bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digital Pornography and Everyday Life
Authors: Johnson Jennifer A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
No longer is the pornographic landscape restrictive, hidden, and controllable by conventional moral and regulatory frameworks. Instead, digital pornography is both hyperaccessible and hypersexualized, occupying an estimated 4%–20% of all digital media. The digital data generated through online interactions with this massive amount of content has opened new windows into an industry that has radically reshaped sexual practices and sexual health yet itself operates in the shadows of algorithms and bots. Sociology, as a critical social science, has little to say about the material realities of this ubiquitous sexual script, ceding important intellectual ground to medical/psychological sciences and cultural studies. Understanding the techno-economic structure of the digital pornography industry and its impact on sexuality requires a rethinking of conventional theoretical and empirical approaches, which I argue should be led by digital sociology. Digital sociology is a critical approach to studying the digital environment that focuses on ways in which digital media (re)produce institutions, structures, and systems of inequality as well as (re)shape human relationships and personal identities. Focusing on the production, distribution, and consumption of digital pornography using new forms of digital data would represent a paradigm adjustment to typical approaches the who, what, when, and where of pornography as well as the impact of types of content across particularized groups. Given that digital pornography is now the dominant normative framework for sexuality for adolescents and adults alike, it is essential that sociology re-engage with the material and structural realities of this powerful form of sexual education.
Digital War
Authors: Boichak Olga 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Digital war is an elusive concept that invokes imaginaries of bloodless and fully virtual battles happening somewhere on a computer screen. Yet, the suffering and devastation brought about by armed conflicts around the world remains a harrowing constant. Digital technologies do not simply offer new capabilities in conducting military operations: extending the battlefronts into the realms of communication and perception, they reconstitute the social conditions shaping people’s relationship to wars. Blurring the boundaries between military and civilian actors, physical and mediated battlefronts, weapons and witnesses, digital media afford unprecedented opportunities for remote participation in wars. Sociologists are uniquely positioned to foreground the emerging participatory patterns in military conflicts, attending to the higher-order social transformations that challenge and transform present-day wars. This chapter begins by putting sociological traditions of studying wars in a dialogue with media studies literature, demonstrating how an understanding of digital media can inform social theory around contemporary conflicts. Next, I conceptualize digital war as a field of inquiry, mapping its emerging themes, objects of analysis, and interdisciplinary connections. The chapter concludes with an epistemological framework for making sense of emerging participatory patterns and their significance for the participants, as well as for the larger institutions on behalf of which wars are fought.
Gender and Comparative Environmental Politics
Authors: Detraz Nicole 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter uses gender lenses to evaluate recent population debates and the implications of dominant discourses within those debates. It asks about the gendered implications of environment and population discourses by focusing largely on population discourses in the US context that have also tended to have implications far outside US borders. Paying particular attention to the politics of climate change, the chapter argues that environment and population discourses in multiple spaces continue to reflect rigid gender norms and assumptions about who in society are environmental saviors and who are environmental problems. It argues that failure to critically evaluate population discourses contributes to injustice among peoples and among states. While the most extreme forms of population discourses linking women’s fertility to food insecurity and environmental decline have shifted away from their most extreme versions, other developments are also worrying from the perspective of gender justice.
An Intersectional Exploration of Climate Institutions
Authors: Kronsell Annica , Magnusdottir Gunnhildur Lily , Rask Nanna , Singleton Benedict E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Governing bodies at different levels are authoritative institutions and civil servants/policy-makers are key actors in realizing global and national climate objectives. They have largely failed to create effective, legitimate, democratic, and just policies. This is problematic in light of research that views the climate transition as a social and behavioral concern and stresses the importance of paying attention to social effects in policy-making. The authors explore the Swedish climate institutions: the Environmental Protection Agency, the Traffic Administration, the Energy Agency, and the Innovation Agency. They analyzed key policy documents and 31 interviews questions on how social issues are understood and dealt with in institutional practices. The authors confirmed that emphasis has been on technological innovations and economic incentives. Although policy-makers recognize the relevance of social concerns, efforts to date seem insufficient. The main challenge is how to incorporate such concerns when action is restricted by institutional path dependencies. The authors’ approach starts in feminist institutionalism and adds intersectionality in an analytical lens that helps explore how power relations are embedded within climate institutions and can explain their effects. Insights are that power relations are context-specific and situated in a certain place and time. The authors’ method of how to pursue contextually sensitive and situated analyses of complex intersections of power can be used across contexts in further comparative studies.
