bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic Study of Acceleration Efficiency in Young Supernova Remnants with Nonthermal X-Ray Observations
Authors: Tsuji Naomi , Uchiyama Yasunobu , Khangulyan Dmitry , Aharonian Felix 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Cutoff energy in a synchrotron radiation spectrum of a supernova remnant (SNR) contains a key parameter of ongoing particle acceleration. We systematically analyze 11 young SNRs, including all historical SNRs, to measure the cutoff energy, thus shedding light on the nature of particle acceleration at the early stage of SNR evolution. The nonthermal (synchrotron) dominated spectra in filament-like outer rims are selectively extracted and used for spectral fitting because our model assumes that accelerated electrons are concentrated in the vicinity of the shock front owing to synchrotron cooling. The cutoff energy parameter (ε
0) and shock speed (v
sh) are related as

ε

0

∝

v

sh

2

η

−
1

with a Bohm factor of η. Five SNRs provide us with spatially resolved ε
0–v
sh plots across the remnants, indicating a variety of particle acceleration. With all SNRs considered together, the systematic tendency of η clarifies a correlation between η and an age of t (or an expansion parameter of m) as η ∝ t
−0.4 (η ∝ m
4). This might be interpreted as the magnetic field becomes more turbulent and self-generated, as particles are accelerated at a greater rate with time. The maximum energy achieved in SNRs can be higher if we consider the newly observed time dependence on η.
Statistics of the Chemical Composition of Solar Analog Stars and Links to Planet Formation
Authors: Nibauer Jacob , Baxter Eric J. , Jain Bhuvnesh , Van Saders Jennifer L. , Beaton Rachael L. , Teske Johanna K. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The Sun has been found to be depleted in refractory (rock-forming) elements relative to nearby solar analogs, suggesting a potential indicator of planet formation. Given the small amplitude of the depletion, previous analyses have primarily relied on high signal-to-noise stellar spectra and a strictly differential approach to determine elemental abundances. We present an alternative, likelihood-based approach that can be applied to much larger samples of stars with lower precision abundance determinations. We utilize measurements of about 1700 solar analogs from the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE-2) and the APOGEE Stellar Parameter and Chemical Abundance Pipeline (ASPCAP DR16). By developing a hierarchical mixture model for the data, we place constraints on the statistical properties of the elemental abundances, including correlations with condensation temperature and the fraction of stars with refractory element depletions. We find evidence for two distinct populations: a depleted population of stars that makes up the majority of solar analogs including the Sun, and a not-depleted population that makes up between ∼10% and 30% of our sample. We find correlations with condensation temperature generally in agreement with higher precision surveys of a smaller sample of stars. Such trends, if robustly linked to the formation of planetary systems, provide a means to connect stellar chemical abundance patterns to planetary systems over large samples of Milky Way stars.
Dispersion and Rotation Measures from the Ejecta of Compact Binary Mergers: Clue to the Progenitors of Fast Radio Bursts
Authors: Zhao Z. Y. , Zhang G. Q. , Wang Y. Y. , Tu Zuo-Lin , Wang F. Y. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Since the discovery of FRB 200428 associated with the Galactic SGR 1935+2154, magnetars have been considered to power fast radio bursts (FRBs). It is widely believed that magnetars could form by core-collapse (CC) explosions and compact binary mergers, such as binary neutron stars (BNSs), binary white dwarfs (BWDs), and neutron star–white dwarf (NSWD) mergers. Therefore, it is important to distinguish the various progenitors. The expansion of the merger ejecta produces a time-evolving dispersion measure (DM) and rotation measure (RM) that can probe the local environments of FRBs. In this paper, we derive the scaling laws for the DM and RM from ejecta with different dynamical structures (the mass and energy distribution) in the uniform ambient medium (merger scenario) and wind environment (CC scenario). We find that the DM and RM will increase in the early phase, while DM will continue to grow slowly but RM will decrease in the later phase in the merger scenario. We fit the DM and RM evolution of FRB 121102 simultaneously for the first time in the BNS merger scenario and find that the source age is ∼9–10 yr when it was first detected in 2012, and the ambient medium density is ∼2.5–3.1 cm−3. The large offsets of some FRBs are consistent with the BNS/NSWD channel. The population synthesis method is used to estimate the rate of compact binary mergers. The rate of BWD mergers is close to the observed FRB rate. Therefore, the progenitors of FRBs may not be unique.
Evolution of Galaxy Star Formation and Metallicity: Impact on Double Compact Object Mergers
Authors: Boco L. , Lapi A. , Chruslinska M. , Donevski D. , Sicilia A. , Danese L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we study the impact of different galaxy statistics and empirical metallicity scaling relations on the merging rates and properties of compact object binaries. Firstly, we analyze the similarities and differences of using the star formation rate functions versus stellar mass functions as galaxy statistics for the computation of cosmic star formation rate density. We then investigate the effects of adopting the Fundamental Metallicity Relation versus a classic Mass Metallicity Relation to assign metallicity to galaxies with given properties. We find that when the Fundamental Metallicity Relation is exploited, the bulk of the star formation occurs at relatively high metallicities, even at high redshift; the opposite holds when the Mass Metallicity Relation is employed, since in this case the metallicity at which most of the star formation takes place strongly decreases with redshift. We discuss the various reasons and possible biases giving rise to this discrepancy. Finally, we show the impact of these different astrophysical prescriptions on the merging rates and properties of compact object binaries; specifically, we present results for the redshift-dependent merging rates and for the chirp mass and time delay distributions of the merging binaries.
