bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐resolution genotyping of HLA class I loci in children with type 1 diabetes and celiac disease
Authors: Alshiekh Shehab , Geraghty Daniel E. , Agardh Daniel 
Published: April 2021

ObjectivesHLA‐DQ2 and DQ8 contribute to the strongest risk haplotypes for type 1 diabetes (T1D) and celiac disease (CD). The variation in genetic risk association is likely linked to different HLA class II loci susceptibility, but association studies of HLA class I alleles are scarce. The aim was to investigate HLA class I A, B, and C alleles polymorphisms in children with only T1D, CD, and a subgroup with both T1D and CD (T1D w/CD).Materials and methodsHLA class I A, B, and C genes were genotyped using next‐generation targeted sequencing. A conditional analysis was performed on 68 children with T1D, 219 children with CD and seven children with T1D w/CD enrolled from a birth cohort study at high genetic risk children from the South of Sweden.ResultsAmong 1764 HLA class I allele variants, A*29:02:01 in T1D w/CD was associated with both T1D (OR = 21.42 [1.05, 1322.4], p = 0.0231) and CD (OR = 35 [2.36, 529.12], p = 0.0051) along with C*05:01:01 with both T1D (OR = 5.54 [1.06, 24.8], p = 0.02) and CD (OR = 6.84 [1.46, 26.01], p = 0.0077). No independent effects of HLA‐B allele associations were observed in T1D w/CD.ConclusionAlthough the distribution of HLA class I alleles differs between children with T1D and CD, the A*29:02:01 and C*05:01:01 alleles showed shared risk association of both diseases.
Large-Eddy Simulations of High Rossby Number Flow in the High-Pressure Compressor Inter-Disk Cavity
Authors: Saini Deepak , Sandberg Richard D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The focus of the present study is to understand the effect of Rayleigh number on a high Rossby number flow in a high-pressure compressor inter-disk cavity. These cavities form between the compressor disks of a gas turbine engine, and they are an integral part of the internal air cooling system. We perform highly resolved large-eddy simulations for two Rayleigh numbers of 0.76 × 108 and 1.54 × 108 at a fixed Rossby number of 4.5 by solving the compressible Navier–Stokes equations. The results show a flow structure dominated by a toroidal vortex in the inner region of the cavity. In the outer region, the flow is observed to move radially outwards by Ekman layers formed on the side disks and to move radially inwards through the central core region of the cavity. An enhancement in the intensity of the radial flares is observed in the outer region of the cavity for the high Rayleigh number case with no perceivable effect in the inner region. The near-shroud region is mostly dominated by the centrifugal buoyancy-induced flow and the wall Nusselt number calculated at the shroud is in close agreement with centrifugal buoyancy-induced flow without an axial bore flow.
Thermodynamic Assessment of Using Water as a Refrigerant in Cascade Refrigeration Systems With Other Environmentally Friendly Refrigerants
Authors: Alkhulaifi Yousif M. , Mokheimer Esmail M. A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
For current and future sustainability, refrigerants with high global warming potential (GWP) are being phased out and replaced with environmentally friendly refrigerants. To this end, research into the current and possible future low-GWP refrigerant alternatives in cascade refrigeration systems has caught much attention. In this paper, a mathematical model is developed to assess the optimum energetic, exergetic, and operational parameters of a cascade refrigeration system using water as a refrigerant in the upper cycle with R744, N2O, R41, R717, R290, and R1270 in the lower cycle for a cooling load of 10 TR (35.2 kW). Multiple studies have been conducted for evaporator temperatures between −25 and 5 °C. Results show that R41 and R717 as low- and intermediate-temperature refrigerants, respectively, are recommended for the bottom cycle. Furthermore, R717-water showed improved coefficient of performance (COP) compared to other top cycle refrigerants, with a COP improvement of 2.9% to 8.6%. This study demonstrates the thermal feasibility of using water as a refrigerant in low-temperature cascade systems. Using water as a refrigerant in the top cycle showed promising results in low-temperature applications without the risk of solidification. However, the drawbacks are the high volumetric flowrate and compressor discharge temperature, requiring high capacity water injected compressor.
Fluid Dynamics and Pressure Drop Prediction of Two-Phase Flow Through Sudden Contractions
Authors: Patra Saroj K. , Roul Manmatha K. , Satapathy Prasanta K. , Barik Ashok K. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The aim of the present study is to investigate fluid dynamics and pressure drop across sudden contractions in a two-dimensional, axisymmetric pipe carrying a two-phase mixture of air (secondary phase) and water (primary phase), using the Eulerian–Eulerian model of the multiphase flow physics to solve the mass, momentum, volume fraction and turbulent quantities with relevant boundary conditions in a finite volume framework. The realizable per-phase k-ε and Reynolds stress models have been used as the closure for turbulent quantities along with enhanced wall function for the near-wall treatment. The effects of various parameters such as mass flux, mass flow quality, area ratio (0.056–0.619), flow directions (horizontal/vertical), and system pressure on the two-phase pressure drops due to a contraction in the pipe have been quantified. For both the single and two-phase flows, it has been observed that the pressure drop decreases with area ratio, and increases with mass flux and mass flow quality of two-phase flow. The vena contracta for a single-phase flow was found. But for two-phase flow, neither the vena contracta nor the recirculation zone has been observed, as the mass quality exceeds above 50%. A higher pressure drop has been observed for vertical pipes as compared to horizontal pipes. The present numerical results have also been validated with published experimental results, believed to be one of the alternatives to the costly experimental methods for predicting the flow dynamics and pressure drop.
An Object-Oriented Knowledge-Based System for Assembly of Printed Circuit Boards
Authors: Padhy Sisir K. , Dwivedi S. N. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this paper, Printed Circuit Board Assembly Advisor (PCAAD), an object-oriented knowledge-based system is described. The system aims to aid the designer by suggesting design modifications that will lead to a better design for assembly of the Printed Circuit Boards. To account for the new trends in the printed circuit board production, hybrid technology, i.e. combination of both the through-hole mounted technology and surface mounted technology, is taken into consideration in developing the knowledge base. The assembly constraints as well as various limitations of different techniques and processes are considered to formulate the rules and guidelines. Moreover, a hierarchical rule structure has been employed in creating the knowledge base. Smalltalk-80, the object-oriented language and Surface Percept Description Language (SPDL) are used for the creation of knowledge base.
The system provides a high-level user interface and reasoning capability to solve complex problems. It is capable of ranking different designs and suggesting design modifications to the designer during the design stage to eliminate assembly problems in the latter phase of board production.
In Support of Second Order Optimization
Authors: Cao Qiushi , Krishnaswami Prakash 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The vast majority of applied optimization falls into the category of first order optimization. This paper attempts to make the case for increased use of second order optimization techniques. Some of the most serious criticisms against second order methods are discussed and are shown to have lost some of their validity in recent years. In addition, some positive advantages of second order methods are also presented. These advantages include computational efficiency, compatibility with new advances in hardware and spill-over benefits in areas such as minimum sensitivity design. A simple second order constrained optimization algorithm is developed and several examples are solved using this method. A comparison is made with first order methods in terms of the number of function evaluations. The results show that the second order method performs much better than the first order methods in this regard. The paper also suggests some directions for future research in second order optimization.
Nicorandil attenuates high glucose-induced insulin resistance by suppressing oxidative stress-mediated ER stress PERK signaling pathway
Authors: Liu Zhongwei , Zhu Haitao , He Chunhui , He Ting , Pan Shuo , Zhao Na , Zhu Ling , Guan Gongchang , Liu Peng , Zhang Yong , Wang Junkui 
Published: April 2021

