bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Medawar and Hamilton on the selective forces in the evolution of ageing
Authors: Giaimo Stefano 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBoth Medawar and Hamilton contributed key ideas to the modern evolutionary theory of ageing. In particular, they both suggested that, in populations with overlapping generations, the force with which selection acts on traits declines with the age at which traits are expressed. This decline would eventually cause ageing to evolve. However, the biological literature diverges on the relationship between Medawar’s analysis of the force of selection and Hamilton’s. Some authors appear to believe that Hamilton perfected Medawar’s insightful, yet ultimately erroneous analysis of this force, while others see Hamilton’s analysis as a coherent development of, or the obvious complement to Medawar’s. Here, the relationship between the two analyses is revisited. Two things are argued for. First, most of Medawar’s alleged errors that Hamilton would had rectified seem not to be there. The origin of these perceived errors appears to be in a misinterpretation of Medawar’s writings. Second, the mathematics of Medawar and that of Hamilton show a significant overlap. However, different meanings are attached to the same mathematical expression. Medawar put forth an expression for the selective force on age-specific fitness. Hamilton proposed a full spectrum of selective forces each operating on age-specific fitness components, i.e. mortality and fertility. One of Hamilton’s expressions, possibly his most important, is of the same form as Medawar’s expression. But Hamilton’s selective forces on age-specific fitness components do not add up to yield Medawar’s selective force on age-specific fitness. It is concluded that Hamilton’s analysis should be considered neither as a correction to Medawar’s analysis nor as its obvious complement.
A novel PID-like particle swarm optimizer: on terminal convergence analysis
Authors: Wang Chuang , Wang Zidong , Han Fei , Dong Hongli , Liu Hongjian 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn this paper, a novel proportion-integral-derivative-like particle swarm optimization (PIDLPSO) algorithm is presented with improved terminal convergence of the particle dynamics. A derivative control term is introduced into the traditional particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm so as to alleviate the overshoot problem during the stage of the terminal convergence. The velocity of the particle is updated according to the past momentum, the present positions (including the personal best position and the global best position), and the future trend of the positions, thereby accelerating the terminal convergence and adjusting the search direction to jump out of the area around the local optima. By using a combination of the Routh stability criterion and the final value theorem of the Z-transformation, the convergence conditions are obtained for the developed PIDLPSO algorithm. Finally, the experiment results reveal the superiority of the designed PIDLPSO algorithm over several other state-of-the-art PSO variants in terms of the population diversity, searching ability and convergence rate.
Balancing capacity and epidemic spread in the global airline network
Authors: Harper Robert , Tee Philip 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe structure of complex networks has long been understood to play a role in transmission and spreading phenomena on a graph. Such networks form an important part of the structure of society, including transportation networks. As society fights to control the COVID-19 pandemic, an important question is how to choose the optimum balance between the full opening of transport networks and the control of epidemic spread. In this work we investigate the interplay between network dismantling and epidemic spread rate as a proxy for the imposition of travel restrictions to control disease spread. For network dismantling we focus on the weighted and unweighted forms of metrics that capture the topological and informational structure of the network. Our results indicate that there is benefit to a directed approach to imposing travel restrictions, but we identify that more detailed models of the transport network are necessary for definitive results.
Verstehen heißt Übersetzen – Übersetzen heißt Verstehen!
Authors: Manuwald Henrike 
Published: November 2021

ZusammenfassungBei der Übertragung mittelhochdeutscher Texte ins Neuhochdeutsche wird der enge Zusammenhang zwischen Übersetzen und Verstehen relevant, wie er in der Linguistik, Hermeneutik und Übersetzungswissenschaft bereits breit diskutiert wird. Die fremd-vertrauten Gegenstände machen im Übersetzungsprozess hermeneutische Grundoperationen notwendig, die eine reflektierte Auseinandersetzung mit Alterität und der eigenen Standortgebundenheit anregen können. Diese Dimension gewinnt vor dem Hintergrund aktueller identitätspolitischer Diskussionen zum Übersetzen an Gewicht.
Verstehen, Interpretation, Modellierung
Authors: Kunkel Nico 
Published: November 2021

ZusammenfassungVor dem Hintergrund einer allgemeinen Debatte um den derzeitigen Stellenwert der Hermeneutik in den Literatur- und Geisteswissenschaften fokussiert das Statement die Funktion hermeneutischer Verfahren in den digitalen Literaturwissenschaften sowie den Begriff einer ›digitalen Hermeneutik‹. Obwohl dieser ein eigenes Hermeneutikverständnis digitaler literaturwissenschaftlicher Studien suggeriert, zeichnen sich diese vielmehr durch eine verstärkte Formalisierung aus. Neben den traditionellen hermeneutischen Begriffen des ›Verstehens‹ und ›Interpretierens‹ lässt sich daher das ›Modellieren‹ als eine zentrale Aktivität der digitalen Literaturwissenschaften ausmachen.
Selbstverständlichkeit
Authors: Gebert Bent 
Published: November 2021

