bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Looking back at the lawsuit that transformed the chiropractic profession part 3:Chiropractic growth
Authors: Johnson Claire D. , Green Bart N. 
Published: September 2021

ObjectiveThis is the third paper in a series that explores the historical events surrounding the Wilk v American Medical Association (AMA) lawsuit in which the plaintiffs argued that the AMA, the American Hospital Association, and other medical specialty societies violated antitrust law by restraining chiropractors' business practices. The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief review of the history of the growth of chiropractic, its public relations campaigns, and infighting that contributed to the events surrounding the Wilk v AMA lawsuit.MethodsThis historical research study used a phenomenological approach to qualitative inquiry into the conflict between regular medicine and chiropractic and the events before, during, and after a legal dispute at the time of modernization of the chiropractic profession. Our methods included obtaining primary and secondary data sources. The final narrative recount was developed into 8 papers following a successive timeline. This paper is the third of the series that explores the growth the chiropractic profession.ResultsBy the 1930s, the AMA was already under investigation for violation of antitrust laws and the National Chiropractic Association was suggesting that the AMA was establishing a health care monopoly. Chiropractic schools grew and the number of graduates rose quickly. Public relations campaigns and publications in the popular press attempted to educate the public about chiropractic. Factions within the profession polarized around differing views of how they thought that chiropractic should be practiced and portrayed to the public. The AMA leaders noted the infighting and used it to their advantage to subvert chiropractic.ConclusionChiropractic grew rapidly and established its presence with the American public through public relations campaigns and popular press. However, infighting would give the AMA material to further its efforts to contain and eliminate the chiropractic profession.
Effect of Seed Treatment with Chemicals and Plant Growth Regulators on Growth and Yield Attributing Traits of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) Variety: Pusa Bold
Authors: Prasad N. Syam , Rai Prashant Kumar , Dayal Abhinav 
Published: September 2021

The Experiment was conducted in the field of Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P.) during Rabi season 2020-2021, in order to standardize the suitable pre- sowing seed treatment for Mustard. Different pre- sowing seed treatments with control (Unhardened) were evaluated viz., T0– Control,T1- Mg(No3)2 @ 0.1%,T2- Mg(No3)2 @ 0.3%,T3- Mg(No3)2 @ 0.5%,T4- Ca(No3)2 @ 0.1%,T5- KNO3 @ 0.5%,T6- Mg(So4)2 @ 0.1%,T7- Mg(So4)2 @ 0.3%,T8- Mg(So4)2 @ 0.5%,T9- GA3 @ 25ppm,T10- GA3 @ 50ppm,T11- GA3 @ 75ppm,T12- PEG6000 @ 25ppm. It was found that the all pre-sowing seed treatments showed significance difference with control. Seed treatment with KNO3 @ 0.5% found to be highest in field emergence and yield attributes of Mustard and it was followed by GA3 @ 25ppm and Mg(No3)2 @ 0.1%. Pre- sowing seed treatment with KNO3 @ 0.5% and GA3 @ 25 ppm showed maximum increase yield of mustard seeds and found to be lowest in control seeds. Pre-sowing seed treatments of the mustard seeds in which KNO3 @ 0.5% gave best result to enhanced germinability, seed vigour, seed yield and yielding attributes. These conclusions are based on the results of six months investigation and therefore further investigation is needed to arrive at valid recommendations.
A pedagogia da hegemonia: empresariado e a educação
Authors: Freitas Sara da Silva 
Published: September 2021

O objetivo geral deste artigo foi compreender a ação socialmente responsável do setor empresarial no Brasil. Buscou-se compreender como o setor privado desenvolve suas ações no campo das políticas sociais. Assim, como objeto específico de análise temos as ações do Instituto Itaú Social, instituição vinculada ao Banco Itaú, a época desta pesquisa o maior banco privado do País. Como método utilizamos entrevistas semiestruturadas com dirigentes do Itaú social, bem como pesquisamos os materiais disponíveis no site do Itaú Social. Como resultado destacamos que a política educacional no Brasil encontra-se num dilema, entre os interesses do empresariado e sua tentativa de se sobrepor a sociedade e de se estabelecer hegemônico, e aquele que prega uma educação como forma emancipadora.
