bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Valorization of Hemp Stalk Waste Through Thermochemical Conversion for Energy and Electrical Applications
Authors: Marrot Laetitia , Candelier Kevin , Valette Jérémy , Lanvin Charline , Horvat Barbara , Legan Lea , DeVallance David B. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe presented research aimed at finding new ways to value hemp by-products (stalks) from the cannabidiol industry through thermochemical conversion. Chemical and elemental composition of hemp biomass was investigated by successive chemical extractions and Scanning Electron Microscopy along with Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy. Proximate and elemental analyses completed the chemical characterization of the hemp biomass and its biochar. Thermogravimetric analysis of the hemp biomass allowed to understand its kinetic of decomposition during thermal conversion. The carbon structure and porosity of the biochar were assessed by Raman spectroscopy and CO2 gas adsorption. Properties of interest were the energy production measured through calorific values, and the electrical conductivity. Two ways of valorisation of the hemp biomass were clearly identified, depending mainly on the chosen pyrolysis temperature. Hemp biochar carbonized at 400–600°C were classified as lignocellulosic materials with a good potential for solid biofuel applications. Specifically, the resulting carbonized biochar presented low moisture content (below 2.50%) favourable for high fuel quality, low volatile matter (27.1–10.4%) likely to show lower particle matter emissions, limited ash content (6.8–9.8%) resulting in low risk of fouling issues during the combustion, high carbon content (73.8–86.8%) suggesting strong energy density, associated with high higher heating values (28.45–30.95 MJ kg−1). Hemp biochar carbonized at 800–1000 °C displayed interesting electrical conductivity, opening opportunities for its use in electrical purposes. The electrical conductivity was related to the evolution of the biochar microstructure (development of graphite-like structure and changes in microporosity) in regard with the thermochemical conversion process parameters.
Graphical abstract
Biomarkers, stable carbon isotope, and trace element distribution of source rocks in the Orange Basin, South Africa: implications for paleoenvironmental reconstruction, provenance, and tectonic setting
Authors: Yelwa Nura Abdulmumini , Mustapha Khairul Azlan , Opuwari Mimonitu , Aziz Azharuddin Abd 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAptian to Campanian sediments from the Western offshore to Central Orange Basin were studied by integrating molecular geochemistry, inorganic and isotopic studies to recognize their geochemical characteristics via the reconstruction of the Orange basin’s paleoweathering, paleosalinity, paleovegetation, paleoclimate, and tectonic records. Molecular analyses of both aliphatic and aromatic compounds reveal an input dominantly from a marine source. The source rocks accumulated in a reduced, anoxic, saline water column. Based on various biomarker proxies and vitrinite reflectance data, some samples are thermally mature to produce petroleum, while others are not. According to the V/Ni ratio, samples from the Orange Basin in South Africa are mainly anoxic, with only a few samples ranging from suboxic to anoxic. This is congruent with biomarker and isotope analyses that further indicate the presence of marine-derived source rocks with some terrestrial remains generating hydrocarbons. The investigated sediments are made up of intermediate igneous rocks that have undergone moderate chemical weathering. Geochemical figures on tectonic setting discriminant function diagrams revealed a continental rift of passive margin settings. As a result, the extrapolated crustal processes are directly analogous to the genesis and evolution of the Orange Basin, demonstrating Gondwana’s breaking up and the opening of the Atlantic Ocean Margin.
A long-term survival case with proton beam therapy for advanced sphenoid sinus cancer with hypopituitarism
Authors: Ishikawa Yojiro , Suzuki Motohisa , Yamaguchi Hisashi , Seto Ichiro , Machida Masanori , Takagawa Yoshiaki , Jingu Keiichi , Kikuchi Yasuyuki , Murakami Masao 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSphenoid sinus malignancies are rare diseases. Secondary hypopituitarism associated with sphenoid sinus malignancy is not well known. A 41-year-old male complained of right ptosis. Neurological findings revealed right oculomotor, trochlear and glossopharyngeal nerve palsy. Imaging diagnosis suggested a tumor that had spread bilaterally from the sphenoid sinus to the ethmoid sinus, nasopharynx and posterior pharyngeal space. Biopsy revealed squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Based on these findings, a clinical diagnosis of SCC of the sphenoid sinus was made. Removal of the tumor without damaging nearby organs would have been difficult because the tumor extended to the bilateral optic nerves, optic chiasma and internal carotid artery, and surgeons, therefore, recommended proton beam therapy (PBT). Before PBT, the hypopituitarism occurred in the patient and we administered hydrocortisone and levothyroxine. During treating for hypopituitarism, we performed PBT with nedaplatin and 5-fluorouracil. The daily PBT fractions were 2.2 relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for the tumor received total dose of 81.4 Gy RBE. The acute side effect of grade 2 dermatitis according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0. Occurred after PBT. The patient needs to take hydrocortisone and levothyroxine, but he remains in complete remission 8 years after treatment without surgery or chemotherapy. Visual function is gradually declining, but there is no evidence of severe radiation-induced optic neuropathy.
Metformin-associated lactic acidosis exacerbated by acute kidney injury in an overseas traveler
Authors: Hayashi Ayano , Ishimura Takuya , Sugimoto Hisashi , Suzuki Hiroyuki , Hamasaki Akihiro , Tsukamoto Tatsuo 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe report the case of metformin-associated lactic acidosis (MALA) exacerbated by acute kidney injury (AKI) in a 65-year-old Asian American woman who was an overseas traveler. She had vomiting and diarrhea before arriving in Osaka, Japan, from the Philippines. She suffered from worsening respiratory distress, consciousness loss and anuria the day after coming to Japan. When she arrived at our emergency room via ambulance, she appeared to be in a state shock. Arterial blood gas analysis revealed severe lactic acidosis (pH 6.681, PO2 302 Torr under O2 supplementation, PCO2 15 Torr, HCO3−1.7 mmol/L, and lactate 17.00 mmol/L). She also had renal failure (BUN 108 mg/dL and serum creatinine 8.68 mg/dL) with hyperkalemia (6.1 mEq/L). We collected medical information from family members, and found her prescription medicines including metformin, diuretics and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI). We diagnosed her with MALA due to an unintended overdose of metformin resulting from acute kidney injury that can be induced by ACEI and diuretics in the volume-depleted condition. We immediately started hemodialysis therapy. Although she had a temporary cardiopulmonary arrest at the beginning of the treatment, her physical status was gradually improved and the severe acidemia resolved. On hospital day 4, she had urine and no longer needed hemodialysis therapy. On day 14, she was discharged and returned to the United States without noticeable sequelae. This is a case report of an overseas traveler who was successfully rescued through the collection of accurate medical information and understanding of the pathological condition.
Microstructure features and formation mechanism in a newly developed electroslag welding
Authors: Kakizaki Tomonori , Koga Shodai , Yamamoto Hajime , Mikami Yoshiki , Ito Kazuhiro , Yamazaki Kei , Sasakura Shuji , Watanabe Hirohisa 
Published: November 2021

