bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glucosamine use, smoking and risk of incident chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a large prospective cohort study
Authors: Zhang Xi-Ru , Zhang Pei-Dong , Li Zhi-Hao , Yang Pei , Wang Xiao-Meng , Liu Hua-Min , Liang Fen , Wang Jin-Dong , Sun Yu , Shen Dong , Chen Pei-Liang , Zhong Wen-Fang , Huang Qing-Mei , Liu Dan , Wang Zheng-He , Kraus Virginia Byers , Mao Chen 
Published: September 2021

AbstractChronic inflammation exerts pleiotropic effects in the aetiology and progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Glucosamine is widely used in many countries and may have anti-inflammatory properties. We aimed to prospectively evaluate the association of regular glucosamine use with incident COPD risk and explore whether such association could be modified by smoking in the UK Biobank cohort, which recruited more than half a million participants aged 40–69 years from across the UK between 2006 and 2010. Cox proportional hazards models with adjustment for potential confounding factors were used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) as well as 95 % CI for the risk of incident COPD. During a median follow-up of 8·96 years (interquartile range 8·29–9·53 years), 9016 new-onset events of COPD were documented. We found that the regular use of glucosamine was associated with a significantly lower risk of incident COPD with multivariable adjusted HR of 0·80 (95 % CI, 0·75, 0·85; P < 0·001). When subgroup analyses were performed by smoking status, the adjusted HR for the association of regular glucosamine use with incident COPD were 0·84 (0·73, 0·96), 0·84 (0·77, 0·92) and 0·71 (0·62, 0·80) among never smokers, former smokers and current smokers, respectively. No significant interaction was observed between glucosamine use and smoking status (Pfor interaction = 0·078). Incident COPD could be reduced by 14 % to 84 % through a combination of regular glucosamine use and smoking cessation.
Morphology and phylogeny of the parasitic nematode Mooleptus rabuka (Machida, Ogawa & Okiyama, 1982) (Rhabditida, Spirurina: Mooleptinae nom. nov.), with notes on taxonomy of the family Gnathostomatidae
Authors: Sokolov S.G. , Gordeev I.I. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The nematode Mooleptus rabuka is recorded in the digestive tract of catshark Apristurus fedorovi caught at the Imperial Ridge (Pacific Ocean). Important morphological features such as the number of cephalic and caudal papillae, the position of amphids and the shape of the gubernaculum are detailed in this parasite species. According to the phylogenetic analyses based on the 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequences, M. rabuka forms a lineage, Mooleptinae nom. nov., which is close to the gnathostomatid genus Echinocephalus (maximum likelihood analysis), or else forms a polytomy with this genus and the lineages of Anguillicola + Spiroxys and Tanqua + ‘Linstowinema’ sp. (Bayesian inference analysis). Overall, our findings do not support the monophyly of the Gnathostomatidae. We elevate spiroxyines to the family status, Spiroxyidae stat. nov., and temporarily consider the Gnathostomatidae to include the following subfamilies: Ancyracanthinae Yorke & Maplestone, 1926, Gnathostomatinae Railliet, 1895 sensu lato and Mooleptinae nom. nov. The name Mooleptinae nom. nov. is suggested instead of the Metaleptinae Moravec & Nagasawa, 2000, which is based on a preoccupied generic name Metaleptus Machida, Ogawa & Okiyama, 1982.
Confronting the Youngest Revolution: Cuban Anti-Communists and the Global Politics of Youth in the Early 1960s
Authors: Chase Michelle 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis article examines the transnational activism of the Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil (Revolutionary Student Directorate, DRE), a group of exiled Cuban anti-Castro students. In the wake of the Bay of Pigs invasion, with CIA funding, the DRE attempted to challenge student support for the Cuban Revolution in Latin America and elsewhere in the global South. This article uses the DRE's trajectory to rethink the 1960s as a period of anti-communist, as well as leftist, youth ascendancy. It challenges the idea that Cuba garnered universal youth support, stressing instead that the Cuban Revolution helped turn student politics into a key battleground of the Cold War.
