bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does tagging transparent fish increase predation risk? A laboratory study with glass eel (Anguilla anguilla) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)
Authors: Griffioen Arie Benjamin , Janssen Woody , Menke Timon , Wilkes Tony , Winter Hendrik Volken 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBarriers in the estuaries of the rivers prevent the immigration of glass eels (Anguilla anguilla) arriving on the European coast every spring. This leads to an unnatural accumulation of migrating glass eels below the barriers, and this may lead to additional losses in glass eels by piscivorous fish. The proportion of predation losses can be estimated using mark‐recapture techniques and abundance estimates in combination with stomach content analysis of piscivorous fish. Nonetheless, whether tagging transparent glass eels increases predation risk and what the digestion rate of glass eel is in piscivorous fish are unknown. This study aimed to determine whether there is an increased predation risk for tagged glass eel; it also studies glass eel digestion status in piscivorous fish after appointed time frames. A laboratory experiment with 48 trials was conducted. Tagged (visible implanted elastomer, VIE) and untagged glass eels were exposed to small (19.1–24.4 cm) and large (31.9–43.5 cm) sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) during a 2 h trial. In 48% of the trials, successful predation was present and 13% showed clear predation attempts in which bass did not capture glass eels. No significant difference was found in predation rate between tagged and untagged glass eels and between red and blue tagged glass eels. Large sea bass predated more, but all sizes consumed glass eel under laboratory conditions. Stomach content analysis showed intact glass eel bodies 4–6 h after ending the 2 h trial and parts of glass eel bodies up to 16–18 h. This study showed that tagging does not increase predation in mark‐recapture studies using VIE‐tags in transparent glass eel. It also shows that the proportion of predation in relation to local glass eel abundance can be estimated if stomach content analysis is conducted within 4–6 h after predation.
Abortion With Pills: Review of Current Options in The United States
Authors: Jenkins Julie , Woodside Faith , Lipinsky Katrina , Simmonds Katherine , Coplon Leah 
Published: October 2021

AbstractInterest in self‐management approaches to abortion with pills in the United States preceded the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic and has accelerated during this global health crisis. Coupled with the unclear future of legal abortion in the United States, clinical care providers need to be aware of the range of self‐managed abortion approaches and of the varying levels of engagement with the formal health care system they entail. This article is intended to serve as a resource to inform providers of the current landscape of abortion with pills in the United States, while also describing possible shifts in the future that may result due to the ongoing pandemic and the continuing erosion of access to abortion care and services.
Distinct displacement of the superficial and deep fascial layers of the iliotibial band during a weight shift task in runners: An exploratory study
Authors: Besomi Manuela , Salomoni Sauro E. , Cruz‐Montecinos Carlos , Stecco Carla , Vicenzino Bill , Hodges Paul W. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMotion of the fascial layers of the iliotibial band (ITB), as a reinforcement of the deep fascia lata, is likely to be relevant for its function and mechanical behaviour. This exploratory study aimed to evaluate the ITB fascial layers displacement during a weight shift task. Thirteen pain‐free runners performed a 6‐second standing weight shift task. B‐mode ultrasound imaging using an automated fascicle tracking algorithm was used to measure proximal and distal displacement of superficial and deep ITB layers at the middle region. To study the potential contributors to individual variation of fascial motion, we recorded the activity of five hip/thigh muscles with electromyography (EMG), thigh/pelvis/trunk position with accelerometers, and centre of pressure with a force plate. Linear regressions estimated the relationship between displacement of fascial layers and hip/trunk angles. Independent t‐tests or Fisher's exact tests compared EMG and movement‐related parameters between participants who demonstrated motion of the fascia in the proximal and distal directions. Thickness of the ITB and the loose connective tissue between its layers were calculated. Proximal displacement was observed in six (−4.1 ± 1.9 mm [superficial]) and two (−6.2 ± 2.0 mm [deep]) participants. Distal displacement was observed for seven participants for each layer (3.1 ± 1.1 mm [superficial]; 3.6 ± 1.3 mm [deep]). Four participants did not show displacement of the deep layer. Trunk lateral flexion and gluteus medius muscle activity were determinants of proximal motion of the superficial layer. Loose connective tissue was thinner in participants without displacement of the deep layer. Displacement of the ITB fascial layers varies between individuals. Variation related to differences in joint movements and muscle activity. This study highlights the complex interaction between fascia and movement.
