bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Nature-printed British Sea-weeds, a History, accompanied by figures and dissections, of the Algæ of the British Isles
Authors: Johnstone W. G. , Croall Alexander , Bradbury Henry 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the first number of our present volume we noticed the first volume of this beautiful work, and it is a matter of surprise that we should be called upon to notice not only a second, but a third volume, before the close of the year. Such good speed is both creditable to publisher and authors, for the work that has been done must not be measured by the size of the volumes, but the care that has been bestowed both on the letter-press and illustrations. The second volume brings us to the end of the Rhodosperms, and is equally successful with the first in giving the correct forms of these charming sea-weeds. The third volume is devoted to the Mela-nosperms, and here the nature-printer has had more than ordinary difficulties to contend with, the thick and leathery forms of bladder wracks, with the gigantic fronds of Laminaria, seemed as if they would defy any attempt to induce them to produce a presentable picture of themselves. But by selecting young and delicate specimens, even Fucus nodosus and Laminaria digitata are made fit companions for those who trust to artistic skill for a place on the drawing-room table. As in the former volume, each nature-print is accompanied by drawings of microscopic structure, which will be found of great value to those who pursue their sea -side studies by the aid of the microscope.
On the Sructure of the Mouth and Pharynx of the Scorpion
Authors: Huxley Thomas Henry 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Although the scorpion has been made the subject of repeated investigations by some of the best minute anatomists of past and present times, it is a remarkable circumstance that no exact account of the structure of the commencement of its alimentary canal is to be met with, at least so far as my knowledge extends. Meckel (‘Beiträge zur Vergleichenden Anatomie,’ Band i, Heft 2, 1809), as might be expected from the fact that his dissections were performed without the aid of even a magnifier (page 106), takes no particular notice of the small and delicate parts in question. Treviranus (‘Bau der Arachniden,’ 1812) is equally silent as to this important portion of the economy of the scorpion; and even the accurate Johannes Müller, in the essay entitled “Beiträge zur Anatomic des Scorpions” (Meckel’s ‘Archiv.,’ 1828), which threw so much new light upon the organization of this animal, although he saw more than either his predecessors or his successors have done, did not probe the matter to the bottom. In describing the alimentary canal, he merely says :— “The pharynx which arises in front of the brain, upon a particular; strongly excavated, portion of the skeleton, is much wider than the rest of the intestine, and resembles a vesicle. The oesophagus is very delicate where it proceeds from this vesicle, rises between the very stout nerves for the chelae, above the brain (which lies behind the pharynx), and passes over the saddle-shaped upper excavation of the internal thoracic skeleton, whilst the spinal cord and the posterior cerebral nerves pass through the opening of the same skeleton.”
On the Origin of ferments. New experiments relative to so-termed Spontaneous Generation
Authors: Pasteur M. L. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Among the questions arising during the researches which I have undertaken on the subject of fermentations properly so termed, there is none more worthy of attention than that which relates to the origin of “ferments.” Whence proceed these mysterious agents, so feeble in appearance, and yet in reality so powerful; which in the minutest quantity, measured by weight, and with insignificant external chemical characters, possess such extraordinary energy ? It is in an attempt to solve this problem that I have been led to the study of the so-termed spontaneous generation.
Researches on the Corpuscles introduced by the Atmosphere into the Respiratory ORGANS of Animals
Authors: Pouchet M. F. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
I have thought for a long time that the study of the bodies conveyed by the air into the respiratory passages of animals would offer interesting physiological results, and throw considerable light upon the subject of atmospheric Micrography. Nor have I been deceived in this. In fact, in almost every class of animals, the examination of the respiratory apparatus clearly reveals the various modifications of the medium inhabited by them. But it seemed to me that the most important notions on this subject would be presented in those animals in which the air penetrates the most deeply into the organism. Birds, consequently, have become the objects of particular attention, seeing that in them the air, after traversing the lungs, pervades not only the different cavities of the trunk, but reaches also the interior of the osseous system. In these animals I have devoted particular attention to the examination of the bones which contain most air, and chiefly to the humerus. And as in these situations the corpuscles, once introduced, escape only with great difficulty, owing to the immobility of the walls and the irregularities of their anfractuosities, we there find ample vestiges of all the matters conveyed by the air into the respiratory organs.
Remarks on the Glossiphonidæ a Family of Discophorous Annulata
Authors: Houghton Rev. W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
I am induced to offer a few remarks on the above-named family, in the hopes of drawing the attention of microscopists to the structure and development of a small group of animals which appear to have been almost neglected by British naturalists, and although I have nothing to add to what M. Grube has published in his valuable memoir on the development of these animals—for he appears to have almost exhausted the subject, while the researches of De Filippi, Müller, &c., have acquainted us with much that relates to their structure and habits—yet, perhaps, as the members which compose this family are but little known, these few remarks will not be deemed altogether superfluous.
