bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A hybrid photocatalytic fuel cell integrated electro-Fenton system for Amaranth dye degradation and electricity generation
Authors: Thor Shen-Hui , Ho Li-Ngee , Ong Soon-An , Abidin Che Zulzikrami Azner , Heah Cheng-Yong 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A dual-chambered hybrid system of photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC) and electro-Fenton (EF) process has become an emerging sustainable green approach for organic pollutant degradation and electricity generation. This hybrid system of PFC and EF (PFC-EF hybrid system) is an integration of two popular organic pollutants treatment methods, PFC and EF process. The double-cathodes configuration of PFC-EF hybrid system enhanced the oxygen reduction reaction reactivity in both PFC and EF. PFC-EF hybrid system with double cathodes achieved colour removal efficiencies of 86.2% and 84.7% in PFC and EF. Power density of 1.2211 μW cm−2 was obtained in this PFC-EF hybrid system. Results revealed that this PFC-EF hybrid system was effective in the Amaranth dye degradation and power production simultaneously.
Heavy metals reduction using electrocoagulation in enhancing the water quality near unlined landfill: A case study
Authors: Kasmuri N , Adnan N , Ahmad R , Santiagoo R , Ramasamy S 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Leachate contributes to the contamination of surface water, groundwater, and soils around the unlined landfill area. The dark-coloured liquid has an unpleasant smell which is produced when moisture percolates through the solid wastes. Heavy metals are among the hazardous contaminants from leachate. This research was done to determine the concentration of heavy metals samples taken at nearby surface water in Ampar Tenang landfill before and after the electrocoagulation process was conducted. It can be observed that the surface water near the landfill site has been contaminated with cadmium, iron, and lead. From the results obtained, the value of cadmium was 0.015 mg/L while the standard set by the Department of Environment (DOE), Malaysia is 0.001 mg/L. Iron has a greater value, 3.81 mg/L, than the standard allowed, which is 1.0 mg/L. The concentration of lead was 0.06 mg/L, which is above the standard of 0.01 mg/L. After 3 hours of electrocoagulation treatment, the process managed to remove 40% of cadmium, 76% of iron and 81% of lead. The final concentrations of cadmium, iron and lead were 0.009, 0.92 and 0.011 mg/L. It can be concluded that electrocoagulation is efficient in removing heavy metals in the contaminated water.
The influence of photoperiod, light intensity, temperature and salinity on the growth rate and biomass productivity of Botryococcus sp
Authors: Gani P , Hua A K , Sunar N M , Matias-Peralta H M , Apandi N 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Environmental factors such as photoperiod, light intensity, temperature, and salinity strongly influence the growth rate and biomass accumulation of microalgae in a culture. Therefore, the effects of photoperiod (24h light: 0h dark, 16h light: 8h dark, 12h light: 12h dark, 6h light: 18h dark and 0h light: 24h dark), light intensity (2.7, 48.6, 94.5, 176, 243 and 324 μmole m−2s−1), temperature (18, 23, 28, 33 and 38 °C), and salinity (0, 0.15, 0.3, 0.45, 0.6 M of NaCl) factors on the growth rate and biomass productivity were studied for green microalgae, Botryococcus sp. Botryococcus sp. was found to experience optimum growth with a photoperiod of 24:0 hours, light intensity of 243 μmol m−2s−1, temperature of 23 °C, and 0 M salinity. It was also observed that optimum biomass productivity of Botryococcus sp. was the same as that for growth rate optimum environmental factors. However, a temperature of 33 °C was shown to be optimum for biomass productivity. Freshwater green microalgae from genus Botryococcus sp. were examined for environmental factors in this study and show great potential for adoption in tropical climates such as Malaysia for the bio-based feedstock and biofuels industries.
