bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complications of Penetrating Keratoplasty: Graft Infections
Authors: Varley Gary A , Meisler David M 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT: Microbial infection of a corneal transplant is a complication that is a bane to all corneal surgeons, the sequelae of which can be devastating. Identified risk factors include exposed, loose, or broken sutures; persistent epithelial defects or severe punctate keratopathy; soft contact lens wear including therapeutic lenses; graft hypoesthesia; keratoconjunctivitis sicca; previous herpetic eye disease; graft failure; ocular adnexa and lid abnormalities; and ongoing external and corneal infections. Management includes preventive measures, microbiologic diagnostic procedures, and antibiotic therapy.
Infectious crystalline keratopathy is a unique corneal infection that predominantly occurs in corneal transplants. It is characterized by the slowly progressive development of needle-like opacities in the corneal stroma and is most commonly caused by streptococcal species.
Another group of infections that occur in grafts is recurrence of an infectious process for which the patient was originally grafted. Two notable pathogens in this group include Acanthamoeba and herpes simplex. [Refractive and Corneal Surgery 1991;7:62-66.]
Laser in situ Keratomileusis Retreatment for Residual Myopia and Astigmatism
Authors: Rashad Khaled M 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To evaluate the visual and refractive results of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) retreatment on eyes with residual myopia with or without astigmatism.
METHODS: LASIK retreatment was performed on 35 eyes of 23 patients for correction of residual myopia, with or without astigmatism, with a mean manifest spherical equivalent refraction of -2.17 ± 0.82 D (range, -1.00 to -3.87 D) and mean refractive astigmatism of -0.55 ± 0.61 D (range, 0 to -1.75 D). Retreatment was performed 3 to 18 months after primary LASDX (mean, 5.1 ± 2.6 mo). The corneal flap of the previous LASIK was lifted and laser ablation was performed using the ChironTechnolas Keracor 116 excimer laser. Follow-up was 12 months for all eyes.
RESULTS: At 1 year after retreatment, manifest spherical equivalent refraction was reduced to a mean -0.23 ± 0.28 D (range, 0 to -0.87 D), and refractive astigmatism was reduced to a mean -0.16 ± 0.25 D (range, 0 to -0.75 D). Thirty-two eyes (91.5%) had a manifest spherical equivalent refraction within ±0.50 D of emmetropia, and 33 eyes (94.3%) had 0 to 0.50 D of refractive astigmatism. Uncorrected visual acuity was 20/20 or better in 11 eyes (31.4%). Spectacle-corrected visual acuity was not reduced in any eye after retreatment. There were no significant complications.
CONCLUSION: LASEK retreatment was effective for correction of residual myopia or astigmatism after primary LASDX. Refractive results were predictable with good stability after 3 months. Lifting the flap during LASDX retreatment was relatively easy to perform and did not result in visual morbidity in eyes treated from 3 up to 18 months after primary LASIK. [J Refract Surg 2000;16:170-176]
Dark-adapted Pupil Sizes in a Prospective Evaluation of Laser in situ Keratomileusis Patients
Authors: Schumer D James , Bains Harkaran S , Brown Kevin L 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: This study presents the results of scotopic pupil size measurement in a group of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) patients and the implications this value has for night vision symptoms and treatment zones.
METHODS: This was a prospective study measuring the dark-adapted pupil of 218 patients using a handheld pupillometer.
RESULTS: The mean scotopic pupil size was 5.66 mm with a standard deviation of 1.04 mm. Pupils ranged in size from 3.00 mm to 9.00 mm.
