bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three‐Dimensional Unstructured Magnetization Vector Inversion and Modeling of Planetary Equivalent Toroidal Currents for Earth’s Magnetic Field Analysis
Authors: Zuo Boxin , Hu Xiangyun , Wang Lizhe , Cai Yi , Kass Mason Andrew 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThis study introduces a pioneering methodology for modeling the Earth’s geomagnetic field, departing from traditional reliance on current loops by employing a three‐dimensional (3‐D) geometric equivalent toroidal current source. We propose a 3‐D unstructured magnetization vector inversion method aimed at inverting the geomagnetic vector field data set to construct an equivalent magnetization source. Subsequently, this constructed source is utilized to solve for the distribution of equivalent toroidal currents. Our objective is to elucidate and analyze potential distributions of toroidal currents within the core space. Diverging from conventional practices that estimate only seven parameters for a current loop, our research undertakes the inversion of millions of current parameters across the entire 3‐D core space. This strategy eliminates the need for presuppositions regarding the current’s positions or its topological characteristics, significantly enhancing our capability to depict the possible geometry of toroidal currents. These advancements show considerable promise for modeling the geomagnetic field with high precision, transforming complex equivalent sources into more comprehensible forms, and offering profound implications for our understanding of Earth’s magnetic environment.
Understanding the Seismic Signature of Transtensional Opening in the Reykjanes Peninsula Rift Zone, SW Iceland
Authors: Büyükakpınar Pınar , Isken Marius Paul , Heimann Sebastian , Dahm Torsten , Kühn Daniela , Starke Juliane , López Comino José Ángel , Cesca Simone , Doubravová Jana , Gudnason Egill Árni , Ágústsdóttir Thorbjörg 
Published: December 2024

AbstractWe analyze seismicity and centroid moment tensors (CMTs) on the Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland, during the early phase of a widespread unrest period that led to multiple fissure eruptions between 2021 and 2024. We use a dense temporary seismic array, together with fiber‐optic distributed acoustic sensing data, and incorporate first‐motion polarities into the CMT inversion to improve accuracy, generating a total of 300 robust CMT solutions for magnitudes , focusing on 83 reliable earthquakes for interpretation. The CMTs predominantly exhibit shallow strike‐slip faulting, with a few normal faulting events compatible with tectonic stress. Interestingly, significant positive isotropic components are resolved, contributing up to 15% of the moment release. We also develop a new high‐resolution seismic catalog of 34,407 events and show that larger shallow earthquakes at the plate boundary are preceded by the slow upward migration of microearthquakes from below, suggesting that intruding magmatic fluids interact with the oblique plate boundary to trigger slow slip events. We interpret our results as the seismic response to transtensional motion at the plate boundary in the brittle upper crust under shear, in response to stress changes induced by the intrusion of pressurized fluids in the lower crust. The complex interaction of multiple subparallel dikes with the plate boundary fault contributes to a broader deformation band that accommodates both tectonic and magmatic stresses. While the location and magnitude of the CMTs correlate with reactivated surface fractures and faults, the locations of intense, deep microseismic swarms indicate the sites of future fissure eruptions.
Virtual reality-assisted prediction of adult ADHD based on eye tracking, EEG, actigraphy and behavioral indices: a machine learning analysis of independent training and test samples
Authors: Wiebe Annika , Selaskowski Benjamin , Paskin Martha , Asché Laura , Pakos Julian , Aslan Behrem , Lux Silke , Philipsen Alexandra , Braun Niclas 
Published: December 2024

AbstractGiven the heterogeneous nature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the absence of established biomarkers, accurate diagnosis and effective treatment remain a challenge in clinical practice. This study investigates the predictive utility of multimodal data, including eye tracking, EEG, actigraphy, and behavioral indices, in differentiating adults with ADHD from healthy individuals. Using a support vector machine model, we analyzed independent training (n = 50) and test (n = 36) samples from two clinically controlled studies. In both studies, participants performed an attention task (continuous performance task) in a virtual reality seminar room while encountering virtual distractions. Task performance, head movements, gaze behavior, EEG, and current self-reported inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity were simultaneously recorded and used for model training. Our final model based on the optimal number of features (maximal relevance minimal redundancy criterion) achieved a promising classification accuracy of 81% in the independent test set. Notably, the extracted EEG-based features had no significant contribution to this prediction and therefore were not included in the final model. Our results suggest the potential of applying ecologically valid virtual reality environments and integrating different data modalities for enhancing robustness of ADHD diagnosis.
