bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Replicating $$\textsc {Restart}$$ with Prolonged Retrials: An Experimental Report
Authors: Budde Carlos E. , Hartmanns Arnd 
Published: March 2021

AbstractStatistical model checking uses Monte Carlo simulation to analyse stochastic formal models. It avoids state space explosion, but requires rare event simulation techniques to efficiently estimate very low probabilities. One such technique is $$\textsc {Restart}$$

R

E
S
T
A
R
T

. Villén-Altamirano recently showed—by way of a theoretical study and ad-hoc implementation—that a generalisation of $$\textsc {Restart}$$

R

E
S
T
A
R
T

to prolonged retrials offers improved performance. In this paper, we demonstrate our independent replication of the original experimental results. We implemented $$\textsc {Restart}$$

R

E
S
T
A
R
T

with prolonged retrials in the and tools, and apply them to the models used originally. To do so, we had to resolve ambiguities in the original work, and refine our setup multiple times. We ultimately confirm the previous results, but our experience also highlights the need for precise documentation of experiments to enable replicability in computer science.
cpalockator: Thread-Modular Analysis with Projections
Authors: Andrianov Pavel , Mutilin Vadim , Khoroshilov Alexey 
Published: March 2021

AbstractOur submission to SV-COMP’21 is based on the software verification framework "Image missing" and implements the extension to the thread-modular approach. It considers every thread separately, but in a special environment which models thread interactions. The environment is expressed by projections of normal transitions in each thread. A projection contains a description of possible effects over shared data and synchronization primitives, as well as conditions of its application. Adjusting the precision of the projections, one can find a balance between the speed and the precision of the whole analysis.Implementation on the top of the "Image missing" framework allows combining our approach with existing algorithms and analyses. Evaluation on the sv-benchmarks confirms the scalability and soundness of the approach.
Gazer-Theta: LLVM-based Verifier Portfolio with BMC/CEGAR (Competition Contribution)
Authors: Ádám Zsófia , Sallai Gyula , Hajdu Ákos 
Published: March 2021

AbstractGazer-Theta is a software model checking toolchain including various analyses for state reachability. The frontend, namely Gazer, supports C programs through an LLVM-based transformation and optimization pipeline. Gazer includes an integrated bounded model checker (BMC) and can also employ the Theta backend, a generic verification framework based on abstraction-refinement (CEGAR). On SV-COMP 2021, a portfolio of BMC, explicit-value analysis, and predicate abstraction is applied sequentially in this order.
Goblint: Thread-Modular Abstract Interpretation Using Side-Effecting Constraints
Authors: Saan Simmo , Schwarz Michael , Apinis Kalmer , Erhard Julian , Seidl Helmut , Vogler Ralf , Vojdani Vesal 
Published: March 2021

AbstractGoblintis a static analysis framework for C programs specializing in data race analysis. It relies on thread-modular abstract interpretation where thread interferences are accounted for by means of flow-insensitive global invariants.
Graded Modal Dependent Type Theory
Authors: Moon Benjamin , Eades III Harley , Orchard Dominic 
Published: March 2021

