bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors Underlying +/- 3, 4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Self Administration
Authors:   , Daniela Evangelene Joy Kia 
Published: November 2021

<p>Rationale: +/- 3, 4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; Ecstasy) consumption has increased globally over the past two decades. Human studies have demonstrated that in a small proportion of users MDMA consumption may become problematic. Limited preclinical studies have evaluated the abuse potential of MDMA. Objectives: The present study sought to determine if MDMA selfadministration has similar addictive properties as other abused substances. Initial experiments sought to determine if MDMA could function as a reinforcer. Subsequent experiments assessed whether dopamine played a role in MDMA self-administration, whether MDMA self-administration was maintained by the presentation of a conditioned stimulus, and if extinguished MDMA self-administration could be reinstated. Methods: Animals were surgically implanted with indwelling intravenous catheters that allowed delivery of MDMA solution upon depression of an active lever. MDMA self-administration was examined in drug naïve and cocaine-trained animals. Further assessment of the reliability of self-administration was assessed using a yoked procedure, dose effect curves were obtained, vehicle substitution occurred, and progressive ratio procedures were used. The underlying role of dopamine in mediating MDMA self-administration was determined using the D1- like antagonist, SCH23390, and D2-like antagonist, eticlopride. Manipulation of the light and/or drug stimulus was used to provide initial assessment of the conditioning properties of MDMA. The ability of 10 mg/kg MDMA to reinstate responding previously maintained by MDMA was also determined. Results: MDMA was reliably self-administered in drug naïve and cocaine trained animals. Responding was selective to contingent MDMA administration, reduced with vehicle substitution, sensitive to dose manipulation, and increasing demand. A rightward shift in the dose effect curve was demonstrated after administration of SCH23390. Removal of both the light and drug stimuli produced a rapid reduction in responding. Removal of either the light or drug stimulus produced a gradual reduction over 15 days. Administration of MDMA reinstated responding previously maintained by MDMA. Conclusion: The demonstration of reliable MDMA self-administration provided a baseline for assessing MDMA abuse potential. MDMA selfadministration was mediated by dopaminergic mechanisms which may be similar to those demonstrated for other abused substances. MDMA selfadministration also produced conditioning - a feature of compulsive drug use. Responding previously maintained by MDMA was later reinstated by MDMA, demonstrating that MDMA use may result in relapse. MDMA has similar behavioural properties as other commonly abused substances.</p>
The Scope and Limits of Biological Explanations in Archaeology
Authors:   , Jeffares Benjamin 
Published: November 2021

<p>I show how archaeologists have two problems. The construction of scenarios accounting for the raw data of Archaeology, the material remains of the past, and the explanation of pre-history. Within Archaeology, there has been an ongoing debate about how to constrain speculation within both of these archaeological projects, and archaeologists have consistently looked to biological mechanisms for constraints. I demonstrate the problems of using biology, either as an analogy for cultural processes or through direct application of biological principles to material remains. This is done through setting out the requirements of a Darwinian Archaeology, and then measuring various approaches against these requirements. This approach leads to the conclusion that archaeologist's explanations of the past must include within their formulations an account of human cognitive capacities within their explanatory framework. The limits of our understanding of the human past will be the limits of our understanding of Homo sapiens.</p>
Novel Secondary Metabolites from New Zealand Marine Sponges
Authors:   , Ryan John Martin 
Published: November 2021

