bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro osteogenic activities of sulfated derivative of polysaccharide extracted from Tamarindus indica L.
Authors: Nguyen Minh Thi Hong , Tran Chien Van , Nguyen Phuong Hong , Tran Quang De , Kim Min-Sung , Jung Won-Kyo , Nguyen Phuong Thi Mai 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Osteoporosis, one of the most serious public health concerns caused by an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation, has a major impact on the population. Therefore, finding the effective osteogenic compounds for the treatment of osteoporosis is a promising research approach. In our study, tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) seed polysaccharide (TSP) extracted from tamarind seed was subjected to synthesize its sulfate derivatives. The 1H NMR, FT-IR, SEM, monosaccharide compositions and elemental analysis data revealed that tamarind seed polysaccharide sulfate (TSPS) was successfully prepared. As the result, TSPS showed potent effects on inducing osteoblast differentiation via increasing alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity up to 20% after 10 days and bone mineralization approximately 58% after four weeks at concentration of 20 μg/mL, whereas no statistically increase for both ALP activity and bone mineralization was observed in TSP treatment. Furthermore, TSPS enhanced expression of several marker genes in bone formation. Overall, the obtained data provided novelty on osteogenic compounds originated from TSP of T. indica, as well as scientific fundamentals on drug development and bone tissue engineering for the treatment of osteoporosis and other bone-related diseases.
Konzentration als Faktor intraindividueller Variation im Textverlauf
Authors: Schiegg Markus , Gunkler-Frank Katharina 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDieser Beitrag untersucht intraindividuelle Variation im Textverlauf, die nicht inhaltlich, sondern sprachextern motiviert ist. Hierfür wird die Verteilung von fünf hochfrequenten graphematischen Variablen (ca. 4.400 Belege) im Verlauf von 15 Briefen (ca. 7.800 Wörter) eines historischen Psychiatriepatienten um 1900 an vier unterschiedliche Adressaten verglichen. Bei jeder der Variablen und bei jedem Adressaten zeigt sich in der zweiten Briefhälfte insgesamt ein niedrigerer Anteil schriftsprachlicher Varianten als in der ersten. Dies spricht für die allmähliche Abnahme der Konzentration bei der Textproduktion. Im Zuge des sich verschlechternden Gesundheitszustands des Schreibers wird dies besonders deutlich. Konzentration ist ein bislang kaum beachteter Faktor für intraindividuelle Variation.
Entstehung und Entwicklung interpunktorischer Zweifelsfälle im Deutschen
Authors: Stark Linda 
Published: July 2021

