bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The double-edged sword of AI: Ethical Adversarial Attacks to counter artificial intelligence for crime
Authors: Choraś Michał , Woźniak Michał 
Published: October 2021

AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) has found a myriad of applications in many domains of technology, and more importantly, in improving people’s lives. Sadly, AI solutions have already been utilized for various violations and theft, even receiving the name AI or Crime (AIC). This poses a challenge: are cybersecurity experts thus justified to attack malicious AI algorithms, methods and systems as well, to stop them? Would that be fair and ethical? Furthermore, AI and machine learning algorithms are prone to be fooled or misled by the so-called adversarial attacks. However, adversarial attacks could be used by cybersecurity experts to stop the criminals using AI, and tamper with their systems. The paper argues that this kind of attacks could be named Ethical Adversarial Attacks (EAA), and if used fairly, within the regulations and legal frameworks, they would prove to be a valuable aid in the fight against cybercrime.
Triangular migration diplomacy: the case of EU–Italian cooperation with Libya
Authors: Ceccorulli Michela 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBetween 2016 and 2017, inflows along the central Mediterranean peaked, increasing pressures on the southern European border. Coordination with Libya to reduce departures has been possible thanks to the role played by Italy, backed by the Union. The diplomatic effort exhibited mainly through 2017 crafted a framework aimed at simultaneously ensuring Libya's interest in regaining full control of its sovereign prerogatives and addressing the EU's desire to reduce irregular inflows. This new framework is explored in this work through the lens of migration diplomacy with a double aim: to enrich the existing body of research by proposing a triangular analysis of migration diplomacy and to expand the literature on the external dimension of the Union's migration policy, by pointing out the political nature of migration relations and its critical aspects.
Emerging trends: A gentle introduction to fine-tuning
Authors: Church Kenneth Ward , Chen Zeyu , Ma Yanjun 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe previous Emerging Trends article (Churchet al., 2021.Natural Language Engineering27(5), 631–645.) introduced deep nets to poets. Poets is an imperfect metaphor, intended as a gesture toward inclusion. The future for deep nets will benefit by reaching out to a broad audience of potential users, including people with little or no programming skills, and little interest in training models. That paper focused on inference, the use of pre-trained models, as is, without fine-tuning. The goal of this paper is to make fine-tuning more accessible to a broader audience. Since fine-tuning is more challenging than inference, the examples in this paper will require modest programming skills, as well as access to a GPU. Fine-tuning starts with a general purpose base (foundation) model and uses a small training set of labeled data to produce a model for a specific downstream application. There are many examples of fine-tuning in natural language processing (question answering (SQuAD) and GLUE benchmark), as well as vision and speech.
Hydraulic Modeling of Induced and Propagated Fractures: Analysis of Flow and Pressure Data From Hydromechanical Experiments in the COSC‐1 Deep Borehole in Crystalline Rock Near Åre, Sweden
Authors: Basirat Farzad , Tsang Chin‐Fu , Tatomir Alexandru , Guglielmi Yves , Dobson Patrick , Cook Paul , Dessirier Benoit , Juhlin Christopher , Niemi Auli 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTo characterize the coupled hydromechanical behavior of rock fractures, the step‐rate injection method for fracture in‐situ properties (SIMFIP) was conducted with a specialized downhole probe developed by Guglielmi et al. (2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-013-0517-1). In June 2019, a field campaign was carried out near Åre, Sweden, where the SIMFIP probe was applied in the Collisional Orogeny in the Scandinavian Caledonides‐1 scientific borehole to understand the dynamics of injection‐induced fracture initiation, fracture opening, and shearing due to water injection‐withdrawal in a borehole interval isolated by two packers. Three intervals were investigated at ∼500 m depth: (a) an unfractured section (intact rock), (b) a section with non‐conductive fractures, and (c) a section with hydraulically conductive fractures. Pressure, injection flow rate, and borehole wall displacement were simultaneously measured during the tests. In the present study, the geometry of the induced fracture and deformation of existing fractures at different time stages of the tests are determined based on a hydrologic model by using the measured pressure and flow data during each time stage of the experiment. A numerical model for the fluid flow within the fracture and the packed‐off borehole interval is implemented within COMSOL Multiphysics. By matching model simulations with observed data for all three sections, estimates of the induced and propagated fractures' radius and aperture at successive time stages have been obtained in each case. We could also determine the non‐linear relationship between fracture aperture and pressure for values above fracture opening pressures. The model results provide insights for the understanding of pressure‐induced fracture initiation and propagation in crystalline rock.
