bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns of primary staging for newly diagnosed prostate cancer in the era of prostate specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography: A population‐based analysis
Authors: Papa Nathan , Perera Marlon , Murphy Declan G , Lawrentschuk Nathan , Evans Melanie , Millar Jeremy L , Bolton Damien 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIntroductionThere has been a growing body of evidence highlighting the improved sensitivity and specificity for prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography (PET) in advanced prostate cancer imaging. We aimed to assess prostate cancer staging practice patterns in Australia using population‐based data.Subject and MethodsWe extracted data on men diagnosed with prostate cancer between October 2016 and December 2018 from the Prostate Cancer Outcomes Registry‐Victoria (PCOR‐Vic). We evaluated trends and comparisons between patients receiving PET/CT (with or without conventional imaging (CImg)), and CImg alone, and analysed imaging modality as predictor of clinical regional node positive disease (cN1 vs cN0/X), metastatic disease (cM1 vs cM0/X), and treatment received.ResultsIn total, 6139 patients in the registry had either a staging PET scan (n = 889, 14%), CImg without PET scan (n = 2464, 40%), or no recorded PET or CImg (n = 2786, 45%). The proportion of allimaged patients who received staging PET increased from 19% to 36% from the first to last three‐month period, and in the high‐risk category the increase was 23–43%. After adjustment for grade group, PET vs CImg‐only patients were observed to have a higher proportion of cN1 disease (OR = 2.46, 95% CI: 1.90–3.20) but not cM1 disease (OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 0.84–1.44).ConclusionsOur registry data highlights the rapid uptake of PET imaging, particularly in high‐risk disease. Based on this data, we highlight the increased diagnosis of nodal disease, thus potentially optimizing patient selection prior to definitive treatment for prostate cancer.
A prognostic system for epithelial ovarian carcinomas using machine learning
Authors: Grimley Philip M. , Liu Zhenqiu , Darcy Kathleen M. , Hueman Matthew T. , Wang Huan , Sheng Li , Henson Donald E. , Chen Dechang 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIntroductionIntegrating additional factors into the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging system is needed for accurate patient classification and survival prediction. In this study, we tested machine learning as a novel tool for incorporating additional prognostic parameters into the conventional FIGO staging system for stratifying patients with epithelial ovarian carcinomas and evaluating their survival.Material and methodsCancer‐specific survival data for epithelial ovarian carcinomas were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program. Two datasets were constructed based upon the year of diagnosis. Dataset 1 (39 514 cases) was limited to primary tumor (T), regional lymph nodes (N) and distant metastasis (M). Dataset 2 (25 291 cases) included additional parameters of age at diagnosis (A) and histologic type and grade (H). The Ensemble Algorithm for Clustering Cancer Data (EACCD) was applied to generate prognostic groups with depiction in dendrograms. C‐indices provided dendrogram cutoffs and comparisons of prediction accuracy.ResultsDataset 1 was stratified into nine epithelial ovarian carcinoma prognostic groups, contrasting with 10 groups from FIGO methodology. The EACCD grouping had a slightly higher accuracy in survival prediction than FIGO staging (C‐index = 0.7391 vs 0.7371, increase in C‐index = 0.0020, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.0012–0.0027, p = 1.8 × 10−7). Nevertheless, there remained a strong inter‐system association between EACCD and FIGO (rank correlation = 0.9480, p = 6.1 × 10−15). Analysis of Dataset 2 demonstrated that A and H could be smoothly integrated with the T, N and M criteria. Survival data were stratified into nine prognostic groups with an even higher prediction accuracy (C‐index = 0.7605) than when using only T, N and M.ConclusionsEACCD was successfully applied to integrate A and H with T, N and M for stratification and survival prediction of epithelial ovarian carcinoma patients. Additional factors could be advantageously incorporated to test the prognostic impact of emerging diagnostic or therapeutic advances.
Transformative Valuing
Authors: Curren Randall 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this essay, Randall Curren addresses four basic questions about transformative experiences in education: Is education necessarily transformative? What must education provide for it to be personally transformative? What standard should educators use in determining whether engaging students in potentially transformative experiences is beneficial or justified? How should schools and educators orchestrate opportunities for beneficial transformative experiences? The focus is on transformative valuing, but also on the importance of a fully transformative nexus of personal attributes and social pathways to living a transformed life. Curren argues that educational decisions on behalf of students can be justified on the basis of necessary goods that persist through transformative changes in what is contingently good for them, and that schools' efforts to orchestrate opportunities for transformative experiences should engage students in activities that can be eudaimonic for them.
