bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lockdown low vision assessment: an audit of 500 telephone‐based modified low vision consultations
Authors: Patel Ankit , Fothergill Alicia S , Barnard Katy E C , Dunbar Hannah , Crossland Michael D 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPurposeNon‐urgent face‐to‐face outpatient ophthalmology appointments were suspended in the United Kingdom in March 2020, due to the COVID‐19 outbreak. In common with other centres, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (London) offered modified telephone consultations to new and follow‐up patients in the low vision clinic. Here we assess the success of this telephone service.MethodsData were collected for 500 consecutive telephone low vision appointments. Successful completion of the assessment and clinical outcomes (low vision aids prescribed, onward referral) were recorded.ResultsTelephone assessments were completed for 364 people (72.8%). The most common reasons for non‐completion were either no answer to the telephone call (75 people, 15%), or the patient declining assessment (20 people, 4%). There was no association between age and the likelihood of an assessment being completed. 131 new low vision aids were dispensed, 77 internal referrals were made and 15 people were referred to outside services. More than 80% of the low vision aids prescribed were useful.ConclusionsTelephone low vision assessments were completed in about three‐quarters of cases. About one‐quarter of consultations resulted in new low vision aids being dispensed, which were generally found useful. Telephone low vision assessments can be used successfully in a large low vision clinic, but have many limitations when compared to face‐to‐face assessments.
The indications and safety of prolonged temporary pacing using active‐fixation leads and externalized pulse generator
Authors: Shah Nisar H , Shah Parin , Elsayed Hossam , O'Callaghan Peter , Leong Fong T , Yousef Zaheer 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundTemporary cardiac pacing, conventionally achieved using a passive transvenous pacing wire, can be life‐saving for unstable arrhythmias. However, they run the risk of complications, the longer they remain in‐situ. Externalized prolonged temporary pacing (EPTP), using active‐fixation lead and an externalized pulse generator; may be an alternative for transient pacing indications, concurrent illness or sepsis that precludes permanent pacing.MethodsSixty‐seven patients (mean age 69 ± 14 years; 82% male) underwent EPTP between November 2011 and April 2019. EPTP was performed in a sterile facility, under fluoroscopy, using active‐fixation leads anchored to the right ventricle septum. Externalized lead was connected to a re‐sterilized pulse generator and secured to anterior chest wall with transparent dressings. EPTP indications and patient outcomes were evaluated.ResultsPacing indications were high‐grade atrio‐ventricular (AV) block (73.2%), sinus arrest (14.9%), overdrive suppression of VT (5.9%) and pause‐dependent VT (4.5%). Reasons for ETPT rather than permanent pacing included: sepsis (38.8%), CIED‐related infection (8.9%), transient pacing indication (25%), to allow further investigations prior to decision on CIED type (22%), and over‐drive arrhythmia suppression (6%). Sixty three percent patients were severely ill in an ICU. Mean duration of pacing was 16 ± 12 days. Sixty seven percent patients subsequently received a CIED and had no evidence of device‐related infection at 1‐year post‐implant. There were three non‐fatal complications during EPTP while no deaths were attributed to EPTP.ConclusionEPTP is a safe and useful method of prolonged temporary pacing for patients who require chronotropic support, but in whom immediate permanent pacemaker implantation is contraindicated.
Gender Equity, Religion, and Fertility in Europe and North America
Authors: DeRose Laurie Fields 
Published: February 2021

AbstractReligion has historically been a pronatalist force, but because it fosters traditional gender role attitudes, its importance for fertility may wane where gender equity is thought to be emerging as the new natalism. In this study, I used World Values Survey and European Values Survey data from 1989 to 2018 to determine whether more religious Northern countries are slower to develop the widespread egalitarian gender role attitudes associated with fertility recovery. I concluded that the “old natalism” and the “new natalism” do not compete with each other as much as their negative association implies that they might. By tracing the evolution of country‐level gender equity in more‐ and less religious countries of Europe and North America, I showed how country‐level religiosity does not dampen the potential for a gender equity‐stimulated fertility recovery. This paper also contributes by showing that the curvilinear relationship between gender equity and fertility has continued into more recent time periods than covered by previous work.
