bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advancement in Organic Synthesis Through High Throughput Experimentation
Authors: Biyani Shruti A. , Moriuchi Yuta W. , Thompson David H. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractExploration of synthetic transformations using high throughput experimentation (HTE) can accelerate the rapid discovery of optimal conditions for organic reactions and improve our understanding of those processes and synthetic routes for different applications. The surge in high throughput techniques has been applied to a broad range of methods and target‐oriented reaction optimizations across a diverse array of bond‐constructions. In this Minireview, we describe HTE based workflows, discuss different transformations that have been evaluated using HTE platforms with a focus on homogeneous catalytic reactions, and highlight challenges reported in the field since 2016. The HTE efforts are grouped by the type of bonds being formed, for instance, carbon‐carbon (C−C), carbon‐nitrogen (C−N), carbon‐halogen or carbon‐oxygen (C−X) bonds, as well as photochemical transformations and hydrogenations. The potential of HTE to rapidly guide the optimization of multiple synthetic challenges makes it a very attractive and powerful tool for synthetic organic chemists.
Assessing Soil Health: Putting It All Together
Authors: Morgan Cristine , Cappellazzi Shannon 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe following article is the last in a six‐part series on assessing soil health. It synthesizes measurement information and provides an example of how a minimal set of soil health measurements can reflect multiple aspects of soil functioning. It is part of a larger Soil Science Society of America webinar series produced in partnership with The Soil Health Institute and sponsored by The Walton Family Foundation. Earn 0.5 CEUs in Soil & Water Management by reading the article and taking the quiz at www.certifiedcropadviser.org/education/classroom/classes/1010.
False negative results in testosterone doping in forensic cases: Sensitivity of the urinary detection criteria T/E and T/LH
Authors: Lood Yvonne , Aardal Elisabeth , Gustavsson Sara , Prasolov Ilya , Josefsson Martin , Ahlner Johan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAt the Swedish national forensic toxicology laboratory, a measured testosterone/epitestosterone (T/E) ratio ≥ 12 together with testosterone/luteinizing hormone (T/LH) in urine > 400 nmol/IU is considered as a proof of exogenous testosterone administration. However, according to the rules of the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA), samples with T/E ratio > 4 are considered suspicious and shall be further analysed by gas chromatography–combustion–isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC‐C‐IRMS) to confirm the origin of testosterone and its metabolites. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of false negative results and to estimate the frequency of negative results using the current criteria for detection of abuse of testosterone in forensic investigations. Urine and serum samples were collected by the police at suspected infringement of the doping law in Sweden. Fifty‐eight male subjects were included in the study. Urinary testosterone was determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), serum testosterone and LH—by immunoassay. The origin of testosterone and its metabolites was confirmed by means of GC‐C‐IRMS. Twenty‐six of the 57 analysed subjects tested positive for exogenous testosterone using the criteria T/E ≥ 12 combined with T/LH > 400 nmol/IU. The IRMS analyses confirmed 47 positives; thus, 21 were considered false negatives. Negative predictive value was 32% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 16%–50%) and sensitivity 55%. No false positive subjects were found. The number of false negative cases using the current criteria for the detection of testosterone abuse and hence the low sensitivity indicates a need to discuss introduction of new strategies in forensic doping investigations.
Using near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to estimate carbon and nitrogen stable isotope composition in animal tissues
Authors: Ancin‐Murguzur Francisco Javier , Tarroux Arnaud , Bråthen Kari Anne , Bustamante Paco , Descamps Sébastien 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Stable isotopes analysis (SIA) of carbon and nitrogen provides valuable information about trophic interactions and animal feeding habits.

We used near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) and support vector machines (SVM) to develop a model for screening isotopic ratios of carbon and nitrogen (δ13C and δ15N) in samples from living animals. We applied this method on dried blood samples from birds previously analyzed for δ13C and δ15N to test whether NIRS can be applied to accurately estimate isotopic ratios.

Our results show a prediction accuracy of NIRS (R2 > 0.65, RMSEP < 0.28) for both δ13C and δ15N, representing a 12% of the measurement range in this study.

