bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From a shareholder to stakeholder orientation: Evidence from the analyses ofCEOdismissal in large U.S. firms
Authors: Shin Shoonchul , Lee Juyoung , Bansal Pratima (Tima) 
Published: December 2021

AbstractResearch SummaryThe post‐Enron era is marked with growing discourse of stakeholders, sustainability, and corporate social responsibility (CSR). Yet, commentators debate whether U.S. corporations have indeed moved toward a stakeholder orientation, given the difficulties in measuring such a shift. We assess this shift by examining corporate governance practices, especially the prevalence of shareholder‐ and stakeholder‐oriented practices in chief executive officer (CEO) dismissals. Using data on large firms in 1980–2015, we found that, before the 2000s, CEOs were less heavily penalized for poor firm performance when they demonstrated a shareholder orientation by downsizing and refocusing the corporation and more heavily penalized for CSR activity. This trend, however, reversed after the early 2000s. This article provides evidence of the evolution of U.S. firms' governance practices from a shareholder toward stakeholder orientation.Managerial SummaryMany people are skeptical of the assertion that U.S. corporations have become more stakeholder‐oriented over time. It is no wonder, as scant evidence exists for this claim. We tackle this claim head on by analyzing firm practices in 1980–2015 that contributed to chief executive officer (CEO) dismissal when the firm was performing poorly. Some practices, such as downsizing and firm refocusing, are associated with a shareholder orientation and others, such as CSR, are associated with a stakeholder orientation. We found strong evidence for a growing trend toward a stakeholder orientation. When the firm was performing poorly before the 2000s, CEOs were more likely to be dismissed for CSR activities and less likely to be dismissed for downsizing or refocusing the firm. This trend reversed in the early 2000s.
Red Phosphorus Anchored on Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Bubble‐Carbon Nanotube Network for Highly Stable and Fast‐Charging Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: He Shu‐Ang , Liu Qian , Cui Zhe , Xu Kaibing , Zou Rujia , Luo Wei , Zhu Meifang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractA nitrogen‐doped carbon bubble‐carbon nanotube@red phosphorus (N‐CBCNT@rP) network composite is fabricated, featuring an rP film embedded in a highly N‐doped CBCNT network with hierarchical pores of different sizes and interior void spaces. Highly N‐doped CBCNT with an optimized structure is utilized to achieve an ultrahigh rP content of 53 wt% in the N‐CBCNT@rP composite by the NP bond, which shows a record rP content for rP‐carbon composites by the vaporization–condensation process. When tested as an anode for lithium‐ion batteries, the N‐CBCNT@rP composite exhibits an ultrahigh initial Coulombic efficiency of 87.5%, high specific capacity, outstanding rate performance, and superior cycling stability at a high current density (capacity decay of 0.011% per cycle over 1500 cycles at 5 A g−1), which is the lowest capacity fading rate of those previously reported for rP‐based electrodes. The superior lithium‐ion storage performance of the N‐CBCNT@rP composite electrode is primarily attributed to its structure. The 3D hierarchical conducting network of the N‐CBCNT@rP composite with abundant N−P bonds endows the entire electrode with maximized conductivity for superior ion and electron transfer kinetics. Moreover, N‐CBCNT networks with hierarchical pores of different sizes can fix the location of rP, prevent agglomeration, and avoid volume expansion of rP.
Transformation of sequence diagram to timed Petri net using Atlas Transformation Language metamodel approach
Authors: Shailesh Tanuja , Nayak Ashalatha , Prasad Devi 
Published: December 2021

AbstractReal‐time systems are complex and composed of time‐bounded events that must satisfy the real‐time constraints for their proper functioning. To cope with the complexity of real‐time systems, model‐driven approaches such as model‐driven architecture (MDA) can be followed, which uses the conceptual models for system representation. This paper presents an MDA‐based automated approach for an early stage performance evaluation and verification of a real‐time system using the Unified Modeling Language (UML)/Modeling and Analysis of Real‐Time and Embedded systems (MARTE) sequence diagram. A metamodel‐based model‐to‐model transformation technique is used for mapping the UML/MARTE sequence diagram into the generalized Petri Net Markup Language (PNML) representation of the timed Petri net model using Atlas Transformation Language (ATL). The derived PNML representation has the advantage to support the interoperability between different Petri net tools when compared over the existing methods that produce tool‐specific representation. The proposed approach enables the system designers to create and evaluate alternate system designs and predict their behavior, contributing to improving the system quality. The contribution of the proposed technique for identifying the optimal system design is analyzed using a real‐time embedded sensor application. The proposed transformation approach is also validated using a real‐time system from the manufacturing domain.
