bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Egyptian Scholars, Priests and Temples between Autonomy and State Authority
Authors: Muhs Brian Paul 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Egyptian temples and priests reshaped the Egyptian legal system throughout the first millennium BCE, as a result of both temple autonomy and state authority. In the early Third Intermediate Period (c. 1069–850 BCE), royal enforcement of laws diminished, and temples filled this vacuum by extending the use of judicial oracles, both to resolve disputes, and to document transactions. In the late Third Intermediate Period (c. 850–664 BCE), the temples decreased the use of judicial oracles, and introduced temple notary contracts to document transactions. Temples thereby established that written documentation took precedence over verbal witnesses, and they also developed systems of legal procedures employing these temple notary contracts. In doing so, the temples encouraged individuals to invest in private property. In the Saite and Persian Periods (664–332 BCE), resurgent royal and later imperial authorities brought uniformity to the forms of temple notary contracts, and to the system of legal procedures employing them. The temples may have produced codes of laws and legal procedures at this time, if they had not done so already in the late Third Intermediate Period. Priests also introduced the practice of antiquarian legal scholarship, to establish ancient legal precedents. Finally, in the Ptolemaic Period (332–30 BCE), the royal authorities continued to regulate temple courts and temple notaries. Nonetheless, they accepted at least some claims based on antiquarian legal scholarship by priests.
The effect of deer antler from East Kalimantan to increase trabecular bone density and calcium levels in serum on osteoporotic mice
Authors: Widyowati Retno , Suciati Suciati , Haryadi Dewi Melani , Chang Hsin-I , Suryawan IPG Ngurah , Tarigan Nurliana 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (dexamethasone) is a primary cause of secondary osteoporosis by the decreasing formation and increasing resorption activities. Previously, the in vitro study showed that 70% ethanol and aqueous extract of deer antler have increased alkaline phosphatase in osteoblast cell that known as marker of bone formation. The mind of this study is to analyze the effect of deer antlers in increasing the bone trabecular density of osteoporosis-induced male mice.

Methods
This study used a post-test control group design. A total of 54 healthy male mice were randomly divided to nine groups, i.e., healthy control, osteoporotic, positive control, 70% ethanol (4, 8, and 12 mg/kg BW), and aqueous extracts (4, 8, and 12 mg/kg BW) of deer antler groups. All of the interventions were given 1 mL of test sample for 4 weeks orally. The bone densities were determined using histomorphometry by Image J and Adobe Photoshop. The statistical data were performed using SPSS 23 and statistical significance was set at p<0.05.

Results
The results showed that alendronate group, 70% ethanol, and aqueous extract groups increased bone density and calcium levels in serum (p<0.05) compared to osteoporotic group in dose dependent manner. It indicated that 70% ethanol and aqueous extract of deer antler stimulating bone turnover and aqueous extract showed the highest.

Conclusions
Dexamethasone induction for 4 weeks caused osteoporotic mice and the administration of 70% ethanol and aqueous extracts of deer antler from East Kalimantan increased trabecular bone density and calcium levels in dose dependent manner.
Effects of Artemisia supplementation on anorexia in hemodialysis patients: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Mohajeranirad Maryam , Saeidi Naser , Nejad Mohammad Kamali , Akbari Ahmad , Mahmoodi Seyed Abdullah , Almasi-Hashiani Amir , Latifi Seyed Amirhossein 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Objectives
One of the most important problems of hemodialysis (HD) patients is anorexia due to the lack of proper treatment for it and on the other hand kidney disease is increasing. We designed a randomized controlled clinical trial to investigate the effects of Artemisia supplementation on anorexia in HD patients.

Materials and methods
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was carried out on 58 subjects with HD, aged 55–65 years old. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. One group received 250 mg/day of Artemisia supplement capsule for six weeks (n=26), and the other group was given placebo for the same time duration and dosage (n=32). The serum concentrations of urea, creatinine, albumin and hemoglobin were measured enzymatically using commercial kits. Anorexia score was measured using a Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (SNAQ). Independent t-test analysis were applied to evaluate the data

Results
The results showed that the Artemisia supplementation significantly improved the anorexia in HD patients, for six weeks (p<0.05). However, it did not significantly effect on the albumin, hemoglobin, urea, creatinine, arm circumference, and body mass index (p>0.05).

