bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The first preliminary waves of the Nevada earthquake of December 20, 1932*
Authors: Byerly Perry 
Published: May 2021

SummaryThe P travel-time curve of the Nevada earthquake is presented. It is drawn as a series of straight lines. It is near Δ = 28° that the data outline most clearly the sudden change in slope of the curve, but definite evidence of overlapping of the branches is lacking. At Δ = 67° (approximately) the curve branches into two parts as did the curve of the Texas earthquake. Between 4° and 12° three parallel P curves are drawn. The suggested explanation of them is that they are due to transformations of an original P or S at boundaries near the focus. This would indicate a depth of focus of about fifteen kilometers.The nature of the first motion at the various stations shows a complex distribution which does not lead to a simple explanation of the forces acting at the focus.A long-period component of P waves is observed, and it is concluded that it is present from very near the beginning of the record, although often masked by shorter-period motion. It begins in opposite phase to the shorter-period motion accompanying it.
On focal points of SKS*
Authors: Gutenberg B. 
Published: May 2021

Summary
The travel-time curve of the first section of SKS depends much on the velocity in the outer part of the core. It begins on the travel-time curve of ScS at an epicentral distance somewhere between 65° and 90°, depending on the velocity of longitudinal waves just below the surface of the core. The extreme values correspond to velocities there of approximately 8.0 and 7.4 km/sec., respectively. If the distance where SKS begins is relatively large, its first section extends to decreasing distances and is convex towards the axis of distance, and SKS must have an odd number of cusps with focal points (at least one) where it reverses in direction and changes from convex to concave or vice versa. If SKS begins at a relatively short distance, its first segment extends to increasing distances and is concave towards the axis of distance; in this case the number of cusps is even (possibly zero). In an intermediate case, SKS begins with a focal point. In any case, the first segment of the travel-time curve of SKS is below the travel-time curve of ScS. Similar conclusions are correct for SKS. A preliminary study of the observations seems to indicate a focal point of SKS at a distance between 70° and 80°. More detailed investigations which are under way may be used to draw conclusions respecting the velocity of longitudinal waves in the outer part of the core.
The variation of seismic velocities within a simplified earth model, in accordance with the theory of finite strain*
Authors: Birch Francis 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMurnaghan's theory of finite strain has been applied in an approximate form to a study of the density and velocity variations in a simplified model of the earth outside the core, the model consisting of two homogeneous layers, each at a uniform temperature. Following Jeffreys, the layers are separated by a first-order discontinuity at a depth of 474 km. Above 474 km., the variations of the velocities in this model are shown to be practically the same as Jeffreys' “observed” values. The main features of the velocity-depth curves are represented with fair precision down to the core. This is of course no longer true if the velocities are supposed to vary continuously through the 474-km. level. Whichever supposition be held, if the rate of change of velocity immediately below 474 km. is to be reproduced closely, a gradual change of composition must be introduced. The variation of density upon the two-layer supposition is very close to that derived by Jeffreys and by Bullen by numerical integration of the “observed” velocities, on the supposition of adiabatic compression of homogeneous layers. The validity of their method is shown to depend upon the existence of a small temperature gradient, or of compensating factors which cannot be evaluated. It is suggested that a more rigorous solution of the equations of motion derived from the theory of finite strain might prove of value in interpreting the oscillatory character of seismic records, as well as the direction of the ground motion associated with various wave types.
The density variation of the earth's central core*
Authors: Bullen K. E. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
A detailed analysis of the problem of the earth's density variation has been extended to the earth's central core. It is shown that in the region between the outer boundary of the core and a distance of about 1400 km. from the earth's center the density ranges from 9.4 gm/cm.3 to 11.5 gm/cm.3 within an uncertainty which, if certain general assumptions are true, does not exceed 3 per cent. The density and pressure figures are, moreover, compatible with the existence of fairly pure iron in this part of the earth. The result for the earth's outer mantle as given in a previously published paper, together with those in the present paper, are found to give with good precision the density distribution in a region occupying 99 per cent of the earth's volume. Values of the density within 1400 km. of the earth's center are subject, however, to a wide margin of uncertainty, and there appears to be no means of resolving this uncertainty for the present. The most that can be said is that the mean density in the latter region is greater than 12.3 gm/cm.3 and may quite possibly be several gm/cm.3 in excess of this figure. In the present paper figures are also included for the variation of gravity and the distribution of pressure within the central core. The gravity results are shown to be subject to an appreciable uncertainty except within about 1000 km. of the outer boundary of the core, but the pressure results are expected to be closely accurate at all depths.
Selection of green peas for the canning industry with a small grain size
Authors: Ushakov V. A. , Kotlyar I. P. , Kaigorodova I. M. 
Published: May 2021

