bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pith width, leaf size, and twig thickness
Authors: Larios Mendieta Kalindhi A. , Burleigh J. Gordon , Putz Francis E. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPremiseTo support large leaves, many woody plant species evolved a cost‐effective way to thicken twigs. As an extension of E. J. H. Corner's rule that twig diameter increases with leaf size, we hypothesized that pith width also increases with leaf size. The benefit to the plant from the proposed relationship is that pith is a low‐cost tissue that reduces the metabolic cost of large diameter twig production.MethodsLeaf sizes and cross‐sectional areas of bark, xylem, and pith of 81 species of trees and shrubs growing in Gainesville, Florida were measured and compared with standardized major axis regressions of pairwise species trait values and phylogenetically independent contrasts.ResultsPith area increases with leaf size with or without accounting for phylogenetic relationships. In agreement with Corner's rule, overall twig diameter as well as bark and wood thickness also increase with leaf size. Thicker twigs showed more variation in relative pith, wood, and bark cross‐sectional areas compared to thinner twigs.ConclusionsInvestments in pith, a tissue of low density found in the centers of twigs, provides a low‐cost way to increase twig circumference and thereby space for attachment of large leaves while increasing the overall second moment of area of twigs, which increases their ability to biomechanically support large leaves.
A metabolite panel that differentiates Alzheimer's disease from other dementia types
Authors: Jia Longfei , Yang Jianwei , Zhu Min , Pang Yana , Wang Qi , Wei Qin , Li Ying , Li TingTing , Li Fangyu , Wang Qigeng , Li Yan , Wei Yiping 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntroductionAlzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with altered metabolites. This study aimed to determine the validity of using circulating metabolites to differentiate AD from other dementias.MethodsBlood metabolites were measured in three data sets. Data set 1 (controls, 27; AD, 28) was used for analyzing differential metabolites. Data set 2 (controls, 93; AD, 92) was used to establish a diagnostic AD model with use of a metabolite panel. The model was applied to Data set 3 (controls, 76; AD, 76; other dementias, 205) to verify its capacity for differentiating AD from other dementias.ResultsData set 1 revealed 7 upregulated and 77 downregulated metabolites. In Data set 2, a panel of 11 metabolites was included in a model that could distinguish AD from controls. In Data set 3, this panel was used to successfully differentiate AD from other dementias.DiscussionThis study revealed an AD‐specific panel of 11 metabolites that may be used for AD diagnosis.
ARMADA: Assessing reliable measurement in Alzheimer’s disease and cognitive aging project methods
Authors: Weintraub Sandra , Karpouzian‐Rogers Tatiana , Peipert John Devin , Nowinski Cindy , Slotkin Jerry , Wortman Katy , Ho Emily , Rogalski Emily , Carlsson Cynthia , Giordani Bruno , Goldstein Felicia , Lucas John , Manly Jennifer J. , Rentz Dorene , Salmon David , Snitz Beth , Dodge Hiroko H. , Riley Michaela , Eldes Fatima , Ustsinovich Vitali , Gershon Richard 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntroductionEarly detection of cognitive decline in older adults is a public health priority. Advancing Reliable Measurement in Alzheimer's Disease and Cognitive Aging (ARMADA), a multisite study, is validating cognition, emotion, motor, and sensory modules of the National Institutes of Health Toolbox for Assessment of Neurological and Behavioral Function (NIHTB) in the aging spectrum from cognitively normal to dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT).MethodsParticipants 65 to 85 years old, in demographic groups racially proportional to the general US population, are recruited in one of three groups to validate the NIHTB: cognitively normal, amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), or mild DAT. Additional special emphasis cohorts include (1) Blacks in the three clinical groups; (2) Spanish‐speakers in the three clinical groups; (3) cognitively normal, population‐proportional, over age 85.DiscussionLongitudinal study will determine whether NIHTB can predict cognitive decline and is associated with Alzheimer's disease biomarkers. Here, we detail the methods for the ARMADA study.
