bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Equity and Justice in Climate Change Adaptation: Policy and Practical Implication in Nigeria
Authors: Oramah Chinwe Philomina , Olsen Odd Einar 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOver the past decade, justice and equity have become a quasi-universal answer to problems of environmental governance. The principles of justice and equity emerged as a useful entry point in global governance to explore the responsibilities, distribution, and procedures required for just climate change adaptation. These principles are designed primarily through the establishment of funding mechanisms, top-down guides, and frameworks for adaptation, and other adaptation instruments from the UNFCCC process, to ensure effective adaptation for vulnerable countries like Nigeria that have contributed least to the issue of climate change but lack adaptive capacity. Global adaptation instruments have been acknowledged for adaptation in Nigeria. Climate change has a detrimental impact on Nigeria as a nation, with the burden falling disproportionately on the local government areas. As Nigeria develop national plans and policies to adapt to the consequences of climate change, these plans will have significant consequences for local government areas where adaptation practices occur. Although the local government’s adaptation burden raises the prospects for justice and equity, its policy and practical implication remains less explored. This chapter explores the principles of justice and equity in national adaptation policy and adaptation practices in eight local government areas in southeast Nigeria. The chapter argues that some factors make it challenging to achieve equity and justice in local adaptation practices. With the use of a qualitative approach (interview (n = 52), observation, and document analysis), this chapter identified some of the factors that constraints equity and justice in local government adaptation in southeast Nigeria.
Retracing Economic Impact of Climate Change Disasters in Africa: Case Study of Drought Episodes and Adaptation in Kenya
Authors: Nthambi Mary , Ijioma Uche Dickson 
Published: May 2021

AbstractValuation studies have shown that drought occurrences have more severe economic impact compared to other natural disasters such as floods. In Kenya, drought has presented complex negative effects on farming communities. The main objective of this chapter is to analyze the economic impacts of drought and identify appropriate climate change adaptation measures in Kenya. To achieve this objective, an empirical approach, combined with secondary data mined from World Bank Climate Knowledge Portal and FAOSTAT databases, has been used in three main steps. First, historical links between population size and land degradation, temperature and rainfall changes with drought events were established. Second, economic impacts of drought on selected economic indicators such as quantities of staple food crop, average food value production, number of undernourished people, gross domestic product, agriculture value added growth, and renewable water resources per annum in Kenya were evaluated. Third, different climate change adaptation measures among farmers in Makueni county were identified using focused group discussions and in-depth interviews, for which the use of bottom-up approach was used to elicit responses. Findings from the binary logistic regression model show a statistical relationship between drought events and a selected set of economic indicators. More specifically, drought events have led to increased use of pesticides, reduced access to credit for agriculture and the annual growth of gross domestic product. One of the main recommendations of this chapter is to involve farmers in designing and implementing community-based climate change adaptation measures, with support from other relevant stakeholders.
Bioeconomy as Climate Action: How Ready Are African Countries?
Authors: Oguntuase Oluwaseun James , Adu Oluwatosin Benedict 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBioeconomy is a new perspective for fighting climate change. Africa is warming faster than the global average, and climate change remains a major threat on the continent for coming decades. The development of sustainable bioeconomy is extremely important in Africa to accelerate mitigation and adaptation to climate change. However, this concept is not well diffused on the continent. The objective of this chapter is to present the current state of bioeconomy in Africa and the readiness of the member countries to adopt bioeconomy as climate action, with particular attention to the state of production determinants of a bioeconomy. The main factors and trends (both positive and negative), relating to building strategic capacity towards employing bioeconomy for climate action on the continent, are outlined. The findings and recommendations will assist both the academia and policymakers in Africa to integrate bioeconomy into their national and regional climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies and action plans.
Sustainable Climate Change Adaptation in Developing Countries: Role of Perception Among Rural Households
Authors: Fasina Oluwatosin Oluwasegun , Okogbue Emmanuel Chilekwu , Ishola Oluwatosin Omowunmi , Adeeko Abiodun 
Published: May 2021

AbstractClimate change adaptation entails exploiting not only economically but also environmentally beneficial strategies by all stakeholders. However, the successful implementation of adaptation actions is also subject to the perception of climate change, usually influenced by knowledge, experiences, and sociocultural factors including gender relations, among the target group. This chapter analyzes the perception of climate change among rural households in Southwest Nigeria and ascertains the coping and adaptation strategies in use among the households. A total of 239 respondents were interviewed across the vegetative zones available in the study area. Findings revealed that 54.8% were involved in crop farming. About 51.0% and 45.6% practiced change in sowing date and harvest date, respectively. Respondents’ perception had a significant relationship with adaptation measures such as change in harvest date (χ2 = 56.753, p = 0.026), planting improved varieties (χ2 = 55.866, p = 0.031), and mixed cropping (χ2 = 55.433, p = 0.042). Respondents had a favorable perception of climate change. The study concluded that although their perception of climate change was favorable and indicated their understanding of its negative effects on their livelihoods, it did not take cognizance of women’s insecure access to production resources. It recommended the development of easily accessible weather forecasts to aid livelihood decisions and enlightenment on improved women’s access to production resources and biodiversity protection.
