bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Better off with Labour’? Fiscal policy, electoral strategy and the road to John Smith’s shadow budget, 1979–92
Authors: Sloman Peter 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The failure of John Smith’s ‘Shadow Budget’ to deliver a Labour victory in the 1992 general election has taken on a mythical status in narratives around the development of New Labour. This article sets the episode in a larger context by examining the development of Labour’s fiscal policies in opposition after 1979, in the face of rising inequality, public-sector austerity, and regressive tax reforms. It traces how successive election defeats drove a process of political learning, which came to revolve around the effort to reassure floating voters that a Labour government could control tax, spending and borrowing. The 1992 defeat seemed to demonstrate the difficulty of winning support for redistribution in the face of ‘tax bombshell’ attacks, and so paved the way for the more cautious and incremental fiscal politics of Gordon Brown and New Labour.
Efficacy of Ustekinumab in Crohn’s Disease With and Without Concurrent Autoimmune Skin Disease
Authors: Fradkov Elena , Sheehan Jessica , Cushing Kelly , Higgins Peter D R 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Approximately 33% of Crohn’s disease (CD) patients have associated autoimmune skin disease. The pathophysiology of the latter frequently involves interleukin-12/interleukin-23 signaling pathways that may also impact gut inflammation. Ustekinumab is an anti-IL-12/23 FDA-approved biologic for psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease. However, its relative efficacy has never been studied in CD with autoimmune skin disease (CD-ASD) vs CD without autoimmune skin disease (CD-none).

Methods
This is a retrospective, single-center, case-control study comparing markers of disease activity between CD-ASD and CD-none. Biomarkers (fecal calprotectin [FCP], C-reactive protein [CRP]) prior to drug initiation and after at least 5 months of standard IBD dose ustekinumab therapy were extracted from the medical record. In addition, 2 blinded observers performed 5-point Likert scoring before and after endoscopic, pathologic, and imaging reports.

Results
In all, 395 CD patients received ustekinumab therapy (79 CD-ASD, 316 CD-none). Patients were similar in age; gender; ethnicity; CD severity, phenotype, and duration; tobacco, immunomodulator, and steroid use. Ustekinumab had greater efficacy in CD-ASD when evaluated by FCP (P = .0337) and CRP (P = .078). The CD-ASD group also showed better outcomes in Likert scores of endoscopy (P = .016), histopathology (P = .074), and imaging (P = .094). In all Likert parameters, CD-ASD had more patients with complete resolution of moderate/severe disease (P &lt; .05). Additional subanalyses for surgeries, ulcers, abscesses, fistulas, and colitis were conducted, with colitis reaching statistical significance (P = .0011).

Conclusions
Concurrent autoimmune skin disease in CD is associated with greater ustekinumab effectiveness in controlling intestinal inflammation.
Cost-effectiveness of Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis After Hospitalization in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Lee Kate E , Lim Francesca , Colombel Jean-Frederic , Hur Chin , Faye Adam S 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have a 2- to 3-fold greater risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) than patients without IBD, with increased risk during hospitalization that persists postdischarge. We determined the cost-effectiveness of postdischarge VTE prophylaxis among hospitalized patients with IBD.

Methods
A decision tree compared inpatient prophylaxis alone vs 4 weeks of postdischarge VTE prophylaxis with 10 mg/day of rivaroxaban. Our primary outcome was quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) over 1 year, and strategies were compared using a willingness to pay of $100,000/QALY from a societal perspective. Costs (in 2020 $USD), incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) and number needed to treat (NNT) to prevent 1 VTE and VTE death were calculated. Deterministic 1-way and probabilistic analyses assessed model uncertainty.

Results
Prophylaxis with rivaroxaban resulted in 1.68-higher QALYs per 1000 persons compared with no postdischarge prophylaxis at an incremental cost of $185,778 per QALY. The NNT to prevent a single VTE was 78, whereas the NNT to prevent a single VTE-related death was 3190. One-way sensitivity analyses showed that higher VTE risk &gt;4.5% and decreased cost of rivaroxaban ≤$280 can reduce the ICER to &lt;$100,000/QALY. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses favored prophylaxis in 28.9% of iterations.