ZusammenfassungWelcher Status kommt der literaturwissenschaftlichen Hermeneutik in aktuellen Lehr- und Forschungszusammenhängen der germanistischen Mediävistik zu, die trotz methodischer Innovationen und konzeptueller Pluralisierung immer weniger zu theoretischen Grundsatzdebatten aufgelegt scheint? Und was macht es gegenwärtig so schwierig, den Status von Lektüreverfahren explizit zu bestimmen? Der Essay entwickelt die These, dass Hermeneutik derzeit weniger als Theorieentscheidung zur Debatte steht, mit der konzeptueller Klärungsbedarf oder operative Leistungsfähigkeit der Geisteswissenschaften verhandelt würden, sondern öfter und alltäglicher noch in einem stilistischen Verhältnis gepflegt wird: als selbstverständlicher Lektüremodus diesseits von literaturtheoretischen Begründungs- und Legitimationsgefechten. Ausgangspunkt bildet die Vermutung, dass nicht generelle Theoriemüdigkeit, sondern spezieller noch die Abkehr von Epistemologien der Provokation solche Selbstverständlichkeit in neuer Weise attraktiv machen. Auch mediävistische Lektüren erweisen sich dabei als spannungsvolle Praxis, die über das Herstellen, Lesen und Interpretieren mittelalterlicher Texte weit hinausgeht. Der Essay umreißt vier Perspektiven, in denen hermeneutischer Stil weitaus weniger selbstverständlich erscheint: als unaufgeregte Beschreibungspraxis jenseits von Forschungslogiken der Irritation; als Kontinuitätspraxis angesichts anti-disziplinärer Tektonik; als Explikationspraxis angesichts zunehmender Latenzwahrnehmungen digitaler Gesellschaft; und als Praxis der Gegenstandsbindung angesichts von methodologischer Heterogenisierung. Wenn die hermeneutische Lektüre gegenwärtig als selbstverständlicher Modus erscheint, gründet dies nicht bloß in der Unhintergehbarkeit von Verstehensprozessen, sondern reagiert ebenso auf den gravierenden Wandel dieser Perspektiven.
Piedmont deposits as seismic energy dissipators, Sierras Pampeanas of Argentina
Authors: Gutiérrez Adolfo Antonio , Mon Ricardo , Arnous Ahmad , Aranda-Viana Rodolfo Germán 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis study shows the neotectonic deformation occurred in the southern piedmont of the Cumbres Calchaquíes, in the Amaicha and Tafí valleys. Neotectonic deformation manifests itself through faults, folds and diversions of drainage channels. The Amaicha valley is bounded to the north by the Tafí del Valle fault and to the south by the Los Cardones fault. The Cumbres Calchaquíes ride over the Sierra de Aconquija through the Los Cardones and Carapunco faults. The Carapunco fault also has a synestral component, responsible for generating an imbricated system of contractional fractures. In the study region many earthquakes of ≥ 3 and ≥ 4 magnitude coincide with regional faults evidencing its neotectonic activity. The seismic energy dissipated through materials with less cohesion that form the fill of the valleys, generating discrete fault scarps and strongly folded conglomerate strata. The foothills deposits of the Cumbres Calchaquíes absorbed most of the seismic energy released during the reactivation of the faults. Tectonic activity is deforming 630 a BP deposits in the Cumbres Calchaquíes piedmont.
Youth Attitudes Towards Their Future: the Role of Resources, Agency and Individualism in the UK
Authors: Keating Avril , Melis Gabriella 
Published: November 2021

