bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genomic diversity and CRISPR‐Cas systems in the cyanobacterium Nostoc in the High Arctic
Authors: Jungblut Anne D. , Raymond Frédéric , Dion Moïra B. , Moineau Sylvain , Mohit Vani , Nguyen Guillaume Quang , Déraspe Maxime , Francovic‐Fontaine Élina , Lovejoy Connie , Culley Alexander I. , Corbeil Jacques , Vincent Warwick F. 
Published: March 2021

SummaryNostoc (Nostocales, Cyanobacteria) has a global distribution in the Polar Regions. However, the genomic diversity of Nostoc is little known and there are no genomes available for polar Nostoc. Here we carried out the first genomic analysis of the Nostoc commune morphotype with a recent sample from the High Arctic and a herbarium specimen collected during the British Arctic Expedition (1875–76). Comparisons of the polar genomes with 26 present‐day non‐polar members of the Nostocales family highlighted that there are pronounced genetic variations among Nostoc strains and species. Osmoprotection and other stress genes were found in all Nostoc strains, but the two Arctic strains had markedly higher numbers of biosynthetic gene clusters for uncharacterised non‐ribosomal peptide synthetases, suggesting a high diversity of secondary metabolites. Since viral–host interactions contribute to microbial diversity, we analysed the CRISPR‐Cas systems in the Arctic and two temperate Nostoc species. There were a large number of unique repeat‐spacer arrays in each genome, indicating diverse histories of viral attack. All Nostoc strains had a subtype I‐D system, but the polar specimens also showed evidence of a subtype I‐B system that has not been previously reported in cyanobacteria, suggesting diverse cyanobacteria–virus interactions in the Arctic.
Migrant Intimacies and Ambiguities of Law: The Case of Wife Enticement Among Indians in Colonial Singapore, 1900–1940
Authors: Raghunathan Ranjana 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis article traces the gendered entanglements of migration, intimate relations and law among itinerant Indians in colonial Singapore between 1900 and 1940, when Indians began consolidating their roots. Singapore did not legislate marriages for migrants, but the courts had to rule on the validity of migrant marriages in marital disputes and offences, resulting in legal ambiguities. Through a close reading of legal reports, newspaper archives and oral histories focusing on cases of wife enticement, this article formulates a gendered understanding of the migration process and intimate life for Indians. It builds on the scholarly literature on intimate life and legal governance in colonial societies, makes a set of analytical descriptions that reveal tensions of race, class and gender in legal negotiations and underscores how the processes of migration and law impacted on the social life of Indians. The cases discussed illuminate how intimate relationships, especially of Indian women, animated communal and patriarchal anxieties, and they establish the role of Indians in the legal history of marriage and family laws in Singapore. Moreover, the context of an urban free port with a predominantly itinerant population highlights mechanisms of colonial rule that were different from the exigencies in other colonies.
Use of intramuscular ketamine by paramedics in the management of severely agitated patients
Authors: Bernard Stephen , Roggenkamp Renee , Delorenzo Ashleigh , Stephenson Michael , Smith Karen ,   the Ketamine in Severely Agitated Patients Study Investigators
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveAdministration of a sedative agent is required for safe transport of prehospital patients with severe agitation to EDs. Ambulance services in Australasia use ketamine, droperidol or midazolam as first line agent but the optimal agent is uncertain. In Victoria, intramuscular (IM) ketamine is used. The present study aimed to examine the prehospital characteristics and ED outcomes of patients with severe agitation after IM ketamine administration.MethodsA retrospective review was conducted for patients who received IM ketamine for severe agitation over a 2‐year period. Data were sourced from Ambulance Victoria and linked to hospital data. The primary outcome was time to sedation. Data collected included baseline characteristics, adverse events and ED outcomes.ResultsThree hundred and fifty‐eight prehospital cases transported to 32 hospitals were included. Outcome data were available for 305 patients (21 hospitals). Median age was 31 years (IQR 23–40). 71.2% were male. Adequate sedation was achieved in 96.9% of cases in a median time of 5.0 min (IQR 3.0–7.0; range 1–31 min). Adverse events were transient hypoxia (5.0%), hyper‐salivation (4.2%) and emergence reactions (0.8%). A total of 45 (14.8%) patients were intubated; two prehospital.ConclusionIntramuscular ketamine is effective with a low rate of prehospital complications in severely agitated patients in the prehospital setting. Given the variation in ambulance practice in Australasia, prospective, randomised trials in the prehospital setting comparing ketamine to other sedating agents such as droperidol in patients with severe agitation are required.