Palavras Chaves: Hegemonia, Educação. empresariado, Itaú social, Privatização.
Molecule Confined Isolated Metal Sites Enable the Electrocatalytic Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Li Xiaogang , Tang Shasha , Dou Shuo , Fan Hong Jin , Choksi Tej S. , Wang Xin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) through the two‐electron oxygen reduction reaction is a promising alternative to the industrial anthraquinone oxidation process. Selectivity to H2O2 is however limited by the four‐electron pathway during oxygen reduction. Herein, it is reported that aminoanthraquinone confined isolated metal sites on carbon supports selectively steer oxygen reduction to H2O2 through the two‐electron pathway. Confining isolated NiNx sites under aminoanthraquinone increases the selectivity to H2O2 from below 55% to above 80% over a wide potential range. Spectroscopy characterization and density functional theory calculations indicate that isolated NiNx sites are confined within a nanochannel formed between the molecule and the carbon support. The confinement reduces the thermodynamic barrier for OOH* desorption versus further dissociation, thus increasing the selectivity to H2O2. It is revealed how tailoring noncovalent interactions beyond the binding site can empower electrocatalysts for the direct synthesis of H2O2 through oxygen reduction.
Loneliness and the Social Brain: How Perceived Social Isolation Impairs Human Interactions
Authors: Lieberz Jana , Shamay‐Tsoory Simone G. , Saporta Nira , Esser Timo , Kuskova Ekaterina , Stoffel‐Wagner Birgit , Hurlemann René , Scheele Dirk 
Published: September 2021

AbstractLoneliness is a painful condition associated with increased risk for premature mortality. The formation of new, positive social relationships can alleviate feelings of loneliness, but requires rapid trustworthiness decisions during initial encounters and it is still unclear how loneliness hinders interpersonal trust. Here, a multimodal approach including behavioral, psychophysiological, hormonal, and neuroimaging measurements is used to probe a trust‐based mechanism underlying impaired social interactions in loneliness. Pre‐stratified healthy individuals with high loneliness scores (n = 42 out of a screened sample of 3678 adults) show reduced oxytocinergic and affective responsiveness to a positive conversation, report less interpersonal trust, and prefer larger social distances compared to controls (n = 40). Moreover, lonely individuals are rated as less trustworthy compared to controls and identified by the blinded confederate better than chance. During initial trust decisions, lonely individuals exhibit attenuated limbic and striatal activation and blunted functional connectivity between the anterior insula and occipitoparietal regions, which correlates with the diminished affective responsiveness to the positive social interaction. This neural response pattern is not mediated by loneliness‐associated psychological symptoms. Thus, the results indicate compromised integration of trust‐related information as a shared neurobiological component in loneliness, yielding a reciprocally reinforced trust bias in social dyads.
Inter‐integration reactive distillation with vapor permeation for ethyl levulinate production: Equipment development and experimental validating
Authors: Han Wen‐Tao , Han Zhen‐Wei , Gao Xue‐Chao , Hong Zhou , Li Xin‐Gang , Li Hong , Gu Xue‐Hong , Gao Xin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractEthyl levulinate, one of the main derivatives of levulinic acid (LA), is of significant potential as platform chemicals for bio‐based materials. The esterification of LA was generally carried out in a conventional batch reactor or in a conventional reactive distillation column. However, traditional methods are hard to deal with equilibrium limited reactions and azeotropic issues. Therefore, the inter‐integration reactive distillation with vapor permeation (R‐VP‐D) process, which integrated reaction, vapor permeation, and distillation into one single unit, is proposed in this paper and validated in the pilot‐scale experiments. A comparative study is made between a pilot‐scale RD column with and without VP module. Owing to the water‐selective VP membrane and the ingenious design of related apparatuses, the R‐VP‐D process reveal a superiority in LA conversion of 21.9% maximum higher than RD without VP process and removing of product water about 53.6% from VP module, which indicates its promising industrial application in process intensification field.
