bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting asymptomatic severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection rates of inpatients: A time-series analysis
Authors: Rivera Frida , Ahn Kwang Woo , Munoz-Price L. Silvia 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAsymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections are often difficult to identify because widespread surveillance has not been the norm. Using time-series analyses, we examined whether COVID-19 rates at the county level could predict positivity rates among asymptomatic patients in a large health system. Asymptomatic positivity rates at the system level and county-level COVID-19 rates were not associated.
Exact simulation of Ornstein–Uhlenbeck tempered stable processes
Authors: Qu Yan , Dassios Angelos , Zhao Hongbiao 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThere are two types of tempered stable (TS) based Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (OU) processes: (i) theOU-TS process, the OU process driven by a TS subordinator, and (ii) theTS-OU process, the OU process with TS marginal law. They have various applications in financial engineering and econometrics. In the literature, only the second type under the stationary assumption has an exact simulation algorithm. In this paper we develop a unified approach to exactly simulate both types without the stationary assumption. It is mainly based on the distributional decomposition of stochastic processes with the aid of an acceptance–rejection scheme. As the inverse Gaussian distribution is an important special case of TS distribution, we also provide tailored algorithms for the corresponding OU processes. Numerical experiments and tests are reported to demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of our algorithms, and some further extensions are also discussed.
Weak convergence of stochastic integrals with respect to the state occupation measure of a Markov chain
Authors: Jansen H. M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOur aim is to find sufficient conditions for weak convergence of stochastic integrals with respect to the state occupation measure of a Markov chain. First, we study properties of the state indicator function and the state occupation measure of a Markov chain. In particular, we establish weak convergence of the state occupation measure under a scaling of the generator matrix. Then, relying on the connection between the state occupation measure and the Dynkin martingale, we provide sufficient conditions for weak convergence of stochastic integrals with respect to the state occupation measure. We apply our results to derive diffusion limits for the Markov-modulated Erlang loss model and the regime-switching Cox–Ingersoll–Ross process.
Unpacking the perceived benefits and costs of integrating gender into conservation projects: voices of conservation field practitioners
Authors: Westerman Kame 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMany in the conservation sphere have noted that robust and gender-equitable stakeholder engagement is crucial in achieving conservation outcomes, ensuring project sustainability and supporting human well-being. However, despite policies, international agreements and increasing requirements of donors, gender is still often viewed as an add-on rather than as a fundamental element of effective conservation. In an effort to overcome this, Conservation International has invested in nearly 20 project sites since 2014 to support targeted gender integration into existing conservation projects. We conducted a survey with practitioners across these sites to examine the barriers to and enablers of gender integration, and practitioners’ perceptions of the benefits and challenges involved in this. Our findings demonstrate the importance of both external drivers (funding requirements) and a supportive environment (capacity building, technical and financial support) in incentivising a focus on gender. Respondents also reported a suite of benefits (e.g. increased participation, higher quality of the project) and costs (mainly financial) related to gender integration. In documenting these efforts to build gender-related capacity, and the associated benefits and challenges, we highlight the importance of gender-responsive conservation initiatives, and evaluate a method of achieving this. As conservation practitioners may be more inclined to listen to each other (given their shared objectives) rather than to gender specialists, this research can help to shift practitioner dialogue and conservation practice to be more open and responsive to gender.
American psychiatry in the new millennium: a critical appraisal
Authors: Scull Andrew 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis article casts a critical eye over the development of American psychiatry from 1980 to the present. It notes the rapid decline of psychoanalysis that followed the publication of DSM III; the rising influence of genetics and neuroscience; the re-emphasis on the biology of mental illness; and the collapse of public psychiatry that accompanied deinstitutionalization. It argues that while genetics and neuroscience have made scientific progress, the clinical utility of their findings to date has been very limited. The fifth edition of the DSM was supposed to base itself on this new science but that proved impossible. Diagnosis remains purely phenomenological and controversial. One of the ironies of research on psychiatric genetics is that has failed to find either a Mendelian origin of schizophrenia and depression or to validate the importance of hypothesized candidate genes. Genome-wide association studies have instead uncovered risk factors for major mental illnesses, but these overlap considerably, and the genetic associations are not dispositive. Most of those who carry these genetic variants do not develop mental illness. The status of psychopharmacology since the mid-1950s is scrutinized, as is the influence of the pharmaceutical industry on contemporary psychiatry, and the implications of its recent decision to abandon work in this arena. The paper concludes with an assessment of the crisis that it contends confronts contemporary American psychiatry: its overemphasis on biology; the urgent questions that persist about diagnosis and therapeutics; concerns about the directions of future research; and its inability to reduce the excess mortality that plagues the mentally ill.
