bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimizing Charge Transfer and Out‐Coupling of A Quasi‐Planar Deep‐Red TADF Emitter: towards Rec.2020 Gamut and External Quantum Efficiency beyond 30 %
Authors: Li Zhe , Yang Dezhi , Han Chunmiao , Zhao Bingjie , Wang Huiqin , Man Yi , Ma Peng , Chang Peng , Ma Dongge , Xu Hui 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHerein, we report a deep‐red TADF emitter pCNQ–TPA, composed of quinoxaline‐5,8‐dicarbonitrile (pCNQ) acceptor and triphenylamine (TPA) donor. pCNQ–TPA supported its OLED with desired CIE coordinates of (0.69, 0.31) and the record maximum external quantum efficiency of 30.3 %, which is the best red TADF diode with Rec.2020 gamut for UHDTV. It is showed that through tuning pCNQ–TPA doping concentration, intra‐ and inter‐molecular charge transfer are balanced to synchronously improve emission color saturation and TADF radiation, and remedy aggregation‐induced quenching, rendering photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) reaching 90 % for deep‐red emission peaked at ≈690 nm. Quasi‐planar structure further endows pCNQ–TPA with an improved horizontal ratio of emitting dipole orientation, which increases light out‐coupling ratio to 0.34 for achieving the state‐of‐the‐art device efficiencies.
Thermally stable collagen from Piranha and Rohu with improved physical, biochemical, and morphological properties
Authors: Paul Esther Jemima , Padmapriya B. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCollagen is the most common structural protein pertinent to the skin and other tissues in humans. The market for collagen extends from food, cosmetics to therapeutics and is estimated to be $6.63 billion by 2025. Piranha and Rohu are some of the primarily consumed fish varieties in South India and the extraction of collagen from the scales of Piranha is reported for the first time through this study. Physical, biochemical, and morphological properties of the collagen extracted were compared with a freshwater variant, Rohu. The UV, IR spectra, amino acid, SDS PAGE analysis confirmed the presence of triple helical native conformation. Further, higher degree of solubility was observed at low pH and salt concentrations. The Td was 38.27 and 37.4°C and Tm was 92.37 and 94.04°C for the scale collagen of Piranha and Rohu respectively and was comparable to bovine sources. Electron micrograph presented loose, parallel oriented long fibers with interconnected fibrils. Hence the collagen extracted, having retained the helical conformation and higher thermal stability, can be a safe alternative for various biomedical applications.
Biological and ecological traits of Bathynomus giganteus and Bathynomus miyarei (Crustacea: Isopoda): Contribution to the conservation of deep‐sea in southern Brazil
Authors: Boos Harry , Scalco Allan Cesar Silva , Araujo Paula Beatriz 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

This study aimed to determine biological and distributional aspects of deep‐sea giant isopods Bathynomus giganteus and Bathynomus miyarei to assess their extinction risk.
Bathynomus giganteus (663 specimens) and B. miyarei (649 specimens) were collected during five research cruises involving 265 h of sampling effort during 32 fishing operations of circular pots, baited traps, ranging from 400 and 1,000 m deep, between 26 and 29°S adjacent to the Brazilian coast.
A trend towards larger, sexually mature animals in shallower regions was observed for both species, and depth was the most important environmental variable influencing the animals’ distribution.
Bathynomus giganteus were collected between 600 m and 1,000 m depth, while the highest densities of B. miyarei were at shallower depths, between 400 and 600 m.
The sex ratio was equal for both B. giganteus and B. miyarei for different seasons, latitudes and bathymetries.
The sexual maturity of B. giganteus was estimated at 340–345 mm total length for males and between 280–290 mm for females. Bathynomus miyarei males’ sexual maturity was estimated in the 225–230 mm size class.
Bathynomus giganteus showed reproductive activity throughout the year.
The longevity of B. giganteus was estimated at 6 years for males and 7.7 years for females. The longevity of B. miyarei was estimated at 9 years for males and 6 years for females.
Extinction risk assessment for B. giganteus, which has a greater latitudinal and bathymetric distribution, was evaluated as Least Concern. However, B. miyarei was evaluated in the Data Deficient category.