Implications of anesthesia and vaccination
Authors: Lin Connie , Vazquez‐Colon Caroll , Geng‐Ramos Giuliana , Challa Chaitanya 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe current COVID‐19 pandemic has had a global impact on vaccination rates. Delays in routine healthcare and immunization have led to a rise in concerns about resurgence of vaccine‐preventable diseases around the world. With the release and distribution of COVID‐19 vaccines, plans to improve immunization rates need to be explored and implemented across disciplines. One approach would be the consideration of perioperative vaccinations; however, the effects of anesthesia and surgery on the immune response and complications associated with vaccination during the perioperative period are still poorly understood, and opinions are divided. To ascertain the value of a perioperative vaccination program, it is important to understand the basics of immunization and common vaccinations; the potential vaccine complications in the pediatric cohort; the implications of anesthesia and surgery on the immune response; and current recommendations. In addition, we believe it is important to discuss the logistics and feasibility of coordinating perioperative immunization should this become a regular opportunity.
Being Sympathetic to Bad‐History Wrongdoers
Authors: Agule Craig K. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFor many philosophers, bad‐history wrongdoers are primarily interesting because of what their cases might tell us about the interaction of moral responsibility and history. However, philosophers focusing on blameworthiness have overlooked important questions about blame itself. These bad‐history cases are complicated because blame and sympathy are both fitting. When we are careful to consider the rich natures of those two reactions, we see that they conflict in several important ways. We should see bad‐history cases as cases about whether and how we should blame, rather than as cases giving us ready insight into the nature of moral responsibility.
Responses of leaf respiration to heatwaves
Authors: Scafaro Andrew P. , Fan Yuzhen , Posch Bradley C. , Garcia Andres , Coast Onoriode , Atkin Owen K. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMitochondrial respiration (R) is central to plant physiology and responds dynamically to daily short‐term temperature changes. In the longer‐term, changes in energy demand and membrane fluidity can decrease leaf R at a common temperature and increase the temperature at which leaf R peaks (Tmax). However, leaf R functionality is more susceptible to short‐term heatwaves. Catalysis increases with rising leaf temperature, driving faster metabolism and leaf R demand, despite declines in photosynthesis restricting assimilate supply and growth. Proteins denature as temperatures increase further, adding to maintenance costs. Excessive heat also inactivates respiratory enzymes, with a concomitant limitation on the capacity of the R system. These competing push‐and‐pull factors are responsible for the diminishing acceleration in leaf R rate as temperature rises. Under extreme heat, membranes become overly fluid, and enzymes such as the cytochrome c oxidase are impaired. Such changes can lead to over‐reduction of the energy system culminating in reactive oxygen species production. This ultimately leads to the total breakdown of leaf R, setting the limit of leaf survival. Understanding the heat stress responses of leaf R is imperative, given the continued rise in frequency and intensity of heatwaves and the importance of R for plant fitness and survival.
