bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Informational capital and the transition to university: First‐in‐family students' experiences in Austrian higher education
Authors: Lessky Franziska , Nairz‐Wirth Erna , Feldmann Klaus 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe agenda for widening participation in higher education has led to increasing numbers of students with a broader range of education and family backgrounds. However, transitioning to the university landscape remains a highly complex negotiation process, especially for first‐in‐family students, who cannot draw on previous experience from higher education in their families. Gaining access to informational capital—a combination of cultural and social capital—plays a crucial role in managing education transitions. We draw on rich empirical data obtained from 26 autobiographical narrative interviews with first‐in‐family university students in Austria to investigate how transitions to university are affected by informational capital. We also explore how access to informational capital was influenced by (1) institutional practices, such as initiatives to support students, especially first‐year students; and (2) cultural fit—the extent to which a student's cultural capital corresponded with the dominant cultural capital in the field of their chosen discipline or higher education establishment. Our findings show that gaining access to informational capital was strongly affected by the institutional practices at universities within the different disciplines, thus highlighting the importance of higher education institutions in supporting their students during transition processes. We conclude with policy implications for how higher education institutions can assist first‐in‐family students to succeed at university.
The working classes and higher education: Meritocratic fallacies of upward mobility in the United Kingdom
Authors: Reay Diane 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe uniformly positive view of social mobility in the United Kingdom overlooks the difficulties working‐class young people have in reconciling a working‐class background with the middle‐class environments of the university and the professional labour market. But even more hidden are the subtle processes of exclusion and exclusivity that permeate social life in, particularly, the elite universities. Here, working‐class students' marginalisation in relation to advantageous social activities and networks, compromises their chances of later success in the labour market. This paper scrutinises working‐class students' experiences of elite higher education through the lens of Bourdieu's concepts of habitus, capitals and field. Drawing on a research project on working‐class young people who gain entry to elite universities it analyses the disjunctures between working‐class habitus and the field of elite higher education, focusing on the emotional and social consequences for working‐class students. The findings raise concerns—largely unexplored in existing research—about working‐class reception in elite fields. The paper concludes with a call to look beyond the attitudes and actions of working‐class students to those of their upper‐ and middle‐class peers, and the culture and ethos of the elite universities.
Deficits in attentional modulation of auditory N100 in first‐episode schizophrenia
Authors: Ren Xi , Fribance Sarah N. , Coffman Brian A. , Salisbury Dean F. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractReductions of the auditory N100 are present in schizophrenia, even at the first episode (FESz). Because most studies examine auditory N100 on active target detection oddball tasks, it remains unclear if the abnormality in FESz results from sensory deficits or impaired enhancement of N100 by selective attention, or both. N100 was recorded from 21 FESz and 22 matched healthy controls (HC) on a single‐tone task and a two‐tone oddball task. Overall, N100 was smaller in FESz (p = .036). Attention enhanced N100 amplitude (p < .001), but this differed between groups, with FESz impaired in N100 modulation (group x attention, p = .012). The oddball task showed greater N100 enhancement than the single‐tone task (p < .001) in both groups. Group differences in N100 enhancement in the oddball task were large (Cohen's d = 0.85). Exploratory correlations showed that better N100 enhancement on the oddball task in FESz was associated with better MATRICS Overall Composite scores (cognitive tasks highly sensitive to psychosis), lower PANNS Negative factor and SANS scores, and better interpersonal (social) and role functioning in the last year. N100 during ignore conditions showed no significant difference between groups, albeit smaller in FESz, with small to medium effect sizes. Although sensory deficits in N100 are likely present, they are compounded by a failure to enhance N100 with attention. The failure of N100 enhancement by attentional gain control in FESz suggests functional dysconnection between cognitive control areas and the sensory cortex. N100 amplitude on active attention tasks may be a useful outcome biomarker for targeted enhancement of the cognitive control system.
