bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complexes of Ghrelin GHS-R1a, GHS-R1b, and Dopamine D1Receptors Localized in the Ventral Tegmental Area as Main Mediators of the Dopaminergic Effects of Ghrelin
Authors: Navarro Gemma , Rea William , Quiroz César , Moreno Estefanía , Gomez Devan , Wenthur Cody J. , Casadó Vicent , Leggio Lorenzo , Hearing Matthew C. , Ferré Sergi 
Published: December 2021

Ghrelin receptor, also known as growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a), is coexpressed with its truncated isoform GHS-R1b, which does not bind ghrelin or signal, but oligomerizes with GHS-R1a, exerting a complex modulatory role that depends on its relative expression. D1dopamine receptor (D1R) and D5R constitute the two D1-like receptor subtypes. Previous studies showed that GHS-R1b also facilitates oligomerization of GHS-R1a with D1R, conferring GHS-R1a distinctive pharmacological properties. Those include a switch in the preferred coupling of GHS-R1a from Gq to Gs and the ability of D1R/D5R agonists and antagonists to counteract GHS-R1a signaling. Activation of ghrelin receptors localized in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) seems to play a significant role in the contribution of ghrelin to motivated behavior. In view of the evidence indicating that dopaminergic cells of the VTA express ghrelin receptors and D5R, but not D1R, we investigated the possible existence of functional GHS-R1a:GHS-R1b:D5R oligomeric complexes in the VTA. GHS-R1a:GHS-R1b:D5R oligomers were first demonstrated in mammalian transfected cells, and their pharmacological properties were found to be different from those of GHS-R1a:GHS-R1b:D1R oligomers, including weak Gs coupling and the ability of D1R/D5R antagonists, but not agonists, to counteract the effects of ghrelin. However, analyzing the effect of ghrelin in the rodent VTA on MAPK activation withex vivoexperiments, on somatodendritic dopamine release within vivomicrodialysis and on the activation of dopaminergic cells with patch-clamp electrophysiology, provided evidence for a predominant role of GHS-R1a:GHS-R1b:D1R oligomers in the rodent VTA as main mediators of the dopaminergic effects of ghrelin.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe activation of ghrelin receptors localized in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) plays a significant role in the contribution of ghrelin to motivated behavior. We present evidence that indicates these receptors form part of oligomeric complexes that include the functional ghrelin receptor GHS-R1a, its truncated nonsignaling isoform GHS-R1b, and the dopamine D1receptor (D1R). The binding of ghrelin to these complexes promotes activation of the dopaminergic neurons of the VTA by activation of adenylyl cyclase–protein kinase A signaling, which can be counteracted by both GHS-R1a and D1R antagonists. Our study provides evidence for a predominant role of GHS-R1a:GHS-R1b:D1R oligomers in rodent VTA as main mediators of the dopaminergic effects of ghrelin.
Distinct Contribution of Granular and Agranular Subdivisions of the Retrosplenial Cortex to Remote Contextual Fear Memory Retrieval
Authors: Tsai Tsung-Chih , Yu Ting-Hsuan , Hung Yu-Chieh , Fong Lok-Ieng , Hsu Kuei-Sen 
Published: December 2021

The retrieval of recent and remote memories are thought to rely on distinct brain circuits and mechanisms. The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is robustly activated during the retrieval of remotely acquired contextual fear memories (CFMs), but the contribution of particular subdivisions [granular (RSG) vs agranular retrosplenial area (RSA)] and the circuit mechanisms through which they interact to retrieve remote memories remain unexplored. In this study, using both anterograde and retrograde viral tracing approaches, we identified excitatory projections from layer 5 pyramidal neurons of the RSG to the CA1 stratum radiatum/lacunosum-moleculare of the dorsal hippocampus and the superficial layers of the RSA in male mice. We found that chemogenetic or optogenetic inhibition of the RSG-to-CA1, but not the RSG-to-RSA, pathway selectively impairs the retrieval of remote CFMs. Collectively, our results uncover a specific role for the RSG in remote CFM recall and provide circuit evidence that RSG-mediated remote CFM retrieval relies on direct RSG-to-CA1 connectivity. The present study provides a better understanding of brain circuit mechanisms underlying the retrieval of remote CFMs and may help guide the development of therapeutic strategies to attenuate remote traumatic memories that lead to mental health issues such as post-traumatic stress disorder.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe RSC is implicated in contextual information processing and remote recall. However, how different subdivisions of the RSC and circuit mechanisms through which they interact to underlie remote memory recall remain unexplored. This study shows that granular subdivision of the RSC and its input to hippocampal area CA1 contributes to the retrieval of remote contextual fear memories. Our results support the hypothesis that the RSC and hippocampus require each other to preserve fear memories and may provide a novel therapeutic avenue to attenuate remote traumatic memories in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder.
Cambios climáticos proyectados de modelos CMIP5 en La Cruz, Guanacaste, Costa Rica
Authors: Hidalgo Hugo-G. , Alfaro Eric-J. , Pérez-Briceño Paula-M. 
Published: December 2021