Relevance. Therefore, at present, varieties with an average seed size are used for the production of canned "green peas". In this regard, it is important to create varieties with a mass of 1000 seeds less than 150 g for the production of premium canned food.Methods. The object of research was the lines of hybrids of vegetable peas of different ripeness groups with a low weight of 1000 seeds.Results. At the initial stage of the work, plants with a low mass of 1000 seeds and green cotyledons were selected and brought to constant lines over several years. Over the years of sampling, the weather conditions were with sharp changes in temperature and precipitation. This made it possible to single out samples with low variability of the selected characters based on the totality of characters. In 2018-2019, the selected lines were studied according to the characteristics of productivity and manufacturability during the period of technical ripeness in the nursery of competitive variety testing of vegetable peas. To determine the duration of the technical ripeness period and its relationship with the yield, the green peas were harvested in three periods, starting with the minimum density indicators (34-35 units) and with an interval of three days. When determining the fractional composition of green peas, sample 4.12 was isolated, which received the varietal name Smaylik. Green peas of this variety had a fairly high uniformity and small grain diameter with a predominance of fractions of 5-8.5 mm and 8.6-9.9 mm. Sample 12.12 was close to Smaylik in its performance. According to the results of competitive variety testing, the Smaylik variety in 2019 was transferred to the State variety testing of the Russian Federation.
MUDANÇA SOCIAL E MODERNIZAÇÃO ECOLÓGICA NO BRASIL <br/><br/> SOCIAL CHANGE AND ECOLOGIC MODERNIZATION IN BRAZIL
Authors: Blanc Julien 
Published: May 2021