AbstractUrsprünglich diente die Kommasetzung vermutlich intonatorischen Zwecken. Im Laufe der Jahrhunderte ist das intonatorische Prinzip jedoch vom grammatischen bzw. syntaktischen abgelöst worden. Die aktuelle Kommasetzung lässt sich heutzutage fast ausnahmslos auf wenige syntaktische Bedingungen hinunterbrechen. Trotz dieser aus sprachwissenschaftlicher Sicht weitestgehend eindeutigen Verhältnisse, die sich in weiten Teilen auch auf die Norm niedergeschlagen haben, weist nicht nur der aktuelle Usus z. T. normwidrige Kommavarianten auf, die mit intonatorischen Faktoren in Verbindung gebracht werden können. Auch in aktuellen metasprachlichen Thematisierungen der Kommasetzung finden sich intonatorische Kriterien als Orientierungshilfen in der als kompliziert wahrgenommenen Kommasetzung. Der Beitrag zeigt auf, dass in dieser Relevantsetzung intonatorischer Kriterien, die oftmals mit syntaktischen Gegebenheiten konkurrieren, eine Tradition besteht, die bis ins 19. Jahrhundert zurückreicht. Damit erweist sich die metasprachliche Debatte als weitaus stabiler und konservativer als die Kodifizierung der Kommasetzung, die sich seit dem 19. Jahrhundert deutlich von der Intonation emanzipiert hat. In diesem in der metasprachlichen Debatte konservierten Spannungsfeld zwischen Intonation und Syntax könnte ein zentraler Grund für die Entstehung und den Fortbestand von Zweifelsfällen der Kommasetzung liegen.
Innere Semantik und Binnenmajuskelschreibung bei Substantivkomposita im Deutschen 1550–1710
Authors: Solling Daniel 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn den letzten Jahrzehnten hat die Binnenmajuskelschreibung von Substantivkomposita im Deutschen immer mehr zugenommen (z. B.BahnCard). Beschreibungen des Phänomens gibt es seit über 20 Jahren. Seitdem ist die Binnenmajuskelschreibung im modernen Deutsch ziemlich eingehend untersucht worden. Zur Binnenmajuskelschreibung im Deutschen des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts liegt jedoch nicht viel Forschung vor. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt eine Studie zur Binnenmajuskelschreibung im Deutschen zwischen 1550 und 1710 anhand eines größeren Korpus von gedruckten Predigttexten dar. Nachdem in früheren Studien dem Verhältnis zwischen der Binnenmajuskelschreibung und der Getrennt-, Zusammen- und Bindestrichschreibung von Substantivkomposita im damaligen Deutsch sowie regionalen Unterschieden in der Binnenmajuskelschreibung und das Verhältnis zwischen der Binnenmajuskelschreibung und dem Kompositionstyp des Substantivkompositums nachgegangen wurde, richtet die vorliegende Studie einen besonderen Fokus auf das Verhältnis zwischen der Binnenmajuskelschreibung und der lexikalischen, inneren Semantik des Substantivkompositums. Es wird gezeigt, dass diese lediglich eine geringe Rolle für die Entwicklung der Binnenmajuskelschreibung haben könnte. Dies ist interessant, da andere Studien die große Relevanz des lexikalischen Prinzips für die Initialgroßschreibung von Substantiven im damaligen Deutsch feststellen.
Entwicklung der satzinternen Großschreibung kontrastiv
Authors: Hartmann Stefan , Nowak Jessica , Szczepaniak Renata 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Während die Entwicklung der satzinternen Großschreibung von Nomina und Nominalisierungen fürs Deutsche gut untersucht ist, stellt sie für viele andere Sprachen, in denen ebenfalls eine (wenn auch kurzlebige) Tendenz zur satzinternen Großschreibung festzustellen ist, ein Forschungsdesiderat dar. In diesem Beitrag stellen wir methodische Überlegungen zur kontrastiven Untersuchung der Entwicklung der satzinternen Großschreibung im Deutschen, Englischen und Niederländischen vor und diskutieren die Ergebnisse erster Pilotstudien. Neben übergreifenden Tendenzen zeigen sich auch deutliche Unterschiede, aus denen sich die Notwendigkeit zu einer differenzierten Betrachtung der einzelsprachlichen Einflussfaktoren ergibt.
Improving flexural strength of UHPC with sustainably synthesized graphene oxide
Authors: Luo Qizhi , Wu Yu-You , Qiu Wenjun , Huang Haoliang , Pei Songfeng , Lambert Paul , Hui David 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Ultrahigh-performance concrete (UHPC) has been increasingly employed for infrastructure and building structure, thanks to its excellent durability and exceptional mechanical properties; however, improving its relatively low flexural strength remains a challenging issue. This study presents an experimental investigation on improving the compressive strength and flexural strength of UHPC by employing sustainably synthesized graphene oxide (GO). The content of micro steel fibers (MSFs) for the UHPC ranges from 0.5 to 1.5% by volume of concrete. For each level of MSFs addition, the dosage of GO added is from 0.00 to 0.03% by mass of cement. The results indicate that the electrochemical (EC) method to synthesize GO is greener, safer, and lower in cost for construction industry. And the compressive strength of UHPC is slightly improved, while its flexural strength is significantly increased from 33 to 65%, demonstrating that the incorporation of GO can be an effective measure to enhance the flexural strength of UHPC under standard curing and steam curing. This can be associated with the improvement in bond strength between the MSFs and the matrix contributed by the improved interfacial microstructure, the higher friction increase, and the mechanical interlock at the interface between the MSFs and the bulk matrix, thanks to the addition of GO.
The Use of Rock Shelters During the Early Neolithic in the North of Alicante (Spain). The Site of Penya Roja de Catamarruc (Alicante, Spain) as a Case Study
Authors: Atiénzar Gabriel García , Amorós Silvia Martínez , Sirvent Cañada Laura M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The first Neolithic communities settled in the East of the Iberian Peninsula developed a complex strategy of land occupation. These strategies evolved as their social, demographic, and economic bases were transformed. In this paper, we focus on the analysis of archaeological sites located under rock shelters, which were recurrently occupied throughout the Early Neolithic. To deepen this analysis, we reviewed the archaeological record of Penya Roja de Catamarruc (Planes, Alicante), as well as other sites of similar characteristics. This information, combined with different spatial analyses – prominence, visibility, and capacity of use of the soils – allowed us to define a series of patterns of occupation and exploitation of the territory of the first Neolithic communities. This study highlights the importance of the forest as a resource related not only to hunting and gathering as traditionally seen, but also to shepherding.
Hans Albert und die Ökonomie
Authors: Vanberg Viktor J. 
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung
Aus Anlass des hundertsten Geburtstags des Soziologen und Philosophen Hans Albert blickt Viktor Vanberg in diesem Beitrag zurück auf dessen kritische Auseinandersetzung mit der Ökonomie, seiner wissenschaftlichen Herkunftsdisziplin.
Metformin improves glycemic variability in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus: an open-label randomized control trial
Authors: Zhang Xiuzhen , Xu Dan , Xu Ping , Yang Shufen , Zhang Qingmei , Wu Yan , Yuan Fengyi 
Published: August 2021

