bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Innocent until proven guilty: acute on chronic tubal torsion mimicking pelvic inflammatory disease
Authors: Taylor Scott , Lee Hong , Singh Rajeev 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Acute pelvic pain is a common complaint in reproductive age women and has a large differential diagnosis. Decision for conservative vs. surgical management is often dependent on clinical, biochemical and imaging findings. Isolated tubal torsion is a rare cause of pelvic pain that requires prompt diagnosis and surgical management to avoid morbidity. Here, we report non-pregnant women of reproductive age presenting with acute lower abdominal pain. Raised inflammatory markers and ultrasound findings prompted management for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. Despite some improvement with antibiotics, the patient had ongoing symptoms. At surgery, bilateral para-tubal cysts and a left sided hydrosalpinx were found, along with an isolated left tubal torsion. Isolated tubal torsion most commonly occurs in reproductive aged women, and risk factors include intrinsic tubal pathology and extrinsic lesions. Clinically, biochemically and radiographically, it is often indistinguishable from other pelvic pathology, potentially leading to diagnostic delay, and necrosis of the tube.
Orchestral manoeuvres in the light: crosstalk needed for regulation of the Chlamydomonas carbon concentration mechanism
Authors: Santhanagopalan Indu , Wong Rachel , Mathur Tanya , Griffiths Howard 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The inducible carbon concentration mechanism (CCM) in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has been well defined from a molecular and ultrastructural perspective. Inorganic carbon transport proteins, and strategically located carbonic anhydrases deliver CO2 within the chloroplast pyrenoid matrix where Rubisco is packaged. However, there is little understanding of the fundamental signalling and sensing processes leading to CCM induction. While external CO2 limitation has been believed to be the primary cue, the coupling between energetic supply and inorganic carbon demand through regulatory feedback from light harvesting and photorespiration signals could provide the original CCM trigger. Key questions regarding the integration of these processes are addressed in this review. We consider how the chloroplast functions as a crucible for photosynthesis, importing and integrating nuclear-encoded components from the cytoplasm, and sending retrograde signals to the nucleus to regulate CCM induction. We hypothesize that induction of the CCM is associated with retrograde signals associated with photorespiration and/or light stress. We have also examined the significance of common evolutionary pressures for origins of two co-regulated processes, namely the CCM and photorespiration, in addition to identifying genes of interest involved in transcription, protein folding, and regulatory processes which are needed to fully understand the processes leading to CCM induction.
Disposition of posaconazole after single oral administration in large falcons (Falco spp): Effect of meal and dosage and a non-compartmental model to predict effective dosage
Authors: Azmanis Panagiotis , Pappalardo Lucia , Sara Ziad A J , Silvanose Christudas , Naidoo Vinny 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Posaconazole has been used anecdotally to treat aspergillosis in falcons resistant to voriconazole. In human medicine, it is used prophylactically in immunosuppressed human subjects with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. So far, no studies have been performed in birds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in-vivo pharmacokinetic behavior of oral posaconazole after a single administration in six large falcons (i.e gyrfalcons, saker falcons). Posaconazole oral suspension (Noxafil, 40 mg/ml, Schering-Plough) was administered per os without meal in a single dosage of 12.5 mg/kg in 3 falcons. A comparison was done in two more falcons, one with a natural fatty meal at the same single dose, and one with a natural fatty meal and a higher dosage (20 mg/kg). Finally, six falcons received posaconazole pre-dissolved in corn oil with a natural low-fat meal in the higher single dose (20 mg/kg). No side effects were observed in the falcons in any of the experiments. In starved state posaconazole was poorly absorbed, more so than in other species. As expected, absorption of posaconazole was higher with the administration of meal or in the presence of plant (corn) oil, with a fourfold increase in apparent bioavailability. Despite the preferential absorption in the presence of fat, for both dosing schemes the AUC24 : MIC ratio was lower than described in human medicine to achieve a therapeutic effect. The AUCinf : MIC which is an indicator of efficacy after steady-state, while variable, did indicate that the drug is worth trying when susceptibility testing shows to be the only effective drug.

