bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conceptualizing Cascading Effects of Resilience in Human–Water Systems
Authors: Xu Li , Mao Feng , Famiglietti James S. , Pomeroy John W. , Pahl-Wostl Claudia 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
People and water interact over time and across space as coupled systems. Investigating the resilience of such coupling should take a multisystemic approach to address not only the resilience in different human and water systems, but also the interrelationship between their resilience processes. Based on the three framings of resilience in the coupled human–water context (i.e., social resilience, hydrological resilience, and socio-hydrological resilience), a conceptual framework is proposed for understanding the cascading effects of resilience along a chain of resilience change across systems and scales. The authors use a case example from a drainage basin in the Canadian Prairies to exemplify this framework and demonstrate how a change in the resilience of one system can exert an impact on the resilience of another, in socio-hydrological systems that are under the influence of both human activities and climate change.
Dispersal
Authors: Morgan Steven G. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Dispersal of benthic crustaceans primarily occurs by larvae, which can be transported far from parents. However, larval dispersal is reduced by depth regulation in a sheared water column, where surface and bottom currents flow at different rates or directions, and navigation by postlarvae recruiting to adult habitats. Larvae undertake migrations between adult and larval habitats that range from retention near adult habitats to cross-shelf migrations. The extent of these migrations is regulated by depth preferences and vertical migrations that are timed exogenously or endogenously by diel and tidal cycles over planktonic development. Depth regulation is cued primarily by gravity, hydrostatic pressure, and light, and secondarily by temperature, salinity, and turbulence. Settlement stages navigate to suitable settlement sites using hierarchies of acoustic, chemical, visual, and celestial cues that are effective at different distances. The extent of larval migrations between adult and larval habitats as well as diel vertical migrations may be set by the vulnerability of larvae to abundant planktivorous fish in estuaries and nearshore waters. The timing of larval release and vertical swimming by larvae changes across tidal regimes to conserve migrations between adult and larval habitats across species ranges while minimizing predation.
The Blob and the Mob
Authors: Gage Beverly 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores social movements as a new lens through which to approach grand strategy. Although grand strategists and social movement strategists often view each other as opposites, they have more to learn from each other—and more in common—than either group might think. Within the realm of strategic thought, there has long been significant intellectual overlap between military, political, and social-movement approaches. Far from standing apart from questions of war and peace, stability and instability, conflict and diplomacy, nearly every significant movement for social change has actively engaged these questions, including the real or potential use of violence. Around the world, still more radical movements, many of them at least nominally Marxist in orientation, produced vast literatures on the virtues and vices of revolutionary strategy, as well as the complex task of transforming members and leaders, after victory, from revolutionaries into statesmen. In modern Western democratic societies, social-change strategists tend to favor non-violent methods, but debates rage nonetheless.
Turning the Tide
Authors: Bradley Elizabeth H. , Taylor Lauren A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the principles of grand strategy as applied to global health and public health. It analyzes President George W. Bush's program, called the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (known as PEPFAR). Developed largely in secret and placed outside the traditional USAID bureaucracy, the PEPFAR program pole vaulted the United States into a leadership role in global health. The chapter then highlights how the use of grand strategic principles resulted in a highly successful, if still limited, global health intervention. The Bush Administration articulated explicit goals, or ends, and connected those to the larger ecology of national interests related to demonstrating American morality, and protecting the United States from the threat of pandemic HIV/AIDS. However, PEPFAR as a strategy was incomplete. It failed to address critical root causes of the spread of HIV/AIDS—the social and economic conditions in which such pathogens emerge and spread.
Extending the Sphere
Authors: Edel Charles 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter traces the development of early American grand strategy by examining the context in which the Federalist Papers were written, drawing out the grand strategy for America's rise to power as articulated by its authors, and evaluating the impact of, and departure from, those ideas on subsequent American statecraft. In doing so, it makes several arguments. First, there was a coherent set of ideas guiding American grand strategy from the outset, even as those ideas evolved over time. Second, the Federalist Papers are usually read as a defense of the United States Constitution and in a largely domestic political context for what they have to say about the structure of the government, the powers and limitations of its component parts, and the nature of federalism. But, even by a numerical count, it is clear that the requirements of national security played a dominant role in the minds of the drafters. Third, grand strategy, conceived in this manner, can be understood as the integration of foreign policy and domestic developments; politics and the economy play as much a part in grand strategy as do diplomacy and military force. Finally, evaluation of a grand strategy entails charting its successes and failures, consistencies and inconsistencies, internal tensions and unintended consequences.
