bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FORTIFICATION OF THE LATE SCYTHIANS OF LOWER DNIEPER REGION
Authors: Dzneladze E. S. , Sikoza D. N. 
Published: November 2021

The Late Scythian hill-forts are placed on the floodplain terraces and high banks of the Dnieper and its creeks. Usually the Late Scythians chose the part of steep bank above the river surrounded by gullies for the erecting of fortress.
According the topography and layout of fortification two types of them can be classified: the cape hill-forts and riverside ones. The same types are correct for the Late Scythians of Crimea.
The cape type hill-forts are Chervony Mayak, Mykolayivka-Kozatske, Lvove, Poniativka, Velyka Lepetykha and Kairy.
The riverside type hill-forts are Havrylivka, Hannivka, Sablukivka, Konsulivka, Staroshvedske (Zmiivka), Znamyanka, Zolota Balka, Tiahynka and Liubymivka.
The first descriptions and topographic plans were made in the late 18th—19th centuries. The some parts of ramparts and moats were excavated during the first half of the 20th century. The period of massive archaeological excavations during fifties — sixties of the 20th century were associated with Kakhovka Hydroelectric Power Plant building.
The defensive structures of the Late Scythians consisted of the system of ramparts and moats. The fortified walls sometimes with towers erected on the ridge of rampart. Behind them the settlements were located. On the several Late Scythian hill-forts these parts have got additional line of fortifications. The most complex fortification system had three lines of defense.
The defensive structures on the twelve Late Scythian hill-forts such as Zolota Balka, Havrylivka, Hannivka, Konsulivka, Chervony Mayak, Mykolayivka-Kozatske, Lvove, Tiahynka, Poniativka, Znamyanka, Kairy and Liubymivka were studied.
Velyka Lepetykha, Hornostayivka and Berislav hill-forts were destroyed or covered by modern buildings.
The defensive structures of Late Scythians, according to the artifacts, have appeared not early than second half of the 1st century BC, or at the turn of era.
The analysis of excavations of the Olbio chora shows same elements of fortification at the first centuries AD: moats, ramparts, walls and towers. But the architecture and building features of the Late Scythian fortification are peculiar, and specific only for this culture. The creation of two parallel defensive lines, stone filling in the internal space of towers, multiple thickening of walls indicate not a Hellenistic origin of builders.
Only general ideas and typical elements of fortification are the same in Olbio and in the Late Scythians hill-forts. The technical realization of these ideals shows the local origin of the Late Scythian fortification.
PHALERAE THE DECORATION OF HORSE HEADGEAR FROM BARROW 1 ON ZUBOVSKI KHUTOR
Authors: Voroniatov S. V. 
Published: November 2021

The reasons for the alternative attribution of seven gold belt plates from the Sarmatian burial of the barrow 1 near Zubovski Khutor at the Kuban river region (1st century BC — 1st century AD) are proposed in the paper. During the period from the moment of excavations of this barrow (1899) three variants of the interpretation for these findings have been offered: as the belt decorations (К. Е. Dumberg, I. I. Gushchina, I. P. Zaseczkaya, M. B. Shchukin, V. I. Mordvintseva, etc), and as the fibula-brooch (М. I. Rostovczev, N. V. Anfimov, М. P. Аbramova) or phalerae for ceremonial horse harness (А. P. Маnczevich, М. Yu. Treister, А. V. Simonenko).
The barrow was excavated by amateur and the methodic level of this work was poor. Due to the circumstances it seems inappropriate trust the data from the first publication of the findings. The belt plates version has no parallels among findings and materials from various Sarmatian burial assemblages since 1899. We There were no findings of plates decorating the belt. The interpretation of these items as fibula-brooch proves to be false as the plates did not equipped with pins and spring devices at their backsides.
The correct interpretation for the plates seems to be phalerae of the horse headgear. This version is proved with well documented findings of horse equipment of the 1st—2nd centuries AD which contains from 6 to 12 phalerae of the similar size. It is also known the horse equipment containing just seven phalerae which decorate the headgear — from the burials in Kosika (Lower Volga region) and in Yashkul (Kalmykia). The important factor seems to be the way of fixing of these items to the straps of horse equipment. One can see the laminar wirers on the back of one phalera founded in the barrow 1 near Zubovski Khutor.
NEW SARMATIAN BARROWS IN THE MIDDLE KHOPER BASIN
Authors: Medvedev A. P. 
Published: November 2021

