bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Independence and impartiality of sports disputes resolution in the UK
Authors: O’Leary Leanne 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPrivate sports governing bodies in the United Kingdom have the contractual freedom to organise their own sports tribunals and disputes procedures. There is no legislation in the UK that governs the form of a sports governing body’s dispute resolution procedure. The common law and, to a certain extent, other industry measures influence the structure of a disputes procedure within a private sports governing body. When establishing dispute resolution systems in self-regulating industries, there is potential for structural conflicts of interest to arise. Reporting mechanisms and adjudicatory processes may be structurally bias through, for example, the way appointments are made to a dispute resolution panel. There may be the suggestion of implicit bias of panel members because of the interests that control the appointment process. Even if no actual bias arises, the perception of bias can damage the engagement of stakeholders in a dispute process and damage the reputation of the sport with sponsors or the general public. The key is to minimise structural conflicts of interest and ensure that the process is independent and impartial. This article examines the challenges faced with organising sports dispute resolution procedures, the requirements of Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights and highlights the important factors that a sports governing body should consider when designing an independent and impartial dispute resolution system. It concludes with a discussion of whether the legal basis for sports dispute resolution in the UK requires reconsideration to provide certainty, independence, impartiality and, above all, to guarantee a fair hearing.
Evaluation of procoagulant imbalance in Cushing’s syndrome after short- and long-term remission of disease
Authors: Ferrante E. , Serban A. L. , Clerici M. , Indirli R. , Scalambrino E. , Carosi G. , Padovan L. , Locatelli M. , Arosio M. , Peyvandi F. , Mantovani G. , Tripodi A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Objective
Patients with Cushing’s syndrome (CS) are at high risk of venous thromboembolism related to a hypercoagulability due to procoagulant imbalance. However, whether these alterations are reversible after disease remission is still unclear. The endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) measured with and without the addition of thrombomodulin provides a global representation of coagulation and previous data confirmed hypercoagulable profile in patients with active hypercortisolism. Aim of this study was to assess the short- and long-term modification of ETP in patients with CS after disease remission.

Design and methods
Nineteen patients with CS for whom surgical remission was achieved, were prospectively evaluated for clinical characteristics, cortisol secretion profile and ETP at different time points: (i) before surgical intervention; (ii) after 6 months and (iii) 5 years from the time of persistent remission. Nineteen healthy subjects matched for age and gender were also evaluated as control group.

Results
Before surgery, patients showed higher ETP-ratio (with/without thrombomodulin) than controls (0.62 ± 0.09-vs-0.56 ± 0.09, p = 0.034). No significant correlation between ETP-ratio and cortisol secretion was found. 6 months after remission, ETP-ratio was still significantly increased compared to controls (0.64 ± 0.09-vs-0.56 ± 0.09, p = 0.01), but was similar to baseline (0.64 ± 0.09-vs-0.62 ± 0.09, p = 0.87). At 5 years, ETP-ratio showed a significant decrease (0.55 ± 0.14-vs-0.62 ± 0.09, p = 0.02) and was comparable to controls (0.55 ± 0.14-vs-0.56 ± 0.09, p = 0.7).

