bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utilization and long‐term persistence of direct oral anticoagulants among patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and liver disease
Authors: Douros Antonios , Cui Ying , Platt Robert W. , Filion Kristian B. , Sebastiani Giada , Renoux Christel 
Published: August 2021

AimsWe characterized the utilization and long‐term treatment persistence of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) and liver disease.MethodUsing the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink, we assembled a population‐based cohort of NVAF patients with liver disease initiating oral anticoagulants between 2011 and 2020. Logistic regression estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the association between patient characteristics and initiation of DOACs vs vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). Cox proportional hazards models estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs of the association between patient characteristics and the switch from VKAs to DOACs vs remaining on VKAs. We also assessed the 5‐year treatment persistence with DOACs vs VKAs, and whether ischemic stroke or bleeding preceded treatment discontinuation.ResultsOur cohort included 3167 NVAF patients with liver disease initiating DOACs (n = 2247, 71%) or VKAs (n = 920, 29%). Initiators of DOACs were more likely to have prior ischemic stroke (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.12‐1.85) than VKA initiators but less likely to have used antiplatelet agents (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.53‐0.82). Patients switching to DOACs were more likely to have used selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (HR 1.64, 95% CI 1.13‐2.37) than those remaining on VKAs. At 5 years, 31% of DOAC initiators and 9% of VKA initiators remained persistent. Only few patients were diagnosed with ischemic stroke or bleeding prior to treatment discontinuation.ConclusionMost NVAF patients with liver disease initiated treatment with DOACs. Long‐term persistence with DOACs was higher than with VKAs but remained relatively low.
Translational aspects of cytochrome P450‐mediated drug–drug interactions: A case study with clopidogrel
Authors: Tornio Aleksi , Filppula Anne M. , Backman Janne T. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMultimorbidity, polypharmacotherapy and drug interactions are increasingly common in the ageing population. Many drug–drug interactions (DDIs) are caused by perpetrator drugs inhibiting or inducing cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, resulting in alterations of the plasma concentrations of a victim drug. DDIs can have a major negative health impact, and in the past, unrecognized DDIs have resulted in drug withdrawals from the market. Signals to investigate DDIs may emerge from a variety of sources. Nowadays, standard methods are widely available to identify and characterize the mechanisms of CYP‐mediated DDIs in vitro. Clinical pharmacokinetic studies, in turn, provide experimental data on pharmacokinetic outcomes of DDIs. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling utilizing both in vitro and in vivo data is a powerful tool to predict different DDI scenarios. Finally, epidemiological studies can provide estimates on the health outcomes of DDIs. Thus, to fully characterize the mechanisms, clinical effects and implications of CYP‐mediated DDIs, translational research approaches are required. This minireview provides an overview of translational approaches to study CYP‐mediated DDIs, going beyond regulatory DDI guidelines, and an illustrative case study of how the DDI potential of clopidogrel was unveiled by combining these different methods.
Deep Reflectance Scanning: Recovering Spatially‐varying Material Appearance from a Flash‐lit Video Sequence
Authors: Ye Wenjie , Dong Yue , Peers Pieter , Guo Baining 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this paper we present a novel method for recovering high‐resolution spatially‐varying isotropic surface reflectance of a planar exemplar from a flash‐lit close‐up video sequence captured with a regular hand‐held mobile phone. We do not require careful calibration of the camera and lighting parameters, but instead compute a per‐pixel flow map using a deep neural network to align the input video frames. For each video frame, we also extract the reflectance parameters, and warp the neural reflectance features directly using the per‐pixel flow, and subsequently pool the warped features. Our method facilitates convenient hand‐held acquisition of spatially‐varying surface reflectance with commodity hardware by non‐expert users. Furthermore, our method enables aggregation of reflectance features from surface points visible in only a subset of the captured video frames, enabling the creation of high‐resolution reflectance maps that exceed the native camera resolution. We demonstrate and validate our method on a variety of synthetic and real‐world spatially‐varying materials.
