bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhibitory effects of Chinese quince fruit proanthocyanidins with different polymerisation degrees on the formation of heterocyclic aromatic amines in chemical model systems
Authors: Wang Shou‐Tao , Zhuo Wen‐Ling , Dan Ya‐Qian , Qin Zhao , Zhang Chen‐Xia , Xi Jun , Liu Hua‐Min , Ma Yu‐Xiang , Wang Xue‐De 
Published: October 2021

SummaryProanthocyanidins with different polymerisation degrees were extracted from Chinese quince fruits by subcritical ethanol/water into four fractions (F1‐F4), which were then analysed using UPLC‐MS/MS, GPC and thiolysis combined with RP‐HPLC MS and MALDI‐TOF MS (matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry). The inhibitory effects of these proanthocyanidins on the formation of heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCAs), such as norharman, harman and PhIP, in chemical model systems were determined. The results reflected that the mean degree of polymerisation (DP) of proanthocyanidins in fractions F1, F2, F3 and F4 were 8.0, 12.7, 27.5 and 64.9, respectively. All four fractions prominently and dose‐dependently reduced the formation of HCAs at concentrations of 0.5, 1 and 2 mg mL−1 in chemical models. F1, the fraction richest in oligomers, had the most effective inhibition of harman, norharman and PhIP, with the levels reduced by 65.71%, 37.15% and 72.99%, respectively, when used at a concentration of 2 mg mL−1. The mean DP of proanthocyanidins showed negative correlation with the inhibition of HCA formation (R2= −0.697 for norharman, −0.799 for PhIP and −0.758 for harman). These findings suggest that proanthocyanidins from Chinese quince fruit have the potential to be used as additives to reduce the levels of heterocyclic amines in foods.
Study on the evaluation standard of extruded glutinous rice starch with thermostable α‐ amylase for making Chinese rice wine
Authors: Guan Zhongjing , Ren Xiaoru , Bian Shichao , Xu Enbo , Jiao Aiquan , Jin Zhengyu 
Published: October 2021

SummaryTo promote the industrial production of Chinese rice wine made by enzymatic extrudates, the first is to ensure the consistency of the raw material. That is, an evaluation standard of enzymatic extrudate should be set up. It was studied for the first time. By studying the changes of seven indexes of samples at different sites of extruder barrel and the die along the extrusion direction and making the correlation analysis to select the representative indexes. The results showed that the change trends of dextrose equivalent (DE), molecular weight distribution (MWD) and oligosaccharide composition (OC) were the same, and these indexes were more affected by mechanical force than by temperature. The ability of degradation of different zones was: conveying area < kneading area << exit of the die. There was little difference in extent of gelatinisation (GE) at the temperature where the enzyme activity was relatively high. Different from DE value, water solubility index (WSI) rose gradually. Surprisingly, DE was negatively correlated with GE, and positively correlated with oligosaccharides except DP1 and DP6, and had no significant correlation with water absorption index (WAI) and WSI. In conclusion, DE, WSI, DPD (especially DP6) could be used as a comprehensive evaluation index of enzymatic extrudates.
Potential Health Hazards of Roadside Springs: Results from Central New York
Authors: Sinton Christopher W. , Olivieri Matthew , Perry Tara , Stoddard Katherine , Kresge Ryan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAcross the United States, groundwater springs adjacent to roadways have been developed as unregulated drinking water sources. We attempted to address two basic questions: 1) why do people collect water at these springs; and 2) is the water safe to drink? We conducted a study during 2015‐2019 of seven springs in central New York State that included a survey of 199 users and analysis of the water for common dissolved constituents and bacteria. The survey of water users showed that over 70% of respondents use the springs at least multiple times per month for drinking water and the majority collect more than five gallons per visit. More than 80% of the users live farther than three miles from the springs and a recurring reason for drinking the spring water is that the taste is better than the water available at their homes. However, all the springs at some point tested positive for total coliform bacteria and all but one tested positive at least once for fecal coliform bacteria, meaning that 86% of the springs at some point did not meet U.S. municipal drinking water standards. None of the measured dissolved constituents exceeded drinking water standards, but one spring that exhibited elevated nitrate is downslope from a small cattle operation which may be affecting nutrient values in the water. Most of these springs appear to be fed by shallow, unconfined aquifers that are susceptible to contamination from nearby land uses that are not readily apparent from the roadside collection locations.
