bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dispersion modeling of PM10 from selected flow stations in the Niger Delta, Nigeria: implications on soot pollution
Authors: Nwosisi Michael Chukwuemeka , Oguntoke Olusegun , Taiwo Adewale Matthew 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
Gas flaring in the Niger Delta releases particles which are dispersed over a wide area and have impacts on the environment and human health. The study aimed at assessing the extent of dispersion of PM10 emitted from gas flares in flow stations. Eight selected flow stations in Rivers and Bayelsa states were investigated. The concentrations of PM10 emitted from the flare stacks were monitored 60 m away from the flare stack using a hand-held Met One AEROCET 531 combined Mass Profiler and Particle Counter. Meteorological parameters such as wind speed, ambient temperature and relative humidity were monitored during the sampling campaign. PM10 and meteorological data were analysed for simple and descriptive statistics using SPSS for Windows (version 21.0). Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model (HYSPLIT) was adopted to predict the dispersion of PM10 from the flow stations.

Results
Results revealed the range concentrations of PM10 from the flow stations (FS 1–8) as 19.9 µg/m3 at FS 1 to 55.4 µg/m3 at FS 8. The maximum concentration of PM10 at FS 8 was higher than the World Health organisation limit of 50 µg/m3. The dispersion of PM10 emitted from FS 1, 4 and 7 in April 2017, had a fitting spread over Port Harcourt City.

Conclusions
The modeling results revealed dispersion of PM10 from the flow stations to 14 states in Nigeria. This suggests possible detrimental health and environmental effects of PM10 on residents in the identified states.
Making the investment case for national regulatory authorities
Authors: Twesigye Gloria , Hafner Tamara , Guzman Javier 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWell-functioning national regulatory authorities (NRAs) ensure access to safe, effective, quality-assured, and affordable medical products. However, the benefits of their work are often unseen and difficult to attribute, thereby making NRAs undervalued and under-resourced, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This paper offers three key arguments NRAs and other stakeholders can use to advocate for greater investment in regulatory systems strengthening—medical products regulation effectively safeguards public health; effective regulation improves health system’s efficiency by increasing access to affordable medical products, contributing to universal health coverage; and robust regulation strengthens local pharmaceutical manufacturing and bolsters pharmaceutical trade. NRAs’ critical role in health systems is indisputable, yet they need to better promote their value to receive the requisite resources to function effectively.
Visualizing heterogeneities of earthquake hypocenter catalogs: modeling, analysis, and compensation
Authors: Ogata Yosihiko 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAs basic data for seismic activity analysis, hypocenter catalogs need to be accurate, complete, homogeneous, and consistent. Therefore, clarifying systematic errors in catalogs is an important discipline of seismicity research. This review presents a systematic model-based methodology to reveal various biases and the results of the following analyses. (1) It is critical to examine whether there is a non-stationary systematic estimation bias in earthquake magnitudes in a hypocenter catalog. (2) Most earthquake catalogs covering long periods are not homogeneous in space, time, and magnitude ranges. Earthquake network structures and seismometers change over time, and therefore, earthquake detection rates change over time and space. Even in the short term, many aftershocks immediately following large earthquakes are often undetected, and the detection rate varies, depending on the elapsed time and location. By establishing a detection rate function, the actual seismic activity and the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of catalogs can be discriminated. (3) Near real-time correction of source locations, far from the seismic observation network, can be implemented based on better determined source location comparisons of other catalogs using the same identified earthquakes. The bias functions were estimated using an empirical Bayes method. I provide examples showing different conclusions about the changes in seismicity from different earthquake catalogs. Through these analyses, I also present actual examples of successful modifications as well as various misleading conclusions about changes in seismic activity. In particular, there is a human made magnitude shift problem included in the global catalog of large earthquakes in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Expert consensus on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cold injury in China, 2020
Authors:   Members of the Emergency Medicine Committee of the People’s Liberation Army, Jin Hong-Xu , Teng Yue , Dai Jing , Zhao Xiao-Dong 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCold injury refers to local or systemic injury caused by a rapid, massive loss of body heat in a cold environment. The incidence of cold injury is high. However, the current situation regarding the diagnosis and treatment of cold injury in our country is not ideal. To standardize and improve the level of clinical diagnosis and treatment of cold injury in China, it is necessary to make a consensus that is practical and adapted to the conditions in China. We used the latest population-level epidemiological and clinical research data, combined with relevant literature from China and foreign countries. The consensus was developed by a joint committee of multidisciplinary experts. This expert consensus addresses the epidemiology, diagnosis, on-site emergency procedures, in-hospital treatment, and prevention of cold injury.
Plasma erythropoietin level and heart failure in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Terada Kohsuke , Sumi Yuichiro , Aratani Sae , Hirama Akio , Kashiwagi Tetsuya , Sakai Yukinao 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
Renal anemia is the important complication in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD), and heart failure (HF) is the important complication in patients on dialysis. Decreasing endogenous erythropoietin (EPO) in patients with chronic kidney disease is a major cause of renal anemia. On the other hand, high levels of EPO have been associated with the prognosis of patients with chronic HF. The association between plasma EPO and HF in patients on PD remains unclear. This study was designed to test our hypothesis that the plasma EPO level in patients on PD was associated with the markers of HF.