Synthesis and characterization of carboxymethyl cellulose derived from office paper waste for methylene blue dye removal
Authors: Yusoff N A , Yee L Y , Iberahim N I , Zainol N A , Abdullah S , Zailani S N 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The aim of this research was to extract cellulose from office paper waste and converted into carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) based flocculant to treat methylene blue (MB) dye solution. The yield of extracted cellulose obtained was 62.17%. Three different CMC samples were prepared. Degree of substitution (DS) for CMC-1 is 0.6585, CMC-2 is 0.8124 and CMC-3 is 0.8946. This proved that CMC are substituted into cellulose structure due to the DS of the commercial CMC are in the range of 0.4 to 1.5. The coagulation flocculation process of the MB dye shows that the CMC-3 was effective for methylene blue dye removal with highest percentage (98.14%) at pH 9.0, flocculant dosage of 210 ppm with 100 ppm MB concentration solution.
Development of a self-rating system for domestic water consumption in Malaysia
Authors: Muhammad N S , Abdullah J , Rahman N Abd , Razali N A 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A positive growth in the global population would increase the need for clean water. Therefore, continuous, adequate, and sustainable clean water supply is a major concern in modern society. A highly effective approach to resolve this concern is to instil self-awareness in consumers. This study established a simple self-rating system for consumers to evaluate their domestic water usage. The rating classifications are ‘Poor’, ‘Fair’, ‘Average’, ‘Good’, and ‘Excellent’, based on a score established using statistical analysis. A high percentage of respondents received an Average (41.3%) or a Good (49.7%) rating. A lower percentage of respondents received a Fair (5.3%) or an Excellent (3.7%) rating. Minimising the frequency of indoor and outdoor activities, practising good water habits, including the use of water saving appliances such as dual-pump cisterns, buckets for showering and bathing, and rainwater harvesting systems are factors that contributed primarily to an Excellent rating. No respondent received a Poor rating, which suggests that there is intrinsic behaviour of good water usage and efforts to conserve water in the community. Consumers can become more aware of and motivated to use water saving practices when they can quantitatively rate their domestic water consumption thru the self-rating system developed in this study.
Volatile fatty acid (VFA) removal of anaerobically digested molasses wastewater (MWW) in aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and up-flow aerobic column reactor (UACR) under various hydraulic retention time (HRT)
Authors: Kee Wei-Chin , Wong Yee-Shian , Ong Soon-An , Lutpi Nabilah Aminah , Sam S T , Chai Audrey 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper analyses the removal of volatile fatty acid (VFA) of anaerobically digested molasses wastewater (MWW) in three different phases, which are acclimatization phase, aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) phase and up-flow aerobic column reactor (UACR) phase. The UACR was modified from SBR by recycling the effluent to the influent tank for circulation purpose. The effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT) was determined during the operation of UACR. The influent tank was filled with 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 L of anaerobically digested MWW which corresponds to HRT 14, 7, 4.7, 3.5, and 2.8 days. The operation of SBR achieved 85.4 ± 1.8 % of VFA removal at HRT 14 days. When modified to UACR, the VFA removal efficiency reached 85.5 ± 2.3 % at HRT 14 days. The VFA removal changed from 85.5 ± 2.3, 81.0 ± 0.4, 81.3 ± 2.2, 84.6 ± 5.1 to 87.4 ± 0.7 % in the UACR when the HRT decreased from 14 to 2.8 days. The UACR achieved optimum VFA removal at HRT 2.8 days and had greater performance when compared to SBR since it required shorter aeration time to obtain similar result.
Removal of Azo Dye from aqueous solution by activated carbon derived from Moringa oleifera seeds
Authors: Shouzheng Tan , Mokhtar Zulfakar , Hasan Masitah 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The aim of this work is to utilize activated carbon derived from M. oleifera seeds that is treated with zinc chloride to remove the Remazol Brilliant Pink solution in aqueous solution. The acid-treated activated carbon was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) to determine the adsorbent surface morphology and functional groups, respectively. Three experiment parameters including pH, adsorbent dosage and initial dye concentration were carried out in a batch adsorption process. From the study, pH 3, 0.20 grams of adsorbent dosage, and initial dye concentration of 150 mg/L were the best operating parameter. The adsorption data was then undergone further analysis using Langmuir adsorption isotherm and Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Langmuir adsorption isotherm has a superior R2 value of 0.9784 when compared to the latter. The adsorption kinetics follows pseudo-second-order kinetic model was, indicating that the adsorption process is a chemisorption and monolayer formed at the surface of activated carbon. Thus, activated carbon derived from M. oleifera seeds deemed to be effective in removing Remazol Brilliant Pink from aqueous solution.
