bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of Charakokta Varnya Mahakashaya for maintenance of skin complexion (Varnya Vriddhi ) – a literature review
Authors: Parde Pallavi R. 
Published: April 2021

Beauty is a subject of socio-medical importance. Cosmetics are used in a wide range throughout the world which leads to many hazardous effects due to chemicals contain. The aim of this study is to evaluate the use and the mode of action of herbs mentioned in Varnya Mahakashaya of Acharya Charak for maintenance of skin complexion i.e. for Varna Vriddhi of Twaka or Rupaprasadan. According to Ayurveda Skin is divided in 7 different layers – Avabhasini, Lohita, Shweta, Tamra, Vedini, Rohini, Mamsadhara. These layers are responsible for various characters of skin like complexion, and also the Bhrajak Pitta which is closely associated with skin is responsible for skin complexion. The Charak Samhita is great text in Ayurveda stated a group of 10 medicinal plants known as Varnya Mahakashaya that can be used to obtain glowing skin. It includes- Shweta Chandan ( Sntalum albam ), Nagakeshar (Mesuva ferra), Padmak (Prnus cerasoides) , Ushira (Vetiveria zizanioides), Madhuka (Glycerrhiza glabra), Manjishtha (Rubia cordifolia), Sariva (Hemidesmus indicus), Payasya (Ipomoea digitata), Sita (white variety of Cynodon dactylon) and Lata (green veriety of Cynodon dactylon). These drugs can be used individually or in combination also internally and externally. All of them work under varnya, raktashodhak, pittashamak, kushthaghna guna. Most of them are prescribed for skin diseases, the pharmacological properties of these herbs indicate complexion promotion action.
Between Legal Certainty and Doubt
Authors: Holvast Nina , Nan Joost , Lestrade Sjarai 
Published: April 2021

Between Legal Certainty and Doubt – The Developments in the Procedure to Overturn Wrongful Convictions in the Netherlands
The Dutch legislature has recently (2012) altered the legislation for post-conviction revision of criminal cases. The legislature aimed to improve the balance between the competing interests of individual justice and the finality of verdicts, by making post-conviction revision more accessible. In this article we describe the current legal framework for revising cases. We also study how the revision procedure functions in practice, by looking at the types and numbers of (successful) requests for further investigations and applications for revision. We observe three challenges in finding the right balance in the revision process in the Netherlands. These challenges concern: 1) the scope of the novum criterion (which is strict), 2) the appropriate role of an advisory committee (the ACAS) in revision cases (functioning too much as a pre-filter for the Supreme Court) and, 3) the difficulties that arise due to requiring a defence council when requesting a revision (e.g., financial burdens).
The Influence of Collective Agency on the Culture of Employee Learning:
Authors: Mavunga George 
Published: April 2021

This study investigated the influence of collective agency on the culture of employee learning among administrative assistants at a comprehensive South African university. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with 15 participants; the senior human resource training and development coordinator and a trade union leader. The study found that there is positive intentionality in the official domain of employee learning at the institution, resulting from the need for agents to collectively re-contextualise the knowledge constituting the employee learning curriculum. Similarly, there was evidence of the positive influence of collect- -ive agency in the administrative assistants’ responses to institutional employee learning initiatives. However, some tensions were noted between senior management’s and administrative assistants’ exercise of collective agency in the practice of employee learning. This hampered alignment between the institution’s strategic intentions and the administrative assistants’ collective employee learning goals. Based on these findings, it is recommended that efforts can be made to promote congruence between management’s exercise of collective agency in the official re-contextualisation of the employee learning curriculum and the administrative assist- -tants’ collective responses to employee learning practices.
Key words: employee learning, administrative assistants, collective agency
Determinants of Delay in Healthcare Seeking for Common Childhood Illnesses among Caregivers with Under-Five Children in Touboro Health District, Near Cameroon’ s Northeastern Border with Chad
Authors: Ngouakam H. , Nekehforba E. , Tientche B. 
Published: April 2021

Aims: The study sought to determine the determinants of delay in health-seeking among caregivers with under-five children.
Study Design: This was a mixed-method, cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: The study took place in Touboro Health District involving 386 caregivers of under-five children from May to July 30, 2020.
