bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Authorship Proliferation of Research Articles in Top 10 Orthopaedic Journals: A 70-Year Analysis
Authors: Lutnick Ellen , Cusano Antonio , Sing David , Curry Emily J. , Li Xinning 
Published: September 2021

Introduction:
Scholarly impact has been used to measure faculty productivity and academic contribution throughout academia. Traditionally, the number of articles authored has been the primary metric for scholarly impact regarding academic promotion and reputation. We hypothesize that over time, the nature of authorship has evolved to include more authors per research article throughout the history of orthopaedic literature.

Methods:
Bibliometric data for all original research article abstracts were extracted from PubMED for the 10 highest rated H5-index orthopaedic clinical journals (“American Journal of Sports Medicine,” “Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery American Volume,” “Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research “Spine,” “Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy,” “Journal of Arthroplasty,” “Arthroscopy,” “The Spine Journal,” “European Spine Journal,” and “Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery British Volume/Bone & Joint Journal”). The number of authors per article was then analyzed over time using the Cochran-Armitage trend test.

Results:
A total of 106,529 original articles were analyzed over a 70-year period. The number of authors increased significantly over time from a mean of 1.4 authors (SD: 0.62) in 1946 to 5.7 authors (SD: 3.1) in 2019, representing an average relative increase of 4.3% per year (P < 0.05). The three oldest journals had the lowest average authors (Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery Am Volume: 1946, mean 3.7 authors [SD: eight]; Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery Br Volume/Bone & Joint Journal: 1948, mean: 3.6 authors [SD: 7.5]; Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research: 1963, mean 3.3 authors [SD: 2.9]). The three newest journals had the highest average authors (European Spine Journal: 1992, mean 5.3 authors [SD: 3.3]; Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy: 1993, mean 5.5 authors [SD: 6.7 authors; The Spine Journal: 2003, mean 5.2 authors [SD: 3.6]).

Discussion:
Original research articles published in orthopaedic academic journals have experienced an increase in authorship over time. Although our data cannot explain what has driven this change, increasing cooperation between collaborators may represent less contribution per author over time.
Gamma Radiation Effect on Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Gene Transfer in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
Authors: Aycan Murat , Cagri Oguz Muhammet , Ozgen Yasin , Onol Burak , Yildiz Mustafa 
Published: September 2021

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the major crops of the world. Significant improvements can be achieved in terms of yield and quality by the determination of efficient transformation methods. On the other hand, low transformation frequency seriously limits the application of molecular techniques in obtaining transgenic crops. In the present study, the effect of gamma radiation on Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation to the potato was firstly investigated. Sterile seedlings of potato cv. ‘Marabel’, which was grown on Gamborg’s B5 medium in Magenta vessels, were irradiated with different gamma radiation doses (0-control, 40, 80, 120 Gy 60Co). Stem parts having axillary meristems were excised from irradiated seedlings and inoculated by A. tumefaciens (GV2260), which harbors the binary plasmid p35S GUS-INT contains and GUS (β-glucuronidase) gene controlled by 35S promoter (CaMV) and nptII (neomycin phosphotransferase II) gene driven by NOS (nopaline synthase) promoter). Inoculated stem parts having axillary meristems explants were then directly transported to a selection medium containing duocid (500 mg l−1), and kanamycin (100 mg l−1), 4 mg l−1 gibberellic acid, 1 mg l−1 BAP and 0.1 mg l−1 NAA. The adult transgenic plants were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. According to the number of transgenic plants determined by PCR analysis, results obtained from explants treated with 40 Gy gamma gave the best results compared to the control (0 Gy) application. The doses over 40 Gy were also found statistically significant compared to the control (0 Gy). It is expected that the protocol described in this study make the transformation studies easier by skipping the stages of ‘co-cultivation’, ‘culturing explants on selection medium’ and ‘recovery of transgenic shoots on selection medium’ not only for potato but also for other crop plants. This study was supported by a grant from the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBİTAK) (Grant number 113O280 to Prof. Dr. Mustafa YILDIZ).
Identification of immune related cells and crucial genes in the peripheral blood of ankylosing spondylitis by integrated bioinformatics analysis
Authors: Zheng Yang , Cai Bingbing , Ren Conglin , Xu Haipeng , Du Weibin , Wu Yijiang , Lin Fu , Zhang Helou , Quan Renfu 
Published: September 2021

Background
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a progressive rheumatic disease and studies reveal that the immune system is critical for the pathogenesis of AS. In the present study, various bioinformatics analysis methods were comprehensively applied, designed to identify potential key genes and inflammation states of AS.

