bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A phytobacterial TIR domain effector manipulates NAD+ to promote virulence
Authors: Eastman Samuel , Smith Thomas , Zaydman Mark A. , Kim Panya , Martinez Samuel , Damaraju Neha , DiAntonio Aaron , Milbrandt Jeffrey , Clemente Thomas E. , Alfano James R. , Guo Ming 
Published: October 2021

Summary

The Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 type III effector HopAM1 suppresses plant immunity and contains a Toll/interleukin‐1 receptor (TIR) domain homologous to immunity‐related TIR domains of plant nucleotide‐binding leucine‐rich repeat receptors that hydrolyze nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and activate immunity. In vitro and in vivo assays were conducted to determine if HopAM1 hydrolyzes NAD+ and if the activity is essential for HopAM1’s suppression of plant immunity and contribution to virulence.

HPLC and LC‐MS were utilized to analyze metabolites produced from NAD+ by HopAM1 in vitro and in both yeast and plants. Agrobacterium‐mediated transient expression and in planta inoculation assays were performed to determine HopAM1’s intrinsic enzymatic activity and virulence contribution.

HopAM1 is catalytically active and hydrolyzes NAD+ to produce nicotinamide and a novel cADPR variant (v2‐cADPR). Expression of HopAM1 triggers cell death in yeast and plants dependent on the putative catalytic residue glutamic acid 191 (E191) within the TIR domain. Furthermore, HopAM1’s E191 residue is required to suppress both pattern‐triggered immunity and effector‐triggered immunity and promote P. syringae virulence.

HopAM1 manipulates endogenous NAD+ to produce v2‐cADPR and promote pathogenesis. This work suggests that HopAM1’s TIR domain possesses different catalytic specificity than other TIR domain‐containing NAD+ hydrolases and that pathogens exploit this activity to sabotage NAD+ metabolism for immune suppression and virulence.
Connecting at the edge: Cycles of commodification and labour control within food delivery platform work in Belgium
Authors: Franke Milena , Pulignano Valeria 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn this paper we examine how commodification and labour control unfold within a digital labour platform, focusing on the connections between the platform, its users and workers. Based on a qualitative study covering couriers, clients, restaurants and the management of a food delivery platform in Belgium, we shed light on the complexity of commodification, explaining how the platform simultaneously empowers and disempowers all participants. We illustrate how the platform fosters commodification by granting access to transactions and fuelling competition, while at the same time increasing dependency through withholding information from users and workers. In so doing, we contribute to understanding how platforms exert control and create, extract and capture value by connecting users and workers with each other through the use of digital technology.
DANCE SCENES IN LEVANTINE ROCK ART (SPAIN): A CRITICAL REVIEW
Authors: Santos Da Rosa Neemias , Fernández‐Macías Laura , Mattioli Tommaso , Díaz‐Andreu Margarita 
Published: October 2021

SummaryWe argue here that it is possible to study dance in prehistoric societies by analysing how it was depicted in rock art. For this research to be effective, subjectivity must be minimised by analysing the images systematically. We adapt a series of criteria first established in Garfinkel’s ‘archaeology of dance’ and apply them to our case study of dance representations in Spanish Levantine rock art. We conclude that only twelve scenes fit the typical parameters of dance representations. By studying this set of images, we are able to identify dances with a single individual, couples and groups. We suggest that dances took place in more than one context and followed specific cultural patterns, among which we highlight gender identity.