New Insights Into the Composition and Origins of Ultrafine Aerosol in the Summertime High Arctic
Authors: Lawler M. J. , Saltzman E. S. , Karlsson L. , Zieger P. , Salter M. , Baccarini A. , Schmale J. , Leck C. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe summertime high Arctic atmosphere is characterized by extremely low aerosol abundance, such that small natural aerosol inputs have a strong influence on cloud formation and surface temperature. The physical sources and the mechanisms responsible for aerosol formation and development in this climate‐critical and changing region are still uncertain. We report time‐resolved measurements of high Arctic Aitken mode (∼20–60 nm diameter) aerosol composition during August–September 2018. During a significant Aitken mode formation event, the particles were composed of a combination of primary and secondary materials. These results highlight the importance of primary aerosol sources for high Arctic cloud formation, and they imply the action of a poorly understood atmospheric mechanism separating larger particles into multiple sub‐particles.
Superposed Epoch Analyses of Electron‐Driven and Proton‐Driven Magnetic Dips
Authors: Zhu Hui , Chen Lunjin , Artemyev Anton V. , Zhang Xiao‐Jia , Breneman A. W. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn this study, we statistically investigate the features of magnetic dips by constructing superposed epoch analysis on Van Allen Probe data. Based on the values of electron and proton plasma betas, we categorize dips into two types: electron‐dominant and proton‐dominant. The global distributions of dips are obtained. Superposed epoch analysis on two types reveals a correlation between the magnetic fluctuations and plasma betas. Moreover, the occurrences of butterfly pitch angle distributions of relativistic electrons driven by the magnetic dips are confirmed on a statistical basis. Our results reveal the statistical characteristics of magnetic dips and establish the relationship among the magnetic fluctuations and background plasma parameters, indicating the potentially important role of magnetic dips in the inner magnetosphere dynamics.
Does Load‐Induced Shallow Subsidence Inhibit Delta Growth?
Authors: Chamberlain E. L. , Shen Z. , Kim W. , McKinley S. , Anderson S. , Törnqvist T. E. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe ability of deltas to persist by building new land is critical to maintaining these vital ecologic environments that are often home to major economic and population centers. However, the deposition of land‐building sediment triggers load‐induced shallow subsidence which may undermine the effectiveness of natural and engineered emergent landforms. Here, we present a new method to quantify shallow subsidence in a 6,000–8,000 km2 relict bayhead delta of the Mississippi Delta using the mouth bar to overbank stratigraphic boundary that formed near sea level, temporally constrained by optically stimulated luminescence dating. Vertical displacement rates at this boundary, averaged over 750–1,500 years, are on the order of a few mm/yr. Total subsidence scales to ∼50% of the thickness of overlying deposits, significantly greater than the 28%–35% loss estimated for inland localities underlain by peat, indicating that bay muds in the study area are more compaction‐prone than terrestrial organic‐rich deposits. Modeling shows a modest reduction of ∼13% in deltaic land‐area gain under a realistic compaction scenario for 1,000 years of simulated delta progradation, compared to a no‐compaction scenario. Our findings indicate that load‐driven compaction does not majorly hinder land‐area gain and may in fact promote long‐term growth at engineered sediment diversions through channel maintenance driven by compaction, thereby adding further support to this restoration strategy.