Impact of Moisture Flux and Vertical Wind Shear on Forecasting Extreme Rainfall Events in Nigeria
Authors: Olaniyan Olumide A. , Ajayi Vincent O. , Lawal Kamoru A. , Akeh Ugbah Paul 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis chapter investigates extreme rainfall events that caused flood during summer months of June–September 2010–2014. The aim is to determine the impact of horizontal moisture flux divergence (HMFD) and vertical wind shear on forecasting extreme rainfall events over Nigeria. Wind divergence and convective available potential energy (CAPE) were also examined to ascertain their threshold values during the events. The data used include rainfall observation from 40 synoptic stations across Nigeria, reanalyzed datasets from ECMWF at 0.125° × 0.125° resolution and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) dataset at resolution of 0.25° × 0.25°. The ECMWF datasets for the selected days were employed to derive the moisture flux divergence, wind shear, and wind convergence. The derived meteorological parameters and the CAPE were spatially analyzed and superimposed on the precipitation obtained from the satellite data. The mean moisture flux and CAPE for some northern Nigerian stations were also plotted for 3 days prior to and 3 days after the storm. The result showed that HMFD and CAPE increased few days before the storm and peak on the day of the storms, and then declined afterwards. HMFD values above 1.0 × 10−6 g kg−1 s−1 is capable of producing substantial amount of rainfall mostly above 50 mm while wind shear has a much weaker impact on higher rainfall amount than moisture availability. CAPE above 1000 Jkg−1 and 1500 Jk−1 are favorable for convection over the southern and northern Nigeria, respectively. The study recommends quantitative analysis of moisture flux as a valuable short-term severe storm predictor and should be considered in the prediction of extreme rainfall.
Different Tumor Microenvironments Lead to Different Metabolic Phenotypes
Authors: Antonio Marjorie Justine , Zhang Cissy , Le Anne 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe beginning of the twenty-first century offered new advances in cancer research, including new knowledge about the tumor microenvironment (TME). Because TMEs provide the niches in which cancer cells, fibroblasts, lymphocytes, and immune cells reside, they play a crucial role in cancer cell development, differentiation, survival, and proliferation. Throughout cancer progression, the TME constantly evolves, causing cancer cells to adapt to the new conditions. The heterogeneity of cancer, evidenced by diverse proliferation rates, cellular structures, metabolisms, and gene expressions, presents challenges for cancer treatment despite the advances in research. This chapter discusses how different TMEs lead to specific metabolic adaptations that drive cancer progression.
Metabolism of Immune Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment
Authors: Jung Jin G. , Le Anne 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex biological structure surrounding tumor cells and includes blood vessels, immune cells, fibroblasts, adipocytes, and extracellular matrix (ECM) [1, 2]. These heterogeneous surrounding structures provide nutrients, metabolites, and signaling molecules to provide a cancer-friendly environment. The metabolic interplay between immune cells and cancer cells in the TME is a key feature not only for understanding tumor biology but also for discovering cancer cells’ vulnerability. As cancer immunotherapy to treat cancer patients and the use of metabolomics technologies become more and more common [3], the importance of the interplay between cancer cells and immune cells in the TME is emerging with respect to not only cell-to-cell interactions but also metabolic pathways. This interaction between immune cells and cancer cells is a complex and dynamic process in which immune cells act as a determinant factor of cancer cells’ fate and vice versa. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the metabolic interplay between immune cells and cancer cells and discuss the therapeutic opportunities as a result of this interplay in order to define targets for cancer treatment. It is important to understand and identify therapeutic targets that interrupt this cancerpromoting relationship between cancer cells and the surrounding immune cells, allowing for maximum efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors as well as other genetic and cellular therapies.
