bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“I’m Bored and I’m Stressed”: A Qualitative Study of Exclusive Smokers, ENDS Users, and Transitioning Smokers or ENDS Users in the Time of COVID-19
Authors: Popova Lucy , Henderson Katherine , Kute Nikita , Singh-Looney Manu , Ashley David L , Reynolds Reed M , Nayak Pratibha , Spears Claire Adams 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
To better understand the various influences of COVID-19 on tobacco use, we examined three different tobacco user groups using qualitative methods.

Methods
Ten online focus groups with 61 adults from the Atlanta, GA area were held in October–November 2020: four with exclusive smokers (n = 16), three with Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS) users (dual and exclusive, n = 22), and three with transitioning (recently quit or currently quitting) smokers and/or ENDS users (n = 23).

Results
Exclusive smokers reported smoking more frequently, driven by COVID-19-related stress, time at home, and boredom. They were not motivated to quit during the pandemic, and some considered smoking to be protective against COVID-19. ENDS users reported vaping less, with dual users often increasing their smoking; many were concerned about health effects of smoking and ENDS use during the pandemic. Transitioning smokers/ENDS users worried about their health and wanted to quit, but many found the stress of COVID-19 unbearable without tobacco use.

Conclusions
There were some similarities among the groups, but also pronounced differences. Educational campaigns should capitalize on the teachable moment of COVID-19 to increase perceived risk of smoking. Smokers need access to more adaptive ways to deal with stress (such as mindfulness training) in lieu of smoking and systems-level approaches should address structural determinants of health that cause high levels of stress. The proposed policy to lower nicotine in combusted tobacco products might help smokers choose other means of coping instead of cigarettes by reducing the stress-relieving properties of smoking particularly salient during the pandemic.

