bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development characteristics and formation mechanism of two-phase transfer zone during rifting in Wushi Sag, Beibuwan Basin, South China Sea
Authors: Dong Fang , Wu kongyou 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Based on the three-dimensional seismic dataset, we consider a key area in Beibuwan Basin, South China Sea, combined with quantitative analysis method, in order to define the features of transfer zone, and its temporal spatial development mechanism is revealed. The two boundary faults in the study area constitute an S-type fault system which does not connect. During the Paleogene rifting, the fault systems and Structuralstratigraphic characteristics between Eocene and Oligocene rifting sequences are different, the ways and quantities of transfer displacement are also distinctly different: (1) The two-phase of Eocene and Oligocene generally developed transfer zones, which were controlled by the structure background and boundary conditions, the formation mechanism of the transfer zone was different in time and space, the distribution of the transfer zone was distinctly different; (2) The Ailaoshan-Honghe strike slip fault, the extension derived from the expansion of the South China Sea have a significant impact on the transfer zone formation and characteristics. The segmented growth of the fault has a direct impact on the formation of the transfer zone. This study reveals the formation mechanism of the transfer zone of superimposed basins in China offshore, which is beneficial to hydrocarbon accumulation in Eocene and Oligocene sequences.
Seismic signal denoising method based on CEEMD and improved wavelet threshold
Authors: Qiao Yun , Li Qiong , Qian Haodong , Song Xin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Seismic data usually contains a lot of noise. In order to effectively remove noise and improve the signal-to-noise ratio of seismic signals, this paper proposes a method of combining complete empirical mode decomposition (CEEMD) with improved wavelet threshold denoising.method. CEEMD has good adaptability to signal decomposition; the new wavelet threshold function can effectively overcome the discontinuity of hard threshold function and the deviation of wavelet coefficients in soft threshold function. The combination of the two methods can obtain better denoising effect. After processing the simulated signal with the method proposed in this paper, the signal-to-noise ratio is significantly better than the traditional single denoising method.
Research and Application of Seismic data Denoising and Reconstruction method based on Compressed Sensing
Authors: Yang Haitao , Li Qiong 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The quality of seismic data has always been an important factor restricting the results of data processing and interpretation. With the development of new technologies, the amount of collected data is also increasing, and the existence of noise is inevitable. Therefore, denoising has become a major problem. Therefore, the compressed sensing theory is used in the article, and the K-SVD learning dictionary is used as a sparse base to perform denoising tests on the model data of different layers, and then the actual seismic profile of a certain work area is processed. The results show that the K-SVD learning dictionary can better denoise the signal and reconstruct the original signal, which lays a good foundation for the subsequent interpretation work.
Production of Bioelectricity from Microalgae Microbial Fuel Cell (MMFC) Using Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Batik Wastewater
Authors: Polontalo N F , Joelyna F A , Hadiyanto H 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Nowadays, the usage of batik clothes increased would make batik wastewater more desecrate the rivers in Indonesia. Batik wastewater contained much of chemical substances, so that very dangerous. One of environmentally alternatives energy that could solve this problem was Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) which utilizes organic matter as an energy source of microbes in carrying out its metabolic activities to produce electricity. MFC system with microalgae named Microalgae Microbial Fuel Cell (MMFC). In this study, it would investigate the electrical energy produced by MMFC using Chlorella pyrenoidosa as catholyte and batik wastewater as anolyte. This study aims to evaluate performance of MMFC based on the influence of yeast variations (2 gr/L and 8 gr/L), concentration of wastewater (100%v and 50%v), and number of graphite electrode (1:1 and 2:2). The methods started from culturing microalgae. Then, MMFC simulation operated for 7 days. Every 24 hours, voltage and current were measured to be processed into polarization curve. The value of absorbance and COD level of wastewater too. The results of this study showed that 100%v batik wastewater, 2:2 bars graphite electrode, and 8 gr/L yeast addition was the best results in MMFC simulation.
