bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dexmedetomidine attenuates propofol‐induced apoptosis of neonatal hippocampal astrocytes by inhibiting the Bcl2l1 signalling pathway
Authors: Sun Wen‐chong , Pei Ling 
Published: November 2021

AbstractApoptosis shapes brain structure and function during early life. However, aberrant apoptosis, including that associated with the general anaesthetic propofol, is undesirable. Dexmedetomidine (DEX) provides potential neuroprotection against apoptosis, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. We exposed neonatal rodent hippocampal astrocytes to propofol alone and in combination with DEX and yohimbine (an α2‐adrenergic receptor antagonist), then evaluated cell viability using the MTT assay. The underlying regulatory mechanism associated with apoptosis‐related genes was detected using a combinational strategy including double immunofluorescent staining, real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), western blot, and flow cytometry. Propofol reduced matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) in cultured astrocytes, and activated the rno‐miR‐665/Bcl2‐like 1 (Bcl2l1)/cleaved caspase 9 (CC9)/cleaved caspase 3 (CC3) pathway. Combinations incorporating propofol with A–1155463 (a selective Bcl2l1 inhibitor) or MMP9 antagomir reduced Bcl2l1 and promoted apoptosis. Co‐culture of propofol with Bcl2l1 or with MMP9 agomir was sufficient to decrease the pro‐apoptotic effects of propofol. Interestingly, DEX alone had no significant effect on apoptosis. When combined with propofol, however, the negative effects of propofol on the MMP9 and apoptosis‐related genes (Bcl2l1, CC9, and CC3) were reduced. Furthermore, yohimbine pretreatment blocked the neuroprotective effects of DEX. Rno‐miR‐665 was also found to reduce MMP9 expression in propofol‐treated hippocampal astrocytes. Taken together, the results indicate that DEX pretreatment reduces propofol‐associated pro‐apoptosis in developing astrocytes via downregulation of anti‐apoptotic signalling mediated by Bcl2l1.
Process‐explicit models reveal pathway to extinction for woolly mammoth using pattern‐oriented validation
Authors: Fordham Damien A. , Brown Stuart C. , Akçakaya H. Reşit , Brook Barry W. , Haythorne Sean , Manica Andrea , Shoemaker Kevin T. , Austin Jeremy J. , Blonder Benjamin , Pilowsky July A. , Rahbek Carsten , Nogues‐Bravo David 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPathways to extinction start long before the death of the last individual. However, causes of early stage population declines and the susceptibility of small residual populations to extirpation are typically studied in isolation. Using validated process‐explicit models, we disentangle the ecological mechanisms and threats that were integral in the initial decline and later extinction of the woolly mammoth. We show that reconciling ancient DNA data on woolly mammoth population decline with fossil evidence of location and timing of extinction requires process‐explicit models with specific demographic and niche constraints, and a constrained synergy of climatic change and human impacts. Validated models needed humans to hasten climate‐driven population declines by many millennia, and to allow woolly mammoths to persist in mainland Arctic refugia until the mid‐Holocene. Our results show that the role of humans in the extinction dynamics of woolly mammoth began well before the Holocene, exerting lasting effects on the spatial pattern and timing of its range‐wide extinction.
Suspected vagal reflex and hyperkalaemia inducing asystole in an anaesthetised horse
Authors: Ryan Aoife , Gurney Matthew , Steinbacher Roswitha 
Published: November 2021

SummaryA 10‐year‐old 466 kg mustang gelding presented to an equine referral hospital for surgical repair of nasal, frontal and lacrimal bone fractures from an unknown trauma. Surgical repair was performed under general anaesthesia, including a right‐sided maxillary regional anaesthetic block with mepivacaine hydrochloride. Progressive hyperkalaemia was documented perianaesthetically (T‐3 mins; 134 mins after induction; potassium 6.4 mmol/L (ref 3.5‐5.1 mmol/L). Perianaesthetic bradycardia was attributed to alpha −2 agonist infusion administration, and other characteristic ECG changes (flattened P waves, narrow T waves of increased amplitude, prolonged QRS complex) were not documented. Asystole occurred 137 min after induction of anaesthesia; however, a review of the available literature suggests the degree of hyperkalaemia documented was unlikely to be the primary cause of asystole but may have been a contributing factor. It is hypothesised that a trigeminocardiac reflex was the primary contributory factor to asystole in the described case, and may represent a maxillomandibulocardiac reflex that has not been previously described in the horse.
