bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Issue of “Outer Mongolia” at the United Nations in 1946-1961 :
Authors: Tsedendamba Batbayar 
Published: August 2021

The article explores the aspects of the interaction between the USSR and the USA on the issue of “Outer Mongolia” as it was called within the United Nations at the first stage of the Cold War. The author divided the issue of “Outer Mongolia” at the UN during that period into three periods: the first period from 1946 to 1948, the second period from 1950 to1953, i.e. during the Korean war, the final, third one from 1955 to 1961. The author shows how the manipulation of the United Nations by the great powers in their own political interests impeded the settlement of the global issues and postponed admission of the countries such as Mongolian People’s Republic (so called Outer Mongolia) to the UN for many years. The admission to the UN for Mongolia was a matter of national pride as a sovereign nation, and gaining legitimacy in the world affairs and building a reputation in the international arena. The nature of the dialogue between Moscow and Washington played a key role in solving global and regional issues, and aspirations of small countries like the Mongolian People’s Republic had a negligible weight in international affairs.

НҮБ-д Монголын асуудлыг хэлэлцсэн нь (1946-1961 он): БНМАУ-ын гишүүнчлэлийн асуудлаарх ЗХУ, АНУ-ын байр суурийн хувьсал өөрчлөлт
Хураангуй: Тус өгүүлэлд “Хүйтэн дайн”-ы нөхцөлд НҮБ дахь Монголын асуудлаар ЗХУ, АНУ зэрэг их гүрнүүдийн байр суурь, тэдний зөрчил, сөргөлдөөн, эвлэрлийн уялдаа холбоог авч үзэх болно. Зохиогч НҮБ-д Монголын элссэн түүхэн үйл явцыг гурван үед буюу 1946-1948 оны эхний үе, 1950-1953 оны Солонгосын дайны үе, 1955-1961 оны НҮБ-д элссэн төгсгөлийн үе хэмээн задлан авч үзэв. “Хүйтэн дайны” үед их гүрнүүд Нэгдсэн Үндэстний байгууллагыг өөрсдийн улс төрийн зорилгод дур зоргоор ашиглаж байсан нь олон улсын маргаантай асуудлыг шийдвэрлэхэд саад болж, БНМАУ зэрэг орнуудыг НҮБ-д элсэх асуудлыг олон жилээр хойш татаж байв. БНМАУ-ын хувьд НҮБ-д элсэх нь туурга тусгаар улсын үндэсний бахархал, хууль ёсны эрхээ хүлээн зөвшөөрүүлэх, олон улсын нэр хүндээ өсгөх ач холбогдолтой байлаа. Тэр нөхцөлд Москва, Вашингтон хоорондын яриа хэлэлцээний шинж чанар нь глобаль болон бүс нутгийн асуудлыг шийдвэрлэхэд гол хүчин зүйл болж ирсэн бөгөөд жижиг орны хүсэл эрмэлзэл олон улсын хэрэгт тэр болгон үр нөлөөтэй байж чадахгүй байв.
Түлхүүр үгс: НҮБ, ЗХУ, АНУ, “хүйтэн дайн”, БНМАУ-ын гишүүнчлэл, Гоминьданы Хятадын вето эрх
Evaluation of the Use of Caffeine Citrate Maintenance Doses &gt;5 mg/kg/day in Preterm Neonates for Apnea of Prematurity
Authors: Salemi Laura A. , Sahlstrom Anna L. , Lim Sin Yin , Johnson Peter N. , Dannaway Douglas , Miller Jamie L. 
Published: August 2021

OBJECTIVECaffeine citrate doses &gt;5 mg/kg/day are frequently used for apnea of prematurity. The primary objective was identification of patients maintained on 5 mg/kg/day (Group 1). Secondary objectives included identification of patients requiring dose increases: 7.5 mg/kg every 24 hours (Group 2), 10 mg/kg every 24 hours (Group 3), and 5 mg/kg every 12 hours (Group 4); comparison of demographics and clinical characteristics; and identification of patients requiring dose adjustments owing to caffeine-associated tachycardia.METHODSRetrospective study of neonates born between 23 to &lt;31 weeks' gestation, receiving caffeine between January 1, 2015, and July 31, 2019. Patients receiving caffeine &lt;1 week, initial maintenance dose &gt;5 mg/kg/day, or with congenital abnormalities were excluded. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed, with a p &lt; 0.05.RESULTSOverall, 281 patients were included, with 99 (35.2%) in Group 1; 56 (19.9%) in Group 2; 47 (16.7%) in Group 3; and 79 (28.1%) in Group 4. Significant differences in gestational age were noted, with Group 3 and 4 patients being more premature than Groups 1 and 2 (p &lt; 0.001). Dose increases occurred at a median postnatal age and postmenstrual age of 13.0 days and 31.4 weeks in Group 2; 17.0 days and 30.3 weeks in Group 3; and 16.0 days and 30.1 weeks in Group 4. Significant differences were noted for development of tachycardia requiring dose adjustment, with Groups 3 and 4 having the highest percentage (p &lt; 0.001).CONCLUSIONSTwo-thirds received caffeine citrate doses &gt;5 mg/kg/day, with 44% receiving 10 mg/kg/day. Further exploration is necessary to determine the optimal PNA or PMA for dose adjustments.