Detection and viral RNA shedding of SARS-CoV-2 in respiratory specimens relative to symptom onset among COVID-19 patients in Bavaria, Germany
Authors: Woudenberg Tom , Eberle Ute , Marosevic Durdica , Liebl Bernhard , Ackermann Nikolaus , Katz Katharina , Sing Andreas ,   Bavarian SARS-CoV-2-Group
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe assessed severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) diagnostic sensitivity and cycle threshold (Ct) values relative to symptom onset in symptomatic coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) patients from Bavaria, Germany, of whom a subset was repeatedly tested. Locally weighted scatterplot smoothing method was used to assess the relationship between symptom onset and Ct-values. Kaplan−Meier plots were used to visualise the empirical probability of detecting viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) over time and estimate the time until clearance of viral RNA among the repeatedly tested patients. Among 721 reported COVID-19 cases, the viral RNA was detected in specimens taken between three days before and up to 48 days after symptom onset. The mean Ct-value was 28.6 (95% confidence interval (CI) 28.2–29.0) with the lowest mean Ct-value (26.2) observed two days after symptom onset. Up to 7 days after symptom onset, the diagnostic sensitivity of the RT-PCR among repeatedly sampled patients (n= 208) remained above 90% and decreased to 50% at day 12 (95% CI 10.5–21.5). Our data provide valuable estimates to optimise the timing of sampling of individuals for SARS-CoV-2 detection. A considerable proportion of specimens sampled before symptom onset had Ct-values comparable with Ct-values after symptom onset, suggesting the probability of presymptomatic transmission.
A Portuguese trial using dignity therapy for adults who have a life-threatening disease: Qualitative analysis of generativity documents
Authors: Julião Miguel , Sobral Maria Ana , Johnston Bridget , Lemos Ana Raquel , Almeida Sara , Antunes Bárbara , Dönmez Çiğdem Fulya , Chochinov Harvey Max 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectivesDignity therapy (DT) is a brief, individualized intervention, which provides terminally ill patients with an opportunity to convey memories, essential disclosures, and prepare a final generativity document. DT addresses psychosocial and existential issues, enhancing a sense of meaning and purpose. Several studies have considered the legacy topics most frequently discussed by patients near the end of life. To date, no Portuguese study has done that analysis.MethodWe conducted a qualitative analysis of 17 generativity documents derived from a randomized controlled trial (RCT). Inductive content analysis was used to identify emerging themes.ResultsFrom the 39 RCT participants receiving DT, 17 gave consent for their generativity document to undergo qualitative analysis. Nine patients were female; mean age of 65 years, with a range from 46 to 79 years. Seven themes emerged: “Significant people and things”; “Remarkable moments”; “Acknowledgments”; “Reflection on the course of life”; “Personal values”; “Messages left to others”; and “Requests and last wishes”.Significance of resultsGenerativity document analysis provides useful information for patients nearing death, including their remarkable life moments and memories, core values, concerns, and wishes for their loved ones. Being conscious of these dominant themes may allow health providers to support humanized and personalized care to vulnerable patients and their families, enhancing how professionals perceive and respond to personhood within the clinical setting.
Metallicity Distributions in Extragalactic Globular Cluster Systems: Constraints on Globular Cluster and Galaxy Formation
Authors: Brodie Jean P. 