In 2018—2019, the Yelan archaeological expedition of the Voronezh State University excavated the barrows near Ivanovka village on the Yelan River in the Novokhopyorsky District, Voronezh Region. Sarmatian barrows had not been excavated in this area before. The barrows with the height of 0.5—5 m are situated on the slope of the headland on the right bank of the Yelan and the left bank of its tributary, the Tatarka River. Most of the barrow group had never been plowed and remained in the natural steppe landscape representing a fragment of fescue-feather grass steppe. The expedition excavated two Sarmatian barrows up to 0.5 m high and up to 20 m in diameter, being a part of the «long-running» barrow group Ivanovka 7 (about 40 mounds). The north-western sector of the Barrow 25 contained the only burial found under the mound top with the size of 2 Ч 2.1 m and the depth of 0.9—1 m from the native soil level. The buried lied diagonally with the head directed to the north-west. The skull had features of artificial deformation. In the southern corner there were some broken vessels — a large gray-clay dish with small ruminant bones, a large one-handle jar with the brown surface and a small gray-clay jar with a hollow handle. On the bottom there was an iron adze with wooden remains inside the plug. Between the shin-bone and wall there was an iron knife and 16 small iron three-bladed arrow heads. At the end of the right hand there was a piece of bone piercer. The barrow is dated to the Late Sarmatian period (middle of the 2nd century AD). Though this barrow group is now situated in the forest steppe the study of buried soil showed its clearly steppe nature. Therefore the studied burials do not differ from the bulk of late Sarmatian burials found in steppes of the Volga and Don interfluve area.
«AND GIRLS AMAZONS ACCUSTOMED TO ARMS, HORSES AND HUNTING…»
Authors: Fialko O. Ye. 
Published: November 2021

According to ancient authors Amazons treated their new-borns differently. They usually gave the boys to their fathers. At the same time, they raised the girls themselves. Moreover, the girls since childhood were taught martial art and hunting. That is, first of all they were taught archery and horseback riding. Based on these data, we drew attention to the Scythian girls’ graves with weapons.
17 such burials of girls are known today in the area of European Scythia. They are fixed on the territory of the Steppe Dnieper Region, Crimea, Transnistria and Don Region.
All children’s graves are individual except for one (with a teenager-servant). Only two of them were robbed in antiquity.
All graves (with one exception) were excavated in the kurhans. An analysis of the types of burial structures showed that undercut graves and catacombs predominate. Simple pits are represented by only two cases. The spread of these types of graves on different regions coincides with the same graves of adult Amazons.
All burials were made according to the rite of inhumation. The western orientation of the dead is predominant. In general, burial sites, rites and anthropological types of Amazons are identical to those recorded for the population of European Scythia.
Material support is divided in three main groups: 1) universal (meat meals with a knife and utensils); 2) Female (spindles with spinners, earrings, necklace, bracelets, rings, stone dishes); 3) Male (weapons, horse bridles, hryvnias). The combination of the components of these kits has usually marked the burial of the Amazons. The nature of the weapon shows that it was intended primarily for the remote combat.
The evidence of social stratification is, first of all, the size of burial structures and the composition of material support. According to these indicators, three social groups are distinguished in the Amazon girls’ environment.
The chronological range of the burial complexes of girls with weapons is determined from the end of the 5th to 3—2 centuries BC. However, the main group of these tombs is dated 4th century B.C.
RESEARCH OF THE CHRONICLE SETTLEMENT OF CHERNOBYL IN 2004—2020. RESUME, RESULTS AND PROSPECTS
Authors: Pereverzev S. V. 
Published: November 2021