AbstractElectroslag welding (ESW) is known to show higher heat input than electrogas welding (EGW), resulting in poor low-temperature toughness. However, a newly developed ESW (dev. ESW) method using low-resistivity slag bath exhibited excellent low-temperature toughness as a result of lower effective heat input than conventional EGW, as demonstrated by the faster cooling rates measured in weld metals and estimated using finite element method analyses. This led to much shallower molten pool in the dev. ESW, resulting in much finer columnar grains and thinner centerline axial grains. High cooling speed in the dev. ESW method appeared to contribute to increased acicular ferrite proportion. The uniform microstructure with large acicular ferrite proportion and small number of inclusions in the weld metal permitted the dev. ESW weld metal to possess little variation in Charpy impact energy across the center of weld metal.
Heat transfer and film cooling measurements on aerodynamic geometries relevant for turbomachinery
Authors: Jagerhofer Patrick , Woisetschläger Jakob , Erlacher Gerhard , Göttlich Emil 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A measurement technique for recording convective heat transfer coefficient and adiabatic film cooling effectiveness in demanding environments with highly curved surfaces and limited optical access, such as turbomachinery, is presented. Thermography and tailor-made flexible heating foils are used in conjunction with a novel multistep calibration and data reduction method. This method compensates for sensor drift, angle dependence of surface emissivity and window transmissivity, heat flux inhomogeneity, and conductive losses. The 2D infrared images are mapped onto the 3D curved surfaces and overlapped, creating surface maps of heat transfer coefficient and film cooling effectiveness covering areas significantly larger than the window size. The measurement technique’s capability is demonstrated in a sector-cascade test rig of a turbine center frame (TCF), an inherent component of modern two-spool turbofan engines. The horseshoe vortices were found to play a major role for the thermal integrity of turbine center frames, as they lead to a local increase in heat transfer, and at the same instance, to a reduction of film cooling effectiveness. It was also found that the horseshoe vortices lift off from the curved surface at 50% hub length, resulting in a pair of counter-rotating vortices. The measurement technique was validated by comparing the data against flat plate correlations and also by the linear relation between temperature difference and heat flux. This study is complemented with an extensive error and uncertainty analysis.

