bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Farmers’ action space to adopt sustainable practices: a study of arable farming in Saxony
Authors: Gütschow Malin , Bartkowski Bartosz , Felipe-Lucia María R. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe urgency to address climate change, biodiversity loss, and natural resource degradation requires major changes in agricultural practices. Agricultural policy in Germany has so far failed to generate such changes; meanwhile, public demands for new regulations are met by widespread farmers’ protests. Against this background, an improved understanding of the factors influencing farmers’ uptake of sustainable agricultural practices is necessary. This study introduces the concept of action space to analyze the role of barriers to change which lie beyond farmers’ perceived immediate control. We apply this conceptual framework to the case of diversified crop rotations in Saxony (Germany) and combine semi-structured interviews and a survey to identify key barriers to change and their relative weights. We find that farmers feel rather strongly restricted in their action space to implement diversified crop rotations for sustainable agriculture. The most important barriers pertain to the market environment, which severely limits the feasibility of many crops. In addition, limited regulatory predictability as well as regulatory incoherence and limited flexibility restrict farmers in their action space. The role of resource availability within the farm businesses as well as availability and accessibility of knowledge is ambiguous between interview and survey results. The analysis of interactions indicates that multiple barriers form a self-reinforcing system in which farmers perceive to have little leeway to implement sustainable practices. These results emphasize the need to create an enabling market and regulatory environment in which sustainable practices pay off.
Potentiometric back titration as a robust and simple method for specific surface area estimation of lignocellulosic fibers
Authors: Serra-Parareda Ferran , Aguado Roberto , Tarrés Quim , Mutjé Pere , Delgado-Aguilar Marc 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe specific surface area (SSA) of cellulosic or lignocellulosic fibers is seldom reported in the recent literature on papermaking, despite its close relation with the degree of refining and other key pulp properties. Amidst outdated assays (Pulmac permeability test) and methods that, while accurate, are of doubtful usefulness for papermaking purposes (N2adsorption–desorption), we suggest a methodology based on the cationic demand. A commonly used cationic polyelectrolyte, poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC), became adsorbed onto thermomechanical pulp samples. Then, a potentiometric back titration with an anionic polyelectrolyte measured the cationic demand, expressed as microequivalents of PDADMAC per gram of pulp. Multiplying this value by the surface area of a microequivalent of polymer, considering rod-like conformation in the case of minimum ionic strength, yielded the SSA of the lignocellulosic pulp. Our system assumes that the quaternary ammonium groups were anchored through electrostatic and ion–dipole interactions. Measuring the carboxyl content allowed for discriminating between both kinds of forces. Finally, the model could be validated by plotting the estimated SSA values against the Schopper-Riegler degree, attaining high correlation coefficients (R2 ~ 0.98). Owing to the high molecular weight of the polyelectrolyte of choice (107 kDa), and more particularly in the case of fine-free pulps, SSA values estimated from the cationic demand were consistently lower than those from dye (Congo red) sorption. Instead of being a drawback, the limited diffusion of PDADMAC through fibers can enable papermakers to attain a more helpful quantification of the available surfaces in operations with low residence times.
On the extraordinary low quench sensitivity of an AlZnMg alloy
Authors: Rowolt Christian , Milkereit Benjamin , Springer Armin , Mihara-Narita Mami , Yoshida Hideo , Yamashita Kenya , Oldenburg Kevin , Kessler Olaf 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe scope of this work was to investigate the quench sensitivity of a high-purity wrought aluminum alloy Al6Zn0.75 Mg (in this work called 7003pure). This is compared to a similar alloy with the additions of Fe, Si, and Zr at a sum less than 0.3 at.% (in this work called 7003Fe,Si,Zr). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used for an in situ analysis of quench induced precipitation in a wide range of cooling rates varying between 0.0003 and 3 K/s. In 7003pure, three main precipitation reactions were observed during cooling, a medium temperature reaction with a distinct double peak between 325 and 175 °C and a very low temperature reaction starting at about 100 °C. An additional high temperature reaction related to the precipitation of Mg2Si starting at 425 °C has been observed for 7003Fe,Si,Zr. In terms of hardness after natural as well as artificial aging, alloy 7003pure shows a very low quench sensitivity. Hardness values on the saturation level of about 120 HV1 are seen down to cooling rates of 0.003 K/s. The as-quenched hardness (5 min of natural aging) shows a maximum at a cooling rate of 0.003 K/s, while slower and faster cooling results in a lower hardness. In terms of hardness after aging, 0.003 K/s could be defined as the technological critical cooling rate, which is much higher for 7003Fe,Si,Zr (0.3–1 K/s). The physical critical cooling rates for the suppression of any precipitation during cooling were found to be about 10 K/s for both variants.
Parental Happiness Associates With the Co-occurrence of Preschool-Aged Children’s Healthy Energy Balance-Related Behaviors