Este artigo analisa as trajetórias de conversão para agricultura orgânica de agricultores familiares localizados na região metropolitana de São Paulo durante os anos 1990 e 2000. Esta conversão ocorreu sob o impulso inicial de indivíduos ligados ao movimento da teologia da libertação e depois da estruturação posterior de um mercado regional em torno da grande distribuição. O texto mostra como a integração desses agricultores em um sistema de mercado regido por lógicas capitalistas foi acompanhada, localmente, por uma profissionalização da agricultura e pela implantação de lógicas e estruturas empresariais. Mostra também como estas dinâmicas de modernização ecológica, embora contribuindo para a geração de uma nova elite rural e de novas formas de desigualdade social, parecem ao mesmo tempo poder contribuir para a manutenção da agricultura em um contexto de forte pressão urbana, para o retorno dos jovens a esta atividade e para a construção de territórios de qualidade ecológica. Nesse sentido, ele indaga se existiriam contextos nos quais a modernização ecológica seria um compromisso aceito por defensores de uma alternativa mais radical? Qualquer que seja a resposta a essa pergunta, a demonstração aqui proposta sublinha a importância de reintegrar a análise das trajetórias ecológicas agrícolas em um estudo mais geral das mudanças sociais, particularmente em seus componentes locais.AbstractThis paper analyzes small farmers’ trajectories in converting to organic farming in the metropolitan region of São Paulo during the 1990s and 2000s. The conversion occurred under the initial push of individuals connected the movement of the Theology of Liberation and after the structuring of a regional market around large-scale distribution. The paper shows how the integration of these farmers in a market system ruled by capitalist logic was accompanied, at the local level, by the professionalization of agriculture and by the implantation of corporate structures and logic. It also shows how these ecologic modernization dynamics, while contributing to the creation of a new rural elite and new forms of social inequality, seem to also be able to contribute to the maintenance of farming in a context of strong urban pressure, to the return ofyoung people to farming, and the construction of territories of ecologic quality.In this sense, it questions whether contexts exist in which ecologic modernization would be a compromise accepted by defenders of more radical alternatives? Whichever the answer to this question, the answer we propose underlines the importance of reintegrating the analysis of the ecologic farming trajectories to a broader study of social changes, mainly in its local components.
TRANSFORMAÇÕES RECENTES NA CADEIA PRODUTIVA DO LEITE NA REGIÃO DE IMPERATRIZ E O PROCESSO DE ADOÇÃO DE INOVAÇÕES POR PRODUTORES DE LEITE E QUEIJO<br/><br/>RECENT TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE PRODUCTION CHAIN OF MILK IN THE IMPERATRIZ REGION AND THE MILK AND CHEESE PRODUCERS' PROCESS OF ADOPTING INNOVATIONS
Authors: Lima Neto Evaristo , Carneiro Jonatha Farias , Carneiro Marcelo Sampaio 
Published: May 2021

Este artigo analisa algumas transformações que vêm ocorrendo na cadeia produtiva do leite no Maranhão, a partir de dois níveis da relação entre produtores de leite e laticínios e da inserção desses laticínios no mercado nacional de produtos lácteos. A pesquisa foi realizada na região de Imperatriz, que concentra a maior bacia leiteira do estado do Maranhão e o maior número de laticínios do estado. Os dados utilizados para a análise, envolvem entrevistas feitas com dirigentes de laticínios, bem como informações secundárias levantadas no Censo Agropecuário de 2017 (IBGE) e nas agências estatais responsáveis pelas ações de vigilância sanitária. Os resultados obtidos apontam: a) para uma modificação importante na relação entre produtores de leite e laticínios, que, a partir dos resultados obtidos pela campanha contra o leite clandestino, diminui a participação dos laticínios informais – as chamadas “queijeiras” – na cadeia produtiva, o que significou o de uma convenção de qualidade de tipo industrial (BOISARD; LETABLIER, 1987) no processo de produção, coleta e beneficiamento do leite; e b) para a identificação de um processo de aprimoramento (upgrading) da indústria de laticínio regional, com o desenvolvimento de novos produtos e ampliação da capacidade produtiva.AbstractThis paper analyses the construction of the Inovar-Auto programme, a Brazilian industrial policy devised with the goal of boosting investment in research, development and engineering in the automotive industry. The purpose of this discussion is that of contributing to define the corporate strategies of industrial groups in the automotive industry, showing how the industrial policies for the sector are carved out to measure, in order to protect the interests of those companies that have been in Brazil the longest. Inovar-Auto could possibly have resulted from social processes responsible for structuring the relationships between incumbent organisations and challengers within the automotive market. In other words, its appearance is due to the fall in prices resulting from the entry of new challengers onto the national market, and the response given by the incumbent companies to the increased competition, through reinforcement of rules, laws for protection, and other ways of being able to prevent any movement for the transformation of the economic and social order.
CONSTRUÇÃO DE INSTITUIÇÕES DA INOVAÇÃO: EFEITOS SOCIOPOLÍTICOS DO ZENIT PARQUE DA UFRGS<br/><br/>BUILDING INNOVATION INSTITUTIONS: SOCIO-POLITICAL EFFECTS OF ZENIT PARK AT UFRGS
Authors: Garcia Sandro Ruduit , Paim Tamirez Galvão da Silva , Muinge Figueiredo Artur 
Published: May 2021

