bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Hydrological Urban Heat Island: Determinants of Acute and Chronic Heat Stress in Urban Streams
Authors: Zahn Einara , Welty Claire , Smith James A. , Kemp Stanley J. , Baeck Mary‐Lynn , Bou‐Zeid Elie 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDuring and after rainfall events, the interaction of precipitation with hot urban pavements leads to hot runoff, and its merger with urban streams can result in an abrupt change in water temperature that can harm aquatic ecosystems. To understand this phenomenon and its relation to land cover and hydrometeorological parameters, we analyzed data spanning two years from 100 sites in the eastern United States. To identify surges, we first isolated temperature jumps of at least 0.5°C over 15 min occurring simultaneously with water flow increase. Surge magnitude was defined as the difference between peak stream temperature and baseflow temperature right before the jump. At least 10 surges were observed in 53 of the studied streams, with some surges exceeding 10°C. Our results demonstrate that the watershed developed area and vegetation fraction are the best descriptors of surge frequency (Spearman correlation of 0.76 and 0.77, respectively). On the other hand, for surge magnitude and peak temperature, the primary drivers are stream discharge and stream temperature immediately before the surge. In general, the more urbanized streams were found to be already warmer than their more “vegetated” counterparts during baseflow conditions, and were also the most affected by temperature surges. Together, these findings suggest the existence of a hydrological urban heat island, here defined as the increase in stream temperature (chronic and/or acute), caused by increased urbanization.
Which Narrative Strategies Durably Reduce Prejudice? Evidence from Field and Survey Experiments Supporting the Efficacy of Perspective‐Getting
Authors: Kalla Joshua L. , Broockman David E. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractExclusionary attitudes towards outgroups contribute to social and political challenges worldwide. Previous field experiments found that interpersonal conversations employing multiple narrative strategies can durably reduce exclusionary attitudes. We theoretically distinguish between three of these narrative strategies: narratives which promote analogic perspective taking, vicarious perspective‐giving, and perspective‐getting. Previous research has assigned these strategies together in a compound treatment, leaving open important theoretical and practical questions about each's effectiveness. We present results from three field studies and a survey experiment that individually manipulate their presence. Across the field studies, we find omitting prompts to engage in analogic perspective‐taking and vicarious perspective‐giving does not diminish effects; conversations employing only perspective‐getting narratives durably reduce exclusionary attitudes. Results from within‐subject analyses and a survey experiment similarly show that perspective‐getting consistently reduces exclusionary attitudes and activates multiple mechanisms. These results refine theoretical understandings of prejudice reduction and support facilitating perspective‐getting in conversations intended to reduce exclusionary attitudes.
Development and testing of a digital health acceptability model to explain the intention to use a digital diabetes prevention programme
Authors: Van Rhoon Luke , McSharry Jenny , Byrne Molly 
Published: October 2021

ObjectivesDigitally‐delivered diabetes prevention programmes (DPPs) may improve population health by reversing the escalating trend of type 2 diabetes (T2D) incidence. Understanding the factors which determine digital health acceptability is critical to developing effective interventions. This study aimed to develop and test a digital health acceptability model of the factors influencing the intention of adults living in Ireland to use a digital DPP.DesignA 61‐item cross‐sectional survey was issued online or in hard copy to a sample of adults.MethodsParticipants viewed a brochure for a smartphone‐based digital DPP. The FINDRISC assessed their risk of developing T2D, and Likert scale items assessed the personal health, social influence, eHealth literacy, and intervention factors of the model. Structural equation modelling was used to assess the relationships between these factors.ResultThree‐hundred‐and‐sixteen eligible participants (Mage = 36) completed the survey, 42% of which had a slightly elevated T2D risk or higher. Twelve direct factor relationships were statistically significant. Subjective norm had a moderate‐to‐large impact on T2D risk perceptions. Health status, perceived susceptibility to T2D, eHealth readiness, communicative eHealth literacy and image had significant impacts on use intentions through mediators of perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. The model explained 65% of the variance in digital DPP use intentions.ConclusionPersonal health beliefs, social influence, and eHealth literacy collectively influence a digital DPP’s acceptability. These findings may inform the development of future digital DPPs and other digital health interventions. Future research should test the model with adults that have a higher T2D risk status.
