bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remnant cholesterol is prospectively associated with cardiovascular disease events and all-cause mortality in kidney transplant recipients: the FAVORIT study
Authors: Horace Reuben William , Roberts Mary , Shireman Theresa I , Merhi Basma , Jacques Paul , Bostom Andrew G , Liu Simin , Eaton Charles B 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
The cholesterol content of circulating triglyceride-rich lipoproteins is characterized as remnant cholesterol, although little is known about its role in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes, all-cause mortality or transplant failure in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). Our primary aim was to investigate the prospective association of remnant cholesterol and the risk of CVD events in renal transplant recipients with secondary aims evaluating remnant cholesterol and renal graft failure and all-cause mortality among participants in the Folic Acid for Vascular Outcome Reduction in Transplantation (FAVORIT) trial.

Methods
Among 4110 enrolled participants, 98 were excluded for missing baseline remnant cholesterol levels and covariates. Nonfasting remnant cholesterol levels were calculated based on the lipid profiles in 3812 FAVORIT trial participants at randomization. A Wilcoxon-type test for trend was used to compare baseline characteristics across remnant cholesterol quartiles. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate the association of baseline remnant cholesterol levels with time to primary and secondary study outcomes.

Results
During a median follow-up of 4.0 years we documented 548 CVD incident events, 343 transplant failures and 452 all-cause deaths. When comparing the highest quartile (quartile 4) to quartile 1, proportional hazard modeling revealed a significant increase in CVD risk {hazard ratio [HR] 1.32 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04–1.67]} and all-cause mortality risk [HR 1.34 (95% CI 1.01–1.69)]. A nonsignificant increase in transplant failure was seen as well [HR 1.20 (95% CI 0.87–1.64)].

Conclusions
Remnant cholesterol is associated with CVD and all-cause mortality in long-term KTRs. A randomized controlled clinical trial in KTRs that assesses the potential impact of remnant cholesterol-lowering therapy on these outcomes may be warranted.
Electromagnetic Navigation Systems and Intraoperative Neuromonitoring: Reliability and Feasibility Study
Authors: Keeble Hannah , Lavrador José Pedro , Pereira Noémia , Lente Kornelius , Brogna Christian , Gullan Richard , Bhangoo Ranjeev , Vergani Francesco , Ashkan Keyoumars 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
A recent influx of intraoperative technology is being used in neurosurgery, but few reports investigate the accuracy and safety of these technologies when used simultaneously.

OBJECTIVE
To assess the ability to use an electromagnetic navigation system alongside multimodal intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM).

METHODS
Single-institution prospective cohort study of patients requiring craniotomy for brain tumor resection operated using an electromagnetic navigation system (AxiEM, Medtronic®). motor evoked potentials, somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs), electroencephalography, and electromyography were recorded and analyzed with AxiEM on (with/without filters) and off. The neurological outcomes of the patients were recorded.

RESULTS
A total of 15 patients were included (8 males/7 females, mean age 52.13 yr). Even though the raw acquisition is affected by the electromagnetic field (particularly SSEPs), no significant difference was detected in the morphology, amplitude, and latency of the different monitoring modalities (AxiEM off vs on) after the appropriate software filter application. Adjustments to the frequency of SSEP stimulation and number of averages, and reductions to the low-pass filters were applied. Notch filters were used appropriately and changes to the physical setup of the IONM and electromagnetic navigation system equipment reduced noise. Postoperatively, none of the patients developed new focal deficits; 7 patients showed improvement in their motor deficit (4 recovered fully).

