bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous determination of nicotinamide and N1‐methylnicotinamide in human serum by LC–MS/MS to associate their serum concentrations with obesity
Authors: Chu Jihong , Liu Ming , Dai Guoliang , Li Changyin , Wu Ting , Zou Jiandong , Ju Wenzheng , Xu Meijuan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA rapid and sensitive LC–MS/MS method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of nicotinamide and its metabolite N1‐methylnicotinamide in human serum. Serum samples were prepared by protein precipitation with acetonitrile. The chromatographic separation was performed on a Waters Spherisorb S5 CN microbore column (2.0 × 100 mm, 5 μm) with gradient elution within 7 min. Acetonitrile and 5 mm ammonium formate aqueous solution (containing 0.1% formic acid) were used as mobile phases. Nicotinamide, N1‐methylnicotinamide and N′‐methylnicotinamide (internal standard) were detected with a triple‐quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer in the positive ion mode. Multiple reaction monitoring was used to monitor precursor to product ion transitions of m/z 123.1 → 80.1 for nicotinamide, m/z 137.1 → 94.1 for N1‐methylnicotinamide and m/z 137.1 → 80.1 for the internal standard. The linear ranges of nicotinamide and N1‐methylnicotinamide were 5.000–160.0 and 2.500–80.00 ng/ml, respectively. The intra‐ and inter‐day precisions (RSD) of both analytes were within 6.90%. The recoveries were >88%. The analytes were proven to be stable during all sample storage, preparation and analytic procedures. The method was successfully applied to determine the concentrations of nicotinamide and N1‐methylnicotinamide in human serum to investigate the association between their concentrations and obesity in 1160 Chinese subjects.
Prevalence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Latium region, Italy
Authors: Puopolo Maria , Bacigalupo Ilaria , Piscopo Paola , Lacorte Eleonora , Di Pucchio Alessandra , Santarelli Marialaura , Inghilleri Maurizio , Petrucci Antonio , Sabatelli Mario ,   the Latium Registry Group, Vanacore Nicola 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectivePrevalence estimate of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) ranged between 1.1/100,000 and 11.2/100,000 inhabitants with different design of the study (prospective or retrospective) and sample size. The aim of this study is to conduct for the first time an estimate of the ALS prevalence in the Latium region.Materials and methodsThe study was performed in Latium, a region located in the center of Italy, with a population, as of January 1, 2016, of 5888.472 inhabitants. In this region, a network of 15 clinical centers (of which 4 referral ALS centers are located in Rome) and 10 local health authorities involved in the diagnosis and treatment of ALS patients has been identified. Each patient was classified according to the El Escorial revised criteria.ResultsThe prevalence study in 2016 identified 353 ALS cases (200 males). By considering population aged >=20 years, the total crude prevalence rate resulted 7.33 (CI95% 6.59–8.14) × 100,000 and 8.75 and 6.05 in males and females, respectively. Age‐specific prevalence rates did not differ among males and females in the population aged less than 49 years. The difference emerged in population aged > 50 years. This type of diagnosis was recorded for 343 patients (11 missing). 68% of these patients have a definite diagnosis, 14% likely, 11% possible, and 12% defined as suspect.ConclusionsThe estimate of prevalence rates observed in this study is probably in line with the values reported in the literature for prospective prevalence studies.
Thermal Annealing‐Enhanced Bioelectrocatalysis in Membraneless Glucose/Oxygen Biofuel Cell based on Hydrophilic Carbon Fibers
Authors: Li Gangyong , Li Zhi , Xu Cuixing , Hou Zhaohui , Hu Zongqian 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe electrode material is a pivotal component in achieving efficient electron transfer in an enzymatic biofuel cell (EBFC). Herein, novel hydrophilic carbon fibers (HCFs) with a helical structure are synthesized through chemical vapor deposition and are used as an electrode material for the immobilization of biocatalysts to fabricate bioelectrodes, where glucose dehydrogenase, serving as the anodic enzyme, is co‐immobilized with 1,4‐naphthoquinone on the HCFs for the catalysis of the glucose oxidation reaction (GOR), and bilirubin oxidase, as the cathodic enzyme, is co‐immobilized with protoporphyrin IX for the catalysis of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). It is found that thermal annealing the HCFs improves the bioelectrocatalytic performances of the as‐fabricated bioanode for the GOR and biocathode for the ORR, owing to the enhanced electron transfer kinetics. Subsequently, a membraneless glucose/O2 EBFC assembled by using the as‐synthesized bioelectrodes is able to generate a high open circuit voltage of 0.8 V and a maximum power density of 0.7 mW cm−2 at 0.44 V with good operational stability. The practicability in fabricating membraneless EBFCs makes the synthesized HCFs promising in miniature bioenergy devices.
