bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulating Star Formation in Nearby Dusty Galaxies: Low Photoelectric Efficiencies in the Most Compact Systems
Authors: McKinney J. , Armus L. , Pope A. , Díaz-Santos T. , Charmandaris V. , Inami H. , Song Y. , Evans A. S. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Star formation in galaxies is regulated by heating and cooling in the interstellar medium (ISM). In particular, the processing of molecular gas into stars will depend strongly on the ratio of gas heating to gas cooling in the neutral gas around sites of recent star formation. In this work, we combine mid-infrared (mid-IR) observations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the dominant heating mechanism of gas in the ISM, with [C ii], [O i], and [Si ii] fine-structure emission, the strongest cooling channels in dense, neutral gas. The ratio of IR cooling line emission to PAH emission measures the photoelectric efficiency, a property of the ISM which dictates how much energy carried by ultraviolet photons gets transferred into the gas. We find that star-forming, IR-luminous galaxies in the Great Observatories All-Sky LIRG Survey with high IR surface densities have low photoelectric efficiencies. These systems also have, on average, higher ratios of radiation field strength to gas densities, and larger average dust grain size distributions. The data support a scenario in which the most compact galaxies have more young star-forming regions per unit area that exhibit less efficient gas heating. These conditions may be more common at high z, and may help explain the higher star formation rates at cosmic noon. We make predictions on how this can be investigated with the James Webb Space Telescope.
The Contribution of Electrons to the Sputter-produced O2 Exosphere on Europa
Authors: Davis M. R. , Meier R. M. , Cooper J. F. , Loeffler M. J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Electrons contribute a strong radiation component to the surface bombardment of Europa. However, they are not typically considered to contribute to erosion of the surface H2O-ice or produce exospheres of radiolytic O2, as laboratory studies on sputtering induced by electrons are sparse. Here we have measured the sputtering yield of H2O-ice induced by 0.5 keV electrons between 14 and 125 K, estimating the composition of the stable products ejected during irradiation. Combining these measurements with updated electron flux measurements, we estimate for the first time that the global surface production rate of O2 from electron-induced sputtering is larger than the production rate previously estimated for all of the ionic components combined. Our results emphasize the importance of electrons in producing exospheres on icy satellites and suggest that these exospheres need not be tied to environments where the surface is being bombarded with heavy ions.
On the Contribution of the X-Ray Source to the Extended Nebular He ii Emission in IZW18
Authors: Kehrig C. , Guerrero M. A. , Vílchez J. M. , Ramos-Larios G. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Nebular He ii emission implies the presence of energetic photons (E ≥ 54 eV). Despite the great deal of effort dedicated to understanding He ii ionization, its origin has remained mysterious, particularly in metal-deficient star-forming (SF) galaxies. Unfolding He ii-emitting, metal-poor starbursts at z ∼ 0 can yield insight into the powerful ionization processes occurring in the primordial universe. Here we present a new study on the effects that X-ray sources have on the He ii ionization in the extremely metal-poor galaxy IZw18 (Z ∼ 3% Z
⊙), whose X-ray emission is dominated by a single high-mass X-ray binary (HMXB). This study uses optical integral field spectroscopy, archival Hubble Space Telescope observations, and all of the X-ray data sets publicly available for IZw18. We investigate the time-variability of the IZw18 HMXB for the first time; its emission shows small variations on timescales from days to decades. The best-fit models for the HMXB X-ray spectra cannot reproduce the observed He ii ionization budget of IZw18, nor can recent photoionization models that combine the spectra of both very low metallicity massive stars and the emission from HMXB. We also find that the IZw18 HMXB and the He ii-emission peak are spatially displaced at a projected distance of ≃200 pc. These results reduce the relevance of X-ray photons as the dominant He ii ionizing mode in IZw18, which leaves uncertain what process is responsible for the bulk of its He ii ionization. This is in line with recent work discarding X-ray binaries as the main source responsible for He ii ionization in SF galaxies.
Social Perceived Value on Social Media and Online News Portal: Benefits to The Aborigines Women in Malaysia
Authors: Zanuddin Hasmah , Shaid Nursyamira 
Published: February 2021

Online news media and social media applications recorded an unprecedented success in just few of the recent years. However, online news media and social media domain are still little understood in term of usage among aborigines or Orang Asli in Malaysia. Thus, this research is to see the social perceived value on social media and online news portal among Orang Asli. A quantitative research design is used based on data will be collected via questionnaire from Orang Asli at Kampung Batu 12, Gombak, Selangor, at the outskirt of Kuala Lumpur. Questionnaires were distributed to 50 Orang Asli aged 15 and above. Factor analysis was used to examined the data. Exploratory factor analysis was used to extracts new factor, Online media usage impact. The social values perceived (16 items) factor was examined. After identifying the component based on an examination of eigenvalues and scree plot, rotation was done by varimax method. The items with 0.5 loadings or greater are considered practically significant. The findings showed that most of the Orang Asli gathered current information and news from the social media and social media is the gateway to online news portal. Furthermore, despite of financial circumstances, they willing to spend in order to have the internet access as it gave positive social values in their life, plus the applications internet access were all user friendly.
La maternité dans les séries familiales françaises : entre consensus et résistances
Authors: Lécossais Sarah 
Published: February 2021

