bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attitude Towards Suicide and Help-Seeking Behavior Among Medical Undergraduates in a Malaysian University
Authors: Wahab Suzaily , Shah Nicholas Elam , Sivachandran Sarmeswaran , Shahruddin Izzati , Ismail Nik Nor Shaida , Mohan Loushinnah Devi , Kamaluddin Mohammad Rahim , Nawi Azmawati Mohammed 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Objective
The attitude of medical personnel towards suicide may influence the outcome of suicidal-patients management. This study aimed to determine the attitudes of medical undergraduates towards suicide and its association with their help-seeking behavior.

Methods
A cross-sectional study involving 290 medical undergraduates was conducted in a Malaysian university. The questionnaires on the attitude towards suicide and general help-seeking behavior were used as research instruments.

Results
The mean age of the participants was 22.4 years. Participants who did psychiatry posting indicated a greater tendency to agree on suicide as a way of communication (p = 0.008) than those who did not. Participants previously diagnosed with a psychiatric illness indicated a greater ability to understand and accept suicide (p < 0.001) as well as a greater tendency to agree on the normality of suicide (p = 0.019) than those without a previous diagnosis. Those who attended a suicide prevention program also indicated a greater tendency to agree that loneliness and avoidance could be triggers to suicide (p = 0.037) than those who did not. No correlation was found between the “attitude towards suicide” and “general help-seeking behavior” variable.

Conclusion
Education programs in suicide prevention and management need to be incorporated early into the undergraduate medical curriculum to cultivate a more positive attitude towards suicide and help-seeking behavior.
Failure modelling of glass plates in biaxial loading: using flaw-size based weakest-link systems
Authors: Kinsella David , Serrano Erik 
Published: August 2021

AbstractExperimental strength tests are performed on two series of nominally equal plate specimens of annealed soda-lime glass subjected to either ring-on-ring or ball-on-ring bending. The Weibull effective area which represents a fictitious surface area exposed to uniform tension is calculated using closed-form solutions. Finite-size weakest-link systems are implemented numerically in a computationally intensive procedure for random sampling of plates extracted from a virtual jumbo pane whose surface area contains a set of stochastic Griffith flaws. A non-linear finite element analysis is conducted to compute the bending stresses. The glass surface condition is represented in different flaw-size concepts that depend on a truncated exponentially decaying flaw-size distribution. Stress corrosion effects are modelled by implementation of subcritical crack growth. The effective ball contacting radius is determined in a numerical computation. The results show that surface size effects in glass are not only a matter of strength-scaling, as also the shape of the distribution changes. While the lowest strength value, as per the major in-plane principal stress at the recorded fracture origin, in the respective data sets is very similar, the strongest specimen observed in ball-on-ring testing is over 70% stronger than the correspondingly strongest specimen observed in ring-on-ring bending. The Shift function is used to make visual comparisons of the difference in quantiles in the observed data sets. Use of an ordinary Weibull distribution leads to non-conservative strength predictions on smaller effective areas, and to too low strength predictions than are viable for glass design on larger areas. The numerical implementation of finite-size weakest-link systems can produce better predictions for the strength-scaling compared to a Weibull distribution, in particular when the flaw-size concept is modified to include a doubly stochastic flaw-size distribution or a random noise added to each subdivided region of the discretized surface area. The simulated ball-on-ring fracture origins exhibit greater spread from the centre point than otherwise observed in laboratory tests. It is indicated that the chosen representation of surface condition may not be accurate enough for the modelling of all fracture origins in the ball-on-ring setup even though acceptable results are obtained with the ring-on-ring model. There is a need for more insight into the surface condition of glass which can be conducive to the development of flaw-size based weakest-link modelling.
Selection of bacteria and fungi for control of soilborne seedling diseases of maize
Authors: Pfeiffer Tobias , von Galen Astrid , Zink Petra , Hübner Sebastian , Linkies Ada , Felgentreu Dieter , Drechsel Jannika , Birr Tim , Röder Olaf , Kotte Mathias , Dietel Kristin , Junge Helmut , Schwarz Elisa , Koch Eckhard 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPlant-based screening experiments were conducted with the aim of identifying biocontrol bacteria and fungi for seed treatment of maize. Candidate microorganisms were evaluated for their protective effects against soilborne infections by species of Fusarium, Globisporangium (syn. Pythium) and Rhizoctonia. The microorganisms tested were bacteria and fungi from maize roots or other sources, including some active microbial components of commercial biocontrol products. Due to the method of isolation chosen, the majority of bacteria from maize roots were spore formers, most of them species of the genera Bacillus,Brevibacillus and Paenibacillus. In pot tests with the potting substrate inoculated with F. culmorum, the level of control provided by seed treatment with the most efficacious bacterial and fungal isolates was comparable or close to the chemical reference seed treatment thiram. The most effective bacteria were species of Pseudomonas, Burkholderia and Streptomyces. Among a subset of approx. 100 bacteria studied, the in vivo and in vitro activities against F.culmorum were only weakly correlated, although some strains deviated from this pattern. The most effective fungi were two strains of Clonostachys rosea and isolates of Trichoderma. The latter and a strain of Gliocladium virens provided also protection against R.solani. Activity against Globisporangium ultimum was recorded for one isolate of Trichoderma and the two strains of C. rosea. A reduction in the impact of seedborne F. culmorum was also observed after seed treatment with two strains of F. oxysporum f. sp. strigae. The results are discussed in relation to previous reports on rhizosphere bacteria of maize and their use in biocontrol of plant pathogens or for plant growth promotion.
