bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When push comes to shove: Local violence and residential mobility among families
Authors: Leibbrand Christine , Gabriel Ryan , Hess Chris , Crowder Kyle 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis study examined whether exposure to, and perceptions of, local violence were associated with families' probabilities of moving and whether that relationship varied by the level of perceived collective efficacy in the neighborhood.BackgroundLocal violence can shape individuals' outcomes in long‐lasting ways. Parents who perceive their neighborhoods to be violent may be especially concerned about moving their children away from local violence and this desire may be heightened when families perceive that there are few social resources in their neighborhoods. However, limited research exists concerning the associations between perceptions of local violence, collective efficacy, and mobility decisions of families with children.MethodThe analyses used Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study Data (n = 3636) and mixed‐effects models to examine the relationship between primary caregivers' reported perceptions of neighborhood violence and their probabilities of moving with their families. The moderating role of community collective efficacy was assessed, as was the relationship between mobility and changes in families' perceptions of local violence.ResultsPerceptions of violence were significantly associated with increases in the probabilities that families move and decreases in perceptions of local violence after moving.ImplicationsThese results provide evidence for the importance of individuals' perceptions for shaping mobility outcomes and the value of mobility for shielding families from local violence.
Community‐based model for adolescent transgender health care
Authors: Towers Sarina , Prizgintas Diana , Crossen Kendall 
Published: May 2021

AimThis study aimed to investigate whether transgender and non‐binary (TGNB) youth prefer health care received in a community‐based setting.MethodsAll patients aged 12–18 years over a 1‐year period presenting for transgender health care to either Tauranga Paediatrics, Maternal Infant Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (MiCAMHS) or Gender Dynamix (a community‐based TGNB health service) were invited to complete an anonymous online survey about their experience of health care. Responses were obtained from 39 participants (68.4% response rate).ResultsOverall, patient responses indicated a preference for health care at Gender Dynamix. Adolescents preferred wait times (79%), as well as the physical environment (97%). Respondents felt less stigma in the community‐based setting (68%). Information sharing and family and whanau support was high at both Gender Dynamix (94%; 86%) and Tauranga Paediatrics (86%; 86%), and low at MiCAMHS (33%; 32%). Patients were more likely to report being heard at Gender Dynamix (91%). Patients felt respected by staff (Gender Dynamix = 100%, Tauranga Paediatrics = 79% and MiCAMHS = 50%). All three services also had a high quality of health care (Gender Dynamix = 94%, Tauranga Paediatrics = 64% and MiCAMHS = 50%). For respondents who had seen a paediatrician in multiple locations, 100% of respondents preferred to be seen at Gender Dynamix (n = 13).ConclusionsTGNB youth prefer to receive their health care in a community‐based setting.
Revisiting of Carex sect. Confertiflorae s.l. (Cyperaceae): New data from molecular and morphological evidence and first insights on Carex biogeography in East Asia
Authors: Lu Yi‐Fei , Jin Xiao‐Feng , Ikeda Hiroshi , Yano Okihito , Benítez‐Benítez Carmen , Chen Wei‐Jie , Liu Yong‐Di , Jiménez‐Mejías Pedro , Yu Ming‐Jian 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Carex sect. Confertiflorae s.l. is a medium‐sized species group (ca. 40 species) with its center of diversity in E Asia (China and Japan). According to morphological traits, the section has been proposed to split into two sections (sects. Confertiflorae sensu Ohwi and Molliculae Ohwi) up to five different ones (sects. Confertiflorae s.s., Molliculae, Dispalatae Ohwi, Ischnostachyae Ohwi, and Alliiformes Akiyama). Recent phylogenetic reconstructions showed Confertiflorae s.l. not to be monophyletic, as species traditionally considered part of it were found to belong to other clades, whereas species traditionally ascribed to other sections were nested within it. In this study, we investigated the phylogenetic structure, morphological affinities, and biogeographic history of sect. Confertiflorae s.l. We employed a taxon‐based approach to explore the morphological affinities of the species considered in sect. Confertiflorae and compared the micromorphology of the nutlets of almost all the taxa using SEM. We included 40 samples representing 31 species/subspecies of sect. Confertiflorae s.l. and used two nuclear (ETS and ITS) and three plastid (trnL‐F, matK, and rpl32‐trnL
