bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The state of platinum in pyrrhotite: X-ray absorption spectroscopy study and implications for the role of Fe sulfides as platinum carriers
Authors: Filimonova Olga N. , Trigub Alexander L. , Nickolsky Maximilian S. , Chareev Dmitriy A. , Kvashnina Kristina O. , Kovalchuk Elena V. , Vikentyev Ilya V. , Reukov Vladimir L. , Tagirov Boris R. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPyrrhotite Fe1–xS is the main sulfide component of platinum-group element (PGE) ores and commonly contains from a few tenths to a few dozen ppm of disseminated Pt. Here we report an X-ray absorption spectroscopy investigation into the state of Pt in synthetic pyrrhotite in combination with theoretical spectra modelling. The pyrrhotite crystals were obtained by means of the salt flux technique, using a eutectic mixture of alkali metal halides as the transport media. Analysis of the chemical composition of synthesised crystals showed that an increase of the temperature and sulfur fugacity yields higher concentrations of Pt in pyrrhotite. The Pt content reached 0.6 wt.% at the maximum temperature and sulfur fugacity (t= 720°C, log$f_{{\rm S}_ 2}$= –0.1) achieved in a Pt-saturated system. X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) analysis of PtL3-edge spectra revealed that Pt is present in pyrrhotite in the 4+ and 2+ ‘formal’ oxidation states. Theoretical modelling of XANES and interpretation of extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra showed that Pt4+substitutes for Fe in the crystal lattice of pyrrhotite, whereas Pt2+forms PtS-like clusters disseminated in the pyrrhotite matrix. Atoms of isomorphous Pt4+are surrounded by 6 S atoms at a distance of 2.39 ± 0.02 Å. According to theoretical simulations using theFDMNESprogram, the second coordination sphere of the solid-solution Pt contains one vacancy in the Fe sublattice within the Fe-layer. The Pt2+S-like clusters can be considered as a quench product. High sulfur fugacity stabilises the solid-solution Pt and prevents the formation of the PtS-like clusters during cooling. The maximum content of the solid-solution Pt in pyrrhotite is ca. 50 times lower than in pyrite and can be approximated by a straight line in the logC(Pt)vs. 1/Tplot, it increases from 1 ppm at 350°C to 3 wt.% at 900°C.
Quality-improvement project to reduce actual fasting times for fluids and solids before induction of anaesthesia
Authors: Witt Lars , Lehmann Barbara , Sümpelmann Robert , Dennhardt Nils , Beck Christiane E. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Despite well-defined recommendations, prolonged fasting times for clear fluids and solids are still common before elective surgery in adults. Extended fasting times may lead to discomfort, thirst, hunger and physiological dysfunctions. Previous studies have shown that prolonged fasting times are frequently caused by patients being misinformed as well as inadequate implementation of the current guidelines by medical staff.
This study aimed to explore how long elective surgery patients fast in a German secondary care hospital before and after the introduction of an educational note for patients and re-training for the medical staff.

Methods
A total of 1002 patients were enrolled in this prospective, non-randomised interventional study. According to the power calculation, in the first part of the study actual fasting times for clear fluids and solids were documented in 502 consecutive patients, verbally instructed as usual regarding the recommended fasting times for clear fluids (2 h) and solids (6 h). Subsequently, we implemented additionally to the verbal instruction a written educational note for the patients, including the recommended fasting times. Furthermore, the medical staff was re-trained regarding the fasting times using emails, newsletters and employee meetings. Thereafter, another 500 patients were included in the study.
We hypothesised, that after these quality improvement procedures, actual fasting times for clear fluids and solids would be more accurate on time.

