bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nongenetic risk factors for infantile cataracts: Systematic review of observational studies
Authors: Nalbandyan Marine , Papadopoulos Eleni A. , Leckman‐Westin Emily , Browne Marilyn L. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIntroductionWhile infantile cataracts are a major cause of childhood blindness, risk factors remain unknown for approximately two‐thirds of cases.MethodsWe systematically searched electronic databases PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus, from inception through March 2018, to identify relevant cohort, case–control, cross‐sectional studies, case reports, and case series. We also manually screened bibliographies and consulted with experts in the field to identify additional publications. We reviewed cross‐sectional studies, case reports, and case series and provided a narrative summary of the reported potential risk factors. We evaluated methodological qualities of cohort and case–control studies, extracted relevant data, and described statistically significant associations with infant, maternal, and paternal characteristics. Quality assessment and data extraction were conducted by two reviewers independently. All discrepancies were discussed with the senior author and resolved by consensus.ResultsOverall, 110 publications were included in the review, 33 of which were cohort and case–control studies. Most of these studies (n = 32) used population‐based data and had either excellent (n = 31) or good (n = 2) methodological quality. Nine studies reported statistically significant associations with infant characteristics (preterm birth, low birth weight), maternal occupations and diseases during pregnancy (untreated hypertension, infections), and paternal sociodemographics (younger age, employment in sawmill industry during pregnancy).ConclusionsThis systematic literature review provided a comprehensive summary of the known nongenetic risk factors for infantile cataracts, identified gaps in the literature, and provided directions for future research. Studies identifying modifiable risk factors are warranted to design interventions aimed at primary prevention of infantile cataracts.
A shared frailty model for multivariate longitudinal data on adverse event of radiation therapy
Authors: Kim Sung Won , Schumacher Martin , Augustin Nicole H. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOral mucositis is an inflammatory adverse event when treating head and neck cancer patients with radiation therapy (RT). The severity of its occurrence is believed to mainly depend on its site and the distribution of a cumulative radiation dose in the mouth area. The motivating study investigating differences in radiosensitivities (mucositis progression) at distinct sites where the severity of mucositis is assessed regularly at eight distinct sites on an ordinal scale results in multivariate longitudinal data and thus poses certain challenges. To deal with the multivariate longitudinal data in this particular setting, we take a time‐to‐event approach focusing on the first occurrence of severe mucositis at the distinct sites using the fact that the site‐specific cumulative radiation dose thought to be the main driver of oral mucositis develops over time. Thereby, we may address multivariate longitudinal processes in a simpler and more compact fashion. In this article, to find out differences in mucositis progression at eight distinct sites we propose a shared frailty model for multivariate parallel processes within individuals. The shared frailty model directly incorporating ‘process indicators’ as covariates turns out to adequately explain the differences in the parallel processes (here, mucositis progressions at distinct sites) while taking individual effects into account. The parallel result with the one from the previous analysis based on the same data but conducted with an alternative statistical methodology shows adequacy of the proposed approach.
Experimental Reasons for the Variable Efficiencies of Organic Electrocatalysts Used for Converting Carbon Dioxide to Methanol
Authors: Budanovic Maja , Urbančok Dejan , Er Jasmine Y. H. , Tessensohn Malcolm E. , Webster Richard D. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPyridinium (the protonated form of pyridine) and related compounds have been proposed to be promising homogenous electrocatalysts in the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to methanol due to the low overpotential required to achieve faradaic yields of about 20 %, although the percentage yields vary dramatically between different research groups. In this study, experimental conditions were varied during the electrolysis of CO2 at a platinum electrode in the presence of pyridinium to determine the reasons for the discrepancies in the yields of methanol reported between different research groups. Two other vitamin‐based and environmentally friendly nitrogen‐containing heterocyclic compounds (nicotinamide and nicotinic acid) which have structural similarities to the promising but toxic pyridine homogeneous electrocatalyst, were also investigated as alternative electrocatalysts for the reduction of CO2 in aqueous acidic media. Cyclic voltammetry studies suggest that nicotinamide and nicotinic acid (forms of vitamin B3) follow a similar reaction mechanism as pyridine in the reduction of CO2. Relatively low faradaic yields of methanol were obtained during controlled potential electrolysis experiments for all the electrocatalysts (0.4–1.9 %) which can be attributed to the low solubility of CO2 along with the competing hydrogen evolution reaction. It was found that adventitious sources of methanol were responsible for greatly inflating the apparent yields of methanol unless scrupulous care was taken in controlling the experimental conditions. The problem with background methanol is particularly difficult to control due to the electrochemical reactions typically generating products in the parts per million range, considerably lower than normal synthetic reactions.
