bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance and aging studies for the ALICE muon RPCs
Authors: Quaglia L. , Bianchi A. , Ferretti A. , Gagliardi M. , Stocco D. , Guida R. , Mandelli B. , Alvigini L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The ALICE muon trigger (MTR) system consists of 72 Resistive
Plate Chamber (RPC) detectors arranged in two stations, each
composed of two planes with 18 RPCs per plane. The detectors are
operated in maxi-avalanche mode using a mixture of 89.7%
C2H2F4, 10% i-C4H10 and 0.3% SF6. A
number of detector performance indicators, such as efficiency and
dark current, have been monitored over time throughout the LHC Run2
(2015–18). While the efficiency showed very good stability, a steady
increase in the absorbed dark current was observed.
Since the end of 2018, the LHC has entered a phase of long shutdown, during which the ALICE experiment will be upgraded to cope with the next phase of data taking, expected in 2021. The MTR is undergoing a major upgrade of the front-end and readout electronics, and will change its functionalities, becoming a Muon Identifier [1]. Only the replacement of the most irradiated RPCs is planned during the upgrade. It is therefore important to perform dedicated studies to gain further insights into the status of the detector. In particular, two RPCs were flushed with pure Ar gas for a prolonged period of time and a plasma was created by fully ionizing the gas. The output gas was analyzed using a Gas Chromatograph combined with a Mass Spectrometer and the possible presence of fluorinated compounds originating from the interaction of the plasma with the detector inner surfaces has been assessed using an Ion-Selective Electrode station.
This contribution will include a detailed review of the ALICE muon RPC performance at the LHC;
the procedure and results of the argon plasma test, described above, are also discussed.
Measurement of the atmospheric muon rate with the MicroBooNE Liquid Argon TPC
Authors: Abratenko P. , Alrashed M. , An R. , Anthony J. , Asaadi J. , Ashkenazi A. , Balasubramanian S. , Baller B. , Barnes C. , Barr G. , Basque V. , Bass M. , Bathe-Peters L. , Benevides Rodrigues O. , Berkman S. , Bhanderi A. , Bhat A. , Bishai M. , Blake A. , Bolton T. , Camilleri L. , Caratelli D. , Caro Terrazas I. , Castillo Fernandez R. , Cavanna F. , Cerati G. , Chen Y. , Church E. , Cianci D. , Conrad J.M. , Convery M. , Cooper-Troendle L. , Crespo-Anadón J.I. , Del Tutto M. , Devitt D. , Diurba R. , Domine L. , Dorrill R. , Duffy K. , Dytman S. , Eberly B. , Ereditato A. , Escudero Sanchez L. , Evans J.J. , Fiorentini Aguirre G.A. , Fitzpatrick R.S. , Fleming B.T. , Foppiani N. , Franco D. , Furmanski A.P. , Garcia-Gamez D. , Gardiner S. , Ge G. , Gollapinni S. , Goodwin O. , Gramellini E. , Green P. , Greenlee H. , Gu W. , Guenette R. , Guzowski P. , Hall E. , Hamilton P. , Hen O. , Horton-Smith G.A. , Hourlier A. , Huang E.-C. , Itay R. , James C. , Jan de Vries J. , Ji X. , Jiang L. , Jo J.H. , Johnson R.A. , Jwa Y.-J. , Kamp N. , Karagiorgi G. , Ketchum W. , Kirby B. , Kirby M. , Kobilarcik T. , Kreslo I. , LaZur R. , Lepetic I. , Li K. , Li Y. , Littlejohn B.R. , Lorca D. , Louis W.C. , Luo X. , Marchionni A. , Marcocci S. , Mariani C. , Marsden D. , Marshall J. , Martin-Albo J. , Martinez Caicedo D.A. , Mason K. , Mastbaum A. , McConkey N. , Meddage V. , Mettler T. , Miller K. , Mills J. , Mistry K. , Mogan A. , Mohayai T. , Moon J. , Mooney M. , Moor A.F. , Moore C.D. , Mousseau J. , Murphy M. , Naples D. , Navrer-Agasson A. , K. Neely R. , Nienaber P. , Nowak J. , Palamara O. , Paolone V. , Papadopoulou A. , Papavassiliou V. , F. Pate S. , Paudel A. , Pavlovic Z. , Piasetzky E. , Ponce-Pinto I.D. , Porzio D. , Prince S. , Qian X. , L. Raaf J. , Radeka V. , Rafique A. , Reggiani-Guzzo M. , Ren L. , Rochester L. , Rodriguez Rondon J. , Rogers H.E. , Rosenberg M. , Ross-Lonergan M. , Russell B. , Scanavini G. , W. Schmitz D. , Schukraft A. , H. Shaevitz M. , Sharankova R. , Sinclair J. , Smith A. , L. Snider E. , Soderberg M. , Söldner-Rembold S. , Soleti S.R. , Spentzouris P. , Spitz J. , Stancari M. , St. John J. , Strauss T. , Sutton K. , Sword-Fehlberg S. , Szelc A.M. , Tagg N. , Tang W. , Terao K. , Thorpe C. , Toups M. , Tsai Y.-T. , Tufanli S. , Uchida M.A. , Usher T. , Van De Pontseele W. , Viren B. , Weber M. , Wei H. , Williams Z. , Wolbers S. , Wongjirad T. , Wospakrik M. , Wu W. , Yang T. , Yarbrough G. , Yates L.E. , Zeller G.P. , Zennamo J. , Zhang C. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
