bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survival of Some Pathogenic Bacteria in Current Currency Paper in Mosul City
Authors: Abdul Kader May A. , Al-Rawi Amera M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Currency is one of the most frequently passed items in the world. It used every day and every way, and it could act as an important vehicle for cross-contamination. This research was aimed to determine how long pathogenic bacteria can survive on currency paper, four pathogenic bacteria including E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis were provided according to laboratory standard methods. Sterile pieces of currency paper were inoculated with the pathogenic bacteria and the survival of bacteria was tested over seven days. The results showed that all tested bacteria differed in time of survival and this survives according to environmental conditions, the type of bacteria and the mode of its resistance, but they were stable and still cultivable after seven days. The second part of this research was to design a simple experimental model to check the efficacy of germicidal and attempted to use ultraviolet light radiation to evaluate the inhibitory effect of most pathogenic microorganisms on currency as a disinfectant. The results revealed that UV is an effective tool, so we recommend using it as a disinfectant for currency.
Effect of heavy metals on physiological and histological status in liver of common carp Cyprinus carpio, reared in cages and wild in the Euphrates River, Babil / Iraq.
Authors: Alshkarchy Samer Saleem , Raesen Amjed K. , Najim Salah M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The current study was conducted to examine the concentrations of some heavy metals (Fe, Zn, and Cu) in sediments, chemical and physical properties of water(Temperature, pH, Salinity, Total dissolved solid, Dissolved oxygen, Biological oxygen demand5, Alanin transporter enzyme, aspartase transporter enzyme, Alkaline phosphatase, and histological effects of the studied metal on liver of 96 cage fish and wild fish 4 fish per site Cyprinus carpio (Common carp) in the Euphrates River from October of 2018 until November of 2019. Three sites were selected on the Euphrates River in the middle of Iraq. The first site was Abu Luka, the second site was Al Saddah and the third site was the village of Al-Hussein. The results showed that in the first and second sites, the concentration of heavy metal in sediments and fish liver was greater than in the third site. In general, the cage fish at the first and second sites were higher than the wild fish. It was also noticed that the heavy metal concentration of both fish and sediment took the following order according to the seasons of the year, from the highest concentration of heavy metals to the lowest (summer > spring > autumn > winter). It was found that liver enzymes were directly affected by the presence of high concentrations of heavy Metals. So, both the ALT and AST increased in the first and second sites as compared to the third site. But the ALP value decreased with the increase in the concentration of the studied metal. The results of the histological slicing of the liver in the first and second places revealed a breakdown of the hepatocytes with the creation of gaps between the cells. Several spaces filled with remains of the destructed cells from the visceral tissue of the liver with infiltration of inflammatory cells in the infected area of the fish liver. It is the region’s first study that was concerned with the impact of heavy metal levels in the environment on cage fish and their relationship to blood components and liver enzymes.
Impact of climate change on the hydrochemistry of Debaga unconfined aquifer, Kurdistan region, Iraq
Authors: Al-Dabbas Moutaz , Hussain Tariq Abed , Al-Kubaisi Qusai , Al-Dabbas Hadeel Moutaz 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The available climate parameters data of the rainfall and temperature for the Iraqi meteorological stations: Mosul, Kirkuk, Baiji, Tuz, Tikrit, and Debaga were investigated. The findings indicate profound document of changein climateshowed by the noticeable increase of the average mean annual temperature with the remarkable decrease of the yearly precipitation in the investigated meteorological locations.
The impact of the climatic change on the hydrochemistry of Debaga unconfined aquifer was noticeable in increasing the water salinity as studied during the year 2014 and compared with the years before 2001. The Debaga unconfined aquifer water has indicated two groups’sulphate (79%) and chloride (21%) for the year 2014. It is clear that the climate change conditions increase the sulphate group in Debaga basin during 2014. It is recommended to overcome the water shortage by choosing an economical method of irrigation rather than the local traditional methods.
