bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eﬀect of Diﬀerences in the CLSI and EUCAST Criteria on the Interpretation of Enterobacteriaceae Sensitivity to Carbapenems
Authors: Kornoukhova L. A. , Emanuel V. L. , Gurieva Yu. V. , Chernykh I. G. 
Published: October 2021

Relevance: The two systems for determining the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial drugs, CLSI and EUCAST, are recommended for use in the global system of epidemiological surveillance of antimicrobial resistance of the World Health Organization. However, they diﬀer in the methodology of setting an antimicrobial susceptibility testing, threshold values of cut-oﬀ points, as well as interpretation of results. The true signiﬁcance of methodological diﬀerences between these systems for global microbiological monitoring is unclear.The aim of the study was to evaluate the inﬂuence of diﬀerences in the cut-oﬀ points of CLSI and EUCAST on the interpretation of antimicrobial sensitivity of microorganisms to carbapenems in Saint Petersburg.Design: screening and comparative study.Materials and methods. Sensitivity to Meropenem was studied in Escherichia coli (n=2956), as well as Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=1189) for the period of 2011–2013 and 2016–2019, and interpreted according to the threshold values of the two guidelines (2020). Results. The weighted Kappa showed good agreement between the EUCAST vs CLSI standards for both E.coli (0.58; 95% CI 0.55–0.61) and K.pneumoniae (0.77; 0.73–0.81). Mcnemar's Chi-square test revealed diﬀerences between the two standards in assessing sensitivity to Meropenem of E.coli which were 5.31% (95% CI 5.06–5.31%, P<0.0001), and of K.pneumoniae — 3.95% (95% CI 3.36–3.95%, P<0.0001).Conclusion. The reliability of determining sensitivity bacteria to anti-microbial drugs has a signiﬁcant impact on their rational use and the results of microbiological monitoring. The ﬁrst priority is to develop national standards that take regional characteristics into account.
Species Diversity And Resistance Markers of <i>Candida</i> Yeasts In COVID Positive and COVID Negative Patients With Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Authors: Aronova N. V. , Pavlovich N. V. , Tsymbalistova M. V. , Poleeva M. V. , Anisimova A. S. , Vodopyanov S. O. , Noskov A. K. 
Published: October 2021

Background. At the height of the novel coronavirus infection, the risk of fungal coinfection increases due to a decrease in the immune status of patients and massive antibacterial therapy, which leads to a complication in the course of the underlying disease and increases the risk of an unfavorable outcome. Therefore, it is necessary not only to identify all associates that cause the infectious process, but also to determine their sensitivity to antibacterial and antifungal drugs in order to select an adequate treatment regimen for a patient.The aim of the study was to investigate the species composition of fungal associates in corona positive and corona negative patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), as well as to determine the spectrum of sensitivity/resistance of yeasts and yeast-like fungi to antimycotic drugs.Material and methods. The species composition of the fungal microﬂora in sputum samples from 723 patients with CAP, sent from a health care facility in Rostov-on-Don, was investigated. The isolated cultures were identiﬁed using bacteriological and mass spectrometric methods. The sensitivity of yeasts to antimycotic drugs was determined by disk-diﬀusion method.Results. It has been established that yeast and yeast-like fungi were present in sputum samples in 31–32% of patients with CAP in etiologically signiﬁcant quantities. 10 diﬀerent types of yeast and yeast-like fungi were identiﬁed. Candida albicans was the predominant species in terms of the number of isolated cultures (83%). A re-examination of corona positive patients after their hospital stay revealed a tendency towards an increase in the number and intensity of manifestation of candidal lesions. Moreover, a change in Candida species has been registered, which entails a change in their sensitivity to antifungal drugs. A high percentage of strains resistant to ﬂuconazole was identiﬁed after determining the sensitivity of fungi to antimycotics.Conclusion. The data obtained demonstrate that yeast and yeast-like fungi are the dominant associates in complicated forms of CAP. In this regard, it seems appropriate to provide individual microbiological support to patients during their treatment with the identiﬁcation of all pathogens.
Aqueous Alteration on Asteroids Simplifies Soluble Organic Matter Mixtures
Authors: Isa Junko , Orthous-Daunay François-régis , Beck Pierre , Herd Christopher D. K. , Vuitton Veronique , Flandinet Laurène 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Biologically relevant abiotic extraterrestrial soluble organic matter (SOM) has been widely investigated to study the origin of life and the chemical evolution of protoplanetary disks. Synthesis of biologically relevant organics, in particular, seems to require aqueous environments in the early solar system. However, SOM in primitive meteorites includes numerous chemical species besides the biologically relevant ones, and the reaction mechanisms that comprehensively explain the complex nature of SOM are unknown. Besides, the initial reactants, which formed before asteroid accretion, were uncharacterized. We examined the mass distribution of SOM extracted from three distinct Tagish Lake meteorite fragments, which exhibit different degrees of aqueous alteration though they originated from a single asteroid. We report that mass distributions of SOM in the primordial fragments are well fit by the Schulz–Zimm (SZ) model for the molecular weight distribution patterns found in chain-growth polymerization experiments. Also, the distribution patterns diverge further from SZ with increasing degrees of aqueous alteration. These observations imply that the complex nature of the primordial SOM (1) was established before severe alteration on the asteroid, (2) possibly existed before parent-body accretion, and (3) later became simplified on the asteroid. Therefore, aqueous reactions on asteroids are not required conditions for cultivating complex SOM. Furthermore, we found that overall H/C ratios of SOM decrease with increasing aqueous alteration, and the estimate of H loss from the SOM is 10%–30%. Organics seem to be a significant H2 source that may have caused subsequent chemical reactions in the Tagish Lake meteorite parent body.
Neck Circumference as a Predictor of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Bangladeshi Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Kamrul-Hasan A. B. M. , Aalpona Fatema Tuz Zahura 
Published: October 2021

