bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design Mixture of RAP-HMA Pavements: A Review
Authors: Sharma A , Ransinchung G D , Kumar P , Kumar D S N V A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Roads are the national assets of a country. Once they are non-functional, they can be recycled to serve the next design life. Flexible pavements are the predominant type of pavement all over the world. The distressed flexible pavement material can be termed as Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) material. The most common percent of RAP in the recycling process is 20% only. For higher incorporation of RAP material, there is uncertainty in the performance of RAP-HMA mixture. Design Mixture of RAP incorporated HMA technology depends on criteria’s like the viscosity of aged RAP extracted binder, dosages of recycling agents, overheating of RAP material and method of intrusion of RAP material in plant production units etc. The fields cum laboratory studies have found rutting, fatigue and moisture susceptibility as major concerns in this technology. The uses of rejuvenators have been found to improve the fatigue resistance of asphalt mixture but its over-dosages may impact rutting resistance. Hence, a balanced mixture design method which involves performance evaluation of recycled mixture is required. This paper discusses the mixture design of RAP-HMA pavement.
Reviewing methods for determination of Dielectric Constant required to Calibrate GPR Study for Asphalt Layers
Authors: Walia A , Rastogi R , Kumar P , Jain S S 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a non-invasive technique developed substantially in the recent years. Initially, GPR technology was applied to natural ground to explore the sub-surface conditions and identify the anomalies in it. Now it has become a well-accepted technique to investigate any kind of materials such as wood, ice, concrete, asphalt etc. The calibration of GPR equipment is most important prerequisite criteria before data collection for accurate investigation of pavement subsurface features. During calibration, the velocity of radar waves will be calibrated in contrast to subjected material as whole examination is governed on the basis of it. The basic dielectric properties required as a prerequisite while using GPR system are dielectric permittivity, electrical conductivity along with magnetic permeability. The dielectric constant affects the velocity of transmitting wave as inverse proportion i.e. velocity decreases with an increase in dielectric constant and vice-versa. Considering the principle, the detailed study of pavements requires understanding and estimation of ‘bulk’ dielectric constant. The heterogeneous conditions of pavement actually obscure the straightforwardness of analysis and therefore estimation of a ‘bulk’ dielectric constant value becomes essential. There are several methods to compute the dielectric constant of asphaltic layers, which are developed by different researchers, and these are discussed briefly in this paper. The paper tries to put forward the merits and demerits of these methods and to identify the most appropriate one suiting to Indian conditions.
Assessing Health Impact of Air Pollutants in Five Iraqi Cities Using AirQ+ Model
Authors: Abbas T R , Abbas R R 
Published: March 2021

AbstractConcentration of air pollutants CO, NO2, SO2, O3, PM10, PM2.5 in four Iraqi cities (Al-Najaf, Al-Muthanna, Maysan, Kirkuk) and PM2.5 in Baghdad city were monitored and analysed for the period September 1, 2019 to August 31, 2020. The results showed that the daily mean concentration of CO, NO2for the four cities are well below the WHO air quality standard. In general, PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations are the factors that govern the air quality index in Iraqi cities under consideration. It is clear that, for all the cities under consideration, the daily AQI is mostly “Moderate” and to a less extent “Unhealthy for sensitive groups”. However, there are 53 days for Al-Muthanna (mainly due to PM10) and 58 days for Baghdad (due to PM2.5 alone) in which the AQI is “Unhealthy”. Moreover, there are another 53 days for Al-Muthanna in which the AQI is “Hazardus”. So, the air quality in Al-Muthanna and Baghdad can be considered lower than that in other cities. Indeed, this is attributed to dust storms in Al-Muthanna and high population of Baghdad city and consequently higher air pollutants emissions due to their industrial, transportation and electric generation activities. AirQ+ software was used to assess public health consequences of long term exposure to PM2.5 in terms of relative risk (RR). RR of acute lower respiratory disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary, mortality by lung cancer, ischemic heart disease, mortality by stroke for the five cities were assessed. RR of mortality by lung cancer due to exposure to PM2.5 in Baghdad is the highest among the cities under consideration. RRLC= 1.25 (95% CI = 1.14 – 1.4).
Radiation Control of Halogen Lamps Falling on Double Pass Solar Air Heater
Authors: Ali Shrooq Jomaa , Jalil Jalal M , Al-Karim Shereen F Abd 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis paper studies the control of radiation on double-pass solar air heaters with porous media in the lower channel. The intensity of radiations was controlled in two ways potentiometer and mobile via the Bluetooth by designing, building, and implementing a light control system which consists of a power supply, transformer, two Arduino microcontroller (which programmed with C++ language), bridge rectifier, resistances, two optocouplers, TRAIC, Bluetooth model, toggle switch and LCD Display. The results showed the inverse relationship between the solar radiation and the resistance, the maximum solar radiation obtained from this work reached 786 W/m2when the resistance is 1.15 kΩ, while the minimum solar radiation is 158.6 W/m2when the resistance is 6.21 kΩ. The output power increases with increasing solar radiation, which means the maximum output power reaches 2567 W at the maximum solar radiation.