T Cell Phenotyping in Individuals Hospitalized with COVID-19
Authors: Rupp Janine , Dreo Barbara , Gütl Katharina , Fessler Johannes , Moser Adrian , Haditsch Bernd , Schilcher Gernot , Matzkies Lucie-Marie , Steinmetz Ivo , Greinix Hildegard , Stradner Martin H. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has become pandemic. Cytokine release syndrome occurring in a minority of SARS-CoV-2 infections is associated with severe disease and high mortality. We profiled the composition, activation, and proliferation of T cells in 20 patients with severe or critical COVID-19 and 40 matched healthy controls by flow cytometry. Unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis based on 18 T cell subsets resulted in separation of healthy controls and COVID-19 patients. Compared to healthy controls, patients suffering from severe and critical COVID-19 had increased frequencies of activated and proliferating CD38+Ki67+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, suggesting active antiviral T cell defense. Frequencies of CD38+Ki67+ Th1 and CD4+ cells correlated negatively with plasma IL-6. Thus, our data suggest that patients suffering from COVID-19 have a distinct T cell composition that is potentially modulated by IL-6.
A Functionally Distinct CXCR3+/IFN-γ+/IL-10+ Subset Defines Disease-Suppressive Myelin-Specific CD8 T Cells
Authors: Brate Ashley A. , Boyden Alexander W. , Jensen Isaac J. , Badovinac Vladimir P. , Karandikar Nitin J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the CNS. We have previously demonstrated that CNS-specific CD8 T cells possess a disease-suppressive function in MS and variations of its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), including the highly clinically relevant relapsing-remitting EAE disease course. Regulatory CD8 T cell subsets have been identified in EAE and other autoimmune diseases, but studies vary in defining phenotypic properties of these cells. In relapsing-remitting EAE, PLP178-191 CD8 T cells suppress disease, whereas PLP139-151 CD8 T cells lack this function. In this study, we used this model to delineate the unique phenotypic properties of CNS-specific regulatory PLP178-191 CD8 T cells versus nonregulatory PLP139-151 or OVA323-339 CD8 T cells. Using multiparametric flow cytometric analyses of phenotypic marker expression, we identified a CXCR3+ subpopulation among activated regulatory CD8 T cells, relative to nonregulatory counterparts. This subset exhibited increased degranulation and IFN-γ and IL-10 coproduction. A similar subset was also identified in C57BL/6 mice within autoregulatory PLP178-191 CD8 T cells but not within nonregulatory OVA323-339 CD8 T cells. This disease-suppressing CD8 T cell subpopulation provides better insights into functional regulatory mechanisms, and targeted enhancement of this subset could represent a novel immunotherapeutic approach for MS.
AT-RvD1 Mitigates Secondhand Smoke–Exacerbated Pulmonary Inflammation and Restores Secondhand Smoke–Suppressed Antibacterial Immunity
Authors: Bhat Tariq A. , Kalathil Suresh Gopi , Bogner Paul N. , Lehmann Paul V. , Thatcher Thomas H. , Sime Patricia J. , Thanavala Yasmin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Cigarette smoke is a potent proinflammatory trigger contributing to acute lung injury and the development of chronic lung diseases via mechanisms that include the impairment of inflammation resolution. We have previously demonstrated that secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure exacerbates bacterial infection-induced pulmonary inflammation and suppresses immune responses. It is now recognized that resolution of inflammation is a bioactive process mediated by lipid-derived specialized proresolving mediators that counterregulate proinflammatory signaling and promote resolution pathways. We therefore hypothesized that proresolving mediators could reduce the burden of inflammation due to chronic lung infection following SHS exposure and restore normal immune responses to respiratory pathogens. To address this question, we exposed mice to SHS followed by chronic infection with nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI). Some groups of mice were treated with aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 (AT-RvD1) during the latter half of the smoke exposure period or during a period of smoking cessation and before infection. Treatment with AT-RvD1 markedly reduced the recruitment of neutrophils, macrophages, and T cells in lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage and levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage. Additionally, treatment with AT-RvD1 improved Ab titers against the NTHI outer membrane lipoprotein Ag P6 following infection. Furthermore, treatment with AT-RvD1 prior to classically adjuvanted immunization with P6 increased Ag-specific Ab titers, resulting in rapid clearance of NTHI from the lungs after acute challenge. Collectively, we have demonstrated that AT-RvD1 potently reverses the detrimental effects of SHS on pulmonary inflammation and immunity and thus could be beneficial in reducing lung injury associated with smoke exposure and infection.
Cooling Capacity of Transpulmonary Cooling and Cold-Water Immersion After Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia
Authors: Adams William M. , Butke Erin E. , Lee Junyong , Zaplatosch Mitchell E. 
Published: February 2021