A Useful Category of Analysis?
Authors: Epstein Katherine C. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the transformation of US foreign relations in the period from 1865 to 1918. Some historians have explicitly analyzed this transformation in terms of “grand strategy.” Others who have not used the concept as an analytical tool have nevertheless offered interpretations that can be easily assimilated by the concept's enthusiasts and, if so desired, given a different ideological edge. Whether the emergence of the United States as a great power is to be welcomed or lamented, both celebrants and critics can agree that it happened, and that it happened largely as a result of the deliberate peacetime melding of industrial and naval power. Although the concept of grand strategy cannot be blamed for creating the problems with the existing literature on US foreign relations from the Civil War through World War I, it tends to worsen them, in two related ways. First, the concept of grand strategy privileges the nation-state as the unit of analysis, when no less important units in this case are the sub-national and the global. Second, the “grandness” of grand strategy encourages scholars to neglect critically important details of US economic and naval power. These details are more than isolated anomalies: taken together, they compel a new explanatory paradigm.
National Security as Grand Strategy
Authors: Preston Andrew 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the historian Edward Mead Earle, who is widely credited with sanctifying the concept of “grand strategy.” By making strategy “grand,” Earle broadened its scope from a Clausewitzian basis that had been exclusively military to one that incorporated all of statecraft, indeed, virtually all of politics. At precisely the same time he was codifying “grand strategy,” he was also deeply involved in the construction of another new foreign-policy term, one that would become more frequently used and politically effective than grand strategy, at least in the United States: “national security.” Earle was not the first to deploy the term national security, but he played an instrumental role in establishing its tenets and determining its uses. Not coincidentally, Earle's codification of “national security” involved the same expansionary impulse that gave rise to “grand strategy.” In an age of industrialized warfare, air power, and a truly global politics of security, Earle believed that existing notions of safety and strategy needed to be stretched and broadened. His new definitions did precisely that.
Disastrous Grand Strategy
Authors: Irwin Julia F. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter traces the evolution of the US government’s international disaster assistance policy, beginning at the dawn of the nineteenth century and culminating with the landmark enactment of Public Law (P.L.) 94–161, the International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1975. Avowing the United States’ readiness to provide humanitarian relief in the wake of foreign catastrophes, it empowered the president (or his appointed delegates) to furnish relief and short-term rehabilitation assistance to any country affected by “natural or manmade disasters.” With this act, US international disaster assistance was officially codified as an instrument of US foreign policy. The chapter then analyzes the state's gradually expanding role in the humanitarian sphere in light of the shifting architecture of nineteenth- and twentieth-century US grand strategy. If a grand strategy framework can help make sense of US international disaster assistance, studying the history of catastrophes and disaster relief—and the history of humanitarian aid, more broadly—also stands to say something new about US grand strategy itself.
Reproductive Politics and Grand Strategy
Authors: Briggs Laura 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter highlights the ways that transnational adoption and reproductive politics more broadly have been quite important to US foreign policy, and are, in fact part of US grand strategy. They do much more political work than is generally acknowledged, and do so in ways that merit scholarly attention. Too often, scholars of grand strategy have relied on the same gendered logic that Donald Trump has, in which reproductive politics belong to a feminized, private world of children and families rather than the robust, masculine world of politics, militaries, and foreign policy. That logic has made the signal importance of things like transnational adoption, overpopulation, and birth control invisible in studies of grand strategy. The chapter seeks to rectify that oversight, restoring reproductive politics to its rightful place as a real and important element in grand strand strategy.
Casualties and the Concept of Grandness
Authors: Dudziak Mary L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter reflects on the Korean War, considering how casualties affect American perceptions of the cost of war. It was the first large-scale overseas US war that was not declared or authorized by Congress, and the war's greatest impact was on Korean civilians. Using the example of Korean War casualties, the chapter explores the tension between the idea of “grandness” in grand strategy and the importance of granular, concrete consequences. The “grandness” of grand strategy relates both to the scale of strategizing and to the ideas that inform it. For American policymakers, it proceeds from a broad theory of the United States’ role in the world. On the ground, however, a strategy can result in mass death. Therefore, an understanding of the concrete human experience of the use of force should be firmly incorporated into grand strategy—both the practice and the pedagogy.
