bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Practical Chemical Actinometry—A Review
Authors: Rabani Joseph , Mamane Hadas , Pousty Dana , Bolton James R. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractActinometers are physical or chemical systems that can be employed to determine photon fluxes. Chemical actinometers are photochemical systems with known quantum yields that can be employed to determine accurate photon fluxes for specific photochemical reactions. This review explores in detail several practical chemical actinometers (ferrioxalate, iodide–iodate, uranyl oxalate, nitrate, uridine, hydrogen peroxide and several actinometers for the vacuum ultraviolet). Each actinometer is described with recommended conditions for its use.
Fatigue influence on inhibitory control: Cardiovascular and performance findings elucidate the role of restraint intensity
Authors: Mlynski Christopher , Reza Ariel , Whitted Melissa , Cox Caytlin , Garsea Anne , Wright Rex A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractVarious papers have detailed an analysis of behavioral restraint that provides suggestions regarding fatigue influence on inhibitory control. A well‐known limited resource model by Baumeister suggests that fatigue should directly impair it. By contrast, the behavioral restraint analysis suggests—first—that fatigue might affect control indirectly by impacting the intensity of restraint. Second, fatigue should impair control consistently only when it leads people to withhold restraint effort. We evaluated these suggestions in an experiment that presented participants a task designed to induce low‐ or high‐ mental fatigue and then challenged them to maintain a neutral facial expression while watching a more‐ or less emotionally evocative film clip. As expected, cardiovascular assessments during the facial restraint period revealed interactional response patterns indicative of opposing fatigue influence on restraint intensity under low‐ as compared to high‐evocativeness conditions. Also as expected, fatigue combined with evocativeness to produce a three versus one pattern of inhibitory control operationalized in terms of the duration of non‐neutral facial displays. Control failure increased with evocativeness only when fatigue was high and increased with fatigue only when evocativeness was high. Findings support the restraint analysis suggestions, extend results from previous research, and bear out the promise of the restraint analysis for advancing understanding of inhibitory control.
Soul‐Switching and the Immateriality of Human Nature: On an Argument Reported by Razi
Authors: Fatoorchi Pirooz 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis article deals with an argument reported by Razi (d. 1210) that attempted to undermine the immaterialist position about human nature. After some introductory remarks and explanation of the conceptual background, the article analyses the structure of the argument, with special attention to the idea of soul‐switching.’ Some comparisons are made between the argument reported by Razi and a number of arguments from modern and contemporary eras of philosophy. One section is devoted to the critique of the argument and its conceptual basis. This article shows that the argument reported by Razi is a methodological antecedent of a family of contemporary epistemological arguments against substance dualism. It is also shown that discussion of the argument could be useful to highlight a weakness in some, but not all, versions of immaterialism about human nature.
High prevalence of weakDtype 42 in a large‐scaleRHDgenotyping program in the province ofQuebec (Canada)
Authors: Leiva‐Torres Gabriel André , Chevrier Marie‐Claire , Constanzo‐Yanez Jessica , Lewin Antoine , Lavoie Josée , Laganière Josée , Baillargeon Nadia , Trépanier Patrick , Robitaille Nancy 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe determination of the RhD phenotype is crucial to avoid alloimmunization, especially in childbearing women. Following the 2015 recommendation from the Work Group onRHDGenotyping, a large‐scaleRHDgenotyping program was implemented in the province of Quebec (Canada) and offered to women ≤45 years old with a serological weak D or discordant results. Since weak D type 42 was previously shown to be prevalent among French Canadians, genotyping for that variant was also performed. Our aim was to report the prevalence of the weak D alleles in the province of Quebec.Study Design and MethodsA retrospective study of 2105 women with serological weak D referred to Hema‐Quebec's immunohematology reference laboratory (IRL) between June 2016 and May 2020 was conducted. Results from the serological tests performed by the referring hospital were compiled andRHDwere genotyped.ResultsMost patients presented at least one serological result ≤2+ before being referred to Hema‐Quebec. Weak D type 42 was the most prevalent variant, representing 17.5% (368/2105) of all individuals tested. Only 15.3% (323/2105) of patients were weak D type 1, 3.3% (69/2105) were type 2, and 8.6% (180/2105) were type 3. Weak D type 42 is highly expressed in regions with low immigration rate and known for their founder effect.ConclusionOurRHDgenotyping program allowed for a better management of weak D. The province of Quebec presents a uniqueRHDgenotype distribution. We confirmed that weak D type 42 is associated with a founder effect found in Caucasian French Canadians.