Our study suggests that NIRS can provide a time‐ and cost‐efficient method to evaluate stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen when substantial differences in δ13C or δ15N are expected, such as when discriminating among different trophic levels in diet.
Vegetation resistance and resilience to a decade‐long dry period in the temperate grasslands in China
Authors: Liang Minqi , Cao Ruochen , Di Kai , Han Daorui , Hu Zhongmin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe duration of climate anomalies has been increasing across the globe, leading to ecosystem function loss. Thus, we need to understand the responses of the ecosystem to long‐term climate anomalies. It remains unclear how ecosystem resistance and resilience respond to long‐term climate anomalies, for example, continuous dry years at a regional scale. Taking the opportunity of a 13‐year dry period in the temperate grasslands in northern China, we quantified the resistance and resilience of the grassland in response to this periodic dry period. We found vegetation resistance to the dry period increased with mean annual precipitation (MAP), while resilience increased at first until at MAP of 250 mm and then decreased slightly. No trade‐off between resistance and resilience was detected when MAP < 250 mm. Our results highlight that xeric ecosystems are most vulnerable to the long‐term dry period. Given expected increases in drought severity and duration in the coming decades, our findings may be helpful to identify vulnerable ecosystems in the world for the purpose of adaptation.
Duration and timing interactions of early‐life stress and the potential for recovery
Authors: Seifarth Jack , Inamine Hidetoshi , Buckling Angus , Shea Katriona 
Published: July 2021

AbstractStress comprises three sequential stages: the event (stressor), which leads to an initial effect on a focal organism (stress), followed by the organism's ultimate response (recovery or not). Using this framework, we test how the duration and timing of a stressor individually and interactively affect the initial and asymptotic organism outcomes. We applied either long or short water restrictions either early or later in the life of Lepidium sativum. While several of these water restriction treatments caused a noticeable initial effect, all were able to recover fully, except for those exposed to a long early water restriction. While long early stressors led to decreased height, a growth model revealed that both long and short early stressors changed the rate of growth and prolonged the inflection point, findings that would have been missed had effect and response not been analyzed separately. Both the stressor and the magnitude of the initial effect in part explained the change in the growth model parameter estimates. Overall, timing, duration, and, more importantly, the interaction of these two temporal aspects of stress significantly affects an organism's initial response to a stressor and its ability to ultimately recover from stress. Our findings highlight the importance of explicitly studying the interactions of stressor aspects and of examining the immediate stress effects, as well as long‐term responses.
Changes in plant communities of low‐salinity tidal marshes in response to sea‐level rise
Authors: Humphreys Abbey , Gorsky Adrianna L. , Bilkovic Donna M. , Chambers Randolph M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAs sea‐level rises, low‐salinity tidal marshes experience greater flooding with more saline water. In the Chesapeake Bay estuary, we compared the 1980 and 2014 tidal marsh inventories (TMIs) of plant communities from James City County, Virginia, USA, with respect to the spatial distribution of two species—the invasive reed Phragmites australis and native salt marsh grass Spartina alterniflora–plus overall species richness. Since the 1980 TMI, the total area of low‐salinity tidal marshes in which P. australis occurred increased from 0.46 km2 to 6.30 km2 in 2014. Between TMIs, however, the total area of low‐salinity marshes occupied by S. alterniflora increased by only 0.02 km2. Species richness in low‐salinity tidal marshes decreased from 41 to 25 between TMIs. To assess seedling emergence under increased flooding and salinity, we completed two seed bank germination experiments using soil samples collected from six low‐salinity marshes containing established P. australis stands. In the first experiment, more seedlings emerged in the two low‐salinity (0 vs. 5 ppt) treatments after seven weeks, irrespective of flooding (water 3.75 cm below vs. at soil surface), but no P. australis or S. alterniflora germinated. For the second experiment, we added seeds of P. australis and S. alterniflora to soils exposed to the same flooding and salinity treatments to test the impact of these plant competitors on seedling emergence. No difference in number of seedlings was detected among treatments, but the number of species and their relative abundance was significantly affected by flooding (ANOSIM, R = 0.138, P < 0.001). The presence of P. australis and S. alterniflora seedlings appeared to shift the physical factor more influential on seedling emergence from salinity to flooding. For both seed bank experiments, more seedlings but not more species emerged from soils collected from marshes where P. australis coverage was <50%. High diversity plant communities of low‐salinity tidal marshes along the upper reaches of this estuary are gradually being replaced by those dominated by P. australis and S. alterniflora—a trend expected to continue here and in other riverine estuaries of the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts.
