bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of biomass production and harvesting of Isochrysis sp. using experimental design methodologies
Authors: Lee Yu‐Ru , Chen I‐Li , Chen Jen‐Jeng 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDMicroalgal biodiesel is one of the best promising candidates as an alternative liquid fuel in response to the energy crisis. The timely development of cost‐effective and environmentally friendly culture systems for enhancing microalgae production on a commercial scale is extremely important. In this study, the effects of the process variables temperature, LED light source (blue, white, red), light intensity and aeration rate on biomass production, and the effects of the renewal rate and cycle time on the culture harvest of the marine microalga Isochrysis sp. were investigated using Box–Behnken design (BBD) and central composite design (CCD), respectively.RESULTSThe biomass productivity and lipid content of Isochrysis sp. significantly depended on temperature. Maximum biomass productivity was achieved under white LED light. The optimal conditions for biomass production of Isochrysis sp. with economic cost and energy consumption were a culture temperature of 35 °C, white LED illumination, light intensity 182 μmol m−2 s−1 and an aeration rate of 1.0 L L−1 min−1. A medium renewal rate of 30% and a culture harvest cycle time of three days resulted in the highest biomass productivity for Isochrysis sp. The respective biomass productivities predicted by the models were in good agreement with the results obtained in photobioreactor experiments.CONCLUSIONMajor factors remarkably influenced the culture conditions and biomass harvesting. The results can offer a promising roadmap for the cost‐effective production of biodiesel using Isochrysis sp. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Edge clique covers in graphs with independence number two
Authors: Charbit Pierre , Hahn Geňa , Kamiński Marcin , Lafond Manuel , Lichiardopol Nicolas , Naserasr Reza , Seamone Ben , Sherkati Rezvan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe edge clique cover number of a graph is the size of the smallest collection of complete subgraphs whose union covers all edges of . Chen, Jacobson, Kézdy, Lehel, Scheinerman, and Wang conjectured in 2000 that if is claw‐free, then is bounded above by its order (denoted ). Recently, Javadi and Hajebi verified this conjecture for claw‐free graphs with an independence number at least three. We study the edge clique cover number of graphs with independence number two, which are necessarily claw‐free. We give the first known proof of a linear bound in for for such graphs, improving upon the bou nd of due to Javadi, Maleki, and Omoomi. More precisely we prove that is at most the minimum of and , where is the minimum degree of . In the fractional version of the problem, we improve these upper bounds to . We also verify the conjecture for some specific subfamilies, for example, when the edge packing number with respect to cliques (a lower bound for ) equals , and when contains no induced subgraph isomorphic to where is any fixed graph of order 4.
Subtype‐specific differences in transmission cluster dynamics of HIV‐1 B and CRF01_AE in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Di Giallonardo Francesca , Pinto Angie N , Keen Phillip , Shaik Ansari , Carrera Alex , Salem Hanan , Selvey Christine , Nigro Steven J , Fraser Neil , Price Karen , Holden Joanne , Lee Frederick J , Dwyer Dominic E , Bavinton Benjamin R , Geoghegan Jemma L , Grulich Andrew E , Kelleher Anthony D ,   the NSW HIV Prevention Partnership Project
Published: January 2021

AbstractIntroductionThe human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV‐1) pandemic is characterized by numerous distinct sub‐epidemics (clusters) that continually fuel local transmission. The aims of this study were to identify active growing clusters, to understand which factors most influence the transmission dynamics, how these vary between different subtypes and how this information might contribute to effective public health responses.MethodsWe used HIV‐1 genomic sequence data linked to demographic factors that accounted for approximately 70% of all new HIV‐1 notifications in New South Wales (NSW). We assessed differences in transmission cluster dynamics between subtype B and circulating recombinant form 01_AE (CRF01_AE). Separate phylogenetic trees were estimated using 2919 subtype B and 473 CRF01_AE sequences sampled between 2004 and 2018 in combination with global sequence data and NSW‐specific clades were classified as clusters, pairs or singletons. Significant differences in demographics between subtypes were assessed with Chi‐Square statistics.ResultsWe identified 104 subtype B and 11 CRF01_AE growing clusters containing a maximum of 29 and 11 sequences for subtype B and CRF01_AE respectively. We observed a > 2‐fold increase in the number of NSW‐specific CRF01_AE clades over time. Subtype B clusters were associated with individuals reporting men who have sex with men (MSM) as their transmission risk factor, being born in Australia, and being diagnosed during the early stage of infection (p < 0.01). CRF01_AE infections clusters were associated with infections among individuals diagnosed during the early stage of infection (p < 0.05) and CRF01_AE singletons were more likely to be from infections among individuals reporting heterosexual transmission (p < 0.05). We found six subtype B clusters with an above‐average growth rate (>1.5 sequences / 6‐months) and which consisted of a majority of infections among MSM. We also found four active growing CRF01_AE clusters containing only infections among MSM. Finally, we found 47 subtype B and seven CRF01_AE clusters that contained a large gap in time (>1 year) between infections and may be indicative of intermediate transmissions via undiagnosed individuals.ConclusionsThe large number of active and growing clusters among MSM are the driving force of the ongoing epidemic in NSW for subtype B and CRF01_AE.