AbstractYoung adults tend to be more optimistic about the future than older people, even during social and economic crises such as those created by the COVID pandemic. In this paper, we analyse survey data from a previous economic crisis to examine why young adults remain optimistic about their personal futures, and to consider what lessons, if any, this can help us with thinking about a post-COVID future. The data in question are drawn from a unique cross-sectional survey of young adults aged 22–29 in England, Scotland and Wales conducted in 2014, when youth unemployment in the UK was still extraordinarily high. Using these data, we assess the effect of resources, agency and individualism on young adults’ optimism. Multiple regression models of these data show that individual resources and individual attitudes not only have an independent effect on levels of youth optimism, but they can also interact. In particular, we argue that self-efficacy is the strongest predictor of youth optimism, together with educational resources, but we also show that some youth attitudes (namely individualism) affect youth optimism in different ways, depending on the level of individual-level resources available to the young person. These findings highlight the complexity of understanding youth optimism and point us towards possibilities for supporting young adults in post-pandemic times.
The technical impacts of the carbon tax in China
Authors: Chen Shuyang 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDespite the significant impacts of technology on the socioeconomic effects of climate policies, many previous researchers neglected the induced technical impacts and thus resulted in biased evaluations of climate policies. Hence, it is important that the induced technology should be endogenized in the policy evaluation framework. The purpose of this paper is the quantification of the technical impacts of the Chinese carbon tax using a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model. The technical impacts are denoted by the induced technological change (ITC), which is a function of the energy-use efficiency (EUE), energy-production efficiency (EPE), and nonenergy-production efficiency (ENE). The carbon tax will increase the energy cost share because of the internalisation of the abatement costs. This paper empirically shows that the carbon tax will decrease the energy cost share and production efficiency but increase the energy use and nonenergy production efficiency. Under the carbon tax, the ITC will decrease the energy use and production efficiency but increase the nonenergy production efficiency. The ITC will increase the RGDP, decrease the household welfare, and increase the average social cost of carbon (ASCC). This finding implies that the ITC of the carbon tax is biased towards the technical progress of nonenergy sectors; the emission abatement will become costlier under the ITC impacts. Although the quantification method of the technical impacts was from an existing published paper, the CGE analysis of the ITC impacts of the carbon tax in China is original in this paper.
Effects of Resistant Starch on Symptoms, Fecal Markers, and Gut Microbiota in Parkinson’s Disease — The RESISTA-PD Trial
Authors: Becker Anouck , Schmartz Georges Pierre , Gröger Laura , Grammes Nadja , Galata Valentina , Philippeit Hannah , Weiland Jacqueline , Ludwig Nicole , Meese Eckart , Tierling Sascha , Walter Jörn , Schwiertz Andreas , Spiegel Jörg , Wagenpfeil Gudrun , Faßbender Klaus , Keller Andreas , Unger Marcus M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The composition of the gut microbiota is linked to multiple diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). Abundance of bacteria producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and fecal SCFA concentrations are reduced in PD. SCFAs exert various beneficial functions in humans. In the interventional, monocentric, open-label clinical trial “Effects of Resistant Starch on Bowel Habits, Short Chain Fatty Acids and Gut Microbiota in Parkinson ’s Disease” (RESISTA-PD; ID: NCT02784145), we aimed at altering fecal SCFAs by an 8-week prebiotic intervention with resistant starch (RS). We enrolled 87 subjects in three study-arms: 32 PD patients received RS (PD + RS), 30 control subjects received RS, and 25 PD patients received solely dietary instructions. We performed paired-end 100 bp length metagenomic sequencing of fecal samples using the BGISEQ platform at an average of 9.9 GB. RS was well-tolerated. In the PD + RS group, fecal butyrate concentrations increased significantly, and fecal calprotectin concentrations dropped significantly after 8 weeks of RS intervention. Clinically, we observed a reduction in non-motor symptom load in the PD + RS group. The reference-based analysis of metagenomes highlighted stable alpha-diversity and beta-diversity across the three groups, including bacteria producing SCFAs. Reference-free analysis suggested punctual, yet pronounced differences in the metagenomic signature in the PD + RS group. RESISTA-PD highlights that a prebiotic treatment with RS is safe and well-tolerated in PD. The stable alpha-diversity and beta-diversity alongside altered fecal butyrate and calprotectin concentrations call for long-term studies, also investigating whether RS is able to modify the clinical course of PD.
Surgical closure of nasal septal perforation using mucosal flaps and interposed graft: a case series of 154 patients and literature review
Authors: Heywood E G , Daoud M , Talawdekar A , Ashraf N , Raghavan U 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Background
Nasal septal perforations are defects of the septum. Symptomatic patients failing conservative measures may be considered for surgery; however, the surgery is challenging. This study describes a technique involving mucosal advancement flaps and autologous or acellular porcine interposition grafts and assessed the long-term closure rate and symptom control.

Method
This study looked at patients with symptomatic septal perforations who underwent surgery between 2005 and 2017. Symptoms were assessed pre- and post-operatively using a visual analogue scale. A literature search was performed for septal perforation repair techniques and outcomes.

Results
A total of 95 per cent of patients had complete closure of their septal perforations, 90 per cent had complete symptom control. There were statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-operative mean visual analogue scale score for epistaxis (p < 0.001), crusting (p < 0.001), whistling (p < 0.001) and nasal obstruction (p < 0.001).