Conclusions
Plasma hypercoagulability detected in patients with active hypercortisolism persists at short-term evaluation and seems to be completely reversible after long-term remission of disease. These data, as part of a whole evaluation of thrombotic risk, can contribute to make appropriate therapeutic choice in these patients.
Methods for image denoising using convolutional neural network: a review
Authors: Ilesanmi Ademola E. , Ilesanmi Taiwo O. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractImage denoising faces significant challenges, arising from the sources of noise. Specifically, Gaussian, impulse, salt, pepper, and speckle noise are complicated sources of noise in imaging. Convolutional neural network (CNN) has increasingly received attention in image denoising task. Several CNN methods for denoising images have been studied. These methods used different datasets for evaluation. In this paper, we offer an elaborate study on different CNN techniques used in image denoising. Different CNN methods for image denoising were categorized and analyzed. Popular datasets used for evaluating CNN image denoising methods were investigated. Several CNN image denoising papers were selected for review and analysis. Motivations and principles of CNN methods were outlined. Some state-of-the-arts CNN image denoising methods were depicted in graphical forms, while other methods were elaborately explained. We proposed a review of image denoising with CNN. Previous and recent papers on image denoising with CNN were selected. Potential challenges and directions for future research were equally fully explicated.
Hydrogen Bond-Assisted Ultra-Stable and Fast Aqueous NH4+ Storage
Authors: Zhang Xikun , Xia Maoting , Yu Haoxiang , Zhang Junwei , Yang Zhengwei , Zhang Liyuan , Shu Jie 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAqueous ammonium ion batteries are regarded as eco-friendly and sustainable energy storage systems. And applicable host for NH4+ in aqueous solution is always in the process of development. On the basis of density functional theory calculations, the excellent performance of NH4+ insertion in Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) is proposed, especially for copper hexacyanoferrate (CuHCF). In this work, we prove the outstanding cycling and rate performance of CuHCF via electrochemical analyses, delivering no capacity fading during ultra-long cycles of 3000 times and high capacity retention of 93.6% at 50 C. One of main contributions to superior performance from highly reversible redox reaction and structural change is verified during the ammoniation/de-ammoniation progresses. More importantly, we propose the NH4+ diffusion mechanism in CuHCF based on continuous formation and fracture of hydrogen bonds from a joint theoretical and experimental study, which is another essential reason for rapid charge transfer and superior NH4+ storage. Lastly, a full cell by coupling CuHCF cathode and polyaniline anode is constructed to explore the practical application of CuHCF. In brief, the outstanding aqueous NH4+ storage in cubic PBAs creates a blueprint for fast and sustainable energy storage.
The Effects of Cooperative Compliance on Firms’ Tax Risk, Tax Risk Management and Compliance Costs
Authors: Eberhartinger Eva , Zieser Maximilian 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn cooperative compliance programs, firms and tax administrations agree on cooperation instead of confrontation. Firms provide full transparency and advanced tax control frameworks. Tax administrations, in turn, offer certainty as to the tax treatment of complex transactions. In this study, we test how firms’ perceptions of tax risk, the quality of tax risk management, and compliance costs are related to cooperative compliance. To our knowledge, this is the first study that attempts to analyze both reasons for and consequences of participation in cooperative compliance programs. We examine the Austrian cooperative compliance pilot project known as horizontal monitoring that was aimed at large businesses and launched in 2011. We use survey data from representatives of firms participating in the pilot project and a sample of comparable firms under a traditional ex-post audit regime. We conduct group comparisons to test differences between these groups, as well as mediation analyses to shed light on more complex relationships between variables. Results show that horizontal monitoring firms perceive a significantly higher increase in tax certainty, which is associated with significant relative decreases in tax risk and compliance costs. Furthermore, while the quality of tax risk management upon entering the pilot project appears significantly higher for horizontal monitoring firms, they do not report greater improvement in tax risk management compared to the control group. These results are relevant for the development of cooperative compliance programs and the decision to participate in them.
A Call for a Socially Restorative Circular Economy: Waste Pickers in the Recycled Plastics Supply Chain
Authors: Barford Anna , Ahmad Saffy Rose 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe labour-intensive task of waste collection for recycling is critical to contemporary forms of corporate circularity. In low- and middle-income countries, waste pickers underpin the recycling loop of the circular economy. Where informality and working poverty are the norm, waste pickers typically receive little social protection, work in dangerous conditions, and earn low wages. Nevertheless, waste pickers’ work addresses multiscalar environmental problems from localised flooding of plastic-clogged waterways, to preventing the release of greenhouse gases when plastic is burnt. Here, we review recent academic and grey literature on waste picking, the social circular economy, and corporate circularity to understand the role and position of waste pickers in the contemporary circular economy. We explain how given the recent outcry against plastic waste, and subsequent corporate commitments to plastic recycling, there has been greater action on material flows than in support of the people who move these flows. Overall, the corporate response remains limited, with a general preference for recycling over redesign and only a fifth of packaging accounted for. Based on this review, we present two models. The first is a hierarchy of plastic recycling showing the foundational role of waste pickers in the recycled plastics supply chain. As plastics move up the hierarchy, their value increases and working conditions improve. We also propose a new model for a socially restorative circular economy which provides fair pay, safe working conditions, social protection, legal rights, voice, respect, services, and education. Some governments, co-operatives, non-governmental organisations, and businesses are already working towards this—and their work offers pathways towards a new standard of fair trade recycled materials. We argue that for true sustainability and the best version of circularity to be achieved, deeply ingrained social challenges must be resolved.
Evaluation of Long-Term Clinical Outcomes and Patient Satisfaction Rate Following Low Intensity Shock Wave Therapy in Men With Erectile Dysfunction: A Minimum 5-Year Follow-Up on a Prospective Open-Label Single-Arm Clinical Study
Authors: Chung Eric , Cartmill Ross 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Low intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy (LIESWT) improves erectile function (EF) in men with vascular erectile dysfunction (ED) but longer-term outcomes remain unknown.