On the use of sequence-quality information in OTU clustering
Authors: Müller Robert , Nebel Markus 
Published: August 2021

Background
High-throughput sequencing has become an essential technology in life science research. Despite continuous improvements in technology, the produced sequences are still not entirely accurate. Consequently, the sequences are usually equipped with error probabilities. The quality information is already employed to find better solutions to a number of bioinformatics problems (e.g. read mapping). Data processing pipelines benefit in particular (especially when incorporating the quality information early), since enhanced outcomes of one step can improve all subsequent ones. Preprocessing steps, thus, quite regularly consider the sequence quality to fix errors or discard low-quality data. Other steps, however, like clustering sequences into operational taxonomic units (OTUs), a common task in the analysis of microbial communities, are typically performed without making use of the available quality information.

Results
In this paper, we present quality-aware clustering methods inspired by quality-weighted alignments and model-based denoising, and explore their applicability to OTU clustering. We implemented the quality-aware methods in a revised version of our de novo clustering tool GeFaST and evaluated their clustering quality and performance on mock-community data sets. Quality-weighted alignments were able to improve the clustering quality of GeFaST by up to 10%. The examination of the model-supported methods provided a more diverse picture, hinting at a narrower applicability, but they were able to attain similar improvements. Considering the quality information enlarged both runtime and memory consumption, even though the increase of the former depended heavily on the applied method and clustering threshold.

Conclusions
The quality-aware methods expand the iterative, de novo clustering approach by new clustering and cluster refinement methods. Our results indicate that OTU clustering constitutes yet another analysis step benefiting from the integration of quality information. Beyond the shown potential, the quality-aware methods offer a range of opportunities for fine-tuning and further extensions.
Phytochemical Constituents of Carrot (Daucus carota) Fruit Juice and its Hepatoprotective Property in CCl4-Induced Liver Cirrhotic Rats
Authors: Na’Allah Asiat , Alabi Mutiu Adewunmi , Kareem Fatai A. , Obatoye Ayodeji O. , Attahir Shukuriyya , Umar Rahma 
Published: August 2021

Aim: This study evaluated the phytochemical constituents of Carrot fruit juice (CFJ) and its hepatoprotective property in CCl4-induced liver cirrhotic rats.
Study Design: Sixty male rats of weight ranging from 150-180 g were completely randomized into six groups. All rats were administered 0.5 ml/kg CCl4 subcutaneously thrice weekly except groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 while rats in groups 3 and 6 and groups 4 and 5 orally received 2.5 and 5.0 ml/kg of CFJ on daily basis for 12 weeks.
Results: The preliminary qualitative phytochemical screening of extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, carbohydrate, saponin, phenolic compound and tannins. The extract treated groups significantly revealed an increase in liver cirrhotic emaciated body weight and reduction in the liver index, a reversal of liver marker enzymes activities, an increase in enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants with a decrease in malondialdehyde level reduction in C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, alpha-fetoprotein, and carcinoembryonic antigen. Exposure of animal to CCl4 induces oxidative stress, increases the generation of reactive oxygen species and myeloperoxidase activity, and reduces cell viability but was reversed by the CFJ.
Conclusion: The result showed that CFJ is a promising therapeutic option for treating liver failure.
Clomiphene Stair-Step Protocol versus Traditional Protocol for Ovulation Induction in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Patients
Authors: Kader Afaf S. Abd El , Dawood Ayman S. , Morsy Ahmed T. , Salem Hesham A. 
Published: August 2021

Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among women in the reproductive period. It is one of the leading causes of infertility. The manifestations of PCOS include irregular or no menstrual periods, excess body weight and facial hair, acne, heavy periods and pelvic pain. The aim of this study is to determine the efficacy of stair step protocol compared to traditional protocol in ovulation induction of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) patients in terms of increasing rate of ovulation and pregnancy.