Results
Actual fasting times for clear fluids were in the median 11.3 (interquartile range 6.8–14.3; range 1.5–25.5) h pre-intervention, and were significantly reduced to 5.0 (3.0–7.2; 1.5–19.8) h after the intervention (median difference (95%CI) − 5.5 (− 6.0 to − 5.0) h). The actual fasting times for solids also decreased significantly, but only from 14.5 (12.1–17.2; 5.4–48.0) h to 14.0 (12.0–16.3; 5.4–32.0) h after the interventions (median difference (95%CI) − 0.52 (− 1.0 to − 0.07) h).

Conclusions
The study showed considerably extended actual fasting times in elective adult surgical patients, which were significantly reduced by simple educational/training interventions. However, the actual fasting times still remained considerably longer than defined in recommended guidelines, meaning further process optimisations like obligatory fluid intake in the early morning are necessary to improve patient comfort and safety in future.

Trial registration
German registry of clinical studies (DRKS-ID: DRKS 00020530, retrospectively registered).
The Modified Hospital Elder Life Program (HELP) in geriatric hospitalized patients in internal wards: A double-blind randomized control trial
Authors: Kojaie-Bidgoli A. , Sharifi F. , Maghsoud F. , Alizadeh-Khoei M. , Jafari F. , Sadeghi F. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background

Hospital Elder Life Program (HELP) provides protocols based on factors for reducing delirium. Due to the lack of geriatric wards and aged care teams in Iran, it seems that some of the original HELP interventions need to be modified through a trial study. Hence, this study was conducted to determine whether the Iranian modified HELP could reduce delirium in geriatric hospitalized patients.

Methods
This double-blind randomized controlled trial was designed and conducted in a hospital at Kashan University of Medical Sciences in Iran. A total of 195 hospitalized patients aged ≥70 years, were 84 in the Intervention Group (IG) and 111 in the Control Group (CG). After assessing delirium risk factors, participants in the IG group received interventions based on the cognitive, vision/hearing, sleep, mobility, feeding, and hydration protocols by nursing students and the CG group received routine care.
Delirium incidence was assessed by the Confusion Assessment Method. Delirium incidence, cognitive and functional abilities, frailty, fall, and length of stay were outcomes.

Results
The mean age of the patients was 78.53(Standard Deviation = 5.87) years. Delirium incidence was higher in the CG comparing to IG (14.71% vs 3.66%).Significant reduction observed in risk incidence of delirium because of interventions [Odds Ratio:0.124, Confidence Interval: 0.03–0.48].

Conclusion
The modified HELP effectively reduced delirium rates in geriatric hospitalized patients.

Trial registration
This study was registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials IRCT20180910040995N1.
Comparison of the 2010 and 2019 diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) in two cohorts of Swedish older adults
Authors: Wallengren Ola , Bosaeus Ingvar , Frändin Kerstin , Lissner Lauren , Falk Erhag Hanna , Wetterberg Hanna , Rydberg Sterner Therese , Rydén Lina , Rothenberg Elisabet , Skoog Ingmar 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe operational definition of sarcopenia has been updated (EWGSOP2) and apply different cut-off points compared to previous criteria (EWGSOP1). Therefore, we aim to compare the sarcopenia prevalence and the association with mortality and dependence in activities of daily living using the 2010 (EWGSOP1 and 2019 (EWGSOP2 operational definition, applying cut-offs at two levels using T-scores.MethodsTwo birth cohorts, 70 and 85-years-old (n = 884 andn = 157, respectively), were assessed cross-sectionally (57% women). Low grip strength, low muscle mass and slow gait speed were defined below − 2.0 and − 2.5 SD from a young reference population (T-score). Muscle mass was defined as appendicular lean soft tissue index by DXA. The EWGSOP1 and EWGSOP2 were applied and compared with McNemar tests and Cohen’s kappa. All-cause mortality was analyzed with the Cox-proportional hazard model.ResultsSarcopenia prevalence was 1.4–7.8% in 70-year-olds and 42–62% in 85 years-old’s, depending on diagnostic criteria. Overall, the prevalence of sarcopenia was 0.9–1.0 percentage points lower using the EWGSOP2 compared to EWGSOP1 when applying uniform T-score cut-offs (P <  0.005). The prevalence was doubled (15.0 vs. 7.5%) using the − 2.0 vs. -2.5 T-scores with EWGSOP2 in the whole sample. The increase in prevalence when changing the cut-offs was 5.7% (P <  0.001) in the 70-year-olds and 17.8% (P <  0.001) in the 85-year-olds (EWGSP2). Sarcopenia with cut-offs at − 2.5 T-score was associated with increased mortality (hazard ratio 2.4–2.8,P <  0.05) but not at T-score − 2.0.ConclusionsThe prevalence of sarcopenia was higher in 85-year-olds compared to 70-year-olds. Overall, the differences between the EWGSOP1 and EWGSOP2 classifications are small. Meaningful differences between EWGSOP1 and 2 in the 85-year-olds could not be ruled out. Prevalence was more dependent on cut-offs than on the operational definition.
Establishment of reference intervals of complete blood count for twin pregnancy
Authors: Zeng Yifan , Li Lei , Mao Man , Liang Xinghua , Chen Min , Xia Yong , He Wenyin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Twin pregnancy poses a high risk, and its incidence has increased in recent years. Establishment of reference intervals of complete blood count (CBC) for women with twin pregnancies during pregnancy may aid in the prognosis of adverse outcomes.