Spatio‐temporal variation of macroinvertebrate metacommunity organization in a monsoon‐climate region
Authors: Li Zhengfei , Heino Jani , Song Zhuoyan , Jiang Xiaoming , Wang Jun , Liu Zhenyuan , Chen Xiao , Meng Xingliang , Zhang Junqian , Xie Zhicai 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAimDisentangling the drivers of community assembly and species diversity in space and time is critical to elucidating metacommunity theory. However, our understanding of how metacommunity structuring will change over time remains insufficient, especially in rivers in the monsoon climate zone. We examined whether (1) the idealized metacommunity structure is different among seasons and (2) the relative importance of underlying mechanisms on community assembly varies within and across tributaries as well as among seasons.LocationFive tributaries in the Hanjiang River Basin.TaxonMacroinvertebrates.MethodsBenthic macroinvertebrates and environmental data were collected seasonally (i.e. spring, summer, autumn and winter) from the same 70 sampling sites. The elements of metacommunity structure (EMS) framework was employed to identify which idealized topology best characterizes the actual metacommunity. Redundancy analysis and variance partitioning procedures were applied to determine key environmental and spatial factors and to examine their relative contributions to variation in community structure in different seasons.ResultsThe best‐fit metacommunity typologies were consistent over time, with metacommunity structure in each season displaying Clementsian gradients, characterized by high degrees of coherence and turnover, and positive boundary clumping. Environmental control prevailed over spatial processes in structuring macroinvertebrate communities, but their relative influence on community variation was context‐dependent. Particularly, environmental filtering was the predominant mechanism at the intermediate spatial scale. However, spatial processes had gradually stronger effects at smaller and larger extents.Main conclusionsBoth EMS analysis and the variance partitioning approach suggested environmental filtering was the principal structuring processes for macroinvertebrate assemblages throughout the year, although mass effects and dispersal limitation also played significant roles at smaller and larger spatial extents respectively. Considering that the most influential environmental factors shaping macroinvertebrate communities were variable across seasons, we argue that spatio‐temporal investigations would provide more information on community assembly than single snapshot studies.
Effective methods for isolation and purification of extracellular vesicles from plants
Authors: Huang Yifan , Wang Shumei , Cai Qiang , Jin Hailing 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPlant extracellular vesicles (EVs) play critical roles in the cross‐kingdom trafficking of molecules from hosts to interacting microbes, most notably in plant defense responses. However, the isolation of pure, intact EVs from plants remains challenging. A variety of methods have been utilized to isolate plant EVs from apoplastic washing fluid (AWF). Here, we compare published plant EV isolation methods, and provide our recommended method for the isolation and purification of plant EVs. This method includes a detailed protocol for clean AWF collection from Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, followed by EV isolation via differential centrifugation. To further separate and purify specific subclasses of EVs from heterogeneous vesicle populations, density gradient ultracentrifugation and immunoaffinity capture are then utilized. We found that immunoaffinity capture is the most precise method for specific EV subclass isolation when suitable specific EV biomarkers and their corresponding antibodies are available. Overall, this study provides a guide for the selection and optimization of EV isolation methods for desired downstream applications.
Self‐conscious emotions and breastfeeding support: A focused synthesis of UK qualitative research
Authors: Leeming Dawn , Marshall Joyce , Hinsliff Sophie 
Published: October 2021

AbstractResearch on women's experiences of infant feeding and related moral discourse suggests that self‐conscious emotions may be highly relevant to breastfeeding support interactions. However, the emotional impact of receiving support has not been fully explored. The aim of this review is to re‐examine qualitative UK research on receiving breastfeeding support, in order to explore the role of self‐conscious emotions and related appraisals in interactions with professional and peer supporters. From 2007 to 2020, 34 studies met criteria for inclusion. Using template analysis to identify findings relevant to self‐conscious emotions, we focused on shame, guilt, embarrassment, humiliation and pride. Because of cultural aversion to direct discussion of self‐conscious emotions, the template also identified thoughts about self‐evaluation, perceptions of judgement and sense of exposure. Self‐conscious emotions were explicitly mentioned in 25 papers, and related concerns were noted in all papers. Through thematic synthesis, three themes were identified, which suggested that (i) breastfeeding ‘support’ could present challenges to mothering identity and hence to emotional well‐being; (ii) many women managed interactions in order to avoid or minimise uncomfortable self‐conscious emotions; and (iii) those providing support for breastfeeding could facilitate women's emotion work by validating their mothering, or undermine this by invalidation, contributing to feelings of embarrassment, guilt or humiliation. Those supporting breastfeeding need good emotional ‘antennae’ if they are to ensure they also support transition to motherhood. This is the first study explicitly examining self‐conscious emotions in breastfeeding support, and further research is needed to explore the emotional nuances of women's interactions with supporters.