Balances, Norms and Institutions: Why Elite Politics in the CCP Have Not Institutionalized
Authors: Fewsmith Joseph 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn recent years, explanations of the Chinese Communist Party's longevity as a ruling party have focused on institutionalization. But a close look at the four leaders of China since 1978 reveal that institutions have remained weak. Of much greater importance have been balances that reflect the informal distribution of power and norms that express agreed-upon Party procedures. Of yet even greater importance have been the efforts of individual leaders to concentrate power in themselves through the appointment of protégés to critical positions. Such leaders also attempt to extend their influence beyond their terms in office through those protégés and their roles as “elders.” Thus, we see a tension between Party norms and the centralizing tendencies of Leninist systems in which the centralizing tendencies usually prevail. With Xi Jinping, we see a far greater personalization of power disrupting the norms and balances existing under previous leaders.
Institutional Changes, Influences and Historical Junctures in the Communist Youth League of China
Authors: Tsai Wen-Hsuan , Liao Xingmiu 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe Chinese Communist Party (CCP) regards the Communist Youth League (CYL) as a critical and distinctive mass organization that acts as an “assistant” and “reserve army” for the Party. This article uses the analytical concepts of historical institutionalism and critical junctures to discuss the changes in the CYL during the post-Mao period. We focus on two critical junctures: 1982, when the CYL became a route to rapid promotion for cadres, and 2016, after which its cadres had fewer opportunities for promotion and the CYL was pushed back to its original role in youth United Front work. We also find that the CYL has refined its United Front methods to attract talented young people by offering them services. This reflects the efforts of the CCP regime to adapt to circumstances and ensure its survival.
Passive surveillance assesses compliance with COVID-19 behavioural restrictions in a rural US county
Authors: Faust Christina L. , Lambert Brian , Kochenour Cale , Robinson Anthony C. , Bharti Nita 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Following the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, early outbreak response relied on behavioural interventions. In the USA, local governments implemented restrictions aimed at reducing movements and contacts to limit viral transmission. In Pennsylvania, restrictions closed schools and businesses in the spring of 2020 and interventions eased later through the summer. Here we use passive monitoring of vehicular traffic volume and mobile device-derived visits to points of interest as proxies for movements and contacts in a rural Pennsylvania county. Rural areas have limited health care resources, which magnifies the importance of disease prevention. These data show the lowest levels of movement occurred during the strictest phase of restrictions, indicating high levels of compliance with behavioural intervention. We find that increases in movement correlated with increases in reported SARS-CoV-2 cases 9–18 days later. The methodology used in this study can be adapted to inform outbreak management strategies for other locations and future outbreaks that use behavioural interventions to reduce pathogen transmission.
Myo-inositol: a potential prophylaxis against premature onset of labour and preterm birth
Authors: Sharma Neha , Watkins Oliver C. , Chu Anne H.Y. , Cutfield W. , Godfrey Keith M. , Yong Hannah E. J. , Chan Shiao-Yng 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe incidence of preterm birth (PTB), delivery before 37 completed weeks of gestation, is rising in most countries. Several recent small clinical trials ofmyo-inositol supplementation in pregnancy, which were primarily aimed at preventing gestational diabetes, have suggested an effect on reducing the incidence of PTB as a secondary outcome, highlighting the potential role ofmyo-inositol as a preventive agent. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms by whichmyo-inositol might be able to do so remain unknown; these may occur through directly influencing the onset and progress of labour, or by suppressing stimuli that trigger or promote labour. This paper presents hypotheses outlining the potential role of uteroplacentalmyo-inositol in human parturition and explains possible underlying molecular mechanisms by whichmyo-inositol might modulate the uteroplacental environment and inhibit preterm labour onset. We suggest that a physiological decline in uteroplacental inositol levels to a critical threshold with advancing gestation, in concert with an increasingly pro-inflammatory uteroplacental environment, permits spontaneous membrane rupture and labour onset. A higher uteroplacental inositol level, potentially promoted by maternalmyo-inositol supplementation, might affect lipid metabolism, eicosanoid production and secretion of pro-inflammatory chemocytokines that overall dampen the pro-labour uteroplacental environment responsible for labour onset and progress, thus reducing the risk of PTB. Understanding how and when inositol may act to reduce PTB risk would facilitate the design of future clinical trials of maternalmyo-inositol supplementation and definitively address the efficacy ofmyo-inositol prophylaxis against PTB.
