bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The clear‐sky downwelling long‐wave radiation at the surface in current and future climates
Authors: Shakespeare Callum J. , Roderick Michael L. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDownwelling long‐wave radiation is a crucial component of the energy balance of the land and ocean surface. Here we develop a semi‐analytic model for the downwelling long‐wave dependent on five governing parameters: the near‐surface air temperature, the near‐surface specific humidity, the surface air pressure, the e‐folding height‐scale of water vapour, and the CO concentration. The model predicts the hourly clear‐sky long‐wave in the ERA5 reanalysis product with a global mean error of 8.2 Wm, and on average captures 97% of the temporal variation at individual locations. We show that the model may be used to calculate clear‐sky downwelling long‐wave from only surface observations of temperature and humidity by using the time‐mean water vapour height‐scale from the ERA5, interpolated to the location of the observation. Using this method replicates sub‐hourly observations from individual sites having a range of climates with errors of 12–25 Wm. Furthermore, the inclusion of CO allows the model to be used to study changes in downwelling long‐wave at the surface as CO concentrations vary. We validate the model's representation of CO by comparison with five CMIP5 climate models. Our model thus provides a simple yet accurate framework to understand the key parameters controlling downwelling long‐wave and its variability in the current and future climates.
Square percolation and the threshold for quadratic divergence in random right‐angled Coxeter groups
Authors: Behrstock Jason , Falgas‐Ravry Victor , Susse Tim 
Published: September 2021

AbstractGiven a graph , its auxiliary square‐graph is the graph whose vertices are the non‐edges of and whose edges are the pairs of non‐edges which induce a square (i.e., a 4‐cycle) in . We determine the threshold edge‐probability at which the Erdős–Rényi random graph begins to asymptotically almost surely (a.a.s.) have a square‐graph with a connected component whose squares together cover all the vertices of . We show , a polylogarithmic improvement on earlier bounds on due to Hagen and the authors. As a corollary, we determine the threshold at which the random right‐angled Coxeter group a.a.s. becomes strongly algebraically thick of order 1 and has quadratic divergence.
NIR‐II Responsive Hydrogel as an Angiogenesis Inhibition Agent for Tumor Microenvironment Reprogramming
Authors: Zhao Senfeng , Zhang Ling , Deng Liu , Ouyang Jiang , Xu Qianqian , Gao Xinyu , Zeng Zhilin , Liu You‐Nian 
Published: September 2021

AbstractRegulation of angiogenesis is a great challenge for effective anticancer therapy. Generally, anti‐angiogenic therapies are focused on inhibition of inducers involved in pro‐angiogenic communication pathways. Despite the great potential of anti‐angiogenic therapy, engineering efficient angiogenesis inhibition agents (AIAs) is still a formidable challenge, since most anti‐angiogenic therapies are limited due to the cancer recurrence via compensatory expression of different angiogenic mediators. Herein, we present a new strategy of near‐infrared‐II (NIR‐II) responsive hydrogel AIAs, constructed by incorporation of nitric oxide (NO) precursor (BNN6) and 2D WO2.9 nanosheets within hydrogel (WB@hydrogel). Because of the defect/2D engineering, the bandgap of the WO2.9 nanosheets narrows, which extends the absorption to the NIR‐II region. It offers a favorable NIR‐II controlled manner for NO generation through irradiation time and light intensity. The continuous supply of NO can activate the expression of wild‐type p53 protein and further reverse the transcriptional expression of pro‐ and anti‐angiogenic factors of the tumor microenvironment (TME), subsequently alternating pro‐angiogenic TME to anti‐angiogenic TME. In the murine tumor model, this method achieved high tumor growth inhibition (TGI) rate and excellent anti‐recurrence efficiency.