AbstractGraded type theories are an emerging paradigm for augmenting the reasoning power of types with parameterizable, fine-grained analyses of program properties. There have been many such theories in recent years which equip a type theory with quantitative dataflow tracking, usually via a semiring-like structure which provides analysis on variables (often called ‘quantitative’ or ‘coeffect’ theories). We present Graded Modal Dependent Type Theory (Grttfor short), which equips a dependent type theory with a general, parameterizable analysis of the flow of data, both in and between computational terms and types. In this theory, it is possible to study, restrict, and reason about data use in programs and types, enabling, for example, parametric quantifiers and linearity to be captured in a dependent setting. We proposeGrtt, study its metatheory, and explore various case studies of its use in reasoning about programs and studying other type theories. We have implemented the theory and highlight the interesting details, including showing an application of grading to optimising the type checking procedure itself.
Strong-Separation Logic
Authors: Pagel Jens , Zuleger Florian 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMost automated verifiers for separation logic are based on the symbolic-heap fragment, which disallows both the magic-wand operator and the application of classical Boolean operators to spatial formulas. This is not surprising, as support for the magic wand quickly leads to undecidability, especially when combined with inductive predicates for reasoning about data structures. To circumvent these undecidability results, we propose assigning a more restrictive semantics to the separating conjunction. We argue that the resulting logic, strong-separation logic, can be used for symbolic execution and abductive reasoning just like “standard” separation logic, while remaining decidable even in the presence of both the magic wand and the list-segment predicate—a combination of features that leads to undecidability for the standard semantics.
Graded Hoare Logic and its Categorical Semantics
Authors: Gaboardi Marco , Katsumata Shin-ya , Orchard Dominic , Sato Tetsuya 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDeductive verification techniques based on program logics (i.e., the family of Floyd-Hoare logics) are a powerful approach for program reasoning. Recently, there has been a trend of increasing the expressive power of such logics by augmenting their rules with additional information to reason about program side-effects. For example, general program logics have been augmented with cost analyses, logics for probabilistic computations have been augmented with estimate measures, and logics for differential privacy with indistinguishability bounds. In this work, we unify these various approaches via the paradigm of grading, adapted from the world of functional calculi and semantics. We propose Graded Hoare Logic (GHL), a parameterisable framework for augmenting program logics with a preordered monoidal analysis. We develop a semantic framework for modelling GHL such that grading, logical assertions (pre- and post-conditions) and the underlying effectful semantics of an imperative language can be integrated together. Central to our framework is the notion of a graded category which we extend here, introducing graded Freyd categories which provide a semantics that can interpret many examples of augmented program logics from the literature. We leverage coherent fibrations to model the base assertion language, and thus the overall setting is also fibrational.
Weighted approximate Bayesian computation via Sanov’s theorem
Authors: Viscardi Cecilia , Boreale Michele , Corradi Fabio 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe consider the problem of sample degeneracy in Approximate Bayesian Computation. It arises when proposed values of the parameters, once given as input to the generative model, rarely lead to simulations resembling the observed data and are hence discarded. Such “poor” parameter proposals do not contribute at all to the representation of the parameter’s posterior distribution. This leads to a very large number of required simulations and/or a waste of computational resources, as well as to distortions in the computed posterior distribution. To mitigate this problem, we propose an algorithm, referred to as the Large Deviations Weighted Approximate Bayesian Computation algorithm, where, via Sanov’s Theorem, strictly positive weights are computed for all proposed parameters, thus avoiding the rejection step altogether. In order to derive a computable asymptotic approximation from Sanov’s result, we adopt the information theoretic “method of types” formulation of the method of Large Deviations, thus restricting our attention to models for i.i.d. discrete random variables. Finally, we experimentally evaluate our method through a proof-of-concept implementation.
Spatial Indicators to Monitor Land Consumption for local Governance in Southern Germany
Authors: Meyer Markus A. , Lehmann Isabella , Seibert Otmar , Früh-Müller Andrea 
Published: March 2021

