bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting surgical outcomes for chronic exertional compartment syndrome using a machine learning framework with embedded trust by interrogation strategies
Authors: Houston Andrew , Cosma Georgina , Turner Phillipa , Bennett Alexander 
Published: December 2021

AbstractChronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) is a condition occurring most frequently in the lower limbs and often requires corrective surgery to alleviate symptoms. Amongst military personnel, the success rates of this surgery can be as low as 20%, presenting a challenge in determining whether surgery is worthwhile. In this study, the data of 132 fasciotomies for CECS was analysed and using combinatorial feature selection methods, coupled with input from clinicians, identified a set of key clinical features contributing to the occupational outcomes of surgery. Features were utilised to develop a machine learning model for predicting return-to-work outcomes 12-months post-surgery. An AUC of 0.85 ± 0.08 was achieved using a linear-SVM, trained using 6 features (height, mean arterial pressure, pre-surgical score on the exercise-induced leg pain questionnaire, time from initial presentation to surgery, and whether a patient had received a prior surgery for CECS). To facilitate trust and transparency, interrogation strategies were used to identify reasons why certain patients were misclassified, using instance hardness measures. Model interrogation revealed that patient difficulty was associated with an overlap in the clinical characteristics of surgical outcomes, which was best handled by XGBoost and SVM-based models. The methodology was compiled into a machine learning framework, termed AITIA, which can be applied to other clinical problems. AITIA extends the typical machine learning pipeline, integrating the proposed interrogation strategy, allowing to user to reason and decide whether to trust the developed model based on the sensibility of its decision-making.
Comprehensive multiomic characterization of human papillomavirus-driven recurrent respiratory papillomatosis reveals distinct molecular subtypes
Authors: Sievers Cem , Robbins Yvette , Bai Ke , Yang Xinping , Clavijo Paul E. , Friedman Jay , Sinkoe Andrew , Norberg Scott M. , Hinrichs Christian , Van Waes Carter , Allen Clint T. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractRecurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a debilitating neoplastic disorder of the upper aerodigestive tract caused by chronic infection with low-risk human papillomavirus types 6 or 11. Patients with severe RRP can require hundreds of lifetime surgeries to control their disease and pulmonary papillomatosis can be fatal. Here we report the comprehensive genomic and transcriptomic characterization of respiratory papillomas. We discovered and characterized distinct subtypes with transcriptional resemblance to either a basal or differentiated cell state that associate with disease aggressiveness and differ in key molecular, immune and APOBEC mutagenesis profiles. Through integrated comparison with high-risk HPV-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, our analysis revealed divergent molecular and immune papilloma subtypes that form independent of underlying genomic alterations. Cumulatively our results support the development of dysregulated cellular proliferation and suppressed anti-viral immunity through distinct programs of squamous cell differentiation and associated expression of low-risk HPV genes. These analyses provide insight into the pathogenesis of respiratory papillomas and provide a foundation for the development of therapeutic strategies.
Transcriptomic and macroscopic architectures of intersubject functional variability in human brain white-matter
Authors: Li Jiao , Wu Guo-Rong , Li Bing , Fan Feiyang , Zhao Xiaopeng , Meng Yao , Zhong Peng , Yang Siqi , Biswal Bharat B. , Chen Huafu , Liao Wei 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIntersubject variability is a fundamental characteristic of brain organizations, and not just “noise”. Although intrinsic functional connectivity (FC) is unique to each individual and varies across brain gray-matter, the underlying mechanisms of intersubject functional variability in white-matter (WM) remain unknown. This study identified WMFC variabilities and determined the genetic basis and macroscale imaging in 45 healthy subjects. The functional localization pattern of intersubject variability across WM is heterogeneous, with most variability observed in the heteromodal cortex. The variabilities of heteromodal regions in expression profiles of genes are related to neuronal cells, involved in synapse-related and glutamic pathways, and associated with psychiatric disorders. In contrast, genes overexpressed in unimodal regions are mostly expressed in glial cells and were related to neurological diseases. Macroscopic variability recapitulates the functional and structural specializations and behavioral phenotypes. Together, our results provide clues to intersubject variabilities of the WMFC with convergent transcriptomic and cellular signatures, which relate to macroscale brain specialization.
Characterizing cycle structure in complex networks
Authors: Fan Tianlong , Lü Linyuan , Shi Dinghua , Zhou Tao 
Published: December 2021