Deconstructing the Gestalt: New concepts and tests of homology, as exemplified by a re‐conceptualization of “microstomy” in squamates
Authors: Strong Catherine R. C. , Scherz Mark D. , Caldwell Michael W. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSnakes—a subset of lizards—have traditionally been divided into two major groups based on feeding mechanics: “macrostomy,” involving the ingestion of proportionally large prey items; and “microstomy,” the lack of this ability. “Microstomy”—considered present in scolecophidian and early‐diverging alethinophidian snakes—is generally viewed as a symplesiomorphy shared with non‐snake lizards. However, this perspective of “microstomy” as plesiomorphic and morphologically homogenous fails to recognize the complexity of this condition and its evolution across “microstomatan” squamates. To challenge this problematic paradigm, we formalize a new framework for conceptualizing and testing the homology of overall character complexes, or “morphotypes,” which underlies our re‐assessment of “microstomy.” Using micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) scans, we analyze the morphology of the jaws and suspensorium across purported “microstomatan” squamates (scolecophidians, early‐diverging alethinophidians, and non‐snake lizards) and demonstrate that key components of the jaw complex are not homologous at the level of primary character state identity across these taxa. Therefore, rather than treating “microstomy” as a uniform condition, we instead propose that non‐snake lizards, early‐diverging alethinophidians, anomalepidids, leptotyphlopids, and typhlopoids each exhibit a unique and nonhomologous jaw morphotype: “minimal‐kinesis microstomy,” “snout‐shifting,” “axle‐brace maxillary raking,” “mandibular raking,” and “single‐axle maxillary raking,” respectively. The lack of synapomorphy among scolecophidians is inconsistent with the notion of scolecophidians representing an ancestral snake condition, and instead reflects a hypothesis of the independent evolution of fossoriality, miniaturization, and “microstomy” in each scolecophidian lineage. We ultimately emphasize that a rigorous approach to comparative anatomy is necessary in constructing evolutionary hypotheses that accurately reflect biological reality.
Bio‐based Poly(hydroxy urethane)s: Synthesis and Pre/Post‐Functionalization
Authors: Mhd. Haniffa Mhd. Abd. Cader , Munawar Khadija , Ching Yern Chee , Illias Hazlee Azil , Chuah Cheng Hock 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNew and emerging demand for polyurethane (PU) continues to rise over the years. The harmful isocyanate binding agents and their integrated PU products are at the height of environmental concerns, in particular PU (macro and micro) pollution and their degradation problems. Non‐isocyanate poly(hydroxy urethane)s (NIPUs) are sustainable and green alternatives to conventional PUs. Since the introduction of NIPU in 1957, the market value of NIPU and its hybridized materials has increased exponentially in 2019 and is expected to continue to rise in the coming years. The secondary hydroxyl groups of these NIPU′s urethane moiety have revolutionized them by allowing for adequate pre/post functionalization. This minireview highlights different strategies and advances in pre/post‐functionalization used in biobased NIPU. We have performed a comprehensive evaluation of the development of new ideas in this field to achieve more efficient synthetic biobased hybridized NIPU processes through selective and kinetic understanding.
Avoiding pitfalls when modeling removal of per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances by anion exchange
Authors: Haupert Levi M. , Pressman Jonathan G. , Speth Thomas F. , Wahman David G. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPer‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are receiving a great deal of attention from regulators, water utilities, and the general public. Anion‐exchange resins have shown high capacities for removal of these substances from water, but there is currently a paucity of ion‐exchange treatment models available to evaluate performance. In this work, important theoretical and practical considerations are discussed for modeling PFAS removal from drinking water using gel‐type, strong‐base anion‐exchange resin in batch and column processes. Several important limitations found in the literature preclude movement toward model development, including the use of inappropriate isotherms, inappropriate kinetic assumptions, and experimental conditions that are not relevant to drinking water conditions. Theoretical considerations based on ion‐exchange fundamentals are presented that will be of assistance to future researchers in developing models, designing batch and column experiments, and interpreting results of batch and column experiments.