Risk factors for developing peritoneal metastases after curative surgery for colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhang Yuanxin , Qin Xiusen , Chen Wenle , Liu Duo , Luo Jian , Wang Huaiming , Wang Hui 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAimProactive detection and treatment strategies have achieved encouraging survival outcomes for patients with early peritoneal metastases (PM), but these costly and invasive approaches can only be applied to selected high‐risk patients. This meta‐analysis aimed to identify the risk factors for metachronous PM after curative surgery for colorectal cancer (CRC).MethodThe study was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42020219187). Databases were searched for studies comparing clinical and histopathological characteristics between patients with metachronous peritoneal metastases from colorectal cancer (pmCRC) and patients without (non‐pmCRC).ResultsThirty‐six studies were included. Metachronous PM were positively associated with perforation (OR 1.920; 95% CI 1.144–3.223; P = 0.014), poor differentiation (OR 2.291; 1.603–3.275; P < 0.001), T4 (OR 2.897; 1.248–6.726; P = 0.013), N1–2 (OR 3.429; 2.684–4.381; P < 0.001), mucinous adenocarcinoma (OR 4.175; 1.798–9.692; P = 0.001), obstruction (OR 4.467; 1.919–10.398; P = 0.001), synchronous ovarian metastases (OR 5.005; 1.140–21.977; P = 0.033), positive peritoneal carcinoembryonic antigen mRNA (OR 9.472; 3.643–24.631; P < 0.001), elevated serum carcinoembryonic antigen (preoperative group, OR 3.545, 1.486–8.459, P = 0.004; postoperative group, OR 13.673, 2.222–84.129, P = 0.005), elevated serum cancer antigen 19‐9 (preoperative group, OR 5.281, 2.146–12.994, P < 0.001; postoperative group, OR 18.646, 6.429–54.083, P < 0.001) and positive peritoneal cytology (OR 25.884; 11.372–58.913; P < 0.001).ConclusionThese evidence‐based risk factors are conducive to designing early detection and proactive treatment strategies, enabling precision medicine.
Evolution of lbx spinal cord expression and function
Authors: Juárez‐Morales José Luis , Weierud Frida , England Samantha J. , Demby Celia , Santos Nicole , Grieb Ginny , Mazan Sylvie , Lewis Katharine E. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLadybird homeobox (Lbx) transcription factors have crucial functions in muscle and nervous system development in many animals. Amniotes have two Lbx genes, but only Lbx1 is expressed in spinal cord. In contrast, teleosts have three lbx genes and we show here that zebrafish lbx1a, lbx1b, and lbx2 are expressed by distinct spinal cell types, and that lbx1a is expressed in dI4, dI5, and dI6 interneurons, as in amniotes. Our data examining lbx expression in Scyliorhinus canicula and Xenopus tropicalis suggest that the spinal interneuron expression of zebrafish lbx1a is ancestral, whereas lbx1b has acquired a new expression pattern in spinal cord progenitor cells. lbx2 spinal expression was probably acquired in the ray‐finned lineage, as this gene is not expressed in the spinal cords of either amniotes or S. canicula. We also show that the spinal function of zebrafish lbx1a is conserved with mouse Lbx1. In zebrafish lbx1a mutants, there is a reduction in the number of inhibitory spinal interneurons and an increase in the number of excitatory spinal interneurons, similar to mouse Lbx1 mutants. Interestingly, the number of inhibitory spinal interneurons is also reduced in lbx1b mutants, although in this case the number of excitatory interneurons is not increased. lbx1a;lbx1b double mutants have a similar spinal interneuron phenotype to lbx1a single mutants. Taken together these data suggest that lbx1b and lbx1a may be required in succession for correct specification of dI4 and dI6 spinal interneurons, although only lbx1a is required for suppression of excitatory fates in these cells.