Diazaborines Are a Versatile Platform to Develop ROS‐Responsive Antibody Drug Conjugates**
Authors: António João P. M. , Carvalho Joana Inês , André Ana S. , Dias Joana N. R. , Aguiar Sandra I. , Faustino Hélio , Lopes Ricardo M. R. M. , Veiros Luis F. , Bernardes Gonçalo J. L. , da Silva Frederico A. , Gois Pedro M. P. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAntibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are a new class of therapeutics that combine the lethality of potent cytotoxic drugs with the targeting ability of antibodies to selectively deliver drugs to cancer cells. In this study we show for the first time the synthesis of a reactive‐oxygen‐species (ROS)‐responsive ADC (VL‐DAB31‐SN‐38) that is highly selective and cytotoxic to B‐cell lymphoma (CLBL‐1 cell line, IC50 value of 54.1 nM). The synthesis of this ADC was possible due to the discovery that diazaborines (DABs) are a very effective ROS‐responsive unit that are also very stable in buffer and in plasma. DFT calculations performed on this system revealed a favorable energetic profile (ΔGR=−74.3 kcal mol−1) similar to the oxidation mechanism of aromatic boronic acids. DABs’ very fast formation rate and modularity enabled the construction of different ROS‐responsive linkers featuring self‐immolative modules, bioorthogonal functions, and bioconjugation handles. These structures were used in the site‐selective functionalization of a VL antibody domain and in the construction of the homogeneous ADC.
Hydrophobization of hydrophilic alginate/chitosan PEC surfaces
Authors: Conzatti Guillaume , Ayadi Farouk , Cavalie Sandrine , Castel‐Molière Marion , Tourrette Audrey 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAlginate and chitosan are biocompatible polysaccharides that are often combined as polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) for the development of biomaterials. These PECs are interesting as wound dressings, among other uses. The properties of such devices depend on their surface characteristics, however. Herein we propose a method to hydrophobize highly hydrophilic alginate/chitosan PECs by initial chemical grafting of polycaprolactone (PCL) or polylactic acid, using hexane diamine or ethylenediamine as linkers, followed by a drop casting covering step. This resulted in increased adhesion between the hydrophobic layer and the PEC, when compared to direct casting. The materials obtained were evaluated as potential biomaterials by analyzing the hydrophilic properties of their surface, swelling, enzymatic degradation, and impermeability. The results revealed that hydrophobization was effective but decreased the swelling abilities of PECs, which still remained interesting (~1000%) for wound dressing applications. However, the PCL layer was not resistant to the enzymatic environment, while PLA showed impermeabilization of the PECs.
Elevated salinity and temperature associated with climate change threaten the survival and conservation of desert spring amphipods
Authors: Burns McKenna P.A. , O'Connell Michael J. , Schaeffer Paul J. , Berg David J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Freshwater ecosystems are disproportionately rich in biodiversity and are threatened by anthropogenic change. In particular, desert springs often contain high levels of aquatic biodiversity and endemism. The Chihuahuan Desert is recognized as a priority ecoregion for global conservation for its high levels of taxonomic richness and because human activities have caused declines in the freshwater fauna of this region. Agricultural, industrial and domestic use of water, increased prevalence and severity of fire, and general environmental warming resulting from climate change threaten to increase the temperature and salinity of these arid‐land waters.
Two species of amphipods, Gammarus colei and Hyalella sp., were used as models for understanding the effects of increased salinity and temperature on desert spring species. Both species are endemic to the same spring in the Chihuahuan Desert. A full‐factorial survivorship experiment was conducted that exposed individuals of both species to a range of temperatures (ambient and 25 and 30°C) and salinities (ambient and 10, 15 and 19 parts per thousand) that can be associated with disturbance events. Resting metabolic rates (V˙O2) were measured at elevated salinities.
Both species were more likely to die at higher salinities, and G. colei had significantly lower survivorship at higher temperatures. Gammarus were as much as 200 times more likely to die at the highest experimental temperature and salinity conditions compared with ambient conditions. Metabolic rates varied with salinity: G. colei demonstrated a threshold response to increased salinity while Hyalella sp. did not.
Whereas both species are sensitive to changes in salinity, G. colei is also sensitive to increased temperatures.
Because climate warming will result in higher rates of evaporation, these and other endemic aquatic organisms are likely to be exposed to the combined effects of increased temperature and salinity. Climate change, combined with habitat alteration caused by other human activities, threatens the survival of the unique communities in desert aquatic systems.
