bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gene flow influences the genomic architecture of local adaptation in six riverine fish species
Authors: Shi Yue , Bouska Kristen L. , McKinney Garrett J. , Dokai William , Bartels Andrew , McPhee Megan V. , Larson Wesley A. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractUnderstanding how gene flow influences adaptive divergence is important for predicting adaptive responses. Theoretical studies suggest that when gene flow is high, clustering of adaptive genes in fewer genomic regions would protect adaptive alleles from recombination and thus be selected for, but few studies have tested it with empirical data. Here, we used restriction site‐associated sequencing to generate genomic data for six fish species with contrasting life histories from six reaches of the Upper Mississippi River System, USA. We used four differentiation‐based outlier tests and three genotype–environment association analyses to define neutral single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and outlier SNPs that were putatively under selection. We then examined the distribution of outlier SNPs along the genome and investigated whether these SNPs were found in genomic islands of differentiation and inversions. We found that gene flow varied among species, and outlier SNPs were clustered more tightly in species with higher gene flow. The two species with the highest overall FST (0.0303–0.0720) and therefore lowest gene flow showed little evidence of clusters of outlier SNPs, with outlier SNPs in these species spreading uniformly across the genome. In contrast, nearly all outlier SNPs in the species with the lowest FST (0.0003) were found in a single large putative inversion. Two other species with intermediate gene flow (FST ~ 0.0025–0.0050) also showed clustered genomic architectures, with most islands of differentiation clustered on a few chromosomes. Our results provide important empirical evidence to support the hypothesis that increasingly clustered architecture of local adaptation is associated with high gene flow.
Permafrost thaw with warming reduces microbial metabolic capacities in subsurface soils
Authors: Wu Linwei , Yang Felix , Feng Jiajie , Tao Xuanyu , Qi Qi , Wang Cong , Schuur Edward A. G. , Bracho Rosvel , Huang Yi , Cole James R. , Tiedje James M. , Zhou Jizhong 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMicroorganisms are major constituents of the total biomass in permafrost regions, whose underlain soils are frozen for at least two consecutive years. To understand potential microbial responses to climate change, here we examined microbial community compositions and functional capacities across four soil depths in an Alaska tundra site. We showed that a 5‐year warming treatment increased soil thaw depth by 25.7% (p = .011) within the deep organic layer (15–25 cm). Concurrently, warming reduced 37% of bacterial abundance and 64% of fungal abundances in the deep organic layer, while it did not affect microbial abundance in other soil layers (i.e., 0–5, 5–15, and 45–55 cm). Warming treatment altered fungal community composition and microbial functional structure (p < .050), but not bacterial community composition. Using a functional gene array, we found that the relative abundances of a variety of carbon (C)‐decomposing, iron‐reducing, and sulphate‐reducing genes in the deep organic layer were decreased, which was not observed by the shotgun sequencing‐based metagenomics analysis of those samples. To explain the reduced metabolic capacities, we found that warming treatment elicited higher deterministic environmental filtering, which could be linked to water‐saturated time, soil moisture, and soil thaw duration. In contrast, plant factors showed little influence on microbial communities in subsurface soils below 15 cm, despite a 25.2% higher (p < .05) aboveground plant biomass by warming treatment. Collectively, we demonstrate that microbial metabolic capacities in subsurface soils are reduced, probably arising from enhanced thaw by warming.
Adding wisdom to computation: The task of philosophy today
Authors: Chiodo Simona 
Published: December 2021

AbstractFrom climate change to potentially disruptive technologies to the COVID‐19 pandemic, our era is characterised by unprecedented complexity and uncertainty. Philosophy has always been a promising tool for facing puzzling scenarios. Yet, contemporary philosophy may not be able to successfully face our era’s unprecedented complexity and uncertainty. On the one hand, contemporary philosophy results from a kind of hypertrophisation of logos restricting the forms of rationality legitimately usable. On the other hand, our era’s unprecedented complexity and uncertainty seem to require not only restricted forms of rationality, such as logic and computation, but also other forms of rationality underdeveloped in our philosophical tradition, such as wisdom. This paper proposes reasons why increasing our focus on wisdom may help us face our unprecedentedly complex and uncertain era in four respects as philosophers: when educating our students; when publishing our work; when talking to civil society; and when acting in our technological era.
N‐acetylglucosamine transporter, Ngt1, undergoes sugar‐responsive endosomal trafficking inCandida albicans
Authors: Hanumantha Rao Kongara , Roy Kasturi , Paul Soumita , Ghosh Swagata 
Published: December 2021