Shared decision‐making interventions: An overview and a meta‐analysis of their impact on vaccine uptake
Authors: Scalia P. , Durand M.‐A. , Elwyn G. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackground: The interest in shared decision making (SDM) and the use of patient decision aids have increased significantly. Research indicates that this approach has benefits, and yet, implementation remains a challenge. To illustrate this development, we focus on vaccine hesitancy which has become a serious public health challenge during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Various strategies have been used in healthcare, with limited success, to help patients overcome vaccine hesitancy. It is unclear whether SDM interventions can increase vaccination rates.Aims: Our aim was two‐fold: to provide an overview of SDM and the use of patient decision aids and to determine the effect of SDM interventions on vaccine uptake.Methods: To provide an overview, we drew on our knowledge of the field and summarized the most recent systematic reviews. We examined the impact on vaccine hesitancy by searching for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of SDM interventions, conducted a meta‐analysis and calculated a pooled odds ratio. Additional outcomes were reported in a narrative synthesis.Results: SDM is viewed as the pinnacle of patient‐centred care, supported by an ethical imperative and by empirical evidence of benefits. We found 10 RCTs that met our inclusion criteria. SDM interventions significantly increased vaccine uptake compared to control groups (odds ratio = 1.45; 95% confidence interval [1.17–1.80]; p < 0.01). Some RCTs also reported significantly decreased decisional conflict and increased decision confidence.Conclusion: Future healthcare delivery systems will need to consider how to support the implementation of SDM. Interventions designed to facilitate this approach can represent a helpful, ethically defensible, strategy to increase vaccination rates.
An update on extracapsular dissection for the management of parotid gland pleomorphic adenoma
Authors: Loke Wee Lee , Rahimi Siavash , Brennan Peter A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSuperficial parotidectomy has been the gold standard for surgical removal of benign mobile parotid gland tumours. The comparatively newer technique of extracapsular dissection, which involves careful dissection of the tumour itself without the need for formal gland excision, has gained popularity in recent years. Tumours can be removed via smaller incision, and the technique reduces the risk of Frey's syndrome (gustatory sweating) and hollowing at the site of surgery. The risk of facial nerve damage can also be lower with extracapsular dissection. If done carefully, the incidence of tumour recurrence, particularly for pleomorphic adenomas, is comparable with formal parotidectomy. We provide a brief update overview of the current evidence for extracapsular dissection in the treatment of benign parotid tumours and include several meta‐analyses which provide evidence for the safety of the technique. We have also included our audited results of over 100 recent extracapsular dissections, with 0% incidence of permanent facial nerve weakness, reported Frey's syndrome and recurrence rates over the last 5 years.
The effect of accounting for income tax uncertainty on tax‐deductible loss accruals for private insurers
Authors: Cheng Jiang , Chow Travis , Lin Tzu‐Ting , Ng Jeffrey 
Published: October 2021

AbstractLittle is known about the effects of accounting regulation on private insurers. In this paper, we examine the uniqueness of the tax deductibility of insurers' loss accruals. We find that private insurers' overstatement of loss accruals in tax planning significantly decreases after adoption of the Statement of Statutory Accounting Principles (SSAP) 101, which mandates that insurance companies recognize and measure tax contingencies. Relative to public insurers' loss reserve errors, those of private insurers decrease by an estimated 0.8%–1.1% of total assets, implying a forfeited tax benefit of $1.79–$4.4 million per firm, per year. We also find that the decrease is mitigated for insurers with lower IRS monitoring or in states where the insurance industry comprises a greater part of state employment. Additionally, insurers with independent boards, or those with independent, external actuaries are more responsive to the adoption of SSAP 101.
