological balance that prevents organ rejection and does not promote opportunistic infection. Torque teno virus (TTV) a ubiquitous and non-pathogenic single-stranded DNA virus has been proposed as a marker of functional immunity in immunocompromised patients. Here investigate whether TTV loads predict the risk of common viral infection and allograft rejection in kidney transplantation recipients.In a retrospective cohort of 389 kidney transplantation recipients, individual TTV loads in were measured by qPCR in consecutive plasma samples during one year follow-up. The endpoints were allograft rejection, BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) viremia and cytomegalovirus (CMV) viremia. Repeated TTV measurements and rejection and infection survival data were analysed in a joint model.During follow-up, TTV DNA detection in the transplant recipients increased from 85 to 100%. The median viral load increased to 107genome copies/ml within three months after transplantation. Rejection, BKPyV viremia and CMV viremia occurred in 23%, 27% and 17% of the patients, respectively. With every 10-fold TTV load-increase, the risk of rejection decreased considerably (HR: 0.74, CI 95%: 0.71-0.76), while the risk of BKPyV and CMV viremia remained the same (HR: 1.03, CI 95%: 1.03-1.04 and HR: 1.01, CI 95%: 1.01-1.01).In conclusion, TTV load kinetics predict allograft rejection in kidney transplantation recipients, but not the BKPyV and CMV infection. The potential use of TTV load levels as a guide for optimal immunosuppressive drug dosage to prevent allograft rejection deserves further validation.