Cet article étudie les représentations de la maternité dans les séries télévisées françaises en axant l’analyse sur la circulation des normes relatives à la parentalité et la manière dont les personnages les intériorisent ou au contraire tentent d’y résister. Nous mettons en lumière les configurations normatives de la maternité – avec l’exemple de la grossesse des personnages – avant de nous concentrer sur les marges de la fiction comme espaces de résistance.
« D’un dessein farouche et extravagant » : Montaigne et la philorature
Authors: Guerrier Olivier 
Published: February 2021

Philorature entend désigner l’espace où s’installe Montaigne dès 1571, qui subvertit les partages modernes entre « philosophie » et « littérature », comme certains alors déjà en vigueur. Les Essais enregistrent la faillite des pensées officielles, tout en se construisant à partir de leurs linéaments. Dans un même mouvement, ils dérèglent les ordres discursifs en usage, par l’intention qui les régit et le sujet qui les habite. Ils constituent ainsi un type particulier de « parole philosophique », assumant son originalité, mais qui n’en reste pas moins révélatrice de l’esprit et de l’épistémè de la Renaissance.
« Artialisation » : ce qu’Alain Roger doit à un hapax de Montaigne
Authors: Sève Bernard 
Published: February 2021

Alain Roger s’inspire d’un hapax de Montaigne pour construire le concept d’artialisation (les choses naturelles ne nous paraissent belles que parce que nous les voyons au travers du prisme des œuvres d’art). Montaigne donne à « artialiser » un sens différent : certains poètes « artialisent » l’amour en l’idéalisant. Il faut au contraire « naturaliser » la poésie, parler sans fioritures de l’amour physique, et suivre Lucrèce plutôt que Ficin. La notion de nature reste cependant ambiguë chez Montaigne.
Pour une approche sociologique de Montaigne
Authors: Desan Philippe 
Published: February 2021

À partir des concepts durkheimiens de « faits sociaux », « institutions » et « habitudes collectives », nous développons une approche sociologique de Montaigne afin d’étudier comment les contraintes collectives façonnent les choix particuliers de Montaigne. De même, le concept d’« idéologie », tel qu’il est redéfini par Althusser, nous permet de réévaluer le conformisme des Essais dans son rapport à la transgression des normes. Nous abordons enfin la question du clientélisme et des pratiques éditoriales chez Montaigne.
Montaigne : nouveaux regards des historiens
Authors: Cocula Anne-Marie 
Published: February 2021

Le profond renouvellement de l’historiographie des guerres de religion en France dans la seconde moitié du XVIe siècle ainsi que la multiplication des études consacrées aux écrits du for privé permettent d’aborder différemment le rôle politique de Montaigne. De 1581 à 1585 intervient son mandat de maire de Bordeaux. Cette fonction municipale doit être reconsidérée comme un intérim de courte durée entre les fonctions de maires de Bordeaux et de lieutenants généraux du roi exercées avant lui par le maréchal de Biron et, après lui, par le maréchal de Matignon. Cette parenthèse municipale aura des prolongements imprévus dont le retentissement se lit dans l’éphéméride de Montaigne, à condition de prêter grande attention à la complexité des événements politiques et religieux et à leur chronologie.
Effects of a teacher training intervention on teachers’ and students’ motivation to physical education class
Authors: Tenorio Maria Cecilia Marinho , Tassitano Rafael Miranda , Weaver Robert Glenn , Lima Marilia de Carvalho 
Published: February 2021

The present study evaluated the effects of a teacher training intervention, based on Self-Determination Theory, on teachers’ and students’ motivation in physical education class. This is a pre-post quasi-experimental study with 4 physical education teachers and 611 students from four public schools. A handbook was developed and teacher training sessions were conducted. Statistical analysis consisted of paired t-tests and general linear model repeated measures to assess teachers’ self-determined motivation and linear mixed effect regression to evaluate students’ motivation. A significant increase in teachers’ and students’ motivation score was observed after the intervention. Among teacher, we verified an increase in self-determined motivation. Among students there were significant interaction time by group in Extrinsic Motivation Identified Regulation (F=5.6), Extrinsic Motivation External Regulation (F=7.41), Amotivation (F=5.32) and Self-determined Motivation (F=4.87). Also, Intrinsic Motivation significantly declined with age for boys (β= -0.151) and girls (β= -0.121) as well as Extrinsic Motivation Introjected Regulation for girls β= (-0.141). Training sessions can support teachers in planning lessons resulting in increasing teacher and students' motivation in physical education classes. However, this strategy was not enough to improve intrinsic motivation during the investigated period.
The anticipatory and reaction time behaviors of the futsal goalkeeper
Authors: Da Silva Silvia Leticia , Gemas Neto Estefan , Dos Santos Palma Gisele Carla , Sabino Silva Filho Antonio , Corrêa Umberto Cesar 
Published: February 2021

