bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RHCE variant allele: RHCE*ce254G,733G
Authors: Keller J.A. , Horn T. , Chiappa C. , Melland C. , Vietz C. , Castilho L. , Keller M.A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A novel RHCE allele was identified in a 53-year-old African-American female blood donor with an Rh phenotype of D+ C– E– c+ e+ and a negative antibody screen. The donor’s cells typed e+ with all antisera tested. By gel-based genotyping and cDNA analysis, the two RHCE alleles in this donor were characterized. One allele was found to be the known allele RHCE*01.20.01 (RHCE*ce733G) and the second was novel: RHCE*01.06.02 (RHCE*ce254G,733G).

Immunohematology

2014;30:121– 122.
Detection and identification of platelet-associated alloantibodies by a solid-phase modified antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method and its correlation to platelet refractoriness in multiplatelet concentrate–transfused patients
Authors: Jain N. , Sarkar R.S. , Philip J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Platelets express a variety of polymorphic glycoproteins (GPs), such as GPIIb/IIIa, GPIb/IX, GPIa/IIa, GPIV, and class I human leukocyte antigen. In the platelet transfusion setting, alloimmunization involves the production of antibodies against these glycoproteins. Patients transfused with multiple units of platelet concentrates for longer periods are the main individuals with platelet alloimmunization. This study was performed to detect the development of platelet antibodies in patients who are transfused with multiple units of leukodepleted platelet concentrates, such as those with hemato-oncologic diseases and bone marrow failure syndromes. The method used was solid-phase modified antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Platelet refractoriness was assessed by measuring the corrected count increment at 1 and 24 hours after transfusion.
Immunohematology

2014;30:123–125.
Effects of pH changes of stock normal saline solution on 5 percent red cell suspension
Authors: Martin G.L. , Caraan P.J.M. , Chua J.J.S. , Crescini J.A.L. , Diokno J.M.C. , Javier C.B.Dlr. , Reyes M.K.B.O. , Soliven R.Y. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The red cell suspension (RCS) is a universally used indicator system to demonstrate antigen and antibody reactions in vitro. Saline solutions that are used in its preparation are preferred to be fresh to avoid changes in pH that may affect the results. Thus, buffered saline such as phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) is the ideal diluent because its pH is maintained for a certain period. However, normal saline solution (NSS) is more commonly used because it is inexpensive and easy to make. pH changes in the saline solutions and the RCSs were monitored for 1 week. Macroscopic examination of changes in degree of redness of RCS was also observed. Red blood cell (RBC) indices of the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-anticoagulated blood used in the preparation of the RCS were measured in the performance of an automated complete blood count. Qualitative examination of the crenation of RBCs was done on the prepared blood smears and graded by three registered medical technologists. Percentage crenation was then determined using an improved Neubauer counting chamber. Three trials were performed, and results were averaged. Statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences in the average pH of PBS and NSS and the average pH of RCS-PBS and RCS-NSS over 1 week. RBC indices measured in EDTA-anticoagulated donor blood showed no significant difference. Macroscopic examination of changes in degree of redness of the RCS showed that color darkened over 1 week but only by a small degree. Qualitative and quantitative examination of crenation of RBCs in RCS-PBS and RCS-NSS both showed no significant differences over 1 week. The experimental group (RCS-NSS) continuously showed a higher grade of crenation than the control group (RCS-PBS). Crenation of RBCs still manifests microscopically despite the lack of a significant relationship between the pH of the saline solutions and the degree and percentage of crenation. Crenation, therefore, cannot be attributed to pH alone but occurs as a result of other factors.
Immunohematology

2014;30:126–134.
Allogeneic red blood cell adsorption for removal of warm autoantibody
Authors: Barron C. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Adsorption studies are usually required to confirm or rule out the presence of underlying alloantibodies in samples containing warm autoantibody. Allogeneic adsorptions are necessary if the patient has been recently transfused. Most commonly, allogeneic adsorptions are performed using a trio of phenotyped reagent red blood cells to rule out clinically significant alloantibodies to common antigens. The adsorbing cells may be used untreated or treated with enzymes or with ZZAP before adsorption. Adsorption may also be performed using enhancement such as low-ionic strength saline or polyethylene glycol added to the mixture. Multiple adsorptions may be necessary to remove strongly reactive autoantibodies. Allogeneic adsorptions will not detect alloantibodies to high-prevalence antigens.
Immunohematology