AbstractLand consumption for settlement and infrastructure development has been extensively discussed and analyzed in the last two decades. In Germany, existing governance at the state level seems to hardly foster effective land management at the municipal level to achieve overarching goals at the level of the European Union such as “no net land take”. Germany aims to limit land consumption to less than 30 ha per day by 2030. This goal is hardly translated to the municipal level where actual land-use decisions are taken due to the municipal planning sovereignty. In order to address these deficiencies, this study characterizes land consumption in the Nuremberg Metropolitan Region with self-organizing maps and identifies major factors explaining cluster differences using boosted regression trees. We identified four major clusters: booming, prosperous, moderate, and transition regions. Generally, beneficial demographics (population growth and lower old-age dependency ratio) and financial power of municipalities come at the expense of considerable settlement and traffic infrastructure development (i.e., increased land consumption), creating the impression of a rather unregulated market despite the existing planning framework in Germany. Based on these clusters, we developed an indicator set through a participatory process to improve land-use planning following three dimensions: efficient land use, preservation of cultural landscapes and its services, and fostering the regional added value of agricultural products beyond the current local political focus. Future research should assess whether municipalities with better information will reduce land consumption due to increased awareness.
Assessing the learning curve associated with a novel flexible robot in the pre-clinical and clinical setting
Authors: Zhu Toby S. , Godse Neal , Clayburgh Daniel R. , Duvvuri Umamaheswar 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
Transoral robotic surgery has been successfully used by head and neck surgeons for a variety of procedures but is limited by rigid instrumentation and line-of-sight visualization. Non-linear systems specifically designed for the aerodigestive tract are needed. Ease of use of these new systems in both training and clinical environments is critical in its widespread adoption.

Methods
Residents, fellows, and junior faculty performed four tasks on an anatomical airway mannequin using the Medrobotics FLEX™ Robotic System: expose and incise the tonsil, grasp the epiglottis, palpate the vocal processes, and grasp the interarytenoid space. These tasks were performed once a day for four days; after a 4-month time gap, subjects were asked to perform these same tasks for three more days. Time to task completion and total distance driven were tracked. In addition, a retrospective analysis was performed analyzing one attending physician’s experience with clinical usage of the robot.

Results
13 subjects completed the initial round of the mannequin simulation and 8 subjects completed the additional testing 4 months later. Subjects rapidly improved their speed and efficiency at task completion. Junior residents were slower in most tasks initially compared to senior trainees but quickly reached similar levels of efficiency. Following the break there was minimal degradation in skills and continued improvement in efficiency was observed with additional trials. There was significant heterogeneity in the analyzed clinical cases, but when analyzing cases of similar complexity and pathology, clear decreases in overall operative times were demonstrable.

Conclusion
Novice users quickly gained proficiency with the FLEX™ Robotic System in a training environment, and these skills are retained after several months. This learning could translate to the clinical setting if a proper training regimen is developed. The Medrobotics FLEX™ Robotic System shows promise as a surgical tool in head and neck surgery in this study.
An extension of the strain transfer principle for fiber reinforced materials
Authors: Ospald Felix , Bergermann Kai , Herzog Roland 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFiber optical strain sensors are used to measure the strain at a particular sensor position inside the fiber. In order to deduce the strain in the surrounding matrix material, one can employ the strain transfer principle. Its application is based on the assumption that the presence of the fiber does not impede the deformation of the matrix material in fiber direction. In fact, the strain transfer principle implies that the strain in fiber direction inside the fiber carries over verbatim to the strain inside the matrix material. For a comparatively soft matrix material, however, this underlying assumption may not be valid. To overcome this drawback, we propose to superimpose the matrix material with a one-dimensional model of the fiber, which takes into account its elastic properties. The finite element solution of this model yields a more accurate prediction of the strain inside the fiber in fiber direction at low computational costs.
Disease burden and economic impact of diagnosed non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in the United Kingdom (UK) in 2018
Authors: Morgan Alice , Hartmanis Sally , Tsochatzis Emmanuel , Newsome Philip N. , Ryder Stephen D. , Elliott Rachel , Floros Lefteris , Hall Richard , Higgins Victoria , Stanley George , Cure Sandrine , Vasudevan Sharad , Pezzullo Lynne 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background and aims
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) – a progressive subset of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) – is a chronic liver disease that can progress to advanced fibrosis, cirrhosis, and end-stage liver disease (ESLD) if left untreated. Early-stage NASH is usually asymptomatic, meaning a large proportion of the prevalent population are undiagnosed. Receiving a NASH diagnosis increases the probability that a patient will receive interventions for the purpose of managing their condition. The purpose of this study was to estimate the disease burden and economic impact of diagnosed NASH in the United Kingdom (UK) adult population in 2018.

