bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breaking botnets: A quantitative analysis of individual, technical, isolationist, and multilateral approaches to cybersecurity
Authors: Haner Justin K , Knake Robert K 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Malicious networks of botnets continue to grow in strength as millions of new users and devices connect to the internet each day, many becoming unsuspectingly complicit in cyber-attacks or unwitting accomplices to cybercrimes. Both states and nonstate actors use botnets to surreptitiously control the combined computing power of infected devices to engage in espionage, hacking, and to carry out distributed denial of service attacks to disable internet-connected targets from businesses and banks to power grids and electronic voting systems. Although cybersecurity professionals have established a variety of best practices to fight botnets, many important questions remain concerning why levels of botnet infections differ sharply from country to country, as relatively little empirical testing has been done to establish which policies and approaches to cybersecurity are actually the most effective. Using newly available time-series data on botnets, this article outlines and tests the conventionally held beliefs and cybersecurity strategies at every level—individual, technical, isolationist, and multilateral. This study finds that wealthier countries are more vulnerable than less wealthy countries; that technical solutions, including patching software, preventing spoofing, and securing servers, consistently outperform attempts to educate citizens about cybersecurity; and that countries which favor digital isolation and restrictions on internet freedom are not actually better protected than those who embrace digital freedom and multilateral approaches to cybersecurity. This latter finding is of particular importance as China’s attempts to fundamentally reshape the internet via the “Digital Silk Road” component of the Belt and Road Initiative will actually end up making both China and the world less secure. Due to the interconnected nature of threats in cyberspace, states should instead embrace multilateral, technical solutions to better govern this global common and increase cybersecurity around the world.
Safety assessment of condensed phosphate intake from fishery and processed marine food products in Korea with respect to gender, age, and region
Authors: Kim Hyung Soo , Jang Dae Yong , Koo Ye Ji , Pack Eun Chul , Lee Seung Ha , Choi Dal Woong 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Condensed phosphates are used as food additives, especially in marine products and meat, to improve food quality. The import and consumption of fishery and processed marine food products in Republic of Korea have reportedly increased by ~5 per cent annually. However, processed marine food products are often intentionally adulterated with excessive amounts of condensed phosphates to increase their weight. Excessive intake of condensed phosphates via consuming processed marine food products can lead to various adverse effects on human health due to anionic imbalance. Herein, we conducted a safety assessment of condensed phosphates in 14 types of fishery and processed marine food products in Korea for the first time. Subgroup analysis of various factors including gender, age, and region was also performed, and the risk level of exposure for each group was estimated. Safety assessments by age and gender indicated that infants were at the highest risk. In the regional safety assessment, Chungnam, the most inland region, showed the lowest risk. For both the general and the high-intake groups (95th percentile) in all classifications, the risk was lower (&lt;20 per cent) than the international standard, and the phosphorus content of the 14 types of processed marine products in Korea was confirmed to be safe for human consumption.
Exposure to Brands Makes Preferential Decisions Easier
Authors: Rahinel Ryan , Otto Ashley S , Grossman Daniel M , Clarkson Joshua J 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The most consequential consideration of brands arises during preferential decision-making. This article proposes that as a consequence of the repeated pairing of brands and preferential decisions, exposure to brands initiates a cognitive state of readiness for preferential decisions (which we term decision readiness) that subsequently makes preferential decisions easier. Using both real and fictitious brands across a variety of choice contexts, seven experiments demonstrate that consumers find preferential decision-making easier when it occurs in the presence (vs. absence) of brands. Consistent with the details of our framework, this effect: (i) is explained by the activation of decision readiness, (ii) leads to outcomes such as increased outcome satisfaction and decreased decision delegation, and (iii) is attenuated when exposure is to only one brand. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the importance of exposure to brands for decision-making which, in turn, offers novel insight into existing literatures on brand exposure, decision difficulty, and brand roles.
Splenic abscess after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. A rare complication—case report and literature review
Authors: Batayyah Esam , Yaseen Waed , Alshareef Faris 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy is currently a stand-alone bariatric procedure with a low complication profile. A rare complication of leak following sleeve gastrectomy was reported in this study. Its rareness and nonspecific clinical presentation could make the diagnosis difficult and could be easily confused with leak and subdiaphragmatic abscess. A 22-year-old Saudi female with body mass index 41 underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in 2017, presented 18 months later to emergency department complaining of fever and abdominal pain for 3 months prior to presentation. Computed tomography of abdomen revealed a large splenic abscess, upper gastrointestinal studies were unremarkable. Patient was taken for laparoscopic exploration with finding of splenic abscess and gastric fistula, splenectomy and clipping of fistula was performed. The management of splenic abscess remains controversial. Splenectomy and antibiotics have generally been the definitive treatment particularly with large multilobulated collection. Familiarity with the rare complications as splenic abscess will allow for a prompt diagnosis and treatment.