2014;30:153–155.
Anti-Ge2: further evidence for lack of clinical significance
Authors: Karunasiri D. , Lowder F. , Ostrzega N. , Goldfinger D. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Anti-Ge2 may be immune or naturally occurring, and it reacts with an antigen on glycophorin D. Ge2 is encoded by a gene, GYPC, which is located on the long arm of chromosome 2. Anti-Ge2 is usually an immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody. In the available literature, we have not been able to find any reported cases of proven acute hemolytic transfusion reactions caused by anti-Ge2. We present the case of a 67-year-old man with metastatic pancreatic carcinoma who had symptomatic anemia and a hemoglobin concentration of 6.3 g/dL. During pretransfusion testing, anti-Ge2 was identified in his serum. Only a single unit of compatible, Ge:–2 frozen red blood cells (RBCs) could be provided by the blood supplier. A second unit of crossmatched, least-incompatible, leukocyte-reduced RBCs, presumably Ge:2, was also transfused. The transfusion was completed without incident, and the patient’s hemoglobin concentration rose appropriately. Posttransfusion values for haptoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase, and urine hemoglobin were within normal limits. A monocyte monolayer assay performed on this anti-Ge2 supports the data that antibodies of this specificity do not cause hemolysis. The clinical and laboratory data obtained in our patient clearly indicated that no hemolysis of transfused RBCs occurred during and for 24 hours after transfusion. We believe that this report adds to a limited experience with anti-Ge2 and provides further evidence for concluding that, in all likelihood, this is not a clinically important RBC antibody. The risk of transfusing apparently “incompatible” (Ge:2) RBCs seems remote and should allow for timely administration of RBCs when treating patients with serious anemia.
Immunohematology

2014;30:156–157.
Polyethylene glycol antiglobulin test (PEG-AGT)
Authors: Weldy L. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was described in 1987 as a new technique for immunohematology testing. The original paper described its use in detection and identification of weakly reactive antibodies. PEG is used as an additive to enhance reactivity and to reduce incubation time when testing for unexpected antibodies. PEG can be used as an alternative to low-ionic-strength saline and whenever weak reactions are encountered.
Immunohematology

2014;30:158–160.
An AQP1 allele associated with Co(a–b–) phenotype
Authors: Vege S. , Nance S. , Kavitsky D. , Li X. , Horn T. , Meny G. , Westhoff C.M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Colton (CO) blood group system consists of four antigens, Coa, Cob, Co3, and Co4, located on aquaporin-1 (AQP1),with Coahighly prevalent in all populations (99.8%). The Colton null phenotype, Co(a–b–), is very rare, and individuals with this phenotype lack the high-prevalence antigen Co3. To date, only six Co(a–b–) probands have been reported and four silencing alleles characterized. We identified an AQP1-null allele in a white woman with anti-Co3 caused by deletion of a G at nucleotide 601 (nt601delG) that results in a frameshift and premature termination (Val201Stop). Available family members were tested for the allele. Although anti-Co3 has been associated with mild to severe hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn, the antibody was not clinically significant as evidenced by a low titer and delivery of asymptomatic newborns with moderate to weakly positive direct antiglobulin tests for all four pregnancies.
Immunohematology