Background and Objective:Researchers have identified neck circumference (NC) as a valuable tool to detect obesity and metabolic syndrome (MS). We conducted this study to define cutoffs of NC to identify obesity, abdominal obesity, and MS in adult women diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).Methods:Adult women newly diagnosed with PCOS using the revised Rotterdam criteria having NC measure data in a cross-sectional study titled “Biochemical and Hormonal Profile of Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome” were analyzed.Results:Finally, 200 women were analyzed; their mean age was 23.3 (±4.9) years, body mass index (BMI) 26.47 (±5.09) kg/m2, NC 34.6 (±3.04) cm, waist circumference (WC) 88.18 (±11.98) cm, and visceral adiposity index (VAI) was 3.31 (±1.37). NC had positive correlations with age, BMI, WC, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, serum triglyceride, VAI, and testosterone levels. NC cutoff 32.75 cm showed 87.3% sensitivity and 74.4% specificity in detecting abdominal obesity (AUC 0.889,P< 0.001) and 88.0% sensitivity and 68.0% specificity for diagnosis of overweight/obesity (AUC 0.877,P< 0.001). NC 34.25 cm showed 63.0% sensitivity and 64.0% specificity for diagnosis of MS (AUC 0.681,P< 0.001).Conclusion:Neck circumference may be a simple and convenient tool in assessing obesity, central obesity, and MS in women with PCOS.
Etiological Profile of Short Stature in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Rajput Rajesh , Rani Monu , Rajput Meena , Garg Rakesh 
Published: October 2021

Context:The delayed growth of a child is a major cause of concern for the parents. There is a multitude of etiological factors which must be considered in relation to this common aspect of healthcare.Aim:The study was done to evaluate the etiological profile of short stature in children and adolescents.Settings and Design:The cross-sectional study was conducted for 12 months including 111 cases of short stature (out of the 1,058 cases screened), at the endocrinology outpatient department (OPD) of a tertiary care institute in Haryana.Subjects and Methods:As per the inclusion criteria, cases with age <18 years were enrolled. The examination and anthropometric measurements were performed in the presence of parents/guardians.Results:Out of the 1,058 cases screened; 111 cases of short stature were recruited as per the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The prevalence was about 10.49% of the total population. The mean age of the sample was 12.34 ± 3.19 years. The endocrine causes were the most common followed by normal variants of growth and delay, chronic systemic illness, and nutritional and skeletal causes. Among the endocrine causes, hypothyroidism was the most common followed by growth hormone deficiency and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).Conclusions:The mean chronological age of 12.34 ± 3.19 years suggests the delayed detection of short stature in the population. This highlights the importance of educating parents so that timely therapeutic intervention can be done to achieve the potential height.
Rapid Differential Diagnosis of Thyrotoxicosis Using T3/T4 Ratio, FT3/FT4 Ratio and Color Doppler of Thyroid Gland
Authors: Narkar Rukma Rajendra , Mishra Ipsita , Baliarsinha Anoj Kumar , Choudhury Arun Kumar 
Published: October 2021