Bemessung von Verbundstützen – Update prEN 1994‐1‐1
Authors: Schäfer Markus , Bergmann Marco , Zhang Qingjie 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDie Bemessung von Verbundstützen in Stahl und Beton erfolgt nach den Regeln des Eurocode 4. Dabei wird zwischen vereinfachten und dem allgemeinen Nachweisverfahren differenziert. Das allgemeine Nachweisverfahren basiert auf einer umfassenden numerischen Analyse, gefolgt von einer Validierung des Sicherheitsniveaus. Die aktuell gültige europäische Norm EN 1994‐1‐1:2004 enthält keine detaillierten Informationen zur Anwendung des allgemeinen Nachweisverfahrens. Auch in der Fachliteratur werden nur wenige Informationen bereitgestellt. Dies führt häufig zu Fragen in der Anwendung des Verfahrens und bei der Bewertung der Berechnungsergebnisse. In Deutschland wurden zusätzliche Details zur Anwendung des Verfahrens in den nationalen Anhang (DIN EN 1994‐1‐1/NA) aufgenommen. Aktuell liegt der Entwurf der zweiten Generation der prEN 1994‐1‐1:2021 mit komplementären Informationen zum allgemeinen Nachweisverfahren vor. Parallel werden neue Sicherheitsparameter eingeführt, die in EN 1994‐1‐1 nicht enthalten sind, und der Anwendungsbereich im Hinblick auf die Materialfestigkeiten erweitert. Dieser Beitrag erläutert die Vorgehensweise bei der Bemessung von Verbundstützen nach prEN 1994‐1‐1 und zeigt Änderungen gegenüber dem aktuell gültigen Eurocode auf.
Comparison of Two Methods for Detecting Atlantic Salt Marsh Mink
Authors: Winchester Christopher P. , Gore Jeffery A. , Smith Lisa M. 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTThe Atlantic salt marsh mink (ASMM; Neovison vison lutensis) has a limited distribution in Florida and may be vulnerable to extirpation through habitat loss or degradation. To evaluate ASMM population status, survey methods are needed that are effective and practical in salt marsh habitat where mink are difficult to detect. In 2013–2014, we compared the effectiveness of 2 survey methods, spotlight surveys and floating camera traps, to estimate site occupancy and detectability of ASMM in northeast Florida. Using spotlight surveys, we sampled 148, 1‐km2 units over 3 months and detected ASMM in 9% of the sampled units. With floating camera traps, we sampled 42, 1‐km2 units over 10 months and detected ASMM in 36% of sampled units. Floating cameras traps were a more effective survey method for ASMM, resulting in higher estimated site occupancy (Ψ = 0.36) and detection probability (P = 0.46) when compared to spotlight surveys (Ψ = 0.15, P = 0.24). Spotlight surveys for ASMM were effective only at peak high tide when water levels rise to the height of the marsh grass and many individuals take cover on floating vegetation. We conducted all spotlight surveys during times of peak high tide, but tide height varied by location across the study area and likely affected detection rates. As a result, we detected ASMM only during spotlight surveys in the northern part of our study area, where mean tide height was 1.97 m compared with 1.46 m in the southern part of the study area. Therefore, we recommend floating camera traps for future surveys of ASMM to estimate site occupancy. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.