2013;29:1–4.
Warm autoantibodies: time for a change
Authors: Nobles J.R. , Wong C. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Routine adsorption procedures to remove autoantibodies from patients’ serum often require many hours to perform. This time-consuming process can create significant delays that affect patient care. This study modified the current adsorption method to reduce total adsorption time to 1 hour. A ratio of one part serum to three parts red blood cells (RBCs; 1:3 method) was maintained for all samples. The one part serum was split into three tubes. Each of these three aliquots of serum was mixed with one full part RBCs, creating three adsorbing tubes. All tubes were incubated for 1 hour with periodic mixing. Adsorbed serum from the three tubes was harvested, combined, and tested for reactivity. Fifty-eight samples were evaluated using both the current method and the 1:3 method. Forty-eight (83%) samples successfully adsorbed using both methods. Twenty (34.5%) samples contained underlying alloantibodies. The 1:3 method demonstrated the same antibody specificities and strengths in all 20 samples. Eight samples failed to adsorb by either method. The 1:3 method found previously undetected alloantibodies in three samples. Two samples successfully autoadsorbed but failed to alloadsorb by either method. The 1:3 method proved to be efficient and effective for quick removal of autoantibodies while allowing for the detection of underlying alloantibodies.
Immunohematology

2013;29:5–10.
An update on the GLOB blood group system and collection
Authors: Hellberg Å. , Westman J.S. , Olsson M.L. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The P blood group antigen of the GLOB system is a glycolipid structure, also known as globoside, on the red blood cells (RBCs) of almost all individuals worldwide. The P antigen is intimately related to the Pkand NOR antigens discussed in the review about the P1PK blood group system. Naturally occurring anti-P is present in the serum of individuals with the rare globoside-deficient phenotypes p, P1
k, and P2
kand has been implicated in hemolytic transfusion reactions as well as unfavorable outcomes of pregnancy. The molecular genetic basis of globoside deficiency is absence of functional P synthase as a result of mutations at the B3GALNT1locus. Other related glycolipid structures, the LKE and PX2 antigens, remain in the GLOB blood group collection pending further evidence about the genes and gene products responsible for their synthesis.
Immunohematology

2013;29:19–24.
Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn owing to anti-U, successfully treated with repeated intrauterine transfusions
Authors: Strindberg J. , Lundahl J. , Ajne G. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) owing to anti-U has rarely been reported. U is part of the MNS system. M and N glycoproteins are located on glycophorin A (GPA); S and s antigens are on glycophorin B (GPB). Individuals who lack GPB are S– and s– and also lack U. The U– phenotype occurs almost exclusively in the African population and has a very low frequency (0.25%). Anti-U is of immunoglobulin G class and can cause hemolytic transfusion reaction and HDFN. In this report we present the use of a noninvasive method to detect anemia in the fetus and the subsequent use of intrauterine transfusion (IUT) with blood of a very rare phenotype. For the first time, we used deglycerolized and 3-week-old red blood cell units for IUT without signs of adverse reactions and with the expected effect on the hemoglobin value. We conclude that this transfusion strategy could be applied safely.
Immunohematology

2013;29:51– 54.
Molecular analysis of patients with weak D and serologic analysis of those with anti-D (excluding type 1 and type 2)
Authors: Pham B.-N. , Roussel M. , Gien D. , Andre-Botte C. , Ripaux M. , Auxerre C. , Le Pennec P.-Y. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Whether or not patients whose red blood cells (RBCs) carry certain weak D types produce anti-D, and if they do whether it is allo- or autoanti-D, remains controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the serologic features of anti-D in individuals expressing a weak D other than type 1 or type 2 and to assess whether the anti-D was an allo- or autoantibody. Serologic D typing and molecular analyses were performed on 748 individuals. Serologic characterization of anti-D included autologous controls, direct antiglobulin test, elution, and titration of anti-D before and after adsorption of serum onto autologous RBCs. From molecular analyses, 459 individuals exhibited a weak D type. We described seven novel RHDvariant alleles. The most frequent types of weak D were type 1 (30.1%), type 2 (23.7%), type 4.0 (10.2%), type 4.2.2 (20.3%), type 11 (3.9%), and type 15 (3.7%). Anti-D was identified in the sera of 9 of 47 individuals with weak D type 4.0, in 14 of 93 with weak D type 4.2.2, in 1 of 18 with weak D type 11, in 1 of 17 with weak D type 15, and in 1 weak D type 33 individual. Anti-D was demonstrated to be an alloantibody in weak D type 4.0, type 4.2.2, and type 15 individuals, but an autoantibody in weak D type 11 and type 33 individuals. In conclusion, only a complete serologic investigation of individuals with a given weak D type identified by molecular analysis allows concluding on the nature of the antibody. Transfusing weak D type 4.2.2 and type 15 patients with D– RBC units and proposing anti-D immunoprophylaxis to women with these weak D types should be considered.
Immunohematology