CONCLUSION
The information provided by the IONM in intracranial neurosurgery patients whilst also using electromagnetic navigation systems is reliable for monitoring, mapping, and detecting intraoperative complications, provided that the appropriate software filters and tools are applied.
Missing Novelty in Drug Development
Authors: Krieger Joshua , Li Danielle , Papanikolaou Dimitris 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We provide evidence that risk aversion leads pharmaceutical firms to underinvest in radical innovation. We introduce a new measure of drug novelty based on chemical similarity and show that firms face a risk-reward trade-off: novel drug candidates are less likely to obtain FDA approval but are based on more valuable patents. Consistent with a simple model of costly external finance, we show that a positive shock to firms’ net worth leads firms to develop more novel drugs. This suggests that even large firms may behave as though they are risk averse, reducing their willingness to investment in potentially valuable radical innovation.
HYPOGLYCEMIC ACTIVITY OF THE METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF IMMATURE FRUITS OF Capsicum pubescens Ruiz et Pavón (PERON CHILI PEPPER) IN DIABETIC RATS
Authors: Carrillo‐Corona Antonio , Saavedra‐Molina Alfredo , Torres‐Martínez Rafael , Hernández‐García Alejandra , Ríos‐Chávez Patricia , Manzo‐Avalos Salvador , Martínez‐Flores Héctor Eduardo , Aguilera‐Méndez Asdrúbal , Salgado‐Garciglia Rafael 
Published: March 2021

Capsicum pubescens is the least studied domesticated chili pepper, specifically in its antioxidant activity and hypoglycemic properties. It is cultivated on a small scale in family gardens and greenhouses in the central Mexico to the mid elevation Andes of Peru and Bolivia, where it probably originated. The fruits are called “peron” (pear‐shaped and yellow) or “manzano” (apple‐shaped and red) in Mexico and “rocoto” in Peru. In this research, the hypoglycemic effect of the methanolic extract of immature yellow chili fruit of C. pubescens (peron chili pepper), administered orally (100 μL) to diabetic rats treated with 40 mg of streptozotocin (STZ)/kg of body weight, was evaluated over 60 days in three doses (0.1, 1 and 10 mg/kg). During this time, the body weight and glucose levels were obtained every ten days and at 60 days, the rats were sacrificed (NOM‐062‐ZOO‐1999), determining the levels of blood glucose, urea, creatinine, uric acid, triacylglycerides, total lipids, total cholesterol and HDL‐cholesterol. In normoglycemic (non‐diabetic) rats, the extract did not show a negative effect on the parameters determined, maintaining blood glucose levels (90 mg/dL) and body weight (436.6 g) without significant differences in the three doses probed. However, in the diabetic rats treated with the extract, there was a significant decrease in the levels of blood glucose (<110 mg/dL), uric acid, creatinine, triacylglycerides and total lipids, and a tendency to lower cholesterol levels total and cholesterol‐HDL doses‐dependent. These results demonstrate the hypoglycemic effect of the methanolic extract of immature fruits of the yellow genotype of C. pubescens, as well as a protective effect of kidney and liver damage, mainly at a dose of 10 mg/kg.Support or Funding InformationGrants: Financial support grant from CONACYT (ACC) and CIC/UMSNH (Project 2.10 RSG).This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Time and Temperature Dependent Ficoll Separation of Aged Whole Blood Neutrophils
Authors: Thompson William C , Gu Dongsheng , Johnstone Brian , Sherry Aubrey , LaFontaine Michael , Woods Erik 
Published: March 2021

Emerging clinical applications of bone marrow often require separation and purification of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC). Ficoll density gradient centrifugation is a well‐known and effective method for separating mononuclear cells in fresh blood and bone marrow to facilitate cell selection. Often these cell selection processes are performed in centralized locations, requiring transport and some amount of subsequent ischemia. As blood and bone marrow ages, neutrophil characteristics change causing interference in standard cell separations. Over time granulocytes degranulate and become less dense. Thus, degranulated granulocytes are no longer able to sediment through the Ficoll layer and they become trapped in the buffy coat with lymphocytes and HSPCs. Using blood as a surrogate, this study aims to define the critical time points of the degranulation process and its temperature dependence to optimize parameters of Ficoll separation for aged samples.Blood was collected from three healthy donors and stored at 4 and 20 °C. This experiment was repeated for an n of 2. At zero, three, and twenty‐four hours after collection, blood was centrifuged at 400g for 40 minutes with no acceleration or brake over a 1.077 g/ml Ficoll density gradient. The buffy coat and pellet were collected from each sample and characterized using flow cytometry. Cell marker CD45 was used to identify white blood cells of hematopoietic lineage. Cell marker CD66b was used to identify granulocytes. Results indicated that blood stored at 4 °C exhibited more degranulation of neutrophils compared to blood stored at 20 °C [Table 1]. After three hours, blood stored at 4 °C had more granulocytes trapped in the buffy coat following Ficoll density gradient centrifugation as compared to 20 °C. After twenty‐four hours, blood stored at 20 °C also failed to separate adequately.In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that neutrophil stability decreases rapidly following low temperature exposure, which impacts subsequent cell separation techniques and must be taken into account with hypothermic transport of samples intended for cell selection.Support or Funding InformationMarian University and Ossium HealthThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
The in vitro antibacterial activity of Morinda lucida and Acalypha wilkesiana leaf extracts against Campylobacter and Escherichia coli relevant in poultry infections
Authors: Olawuwo Olasunkanmi Stephen , Aro Abimbola , Kobus Eloff , McGaw Lyndy 
Published: March 2021