Neuropsychological profiles of patients suffering from hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD): A comparative analysis with psychedelic-using and non-using controls
Authors: Leistenschneider Georg , Majić Tomislav , Reiche Simon , Riemer Thomas G. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractClassic psychedelics like LSD and psilocybin are showing promising effects in treating certain psychiatric disorders. Despite their low toxicity and lack of an addictive potential, in some individuals, psychedelics can be associated with persisting psychological harms. Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) is one of those complications, a rare disorder characterized by enduring perceptual symptoms without impaired reality control. While the phenomenological aspects of HPPD have been characterized, the neuropsychological consequences have remained understudied. This study probes the neuropsychological profiles of eight individuals with HPPD, utilizing a comprehensive test battery. Performance is benchmarked against normative data and compared with two control groups, each comprising eight matched subjects—with and without prior psychedelic use. The assessment of individual performances revealed below average results in tests of visual memory and executive function in some subjects. No significant differences were observed in alpha-adjusted comparisons with controls, whereas unadjusted analyses were suggestive of impaired executive functions among HPPD patients. Together, these preliminary results underline the need for further focused research into the neuropsychological dimensions of HPPD.
No impairment of quality of life after radiotherapy for prostate cancer
Authors: Meier Maria M. , Koelbl Oliver , Gruber Isabella 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThere are concerns that radiotherapy for prostate cancer influences health-related quality of life in the long term. Furthermore, it is unclear whether postoperative radiotherapy is associated with a different quality of life due to a higher treatment burden compared to patients having received definitive radiotherapy for prostate cancer. This study enrolled 247 patients with localized or locally advanced prostate cancer who received external radiotherapy between 2011 and 2021. Health-related quality of life was assessed at a median of 63.6 months after radiotherapy using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer quality of life questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) with 145 patients returning questionnaires (response rate, 58.7%). Four patients treated with adjuvant radiotherapy were excluded due to the small number, resulting in 141 participants who received salvage radiotherapy (70 men) or definitive radiotherapy (71 men). The study compared the quality of life with age- and sex-matched German normative data. Patients completed the questionnaires after a median time of 60.3 and 65.2 months after salvage and definitive radiotherapy. The median patient age was higher in the definitive than in the salvage radiotherapy group (at radiotherapy, 72 vs. 69 years; at the survey, 79 vs. 75 years). Global health status, functional scales (physical, role, emotional, cognitive, and social), and symptom scales were not different between cancer patients of the same age group treated with salvage and definitive radiotherapy. The comparison with age- and sex-matched normative data revealed that salvage and definitive radiotherapy did not impair the global health status in patients of any age group. Physical functioning in patients < 70 years was significantly better in salvage and definitive radiotherapy groups compared to normative data while showing clinical relevance. Yet, social functioning was significantly lower in patients ≥ 70 years of the salvage radiotherapy group compared to normative data, while this difference lacked clinical significance. Regardless of the type of radiotherapy applied, cancer patients had no statistically or clinically relevant higher symptom burden compared to normative data. Quality of life was not clinically relevant influenced by radiotherapy, regardless of whether patients received salvage or definitive radiotherapy. Yet, longitudinal measurements of quality of life after radiotherapy are required to detect fluctuations in quality of life.