Methods
The incidence of complications and the intensity associated with adverse outcomes were analyzed in 1153 cases of twin pregnancy. A total of 253 cases in the twin pregnancy reference cohort were screened from all candidates after complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes were excluded. Complete blood count data were collected during the mid- and late-term of pregnancy and analyzed using SPSS to establish the reference intervals for peripheral blood in twin pregnancy.

Results
Premature rupture of the membrane and pelvic inflammatory disease were highly positively correlated with adverse outcomes, with OR values of 3.31 and 3.81, respectively. Within the interval population with normal outcomes, red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), and platelet (PLT) values were lower in twin-pregnant women during gestation than in healthy nulligravida women, but the levels of white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils (NEU), and the NEU% increased, especially in the mid-term. The reference intervals of late-term pregnancy were validated using 20 twin pregnancies samples, and then utilized to determine the distinctive CBC characteristics in preterm birth (PTB) pregnancy. Absolute WBC and NEU values increased in PTB pregnancy based on our established reference intervals, which suggests that these may might be prognostic indicators of this adverse outcome.

Conclusion
Establishing the reference interval of blood cell-related indicators of normal twin pregnancy is helpful for the monitoring and prognosis of gestation.
Burden of informal care in stroke survivors and its determinants: a prospective observational study in an Asian setting
Authors: Wang Yi , Tyagi Shilpa , Hoenig Helen , Lee Kim En , Venketasubramanian Narayanaswamy , Menon Edward , De Silva Deidre Anne , Yap Philip , Tan Boon Yeow , Young Sherry H. , Ng Yee Sien , Tu Tian Ming , Ang Yan Hoon , Kong Keng He , Singh Rajinder , Merchant Reshma A. , Chang Hui Meng , Ning Chou , Cheong Angela , Koh Gerald Choon-Huat 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundInformal caregiving is an integral part of post-stroke recovery with strenuous caregiving demands often resulting in caregiving burden, threatening sustainability of caregiving and potentially impacting stroke survivor’s outcomes. Our study aimed to examine and quantify objective and subjective informal care burden after stroke; and to explore the factors associated with informal care burden in Singapore.MethodsStroke patients and their informal caregivers were recruited from all five tertiary hospitals in Singapore from December 2010 to September 2013. Informal care comprised of assistance provided by informal caregivers with any of the activities of daily living. Informal care burden was measured by patients’ likelihood of requiring informal care, hours of informal care required, and informal caregivers’ Zarit’s Burden Score. We examined informal care burden at 3-months and 12-months post-stroke. Generalized linear regressions were applied with control variables including patients’ and informal caregivers’ demographic characteristics, arrangement of informal care, and patients’ health status including stroke severity (measured using National Institute of Health Stroke Scale), functional status (measured using Modified Rankin Scale), self-reported depression, and common comorbidities.ResultsThree hundred and five patients and 263 patients were examined at 3-months and 12-months. Around 35% were female and 60% were Chinese. Sixty three percent and 49% of the patients required informal care at 3-months and 12-months point, respectively. Among those who required informal care, average hours required per week were 64.3 h at 3-months and 76.6 h at 12-months point. Patients with higher functional dependency were more likely to require informal care at both time points, and required more hours of informal care at 3-months point. Female informal caregivers and those caring for patients with higher functional dependency reported higher Zarit’s Burden. While informal caregivers who worked full-time reported higher burden, those caring for married stroke patients reported lower burden at 3-months point. Informal caregivers who co-cared with foreign domestic workers, i.e.: stay-in migrant female waged domestic workers, reported lower burden.ConclusionsInformal care burden remains high up to 12-months post-stroke. Factors such as functional dependency, stroke severity, informal caregiver gender and co-caring with foreign domestic workers were associated with informal care burden.
Temporomandibular disorders among medical students in China: prevalence, biological and psychological risk factors
Authors: Wu Jing , Huang Zelun , Chen Yong , Chen Yifan , Pan Zhongqiang , Gu Yu 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and their associated biological and psychological factors in Chinese university students.