Conclusion
According to the outcomes of this study, Artemisia supplementation can be effective as an adjunct therapy for improve anorexia in HD patients.
High-speed fiber system capacity with bidirectional Er-Yb CDFs based on differential phase shift keying (DPSK) modulation technique
Authors: Eid Mahmoud M. A. , Abd El-Hamid Huda Said , Zaki Rashed Ahmed Nabih 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper simulates the bidirectional Er-Yb codoped fiber amplifiers (CDFs)-based DPSK modulation scheme for high speed fiber system capacity. The combination of Erbium-Ytterbium codoped fibers into a single fiber has been developed for the extension of the absorption bands for doped fibers. The signal gain variations versus pump wavelength variations have been demonstrated for various doped amplifiers with the proposed Er-Yb CDFs at amplifier length of 5 m. Also the signal gain variations versus pump wavelength variations have been illustrated for the proposed Er-Yb CDFs at 5 m amplifier length in different pumping configurations. The total optical power, max. Q factor, total electrical power, output optical signal/noise ratio, and signal gain variations versus fiber length variations have between simulated and clarified in the presence of bidirectional various lengths of Er-Yb CDFs.
Worldlikeness: a Web crowdsourcing platform for typological psycholinguistics
Authors: Chen Tsung-Ying , Myers James 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Worldlikeness, hosted online at https://worldlikeness.org, is a free Web crowdsourcing experimental tool and database that seeks to make it easier to generate and share cross-linguistic processing data. Adopting HTML5 technology and a responsive Web design using the JavaScript-based Meteor package, Worldlikeness supports the use of text and multimedia stimuli in a user interface optimized for participants using either desktops or mobile devices. Worldlikeness allows individual psycholinguists to collect data on individual languages, store the data in theWorldlikeness server, and share them to help build a cross-linguistic database. As the database grows, outside researchers can freely conduct their own typological cross-linguistic analyses and contribute to our understanding of language-specific and universal properties of language processing. In this paper, we introduce the key features of Worldlikeness and compare online wordlikeness judgments to in-lab data to demonstrate its reliability.
Apps for capturing language variation and change in German-speaking Europe: Opportunities, challenges, findings, and future directions
Authors: Leemann Adrian 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Smartphone apps are ubiquitous: in 2018 in Germany alone, 79% of the population owned a smartphone. Virtually everyone in this cohort always carries with them a recording device and a notepad (i.e., a screen), two essential tools that linguists typically use in the field. In the present contribution we discuss how linguists can harness this ubiquity of linguistic tools in the population to capture language variation and change, illustrated through apps that were developed for German-speaking Europe. We present four apps (Dialäkt Äpp, Voice Äpp, Grüezi Moin Servus, and Deutschklang) that were developed to (a) engage with the public and (b) to collect linguistic data. We discuss opportunities (e.g., the multimodality of said devices), as well as challenges (e.g., maintenance, updating and the costs involved therein). Finally, we present new findings that have emerged from working with this new paradigm and speculate about future directions and developments in using smartphone apps to collect linguistic data.
Hands off the metadata!: Comparing the use of explicit and background metadata in crowdsourced dialectology
Authors: Blaxter Tamsin , Britain David 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this article we assess the extent to which we can collect plausible data about regional dialect variation using crowdsourcing techniques – the BBC Future Survey – without explicitly gathering any user metadata, but relying instead on background information collected by Google Analytics. In order to do this, we compare this approach with another crowdsourced survey, operated from a smartphone application, which examines the same site – the British Isles – but which explicitly asks users to submit detailed social background information – the English Dialects App (EDA) (Leemann et al. 2018). The EDA has the disadvantage that there is a considerable user drop-off between completing the dialect survey and completing the social metadata questionnaire. The BBC Future Survey, however, only collects information on where users are physically located when they complete the survey – not where they are from or even where they live. Results show that the BBC Future Survey produces a plausible snapshot of regional dialect variability that can complement other more sophisticated (expensive, time-consuming) approaches to investigating language variation and change. We suggest the approach constitutes a digital-era rapid anonymous survey along the lines of Labov (1972), serving similar aims, with similar success, but on a much much larger scale.
Deconstructing impoliteness in professional discourse: The social psychology of workplace mobbing. A cross-disciplinary contribution with conclusions for the intercultural workplace
Authors: Meyerhuber Sylke 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWorkplace politeness concerns the structural, interactional and individual level. Using the example of mobbing, it is illustrated how small acts of impoliteness can lead to the destruction a person psychologically and physically. Particularly, so-called downward mobbing is an increasing problem worldwide; most of the cases are orchestrated by superiors, the people subordinates depend on the most. Data clearly illustrate the social toxin created by up to 45 seemingly small actions in five areas of work life. These actions result in health hazards and ultimately loss of jobs. By example of workplace harassment, it is illustrated how systematic acts of impoliteness are used to manipulate a person's emotion and identity, to ensure anxiety-born solidarity in others while abusing power, with high costs for the target, the organisation, and society. The discussion gives way to considerations about intercultural cooperation at the workplace, showing similarities between subtle devaluations in intercultural communication called microaggression and what has been discussed as mobbing. Overall, impoliteness is deconstructed as a sign of degrading social bonds, security and health, thereby raising awareness of the importance of intercultural interaction without microaggression. The practical value of linguistic impoliteness research and its connection to work psychology becomes apparent.
Regulating disordered plasmonic nanoparticles into polarization sensitive metasurfaces
Authors: Li Shulei , Panmai Mingcheng , Tie Shaolong , Xu Yi , Xiang Jin , Lan Sheng 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Metasurfaces composed of regularly arranged and deliberately oriented metallic nanoparticles can be employed to manipulate the amplitude, phase and polarization of an incident electromagnetic wave. The metasurfaces operating in the visible to near infrared spectral range rely on the modern fabrication technologies which offer a spatial resolution beyond the optical diffraction limit. Although direct laser writing is an alternative to the fabrication of nanostructures, the achievement of regular nanostructures with deep-subwavelength periods by using this method remains a big challenge. Here, we proposed and demonstrated a novel strategy for regulating disordered plasmonic nanoparticles into nanogratings with deep-subwavelength periods and reshaped nanoparticles by using femtosecond laser pulses. The orientations of the nanogratings depend strongly on the polarization of the femtosecond laser light. Such nanogratings exhibit reflection and polarization control over the reflected light, enabling the realization of polarization sensitive optical memory and color display with high spatial resolution and good chromacity.
The crystal structure of methacholine chloride, C8H18ClNO2
Authors: Muller Kina , Hosten Eric C. , Betz Richard 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
C8H18ClNO2, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 6.8110(5) Å, b = 8.8779(7) Å, c = 17.2774(16) Å, β = 97.582(4)°, V = 1035.59(15) Å3, Z = 4, R

