bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulating dense granular flow using the μ(I)‐rheology within a space‐time framework
Authors: Gesenhues Linda , Behr Marek 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA space‐time framework is applied to simulate dense granular flow. Two different numerical experiments are performed: a column collapse and a dam break on an inclined plane. The experiments are modeled as two‐phase flows. The dense granular material is represented by a constitutive model, the (I)‐rheology, that is based on the Coulomb's friction law, such that the normal stress applied by the pressure is related to the tangential stress. The model represents a complex viscoplastic material behavior. The interface between the dense granular material and the surrounding light fluid is captured with a level set function. Due to discontinuities close to the the interface, the mesh requires a sufficient resolution. The space‐time approach allows unstructured meshes in time and, therefore a well‐refined mesh in the temporal direction around the interface. In this study, results and performance of a flat and a simplex space time discretization are verified and analyzed.
Image‐guided surgery in otolaryngology: A review of current applications and future directions in head and neck surgery
Authors: Bessen Sarah Y. , Wu Xiaotian , Sramek Michael T. , Shi Yuan , Pastel David , Halter Ryan , Paydarfar Joseph A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractImage‐guided surgery (IGS) has become a widely adopted technology in otolaryngology. Since its introduction nearly three decades ago, IGS technology has developed rapidly and improved real‐time intraoperative visualization for a diverse array of clinical indications. As usability, accessibility, and clinical experiences with IGS increase, its potential applications as an adjunct in many surgical procedures continue to expand. Here, we describe the basic components of IGS and review both the current state and future directions of IGS in otolaryngology, with attention to current challenges to its application in surgery of the nonrigid upper aerodigestive tract.
A Comparison of Bone-Targeted Exercise With and Without Antiresorptive Bone Medication to Reduce Indices of Fracture Risk in Postmenopausal Women With Low Bone Mass: The MEDEX-OP Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Kistler-Fischbacher Melanie , Yong Jedidah S , Weeks Benjamin K , Beck Belinda R 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
The goal of the MEDEX-OP trial was to compare the efficacy of a known effective high-intensity resistance and impact training (HiRIT) with a low-intensity exercise control (Buff Bones® [BB]), alone or in combination with antiresorptive bone medication, on indices of fracture risk (bone mass, body composition, muscle strength, functional performance), compliance, and safety. Primary study outcomes were 8-month change in lumbar spine (LS) and total hip (TH) bone mineral density (BMD). Healthy postmenopausal women with low bone mass (T-score ≤ −1.0) on or off stable doses (≥12 months) of antiresorptive medication were recruited. A total of 115 women (aged 63.6 ± 0.7 years; body mass index [BMI] 25.5 kg/m2; femoral neck [FN] T-score −1.8 ± 0.1) were randomly allocated to 8-month, twice-weekly, 40-minute HiRIT (5 sets of 5 repetitions, &gt;80% to 85% 1 repetition maximum) or BB (low-intensity, Pilates-based training), stratified by medication intake, resulting in four groups: HiRIT (n = 42), BB (n = 44), HiRIT-med (n = 15), BB-med (n = 14). HiRIT improved LS BMD (1.9 ± 0.3% versus 0.1 ± 0.4%, p &lt; 0.001) and stature (0.2 ± 0.1 cm versus −0.0 ± 0.1 cm, p = 0.004) more than BB. Both programs improved functional performance, but HiRIT effects were larger for leg and back muscle strength and the five times sit-to-stand test (p &lt; 0.05). There was a positive relationship between maximum weight lifted and changes in LS BMD and muscle strength in the HiRIT groups. Exploratory analyses suggest antiresorptive medication may enhance exercise efficacy at the proximal femur and lumbar spine. Exercise compliance was good (82.4 ± 1.3%) and both programs were well tolerated (7 adverse events: HiRIT 4; BB 3). HiRIT improved indices of fracture risk significantly more than Buff Bones®. More trials combining bone medication and bone-targeted exercise are needed. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Development and validation of the infant crying and parent well‐being screening tool
Authors: Katch Leslie E. , Burkhardt Tiffany 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article describes the development and validation of the infant crying and parent well‐being (ICPW) screening tool, developed to provide an effective and efficient way of identifying families struggling with infant crying and soothing. Construct validity for the ICPW was assessed using survey data from 290 parents of infants. Scores on the ICPW were associated with parental depression, parenting stress, and low co‐parent confidence. Parents with positive ICPW screens—indicating additional support is needed—were more likely to have high or clinical levels of parenting stress than parents with negative screens. Inconsolable and excessive infant crying negatively impacts the well‐being of parents, and most importantly, is the primary trigger for infant abuse. The ICPW is a unique, efficient tool that allows providers to screen for families who may need additional support around infant crying and soothing.