Income inequality and famine mortality: Evidence from the Finnish famine of the 1860s
Authors: Voutilainen Miikka 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis article examines whether economic inequality intensified the adverse effects of harvest, price, and income shocks during a famine. Using a parish‐level longitudinal dataset from the Finnish famine of the 1860s, it shows that a substantial proportion of the excess mortality experienced during the famine resulted from a decline in agricultural production, a decline in incomes, and a surge in food prices. The findings indicate that the adverse effects of food output fluctuations were intensified by increasing income inequality and decreasing average income, while the market‐transmitted shocks were weakened by a contraction of disposable income. The results are corroborated with multiple alternative estimation techniques, including the introduction of spatial spill‐overs. The results show that even a pre‐industrial famine affecting an impoverished society was meaningfully defined by the distribution of incomes.
Role of Leptospira spp. testing and ocular examination in horses with equine recurrent uveitis: A retrospective study of 63 horses
Authors: Himebaugh N. E. , Gilger B. C. 
Published: August 2021

SummaryBackgroundThere is little information on the correlation between equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) and leptospiral infection status as it relates to ocular examination findings and testing recommendations.ObjectiveTo evaluate the role of leptospiral testing in horses with ERU by correlating results to signalment, clinical findings and visual outcome.Study designRetrospective case series.MethodsRecords of horses presenting for ERU at NC State University Veterinary Health Complex (NCSU‐VHC) between 2014 and 2019 were reviewed. Signalment, initial visual status, ocular examination findings, treatments and visual outcome were collected. Serum and aqueous humour (AH) leptospiral titres were assessed for six different leptospirosis serovars and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. Goldmann‐Whitmer (C) values were calculated.ResultsRecords of 63 horses and 78 eyes with ERU were evaluated. Horses with a positive aqueous humour PCR were significantly younger in age (mean 9.25 ± 1.14) than PCR negative horses (mean 13.3 ± 0.95) (p = 0.01). A positive aqueous humour titre of any serotype was significantly correlated to blindness at presentation (p = 0.04). A positive serum titre was significantly correlated to presence of ocular posterior segment disease (p = 0.01). Positivity to L. bratislava in the serum correlated to posterior segment disease (p = 0.04) and AH positivity correlated to blindness at presentation (p = 0.002).Main limitationsLimitations of this study include that it is a retrospective and information gathered relies on data included within medical records.ConclusionsPositive leptospiral testing results were associated with younger horses and ocular posterior segment clinical disease. Horses with aqueous humour titres to any leptospiral serotype, especially L. bratislava serovar, were correlated to poor prognosis for vision.
Clinical efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of a novel long‐acting intramuscular omeprazole in performance horses with gastric ulcers
Authors: Lehman M. L. , Bass L. , Gustafson D. L. , Rao S. , O’Fallon E. S. 
Published: August 2021

SummaryOral omeprazole is used in the management of equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS). However, its use may have limitations with regard to individual variation in absorption and the impact of dietary management on bioavailability. The objective of this study was to determine whether a novel compounded long‐acting injectable omeprazole (LAO‐USA) formulation would provide consistent serum omeprazole concentrations and to determine whether it was clinically safe and efficacious in the reduction of EGUS. Twenty‐three horses with EGUS described as having evidence of equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD) and/or equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD) received a 5 mg/kg bwt intramuscular injection of LAO‐USA once every 7 days for four doses. Gastroscopy was performed prior to the study and at Days 14 and 28. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed to determine omeprazole concentrations over 7 days. Safety was measured by monitoring injection site reactions daily and bloodwork screening prior to and following the study. Of the horses with ESGD, 78% had improvement by Day 14 (p = 0.0035), with no further improvement from Day 14 to 28 (p > 0.99). ESGD grades from Day 0 to 28 decreased significantly (95% CI −1.92 to −0.91 grades) (p = 0.0002). Out of the horses (6/23) that had glandular lesions, 5/6 healed over time; however, this was not a significant change (p = 0.75). Injection reactions included oedema, heat and pain at the injection site. Considering the total number of injections across the whole study, 23% of horses experienced an injection site reaction. The number of injection site reactions increased following each dose (8%, 13%, 22% and 48%, respectively). The formulation did not appear to have adverse systemic effects. Serum omeprazole meanCmaxwas 46.2 ng/ml (±17.4 ng/ml), and these concentrations maintained at approximately 9.6 ng/ml (±4.6 ng/ml) for 7 days following dosing. This formulation is compounded and has not completed FDA investigation, which may increase formulation variability as it is produced or stored. The lack of control groups and potential bias in lesion grading are additional recognised limitations. The results of this study provide preliminary safety and efficacy data with regard to a novel LAO‐USA formulation. Future study is warranted to describe safety and efficacy for both ESGD and EGGD and would support further FDA investigation.