Bone stress injuries and fatigue fractures of the pelvis in endurance horses
Authors: Puccetti Massimo , Beccati Francesca , Denoix Jean‐Marie 
Published: November 2021

SummaryBackgroundBone stress injuries and fatigue fractures of the pelvis are reported in only a small number of endurance horses.ObjectivesTo describe bone stress injuries and fatigue fracture of the pelvis in endurance horses trained and competing on the deep sand surfaces.Study designRetrospective case series.MethodsMedical records of horses used for endurance and diagnosed with bone stress injuries and/or fatigue fractures of the pelvis by ultrasound were reviewed. The bone stress injuries and fatigue fractures were classified as affecting the iliac wing, the iliac shaft, the tuber ischiadicum, the rest of the ischium or the pubis and subdivided into four fracture configurations: isolated iliac fracture, isolated fracture of the floor of the pelvis, isolated tuber ischiadicum fracture and multiple fractures. Descriptive statistics were performed overall and on fracture configurations for age, sex, breed, level of activity, affected limbs, previous injuries, development of the injury, seasons in the UAE, physical and dynamic findings and outcome. For each fracture configuration and the outcome, multivariable logistic regression models were developed after univariable logistic regression and collinearity analyses. Significance was set atP ≤ .05.ResultsSixty endurance horses were included; 48% (95% CI: 36%‐61%) had isolated iliac fracture, 17% (7%‐26%) isolated fracture of the floor of the pelvis, 15% (6%‐24%) isolated tuber ischiadicum fracture and 20% (10%‐30%) had multiple fractures. Breed (OR, 4.42; 95%CI, 1.02‐19.57) was significantly associated with isolated iliac fracture and asymmetry of bone landmarks (OR, 7.42; 95% CI, 1.47‐37.45) with isolated tuber ischiadicum fracture. Degree of lameness (OR, 3.08; 95% CI, 1.07‐8.9) and trotting on three tracks (OR, 8.62; 95% CI, 1.43‐51.9) were significantly associated with the diagnosis of isolated fracture of the floor of the pelvis.Main limitationsData acquired in a single country.ConclusionsBone stress injuries and fatigue fractures of the pelvis can affect endurance horses trained and competing on deep sand. Isolated bone stress injuries and/or fatigue fractures of the ileum were the commonest followed by multiple pelvic bones involvement. The presence of lameness and trotting on three tracks suggest the presence of bone stress injuries and/or fatigue fractures of the floor of the pelvis; asymmetry of bony landmarks is more commonly detected in horses with bone stress injuries and/or fatigue fractures of the tuber ischiadicum.
Does municipal incorporation always increase property values?
Authors: Hodges Collin D. , Stephens Heather M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMunicipal formation by voter approval should reflect the costs and benefits associated with the more localized control and provision of public services. To the extent that the benefits associated with incorporation exceed the costs, the impact of a new municipal formation should be positively capitalized into housing values within the new municipality. However, differences in local policy, municipal characteristics, and voter sentiment may impact rates of capitalization. Using housing transactions data from 2000 to 2014, we investigate the impact of four new municipal incorporations on housing values in Riverside County, California. We find that, in contrast to previous studies in other regions, there is a generally negative capitalization effect observed post‐incorporation in the new cities of Riverside County. Our results are robust to multiple model and matching specifications and suggest that not all housing markets respond the same to incorporation and that heterogeneity in regional policies and local characteristics are important to understanding how incorporation will impact a community.