Radiolabelled Cyclic Bisarylmercury: High Chemical and in vivo Stability for Theranostics
Authors: Gilpin Ian Moore F. , Ullrich Martin , Wünsche Thomas , Zarschler Kristof , Lebeda Ondřej , Pietzsch Jens , Pietzsch Hans‐Jürgen , Walther Martin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe show the synthesis of an in vivo stable mercury compound with functionality suitable for radiopharmaceuticals. The designed cyclic bisarylmercury was based on the water tolerance of organomercurials, higher bond dissociation energy of Hg−Ph to Hg−S, and the experimental evidence that acyclic structures suffer significant cleavage of one of the Hg−R bonds. The bispidine motif was chosen for its in vivo stability, chemical accessibility, and functionalization properties. Radionuclide production results in 197(m)HgCl2(aq), so the desired mercury compound was formed via a water‐tolerant organotin transmetallation. The Hg‐bispidine compound showed high chemical stability in tests with an excess of sulfur‐containing competitors and high in vivo stability, without any observable protein interaction by human serum assay, and good organ clearance demonstrated by biodistribution and SPECT studies in rats. In particular, no retention in the kidneys was observed, typical of unstable mercury compounds. The natHg analogue allowed full characterization by NMR and HRMS.
Platelet Immunophenotyping by High‐Dimensional Mass Cytometry
Authors: Spurgeon Benjamin E. J. , Michelson Alan D. , Frelinger Andrew L. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPlatelets are small blood cells that contribute to hemostasis, immunity, and inflammation. Characterization of platelet surface markers allows for differentiation of activated platelets from resting platelets, diagnosis of platelet disorders, and investigation of platelet biology and pathology. In this article, we describe the use of mass cytometry or “CyTOF” (mass spectroscopy detection of metal‐tagged antibodies on individual cells) to measure a large number of markers on each platelet and to identify platelet subsets based on the shared expression of multiple markers. This powerful new approach provides a vastly more detailed picture of platelet immunophenotypes than conventional flow cytometry and enables investigation of the roles of platelet subsets in health and disease. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.This article was corrected on 28 July 2022. See the end of the full text for details.Basic Protocol: Platelet immunophenotyping by high‐dimensional mass cytometrySupport Protocol: Data preprocessing
Using gastrointestinal distress reports to predict youth anxiety risk: Implications for mental health literacy and community care
Authors: Bloom Paul Alexander , Douglas Ian , VanTieghem Michelle , Tottenham Nim , Callaghan Bridget 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis study investigates the generalizability and predictive validity of associations between gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and youth anxiety to establish their utility in community mental health decision‐making. We analyzed data from youth ages 3 to 21 years in volunteer cohorts collected in Los Angeles (N = 327) and New York City (N = 102), as well as the Healthy Brain Network cohort (N = 1957). Youth GI distress was measured through items taken from the parent‐reported Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). We examined generalizability of GI–anxiety associations across cohorts and anxiety reporters, then evaluated the performance of these models in predicting youth anxiety in holdout data. Consistent with previous work, higher levels of gastrointestinal distress were associated with more parent‐reported youth anxiety behaviors in all three cohorts. Models trained on data from the Healthy Brain Network cohort predicted parent‐reported and child‐reported anxiety behaviors, as well as clinician‐evaluated anxiety diagnoses, at above chance levels in holdout data. Models which included GI symptoms often, but not always, outperformed models based on age and sex alone in predicting youth anxiety. Based on the generalizability and predictive validity of GI–anxiety associations investigated here, GI symptoms may be an effective tool for child‐facing professionals for identifying children at risk for anxiety (Preprint: https://psyarxiv.com/zgavu/).