Co‐infection of influenza A virus and SARS‐CoV‐2: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Cheng Yuan , Ma Jing , Wang He , Wang Xi , Hu Zhanwei , Li Haichao , Zhang Hong , Liu Xinmin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe coronavirus 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), has spread across the world and is responsible for over 1,686,267 deaths worldwide. Co‐infection with influenza A virus (IFV‐A) during the upcoming flu season may complicate diagnosis and treatment of COVID‐19. Little is known about epidemiology and outcomes of co‐infection. Data for 213 COVID‐19 patients treated at Tongji Hospital in Wuhan from January 28, 2020 to March 24, 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Ninety‐seven of the patients (45.5%) tested positive for anti‐ IFV‐A immunoglobulin M antibodies. The clinical characteristics were described and analyzed for patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection only and patients with SARS‐CoV‐2/IFV‐A co‐infection. Patients with co‐infection showed similar patterns of symptoms and clinical outcomes to patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection only. However, an increased expression of serum cytokines (interleukin‐2R [IL‐2R], IL‐6, IL‐8, and tumor necrosis factor‐α) and cardiac troponin I, and higher incidence of lymphadenopathy were observed in patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection only. Male patients and patients aged less than 60 years in the SARS‐CoV‐2 infection group also had significantly higher computed tomography scores than patients in co‐infection group, indicating that co‐infection with IFV‐A had no effect on the disease outcome but alleviated inflammation in certain populations of COVID‐19 patients. The study will provide a reference for diagnosing and treating IFV‐A and SARS‐CoV‐2 co‐infection cases in the upcoming flu season.
Modelling study on the source contribution to aerosol over the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhao Min , Dai Tie , Wang Hao , Bao Qing , Liu Yimin , Shi Guangyu 
Published: January 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the source of atmospheric aerosol is an essential step in determining the aerosol radiative effect over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). This study aims to clarify the contributions of anthropogenic and natural emission to the aerosols (carbonaceous and sulphate) characteristics inside the TP. An aerosol model named Spectral Radiation Transport Model for Aerosol Species (SPRINTARS) recently coupled to the climate model named Chinese Academy of Sciences Flexible Global Ocean Atmosphere Land System (CAS‐FGOALS‐f3‐L) is used to simulate meteorological conditions and aerosols from 1985 to 2013, given emissions from the sixth phase of the Coupled Models Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). Comparisons between the simulations and ERA5 reanalysis data present that the model can capture the key spatial and temporal features of meteorological elements (2‐m temperature, relative humidity, and wind field at 500 hPa) over the Asia. Subsequently, we conduct six sensitivity studies to quantify the contributions of sources to aerosol surface concentration, burden and aerosol optical depth (AOD) over the TP. Our results illustrate that the outside and local anthropogenic sources contribute about 75.2% (78.9% in summer and 66.6% in winter) and 13.5% (7.4% in summer and 24.0% in winter) to the annual mean aerosols surface concentrations over the TP. The outside anthropogenic sources contribute to AODs in TP up to 87.3% (93.9% in autumn and 80.6% in winter). The ascending air over the TP is conducive to the transportation of the outsource pollutions to the TP. The outside natural sources (refer to biomass burning sources) contribute about 10% to aerosols over TP, and the inside natural sources play minor roles. The black carbon, organic carbon and sulphate (BOCS) induce average radiative forcing of −0.7 W m−2 at the near surface over the TP.