Big2Small: Learning from masked image modelling with heterogeneous self‐supervised knowledge distillation
Authors: Wang Ziming , Han Shumin , Wang Xiaodi , Hao Jing , Cao Xianbin , Zhang Baochang 
Published: December 2024

AbstractSmall convolutional neural network (CNN)‐based models usually require transferring knowledge from a large model before they are deployed in computationally resource‐limited edge devices. Masked image modelling (MIM) methods achieve great success in various visual tasks but remain largely unexplored in knowledge distillation for heterogeneous deep models. The reason is mainly due to the significant discrepancy between the transformer‐based large model and the CNN‐based small network. In this paper, the authors develop the first heterogeneous self‐supervised knowledge distillation (HSKD) based on MIM, which can efficiently transfer knowledge from large transformer models to small CNN‐based models in a self‐supervised fashion. Our method builds a bridge between transformer‐based models and CNNs by training a UNet‐style student with sparse convolution, which can effectively mimic the visual representation inferred by a teacher over masked modelling. Our method is a simple yet effective learning paradigm to learn the visual representation and distribution of data from heterogeneous teacher models, which can be pre‐trained using advanced self‐supervised methods. Extensive experiments show that it adapts well to various models and sizes, consistently achieving state‐of‐the‐art performance in image classification, object detection, and semantic segmentation tasks. For example, in the Imagenet 1K dataset, HSKD improves the accuracy of Resnet‐50 (sparse) from 76.98% to 80.01%.
Significantly enhanced DC breakdown strength and high‐temperature resistivity of cross‐linked polyethylene through alloying polystyrene strategy
Authors: Ahmed Muneeb , Zhong Lisheng , Gao Jinghui , Li Fei , Xu Nuo , Li Wenpeng , Cao Liang 
Published: December 2024

AbstractDeveloping a stable insulation material stands as a crucial challenge for high‐voltage direct current (HVDC) cable insulation. This work proposes an alloying strategy to significantly enhance the breakdown strength and high‐temperature resistivity of cross‐linked polyethylene (XLPE). The strategy involves blending low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) with polystyrene (PS), resulting in a polymeric alloy. Confirmation of PS alloying within XLPE is supported by observed shifts in polyethylene miller indices (110) and (200) planes. The dicumyl peroxide used as a crosslinking agent demonstrates an ideal 1.41% enhancement in LDPE‐PS crosslinking. The integration of aromatic ethers in the cross‐linked network enhances temperature stability. Alloying PS at 220°C in XLPE leads to improved inter‐molecular interactions and increased interfacial area, creating a sea–island morphology that resolves voids and limits defect or crack propagation by forming additional trapping sites. The enhanced breakdown strength and reduced conductivity of XLPE‐PS are attributed to increased deep trapping sites and reduced carrier mobility resulting from alloying. The reduced conductivity at 70°C and 90°C demonstrates stability under electric fields. Remarkable breakdown strength improvements of 27.5% and 23.6% are observed at 30°C and 50°C. The proposed alloying strategy suggests replacing XLPE with advanced XLPE‐PS, offering promising prospects for HVDC insulation.
Review on 6G communication and its architecture, technologies included, challenges, security challenges and requirements, applications, with respect to AI domain
Authors: Bhide Pranita , Shetty Dhanush , Mikkili Suresh 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe evolution of wireless communication systems has led to the emergence of the sixth generation (6G) communication architecture, characterised by transformative technologies and novel paradigms that transcend the capabilities of its predecessors. This paper presents an overview of the various aspects of 6G communication architecture, focusing on its technologies, challenges, and applications within the domain of artificial intelligence (AI). The abstract provides an overview of a review on 6G communication, focusing on its architecture, technologies, challenges, security concerns, and requirements within the context of the AI domain. The paper explores the evolving landscape of wireless communication, delving into the anticipated features and capabilities of 6G networks. The architecture emphasises the integration of AI‐driven elements, such as intelligent resource allocation and autonomous network management. Various technologies, including terahertz frequencies and integrated satellite networks, are discussed in terms of their potential to reshape connectivity paradigms. However, alongside the promises, a multitude of challenges arise. These encompass spectrum scarcity at terahertz frequencies, energy efficiency concerns, and the need for global standardisation. Addressing security challenges is crucial, considering the expanded attack surface and the integration of AI‐powered functionalities. The paper also delineates the stringent requirements that 6G must fulfil, spanning ultra‐low latency, high bandwidth, massive device connectivity, and reliable communication. Contextualising these discussions, the review highlights applications within the AI domain that stand to benefit from 6G advancements. These include edge AI, augmented reality, autonomous systems, and IoT‐enabled environments. By synergising cutting‐edge wireless capabilities with AI‐driven intelligence, 6G is poised to revolutionise industries and societal experiences in unprecedented ways.