AbstractN‐acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), an important amino sugar at the infection sites of the fungal pathogenCandida albicans, triggers multiple cellular processes. GlcNAc import at the cell surface is mediated by GlcNAc transporter, Ngt1 which seems to play a critical role during GlcNAc signaling. We have investigated the Ngt1 dynamics that provide a platform for further studies aimed at understanding the mechanistic insights of regulating process(es) inC. albicans. The expression of this transporter is prolific and highly sensitive to even very low levels (˂2 µM) of GlcNAc. Under these conditions, Ngt1 undergoes phosphorylation‐associated ubiquitylation as a code for internalization. This ubiquitylation process involves the triggering proteins like protein kinase Snf1, arrestin‐related trafficking adaptors (ART) protein Rod1, and yeast ubiquitin ligase Rsp5. Interestingly, analysis of∆snf1and∆rsp5mutants revealed that while Rsp5 is promoting the endosomal trafficking of Ngt1‐GFPɤ, Snf1 hinders the process. Furthermore, colocalization experiments of Ngt1 with Vps17 (an endosomal marker), Sec7 (a trans‐Golgi marker), and a vacuolar marker revealed the fate of Ngt1 during sugar‐responsive endosomal trafficking.∆ras1and∆ubi4mutants showed decreased ubiquitylation and delayed endocytosis of Ngt1. According to our knowledge, this is the first report which illustrates the mechanistic insights that are responsible for endosomal trafficking of a GlcNAc transporter in an eukaryotic organism.
Marchantia polymorpha model reveals conserved infection mechanisms in the vascular wilt fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum
Authors: Redkar Amey , Gimenez Ibanez Selena , Sabale Mugdha , Zechmann Bernd , Solano Roberto , Di Pietro Antonio 
Published: December 2021

Summary

Root‐infecting vascular fungi cause wilt diseases and provoke devastating losses in hundreds of crops. It is currently unknown how these pathogens evolved and whether they can also infect nonvascular plants, which diverged from vascular plants over 450 million years ago.

We established a pathosystem between the nonvascular plant Marchantia polymorpha (Mp) and the root‐infecting vascular wilt fungus Fusarium oxysporum (Fo). On angiosperms, Fo exhibits exquisite adaptation to the plant xylem niche as well as host‐specific pathogenicity, both of which are conferred by effectors encoded on lineage‐specific chromosomes.

Fo isolates displaying contrasting lifestyles on angiosperms – pathogenic vs endophytic – are able to infect Mp and cause tissue maceration and host cell killing. Using isogenic fungal mutants we define a set of conserved fungal pathogenicity factors, including mitogen activated protein kinases, transcriptional regulators and cell wall remodelling enzymes, that are required for infection of both vascular and nonvascular plants. Markedly, two host‐specific effectors and a morphogenetic regulator, which contribute to vascular colonisation and virulence on tomato plants are dispensable on Mp.

Collectively, these findings suggest that vascular wilt fungi employ conserved infection strategies on nonvascular and vascular plant lineages but also have specific mechanisms to access the vascular niche of angiosperms.
A new solution to an old riddle: elongate dinosaur tracks explained as deep penetration of the foot, not plantigrade locomotion
Authors: Lallensack Jens N. , Farlow James O. , Falkingham Peter L. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe dinosaur track record features numerous examples of trackways with elongated metatarsal marks. Such ‘elongate tracks’ are often highly variable and characterized by indistinct outlines and abbreviated or missing digit impressions. Elongate dinosaur tracks are well‐known from the Paluxy River bed of Texas, where some have been interpreted as ‘man tracks’ by creationists due to their superficially human‐like appearance. The horizontal orientation of the metatarsal marks led to the now widely accepted idea of a facultative plantigrade, or ‘flat‐footed’, mode of locomotion in a variety of dinosaurian trackmakers small to large. This hypothesis, however, is at odds with the observation that elongate tracks do not indicate reduced locomotion speeds and increased pace angulation values, but instead are correlated with low anatomical fidelity. We here interpret elongate tracks as deep penetrations of the foot in soft sediment. Sediment may collapse above parts of the descending foot, leaving a shallow surface track that preserves a metatarsal mark. The length of a metatarsal mark is determined by multiple factors and is not necessarily correlated with the length of the metatarsus. Other types of posterior marks in dinosaur footprints, such as drag and slip marks, are reviewed.
Healthcare needs and experiences of foreign residents in Japan by language fluency
Authors: Okamoto Miyoko , Matsuda Yui , Foronda Cynthia L. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectiveTwo percent of the Japanese population is comprised of foreign residents with further increase expected due to immigration policy revisions. The purpose of this paper is to examine the healthcare needs and difficulties experienced by foreign residents in Japan by level of their Japanese language fluency.DesignA quantitative, descriptive design was used.SampleWe surveyed foreign residents in the greater Tokyo area (N = 209).MeasurementsThe research team created the survey questions and the contents of the survey include foreign residents’ experiences during their visits or stays at medical and public health facilities in Japan.ResultsMore than 90% of the participants or their families visited medical facilities in Japan regardless of Japanese language fluency; however, those with less Japanese language fluency experienced statistically significant uneasiness or inconvenience concerning communication compared to those with native Japanese language fluency (p = .000).ConclusionsNurses in Japan may benefit from additional training related to use of interpreters as well as education about diversity and cultural humility. Through better understanding of the specific communication barriers of foreign residents, nurses will be able to better anticipate difficulties and address them.
Interactive effects of hydrogen sulphide and silicon enhance drought and heat tolerance by modulating hormones, antioxidant defence enzymes and redox status in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Authors: Naz R. , Gul F. , Zahoor S. , Nosheen A. , Yasmin H. , Keyani R. , Shahid M. , Hassan M. N. , Siddiqui M. H. , Batool S. , Anwar Z. , Ali N. , Roberts T. H. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Recent changes in climate have reduced crop productivity throughout much of the world. Drought and heat stress, particularly in arid and semi‐arid regions, have seriously affected barley production.