Methods
The socioeconomic burden of diagnosed NASH from a societal perspective was estimated using cost-of-illness methodology applying a prevalence approach. This involved estimating the number of adults with diagnosed NASH in the UK in a base period (2018) and the economic and wellbeing costs attributable to diagnosed NASH in that period. The analysis was based on a targeted review of the scientific literature, existing databases and consultation with clinical experts, health economists and patient groups.

Results
Of the prevalent NASH population in the UK in 2018, an estimated 79.8% were not diagnosed. In particular, of the prevalent population in disease stages F0 to F2, only 2.0% (F0), 2.0% (F1) and 16.5% (F2), respectively, were diagnosed. Total economic costs of diagnosed NASH in the UK ranged from £2.3 billion (lower prevalence scenario, base probability of diagnosis scenario) to £4.2 billion (higher prevalence scenario, base probability of diagnosis scenario). In 2018, people with NASH in the UK were estimated to experience 94,094 to 174,564 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) overall. Total wellbeing costs associated with NASH in 2018 were estimated to range between £5.6 to £10.5 billion.

Conclusion
The prevention and appropriate management of adult NASH patients could result in reduced economic costs and improvements in wellbeing.
Multimodales Management nichtresektabler Lebermetastasen – neue Therapieoptionen mit Ausblick auf sekundäre Resektion
Authors: Braunwarth Eva , Stättner Stefan 
Published: March 2021