Transversely isotropic visco‐thermo‐elastic nanobeam with time harmonic laser pulse and new modified three phase lag Green‐Nagdhi model
Authors: Kaur Iqbal , Singh Kulvinder , Craciun Eduard‐Marius , Altenbach Holm 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis investigation aims to examine the impact of the time‐harmonic laser pulse on the vibration phenomenon in 2D homogeneous transversely isotropic homogeneous visco‐thermoelastic nanobeam with a new modified three‐phase lag Green Nagdhi (TPL‐GN) model. The ends of the nanobeam are considered to be simply supported and held at a constant temperature. The mathematical model so formed is solved to derive the non‐dimensional expressions for lateral deflection, axial displacement, temperature distribution, axial stress, and thermal moment. Effect of frequency and viscosity with new modified TPL GN heat transfer is represented graphically for lateral deflection, axial displacement, temperature distribution, axial stress, and thermal moment using the MATLAB software. Comparisons are made with the different theories of thermoelasticity and visco‐thermoelasticity. Some particular cases are also deduced.
The Place of Civil Society in the Creation of Knowledge
Authors: Suarsana Laura , Meyer Heinz-Dieter , Glückler Johannes 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis interdisciplinary volume addresses the relations between civil society and knowledge from a social, institutional, and spatial perspective. As knowledge and civil society are co-constitutive (any voluntary civic agency would seem to require a minimum of knowledge and thekindsof civic agency shape the production and use of knowledge), we approach their relationship from two viewpoints: (a) what we know and how we think about the civil society shapes our action in it; (b) the particular relations between knowledge and civil society shape how knowledge in civil society becomes actionable. Adhering to the first imperative, we should carefully reflect and occasionally reconsider our assumptions about civil society. In line with the second imperative, we should carefully distinguish the ways in which civil society impacts knowledge. These range from knowledge creation, its interpretation, and its influence on societal and political discourses to its dissemination through civil society.
Undone Science and Smart Cities: Civil Society Perspectives on Risk and Emerging Technologies
Authors: Hess David J. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis study contributes to the analysis of civil society and knowledge by examining mobilizations by civil society organizations and grassroots networks in opposition to wireless smart meters in the United States. Three types of mobilizations are reviewed: grassroots anti-smart-meter networks, privacy organizations, and organizations that advocate for reduced exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic fields. The study shows different relationships to scientific knowledge that include publicizing risks and conducting citizen science, identifying non-controversial areas of future research, and pointing to deeper problems of undone science (a particular type of non-knowledge that emerges when actors mobilize in the public interest and find an absence or low volume of research that could have been used to support their concerns). By comparing different types of knowledge claims made by the civil society organizations and networks, the study examines the conditions under which mobilized civil society generates positive responses from incumbent organizations versus resistance and undone science.
Specialists for Crumble Cakes? The German LandFrauen Organizations in Social Innovation, and as Educational, Social, and Political Institutions
Authors: Suarsana Laura 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis chapter presents empirical results on the German LandFrauen clubs and associations as contemporary elements of German civil society from the conceptual perspective of social innovation, as an approach which is expected to hold high potential particularly for rural areas. The analysis shows that the German LandFrauen clubs and associations are highly engaged in initiating change and development in rural Germany by uniquely addressing women’s needs through social, cultural, and educational offers. Here, the members’ social interactions function as a basis and starting point for further activities providing impulses in local development.As prerequisites that enable the LandFrauen to pursue their activities, two key characteristics were identified: (1) Their practices are integrated into specific local fields and highly adaptive to local needs and interests through the deep integration of the large and diverse base of members in their local villages and rural society, which allows for functions as local initiators, catalysts, and multipliers in regional development. (2) The institutional frame of clubs and associations allows for support, cooperation, and exchange across the vertical and horizontal structure, and provides access to resources and a broad network to external partners.
Civil Society as Networks of Issues and Associations: The Case of Food
Authors: Diani Mario , Ernstson Henrik , Jasny Lorien 
Published: December 2021

AbstractScholars usually conceptualize civil society as both a discursive and an associational space. In the former, focus is on communicative practices; in the latter, attention shifts to the actors that cooperate or clash about the identification and production of collective goods. In this chapter, we sketch the contours of an approach to civil society that treats both dimensions in an integrated way. Looking at the role of food issues in urban settings as diverse as Cape Town, Bristol, and Glasgow, we borrow from social network analysis to explore first, how civic organizations combine an interest in food-related issues with attention to other themes, thus defining different, specific agendas; next, we ask if and how interest in food identifies specific clusters of cooperation within broader civil society networks.