Context:Establishing the etiology of thyrotoxicosis is of utmost importance to plan the appropriate line of therapy. However, certain scenarios such as absence of pathognomonic clinical features of Graves’ disease in some patients, or non-availability of radionuclide scanning and newer generation TRAb assays especially in resource-poor settings, necessitates utilization of other, simple and effective measures to differentiate between the two common causes of thyrotoxicosis, Graves’ disease (GD) and Destructive thyroiditis (DT).Aims:The aim of this work was to study the role of FT3/FT4 ratio, T3/T4 ratio and color flow Doppler ultrasound in treatment-naïve patients with thyrotoxicosis, in comparison to Tc-99m pertechnetate thyroid scanning in the differentiation of thyrotoxicosis due to GD and DT.Materials and Methods:Clinical data was collected from all study subjects. Thyroid function tests including FT3, FT4, T3, T4 and TSH, TSH Receptor Antibody (TRAb), Technetium Tc 99m pertechnetate scan and the mean peak systolic velocity in inferior thyroid artery (mean PSV-ITA) by color Doppler ultrasonography of thyroid gland was done in all patients.Results:A total of 83 treatment-naïve patients with thyrotoxicosis (61 with GD and 22 with DT) were studied. Mean PSV-ITA, T3/T4 ratio and FT3/FT4 ratio showed a sensitivity of 85.2%, 73.8%, and 77.04%, and a specificity of 90.9%, 72.7%, and 59.09%, respectively. The three parameters in combination yielded a positive predictive value of 100% in the diagnosis of Graves’ disease.Conclusion:Results of this study show that inferior thyroid artery blood flow, T3/T4 ratio and FT3/FT4 ratio are useful parameters in the differentiation between GD and DT.
Mechanism Research of Chonglou as a Pain Killer by Network Pharmacology
Authors: Liu Yu-Tong , Situ Yong-Li , Zhao Ting-Ting , Long Li-Na , Zeng He-Kun , Liang Shang-Dong , Schmalzing Günther , Gao Hong-Wei , Wei Jin-Bin , He Chuan-Hua , Nie Hong 
Published: October 2021

Objective:
The objective of this study is to screen the therapeutic targets of pain of traditional Chinese medicine Chonglou and explore the relevant mechanism by network pharmacology techniques and methods.

Materials and Methods:
The chemical components of Chonglou were collected according to chemistry database and related literature. SwissADME was used to collect the potential active ingredients from all the chemical components of Chonglou and SwissTarget Prediction was utilized to predict their targets. The genes related to pain were collected from GeneCards and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man databases. Joint genes were uploaded to the online string database for the analysis and the PPI network was constructed. The “Chonglou-active component-target-pain” network was constructed by Cytoscape 3.7.1 software, Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were performed for key target proteins. The top three active components with most targets in the network were docked with the target proteins by the molecular docking technique.

Results:
A total of nine potential active compounds of Chonglou, 264 potential target genes, 2385 targets of pain disorder, and 128 common targets for drug and disease were screened. One hundred and thirty-one GO items were identified by the GO enrichment analysis, and 23 related signaling pathways were identified by the KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Molecular-docking results show that pennogenin is the optimal butt ligand of PIK3CA, STAT3, mitogen-activated protein kinase 14, and ADORA1.

Conclusion:
It is preliminarily revealed that Chonglou might treat pain through multiple targets, multiple biology processes and multiple pain-related signaling pathways, providing reference for the subsequent experimental research.
Risk Factors that contributes to Hookworm Infection among Primary School Pupils in Some Communities of Kaduna State, Nigeria
Authors: Hosea T.Z. , Ameh J.B. , Aminu M. , Ado S.A , Garba D.D. 
Published: October 2021