Lay Abstract
The focus of this work is to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of oral posaconazole in large falcons for the first time after a single dose. Posaconazole has higher bioavailability when administered with meal and fatty components. No adverse reactions have been observed. The ratio of the area under the curve (AUC24) to minimum inhibitory concentration was lower compared to the therapeutic level in human.
New unexpected flow patterns in the problem of the stellar wind interaction with the interstellar medium: stationary ideal-MHD solutions
Authors: Korolkov Sergey , Izmodenov Vladislav 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The astropause (heliopause for the Sun) is the tangential discontinuity separating the stellar wind from the interstellar plasma. The global shape of the heliopause is a matter of debates. Two types of the shape are under discussion: comet-like and tube-like. In the second type, the two-jets oriented towards the stellar rotation axis are formed by the action of azimuthal component of the stellar magnetic field. We explore a simplified global astrosphere in which (1) the surrounding and moving with respect to the star circumstellar medium is fully ionized, (2) the interstellar magnetic field is neglected, (3) the radial component of the stellar magnetic field is neglected as compared with the azimuthal component, and (4) the stellar wind outflow is spherically symmetric and supersonic. We present the results of numerical 3D MHD modelling and explore how the global structure depends on the gas-dynamic Mach number of the interstellar flow, M∞, and the Alfvenic Mach number in the stellar wind. It is shown that the astropause has a tube-like shape for small values of M∞. The wings of the tube are distorted towards the tail as larger as larger the Mach number is. The new (to our knowledge) result is the reverse interstellar flow in the vicinity of the astropause in the tail. The larger the interstellar Mach number is the narrower the reverse flow is. At some values of the Mach number, the stellar wind overcomes the reverse interstellar flow and moves out in downwind. In this regime, the astropause changes its topology from tube-like to sheet-like.
Observing relativistic features in large-scale structure surveys – II. Doppler magnification in an ensemble of relativistic simulations
Authors: Coates Louis , Adamek Julian , Bull Philip , Guandalin Caroline , Clarkson Chris 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The standard cosmological model is inherently relativistic, and yet a wide range of cosmological observations can be predicted accurately from essentially Newtonian theory. This is not the case on ‘ultralarge’ distance scales, around the cosmic horizon size, however, where relativistic effects can no longer be neglected. In this paper, we present a novel suite of 53 fully relativistic simulations generated using the gevolution code, each covering the full sky out to z ≈ 0.85, and approximately 1930 deg2 out to z ≈ 3.55. These include a relativistic treatment of massive neutrinos, as well as the gravitational potential that can be used to exactly calculate observables on the past light cone. The simulations are divided into two sets, the first being a set of 39 simulations of the same fiducial cosmology (based on the Euclid Flagship 2 cosmology) with different realizations of the initial conditions, and the second that fixes the initial conditions, but varies each of seven cosmological parameters in turn. Taken together, these simulations allow us to perform statistical studies and calculate derivatives of any relativistic observable with respect to cosmological parameters. As an example application, we compute the cross-correlation between the Doppler magnification term in the convergence, κv, and the CDM + baryon density contrast, δcb, which arises only in a (special) relativistic treatment. We are able to accurately recover this term as predicted by relativistic perturbation theory, and study its sample variance and derivatives with respect to cosmological parameters.