gt
(F) = 0.0484, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.0922, T = 200 K.
The crystal structure of 1,2-bis(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)ethane-1,2-diol — N-(2-aminophenyl)-3-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-2,3-dihydroxypropanamide (1/1), C32H30N8O5
Authors: Clark Candyce R. , Hosten Eric C. , Betz Richard 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
C32H30N8O5, orthorhombic, P212121 (no. 19), a = 9.1258(4) Å, b = 10.6225(5) Å, c = 30.1870(14) Å, V = 2926.3(2) Å3, Z = 4, R

gt
(F) = 0.0367, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.0837, T = 200 K.
The crystal structure of thioxanthen-9-one-10,10-dioxide, C13H8O3S – a second polymorph
Authors: Hosten Eric C. , Betz Richard 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
C13H8O3S, monoclinic, C2/c (no. 15), a = 9.7499(3) Å, b = 12.9758(4) Å, c = 8.2681(3) Å, β = 103.784(2)°, V = 1015.90(6) Å3, Z = 4, R

gt
(F) = 0.0318, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.0927, T = 200 K.
The crystal structure of N-(4-(cyclohexylimino)pent-2-en-2-yl)cyclohexanamine, C17H30N2
Authors: Hosten Eric C. , Betz Richard 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
C17H30N2, tetragonal,

