bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enlisting and Excluding an “Enemy Race”
Authors: Guglielmo Thomas A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines the US military’s effort to restrict Japanese Americans’ access to the nation’s fighting forces during World War II. In the navy, Japanese Americans were barred from enlisting and serving throughout the war. But the army’s restrictive policies, by contrast, changed dramatically and repeatedly over the course of the war, resulting in Japanese Americans zigging and zagging between exclusion and inclusion. At times their army access approximated that for white people; other times it was more restricted than that for black people. In the end, like African Americans, Japanese Americans were underrepresented in the military. At the same time, their enlistment barriers had their own particularities, which bespoke the variety of racisms in wartime America and its military, as well as the variety of struggles that emerged to uproot them.
The Backbone of Segregation
Authors: Guglielmo Thomas A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines African Americans’ struggle to integrate military units during World War II. Integration of this kind became for the first time ever a core element of black people’s civil rights demands, around which growing numbers of them and their allies rallied during the war. Their efforts fell far short of their intended goal. The forces in favor of the segregated status quo—Congress and the White House, military brass and military tradition, federal law and white public opinion—proved too formidable. Even so, African Americans’ wartime integrationist struggle laid the foundation for the postwar desegregation of the armed forces.
Bonds and Barriers
Authors: Guglielmo Thomas A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7 follows nonblack minorities through their training and service in the United States. America’s World War II military, from its top leaders to its enlisted personnel, simultaneously built and blurred a white-nonwhite divide alongside its black-white one. On the one hand, the blurring stemmed from a host of factors, including the day-to-day intermingling of troops, the activism of nonblack minorities, and, paradoxically, the unifying power of the black-white divide among nonblacks. On the other hand, this blurring had its limits. White-nonwhite lines cropped up in some of the same places black-white ones did and in some different ones, too, especially those related to national security and Japanese Americans. In the end, these lines remained in place throughout the war years, despite continuous blurring. They did so in part because of these racialized national security concerns and because of the power of civilian racist practices and investments.
Brothers in Arms?
Authors: Guglielmo Thomas A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 9 looks at what happened to the US military’s white-nonwhite lines as American troops moved overseas during World War II. Nonblack minorities faced both bright and blurry white-nonwhite lines when deployed abroad. At times, the military remained determined to uphold distinctions between whites, on the one hand, and Asian Americans, Latin Americans, and Native Americans, on the other. This determination, evident in everything from military justice proceedings to promotion patterns, stemmed primarily from long-standing civilian investments in these distinctions and in response to the vicious race war in the Pacific with Japan. At the same time, overseas service also witnessed the continued blurring of white-nonwhite lines—the transformation of “Mexicans,” “Puerto Ricans,” “Indians,” “Filipinos,” “Chinese,” and even “Japanese” into whites’ buddies and brothers, comrades and fellow Americans, deepening a process that had begun on the home front. While this overseas blurring often emanated from day-to-day battlefield bonding, it was America’s military leaders and commanders who largely made it possible. In doing so, they narrowed the white-nonwhite divide, but also deepened the black-white one in the process.
State Responsibility and Its Distributive Effect
Authors: Pasternak Avia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents the problem of the distributive effect and its treatment in existing literature. Starting with the idea that states are corporate moral agents, it suggests that states are morally responsible for their wrongdoings in two distinct senses: they can be blameworthy when they act wrongly, and they incur remedial responsibilities to address the wrong, including paying compensation to its victims. The chapter then contrasts two core views on how the state’s remedial responsibilities should be distributed among its members. The first view supports a proportional distribution, which tracks the state’s members’ blameworthy contributions to their state’s wrongdoings. While this approach caters to individualist intuitions about fairness, it is hard to implement in real-world states. The second approach is nonproportional, and lets the burden fall on the population at large. While easier to implement, it seems to lack a solid normative justification.
Distributing State Responsibility
Authors: Pasternak Avia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 contrasts the intentional participation framework with other accounts, builds on the normative and empirical findings of the previous chapters, and develops a viable model for the distribution of remedial responsibility within the state. It examines five alternative principles that could justify a nonproportional distribution: “national responsibility,” democratic authorization, benefiting from state wrongdoing, having a special capacity to address it, and having special associative obligations to the victims of the wrongdoing. While each of these principles has important limitations, under some circumstances they can play a role in explaining citizens’ obligations with respect to their state’s wrongdoings. The chapter then outlines a context-sensitive process for determining how a state’s responsibility should be distributed between its citizens in specific cases. Typically, this process will conclude that in democratic states, a nonproportional distribution is overall justified, while in many authoritarian states it is not.