Environment, Climate Change and the Green Economy
Authors: Ogola Jason Samuel 
Published: December 2021

AbstractTo identify and evaluate possible impacts of climate change on transportation in Limpopo province, it is necessary to define the scale and scope of the transportation system in the province and determine its sensitivities to climate change. This chapter, therefore locates the environment, climate change and the green economy matters in context. The science of climate change is explored, while the main sources of greenhouse gases are discussed. Additionally, the impacts of climate change in South Africa is outlined. Strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in the transport sector are provided.
Vehicle Management and Emission Control and Maintenance
Authors: Bikam Peter Bitta 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSouth Africa range 15th as the world largest CO2 emitter contributing to 1.2% of global emission. During the Kyoto Protocol of 2014, South Africa pledged to reduce its emission by 34% and 42% in 2020 and 2025 respectively. This study is a combination of literature review from South Africa with particular emphasis on road transport. The focus was on vehicle emission with reference to Limpopo Province to demonstrate how emissions from primarily the use of diesel and petrol as one of the major contributors to CO2 emission in the province are vital for the sustainability debate. The methodology used to illustrate the dangers of vehicular emissions were based on statistical estimates from the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) inventory report from 2000 to 2010. The information used in assessing the vehicle emission standards in Limpopo were obtained from DEA. The findings from literature reviews in general and the results from the field survey from Limpopo Province shed some light on South Africa's vehicle emissions policy issues and standards. Also the analysis focused on the impact of vehicular fleet management and carbon emissions. The article concludes by drilling down to vehicle users, motor vehicle repairs, engine over haulers, used engine collection and disposal with respect to their roles in vehicle emission and control in South Africa.
Measurement of high energy dark matter from the Sun at IceCube
Authors: Xu Ye 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
It is assumed that heavy dark matter particles (HDMs) with a mass of O(TeV) are captured by the Sun. HDMs can decay to relativistic light dark matter particles (LDMs), which could be measured by km3 neutrino telescopes (like the IceCube detector). The numbers and fluxes of expected LDMs and neutrinos were evaluated at IceCube with the Z′ portal dark matter model. Based on the assumption that no events are observed at IceCube in 6 years, the corresponding upper limits on LDM fluxes were calculated at 90% C. L.. These results indicated that LDMs could be directly detected in the O(1TeV)-O(10TeV) energy range at IceCube with 100 GeV ≲ mZ′ ≲ 350 GeV and τϕ ≲ 5 × 1022ṡ.
Incidence and prognosis of myocardial injury in patients with severe trauma
Authors: Stroda Alexandra , Thelen Simon , M’Pembele René , Adelowo Antony , Jaekel Carina , Schiffner Erik , Bieler Dan , Bernhard Michael , Huhn Ragnar , Lurati Buse Giovanna , Roth Sebastian 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Severe trauma can lead to end organ damages of varying severity, including myocardial injury. In the non-cardiac surgery setting, there is extensive evidence that perioperative myocardial injury is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The impact of myocardial injury on outcome after severe trauma has not been investigated adequately yet. We hypothesized that myocardial injury is associated with increased in-hospital mortality in patients with severe trauma.

Materials/methods
This retrospective cohort study included patients ≥ 18 years with severe trauma [defined as injury severity score (ISS) ≥ 16] that were admitted to the resuscitation room of the Emergency Department of the University Hospital Duesseldorf, Germany, between 2016 and 2019. The main endpoint was in-hospital mortality. Main exposure was myocardial injury at arrival [defined as high-sensitive troponin T (hsTnT) > 14 ng/l]. For statistical analysis, receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and multivariate binary logistic regression were performed.

Results
Out of 368 patients, 353 were included into statistical analysis (72.5% male, age: 55 ± 21, ISS: 28 ± 12). Overall in-hospital mortality was 26.1%. Myocardial injury at presentation was detected in 149 (42.2%) patients. In-hospital mortality of patients with and without myocardial injury at presentation was 45% versus 12.3%, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) for hsTnT and mortality was 0.76 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.71–0.82]. The adjusted odds ratio of myocardial injury for in-hospital mortality was 2.27 ([95%CI 1.16–4.45]; p = 0.017).