Authors: Engberg Elina , Ray Carola , Määttä Suvi , Figueiredo Rejane A. O. , Leppänen Marja H. , Pajulahti Riikka , Koivusilta Leena , Korkalo Liisa , Nissinen Kaija , Vepsäläinen Henna , Sajaniemi Nina , Erkkola Maijaliisa , Roos Eva 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe examined whether parental happiness associate with preschoolers’ healthy energy balance-related behaviors (EBRBs) and with the co-occurrence of multiple healthy EBRBs. This cross-sectional study included 647 pairs of parents (88% mothers) and children (mean age 4.7, SD 0.9 years). Parents completed the Subjective Happiness Scale. In addition, ActiGraph accelerometers measured children’s physical activity, and parents reported screen time and food consumption on behalf of their children. We defined four healthy EBRBs: meeting physical activity guidelines; meeting screen time guidelines; a higher consumption of vegetables, fruits and berries; and a lower consumption of sugary foods, treats and drinks. Parental happiness scores did not associate with children’s healthy EBRBs when each behavior was analyzed separately. However, parents with higher happiness scores were more likely to have a child with 2 or 3–4 healthy EBRBs than a child with 0–1 healthy EBRBs. To conclude, parents who are happier have children with multiple healthy EBRBs. Targeting parental wellbeing should be considered when promoting children’s healthy EBRBs.
Normalisation and subformula property for a system of intuitionistic logic with general introduction and elimination rules
Authors: Kürbis Nils 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis paper studies a formalisation of intuitionistic logic by Negri and von Plato which has general introduction and elimination rules. The philosophical importance of the system is expounded. Definitions of ‘maximal formula’, ‘segment’ and ‘maximal segment’ suitable to the system are formulated and corresponding reduction procedures for maximal formulas and permutative reduction procedures for maximal segments given. Alternatives to the main method used are also considered. It is shown that deductions in the system convert into normal form and that deductions in normal form have the subformula property.
Identification of plant materials containing ephedrine alkaloids based on DNA barcoding and TaqMan real-time PCR assay
Authors: Zheng Yaqin , Gao Han , Song Ming , Lin Yunhan , Fan Jiajia , Zhang Yaqin , Liu Xia 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAn intentional or inadvertent mixing of plant materials containing ephedrine alkaloids, especially Ephedra, is illegal. In order to better detect plant materials containing ephedrine alkaloids in export and smuggling, DNA barcoding combined with a TaqMan real-time PCR-based assay were used in this study. We collected 201 samples from 18 species belonging to four genera distributed in three families to amplify two barcoding markers, internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and psbA-trnH. 175 ITS2 sequences and 136 psbA-trnH sequences were obtained. Alignments and the neighbor-joining tree indicated that ITS2 showed a better discrimination of species than psbA-trnH. In addition, based on the sequence comparison of the ITS2 region from 18 species, three sets of primer/probes were designed using the real-time PCR assay platform. A sensitivity test showed the above primer/probe sets were specific and sensitive (as little as 0.0050 ng/μL target DNA) to identify species containing ephedrine alkaloids. Hence, the combination of novel DNA barcoding and the TaqMan real-time PCR-based technique are promising tools for the identification of plant materials containing ephedrine alkaloids. It is beneficial to standardize market circulation and detection of plant materials containing ephedrine alkaloids.
The effect of landscape on Cucurbita pepo-pollinator interaction networks varies depending on plants’ genetic diversity
Authors: Landaverde-González Patricia , Enríquez Eunice , Núñez-Farfán Juan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn recent years, evidence has been found that plant-pollinator interactions are altered by land-use and that genetic diversity also plays a role. However, how land-use and genetic diversity influence plant–pollinator interactions, particularly in the Neotropics, where many endemic plants exist is still an open question.Cucurbita pepois a monoecious plant and traditional crop wide distributed, with high rates of molecular evolution, landraces associated with human cultural management and a history of coevolution with bees, which makes this species a promising model for studying the effect of landscape and genetic diversity on plant-pollinator interactions. Here, we assess (1) whether female and male flowers differences have an effect on the interaction network, (2) how C. pepogenetic diversity affects flower-bee visitation network structure, and (3) what is the effect that land-use, accounting forC. pepogenetic variability,has on pumpkin-bee interaction network structure. Our results indicate that female and male flowers presented the same pollinator community composition and interaction network structure suggesting that female/male differences do not have a significant effect on network evolution. Genetic diversity has a positive effect on modularity, nestedness and number of interactions. Further, the effect of semi-natural areas on nestedness could be buffered when genetic diversity is high. Our results suggest that considering genetic diversity is relevant for a better understanding of the effect of land-use on interaction networks. Additionally, this understanding has great value in conserving biodiversity and enhancing the stability of interaction networks in a world facing great challenges of habitat and diversity loss.
The Treasury of Wharton's Jelly
Authors: Guenther Rebecca , Dreschers Stephan , Maassen Jessika , Reibert Daniel , Skazik-Voogt Claudia , Gutermuth Angela 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Postnatal umbilical cord tissue contains valuable mesenchymal progenitor cells of various differentiation stages. While mesenchymal stem cells are plastic-adherent and tend to differentiate into myofibroblastic phenotypes, some round cells detach, float above the adherent cells, and build up cell aggregates, or form spheroids spontaneously. Very small luminescent cells are always involved as single cells or within collective forms and resemble the common well-known very small embryonic-like cells (VSELs). In this study, we investigated these VSELs-like cells in terms of their pluripotency phenotype and tri-lineage differentiation potential.