Conclusions
Authors: Pasternak Avia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief summary of the book’s main findings. It summarizes my argument that citizens who intentionally participate in their state can be expected to incur a nonproportional share of their state’s remedial obligations for its wrongdoings, and the context-sensitive framework I propose for the distribution of the state’s responsibilities among the population. It then considers some action-guiding implications of these arguments: first, for policymakers in the international arena who deal with delinquent states. Second, for national governments, which are responsible for collecting the resources necessary to meet their compensatory obligations. Finally, for citizens, who need to decide whether to lend their support to their government’s policies.
The Silken Thread
Authors: Wiedenmann Robert N. , Fisher J. Ray 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Insects are seldom mentioned in history texts, yet they significantly shaped human history. The Silken Thread: Five Insects and Their Impacts on Human History tells the stories of just five insects, tied together by a thread originating in the Silk Roads of Asia, and how they have impacted our world. Silkworms have been farmed to produce silk for millennia, creating a history of empires and cultural exchanges; Silk Roads connected East to West, generating trade centers and transferring ideas, philosophies, and religions. The western honey bee feeds countless people, and their crop pollination is worth billions of dollars. Fleas and lice carried bacteria that caused three major plague pandemics, moved along the Silk Roads from Central Asia. Bacteria carried by insects left their ancient clues as DNA embedded in victims’ teeth. Lice caused outbreaks of typhus, especially in crowded conditions such as prisons and concentration camps. Typhus aggravated the effects of the Irish potato famine, and Irish refugees took typhus to North America. Yellow fever was transported to the Americas via the trans-Atlantic slave trade, taking and devaluing the lives of millions of Africans. Slaves were brought to the Americas to reduce labor costs in the cultivation of sugarcane, which was itself transported from south Asia along the Silk Roads. Yellow fever caused panic in the United States in the 1700s and 1800s as the virus and its mosquito vector was moved from the Caribbean. Constructing the Panama Canal required defeating mosquitoes that transmitted yellow fever. The silken thread runs through and ties together these five insects and their impacts on human history.
Introduction
Authors: Talisse Robert B. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The Introduction canvasses the major concepts discussed in the book: democracy, citizenship, civility, partisanship, and polarization. It also provides a sketch of the book’s central argument. There is a tension at the heart of the moral office of democratic citizenship. Citizens are called upon to take responsibility for their political order, and hence must act in ways that further justice. Yet they also must show a due regard for one another’s equality. They must treat their fellow citizens as their political equals. In many cases, these directives pull in opposing directions: in treating our political opponents as our equals, we seem to be conceding something to their views, which we hold as misguided and possibly unjust. It seems, then, that the directive to pursue justice supplies reasons to disregard our opponents, to treat them as less than our political equals. Perhaps democratic citizenship is self-defeating?
The Polarization Dynamic
Authors: Talisse Robert B. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The challenge of sustaining democracy is complicated by the fact that political engagement exposes citizens to a cognitive and social dynamical force known as belief polarization that leads us to over-ascribe malicious motives, irrational ideas, and extreme commitments to those who we perceive to be political opponents. As we politically interact with our fellow partisans, we come to see those who do not share our political identity as untrustworthy, incompetent, and threatening. This gives rise to the democrat’s dilemma. However, belief polarization also infects our alliances, turning groups of like-minded people into increasingly homogeneous and conformist units that ultimately are internally hierarchical and unstable. The reason we have to sustain democracy with our foes is that unless we do so, we will not be able to sustain democracy among our allies.
Introduction
Authors: Steward Gary L. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This opening section introduces the argument of the entire work, namely, that the American clergy who supported political resistance to the British did so in continuity with their own theological tradition. It also surveys a number of different approaches to interpreting the American Revolution. The influence of Bernard Bailyn’s Neo-Whig school of interpretation upon recent scholarship has significantly shaped how the American clergy’s arguments for resistance have been understood. Mark Noll, especially, has influenced how a number of historians have viewed the American clergy’s thought of this period, namely, as co-opted by secular philosophies and radical political views. The nature of political resistance doctrine sheds light on the role that Christianity played in the American founding.
“Never to Be Forgotten”
Authors: Steward Gary L. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the clergy’s doctrine of political resistance expressed during the Stamp Act crisis of 1765. The clergy’s justifications of political resistance as the Revolutionary-era troubles began emerged against the backdrop of clerical arguments for resistance articulated after the overthrow of Governor Edmund Andros in 1689. The memory of Andros, his tyrannical reign over New England, and the clergy’s resistance to him were evoked by the clergy during the Revolutionary era. This act of pre-Revolutionary resistance provides important context for understanding how the clergy themselves thought about the moral legitimacy of resisting one’s political authorities in the Revolutionary period. Colonial resistance to oppressive British agents was not a new or novel idea.