Mutual wing‐eating between female and male within mating pairs in wood‐feeding cockroach
Authors: Osaki Haruka , Kasuya Eiiti 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe behavior of eating their mates or a part of their mate's body has been studied in sexual cannibalism or nuptial feeding. In these behaviors, only one sex eats the other unilaterally. Within mating pairs of a wood‐feeding cockroach (Salganea taiwanensis), males and females eat the mate's wings each other, which is the first “mutual” case in these behaviors. Because the evolution of sexual cannibalism and nuptial feeding has been explained based on unilaterality, this mutual eating should have a new significance of reproduction. We described this behavior quantitatively and suggest a new hypothesis based on true monogamy, the mating system of S. taiwanensis, copulating with only one mate throughout life. Under true monogamy, the fitness of the mate is the same as own fitness and the pairs are free from sexual conflict. If the wing eating increases the ability of the mate to raise the offspring, this behavior is adaptive for the eater as well as its mate.
Global patterns in leaf stoichiometry across coastal wetlands
Authors: Hu Yu‐Kun , Liu Xu‐Yan , He Nian‐Peng , Pan Xu , Long Song‐Yuan , Li Wei , Zhang Man‐Yin , Cui Li‐Juan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAimCoastal wetlands provide crucial ecosystem functions and services, such as coastal protection, nutrient retention and C sequestration. Despite the important roles in global C, N and P cycling, the global variation in leaf stoichiometry across coastal wetlands remains unclear.LocationGlobal.Time period1980–2018.Major taxa studiedVascular plants.MethodsBy compiling a global dataset of 698 data records in 205 sites, we carried out systematic analyses of the world‐wide trends and their determinants of leaf element contents and ratios of plants across coastal wetlands.ResultsLeaf N and P contents increased significantly, but C:N, C:P and N:P ratios decreased with increasing latitude in coastal wetlands. The mean annual temperature was the predominant driver of leaf N, P and C:N, whereas soil N:P was a good predictor of leaf C:P and N:P ratios. Furthermore, N increased faster with P in plant leaves of coastal wetlands compared with terrestrial ecosystems. Within coastal wetlands, herb‐dominated salt marshes had a significantly higher leaf P content, lower leaf N:P ratio and lower scaling exponent of leaf N to P than tree‐dominated mangroves.Main conclusionsThe similar latitudinal patterns of leaf stoichiometry in coastal wetlands compared with terrestrial ecosystems reflected the similar influences of temperature. However, different slopes of leaf P and N:P ratios and N and P scaling relationships between these two ecosystems suggested that different salinity and tidal inundation levels result in different strategies of N and P use in coastal wetland plants. These differences in leaf stoichiometry between ecosystems and between different types of coastal wetlands might need to be emphasized in future biogeochemical modelling owing to their different roles in global nutrient and carbon cycling.
Unveiling the local determinants of population growth in the European Union
Authors: Álvarez‐Díaz Marcos , D’Hombres Béatrice , Dijkstra Lewis , Ghisetti Claudia , Pontarollo Nicola 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis paper studies the population growth dynamics in European NUTS3 regions over the period of 2000–2015 and offers generalizable evidence on the main drivers of population change at this sub‐level of analysis, which is so far rather unexplored. Results obtained by means of a spatial Durbin model highlight the roles of economic and demographic regional conditions in shaping population dynamics and the minor role of geography and environmental conditions. The fact that geographical polarization of population is occurring, which might result in an increase in regional imbalances, calls for policy actions in mitigating this phenomenon.
