bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Motionless Spores (Stato - Spores) of Volvox Globator
Authors: Hicks J. Braxton 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
I believe that the condition of the zoospores of Volvox have not been observed beyond the time when, in the autumn, the imperfectly or partially formed daughters in their early segmenting stage, or in their encysted state (testing spores), are set free by solution of the parent envelope. I shall, in the following lines, be able to show that there is yet another stage through which they pass.
Outline of British Fungology
Authors: Berkeley M. J 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In his preface the author says, “The object of this work is to furnish materials for the correct determination of the larger British fungi, and such only as require nothing more than a common lens for their examination. In consequence, all microscopic details have, as far as it was possible, been avoided.” At the same time, any work issuing from the pen of Mr. Berkeley demands a notice from us. Even the largest and commonest forms of fungi cannot be fully understood without the aid of the microscope, and the more completely they are investigated by its aid, the more instructive they become. We would call the attention of our readers to the fact that a large field of interesting inquiry lies before them in the investigation of the structure and functions of the fungi. Minute organisms, which play an important part in the great operations of nature, belong to this group of plants, and it is only by the application of the microscope that we can hope to discover the nature of the laws which regulate their existence and development. Mr. Berkeley, in a few introductory chapters, gives a sketch of the various points of interest which the investigation of the fungi, as a family, presents to the student of nature.
Marvels of Pond Life; or, a Year’s Microscopic Recreations
Authors: Slack Henry J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Mr. Slack has kept a diary of his observations with the microscope, and has dared to publish the result. We say “dared,” because we think it required a little courage on his part to publish a series of observations which many persons more competent than himself would have shrunk from. Yet the beginner with the microscope will be grateful to Mr. Slack for all the details which he has presented to him in this little book, and which the more dignified philosopher might think almost entirely beneath his notice. What really interests the great mass of the world is not the advancement of science, but little peeps at the wonders of nature, for which alone their limited or one-sided education has fitted them. It is not because a man has been educated at one of our universities, that he requires for his delectation in natural science short descriptions of natural objects in Latin. No, he too must begin with the child; and, if he would learn the mysteries of organization, must take his dipping-bottle to the pond side, and feel an interest, in common with Mr. Slack, in marvelling over the structures he has thus secured. We shall not, therefore, attempt to be critical on Mr. Slacks volume, but express our welcome at the heartiness with which he enters into microscopical work, and the interest he has succeeded in throwing into his researches. Of course, as his investigations were confined to fresh water, the great mass of his observations are on the infusorial animalcules and the rotifers. Here is his account of catching one of the rarer forms of the last class: —
On a Crustacean Parasite of Nereis Cultrifera, Grube
Authors: Mcintosh W. C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Crustacean parasites (Ectozoa) of the Annelids would not appear to be very common; but this may arise in some measure from their having been overlooked, rather than from their actual rarity. So far as I at present am aware, Dr. H. Kröyer is the only author who has described such a parasite upon an Annelid (‘Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift,’ 1864, p. 403, Tab. 18, f. 6, a—g). This species,Silenium polynoes, Kröyer, he found on an example of Polynoë cirrata,O. Fabricius, (the well-known and widely distribute Harmothoë imbricata, Lin.). In Sileniumpolynoes the body of the female is in the form of a simple saccate mass, with a petiolate process for attachment, and furnished with two flask-shaped ovaries at the posterior extremity. There are neither antennæ, rostrum, nor feet. The male, again, is much more minute, though more complex in organisation, for the produced anterior region of the cephalothorax is supplied with four pairs of feet, and the caudal process is triarticulate and setose. Dr. Baird also mentioned to me that he had seen a Small crustacean parasite attached to a foreign Lepidonotus, while examining the collections in the British Museum.
On some Freshwater Rhizopoda, New or Little-Known
Authors: Archer William 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In Diplophrys the body seems bounded by a definite integument very like the appearance in that respect of the form met with in our waters, which I would, as yet, identify as Plagiophrys spherica (Clap, et Lachm.); and the places for the passage forth of the tufts of pseudopodia are indicated, in examples met with in which they are not projected, by a little rounded depression. The internal amber-coloured body sometimes appears as if fractured into a number of portions, but these still clustered in pretty nearly the same spot. The region beyond the amber-coloured globule is pellucid and of somewhat bluish tint, with a few colourless granules.
On Imbedding Substances for Microscopic Section
Authors: Foster M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In Max Schultze’s ‘Archiv’ (vol. clxiv) is a short paper by Professor Klebs, in which that accomplished microscopist recommends the use of strong glycerine jelly for the purpose of imbedding objects previous to the preparation of microscopic sections. I have tried this repeatedly, but having failed to secure the advantages said to be gained by it, have fallen back upon the paraffin process, which, by the bye, we also owe to Professor Kleb’s ingenuity. As this method does not seem very popular in England, and is; morever, very badly described in Stricker’s ‘Handbuch,’ I venture to give a note of the details upon which success in it mainly depends.