A New Smart Approach for Best Location Determination Based on Internet of Things
Authors: Aziz Hadeel Hussein , Abdullah Mahmood Zaki 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Finding the best location among several alternatives require more effort, time, and devices in the usual cases, especially if these locations in another city or governorate. This study pursuit using a smart approach to select the best new primary school site with an accurate result in a short time and low cost. The presented approach utilizes a smartphone as an internet of things (IoT) device that has an internal Global Positioning System (GPS) unit to collect and send the location (GPS coordinates) via Google maps application to urban planners (decision-makers) to give their opinion in each site sent to them after making a spatial analysis for these site using the Arc GIS program to assess every advised site with each criterion. Then, the fuzzy TOPSIS method aggregates urban planners’ opinions to determine the more suitable site for a new primary school. The Fuzzy TOPSIS method was implemented using python code to reduce the time required for manual computation. All the Fuzzy TOPSIS steps executed time does not exceed 1 minute, and it just needs to enter the number of (criteria, decision-makers, and alternative sites). The importance weight of the criteria for each decision-maker and the ratings of alternative sites by the decision-makers’ chosen criteria. So with this smart approach, with a few hours, we can find a more fitting new site, although it took more than a week in the normal way.
Performance Evaluation of Eco-Friendly Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Incorporated with Waste Glass-A Review
Authors: Esmaeili Jamshid , AL-Mwanes Ammar Oudah 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The ultra-high-performance glass concrete (UHPGC) is an advanced UHPC innovative pioneer in sustainable concrete technology. UHPGC technology can provide environmental benefits through the use of post-consumer glass. Economic benefits through the decrease in the amount of landfilled materials are undesirable as they are neither biodegradable nor environmentally friendly and could reduce the costs for UHPC. Compressive strength greater than 150 MPa and mini-slump spread diameter bigger than 250 mm can be achieved, depending on the UHPGC composition and curing temperature. The glass powder (GP) milled to the micro-scale is subjected to low pozzolanic reaction and works as a catalyst speeding clinker dissolution forming calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H). These reactions have a good positive influence on both UHPC’s mechanical and microstructural properties. This paper overviews previous studies carried out as partial or full replacement of sand or quartz sand (QS), quartz powder (QP), and silica fume (SF) by the use of milled waste glass (WG) in UHPC mixture. Nowadays, the sustainability of the construction sector must be a priority for the scientific community. So, the development of the used materials and methods to extend the lifetime of concrete structures is mandatory.
Statistical Determination of Mechanical Properties of AL-Filled Glass/Polyester Sandwich Panel under Impact Loading
Authors: Mohammed Farag Mahel , Dawood Jamal Jalal 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Taguchi method and a regression model have been developed to study the effect of AL% filler contents on the glass/polyester honeycomb sandwich panel behavior subjected to impact load. Using the standard Taguchi’s array L9, analysis of means (ANOM) including main effects of S/N ratio and experimental response, ANOVA was used to determine the optimum process parameters with its significant factor. Three parameters as controlled variables have considered: AL%, mass, and height with three levels for each of them in destructive and non-destructive tests. The results show that for deflection: the mass has the highest contribution at (58.2439%) followed by the AL% filler (21.3718%). The AL% has the highest contribution for the deformation, with a percentage of (89.1144%) followed by the height and mass with a relative contribution to each other. The regression model has a good prediction, with a perfect correlation between the output and input variables. The coefficient of determination and the correlation coefficient are 89.88 % and 0.94, respectively, for deflection, while for deformation are 81.45 % and 0.9, respectively. The average error MAPE equals 6.19 % and 12.128 % for deflection and deformation, respectively. There is a strong relationship between the variables depending on the correlation coefficient, which presents as 0.94 for deflection and 0.9 for deformation. Confirmation results show that the experimental and predicted values were close to each other.