Habitat selection of an endangered primate, the samango monkey (Cercopithecus albogularis schwarzi): Integrating scales to prioritize habitat for wildlife management
Authors: Parker Edwin J. , Koyama Nicola F. , Hill Russell A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimAs habitat loss continues to accelerate with global human population growth, identifying landscape characteristics that influence species occurrence is a key conservation priority in order to prevent global biodiversity loss. In South Africa, the arboreal samango monkey (Cercopithecus albogularis sp.) is threatened due to loss and fragmentation of the indigenous forests it inhabits. The aim of this study was to determine the habitat preferences of the samango monkey at different spatial scales, and to identify key conservation areas to inform management plans for this species.LocationThis study was carried out in the western Soutpansberg Mountains, which represents the northernmost population of samango monkeys within South Africa, and the only endangered subspecies (C. a. schwarzi).MethodsWe used sequentially collected GPS points from two samango monkey groups followed between 2012 and 2017 to quantify the used and available habitat for this species within the western Soutpansberg Mountains. We developed 2nd‐order (selection of ranging area), 3rd‐order (selection within range), and 4th‐order (feeding site selection) resource selection functions (RSFs) to identify important habitat features at each scale. Through scale integration, we identified three key conservation areas for samango monkeys across Limpopo Province, South Africa.ResultsHabitat productivity was the most important landscape variable predicting probability of use at each order of selection, indicating the dependence of these arboreal primates on tall‐canopy indigenous forests. Critical habitat across Limpopo was highly fragmented, meaning complete isolation between subpopulations is likely.Main conclusionsUnderstanding the habitat characteristics that influence samango monkey distribution across South Africa is crucial for prioritizing critical habitat for this species. Our results indicated that large, contiguous patches of tall‐canopy indigenous forest are fundamental to samango monkey persistence. As such, protected area expansion of large forest patches and creation of forest corridors are identified as key conservation interventions for this species.
Development of activity collecting system for grazing cattle in vast land
Authors: Natori Takahiro , Oishi Yuya , Tsuichihara Satoki , Takemura Hiroshi , Aikawa Naoyuki 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDairy farming in Japan has low milk supply and reproductive rate per cattle, which is considered to be due to lack of proper breeding management. In order to solve this problem, there is a demand for a breeding management system that does not require human intervention, utilizing the ICT and robot technology. Studies on cow health and breeding management using various sensors have been reported; in this paper, we develop the system to collect the amount of activity and position of the grazing cattle in vast land. The developed system is (i) the “cattle sensor” composed of a GPS module and an acceleration sensor and (ii) the data transfer system composed of a wireless module and solar cells. The cow sensor can be used continuously for 2 months without battery replacement and is a system that can be used in vast land and mountain areas. And the data obtained from the sensor suggest the possibility of estrus detection.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct Diarylation of 2‐Benzyl‐1,2,3‐triazole: a Simple Access to 4‐Aryl‐ or 4,5‐Diaryl‐2‐benzyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles and Phenanthro[9,10‐d][1,2,3]triazoles
Authors: Shi Xinzhe , Zhang Jian , Roisnel Thierry , Soulé Jean‐François , Doucet Henri 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe reactivity of 2‐benzyl‐1,2,3‐triazole in palladium‐catalyzed direct arylation was studied. The reaction conditions for the selective synthesis of 2‐benzyl‐4‐aryl‐1,2,3‐triazoles in moderate to high yields using phosphine‐free Pd(OAc)2 catalyst and inexpensive KOAc base have been found. Then, from these 4‐aryl‐1,2,3‐triazoles, the palladium‐catalyzed C−H bond functionalization of the C5‐position allowed the synthesis of the corresponding 4,5‐diarylated 2‐benzyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles. This selective 4,5‐diarylation of 2‐benzyl‐1,2,3‐triazole was successfully applied for the straightforward building of the π‐extended polycyclic heteroaromatic structures phenanthro[9,10‐d][1,2,3]triazoles through Pd‐catalyzed C4‐ and C5‐intermolecular arylations followed by Pd‐catalyzed C−H intramolecular arylation.
