bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In situ lower crustal accretion by melt sill injection revealed by seismic layering
Authors: Guo Peng , Singh Satish , Vaddineni Venkata , Grevemeyer Ingo , Saygin Erdinc 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean spreading centres by a combination of magmatic, tectonic and hydrothermal processes. The crust formed by magmatic process consists of an upper crust generally composed of basaltic dikes and lava flows and a lower crust presumed to mainly contain homogeneous gabbro whereas that by tectonic process can be very heterogeneous and may even contain mantle rocks. Although the formation and evolution of the upper crust are well known from geophysical and drilling results, those for the lower crust remain a matter of debate. Using a full waveform inversion method applied to wide-angle seismic data, here we report the presence of layering in the lower oceanic crust formed at the slow spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge, ~7-12 Ma in age, revealing that the lower crust is formed mainly by in situ cooling and crystallisation of melt sills at different depths by the injection of magma from the mantle. These layers are 400-600 m thick with alternate high and low velocities, with ± 100-200 m/s velocity variation, and cover over a million-year old crust, suggesting that the crustal accretion by melt sill intrusions beneath the ridge axis is a stable process. We also find that the upper crust is ~400 m thinner than that from conventional travel-time analysis. Taken together, these discoveries suggest that the magmatism plays more important roles in the crustal accretion process at slow spreading ridges than previously realised, and that in-situ lower crustal accretion is the main process for the formation of lower oceanic crust.
Activated carbon from agave wastes (agave tequilana) for supercapacitors via potentiostatic floating test
Authors: Rangel-Heredia Isi Keyla , Torres-González Luis Carlos , Sánchez-Cervantes Eduardo Maximiano , Garza-Tovar Lorena Leticia 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
To prepare an efficient supercapacitor, an activated carbon from agave wastes was prepared and their electrochemical performance was evaluated as a novel electrode for supercapacitor. The carbon was prepared by two thermal pyrolysis processes under nitrogen atmosphere. The first pyrolysis was achieved at 500°C until the charring of the bagasse, in the second pyrolysis step, the char was impregnated with different mass ratios of KOH (1:2 − 1:4) and thermally treated at 800 or 900°C, for 1 h under N2 flow. The textural analysis showed that the activated carbon had a specific surface area of 1462 m2 g− 1 and depicted a type I isotherm (IUPAC) characteristic of a microporous carbon. Raman spectroscopy and XRD measurements confirm that the activated carbon contains a small graphitization degree and a disordered structure. The electrochemical study of the symmetric carbon supercapacitor was carried out in 1M Li2SO4 solution as the electrolyte. The electrochemical performance of the coin cell supercapacitor was evaluated under an accelerated ageing floating test consisting of potentiostatic steps at different voltages (1.5, 1.6 and 1.8 V) for 10 h followed by galvanostatic charge/discharge sequences, the overall procedure summarized a floating time up to 200 h. The highest capacitance was observed at a floating voltage of 1.5 V, with a large initial specific capacitance of 297 F g− 1.
Benefit Of Vitrectomy And Internal Limiting Membrane Peeling In The Treatment Of Resistant Diabetic Macular Edema
Authors: Altun Ahmet , Atmaca Fatih , Kanar Hatice Selen , Arsan Aysu Karatay , Hacisalihoglu Aynur , Kale Banu , Ozay Turgay , Durdu Ali , Sonmez Kenan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background: To investigate the results of internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling in patients with resistant diabetic macular edema (DME). Methods: In this randomized, controlled and prospective clinical study, the patients with resistant DME due to proliferative diabetic retinopathy were divided into two groups. Both groups underwent 23 gauge pars plana vitrectomy (PPV). Additionally ILM peeling was performed only to the cases in Group 2. During follow-ups, complete ophthalmological examinations, optical coherence tomography and fundus fluorescein angiography were performed. After PPV, intravitreal dexamethasone implant injection was performed for DME treatment when necessary. The patients were followed for 1 year. Results: A total of 40 eyes of 37 patients were included in the study. The average age was 57.5 ± 5.4 and 56.9 ± 5.8 years, and the ratio of male:female was 9:11 and 6:14 in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively (p >0.05). The improvement level in BCVA was more evident especially in the first and third months postoperatively in both groups (p <0.01). Improvement in BCVA in the first and third months postoperatively was statistically more significant in Group 2 than Group 1 (p <0.05) Conclusion:PPV is beneficial in the management of resistant DME, and ILM peeling seems to be useful for macular function and may accelerate improvement in visual acuity.
