bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brief Report: Ritonavir Concentrations in Hair Predict Virologic Outcomes in HIV-Infected Adolescents With Virologic Failure on Atazanavir-Based or Ritonavir-Based Second-Line Treatment
Authors: Chawana Tariro D. , Nhachi Charles F. B. , Nathoo Kusum , Ngara Bernard , Okochi Hideaki , Louie Alexander , Kuncze Karen , Katzenstein David , Metcalfe John , Gandhi Monica ,   Adolescent Treatment Failure (ATF) Study Team
Published: June 2021

Background:
Suboptimal adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is responsible for most virologic failure among adolescents with HIV. Methods for objectively measuring adherence to ART are limited. This study assessed the association between ritonavir concentrations in hair and self-reported adherence and modified directly administered ART on virologic outcomes among HIV-infected adolescents who were virologically failing second-line ART in Harare, Zimbabwe.

Methods:
HIV-infected adolescents on atazanavir-based or ritonavir-based second-line treatment for >6 months with viral load ≥1000 copies/mL were randomized to either modified directly administered ART (mDAART) plus standard of care (intervention) or standard of care alone (control). Questionnaires were administered; viral load and hair samples were collected at baseline and after 90 days. Virological suppression was defned as <1000 copies/mL after follow-up.

Results:
Fifty adolescents (13–19 years) were enrolled in the study, and 42 adolescents had ritonavir concentrations measured in hair at baseline and at 90 days. Twenty-three participants (46%) were randomized to mDAART. Viral load suppression at follow-up [regression coefficient (standard error): −0.3 (0.1); 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.5 to −0.06; P = 0.01], self-reported adherence at follow-up [regression coefficient (standard error): 0.01 (0.005); 95% CI: 0.004 to 0.02; P = 0.006], and being male sex [regression coefficient (standard error): 0.3 (0.1); 95% CI: 0.08 to 0.5; P = 0.008] were associated with ritonavir concentrations in hair. The intervention, mDAART, was not associated with ritonavir concentrations [regression coefficient (standard error) 0.2 (0.1); 95% CI: −0.07 to 0.4; P = 0.2].