The characteristic momentum of radiatively cooling energy-driven galactic winds
Authors: Lochhaas Cassandra , Thompson Todd A , Schneider Evan E 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Energy injection by supernovae may drive hot supersonic galactic winds in rapidly star-forming galaxies, driving metal-enriched gas into the circumgalactic medium and potentially accelerating cool gas. If sufficiently mass-loaded, such flows become radiative within the wind-driving region, reducing the overall mass outflow rate from the host galaxy. We show that this sets a maximum on the total outflow momentum for hot energy-driven winds. For a spherical wind of Solar metallicity driven by continuous star formation, $\dot{p}_\mathrm{max} \simeq 1.9\times 10^4\ M_\odot \ \mathrm{yr}^{-1}\ \mathrm{km\ s}^{-1}(\alpha /0.9)^{0.86}\left[R_\star /(300\ \mathrm{pc})\right]^{0.14}[\dot{M}_\star /(20\ M_\odot \ \mathrm{yr}^{-1})]^{0.86},$ where α is the fraction of supernova energy that thermalizes the wind, and $\dot{M}_\star$ and R⋆ are the star formation rate and radius of the wind-driving region. This maximum momentum for hot winds can also apply to cool, ionized outflows that are typically observed in starburst galaxies, if the hot wind undergoes bulk radiative cooling or if the hot wind transfers mass and momentum to cool clouds within the flow. We show that requiring the hot wind to undergo single-phase cooling on large scales sets a minimum on the total outflow momentum rate. These maximum and minimum outflow momenta have similar values, setting a characteristic momentum rate of hot galactic winds that can become radiative on large scales. We find that most observations of photoionized outflow wind momentum fall below the theoretical maximum and thus may be signatures of cooling hot flows. On the other hand, many systems fall below the minimum momentum required for bulk cooling, indicating that perhaps the cool material observed has instead been entrained in or mixed with the hot flow.
Cosmic voids in modified gravity models with massive neutrinos
Authors: Contarini Sofia , Marulli Federico , Moscardini Lauro , Veropalumbo Alfonso , Giocoli Carlo , Baldi Marco 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Cosmic voids are progressively emerging as a new viable cosmological probe. Their abundance and density profiles are sensitive to modifications of gravity, as well as to dark energy and neutrinos. The main goal of this work is to investigate the possibility of exploiting cosmic void statistics to disentangle the degeneracies resulting from a proper combination of f(R) modified gravity and neutrino mass. We use N-body simulations to analyse the density profiles and size function of voids traced by both dark matter particles and haloes. We find clear evidence of the enhancement of gravity in f(R) cosmologies in the void density profiles at z = 1. However, these effects can be almost completely overridden by the presence of massive neutrinos because of their thermal free streaming. Despite the limited volume of the analysed simulations does not allow us to achieve a statistically relevant abundance of voids larger than 40 Mpc h−1, we find that the void size function at high redshifts and for large voids is potentially an effective probe to disentangle these degenerate cosmological models, which is key in the prospective of the upcoming wide-field redshift surveys.
PyTorchDIA: a flexible, GPU-accelerated numerical approach to Difference Image Analysis
Authors: Hitchcock James A , Hundertmark Markus , Foreman-Mackey Daniel , Bachelet Etienne , Dominik Martin , Street Rachel , Tsapras Yiannis 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We present a GPU-accelerated numerical approach for fast kernel and differential background solutions. The model image proposed in the Bramich Difference Image Analysis (DIA) algorithm is analogous to a very simple convolutional neural network (CNN), with a single convolutional filter (i.e. the kernel) and an added scalar bias (i.e. the differential background). Here, we do not solve for the discrete pixel array in the classical, analytical linear least-squares sense. Instead, by making use of PyTorch tensors (GPU compatible multidimensional matrices) and associated deep learning tools, we solve for the kernel via an inherently massively parallel optimization. By casting the DIA problem as a GPU-accelerated optimization that utilizes automatic differentiation tools, our algorithm is both flexible to the choice of scalar objective function, and can perform DIA on astronomical data sets at least an order of magnitude faster than its classical analogue. More generally, we demonstrate that tools developed for machine learning can be used to address generic data analysis and modelling problems.