Contrasting effects of land cover on nesting habitat use and reproductive output for bumble bees
Authors: Pugesek Genevieve , Crone Elizabeth E. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractUnderstanding habitat quality is central to understanding the distributions of species on the landscape, as well as to conserving and restoring at‐risk species. Although it is well known that many species require different resources throughout their life cycles, pollinator conservation efforts focus almost exclusively on forage resources. In this study, we evaluate nesting habitat for bumble bees by locating nests directly on the landscape. We compared colony density and colony reproductive output for Bombus impatiens, the common eastern bumble bee, across three different land cover types (hay fields, meadows, and forests). We also assessed nesting habitat associations for all Bombus nests located during surveys to tease apart species‐specific patterns of habitat use. We found that B. impatiens nested under the ground in two natural land cover types, forests, and meadows, but found no B. impatiens nests in hay fields. Though B. impatiens nested at similar densities in both meadows and forests, colonies in forests had much higher reproductive output. In contrast, B. griseocollis tended to nest on the surface of the ground and was almost always found in meadows. B. perplexis was the only species to nest in all three habitat types, including hay fields. For some bumble bee species in this system, meadows, the habitat type with abundant forage resources, may be sufficient to maintain them throughout their life cycles. However, B. impatiens might benefit from heterogeneous landscapes with forests and meadows. Results for B. impatiens emphasize the longstanding notion that habitat use is not always positively correlated with habitat quality (as measured by reproductive output). Our results also show that habitat selection by bumble bees at one spatial scale may be influenced by resources at other scales. Finally, we demonstrate the feasibility of direct nest searches for understanding bumble bee distribution and ecology.
Kinetics on the Oxidation of Aminoiminomethanesulfonic Acid by Hypochlorous Acid: A Novel Product in the Chlorination of Aminoiminomethanesulfonic Acid
Authors: Hu Ying , Li Wei , Wang Guichang , Pan Changwei , Ji Chen , Gao Qingyu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe oxidation of aminoiminomethanesulfonic acid (AIMSOA) by HOCl is too fast to be traced in both acidic and neutral solutions, while extreme alkalinity will hasten the decomposition of AIMSOA. Nonetheless, in weakly alkaline solutions the oxidation kinetics were monitored successfully by stopped flow at 25 °C. The results show that the rate law is first order with respect to both [HOCl]tot and [AIMSOA] but shows an inverse dependence on [OH−]. The calculated kHOCl values of (9.2±0.2)×106 M−1 s−1 and a statistically insignificant kOCl‐ value indicate that the conjugate acid HOCl is regarded as the primary oxidant. The reaction is supposed to be a Cl+ transfer mechanism followed by the formation of a novel unreported oxidation product, AIMSOA‐chloramine. Various technologies were employed to investigate the structure and decomposition of AIMSOA‐chloramine. The above evidence showed that the product, a kind of chloramine rather than sulfate, was characterized by a distinct structure consisting of N−Cl bond. The chloramine could also slowly decompose to sulfate and chloride due to the cleavage of both C−S and N−Cl bonds. Based on the results, the mechanism involving the production of chloride and sulfate from the oxidation of AIMSOA in Cl‐containing oxides ‐ thiourea system should be excluded. In addition, the results also provide additional insights into the bromination for the HOBr‐AIMSOA reaction, in which priority may be given to the formation of bromamine.