AbstractA cycle is the simplest structure that brings redundant paths in network connectivity and feedback effects in network dynamics. An in-depth understanding of which cycles are important and what role they play on network structure and dynamics, however, is still lacking. In this paper, we define the cycle number matrix, a matrix enclosing the information about cycles in a network, and the cycle ratio, an index that quantifies node importance. Experiments on real networks suggest that cycle ratio contains rich information in addition to well-known benchmark indices. For example, node rankings by cycle ratio are largely different from rankings by degree, H-index, and coreness, which are very similar indices. Numerical experiments on identifying vital nodes for network connectivity and synchronization and maximizing the early reach of spreading show that the cycle ratio performs overall better than other benchmarks. Finally, we highlight a significant difference between the distribution of shorter cycles in real and model networks. We believe our in-depth analyses on cycle structure may yield insights, metrics, models, and algorithms for network science.
Reductions in Intestinal Taurine-Conjugated Bile Acids and
Short-Chain Fatty Acid-Producing Bacteria Might be Novel Mechanisms of Type 2
Diabetes Mellitus in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty Rats
Authors: Yang Xiaoyun , Jiang Wenhui , Cheng Jingli , Hao Jintong , Han Fei , Zhang Yi , Xu Jie , Shan Chunyan , Wang Jingyu , Yang Yanhui , Yang Juhong , Chang Baocheng 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background The pathogenesis of spontaneously diabetic Otsuka Long-Evans
Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, among the best models for human type 2 diabetes
mellitus (T2DM), remains poorly defined. Therefore, we investigated the dynamic
changes in taurine-conjugated bile acids (T-BAs) and intestinal microbiota
during T2DM development in OLETF rats.
Methods OLETF rats and corresponding diabetes-resistant Long Evans
Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats were fed a normal baseline diet. The progress of
T2DM was divided into four phases, including normal glycemia-normal insulinemia
(baseline), normal glycemia-hyperinsulinemia, impaired glucose tolerance, and
DM. Body weight, liver function, blood lipids, fasting plasma glucose, fasting
plasma insulin, fasting plasma glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and GLP-2, serum
and fecal T-BAs, and gut microbiota were analyzed during the entire course of
T2DM development.
Results There were reductions in fecal T-BAs and short-chain fatty acids
(SCFAs)-producing bacteria including Phascolarctobacterium and
Lactobacillus in OLETF rats compared with those in LETO rats at
baseline, and low levels of fecal T-BAs and SCFAs-producing bacteria were
maintained throughout the whole course of the development of T2DM among OLETF
rats compared with those in corresponding age-matched LETO rats. Fecal
taurine-conjugated chenodeoxycholic acid correlated positively with
Phascolarctobacterium. Fecal taurine-conjugated deoxycholic acid
correlated positively with Lactobacillus and fasting plasma GLP-1 and
inversely with fasting plasma glucose.
Conclusion The fecal BAs profiles and microbiota structure among OLETF
rats were different from those of LETO rats during the entire course of T2DM
development, indicating that reductions in intestinal T-BAs and specific
SCFA-producing bacteria may be potential mechanisms of T2DM in OLETF rats.
Aktuelles zur medikamentösen Therapie des rezidivierten/metastasierten Nierenzellkarzinoms (mNCC)
Authors: Virchow Isabel , Grünwald Viktor 
Published: December 2021