Preface: Spectral line shapes in astrophysics
Authors: Popović Luka Č. , Simić Saša , Kovačević Andjelka 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe collection of papers in this special issue represents the selected papers presented at the 13th Serbian Conference on Spectral Line Shapes in Astrophysics held in Belgrade in a blended format (online and in‐person) from August 23 to August 27, 2021. Here we shortly describe the conference and some ideas given during the conference and published in this special issue of Astronomische Nachrichten.
Designing Lithium Argyrodite Solid‐State Electrolytes for High‐Performance All‐Solid‐State Lithium Batteries
Authors: Li Chongxing , Zhang Shuxian , Miao Xianguang , Wang Cong , Wang Chengxiang , Zhang Zhiwei , Wang Rutao , Yin Longwei 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAll‐solid‐state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) with desirable advantages, such as high safety and energy density, simple packaging, and wide temperature tolerance, are considered promising energy storage devices to replace traditional lithium‐ion batteries with organic liquid electrolytes. Solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs) are the critical component in ASSLBs. Argyrodites, as a typical class of sulfide‐based lithium‐ion superconductors, represent the most promising SSEs with respect to their high ionic conductivity at room temperature, low cost, good compatibility towards Li metal, and extraordinary performance reported in ASSLBs. However, lithium argyrodites are inert gas‐protective, moisture‐sensitive, interface‐unstable, and working potential window‐limited, presenting the main challenges for their commercial use. In this review, we comprehensively summarized the basic physical and chemical properties, material synthesized strategies, chemical or electrochemical stabilities, and interface engineering of lithium argyrodite SSEs. Furthermore, the recent achievements and critical challenges for lithium argyrodite from the material level to battery applications are overviewed, and the future development opportunities of integrating the lithium argyrodite SSEs into ASSLBs have been prospected.
Current treatment and surveillance modalities are not sufficient for advanced stage III colon cancer: Result from a multicenter cohort analysis
Authors: Li Juan , Xie Yumo , Huang Ziying , Shen Dingcheng , Zhuang Zhuokai , Zhu Mingxuan , Huang Yaoyi , He Rongzhao , Wang Xiaolin , Huang Meijin , Luo Yanxin , Yu Huichuan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectiveWe conducted this multicenter cohort study to evaluate the current tumor‐node‐metastasis staging system and treatment modality by analyzing the survival outcomes of patient groups with stage III and IV colon cancer.Patients and MethodsStage III and IV colon cancer patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (SEER cohort) and prospectively maintained Sun Yat‐sen University (SYSU) cohort were included in this study. Kaplan‐Meier method was used to estimate the cumulative rate of overall survival (OS) between patient groups, and the inverse probability weighting method was used to calculated age and sex‐adjusted survival curves. The Cox regression model was used to identify the risk factors for OS.ResultsA total of 17,911 and 1135 stage III–IV cases were included in the SEER and SYSU cohorts, respectively. Among them, 1448 and 124 resectable stage IV cases underwent curative‐intent treatment in the SEER and SYSU cohorts, respectively. The T4N2b group showed a significantly worse survival outcome compared with the M1a subset receiving curative‐intent treatment (HR, 1.46; p < 0.001). This finding was validated in the SYSU cohort, in which the T4N2 group had a worse outcome than that of the M1 group receiving curative‐intent treatment (HR, 2.44; p < 0.001). These findings were confirmed in the adjusted survival analysis. In the multivariate analysis, the right‐side tumor, poor‐undifferentiated tumor, and age over 60 years were identified as independent risk factors for T4N2b patients. Based on this multivariate model, the high‐risk T4N2b subgroup had a worse survival outcome compared with resectable M1b patients (HR, 1.24; p = 0.03).ConclusionBy comparing stage III with stage IV colon cancer patients, we identified a subgroup of stage III patients at a higher risk of death than more advanced stages, implying that current cancer care modalities are not sufficient for these high‐risk substages.