A rare case of a migrating fishbone lodged in the larynx for 6 months in a patient with delayed presentation due to COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Alreefi Mohamed , Althawadi Noora , Patel Ankit , Dwivedi Raghav 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A foreign body sensation following fishbone ingestion is a common presentation to the Accident and Emergency Department. Simple removal is achieved with acute presentations and accessible locations. The risk of complications increases with delay in seeking medical attention. We report a case of a migratory fishbone lodged in the larynx for 6 months in a patient with delayed presentation due to COVID-19 pandemic
Stab injury to the spine without neurological involvement: a report of a rare case
Authors: Castillo Amaya Carlos , Prieto Meré Jose Antonio , Cobar Bustamante Andres , Herrera Ovalle Rudolf Mauricio , Alonzo Francisco 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The annual incidence of traumatic spinal cord injury worldwide is 35 patients per million; this incidence is likely to be much higher in Latin America, where stab injuries are a common incidence. Stab injuries to the spine represent a small percentage of these cases; these are rare injuries; its management may differ compared with other penetrating injuries; these injuries are frequently complicated with neurological damage; the most common clinical manifestation is Brown–Sequard syndrome, and the most common segment involved is the thoracic region; stab injuries to the lumbar spine are rarely found in the literature. The management of patients without neurological involvement is controversial due to the risk of neurologic deterioration intraoperatively. However, failure to adequately intervene increases the risk of permanent neurological deficit, worsening functional outcomes, cerebral fluid leakage and infections. A short review of the literature and a case report are presented.
Integrating transcriptome, co-expression and QTL-seq analysis reveals that primary root growth in maize is regulated via flavonoid biosynthesis and auxin signal transduction
Authors: Wang Yunyun , Sun Hui , Wang Houmiao , Yang Xiaoyi , Xu Yang , Yang Zefeng , Xu Chenwu , Li Pengcheng 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe primary root is critical for early seedling growth and survival. To understand the molecular mechanisms governing primary root development, we performed a dynamic transcriptome analysis of two maize (Zea mays) inbred lines with contrasting primary root length at nine time points over a 12-day period. A total of 18 702 genes were differentially expressed between two lines or different time points. Gene enrichment, phytohormone content determination, and metabolomics analysis showed that auxin biosynthesis and signal transduction, as well as the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, were associated with root development. Co-expression network analysis revealed that eight modules were associated with lines/stages, as well as primary or lateral root length. In root-related modules, flavonoid metabolism accompanied by auxin biosynthesis and signal transduction constituted a complex gene regulatory network during primary root development. Two candidate genes (rootless concerning crown and seminal roots, rtcs and Zm00001d012781) involved in auxin signaling and flavonoid biosynthesis were identified by co-expression network analysis, QTL-seq and functional annotation. These results increase our understanding of the regulatory network controlling the development of primary and lateral root length, and provide a valuable genetic resource for improvement of root performance in maize.
Homoploid F1 hybrids and segmental allotetraploids of japonica and indica rice subspecies show similar and enhanced tolerance to nitrogen deficiency than parental lines
Authors: Sun Yue , Wu Ying , Wang Yangzhi , Wang Shengnan , Wang Xiaofei , Li Guo , Zhang Xue , Liang Zidong , Li Jiahao , Gong Lei , Wendel Jonathan F , Wang Deli , Liu Bao 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
It remains unclear whether the merger of two divergent genomes by hybridization at the homoploid level or coupled with whole-genome duplication (WGD; allopolyploidy) can result in plants having better tolerance to stress conditions. In this study, we compared phenotypic performance and gene expression in the two diploid subspecies of rice (Oryza sativa subsp. japonica and indica), their reciprocal F1 hybrids, and in segmental allotetraploids under normal and nitrogen (N)-deficient conditions. We found that F1 hybrids and tetraploids showed higher and similar levels of tolerance to N deficiency than either parent. In parallel, total expression levels of 18 relevant functional genes were less perturbed by N deficiency in the F1 hybrids and tetraploids than in the parents. This was consistent with stable intrinsic partitioning of allelic/homoeologous expression defined by parental legacy in the homoploid F1 hybrids/tetraploids between the two conditions. The results suggest that genetic additivity at both the homoploid and allopolyploidy level might lead to similar beneficial phenotypic responses to nitrogen stress compared with the parents. The lack of synergistic responses to N limitation concomitant with WGD, relative to that exhibited by F1 hybrids, adds new empirical evidence in support of the emerging hypothesis that hybridization by itself can play a significant role in plant adaptive evolution in times of stress.
Interplay Between Geography and HIV Transmission Clusters in Los Angeles County
Authors: Skaathun Britt , Ragonnet-Cronin Manon , Poortinga Kathleen , Sheng Zhijuan , Hu Yunyin W , Wertheim Joel O 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Clusters of HIV diagnoses in time and space and clusters of genetically linked cases can both serve as alerts for directing prevention and treatment activities. We assessed the interplay between geography and transmission across the Los Angeles County (LAC) HIV genetic transmission network.