Spatial and temporal distribution of heavy metals in dust fallout in Basra city/ Iraq
Authors: Hassan Iqbal Fakhri , Kassaf Al-Khuzaie Dounia K. , Kzaal Rehab S. , Hassan Wesal Fakhri , Abdulnabi Zuhair A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This study examined the distribution and dominance of some heavy metals in samples of dust fallout from Shaibah area in the province of Basra/ Iraq. The fallen dust collected by special containers of metal (diameter of 15 cm and height of 30 cm) via bags of polyethylene monthly between June 2011 and November 2012. An acid mixture of nitric and Perchloric acids (1:1) was used to digest the samples, then heavy metals (Ni, Cd, Pb, Fe Zn and Cr) analysed by using a Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The program SPSS was used to analyse data statistically using model 19. The mean of Cd concentration was a range from 0.0002 during May in St7 and 0.0158 mg/m3 September and St8. The result showed that the concentration of Cr ranges from 0.0046 to 0.4598 mg/m3. Ni conc. showed significant differences (0.871-0.0012 mg/m3), Pb range from 0.008 to 1.9042 mg/m3. Contamination of Cd, Pb and Cr might accumulate from different areas along with local pollution because of the high occurrence in whole locations, whereas Ni seems polluted locally because of high rates only at St2. The heavy metals above the reference value become seriously polluted according to WOH2008 and ATSDR, (2002), but below the target value in other studies.
Characteristics of Plastic Solid Wastes in Mosul City and Their Reuse
Authors: Al-Tayyar Taha Ahmad 
Published: July 2021

AbstractModerately, plastic solid wastes become a main part of municipal solid waste production. Their importance lies due to non-degradable matter, not soluble, in addition to a light weight and large quantities. These characteristics make accumulate in increasing quantities on the surface of the globe and reach water bodies causing pollution in all its forms to wildlife and aquatic life. Six sectors including municipal and commercial areas were selected in Mosul city to study types of plastic waste and its compositions and characteristics. 432 samples of solid waste were collected and sorted to its components included plastic waste, weighted and measured their volumes. This study was accomplished from March 2018 up to August 2018. The study results showed that the plastic waste conforms 5% of dry weight and 12% of the volume of municipal solid waste. Fourteen types of plastic waste components were sorted from municipal solid waste. These include water bottles, soft drink bottles, oil containers, chairs, tables, water pipes, interior parts of vehicles, plastic bags, juice containers, plastic cups, CDs, Nylon, Acrylic and Silicone. Because of plastic waste is non-degradable matter, it will be accumulated on the surface of the earth and reach water resources causing pollution. Applying the sustainable development managements including, reducing the employment of plastic materials, reusing and recycling the components of plastic waste that must be done to increase their recycled products uses.
Evaluation of drought indices correlation for drought frequency analysis of the Mosul dam watershed
Authors: Al-Khafaji Mahmoud S , Al-Ameri Rusul A 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this paper, drought was evaluated for the Mosul Dam Watershed, Iraq, which is considered one of the most important dams in Iraq. The evaluation of drought was studied using two types of meteorological drought indices, namely Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI) and Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), and Hydrological drought index which is Streamflow Drought Index (SDI). Monthly precipitation and air temperature for the period 1979-2013 downloaded from Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) were used as weather input data for the RDI and SPI. Streamflow obtained from the gauge station in the study area were used as input data for the SDI. The indices computed by the DrinC software for a 12-month time scale. The results were analysed and the Drought Frequency Patterns (DFPs) were computed for each index. The results showed that potential evapotranspiration plays a major role in causing drought, in addition to precipitation. The RDI gave more dry periods than the other two indices, as it depends on precipitation and potential evapotranspiration. Likewise, all indices are identical in that the period is divided into two parts: the first part, which extends from the beginning of the period 1979 to the end of the nineties 1990s, is considered wet and the second part, which extends to the end of the period 2013, is drier. The Hydrological Drought Index SDI gives a drought of greater severity (Moderate drought for the years 2002, 2003 and 2004) compared to the other two indices.