Conclusions:
Ritonavir concentrations in hair predicted virological suppression and were associated with self-reported adherence and being male in this cohort of adolescents with treatment failure to atazanavir-based or ritonavir-based second-line ART. Measuring ritonavir concentrations in hair in adolescents on protease inhibitor–based regimens could assess adherence in this vulnerable group to avert subsequent virologic failure.
Comparison of 18F-AlF-NOTA-FAPI and 18F-FDG Imaging in a Patient With Gastric Signet-Ring Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Guo Yue-Hong , Yang Min-Fu 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Several case reports have shown fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (FAPI) imaging to be superior to 18F-FDG imaging in the delineation of primary gastric signet-ring cell carcinoma lesions. In this case, 18F-AlF-NOTA-FAPI PET/CT showed more metastatic lesions that had more increased activity than 18F-FDG PET/CT. However, neither 18F-AlF-NOTA-FAPI nor 18F-FDG imaging revealed any abnormal uptake in the primary gastric lesion, which was subsequently demonstrated to be the primary lesion by pathology.
Burkitt Lymphoma/Leukemia Presented on 68Ga-Pentixafor and 18F-FDG PET/CT
Authors: Chen Zhenying , Xue Qianqian , Huang Chao , Yao Shaobo , Miao Weibing 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
An 18-year-old man with newly diagnosed Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia was referred for 18F-FDG and 68Ga-Pentixafor PET/CT. 68Ga-Pentixafor PET/CT revealed similar radioactivity uptake pattern to the 18F-FDG PET/CT in superior phrenic lymph node, ascending colon, ileocecum, peritoneal, marrow, and spleen. This case highlighted that it might be interesting to further investigate the role of 68Ga-Pentixafor PET/CT imaging in staging, treatment evaluation, and especially the feasibility of CXCR4-directed radioligand therapy in Burkitt lymphoma with positive expression of CXCR4.
Genomic consequences of colonisation, migration and genetic drift in barn owl insular populations of the eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Machado Ana Paula , Topaloudis Alexandros , Cumer Tristan , Lavanchy Eléonore , Bontzorlos Vasileios , Ceccherelli Renato , Charter Motti , Kassinis Nikos , Lymberakis Petros , Manzia Francesca , Ducrest Anne-Lyse , Dupasquier Mélanie , Guex Nicolas , Roulin Alexandre , Goudet Jérôme 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe study of insular populations was key in the development of evolutionary theory. The successful colonisation of an island depends on the geographic context, and specific characteristics of the organism and the island, but also on stochastic processes. As a result, apparently identical islands may harbour populations with contrasting histories. Here, we use whole genome sequences of 65 barn owls to investigate the patterns of inbreeding and genetic diversity of insular populations in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. We focus on Crete and Cyprus, islands with similar size, climate and distance to mainland, that provide natural replicates for a comparative analysis of the impacts of microevolutionary processes on isolated populations. We show that barn owl populations from each island have a separate origin, Crete being genetically more similar to other Greek islands and mainland Greece, and Cyprus more similar to the Levant. Further, our data show that their respective demographic histories following colonisation were also distinct. On the one hand, Crete harbours a small population and maintains very low levels of gene flow with neighbouring populations. This has resulted in low genetic diversity, strong genetic drift, increased relatedness in the population and remote inbreeding. Cyprus, on the other hand, appears to maintain enough gene flow with the mainland to avoid such an outcome. Our work provides a comparative population genomic analysis of the effects of neutral processes on a classical island-mainland model system. It provides empirical evidence for the role of stochastic processes in determining the fate of diverging isolated populations.
Growth allometry and dental topography in Upper Triassic conodonts support trophic differentiation and molar-like element function
Authors: Kelz Valentin , Guenser Pauline , Rigo Manuel , Jarochowska Emilia 
Published: June 2021

AbstractConodont elements have high rates of morphological evolution, but the drivers of this disparity are debated. Positive allometric relationships between dimensions of food-processing surfaces and entire P1elements have been used in to argue that these elements performed mechanical digestion. If involved in food processing, the surface of the element should grow at a rate proportional to the increase in energy requirements of the animal. This inference of function relies on the assumption that the energy requirements of the animal grew faster (≅ mass0.75) than the tooth area (≅ mass0.67). We re-evaluate this assumption based on metabolic rates across animals, and calculate the allometry in platform-bearing P1elements of Late Triassic co-occurring taxa,Metapolygnathus communistiandEpigondolella rigoi, using 3D models of ontogenetic series. Positive allometry is found in platform and element dimensions in both species, supporting a grasping-tooth hypothesis, based on the assumption that metabolic rate in conodonts scaled with body mass similarly to that in fish and ectoterms. We also calculate the curvature of P1platform surface using the Dirichlet Normal Energy (DNE) as a proxy for diet.DNE values increase with body mass, supporting the assumption that conodont metabolic rates increased faster than mass0.67. We finally find that adults in both taxa differ in their food bases, which supports trophic diversification as an important driver of the remarkable disparity of conodont elements.
Geopolitical implications of China’s rise in Asia
Authors: Jain Romi , Lee Joseph Tse-Hei 
Published: June 2021

Purpose
This introductory essay historicizes the evolution of China’s geopolitical strategy from the Maoist era (1949–1976) to the present. It examines the Chinese strategic thinking in four spatial settings: Eurasia, maritime Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent and the wider Indo-Pacific region. The Chinese strategic concerns are comparable across these regions, but the ability to pursue security interests is contingent on many circumstantial factors. This study refers to some snapshots of the ongoing regional disputes to discuss the continuities and breakpoints in China’s strategic outreach in a multipolar world.