The most common cause of bacterial diarrhea in humans worldwide is infection with Campylobacter species, particularly Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli. The disease is zoonotic and domestic animals such as poultry, pigs and cattle may act as reservoirs. Colibacillosis is caused by Escherichia coli which is both a food and water borne zoonotic disease from poultry, calves and pigs. The development of resistant strains against the conventional antibiotics has reduced the efficacy of the antibiotics. Therefore, there is urgency to develop drug leads or templates with good activity against these pathogens. The antibacterial activity and safety of acetone, methanol, hot and cold aqueous leaf extracts of Morinda lucida and Acalypha wilkesiana on Campylobacter coli and selected clinical isolates of Escherichia coli was investigated in vitro using serial microdilution and cytotoxicity assays. The MIC values of selected plant extracts against the test organisms generally ranged from 0.03 to 2.50 mg/ml. MIC values of the acetone extracts ranged from 0.03 to 0.46 mg/ml, methanolic extract MICs ranged from 0.15 to 0.78 mg/ml, cold aqueous extract MICs ranged from 0.03 to 2.50 mg/ml while MICs of the hot aqueous extracts ranged from 0.03 to 1.25 mg/ml. The MIC of the positive control, gentamicin, against Campylobacter species ranged from 0.001 to 0.62 mg/ml while those of Escherichia isolates were extremely promising, ranging from 0.0002 to 0.001 mg/ml. The LC50 values of the acetone and cold aqueous extracts of Morinda lucida against the intestinal CaCo‐2 cell line were 0.46 and 0.58 mg/ml respectively while those of acetone, methanolic and hot aqueous extracts of Acalypha wilkesiana were 1.56, 0.11 and 0.19 mg/ml respectively. The selectivity index (SI) values of the acetone extract of Morinda lucida ranged from 2.55 to 9.20 while those of the cold aqueous extracts ranged from 0.23 to 19.33 with the acetone extract having better SI than the cold aqueous extract. The SI values of the acetone extract of Acalypha wilkesiana ranged from 2.22 to 52, methanolic extract ranged from 0.14 to 0.73 and hot aqueous extract ranged from 0.15 to 6.33 with the acetone extract having the best SI relative to cold aqueous, methanolic and hot aqueous extracts of both plant extracts, indicating that the observed antimicrobial activity was not due to toxicity to mammalian cells. These results highlight the potential of Morinda lucida and Acalypha wilkesiana as an alternative for treatment of campylobacteriosis and colibacillosis in poultry. However, in vivo data is necessary to determine the potential usefulness of these plant speciesThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
The Acute Effects of Nicotine on Cognitive Abilities and Athletic Performance in Archery Athletes
Authors: FANG SHIH‐HUA , OU JHIH‐BANG 
Published: March 2021

It is known that the effects of nicotine on mood, arousal, and cognition in humans. In this study, we investigated whether the cognitive abilities and the performance of college archers in archery could been improved by nicotine chewing supplement and its effect on the heart rate. We recruited 10 college archers and they had 2 mg nicotine chewing (NIC group) or placebo (PLA group). After intake nicotine gum for 30 min, the mean time “correct rejection” of NIC group was significantly less than PLA group. In addition, both right and left hands of NIC group complete Grooved Pegboard Test in lesser time than PLA group. The reaction time and reaction motor had no difference in both groups. In NIC group, the archery score was significantly higher than PLA group. We found that nicotine might enhance the exercise performance of archery of the athletes through enhancing cognitive function.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Pre-operative N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide for prediction of acute kidney injury after noncardiac surgery
Authors: Zhao Bing-Cheng , Zhuang Pei-Pei , Lei Shao-Hui , Qiu Shi-Da , Yang Xiao , Li Cai , Liu Wei-Feng , Liu Ke-Xuan 
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with poor outcomes after noncardiac surgery. Whether pre-operative N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) predicts AKI after noncardiac surgery is unclear.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the predictive role of pre-operative NT-proBNP on postoperative AKI.