IntroductionGlucose-induced insulin resistance is a typical character of diabetes. Nicorandil is now widely used in ischemic heart disease. Nicorandil shows protective effects against oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which are involved in insulin resistance. Here, we investigated mechanisms of nicorandil’s novel pharmacological activity on insulin resistance in diabetes.Research design and methodsNicorandil was administrated to streptozotocin-induced animals with diabetes and high glucose exposed skeletal muscle cells. Insulin resistance and glucose tolerance were evaluated. Molecular mechanisms concerning oxidative stress, ER stress signaling activation and glucose uptake were assessed.ResultsNicorandil attenuated high glucose-induced insulin resistance without affecting fasting blood glucose and glucose tolerance in whole body and skeletal muscle in rats with diabetes. Nicorandil treatment suppressed protein kinase C/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases system activities by reducing cytoplasmic free calcium level in skeletal muscle cells exposed to high glucose. As a result, the oxidative stress-mediated ER stress protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)/eukaryotic initiation factor 2α/activating transcription factor 4/CEBP homologous protein/tribbles homolog (TRB)3 signaling pathway activation was inhibited. Nicorandil downregulated expression of TRB3 and thus facilitated Akt phosphorylation in response to insulin stimulation, leading to glucose transporter4 plasma membrane translocation which promoted glucose uptake capability of skeletal muscle cells.ConclusionsBy reducing cytoplasmic calcium, nicorandil alleviated high glucose-induced insulin resistance by inhibiting oxidative stress-mediated ER stress PERK pathway.
Prevalence of bone fracture and its association with severe hypoglycemia in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Komorita Yuji , Minami Masae , Maeda Yasutaka , Yoshioka Rie , Ohkuma Toshiaki , Kitazono Takanari 
Published: April 2021

