bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Approach to the Patient with Kidney Disease
Authors: Arici Mustafa 
Published: January 2021

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has diverse presentations that are frequently subclinical early in its course but symptomatic in more advanced stages. Quite commonly, kidney disease is diagnosed as an incidental finding in blood or urine tests. It is therefore crucial to understand how to assess kidney function tests and know the diverse presentations of kidney diseases in clinical practice. Assessment of kidney function mainly comprises three important steps: measuring glomerular filtration rate (GFR), estimation of urine albumin or protein excretion, and urinalysis/sediment examination. Estimating GFR based on a filtration marker (usually serum creatinine) is now widely accepted as the initial test. Several GFR prediction equations that use serum creatinine or other filtration markers along with certain patient characteristics (such as age, gender, and race) are used to estimate GFR, though several limitations must be considered when interpreting their results. Measurement of proteinuria or albuminuria provides insights into etiology (glomerular versus other parenchymal kidney diseases) and an assessment of risk of progression (ie, greater proteinuria, higher risk of progression). A complete examination of urine should be performed in all kidney patients. Urinalysis/sediment examination provides important information for both differential diagnosis of acute kidney disease (AKD) and CKD and clues for underlying etiologies of kidney disease. Several serologic tests and selected imaging studies complement the assessment of kidney diseases. Renal biopsy is occasionally required to specify the exact diagnosis and direct the treatment. All these investigations should be performed to determine the duration of kidney disease (ie, acute or chronic), designate the specific etiology, assess the risk for progression, and evaluate the presence of complications. Recently, several risk stratification scores or prediction models were developed for early diagnosis or predicting prognosis of acute kidney injury or CKD. These risk models may help to decrease the huge burden of kidney diseases on the individual as well as social level.

This review contains 1 figure, 11 tables and 29 references
Key Words: albumin-creatinine ratio, albuminuria, biomarkers, eGFR, chronic kidney disease, cystatin C, history, imaging, glomerular filtration rate , physical examination, renal biopsy, serum creatinine, urinalysis
Ears
Authors: Pruitt Peter , Stair Thomas Osborne 
Published: January 2021

As the structure of the ear is made of little more than cartilage, a limited blood supply, and a thin layer of skin, trauma in this area can easily manifest from a variety of causes. Some common examples of trauma involve laceration, piercing (intentional or otherwise), infection causing chondritis, blunt trauma causing necrosis, rupture of the tympanic membrane, perforation of the ear drum, and acoustic trauma that may result in hearing disorders such as tinnitus and high-frequency hearing loss. Acute hearing loss shows in two forms: conductive hearing loss and sensorineural hearing loss, the latter of which is caused by damage to the anatomic or neurologic structures of the ear dedicated to hearing. Sensorineural hearing loss generally has a poor prognosis and mandates prompt referral to an otolaryngologist.
This review contains 4 figures, 13 tables, and 32 references.
Keywords: Ear, auricular canal, trauma, otitis media, otitis externa, hearing loss, mastoiditis, cerumen, impaction
Breastfeeding
Authors: Richardson Marcie 
Published: January 2021

Breastfeeding is endorsed by the medical community as the optimal nutrition for infants during the first 6-12 months of life.1,2,3 Breastfeeding rates in the US and worldwide have varied over time and still vary geographically.4 There is robust literature addressing the physiology of lactation, composition of breast milk, and health advantages of breastfeeding for both the mother and infant as well as strategies for clinicians to promote and support breastfeeding. This chapter reviews breastfeeding history, how milk is made, why breastfeeding matters, and the somewhat controversial the World Health Organization’s Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI)5 for successful initiation of lactation as well as some special situations.
Key words: breastfeeding, infant nutrition, human milk composition, breastfeeding advantages, lactation, lactation support, Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative, skin to skin contact
Fetal Macrosomia
Authors: Clifford Caitlin , Edlow Andrea G. 
Published: January 2021