The Heterogeneity Metabolism of Renal Cell Carcinomas
Authors: Zarisfi Mohammadreza , Nguyen Tu , Nedrow Jessie R. , Le Anne 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAccording to data from the American Cancer Society, cancer is one of the deadliest health problems globally. Annually, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) causes more than 100,000 deaths worldwide [1–4], posing an urgent need to develop effective treatments to increase patient survival outcomes. New therapies are expected to address a major factor contributing to cancer’s resistance to standard therapies: oncogenic heterogeneity. Gene expression can vary tremendously among different types of cancers, different patients of the same tumor type, and even within individual tumors; various metabolic phenotypes can emerge, making singletherapy approaches insufficient. Novel strategies targeting the diverse metabolism of cancers aim to overcome this obstacle. Though some have yielded positive results, it remains a challenge to uncover all of the distinct metabolic profiles of RCC. In the quest to overcome this obstacle, the metabolic oriented research focusing on these cancers has offered freshly new perspectives, which are expected to contribute heavily to the development of new treatments.
The Heterogeneity of Liver Cancer Metabolism
Authors: Salazar Javier , Le Anne 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPrimary liver cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death around the world. Histologically, it can be divided into two major groups, hepatocellular carcinoma (75% of all liver cancer) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (15% of all liver cancer) [1, 2]. Primary liver cancer usually happens in liver disease or cirrhosis patients [1], and the risk factors for developing HCC depend on the etiology [3] and the country of provenance [1]. There is an urgent need for an accurate diagnostic test given the high proportion of false positives and false negatives for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), a common HCC biomarker [4]. Due to often being diagnosed in advanced stages, HCCrelated deaths per year have doubled since 1999 [3]. With the use of metabolomics technologies [5], the aberrant metabolism characteristics of cancer tissues can be discovered and exploited for the new biomarkers and new therapies to treat HCC [6, 7].
Fiction Film and History
Authors: Greiner Rasmus 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAs well as taking stock of the existing literature on film and history, this chapter aims to develop a terminological apparatus for describing the conceptual core of the historical film. The first section makes reference to a classicsemiological modelaccording to which a film’s production of meaning is determined by its specific arrangement of signs. It draws parallels to debates within historical studies that have enabled a reassessment of fiction film as a historiographical medium and mode of conceptualizing history. Building on these considerations, the second section posits a genre of popular fiction film defined by its referential relation to historical events, individuals, and lifeworlds. The third section argues that this is less a matter of incontrovertible factual accuracy than of generating afeeling of authenticity.
Audiovisual History
Authors: Greiner Rasmus 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe aim of this chapter is to consider relevant theories of visual and audio history whose ontologies a histosphere absorbs and elaborates. The first section surveys the relatively new field of visual history. It argues that a histosphere creates not just disparate images but a visual sphere in which history is brought to life. Research into audio history is an even newer and less developed field. The second section therefore sketches the outlines of an audio history of film and examines the aesthetics and function of film sound, understood as an equally important expressive dimension of histospheres. The two aspects are brought together in the third section: The fusion of sound and vision makes the historical film not just a model of a historical world, but a form of perception in its own right.
Film/History/Experience
Authors: Greiner Rasmus 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis chapter describes the interactions and intersections between film experience and historical experience. The first section introduces the phenomenological theories underpinning the notion offilm experienceand applies them to the historical film. Focusing on concepts of embodied film perception, it discusses the spectator’s impression of making direct contact with a film’s historical world. This imaginary contact with history bears similarities to Frank R. Ankersmit’s theory ofhistorical experience, which is examined in the second section. The interconnections between Ankersmit’s concept and Vivian Sobchack’s phenomenological theory of film experience are considered in greater depth in the third section. The aim is to develop a concept of histospheres in which sensuous and cognitive perceptions are fused into a unifiedcinematic experienceof history.
Modeling and Perceiving
Authors: Greiner Rasmus 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe aim of this chapter is to develop a theory of how filmic figurations are already fused with conceptions of history during the mise-en-scène process, and thereby enable historical experiences. The first section will therefore examine the theoretical concept of figuration and the special relation betweencinematic illusionandhistorical reference. The second section analyzes the strategies used by historical films to create filmic spaces and model an internally consistent, temporally arranged historical world. Building on this, the third section proposes that, for historical films, the film theory concept of mise-en-scène should be supplemented by a concept ofmise-en-histoire: the imaginative referentialization of the historical worlds constructed by a film.
