bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of a one-time biosolids application on elemental and nutrient concentrations on mine tailings
Authors: Harris Michelle E. , Gardner Wendy C. , Pypker Thomas 
Published: June 2021

Mine tailings are nutrient deficient, contain no organic matter, and have high metal concentrations preventing the long-term establishment of vegetation. The use of organic amendments, including biosolids, can help the revegetation of mine tailings by adding organic matter and nutrients but can increase metals in the receiving soil. There is also uncertainty if biosolids provide a long-term benefit, or if the benefits diminish with time. To test this, a study was conducted on two tailings storage facilities — a sand, and a silt loam — for a copper mine in the southern interior of British Columbia, Canada. In 1998, biosolids were applied at rates between 50 and 250 Mg·ha−1and compared with a control and fertilizer treatment. Plots were sampled in 2000 and 2015 for total and available nutrients and metals. This study showed that 17 yr after a one-time biosolids application at different rates, the tailing storage facilities that received biosolids had higher carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and biomass compared with tailings that did not receive biosolids or received conventional fertilizer. Many elements such as carbon (C) did not change from 2000 to 2015 in biosolids-treated plots, indicating a long-term benefit to the tailings. Additionally, biosolids did not result in increased concentrations of metals above the national regulatory limits for agriculture. This study suggests that a one-time biosolids application can provide a long-term benefit to tailings, whereas proper application rates can reduce the risks of metal exceedances.
Assessment of Attentional Functioning in Health Professionals of a Brazilian Tertiary Referral Hospital for COVID-19
Authors: van Duinkerken Eelco , Schmidt Guilherme J. , Gjorup Ana Lúcia Taboada , Mello Carolina Ribeiro , Marques André Casarsa , do Carmo Filho Áureo , Fukusawa Paula Regina Yuri , de Assis Simone Gonçalves , Tolentino Júlio Cesar , Schmidt Sergio L. 
Published: June 2021

This study is aimed at assessing differences in basic attentional functioning between substantial and minimal work-related exposure to COVID-19 patients in professionals working in a tertiary referral hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Therefore, hospital employees performed a Continuous Visual Attention Test. This test consisted of a 90-second Go/No-Go task with 72 (80%) targets and 18 (20%) nontargets. For each participant, reaction time and intraindividual variability of reaction times of all correct target responses, as well as the number of omission and commission errors, were evaluated. Participants were divided into 2 groups based on their exposure to COVID-19 patients (substantial versus minimal exposure). The substantial exposure group consisted of participants with 24 hours/week or more direct contact with COVID-19 patients. This cut-off was based on the clear division between professionals working and not working with COVID-19 patients and considered that 12-hour and 24-hour daily shifts are common for hospital employees in Brazil. A MANCOVA was performed to examine between-group differences, using age, sleep quality, sex, education level, previous COVID-19 infection, and profession as covariates. Of 124 participants, 80 had substantial exposure and 44 had minimal exposure to COVID-19. The overall MANCOVA reached statistical significance (

P
=
0.048

). Post hoc ANCOVA analysis showed that the substantial exposure group had a statistically significantly higher intraindividual variability of reaction time of all correct target responses (

P
=
0.017

,

Cohe

n

’

s

δ
=
−
0.55

). This result remained after removing those with a previous COVID-19 infection (

P
=
0.010

,

Cohe

n

’

s

δ
=
−
0.64

) and after matching groups for sample size (

P
=
0.004

,

Cohe

n

’

