bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the effect of ghrelin on bone fracture healing in rats
Authors: Erener Tamer , Ceritoğlu Kubilay Uğurcan , Aktekin Cem Nuri , Dalgic Ali Deniz , Keskin Dilek , Geneci Ferhat , Ocak Mert , Bilecenoğlu Burak , Hücümenoğlu Sema , Çaydere Muzaffer , Şeneş Mehmet , Sezgin Özge 
Published: June 2021

AbstractGhrelin is known to have effects on proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and improvement of bone mineral density in rats. However, no experimental research on ghrelin's effects on fracture healing has been reported. In this context, the effect of ghrelin on the union of femoral shaft fractures was examined in this study by evaluating whether ghrelin will directly contribute to fracture healing. Forty male Wistar‐Albino rats were divided into two groups as control and experimental (ghrelin treated) and standard closed shaft fractures were created in the left femurs of all rats. Daily ghrelin injections were applied to the experimental groups and equal numbers of rats were killed after 14 and 28 days following fracture formation. Tissue samples were examined with radiological, biomechanical, biochemical and histological analyses. Densitometry study showed that bone mineral density was improved after 28 days of ghrelin treatment compared to control. On histological examination, at the end of the 14 and 28 days of recovery, significant union was observed in the ghrelin‐treated group. The ghrelin‐treated group had higher breaking strength and stiffness at the end of 28 days of recovery. Biochemically, ALP levels were found to be higher in the ghrelin‐treated group at the end of 28 days of recovery. Results showed that ghrelin directly contributes to fracture healing and it is promising to consider the effect of ghrelin on fracture healing in human studies with pharmacological applications.
Structural, Kinematic and Geochronological Study of the Main Tianshan Shear Zone in the Borohoro Ranges, NW China
Authors: LIU Tianlun , CHEN Siyu , ZHANG Bo , CAI Keda , HAN Baofu , QU Junfeng , GUO Lei , WANG Meng 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe western segment of the Main Tianshan shear zone (MTSZ) branches into three major dextral strike‐slip shear zones in the Borohoro Ranges, northwestern China. Mylonitic rocks within these zones exhibit vertical foliations, subhorizontal lineations, and dextral kinematics. The microstructures and CPO patterns of calcite and quartz in the tectonites suggest shearing at temperatures of 200°C to 500°C or above. The amount of dextral displacement along the zones is less than 100 km. LA‐ICP‐MS U‐Pb dating of zircons from some pre‐kinematic granites gave ages of 364–325 Ma and 316 Ma, and zircons from a syn‐kinematic leucogranite gave an age of 291 Ma. We propose that dextral shearing along the MTSZ started in the earliest Permian. Our data indicate that collision between the Yili and Junggar plates might have finished before 325 Ma or 316 Ma, with a tectonic transformation from 325 Ma to 300 Ma, resulting in intracontinental transpression from 300 Ma or 291 Ma. We suggest that the formation of the Kazakhstan orocline (KO) took place in two stages, with the early stage of bending driven by convergence related to oblique subduction, and the late stage possibly associated with lateral disarticulation as a result of the dextral strike‐slip shear zones.
Patterns of care and outcomes of men with germ cell tumors in a high‐volume Australian center
Authors: Arasaratnam Malmaruha , Balakrishnar Bavanthi , Crumbaker Megan , Turner Sandra , Hayden Amy J , Brooks Andrew , Patel Manish I , Lau Howard , Woo Henry , Bariol Simon , Gurney Howard 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAimTo evaluate disease presentation, treatment practices, and outcomes of patients with germ cell tumor (GCT) treated in a high‐volume cancer center in Australia.MethodsThis is a retrospective analysis of 609 patients diagnosed with GCT in the Sydney West Cancer Network between 1990 and 2013. Cause and date of death, and second malignancy information was sourced from The Centre for Health Record Linkage.ResultsThe median age was 33 years (range, 14‐85). Primary site was testis in 590 (96.9%), mediastinum in nine (1.5%), and retroperitoneum in nine (1.5%). History of undescended testis was present in 48 (7.9%). Pure seminoma was seen in 334 (54.8%), with 274 (82.0%) being stage I. There was a decline in use of adjuvant radiotherapy from 83% in 1990‐1997 to 29% in 2006‐2013. Nonseminoma GCT (NSGCT) was diagnosed in 275 (45.2%), with 162 (58.9%) being stage 1. Active surveillance has increased as the initial treatment, from 58% between 1990 and 1997 to 89% between 2006 and 2013. Metastatic disease at presentation was seen in 162 (26.6%): 55 (34.0%) seminoma and 107 (66.0%) NSGCT. With median of 15‐year follow‐up, 18 (3.0%) have died from GCT and 70 (11.5%) from all causes. Ten‐year overall survival was 93% and GCT‐specific survival was 97%. Forty patients developed a secondary malignancy, with 38 receiving chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or both.ConclusionsThis large Australian series illustrates a changing pattern of care and outcomes and compares them favorably with other series. This serves as a basis for future comparison of outcomes for this malignancy.