When catalytic P systems with one catalyst can be computationally complete
Authors: Alhazov Artiom , Freund Rudolf , Ivanov Sergiu 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCatalytic P systems are among the first variants of membrane systems ever considered in this area. This variant of systems also features some prominent computational complexity questions, and in particular the problem of using only one catalyst in the whole system: is one catalyst enough to allow for generating all recursively enumerable sets of multisets? Several additional ingredients have been shown to be sufficient for obtaining computational completeness even with only one catalyst. In this paper, we show that one catalyst is sufficient for obtaining computational completeness if either catalytic rules have weak priority over non-catalytic rules or else instead of the standard maximally parallel derivation mode, we use the derivation mode maxobjects, i.e., we only take those multisets of rules which affect the maximal number of objects in the underlying configuration.
Phenotypic Traits, Grain Yield and Yield Components of Maize Cultivars Under Combinations of Management Practices in Semi-arid Conditions of Iran
Authors: Rahimi Jahangirlou Maryam , Akbari Gholam Abbas , Alahdadi Iraj , Soufizadeh Saeid , Kumar Uttam , Parsons David 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn semi-arid regions, selecting cultivars and planning management practices are critical issues for improving yields and reducing risks of maize cultivation in the short summer cropping season. This study aimed to assess the responses of grain yield (GY) and important phenotypic characteristics of maize cultivars from different maturity groups under various irrigation regimes, planting dates, and nitrogen rates, in a 2-year experiment. According to the clusters identified in the loading plot, stover yield, radiation use efficiency (RUE), height, leaf greenness index, stem weight, and ear size during flowering (VT/R1) were strongly correlated with GY, yield components and harvest index. Based on analysis of variance, more irrigation or N, or their interaction often increased GY, rows ear−1, grains row−1 and hundred-grain weight. Late planting decreased GY of KSC704 (late maturity cultivar). KSC260 (early maturity cultivar) had greater flexibility in planting time, required less days for maturity, and had less water consumption. The findings highlight the physiological basis of the relationship between the different phenotypic characteristics and how they affect GY and its components. They were in line with the established theories that higher RUE, biomass and sink activity (e.g. grain weight and numbers, and larger ear size) are associated with better genetic gains to produce high GY. Although the results were not consistent between years, findings suggested the good performance of recently released early maturity cultivars for use during the summer growing season.
Positive intercropping effects on biomass production are species-specific and involve rhizosphere enzyme activities: Evidence from a field study
Authors: Kumar Amit , Blagodaskaya Evgenia , Dippold Michaela A. , Temperton Vicky M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLess attention has been given to soil enzymes that contribute to beneficial rhizosphere interactions in intercropping systems. Therefore, we performed a field experiment by growing faba bean, lupine, and maize in mono and mixed cultures in a moderately fertile soil. We measured shoot biomass and the kinetic parameters (maximal velocity (Vmax) and Michaelis-constant (Km)) of three key enzymes in the rhizosphere: Leucine-aminopeptidase (LAP), β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG), and phosphomonoesterase (PHO). Faba bean benefitted in mixed cultures by greater shoot biomass production with both maize and lupine compared to its expected biomass in monoculture. Next, LAP and NAG kinetic parameters were less responsive to mono and mixed cultures across the crop species. In contrast, both the Vmax and Km values of PHO increased in the faba bean rhizosphere when grown in mixed cultures with maize and lupine. A positive relative interaction index for shoot P and N uptake for faba bean showed its net facilitative interactions in the mixed cultures. Overall, these results suggest that over-productivity in intercropping is crop-specific and the positive intercropping effects could be modulated by P availability. We argue that the enzyme activities involved in nutrient cycling should be incorporated in further research.