P

4
‾

$P&#x203e;{4}$

21
m (no. 113), a = 8.6755(3) Å, c = 11.1611(4) Å, V = 840.03(7) Å3, Z = 2, R

gt
(F) = 0.0488, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.1417, T = 200 K.
The crystal structure of 5-hydroxy-6,8-dimethoxy-2-methyl-4H-benzo[g]chromen-4-one– rubrofusarin B, C16H14O5
Authors: Zou Ting-Guang , Guo Si-Yu , Zhu Jing-Lin , Wang Sheng , Lin Ling-Yin , Tao Yi-Wen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
C16H14O5, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 9.0005(11) Å, b = 16.0386(15) Å, c = 9.8434(11) Å, β = 114.861(14)°, V = 1289.3(3) Å3, Z = 4, R

gt
(F) = 0.0458, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.1245, T = 150(1) K.
A survey on the soundscape perception before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy
Authors: Bartalucci Chiara , Bellomini Raffaella , Luzzi Sergio , Pulella Paola , Torelli Giulia 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
At the time of the COVID-19 pandemic, the impact of lockdown measures highlights changes in terms of sounds and noises present in the everyday life. The present paper deals with this peculiar and unexpected scenario as studied by means of an online survey consisting of 18 questions and distributed to residents in the Italian territory. For studying the unprecedented effect of the pandemic, participants were asked to fill the questionnaire, providing personal data, describing context and characteristics of the house in which they live and making a comparison of the lockdown soundscape with the pre-lockdown one. About four hundred questionnaires have been collected and analysed in order to define correlations between personal and perception variables. Using logistic regression models, changes have been studied during the two abovementioned periods. It has been observed that the perception of traffic noise has increased for people over 35 years old and the noise produced by the neighbourhood has been more statistically significant for employed respondents. Future outlook might provide the spread of the questionnaire in other countries for a global evaluation of the data, to be also acquired with reference to the after-lockdown period.
Effects of COVID-19 pandemic on festival celebrations and noise pollution levels
Authors: Kalawapudi Komal , Singh Taruna , Vijay Ritesh , Goyal Nitin , Kumar Rakesh 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
India is a country where every religion and community celebrates their culture. Festivals have an important role in Indian culture and are celebrated whole-heartedly by the citizens. Most of these celebrations culminate to causing pollution especially noise pollution due to festivities and rituals. One such festival is Ganesh Chaturthi or Ganeshotsav which is magnificently celebrated in Maharashtra state of India. In the present study, noise pollution levels during Ganeshotsav at famous community pandals in Mumbai city were monitored in the year 2020. Noise level data was analyzed based on indices such as L
10, L
50, L
90, noise pollution level (LNP
) and noise climate (NC). Comparison of noise levels was carried out for the collected data during Ganesh Chaturthi in the previous years of 2018 and 2019. The city witnessed simple festival celebration in eco-friendly manner leading to significant decrease in noise levels due to CoVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic situation is an eye-opener for the city administration with demonstration in reduction of noise pollution. Many aspects of the pandemic can be carried forward in making new guidelines and policies to curtail pollution and eco-friendly celebration of festivals.
The role of edible insects to mitigate challenges for sustainability
Authors: Guiné Raquel P. F. , Correia Paula , Coelho Catarina , Costa Cristina A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This review is focused on the utilization of insects as a new opportunity in food and feed products, including their commercialization both in traditional and new markets. It has been suggested that insects are considerably more sustainable when compared with other sources of animal protein, thus alleviating the pressure over the environment and the planet facing the necessity to feed the world population, constantly increasing. Many chefs have adhered to the trend of using insects in their culinary preparations, bringing insects to the plan of top gastronomy, highlighting their organoleptic qualities allied to a recognized high nutritional value. However, in some markets, insects or insect-based products are not readily accepted because of neophobia and disgust. Moreover, the insect markets, farming, and commercialization are experiencing a huge growth, in which the domain of animal feed is undoubtedly a very strong component. The future of insects as human food and animal feed seems promising in view of the recent trends and challenges.