Angular-spectrum-dependent interference
Authors: Yang Chen , Zhou Zhi-Yuan , Li Yan , Liu Shi-Kai , Ge Zheng , Guo Guang-Can , Shi Bao-Sen 
Published: October 2021

AbstractOptical interference is not only a fundamental phenomenon that has enabled new theories of light to be derived but it has also been used in interferometry for the measurement of small displacements, refractive index changes, and surface irregularities. In a two-beam interferometer, variations in the interference fringes are used as a diagnostic for anything that causes the optical path difference (OPD) to change; therefore, for a specified OPD, greater variation in the fringes indicates better measurement sensitivity. Here, we introduce and experimentally validate an interesting optical interference phenomenon that uses photons with a structured frequency-angular spectrum, which are generated from a spontaneous parametric down-conversion process in a nonlinear crystal. This interference phenomenon is manifested as interference fringes that vary much more rapidly with increasing OPD than the corresponding fringes for equal-inclination interference; the phenomenon is parameterised using an equivalent wavelength, which under our experimental conditions is 29.38 nm or about 1/27 of the real wavelength. This phenomenon not only enriches the knowledge with regard to optical interference but also offers promise for applications in interferometry.
Miniaturization of mechanical actuators in skin-integrated electronics for haptic interfaces
Authors: Li Dengfeng , He Jiahui , Song Zhen , Yao Kuanming , Wu Mengge , Fu Haoran , Liu Yiming , Gao Zhan , Zhou Jingkun , Wei Lei , Zhang Zhengyou , Dai Yuan , Xie Zhaoqian , Yu Xinge 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSkin-integrated electronics, also known as electronic skin (e-skin), are rapidly developing and are gradually being adopted in biomedical fields as well as in our daily lives. E-skin capable of providing sensitive and high-resolution tactile sensations and haptic feedback to the human body would open a new e-skin paradigm for closed-loop human–machine interfaces. Here, we report a class of materials and mechanical designs for the miniaturization of mechanical actuators and strategies for their integration into thin, soft e-skin for haptic interfaces. The mechanical actuators exhibit small dimensions of 5 mm diameter and 1.45 mm thickness and work in an electromagnetically driven vibrotactile mode with resonance frequency overlapping the most sensitive frequency of human skin. Nine mini actuators can be integrated simultaneously in a small area of 2 cm × 2 cm to form a 3 × 3 haptic feedback array, which is small and compact enough to mount on a thumb tip. Furthermore, the thin, soft haptic interface exhibits good mechanical properties that work properly during stretching, bending, and twisting and therefore can conformally fit onto various parts of the human body to afford programmable tactile enhancement and Braille recognition with an accuracy rate over 85%.
Novel nondelay-based reservoir computing with a single micromechanical nonlinear resonator for high-efficiency information processing
Authors: Sun Jie , Yang Wuhao , Zheng Tianyi , Xiong Xingyin , Liu Yunfei , Wang Zheng , Li Zhitian , Zou Xudong 
Published: October 2021

AbstractReservoir computing is a potential neuromorphic paradigm for promoting future disruptive applications in the era of the Internet of Things, owing to its well-known low training cost and compatibility with hardware. It has been successfully implemented by injecting an input signal into a spatially extended reservoir of nonlinear nodes or a temporally extended reservoir of a delayed feedback system to perform temporal information processing. Here we propose a novel nondelay-based reservoir computer using only a single micromechanical resonator with hybrid nonlinear dynamics that removes the usually required delayed feedback loop. The hybrid nonlinear dynamics of the resonator comprise a transient nonlinear response, and a Duffing nonlinear response is first used for reservoir computing. Due to the richness of this nonlinearity, the usually required delayed feedback loop can be omitted. To further simplify and improve the efficiency of reservoir computing, a self-masking process is utilized in our novel reservoir computer. Specifically, we numerically and experimentally demonstrate its excellent performance, and our system achieves a high recognition accuracy of 93% on a handwritten digit recognition benchmark and a normalized mean square error of 0.051 in a nonlinear autoregressive moving average task, which reveals its memory capacity. Furthermore, it also achieves 97.17 ± 1% accuracy on an actual human motion gesture classification task constructed from a six-axis IMU sensor. These remarkable results verify the feasibility of our system and open up a new pathway for the hardware implementation of reservoir computing.