Magnetometry: Solving the fundamental ambiguity from line pair inversion
Authors: Bommier Véronique 
Published: December 2024

Context. All magnetic field vector measurements lead to ambiguous results.
Aims. We demonstrate that carrying out observations in two different lines belonging to the same multiplet, but with different absorption coefficients (and thus formed at two different depths, e.g., Fe I 6302.5 Å and 6301.5 Å) allow for the azimuth ambiguity remaining from the Zeeman signal interpretation to be resolved.
Methods. The measurement based on an interpretation of the Zeeman effect relates to the magnetic field, H, and not the divergence-free magnetic induction, B. We analyzed how the anisotropy of the photosphere, which is strongly stratified due to gravity and density at the star surface, affects the estimation of div H. We also considered how the ambiguity resolution ought to be performed in these conditions.
Results. We obtained two ambiguity-resolved field vector maps at two different, but nonetheless close altitudes. This allowed us to derive the current density full vector via curl H = J. The process revealed the horizontal component of the current density, which is generally found to be markedly larger than the better known vertical one. We observed some systematical trends and present some examples in this paper, such as circular currents wrapping spots clockwise about a positive polarity spot and counterclockwise about a negative polarity spot. We also detail the strong horizontal current components crossing active region neutral lines.
Conclusions. Finally, we remark that the Na I D1 and D2 lines form another such line pair. We propose them as a way to access the low chromosphere where they are formed. However, a better spatial resolution for both observations and analysis would likely be necessary in such a medium.
Debonding Characteristic and Survival Probability of Adhesive Flash-Free Ceramic Orthodontic Brackets Following pH Cycling
Authors: Soliman Tarek Ahmed , Robaian Ali , Alqhtani Nasser Raqe , Alshehri Abdullah , Alqahtahni Abdullah Saad , Aljulayfi Ibrahim Saleh , Alazzazi Magdy , Elkaffas Ali , AlGhannam Shahad Saleh , Ghorab Sayed 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Objectives Orthodontic bracket bond failure is an obstacle in clinical orthodontics. This study investigated the influence of pH cycling on the shear bond strength (SBS), adhesive remnant index (ARI), and survival probability of adhesive-precoated flash-free ceramic brackets.
Materials and Methods Forty mandibular premolars were randomly divided into two groups (n = 20): C: noncoated orthodontic brackets, and F: flash-free adhesive-precoated orthodontic brackets. Each group was subdivided into two subgroups according to storage medium solutions (n = 10): in subgroup AS, specimens were immersed in artificial saliva for 24 hours, and in Subgroup ASL, specimens were recycled between a demineralizing solution and an artificial saliva for 42 days. Within each subgroup, specimens were subjected to SBS and ARI testing. SBS data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA (analysis of variance) and Tukey's post-hoc test. Weibull analysis was performed on the SBS data to determine the characteristic SBS and their survival probabilities.
Results Flash-free adhesive-precoated brackets had higher significant (p < 0.001) SBS values in both the AS group (17.74 ± 1.74 MPa) and the ASL group (12.61 ± 1.40 MPa) compared with the noncoated bracket (10.67 ± 1.55 and 7.89 ± 1.39 MPa, respectively). The ARI scores for the noncoated brackets in the AS group were 70% occurrence for score 1, while 90% for score 1 in the ASL group. For the flash-free precoated brackets, ARI scores were 70% occurrence for score 2 in the AS group, while 80% for score 2 in the ASL group. Flash-free brackets had higher SBS in both AS and ASL groups (14.07 and 9.76 MPa, respectively), at 95% survival probability.