s

δ
=
−
0.81

). No other variables reached statistical significance. Concluding, hospital professionals with a substantial level of exposure to patients with COVID-19 show a significant attention decrement and, thus, may be at a higher risk of accidental SARS-CoV-2 infection.
T-Cell Receptor Mimic Antibodies for Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Duan Zhijian , Ho Mitchell 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Antibody-based immunotherapies show clinical effectiveness in various cancer types. However, the target repertoire is limited to surface or soluble antigens, which are a relatively small percentage of the cancer proteome. Most proteins of the human proteome are intracellular. Short peptides from intracellular targets can be presented by MHC class I (MHC-I) molecules on cell surface, making them potential targets for cancer immunotherapy. Antibodies can be developed to target these peptide/MHC complexes, similar to the recognition of such complexes by the T-cell receptor (TCR). These antibodies are referred to as T-cell receptor mimic (TCRm) or TCR-like antibodies. Ongoing preclinical and clinical studies will help us understand their mechanisms of action and selection of target epitopes for immunotherapy. The present review will summarize and discuss the selection of intracellular antigens, production of the peptide/MHC complexes, isolation of TCRm antibodies for therapeutic applications, limitations of TCRm antibodies, and possible ways to advance TCRm antibody-based approaches into the clinic.
Association of Daily Mean Temperature and Temperature Variability With Onset Risks of Acute Aortic Dissection
Authors: Yu Xinyu , Xia Liangtao , Xiao Jiewen , Zheng Jin , Xu Nina , Feng Xin , Wei Xiang 
Published: June 2021

Background
The association between ambient temperature and cardiovascular diseases has been well established, but evidence of temporal changes in the risk of acute aortic dissection (AAD) onset is lacking.

Methods and Results
We conducted an 8‐year time‐series study based on data from 2120 patients diagnosed with AAD at Tongji Hospital (Wuhan, China). Daily meteorological parameters were measured in the study area. Spearman's rank correlation analysis was applied to measure the associations between daily meteorological data and air pollution indicators. A distributed lag nonlinear model following quasi‐Poisson regression was used to express the nonlinear exposure‐response relationships and lag effects of daily mean temperature and temperature variability on the occurrence of AAD. Considering a 25‐day lag effect, lower or higher temperatures with reference to 25°C did not alter the onset risk of AAD. The lag effect of daily mean temperature on the incidence of AAD is statistically significant within 2 days, and the impact of daily mean temperature on the risk is most influential on the day. The exposure‐response curve between daily mean temperature and onset risks of AAD at lag 0 showed that the extremely cold temperature (2.5th percentile, 0.5°C) significantly increased the AAD risk for the total (relative risk, 1.733; 95% CI, 1.130–2.658) and type A dissection (relative risk, 3.951; 95% CI, 1.657–9.418). Temperature variability within 1 week did not affect the onset risks of AAD for the total.

Conclusions
We confirmed that extremely cold temperatures significantly increased the AAD risk, which could contribute to early prevention and timely diagnosis of the disease.
Neutrophil Counts as Promising Marker for Predicting In-Hospital Mortality in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Zhang Yu , Li Linjie , Jia Lu , Li Tiangui , Di Yuanyuan , Wang Peng , Deng Haidong , Fan Huaqian , Li Ying , Cheng Xin , Chen Younian , Wang Xing , Chong Weelic , Hai Yang , You Chao , Cheng Yongzhong , Fang Fang 
Published: June 2021

Background and Purpose:
Systemic inflammation is recognized as a hallmark of stroke. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of various inflammatory factors using blood at admission in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Methods:
In a multicenter observational study of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, the counts of neutrophil, platelet, and lymphocyte were collected on admission. Patients were stratified based on neutrophil counts with propensity score matching to minimize confounding. We calculated the adjusted odds ratios with 95% CIs for the primary outcome of in-hospital mortality and hospital-acquired infections.

Results:
A total of 6041 patients were included in this study and 344(5.7%) of them died in hospital. Propensity score matching analyses indicated that compared with the lower neutrophil counts, higher neutrophil counts were associated with increased risk of in-hospital mortality (odds ratio, 1.53 [95% CI, 1.14–2.06]), hospital-acquired infections (odds ratio, 1.61 [95% CI, 1.38–1.79]), and delayed neurological ischemic deficits (odds ratio, 1.52 [95% CI, 1.09–1.97]). Moreover, out of all the inflammatory factors studied, neutrophil counts demonstrated the highest correlation with in-hospital mortality and hospital-acquired infections.