2D High‐Entropy Hydrotalcites
Authors: Yu Xiwen , Wang Bing , Wang Cheng , Zhuang Chen , Yao Yingfang , Li Zhaosheng , Wu Congping , Feng Jianyong , Zou Zhigang 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHigh‐entropy materials (HEMs) with unique configuration and physicochemical properties have attracted intensive research interest. However, 2D HEMs have not been reported yet. To find out unique properties of combining 2D materials and HEMs, a series of 2D high‐entropy hydrotalcites (HEHs) is created by coprecipitation method, including quinary, septenary, and even novenary metallic elements. It is found that the fast synthetic kinetics of coprecipitation process conquers the thermodynamically solubility limitation of different elements, which is the prerequisite condition to form HEHs. As the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts, HEHs show significantly decreased apparent activation energy compared with low‐entropy hydrotalcites (LEHs) due to the lattice distortion induced by the multimetallic character of HEHs. This work opens up a new avenue for the development of 2D HEMs, which broadens the family of HEMs and presents a most promising platform for exploring the unknown properties of HEMs.
Starch in Plant‐Based Meat Replacers: A New Approach to Using Endogenous Starch from Cereals and Legumes
Authors: Bühler Jan M. , Schlangen Miek , Möller Anna C. , Bruins Marieke E. , van der Goot Atze Jan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis review discusses the use of starch in plant‐based meat replacing products. Starch is often added to meat and meat replacing products as a functional ingredient. The function of starch in those applications is investigated to be able to describe how it affects the production and structuring process as well as product properties. Often modified starch is used in these products, because of its improved functionality compared to native starch. Next to that, starch can also be present in meat replacing products as part of other ingredients, for example, when using legume or cereal meals or concentrates. It is discussed if this endogenous starch can have similar functionality and if not, whether it can be modified in a similar way as industrially modified starch. A new perspective on endogenous starch is proposed, demonstrating options for in situ modifications and promoting the use of less‐refined and therefore more sustainable ingredients in fibrous meat replacing products.
Application of Shear and Heat Milling Machine for Amorphization of Tapioca Starch
Authors: Thongmeepech Apakorn , Koda Tomonori , Nishioka Akihiro 
Published: September 2021

AbstractShear and heat milling machines (SHMMs) constitute a recent mechanical milling approach that holds promise for the generation of amorphous starch. Here, an amorphous tapioca starch SHMM method is developed. The SHMM provides higher efficient and instant way of amorphization of rice starch compared to conventional methods as pressure treatment, ball milling treatment, and so on. In this study, the milling temperature and initial moisture content of the tapioca starch are varied, respectively, as 80 °C, 100 °C, and 120 °C and 10%, 12%, and 14%, to identify the optimal milling conditions for tapioca starch. A lower milling temperature decreases milled starch crystallinity and no crystallinity is observed after milling at 80 °C. A lower moisture content of starch before milling results in higher crystallinity of the milled starch. The shear force from the moving metal mortars separated by a small gap in the SHMM, together with heat, changed the starch morphology. The produced amorphous tapioca showed that the round shape of native starch granules became flake‐shaped amorphous tapioca starch after milling. A novelty of this study is application of SHMM for tapioca starch.
External spinal fixation of a lumbar fracture in a dog
Authors: Poad Lydia , Mielke Benjamin , Ruiz De Alejos Blanco Laura , Llabres‐Diaz Francisco , De Decker Steven 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAn approximately 1‐year‐old female entire crossbreed dog presented for further assessment of a traumatically induced T3‐L3 myelopathy. CT demonstrated multiple vertebral fractures, a large paravertebral abscess with intracanal extension and an abdominal wall rupture. Given the active infection surrounding the lumbar fracture site, permanent internal fixation devices were deemed less favourable. An external skeletal fixator construct was placed using percutaneously placed positive profile pins and Steinmann pins as connecting bars. Repeat CT 8 weeks following surgery revealed good realignment of the vertebral column and resolution of the sublumbar abscess. The external fixator was removed and gradual return to exercise instructed over the following 8 weeks. This case report describes the use of an external vertebral skeletal fixator in a young dog with traumatic vertebral fracture when traditional methods were considered less favourable.