Methods
The transcriptome profiles of GSE25101 and GSE73754 obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were merged for subsequent analyses. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using the Bioconductor package Limma and threshold values. Functional enrichment and pathway enrichment analyses were performed using the clusterProfiler package and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). Next, protein–protein interaction (PPI) network of the identified DEGs was constructed by the online database, the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING), visualization and analysis were performed through Cytoscape software. Subsequently, we applied CIBERSORT algorithm to identify subpopulation proportions of immune cells in peripheral blood samples. Finally, we validated the hub genes with the GSE18781 dataset. Samples were collected from patients to validate gene and protein expression using qRT-PCR and ELISA.

Results
A total of 334 DEGs were identified, including 182 upregulated and 152 downregulated DEGs, between AS patients and normal human controls, which were primarily involved in immune response, autophagy, and natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The most prominent module and candidate biomarkers were identified from the PPI network. Biomarkers were selected for validation and their expressions were significantly decreased in peripheral blood samples which was consistent with transcriptome sequencing results. Nine genes with AUC > 0.70 were considered to be AS hub genes for ROC curve analysis, including GZMA, GZMK, PRF1, GNLY, NKG7, KLRB1, KLRD1, IL2RB and CD247. Furthermore, CIBERSORT results suggest that AS contained a higher proportion of CD8+ T cells, naive CD4+ T cells, neutrophils, and lower levels of gamma delta T cells compared with the normal controls.

Conclusion
In this study, we identified DEGs combined with their closely related biological functions and propose that granule-associated proteins and immune infiltration maybe involved in the progression of ankylosing spondylitis. These validated hub genes may provide new perspectives for understanding the molecular mechanisms of ankylosing spondylitis.
Green Synthesis, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Using Gnetum africanum Extracts
Authors: Uneze I. M. , Otonko J. O. , Adigun A. K. , Adebayo S. J. 
Published: September 2021

The synthesis and application of nanoparticles is an important area of research that is gaining attention recently. In this recent project, we report the synthesis of silver nanoparticles, AgNP using aqueous solution of silver nitrate and Gnetum africanum leaf extract (reducing agent). The synthesis of AgNP was achieved by mixing aqueous solution of silver nitrate (70ml, 15.75mM) with a solution of Gnetum africanum leaf extract 100 ml) in a reaction flask and allowed to stand for 24 hours in a dark cupboard. A color change from light brown to yellowish brown was observed which indicated that synthesis of silver nanoparticles took place. The presence of AgNP was ascertained using UV-vis spectra analysis and absorption at 442 nm showed the presence of AgNP. The antioxidant assay of both the synthesized AgNP and the leaf extract was determined using DPPH. Antimicrobial activity was conducted using three different organisms which were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas respectively. The antioxidant results using DPPH scavenging ability of AgNp showed that at concentrations of 2mg/ml,1mg/ml and 0.1mg/ml, the percentage inhibition of DPPH by AgNp was 61.69, 53.06 and 38.31 respectively and that of Gnetum africanum leaf extract was 81.32, 78.49, and 58.29 respectively at the same concentrations using Ascorbic acid as a standard. The antimicrobial activity of both the synthesized AgNps and Gnetum Africanum Leaf extract using one gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and two gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas) revealed that the synthesized AgNps showed lesser activity than Gnetumafricanum leaf extract for both the gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas) and (Escherichia coli). From the above findings, it can be observed that Gnetum Africanum Leaf extract reduced Ag+ to Ag0 and also both the synthesized AgNps and the Gnetum Africanum Leaf extract showed reasonable antioxidant activity against DPPH and antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisms. This implied that both samples have medicinal values.
Securing Logins in Electronic Examination Systems for Tertiary Institutions Using Quick Response Code (QR) Technology and Multiple Hashing Algorithms
Authors: Amusan Elizabeth A. , Popoola Akinbami O. , Ogirima Sanni A. O. 
Published: September 2021

This work is aimed at adding an extra layer of security to the login process of an electronic examination system as security has been identified as one of the critical success factors in the management of such exams. It proposes to secure the login process of an e-exam system through authentication and encryption to control access and avoid impersonation. A model of the e-exam system with Quick Response (QR) code generation capability was designed where a student’s matriculation number is accepted as input which is then converted into a two-dimensional bar code using a QR generator. Outputs from the QR code generator are then secured by encryption using MD5 and SHA-224 encryption algorithms. MD5 algorithm produces a 32-bit hash value which is further encrypted using SHA-224 that produces a resulting 56-bit hash value that is then saved in the password column of the user table in the database. This research resulted in a secure and web-based electronic examination authentication system implemented and tested on a client-server architecture. Performance evaluation of the developed system revealed that it is fast and effective, capable of authenticating students in an average of 0.624 seconds when the smartphone flashlight is off, and 0.318 seconds with flashlight turned on and consequently, resistant to brute force attacks. This paper fulfils an identified need to develop an electronic exam system that not only secures the question bank but equally ensures the security of the login process as well as the login details using a combination of two security techniques.
Physicochemical and Microbiological Characteristics from “Wagashi” Production Whey in Abomey-Calavi (Benin)
Authors: Djobo Oumarou , Soule Abdou Hamidou , Sina Haziz , Tagba Souriatou B. , Baba-Moussa Farid , Adjanohoun Adolphe , Baba-Moussa Lamine 
Published: September 2021