Drought severity trend analysis based on the Landsat time-series dataset of 1998-2017 in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region
Authors: Fadhil Al-Quraishi Ayad M. , Gaznayee Heman Abdulkhaleq A. , Messina Joseph P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Drought is a natural hazard that significantly impacts economic, agricultural, environmental, and social aspects and is characteristic of Iraq’s climate, particularly the Iraqi Kurdistan Region (IKR). For studying the spatiotemporal characteristics of drought severity in the IKR, a time-series of 120 Landsat images (TM, 7 ETM+, and OLI sensors) over twenty years (1998-2017) was assembled. Twenty separate mosaics of six Landsat scenes were used to derive the Vegetation Condition Index (VCI). The VCI index was employed to capture the drought severity in the study area. Results revealed that 1999, 2000, and 2008 were the most severe drought years. The results also indicated that severe droughts increased by 29.1%, 25.0%, and 26.9 through 1999, 2000, and 2008, respectively. Furthermore, a drop in precipitation averages occurred in the two years and significantly reduced the VCI values. Statistical analysis exhibited significant correlations between the VCI and each precipitation, and crop yield was 0.81 and 0.478, respectively. It can be concluded that the IKR experienced severe to extremely severe agricultural droughts, which caused significant reductions in crop yields, particularly in 2000 and 2008.
The importance of green infrastructure for improving the air quality of Ho Chi Minh city
Authors: Tan Hoi Huynh 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Ho Chi Minh City is becoming one of the cities which has the highest level of air pollution in Vietnam. The Urban Air Quality Index (AQI) sometimes hits an alarming threshold that shows how contaminated the air is. Air pollution has been set as a major concern for the people of Ho Chi Minh City for more than 20 years after the promulgation of the city developing resolution by the government, by which managing urban is still a challengeable burdensome. Investigating 100 city dwellers upon the issue came uploads of comments of urban citizens towards concerning about alarming polluted air, lacking green spaces, seeking for improvable environmental policies and developing social infrastructures in medication, transport, eco-system, etc. There are some typical solutions like planting more trees, using fewer polluting means of transport, prioritizing the use of clean fuels, using the public transport system, and raising public awareness. Furthermore, generally, citizens can improve their living standards, also enhance their awareness to stop behaving badly to the environment due to ameliorate community consciousness and perform the main role in investing in friendly environmental goods. The research is completed by combining, analysing journal documents and uses methods of an interview as well as a survey to come up with the most effective solutions. To manage the urban environment well, limit pollution, and improve the environment, we need to have long-term strategies. In order to have a good environmental protection strategy, it requires the participation of urban residents. This strategy should be linked to the visions and resolutions in developing industrial planning, transportation, etc. The research initiates multiple solutions for improving the quality of the air in urban places, social medication, and a better environment in the future.
Modelling of Groundwater Quality of Tigris River Reach-in Baghdad-Iraq Using Groundwater Modeling System Software
Authors: Khayyun Thair Sharif , Sharif Mustafa Talib 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The effect of the industrial effluents which discharge to the Tigris River reach in Baghdad city-Iraq, from the industrial and sewage sources on the quality of groundwater was studied for the right and left sides of the flood plain of the river. There are eight sources of pollution along the Tigris River reach in which the effluent discharges were treated partially. In this study, groundwater modelling system (GMS) software (MODFLOW and MT3DMS models) was used to simulate groundwater flow and solute transport. The study area was divided into 5776 cells with a grid size of 250m × 250m with three soils. Sixteen observation wells for the water level and TDS concentrations of the groundwater were used, obtained from the Ministry of Water Resources –Iraq. The MODFLOW and MT3DMS models were calibrated and validated. The validation model was used for the simulation of the groundwater quality for the next 24 years and for three scenarios: (i) concentration of contaminants remain the same, (ii) use of full treatment for accessing the value of TDS concentration to zero, (iii) increase the effluent discharge to the double. The simulation results show an increase in the TDS concentration for all three scenarios during the next 24 years. There are no significant differences in TDS concentration during the next 24 years for the second scenario (full treatment of effluent flow). The difference in TDS concentration was about 3%. TDS concentration change is from the recharge, advection, and dispersion and diffusion process of the groundwater contaminants. When the TDS concentration of the point sources of pollution will increase to double, there is a significant difference in the TDS concentration during the next 24 years which its value was about 13% (1138-1280 ppm). There is no improvement in groundwater quality, but in all three scenarios, the quality will not meet the Iraqi standard limitation of using the groundwater during the next 24 years. The areas of the Tigris River’s left side were affected by the industrial wastewater more than the right side of the river.
