bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cytochrome P450 2D6 genotype–phenotype characterization through population pharmacokinetic modeling of tedatioxetine
Authors: Frederiksen Trine , Areberg Johan , Schmidt Ellen , Stage Tore Bjerregaard , Brøsen Kim 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 enzyme exhibits large interindividual differences in metabolic activity. Patients are commonly assigned a CYP2D6 phenotype based on their CYP2D6 genotype, but there is a lack of consensus on how to translate genotypes into phenotypes, causing inconsistency in genotype‐based dose recommendations. The aim of this study was to quantify and compare the impact of different CYP2D6 genotypes and alleles on CYP2D6 metabolism using a large clinical data set. A population pharmacokinetic (popPK) model of tedatioxetine and its CYP2D6‐dependent metabolite was developed based on pharmacokinetic data from 578 subjects. The CYP2D6‐mediated metabolism was quantified for each subject based on estimates from the final popPK model, and CYP2D6 activity scores were calculated for each allele using multiple linear regression. The activity scores estimated for the decreased function alleles were 0.46 (CYP2D6*9), 0.34 (CYP2D6*10), 0.01 (CYP2D6*17), 0.65 (CYP2D6*29), and 0.21 (CYP2D6*41). The CYP2D6*17 and CYP2D6*41 alleles were thus associated with the lowest CYP2D6 activity, although only the difference to the CYP2D6*9 allele was shown to be statistically significant (p = 0.02 and p = 0.05, respectively). The study provides new in vivo evidence of the enzyme function of different CYP2D6 genotypes and alleles. Our findings suggest that the activity score assigned to CYP2D6*41 should be revisited, whereas CYP2D6*17 appears to exhibit substrate‐specific behavior. Further studies are needed to confirm the findings and to improve the understanding of CYP2D6 genotype–phenotype relationships across substrates.
Elucidating the causes of errors in 2.2 km Met Office Unified Model simulations of a convective case over the US Great Plains
Authors: Hanley Kirsty E. , Lean Humphrey W. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractConvective‐scale ensemble simulations with perturbed initial and lateral boundary conditions have been performed to investigate the role of compensating errors in the model representation of a US Great Plains severe convective event. The convective‐scale ensembles were generated by nesting a 2.2 km grid‐length domain within the Met Office global ensemble. Within the ensemble framework, two different science configurations (i.e. parametrization set‐ups) were trialled in the 2.2 km model. The variability due to the use of a different driving global ensemble member was significant with differences in the pre‐convective thermodynamic environment and the initiation time of convection. The science changes also influence initiation time as well as the details in the convective structure. Comparison with observed soundings showed that most of the 2.2 km simulations had too little convective inhibition (CIN). The CIN was found to be independent of the science configuration, implying it is determined by the global model, which was also found to have less CIN than the observed soundings. In both 2.2 km ensembles, the member that produced one of the best simulations of the supercells that developed on this day had more CIN than the other members. However, comparisons with surface station data found that this member had a pre‐convective environment that was too cool and too dry. This suggests there are compensating errors in the factors controlling initiation in these models which comparisons with observations can help elucidate.
Nitrogen requirements of first‐year small grains after alfalfa
Authors: Yost Matt A. , Pound Collin A. , Creech J. Earl , Cardon Grant E. , Pace Michael G. , Kitchen Boyd , Nelson Mark , Russell Kathleen 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSmall grains are commonly grown in rotation following alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) in Utah and the Intermountain West, especially during drought years, as they require less irrigation than corn (Zea maysL.). Several studies have shown that corn following alfalfa rarely needs N fertilizer, yet few have evaluated the N needs of small grains. Objectives of this research were to determine whether N fertilizer is needed to economically optimize the yield and quality of first‐year soft white winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) following alfalfa and whether the response could be predicted. Fertilizer trials (four replications of up to 13 N rates) were conducted on 12 first‐year wheat sites in Utah during 2018–2019. Three sites in 2018 with spring soil nitrate concentrations ≥17 mg kg–1required no N to improve yield. The remaining nine sites in 2019 with soil nitrate ≤13 mg kg–1all had yield, test weight, and protein responses to fertilizer N. Economic optimum N rates for optimal yield, protein, and test weight across the nine sites in 2019 were 22 kg N ha–1(18%) greater for split applications (fall and spring) compared with single spring N across various wheat/N price ratios. Delaying N applications until flag leaf decreased yield in 2019 provided no economic protein or test weight advantages. Results indicate that 96–147 kg N ha–1(depending on price ratio) should be applied as a single application in the spring to first‐year soft white winter wheat following alfalfa only when spring soil nitrate is <17 mg kg–1.