A case of Philadelphia chromosome‐positive acute lymphocytic leukaemia with type I CD36 deficiency
Authors: Matsui Marina , Kajiwara Koichi , Tsukada Masao , Iwama Kanichi , Yamada Kazunari , Kodo Hideki , Seto Katsuya , Tonami Kaoru , Ando Moe , Matsuhashi Mika , Watanabe‐Okochi Naoko , Tsuno Nelson Hirokazu , Kozai Yasuji 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundCD36 is a glycoprotein expressed on platelets and monocytes of the blood. There are two types of CD36 deficiency, type I and type II. Individuals with type I‐deficiency do not express CD36 in any cell type and can produce the CD36 antibody, which causes pathological conditions, such as fetal/neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) and platelet transfusion refractory (PTR), through antigenic exposure via transfusion or pregnancy.Case presentationWe experienced a case of Philadelphia‐positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with PTR. In addition to the CD36 antibody, multiple‐specificity HLA antibodies were present in the patient's plasma, requiring transfusion of HLA‐compatible and CD36‐negative platelets (PC‐HLA). Since the number of donors was limited, it was necessary to set‐up a blood transfusion schedule so that hyper‐fractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine and doxorubicin therapy (hyper‐CVAD) and ponatinib combination chemotherapy could be safely administered to achieve molecular remission. Rituximab administration resulted in reduced levels of both CD36 antibody and HLA antibody. Given the expression of CD36 on haematopoietic stem cells and the limited availability of CD36‐negative PC‐HLA, haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) was not considered to be an option.ConclusionIf CD36‐negative, allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell donors are unable to be found, the indications for HSCT in patients with type I CD36‐deficiency should be carefully weighed. In the present case, molecular remission has been able to be maintained to the present day after completion of a two‐year maintenance regimen.
Qualifying coronavirus disease 2019 convalescent plasma donors in Israel
Authors: Izak Marina , Gendelman Veronica , Bransburg‐Zabary Sharron , Stoyanov Evgeniy , Gat Roni , Cohen Daniel , Chen Jacob , Maor Yasmin , Benov Avi , Lev Boaz , Zimhony Oren , Shinar Eilat 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesPassive immunization using investigational COVID‐19 convalescent plasma (CCP) is a promising therapeutic strategy and could improve outcome if transfused early and contain high levels of anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies. We report the management of a national CCP collection and distribution program in Israel.Materials and MethodsFrom 1 April 2020 to 15 January 2021, 4020 volunteer donors donated 5221 CCP units and 837 (20.8%) donors donated more than once. Anti‐nucleocapsid IgG antibodies were determined using chemiluminescent immunoassay method (Abbott). A statistical model based on repeated IgG tests in sequential donations was created to predict the time of antibody decline below sample/cut‐off (S/CO) level of 4.0.ResultsNinety‐six percent of CCP donors suffered a mild disease or were asymptomatic. Older donors had higher antibody levels. Higher antibody levels (S/CO ≥4) were detected in 35.2% of the donors. Low positive (S/CO ≥1.4–3.99) were found in 37%, and 27.8% had undetectable antibodies (S/CO ≤1.4). The model predicted decrease antibody thresholds of 0.55%/day since the first CCP donation, providing guidance for the effective timing of future collections from donors with high antibody levels.ConclusionsAn efficient CCP collection and distribution program was achieved, based on performing initial and repeated plasma collections, preferably from donors with higher antibody levels, and only antibody‐rich units were supplied for therapeutic use. The inventory met the quantity and quality standards of the authorities, enabled to respond to the growing demand of the medical system and provide a product that may contribute to improve prognosis in patients with COVID‐19.