Article highlights

This paper presents an accurate measurement technique for heat transfer and film cooling

on 3D curved surfaces with limited optical access

using flexible tailor-made heating foils, infrared thermography and a high-fidelity multistep calibration process.

Graphical abstract
Dynamic generation of aqueous foams and fiber foams in a mixing tank
Authors: Prakash Baranivignesh , Kouko Jarmo , Luukkainen Veli-Matti , Jäsberg Ari , Koponen Antti I. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMixing tanks are employed in paper and pulp industries to generate aqueous foams and fiber foams. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of impeller geometry on dynamic foam generation in a 60 L mixing tank. Three impeller geometries including two radial—Rushton turbine (RT), Bakker turbine (BT6), one axial high solidity pitched blade turbine (HSPBT), and four dual impeller combinations were investigated. Compressed air, water and sodium dodecyl sulphate were used as gas phase, liquid phase and surfactant, respectively, to generate aqueous foam. 1% mass consistency softwood fiber was used to generate fiber foam. The change in aqueous foam density for any given impeller was limited to ± 40 kg/m3 indicating foam density was dictated by impeller type rather than power input. Single impellers generated bubbly liquids whereas dual impellers generated low-density aqueous foams. Besides, stable foam was produced even at low power input compared to single impellers due to increase in impeller swept volume and blade contact area. Addition of fibers increased the foam density by ~ 100–150 kg/m3 and reduced the half-life time by almost threefold for all impellers due to lower air content and higher bubble size. Placement of high shear impeller (BT6) at bottom and down-pumping axial impeller (HSPBT) on top generated fine bubbles.
Golgi requires a new casting in the screenplay of mucopolysaccharidosis II cytopathology
Authors: Molnár Kinga , Kobolák Julianna , Dinnyés András 
Published: November 2021

AbstractLysosome (L), a hydrolytic compartment of the endo-lysosomal system (ELS), plays a central role in the metabolic regulation of eukaryotic cells. Furthermore, it has a central role in the cytopathology of several diseases, primarily in lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs). Mucopolysaccharidosis II (MPS II, Hunter disease) is a rare LSD caused by idunorate-2-sulphatase (IDS) enzyme deficiency. To provide a new platform for drug development and clarifying the background of the clinically observed cytopathology, we established a human in vitro model, which recapitulates all cellular hallmarks of the disease. Some of our results query the traditional concept by which the storage vacuoles originate from the endosomal system and suggest a new concept, in which endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) and RAB2/LAMP positive Golgi (G) vesicles play an initiative role in the vesicle formation. In this hypothesis, Golgi is not only an indirectly affected organelle but enforced to be the main support of vacuole formation. The purposes of this minireview are to give a simple guide for understanding the main relationships in ELS, to present the storage vacuoles and their relation to ELS compartments, to recommend an alternative model for vacuole formation, and to place the Golgi in spotlight of MPS II cytopathology.
Street life and pedestrian activities in smart cities: opportunities and challenges for computational urban science
Authors: Fan Zhuangyuan , Loo Becky P.Y. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractOngoing efforts among cities to reinvigorate streets have encouraged innovations in using smart data to understand pedestrian activities. Empowered by advanced algorithms and computation power, data from smartphone applications, GPS devices, video cameras, and other forms of sensors can help better understand and promote street life and pedestrian activities. Through adopting a pedestrian-oriented and place-based approach, this paper reviews the major environmental components, pedestrian behavior, and sources of smart data in advancing this field of computational urban science. Responding to the identified research gap, a case study that hybridizes different smart data to understand pedestrian jaywalking as a reflection of urban spaces that need further improvement is presented. Finally, some major research challenges and directions are also highlighted.
STROCSS 2021: Strengthening the reporting of cohort, cross-sectional and case-control studies in surgery
Authors: Mathew Ginimol , Agha Riaz 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction:
Strengthening The Reporting Of Cohort Studies in Surgery (STROCSS) guidelines were developed in 2017 in order to improve the reporting quality of observational studies in surgery and updated in 2019. In order to maintain relevance and continue upholding good reporting quality among observational studies in surgery, we aimed to update STROCSS 2019 guidelines.