Nutritional consequences and management of hyperemesis gravidarum: a narrative review
Authors: Maslin Kate , Dean Caitlin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is a condition at the extreme end of the pregnancy sickness spectrum, estimated to affect 1–2 % of pregnant women. This narrative review provides an overview of the current literature concerning the nutritional implications and management of HG. HG can persist throughout pregnancy, causing malnutrition, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance and unintended weight loss, requiring hospital admission in most cases. In addition to its negative effect on maternal, physical and psychological wellbeing, HG can negatively impact fetal growth and may have adverse consequences on the health of the offspring. HG care and research have been hampered in the past due to stigma, inconsistent diagnostic criteria, mismanagement and lack of investment. Little is known about the nutritional intake of women with HG and whether poor intake at critical stages of pregnancy is associated with perinatal outcomes. Effective treatment requires a combination of medical interventions, lifestyle changes, dietary changes, supportive care and patient education. There is, however, limited evidence-based research on the effectiveness of dietary approaches. Enteral tube feeding and parenteral nutrition are generally reserved for the most intractable cases, where other treatment modalities have failed. Wernicke encephalopathy is a rare but very serious and avoidable consequence of unmanaged HG. A recent priority-setting exercise involving patients, clinicians and researchers highlighted the importance of nutrition research to all. Future research should focus on these priorities to better understand the nutritional implications of HG. Ultimately improved recognition and management of malnutrition in HG is required to prevent complications and optimise nutritional care.
How (Not) to Reproduce: Practical Considerations to Improve Research Transparency in Political Science
Authors: Alvarez R. Michael , Heuberger Simon 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACTIn recent years, scholars, journals, and professional organizations in political science have been working to improve research transparency. Although better transparency is a laudable goal, the implementation of standards for reproducibility still leaves much to be desired. This article identifies two practices that political science should adopt to improve research transparency: (1) journals must provide detailed replication guidance and run provided material; and (2) authors must begin their work with replication in mind. We focus on problems that occur when scholars provide research materials to journals for replication, and we outline best practices regarding documentation and code structure for researchers to use.
Crop diversity is associated with higher child diet diversity in Ethiopia, particularly among low-income households, but not in Vietnam
Authors: Esaryk Erin E , Reynolds Sarah Anne , Fernald Lia CH , Jones Andrew D 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectives:To examine associations of household crop diversity with school-aged child dietary diversity in Vietnam and Ethiopia and mechanisms underlying these associations.Design:We created a child diet diversity score (DDS) using data on seven food groups consumed in the last 24 h. Generalised estimating equations were used to model associations of household-level crop diversity, measured as a count of crop species richness (CSR) and of plant crop nutritional functional richness (CNFR), with DDS. We examined effect modification by household wealth and subsistence orientation, and mediation by the farm’s market orientation.Setting:Two survey years of longitudinal data from the Young Lives cohort.Participants:Children (aged 5 years in 2006 and 8 years in 2009) from rural farming households in Ethiopia (n 1012) and Vietnam (n 1083).Results:There was a small, positive association between household CNFR and DDS in Ethiopia (CNFR–DDS, β = 0·13; (95 % CI 0·07, 0·19)), but not in Vietnam. Associations of crop diversity and child diet diversity were strongest among poor households in Ethiopia and among subsistence-oriented households in Vietnam. Agricultural earnings positively mediated the crop diversity–diet diversity association in Ethiopia.Discussion:Children from households that are poorer and those that rely more on their own agricultural production for food may benefit most from increased crop diversity.