Investigating the Pull-out Capacity of a Horizontal Plate Anchor Embedded in Sandy Soil
Authors: Ali Zaynib Sadoon , Aziz Laith Jawad 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Anchor systems have been widely used recently due to its importance in increasing the stability of structures subjected to uplift forces and overturning moments. Accordingly, it is vital to investigate the parameters that might affect anchor systems’ operational performance and structural behavior. The current study investigates the characteristics and parameters that might affect the uplift capacity of a horizontal anchor plate embedded in cohesionless soil. The sample of soil was brought from Al-Najaf province (Iraq). The parameters included are; plate embedding depth, the soil’s effective dimension above the plate, and soil improvement by compaction. The model setup includes forming a steel container with dimensions (70 x 70 x 70) cm and a circular steel plate of 10 cm diameter. Three embedding depth ratios were chosen; these are 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 of the total soil sample depth. Three effective soil diameters were chosen as percentages of the plate diameter; these are 1.0%, 1.5%, and 3%. According to the ASTM specification, several physical and chemical tests were carried out on the soil sample to determine its classification and needed engineering characteristics. The laboratory test results revealed that for both treated and untreated soil samples, the ultimate uplift capacity of the anchor plate increases with increasing the embedded depth of the anchor plate; for example, at improvement ratio (D/d=3.0), the ratio (P/Po = 1.05,1.28 and 1.6) for depth ratio (h/T=0.1,0.2, and 0.3) respectively. The values of the pull-out capacity of the anchor plate are increased with increasing the improvement area above the anchor plate; for example, at depth ratio (h/T=0.3), the values P/Po = 1.05,1.28 and 1.6 for D/d=1,1.5 and 3.0) respectively. Finally, the compaction technique can effectively improve the behavior of the anchor plate.
Natural Convection in a Square Cavity Filled with Saturated Porous Media and Partially Heated From Below
Authors: Salih Noah M , Ezzat Sarah B , Hassan Afnan A , Jasim Qusay K 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper represents an experimental study of natural convection heat transfer in a square enclosure filled with saturated porous medium and partially heated from below. Two locations (left and middle of the enclosure) has been studied in the present work to explain heat and temperature distribution inside the enclosure. The experimental results obtained under constant heat flux within the range of (1000-10000 W/m2), and modified Rayleigh number within the range of (0 < Ram < 420). The experimental results are presented in the form of temperature distribution, Nussalt and Rayleigh number are plotted versus heat flux, and for both cases. The results were expressed as isotherms, distributions. The location of the heating element has a noticeable effect on the distribution of heat and temperature. The study indicated that the Nussalt number depends on the Rayleigh number and is directly proportional to it. Furthermore, two empirical equations were obtained for the considered study cases illustrated the correlation between the Nussalt and Rayleigh numbers.
Performance Evaluation of the Single-Stage Absorption Cooling System through Energy and Exergy Analysis
Authors: Zaidan Maki H , Khalaf Hameed J , Hashim Abdulghafor M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this study, a single effect (H2O-LiBr) water lithium bromide absorption cooling system is presented and evaluated by energy and exergy analysis. A mathematical thermodynamic model of the absorption cooling system has been found and derived from the basic principles of the first and second laws of the thermodynamics. The important parameters of performance are focused on the coefficient of performance COP and exergy efficiency. The performance was carried out over a range of operating conditions including the effect of generator, absorber and ambient temperatures. An energy and exergy investigation of separate system components were also obtained. The main obvious effect is detected for the situation of exergy efficiency for generator and absorber. The exergy efficiency increases with the rise of absorption temperature and a reverse effect is detected when the temperature of generator increases. The performance comparison of system components has been conducted in the present study. Exergy destruction of the generator was noticed to be 42% higher than exergy destruction in the absorber of 28%, due to the mixing of lithium bromide and water at high generator temperature of about 88°C. The COP of the absorption refrigeration system differs at the range (0.6 - 0.732) and maximum value was achieved at lowest temperature of absorber. The exergy analysis shows that the destroyed exergy distribution in the components of the system depends powerfully on the temperatures of system. The increasing in the generator temperature of higher than 88°C increases the COP of the current system, and with a additional increase in the generator temperature, the COP value stays constant. The obtained results lead to the documentation of factors that may affect the exergy efficiency of the (H2O-LiBr) absorption system. It was found that the efficiency of the exergy of the system increased as a result of the increasing in the ambient temperature from (25°C to 45°C). The results show that the influence of system components condition on the total exergy loss is very significant.
A Critical Review of Recent Research of Free Vibration and Stability of Functionally Graded Materials of Sandwich Plate
Authors: Njim Emad Kadum , Al-Waily Muhannad , Bakhy Sadeq H 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In the past few decades, due to the unique material properties of functionally graded materials (FGM’s), they have been used in various engineering industries. This article aims to introduce an overview of the existing literature on the area of application, stability, and free vibration analysis of FGM structures conducted by some recent research studies and to provide a comprehensive overview of the development, application, different numerical representation of materials, demonstrating procedures and arrangement technique and solution method of FGM rectangular plate. It focuses on the influence of many parameters on natural frequencies and buckling loads, such as aspect ratio, power-law index, porosity distribution throughout the thickness of the plate, and face sheet thickness. This research also involves various analyses and numerical techniques for vibration and buckling analysis of the FGM sandwich plate. Furthermore, some important notes and suggestions are put forward for future work trails in this field. It is found that there is an exceptionally restricted path to investigate the same above analysis for the FGM sandwich plate with the porous metal dependent on various parameters such as gradient index, aspect ratio, face sheet thickness, porous factor, FGM layers thickness, and the number of layers.