Methods:
A STROCSS 2021 steering group was formed to come up with proposals to update STROCSS 2019 guidelines. An expert panel of researchers assessed these proposals and judged whether they should become part of STROCSS 2021 guidelines or not, through a Delphi consensus exercise.

Results:
42 people (89%) completed the DELPHI survey and hence participated in the development of STROCSS 2021 guidelines. All items received a score between 7 and 9 by greater than 70% of the participants, indicating a high level of agreement among the DELPHI group members with the proposed changes to all the items.

Conclusion:
We present updated STROCSS 2021 guidelines to ensure ongoing good reporting quality among observational studies in surgery.

Highlights
Improving Predictions of Stream CO2 Concentrations and Fluxes Using a Stream Network Model: A Case Study in the East River Watershed, CO, USA
Authors: Saccardi Brian , Winnick Matthew 
Published: November 2021

AbstractInland waters are an important component of the global carbon budget. However, our ability to predict carbon fluxes from stream systems remains uncertain, as pCO2 varies within streams at scales of 1–100 m. This makes direct monitoring of large‐scale CO2 fluxes impractical. We incorporate CO2 input and output fluxes into a stream network advection‐reaction model, representing the first process‐based representation of stream CO2 dynamics at watershed scales. This model includes groundwater (GW) CO2 inputs, water column (WC), benthic hyporheic zone (BHZ) respiration, downstream advection, and atmospheric exchange. We evaluate this model against existing statistical methods including upscaling and multiple linear regressions through comparisons to high‐resolution stream pCO2 data collected across the East River Watershed in the Colorado Rocky Mountains (USA). The stream network model accurately captures GW, evasion, and respiration‐driven pCO2 variability and significantly outperforms multiple linear regressions for predicting pCO2. Further, the model provides estimates of CO2 contributions from internal versus external sources suggesting that streams transition from GW‐ to BHZ‐dominated sources between 3rd and 4th Strahler orders, with GW, BHZ, and WC accounting for 49.3%, 50.6%, and 0.1% of CO2 fluxes from the watershed, respectively. Lastly, stream network model atmospheric CO2 fluxes are 4‐12x times smaller than upscaling technique predictions, largely due to relationships between stream pCO2 and gas exchange velocities. Taken together, this stream network model improves our ability to predict stream CO2 dynamics and efflux. Furthermore, future applications to regional and global scales may result in a significant downward revision of global flux estimates.
Mechanisms for Late 20th and Early 21st Century Decadal AMOC Variability
Authors: Megann Alex , Blaker Adam , Josey Simon , New Adrian , Sinha Bablu 
Published: November 2021