Land use has little influence on the soil seed bank in a central African moist forest
Authors: Zebaze Donatien , Fayolle Adeline , Daïnou Kasso , Libalah Moses , Droissart Vincent , Sonké Bonaventure , Doucet Jean‐Louis 
Published: October 2021

AbstractRegeneration of tropical forest occurs naturally and mainly through early secondary succession by soil seed banks. Here, we analyzed seed bank variation in density and diversity along a degradation gradient. We also explored the relationship (similarity in composition) between the seed and seedling banks and the overstory vegetation. The investigated forests were located at Dja Fauna Reserve and its surroundings, south‐eastern Cameroon. We sampled 33 one‐ha forest plots scattered in a protected area, in a logging concession and in community forests. Within each plot, we inventoried the seed bank in the litter and in four successive soil layers of 5 cm depth interval, and the standing vegetation. Seed density significantly varied with sampling depth but not between land use types. A total of 181 morphospecies were identified. Trees species accounted for 46% of seeds with pioneer species dispersed by animals dominating the seed bank. Species diversity and composition strongly varied with the sampling depth; the litter seed bank was more similar in composition to the soil seed bank than to the seedling bank, sapling, and forest stands. We highlighted the presence of a dense and diverse seed bank in each land use type. We also showed the differentiation of each sampling depth in terms of species composition, thus revealing their complementarity in the dynamics of natural regeneration. The dominance of pioneers in the seed bank and weak relationship with the overstory are universal for tropical forests and logically follow from forest succession after disturbance.Abstract in French is available with online material.
Prevalence of mitral annular calcification and its association with mitral valvular disease
Authors: Okura Hiroyuki , Nakada Yasuki , Nogi Maki , Ishihara Satomi , Okamura Akihiko , Okayama Satoshi , Watanabe Makoto , Kawakami Rika , Saito Yoshihiko 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundMitral annular calcification (MAC) is increasingly observed in elderly population. The purpose of this study was to investigate incidence of MAC and its association with mitral valvular disease (MVD).MethodsA total of 13,483 consecutive patients who underwent echocardiography were enrolled. MAC was defined as an echo‐dense, shelf‐like structure with an irregular, lumpy appearance involving the mitral valve annulus, with acoustic shadowing. Prevalence of MAC and its association with significant mitral stenosis (MS) or mitral regurgitation (MR) were studied. Significant (≥moderate) MS was defined as mean transmitral valvular pressure gradient > 5 mm Hg and significant MR was defined as ≥moderate MR based on quantitative or semi‐quantitative Doppler methods.ResultsMAC was present in 1881 of 13,483 patients (14%). Patients with MAC (MAC group) was older and more female gender than those without MAC (non‐MAC group). Significant MS was present in 2.2% of MAC and in .6% of the non‐MAC group (p < 0.0001). Significant MR was present in 11.9% of MAC and in 5.0% of the non‐MAC group (p < 0.0001). Co‐existence of MAC and aortic valve replacement (AVR) was associated with increased prevalence of MVD (MS:11.4%, MR:17.2%, respectively).ConclusionMAC was present in 14% of the patients and was associated with significant MVD. Co‐existence of MAC and AVR may increase the risk of MVD.
Medication control of flunixin in racing horses: Possible detection times using Monte Carlo simulations
Authors: Kuroda Taisuke , Minamijima Yohei , Nomura Motoi , Yamashita Shozo , Yamada Masayuki , Nagata Shunichi , Mita Hiroshi , Tamura Norihisa , Fukuda Kentaro , Kuwano Atsutoshi , Kusano Kanichi , Toutain Pierre‐Louis , Sato Fumio 
Published: October 2021

SummaryBackgroundFor medication control in several jurisdictions, withdrawal time is the period of refrain from racing after drug administration. It is set by adding a safety period to an experimental detection time. However, there are no reports of statistical analyses of detection time for the determination of withdrawal time in flunixin meglumine‐treated horses.ObjectiveTo analyse the population pharmacokinetics of flunixin in horses through the generation of a dataset for detection time statistical analysis and predictions via Monte Carlo simulation.Study designExperimental study.MethodsDrug plasma and urine concentrations following single intravenous administration of flunixin 1.1 mg/kg bodyweight (BW) in 10 horses and multiple administration of q 24 hours for 5 days in 10 horses were measured using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). Data were modelled using a nonlinear mixed effect model followed by Monte Carlo simulation. Irrelevant plasma concentration (IPC) and irrelevant urine concentration (IUC) were calculated using the Toutain approach. Detection times were obtained considering the time after the last administration for selected quantiles of 5000 hypothetical horses under the international screening limit (ISL) proposed by the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities (plasma: 1 ng/mL, urine; 100 ng/mL).ResultsFor a regimen of 1.1 mg/kg BW q 24 hours, the IPC and IUC values were 2.0 and 73.0 ng/mL respectively. Detection times in plasma above the ISL for 90% of simulated horses were estimated as 74 hours after a single 1.1 mg/kg dose administration, 149 and 199 hours after multiple doses over 5 days at either 24‐ or 12‐hour intervals respectively. Corresponding detection times in urine were 46, 68 and 104 hours respectively.Main limitationOnly female horses were investigated.ConclusionsStatistical detection times for different flunixin meglumine regimens indicated a delay of detection time in plasma after multiple administrations under ISL.