<p>The isolation and structure elucidation of 12 new compounds from four different genera of marine sponge is described. Continued work with the marine sponge Raspailia topsenti resulted in the isolation of two clerodane diterpenes, raspailodanes F (40) and G (41). Raspailodane F contains a novel tricyclo[5.4.0.0]undecane scaffold including a cyclopropyl ring. A nonadecanoic acid derivative, petrosianoic acid (122), was isolated from an unknown species of the genus Petrosia. It is believed that 122 is only the third nonadecanoic acid derivative reported from the marine environment. The marine sponge Dendrilla rosea was examined for the presence of new spongian diterpenes. While no new diterpenes were discovered, the acetylenic nitrile dendronitrile (158) was isolated along with two known diterpenes and a known steroid. Dendronitrile is the first acetylenic nitrile discovered from the marine environment and only the third ever reported. Seven new lamellarins and one new dictyodendrin were isolated from Dictyodendrilla dendyi alongside one known lamellarin and two known dictyodendrins. Lamellarins Θ (187) and κ (188) are related to known lamellarins. The remaining five lamellarins are sulfated derivatives, lamellarin Θ 4'',4'''-disulfate (190), lamellarin O 4'''-sulfate (191), lamellarin O 4'',4'''-disulfate (192), lamellarin κ 4'''-sulfate (193), and lamellarin κ 4'',4'''- disulfate (194). Dictyodendrin F (195) is a new natural product previously only reported as a semi-synthetic derivative of known dictyodendrins. Lamellarin shows moderate cytotoxic activity. The biological activity of the remaining compounds, particularly the sulfated derivatives, is under investigation. The screening protocol used to analyse crude sponge extracts was refined and a number of advances were made towards the automated analysis of the spectra generated. A method was devised to extract peak data from screen HSQC spectra and by combining these data, to produce a software-based mask of known correlations. The application of this mask was demonstrated in three different ways to three different screen HSQC spectra. To aid in the identification of interesting correlations identified by the mask, a database of HSQC correlations was compiled from literature and in-house sources. A new method of describing the chemical environment of a given position was developed to suit the needs of the database. At present, the database contains 91 compounds and represents over 2500 individual HSQC correlations. Development of both the software screening technique and the HSQC correlation database is ongoing.</p>
Playcentre Parents-as-Educators: Links between Background Experiences and Teaching Practice
Authors:   , Manning Suzanne Louise 
Published: November 2021

<p>Playcentres are unique Aotearoa/New Zealand sessional early childhood education services which are run as parent cooperatives, where the parents take on the role of educators in the centre. This study investigated the way parents-as-educators used their life experiences, skills and knowledges in their teaching practice. Case studies were completed for four parents-as-educators in one urban Playcentre during one 10 week school term, using observations of teaching practice and document analysis, a short questionnaire and individual interviews. Teaching practice was then described using a framework based on McWilliam, de Kruif and Zulli's (2002) four contexts of teaching. Results were analysed using Rogoff's (2003) personal, interpersonal and cultural planes of analysis and Reid and Stover's (2005) model of individual agency. The parents-as-educators primarily drew on their parenting experiences to inform their teaching practice, and were selective in applying other prior skills and knowledges, based on their current interests and passions and on specific choices about their future life paths. The utilisation of their background in their teaching practice was also influenced by their individual agency. This depended on their changing sense of belonging within the centre, on the context of the sessions which included interactions between adults and responses from the children, and on their perception of, and alignment with, Playcentre philosophy. Implications of the findings suggest that Playcentres should look for ways of empowering parents-as-educators to use their background skills and knowledges whilst respecting their choices, so that the children in the centres experience as rich a curriculum as possible. To do this Playcentre philosophy should be more openly debated. This is because the philosophy of parents and children learning together added to group cohesiveness and empowered the parents-as-educators, yet other philosophical tenets, such as child-centredness and the approach to teaching art, created tension and constrained the parents-as-educators from fully using their background in their teaching practice.</p>
A Comparison of Medical Ethics and Managerial Ethics in the Health Sector
Authors:   , Bryson Jane Elspeth 
Published: November 2021