This study aimed to investigate the goalkeeper’s anticipatory and reaction time behaviors. For this purpose, 50 kicks performed by male futsal players were analyzed. The time of goalkeeper’s response to a kick was analyzed in relation to the kick outcome, court zone and distance between the goalkeeper and player who performed the kick. The goalkeeper’s anticipation and reaction time behaviors were those below and above 200 ms as the time criterion, respectively, by considering the moment the player began the preparation for kicking to the moment the goalkeeper began to respond to it. Results showed that the goalkeeper performed anticipatory behaviors predominantly when (i) goals were attained and (ii) kicks were performed in the center and attack court’s zones (iii) at a distance ranging from 5.97 to 7.84 meters. In these conditions, the goalkeepers’ anticipatory behaviors implied ineffective performances.
Somatic symptoms with psychogenic or psychiatric background
Authors: Akaishi Tetsuya , Abe Michiaki , Masaura Atsuko , Tanaka Junichi , Takayama Shin , Onodera ko , Numata Takehiro , Ishizawa kota , Suzuki Satoko , Ohsawa Minoru , kanno Takeshi , Ishii Tadashi 
Published: February 2021

Introduction:
The characteristics of somatic symptoms seen at the first hospital visit in patients with psychogenic backgrounds remain poorly elucidated till date.

Methodology:
A total of 277 patients who visited the Department of General Medicine at a single university hospital with somatic symptoms were prospectively enrolled in this study. The eventual definite diagnoses were classified into the following three groups: non-psychogenic disease (n = 128), psychogenic symptoms (n = 131), and mental illness (n = 18). Subsequently, the chief complaints and other background information of the patient obtained at the first visit were compared among the three groups.

Results:
More than half of the patient with non-psychogenic diseases (60.2%) presented with a single complaint at their first hospital visit; contrarily, less than half of the patients with psychogenic symptoms (23.7%) or mental illnesses (22.2%) presented with a single complaint at the first visit. Approximately, <10% of the patients with non-psychogenic diseases had four or more multisystemic presentations at the first visit. The results of the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed a fair discriminatory ability of the number of complaints to identify patients with psychogenic diseases or psychiatric backgrounds. Almost half of the non-psychogenic patients with four or more multisystemic presentations were eventually diagnosed with autoimmune-related disorders, such as Sjögren's syndrome or Behçet's disease. In conclusion, the general notion that patients with psychogenic somatic symptoms are likely to present with more complaints than patients with non-psychogenic diseases is correct. However, not a few patients who present with multiple indefinite complaints would certainly have organic diseases such as autoimmune-related disorders or neuromuscular diseases. A careful diagnostic process is required in such patients before attributing their symptoms to psychogenic or psychiatric factors.
Viral load could be an important determinant for fomites based transmission of viral infections
Authors: Singh Dhirendra P. , Sahu Mahesh C. , Pagdhune Avinash , Viramgami Ankit , Perumal Sivaperumal , Balachandar Rakesh , Sarkar kamalesh 
Published: February 2021

Background and Objective:
Fomites are common sources of transmission of certain infections. Infectious pathogens, such as viruses known to cause respiratory tract infections, are common examples of being transmitted by fomites. However, the load of the particular pathogen on these inanimate surfaces is a crucial factor for the transmission. The current study aims at investigating the load of one such viral pathogen on the surfaces of commonly used materials.

Methods:
Based on the cycle threshold (Ct) values in the diagnostic system using gene amplification for the considered viral pathogen, we categorized the positive samples for high (17 to < 24), moderate (24 to < 31), or mild (31 to < 38) viral load. Five randomly selected samples from each of these category were smeared on commonly used cardboard surface (absorbent surface) and stainless steel (non-absorbent surface). After an observation duration of 90 min, samples from the surfaces were analyzed again for gene amplification using RT-PCR.

Results:
Viral load/titter positively correlated with the viral material on either of these investigated surfaces post-observation duration. Higher viral load (low Ct) samples exhibited higher probability of being detected on the surfaces than those samples with lower/moderate (high Ct) viral load.