Work team diversity: Refocusing through the lens of team power and status
Authors: Perry Jamie Lyn 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA well‐worn research debate is whether diversity is beneficial or detrimental to team success. On one hand, diversity has shown to facilitate team performance and engender creativity, yet studies have also found that diversity can have ill effects for team members and their work. Prior work has focused on mechanisms that lead to positive versus negative effects in teams by focusing on social category and information processing theories; however, the broader social psychological and sociological literature suggests additional social structural factors may play a role. In this article, I review findings suggesting that social structures, such as power and status of the team, may ultimately affect the link between work team diversity and performance outcomes. I make recommendations on how future research should not only consider the type and amount of work team diversity, but also focus on the social structure context in which diversity resides.
Wave Elevation for an Array of Columns Under Wave–Current Interactions
Authors: Song Gao , Bin Teng 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
A wave and current diffraction model is developed based on the potential flow theory and a high-order boundary element method with the successful treatment of singular and nearly singular integrals. The wave–current diffraction from four mounted cylindrical columns are computed, and the free surface wave elevations among the columns are investigated. The influences of the current speed, wave direction, and column spacing on the wave elevation are examined. Ultimately, the presence of a current has a significant influence on the magnitude, spatial location, and occurrence frequency of the maximum wave elevation.
Dynamic Model of the VVER-1000 Reactor for Seismic and LB LOCA Evaluation
Authors: Ishchenko Oleksii , Filonov Vladislav , Dubyk Yaroslav 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The assessment of seismic and dynamic strength for the VVER-1000 reactor with emphasis on fuel assemblies interaction is carried out based on experience for Ukrainian NPPs. Evaluation of fuel assembly structural response to externally applied forces is based on NUREG-800 “Standard Review Plan”, item 4.2 “Design of fuel systems”. The analysis considered two types of events: Safety Shutdown Earthquake (SSE) and Large break Loss Of Coolant Accident (LB LOCA). As LB LOCA for the VVER-1000 – “Maximum design accident” Recirculation Line Break is considered. For the analysis of the initial dynamics, the 3D CFD model (ANSYS CFX) of the VVER-1000 was adapted to account for the two-phase flow. To take into account the transience of the phase transition during depressurization, a special model of interphase exchange is proposed, which takes into account not only the nonequilibrium temperature, but also the features of the pressure change by analogy with cavitation. For full dynamic analysis, it is necessary to develop an analytical and/or FEM model of the reactor, which will include reactor elements, their masses stiffness and inertia characteristics. The developed model is validated against experimental data of natural frequencies of fuel assembles, for uncompressed and compressed working position, also with and without fluid influence. The seismic analysis consider the available response spectra for NPP site with 3-component seismic impact of SSE level. Another important issue is to analyze reactor elements interaction and in case of need, to account for the non-linear behavior of the model. The seismic and LOCA impact at the location of fixation of the fuel assemblies (lower and upper support plates) is calculated by taking into account the dynamic response of the reactor system as a whole. After demonstrating the seismic/dynamic stability of the fuel assemblies and the reactor internals, a justified conclusion is provided on preserving the safety factor for fuel assembles at both loadings.
Cyclic Stress-Strain Curve of Austenitic Stainless Steels Applicable to Elastic-Plastic Stress Analysis
Authors: Asada Seiji , Nomura Yuichiro 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Within Section III of the ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, Appendix XIII-3440 contains guidance for performing shakedown analysis. XIII-3440 allows use of elastic-plastic stress analysis for evaluating shakedown and fatigue analysis. However, Appendix XIII does not specify any stress-strain curves for use in an evaluation. In this paper, cyclic stress-strain curves for austenitic stainless steels are developed and proposed.
To develop cyclic stress-strain curves, the applicable fatigue data of 316 and 304 stainless steel have been collected from the literature. These data include strain-controlled testing of hollow cylindrical and round bar specimens at strain amplitudes were from 0.1 % to around 2.3 %, temperature were room and high temperature (100–360 °C), and environments of air and PWR water environment.
Two types of cyclic stress-strain relationship are employed. One is a power law type and the other is Ramberg-Osgood type. The relationships are converted to bilinear forms including appropriate margin to be applied to cyclic elastic-plastic analysis.
The developed cyclic stress-strain curves are compared with other cyclic stress-strain curves of the ASME B&PV Section VIII, Div.2 and RCC-MRx. The relationships developed in this work compare favorably with those other sources.