The influence of landscape context on the production of cultural ecosystem services
Authors: Zoeller Kim Christie , Gurney Georgina G. , Cumming Graeme S. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Context: Recent efforts to apply sustainability concepts to entire landscapes have seen increasing interest in approaches that connect socioeconomic and biophysical aspects of landscape change. Evaluating these connections through a cultural ecosystem services lens clarifies how different spatiotemporal scales and levels of organisation influence the production of cultural benefits. Currently, however, the effects of multi-level and multi-scale ecological variation on the production of cultural benefits have not yet been disentangled.Objectives: To quantify the amount of variation in cultural ecosystem service provision by birds to birders that is due to landscape-level attributes.Methods: We used data from 293 birding routes and 101 different birders in South African National Parks to explore the general relationships between birder responses to bird species and environmental conditions, bird-related observations, the biophysical attributes of the landscape and their effect on bird-related cultural benefits.Results: Biophysical attributes (particularly biome, vegetation type, and variance in elevation) significantly increased the percentage of variance explained in birder benefits from 57–65%, demonstrating that birder benefits are derived from multi-level (birds to ecosystems) and multi-scale (site to landscape) social and ecological interactions.Conclusions: Landscape attributes influence people’s perceptions of cultural ecosystem service provision by individual species. Recognition of the complex, localised and inextricable linkage of cultural ecosystem services to biophysical attributes can improve our understanding of the landscape characteristics that affect the supply and demand of cultural ecosystem services.
Ultrafast Parallel LiDAR with Time-encoding and Spectral Scanning: Breaking the Time-of-flight Limit
Authors: Zang Zihan , Li Zhi , Luo Yi , Han Yan-Jun , Liu Xuanyi , Fu H.Y. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) has been widely used in autonomous driving and large-scale manufacturing. Although state-of-the-art scanning LiDAR can perform long-range three-dimensional imaging, the frame rate is limited by both round-trip delay and the beam steering speed, hindering the development of high-speed autonomous vehicles. For hundred-meter level ranging applications, a several-time speedup is highly desirable. Here, we uniquely combine fiber-based encoders with wavelength-division multiplexing devices to implement all-optical time-encoding on the illumination light. Using this method, parallel detection and fast inertia-free spectral scanning can be achieved simultaneously with single-pixel detection. As a result, the frame rate of a scanning LiDAR can be multiplied with scalability. We demonstrate a 4.4-fold speedup for a maximum 75-m detection range, compared with a time-of-flight-limited laser ranging system. This approach has the potential to improve the velocity of LiDAR-based autonomous vehicles to the regime of hundred kilometers per hour and open up a new paradigm for ultrafast-frame-rate LiDAR imaging.
The clinical significance of preoperative serum fibrinogen levels and platelet counts in patients with Gallbladder carcinoma
Authors: Cao Peng , Jiang Lei , Zhou Liang-Yi , Chen Yan-ling 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background: Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) was the most common malignancy of biliary tract. Patients with malignancies frequently present with activated coagulation pathways, which mightpotentially related to tumor progression and prognosis. The purpose of the study was to investigate the clinical significance of preoperative serum fibrinogen levels and platelet counts in GBC patients.Methods: The preoperative fasting serum fibrinogen levels and platelet counts of 58 patients with GBC were measured by AUV2700 automatic biochemical analyzer, as well as 60 patients with cholesterol polyps and 60 healthy volunteers. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was applied to show the correction between fibrinogen levels and outcome after surgery.Results: The fibrinogen levels of patients with GBC were significantly higher than healthy gallbladder and cholesterol polyp of gallbladder (p<0.001 and p<0.001,respectively). In GBC, fibrinogen levels were associated with tumor depth (p=0.001), lymph node metastasis (p=0.002), distant metastasis (p<0.001) and Tumor Node Metastasis (TNM) stage (p<0.001).The levels in TNM stage Ⅳ disease were significantly higher than stage Ⅲ or stage Ⅰ+Ⅱ disease（p=0.048 and p<0.001, respectively）, and in TNM stage Ⅲ disease were significantly higher than stageⅠ+Ⅱ disease（p=0.002）.Furthermore, the overall survival was better in low fibrinogen level group than in high fibrinogen level group (p<0.001).However, thrombocytosis was not significantly associated with overall survivals(p>0.05) in univariate analysis.Conclusion: The preoperative serum fibrinogen levels and platelet counts might be reliable biomarkers for the occurance of disease, tumor depth, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis and advanced TNM stage in patients with GBC. The serum fibrinogen levels might be a prognostic factor to predict outcome for GBC patients suffering from surgery treatment. Anticoagulation therapy might be considered to control cancer progression in future studies.