The efficacy of an educational movie to improve pain and dysfunctional behavior in school children: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Kisling Sarah , Claus Benedikt B. , Stahlschmidt Lorin , Wager Julia 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundChronic pain in children is a serious issue, therefore calling for effective prevention/intervention measures. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of an educational movie on pain knowledge in school children in general and on pain‐related behaviours and pain intensity in those who are affected by chronic pain. Regarding those affected, the association between pain knowledge and intensity, as well as the potential mediating effect of pain‐related behaviours, were investigated.MethodsRecruited from four schools, N = 381 students (51.7% female; Mage = 11.4, SD = 0.95) participated, of which n = 108 reported chronic pain. Each school was randomly allocated to the intervention or control group (cluster‐randomization). At two time points spaced 4–5 weeks apart, students provided information on their pain knowledge, pain‐related behaviour (passive pain coping, pain‐related disability, missed school days, medication use) and pain intensity. After the first assessment, students in the intervention group watched an educational movie. Multilevel linear models for all outcomes were calculated as well as a mediation analysis.ResultsPain knowledge increased significantly in the intervention group (β = 2.76 [95% CI 2.20, 3.31]). However, no significant time‐by‐group interactions were found for pain‐related behaviour or pain intensity. The mediation model identified that the indirect effect of pain knowledge on pain intensity was mediated by pain‐related behaviour (β = −0.18, p = 0.014 and β = 0.38, p < 0.001, respectively).ConclusionsEducational movies may be an effective tool for educating students about pain management. However, the knowledge gained may not be sufficient to improve pain behaviour and intensity overall.SignificanceA 10‐min educational movie on chronic pain management was tested in school children (N = 381). Following the intervention, knowledge of chronic pain concepts was statistically greater in the intervention group compared to the control group not watching the movie. Furthermore, a mediation model theoretically determined whether an association between pain knowledge and pain intensity exists, and whether this is explained by level of dysfunctional pain‐related behaviorisms. Full mediation was confirmed.
Efficacy of long‐term adrenocorticotropic hormone therapy for West syndrome: A retrospective multicenter case series
Authors: Baba Shimpei , Okanishi Tohru , Homma Yoichiro , Yoshida Takeshi , Goto Tomohide , Fukasawa Tatsuya , Kobayashi Satoru , Kamei Atsushi , Fujii Yuji , Hino‐Fukuyo Naomi , Yamada Keitaro , Daida Atsuro , Kawawaki Hisashi , Hoshino Hideki , Sejima Hitoshi , Ishida Yusuke , Okazaki Tetsuya , Inui Takehiko , Kanai Sotaro , Motoi Hirotaka , Itamura Shinji , Nishimura Mitsuyo , Enoki Hideo , Fujimoto Ayataka 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectivesLong‐term adrenocorticotropic therapy (LT‐ACTH), which consisted of 2‐4 weeks of daily injections of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and subsequent months of weekly injections, was tried for relapsed West syndrome (WS) or other intractable epilepsies in small case reports. Our aim was to explore the efficacy of LT‐ACTH for preventing WS relapse, as well as the prevalence of its adverse events.MethodsThis is a retrospective, nationwide, multicenter case series of patients with WS who underwent LT‐ACTH. Clinical information of the patients and protocol of LT‐ACTH were collected from participating institutes in this study. We defined clinical response to ACTH as achievement of hypsarrhythmia and epileptic spasms resolution. Patients who responded to daily ACTH injections were identified and assessed whether they experienced WS relapse during/after the weekly ACTH injection period. The outcome was measured by the nonrelapse rate at 24 months after daily ACTH injections using the Kaplan‐Meier method.ResultsClinical information of 16 children with WS was analyzed. The median age at LT‐ACTH initiation was 14.5 months (range: 7‐68 months). Thirteen (81%) patients had previously undergone conventional ACTH treatment. The LT‐ACTH regimens comprised a median of 16 days of daily injections (range: 11‐28 days) and 10 months of weekly injections (range: 3‐22 months). Seven patients experienced WS relapse during/after subsequent weekly ACTH period, and the nonrelapse rate at 24 months after daily injections was estimated at 60.6% (95% confidence interval: 32.3%‐80.0%). Height stagnation, hypertension, and irritability were observed; lethal adverse events were not reported.SignificanceOur study firstly explored the efficacy of LT‐ACTH for preventing WS relapse. LT‐ACTH might be a treatment option for patients with relapsed or intractable WS; however, we note that our study is limited by its small sample size and the lack of an appropriate control group.