Characterization of a Novel Model of Lumbar Ligamentum Flavum Hypertrophy in Bipedal Standing Mice
Authors: Zheng Zhen‐yu , Li Peng , Ao Xiang , Qian Lei , Peng Yong‐xing , Chu Jun , Jiang Tao , Lian Zheng‐nan , Zhang Zhong‐min , Wang Liang 
Published: October 2021

ObjectiveTo explore the main causes of hypertrophied ligamentum flavum (HLF) and the possibility of using bipedal standing mouse model to simulate the pathological changes in human HLF.MethodsThirty‐two 8‐week‐old C57BL/6 male mice were randomly assigned to the experimental group (n = 16) and control group (n = 16). In the experimental group, mice were induced to adopt a bipedal standing posture by their hydrophobia. The experimental mice were maintained bipedal standing for 8 h a day with an interval of 2 h to consume food and water. The control mice were placed in a similar environment without bipedal standing. Eight 18‐month‐old C57BL/6 male mice were compared to evaluate the LF degeneration due to aging factor. Three‐dimensional (3D) reconstruction and finite element models were carried out to analyze the stress and strain distribution of the mouse LF in sprawling and bipedal standing postures. Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE), Verhoeff‐Van Gieson (VVG), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining were used to evaluate the LF degeneration of mice and humans. RT‐qPCR and immunofluorescence analysis were used to evaluate the expressions of fibrosis‐related factors and inflammatory cytokines of COL1A1, COL3A1, α‐SMA, MMP2, IL‐1β, and COX‐2.ResultsThe von Mises stress (8.85 × 10−2 MPa) and maximum principal strain (6.64 × 10−1) in LF were increased 4944 and 7703 times, respectively, in bipedal standing mice. HE staining showed that the mouse LF area was greater in the bipedal standing 10‐week‐old group ([10.01 ± 2.93] × 104 μm2) than that in the control group ([3.76 ± 1.87] × 104 μm2) and 18‐month‐old aged group ([6.09 ± 2.70] × 104 μm2). VVG staining showed that the HLF of mice (3.23 ± 0.58) and humans (2.23 ± 0.31) had a similar loss of elastic fibers and an increase in collagen fibers. The cell density was higher during the process of HLF in mice (39.63 ± 4.81) and humans (23.25 ± 2.05). IHC staining showed that the number of α‐SMA positive cells were significantly increased in HLF of mice (1.63 ± 0.74) and humans (3.50 ± 1.85). The expressions of inflammatory cytokines and fibrosis‐related factors of COL1A1, COL3A1, α‐SMA, MMP2, IL‐1β, and COX‐2 were consistently higher in bipedal standing group than the control group.ConclusionOur study suggests that 3D finite element models can help analyze the abnormal stress and strain distributions of LF in modeling mice. Mechanical stress is the main cause of hypertrophied ligamentum flavum compared to aging. The bipedal standing mice model can reflect the pathological characteristics of human HLF. The bipedal standing mice model can provide a standardized condition to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of mechanical stress‐induced HLF in vivo.
Maternal anxiety and previous anaphylaxis are associated with alexithymia in young patients with food allergy
Authors: Polloni Laura , Ferruzza Emilia , Ronconi Lucia , D’Ovidio Giorgia , Bonaguro Roberta , Lazzarotto Francesca , Toniolo Alice , Guarnaccia Alberto , Muraro Antonella 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundAlexithymia is a multifaceted personality construct described as “a lack of words to express emotions” that includes difficulty identifying feelings, difficulty describing feelings and a concrete, externally oriented cognitive style. Among patients with food allergy (FA) alexithymia has been found higher than in general population and associated with dysfunctional coping strategies. Childhood traumatic experiences and/or dysfunctional parent‐child relationship can contribute to alexithymia. The study aimed to explore possible associations between child alexithymia and mother alexithymia and anxiety, as well as previous anaphylaxis.MethodsSixty‐five mother–child pairs have been recruited. Children had a medical diagnosis of FA. The Toronto Alexithymia Scale‐20 was used to assess alexithymia in participants. The State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory was used to assess trait anxiety in mothers. Statistical analysis was performed to investigate the influence of variables sex, previous anaphylaxis, and adrenaline auto‐injector prescription on child and mother's alexithymia and to explore possible association between maternal and child alexithymia.ResultsA substantial percentage of children were alexithymic (21.5%) or borderline (33.8%), while mothers' frequencies were lower and in line with prevalence in general population. Child alexithymia was positively associated with previous anaphylaxis and mothers' trait anxiety (p < .05). Mother trait anxiety was also associated with maternal alexithymia. Furthermore, a positive association between child and mother alexithymia has been found.ConclusionsClinicians must be aware of the role of alexithymia and its association with maternal anxiety and previous anaphylaxis in children with FA, encouraging seeking psychological support when needed. A multidisciplinary patient‐centered approach should be put in place for the effective care of FA.