Association between labor union presence and return to work after occupational injury or illness: A nationally representative longitudinal study in South Korea
Authors: Choi Bokyoung , Bahk Jinwook , Lee Hyemin , Kim Seung‐Sup 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundThis study sought to examine the association between labor union presence and return to work after occupational injury or illness (RTW) among workers in South Korea.MethodsWe analyzed the first (2018) and second (2019) wave data from the Panel Study of Workers’ Compensation Insurance in South Korea. The cohort consisted of 3,294 workers who had suffered occupational injury or illness and completed their convalescence by 2017. We examined whether RTW was associated with the presence of labor unions in the workplace at the time of the occupational injury or illness occurred.ResultsCompared to workers without labor unions, those with labor unions were more likely to report RTW (prevalence ratio: 1.35, 95% confidence interval: 1.20–1.51) after adjusting for potential confounders, including employment status, duration of convalescence, and severity of injury or illness.ConclusionThis study found that labor union presence was associated with RTW among workers who suffered occupational injury or illness in South Korea.
An analytical approach to elucidate the architecture of polyethyleneimines
Authors: Grenda Kinga , Idström Alexander , Evenäs Lars , Persson Michael , Holmberg Krister , Bordes Romain 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPolyethyleneimine (PEI) is a common polymer used in many industrial applications and in research, especially in surface chemistry. It is available in a wide range of molecular weights and different degrees of branching. It is classified as linear or branched and sometimes the term hyperbranched is also used. This description, however, is quite rough, which limits the possibility to correlate the structure of the PEI to its properties. The aim of this study is to provide analytical tools to characterize the polymer at a level of detail not normally provided by the supplier of PEI. To this end, five commercially available polyethyleneimines were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to gain insight into the structure and the functional groups present in the polymers. Quantitative 13C NMR analysis turned out to be particularly useful, revealing the degree of branching of the polymer based on the ratio of primary, secondary, and tertiary amino groups.
Atypical gaze patterns to facial feature areas in autism spectrum disorders reveal age and culture effects: A meta‐analysis of eye‐tracking studies
Authors: Ma Xue'er , Gu Haixia , Zhao Jingjing 
Published: September 2021

AbstractChildren and adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often present with atypical gaze patterns to others' faces, a finding substantiated throughout the literature. Yet, a quantification of atypical gaze patterns to different facial regions (e.g., eyes versus mouth) in ASD remains controversial. Also few study has investigated how age and culture impacted the pattern of gaze abnormalities in ASD. This research therefore conducted a meta‐analysis of eye‐tracking studies to evaluate age and culture effect on atypical gaze patterns of face processing in ASD. A total of 75 articles (91 studies) and 4209 individuals (ASD: 2027; controls: 2182) across all age ranges (i.e., childhood through to adulthood) from both Eastern and Western cultures were included in this meta‐analysis. Individuals with ASD yielded shorter fixation durations to the eyes than individuals without ASD. Group differences in the time spent fixating on the eyes were not modulated by age, but affected by culture. Effect size in the eastern culture was larger than that in the western culture. In contrast, group differences on time spent looking at the mouth were not significant, but changed with age and modulated by culture. Relative to the neurotypical controls, Western individuals with ASD spent more time looking at the mouth from school age, whereas Eastern individuals with ASD did not gaze longer on mouth until adulthood. These results add to the body of evidence supporting atypical gaze behaviors to eyes in ASD and provide new insights into a potential mouth compensation strategy that develops with age in ASD.Lay SummaryIndividuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often show atypical gaze patterns when looking at others' faces compared to neurotypical individuals. This paper examines the role of age and culture on pattern of gaze abnormalities in individuals with ASD. Results show that reduction of gaze on eyes in ASD is stable across all ages and cultures, while increase of gaze on mouth emerges as individuals with ASD get older. The findings provide a developmental insight to the gaze patterns on the autism spectrum across culture.