Conclusion Flash-free orthodontic brackets performed better in terms of significantly higher bond strength and higher ARI scores. Meanwhile, noncoated brackets revealed acceptable SBS results in both storage medium groups. Flash-free brackets showed higher survival than the noncoated brackets in both storage medium groups at 90% survival probability.
Sparganosis of the Cauda Equina: A Rare Case of Lower Thoracic Cord Edema and Diagnostic Challenges
Authors: Iampreechakul Prasert , Angsusing Chonlada , Hangsapruek Sunisa , Thammachantha Samasuk , Tanpun Adisak 
Published: December 2024

AbstractSparganosis is a rare parasitic infection caused by the larvae of Spirometra species, with spinal involvement being exceedingly uncommon. We present the case of a 46-year-old woman with progressive lower limb weakness, sensory deficits, and bowel and bladder dysfunction over a 3-month period. Initial magnetic resonance imaging revealed an abnormal intradural lesion from L2 to S2, along with thoracic spinal cord edema, raising suspicion for a spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF). After referral to our institution, further imaging ruled out DAVF, and findings suggested arachnoiditis and radiculitis of the lumbosacral nerve roots. The patient underwent a laminectomy, revealing inflamed arachnoid membranes and diffuse yellowish-whitish granulation tissue adherent to the cauda equina, which histopathological analysis confirmed as sparganosis. Postoperatively, the patient showed improved motor strength, although bowel and bladder dysfunction persisted. This case highlights the diagnostic challenges of spinal sparganosis, the need for early surgical intervention, and the importance of considering parasitic infections in endemic regions.
Insurance demand: a historical long-run perspective (1850–2020)
Authors: Kohl Sebastian , Römer Matthias 
Published: December 2024

AbstractExisting research on how international insurance demand varies with income is largely driven by cross-sectional variation post-1970. Drawing on newly collected historical long-run data on life insurance premiums starting as early as 1850 to 2020 for 20 OECD countries, we evaluate the ‘S-Curve’ predicting insurance demand as each country transitions through different income levels. In contrast to predictions in the literature, we reject the ‘S-curve’, but identify a two-bump curve with two high-elasticity episodes, one driven by a massive expansion of life insurance contracts at the end of the 19th century to ensure mortality risks and the other in the late 20th century driven by a shift to savings products. This could imply that the longitudinal catching-up process of countries with low insurance density may be steeper than what the cross-sectional ‘S-Curve’ would suggest.
Series expansion of a scalable Hermitian excitonic renormalization method
Authors: Bauer Marco , Dreuw Andreas , Dutoi Anthony D. 
Published: December 2024

Utilizing the sparsity of the electronic structure problem, fragmentation methods have been researched for decades with great success, pushing the limits of ab initio quantum chemistry ever further. Recently, this set of methods has been expanded to include a fundamentally different approach called excitonic renormalization, providing promising initial results. It builds a supersystem Hamiltonian in a second-quantized-like representation from transition-density tensors of isolated fragments, contracted with biorthogonalized molecular integrals. This makes the method fully modular in terms of the quantum chemical methods applied to each fragment and enables massive truncation of the state-space required. Proof-of-principle tests have previously shown that an excitonically renormalized Hamiltonian can efficiently scale to hundreds of fragments, but the ad hoc approach to building the Hamiltonian was not scalable to larger fragments. On the other hand, initial tests of the originally proposed modular Hamiltonian build, presented here, show the accuracy to be poor on account of its non-Hermitian character. In this study, we bridge the gap between these with an operator expansion that is shown to converge rapidly, tending toward a Hermitian Hamiltonian while retaining the modularity, yielding an accurate, scalable method. The accuracy is tested here for a beryllium dimer. At distances near equilibrium and longer, the zeroth-order method is comparable to coupled-cluster singles, doubles, and perturbative triples and the first-order method is comparable to full configuration interaction (FCI). The second-order method agrees with FCI for distances well up the inner repulsive wall of the potential. Deviations occurring at shorter bond distances are discussed along with approaches to scaling to larger fragments.