<p>This multidisciplinary doctorate research draws on the disciplines of psychology and philosophy in its consideration and comparison of medical ethics and managerial ethics in the health sector. There is very little research which has compared the ethics of doctors and managers even though they work alongside each other in health organisations. Hence this thesis not only adds to the body of knowledge but also contributes a new perspective to applied ethics via the multidisciplinary approach. The empirical research was conducted in three phases. First, a pilot study which interviewed via the repertory grid method six doctors and managers from a Crown Health Enterprise (i.e. a public sector health provider organisation which manages a number of hospitals). Second, a series of repertory grid interviews conducted with nineteen doctors and managers from seven Crown Health Enterprises throughout New Zealand. In the third phase, the ethical constructs and role perceptions identified in the first and second phases were incorporated into a questionnaire which was distributed to 799 doctors and managers in three Crown Health Enterprises. The questionnaire posed a range of questions on role perceptions, ethical dilemmas faced, influences on ethically challenging decisions, ethical issues, and required respondents to rate an ethical manager, ethical doctor, unethical manager and unethical doctor on a range of constructs and rate which construct contributed the most to being an ethical manager and to being an ethical doctor. The main aim was to identify similarities and differences between doctors and managers. The questionnaire analysis revealed a complex three way interaction between doctor/manager raters and the ethical/unethical doctor/manager being rated. This interaction was best represented by seven of the bipolar constructs. Additionally it was found that a highly ethical doctor was seen as honest, focused on patients' best interests, and principled - has standards which are lived up to privately and publicly. The highly ethical manager was seen as honest, flexible and open to others' ideas, recognises and uses the skills of others for their good and the good of the health service, committed to and works hard for the public health service, and takes a long term/strategic view of issues and the wider implications of decisions. Overall it was concluded that the results showed that medical ethics and managerial ethics can be discussed within a general moral framework which allows for different priorities in each role. And that the fundamental difference in priorities between doctors and managers, lay in their basic role orientation - doctors focused on the patient, and managers focused on the organisation.</p>
Chinese and Painting: an outsider's, inside experience of the Lingnan School and Xie He's writings.
Authors:   , Jiang Margaret Piggott 
Published: November 2021

<p>In this thesis, I draw on personal experience and contact with painters from within the Academy [of Fine Arts] structure, art associations, societies and individual practitioners, both in China and overseas. I choose to use the materials of brush, ink and paper that make up the treasures of the artist's studio. My understanding and interpretation is based on my experience as apprentice to master Fang Chuxiong, a third generation master of the Lingnan School. My perceptions were further shaped by the discussions on art theory and practice I had with masters and professors from both within the Lingnan School and outside the academy structure.</p>
A Multi-Level Research Framework for the Analyses of Attitudes Toward Immigrants
Authors:   , Leong Chan-Hoong 
Published: November 2021

<p>Contemporary research on acculturation tended to focus on the sojourners' or immigrants' perspectives on adaptation. The current dissertation however, centers on recipient nationals' attitudes toward immigrants and perceptions of multiculturalism. Three distinctive frameworks to study host nationals' perceptions are adopted; they include: (1) intergroup relations, (2) individual differences, and (3) cultural differences. Five separate studies were done based on the three frameworks using attitudes toward Chinese immigrants as the dependent measure in all except the final study. Based on the intergroup framework, Study 1 and 2 examined the influence of intergroup contact, national pride, perceived permeability, fairness, threat and host community acculturation strategies. Results showed that decreased contact and increased threat predicted less favorable perception towards immigrants (Study 1); respondents who espoused a need for immigrant assimilation and exclusionism, and those who adopted a less individualistic perception towards migration tended to express a more negative attitude (Study 2). Based on an individual differences framework, Study 3 and 4 examined the influence of social dominance orientation, self-esteem, individualism-collectivism, national pride and personal values. Increased self-esteem and collectivism predicted more favorable attitudes toward immigrants, and increased social dominance orientation predicted less favourable perceptions among host nationals who rated high on individualism (Study 3); respondents who placed greater emphases on security and achievement motivation have expressed more negative attitudes, but endorsement of stimulation value predicted more favourable perceptions (Study 4). In the final study, cultural differences were adopted as correlates of attitudes. Secondary data from the Eurobarometer (2000) and Schwartz's and Hofstede's typologies of cultural differences were used. Based on Schwartz's model, increased mastery was associated with less multicultural optimism; increased egalitarian commitment was linked to lesser support for policies that promote co-existence; and increased harmony was related to less demand for cultural assimilation. Based on Hofstede's model, increased masculinity was associated with less multicultural optimism and lower demand for cultural assimilation; and increased uncertainty avoidance was related to decreased multicultural optimism. Overall, two broad dimensions of acculturation experience have emerged from the research, first one is based on an 'invasion' perspective and the second one reflects an 'enrichment' experience.</p>
Upaya Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Pendidikan Agama Islam dan Budi Pekerti Melalui Penggunaan Media Audio Visual dalam Pembelajaran Daring pada Siswa
Authors: Sihombing Yasrida Yanti 
Published: November 2021

