bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Possible Link between Turbulence and Plasma Heating
Authors: Yordanova Emiliya , Vörös Zoltán , Sorriso-Valvo Luca , Dimmock Andrew P. , Kilpua Emilia 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Numerical simulations and experimental results have shown that the formation of current sheets in space plasmas can be associated with enhanced vorticity. Also, in simulations the generation of such structures is associated with strong plasma heating. Here, we compare four-point measurements in the terrestrial magnetosheath turbulence from the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission of the flow vorticity and the magnetic field curlometer versus their corresponding one-point proxies PVI(V) and PVI(B) based on the Partial Variance of Increments (PVI) method. We show that the one-point proxies are sufficiently precise in identifying not only the generic features of the current sheets and vortices statistically, but also their appearance in groups associated with plasma heating. The method has been further applied to the region of the turbulent sheath of an interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) observed at L1 by the WIND spacecraft. We observe current sheets and vorticity associated heating in larger groups (blobs), which so far have not been considered in the literature on turbulent data analysis. The blobs represent extended spatial regions of activity with enhanced regional correlations between the occurrence of conditioned currents and vorticity, which at the same time are also correlated with enhanced temperatures. This heating mechanism is substantially different from the plasma heating in the vicinity of the ICME shock, where plasma beta is strongly fluctuating and there is no vorticity. The proposed method describes a new pathway for linking the plasma heating and plasma turbulence, and it is relevant to in situ observations when only single spacecraft measurements are available.
Origin of the Weak Plasma Emission Line Detected by Voyager 1 in the Interstellar Medium: Evidence for Suprathermal Electrons
Authors: Gurnett D. A. , Kurth W. S. , Burlaga L. F. , Berdichevsky D. B. , Pogorelov N. V. , Pulupa M. , Bale S. D. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Recently, a very weak, nearly continuous plasma wave emission line has been discovered in the nearby interstellar medium at the electron plasma frequency. The new observations were made by the plasma wave instrument on the Voyager 1 spacecraft, which crossed into the interstellar medium in 2012 August. Several questions remained unanswered after the initial discovery. Why was the emission line not observed until several years after Voyager 1 entered the interstellar medium, what is the wavelength of the plasma oscillations responsible for the emission line, and what is the origin of the oscillations? Here, we provide answers to these questions. On the most important question, namely the origin of the oscillations, the evidence strongly suggest that the emission is driven by suprathermal electrons that excite plasma oscillations comparable to the quasi-thermal noise (QTN) that is commonly observed by space plasma wave instruments with long, thin electric dipole antennas. These results imply the existence of a relatively dense population of suprathermal electrons that could contribute significantly to the overall pressure in the interstellar medium. Although the similarities to the previous QTN observations are impressive, there is no certainty that the emissions are driven by thermal excitation, and other sources should be explored, such as the possibility that they are driven by pressure fluctuations associated with the short-wavelength cascade of interstellar turbulence.
Jules Verne's Formulation of the Fermi Question
Authors: Smith Graeme H. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Jules Verne's novel Around the Moon envisions the circumlunar flight of a crewed projectile around the lunar farside ending with a safe return to Earth. The novel is justifiably famous, partly because of certain parallels it contains to the U.S. Apollo program a century later. What is less appreciated is that the novel contains a rather direct statement of what would later become known as the Fermi Question or Fermi Paradox.
Thermophysical and Compositional Analyses of Dunes at Hargraves Crater, Mars
Authors: Emran A. , Marzen L. J. , King Jr. D. T. , Chevrier V. F. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We analyze thermal emission spectra using the 2001 Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System and the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer to characterize grain size and mineralogical composition of dunes at Hargraves crater, Mars. Thermal inertia and bulk composition of the dunes were compared to inferred provenances from the thermal infrared response of surface constituent materials. We use a Markov Chain Monte Carlo technique to estimate the bulk amount of mineralogy contributed by each inferred provenance to the dune field composition. An average thermal inertia value of 238 ± 17 Jm−2 K−1 s−0.5 was found for the dunes, corresponding to a surface composed of an average effective grain size of ∼391 ± 172 μm. This effective particle size suggests the presence of mostly medium sand-sized materials mixed with fine and coarse grain sands. The dunes are likely composed of a weakly indurated surface mixed with unconsolidated materials. Compositional analysis specifies that the dunes are composed of a mixture of feldspar, olivine, pyroxene, and relatively low bulk-silica content. Dune materials were likely derived from physical weathering, especially aeolian erosion, predominantly from the crater ejecta unit at the crater, mixed with a small amount from the crater floor and crater rim and wall lithologies—indicating that the dune materials were likely sourced locally.
On the Fate of Interstellar Objects Captured by Our Solar System
Authors: Napier Kevin J , Adams Fred C , Batygin Konstantin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
With the recent discoveries of interstellar objects Oumuamua and Borisov traversing the solar system, understanding the dynamics of interstellar objects is more pressing than ever. These detections have highlighted the possibility that captured interstellar material could be trapped in our solar system. The first step in rigorously investigating this question is to calculate a capture cross section for interstellar objects as a function of hyperbolic excess velocity, which can be convolved with any velocity dispersion to compute a capture rate. Although the cross section provides the first step toward calculating the mass of alien rocks residing in our solar system, we also need to know the lifetime of the captured objects. We use an ensemble of N-body simulations to characterize a dynamical lifetime for captured interstellar objects and determine the fraction of surviving objects as a function of time (since capture). We also illuminate the primary effects driving their secular evolution. Finally, we use the resulting dynamical lifetime function to estimate the current inventory of captured interstellar material in the solar system. We find that capture from the field yields a steady-state mass of only ∼10−13
M
⊕, whereas the mass remaining from capture events in the birth cluster is roughly 10−9
M
⊕.
Functional Disability to Evaluate the Risk of Arthritis in First-degree Relatives of Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Wiens Dana , Smolik Irene , Meng Xiaobo , Anaparti Vidyanand , El-Gabalawy Hani S. , O’Neil Liam J. 
Published: November 2021