The effect of resin coating on the quality characteristics of chicken eggs during storage
Authors: Akarca Gökhan , Istek Ömer , Tomar Oktay 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this study, after washing, changes in the quality characteristics of chicken eggs coated with apricot, almond, and sour cherry tree resins were examined during two different temperatures (4 °C and 22 °C) storage for 60 days. While air cell height, weight loss, albumen and yolk pH and a* (redness) values increased in all samples during storage, Haugh unit, albumen and yolk index, shell fracture and vitelline membrane strength, albumen and yolk L* (lightness) and b* (yellowness) values decreased (P < 0.05). The lowest weight loss (0.54 g) and air cell height (2.89 mm), highest Haugh unit (73.95 HU), albumen index (8.81%), and yolk index (40.37%) were found in the samples coated with sour cherry wood resin stored at 4 °C. The shell breakage and vitelline membrane strength of the coated samples were determined to be higher than the control samples and the samples stored after washing. Higher weight loss, air cell height, and pH values, while lower Haugh unit, Albumen and yolk index were found in samples stored at 22 °C (P < 0.05). At the end of storage, the maximum increase in the counts of total aerobic mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria was found in the albumin and egg yolk of washed samples stored at ambient temperature. As a result, the coating materials prepared with the resin of apricot, almond, and sour cherry trees were suitable for eggshell's shelf life extension.Practical ApplicationThe consumers demand the eggs be in their freshest condition, but the currently available storage conditions are not sufficient to maintain freshness in many regions of Turkey. The physical, chemical and, microbiological qualities of the eggs coated with wood resins were determined to be superior compared to other samples. Because resins have good barrier properties, it is recommended to conduct extensive studies on their applicability in different products.
Hydrothermal Zircon Geochronology in the Shangxu Gold Deposit and its Implication for the Early Cretaceous Orogenic Gold Mineralization in the Middle Bangonghu–Nujiang Suture Zone
Authors: HUANG Hanxiao , LUOSANG Jiancuo , DAI Zuowen , LIU Hong , FU Jiangang , LI Guangming , CAO Huawen , ZHOU Qing 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAs a typical orogenic gold deposit in Tibet, Shangxu gold deposit is located at the Bangong Lake–Nujiang River Metallogenic Belt in the south of Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. In this paper, zircon U‐Pb dating, trace elements and Hf isotopic analysis were performed on Au‐bearing quartz veins in the Shangxu gold deposit. Zircons from Au‐bearing quartz veins can be divided into three types: detrital, magmatic, and hydrothermal zircons. There are two age peaks in detrital zircons: ca. 1700 Ma and ca. 2400 Ma. There are two groups of concordant ages including 157 ± 4 Ma (MSWD = 0.69) and 120 ± 1 Ma (MSWD = 0.19) in magmatic zircons, in which &#x03B5;Hf(t) value of ca. 120 Ma from the magmatic zircons range from +8.24 to +12.9. An age of 119 ± 2 Ma (MSWD = 0.42) was yielded from hydrothermal zircons, and their &#x03B5;Hf(t) values vary between +15.7 and +16.4. According to sericite Ar‐Ar age, this paper suggests that an age of 119 ± 2 Ma from hydrothermal zircons represent the formation age of the Shangxu gold Deposit, and its mineralization should be related to the collision between Lhasa Block and Qiangtang Block. The metallogenic age is basically the same as the diagenetic age of Mugagangri granite, and &#x03B5;Hf(t) value of hydrothermal zircon is significantly higher than that of the contemporaneous magmatic zircon, which indicates that there is a genetic relationship between the gold mineralization and the deep crust‐mantle magmatism.