CONCLUSION: Results suggest that a number of patients may have seotopic pupil size well beyond the treatment zones commonly used or available in refractive laser systems. Treating with an ablation zone that is smaller than the mesopic pupil will often result in night vision disturbances. Next generation technology such as the Nidek EC-5000 excimer laser can incorporate larger treatment diameters in order to reduce the incidence of halos and glare at night. [J Refract Surg 2000; 16(suppl):S239-S241]
Photoastigmatic Refractive Keratectomy or Laser in situ Keratomileusis for Moderate and High Myopic Astigmatism
Authors: Yan Wang , Kanxing Zhao , Tong Zuo , Weili Geng 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy and safety of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and photoastigmatic refractive keratectomy (PARK) to treat moderate and higher myopic astigmatism.
METHODS: A retrospective nonrandomized study of 78 eyes with myopic astigmatism (range, 2.00 to 6.00 D) was undertaken. Thirty-eight eyes were treated with LASDK and 40 eyes were treated with PARK. Groups were similar in terms of baseline sphere and refraction. Photoablation for both LASDX and PARK was performed by single pass for correction of -6.00 D or less spherical equivalent refraction or multi-pass, multi-zone at 4, 5, and 6 mm for corrections greater than -6.00 D. Astigmatism was corrected using a single-pass ablation at 6.0 mm diameter. Visual acuity, manifest refraction, corneal topography, and patient satisfaction were measured preoperatively and postoperatively.
RESULTS: Six months postoperatively, uncorrected visual acuity was 20/40 or better in 100% of LASEK eyes and 90.0% of PARK eyes; 20/25 in 86.84% LASEK eyes and 47.5% of PARK eyes; 20/20 in 65.75% of LASEK eyes and 15% of PARK eyes. Postoperative residual cylinder was -0.54 ± 0.32 D in LASEK eyes and -1.28 ± 0.80 D in PARK eyes. Postoperative residual cylinder axis remained stable (within 15° at 1 month postoperatively) in 61.1% of LASEK eyes and 40% of PARK eyes. In 5.3% of the LASEK eyes, corneal haze developed; 95.5% of PARK eyes developed corneal haze. One LASIK eye lost best spectacle-corrected visual acuity and 3 eyes (7.89%) had a cap complication. Three eyes (7.5%) lost 2 lines of spectacle-corrected visual acuity due to severe corneal haze. Among LASEK patients, 92.1% were highly satisfied and 62.5% of PARK patients were highly satisfied.
CONCLUSION: For myopic astigmatism between 2.00 and 6.00 D, LASEK provided better accuracy, fewer complications, and higher patient satisfaction than PARK. PARK may achieve an incomplete cylindrical correction and may have a higher associated rist of loss of best spectacle-corrected visual acuity. [J Refract Surg 2000;16(suppl):S268-S271)
Corneal Morphology in vitro After Superficial Keratectomy With Q-switched Er:YSGG and Free-running Er:YAG Lasers
Authors: Kampmeier Juergen , Russ Detlef , Schäfer Sabine , Lang E , Lasser Theo , Steiner Rudolf , Lang Gerhard K 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Examination of morphology in corneal ablation induced by a q-switched ErrYSGG (2.79 µm) laser and a free-running Er:YAG laser (2.94 µm).
METHODS: Defined ablation of 6-mm diameter and 15, 30, 55, 90, and 120-µm depth was performed on freshly enucleated swine eyes. ErrYSGG laser parameters: fluence 1.6 J/cm2, frequency 6 Hz, spotsize 465 µm FWHM, scanning-mode, pulse number 1520 to 6210. Er:YAG laser parameters: fluence 3 J/cm2, frequency 1.5 Hz, spotsize 6 mm, wide area ablation, pulse number 2 to 13. Corneal morphology was analyzed by gross photography, histology, scanning electron microscopy, and scanning nearfield acoustic microscopy.
RESULTS: Histology showed thermal damage of 5 to 15 µm in depth caused by the ErrYSGG laser in comparison with 10 to 20 µm by the Er:YAG laser. Average roughness of the ablated surface measured with scanning nearfield acoustic microscopy was 20 to 40 µm for the Er: YSGG laser and 5 to 15 µm for the Er:YAG laser. These data confirm the subjective impression of images created by scanning electron microscopy and gross photography.