Context
Cold-water immersion (CWI) may not be feasible in some remote settings, prompting the identification of alternative cooling methods as adjunct treatment modalities for exertional heat stroke (EHS).

Objective
To determine the differences in cooling capacities between CWI and the inhalation of cooled air.

Design
Randomized controlled clinical trial.

Setting
Laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants
A total of 12 recreationally active participants (7 men, 5 women; age = 26 ± 4 years, height = 170.6 ± 10.1 cm, mass = 76.0 ± 18.0 kg, body fat = 18.5% ± 9.7%, peak oxygen uptake = 42.7 ± 8.9 mL·kg−1·min−1).

Intervention(s)
After exercise in a hot environment (40°C and 40% relative humidity), participants were randomized to 3 cooling conditions: cooling during passive rest (PASS; control), CWI, and the Polar Breeze thermal rehabilitation machine (PB) with which participants inspired cooled air (22.2°C ± 1.0°C).

Main Outcome Measure(s)
Rectal temperature (TREC) and heart rate were continuously measured throughout cooling until TREC reached 38.25°C.

Results
Cooling rates during CWI (0.18°C·min−1 ± 0.06°C·min−1) were greater than those during PASS (mean difference [95% CI] of 0.16°C·min−1 [0.13°C·min−1, 0.19°C·min−1]; P &lt; .001) and PB (0.15°C·min−1 [0.12°C·min−1, 0.16°C·min−1]; P &lt; .001). Elapsed time to reach a TREC of 38.25°C was also faster with CWI (9.71 ± 3.30 minutes) than PASS (−58.1 minutes [−77.1, −39.9 minutes]; P &lt; .001) and PB (−46.8 minutes [−65.5, −28.2 minutes]; P &lt; .001). Differences in cooling rates and time to reach a TREC of 38.25°C between PASS and PB were not different (P &gt; .05).

Conclusions
Transpulmonary cooling via cooled-air inhalation did not promote an optimal cooling rate (&gt;0.15°C·min−1) for the successful treatment of EHS. In remote settings where EHS is a risk, access and use of treatment methods via CWI or cold-water dousing are imperative to ensuring survival.

