bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of component placement on knee kinetics after arthroplasty with an unconstrained prosthesis
Authors: Miller M. C. , Zhang A. X. , Petrella Anthony J. , Berger Richard A. , Rubash Harry E. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe mechanical success of a total knee replacement demands stable patellar tracking without subluxation and, stable tracking, in turn, can depend largely on the medial‐lateral forces restraining the patella. Patellar button medialization has been advocated as a means of reducing subluxation, and experimental evidence has shown femoral component rotation also affects medial—lateral forces. Surgeons have choices in femoral component rotation and patellar button medialization and must frequently make intra‐operative decisions concerning component placement because of anatomical variations among patients. Thus, in seeking to minimize medial—lateral patellar force, we examined the effects of patellar button medialization and external femoral component rotation. The study used an unconstrained total knee system implanted in nine cadaveric specimens tested on a knee simulator operating through flexion angles up to 100°. Tests included all combinations of external femoral component rotation of 0°, 2.5°, and 5° and patellar placement at the geometric center and at 3.75 mm medial to the geometric center. A video‐based motion analysis system tracked patellar and tibial kinematics while a six‐component load cell measured patellofemoral loads. Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed a statistically significant decrease in the average medial‐lateral force with button medialization but no significant change with femoral component rotation. Neither femoral component rotation nor patellar button medialization had an effect on the normal component of the patellar reaction force. External femoral component rotation did cause significant increases in lateral patellar tilt, in tibial varus angle, and in external tibial rotation. Button medialization caused significant increases in lateral patellar tracking, lateral patellar tilt and external tibial rotation. The results in medial‐lateral patellar forces quantify the benefit of patellar button medialization and discount any benefit of femoral rotation. The change in tibial kinematics with patellar button medialization and femoral component rotation cannot be measured in vivo with current technology, and the precise clinical implications are unknown. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Alteration of fracture stability influences chondrogenesis, osteogenesis and immigration of macrophages
Authors: Hankemeier S. , Grässel S. , Plenz G. , Spiegel H. U. , Bruckner P. , Probst A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMechanical conditions at the fracture line determine the mode of fracture healing (osteonal versus non‐osteonal bone union). The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of differing degrees of fracture stability on the time course of chondrogenesis, enchondral ossification and immigration of macrophages into the fracture callus.Using a fracture model of the rat's tibia, histological (Azan staining), immunohistological (antibodies directed against the macrophage‐specific surface antigen ED2), and molecular biological techniques (expression of the mRNA of the cartilage‐specific collagen IX, osteocalcin — a marker for mature osteoblasts — and the macrophage‐specific macrosialin) were employed.In terms of histology and molecular biology (collagen IX mRNA expression) chondrogenesis in the fracture gap continued for longer in less stable fractures. In more stable fractures bone formation — identified by osteocalcin mRNA expression — increased from day 12 onwards. The expression of the macrophage‐specific surface antigen ED2 and the mRNA of macrosialin was more pronounced but of shorter duration in the more stable fractures.This study shows that differing degrees of fracture stability not only influence the interplay between osteogenesis and chondrogenesis but also alter the kinetics of macrophage immigration into the fracture callus. These findings could aid in better understanding the cytobiologic mechanisms of callus formation and may suggest that macrophages are an important factor not only in soft tissue healing but also in bone healing. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Age‐related changes in the localization of P2X (nucleotide) receptors in the rat adrenal gland
Authors: Afework Mekbeb , Burnstock Geoffrey 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObservation of the changes in the occurrence and distribution of nucleotide (P2X) receptors in the adrenal gland during development and ageing, and correlation with the changes in adrenal status at similar stages may give morphological insights into the functions of purine nucleotides in the gland. Age‐related changes in the localization of all seven subtypes of the P2X receptor in the adrenal gland of rat were therefore investigated immunohistochemically. In the adrenal glands of prenatal rats, immunoreactivity to P2X receptor subtypes was not observed. In glands of the postnatal rat at the developmental stages studied, only immunoreactivity for the P2X5 receptor subtype was observed. A small number of faintly P2X5‐immunoreactive chromaffin cells were found in the adrenal glands of 1‐day‐old rats; the frequency of