Mechanical Enhancement of Graded Nanoporous Structure
Authors: He Lijie , Abdolrahim Niaz 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Inspired by the development of strong and ductile composite and gradient materials over the past decade, here, we report the investigation of a graded nanoporous (NP) structure utilizing molecular dynamics simulations. The structure is generated by inducing a gradient scaling parameter in a Gaussian random field model. It has a large ligament/pore size toward the core and a small ligament/pore size toward the surface. The redistribution of stress and strain under tensile loading is then scrutinized and compared between the functional graded NP structure and two conventional NP structures with identical relative density but constant ligament size. During loading, the thick ligaments in the gradient structure yield at high stress, leading to the entire structure's high mechanical strength. The thin ligaments help the structure accommodate significant plastic strain by promoting uniform deformation. Both parts of the gradient structure worked collectively and resulted in the structure exhibiting a synergy of excellent strength and good deformability.
A Case Study to Overcome Barriers and Enhance Motivations Through Experience of a Variety of Exercises: Theory-Based Intervention on an Overweight and Physically Inactive Adult
Authors: Kang Heon Jin , Wang Chee Keng John , Burns Stephen Francis 
Published: June 2021

A 5-month exercise intervention using self-determination theory was conducted for a physically inactive male adult with a body mass index >25 kg/m2 to overcome perceived exercise barriers and increase autonomous motivation to exercise through a variety of exercise programs. The participant underwent three different forms of exercise programs: trainer guided, self-guided via YouTube channels, and accustomed exercises for 3 hr weekly. The participant completed a questionnaire and body mass index measurement at baseline and during the second, fourth, and fifth months of intervention and kept an exercise log throughout the 5 months. Consultations were conducted during the second and fourth months. At the end of the program, a semistructured interview was conducted. The data showed that psychological needs satisfaction, autonomous motivation, and exercise behavior had improved, while perceived barriers had decreased. This case study provides insight into how a theory-based intervention could effectively promote exercise behavior by targeting psychological factors.
Excess ice loads in the Indian Ocean sector of East Antarctica during the last glacial period
Authors: Ishiwa Takeshige , Okuno Jun'ichi , Suganuma Yusuke 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
An accurate reconstruction of the Antarctic Ice Sheet is essential in order to develop an understanding of ice-sheet responses to global climate changes. However, the erosive nature of ice-sheet expansion and the difficulty of accessing much of Antarctica make it challenging to obtain field-based evidence of ice-sheet and sea-level changes before the Last Glacial Maximum. Limited sedimentary records from Lützow-Holm and Prydz Bays in East Antarctica demonstrate that the sea level during Marine Isotope Stage 3 was close to the present level despite the global sea-level drop lower than −40 m. We demonstrate glacial isostatic adjustment modeling with refined Antarctic Ice Sheet loading histories. Our experiments reveal that the Indian Ocean sector of the Antarctic Ice Sheet would have been required to experience excess ice loads before the Last Glacial Maximum in order to explain the observed sea-level highstands during Marine Isotope Stage 3. As such, we suggest that the Antarctic Ice Sheet partly reached its maximum thickness before the global Last Glacial Maximum.
New Ediacara-type fossils and late Ediacaran stratigraphy from the northern Qaidam Basin (China): Paleogeographic implications
Authors: Pang Ke , Wu Chengxi , Sun Yunpeng , Ouyang Qing , Yuan Xunlai , Shen Bing , Lang Xianguo , Wang Ruimin , Chen Zhe , Zhou Chuanming 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Ediacara-type macrofossils characterize the late Ediacaran Period and are pivotal in understanding the early evolution of animals on the eve of the Cambrian explosion and useful in late Ediacaran biostratigraphy. They have been discovered on almost all major paleocontinents, except the North China and Tarim blocks, as well as on a series of northwest-west–oriented cratonic fragments between the two blocks, including the Olongbuluke terrane of the Qaidam block, where the terminal Ediacaran successions developed. We report a newly discovered terminal Ediacaran biotic assemblage, the Quanjishan assemblage, containing Ediacara-type fossils from the Zhoujieshan Formation of the Quanji Group in the Olongbuluke terrane, Qaidam Basin, northwestern China. The Quanjishan assemblage is dominated by the non-biomineralized tubular taxon Shaanxilithes, which has the potential to be a terminal Ediacaran index fossil, and by the iconic frondose rangeomorph Charnia, which represents the only unambiguous Ediacara-type fossil discovered in northwestern China. The co-occurrence of Charnia and Shaanxilithes from the Quanjishan assemblage likely constrains the depositional age of the Zhoujieshan Formation to be terminal Ediacaran (ca. 550–539 Ma) and the immediately underlying Hongtiegou diamictites to be late Ediacaran, probably representing post-Gaskiers glacial deposition. The occurrence of post-Gaskiers Ediacaran glaciation and similarities between the late Ediacaran – early Paleozoic lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic sequences in the Olongbuluke terrane of the Qaidam block and the North China block suggest that these two blocks may have been located close to each other during this time period, and situated in the middle to high latitudes instead of the equatorial region.