Trial Registry
ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT0419026).
Effect of Supplemental Caudal Analgesia on Intraoperative Blood Glucose Levels in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Urological Surgery Under General Anesthesia
Authors: Sadhoo Apurva , Rajan Sunil , Jain Sowmya , Barua Kaushik , Kumar Lakshmi 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background:
The need for intra-operative dextrose supplementation in pediatrics remains a debate. Surgical stress responses lead to hyperglycemia, while regional anesthesia obtunds the stress response and thereby, hyperglycemia. We aimed to compare the effects of supplemental caudal analgesia on intraoperative blood glucose in children undergoing urological surgery under general anesthesia (GA). Intraoperative hemodynamics and opioid consumption were also compared.

Patients and Methods:
This was a cross-sectional, observational study conducted in children aged 5 months–6 years undergoing urological surgery, categorized as Group R (GA with caudal analgesia) or Group G (GA only). Blood sugars were measured until 2 h following intubation. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student's t-test and Chi-square tests.

Results:
Age in Group R was lesser than Group G (P = 0.044), but weights were comparable. Random blood sugar (RBS) at 60 min (P = 0.008) and 90 min (P = 0.007) were significantly lower in Group R. The difference in RBS from the baseline was significantly higher in Group G at all time points. Heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were comparable except at HR 60 (P = 0.046) and MAP 60 (P = 0.014) with significantly higher values in Group G. Group R had significantly lower intraoperative fentanyl consumption with less frequent need for additional bolus.

Conclusions:
Supplemental caudal analgesia blunts intraoperative increases in blood glucose levels and hemodynamics with a reduced analgesic requirement, compared to GA alone in children undergoing urological surgery.
Ropivacaine 0.75% for Peribulbar Block in Vitrectomy
Authors: Senapathi Tjokorda Gde Agung , Widnyana I Made Gede , Ryalino Christopher , Wibawa Ida Bagus Gita Dharma 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Increased life expectancy will result in an increased number of elderlies scheduled for surgery. The vitreous undergoes the irreversible process of aging. Anesthesiologists must provide optimal perioperative care for patients posted for vitrectomy. Peribulbar block is one of the safest alternatives. Ropivacaine has a vasoconstriction effect that useful to minimize the increasing of intraocular pressure (IOP) after peribulbar injection. In this case report, we managed an 86-year-old patient who underwent vitrectomy procedure by peribulbar block. Peribulbar block provides blocks for ciliary, oculomotor, and abducens nerves. The needle is introduced into the extraconal space. The first injection is inferior and temporal, and the second injection is superior and nasal, between the medial third and lateral two-thirds of the orbital roof. The block provided adequate analgesia, akinesia, and decreased IOP.
Perioperative Management in Obstetric Patients with Suspected COVID-19 at Bali, Indonesia
Authors: Katipana Madyline Victorya , Wiryana Made , Aryasa E.M Tjahya , Pradhana Adinda Putra 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is a challenge for health practitioners, where there are many suspected and confirmed patients with COVID-19, including obstetric patients. Perioperative treatment of COVID-19 patients must be under applicable standards, for both patients and the medical personnel. Personal protective equipment is essential for health workers who treat patients with COVID-19 to prevent the transmission of the virus. The method of delivery ideally should be adapted to the clinical condition of the patient. At the same time, the management of anesthesia for patients with cesarean sections should also be adjusted to the patient's clinical condition by taking into consideration the availability of facilities and infrastructure that we have. Through this report, we want to show how we manage COVID-19 in obstetric cases using the available resources in a third-world country.
Low-Cost Techniques for Bilateral Intermittent Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Using Intravenous Cannula Following Cesarean Section
Authors: Sumantri Syahrul Mubarak Danar 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block was developed as part of multimodal postoperative analgesia for cesarean section (CS) parturient. While continuous TAP block could provide satisfactory analgesia, the cost of the standard perineural catheters may limit its routine application. We present case reports of novel utilization of intravenous (IV) cannula as an alternative to the standard perineural catheters for postoperative intermittent TAP block. The results showed the feasibility and beneficial effect of IV cannula-facilitated TAP block in providing opioid-sparing postoperative acute pain management in CS parturient with minimal complication regarding its off-label application.
Acute Kidney Injury Incidence Following Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Adil Andi , Setiawan Philia , Sembiring Yan Efrata , Arif Syafri Kamsul , Amin Hisbullah 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background:
Acute decline of renal function following cardiac surgery is a common and complex problem with an incidence of up to 30% in Europe and leading to increased mortality rate in immediate and long term. The aim of this study is to analyze risk factors regarding acute kidney injury (AKI) incidence following cardiac surgery.