localization and intensity of staining of immunoreactive cells had increased by day 4 and was further increased at day 7. P2X5 immunoreactivity was not observed in the adrenal glands from 14‐ and 21‐day‐old rats. At 8 weeks of age, immunoreactivity with a specific distribution for each of the seven receptor subtypes was observed. Except for the P2X4 receptor, adrenal glands at 24 months showed a similar pattern of immunoreactivity for the receptor subtypes as that observed at 8 weeks. Immunoreactivity for P2X4 was first observed in the adrenal cortical cells of the zona reticularis at 8 weeks, but was absent in 24‐month‐old rats. However, several P2X4‐immunoreactive chromaffin cells appeared at 24 months. Such immunoreactive cells were not seen in rats of any of the other ages studied. It was concluded that the greater expression of P2X5 receptor at an early developmental stage and of P2X4 in ageing might reflect functional roles for purines in cellular proliferation and/or differentiation, and in cellular degeneration, respectively, in adrenal glands of rat.
Reconstruction of the transected cat spinal cord following NeuroGel™ implantation: axonal tracing, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies
Authors: Woerly Stéphane , van Doan Diep , Sosa Norma , de Vellis Jean , Espinosa Araceli 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis study examined the ability of NeuroGel™, a biocompatible porous poly [N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide] hydrogel, to establish a permissive environment across a 3 mm gap in the cat spinal cord in order to promote tissue reconstitution and axonal regeneration across the lesion. Animals with NeuroGel™ implants were compared to transection‐only controls and observed for 21 months. The hydrogel formed a stable bridge between the cord segments. Six months after reconstructive surgery, it was densely infiltrated by a reparative tissue composed of glial cells, capillary vessels and axonal fibres. Axonal labelling and double immunostaining for neurofilaments and myelin basic protein, showed that descending supraspinal axons of the ventral funiculus and afferent fibres of the dorsal column regenerated across the reconstructed lesion. Fifteen months after reconstructive surgery, axons had grown, at least, 12 mm into the distal cord tissue, and in the rostral cord there was labelling of neurons of the intermediate gray matter. Electron microscopy showed that after 9 months, most of the regenerating axons were myelinated, principally by Schwann cells. Newly formed neurons presumably from precursor cells of the ependyma and/or migrating neurons were observed within the reparative tissue after 21 months. Results indicate that functional deficit, as assessed by treadmill training, and morphological changes following double transection of the spinal cord can be modified by the implantation of NeuroGel™. This technology offers the potential to promote the formation of a neural tissue equivalent via a reparative neohistogenesis process, that facilitates and supports regenerative growth of axons.
Changes in the immune system in depression and dementia: causal or co‐incidental effects?
Authors: Leonard Brian E. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIt is now widely accepted that psychological stress and psychiatric illness can compromise immune function. Furthermore the mechanisms whereby such changes occur are probably associated with the activities of the cytokines and other inflammatory mediators of the immune system which are known to initiate changes in behaviour. This review aims to summarise the experimental and clinical evidence that implicates the pro‐inflammatory cytokines in the pathological changes seen in major depression and in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In major depression, evidence is provided to show that both activation (e.g., macrophage activity, acute phase proteins) and inhibition (e.g., natural killer cell activity) of the immune system occur. Many of the behavioural changes seen in depression are simulated by three pro‐inflammatory cytokines (IL‐1, IL‐6 and TNF‐alpha), which may produce their impact on the brain by activating cyclooxygenase, nitric acid synthase and corticotrophin releasing factor. Effective antidepressant treatments largely attenuate the immune changes thereby raising the possibility that the normalisation of central biogenic amine function that are conventionally implicated in the cause of depression may be secondary to those of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines.With respect to AD, while the cause(s) are unknown, there is both experimental and clinical evidence to suggest that inflammatory processes in the brain caused in particular by TNF‐alpha together with the subsequent rise in free radicals, are instrumental in causing the pathological changes which underlie the disease. Evidence in favour of the inflammatory hypothesis is supported by the finding that nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs slow down the progression of the disease.Although, more research is needed into the inter‐relationships between the various pro‐inflammatory cytokines and the behavioural changes invoked in major depression and AD, the immunological hypothesis has been important in stimulating new concepts regarding the causes of the pathological changes in these diseases and how effective drug treatments may attenuate them.