Implications
Smokers believe that cigarettes help them deal with the stresses and challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic. This needs to be counteracted by educational campaigns to increase perceived harm of smoking, alternative stress-relief strategies, and mandated changes to the combusted tobacco products to make them less appealing.
Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam revisits the large-scale environmental dependence on galaxy morphology over 360 deg2 atz= 0.3–0.6
Authors: Shimakawa Rhythm , Tanaka Takumi S , Toshikage Seiji , Tanaka Masayuki 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis study investigates the role of large-scale environments on the fraction of spiral galaxies at z = 0.3–0.6 sliced to three redshift bins of Δz = 0.1. Here, we sample 276220 massive galaxies in a limited stellar mass of 5 × 1010 solar mass (∼M*) over 360 deg2, as obtained from the Second Public Data Release of the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP). By combining projected two-dimensional density information (Shimakawa et al. 2021, MNRAS, 503, 3896) and the CAMIRA cluster catalog (Oguri et al. 2018, PASJ, 70, S20), we investigate the spiral fraction across large-scale overdensities and in the vicinity of red sequence clusters. We adopt transfer learning to reduce the cost of labeling spiral galaxies significantly and then perform stacking analysis across the entire field to overcome the limitations of sample size. Here we employ a morphological classification catalog by the Galaxy Zoo Hubble (Willett et al., 2017, MNRAS, 464, 4176) to train the deep learning model. Based on 74103 sources classified as spirals, we find moderate morphology–density relations on a 10 comoving Mpc scale, thanks to the wide-field coverage of HSC-SSP. Clear deficits of spiral galaxies have also been confirmed, in and around 1136 red sequence clusters. Furthermore, we verify whether there is a large-scale environmental dependence on rest-frame u − r colors of spiral galaxies; such a tendency was not observed in our sample.
Zircon U–Pb Geochronology and Hf–O Isotope Characteristics of Granitoids from the Capricorn Orogen, Western Australia
Authors: Jahn I , Clark C , Reddy S , Taylor R J M 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe Capricorn Orogen, Western Australia, is a complex orogenic zone that records the convergence and collision of the Archaean Yilgarn and Pilbara cratons in forming the West Australian Craton (WAC), then over one billion years of subsequent intracontinental reworking. Granites associated with these tectonothermal events (the Dalgaringa, Bertibubba, Moorarie, Durlacher and Thirty Three supersuites) are exposed in the western part of the Capricorn Orogen. This study integrates radiogenic (U–Pb and Hf) and stable isotope (O) analysis of zircon grains from granitic rocks in the Capricorn Orogen to determine their ages and magmatic sources, including the relative contributions of mantle versus crustal material. Granites from the margin of the Yilgarn Craton record periods of crustal growth and reworking during the Archaean that influenced later Proterozoic magmatic events. Components of the Capricorn Orogen, collectively termed the Glenburgh Terrane, have previously been considered to be exotic to the adjacent Pilbara and Yilgarn cratons. However, new U–Pb zircon geochronology and Lu–Hf isotope compositions of basement rocks in the Glenburgh Terrane (the Halfway Gneiss) have similarities to some terranes of the Yilgarn Craton, and are interpreted to represent a reworked portion of the craton that was re-accreted during the Glenburgh Orogeny. Arc magmatism during the Ma Glenburgh Orogeny resulted in a period of crustal growth, with magmas representing a mixture of 50–90 % mantle-derived magmas and 50–10 % magmas derived from an evolved crustal component with an isotopic composition equivalent to that of the Halfway Gneiss. Following assembly of the WAC, granite magmatism in the Capricorn Orogen records a significant change from one dominated by mantle-derived magmatism to one dominated by crustal melting and an increased contribution from metasedimentary material. This transition reflects a geodynamic evolution from subduction–accretion to collision and intracratonic reworking. The isotopic characteristics of granites from the Moorarie Supersuite indicate three distinct sources: (1) a metasedimentary component; (2) an evolved crustal component, comparable with the Glenburgh Terrane; (3) a mafic juvenile component. Following this, the Hf–O compositions of the Durlacher Supersuite indicate that they were derived from reworking of the Moorarie Supersuite granites, and require no juvenile contribution or any additional sedimentary source. The isotopic compositions of the Thirty Three Supersuite pegmatites indicate that they were largely derived from reworking of the Moorarie and Durlacher supersuites.
Protoplasmic streaming of chloroplasts enables rapid photoacclimation in large diatoms
Authors: Silkin Vladimir , Fedorov Alexey , Flynn Kevin J , Paramonov Leonid , Pautova Larisa 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Long-term (2004–2020) studies showed yearly summer/autumn blooms in the NE Black Sea dominated by large (cell volume &gt; 5000 μm3) diatoms (Pseudosolenia calcar-avis and Proboscia alata). This phenomenon is characterized by high (&gt;250 W m−2 photosynthetically active radiation, PAR) insolation, and low phosphorus concentrations (to analytical zero). These diatoms contained &gt;100 chloroplasts per cell, which at low irradiance are evenly distributed throughout the cell. As light increases (to 1000 μmol photons m−2 s−1 PAR), chloroplasts aggregate within 20 min, usually to the center of the cell. In consequence, the light absorption coefficient is decreased by &gt;3 fold. At elevated photon flux density (PFD), P. calcar-avis also shows a “conveyor” of chloroplasts moving from the aggregate to the cell periphery and back. This mechanism enables a continuous fine-tuning of the cells’ ability to absorb light, likely also facilitating photo-damage repair. This rapid photoacclimation mechanism allows large diatoms to minimize photodamage at high PFD and acclimate well to low PFD. We hypothesize that competitive success of large diatoms in conditions of high light gradients is aided by this short-term rapid photoacclimation enhancing growth rate while minimizing chloroplast repair costs, aided by the ability of large cells to accumulate nutrients for chloroplast synthesis.
Quantifying senescence in bread wheat using multispectral imaging from an unmanned aerial vehicle and QTL mapping
Authors: Hassan Muhammad Adeel , Yang Mengjiao , Rasheed Awais , Tian Xiuling , Reynolds Matthew , Xia Xianchun , Xiao Yonggui , He Zhonghu 
Published: September 2021