ObjectiveThe events that occur prior to the onset of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) continue to be delineated. We examined the relationship between self-reported joint symptoms, functional disability, and anticitrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) status in a cohort of first-degree relatives (FDR) of patients with RA who are at risk of future disease development.MethodsWe studied a cohort of 279 FDR of First Nations (FN) patients with RA who are at increased risk for future RA development, and analyzed data collected at their enrollment study visit. In parallel, we analyzed data from 279 FN subjects with no family history of RA. A subset of FDR developed inflammatory arthritis and we analyzed longitudinal data in this group.ResultsThe prevalence of joint symptoms and functional disability was higher in FDR compared to non-FDR (all P < 0.001). Difficulty walking (37.3% vs 18.0%) and modified Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) results were higher in ACPA-positive FDR compared to ACPA-negative FDR, and HAQ was independently associated with ACPA seropositivity (OR 2.79, 95% CI 1.56–5.00). Longitudinally, in individuals who developed ACPA-positive RA, ACPA level and HAQ score were significantly associated (R = 0.45, P < 0.001) in the preclinical period.ConclusionCompared to population-based controls, FDR have a high burden of joint symptoms and functional disability. Functional disability was most closely associated with ACPA seropositivity in the FDR, suggesting a direct role for ACPA outside of the context of clinically detectable synovitis. HAQ appears to be particularly valuable in the assessment of individuals at risk for future RA development.
Representation of Skin of Color in Rheumatology Educational Resources
Authors: Bae Chay , Cheng Michael , Kraus Christina N. , Desai Sheetal 
Published: November 2021

ObjectiveTo investigate the availability of images representing Black, Indigenous, and people of color in rheumatology educational resources.MethodsColor images were collected from 5 major educational resources and cataloged by the resources they came from, underlying rheumatic conditions, and skin type. Fitzpatrick skin type (FST) was used to categorize images into “light,” “dark,” or “indeterminate.” The images were initially scored by a fellow in the Division of Rheumatology and subsequently validated by a faculty member from the Department of Dermatology.ResultsOf the thousands of images reviewed, 1604 images met study criteria. FST validation from the Department of Dermatology resulted in the recoding of 111 images. The final scoring revealed 86% of the images to be light skin, 9% of images to be dark skin, and 5% of images to be indeterminate.ConclusionThe paucity of dark skin images in rheumatology resources is incongruent with current diversity estimates in the US. Significant efforts should be made to incorporate images of Black, Indigenous, and people of color into educational resources.
Comparing the Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy with Ibuprofen in Improving Myofascial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome
Authors: Abbasi Farid , Moaddabi Ali , Beithardan Ghazal , Asnaashari Mohammad , Rezaei Seyede Fateme , Moaddabi Amirhossein 
Published: November 2021

Introduction
Myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome (MPDS) can be a consequence of conditions such as temporomandibular disorders. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of diode laser and ibuprofen to reduce pain and inflammation in patients with MPDS.