Design/methodology/approach
This study draws on the scholarly literature and policy papers to examine the interrelated forces that shape China’s rise to regional dominance: how Beijing has co-opted a series of global and regional crises for its rise to domination; how China, the USA and neighbouring countries have adjusted and adapted to a new changing international order; and how major powers in littoral and maritime Asia respond to an increasingly assertive Chinese state.

Findings
This study documents the combination of smart, soft and sharp power that China has deployed, since the global financial crisis of 2008, to enforce its dominance against the USA across the Pacific Rim and Eurasia. It argues that General Secretary of the Chinese Communist PartyXi Jinping initially launched the Belt and Road Initiative to respond to former US President Barak Obama’s policy of rebalancing Asia, and he has expanded these expansionary projects to counter US President Donald Trump’s “America First” doctrine, thereby asserting Chinese influence abroad and tightening control against discontented populations at home.

Research limitations/implications
Many Western policy analysts are wondering whether a rising China will be a “status quo” state or a revisionist state that attempts to challenge the existing world order. The lack of clarification from Beijing has prompted Washington to shift from a longstanding strategy of diplomatic engagement to that of geostrategic containment to balance against China.

Originality/value
The strategic goals of China in the early 21st century pertain to security reassurance, access to energy resources and national image building. Since the global financial crisis of 2008, China has become immensely confident of its own socio-economic accomplishments and scornful of what it perceives as an American conspiracy to undermine its rise to power. Following in the footsteps of the USA in the post-Second World War era, Japan in the 1980s and Taiwan in the 1990s, Beijing has used international commercial activities and business contracts to achieve specific political, strategic and diplomatic objectives.
Strategies for expanding HACCP certification rate using an awareness survey of dairy farmers
Authors: Chon Jung‐Whan , Koo Rakhyun , Song Kwang‐Young , Kang Il‐Byeong , Kim Dong‐Hyeon , Bae Dongryeoul , Kim Hyunsook , Kim Sae‐Hun , Seo Kun‐Ho 
Published: June 2021

This study was performed to provide baseline data for developing strategies for expanding the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) certification rate using an awareness survey of dairy farmers. A 44‐item questionnaire was used to survey randomly selected respondents comprising 84 HACCP‐certified and 75 noncertified dairy farms. The quality of raw milk in terms of bacterial and somatic cell count in HACCP‐certified farms was statistically (P < 0.05) higher compared with the milk in noncertified farms. Similarly, milk fat and milk protein were statistically (P < 0.05) superior in HACCP‐certified farms. The study finds that the practical barriers to implementing HACCP include inadequate financial assistance, incentive programmes, HACCP consulting and education, consumer awareness and knowledge about HACCP‐certified products, streamlined recording systems, and farm‐oriented mobile operations and maintenance systems. These findings can contribute to the development strategies to increase the rate of HACCP certification of dairy farms around the world.
Visceral fat level correction of the left ventricular hypertrophy electrocardiographic criteria
Authors: Salamaga Szymon , Dydowicz Franciszek , Turowska Agnieszka , Juszczyk Iwona , Matyjasek Mateusz , Kostka‐Jeziorny Katarzyna , Szczepaniak‐Chicheł Ludwina , Tykarski Andrzej , Uruski Paweł 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundLeft ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a well‐known risk factor for cardiovascular events. Even though there are many electrocardiographic (ECG) criteria for LVH, they still provide poor performance, especially among obese patients. The aim of this study was to examine whether adding visceral fat to ECG LVH criteria improves accuracy in the diagnosis.MethodsOne thousand seven hundred twenty two patients were included in the study. All patients underwent a complete physical examination, office blood pressure measurement, analysis of body composition, 12‐lead ECG, and M‐mode two‐dimensional echocardiography. Four standard ECG criteria for LVH were analyzed, including Cornell voltage criteria, Cornell duration criteria, Sokolow–Lyon voltage criteria, and Sokolow–Lyon product criteria. Adjustments of ECG LVH criteria were performed using visceral fat level (VFATL) and BMI. Transthoracic echocardiography was used as a reference method to compare the quality of ECG LVH criteria.ResultsMultivariate logistic regression models were created and revealed a significant increase of area under curve (AUC) after VFATL and BMI addition to ECG LVH criteria. Improvement of sensitivity at 90% specificity was observed in all created models. The odds ratio (OR) of the analyzed ECG criteria increased after adding VFATL and BMI to the models. Furthermore, ROC curves analysis exposed better characteristics in detecting LVH of VFATL‐adjusted criteria than BMI‐adjusted and unadjusted criteria.ConclusionsAdjusting ECG indexes to BMI or VFATL improves the sensitivity of LVH detection. VFATL‐corrected indexes are more sufficiently than BMI‐corrected. After advancements in indexes, both lean and morbidly obese individuals outcomes show a greater prevalence of correct LVH diagnosis.
Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, polygenic risk score and colorectal cancer risk
Authors: Chen Xuechen , Guo Feng , Hoffmeister Michael , Chang‐Claude Jenny , Brenner Hermann 
Published: June 2021

