bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Four‐Parameter Model for Estimating Diurnal Temperature Cycle From MODIS Land Surface Temperature Product
Authors: Lu L. , Zhou X. M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractLand surface diurnal temperature cycle (LSDTC) is an important element in climate system. Diurnal temperature cycle (DTC) models are potential for deriving diurnal variation of land surface temperature (LST) over extended regions from satellite observations. To estimate the LSDTC at high spatial resolution from clear‐sky Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) data, this study reduced the parameter number of a five‐parameter DTC model to only four by fitting the time of maximum temperature as a function of normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI), elevation and latitude. Using the ground‐based LSTs, the proposed four‐parameter DTC (FPD) model was evaluated for 48 and 4 available LST observations per day. The results showed that the root mean square errors (RMSEs) were 2.08 K, 0.88 K, 1.14 K, 1.31 K, 2.27 K, and 1.12 K for grassland, cropland, swamp meadow, desert steppe, desert shrub, and sand desert, respectively, for 48 observations. Comparatively, RMSEs for four observations corresponding to the MODIS overpass times were increased by less than 1 K, except for swamp meadow with an elevation greater than 3,500 m that the error was increased by 1.5 K. Applying the FPD model to MODIS LST product showed that the model could capture the variation of LSTs during a day, and the accuracy of the modeled LSTs depended on the accuracy of MODIS LST product. Generally, the proposed FPD model is simple and easy to be applied to MODIS four LSTs per day under clear skies to acquire LSDTC over extended regions with high spatial resolution.
Temperature and Density on the Forsterite Liquid‐Vapor Phase Boundary
Authors: Davies E. J. , Duncan M. S. , Root S. , Kraus R. G. , Spaulding D. K. , Jacobsen S. B. , Stewart S. T. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe physical processes during planet formation span a large range of pressures and temperatures. Giant impacts, such as the one that formed the Moon, achieve peak pressures of 100s of GPa. The peak shock states generate sufficient entropy such that subsequent decompression to low pressures intersects the liquid‐vapor phase boundary. The entire shock‐and‐release thermodynamic path must be calculated accurately in order to predict the post‐impact structures of planetary bodies. Forsterite (Mg2SiO4) is a commonly used mineral to represent the mantles of differentiated bodies in hydrocode models of planetary collisions. Here, we performed shock experiments on the Sandia Z Machine to obtain the density and temperature of the liquid branch of the liquid‐vapor phase boundary of forsterite. This work is combined with previous work constraining pressure, density, temperature, and entropy of the forsterite principal Hugoniot. We find that the vapor curves in previous forsterite equation of state models used in giant impacts vary substantially from our experimental results, and we compare our results to a recently updated equation of state. We have also found that due to under‐predicted entropy production on the principal Hugoniot and elevated temperatures of the liquid vapor phase boundary of these past models, past impact studies may have underestimated vapor production. Furthermore, our results provide experimental support to the idea that giant impacts can transform much of the mantles of rocky planets into supercritical fluids.
Migration of Reversing Dunes Against the Sand Flow Path as a Singular Expression of the Speed‐Up Effect
Authors: Gao Xin , Narteau Clément , Gadal Cyril 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe study the morphodynamics of reversing dunes on the gravel deposits of the alluvial fan of the Molcha river at the border between the Tibetan Plateau and the Taklamakan Desert. Independent sets of wind data show that this area of low sand availability is exposed to two prevailing winds from opposite directions and of different strengths. The predicted resultant transport direction of sand particles is westward. Nevertheless, satellite observations combined with field measurements and ground‐penetrating radar surveys reveal that isolated dunes a few meters high migrate eastward. This apparent dune migration paradox is resolved using numerical and analytical models that take into account the speed‐up effect and the continuous change in dune shape after each wind reversal. When a newly established wind hits what was before the steeper lee slope of the dune, the sand flux at the crest abruptly increases before relaxing back to a constant value as the crest migrates downwind and as the dune reaches a new steady shape. Integrated over the entire wind cycle, we find that this non‐linear behavior causes reversing dunes to migrate against the resultant transport direction. This migration reflects the difference in dune slope seen by irregular storm events blowing to the east and the westward wind of the daily cycle. Thus, we explore the impact of extreme events on dune morphodynamics and examine new aspects of the permanent feedback between dune topography and wind speed. We conclude that transient behaviors associated with crest reversals contribute to the observed diversity of dune patterns, even within the same area for dunes of different sizes.