Methods and materials:
In this study, 40 patients with MPDS were randomly divided into two groups. One group received ibuprofen 500 mg two times a day for 3 weeks and had placebo laser sessions. The other group received active laser (diode 810 nm CW) as treatment factor and placebo drug. Pain intensity was measured by visual analog scale and maximum painless mouth opening was also measured as a functional index every session and in a 2-month follow-up. Data were collected and analyzed using independent t test and analysis of variance (α = 0.05). Results Low-level laser group showed a significant reduction in pain and a significant increase in mouth opening. In ibuprofen group, neither pain intensity nor maximum mouth opening had significant improvement. Conclusion Treatment with low-level laser improved mouth opening and pain intensity significantly in patients with MPDS. Therefore, low-level laser can be a good treatment modality for these patients.
Potential for Spatial Laminar Airflow to Prevent Interdental-Chair Contamination in Multichair Dental Operatories
Authors: Khursheed Dler Ali , Muhsin Bnar Mohammed , Rauf Aras Maruf 
Published: November 2021

Introduction:
The dental clinic has for a long time been considered as a risky place for infection dissemination. Due to aerosol generating procedures, the risk of cross-transmission in dental clinics has recently risen. Open dental clinics should undergo present-time reassessment concerning infection control, in particular, to consider the implications of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic for today’s advanced technological and medical practices. It might be necessary to make urgent and appropriate modifications to the design of air circulation systems in the dental environment to prevent microbial transmission.

The Hypothesis:
In order to minimise cross-transmission in multi-chair dental operatories, we have designed two model ventilation systems with 12 and 36 air change/hour capacities and with laminar airflow direction. The conditioned air directly blows into the dental treatment units, especially into the aerosol generating area, where the contamination is more concentrated. We hypothesise that these new designs could serve to isolate dental treatment units to function separately like closed dental operatories while keeping them open to each other.

Evaluation of the Hypothesis:
Thorough physical and biological investigations will be required to determine how these designs can be applied effectively in terms of the required spatial separation of dental treatment units in the open multi-chair dental operatories.
Etiology of Primary Amenorrhea
Authors: Mishra Rajesh Kumar , Kohli Uttara Aiyer , Seth Atul , Tripathy Sumeet Ranjan 
Published: November 2021

Objectives:
The etiology of primary amenorrhea is varied and can involve different organ systems. Gonadal dysgenesis and Mullerian agenesis are two most common disorders contributing to it. However, there is no consensus about the prevalence of different etiologies among studies reported from different parts of the world. The present study was carried out to evaluate different etiological factors responsible for primary amenorrhea in Western India.

Materials and Methods:
This was a prospective observational study carried out at a tertiary care hospital in Maharashtra. Thirty cases of primary amenorrhea were evaluated over a period of 2 years and data were analyzed regarding etiology and various management options.

Results:
Fourteen out of 30 cases had Mullerian agenesis and gonadal dysgenesis was reported in five cases. No case of genital tuberculosis was reported in our study. Most cases of Mullerian agenesis were managed with vaginoplasty, whereas cases of gonadal dysgenesis were managed with cyclical hormonal therapy.

