bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of chewing gum and ibuprofen in alleviating orthodontic pain: a single centre, randomised clinical trial
Authors: Delavarian Mohadeseh , Imani Mohammad Moslem , Delavarian Fatemeh , Bayani Shahin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
The aim of the present three-arm parallel trial was to compare the effectiveness of chewing gum and ibuprofen in the control of orthodontic pain.

Methods
Patients to undergo orthodontic treatment at a private orthodontic clinic were randomly divided into three parallel groups, each of which took either a placebo, ibuprofen or chewing gum. The eligibility criteria included patients in the full permanent dentition with moderate crowding requiring the extraction of two mandibular and two maxillary premolars. The main outcome was the patient’s level of discomfort, which was assessed by a 0–10 numeric rating scale (NRS) at two hours, six hours, at bedtime, 24 hours, two days, three days and seven days after the placement of initial arch wires in four functions including chewing, biting, occluding back teeth, and occluding front teeth. Randomisation was accomplished according to the patient’s clinic entrance number and by using a table of random numbers. The patients in the placebo and ibuprofen groups were blinded to the type of medication used. The differences in the groups were analysed using repeated measures ANOVA.

Results
Sixty-six patients between 12 and 30 years were randomised in a 1:1:1 ratio. The pain questionnaire response rate was 100% in the three groups, but six patients were excluded and consequently 60 patients were analysed (N = 20 in each group). There was no significant difference between the chewing gum and ibuprofen groups during any oral function at any time point (p > 0.05). However, repeated measures ANOVA showed that patients in the placebo group experienced significantly higher pain scores compared with patients in the ibuprofen and chewing gum groups at two hours, six hours, at bedtime, at 24 hours and two days after initial arch wire placement (p < 0.05). No patient harm was observed in this study.

Conclusions
In contrast to the common orthodontic belief that gum chewing may lead to bracket breakage, it seems that chewing gum is as beneficial as medication for pain relief and can be a recommended alternative during orthodontic treatment.
Impacted maxillary canines and their relationship with lateral incisor resorption: a cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) study
Authors: Yilmaz Hakan , Ozlu Fethiye Cakmak , Icen Murat , Icen Erdi 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objective
The spatial position of a canine can affect the level of proximal root resorption and the success of orthodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to examine the mesiodistal and vertical position of impacted maxillary canines and to assess their relationship with the lateral incisor by using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).

Material and method
One hundred and sixty-nine CBCT scans of patients presenting with maxillary impacted canines were included in the study. The buccopalatal, mesiodistal (classified as sectors I, II, III, IV from distal to mesial) and vertical (cervical, middle, apical) position of the maxillary impacted canines were determined. The positional effect on the morphology (width, length, and depth) and resorption was assessed on the roots of the maxillary lateral incisors. Obtained data were statistically analysed by using Student t-test, the Mann Whitney U and Chi-Square tests.

Results
Of the maxillary impacted canines, the 34.72% that had associated resorption on the adjacent lateral incisors were buccally positioned, and 65.28% were palatally positioned. While 45.58% of sector I impacted maxillary canines were buccally positioned, 68.31% of sector IV impacted maxillary canines were palatally positioned. Furthermore, there was a statistical significance between the mesiodistal position and palatal or buccal maxillary canine impaction (p < 0.05). In addition, the vertical position of the impacted maxillary canines was also related to their mesiodistal and buccopalatal positions (p < 0.05).

Conclusion
While all maxillary impacted canines had the potential to cause lateral incisor resorption, there was no close relationship related to the canine’s buccopalatal, mesiodistal and vertical position. Nevertheless, if an impacted maxillary canine migrated towards the midline, the buccopalatal and vertical position of the tooth changed from buccal to palatal and cervical to apical, respectively.
Local orthodontic force initiates widespread remodelling of the maxillary alveolar bone
Authors: Gong Xinyi , Huang Xiangru , Yang Yiling , Zhou Siru , Dai Qinggang , Jiang Lingyong 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To clarify the effects of a local orthodontic force on alveolar bone by analysing bone remodelling in different regions of the maxilla during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM).

