bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wisdom Literature of the Apocrypha and Related Compositions of the Second Temple Era
Authors: Kampen John 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
By examining the approaches to wisdom evident in its literary production, it is possible to get a glimpse of the diversity of Second Temple Jewish viewpoints. The identification of one trajectory is an attempt to describe and evaluate certain trends that are apparent in the literature without being able to make the claim that such an attempt is exhaustive. On the basis of the evidence available in one specific trajectory, Ben Sira and Wisdom of Solomon make the closest correlations between wisdom and Torah. While not providing evidence that the Torah was valued primarily as a collection of Pentateuchal law, it is apparent why these two compositions were valued by Jewish writers for whom this became the case.
The Book of Tobit
Authors: Ego Beate 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Book of Tobit, whose main parts were written in Aramaic around 200 bce, tells the story of the healing of blind Tobit and the liberation of young Sarah from the demon Asmodaeus, who had already killed seven of her future husbands on their wedding night. Both actions are described as “healing,” which is rendered possible following the prayers of the protagonists and through the instruction of the angel Raphael. Since the angel is sent by God, medical concepts (both magical and rational) are integrated into the Yahweh religion. By framing the book with the motifs “Exile/Nineveh” and “Land/Jerusalem,” the narrative moreover implies a collective aspect. Against this backdrop, the protagonists’ individual stories may be understood as a paradigm of God’s saving action in history.
The Prayer of Manasseh
Authors: Gutman Ariel 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Prayer of Manasseh is a short penitential prayer considered apocryphal in most Christian and all Jewish traditions. It is attributed to the Judean king Manasseh in an attempt to fill the gap of a missing prayer reported in 2 Chronicles. The paper surveys the biblical background of the text, its text-historical origin stemming in the Didascalia, its special circular literary structure, its textual attestations in manuscripts and epigraphic witnesses, as well as the contexts in which it appears. The paper concludes with the examination of the question of authorship of the Prayer, showing that it is impossible to ascertain whether the author was Jewish or Christian, as well as the time and milieu in which the Prayer was composed.
Apocrypha, Genre, and Historicity
Authors: Oegema Gerbern S. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Whereas the Apocrypha have often been defined by genre and sub-genres in relation to the canonical books, a connection between genre and historical settings is difficult to establish. In terms of historical context, the Apocrypha clearly belong to and originate from the Greco-Roman period of early Judaism, but within that timeframe they can almost be said to belong to different Judaisms than to one worldview or community. Which section of an Apocryphal book refers to which specific historical setting within that historical framework often depends on the form-, redaction-, and tradition-historical method applied. The historical setting of the text is often different from that which it portrays and is rather the life setting of the author. Examining various approaches to and trends within the study of Apocalypticism and genre can shed light on approaches to genre in the Apocrypha.
Research Ethics Consultation
Authors: Danis Marion 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a history of the development of research ethics consultation (REC) and an evaluation of its role in the conduct of research with human participants. It provides a brief overview of how and where REC is currently practiced. It also reviews and engages current debates on the appropriate methods and purpose of REC. Controversies are addressed, including the relationship of REC to research review committees, competency requirements for REC, the appropriate level of confidentiality of REC recommendations, who should have access to RECs, and handling of divergence between ethics guidance and the law. Finally, it explores the question of appropriate breadth of REC.
The Pentateuch Outside the Pentateuch
Authors: Achenbach Reinhard 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This essay examines the representation of major pentateuchal traditions (patriarchs, Exodus, law) in non-pentateuchal biblical texts (the Prophets and writings). Some prophetic texts exhibit evidence of interaction with pentateuchal legal material, and there is evidence of Deuteronomistic editing in biblical prophetic materials. Late biblical (e.g. Chronicles, wisdom texts) and other Persian and Hellenistic period texts mark the beginning of interpretive rewritings of both pentateuchal laws and narratives.
The Economics and Politics of Preferential Trade Agreements
Authors: Baccini Leonardo 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The proliferation of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) is a key feature of this current wave of globalization. This chapter surveys the literature related to determinants of PTAs and their consequences. The key findings of the literature are two-fold. First, the expansion of global value chains is the main driver of the formation of PTAs. Second, PTAs generate stark distributional consequences among firms with large productive firms reaping the lion’s share of the gains from trade. Given that the welfare effect of preferential liberalization is generally small, forming PTAs is likely to remain a controversial trade policy among politicians and voters.
Foreign Aid
Authors: Bermeo Sarah Blodgett 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews scholarship on the political economy of foreign aid, identifies key gaps in the current literature, and offers suggestions for bridging across dividing lines to advance future research agendas. It highlights potential synergies between the study of foreign aid allocation and aid effectiveness. The analysis draws attention to the need to synthesize across studies of micro-level and macro-level outcomes to understand the full political and economic impacts of aid. Reviewing the literature on differences across types of aid donors shows the need to better understand the relationship between democratic and non-democratic donors and to further study optimal design of development institutions to help meet global challenges addressed through foreign aid, such as climate change and pandemic disease.