Introduction
Metformin has been demonstrated to enhance cardioprotective benefits in type 1 diabetes (T1DM). Although glycemic variability (GV) is associated with increased risk of CVD in diabetes, there is a scarcity of research evaluating the effect of metformin on GV in T1DM.

Objectives
In the present study, the effects of adjuvant metformin therapy on GV and metabolic control in T1DM were explored.

Patients and methods
A total of 65 adults with T1DM were enrolled and subjected to physical examination, fasting laboratory tests, and continuous glucose monitoring, and subsequently randomized 1:1 to 3 months of 1000–2000 mg metformin daily add-on insulin (MET group, n = 34) or insulin (non-MET group, n = 31). After, baseline measurements were repeated.

Results
The mean amplitude of glycemic excursions was substantially reduced in MET group, compared with non-MET group (–1.58 (–3.35, 0.31) mmol/L vs 1.36 (–1.12, 2.24) mmol/L, P = 0.004). In parallel, the largest amplitude of glycemic excursions (–2.83 (–5.47, –0.06) mmol/L vs 0.45 (–1.29, 4.48) mmol/L, P = 0.004), the s.d. of blood glucose (–0.85 (–1.51, 0.01) mmol/L vs –0.14 (–0.68, 1.21) mmol/L, P = 0.015), and the coefficient of variation (–6.66 (–15.00, 1.50)% vs –1.60 (–6.28, 11.71)%, P = 0.012) all demonstrated improvement in the MET group, compared with the non-MET group. Significant reduction in insulin dose, BMI, and body weight was observed in patients in MET, not those in non-MET group.

Conclusion
Additional metformin therapy improved GV in adults with T1DM, as well as improving body composition and reducing insulin requirement. Hence, metformin as an adjunctive therapy has potential prospects in reducing the CVD risk in patients with T1DM in the long term.
Learning Speaking Through Communicative Grammar On Systematic Functional Linguistics (SFL)
Authors: Suseno Edy 
Published: August 2021

Practicing speaking is very important for students to exchange ideas with others. Although having learned English for the years, many EFL students face problems in delivering the ideas orally. To overcome this kind of problem, an ex post facto research was conducted by observing the students’ scores in two subjects grammar and speaking. The students were in the first semester of the English education major. The research is to find out the material used in teaching grammar to develop speaking learning. To satisfy the aim of this study, the mixed-method was implemented. The data was analyzed qualitatively and confirmed quantitatively by the applying t-test. From the analysis could be drawn that Using translation-method, podcast, noticing, and conversation in applying the communicative-grammar method enhances the students’ competence in speaking. It is very helpful for the teachers and students to implement it in learning grammar and speaking. It also provides the idea to other researchers to dig some deeper innovation in the same field.
What to Accommodate to Develop Students' Academic Writing? Need Analysis for a Research-Based Textbook Development
Authors: Safriyani Rizka , Rakhmawati Rakhmawati , Sadieda Lisanul Uswah 
Published: August 2021