Guru harus memastikan kegiatan belajar mengajar tetap berjalan, meskipun peserta didik berada di rumah. Solusinya, guru dituntut dapat mendesain media pembelajaran sebagai inovasi dengan memanfaatkan media daring (online). Pembelajaran yang efektif adalah pembelajaran yang mampu mengkondisikan subjek didik untuk mempunyai motivasi belajar , salah satunya kewajiban pendidik untuk memenuhi kewajiban tersebut adalah dengan memamfaatkan media dalam kegiatan pembelajaran. Diantara media yang dimaksud adalah media audio visual. Akan tetapi pada kenyataannya sistem pembelajaran daring, di SMP Negeri 1 Batangtoru bahwa guru masih minim menggunakan media audio visual dalam pemelajaran daring terhadap materi pembelajaran PAI. Rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah: Apakah Hasil Belajar PAI dan BP Dapat Ditingkatkan Melalui Penggunaan Media Audio Visual pada pembelajaran Daring Pada Siswa kelas IX-1 SMP Negeri 1 Batangtoru?. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi dan tes, Objek penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas IX-1 SMPN I Batangtoru yang berjumlah 33 siswa. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dalam tiga tahap yaitu tahap siklus I, siklus II dan siklus III. Pada tahap siklus I meningkat dibandingkan persentase ketuntasan klasikal prasiklus sebesar 39,39 % menjadi 60,61 %. namun belum mencapai indikator kinerja yang telah ditetapkan. Selanjutnya nilai rata-rata siswa setelah siklus II meningkatkan dengan 90,91%. dan telah memenuhi indikator kinerja yang telah ditetapkan sebelumnya, yaitu 85% dan siswa telah mencapai nilai minimal 75, maka disimpulkan bahwa pembelajaran PAI dan BP dengan materi zakat dengan menggunakan media audio visual khususnya semester ganjil kelas IX-1 SMP Negeri 1 Batangtoru tahun pelajaran 2020/2021, bahwa hasil belajar siswa dapat ditingkatkan.Hal ini bisa menjadi acuan bagi materi lainnya pada pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam dan Budi Pekerti . Bahkan bisa menjadi acuan bagi mata pelajaran lainnya dalam melakukan pembelajaran baik daring maupun tatap muka.
Hasil Belajar Biologi Ditinjau dari Model Examples Non Examples Berbantuan Multimedia Lectora Inspire
Authors: Tarigan Mhd. Rafi'i Ma'arif , Dalimunte Afrida Yanti , Yani Yuri Indri 
Published: November 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Model Pembelajaran <em>Examples non Examples</em> menggunakan Multimedia <em>Lectora Inspire</em> terhadap hasil belajar biologi siswa pada materi Sistem Reproduksi yang dilaksanakan selama 2 bulan dengan menggunakan metode eksperimen semu. Data dalam penelitian ini termasuk penelitian kuantitatif yaitu berupa hasil belajar pada materi pokok Sistem Reproduksi. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan berupa simple ramdom sampling. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam bentuk tes yaitu pretest dan postest. Soal pretest dan postest disusun berdasarkan indikator dalam bentuk tes objektif dengan lima pilihan jawaban (a, b, c, dan e). Analisis yang digunakan adalah uji t. Hasil belajar siswa yang menggunakan Model Pembelajaran<em> Examples non Examples</em> menggunakan Multimedia<em> Lectora Inspire</em> diperoleh nilai yang tuntas adalah sebanyak 27 siswa (79,41%) dan yang tidak tuntas sebanyak 7 siswa (20,58%) dengan nilai rata-rata 83,85 dan standar deviasi 7,73. Hasil uji hipotesis menggunakan uji t diperoleh t<sub>hitung</sub>&gt;t<sub>tabel</sub> atau 11,68 &gt;1,69 dengan taraf kepercayaan 0,05 maka H<sub>a</sub> diterima H<sub>o</sub> ditolak, sehingga dinyatakan bahwa ada pengaruh yang signifikan penggunaan Model Pembelajaran <em>Examples non Examples</em> menggunakan Multimedia <em>Lectora Inspire</em> terhadap hasil belajar Biologi siswa pada materi Sistem Reproduksi di Kelas XI MIA MAS Proyek UNIVA Medan. Manfaat dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memberikan informasi kepada pendidik bahwa penggunaan model pembelajaran <em>Examples non Example</em> dengan menggunakan Multimedia <em>Lectora Inspire</em> efektif dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar biologi siswa dan disarankan bagi pendidik untuk dapat menerapkan model ini dalam proses pembelajaran.
Educational work as a leading component of the activities of the department of social and humanitarian disciplines
Authors: Soloshenko E. 
Published: November 2021