Lactic acid production: Utilization of yam peel hydrolysate as a substrate using Rhizopus orysae in kinetic studies
Authors: Ajala E. Olawale , Ajala Mary A. , Onoriemu Oluwatobi O. , Akinpelu Sunday G. , Bamidele Saka H. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe prospect of utilizing yam peel hydrolysate (YPH) as a carbon source for lactic acid (LA) production using Rhizopus orysae was investigated in batch surface and submerged fermentation processes. The kinetics of biomass growth, substrate utilization and LA production were studied using models of modified Luedeking–Piret, logistic and simple Luedeking–Piret equations, respectively, for the surface and submerged processes. The YPH containing 80 g L−1 of reducing sugars (glucose, xylose, ribose and others) was obtained by acid hydrolysis (H2SO4) of 100 g L−1 of yam peel and used for fermentation. The LA yield from the YPH was 80.03% and 75.63% for the surface and submerged fermentation, respectively. These values were higher than those of synthetic glucose syrup (SGS), which were 77.36% and 38.96% for surface and submerged fermentation, respectively. The models were satisfactory for the fermentation processes with high accuracy of R2 ((0.89 to 0.96), (0.95 to 0.99) and (0.86 to 0.99)) for biomass growth, substrate (SGS/YPH) utilization and LA production, respectively. The models also elucidated that the fermentation process was growth associated (α) instead of non‐growth associated (β) because the value of α/β was greater than 1. This justified the other kinetic parameters obtained for the growth phase. Therefore, Rhizopus oryzae effectively converted YPH to LA with a high yield and purity. © 2021 Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Gastroschisis in Ontario, Canada: 2012–2018
Authors: Bourque Danielle K. , Meng Lynn , Dougan Shelley , Momoli Franco , Riddell Catherine , Walker Mark , Armour Christine M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundGastroschisis is a congenital anomaly of the abdomen in which the intestines are found outside of the body at birth. While no clear causative factors have been identified, it is strongly associated with young maternal age. Other reported associations include low maternal socioeconomic status, low maternal body mass index (BMI), and smoking.MethodsThis is a retrospective review of epidemiologic data relating to cases of gastroschisis in Ontario from 2012‐2018 in the Better Outcomes Registry & Network (BORN) Ontario database, which is the province's prescribed maternal‐newborn registry. We describe the epidemiology of gastroschisis in Ontario with respect to birth prevalence, maternal age, health, exposures, and geography.ResultsThe birth prevalence of gastroschisis is 2.31 cases/10,000 births. There was no apparent change in birth prevalence over the study period and there was no difference between male and female infants. Gastroschisis was associated with younger maternal ages and was inversely correlated with maternal BMI. Gastroschisis was associated with first completed pregnancy. Maternal diabetes was associated with a lower birth prevalence of gastroschisis than average. Mothers of babies with gastroschsis were more likely to report use of tobacco, alcohol, and drugs during pregnancy than those without gastroschisis, with marijuana use showing the largest increase in birth prevalence of gastroschisis. Mothers living in rural areas were more likely to have a baby with gastroschisis than those in urban centers, even after controlling for maternal age.ConclusionsThis Ontario registry study reveals that mothers with babies with gastroschisis are more likely to be young and thin, live in rural areas, and report prenatal smoking, alcohol use, and drug use than women whose pregnancies do not have gastroschsis.
Combining biomarkers by maximizing the true positive rate for a fixed false positive rate
Authors: Meisner Allison , Carone Marco , Pepe Margaret S. , Kerr Kathleen F. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBiomarkers abound in many areas of clinical research, and often investigators are interested in combining them for diagnosis, prognosis, or screening. In many applications, the true positive rate (TPR) for a biomarker combination at a prespecified, clinically acceptable false positive rate (FPR) is the most relevant measure of predictive capacity. We propose a distribution‐free method for constructing biomarker combinations by maximizing the TPR while constraining the FPR. Theoretical results demonstrate desirable properties of biomarker combinations produced by the new method. In simulations, the biomarker combination provided by our method demonstrated improved operating characteristics in a variety of scenarios when compared with alternative methods for constructing biomarker combinations. Thus, use of our method could lead to the development of better biomarker combinations, increasing the likelihood of clinical adoption.