Thermo‐viscoelastic behavior in an infinitely thin orthotropic hollow cylinder with variable properties under the non‐Fourier MGT thermoelastic model
Authors: Abouelregal Ahmed E. , Ahmad Hijaz , Badr Souha K. , Elmasry Yasser , Yao Shao‐Wen 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this work is to investigate the influences of viscosity and the variation of thermal conductivity on the thermoelastic vibrations in a very thin hollow cylinder. The generalized thermal model has been developed using the Moore Gibson‐Thompson (MGT) equation by adding relaxation time in the developed Fourier law according to Green‐Naghdi theories. In addition to the initial conditions, some boundary conditions have been taken into consideration on the inner and external surface of the hollow solid cylinder. Unlike many problems in which the coefficient of thermal conductivity is assumed to be constant, it has been taken into account that it is variable and depends on the change of temperature. By applying the Laplace transform method, the numerical solutions are assigned to the studied physical quantities. The studied quantities have been presented graphically and in tabular form to compare the outcomes for various models of thermoelasticity and to illustrate the influences of changing thermal properties and viscosity on the physical fields.
Introduction
Authors: Rey Emmanuel , Laprise Martine , Lufkin Sophie 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe regeneration of brownfields in European metropolitan areas represents an important potential to mitigate urban sprawl by increasing density within the existing built fabric and to revitalize portions of cities at the neighbourhood scale. Although research and projects on urban brownfields are active, several issues still need to be overcome, especially regarding the sustainability transition challenge. Based on this observation, we introduce the present book, which proposes an integrated and theoretically grounded approach to highlight how urban brownfield regeneration projects—and the neighbourhood scale that they entail—can effectively contribute to the urban sustainability transitions of metropolitan areas. It is structured in two parts that are both distinct and complementary: the first part aims to clarify the framework of the investigations with definition and analysis and the second part presents a deep analysis of processes, project dynamics, and sustainability assessment approaches of urban brownfield regeneration.
Urban Brownfields: Origin, Definition, and Diversity
Authors: Rey Emmanuel , Laprise Martine , Lufkin Sophie 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBrownfield is a polysemic notion that encompasses a whole range of diverse spaces. Although there is no official definition at the European level, an emerging consensus has arisen around the urban character of brownfields and the need for intervention. Indeed, their location within metropolitan areas represents a strategic opportunity to densify and rejuvenate the urban fabric at the neighbourhood scale. Hence, we propose a definition of urban brownfields that is flexible enough to optimize the potential development of abandoned sites and precise enough to enable framing the discussion. Then, we take a look at the diversity of urban brownfields in European metropolitan areas by briefly explaining the factors that cause a site to become a brownfield and then attempting to classify different types of urban brownfields. The proposed classification aims to create a non-exhaustive reference framework by offering in-depth knowledge of the urban brownfield and regeneration projects phenomenon across Europe, without setting its meaning in stone.
Urban Brownfield Regeneration Projects: Complexities and Issues
Authors: Rey Emmanuel , Laprise Martine , Lufkin Sophie 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBecause of urban brownfields’ inherent complexity related to their very nature, as well as their intermediate scale—the neighbourhood—regeneration projects are not a spontaneous process. Indeed, an urban brownfield regeneration project may encounter several issues, which can be obstacles, barriers, or resistance, that we classify in four types: sociocultural barriers, governance involved by the multiplication of actors, legal and regulatory constraints, and deterrent costs. While these issues contribute in turn to complexify brownfield regeneration projects, they are not insurmountable. Finally, to overcome urban brownfield regeneration projects’ complexities and issues, we argue that there is a need to implement real project dynamics. To this end, we provide four potential approaches to foster the creative development of tailored solutions.
Stable Knots and Links in Electromagnetic Fields
Authors: Bode Benjamin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPersistent topological structures in physical systems have become increasingly important over the last years. Electromagnetic fields with knotted field lines play a special role among these, since they can be used to transfer their knottedness to other systems like plasmas and quantum fluids. In null electromagnetic fields the electric and the magnetic field lines evolve like unbreakable elastic filaments in a fluid flow. In particular, their topology is preserved for all time, so that all knotted closed field lines maintain their knot type. We use an approach due to Bateman to prove that for every link L there is such an electromagnetic field that satisfies Maxwell’s equations in free space and that has closed electric and magnetic field lines in the shape of L for all time. The knotted and linked field lines turn out to be projections of real analytic Legendrian links with respect to the standard contact structure on the 3-sphere.