Methods
A total of 754 students were included from Zunyi Medical University, each participant completed questionnaires and clinical examinations according to the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders.

Results
The overall prevalence of TMD was 31.7% among medical students. Subjects with TMD had a high prevalence of bruxism, empty chewing, unilateral chewing, chewing gum, anterior teeth overbite, anterior teeth overjet, depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbance. Moreover, sleep bruxism, empty chewing, unilateral chewing, anterior teeth overbite, depression, and anxiety were the strongest risk factors for TMD.

Conclusions
Individuals with TMD have a high prevalence of psychological distress and oral parafunctional habits. Except for the psychological factors associated with TMD, bruxism, abnormal chewing, and malocclusion also shared similar risks for TMD.
Costs and staffing resource requirements for adaptive clinical trials: quantitative and qualitative results from the Costing Adaptive Trials project
Authors: Wilson Nina , Biggs Katie , Bowden Sarah , Brown Julia , Dimairo Munyaradzi , Flight Laura , Hall Jamie , Hockaday Anna , Jaki Thomas , Lowe Rachel , Murphy Caroline , Pallmann Philip , Pilling Mark A. , Snowdon Claire , Sydes Matthew R. , Villar Sofía S. , Weir Christopher J. , Welburn Jessica , Yap Christina , Maier Rebecca , Hancock Helen , Wason James M. S. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Adaptive designs offer great promise in improving the efficiency and patient-benefit of clinical trials. An important barrier to further increased use is a lack of understanding about which additional resources are required to conduct a high-quality adaptive clinical trial, compared to a traditional fixed design.
The Costing Adaptive Trials (CAT) project investigated which additional resources may be required to support adaptive trials.

Methods
We conducted a mock costing exercise amongst seven Clinical Trials Units (CTUs) in the UK. Five scenarios were developed, derived from funded clinical trials, where a non-adaptive version and an adaptive version were described. Each scenario represented a different type of adaptive design.
CTU staff were asked to provide the costs and staff time they estimated would be needed to support the trial, categorised into specified areas (e.g. statistics, data management, trial management). This was calculated separately for the non-adaptive and adaptive version of the trial, allowing paired comparisons.
Interviews with 10 CTU staff who had completed the costing exercise were conducted by qualitative researchers to explore reasons for similarities and differences.