Reusing of furnace bottom ash as an adsorbent for phosphate removal from water
Authors: Samaka Isra’a S. , Al-Janabi Abduljaleel , Abdulredha M , Alkandari Abdullah , Abdellatif Mawada , Yeboah David 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Phosphate is a common chemical element that resides extensively in the Earth’s crust, and its presence in water results in eutrophication of water. Therefore, many studies were devoted to study the ability of phosphate removal from water and wastewater using different treatment methods. Recent studies have suggested that filtration treatment techniques are effective for phosphate removal with one disadvantage which is the high cost of industrial filtration materials used. As a result, recent studies are concentrating on minimizing the operational costs of the filtration method by using cost-effective alternatives. This study is focusing on the efficiency of using the wastes of the iron industry (furnaces bottom ashes (FBAs)) for phosphates elimination from synthetic water. Several operational conditions which are detention times, FBAs doses, and phosphate concentrations, were studied to obtain the best conditions which ensure the best possible removal rate and a reasonable operational cost. The results indicated that FBAs are an efficient alternative for phosphate removal with an optimum removal rate of 88.9% with 31 min retention time, phosphate concentration of 5 mg/L, and 550 mg/L FBAs doses. The results obtained were used to construct a model with high reliability at R2 = 0.967.
Copper removal from water using carbonized sawdust
Authors: Al-Sareji Osamah J. , Abdulredha M , Mubarak Hayfaa A. , Grmasha Ruqayah A. , Alnowaishry Abdalrahman , Kot Patryk , Al-Khaddar Rafid , AlKhayyat Ahmed 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe occurrence of heavy metals in water sources is grave worldwide concerns for many reasons, firstly because the heavy metals could remain in the water for very long periods because they cannot be degraded by the microorganisms. Secondly, the heavy metals can be accumulated in the bodies of plants and other living cells to toxic levels and could affect humans through the food chain. Finally, the contaminated water by heavy metals causes severe health problems for consumers, such as kidney and brain diseases. Therefore, the development of effective water treatment methods for remediation of water from heavy metals is a vital concern for scientists nowadays. The present work uses sawdust as a chemically activated adsorbent to remove copper. The adsorption experiments were employed in a batch system to investigate the impact of different parameters such as contact time, solution pH, and adsorbent dose. The favorable pH for maximum copper removal was at neutral. After performing the batch experiments, an optimum contact time of 150 min was adopted. The findings indicated that the sawdust dosage of 2 g/L removed about 79% from the copper concentration in the aqueous solution. Sawdust has been successfully utilized as low-cost sorbents for copper removal.
Optimization of electrochemical removal of metal pollution from aqueous solution
Authors: Alkizwini Rasha S. , Alquzweeni Saif S. , Thejeel Khalida A. , Aldhafiri Homoud S. , Kot Patryk , Gkantou Michaela , AlKhayyat A. H. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is expected in the majority of freshwater sources due to the wide usage of this element in many industries, such as steel and battery industries, where its concentration in some water bodies could exceed 9600 μg/L. High concentrations of Mn cause many diseases such as Parkinsonism, and lung diseases. The present investigation explores an electrocoagulation unit to remove manganese from water. The electrodes of the electrocoagulation unit are made from iron and aluminium (iron anode, and aluminium cathode). This cell is employed to remediate water samples with 2000 μg/L of manganese. The impacts of many different operating factors, specifically the initial pHs, electric currents, and distances between electrodes, on manganese removals was tested to attend the best performance of manganese removal. The central composite method was applied for the optimization of the operating conditions. Additionally, the estimated power consumption was calculated under the optimum conditions. The outcomes of this investigation revealed that at initial pH of 6.0, the current density of 0.5 mA/cm2, and inter-electrode distances of 5 mm, the maximum manganese removal efficiency (97.2 %) was achieved. Additionally, the reuired power consumption was 3.2 kWh/m3, while the operating cost was £0.48 per m3.