Rapid intensification of an established CHO cell fed‐batch process
Authors: Schulze Markus , Niemann Julia , Wijffels Rene H. , Matuszczyk Jens , Martens Dirk E. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCurrently, the mammalian biomanufacturing industry explores process intensification (PI) to meet upcoming demands of biotherapeutics while keeping production flexible but, more importantly, as economic as possible. However, intensified processes often require more development time compared with conventional fed‐batches (FBs) preventing their implementation. Hence, rapid and efficient, yet straightforward strategies for PI are needed. In this study we demonstrate such a strategy for the intensification of an N‐stage FB by implementing N‐1 perfusion cell culture and high inoculum cell densities resulting in a robust intensified FB (iFB). Furthermore, we show successful combination of such an iFB with the addition of productivity enhancers, which has not been reported so far. The conventional CHO cell FB process was step‐wise improved and intensified rapidly in multi‐parallel small‐scale bioreactors using N‐1 perfusion. The iFBs were performed in 15 and 250 ml bioreactors and allowed to evaluate the impact on key process indicators (KPI): the space–time yield (STY) was successfully doubled from 0.28 to 0.55 g/L d, while product quality was maintained. This gain was generated by initially increasing the inoculation density, thus shrinking process time, and second supplementation with butyric acid (BA), which reduced cell growth and enhanced cell‐specific productivity from ~25 to 37 pg/(cell d). Potential impacts of PI on cell metabolism were evaluated using flux balance analysis. Initial metabolic differences between the standard and intensified process were observed but disappeared quickly. This shows that PI can be achieved rapidly for new as well as existing processes without introducing sustained changes in cellular and metabolic behavior.
Hybrid convolutional neural network based classification of bacterial, viral, and fungal diseases on tomato leaf images
Authors: Cengil Emine , Çınar Ahmet 
Published: September 2021

SummaryTomatoes can get many diseases at every stage of the cultivation process depending on environmental and climatic factors. Tomato growers sometimes struggle to monitor leaves in order to detect these diseases. As a result, deep learning‐based systems for detecting diseases have been developed. It has demonstrated its worth by solving problems in a variety of fields, including classification. Convolutional neural network (CNN) is particularly effective in image classification, recognition, and detection. In this article, a hybrid‐based CNN model for the classification of diseases on tomato leaf images is proposed. The performance of the method has been examined by the tomato leaf disease detection dataset and Taiwan datasets. For the extraction of features, well‐known CNN architectures such as AlexNet, ResNet50, and VGG16 are used at first. The feature transfer method extracts features from the last fully connected layers of the architectures. After that, the minimum redundancy maximum relevance feature selection algorithm is applied to these features for optimization. The features gathered are concatenated. Concatenating features are classified by popular machine learning classification algorithms. With the proposed method, the highest performance values for the tomato leaf disease detection and Taiwan dataset show an accuracy of 98.3% and 96.3%, respectively.
Optimization for the reduction of power in sidebands and side lobes of time‐modulated antenna array
Authors: Ram Gopi 
Published: September 2021

SummaryOptimization for the reduction of power losses in sidebands and side lobes of time‐modulated antenna array (TMLAA) is dealt in this work. Optimization for the reduction of power in TMLAA is analyzed by considering two ways of the power loss analysis: one with the minimization of power loss with optimization of Toff instant with Ton instant as zero for each element along with optimal inter‐element spacing with uniform amplitude and second, by taking optimization of Ton and Toff instant of each element of TMLAA along with optimal inter‐element spacing with uniform amplitude. Distance between any two consecutive antennas and switch ON and OFF instants are considered as optimizing variables for reduction of power due to sidebands at harmonic frequencies and side lobes at the fundamental harmonic. Towards this approach, an evolutionary algorithm‐based approach called harmony search algorithm (HSA) is applied. Optimal values of the variable parameters of the TMLAA are obtained after optimization by using particle swarm optimization (PSO) and HSA. MATLAB simulation results are presented in this work for different array sets of 16‐, 20‐, 24‐, 28‐, and 32‐element antenna arrays. To validate in electromagnetic (EM)‐simulated environment, a 16‐element TMLAA is designed in CST‐MWS with parameters obtained after optimization, and these results are validated with those of MATLAB results.
CircATL2 enhances paclitaxel resistance of ovarian cancer via impacting miR‐506‐3p/NFIB axis
Authors: Ying Hanyue , Zhao Ruping , Yu Qingqing , Zhang Ke , Deng Qinghua 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCircular RNAs (circRNAs) play vital regulatory roles in the development of ovarian cancer (OC). However, the functions of circRNA Atlastin GTPase 2 (circATL2) in paclitaxel (PTX) resistance of OC are still unclear. As a result, circATL2 was upregulated in PTX‐resistant OC tissues and cells. CircATL2 knockdown reduced IC50 of PTX, inhibited colony formation ability and promoted cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in PTX‐resistant OC cells. Silencing of circATL2 restrained PTX resistance in vivo. Furthermore, miR‐506‐3p could be targeted by circATL2 and miR‐506‐3p inhibition reversed the impacts of circATL2 knockdown on PTX resistance and cell progression in PTX‐resistant OC cells. NFIB was identified as the target of miR‐506‐3p. MiR‐506‐3p overexpression suppressed PTX resistance and malignant behaviors of PTX‐resistant OC cells, with NFIB elevation rescued the impacts. To summarize, circATL2 promoted the resistance of OC to PTX by sponging miR‐506‐3p to upregulate NFIB expression, providing a new sight in chemoresistance of OC.