Interaction of multiple ice streams on the Malin Shelf during deglaciation of the last British–Irish Ice Sheet
Authors: Craven Kieran F. , McCarron Stephen , Monteys Xavier , Dove Dayton 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTThe Malin Shelf, off north‐west Ireland, was an important zone of confluence for marine‐based ice streams of the former British–Irish Ice Sheet (BIIS). Legacy geophysical datasets are used to construct models of the seismic character, relative age and distribution of shelf sediments and landforms. Buried and surface landform assemblages provide evidence that during deglaciation of the Late Devensian BIIS, the region was occupied not by a single Hebrides Ice Stream as previously proposed, but by four discrete ice streams, here referred to as the Sea of the Hebrides (SHIS), Inner Hebrides, North Channel and Tory Island ice streams. Our observations of stratigraphic relationships between the deposits of these ice streams indicate physical interactions between them during shelf deglaciation. We interpret an initial dominant cross‐shelf flow along the SHIS impeding cross‐shelf ice flow from other ice sheet sectors. Following withdrawal of the SHIS grounding line from the shelf edge to mid‐shelf bathymetric highs during deglaciation, a reconfiguration of ice sheet flow paths allowed the expansion of smaller cross‐shelf ice streams draining central Scotland and north‐western Ireland. This internal dynamic behaviour provides a possible physical analogue for time‐transgressive flow patterns reported for outlets draining the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.
The mangrove CO2 pump: Tidally driven pore‐water exchange
Authors: Chen Xiaogang , Santos Isaac R. , Call Mitchell , Reithmaier Gloria M. S. , Maher Damien , Holloway Ceylena , Wadnerkar Praktan D. , Gómez‐Álvarez Paula , Sanders Christian J. , Li Ling 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAtmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is fixed by mangrove vegetation and stored in its biomass and sediments. Part of the sediment carbon can be exported to coastal waters via tidally driven pore‐water exchange. Here, we quantify pore water‐derived dissolved CO2 export using in situ, high‐resolution observations of 222Rn and CO2 over a spring‐neap tidal cycle in a mangrove‐fringed estuary (Coffs Creek, Australia). 222Rn‐derived pore‐water exchange rates were 11.5–34.9 cm d−1 (23.0 ± 6.7) over 30 tidal cycles. Pore‐water exchange released CO2 from intertidal sediment at rates of 61–213 (136 ± 43) mmol m−2 d−1. This is equivalent to ~ 94% of the total CO2 input into the estuary and approximately two times of the water‐atmosphere CO2 emission. These observations reveal that tidal pumping is a major regulator of both mangrove pore‐water exchange and associated dissolved CO2 export to the ocean. Combining our estimates with literature data, a first‐order global pore water‐derived dissolved CO2 export from mangroves was estimated to be 83 ± 50 Tg C yr−1. This is higher than an earlier estimates of global mangrove CO2 emissions to the atmosphere (34.1 ± 5.4 Tg C yr−1) and carbon burial in sediments (18.4–34.4 Tg C yr−1), implying that pore water‐derived CO2 escapes to the atmosphere within and beyond mangrove waters. Overall, CO2‐rich pore water seems to be a widespread, important pathway of CO2 into mangrove‐dominated estuaries and should be considered in mangrove carbon assessments in the context of global climate change and blue carbon.
Ultrafast Carrier and Lattice Dynamics in Plasmonic Nanocrystalline Copper Sulfide Films
Authors: Bykov Anton Yu. , Shukla Amaresh , van Schilfgaarde Mark , Green Mark A. , Zayats Anatoly V. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractExcited carrier dynamics in plasmonic nanostructures determines many important optical properties such as nonlinear optical response and photocatalytic activity. Here it is shown that mesoscopic plasmonic covellite nanocrystals with low free‐carrier concentration exhibit a much faster carrier relaxation than in traditional plasmonic materials. A nonequilibrium hot‐carrier population thermalizes within first 20 fs after photoexcitation. A decreased thermalization time in nanocrystals compared to a bulk covellite is consistent with the reduced Coulomb screening in ultrathin films. The subsequent relaxation of thermalized, equilibrium electron gas is faster than in traditional plasmonic metals due to the lower carrier concentration and agrees well with that in a bulk covellite showing no evidence of quantum confinement or hot‐hole trapping at the surface states. The excitation of coherent optical phonon modes in a covellite is also demonstrated, revealing coherent lattice dynamics in plasmonic materials, which until now was mainly limited to dielectrics, semiconductors, and semimetals. These findings show advantages of this new mesoscopic plasmonic material for active control of optical processes.
