bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards decent work in the digital age: introducing the fairwork project in Germany
Authors: Bertolini Alessio , Borkert Maren , Ferrari Fabian , Graham Mark 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe Fairwork Project is an international action-research project that currently operates in over 20 countries. The project focuses on working conditions in the platform economy, in order to develop ‘fairness ratings’ for digital labour platforms. With respect to Germany, the project evaluated the working conditions offered by ten digital labour platforms, by scoring them against the Fairwork principles and producing a national league table. We found that even in a highly regulated labour market context like the German one, platform workers experience precarity and insecurity and have limited access to employment rights. A number of platform workers are classified as employees rather than self-employed, and this guarantees a number of employment rights, including entitlement to minimum wage, health and safety protection and social protection. However, the existence of an employment relationship does not necessarily ensure platform work to be fair as other factors, including the existence of complex networks of subcontracting, erode labour standards and deprive workers of basic employment rights.Practical Relevance: While there are tens of millions of digital platform workers around the world performing functions essential to society—as demonstrated drastically by the Covid-19 pandemic—by supplying food, care and passenger transportation services, many platform workers face low pay, precarity as well as poor and dangerous working conditions. Exposing fracture lines of inequalities affecting particularly women, migrants and minority-ethnic groups who form the core part of the gig workforce, the international Fairwork research project aims not just to understand the gig economy, but to change it.
Surface photosensitization of ZnO by ZnS to enhance the photodegradation efficiency for organic pollutants
Authors: Sunaina  , Devi Sapna , Nishanthi S. T. , Mehta S. K. , Ganguli A. K. , Jha Menaka 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIt is challenging to develop a material which has low cost, high activity, good stability and recyclability under light exposure. Apart from these properties, the photocatalyst should also have good visible region absorbance and low electron-hole pair recombination rate. Keeping all this in view, we have designed a simple scalable synthesis of ZnO–ZnS heterostructures for the photocatalytic treatment of industrial waste (p-nitrophenol and methyl orange). The ZnO–ZnS heterostructures are synthesized via a solvent-free route by thermal annealing of solid-state mixture of ZnO and thiourea (a sulphur source) which results in ZnO–ZnS core shell kind of heterostructure formation. The interface formation between the ZnO–ZnS heterostructure favored the band-gap reduction in comparison to the bare ZnO and ZnS nanoparticles. Further, these ZnO–ZnS heterostructures were utilized as a photocatalyst for the degradation of toxic phenolic molecules (p-nitrophenol) and harmful organic dyes (methyl orange) present in the water under the light exposure (> 390 nm).
Detection and molecular characterization of enteric adenovirus in treated wastewater in the Brazilian Federal District
Authors: Quintão T. S. C. , Silva F. G. , Pereira A. L. , Araújo W. N. , Oliveira P. M. , Souza M. B. L. D. , Lamounier T. A. , Haddad R. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHuman enteric viruses, such as enteric adenoviruses (HAdV), are known to be involved with gastrointestinal disorders, especially acute gastroenteritis. Several studies have used HAdV as an indicator of water quality, since they are considered highly stable and widely distributed viruses in water matrices. The aim of this study was to detect and genotype HAdVs in water matrices impacted by discharges of treated effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Wastewater treatment plants from the sanitary system of the Brazilian Federal District were assessed in 2018 and 2019. Samples were collected upstream and downstream from discharge points for each WWTP. Viral concentration based on adsorption-elution and conventional PCR was used for molecular detection, and positive samples were sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. Pluviosity data for the period in which the samples were collected were obtained. Our results demonstrated the presence of HAdVs in 27.2% (61/224) of the samples. The positivity was significantly higher in downstream samples compared to upstream. Moreover, the HAdV positivity was higher in downstream samples collected from receiving water bodies impacted by secondary-level WWTPs in comparison with those impacted by tertiary-level WWTPs. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the presence of genotypes 40 and 41, with prevalence of HAdV genotype 41. Despite the predominance of HAdV-41, an increasing frequency of the HAdV-40 was associated with higher pluviosity. In conclusion, this study is the first documentation in the Brazilian Federal District dealing with the prevalence and diversity of HAdVs in several WWTP, along with their correlation with rainfall index.
Personnel Power: Governing State-Owned Enterprises
Authors: Leutert Wendy , Vortherms Samantha A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractState-owned enterprises (SOEs) retain a strong presence in many economies around the world. How do governments manage these firms given their dual economic and political nature? Many states use authority over executive appointments as a key means of governing SOEs. We analyze the nature of this “personnel power” by assessing patterns in SOE leaders’ political mobility in China, the country with the largest state-owned sector. Using logit and multinomial models on an original dataset of central SOE leaders’ attributes and company information from 2003 to 2017, we measure the effects of economic performance and political connectedness on leaders’ likelihood of staying in power. We find that leaders of well-performing firms and those with patronage ties to elites in charge of their evaluation are more likely to stay in office. These findings suggest that states can leverage personnel power in pursuit of economic and political stability when SOE management is highly politically integrated.