Conclusion:
Mullerian agenesis was the most common etiology of primary amenorrhea followed by gonadal dysgenesis in our study. Diagnosis of patients of amenorrhea should be meticulous and their management depends on the underlying etiology.
Linear Growth Faltering Is Associated with Subsequent Adverse Child Cognitive Developmental Outcomes in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (REDUCE Program)
Authors: George Christine Marie , Perin Jamie , Kuhl Jennifer , Williams Camille , Coglianese Nicole , Thomas Elizabeth D. , Bauler Sarah , François Ruthly , Ng Angela , Kang Yunhee , Presence Amani Sanvura , Jean Claude Bisimwa Rusanga , Tofail Fahmida , Mirindi Patrick , Cirhuza Lucien Bisimwa 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT.
Globally, 140 million children under 5 years of age are estimated to be stunted. Previous studies have found an association between stunting and poor cognitive outcomes. However, there is limited evidence of this association in sub-Saharan African settings, such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). This prospective cohort study of 286 children under 5 years was conducted in rural DRC to investigate the association between diarrhea prevalence, child growth, and child cognitive developmental outcomes. Developmental outcomes were assessed by communication, fine motor, gross motor, personal social, problem-solving, and combined developmental scores measured by the Extended Ages and Stages Questionnaire (EASQ) at a 6-month follow-up visit. Height and weight were measured at baseline and a 6-month follow-up. Diarrhea prevalence was assessed through surveillance visits. Diarrhea prevalence was not associated with follow-up combined EASQ Z-scores at the 6-month follow-up (coefficient: −0.06 [95% CI: −0.29, 0.17]). Each additional standard deviation (SD) increase in height-for-age Z-scores from baseline to the 6-month follow-up increased combined EASQ Z-scores by 0.22 (95%: 0.14, −0.31) SDs. Each additional SD increase in weight-for-age Z-scores from baseline to the 6-month follow-up increased combined EASQ Z-scores by 0.21 (95%: 0.10, −0.32) SDs. Linear growth faltering and reduced weight gain were associated with reduced cognitive developmental outcomes among children residing in rural DRC. Interventions are urgently needed for this susceptible pediatric population to improve child growth and cognitive developmental outcomes.
Clinical, Sociodemographic and Environmental Risk Factors for Acute Bacterial Diarrhea among Adults and Children over Five Years in Bangladesh
Authors: Nasrin Sabiha , Garbern Stephanie C. , Gainey Monique , Kanekar Samika , Monjory Mahmuda , Ahmed Dilruba , Qu Kexin , Chu Tzu-Chun , Schmid Christopher H. , Nelson Eric J. , Ahmed Tahmeed , Alam Nur H. , Levine Adam C. 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT.
In 2016, diarrheal disease was the eighth leading cause of mortality globally accounting for over 1.6 million deaths with the majority of deaths in adults and children over 5 years. This study aims to investigate the clinical, sociodemographic, and environmental risk factors associated with common bacterial acute diarrhea among adults and children over 5. Data were collected from March 2019 to March 2020 in patients over 5 years presenting with acute gastroenteritis at icddr,b. Stool samples were collected from each patient for culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. Bivariate associations between independent variables and stool-testing indicating bacterial etiology were calculated. This analysis included 2,133 diarrheal patients of whom a bacterial enteropathogen was identified in 1,537 (72%). Detection of bacteria was associated with: younger age (OR 0.92; 95% CI: 0.88–0.96), lower mean arterial pressure (OR 0.84; 95% CI: 0.79–0.89), heart rate (OR 1.06; 95% CI: 1.01–1.10), percentage dehydration (OR 1.33; 95% CI: 1.13–1.55), respiration rate (OR 1.23; 95% CI: 1.04–1.46), lower mid-upper arm circumference (OR 0.97; 95% CI: 0.94–0.99), confused/lethargic mental status (OR 1.85; 95% CI: 1.11–3.25), rice watery stool (OR 1.92; 95% CI: 1.54–2.41), and vomiting more than three times in the past 24 hours (OR 1.30; 95% CI: 1.06–1.58). Higher monthly income (OR 0.92; 95% CI: 0.86–0.98), > 8 years of education (OR 0.79; 95% CI: 0.63–1.00), and having more than five people living at home (OR 0.80; 95% CI: 0.66–0.98) were associated with lower odds of bacterial diarrhea. These findings may help guide the development of predictive tools to aid in identifying patients with bacterial diarrhea for timely and appropriate use of antibiotics.
The Burden of Acute Febrile Illness Attributable to Dengue Virus Infection in Sri Lanka: A Single-Center 2-Year Prospective Cohort Study (2016–2019)
Authors: Tissera Hasitha , Samaraweera Preshila , de Boer Melanie , Gandhi Sanjay , Malvaux Ludovic , Mehta Shailesh , Palihawadana Paba , Vantomme Valerie , Paris Robert , Schmidt Alexander 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT.
We performed a 2-year prospective cohort study to determine the incidence of dengue in Angoda, Colombo district, Sri Lanka (NCT02570152). The primary objective was to determine the incidence of acute febrile illness (AFI) because of laboratory confirmed dengue (LCD). Secondary objectives were to determine AFI incidence because of non-LCD, describe AFI symptoms, and estimate AFI incidence because of LCD by dengue virus (DENV)-type and age group. Participants from households with at least one minor and one adult (≤50 years) were enrolled and followed with scheduled weekly visits and, in case of AFI, unscheduled visits. Blood was collected for DENV detection at AFI visits, and symptoms recorded during the 7-day period following AFI onset. A total of 2,004 participants were enrolled (971 children, and 1,033 adults). A total of 55 LCD episodes were detected (overall incidence of 14.2 per 1,000 person-years). Incidence was the highest among children < 5 years (21.3 per 1,000 person-years) and 5–11 years (22.7 per 1,000 person-years), compared with adults ≥ 18 years (9.2 per 1,000 person-years). LCD was mostly (83.6%) caused by DENV-2 (n = 46), followed by DENV-1 (n = 6) and DENV-3 (n = 3). Common symptoms of LCD were headache, fatigue, myalgia, loss of appetite, and arthralgia. Incidence of AFI because of non-LCD was 47.3 per 1,000 person-years. In conclusion, this study reports the LCD incidence for a DENV-2 dominated epidemic that is comparable to the incidence of suspected dengue reported passively for 2017, one of the worst outbreaks in recent history.
Percepción hacia la implementación de la actividad turística en la microrregión Masiaca
Authors: Herrera Quijada Julio Antonio , Moncayo Rodríguez Lizette , Sosa Covarrubias John , Sosa Covarrubias John 
Published: November 2021