Remarks on the Binocular Microscope
Authors: Wenham F. H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
I have been frequently asked why I have not termed my binocular the “Stereoscopic Microscope?” I may reply that the prevailing idea of stereoscopic vision is more connected with the combined effects of two separate objects, or pictures, than the solid appearance of a single body, having bulk or thickness. What I should term a “Stereoscopic Microscope” would be literally two microscopes, with their object-glasses, placed side by side, like an opera glass, with similar adjustments for the distance between the eyes. If such an instrument were furnished with erecting-glasses and draw-tubes, for varying the magnifying power, only one power of objectglass would be requisite, and I have no doubt that in many applications it would be found serviceable, as for the detection of forged trade-marks, &c., and irregularities of pattern. Two single lenses, of about -inch focus, afford some curious results. Taking for example such objects as the similar titles of two different advertisements from a newspaper, or the headings from the various pages of a book in large type, the letters will appear in some places to rise up hill, and in others to fall away, or lay all aslant in a most fantastic manner, indicating that the type has not all been cast in the same matrix, and that the spaces are irregular, both in parallelism and thickness. Two postage-stamps also afford good objects. Many will be found so nearly alike that their combined images appear quite flat, but very frequently the head appears like a bust, either above or below the matted ground, accordingly as they are transposed either to the right or left, thus showing that there is considerable irregularity either in the plates or the mode of printing.
Contributions to the Knowledge of the Development of the Gonidia of Lichens, in Relation to the Unicellular Algæ, &c
Authors: Hicks J. Braxton 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Before entering upon the subject I have proposed for consideration in the present contribution, it will be needful to remark that, in 1854, H.Itzigsohn,inthe ‘Botanische Zeitung’ (“Wie verhält sich Collema zu Nostoc und zu Nostochineen)” page 521, and J. Sachs, in the same journal, in 1855, 5th January (“Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des Collema, &c.”), insisted upon the origin of Nostoc from Collema; and they have pointed out one method by which Nostoc springs from that Lichen; namely, from a small ball of the jelly-like mucus, enclosing a few of the beaded cells, which becomes extruded from the parent thallus. When one such ball becomes free, it may take one of two modes of development: 1st, it may produce the continuous colourless threads, and thus pass into Collema (fig. 7); or 2nd, without any tendency to the formation of these fibres, the ball will increase in size and transparency, become less dense, while the green beaded filaments increase by subdivision, and the heterocysts common to the Nostochaceæ are found at intervals. This latter is Nostoc, and this is one method by which it may arise. In the same condition the development may continue for an indefinite period. The first stages are shown at Pl. V, figs. 5 and 6.
On the Embryology of Asteracanthion Violaceus (L.)
Authors: Thomson Wyville 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Saks, in his wonderfully suggestive ‘Beskrivelser,’ &c., published in Bergen in 1835, threw the first ray of light upon the structure of the singular provisional appendages which have been since found to accompany the embryonic condition of most, if not all, of the Echinoderms. We are indebted to the same naturalist for several subsequent communications on the same Subject; the most important a detailed description* of the early stages in the development of Echinaster sanguinolentus (Müller), and a shorter notice of the same process in Asteracanthivn Mülleri (Sars). These observations are so well known, that I need only refer to them briefly.
Notes on Appendicularia and the Larval Condition of an Acanthocephaloid Scolecid from the Coast of Portugal
Authors: Kent W. Saville 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The figures accompanying this communication illustrate two floating forms encountered last summer during my dredging trip with Mr. Marshall Hall and Mr. Edw. Fielding to the coast of Spain and Portugal, in the former gentleman’s commodious yacht the “Norna.”
Researches on the Connective Tissue and Vessels of the Nerves
Authors: Ranvier Louis 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The nervous tubes, which are the essential elements of nerves, are united into distinct bundles. Some authors, comparing these bundles to the primitive bundles of muscles, have described them as primitive nerve-bundles. This is, however, an error, for if there is any elementary part in the nerve which can be compared to the primitive muscular bundle, it is certainly the nervous tube, a conclusion which follows from what has been said in a former memoir.
On the Oral and Apical Systems of the Echinoderms
Authors: Carpenter P. Herbert 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The following essay is an attempt to compare and criticise the various views that have been put forward from time to time, respecting the homologies among the different Echinoderms of the two groups of calcareous plates, which appear at a very early period around the two peritoneal diverticula of the primitive digestive sac of the larva.