Published: June 2021

The merger model for elliptical galaxy formation has received increasing attention since it was first suggested by Toomre & Toomre (1972). Van den Bergh (1984) pointed out a problem with the idea that elliptical galaxies were formed by simply combining two, or more, spiral galaxies. He noted that the specific frequency (SN, number of globular clusters per unit galaxy light) is systematically lower for spirals than for ellipticals. Schweizer (1987) suggested that globular clusters (GCs) might be expected to form in the merger process, thereby alleviating or possibly eliminating the SN problem. Ashman & Zepf (1992) developed this idea into a merger model for GC formation with testable predictions.We recently examined this model in the light of new HST and ground-based imaging data on the blue and red sub-populations of GCs in elliptical galaxies (Forbes, Brodie & Grillmair 1997). We concluded that the merger model for GC formation has serious problems, particularly in explaining the characteristics of GCs in giant elliptical galaxies with high SN. A multi-phase collapse scenario was suggested as more consistent with the available evidence.
A Retrospective Introduction
Authors: Lambert David L. 
Published: June 2021

“It takes little talent to see clearly what lies under one’s nose, a good deal of it to know in which direction to point that organ.” W. H. AudenListening to the sequence of fine talks that have made up this Joint Discussion, I have been impressed by the veritable flood of new observations that bear on the question of the abundance ratios in the oldest stars. The flood is marked by depth and diversity, as ‘noses’ are being pointed in highly profitable directions. As an example of depth, I would note the extensive investigations reviewed by Andy McWilliam of the chemical compositions of very metal-poor stars where [Fe/H] ≃ -3 marks the upper end of the range defining the class. To characterize diversity, I draw attention to the analyses of quasar absorption line systems so ably discssed by Limin Lu who showed that the abundance ratios for the gas in such high z systems resemble ratios found from Galactic metal-poor stars. Of course, to many at this Joint Discussion the wealth and diversity did not come as a surprise. Indeed, I suspect that many of us pursue the topic of the composition of the first generations of stars because of the wealth and diversity of observational constraints that may now spawn a unified interpretation. Hopefully, the marvellous talks given here will pull in a few new minds - young and old - to ponder nucleosynthesis in very young galaxies and in our Galaxy in particular.
Virgo and other Late-Type Dwarfs
Authors: Brosch N. , Heller A. , Almoznino E. 
Published: June 2021

We attempt to solve the question of star formation triggers and star formation laws by studying samples of simple objects and defining carefully the possible external effects. Among the star formation (SF) triggers there are some that can operate only in large disk galaxies. These are shear instabilities and density waves, and we can eliminate them if we restrict the sample to diskless objects of low mass. Such galaxies, which do show star formation, are late-type dwarf galaxies (DGs).Other SF triggers are related to the neighborhood a galaxy finds itself in. Such triggers are galaxy-galaxy collisions and galaxy-intracluster matter interactions (stripping, shocks, etc.). These also can be eliminated by properly choosing the sample to study; one selects galaxies from neigh-borhoods of widely different densities (of galaxies) and compares their SF parameters.We selected our first samples in a region of relatively high galaxy density, where a complete morphological classification of objects was available, and suitable depth in brightness sampling could readily be achieved. This is the Virgo cluster, where Binggeli, Sandage and Tammann (1985, BST) provide a sample of more than 2000 DGs. Among those, some 25% are of late type and are classified by BST as blue compact dwarfs (BCDs), as Magellanic irregulars (Im) of five possible sub-classes, or as combinations of those two classifications.
Introduction of JD 3 ON ‘PRECESSION, NUTATION AND ASTRONOMICAL CONSTANTS IN THE DAWN OF THE 21ST CENTURY’.
Authors: Dehant V. , Fukushima T. 