Methods: This study is non-blinded, multicenter, randomized controlled study and was carried out on infertile women attending the Fertility Clinic of Tanta University Hospital and Hurghada General Hospital. Two Hundred infertile patients with PCOS criteria and no other causes of infertility were enrolled according to inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Results: Student t test was used for the continuous variables (FSH, LH, Prolactin, AMH, TSH, Free testosterone). Student t test was used for the continuous variables (Endometrial thickness, Time to ovulate (d)). Chi-square analysis was used for the categorical variables (Ovulation rate, Pregnancy rate). Chi-square analysis was used for the categorical variables (Ovulation rate per cycle). There was no significant difference between two groups as regards mild and severe side effects.
Conclusions: This study concluded that stair step regimen improves the ovulation rate and pregnancy rate without any detrimental side effects compared to traditional regimen. It helps to know the sensitivity and resistance of an individual to clomiphene citrate much earlier and helps to plan ahead with alternative treatment for desired outcome. The advantage of shorter treatment period with similar side effects makes the stair step protocol suitable for use in routine clinical practice.
Cactus‐Spine‐Inspired Sweat‐Collecting Patch for Fast and Continuous Monitoring of Sweat
Authors: Son Jonghyun , Bae Geun Yeol , Lee Siyoung , Lee Giwon , Kim Seong Won , Kim Daegun , Chung Sein , Cho Kilwon 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA sweat sensor is expected to be the most appropriate wearable device for noninvasive healthcare monitoring. However, the practical use of sweat sensors is impeded by irregular and low sweat secretion rates. Here, a sweat‐collecting patch that can collect sweat efficiently for fast and continuous healthcare monitoring is demonstrated. The patch uses cactus‐spine‐inspired wedge‐shaped wettability‐patterned channels on a hierarchical microstructured/nanostructured surface. The channel shape, in combination with the superhydrophobic/superhydrophilic surface materials, induces a unidirectional Laplace pressure that transports the sweat to the sensing area spontaneously even when the patch is aligned vertically. The patch demonstrates superior sweat‐collecting efficiency and reduces the time required to fill the sensing area by transporting sweat almost without leaving it inside the channel. Therefore, a sensor based on the patch responds quickly to biochemicals in sweat, and the patch enables the continuous monitoring of changes in sweat biochemicals according to their changes in the wearer's blood.
Exceptionally High Blocking Temperature of 17 K in a Surface‐Supported Molecular Magnet
Authors: Paschke Fabian , Birk Tobias , Enenkel Vivien , Liu Fupin , Romankov Vladyslav , Dreiser Jan , Popov Alexey A. , Fonin Mikhail 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSingle‐molecule magnets (SMMs) are among the most promising building blocks for future magnetic data storage or quantum computing applications, owing to magnetic bistability and long magnetic relaxation times. The practical device integration requires realization of 2D surface assemblies of SMMs, where each magnetic unit shows magnetic relaxation being sufficiently slow at application‐relevant temperatures. Using X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and X‐ray magnetic circular dichroism, it is shown that sub‐monolayers of Dy2@C80(CH2Ph) dimetallofullerenes prepared on graphene by electrospray deposition exhibit magnetic behavior fully comparable to that of the bulk. Magnetic hysteresis and relaxation time measurements show that the magnetic moment remains stable for 100 s at 17 K, marking the blocking temperature TB(100), being not only in excellent agreement with that of the bulk sample but also representing by far the highest one detected for a surface‐supported single‐molecule magnet. The reported findings give a boost to the efforts to stabilize and address the spin degree of freedom in molecular magnets aiming at the realization of SMM‐based spintronic units.
Photonic Bandgap in Achiral Liquid Crystals—A Twist on a Twist
Authors: Pociecha Damian , Vaupotič Nataša , Majewska Magdalena , Cruickshank Ewan , Walker Rebecca , Storey John M. D. , Imrie Corrie T. , Wang Cheng , Gorecka Ewa 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAchiral mesogenic molecules are shown to be able to spontaneously assemble into liquid crystalline smectic phases having either simple or double‐helical structures. At the transition between these phases, the double‐helical structure unwinds. As a consequence, in some temperature range, the pitch of the helix becomes comparable to the wavelength of visible light and the selective reflection of light in the visible range is observed. The photonic bandgap phenomenon is reported for achiral liquid crystals.