Evaluation of hemodynamic changes using near‐infrared spectroscopy in patients with tic‐related obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: Mukai Keiichiro , Matsuura Naomi , Miyauchi Masahiro , Hashimoto Takuya , Yamanishi Kyosuke , Maebayashi Kensei , Hayashida Kazuhisa , Matsunaga Hisato 
Published: February 2021

AimA tic‐related specifier is included in the DSM‐5 diagnostic criteria to identify a clinically specific obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) subtype. The current study sought to evaluate hemodynamic changes during executive function tasks among OCD patients with and without a lifetime history of tic disorder (TD) and healthy controls, and to investigate the relation between brain activation and clinical variables in each group using structured equation modeling.MethodsTwenty‐nine OCD patients diagnosed according to the DSM‐IV‐TR and 15 healthy controls were recruited. Patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of a lifetime history of TD (TD+, n = 11; TD−, n = 18). Prefrontal hemodynamic changes were measured using multi‐channel near‐infrared spectroscopy during the Verbal Fluency Task, Trail‐Making Task, and Tower of London (ToL) Task.ResultsThere were significant brain activation differences in the frontopolar cortex between OCD patients with and without TD during Verbal Fluency Task and ToL performance. Brain activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during the ToL Task in OCD patients with TD exerted a direct causal effect on the severity of compulsions. In addition, we detected a direct causal effect of the severity of obsessions in OCD patients without TD on brain activation in the DLPFC during the ToL Task.ConclusionBrain activation in the frontopolar cortex exhibits different hemodynamics depending on the task, and DLPFC function may play a different role in the neural basis of developing OCD symptoms between OCD patients with and without TD.
A case of idiopathic acquired leukonychia totalis in a 17‐year‐old boy
Authors: Freeman S. Caleb , Dick Mary K. , Abid Roshan , Tabatabai Taylor M. , Berrebi Kristen G. , Stone Mary S. , Powers Jennifer G. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWhitening of the nail, or leukonychia, can have a wide range of etiologies including genetic disorders, trauma, poisoning, autoimmune disorders, and infections. Here we detail a case of idiopathic acquired leukonychia totalis in a 17‐year‐old boy. This condition has been reported 13 times in the literature previously, with only young boys being affected. Proper diagnosis may help minimize unnecessary investigations and prevent additional psychological stress over whether an underlying disease is present.
Pharyngeal pressure due to high‐flow nasal cannula devices in preterm infants
Authors: Kodera Takayuki , Takatera Akihiro , Morisawa Takeshi , Yonetani Masahiko 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn infants, a high‐flow nasal cannula (HFNC) generates continuous positive pressure on the upper airway. This study aimed to evaluate the association between pharyngeal pressure and flow rate, and the association between pharyngeal pressure and bodyweight for two types of HFNC devices commonly used in preterm infants: the Optiflow Junior, hereafter “FP” (Fisher & Paykel, Auckland, New Zealand), and the Precision Flow, hereafter “VT” (Vapotherm, Exeter, NH, USA).MethodsPharyngeal pressure measurements were performed in 12 preterm infants who received HFNC support. Flow rates of 1 to 4 L/kg/min were studied.ResultsThe median weight at the time of measurement was 1,290 g (range, 953–1,932 g). The FP was used in eight infants and the VT in four. In both of the groups, the flow rate and pharyngeal pressure appeared to be positively correlated except for the premature cannula in the FP group. At a flow rate of ≥2 L/kg/min, there was a positive correlation between the bodyweight and pharyngeal pressure in infants with premature and neonatal cannulas in the FP group. Conversely, at the same flow rate, there was a negative correlation between the bodyweight and pharyngeal pressure in infants with a SOLO cannula in the VT group.ConclusionsIn preterm infants, the flow rate and pharyngeal pressure were positively correlated in many HFNC cannulas. However, the pharyngeal pressure and bodyweight appeared to be positively and negatively correlated in the FP and VT groups, respectively. Future studies with larger sample sizes should further investigate this issue.