Comparative International Fisheries Management
Authors: DeSombre Elizabeth R. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
High-seas fisheries are managed by a set of approximate 20 regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) that vary in terms of membership, structure, processes, and health of the stocks they manage. These RFMOs have tackled similar challenges in sometimes different and sometimes convergent ways, learning from each other and occasionally collaborating. This chapter gives an overview of the difficulties of international fisheries management; the primary regulatory approaches (and their evolution) in these organizations, such as voting rules and options to opt out of collective regulations; and the efforts to monitor and enforce rules that have been created. Individually and sometimes collectively RFMOs have worked to decrease the ability of states or vessels to fish outside of the regulatory process, including making it difficult for fish caught outside of RFMO rules to find markets, and they have increased the ability to monitor compliance. While some scholars argue that the regional nature of fisheries management causes problems and that there should be fewer organizations regulating international fisheries, RFMOs have resisted consolidation or management collaboration. Ultimately there is still much to be learned about the sources of effectiveness in management of high-seas fisheries.
National Climate Mitigation Policy in Europe
Authors: Tobin Paul , Wylie Louise 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Despite a reputation for climate policy leadership, European states vary markedly in their responses to climate change. During the 2010s, a “conglomerate of crises” afflicted Europe, stymying climate ambitions to varying degrees. Yet climate change had ascended European political agendas by the decade’s close, championed by new social movements and voices and mirrored by innovative policy approaches, such as “Climate Emergency” declarations. In turn, this peak of engagement was followed by the COVID-19 pandemic. In such a tumultuous setting, the literature on comparative European environmental politics faces a complexity crisis as it seeks to map multiple axes of ambition across multiple levels. In this chapter, the authors problematize the identification of leaders and laggards within climate mitigation studies, as well as identify the challenges inherent to comparing state performance. They also examine recent policy and research trends, analyze the importance of policy resilience during crises, and emphasize the utility of multilevel understanding in national climate analysis.
Fracked Taxpayers and Communities
Authors: Gamper-Rabindran Shanti 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The US and Argentinian shale industry enjoyed staunch support from domestic political, financial, and legal institutions, which enabled the industry to expand while externalizing financial, public health, and environmental costs to the general public. The Argentinian government’s decision to finance shale investments and the US and Argentinian governments’ decisions to finance the industry bailout sustained the industry even as its poor financial outlook that predated the COVID-19 crisis became widely acknowledged. State and provincial governments in both the United States and Argentina employed the legal system to prohibit local government and local communities, including Indigenous communities, from restricting shale development and infrastructures in their localities. Politicians’ support for the industry, cloaked as concerns for workers and communities, fortified the industry’s privileges. Reforming the entrenched institutional support for the industry, although a formidable challenge, is necessary for these countries to shift away from oil and gas dependency.
Lexical Plurals
Authors: Alexiadou Artemis 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis chapter discusses the morphological and semantic criteria that have been proposed in the literature to characterize lexical plurals. The chapter provides a distinction between lexical and grammatical plurality and offers a discussion of their respective syntactic representation. It discusses data from a variety of typologically unrelated languages and it briefly addresses the question of the morphosyntactic distribution of plurality in language contact and change.
Singulative Systems
Authors: Dali Myriam , Mathieu Eric 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis chapter gives an overview of singulative systems, focusing on a few languages, including Arabic, Breton, Welsh. First, we introduce relevant data showing how a singulative noun is formed from a collective noun or a mass term. Second, we show that it is possible for singulative nouns to be pluralized and that, in some languages (e.g. Arabic), this plural contrasts semantically with the collective form. Third, we review existing accounts of singulatives and show that one main issue in the literature is whether the singulative operation is an inflectional or a derivational operation. Singulatives are interesting because they shed light on number and gender and show that, morphologically, the singular is not always unmarked.
Multiple Events and ‘N Preposition N’
Authors: Beck Sigrid 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis chapter discusses structures like ‘Sandy wrote book after book’, in which a central preposition is combined with two identical nouns. The interpretation is a plurality of events, in the example a plurality of writing books. The semantic properties of the construction are discussed. An analysis is offered in terms of event pluralization, with ‘N-Preposition-N’ a pluractional modifier. This is embedded in a general theory of plural predication.