Methods
An OTM model was established in rats. Histological changes in the maxilla were analysed using TRAP staining, IHC staining for CTSK and haematoxylin and eosin (H and E) staining. The root bifurcation region of the alveolar bone of the first (M1), second (M2) and third (M3) molars were selected as the regions of interest (ROIs), which were further divided into a cervical and an apical level. Sequential fluorochrome labelling was performed to analyse bone deposition rates.

Results
The maxillary left first molars were moved mesially. TRAP staining and IHC staining for CTSK showed orthodontic force increased osteoclast numbers in all six ROIs at both the cervical and apical levels. H and E staining indicated elevated osteoblast numbers in the OTM group in all induced regions. Sequential fluorochrome labelling exhibited increased bone deposition rates around M1, M2 and M3 in the OTM group.

Conclusions
An orthodontic force applied to the first molar could initiate widespread remodelling of the maxillary alveolar bone, which was not restricted to the tension and pressure sites. This may revise the orthodontic biomechanical theory and provide new insights for clinical work.
Treatment of anterior open-bite using zygomatic anchorage: a 10-year follow-up case report
Authors: Uslu-Akcam Ozge , Efendiyeva Ruhengiz , Akcam Mehmet Okan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Aim
To present the treatment and long-term post-treatment results of an adult case presenting with an Angle Class II anterior openbite malocclusion that involved the use of zygomatic anchorage for the intrusion of the maxillary posterior teeth.

Methods
A 23-year-old female patient with a bilateral Angle Class II molar and canine relationship, a 4 mm overjet and a 6 mm anterior open-bite was treated using zygomatic anchorage in order to correct the dental and skeletal relationships, and eliminate the anterior open-bite to achieve an ideal overjet, overbite and improved facial aesthetics. Orthodontic brackets were placed on the maxillary and mandibular teeth. Under local anaesthesia, a subperiosteal flap was raised, and two titanium miniplates were bilaterally placed in the zygomatic area. The molars were intruded by applying 400 grams of force to the miniplates via connection to the upper arch wire.

Results
By intruding the molar teeth using zygomatic anchorage, the anterior open-bite was corrected to achieve an Angle Class I occlusion, an ideal overbite and a harmonious facial profile that were successfully maintained after a 10-year follow-up period.
Reducing iatrogenic complications in the treatment of cleft lip and palate
Authors: Savundra Andrew , Fricker John 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
All patients receiving orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances have a significantly higher risk of developing white spot lesions (WSLs), which are considered the most common iatrogenic complication of treatment.
Cleft lip and/or palate (CLP) is a common craniofacial anomaly occurring in approximately one in 800 births. Patients affected by cleft lip and/or palate tend to have poorer oral hygiene and a greater risk of WSLs and caries than non-cleft sibling controls. Patients presenting with a cleft lip and/or palate also have a higher prevalence of molar-incisor hypomineralisation (MIH), which suggests that clinicians involved in the oral health management of cleft patients need to consider all available caries prevention protocols.
Cases presenting with hypomineralised teeth create more difficulty in bonding attachments to affected enamel using an acid etch technique and a composite resin material due to the abnormal prism structure. The bond strength to hypomineralised enamel can be as low as two-thirds that of the bond strength to unaffected enamel, which may not be adequate for routine fixed appliance treatment. Furthermore, the removal of orthodontic brackets from hypomineralised enamel may lead to more severe damage to the affected teeth.
Resin modified glass-ionomer cement (RMGIC), bonded after conditioning the enamel with polyacrylic acid, creates no resin tags as a result of a chemical rather than a mechanical bond. Therefore, there is less enamel loss during bracket debonding when compared with acid-etch preparation and composite resin bonding.
Furthermore, in cases in which the quality of the enamel is deficient causing limits to the shear bond strength of the acid-etched composite resin, the chemical bonding action of RMGIC overcomes the lack of adherence and protects the enamel.
RMGIC has cariostatic properties and clinical evidence supports the routine use of these adhesives for bonding in all fixed appliance cases as a strategy for reducing the incidence of white spot lesions and damage to the enamel during bracket debonding.
The effect of head posture on facial soft tissue changes captured by white-light facial scanning
Authors: Lim Jae-Beom , Oh Seung-Wook , An Hyun-joon , Park Tae-Joon , Lee Tae-Hee , Park Ki-Ho 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objective
To investigate whether changes in head posture have significant effects on facial soft tissues during white-light scanning.