IntroductionType 1 diabetes (T1D) is associated with higher fracture risk. However, few studies have investigated the relationship between severe hypoglycemia and fracture risk in patients with T1D, and the results are controversial. Besides, none has investigated the risk factors for fracture in Asian patients with T1D. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of bone fracture and its relationship between severe hypoglycemia and other risk factors in Japanese patients with T1D.Research design and methodsThe single-center cross-sectional study enrolled 388 Japanese patients with T1D (mean age, 45.2 years; women, 60.4%; mean duration of diabetes, 16.6 years) between October 2019 and April 2020. The occurrence and circumstances of any fracture after the diagnosis of T1D were identified using a self-administered questionnaire. The main outcomes were any anatomic site of fracture and fall-related fracture. Severe hypoglycemia was defined as an episode of hypoglycemia that required the assistance of others to achieve recovery.ResultsA total of 92 fractures occurred in 64 patients, and 59 fractures (64%) were fall-related. Only one participant experienced fracture within the 10 years following their diagnosis of diabetes. In logistic regression analysis, the multivariate-adjusted ORs (95% CIs) of a history of severe hypoglycemia were 2.11 (1.11 to 4.09) for any fracture and 1.91 (0.93 to 4.02) for fall-related fracture. Fourteen of 18 participants with multiple episodes of any type of fracture had a history of severe hypoglycemia (p<0.001 vs no fracture).ConclusionsWe have shown that a history of severe hypoglycemia is significantly associated with a higher risk of bone fracture in Japanese patients with T1D.
Kundt geometries and memory effects in the Brans–Dicke theory of gravity
Authors: Siddhant Siddhant , Chakraborty Indranil , Kar Sayan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMemory effects are studied in the simplest scalar–tensor theory, the Brans–Dicke (BD) theory. To this end, we introduce, in BD theory, novel Kundt spacetimes (without and with gyratonic terms), which serve as backgrounds for the ensuing analysis on memory. The BD parameter $$\omega $$
ω
and the scalar field ($$\phi $$
ϕ
) profile, expectedly, distinguishes between different solutions. Choosing specific localised forms for the free metric functions $$H'(u)$$

H
′

(
u
)

(related to the wave profile) and J(u) (the gyraton) we obtain displacement memory effects using both geodesics and geodesic deviation. An interesting and easy-to-understand exactly solvable case arises when $$\omega =-2$$