Time-Varying Associations Between an Exposure History and a Subsequent Health Outcome: A landmark Approach to Identify Critical Windows.
Authors: Wagner Maude , Grodstein Francine , Leffondre Karen , Samieri Cécilia , Proust-Lima Cécile 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background: Long-term behavioral and health risk factors constitute a primary focus of research on the etiology of chronic diseases. Yet, identifying critical time-windows during which risk factors have the strongest impact on disease risk is challenging. To assess the trajectory of association of an exposure history with an outcome, the weighted cumulative exposure index (WCIE) has been proposed, with weights reﬂecting the relative importance of exposures at diﬀerent times. However, WCIE is restricted to a complete observed error-free exposure whereas exposures are often measured with intermittent missingness and error. Moreover, it rarely explores exposure history that is very distant from the outcome as usually sought in life-course epidemiology.Methods: We extend the WCIE methodology to (i) exposures that are intermittently measured with error, and (ii) contexts where the exposure time-window precedes the outcome time-window using a landmark approach. First, the individual exposure history up to the landmark time is estimated using a mixed model that handles missing data and error in exposure measurement, and the predicted complete error-free exposure history is derived. Then the WCIE methodology is applied to assess the trajectory of association between the predicted exposure history and the health outcome collected after the landmark time. In our context, the health outcome is a longitudinal marker analyzed using a mixed model.Results: A simulation study ﬁrst demonstrates the correct inference obtained with this approach. Then, applied to the Nurses’ Health Study (19,415 women) to investigate the association between body mass index history (collected from midlife) and subsequent cognitive decline (evaluated after age 70), the method identiﬁed two major critical windows of association: long before the ﬁrst cognitive evaluation (roughly 24 to 12 years), higher levels of BMI were associated with poorer cognition. In contrast, adjusted for the whole history, higher levels of BMI became associated with better cognition in the last years prior to the ﬁrst cognitive interview, thus reﬂecting reverse causation (changes in exposure due to underlying disease).Conclusions: This approach, easy to implement, provides a ﬂexible tool for studying complex dynamic relationships and identifying critical time windows while accounting for exposure measurement errors.
Screening and optimization of submerged fermentation of aspergillus species for kojic acid production
Authors: Badar Rehana , Yaqoob Samiya , Ahmed Asma , Shaoor Qurat Ul Aan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Kojic acid is organic acid obtained from numerous species of Aspergillus through fermentation.This is among most demanding substances in cosmetic industries as an alternate to carcinogenic Hydroquinone and has grabbed a vital position in Pharmaceuticals, Food and Agriculture industries. Current experimental approach was designed for production and purification of Kojic acid crystals from A. flavusand A.oryzae and measured the effects of pH, temperature, static and non-static (shaker) condition on Kojic acid yield in submergedfermentation. Significant yield of Kojic acid crystal was obtained by A. flavusas compared to A. oryzae. Optimized conditions were pH 4.5 for (A. flavus) and 3.5 for (A. oryzae) at 30 0Cwith 20 days of incubation. High yield of Kojic acid crystals were produced under static condition (16 g/L in A. flavusand 11 g/L in A.oryzae) in contrast to non- static (shaker) conditions (6 g/L in A. flavusand 5 g/L in A. oryzae). Quantitative estimation of Kojic acid was done through Bentley’s colorimetric method followed by TLC, FTIR and HPLC. This analysis was found successful after achieving the high yield of Kojic acid under optimized conditions.