Evidence of Glacial Erratic Rollover Revealed by 10Be and 26Al Concentration Variations
Authors: ZHANG Zhigang , WANG Jian , XU Xiaobin , CHANG Zhiyang , CUI Haitao , LIANG Zhong , CHEN Xia , SHANG Zhiyuan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCosmogenic nuclide exposure dating is one of the most intensively applied dating methods with which to study glacial geomorphology. Glacial erratics have been the major dating objective in many studies. Some research has proposed that glacial erratics may undergo rollover and re‐transportation during the late exposure stage, which can affect the dating results. However, there is no direct evidence to confirm this possibility. In this study, we collected seven samples from a vertical section inside a glacial erratic in the paleo‐Daocheng ice cap in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, measuring their contents of the cosmogenic nuclides 10Be and 26Al. The results show that from the top to the bottom, the concentrations of 10Be were (1.21 ± 0.05) × 106, (1.00 ± 0.02) × 106, (0.88 ± 0.03) × 106, (0.77 ± 0.02) × 106, (0.75 ± 0.03) × 106, (0.95 ± 0.03) × 106 and (1.46 ± 0.04) × 106 atoms/g. The 10Be concentrations decreased from (1.21 ± 0.05) × 106 atoms/g to (0.75 ± 0.03) × 106 atoms/g and then increased to (1.46 ± 0.04) × 106 atoms/g, which is not consistent with the theoretical prediction of a gradual decrease. This phenomenon indicates that the glacial erratic may have rolled over at least once. The lower surface of the erratic could have been on top at some time in the past. Therefore, its exposure age was greater than the exposure age that was expected, based on its current orientation. This study provides numerical evidence for an erratic rollover event.
Age of onset of adolescent binge drinking is differentially associated with cortical thickness in post‐9/11 adult Veterans
Authors: Bedi Amrita , McGlinchey Regina E. , Salat David H. , Currao Alyssa , Fonda Jennifer R. , Milberg William P. , Fortier Catherine Brawn 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundAdolescence is a critical period for neural development and has been associated with high rates of alcohol abuse. This research examined potential long‐term brain and behavioral effects of early versus late‐onset adolescent binge drinking in an adult sample of post‐9/11 Veterans.MethodsWe compared cortical thickness measures in Veterans with a history of binge drinking that began before the age of 15 (n = 50; mean age = 32.1 years) to those with a history of binge drinking with onset after the age of 15 (n = 300; mean age = 32.1 years). Data processing was conducted with FreeSurfer. A targeted neuropsychological battery (Digit Span test, Delis‐Kaplan Executive Function System Color‐Word Interference Test, California Verbal Learning Test‐II) was used to examine the relationships between cortical thickness and attention, memory, and inhibition. A reference group of social drinkers with no history of early binge drinking (n = 31) was used to provide normative data.ResultsEarly‐onset adolescent binge drinkers (EBD) had greater cortical thickness in several regions than late‐onset adolescent binge drinkers (LBD); both binge‐drinking groups had greater cortical thickness than the reference group. There was a stronger negative association between cortical thickness and age in EBDs than LBDs in the (i) lateral orbitofrontal cortex, (ii) supramarginal gyrus, (iii) paracentral lobule, and (iv) anterior caudal cingulate. Poorer performance on the attention and inhibition tasks in the EBDs was also associated with thicker cortices.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates greater cortical thickness across frontoparietal regions in adults who began binge drinking in early versus late adolescence. A stronger negative association between cortical thickness and age in the EBDs suggests that early‐onset adolescent binge drinking may be associated with accelerated cortical thinning. Thicker cortex in these regions, which are known to mediate inhibitory control, may increase impulsive behavior and contribute to the risk of alcohol addiction.
Characterization of the large‐scale Japanese patient‐derived xenograft (J‐PDX) library
Authors: Yagishita Shigehiro , Kato Ken , Takahashi Mami , Imai Toshio , Yatabe Yasushi , Kuwata Takeshi , Suzuki Mikiko , Ochiai Atsushi , Ohtsu Atsushi , Shimada Kazuaki , Nishida Toshirou , Hamada Akinobu , Mano Hiroyuki 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe use of patient‐derived xenografts (PDXs) has recently attracted attention as a drug discovery platform with a high predictive clinical efficacy and a preserved tumor heterogeneity. Given the racial differences in genetic variations, it would be desirable to establish a PDX library from Japanese cancer patients on a large scale. We thus tried to construct the Japanese PDX (J‐PDX) library with a detailed clinical information for further clinical utilization. Between August 2018 and May 2020, a total of 1126 cancer specimens from 1079 patients were obtained at the National Cancer Center Hospital and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Japan, and were immediately transplanted to immunodeficient mice at the National Cancer Center Research Institute. A total of 298 cross‐cancer PDXs were successfully established. The time to engraftment varied greatly by cancer subtypes, especially in the first passage. The engraftment rate was strongly affected by the clinical stage and survival time of the original patients. Approximately 1 year was needed from tumor collection to the time when coclinical trials were conducted to test the clinical utility. The 1‐year survival rates of the patients who were involved in establishing the PDX differed significantly, from 95.6% for colorectal cancer to 56.3% for lung cancer. The J‐PDX library consisting of a wide range of cancer subtypes has been successfully established as a platform for drug discovery and development in Japan. When conducting coclinical trials, it is necessary to consider the target cancer type, stage, and engraftment rate in light of this report.