The Reproduction of Lichens and the Sexuality of the Ascomycetes
Authors: Vines Sydney H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In a previous number of this Journal1 an account was given of the present state of the “lichen-gonidia question.” in which especial reference was made to the researches of Stahl into the significance of the gonidia occurring in the hymenium of various lichens. Those researches, it was pointed out, afforded strong evidence in favour of Schwendener’s theory of the nature of lichens. Stahl’s further researches,2 of which a brief résumé will here be given, into the processes of their reproduction, seem to place the soundness of this theory beyond reasonable doubt.
The Early Developmental Changes in the Reptilian Ovum
Authors: BALFOUR F. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Professors Kuppfer and Benecke have recently published a very interesting note on this subject. Their observations were made on Lacerta agilis and on Emgs Europea, in both of which types they found the embryonic changes to be closely alike. Segmentation takes place exactly as in birds, and the resulting blastoderm, which is thickened at its edge, spreads rapidly over the yolk. A small embryonic shield makes its appearance in the centre of the blastoderm shortly before the yolk is half enclosed. It is somewhat pyriform, and mainly distinguished from the remainder of the blastoderm by the more columnar character of its constituent epiblast cells. At the narrower end of the shield, which may be spoken of as posterior in relation to the future embryo, an invagination takes place, and gives rise to a sack, the blind end of which is directed forwards. The opening of the sack may be spoken of as the blastopore. A linear thickening of the epiblast arises in front of the blastopore, along which the medullary groove soon appears. In the cephalic region the medullary groove flattens out, and posteriorly the two medullary folds diverge, and enclose between them the blastopore, behind which they again meet. On the completion of the medullary canal the blastopore becomes obliterated ; but there can be but little doubt, although the authors of the paper do not appear to touch on this point, that on the closure of the medullary folds the medullary canal remains in direct communicatian with the cavity of the invaginated sack, so that the latter has exactly the same relation to the medullary canal as the embryonic structure, which I have called “the postanal section of the alimentary canal “in Elasmobranchii.
Polarized Light as a Recreation and Study
Authors: Davies Thomas 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Every man is subject to a certain amount of influence from his fellow-men. Perhaps, in fashions of dress, this power displays itself most strongly, yet it is by no means confined to outward show; even in science it is as plainly developed, and, during one age, some branch is eagerly pursued, which is treated with apparent indifference in the next. In some degree this kind of fashion influences even the microscopist. At the present time the Diatomaceæ seem to be the predominant subject of inquiry, to the partial neglect of some of the many others which our improved instruments offer us. One branch in particular seems to me to suffer (at least in some degree) from this fashion; that is, POLARIZED LIGHT in its causes and effects. Chemically this study will one day, most likely, assume an interest and importance of which we can now have no idea. But there is a certain class of men to whom science seems forbidden fruit—men who have not courage to begin a systematic study of any kind, and yet who would be drawn gradually by any pleasant occupation from amusement into deeper inquiry that would at length, albeit imperceptibly, take possession of them; and from these very men might rise numbers to whom science would be indebted. What could be so likely to effect this as polarized light and the microscope ? Even a child would be delighted with its beauties, and the highest mind may here find an unexhausted, indeed, inexhaustible field for both eye and mind.
On Closterium Aciculare (West)
Authors: Archer W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the ‘Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science,’ vol. VIII, p. 153, Mr. Tuffen West described a new species of Closterium under the above name, and, appended to his description, he did me the honour to quote a few lines of mine to him in regard to it. I had then seen only a hurried tracing, but had not seen either Mr. West’s truthful figure (1. c. Pl. VII, fig. 16), or an actual specimen, and, if so, I should perhaps have written slightly differently, while, moreover, the printers have misplaced a stop, thus rendering my meaning doubtful. Under these circumstances, I trust I may be allowed a very small space to point out the error alluded to, and to try to make what I then meant to convey more clear.