Climate change impact under CanESM2 on future rainfall in the state of Kelantan using Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Armain M Z S , Hassan Z , Harun S 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Kelantan is a state in Peninsular Malaysia that is highly vulnerable to extreme events such as drought and floods which are becoming worse because of climate change due to global warming that is caused by human activities. This study aims to evaluate the potential impacts of climate change on the future of rainfall in Kelantan using Artificial Neural Network. CanESM2 under three Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), namely RCPs 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 for 2011-2100 are incorporated with the ANN model and are used to compare the baseline period (1972 to 2018). In general, the simulated rainfall that downscaled by using the ANN model approximates the observed rainfall (during the calibration and validation periods) reasonably well. The study also shows that the ANN model anticipates a major increase in annual rainfall in the 2080s for the RCP 8.5 scenario.
Hydraulic and morphological patterns in a riparian vegetated sandy compound straight channel
Authors: Jumain M , Ibrahim Z , Ismail Z , Jamal M H , Rashid M F A , Salleh M Z M , Shariff M E M , Zulkifli N S 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Emergent vegetation or trees are important riverine features and essential in hydraulic engineering including flood management and river restoration. Clearing up trees along river banks has been pointed out as a contributing factor to the severity of flood damages including financial losses and even fatalities. Thus, the effect of riparian vegetation on river flow must be clearly understood. The hydraulics and morphological patterns in a riparian vegetated sandy compound straight channel were carried out in the Hydraulics Laboratory, School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Two-line steel rods with tandem and staggered arrays to simulate as rigid emergent vegetation were placed along the riparian zone of an asymmetrical straight channel. The Manning’s n, depth-averaged velocity, boundary shear stress and morphological changes during shallow and deep floods are discussed in this paper. The findings prevailed that the staggered array riparian vegetation generated 4.5% flow resistance higher than the tandem array. The vegetation also altered velocity distribution which contributed to the boundary shear stress patterns in a compound straight channel. The flow velocity profiles were also related to the morphological changes in the channel.
The vertical recycled concrete aggregate filter for removal of phosphorus in wastewater
Authors: Abd Roni N , Adnan S H , Hamidon N , Ismail T N H T 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The irresponsible disposal of untreated wastewater into waters, soil and groundwater results in polluted water resources. Moreover, nutrients such as phosphorus have become culprits of concern in accelerating eutrophication. Besides, this issue could cause water poisoning and the degradation of recreational opportunities. Therefore, for justifying this problem, it is important to understand the quantity of phosphorus (P) flows by using recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) as filter materials. RCA used as a filter system has emerged as an alternative technology for phosphorus removal. This can overcome the problem of construction site waste by converting the waste into valuable products. Thus, this study aims to investigate the physical and chemical characteristics of RCA that influenced adsorption of P and the percentage of phosphorus removal from synthetic wastewater by using two different sizes of RCA. A total of five vertical recycled concrete aggregate filter was designed. The samples taken from influent and effluent were tested once a week and analyzed to determine pH and percentage removal phosphorus. RCA was analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) testing to determine chemical composition. The results show that RCA primarily contained aluminium, calcium, and magnesium that could enhanced the phosphorus adsorption. The RCA with size 5 to 10 mm is shown to have high potential to remove phosphorus up to 99.57%. The higher the size of RCA, the higher percentage of phosphorus removal. In conclusion, RCA has the potential to remove phosphorus from wastewater.