En la actualidad muchas comunidades alrededor del mundo se están percatando de la riqueza de su patrimonio, tanto natural como cultural. El llevar a cabo el turismo rural puede ser un camino difícil, que podría llegar a depender en su mayoría del apoyo de la misma comunidad y no del líder del proyecto. Tomando como referencia lo mencionado, se puede resaltar la importancia de la percepción de los miembros en una comunidad para el desarrollo de la misma. Hoy en día existen instrumentos de medición de la percepción en la actividad turística que permite mostrar aquellas expectativas, opiniones y pensamientos que la comunidad no logra expresar comúnmente y son de vital importancia para el éxito en la comunidad.

El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar el nivel de aceptación de la población hacia la implementación de la actividad turística en la microrregión Masiaca, a través una metodología de estudio de la percepción de la comunidad con el fin de impulsar el turismo rural. Uno de los motivos por los cuales se decidió realizar esta investigación es porque la microrregión se encuentra desarrollando proyectos relacionados con el impulso al turismo rural y no existen datos sobre la percepción de la comunidad hacia la implementación de la actividad turística, por lo tanto, se optó por aplicar el instrumento que han utilizado previamente Andereck y Nyaupane (2011), Stylidis (2012), Stylidis, et, al., (2014) y Loor Pilay (2016), adaptado a la microrregión Masiaca con el fin de identificar áreas de oportunidad y crecimiento en las opiniones de la comunidad.

Dicho instrumento consta de seis dimensiones a desarrollar, tales como el beneficio del turismo si se implementara en la microrregión, impactos positivos en la microrregión, impactos negativos en la microrregión, posibilidades de Masiaca hacia la actividad turística, apoyo al desarrollo económico y restricciones al desarrollo futuro del turismo. Esto con el fin de medir en todos los ámbitos posibles la percepción de la actividad turística en la comunidad. Se obtuvo como resultado que el nivel de aceptación de la población hacia la implementación de la actividad turística en la microrregión Masiaca es alto, debido a que de acuerdo al instrumento aplicado para medir la percepción de los miembros de la comunidad en distintos aspectos se encontraron resultados muy favorables para el turismo.