The overexpression of Tipe2 in CRC cells suppresses survival while endogenous Tipe2 accelerates AOM/DSS induced-tumor initiation
Authors: Li Yan , Zhang Na , Ma Chao , Xu Wenwen , Jin Guiyuan , Zheng Yi , Zhang Lei , Liu Bingyu , Gao Chengjiang , Liu Suxia 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAging is a natural and progressive process characterized by an increased frequency of age-related diseases such as cancer. But its mechanism is unclear. TNFAIP8L2 (Tipe2) is an important negative regulator for homeostasis through inhibiting TLR and TCR signaling. Our work reveals that Tipe2 might have dual function by regulating senescence. One side, the overexpression of Tipe2 in CRC cells could induce typical senescent phenotype, especially exposure to oxidative stress. Tipe2 inhibits telomerase activity by regulating c-Myc and c-Est-2 binding to the hTERT promotor. Interestingly, Tipe2 KO mice treated with D-Gal showed a less serious inverse of CD4:CD8 ratio, a lower percentage of Treg compared to WT. Besides, Tipe2 KO mice were more tolerant to the initiation of AOM/DSS-induced CRC, accompanied by a lower level of Treg within IEL. Therefore, specific antibodies against CD25 effectively ameliorate tumorigenesis. These data suggest strongly that the overexpressed Tipe2 suppresses tumor cells proliferation and survival, but endogenous Tipe2 promotes the initiation of tumorigenesis when exposure to dangerous environment such as AOM/DSS-related inflammation.
Novel cytoplasmic lncRNA IKBKBAS promotes lung adenocarcinoma metastasis by upregulating IKKβ and consequential activation of NF-κB signaling pathway
Authors: Xing Yuanxin , Lin Yani , Zhang Ying , Hu Jing , Liu Junmei , Tian Yuanyuan , Zhao Jian , Chen Weiwen , Han Bo 
Published: October 2021

AbstractNF-κB signaling pathway is a critical link between inflammation and cancer. Emerging evidence suggested that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were involved in dysregulation of NF-κB. Herein, we reported a novel lncRNA IKBKBAS that activated NF-κB in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) by upregulating IKKβ, a key member of NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby promoting the metastasis of LUAD both in vitro and in vivo. The upregulated IKBKBAS functioned as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) via competing with IKKβ mRNA for binding miR-4741, consequently leading to upregulation and activation of IKKβ, and ultimately activation of NF-κB. The abnormally elevated IKBKBAS in LUAD was mainly resulted from the extremely decrease of miR-512-5p that targeting IKBKBAS. Furthermore, we identified a positive feedback loop between NF-κB and IKBKBAS, in which NF-κB activation induced by overexpression of IKBKBAS could promote the transcription of IKBKBAS by binding the κB sites within IKBKBAS promoter. Our studies revealed that IKBKBAS was involved in the activation of NF-κB signaling by upregulating the expression of IKKβ, which made it serve as a potential novel target for therapies to LUAD.
Band-selective Holstein polaron in Luttinger liquid material A0.3MoO3 (A = K, Rb)
Authors: Kang L. , Du X. , Zhou J. S. , Gu X. , Chen Y. J. , Xu R. Z. , Zhang Q. Q. , Sun S. C. , Yin Z. X. , Li Y. W. , Pei D. , Zhang J. , Gu R. K. , Wang Z. G. , Liu Z. K. , Xiong R. , Shi J. , Zhang Y. , Chen Y. L. , Yang L. X. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract(Quasi-)one-dimensional systems exhibit various fascinating properties such as Luttinger liquid behavior, Peierls transition, novel topological phases, and the accommodation of unique quasiparticles (e.g., spinon, holon, and soliton, etc.). Here we study molybdenum blue bronze A0.3MoO3 (A = K, Rb), a canonical quasi-one-dimensional charge-density-wave material, using laser-based angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. Our experiment suggests that the normal phase of A0.3MoO3 is a prototypical Luttinger liquid, from which the charge-density-wave emerges with decreasing temperature. Prominently, we observe strong renormalizations of band dispersions, which are recognized as the spectral function of Holstein polaron derived from band-selective electron-phonon coupling in the system. We argue that the strong electron-phonon coupling plays an important role in electronic properties and the charge-density-wave transition in blue bronzes. Our results not only reconcile the long-standing heavy debates on the electronic properties of blue bronzes but also provide a rare platform to study interesting excitations in Luttinger liquid materials.