AbstractRecent studies using data from the OSNAP observational campaign and from numerical ocean models suggest that the Iceland Basin and the Irminger Sea may be more significant for formation of upper North Atlantic Deep Water than the Labrador Sea. Here, we present a set of hindcast integrations of a global 1/4° NEMO simulation from 1958 until nearly the present day, forced with three standard forcing data sets. We use the surface‐forced stream function, estimated from surface buoyancy fluxes, along with the overturning stream function, similarly defined in potential density space, to investigate the causal link between surface forcing and decadal variability in the strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). We use the stream functions to demonstrate that watermasses in the simulations are transformed to higher densities as they propagate around the subpolar gyre from their formation locations in the north‐east Atlantic and the Irminger Sea, consistent with the picture emerging from observations. The surface heat loss from the Irminger Sea is confirmed to be the dominant mechanism for decadal AMOC variability, with the heat loss anomaly from the Labrador Sea having about half the magnitude. A scalar metric based on the surface‐forced stream function, accumulated in time, is found to be a good predictor of changes in the overturning strength. The AMOC variability is shown to be related to that of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), primarily through the surface heat flux, itself dominated by the air‐sea temperature difference, but also with some local feedback from the SST to the surface fluxes.
Northeast China Cold Vortex Observed by FY‐3 MWTS‐2 and MetOp AMSU‐A
Authors: Niu Zeyi , Zou Xiaolei , Li Deqin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe northeast China cold vortex (NCCV) refers to a closed low‐pressure system over northeast China extending from China‐Siberia to the northwest Pacific coast region. It is cut off from the westerly jet belt in the middle and upper troposphere, has a cold core, lasts several days, and could bring heavy rain events in late spring and summer that are of great challenge to weather forecasters. This study investigates the possibility of observing temperature structures of NCCVs by two microwave temperature sounders, that is, the Microwave Temperature Sounder‐2 (MWTS‐2) and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit‐A (AMSU‐A) onboard the two polar‐orbiting operational environmental satellites (POES) Fenyun‐3 satellite FY‐3D and Meteorological Operational satellite MetOp‐B, respectively. The MWTS‐2 and AMSU‐A together provide 3D atmospheric temperatures in the middle and upper troposphere, as well as the lower stratosphere four times daily. Both limb‐corrected direct observations of brightness temperature and retrievals of atmospheric temperature within NCCVs are characterized by cold and warm cores below and above the tropopause, respectively, comparing favorably with the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts ERA5 reanalysis. Compared with the ERA5 reanalysis in June 2019, the MWTS‐2 retrieved atmospheric temperatures have no scan‐dependent biases, the biases are smaller than ±0.2K, and root‐mean‐square errors (RMSEs) are smaller than and 2.0K at all altitudes. This study suggests the possibility of using multiple POES microwave‐temperature‐sounding observations for near‐real‐time monitoring of NCCVs' 3D temperature structures.
Mesoscale Surface Wind‐SST Coupling in a High‐Resolution CESM Over the KE and ARC Regions
Authors: Tang Zhijia , Zhang Rong‐Hua , Wang Hongna , Zhang Shaoqing , Wang Hong 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA strong positive correlation exists between mesoscale sea surface temperature (SST) and surface wind stress perturbations in the extratropical oceans, which is revealed by high‐resolution satellite but is difficult to be accurately simulated in low‐resolution coupled ocean‐atmosphere models. The extent to which the mesoscale coupling is captured in a high‐resolution Community Earth System Model (CESM‐HR) is assessed in this study, with a focus on two regions, the Kuroshio Extensions (KE) and Agulhas Return Current (ARC), respectively. Compared with satellite observations, it is found that the CESM‐HR can well depict the characteristics of the mesoscale air‐sea coupling, with its strength being comparable to that observed; but in the KE region, the simulated strength is only half of the observed during summer. Mechanisms for the atmospheric responses to mesoscale SST perturbations through the pressure adjustment (PA) and the downward momentum transport (DMT) are analyzed. The results highlight different mechanisms for controlling the atmospheric responses over the KE and ARC regions, which are regionally and seasonally dependent. In the ARC region, pronounced dipole patterns of sea surface pressure (SLP) and vertical velocity perturbation responses indicate that the DMT exerts a dominant effect in both winter and summer. In the KE region, monopole patterns show the main role played by the PA mechanism for the atmospheric adjustment in summer, while dipole patterns indicate the main role played by the DMT mechanism in winter. The weak coupling strength in summer over the KE is closely related to the inadequate parameterization of vertical heat mixing.