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence rate and possible risk factors associated with transmission of hookworm infection among primary school children in parts of Kaduna state, Nigeria. Nine hundred (900) faecal samples were collected and analyzed for hookworm infection using the direct wet mount and formol-ether concentration techniques. The data were subjected to chi-square analysis using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 and the significant level (0.05) determined at 95%confidence interval. The overall prevalence of the infection was 5.8%. The prevalence was higher among males 7.0% (32/457) and rainy season 7.1%. Also, the prevalence was highest among children aged 12-13 years 7.2%, whose parents were artisans 7.3%, children who used to defaecate in the bush and those who used well as source of water 5.6%. Statistical analysis showed significant association in the prevalence of hookworm infection with respect to gender (P = 0.03) and age group (P = 0.0013). However, there was no significant association between the prevalence of the infection and parent’s occupation (p=0.21), type of toilet used (p=0.20), children’s source of drinking water (P=0.16) and season (P=0.16). The present study has established that the transmission hookworm is on-going among the school children in the study area. There is need for sustained mass de-worming programme, health education, provision of portable drinking water and toilet facilities in public schools within the study area.
Survey of Tick Infestations on Pet Dogs in Jalingo Local Government Area, Taraba State
Authors: Wama B.E. , Jonathan J. , Garba L.C. , Njilmah J.A. , Aguzie I.O. 
Published: October 2021

The study investigated the prevalence of tick infestation among pet dogs in Jalingo Metropolis, Taraba State. The study area was fragmented into five study sites namely Kona, Magami Mayo-gwoi, Mile Six and Nukkai areas. Thirty samples were collected from each study sites using random sampling method. The prevalence of ticks infestation on dogs recorded was 80%. Prevalence was significantly different between the sites (χ2 = 13.333, p =0.0098). Amongst the tick genera observed, Ammblyomma had the highest prevalence, 44 (29.3%) followed closely by Ixodes spp., 41 (27.3%), and the least was Dermacentor, 33 (22.0%). Dogs of 108 (72.0%) of the respondent were vaccinated. Dogs of 82 (54.7%) of the respondents received treatment for diseases. Only 71 (47.3%) respondents used medicated soap, acaricide or chemicals to control dog ectoparasites. Attitudes of dog owners contributes directly or indirectly to tick infestation of dogs in Jalingo metropolis.
PERENCANAAN GEDUNG SINEMA KELUARGA DI KAWASAN PULAU KUMALA PENEKANAN PADA AKUSTIK RUANG
Authors: Hakim Bhanu Rizfa , Rulia Anna , Fahlafi Arif Indra 
Published: October 2021

The development of the cinema industry in the city of Samarinda and the development increased significantly. At present, in the city of Samarinda there are 5 famous brand places, namely XX1 Big Mall, XX1 Samarinda Square, XX1 SCP, Cinema 21 SCP, and the newest CGV Cinema Plaza Mulia. The number of developments in East Kalimantan, especially Samarinda and its surroundings was triggered by a considerable attraction from the public for the film industry, from children to the elderly. This gives the potential for regional economic growth from the tourism sector. Therefore, this potential needs to be maximized by involving the construction of the Family Cinema Building in the Kumala Island Region, housing and entertainment clusters, Tenggarong City, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan.
This great potential is supported by the strategic tourism area of ​​Kumala Island and the absence of well-known brands in the city of Tenggarong. In addition, Kumala Island as a tourist island that needs to be managed and benefited by the Government and the Tourism Department of Kutai Kartanegara Regency is an attractive tourist attraction for the surrounding community and migrants. Planning this Family Cinema Building will be one of the best attractions for the community, because it supports the family concept, providing 17 mini theater spaces, lounges, parks and other facilities. So the planning of tourist attraction development needs to be done in order to maximize the essence and image of Kumala Island as one of the best tourist destinations in East Kalimantan.
Van Troje naar Rome
Authors: Heerink Mark 
Published: October 2021

Summary
Book 3 of Virgil’s Aeneid has always been evaluated quite negatively, and scholars have been surprised by the Homeric fantasy world that is presented. This article will present a metapoetical reading of Aeneid 3, explaining the striking nature of the book, which is interpreted as commenting on Virgil’s relationship with Homeric epic.
‘Homerus noemt mij niet’
Authors: Soerink Jörn 
Published: October 2021

