bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LGBTQ Student Health: A Mixed‐Methods Study of Unmet Needs in Massachusetts Schools
Authors: Sava Lauren M. , Earnshaw Valerie A. , Menino David D. , Perrotti Jeff , Reisner Sari L. 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDLesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer and questioning (LGBTQ) youth experience poor physical and mental health outcomes relative to their non‐LGBTQ peers. School health professionals (SHPs), such as school nurses, play a key role in addressing LGBTQ student health needs. However, few studies examine school health needs of LGBTQ students from both the youth and SHP perspective.METHODSFrom August 2017 to July 2018, 28 LGBTQ youth and 19 SHPs (N = 47) in Massachusetts participated in online focus groups and a brief survey on school health needs and experiences. Qualitative themes were coded using Rapid Qualitative Inquiry principles and NVIVO.RESULTSBoth LGBTQ students and SHPs identified an urgent need for inclusive sexual education and mental health services. LGBTQ students raised access to safer bathrooms, information, and guidance on gender transitioning, and access to safe spaces as school‐based needs. Missing from SHPs' perspectives, students also discussed sexual violence/harassment of transgender students and racism impacting youth of color.CONCLUSIONSLGBTQ students, especially transgender students and LGBTQ youth of color, have unmet health needs that need to be addressed. Recognizing these needs is the first step towards inclusive health services and support for all students in schools. Next, interventions to increase the capacity of SHPs to address LGBTQ student health are necessary.
Liver stiffness measurement as a quantitative method for liver fibrosis in children with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Dong Bingtian , Chen Yuping , Lyu Guorong , Qin Ran 
Published: September 2021

AimThis study assessed the diagnostic performance of liver stiffness measurement (LSM) in detecting liver fibrosis in paediatric patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) through meta‐analysis.MethodsOnline database searches of PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library and the Web of Science were conducted for studies that evaluated the performance of LSM for diagnosing liver fibrosis in paediatric patients with NAFLD until 1 January 2021. The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies‐2 (QUADAS‐2) tool was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Three measures were used to assess the performance of LSM for detecting liver fibrosis in paediatric patients with NAFLD, including the summary sensitivities and specificities, the summary area under the receiver operating characteristic curves and the summary diagnostic odds ratios.ResultsOur final data included seven studies with a total of 436 paediatric patients with NAFLD for meta‐analysis. The overall prevalence of mild fibrosis, significant fibrosis, advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis was 66.3, 31.5, 14.9 and 1.2%, respectively. The summary sensitivity, specificity and area under the receiver operating characteristic values of LSM were 80, 92 and 0.94 for the prediction of mild fibrosis; 91, 97 and 0.98 for the prediction of significant fibrosis; and 89, 93 and 0.96 for the prediction of advanced fibrosis, respectively.ConclusionLiver stiffness measurement exhibited good diagnostic performance in predicting liver fibrosis and can be used as a non‐invasive tool in the management of paediatric patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease.
Multi‐incident analysis of reviews of serious adverse clinical events in children with serious bacterial infection and/or sepsis in Queensland, Australia between 2012 and 2017
Authors: Coulthard Mark G , Osborne Jodie M , McCaffery Kevin , McAuley Sharon A , McEniery Julie A 
Published: September 2021

AimTo report on findings from a multi‐incident analysis of reviews of serious paediatric adverse clinical events related to serious bacterial infection and/or sepsis (hereafter referred to as sepsis for brevity) in Queensland, Australia, between 2012 and 2017.MethodsThe Queensland Paediatric Quality Council reviewed documentation from reviews of serious adverse events occurring in children (<18 years) with a diagnosis of sepsis at Queensland public hospitals between 2012 and 2017, including clinical details, coronial reports, autopsy reports and root cause analysis documents. A multi‐incident tool was designed and used by an expert panel to identify patient and facility demographics, contributing factors, and human and system factors associated with paediatric serious adverse events.ResultsThere were 28 serious adverse clinical events reported related to paediatric sepsis, characterised by a high proportion of deaths (23) and a predominance of children aged under 4 years. Approximately half of all facilities were classified as rural and remote health services. Contributing factors included difficulty in recognising and responding to the deteriorating patient, inadequate management/treatment, diagnostic error (mainly diagnostic delay) and escalation delay/failure. Major system factors included communication issues, incorrect use of the early warning tool, inadequate coordination of care planning, policy/protocol/guideline failures and workforce problems.ConclusionMulti‐incident analysis is a useful tool for identifying themes that recur in similar events and presents opportunities for system‐wide improvement. Common themes and contributing factors were identified which may provide possibilities for earlier identification and intervention in childhood serious bacterial infection and/or sepsis.