Lessons learned from health education in Japanese schools
Authors: Tomokawa Sachi , Shirakawa Yoshimi , Miyake Kimihiro , Ueno Marie , Koiso Tohru , Asakura Takashi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIntroductionA qualitative improvement in school health education is required to improve health for school‐aged children in developing countries. This study aimed to clarify the factors that enable the provision of comprehensive and consistent health education in Japan.MethodsWe reviewed health education in Japanese schools and the feature of curriculum revision, and clarified the factors that enable the provision of comprehensive and consistent health education.ResultsWe identified nine points as enabling factors: (i) clear description of the purpose of health education; (ii) clear provision of teaching content and adequate time allocation; (iii) comprehensive school health framework and clarification of the position of the health education; (iv) systems for surveying and screening children’s health problems; (v) regular revising of the Courses of Study; (vi) well trained teachers responsible for health education; (vii) health education specialists in higher education facilities; (viii) various materials related to health education; and (ix) collaboration with related health workers.ConclusionsWe proposed measures to enhance health education in developing countries: (i) clarifying the role of health education toward achieving goals set out in laws and policies related to education; (ii) providing appropriate learning content and time allocation; (iii) establishing a comprehensive school health framework; (iv) establishing a system that continuously monitors children’s health issues; (v) identifying the person responsible for health education in a school and establishing a training system; (vi) providing a teacher’s guide and teaching materials to facilitate child participatory learning, and (vii) collaborating with guardians, community members, and local health workers.
Epidemiology of urinary tract infections in children: Causative bacteria and antimicrobial therapy
Authors: Tanaka Yuhei , Oishi Tomohiro , Ono Sahoko , Kono Mina , Kato Atsushi , Miyata Ippei , Ohno Naoki , Ouchi Kazunobu 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundUrinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common bacterial infections in children. This study aimed to review characteristics of causative bacteria and the effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy in children with febrile UTIs.MethodsClinical records of 108 patients (130 episodes) with febrile UTIs admitted to the Kawasaki Medical School Hospital between July 2009 and October 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. The characteristics of the causative bacteria, antibacterial therapy, and therapeutic effect were verified.ResultsPatients were aged between 0 and 183 months (median age: 3 months). Seventy‐three (67.6%) were males. Sixty‐three episodes (48.5%) were diagnosed with complicated UTIs. Forty‐seven episodes (36.2%) were observed in patients aged <3 months; 15 of them had complicated UTIs. Escherichia coli (E. coli) was the most common pathogen, followed by Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis). Blood cultures were positive in three episodes. Among the 130 episodes, 62 (47.7%) were treated with a combination of ampicillin and third‐generation cephalosporins, followed by third‐generation cephalosporins (31 episodes, 23.8%) and sulbactam sodium / ampicillin sodium (15 episodes, 11.5%). In case of patients with uncomplicated/complicated UTIs and patients aged <3 and ≥3 months, the most common pathogen was E. coli, followed by E. faecalis. There was no difference in therapeutic effects between “combination ampicillin and third‐generation cephalosporins” and “third‐generation cephalosporin monotherapy” administered for the treatment of UTIs caused by E. coli.ConclusionsEscherichia coli is the most common pathogen among pediatric UTIs. For antibacterial therapy, third‐generation cephalosporin monotherapy is effective and may not require combination therapy with ampicillin.
Loneliness across cultures with different levels of social embeddedness: A qualitative study
Authors: Heu Luzia C. , Hansen Nina , van Zomeren Martijn , Levy Aharon , Ivanova Tsvetina T. , Gangadhar Aiswarya , Radwan Mahmoud 
Published: February 2021

AbstractValid theorizing and quantitative comparisons of loneliness across cultures require cross‐culturally similar meanings of loneliness. However, we know little about whether this is the case: Influential conceptualizations of loneliness mostly come from North America or Europe, where individuals tend to have relatively few stable social relationships and social interactions (i.e., less socially embedded cultures). We thus compare selected conceptualizations of loneliness from the literature to loneliness experiences that are reported in 42 semi‐structured interviews from countries with different levels of social embeddedness (Austria, Bulgaria, Israel, Egypt, India). Encouragingly, our thematic analysis does not suggest fundamental qualitative differences in loneliness definitions, perceived causes, or remedies. Nevertheless, we noticed and discuss aspects that may not be sufficiently considered in previous literature.
