bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Connecting subduction, extension and shear localization across the Aegean Sea and Anatolia
Authors: Barbot S , Weiss J R 
Published: February 2021

SUMMARY
The Eastern Mediterranean is the most seismically active region in Europe due to the complex interactions of the Arabian, African, and Eurasian tectonic plates. Deformation is achieved by faulting in the brittle crust, distributed flow in the viscoelastic lower-crust and mantle, and Hellenic subduction, but the long-term partitioning of these mechanisms is still unknown. We exploit an extensive suite of geodetic observations to build a kinematic model connecting strike-slip deformation, extension, subduction, and shear localization across Anatolia and the Aegean Sea by mapping the distribution of slip and strain accumulation on major active geological structures. We find that tectonic escape is facilitated by a plate-boundary-like, trans-lithospheric shear zone extending from the Gulf of Evia to the Turkish-Iranian Plateau that underlies the surface trace of the North Anatolian Fault. Additional deformation in Anatolia is taken up by a series of smaller-scale conjugate shear zones that reach the upper mantle, the largest of which is located beneath the East Anatolian Fault. Rapid north–south extension in the western part of the system, driven primarily by Hellenic Trench retreat, is accommodated by rotation and broadening of the North Anatolian mantle shear zone from the Sea of Marmara across the north Aegean Sea, and by a system of distributed transform faults and rifts including the rapidly extending Gulf of Corinth in central Greece and the active grabens of western Turkey. Africa–Eurasia convergence along the Hellenic Arc occurs at a median rate of 49.8 mm yr–1 in a largely trench-normal direction except near eastern Crete where variably oriented slip on the megathrust coincides with mixed-mode and strike-slip deformation in the overlying accretionary wedge near the Ptolemy–Pliny–Strabo trenches. Our kinematic model illustrates the competing roles the North Anatolian mantle shear zone, Hellenic Trench, overlying mantle wedge, and active crustal faults play in accommodating tectonic indentation, slab rollback and associated Aegean extension. Viscoelastic flow in the lower crust and upper mantle dominate the surface velocity field across much of Anatolia and a clear transition to megathrust-related slab pull occurs in western Turkey, the Aegean Sea and Greece. Crustal scale faults and the Hellenic wedge contribute only a minor amount to the large-scale, regional pattern of Eastern Mediterranean interseismic surface deformation.
Improving antibiotic use through behaviour change: a systematic review of interventions evaluated in low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Cuevas Carla , Batura Neha , Wulandari Luh Putu Lila , Khan Mishal , Wiseman Virginia 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAntibiotic resistance (ABR) has been identified as a critical threat to global health at the highest policy fora. A leading cause of ABR is the inappropriate use of antibiotics by both patients and healthcare providers. Although countries around the world have committed to developing and implementing national action plans to tackle ABR, there is a considerable gap in evidence about effective behaviour change interventions addressing inappropriate use of antibiotics in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where ABR is growing at an alarming rate. We conducted a systematic review to synthesize evidence about the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of behaviour change interventions to reduce inappropriate use of antibiotics in LMICs. Three databases were searched using a set of predefined search terms and exclusion criteria. The search identified 43 relevant articles. A narrative synthesis of results was conducted using the Behaviour Change Wheel framework to categorize intervention components. The majority of the reviewed studies were set in lower-middle-income or low-income countries located in Sub-Saharan Africa or East Asia and the Pacific. Twenty-four articles evaluated multi-faceted interventions over a period of 12 months or less. Despite the widespread use of antibiotics in the community, interventions were primarily implemented in public health facilities, targeting health professionals such as doctors, nurses, and other allied medical staff. Although education for providers was the most widely used strategy for influencing antibiotic use, it was shown to be most effective when used in conjunction with training or other enabling and supportive measures to nudge behaviour. Six articles included an evaluation of costs of interventions and found a reduction in costs in inpatient and outpatient settings, and one article found a training and guidelines implementation-based intervention to be highly cost-effective. However, the small number of articles conducting an economic evaluation highlights the need for such analyses to be conducted more frequently to support priority setting in resource-constrained environments.