Methods
VSELs-like cells were isolated from cell-culture supernatants by a process that combines filtering, up concentration, and centrifugation. To determine their pluripotency character, we measured the expression of Nanog, Sox-2, Oct-4, SSEA-1, CXCR4, SSEA-4 on gene and protein level. In addition, the cultured cells derived from UC tissue were examined regarding their potential to differentiate into three germ layers.

Result
The VSELs-like cells express all of the pluripotency-associated markers we investigated and are able to differentiate into meso- endo- and ectodermal precursor cells.

Conclusions
Umbilical cord tissue hosts highly potent VSELs-like stem cells.

Graphical Abstract
Implizite Fähigkeitstheorien, akademisches Selbstkonzept und schulisches Wohlbefinden
Authors: Lüftenegger Marko , Holzer Julia , Schober Barbara 
Published: October 2021

ZusammenfassungImplizite Fähigkeitstheorien haben hohe Relevanz für Lernverhalten und Leistung von Schüler*innen. Diese Effekte werden in kognitiven Bedeutungssystemen durch selbstbezogene Kompetenzeinschätzungen vermittelt. Neben Lernverhalten und Leistung rückte als weiteres zentrales Ziel von Schule und Unterricht in den letzten Jahren auch zunehmend schulisches Wohlbefinden in den Fokus. Studien zu Zusammenhängen von Impliziten Theorien und Wohlbefinden sind jedoch rar. Vorhandene Arbeiten betrachteten Wohlbefinden dabei überwiegend als die Abwesenheit von pathologischen Merkmalen, während neuere Ansätze das Vorhandensein von Ressourcen und die Multidimensionalität von Wohlbefinden im Jugendalter betonen. Ein solches Modell ist das EPOCH-Modell welches die Dimensionen Engagement, Perseverance, Optimism, Connectedness und Happiness unterscheidet.Die vorliegende Studie untersucht Zusammenhänge zwischen inkrementellen Impliziten Fähigkeitstheorien, akademischem Selbstkonzept und Wohlbefinden von Schüler*innen. Wohlbefinden wird dabei als kontextspezifisches Konstrukt – adaptiert an den Schulkontext – durch die fünf EPOCH Dimensionen operationalisiert.Die Stichprobe der Fragebogenstudie umfasste 1484 österreichische Schüler*innen (52 % weiblich; M = 12,95; SD = 2,10) aus 87 Klassen. Zur Untersuchung der Zusammenhänge wurde ein latentes Mediationsmodell mit inkrementeller Fähigkeitstheorie als unabhängiger Variable, Selbstkonzept als Mediator und Wohlbefinden als abhängiger Variable spezifiziert. Die Ergebnisse zeigten positive Zusammenhänge von inkrementeller Fähigkeitstheorie mit Selbstkonzept sowie mit allen fünf EPOCH Dimensionen. Die Effekte von inkrementeller Fähigkeitstheorie auf Engagement, Perseverance und Optimism werden durch das Selbstkonzept mediiert. Limitationen dieser Studie sowie Implikationen für Theorie, Praxis und zukünftige Forschung werden diskutiert.
Capture of aqueous radioiodine species by metallated adsorbents from wastestreams of the nuclear power industry: a review
Authors: Robshaw Thomas J. , Turner Joshua , Kearney Sarah , Walkley Brant , Sharrad Clint A. , Ogden Mark D. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAbstractIodine-129 poses a significant challenge in the drive towards lowering radionuclide emissions from used nuclear fuel recycling operations. Various techniques are employed for capture of gaseous iodine species, but it is also present, mainly as iodide anions, in problematic residual aqueous wastestreams, which have stimulated research interest in technologies for adsorption and retention of the radioiodine. This removal effort requires specialised adsorbents, which use soft metals to create selectivity in the challenging chemical conditions. A review of the literature, at laboratory scale, reveals a number of organic, inorganic and hybrid adsorbent matrices have been investigated for this purpose. They are functionalised principally by Ag metal, but also Bi, Cu and Pb, using numerous synthetic strategies. The iodide capacity of the adsorbents varies from 13 to 430 mg g−1, with ion-exchange resins and titanates displaying the highest maximum uptakes. Kinetics of adsorption are often slow, requiring several days to reach equilibrium, although some ligated metal ion and metal nanoparticle systems can equilibrate in < 1 h. Ag-loaded materials