SummaryBackgroundThe regular use of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been associated with reduced colorectal cancer (CRC) risk.AimTo explore whether this association varies according to background polygenic risk for CRC.MethodsData were collected from a large population‐based case‐control study on CRC in Germany. A polygenic risk score (PRS) based on 140 CRC‐related risk loci was used to quantify the genetic risk. The associations of regular use of NSAIDs (≥2times per week for at least 1 year) with CRC risk were estimated in the whole population and in subgroups according to PRS levels using multivariable logistic regression. The impact of NSAIDs on CRC risk was compared to PRS using the ‘genetic risk equivalent’ (GRE), a recently developed metric for effective risk communication.ResultsIn total 5129 CRC cases and 4093 controls were included in this analysis. The regular use of NSAIDs (including aspirin) was associated with reduced CRC risk [odds ratio (OR) 0.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.59, 0.74], as was regular use of aspirin only (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.65, 0.83), without indication of interaction with the PRS (P = 0.10 and 0.22 respectively). The effect of NSAID use was equivalent to the effect of having a 32 percentiles lower PRS (GRE −32, 95% CI −41, −22).ConclusionsThe regular use of NSAIDs is associated with greatly reduced CRC risk regardless of individual genetic profile. With an equivalent reduction of relative risk across all polygenic risk groups, absolute risk reduction would be expected to be strongest among those with the highest polygenic risk score.
Persistent visual dysfunction following posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome due to COVID‐19: Case series and literature review
Authors: Hixon Alison M. , Thaker Ashesh A. , Pelak Victoria S. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackground and purposeThe full spectrum of neurological sequelae in COVID‐19 is beginning to emerge. SARS‐CoV‐2 has the potential to cause both direct and indirect brain vascular endothelial damage through infection and inflammation that may result in long‐term neurological signs and symptoms. We sought to illuminate persistent neuro‐ophthalmological deficits that may be seen following posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) due to COVID‐19.MethodsWe identified three individuals with PRES due to COVID‐19 in our hospital system. One patient was identified on presentation to our neuro‐ophthalmology clinic. The other patients were identified through internal records search. These cases were compared to published reports of PRES in COVID‐19 identified through systematic literature search of PubMed/LitCOVID.ResultsAll three patients were hospitalized with severe COVID‐19 and developed altered mental status with new onset seizures that led to the recognition of PRES through diagnostic imaging. During recovery, two patients had persistent visual dysfunction including visual field deficits. One patient also experienced hallucinatory palinopsia and visual hallucinations. Literature search identified 32 other cases of PRES in the context of COVID‐19. Visual disturbances were described in 14 cases (40%), with only seven cases (50%) reporting full recovery by the time of publication.ConclusionsAs we learn about enduring neurological complications of COVID‐19, it is possible that complications may be underrecognized and underreported. Understanding the range of complications can help in postcare evaluation and management changes in the critical care setting to potentially allow intervention before persistent deficits occur due to COVID‐19.
Comparison of equine synovial sepsis rate following intrasynovial injection in ambulatory versus hospital settings