Biomass‐Derived, Nitrogen‐Rich Carbon Tubes as Anodes for Sodium‐Ion Hybrid Capacitors
Authors: Wang Dong , Wang Pengfei , Lu Borong , Ye Ke , Zhu Kai , Wang Qian , Yan Jun , Wang Guiling , Cao Dianxue 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSodium‐ion hybrid capacitors (SIHCs) are considered a prospective alternative to lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) since there are rich and available sodium reserves. Here, nitrogen‐doped carbon tubes (N‐MJ) derived from metaplexis japonica fluff are prepared by using a facile method of etching and peeling the fluff with urea to prepare a Na+ storage anode. With prominent traits in terms of structure and a high nitrogen content (11.08 %), N‐MJ exhibits exceptional Na+ storage performance with a high reversible capacity (390.9 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1) and excellent long‐term circulation (208.1 mAh g−1 after 2650 cycles at 1 A g−1). Systemic kinetic analysis manifests that the extraordinary performance is responsible for the large‐scale capacitance control. Furthermore, the SIHCs assembled by using N‐MJ and activated carbon (AC) presents a maximum energy density of 111.4 Wh kg−1 (at 445.8 W kg−1) and power density of 2455.2 W kg−1 (at 34.1 Wh kg−1). Notably, the developed SIHCs maintain a 100 % capacity retention rate at 1 A g−1 after 5000 cycles. Overall, our work not only provides a good choice for storage Na+ anode materials, but also supplies a feasible method for the recycling of waste biomass.
CaMn7O12 Quadruple Perovskite Oxides Proceed by Two‐Active‐Site Reaction Mechanism for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Ren Yadan , Kashihara Kodai , Uchiyama Tomoki , Orikasa Yuki , Watanabe Toshiki , Yamamoto Kentaro , Takami Tsuyoshi , Matsunaga Toshiyuki , Nishiki Yoshinori , Mitsushima Shigenori , Uchimoto Yoshiharu 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is one of the essential energy conversion reactions for hydrogen production. In quadruple perovskite oxides AA’3B4O12 (A=Ca, Sr, A’=Cu, Mn and B=3d metals), the new reaction mechanism of O−O bond formation between adsorbed oxygen species at adjacent A’‐B sites has been proposed in recent studies. This idea of multiple transition metals working together to form an active site, rather than a single active site, is appealing, but has not been systematically investigated so far. This study examined catalytic OER performances of CaMn7O12 quadruple perovskite oxides with precisely controlled Mn(A′)−Mn(B) distance by doping with Sr, Cu and Al. The crystal structure and the state of cations and O were investigated through XRD with Rietveld refinement and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. The OER catalytic activity is clearly correlated with the distance of Mn(A’)−Mn(B) while both eg state of Mn and O 2p band center unchanged. The shrinkage of the A’‐B distance affects the stability of O−O bond on A’‐B site and accelerates OER kinetics.
Dual‐Salt Electrolyte with Synergistic Effect for Lithium Metal Batteries with Prolonging Cyclic Performance
Authors: Jiang Bo , Xu Honghui , Cheng Xiangming , Li Jiong , Wang Helong , Liu Yangyang 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAlong with the booming development of human society, the commercial lithium‐ion battery cannot satisfy increasing energy demand for the insufficient energy density, which is attributed to the limited theoretical capacity (372 mAh g−1) of graphite anode. Logically, lithium (Li) metal, which can deliver ultrahigh theoretical capacity of 3860 mAh g−1 and lowest electrochemical potential of −3.04 V versus standard hydrogen electrode, is regarded as the “holy grail” for next‐generation energy storage systems with high energy density. Nevertheless, the practical application of Li metal batteries is hampered by low Coulombic efficiency and poor cyclic performance caused by the dendritic electrodeposition. Herein, a kind of novel carbonate‐based electrolyte with a dual‐salt of hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) and lithium borate difluoroxalate (LiDFOB) for stable Li anode is designed and demonstrated. The introduction of LiDFOB can not only uniform electrodeposition of Li to promote Coulombic efficiency and cycle stability, but also can suppress decomposition of LiPF6 to passivate cathode surfaces. Taking this synergistic effect, Li metal batteries with the high‐capacity ternary cathode of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NMC811) exhibits outstanding cyclic performance with high‐rate capability. Encouragingly, the posted electrolyte is expected to foster the commercial application of Li metal batteries for pursuing high‐energy density.