Channel Interaction During Infrared Light Stimulation in the Cochlea
Authors: Agarwal Aditi , Tan Xiaodong , Xu Yingyue , Richter Claus‐Peter 
Published: January 2021

Background and ObjectivesThe number of perceptually independent channels to encode acoustic information is limited in contemporary cochlear implants (CIs) because of the current spread in the tissue. It has been suggested that neighboring electrodes have to be separated in humans by a distance of more than 2 mm to eliminate significant overlap of the electric current fields and subsequent interaction between the channels. It has also been argued that an increase in the number of independent channels could improve CI user performance in challenging listening environments, such as speech in noise, tonal languages, or music perception. Optical stimulation has been suggested as an alternative modality for neural stimulation because it is spatially selective. This study reports the results of experiments designed to quantify the interaction between neighboring optical sources in the cochlea during stimulation with infrared radiation.Study Design/Materials and MethodsIn seven adult albino guinea pigs, a forward masking method was used to quantify the interaction between two neighboring optical sources during stimulation. Two optical fibers were placed through cochleostomies into the scala tympani of the basal cochlear turn. The radiation beams were directed towards different neuron populations along the spiral ganglion. Optically evoked compound action potentials were recorded for different radiant energies and distances between the optical fibers. The outcome measure was the radiant energy of a masker pulse delivered 3 milliseconds before a probe pulse to reduce the response evoked by the probe pulse by 3 dB. Results were compared for different distances between the fibers placed along the cochlea.ResultsThe energy required to reduce the probe's response by 3 dB increased by 20.4 dB/mm and by 26.0 dB/octave. The inhibition was symmetrical for the masker placed basal to the probe (base‐to‐apex) and the masker placed apical to the probe (apex‐to‐base).ConclusionThe interaction between neighboring optical sources during infrared laser stimulation is less than the interaction between neighboring electrical contacts during electrical stimulation. Previously published data for electrical stimulation reported an average current spread in human and cat cochleae of 2.8 dB/mm. With the increased number of independent channels for optical stimulation, it is anticipated that speech and music performance will improve. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC
Fiber Bridging during Melt Electrowriting of Poly(ε‐Caprolactone) and the Influence of Fiber Diameter and Wall Height
Authors: Kim Jaehyeon , Bakirci Ezgi , O'Neill Kelly L. , Hrynevich Andrei , Dalton Paul D. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMelt electrowriting (MEW) is a direct‐writing technology for small diameter fibers; however, due to electrostatic attraction, the technique is restricted in how close these microfibers can be positioned on the collector. Here, the minimum interfiber distance between parallel poly(ε‐caprolactone) MEW microfibers is determined for different fiber diameters and number of layers on noncoated and star‐shaped poly(ethylene oxide‐stat‐propylene oxide) (sP(EO‐stat‐PO))‐coated glass coverslips. The effect of the fiber diameter, the number of fiber layers, and shape of turning loops affect precision and the minimum interfiber distance. Single fibers with diameter of 5, 10, and 15 µm have a minimum interfiber distance without fiber bridging of 33 ± 2.7, 54 ± 2.2, and 62 ± 2.7 µm, respectively. Increasing the number of layers to ten increases this minimum interfiber distance approximately twofold to 60 ± 3.5, 97 ± 4.5, and 102 ± 2.7 µm for the increasing fiber diameters. The sP(EO‐stat‐PO) slightly increases the minimum interfiber distance for the 15 µm diameter group only, with spacing for the 5 and 10 µm fibers unaffected by the coating. Identifying and determining the fabrication limits for MEW is highly instructional for users working and designing scaffolds with this technology.