Sir John Stuffgut's soup and a taste for desert
Authors: Oliver Adam 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA concern that people ought to be given what they deserve, in both positive and negative senses, lies deep within the human psyche. Views on the level of reward or punishment that a person deserves for their actions will differ across persons, places, and time, but, I argue in this article, depend substantively upon some combination of intentions and outcomes. Using these characteristics, I propose a taxonomy of actions, ordered from most to least blameworthy, with, for example, it being suggested that for any particular level of harm an intentional yet unrealized harm is more blameworthy than an unintentional yet realized harm (a similar taxonomy can be developed for the positive domain of praiseworthy actions). The taxonomy is focused upon people's actions toward others, but I finish the article with a discussion of desert in relation to people's intentions toward themselves. Ultimately, I contend that the strength and sustainability of public sector services and welfare systems, not to mention our private relationships, rely upon the recognition that desert underpins our notion of justice.
Gaps of saddle connection directions for some branched covers of tori
Authors: SANCHEZ ANTHONY 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe compute the gap distribution of directions of saddle connections for two classes of translation surfaces. One class will be the translation surfaces arising from gluing two identical tori along a slit. These yield the first explicit computations of gap distributions for non-lattice translation surfaces. We show that this distribution has support at zero and quadratic tail decay. We also construct examples of translation surfaces in any genus$d>1$that have the same gap distribution as the gap distribution of two identical tori glued along a slit. The second class we consider are twice-marked tori and saddle connections between distinct marked points with a specific orientation. These results can be interpreted as the gap distribution of slopes of affine lattices. We obtain our results by translating the question of gap distributions to a dynamical question of return times to a transversal under the horocycle flow on an appropriate moduli space.
Effect of food availability on the growth and age determination of European sardine (Sardina pilchardus Walbaum, 1792) larvae
Authors: Garrido Susana , Ferreira Susana , Soares Claudia , Meneses Isabel , Baylina Nuria , Batista Hugo , Teodósio Maria Alexandra , Piecho-Santos António Miguel , Ré Pedro 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAccurate assessment of age and growth of fish is essential to understand population dynamics, namely for age-structured stock assessment and for determining vital rates of fish (e.g. age at sexual maturity) and their relationship with environmental variability. To validate the daily deposition in the otoliths of European sardine (Sardina pilchardus) larvae, these were reared with a range of food densities translating into feeding rates extending from less than required for maintenance to saturated feeding levels. When exogenous feeding began, a high variability in the relationship between number of growth increments (GI) and elapsed days after hatching (dph) was observed, irrespective of the feeding treatment. GI counts using a light microscope were less than one per day for larvae <15 dph (ranging from 0.17–0.43 GI day−1) and similar for larvae reared with different food concentrations. The rate of GI count vs age was significantly higher for larvae older than 15 dph. GI count from 3–30 dph was lower than one per day (0.45–0.75 GI day−1 95% CI) for fed larvae 3–30 dph. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the daily deposition of GI and revealed some increment widths around 0.2 μm, particularly during the first week post-hatch. Otoliths of wild sardine larvae exhibited narrow GI (<0.5 μm) comparable with reared larvae. This study demonstrates that during the first weeks after hatch the daily increment deposition is underestimated using traditional light microscopy, which must be taken into account in future works determining wild sardine larval growth.
Species composition and distribution of Alcyonacea (Octocorallia) in the northern Persian Gulf
Authors: Shahbazi Shemshad , Sakhaei Nasrin , Zolgharnein Hossein , McFadden Catherine S. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractStudies concerning octocoral species from the Persian Gulf coral reefs are few. This study documents the diversity and abundance of octocoral communities from three islands in the north Persian Gulf, namely, Larak Island, Hengam Island and Qeshm Island. Belt transects were used to survey the octocoral communities at these islands. We used a rapid ecological assessment technique (REA) to assess the status and abundance of octocorals. Also, K Independent sample analysis was conducted on abundance and Shannon Diversity index data to determine if octocoral abundance and species diversity varied between islands. A total of 22 morphospecies, belonging to seven alcyonacean families, including Plexauridae, Ellisellidae, Alcyoniidae, Nephtheidae, Briareidae, Acanthogorgiidae and Subergorgiidae, were identified in this study. Statistical analysis indicated octocoral abundance and diversity at Larak Island reefs were higher than those around Hengam and Qeshm islands. The primary data presented in this study could serve as the baseline data for long-term biomonitoring programmes to estimate the status of octocorals in the Persian Gulf.
‘Green’ managerial delegation theory
Authors: Buccella Domenico , Fanti Luciano , Gori Luca 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis article develops a non-cooperative game with managerial quantity-setting firms in which owners choose whether to delegate output and abatement decisions to managers through a contract based on emissions (conventionally denoted as ‘green’ delegation, GD) instead of sales (sales delegation, SD), and the government levies an emissions tax to incentivise firms’ emissions-reduction actions. First, it compares the Nash equilibrium outcomes between GD and SD and then contrasts them also with profit maximisation (PM). A plethora of Nash equilibria emerges, especially in the case GD versus PM (the ‘green delegation game’), depending on the public awareness toward environmental quality, ranging from the coordination game to the ‘green’ prisoner's dilemma. Second, though the contract under GD incentivises managers for emissions, the environmental damage is lower than under SD. This is because the optimal tax more than compensates the incentive for emissions. These findings suggest that designing GD contracts paradoxically favours environmental quality.