Methods
Deidentified surveillance data reported for 8186 people with HIV residing in LAC from 2010 through 2016 were used to construct a transmission network using HIV-TRACE. We explored geographic assortativity, the tendency for people to link within the same geographic region; concordant time–space pairs, the proportion of genetically linked pairs from the same geographic region and diagnosis year; and Jaccard coefficient, the overlap between geographical and genetic clusters.

Results
Geography was assortative in the genetic transmission network but less so than either race/ethnicity or transmission risk. Only 18% of individuals were diagnosed in the same year and location as a genetically linked partner. Jaccard analysis revealed that cis-men and younger age at diagnosis had more overlap between genetic clusters and geography; the inverse association was observed for trans-women and Blacks/African Americans.

Conclusions
Within an urban setting with endemic HIV, genetic clustering may serve as a better indicator than time–space clustering to understand HIV transmission patterns and guide public health action.
A Scoping Review of Physical Activity in People With Lower-Limb Loss: 10,000 Steps Per Day?
Authors: Wong Christopher K , Rissland Maia S , Madagan Deanna M , Jones Kameron N 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Objective
After amputation, people with lower-limb loss (PLL) face challenges to regain their previous physical activity level. Assessing the scope of evidence regarding physical activity in PLL can identify sources of evidence and gaps within the literature that can influence amputation-related research, outcome assessment choices, and wellness activities. The purpose of this scoping review was to map the evidence regarding steps per day as a physical activity measure for PLL. Specific aims were to (1) identify research designs, (2) catalog population subgroups, (3) document steps per day measurement methods, and (4) provide descriptive data for steps per day in PLL.

Methods
The MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, Web of Science, and AMED databases; and the Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics archive were searched without language or time limits. Exclusion criteria included no PLL subjects, not peer-reviewed, and no direct step count measure. Inclusion criteria allowed any sample size, nonprosthetic use, and self-reported step count. As a scoping review, only descriptive statistics were compiled, and no methodologic quality assessment was performed.