Observation of metallic electronic structure in a single-atomic-layer oxide
Authors: Sohn Byungmin , Kim Jeong Rae , Kim Choong H. , Lee Sangmin , Hahn Sungsoo , Kim Younsik , Huh Soonsang , Kim Donghan , Kim Youngdo , Kyung Wonshik , Kim Minsoo , Kim Miyoung , Noh Tae Won , Kim Changyoung 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCorrelated electrons in transition metal oxides exhibit a variety of emergent phases. When transition metal oxides are confined to a single-atomic-layer thickness, experiments so far have shown that they usually lose diverse properties and become insulators. In an attempt to extend the range of electronic phases of the single-atomic-layer oxide, we search for a metallic phase in a monolayer-thick epitaxial SrRuO3 film. Combining atomic-scale epitaxy and angle-resolved photoemission measurements, we show that the monolayer SrRuO3 is a strongly correlated metal. Systematic investigation reveals that the interplay between dimensionality and electronic correlation makes the monolayer SrRuO3 an incoherent metal with orbital-selective correlation. Furthermore, the unique electronic phase of the monolayer SrRuO3 is found to be highly tunable, as charge modulation demonstrates an incoherent-to-coherent crossover of the two-dimensional metal. Our work emphasizes the potentially rich phases of single-atomic-layer oxides and provides a guide to the manipulation of their two-dimensional correlated electron systems.
Quantifying previous SARS-CoV-2 infection through mixture modelling of antibody levels
Authors: Bottomley C. , Otiende M. , Uyoga S. , Gallagher K. , Kagucia E. W. , Etyang A. O. , Mugo D. , Gitonga J. , Karanja H. , Nyagwange J. , Adetifa I. M. O. , Agweyu A. , Nokes D. J. , Warimwe G. M. , Scott J. A. G. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAs countries decide on vaccination strategies and how to ease movement restrictions, estimating the proportion of the population previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 is important for predicting the future burden of COVID-19. This proportion is usually estimated from serosurvey data in two steps: first the proportion above a threshold antibody level is calculated, then the crude estimate is adjusted using external estimates of sensitivity and specificity. A drawback of this approach is that the PCR-confirmed cases used to estimate the sensitivity of the threshold may not be representative of cases in the wider population—e.g., they may be more recently infected and more severely symptomatic. Mixture modelling offers an alternative approach that does not require external data from PCR-confirmed cases. Here we illustrate the bias in the standard threshold-based approach by comparing both approaches using data from several Kenyan serosurveys. We show that the mixture model analysis produces estimates of previous infection that are often substantially higher than the standard threshold analysis.
Transcriptomic and epigenomic analyses uncovered Lrrc15 as a contributing factor to cartilage damage in osteoarthritis
Authors: Singh Purva , Wang Mengying , Mukherjee Piali , Lessard Samantha G. , Pannellini Tania , Carballo Camila B. , Rodeo Scott A. , Goldring Mary B. , Otero Miguel 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn osteoarthritis (OA), articular chondrocytes display phenotypic and functional changes associated with epigenomic alterations. These changes contribute to the disease progression, which is characterized by dysregulated reparative processes and abnormal extracellular matrix remodeling leading to cartilage degradation. Recent studies using a murine model of posttraumatic OA highlighted the contribution of changes in DNA hydroxymethylation (5hmC) to OA progression. Here, we integrated transcriptomic and epigenomic analyses in cartilage after induction of OA to show that the structural progression of OA is accompanied by early transcriptomic and pronounced DNA methylation (5mC) changes in chondrocytes. These changes accumulate over time and are associated with recapitulation of developmental processes, including cartilage development, chondrocyte hypertrophy, and ossification. Our integrative analyses also uncovered that Lrrc15 is differentially methylated and expressed in OA cartilage, and that it may contribute to the functional and phenotypic alterations of chondrocytes, likely coordinating stress responses and dysregulated extracellular matrix remodeling.