Summary
This article examines the Achaemenides episode in the third book of Virgil’s Aeneid (3.588-691). It explores the intratextual connections with the Sinon episode in the second book and especially Virgil’s highly creative ‘rewriting’ of the Cyclops episode in the Odyssey (9.106-566). Particular attention is paid to the ways in which the Virgilian text metapoetically signals its intertextual engagement with the Odyssey. An intermezzo scrutinizes Achaemenides’ speaking name, arguing that it alludes to verbal and visual representations of Parthian suppliants in Augustan discourse. The article concludes with an analysis of a Dutch poem, Achaemenides by Willem Jan Otten, in which the Aeneid’s creative response to the Odyssey is thematised and given new meaning.
Gestolen erfenis I: diefstal in Alexandrië
Authors: Flinterman Jaap-Jan 
Published: October 2021

Summary
The present contribution, the first panel of a diptych, discusses a claim put forward by George G.M. James in his book Stolen Legacy (1954). According to James, the Macedonian king Alexander III in association with the philosopher Aristotle plundered the Royal Library at Alexandria – a crucial episode in what Afrocentric thinkers consider the theft of African philosophy by the Greeks. The article presents and analyses the evidence for the founding of Alexandria, for Aristotle’s whereabouts during Alexander’s conquest of the Persian Empire, and for the establishment of the Alexandrian library. James’ contention turns out to be unsupported by any evidence. In addition, it is at odds with the results of historical research into events of the late fourth and early third century BCE relevant to the matter at hand. The alleged theft must have taken place in a city not yet founded, by a philosopher with an alibi, and in an institution that would not be established until at least a quarter of a century after the death of the Macedonian conqueror. Afrocentric responses to such criticisms will be discussed in a sequel to this contribution, published elsewhere in this issue of Lampas.
Gestolen erfenis 2: tempelroof in Rakote
Authors: Flinterman Jaap-Jan 
Published: October 2021

Summary
In the present article, a sequel to a contribution published elsewhere in this issue of Lampas, I discuss afrocentric attempts to amend James’ story of the plundering of the Royal Library at Alexandria by Alexander and Aristotle. The aim of these attempts is to salvage from its critics the fiction of a palpable theft of Egyptian wisdom by the Greeks. Rakote, the original Egyptian settlement on the location of the city founded by Alexander, is substituted for Alexandria, a temple library for the Ptolemaic institute, and Callisthenes for Aristotle. While James’ apologists pretend that they are defending the main thesis of Stolen Legacy, they are actually coming up with a new story to replace James’ untenable invention. The amended story may look superficially less implausible than the original one, it still is an unfounded contention, unsupported by any evidence, and hard to combine with what we know about Alexander’s policies in Egypt and elsewhere. Rather than rescuing James’ ‘hypothesis’ from its critics, the amendments demonstrate the indispensability of fiction for afrocentric discourse.
Homerus lezen met Quintus van Smyrna
Authors: Scheijnen Tine 
Published: October 2021

Summary
The death of Priam by the hands of Achilles’ son Neoptolemus (Pyrrhus) is a popular episode in the Trojan tradition. Quintus of Smyrna’s version invites a creative dialogue with Vergil’s (Latin) Aeneid and Triphiodorus’ (Greek) Sack of Ilion. All of these texts look back on Iliad 24 from varying perspectives, creating a complex interplay which Quintus thematizes in book 13 of his Greek epic sequel to Homer (Posthomerica, third century AD). A diptych of two scenes, in which old men are killed by Greek heroes, serves to juxtapose two possible interpretations of this situation – one underlining the cruelty of the sack of Troy, the other bewailing the misery of a long life – and presents the reader with a moral dilemma. Heroic ideology and the tragedy of mortality clash on a level more explicit than in the Iliad. Quintus’ choices on an intertextual level thus enhance the overall narrative agenda of his own epic, on an intratextual level. This episode broaches a wide scope of narrative reflections, including the complex interaction of literary sources (mainly Homer reception), narrative composition and characterization, and themes such as heroism and pathos in war literature.
Laat U door die schurken niets wijsmaken!
Authors: Wisse Jakob 
Published: October 2021

Summary
This article describes Cicero’s rhetorical use of character delineation in his Pro Roscio Amerino, and the consistency with which he employs this persuasive technique throughout the speech. It is argued that the resemblance of the structure of the text to the standard rhetorical rules is superficial: Cicero’s strategies in this early speech are already in basic agreement with his mature descriptions in De Oratore. His reliance on non-rational argument cannot, however, be used to suggest that Roscius was guilty, and Cicero’s version of events may well be true, even if this cannot be proven.