Results
Twenty-one articles using crossover (8), cohort (4), cross-section (8), and case-study (1) designs were included that reported accelerometer (19) or pedometer (2) data. Studies often mixed amputation etiologies (15/21) and most (13/21) excluded transfemoral amputations. Studies primarily examined people with transtibial amputations (81.2%) and people at independent community walking levels (Medicare functional classifications: K3 = 49.2%, K4 = 36.3%). All 21 studies had fewer than 100 participants, and overall included 515 subjects (343, 66.6% male), mean (SD) age 53.2 (22.1) years. Mean (SD) number of pooled steps per day for PLL was 5087 (2998): 5929 (3047) for transtibial amputations and 3553 (2030) for transfemoral amputations.

Conclusions
Most PLL have low activity levels compared with the 10,000 steps per day generally recommended or 6000 common in people with diabetes. Research with larger samples, defined subgroups, and data along the recovery continuum would enhance knowledge of physical activity level in PLL.

Impact
This scoping review has identified gaps in the research related to steps per day as a measure of physical activity in people with lower-limb loss to guide future research.

Lay Summary
People with lower-limb loss take fewer steps per day than suggested for general health. Increasing steps per day may be a useful goal for this population, and this study is a first step in improving knowledge of physical activity levels in people with lower-limb loss.
Homeostatic response to sleep restriction in adolescents
Authors: Skorucak Jelena , Weber Nathan , Carskadon Mary A , Reynolds Chelsea , Coussens Scott , Achermann Peter , Short Michelle A 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe high prevalence of chronic sleep restriction in adolescents underscores the importance of understanding how adolescent sleep is regulated under such conditions. One component of sleep regulation is a homeostatic process: if sleep is restricted, then sleep intensity increases. Our knowledge of this process is primarily informed by total sleep deprivation studies and has been incorporated in mathematical models of human sleep regulation. Several animal studies, however, suggest that adaptation occurs in chronic sleep restriction conditions, showing an attenuated or even decreased homeostatic response. We investigated the homeostatic response of adolescents to different sleep opportunities. Thirty-four participants were allocated to one of three groups with 5, 7.5, or 10 h of sleep opportunity per night for five nights. Each group underwent a protocol of nine nights designed to mimic a school week between two weekends: two baseline nights (10 h sleep opportunity), five condition nights (5, 7.5, or 10 h), and two recovery nights (10 h). Measures of sleep homeostasis (slow-wave activity and slow-wave energy) were calculated from frontal and central EEG derivations and compared to predictions derived from simulations of the homeostatic process of the two-process model of sleep regulation. Only minor differences were found between empirical data and model predictions, indicating that sleep homeostasis is preserved under chronic sleep restriction in adolescents. These findings improve our understanding of effects of repetitive short sleep in adolescents.
Retrospective Assessment of Treatments of Hospitalized Covid-19 Patients
Authors: Ravindra Ghooi , Chitra Lele , Madhur Motwani , Santosh Dixit , Venugopalan Premnath , Sundeep Salvi , Shreepad Bhat , Piyush Chaudhari , Pradeep D’Costa , Ashwini Jahagirdar , Abhay Mane , Vikram Padbidri , Chetan Pande , Urvi Shukla 
Published: April 2021