Research on Action Layers and Application and Database Design of Safety Barrier in Petrochemical Plant
Authors: Fang Zhou , Huan Zhibo , Wang Zhe , Li Guanghai , Chen Ruxin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In recent years, petrochemical industry accidents occur frequently. The reason was that the existing safety measures were not comprehensive enough to protect all layers of production. It is an urgent problem for enterprises to improve the existing safety measures and form a system to cover all stages of production. Safety barrier can protect and control every layer of production, so as to protect the production process comprehensively, avoid, prevent and control accidents. Four action layers of safety barrier in petrochemical production were established, and the specific implementation method of safety barrier was proposed. This method was applied with taking atmospheric and vacuum distillation unit as an example. The results show that the atmospheric and vacuum distillation unit can be fully protected by the safety barrier through physical or non-physical means, and its safety has been significantly improved. Finally, the safety barrier database of petrochemical plant was designed and developed in order to manage the safety barrier information and make it convenient for personnel to use. The database functions include storing, querying, adding, modifying and deleting the names, categories, functions and specific description of the safety barrier.
Estimation of the Stresses in Rotational Autofrettage of Thick-Walled Pressure Vessels Using von Mises Yield Criterion
Authors: Kamal S. M. , Aziz Faruque 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Rotational autofrettage is one of the recently proposed potential methods for eliminating the in-service yielding of thick-walled cylindrical pressure vessels. A few researchers have studied the feasibility of the process theoretically, and asserted certain advantages over the practicing hydraulic and swage autofrettage processes. In the literature, all theoretical analyses on the rotational autofrettage are based on the Tresca yield criterion and its associated flow rule, along with the assumption of different plane end conditions (plane strain and generalized plane strain). In this paper, an analysis of the rotational autofrettage of cylindrical vessel is attempted incorporating von Mises yield criterion. The plane strain condition is used for the analysis. A numerical shooting method is used to solve the governing differential equations providing the elastic-plastic stress distributions in the cylinder during loading. The present procedure is numerically experimented for a typical AH36 pressure vessel. It is found that the achievable level of the maximum stress pressure of the rotationally autofrettaged vessel is 74.46% higher than that of its non-autofrettaged counterpart for an overstrain level of 46.7%.
Investigations on the Environmentally Assisted Fatigue Behavior of Steel Specimens for a Better Understanding of Component Fatigue in Nuclear Applications
Authors: Swacek Christian , Stumpfrock Ludwig , Weihe Stefan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The fatigue assessment of pressurized components is of high importance for the operation of nuclear power plants. However, the environmental influences on the fatigue behavior are highly discussed. On the one hand, laboratory specimens tested in high temperature water (HTW) conditions show a significant drop in fatigue lifetime, compared to tests at air environment, and question the conservatism of modern standards. On the other hand, the fatigue assessment methods based on uniaxial tensile testing seems to overestimate the fatigue damage of components during operation. To overcome these discrepancies, the environmental influences on material fatigue have to be better understood. Laboratory testing setups have to be adapted to the relevant loading conditions during power plant operation. Therefore, MPA Stuttgart is investigating the environmentally assisted fatigue (EAF) of steels under various loading conditions for smooth and notched specimens, as well as full scale component testing at HTW conditions. In this paper the results of ongoing research are presented. The low cycle fatigue experiments on steel materials for relevant nuclear applications are performed at air and under pressurized water reactor (PWR) environment. The shape of specimens, the loading spectra, loading rate and the multiaxiality of load are derived from piping components in power plant operation.
Determination of Eurofer97 Fracture Toughness by Testing Small C(T) Specimens
Authors: Andres David , Serrano Marta , Hernandez Rebeca , Wang Yiqiang , Richardson Mark 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The use of small specimen test techniques (SSTT) to determine the mechanical properties of irradiated materials has been studied over the past decades both in fission and fusion programs, but also to characterise and optimise new materials by nuclear and non-nuclear communities. Currently a number of activities are running that focus on the standardisation of SSTT to determine fracture toughness properties for fusion reactor materials (IAEA [1], EUROfusion [2], F4E [3]), and to support the long-term operation of light-water reactors (CRIEPI [4]). The determination of the T0 reference temperature (ASTM E1921 [5]) has been successfully achieved by testing small compact tension (C(T)) specimens (W = 8mm, B = 4mm) of non-irradiated and irradiated pressure vessel materials. However, some concerns exist regarding the use of the Master Curve (MC) on ferritic-martensitic steels, not only with SSTT but also with standard specimens. The main concern is the slope of the MC [6, 7], that seems to be steeper than the standard one. In this paper, the fracture toughness of Eurofer97 has been obtained by testing small C(T) specimens with the geometry selected in IFMIF-DONES (W = 9.2mm, B = 4.6mm) in the transition region. T0 has been determined and compared to the one obtained from 0.5T-C(T) specimens (both normalised to 1T). The scatter of the results has also been assessed to validate the scatter description of the MC.