“It's not the end of the story:” Understanding the continued recovery from homelessness using Photovoice and content analysis
Authors: McKinsey Eva , Pruitt Anna S. , Austin Tien 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this multipart study, participants in a Housing First program on the Island of O‘ahu conducted a Photovoice project involving participatory analysis to investigate the recovery process from homelessness several years after being housed. University researchers then conducted a secondary analysis of the Photovoice study content to expand on findings and examine the unique contributions of the different methods. Findings suggest that individuals who have experienced homelessness will likely need continued support, particularly social support and opportunities for community engagement, well after initial housing. Findings also suggests that a combination of iterative analytic methods that remain participatory may be most useful for examining lived experiences of individuals recovering from homelessness. The study represents a participatory investigation of recovery from homelessness, as well as a rigorous inquiry into the research methods best suited to investigate this lived experience.
Influence of Prednisone on Inflammatory Biomarkers in Community‐Acquired Pneumonia: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Trial
Authors: Raess Natalie , Schuetz Philipp , Cesana‐Nigro Nicole , Winzeler Bettina , Urwyler Sandrine A. , Schaedelin Sabine , Rodondi Nicolas , Blum Manuel R. , Briel Matthias , Mueller Beat , Christ‐Crain Mirjam , Blum Claudine A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractGlucocorticoids are frequently prescribed in inflammatory diseases and have recently experienced a boom in the treatment of COVID‐19. Small studies have shown an effect of glucocorticoids on inflammatory marker levels, but definitive proof is lacking. We investigated the influence of prednisone on inflammatory biomarkers in a previous multicenter, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial that compared a 7‐day treatment course of 50‐mg prednisone to placebo in patients hospitalized with community‐acquired pneumonia. We compared levels of C‐reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), leukocyte and neutrophil count between patients with and without glucocorticoid treatment at baseline and on days 3, 5, and 7 and at discharge by Wilcoxon tests and analysis of variance. A total of 356 patient data sets in the prednisone group and 355 in the placebo group were available for analysis. Compared to placebo, use of prednisone was associated with reductions in levels of CRP on days 3, 5, and 7 (mean difference of 46%, P < .001 for each time point). For PCT, no such difference was observed. Leukocyte and neutrophil count were higher in the prednisone group at all time points (mean difference of 27% for leukocytes and 33% for neutrophils, P <.001 for all time points). We conclude that after administration of glucocorticoids in community‐acquired pneumonia, patients had lower CRP levels and increased leukocyte and neutrophil count as compared to the placebo group. PCT levels were not different between treatment groups. PCT levels thus may more appropriately mirror the resolution of infection compared to more traditional inflammatory markers.
Viral coinfections in COVID‐19
Authors: Aghbash Parisa S. , Eslami Narges , Shirvaliloo Milad , Baghi Hossein B. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe most consequential challenge raised by coinfection is perhaps the inappropriate generation of recombinant viruses through the exchange of genetic material among different strains. These genetically similar viruses can interfere with the replication process of each other and even compete for the metabolites required for the maintenance of the replication cycle. Due to the similarity in clinical symptoms of most viral respiratory tract infections, and their coincidence with COVID‐19, caused by SARS‐CoV‐2, it is recommended to develop a comprehensive diagnostic panel for detection of respiratory and nonrespiratory viruses through the evaluation of patient samples. Given the resulting changes in blood markers, such as coagulation factors and white blood cell count following virus infection, these markers can be of diagnostic value in the detection of mixed infection in individuals already diagnosed with a certain viral illness. In this review, we seek to investigate the coinfection of SARS‐CoV‐2 with other respiratory and nonrespiratory viruses to provide novel insights into the development of highly sensitive diagnostics and effective treatment modalities.