Saharan Dust Effects on North Atlantic Sea‐Surface Skin Temperatures
Authors: Luo Bingkun , Minnett Peter J. , Zuidema Paquita , Nalli Nicholas R. , Akella Santha 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSaharan dust outbreaks frequently propagate westward over the Atlantic Ocean; accurate quantification of the dust aerosol scattering and absorption effect on the surface radiative fluxes (SRF) is fundamental to understanding critical climate feedbacks. By exploiting large sets of measurements from many ship campaigns in conjunction with reanalysis products, this study characterizes the sensitivity of the SRF and skin Sea‐Surface Temperature (SSTskin) to the Saharan dust aerosols using models of the atmospheric radiative transfer and thermal skin effect. Saharan dust outbreaks can decrease the surface shortwave radiation up to 190 W/m2, and an analysis of the corresponding SSTskin changes using a thermal skin model suggests dust‐induced cooling effects as large as −0.24 K during daytime and a warming effect of up of 0.06 K during daytime and nighttime respectively. Greater physical insight into the radiative transfer through an aerosol‐burdened atmosphere will substantially improve the predictive capabilities of weather and climate studies on a regional basis.
Hypoxia-inducible factor-2α mediates senescence-associated intrinsic mechanisms of age-related bone loss
Authors: Lee Sun Young , Park Ka Hyon , Lee Gyuseok , Kim Su-Jin , Song Won-Hyun , Kwon Seung-Hee , Koh Jeong-Tae , Huh Yun Hyun , Ryu Je-Hwang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAging is associated with cellular senescence followed by bone loss leading to bone fragility in humans. However, the regulators associated with cellular senescence in aged bones need to be identified. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)−2α regulates bone remodeling via the differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Here, we report that HIF-2α expression was highly upregulated in aged bones. HIF-2α depletion in male mice reversed age-induced bone loss, as evidenced by an increase in the number of osteoblasts and a decrease in the number of osteoclasts. In an in vitro model of doxorubicin-mediated senescence, the expression of Hif-2α and p21, a senescence marker gene, was enhanced, and osteoblastic differentiation of primary mouse calvarial preosteoblast cells was inhibited. Inhibition of senescence-induced upregulation of HIF-2α expression during matrix maturation, but not during the proliferation stage of osteoblast differentiation, reversed the age-related decrease in Runx2 and Ocn expression. However, HIF-2α knockdown did not affect p21 expression or senescence progression, indicating that HIF-2α expression upregulation in senescent osteoblasts may be a result of aging rather than a cause of cellular senescence. Osteoclasts are known to induce a senescent phenotype during in vitro osteoclastogenesis. Consistent with increased HIF-2α expression, the expression of p16 and p21 was upregulated during osteoclastogenesis of bone marrow macrophages. ChIP following overexpression or knockdown of HIF-2α using adenovirus revealed that p16 and p21 are direct targets of HIF-2α in osteoclasts. Osteoblast-specific (Hif-2αfl/fl;Col1a1-Cre) or osteoclast-specific (Hif-2αfl/fl;Ctsk-Cre) conditional knockout of HIF-2α in male mice reversed age-related bone loss. Collectively, our results suggest that HIF-2α acts as a senescence-related intrinsic factor in age-related dysfunction of bone homeostasis.