Conclusion
Surgical closure of nasal septal perforations with mucosal advancement flaps and an interposition graft is a reliable technique with excellent long-term outcomes.
Lateral temporal bone resections for peri-auricular cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: prognostic indicators and radiological predictive values
Authors: Kwok M M K , Choong K W K , Virk J , Kleid S , Magarey M J R 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundLateral temporal bone resections are used in the management of locally advanced peri-auricular cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas, but there is still conflicting evidence regarding the staging, surgical and adjuvant treatment decisions.MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed on all patients who underwent lateral temporal bone resection for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma between January 2015 and December 2019 at a dedicated tertiary oncology referral centre.ResultsTwenty-nine patients were included, with a median age of 77 years. Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography showed good diagnostic accuracy in identifying disease in the parotid gland, external auditory canal and mastoid bone, but had poor sensitivity in identifying cervical nodal metastasis. Six patients had recurrence at a median of 4.8 months post-operatively. Tumour differentiation (p= 0.0040) and post-operative radiotherapy (p= 0.0199) were associated with significantly better recurrence-free survival.ConclusionLateral temporal bone resection for peri-auricular cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma requires careful surgical planning using clinico-radiological correlation, particularly in patients with poorly differentiated tumours.
Shedding light on the tympanic membrane: a brief history of the description and understanding of its anatomy
Authors: Baudouin R , Denoyelle F , Simon F 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectiveFor centuries, the tympanum has remained the only visible structure of the organ of hearing. This study aimed to trace the understanding of the tympanic membrane from antiquity to the early twentieth century.MethodsA review was conducted of primary and secondary historical and scientific literature describing the tympanic membrane anatomy.ResultsAlthough ancient polymaths sensed that sounds were vibrations that could spread in the air and be perceived by the hearing organ, there were numerous misconceptions about the tympanum until human dissections performed during the Renaissance. The tympanum was correctly described only centuries later when technological advances enabled otologists to understand it as a fundamental part of the hearing organ.ConclusionThe tympanic membrane history reflects key stages in medical knowledge; limited for centuries, a great technological leap was possible in the nineteenth century, contributing to the emergence of otologists and laying the foundations of modern otology.
Prenatal maternal stress, child internalizing and externalizing symptoms, and the moderating role of parenting: findings from the Norwegian mother, father, and child cohort study
Authors: Clayborne Zahra M. , Nilsen Wendy , Torvik Fartein Ask , Gustavson Kristin , Bekkhus Mona , Gilman Stephen E. , Khandaker Golam M. , Fell Deshayne B. , Colman Ian 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundFew studies have examined how parenting influences the associations between prenatal maternal stress and children's mental health. The objectives of this study were to examine the sex-specific associations between prenatal maternal stress and child internalizing and externalizing symptoms, and to assess the moderating effects of parenting behaviors on these associations.MethodsThis study is based on 15 963 mother–child dyads from the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). A broad measure of prenatal maternal stress was constructed using 41 self-reported items measured during pregnancy. Three parenting behaviors (positive parenting, inconsistent discipline, and positive involvement) were assessed by maternal report at child age 5 years. Child symptoms of internalizing and externalizing disorders (depression, anxiety, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, and oppositional-defiant disorder) were assessed by maternal report at age 8. Analyses were conducted using structural equation modeling techniques.ResultsPrenatal maternal stress was associated with child internalizing and externalizing symptoms at age 8; associations with externalizing symptoms differed by sex. Associations between prenatal maternal stress and child depression, and conduct disorder and oppositional-defiant disorder in males, became stronger as levels of inconsistent discipline increased. Associations between prenatal maternal stress and symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in females were attenuated as levels of parental involvement increased.ConclusionsThis study confirms associations between prenatal maternal stress and children's mental health outcomes, and demonstrates that these associations may be modified by parenting behaviors. Parenting may represent an important intervention target for improving mental health outcomes in children exposed to prenatal stress.
The relationship between types of life events and the onset of functional neurological (conversion) disorder in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Morsy Shimaa K. , Aybek Selma , Carson Alan , Nicholson Timothy R. , Stone Jon , Kamal Ahmed M. , Abdel-Fadeel Nashaat A. , Hassan Maha A. , Kanaan Richard A. A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAdverse life events precede the onset of functional neurological disorder (FND, also known as conversion disorder) more commonly than other neuropsychiatric conditions, but their aetiological role is unclear. We conducted a systematic review and quantitative analysis of the type, timing and number of life events preceding the onset of FND in adults, and a meta-analysis of the proportions of types of events in controlled studies. Fifty-one studies of different designs, covering 4247 patients, were eligible for inclusion. There was no clear majority of any type of preceding event. Family problems were the most common category of events, followed by relationship problems. Females were more likely to experience preceding family/relationship problems than males, who reported more work problems. Family problems were the commonest type of preceding event in studies in developing countries, whereas family and health problems were equally common in developed countries. Abuse was associated with early symptom onset, while patients with later onset were more likely to report family problems. The median number of events was one, and the events occurred closer to onset than in controls. Meta-analysis found that family, relationship and work events were all relatively more common in patients than pathological controls, as were events where symptoms might provide a solution to the stressor. In conclusion, although a range of events precede the onset of FND, they do not appear to do so uniformly. This may support a different aetiological role for stressors than in other disorders, although the support is indirect and the quality generally low.