Automated annotations of epithelial cells and stroma in hematoxylin–eosin‐stained whole‐slide images using cytokeratin re‐staining
Authors: Brázdil Tomáš , Gallo Matej , Nenutil Rudolf , Kubanda Andrej , Toufar Martin , Holub Petr 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe diagnosis of solid tumors of epithelial origin (carcinomas) represents a major part of the workload in clinical histopathology. Carcinomas consist of malignant epithelial cells arranged in more or less cohesive clusters of variable size and shape, together with stromal cells, extracellular matrix, and blood vessels. Distinguishing stroma from epithelium is a critical component of artificial intelligence (AI) methods developed to detect and analyze carcinomas. In this paper, we propose a novel automated workflow that enables large‐scale guidance of AI methods to identify the epithelial component. The workflow is based on re‐staining existing hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded sections by immunohistochemistry for cytokeratins, cytoskeletal components specific to epithelial cells. Compared to existing methods, clinically available H&E sections are reused and no additional material, such as consecutive slides, is needed. We developed a simple and reliable method for automatic alignment to generate masks denoting cytokeratin‐rich regions, using cell nuclei positions that are visible in both the original and the re‐stained slide. The registration method has been compared to state‐of‐the‐art methods for alignment of consecutive slides and shows that, despite being simpler, it provides similar accuracy and is more robust. We also demonstrate how the automatically generated masks can be used to train modern AI image segmentation based on U‐Net, resulting in reliable detection of epithelial regions in previously unseen H&E slides. Through training on real‐world material available in clinical laboratories, this approach therefore has widespread applications toward achieving AI‐assisted tumor assessment directly from scanned H&E sections. In addition, the re‐staining method will facilitate additional automated quantitative studies of tumor cell and stromal cell phenotypes.
The Impact of the CYP2D6 “Enhancer” Single Nucleotide Polymorphism on CYP2D6 Activity
Authors: Dinh Jean C. , Boone Erin C. , Staggs Vincent S. , Pearce Robin E. , Wang Wendy Y. , Gaedigk Roger , Leeder James Steven , Gaedigk Andrea 
Published: October 2021

rs5758550 has been associated with enhanced transcription and suggested to be a useful marker of CYP2D6 activity. As there are limited and inconsistent data regarding the utility of this distant “enhancer” single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), our goal was to further assess the impact of rs5758550 on CYP2D6 activity toward two probe substrates, atomoxetine (ATX) and dextromethorphan (DM), using in vivo urinary metabolite (DM; n = 188) and pharmacokinetic (ATX; n = 70) and in vitro metabolite formation (ATX and DM; n = 166) data. All subjects and tissues were extensively genotyped, the “enhancer” SNP phased with established CYP2D6 haplotypes either computationally or experimentally, and the impact on CYP2D6 activity investigated using several linear models of varying complexity to determine the proportion of variability in CYP2D6 activity captured by each model. For all datasets and models, the “enhancer” SNP had no or only a modest impact on CYP2D6 activity prediction. An increased effect, when present, was more pronounced for ATX than DM suggesting potential substate‐dependency. In addition, CYP2D6*2 alleles with the “enhancer” SNP were associated with modestly higher metabolite formation rates in vitro, but not in vivo; no effect was detected for CYP2D6*1 alleles with “enhancer” SNP. In summary, it remains inconclusive whether the small effects detected in this investigation are indeed caused by the “enhancer” SNP or are rather due to its incomplete linkage with other variants within the gene. Taken together, there does not appear to be sufficient evidence to warrant the “enhancer” SNP be included in clinical CYP2D6 pharmacogenetic testing.