Methodology: A structured questionnaire and two focused group discussions were used to gather information on caregiver knowledge of healthcare-seeking behavior. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. Bivariable logistic regression was employed to identify factors associated with of healthcare seeking behavior.
Results: Results of the 386 sick children, fever 39.9% (154/386), diarrhea 30.3% (117/386) and cough 24.9% (96/386) were the common symptoms. The majority of the caregivers of the under-five children had poor knowledge of 63% (243/386) about common infant illnesses. Caregivers of female children under-five(OR= 2.26, 95% CI: 1.29-3.96, P = 0.004), caregivers aged between 21 and 30 years (OR=5.53, 95% CI: 1.32-23.11, P = 0.019), caregivers whose occupation is housewife (OR=2.64 95% CI 1.23-5.68, P =10.013),) ,caregivers who host > 6children in a household (OR= 3.56 95% CI 1.42-8.92 , P =0.007) were key determinants of delay in health-seeking.
Conclusion: Caregivers of female children under-five, caregivers aged between 21 and 30 years, caregivers whose occupation is housewife, caregivers under-five children residing in a rural area, caregivers who host more than 6 children in a household, households with an average monthly income of <10.000 FRS Cfa were predictors of delay appropriate health-seeking. There is a need to intensify health education focusing on childhood illnesses, and timely care-seeking to effectively respond to caregiver's expectations among others.
Impact of Movement with Mobilization and Triceps Eccentric Strengthening in Tennis Elbow: Case Report
Authors: Fatema Nabeela , Dass Bodhisattva , Hotwani Rinkle 
Published: April 2021

Background: Tennis elbow can be caused by repetitive wrist and arm motions. Pain is the primary symptom. It usually occurs on the outside of the elbow and sometimes in the forearm and wrist. Treatment includes rest, pain relievers and physiotherapy.
Case Presentation: A 28years old male patient presented with a complaint of pain in outer side of the right side elbow. In subjective examination, He gave history of pain while playing tennis mainly in smashing the ball or passing shot, riding bike for more than 2kilometers, difficulty in holding objects sometimes as well. When this pain was unbearable to him he came to Physiotherapy department.
Treatment: A Treatment session initially started with Cryotherapy (Ice Pack) application for 5min. On lateral epicondyle of right elbow. Then Ultrasound 0.8 watt/Cm² for 7minutes given, these helped in pain reduction. After 2days patient is asked to follow the commands to perform Triceps strengthening along with wrist strengthening with the help of Half Kg Dumb bell. There was an effect on the reduction of the symptoms of the patient which were pain, reduce strength and limited range of motion of wrist in right hand. After 1week of treatment, we added Mobilization with movement (Mulligan) technique at elbow joint. The same procedure was continued for 2weeks after which patient's symptoms were minimized as to the day of assessment. Outcome measures used for the evaluation of the symptoms were NPRS Scale for Pain, Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) for Strength.
Conclusion: Triceps strengthening along with Mulligan technique for elbow joint was found to be effective in patients with severe pain and reduced strength.
How are expectancies and values cognitively combined to determine behavioral intentions? The role of expectancy‐value theory, information integration and behavioral outcomes in dietary intentions
Authors: Fowler Lauren A. , Moore Philip J. , Macura Zeljka , Singh Michelle A. , Cooke Frances P. R. , Charmak William D. 
Published: April 2021

SummaryThe expectancy‐value (EV) framework is among the most prominent psychological approaches to predicting behavioral intentions. However, how expectancies and values are cognitively integrated (e.g., multiplicatively, additively or averaging) to produce intentions has yet to be tested. This research combined EV and Information Integration Theory methodologies to identify how EV integration determined dietary intentions among 80 participants (Meanage = 19.4 years, 61 females). Participants were presented with scenarios depicting three potential outcomes of junk‐food consumption (weight gain, increased disease risk, and time savings). Expectancies (no information/low/medium/high) were varied within‐subjects, and between‐subject values were trichotomized for each outcome. Participants indicated their dietary intentions in this 3×4 mixed design for all three outcomes. Expectancies and values were integrated additively to produce dietary intentions in the context of weight gain and disease‐risk, but the integration rule for time savings could not be determined. Theoretical implications and practical applications of these results are also discussed.