Gas diffusion layer wettability determination by cyclic voltammetry for automotive fuel cells
Authors: Obermaier Michael , Bauer Andreas , Dalkilic Mert , Rauber Markus , Scheu Christina 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFuel cell performance and durability are highly dependent on water management, wherefore wettability properties of the cell's gas diffusion layer (GDL) are important. In this work, we implement a method to determine the GDL wetted surface area, which is based on capacitance measurements by cyclic voltammetry with a pH‐neutral, aqueous electrolyte, to an automotive size fuel cell failure analysis process and demonstrate its benefit. The electrolyte penetrates large pores of the GDL, wherefore, in contrast to the most conventional methods, also inner parts of the GDL are measured. Tenside concentration of the electrolyte and penetration time, polytetrafluoroethylene treatment of the GDL, and properties of the microporous layer highly influence the capacitance values. Thus, the method is sensitive to different GDL morphologies and surface modifications. Different degradation patterns for samples either artificially chemically and mechanically aged or after real‐operation (e.g., prototype vehicle) are detected by the method. For a comprehensive understanding, the obtained results are compared to ex situ degradation analysis data. A comparison to static contact angle measurements, being a state‐of‐the‐art method to determine GDL wettability, reveals a higher sensitivity of the introduced method to detect degradation, in particular, of chemically aged and real‐operation aged GDLs.
An approach to situation awareness (SA) assessment in flight simulation: SA dynamic circulation (SADC) model
Authors: Feng Chuanyan , Wanyan Xiaoru , Liu Shuang , Chen Hao , Zhuang Damin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAccurate prediction and evaluation of pilot's situation awareness (SA) are of great importance for ensuring flight safety. In the present study, an SA dynamic circulation (SADC) model is developed for describing the dynamic generation and update processes of pilot's SA in‐flight environments. In the SADC model, five cognitive statuses of SA, which constitute the dynamic circulation in a closed‐loop network, are put forward on a framework of adaptive control of thought rational‐queuing network. By introducing the progressive triggers of the low and high SA, pilot's SA covering three levels is computed using conditional probability. In addition, flight simulations based on four typical flight scenarios were performed to verify the usability of the SADC model, and multiple methods including the subjective evaluation, situation present assessment method (SPAM), and physiological measurement were adopted for SA measurement. According to the results, the rationality of the SADC model is validated due to the significant correlations between SA theoretical prediction value and SPAM response time as well as 10D‐SART score. Besides, in our study, the SPAM response time and 10D‐SART score show an acceptable sensitivity to SA measurement, however, physiological indicators of respiratory rate and standard deviation of normal to normal RR intervals are proved more sensitive to workload rather than SA. The SADC model is expected to be applied in the quantitative characterization of pilot's SA as a new auxiliary analysis tool during cockpit display interface design and flight training strategy optimization.