Morphology and structure of acorn starches isolated by enzymatic and alkaline methods
Authors: Correia Paula M. R. , Cruz-Lopes Luísa , Beirão-da-Costa Luísa 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Morphology and structure of starch from fruits of two acorns species, Quercus rotundifolia Lam. (QR) and Quercus suber Lam. (QS), isolated by enzymatic (ENZ) and alkaline (A3S) methods were studied. Acorn starches granules presented a round and oval shape, consisting of medium/small granules, with a mean granule size ranging between 9 and 13 µm. Isolated acorn starches appear as light grayish-brown in naked eye, with high values of L* for starches isolated by the ENZ method, and QR starches were duller than QS. No differences were observed for all the samples in FTIR spectra results. Acorn starches showed a C-type pattern, with a relative crystallinity between 43.1 and 46.6%. The 13C CP/MAS NMR spectra are different for the used isolation methods but are similar for both acorn species. However, acorn-isolated starches presented a predominant A-type allomorph packing type, and the A3S starches showed a higher degree of crystalline material. Those differences in the structure of acorn starches would be helpful to better understand the relationships among structure and functional properties for a possible potential industrial application of chestnut starches.
Environmental citizenship and solid waste management in Chattogram, Bangladesh
Authors: Biswas Sarmistha , Nandy Ananya , Islam Nafisa , Rafa Nazifa 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chattogram city is grappling with problems caused by inadequate solid waste management (SWM). Because the successful policy intervention regarding proper SWM depends on the intrinsic motivation of the city dwellers along with government intervention, the objective of this paper was to conduct an attitudinal study of the residents of Chattogram regarding their roles and responsibilities towards the SWM, and thus, the sustainable development of the city. It is a cross-sectional study based on a sample size of 150. Data was collected using a structured, pretested questionnaire. The result showed that the residents were unable to prioritize the city’s environmental problem over other problems due to the lack of knowledge and awareness about the environmental problems and its impacts on the Chattogram. However, in respect of SWM in the city, their eagerness for participation is appreciable, even though they are more dependent on government policy initiatives. An attitudinal gap was also observed here among the respondents pertaining to the vacuum of knowledge and awareness. Therefore, strong policy decisions and the awareness campaign can make people aware of their roles and responsibilities for a sustainable city and intrinsically motivate them to participate in SWM.
A Populist Monster and the future of Constitutional Democracy
Authors: Teršek Andraž 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The central objective of the post-socialist European countries which are also Member States of the EU and Council of Europe, as proclaimed and enshrined in their constitutions before their official independence, is the establishment of a democracy based on the rule of law and effective legal protection of fundamental human rights and freedoms. In this article the author explains what, in his opinion, is the main problem and why these goals are still not sufficiently achieved: the ruthless simplification of the understanding of the social function and functioning of constitutional courts, which is narrow, rigid and holistically focused primarily or exclusively on the question of whether the judges of these courts are “left or right” in purely daily-political sense, and consequently, whether constitutional court decisions are taken (described, understood) as either “left or right” in purely and shallow daily-party-political sense/manner. With nothing else between and no other foundation. The author describes such rhetoric, this kind of superficial labeling/marking, such an approach towards constitutional law-making as a matter of unbearable and unthinking simplicity, and introduces the term A Populist Monster. The reasons that have led to the problem of this kind of populism and its devastating effects on the quality and development of constitutional democracy and the rule of law are analyzed clearly and critically.