Characterizing hydrologic effects on soil physicochemical variation within tree islands and marshes in the coastal Florida Everglades
Authors: Steinmuller Havalend E. , Stoffella Susana L. , Vidales Rosario , Ross Michael S. , Dattamudi Sanku , Scinto Leonard J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractImplementation of hydrologic modifications within the southeastern coastal Everglades over the last century have impacted ecological functioning of the system. This study characterized and investigated the effects of hydrologic modifications through the C‐111 canal system on soil physicochemical properties of marsh and tree island community types within the southeastern coastal Everglades. Marshes within the C‐111 basin and larger southeastern coastal Everglades exhibited lower soil nutrient contents than tree islands, which were characterized by 4.6 times higher organic matter content, 2.4 times higher total carbon concentrations, 2.6 times higher total nitrogen concentrations, and 5.8 times higher total phosphorus concentrations. Further investigation into soil profiles between community types illustrated pedological discontinuities observed within the soil matrix that coincided with the implementation of the C‐111 canal. Pedological discontinuities were characterized by a shift to more organic soils within both community types but were less often observed within tree islands, suggesting that (a) hydrologic modification within the southeastern coastal Everglades alters soil physicochemical properties and (b) tree islands are potentially more resilient to long‐term perturbations in freshwater flow than more dynamic marsh systems.
Influence of Moisture Content on Starch Esterification by Solvent‐Free Method
Authors: Zhu Jian , Lu Kai , Liu Hongsheng , Bao Xianyang , Yang Mao , Chen Ling , Yu Long 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMoisture is of vital importance in starch modification; however, the molecular interaction between water and starch during the process is far from being fully understood. In this study, two fundamental issues of starch esterification by the solvent‐free method are focused on: 1) the effect of moisture content of starch on the modification and 2) the effect of the physical state, solid or liquid, of chemical agents. The esterification of corn starch with varying contents of moisture (2.69–23.48 wt%) is investigated by the solvent‐free method, using both solid (maleic anhydride and maleic acid) and liquid (acetic anhydride and acetic acid) esterifying agents for comparison. The degree of substitution (DS) and reaction efficiency (RE) is measured by titration. FTIR, 1H NMR, DSC, XRD, and SEM are used to evaluate the properties of the modified starches. It is found that when the moisture content is below 5.55 wt%, it is hard for esterification to happen because of strong interactions between H‐bonds and the low activity of hydroxyl groups. Both DS and RE reached the maximum points when the moisture is ≈14.89 wt%, then decreased with further increasing moisture content, mainly due to side reaction and dilution of the esterifying agents.
Probing interneuronal cell communication via optogenetic stimulation
Authors: Heeger Patrick , Harre Jennifer , Warnecke Athanasia , Mueller Dominik , Kalies Stefan , Heisterkamp Alexander 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis study uses an all‐optical approach to probe interneuronal communication between spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) and neurons of other functional units, in this case cortex neurons (CNs) and hippocampus neurons (HNs), for the first time. We combined a channelrhodopsin variant (CheRiff) with a red genetically encoded calcium indicator (jRCaMP1a), enabling simultaneous optical stimulation and recording from spatially separated small neuronal populations. Stimulation of SGNs was possible with both optogenetic manipulated HNs and CNs, respectively. Furthermore, a dependency on the pulse duration of the stimulating light in regard to the evoked calcium response in the SGNs was also observed. Our results pave the way to enable innovative technologies based on “biohybrid” systems utilizing the functional interaction between different biological (eg, neural) systems. This can enable improved treatment of neurological and sensorineural disorders such as hearing loss.