Case report of a clinically indolent but morphologically high‐grade cutaneous mast cell tumor in an adult: Atypical cutaneous mastocytoma or mast cell sarcoma?
Authors: Wardle Claire L. W. , Oldhoff J. Marja , Diepstra Arjan , Valent Peter , Horny Hans‐Peter , Oude Elberink Hanneke N. G. , Kluin Philip M. , Diercks Gilles F. H. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe present a case of an adult male with a solitary mast cell tumor of the skin with unusual nuclear pleomorphism and mitotic activity. The tumor was excised, recurred within 2 years, was reexcised after 4 years and did not recur >6 years after diagnosis. The tumor showed progressive cytonuclear atypia and a high mitotic and proliferation rate by Ki67‐staining from the onset. No KIT mutations were identified in the tumor and bone marrow. Serum tryptase levels and a bone marrow aspirate and trephine biopsy were normal. Although the histomorphology of the skin tumor was consistent with mast cell sarcoma, the clinical behavior without systemic progression argued against this diagnosis. The tumor was finally considered as atypical mastocytoma, borderline to mast cell sarcoma. Currently, the patient is in close follow‐up and still in complete remission.
Nudges for better voters
Authors: Maloberti Nicolás 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe last decade has produced a large literature on the public policy implications of behavioural research. Policymakers, in turn, have increasingly relied on ‘choice architecture’ or ‘nudges’ to address some of the consequences of individuals' judgment and decision‐making biases documented by that research. However, the possibilities for mitigating the effects of individuals' biases in the realm of collective choice have not yet been exhaustively explored. This article suggests possible applications of behavioural research to mitigate the negative effects of voters' judgment and decision‐making biases on the quality of democratic choice.
Attitudes to wealth in seven countries: The Social Envy Coefficient and the Rich Sentiment Index
Authors: Zitelmann Rainer 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBased on surveys of attitudes towards the wealthy in the United States, Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Spain and Sweden, we calculate the Social Envy Coefficient, which depicts social envy in each country. This is complemented by the Personality Trait Coefficient, which shows whether respondents attribute positive or negative personality traits to the rich. These two coefficients are combined to form the basis of the Rich Sentiment Index, which reveals that the French, the Spanish and the Germans are more critical of the rich than the Swedes, the Americans and the British. Italy occupies the middle ground, where the young are far more positive towards the rich than the old.
European Academy of Neurology and European Federation of Neurorehabilitation Societies guideline on pharmacological support in early motor rehabilitation after acute ischaemic stroke
Authors: Beghi Ettore , Binder Heinrich , Birle Codruta , Bornstein Natan , Diserens Karin , Groppa Stanislav , Homberg Volker , Lisnic Vitalie , Pugliatti Maura , Randall Gary , Saltuari Leopold , Strilciuc Stefan , Vester Johannes , Muresanu Dafin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackground and purposeEarly pharmacological support for post‐stroke neurorehabilitation has seen an abundance of mixed results from clinical trials, leaving practitioners at a loss regarding the best options to improve patient outcomes. The objective of this evidence‐based guideline is to support clinical decision‐making of healthcare professionals involved in the recovery of stroke survivors.MethodsThis guideline was developed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework. PubMed, Cochrane Library and Embase were searched (from database inception to June 2018, inclusive) to identify studies on pharmacological interventions for stroke rehabilitation initiated in the first 7 days (inclusive) after stroke, which were delivered together with neurorehabilitation. A sensitivity analysis was conducted on identified interventions to address results from breaking studies (from end of search to February 2020).ResultsUpon manually screening 17,969 unique database entries (of 57,001 original query results), interventions underwent meta‐analysis. Cerebrolysin (30 ml/day, intravenous, minimum 10 days) and citalopram (20 mg/day, oral) are recommended for clinical use for early neurorehabilitation after acute ischaemic stroke. The remaining interventions identified by our systematic search are not recommended for clinical use: amphetamine (5, 10 mg/day, oral), citalopram (10 mg/day, oral), dextroamphetamine (10 mg/day, oral), Di‐Huang‐Yi‐Zhi (2 × 18 g/day, oral), fluoxetine (20 mg/day, oral), lithium (2 × 300 mg/day, oral), MLC601(3 × 400 mg/day, oral), phosphodiesterase‐5 inhibitor PF‐03049423 (6 mg/day, oral). No recommendation ‘for’ or ‘against’ is provided for selegiline (5 mg/day, oral). Issues with safety and tolerability were identified for amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, fluoxetine and lithium.ConclusionsThis guideline provides information for clinicians regarding existing pharmacological support in interventions for neurorecovery after acute ischaemic stroke. Updates to this material will potentially elucidate existing conundrums, improve current recommendations, and hopefully expand therapeutic options for stroke survivors.