Modelling intensive care unit capacity under different epidemiological scenarios of the COVID-19 pandemic in three Western European countries
Authors: McCabe Ruth , Kont Mara D , Schmit Nora , Whittaker Charles , Løchen Alessandra , Baguelin Marc , Knock Edward , Whittles Lilith K , Lees John , Brazeau Nicholas F , Walker Patrick GT , Ghani Azra C , Ferguson Neil M , White Peter J , Donnelly Christl A , Hauck Katharina , Watson Oliver J 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has placed enormous strain on intensive care units (ICUs) in Europe. Ensuring access to care, irrespective of COVID-19 status, in winter 2020–2021 is essential.

Methods
An integrated model of hospital capacity planning and epidemiological projections of COVID-19 patients is used to estimate the demand for and resultant spare capacity of ICU beds, staff and ventilators under different epidemic scenarios in France, Germany and Italy across the 2020–2021 winter period. The effect of implementing lockdowns triggered by different numbers of COVID-19 patients in ICUs under varying levels of effectiveness is examined, using a ‘dual-demand’ (COVID-19 and non-COVID-19) patient model.

Results
Without sufficient mitigation, we estimate that COVID-19 ICU patient numbers will exceed those seen in the first peak, resulting in substantial capacity deficits, with beds being consistently found to be the most constrained resource. Reactive lockdowns could lead to large improvements in ICU capacity during the winter season, with pressure being most effectively alleviated when lockdown is triggered early and sustained under a higher level of suppression. The success of such interventions also depends on baseline bed numbers and average non-COVID-19 patient occupancy.

Conclusion
Reductions in capacity deficits under different scenarios must be weighed against the feasibility and drawbacks of further lockdowns. Careful, continuous decision-making by national policymakers will be required across the winter period 2020–2021.
Expression of Surfactant Protein D Distinguishes Severe Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1) from Coronavirus Disease 2019
Authors: Choreño-Parra José Alberto , Jiménez-Álvarez Luis Armando , Ramírez-Martínez Gustavo , Cruz-Lagunas Alfredo , Thapa Mahima , Fernández-López Luis Alejandro , Carnalla-Cortés Martha , Choreño-Parra Eduardo M , Mena-Hernández Lourdes , Sandoval-Vega Montserrat , Hernández-Montiel Erika Mariana , Hernández-García Diana Lizzeth , Ramírez-Noyola Jazmín Ariadna , Reyes-López Cynthia Estefania , Domínguez-Faure Andrea , Zamudio-López Guillermo Yamil , Márquez-García Eduardo , Moncada-Morales Angélica , Mendoza-Milla Criselda , Cervántes-Rosete Diana , Muñoz-Torrico Marcela , Luna-Rivero Cesar , García-Latorre Ethel A , Guadarrama-Ortíz Parménides , Ávila-Moreno Federico , Domínguez-Cherit Guillermo , Rodríguez-Reyna Tatiana Sofía , Mudd Philip A , Hernández-Cárdenas Carmen Margarita , Khader Shabaana A , Zúñiga Joaquín 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The differentiation between influenza and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) could constitute a diagnostic challenge during the ongoing winter owing to their clinical similitude. Thus, novel biomarkers are required to enable making this distinction. Here, we evaluated whether the surfactant protein D (SP-D), a collectin produced at the alveolar epithelium with known immune properties, was useful to differentiate pandemic influenza A(H1N1) from COVID-19 in critically ill patients. Our results revealed high serum SP-D levels in patients with severe pandemic influenza but not those with COVID-19. This finding was validated in a separate cohort of mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19 who also showed low plasma SP-D levels. However, plasma SP-D levels did not distinguish seasonal influenza from COVID-19 in mild-to-moderate disease. Finally, we found that high serum SP-D levels were associated with death and renal failure among severe pandemic influenza cases. Thus, our studies have identified SP-D as a unique biomarker expressed during severe pandemic influenza but not COVID-19.