Published: June 2021

Due to the adoption of the new International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF), the Earth’s Ori-entation Parameters (EOP) will be revised and their definitions will need to be re-examined and clarified. This implies that precession/nutation formulation will be also revised in the future.The precession/nutation theories for a non-rigid Earth suffer from a lack of dissipation in the core and from a mismodeling of the ocean and of the atmospheric effects. The scientific community is examining these questions. The IAU community is consequently not yet ready to adopt a new precession/nutation geophysical model but the users may use the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) empirical series.In order to review those questions and prepare the future research, the Scientific Organizing Committee (SOC: P. Bretagnon, V.A. Brumberg, N. Capitaine, V. Dehant (Chair), T. Fukushima, E. Groten, H. Kinoshitä, B. Kolaczek, D.D. McCarthy, P.K. Seidelmann and P.T. Wallace) has proposed invited talks on the current situation concerning:
(1)the formulation of precession/nutation (N. Capitaine, see paper 1),(2)the planetary theories and their relation to precession/nutation (P. Bretagnon, see paper 2),(3)the precession/nutation for a rigid Earth (J. Souchay and H. Kinoshita, see paper 3),(4)the DExxx JPL ephemerides precision and accuracy (E.M. Standish, see paper 4),(5)the observations of the Celestial Ephemeris Pole (CEP) and in particular the pole offset from which precession/nutation corrections can be derived (M. Feissel and A.M. Gontier, see paper 5),
Aspects of The Terrestrial Influx of Small Meteoroids
Authors: Taylor A.D. , Elford W.G. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis paper briefly summarises the contribution to the understanding of meteoroids and their orbits from recent radar studies of meteors. New data from VHF and UHF observations indicates that some meteoroids are ablating at heights up to 160 km and modelling work suggests that such meteoric ionization can only be deposited by meteoroids that ablate at temperatures below 1000° K. Meteoroids with entry speeds well in excess of 100 km/s are clearly interstellar and some tentative sources have been identified. The distributions of the orbital elements of earlier data have been reanalysed in the light of a new understanding of the selection effects in those radar studies, and the presence of a significant set of retrograde orbits identified. The new technique of observing meteors ‘coming down the radar beam’ has led to very accurate measures of deceleration and detailed analysis of fragmentation events.
Variability of The Oort Cloud Comet Flux: Can It be Manifest in The Cratering Record?
Authors: Matese J.J. , Whitman P.G. , Innanen K.A. , Valtonen M.J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe consider the subject of time dependence of the Oort cloud comet flux. Over long time scales the flux is likely to be dominated by the adiabatic galactic tide. This tide is substantially modulated as the Solar System moves in its galactic orbit. If Shoemaker was correct in his estimate that virtually all terrestrial craters of diameter > 100 km are produced by long period comets, then the phase and plane crossing period of the Solar System about the galactic disk should be consistent. with the ages of accurately dated large craters. A time series analysis of these ages in which the Solar oscillation phase is fixed to be consistent with observations indicates a maximal correlation for a period of 36 ± 2 Myr. This period is well within observational limits. If improvements in stellar velocity dispersion studies continue, it is possible that a sufficiently accurate determination of the Solar oscillation period can be found to unambiguously answer the following questions. Is the Solar oscillation cycle correlated with the time series of ages for large craters? If so, can we reject the hypothesis that the correlation is an artifact that could likely be reproduced by a random distribution of ages? We present evidence which suggests that if it is found that the data requires a plane crossing period in the range 36 ± 2 Myr, the answer to both of these questions will be affirmative.
Maintenance of the ICRS - Statistical Treatment
Authors: Schwan H. , Wielen R. 
Published: June 2021

In this paper we briefly describe the influence of astrometric binaries on derived proper motions and we draw some conclusions with respect to the reference systems. For more details the reader is referred to Wielen (1997) and Wielen et al. (1997).Increased measurement accuracy determines not only the derived parameters with much more precision, but it may even allow one to describe new phenomena, which were of no importance before. This happened in the case of the highly precise Hipparcos measurements (ESA, 1997) which were able to determine stellar proper motions within less than four years with an accuracy comparable with the best proper motions available from ground-based observations as given in the FK5 (Fricke et al. 1988). The basic difference between the Hipparcos and the FK5 proper motions showed up within our task of validating the Hipparcos proper motions during the reduction process. Our main result was that the dispersion of the residual differences between both proper motions was about three times as large compared with the error estimates expected from the data given in the catalogues. Since it was rather unlikely that one of the two catalogues had so strongly underestimated its errors, we looked for other reasons to explain the discrepancy. For many of the stars with the largest differences between the Hipparcos and FK5 proper motions, information on their duplicity was found in the literature. We thus suspected that the influence of astrometric binaries to be responsible for the discrepancy.