Input‐to‐state learning of recurrent neural networks with delay and disturbance
Authors: Zhang Zhi , Huang Xin , Chen Yebin , Zhou Jianping 
Published: April 2021

SummaryThis article deals with the issue of input‐to‐state stabilization for recurrent neural networks with delay and external disturbance. The goal is to design a suitable weight‐learning law to make the considered network input‐to‐state stable with a predefined ‐gain. Based on the solution of linear matrix inequalities, two schemes for the desired learning law are presented via using decay‐rate‐dependent and decay‐rate‐independent Lyapunov functionals, respectively. It is shown that, in the absence of external disturbance, the proposed learning law also guarantees the exponential stability of the network. To illustrate the applicability of the present weight‐learning law, two numerical examples with simulations are given.
Non‐Volatile Electrolyte‐Gated Transistors Based on Graphdiyne/MoS2 with Robust Stability for Low‐Power Neuromorphic Computing and Logic‐In‐Memory
Authors: Yao Bin‐Wei , Li Jiaqiang , Chen Xu‐Dong , Yu Mei‐Xi , Zhang Zhi‐Cheng , Li Yuan , Lu Tong‐Bu , Zhang Jin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractArtificial synapses are the key building blocks for low‐power neuromorphic computing that can go beyond the constraints of von Neumann architecture. In comparison with two‐terminal memristors and three‐terminal transistors with filament‐formation and charge‐trapping mechanisms, emerging electrolyte‐gated transistors (EGTs) have been demonstrated as a promising candidate for neuromorphic applications due to their prominent analog switching performance. Here, a novel graphdiyne (GDY)/MoS2‐based EGT is proposed, where an ion‐storage layer (GDY) is adopted to EGTs for the first time. Benefitting from this Li‐ion‐storage layer, the GDY/MoS2‐based EGT features a robust stability (variation < 1% for over 2000 cycles), an ultralow energy consumption (50 aJ µm−2), and long retention characteristics (>104 s). In addition, a quasi‐linear conductance update with low noise (1.3%), an ultrahigh Gmax/Gmin ratio (103), and an ultralow readout conductance (<10 nS) have been demonstrated by this device, enabling the implementation of the neuromorphic computing with near‐ideal accuracies. Moreover, the non‐volatile characteristics of the GDY/MoS2‐based EGT enable it to demonstrate logic‐in‐memory functions, which can execute logic processing and store logic results in a single device. These results highlight the potential of the GDY/MoS2‐based EGT for next‐generation low‐power electronics beyond von Neumann architecture.
In Situ Reconstruction of V‐Doped Ni2P Pre‐Catalysts with Tunable Electronic Structures for Water Oxidation
Authors: Zhao Tingwen , Shen Xiangjian , Wang Yuan , Hocking Rosalie K. , Li Yibing , Rong Chengli , Dastafkan Kamran , Su Zhen , Zhao Chuan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNickel‐based electrocatalysts are promising candidates for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) but suffer from high activation overpotentials. Herein, in situ structural reconstruction of V‐doped Ni2P pre‐catalyst to form highly active NiV oxyhydroxides for OER is reported, during which the partial dissolution of V creates a disordered Ni structure with an enlarged electrochemical surface area. Operando electrochemical impedance spectroscopy reveals that the synergistic interaction between the Ni hosts and the remaining V dopants can regulate the electronic structure of NiV oxyhydroxides, which leads to enhanced kinetics for the adsorption of *OH and deprotonation of *OOH intermediates. Raman spectroscopy and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy further demonstrate that the increased content of active β‐NiOOH phase with the disordered Ni active sites contributes to OER activity enhancement. Density functional theory calculations verify that the V dopants facilitate the generation of *O intermediates during OER, which is the rate‐determining step for realizing efficient O2 evolution. Optimization of these properties endows the NiV oxyhydroxide electrode with a low overpotential of 221 mV to deliver a current density of 10 mA cm−2 and excellent stability in the alkaline electrolyte.