AbstractEnvironmental stresses from climate change can alter source–sink relations during plant maturation, leading to premature senescence and decreased yields. Elucidating the genetic control of natural variations for senescence in wheat (Triticum aestivum) can be accelerated using recent developments in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based imaging techniques. Here, we describe the use of UAVs to quantify senescence in wheat using vegetative indices (VIs) derived from multispectral images. We detected senescence with high heritability, as well as its impact on grain yield (GY), in a doubled-haploid population and parent cultivars at various growth time points (TPs) after anthesis in the field. Selecting for slow senescence using a combination of different UAV-based VIs was more effective than using a single ground-based vegetation index. We identified 28 quantitative trait loci (QTL) for vegetative growth, senescence, and GY using a 660K single-nucleotide polymorphism array. Seventeen of these new QTL for VIs from UAV-based multispectral imaging were mapped on chromosomes 2B, 3A, 3D, 5A, 5D, 5B, and 6D; these QTL have not been reported previously using conventional phenotyping methods. This integrated approach allowed us to identify an important, previously unreported, senescence-related locus on chromosome 5D that showed high phenotypic variation (up to 18.1%) for all UAV-based VIs at all TPs during grain filling. This QTL was validated for slow senescence by developing kompetitive allele-specific PCR markers in a natural population. Our results suggest that UAV-based high-throughput phenotyping is advantageous for temporal assessment of the genetics underlying for senescence in wheat.
The rectification control and physiological relevance of potassium channel OsAKT2
Authors: Huang Ya-Nan , Yang Shun-Ying , Li Jun-Lin , Wang Shao-Fei , Wang Jia-Jin , Hao Dong-Li , Su Yan-Hua 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
AKT2 potassium (K+) channels are members of the plant Shaker family which mediate dual-directional K+ transport with weak voltage-dependency. Here we show that OsAKT2 of rice (Oryza sativa) functions mainly as an inward rectifier with strong voltage-dependency and acutely suppressed outward activity. This is attributed to the presence of a unique K191 residue in the S4 domain. The typical bi-directional leak-like property was restored by a single K191R mutation, indicating that this functional distinction is an intrinsic characteristic of OsAKT2. Furthermore, the opposite R195K mutation of AtAKT2 changed the channel to an inward-rectifier similar to OsAKT2. OsAKT2 was modulated by OsCBL1/OsCIPK23, evoking the outward activity and diminishing the inward current. The physiological relevance in relation to the rectification diversity of OsAKT2 was addressed by functional assembly in the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) akt2 mutant. Overexpression (OE) of OsAKT2 complemented the K+ deficiency in the phloem sap and leaves of the mutant plants but did not significantly contribute to the transport of sugars. However, the expression of OsAKT2-K191R overcame both the shortage of phloem K+ and sucrose of the akt2 mutant, which was comparable to the effects of the OE of AtAKT2, while the expression of the inward mutation AtAKT2-R195K resembled the effects of OsAKT2. Additionally, OE of OsAKT2 ameliorated the salt tolerance of Arabidopsis.
Pulse Dosing of 10-kHz Paresthesia-Independent Spinal Cord Stimulation Provides the Same Efficacy with Substantial Reduction of Device Recharge Time
Authors: Provenzano David , Tate Jordan , Gupta Mayank , Yu Cong , Verrills Paul , Guirguis Maged , Harrison Nathan , Smith Thomas , Azalde Rose , Bradley Kerry 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objective
This study was designed to assess whether using pulse dosing (PD) (regularly cycled intermittent stimulation) of high-frequency 10-kHz spinal cord stimulation (10-kHz SCS) can reduce device recharge time while maintaining efficacy in patients with chronic intractable back pain with or without leg pain.

Design
Prospective, multicenter, observational study.

Methods
Patients successfully using 10-kHz SCS at 100%ON (i.e., continuously with no PD) for &gt;3 months were consecutively enrolled. After a 1-week baseline period of documenting their pain twice daily on a 0–10 numerical rating scale (NRS) using 100%ON of their “favorite” program, all subjects were reprogrammed to 14%PD for 10–14 days. If subjects preferred 14%PD to 100%ON, they were programmed to 3%PD; otherwise, they were programmed to 50%PD. Subjects used this next program for another 10–14 days. Subjects then entered a 3-month observational period during which they were requested to use but not limited to their most preferred %PD program. Toward the end of 3 months, subjects completed a 7-day NRS diary and indicated a final %PD program preference. Study endpoints included %PD preference, mean diary NRS by %PD, and daily minutes and patterns of charging.