Time trends of overweight and obesity among schoolchildren in Kuwait over a 13-year period (2007–2019): repeated cross-sectional study
Authors: Al-Taiar Abdullah , Alqaoud Nawal , Ziyab Ali H , Alanezi Faheema , Subhakaran Monica , Sharaf Alddin Reem , Anna Jeng Hueiwang , Akpinar-Elci Muge 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectives:This study aimed to examine age-specific trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in schoolchildren in Kuwait over a 13-year period (2007 to 2019) using the WHO, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the International Obesity Taskforce (IOTF) definitions.Design:Using cross-sectional approach, Kuwait Nutrition Surveillance System (KNSS) objectively measured weight and height of schoolchildren over a 13-year period. Log-binomial regression models were used to examine age-specific trends of obesity and overweight over the study period.Setting:Public primary, middle and high schools in all provinces of Kuwait.Participants:Schoolchildren aged 5–19 years (n172 603).Results:According to the WHO definition, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in schoolchildren, respectively, increased from 17·73 % and 21·37 % in 2007 to 20·19 % and 28·39 % in 2019 (Pfor trend< 0·001). There is evidence that the obesity in females (but not males) has levelled off in the period 2014–2019 according to the three definitions of obesity, which is corroborated by a similar trend in the mean of BMI-for-ageZ-score.Conclusion:The prevalence of obesity and overweight in schoolchildren in Kuwait has risen over the last 13 years and trends are similar across all definitions. Obesity is no longer increasing at the same pace and there is evidence that the prevalence of obesity in females has plateaued. The current level of childhood overweight and obesity is too high and requires community-based and school-based interventions.
Reasoning on with Defeasibility in ASP
Authors: BOZZATO LORIS , EITER THOMAS , SERAFINI LUCIANO 
Published: August 2021

AbstractReasoning on defeasible knowledge is a topic of interest in the area of description logics, as it is related to the need of representing exceptional instances in knowledge bases. In this direction, in our previous works we presented a framework for representing (contextualized) OWL RL knowledge bases with a notion of justified exceptions on defeasible axioms: reasoning in such framework is realized by a translation into ASP programs. The resulting reasoning process for OWL RL, however, introduces a complex encoding in order to capture reasoning on the negative information needed for reasoning on exceptions. In this paper, we apply the justified exception approach to knowledge bases in , that is, the language underlying OWL QL. We provide a definition for knowledge bases with defeasible axioms and study their semantic and computational properties. In particular, we study the effects of exceptions over unnamed individuals. The limited form of axioms allows us to formulate a simpler ASP encoding, where reasoning on negative information is managed by direct rules. The resulting materialization method gives rise to a complete reasoning procedure for instance checking in with defeasible axioms.1
Impact of Lagrangian Sea Surface Temperature Variability on Southern Ocean Phytoplankton Community Growth Rates
Authors: Zaiss Jessica , Boyd Philip W. , Doney Scott C. , Havenhand Jon N. , Levine Naomi M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractOcean phytoplankton play a critical role in the global carbon cycle, contributing ∼50% of global photosynthesis. As planktonic organisms, phytoplankton encounter significant environmental variability as they are advected throughout the ocean. How this variability impacts phytoplankton growth rates and population dynamics remains unclear. Here, we systematically investigated the impact of different rates and magnitudes of sea surface temperature (SST) variability on phytoplankton community growth rates using surface drifter observations from the Southern Ocean (>30°S) and a phenotype‐based ecosystem model. Short‐term SST variability (<7 days) had a minimal impact on phytoplankton community growth rates. Moderate SST changes of 3–4°C over 7–45 days produced a large time lag between the temperature change and the biological response. The impact of SST variability on community growth rates was nonlinear and a function of the rate and magnitude of change. Additionally, the nature of variability generated in a Lagrangian reference frame (following trajectories of surface water parcels) was larger than that within an Eulerian reference frame (fixed point), which initiated different phytoplankton responses between the two reference frames. Finally, we found that these dynamics were not captured by the Eppley growth model commonly used in global biogeochemical models and resulted in an overestimation of community growth rates, particularly in dynamic, strong frontal regions of the Southern Ocean. This work demonstrates that the timescale for environmental selection (community replacement) is a critical factor in determining community composition and takes a first step towards including the impact of variability and biological response times into biogeochemical models.