Methods
We investigated 39 patients undergoing PD at our hospital. We measured plasma EPO before erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) administration at the regular outpatient visits and then at 2 weeks after the final dose of ESA was administered and investigated the clinical factors. We estimated the correlations between the plasma EPO and the other parameters, and constructed univariate and multivariate logistic regression models for the risk for HF to estimate the effectiveness of plasma EPO and other factors on HF treatment in patients undergoing PD.

Results
The plasma EPO concentration was positively correlated with the ESA dose and negatively correlated with serum ferrum, transferrin saturation, and body mass index and showed no correlation with other factors, such as the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification and ferritin level. In univariate analysis, the factors significantly associated with HF risk were N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro BNP), cardiothoracic ratio (CTR), serum creatinine (Cr), serum beta 2 microglobulin, dialysate dose, left ventricular mass index, left ventricular end-systolic diameter, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, and weekly Kt/V. We performed a multivariate analysis with NT-pro BNP, Cr, and CTR, and all three factors were significant in the analysis.

Conclusion
The plasma EPO level in patients undergoing PD was positively correlated with the monthly ESA dose and was not significant as a marker of HF, as judged with the NYHA classification. Therefore, the plasma EPO level may not be a useful marker for HF in patients undergoing PD.
Atypical otolaryngologic manifestations of COVID-19: a review
Authors: Zahran Mohamed , Ghazy Rania , Ahmed Omar , Youssef Ahmed 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundCOVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 started in China in late 2019. Clinical features include fever, cough, dyspnea, body aches, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Some COVID-19-positive patients presented with unusual manifestations such as olfactory dysfunction, parotitis, or cervical lymphadenopathy.Main bodySince many patients are diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2, the need for an up to date review of the atypical ENT presentations of COVID-19 is mandatory. Articles from PubMed and Google searches were reviewed and the atypical presentations in otolaryngology were presented.ConclusionsIt is crucial for ENT physicians to have high index of suspicion to identify those COVID 19 patients with atypical presentations. This facilitates early case isolation to eliminate viral spread across the community.
Identification of gas hydrates and bottom-simulating reflectors in far-offset seismic images
Authors: Terry Darrell A. , Knapp Camelia C. 
Published: January 2021