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDas Nierenzellkarzinom gehört zu den häufigen malignen Tumoren bei weiterhin steigender Inzidenz über die letzten 10 Jahre. Bei zunehmend verbesserter Operationstechniken, Nierenerhalt und minimal invasiven Eingriffen in der Lokaltherapie primär resektabler, nicht metastasierter Stadien, bleiben adjuvante Behandlungskonzepte bislang nicht indiziert und die medikamentöse Therapie den fortgeschritten metastasierten oder rezidivierten Tumoren vorbehalten. Nachdem zu Beginn des Jahrtausends durch den Einsatz von Zytokinen, als erstem Immuntherapeutischen Ansatz, das Gesamtüberleben von Patienten mit Nierenzellkarzinom im median 13 Monate betrug, dominierte über die letzte Dekade die zielgerichtete Therapie mit Angiogeneseinhibitoren in Form von Antikörpern oder Tyrosinkinase-Inhibitoren (TKI), sowie der Therapieoption der mTORInhibition. Demzufolge prägte die Wahl der therapeutischen Sequenztherapie die Diskussionen. Mittlerweile stellt die kombinierte Therapie mit Immun-Checkpoint-Inhibitoren (ICI) in der Erstlinientherapie des metastasierten Nierenzellkarzinoms einen neuen Standard dar und konnte das mediane Gesamtüberleben auf > 40 Monate anheben. Tyrosinkinase-Inhibitoren haben als Kombinationspartner und in einzelnen Fällen auch als Monotherapie weiter ihren Stellenwert behalten. Derzeit sind in der Erstlinientherapie des Nierenzellkarzinoms in Deutschland eine rein immunonkologische Kombination und 3 Kombinationen aus jeweils einem Immun-Checkpoint-Inhibitor und einem TKI zugelassen.
Thoracic Spinal Angiolipomas: A Systematic Review
Authors: Umana Giuseppe Emmanuele , Visocchi Massimiliano , Roca Elena , Passanisi Maurizio , Fricia Marco , Tranchina Maria Grazia , Tomasi Santino Ottavio , Nicoletti Giovanni Federico , Cicero Salvatore , Scalia Gianluca 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background Spinal angiolipomas (SAs) are rare, benign tumors, representing 0.0004 to 1.2% of angiolipomas, usually located at the extradural and posterior thoracic level, with multimetameric extension.
Methods A systematic literature review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. The authors searched on PubMed and Scopus databases for published articles with the Mesh term “spinal angiolipoma” and pertinent associations. Language restriction to English papers was applied. The authors also reported three emblematic cases of patients who underwent surgical resection of spindle-shaped (type IA) and dumbbell-shaped (type II) SAs between 2014 and 2020.
Results Of the 256 retrieved articles, 33 were included in the meta-analysis. These 33 studies, together with our 3 reported cases, included a total of 60 patients, 36 females (60%) and 24 males (40%), with a mean age of 53.12 ± 12.82 years (range: 12–77 years).T5 was the most represented level (22 patients). Usually, the localization of SA was extradural, with 53 patients suffering from spindle-shaped type IA SA (88.3%) and 7 patients from dumbbell-shaped type II SA (11.6%). Almost all patients underwent laminectomy (78.3%) and presented a full recovery of motor deficits (85%). Gross total removal (GTR) was performed in 93.3% of patients. The mean follow-up was of 22.71 ± 21.45 months (range: 2–80 months). There was no documented recurrence at follow-up magnetic resonance imaging in any of the patients.
Conclusions SAs are rare, benign tumors with a great vascular component that presents a favorable outcome. GTR is the gold standard treatment and usually an adjuvant therapy is not required. Even infiltrative lesions, which are more complex, can be treated successfully with a good prognosis. Dumbbell-shaped SAs must be differentiated from schwannomas and meningiomas, and require different surgical techniques, given the profuse bleeding associated with the attempt of debulking. En block resection is the key to treat these common benign tumors with acceptable blood loss.
Trichoscopy for the Hair Transplant Surgeon—Assessing for Mimickers of Androgenetic Alopecia and Preoperative Evaluation of Donor Site Area
Authors: Issa Naiem T. , Tosti Antonella 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPreoperative diagnostic confidence and donor site assessment are important for all hair transplant surgery patients. While the majority of patients seek hair transplantation for male or female pattern hair loss (androgenetic alopecia [AGA]), there are mimickers that must be differentiated from patterned hair loss, as they alter the candidacy of the patient for transplantation. They are termed mimickers as they also can present with patterned hair loss. The use of trichoscopy has become increasingly popular for such use. Patterned hair loss mimickers, which include the underappreciated alopecia areata incognita (AAI) and fibrosing alopecia in patterned distribution (FAPD), can be identified clinically with key trichoscopic findings such as yellow dots and peripilar casts, respectively, that correlate with their histologic diagnosis. Donor hair density and putative hair pathology of the safe donor area can also by assessed via trichoscopy. This article discusses the use of trichoscopy, particularly for diagnosing mimickers of patterned hair loss as well as preoperative donor site assessment.
Epidemiological Profile of 96 Intracranial Tumors Treated in a Single Reference Center
Authors: Bzuneck João Otávio Penteado , Matsubara Anderson , Carvalho Nick Dorneli de , Michelotto Bernardo Lacerda , Martinez Marina Tayz , Silva Pedro Henrique Araújo da , Boas Laura Silva Vilas 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Objectives The present study aims to categorize the prevalence of intracranial tumors surgically treated at the neurosurgery service of Hospital Universitário Evangélico Mackenzie (HUEM) between 2016 and 2018.
Material and Methods This survey included patients surgically treated due to primary or metastatic intracranial neoplasia between 2016 and 2018 at a referral center in the city of Curitiba. These patients were analyzed for epidemiological, histopathological, and topographic data, and they underwent an assessment of the outcome at the time of hospital discharge.
Results A total of 96 patients met the inclusion criteria. The most prevalent tumor was the glioma, with 39.6% of the sample, with glioblastoma being the most prevalent histological type. Brain metastases and meningiomas represented, respectively, 21.9% and 18.8% of the total. There was a predominance of supratentorial and intra-axial tumors in our sample.
Conclusion Glioma was the most commonly found tumor, directly associated with high morbidity and mortality. The development of new and more effective drugs with action directed at the molecular level of intracranial tumors may be the path to a longer survival and improvement in the quality of life of these patients.
Ultra-stable dry cryostat for variable temperature break junction
Authors: Gemma Andrea , Zulji Anel , Hurtak Femke , Fatayer Shadi , Kittel Achim , Calame Michel , Gotsmann Bernd 
Published: December 2021