Coplanar electrode directly modulated lasers with different cavity length
Authors: Xu Borui , Sun Jiazheng , Xia Shijun , Zhu Sha , Liu Yu , Zhu Ninghua , Sun Wenhui 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA ridge‐waveguide (RW) directly modulated laser (DML) with a coplanar electrode structure is proposed and measured in this paper. Since utilizing the coplanar electrode can significantly reduce parasitic capacitance, the frequency responses of DMLs exhibit a quite low roll‐off. Shortening the cavity length L is attractive to enhance the high‐speed performance of DMLs, but it will increase the mirror loss and the chip resistance at the same time. We analyzed the static and dynamic characteristics of 200‐μm, 250‐μm, and 300‐μm lasers experimentally and theoretically to investigate the impact of L on the coplanar‐electrode DML. Shortening the cavity length can improve the relaxation oscillation frequency fr effectively. The 200‐μm DML achieves a bandwidth of 15.3 GHz. The fr is the most important limiting factor for the laser to obtain a wide bandwidth. Decreasing L and increasing the differential gain are promising for the further improvement of fr. However, shortening L causes a more severe thermal effect and the deterioration of the linearity. This trade‐off must be considered in the future study.
Effect of distortion corrections on the tractography quality in spinal cord diffusion‐weighted imaging
Authors: Dauleac Corentin , Bannier Elise , Cotton François , Frindel Carole 
Published: January 2021

PurposeTo assess the impact of a different distortion correction (DC) method and patient geometry (sagittal balance) on the quality of spinal cord tractography rendering according to different tractography approaches.MethodsForty‐four adults free of spinal cord diseases underwent cervical diffusion‐weighted imaging. The phase‐encoding direction was head→foot. Sequence with opposed polarities (foot→head) was acquired to perform DC. Eddy‐current, motion effects, and susceptibility artifact correction methods were used for DC, and two deterministic and one probabilistic tractography approaches were evaluated using MRtrix and DSI Studio tractography software. Fiber length and number of fibers were extracted to evaluate the quality of the tractography rendering. For each subject, cervical lordosis was measured to assess patient geometry. The angle between the main direction of the spinal cord and the orientation of the acquisition box were computed at each spine level to assess acquisition geometry and define an angle threshold for which a tractography of good quality is no longer possible.ResultsThere was a significant improvement in tractography quality after performing DC with susceptibility artifact correction using a deterministic approach based on tensor. Before DC, the angle threshold was defined at C6 (15.2°) compared with C7 (21.9°) after corrections, demonstrating the importance of spinal cord angulation for DC.ConclusionThe impact of DC on tractography quality is greatly impacted by acquisition geometry. To obtain a good‐quality tractography, we propose as a future perspective to adapt the acquisition geometry to that of the patient by automatically adjusting the acquisition box.
Heat transfer in photovoltaic polymers and bulk‐heterojunctions investigated by scanning photothermal deflection technique
Authors: Chiu Ka Lok , Ho Johnny Ka Wai , Zhang Chujun , Cheung Sin Hang , Yin Hang , Chan Mau Hing , So Shu Kong 
Published: January 2021

AbstractOrganic semiconductors in electronic devices usually have poor thermal conduction which could trap considerable amount of heat, inducing operational instability and reducing device lifetime, limiting commercialization potential. Despite the technological essence to understand and enhance device heat‐dissipation, related studies on organic semiconductors are very limited. In this study, the authors show that the scanning photothermal deflection technique can be employed to study the thermal transport in thin films of organic photovoltaic (OPV) polymers and bulk‐heterojunctions (BHJs), with a simple empirical correction for the extrinsic experimental configuration. Phonons are identified to dominate the thermal transport due to the low carrier mobility. For OPV semiconductors, the positive correlation between the thermal diffusivity and the molecular planarity, – stacking and crystallinity is demonstrated. High‐performance 2D polymers such as PM6 can possess values comparable to alloys like stainless steel. In BHJs, using a polymeric acceptor can retain high thermal diffusivities compared to fullerene and ITIC acceptors, attributed to the efficient heat transfer within the polymer chains. The results offer not only a simple, highly customizable but sensitive experimental method for thermal transport in OPV systems, but also insights into the phonon dynamics and clinical investigations for thermal stability, pushing forward strategic material design.