Economic Coercion
Authors: McLean Elena V. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Economic coercion is a threatened or actual imposition of economic costs on one state by another with the objective of extracting a policy concession. While the first wave of research on economic coercion focused primarily on its effectiveness, more recently scholars broadened the scope of inquiry to include states’ motivations for using economic coercion, their choice of coercive instruments, and the scale of coercive efforts. In addition, scholars have evaluated a broad range of indirect and unintended outcomes of economic coercion. Overall, this field of International Political Economy (IPE) research is problem-driven; consequently, the shared focus on the use and outcomes of economic coercion results in a significant degree of engagement and collaboration among sanction scholars.
International Trade and Conflict
Authors: Mansfield Edward D. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter surveys the empirical literature on the effects of foreign trade on political-military conflict. There have been three “waves” of work on this topic since 1980. It is argued that the most recent wave differs from earlier waves in various important respects. First, it has made significant headway in addressing the causal mechanisms underlying the relationship between trade and conflict. Second, this wave has addressed a wider variety of aspects of trade, including trade policy and trade agreements. Third, a variety of recent studies have shed new light on the effects of trade on the outbreak of war, as well as the effects of war on the trade ties of combatants. Finally, the third wave of research on trade and conflict has addressed whether the effects of trade stem from market capitalism more generally and whether a simultaneous relationship exists between trade and conflict.
Open Economy Politics Revisited
Authors: Rickard Stephanie J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Scholars of International Political Economy (IPE) working in the open economy politics (OEP) tradition use interests, institutions and international bargaining to explain economic policies, as well as international economic relations. A large amount of research in IPE today fits squarely within the OEP paradigm, which makes OEP itself an expedient subject for investigation. This chapter describes the OEP framework and discusses recent developments that have challenged it, including the behavioral revolution and the growing importance of economic geography. An evaluation of how the paradigm has evolved in response to these challenges is undertaken. The chapter concludes with a discussion of emerging issues that confront the OEP paradigm going forward, including the rise of China and the growing political backlash against globalization and the liberal international order.
State-dependent studies on perception and cognition
Authors: Silvanto Juha 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Neuronal response to an external stimulus is affected not only by stimulus properties, but also by the baseline activation state; this is referred to as state-dependency. Leveraging this principle helps to enhance the specificity and reduce the variability of brain stimulation effects. State-dependent paradigms have proven to be successful in enhancing the functional resolution of brain stimulation to the extent that the tuning of neuronal representations can be revealed, and they have also enhanced clinical benefits in the treatment of disorders such as depression. Furthermore, state-dependent approach has been applied in various brain stimulation protocols, including online and offline transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), and paired-pulse associative stimulation. This chapter describes the principles and mechanisms of state-dependent brain stimulation and summarizes its contribution to cognitive neuroscience.
Spectral and timing properties of the black hole candidate X1755−338 observed in 1989–1995
Authors: Yamauchi Shigeo , Maeda Sakiho 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We report results of an analysis of the black hole (BH) candidate source X1755−338 made in 1989, 1990, and 1991 with Ginga, and in 1995 with ASCA. The spectra were well represented by a model consisting of a soft thermal emission from an accretion disk and a hard X-ray tail. The normalization of the multi-color disk, related to the inner disk radius, was similar to each other. The unabsorbed X-ray fluxes from the disk component in the 0.01–10 keV band were estimated to be 1.3 × 10−9, 3.0 × 10−9, 9.8 × 10−10, and 2.4 × 10−9 erg s−1 cm−2 in 1989, 1990, 1991, and 1995, respectively, and are proportional to $kT_{\rm in}^4$, where kTin is a temperature at the inner disk radius. Based on the standard accretion disk model for a non-rotating BH, our results suggest either a small BH mass or a large inclination angle. Otherwise, X1755−338 is a rotating BH. The hard X-ray intensity was found to be variable, while the soft X-ray intensity was stable. Although previous work showed the existence of an iron line at 6.7 keV, no clear iron line feature was found in any of the spectra. We infer that most of the iron line flux reported in the previous work was due to contamination of the Galactic diffuse X-ray emission.
Spine-Adjusting Instrument (Impulse®) Attenuates Nociception and Modulates Oxidative Stress Markers in the Spinal Cord and Sciatic Nerve of a Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain
Authors: da Silva Francielle B O , Santos Maria do Carmo Q , da Silva Thaisla Cristiane Borella , Facchini Daniel , Kolberg Angela , Barros Rodrigo R , Silveira Elza M S , Kroth Adarly , Duarte Felipe C K , Vassoler Jakson M , Kolberg Carolina , Partata Wania A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Objective
Oxidative stress plays an important role in neuropathic pain (NP). Spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) can exert beneficial effects on pain outcomes in humans and in animal models. SMT can also modulate oxidative stress markers in both humans and animals. We aimed to determine the effect of Impulse®-assisted SMT (ISMT) on nociception and oxidative stress biomarkers in the spinal cords and sciatic nerves of rats with NP.

