bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Iron Absorption From Human Milk, Simulated Human Milk, and Proprietary Formulas
Authors: McMillan Julia A. , Oski Frank A. , Lourie Gerald , Tomarelli R. M. , Landaw Stephen A. 
Published: December 2021

Studies from our laboratory have shown that iron is better absorbed from human milk than from cow milk and that human milk can provide sufficient iron for infants during their first year. We compared iron availability from human milk with that from other formulas and determined the factors responsible for its superiority. Adults were fed 100 ml of human milk, simulated human milk, simulated human milk containing added lactoferrin, two commercial formulas containing iron, 12 mg/qt, and human milk that had been boiled. The simulated human milk resembled human milk in concentration of protein, fat, carbohydrate, iron, total minerals, calcium, and phosphorus. Iron 59 was added to each feeding and iron incorporation into RBCs was determined 14 days after each feeding. Percent iron absorption was highest from human milk and lowest from the commercial formulas. The simulated human milk supported a 9.0% absorption; addition of lactoferrin reduced this to 4.7%. Net iron absorption was 0.12 mg/liter from human milk and 0.40 and 0.37 mg/liter from the iron-enriched commercial formulas. Absorption of iron from boiled human milk was the same as from the unboiled milk.
This study confirms the unique ability of human milk to promote iron absorption. Simple manipulation of the protein, fat, lactose, calcium, phosphorus, or lactoferrin content of proprietary milk did not reproduce the iron absorption demonstrated with human milk.
Respiratory Arrest in Infants Secondary to Gastroesophageal Reflux
Authors: Leape Lucian L. , Holder Thomas M. , Franklin John D. , Amoury Raymond A. , Ashcraft Keith W. 
Published: December 2021

Gastroesophageal reflux is being recognized with increasing frequency in infancy and childhood. Once thought to be rare, or of no significance, it is now commonly recognized when sought for by proper radiologic techniques in suspected individuals. Its manifestations are protean. Although in most instances it is relatively harmless, gastroesophageal reflux in infancy may be responsible for failure to thrive, blood loss anemia resulting from peptic esophagitis, and recurrent aspiration pneumonia, The importance of the last has been well described by several authors.1-5
In recent years, we have treated ten children less than 6 months old for episodes of respiratory arrest which appeared to be due to gastroesophageal reflux (Table I).
THE MESSAGE ON BREAST-FEEDING ISN'T NEW
Authors: L. J. F. 
Published: December 2021

This poster was used in 1918 to educate parents on the value of breast-feeding. The title is "Value of Natural Feeding." The text explains that the mortality of bottle-fed babies (Flaschenkinder) is seven times higher than that of breast-fed babies (Brustkinder).
See image in the PDF file
Noncompliance in Children With Renal Transplants
Authors: Korsch Barbara M. , Fine Richard N. , Negrete Vida Francis 
Published: December 2021

Fourteen patients (13 of them adolescents) interrupted immunosuppressive treatment following renal transplantation. Twelve were girls and two were boys. Six subsequently lost their allografts and eight had impaired renal function. Noncompliance was suspected when diminution in cushingoid features, unexplained weight loss, or changes in renal function occurred. Noncompliance was confirmed by interview with psychosocial staff.
Available psychosocial data from family interview and personality tests obtained earlier as part of systematic followup study were analyzed to explore the reasons for noncompliance. Noncompliant patient families had lower incomes, more fatherless households, and communication difficulties within the family and with the medical establishment. Using a stepwise discriminant analysis, a discriminant function was derived which selected 13 of 14 noncompliant patients.
Noncompliance may be a preventable cause of allograft failure. These data can aid in identifying high-risk patients and planning intervention programs.
PENNY GUM
Authors: Hitach Richard ,   Student
Published: December 2021