Dual in Slovenian
Authors: Marušič Franc , Žaucer Rok 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSlovenian is one of only three contemporary Slavic languages which productively use the dual. In Standard Slovenian, all number-inflecting parts of speech exhibit special forms for the dual, but Slovenian dialects exhibit significant variation in the expression of dual, with most having neutralized one part of the dual paradigm or another. Although dual nouns are typically used together with the numeral ‘two’ or quantifier ‘both’, this is neither a hard-and-fast nor an across-the-board rule. The dual is traditionally described as the number referring to the value of ‘two’ or ‘one plus one’, but it is not used with pair nouns, such as paired body parts, despite their inherent duality. Its interpretation seems closest to that of the numeral ‘two’.
Noun Classes and Plurality in Bantu Languages
Authors: Marten Lutz 
Published: August 2021

AbstractNoun classes are a prominent grammatical feature of Bantu languages where typically each noun (or noun stem) is assigned to one of between fifteen and eighteen noun classes. Noun classes are often analysed as a form of nominal classification system and seen as belonging to the same domain as grammatical gender systems. Number in Bantu languages is mediated by the noun class system and the intricate interaction between noun class and number in Bantu has given rise to different theoretical analyses. The chapter focuses on three approaches to analysing grammatical number in Bantu languages—approaches based on an inflectional notion of number, those which analyse number as a derivational relation, and approaches adopting notions of polysemy and paradigms for analysing Bantu noun class systems.
Character, Form, and Fiction
Authors: Bromley Amy 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the ways in which Woolf conceptualizes character as ‘type’ and ‘figure’, as a textual entity and a construct of literary language. It argues that caricature and sketching are significant modes of characterization and ‘scene-making’ in much of Woolf’s writing. Approaching through analysis of Woolf’s rhetorical strategies and deployment of character in selected essays, it discusses the importance of character sketches in novels including Jacob’s Room, Mrs Dalloway, and Orlando: A Biography. The chapter also outlines the importance of the character sketch as a form in her diaries, letters, memoirs, and short fiction, and foregrounds ‘An Unwritten Novel’ (1920) as a character sketch in which Woolf demonstrates the dependence of narrative on the concept of character.
Woolf as Reviewer-Critic
Authors: McNees Eleanor 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In 1904, Virginia Woolf embarked on a vocation that she, like her father, frequently disparaged, but one she continued to pursue for over three decades. From her first anonymous review of a novel by Howells, to her last review of a biography of Samuel Johnson’s friend, ‘Mrs Thrale’, Woolf arguably devoted more time to the profession of book reviewing than to her novels and essays. This chapter chronicles Woolf’s progression from novice reviewer in the Guardian through her long apprenticeship in the TLS to her final reviews in the New Statesman and Nation. Gradually Woolf learned to transform the review from a craft into an art and to teach her audience how to read both impressionistically and critically. Woolf’s oeuvre—over four hundred reviews in just under four decades—demonstrates a more fruitful partnership between author, reader, and reviewer than she admits in her 1939 essay ‘Reviewing’.
Biopower
Authors: Detloff Madelyn 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Virginia Woolf lived and worked during the ascendancy of Euro-American biopower. This essay takes up the tools of queer, crip, and antiracist theories to analyse Woolf’s engagement with three strands of biopower—state racism, heteronormativity, and ableist normativity—as well as a fourth Woolfian form elaborated upon in Three Guineas, state genderism. We can trace the entwinement of biopower in the racist and ableist elements of Woolf’s own work, accounts of how Woolf herself was treated by medical and mental health practitioners, and in Woolf’s own attempts to break down reified notions of desire and bodily comportment that are harmfully crystalized by biopolitical discourse. Woolf’s engagement with biopower is not always progressive, but the complexities of her art and work yield a rich picture of how biopower worked in the early twentieth century and how artists and intellectuals both deployed and resisted its workings.
Feminist Theory
Authors: Mills Jean 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines Virginia Woolf’s foundational role in the development of feminist theory, placing her theoretical positions on women’s lives and life-writing, privacy, the body, and self-expression in dialogue with a diverse and actively changing continuum of feminist thought. Focusing on the return of rage to the forefront of feminist discourse and social media’s effect upon feminist politics, the chapter chronicles the changing critical responses to Woolf’s feminisms, in relation to her positions on feminist identities and feminist community. The chapter also investigates the ways in which women of colour feminists disclosed Woolf’s racialized self and racist thinking to assess the place of Woolf’s feminism in contemporary political thought. From issues seeking to reconcile and value difference and diversity with the uses of ambivalence and calls for unity and integration, the chapter places the concepts and vocabulary of feminist theory within the context of Virginia Woolf’s work and example.