Aims: The production of “wagashi”, induce the production of whey which is often directly drop in the environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological and physicochemical qualities of wagashi’s whey samples collected in Abomey-Calavi (Benin).
Methodology: Whey samples were collected from Abomey-Calavi (Parana and Akassato) in Southern Benin. The physicochemical analyses targeted the pH, titratable acidity, dry matter contents, protein and lactose. The microbiological analyzes carried out consisted in enumeration of total mesophilic flora (TMF), fecal coliforms, lactic acid bacteria, staphylococci, yeasts and molds, Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli and salmonella by cultures on specific synthetic nutrient media.
Results: This study revealed characteristics such as dry matter (5.30-5.66 g / l), pH (3.91-5.21), titratable acidity, protein (5.94-0.128 g / l), lactose; and microbial quality of the whey. Parana’s whey was more acidic (pH = 3.91 ± 0.014) than Akassato’s whey analyzed with higher titratable acidity (pH = 0.92 ± 0.01). The presence of total mesophilic aerobic flora, Escherichia coli, staphylococci, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts and molds reveals fecal, human and environmental contamination during cheese production or during whey storage. Thus, Parana's whey was more contaminated with TMF (3.45.108 CFU/ml), lactic acid bacteria (4.82.108 CFU/ml) and fecal coliforms (> 3.108 CFU/ml) while Akassato's whey was more contaminated by staphylococci (4.70.108 CFU/ml) and Escherichia coli (> 3.108 CFU/ml). Salmonella was not identified.
Conclusion: It thus important raising the awareness of cow's milk processors and / or whey producers in Benin. We therefore project to use this whey as a substrate for bioproduction.
Diagnostic Performance of Faecal Calprotectin among People with Chronic Inflammatory Diseases of the Bowel in Cameroon: A Pilot Study in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Nitcheu Irina Lydia Sudeu , Tadongfack Thomas Djifack , Amazia Falmata , Choundong Melissa Guechoun , Alogo Marthe Pelagie , Talla Paul , Agoons Batakeh B. , Moor Vicky Jocelyne Ama 
Published: September 2021

Background: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are relatively common in African countries. The use of faecal markers, Calprotectin in particular, is presently of considerable interest to IBD patients. The high faecal calprotectin level has a good diagnostic accuracy in discriminating intestinal organic and functional diseases and enables the selection of patients in need of other invasive diagnosis such as endoscopy.
Aim: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of faecal calprotectin as a useful diagnostic tool for IBD patients in Cameroon.
Study design: This was a case control cross-sectional multicentre study conducted in major gastroenterology units of the towns of Yaoundé and Douala involving 64 participants grouped as 32 IBD positive subjects and 32 IBD negative subjects.
Methods: Stool sample collected from participants at various recruitment sites were collected, conditioned and transported to the CIAB laboratory for analysis using a direct ELISA method. The R software was used for data analysis.
Results: The calprotectin levels of IBD patients were significantly higher than those of the control subjects (P < .001.) The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.96 [95%CI: 0.92 – 1.00; P < .001]. A threshold value of 2.51µg/g was chosen to exclude the diagnosis of IBD with an 87.5% sensitivity and 100% specificity. The CRP levels correlated with those of calprotectin (r꞊0.579, P ꞊ .005). Calprotectin concentrations became abnormally elevated in all UC patients with an Endoscopy Score greater than or equal to 6 (P = .001). Correlation between the endoscopy score for Crohn's disease and calprotectin concentration did not retain significance (ρ꞊0.800; P > .05).
Conclusion: Calprotectin dosage is a sensitive test for IBD, excludes unnecessary investigations and accurately predicts disease recurrence and response to treatment.
Quality of Life of Primary Healthcare Centres Physicians in BURAIDAH City 2020, a Study Using WHOQOL-BREF Questionnaire
Authors: Alreshoudi Mohamad Fahad , Kalevaru Chandra Sekhar 
Published: September 2021