Developing and Evaluating Deep Neural Network-Based Denoising for Nanoparticle TEM Images with Ultra-Low Signal-to-Noise
Authors: Vincent Joshua L , Manzorro Ramon , Mohan Sreyas , Tang Binh , Sheth Dev Y , Simoncelli Eero P , Matteson David S , Fernandez-Granda Carlos , Crozier Peter A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A deep convolutional neural network has been developed to denoise atomic-resolution transmission electron microscope image datasets of nanoparticles acquired using direct electron counting detectors, for applications where the image signal is severely limited by shot noise. The network was applied to a model system of CeO2-supported Pt nanoparticles. We leverage multislice image simulations to generate a large and flexible dataset for training the network. The proposed network outperforms state-of-the-art denoising methods on both simulated and experimental test data. Factors contributing to the performance are identified, including (a) the geometry of the images used during training and (b) the size of the network's receptive field. Through a gradient-based analysis, we investigate the mechanisms learned by the network to denoise experimental images. This shows that the network exploits both extended and local information in the noisy measurements, for example, by adapting its filtering approach when it encounters atomic-level defects at the nanoparticle surface. Extensive analysis has been done to characterize the network's ability to correctly predict the exact atomic structure at the nanoparticle surface. Finally, we develop an approach based on the log-likelihood ratio test that provides a quantitative measure of the agreement between the noisy observation and the atomic-level structure in the network-denoised image.
Exploring the breeding potential of Iranian emmer wheats to increase durum wheat tolerance to drought
Authors: Mohammadi Majid , Mirlohi Aghafakhr , Majidi Mohammad Mahdi , Rabbani Ali 
Published: September 2021

AbstractEmmer wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccum) is one of the most promising gene sources for drought tolerance improvement of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum). Achieving desired results requires a conscious choice of crossing parents based on general and specific combining ability (GCA and SCA) and also understanding the genes action involved in controlling the desired traits. In this study a 12 × 12 full diallel cross was performed using four emmer and eight durum wheats. The 132 hybrid progenies along with their parental lines were field evaluated under water-stressed and non-stressed conditions. Based on the Griffing diallel analysis both GCA and SCA effects were highly significant for all measured traits under both water treatments indicating possibility of improvement for drought tolerance. In this respect, the amount of additive effect was higher than the non-additive suggesting the chance for genetic advancement through selection. Based on Hayman's graphical analyses under the two water conditions it was revealed that several grain yield component traits were under the control of partial dominance. In contrary, grain yield and most morphological traits showed either dominance or over-dominance gene action. Grain yield had a significant positive correlation with the number of kernels per spike, kernel diameter, grain weight per spike and harvest index. These traits also had greater share of additive effects, relatively high narrow-sense heritability and high Baker ratio suggesting effective indirect selection for grain yield. Most durum × emmer hybrids had grain yield and drought tolerance indices better than the parents indicating that Iranian emmer wheats have a great genetic potential for drought tolerance improvement of durum wheat.
Survivor guilt: a cognitive approach
Authors: Murray Hannah , Pethania Yasmin , Medin Evelina 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Survivor guilt is a common experience following traumatic events in which others have died. However, little research has addressed the phenomenology of survivor guilt, nor has the issue been conceptualised using contemporary psychological models which would help guide clinicians in effective treatment approaches for this distressing problem. This paper summarises the current survivor guilt research literature and psychological models from related areas, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, moral injury and traumatic bereavement. Based on this literature, a preliminary cognitive approach to survivor guilt is proposed. A cognitive conceptualisation is described, and used as a basis to suggest potential treatment interventions for survivor guilt. Both the model and treatment strategies require further detailed study and empirical validation, but provide testable hypotheses to stimulate further research in this area.

Key learning aims

(1)
To appreciate an overview of the current available literature on the phenomenology and prevalence of survivor guilt.

(2)
To understand a preliminary cognitive conceptualisation of survivor guilt.

(3)
To understand and be able to implement treatment recommendations for addressing survivor guilt.