DESIGN
Retrospective cohort study.

SETTING
Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, China.

PATIENTS
Adult patients who had a serum creatinine and NT-proBNP measurement within 30 pre-operative days and at least one serum creatinine measurement within 7 days after noncardiac surgery between February 2008 and May 2018 were identified.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The primary outcome was postoperative AKI, defined by the kidney disease: improving global outcomes creatinine criteria.

RESULTS
In all, 6.1% (444 of 7248) of patients developed AKI within 1 week after surgery. Pre-operative NT-proBNP was an independent predictor of AKI after adjustment for clinical variables (OR comparing top to bottom quintiles 2.29, 95% CI, 1.47 to 3.65, P < 0.001 for trend; OR per 1-unit increment in natural log transformed NT-proBNP 1.27, 95% CI, 1.16 to 1.39). Compared with clinical variables alone, the addition of NT-proBNP improved model fit, modestly improved the discrimination (change in area under the curve from 0.764 to 0.773, P = 0.005) and reclassification (continuous net reclassification improvement 0.210, 95% CI, 0.111 to 0.308, improved integrated discrimination 0.0044, 95% CI, 0.0016 to 0.0072) of AKI and non-AKI cases, and achieved higher net benefit in decision curve analysis.

CONCLUSIONS
Pre-operative NT-proBNP concentrations provided predictive information for AKI in a cohort of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery, independent of and incremental to conventional risk factors. Prospective studies are required to confirm this finding and examine its clinical impact.