Evaluation of the Use of Lignocellusic Biomass in Thermal Insulation for Green Building
Authors: Cotterill Jacob , Ethaib Saleem , Hashim Khalid , Alqashou Faisal , Al-Hayawi Anas Y. , Abdellatif Mawada , Gkantou Michaela , Shubbar Ali 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPreserving the temperature of the indoor environment within the acceptable limits during the cold weather using a minimal amount of energy consumption is an important factor in the modern housing systems and green buildings. Therefore, this study aims to provide eco-friendly insulation material (organic material). The utlised organic material in this study was Lignocellusic Biomass (it is also known as Poaceae common reed, and Phragmites australis) and straw. The insulation efficiency of this organic matter was evaluated via testing its performance under controlled conditions. The experimental work included three types of insulation, namely organic insulation (straw and reeds), industrial insulation material (fiberglass), and bricks (without insulation). The insulation level was monitored using an infrared camera. The thermal profile was created for each insulation scenario. The results showed that the efficiency of the organic insulation was similar to the fiberglass; only a 0.84% difference was noticed between the industrial and the organic insulation materials in terms of efficiency, which proves that the Lignocellusic Biomass is a potential eco-friendly alternative for the industrial insulation materials.
CFD Analysis for Different Types of Fins to Enhancement the Heat Transfer Rate Through A Cross Flow Heat Exchanger
Authors: Merdan Shatha Ali , Kadhim Zena Khalefa , Alwan Ali Arkan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The main target of this study is to find and compare the effect of fins design, surface area and air distribution on the heat transfer of the Cross-flow heat exchanger. This study includes Six different models designed using Solid work 2017 program and numerically analyzed using ANSYS 16.1. All finned tubes share similar dimensions with (24, 19 and 21) mm of outer, inner and root diameters respectively. The study clarified non-linear relationship between the increase in surface area, the rate of the heat transfer, the coefficient of the heat transfer and enhancement ratio, taking into consideration the effect of the external shape of the fin and the method of air distribution on the surface of the tubes. Circular fins with a rectangular section showed the best heat transfer rate among all others models, although the increase in surface area of circular fins was not optimal among the other fins.
A spatial and temporal comparison of Five Total Electron Content providers
Authors: Mohammed Jareer 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The Total Electron Content (TEC) is an important part for the GNSS community and the users because of their effect on the obtained accuracy for computing the higher order ionospheric delay and the study of the ionosphere layer. Many analysis centres are generating those TEC values on daily basis. This can provide the users with different alternatives TEC values for the same location. Thus, this paper critically tries to investigate the generated TEC values from four scientific analysis centres (ACs). Those ACs are COD, ESA, JPL and WHU. A temporal for one year (2018), and spatial for -87.5 to 87.5 latitude and from -180 to 180 longitude TEC values statistical comparison have been investigated to understand the accuracy level of the four provided products. Those value have been compared to the international GNSS Service (IGS) TEC values for the same temporal and spatial resolution. Four-time scale in the day have been examined in this analysis to cover different times for one day. The statistical results show that all the differences from the four ACs comparing to the IGS could reach accuracies within ∼1 TECu which is equivalent to 1/3 nanosecond.
Effect of soil saturation conditions and helical configurations on compression capacity of screw piles
Authors: Mahmood Mahmood R , Salim Nahla M , Al-Gezzy Ammar A 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Helical piles provide many advantages over other conventional piles system. Most studies focuses on the performance of these piles in the dry and fully saturated soils. Rare studies are curried out to evaluate the performance of helical piles in partially saturated soils. Small scale models of steel piles of 600mm length with single, double, and triple helices have been embedded in cohesion less soil a depth of 400mm, the inner pipe diameter (d) was 20 mm and the helix diameter (D) was 50mm with spacing between helices of 3D, (i.e wing ratio (S/D) of 3). The models were tested using different soil saturations conditions (dry, fully saturated, and partially saturated soils). A pipe pile model was tested as a reference for bearing capacity improvement ratio. The results showed that the helical pile models and the pipe pile in fully saturation condition have less ultimate capacity compared to other soil conditions. The increment of bearing capacity increased for partially saturated soils than that of fully saturated soil by 1.5 to 1.8 times. The percentage of improvement of bearing capacity for additional helices single double and triple, embedded within fully saturation soil were 33.3%, 45.0% and 108.3% respectively, than shaft pile only.