Introducción: La Cruz está localizada en el noroeste de Costa Rica, y está caracterizada por una estación seca bien definida y un clima tropical seco. Este cantón en los últimos 45 años ha reportado impactos de eventos hidrometeorológicos, en particular los húmedos como las inundaciones que han afectado viviendas, calles y cultivos, pero también algunas sequías han perjudicado a la población y sus actividades.
Objetivo: El objetivo de este artículo es proveer información acerca de posibles cambios climáticos durante el siglo XXI asociados con un escenario pesimista de emisiones en el cantón de La Cruz en Guanacaste, Costa Rica.
Métodos: Se utilizó la base de datos DesInventar para identificar los impactos y agruparlos según su mes de ocurrencia para relacionarlo con el régimen de precipitación. Simulaciones cambiadas de escala del Proyecto de Intercomparación de Modelos Climáticos 5 (CMIP5) fueron estados para simular cambios pasados y futuros (1979-2099) en temperatura y precipitación. Adicionalmente, un modelo hidrológico fue usado para calcular las proyecciones de escorrentía usando los datos meteorológicos.
Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que un futuro más seco y caliente será característico del clima del siglo XXI, especialmente después del 2040. La escorrentía se espera que será reducida significativamente siguiendo las tendencias meteorológicas.
Conclusiones: Algunos de los impactos más recurrentes históricamente son las inundaciones, daños a viviendas, calles y cultivos, sin embargo, también se han registrado algunas muertes en la zona. Se espera que una aridez mayor estará presente en el futuro, afectando sistemas humanos y ambientales.
Hydrographic variability in the Gulf of Papagayo, Costa Rica during 2017-2019
Authors: Cambronero-Solano Sergio , Tisseaux-Navarro Alexandre , Vargas-Hernández José-Mauro , Salazar-Ceciliano Juan-P. , Benavides-Morera Rosario , Quesada-Ávila Isabel , Brenes-Rodríguez Carlos 
Published: December 2021

Introduction: The Gulf of Papagayo (GP) is a site of socioeconomic importance located in the North Pacific of Costa Rica. The ecosystem services of this site represent a benefit in local communities, and its dynamics are influenced by a coastal upwelling system that affects fishing and commercial activity.
Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize the spatio-temporal variability of the main hydrographic parameters through measurements in situ during the period 2017-2019.
Methods: Eight measurement campaigns were carried out, where a CTD probe was deployed to perform vertical profiles in 23 stations distributed throughout the GP, to characterize the variations in temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll concentration.
Results: A minimum in surface and bottom temperature associated with upwelling caused by the wind was found in the first period of the year. The increase in salinity was associated with the decrease in temperature, being its highest value in the first period of the year, decreasing until reaching a minimum in November. The maximum chlorophyll concentration ​​coincided with the lowest surface temperatures and the minimum oxygen values were associated ​​with the minimum bottom temperatures, both occurring during the upwelling season. The parameter distribution was similar on dry and rainy seasons in stations located inside Bahía Culebra, likely attributed to the bathymetry effect.
Conclusions: Bathymetry determines a south-north asymmetry for salinity and temperature. Subsurface cooling events coincide with strong wind periods. Upwelling influences the surface and bottom hydrographic dynamic in GP and determines the seasonal variability. The negative ENSO phase of 2018 corresponded with the strongest upwelling period, possibly promoting the interaction of upwelled coastal waters and the Costa Rica Thermal Dome.
High Voltage of the City: The Development of Siberian Historical Urban Studies in the Works of an Irkutsk Historian (to the 70th Anniversary of the Birth of Professor Vadim Shakherov)
Authors: Gavrilova Natalya , Dameshek Irina , Kuras Sofia 
Published: December 2021