Os parques tecnológicos têm envolvido uma diversidade de situações que reclama considerações sobre a sua capacidade de contribuir para a redução do déficit institucional que assola o “sistema nacional de inovação” no Brasil. Com base no detalhamento de um estudo de caso, tentamos avançar o argumento de que esse tipo de institucionalidade envolve, mais do que uma resposta às novas demandas do sistema produtivo e econômico, processos indeterminados de construção sociopolítica conduzidos pela ação estratégica em meio a diferentes formas de resistência, a limitações de recursos econômicos e sociais, e a quadros regulatórios pré-existentes. A estratégia do parque pode, desse modo, construir uma institucionalidade que avança na direção de certos vínculos, mas deixa de integrar diferentes esferas e atores relevantes (parques de modelo acadêmico). A conjectura é discutida tomando-se como referência a recente experiência do “Zenit Parque da UFRGS”.AbstractTechnology parks have involved a variety of situations that call for considerations on their capacities to contribute to reducing the institutional deficit that plagues the “national innovation system” in Brazil. Based on the details of a case study, we try to advance the argument that this type of institutional framework involves more than a response to the new demands of the productive and economic system, undetermined processes of sociopolitical construction driven by strategic action amid different ways resistance, limitations of economic and social resources, and pre-existing regulatory frameworks. The park’s strategy can thus build an institutionality that advances in the direction of certain links but fails to integrate different spheres and relevant actors (academic model parks). The conjecture is discussed with reference to the recent experience of “Zenit Park at UFRGS.
Resource Allocation During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Contributions to an Ethical Approach
Authors: Sobral Margarida , Santa Rosa Bárbara , Silvestre Margarida 
Published: May 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought dramatic worldwide consequences affecting social, economic and healthcare systems. Considering that the number of infected patients requiring admission to intensive care units far exceeded the available resources, healthcare professionals have had to face challenging decisions concerning who should benefit from the limited resources and who should not. In this context, after a careful ethical reflection, we propose some principles to be adopted when dealing with allocation resource decisions, based on core ethical values. Ideally, these strategies should be established and integrated into institutional policies before a crisis scenario, in order to anticipate a potential new public health emergency and prevent possible tragic consequences.
TEACHING VOCABULARY THROUGH THE CONCEPT ATTAIMENT MODEL AT SMP IT ANNAJIYAH LUBUKLINGGAU
Authors: Wulandari Sri , Oktaviani Ayu , Yulfie Yulfi 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT The problem of this research was “is it significantly effective to teach vocabulary through the Concept Attainment Model (CAM) at SMP IT Annajiyah Lubuklinggau in academic year 2019/2020?” The objective of this research was to find out whether or not it is significantly effective to teach vocabulary through the Concept Attainment Model (CAM) at SMP IT Annajiyah Lubuklinggau in academic year 2019/2020. The population of this research was all of the seventh grades consist of 43 students of SMP IT Annajiyah Lubuklinggau in academic year 2019/2020 and total number of sample was 18 students from VIII.A. The sample in this research was taken through cluster random sampling. In this research, the researcher used pre-experimental method. In collecting the data, the researcher used written test. In analyzing the data, the researcher used three techniques. They were: individual score, normality test and matched t-test. Based on the result of the data analysis, the researcher found out that the students’ average score was 59.166 in the pre-test and it increased in the post-test which score was 78.888. The result of matched t-test was 7.498, while ttable was 1.734. It means that the null hypothesis (Ho) was rejected and the alternative hypothesis (Ha) was accepted. Furthermore, it was significantly effective to teach vocabulary through the Concept Attainment Model (CAM) at SMP IT Annajiyah Lubuklinggau in academic year 2019/2020.
Migration of an Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion Screw into the Constrictor Muscle of the Hypopharynx
Authors: Dahm James , Nwaudo Darlington , Gooi Zhen , Lee Michael , El Dafrawy Mostafa 
Published: May 2021

Case:
A 53-year-old man developed dysphagia 4 years after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), and radiographs revealed a dislodged screw anterior to the ACDF plate. Intraoperatively, the screw was found to be completely embedded within the pharyngeal constrictor muscle fibers and was removed with assistance from otolaryngology without injury to the pharyngeal mucosa.