Prevalence and factors associated with hypertension among school children and adolescents in urban and semi‐urban areas in Cameroon
Authors: Nganou‐Gnindjio Chris Nadège , Essama Doris Bibi , Nkeck Jan René , Tchebegna Patrick Yvan , Tchatchouang Kiliane Maeva , Tankeu Aurel , Kamgno Joseph 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFew data to date exist on pediatric hypertension (PH) prevalence and risk factors in semi‐urban areas in Cameroon, and they are believed to be the same as urban areas. These data are needed to design targeted preventive strategies and contribute to reducing the burden of PH in Cameroon and countries with equivalent standards of care. The authors conducted a cross‐sectional study, from November, 2017 to June, 2018, in primary and secondary schools, from semi‐urban (Bamboutos, West Region) and urban (Mfoundi, Center Region) settings in Cameroon, including children and adolescent aged between 3 and 19 years, recruited on a stratified probability sampling. PH was defined according to the American Academy of Pediatrics 2017. Overall, 1001 and 842 participants were, respectively, included in urban and semi‐urban areas. The overall average age was 13.9 ± 4.03 years, and two‐thirds were girls. Overweight and obesity were more prevalent in urban area (overweight: 17.1%; obesity: 5.9%), compared to semi‐urban (overweight: 1.1% and obesity: 0.8%) (p < .001). The prevalence of hypertension was higher in urban (12%) than semi‐urban areas (8.6%) (p = .01). We have identified as factors associated with PH: age > 14 years (OR = 3.18 [1.6; 6.2]) and secondary level of education (OR = 2.5 [1.2; 5.5]) in urban areas; family history of hypertension (OR 1.93 [1.1; 3.4] in semi‐urban areas. PH prevalence is higher in urban than semi‐urban areas, and the associated factors are not the same. Policies to address hypertension in the pediatric population must be targeted and tailored to the different population profiles.
Characterization of a novel shrimp pathogen, Vibrio brasiliensis, isolated from Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei
Authors: Li Ge , Xie Guosi , Wang Hailiang , Wan Xiaoyuan , Li Xinshu , Shi Chengyin , Wang Ziyan , Gong Miao , Li Ting , Wang Ping , Zhang Qingli , Huang Jie 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA novel pathogenic strain Vibrio 20190611023 was isolated from the hepatopancreas of moribund cultured Penaeus vannamei suffering from black gill disease. This strain was identified as V. brasiliensis based on the phylogenetic analyses of 16S rDNA gene and five other housekeeping genes (i.e., gapA, ftsZ, mreB, topA and gyrB). Some biochemical features of this strain were determined with an API 20NE system, and its haemolytic activity was determined using a sheep blood agar plate. The pathogenicity of this isolate 20190611023 was confirmed by the experimental challenge tests and histopathological examinations. P. vannamei were challenged via reverse gavage with different doses of bacterial suspensions. The calculated median lethal dose (LD50) was (3.16 ± 1.78) × 105 CFU/g (body weight). Moreover, antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed, the results of which showed that the strain 20190611023 was sensitive to chloramphenicol, compound sulphamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline and oxacillin, but resistant to erythromycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, cefoperazone, ceftriaxone, cefamezin and piperacillin. To our knowledge, this is the first report for demonstrating V. brasiliensis as a shrimp pathogen, which expands the host range of V. brasiliensis infection. The present study highlights that more attention should be paid to this novel pathogen in intensive shrimp aquaculture.