TRIAL REGISTRATION
Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR1900024056. www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=40385.
Adult Liver Disease Prognostic Modelling for Long‐term Outcomes in Biliary Atresia
Authors: Jain Vandana , Burford Charlotte , Alexander Emma C. , Dhawan Anil , Joshi Deepak , Davenport Mark , Heaton Nigel , Hadzic Nedim , Samyn Marianne 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTObjectives:To assess the utility of prognostic scoring systems for adolescents with biliary atresia (BA) surviving with native liver, for predicting the subsequent requirement for liver transplantation (LT).Methods:Single‐centre retrospective analysis of 397 BA patients who received Kasai Portoenterostomy (KP) 1980–1996 and survived with the native liver at 16 years. Laboratory and clinical variables at 16 years (timepoint 16 years) were used to calculate (i) LT allocation scores; Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease [MELD/MELD‐sodium (Na)], and UK End‐Stage Liver Disease (UKELD); (ii) Mayo Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis risk score (MayoPSC) and (iii) a modified Paediatric End‐Stage Liver Disease (PELD) score. Scores were compared between patients requiring LT after 16 years of age (LT > 16 years), and those who survived with native liver, at the latest follow‐up. Additional subgroup analysis for patients with data available at 12 years (timepoint 12 years).Results:MELD (area under the receiver operating characteristic [AUROC] 0.847) and UKELD (AUROC: 0.815) at 16 years of age predict the need for LT > 16 years. No advantage for MELD‐Na over MELD was demonstrated. MELD >8.5 and UKELD >47 predicted LT > 16 years with 84% and 79% sensitivity and 73% and 73% specificity. PELD had a similar performance to MELD, but superiority to UKELD. MayoPSC revealed predictive accuracy for LT >16 years (AUROC 0.859), with a score of >0.87 predicting LT > 16 years with 85% sensitivity and 82% specificity. At timepoint 12 years, MELD and MayoPSC predicted LT >16 years. Change in MELD, PELD and MayoPSC between 12 and 16 years of age, was associated with LT >16 years.Conclusions:Adult LT allocation scores may help monitor progress in adolescent BA, but the omission of relevant risk factors limits their utility for listing in this cohort. A BA‐specific prognostic score would improve the management of adolescent BA.
The 21st Century CURES Act in Pediatric Gastroenterology: Problems, Solutions, and Preliminary Guidance
Authors: Lee Jennifer A. , Miller Steven D. , Mezoff Ethan A. , Screws Jeremy , Sauer Cary , Huang Jeannie S. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
The information blocking (IB) prohibition component of the 21st Century CURES Act (21CCA) comes into effect April 5, 2021, which gives patients and their families near-instant access to almost all clinical notes, lab results, and health data. Exceptions to IB prohibition include risk of harm and patient privacy, but violations can be punished by a fine of up to $1,000,000.00. A committee of pediatric gastroenterologists reviewed the 21CCA regulation and compared local practice policies. Pediatric practitioners need to understand how age will affect local information release policies and to know which note types are released, paying special consideration to trainee notes and confidential information. Extraneous detail should be removed from notes, emotional labeling be avoided, and objective statements be made when referring to the care of other providers. Awareness of the 21CCA provides pediatric gastroenterologists with the opportunity to adapt their medical documentation practices to accommodate the new law.
Adherence, Mental Health and Illness Perceptions in Autoimmune Liver Disease: Looking Beyond Liver Function Tests
Authors: Hames Anna , Matcham Faith , Makin Isobel , Day Jemma , Joshi Deepak , Samyn Marianne 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTObjectives:Autoimmune liver disease is commonly diagnosed during adolescence; a period associated with a higher prevalence of non-adherence, mental health concerns and worse health outcomes. The aim of the study was to explore adherence patterns, mental health and illness perceptions in young people with autoimmune liver disease.Methods:Young people with autoimmune liver disease attending a multidisciplinary young adult clinic (16–25 years) completed an electronically administered questionnaire battery. Demographics and disease-related data were collected.Results:Sixty-eight (37 female), median age 17.9 (range 15–22) years completed the screening. Only 51.5% of patients were in remission (aspartate and alanine aminotransferase <36 IU//l) whereas 73% self-reported their adherence >80%. Compared to patients in remission, those not in remission required more immunosuppression, were more depressed and worried but reported a better understanding of their illness. A small but significant correlation was found between aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase and adherence percentage (r= −0.27,P < 0.05 andr = −0.29,P < 0.05 respectively). Age was inversely associated with adherence (r = −0.31,P < 0.05), and older patients were more worried (r = 0.44,P < 0.001) and emotionally affected by the condition (r = 0.32,P < 0.01). Adherence behaviours such as forgetting to take medications (63%), taking medications more frequently before attending appointments (44%) and not having a routine for medications (31%) were prevalent, 7% reported intentional non-adherence.Conclusion:Sup-optimal adherence to treatment is common in young people with autoimmune liver disease and associated with mental health problems and certain illness perceptions. Routine exploration of adherence beliefs and barriers to adherence in a non-judgmental, collaborative way is essential to improve outcome in this vulnerable population.
Agreement on Symptoms Between Children With Ulcerative Colitis and Their Caregivers
Authors: Marcovitch Liron , Focht Gili , Horesh Anat , Shosberger Adi , Hyams Jeffrey , Bousvaros Athos , Hale Amy E. , Baldassano Robert , Otley Anthony , Mack David R. , Kappelman Michael D. , Griffiths Anne M. , Turner Dan 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTAs part of the development of the TUMMY‐UC, a patient‐reported outcome (PRO) measure for pediatric ulcerative colitis (UC), we aimed to explore agreement on UC symptoms between children and their caregivers. We conducted 44 interviews with children ages 8–12 years, who completed the PRO version of the TUMMY‐UC, and their caregivers, who completed the observer‐reported outcome (obsRO) version. There was excellent agreement between the total TUMMY‐UC PRO and obsRO scores (intra‐class correlation coefficient = 0.92 [95% confidence interval 0.74–0.98]). The obsRO scores were always within the same disease‐activity category as the corresponding PRO score (ie, remission, mild and moderate‐severe disease). There was a strong correlation of the TUMMY‐UC PRO and obsRO scores with physician global assessment of disease activity (r = 0.94 and r = 0.90, respectively, P < 0.001) and the pediatric UC activity index (r = 0.95 and r = 0.96; P < 0.001). These data support conceptual equivalence between the PRO and obsRO TUMMY‐UC versions, and provide support for their incorporation into one score.