Impact Imposed by Urbanization on Soil Heavy Metal Content of Lake Wetland and Evaluation of Ecological Risks in East Dongting Lake in China
Authors: Lin Yang , Luo Kai , Su Zilin , Wu Yang , Xiao Wei , Qin Mingxun , Lin Jing , Zhang Shijie , Zhang Yi , Jiang Yuqi , Peng Bojin , Guo Yujing , Wang Xuan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The urbanization is regarded as the major factor related to human activities that may interfere with the natural ecosystem. In this study, we have selected the wetland of East Dongting Lake as the research area. We have collected 180 soil samples (within the range of 0–20 cm, and 20cm-40cm), and we have measured the contents of their physicochemical properties (including salinity, pH value, soil particle composition, soil organic carbon, nitrate nitrogen and rapidly available phosphorus) as well as heavy metal elements (including As, Hg, Cd, Pb, Ni and Cr). We have adopted the methods of multivariate statistical analysis and inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation, so as to to reveal the sources and distribution characteristics of heavy metal content in soil in the research area. By adopting the potential ecological risk index (PERI) method proposed by Hakanson, we intend to assess the PERI values of heavy metals. Our research findings have shown that: (1) 8 sorts of heavy metals have shown positive correlation with each other. As, Hg and Zn have shown a significantly positive correlation with SOC (P < 0.01); As, Ni, Cr and Zn have shown a significantly positive correlation with AP (P < 0.01); As and Pb have shown a significantly positive correlation with Clay (P < 0.01); whereas Hg and Zn have shown a significantly negative correlation with Silt (P < 0.01); As and Pb have shown a significantly negative correlation with Sand (P < 0.01). (2) During urbanization, the elements of Cd, Ni, As, Hg and Pb might be enriched due to agricultural and industrial activities, whereas the use of fertilizers and pesticides constitute one of the major factors contributing to the increase of Cd and Pb contents in soil. (3) Influenced by the varying land patterns and with exception to Cu, the Fe-normalized concentrations have shown significant variations among different types of land use (P < 0.05). Specifically, there is a significantly higher level of Cd, Zn, Pb and Hg contents in the agricultural land than other types of land use, whereas there is a slightly higher level of heavy metal content in the mudflats than that in the grassland. In addition, the content of heavy metals in woodland remains relatively stable, and with exception to As, the content of heavy metals in woodland is the lowest among the five types of land. (4) The average value of the comprehensive PERI in heavy metals amounts to 555.03, representing a strong degree of ecological risks. Specifically, the proportion of sampling points of Cd that have a high level of ecological risks amounts to 36.51%, which is the primary element contributing to heavy metal pollution in the region, especially in the agricultural land.
Development and evaluation of a novel flex sensor-based glenohumeral subluxation degree assessment for wearable shoulder sling
Authors: Huang Shuangyuan , Zhou Jiaming , Yang Yude , Chen Zhonghua , He Shiman , Chen Lilin , Zheng Haiqing , Liang Zhenhong , Xie Longhan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background: Glenohumeral subluxation (GHS) is reported in as many as 81% of patients with stroke, which presents considerable challenges for individuals involved in stroke rehabilitation. During rehabilitation, the joint head of the glenohumeral joint was maintained in the socket by wearing a GHS shoulder sling. To ensure that the glenohumeral joint head is in the socket, an orthosis is required to automatically adjust the degree of orthosis according to the degree of GHS. However, there is currently no wearable method for assessing the degree of GHS. This study aims to develop a GHS assessment method for patients with stroke that has the potential to be integrated into a wearable shoulder sling.Methods: To that end, we developed a GHS assessment method for patients with stroke based on a ﬂex sensor, which has the potential to be integrated into a wearable shoulder sling. Seventeen patients with stroke in a diverse degree of GHS were recruited for the study. The curvature diﬀerence of the aﬀected shoulder in the subluxation and reduction states was collected by ﬂex sensor to calculate the degree of GHS (AGTD). Meanwhile, the GHS degree, calculated as the acromion–greater tuberosity distance di.ﬀerence (AGTD) of the aﬀected and unaﬀected shoulder, was measured by the gold-standard radiographic assessment.Results: The GHS degree measurement by ﬂex sensor and radiographic assessment has strongly correlated (r = 0.92, p < 0.01). The relationship of GHS degree measured by radiographic assessment (AGTD) and ﬂex sensor (AGHS) is linear according to an interpolating curve with an equation: AGHS = 0.767AGTD + 1.781 (R2 = 0.84, RMSE = 1.61). The method has excellent reliability with R = 0.87, CI = 95% for assessment of GHS degrees.Conclusions: The proposed method demonstrates good performance, is wearable, easy to use, and allows automatic measurements, so as to be a valuable method to assessment of GHS.