Controlling Electrochemically Induced Volume Changes in Conjugated Polymers by Chemical Design: from Theory to Devices
Authors: Moser Maximilian , Gladisch Johannes , Ghosh Sarbani , Hidalgo Tania Cecilia , Ponder James F. , Sheelamanthula Rajendar , Thiburce Quentin , Gasparini Nicola , Wadsworth Andrew , Salleo Alberto , Inal Sahika , Berggren Magnus , Zozoulenko Igor , Stavrinidou Eleni , McCulloch Iain 
Published: April 2021

AbstractElectrochemically induced volume changes in organic mixed ionic‐electronic conductors (OMIECs) are particularly important for their use in dynamic microfiltration systems, biomedical machinery, and electronic devices. Although significant advances have been made to maximize the dimensional changes that can be accomplished by OMIECs, there is currently limited understanding of how changes in their molecular structures impact their underpinning fundamental processes and their performance in electronic devices. Herein, a series of ethylene glycol functionalized conjugated polymers is synthesized, and their electromechanical properties are evaluated through a combined approach of experimental measurements and molecular dynamics simulations. As demonstrated, alterations in the molecular structure of OMIECs impact numerous processes occurring during their electrochemical swelling, with sidechain length shortening decreasing the number of incorporated water molecules, reducing the generated void volumes and promoting the OMIECs to undergo different phase transitions. Ultimately, the impact of these combined molecular processes is assessed in organic electrochemical transistors, revealing that careful balancing of these phenomena is required to maximize device performance.
Additive‐Free Self‐Presodiation Strategy for High‐Performance Na‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Ding Feixiang , Meng Qingshi , Yu Pengfei , Wang Haibo , Niu Yaoshen , Li Yuqi , Yang Yang , Rong Xiaohui , Liu Xiaosong , Lu Yaxiang , Chen Liquan , Hu Yong‐Sheng 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe irreversible consumption of sodium at the anode side during the first cycle prominently reduces the energy density of Na‐ion batteries. Different sacrificial cathode additives have been recently reported to address this problem; however, critical issues such as by‐products (e.g., CO2) release during cycling and incompatibility with current battery fabrication procedures potentially deteriorate the full‐cell performance and prevent the practical application. Herein, an additive‐free self‐presodiation strategy is proposed to create lattice‐coherent but component‐dependent O3‐NaxTMMnO2 (TM = transition metal ion(s)) cathodes by a quenching treatment rather than the general natural cooling. The quenching material preserves higher Mn3+ and Na+ content, which is able to release Na+ via Mn3+ oxidation to compensate for sodium consumption during the initial charge while adopting other TM to provide the capacity in the following cycles. Full cells fabricated with hard carbon anode and this material as both cathode and sodium supplement reagent have a nearly 9.4% cathode mass reduction, around 9.9% energy density improvement (from 233 to 256 Wh kg−1), and 8% capacity retention enhancement (from 76% to 84%) after 300 cycles. This study presents the route to rational design cathode materials with sodium reservoir property to simplify the presodiation process as well as improve the full‐cell performance.
Graphene‐Based Cementitious Composites: Toward Next‐Generation Construction Technologies
Authors: Krystek Małgorzata , Ciesielski Artur , Samorì Paolo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe search for technological solutions to the ever‐increasing demand for ultra‐high‐quality concrete with the simultaneous construction boom represents one of the greatest challenges concrete researchers are facing nowadays. In view of their unique properties, graphene and related materials, when utilized to form graphene‐based cementitious composites, appear to be powerful components to give a boost to today's concrete technology. In this review, the most enlightening recent advancements in the development of fabrication protocols for obtaining the homogenous dispersion of graphene and derivatives thereof within the cement matrix are showcased. The hydration process and basic properties of graphene‐based cementitious materials are also discussed. The integration of graphene‐family materials to concrete technology allows new functions to be imparted to cement composites toward the construction of smart and multifunctional buildings. Therefore, a specific focus is given to the electrical and piezoresistive behavior of graphene‐cement composites, and ultimately their great potential for structural health monitoring applications. The approaches proposed in this review can be also extended to other 2D materials offering the broadest arsenal of physical properties, which can therefore be integrated on‐demand in future smart structures and constructions.