ω
=
-
2

(with J(u) absent) which we discuss in detail. For other $$\omega $$
ω
(in the presence of J or without), numerically obtained geodesics lead to results on displacement memory which appear to match qualitatively with those found from a deviation analysis. Thus, the issue of how memory effects in BD theory may arise and also differ from their GR counterparts, is now partially addressed, at least theoretically, within the context of this new class of Kundt geometries.
Predicting transport effects of scintillation light signals in large-scale liquid argon detectors
Authors: Garcia-Gamez Diego , Green Patrick , Szelc Andrzej M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractLiquid argon is being employed as a detector medium in neutrino physics and Dark Matter searches. A recent push to expand the applications of scintillation light in Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber neutrino detectors has necessitated the development of advanced methods of simulating this light. The presently available methods tend to be prohibitively slow or imprecise due to the combination of detector size and the amount of energy deposited by neutrino beam interactions. In this work we present a semi-analytical model to predict the quantity of argon scintillation light observed by a light detector with a precision better than $$10\%$$

10
%

, based only on the relative positions between the scintillation and light detector. We also provide a method to predict the distribution of arrival times of these photons accounting for propagation effects. Additionally, we present an equivalent model to predict the number of photons and their arrival times in the case of a wavelength-shifting, highly-reflective layer being present on the detector cathode. Our proposed method can be used to simulate light propagation in large-scale liquid argon detectors such as DUNE or SBND, and could also be applied to other detector mediums such as liquid xenon or xenon-doped liquid argon.
Dissecting the Meme Magic: Understanding Indicators of Virality in Image Memes
Authors: Ling Chen , AbuHilal Ihab , Blackburn Jeremy , De Cristofaro Emiliano , Zannettou Savvas , Stringhini Gianluca 
Published: April 2021

Despite the increasingly important role played by image memes, we do not yet have a solid understanding of the elements that might make a meme go viral on social media. In this paper, we investigate what visual elements distinguish image memes that are highly viral on social media from those that do not get re-shared, across three dimensions: composition, subjects, and target audience. Drawing from research in art theory, psychology, marketing, and neuroscience, we develop a codebook to characterize image memes, and use it to annotate a set of 100 image memes collected from 4chan's Politically Incorrect Board (/pol/). On the one hand, we find that highly viral memes are more likely to use a close-up scale, contain characters, and include positive or negative emotions. On the other hand, image memes that do not present a clear subject the viewer can focus attention on, or that include long text are not likely to be re-shared by users.
We train machine learning models to distinguish between image memes that are likely to go viral and those that are unlikely to be re-shared, obtaining an AUC of 0.866 on our dataset. We also show that the indicators of virality identified by our model can help characterize the most viral memes posted on mainstream online social networks too, as our classifiers are able to predict 19 out of the 20 most popular image memes posted on Twitter and Reddit between 2016 and 2018. Overall, our analysis sheds light on what indicators characterize viral and non-viral visual content online, and set the basis for developing better techniques to create or moderate content that is more likely to catch the viewer's attention.
Two Cases for Traces
Authors: Avdic Mirzel , Bødker Susanne , Larsen-Ledet Ida 
Published: April 2021

In this paper we activate theoretical principles for HCI and CSCW in analysis and design of collaborative technologies. We critically evaluate theoretical principles about how technologies mediate collaborative activities through two empirical cases regarding smart speakers and collaborative writing, respectively. Common to them is that both common objects and mediating artifacts are set in a mixed virtual and physical setting.
Principles from activity theory are examined, specifically with a focus on how people use artifacts and objects as mediators to collaborate in joint activity. As part of questioning the cases, we also position collaborative affordances in relation to the principles. We engage with the cases by using the theoretical principles both analytically and constructively. Our analysis specifically targets traces as a possible construct that has potential to constructively aid collaboration across the two cases. We explore what seems to be a lack of support, and in particular theoretical framing, of traces of past activities, connected objects, other users, etc. With an initial hypothesis that traces could be a mechanism that would support these two kinds of collaborative activities better in a future redesign, we set out to further explore the cases and their future possibilities, and how they could be conceptually grounded and supported. We present a set of analytically and constructively oriented questions to help researchers and designers of artifacts identify mediators for and instances of collaboration.
A Hydrogel Strategy to Augment Tissue Adenosine to Improve Hindlimb Perfusion
Authors: Sayegh Michael N. , Cooney Kimberly A. , Han Woojin M. , Wang Lanfang , Strobel Frederick , Hansen Laura M. , García Andrés J. , Levit Rebecca D. 
Published: April 2021