"Inflation was reported threatening the survival of the nation's penny gumball in 1974 and early '75. Manufacturers were exploring ways to hold the line by increasing the size of the gumball's hollow center. Some distributors were swinging to 2-cent and 5-cent gumballs. Uncertainty was shaking the industry.
The penny gumball lives, and one of its biggest manufacturers says it will survive into the ‘foreseeable future.’
That manufacturer, Leo Leary, president of the Ford Gum and Machine Company of Akron, N.Y., credits automation with slashing production costs and saving the day. Ford, which turns out a million colored gumballs a day, or six million pounds a year, offers a product that is ⅝ of an inch in diameter, with the hole in the middle ‘possibly ⅛ inch.’
‘It's still a value,’ Mr. Leary says, noting: ‘I've just invested a quarter of a million dollars in new equipment to further automate this plant, so I can see the 1-cent gumball in any part of the foreseeable future.
‘I get a new set of customers every seven years. They buy my gum from 3 years old until about 9 or 10 or 12, and then they go into stick gum and baseball gum.’"
Distal Digital Occlusion
Authors: Narkewicz Richard M. 
Published: December 2021

Hair strangulation of an appendage has been reported by Alpert et al.1 Although this problem is probably seen by pediatricians and family physicians, the cause may not be appreciated and, therefore, treatment may be inadequate.
CASE REPORTS
Case 1
A 4-month-old boy was seen in the office with a swollen, red, warm middle toe. The toe was edematous and oozing purulent material near the attachment to the foot (Fig. 1). On close inspection, several small hairs were found encircling the toe. These were removed with a forceps and scalpel and the infant was treated with intravenous cloxacillin. The edema and redness promptly resolved.
Hypertension With Virilizing Adrenal Tumor
Authors: Siegler Richard L. , Rallison Marvin L. 
Published: December 2021

It is not generally recognized that virilizing adrenal tumors can cause severe hypertension, and these tumors are not mentioned in recent review articles of childhood hypertension. This report emphasizes that severe but reversible hypertension can result from these neoplasms.
CASE REPORT
A boy was well until age 5 years, when deepening of his voice, acne, increasing body hair, progressive muscularity, and enlarging genitalia were noted.
When examined by his local physician several months later, virilization was obvious, hypertension (150/100 mm Hg) was present, and initial laboratory studies suggested a 21-hydroxylase deficiency. The presence of hypertension prompted a renal evaluation, which revealed normal urine, serum creatinine concentration, intravenous pyelogram, and renal arteriogram.
SOME PEDIATRIC PRESCRIPTIONS FROM THE FIRST MEDICAL BOOK PUBLISHED IN NORTH AMERICA (1708)
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Nicholas Culpeper (1616-1654) is the author of the first medical book published in the British North American colonies.1 The book, published in Boston in 1708, more than 50 years after the author's death, and titled The English Physician, is a small (approximately 3 x 5 inches) publication of only 94 pages, meant for the lay reader, and contains some of the author's "Choicest Secrets in the Art of Physick."2
Some of Culpeper's prescriptions under Children's Infirmities are these:
To prevent the Falling Sickness, and Convulsions
Take of red Coral in powder 10 Grains, give it in Breast milk to a new Born Child, for the first Food it takes after its Birth. It mightly strengthens the Brain.
To make them Teeth easily
Take pure Capons Grease well clarified, as much as a Nutmeg, twice as much Honey, then mix them together three or four times in a day anoint the Gums when they are teething.
Against Agues and Fevers, coming by pain in breeding of Teeth, or otherwise.
Take one spoonful of Ungent Populeon, two spoonfuls of Oyl of Roses, mix them, then before the Fire anoint the Childs bowing places of his Arms, Legs, soles of its Feet, Fore-head and Temples, twice a Day, Chasing it well with a warm Hand.
Against the Worms
Take Myrrh and Aloes of each alike, finely powdered; and with a few drops of Chymical Oyl of Wormwood, or Savin, with a little Turpentine, mix them, and make them up for a Plaister for the Childs Navel.
Education for the Post?
Authors: Gluckman Richard J. 
Published: December 2021