The article provides the analysis of the main stages in the research career of the famous historian, urbanist and expert in the history of Siberian entrepreneurship, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor V. Shakherov. The evolution of the scholar’s scientific interests is highlighted in the text. The author outlines the main areas of the scientist’s research: studying the role of the city in building economic and socio-cultural environment of Siberia in the period from the 18th to the early 20th century, history of merchant class and entrepreneurship in pre-revolutionary Siberia, history of banking and credit system of the region, historic and cultural monuments of Siberia. The article presents the analysis of Shakherov’s major works, which reflect his contribution to the development of Siberian studies. Special attention is paid to his scientific, pedagogical and social activity aimed at preserving historical heritage of Irkutsk. The author of the article emphasizes that the research career of V. Shakherov and History Faculty of Irkutsk State University are tightly connected.
THE EFFECTS OF HUMAN AMNIOTIC FLUID AND MEMBRANE ON CHONDRAL HEALING IN A RABBIT KNEE CARTILAGE DEFECT MODEL
Authors: SATOĞLU İsmail Safa , UNAL Meric , ÇOBAN İbrahim , GÜREL Duygu , GÜLTEKİN Alper , TURGUT Necmettin , KARAOĞLAN Osman 
Published: December 2021

Objective
Due to the limited intrinsic healing and repair capacity
of the articular cartilage, most treatment methods
cannot achieve reliable regeneration of normal
hyaline cartilage, resulting in early development
of osteoarthritis. The purpose of this study was to
determine the effects of human amniotic fluid and
membrane on chondral defects.
Material and Methods
Sixty-four knees of 32 immature New Zealand rabbits
were included in the study. Full thickness chondral
defects were created in the weight-bearing surface of
the medial condyles of the rabbits. The rabbits were
divided randomly into four groups: no adjunct treatment
was given in group 1, 0.3 ml human amniotic fluid
(HAF) alone in group 2, human amniotic membrane
(HAM) alone in group 3 and both of 0.3 ml HAF and
HAM in group 4 was administered. The condyles were
histopathologically evaluated at 4th and 12th week
using the modified O’Driscoll Grading Scale.
Results
There were no significant differences in the quality
of the regenerated tissue within and between groups
(p>0.05). The mean results of groups at the 12th week
were worse than results at the 4th week; however,
the difference was statistically significant for only the
sham group (group 1) and the combined therapy
group (group 4) (p=0.007 and p=0.014, respectively).
Conclusion
HAF alone, HAM alone, and combined administration
of both biomaterials neither affected chondral defect
healing nor had any differences between each
other. Nevertheless, we believe that some early
regeneration due to an intrinsic repair mechanism is
possible in immature rabbits as this study showed
better results at 4th week than those at 12th week,
although they are prone to degenerative processes in
long-term follow-up. We suggest that a larger sample
size in an experimental study would probably display
a statistically significant difference when investigating
effects of HAF, HAM, or both.
Combination approach to diagnosis and treatment of an elderly patient with chronic Ph-negative myeloproliferative neoplasm and concomitant surgical pathology. Clinical observation
Authors: Ryabukhina Yu. E. , Zeynalova P. A. , Timofeeva O. I. , Abbasbeyli F. M. , Ponomarev T. V. , Kupryshina N. A. , Zhukov A. G. 
Published: December 2021

Chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (CMPN), Ph-negative, are of clonal nature, develop on the level of hematopoietic stem cell and are characterized by proliferation of one or more hematopoietic pathways. Currently, the group of Ph-negative CMPN includes essential thrombocythemia, primary myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera, myeloproliferative neoplasm unclassifiable.Identification of mutations in the Jak2 (V617F), CALR, and MPL genes extended understanding of biological features of Ph-negative CMPN and improved differential diagnosis of myeloid neoplasms. Nonetheless, clinical practice still encounters difficulties in clear separation between such disorders as primary myelofibrosis, early-stage and transformation of essential thrombocythemia into myelofibrosis with high thrombocytosis. Thrombocytosis is one of the main risk factors for thromboembolic complications, especially in elderly people.A clinical case of an elderly patient with fracture of the left femur developed in the context of Ph-negative CMPN (myelofibrosis) with high level of thrombocytosis is presented which in combination with enforced long-term immobilization and presence of additional risk created danger of thrombosis and hemorrhage during surgery and in the postoperative period.
Editarea comparativă a lexicoanelor slavo-române din secolul al XVII-lea: proiectul eRomLex
Authors: Gînsac Ana-Maria , Moruz Mihai-Alex , Ungureanu Mădălina 
Published: December 2021