Experimental study of inorganic solute transport under different hydraulic gradients and various groundwater stresses
Authors: Mossa Tabarek N , Gzar Hatem A 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this study, a laboratory-scale model representing a phreatic aquifer with a horizontal base was designed to examine the effects of horizontal hydraulic gradient, artificial recharge, and groundwater pumping on solute transport processes aquifers. Three different scenarios included injection of sodium chloride solution, artificial recharge with fresh water, and groundwater pumping, were examined in a sand tank. One hundred eight samples for nine tracers (sodium chloride) experiments were collected from two different monitoring well’s depths. The measured concentrations were plotted against time (180 min) for each experiment. The results showed that through a higher horizontal hydraulic gradient, sodium chloride movement was enhanced, specifically in the same direction in which groundwater flows. When a constant artificial recharge was applied, the sodium chloride plume spread, and the solute concentration was decreased. Moreover, groundwater pumping speeds up the movement of sodium chloride plume in the direction of the pumping well. Such impacts of groundwater pumping and artificial recharge can be noticed more prominently when a higher hydraulic gradient is applied.
The zero-waste design for the municipal solid waste management in Baghdad city
Authors: Haleem Azhar M 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Zero-waste is ideological for facing waste difficulties in our community. The purpose is to start developing and performed in different areas including waste management and treatment, mining, construction, and city development. The zero-waste idea has been welcomed by policymakers because it animates sustainable production and consumption, best recycling, and resource improvement. Experts in waste management systems, however, understand and implement it in different ways. The present study aims to imagine a zero-waste strategy within Baghdad city based on the available data and published in the literature to get an optimum resource recovery from generated waste, by assuming a recycling factory working at a capacity of 7500 tons/day, in three basic units (composting unit 5000 ton/day, composting unit 1500, ton/day, and inert materials unit 1000 ton/day), theses expected capacities of each unit built on Baghdad municipality percentages of each type of waste (57% organic materials, 23% energy sources materials, and 20% for inert materials such as construction waste). From the findings can be concluded that Baghdad city can reach the desired goal (zero-waste) by recycling its waste and implementing a comprehensive management system that includes education, sustainable production, and consumption. Very few investigations have been observed in the fields of zero-waste design, this study shows that the field of zero-waste knowledge is various, and a zero-waste concept is continually growing through different strategies, plans, procedures, and policies. The judgments of this study propose that zero-waste programs are applied in many countries without any holistic zero-waste strategy. The study indicates that countries might be ready to reach zero-waste purposes of explaining general zero-waste plans and by uniting and promoting zero-waste actions (in cities and manufacturers).
Diclofenac removal from wastewater by activated carbon
Authors: AL-Kindi Ghayda Y. , AL Ani Faris H. , Al-Bidri Noor Kh , Alhaidri Husam A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Pharmaceuticals have been widely found in wastewater. Among them, diclofenac was detected at the highest frequency; in this study, the commercial activated carbon was used to remove diclofenac from synthetic wastewater. Various testing methods were applied to evaluate the efficiency of the activated carbon for removing diclofenac from residues wastewater such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET), and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). the operating conditions were determined by using a batch reactor with various parameters such as different pH, diclofenac concentration, and different mass of activated carbon. the result of operations conditions was: pH 5, diclofenac concentration is 1000 mg/l mass of activated carbon is 500gm/L, While, the difference of initial Ibuprofen concentration, flow rate, and bed depth was determined by packed bed reactor, it was found 2cm for bed height, and flow rate 25 l/hr, Diclofenac concentration, 625mg/l. from adsorption equilibrium and with Langmuir and Freundlich models, the kinetic constants were determined, also shown the pseudo-first-order gave the best result, and more suitable for the removal of Diclofenac by adsorbed activation carbon.