Conclusions:
Among patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, high neutrophil counts at admission were associated with increased mortality and hospital-acquired infections. The neutrophil count is a simple, useful marker with prognostic value in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Replacing Bureaucrats with Automated Sorcerers?
Authors: Bell Bernard W. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Increasingly, federal agencies employ artificial intelligence to help direct their enforcement efforts, adjudicate claims and other matters, and craft regulations or regulatory approaches. Theoretically, artificial intelligence could enable agencies to address endemic problems, most notably 1) the inconsistent decision-making and departure from policy attributable to low-level officials' exercise of discretion; and 2) the imprecise nature of agency rules. But two characteristics of artificial intelligence, its opaqueness and the nonintuitive nature of its correlations, threaten core values of administrative law. Administrative law reflects the principles that 1) persons be judged individually according to announced criteria; 2) administrative regulations reflect some means-end rationality; and 3) administrative decisions be subject to review by external actors and transparent to the public. Artificial intelligence has adverse implications for all three of those critical norms. The resultant tension, at least for now, will constrain administrative agencies' most ambitious potential uses of artificial intelligence.
The Uncertain Future of Administrative Law
Authors: Kessler Jeremy , Sabel Charles 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
A volatile series of presidential transitions has only intensified the century-long conflict between progressive defenders and conservative critics of the administrative state. Yet neither side has adequately confronted the fact that the growth of uncertainty and the corresponding spread of guidance–a kind of provisional “rule” that invites its own revision–mark a break in the development of the administrative state as significant as the rise of notice-and-comment rulemaking in the 1960s and 1970s. Whereas rulemaking corrected social shortsightedness by enlisting science in the service of lawful administration, guidance acknowledges that both science and law are in need of continual correction. Administrative law has the resources to ensure that the provisionality of guidance does not lead to the abuses that conservatives fear. But to deploy those resources–and to carry through the reforms of administrative organization that are their natural complement–progressives must rethink their commitments to judicial deference to administrative authority and administrative deference to presidential authority, commitments on which the progressive defense of the administrative state currently depends.
Diplomacy vs. Economics: Examining the Roots of Decline in Sino-U.S. Trade in 1975
Authors: Ding Xiayang 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In 1975, the explosive growth of Sino-U.S. trade that only had resumed after 1971 ended with a severe decline from $920 million a year to just $461 million. The cause of the collapse was the unilateral decision of the People’s Republic of China (prc) to cancel several orders from late 1974 to early 1975. Scholars have advanced three reasons for the prc’s action, blaming to trade disputes, Beijing’s desire to punish the Americans for slow progress on the Taiwan issue, and Chinese trade officials preventing radicals from labeled them “compradors.” Each explanation, however, overstates the importance of high-level politics and ignores mid-level exchanges, as trade delegations shuttled back and forth across the Pacific in 1975. The article demonstrates that the real obstacle to trade in 1975 was China’s limited ability to purchase American grain in the same quantities as in the last four years, along with indications of a good future harvest in China emerging at the end of 1974. Economic factors therefore better explain the decline in prc-U.S. trade, providing an example of how in the last years of the Cultural Revolution, Beijing’s economic policy was more pragmatic than one would expect.
Legitimacy in Multistakeholder Global Governance at ICANN
Authors: Jongen Hortense , Scholte Jan Aart 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article examines levels and patterns of legitimacy beliefs toward one of today’s most developed global multistakeholder regimes, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). Two complementary surveys find that levels of legitimacy perceptions toward ICANN often rank alongside, and sometimes ahead of, those for other sites of global governance, both multilateral and multistakeholder. Moreover, average legitimacy beliefs toward ICANN hold consistently across stakeholder sectors, geographical regions, and social groups. However, legitimacy beliefs decline as one moves away from the core of the regime, and many elites remain unaware of ICANN. Furthermore, many participants in Internet governance express only moderate (and sometimes low) confidence in ICANN. To this extent, the regime’s legitimacy is more fragile. Extrapolation from mixed evidence around ICANN suggests that, while multistakeholder global governance is not under existential threat, its legitimacy remains somewhat tenuous.
Decorating the “Christmas Tree”
Authors: Oksamytna Kseniya , Lundgren Magnus 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Contemporary peacekeeping operations carry out many disparate tasks, which has triggered a debate about “Christmas Tree mandates.” Did the UN Secretariat or the UN Security Council drive this expansion? Using original data on nineteen UN peacekeeping missions, 1998–2014, this article compares peacekeeping tasks recommended by the Secretariat to those mandated by the Council. It finds that the two bodies expressed different preferences regarding the nature, number, and novelty of peacekeeping tasks. First, the Council dropped Secretariat-recommended tasks as often as it added new ones on its own initiative. Second, the two bodies disagreed more over peacebuilding and peacemaking tasks than over peacekeeping tasks. Third, the Council preferred to be the one to introduce novel tasks that had not appeared in previous mandates. Finally, among the countries that “held the pen” on peacekeeping resolutions, the United States was the most prone to dropping Secretariat-proposed tasks and the least willing to add tasks itself.