Judicial Review under Article 15 of the Rome Statute and the ‘Interests of Justice’
Authors: Kaushik Parv 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The Office of the Prosecutor’s preliminary examination into the Situation in Afghanistan came to an end with the Appeals Chamber approving its request for authorization of an investigation. In doing so it overturned the decision of the Pre-Trial Chamber, which for the first time in the International Criminal Court’s history had invoked the criterion of ‘interests of justice’ to deny the request. Both decisions raised questions as to the scope of review of the Pre-Trial Chamber under Article 15 and its relationship with Article 53 of the Rome Statute. This article delves into some of these questions. First, it looks into whether the Appeals Chamber was correct to hold that the Pre-Trial Chamber is not supposed to review the factors under Article 53(1). It answers this question in the negative, arguing that the Appeals Chamber’s decision goes against the text of the Rome Statute, and the International Criminal Court’s past practice. Secondly, it analyses whether the Pre-Trial Chamber can assess whether or not an investigation serves the ‘interests of justice’, even if the Prosecutor has not made an explicit finding in this regard. It argues that the context and purpose of Article 15 envisages a genuine and meaningful examination of the Prosecutor’s request, which includes the ability to evaluate, suo motu, the applicability of the ‘interests of justice’ criterion. Lastly, the article addresses whether the factors that were considered by the Pre-Trial Chamber in its Afghanistan Article 15 Decision were suited to its judicial role. It proposes a methodology for the Pre-Trial Chambers to adopt while exercising their powers under Article 15, which allows for both prosecutorial discretion and a meaningful judicial review. The article attempts to put forth a renewed understanding of the Rome Statute and argues that the Pre-Trial Chamber has a wider power of review under Article 15 than has been hitherto exercised, which, if exercised reasonably, can further the cause of international criminal justice.
An efficient reasoning method on logic programming using partial evaluation in vector spaces
Authors: Nguyen Hien D , Sakama Chiaki , Sato Taisuke , Inoue Katsumi 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we introduce methods of encoding propositional logic programs in vector spaces. Interpretations are represented by vectors and programs are represented by matrices. The least model of a definite program is computed by multiplying an interpretation vector and a program matrix. To optimize computation in vector spaces, we provide a method of partial evaluation of programs using linear algebra. Partial evaluation is done by unfolding rules in a program, and it is realized in a vector space by multiplying program matrices. We perform experiments using artificial data and real data, and show that partial evaluation has the potential for realizing efficient computation of huge scale of programs in vector spaces.
Estimating the metallicity of star-forming early-type galaxies
Authors: Wu Yu-Zhong , Zhang Wei 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
We derive data for 4615 star-forming early-type galaxies (ETGs), which come from a cross-match of the Galaxy Zoo and the catalogue of the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics–Johns Hopkins University (MPA–JHU) emission-line measurements for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7. Our sample is distributed mainly at $-0.7&lt; \log({\rm SFR}/({\rm M}_{\odot }\, {\rm yr}^{-1})) &lt; 1.2$, and the median value of our star formation rates (SFRs) is slightly higher than that shown in Davis & Young. We show that there is a significant trend of lower/higher stellar mass ETGs having lower/higher SFRs, and we obtain our sample best fit of $\log(\rm SFR/(M_{\odot} \rm yr^{-1}))=(0.74\pm0.01)\rm log(M_{*}/M_{\odot})-(7.64\pm0.10)$. We find the same slope as found by Cano-Díaz et al. In our star-forming ETG sample, we demonstrate clearly the correlation of the stellar mass–metallicity (MZ) relation. We find that higher metallicity measurements may be introduced by the diffuse ionized gas, when the D16, Sanch18 and Sander18 indicators are used to calibrate the metallicity of ETGs. We show the relations between the SFR and 12 + log(O/H) with different metallicity estimators, and we suggest that their correlations may be a consequence of the SFR–stellar mass and MZ relations in ETGs.