Controlled and Automatic Processing in the Acceptability Judgment Task: An Eye‐Tracking Study
Authors: Maie Ryo , Godfroid Aline 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe conducted an eye‐tracking study of the acceptability judgment task (AJT) by drawing on the dual process theory of controlled and automatic processing. We conceptually replicated the work of Godfroid et al. (2015) and then extended it in two respects: (a) we analyzed both late and early measures of eye movement to differentiate between the effect of time pressure on controlled and on automatic processes, and (b) we examined how the automaticity of participants’ lexical processing moderated the effect of time pressure. Under timed and untimed conditions, 31 L1 and 40 L2 English speakers performed the AJT while their eye movements were recorded. Through statistical modeling of the eye‐tracking data, we demonstrated that (a) time pressure inhibits not only controlled processing but also automatic processing and (b) the time pressure effect is most pronounced for the late eye‐movement measures of L2 speakers with slow lexical decoding skills. We explain that time pressure may not work as theoretically predicted by L2 researchers (i.e., to suppress only controlled processes associated with explicit knowledge) and that its effect is not uniform across different L2 speakers.
The prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Samoans living in Auckland, New Zealand
Authors: Tafuna'i Malama , Turner Robin M. , Richards Rosalina , Sopoaga Fa'afetai , Walker Robert 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAimsPacific peoples have higher rates of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and are five times more likely to commence kidney replacement therapy compared with New Zealand (NZ) Europeans. As the majority live Auckland, this study looked at the prevalence of CKD in two Auckland Pacific Island health providers caring for a large proportion of Pacific peoples, of which almost 50% are Samoan, as well as NZ Europeans.MethodsDe‐identified information was requested on individuals who had two or more CKD tests (serum creatinine and urinary albumin creatinine ratios) more than 3 months apart. CKD prevalence across different demographic groups was determined. Logistic regression was used to look at associations of known risk factors and CKD.ResultsData from 25 127 patients was evaluated. Of the total sample, 7451 individuals identified as Samoans. The prevalence of CKD amongst all Samoans in this sample was 17.8% increasing to 36.3% in those Samoans that had been tested for CKD. The prevalence of CKD in this total sample was 13% increasing to 27.5% considering only those who had CKD testing. The odds of Samoans having CKD (adjOR: 1.9 [95%CI 1.7, 2.2]), all other Pacific Island ethnicities identified and NZ Maori (adjOR:1.5 [95%CI 1.3, 1.8]), were increased compared with non‐Māori‐non‐Pacific (likelihood p value <.001).ConclusionWe report the high prevalence of CKD (15.9%–33.4%) in Samoans living in New Zealand. This reveals an urgent need for further studies to develop strategies to prevent or reduce the development of kidney failure and premature death.
Baseline predictive factors for foregut and hindgut response to long‐term gastric electrical stimulation using augmented energy
Authors: Elmasry Mohamed , Hassan Hamza , Mathur Prateek , Stocker Abigail , Atassi Hadi , Saleem Saad , McElmurray Lindsay , Cooper Kelly , Hughes Michael G. , Starkebaum Warren , Pinkston Christina , Abell Thomas 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIntroductionGastric electrical stimulation (GES) has been recommended for drug refractory patients with gastroparesis, but no clear baseline predictors of symptom response exist. We hypothesized that long‐term predictors to GES for foregut and hindgut symptoms exist, particularly when using augmented energies.PatientsWe evaluated 307 patients at baseline, 1 week post temporary GES, and one year after permanent GES. Baseline measures included upper and lower symptoms by patient‐reported outcomes (PRO), solid and liquid gastric emptying (GET), cutaneous, mucosal, and serosal electrophysiology (EGG, m/s EG), BMI, and response to temporary stimulation.MethodsForegut and hindgut PRO symptoms were analyzed for 12‐month patient outcomes. All patients utilized a standardized energy algorithm with the majority of patients receiving medium energy at 12 months. Patients were categorized based on change in average GI symptom scores at the time of permanent GES compared to baseline using a 10% decrease over time as the cutoff between improvers versus non‐improvers.ResultsBy permanent GES implant, average foregut and hindgut GI symptom scores reduced 42% in improved patients (n = 199) and increased 27% in non‐improved patients (n = 108). Low BMI, baseline infrequent urination score, mucosal EG ratio, and proximal mucosal EG low‐resolution amplitude remained significant factors for improvement status.ConclusionsGES, for patients responding positively, improved both upper/foregut and lower/hindgut symptoms with most patients utilizing higher than nominal energies. Low baseline BMI and the presence of infrequent urination along with baseline gastric electrophysiology may help identify those patients with the best response to GES/bio‐electric neuromodulation.