Exogenous hydrogen sulphide alleviates copper stress impacts in Artemisia annua L.: Growth, antioxidant metabolism, glandular trichome development and artemisinin biosynthesis
Authors: Nomani L. , Zehra A. , Choudhary S. , Wani K. I. , Naeem M. , Siddiqui M. H. , Khan M. M. A. , Aftab T. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

A supply of plant micronutrients (some of which are metals) is necessary to regulate many plant processes; their excess, however, can have detrimental consequences and can hamper plant growth, physiology and metabolism.

Artemisia annua is an important crop plant used in the treatment of malaria. In this investigation, the physio‐biochemical mechanisms involved in exogenous hydrogen sulphide‐mediated (H2S) alleviation of copper (Cu) stress in A. annua were assessed..

Two different levels of Cu (20, 40 mg·kg−1), one H2S treatment (200 µm) and their combinations were introduced while one set of plants was retained as control.

Results showed that the presence of excess Cu in the soil reduced growth and biomass, photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll content and fluorescence, gas exchange parameters and induced antioxidant enzyme activity. Copper stress enhanced the production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and increased Cu content in both roots and shoots of affected plants. Exogenous application of H2S restored the physio‐biochemical characteristics of Cu‐treated A. annua plants by reducing lipid peroxidation and enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes in Cu‐stressed plants as compared with the controls.

Hydrogen sulphide also reduced the Cu content in different plant parts, increased photosynthetic efficiency, trichome density, average area of trichomes and artemisinin content. Therefore, our results provide a comprehensive assessment of the defensive role of H2S in Cu‐stressed A. annua.
Functional analysis of MYB alleles from Solanum chilense and Solanum lycopersicum in controlling anthocyanin levels in heterologous tobacco plants
Authors: Subban Patharajan , Prakash Shanmugam , Bootbool Mann Amir , Kutsher Yaarit , Evenor Dalia , Levin Ilan , Reuveni Moshe 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFlavonoids are natural pigments occurring in plants and are present in fruits, leaves, stems, roots, and flowers. Tobacco plants transformed with an MYB regulatory gene from either Solanum chilense (Sc) or S. lycopersicum (Sl) demonstrate that ScANT1 induces a higher level of anthocyanin accumulation in comparison to SlANT1 and that this gene is sufficient to promote increased anthocyanin levels. We compared the aptitude of ScANT1 protein to induce anthocyanin accumulation to that of SlANT1 protein in tobacco plants. We also tested the effect of amino acid substitutions in ScANT1 and SlANT1. We examined these synthetic alleles' effect following the over‐expression of additional anthocyanin synthesis regulators, such as the tomato bHLH (SlJAF13) protein. Our results show that the amino acid changes that differentiate ScANT1 from SlANT1 are the main contributors to the advantage that ScANT1 has over SlANT1 in anthocyanin accumulation per transcript unit. We further demonstrated that altering the amino acid composition of SlANT1 could increase anthocyanin accumulation, while reciprocally modifying ScANT1 lowers the anthocyanin level. These results confirm the increased anthocyanin level in tobacco is attributed to the amino acid differences between ScANT1 and SlANT1. We also show that the co‐expression of SlJAF13 with SlANT1 in tobacco plants represses the anthocyanin production.
Clothing and body modification in the Hebrew Bible
Authors: Liebermann Rosanne 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDescriptions of clothing and body modification in the Hebrew Bible often communicate information about the wearers' identities, emotions, and changes of status. Dress studies is an interdisciplinary pursuit that has expanded greatly since the 1980s as part of a wider academic recognition that the human body is a primary site of cultural construction. Hebrew Bible scholars have increasingly recognized the value of this approach with regard to biblical texts and continue to explore its multifaceted dimensions. The studies to date include examinations of permanent body modifications in the Hebrew Bible: circumcision, scarification, tattooing, and piercing. Scholars have also analyzed temporary body modifications, such as styling or cutting the hair and applying cosmetics. Additionally, there are studies of the supplements added to the body, most notably clothing and jewelry. When examined in their social context, biblical descriptions of clothing and body modification reveal important information about the figures involved, the development of a narrative, and the ideologies of biblical writers.