Legal Pluralism Explained
Authors: Tamanaha Brian Z. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Legal pluralism involves the coexistence of multiple forms of law. This includes state law, international law, transnational law, customary law, religious law, indigenous law, and the law of distinct ethnic or cultural communities. Legal pluralism is a subject of discussion today in legal anthropology, legal sociology, legal history, comparative law, international law, transnational law, jurisprudence, and law and development scholarship. This book places legal pluralism in historical context going back to the Medieval period, describes the origins of legal pluralism in postcolonial countries and its implications today, identifies manifestations of legal pluralism within Western societies, discusses contemporary transnational legal pluralism, identifies problems with current theoretical accounts of legal pluralism, and articulates an approach to legal pluralism that avoids theoretical problems and is useful for social scientists, theorists, and law and development scholars and practitioners.
Introduction
Authors: Marzola Luci 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
While the early years of Hollywood are usually seen in light of legendary figures such as Adolph Zukor, it is the engineers, technicians, and bureaucrats who supported the system that were responsible for every frame Hollywood produced. This introduction reorients the reader away from stars and producers and toward these technical workers and their organizations. It discusses the role of concepts such as creative industries, Hollywood’s invisible style, scientific management, technological determinism, scientific progressivism, engineering history, and trade organizations in the broader arguments presented throughout the book. When we look at Hollywood motion picture production as a technology business, rather than an anomalous industry, the studio system takes its place within its proper historical context of the American economy and culture as a whole.
“Maintained Solely for Your Benefit”
Authors: Marzola Luci 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 centers on the specialized technology companies and service firms that formed around the motion picture producers in Los Angeles, creating an industrial “cluster” in the region. The movement of independent technology distributors, inventors, and laboratories to Southern California to cater exclusively to the needs of the motion picture producers was essential to the growth and stability of Hollywood. The relationship between the studio workers and companies such as Technicolor, Mole-Richardson, and Mitchell Cameras helped establish the community of Hollywood as the center of the motion picture industry, even as the studios themselves dispersed throughout Los Angeles. These companies, unlike their corporate brethren in the East, were eager to adapt their technical training to the creative needs of the studio, thus forming a unique engineering community around the production studios.
The Academy Technical Bureau, Cooperative Research, and the Building of the Studio System
Authors: Marzola Luci 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
At the end of the 1920s, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) harnessed its role in the transition to sound to shift leadership of technical research to Hollywood. At the same time that it began the Sound School, the Academy established a Producers-Technicians Committee designed to pool knowledge of universal production practices. This chapter argues that AMPAS was able to establish itself as the authority over everyday technology in Hollywood through this committee and by absorbing the AMPP’s Technical Bureau. Through their collective scientific activities, the studios were able to take advantage of the knowledge and skills of their workers to solidify Hollywood’s dominance over the motion picture industry. At the same time, several new journals and publications for the dissemination of technical knowledge were established, including the International Photographer, Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers, and the Academy Technical Digest, determining who disseminated knowledge, generated definitions, and created standards. The institutional structure established by the start of 1930 would remain stable throughout the golden age of Hollywood, making AMPAS both the clearinghouse and the gatekeeper that determined what the basic standards for technology would be and who would have access to this knowledge.
Introduction
Authors: Joyce Rosemary A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Providing an introduction to the planning process for the Waste Isolation Pilot Project and the marker design that continues to be the basis of nuclear waste repository proposals in the United States, including for Yucca Mountain, this chapter lays the groundwork for consideration of the contradictions between opinions produced through expert consultation and the expertise of archaeologists. US government efforts described enlisted a variety of “experts” to propose alternative futures, identify models for communication over long spans of time, and assess the likely durability of proposed designs for a marker over nuclear waste repositories. To understand these expert reports, this chapter introduces the concept of an anthropology of common sense as a way to understand how government experts understood the archaeological sites that they offered as models.