Machine learning and finite element analysis: An integrated approach for fatigue lifetime prediction of adhesively bonded joints
Authors: Silva Giovanni C. , Beber Vinicius C. , Pitz Diogo B. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSince fatigue investigations are expensive and time consuming, models capable of predicting lifetime by leveraging existing experimental data are desirable. Here, this task is accomplished by combining machine learning (ML) and finite element analysis (FEA). The dataset contains 365 points comprising four adhesives with four different joint types. The model is fed with four input parameters: stress ratio and stress amplitude (functions of the applied load), and stress concentration factor and multiaxiality, which are obtained from FEA. An extremely randomized trees (ERT) algorithm, capable of dealing with small and noisy datasets, is used to design the model. After calibration, the model's performance was assessed on unseen data and compared with a linear regression model. The ERT predictions yield a significantly smaller error factor (ER) of 2.13 than that of the linear model (ER = 5.89). A relevance analysis shows that at least one FEA‐based parameter must be fed into the model.
Multiple‐strain Lactobacillus‐fermented soymilk with antioxidant capacity and delicate flavour
Authors: Wang YiWen , Guo Haocheng , Wu Andi , Ju Changxin , Jiang Jing , Chen JianChu 
Published: August 2021

SummarySoymilk is a high‐quality fermentation substrate, but its flavour is not accepted by many consumers. In this study, soymilk was fermented under different fermentation conditions by different Lactobacillus strains. The antioxidant activity of the soymilk was explored using TOPSIS and the changes in flavour during fermentation were investigated by e‐nose using PCA. The results of TOPSIS showed that Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) ranked first (0.734) and L. acidophilus (LA) ranked second (0.651). In addition, L. bulgaricus (LB) was the only strain that could increase ABTS antioxidant activity (by around 11%). The LP, LA and LB mixed fermentation sample (w/w/w, 1 : 1 : 1) provided 10 new kinds of flavour compounds and stronger antioxidant ability than the unfermented sample. In addition, storage at 4 °C after fermentation elicited beneficial changes in the content of key flavour substances. Therefore, multiple‐strain Lactobacillus‐fermentation of soymilk not only improved the antioxidant activity but also provided a delicate flavour.
The ethics of action research participation
Authors: Davison Robert M. , Martinsons Maris G. , Wong Louie H. M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAction research (AR) involves one or more researchers and a client organisation. Many guidelines for and reports of the research method have been published. However, the ethical issues associated with AR have been largely neglected. Our review of the AR literature found that ethical dilemmas and their resolution are rarely and inconsistently reported. Stimulated by this neglect and our personal experiences, we aim to raise awareness and understanding about the ethics of planning, conducting and reporting AR. We identify and discuss four issues of concern that merit specific ethical attention when conducting AR: collaboration, competence, persistence and consent. We draw on these four issues in an analysis that augments the principles and criteria for canonical AR (CAR), recently reified as Integrated Action Research (IAR). Our guidance includes an additional principle of AR and 10 associated criteria to address the ethics of AR participation.