Reorienting the West African craton in Paleoproterozoic–Mesoproterozoic supercontinent Nuna
Authors: Gong Zheng , Evans David A.D. , Youbi Nasrrddine , Lahna Abdelhak Ait , Söderlund Ulf , Malek Malika Ait , Wen Bin , Jing Xianqing , Ding Jikai , Boumehdi Moulay A. , Ernst Richard E. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The location of the West African craton (WAC) has been poorly constrained in the Paleoproterozoic–Mesoproterozoic supercontinent Nuna (also known as Columbia). Previous Nuna reconstruction models suggested that the WAC was connected to Amazonia in a way similar to their relative position in Gondwana. By an integrated paleomagnetic and geochronological study of the Proterozoic mafic dikes in the Anti-Atlas Belt, Morocco, we provide two reliable paleomagnetic poles to test this connection. Incorporating our new poles with quality-filtered poles from the neighboring cratons of the WAC, we propose an inverted WAC-Amazonia connection, with the northern WAC attached to northeastern Amazonia, as well as a refined configuration of Nuna. Global large igneous province records also conform to our new reconstruction. The inverted WAC-Amazonia connection suggests a substantial change in their relative orientation from Nuna to Gondwana, providing an additional example of large-magnitude cumulative azimuthal rotations between adjacent continental blocks over supercontinental cycles.
Tectonic controls on basement exhumation in the southern Rocky Mountains (United States): The power of combined zircon (U-Th)/He and K-feldspar 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology
Authors: Ricketts Jason W. , Roiz Jacoup , Karlstrom Karl E. , Heizler Matthew T. , Guenthner William R. , Timmons J. Michael 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe Great Unconformity of the Rocky Mountain region (western North America), where Precambrian crystalline basement is nonconformably overlain by Phanerozoic strata, represents the removal of as much as 1.5 b.y. of rock record during 10-km-scale basement exhumation. We evaluate the timing of exhumation of basement rocks at five locations by combining geologic data with multiple thermochronometers. 40Ar/39Ar K-feldspar multi-diffusion domain (MDD) modeling indicates regional multi-stage basement cooling from 275 to 150 °C occurred at 1250–1100 Ma and/or 1000–700 Ma. Zircon (U-Th)/He (ZHe) dates from the Rocky Mountains range from 20 to 864 Ma, and independent forward modeling of ZHe data is also most consistent with multi-stage cooling. ZHe inverse models at five locations, combined with K-feldspar MDD and sample-specific geochronologic and/or thermochronologic constraints, document multiple pulses of basement cooling from 250 °C to surface temperatures with a major regional basement exhumation event 1300–900 Ma, limited cooling in some samples during the 770–570 Ma breakup of Rodinia and/or the 717–635 Ma snowball Earth, and ca. 300 Ma Ancestral Rocky Mountains cooling. These data argue for a tectonic control on basement exhumation leading up to formation of the Precambrian-Cambrian Great Unconformity and document the formation of composite erosional surfaces developed by faulting and differential uplift.
Characterising the background incidence rates of adverse events of special interest for covid-19 vaccines in eight countries: multinational network cohort study
Authors: Li Xintong , Ostropolets Anna , Makadia Rupa , Shoaibi Azza , Rao Gowtham , Sena Anthony G , Martinez-Hernandez Eugenia , Delmestri Antonella , Verhamme Katia , Rijnbeek Peter R , Duarte-Salles Talita , Suchard Marc A , Ryan Patrick B , Hripcsak George , Prieto-Alhambra Daniel 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Objective
To quantify the background incidence rates of 15 prespecified adverse events
of special interest (AESIs) associated with covid-19 vaccines.