The Cloud of Longing
Authors: Jarow E. H. Rick 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The Cloud of Longing is a full-length study and translation of the great Sanskrit poet Kālidāsa’s famed Meghadūta (literally: The Cloud Messenger) with a focus on its interfacing of nature, feeling, figurative language, and mythic memory. While the Meghadūta has been translated a number of times, the last “almost academic” translation was published in 1976 (Leonard Nathan, The Transport of Love: The Meghadūta of Kālidāsa). Barbara Stoler Miller, my graduate mentor at Columbia University, oftentimes remarked that it was time for a new translation of the text. This volume, however, is more than an Indological translation. It is a study of the text in light of both classical Indian and contemporary Western literary theory, and it is aimed at lovers of poetry and poetics and students of world literature. It seeks to widen the arena of literary and poetic studies to include classic works of Asian traditions. It also looks at the poem’s imaginative portrayals of “nature” and “environment” from perspectives that have rarely been considered.
Vastunirdeśa
Authors: Jarow E. H. Rick 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The opening verses of the poem reveal very conscious strategy that is less of a beginning then a continuation of Epic and Purāṇic concerns. The entire journey of the Cloud, in fact, follows that of the great epic Rāmāyaṇa. The early verses of the poem also reveal Kālidāsa’s concern with the issue of how language generates meaning, as the Cloud may be viewed as language itself through its changing forms and figures. The conventional theme of the anguished ridden lover, pining in longing for the beloved, is seen through its relationship with specific landscapes. The chapter ends with a metaphysical look at the ways of “truth and silence”: the inability of any form of language to touch reality versus the potential of poetic figures to rise above the literal into greater spheres of signification.
The Argument
Authors: Jarow E. H. Rick 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers a close reading of the next four of the poem’s opening verses that frame the rest of the work through the address of the Yaksha to the Cloud. These verses are both descriptive and suggestive, focusing on the state of loss, the pining-sorrowful condition of the Yaksha, the surrounding environs, the appearance of the Cloud, and perhaps underneath all this, critical issues concerning the relationship between language and representation. The intertextuality of the Cloud image is discussed, as is its relationship with figurative language, and the correlation of the rainy season with the themes of loss and longing. The critical question of the poem is then considered: “How can an inanimate Cloud transmit a message from a living being?” Other works of Kālidāsa are considered in this regard (Śakuntalā, Raghuvanśa) as is the recurring trope of the reckless lover, alongside that of the silent sage. What is the relationship between the cloud and the message, the form and the content, the sign and the object world? Does figuration reveal through indirection or does it simply magnify an inadequate situation? The answer given is the remainder of the poem itself, one that simultaneously dazzles with visionary capability and demonstrates figurative impossibility.
The Cloud’s Way
Authors: Jarow E. H. Rick 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter follows the imagined journey of the Cloud through varied landscapes of India. The phenomenon of “diversion,” also seen in the epic Mahābhārata, is examined as an associative organizing principle of narrative in which one scenario suggests another (as opposed to linear progression). The arc of the journey is examined through close readings of particular verses that describe fabled sites in India’s mythic geography. These are unpacked and analyzed for their exquisite figurative detail. The repeated stops with mountains and dalliances with rivers are shown to be part of Kālidāsa’s eroticized landscape, and comparisons are made with well-known landscape narratives. The actual poetic figures that the poet employs, and how they work, are examined.
Alakā
Authors: Jarow E. H. Rick 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
As the Cloud Messenger approaches the city where the Yaksha’s beloved resides (Alakā) the concentric layers of the poetic mandala narrow. The descriptive focus descends along with the Cloud to the city rooftops, the city, and its residents. The Cloud is led to the Yaksha’s home and finally to his beloved. The visual descriptions of the city are stunning, as the text continues to echo the Rāmāyaṇa, citing Hanumān’s display of the Rāma’s ring to Sītā. The ring, as the sign, tries to keep the hope of meeting alive. It offers hints, but itself provides no resolution save that of pointing to its own impossibility. It is this very impossibility, however, that becomes exalted as longing amplifies the mood of separation, and through the deep recognition of this condition, rasa appears.