Visit‐to‐visit blood pressure variability and sleep architecture
Authors: Liu Xiaoyue , Logan Jeongok , Kwon Younghoon , Lobo Jennifer M. , Kang Hyojung , Sohn Min‐Woong 
Published: January 2021

AbstractVisit‐to‐visit blood pressure (BP) variability (BPV) is an independent risk factor of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Sleep architecture characterizes the distribution of different stages of sleep and may be important in CVD development. We examined the association between visit‐to‐visit BPV and sleep architecture using in‐lab polysomnographic data from 3,565 patients referred to an academic sleep center. BPV was calculated using the intra‐individual coefficient of variation of BP measures collected 12 months before the sleep study. We conducted multiple linear regression analyses to assess the association of systolic and diastolic BPV with sleep architecture—rapid eye movement (REM) and non‐rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep duration.Our results show that systolic BPV was inversely associated with REM sleep duration (p = .058). When patients were divided into tertile groups based on their BPV, those in the third tertile (highest variability) spent 2.7 fewer minutes in REM sleep than those in the first tertile (lowest variability, p = .032), after adjusting for covariates. We did not find an association of systolic BPV with other measures of sleep architecture. Diastolic BPV was not associated with sleep architecture either. In summary, our study showed that greater systolic BPV was associated with lower REM sleep duration. Future investigation is warranted to clarify the directionality, mechanism, and therapeutic implications.
Relationship of choroidal thickness with pulsatile hemodynamics in essential hypertensive patients
Authors: Mulè Giuseppe , Vadalà Maria , Sinatra Nicola , Mancia Ettore , Sorce Alessandra , Geraci Giulio , Carollo Caterina , Montalbano Katia , Castellucci Massimo , Guarrasi Giulia , Cillino Salvatore , Cottone Santina 
Published: January 2021

AbstractControversy exists about the association of choroidal thickness (CTh) with blood pressure (BP) values. There is some evidence suggesting that central hemodynamics changes are associated with microvascular disease. Our study was aimed to assess the relationships between CTh and clinic and 24‐h BP and between CTh and estimated 24‐h aortic pulse pressure (aPP), 24‐h aortic systolic BP (aSBP), and 24‐h aortic augmentation index (aAIx) in a group of hypertensive patients. We enrolled 158 hypertensive subjects (mean age 48 ± 13 years) all of which underwent evaluation of the choroidal district by Swept‐Source optical coherence tomography (SS‐OCT) and 24‐h BP monitoring, in order to measure peripheral BP and to estimate central hemodynamic parameters. Inverse significant correlations of clinic PP, 24‐h aPP, 24‐h aSBP, and 24‐h aAIx with thicknesses of central ring, inner ring, and outer ring of the choroid and its overall average were found. The strongest of these correlations was that relating 24‐h aPP with overall average choroidal thickness (r = −.531; P < .001). When we divided the study population in subjects with 24‐h aPP above and below the median value (35 mm Hg), CTh were thinner in subjects with higher values of 24‐aPP as compared to those with lower ones, even after adjustment for age, and other potential confounders. The relationships of CTh with 24‐h aPP remained significant also taking into account the effects of various covariates in linear multiple regression analyses. Our findings support the concept of a cross‐talk between macro‐ and microcirculation.
Interaction effect of green tea consumption and resistance training on office and ambulatory cardiovascular parameters in women with high‐normal/stage 1 hypertension
Authors: Taati Behzad , Arazi Hamid , Kheirkhah Jalal 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the chronic effects of green tea (GT) extract and resistance training (RT) on ambulatory and office blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and rate‐pressure product (RPP) in a sample of Iranian women with high‐normal/stage 1 hypertension. Forty‐four middle‐aged sedentary women participated in this randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. They were randomly assigned to one of four groups: GT and RT (GR, n = 11), RT (n = 10), GT (n = 10), or control (n = 13). Three weeks of GT consumption were followed by six weeks of the interaction with RT. GR and RT groups performed two circuits of RT at %50 of 1RM two days per week. RT and control groups also received placebo (maltodextrin) with the same timing. The changes of each variable from baseline to post‐intervention were compared between the groups using the ANOVA test, and effect size (ES) statistic was also calculated. In comparison with the control group, significant reductions were found for office systolic BP (SBP, 8%, ES = 1.22), and 24 h‐SBP (5%, ES = 1.2) in the RT group. However, GR group showed significant decreases in office SBP (10.5%, ES = 1.45), mean BP (8%, ES = 1.11), RPP (13%, ES = 1.47), 24 h‐SBP (5%, ES = 1.21), and 24 h‐RPP (10%, ES = 1.15). The interaction of regular RT and GT consumption seems to induce more beneficial effects on some important parameters including MBP and RPP when compared to RT or GT alone.
