bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis insights for three FRET pairs of chemically unlinked two‐molecule FRET cytometry
Authors: Ni Zhongran , Gale Alexander , Johnson Michael S. , Sedger Lisa M. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractFörster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is the direct energy exchange between two‐component fluorescent molecules. FRET methods utilize chemically linked molecules or unlinked fluorescent molecules such as fluoresscent protein–protein interactions. FRET is therefore a powerful indicator of molecular proximity, but standardized determination of FRET efficiency is challenged when investigating natural (chemically unlinked) interactions. In this paper, we have examined the interactions of tumor necrosis factor receptor‐1 (TNFR1) molecules expressed as recombinant C‐terminal fusion proteins of cyan, yellow, or red fluorescent protein (‐CFP, ‐YFP, or ‐RFP) to evaluate two‐molecule chemically unlinked FRET by flow cytometry. We demonstrate three independent FRET pairs of TNFR1 CFP→YFP (FRET‐1), YFP→RFP (FRET‐2) and CFP→RFP (FRET‐3), by comparing TNFR1+TNFR1 with non‐interacting TNFR1+CD27 proteins, on both LSR‐II and Fortessa X‐20 cytometers. We describe genuine FRET activities reflecting TNFR1 homotypic interactions. The FRET events can be visualized during sample acquisition via the use of “spiked” FRET donor cells, together with TNFR1+TNFR1 co‐transfected cells, as FRET channel mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) overlays. FRET events can also be indicated by comparing concatenated files of cells expressing either FRET positive events (TNFR1+TNFR1) or FRET negative events (TNFR1+CD27) to generate single‐cell scatter plots showing loss of FRET donor brightness. Robust determination of FRET efficiency is then confirmed at the single‐cell level by applying matrix calculations based on the measurements of FRET, using donor, acceptor, and FRET fluorescent intensities (I), detector channel emission coefficient (S), fluorescent protein extinction coefficients (ε) and the α factor. In this TNFR1‐based system the mean CFP→YFP FRET‐1 efficiency is 0.43 (LSR‐II) and 0.41 (Fortessa X‐20), the mean YFP→RFP FRET‐2 efficiency is 0.30 (LSR‐II) and 0.29 (Fortessa X‐20), and the mean CFP→RFP FRET‐3 efficiency is 0.56 (LSR‐II) and 0.54 (Fortessa X‐20). This study also embraces multi‐dimensional clustering using t‐SNE, Fit‐SNE, UMAP, Tri‐Map and PaCMAP to further demonstrate FRET. These approaches establish a robust system for standardized detection of chemically unlinked TNFR1 homotypic interactions with three individual FRET pairs.
Research Documents for Populations with Limited English Proficiency: Translation Approaches Matter
Authors: Colina Sonia , Rodríguez‐Guerra Miriam , Marrone Nicole , Ingram Maia , Navarro Karla J. , Arizmendi Genesis , Coco Laura 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTTo avoid excluding individuals with limited English proficiency from participating in research, the consent form and other documents should be presented to them in their primary language and in a format that is understandable. However, evidence suggests that, when documents are translated for prospective and actual research participants with limited English proficiency, these individuals often fail to engage with the documents and the research in the same terms as their English‐speaking counterparts do. We argue that this is because methodological challenges remain after a decision to translate has been made. This study investigated how translation approaches affected reader response and intelligibility. Participants were asked to review two translated versions of a survey (which reflected a functionalist and a literal approach to translation) followed by semistructured interviews. Quantitative and qualitative analysis revealed a preference for a functionalist translation and a higher number of problems raised in regard to the literal translation. The recommendations we offer here include considering the most appropriate translation approach for a specific genre and purpose.