Superior thermal stability and fast crystallization behavior of a novel, biodegradable α-methylated bacterial polyester
Authors: Furutate Sho , Kamoi Junichi , Nomura Christopher T. , Taguchi Seiichi , Abe Hideki , Tsuge Takeharu 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGiven their ubiquity in modern society, the development of biodegradable and renewably sourced plastics is essential for the creation of an environmentally sustainable society. One of the drawbacks for currently available biodegradable plastics such as poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) is that it is difficult to simultaneously achieve mechanical flexibility and certain crystallization behavior in these materials, which limits their use as replacements for established petroleum-based plastics such as isotactic polypropylene (iPP). Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of a new biodegradable plastic, poly(3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyrate) [P(3H2MB)], which is a member of the bacterial PHA family whose members include an α-methylated monomer unit. Biosynthesis of P(3H2MB) was achieved using recombinant Escherichiacoli expressing an engineered pathway. Biosynthesized P(3H2MB) exhibited the highest melting temperature (197 °C) among the biosynthesized PHAs and improved thermal resistance. It also exhibited improved crystallization behavior and mechanical flexibility nearly equal to those of iPP. The primary nucleation rate of P(3H2MB) was faster than that of P(3HB), and the spherulite morphology of P(3H2MB) was much finer than that of P(3HB). This crystal morphology may result in more rapid crystallization behavior, increased transparency, and enhanced mechanical properties. The superior physical properties of P(3H2MB) have the potential to open new avenues for the production of high-performance biodegradable plastics for replacing petroleum-based bulk commodity plastics.
Intracellular gallium nitride microrod laser
Authors: Song Minho S. , Baek Hyeonjun , Lee Keundong , Yoo Dongha , Chung Kunook , Lee Jamin , Moon Hyungseok C. , Lee Byung Hun , Park Hye Yoon , Yi Gyu-Chul 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe report laser emission from gallium nitride (GaN) microrods that are introduced into mammalian cells and the application of these microrods for cell labeling. GaN microrods were grown on graphene-coated SiO2/Si substrates by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy. The GaN microrods are easily detached from the substrates because of the weakness of the van der Waals forces between GaN and graphene. The uptake of microrods into HeLa cells via endocytosis and viability after uptake were investigated. Normal cellular activities, including migration and division, were observed over 2 weeks in culture. Furthermore, the photoluminescence spectra of the internalized microrods exhibited sharp laser emission peaks with a low lasing threshold of 270 kW/cm2.
Genetic variability in COVID-19-related genes in the Brazilian population
Authors: Secolin Rodrigo , de Araujo Tânia K. , Gonsales Marina C. , Rocha Cristiane S. , Naslavsky Michel , Marco Luiz De , Bicalho Maria A. C. , Vazquez Vinicius L. , Zatz Mayana , Silva Wilson A. , Lopes-Cendes Iscia 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSARS-CoV-2 utilizes the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2) to infect human lung cells. Previous studies have suggested that different host ACE2 and TMPRSS2 genetic backgrounds might contribute to differences in the rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 severity. Recent studies have also shown that variants in 15 genes related to type I interferon immunity to influenza virus might predispose patients toward life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia. Other genes (SLC6A20, LZTFL1, CCR9, FYCO1, CXCR6, XCR1, IL6, CTSL, ABO, and FURIN) and HLA alleles have also been implicated in the response to infection with SARS-CoV-2. Currently, Brazil has recorded the third-highest number of COVID-19 cases worldwide. We aimed to investigate the genetic variation present in COVID-19-related genes in the Brazilian population. We analyzed 27 candidate genes and HLA alleles in 954 admixed Brazilian exomes. We used the information available in two public databases (http://www.bipmed.org and http://abraom.ib.usp.br/) and additional exomes from individuals born in southeast Brazil, the region of the country with the highest number of COVID-19 patients. Variant allele frequencies were compared with the 1000 Genomes Project phase 3 (1KGP) and gnomAD databases. We detected 395 nonsynonymous variants; of these, 325 were also found in the 1KGP and/or gnomAD. Six of these variants were previously reported to influence the rate of infection or clinical prognosis of COVID-19. The remaining 70 variants were identified exclusively in the Brazilian sample, with a mean allele frequency of 0.0025. In silico analysis revealed that seven of these variants are predicted to affect protein function. Furthermore, we identified HLA alleles previously associated with the COVID-19 response at loci DQB1 and DRB1. Our results showed genetic variability common to other populations and rare and ultrarare variants exclusively found in the Brazilian population. These findings might lead to differences in the rate of infection or response to infection by SARS-CoV-2 and should be further investigated in patients with this disease.