Conclusions
Four weeks of postdischarge VTE prophylaxis results in higher QALYs compared with inpatient prophylaxis alone and prevents 1 postdischarge VTE among 78 patients with IBD. Although postdischarge VTE prophylaxis for all patients with IBD is not cost-effective, it should be considered in a case-by-case scenario, considering VTE risk profile, costs, and patient preference.
A very rare case of incidental aortic valve fibrolipoma
Authors: Karsan Rickesh Bharat , Kelly Ronan , Healy Estelle , Jeganathan Reuben 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Cardiac valve fibrolipomas are extremely rare. We report a case of a 38-year-old female initially presenting with palpitations and moderate aortic incompetence who was found to have a lipomatous growth of the aortic valve. She underwent aortic valve repair with good postoperative results. Histopathogy verified the lesion as a fibrolipoma. This is the first reported case of fibrolipoma in the aortic valve, whilst aiming to consider repair as a surgical option in young patients with such growths.
Evaluation of drug information from carton boxes, leaflets and pharmacy personnel: situation analysis in Myanmar
Authors: Win Zar Ni , Anantachoti Puree 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis study assessed how Myanmar consumers received drug information from the drug products and dispensers of community pharmacies.MethodsContent analysis was used to evaluate drug information attached to 3 drug categories of 30 drug samples, and simulated patient studies at 247 pharmacies of selected townships in Yangon region were performed. Descriptive statistics and independent t-test were used for data analysis.Key findingsAmong 30 proxy drug products, more than 80% provided information in English language both on the carton boxes and on leaflets. About 86.7% of leaflets were intended only for healthcare professional uses and not understandable for lay consumers. The simulated patient study found that overall drug information provided by dispensers was limited as confirmed by information providing mean score of 4.25 ± 2.06 out of a total of 18 points. Many other important information items such as drug name, concomitant drugs use, common side effects and when to stop taking medicine were rarely provided. None of the simulated patients received carton box or leaflet.ConclusionsThis study proved that Myanmar consumers did not receive enough drug information from both the products and dispensers, and thus the provision of understandable drug information for patients is required to improve patients’ safe use of medications.
MacPherson’s Conjecture via Hörmander’s Estimate
Authors: Shentu Junchao , Zhao Chen 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this note, we reprove MacPherson’s conjecture on $L^2-(n,q)$-cohomology through Demailly’s formulation of Hörmander’s estimate. This approach allows us to prove the MacPherson’s conjecture of twisted coefficient bundle endowed with a singular hermitian metric. As applications, we study the MacPherson type problem for pluri-canonical bundles.
Arakelov Theory on Arithmetic Surfaces Over a Trivially Valued Field
Authors: Chen Huayi , Moriwaki Atsushi 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this article, we consider an analogue of Arakelov theory of arithmetic surfaces over a trivially valued field. In particular, we establish an arithmetic Hilbert–Samuel theorem and study the effectivity up to $\mathbb R$-linear equivalence of pseudoeffective metrised $\mathbb R$-divisors.
Duration of Viral Nucleic Acid Shedding and Early Reinfection With Severe Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Healthcare Workers and First Responders
Authors: Biggerstaff Brad J , Akinbami Lara J , Hales Craig , Chan Philip A , Petersen Lyle R 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We estimated the distributions of duration of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid shedding and time to reinfection among 137 persons with at least 2 positive nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) results from March to September 2020. We analyzed gaps of varying length between subsequent positive and negative NAAT results and estimated a mean duration of nucleic acid shedding of 30.1 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 26.3–34.5). Mean time to reinfection was 89.1 days (95% CI, 75.3–103.5). Together, these indicate that a 90-day period between positive NAAT results can reliably define reinfection in immunocompetent persons although reinfection can occur at shorter intervals.
Interleukin-17 family members in health and disease
Authors: Chung Soo-Hyun , Ye Xiao-Qi , Iwakura Yoichiro 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The interleukin-17 (IL-17) family consists of six family members (IL-17A–IL-17F) and all the corresponding receptors have been identified recently. This family is mainly involved in the host defense mechanisms against bacteria, fungi and helminth infection by inducing cytokines and chemokines, recruiting neutrophils, inducing anti-microbial proteins and modifying T-helper cell differentiation. IL-17A and some other family cytokines are also involved in the development of psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis by inducing inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and antibodies against IL-17A as well as the receptor IL-17RA are being successfully used for the treatment of these diseases. Involvement in the development of inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and tumors has also been suggested in animal disease models. In this review, we will briefly review the mechanisms by which IL-17 cytokines are involved in the development of these diseases and discuss possible treatment of inflammatory diseases by targeting IL-17 family members.
The role of new carbapenem combinations in the treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections
Authors: Bouza Emilio 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMulti-drug resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria represent a growing threat, with an increasing prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) infections, for which treatment options are limited. New treatment combinations composed of a β-lactam antibiotic plus a potent β-lactamase inhibitor (BLI) with anti-carbapenemase activity have been developed, including two carbapenem/BLI combinations that are commercially available—meropenem/vaborbactam (Vabomere® in the US, Vaborem® in Europe; Melinta Therapeutics) and imipenem/cilastatin/relebactam (Recarbrio®; Merck Sharp & Dohme), plus one other (meropenem/nacubactam) in early clinical development. This review provides a summary of the preclinical evidence supporting the use of carbapenem/BLI combinations and presents the clinical evidence across a range of MDR Gram-negative infections, with a focus on the use of meropenem/vaborbactam. All three BLIs have shown in vivo activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase and other class A carbapenemases. In 2019, meropenem/vaborbactam was listed in the WHO’s list of essential medicines, because of its activity against priority 1 antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Meropenem/vaborbactam has considerable in vitro and in vivo activity against CRE, and in vitro evidence showing a low potential for resistance at clinically relevant doses. In randomized trials, meropenem/vaborbactam was non-inferior to piperacillin/tazobactam in patients with complicated urinary tract infection and more effective than the best-available treatment in patients with serious CRE infections. Meropenem/vaborbactam is well tolerated and, based on clinical experience, demonstrated lower toxicity compared with the combination regimens that have previously been the standard of care. In conclusion, carbapenem/BLI combinations represent an important therapeutic strategy in patients with MDR Gram-negative infections.
Large diversity of linezolid-resistant isolates discovered in food-producing animals through linezolid selective monitoring in Belgium in 2019
Authors: Timmermans Michaël , Bogaerts Bert , Vanneste Kevin , De Keersmaecker Sigrid C J , Roosens Nancy H C , Kowalewicz Carole , Simon Guillaume , Argudín Maria A , Deplano Ariane , Hallin Marie , Wattiau Pierre , Fretin David , Denis Olivier , Boland Cécile 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Linezolid is a critically important antibiotic used to treat human infections caused by MRSA and VRE. While linezolid is not licensed for food-producing animals, linezolid-resistant (LR) isolates have been reported in European countries, including Belgium.