Rural‐urban and within‐rural differences in COVID‐19 vaccination rates
Authors: Sun Yue , Monnat Shannon M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPurposeCOVID‐19 mortality rates are higher in rural versus urban areas in the United States, threatening to exacerbate the existing rural mortality penalty. To save lives and facilitate economic recovery, we must achieve widespread vaccination coverage. This study compared adult COVID‐19 vaccination rates across the US rural‐urban continuum and across different types of rural counties.MethodsWe retrieved vaccination rates as of August 11, 2021, for adults aged 18+ for the 2,869 counties for which data were available from the CDC. We merged these with county‐level data on demographic and socioeconomic composition, health care infrastructure, 2020 Trump vote share, and USDA labor market type. We then used regression models to examine predictors of COVID‐19 vaccination rates across the USDA's 9‐category rural‐urban continuum codes and separately within rural counties by labor market type.FindingsAs of August 11, 45.8% of adults in rural counties had been fully vaccinated, compared to 59.8% in urban counties. In unadjusted regression models, average rates declined monotonically with increasing rurality. Lower rural rates are explained by a combination of lower educational attainment and higher Trump vote share. Within rural counties, rates are lowest in farming and mining‐dependent counties and highest in recreation‐dependent counties, with differences explained by a combination of educational attainment, health care infrastructure, and Trump vote share.ConclusionLower vaccination rates in rural areas is concerning given higher rural COVID‐19 mortality rates and recent surges in cases. At this point, mandates may be the most effective strategy for increasing vaccination rates.
Configurational approaches to theory development in supply chain management: Leveraging underexplored opportunities
Authors: Ketchen David J. , Kaufmann Lutz , Carter Craig R. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn introducing the 2020 Emerging Discourse Incubator, Flynn et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1111/jscm.12227) urged supply chain scholars to leverage fresh approaches in order to develop supply chain‐specific theory, including approaches that are underutilized within the discipline. In response, we explain how more examination of configurations—meaningful sets of observations within a sample—can enhance theory development and, in particular, fuel the construction of supply chain‐specific theory. First, we describe the value of configurational theorizing while contrasting it with two more popular approaches: one that centers on linear relationships and one that spotlights the unique features of individual observations. Second, we explain the main configurational approaches available to scholars. Here, we pay special attention to qualitative comparative analysis (QCA)—an approach to configurational theorizing that is relatively new to organizational research. Third, we offer examples of how configurational theorizing via the use of QCA can be used to develop supply chain management theory. Although QCA is employed regularly in neighboring fields, QCA remains something of a conceptual curiosity within supply chain management research. This state of affairs represents an important opportunity because QCA's emphasis on causal complexity fits well with the fact that supply chain outcomes usually arise from an array of variables—often at different levels of analysis—and the interplay among them. Thus, better leveraging configurational theory development can facilitate the creation of novel conceptualizations and useful advice for practice.
The evolution of hypothermia for neuroprotection after cardiac arrest: a history in the making
Authors: Presciutti Alexander , Perman Sarah M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWhile much has been observed regarding hypothermia by way of environmental exposure, it is modern day medicine that deployed hypothermia as a therapeutic. From the early 1930s, when Temple Fay deployed “refrigeration” to treat pain, to the work of Wilfred Bigelow and Charles Drew, who utilized hypothermia in open heart surgery—the opportunities seemed endless. However, questions arose surrounding appropriate temperatures to achieve best outcomes and how to minimize adverse events, such as coagulopathy and infection. In the 1980s, hypothermia underwent a resurgence through Peter Safar's critical studies in large animals, which quickly translated into feasibility studies and the landmark trials of 2002 that paved the way for postcardiac arrest care as we currently know it. Through clinical and observational trials, modern‐day targeted temperature management continues to adapt, striving to improve patient outcomes. While hypothermia has come a long way from the writings of Hippocrates, the ideal therapy has not yet been defined, and more work is needed. While the history is long, there is more to be written and advances to be achieved as we optimize the neuroprotective effects of hypothermia for comatose survivors of cardiac arrest.
Tree nut introduction in a peanut‐allergic child: To eat, to screen, or to avoid?
Authors: Abrams Elissa M. , Sicherer Scott H. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThere is no defined standard of care around tree nut introduction in a peanut‐allergic child, and the role of screening prior to tree nut introduction is controversial. There is some evidence that peanut‐allergic children are at increased risk of tree nut allergy, with approximately 23–68% of children with co‐existent peanut/tree nut allergy. In some studies, it has been shown that tree nut allergy in children has the potential to be a severe allergy. However, this appears to be age‐specific as infant anaphylaxis in general tends to be milder, and there has been no fatality reported on the first ingestion of an allergen in infancy. Familial hesitancy has been identified as a possible condition for undertaking screening tests prior to allergen introduction. Indeed, there has been limited evidence that caregiver hesitancy may exist in peanut‐allergic families with tree nut introduction. However, pre‐emptive screening has the potential to overdiagnose tree nut allergy and delay introduction (which could paradoxically increase risk). As a result, the decision is best made in the context of shared decision‐making and patient preference‐sensitive care.