p16 loss facilitate hydroquinone‐induced malignant transformation of TK6 cells through promoting cell proliferation and accelerating the cell cycle progression
Authors: Luo Hao , Zhai Lu , Qiu Weifeng , Liang Hairong , Yu Lei , Li Yuan , Xiong Mengyun , Guo Jiaying , Tang Huanwen 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe p16INK4A is a multifunction gene that includes regulation of the cell cycle, apoptosis, senescence and tumor development. However, the effects of p16 in hydroquinone‐induced malignant transformation of TK6 cells remain unclear. The present study aimed to explore whether p16 loss facilitate malignant transformation in TK6 cells. The results demonstrated that p16/Rb signal pathway was suppressed in hydroquinone‐induced malignant transformation of TK6 cells. We further confirmed that p16 loss stimulated cell proliferation, and accelerated cell cycle progression in vitro and in vivo. The immunoblotting analysis indicated that p16 regulated cell cycle progression via Rb and p53. Therefore, we conclude that p16 is involved in HQ‐induced malignant transformation associated with suppressing Rb and p53 which resulting in accelerating the cell cycle progression.
Investigating the effects of impairment in non‐verbal communication on neuropsychiatric symptoms and quality of life of people living with dementia
Authors: Khan Zunera , Da Silva Miguel Vasconcelos , Nunez Kayleigh‐Marie , Kalafatis Chris , Nowicki Steven , Walker Zuzana , Testad Ingelin , Francis Paul , Ballard Clive 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIntroductionPeople living with dementia in nursing homes have complex needs; impairments in cognition, communication, and daily function; neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS); and poor quality of life (QoL). The current study examines impairments in non‐verbal communication as a potential driver of NPS and QoL.MethodsOne hundred nursing home residents with dementia were assessed using the Emory Dyssemia Index (EDI), Neuropsychiatric Inventory Nursing Home version (NPI‐NH), Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease (QoL‐AD) at baseline, 12‐, and 24‐week follow‐up.ResultsThe quantile regression (0.5) model indicated that impairment of non‐verbal communication was independently associated with the severity of NPS (P = .001) and proxy reported QoL (P < .05), levels of agitation (P < .05), and professional caregiver burden (P < .05).DiscussionThese results highlight a novel potential approach to improve NPS and QoL using retained elements of non‐verbal communication, particularly for people with severe dementia.
Caesarean section followed by ovariohysterectomy in a Bangladeshi domestic cat: A surgical intervention for management of dystocia due to partial primary uterine inertia
Authors: Talukder Anup K. , Das Ziban C. , Rahman Mohammad A. , Rahman Mohammad T. , Rahman Abu N. M. A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe incidence of dystocia in cats is relatively low compared to that in other pet and farm animals. However, when dystocia occurs in cats, manual, medicinal or surgical intervention is required.ObjectivesHere, we report a caesarean section (C‐section) in a Bangladeshi domestic cat that suffered from dystocia due to partial primary uterine inertia.MethodsA Bangladeshi domestic queen cat was presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH) with signs of dystocia. The queen had given birth to one kitten 36 hr earlier; however, newborn died 30 min after birth. She was unable to deliver the remaining fetuses. The cat had gone off feed, appeared depressed, had a severely enlarged abdomen and showed no straining efforts. On palpation, bony‐like structures were felt in both sides of the abdomen. Ultrasonographic (USG) examination was carried out, which confirmed the presence of two fetuses, one fetus in each uterine horn. No fetal movements could be detected. The cat was diagnosed with dystocia due to partial primary uterine inertia.ResultsA C‐section was performed, and two emphysematous, putrefied and large dead kittens were removed. The uterus was found to be severely decomposed and foul smelling; therefore, an ovariohysterectomy was carried out to prevent development of maternal toxaemia and septicaemia. The queen recovered fully.ConclusionTo the best of our knowledge, we report here, for the first time, a successful C‐section followed by an ovariohysterectomy in a Bangladeshi domestic cat, suffering from severe dystocia due to partial primary uterine inertia for >36 hr.