Movies on Our Minds
Authors: Cutting James E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Why do we enjoy popular movies? This book explores perceptual, cognitive, and emotional reasons for our engagement. It considers effects of camera lenses and the layout of images. It outlines the types of transitions between shots, and it traces their historical functions and changes. It classifies different kinds of shots and the changes in them across a century. It explains the arcs of scenes and how they fit into the larger structure of sequences, and then it explores scene- and sequence-like units that have become increasingly prevalent in recent years. It then breaks movies into larger, roughly half-hour parts and provides psychological evidence for them. Finally, it explores the rhythms of whole movies, first observing the flow of physical changes—shot durations, luminance, motion, and clutter—as it has developed over time, and then how cinematic polyrhythms have come to match aspects of those in the human body. Overall, this book focuses on how the narration, the manner in which the story is told, has come to reinforce the structure of the narrative, the story proper. It uses several hundred popular movies released over a century and embeds its exploration in discussions of evolution, culture, and technological change. The changes in movies have contributed to viewers’ engagement by sustaining attention, promoting understanding of the narrative, heightening emotional commitment, and fostering their felt presence in the story. Examples of cinematic effects in particular movies are given at every turn.
False Starts
Authors: Heath Joseph 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Despite the fact that there is an obvious normative dimension to the problem of anthropogenic climate change, environmental ethicists have so far not had much influence on policy deliberations. This is primarily because mainstream views in the philosophical literature have policy implications that are implausibly extreme. This chapter begins by considering the case of traditional environmental ethics, and the debate over anthropocentrism that has dominated this literature. Far from generating specific policy recommendations, this perspective has tended rather to generate only pluralism, if not outright skepticism about value. These difficulties led to the emergence of a second wave of environmental philosophers, who have attempted to grapple with the issues raised by climate change using the tools of normative political philosophy. Many of these frameworks have also failed to make a productive contribution because their deontological structure makes them poorly tailored to consideration of the trade-offs involved in different policy options.
Intergenerational Justice
Authors: Heath Joseph 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The problem of climate change has generated renewed interest in the question of what we owe to future generations. This question is often thought to pose special problems for contractualists, because many claim that there is no possibility of mutually beneficial cooperation between generations. Because benefits can flow only forward in time, there cannot be reciprocity between non-contemporaneous generations, and so there is no place for a social contract to determine how the benefits and burdens of cooperation are to be assigned. This chapter argues that this supposed problem for contractualism is not really a problem at all, since there is no problem in principle, or in practice, with a system of intergenerational cooperation in which benefits flow only one way. The widespread failure to appreciate this is due to several counterintuitive features of the system that is at work in our society.
The Social Cost of Carbon
Authors: Heath Joseph 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The past few decades have seen an expansion in the use of cost-benefit analysis as a tool for policy evaluation in the public sector. This slow, steady creep has been a source of consternation to many philosophers and political theorists, who are inclined to view cost-benefit analysis as simply a variant of utilitarianism, and consider utilitarianism to be completely unacceptable as a public philosophy. This chapter attempts to show that this impression is misleading. Despite the fact that when construed narrowly, cost-benefit analysis does look a lot like utilitarianism, when seen in its broader context, in the way that it is applied, and the type of problems to which it is applied, it is better understood as an attempt by the state to avoid taking sides with respect to various controversial conceptions of the good.
Positive Social Time Preference
Authors: Heath Joseph 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Recent debates have made it clear that the choice of a social discount rate has enormous consequences for the amount of carbon abatement that will be recommended. The social discount rate determines how future costs are to be compared to present costs. Philosophers have been almost unanimous in endorsing the view that the only acceptable social rate of time preference is zero, a view that, taken literally, has either absurd or extremely radical implications. The first goal of this chapter is to show that the standard arguments against temporal preference are much less persuasive than they are usually taken to be. The second goal is to explore three different avenues of argument that could be adopted in order to show that temporal discounting of welfare may be permissible. The chapter concludes with a suggestion for how deontologists could accept a pure time preference derived from the current global death rate.
Conclusion
Authors: Heath Joseph 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Justice is fundamentally concerned with imposing constraints on the harms that individuals in society may impose upon one another. Some interference with each other’s plans is an inevitable feature of social life, so the question becomes which interferences are acceptable, or to what degree. In some cases the appropriate level can be achieved through property rights and free contracting, but in many others it cannot. The ideal of regulation is one in which the state imposes the outcome that the parties would have contracted to. This is the appropriate framework for thinking about climate change policy. Carbon pricing is a way, not just of ensuring that the appropriate balancing of benefits and harms occurs, but of ensuring that the emissions we produce are justifiable.