Measurements, Gas/Particle Partitioning, and Sources of Nonpolar Organic Molecular Markers at a Suburban Site in the West Yangtze River Delta, China
Authors: Gou Yafeng , Qin Chao , Liao Hong , Xie Mingjie 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis study seeks to understand the ambient levels, gas/particle partitioning, and sources of nonpolar organic molecular makers (OMMs) at a suburban site in Nanjing, China. Particle‐ and gas‐phase OMMs were collected using a medium volume sampler equipped with two quartz filters in series and a polyurethane foam (PUF)/XAD‐4/PUF (PXP) adsorbent sandwich. More than 100 pairs of filter and PXP samples were collected diurnally from September 2018 to September 2019. The concentration profiles of total n‐alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were peaking at n‐C12–n‐C17 homologs (9.98 ± 5.43–38.4 ± 17.7 ng m−3) and naphthalene (92.5 ± 56.7 ng m−3), respectively, followed by decreasing concentrations with further increases in molecular weight. Three artifact correction methods with different pre‐assumptions on relative contributions of evaporation loss to backup filter measurements were used to separate particle‐ and gas‐phase OMMs. The resulting particle‐phase fractions showed significant differences for OMMs with vapor pressure <10−9 atm at 298.15 K. Absorptive gas/particle partitioning coefficients of OMMs were empirically calculated based on measurements and theoretically predicted for comparison. The results obtained under the three artifact correction methods suggested growing importance of evaporation loss with decreased vapor pressure. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was performed for source apportionment using total (PMFtotal) and particle‐phase (PMFparticle) OMMs data, respectively. Besides eliminating the influence of gas/particle partitioning, the involvements of more volatile species and gaseous OMMs data improved the identification of specific emission sources, supporting the usage of total OMMs data over a wide vapor pressure range for PMF source apportionment.
Downstream and In Situ Genesis of Monsoon Low‐Pressure Systems in Climate Models
Authors: Srujan K. S. S. Sai , Sandeep S. , Suhas E. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe monsoon low‐pressure systems (LPSs) are a major contributor to the rainfall over India. The genesis of LPS in climate models is not well understood. Here, we track the LPS activity in 11 coupled climate models using an automated tracking algorithm and classify their genesis mechanism broadly into two categories—in situ and downstream. We find that the in situ genesis mechanism dominates in all models, with an average of 56% systems categorized under this category, while 63% of the observed LPS had in situ genesis. The average downstream genesis in the models is 32%, closer to the observed 30%. About 12% and 7% of the LPS genesis could not be attributed to either of the categories in the models and observations, respectively, due to the presence of both types of genesis mechanisms. Although the bulk statistics of the in situ and downstream LPS genesis across the models in boreal summer is comparable to that of observations, substantial inter‐model variability is observed. Also, we find significant differences in the temporal distribution of downstream LPS genesis in models. Although the models realistically capture the percentage of downstream LPS for the whole monsoon season, they tend to simulate a higher number of genesis in the early phase of monsoon as opposed to the observed peak in August and September, which is linked to a stronger Rossby wave activity in the models in June.
Melting of the Chhota Shigri Glacier, Western Himalaya, Insensitive to Anthropogenic Emission Residues: Insights From Geochemical Evidence
Authors: Nizam Sarwar , Sen Indra S. , Shukla Tanuj , Selby David 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHimalayan glaciers are invariably covered by supra‐glacial debris. Of these glaciers, the Chhota Shigri Glacier (CSG) in the western Himalaya has minimal debris cover (3.4%), yet has a comparable melt rate to other Himalayan glaciers. Utilizing osmium isotopic composition, and major and trace element geochemistry of cryoconite, a dark colored aggregate of mineral and organic materials on the surface of the ablation zone of the CSG, we show that the surface of CSG is essentially free of anthropogenically emitted particles, contrary to many previous findings. Given this and the overall lack of debris, we conclude that the high melt rate of CSG is primarily related to the increase of the Earth's near‐surface temperature linked directly to global warming. Therefore, the future meltwater supply for glacial‐fed rivers originating from Lahaul and Spiti region would be most vulnerable for >50 million population living downstream and requires immediate attention.