Chernobyl was mentioned in Ipatievsky Chronicle in the 1193 for the first time. In 2003 the location of the chronicles Chernobyl was identified by archaeological research. During 2004—2020 the area of 360 m2 was excavated, another 30 m2 was partly explored and inhibited. As a result of the works the cultural layer since the late Stone Age till the modern times has been found. The cultural layer of the pre-chronicle period of Old Rus Chernobyl from the end of the tenth century is fixed. More than 300 archaeological objects, many artifacts and fauna remains were found. There the considerable number of artifacts of the «city» type is represented: martial arrowheads, locks and keys, the elements of horse harness, pieces of window-sill, stylus, a huge number of decorations of glass and metal. About 50 % of osteological remains belong to the wild animals such as taurus, bear, deer. Such findings make it possible to consider Chernobyl confidently the border fortress with an urban lifestyle, founded not later the late tenth century by the end of the eleventh century. It became the important and probably the main fortified outpost of the Northern Kyiv region which controlled the river route to Kyiv from the North.
In the last years of the excavations of settlement the task was to find fortifications and study them. As a result, in 2017 at the most likely location of Old Rus defensive structures, the double moat of the XI—XII centuries was recorded.
As a result of exploration on the territory of modern Chernobyl and in its outskirts in 2016—2020 two settlements of the XI—XII centuries and four localities of Old Rus ceramics were found. In 2020 during the study of the Lelev settlement the cultural layer of the twelveth century was recorded.
In the close future it is necessary to recognize the structure of fortifications and take the necessary activities to protect the chronicle archaeological point.
DOMANTOVO HILLFORT IN THE SUPII RIVER MOUTH
Authors: Pryadko O. O. 
Published: November 2021

The paper is devoted to the results of exploratory archaeological research in 2015—2017 in the Domantovo village of Zolotonosha district of Cherkasy region (the village was resettled in the late 50s of the XX century due to the construction of the Kremenchuh reservoir). The author considered the thesis about the possible variant of localization of the chronicle Dubnytsia at the mouth of the Supii River. The chronicle city is mentioned in the chronicle in 1155 in the events connected with the Cumans arrival in the Pereiaslav region. N. P. Barsov, M. O. Maksymovych, V. H. Liaskoronskyi, O. M. Andriyashev, L. E. Makhnovets versions of localization of the chronicle Dubnytsia are analyzed. Detailed description of the hillfort and the fortified suburb (posad) is provided. Archaeological materials discovered on the territory of the site were analyzed not only by the author, but also by other researchers (M. F. Ponomarenko and V. F. Pocheptsov). Finds of Old Rus time from the site are presented in the exhibitions of Zolotonosha and Domantovo museums. The localization, discovery and introduction into scientific circulation of the previously unknown site would hardly possible without a detailed manuscript plan of Danylo de Bosket made in 1746. The ancient hillfort is marked in the center of the castle near the Supii River in the form of dominant round hill. Today, the moats from the castle and the suburb (posad) are almost invisible visually but they are clearly visible on satellite images.
The detailed description of the topographic situation is provided, according to which the advantage of the waterway over overland in the Domantovo microregion becomes clear.
The analogies with the nearest fortresses of the Pereiaslav region in the mouths of the Trubizh and the Sula rivers are provided — respectively the chronicle towns of Ustia and Voin. In addition Domantovo hillfort was the part of the Dnipro defensive line, which included the «Serpent’s Wall» the moat of which faces the Dnipro River. Research results indicate that the Domantovo hillfort arose at the beginning of the XI century, and in the middle of the XII century already represented a significant fortified settlement at the Supii mouth which also served as a pier on the Dnipro-Supii waterways of Pereiaslav region.
NEW DATA ON THE TOPOGRAPHY OF SETTLEMENT 1 IN KOROSTEN
Authors: Petrauskas A. V. , Khadadova M. V. 
Published: November 2021