Materials and methods
Thirty-four adult patients participated in the study in which 22 soft tissue landmarks were marked on the face of each subject using an oil-based pen. The subjects wore digital inclinometers on top of their heads, and sat relaxed with their heads orientated in natural head position (NHP), while a facial scan was captured. The subjects underwent a second facial scan in an upward 5°(U5), upward 10°(U10), downward 5°(D5), or a downward 10°(D10) direction with respect to the NHP. The NHP image was superimposed on the images taken at the different head postures and a single co-ordinate system was obtained. The axial reference plane (x-axis), the sagittal reference plane (y-axis) and the coronal plane (z-axis) were set with N’ as the zero point (0, 0, 0). The changes in position of each landmark caused by the change of head posture were measured.

Results
When the subject’s head was in the U5 and D5 posture, changes in landmark identification were not statistically significantly different. When the subject’s head was in the U10 posture, soft tissue Stmi and Li moved downward significantly. Soft tissue pogonion moved forward significantly in the D10 posture.

Conclusions
Soft tissue changes within 5° of the natural head posture were clinically negligible. If efforts to reproduce natural head position are carried out, reliable facial scanning images can be obtained without the support of any special head positioning tools.
Retreatment of a skeletal Class II postpubescent patient with a convex facial profile and temporomandibular disorders
Authors: Zhang Jia-Nan , Chen Si , Zhong Chong , Yu Feng-Yang , Lu Hai-Ping 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objectives
The present case report describes the orthodontic retreatment of a skeletal Class II postpubescent female patient who presented following previous orthodontic treatment that involved the extraction of the four first premolars, temporomandibular disorders and a convex facial profile.

Methods
The patient, aged 15 years, sought treatment for the chief complaints of an unaesthetic facial profile and difficulty in opening her mouth. The examination revealed a convex facial profile and a moderate skeletal Class II relationship within a long face. The patient had bilateral pain around the temporomandibular joints and her maximum mouth opening was only 11 mm. The treatment plan was to initially relieve the temporomandibular symptoms and then to retract the upper dentition using miniimplants.

Results
The patient’s mouth opening ability reached 37 mm and a significantly improved harmonious facial profile was achieved.

Conclusions
Cases that present with previous unsuccessful orthodontic treatment may be retreated to achieve a satisfactory aesthetic and functional result by precise control of tooth movement in three dimensions.
Accuracy of orthognathic surgery using 3D computer-assisted surgical simulation
Authors: Lee Richard , Goonewardene Mithran S , Mian Ajmal , Allan Brent , Brock Danny , Trevenen Michelle 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the accuracy of maxilla and mandibular repositioning during two-jaw orthognathic surgery using computerassisted
surgical simulation (CASS)

Materials and methods
Fifteen patients who underwent two-jaw orthognathic surgery using CASS (VSP,® Orthognathics by 3D Systems) were evaluated to assess the accuracy of the simulation. Translational and rotational discrepancies of the centroids of the maxilla and mandible and the translational discrepancy of the dental midline between the planned and actual outcomes were reported using the root mean square error (RMSE). The number of cases that exceeded limits set for clinical significance, the direction of the error in relation to the direction of planned movement and the differences between segmental and non-segmental procedures were evaluated as secondary outcomes