Hybrid Molecules Based on Fullerene C60 and Dithienylethenes. Synthesis and Photochromic Properties. Optically Controlled Organic Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Khuzin Artur A. , Tuktarov Airat R. , Venidiktova Olga V. , Barachevsky Valery A. , Mullagaliev Ilnur N. , Salikhov Timur R. , Salikhov Renat B. , Khalilov Leonard M. , Khuzina Liliya L. , Dzhemilev Usein M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHybrid molecules based on fullerene C60 and dithienylethene and its perfluorinated analog not inferior in the efficiency of phototransformations to the initial photochromic compounds were synthesized for the first time. The resulting pyrrolidinofullerenes containing photochromic moieties were used to fabricate organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) with output and transfer characteristics ten times exceeding similar characteristics of devices based on staring dithienylethenes. It was found that OFETs based on hybrid molecules with dithienylethenes are four times less efficient than devices based on hybrid molecules with perfluorinated analogs.
Divine hiddenness: An evidential argument
Authors: Anderson Charity 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis paper presents and examines the argument from divine hiddenness as an evidential argument. It argues that a key thought that motivates the argument, namely, that it's surprising that God's existence is not more obvious, does not alone secure the conclusion that divine hiddenness is evidence against God. The evidential problem of divine hiddenness is illustrated using Bayesian models.
Phototherapy for atopic dermatitis: Systematic review and network meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Xiao Hui , Gu Xiaoyu , Huang Yilin , Zhu Wu , Shen Minxue 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundPhototherapies could represent an efficient option for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD), but the evidences available for clinical choices were contradictory.ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of different phototherapies on AD.MethodsThis systematic review and network meta‐analysis included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) through searching keywords from PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane library. We summarized different phototherapy types and scoring systems. Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) absolute score changes were estimated by mean differences (MDs) and standard deviations (SDs) and then included in the network meta‐analysis. The effect sizes of comparison of different phototherapies were presented as MDs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Egger's test was used to evaluate publication bias.ResultsEleven RCTs were included in the systematic review and 4 studies in the network meta‐analysis. Based on the pooled estimates, medium‐dose ultraviolet A1 (UVA1) cold light was superior to medium‐dose UVA1 (MD 8.92; 95% CI: 5.60‐12.24) but no significant difference between high‐dose (UVA1) and medium‐dose UVA1 cold light (MD 0.66; 95% CI: −5.57 to 6.90). Publication bias was not supported by Egger's test (P = .168).ConclusionsDue to possible long‐term adverse effects of high‐dose UVA1, medium‐dose UVA1 cold light appears to be the superior form for AD.
“Pilot” spectator events in British horseracing during COVID‐19: post‐event SMS COVID‐19 reporting
Authors: Davies Madeleine A.M. , Spincer Mark , Klein Andre , Walters Sarah , Wright Peter , Hurley Adam , Stokes Keith , Hill Jerry 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to assess (i) COVID‐19 transmission prior to and following spectator events and (ii) methodological approaches to capturing event‐related transmission during the spectator return. Local authority population transmission rates were used to identify higher transmission areas, which were excluded from participant attendance following registration. Using observational online and SMS questionnaires, self‐reported COVID‐19 diagnoses (positive tests) and racing‐related NHS Test and Trace contacts within 14 days of spectating were reported for two British Horseracing events and three Point to Point (PTP) grassroots races. There were 1,477 registrations for the British Horseracing events, and 1,678 registrations for PTP races. Responses were received from 464 attendees of British Horseracing events (31.4% response rate). Two attendees reported a COVID‐19 diagnosis, and no attendees reported NHS Test and Trace contact. From PTP races, 862 attendees (51.3%) consented to receive the SMS survey, and responses were received from 495 attendees (57.4% response rate). Five attendees reported positive COVID‐19 diagnoses, and two attendees reported being contacted by NHS Test and Trace, of which one was following a non‐racing potential COVID‐19 exposure. There was limited evidence of COVID‐19 transmission at outdoor elite and grassroots level horseracing events during autumn 2020. A higher response rate was received with SMS surveys; however, there was a reluctancy to “opt in” to SMS methodology. This study describes different methodological approaches to monitoring COVID‐19 transmission risk at events, which may have relevance for other sporting and event contexts during the current pandemic, and sustained attendances during periods with circulating transmissible diseases.