Archaeological sites of the chronicle Iskorosten located in the modern city of Korosten, Zhytomyr region, have been attracting the attention of historians and archaeologists for almost 200 years. F. A. Kozubovsky, I. P. Rusanova, M. P. Kuchera, B. A. Zvizdetsky examined the site.
The paper contains the results of surveys of the site in 2013 which made significant additions to understanding of the nature of settlement 1 and the ancient chronicle city.
Findings of scientific value were discovered, and the topography of the settlement was clarified. During the excavations of a part of the defensive moat of the settlement 1 the numerous fragments of wheel-made pottery were discovered. According to its morphological features it could be dated to the to the first half the tenth century.
Finds of household items, parts of clothing and jewelry were also recorded. The details of the decoration of military equipment — belt plates are the finds of great interest. These heart-shaped plates made of gilded silver and decorated with floral ornaments made by stamping on the matrix. The surface is additionaly decorated with embossed small elements of or-nament.
The large thick plates with slotted holes and smaller ones without slots can be distinguished. The similarity of the size, details of the shape and ornament indicate that they probably come from one belt set and were made on two matrices by one craftsman.
The real discovery in the study of the capital of Drevlians land can be named the finding of the location of citadel (Detynets) cultural layers. Most scholars considered them irretrievably lost for science. The small elevation at the beginning of the entrance onto the hill on the swampy floodplain of the tributary of Uzh river turned out to the place where in the 30s of the twentieth century the cultural layers of the citadel were moved.
FARMSTEADS-MANSIONS OF ORDINARY RESIDENTS OF KOPYREV KINEC’
Authors: Kozlovskyi A. A. , Kryzhanovskyi V. O. 
Published: November 2021

On the territory of ancient Kyiv from the end of the X century are fixed numerous farmsteads and separate mansions, which belonged to princes, boyars, merchants, artisans and ordinary inhabitants, formed separate residential and economic complexes, which included both residential and various outbuildings, usually surrounded by fence. Some of the farmsteads located outside the city fortifications had their own fortifications. After analyzing the features of the ancient Rus’ buildings of the Kopyrev kinec’, the following became clear.
Construction of this area begins with the construction of a fortified farmsteads at its highest point — on the street Sichovyh Striltsiv, 12 (beginning of the XI century). After that, down the slope — on the land on the street Kudriavska, 24A there is a significant number of production facilities that served the needs of the inhabitants of the boyar farmstead. Ferrous iron smelting and processing were carried out here, there were facilities for drying sheaves, a smokehouse, as well as a tar pit. At the next stage, most flammable industries disappear in the middle of the XI — first half of the XII century and in this area there are separate farmsteads of ordinary inhabitants, whose main occupation was a variety of crafts: iron processing, bronze casting, making various things from bronze, possibly making jewelry.
The richest was the farmstead «Б», which had an area of up to 1200 m2 and was protected on all sides by a fence in the form of a strong fence. There were up to 20 residential, industrial and outbuildings in its area. In the central dwelling of this farmstead they were not engaged in handicrafts, but around it there was a considerable quantity of industrial premises. Most likely, this farmstead was owned by either a merchant or a fairly wealthy artisan.
Farmstead «B» was smaller in size: ≈1000 m2. About 20 objects were recorded on it. Here they were engaged in smelting and processing of bronze, as well as the manufacture of various iron products. The manufacture of bronze and iron products was carried out in the central living space, and the smelting of bronze — at some distance from the living area. This farmstead could belong to a middle-class artisan who probably participated in the production processes.
The smallest and poorest was the farmstead «A». Its area was about 800 m2. Here lived an artisan, who most likely engaged in smelting and processing of bronze products, most likely — in a special workshop, which was located next to the house.
In addition, on the territory of modern Lvivs’ka Square there was a farmstead with a central building of log construction, around which there were outbuildings. Pottery and metalworking workshops could function here.
Thus, the probable sequence of settlement of the territory of the Kopyrev kinec’ from chaotically located flammable productions to house-building was traced. The inhabitants of the farmsteads were quite clearly divided by property status, but in all estates the main occupation was handicraft.
LATE-MEDIEVAL DWELLING FROM THE HLYNSKY ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPLEX
Authors: Puholovok Yu. O. 
Published: November 2021