ZusammenfassungLebermetastasen treten bei 50 % der Patienten mit kolorektalem Karzinom auf. Bei resektablen Metastasen ist die chirurgische Resektion die Therapie der Wahl. Steht dies als Option nicht zur Verfügung, ist die primäre Behandlung eine systemische Chemotherapie. Die selektive interne Radiotherapie (SIRT) ist eine innovative Behandlungsform für primäre und sekundäre Lebertumoren. Es handelt sich um ein minimal-invasives Verfahren, bei dem kleine radioaktive Kügelchen, sog. Mikrosphären, über die Leberarterie in den Lebertumor bzw. die Lebermetastasen eingebracht werden. Die Mikrosphären führen zu einer Reduktion der Tumorlast durch hochenergetische Strahlung. Die Behandlung stellt eine vielversprechende Option für Patienten dar, deren Lebertumoren nicht mit einer Operation oder lokalen Verfahren wie der Radiofrequenzablation behandelbar sind und nicht mehr ausreichend auf eine Chemotherapie ansprechen. Die SIRT kann auch zur Leberaugmentation eingesetzt werden, um primär nichtresektable Patienten einer Resektion zugänglich zu machen. Die Behandlung ist umso erfolgreicher, je stärker die Blutversorgung des Primärtumors bzw. der Lebermetastasen aus der Leberarterie erfolgt. Anhand zahlreicher Studien wurde im Lauf der Jahre die Wirksamkeit dieser Therapie belegt. Sie stellt für selektionierte Patienten eine Erweiterung des therapeutischen Armamentariums dar, die in der First‑, Second- und Third-line-Behandlung eingesetzt werden kann.
Numerical simulation and experimental study of blade pitch effect on Darrieus straight-bladed wind turbine with high solidity
Authors: Babadi Soultanzadeh Milad , Moradi Alireza 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIncreasing the solidity in vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) leads to the decreased coefficient of performance (COP) despite the improved start-up performance. To overcome this problem, the pitch regulation system is proposed in this paper for increasing the solidity. In most of the previous investigations, the effect of pitch angle was tested on low-solidity VAWT at uniform flow conditions and low turbulence intensity in wind tunnel test sections, which are different from the real conditions. In this investigation, the influence of pitch angle on the aerodynamic performance of a small Darrieus-type straight-bladed high-solidity VAWT equipped with a pitch regulation system is investigated numerically and experimentally under realistic condition. The proposed numerical procedure is validated through experimental test results. The COP is measured and calculated at different tip speed ratios and two pitch angles of 0 and 5°. The results reveal 25% enhancement in maximum COP with the increase of pitch angle up to 5°. Moreover, according to the numerical results, higher accuracy can be obtained at lower tip speed ratios for both pitch angles. Then, the numerical method is employed to calculate the power (performance) and torque coefficients as a function of Azimuth position as well as the flow field in rotor affected zone and lateral distance. It is found that increasing the pitch angle at a constant tip speed ratio is followed by accelerated vorticity generation, occurrence of maximum COP at lower tip speed ratio and smoother velocity profile in lateral distances of the rotor.
Eustatic and local tectonic impact on the Late Ordovician – early Silurian facies evolution on the SW margin of peri-Baltica (the southern Holy Cross Mountains, Poland)
Authors: Trela Wiesław 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis paper provides insight into the Late Ordovician to earliest Silurian evolution of sedimentary environments in the southern Holy Cross Mountains (SE Poland), which at that time were a part of the SW periphery of Baltica. The facies layout in this area was influenced by the basement block faulting, which differentiated the basin bathymetry into submarine horst and grabens, controlling facies distribution. However, the local tectonism was insufficient to fully mask the global eustatic events. Therefore, it is possible to correlate some facies changes in the Upper Ordovician and lower Llandovery sedimentary record of the southern Holy Cross Mountains with eustatic and palaeoceanographic changes reported worldwide. The most noticeable influence of eustasy on the sedimentary record in the studied area occurs at the Ordovician/Silurian boundary. It is manifested by Hirnantian regressive coarse-grained clastic sediments overlain by a post-glacial anoxic/dysoxic interval represented by the Rhuddanian transgressive black cherts and shales. It is noteworthy that the pre- and post-Hirnantian sedimentary environments in the southern Holy Cross Mountains were affected by upwelling induced by the SE trade winds.
ON THE CHOW RING OF CERTAIN LEHN–LEHN–SORGER–VAN STRATEN EIGHTFOLDS
Authors: CAMERE CHIARA , CATTANEO ALBERTO , LATERVEER ROBERT 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe consider a 10-dimensional family of Lehn–Lehn–Sorger–van Straten hyperkähler eightfolds, which have a non-symplectic automorphism of order 3. Using the theory of finite-dimensional motives, we show that the action of this automorphism on the Chow group of 0-cycles is as predicted by the Bloch–Beilinson conjectures. We prove a similar statement for the anti-symplectic involution on varieties in this family. This has interesting consequences for the intersection product of the Chow ring of these varieties.
Totally implantable active middle-ear implants: a large, single-surgeon cohort
Authors: McCarty Walsh E , Morrison D R , McFeely W J 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate hearing outcomes and device safety in a large, single-surgeon experience with the totally implantable active middle-ear implants.MethodsThis was a retrospective case series review of 116 patients with moderate-to-severe sensorineural hearing loss undergoing implantation of active middle-ear implants.ResultsMean baseline unaided pure tone average improved from 57.6 dB before surgery to 34.1 dB post-operatively, signifying a mean gain in pure tone average of 23.5 dB (p = 0.0002). Phonetically balanced maximum word recognition score improved slightly from 70.5 per cent to 75.8 per cent (p = 0.416), and word recognition score at a hearing level of 50 dB values increased substantially from 14.4 per cent to 70.4 per cent (p < 0.0001). Both revision and explant rates were low and dropped with increasing surgeon experience over time.ConclusionThis study showed excellent post-operative hearing results with active middle-ear implants with regard to pure tone average and word recognition score at a hearing level of 50 db. Complication rates in this case series were significantly lower with increasing experience of the surgeon. Active middle-ear implants should be considered in appropriate patients with moderate-to-severe sensorineural hearing loss who have struggled with conventional amplification and are good surgical candidates.