AbstractInfection with SARS-Cov-2 virus, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, in addition to the economic burden it has put on the country. While waiting for a vaccine that gives adequate protection, it is necessary to understand the course of the infection and identify drugs that could reduce its impact. The results of this multicenter study involving 1035 hospitalized patients in Pune, identified diabetes, hypertension and low lymphocyte counts as predictors of mortality. There is also an indication that multiple comorbidities add to risk of severe disease and mortality. Data from metformin treated diabetics raises the possibility of considering repurposing of this drug in a larger study. It is also noted that Hydroxychloroquine, dexamethasone, azithromycin and remdesivir were associated with lower overall mortality. Diabetes and hypertension put Covid infected patients at greater risk of death, coexistence of both diseases further augment the risk, and must be aggressively treated.
COVID-19 vaccination acceptance among healthcare workers in Germany
Authors: Holzmann-Littig Christopher , Braunisch Matthias Christoph , Kranke Peter , Popp Maria , Seeber Christian , Fichtner Falk , Littig Bianca , Carbajo-Lozoya Javier , Allwang Christine , Frank Tamara , Meerpohl Joerg Johannes , Haller Bernhard , Schmaderer Christoph 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundVaccination hesitancy is a serious threat to achieve herd immunity in a global and rapidly changing pandemic situation. Health care workers play a key role in the treatment of patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and in promoting vaccination in the general population. The aim of the study was to provide data on COVID-19 vaccination acceptance and barriers among healthcare workers in Germany to support health policymakers choosing specific vaccination campaign strategies.MethodsAn online survey was conducted among health care workers in Germany in February 2021. The survey included 55 items on demographics, previous vaccination behavior, trust in vaccines, physicians, pharma industry, and health politics as well as fear of adverse effects, assumptions on disease consequences, knowledge about vaccines, information seeking behavior and a short COVID-19 vaccine knowledge test.ResultsA total of 4500 surveys could be analyzed. The overall vaccination acceptance was 91.7%. The age group ≤20 years showed the lowest vaccination acceptance of all age groups. Regarding professional groups, residents showed the highest vaccination acceptance. Main factors for vaccination hesitancy were lack of trust in authorities and pharmaceutical companies. Personal and professional environment influenced the attitude towards a vaccination too. Participants with vaccination hesitancy were more likely to obtain information about COVID-19 vaccines via messenger services or online video platforms and underperformed in the knowledge test.ConclusionsIn conclusion, we found a high acceptance rate amongst German health care workers. Furthermore, several factors associated with vaccination hesitancy were identified which could be targeted in vaccination campaigns.
Comparing mental health trajectories of four different types of key workers with non-key workers: A 12-month follow-up observational study of 21,874 adults in England during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Paul Elise , Mak Hei Wan , Fancourt Daisy , Bu Feifei 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundThere are concerns that key workers may be at a greater risk for psychological distress than non-key workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, little research has included key workers outside of the healthcare sector or has disaggregated key workers into different subgroups.AimsTo examine longitudinal changes in mental health over 12 months during the COVID-19 pandemic comparing four different groups of key workers with non-key workers.MethodLongitudinal data were from 21,874 adults living in England (21 March 2020 to 22 February 2021). Latent growth modelling (LGM) was utilised to compare growth trajectories of depressive and anxiety symptoms in non-key workers and four types of key workers: i) health and social care workers, ii) teachers and childcare workers, iii) public service workers, and iv) essential services key workers (e.g., food chain or utility workers).ResultsWhen accounting for both time-invariant and time-varying covariates, key workers in the essential services category had consistently higher levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms than non-key workers across the whole of the study period. There was little difference in mental health trajectories between health/social care, teachers/childcare and public service worker categories and non-key workers.ConclusionsOur findings suggest risk for poorer mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic varies within the broad category of key workers generally, and that those working in utility, food chain, and transport roles are especially at risk. Future research should focus on identifying which aspects of working conditions may be contributing to occupational stress in these groups.
Manufacturer Signal-to-Cutoff Threshold Underestimates Cumulative Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Evidence from the Los Angeles Firefighters Study
Authors: Toubat Omar , Berg Anders H. , Sobhani Kimia , Mulligan Karen , Hori Acacia M. , Bhattacharya Jay , Sood Neeraj 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWhile SARS-CoV-2 serologic testing is used to measure cumulative incidence of COVID-19, appropriate signal-to-cut off (S/Co) thresholds remain unclear. We demonstrate S/Co thresholds based on known negative samples significantly increases seropositivity and more accurately estimates cumulative incidence of disease compared to manufacturer-based thresholds.