Results
The largest translational RMSE was 1.53 mm along the y-axis in the maxilla and 1.34 mm along the y-axis in the mandible. The largest rotational RMSE was 1.9° about the x-axis in the maxilla and 1.16° about the x- and y-axes in the mandible. The largest RMSE for the dental midline was 1.6 mm along the y-axis in the maxilla and 1.34 mm along the y-axis in the mandible. A tendency for insufficient advancement of the maxilla was noted

Conclusions
CASS is an efficient and accurate way to develop the surgical plan and transfer the plan to the patient intraoperatively. While CASS is accurate on a population level, there remains the potential for clinically significant errors to occur on an individual basis

Conclusion
The present case indicated that the timely extraction of palatally-placed maxillary lateral incisors facilitated functional appliance therapy in the management of a skeletal Class II problem. The crowding of the lower anterior teeth was relieved and alignment of the upper arch was achieved with full fixed appliance therapy, resulting in improved aesthetics and a stable occlusion at one year review
Multidisciplinary treatment of a severe facial asymmetry
Authors: Atik Ezgi , Konas Ersoy , Kocadereli Ilken 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This case report presents the multidisciplinary treatment of an adult female who presented with a previously repaired right unilateral cleft lip and palate. The patient had been referred with a complaint of facial asymmetry, eating difficulties and a missing right central incisor. A clinical evaluation revealed severe facial asymmetry created by a mandibular deviation to the right side and a compensatory transverse cant of the maxillary occlusal plane. After pre-surgical orthodontic treatment, a Le Fort I osteotomy and a bilateral sagittal split osteotomy were performed. During post-surgical orthodontic treatment and, as a result of the rotational surgery, the maxillary left central incisor became the right central incisor. The left lateral incisor was subsequently moved toward the midline and reshaped with a composite buildup to serve as a new left central incisor. The combination of orthodontic, orthognathic and restorative treatment established a favourable occlusal and aesthetic result.
Management of multiple adjacent asymmetric intruded teeth by differential curve of Spee mechanics: a case report
Authors: Chang Heng-Ming Mark , Ting Chao-Wen , Wang Kai-Lung , Ho Kwok-Hing , Hsieh Shun-Chu , Lin Hsueh-Jen 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Of the types of dental trauma, intrusive luxation is considered to have the worst prognosis. When forceful intrusion affects multiple adjacent teeth, orthodontic repositioning may be required; however, orthodontic treatment can be complicated by the development of a cant in the occlusal plane, especially when the affected teeth are not symmetrically located from the midline and corrective forces and anchorage are unbalanced. Designing an appropriate mechanism to overcome this problem is essential.

Case presentation
The present case report describes a 28-year-old male who suffered the traumatic intrusion of multiple teeth, with accompanying alveolar bone fractures, following a road traffic accident. The intruded teeth were repositioned using orthodontic traction, following which, endodontic treatment was performed. After initial alignment, differential curve of Spee mechanics were applied to correct the occlusal plane and an acceptable result was achieved. The overall outcome was maintained at a 24-months review.

Conclusion
This report demonstrates the importance of the early repositioning of intruded teeth to avoid dento-alveolar ankylosis, as well as the use of differential curve of Spee mechanics which provides effective force application in the management of a canted occlusal plane.
Long-term evaluation of enamel colour change following orthodontic treatment: a randomised clinical trial
Authors: Pandian Akshaya , Jagdish Nithya , Kailasam Vignesh , Padmanabhan Sridevi 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate enamel colour change over a period of one year after the completion of fixed appliance treatment and to assess the influence of two different clean-up procedures and the resulting surface roughness.

Materials and methods
Seventeen orthodontic patients were debonded and the residual resin removed using tungsten carbide burs followed by enamel polishing with Stainbuster burs or Sof-Lex discs in a split mouth design. A spectrophotometric colour evaluation was performed after clean-up (T0), polishing (T1), and one year later (T2). Colour parameters were measured and enamel colour change (ΔE) was calculated. Surface roughness was determined at T1 and T2 using epoxy replicas. Data were analysed using paired and unpaired t-tests and Pearson’s correlation.