Abscisic acid supports colonization of Eucalyptus grandis roots by the mutualistic ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus microcarpus
Authors: Hill Richard A. , Wong‐Bajracharya Johanna , Anwar Sidra , Coles Donovin , Wang Mei , Lipzen Anna , Ng Vivian , Grigoriev Igor V. , Martin Francis , Anderson Ian C. , Cazzonelli Christopher I. , Jeffries Thomas , Plett Krista L. , Plett Jonathan M. 
Published: October 2021

Summary

The pathways regulated in ectomycorrhizal (EcM) plant hosts during the establishment of symbiosis are not as well understood when compared to the functional stages of this mutualistic interaction. Our study used the EcM host Eucalyptus grandis to elucidate symbiosis‐regulated pathways across the three phases of this interaction.

Using a combination of RNA sequencing and metabolomics we studied both stage‐specific and core responses of E. grandis during colonization by Pisolithus microcarpus. Using exogenous manipulation of the abscisic acid (ABA), we studied the role of this pathway during symbiosis establishment.

Despite the mutualistic nature of this symbiosis, a large number of disease signalling TIR‐NBS‐LRR genes were induced. The transcriptional regulation in E. grandis was found to be dynamic across colonization with a small core of genes consistently regulated at all stages. Genes associated to the carotenoid/ABA pathway were found within this core and ABA concentrations increased during fungal integration into the root. Supplementation of ABA led to improved accommodation of P. microcarpus into E. grandis roots.

The carotenoid pathway is a core response of an EcM host to its symbiont and highlights the need to understand the role of the stress hormone ABA in controlling host–EcM fungal interactions.
Knockout of the lignin pathway gene BnF5H decreases the S/G lignin compositional ratio and improves Sclerotinia sclerotiorum resistance in Brassica napus
Authors: Cao Yanru , Yan Xingying , Ran Shuyao , Ralph John , Smith Rebecca A. , Chen Xueping , Qu Cunmin , Li Jiana , Liu Liezhao 
Published: October 2021

AbstractFerulate‐5‐hydroxylase is a key enzyme involved in the conversion of the guaiacyl monolignol to the syringyl monolignol in angiosperms. The monolignol ratio has been proposed to affect biomass recalcitrance and the resistance to plant disease. Stem rot caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Brassica napus causes severe losses in its production. To date, there is no information about the effect of the lignin monomer ratio on the resistance to S. sclerotiorum in B. napus. Four dominantly expressed ferulate‐5‐hydroxylase genes were concertedly knocked out by CRISPR/Cas9 in B. napus, and three mutant lines were generated. The S/G lignin compositional ratio was decreased compared to that of the wild type based on the results of Mӓule staining and 2D‐NMR profiling in KO‐7. The resistance to S. sclerotiorum in stems and leaves increased for the three f5h mutant lines compared with WT. Furthermore, we found that the stem strength of f5h mutant lines was significantly increased. Overall, we demonstrate for the first time that decreasing the S/G ratio by knocking out of the F5H gene improves S. sclerotiorum resistance in B. napus and increases stem strength.