Skizze eines Verfahrens zur Erstellung von Ontologien mittels Formaler Begriffsanalyse
Authors: Lübbert Christoph , Zeh Thomas 
Published: September 2021

ZusammenfassungDie Formale Begriffsanalyse vermag aus den Daten zu Gegenständen und deren Merkmalen eine Datenstruktur zu ermitteln. Es wird ein weitgehend automatisierbares Verfahren vorgestellt, das ausgehend von Elementarsätzen in Form von RDF-Tripeln in einem iterativen Bottom-up-Prozess mittels Semantischer Netze und der Formalen Begriffsanalyse zu einem Ontologieschema führt. Neben der Taxonomie der Klassen wird hierbei auch eine Taxonomie der Relationstypen erstellt. Die durch die Formale Begriffsanalyse automatisch erstellten Merkmalimplikationen können für die Qualitätssicherung herangezogen werden. Führt diese zu Korrekturen und Erweiterungen der Elementarsätze, wird der Prozess wiederholt. Das resultierende Ontologieschema wird in ein Entity-Relationship-Diagramm überführt, das die Grundlage für ein konzeptionelles Datenbankschema liefert. Zur Demonstration des Verfahrens wird exemplarisch eine Ontologie eines Wissensgebiets erstellt.Alle Überlegungen zur Erstellung des Ontologieschemas lassen sich prinzipiell auch bei der Erstellung und Ausarbeitung beliebiger semantischer Datenschemata anwenden. Somit bietet diese Bottom-up-Methode die Chance, die Generierung des Datenbankschemas algorithmisch durch Beispielsammlungen zu unterstützen. Da jeder Schritt im Verfahren nachvollziehbar und somit von der Person des Modellierers unabhängig ist, liefert das Verfahren einen Beitrag zur Automatisierung der Modellierung, insbesondere von Ontologien.
The impact of tympanic membrane perforations on middle ear transfer function
Authors: Bevis Nicholas , Sackmann Benjamin , Effertz Thomas , Lauxmann Michael , Beutner Dirk 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Injury or inflammation of the middle ear often results in the persistent tympanic membrane (TM) perforations, leading to conductive hearing loss (HL). However, in some cases the magnitude of HL exceeds that attributable by the TM perforation alone. The aim of the study is to better understand the effects of location and size of TM perforations on the sound transmission properties of the middle ear.

Methods
The middle ear transfer functions (METF) of six human temporal bones (TB) were compared before and after perforating the TM at different locations (anterior or posterior lower quadrant) and to different degrees (1 mm, ¼ of the TM, ½ of the TM, and full ablation). The sound-induced velocity of the stapes footplate was measured using single-point laser-Doppler-vibrometry (LDV). The METF were correlated with a Finite Element (FE) model of the middle ear, in which similar alterations were simulated.

Results
The measured and calculated METF showed frequency and perforation size dependent losses at all perforation locations. Starting at low frequencies, the loss expanded to higher frequencies with increased perforation size. In direct comparison, posterior TM perforations affected the transmission properties to a larger degree than anterior perforations. The asymmetry of the TM causes the malleus-incus complex to rotate and results in larger deflections in the posterior TM quadrants than in the anterior TM quadrants. Simulations in the FE model with a sealed cavity show that small perforations lead to a decrease in TM rigidity and thus to an increase in oscillation amplitude of the TM mainly above 1 kHz.

Conclusion
Size and location of TM perforations have a characteristic influence on the METF. The correlation of the experimental LDV measurements with an FE model contributes to a better understanding of the pathologic mechanisms of middle-ear diseases. If small perforations with significant HL are observed in daily clinical practice, additional middle ear pathologies should be considered. Further investigations on the loss of TM pretension due to perforations may be informative.