Removal of fluoride, nitrates and phosphor from drinking water using electrocoagulation: A Review
Authors: Abdulkhadher Rusul K , Jaeel Ali j 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis paper is intended to provide a review of the published literature on the topic of electrocoagulation technology. Water treatment processes containing inorganic anions (fluoride, nitrates and phosphorous) are discussed, including electrocoagulation technology. Electrocoagulation technology is a simple and environmentally friendly electrochemical technique that produces less sludge compared to other treatments. Coagulant production from dissolution of the sacrificial anode and formation of metal hydroxides. The efficiency of the process depends on the type and arrangement of the electrodes, the distance between the electrodes, the operating time, the pH, and the temperature.
Physicochemical properties of modified epoxy used for reinforcing concrete by carbon fiber reinforced polymer
Authors: Al-Attar Alya’a A , Abdulrahman Mazin B , Dawood Eethar Thanon , Abdulla Aziz I , Juma’ah Muyasser M , Rzazk Hashim A 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis work is an experimental investigation about the properties of sand-powder adhesive subjected to high temperature. Thus, three main mixtures were tested. These mixes contain three different sand to adhesive ratios; 0:1, 1:1 and 1.5:1. The Simultaneous of Thermal Analyzers (STA); represent real-time measurement, change of sample weight analysis and heat flow were investigated. The results indicated that the physicochemical properties (residual mechanical properties, residual weight, weight losing rate, glass transition temperature (Tg), Carbonate point or extrapolated onset temperature (To), and heat flow) have been remarkably enhanced by the addition of sand-powder. The addition of sand resulted in increased epoxy resistance to high heat. When the sand-powder exposed to 550 ° C, the weight loss of the epoxy was 52%, 30% and 25% for sand to adhesive ratios equal to 0, 1, and 1.5 % respectively. In other words, the epoxy containing a high proportion of sand retained 25% of its weight under the influence of a high temperature degree. Adding sand increases the temperature and time necessary to reach the first and second carbonation point. Adding sand to adhesive increase the temperature needed to reach the glazing point Tg and the point of reversal in the curve derived from loss of weight.
The evaluation of the abrasion damage in hydraulic structures using the modified test method
Authors: Hamedi Mostafa H. , Hilo Ali N. , Al-Ghasham Thaar S. , Ayoob Nadheer S. , Shirazi Hamid , Al-Mousawy Russul N. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Disastrous damages can occur in the strategic structures such as the stilling basins due to the action of waterborne solid that withdrawn by the flowing water of very high velocities. Such phenomenon can impose high maintenance efforts and costs, and minimize the service life of these structures. One of the available solutions is the improvement of the concrete mixture to resist the abrasion damage. In this paper, the abrasion resistance of normally vibrated concrete mixtures was estimated using a modified abrasion device. Accordingly, 18 specimens were cast. Three various compressive strengths (25, 35, and 55 MPa) were tested at the 7-day and 28-day ages. Furthermore, to improve the abrasion damage of the used apparatus, two paddles with angles of 30 and 60° were used in addition to the original paddle of 45°. The results revealed that for the paddle of 60°, the wearing resistance of concrete was lowered by 11.9 and 49.9% because of the enhancement of the strength from 25 to 35 and 55 MPa at the 28-day age, respectively. Additionally, the lowest abrasive ability of the apparatus was achieved by the use of the standard paddle, while the highest can be achieved by the paddle of 60°.