“A trade of one's own”: The role of social and cultural capital in the success of women in male‐dominated occupations
Authors: Bridges Donna , Bamberry Larissa , Wulff Elizabeth , Krivokapic‐Skoko Branka 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe skilled trades are highly gender segregated occupations. Unsurprisingly, research about women in this male‐dominated sector focuses on the various barriers to inclusion. In contrast, this article identifies factors that have contributed to women's successes. Drawing on in‐depth interviews with tradeswomen, we found that the success factors for women in the skilled trades were aligned with social and cultural capital. Findings also indicate that women's success is driven by their individual attributes and resources rather than any forms of systematic support. There is limited evidence of a coordinated approach from industry and government to increase gender equity and inclusion. Success for women is, therefore, most likely to be singularly occurring, unpredictable and difficult to replicate. We use a Bourdieusian approach to understand how capital facilitates women's success and how forms of capital can be translated into measurable and repeatable strategies. We argue that capital offers women an opportunity to circumvent traditional resistance to gender inclusion because it provides cultural legitimacy. Replicating social and cultural capital through industry initiatives that are measurable and repeatable are likely to be the most constructive ways forward. We recommend a coordinated industry approach to improve diversity and inclusion in the sector.
Changes in OGTT‐derived biomarkers in response to lifestyle intervention among Latino adolescents with obesity
Authors: Peña Armando , Kim Joon Young , Reyes Jessica A. , Vander Wyst Kiley B. , Ayers Stephanie L. , Olson Micah L. , Williams Allison N. , Shaibi Gabriel Q. 
Published: November 2021

SummaryBackgroundGlucose concentrations during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) have been used as biomarkers to differentiate type 2 diabetes risk phenotypes. No studies have examined changes in OGTT‐glucose phenotypes following lifestyle intervention among high‐risk youth.ObjectiveTo examine changes in OGTT‐glucose phenotypes following lifestyle intervention and to explore differences in insulin sensitivity and β‐cell function among post‐intervention phenotypes.MethodsLatino adolescents with obesity (n = 48, age 15.4 ± 1.0, BMI% 98.2 ± 1.4, female 56.3%) completed a 12‐week lifestyle intervention that included weekly nutrition education and physical activity. At baseline and 12 weeks, youth completed a 2‐h OGTT with glucose and insulin concentrations assessed at 0′, 30′, 60′, 90′ and 120′. Glucose concentrations during the OGTT were used to identify biomarkers, 1‐h glucose, glucose response curve and time to glucose peak. Using these respective biomarkers, high‐risk (1‐h glucose ≥ 155 mg/dl, Monophasic, Late Peak) and lower‐risk phenotypes (1‐h glucose < 155 mg/dl, Biphasic, Early Peak) were categorized. Insulin sensitivity was estimated by whole‐body insulin sensitivity index (WBISI) and β‐cell function by oral disposition index (oDI).ResultsFollowing intervention, the prevalence of Monophasic phenotypes decreased from 81% to 67% (p = 0.048) and 1‐h glucose ≥ 155 mg/dl from 38% to 10% (p = 0.054). Although Late Peak phenotypes did not significantly change (from 58% to 29%, p = 0.200), Early Peak phenotypes at post‐intervention demonstrated significantly higher WBISI compared to Late Peak (2.3 ± 0.1 vs 1.7 ± 0.2, p = 0.023).ConclusionsOGTT‐glucose phenotypes improve following lifestyle intervention among high‐risk youth. These findings further support their potential utility as clinical biomarkers to identify diabetes risk and risk reduction in youth.
Foreign element doping and thermal stability of alumina aerogels
Authors: Peng Fei , Jiang Yonggang , Feng Jian , Feng Junzong , Li Liangjun 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe addition of foreign elements is considered as an effective method to improve the thermal stability of alumina aerogels at a higher temperature. However, the location and stabilizing mechanism of the foreign elements in the alumina aerogel have not been carefully studied. In this work, Si or La was introduced into the network of alumina aerogels through a sol‐gel strategy. The Si‐doped alumina aerogel maintained high surface area (92 m2/g) and pore volume (0.572 cm3/g) even at 1300°C. The dopants prevented α‐Al2O3 transformation at elevated temperatures (1200°C–1300°C). The distribution of foreign ions and their stabilizing mechanism were discussed in detail. The doped alumina aerogels reinforced by mullite fiber felt, with quite low density and thermal conductivity, can be used as high‐temperature thermal insulations.