The article is devoted to the publication of a dwelling from the territory of Hlynsky archaeological complex. The site occupies the cape-like remains of the right root bank of the Vorskla River. Covering an area of over 14 hectares, of Horodyshche, Kripost, Pansky Yarok, Tarasivka, Levadnyukova Hora tracts. The complex includes the Big and Small hillforts, fortified and unfortified settlements, and burial mounds.
One of the interesting objects discovered in 2009 is the recessed part of the dwelling of the late Middle Ages. Despite its partial preservation, this object is still quite an informative. Housing probably belongs to the buildings with a cold basement and has signs of log construction of the walls. The absence of pillar pits and the presence of a vestibule-entrance lead to this opinion. The furnace was most likely located on the upper tier. This is evidenced by the concentration of baked clay and coal at the boundary of the upper and lower layers of dwelling filling. Similar dwellings are known from the excavation of Dmytro Berezovets in the settlement Stan 2, near Putivl. Also, such buildings are discovered in the settlements of Komarivka and Ozarichi.
The ceramic complex from the dwelling is represented mainly by fragments of coockingware and a small amount of tableware. The forms of coockingware have certain analogies with vessels from the Ozarichi settlement and Putivl (Gorodok). However, some pots, such as those with rectangular rim, were discovered for the first time. Individual finds quite clearly characterize the material culture after the Mongol invasion. The coexistence of things of the Kievan Rus and later period is traced.
The saturation of the house with ashes and coals indicates that the house burned down. Dating of the object is enclosed within the limits of XIV century.
MICROTOPOGRAPHY OF THE 10th CENTURY PAGAN BURIAL GROUND UNDER THE DESYATYNNA CHURCH COURTYARD IN KYIV
Authors: Koziuba V. K. 
Published: November 2021

The paper considers the issue of microtopography of the 10th century pagan burial ground under the later Desyatynna Church courtyard. At least 75 inhumation burials of the pagan period have been discovered here to the present. Also, several sections of barrow ditches belonging to 7 barrows were discovered during excavations in 2005—2011. These ditches made it possible to determine the approximate diameter of the ancient mounds, which ranged from 3.5 to 12 m.
Analysis of the results of the burial ground evcavations of the 20th — early 21st century provided examples of a combination of inhumation pit graves with charcoal spots and soil layers of mounds above them in single burial complex.
Sections of cultural layer belonging the object of the size of 14 Ч 6 m over, studied in the central dome square of the church of the late 10th century on an area of 9 m2. Four cultural horizons containing embers, ashes, animal bones (with traces of fire and without it), fragments of pots of the 10th century, and individual objects, were discovered here. These layers alternated with soil additions 0.2—0.4 m thick. According to the location, construction, features of filling, this object can be considered as a ritual site that served the cemetery during funeral and post funeral rites.
Microtopographic and stratigraphic observations allow us to assume the event of re-planning of part of the pagan burial ground in front of the Starokyivske hillfort fortification ditch.
The ditch was deepened and widened up to 6 m during the modernization of the fortifications of the hillfort, which happened probably after the Pechenegs’ attack on Kyiv in 968. As a result, the mounds of barrows which were the closest to the ditch were desroyed, and the entire site was leveled and turned into an wide esplanade.
New ordinary graves without mounds appeared here again at the final stage of the burial ground’s existence, in the 970—990 AD. The construction of the Desyatynna Church in 989 (991) put an end to the functioning of the pagan cemetery in this area and totally destroyed its outward signs.