UAG) molecular markers to reconstruct the phylogeny of the group. The phylogenetic analyses confirmed the polyphyly of sect. Confertiflorae s.l., whose representatives were found within five distinct clades. From these, two clades, sect. Confertiflorae and sect. Molliculae, were found to be closely related and contained the majority of the species. The composition of the two clades agreed with the morphological structure of the group, and we confirmed an exclusive combination of features (namely color of basal sheaths, presence of bract sheath, peduncle of lowest spike, inflorescence sex distribution, shape of pistillate glume apex, and color and veins of utricle, among others) characterizing each of the two clades. The origin of the two clades was found to be in the early Pliocene; however, the majority of the diversification events within each clade took place during the Pleistocene. This illustrates that although Asia has been regarded as having little potential ecological space for Carex to diversify due to its climate stability, groups of sedges sub‐endemic from that area may have a fairly recent origin related to glaciations. We proposed the rearrangement of sect. Confertiflorae as previously conceived as three independent sections: the monotypic Alliiformes, sect. Molliculae, and sect. Paludosae.
Application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models to promote the development of veterinary drugs with high efficacy and safety
Authors: Zhou Kaixiang , Mi Kun , Ma Wenjin , Xu Xiangyue , Huo Meixia , Algharib Samah Attia , Pan Yuanhu , Xie Shuyu , Huang Lingli 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPhysiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models have become important tools for the development of novel human drugs. Food‐producing animals and pets comprise an important part of human life, and the development of veterinary drugs (VDs) has greatly impacted human health. Owing to increased affordability of and demand for drug development, VD manufacturing companies should have more PBPK models required to reduce drug production costs. So far, little attention has been paid on applying PBPK models for the development of VDs. This review begins with the development processes of VDs; then summarizes case studies of PBPK models in human or VD development; and analyzes the application, potential, and advantages of PBPK in VD development, including candidate screening, formulation optimization, food effects, target‐species safety, and dosing optimization. Then, the challenges of applying the PBPK model to VD development are discussed. Finally, future opportunities of PBPK models in designing dosing regimens for intracellular pathogenic infections and for efficient oral absorption of VDs are further forecasted. This review will be relevant to readers who are interested in using a PBPK model to develop new VDs.
The status of spotted wolffish, Anarhichas minor: A commercially ready species for U.S. marine aquaculture?
Authors: Le François Nathalie R. , Fairchild Elizabeth A. , Nardi George , Dupont‐Cyr Bernard‐Antonin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe requirements to rear spotted wolffish, Anarhichas minor, a cold water, demersal fish, native to the north Atlantic Ocean, have been developed over the past 25 years (since 1990s) and it now is commercially produced in one fish farm in Norway with additional plans for commercial development in the near future in Quebec, Canada. Spotted wolffish have numerous attributes that make them a desirable species to culture in the United States including, but not limited to: having a high value; desired by consumers and chefs; not supplied by U.S. or Canadian fisheries; an established broodstock available in neighboring Quebec; well‐developed hatchlings that do not require live feed; high rearing density tolerance; and low disease susceptibility. Here, we review the advancements made in broodstock management and spawning, egg incubation, juvenile rearing, and on‐growing of fish, as well as future research and development needs. Areas requiring further focus include reducing variability in gamete production; nutritional studies at all life stages; health expertise; genetic selection; and further refinement of standard operating procedures at the commercial level for all life‐stages. Given the state of advancement of wolffish cultivation and the existence of a commercial operation in Norway, we propose that spotted wolffish is commercially ready for production in the United States with the primary barrier being a steady source of eggs to supply emerging pilot‐scale or commercial operations.