Patients and Methods:
This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Central General Hospital, Makassar, Indonesia. Serum creatinine level was measured to diagnose AKI. Hemoglobin level, blood transfusion, vasopressor, and inotropic needs before surgery were recorded. Hemodynamic parameters that included mean arterial pressure and heart rate were also recorded.

Results:
Of all 33 subjects who underwent adult cardiac surgery that included coronary artery bypass graft, heart valve, and congenital disease surgery, 21 (63.6%) patients had AKI and 12 (36.4%) patients did not. Several perioperative factor analyses between AKI and non-AKI group revealed that only age showed a significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.047).

Conclusion:
Age is the most significant factor in AKI incidence following cardiac surgery. Further studies are required to analyze other perioperative factors that might induce AKI.
Fluid Management in Kidney Disease Patients for Nontransplant and Transplantation Surgeries
Authors: Sam Amal Francis , Sahu Sandeep , Ponnappan Karthik T. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Kidneys play an essential role in the regulation of water homeostasis, electrolyte balance, and acid–base balance. Anesthesiologists are frequently involved in the perioperative care of patients with kidney disease in elective and emergency scenarios. Fluid therapy is a main component of resuscitation to improve cardiac output, blood pressure, and perfusion pressure. This sometimes comes at a cost of increased risk of tissue edema due to fluid overload. Both during the transplant and nontransplant surgeries, the use or choice of fluid may influence the biochemical environment or homeostasis of human body and clinical outcomes. In this narrative review, we address the electrolyte and acid–base changes in renal disease, pharmacology of fluids, hemodynamic monitoring, and their applications.
Identification of Pathogens Potentially Associated with Non-Malarial Fever in Children: A Pilot Study in Peri-Urban Dakar, Senegal
Authors: Gildas Boris Hedible , Idrissa Dieng , Marie Louise Senghor , Cheikh Talla , Mamadou Aliou Barry , Fatoumata Diène Sarr , Rebecca Grant , Raymond Bercion , Diamilatou Thiam , Vincent Richard , Oumar Faye , Abdoulaye Seck , Muriel Vray 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTFever is one of the most common reasons for pediatric consultation in Africa. Malaria incidence has now dropped considerably, yet etiologies of non-malarial febrile diseases are poorly documented. This pilot study aimed to 1) identify pathogens potentially associated with non-malarial fever in children younger than 10 years in the suburbs of Dakar and 2) describe the epidemiological characteristics of these patients. During the study period, all eligible children (< 10 years of age, body temperature ≥ 38°C, negative result for the malaria rapid diagnostic test, living in Guediawaye/Pikine for the previous four calendar months, not receiving any anti-infectious treatment since the onset of fever, and with parent’s consent to participate) presenting to the health post in Medina Gounass located in Guediawaye on Mondays and Fridays were included. In total, 106 children participated in the study, and PCR from nasopharyngeal swabs, hemoculture, C-reactive protein, blood cell counts, and quantitative buffy coat from blood samples and coproculture from stool samples were performed. In 70 (66%) children, at least one pathogen was isolated. Viruses were identified in 55 children, most commonly enteroviruses, rhinoviruses, and adenoviruses, and dengue virus was identified in three children. Only five children had bacterial infections, and 10 had bacterial and viral coinfections. Ninety-seven children (92%) received prescription for antibiotics. Many strains of bacteria were found to be resistant to several antibiotics. Despite limitations, this pilot study showed that pathogens potentially associated with non-malarial fever in children younger than 10 years near Dakar were predominantly viruses, most commonly upper respiratory infections, although bacteria accounted for a small proportion.