Spheroidization of ultrasonic degraded corn silk polysaccharide to enhance bioactivity by the anti‐solvent precipitation method
Authors: Jia Yanan , Lu Yangpeng , Wang Yajie , Zhang Min , He Chengwei , Chen Haixia 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDCorn silk is a very important by‐product of corn production with medicinal value. Corn silk polysaccharide (CSP) is the main active ingredient. In the present study, ultrasound and spheroidization by anti‐solvent were applied to improve the biological activity of CSP.RESULTSThe results showed that ultrasonic degradation improved the α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity of CSP by changing its physicochemical characteristics. As the anti‐solvent ratio increased, the particle size of the nanoparticles (NPs) from the spheroidization of ultrasonic‐degraded corn silk polysaccharide (UCSP) gradually increased, and NP‐1 exhibited the highest inhibitory effect of α‐glucosidase. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) results indicated that the enhanced activity might be due to more α‐glucosidase binding sites with NP‐1 compared with no spheroidization. Western blotting results showed that NP‐1 could improve the 2‐[N‐(7‐nitrobenz‐2‐oxa‐1,3‐diazol‐4‐yl) amino]‐2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose (2‐NBDG) uptake in the L6 cells by regulating the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K)/Akt signal pathway and the translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4). NP‐1 also exhibited excellent stability in different environments.CONCLUSIONThe study revealed that ultrasonic treatment and spheroidization processing showed potential applications for improving the biological activity of polysaccharides. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
A novel nanocomposite based on covalent organic polymer and nanocellulose for thin‐film microextraction of imipramine from biological samples
Authors: Dowlatshah Samira , Saraji Mohammad , Dinari Mohammad , Soltani Roozbeh 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA novel covalent organic polymer was prepared using 1,5‐diaminonaphthalene as a linker and cyanuric chloride as a node. A thin‐film nanocomposite of 1,5‐diaminonaphthalene covalent organic polymer and cellulose nanocrystalline was then fabricated via filtering and casting method. The effect of incorporation of various amounts of 1,5‐diaminonaphthalene covalent organic polymer and cellulose nanocrystalline was studied to obtain an efficient nanocomposite thin‐film with a large number of polar functional groups and high mechanical stability. Field emission scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, and thermogravimetric analysis techniques were applied for the characterization of physicochemical properties of the prepared materials. Imipramine was determined in the biological samples using thin‐film microextraction followed by gas chromatography flame ionization detection. Parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of imipramine were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the limit of detection was 0.5 ng/mL. Film‐to‐film reproducibility for three different films fabricated under the same conditions (at three concentration levels) varied between 8.9 and 9.7%. The linear dynamic range covered more than three orders of magnitude (2–5000 ng/mL) with a determination coefficient of 0.9985. The method was successfully applied for preconcentration and determination of imipramine in biological samples with spiking recoveries between 78 and 93%.
Collective Factors Reinforce Individual Contributions to Human‐Wildlife Coexistence
Authors: Nesbitt Holly K. , Metcalf Alexander L. , Lubeck Alice A. , Metcalf Elizabeth Covelli , Beckman Crystal , Smith Ada P. , Cummins Tina M. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTConserving large carnivores while keeping people safe depends on finding means for peaceful coexistence. Although large carnivore populations are generally declining globally, some populations are increasing, causing greater overlap with humans and increasing potential for conflict. One method of reducing conflict with large carnivores is to secure attractants like garbage and livestock. This method is effective when implemented; however, implementation requires a change in human behavior. Human‐wildlife interaction is a public good collective action problem where solutions require contributions from many and individual actions have effects on others. We used the collective interest model to investigate how individual and collective factors work in concert to influence landowner attractant securing behavior in Montana, USA, in black (Ursus americanus) and grizzly bear (U. arctos) range. We used data from a mail‐back survey to develop logistic regression models testing the relative effects of collective and individual factors on landowners' attractant securing behaviors. The most important factor was whether individuals had spoken to a wildlife professional, a reflection of social coordination and pressure. Other collective factors (e.g., social norms [i.e., expectations and behaviors of peers] and the existence of discussion networks [i.e., how much social influence an individual has]) were equally important as individual factors (e.g., beliefs, age, gender) for influencing attractant securing behavior among Montana landowners. This research suggests pathways for wildlife managers and outreach coordinators to increase attractant securing behavior by emphasizing collective factors, such as social norms, rather than appealing exclusively to individual factors, such as risk perception of large carnivores. Furthermore, wildlife agencies would be justified in increasing their efforts to connect with landowners in person and to connect with members of the public who play an important role in discussion networks. This research demonstrates that, even on private lands, collective interests may be a missing and important piece of the puzzle for encouraging voluntary attractant securing behavior and improving wildlife‐human coexistence. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.
How Nanofibers Carry the Load: Toward a Universal and Reliable Approach for Tensile Testing of Polymeric Nanofibrous Membranes
Authors: Maccaferri Emanuele , Cocchi Davide , Mazzocchetti Laura , Benelli Tiziana , Brugo Tommaso Maria , Giorgini Loris , Zucchelli Andrea 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNanofibrous nonwovens show high versatility and outstanding properties, with reduced weight. Porous morphology, high material flexibility and deformability challenge their mechanical testing, severely affecting results reliability. Still today, a specific technical standard method to carry out tensile testing of nonwoven nanofibrous mats is lacking, as well as studies concerning tensile test data reliability. In this work, an accurate, systematic, and critical study is presented concerning tensile testing of nonwovens, using electrospun Nylon 66 random nanofibrous mats as a case study. Nanofibers diameter and specimen geometry are investigated to thoroughly describe the nanomat tensile behavior, also considering the polymer thermal properties, and the nanofibers crossings number as a function of the nanofibers diameter. Below a threshold value, which lies between 150 and 250 nm, the overall mat mechanical behavior changes from ductile to brittle, showing enhanced elastic modulus for a high number of nanofibers crossings. While specimen geometry does not affect tensile results. Stress–strain data are analyzed using a phenomenological data fitting model to better interpret the tensile behavior. The experimental results demonstrate the high reliability of the proposed mass‐based load normalization, providing a simple, effective, and universally suitable method for obtaining high reproducible tensile stress–strain curves.