The role of integrin receptors in aspects of glioma invasion in vitro
Authors: Rooprai Harcharan K. , Vanmeter Timothy , Panou Chryssoula , Schnüll Stefan , Trillo‐Pazos Gusta , Davies Derek , Pilkington Geoffrey J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIntegrins are heterodimers consisting of non‐covalently associated alpha and beta subunits. They mediate adherence of normal and tumour cells to the extracellular matrix, a property which is essential for migration of neoplastic astrocytes as they invade into the normal brain parenchyma. Flow cytometry and immunocytochemical analysis of cultured cells derived from 10 gliomas (1 pilocytic astrocytoma, 1 astrocytoma, 1 oligoastrocytoma, 1 anaplastic oligoastrocytoma, 4 anaplastic astrocytomas and 2 glioblastoma multiforme) revealed that the β1 integrin subunit was generally expressed more strongly than α4 or αv integrin subunits. Subsequent studies with function‐blocking antibodies against the β1 subunit inhibited adhesion, motility and invasion of the gliomas in vitro, to varying degrees, on all extracellular matrix substrates investigated (laminin, collagen type IV, fibronectin and vitronectin), the inhibition by β1 subunit was greatest on collagen type IV. These studies therefore substantiate the case for a role of the β1 integrin subunit in neoplastic glial cell invasion of the brain.
Foreign trade and exchange‐rate risk in the G‐7 countries: Cointegration and error‐correction models
Authors: Arize A.C. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of real exchange‐rate volatility on the trade flows of G‐7 countries in the context of a multivariate error‐ correction model. The advantages of this statistical approach vis‐a‐vis earlier approaches are that it provides more efficient short‐run and long‐ run coefficient estimates and avoids the problems of spurious regressions. The major results show that increases in the volatility of the real effective exchange rate, approximating exchange‐rate uncertainty, exert a significant negative effect upon export demand in both the short‐run and the long‐run in each of the G‐7 countries. These effects may result in significant allocation of resources by market participants.
Building an infrastructure to enable delivery of genomic medicine
Authors: Hooker Gillian W. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTo meaningfully address health disparities in access to genomic testing, major developments in the infrastructure to support delivery of care are needed. The current value chain for delivering genomic medicine is fragmented, with poor communication between the stakeholders who order, perform, and reimburse for genetic tests. Standards, connectivity, and scaled expertise are needed to reach more people equitably and achieve healthcare returns on society's investments in genomics. As the costs of genetically‐targeted therapeutics and treatments rise, a mature infrastructure to support the delivery of genetic tests becomes critical.