Novel self‐expanding ALLEGRA transcatheter aortic valve for native aortic stenosis and degenerated bioprosthesis
Authors: Neuser Jonas , Kempf Tibor , Bauersachs Johann , Widder Julian D. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the safety and efficacy of the ALLEGRA valve in routine use.BackgroundThe ALLEGRA aortic valve is a self‐expanding transcatheter heart valve (THV) with bovine pericardial tissue and was CE approved in March 2017. Its unique design was developed to provide low prosthesis gradients.MethodsWe analyzed patients receiving an ALLEGRA THV between May 2017 and March 2021 at our center for treatment of aortic valve stenosis or degenerated valve prosthesis. Hemodynamic results and clinical outcome according to the Valve Academic Research Consortium‐2 consensus criteria were evaluated at discharge and three months post transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) procedure. 93 patients with a mean age of 82.5 ± 4.8 years and a median EuroScore II of 4.7 ± 3.4 were treated, 15 of them were valve‐in‐valve procedures.ResultsImplantation was successful in 97.8% (91/93) and VARC‐2 defined device success was achieved in 94.6% (88/93). In‐hospital all‐cause mortality was 2.2% (2/93). Life‐threatening bleeding, major vascular complications and strokes were 3.2% (3/93), 2.2% (2/93) and 3.2% (3/93), respectively. Paravalvular leakage was none to trace in 60.4%, mild in 38.5% and moderate in 1.1%. Permanent pacemaker implantation in pacemaker naive patients was necessary in 9.5% (8/84). Mean gradient at discharge was 8.2 ± 4.3 mmHg for all patients; 7.1 ± 2.6 mmHg in patients treated for stenosis of the native aortic valve and 13.8 ± 6.3 mmHg in patients treated valve‐in‐valve.ConclusionsThe ALLEGRA THV provides excellent hemodynamic results and a good safety profile with a low complication rate.
Outcomes of contemporary versus conventional reverse controlled and antegrade and retrograde subintimal tracking in chronic total occlusion revascularization
Authors: Xu Rende , Shi Yuekai , Chang Shufu , Qin Qing , Li Chenguang , Fu Mingqiang , Ge Lei , Qian Juying , Ma Jianying , Ge Junbo 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundChronic total occlusion (CTO) lesions remain technically challenging for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The introduction of a retrograde approach has allowed marked improvement in the success rate of CTO recanalization. Reverse controlled anterograde and retrograde sub‐intimal tracking (reverse CART) is the predominant retrograde wire crossing technique and can be broadly classified into three categories: (1) conventional (2) contemporary and (3) extended. The present study aimed to compare the safety and efficacy of conventional and contemporary reverse CART techniques.MethodsFrom March 2015 to May 2020, 303 patients achieving successful retrograde guidewire crossing with conventional or contemporary reverse CART during CTO PCI were included in the study. The patient characteristics, procedural outcomes and in‐hospital and 1‐year clinical events were compared between the conventional and contemporary groups.ResultsThe distributions of the baseline and angiographic characteristics were similar in both study arms, except the CTO lesions of the conventional group were more complex, as reflected by borderline significantly higher mean J‐CTO scores (3.4 ± 0.7 vs. 3.3 ± 0.8; p = 0.059). Recanalization using contemporary reverse CART was associated with a short procedure time (189.8 ± 44.4 vs. 181.7 ± 37.3 min; p = 0.044) and decreased procedural complications, particularly target vessel perforation (3.6% vs. 0.6%; p = 0.063) and major side‐branch occlusion (36.7% vs. 28.0%; p = 0.051). Technical and procedural success and the in‐hospital and 1‐year outcomes were not significantly different between the groups.ConclusionsContemporary reverse CART is associated with favorably high efficiency and low‐complication rates and carries a comparable success rate and 1‐year clinical outcomes as conventional reverse CART.
Synthesis of 2‐Deoxy‐C‐Glycosides via Iridium‐Catalyzed sp2 and sp3 C—H Glycosylation with Unfunctionalized Glycals†
Authors: Zhu Wanjun , Sun Qikai , Chang Hai , Zhang Hui‐Xing , Wang Quanquan , Chen Gong , He Gang 
Published: November 2021

Comprehensive SummaryA new protocol for the synthesis of 2‐deoxy‐C‐aryl‐glycosides and 2‐deoxy‐C‐alkyl‐glycosides via iridium‐catalyzed directed C—H glycosylation with glycals is reported. The method is amenable for both the C2 C—H glycosylation of indoles and the methyl C—H glycosylation of secondary methyl amines under the control of an N‐linked benzoxazole directing group. The benzoxazole group can be cleanly removed by the treatment of KOH or LiAlH4.