The presence of marine gas hydrates is routinely inferred based on the identification of bottom simulating reflectors (BSRs) in common-depth-point (CDP) seismic images. Additional seismic studies such as amplitude variation with offset (AVO) analysis can be applied for corroboration. Although confirmation is needed by drilling and sampling, seismic analysis has proven to be a cost-effective approach to identify the presence of marine gas hydrates. Single-channel far-offset seismic images are investigated for what appears to be a more reliable and cost-effective indicator for the presence of BSRs than traditional CDP processing or AVO analysis. A nontraditional approach for processing seismic data is taken to be more relevant to imaging the gas/gas hydrate contact. Instead of applying the traditional CDP seismic processing workflows from the oil industry, we more carefully review the significant amount of information existing in the data to explore how the character of the data changes as offset angle increases. Three cases from different environments are selected for detailed analysis. These include (1) stratigraphy running parallel with the ocean bottom, (2) a potential BSR, running parallel to the ocean bottom, and cross-cutting dipping reflections, and (3) a suspected thermal intrusion without a recognizable BSR. This investigation considers recently collected multichannel seismic data from the deep waters of the central Aleutian Basin beneath the Bering Sea, the preprocessing of the data sets, and the methodology for processing and display to generate single-channel seismic images. Descriptions are provided for the single-channel near- and far-offset seismic images for the example cases. Results indicate that BSRs related to marine gas hydrates, and originating due to the presence of free gas, are more easily and uniquely identifiable from single-channel displays of far-offset seismic images than from traditional CDP displays.
Investigation of Mechanical, Material, and Compositional Determinants of Human Trabecular Bone Quality in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Sihota Praveer , Yadav Ram Naresh , Dhaliwal Ruban , Bose Jagadeesh Chandra , Dhiman Vandana , Neradi Deepak , Karn Shailesh , Sharma Sidhartha , Aggarwal Sameer , Goni Vijay G , Mehandia Vishwajeet , Vashishth Deepak , Bhadada Sanjay Kumar , Kumar Navin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Context
Increased bone fragility and reduced energy absorption to fracture associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) cannot be explained by bone mineral density alone. This study, for the first time, reports on alterations in bone tissue’s material properties obtained from individuals with diabetes and known fragility fracture status.

Objective
To investigate the role of T2D in altering biomechanical, microstructural, and compositional properties of bone in individuals with fragility fracture.

Methods
Femoral head bone tissue specimens were collected from patients who underwent replacement surgery for fragility hip fracture. Trabecular bone quality parameters were compared in samples of 2 groups, nondiabetic (n = 40) and diabetic (n = 30), with a mean duration of disease 7.5 ± 2.8 years.

Results
No significant difference was observed in aBMD between the groups. Bone volume fraction (BV/TV) was lower in the diabetic group due to fewer and thinner trabeculae. The apparent-level toughness and postyield energy were lower in those with diabetes. Tissue-level (nanoindentation) modulus and hardness were lower in this group. Compositional differences in the diabetic group included lower mineral:matrix, wider mineral crystals, and bone collagen modifications—higher total fluorescent advanced glycation end-products (fAGEs), higher nonenzymatic cross-link ratio (NE-xLR), and altered secondary structure (amide bands). There was a strong inverse correlation between NE-xLR and postyield strain, fAGEs and postyield energy, and fAGEs and toughness.

Conclusion
The current study is novel in examining bone tissue in T2D following first hip fragility fracture. Our findings provide evidence of hyperglycemia’s detrimental effects on trabecular bone quality at multiple scales leading to lower energy absorption and toughness indicative of increased propensity to bone fragility.
Non-Aufbau Spiro-Conjugated Quinoidal & Aromatic Charged Radicals
Authors: Medina Rivero Samara , Shang Rui , Hamada Hiroyoshi , Yan Qifan , Tsuji Hayato , Nakamura Eiichi , Casado Juan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We have studied electron acceptor and electron donor spiro-conjugated dimers based, respectively, on bis(benzoquinoidal tetracyano carbon-bridged para-phenylene-vinylene) and on bis(benzo-aromatic bis(aryl)amino carbon-bridged para-phenylene-vinylene)s. Of the latter, two molecules either with identical units of carbon-bridged para-phenylene-vinylene or featuring a carbon-bridged para-phenylene-vinylene and a fluorene unit are considered. The radical forms of their charged species have been studied to explore the existence of SOMO-HOMO energy level inversion. It turns out that the radical trianion of the quinoidal and the radical cation of asymmetric aromatic show non-Aufbau SOMO-HOMO energy property. Spiro-conjugation and accumulation of electron-electron repulsion in the trianion and para-phenylene-vinylene/fluorene segmentation or localization of the frontier orbitals in the cation both explain the “anomalous” electronic configurations. Quantum chemical calculations and UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy have been used.
Landing Asymmetry Is Associated with Psychological Factors after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: PEEBLES ALEXANDER T. , SAVLA JYOTI , OLLENDICK THOMAS H. , QUEEN ROBIN M. 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT

Purposes
The goals of this work were to 1) determine the relationship between psychological readiness for return to sport and side-to-side symmetry during jump-landing in patients recovering from anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) and 2) determine whether psychological readiness for return to sport, graft type, meniscal pathology, sex, and time since surgery could predict landing symmetry in ACLR patients.