Methods
NP was induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. Animals were randomly assigned to naive, sham (rats with sciatic nerve exposure but without ligatures), or CCI, with and without ISMT. ISMT was applied onto the skin area corresponding to the spinous process of L4–L5, three times per week for 2 weeks. Mechanical threshold, latency to paw withdrawal in response to thermal stimulus, and oxidative stress biomarkers in the spinal cord and sciatic nerve were the main outcomes evaluated.

Results
ISMT significantly increased mechanical threshold and withdrawal latency after CCI. In the spinal cord, ISMT prevented the increase of pro-oxidative superoxide anion generation and hydrogen peroxide levels. Lipid hydroperoxide levels both in the spinal cord and in the sciatic nerve were attenuated by ISMT. Total antioxidant capacity increased in the spinal cords and sciatic nerves of CCI rats with and without ISMT. CCI and ISMT did not significantly change the total thiol content of the spinal cord.

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that reduced oxidative stress in the spinal cord and/or nerve may be an important mechanism underlying a therapeutic effect of SMT to manage NP nonpharmacologically.
Gene Editing, Identity and Benefit
Authors: Douglas Thomas , Devolder Katrien 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Some suggest that gene editing human embryos to prevent genetic disorders will be in one respect morally preferable to using genetic selection for the same purpose: gene editing will benefit particular future persons, while genetic selection would merely replace them. We first construct the most plausible defence of this suggestion—the benefit argument—and defend it against a possible objection. We then advance another objection: the benefit argument succeeds only when restricted to cases in which the gene-edited child would have been brought into existence even if gene editing had not been employed. Our argument relies on a standard account of comparative benefit which has recently been criticised on the grounds that it succumbs to the so-called ‘pre-emption problem’. We end by considering how our argument would be affected were the standard account revised in an attempt to evade this problem. We consider three revised accounts and argue that, on all three, our critique of the benefit argument stands.
Consumers as Financiers: Consumer Surplus, Crowdfunding, and Initial Coin Offerings
Authors: Lee Jeongmin , Parlour Christine A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We study the efficiency implications of funding directly provided by consumers. Intermediaries fail to finance all efficient projects, and crowdfunding can improve efficiency. Whereas intermediaries value projects based on cash flows, consumers also receive a consumption benefit. Unique to crowdfunding is the ability of consumers to commit to pay for the benefit, and the degree to which they can do so determines its efficiency. We discuss the implications of introducing a resale market for consumers’ claims, as in the case of initial coin offerings, and the speculation that necessarily accompanies such markets. We provide testable and policy-related implications.
Conflict, Displacement … and Peace? A Critical Review of Research Debates
Authors: Krause Ulrike , Segadlo Nadine 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The nexus of violent conflict and forced migration has received continuous scholarly attention since the 1980s, but what are the focus areas and key strands in these research debates? Based on a semi-systematic review of research published between 1980 and 2020, this article examines debates about conflict, displacement, and peace. The review leads to the identification of three main strands that are closely connected: the structural links outlining how conflicts contribute to displacements; the various prevailing risks of violence; and the individual and collective strategies of displaced people to cope with dangers and experiences especially in host countries and regions. Despite this broad and still-growing body of literature, peace is found to have been insufficiently addressed in debates thus far. Only few studies attend to peace, and they mainly connect it to return to places of origin, peace(building) education by aid actors, or partly displaced people being potential destabilisers of peace processes. Hence, the roles of peace and displaced people’s practices to support peace constitute key areas requiring further research going forwards.
Self-dependent neural variability predicts recovery from depressive symptoms
Authors: Fan Leyi , Duan Qin , Luo Siyang 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Researchers have increasingly paid attention to the neural dynamics of depression. This study examined whether self-dependent neural variability predicts recovery from depressive symptoms. Sixty adults with depressive symptoms who were not officially diagnosed with major depressive disorder participated in this study. Participants completed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning, including a resting-state and a self-reflection task. The fMRI data were used to estimate neural variability, which refers to the temporal variability in regional functional connectivity patterns. Participants then completed the Self-Construal Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The change in BDI scores over 3 months indicated the degree of recovery from depressive symptoms. Self-construal moderated the effects of general neural variability on predicting recovery from depressive symptoms. Interdependent individuals became less depressive with higher general neural variability, but the relationship was not significant in independent individuals. The differences in neural variability between self-related and other-related conditions also predicted recovery from depressive symptoms. The regions contributing to the prediction were mainly distributed in the default-mode network. Based on these results, the harmony between individuals’ neural dynamics and self-concept is important for recovery from depressive symptoms, which might be a foundation for individualized treatment and counseling.
Single-level Cervical Arthroplasty with Prodisc-C Vivo Artificial Disc
Authors: Cao Shuo , Zhao Yanbin , Sun Yu , Li Weishi , Zhou Feifei , Zhang Fengshan , Zhang Li , Pan Shengfa , Chen Xin , Diao Yinze , Xia Tian 
Published: May 2021

