bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Core–Periphery Relations and European Integration
Authors: Laffan Brigid 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Core–periphery relations have always played an important role within nation-states, across regions and at the global level. Given the significance of core–periphery dynamics to state building, we would expect patterns of economic convergence and divergence to matter in the process of European integration. This chapter traces how the EU addressed its treaty commitment to ‘harmonious development’ as it deepened and widened following the original aim of the Treaty of Rome. We identify a series of significant phases in the EU’s response to core–periphery relations. A key argument is that every major development in the EU, with the exception of the euro, was accompanied by policy provisions designed to alleviate divergence.
The European Union as a Global Power?
Authors: Letta Enrico 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
European integration started after the Second World War as an effort to bring peace in the Old Continent and to promote the unity of its peoples in a categorical rejection of nationalism. Hence, the very reason of making a united Europe was internal in its roots. Without denying the extraordinary achievements of the European project, today we can no longer give traditional answers to the fundamental question: ‘Why make Europe?’ If yesterday the underlying reason was clear to everyone—peace, in fact—today it is no longer the case. One of the ‘positive’ aspects of Brexit—and there are very few!—is having awakened Europe from a dangerous, deterministic, and almost dogmatic inertia of giving ‘Just because’ as the answer. So why should we continue to build a united Europe? Why do we need the European Union in the twenty-first century? In a nutshell the answer is that from the hegemon it was until the twentieth century, Europe must become a beacon for the world as a value-based global power. This is the essence of the new role that Europe is called to play in the world. In order to do this, we can no longer just look at internal causes for making Europe, but must also take into account the external context. In other words, we should adopt a mentality whereby European values coincide with European strategic interests. This shift is the key to making Europe live up to its global ambitions.
The Partnership between the USA and the European Union
Authors: Gardner Anthony 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Western values are under attack all over the world, including in some of the oldest democracies. Populist demagogues are being voted into government in free elections, rather than by seizing power. The political middle appears to be hollowed out as extreme movements gain force. Yet the Western model, frequently predicted to be in danger of imminent collapse, lives on. For one set of values to collapse, another set of values needs to gain widespread acceptance. That prerequisite may never be achieved. China has proven that rapid and sustained economic growth is possible within an autocratic governance system. Its success in lifting hundreds of millions out of poverty into the middle class is rightly viewed as a historic achievement. But it has failed to inspire global admiration for its values, despite major efforts to project its influence culturally and diplomatically, and through massive investment in infrastructure around the world. News about China’s social scoring system, increasing drift toward a cult of personality under Xi Jinping, systematic surveillance, and massive internment of Muslims has contributed to unease about China. The USA and the EU still have an opportunity to ensure the continued relevance of the West as they work together along with other allies under the Biden administration, just as they did so often in the past (prior to the Trump administration) on issues of global importance, including trade, climate change, foreign aid and humanitarian assistance, data privacy, and human rights.
Are We Still Allowed to Dream?
Authors: Rompuy Herman Van 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The European Union was and is a dream for many—for those who looked forward to and yearned for peace, democracy or prosperity. Remember, we have four candidate countries. Even in the UK, at least half the population is convinced European, despite everything. For many, the Europe of their dreams has been replaced by that of necessity. But we cannot cope with the great problems of our time without the EU. The nation-states cannot cope separately with the Chinese and American challenges. Indeed, two-thirds of EU27 citizens consider membership of the Union to be a good thing for their country. Why not turn this awareness into ‘more Europe’? Is it a matter of leadership? Or are our national societies in crisis, not only in Europe but throughout the West? There is a lot of mistrust towards established institutions and overarching ideas. Europe is one of them. Modern man fears ‘space’ and cherishes the ‘place’. All this translates electorally into a lot of fragmentation and volatility, which makes it more difficult for leaders to take risks. And yet we must continue to work towards an ‘ever closer Union’.
Introduction
Authors: Herman Barbara 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The Introduction summarizes the path to be taken from a study of imperfect duties to a revised reading of Kant’s moral philosophy as a deontology that integrates the ideas and duties of right with our ethical duties. Explaining why such a path is necessary if we are to understand the moral situation of persons, it sets the agenda for understanding Kant’s account of our ethical and political duties as a single, unified moral habitat.