Morphogen regulation of stem cell plasticity in intestinal regeneration and carcinogenesis
Authors: Eggington Holly R. , Mulholland Eoghan J. , Leedham Simon J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe intestinal epithelium is a tissue with high cell turnover, supported by adult intestinal stem cells. Intestinal homeostasis is underpinned by crypt basal columnar stem cells, marked by expression of the LGR5 gene. However, recent research has demonstrated considerable stem cell plasticity following injury, with dedifferentiation of a range of other intestinal cell populations, induced by a permissive microenvironment in the regenerating mucosa. The regulation of this profound adaptive cell reprogramming response is the subject of current research. There is a demonstrable contribution from disruption of key homeostatic signaling pathways such as wingless‐related integration site and bone morphogenetic protein, and an emerging signaling hub role for the mechanoreceptor transducers Yes‐associated protein 1/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ‐binding motif, negatively regulated by the Hippo pathway. However, a number of outstanding questions remain, including a need to understand how tissues sense damage, and how pathways intersect to mediate dynamic changes in the stem cell population. Better understanding of these pathways, associated functional redundancies, and how they may be both enhanced for recovery of inflammatory diseases, and co‐opted in neoplasia development, may have significant clinical implications, and could lead to development of more targeted molecular therapies which target individual stem or stem‐like cell populations.
The longitudinal relationship between set‐shifting at 4 years of age and eating disorder related features at 9 years of age in the general pediatric population
Authors: Steegers Cathelijne , Dieleman Gwen , Moskalenko Valeria , Santos Susana , Hillegers Manon , White Tonya , Jansen Pauline W. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundIndividuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) tend to have rigid thoughts and behaviors regarding their body weight, body image, and eating habits. While a diagnosis of AN implies severe levels of impairment, AN traits can vary on a continuum within the population. However, little is known about how early markers of AN relate to rigid thought patterns and to what extent cognitive rigidity is already present in early childhood. We examined the association of set‐shifting abilities as a measure of cognitive flexibility in preadolescents with AN‐related features.MethodsParticipants included 3,987 children participating in the Generation R Study, a Dutch population‐based birth cohort. Set‐shifting abilities (mother report) were assessed at 4 years of age, body mass index (BMI) was determined at 4 and 9 years and restrictive eating patterns (mother report) and body image (child report) were assessed at 9 years.ResultsLower set‐shifting abilities at 4 years were associated with a lower BMI (β = −.44, p = 2.2 × 10−4) in girls, and more restrictive eating (β = 0.15, p = 2.7 × 10−6) in both boys and girls at 9 years of age. Moreover, set‐shifting at age 4 was not associated with body image at age 9.ConclusionThese findings contribute to the idea that the association between set‐shifting problems and AN‐related features are present early in childhood, prior to the typical range of the onset of eating disorders (EDs). Longitudinal studies that capture the peak age for the development of EDs will be important to assess whether early cognitive inflexibility is an early marker of AN.
Visible‐Light‐Mediated Ring‐Opening Reactions of Cyclopropanes
Authors: Sivanandan Sudheesh T. , Bharath Krishna R. , Baiju Thekke V. , Mohan Chithra 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDue to the high reactivity of cyclopropanes, different methods have been developed for their stereo‐ and regio‐controlled ring‐opening reactions to achieve a variety of synthetically useful targets. The traditional methods for the ring‐opening include thermolysis, use of oxidants, transition metals or radical precursors in which many of them encounter various difficulties. In the past several years, visible‐light‐mediated photoredox reactions received considerable attention for various organic transformations. Several methodologies have been developed in recent times for the visible‐light‐mediated ring‐opening reactions of cyclopropanes. Considering the synthetic potential of this class of reactions, we provide a summary of various methodologies developed for the cyclopropane ring‐opening reactions under visible‐light photoredox catalysis.
2‐Pyrone – A Privileged Heterocycle and Widespread Motif in Nature
Authors: Dobler Daniel , Leitner Michael , Moor Natalija , Reiser Oliver 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe 2‐pyrone moiety can be found in a large number of natural products with a wide range of biological activities, including antibiotic, antifungal, cytotoxic, neurotoxic, phytotoxic, anti‐inflammatory and cardiotonic effects. With its heterocyclic structure encompassing the chemical nature of conjugated dienes, lactones, Michael acceptors and arenes, it can undergo a great variety of transformations such as cycloadditions, ring‐opening reactions, cross‐couplings and lactamizations. Thus, 2‐pyrones represent valuable synthetic precursors and worthwhile targets in organic, polymer, and medical chemistry. Owing to its exquisite chemical and physical properties, the synthesis and further transformations of 2‐pyrones have attracted considerable attention over the past decade, showcasing transition metal and metal free strategies and using readily available starting materials, notably those stemming from renewable resources.