Articolul prezintă proiectul eRomLex, care are ca scop realizarea unei ediții digitale comparative a celor șase lexicoane slavo-române din secolul al XVII-lea ce au ca sursă Lexiconul slavon-rutean al lui Pamvo Berînda. După prezentarea succintă a cadrului general al apariției lexicoanelor și a stadiului actual al cercetării pe această temă, am urmărit liniile generale ale proiectului, argumentînd necesitatea și beneficiile unei astfel de prezentări a materialului lexicografic. În a doua parte, exemplificînd cu extrase din materialul deja disponibil pe platforma proiectului, am arătat cîteva modalități în care autorii lexicoanelor românești valorifică informația existentă în sursă, atît la nivelul inventarului lexical, cît și la nivelul definițiilor.
Comparația a arătat că, în afară de Lex.Mard., cantitatea de material din lexicoanele românești este apropiată de cea din Lex.Ber.; scribii români nu preiau tot inventarul din sursă, dar adaugă lexeme în plus. În ceea ce privește definițiile, de obicei acestea sunt reduse față de cele din sursă, dar există și situații în care sunt adăugate în lexicoanele românești informații de diverse tipuri. Studiul lor exhaustiv, facilitat de platforma proiectului, poate oferi observații foarte interesante despre mentalitatea și educația din epoca alcătuirii lexicoanelor românești.
Incidence of hearing impairment in at risk babies
Authors: Bhagya V  , Manjushree R  , Brid S V  
Published: December 2021

Babies treated in neonatal intensive care are prone for hearing problems and with the decrease in infant mortality, babies who survive many perinatal risk factors are increasing. Deafness in 1st three years of life may impair the full development & maturation of auditory system & it is well known that deafness in infancy & childhood interferes with normal development of speech & language. To prevent this & to initiate rehabilitative procedure as early in life as possible a screening method to detect auditory disabilities in newborns is of great importance. Based on this background the present study determine to evaluate to know the incidence of hearing impairment in infants at risk.This is a prospective observational study conducted in JJM Medical College, Davanagere, Karnataka. A total 940 patients attended to JJM Medical College and Hospital and diagnosed with hearing impairment according to American Joint Committee statement on infant hearing screening (JCIH) criteria. All the patients under 2 years with history of high risk factors – pre–term, low birth weight, birth asphyxia, neonatal seizures, and hyperbilirubinemia were selected for the study. Those who failed in this test underwent repeated OAE after 6 weeks, followed by brain stem evoked response audiometry (BERA) if the second OAE was negative.Out of 940 high risk cases, 350 had profound hearing loss, 83 had severe hearing loss, 125 had moderate hearing impairment, 36 had mild hearing impairment &346 had normal hearing sensitivity. Out of 48 patients with normal hearing sensitivity, 53 patients were preterm, 166 had hyperbilirubinemia, 23 had neonatal convulsions, 68 birth asphyxia, 89 were of low birth weight. Out of 147 cases 31 patients had mild/moderate hearing impairment.Neonatal jaundice carries the highest risk of hearing impairment followed by birth asphyxia, neonatal convulsions and low birth weight.BERA is the tool which can confirm the normal sensitivity of hearing whenever required & is very useful in early detection of hearing loss and planning rehabilitative procedures.
Risk and Vulnerability Assessment: A Case Study of Pakistan
Authors: Ali Arshad 
Published: December 2021