Highly efficient heterogeneous V2O5@TiO2 catalyzed the rapid transformation of boronic acids to phenols
Authors: Upadhyay Rahul , Singh Deepak , Maurya Sushil K. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA V2O5@TiO2 catalyzed green and efficient protocol for the hydroxylation of boronic acid into phenol has been developed utilizing environmentally benign oxidant hydrogen peroxide. A wide range of electron‐donating and the electron‐withdrawing group‐containing (hetero)aryl boronic acids were transformed into their corresponding phenol. The methodology was also applied successfully to transform various natural and bioactive molecules like tocopherol, amino acids, cinchonidine, vasicinone, menthol, and pharmaceuticals such as ciprofloxacin, ibuprofen, and paracetamol. The other feature of the methodology includes gram‐scale synthetic applicability, recyclability, and short reaction time.
Novel guar‐gum electrolyte to aggrandize the performance of LaMnO3 perovskite‐based zinc‐air batteries
Authors: Bhardwaj Upasana , Sharma Aditi , Mathur Ankita , Halder Aditi , Kushwaha Himmat Singh 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe felicitous electrolyte with advance electrodes (cathode and anode) results in the development of an improved and efficacious battery/fuel cell. Perovskite based zinc‐air batteries with biological gel electrolyte prove to outperform the aqueous batteries. In this research, a zinc‐air battery was developed using a novel biocompatible electrolyte, Guar‐gum employing LaMnO3 (LMO) perovskite as a bi‐functional electro‐catalyst. The performance of the developed perovskite catalyst in guar‐gum electrolyte was obtained and compared with the performance of the material in both polymer gel (polyvinyl alcohol‐KOH) and aqueous medium. The bi‐functional catalyst shows enhanced catalytic activity, endurance and durability in alkaline medium with an open circuit voltage of 1.40 V, power density of 9.77 mW cm−2 at the current density of 11.12 mA cm−2 and a specific capacity of 2624 mAh g−1 comparatively competent with respect to the PVA‐based battery with the specific capacitance of 753 mAh g−1. Also, the rechargeable LMO zinc‐air battery exhibited excellent cycling stability at a current density of 10 mA cm−2. Thus, the results obtained proved the competent performance of the guar‐gum electrolyte compared to the previous developed polymer electrolyte. This is how the combination of LMO in the guar‐gum electrolyte is seen to be successful for commercial use in metal‐air batteries and fuel cells.
Stability evaluation of earth‐abundant metal‐based polyoxometalate electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction towards industrial PEM electrolysis at high current densities
Authors: Vetter Kim‐Marie , Aring da Silva Ramos Mauro Camila , Reinisch David , Reichbauer Thomas , Martić Nemanja , Jandl Christian , Hinrichsen Olaf , Schmid Günter 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe investigated the cobalt polyoxometalate catalyst Ba8[Co9(H2O)6(OH)3(HPO4)2(PW9O34)3] in oxygen evolution reaction for large‐scale water electrolysis. The catalyst was characterized, yielding BET surfaces (8.37 m2/g), crystal water content (8.38%, 44 H2O), elemental analyses and single crystal structures (space group P1̅, a = 19.901(4) Å, b = 21.177(4) Å, c = 24.036(5) Å, α = 92.689(7)°, β = 108.73(7)°, γ = 117.137(6)°, Co9Na16O196.05P5W27, V = 8310(3) Å2 with z = 2; R2final = 0.001).The catalyst was integrated in an industrially applicable membrane electrode assembly and electrochemically characterized. Polarization studies revealed catalyst dissolution in situ, visible as a current density peak (32.2 mA/cm2, 2.2 V) with subsequent collapse (<5 mA/cm2). Galvanostatic experiments showed voltage increase from 2.5 to > 10 V at 10 mA/cm2 tracing back to acid‐mediated decomposition of the anionic POM oxide framework. We deduced insufficient thermodynamic as well as kinetic stability for industrial requirements in PEM water electrolysis.