Conclusion
Myocardial injury after severe trauma is common and independently associated with in-hospital mortality. Thus, hsTnT might serve as a new prognostic marker in this cohort.
Machinability investigation of polymer/GNP nanocomposites in micro-milling
Authors: Fu Guoyu , Huo Dehong , Shyha Islam , Sun Fuzhong , Gao Qiang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractNanoparticles such as graphene have been added to various polymer matrices to enhance the mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of polymer materials that require complex designs on a microscopic scale. Micro-machining is used to process these nanocomposite materials to achieve high surface quality and dimensional accuracy while maintaining high productivity. In this study, a systematic micro-milling experiment was performed on polymer/graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) nanocomposites to advance knowledge of the micro-machinability of these materials. It evaluates the effect of the addition of 0.1wt% GNP nanoparticles on machined surface morphology, chip formation, cutting forces, and tool wear. It is found that the addition of GNP nanoparticles changes the slot edge formation mode from burring mode to chipping mode.
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas and ionizing radiation: case report and review of the literature
Authors: Schmitz-Feuerhake Inge , Frentzel-Beyme Rainer , Wolff Roland 
Published: December 2021

AbstractNon-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) increased continuously since the last century in developed countries. While they are considered as disease in elder ages, a remarkable increasing incidence is also observed in German children and juveniles. The higher rates are interpreted by the changes in classification because diseases such as chronic lymphocytic leukaemia were also identified as NHL. Considerable rates of NHL were found in nuclear workers and liquidators of Chernobyl, i.e. in cases of low-dose chronical exposures. In Germany, we noticed three workers who developed NHL after decontamination of nuclear facilities. The bone marrow is generally considered as target organ for ionizing radiation, but NHL is obviously induced in the whole pool of lymphocytes. Therefore, the dosimetry in cases of typical occupational external and internal exposure must be revised. A high radiation sensitivity for NHL is a possible suspect and likely reason which may partly explain the continuous rise of the diseases in populations underlying the current increases of medical diagnostic exposure. NHL is also induced in children and juveniles with a history of diagnostic X-rays.
Exploring the MEN1 dependent modulation of caspase 8 and caspase 3 in human pancreatic and murine embryo fibroblast cells
Authors: Wagener Nele , Buchholz Malte , Bertolino Philippe , Zhang Chang X. , Di Fazio Pietro 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMEN1 mutation causes pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasia and benign malignancies of the parathyroid, the adrenal cortex and pituitary gland. The transcriptional activity of its product menin promotes the expression of genes deputed to several cellular mechanism including cell death. Here, we focused on its implication in the activation of the initiator and executioner caspases after staurosporine mediated cell death in 2D and 3D human and murine cell models. The administration of staurosporine, a well-known inducer of apoptotic cell death, caused a significant reduction of BON1, QGP1 and HPSC2.2 cell viability. The transient knockdown of MEN1, performed by using a specific siRNA, caused a significant down-regulation of CDKN1A and TP53 transcripts. The treatment with 1 µM of staurosporine caused also a significant down-regulation of MEN1 and was able to restore the basal expression of TP53 only in QGP1 cells. Transient or permanent MEN1 inactivation caused a decrease of caspase 8 activity in BON1, HPSC2.2 cells and MEN1−/− MEFs treated with staurosporine. Caspase 3/7 activity was suppressed after administration of staurosporine in MEN1 knocked down HPSC2.2 and MEN1−/− MEFs as well. The cleaved caspase 8 and caspase 3 decreased in human cells after MEN1 knockdown and in MEN1−/− MEFs. The treatment with staurosporine caused a reduction of the size of MEN1+/+ MEFs spheroids. Instead, MEN1−/− MEFs spheroids did not show any significant reduction of their size. In conclusion, MEN1 controls the activity of the initiator caspase 8 and the executioner caspase 3 in human and murine cells. Restoring of a functional MEN1 and interfering with the apoptotic mechanism could represent a future strategy for the treatment of MEN1-related malignancies.