Simulation of the Influence of Internal Pressure on Free Vibrated Aluminum Conveying Fluid Pipe
Authors: Altai Ali Abbas W , Sadiq Ghanim Sh 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
High temperature and pressure conditions lead to expanding the pipelines used to transport different types of fluids. A compressive axial force arises if this expansion is prevented. The present work aims to analyze pipelines’ instability due to internal pressure influence by making a simulation using ANSYS - Mechanical APDL 2019 R3. The study presents comparisons between increasing internal pressure from (0 to 10 MPa) on some pipe parameters like a natural frequency and instability for two pined-pined pipe thicknesses, which are 0.5 and 1 mm. It is concluded that the increase in internal pressure will decrease the natural frequency and stability of the vibrated system but will increase the modal damping ratio and total deformation of the tested pipe.
Computerized Generation of Asymmetric Straight Bevel Gear
Authors: Hashim Adil Habeeb , Abdullah Mohammad Qasim 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTo carry out any type of analysis and study the gear drives, the primary steps include the graphical representation of the gear drive under consideration. In this study, the mathematical formulations of the tooth surface, tooth root surface, and tooth root transition surface of symmetric straight bevel gear were formulated based on the planning principle. The proposed modification has been done on the mathematical formulation of the symmetric tooth profile to consider the effect of asymmetric tooth profiles (which are characterized by different pressure angles on the loaded and unloaded sides). As a result of this study, a computer program based on the above mathematical formulation has been built to represent the final shape of symmetric and asymmetric teeth profiles of straight bevel gear for different design parameters.
Numerical Study of Improved Heat Transfer with Phase Change Material Inside Rectangular Cells using Copper Rods
Authors: Jasim Ali K , Hussein Hasan Q , Sultan Hakim S , Mohsen A M 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis work presents a numerical study of improving heat transfer to PCM (paraffin wax) inside a rectangular cell using copper rods. The numerical study is conducted using an enthalpy–porosity formulation in (ANSYS/FLUENT software16). The phase replacement material used in this study is paraffin wax (RT58). This study aims at improving heat transfer and absorption within phase-changing materials. The work demonstrates the effect of the presence and number of copper rods in the cell on heat transfer and the effect of this on time required to finish the melting process, thus improving the heat storage or absorption process. It is found that using copper rods inside cell filled of PCM increases the feasibility process and decreases the time to complete the melting process in the rate of 50%. It is also found that increasing the number of rods from three to five increases the melting process in the rate of 10%. In contrast, increasing number of rods decreased the time to complete the melting process.
Numerical and Experimental Study on the Influence of Low Frequency Vibration on Strains of Single Point Incremental Forming
Authors: Nema Riham Ali , Tawfik Mauwafak Ali , Sadoon Muthanna Hamzah 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Single point incremental forming (SPIF) is a decent potential procedure appropriate for small batch production. In addition to that, the formability of the material is expanded compared to the other sheet metal forming processes. Meanwhile, the more advanced SPIF process requires perfect comprehension of the material deformation technique. In this paper, the equipment of vibration - sheet metal forming was designed. Finite element model was used to demonstrate and analyze the effect of different frequencies of vibration on the strain distribution in single point incremental forming process. The results show that specific vibration parameters can decrease strain. Moreover, an experimental vibration system using single point incremental forming was designed. The numerical model is primarily supported by test results conclusions from a simple cone of Al1050 aluminum alloy.
Characteristics and Management of Produced Water in Al-Ahdab Oil Field
Authors: Mahbouba Zahraa N , Abdulkhalik Mahmood K , Mussa Jassim H 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Produced water (PW) is the wastewater generated when water from the underground reservoir is brought to the surface during oil or gas extraction. PW is generated in large amounts and has a complex composition, containing various toxic organic and inorganic compounds. Thus, it is a big issue for water and environmental pollution; therefore, it must be treated to meet the requirement of injection, disposal or re-use. This paper attempts to summarize the characteristics of produced water and clarifying the current treatment operations in Al-Ahdab oil field located between Numania and Al-Kut (the center of Kut Province), about 180 km to the south-east of Baghdad/Iraq. This field is managed by Iraqi Middle Oil Company. The collected samples of the PW from Al-Ahdab oil field were taken and analysed for pre-treatment and post-treatment. The treatment units consists of de-oiling (removal of dispersed oil and grease), desalination, removal of suspended particles and sand, removal of soluble organics, removal of dissolved gases and removal of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM). The result showed that the current treatment does not meet the requirements for irrigation water quality or other benefits used. At the same time, it suitable for re-injection operation into a reservoir for oil extraction purposes.