Lessons in Self‐Betrayal: On the Pitfalls of Transformative Education
Authors: Kemp Ryan S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this essay Ryan Kemp makes an unlikely case for value stability, arguing that people should almost never aspire to become radically different and that, given this, some people should be reluctant to pursue educational experiences that wildly broaden their life possibilities. His account is developed and structured around two borrowed examples, one literary and the other historical. Wendell Berry, his novel Hannah Coulter in particular, is the source of the first example; Jonathan Lear, specifically the case of Native American resettlement developed in Radical Hope, provides the second. The essay contains three sections structured around three related ideas. The first section explores the rationality of wanting to be a different person. The second section explores the rationality of wanting to be the same person while doing entirely different things. And the third section explores the rationality of desiring an education that teaches you to be suspicious of being anything in particular.
Impact of penile rehabilitation with phosphodiesterase‐5 inhibitors on recovery of erectile function in patients undergoing robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy: A propensity score‐matched analysis
Authors: Kimura Yusuke , Honda Masashi , Teraoka Shogo , Yumioka Tetsuya , Iwamoto Hideto , Morizane Shuichi , Hikita Katsuya , Takenaka Atsushi 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveTo investigate the impact of penile rehabilitation on the recovery of erectile function after robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy.MethodsPatients who underwent robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy in our department from 2010 to 2019 were included. For penile rehabilitation, a phosphodiesterase‐5 inhibitor (tadalafil 20 mg) was administered twice a week for 1–6 months postoperatively. The International Index of Erectile Function questionnaire (question 1 and erectile function domain) and the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite questionnaire (sexual function) were used.ResultsAfter propensity score matching, there were 79 patients in the penile rehabilitation group and 79 patients in the non‐penile rehabilitation group. There was no significant difference in baseline characteristics between the two groups. Significantly higher scores were seen in the penile rehabilitation group compared with the non‐penile rehabilitation group at postoperative 3, 6 and 9 months in the International Index of Erectile Function questionnaire‐question 1, at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months in erectile function domain, and at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months in Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite questionnaire sexual function (P < 0.05). There were significant improvements in the erectile recovery rate in the penile rehabilitation group compared with the non‐penile rehabilitation group in the nerve sparing (P = 0.006) and partial nerve sparing (P = 0.037) groups.ConclusionsThe present findings suggest that robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy patients who undergo not only nerve sparing, but also those who undergo patial nerve sparing could benefit from penile rehabilitation using a phosphodiesterase‐5 inhibitor.
School Nutrition Director Perceptions of Flexible Regulations for School Nutrition Programs in One Southeastern State
Authors: Farris Alisha R. , Mann Georgianna , Parks Justin , Arrowood John , Roy Manan , Misyak Sarah 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDSchools are a promising site for influencing the dietary intake of children and adolescents. The US Department of Agriculture recently released flexibilities to requirements for whole‐grains, sodium, and low‐fat milk in schools who demonstrated difficulty meeting nutrition standards for school meal programs. The support of School Nutrition Directors (SNDs) is vital to the success of school food environment changes; however, few studies have explored SNDs perceptions to changes in nutrition standards.METHODSExperiences and perspectives toward nutrition standards of 10 SNDs, and their satisfaction with flexibilities for whole‐grains, sodium, and low‐fat milk were explored using a semi‐structured interview. Responses were analyzed using an inductive approach with thematic analysis.RESULTSThree broad categories emerged challenges with the Healthy, Hunger‐Free Kids Act, food preferences and acceptability, and support and representation. A greater need for internal and external support, assistance in equipment and staff, procurement of foods compliant with regulations and acceptable to students, and more input on federal decisions and policies were perceived as important.CONCLUSIONSResults provide critical insight into the implementation of nutrition standards. Future research and changes to school nutrition programs should consider these challenges as they strive to meet the needs of this important population.
Conduction recovery with Wenckebach periodicity at the mitral isthmus
Authors: Nakashima Takashi , Pambrun Thomas , Pintican Gabriela , Takagi Takamitsu , Jaïs Pierre , Derval Nicolas 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA Wenckebach periodicity at the mitral isthmus (MI) lesion has rarely been reported. We described a case presenting conduction recovery with Wenckebach periodicity at the posterior MI lesion after achieving the MI block. These findings demonstrate a pseudo MI block with Wenckebach periodicity owing to the pacing rate.