Patient‐reported experiences of mealtime care and food access in acute and rehabilitation hospital settings: a cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Kozica‐Olenski S. , Treleaven E. , Hewitt M. , McRae P. , Young A. , Walsh Z. , Mudge A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundNutrition and mealtime interventions can improve nutritional intake amongst hospital inpatients; however, patient‐reported experience is rarely considered in their development and evaluation. The present study aimed to measure patient‐reported food and mealtime experience to evaluate and inform continuous quality improvement of hospital nutrition care.MethodsA cross‐sectional survey with inpatients in seven acute care and rehabilitation wards was conducted. A 27‐item validated questionnaire measured five domains of patient experience: food choices, organisational barriers, feeling hungry, physical barriers to eating and food quality. Responses were summarised descriptively and compared between settings (acute versus rehabilitation), patient demographics (age, gender) and time in hospital.ResultsResponses from 143 participants (mean age 67 years, 57% male, 28% rehabilitation, median 6 days into hospitalisation) showed that 10% or fewer respondents reported difficulties with food choices, feeling hungry or food quality. The most common difficulties were opening packets (36%), insufficient menu information provided (29%), being interrupted by staff when eating (28%), being disturbed when eating (27%), being in an uncomfortable position when eating (24%) and difficulty reaching food (21%). There were no significant differences in domain patterns by sex, age group or time in hospital. Organisational barriers were reported less frequently amongst rehabilitation participants compared to acute care (P = 0.01).ConclusionsThis survey highlights areas of positive patient‐reported experience with nutrition care and suggests that local improvement efforts should focus on physical assistance needs and organisational barriers, especially in acute care wards. The questionnaire may be useful for informing and evaluating systematic nutrition care improvements.
BRICS varieties of capitalism and food regime reordering: A comparative institutional analysis
Authors: Escher Fabiano 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe emergence of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) has sparked debates on the possibility of a ‘great transformation’ in the course of neoliberal capitalism and the global agrifood system. This paper seeks to contribute to these debates by providing a comparative institutional analysis of the BRIC(S) ‘varieties of capitalism’ in the current ‘food regime’ international reordering. Capital accumulation, social reproduction and politics are key problems of the ‘agrifood question’ in the BRIC(S) varieties of capitalism. My argumentation is that capitalist diversity stems largely from the historically embedded legacy of the agrarian question in each country, that the dynamics of the agrifood system influence their development trajectories in decisive ways, and that the BRIC(S)‐driven polycentric shifts in the contemporary food regime are crucial to the destiny of global capitalism.
Who is using noninvasive ventilation? A descriptive study examining the population enrolled in a pediatric noninvasive ventilation program
Authors: Djkowich Mikelle , Olmstead Deborah , Castro‐Codesal Maria L. , Scott Shannon 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDesign and MethodsThis study used a retrospective design and involved reviewing the charts of infants and children enrolled in the noninvasive ventilation (NIV) program at a quaternary pediatric hospital located in Western Canada in 2017. Demographic and clinical variables were collected, along with variables related to adherence to NIV therapy. For data storage and analysis purposes, a comprehensive database was created. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze and better understand patterns within the data.ResultsFindings included a comprehensive description of the population of infants and children enrolled in this NIV program in 2017, including demographic and clinical variables as well as follow‐up and adherence data. This study identified that the NIV program at this pediatric center has unique characteristics which provide an exciting opportunity for further research into the population that requires NIV support.Practice ImplicationsThis study presents new knowledge, gathered by examining the clinical characteristics of a pediatric population that requires NIV, which can be used to inform practice, support NIV program planning, and health resource allocation, as well as suggest directions for future research on pediatric NIV therapy.