Half‐Sandwich Ruthenium Complexes Bearing Hemilabile κ2‐(C,S)−Thioether‐Functionalized NHC Ligands: Application to Amide Synthesis from Alcohol and Amine
Authors: Egly Julien , Chen Weighang , Maisse‐François Aline , Bellemin‐Laponnaz Stéphane , Achard Thierry 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAmide synthesis is one of the most crucial transformations in chemistry and biology. Among various catalytic systems, N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC)‐based ruthenium (Ru) catalyst systems have been proven to be active for direct synthesis of amides by sustainable acceptorless dehydrogenative Coupling of primary alcohols with amines. Most often, these catalytic systems usually use monodentate NHC and thus require an additional ligand to obtain high reactivity and selectivity. In this work, a series of cationic Ru(II)(η6‐p‐cymene) complexes with thioether‐functionalized N‐heterocyclic carbene ligands (imidazole and benzimidazole‐based) have been prepared and fully characterized. These complexes have then been used in the amidation reaction and the most promising one (i. e. 3 c) has been applied on a large range of substrates. High conversions albeit with moderate yields have generally been obtained.
Recent Advances in Chemical Modifications of Nitriles
Authors: Xia Yujie , Jiang Huanfeng , Wu Wanqing 
Published: December 2021

AbstractNitrile represents a synthetically important class of compounds, relevant to the preparation of fine organic chemicals, natural products, and biologically active molecules. The electronegative nitrogen atom and electropositive carbon atom of cyano group endow nitriles with rich and diverse chemical properties. Traditional chemical transformations of nitriles usually involve the use of strong acids, bases, and other harsh conditions. To overcome these limitations, various catalytic methods have been explored both in homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. In this review, we summarize some of the recent progress on the development of efficient synthetic methods involving nitriles. Especially, the classic transformations of nitriles including hydration, hydrolysis and reduction reactions are discussed in detail, which provide rapid access to a series of important small molecules, such as amides, ketones, amines, and imines. The reaction development, as well as the design of the catalytic system will be discussed with special emphasis placed on the mechanistic aspects.
The First Total Synthesis of Racemic Chebulic Acid
Authors: Kieslich David , Christoffers Jens 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe first total synthesis of racemic chebulic acid is reported, which is the aglycon of several antioxidant ingredients of the fruit of the Terminalia chebula tree. The route started with the straightforward preparation of an indanone‐based β‐oxoester from a benzaldehyde derivative (84 % over the first five steps). The side chain of the target compound was then introduced by conjugated addition of a cuprate reagent derived from dimethyl succinate, which was followed by the first key step of the synthesis: a cerium‐catalyzed α‐hydroxylation of an β‐oxoester. The second key step was the cyanide‐catalyzed ring transformation of the cyclic α‐hydroxy‐β‐oxoester to a δ‐lactone. Finally, chebulic acid was obtained after six‐fold demethylation of three methyl ester moieties and three phenolic ether functions. The overall synthetic route consists of nine consecutive steps and was accomplished in 15 % overall yield.
Recent insights in corrosion science from atomic spectroelectrochemistry
Authors: Choudhary Sanjay , Ogle Kevin , Gharbi Oumaïma , Thomas Sebastian , Birbilis Nick 
Published: December 2021

AbstractA fundamental understanding of corrosion mechanisms is the key to developing suitable corrosion protection approaches, and for the prediction of service life of metallic structures. However, conventional corrosion testing methods such as mass loss and electrochemical testing do not guarantee estimation of "true" corrosion rate and often mask the underlying mechanisms, due to either low sensitivity or a lack of element‐resolved information. Relatively recent work in corrosion science has led to the development of a new class of corrosion testing approaches, namely atomic spectroelectrochemistry; whereby direct insight of dissolution and corrosion mechanisms can be obtained during electrochemical testing. Atomic spectroelectrochemistry provides real‐time and element resolved dissolution rate of material via coupling electrochemical flow cell with inductively coupled plasma – atomic spectroscopy. This concise review discusses the basic working principle of atomic spectroelectrochemistry and its recent applications in corrosion science to understand the true underlying corrosion mechanisms of a range of metallic materials.