Study Design.
Retrospective study.

Objective.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term clinical and radiographic outcomes of cervical arthroplasty using the ProDisc-C Vivo prosthesis.

Summary of Background Data.
Previous reports have shown that cervical arthroplasty with ProDisc-C artificial disc has acceptable clinical outcomes at 5-year and 10-year follow-ups.

Methods.
Clinical and radiographic evaluations, including dynamic flexion-extension lateral images, were performed at baseline and at the 5-year follow-up.

Results.
Twenty-eight patients who underwent single-level ProDisc-C Vivo arthroplasty were followed-up for a mean period of 65 months. The range of motion at the operated level was 8.9° ± 2.3° at baseline and 8.3° ± 4.8° at the final follow-up (P
= 0.494). Fourteen of 28 levels (50%) developed heterotopic ossification (HO). According to McAfee's classification, one level was classified as grade I, nine levels as grade II, two levels as grade III, and two levels as grade IV. Only four of 28 levels (14.3%) had severe HO. Among patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy, mJOA score was 13.9 ± 2.5° at baseline and 15.9° ± 1.0° at the final follow-up (P
= 0.001 < 0.05). Among patients with cervical spondylotic radiculopathy, Visual Analog Scale (VAS) neck and shoulder was 5.4 ± 1.4° at baseline and 0.7° ± 1.2° at the final follow-up (p = 0.000 < 0.05), VAS arm was 5.1 ± 2.8° at baseline and 0.5° ± 1.2° at the final follow-up (P
= 0.000 < 0.05). A total of 49 adjacent segments were observed and 13 (26.5%) had adjacent segment degeneration. No patient developed recurrent cervical radiculopathy or myelopathy due to adjacent segment disease. No patient underwent re-operation.

Conclusion.
ProDisc-C Vivo arthroplasty had satisfactory clinical and radiographic outcomes at 5-year follow-up.

Level of Evidence: 4
Outcomes of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Following Traumatic Injury: A Propensity-Matched Analysis
Authors: Ahmed Nasim , Kuo Yen-Hong , Pratt Abimbola 
Published: May 2021

OBJECTIVES:
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the overall occurrence of inhospital mortality in trauma patients who were placed on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation following the complication of the acute respiratory distress syndrome.

DESIGN:
Observational cohort study.

SETTING:
The data of all patients who were traumatically injured and developed the complication of acute respiratory distress syndrome were accessed from the Trauma Quality Improvement Program database from the calendar years of 2013 to 2016.

PATIENTS:
Patients 16 years old and less than 90 years old were included in the study. Variables included patient demography, Injury Severity Score, Glasgow Coma Scale score, Abbreviated Injury Scale score, and outcomes.

INTERVENTIONS:
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Propensity-matched analysis was performed between two groups: patients placed on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and patients placed on conventional mode of ventilation. The primary outcome was inhospital mortality. Out of 6,121 patients who developed acute respiratory distress syndrome, 118 patients (1.93%) were placed on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The pair matched analysis showed significant difference between the two groups (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation vs conventional mode of ventilation) for overall inhospital mortality (35.6% vs 14.4%; p < 0.001). There were significant differences found between the two groups for the median hospital length of stay (41 [35–49] vs 27 [24–33]), ICU days (35 [30–41] vs 19 [17–24]), and ventilator days (30 [27–34] vs 15 [13–18]). All p values are less than 0.001.

CONCLUSIONS:
Approximately 2% of acute respiratory distress syndrome patients were placed on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The overall inhospital mortality remained high despite patients being placed on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.