We present the design of a variable temperature setup that uses a pulse tube cryocooler to perform break-junction experiments at variable temperatures ranging from 12 K to room temperature. The use of pulse tube coolers is advantageous because they are easy to use, can be highly automatized, and used to avoid wastage of cryogenic fluids. This is the reason why dry cryostats are conquering more and more fields in cryogenic physics. However, the main drawback is the level of vibration that can be up to several micrometers at the cold-head. The vibrations make the operation of scanning probe-based microscopes challenging. We implemented vibration-damping techniques that allow obtaining a vibration level of 12 pm between the tip and sample. With these adaptations, we show the possibility to perform break junction measurements in a cryogenic environment and keep in place atomic chains of a few nanometers between the two electrodes.
Voltage-controlled precision electronic power regulator
Authors: Rutin S. B. 
Published: December 2021

The architecture of a novel electronic power regulator, which allows a set value of constant power on a wire probe to be maintained, is presented. A gain in the negative feedback loop of ≈2 · 103 allows the set power value in the series of pulses to be accurately maintained at the level of 99.95% (proximity 0.05). In order to study short term processes, the response time of the described regulator is in the order of 2 μs. The created architecture is easily scalable for various tasks, ranging from the well-known transient hot-wire method to other applications, examples of which are given in this article (unsteady heat transfer in supercritical-pressure fluids and unstable mixtures having lower critical solution temperature). A comparison of the presented controller architecture with the previously described solutions from the point of view of operational stability is given.
Genome evolution in an agricultural pest following adoption of transgenic crops
Authors: Taylor Katherine L. , Hamby Kelly A. , DeYonke Alexandra M. , Gould Fred , Fritz Megan L. 
Published: December 2021