Interpretation and Conclusion:
Common inanimate surfaces are potential source of the viral transmission, however the viral load on these surfaces are key determinant of such transmission.
Assessment of nutritional anemia on the basis of dietary pattern estimation among the population of Garhwal Himalayan region
Authors: Mishra Aprajita S. , Lakhera Pramesh C. , Pandey Anjita 
Published: February 2021

Background:
Nutritional anemia has its prevalence at a global level. Unfortunately, the developing countries are at more risk due to the unavailability of resources and poor socio-economic conditions. According to the WHO, India has >40% prevalence of anemia, which is a severe public health concern.

Materials and Methods:
The aim of this study was to assess the dietary pattern according to their haemoglobin levels. This cross-sectional study was designed to assess the prevalence of anemia in Garhwal population, which contained total 520 individuals (344 females and 176 males). For this a food frequency questionnaire is administered to elicit information on dietary consumption pattern. The frequency of consumption was divided into three levels: ≥ 3 days/wk., 1-2 days/wk. & no or rare consumption. Subjects were divided into 3 groups according to the level of haemoglobin.

Results:
In the present study, an overall prevalence of anemia was found 34.23% (38.06% in females and 27.61% in males). Results were expressed as Chi-square test and considered significant at 5% level of significance (p< 0.05).

Conclusion:
The overall status of anaemic individuals in the Garhwal region is of vital concern and should be paid due attention for the improvement of nutritional requirements to reduce the prevalence of anemia in this region. The effective measures include awareness about the essential nutrients to be included in diet along with the knowledge of anemia.
Ambispective study of clinical picture, management practices and outcome of snake bite patients at tertiary care centre in Northern India
Authors: Jadon Ranveer Singh , Sood Rita , Bauddh Nitesh kumar , Ray Animesh , Soneja Manish , Agarwal Praveen , Wig Naveet 
Published: February 2021

Background:
Snakebite is a common but neglected public health problem of tropical & subtropical regions worldwide. This study was conducted to look into profile, first aid measures, management strategy and outcomes of snake bite patients.

Methods:
This was an ambispective study conducted in the Department of Medicine & Emergency Medicine at AIIMS, New Delhi from June 2011 to May 2017 and enrolled 54 patients. In retrospective part 33 case records of snake bite patients were retrieved and in prospective part 21 patients were recruited. All relevant information including demographic parameters, first aid measures, clinical and laboratory profile and outcomes were recorded in pre made proformas. All data were analysed using IBM Stata version 13 and Microsoft Excel 2011.

Results:
Majority of patients were male, and the mean age was 27.6 years. Maximum numbers of bites 34 (63%) happened in the rainy season and krait was the most common culprit species. Neurological manifestations were most common (70.4%) followed by haematological. Most common complication was ventilatory failure (78.6%), and median dose of ASV was 20 vials. Forty-nine (90.7%) patients were discharged successfully. There was significant association of sepsis and shock with non survivors of snake bite with respective P values of 0.02 and 0.007.

Conclusion:
Neurotoxic snake bite (70.4%) was the most common type of envenomation. Most common complication was ventilatory failure and majority of patient (90.7%) successfully discharged. Sepsis and shock were significantly associated with non survivors of snake bite.
Capacity building of primary care physician working at remote Uttarakhand, India
Authors: kumar Santosh , Das Amity , Agarwal Disha , kant Ravi , Rawat Shivani 
Published: February 2021

Strengthening primary care during this unprecedented pandemic of COVID-19 is an urgent demand for public health. It needs to relook into the healthcare machinery and reenergize the much overlooked primary and secondary tier in healthcare delivery to effectively combat COVID-19 and other similar epidemics.

Objectives:
Strengthening of primary care and enhance the skills and knowledge of primary care physician working at Community Health Center/Primary Health Center (CHC/PHC) in context of Family medicine and updating them in recent advancements in primary care management and COVID 19 guidelines for efficient delivery of primary care services.

Methodology:
Director general health services of Uttarakhand was intimated with the aim and objectives of this one-day hands-on workshop going to be conducted at All India institute of medical sciences. All Chief Medical Officers of the various districts had been communicated and sensitized for this noble cause. Total 30 primary care physicians attended the certificate program. This session commenced with a pre-test followed by the lectures, discussions and hands-on skills and ended with a post-test.

Results:
Majority (60%) of the participants were male and 40% were female. A total of 30% had never attended any similar workshop in the past. 45% of them were never exposed to any hands-on training before. Only 10% of them were Postgraduates and the rest were only MBBS (undergraduate). As the scores were not normally distributed, Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test was applied for the dependent variable. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) found between pre and post-test results.

Conclusion:
Imparting continuing medical knowledge to the physicians has proved to be an effective tool in good clinical practice. The success of this intervention can be used to further develop and implement workshops and other training sessions to enhance the skills and knowledge of Primary Care Physicians in similar settings that face a shortage of well-equipped physicians.