Effect of omeprazole and sucralfate on gastrointestinal injury in a fasting/NSAID model
Authors: Bishop Rebecca C. , Kemper Ann M. , Wilkins Pamela A. , McCoy Annette M. 
Published: October 2021

SummaryBackgroundEquine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) is a common and significant cause of morbidity in horses, with a range of clinical signs, including inappetence, colic and poor performance. Hospitalised horses are exposed to factors that may induce EGUS, including fasting and nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) administration, and may be at risk for development of squamous (ESGD) and glandular gastric disease (EGGD). Prophylactic anti‐ulcer medication is often prescribed for these patients, but drug selection is complicated by different aetiology and response to treatment of ESGD and EGGD.ObjectivesTo establish the efficacy of sucralfate or omeprazole used prophylactically in horses exposed to a combined feed‐fast and NSAID administration EGUS induction protocol. We hypothesised that these drugs would be equally effective for prevention of gastric lesions in the experimental cohort.Study designRandomised crossover experimental design.MethodsHorses (n = 14) received either omeprazole (1 mg/kg PO q24h) or sucralfate (20 mg/kg PO q8h) while undergoing the feed‐fast/NSAID protocol, allowed an 8‐week washout period, and then administered the alternate treatment. Serial gastroscopy, ultrasound and haematology documented treatment effects.ResultsESGD and EGGD score increased over time under both treatments. There was a significant effect of treatment on EGGD scores (P < .001), with post‐treatment EGGD scores higher for horses receiving sucralfate (median 3; IQR 2.25,3) than omeprazole (1; 1,1). The effect of treatment on ESGD scores just achieved significance (P = .05), with post‐treatment ESGD scores higher for sucralfate (4; 3,4) than omeprazole (2; 2,3).Main limitationsThis study was performed in healthy horses, and response to treatment may differ in horses with clinical illness. Additional investigation in a larger population may be required to detect significant differences in other clinical parameters.ConclusionsOmeprazole was superior to sucralfate for mitigating gastric lesion severity in healthy horses exposed to a feed‐fast/NSAID model.
Historical reconstruction and social context of recreational fisheries: The Australian East Coast Barramundi
Authors: Chong‐Montenegro Carolina , Thurstan Ruth H. , Campbell Alexander B. , Cunningham Emer T. , Pandolfi John M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractRecreational fishing in Australia makes important contributions to local economies and fisheries harvests. Historical evaluations of the cumulative effects of exploitation for most recreationally targeted Australian fish stocks remain unexplored, as do the social and cultural contexts of recreational fishing. Historical newspaper articles were used to derive quantitative and qualitative catch data on Queensland's east coast barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Bloch), a popular species targeted by recreational fishers. Decadal‐scale catch rates (1869–1952) were reconstructed, as was the development of the fishery since its earliest documentation. Models indicated a significant decline in catch rates, from an average of 5.20 kg /fishing trip (95% confidence interval, 3.82–7.09) in 1870–3.24 kg/fishing trip (95% CI 2.72–3.87) in 1952. Variability in catch rates was associated with a spatial and seasonal interaction effect, with average catch rates differing among regions and seasons. Qualitative analysis showed a northward expansion of the fishery along the east coast, coinciding with increasing number of locations fished, establishment of organised fishing clubs in the 1900s and concerns of overexploitation starting in 1909. Integration of quantitative and qualitative analysis revealed past socio‐cultural factors and trends in the barramundi fishery, while building confidence in the reliability of inferences made from archival data sets.
Does island ontogeny dictate the accumulation of both species richness and functional diversity?
Authors: Kraemer Andrew C. , Roell Yannik E. , Shoobs Nate F. , Parent Christine E. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAimThe accumulation of functional diversity in communities is poorly understood. Conveniently, the general dynamic model of island biogeography (GDM) makes predictions for how such diversity might accumulate over time. In this multiscale study of land snail communities on 10 oceanic archipelagos located in various regions of the globe, we test hypotheses of community assembly in systems where islands serve as chronosequences along island ontogeny.LocationTen volcanic archipelagos.Time periodFrom 23 Ma to the present.Major taxa studiedEndemic land snails.MethodsInitially, we assembled geological island characteristics of area, isolation and ontogeny for all studied islands. We then characterized island‐scale biotic variables, including the species diversity and functional diversity of snail communities. From these data, we assessed relationships between island and snail community variables as predicted by the GDM, focusing initially on the islands of the Galápagos archipelago and thereafter with a broader analysis of 10 archipelagoes.ResultsAs in other studies of island assemblages, in Galápagos we find a hump‐shaped curve of species richness, with depauperate snail faunas on early‐ontogeny islands, increasing species richness on mid‐ontogeny islands and low species richness on islands in late ontogeny. We find exceptionally low functional diversity on early‐ontogeny islands that increases through mid‐ontogeny, whereas late‐ontogeny islands exhibit a range of functional diversity. The analysis including all 10 archipelagos indicates a major role of archipelago‐specific factors. In both sets of analyses, functional diversity is exceptionally low on early‐ontogeny islands, and island ontogeny is a significant predictor of morphology.Main conclusionsConsistent patterns of functional diversity across island ontogeny on all examined archipelagos indicate a common role for habitat filtering, ecological opportunity and competition in a diversity of systems, leading to predictable changes in functional diversity and average morphology through island ontogeny, whereas patterns of species richness appear subject to archipelago‐specific factors.