Methods
Thirty-eight patients recovering from primary unilateral ACLR (22 men/16 women; 19 patellar tendon autograft/19 hamstring autograft; age: 16.3 ± 1.9 yr; 25.7 ± 6.2 wk postoperative) completed the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Return to Sport after Injury (ACL-RSI) and 10 bilateral stop-jumps. Three-dimensional lower extremity kinematics and kinetics were collected at 240 and 1920 Hz, respectively. Peak knee extension moment limb symmetry index (LSI) was computed during the first landing of the stop-jump. The relationship between the ACL-RSI and peak knee extension moment LSI was determined using Pearson correlations. Multivariate regression was used to determine the ability of the ACL-RSI, graft type, meniscal pathology, sex, time since surgery, stop jump entry speed, and jump height to predict knee extension moment LSI.

Results
There was a significant relationship between the ACL-RSI and peak knee extension moment LSI (r = 0.325; P = 0.047). The backward regression model found that 36.9% of the variance in knee extension moment LSI could be explained by the ACL-RSI (P = 0.040), graft type (P = 0.006), and jump height (P = 0.027).

Conclusions
There is a significant moderate association between psychological readiness for return to sport and asymmetric landing kinetics in patients after ACLR. Future work should investigate whether improving movement confidence results in improved kinetic landing symmetry.
Influence of Vitamin D Supplementation by Simulated Sunlight or Oral D3 on Respiratory Infection during Military Training
Authors: HARRISON SOPHIE E. , OLIVER SAMUEL J. , KASHI DANIEL S. , CARSWELL ALEXANDER T. , EDWARDS JASON P. , WENTZ LAUREL M. , ROBERTS ROSS , TANG JONATHAN C. Y. , IZARD RACHEL M. , JACKSON SARAH , ALLAN DONALD , RHODES LESLEY E. , FRASER WILLIAM D. , GREEVES JULIE P. , WALSH NEIL P. 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT

Purpose
This study aimed to determine the relationship between vitamin D status and upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) of physically active men and women across seasons (study 1) and then to investigate the effects on URTI and mucosal immunity of achieving vitamin D sufficiency (25(OH)D ≥50 nmol·L−1) by a unique comparison of safe, simulated sunlight or oral D3 supplementation in winter (study 2).

Methods
In study 1, 1644 military recruits were observed across basic military training. In study 2, a randomized controlled trial, 250 men undertaking military training received placebo, simulated sunlight (1.3× standard erythemal dose, three times per week for 4 wk and then once per week for 8 wk), or oral vitamin D3 (1000 IU·d−1 for 4 wk and then 400 IU·d−1 for 8 wk). URTI was diagnosed by a physician (study 1) and by using the Jackson common cold questionnaire (study 2). Serum 25(OH)D, salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), and cathelicidin were assessed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry LC-MS/MS and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results
In study 1, only 21% of recruits were vitamin D sufficient during winter. Vitamin D–sufficient recruits were 40% less likely to suffer URTI than recruits with 25(OH)D <50 nmol·L−1 (OR = 0.6, 95% confidence interval = 0.4–0.9), an association that remained after accounting for sex and smoking. Each URTI caused, on average, three missed training days. In study 2, vitamin D supplementation strategies were similarly effective to achieve vitamin D sufficiency in almost all (≥95%). Compared with placebo, vitamin D supplementation reduced the severity of peak URTI symptoms by 15% and days with URTI by 36% (P < 0.05). These reductions were similar with both vitamin D strategies (P > 0.05). Supplementation did not affect salivary secretory immunoglobulin A or cathelicidin.