Enduring Meaning
Authors: Joyce Rosemary A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a deeper discussion of the theories of meaning and communication that were employed by the experts involved in developing plans for nuclear waste repository marker systems. These linguistic, semiotic, and psychological models were more important to planners than archaeological models for the material form. These models emphasized the intentions of people creating messages with the intention of having them be understood by receivers. The models used are contrasted with the kind of semiotic approaches, especially those rooted in the work of pragmatic philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce, that contemporary archaeologists employ, in which rather than having preformed meanings conveyed by a vehicle, meanings are constantly emerging in practice.
“A consummate actress, hampered by beauty”
Authors: Stead Lisa 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The chapter explores the archival record of Vivien Leigh’s stage and screen craft. It considers how the archive illuminates her struggle to position her performative talent and craft in the “right” way relative to her status as glamourous star body. The chapter interrogates material in her archive at the V&A, her papers at the British Library, and connected archives of those performers and directors with whom she worked. Key case studies include her written correspondence with Laurence Olivier during the filming of Gone with the Wind, which illuminates her approach to male mentorship more broadly across her career. The chapter also focusses on two key aspects of her stage and screen craft often singled out for criticism in the reception of her performances: her voice and physical stamina.
Collaboration, adaptation, and unmade projects
Authors: Stead Lisa 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The chapter examines two key roles from different stages of Vivien Leigh’s career that highlight her work as an active collaborator in adapting roles from stage and page to screen. It looks firstly at her work on A Streetcar Named Desire in the early 1950s, considering how she exercised authorial agency in assisting with the adaptation of the script from stage to screen. The chapter then examines how she navigated the interlocking issues of age and gender and their impact on star labor in the 1965 adaptation of Ship of Fools. I consider how materials such as script annotations, paper correspondence, and phone call transcripts speak more broadly to the archive’s potential to deconstruct the film performance by mapping out its prehistory, interrogating this as a process of personal and collaborative development. The chapter also considers the material record of projects documented in Vivien Leigh’s archive that did not come to fruition.
Documenting other roles
Authors: Stead Lisa 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The final chapter of the section focuses on archival traces of off-screen labor, looking at Vivien Leigh’s alternative “roles” between the 1930s and 1960s. These are illuminated via letters, business records, scrapbooks, ephemera, and photographs. Case studies include an exploration of Leigh’s war work in the 1940s; her agency as a producer with V. L. Productions from the 1950s; and her role as a campaign figurehead in the fight against the closure of the St. James’s Theatre later in the same decade. The chapter interrogates how these roles are organized and represented within the archive and the kinds of alternative labor histories that Leigh and her associates produced through her material collections. It looks in particular at how archival preservation offers counternarratives to existing biographical and popular accounts of these aspects of her public profile and star image.
The posthumous archive
Authors: Stead Lisa 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The chapter looks at alternative kinds of material collections and the archival methods that have been applied to them. These collections originate not from Vivien Leigh’s personal papers but from acts of posthumous collection by a range of other parties. As a central case study, I foreground new research into the practices of the Vivien Leigh Circle, a fan collective established in the late 1960s. I examine the private collections of its membership past and present and how their unofficial curatorial practices have developed over time. Based on original interviews with founding and current members, the chapter looks at clusters of correspondence between Leigh and her fans, exploring how such private, intimate “archives” have transitioned from the domestic spaces of individuals into official repositories like the V&A.
Brain for Learning
Authors: Lee Daeyeol 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Long-lasting effects of brief sensory experience must be mediated by long-term changes in the strength of connections between neurons in the brain. This phenomenon is known as synaptic plasticity, and the physical location of such change is referred to as the engram. This chapter illustrates how multiple learning and memory systems might be implemented in different anatomical modules of the brain and what role dopamine plays in learning. Most of these neurobiological and behavioral observations can be accounted for by reinforcement learning theory. The goal of reinforcement is to understand how utilities must be altered by experience so that rational choices based on the utility functions can result in the most desirable outcomes through learning.
Social Intelligence and Altruism
Authors: Lee Daeyeol 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
According to the social intelligence hypothesis, the unusual enlargement of primate brains, including the human brain, was driven by the complexity of social decision-making primates face in their societies. Social decision-making is fundamentally more complex due to the recursive nature of social reasoning. This chapter begins with the review of game theory and illustrates how game theory has transformed neuroscience research on social decision-making. Some of the topics covered include the supposed death of game theory, altruism and its dark side, cooperation, the theory of the mind, the prisoner’s dilemma, the recursive mind, and the social brain.