The politics of mobility and empowerment: The case of self‐help groups in India
Authors: Nichols Carly E. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWithin the empowerment literature, “freedom of movement” or “mobility” are frequently used as indicators to assess empowerment programmes or whether women have become socially empowered. As women's self‐help groups (SHGs) engaged in saving/lending and livelihood schemes have emerged as the de facto vehicles for women's empowerment over the past two decades, their propensity for increasing women's opportunities for mobility has been an oft‐lauded benefit. This has been especially pronounced as the empowerment agenda's prerogative to collectively transform power structures became co‐opted by a neoliberal focus on fostering responsible financial subjects with entrepreneurial savvy. In this paper, I draw on multi‐year ethnographic research of women's SHG interventions in eastern and central India to critically explore the ways different mobile practices intersect with empowerment goals. I contend it is necessary to examine mobility as more than physical movement and also to analyse it as a meaning‐laden and embodied practice intimately bound up in the neoliberal development agenda. Using this analytic, I find that although newfound mobility is often experienced positively by women, it is far from “free,” and remains embedded in power relations where women continue to engage on unfavourable terms – exemplified in women's inability to leisurely tour/wander. I conclude by reflecting on how empowerment interventions might more productively engage mobility less as a practice of increased economic and political participation and more as a site where women can experiment with new forms of being.
Re‐engineering the medical assessment of blood donors in South Africa: The balance between supply and safety
Authors: Rapodile Thabiso , Mitchel Josephine , Swanevelder Ronel , Murphy Edward L. , van den Berg Karin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe balance between ensuring blood donor and recipient safety while maintaining a sufficient blood supply can be affected by excessive deferral of blood donors. In 2018, a biannual regulatory review of donor eligibility criteria provided the South African National Blood Service (SANBS) the opportunity to review the existing criteria. Changes to these criteria were implemented in April 2019 after an extensive review.Study Design and MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional study of SANBS whole‐blood donor presentations to determine the impact of the changed donor eligibility criteria on deferrals and blood safety. We compared donor presentations, deferrals, and HIV‐positive cases for the 12‐month period (April 2019–March 2020) after the implementation of the updated donor eligibility criteria to those of the previous year.ResultsOf the 2,112,917 donor presentations, 51.1% (1079506) occurred in the post‐implementation study period. Overall, deferrals decreased from 18.6% to 14.5%, whereas HIV‐positive donations increased by 0.03%. A multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusted for sex, age, geographical location, donor, and clinic type showed significantly lower odds of deferral (OR 0.70; 95% CI: 0.69–0.70) and greater odds of HIV‐positive cases in the study period than those in the control period (OR 1.17; 95% CI: 1.10–1.25).ConclusionWe confirmed that the change in donor eligibility criteria was associated with a decrease in deferrals and an increase in the country's blood supply. The impact of the increased number of HIV‐positive donations on blood safety in a country performing individual donation nucleic acid amplification testing requires further investigation.