A meta-analysis on individual differences in primary emotional systems and Big Five personality traits
Authors: Marengo Davide , Davis Kenneth L. , Gradwohl Gökçe Özkarar , Montag Christian 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS) were constructed as a self-report assessment to measure individual differences in Jaak Panksepp’s cross-species primary emotional systems: SEEKING, PLAY, CARE (positive emotions) and FEAR, SADNESS, ANGER (negative emotions). Beginning with the first published work on the ANPS in 2003, individual differences on the ANPS measures of these six primary emotional systems have been consistently linked to Big Five personality traits. From a theoretical perspective, these primary emotional systems arising from subcortical regions, shed light on the nature of the Big Five personality traits from an evolutionary perspective, because each of these primary emotional systems represent a tool for survival endowing mammalian species with inherited behavioral programs to react appropriately to complex environments. The present work revisited 21 available samples where both ANPS and Big Five measures have been administered. Our meta-analytical analysis provides solid evidence that high SEEKING relates to high Openness to Experience, high PLAY to high Extraversion, high CARE/low ANGER to high Agreeableness and high FEAR/SADNESS/ANGER to high Neuroticism. This seems to be true regardless of the ANPS inventory chosen, although much more work is needed in this area. Associations between primary emotional systems and Conscientiousness were in the lower effect size area across all six primary emotions, thereby supporting the idea that Conscientiousness rather seems to be less directly related with the subcortical primary emotions and likely is the most cognitive/cortical personality construct out of the Big Five. In sum, the present work underlines the idea that individual differences in primary emotional systems represent evolutionarily ancient foundations of human personality, given their a) meaningful links to the prominent Big Five model and b) their origins lying in subcortical areas of the human brain.
Culturable nitrogen-transforming bacteria from sequential sedimentation biofiltration systems and their potential for nutrient removal in urban polluted rivers
Authors: Font Nájera Arnoldo , Serwecińska Liliana , Mankiewicz-Boczek Joanna 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNovel heterotrophic bacterial strains—Bzr02 and Str21, effective in nitrogen transformation, were isolated from sequential sedimentation-biofiltration systems (SSBSs). Bzr02, identified as Citrobacter freundii, removed up to 99.0% of N–NH4 and 70.2% of N–NO3, while Str21, identified as Pseudomonas mandelii, removed up to 98.9% of N–NH4 and 87.7% of N–NO3. The key functional genes napA/narG and hao were detected for Bzr02, confirming its ability to reduce nitrate to nitrite and remove hydroxylamine. Str21 was detected with the genes narG, nirS, norB and nosZ, confirming its potential for complete denitrification process. Nitrogen total balance experiments determined that Bzr02 and Str21 incorporated nitrogen into cell biomass (up to 94.7% and 74.7%, respectively), suggesting that nitrogen assimilation was also an important process occurring simultaneously with denitrification. Based on these results, both strains are suitable candidates for improving nutrient removal efficiencies in nature-based solutions such as SSBSs.
Analysis of the chromosomal clustering of Fusarium-responsive wheat genes uncovers new players in the defence against head blight disease
Authors: Perochon Alexandre , Benbow Harriet R. , Ślęczka-Brady Katarzyna , Malla Keshav B. , Doohan Fiona M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThere is increasing evidence that some functionally related, co-expressed genes cluster within eukaryotic genomes. We present a novel pipeline that delineates such eukaryotic gene clusters. Using this tool for bread wheat, we uncovered 44 clusters of genes that are responsive to the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum. As expected, these Fusarium-responsive gene clusters (FRGCs) included metabolic gene clusters, many of which are associated with disease resistance, but hitherto not described for wheat. However, the majority of the FRGCs are non-metabolic, many of which contain clusters of paralogues, including those implicated in plant disease responses, such as glutathione transferases, MAP kinases, and germin-like proteins. 20 of the FRGCs encode nonhomologous, non-metabolic genes (including defence-related genes). One of these clusters includes the characterised Fusarium resistance orphan gene, TaFROG. Eight of the FRGCs map within 6 FHB resistance loci. One small QTL on chromosome 7D (4.7 Mb) encodes eight Fusarium-responsive genes, five of which are within a FRGC. This study provides a new tool to identify genomic regions enriched in genes responsive to specific traits of interest and applied herein it highlighted gene families, genetic loci and biological pathways of importance in the response of wheat to disease.