Finance, Institutions, and Private Investment in Africa
Authors: Asongu Simplice A. , Nnanna Joseph , Tchamyou Vanessa S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis article extends the debate on finance versus institutions and measurement of property rights institutions (PRI). We assess the relationships between various components of PRI and private investment, notably: political, economic, and institutional governances. Comparative concurrent relationships of financial dynamics of depth, efficiency, activity, and size are also investigated. The findings provide support for the quality of institutions as a better positive correlate of private investment than financial intermediary development. The interaction of finance and governance is not significant in potentially promoting private investment, perhaps due to substantially documented surplus liquidity issues in African financial institutions. The empirical evidence is based on 53 African countries for the period 1996‐2010. Policy measures are discussed for reducing financial deposits, increasing financial activity, and hence, improving financial efficiency.Related ArticlesAideyan, Osaore. 2016. “Political and Institutional Prerequisites for Monetary Union: Assessing Progress in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).” Politics & Policy 44 (6): 1192‐1212. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12183Asongu, Simplice A., and Joseph Nnanna. 2019. “Foreign aid, Instability, and Governance in Africa.” Politics & Policy 47 (4): 807‐848. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12320Scarlato, Margherita, and Giorgio d'Agostino. 2019. “The Political Dimension of Cash Transfers in Latin America and Sub‐Saharan Africa: A Comparative Perspective.” Politics & Policy 47 (6): 1125‐1155. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12332
The Economic Effects of Volcanic Alerts—A Case Study of High‐Threat U.S. Volcanoes
Authors: Peers Justin B. , Gregg Christopher E. , Lindell Michael K. , Pelletier Denis , Romerio Franco , Joyner Andrew T. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA common concern about volcanic unrest is that the communication of information about increasing volcanic alert levels (VALs) to the public could cause serious social and economic impacts even if an eruption does not occur. To test this statement, this study examined housing prices and business patterns from 1974–2016 in volcanic regions with “very‐high” threat designations from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)—Long Valley Caldera (LVC), CA (caldera); Mount St. Helens (MSH), Washington (stratovolcano); and Kīlauea, Hawaiʻi (shield volcano). To compare economic trends in nonvolcanic regions that are economically dependent on tourism, Steamboat Springs, CO, served as a control as it is a ski‐tourism community much like Mammoth Lakes in LVC. Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models predicted that housing prices were negatively affected by VALs at LVC from 1982–1983 and 1991–1997. While VALs associated with unrest and eruptions included in this study both had short‐term indirect effects on housing prices and business indicators (e.g., number of establishments, employment, and salary), these notifications were not strong predictors of long‐term economic trends. Our findings suggest that these indirect effects result from both eruptions with higher level VALs and from unrest involving lower‐level VAL notifications that communicate a change in volcanic activity but do not indicate that an eruption is imminent or underway. This provides evidence concerning a systemic issue in disaster resilience. While disaster relief is provided by the U.S. federal government for direct impacts associated with disaster events that result in presidential major disaster declarations, there is limited or no assistance for indirect effects to businesses and homeowners that may follow volcanic unrest with no resulting direct physical losses. The fact that periods of volcanic unrest preceding eruption are often protracted in comparison to precursory periods for other hazardous events (e.g., earthquakes, hurricanes, flooding) makes the issue of indirect effects particularly important in regions susceptible to volcanic activity.
HIV primary drug resistance and associated HIV risk factors among HIV positive blood donors in Brazil from 2007 to 2017
Authors: Moreira Carlos Henrique Valente , Salomon Tassila , Alencar Cecília S. , Gonçalez Thelma T. , Sabino Ester C. , Preiss Liliana , Loureiro Paula , Lopes Maria Esther , Teixeira Carolina Miranda , Mundim Mariana , Carneiro‐Proietti Anna Barbara , de Almeida‐Neto Cesar , Custer Brian 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundAcquisition of HIV primary drug resistant (PDR) infection can lead to poor virologic and clinical outcomes in individuals and hampers public health efforts in epidemic control. Monitoring PDR in HIV‐positive blood donors can be used to inform nationwide trends in the spread of drug‐resistant HIV strains.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional study using genetic sequence analysis to assess HIV pol sequences, PDR, and risk factors for infection using audio computer‐assisted structured interviews in four large blood centers in Brazil from 2007 to 2017.ResultsOf 716 HIV‐positive blood donors, 504 (70.4%) were successfully sequenced. HIV clade B (73.2%) was the most prevalent subtype, followed by a mix of non‐B (21.2%) sub‐types. A twofold increase (from 4% to 8%) in recombinants prevalence was observed during the study period. Sixty‐four (12.7%) presented PDR. Overall, HIV PDR prevalence remained stable during the study period. Drug resistance mutations for non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors were found in 39 (7.7%) donors, while for nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors were found in 26 (5.1%), and for protease inhibitors in 24 (4.8%) of HIV‐infected donors. We did not find statistically significant differences in demographics, behavioural risk factors, or HIV genotypes when comparing volunteers with and without PDR.ConclusionThe HIV PDR rate among donors remained stable during the study period. HIV‐positive blood donors can be an informative population to monitor primary HIV resistance and ultimately may help to increase the knowledge and awareness of HIV risk factors and PDR.