Comparison of scope holding sign on endoscopy and lower esophageal sphincter contraction on high‐resolution manometry: A pilot study
Authors: Fujiyoshi Yusuke , Inoue Haruhiro , Shimamura Yuto , Fujiyoshi Mary Raina Angeli , Rodriguez de Santiago Enrique , Nishikawa Yohei , Toshimori Akiko , Tanabe Mayo , Sumi Kazuya , Iwaya Yugo , Ono Masashi , Izawa Shinya , Ikeda Haruo , Onimaru Manabu 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectivesLower esophageal sphincter (LES) plays a key role in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) pathogenesis. In retroflexion and under sufficient insufflation, it can be seen how the lower esophagus grasps the endoscope, which we named scope holding sign (SHS). This study aimed to compare the SHS and LES pressure on high‐resolution manometry (HRM), to elucidate whether the sphincter can be visualized endoscopically.MethodsThis was a single‐center, prospective pilot study. Patients with symptoms of GERD, who underwent endoscopy and HRM between February 2021 and April 2021, were included. A manometry catheter and an ultra‐slim endoscope were inserted, and the resting LES pressure was measured. The lower esophagus holding (SHS‐positive) and releasing (SHS‐negative) the endoscope and catheter were observed. The LES pressures during SHS‐positive and SHS‐negative were compared.ResultsEleven patients (median age: 57 years; eight men) with normal esophageal motility were analyzed. The median LES pressure in SHS‐positive was significantly higher than the resting LES pressure (40.4 [22.9–74.0] vs. 25.9 [2.0–66.7] mm Hg; p = 0.001) and the LES pressure in SHS‐negative (4.6 [1.5–9.3]; p = 0.001). Furthermore, the LES pressure in SHS‐negative was significantly lower than the resting LES pressure (4.6 [1.5–9.3] vs. 25.9 [2.0–66.7] mm Hg; p = 0.005).ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that the SHS parallels LES pressure, indicating that the sphincter can be observed endoscopically. This may enable us to evaluate LES function during endoscopy in patients with GERD, thus, deserving further evaluation in future studies.
Emotion regulation in adolescents with anorexia and bulimia nervosa: Differential use of adaptive and maladaptive strategies compared to healthy adolescents
Authors: Perthes Karin , Kirschbaum‐Lesch Inken , Legenbauer Tanja , Holtmann Martin , Hammerle Florian , Kolar David R. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveAdolescents with anorexia (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) often struggle with emotion regulation (ER). These difficulties have predominantly been assessed across emotions, without considering adaptive and maladaptive ER separately. We compared adolescents with AN or BN to healthy adolescents (HCs) regarding the adaptive and maladaptive ER of three emotions.MethodA treatment‐seeking sample of 197 adolescents (atypical/full‐threshold AN: N = 118, atypical/full‐threshold BN: N = 32; HC: N = 47) reported emotion‐specific ER with the FEEL‐KJ questionnaire. Mixed models were calculated for adaptive and maladaptive ER to assess differences between emotions (anxiety, anger, and sadness) and groups (AN, BN, and HC).ResultsMain effects of emotion (p < .001) and group (p < .001) were found, but no interaction effects were found (p > .05). Post hoc tests showed lower maladaptive and higher adaptive ER for anxiety than anger or sadness (p < .001). AN and BN reported lower adaptive (p < .001) and higher maladaptive ER than HCs (p < .001). BN showed the highest levels of maladaptive ER (p = .009).DiscussionThe differences between AN and BN in adaptive and maladaptive ER should be considered. Furthermore, investigating differences in ER of other emotions in eating disorders might be promising.