Phylogeographic analysis of foot‐and‐mouth disease virus serotype O dispersal and associated drivers in East Africa
Authors: Munsey Anna , Mwiine Frank Norbert , Ochwo Sylvester , Velazquez‐Salinas Lauro , Ahmed Zaheer , Maree Francois , Rodriguez Luis L. , Rieder Elizabeth , Perez Andres , Dellicour Simon , VanderWaal Kimberly 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe continued endemicity of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) in East Africa has significant implications for livestock production and poverty reduction, yet its complex epidemiology in endemic settings remains poorly understood. Identifying FMDV dispersal routes and drivers of transmission is key to improved control strategies. Environmental heterogeneity and anthropogenic drivers (e.g., demand for animal products) can impact viral spread by influencing host movements. Here, we utilized FMDV serotype O VP1 genetic sequences and corresponding spatiotemporal data in order to (i) infer the recent dispersal history, and (II) investigate the impact of external factors (cattle density, human population density, proximity to livestock markets, and drought) on dispersal velocity, location, and direction of FMDV serotype O in East Africa. We identified statistical evidence of long‐distance transmission events, and we found that FMDV serotype O tends to remain circulating in areas of high cattle density, high human population density, and in close proximity to livestock markets. The latter two findings highlight the influence of anthropogenic factors on FMDV serotype O spread in this region. These findings contribute to the understanding of FMDV epidemiology in East Africa and can help guide improved control measures.
Socioeconomic inequalities, modifiable lifestyle risk factors, and retinal vessel calibers: The African‐PREDICT Study
Authors: Maugana Vuledzani Felicia , Kruger Ruan , Schutte Aletta Elisabeth , Smith Wayne 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveLifestyle risk factors vary between socioeconomic status (SES) groups and may influence cardiovascular function differently. The retinal microvasculature allows for monitoring early changes in cardiovascular health, and therefore, we investigated whether retinal vessel calibers associate differently with modifiable risk factors in different SES groups.MethodsWe included 1064 young adults (aged 20–30 years) grouped by low and high SES. The central retinal artery and vein equivalents (CRAE, CRVE) were determined from fundus images captured using the Dynamic Retinal Vessel Analyzer (Imedos Systems GmbH, Jena, Germany). We collected anthropometry, self‐reported alcohol consumption, and biochemical data.ResultsRetinal vessel calibers did not differ between SES groups (p ≥ .80) after adjusting for sex and ethnicity. Unique independent associations were observed in the low SES group, where CRAE (β = 0.08, p = .042) and CRVE (β = .14, p = .001) associated positively with cotinine and body mass index, respectively. In the high SES group, CRAE (β = –0.09, p = .027) associated negatively with alcohol consumption.ConclusionAt young ages, retinal vessel calibers associated differently with modifiable lifestyle risk factors within each SES group. Our data highlight the importance of detecting adverse lifestyle risk factors among young adults from diverse socioeconomic settings to improve prevention of cardiovascular disease.
Immunological response and clinical profile in patients with recurrent dermatophytosis
Authors: Jha Krishna , Shaw Dipika , Karim Adil , Narang Tarun , Saikia Biman , Rudramurthy Shivaprakash M. , Saikia Uma Nahar , Dogra Sunil 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundAn alarming increase in the number of patients with chronic and recurrent dermatophytosis has invoked the need to study the immunological parameters of the host.ObjectivesTo evaluate delayed type of hypersensitivity (DTH) response and immediate hypersensitivity (IH) response by flow cytometry evaluation of immune cells from peripheral blood and intradermal trichophyton skin test in patients with recurrent dermatophytosis.MethodsA hundred patients with recurrent dermatophytosis and 50 controls (healthy controls and acute dermatophytosis controls) were included. Relevant risk factors for recurrence were analysed, and serum IgE levels were estimated. Flow cytometry evaluation of immune cells in peripheral blood and intradermal trichophyton skin test was done. Dermatophyte pathogens were isolated, and antifungal susceptibility was performed.ResultsTrichophyton mentagrophytes complex (95.84%) and T. rubrum (4.16%) were isolated in culture. Serum IgE was elevated in 83.15% cases (p = .01). IFN‐γ+ cells (p = .0501, p = .0001, p = .0014), Th1 cells (p = .1197, p = .0024, p = .0169), IL‐17+ cells (p = .0127, p = .0006, p = .0007) and Th17 cells (p = .0634, p = .0001, p = .0054) were reduced, and IL‐4+ cells (p = .0108, p = .0175, p = .0018) were increased in cases. Intradermal test demonstrated negative DTH response in all cases (p < .001, p < .001, p < .001), strongly positive IH response in 6%, and borderline positive IH response in 85% cases (p = .018, p < .001, p < .001). Topical corticosteroids application, undergarment types (tight fit), poor frequency of washing clothes, family history of tinea, sharing of towels were significant risk factors for recurrent dermatophytosis.ConclusionsReduced IFN‐γ+, Th1, IL‐17+ and Th17 cells population along with impaired DTH response by the intradermal test was observed in patients with recurrent dermatophytosis.