2013;29:55–62.
A review of the JR blood group system
Authors: Castilho L. , Reid M.E. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The JR blood group system (ISBT 032) consists of one antigen, Jra, which is of high prevalence in all populations. The rare Jr(a–) phenotype has been found mostly in Japanese and other Asian populations, but also in people of northern European ancestry, in Bedouin Arabs, and in one Mexican. Anti-Jrahas caused transfusion reactions and is involved in hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. The Jraantigen is located on ABCG2 transporter, a multipass membrane glycoprotein (also known as the breast cancer resistance protein, BCRP), which is encoded by the ABCG2gene on chromosome 4q22.1. The Jr(a–) phenotype mostly results from recessive inheritance of ABCG2null alleles caused by frameshift or nonsense changes.
Immunohematology

2013;29:63–68.
The Diego blood group system: a review
Authors: Figueroa D. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Diego blood group system (DI) currently encompasses 22 antigens. Three of the antigens are of high prevalence and the other 19 are of low prevalence. The antigens of the Diego blood group system are carried on the erythroid band 3 protein anion exchanger 1 (AE1), the product of a single gene, SLC4A1(solute carrier family 4, anion exchanger, member 1). AE1 is a member of a family of three anion exchangers or transporters expressed in a variety of tissues. This protein is involved in carbon dioxide transport from tissues to lungs. It is also found in the kidney, where it is involved in acid secretion. Antibodies to Diego system antigens with the exception of anti-Dia, -Dib, -Wra, -ELO and -DISK do not seem to be of clinical significance for transfusion or of importance in hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn.
Immunohematology

2013;29:73–81.
Red blood cell phenotyping after transfusion: an in vitro model
Authors: Gonsalkorale K. , Vanhecke C. , Badami K.G. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Recipient red blood cell (RBC) phenotyping using serologic techniques, within 3 months of a transfusion, is considered unreliable. We conducted in vitro experiments to determine how long recipient RBC phenotyping results would be compromised after an allogeneic transfusion. In vitro models were created to mimic in vivo posttransfusion ratios of “transfused” RBCs with either a single or a double dose of an antigen and “autologous” RBCs negative for the corresponding antigen at 10-day intervals from day 0 to day 90 in hypothetical recipients with varying weights and hematocrits (Hct) receiving varying numbers of RBC units. In general, a reliable recipient RBC phenotype was possible earlier after transfusion in larger recipients, those with higher Hct, and those transfused with fewer RBC units and if the transfused units had the antigen of interest in single, rather than double, dose. We believe that a reliable RBC phenotype, using routine serologic techniques, can often be obtained well before 3 months after transfusion. Similar studies with other donors, antigens, antisera, and methods and in actual patients will be useful.
Immunohematology

2013;29:93–6.
Identifying D-positive donors using a second automated testing platform
Authors: Goldman M. , Resz I. , Cote J. , Ochoa G. , Angus N. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Because of the variability of D expression, one method may be inadequate to correctly classify donors with variant RHDalleles. We evaluated the use of a solid-phase automated platform (ImmucorGamma Galileo) to confirm D– test results obtained on first-time donors on the Beckman Coulter PK7300 automated microplate test system. Samples with discordant results were analyzed by serologic tube methods, RHD genotyping using the BLOODchip platform (Progenika), and, if necessary, sequencing. We estimated the number of cases of alloimmunization in women younger than 50 years likely to be prevented by the addition of Galileo testing. From May 2011 to May 2012, 910,220 donor samples were tested; 15,441 were first-time donors with concordant D– results. Five donors tested D– on the PK7300 and weak D+ on the Galileo; one was found to be a false positive on further testing. On manual testing, the other four donors had positive indirect antiglobulin test results with one to three of the antisera used and were C+. On BLOODchip testing, two donors were classified as D+, and two were assigned a “no call.” D variants included weak D type 67, weak D type 9, and two novel variants. Approximately 10 percent of D– units are transfused to women younger than 50 years. Assuming an alloimmunization rate of 30 percent, use of the Galileo would prevent approximately one alloimmunization every 5 to 6 years in this patient group. We conclude that the yield of preventing alloimmunization in this population by adding a second automated serologic testing platform is very low.
Immunohematology