Design of a synthesis‐friendly hypoxia‐responsive promoter for cell‐based therapeutics
Authors: Lam Chee Ka Candice , Truong Kevin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTowards the goal of making ‘smart’ cell therapies, one that recognizes disease conditions (e.g. hypoxia) and then produces mitigating biologics, it is important to develop suitable promoters. Currently, hypoxia responsive promoters are composed of strongly repeated sequences containing hypoxia response elements upstream of a minimal core promoter. Unfortunately, such repeated sequences have inherent genomic instability that may compromise the long‐term consistency of cell‐based therapeutics. Thus, we designed a synthesis‐friendly hypoxia‐inducible promoter (named SFHp) that has GC content between 25% and 75% and no repeats greater than 9 base pairs. In HEK293 cells stably integrated with genes regulated by synthetic SFHp, we demonstrated inducible reporter expression with fluorescent proteins, cell morphology rewiring with our previously engineered RhoA protein and intercellular cell signalling with secreted cytokines. These experiments exemplify the potential usage of SFHp in cell‐based therapeutics with integrated genetic circuits that inducibly respond to the disease microenvironment.
Improving carotenoid production in recombinant yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, using ultrasound‐irradiated two‐phase extractive fermentation
Authors: Yamada Ryosuke , Ando Yorichika , Mitsui Ryosuke , Mizobata Asuka , Yoshihara Shizue , Tokumoto Hayato , Matsumoto Takuya , Ogino Hiroyasu 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCarotenoids are hydrophobic compounds that exhibit excellent bioactivity and can be produced by recombinant S. cerevisiae. Irradiating microorganisms with ultrasonic waves increase the productivity of various useful chemicals. Ultrasonic waves are also used to extract useful chemicals that accumulate in microbial cells. In this study, we aimed to improve the carotenoid production efficiency of a recombinant S. cerevisiae using an ultrasonic‐irradiation based two‐phase extractive fermentation process. When isopropyl myristate was used as the extraction solvent, a total of 264 mg/L of carotenoid was produced when batches were subjected to ultrasonic‐irradiation at 10 W, which was a 1.3‐fold increase when compared to the control. Transcriptome analysis suggested that one of the reasons for this improvement was an increase in the number of living cells. In fact, after 96 h of fermentation, the number of living cells increased by 1.4‐fold upon irradiation with ultrasonic waves. Consequently, we succeeded in improving the carotenoid production in a recombinant S. cerevisiae strain using a ultrasonic‐irradiated two‐phase extractive fermentation and isopropyl myristate as the solvent. This fermentation strategy has the potential to be widely applied during the production of hydrophobic chemicals in recombinant yeast, and future research is expected to further develop this process.
Passive daytime radiative cooling: Fundamentals, material designs, and applications
Authors: Chen Meijie , Pang Dan , Chen Xingyu , Yan Hongjie , Yang Yuan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPassive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) dissipates terrestrial heat to the extremely cold outer space without using any energy input or producing pollution. It has the potential to simultaneously alleviate the two major problems of energy crisis and global warming. In this review, we summarize general strategies implemented for achieving PDRC and various applications of PDRC technologies. We first introduce heat transfer processes involved in PDRC, including radiative and nonradiative heat transfer processes, to evaluate the PDRC performance. Subsequently, we summarize the general material designs used for controlling PDRC performance, such as tuning the thermal mid‐infrared emittance and solar reflectance. Finally, we discuss the diverse applications of PDRC technologies to overcome problems in space cooling, solar cell cooling, water harvesting, and electricity generation.image
Molybdenum‐based heterogeneous catalysts for the control of environmental pollutants
Authors: Ji Jiahui , Bao Yan , Liu Xinyue , Zhang Jinlong , Xing Mingyang 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMolybdenum (Mo)‐based materials with abundant electronic properties have been extensively studied in terms of environmental pollutant control. In photocatalysis, thermal catalysis, electrocatalysis, Fenton or Fenton‐like reactions, and other technical means, the properties of different Mo‐based materials have been fully exerted. In this review, the latest developments in Mo‐based materials in the control of water and air pollutants are summarized. In addition, possible methods are discussed to enhance the activity of Mo‐based materials to provide the direction for the design of highly efficient Mo‐based catalysts in the future.image