Glass‐to‐metal seals for solid oxide cells at the Politecnico di Torino, an overview
Authors: Smeacetto Federico , Chrysanthou Andreas , Sabato Antonio G. , Javed Hassan , Pierre Stefano De la , Salvo Milena , Ferraris Monica 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA summary and update of the research on the design, process, and testing of glass and glass‐ceramic to metal seals for solid oxide cells (SOC) conducted during the last 13 years at the Politecnico di Torino, Italy, within our research group and with several international collaborations, is presented and discussed. Glass and glass‐ceramic‐based materials play a key role in SOC performance and durability as well as in the sealing and joining of metallic interconnects. The sinter‐crystallization method is a powerful technique that is used to obtain dense and reliable glass‐ceramics capable of providing hermetic joining and seals. The issues, learned from our experience, that have an impact on the lifetime behavior of glass and glass‐ceramic to metal seals are briefly reviewed in terms of challenges and working conditions. The mechanical characterization of glass‐to‐metal seal materials has a crucial impact on the overall performance, as the metal–glass interface plays a key role on the final joining strength and reliability. Several glass compositions are presented along with results on their characterization and behavior as joining materials for metallic interconnects, with a focus on their potential use as SOC seals.
Missed diagnosis or misdiagnosis: how often do hospitalised patients with a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have spirometry that supports the diagnosis?
Authors: Habteslassie Daniel , Khorramnia Sadie , Muruganandan Sanjeevan , Romeo Nicholas , See Katharine , Hannan Liam M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most common clinical diagnoses among hospital inpatients. Diagnosis requires the demonstration of post‐bronchodilator airflow obstruction. However, it is uncertain how often spirometry results are available at the time a diagnostic label of COPD is applied.AimsTo identify how frequently spirometry results were available following an inpatient admission with a clinical diagnosis of COPD, and to determine how often the available spirometry results supported a clinical diagnosis of COPD. Inhaler prescription, at discharge, was also evaluated to determine one of the potential implications of diagnostic inaccuracy.MethodsA single‐centre retrospective observational study was undertaken at a 400‐bed metropolitan health service between October 2016 and March 2018.ResultsA total of 2239 inpatient separations occurred in 1469 individuals who had a clinical diagnosis of COPD during the study. Spirometry results were not available in 43.6% (n = 641) of those with a diagnosis of COPD. A further 19.7% (n = 289) had spirometry results available at the time of admission that did not demonstrate fixed airflow obstruction. The available prescribing data (n = 443) demonstrated that inhaled medications were prescribed in a similar pattern, regardless of the availability of spirometry or whether the results supported a clinical diagnosis of COPD.ConclusionsInpatients with a clinical diagnosis of COPD frequently did not have supportive spirometry results that confirmed the diagnosis or had results inconsistent with COPD. Misdiagnosis and inappropriate prescribing require further attention to improve the quality of care in this setting.
‘I was broken in so many different ways’: The intersection of complex factors impacting homeless and at‐risk African American women's mental health and well‐being
Authors: Graf Maria del Carmen , Dressel Anne , Schmitt Marin , Deal Emily , Pittman Belinda , Lopez Alexa , Kako Penninah , Mkandawire‐Valhmu Lucy 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAfrican American women are at higher risk of poor mental ill health compared with other racial and ethnic groups in the United States. For low‐income and homeless African American populations, the risk of poor mental ill health is even higher. The purpose of our study was to learn what programmes at a long‐term transitional living centre helped at‐risk and homeless African American mothers to succeed on their own, in accordance with self‐identified goals. We conducted ten focus group interviews with 39 graduates of a long‐term transitional living centre located in a Midwestern city, and an individual interview with the founder of that centre (N = 40). Our study was informed by Black Feminist Thought, Life Course Theory, and an instrumental case study design. Thematic analysis was used to identify patterns in the qualitative data collected. Findings pertaining to mental health included impacts of adverse childhood experiences, lack of social networks, child placement in foster care, and implications on self‐esteem and self‐worth. Our findings demonstrate the need for healthcare providers to take into account the intersecting factors facing African American women experiencing homelessness undergirded by systemic racism, which impacts their mental health and well‐being.