The velocity dispersion function of early-type galaxies and its redshift evolution: the newest results from lens redshift test
Authors: Geng Shuaibo , Cao Shuo , Liu Yuting , Liu Tonghua , Biesiada Marek , Lian Yujie 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
The redshift distribution of galactic-scale lensing systems provides a laboratory to probe the velocity dispersion function (VDF) of early-type galaxies (ETGs) and measure the evolution of ETGs at redshift z ∼ 1. Through the statistical analysis of the currently largest sample of ETG gravitational lenses, we conclude that the VDF inferred solely from strong lensing systems is well consistent with the measurements of SDSS DR5 data in the local Universe. In particular, our results strongly indicate a decline in the number density of lenses by a factor of two and a 20 per cent increase in the characteristic velocity dispersion for the ETG population at z ∼ 1. Such VDF evolution is in perfect agreement with the ΛCDM paradigm (i.e. the hierarchical build-up of mass structures over cosmic time) and different from ‘stellar mass-downsizing’ evolutions obtained by many galaxy surveys. Meanwhile, we also quantitatively discuss the evolution of the VDF shape in a more complex evolution model, which reveals its strong correlation with the number density and velocity dispersion of ETGs. Finally, we evaluate if future missions such as LSST can be sensitive enough to place the most stringent constraints on the redshift evolution of ETGs, based on the redshift distribution of available gravitational lenses.
VINTERGATAN III: how to reset the metallicity of the Milky Way
Authors: Renaud Florent , Agertz Oscar , Andersson Eric P , Read Justin I , Ryde Nils , Bensby Thomas , Rey Martin P , Feuillet Diane K 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
Using the cosmological zoom simulation VINTERGATAN, we present a new scenario for the onset of star formation at the metal-poor end of the low-[α/Fe] sequence in a Milky Way-like galaxy. In this scenario, the galaxy is fuelled by two distinct gas flows. One is enriched by outflows from massive galaxies, but not the other. While the former feeds the inner galactic region, the latter fuels an outer gas disc, inclined with respect to the main galactic plane, and with a significantly poorer chemical content. The first passage of the last major merger galaxy triggers tidal compression in the outer disc, which increases the gas density and eventually leads to star formation, at a metallicity 0.75 dex lower than the inner galaxy. This forms the first stars of the low-[α/Fe] sequence. These in situ stars have halo-like kinematics, similar to what is observed in the Milky Way, due to the inclination of the outer disc that eventually aligns with the inner one via gravitational torques. We show that this tilting disc scenario is likely to be common in Milky Way-like galaxies. This process implies that the low-[α/Fe] sequence is populated in situ, simultaneously from two formation channels, in the inner and the outer galaxy, with distinct metallicities. This contrasts with purely sequential scenarios for the assembly of the Milky Way disc and could be tested observationally.
Is the Bremer Deep Field reionized, at z ∼ 7?
Authors: Rodríguez Espinosa J M , Mas-Hesse J M , Calvi R 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
We show herein that the population of star-forming galaxies in the Bremer Deep Field (BDF) has enough ionizing power to form two large ionized bubbles that could be in the process of merging into a large one with a volume of 14 000 cMpc3. The sources identified in the BDF have been completed with a set of expected low-luminosity sources at z ∼ 7. We have estimated the number of ionizing photons per second produced by the different star-forming galaxies in the BDF. This number has been compared with the number that would be required to ionize the bubbles around the two overdense regions. We have used, as reference, ionizing emissivities derived from the AMIGA (Analytic Model of Intergalactic-medium and Galaxies) cosmological evolutionary model. We find that even using the most conservative estimates, with a Lyman continuum escape fraction of 10${{\ \rm per\ cent}}$, the two regions we have defined within the BDF would be reionized. Assuming more realistic estimates of the ionizing photon production efficiency, both bubbles would be in the process of merging into a large reionized bubble, such as those that through percolation completed the reionization of the Universe by z = 6. The rather small values of the escape fraction required to reionize the BDF are compatible with the low fraction of faint Ly α emitters identified in the BDF. Finally, we confirm that the low-luminosity sources represent indeed the main contributors to the BDF ionizing photon production.