Objectives
To: (i) assess LR occurrence in staphylococci and enterococci isolated from different Belgian food-producing animals in 2019 through selective monitoring; and (ii) investigate the genomes and relatedness of these isolates.

Methods
Faecal samples (n = 1325) and nasal swab samples (n = 148) were analysed with a protocol designed to select LR bacteria, including a 44–48 h incubation period. The presence of LR chromosomal mutations, transferable LR genes and their genetic organizations and other resistance genes, as well as LR isolate relatedness (from this study and the NCBI database) were assessed through WGS.

Results
The LR rate differed widely between animal host species, with the highest rates occurring in nasal samples from pigs and sows (25.7% and 20.5%, respectively) and faecal samples from veal calves (16.4%). WGS results showed that LR determinants are present in a large diversity of isolates circulating in the agricultural sector, with some isolates closely related to human isolates, posing a human health risk.

Conclusions
LR dedicated monitoring with WGS analysis could help to better understand the spread of LR. Cross-selection of LR transferable genes through other antibiotic use should be considered in future action plans aimed at combatting antimicrobial resistance and in future objectives for the rational use of antibiotics in a One Health perspective.
Ethnicity, Banking and Local Economic Development: Evidence from Ethiopia
Authors: Regasa Dereje , Fielding David , Roberts Helen 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A unique dataset is used to uncover one mechanism generating regional and ethnic inequality in Ethiopia. Individual banks’ location decisions depend on the degree of similarity between the ethnic composition of each locality and the ethnic composition of the bank’s board of directors. Using ethnic similarity as an instrument for bank location and climate as an instrument for economic development, we model both local banking provision and local economic development. Our model predicts that if the ethnic composition of all boards reflected the national population, then banks would have an incentive to operate in a wider range of locations.
Evaluation of the International Classification of Health Interventions (ICHI) in the coding of common surgical procedures
Authors: Fung Kin Wah , Xu Julia , Ameye Filip , Burelle Lisa , MacNeil Janice 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the International Classification of Health Interventions (ICHI) in the clinical and statistical use cases.

Materials and Methods
We identified 300 most-performed surgical procedures as represented by their display names in an electronic health record. For comparison with existing coding systems, we coded the procedures in ICHI, SNOMED CT, International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10-PCS, and CCI (Canadian Classification of Health Interventions), using postcoordination (modification of existing codes by adding other codes), when applicable. Failure analysis was done for cases where full representation was not achieved. The ICHI encoding was further evaluated for adequacy to support statistical reporting by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and European Union (EU) categories of surgical procedures.

Results
After deduplication, 229 distinct procedures remained. Without postcoordination, ICHI achieved full representation in 52.8%. A further 19.2% could be fully represented with postcoordination. SNOMED CT was the best performing overall, with 94.3% full representation without postcoordination, and 99.6% with postcoordination. Failure analysis showed that “method” and “target” constituted most of the missing information for ICHI encoding. For all OECD/EU surgical categories, ICHI coding was adequate to support statistical reporting. One OECD/EU category (“Hip replacement, secondary”) required postcoordination for correct assignment.