Results
Of 31 subjects completing the study, 81% preferred less than 100%ON. Among the subjects, 39% preferred 3%PD, 32% preferred 14%PD, 10% preferred 50%PD, and 19% preferred 100%ON. Average daily charge durations were 8.3 ± 3.1 minutes for 3%PD, 13.9 ± 4.9 minutes for 14%PD, 26.2 ± 7.4 minutes for 50%PD, and 43.8 ± 10.9 minutes for 100%ON. Regression modeling suggested that pain relief was weighted as more than twice as influential as charging in preference for reduced %PD.

Conclusions
This prospective study suggests that 10-kHz SCS therapy with PD may be successfully used in a large majority of 10-kHz SCS responders, maintaining efficacy while reducing device charging time by nearly two thirds.
Designing Actionable Solutions and Curriculum for Pain Disparities Education
Authors: Adams Meredith C B , Denizard-Thompson Nancy M , DiGiacobbe Gia , Williams Brandon L , Brooks Amber K 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME) require medical schools to teach their students how to recognize and work toward eliminating health disparities. However, time constraints and a dearth of guidance for educators in teaching pain disparities curricula pose significant challenges. Herein we describe successes and lessons learned after designing, implementing, and evaluating an innovative pain disparities curriculum that was embedded in a longitudinal health equity curriculum for third year medical school students at an academic institution. Although the curriculum was developed for medical school students, the concepts may be broadly applicable to other training settings such as residency and fellowship programs.
America’s Liberal Social Climate and Trends
Authors: Hout Michael 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe late James A. Davis characterized American public opinion in the Reagan era as “conservative weather” amidst a liberalizing “climate.” By climate, he meant differences between cohorts, while the weather referred to trends within cohorts. Thirty years later, the public opinion climate continues to get more liberal, as each successive cohort continues to be more liberal, on balance, than the ones that came before them. Recent weather complements that by being quite liberal, too. Specifically, 62 percent of variables analyzed were more liberal in recent birth cohorts than they were in the oldest ones, but just 5 percent were more conservative (some did not differ among cohorts, and some were neither liberal nor conservative). Within cohorts, recent measurements were more liberal than early measurements for 51 percent of the variables and more conservative for 11 percent
Measuring Misperceptions
Authors: Orr Lilla V , Huber Gregory A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Prior research has reported that Americans hold biased perceptions about the composition of US parties. Survey respondents vastly overestimate the frequency with which partisans belong to other social groups stereotypically associated with their party. We argue that when perceptions of Democrats, Republicans, and members of the American public are directly compared, evidence of relative misperceptions is limited. Drawing on novel survey experimental measures, we find that respondents underestimate many differences in the demographic composition of the Democratic and Republican parties. A few stereotypes thought to be associated with one party or the other may apply to partisans in general. Similar trends appear across parties and among strong partisans. These findings suggest limits on the extent to which inaccurate estimates of who affiliates with each party can be interpreted as evidence of party-specific stereotypes.
Experiences of Physical Therapists and Professional Leaders With Implementing a Toolkit to Advance Walking Assessment Poststroke: A Realist Evaluation
Authors: Salbach Nancy M , McDonald Alison , MacKay-Lyons Marilyn , Bulmer Beverly , Howe Jo-Anne , Bayley Mark T , McEwen Sara , Nelson Michelle , Solomon Patricia 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe iWalk study showed significant increase in use of the 10-Meter Walk Test (10MWT) and 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) poststroke following provision of a toolkit. This paper examined the influence of contextual circumstances on use of the toolkit and implementation strategy across acute care and inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation settings.MethodsA theory-based toolkit and implementation strategy was designed to support guideline recommendations to use standardized tools for evaluation of walking, education, and goal-setting poststroke. The toolkit comprised a mobile app, video, and educational guide outlining instructions for 3 learning sessions. After completing learning sessions, 33 physical therapists and 7 professional leaders participated in focus groups or interviews. As part of a realist evaluation, the study compared and synthesized site-specific context-mechanism-outcome descriptions across sites to refine an initial theory of how the toolkit would influence practice.ResultsAnalysis revealed 3 context-mechanism-outcomes: (1) No onsite facilitator? No practice change in acute care: Without an onsite facilitator, participants