Towards a More Varied Picture of Slavery
Authors: Hinchy Jessica , Joshi Girija 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Indrani Chatterjee’s ground-breaking research has shown the centrality of obligation and provision to historical forms of slavery in South Asia, deepening our understanding of slave-using societies beyond the plantation systems that have dominated historiography, as well as historical memory. In this interview, Chatterjee explains why the crucial question in the context of South Asian slavery was: who do you serve and for what purpose? Enslavers were obliged to materially provide for their slaves, in return for the enslaved person’s service, labor and loyalty, creating varied relationships of dependence. By foregrounding the complex set of relationships and obligations in which slaves were enmeshed, Chatterjee seeks to “make people out of laborers.” This has led her to rethink the ways that resistance and agency have been conceptualized in slavery studies and Subaltern Studies, emphasizing the relationships within which a person became an agent. Her research has also deepened our understanding of colonialism and slavery. British colonizers generally ignored slaves’ entitlements to certain labor or taxation exemptions from the state, and colonial revenue-collection made the already-burdened doubly burdened. But in a hetero-temporal colonial context, older ways of identifying and forms of relationships endured. Chatterjee argues that this history of the provision of survival in contexts of enslavement is not “romanticizing,” but rather historicizes multiple forms of violence and shows a fuller, more varied picture of slavery.
Harnessing Anger and Shame: Emotional Diplomacy in Early Modern Context
Authors: Lemée Emmanuel 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Emotions were, in early modern literature on diplomacy, described as a parasitic and even dangerous manifestation, and this view has endured until today. A series of recent books and articles published in the field of the history of emotions lays however the groundwork to question this traditional analysis. This article thus aims to examine the possibility of a broader and more strategic use of emotions in early modern diplomacy than is often acknowledged, and therefore the possibility of what can be called an early modern emotional diplomacy. I will first provide a summary of what the honnête homme culture of Europe’s ruling class meant for an ambassador in terms of emotion control. I will then show, through a few examples from diplomatic occurrences during Charles ii of England’s late reign, some of the possible uses of emotion in early modern diplomacy. Thirdly, I will study through one very memorable display of emotion from the English king the way such a display could be prepared and staged in order to achieve full effectiveness. Lastly, I will put these one-time emotional displays in the perspective of Charles ii’s international policy, arguing that they were not conceived as isolated occurrences but as parts of a real diplomatic strategy in which emotion played a crucial role, in other words an emotional diplomacy.
Genuine Pacifism or Soviet Infiltration? Allied Responses to West German Rearmament Protests, 1950–52
Authors: Whitworth William 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article examines the reactions of British and U.S. officials to the wave of anti-rearmament protests which erupted in West Germany in the early 1950s. It examines the discourse generated by these officials to argue that the West German protests were either encouraged or condemned by different diplomatic figures. Most officials blamed the Soviet Union for the dissent in Germany and called for widespread concessions to the German government to better calm the situation. Some officials, however, supported the protests and protesters and looked to use the demonstrations to argue for increased contact with the Soviet Union and a thawing of the Cold War. A lasting impact of this discussion was that the image of the German people began to change in the eyes of Western policy makers- with old stereotypes from the Second World War beginning to give way to a new appraisal of Germans as activists and pacifists.
The Intercity Origins of Diplomacy: Consuls, Empires, and the Sea
Authors: Leira Halvard , de Carvalho Benjamin 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
City diplomacy is a fairly new topic in the study of diplomacy, and, many would argue, a fairly recent empirical phenomenon. A counterpoint to this could be to reference how the alleged origin of diplomacy in Greek antiquity was city-centered, as were the earliest forms of Renaissance diplomacy in Italy. In this essay we want to probe the connections between cities and diplomacy through problematizing what has counted as diplomacy. Our starting point is that cities have always mattered to what we could analytically refer to as diplomatic practice. Being conscious of the conceptual ambiguities, we are thus not starting from a specific definition of “city diplomacy,” but from a conviction that cities have mattered and continue to matter to the practice of diplomacy.
Revisiting Glaziou and the botany of the second Cruls Mission: three new species and 23 accepted species of Myrcia (Myrtaceae) collected from Goiás, Brazil and a detailed description of his “Goyaz” itinerary
Authors: ROSA PRISCILA O. , VASCONCELOS THAÍS N.C. , LUCAS EVE J. , PROENÇA CAROLYN E.B. 
Published: June 2021