Results
Estimated resources associated with conducting an adaptive trial were always (moderately) higher than for the non-adaptive equivalent. The median increase was between 2 and 4% for all scenarios, except for sample size re-estimation which was 26.5% (as the adaptive design could lead to a lengthened study period). The highest increase was for statistical staff, with lower increases for data management and trial management staff.
The percentage increase in resources varied across different CTUs. The interviews identified possible explanations for differences, including (1) experience in adaptive trials, (2) the complexity of the non-adaptive and adaptive design, and (3) the extent of non-trial specific core infrastructure funding the CTU had.

Conclusions
This work sheds light on additional resources required to adequately support a high-quality adaptive trial. The percentage increase in costs for supporting an adaptive trial was generally modest and should not be a barrier to adaptive designs being cost-effective to use in practice.
Informed by the results of this research, guidance for investigators and funders will be developed on appropriately resourcing adaptive trials.
Bone-targeted erythrocyte-cancer hybrid membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles for enhancing photothermal and hypoxia-activated chemotherapy of bone invasion by OSCC
Authors: Chen Hongying , Deng Jiang , Yao Xintong , He Yungang , Li Hanyue , Jian Zhixiang , Tang Yi , Zhang Xiaoqing , Zhang Jingqing , Dai Hongwei 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundJaw bones are the most common organs to be invaded by oral malignancies, such as oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), because of their special anatomical relationship. Various serious complications, such as pathological fractures and bone pain can significantly decrease the quality of life or even survival outcomes for a patient. Although chemotherapy is a promising strategy for bone invasion treatment, its clinical applications are limited by the lack of tumor-specific targeting and poor permeability in bone tissue. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a smart bone and cancer dual targeting drug delivery platform.ResultsWe designed a dual targeting nano-biomimetic drug delivery vehicle Asp8[H40-TPZ/IR780@(RBC-H)] that has excellent bone and cancer targeting as well as immune escape abilities to treat malignancies in jaw bones. These nanoparticles were camouflaged with a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma WSU-HN6 cell (H) and red blood cell (RBC) hybrid membrane, which were modified by an oligopeptide of eight aspartate acid (Asp8). The spherical morphology and typical core-shell structure of biomimetic nanoparticles were observed by transmission electron microscopy. These nanoparticles exhibited the same surface proteins as those of WSU-HN6 and RBC. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy showed a greater uptake of the biomimetic nanoparticles when compared to bare H40-PEG nanoparticles. Biodistribution of the nanoparticles in vivo revealed that they were mainly localized in the area of bone invasion by WSU-HN6 cells. Moreover, the Asp8[H40-TPZ/IR780@(RBC-H)] nanoparticles exhibited effective cancer growth inhibition properties when compared to other TPZ or IR780 formulations.ConclusionsAsp8[H40-TPZ/IR780@(RBC-H)] has bone targeting, tumor-homing and immune escape abilities, therefore, it is an efficient multi-targeting drug delivery platform for achieving precise anti-cancer therapy during bone invasion.Graphical Abstract
HIV-1 capsid variability: viral exploitation and evasion of capsid-binding molecules
Authors: Saito Akatsuki , Yamashita Masahiro 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe HIV-1 capsid, a conical shell encasing viral nucleoprotein complexes, is involved in multiple post-entry processes during viral replication. Many host factors can directly bind to the HIV-1 capsid protein (CA) and either promote or prevent HIV-1 infection. The viral capsid is currently being explored as a novel target for therapeutic interventions. In the past few decades, significant progress has been made in our understanding of the capsid–host interactions and mechanisms of action of capsid-targeting antivirals. At the same time, a large number of different viral capsids, which derive from many HIV-1 mutants, naturally occurring variants, or diverse lentiviruses, have been characterized for their interactions with capsid-binding molecules in great detail utilizing various experimental techniques. This review provides an overview of how sequence variation in CA influences phenotypic properties of HIV-1. We will focus on sequence differences that alter capsid–host interactions and give a brief account of drug resistant mutations in CA and their mutational effects on viral phenotypes. Increased knowledge of the sequence-function relationship of CA helps us deepen our understanding of the adaptive potential of the viral capsid.