The development of research-based learning proliferates throughout the world, and it depicts the growth of an academic article's publication globally. To strengthen the paper's quality, particularly in Indonesia, the students need a guideline on writing an academic article. This qualitative and quantitative research would portray the needs analysis in developing a research-based textbook in academic writing. Fifty students and thirty lecturers were involved in the interview, documentation, and survey. The result shows that the skills needed to accommodate are referencing skills, writing the research's significance, and writing the conclusion. This study also suggested nine units of an Academic Writing Textbook needed by the students to produce a good article, namely Introduction to Academic Article Writing, Strategies in avoiding plagiarism, Writing an introduction, writing a literature review, writing a research method, Presenting Findings and Discussion, Writing a conclusion, Tips on Referencing, choosing the title, and writing an abstract. These findings strengthen the previous studies, which states writing a conclusion of an academic article is challenging, particularly in the English Language Teaching context.
Authentic Assessment Implementation on Curriculum 2013: Types and Its Washback
Authors: Putri Ni Made Anggi Arlina , Santosa Riyadi , Rochsantiningsih Dewi 
Published: August 2021

A significant change in education instructional goals effects assessment techniques used to evaluate students’ progress. The root of this phenomenon highly offers to authentic assessment as an alternative assessment. This study deals with authentic assessment implementation and its effects within teaching and learning in the context of Year 7 English students. It employs case study to get a in-depth understanding of the case. Data of the study were gained from deep-interview, observation, and document analysis. While, the data were analyzed by using Interactive model involving data reduction, data displays and conclusions: drawing/verification. The study finds that the relevance of implementation of authentic assessment becomes the main factor of determining its washbacks. Since most the authentic assessment stages undertaken by teachers are in line with National Regulation on how the assessment is designed and implemented, it provides more positive washbacks for both teachers and students such as motivated to be more creative and innovative in teaching and learning process. Nevertheless, the administration of assessment as guided by the government had a negative effect to teachers since it makes them feel overburdened and stressed.
Keywords: authentic assessment, curriculum, washback Effect
Ethics and Governance of Artificial Intelligence: Evidence from a Survey of Machine Learning Researchers
Authors: Zhang Baobao , Anderljung Markus , Kahn Lauren , Dreksler Noemi , Horowitz Michael C. , Dafoe Allan 
Published: August 2021

Machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) researchers play an important role in the ethics and governance of AI, including through their work, advocacy, and choice of employment. Nevertheless, this influential group's attitudes are not well understood, undermining our ability to discern consensuses or disagreements between AI/ML researchers. To examine these researchers' views, we conducted a survey of those who published in two top AI/ML conferences (N = 524). We compare these results with those from a 2016 survey of AI/ML researchers (Grace et al., 2018) and a 2018 survey of the US public (Zhang & Dafoe, 2020). We find that AI/ML researchers place high levels of trust in international organizations and scientific organizations to shape the development and use of AI in the public interest; moderate trust in most Western tech companies; and low trust in national militaries, Chinese tech companies, and Facebook. While the respondents were overwhelmingly opposed to AI/ML researchers working on lethal autonomous weapons, they are less opposed to researchers working on other military applications of AI, particularly logistics algorithms. A strong majority of respondents think that AI safety research should be prioritized and that ML institutions should conduct pre-publication review to assess potential harms. Being closer to the technology itself, AI/ML researchers are well placed to highlight new risks and develop technical solutions, so this novel attempt to measure their attitudes has broad relevance. The findings should help to improve how researchers, private sector executives, and policymakers think about regulations, governance frameworks, guiding principles, and national and international governance strategies for AI.
This article appears in the special track on AI & Society.
YOĞUN BAKIM HASTASI TAKİP EDEN UZMANLIK ÖĞRENCİSİ HEKİMLERİN AKCİĞER GRAFİSİ DEĞERLENDİRME KONUSUNDAKİ BİLGİ DÜZEYLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ: KESİTSEL BİR ANALİZ
Authors: HAVAN Nuri , ÖZGÖKÇE Mesut , ÖZKAÇMAZ Sercan , DURMAZ Fatma , DEMİRKIRAN Hilmi , LAYIK Mehmet Emin , DÜNDAR İlyas 
Published: August 2021