Neuropeptide Y suppresses thermogenic and cardiovascular sympathetic nerve activity via Y1 receptors in the paraventricular nucleus and dorsomedial hypothalamus
Authors: Shi Zhigang , Bonillas Alyssa C. , Wong Jennifer , Padilla Stephanie L. , Brooks Virginia L. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn hungry animals, neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurones in the arcuate nucleus (ArcN) are activated to suppress energy expenditure, in part by decreasing brown adipose tissue sympathetic nerve activity (BAT SNA); however, the NPY receptor subtype and brain neurocircuitry are unclear. In the present study, we investigated the inhibition of BAT SNA by exogenous and endogenous NPY via binding to Y1 receptors (NPY1R) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), in anaesthetised male rats. Downstream projections of PVN/DMH NPY1R‐expressing neurones were identified using male Npy1r‐cre mice and localised unilateral DMH or PVN injections of an adeno‐associated virus, which allows for the cre‐dependent expression of a fluorescent protein (mCherry) in the cell bodies, axon fibres and nerve terminals of NPY1R‐containing neurones. Nanoinjections of NPY into the DMH of cooled rats decreased BAT SNA, as well as mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR), and these responses were reversed by subsequent injection of the selective NPY1R antagonist, BIBO3304. In warmed rats, with little to no BAT SNA, bilateral nanoinjections of BIBO3304 into the DMH or PVN increased BAT SNA, MAP and HR. DMH NPY1R‐expressing neurones projected heavily to the raphe pallidus (RPa), which houses BAT presympathetic neurones, as well as the PVN. In anaesthetised mice, DMH BIBO3304 increased splanchnic SNA, MAP and HR, all of which were reversed by nonselective blockade of the PVN with muscimol, suggesting that DMH‐to‐PVN connections are involved in this DMH BIBO3304 disinhibition. PVN Y1R expressing neurones also projected to the RPa, as well as to the nucleus tractus solitarius. We conclude that NPY tonically released in the DMH and PVN suppresses BAT SNA, MAP and HR via Y1R. Downstream neuropathways for BAT SNA may utilise direct projections to the RPa. Release of tonic NPY inhibition of BAT SNA may contribute to feeding‐ and diet‐induced thermogenesis.
Localization of PIP5Kγ selectively in proprioceptive peripheral fields and also in sensory ganglionic satellite cells as well as neuronal cell membranes and their central terminals
Authors: Chomphoo Surang , Sakagami Hiroyuki , Kondo Hisatake , Hipkaeo Wiphawi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBased on a previous study by others reporting that PIP5Kγ (phosphatidylinositol 4‐phosphate 5‐kinase γ) and its product, phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate (PIP2), are involved in the regulation of nociception, the present immunohistochemical study examined the localization of PIP5Kγ‐immunoreactivity in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and their peripheral and central terminal fields. PIP5Kγ‐immunoreactivity was localized for the first time in the muscle spindles, in which it was found in I‐bands of polar regions of intrafusal muscle fibers and also in sensory nerve terminals abutting on equatorial regions of the muscle fibers. This finding indicates the involvement of PIP5Kγ in the proprioception and suggests somehow complicated mechanisms of its involvement because of its heterogeneous localization in intra‐I‐band structures. In DRG, on the other hand, PIP5Kγ‐immunoreactivity was shown to be localized heterogeneously, but not evenly, over apposed plasma membranes of both neurons and ganglionic satellite cells in immune electron microscopy. In addition, no peripheral nerve terminals of DRG showing its distinct immunoreactivity were found in most peripheral fields of nociception and any other sensory perception except for the proprioception through muscle spindles. In contrast, numerous central terminals of DRG in the spinal posterior horn were immunoreactive for it. This finding leads us to consider the possibility that the regulation by PIP5Kγ of nociception is dominantly exerted in DRG and sensory neural tracts central, rather than peripheral, to DRG.