lacked authority to facilitate and coordinate the implementation strategy; (2) Onsite facilitation fostered integration of select practices in acute care: When onsite facilitation occurred in acute care, walk test administration and use of reference values for patient education were adopted variably with high functioning patients; (3) Onsite facilitation fostered integration of most practices in rehabilitation settings: When onsite facilitation occurred, many participants incorporated 1 or both tests to evaluate and monitor walking capacity, and reference values were applied for inpatient and outpatient education and goal setting. Participants preferentially implemented the 10MWT over the 6MWT because set-up and administration were easier and a greater proportion of patients could walk 10 m.ConclusionFindings underscore contextual factors and activities essential to eliciting change in assessment practice in stroke rehabilitation across care settings.ImpactThis study shows that to foster recommended walking assessment practices, an onsite facilitator should be present to enable learning sessions and toolkit use.
A Geometric Characterization of the Hjelmslev–Moufang Planes
Authors: De Schepper Anneleen , Schillewaert Jeroen , Van Maldeghem Hendrik , Victoor Magali 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHjelmslev–Moufang (HM) planes are point-line geometries related to the exceptional algebraic groups of type $\mathsf{E}_6$. More generally, point-line geometries related to spherical Tits buildings—Lie incidence geometries—are the prominent examples of parapolar spaces: axiomatically defined geometries consisting of points, lines and symplecta (structures isomorphic to polar spaces). In this paper we classify the parapolar spaces with a similar behaviour as the HM planes, in the sense that their symplecta never have a non-empty intersection. Under standard assumptions, we obtain that the only such parapolar spaces are exactly given by the HM planes and their close relatives (arising from taking certain restrictions). On the one hand, this work complements the algebraic approach to HM planes using Jordan algebras and due to Faulkner in his book ‘The Role of Nonassociative Algebra in Projective Geometry’, published by the American Mathematical Society in 2014; on the other hand, it provides a new tool for classification and characterization problems in the general theory of parapolar spaces.
Rethinking Royalism in Herrick’s Hesperides
Authors: Mansky Joseph 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The scholarly consensus holds that Robert Herrick’s printed book of poems, Hesperides (1648), is the work of a royalist partisan. Yet for all its clear signs of royalism—from the large crown on the title page to the dedication to Prince Charles—Hesperides contains a much wider range of ideological and social commitments. Alongside the absolutist couplets are constitutionalist epigrams; mixed in with the pro-Stuart panegyrics, we find praises of parliamentarians. I trace this diversity to the book’s literary model: the silva or miscellany. Largely seen as a site of royalist community, seventeenth-century manuscript miscellanies were also marked by contestation and fracture. Hesperides likewise ranges across the varieties of royalism (and occasionally even republicanism), reflecting the real ideological diversity among the king’s supporters and sympathizers. The result is a profoundly polyvocal royalism increasingly tending towards constitutional consensus.
Exchange Competition, Entry, and Welfare
Authors: Cespa Giovanni , Vives Xavier 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We assess the consequences for market quality and welfare of different entry regimes and exchange pricing policies. To do so, we integrate a microstructure model with a free-entry, exchange competition model where exchanges have market power in technological services. Free-entry delivers superior liquidity and welfare outcomes vis-á-vis an unregulated monopoly, but entry can be excessive or insufficient. Depending on the extent of the monopolist’s technological services undersupply compared to the first best, a planner can achieve a higher welfare controlling entry or platform fees. Review of Financial Studies, forthcoming
How Global Is Your Mutual Fund? International Diversification from Multinationals
Authors: Demirci Irem , Ferreira Miguel A , Matos Pedro , Sialm Clemens 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We show that mutual funds worldwide provide substantial international exposure through their domestic holdings of multinationals. The international exposure of domestic funds increases, on average, by 32 percentage points when we consider international corporate diversification. We find that funds with higher indirect international exposure perform better in both the cross-section and the time series. This effect is primarily driven by the fund managers’ ability to invest in multinationals, rather than the performance of those multinationals. Our findings support the hypothesis that international diversification from multinationals reduces the transaction and information costs of investing abroad.
Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.