Identifying the Electrostatic and Entropy‐Related Mechanisms for Charge‐Transfer Exciton Dissociation at Doped Organic Heterojunctions
Authors: Xue Wenyue , Tang Yabing , Zhou Xiaobo , Tang Zheng , Zhao Hanzhang , Li Tao , Zhang Lu , Liu Shengzhong (Frank) , Zhao Chao , Ma Wei , Yan Han 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe electron donor/acceptor (D/A) heterojunction is the core for photocharge generation and recombination in organic photovoltaics (OPVs). Developing practical methods for the D/A heterojunction modification remains challenging and is rarely discussed in OPV research. Herein, the roles of molecular doping at the D/A heterojunction in the charge‐transfer exciton dissociation and detailed energy loss are investigated, and new insights are gained into the functions of doping on the OPV performance. Heterojunction doping simultaneously enhances all three OPV parameters, especially the short‐circuit current (Jsc). It is shown that the Jsc improvement is due to the combined effects of strengthened electric field and reduced activation energy, which is regulated via an entropy‐related mechanism. The performance enhancement is further demonstrated in homojunction devices showing the great potential of interfacial doping to overcome the intrinsic limitation between high Jsc and open‐circuit voltage (Voc) in OPVs.
MXene‐Derived TinO2n−1 Quantum Dots Distributed on Porous Carbon Nanosheets for Stable and Long‐Life Li–S Batteries: Enhanced Polysulfide Mediation via Defect Engineering
Authors: Zhang Heng , Yang Li , Zhang Peigen , Lu Chengjie , Sha Dawei , Yan Bingzhen , He Wei , Zhou Min , Zhang Wei , Pan Long , Sun ZhengMing 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe application of Li–S batteries has been hindered by the shuttling behavior and sluggish reaction kinetics of polysulfides. Here an effective polysulfide immobilizer and catalytic promoter is developed by proposing oxygen‐vacancy‐rich TinO2n−1 quantum dots (OV–TnQDs) decorated on porous carbon nanosheets (PCN), which are modulated using Ti3C2Tx MXene as starting materials. The TnQDs not only confine polysulfides through strong chemisorption but also promote polysulfide conversion via redox‐active catalysis. The introduction of oxygen vacancies further boosts the immobilization and conversion of polysulfides by lowering the adsorption energy and shortening the bond lengths. The PCN provides a physical polysulfide confinement as well as a flexible substrate preventing OV–TnQDs from aggregation. Moreover, the two building blocks are conductive, thereby effectively improving the electron/charge transfer. Finally, the ultrasmall size of QDs along with the porous structure endows OV–TnQDs@PCN with large specific surface area and pore volume, affording adequate space for S loading and volume expansion. Therefore, the OV–TnQDs@PCN/S delivers a high S loading (79.1 wt%), good rate capability (672 mA h g−1 at 2 C), and excellent long‐term cyclability (88% capacity retention over 1000 cycles at 2 C). It also exhibits good Li+ storage under high S‐mass loading and lean electrolyte.
Heterochromatic Nonlinear Optical Responses in Upconversion Nanoparticles for Super‐Resolution Nanoscopy
Authors: Chen Chaohao , Liu Baolei , Liu Yongtao , Liao Jiayan , Shan Xuchen , Wang Fan , Jin Dayong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPoint spread function (PSF) engineering by an emitter's response can code higher‐spatial‐frequency information of an image for microscopy to achieve super‐resolution. However, complexed excitation optics or repetitive scans are needed, which explains the issues of low speed, poor stability, and operational complexity associated with the current laser scanning microscopy approaches. Here, the diverse emission responses of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are reported for super‐resolution nanoscopy to improve the imaging quality and speed. The method only needs a doughnut‐shaped scanning excitation beam at an appropriate power density. By collecting the four‐photon emission of single UCNPs, the high‐frequency information of a super‐resolution image can be resolved through the doughnut‐emission PSF. Meanwhile, the two‐photon state of the same nanoparticle is oversaturated, so that the complementary lower‐frequency information of the super‐resolution image can be simultaneously collected by the Gaussian‐like emission PSF. This leads to a method of Fourier‐domain heterochromatic fusion, which allows the extended capability of the engineered PSFs to cover both low‐ and high‐frequency information to yield optimized image quality. This approach achieves a spatial resolution of 40 nm, 1/24th of the excitation wavelength. This work suggests a new scope for developing nonlinear multi‐color emitting probes in super‐resolution nanoscopy.