On the Parasitic Nature of the Fry Of Anodonta Cygnea
Authors: Houghton Rev. W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The fresh-water Mussels, or the family of the Unionidæ, have received a considerable share of attention from zoologists. The facility with which the different species may be obtained, and the highly interesting embryonic forms of these molluscs, whether during the time they remain within the folds of the external branchiæ, or after they have been excluded, render them favorite subjects for investigation. The whole question of the development of the fry is one of considerable interest; but it appears that all investigations that have hitherto been published on this point relate to their intra-branchial existence, while we are left entirely, I believe, without information on the condition and development of the young Anodontas during the period that elapses between their exclusion and their assumption of those characters that belong to the mature animal. The young Anodonta, at the time it is ready for exclusion, bears a form very different from that which it is destined ultimately to assume. This, no doubt, holds good in the case of the other British members of the group; it is certainly true of Unio pictorum, which, however, appears to be later than the Anodonta in parting with the fry. So different, indeed, is the form of the young animal during its intra-branchial state, that M. Rathke,* in 1797, actually regarded it, not as the young mollusc, but as a veritable parasite, to which he gave the appropriate name of Glochidium (γλ ω χí ς), in allusion to the two curious serrated points or hooks which it possesses. Rathke’s opinion was endorsed by M. Jacobson, in a paper published in the Danish ‘Transactions’ in 1828. † But the real nature of the bivalves found in the branchiæ of Anadonta and Unio was fully proved by C. G. Carus in 1830.‡ In his valuable memoir on this subject, which may be regarded as the fountain-head of all that is really known concerning the anatomy of the Glochidium-embryos, the true relations of these creatures to their parent are clearly made out. It also contains observations upon many points of considerable general interest with respect to the structure and early stages of development of the molluscan ovum; and it is in this paper that Carus for the first time clearly describes the curious phenomenon of the rotation of the embryo within the egg-membrane, although it had doubtless been observed in the ovum of some species of Unionidæ by Leeuwenhoek, and was also noticed by M. Bauer; who absurdly attributes the movement to the incessant attacks of an invisible worm, which he imagined was devouring the vitellus.
On the Early Development of the Anterior Part of the Wolffian Duct and Body in the Chick, together with some Remarks on the Excretory System of the Vertebrata
Authors: Sedgwick Adam 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The following paper is divided into two parts, The first part contains an account of observations on the development of the Wolffian duct and anterior Wolffian tubules in the chick, being supplementary to my paper on the “Kidney of the Chick”* 1 The second part is devoted to a discussion of the vertebrate excretory system in general.
On the Lymphatic System and the Minute Structure of the Salivary Glands and Pancreas
Authors: Klein E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The research, of which I propose to give an account in the following, had for its object to investigate, in continuation of my work on the lymphatic system of the skin and mucous membrane (see the ‘Report of the Medical Officer of the Local Government Board’ for 1879), the lymphatics of the salivary glands, and the pancreas. At the outset of this investigation I found it necessary to ascertain the exact nature and arrangement of the connective tissue, so intimately connected with the lymphatics, in the above organs, and at the same time I became convinced that the current descriptions (Henle, Heidenhain, Lavdowsky, Bermann, and others) given of the structure of the salivary glands admit in many respects of alterations and additions. I shall therefore have to record the results of these observations on the anatomy of the salivary glands and pancreas under the following three headings:—(A) the connective tissue; (B) the lymphatic system; and (c) observations on the minute structure.
Notes and Memoranda
Authors: Bourne A. G. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
On Certain Methods of Cutting and Mounting Microscopical Sections.—It is many years since Leuckart first suggested the cutting of thin slices of an animal and mounting them as transparent objects. Now it is possible to cut a worm into sections from end to end and be sure that every section is perfect, or to obtain a series of fifty sections from the morula of a Medusa but one hundredth of an inch in diameter.
The Early Stages in the Development of Balanoglossus (sp. incert.)
Authors: Bateson William 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Through the great kindness of Dr. W. K. Brooks and the Council of Johns Hopkins University, I was permitted to avail myself during the summer of 1883 of the facilities offered by the Chesapeake Zoological Laboratory, which was then situated at Hampton, Virginia. My best thanks are due to Dr. Brooks for the most valuable and manifold assistance which he gave me, both in my work and otherwise, during my whole stay at the Chesapeake Station.
On spermatogenesis in the bat
Authors: Brown Herbert H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The following paper is the result of an investigation which I have made during the past year, in the Physiological Laboratory at University College, upon the spermatogenesis of the Rat, which, owing to the large size of its spermatozoa, and especially of the “middle piece,” presents peculiar advantages for the purpose. Although minor points of difference exist (in the relative length of the “middle piece “of the spermatozoon and in the shape of the “head “) the process is apparently in all essential points identical with that which occurs in other mammals, and hence may be taken as a type of “mammalian spermatogenesis?’
The Pleomorphism of the Schizophyta
Authors: Lankester E. Ray 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Some students of natural history are content, when the explanations of phenomena which they have advanced and the arguments by which they have supported those explanations are appropriated by other observers, to remain silent, trusting to the justice of future generations for the vindication of their claims. So far as my own experience goes, an active observer who should trouble himself to obtain honest treatment from all his contemporaries in regard to the significance of his published writings, might abundantly employ the latter half of his life in struggling with new-writers for that just recognition of his efforts in earlier years in advancing the knowledge of this or that subject, which is the one reward desired above all others by those who have not attained to the heights of philosophic contempt for the regard and sympathy of fellow-labourers. I do not intend to largely employ my leisure in this pursuit, but there is one subject on which I am anxious once for all to establish the significance of my observations and reasonings published twelve years ago in relation to similar views advanced and accepted at this moment.