Having read the commentary "Primary Care: We Need All the Help We Can Get!" (Pediatrics 59:315, March 1977), I agree with Dr. Haggerty and oppose Dr. White's view-point. I agree with Dr. Hoekelman that we need to "develop partnerships with family practitioners and others if we are to succeed" in providing "optimal primary care."
The current trend in many pediatric training centers is not directed toward this goal. As has been stated many times, we are training more primary care pediatricians using sick patients in a hospital setting.
Dr. Wolf Replies
Authors: Wolf Sheldon M. 
Published: December 2021

In reply to Dr. Hamburger, children receiving phenobarbital daily were initially given a dosage of 3 to 4 mg/kg/day, but the dosage was subsequently adjusted to maintain a level of 10 to 20 µg/ml in the early years of our study and 15 to 20 µg/ml in the later years.
In reply to Drs. Canfield, we agree that a placebo control would have been valuable. Our experience has been that not many are willing to participate in a placebo group.
SAMUEL JOHNSON WAITS FIFTY YEARS TO THE DAY TO EXPIATE A BREACH OF FILIAL PIETY COMMITTED AS A BOY
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Samuel Johnson (1709-1784), an eccentric, of ungainly appearance and sometimes savage manner, was the foremost conversationalist of his day and chief dictator of its literary taste.
A touching aspect of his life is revealed in this little known confession of an episode that took place when he was a boy.
During the last visit which the Doctor made to Lichfield, the friends with whom he was staying missed him one morning at the breakfast-table. On inquiring after him of the servants, they understood he had set off from Lichfield at a very early hour, without mentioning to any of the family whither he was going. The day passed without the return of the illustrious guest, and the party began to be very uneasy on his account, when, just before the supper-hour, the door opened, and the Doctor stalked into the room. A solemn silence of a few minutes ensued, nobody daring to inquire the cause of his absence, which was at length relieved by Johnson addressing the lady of the house in the following manner: ‘Madam, I beg your pardon for the abruptness of the departure from your house this morning, but I was constrained to it by my conscience. Fifty years ago, Madam, on this day, I committed a breach of filial piety, which has ever since lain heavy on my mind, and has not till this day been expiated. My father, you recollect, was a bookseller, and had long been in the habit of attending Uttoxeter market, and opening a stall for the sale of his books during that day.
Pediatrics and the Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health
Authors:   Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health, Green Morris , Brazelton T. Berry , Friedman David B. , Reinhart John B. , Schwartz Irwin L. , Wallace Peter D. 
Published: December 2021

Pediatricians through their participation in primary, secondary, and tertiary health care services have the opportunity and the responsibility for guiding parents in the health care of their children as well as protecting the health of children and adolescents. More than any other health care provider, pediatricians have the requisite longitudinal and cross-sectional perspective, and a background in biologic and psychological development. In providing optimal child and family health care, the American Academy of Pediatrics seeks to enhance the important contributions of pediatricians in relation to basic health needs as reflected in the psychosocial aspects of child and family life. The purpose of this statement is to define that role.
Over the past four decades, pediatric education, research, and practice have been enriched by inclusion of relevant knowledge, skills and attitudes from the behavioral and social sciences, child development, education, and child psychiatry. The extensive scientific and experiential knowledge base applicable to pediatric practice includes normal growth and development; adaptive and pathologic psychosocial development; the nature of parentchild and family relationships; child care and parenting practices and their relation to different family styles and ethnic and cultural back-grounds; reactions of children of various ages to illness and death; nature and significance of psychometric tests to assess status, aptitude, and achievements; opportunities for preventive intervention in primary care and counseling at-risk families; and principles of the psychotherapeutic role of the pediatrician.
As a primary care physician and consultant, the pediatrician is increasingly expected to be concerned with the prevention, early detection, and management of psychosocial problems pertinent to optimal child and family health and development.
Congenital Lobar Emphysema in a Mother and Daughter
Authors: Wall Michael A. , Eisenberg Jay D. , Campbell John R. 
Published: December 2021