Accuracy of predictive equations in guiding tracheal intubation depth in children: A prospective study
Authors: Khanna Puneet , Garg Heena , Ray Bikash Ranjan , Singh Ajay , Kundu Riddhi , Sinha Renu 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundAccurate insertion depth of endotracheal tube (ETT) in children has been predicted using the demographic variables, such as age, weight, and height. Middle finger length showed good correlation with ETT depth measurement in children aged 4–14 years.AimsThe primary objective was to correlate the actual ETT insertion depth with the depth derived from middle finger length, age, weight, and height formulae in children aged 1–4 years. The secondary objective was to find the most accurate formula for prediction of ETT insertion depth.MethodsThis prospective parallel group study was done in 50 american society of anesthesiologists 1 or 2 children aged 1–4 years undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia. Children with difficult airway, finger anomalies, or syndromic associations were excluded. Age, weight, height, and middle finger length of all children were measured. Depth of orally inserted uncuffed ETT and tracheal length was measured by fiberoptic bronchoscopy. The actual ETT depth was correlated with the depth calculated from different formulae.ResultsThe mean middle finger length was 4.42 ± 0.50 cm, age was 2.64 ± 1.07 years, weight was 12.28 ± 2.84 kg, and height was 82.89 ± 16.23 cm. The mean tracheal length was 6.42 ± 0.96 cm. The mean depth of ETT was actual depth (12.89 ± 1.09 cm), middle finger depth (13.23 ± 1.53cm; p = .001; 95%CI 0.12–0.50), age‐based depth 1(3.31 ± 0.53 cm; 95%CI 0.37–1.44; p = .001), weight‐based depth (14.14 ± 1.42 cm; 95% CI 0.10–0.51; p = .004), and height‐based depth (13.73 ± 0.94 cm; 95% CI 0.15–0.77; p = .004). Middle finger length and age‐based formulae showed higher number of accurate placements (58% each). Weight‐ (74%) and height (64%)‐derived formulae gave a higher number of distal ETT placements.ConclusionFormulas based on the demographic variables and middle finger length showed good correlation with the actual ETT depth in children aged 1–4 years. The percentage of accurate ETT depth placements was higher with middle finger length and age‐based formulae.
Synergistic or Antagonist Effects of Different UV Ranges Analyzed by the Combination Index: Application to DNA Photoproducts†
Authors: Douki Thierry , Buhot Arnaud 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPhotobiological effects are known to greatly depend on the wavelength of the incident photons that define the nature of the activated chromophores. A growing number of experimental data show that considering the effect of complex light sources as a sum of the effects of monochromatic exposures can be misleading. Indeed, the combined exposure to several wavelength ranges may modulate photobiological responses or even induce novel processes. These observations are similar to a well‐known topic in chemical toxicology: the nonadditivity of effects in mixtures where either antagonism or synergy are often observed. In the present work, we investigated whether a data analysis tool first developed for studying nonadditivity in mixtures of drugs, the combination index, could be applied to photobiological processes. We chose to work on the formation of UV‐induced DNA photoproducts where additive, antagonist, and synergistic effects take place simultaneously. In addition to this application, we worked on the mathematical bases of the concept in order to broaden its applicability to phenomena exhibiting various dose–response patterns. We also addressed the question of the evaluation of the error on the determination of the combination index.
Infants' neutral facial expressions elicit the strongest initial attentional bias in adults: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence
Authors: Jia Yun Cheng , Ding Fang Yuan , Cheng Gang , Liu Yong , Yu Wei , Zou Yan , Zhang Da Jun 
Published: September 2021

AbstractRecent studies that used adult faces as the baseline have revealed that attentional bias toward infant faces is the strongest for neutral expressions than for happy and sad expressions. However, the time course of the strongest attentional bias toward infant neutral expressions is unclear. To clarify this time course, we combined a behavioral dot‐probe task with electrophysiological event‐related potentials (ERPs) to measure adults' responses to infant and adult faces with happy, neutral, and sad expressions derived from the same face. The results indicated that compared with the corresponding expressions in adult faces, attentional bias toward infant faces with various expressions resulted in different patterns during rapid and prolonged attention stages. In particular, first, neutral expressions in infant faces elicited greater behavioral attentional bias and P1 responses than happy and sad ones did. Second, sad expressions in infant faces elicited greater N170 responses than neutral and happy ones did; notably, sad expressions elicited greater N170 responses in the left hemisphere in women than in men. Third, late positive potential (LPP) responses were greater for infant faces than for adult faces under each expression condition. Thus, we propose a three‐stage model of attentional allocation patterns that reveals the time course of attentional bias toward infant faces with various expressions. This model highlights the prominent role of neutral facial expressions in the attentional bias toward infant faces.