Clinical evaluations of free gingival grafting before implant placement to increase keratinized tissue width in molar regions: A retrospective case series
Authors: Han Ziyao , Wei Yiping , Wang Cui , Yang Gang , Hu Wenjie , Chung Kwok‐Hung 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the dimensional changes of the keratinized tissue width (KTW) in molar regions after augmentation by free gingival grafts (FGG) before implant placement.Material and MethodsIn seventeen patients, twenty implant sites in molar regions with KTW ≤3 mm at the buccal aspect received FGG 2 months before implant placement. KTW at the buccal aspect was measured before FGG (T0), immediately before implant placement (T1), at the time of impression taking for final prosthesis fabrication (T2), and at the end of the follow‐up period after loading (T3, 12–48 months). Changes in KTW before and after FGG, as well as the alterations during the follow‐up period after loading, were analyzed. Shapiro–Wilk test, paired Student's t test, and Wilcoxon signed‐rank test were used for the data analysis at α = 0.05.ResultsKTW at the buccal aspect of the alveolar ridge was observed with a significant gain of 5.9 ± 1.3 mm at T1 (p < .001). The shrinkage of KTW from T2 to T3 was 8.5%, which was limited but statistically significant (p = .008). KTW at the buccal aspect of implant restorations was 5.0 ± 1.5 mm at T3.ConclusionsWithin the limitations of the present study, our data suggest that using FGG to increase KTW in molar regions before implant placement had a predictable result. The buccal KTW had a limited reduction and was ≥3 mm with more than 12 months of follow‐up after loading.
RNA Splicing of the Abi1 Gene by MBNL1 contributes to macrophage‐like phenotype modulation of vascular smooth muscle cell during atherogenesis
Authors: Li Yinan , Guo Xiangjiang , Xue Guanhua , Wang Han , Wang Yuli , Wang Weilun , Yang Shuofei , Ni Qihong , Chen Jiaquan , Lv Lei , Zhao Yiping , Ye Meng , Zhang Lan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundVascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) switch to macrophage‐like cells after cholesterol loading, and this change may play an important role in atherogenesis. Muscleblind‐like splicing regulator 1 (MBNL1) is a well‐known splicing factor that has been implicated in many cellular processes. However, the role of MBNL1 in VSMC macrophage‐like transdifferentiation is largely unknown. In this study, we aim to characterize the role of MBNL1‐induced gene splicing during atherogenesis.MethodsThe expression of MBNL1 and Abelson interactor 1 (Abi1) splice variants (Abi1‐e10 and Abi1‐Δe10) was compared between artery tissues from healthy donors and atherosclerosis patients. Regulatory mechanisms of MBNL1‐induced Abi1 gene splicing were studied, and the signal pathways mediated by Abi1 splice variants were investigated in VSMC.ResultsLoss of MBNL1 was found in the macrophage‐like VSMC (VSMC‐M) in artery wall from atherosclerosis patients. In vitro and in vivo evidence confirmed that Abi1 is one of the MBNL1 target genes. Loss of MBNL1 significantly induces the Abi1‐Δe10 isoform expression. Compared to the known actin organization activities of the Abi1 gene, we discovered a novel action of Abi1‐Δe10, whereby Abi1‐Δe10 activates Rac1 independent of upstream stimulation and triggers the Rac1‐NOX1‐ROS pathway, which results in increased expression of transcription factor Kruppel‐like factor 4 (KLF4). While Abi1‐Δe10 inhibits contractile VSMC biomarkers expression and cell contraction, it stimulates VSMC proliferation, migration and macrophage‐like transdifferentiation.ConclusionLoss‐of‐function of MBNL1 activates VSMC‐M transdifferentiation to promote atherogenesis through regulating Abi1 RNA splicing.