Visual attention to their own paralytic limbs in children with spina bifida: Measurement of gaze direction using eye tracking
Authors: Mano Hiroshi , Fujiwara Sayaka , Yabuki Sayumi , Takikawa Kazuharu , Tanaka Hiroshi , Haga Nobuhiko 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundPatients with spina bifida experience sensory and motor paralysis and complications in the form of deformation and skin problems of the lower limbs. Enhancing their awareness of the paralysed lesions could be helpful for these patients to prevent secondary disorders. This study sought to investigate to what extent children with spina bifida are visually aware of their body parts and, in particular, to their paralysed lesions.MethodsParticipants included children with spina bifida (n = 10) and typically developing control children (n = 10) between the ages of 5 and 11 years. All participants were shown still images of themselves on a monitor after which their gaze direction was measured using an eye tracker, with or without providing an instruction to direct their attention to their limbs. The gaze direction data were analyzed and compared between children with spina bifida and the control children.ResultsChildren with spina bifida paid visual attention to their bodies in a manner similar to that of control children. Prompts to direct their attention to their limbs were effective in both groups; however, the degree of efficacy in children with spina bifida was inferior to that in control children.ConclusionsPromotion of visual awareness to their paralytic parts could be a reasonable and effective method for children with spina bifida to improve their understanding and recognition of their body and prevent associated skin problems.
A novel BMPR1A mutation affects mRNA splicing in juvenile polyposis syndrome
Authors: Imagawa Kazuo , Morita Atsushi , Fukushima Hiroko , Tagawa Manabu , Takada Hidetoshi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundJuvenile polyposis syndrome (JPS) is one of the hereditary polyposis syndromes caused by abnormal regulation of transforming growth factor β signaling because of mutations in BMPR1A and SMAD4. Juvenile polyposis syndrome patients with SMAD4 mutations develop cardiovascular events, whereas those with BMPR1A usually do not. Analysis of genetic mutations in JPS patients can be helpful in devising suitable strategies for medical management. In this study, we demonstrate the pathogenicity of a novel intronic mutation in BMPR1A using mRNA extracted from colonic mucosa of a boy with JPS.MethodsGenomic DNA extracted from peripheral blood and total RNA isolated from the colonic mucosa were used for DNA sequencing and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) analyses, respectively.ResultsA 13‐year‐old boy, with no previous medical history, presented to the hospital complaining of bloody stools. Colonoscopy revealed multiple polyps in the colon, and the resected polyps were compatible with juvenile polyps. Sequencing analysis revealed a novel intronic mutation (c.778+5G>C) in BMPR1A. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis of RNA extracted from the colonic mucosa showed an aberrant splicing form of BMPR1A. Trio analysis showed that his mother also had the same BMPR1A mutation. She was diagnosed with cancer of the cecum and polyposis of the colon at the age of 41.ConclusionWe demonstrate the presence of a novel BMPR1A intronic mutation that exhibits splicing abnormality in a family with JPS. Further research and development will help elucidate the genotype–phenotype relationship in JPS.
Coagulation potential in pediatric patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy
Authors: Omae Takashi , Ishikawa Tomoaki , Nakajima Yuto , Nogami Keiji 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundImmunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is the most prevalent primary chronic glomerular disease in children. Understanding the changes in coagulability caused by IgAN is important for clarifying pathophysiology and choice of treatment. The coagulation potential in patients with IgAN remains to be investigated, however. We aimed to assess comprehensive coagulation potential in pediatric patients with IgAN and explore its relationship with pathological disease severity.MethodsFourteen children with IgAN diagnosed by renal biopsy, who were admitted at Nara Medical University Hospital between 2015 and 2020, were analyzed. Rotational thromboelastometry was used to evaluate coagulation potential. Values of rotational thromboelastometry parameters in patients with IgAN were compared with those in control children.ResultsIn patients with IgAN (aged median 9.5 year), clotting time plus clot formation time (CT + CFT) was shortened (P = 0.003) and α angle was greater (P < 0.001) than those in controls, indicating a hypercoagulable state. The rate of mesangial hypercellularity of glomeruli correlated with CT + CFT, α, and maximum clot firmness (MCF) (rs = −0.79, 0.56, and 0.37). The rate of cellular/fibrocellular crescent of glomeruli correlated with CT + CFT, α, and MCF (rs = −0.41, 0.60, and 0.50). Patients with mesangial hypercellularity ≥80% of glomeruli showed reduced CT + CFT and increased α angle (P = 0.007 and 0.03). Patients with cellular/fibrocellular crescent ≥10% of glomeruli showed decreased CT + CFT and increased α angle (both P = 0.02).ConclusionsThe hypercoagulable state in pediatric patients with IgAN may be associated with the pathological severity of their disease.