Influence of dental magnets on human brain activity: A quantitative EEG analysis
Authors: Elias Angel , Raza Fathima Banu , Vaidyanathan Anand Kumar , Thallam Veeravalli Padmanabhan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPurposeThe magnetic field is known to attenuate mental depression, but it is not clear on the effect of dental magnets on human brain activity. Therefore, this study was to determine the influence of magnetic field from intraoral magnets on the human brain activity by analyzing the changes in alpha waves.Materials and MethodsTwenty complete denture male patients aged between 50 and 60 years were included after their consent. The neodymium‐iron‐boron sintered magnet was incorporated into the existing mandibular denture bilaterally in canine region. The participants were subjected to electroencephalogram (EEG) and the output measured alpha waves at three phases: (i) without placement of magnets (WM0), (ii) 30 days post‐magnet placement in the mandibular denture (WM), and (iii) after 6 months post‐removal of magnets (WM6). The data obtained was skewed (non‐parametric), and hence multivariate analysis using Friedman test, and bivariate analysis using Wilcoxon signed rank test and Mann–Whitney test were done to assess the significant difference among the groups.ResultsThe comparison of alpha waves between different phases showed a significant difference in all the pairs (p < .05) except WM‐WM6. Comparison of alpha waves between right and left hemisphere showed no statistically significant difference (p > .05).ConclusionWe concluded that dental magnets had an influential effect on the alpha waves in the brain on both the left and right hemispheres. The removal of dental magnets retained the changes in brain activity even after 6 months of removal, denoting the alternative therapy to management of mental depression.
A culture of whiteness: How integration failed in cities, suburbs, and small towns
Authors: Walton Emily 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAs America's neighborhoods have become more racially diverse in the last half century, are these shared spaces fulfilling the “promise of integration”? In this study, I review the literature on desegregation as it occurs in urban, suburban, and rural places, illuminating how a culture of whiteness works in each of these types of places to reproduce racial domination. The literature on multiethnic urban areas demonstrates how a culture of whiteness reframes gentrification as ‘revitalization’ and nostalgia, which result in social control and cultural displacement of non‐white residents. In suburban places, I draw out the ways a culture of whiteness is expressed as ‘niceness’ and ‘governmentality’, resulting in symbolic exclusion and forced assimilation of people of color. Finally, in rural places, a culture of whiteness uses narratives of ‘pollution’ and ‘parasitism’ to understand often low‐income migrants of color, which renders them invisible and reproduces their structural disadvantage in the community. Revealing the subtle and obscure mechanisms through which a culture of whiteness reproduces racial domination in diverse places ultimately provides the key to their undoing and opens the door to the promise of integration.
The effectiveness and safety of low dose trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole for the treatment of pneumocystis pneumonia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Tritle Brandon J. , Hejazi Andre A. , Timbrook Tristan T. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundPneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) is an opportunistic fungal infection causing significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. The conventional treatment of PJP is sulfamethoxazole‐trimethoprim (SMX‐TMP) dosed at 15–20 mg/kg/day of the trimethoprim component. Several studies have suggested similar mortality outcomes and an improved adverse effect profile using a lower dose (<15 mg/kg/day) SMX‐TMP regimen. Our objective of this meta‐analysis was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of lower dose SMX‐TMP for PJP pneumonia.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of the existing literature according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines. MEDLINE and Embase databases were searched from inception to January 15, 2020, for studies in English evaluating low‐dose SMX‐TMP (<15 mg/kg/day) compared to conventional dosing for the treatment of PJP. Outcomes evaluated in our meta‐analysis include survival and adverse reactions.ResultsAfter excluding studies that did not meet our inclusion criteria, four studies were analyzed for adverse reactions and three for mortality. Overall, there was no significant difference in mortality between low‐dose and conventional‐dose SMX‐TMP groups (relative risk [RR]: 0.55, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.18–1.70). There was a significant decrease in the rate of adverse reactions for the low‐dose group compared with the conventional‐dose group (RR: 0.70, 95% CI, 0.53–0.91).ConclusionsThis meta‐analysis shows a significant decrease in adverse reactions and similar mortality rates with lower‐dose SMX‐TMP compared to conventional dosing. A low‐dose SMX‐TMP regimen in the treatment of PJP should be considered a viable option as it could potentially decrease treatment discontinuation rates and reduce patient harm.