svReg: Structural varying‐coefficient regression to differentiate how regional brain atrophy affects motor impairment for Huntington disease severity groups
Authors: Kim Rakheon , Müller Samuel , Garcia Tanya P. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFor Huntington disease, identification of brain regions related to motor impairment can be useful for developing interventions to alleviate the motor symptom, the major symptom of the disease. However, the effects from the brain regions to motor impairment may vary for different groups of patients. Hence, our interest is not only to identify the brain regions but also to understand how their effects on motor impairment differ by patient groups. This can be cast as a model selection problem for a varying‐coefficient regression. However, this is challenging when there is a pre‐specified group structure among variables. We propose a novel variable selection method for a varying‐coefficient regression with such structured variables and provide a publicly available R package svreg for implementation of our method. Our method is empirically shown to select relevant variables consistently. Also, our method screens irrelevant variables better than existing methods. Hence, our method leads to a model with higher sensitivity, lower false discovery rate and higher prediction accuracy than the existing methods. Finally, we found that the effects from the brain regions to motor impairment differ by disease severity of the patients. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to identify such interaction effects between the disease severity and brain regions, which indicates the need for customized intervention by disease severity.
Robotic integration enables autonomous operation of laboratory scale stirred tank bioreactors with model‐driven process analysis
Authors: Morschett Holger , Tenhaef Niklas , Hemmerich Johannes , Herbst Laura , Spiertz Markus , Dogan Deniz , Wiechert Wolfgang , Noack Stephan , Oldiges Marco 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGiven its geometric similarity to large‐scale production plants and the excellent possibilities for precise process control and monitoring, the classic stirred tank bioreactor (STR) still represents the gold standard for bioprocess development at a laboratory scale. However, compared to microbioreactor technologies, bioreactors often suffer from a low degree of process automation and deriving key performance indicators (KPIs) such as specific rates or yields often requires manual sampling and sample processing. A widely used parallelized STR setup was automated by connecting it to a liquid handling system and controlling it with a custom‐made process control system. This allowed for the setup of a flexible modular platform enabling autonomous operation of the bioreactors without any operator present. Multiple unit operations like automated inoculation, sampling, sample processing and analysis, and decision making, for example for automated induction of protein production were implemented to achieve such functionality. The data gained during application studies was used for fitting of bioprocess models to derive relevant KPIs being in good agreement with literature. By combining the capabilities of STRs with the flexibility of liquid handling systems, this platform technology can be applied to a multitude of different bioprocess development pipelines at laboratory scale.
Modeling the impact of amino acid substitution in a monoclonal antibody on cation exchange chromatography
Authors: Saleh David , Hess Rudger , Ahlers‐Hesse Michelle , Beckert Nicole , Schönberger Markus , Rischawy Federico , Wang Gang , Bauer Joschka , Blech Michaela , Kluters Simon , Studts Joey , Hubbuch Jürgen 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA vital part of biopharmaceutical research is decision making around which lead candidate should be progressed in early‐phase development. When multiple antibody candidates show similar biological activity, developability aspects are taken into account to ease the challenges of manufacturing the potential drug candidate. While current strategies for developability assessment mainly focus on drug product stability, only limited information is available on how antibody candidates with minimal differences in their primary structure behave during downstream processing. With increasing time‐to‐market pressure and an abundance of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in development pipelines, developability assessments should also consider the ability of mAbs to integrate into the downstream platform. This study investigates the influence of amino acid substitutions in the complementarity‐determining region (CDR) of a full‐length IgG1 mAb on the elution behavior in preparative cation exchange chromatography. Single amino acid substitutions within the investigated mAb resulted in an additional positive charge in the light chain (L) and heavy chain (H) CDR, respectively. The mAb variants showed an increased retention volume in linear gradient elution compared with the wild‐type antibody. Furthermore, the substitution of tryptophan with lysine in the H‐CDR3 increased charge heterogeneity of the product. A multiscale in silico analysis, consisting of homology modeling, protein surface analysis, and mechanistic chromatography modeling increased understanding of the adsorption mechanism. The results reveal the potential effects of lead optimization during antibody drug discovery on downstream processing.
