Diagnostic Performance and Comparison of Ultrasensitive and Conventional Rapid Diagnostic Test, Thick Blood Smear and Quantitative PCR for Detection of Low-Density Plasmodium Falciparum Infections During a Controlled Human Malaria Infection Study in Equatorial Guinea
Authors: Mpina Maxmillian Gideon , Stabler Thomas C , Schindler Tobias , Bijeri Jose Raso , Deal Anna , Pupu Ludmila Acuche , Nyakarungu Elizabeth Lucas , Davis Maria del Carmen Ovono , Nchama Vicente Urbano Nsue Ndong , Mtoro Ali , Hamad Ali , Lopez Maria Silvia Angue , Pasialo Beltran Ekua Ntutumu , Eyang Marta Alene Owono , Rivas Matilde Riloha , Fella Carlos Cortes , Garcia Guillermo A , Besaha Juan Carlos Momo , Chuquiyauri Raul , Severino Elizabeth , Church L.W Preston , Sim B. Kim Lee , Nlavo Bonifacio Manguire , Tanner Marcel , Maas Carl , Billingsley Peter , Richie Thomas L , Abdulla Salim , Hoffman Stephen L , Jongo Said Abdallah , Daubenberger Claudia A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
BackgroundProgress towards malaria elimination has stagnated, partly because infections persisting at low parasite densities comprise a large reservoir contributing to ongoing malaria transmission and are difficult to detect. We compared the performance of an ultrasensitive rapid diagnostic test (uRDT) designed to detect low density infections to a conventional RDT (cRDT), expert microscopy using Giemsa-stained thick blood smears (TBS), and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) during a controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) study conducted in malaria exposed adults (NCT03590340). MethodsBlood samples were collected from healthy Equatoguineans aged 18-35 years beginning on day 8 after CHMI with 3.2x103 cryopreserved, infectious Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) sporozoites (PfSPZ Challenge, strain NF54) administered by direct venous inoculation. qPCR (18s ribosomal DNA), uRDT (AlereTM Malaria Ag P.f.), cRDT (Carestart Malaria Pf/PAN (PfHRP2/pLDH)), and TBS were performed daily until the volunteer became TBS positive and treatment was administered. qPCR was the reference for the presence of Pf parasites. Results279 samples were collected from 24 participants; 123 were positive by qPCR. TBS detected 24/123 (19.5% sensitivity [95% CI 13.1% – 27.8%]), uRDT 21/123 (17.1% sensitivity [95% CI 11.1% – 25.1%], cRDT 10/123 (8.1% sensitivity [95% CI 4.2% – 14.8%]; all were 100% specific. qPCR was the most sensitive test (p<0.001); TBS and uRDT were more sensitive than cRDT (TBS vs. cRDT p=0.015; uRDT vs. cRDT p=0.053), detecting parasitemias as low as 3.7 parasites/mL (p/mL) (TBS and uRDT) compared to 5.6 p/mL (cRDT) based on TBS density measurements. TBS, uRDT and cRDT did not detect any of the 70/123 samples positive by qPCR below 5.86 p/mL, the qPCR density corresponding to 3.7 p/mL by TBS. The median prepatent periods in days (ranges) were 14.5 (10-20), 18.0 (15-28), 18.0 (15-20) and 18.0 (16-24) for qPCR, TBS, uRDT and cRDT, respectively; qPCR detected parasitemia significantly earlier (3.5 days) than the other tests.ConclusionsTBS and uRDT had similar sensitivities, both were more sensitive than cRDT, and neither matched qPCR for detecting low density parasitemia. uRDT could be considered an alternative to TBS in selected applications such as CHMI or field diagnosis where qualitative, dichotomous results for malaria infection might be sufficient.