Remarks on Opalina and its Contractile Vesicles, on Pachydermon and Annelidas Spermatophors
Authors: Lankester E. Ray 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In examining the anatomy of oligochætous Annelids, I have necessarily met with certain species of Opalina, that curious mouthless genus of Infusoria the life history of which, like that of so many of the class, is as yet quite unknown. Some notes on the Opalina Naidos of Dujardin, which abundantly infests the Nais serpentina, may not be uninteresting; at the same time, I offer some evidence as to the nature of the bodies which Professor Claparède considered to be Opalinoid parasites, and termed Pachydermon, figuring them from two species of the oligochæt Clitellio; but which I think, from the characters of some observed by me in another worm (namely, Limnodrilus) must be considered as packets of spermatozoa or spermatophore.
On some Migrations of Cells
Authors: Lankester E. Ray 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It has been remarked that the lower animals often furnish us with valuable evidence as to the signification of structures and appearances in higher organisms, or man himself, by placing before us those structures in an exaggerated or schematic way, enabling us, as it were by caricature, to catch the true meaning of an arrangement of parts not clearly comprehensible in the more complex form. Again, a valuable class of evidence is furnished by the study of comparative physiology in the kind of natural experiment which certain animals may exhibit in the absence or diminution or increase of organs present in man, the function of which is explained by the habits or condition of life of such animals. Even the in-vertebrata are capable of furnishing evidence of this kind—as, for instance, with regard to hæmoglobin, which is so curiously distributed among Mollusca, Crustacea, and Annelida.1 It is, perhaps, even more largely in the department of histology or minute anatomy that our knowledge of human structure is in intimate relation with the study of the lower animals, and, indeed, of plants, for the doctrine of Schwann was based on that of Schleiden. Modern ideas as to protoplasm and the character of cells in the tissues of the highest animals have proceeded from the study of the naked Rhizopoda, and increased knowledge of the histology of invertebrata is continually throwing fresh light on that of man himself.
On Spontaneous Generation and Evolution
Authors: Dyer W.T. Thiselton 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The value of a theory must be measured not only by the number of known facts which it correlates and explains, but chiefly also by its capacity for adding to actual knowledge in giving new turns to investigation. Whatever may be the different estimates of the modern philosophy of evolution from the first point of view, no one can doubt that it has supplied an immense stimulus to research in often unsuspected fields, while old ones have been reattacked by the help of new ideas and with no less advantage.
On the minute structure of certain hard parts of the genus cidaris
Authors: Stewart Charles 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
If we regard a natural classification of echinoderms as an indication of their genetic relationships, it requires all points of their development and structure to be known ; but as so complete a knowledge as this is rarely attained, some feature, whose modifications are easily recognised, generally has undue importance attached to it. In the hope of contributing to a more satisfactory classification of the recent regular Echinoidea,I have devoted sometime to the minute anatomy of this group of Echinoderms, and have found a remarkable constancy in their minute structure, by which species appearing closely allied can readily be distinguished, and groups as clearly indicated as by their more marked features. But I should wish it to be thoroughly understood that I in no way underrate the value of those parts of their anatomy which have long been used in determining the families genera and species : my object is rather to direct attention to some characters whose importance has not I think been fully recognised.
On Certain Methods which may be Employed in the Investigation of the Development of the Frog’s Egg
Authors: Moseley H. N. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
At the present period, at which frogs’ spawn is to be procured in abundance, I propose to give a short account of some methods which may be conveniently employed in the investigation of its development, hoping that they may be of some use to those interested in the subject. The first point is to obtain fresh spawn. This is best effected by catching a pair of frogs or toads, and keeping them in a largish vessel of water. The spawn should be taken away from the parents, and placed in plenty of fresh water as soon as extruded, and this water should be changed every day, so long as it is desired to preserve the ova or embryos alive.
On some Interesting Points concerning the Mode of Reproduction of the Bryozoa
Authors: Nitsche Hinrich 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A great many papers on Bryozoa have been published, but since the majority of them give mere descriptions of the various external forms of the colonies and single cells, our knowledge of the anatomy, histology, and mode of reproduction of these interesting animals is still very limited. A great advance as regards the latter point, the reproduction, is due to the researches made by Smitt a few years since. In his’ interesting paper “Om Hafbryozoernas utveckling koch fettkroppar,” 1 Smitt registers many new facts of such a nature as to throw quite unexpected light on the evolution of the Bryozoa. Every reader must be astonished by the immense store of precious observations accumulated on a few pages of Smitt’s memoir; but the conclusions and theories based upon these observations seem to be not always quite as correct as would be expected from so skilful and learned a naturalist.