Lichen impact on sandstone hardness is species‐specific
Authors: Tonon Chiara , Bernasconi Davide , Martire Luca , Pastero Linda , Viles Heather , Favero‐Longo Sergio E. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe balance between lichen biodeterioration and bioprotection processes on stone surfaces depends on many variables and is crucial to understanding the role of lichens in biogeomorphology and their threat to stone heritage conservation. However, stones colonized by lichens have still been mostly examined in terms of affected volumes and physico‐chemical modes of interactions, overlooking the overall effects on properties related to surface durability. In this study, the impact of lichen colonization patterns on Cortemilia sandstone was examined beneath thalli of three lichen species. Rock hardness, a proxy for rock durability, was measured at different depths from the surface using an Equotip hardness tester and compared to that of freshly cut surfaces and exposed surfaces uncolonized by lichens. Mineralogical analyses were performed by X‐ray powder diffraction on rock beneath lichen colonization, in comparison with unweathered rock. Equotip analyses quantified a differential, species‐specific decrease in stone hardness. This variability was related to differences in hyphal penetration patterns and, possibly, calcite (re‐)precipitation. In particular, in the case of the species most impacting rock hardness, X‐ray diffraction patterns of calcite showed a remarkable stability of crystallographic plane (01–12), known to be enhanced in the presence of organic chelants. These results confirm that decisions on lichen removal from stone surfaces should consider species‐specific behaviour. Moreover, the innovative approach of measuring stone hardness variation in association with the analysis of biomineralization processes contributes to unveil the extension of the sphere of lichen interaction within the stone substrate beyond the limit of the hyphal penetration.
The effect of dynamic high‐pressure microfluidization on the physicochemical and digestive properties of proteins in insoluble fraction of edible bird's nest
Authors: Wang Dehua , Zheng Xinyi , Fan Qunyan , Wang Peixin , Zeng Hongliang , Zhang Yi , Zheng Baodong , Lin Shaoling 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDynamic high‐pressure microfluidization (DHPM) has been demonstrated as an effective method to increase the solubility of proteins in water‐insoluble fraction of edible bird's nests (EBNIP). Here, we further explored the effects of DHPM treatment on the physicochemical and digestive properties of EBNIP. The results showed that DHPM treatment led to the increases in fat absorption capacities, foaming properties, and emulsifying properties of EBNIP with decreased water‐holding capacity being observed. This might result from the mechanical force during DHPM treatment can unfold the protein molecular chain, destroy the hydrogen bonds and inter‐linkage between protein molecules. In addition, the EBNIP samples with DHPM treatment exhibited increased in vitro digestibility, the degree of hydrolysis and free sialic acid release in in vitro gastrointestinal digestion assay. In conclusion, DHPM could be applied as a novel and effective processing method to modify protein macromolecules in production of edible bird's nest (EBN)‐related food.
Contribution of astrocytes to familial risk and clinical manifestation of schizophrenia
Authors: Koskuvi Marja , Lehtonen Šárka , Trontti Kalevi , Keuters Meike , Wu Ying‐Chieh , Koivisto Hennariikka , Ludwig Anastasia , Plotnikova Lidiia , Virtanen Pekka L. J. , Räsänen Noora , Kaipainen Satu , Hyötyläinen Ida , Dhungana Hiramani , Giniatullina Raisa , Ojansuu Ilkka , Vaurio Olli , Cannon Tyrone D. , Lönnqvist Jouko , Therman Sebastian , Suvisaari Jaana , Kaprio Jaakko , Lähteenvuo Markku , Tohka Jussi , Giniatullin Rashid , Rivera Claudio , Hovatta Iiris , Tanila Heikki , Tiihonen Jari , Koistinaho Jari 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPrevious studies have implicated several brain cell types in schizophrenia (SCZ), but the genetic impact of astrocytes is unknown. Considering their high complexity in humans, astrocytes are likely key determinants of neurodevelopmental diseases, such as SCZ. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)‐derived astrocytes differentiated from five monozygotic twin pairs discordant for SCZ and five healthy subjects were studied for alterations related to high genetic risk and clinical manifestation of SCZ in astrocyte transcriptomics, neuron‐astrocyte co‐cultures, and in humanized mice. We found gene expression and signaling pathway alterations related to synaptic dysfunction, inflammation, and extracellular matrix components in SCZ astrocytes, and demyelination in SCZ astrocyte transplanted mice. While Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified SCZ disease and synaptic transmission pathway changes in SCZ astrocytes, the most consistent findings were related to collagen and cell adhesion associated pathways. Neuronal responses to glutamate and GABA differed between astrocytes from control persons, affected twins, and their unaffected co‐twins and were normalized by clozapine treatment. SCZ astrocyte cell transplantation to the mouse forebrain caused gene expression changes in synaptic dysfunction and inflammation pathways of mouse brain cells and resulted in behavioral changes in cognitive and olfactory functions. Differentially expressed transcriptomes and signaling pathways related to synaptic functions, inflammation, and especially collagen and glycoprotein 6 pathways indicate abnormal extracellular matrix composition in the brain as one of the key characteristics in the etiology of SCZ.