Congenital lobar emphysema (CLE) is a well-described cause of respiratory distress in infancy and is characterized by hyperinflation of the affected lobe with compression ofsurrounding normal lung tissue. On occasion a specific cause for the lobar hyperinflation, such as torsion of the bronchus, extrabronchial vascular compression, or bronchial atresia, may be demonstrated.1 More common, however, is the association of CLE with presumed hypoplastic bronchial cartilage1-3 and dynamic bronchial collapse.
CLE is not usually described as an inherited disease. To our knowledge, there have been no previously reported cases of a parent and child with CLE. We report here a mother and daughter, both of whom had congenital right middle lobar emphysema.
Fragile Chromosomes
Authors: Murray Jeff 
Published: December 2021

The recent article by Hecht et al1 provided a comprehensive summary of this area of genetics that is of particular importance to pediatricians. I would like to add two recent findings of interest.
First, Webb et a12 have reported a family with a male of normal intelligence and the fragile X marker chromosome. He was ascertained through his daughter who had a mentally retarded son with the associated fragile site and in addition the daughter showed the fragile X confirming her obligate carrier status.
Letter to the Editor
Authors: Hecht Frederick , Glover Thomas W. , Kaiser-Hecht Barbara 
Published: December 2021

The commentary on "Fragile Sites on Chromosomes" consisted of two pages of text.1 It was not a "comprehensive survey." Rather it was meant simply to provide a passing perspective on this rapidly progressing area: fragile sites.
Normal Males with Fragile X. In the commentary we cited the initial report2 of the "fragile X in a normal male." The second report3 of a normal male with the fragile X appeared subsequently. Both reports are brief. It is entirely possible that both reports are wrong. These males may prove retarded when carefully tested and compared with their normal relatives. More detailed cytogenetic studies may show that these males do not really have the fragile X chromosome.
Screening for Lethal Genetic Disease
Authors: Brusilow Saul W. , Valle David L. , Batshaw Mark L. , Waber Lewis J. 
Published: December 2021

Neonatal genetic screening was originally devised for phenylketonuria (PKU) which, although clinically silent during the immediate neonatal period, nonetheless requires prompt diagnosis and therapy soon thereafter to minimize brain damage.
Screening procedures have now been introduced for a number of other diseases: one group shares the asymptomatic qualities of phenylketonuria in the newborn period (eg, hypothyroidism) and a second group (maple syrup urine disease, organic acidurias, galactosemia) exhibits life-threatening symptoms in the immediate neonatal period that demand immediate diagnosis and therapy.
In this issue Talbot et al (Pediatrics 70:526, 1982)1 propose new screening procedures for two diseases that fall into the former group (argininemia and the hyperornithemias) and two diseases, argininosuccinate synthetase and lyase deficiencies, that fail into the latter group.
Breast-Feeding During Pediatric Residency: Is ‘Breast-Fed Is Best Fed’ Only for Others?
Authors: Balk Sophie J. , Yellin Tova G. 
Published: December 2021

Breast-feeding is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics as the optimal method of infant feeding in the first 4 to 6 months of life.1 Because more mothers are (re)entering the work force due to economic need or career demands, pediatricians have begun to acquire new counseling skills so as to be able to assist mothers who choose to nurse when returning to work.2
It has been our observation that there are increasing numbers of female house officers in our pediatric residency training program who become pregnant, work right through their pregnancies, and initiate nursing after delivery.
Pulmonary Artery Sling: A Follow-up
Authors: Rheuban Karen S. , Alford Bennett , Sturgill Benjamin C. 
Published: December 2021

This letter provides the unfortunate follow-up to the case presented in our paper "Pulmonary Artery Sling: A New Diagnostic Tool and Clinical Review."1
Thirteen months following pulmonary artery reimplantation the infant was seen again with increasing stridor and respiratory distress. The chest radiograph showed narrowing of the intrathoracic portion of the trachea and the main bronchi. The position of the carina was inferior to that normally seen. The child underwent bronchoscopy which demonstrated marked tracheal stenosis secondary to complete tracheal rings.
Free Bilirubin Is of Importance
Authors: Wennberg Richard P. , Ahlfors Charles E. 
Published: December 2021