Determining ADCC Activity of Antibody‐Based Therapeutic Molecules using Two Bioluminescent Reporter‐Based Bioassays
Authors: Garvin Denise , Stecha Pete , Gilden Julia , Wang Jun , Grailer Jamison , Hartnett Jim , Fan Frank , Cong Mei , Cheng Zhijie Jey 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAntibody Fc effector function is one of the main mechanisms of action (MoA) for therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Measurement of antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is critical for understanding the Fc effector function during monoclonal antibody development. This article covers two cell‐based ADCC bioassays which can quantitatively measure the antibody potency in ADCC. Basic Protocol 1 describes the ADCC reporter bioassay using engineered ADCC effector cells which measures the FcγRIIIa‐mediated luciferase reporter activation upon the binding of antibody‐coated target cells. Basic Protocol 2 describes the PBMC ADCC bioassay using primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) as effector cells and engineered HiBiT target cells in an assay that measures the release of HiBiT from target cells upon antibody‐mediated target lysis. Optimization of several key assay parameters including cell handling, effector:target (E:T) ratios, assay plate, and plate reader requirement, and how these parameters impact assay performance are discussed. © 2021 Promega Corporation. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.Basic Protocol 1: ADCC reporter bioassay using engineered ADCC bioassay effector cellsBasic Protocol 2: PBMC ADCC bioassay using primary PBMC and engineered HiBiT target cells
Unstable behavior analysis and stabilization of double‐loop proportional‐integral control H‐bridge inverter with inductive impedance load
Authors: Ji Huayv , Xie Fan , Shen Li , Yang Ru , Zhang Bo 
Published: November 2021

SummaryWith the rapid development of renewable energy, inverters have been widely used in the distributed power system. For the safety of the distributed power system, the stable operation of the inverter is vital. Hence, this paper detects slow‐scale instability fast‐scale instability and in the double‐loop proportional‐integral (PI) control single‐phase full H‐bridge inverter with inductive impedance load by the discrete‐mapping model firstly. Next, the mechanism of the mechanism slow‐scale and fast‐scale behaviors are explained by state‐space average model and Filippov method, respectively. Then, passive damping method and sine wave compensation techniques are extended to the system to suppress the nonlinear behaviors. Finally, the PLECS simulation and experiments are utilized to verify the correctness of the investigations.
Stomatal regulation prevents plants from critical water potentials during drought: Result of a model linking soil–plant hydraulics to abscisic acid dynamics
Authors: Wankmüller Fabian J. P. , Carminati Andrea 
Published: November 2021

AbstractUnderstanding stomatal regulation during drought is essential to correctly predict vegetation‐atmosphere fluxes. Stomatal optimization models posit that stomata maximize the carbon gain relative to a penalty caused by water loss, such as xylem cavitation. However, a mechanism that allows the stomata to behave optimally is unknown. Here, we introduce a model of stomatal regulation that results in similar stomatal behaviour without presupposing an optimality principle. By contrast, the proposed model explains stomatal closure based on a well‐known component of stomatal regulation: abscisic acid (ABA). The ABA level depends on its production rate, which is assumed to increase with declining leaf water potential, and on its degradation rate, which is assumed to increase with assimilation rate. Our model predicts that stomata open until the ratio of leaf water potential to assimilation rate, proportional to ABA level, is at a minimum. As a prerequisite, the model simulates soil–plant hydraulics and leaf photosynthesis under varying environmental conditions. The model predicts that in wet soils and at low vapour pressure deficit (VPD), when there is no water limitation, stomatal closure is controlled by the relationship between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. In dry soils or at high VPD, when the soil hydraulic conductivity limits the water supply, stomatal closure is triggered by the sharp decline in leaf water potential as transpiration rate increases. Being adaptive to changing soil and atmospheric conditions, the proposed model can explain how plants are enabled to avoid critical water potentials during drought for varying soil properties and atmospheric conditions.