Activity patterns of primary school children during participation in The Daily Mile
Authors: Hatch Lorna M. , Williams Ryan A. , Dring Karah J. , Sunderland Caroline , Nevill Mary E. , Cooper Simon B. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Daily Mile is a popular physical activity initiative in primary schools, yet little is known regarding the activity patterns of children during The Daily Mile. Eighty children (10.4 ± 0.7 years) participated in The Daily Mile (20-min). Activity patterns were assessed using global positioning systems (total distance and age-specific speed zones), alongside heart rate. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed using the Multi-Stage Fitness Test. Participants covered a distance of 2511 ± 550 m during The Daily Mile, and heart rate was 163 ± 27 beats.min−1. Participants travelled the furthest distance, and were most intermittent, during the first 5 min (main effect of time, both p < 0.001). Boys ran further and their activity was more intermittent compared to girls (main effect of sex, both p < 0.001). Moreover, the highest fit children ran further than less fit children (main effect of fitness, p < 0.001). This study provides novel evidence of the nature of physical activity during The Daily Mile; demonstrating that children covered, on average, 1.5-miles and exercised at a moderate-to-vigorous intensity. Furthermore, boys covered a greater distance and were more intermittent than girls; whilst higher fit children ran further than lower fit children. In summary, The Daily Mile makes a valuable contribution to in-school physical activity targets in all children.
Large-scale screening of natural genetic resource in the hydrocarbon-producing microalga Botrycoccus braunii identified novel fast-growing strains
Authors: Kawamura Koji , Nishikawa Suzune , Hirano Kotaro , Ardianor Ardianor , Nugroho Rudy Agung , Okada Shigeru 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAlgal biofuel research aims to make a renewable, carbon–neutral biofuel by using oil-producing microalgae. The freshwater microalga Botryococcus braunii has received much attention due to its ability to accumulate large amounts of petroleum-like hydrocarbons but suffers from slow growth. We performed a large-scale screening of fast-growing strains with 180 strains isolated from 22 ponds located in a wide geographic range from the tropics to cool-temperate. A fast-growing strain, Showa, which recorded the highest productivities of algal hydrocarbons to date, was used as a benchmark. The initial screening was performed by monitoring optical densities in glass tubes and identified 9 wild strains with faster or equivalent growth rates to Showa. The biomass-based assessments showed that biomass and hydrocarbon productivities of these strains were 12–37% and 11–88% higher than that of Showa, respectively. One strain, OIT-678 established a new record of the fastest growth rate in the race B strains with a doubling time of 1.2 days. The OIT-678 had 36% higher biomass productivity, 34% higher hydrocarbon productivity, and 20% higher biomass density than Showa at the same cultivation conditions, suggesting the potential of the new strain to break the record for the highest productivities of hydrocarbons.
Detection of loci exhibiting pleiotropic effects on body weight and egg number in female broilers
Authors: Tarsani Eirini , Kranis Andreas , Maniatis Gerasimos , Hager-Theodorides Ariadne L. , Kominakis Antonios 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to discover the genetic variants, functional candidate genes, biological processes and molecular functions underlying the negative genetic correlation observed between body weight (BW) and egg number (EN) traits in female broilers. To this end, first a bivariate genome-wide association and second stepwise conditional-joint analyses were performed using 2586 female broilers and 240 k autosomal SNPs. The aforementioned analyses resulted in a total number of 49 independent cross-phenotype (CP) significant SNPs with 35 independent markers showing antagonistic action i.e., positive effects on one trait and negative effects on the other trait. A number of 33 independent CP SNPs were located within 26 and 14 protein coding and long non-coding RNA genes, respectively. Furthermore, 26 independent markers were situated within 44 reported QTLs, most of them related to growth traits. Investigation of the functional role of protein coding genes via pathway and gene ontology analyses highlighted four candidates (CPEB3, ACVR1, MAST2andCACNA1H) as most plausible pleiotropic genes for the traits under study. Three candidates (CPEB3, MAST2andCACNA1H) were associated with antagonistic pleiotropy, whileACVR1with synergistic pleiotropic action. Current results provide a novel insight into the biological mechanism of the genetic trade-off between growth and reproduction, in broilers.