The legitimizing roles of respectful treatment and direct democracy in collective decision‐making: A school‐based study
Authors: Šerek Jan , Juhová Dana Seryjová , Lomičová Lucie 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAccording to the procedural justice approach, people tend to view authoritative decision‐making as legitimate if it includes their voice and if they are treated with respect, even when the outcomes are unfavorable. However, previous research suggests that the application of these effects to collective decision‐making is less straightforward. Therefore, this study investigates whether people's willingness to accept a collective decision is increased by two procedural aspects: the opportunity to directly vote on the outcome and respectful treatment from peers during the decision‐making process. Moreover, we ask whether the effects are moderated by outcome favorability. A study was conducted in their classrooms on 395 Czech high school students (aged 18–20, 60% females) who used a randomly prescribed procedure (direct vote, or expert decision) to decide on the use of a sum of money. Respectful treatment was measured through students’ perceptions during the decision‐making process. Results showed that while direct voting did not increase participants’ willingness to accept the outcome, perceived respectful treatment did. However, the positive effect of respectful treatment was present only among participants who were clearly dissatisfied with the outcome (i.e., it compensated for the lack of outcome favorability). Participants who perceived the outcome as favorable or had no clear preference between the alternatives were willing to accept the outcome despite the perception of not having been treated respectfully.
Expert examples and prompted reflection in learning withself‐generatedconcept maps
Authors: Eshuis Elise H. , ter Vrugte Judith , Anjewierden Anjo , de Jong Ton 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundCreating concept maps can help students overcome challenges of accurate knowledge monitoring and thus foster learning. However, students' knowledge often contains gaps and misconceptions, even after concept map creation. Theoretically, students could benefit from additional support, but it is unclear whether this might also be the case for (more practical‐oriented) secondary vocational students.ObjectivesThis study investigated whether the effectiveness of concept maps for learning could be improved by providing students with expert examples and reflection prompts in addition to their self‐generated concept maps.MethodsFirst‐year secondary vocational students (N = 91,Mage = 17.3 years) participated in this study, which utilized a pretest‐intervention‐posttest design. Regarding the intervention, students worked in two successive online learning environments, in which they had to present their knowledge in concept maps. After creation, students' concept maps were, depending on condition, supplemented with (1) an expert example with comparative feedback (a combined concept map) and related reflection prompts, (2) the combined concept map only, or (3) no combined concept map and no prompts.Results and ConclusionsAnalyses based on students' domain knowledge demonstrate that students significantly increased their knowledge in all conditions. Data indicate that there was no significant difference in knowledge gain between conditions. Further analysis showed that students in the experimental conditions demonstrated higher learning gains if they consulted the combined concept map more often than their peers.ImplicationsAccess to an example in addition to students' self‐generated concept maps seems promising in fostering their knowledge acquisition. However, secondary vocational students might need additional ways of support to guarantee higher learning gains. Avenues to increase the effectiveness of support are discussed.
Down‐regulation of MYH10 driven by chromosome 17p13.1 deletion promotes hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis through activation of the EGFR pathway
Authors: Jin Qian , Cheng Min , Xia Xia , Han Yuqing , Zhang Jing , Cao Pengbo , Zhou Gangqiao 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSomatic copy number alterations (CNAs) are a genomic hallmark of cancers. Among them, the chromosome 17p13.1 deletions are recurrent in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, utilizing an integrative omics analysis, we screened out a novel tumour suppressor gene within 17p13.1, myosin heavy chain 10 (MYH10). We observed frequent deletions (~38%) and significant down‐regulation of MYH10 in primary HCC tissues. Deletion or decreased expression of MYH10 was a potential indicator of poor outcomes in HCC patients. Knockdown of MYH10 significantly promotes HCC cell migration and invasion in vitro, and overexpression of MYH10 exhibits opposite effects. Further, inhibition of MYH10 markedly potentiates HCC metastasis in vivo. We preliminarily elucidated the mechanism by which loss of MYH10 promotes HCC metastasis by facilitating EGFR pathway activation. In conclusion, our study suggests that MYH10, a candidate target gene for 17p13 deletion, acts as a tumour suppressor and may serve as a potential prognostic indicator for HCC patients.