Effect of Short-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Temperature on Acute Myocardial Infarction in Korea
Authors: Shin Jiyoung , Oh Jongmin , Kang In Sook , Ha Eunhee , Pyun Wook Bum 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background/Aim: Previous studies have suggested that the short-term ambient air pollution and temperature are associated with myocardial infarction. In this study, we aimed to conduct a time-series analysis to assess the impact of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and temperature on acute myocardial infarction (AMI) among adults over 20 years of age in Korea by using the data from the Korean National Health Information Database (KNHID).Methods: Daily data of 197,940 AMI cases in Seoul were collected from the nationwide, population-based KNHID from 2005 to 2014. Monitoring data of ambient PM2.5 from the Seoul Research Institute of Public Health and Environment were also collected. A generalized additive model (GAM) that allowed for a quasi-Poisson distribution was used to analyze the effects of PM2.5 and temperature on the incidence of AMI.Results: The models with PM2.5 lag structures of lag 0 and 2-day averages of lag 0 and 1 (lag 01) showed significant associations with AMI (Relative risk [RR]: 1.011, CI: 1.003–1.020 for lag 0, RR: 1.010, CI: 1.000–1.020 for lag 01) after adjusting the covariates. Stratification analysis conducted in the cold season (October–April) and the warm season (May–September) showed a significant lag 0 effect for AMI cases in the cold season only.Conclusions: In conclusion, acute exposure to PM2.5 was significantly associated with AMI morbidity at lag 0 in Seoul, Korea. This increased risk was also observed at low temperatures.
Development of a high temperature CO2 sorbent based on hydrotalcite for a H2-rich syngas production from biomass.
Authors: LALAUT Arno , COURSON Claire , GALLUCCI Katia 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In order to adapt hydrotalcite based sorbents (LDO) to high temperature CO2 sorption and suitable temperature for tar steam reforming, the addition of CaO was investigated, maintaining their structure to keep porosity and accessibility but mostly assure the CO2 sorption stability during sorption/desorption cycles. In co-precipitation synthesis, various interlayer anions with different sizes and valences (carbonate, oxalate, and stearate) and various pH values were studied for different Mg/Ca ratios. The characterization of these sorbents (LDO) by TGA, XRD, N2 adsorption, SEM, sorption capacity, and sorption/desorption stability (cyclic TGA) permitted to understand the effect of the various synthesis conditions and to highlight the interest of oxalate use as interlayer anion. Typical LDH sand roses were formed with carbonate and oxalate anions after calcination until Mg/Ca/Al ratio = 1/2/1. For carbonate, this optimal ratio reached the highest sorption capacity and CaO sites accessibility at 600°C, better than pure CaO. However, the best stability during cycles was obtained with the sorbent from oxalate and Mg/Ca/Al ratio = 1.5/1.5/1 at pH 10 for which sorption results were almost the best values observed. For these two samples, the observed macroporosity were associated to the highest specific surface area and pore volume.Statement of NoveltyIn hydrotalcite structure, a width interlayer space permits to integrate various anions (CO32-, SO4-2, or NO3-) in order to modify CO2 sorption kinetics and capacity. The spheroidal “sand rose” morphology observed with CO32- anions explained the large BET surface area and the better CO2 sorption capacity. Stearate (and longer molecules) exchange was extensively studied as long-carbon-chain organic anion and allowed a better CO2 capture performance.This work focuses on another interlayer anion (oxalate) with the same valence of carbonate (2), a shape and valence different to stearate (1), and not yet reported in the literature. The novelty is to demonstrate that oxalate can replace carbonate as interlayer anion and moreover stearate by a less toxic one.