Models for the behavior of boron carbide in extreme dynamic environments
Authors: Ramesh K. T. , Graham‐Brady Lori , Goddard William A. , Hurley Ryan C. , Robbins Mark , Tonge Andrew L. , Bhattacharjee Amartya , Clemmer Joel T. , Zeng Qinglei , Li Weixin , Shen Yidi , An Qi , Mitra Nilanjan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe describe models for the behavior of hot‐pressed boron carbide that is subjected to extreme dynamic environments such as ballistic impact. We first identify the deformation and failure mechanisms that are observed in boron carbide under such conditions, and then review physics‐based models for each of these mechanisms and the integration of these models into a single physics‐based continuum model for the material. Atomistic modeling relates the composition and stoichiometry to the amorphization threshold, while mesoscale modeling relates the processing‐induced defect distribution to the fracture threshold. The models demonstrate that the relative importance of amorphization and fracture are strongly dependent on the geometry and impact conditions, with the volume fraction of amorphized material being unlikely to be significant until very high velocities (~3 km/s) are reached for geometries such as ball impact on plates. These connections to the physics thus provide guidelines for the design of improved boron carbide materials for impact applications.
Effects of dietary protein on gut development, microbial compositions and mucin expressions in mice
Authors: Li Zuohua , Tang Wenjie , Gong Saiming , Li Yunxia , Xia Siting , Zhang Bin , Ma Jie 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Aims
Dietary protein, as an important macronutrient, widely participates in host growth and metabolism. In this study, effects of different protein levels (14, 20 and 26%) on the gut development, microbial compositions and mucin expressions were studied in C57BL/6 mice.

Methods and Results
The results showed that body weight and the relative weight of stomach and gut were decreased in low-protein diet-fed mice, whereas high-protein diet significantly reduced the villus length and area of jejunum. Goblet cells number in the jejunum was reduced in the low-protein group, which was reversed by dietary a high-protein diet. In addition, high-protein diet notably reduced microbial diversity and changed the microbial compositions at the phylum level, such as Bacteroides, Proteobacteria, Actinomycetes and Deferribacteres. Furthermore, high-protein diet significantly increased mucin2, mucin3 and mucin4 expressions in the jejunum, but downregulated mucin1, mucin2, mucin4 and TFF3 in the ileum, indicating a tissue-dependent manner.

Conclusions
Together, high-protein diet may impair gut development, microbial balance and mucin system, and a low-protein diet is suggested to promote a healthy lifestyle.

Significance and Impact of Study
Mucin influenced gut development (villus index and goblet cell number) through remodelling gut microbes, as low and high protein levels resulted in contrary expression levels of mucin in jejunum and ileum.
“They don't think I can cope, because I have got a learning disability…”: Experiences of stigma in the lives of parents with learning disabilities
Authors: Franklin Laura , Theodore Kate , Foulds Daniel , Cooper Mary , Mallaghan Lisa , Wilshaw Paul , Colborne Alison , Flower Emilie , Dickinson Deborah , Lee Joyce Nga Yu 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundParents with learning disabilities report facing a widely held ‘presumption of incompetence’, placing them under pressure to prove their parenting competence. In collaboration with a learning disability theatre company, an inclusive research methodology explored experiences of parenting with learning disabilities, with a specific focus on the operation of stigma in parents' lives.MethodInterviews with 17 mothers and 5 fathers who self‐identified as having learning disabilities were co‐facilitated by learning‐disabled co‐researchers, and analysed using thematic analysis, with input from people with learning disabilities.ResultsThematic analysis generated four key themes; (1) positions of powerlessness, (2) assumptions of incompetence, (3) challenging assumptions and proving competence and (4) claiming power.ConclusionParents reported experiencing stigma and disempowerment within their networks, yet continued to embrace their valued parental identity and drew strength from involvement with self‐advocacy organisations. The research informed arts‐based performance pieces and resources aimed at training professionals and raising public awareness.