Amaç
Direkt grafi kardiyopulmoner sistem değerlendirmesinde
özellikle yoğun bakım ünitelerinde kullanılan en
sık görüntüleme modalitesidir. Çoğu zaman acil karar
vermek gerektiği için tetkik raporunu beklemeden klinisyen
tarafından değerlendirilmesi gerekir. Çalışmamızda
amacımız mevcut eğitim sistemimizde akciğer
grafisi değerlendirmesine yönelik bilgi düzeyinin seviyesini
belirlemek ve bu konudaki eğitim programlarının
gerekliliğini ortaya koymaktır.
Gereç ve Yöntem
Çalışmamızda hastanemizde yoğun bakım ünitesinde
hizmet veren anestezi uzmanlık öğrencisi hekimlerin
ve rotasyona gelmiş anestezi dışı uzmanlık öğrencisi
hekimler olmak üzere toplam 42 hekime yönelik bu
hekimlerin akciğer grafisi değerlendirme kabiliyetini
ölçme konusunda doldurulmak üzere 3 adet soru-cevap
formu hazırlanmıştır. İlk formda genel bilgiler ve
posteroanterior akciğer grafisi değerlendirme konusundaki
aldığı eğitim, 2. formda 12 adet vakadan oluşan
ve her vaka için 7 sabit soru içeren sorulardan
oluşan vaka bazlı PA grafi değerlendirme ve teknik
değerlendirme durumunu, 3. formda ise genel PA ve
grafi bilgilerini değerlendirmek amaçlı toplam 10 soru
olmak üzere sorular hazırlanmıştır. Sonuçların istatistiksel
analizleri yapılmıştır.
Bulgular
Akciğer grafisini değerlendirme konusunda uzmanlık
öğrencisi hekimlerin %95,2’si (n=40) eğitim aldığını
belirtmiştir. Çalışmamızda uzmanlık öğrencisi hekimlerin
%80,1’i (n=34) akciğer grafisi eğitimini mezuniyet
öncesi almıştır. İki uzmanlık öğrencisi hekim
(%4,8) hiç eğitim almadığını ifade etmiştir. Uzmanlık
eğitimi tecrübe neticesinde akciğer grafisini doğru
değerlendirme beceri oranlarına baktığımızda; bilgi
seviyelerinin yoğun bakım tecrübesi fazla olanlarda
daha iyi olduğu gözlemlenmiş olup istatistiksel olarak
da anlamlı bulunmuştur(p
Effect of educational intervention on awareness regarding health hazards of junk food consumption among engineering students
Authors: Mishra Rakhi , Kurian Binumol , V Nair Drishya , Singh Kirtika , Bawari Meenu , Joseph Sinimol 
Published: August 2021

: Junk food are very popular in modern society and their harmful effects cannot be neglected. The present study was conducted with an objective to assess the Effect of Educational Intervention on Awareness regarding Health Hazards of Junk food consumption among Engineering Students. Pre-experimental one group pretest and post-test research design was adopted to accomplish the objectives. Purposive sampling technique was used to select samples involving forty (40) B. Tech Mechanical engineering 1 year students. The pre-test and post-test assessment of awareness regarding health hazards of junk food consumption was carried out using the structured awareness questionnaire. The obtained data was analysed and interpreted using descriptive and inferential statistics. The present study findings showed that mean (±SD) pre-test and post-test knowledge score was 21.4 (± 3.44) and 24.0 (±2.42) respectively. The calculated ‘t’ value was 5.06 which is highly significant at 0.05 level and revealed the effectiveness of educational intervention in improving the awareness regarding health hazards of Junk Food consumption. Also, There was significant association between the pre-test knowledge score with Family’s monthly Income and Monthly Pocket money of participants at 0.05 level of significance.The studyconcluded that educational intervention has positive impact on improving the awareness regarding Health Hazards of Junk Food consumption.
United Nations Security Council Intervention Towards Gross Human Rights Violation of The Rohingya Ethnicity
Authors: Safaraz Nizam 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Every human being has the rights to be protected from discrimination by any party, especially the act of gross human rights violations. In order to prevent this, the Security Council has a function to secure international peace and security from threats to international peace. One of the case that is becoming an international concern is the human rights violations on Rohingya by Myanmar Military. In its implementation, the UN Security Council can intervene a country known to violate human rights of its people, however the Security Council's intervention caused a controversy that questioned the validity of the intervention by Security Council. Thus, the purpose of this research is to find out whether the situation in Myanmar is valid for the UN Security Council to carry out humanitarian interventions. Accordingly, this research also analyzes legal measures by the UN Security Council in dealing with human rights violations in Myanmar.
Keyword: Human Rights, Humanitarian Intervention, Rohingya, UN Security Council