Analysis of annual maximum and partial duration rainfall series
Authors: Ng Jing Lin , Tiang Soon Kim , Huang Yuk Feng , Noh Nur Ilya Farhana Md , Al-Mansob Ramez A 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Kelantan River Basin is affected by two significant monsoon seasons, namely the Northeast and Southwest monsoons that lead to flood and heavy downpour events. Consequently, analysis of rainfall series is gaining more attention from researchers. The aim of this study is to analyse the annual maximum series (AMS) and partial duration series (PDS) by fitting different probability distributions. Generalized Extreme Value (GEV), Generalized Pareto (GP), Log Pearson Type 3 (LP3), Log Normal (LN) and Log Normal 3 (LN3) were used in this study. The performances of these probability distributions were evaluated using different goodness-of-fit tests, namely the chi-square (χ2), Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) and Anderson-Darling (AD) tests. Subsequently, the performances of probability distributions were compared and the best fit probability distribution was selected. The GEV and GP distributions were selected as the best fit probability distributions for AMS and PDS, respectively. The findings can provide useful information for flood mitigation and water resources management.
A review: Removal of sediment in water reservoir by using Siphon
Authors: Rizzuan W N , Zainol Mohd Remy Rozainy Mohd Arif , Wahab Mahyun Ab , Kang Choong Wee , Setiawan Ikhsan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Reservoir was the main sources in order to get basic needs in daily life but due to human activities the quality of water environment affected. A reservoir ordinarily formed by the construction of dam to store water. The most commonly purposed of this reservoir is to provide flood control, supply water for domestic purpose and to generate hydroelectric power. Reservoirs provide the most effective control for unexpected floods when reservoir waters levels are low, so that excess runoff can be storage. However, trapping sediments have been identify due to some of the environmental damages. Reservoir sedimentation is a very serious problem that will cause capacity reduction and water quality deterioration. This paper provides a framework to understand deeply the principles of siphon and to improve the design of the siphon to remove the sediment in reservoir.
Fabrication of ceramic membrane from local raw materials for treatment different wastes
Authors: Muhamad Aimi Ilyani , Zulkipli Fatin Farhanah , Mohamed Amri Hj , Abdullah Nabihah , Dabwan Ahmed H A 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Ceramic membrane is a membrane with high chemical and physical stability. In addition, it is very stable chemically, thermally and mechanically and it has a very high selective process without phase transformation. In this work successful fabrication of ceramic membrane through dry compaction method at rather low temperature from, local and available materials such as; local kaolin, fly ash from palm oil mills, chipboard powder wastes, and sand was achieved. Materials used were classified into 4 different composites with different proportions since ratios of the materials significantly affect the membrane properties. All samples were fabricated using mould mainly prepared to make cylindrical shape and pressing machine at approximate pressure of 10kN. After fabrication, all samples were subjected to further processing to increase the membrane physical, chemical and thermal properties. Sintering was applied to achieve this goal. Gradual increase in temperature was applied during the sintering process till it reached 1000 °C for almost 16 hrs. After the samples get into the desired shape, they are tested for different contaminants. UV-spectrophotometer was used to evaluate the removal efficiency of dyes whereas conductivity meter for the removal of ions. Best results obtained for the treated samples for methylene blue, methylene red and sodium chloride ion, were 96, 76 and 44% respectively. Throughout this study, it can be concluded that ceramic membrane provides physical treatment which is much better than chemical treatment as it does not produce any by-product.
Unmanned aerial vehicle for eutrophication process monitoring in Timah Tasoh Dam, Perlis, Malaysia
Authors: Sheng L Y , Azhari A W , Ibrahim A H 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Manual monitoring of the eutrophication status of water bodies such as a dam is a challenging task. Hence, drone technology can be used in assisting the monitoring work of any water bodies. This study was conducted to develop UAV-based remote sensing to derive indicators in lake water bodies. Four sampling points were chosen for testing where the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Turbidity Index (NDTI) were assessed. DJI Phantom 4 Pro drone was used for the aerial data acquisition. Ex-situ data were also acquired, such as nitrate concentration (N) and phosphate concentration (P). The hyperspectral UAV images were ortho-rectified and geo-referenced in Agisoft PhotoScan software and NDVI value estimation in ArcGIS. Results show the correlation between NDVI values and N and P concentration with coefficients values of 0.7079 for P concentration and 0.7004 for N concentration, respectively. This study confirmed the applicability of remote sensing for water resource management using UAVs, characterized as a quick and easy methodology.