CaVα2δ Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Novel Antibody and its Characteristics
Authors: Lee Soon‐Tae , Lee Byoung Joo , Bae Ji‐Yeon , Kim Young Sook , Han Do‐Hyun , Shin Hyun‐Sook , Kim Soyun , Park Dong‐Kyu , Seo Sang Won , Chu Kon , Lee Sang Kun , Ho Won‐Kyung 
Published: January 2021

ObjectiveDiscovery of a novel antibody would enable diagnosis and early treatment of autoimmune encephalitis. The aim was to discover a novel antibody targeting a synaptic receptor and characterize the pathogenic mechanism.MethodWe screened for unknown antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples from autoimmune encephalitis patients. Samples with reactivity to rat brain sections and no reactivity to conventional antibody tests underwent further processing for antibody discovery, using immunoprecipitation to primary neuronal cells, mass‐spectrometry analysis, an antigen‐binding assay on an antigen‐overexpressing cell line, and an electrophysiological assay with cultured hippocampal neurons.ResultsTwo patients had a novel antibody against CaVα2δ (voltage‐gated calcium channel alpha‐2/delta subunit). The patient samples stained neuropils of the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and cortex in rat brain sections and bound to a CaVα2δ‐overexpressing cell line. Knockdown of CaVα2δ expression in cultured neurons turned off the immunoreactivity of the antibody from the patients to the neurons. The patients were associated with preceding meningitis or neuroendocrine carcinoma and responded to immunotherapy. In cultured neurons, the antibody reduced neurotransmitter release from presynaptic nerve terminals by interfering with tight coupling of calcium channels and exocytosis.InterpretationHere, we discovered a novel autoimmune encephalitis associated with anti‐CaVα2δ antibody. Further analysis of the antibody in autoimmune encephalitis might promote early diagnosis and treatment. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:740–752
Group eye movement desensitization and reprocessing interventions in adults and children: A systematic review of randomized and nonrandomized trials
Authors: Kaptan Safa Kemal , Dursun Busra Ozen , Knowles Mark , Husain Nusrat , Varese Filippo 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis review systematically synthesized existing literature on group protocols of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy for treating a range of mental health difficulties in adults and children. We conducted database searches on PsychINFO, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library and Francine Shapiro Library up to May 2020, using PRISMA guidelines. Studies were included if they used at least one standardized outcome measure, if they present a quantitative data on the effect of group EMDR protocols on mental health difficulties and if they were published in English. Twenty‐two studies with 1739 participants were included. Thirteen studies examined EMDR Integrative Group Treatment Protocol (IGTP), four studies examined EMDR Group Traumatic Episode Protocol (G‐TEP), four studies EMDR Integrative Group Treatment Protocol for Ongoing Traumatic Stress and one study considered EMDR Group Protocol with Children. Of the 22 studies included, 12 were one‐arm trials and 10 were two‐arm trials. We assessed risk of bias using a revised Tool to Assess Risk of Bias in Randomized Trials (ROB 2) and Risk of Bias in Nonrandomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS‐I). Overall, the results suggested that Group EMDR protocols might be an effective tool in improving a wide range of mental health‐related outcomes including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and anxiety. However, the included studies are limited to methodological challenges. The limitations and future directions are discussed.
Examining the efficacy of video‐based microinterventions for improving risk and protective factors for disordered eating among young adult women
Authors: Atkinson Melissa J. , Diedrichs Phillippa C. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectiveBrief self‐guided activities designed for focused and immediate benefits, termed microinterventions, have the potential to aid reach and engagement in mental health interventions; however further validation is needed. This study evaluated effects of two microinterventions for responding to appearance‐ideal media on risk and protective factors for disordered eating.MethodUndergraduate women (N= 202,Mage= 19.90,SD= 2.75) were allocated quasi‐randomly to one of three 15‐min video‐based microinterventions (mindfulness, cognitive dissonance, educational control) in the lab and assessed on state outcomes at baseline and immediate posttest. One week later, trait factors were assessed and participants underwent an appearance‐ideal media exposure task.ResultsBoth mindfulness and dissonance groups reported significant immediate benefits to state appearance‐ideal internalization, perceived sociocultural pressures and related distress, and mood, compared to educational control (Glass's Δ effect sizes=.40–.94), but not state weight or appearance satisfaction. At 1‐week follow‐up, mindfulness and dissonance groups demonstrated improved trait appearance‐ideal internalization (Δ = .40 and .42), weight and shape concerns (Δ = .27 [ns] and .44), and body appreciation (Δ = .39 and .46) compared to the educational control. There were no effects on trait perceived pressures, negative affect, or body image psychological flexibility, and no differential changes in state outcomes from premedia to postmedia exposure.DiscussionMicrointerventions using mindfulness and dissonance techniques show promise for improving some risk and potential protective factors for disordered eating in the immediate and short‐term. Further research is required to substantiate their place within the spectrum of eating disorder prevention, early intervention and treatment techniques.
Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Oxidative Annulation of Amidines with Alkynes via Sequential C−H Bond Activation
Authors: Meng Yan‐Yu , Zhu Wen‐Jing , Song Yuan‐Yuan , Bu Gang‐Gang , Zhang Li‐Juan , Xu Fen 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this paper, a rhodium‐catalyzed sequential two‐fold ortho‐C−H functionalization of N‐phenylbenzimidamide with internal alkyne is reported. The double C−H activations proved viable in a one‐pot fashion with the assistance of C=N and C−N bonds, providing a series of benzimidazoisoquinolines with high levels of positional selectivity control. The operationally simple transformation showed high functional group compatibility and featured the cleavage of C−H bonds located on different a moiety of the N‐phenylbenzimidamide substrates. Detailed mechanistic studies provided strong support for C−H bond cleavage on the N‐phenyl ring to be preferential compared with C−H bond cleavage on C‐phenyl ring. As a multifunctional catalytic platform, the rhodium catalyst conducted two independent and compatible catalytic cycles in one pot.
Comparative Study on Electric Fish Handling Gloves and Immersion Anesthesia for the Surgical Implantation of Transmitters in Brook Trout
Authors: Lamglait Benjamin , Lair Stéphane 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Although the use of electric fish handling gloves (EFHGs) has been advocated as a no-residue alternative to chemical immobilization for field studies, the impact of their use on fish welfare remains uncertain for surgical procedures. The effects of EFHGs (10–16 mV), with and without local infiltration of lidocaine (6 mg/kg), on stress and muscle integrity after the surgical implantation of an intracoelomic transmitter in adult Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis were compared to the effects of two immersion anesthetics (buffered tricaine methanesulfonate at 60 mg/L and eugenol at 40 mg/L) using blood markers. Lower plane of anesthesia and inconsistent immobilization made surgeries with EFHGs more challenging to perform than surgeries conducted using immersion anesthesia. Plasma cortisol and lactate levels were significantly higher at 1–2 h postprocedure than at the end of the surgery (time 0) for all experimental groups (+210% and +121%, respectively), but no significant differences were detected for the magnitude of these increases between groups. Plasma creatine kinase concentrations significantly increased at 2 h postprocedure for the EFHG treatment groups (+206%), whereas they significantly decreased over the same period for the immersion anesthesia groups (−89%). Residues of lidocaine were not detected in fillets, suggesting the absence of significant systemic diffusion. This study suggests that the use of EFHGs for intracoelomic surgical procedures in Brook Trout induces higher disturbances to muscular physiology compared to immersion anesthesia. Differences in the level of stress, muscular anaerobic activity, or oxidative stress were not documented. Further research is needed to evaluate the analgesic properties of EFHGs and local infiltration with lidocaine.
Improving the Gibbs sampler
Authors: Park Taeyoung , Lee Seunghan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe Gibbs sampler is a simple but very powerful algorithm used to simulate from a complex high‐dimensional distribution. It is particularly useful in Bayesian analysis when a complex Bayesian model involves a number of model parameters and the conditional posterior distribution of each component given the others can be derived as a standard distribution. In the presence of a strong correlation structure among components, however, the Gibbs sampler can be criticized for its slow convergence. Here we discuss several algorithmic strategies such as blocking, collapsing, and partial collapsing that are available for improving the convergence characteristics of the Gibbs sampler.This article is categorized under:Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Markov Chain Monte CarloStatistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Bayesian Methods and TheoryStatistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Sampling