Problem of Determining the Anisotropic Conductivity in Electrodynamic Equations
Authors: Romanov V. G. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
For a system of electrodynamic equations, the inverse problem of determining an anisotropic conductivity is considered. It is supposed that the conductivity is described by a diagonal matrix σ(x) = $${\text{diag}}({{\sigma }_{1}}(x),{{\sigma }_{2}}(x)$$, σ3(x)) with $$\sigma (x) = 0$$ outside of the domain Ω = $$\{ x \in {{\mathbb{R}}^{3}}|\left| x \right| < R\} $$, $$R > 0$$, and the permittivity ε and the permeability μ of the medium are positive constants everywhere in $${{\mathbb{R}}^{3}}$$. Plane waves coming from infinity and impinging on an inhomogeneity localized in Ω are considered. For the determination of the unknown functions $${{\sigma }_{1}}(x)$$, $${{\sigma }_{2}}(x)$$, and $${{\sigma }_{3}}(x)$$, information related to the vector of electric intensity is given on the boundary S of the domain Ω. It is shown that this information reduces the inverse problem to three identical problems of X-ray tomography.
Short-term, medium-term and long-term effects of early parenting interventions in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review
Authors: Jeong Joshua , Pitchik Helen O , Fink Günther 
Published: March 2021

IntroductionParenting interventions during early childhood are known to improve various child development outcomes immediately following programme implementation. However, less is known about whether these initial benefits are sustained over time.MethodsWe conducted a systematic literature review of parenting interventions in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) that were delivered during the first 3 years of life and had completed a follow-up evaluation of the intervention cohort at least 1 year after the primary postintervention endpoint. We summarized intervention effects over time by child-level and parent-level outcomes as well as by timing of follow-up rounds in the short-term (1–3 years after programme completion), medium-term (4–9 years), and long-term (10+ years). We also conducted exploratory meta-analyses to compare effects on children’s cognitive and behavioral development by these subgroups of follow-up rounds.ResultsWe identified 24 articles reporting on seven randomised controlled trials of parenting interventions delivered during early childhood that had at least one follow-up study in seven LMICs. The majority of follow-up studies were in the short-term. Three trials conducted a medium-term follow-up evaluation, and only two trials conducted a long-term follow-up evaluation. Although trials consistently supported wide-ranging benefits on early child development outcomes immediately after programme completion, results revealed a general fading of effects on children’s outcomes over time. Short-term effects were mixed, and medium-term and long-term effects were largely inconclusive. The exploratory meta-analysis on cognitive development found that pooled effects were significant at postintervention and in the short-term (albeit smaller in magnitude), but the effects were not significant in the medium-term and long-term. For behavioural development, the effects were consistently null over time.ConclusionsThere have been few longer-term follow-up studies of early parenting interventions in LMICs. Greater investments in longitudinal intervention cohorts are needed in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the effectiveness of parenting interventions over the life course and to improve the design of future interventions so they can have greater potential for achieving and sustaining programme benefits over time.
The impact of in-service physical injury or illness on the mental health of military veterans
Authors: Hynes Celia , Scullion L , Lawler C , Steel R , Boland P 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundEach year approximately 2000 UK service personnel are medically discharged with physical and/or psychological injury or illness. While there is much research on both psychological injury and physical injury, the challenges of transition relating to the intersection between the two has received less attention. This article reports on the first phase of a 2-year funded study with the aim to understand the lived experiences of veterans who have been discharged from service with a physical injury or illness and the impacts of this on their mental health.MethodsUsing a qualitative methodology, 22 veterans who had been discharged from service within the last 8 years were interviewed to identify key aspects of their experience of the transition process.ResultsThe article highlights two key themes: how some veterans adjusted to life with a physical injury or condition; and, the intersections that became apparent between physical injury and mental health. The challenges that veterans faced were shaped by the transition process and by the way in which the medical discharge process was conducted.ConclusionsConsideration of improvements to the medical discharge process could influence better outcomes for those who have left with a physical injury or illness and later find themselves struggling with mental health issues.