Nutrient Element Decorated Polyetheretherketone Implants Steer Mitochondrial Dynamics for Boosted Diabetic Osseointegration
Authors: Wang Hao , Fu Xinliang , Shi Jiacheng , Li Limei , Sun Jiyu , Zhang Xidan , Han Qiuyang , Deng Yi , Gan Xueqi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAs a chronic metabolic disease, diabetes mellitus (DM) creates a hyperglycemic micromilieu around implants, resulting inthe high complication and failure rate of implantation because of mitochondrial dysfunction in hyperglycemia. To address the daunting issue, the authors innovatively devised and developed mitochondria‐targeted orthopedic implants consisted of nutrient element coatings and polyetheretherketone (PEEK). Dual nutrient elements, in the modality of ZnO and Sr(OH)2, are assembled onto the sulfonated PEEK surface (Zn&Sr‐SPEEK). The results indicate the synergistic liberation of Zn2+ and Sr2+ from coating massacres pathogenic bacteria and dramatically facilitates cyto‐activity of osteoblasts upon the hyperglycemic niche. Intriguingly, Zn&Sr‐SPEEK implants are demonstrated to have a robust ability to recuperate hyperglycemia‐induced mitochondrial dynamic disequilibrium and dysfunction by means of Dynamin‐related protein 1 (Drp1) gene down‐regulation, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) resurgence, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) elimination, ultimately enhancing osteogenicity of osteoblasts. In vivo evaluations utilizing diabetic rat femoral/tibia defect model at 4 and 8 weeks further confirm that nutrient element coatings substantially augment bone remodeling and osseointegration. Altogether, this study not only reveals the importance of Zn2+ and Sr2+ modulation on mitochondrial dynamics that contributes to bone formation and osseointegration, but also provides a novel orthopedic implant for diabetic patients with mitochondrial modulation capability.
In Vivo Clonal Analysis Reveals Development Heterogeneity of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells Derived from Distinct Germinal Zones
Authors: Liu Rui , Jia Yinhang , Guo Peng , Jiang Wenhong , Bai Ruiliang , Liu Chong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMounting evidence supports that oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) play important roles in maintaining the integrity of normal brains, and that their dysfunction is the etiology of numerous severe neurological diseases. OPCs exhibit diverse heterogeneity in the adult brain, and distinct germinal zones of the embryonic brain contribute to OPC genesis. However, it remains obscure whether developmental origins shape OPC heterogeneity in the adult brain. Here, an in vivo clonal analysis approach is developed to address this. By combining OPC‐specific transgenes, in utero electroporation, and the PiggyBac transposon system, the lineages of individual neonatal OPCs derived from either dorsal or ventral embryonic germinal zones are traced, and the landscape of their trajectories is comprehensively described throughout development. Surprisingly, despite behaving indistinguishably in the brain before weaning, dorsally derived OPCs continuously expand throughout life, but ventrally derived OPCs eventually diminish. Importantly, clonal analysis supports the existence of an intrinsic cellular “clock” to control OPC expansion. Moreover, knockout of NF1 could circumvent the distinction of ventrally derived OPCs in the adult brain. Together, this work shows the importance of in vivo clonal analysis in studying stem/progenitor cell heterogeneity, and reveals that developmental origins play a role in determining OPC fate.
Rheological properties of phase transitions in polydisperse and monodisperse colloidal rod systems
Authors: He Shiqin , Pascucci Dominic R. , Caggioni Marco , Lindberg Seth , Schultz Kelly M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractRheological modifiers are added to formulations to tune rheology, enable function and drive phase changes requiring an understanding of material structure and properties. We characterize two colloidal rod systems during phase transitions using multiple particle tracking microrheology, which measures the Brownian motion of probes embedded in a sample. These systems include a colloid (monodisperse polyamide or polydisperse hydrogenated castor oil), surfactant (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate [LAS]), and nonabsorbing polymer (polyethylene oxide [PEO]) which drives gelation by depletion interactions. Phase transitions are characterized at all concentrations using time‐cure superposition. We determine that rheological evolution depends onLAS:colloid. The critical PEO concentration required to form a gel,cc/c*, is independent ofLAS:colloid, critical relaxation exponent,n, is dependent onLAS:colloid, and both are independent of colloid polydispersity.nindicates the material structure at the phase transition. AtLAS:colloid > 16, the scaffold is a tightly associated network and atLAS:colloid = 16 a loosely associated network.
Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Cascade C−H Activation/Annulation of N‐carbamoylindoles with Silyl Enol Ethers for the Construction of Dihydropyrimidoindolone Skeletons
Authors: Chen Lu , Wang Zhichao , Pang Binghan , Wang Yangyang , Xu Xiaobo , Wu Gaorong , Ji Yafei 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA novel route to 3,4‐dihydropyrimido[1,6‐a]indol‐1(2H)‐one derivatives enabled by Rh(III)‐catalyzed cascade C−H activation/annulation of N‐carbamoylindoles with silyl enol ethers has been reported. The reaction features mild conditions, wide substrate scope, diverse functional group tolerance and moderate to good yields. Furthermore, a plausible reaction mechanism is confirmed by an available rhodacycle intermediate.
An Efficient Synthesis of Alkyl Dithiocarbamates through Michael‐type Addition of Tetraalkylthiuram Disulfides to Electrophilic Alkenes
Authors: Hao Shuai , Ding Songshuang , Wu Zhiyong , Bi Haoyang , Bai Feng , Yang Xinling , Wang Longfei , Wang Yiying , Shen Hongtao , Zhao Mingqin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA novel and efficient process for the synthesis of alkyl dithiocarbamates from electrophilic alkenes and tetraalkylthiuram disulfides was presented. The reactions proceed under mild conditions to afford the products in high yields, excellent functional group tolerance and step efficiency. This protocol realizes a pretty interesting methodology for alkyl dithiocarbamates synthesis under a Michael‐type addition progress.
Ring Distortion Diversity‐Oriented Approach to Fully Substituted Furoxans and Isoxazoles
Authors: Chaplygin Daniil A. , Gorbunov Yaroslav K. , Fershtat Leonid L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA regioselective method for an assembly of pharmacologically relevant fully substituted furoxans and isoxazoles using the ring distortion diversity‐oriented approach through the one‐pot ring cleavage/nucleophilic addition/oxidation cascade of monosubstituted furoxans was developed. The described synthetic strategy is highly regioselective and provides single furoxan regioisomers upon utilization of N‐ or S‐nucleophiles. Utilization of the cyanide‐anion as a nucleophile in the same reaction cascade afforded a series of rather rare fully substituted isoxazoles incorporating vicinal nitro and amino functionalities. In addition, synthesized disubstituted furoxans revealed an ability to release NO indicating their strong potential as pharmacologically oriented drug candidates for various biomedical applications.
Effects of human variation on foot and ankle pain in rural Madagascar
Authors: Tasnim Noor , Schmitt Daniel , Zeininger Angel 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesFoot and ankle dysfunction in barefoot/minimally shod populations remains understudied. Although factors affecting musculoskeletal pain in Western populations are well‐studied, little is known about how types of work, gender, and body shape influence bone and joint health in non‐Western and minimally shod communities. This study examines the effect of human variation on locomotor disability in an agrarian community in Madagascar.Materials and methodsFoot measurements were collected along with height, weight, age, and self‐report data on daily activity and foot and ankle pain from 41 male and 48 female adults. A short form revised foot function index (FFI‐R), that measures functional disability related to foot pain, was calculated. Raw and normalized foot measurements were compared by gender and used in a multiple linear regression model to determine predictors of FFI‐R.ResultsCompared to men, women reported higher FFI‐R scores (p = 0.014), spent more time on their feet (p = 0.019), and had higher BMIs (p = 0.0001). For their weight, women had significantly smaller and narrower feet than men. Bimalleolar breadth (p = 0.0005) and foot length (p = 0.0223) standardized by height, time spent on feet (p = 0.0102), ankle circumference standardized by weight (p = 0.0316), and age (p = 0.0090) were significant predictors of FFI‐R score.DiscussionOur findings suggest that human variation in anatomical and behavioral patterns serve as significant explanations for increased foot and ankle pain in women in this non‐Western rural population. Foot and ankle pain were prevalent at similar levels to those in industrialized populations, indicating that research should continue to examine its effect on similar barefoot/minimally shod communities.
Catalytically Active Gold Nanomaterials Stabilized byN‐heterocyclic Carbenes
Authors: Eisen Constantin , Chin Jia Min , Reithofer Michael R. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSolid supported or ligand capped gold nanomaterials (AuNMs) emerged as versatile and recyclable heterogeneous catalysts for a broad variety of conversions in the ongoing catalytic ′gold rush′. Existing at the border of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, AuNMs offer the potential to merge high catalytic activity with significant substrate selectivity. Owing to their strong binding towards the surface atoms of AuMNs, NHCs offer tunable activation of surface atoms while maintaining selectivity and stability of the NM even under challenging conditions. This work summarizes well‐defined catalytically active NHC capped AuNMs including spherical nanoparticles and atom‐precise nanoclusters as well as the important NHC design choices towards activity and (stereo‐)selectivity enhancements.