CONCLUSIONS: Although the Er:YAG laser system appeared to demonstrate a smoother corneal surface than the q-switched ErrYSGG laser, the thermal damage in either case poses a potential limitation for clinical use in lamellar refractive surgery. [J Refract Surg 2000;16r341-348]
Principles of Tscherning Aberrometry
Authors: Mrochen Michael , Kaemmerer Maik , Mierdel Peter , Krinke Hans-Eberhard , Seiler Theo 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Higher-order optical errors of the human eye are often responsible for reduced visual acuity in spite of an optimal spherical or cylindrical refraction. These optical aberrations are of natural origin or can result from operations on the eye involving optical structures. The presented wavefront analyzer is based on Tscherning's aberroscope. A collimated laser beam illuminates a mask with regular matrix pin holes which forms a bundle of thin parallel rays. These rays form a retinal spot pattern on the retina that is more or less distorted according to the optical errors of the eye. This retinal spot pattern is imaged onto the sensor of a low-light CCD camera by indirect ophthalmoscopy. The deviations of all spots from their ideal regular positions are measured by means of a personal computer, and from these values the optical aberrations are computed in the form of Zernike polynomials up to the 8th order. [J Refract Surg 2000;16:S570-S571]
Limbus-based Versus Fornix-based Conjunctival Flaps in Trabeculectomy
Authors: Reichert Richard , Stewart William , Shields M Bruce 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Forty consecutive trabeculectomies were performed by one surgeon, utilizing a limbus-based conjunctival flap in the first 20 eyes and a fornix-based flap in the remaining 20. A success rate of 90% was achieved in both groups, although eyes with limbus-based flaps had slightly better postoperative intraocular pressure control.
Effect of 0.2% Brimonidine in Preventing Intraocular Pressure Elevation after Nd:YAG Laser Posterior Capsulotomy
Authors: Seong Gong Je , Lee Young Ghee , Lee Jong Hyuk , Lim Seung Jeong , Lee Sung Chul , Hong Young Jae , Kwon Oh Woong , Kim Hong Bok 
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To deter mine the prophylactic effect of 0.2% brimonidine in reducing the elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients undergoing Nd: YAG laser posterior capsulotomy.
* PATIENTS AND METHODS: The 81 patients (81 eyes), who underwent Nd: YAG laser posterior capsulotomy, were allocated to two treatment groups. One drop of 0.2% brimonidine or vehicle was instilled 1 hour preoperatively and one drop immediately after capsulotomy. IOPs were measured preoperatively and 1, 2, 3, and 24 hours postoperatively.
* RESULTS: Intraocular pressure decreased from the baseline in the brimonidine group by the third postoperative hour (P<0.05), while the vehicle group exhibited an increase. Intraocular pressure elevations of 5 mm Hg or greater occurred in 7.3% (3/41) in the brimonidine group compared to 20.0% (8/40) in the vehicle group. IOP elevations of 10 mm Hg or greater occurred in 2.4% (1/41) in the brimonidine group compared to 7.5% (3/40) in the vehicle group.
* CONCLUSIONS: One drop of 0.2% brimonidine instilled 1 hour preoperatively and immediately after capsulotomy was found to be efficacious and safe in preventing IOP elevations that frequently follow Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 2000:31:308-314]
Letter and category Fluency Test in Spanish-Speaking Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Authors: Paz Esteban Vaucheret , Puga Celeste , Ekonen Christy , Pintos Paula , Trossero Isabel , Richards Ana , Lascombes Isabel , De Vita Soledad , Leist Mariana , Corleto Mariela , Basalo María José García 
Published: April 2021