Seismic response distribution expressions for on‐ground rigid rocking blocks under ordinary ground motions
Authors: Kazantzi Athanasia K. , Lachanas Christos G. , Vamvatsikos Dimitrios 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPredictive relationships are offered for the response of on‐ground 2D rigid blocks undergoing rocking. Among others, this is pertinent to (1) modern or classical antiquity structures that utilize rocking as a seismic protection mechanism and (2) freestanding contents (e.g., cabinets, bookcases, and museum artifacts) located on the ground or lower floors of stiff buildings. Blocks of varying dimensions were subjected to a full range assessment of seismic response under increasing intensity levels of ordinary (no‐pulse and no‐long‐duration) ground motions, parameterized by peak ground acceleration or velocity. Both response and intensity were normalized, allowing the fitting of general‐purpose parametric expressions to determine the mean and dispersion of response for an arbitrary block of interest. These can be utilized in the same way as conventional strength‐ratio/ductility/period relationships of yielding oscillators, to enable the rapid assessment or design of simple rocking systems.
Rapid and simultaneous determination of trigonelline, caffeine, and chlorogenic acid in green coffee bean extract
Authors: Atlabachew Minaleshewa , Abebe Atakilt , Alemneh Wubieneh Tessera , Tefera Habtemariam Yilak 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA simple, inexpensive, and rapid method for simultaneous determination of trigonelline, caffeine, and chlorogenic acid from green coffee bean extract was proposed based on salting‐out assisted liquid–liquid extraction, using QuEChERS salt and acetonitrile followed by UV‐Vis analysis. The proposed method represents acceptable linearity for trigonelline (0.9978), caffeine (0.9995), and chlorogenic acid (0.9996) with excellent correlation (0.93 and 0.83) for trigonelline and caffeine, respectively, when compared to RP‐HPLC‐DAD. The proposed method could be used in coffee industries for quality control and geographical origin traceability studies of green coffee samples.
Increasing female participation on boards: Effects on sustainability reporting
Authors: Buallay Amina , Hamdan Reem , Barone Elisabetta , Hamdan Allam 
Published: July 2021

AbstractUtilizing data on 2,116 stock‐exchange‐listed banks over a 10‐year period (2007–2016), this study examines the relationship between board gender diversity and sustainable reporting. Findings from descriptive analysis show that board diversity tends to be higher with banks endowed with low financial leverage and high assets. Cross‐country analysis shows that Central America evinces the highest levels of board diversity among banks. In Europe, however, repose the highest levels of environmental and social disclosure among banks. In contrast, the highest level of governance disclosure among banks obtains in Australia. A regression model partially corroborates the gender board diversity as a causal factor of the corporate governance disclosure inasmuch as, when female board members account for 22–50% of the board, a positive significant effect on the level of ESG disclosure results. However, at levels above 50%, negative returns to scale manifest on ESG disclosure from female board participation. Given the effect on the latter on the former uncovered by this research, regulators ought to mandate quotas of female participation on bank boards to engender sustainable increases in the level of ESG reporting on the part of banks.
Blood compatibility and cell response improvement of poly glycerol sebacate/poly lactic acid scaffold for vascular graft applications
Authors: Mokhtari Niloofar , Zargar Kharazi Anousheh 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPlasma surface modification is one of the new methods for improving the surface properties of the scaffold and accelerating tissue regeneration. The aim of this study was to create poly glycerol sebacate/poly lactic acid (PGS/PLA) composite scaffold by electrospun method and modified the scaffold by oxygen plasma for use as a vascular graft. Plasma surface modified PGS/PLA scaffold morphology study showed relatively uniform fibers with an average diameter of 637 ± 149.4 nm and porosity of 82%. The mechanical evaluation of the PGS/PLA scaffold showed properties close to the natural vessels. Atomic force microscopy images exhibited an increase in the roughness of the scaffold after plasma surface modification; however, hemocompatibility studies revealed that it had no adverse effect on blood compatibility. Wettability studies revealed the superhydrophilic property of the modified scaffold (contact angle near to zero). Besides, the human umbilical vein endothelial cells proliferation and adhesion were improved significantly. Obtaining mechanical properties near to the natural vessels due to the suitable composition and significant improvement in blood compatibility and cell growth make the modified PGS/PLA composite a suitable candidate for vascular tissue regeneration.