Evolutionary Changes in LUMINOUS STARS
Authors: Zsldos E. 
Published: June 2021

The light curves of luminous stars often show spectacular secular changes which can be connected to stellar evolution. Such events are, e.g. the outbursts of P Cygni in the 17th century and 77 Carinae in the last century. Both stars belong to the Luminous Blue Variables, but these changes are not restricted to blue stars. The light curve of HR 8752 (V509 Cassiopeiae) shows a certain similarity to that of the former two stars. When it was first catalogued in the middle of the 19th century, it had been a 6m star. During 100 years the star showed a secular brightening of lm. A similar yellow hypergiant, p Cassiopeiae produced at least two outbursts this century, though both
have smaller amplitudes than it is in the case of the LBVs. Moreover, these yellow variables also have an apparently secular colour change: the B − V colour of HR 8752 is decreasing while that of ρ Cassiopeiae is increasing. In both cases evolutionary changes are possible but one cannot exclude other causes.Besides these well studied stars there are several other yellow hypergiants with promising light curves. One of the most interesting cases seems to be R Puppis, which was discovered to be variable in the last century, but then did not show any appreciable change in the following 70-80 years. In the late 1970s, however, it began to vary once more.
Sakurai’s Object, a Late He-Flash
Authors: Kerber F. , Gratl H. , Kimeswenger S. , Roth M. 
Published: June 2021

We report on dramatic change in Sakurai’s object (RA: 17h52m32.7s, DEC: −17d41’07”, J2000.0). Discovered by the Japanese amateur astronomer Y. Sakurai in Feb. 1996, this object was first classified as a slow nova (Nakano S., Sakurai Y., Hazen M., McNaught R.H., Benetti S., Duerbeck H.W., Leibundgut B., 1996, IAU Circ. 6322). Further study revealed a spectrum rich in C, N and O-lines, but poor in hydrogen, as well as an old planetary nebula surrounding the star; it was then realized that this might be a star undergoing a late He-flash (Benetti, S. et al. 1996, IAU Circ. 6325). Despite the fact that 10 to 20% of all low mass stars will experience a late He-flash (Iben I. Jr., MacDonald J., 1996), it is an extremely rare observational event, due to its short duration. The most recent example is V605 Aql/A58 in 1919 (Eitter W.C., 1987, ESO Messenger, 14: see also Clayton C.G., De Marco O., 1997, AJ for a review).In March 1997 we discovered dramatic change in the optical spectrum of Sakurai’s object using the 2.5 m Du Pont telescope at Las Campanas, Chile. The dominating features now are the prominent bands of CN (bandheads at 388.8 and 421.6 nm) and C2 (Swan-Bands at 439.2, 473.7, 516.5, 558.5 and 565.5 nm)(Kerber F., Gratl, H., Roth, M., 1997, IAU Circ. 6601) that were not evident a year ago (Duerbeck, H.W., Benetti, S., 1996, ApJ 468, L111).
Optical and Near Infrared Observations of Post-AGB Stars
Authors: Fujii T. , Ono T. , Nakada Y. , Parthasarathy M. 
Published: June 2021

The post-AGB stars rapidly change their spectral energy distribution on their way from the asymptotic giant branch(AGB) to planetary nebula stage. They are generally surrounded by cool and extended dust shells emitting largely in the infrared wavelengths.A selected sample of the post-AGB candidates were observed using the CCDand IR camera at Kiso and Nishi-Harima Astronomical Observatory. They were classified based on their broad band spectra from B to K’ band and their evolutionary stages have been discussed using the simple model of the dust shell around a star.The light variation of some of these objects were monitored and their light curves are also presented.