Torque teno virus from Korean domestic swine farms, 2017–2018
Authors: Nguyen Van Giap , Kim Cheong Ung , Do Hai Quynh , Park Yong‐Ho , Park Bong‐Kyun , Chung Hee‐Chun 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundTorque teno viruses (TTVs) have been detected worldwide, from a wide range of animals. Up to date, few studies focused on the prevalence of TTVs in general and swine torque teno viruses (TTSuVs) in particular in Korean swine farms.ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the appearance of TTSuVs and TTVs in sick pigs during the 2017–2018 period.Materials and MethodsMolecular‐based method using TTSuV1‐, TTSuV2‐ and TTV3‐specific primers was used to screen for the viruses from either sera or pooled internal organs of sick pigs. For genetic characterization, genomic sequences of TTVs were sequenced by a primer walking method. Several bioinformatic tools have been utilized to investigate the genomic organization and genetic relationship of TTVs.ResultsTwo years of prevalence survey reveal that the prevalence of TTSuV2 is about twice that of TTSuV1. Furthermore, we identified TTV of genogroup 3 in swine pooled organ samples. The genome of two strains, M265_Korea_2017 and N119_Korea_2018, are 3,817 bp in size; M265_2017 has three open reading frames (ORFs); and N119_2018 strain has four ORFs. The complete genome nucleotide sequencing of the two strains shows 98.4% homology, and the phylogenetic analysis of Open reading frame (ORF)1 indicates that the strains are located close to TUPB strain subgroup C of genogroup 3.ConclusionOur study provided the information of TTSuVs prevalence in swine farms in Korea and highlighted the presence of TTV genogroup 3 strains in pigs.
Macroscopic anatomy, radiography and computed tomography of normal paranasal sinuses of the adult one‐humped dromedary (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Ben Khalifa Abdelmoneme , Ben Braiek Ayoub , Belhaj Hmida Leila , Chandoul Walid , Mattoussi Abdelhamid 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn order to improve the current knowledge of the topography and the anatomy of the paranasal sinuses of the one‐humped dromedary (Camelus dromedarius), we applied both conventional and advanced imaging techniques, namely, radiography and computed tomography (CT). Twelve heads of healthy dromedaries were used; eight heads were dissected to obtain skulls for the fenestration of the sinuses, two heads underwent anatomical sections, and two heads were imaged respectively by radiography and CT. Sinus fenestration allowed observation of sinuses and their communications. In each dissected dromedary's head, the frontal sinus is a large compartment delimited by thick partitions. The sphenoid sinus is divided into small compartments by bony plates. The lacrimal sinus occupies a small cavity in the rostro‐medial lacrimal bone of the orbit. In all dissected heads, there was neither palatal sinus nor ventral conchal sinus. Five images obtained by CT were selected with an excellent correspondence with the anatomical sections. These images allowed a good differentiation between bones and sinus cavities. The visualisation of the sinus cavities and their anatomical limits has better quality using the CT compared to the radiography. Radiographic and CT images are therefore very useful for the interpretation of clinical imaging studies of the dromedary's paranasal sinuses.
Climate finance governance: Fit for purpose?