is a near-surface liquid argon (LAr) time projection
chamber (TPC) located at Fermilab. We measure muons originating from
cosmic interactions in the atmosphere using both the charge
collection and light readout detectors. The data is compared with
the cosmic-ray simulation. Agreement is found between the
observation, simulation and previous results. Furthermore, the
angular resolution of the reconstructed muons inside the TPC is
studied in simulation.
Stimuli-activatable nanomaterials for phototherapy of cancer
Authors: Zhou Mengjiao , Liu Xiao , Chen Fangmin , Yang Lili , Yuan Minjian , Fu Ding-Yi , Wang Weiqi , Yu Haijun 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Phototherapy including photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), as non-invasive therapy approaches, have gained accumulated attention for cancer treatment in past years. PTT and PDT can generate local hyperthermia effects and reactive oxygen species (ROS) respectively, for tumor eradication. To improve the therapeutic performance while minimizing the reverse side effects of phototherapy, extensive efforts have been devoted to developing stimuli-activatable (e.g. pH, redox, ROS, enzyme, etc) nanomaterials for tumor-specific delivery/activation of the phototherapeutics. In this review, we first overviewed the recent advances of the engineered stimuli-responsive nanovectors for the phototherapy of cancer. We particularly summarized the progress of stimuli-activatable nanomaterials-based combinatory therapy strategies for augmenting the performance of phototherapy. We further discuss challenges for the clinical translation of nanomaterials-based phototherapy.
Aligning agri-environmental subsidies and environmental needs: a comparative analysis between the US and EU
Authors: Biffi Sofia , Traldi Rebecca , Crezee Bart , Beckmann Michael , Egli Lukas , Epp Schmidt Dietrich , Motzer Nicole , Okumah Murat , Seppelt Ralf , Louise Slabbert Eleonore , Tiedeman Kate , Wang Haoluan , Ziv Guy 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The global recognition of modern agricultural practices’ impact on the environment has fuelled policy responses to ameliorate environmental degradation in agricultural landscapes. In the US and the EU, agri-environmental subsidies (AES) promote widespread adoption of sustainable practices by compensating farmers who voluntarily implement them on working farmland. Previous studies, however, have suggested limitations of their spatial targeting, with funds not allocated towards areas of the greatest environmental need. We analysed AES in the US and EU—specifically through the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) and selected measures of the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD)—to identify if AES are going where they are most needed to achieve environmental goals, using a set of environmental need indicators, socio-economic variables moderating allocation patterns, and contextual variables describing agricultural systems. Using linear mixed models and linear models we explored the associations among AES allocation and these predictors at different scales. We found that higher AES spending was associated with areas of low soil organic carbon and high greenhouse gas emissions both in the US and EU, and nitrogen surplus in the EU. More so than successes, however, clear mismatches of funding and environmental need emerged—AES allocation did not successfully target areas of highest water stress, biodiversity loss, soil erosion, and nutrient runoff. Socio-economic and agricultural context variables may explain some of these mismatches; we show that AES were allocated to areas with higher proportions of female producers in the EU but not in the US, where funds were directed towards areas with less tenant farmers. Moreover, we suggest that the potential for AES to remediate environmental issues may be curtailed by limited participation in intensive agricultural landscapes. These findings can help inform refinements to EQIP and EAFRD allocation mechanisms and identify opportunities for improving future targeting of AES spending.