Aim
To evaluate the clinical outcomes of LIESWT at a minimum 5-year follow-up.

Methods
This is an open-label single-arm prospective study involved men with vascular ED who received LIESWT.

Main Outcome Measure
Changes in patient demographics, IIEF-5 and Erectile Dysfunction Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction (EDITS) scores, as well as overall satisfaction score (on a 5-point scale) were reviewed at 12, 24, 48, and 60 months after completion of LIESWT. A chi-square contingency analysis was used to examine the relationship between erectile function score and treatment satisfaction, with statistical significance set at 5%.

Results
The mean follow-up period was 69.9 (63–82; median 76) months. The mean IIEF-5 scores for pretreatment and after treatment at 12, 24, 48, and 60 months were 14.8, 17.6, 16.8, 16.5, and 16.5 while the percentages of patients who reported an improvement in IIEF-5 score by 5 points were 60%, 45%, 40%, and 40%; and EDITS scores &gt;50% were recorded in 70%, 55%, 50%, and 48% of patients at 12, 24, 48, and 60 months post-LIESWT. Ten patients required medical therapy and 2 patients opted for penile prosthesis implantation. The overall satisfaction rate appeared sustained subsequent follow-up (score 4 out of 5; 68% vs 50% vs 40% vs 40% at 12, 24, 48, and 60 months). There were minor time-limited, but no significant adverse event reported.

Conclusion
This long-term study showed the observed clinical improvement in EF continues to deteriorate but appears to plateau at 40% clinical efficacy at 48–60 months after completion of LIESWT. The absence of penile pain and deformity at 5-year follow-up supports the long-term safety data of LIESWT in men with ED.
Chung E, Cartmill R. Evaluation of Long-Term Clinical Outcomes and Patient Satisfaction Rate Following Low Intensity Shock Wave Therapy in Men With Erectile Dysfunction: A Minimum 5-Year Follow-Up on a Prospective Open-Label Single-Arm Clinical Study. Sex Med 2021;9:100384.
Capturing Disruptions to Food Availability After Disasters: Assessing the Food Environment Following Hurricanes Florence and María
Authors: Clay Lauren A. , Slotter Rachel , Heath Britta , Lange (Leach) Veronica , Colón-Ramos Uriyoán 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Objective:
The aim of this study was to describe the results of food environment assessments completed after Hurricane Florence in North Carolina (2018) and Hurricane María in Puerto Rico (2017), and provide recommendations for assessing disaster food environments.

Methods:
Adapted structured observation protocols were used to conduct rapid assessments of the availability, price, and quality of specific foods in retail markets.

Results:
In both settings, unhealthful food items (soda, chips, fruit-flavored drinks) and milk were widely available and at lower prices than domestic averages. The adapted instrument in Puerto Rico allowed for documentation of greater availability of canned items compared with fresh or frozen foods. In both settings, researchers noted the inability of the instrument to document items that are important to assess postdisaster: ready-to-heat and ready-to-eat foods; food preparation facilities and supplies; hygiene supplies; and empty shelf-space.