Background: Life of doctors puts them at a high level of challenges and stress which can affect their quality of life. Therefore, the objective of the study was to evaluate the Quality Of Life of Primary health care providers by applying a brief version of the World Health Organization questionnaire for assessing Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF). To find the factors which affect the QOL of PHC physicians and know the aspects where it was affecting the health and performance of the Doctors.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 186 physicians working in primary health care centers in BURAIDAH city under Ministry Of Health. WHOQOL BREF validated questionnaire was used in both English and Arabic versions. Data was entered and cleaned in SPSS 21.0 version and necessary statistical tests were applied.
Results: In the present study, about 29.6% were females and 70.4% were males. About 66.6% of the study population were in 30-49 years age group and half (48.4%) of them were general practitioners. Mean QOL score in psychological domain (domain 2) was 63.66. In the other three domains of physical health, social relationships and environmental domain (domain 1, 3 & 4) was scoring more than 65. There was a statistically significant association observed between age and physical ,psychological health domains. This association was also seen between marital status and psychological, social domains.
Conclusions: Based on the results, on the whole, the majority of primary health care doctors had a moderate quality of life score to a high quality of life score ranging from 63.66-68.06. Still, there is a scope of improvement in domain 2 (psychological domain).
The Mangement of Splenic Cysts in Children
Authors: Boughdir M. , Nechi S. , Bellila S. , Maamatou W. , Jarray L. , Hellal Y. , Sebai M. A. 
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Tumors of the spleen are rare in children, but they present a wide range of diagnostic, histological and radiological appearance. Splenic cysts are far more common than solid lesions. Cysts may be congenital (epidermoid cysts), infectious (abscess or hydatid cyst), or neoplastic (lymphangioma or angioma with tumor necrosis). They are most often asymptomatic. Diagnosis can usually be established with the clinical context and radiology (ultrasound, CT, MRI). Different options for the management of splenic cysts are available to the pediatric surgeon, ranging from simple monitoring to surgical excision. Minimally invasive surgical techniques and spleen conservative surgery have made splenic surgery less aggressive.
The aim of the study was to describe the clinical and paraclinical characteristics of splenic cysts in children, and to assess their management.
Patients and Methods: In a retrospective study within the pediatric surgery department in tunis, Tunisia, we have collected five children with a diagnosis of splenic cyst during the last decade. We specified for each patient the functional signs and physical examination data, ultrasound and CT were done for the patients, specifying the location and the size of the cysts. Hydatic serology was done when the parasitological origin was suggested. After surgical management and histological confirmation, the follow–up was based on clinical examination and abdominal ultrasound.
Results: They were three girls and two boys. The average age is ten and a half years. All patients were symptomatic with abdominal pain. The size of the cysts was significantly increased in all patients with an average of 11 cm. Surgery was indicated for all cases. Three patients had cystic resection and two had partial splenectomy. The histology objectified epithelial cyst for three patients and hydatid cyst of the spleen for the other two cases. The subsequent outcome was favorable for all patients with a current mean follow-up of three years.
Conclusion: Splenic cysts are rare in children and their management is still controversial. In splenic cysts, imaging can give clues to the diagnosis, but it often requires pathological examination of the part. Resection should be as limited as possible in order to avoid the risk of total splenectomy.
Awareness on Risk Factors of Oropharyngeal Cancer and Practice of Oral Sex among Students in Kinshasa City: A Pilot Study
Authors: Fidele Nyimi Bushabu , Patrick Sekele Maboro , Haruna Ramazani , Kazadi Kalala , Paul Sekele Isourady Bourley Jean , Augustin Mantshumba Milolo 
Published: September 2021

Aims: The present study aimed to estimate the occurrence of oral sex to prevent HPV-associated or opharyngeal cancer.
Study design: A prospective cohort study was conducted among the students in the Institut de Technique Medical de Kinshasa (ISTM-KIN), Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).
Place and Duration of Study: Participants were enrolled from March 2019 through April of the same year in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Kinshasa City.
Methodology: Eligibility criteria included both men and women aged 15 to 45 years, enrolled in an educational program, and accepted voluntarily to respondent the survey. Demographic data, history of sexual behavior, initiation times, and knowledge about risk factors of oropharyngeal cancer were evaluated. Differences between groups of sexual behavior were tested by chi-square tests and ANOVA test at signiﬁcant level of 5%.
Results: Out of 1,196 participants, 412 (34.4%) were males and 784 (65.6%) females with an average (±SD) age of 20±2.4 years. A total of 964 respondents reported a history of sexually behavior (81%), of that, 53.1% had performed oral sex, 35.4% had vaginal sex and11.5% had practiced sodomy. Oral sex was the first sexual activity practiced with a significant difference among sexual behavior (P= .003). The respondents knew that oral sex is a risk factor for OPC (51.5%; n=616).
Conclusion: Oral sex is the first sexual activity performed by students of Kinshasa Nursing School. Therefore, the education program to avoid the risk of HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancers may be necessary.