generally exhibit superior selectivity for iodide verses other common anions, but more consideration is required of how these materials would function successfully in industrial operation; specifically their performance in dynamic column experiments and stability of the bound radioiodine in the conversion to final wasteform and subsequent geological storage.Article highlightsMetallated adsorbents for the capture and retention of radioiodine in the nuclear industry are assessed.The strengths and weaknesses of organic, inorganic and hybrid support matrices and loading mechanisms are discussed.Pathways for progression of this technology are proposed.Graphic abstract
Air entrapment and its effect on pressure impulses in the slamming of a flat disc on water
Authors: Jain Utkarsh , Vega-Martínez Patricia , van der Meer Devaraj 
Published: October 2021

The presence of ambient air in liquid-slamming events plays a crucial role in influencing the shape of the liquid surface prior to the impact, and the distribution of loads created upon impact. We study the effect of trapped air on impact loads in a simplified geometry, by slamming a horizontal flat disc onto a stationary water bath at a well-controlled velocity. We show how air trapping influences pressure peaks at different radial locations on the disc, how the pressure impulses are affected and how local pressure impulses differ from those obtained from area-integrated (force) impulses at impact. More specifically, we find that the air layer causes a gradual buildup of the load before the peak value is reached, and show that this buildup follows inertial scaling. Further, the same localised pressure impulse at the disc centre is found to be lower than the corresponding (area-integrated) force impulse on the entire disc. While the (area-integrated) force impulses are close to the classical result of Batchelor (An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, 1967, § 6.10) and Glasheen & McMahon (Phys. Fluids, vol. 8, issue 8, 1996, pp. 2078–2083), the localised pressure impulses at the disc centre, where the trapped air layer is at its thickest, lie closer to the theoretical estimation by Peterset al.(J. Fluid Mech., vol. 724, 2013, pp. 553–580) for an air-cushioned impact.
Shade lichens are characterized by rapid relaxation of non-photochemical quenching on transition to darkness
Authors: Beckett Richard P. , Minibayeva Farida V. , Mkhize Kwanele W. G. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractNon-photochemical quenching (NPQ) plays an important role in protecting photosynthetic organisms from photoinhibition by dissipating excess light energy as heat. However, excess NPQ can greatly reduce the quantum yield of photosynthesis at lower light levels. Recently, there has been considerable interest in understanding how plants balance NPQ to ensure optimal productivity in environments in which light levels are rapidly changing. In the present study, chlorophyll fluorescence was used to study the induction and relaxation of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) in the dark and the induction of photosynthesis in ten species of lichens, five sampled from exposed and five sampled from shaded habitats. Here we show that the main difference between sun and shade lichens is the rate at which NPQ relaxes in the dark, rather than the speed that photosynthesis starts upon illumination. During the first two minutes in the dark, NPQ values in the five sun species declined only by an average of 2%, while by contrast, in shade species the average decline was 40%. For lichens growing in microhabitats where light levels are rapidly changing, rapid relaxation of NPQ may enable their photobionts to use the available light most efficiently.
Blame and coercion: Together again for the first time
Authors: SIEK JEREMY G. , THIEMANN PETER , WADLER PHILIP 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
C#, Dart, Pyret, Racket, TypeScript, VB: many recent languages integrate dynamic and static types via gradual typing. We systematically develop four calculi for gradual typing and the relations between them, building on and strengthening previous work. The calculi are as follows:

$\lambda{B}$

, based on the blame calculus of Wadler and Findler (2009);

$\lambda{C}$

, inspired by the coercion calculus of Henglein (1994);

$\lambda{S}$

inspired by the space-efficient calculus of Herman, Tomb, and Flanagan (2006); and

$\lambda{T}$

based on the threesome calculus of Siek and Wadler (2010). While

$\lambda{B}$

and

$\lambda{T}$

are little changed from previous work,

$\lambda{C}$

and

$\lambda{S}$

are new. Together,

$\lambda{B}$

,

$\lambda{C}$

,

$\lambda{S}$

, and

$\lambda{T}$

provide a coherent foundation for design, implementation, and optimization of gradual types. We define translations from

$\lambda{B}$

to

$\lambda{C}$

, from

$\lambda{C}$

to

$\lambda{S}$

, and from

$\lambda{S}$

to

$\lambda{T}$

. Much previous work lacked proofs of correctness or had weak correctness criteria; here we demonstrate the strongest correctness criterion one could hope for, that each of the translations is fully abstract. Each of the calculi reinforces the design of the others:

$\lambda{C}$

has a particularly simple definition, and the subtle definition of blame safety for

$\lambda{B}$

is justified by the simple definition of blame safety for

$\lambda{C}$

. Our calculus

$\lambda{S}$

is implementation-ready: the first space-efficient calculus that is both straightforward to implement and easy to understand. We give two applications: first, using full abstraction from

$\lambda{C}$

to

$\lambda{S}$

to establish an equational theory of coercions; and second, using full abstraction from

$\lambda{B}$

to

$\lambda{S}$

to easily establish the Fundamental Property of Casts, which required a custom bisimulation and six lemmas in earlier work.
What Can We Learn From Observed Temperature and Salinity Isopycnal Anomalies at Eddy Generation Sites? Application in the Tropical Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Aguedjou H. M. A. , Chaigneau A. , Dadou I. , Morel Y. , Pegliasco C. , Da‐Allada C. Y. , Baloïtcha E. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBased on 18 years of satellite altimetry data and temperature/salinity (θ/S) profiles from Argo floats, we analyze the isopycnal θ/S anomalies (θ'/S') within newborn eddies in the tropical Atlantic Ocean (TAO). Our results show that on density‐coordinates, both anticyclonic eddies (AEs) and cyclonic eddies (CEs) can exhibit positive, negative, or nonsignificant θ'/S'. Almost half of the sampled eddies do not have significant θ'/S' at their generation site. The other half exhibits significant positive or negative θ', up to ±0.5°C typically. More than 70% of them have a subsurface signature. Refined analyses of the vertical structure of new‐born eddies in three selected subregions show the dominance of cold (warm) subsurface AEs (CEs) likely due to isopycnal advection of large‐scale potential vorticity (PV) and θ. PV is a key parameter to analyze eddy generation and dynamics. Isopycnal advection, friction or diapycnal mixing can be involved in the generation of PV anomalies from which vortices can then emerge. However, it is difficult to evaluate PV at mesoscale. In this study, we propose to combine θ'/S' and PV anomalies to analyze which process could be involved in its transformation in the ocean. We argue that eddies created by diapycnal mixing or isopycnal advection of water‐masses are associated with PV anomalies and significant θ'/S'. In contrast, a frictional forcing also creates PV anomalies but without modifying θ/S. Even though our results remain qualitative, the proposed diagnostics can be of interest to validate realistic models and then use them to analyze the PV anomaly sources.