Biodiesel wastewater treatment by coagulation process for chemical oxygen demand reduction
Authors: Lee C M , Lutpi N A , Wong Y S , Ong S A , Malek M A 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Biodiesel wastewater contained residual of alkali catalyst, soap and glycerol which causing in high chemical oxygen demand (COD). The optimum conditions of aluminium sulphate (alum), poly-aluminium chloride (PAC) and laterite soil (silifloc) in the coagulation of biodiesel wastewater for COD reduction were explored through a sequence of studies including the effects of pH and dosage of coagulants. Coagulation process were conducted in the fixed conditions of mixing rate, mixing time, settling time and anionic polymer aid as flocculant. Silifloc could treat acidified biodiesel wastewater with 32.35 % at pH 2 and dosage of 4000ppm, the highest among these three coagulants. This was due to the silifloc rich in silica component had a higher rate law at sufficient dosage and had an effective range of at around pH 2. Whereas, PAC had a highest efficiency with 61.58% at pH 6 and dosage of 1100ppm in coagulation of raw biodiesel wastewater due to its solubility and elements of higher ions content. On other hand, alum had a moderate performance in acidified and raw wastewater with 26.42 % at pH 6 and 57.63 % at pH 4, respectively.
Assessing the production of the new superior rice varieties in tidal swampland in Bulungan Regency, North Kalimantan
Authors: Hidayanto M , Fiana Y , Amin M , Sujalu A P , Sumarmiyati  
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The productivity of swampland in North Kalimantan, is still low and can be improved through appropriate cultivation technology. The study aims to increase swampland productivity in Tanjung Buka, Tanjung Palas Tengah Sub-District, Bulungan Regency through new superior varieties of rice. The introduction of new superior varieties of swamp rice (inbrida swamp rice-Inpara), namely Inpara-2, 4, 8, Inpari-30, Inpari-32, and local variety as a comparison, with the legowo row planting system (Jarwo) 2:1. The fertilizer dosage was 50 kg NPK ha−1, 100 Urea kg ha−1 and 1,000 kg dolomite ha−1. Plant growth, yield components and economic data were observed and calculated. Plant growth and yield components parameter were analyzed with Analysis of Variant (ANOVA), and followed with the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Break-even point value and the BCR ratio were calculated for economic analysis. The result showed that the highest rice productivity was Inpara-2 and Inpari-32, and the lowest productivity was local variety. The research results showed that Inpara-2, 4, 8, Inpari-30, and Inpari-32 with the legowo row planting system (Jarwo) 2:1 had BCR >1, whereas if using of local variety BCR <1. Therefore, the recommended varieties to developed in this study area are Inpari-32 and Inpara-2.
Risk analysis of scrubber vessel using risk-based inspection method in geothermal power plant
Authors: Siswantoro N , Priyanta D , Zaman M B , Semin  , Andaka P S , Busse W 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The corrosive geothermal fluids combined with high temperature and high-pressure work systems cause intensive corrosion. Corrosion that exceeds the safe limits can cause gas leaks which are hazardous to the environment and personnel. It is important to inspect the location of corrosion in the equipment. The existing methodology for inspection is carried out regardless of the risk level of the equipment. Therefore, it is necessary to apply the appropriate method to conduct inspections based on risk level. This research proposed a Risk-Based Inspection method to determine the scheduling and methods for inspecting scrubber vessel in the gas removal system of the geothermal power plant. Based on the analysis, it is recommended to carry out direct inspection for the shell part of the steam scrubber (VS-81-009) using radiography or ultrasonic scanning.