This study explored the separate and interactive effects of silicon (Si) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) on plant growth and mitigation of the adverse effects of heat stress (DS) and drought stress (HS) in a barley pot experiment.

The impacts of simultaneous DS + HS were more severe than individual stresses due to increased ROS production, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and higher electrolyte leakage (EL), thereby leading to reduced water, protein and photosynthetic pigment content. Exogenously applied Si and H2S alleviated the DS‐, HS‐ and DS + HS‐induced effects on barley by reducing ROS production, MDA and EL. A single application of H2S or Si + H2S increased plant biomass under all stress conditions, which can be ascribed to higher Si accumulation in barley shoots. A single application of Si or H2S significantly increased plant biomass. However, Si + H2S was the most effective treatment for metabolite accumulation and elevating activity of antioxidant enzymes to prevent toxicity from oxidative stress. This treatment also modulated osmolyte content, enhanced antioxidant activity and regulated the stress signalling‐related endogenous hormones, abscisic acid (ABA) and indole acetic acid (IAA).

Exogenous treatments regulated endogenous H2S and Si and resulted in higher tolerance to individual and combined drought and heat stress in barley.
Crop minimum support price versus cost subsidy: Farmer and consumer welfare
Authors: Chintapalli Prashant , Tang Christopher S. 
Published: December 2021

Besides using earmark budget to support farmer cost subsidies, governments in many developing countries use minimum support price (MSP) as an alternative subsidy scheme to (i) safeguard farmers' incomes against vagaries in crop price and (ii) ensure sufficient crop production. Among different MSP schemes, we focus on the credit‐based MSP scheme under which a government will not take any possession of a crop; instead, it will credit farmers if the prevailing market price is below the prespecified MSP. In this paper, we consider a market consisting of infinitesimally small, rational, and strategic farmers (with heterogeneous production costs) who face market and yield uncertainties. Our equilibrium analysis reveals that (i) although both cost subsidy and MSP induce more production, cost subsidy leads to a higher crop production than MSP; (ii) MSP improves farmer's and consumer's surpluses; however, cost subsidy improves consumer's surplus but it can decrease farmer's surplus, which is unexpected; (iii) although both programs achieve the same optimal net value (i.e., sum of farmer's and consumer's surpluses minus shortage cost and expenditure), MSP always offers higher farmer's surplus than cost subsidy; and (iv) it is beneficial to invest only in cost subsidy, in both cost subsidy and MSP, and only in MSP, when the budget availability is low, moderate, and high, respectively, so that the net surplus (i.e., sum of farmer's and consumer's surpluses less the shortage cost) is also maximized along with the net value generated being maximized.
Invasive procedures in the oral cavity of individuals with Bernard–Soulier syndrome: An integrative review
Authors: Tieghi Neto Victor , Viola Vivian Palata , Júnior Luiz Alberto Valente Soares , Santos Paulo Sergio da Silva 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAimBernard–Soulier syndrome (BSS) is an inherited bleeding disorder characterized by macroplatelets and thrombocytopenia, prolonged bleeding time, and a prevalence of less than 1 in 1,000,000. In view of the recognition of the risk of bleeding and the management of daily surgical practice in these patients, adequate strategies are necessary to provide the safest care. This article aims to perform an integrative review of the literature on the management of invasive procedures in the oral cavity of individuals with BSS.MethodThe PubMed/Medline and LILACS databases were searched using Boolean operators related to BSS, bleeding disorders, and oral care.ResultsAs a result, only five articles with the main theme were included: one letter to the editor and four case reports, described chronologically as to date of publication, classification of the article, and medical/odontological measures taken.ConclusionWe conclude with this review the need for adequate knowledge of surgeons regarding coagulation disorders and the need to discuss and plan procedures with the hematology team, as well as the importance of the notion of management of possible complications resulting from invasive treatments in the oral cavity of patients with BSS.
Explaining World‐Wide Variation in Navigation Ability from Millions of People: Citizen Science Project Sea Hero Quest
Authors: Spiers Hugo J. , Coutrot Antoine , Hornberger Michael 
Published: December 2021