Framing the Question (What We Can Learn From Imperfect Duties)
Authors: Herman Barbara 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The chapter describes the difficulties encountered in understanding imperfect duties and the misdirection that comes with taking beneficence as their paradigm example. It argues that we get a clearer view of what the duties are like by instead examining three less theorized imperfect duties—gratitude, duties about gifts, and the duty of due care. Each of the duties raises difficulties for conventional accounts of moral requirement that are explored and resolved in three sections called “Middle Work.” Together they reveal the distinctive theoretical demands and deliberative structure of imperfect duties and make it clear why they are important.
Giving
Authors: Herman Barbara 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the imperfect duties that belong with gifts and other transfers of goods. It identifies the peculiar wrong in “giving too much” as a status injury made visible in the distortions of relationship caused by the giving. The wrongful giving morally disables or disorients the recipient as an equal partner in the exchange. The source of the wrong is a misuse of morally sanctioned discretion. The chapter then explores the awkward result that in giving too much an action can be not impermissible and yet morally wrong to do. Middle Work 2 explains this result arguing that the pair, impermissible-permissible, should be regarded as contraries, not contradictories. It follows that an action can be morally wrong if it is either of an act-type that is impermissible, or, if not of an impermissible act-type, it is ruled out by moral features of particular circumstances or conditions.
A Right to Housing
Authors: Herman Barbara 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the structural effect on the system of duties that would come with recognizing a human right to housing. If there is such a right, there is pressure on the interpretation of a property system to support hybrid moral value connecting possession and the conditions of moral status. An extended example shows how, as a system constraint, the right requires a division of moral labor between individuals and public institutions, juridical and ethical duties, especially when there are natural or social crises around housing. The arguments around a right to housing are then extended to the conditions of refugees, asylum seekers, and stateless persons. The claim in innate right to be somewhere implies that wherever such persons present themselves counts as a moral port of entry to temporary residence and subsequent patriation that all states have a duty to support.
The Skeptical Challenge
Authors: McCain Kevin , Moretti Luca 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter articulates the anti-skeptical line of response afforded by PE. It is also shown that while the promised anti-skeptical bite of other appearance-based theories, such as PC, dissolves when one becomes reflectively aware of one’s own appearances, the same is not true of PE. This not only addresses a perennial concern for internalist theories but also completes the case for the superiority of PE over both PC and similar theories that do not take on board explanationist insights. This chapter shows that PE offers all that one might want from PC and much more. So, PE is an important theory of epistemic justification that is worthy of serious consideration.
Conclusion
Authors: Copley Jack 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter reiterates the key arguments and findings of the book. The British state pursued financial liberalization in the 1970s and 1980s in an attempt to reconcile the demands of domestic civil society with the suffocating, impersonal pressures of the global economic crisis on Britain’s balances with the rest of the world. Financialization was an accidental result, not an intended outcome. In addition, this chapter explores how the four liberalizations examined here impacted upon the trajectory of financialization in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Britain’s liberalization of its financial sector boosted global capital mobility, and thus created powerful pressures on other states to follow suit, contributing to a dynamic of competitive deregulation that spread around the world. Further, the arm’s-length, depoliticized design of the 1986 FSA generated an institutional path dependency, whereby future British systems of financial governance would take a similarly light-touch form. This meant that London would incubate a series of banking scandals in the 1990s, as well as being home to some of the riskiest financial practices exposed by the 2008 crisis. Finally, the growing financial flows unleashed by the liberalizations of the 1970s and 1980s were increasingly channelled into the housing market, resulting in Britain’s particular dynamic of housing-centric financialization.
Altar Call in Europe
Authors: Balbier Uta A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This book provides a transnational history of Billy Graham’s revival work in the 1950s, zooming in on his revival meetings in London (1954), Berlin (1954/1960), and New York (1957). It shows how Graham’s international ministry took shape in the context of transatlantic debates about the place and future of religion in public life after the experiences of war and at the onset of the Cold War, and through a constant exchange of people, ideas, and practices. It explores the transnational nature of debates about the religious underpinnings of the “Free World” and sheds new light on the contested relationship between business, consumerism, and religion. In the context of Graham’s revival meetings, ordinary Christians, theologians, ministers, and church leaders in the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom discussed, experienced, and came to terms with religious modernization and secular anxieties, Cold War culture, and the rise of consumerism. The transnational connectedness of their political, economic, and spiritual hopes and fears brings a narrative to life that complicates our understanding of the different secularization paths the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany embarked on in the 1950s. During Graham’s altar call in Europe, the contours of a transatlantic revival become visible, even if in the long run it was unable to develop a dynamism that could have sustained this moment in these different national and religious contexts.