High incidence of adnexotropism in cytotoxic cutaneous lymphomas
Authors: Walker Christina J. , Martinez‐Escala Maria Estela , Tan Timothy L. , Espinosa Maria L. , Guitart Joan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundPrimary cutaneous gamma‐delta T‐cell lymphoma (PCγδTCL) and primary cutaneous aggressive epidermotropic T‐cell lymphomas (PCAETCL) are rare aggressive cytotoxic cutaneous lymphomas (CyCL) often difficult to diagnose. Histopathologically, PCAETCL and PCγδTCL may resemble mycosis fungoides (MF) and the presence of adnexotropism in CyCL (CyCL) contributes to this diagnostic challenge, especially in the setting of atypical and double‐negative phenotypes.MethodsIn this retrospective study clinical data and histopathological section of 91 patients were analyzed for signs of clinical and histopathological signs adnexotropism.ResultsAdnexotropism was identified in 48.4% (44/91) of cases, including PCAETCL (40.9%, 18/44), PCγδTCL and cytotoxic cutaneous lymphomas, not otherwise specified (CyCTCL, NOS) (43.2%, 19/44 and 15.9%, 7/44). Comparison between disease‐related mortality with Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis of non‐adnexotropic vs adnexotropic CyCL did not show any significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.8). Clinically they present with patches, plaques, and tumors and commonly with ulceration, but follicular prominence or alopecia are rare. Clinical signs of adnexotropism such as alopecia and hypo‐ or anhidrosis were rarely seen.ConclusionAdnexotropism is a common finding in CyCL, especially in PCAETCL. Adnexotropic CyCL may be histopathologically difficult to distinguish from folliculotropic mycosis fungoides. A comprehensive IHC panel should be routinely performed in such cases.
The Structure of the Prodromal Questionnaire‐16 (PQ‐16): Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses in a general non‐help‐seeking population sample
Authors: Howie Clare , Hanna Donncha , Shannon Ciaran , Davidson Gavin , Mulholland Ciaran 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimsTo examine the structure of the Prodromal Questionnaire (PQ‐16) in a non‐help‐seeking population through exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Previous studies have not looked at the structure of this self‐report measure outside clinical settings.MethodsParticipants (n = 1045) were recruited through Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk), and then completed the PQ‐16. The data set was split randomly in two, one being used for exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and the other for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). A polychoric correlation matrix was created and EFA was used to explore the factor structure of the PQ‐16. Four models were tested through CFA to determine best fit: one, two, three and four‐factor models were all analysed.ResultsEFA indicated a two‐factor structure in the PQ‐16 in a non‐help‐seeking population (with a mean age = 29.7 years). Factor 1 represented perceptual abnormalities/hallucinations and factor 2 general symptoms associated with psychosis‐risk. CFA indicated that all the proposed models were suitable fits for the dataset. Fit indices for the three‐factor model (factor 1 representing perceptual abnormalities/hallucinations, factor 2 unusual thought content, and factor 3 negative symptom) indicated that it appeared to be a better fit for the data than the one, two, and four factor models.ConclusionsThis study suggests that a three‐factor model of the PQ‐16 is a better fit than other proposed models in a non‐help‐seeking population. Future research of the structure of the PQ‐16 in this population may benefit from recruiting subjects with a lower mean age than the current study.
In it together? The case for endocannabinoid–noradrenergic interactions in fear extinction
Authors: Warren William G. , Papagianni Eleni P. , Stevenson Carl W. , Stubbendorff Christine 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAnxiety and trauma‐related disorders, such as post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), are debilitating mental illnesses with great personal and socioeconomic costs. Examining memory formation and relevant behavioural responding associated with aversive stimuli may improve our understanding of the neurobiology underlying fear memory processing and PTSD treatment. The neurocircuitry underpinning learned fear and its inhibition through extinction is complex, involving synergistic interactions between different neurotransmitter systems in inter‐connected brain areas. Endocannabinoid and noradrenergic transmission have both been implicated separately in fear memory processing and PTSD, but potential interactions between these systems in relation to fear extinction have received little attention to date. Their receptors are expressed together in brain areas crucial for fear extinction, which is enhanced by both cannabinoid and noradrenergic receptor activation in these areas. Moreover, cannabinoid signalling modulates the activity of locus coeruleus noradrenaline (NA) neurons and the release of NA in the medial prefrontal cortex, a brain area that is crucial for fear extinction. Interestingly, endocannabinoid–noradrenergic system interactions have been shown to regulate the encoding and retrieval of fear memory. Thus, noradrenergic regulation of fear extinction may also be driven indirectly in part via cannabinoid receptor signalling. In this perspective paper, we collate the available relevant literature and propose a synergistic role for the endocannabinoid and noradrenergic systems in regulating fear extinction, the study of which may further our understanding of the neurobiological substrates of PTSD and its treatment.