War on Waste: Challenges and Experiences in COVID-19 Waste Management
Authors: Gowda Naveen R. , Siddharth Vijaydeep , Inquillabi Khalid , Sharma D. K. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjective:Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has posed formidable challenges, including overwhelming biomedical waste management. Guidelines have been rapidly changing along with the mounting pressure of waste generation.Methods:These challenges were managed by smart re-engineering of structure and processes for the desired outcomes. Dedicated staff, in personal protective equipment with appropriate training, were deployed to collect waste using dedicated trolleys. A dedicated route plan was drawn with a dedicated elevator meant for COVID-19. A new temporary holding area was created. Dedicated trucks with requisite labels were deployed to transport COVID-19 waste to a common biomedical waste treatment facility. Communication challenges were addressed through timely circulars, which were further reinforced and reiterated during various on-going training programs.Results:Before the onset of COVID-19 pandemic, the amount of biomedical waste generated was 1.93 kg/bed/day; currently, the quantity of COVID-19 biomedical waste generated is 7.76 kg/COVID bed/day. Daily COVID-19 waste generation data are maintained and uploaded in an android application monitored by Central Pollution Control Board, Government of India. To date, none of the workers handling COVID-19 waste has acquired health-care associated COVID-19 infection, which reflects on the soundness of the new system and the infection control practices in the institute.Conclusions:A responsive leadership harmonizing with a robust communication and training system has augmented timely re-engineering of structure and processes for better outcomes in the war on waste.
WHY DIVIDE MIGRANTS BY THEIR TYPES?: CONTACTS AND PERCEPTIONS OF MIGRANTS IN JAPAN
Authors: Woo Yujin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis article compares the public perceptions of various types of migrants in Japan and examines whether Japanese view them equally. Using an original survey, which presented six types of migrants that Japanese people most commonly face in their daily lives, I show several interesting results. First, respondents express the most negative views toward labor migrants. Second, respondents who have migrant friends tend to have more positive feelings for all types of migrants. In contrast, simple coexistence with migrants fails to enhance public sentiment toward labor migrants, particularly those whose stay is temporary. Overall, my statistical results suggest that Japanese people are not pessimistic about every kind of migrant, and their openness increases as migrants acculturate into Japanese society and interact with Japanese people. These findings provide evidence to influence policy discussions on whether Japan should recruit labor migrants in its current form in order to fight its aging population.
Surface mass balance and energy balance of the 79N Glacier (Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden, NE Greenland) modeled by linking COSIPY and Polar WRF
Authors: Blau M. T. , Turton J. V. , Sauter T. , Mölg T. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTo get a better overview of atmosphere-driven mass changes at the 79N Glacier (Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden Glacier), the largest outlet glacier of the northeast Greenland ice stream, the surface mass balance (SMB) is modeled by linking the COupled Snowpack and Ice surface energy and mass-balance model in PYthon (COSIPY) with the output of a regional atmospheric model (Polar WRF) for the years 2014–2018. After a manual model optimization, the model produces reliable results when compared to observations in the region and to values from the literature. High spatial resolution (1 km) simulations reveal strong interannual variability of the SMB. Stronger surface melting increased the ablation and runoff in years with high mass loss (2016 and 2017) whereas in other years (2015 and 2018) melting and refreezing inside the snowpack dominated the mass balance (MB). A cooler regional climate with higher snowfall-driven accumulation, higher albedo and reduced surface melt in the ablation period of 2018 resulted in a positive SMB in 2018, however, the annual total MB remained negative. The results suggest a promising new dataset for gaining more insights into mass-balance processes and their contribution to the acceleration of glacier retreat in northeast Greenland.
COUNTABLY PERFECTLY MEAGER SETS
Authors: POL ROMAN , ZAKRZEWSKI PIOTR 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe study a strengthening of the notion of a perfectly meager set. We say that a subset A of a perfect Polish space X is countably perfectly meager in X, if for every sequence of perfect subsets
$\{P_n: n \in \mathbb N\}$
of X, there exists an
$F_\sigma $
-set F in X such that
$A \subseteq F$
and
$F\cap P_n$
is meager in
$P_n$
for each n. We give various characterizations and examples of countably perfectly meager sets. We prove that not every universally meager set is countably perfectly meager correcting an earlier result of Bartoszyński.
HANKEL DETERMINANTS OF FACTORIAL FRACTIONS
Authors: CHU WENCHANG 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBy making use of the Cauchy double alternant and the Laplace expansion formula, we establish two closed formulae for the determinants of factorial fractions that are then utilised to evaluate several determinants of binomial coefficients and Catalan numbers, including those obtained recently by Chammam [‘Generalized harmonic numbers, Jacobi numbers and a Hankel determinant evaluation’, Integral Transforms Spec. Funct.30(7) (2019), 581–593].