Authors: Krause Danielle M. , Pezzanite Lynn M. , Griffenhagen Gregg M. , Hendrickson Dean A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundFrequency of synovial sepsis in horses following intrasynovial injection has been reported, but not compared with respect to the environment in which the injection was performed.ObjectivesTo describe occurrence of synovial sepsis following intrasynovial injections performed in ambulatory vs hospital settings.Study designRetrospective cohort study.MethodsRecords from the Colorado State University were evaluated (2014‐2018) and horses receiving intrasynovial injections were identified. Patients presenting for septic synovial structures were excluded. Patient signalment, primary supervising service, medications injected, location (field/hospital), whether synovial sepsis resulted, and at what time sepsis was recognised were recorded. Logistic regression was used to estimate the contributions of covariates to the occurrence of synovial sepsis following injection.ResultsDuring the study period, 3866 intrasynovial injections were performed in 1112 horses during 1623 sessions, with 643/1623 sessions performed in the field. The most frequently used medications were hyaluronate (846/1623, 52.1%), triamcinolone acetonide (780 /1623, 48.1%) and amikacin sulfate (684/1623, 42.1%). Four horses developed synovial sepsis (0.2% sessions, 0.1% synovial structures); 3/4 were injected in the field, 2/4 received antibiotics with the injection. The frequency of septic synovitis was 10.4 cases per 10 000 injections, or 1 in 967 injections. All horses recovered following synovial lavage and antibiotic therapy. Performing injections in the field (P = .2) or without antibiotics (P = .7) did not alter the risk of synovial sepsis.Main limitationsLimitations include the retrospective nature of data collection and low rate of infection overall, which prohibited evaluation of individual medication regimes as factors associated with resultant infection.ConclusionsThe frequency of synovial sepsis in this population of horses was not higher when injections were performed in the field or without concurrent antibiotic administration. These data may help to inform practitioners and clients regarding the relative potential risk of complications following intrasynovial medication in different environmental settings.
Automated COVID‐19 detection in chest X‐ray images using fine‐tuned deep learning architectures
Authors: Aggarwal Sonam , Gupta Sheifali , Alhudhaif Adi , Koundal Deepika , Gupta Rupesh , Polat Kemal 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic has a significant impact on human health globally. The illness is due to the presence of a virus manifesting itself in a widespread disease resulting in a high mortality rate in the whole world. According to the study, infected patients have distinct radiographic visual characteristics as well as dry cough, breathlessness, fever, and other symptoms. Although, the reverse transcription polymerase‐chain reaction (RT‐PCR) test has been used for COVID‐19 testing its reliability is very low. Therefore, computed tomography and X‐ray images have been widely used. Artificial intelligence coupled with X‐ray technologies has recently shown to be more effective in the diagnosis of this disease. With this motivation, a comparative analysis of fine‐tuned deep learning architectures has been made to speed up the detection and classification of COVID‐19 patients from other pneumonia groups. The models used for this analysis are MobileNetV2, ResNet50, InceptionV3, NASNetMobile, VGG16, Xception, InceptionResNetV2 DenseNet121, which have been fine‐tuned using a new set of layers replaced with the head of the network. This research work has carried out an analysis on two datasets. Dataset‐1 includes the images of three classes: Normal, COVID, and Pneumonia. Dataset‐2, in contrast, contains the same classes with more focus on two prominent pneumonia categories: bacterial pneumonia and viral pneumonia. The research was conducted on 959 X‐ray images (250 of Bacterial Pneumonia, 250 of Viral Pneumonia, 209 of COVID, and 250 of Normal cases). Using the confusion matrix, the required results of different models have been computed. For the first dataset, DenseNet121 has obtained a 97% accuracy, while for the second dataset, MobileNetV2 has performed best with an accuracy of 81%.