AbstractNavigation ability varies widely across humans. Prior studies have reported that being younger and a male has an advantage for navigation ability. However, these studies have generally involved small numbers of participants from a handful of western countries. Here, we review findings from our project Sea Hero Quest, which used a video game for mobile and tablet devices to test 3.9 million people on their navigation ability, sampling across every nation‐state and from 18 to 99 years of age. Results revealed that the task has good ecological validity and across all countries sufficiently sampled (N = 63), age is linked to a near‐linear decline in navigation ability from the early 20s. All countries showed a male advantage, but this varied considerably and could be partly predicted by gender inequality. We found that those who reported growing up in a city were on average worse at navigating than those who grew up outside cities and that navigation performance helped identify those at greater genetic risk of Alzheimer's disease. We discuss the advantages and challenges of using a mobile app to study cognition and the future avenues for understanding individual differences in navigation ability arising from this research.
Application of Dynamic Input Shaping for a Dual-Mirror System
Authors: Dautt-Silva Alicia , de Callafon Raymond A. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The task of trajectory planning for a dual-mirror optical pointing system greatly benefits from carefully designed dynamic input signals. This paper summarizes the application of multivariable input shaping (IS) for a dual-mirror system, starting from initial open-loop step-response data. The optical pointing system presented consists of two fast steering mirrors (FSM) for which dynamically coupled input signals are designed, while adhering to mechanical and input signal constraints. For the solution, the planned trajectories for the dual-mirrors are determined via (inverse) kinematic analysis. A linear program (LP) problem is used to compute the dynamic input signal for each of the FSMs, with one of the mirrors acting as an image motion compensation device that guarantees tracking of a planned trajectory within a specified accuracy and the operating constraints of the FSMs.
Microbial Degradation of Plastics and Approaches to Make it More Efficient
Authors: Kotova I. B. , Taktarova Yu. V. , Tsavkelova E. A. , Egorova M. A. , Bubnov I. A. , Malakhova D. V. , Shirinkina L. I. , Sokolova T. G. , Bonch-Osmolovskaya E. A. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract—
The growing worldwide production of synthetic plastics leads to increased amounts of plastic pollution. Even though microbial degradation of plastics is known to be a very slow process, this capacity has been found in many bacteria, including invertebrate symbionts, and microscopic fungi. Research in this field has been mostly focused on microbial degradation of polyethylene, polystyrene, and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Quite an arsenal of different methods is available today for detecting processes of plastic degradation and measuring their rates. Given the lack of generally accepted protocols, it is difficult to compare results presented by different authors. PET degradation by recombinant hydrolases from thermophilic actinobacteria happens to be the most efficient among the currently known plastic degradation processes. Various approaches to accelerating microbial plastic degradation are also discussed.
Does the implementation of UHC reforms foster greater equality in health spending? Evidence from a benefit incidence analysis in Burkina Faso
Authors: De Allegri Manuela , Rudasingwa Martin , Yeboah Edmund , Bonnet Emmanuel , Somé Paul André , Ridde Valéry 
Published: December 2021

IntroductionBurkina Faso is one among many countries in sub-Saharan Africa having invested in Universal Health Coverage (UHC) policies, with a number of studies have evaluated their impacts and equity impacts. Still, no evidence exists on how the distributional incidence of health spending has changed in relation to their implementation. Our study assesses changes in the distributional incidence of public and overall health spending in Burkina Faso in relation to the implementation of UHC policies.MethodsWe combined National Health Accounts data and household survey data to conduct a series of Benefit Incidence Analyses. We captured the distribution of public and overall health spending at three time points. We conducted separate analyses for maternal and curative services and estimated the distribution of health spending separately for different care levels.ResultsInequalities in the distribution of both public and overall spending decreased significantly over time, following the implementation of UHC policies. Pooling data on curative services across all care levels, the concentration index (CI) for public spending decreased from 0.119 (SE 0.013) in 2009 to −0.024 (SE 0.014) in 2017, while the CI for overall spending decreased from 0.222 (SE 0.032) in 2009 to 0.105 (SE 0.025) in 2017. Pooling data on institutional deliveries across all care levels, the CI for public spending decreased from 0.199 (SE 0.029) in 2003 to 0.013 (SE 0.002) in 2017, while the CI for overall spending decreased from 0.242 (SE 0.032) in 2003 to 0.062 (SE 0.016) in 2017. Persistent inequalities were greater at higher care levels for both curative and institutional delivery services.ConclusionOur findings suggest that the implementation of UHC in Burkina Faso has favoured a more equitable distribution of health spending. Nonetheless, additional action is urgently needed to overcome remaining barriers to access, especially among the very poor, further enhancing equality.