2013; 29:97–100.
Immunosuppressive protocols for transplantation and certain hematologic malignancies can prevent the primary immune response to the D blood group antigen
Authors: Seager A. , Sandler S.G. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A review of the published literature on Rh alloimmunization reveals that its incidence varies with the volume of infused D+ red blood cells (RBCs), the probable Rh genotype of the RBCs, and the immune competency of the D– recipient. Among the reports of Rh alloimmunization in different clinical circumstances, we identified five studies in which a combined total of 62 D– recipients of hematopoietic stem cell or solid-organ transplants were transfused with D+ RBCs and none (0%) formed anti-D. The observation that immunosuppressive protocols developed to prevent rejection of tissue and organ transplants also prevented alloimmunization to the D blood group antigen raises the possibility of practical applications in blood transfusion practice.
Immunohematology

2013;29:110–14.
Prevalence of clinically significant red blood cell alloantibodies in pregnant women at a large tertiary-care facility
Authors: Smith H.M. , Shirey R.S. , Thoman S.K. , Jackson J.B. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
More than 50 red blood cell (RBC) alloantibodies are known to cause hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). Although Rh immune globulin (RhIG) prophylaxis has significantly reduced the incidence of pregnancies complicated by anti-D, the need to detect and monitor maternal alloantibodies capable of causing HDFN is still a concern. The prevalence and specificity of these alloantibodies were determined. In this retrospective study, the prevalence and specificities of unexpected RBC alloantibodies known to cause HDFN in pregnant women at a tertiary-care facility during a 5-year period were compiled and analyzed. Patient selection was carried out by computerized search of patient data based on an obstetric location and the presence or history of RBC antibody between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2011. The information was organized by ABO and D status of the patient, antibody specificity, and transfusion needs. Of the 8894 obstetric patients identified during the 5-year period, 264 (3.0%) had one or more unexpected RBC antibodies. Of these 264 women, 107 (40.5%), or 1.2 percent overall, had an alloantibody known to cause HDFN, with a total of 15 different alloantibodies identified. The most common alloantibody found was anti-E (n = 33), followed by anti-M (n = 26) and anti-D (n = 20). In pregnancies of D– women, the most common clinically significant antibodies found were anti-D (n = 20), anti-C (n = 11), and anti-E (n = 2). In pregnancies of D+ women, the most common antibodies were anti-E (n = 31), anti-M (n = 25), and anti-K (n = 16). A total of eight pregnancies with alloantibodies required intrauterine transfusions with the specificities of anti-D; anti-D,-C (n = 2); anti-D,-C,-E; anti-D,-C,-K; anti-D,-C,-Jkb; anti-D,-S; and anti-E,-c. At a large academic tertiary-care center, approximately 1 in 83 obstetric patients had one or more RBC alloantibodies capable of causing HDFN. Anti-E, -M, and -D were the most frequent specificities, respectively.
Immunohematology

2013;29:127–130.
GIL: a blood group system review
Authors: Rumsey D.M. , Mallory D.A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The GIL blood group system was added to the list of systems already recognized by the International Society for Blood Transfusion in 2002. It was designated as system 29 after the antigen was located on the aquaglyceroporin 3 (AQP3) protein and the gene encoding the protein was identified in 2002. There is only one antigen in the system, GIL, and the antigen, as well as the system, was named after the antigen-negative proband identified in the United States who had made anti-GIL. It was later shown to be the same as an unidentified high-incidence antigen lacking from the red blood cells of a French woman. Coincidentally all the antibodies found have been produced as a result of pregnancy. While there has not been a direct link to a disease, the absence of the AQP3 protein may result in a worse than expected rate of survival of patients with bladder cancer as compared with patients with the same disease who express the protein. Future work may center on using GIL as a marker for AQP3 and involving it in targeted cancer therapies.
Immunohematology

2013;29:141–144