A re-evaluation of the Earth’s surface temperature response to radiative forcing
Authors: Young Peter C , Geoffrey Allen P , Bruun John T 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
There is much current debate about the way in which the earth’s climate and temperature are responding to anthropogenic and natural forcing. In this paper we re-assess the current evidence at the globally averaged level by adopting a generic ‘data-based mechanistic’ modelling strategy that incorporates statistically efficient parameter estimation. This identifies a low order, differential equation model that explains how the global average surface temperature variation responds to the influences of total radiative forcing (TRF). The model response includes a novel, stochastic oscillatory component with a period of about 55 years (range 51.6–60 years) that appears to be associated with heat energy interchange between the atmosphere and the ocean. These ‘quasi-cycle’ oscillations, which account for the observed pauses in global temperature increase around 1880, 1940 and 2001, appear to be related to ocean dynamic responses, particularly the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. The model explains 90% of the variance in the global average surface temperature anomaly and yields estimates of the equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) (2.29 ∘C with 5%–95% range 2.11 ∘C to 2.49 ∘C) and the transient climate response (TCR) (1.56 ∘C with 5%–95% range 1.43 ∘C to 1.68 ∘C), both of which are smaller than most previous estimates. When a high level of uncertainty in the TRF is taken into account, the ECS and TCR estimates are unchanged but the ranges are increased to 1.43 ∘C to 3.14 ∘C and 0.99 ∘C to 2.16 ∘C, respectively.
On barren plateaus and cost function locality in variational quantum algorithms
Authors: Uvarov A V , Biamonte J D 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Variational quantum algorithms rely on gradient based optimization to iteratively minimize a cost function evaluated by measuring output(s) of a quantum processor. A barren plateau is the phenomenon of exponentially vanishing gradients in sufficiently expressive parametrized quantum circuits. It has been established that the onset of a barren plateau regime depends on the cost function, although the particular behavior has been demonstrated only for certain classes of cost functions. Here we derive a lower bound on the variance of the gradient, which depends mainly on the width of the circuit causal cone of each term in the Pauli decomposition of the cost function. Our result further clarifies the conditions under which barren plateaus can occur.
Analysis of Occupation Intergenerational Mobility Mechanism: Based on the Perspective of Floating Population and Registered Residence System
Authors: Chen Yating 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The data of China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) were used in this paper, rural population migration variables were introduced for the first time, and combined with registered residence system, and the influence of the direction of intergenerational occupational mobility of the population born between 1960 and 1989 was studied. Meanwhile, special attention was paid to the mobility of the agricultural sector. The study found: firstly, the upward mobility of occupation intergenerational mobility is the dominant trend in China, and the upward mobility of farmers plays an important role in the trend, but it’s difficult to achieve leapfrog upward mobility. Occupation is the registered residence of rural registered residence; Secondly, population mobility is conducive to the upward mobility of the occupation, but the intensity of this factor is gradually weakening; Third, the registered residence system leads to unequal opportunities for occupation intergenerational mobility, and urban hukou groups are in a favourable position in the process of upward intergenerational mobility, and can avoid downward mobility
Analysis of jet suppressing root leakage in plane cascade
Authors: Tang Meng , Fu Xin , Xu Ying Y 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The three-dimensional numerical simulation of the sealing structure of compressor cascade with jet structure is carried out to study the flow structure of the tooth cavity under the influence of jet. Based on this, the influence of jet on the flow performance in the tooth cavity was analyzed from four aspects of vorticity distribution, turbulent kinetic energy distribution, Mach number distribution and static pressure distribution. The results show that the interaction of the jet flow and the leakage flow makes the internal flow structure of the tooth cavity complicated and changeable. The two fluids are connected and mixed with each other and keep separating and converging, which makes the flow loss increase sharply and the leakage coefficient is greatly reduced. The jet flow drastically changes vorticity distribution and static pressure distribution in the tooth cavity. In the jet-affected section, the jet-affected range is approximately 2 times the circumferential width of the jet port.