On some Species of Parasites hitherto undescribed
Authors: Macalister Alexander 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the course of the dissection of some birds and mammals in the anatomy department of Trinity College, Dublin, I met with the following species of parasites, which I think are as yet undescribed. The animals from which these specimens were obtained were mostly purchased by the Bev. Dr. Haughton, from the Dublin Zoological Gardens, and I have looked in vain for the description of these species in the works of Denny, Walckenaer, Nitzsch, Burmeister, Giebel, or Rudow; so I suppose them to be as yet unnamed. The new species are as follows:
Observations on Pathological Changes in the Red Blood-Corpuscle
Authors: Hicks J. Braxton 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The numerous observations which have been made within the last ten or twelve years by the means of reagents have done much to elucidate the. construction and composition of the red corpuscle of the blood; but it has struck me, as probably it has done others, that these observations fail to satisfy the cravings of the vital pathologist, inasmuch as most of the reagents employed are not of a kind to be found in the body, or likely to come into contact with the corpuscle in the living subject; nor could the physiologist derive any satisfactory information from the effect of these kinds of experiments, because they were diverse from anything likely to be found in the healthy body, so that he could not argue from the effects produced to the ordinary healthy processes. I mean he could not, by them, presume to explain the growth or mode of origin of the red globule—the relationship between it and the white corpuscle or leucocyte. The rapidity of the change which takes place in the blood on leaving the body has always hindered the satisfactory observations which were needful. Some of this difficulty has been overcome by the moist and warm stages, as also by the electrical chambers, whereby vitality and activity are prolonged.
Note on the Imbedding of Crystals in the Walls of Plant-Cells
Authors: Dyer W. T. Thiselton 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In describing in the January number of this Journal the occurrence of strings of crystal-bearing cells on the outside of the fibro-vascular bundles of the Screw Pine, I remarked that the thickened walls of the cells almost adhere to the contained crystals. I believe the explanation of this circumstance is supplied by a paper published by Dr. E. Pfitzer during last March in the seventh, eighth, and ninth numbers of ‘Flora.’ Count Solms had pointed out in the ‘Botanische Zeitung,’ in 1871, that crystals of calcium oxalate are formed within the actual substance of the cell-wall itself. His observations were made upon Coniferœ, and Dr. Pfitzer, in his paper, describes a similar occurrence in the leaf-parenchyma of some species of Dracœna. But in the case of Citrus vulgaris, where crystals occur apparently more or less completely imbedded in the cell-wall. Dr. Pfitzer has shown that the history of their formation is different. They originate, in fact, free from any attachment, in the middle of the protoplasmic cell-contents (fig. 1). Subsequently they appear, still without contracting any adhesion, to receive a coating of cellulose. In the mean time the wall of the cell in which the crystal is contained (the occurrence of two within the same cell being rare) undergoes thickening, and this incrustation, which seems not to take place uniformly, ultimately brings the cell-wall into contact with one of the angles of the contained crystal. The deposition of cellulose still continuing (fig. 2), the crystal comes, at last, in some cases to be more than half buried in it; the newest layers of the cell-wall are continued over its whole surface, and the cavity of the cell becomes exceedingly reduced, and finally even obliterated.
The beginnings of life: being some account of the nature, modes of origin, and transformations of lower organisms
Authors: Bastian H. Charlton 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The publication of this book is a very serious matter, as well for the reputation of English science as for the cause of the diffusion of sound knowledge among the wider public.. It contains either the exposition of a great discovery and the final demonstration of the truth of views on the nature and origin of living forms which have long been urged on men of science, and as such is a grand triumph for its author, placing him in the position which he would doubtless claim for himself, not second even to Darwin—or, it is ah inexcusable compilation of trash, and a disgrace to its author and his position.
The Development and Growth of the Layers of the Blastoderm
Authors: Balfour F. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The following paper deals with the changes which take place in the cells of the blastoderm of the hen’s egg during the first thirty or forty hours of incubation. The subject is one which has, as a general rule, not been much followed up by embryologists, but is nevertheless of the greatest interest, both in reference to embryology itself, and to the growth and changes of protoplasm exhibited in simple embryonic cells. I am far from having exhausted the subject in this paper, and in some cases I shall be able merely to state facts, without being able to give any explanation of their meaning.