Results
Significant differences in colour change and surface roughness caused by the polishing techniques at T1 were observed. However, this difference was not evident at T2 (p < 0.05). Surface roughness and colour change showed no significant correlation.

Conclusion
Enamel colour changed significantly when evaluated at T2 (one year post-orthodontic treatment). Stainbuster burs resulted in brighter and smoother teeth immediately after orthodontic treatment. The colour and surface roughness were not significantly different after one year and had no significant correlation.
Long-term surgical-orthodontic management of hemimandibular hyperplasia
Authors: Bennett Samuel C. , Goonewardene Mithran S. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Hemimandibular hyperplasia (HH), also known as hemimandibular hypertrophy, is characterised by excessive unilateral three-dimensional growth of the mandible after birth. Vertical unilateral elongation of the mandible becomes clinically evident as a rare form of vertical facial asymmetry. Aberrant growth of the facial skeleton affects the developing dentition and the dental compensatory mechanism is usually unable to maintain optimal occlusal relationships. The resulting malocclusion is effectively managed by combined surgical-orthodontic care to address the facial, skeletal and dental problems that confront clinicians. Orthodontists are advised to assess patients with HH during the post-treatment retention stage for continuing mandibular growth and assess the stability of treatment outcomes with long-term follow-up and records as required.

Aim
To present a case of hemimandibular hyperplasia treated successfully by combined surgical-orthodontic care and evaluated for stability over a seven-year follow-up period.

Methods
Surgical-orthodontic management was accomplished in four stages: 1) pre-surgical orthodontic; 2) surgical; 3) post-surgical orthodontic; and 4) post-treatment orthodontic retention. Complete orthodontic records, including extra- and intra-oral photographs, study models, and cephalograms plus panoramic radiographs were taken at the pretreatment, post-treatment, and seven-year orthodontic retention time-points.

Results
Facial, skeletal and dental goals were achieved in the three planes of space and the long-term stability of the treatment results was shown during a post-treatment orthodontic retention period of seven years.

Conclusion
Hemimandibular hyperplasia is a true growth anomaly which may be managed effectively. Clinicians may expect successful long-term correction and stability by utilising a comprehensive surgical-orthodontic treatment approach.
A qualitative study of orthodontic screening and referral practices among dental therapists in New Zealand
Authors: Tan Allan , Bennani Florence , Thomson W. Murray , Farella Mauro , Mei Li 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Appropriate screening and referral is important in delivering effective and timely orthodontic treatment. In New Zealand, dental therapists are usually the initial contact for oral health care (including the assessment of malocclusion) in child and adolescent patients.

Objective
To investigate the orthodontic screening and referral practices of dental therapists in New Zealand.

Methods
Ten registered dental therapists from Auckland and Dunedin were interviewed using a semi-structured approach. Participants were selected based on years of work experience, where they practised, their educational background, and their sector of work (private/public).

Results
Three main themes were identified: (1) the orthodontic screening and referral process; (2) the factors affecting orthodontic referral; and (3) their attitudes towards orthodontic treatment. Orthodontic screening and referrals were uniform among public dental therapists but varied for private dental therapists with regard to the type of malocclusions referred, the frequency of the referrals and to whom they referred. Factors that affected orthodontic referrals included participants’ orthodontic educational background, work experience, Continuing Professional Development courses attended, and the opinions of orthodontists and/ or dentists. Dental therapists found that most patients were receptive to the idea of orthodontic treatment, but that cost was a major concern. Dental therapists were enthusiastic about the development and use of resources that could aid in the orthodontic screening and referral process.

Conclusions
This study has provided valuable insights into the current orthodontic referral process of New Zealand dental therapists. Variations among public and private therapists were identified. The implementation of an orthodontic referral guideline was viewed favourably by dental therapists.