Introduction:
Verbal fluency test is a short psychometric test, which is sensitive to verbal ability and executive control impairment. We did not find studies that analyze verbal fluency in relation to the neurodevelopmental disorders in Spanish-speaking children with letters P-M. Our objective was to analyze the verbal fluency of Spanish-speaking children with neurodevelopmental disorders.

Method:
We carried out a retrospective cross-sectional study to analyze the performance of children who had undergone a neuropsychological assessment.

Results:
We included 164 patients. There were 55 (33.54%) patients with low intellectual performance (LIP), 19 (11.59%) patients with dyslexia, and 90 (54.88%) patients had an ADHD. Patients with LIP showed lower phonological fluency than patients with ADHD. As for semantic fluidity, differences were observed between patients with LIP and ADHD and also between LIP and dyslexia. The probability of having LIP was 9.6 times greater when somebody had a scale score lower than 7 in the PF task and it was 16.7 times greater when the scale score was lower than 7 in the SF task.

Conclusions:
There was a direct relationship between FSIQ and the performance in verbal fluency test, which is a brief and effective neuropsychological test in revealing deficits in executive functions, verbal abilities, and LIP.
Neurocognitive and Affective Sequelae Following Complicated Mild and Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Chaurasiya Akanksha , Pandey Nityanand , Ranjan Jay K , Asthana Hari S 
Published: April 2021

Background:
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to various sequelae that affect the day-to-day functioning of patients. However, there is a dearth of studies investigating these sequelae in complicated mild TBI and moderate TBI patients.

Objective:
The prime objective of the present study was to present the neurocognitive and affective profile of complicated mild and moderate TBI patients along with to compare the neurocognitive and affective sequelae in patients with complicated mild and moderate TBI.

Materials and Methods:
Twenty-two patients with complicated mild TBI and 17 patients with Moderate TBI, each with an intracranial lesion were recruited from level 1 trauma center in Varanasi. All patients were assessed with neurocognitive measures, Rivermead Post Concussive Symptoms Questionnaire, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. The patients' profiles were presented as clinical series using descriptive analysis. Further, comparison was done by using the Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test.

Results:
Findings revealed that complicated mild TBI patients reported significantly higher psychological distress and post head injury symptoms in comparison to patients with moderate TBI. Further, the complicated mild TBI and moderate TBI groups showed differences with respect to verbal fluency, mental speed, and flexibility tasks.

Conclusions:
Complicated mild TBI and moderate TBI groups have not differed significantly on most of the cognitive tasks. Furthermore, affective symptoms were found more prominent in complicated mild TBI group as compared to the moderate TBI group.
Potential anti-alopecia constituents from Theobroma cacao
Authors: Kurnia Dikdik , Kelutur Faruk Jayanto , Mustarichie Resmi 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Tinea capitis is local alopecia caused by a dermatophyte infection of the scalp. Trichophyton rubrum produces the squalene epoxidase enzyme, which has a crucial role in prolonged dermatophyte infection, as well as in synthesizing fatty acids in this dermatophyte group. This study analyzes Trichophyton cacao compounds as anti-alopecia by inhibiting the squalene epoxidase enzyme formation, in silico. The structure of T. cacao compounds was prepared using the MolView Web application. The compound docked to squalene epoxidase using AutoDock Vina in PyRx 0.8, followed by PyMOL for visualization, and the Proteins Plus program to analyze the complexity. The binding affinity value of catechin, epicatechin (−8.0 kcal/mol), and anthocyanin (−7.8 kcal/mol) compounds was higher than the positive control (terbinafine, −6.7 kcal/mol). Pre-ADMET demonstrated that catechin and epicatechin had moderate Human Intestinal Absorption (66.71%), but anthocyanin was very good (100%). Caco-2 parameters for catechin and epicatechin were relatively low (<4 nm s − 1), while anthocyanin, theobromine, and terbinafine were within 4–70 nm s − 1. Plasma protein binding shows catechin, epicatechin, and anthocyanin diffuse through the plasma membrane and interact with plasma proteins. The toxicity results for all compounds are mutagenic, and only terbinafine is carcinogenic. Based on the Lipinski's “Rule of Five,” compounds from T. Cacao can be given orally. Catechin and epicatechin compounds have the potential to act as anti-alopecia. These two compounds can diffuse and interact with plasma proteins so they are directly on the target when given orally.
Evaluating of Solute Carrier Family 6 Member 4 Gene (SLC6A4) Promoter Polymorphisms with Escitalopram Plasma Levels for Precision Medicine in Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Canbolat Fadime , Tasdemir Erinc Dilek Meltem , Sercan Canan , Evrensel Alper , Ulucan Korkut , Aydın Ahmet , Tarhan Kasif Nevzat 
Published: April 2021

Aim and Objective:
Escitalopram (SCT) shows an antidepressant effect due to its mechanism of increasing the serotonin level by inhibiting the serotonin transporter protein (5HTT). 5HTT is encoded by solute carrier family 6 member 4 gene (SLC6A4) in the brain. Recognition of SCT plasma level of patients and pharmacodynamics of individuals during SCT treatment will increase the expected response to the treatment and reduce the adverse effects. This study aims to determine the effect of SLC6A4 promoter long/short polymorphism and the SCT plasma level of patients on the response to treatment during the SCT drug therapy.