Objective:
Adenosine is an important vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory, and antithrombotic agent; however, its delivery for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases is challenging due to the drug’s short half-life and dose-limiting side effects. Peripheral artery disease, one of the most prevalent atherosclerotic diseases of the cardiovascular system, remains without adequate nonsurgical treatments, resulting in significant morbidity due to ischemia and inflammation. Here, we hypothesize that we can use an enzyme-loaded synthetic hydrogel for local adenosine production.

Approach and Results:
We engineer a protease-sensitive poly(ethylene glycol)-maleimide-based hydrogel and characterize its rheological parameters when modulating poly(ethylene glycol) density and tethering a peptide to the gel backbone, then test degradation in response to collagenase. We load the gel with an ecto-nucleotidase, CD73, which catalyzes adenosine production from phosphorylated substrates, and use the CD73-loaded gel to generate adenosine in vitro and inhibit neutrophils’ oxidative burst. When delivered in vivo, the CD73 hydrogel augments adenosine levels in hindlimb skeletal muscles 24 hours after induction of peripheral arterial ischemia and increases lower limb perfusion compared with control gel in healthy mice on laser Doppler imaging.

Conclusions:
This enzyme-delivering hydrogel provides a strategy for local and sustained adenosine generation to improve perfusion, and future work will optimize its use for disease modulation.
ADAM17 Boosts Cholesterol Efflux and Downstream Effects of High-Density Lipoprotein on Inflammatory Pathways in Macrophages
Authors: Kothari Vishal , Tang Jingjing , He Yi , Kramer Farah , Kanter Jenny E. , Bornfeldt Karin E. 
Published: April 2021

Objective:
HDL (high-density lipoprotein) can exert both anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory effects in macrophages due to its ability to induce cholesterol depletion. Because cholesterol depletion also increases sheddase activity of the membrane protease ADAM17 (ADAM metallopeptidase domain 17) in other cells, we examined if ADAM17 plays a role in HDL’s effects on inflammatory processes in macrophages in vitro and in vivo.

Approach and Results:

Sorted peritoneal macrophages from human APOA1 (apolipoprotein A1) transgenic LDL (low-density lipoprotein) receptor-deficient (
APOA1

Tg

; Ldlr
−/−
) mice with and without myeloid cell-targeted ADAM17-deficiency were studied in parallel with wildtype and ADAM17-deficient bone marrow-derived macrophages stimulated with HDL in vitro. HDL increased ADAM17 expression and activity in macrophages. Furthermore, ADAM17-deficient macrophages exhibited reduced expression of ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette A1) and reduced cholesterol efflux and were cholesterol loaded. This was caused by the absence of shedding of TNFα, a major ADAM17 substrate. Sorted thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages freshly isolated from
APOA1

Tg

; Ldlr
−/−
mice, which have higher HDL levels than
Ldlr
−/−
controls, showed reduced expression of interferon-inducible genes in response to lipopolysaccharide or interferon β, but exacerbated proinflammatory responses to lipopolysaccharide for
Tnfa
,
Cxcl1
,
Ccl2
, and
Il1b
, phenocopying cells stimulated with HDL in vitro. These effects were all prevented in ADAM17-deficient macrophages and associated with lower concentrations of large HDL particles in
APOA1

Tg

;
Ldlr
−/−
mice with myeloid cell-targeted ADAM17-deficiency.

Conclusions:
The increased cholesterol loading of ADAM17-deficient macrophages prevents both anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory responses of HDL. Our findings demonstrate a novel role for ADAM17 in maintaining cholesterol efflux in macrophages, thereby regulating the immune functions of these cells.