KIC 5950759: a high-amplitude δ Sct star with amplitude and frequency modulation near the terminal age main sequence
Authors: Bowman D M , Hermans J , Daszyńska-Daszkiewicz J , Holdsworth D L , Tkachenko A , Murphy S J , Smalley B , Kurtz D W 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Among the intermediate mass pulsating stars known as δ Sct stars is a subset of high-amplitude and predominantly radial-mode pulsators known as high-amplitude δ Sct (HADS) stars. From more than 2000 δ Sct stars observed by the Kepler space mission, only two HADS stars were detected. We investigate the more perplexing of these two HADS stars, KIC 5950759. We study its variability using ground- and space-based photometry, determine its atmospheric parameters from spectroscopy and perform asteroseismic modelling to constrain its mass and evolutionary stage. From spectroscopy, we find that KIC 5950759 is a metal-poor star, which is in agreement with the inferred metallicity needed to reproduce its pulsation mode frequencies from non-adiabatic pulsation models. Furthermore, we combine ground-based WASP and Kepler space photometry, and measure a linear change in period of order $\dot{P}/P \simeq 10^{-6}$ yr−1 for both the fundamental and first overtone radial modes across a time base of several years, which is at least two orders of magnitude larger than predicted by evolution models, and is the largest measured period change in a δ Sct star to date. Our analysis indicates that KIC 5950759 is a metal-poor HADS star near the short-lived contraction phase and the terminal-age main sequence, with its sub-solar metallicity making it a candidate SX Phe star. KIC 5950759 is a unique object among the thousands of known δ Sct stars and warrants further study to ascertain why its pulsation modes are evolving remarkably faster than predicted by stellar evolution.
OxDNA.org: a public webserver for coarse-grained simulations of DNA and RNA nanostructures
Authors: Poppleton Erik , Romero Roger , Mallya Aatmik , Rovigatti Lorenzo , Šulc Petr 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
OxDNA and oxRNA are popular coarse-grained models used by the DNA/RNA nanotechnology community to prototype, analyze and rationalize designed DNA and RNA nanostructures. Here, we present oxDNA.org, a graphical web interface for running, visualizing and analyzing oxDNA and oxRNA molecular dynamics simulations on a GPU-enabled high performance computing server. OxDNA.org automatically generates simulation files, including a multi-step relaxation protocol for structures exported in non-physical states from DNA/RNA design tools. Once the simulation is complete, oxDNA.org provides an interactive visualization and analysis interface using the browser-based visualizer oxView to facilitate the understanding of simulation results for a user’s specific structure. This online tool significantly lowers the entry barrier of integrating simulations in the nanostructure design pipeline for users who are not experts in the technical aspects of molecular simulation. The webserver is freely available at oxdna.org.
Is time a healer? Course of demands during the COVID-19 pandemic in long-term care: a repeated cross-sectional survey in Germany
Authors: Hower Kira Isabel , Pfaff Holger , Pförtner Timo-Kolja 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In the course of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, long-term nursing care facilities are faced with general and pandemic-specific demands. In our study, we examined their burden from the perspective of managers in long-term nursing care facilities and how it differed in outpatient and inpatient settings. A cross-sectional online survey of long-term care managers was conducted in April 2020 (n = 503) and December 2020/January 2021 (n = 294). Burdens have increased over the course of the pandemic especially for outpatient facilities and in terms of general demands referring to staff (e.g. (staff shortages and overload) and work organization (e.g. compliance with regulations on working hours or staffing ratio). Concerns about infections of people in need of care and of employees remain the highest burden in the course of the pandemic. This knowledge helps us to draw implications from the pandemic and to prepare for future crises.
The extent of infectious SARS-CoV-2 shedding in an Argentinean cohort
Authors: Blanco Sebastián , Aguilar Juan Javier , Konigheim Brenda Salomé , Diaz Luis Adrian , Spinsanti Lorena , Beranek Mauricio , Collino César ,   Lab Central Córdoba working group, Diaz Miguel , Barbás María Gabriela , Gallego Sandra Verónica 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
To analyze the infectious extent of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) in different settings where prevention strategies are critical to limit infection spread, we evaluated SARS-COV-2 viability to guide public health policies regarding isolation criteria and infection control.