Conclusions:
The instruments, despite their limitations, were able to capture food availability issues in postdisaster environments. Future instrument adaptation is necessary to capture availability of all major food groups, healthful and unhealthful options, shelf-stable, ready-to-eat, and ready-to-heat foods versus other formats (fresh, frozen), and cooking and hygiene supplies.
Regional security dialogues in Europe and in Asia: The role of Track 1.5 forums in the practice of international security
Authors: Longhini Anna , Zimmerman Erin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe term regional security dialogue brings to mind state-organised conferences and events; however, an under-appreciated subset of such dialogues are organised by non-state actors that have unique formal aspects. These quasi-formal dialogues operate alongside, and sometimes in competition to, state-sanctioned processes. Why do some of these forums appear to be more effective at fostering regional dialogue than strictly formal or informal processes with the same goals? Drawing from heterogenous discourse approaches, we address this question by identifying and expanding the concept of the quality of discursive space, as a key feature for the success of security dialogues. We then apply this concept to two of the most successful so-called Track 1.5 security dialogues: the Munich Security Conference (MSC) in Europe and the Shangri-La Dialogue (SLD) in Asia. We analyse these cases using a mix of interviews with participants and organisers, participant observation, and public outputs with the aim of improving the understanding of the role and impact of Track 1.5 diplomacy in the practice of international security. Our findings highlight that it is what we call the quality of discursive space, as a mix of different components in this space, which differentiates effective dialogues from mere policy ‘talk shops’.
Microstructures in a shear margin: Jarvis Glacier, Alaska
Authors: Gerbi Christopher , Mills Stephanie , Clavette Renée , Campbell Seth , Bernsen Steven , Clemens-Sewall David , Lee Ian , Hawley Robert , Kreutz Karl , Hruby Kate 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMicrostructures, including crystallographic fabric, within the margin of streaming ice can exert strong control on flow dynamics. To characterize a natural setting, we retrieved three cores, two of which reached bed, from the flank of Jarvis Glacier, eastern Alaska Range, Alaska. The core sites lie ~1 km downstream of the source, with abundant water present in the extracted cores and at the base of the glacier. All cores exhibit dipping layers, a combination of debris bands and bubble-free domains. Grain sizes coarsen on average approaching the lateral margin. Crystallographic orientations are more clustered and withc-axes closer to horizontal nearer the lateral margin. The measured fabric is sufficiently weak to induce little mechanical anisotropy, but the data suggest that despite the challenging conditions of warm ice, abundant water and a short flow distance, many aspects of the microstructure, including measurable crystallographic fabric, evolved in systematic ways.
MORE ON FRÉCHET–URYSOHN IDEALS
Authors: FERREIRA SALVADOR GARCÍA , GUZMÁN OSVALDO 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe study the Rudin–Keisler pre-order on Fréchet–Urysohn ideals on
$\omega $
. We solve three open questions posed by S. García-Ferreira and J. E. Rivera-Gómez in the articles [5] and [6] by establishing the following results: •For every AD family
$\mathcal {A},$
there is an AD family
$\mathcal {B}$
such that
$\mathcal {A}^{\perp } <_{{\textsf {RK}}}\mathcal {B}^{\perp }.$
•If
$\mathcal {A}$
is a nowhere MAD family of size
$\mathfrak {c}$
then there is a nowhere MAD family
$\mathcal {B}$
such that
$\mathcal {I}\left (\mathcal {A}\right ) $
and
$\mathcal {I}\left ( \mathcal {B}\right ) $
are Rudin–Keisler incomparable.•There is a family
$\left \{ \mathcal {B}_{\alpha }\mid \alpha \in \mathfrak {c}\right \} $
of nowhere MAD families such that if
$\alpha \neq \beta $
, then
$\mathcal {I}\left ( \mathcal {B}_{\alpha }\right ) $
and
$\mathcal {I}\left ( \mathcal {B}_{\beta }\right ) $
are Rudin–Keisler incomparable.Here
$\mathcal {I}(\mathcal {A})$
denotes the ideal generated by an AD family
$\mathcal {A}$
.In the context of hyperspaces with the Vietoris topology, for a Fréchet–Urysohn-filter
$\mathcal {F}$
we let
$\mathcal {S}_{c}\left ( \mathcal {\xi }\left ( \mathcal {F}\right ) \right ) $
be the hyperspace of nontrivial convergent sequences of the space consisting of
$\omega $
as discrete subset and only one accumulation point
$\mathcal {F}$
whose neighborhoods are the elements of
$\mathcal {F}$
together with the singleton
$\{\mathcal {F}\}$
. For a FU-filter
$\mathcal {F}$