Glaziou was one of the most prominent plant collectors in the history of Brazilian botany. His field expeditions during the second Cruls Mission (1894–1895) in the area now recognized as Goiás and Distrito Federal led him to collect 26 of the 32 species of Myrcia he was to name in his botanical career. Glaziou´s itinerary in the second Cruls Mission was reconstructed and mapped, showing he spent 40% of his collecting days in the present Distrito Federal and 60% in Goiás. His List of Species is now considered a suppressed work by the International Code of Nomenclature for the Algae, Fungi and Plants because he did not fulfill the criteria for formal species description. After examining over 300 specimens in Brazilian and European herbaria, we concluded that 23 of his names are synonyms of older, currently accepted names. The remaining three names are new species and are here formally described. This work underlines the importance of revisiting historical collections following recent changes in Myrcia taxonomy, to improve the understanding of species diversity in ecologically heterogeneous areas in large, morphologically complex genera such as Myrcia.
The South Pacific Pressure Trend Dipole and the Southern Blob
Authors: Garreaud René D. , Clem Kyle , Veloso José Vicencio 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDuring the last four decades, the sea level pressure has been decreasing over the Amundsen–Bellingshausen Sea (ABS) region and increasing between 30° and 40°S from New Zealand to Chile, thus forming a pressure trend dipole across the South Pacific. The trends are strongest in austral winter and have influenced the climate of West Antarctica and South America. The pressure trends have been attributed to decadal variability in the tropics, expansion of the Hadley cell, and an associated positive trend of the southern annular mode, but these mechanisms explain only about half of the pressure trend dipole intensity. Experiments conducted with two atmospheric models indicate that upper ocean warming over the subtropical southwest Pacific (SSWP), termed the Southern Blob, accounts for about half of the negative pressure trend in the ABS region and nearly all the ridging/drying over the eastern subtropical South Pacific, thus contributing to the central Chile megadrought. The SSWP warming intensifies the pressure trend dipole through warming the troposphere across the subtropical South Pacific and shifting the midlatitude storm track poleward into the ABS. Multidecadal periods of strong SSWP warming also appear in fully coupled preindustrial simulations, associated with a pressure trend dipole and reduction in rainfall over the central tropical Pacific, thus suggesting a natural origin of the Southern Blob and its teleconnection. However, the current warming rate exceeds the range of natural variability, implying a likely additional anthropogenic contribution.