The main stages of the history of the department of social and humanitarian disciplines are briefly sanctified, its long-term experience is analyzed through the prism of teaching and educational activities. Attention is drawn to the role of social and humanitarian disciplines in the process of forming general and universal competencies of a modern specialist. Soft skills have a fairly wide range: linguistic, social, entrepreneurial, communicative, life cognitive and informational, etc.The ways of formation of these competence components in students in the study of the disciplines of the humanitarian cycle are analyzed. It is noted that all academic disciplines that are taught at the department have and successfully embody the educational component. The author analyzes the activities that contribute to the implementation of national-patriotic, spiritual, legal, moral and other types of education in a modern university both during classes and outside the classroom.Emphasis is placed on cooperation with the Center for Military-Patriotic Education of KNUSA, in particular, the implementation of the principle of historical and social memory. The Gender Education Center complements the educational process with coverage of gender issues. Relevant aspects of the education of modern students, which the department embodies by holding round tables by the Student Scientific Society of the Clio Department, conversations in dormitories and informing during classrooms, is the coverage of the process of European integration, the importance of countering racism, xenophobia and extremism.
The necessity of the institution of curators-mentors in educational work with students is emphasized. Throughout its history, the educational component of the work of the Department of Social and Humanitarian Disciplines has remained unchanged – the formation of eternal human values, a worthy person and citizen of Ukraine.
The state of professional orientation of schoolchildren in the modern Ukrainian school
Authors: Mohylna Y. 
Published: November 2021

The article analyzes the state of the identified problem. It was found that vocational guidance in modern schools of Ukraine is conducted at a low level, is ineffective and uses a narrow range of methods. Ways to implement career guidance are mostly theoretical and do not provide sufficient knowledge for a conscious choice of profession. Lack of implementation of practical ways deprives high school students of a deep understanding of the chosen profession, the ability to conduct self-analysis and compare personal abilities and skills with the requirements for the specialty.
For the most part, career guidance is reduced to the propaganda work of higher education institutions. Student visits by students and other activities organized by universities are mostly aimed at acquainting students with the peculiarities of studying in a particular university, its advantages over other educational institutions. However, such measures cannot be considered career guidance, as they do not provide sufficient information about professions, but only acquaint future entrants with the specifics of training and provide general information about the relevant professions.
In addition, in Ukraine there is no relationship between the State Employment Center and the vocational guidance of schoolchildren. This leads to an imbalance between supply and demand in the labor market, which in turn negatively affects the economic situation of the country due to higher unemployment. It also has a negative impact on social development, because a person who has not been able to realize himself cannot be a socially active and life-satisfied citizen who loves his country. Due to professional uncertainty and misunderstanding by young people of the answer to the question "Who am I?" loss of flair and abilities, the development of which could bring the country advantages, victories, economic independence.
Analysis of career guidance work in schools abroad shows that career guidance in schools in Ukraine is at a low level, lacks a number of important components and does not have a positive impact on the social and economic life of the country.