Functional characteristics of glaucoma related arcuate defects seen on OCT en face visualisation of the retinal nerve fibre layer
Authors: Ashimatey Bright S , King Brett J , Swanson William H 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPurposeTo assess continuity of perimetric defects corresponding to arcuate defects seen on optical coherence tomography (OCT) en face reflectance images of the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) in patients with glaucoma.MethodsSeven patients with glaucoma who had arcuate structural defects on OCT RNFL en face images were recruited. Static suprathreshold stimuli were presented along different meridians to localise perimetric defects in the corresponding hemifield. Then two contrasts, one 6 dB greater than the other, were used with kinetic perimetry to assess the slope of the defect. Findings with kinetic and 24‐2 perimetry were compared.ResultsStatic perimetry found that regions of perimetric abnormality spatially corresponded with the regions of en face RNFL hyporeflectivity. Kinetic perimetry found that the slopes of the edges of the defects ranged from 3–12 dB degree−1, and that the functional abnormalities were continuous with the physiologic blind spot even when the 24‐2 protocol only showed paracentral defects.ConclusionsPerimetric abnormalities and arcuate RNFL en face defects were spatially correspondent. Perimetric testing guided by OCT en face reflectance images can reveal greater functional detail of glaucomatous abnormality than 24‐2 testing.
Assessment of Patellar Morphology in Trochlear Dysplasia on Computed Tomography Scans
Authors: Li Ming , Ji Gang , Fan Liu , Fan Chong‐yi , Lin Wei , Yang Guang‐min , Dong Cong‐lei , Fei Wang 
Published: January 2021

ObjectiveTo evaluate the patellar morphology of trochlear dysplasia and normal knees in different genders and in different severities of trochlear dysplasia on CT scans.MethodsA total of 75 patients with trochlear dysplasia (110 knees) treated at the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University from December 2013 to December 2018 were included in an experimental group, and an age‐matched and sex‐matched cohort of 46 patients with normal trochlear shape (61 knees) were randomly selected into a control group. The experimental group was divided into a female experimental group (Group FE, 47 patients, 72 knees) and a male experimental group (Group ME, 28 patients, 38 knees); the control group was divided into a female control group (Group FC, 31 knees, 24 female patients) and a male control group (Group MC, 30 knees, 22 male patients). Furthermore, according to the severity of trochlear dysplasia, Group FE was divided into a female low‐grade dysplasia group (Group FL, 20 knees) and a female high‐grade dysplasia group (Group FH, 52 knees); Group ME was divided into a male low‐grade dysplasia group (Group ML, 16 knees) and a male high‐grade dysplasia group (Group MH, 22 knees). All participants had undergone CT scans in the supine position; the patellar width and thickness, the lateral patellar facet angle, the Wiberg angle, and the Wiberg index were measured and compared.ResultsIn trochlear dysplasia knees, the mean patellar width and thickness and the lateral patellar facet angle were significantly smaller; the mean Wiberg index was significantly larger than in normal knees, regardless of gender (P < 0.05); and there was no statistically significant difference in the mean Wiberg angle (P > 0.05). In the female groups, the mean patellar width and thickness and the Wiberg angle were significantly smaller; the mean lateral patellar facet angle was significantly larger than those in the male groups (P < 0.05); and there was no significant difference in the mean Wiberg index (P > 0.05). In the low‐grade dysplasia group, the mean Wiberg index was smaller than that in the high‐grade dysplasia group (P < 0.05), regardless of gender; however, there was no significant difference in the mean patellar width and thickness, the lateral patellar facet angle, and the Wiberg angle in low‐grade and high‐grade dysplasia (P > 0.05).ConclusionOn CT scans, the patella in trochlear dysplasia had a smaller width, a thinner thickness, a lengthened lateral facet, and a more flattened articular facet. In addition, the patellar articular facet was more prominent in female patients. With the severity of trochlear dysplasia increased, the lateral patellar facet became longer. In addition, the abnormal stress distribution on the patella influenced the patellar morphology in trochlear dysaplasia.