True complexity of polynomial progressions in finite fields
Authors: Kuca Borys 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe true complexity of a polynomial progression in finite fields corresponds to the smallest-degree Gowers norm that controls the counting operator of the progression over finite fields of large characteristic. We give a conjecture that relates true complexity to algebraic relations between the terms of the progression, and we prove it for a number of progressions, including $x, x+y, x+y^{2}, x+y+y^{2}$ and $x, x+y, x+2y, x+y^{2}$. As a corollary, we prove an asymptotic for the count of certain progressions of complexity 1 in subsets of finite fields. In the process, we obtain an equidistribution result for certain polynomial progressions, analogous to the counting lemma for systems of linear forms proved by Green and Tao.
Epidemiological approach to nematode polyparasitism occurring in a sympatric wild ruminant multi-host scenario
Authors: Carrau Tessa , Martínez-Carrasco Carlos , Garijo María Magdalena , Alonso Francisco , Vizcaíno Luis León , Herrera-Russert José , Tizzani Paolo , Ruiz de Ybáñez Rocío 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe epidemiology behind multi-host/multi-parasite systems is particularly interesting to investigate for a better understanding of the complex dynamics naturally occurring in wildlife populations. We aimed to approach the naturally occurring polyparasitism of gastrointestinal nematodes in a sympatric wild ruminant scenario present in south-east Spain. To this end, the gastrointestinal tract of 252 wild ruminants of four different species (red deer,Cervus elaphus; mouflon,Ovis aries musimon; Iberian ibex,Capra pyrenaicaand fallow deer,Dama dama) were studied in Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas Natural Park (Andalusia, Spain). Of the analysed animals, 81.52% were positive for parasite infection and a total of 29 nematode species were identified. Out of these, 25 species were detected in at least two host species and 11 parasitized all ruminant species surveyed. The multi-host interaction between these nematodes and the four host species is discussed under the perspective of host family-based differences.
When decentralisation undermines representation: ethnic exclusion and state ownership in DR Congo's new provinces
Authors: Bezares Calderon Alma , Englebert Pierre , Jené Lisa 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAfrican regimes commonly use strategies of balanced ethnic representation to build support. Decentralisation reforms, often promoted in order to improve political representation and state access, can undermine such strategies. In this article we use the example of the DR Congo to show the extent to which the multiplication of decentralised provinces is upending a political system largely based until now upon collective ethnic representation in the state. Not only are Congo's new provinces more ethnically homogeneous than their predecessors, but many of them have also witnessed political takeover and monopolisation by the province's dominant ethnic group. In addition, the increased number of Congolese who now find themselves non-autochthonous to their province of residence heightens their vulnerability and the potential for local conflict. Decentralisation, whose intent was proximity to governance, might well end up excluding more Congolese from the benefits of political representation. The article uses original empirical evidence on provincial ethnic distributions to support its claims.
Military parade in Mali: understanding Malian politics through spectacle
Authors: Sow Alioune 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis essay argues that the Independence Day's military parade in Mali has become a strategic site to negotiate fragile military and civil relations, and a repository to promote social change through the military experience. Drawing on field observations of the parade of the 50th anniversary of Independence in Bamako and the literature on political transitions, this essay demonstrates that military parades constitute meaningful sites for alternative engagements with democratic transitions. It examines the tactics and mechanisms deployed by the Malian national army to negotiate past human rights violations and authoritarian practices, as well as to seek the army's rehabilitation following the collapse of the military regime. By analysing military parades as a form and practice consolidating the ‘social contract’ between the army and the public after the political transition, this article contributes to the scholarship on transition and the study of military parades within the African continent.
Taxonomic And Distributional Notes on The Genus Sphaerophorus
(Caliciales) In the Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Wedinal Mats 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Sphaerophorus diplotypus Vainio is reported
as new to mainland Africa (Tanzania). Sphaerophorus
digitaius Wang-Yang & Lai is reduced to a synonym of
S. diplotypus. The name
Sphaerophorus dodgei Ohlsson is validated and
a description of the species is given. Sphaerophorus
dodgei is recorded as being widespread and common in the
Valdivian rainforest of Chile and Argentina. Sphaerophorus
imshaugii Ohlsson is reported as new to the North and
South Islands of New Zealand. Sphaerophorus
macrocarpus Ohlsson is reported as new to South America
(Chile). In S. dodgei and S.
macrocarpus the spore ornamentation consists of mazaedial
material added to the spore wall after the spores have been released from
the asci. Concentric bodies occur in young ascospores of S.
macrocarpus. A protocetraric-acid-deficient strain of
S. microsporus Ohlsson is reported for the
first time. Sphaerophorus tibellii Wedin, from
northern New Zealand, is described as new.