Fluorescence Properties of a Novel Isoquinoline Derivative Tested in an Invertebrate Chordate, Ciona intestinalis
Authors: Mercurio Silvia , Moni Lisa , Scarì Giorgio , Manenti Raoul , Riva Renata , Pennati Roberta 
Published: April 2021

Abstract3‐Hydroxyisoquinolines (ISOs) and their tautomeric isoquinolin‐3‐ones are heterocycles with attractive biological properties. Here we reported the revisited synthesis of a highly functionalized ISO that showed blue fluorescence and the characterization of its biological properties in an invertebrate animal model, the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. Larvae exposed to ISO at concentrations higher than 1 μM showed an intense fluorescence localized in the cell nuclei of all tissues. Moreover, exposure to ISO interfered with larval ability to swim; this neuromuscular effect was reversible. Overall, these results suggested that ISOs can have promising applications as novel fluorescent dyes of the cell nuclei.
Variability in reporting of key outcome predictors in acute myocardial infarction cardiogenic shock trials
Authors: Tyler Jeffrey M. , Brown Christopher , Jentzer Jacob Colin , Baran David A. , van Diepen Sean , Kapur Navin K. , Garberich Ross F. , Garcia Santiago , Sharkey Scott W. , Henry Timothy D. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundAmong acute myocardial infarction patients with cardiogenic shock (AMICS), a number of key variables predict mortality, including cardiac arrest (CA) and shock classification as proposed by Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Intervention (SCAI). Given this prognostic importance, we examined the frequency of reporting of high risk variables in published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of AMICS patients.MethodsWe identified 15 RCTs enrolling 2,500 AMICS patients and then reviewed rates of CA, baseline neurologic status, right heart catheterization data, lactate levels, inotrope and vasopressor requirement, hypothermia, mechanical ventilation, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), mechanical circulatory support, and specific cause of death based on the primary manuscript and Data in S1.ResultsA total of 2,500 AMICS patients have been enrolled in 15 clinical trials over 21 years with only four trials enrolling >80 patients. The reporting frequency and range for key prognostic factors was: neurologic status (0% reported), hypothermia (28% reported, prevalence 33–75%), specific cause of death (33% reported), cardiac index and wedge pressure (47% reported, range 1.6–2.3 L min−1 m−2 and 15–24 mmHg), lactate (60% reported, range 4–7.7 mmol/L), LVEF (73% reported, range 25–45%), CA (80% reported, prevalence 0–92%), MCS (80% reported, prevalence 13–100%), and mechanical ventilation (93% reported, prevalence 35–100%). This variability was reflected in the 30‐day mortality which ranged from 20–73%.ConclusionsIn a comprehensive review of seminal RCTs in AMICS, important predictors of outcome were frequently not reported. Future efforts to standardize CS trial data collection and reporting may allow for better assessment of novel therapies for AMICS.
Silica‐Confined Activation for Biomass‐Derived Porous Carbon Materials for High‐Performance Supercapacitors
Authors: Du Juan , Lv Haijun , Zhang Yue , Chen Aibing 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBiomass‐derived porous carbons have become the most competitive electrode materials for energy storage devices due to their renewable and sustainability properties. However, the obtained porous carbon by direct pyrolysis of biomass generally has a low surface area and poor porosity, limiting its electrochemical performance. Herein, a silica‐confined activation strategy was used to prepare porous carbon with typical biomass microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) as carbon precursor (noted as MCPC). In this approach, the MCC was coated by silica to create a confined condition, in which the in‐situ generated gases of e. g., CO2, H2O, etc. can diffuse into the porous space to active the carbon framework, resulting in large specific surface area and rich mesoporous structure. Moreover, the influences of silica amount and pyrolysis temperature on MCPC was also investigated. As electrode materials, the MCPC showed excellent electrochemical performance with outstanding stability and high specific capacitance, endowing it with high promising for energy storage.