Introduction
Authors: Balbier Uta A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The introduction embeds the revival meetings American evangelist Billy Graham organized in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany in the 1950s in the existing historiography of religious life in the 1950s, America’s spiritual Cold War, and the interplay between religion, consumers, and business culture. It contends that transnational phenomena such as Cold War culture, white middle-class economic aspiration and increasing prosperity, and religious revivalism blended in Graham’s spiritual and ideological offer and explain its attractiveness on both sides of the Atlantic. By introducing the concepts of everyday and lived religion, the introduction argues for a fresh interpretation of the status of religious life and the process of secularization in the United Kingdom, Germany, and the United States. In centering the voices and practices of ministers and ordinary Christians, this new approach makes the contours of a transatlantic revival visible.
Reviving Religion
Authors: Balbier Uta A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This book uses Graham’s crusades in London, Berlin, and New York as a prism through which to explore the powerful dynamics of the transatlantic revival of the 1950s. It was a movement that affected political discourses, theological debates, and ordinary faith, and witnessed a tremendous exchange of ideas and issues, hopes and fears, people and practices. It produced intense national debates about the future of faith under the threat of secularization. It was shaped by transnational ideological frameworks such as the Cold War and consumerism, and it strengthened the international awareness of German, British, and American Christians within and beyond the evangelical community. These were the dynamics, changes, and processes that came together during Graham’s altar call in Europe. This first chapter embeds Billy Graham’s revival meetings in the religious landscapes of the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany in the 1950s, a time characterized by secularization fears and hopes for a religious revival. It introduces the planning process behind Graham’s revival meetings, which was marked by lively transnational exchanges between American, British, and German organizers. In the wake of World War II, the so-called crusades provided a focus for contemporary debates among church officials, theologians, and ordinary Christians about faith, politics and society, and a possible modernization of religious life. The chapter shows how the endorsement and criticism developing around Graham split congregations and denominations, meanwhile allowing an ecumenical community of Graham supporters to emerge. Graham’s revival style challenged the evangelical communities in particular to embrace a more worldly faith.
Introduction
Authors: Ervin-Blankenheim Elisabeth 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Geology offers a unique perspective on the Earth—past, present, and future. It is the language through which the Earth speaks, by means of rocks, geologic processes, the geologic record, and the biography of the Earth. This book explains how geologists arrived at understanding the story of the planet and discusses the three major tenets of geology: geologic time, plate tectonics, and evolution. The development of theories about how the Earth functions is detailed, along with their relevance. Within geology are the keys to understanding the history of the Earth, how that past informs the present, and ways of going forward. The Earth has interacted with life as long as that life has been extant. Life has shaped the Earth and vice versa with times of flowering and the radiation of life forms and other times of extinctions through profound changes in the climate and positions of the continents. These dynamics can shed light on the current changes in and consequences of perturbing the global climate.
Geologic Time
Authors: Ervin-Blankenheim Elisabeth 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The time scale of geology—the first overarching precept in geology—and its development are the focus of this chapter. How did geologists determine the great age of the Earth through the spatial nature of geologic units and changes in fossils over time? There was no guidebook to the process of unraveling the Earth’s biography, and the discoveries proceeded step by step using observation and the development of hypotheses. Scientists such as Abraham Werner established principles to place rocks in order relative to one another, providing the beginning of understanding strata, their composition, sources, and life within them. Early estimates of the age of the Earth were on the order of thousands of years, carefully calculated based on the generations in the Bible. However, geologists such as James Hutton and Charles Lyell realized that the probable age of the Earth was much greater by examining the time it would take for processes, like sedimentation rates for a layer of sand or mud to be deposited to occur. From these observations, they deduced it would take orders of magnitude more time to build up great masses of rock layers, and the time scale of geology was extended millions of years.
An Early Framework for a Cognitive Neuroscience of Visual Aesthetics
Authors: Chatterjee Anjan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In the early 2000s, no framework within which to investigate the biology of aesthetics had been articulated. The author believes that a componential framework, as was common in cognitive psychology, applied to neuroaesthetics made sense. Such frameworks were commonly applied to complex cognitive domains, such as in language, emotion processing, or visual processing research. As such, the author proposes a “box and arrow” model which incorporated levels of visual processing, emotions, attention, and decision-making. The advantage of such a framework is that specific experiments could be placed in the context of testing hypotheses of parts of a larger system deployed for aesthetic processing. The framework has held up well over the years, although the author believes he did not sufficiently emphasize the role of the motor system and the rich contribution of semantics in aesthetic experiences.