Carbon dioxide monitoring in children—A narrative review of physiology, value, and pitfalls in clinical practice
Authors: Humphreys Susan , Schibler Andreas , von Ungern‐Sternberg Britta S. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractContinuous capnography has been recognised as an essential monitoring device in all anesthetized patients, despite which airway device is in use, regardless of their location, as a measure to improve patient safety. Capnography is the non‐invasive measurement of a sample of the exhaled carbon dioxide which has multiple clinical uses including as a method to confirm placement of a tracheal tube and/or to assess ventilation, perfusion and metabolism. Notably, capnography is used during routine paediatric anesthesia to assess ventilation and as a surrogate measure for arterial carbon dioxide pressure. The inaccuracies associated with these surrogate measures need to be considered to inform improved ventilation management of infants and children. This review highlights some major principles to understand the carbon dioxide elimination, the physiology of paediatric capnography, the clinical application and the limitations of capnography during anesthesia for neonates, infants and small children.
Demographic characteristics, clinical features, and optimal management of hospitalized patients with staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
Authors: Vernali Steven , Blasiak Rachel C. , Morrell Dean S. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesOptimal management of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) has not been established. Clindamycin may benefit patients via inhibition of ribosomal toxin production, but resistance patterns suggest penicillinase‐resistant penicillins or cephalosporins should be the first line. Our goal was to describe demographic and clinical characteristics of SSSS patients at our institution, delineate bacterial resistance patterns, and examine outcomes of varying therapeutic strategies in SSSS.MethodsWe performed a retrospective review of patients under the age of 18 with confirmed clinical SSSS diagnosis by the dermatology consult team at the University of North Carolina (UNC) Hospitals from January 2008 to April 2017. Median hospital and ICU length of stay (LOS) were compared using a Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test.ResultsWe found 59 SSSS patients. Coverage with clindamycin and vancomycin versus absence of that combination was associated with shorter ICU LOS. Although trending toward reduced hospital LOS, this was not significantly altered with the use of vancomycin and clindamycin after adjustment for multiple comparisons. Individual use of either clindamycin or vancomycin did not significantly alter overall hospital or ICU LOS. Among 24 patients with a pathogen identified on culture, 18 (75.0%) revealed resistance to clindamycin, and 2 (8.3%) revealed MRSA.ConclusionsClindamycin resistance is more prevalent in hospitalized SSSS patients compared to our pediatric outpatient population. The combination of vancomycin and clindamycin results in shorter ICU LOS. Individual use of clindamycin or vancomycin does not significantly reduce hospital or ICU LOS after adjustment for multiple comparisons.