Intersubjectivity is Activity Plus Accountability
Authors: Enfield N. J. , Sidnell Jack 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Intersubjectivity is central to human social life. We argue that the uniquely human form of intersubjectivity can be defined as the combination of activity and accountability. It consists of more than merely sharing knowledge or perspectives. Intersubjectivity arises through human social activity in which people pursue shared goals and where their respective contributions are observable and subject to public evaluation. We also argue that human intersubjectivity is intertwined with language, in two ways. First, some form of intersubjectivity is necessary for language to have evolved in our species in the first place. Second, language then transforms the nature of our intersubjectivity, through its definitive properties of inferentially articulated description, self-reflexivity, and productive grammatical flexibility. Social accountability—the bedrock of society—is grounded in this linguistically transformed kind of intersubjectivity. We illustrate these points with reference to data from two relatively simple examples: two-person timber sawing and two-person mat-weaving.
The Origins of Money and Its Role in Modernity
Authors: Oakley Todd 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Money is a human creation arising from organic, technological, and symbolic resources. The complexity of its operations makes it difficult to comprehend. The origins of money can be dated with some accuracy, but the social and symbolic processes that led to this world-changing invention are poorly understood. One of the most persistent misunderstandings that adversely affects modern economic thinking is that money emerged from barter. As will be discussed, the origins of money have more fundamental symbolic, social, and political foundations in statecraft, warfare, religion, and gift-giving. Moreover, money develops among beings capable of considerable flexibility in combining or “blending” ideas from diverse, sometimes incommensurate, domains of knowledge and experience, and specifically among a species for whom institutions—socially constructed habits of thought and action—are ontologically criterial. This chapter aims to provide a foundation for thinking about money as an institutional semiotic system. Topics covered include money and barter; sovereign money; money and gift-giving; money and violence; the money/language analogy; and international monetary exchanges.
Small States in Global Markets
Authors: Brazys Sam , Regan Aidan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The Irish foreign direct investment (FDI) growth model has attracted attention from around the globe. While a significant amount of attention has been focused on how tax strategies and industrial policy have helped attract FDI to Ireland, fewer have examined the domestic political economy that supports the model. In this chapter, we examine the spatial and sector nature of FDI in Ireland and find that it concentrates heavily in a small number of sectors and locations. Collectively, we argue that this concentration, pressure on the Irish tax regime, and changing global macroeconomic conditions may shake the political economy of the Irish FDI growth model and render it unsustainable in the long run.
Open Government
Authors: Murphy Gary 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSince Irish independence in 1922, governance structures have been excessively secretive. Political and civil service elites operated on a presumption of secrecy and a principle that the public did not need to know about decisions being taken in their name. In the last two decades, a number of policy innovations have gone some way towards providing for a more open polity. These include Ombudsman, regulation of lobbying, and freedom of information legislation, enacted over concerns about payments to politicians and a series of catastrophic public policy decisions that led to the bailout of the Irish economy by the International Monetary Fund, the European Commission, and the European Central Bank. This chapter assesses the importance of the principle of open government in modern Irish politics. It examines the nature of secrecy, assesses the tentative opening up of government since the 1980s, and analyses the open government proposals introduced since 2011.
What Kind of Ireland?
Authors: Hardiman Niamh , Farrell David M. , Carolan Eoin , Coakley John , Regan Aidan , Scott Colin , Tonra Ben , Zellentin Alexa 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Modern Ireland is a relatively wealthy and politically stable democracy, but it bears the deep marks of its route to this point. This introductory chapter draws together some key themes that run through this volume and profiles the core contributions of each of its chapters. The overall story is one of contradictory influences. The political institutions of the state, notwithstanding much innovation over time, retain a bias toward a remarkably strong executive. The long-standing weaknesses of social democratic electoral mobilization both reflect and reinforce a conservative and market-oriented tilt in policy priorities. The ideas that animate public discourse show a creative but sometimes problematic tension between republican and communitarian ideals on the one hand, and liberal ideas and values on the other. Ireland has assumed a confident role on the world stage and especially within the European Union (EU), but relations with its nearest neighbour, the United Kingdom, can often be problematic, not least because of the complexity of the politics of Northern Ireland. And while on many measures Ireland is among the wealthiest of the EU member states, this is not the lived reality for a great many of its citizens, and the nuances of why this is so need to be carefully assessed. Overall, this introductory chapter offers an overview of the whole Handbook while also making an original contribution in its own right.