Oilfield-produced water characteristics and treatment technologies: a mini review
Authors: Abbas Abdulaziz Jafar , Gzar Hatem Asal , Rahi Mahdi Nuhair 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe produced water considers as the largest waste stream in the oilfields and refineries, which has a high concentration of hydrocarbons, heavy metals besides other pollutants. As per the increase in the activity of industries, the generated produced water has increased all over the world and treating it for reusing becomes now important from the environmental point of view. Treatment of produced water can be achieved within different processes or methods including physical (filtration, adsorption, etc.), chemical (precipitation, oxidation), and biological (activated sludge, biological aerated filters and others) methods. The aim of this paper is to highlighting and discussing the characteristics of produced water in detail besides the physical, chemical, and biological techniques used for the treatment of the produced water.
Removal lead Pb (II) from wastewater using kaolin clay
Authors: Hussain Shaymaa Talib , Ali Seroor Atalah Khaleefa 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this experiment’s kaolin clay was applied as adsorbent material for remove lead (Pb+2) from simulated wastewater. Many experiments were done at variance conditions, such as pH, initial concentration of Pb ions and adsorbent weight. Highest removal efficiency (85.1) % was obtained at 2g adsorbent weight,10 mg/L initial metal concentration with pH5. Consequences appeared that kaolin clay is perfect in removing Pb+2 from wastewater. Adsorption isotherm of Pb+2 ions by kaolin clay was conducted with Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms which had good effects, that reported. FTIR images of kaolin clay before and after adsorption were completely verified the uptake of Pb+2 The aim of current work is to use kaolinite clay for investigating adsorption properties of Pb+2 from polluted water.
Treatment of petroleum refinery effluents and wastewater in Iraq: A mini review
Authors: Rahi Mahdi Nuhair , Jaeel Ali Jweid , Abbas Abdulaziz Jafar 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn the analysis undertaken, we review waste from the crude oil and fuel refining. In addition to petrochemical intermediate products industry in Iraq in petroleum refinery effluents (PRE). The study shows the significant detrimental impacts of the Iraqi refinery effluent pollution. The research illustrated the handling of wastewater in refineries. This study shows that the emissions from Iraqi refineries comes out to the farthest extent. We were often based on environmental toxins such as Couscous Pollutants, Liquid Pollutants and Strong Pollutants in the Southern Refineries. In addition, we follow the forms in which refining waste in Iraq is treated. To date, oil refineries have struggled to meet their commitments effectively while atmospheric regulation in their fields continues to be neglected and environmental protection schemes that contribute to oil pollution mitigations are less regarded. The government, on the other hand, has shown no commitment to enact its minimum environmental legislation. As a consequence, it is clear that the area’s oil and refineries, particularly refineries, have important repercussions for livelihoods and agriculture.
Modified FIA-CL system for the on-line analysis of Pb(II) in aqueous solution, following treatment with chemically modified tomato peel as a biosorbent
Authors: Saleem Parween H. , Abdullah Hadar M. , Yasin Suhad A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Low waste generation represents a comprehensive orientation in analytical chemistry. It also forms a goal of flow injection analysis (FIA). The current research aims at modifying the injection part of the lucigenin-H2O2-OH- Pb(II) chemiluminescence detection system with flow injection analysis (FIA-CL) for an online Pb(II) analysis. The modified system was employed to determine the Pb(II)concentration. This was followed by treatment with crude tomato peels as an absorbent as tomato peels were treated with NaOH, carbonized tomato peels with HCl, and carbonized tomato peels with H2SO4. Under optimum experimental conditions, a calibration graph, represented by peak height (mV), was constructed based on plotting the chemiluminescence (CL) intensity, against (μg.ml−1) Pb(II) concentration, 10–90 μg.ml−1 range, 0.9913 correlation coefficient. Langmuir and Freundlich, used as isotherm models to verify the equilibrium results. The adsorption of Pb(II) on crude tomato peels and treated tomato peel was followed by the Langmuir model due to the high correlation coefficient (R2).