Kinds of Beauty and the Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Pegors Teresa 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Much research has been done to show where in the brain there is similar activity for different kinds of beauty judgments. In the article under discussion, the authors set out to determine where in the brain unique information about different kinds of beauty is found. In their experiment, participants made beauty judgments of faces and landscapes while their brain activity was measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). By using an analysis technique that focused on patterns of activity rather than overall activation, the authors showed that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) contained unique information about each type of beauty. Understanding more about the neuroscience of how modern people evaluate beauty may help uncover larger truths about the history of human culture and art.
Social Meaning Brings Beauty
Authors: He Xianyou , Zhang Wei 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In the study discussed in this chapter, the authors found that concrete pictographs elicited variable aesthetic appraisals related to the aesthetic qualities of the reference objects. In addition, Chinese characters are also produced in the form of metaphorical writing symbols that convey social concepts (ideographic symbols of oracle bone script). The study investigated whether the reference social meanings altered neural responses in the aesthetic appraisal of oracle bone scripts. Similar to the findings of pictographs, the beauty judgment of positive oracle bone scripts activated the occipital lobe for perceptual processing, frontal lobe for cognitive judgment, and right putamen for rewarding experience. However, only perceptual processing regions were found in the ugly judgment of negative oracle bone scripts. Results indicated that aesthetic appraisal of oracle bone scripts mainly depended on the valence of the reference social meanings and was in accordance with the stereotype of “what is good is beautiful, and bad is ugly.”
Architectural Styles as Subordinate Scene Categories
Authors: Walther Dirk B. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
How do the brains of experts and non-experts represent entry-level and subordinate-level categories of buildings and places? In the study reviewed in this chapter, the authors measured the brain activity of architecture and psychology students while they viewed images of buildings of different architectural styles as well as general scenes. From functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) patterns, they were able to decode which architectural style participants viewed. Despite finding a strong behavioral expertise effect for architectural styles between the two groups of participants, the authors could not find any differences in brain activity. Surprisingly, they found that the fusiform face area, which is typically not involved in scene perception, was tightly linked with scene-selective brain regions for the decoding of architectural styles but not for entry-level scenes categories.
Epilogue
Authors: Chatterjee Anjan , Cardillo Eileen R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In the closing chapter of this volume, the authors highlight conceptual, methodological, technical, and speculative issues that emerge from the collection and that they believe point to important future directions for the field of neuroaesthetics. One fundamental question that runs implicitly through the collection and is answered variously by the authors is what is meant by “aesthetics.” We note, too, opportunities for new lines of research that will significantly advance the models and applied relevance of neuroaesthetics. Such studies might address cross-cultural tests of neuroaesthetic theories, temporal dimensions of aesthetic engagement, multimodal experiences, neurochemical mechanisms, neuropsychological investigations of aesthetic experience, naturalistic experimental designs, and the impact of artificial intelligence and other technologies on our conceptions of art and creativity.
Confronting Cyber Risk
Authors: Falco Gregory J. , Rosenbach Eric 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Confronting Cyber Risk: An Embedded Endurance Strategy for Cybersecurity is a practical leadership handbook defining a new strategy for improving cybersecurity and mitigating cyber risk. Written by two leading experts with extensive professional experience in cybersecurity, the book provides CEOs and cyber newcomers alike with novel, concrete guidance on how to implement a cutting-edge strategy to mitigate an organization’s overall risk to malicious cyberattacks. Using short, real-world case studies, the book highlights the need to address attack prevention and the resilience of each digital asset while also accounting for an incident’s potential impact on overall operations. In a world of hackers, artificial intelligence, and persistent ransomware attacks, the Embedded Endurance strategy embraces the reality of interdependent digital assets and provides an approach that addresses cyber risk at both the micro level (people, networks, systems and data) and the macro level (the organization). Most books about cybersecurity focus entirely on technology; the Embedded Endurance strategy recognizes the need for sophisticated thinking about hardware and software while also extending beyond to address operational, reputational and litigation risk. This book both provides the reader with a solid grounding in important prevention-focused technologies—such as cloud-based security and intrusion detection—and emphasizes the important role of incident response. By implementing an Embedded Endurance strategy, you can guide your team to blunt major cyber incidents with preventative and resilience measures engaged systematically across your organization.