Climate change has put the planet earth on high risk due to flash, riverine flooding and droughts. Unprecedented frequent flooding, hurricanes, droughts and heavy snowfalls can be witnessed in the past few decades. Now no country can declare itself safe from the negative impacts of changing climate. To reduce the risk of potential damages, vulnerability and risk assessment can give a clear picture of a particular region regarding a specific hazard. It will help the administration to address those areas which are highly at risk due to a certain hazard so as to minimize collateral damages in future.
In Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa, Nowshera was one of the most affected districts. It has destroyed building stock, livestock and crops in most parts of the district. To minimize these losses in future, this research has been carried out to assess the current condition of building stock in Nowshera Cantt and Nowshera City area. This research explores in detail the building stock vulnerability and associated risk. This research has found that the flood reoccurrence time period is 7 years for zone 1and 7. While other zones 2, 3,4,5,6,8 and 9 have 81 years of reoccurrence time period. Based on the physical vulnerability, this research found that there are five types of buildings in the study area. Vulnerability of Type 1 to 5 are varying from strong to weak according to its structures having RCC roof, strong walls, plain concrete / tiles floor. Flood risk map has been produced on the basis of flood frequency and typology of high frequency structures in that particular area. The research explicitly shows different areas in risk map according to the level of risk i.e. from low to high risk zones. This research has found that binding material is the major factor in structural damages in the study area.
Massive Damage to Coastal Region of Bangladesh by the Cyclone Storm YASS
Authors: Islam Aminul , Hasan Mehedi , Ferdous Nahid , Hossain Rajib 
Published: December 2021

Background: Tropical cyclones have significant destructive features like strong winds, heavy rainfall, and storms. It happens frequently in Bangladesh because of its geographical position. The southern parts of Bangladesh suffer most, especially the south-western region. Cyclone YASS hit the same parts of the country as cyclone Amphan did in 2020. These areas are still reeling from the effects of the prior tragedies.
Methods: Secondary data has used to full fill the objective of the study investigating the damages of cyclone YASS in Bangladesh.
Results: Wind and storm surge of the cyclone affected the south-western of Bangladesh. In Patuakhali and Jhalokathi districts, people were mostly affected and houses were mostly damaged in Patuakhali district. Paddy fields were mostly damaged and fish farms in Satkhira district were mostly damaged due their proximity to the cyclone track. Some places have been affected due to the storm surge.
Conclusion: Due to the lack of suitable embankments in the coastal region, these areas are flooded by the storm surge. Authorities and government has to take necessary steps to overcome the losses.
Czas jako sposób bycia istoty śmiertelnej — polemika Lévinasa z Heideggerem
Authors: Kozak Magdalena 
Published: December 2021

The aim of my article is to juxtapose and compare the concept of man immersed in the ﬁnite (Heidegger) and on the other hand transcending towards the inﬁnite (Levinas). My task is to extract and analyse the fabulously contrasting moments in the thought of Heidegger and Levinas on the question of the connec-tion and interpenetration of time and death. Both philosophers grow out of the phenomenological tradition, but their analyses of the problem of the connection between time and death go in diﬀerent directions. The experiences of time and death are inextricably linked, but for Heidegger time is the ontological horizon of being, and for Levinas time is a way of being beyond being. For Heidegger, dying is about coming to the fullness of being. For Levinas, facing death is a struggle and even a war, a transcendence towards the inﬁnite. While for Heidegger death is the completion of the end, for Levinas death means an encounter with radical otherness, it is an opening and not a closing.
A pandemia e a educação na escola pública
Authors: Gracino Eliza Ribas , Silva Rosiane Machado da , Vaz Joana D Arc , Leal Sandra do Rocio Ferreira 
Published: December 2021

Este artigo busca responder a questões referentes aos impactos do “ensino remoto” em uma escola pública de educação básica na cidade de Ponta Grossa, no Estado do Paraná. Utiliza-se da análise documental nos repositórios da instituição de ensino, levantando, a partir desses documentos, as principais dificuldades dessa nova modalidade de ensino para a educação básica decorrentes da pandemia causada pelo COVID-19. Para alcançar o objetivo traçado referente à análise das contradições existentes na proposta do “ensino remoto", discorre-se sobre questões relacionadas às políticas educacionais aplicadas às escolas para a validação do ano letivo no modelo remoto. Foram tratados alguns dos muitos desafios impostos aos docentes e à comunidade escolar no processo de ensino e aprendizagens remoto. Conclui-se que há um descompasso entre as propostas e a realidade emergente da escola para as classes populares em relação às elites sociais que, historicamente, se beneficiam dos serviços prestados pelo Estado, movidas pelos ideais capitalistas, consolidando o ensino dual.