The quasar feedback survey: discovering hidden Radio-AGN and their connection to the host galaxy ionized gas
Authors: Jarvis M E , Harrison C M , Mainieri V , Alexander D M , Arrigoni Battaia F , Calistro Rivera G , Circosta C , Costa T , De Breuck C , Edge A C , Girdhar A , Kakkad D , Kharb P , Lansbury G B , Molyneux S J , Mukherjee D , Mullaney J R , Farina E P , S Silpa , Thomson A P , Ward S R 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
We present the first results from the Quasar Feedback Survey, a sample of 42 z &lt; 0.2, [O iii] luminous AGNs ( L[O III] &gt; 1042.1 ergs s−1) with moderate radio luminosities (i.e. L1.4GHz &gt; 1023.4 W Hz−1; median L1.4GHz = 5.9 × 1023 W Hz−1). Using high spatial resolution (∼0.3–1 arcsec), 1.5–6 GHz radio images from the Very Large Array, we find that 67 per cent of the sample have spatially extended radio features on ∼1–60 kpc scales. The radio sizes and morphologies suggest that these may be lower radio luminosity versions of compact, radio-loud AGNs. By combining the radio-to-infrared excess parameter, spectral index, radio morphology, and brightness temperature, we find radio emission in at least 57 per cent of the sample that is associated with AGN-related processes (e.g. jets, quasar-driven winds, or coronal emission). This is despite only 9.5–21 per cent being classified as radio-loud using traditional criteria. The origin of the radio emission in the remainder of the sample is unclear. We find that both the established anticorrelation between radio size and the width of the [O iii] line, and the known trend for the most [O iii] luminous AGNs to be associated with spatially extended radio emission, also hold for our sample of moderate radio luminosity quasars. These observations add to the growing evidence of a connection between the radio emission and ionized gas in quasar host galaxies. This work lays the foundation for deeper investigations into the drivers and impact of feedback in this unique sample.
Connecting turbulent velocities and magnetic fields in galaxy cluster simulations with active galactic nuclei jets
Authors: Ehlert K , Weinberger R , Pfrommer C , Springel V 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
The study of velocity fields of the hot gas in galaxy clusters can help to unravel details of microphysics on small scales and to decipher the nature of feedback by active galactic nuclei (AGN). Likewise, magnetic fields as traced by Faraday rotation measurements (RMs) inform about their impact on gas dynamics as well as on cosmic ray production and transport. We investigate the inherent relationship between large-scale gas kinematics and magnetic fields through non-radiative magnetohydrodynamical simulations of the creation, evolution, and disruption of AGN jet-inflated lobes in an isolated Perseus-like galaxy cluster, with and without pre-existing turbulence. In particular, we connect cluster velocity measurements with mock RM maps to highlight their underlying physical connection, which opens up the possibility of comparing turbulence levels in two different observables. For single-jet outbursts, we find only a local impact on the velocity field, i.e. the associated increase in velocity dispersion is not volume-filling. Furthermore, in a setup with pre-existing turbulence, this increase in velocity dispersion is largely hidden. We use mock X-ray observations to show that at arcmin resolution, the velocity dispersion is therefore dominated by existing large-scale turbulence and is only minimally altered by the presence of a jet. For the velocity structure of central gas uplifted by buoyantly rising lobes, we find fast, coherent outflows with low velocity dispersion. Our results highlight that projected velocity distributions show complex structures, which pose challenges for the interpretation of observations.
A candidate optically quiescent quasar lacking narrow emission lines
Authors: Greenwell Claire , Gandhi Poshak , Stern Daniel , Boorman Peter , Toba Yoshiki , Lansbury George , Mainieri Vincenzo , Desira Christopher 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
Many active galactic nuclei (AGN) surveys rely on optical emission line signatures for robust source classification. There are, however, examples of luminous AGN candidates lacking such signatures, including those from the narrow-line region, which are expected to be less susceptible to classical nuclear (torus) obscuration. Here, we seek to formalize this subpopulation of AGN with a prototypical candidate, SDSS J075139.06+402810.9. This shows infrared (IR) colours typical for AGN, an optical spectrum dominated by an early type galaxy continuum, an [O iii] λ5007Å limiting flux about two dex below Type 2 quasars at similar IR power, and a k-corrected 12 $\mu$m quasar-like luminosity of ∼ 1045 erg s−1. These characteristics are not consistent with jet and host galaxy dilution. A potential scenario to explain this AGN quiescence in the optical is a sky-covering ‘cocoon’ of obscuring material, such that the AGN ionizing radiation is unable to escape and excite gas on kpc scales. Alternatively, we may be witnessing the short phase between recent triggering of obscured AGN activity and the subsequent narrow-line excitation. This prototype could define the base properties of an emerging candidate AGN subtype – an intriguing transitional phase in AGN and galaxy evolution.