Exploring physiological stability of infants in Kangaroo Mother Care position versus placed in transport incubator during neonatal ground ambulance transport in Sweden
Authors: van den Berg Johannes , Jakobsson Ulf , Selander Bo , Lundqvist Pia 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe positive effects of Kangaroo mother care in NICU’s are well documented but, to a lesser extent, explored during inter‐hospital neonatal transport. Inter‐hospital transport, with the infant placed in a transport incubator, increases the risk of separation while infants in Kangaroo mother care position implies that the parents accompany the transport. There exists limited knowledge if physiological stability differs when transported in Kangaroo mother care position compared to transport in a transport incubator.AimsThe aim of this study was to compare physiological stability of infants transported via ground ambulance in either Kangaroo mother care position or positioned in a transport incubator.MethodIn total, 24 infants were recruited to be transported between hospitals in either a Kangaroo mother care position (n = 16) or in a transport incubator (n = 8). Inclusion criteria were; current weight >1500 g; current gestational age above 31+0 weeks; no central catheter; no respiratory support and no planed painful or distressing interventions during the 48‐h follow‐up period post‐transport. Exclusion criteria were; infants whose parents did not speak or understand Swedish or English and infants with a current weight above 4500 g for the KMC group. Physiological stability was obtained during transport and for a 48‐h follow‐up period by measuring body temperature, respiratory and heart rate, oxygen saturation, pain score, transport risk assessment and number of interventions during transport and 48‐h post‐transport. Cost‐effectiveness and adverse events were also evaluated.ResultsBoth groups had comparable background characteristics and physiological stability during transport and for the 48‐h follow‐up period after transport. Transporting in Kangaroo mother care position was more cost‐effective.Study limitationA small sample size in both groups.ConclusionTransporting an infant in Kangaroo mother care position can be regarded as a choice of transport mode when the infant fulfils the set criteria.
Relationship of Chemical Composition and Moisture Sensitivity in LiNixMnyCo1−X−YO2 for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Choi Junbin , Dong Liang , Yu Chan-Yeop , O’Meara Cody , Lee Eungje , Kim Jung-Hyun 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chemical composition–moisture sensitivity relationship of LiNixMnyCo1−x−yO2 (NMC) cathode materials was investigated by exploring crystal structures, surface properties, and electrochemical performance behaviors of various commercial NMC powders: LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC111), LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 (NMC532), LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 (NMC622), and LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811). The NMC powders were stored in different moisture conditions: moisture-free, humidified air, or immersed in water. Rietveld refinement analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) data and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the crystal structure changes and the evolution of particle surfaces morphologies. The effect of moisture contamination on the electrochemical properties of NMC cathodes was studied by galvanostatic cycling and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The moisture contamination resulted in either structural disorder or unwanted surficial deposition products, which increased a charge-transfer impedance and consequent performance degradation of battery cells. The results showed that NMC’s moisture vulnerability increased with Ni content (x) despite protective coatings on commercial particles, which stressed the necessity of alternative surface passivation strategies of Ni-rich NMC for broad applications such as electric vehicles and electrified aircraft propulsion.
A Liquid–Vapor Two-Phase Model of Direct Methanol Fuel Cells With Platinum Group Metal-Free Cathode Catalyst
Authors: Miao Zheng , Hu Bin , He Ya-Ling , Xu Jinliang , Li Xianglin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This study has developed a two-dimensional, two-phase transport model to investigate the transport characteristics in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) using platinum group metal (PGM)-free cathode catalysts. The model considered anisotropic properties of the gas diffusion layer (GDL) caused by current collector’s mechanical compression, the interfacial mass transfer of water and methanol between liquid and vapor, and unique properties of the cathode PGM-free catalyst layer. Results showed that the liquid methanol solution from the anode could provide sufficient water to hydrate the proton exchange membrane (PEM), and the relative humidity of the cathode air did not impact the membrane hydration. Fully hydrating the cathode air may deteriorate the fuel cell performance, especially when the operating temperature is close to 100 °C because the exponential increase of the saturated water pressure with temperature decreased the partial pressure of oxygen. The optimized operating temperature increased with the increase of air pressure and was about 80 °C at 1.5 atm cathode pressure. To achieve the US Department of Energy’s performance target of 300 mW/cm2 peak power density, catalytic activities of both the anode and cathode catalysts need to be improved by one order of magnitude compared with the state-of-the-art commercial catalysts.