Conclusion
Vitamin D sufficiency reduced the URTI burden during military training.
Relationships between Lower Limb Muscle Characteristics and Force–Velocity Profiles Derived during Sprinting and Jumping
Authors: BELLINGER PHILLIP , BOURNE MATTHEW N. , DUHIG STEVEN , LIEVENS ELINE , KENNEDY BEN , MARTIN ANDREW , COOPER CHRISTOPHER , TREDREA MATTHEW , RICE HAL , DERAVE WIM , MINAHAN CLARE 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT

Purpose
This study aimed to identify the relationships between lower limb muscle characteristics and mechanical variables derived from the vertical (jumping) and horizontal (sprinting) force–velocity–power (FVP) profiles.

Methods
Nineteen subelite male rugby league players performed a series of squat jumps and linear 30-m sprints to derive the vertical and horizontal FVP profiles, respectively. The theoretical maximal force (F
0), velocity (V
0), and power (P
max) were derived from both the vertical (i.e., vF
0, vV
0, and vP
max) and the horizontal (i.e., hF
0, hV
0, and hP
max) FVP profiles. Vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris long head, and gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and lateralis muscle fascicle length, pennation angle, and thickness were measured using B-mode ultrasonography. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to calculate volumes of major lower limb muscles, whereas proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to quantify the carnosine content of the GM to estimate muscle fiber typology.

Results
Variation in vP
max was best explained by GM muscle fiber typology (i.e., greater estimated proportion of Type II fibers) and VL volume (adjusted r
2 = 0.440, P = 0.006), whereas adductor and vastus medialis volume and GM muscle fiber typology explained the most variation in hP
max (adjusted r
2 = 0.634, P = 0.032). Rectus femoris and VL volume explained variation in vF
0 (r
2 = 0.430, P = 0.008), whereas adductor and vastus medialis volume explained variation in hF
0 (r
2 = 0.432, P = 0.007). Variations in vV
0 and hV
0 were best explained by GM muscle fiber typology (adjusted r
2 = 0.580, P < 0.001) and GM muscle fiber typology and biceps femoris short head volume (adjusted r
2 = 0.590, P < 0.001), respectively.

Conclusion
Muscle fiber typology and muscle volume are strong determinants of maximal muscle power in jumping and sprinting by influencing the velocity- and force-oriented mechanical variables.
The Effects of Cannabidiol Oil on Noninvasive Measures of Muscle Damage in Men
Authors: COCHRANE-SNYMAN KRISTEN C. , CRUZ CANDELARIA , MORALES JACOBO , COLES MICHAEL 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
No previous study has investigated the applications of isolated cannabidiol (CBD) as a recovery aid in untrained human subjects after a bout of exercise-induced muscle damage.

Purpose
This study aimed to investigate the effect of CBD oil on perceived muscle soreness, inflammation, and strength performance after eccentric exercise (ECC) of the elbow flexors.

Methods
Thirteen untrained men (mean ± SD age, 21.85 ± 2.73 yr) performed 6 sets of 10 maximal ECC isokinetic muscle actions of the elbow flexors as part of a double-blind crossover design. Noninvasive (perceived soreness, arm circumference, hanging joint angle (JA), and peak torque (PT)) measures were taken before and after ECC, and 24, 48, and 72 h after ECC. All subjects completed both the supplement (CBD: 150 mg POST, 24 h, 48 h) and placebo (PLC: POST, 24 h, 48 h) condition separated by 2 wk. Four separate two-way repeated-measures ANOVA (condition [CBD vs PLC] × time [PRE vs POST vs 24 h vs 48 h vs 72 h]) were used to analyze perceived soreness, arm circumference, JA, and PT. One-way repeated-measures ANOVA were used to decompose significant interactions and main effects.

Results
There was no condition–time interaction or main effect of condition (P > 0.05) for perceived soreness, arm circumference, JA, or PT. There were main effects for time for perceived soreness (P = 0.000, ηp
2 = 0.71) and JA (P = 0.006, ηp
2 = 0.35).

Conclusions
The current dose of 150 mg CBD oil at POST, 24 h, and 48 h had no effect on noninvasive markers of muscle damage in the upper extremity. At the current dose and schedule, CBD oil may not be beneficial for untrained men as a recovery aid after exercise-induced muscle damage.