Retrospective memory integration accompanies reconfiguration of neural cell assemblies
Authors: Wang Ye , Deng Yaling , Cao Lihong , Zhang Jiahong , Yang Lei 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMemory is a dynamic process that is based on and can be altered by experiences. Integrating memories of multiple experiences (memory integration) is the basis of flexible and complex decision‐making. However, the mechanism of memory integration in neural networks of the brain remains poorly understood. In this study, we built a recurrent spiking network model and investigated the neural mechanism of memory integration before a decision is made (retrospective memory integration) at the neural circuit level. Our simulations suggest that retrospective memory integration accompanies reconfiguration of neural cell assemblies. Additionally, partially blocking neural network plasticity leads to failure of memory integration. These findings can potentially guide the experimental investigation of the neural mechanism of retrospective memory integration and serve as the basis for developing new artificial intelligence algorithms.
Advances in endocrine toxicity of nanomaterials and mechanism in hormone secretion disorders
Authors: Yao Yongshuai , Tang Meng 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe size of nanoparticles is about 1–100 nm. People are exposed to nanoparticles in environmental pollutants from ancient times to the present. With the maturity of nanotechnology in the past two decades, the production of manufactured nanomaterials is rapidly increasing and they are used in a wide range of aerospace, medicine, food, and industrial applications. However, both natural and manufactured nanomaterials have been proved to pose a threat to diverse organs and systems. The endocrine system is critical to maintaining homeostasis. Endocrine disorders are associated with many diseases, including cancer, reduced fertility, and metabolic diseases. Therefore, we review the literatures dealing with the endocrine toxicity of nanomaterial. This review provides an exhaustive description of toxic effects of several common nanomaterials in the endocrine system; more involved are reproductive endocrinology. Then physicochemical factors that determine the endocrine toxicity of nanomaterials are discussed. Furthermore, oxidative stress, changes in steroid production and metabolic enzymes, organelle disruption, and alterations in signal pathways are introduced as potential mechanisms that may cause changes in hormone levels. Finally, we suggest that a risk assessment of endocrine toxicity based on standard procedures and consideration of endocrine disrupting effects of nanomaterials in the field and its environmental and population effects could be future research directions for endocrine toxicity of nanomaterials.