Materials and Methods:
Blood and plasma samples of 30 major depressive patients using 20 mg SCT for 8 weeks between the ages of 18 and 65 were analyzed to determine SCT plasma level and SLC6A4 promoter polymorphism. The treatment response level was determined by using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale at patient files.

Results:
SCT plasma level of the nine patients with LL polymorphism was found to be in the range of 13.40–63.36 ng/mL. For 13 patients with LS polymorphism, SCT plasma level was found to be in the range of 2.93–57.48 ng/mL. For eight patients with SS polymorphism, the SCT plasma level was found to be in the range of 0.95–49.32 ng/mL.

Conclusion:
When the association between SCT plasma level and response to the drug treatment was examined, we had significant results to show that SCT level affected the response to treatment, especially in the LS group, as well as the SLC6A4 promoter variation. This study may lead to a more profound understanding of rational drug therapy as well as to a careful application of pharmacogenetics in psychiatry..
Epidemiology of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) in Africa—Underestimated for Decades
Authors: Temur Ahmet Irfan , Kuhn Jens H. , Pecor David B. , Apanaskevich Dmitry A. , Keshtkar-Jahromi Maryam 
Published: April 2021

Abstract.Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is endemic in Africa, but the epidemiology remains to be defined. Using a broad database search, we reviewed the literature to better define CCHF evidence in Africa. We used a One Health approach to define the impact of CCHF by reviewing case reports, human and animal serology, and records of CCHF virus (CCHFV) isolations (1956–mid-2020). In addition, published and unpublished collection data were used to estimate the geographic distribution of Hyalomma ticks and infection vectors. We implemented a previously proposed classification scheme for organizing countries into five categories by the level of evidence. From January 1, 1956 to July 25, 2020, 494 CCHF cases (115 lethal) were reported in Africa. Since 2000, nine countries (Kenya, Mali, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Sudan, and Tunisia) have reported their first CCHF cases. Nineteen countries reported CCHF cases and were assigned level 1 or level 2 based on maturity of their surveillance system. Thirty countries with evidence of CCHFV circulation in the absence of CCHF cases were assigned level 3 or level 4. Twelve countries for which no data were available were assigned level 5. The goal of this review is to inform international organizations, local governments, and healthcare professionals about shortcomings in CCHF surveillance in Africa to assist in a movement toward strengthening policy to improve CCHF surveillance.
Dengue Virus Infections among Peace Corps Volunteers in Timor-Leste, 2018–2019
Authors: Sánchez-González Liliana , Venuto Margaret , Poe Scott , Major Chelsea G. , Baskara Leonardus , Abdiyeva Sevinj , Murphy Daniel , Munoz-Jordan Jorge L. , Medina Freddy A. , Paz-Bailey Gabriela , Petersen Kyle , Becker Karen , Sharp Tyler M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract.Dengue is an ongoing health risk for Peace Corps Volunteers (PCVs) working in the tropics. On May 2019, the Peace Corps Office of Health Services notified the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of a dengue outbreak among PCVs in Timor-Leste. The purpose of this investigation was to identify the clinical, demographic, and epidemiological characteristics of PCVs with dengue and recommend dengue preventive measures. To identify PCVs with dengue and describe disease severity, the medical records of PCVs reporting fever during September 2018–June 2019 were reviewed. To identify factors associated with dengue virus (DENV) infection, we administered a questionnaire on demographics, travel history, and mosquito avoidance behaviors and collected blood specimens to detect the anti-DENV IgM antibody to diagnose recent infection. Of 35 PCVs in-country, 11 (31%) tested positive for dengue (NS1, IgM, PCR), eight requiring hospitalization and medical evacuation. Among 27 (77%) PCVs who participated in the investigation, all reported having been recently bitten by mosquitoes and 56% reported being bitten most often at home; only 16 (59%) reported having screens on bedroom windows. Nearly all (93%) PCVs reported using a bed net every night; fewer (70%) reported using mosquito repellent at least once a day. No behaviors were significantly associated with DENV infection. Raising awareness of dengue risk among PCVs and continuing to encourage mosquito avoidance behavior to prevent dengue is critical. Access to and use of measures to avoid mosquito bites should be improved or implemented. Peace Corps medical officers should continue to receive an annual refresher training on dengue clinical management.