Hierarchical structure and mechanical properties of fish scales from Lutjanidae with different habitat depths
Authors: Rawat Prashant , Liu Peng , Zhang Chaohui , Guo Shuaicheng , Jawad Laith A. , Sadighzadeh Zahra , Zhu Deju 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn recent days, many researchers are focusing on emerging a new class of bio‐inspired architectured materials. The primary strategy of these architecture designs is directly dependent on the types of available literature based on higher‐ordered species such as nacre and fish scales. In this study, the authors have investigated the microstructural features and mechanical properties of five different ray‐finned fish scales from Lutjanidae family collected in Iran. It was found that habitat depth and habits may result in significant changes in scale's surface morphology and mechanical properties. Interestingly, the variations in cross‐sectional microstructural features such as fibre orientation and layer thickness ratios in scales did not show noticeable differences. It has also been proved that the mechanical performance of fish scales is influenced by the shape, array pattern and compactness of strips on posterior edges in a scale. Moreover, the radii count at anterior positions is higher in fishes living in wide‐ranging depth; it supports in achieving higher scale stiffness and flexibility during movement. Consideration of these factors may help in optimising the performance of newly designed architectured materials subjected to mechanical loadings.
Long‐distance movements of Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoni) as inferred from tag‐recapture data
Authors: Grilly Emily , Reid Keith , Thanassekos Stéphane 
Published: November 2021

AbstractExamining the causes and consequences of animal movement is fundamental to understanding the ecology of any species. This analysis focuses on Antarctic toothfish movements in the Southern Ocean as inferred from tagging data collected from 2001 to 2019 with a focus on the characteristics of long‐distance movements, defined as an individual recaptured greater than 200 km from their release location. The results of this analysis indicate that while adult Antarctic toothfish are generally quite sedentary a small proportion (~7%) move long distances, consistent with findings from previous studies examining movements of toothfish. There appears to be no relationship between time at liberty and long‐distance movements, no strong influence of sex and results indicate a distinct bias in the direction of long‐distance travel from release to recapture towards a counter‐clockwise direction. Frequency and scale of long‐distance movements are likely influenced by localized physical oceanographic processes and life‐history traits. Knowledge of these movements patterns remains highly important for stock assessments and the design of spatial and temporal fisheries management regimes.
The interplay between glutamatergic circuits and oxytocin neurons in the hypothalamus and its relevance to neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Leithead Amanda B. , Tasker Jeffrey G. , Harony‐Nicolas Hala 
Published: November 2021

AbstractOxytocin (OXT) neurons of the hypothalamus are at the center of several physiological functions, including milk ejection, uterus contraction, and maternal and social behavior. In lactating females, OXT neurons show a pattern of burst firing and inter‐neuron synchronization during suckling that leads to pulsatile release of surges of OXT into the bloodstream to stimulate milk ejection. This pattern of firing and population synchronization may be facilitated in part by hypothalamic glutamatergic circuits, as has been observed in vitro using brain slices obtained from male rats and neonates. However, it remains unknown how hypothalamic glutamatergic circuits influence OXT cell activity outside the context of lactation. In this review, we summarize the in vivo and in vitro studies that describe the synchronized burst firing pattern of OXT neurons and the implication of hypothalamic glutamate in this pattern of firing. We also make note of the few studies that have traced glutamatergic afferents to the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. Finally, we discuss the genetic findings implicating several glutamatergic genes in neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder, thus underscoring the need for future studies to investigate the impact of these mutations on hypothalamic glutamatergic circuits and the OXT system.