The March issue of Pediatrics contains three important and provocative articles,1-3 which further our understanding of bilirubin neurotoxicity. However, the conclusion that unbound bilirubin is of minor1 or no importance2 in the pathogenesis of encephalopathy is not justified by the data presented.
On the contrary, the data of Ritter et al1 strongly support the clinical application of free bilirubin determinations. In sick babies, both pH and free bilirubin must be considered when interpreting binding tests.
Letter to the Editor
Authors: Levine Rodney L. , Turkel Susan Beckwitt 
Published: December 2021

Plus que ça change, plus que c'est la même chose.
In 1897 in the first edition of his textbook of pediatrics,1 Holt wrote of neonatal jaundice:
As a rule icteric children appear in other respects healthy, but in [prematures] the icterus is apt to be more intense. Few subjects have given rise to wider speculation than this form of icterus. Its exact pathology is at present unknown. . . . Other conditions, such as atelectasis, may coexist, which may make the case grave.
IS STATISTICS A SCIENCE?
Authors:   Student
Published: December 2021

What. . .distinguishes technology from science? Let me put my own view as forcibly as I can. I hold that, in contrast to the scientist, the technologist is not concerned with truth at all. . . .
That the technologist is not concerned with truth may sound a bit shocking but it should come as no surprise. . . . The mark of the technologist is that he must act; everything that he does has some sort of a deadline. He has to manage, therefore, with as much truth as is available to him, with the scientific theories current in his time, and if these are subsequently proved to be untrue (the fate of all scientific theories), or are even known already to be so, he must still do the best he can. One of his tactics is embodied in the splendid institution of factors of safety, where structural members are carefully designed to take the known stresses according to the best available theories, and are then made 100 percent or so stronger again just in case the theories are not quite right.
Optimum Therapy of Digoxin for Low-Birth-Weight Infants
Authors: WETTRELL GÖRAN 
Published: December 2021

Johnson et al suggested that digoxin, even in relatively low dosages, can cause deleterious complications in ill low-birth-weight infants. They asked for further controlled pharmacologic studies of digoxin effects as a guide for rational use of digoxin therapy in low-birth-weight infants.
Today, there is accumulating evidence that adequate contractility of young myocardium can be produced with lower digoxin doses than those previously used. There are also reports showing that young patients can be intoxicated at serum concentrations of digoxin previously considered to be safe.
In Reply: Optimum Therapy of Digoxin for Low-Birth-Weight Infants
Authors: JOHNSON GREGORY L. 
Published: December 2021

We thank Wettrell for bringing to our attention his excellent work concerning digoxin pharmacokinetics in premature infants. The work was, unfortunately, published after our report had been submitted, preventing appropriate reference. The work, however, as Wettrell points out, provides a sound pharmacologic basis for our report, as well as others.
Two points concerning our report merit reiteration. First, the majority of infants experiencing clinical digoxin toxicity in our report were not given a loading dosage but simply begun on maintenance dosages of digoxin.
In Reply: Cerebral Blood Flow
Authors: BEJAR RAUL 
Published: December 2021

Baylen and Emmanouilides give the impression that their abstract was misquoted in our commentary. We would like to explain our interpretation of their data.
In the abstract, Baylen et al indicate that they measured regional blood flows (RBF) in premature fetal lambs, expressing them as a percentage of the left ventricular output (LVO) before and after patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) closure. Their results (percent of LVO) before and after PDA closure were: lung, 42.7% vs 8.4% (P &lt; .01); carcass, 35% vs 55% (P &lt; .01); heart, 5.5% vs 10.2% (P &lt; .05); gastrointestinal tract, 5.1% vs 9.3% (P &lt; .05); brain, 2.7% vs 3.4% (P = NS); kidney, 2.2% vs 3.3% (P = NS); liver, 3.2% vs 5.7% (P = NS).