Controlling the bone regeneration properties of bioactive glass: Effect of particle shape and size
Authors: Borden Mark , Westerlund Lance Erik , Lovric Vedran , Walsh William 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe ability of particulate bioactive glass to function as an effective bone graft material is directly related to its in vivo dissolution, ion release, and interparticle spacing (area associated with bone in‐growth). A spherical shape represents an optimal geometry to control bioactive glass bone formation properties. Spherical particles were fabricated from 45S5 bioactive glass with unimodal (90–180, 180–355, and 355–500 μm) and bimodal size ranges (180–355/355–500 and 90–180/355–500 μm). Particles were formed into bone graft putties and compared to a commercially available product composed of irregular 45S5 bioactive glass particles (32–710 μm). Scanning electron microscopy characterization of spherical particles showed a relatively uniform sphere shape and smooth surfaces. Irregular particles were characterized by random shapes with flat surfaces and sharp edges. X‐ray fluorescence and X‐ray diffraction indicated that the spheroidization process maintained the properties of 45S5 bioactive glass. Cross‐sectional micro‐computed tomography imaging of the putty samples demonstrated that smaller spheres and irregular particles resulted denser packing patterns compared to the larger spheres. Isolated particles were immersed in simulated body fluid for 14 days to measure silicon ion release and bioactivity. Inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy showed faster ion release from smaller particles due to increased surface area. Bioactivity characterization of 14‐day simulated body fluid exposed particle surfaces showed the presence of a hydroxycarbanoapatite mineral layer (characteristic of 45S5 bioactive glass) on all bioactive glass particles. Results demonstrated that spherical particles maintained the properties of the starting 45S5 bioactive glass, and that particle shape and size directly affected short‐term glass dissolution, ion release, and interparticle spacing.
The emerging role of selenium metabolic pathways in cancer: New therapeutic targets for cancer
Authors: Kalimuthu Kalishwaralal , Keerthana Chenicheri K. , Mohan Manikandan , Arivalagan Jaison , Christyraj Johnson Retnaraj Samuel Selvan , Firer Michael A. , Choudry Mohammad Haroon Asif , Anto Ruby John , Lee Yong J. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSelenium (Se) is incorporated into the body via the selenocysteine (Sec) biosynthesis pathway, which is critical in the synthesis of selenoproteins, such as glutathione peroxidases and thioredoxin reductases. Selenoproteins, which play a key role in several biological processes, including ferroptosis, drug resistance, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and epigenetic processes, are guided by Se uptake. In this review, we critically analyze the molecular mechanisms of Se metabolism and its potential as a therapeutic target for cancer. Sec insertion sequence binding protein 2 (SECISBP2), which is a positive regulator for the expression of selenoproteins, would be a novel prognostic predictor and an alternate target for cancer. We highlight strategies that attempt to develop a novel Se metabolism‐based approach to uncover a new metabolic drug target for cancer therapy. Moreover, we expect extensive clinical use of SECISBP2 as a specific biomarker in cancer therapy in the near future. Of note, scientists face additional challenges in conducting successful research, including investigations on anticancer peptides to target SECISBP2 intracellular protein.
The expression and clinical significance of CD59 and FLAER in Chinese adult AML patients
Authors: Li Lijuan , Yu Shunjie , Liu Shanshan , Meng Fanqiao , Ren Xiaotong , Liu Zhaoyun , Fu Rong 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe role of CD59 and fluorescently labeled aerolysin (FLAER) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains unclear and requires further investigation. To explore the relationship between CD59, FLAER, and AML, we investigated CD59 and FLAER expression in AML and analyzed their relationship with clinical characteristics of AML patients.MethodsWe employed flow cytometry (FCM) to analyze CD59 and FLAER expression in 161 AML patients at Tianjin Medical University General Hospital and evaluated its association with sex, white blood cell (WBC) count, platelet (PLT) count, thrombin time (TT), prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen (FIB), D‐Dimer(D‐D), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), followed by analyzing its connection with disease progression and complete remission (CR).ResultsCD59 and FLAER deficiencies were identified in AML patients. Compared with CR group, non‐CR group patients revealed more CD59 and FLAER deficiency. Compared with non‐acute promyelocytic leukemia (M3) group, M3 group patients had more CD59 and FLAER deficiency. CD59−level in primordial cells of M3 patients was positively correlated with primordial cell ratio (r = 0.660,p = 0.003). Additionally, we discovered that the decline in CD59 and FLAER levels might be linked to higher D‐D and LDH in AML patients. The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05).ConclusionsWe demonstrated that the decline in CD59 and FLAER levels was associated with leukemia cell proliferation and abnormal coagulation function in AML, suggesting that they could serve as a predictor of AML coagulation dysfunction, particularly in M3.