SignificanceEvolution of resistance to management approaches in agricultural landscapes is common and results in economic losses. Early detection of pest resistance prior to significant crop damage would benefit the agricultural community. It has been hypothesized that new genomic approaches could track molecular signals of emerging resistance and trigger efforts to preempt widespread damage. We tested this hypothesis by quantifying genomic changes in the pestHelicoverpa zeaover a 15-y period concurrent with commercialization of transgenicBacillus thuringiensis–expressing crops and their subsequent loss of efficacy. Our results demonstrate the complex nature of evolution in agricultural ecosystems and provide insight into the potential and pitfalls of using genomic approaches for resistance monitoring.
Late Pleistocene shrub expansion preceded megafauna turnover and extinctions in eastern Beringia
Authors: Monteath Alistair J. , Gaglioti Benjamin V. , Edwards Mary E. , Froese Duane 
Published: December 2021

Significance
Megafauna strongly influence vegetation structure, and population declines can alter ecosystem functioning. Overhunting of grazing megafauna is argued to have driven the collapse of widespread, northern steppe-tundra and its replacement by woody vegetation at the end of the ice age. However, in Alaska and Yukon, mammoth and horse became extinct around the time that steppe-tundra was replaced by shrub tundra, leaving it unclear whether this vegetation change caused, or was caused by, reduced megafauna populations. Comparison of accurately dated pollen records with a radiocarbon-dated bone chronology shows that shrubs began expanding before grazer populations declined. This indicates that climate was the primary control of steppe-tundra persistence and that climate-driven vegetation change may pose threats to faunal diversity in the future.
The effectiveness of China’s regional carbon market pilots in reducing firm emissions
Authors: Cui Jingbo , Wang Chunhua , Zhang Junjie , Zheng Yang 
Published: December 2021

SignificanceThe emission trading system (ETS) is an important policy instrument for China to achieve its climate targets. However, the effectiveness of ETS in emission reductions and its economic consequences are unknown. Using a unique dataset of firm tax records, we comprehensively assess the impacts of China’s regional ETS pilots, taking advantage of the policy experiments in certain sectors across seven jurisdictions. We demonstrate unambiguous evidence that China’s ETS leads to a reduction in carbon emissions despite low carbon prices and infrequent trading. We also identify the channels through which firms respond to ETS by adjusting energy consumption and sources, employment, capital, and productivity. The lessons learned from the regional pilots shed light on the design of China’s national carbon ETS.
The role of non–COVID-specific and COVID-specific factors in predicting a shift in willingness to vaccinate: A panel study
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall , Romer Daniel , Jamieson Patrick E. , Winneg Kenneth M. , Pasek Josh 
Published: December 2021

Significance
In communities that remain below the immunity threshold needed to blunt COVID-19’s spread, SARS-CoV-2 has a greater chance of mutating to evade vaccines. This study underscores the central role of trust and knowledge in increasing the likelihood of vaccinating. Trust in scientific institutions and spokespersons anchors time 1 vaccination intentions and knowledge affects them at both times 1 and 2. These background (non–COVID-specific) factors as well as flu vaccination history and patterns of media reliance played a more prominent role in shifting individuals from vaccination hesitance to acceptance than did COVID-specific ones. The study underscores the need for ongoing community engagement and trust building, proactive communication about vaccination, motivating vaccination against seasonal flu, and deploying science-consistent, provaccination voices across media.
Mechanism of shaping membrane nanostructures of endoplasmic reticulum
Authors: Zucker Ben , Kozlov Michael M. 
Published: December 2021

SignificanceA highly intricate architecture of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane is crucial for the organelle functioning. Recent super-resolution microscopy studies discovered a nanoscopic level of ER organization characterized by 10- to 100-nm internal length scales. Deciphering the physical mechanisms of forming the ER nanostructures is a base for understanding the cell control of ER dynamics. Here, we proposed and computationally substantiated a common mechanism of shaping of all currently known ER nanostructures based on the intrinsic membrane curvature and ultra-low tensions as, respectively, a primary and a modulating factor.
Asymptotic symmetries at null-infinity for the Rarita–Schwinger field with magnetic term
Authors: Tomova Bilyana L 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this paper we study the magnetic charges of the free massless Rarita–Schwinger field in four dimensional asymptotically flat space-time. This is the first step towards extending the study of the dual BMS charges to supergravity. The magnetic charges appear due to the addition of a boundary term in the action. This term is similar to the theta term in Yang–Mills theory. At null-infinity an infinite dimensional algebra is discovered, both for the electric and magnetic charge.