Conclusion:
Implant migration after ACDF can variably damage tracheoesophageal and retropharyngeal structures, and a multidisciplinary approach involving otolaryngology or thoracic surgery may be required to diagnose and treat these complications.
The Oblique Meniscomeniscal Ligament
Authors: Floyd Edward R. , Carlson Gregory B. , LaPrade Robert F. 
Published: May 2021

Case:
The authors present a case of a 41-year-old woman who was treated for a chronic type 2 posterior horn tear of the medial meniscal root. During an arthroscopic repair, a broad, thick ligament coursing through the intercondylar notch caused difficulty in visualizing the posterior joint space and necessitated creation of an accessory portal. Given its course and attachments, this structure was an example of a rare variant of anatomy, an oblique meniscomeniscal ligament.

Conclusion:
An oblique meniscomeniscal ligament may complicate surgery in the posterior knee by presenting a visual and physical impediment to the surgeon.
Overgrowth After Pediatric Tibial Spine Repair with Symptomatic Leg Length Discrepancy
Authors: Tomasevich Kelly M. , Quinlan Noah J. , Mortensen Alexander J. , Hobson Taylor E. , Aoki Stephen K. 
Published: May 2021

Case:
A 12-year-old girl sustained a right-sided tibial spine fracture while jumping on a trampoline. Postoperative course was complicated initially by arthrofibrosis requiring manipulation under anesthesia and subsequent leg length discrepancy attributed to posttraumatic overgrowth necessitating femoral epiphysiodesis. Ten years after initial injury, she reported her knee to be 63% of normal and an International Knee Documentation Committee score of 63.2. Symptomatic overgrowth requiring epiphysiodesis after tibial spine repair has not been previously reported to our knowledge.

Conclusion:
Tibial spine fixation, although previously associated with growth arrest because of physeal damage, may also result in symptomatic limb overgrowth.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Performance Evaluation of Starch-Based Degradable Temporary Plugging Agent for Environmentally Friendly Drilling Fluid
Authors: Gong Wuzhen , Huang Weian , Liu Jian , Zhang Jiaqi , Yv Ting , Jiang Lin , Wang Zengbao 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Reservoir protection in well drilling and well completion is one of the most significant challenges that have been connected with the quality of the temporary plugging zone and the recovery value of the reservoir permeability when the foreign water invaded into the reservoir copied with the temporary plugging agents. The regular temporary plugging agents are linked with high demand for the matching rate about the pore throat of formation, effect of a single, and poor environmental performance, etc. which markedly impact the operational efficiency. This work reports the synthesis and characteristic of starch-based degradable water-absorbent resin to protect the layer during drilling. Both degradable and excellent SDTA through introducing the nanometre calcium carbonate composites which used as the rigid core were synthesized, characterized, and revalued with standard methods. After purification, there were some groups including the carboxylic acid group, amide group, methyl group, and S=O which reflected the successful synthesis of the monomers. The composites displayed remarkable salt resistance and calcium resistance with 5% and 0.5% as well as thermal stability of 130°C and degradation rate of 50%, respectively. Results also demonstrated that SDTA composites could make the mud cake structure more compact and exhibit self-adaptive to the formation. The SEM images of mud cake treated SDTA revealed that the mechanism could be base on the collaborative action of the structure compact and holes plugging to form an impressive filter cake which could effectively avert the water molecules invasion into the reservoir. Hence, SDTA composites could be a suitable material as a degradable temporary plugging agent for well drilling and completion.