Simulation of Vesuvius volcanic ash hazards within Romanian airspace using the Hybrid Single‐Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Volcanic Ash numerical model
Authors: Urlea Ana Denisa , Barbu Nicu , Andrei Simona , Ştefan Sabina 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe goal of this article is to investigate how the Romanian air space would be affected by a potential large eruption of Vesuvius volcano. In order to characterize the potential impact of such an event on the Romanian air space, we simulated the ash plume transport from a hypothetical explosive eruption with a significant magnitude, that is, Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI 4). The volcanic ash cloud transport towards Romania was described by using the mass distribution from the HYbrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) for Volcanic Ash numerical model. To assess the dominant air circulation types, an adaptation of the WetterLagenKlassification (WLK) classification scheme was used. The results emphasized that a long‐wave trough and southwesterly flow in upper levels would favour the direct transport of volcanic ash cloud towards the Romanian air space. Non‐negative matrix factorization method has been used to identify the atmospheric layer with the maximum values of mass. The simulation results reveal that the maximum values of averaged mass were obtained at an altitude around 7 km.
Design of an anthropomorphic PET phantom with elastic lungs and respiration modeling
Authors: Black David G. , Yazdi Yas Oloumi , Wong Jeremy , Fedrigo Roberto , Uribe Carlos , Kadrmas Dan J. , Rahmim Arman , Klyuzhin Ivan S. 
Published: May 2021

PurposeRespiratory motion during positron emission tomography (PET) scans can be a major detriment to image quality in oncological imaging. The impact of motion on lesion quantification and detectability can be assessed using phantoms with realistic anatomy representation and motion modeling. In this work, we develop an anthropomorphic phantom for PET imaging that combines anatomic fidelity and a realistic breathing mechanism with deformable lungs.MethodsWe start from a previously developed anatomically accurate but static phantom of a human torso, and add elastic lungs with a highly controllable actuation mechanism which replicates the physics of breathing. The space outside the lungs is filled with a radioactive water solution. To maintain anatomical accuracy and realistic gamma ray attenuation in the torso, all motion mechanisms and actuators are positioned outside of the phantom compartment. The actuation mechanism can produce custom respiratory waveforms with breathing rates up to 25 breaths per minute and tidal volumes up to 1200 mL.ResultsSeveral tests were performed to validate the performance of the phantom assembly, in which the phantom was filled with water and given respiratory waveforms to execute. All parts demonstrated expected performance. Force requirements were not exceeded and no leaks were detected, although continued use of the phantom is required to evaluate wear. The motion of the lungs was determined to be within a reasonable realistic range.ConclusionsThe full mechanical design is described in this paper, as well as a software application with graphical user interface which was developed to plan and visualize respiratory patterns. Both are available online as open source files. The developed phantom will facilitate future work in evaluating the impact of respiratory motion on lesion quantification and detectability in clinical practice.
Measuring the level of compulsory hospitalisation in mental health care: The performance of different measures across areas and over time
Authors: Hofstad Tore , Rugkåsa Jorun , Ose Solveig O. , Nyttingnes Olav , Husum Tonje L. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveA variety of measures are used for reporting levels of compulsory psychiatric hospitalisation. This complicates comparisons between studies and makes it hard to establish the extent of geographic variation. We aimed to investigate how measures based on events, individuals and duration portray geographical variation differently and perform over time, how they correlate and how well they predict future ranked levels of compulsory hospitalisation.MethodsSmall‐area analysis, correlation analysis and linear regressions of data from a Norwegian health registry containing whole population data from 2014 to 2018.ResultsThe average compulsory hospitalisation rate per 100,000 inhabitant was 5.6 times higher in the highest area, compared to the lowest, while the difference for the compulsory inpatient rate was 3.2. Population rates based on inpatients correlate strongly with rates of compulsory hospitalisations (r = 0.88) and duration (r = 0.78). 68%–81% of ranked compulsory hospitalisation rates could be explained by each area's rank the previous year.ConclusionThere are stable differences in service delivery between catchment areas in Norway. In future research, multiple measures of the level of compulsory hospitalisation should ideally be included when investigating geographical variation. It is important that researchers describe accurately the measure upon which their results are based.