Numerical Investigation of Leaned Strake in the Ram-rotor
Authors: Guan Jian , Ji-ang Han , Yu Kexin , Zhong Jingjun 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The concept of lean commonly adopted in conventional compressors is introduced into the design of the ram-rotor strake, and numerical simulation of the effect of lean on the aerodynamic performance of the ram-rotors has been conducted in this paper. Three types of leaned ]0strake schemes are modeled and analyzed first to investigate the effect of lean on pressure rise and loss characteristics, and then based on C-mid scheme, different amounts of leaning angle are chosen for further research so as to improve the performance of leaned ram-rotor. Results show that the application of lean can affect the intensity and position of shock system. Radial transport and accumulation of low momentum fluid in the boundary layer of suction surface is suppressed. Compared to baseline, C-cas scheme increases total pressure ratio by 2.338 %, however, C-hub scheme improve the adiabatic efficiency by 0.462%. For C-mid scheme, a slight reduction of performance is observed.
Aerodynamic optimization of the last stage turbine blade for an industrial gas turbine
Authors: Sui Yongfeng , Chen Jinquan , Chu Peng , Lan Jibing , Ren Sheng , Wu Hongchao , Xu Yunbin , Xie Jian , Ding Jun 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A multi-objective, aerodynamic optimization of the last stage turbine blade of an 100Hz industrial gas turbine is presented. We aim at maximizing the stage’s efficiency, while at the same time meeting mechanical integrity. The optimization procedure was build, during the optimization process the mass flow rate and stage meridian were kept constant to obtain the required stage loading without changing the operating point. The optimized geometry are chosen taking into account aerodynamic constraints as well as mechanical constrains, such as centrifugal stress and bending stress. The SST turbulence model was used to calculate the flow field of the original and optimized stage, respectively. The geometry of the original and optimized blade was compared. The stage efficiency of the design point and under different operate conditions were compared. Stage and blade efficiency along span was analyzed in details. The blade loading at root mid top span of the original and optimized blade were discussed. Detailed flow field analysis shows that, after optimization, the peak Mach number of the root span profile was decreased from 1.22 to 1.09, which improves the flow field. Profile loss and end wall loss were also reduced. After optimization, maximum centrifugal stress and the maximum air bending stress were decreased which leads to improved blade life and safety. The number of blades and b/h were suggested for the last stage blade.
Study on the Aerodynamic Performance and Internal-External Flow Interaction Effects of Distributed Ducted Fan in the Climbing-Condition
Authors: Gong Tian Yu , Liang Peng Xiang , Wang Zhuo Qi , Yuan Wei 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Distributed electric propulsion ducted fans play an important role in saving energy and reducing environmental pollution of the airplanes. In this research, unsteady RANS CFD numerical simulations were used to analyse the possible impact of aerodynamic performance and interaction effects of distributed ducted fan in the climbing condition, which is verified with experimental method. Firstly, this paper will explore the effect of internal/external flow interaction on the flow field of the propulsion system at the same time. Secondly, from the perspective of propulsion efficiency and energy consumption, this paper will find the thrust relationship between the maximum continuous working state and the maximum working state and study the performance of the ducted fan. This paper will aim to reduce energy consumption during the propulsion of ducted fans and obtain longer flight time, and find a balance point between power and propulsion efficiency. The results show that the maximum continuous working state is 85% of the maximum thrust state approximately. By combining the aerodynamic interaction phenomena with the aerodynamic performance of the distributed ducted fan, this research provides an important basis and advice for enhancing the flight time of distributed ducted fans and reducing energy consumption during the process of engineering and flow mechanisms.