we show that the following are equivalent: •
$\mathcal {F}$
is a FUF-filter.•
$\mathcal {S}_{c}\left ( \mathcal {\xi }\left ( \mathcal {F} \right ) \right ) $
is Baire.
MÜNCHHAUSEN PROVABILITY
Authors: JOOSTEN JOOST J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBy Solovay’s celebrated completeness result [31] on formal provability we know that the provability logic
${\textbf {GL}}$
describes exactly all provable structural properties for any sound and strong enough arithmetical theory with a decidable axiomatisation. Japaridze generalised this result in [22] by considering a polymodal version
${\mathsf {GLP}}$
of
${\textbf {GL}}$
with modalities
$[n]$
for each natural number n referring to ever increasing notions of provability. Modern treatments of
${\mathsf {GLP}}$
tend to interpret the
$[n]$
provability notion as “provable in a base theory T together with all true
$\Pi ^0_n$
formulas as oracles.” In this paper we generalise this interpretation into the transfinite. In order to do so, a main difficulty to overcome is to generalise the syntactical characterisations of the oracle formulas of complexity
$\Pi ^0_n$
to the hyper-arithmetical hierarchy. The paper exploits the fact that provability is
$\Sigma ^0_1$
complete and that similar results hold for stronger provability notions. As such, the oracle sentences to define provability at level
$\alpha $
will recursively be taken to be consistency statements at lower levels: provability through provability whence the name of the paper. The paper proves soundness and completeness for the proposed interpretation for a wide class of theories, namely for any theory that can formalise the recursion described above and that has some further very natural properties. Some remarks are provided on how the recursion can be formalised into second order arithmetic and on lowering the proof-theoretical strength of these systems of second order arithmetic.
WEAK CANONICAL BASES IN NSOP THEORIES
Authors: KIM BYUNGHAN 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe study the notion of weak canonical bases in an NSOP
$_{1}$
theory T with existence. Given
$p(x)=\operatorname {tp}(c/B)$
where
$B=\operatorname {acl}(B)$
in
${\mathcal M}^{\operatorname {eq}}\models T^{\operatorname {eq}}$
, the weak canonical base of p is the smallest algebraically closed subset of B over which p does not Kim-fork. With this aim we firstly show that the transitive closure
$\approx $
of collinearity of an indiscernible sequence is type-definable. Secondly, we prove that given a total
$\mathop {\smile \hskip -0.9em ^| \ }^K$
-Morley sequence I in p, the weak canonical base of
$\operatorname {tp}(I/B)$
is
$\operatorname {acl}(e)$
, if the hyperimaginary
$I/\approx $
is eliminable to e, a sequence of imaginaries. We also supply a couple of criteria for when the weak canonical base of p exists. In particular the weak canonical base of p is (if exists) the intersection of the weak canonical bases of all total
$\mathop {\smile \hskip -0.9em ^| \ }^K$
-Morley sequences in p over B. However, while we investigate some examples, we point out that given two weak canonical bases of total
$\mathop {\smile \hskip -0.9em ^| \ }^K$
-Morley sequences in p need not be interalgebraic, contrary to the case of simple theories. Lastly we suggest an independence relation relying on weak canonical bases, when T has those. The relation, satisfying transitivity and base monotonicity, might be useful in further studies on NSOP
$_1$
theories .
Masks and racial stereotypes in a pandemic: the case for surgical masks
Authors: Christiani Leah , Clark Christopher J. , Greene Steven , Hetherington Marc J. , Wager Emily M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTo contain the spread of COVID-19, experts emphasize the importance of wearing masks. Unfortunately, this practice may put black people at elevated risk for being seen as potential threats by some Americans. In this study, we evaluate whether and how different types of masks affect perceptions of black and white male models. We find that non-black respondents perceive a black male model as more threatening and less trustworthy when he is wearing a bandana or a cloth mask than when he is not wearing his face covering—especially those respondents who score above average in racial resentment, a common measure of racial bias. When he is wearing a surgical mask, however, they do not perceive him as more threatening or less trustworthy. Further, it is not that non-black respondents find bandana and cloth masks problematic in general. In fact, the white model in our study is perceived more positively when he is wearing all types of face coverings. Although mandated mask wearing is an ostensibly race-neutral policy, our findings demonstrate the potential implications are not.