Design
Multinational network cohort study.

Setting
Electronic health records and health claims data from eight countries:
Australia, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Spain, the United
Kingdom, and the United States, mapped to a common data model.

Participants
126 661 070 people observed for at least 365 days before 1 January 2017,
2018, or 2019 from 13 databases.

Main outcome measures
Events of interests were 15 prespecified AESIs (non-haemorrhagic and
haemorrhagic stroke, acute myocardial infarction, deep vein thrombosis,
pulmonary embolism, anaphylaxis, Bell’s palsy, myocarditis or pericarditis,
narcolepsy, appendicitis, immune thrombocytopenia, disseminated
intravascular coagulation, encephalomyelitis (including acute disseminated
encephalomyelitis), Guillain-Barré syndrome, and transverse myelitis).
Incidence rates of AESIs were stratified by age, sex, and database. Rates
were pooled across databases using random effects meta-analyses and
classified according to the frequency categories of the Council for
International Organizations of Medical Sciences.

Results
Background rates varied greatly between databases. Deep vein thrombosis
ranged from 387 (95% confidence interval 370 to 404) per 100 000 person
years in UK CPRD GOLD data to 1443 (1416 to 1470) per 100 000 person years
in US IBM MarketScan Multi-State Medicaid data among women aged 65 to 74
years. Some AESIs increased with age. For example, myocardial infarction
rates in men increased from 28 (27 to 29) per 100 000 person years among
those aged 18-34 years to 1400 (1374 to 1427) per 100 000 person years in
those older than 85 years in US Optum electronic health record data. Other
AESIs were more common in young people. For example, rates of anaphylaxis
among boys and men were 78 (75 to 80) per 100 000 person years in those aged
6-17 years and 8 (6 to 10) per 100 000 person years in those older than 85
years in Optum electronic health record data. Meta-analytic estimates of
AESI rates were classified according to age and sex.

Conclusion
This study found large variations in the observed rates of AESIs by age group
and sex, showing the need for stratification or standardisation before using
background rates for safety surveillance. Considerable population level
heterogeneity in AESI rates was found between databases.
Development and psychometric testing of a Learning Behaviour Questionnaire among Chinese undergraduate nursing students
Authors: Wu Yifan , Qi Li , Liu Yu , Hao Xinyi , Zang Shuang 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveThis study aimed to develop and validate a new Learning Behaviour Questionnaire (LBQ) for the undergraduate nursing students.Study designThis study was performed in two phases. Phase 1 of the study focused on questionnaire development to create a pool of items, while phase 2 focused on validity and reliability testing.MethodsSemistructured interviews were used to explore nursing undergraduates’ perception of learning behaviour. A two-round modified Delphi method was used to test content validity and quantify the degree of consistency in questionnaire items. An item analysis, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA), a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and an internal consistency reliability check were conducted. Criterion-related validity was demonstrated through correlations with Self-Regulated Learning Scale for Undergraduates (SRLS-U). A sample of 114 nursing students was evaluated in test–retest reliability to confirm stability.ResultsThe final LBQ consisted of four factors for the 19-item questionnaire with a 5-point rating from ‘1’ (Fully disagree) to ‘5’ (fully agree). The content validity was 0.890. EFA revealed the presence of four factors, including ‘strategy’, ‘attitude’, ‘motivation’ and ‘degree of satisfaction’. The CFA indicated good fit indexes for the proposed model (χ2/df=1.866, root mean square residual=0.037, comparative fit index =0.950, goodness-of-fit index =0.929, Tucker-Lewis index=0.941, adjusted goodness-of-fit index=0.907 and root mean square error of approximation=0.049). The LBQ correlated significantly with SRLS-U subscales (r=0.742–0.837, p<0.01). The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the whole questionnaire was 0.936, while the Cronbach’s alphas of the four factors were 0.828, 0.826, 0.804 and 0.805, respectively. The test–retest reliabilities of the four factors were 0.886, 0.904, 0.852 and 0.875, respectively.ConclusionThe validity and reliability of the LBQ were satisfying. The LBQ is a short, well-developed questionnaire that can serve as a generic assessment tool for measuring learning behaviour for Chinese undergraduate nursing students.Cite Now