Variation Law and Experimental Study on Multi-stage Critical Speed of an Aero-engine Power Turbine Rotor
Authors: Nie Weijian , Deng Wangqun , Chen Yanong 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Finite element method was used to establish the calculation model of the dynamic characteristics of the simulated power turbine rotor, and the dynamic characteristics of the rotor were systematically calculated and analysed. The variation law of the first three stages critical speeds of the rotor with the supporting stiffness and the mass of each disk were revealed. The dynamic characteristics test of the simulated power turbine rotor in the full speed range was completed, and the calculation results and test results were compared and analysed. The results show that the calculation model reflects the dynamic characteristics of the rotor well, and the rationality of the rotor structure design, supporting layout and critical speed distribution were verified. The study provides a theoretical basis for the adjustment of critical speed based on the supporting stiffness and disk’s mass, it also provides technical reference for the real rotor structure design and test.
Simulation study on the relationship between catalyst particle concentration and flow field of a gas turbine
Authors: Liu Guangkui , Sun Sicong , Sha Long , Liang Kui , Yang Xisheng , An Dong , Wen Qi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this paper, the characteristics of the flow field in the gas turbine under different catalyst particle concentrations are simulated and analyzed by FLUENT software. The influences of catalyst particle concentration on the high-temperature smoke flow field, the movement track of catalyst particles and the erosion of the moving blade are studied in detail. The results show that the change of particle concentration has no obvious influence on the high temperature smoke flow field. The erosion wear of moving blade mainly occurs near the leading edge and trailing edge of the blade. The possibility of erosion wear at the leading edge is obviously greater than that at the trailing edge. The concentration of catalyst particles has a great influence on the erosion wear of moving blade. The erosion wear will be aggravated with the increase of catalyst particle concentration.
Rapid Prediction Method of Fan Broadband Noise Based on A Three-dimensional Sound Source Model
Authors: Ye Yang , Liangfeng Wang , Dangguo Yang 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The fan/compressor broadband noise is an important noise source of civil large bypass ratio turbofan engine.. The empirical method requires massive amounts of test data for support. Adopting the computational aeroacoustic (CAA) method to predict the fan/compressor broadband noise will cost high amounts of computing resources or time. Thus, this study combines flow field calculation with analytical model to study the prediction method of fan/compressor broadband noise, this method can be used for quick and efficient preliminary evaluation and parameter studies. On the basis of the simulation and modeling of the stator – rotor interference phenomenon of fans, rotor wake flow field and the corresponding parameters are obtained. On this basis, the three-dimensional sound source model is used to calculate the blade surface sound source and its propagation under different working conditions. The distribution of sound energy in the duct is obtained. Then, the broadband noise prediction of fan is further acquired. The broadband noise of a typical single-stage TA36 fan is predicted using this method. Study results suggest that (1) turbulence model and turbulence kinetic energy of inlet boundary condition will have an important effect on the prediction results of broadband noise. (2) When the inlet turbulence kinetic energy is small, different turbulence models slightly influence the prediction results of broadband noise; when the inlet turbulence kinetic energy is large, the sound pressure level of sound field obtained by SST model is approximately 5dB larger than that obtained by model. This method can be used in the early stage of fan/compressor design, and the characteristics of blade broadband noise can be rapidly obtained.
A High-Accuracy and Conservative Unstructured Overset Grid data transfer Method for Numerical Simulation of Turbomachinery
Authors: Cui P C , Tang J , Li B , Li H , Wu X J , Ma M S 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The overset grid method is getting more and more popular in the numerical simulation of turbomachinery, especially in the simulation of wind turbines. Reasonable interpolation between overset grid interfaces is one of the bases to ensure correct calculation of flow fields, non-conservative interpolation is insufficient to guarantee the mass fluxes in the numerical simulation of turbomachinery. This paper develops a conservative interpolation method for hybrid overset mesh based on supermesh technology and centre-based finite volume method. A method to build the local supermesh during overset grid interface by the cell-cut algorithm is presented, and flow field variables could be interpolated conservatively during overset meshes with second-order accuracy via the local supermesh. Numerical results show that the proposed method is strictly conservative for second-order distributed flow variables. Compared with trilinear interpolation method and reverse distance-weighted interpolation method, the method in this paper decreases the numerical errors and the variables are interpolated more accurately. Engineering cases show that the method in this paper is robust and practical for engineering applications.