Toxicity of petroleum hydrocarbons to Brachyuran crabs: a review of deleterious effects of oil-related xenobiotics on life stages
Authors: Karam Qusaie , Al-Wazzan Zainab 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPetroleum hydrocarbons (PH) toxicity and bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms have been investigated for almost 50 years. Continuous oil spillages necessitate a further understanding of the toxicological effects of PH on brachyuran crabs. Crabs can be exposed to PH through various routes such as the water column, sediment and diet. Numerous investigations have been dedicated to evaluating PH toxicity on different life stages of crab species, but the majority of them have focused on the blue crab Callinectes sapidus as it represents an edible and favourable seafood commodity for human consumption. The objective of the review is to critically assess studies related to PH toxicity on different life stages of 41 crab species representing 13 families across the world. Several physiological, biochemical and genetic endpoints of marine crabs were evaluated in addition to the sublethal effects of PH on crab metabolism, behaviour, moulting, growth and survival. A concise summary of PH deleterious effects on different taxonomic species of marine crabs is discussed and provides evidence that crabs can be used as indicator organisms of biomarker significance for marine pollution. Overall, larval stages appeared to be the most sensitive to the deleterious effects of PH compared with juveniles and adults. However, adult stages have received more research attention than other life stages, followed by larval stages, and juvenile stages are the least investigated stages with respect to PH toxicity. Finally, hepatopancreas and gills were the organs where greatest accumulation of PH was recorded.
The muʿtazila's arguments against divine command theory
Authors: Morvarid Hashem 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe Muʿtazilī theologians, particularly the later Imāmī ones, developed numerous interesting arguments against divine command theory. The arguments, however, have not received the attention they deserve. Some of the arguments have been discussed in passing, and some have not been discussed at all. In this article, I aim to present and analyse the arguments. To that end, I first distinguish between different semantic, ontological, epistemological, and theological theses that were often conflated in the debate, and examine the logical relation among them. Then I go over the Muʿtazila's arguments determining, among other things, which of the theses was targeted by each argument. In presenting the arguments, I focus mainly on the latekalāmperiod, the period falling roughly between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries of the common era, as the arguments were at their most sophisticated level by this time.
Time, trauma, and the brain: How suicide came to have no significant precipitating event
Authors: Lloyd Stephanie , Larivée Alexandre 
Published: June 2021

ArgumentIn this article, we trace shifting narratives of trauma within psychiatric, neuroscience, and environmental epigenetics research. We argue that two contemporary narratives of trauma – each of which concerns questions of time and psychopathology, of the past invading the present – had to be stabilized in order for environmental epigenetics models of suicide risk to be posited. Through an examination of these narratives, we consider how early trauma came to be understood as playing an etiologically significant role in the development of suicide risk. Suicide, in these models, has come to be seen as a behavior that has no significant precipitating event, but rather an exceptional precipitating neurochemical state, whose origins are identified in experiences of early traumatic events. We suggest that this is a part of a broader move within contemporary neurosciences and biopsychiatry to seelife as post: seeing life as specific form of post-traumatic subjectivity.
Decades of cholera in Odisha, India (1993–2015): lessons learned and the ways forward
Authors: Khuntia Hemant Kumar , Ramamurthy Thandavarayan , Bal Madhusmita , Pati Sanghamitra , Ranjit Manoranjan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCholera is one of the major public health problems in the state of Odisha, India since centuries. The current paper is a comprehensive report on epidemiology of cholera in Odisha, which was documented from 1993. PubMed and Web of Knowledge were searched for publications reporting cholera in Odisha during the period 1993–2015. The search was performed using the keywords ‘Odisha’ and/or ‘Orissa’ and ‘Cholera’. In addition, manual search was undertaken to find out relevant papers. During the study period, a total of 37 cholera outbreaks were reported with an average of >1.5 cholera outbreaks per year and case fatality ratio was 0.3%.Vibrio choleraeO1 Ogawa serotype was the major causative agent in most of the cholera cases. The recent studies demonstrated the prevalence ofV. choleraeO1, El Tor variants carryingctxB1,ctxB7and Haitian varianttcpAallele associated with polymyxin B sensitivity and these variants are replacing the proto type El Tor. The first report of variantctxB7in Odisha during super-cyclone 1999 predicted its emergence and subsequent spread causing cholera outbreaks. The prevalence of multidrug-resistantV. cholerae at different time periods created alarming situation. The efficacy trial of oral cholera vaccine (OCV, Shanchol) in a public health set-up in Odisha has shown encouraging results which should be deployed for community level vaccination among the vulnerable population. This paper has taken an effort to disseminate the valuable information of epidemiology of cholera that will influence the policy-makers and epidemiologists for constant surveillance in other parts of Odisha, India and around the globe.