Environmental impact evaluation of decentralized sewage treatment technologies: A life cycle assessment approach
Authors: Sharvini Siva Raman , Noor Zainura Zainon , Kamaruddin Siti Nurhayati , Mohammad Sabli Noor Salehan , Sabeen Ali Hussein , Aris Azmi , Yong Ee Ling , Graham David W. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA life cycle assessment study on decentralized sewage (DS) treatment technologies is conducted using Gabi software and ReCiPe midpoint method, focusing on three DS treatment technologies: extended aeration (EA), imhoff (IF) and activated sludge (AS). The three most significant environmental impacts identified by the analysis are climate change (CC), freshwater eutrophication potential (FEP) and marine eutrophication potential (MEP). In this study, none of the DS systems could reduce all three indicators assessed. In terms of CC, IF has the lowest impact, with a value of 2.78 kg CO2 eq/m3, while EA has the lowest FEP impact of 0.030 kg P eq/m3. As regards MEP, AS has the lowest value of 0.043 kg N eq/m3. The findings offer investors with relevant information on the effects of the three DS treatment technologies used to treat domestic wastewater in Malaysia.
Characterization of Photodiodes for Detection of Variations in Part-to-Part Gap and Weld Penetration Depth During Remote Laser Welding of Copper-to-Steel Battery Tab Connectors
Authors: Chianese Giovanni , Franciosa Pasquale , Nolte Jonas , Ceglarek Darek , Patalano Stanislao 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This paper addresses sensor characterization to detect variations in part-to-part gap and weld penetration depth using photodiode-based signals during remote laser welding (RLW) of battery tab connectors. Photodiode-based monitoring has been implemented largely for structural welds due to its relatively low cost and ease of automation. However, research in sensor characterization, monitoring, and diagnosis of weld defects during joining of battery tab connectors is at an infancy and results are inconclusive. Motivated by the high variability during the welding process of dissimilar metallic thin foils, this paper aims to characterize the signals generated by a photodiode-based sensor to determine whether variations in weld quality can be isolated and diagnosed. Photodiode-based signals were collected during RLW of copper-to-steel thin-foil lap joint (Ni-plated copper 300 µm to Ni-plated steel 300 µm). The presented methodology is based on the evaluation of the energy intensity and scatter level of the signals. The energy intensity gives information about the amount of radiation emitted during the welding process, and the scatter level is associated with the accumulated and un-controlled variations. Findings indicated that part-to-part gap variations can be diagnosed by observing the step-change in the plasma signal, with no significant contribution given by the back-reflection. Results further suggested that over-penetration corresponds to significant increment of the scatter level in the sensor signals. Opportunities for automatic isolation and diagnosis of defective welds based on supervised machine learning are discussed.
Effect of Indirect Cryogenic Cooling on the Machining Accuracy and
Tool Vibration in the Turning of Polysulfone
Authors: Wang Yongqing , Wang Siqi , Liu Kuo , Gan Yongquan , Han Lingsheng , Jiang Shaowei 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Cutting deformation and cracks are common problems during the machining of precise polymer parts. This paper aims to explore the effects of different conditions on the contour profile of machined surfaces and tool vibration. Turning experiments of polysulfone (PSU) were performed under three conditions: dry, conventional flood cooling, and indirect cryogenic cooling. Then, the formation mechanism of machined surfaces' contour profile under different cutting conditions was clarified by the Eyring equation from the perspective of molecular chains relaxation time. Furthermore, extension models of crazing and cracks were proposed through the microscopic morphology of machined surfaces and the discriminant formula of crazing generation to explain the differences in tool vibration. The results indicated that the indirect cryogenic cooling condition with the internally cooled cutting tool could significantly improve the machinability of polysulfone, which has an excellent performance on the contour profile of machined surfaces with and the inhibition of crazing. Compared with dry and conventional flood cooling, indirect cryogenic cooling could reduce the mean of the Contour profile (Ra) by 40.3% and 30.1% and the machining accuracy error by 41% and 83%. The indirect cryogenic cooling method proposed in this work provides a reference for the cryogenic machining for polymers.