The Development of the Bloodvessels of the Chick
Authors: Balfour F. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The development of the first blood-vessels of the yolk-sac of the chick has been investigated by a large number of observers, but with very discordant results. A good historical résumé of the subject will be found in a paper of Dr. Klein (liii Band der ‘K. Akad. der Wissensch. der Wien’), its last investigator.
A Note on Endothelium
Authors: Cavafy John 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the last number of this Journal1 there is a paper by Dr. M. Foster, “On the term Endothelium,” in which he gives various reasons against the further use of this word in histological terminology. He objects to the word, both because its etymology is “of the most grotesque kind,” and also on far more important anatomical grounds.
On the Thread Blight of Tea
Authors: Berkeley M. J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The tea plant, like every other subject of cultivation, is exposed to its own peculiar enemies within the animal and vegetable kingdom. The leaves are often mottled with black spots, which were first supposed to be due to a minute fungus, but which have been ascertained to be caused by a little bug belonging to the division Capsidæ.
Some Remarks about the Minute Anatomy of Mediterranean Nemerteans
Authors: Hubrecht A. A. W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A Study of some fifteen different species of Nemerteans from the Bay of Naples at Dr. Dohrn’s zoological station as well as an investigation of the scanty specimens inhabiting the Dutch coasts, have led me to results which have often confirmed, but which have not seldom differed from and contradicted the conclusions and views entertained by Mr. Macintosh in his latest monographical treatises on the subject,1 in which the British species are exclusively alluded to. It is these points of confirmation and criticism which I want to put together in the following lines, although they have been incorporated already in the more extensive description of my researches, published elsewhere.2 In this brief extract I will follow the arrangement of Mr. MacIntosh’s extensive treatise—yet without describing the Enopla and An opla separately as is done there, comparing successively his principal observations with mine.
On Amphiporus spectabilis, De Quatrefages, and other Nemerteans
Authors: Mintosh W. C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The description of Amphiporus spectabilis (Drepanophorus, Hubrecht) in the ‘British Annelids,’ Part I, published by the Ray Society, was drawn up from a single fine example procured off Guernsey, but, as formerly stated,1 its rapid dissolution after spawning prevented so minute an examination of the proboscis and other parts as might have been wished. It then appeared clear that the animal was a true representative of the Amphipofidæ, and further opportunity of examination does not alter its relationship to any degree. I have, however, to acknowledge that the doubts expressed as to the accuracy of the description given by the distinguished M. de Quatrefages, of the structure of the central stylet of the proboscis of this species were without foundation, for though I have not yet had an opportunity of seeing the peculiar curved central stylet or its surroundings, the representations of Dr. Hubrecht, 1 the able Conservator of the Museum at Leyden, and the remarks by M. Marion,2show that M. de Quatrefages was quite right when he doubtfully (as he had mislaid his drawings) alluded to this peculiar arrangement. I have to thank Dr. Hubrecht for kindly sending me a specimen and fragmentary proboscis of his Drepanophorus rubrostriatus (a form probably identical with that of M. de Quatrefages) from Naples, and thus permitting me to clear up most of my doubts, as well as to make some additional observations.
Observations on the Glandular Epithelium and Division of Nuclei in the Skin of Newt
Authors: Klein E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In number 17 of the ‘Centralblatt f. med. Wiss.,’ 1879, I have described giant nuclei of the huge epithelial cells lining the large saccular glands of the skin—tail—of newt (Triton cristatus). I have shown that these nuclei, when examined fresh in aqueous humor of frog, show an exceedingly distinct network of more or less uniform fibrils and trabeculæ ; owing to the large size of the nuclei their network can be seen in all its details even under a low power. Many of these giant nuclei show in the network of the highly refractive fibres and trabeculæ cylindrical or irregular accumulations corresponding to nucleoli, others are free of them. I have also shown that both the nucleoli, when they exist, and the fibrils and trabeculæ, possess vacuoles ; and further, that on the warm stage the intranuclear network shows contraction, whereby the outline of the nucleus changes in a similar manner as in cells while undergoing amoeboid movement.
On the Early Development of the Lacertilia, together with some Observations on the Nature and Relations of the Primitive Streak
Authors: Balfour F. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Till quite recently no observations were recorded on the early developmental changes of the reptilian ovum. Not long ago Professors Kupffer and Benecke published a preliminary note on the early development of Lacerta, agilis and Emys Europea.1 I have myself also been able to make some observations on the embryo of Lacerta muralis. The number of my embryos has been somewhat limited, and most of those which I have had have been preserved in bichromate of potash, which has turned out a far from satisfactory hardening reagent. In spite of these difficulties I have been led on some points to very different results from those of the German investigators, and to results which are more in accordance with what we know of other Sauropsidan types. I commence with a short account of the results of Kupffer and Benecke.