Conclusion
In the clinical use case of capturing information in the electronic health record, ICHI was outperformed by the clinically oriented procedure coding systems (SNOMED CT and CCI), but was comparable to ICD-10-PCS. Postcoordination could be an effective and efficient means of improving coverage. ICHI is generally adequate for the collection of international statistics.
Filling the knowledge gap in the reproductive biology of land hermit crabs (Decapoda: Anomura: Coenobitidae): captive breeding to explore incubation times and frequency
Authors: Liu Shi-Sheng , Fang Wei-Ta , Hsu Chia-Hsuan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Land hermit crabs are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, and play important roles in the coastal-forest ecosystem, such as contributing to seed dispersal and scavenging; however, they face serious threats such as habitat loss and smuggling for the exotic pet trade. Information on their reproductive biology is thus crucial for formulating and promoting conservation policies to their benefit. We conducted captive breeding for over 10 years, compiling records for four of the 10 years, and report the incubation times and frequency and the successful rate of release of larvae during captive breeding of five species of Coenobitidae: Coenobita brevimanusDana, 1852, C. cavipesStimpson, 1858, C. rugosus H. Milne Edwards, 1837, C. perlatus H. Milne Edwards, 1837, and C. purpureusStimpson, 1858. Results indicate that C. cavipes had the longest incubation period of more than 30 days and C. purpureus the shortest, approximately 20 days. Four of the species bred an average of 3.5 times per year, whereas C. cavipes bred once or twice per year. The success rate of larval release for all five species was 60%–70% over four years. Unsuccessful larval release may have been caused by human and environmental interference. Although further research is required because only small samples of each species were studied, the reported data may help to fill gaps in our knowledge on the reproductive biology of land hermit crabs.
Beyond Anonymity: Network Affordances, Under Deindividuation, Improve Social Media Discussion Quality
Authors: Jaidka Kokil , Zhou Alvin , Lelkes Yphtach , Egelhofer Jana , Lecheler Sophie 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The online sphere allows people to be personally anonymous while simultaneously being socially identifiable. Twitter users can use a pseudonym but signal allegiance to a political party in their profile (e.g., #MAGA). We explore the interplay of these two dimensions of anonymity on a custom-built social media platform that allowed us to examine the causal effects of personal and social anonymity on discussion quality. We find no support for the hypothesis that personal anonymity breeds incivility or lowers discussion quality in discussions on gun rights. On the other hand, when personal anonymity is combined with social identifiability (operationalized as political party visibility), it improves several features linked to discussion quality, that is, higher rationality and lower incivility. We discuss the mechanisms that might explain the results and offer recommendations for future experiments about the design of social media platforms.
Influencer-Generated Reference Groups
Authors: Lee Jeffrey K , Junqué de Fortuny Enric 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This article explores the idea that consumer influencers can shape reference group meanings in social media. Through a survey in which over 5,000 participants provided open-ended reference group associations for 25 major brands, the authors find that social media influencers can either strengthen or change brand reference group associations. Specifically, the typicality of the influencer (relative to a brand’s stereotypical consumer) can shape ideas about the perceived homogeneity of the brand’s consumers, which ultimately influences the strength and tightness of brand associations. This research combines seminal theories regarding cultural and sociological influences on branding, concepts relating to stereotype change, and a multi-method approach to assess new digital flows of cultural meaning from consumer influencers to brands.
Reproductive Patterns Drive the Gene Flow and Spatial Dispersal of Euschistus heros (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)
Authors: Hickmann Frederico , Cordeiro Erick Goes , Soares Patrícia Lima , Aurélio Mateus Souza L , Schwertner Cristiano Feldens , Corrêa Alberto Soares 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Euschistus heros (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) has two allopatric strains with a hybrid zone in central Brazil. Asymmetric dispersal and gene flow between these strains of E. heros have been observed, where the South strain (SS) moves more quickly to the northern regions of the country than the North strain (NS) to the southern areas. In addition, SS generally has a bigger body size and presents dark brown coloration, and NS is usually smaller in size and presents light brown coloration. Here, we studied the reproductive behavior and tested for the presence of assortative mating and reproductive barriers between the two allopatric strains of E. heros. Nonrandom mating was observed in the SS strain based on mating choice trials and the reproductive isolation indexes. SS females and males prefer to mate with their co-specific (same strain) partner, while NS insects showed no mating preference. The insect’s pronotum width was positively associated with the mating choice suggesting size-assortative mating in E. heros. Reciprocal crosses between strains yielded similar reproductive outputs when compared with pure strain crosses, suggesting similar fitness of hybrid pure strains. The asymmetric gene flow in the hybridization zone that favors SS seems to be associated with the reproductive behavior of the species, which favors the typical phenotype found in the SS populations.