Experience and Remembering
Authors: Greiner Rasmus 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis chapter shows that forms of experience and memory are not mere effects but constitutive processes of histospheres. Accordingly, the first section explores the complex interrelationship between film, body, and memory. It argues that embodied memories make it possible to experience a film’s historical world as a physical reality, and add a bodily experiential dimension to the mise-en-histoire. Building on these considerations, the second section combines them with theories of media-generated memories: Histospheres draw not just on existing embodied memories and conceptions of history, but are actively involved in producing personal experiences with identity-forging potential. The third section examines the workings of reminiscence triggers, whereby filmic figurations link the film’s historical world to the spectator’s embodied memories and produce a kind of déjà vu effect.
Refiguring Historical Consciousness
Authors: Greiner Rasmus 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBy way of conclusion, this chapter examines the relationship between historical films and theories of historical culture. At the heart of its discussion is the thesis that appropriation of histospheres in spectators’ reception has a refigurative effect on our historical consciousness. On this view, the historical experiences generated by films augment the conceptions of history we have acquired from written accounts and sources with a physical-sensory dimension. Consequently, this chapter argues that two new forms of remembering make a substantial contribution to transforming our historical culture: The reminiscence triggers integrated in the audiovisual design of a historical film prompt spontaneous or “unbidden” memories that come to us contingently and are essentially receptive. The mise-en-histoire’s referentialization, by contrast, is a productive act of remembering.
Numerals in Financial Narratives
Authors: Chen Chung-Chi , Huang Hen-Hsen , Chen Hsin-Hsi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNumerals are more common in financial narratives than in documents from other domains, which makes understanding numerals very important when analyzing financial documents. In this chapter, we summarize our work on numerals in financial narratives and share findings from the FinNum shared task series in the 14th and 15th NTCIR Conferences. In Sect. 5.1, we discuss how to understand the meaning of a given numeral, and in Sect. 5.2, we discuss numeral attachment, where we link numerals and named entities. In Sect. 5.3, we show experimental results from downstream tasks that demonstrate the importance of numeral understanding in financial narratives. We conclude by proposing future research directions in Sect. 5.4.
Perspectives and Conclusion
Authors: Chen Chung-Chi , Huang Hen-Hsen , Chen Hsin-Hsi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this book, we started by describing the components of financial opinions as well as opinion sources in the financial domain. Then, we surveyed options for modeling financial opinions, and discussed in detail one fundamental characteristic of financial narratives: numerals. We also listed numerous applications and research directions. We have thus described financial opinion mining and have provided essential examples to illustrate various concepts. In this final chapter, we organize future directions and summarize the ideas in the book.
Bottomonium suppression in an open quantum system using the quantum trajectories method
Authors: Brambilla Nora , Escobedo Miguel Ángel , Strickland Michael , Vairo Antonio , Griend Peter Vander , Weber Johannes Heinrich 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We solve the Lindblad equation describing the Brownian motion of a Coulombic heavy quark-antiquark pair in a strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma using the highly efficient Monte Carlo wave-function method. The Lindblad equation has been derived in the framework of pNRQCD and fully accounts for the quantum and non-Abelian nature of the system. The hydrodynamics of the plasma is realistically implemented through a 3+1D dissipative hydrodynamics code. We compute the bottomonium nuclear modification factor and compare with the most recent LHC data. The computation does not rely on any free parameter, as it depends on two transport coefficients that have been evaluated independently in lattice QCD. Our final results, which include late-time feed down of excited states, agree well with the available data from LHC 5.02 TeV PbPb collisions.
Non-relativistic and Carrollian limits of Jackiw-Teitelboim gravity
Authors: Gomis Joaquim , Hidalgo Diego , Salgado-Rebolledo Patricio 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We construct the non-relativistic and Carrollian versions of Jackiw-Teitelboim gravity. In the second order formulation, there are no divergences in the non-relativistic and Carrollian limits. Instead, in the first order formalism, some divergences can be avoided by starting from a relativistic BF theory with (A)dS2 × ℝ gauge algebra. We show how to define the boundary duals of the gravity actions using the method of non-linear realisations and suitable Inverse Higgs constraints. In particular, the non-relativistic version of the Schwarzian action is constructed in this way. We derive the asymptotic symmetries of the theory, as well as the corresponding conserved charges and Newton-Cartan geometric structure. Finally, we show how the same construction applies to the Carrollian case.
Integrability, intertwiners and non-linear algebras in Calogero models
Authors: Carrillo-Morales Francisca , Correa Francisco , Lechtenfeld Olaf 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
For the rational quantum Calogero systems of type A1⊕A2, AD3 and BC3, we explicitly present complete sets of independent conserved charges and their nonlinear algebras. Using intertwining (or shift) operators, we include the extra ‘odd’ charges appearing for integral couplings. Formulæ for the energy eigenstates are used to tabulate the low-level wave functions.