Physical activity and Mediterranean diet as potential modulators of osteoprotegerin and soluble RANKL in gBRCA1/2 mutation carriers: results of the lifestyle intervention pilot study LIBRE-1
Authors: Neirich Leonie , Yahiaoui-Doktor Maryam , Lammert Jacqueline , Basrai Maryam , Seethaler Benjamin , Berling-Ernst Anika , Ramser Juliane , Quante Anne S. , Schmidt Thorsten , Niederberger Uwe , Rhiem Kerstin , Schmutzler Rita , Engel Christoph , Bischoff Stephan C. , Halle Martin , Kiechle Marion , Grill Sabine 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPurposeEmerging evidence suggests that the progesterone-mediated receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK)/soluble RANK ligand (sRANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) pathway plays an important role in mammary carcinogenesis and is hyperactivated in germline (g)BRCA1/2mutation carriers. We analyzed the effects of a 3-month intensive lifestyle intervention within the LIBRE-1 study on the serum levels of OPG and sRANKL and hypothesized that the intervention program provides a beneficial impact on the biomarkers by increasing OPG and reducing sRANKL serum concentrations.MethodsSerum levels of OPG and sRANKL of 49 gBRCA1/2mutation carriers were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. We used previously collected blood samples from participants of the prospective LIBRE-1 study, who were randomized into an intervention group (IG), increasing physical activity and adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedD) through supervised sessions from study entry to the first study visit after 3 months and a usual-care control group (CG). Differences in biomarker levels before and after the 3-month intervention were tested within and between study groups.ResultsThe lifestyle intervention resulted in a significant increase in OPG for participants in both the IG (q = 0.022) and CG (q = 0.002). sRANKL decreased significantly in the IG (q = 0.0464) and seemed to decrease in the CG (q = 0.5584). An increase in the intake of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids was significantly associated with an increase in OPG (r = 0.579,q = 0.045). Baseline serum levels of sRANKL were a strong predictor for the change of sRANKL in the course of the intervention (ß-estimate = − 0.70;q = 0.0018). Baseline physical fitness (assessed as VO2peak) might predict the change of OPG in the course of the intervention program (ß-estimate = 0.133 pg/ml/ml/min/kg;p = 0.0319;q = 0.2871).ConclusionFindings from this pilot study seem to confirm our hypothesis by showing an increase in OPG and decrease in sRANKL over a 3-month lifestyle intervention and suggest that increased physical activity and adherence to the MedD are potent modulators of the biomarkers OPG and potentially sRANKL.
Saltwater spawning grounds of sea-run brown trout (Salmo trutta) in tidal waters of a major Norwegian river
Authors: Gabrielsen Sven-Erik , Lennox Robert J. , Wiers Tore , Barlaup Bjørn T. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSea-run brown trout (Salmo trutta) have a highly phenotypically plastic life history that allows them to be effective colonizers and competitors in freshwater. This paper documents a previously unknown spawning behaviour in a brackish, tidally influenced estuary 14 km from the mouth of the Vosso River, a major Atlantic salmon- and sea-run brown trout–producing river in western Norway. Putative spawning gravel was observed, and sea-run brown trout deposited eggs that hatched in April. Survival of recruits was high (> 95%) in the tidal spawning gravel. These areas are strongly tidally influenced with a peak of 23.17 psu recorded at the lowest spawning ground. The observation of spawning so far from the river mouth may be unique in such a system with a long estuary but provides important insight into the biology of sea trout. Invasion of pink salmon, also known to spawn in estuaries, may negatively affect the competitive balance of sea trout with other salmonids in rivers where sea trout populations rely on recruitment from these relatively extreme spawning areas. Restoration of estuaries that have been modified by dredging or channelization may be important to ensure quality and heterogenous habitat for sea trout spawning given that haline spawning grounds could contribute to population resilience.
Exploring occupational aspirations of school-age children by fluid intelligence, gender and grade
Authors: Nikel Łukasz 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe present study explored the occupational aspirations of school-age children (N = 394) comparing differences by gender, level of intelligence and grade level. Results indicated that girls’ aspirations were more realistic, intrinsically motivated, prosocial and inclusive of higher education than those of boys. Moreover, a higher level of intelligence only from the fourth grade and 10 years of age was associated with higher education aspirations. These results suggest that in choosing occupational aspirations, children from the fourth grade (aged 10–11) may begin to be guided by intellectual abilities. The contribution of these results to career development theories is discussed.