Experiences of nurses amidst giving care to COVID‐19 patients in clinical settings in Iraqi Kurdistan: A qualitative descriptive study
Authors: Abdulah Deldar Morad , Mohammedsadiq Hawar Abdulrazaq , Liamputtong Pranee 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAim and objectiveWe explored the experiences of nurses who cared for coronavirus disease 2019 patients in Iraqi Kurdistan.BackgroundNurses play a major role in response to pandemics and epidemics in delivering patient care. The experiences of nurses who provided care have significant short and long‐term consequences for individuals, communities, and the nursing profession.MethodsDescriptive qualitative research approach was adopted in this study. We interviewed 12 nurses (22–50 years) who cared for the coronavirus disease 2019 patients in one of the clinical units of two coronavirus disease 2019 hospitals in Iraqi Kurdistan in 2020. Interviews were conducted via phone calls and were analysed using the thematic analysis method. The Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research checklist was applied when constructing this paper.ResultsThe nurses had to care for a number of situations during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 in Kurdistan. As people in the public did not believe that there was such a virus, nurses often had to deal with this lack of knowledge and aggression from some patients and their family members. Most nurses changed their preventive behaviours since the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak at hospital or in public. This was mainly to protect not only themselves but their patients, colleagues, family members and friends. They were cautious about the use of a mask at the hospital and in public. Most nurses experienced fear, stress, anxiety and isolation during this period.ConclusionsThe patients had some concerns about their health and staying at hospitals, and some of them had aggressive behaviours towards nurses at corona hospitals. The public, close friends and relatives of the nurses had a fear of getting the infection by the virus through the nurses. However, the nurses attempted to protect themselves, colleagues and family members, and provide the best care to coronavirus disease 2019 patients. The nurses had a high obligation towards care giving at hospitals.Relevance to clinical practiceThe negative experiences of the nurses regarding the care of coronavirus disease 2019 patients must be considered in clinical settings. Sensitive policy programs must be established to protect nurses from the ostracization and stigmatization of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and to allow them to be able to achieve their professional practices safely.
Genomic basis of deep‐water adaptation in Arctic Charr (Salvelinus alpinus) morphs
Authors: Kess Tony , Dempson J. Brian , Lehnert Sarah J. , Layton Kara K. S. , Einfeldt Anthony , Bentzen Paul , Salisbury Sarah J. , Messmer Amber M. , Duffy Steven , Ruzzante Daniel E. , Nugent Cameron M. , Ferguson Moira M. , Leong Jong S. , Koop Ben F. , O’Connell Michael F. , Bradbury Ian R. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe post‐glacial colonization of Gander Lake in Newfoundland, Canada, by Arctic Charr (Salvelinus alpinus) provides the opportunity to study the genomic basis of adaptation to extreme deep‐water environments. Colonization of deep‐water (>50 m) habitats often requires extensive adaptation to cope with novel environmental challenges from high hydrostatic pressure, low temperature, and low light, but the genomic mechanisms underlying evolution in these environments are rarely known. Here, we compare genomic divergence between a deep‐water morph adapted to depths of up to 288 m and a larger, piscivorous pelagic morph occupying shallower depths. Using both a SNP array and resequencing of whole nuclear and mitochondrial genomes, we find clear genetic divergence (FST = 0.11–0.15) between deep and shallow water morphs, despite an absence of morph divergence across the mitochondrial genome. Outlier analyses identified many diverged genomic regions containing genes enriched for processes such as gene expression and DNA repair, cardiac function, and membrane transport. Detection of putative copy number variants (CNVs) uncovered 385 genes with CNVs distinct to piscivorous morphs, and 275 genes with CNVs distinct to deep‐water morphs, enriched for processes associated with synapse assembly. Demographic analyses identified evidence for recent and local morph divergence, and ongoing reductions in diversity consistent with postglacial colonization. Together, these results show that Arctic Charr morph divergence has occurred through genome‐wide differentiation and elevated divergence of genes underlying multiple cellular and physiological processes, providing insight into the genomic basis of adaptation in a deep‐water habitat following postglacial recolonization.
Middle East Policy in Transition: Issues for the 117th Congress & the New Administration
Authors: Feltman Jeffrey , Mortazavi Negar , Freeman Chas W. , Moran James P. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe following is an edited transcript of the 103rd in a series of Capitol Hill conferences convened by the Middle East Policy Council. The event took place on January 29, 2021, via Zoom, with Council Vice‐Chair Gina Abercrombie‐Winstanley moderating, Council President Richard J. Schmierer contributing, and Council Executive Director Bassima Alghussein serving as discussant.