Authors: Bracking Sarah , Leffel Benjamin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article consists of a critical review of the conceptual scholarship on the governance of climate finance and includes an overview of the institutional arrangements and governance logics that provide climate finance. New decentralized, polycentric structures allow for climate finance to more effectively reach the sub‐ and non‐state actors most directly implementing climate change governance. However, the expansion of climate finance into market‐inflected forms of blended finance, as well as debt‐based financing, express a neoliberal logic that shifts power to market actors. This may challenge the efficacy of climate finance. We suggest that further research is needed on polycentric systems in climate finance, since an apparent expansion in the diversity of providers is also accompanied by a counter‐intuitive concentration of decision‐making power with financial fund managers. We join others in suggesting that the weight of scholarship advocates for a strong return to public authored finance and governance, under the auspices of Green New Deal programs and more widely.This article is categorized under:
Policy and Governance > Multilevel and Transnational Climate Change Governance
Removal of carbol fuchsin from aqueous solution by using three‐dimensional porous, economic, and eco‐friendly polymer
Authors: Tarhan Tuba 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this study, a three‐dimensional (3D) porous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was prepared using a cheap material with a highly simple and different method. PDMS was firstly applied for the removal of carbol fuchsin (CF) cationic organic dye pollution in this study. Besides, the adsorption capacity of 3D PDMS for removal of the CF was found quite high compared to other materials in already published results. The synthesized PDMS was characterized using several spectroscopic and imaging techniques such as FTIR, Raman, SEM, stereomicroscope, EDX, UV/Vis, and TGA. The optimal conditions were found as 10 mg L−1 initial concentration, 20 mg of adsorbent dose, 2 h contact time, pH 10, and 25°C temperature. The removal % of CF and the maximum adsorption capacity were calculated at approximately 89% and 88.8 mg g−1, respectively. Furthermore, the equilibrium studies showed that the Langmuir isotherm model fitted well with the removal of CF. Moreover, according to the kinetic results, the second‐order kinetic model was found suitable (qe,cal 89.3 mg g−1 and qe,exp 88.8 mg g−1 close to each other) for the adsorption of CF. Also, the thermodynamic studies indicated that adsorption occurs spontaneously, and the adsorption process was physical adsorption. Besides, the reusability of the adsorbent was studied.Practitioner points

Water treatment technology should be low cost, economically viable and in the meantime, eco‐friendly.
The 3D porous PDMS was prepared by using cheap material with a highly simple method and eco‐friendly
This unique material was firstly applied for the removal of organic dye in water in this study.
Revealing the Importance of Capillary and Collisional Stresses on Soil Bed Erosion Induced by Debris Flows
Authors: Song Pengjia , Choi Clarence Edward 
Published: May 2021

AbstractClimate change is increasing the frequency of extreme rainfall events and the snow cover to melt at high altitudes, which may exacerbate the threat posed by debris flows. Soil bed erosion, the process by which the bed material fails under loadings from a debris flow, is perhaps the most important momentum exchange process that governs the destructive potential of debris flows. Existing erosion theories adopt saturated soil mechanics to describe the failure of soil bed and place a strong emphasis on the basal friction induced shear stress as the driving mechanism. However, soil beds in nature are rarely saturated and field observations have hinted at the importance of collisional stresses as a driving mechanism. In this study, an unsaturated soil mechanics framework is used to characterize soil bed erosion by collisional flows. Experiments were conducted to model the erosion of unsaturated sandy beds with a wide range of initial matric suction values, which is a measure of capillary stresses, by gravel flows. Contrary to the existing literature, the rate of erosion does not increase linearly but demonstrates a parabola‐like relationship with the bed water content because the shear strength of unsaturated soil is governed by capillary stresses. The importance of collisional stresses on soil bed erosion is demonstrated by a newly proposed dimensionless number. Findings indicate that existing erosion models largely underestimate channel bed erosion, especially for soil beds with low water content, and stress the importance of hydro‐mechanical coupling to advance the current state of debris flow hazard delineation.
An Unlikely Career in Satellite Ocean Biology or “OK, now what?”
Authors: McClain Charles R. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article is a story of my career beginning in a small rural town in Missouri and culminating at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center after nearly 37 years there. Particular focus is on those who served as mentors and colleagues, studies of ocean surface waves, the “ocean color” satellite missions I was involved in, for example, the Coastal Zone Color Scanner and the Sea‐viewing Wide‐Field‐of‐View Sensor, the background of the future Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud and ocean Ecology mission, and the insights into ocean biology gained from these missions. The path was punctuated by what I call “OK, now what?” moments when the next step was unclear. At these junctures, mentors would open doors and I would need to “retool” to adapt to the science I would be involved in.