Mechanistic Understanding of Nitrogen Behaviour in Floating Treatment Wetlands: Abatement of Ammonia Flux
Authors: Al Lami Muwafaq H. , Whelan Mick J. , Boom Arnoud , Harper David M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Nitrogen behaviour in domestic wastewater was investigated to develop a mechanistic understanding of ammonia dynamics in Floating Treatment Wetlands (FTWs) and to improve design and operation. A critical FTW design (full coverage of the floating mat and maximum plant density) was evaluated to optimize treatment performance of a pilot-scale system in removing ammonia under different operational volumes. A system dynamics approach as a framework was employed for robust understanding of the treatment mechanisms and system performance in removing ammonia. The results revealed that ammonia removal was enhanced in FTWs and the magnitude of removal was controlled by the design examined. Findings suggest that a design code of full coverage of water surface with mat material, high plant density, and low water volume can be considered as a critical design for FTW system to remove ammonia from domestic wastewater. This design promoted nitrification as principal ammonia removal process even when plants were present. The contribution of nitrification to overall ammonia removal was estimated to be between 81 and 85%. Plant uptake contributed to 14-19% of the total N loss. Ammonia loss via volatilization was determined to be negligible in examined system. Kinetics parameters for ammonia removal were between 0.14-0.22 day-1 in FTWs compared to 0.01-0.02 day-1 in controls. Understanding the contribution of removal processes of N could be useful to improve treatment system design, and enhance treatment performance.
Greywater Environmental Management: A Review
Authors: Al-Husseini Tayseer H. , Al-Anbari Riyad H. , AL-Obaidy Abdul Hameed M.J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The growth in population leads to significantly increasing the water demand. Thus, the disparity between demand and supply for water has become an important problem in human life. One of the most effective solutions to overcome this disparity is to manage urban water. Greywater, a significant part of domestic wastewater or sewage, can play an essential role in the urban environment. To address this role, the current paper aims to provide families with some efficient, affordable and sustainable systems to treat greywater. For non-drinking services, treated greywater may be used in various applications such as irrigation, toilet-flushing, car-washing, etc. Around the world, there are several types of greywater treatment systems. A study of these processes has been undertaken to assess the most appropriate activities at the family and community level. The best techniques for treating greywater in this study, constructions wetland (C.W.) instead of other techniques, as this is a sustainable, low-cost and easy-to-apply technology. The use of grey water is important because it decreases the demand for fresh water and decreases treatment stress.
Polymeric Membrane with Nanomaterial’s for Water Purification: A Review
Authors: Salim Saja H. , Al-Anbari Riyad H. , Haider Adawiya J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This review summarizes the work principles used for polymer membrane in water treatment. The performance of traditional polymeric films was improved after adding some nanometals such as nano silver AgNPs and gold AuNP’s and nanomaterials, especially the use of titanium dioxide, carbon nanotube and zinc oxide (TiO2, CNT, ZnO, …etc.), which is available, cheap and environmentally friendly. The theoretical aspects of the polymeric films coated with nanomaterials and the use of the advanced water treatment, removal of microorganisms, chemical compounds, heavy metals, and others are presented. The use of nanomaterials has helped to enhance the water resistance ability, suppress the accumulation of pollutants and contamination, enhance the reject efficiency and improve mechanical properties and thermal stability. Thus, the goal of the present work is to provide updated information regarding the membranes of the new nanocomposites (NC) and their contribution to water treatment applications.