Methods
We attempted viral isolation in 82 nasopharyngeal swabs from 72 patients with confirmed SARS-COV-2 infection. Study population was divided into four groups: (i) Patients during the first week of symptoms; (ii) Patients with prolonged positive PCR; (iii) Healthcare workers from a hospital participating of an outbreak investigation, with SARS-COV-2 infection confirmed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and (iv) Recipients of convalescent immune plasma (CIP).
Vero Cl76 cell-line (ATCC CRL-587) was used in assays for virus isolation. Plasma samples of CIP recipients were also tested with plaque-reduction neutralization test.

Results
We obtained infectious SARS-COV-2 isolates from 15/84 nasopharyngeal swabs. The virus could not be isolated from upper respiratory tract samples collected 10-day after onset of symptoms (AOS) in patients with mild–moderate disease.

Conclusion
The knowledge of the extent of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity AOS is relevant for effective prevention measures. This allows to discuss criteria for end isolation despite persistence of positive PCR and improve timing for hospital discharge with consequent availability of critical beds.
Northern Ireland’s New Offence of Domestic Abuse
Authors: McQuigg Ronagh J A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A specific offence of domestic abuse was introduced in Northern Ireland in March 2021 under section 1 of the Domestic Abuse and Civil Proceedings Act (Northern Ireland) 2021. This represents a crucial development in Northern Ireland’s response to domestic abuse. The new legislation has the effect of criminalizing coercive and controlling behaviour, therefore bringing Northern Ireland into line with the other jurisdictions within the United Kingdom and Ireland, and also with relevant human rights standards. Being the final jurisdiction within the United Kingdom and Ireland to criminalize such behaviour has enabled Northern Ireland’s approach to be informed by the legislation enacted in the other jurisdictions and, in some respects, has allowed Northern Ireland to ‘cherry pick’ the best aspects of the approaches of these jurisdictions. There are also aspects of Northern Ireland’s domestic abuse offence which differ from the approaches in any of the other jurisdictions in question. However, although the enactment of the domestic abuse offence is certainly a very positive development, this will not constitute a complete panacea to the problem of domestic violence in Northern Ireland. Legislation in itself is insufficient as regards addressing domestic abuse, and further sustained efforts are necessary to tackle this issue.
Molecular phylogeny and revised classification of the Buccinoidea (Neogastropoda)
Authors: Kantor Yuri I , Fedosov Alexander E , Kosyan Alisa R , Puillandre Nicolas , Sorokin Pavel A , Kano Yasunori , Clark Roger , Bouchet Philippe 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe superfamily Buccinoidea is distributed across the oceans of the world from the Arctic Ocean to the Antarctic and from intertidal to abyssal depths. It encompasses 3351 recent species in 337 genera. The latest taxonomic account recognized eight full families. For the first time, the monophyly of the superfamily and the relationships among the families are tested with molecular data supplemented by anatomical and radula data. Five genetic markers were used: fragments of mitochondrial COI, 16S rRNA, 12S rRNA and nuclear Histone 3 (H3) and 28S rRNA genes (for 225 species of 117 genera). Our analysis recovered Buccinoidea monophyletic in Bayesian analyses. The relationships between the formerly recognized families and subfamilies are drastically revised and a new classification of the superfamily is here proposed, now including 20 taxa of family rank and 23 subfamilies. Five new families (Chauvetiidae, Dolicholatiridae, Eosiphonidae, Prodotiidae and Retimohniidae) and one subfamily of Nassariidae (Tomliniinae) are described. Austrosiphonidae and Tudiclidae are resurrected from synonymy and employed in a new taxonomical extension. All but 40 recent genera are reclassified. Our results demonstrate that anatomy is rather uniform within the superfamily. With exceptions, the rather uniform radular morphology alone does not allow the allocation of genera to a particular family without additional molecular data.