Excessive fetal growth and increased birth weight are associated with significant maternal and neonatal morbidity and have become increasingly common given the global obesity epidemic. Fetal macrosomia is traditionally defined in developed countries as fetal weight greater than 4,000 grams or 4,500 grams regardless of gestational age. Large-for-gestational-age is traditionally defined as birth weight equal to or greater than the ninetieth percentile for a given gestational age. Both are associated with a continuum of risk for complications, including shoulder dystocia, birth trauma, stillbirth, and infant mortality. Diabetes is strongly associated with macrosomia, and control of maternal hyperglycemia has been proven to decrease rates of macrosomia and associated adverse pregnancy outcomes. Pregnancy-based interventions to minimize gestational weight gain have failed to consistently demonstrate a significant impact on macrosomia.
This review contains 5 tables, and 77 references.
Keywords: pregnancy, macrosomia, large for gestational age, estimated fetal weight, diabetes, obesity, shoulder dystocia, cesarean delivery, stillbirth
Patient with Postthoracotomy Pain
Authors: Cheng Jianguo , Cheng Olivia T 
Published: January 2021

Pain due to thoracotomy is among the most severe pain experienced after surgery. It has both neuropathic and myofascial components. About 50% of patients suffer from chronic postthoracotomy pain 1 year after surgery. Thoracic paravertebral block or thoracic epidural analgesia is recommended as the first-choice therapy for thoracotomy analgesia. Preoperatively initiated thoracic epidural analgesia is associated with better pain control and decreased incidence (and intensity) of chronic postthoracotomy pain compared with postoperative (epidural or intravenous) analgesia. Compared with inhalation anesthesia, total intravenous anesthesia significantly reduced the incidence of chronic postthoracotomy pain syndrome, which is notoriously challenging to treat. Gabapentinoids and antidepressants may be beneficial for the neuropathic component of chronic postthoracotomy pain syndrome. A pregabalin and methylcobalamin combination has been shown to be safe and effective in the treatment of chronic postthoracotomy pain, with minimal side effects. Interventional therapies such as intercostal nerve block or ablation, spinal cord stimulation, and targeted subcutaneous neuromodulation may be indicated in more refractory and debilitating cases.
This review contains 1 table, and 57 references.
Key words: chronic postthoracotomy pain, cryoneurolysis, intercostal nerve block, open thoracotomy surgery, paravertebral block, postthoracotomy pain, postthoracotomy pain syndrome, spinal cord stimulation, thoracic epidural analgesia, thoracotomy, total intravenous analgesia, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery
Bertolotti Syndrome
Authors: Wu Jiang , Cheng Jianguo 
Published: January 2021

Bertolotti syndrome is caused by a lumbosacral transitional vertebra, a congenital variation of the most caudal lumbar vertebra, characterized by an enlarged transverse process that articulates or fuses with the sacrum, ilium, or both. This syndrome accounts for 4.6 to 7% of cases of low back pain in adults and for more than 11% of patients with low back pain who are under 30 years old. The primary effect of lumbosacral transitional vertebra is reduced and asymmetrical motion between the transitional vertebra and the sacrum, resulting in early arthritic changes at pseudoarticulation; the secondary effect is the progressively compensatory modifications in the biomechanics of the mobile vertebral segments superior to the transitional vertebra related to restriction in rotation and bending motion at the lumbosacral articulation. Bertolotti syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of low back pain. Clinical findings include low back pain in the midline or paramedian area that is reproduced with palpation along the base of the lumbosacral spine and near the posterosuperior iliac spine and aggravated by forward flexion, excessive extension, or lateralization of the back to the same side of the mega-apophysis. A plain x-ray is diagnostic; the extension-flexion lumbosacral radiographs in anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique views demonstrate lumbosacral transitional vertebra, with an enlarged unilateral or bilateral transverse process of the most distal lumbar vertebra, abnormally articulating with the ala of the sacrum and degenerative changes of the pseudarthrosis. Other imaging studies, such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbosacral spine and selective radiculography of the spinal nerve, could provide additional detailed anatomic information. Major differential diagnoses of Bertolotti syndrome include sacroiliac joint pain, myofascial pain, lumbar facet pain, lumbar disk herniation, compression fracture, and Baastrup disease/interspinous bursitis. These conditions are not mutually exclusive and, in fact, often coexist. A course of conservative management, including activity modification, medication management with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, muscle relaxants, and rehabilitative physical therapy, should be offered initially. Due to the multifactorial etiology of low back pain in patients with Bertolotti syndrome, procedures such as diagnostic intrapseudoarticular block for arthritis, medial branch block for facet arthropathy, diskography for diskogenic pain, and selective nerve roots block for radiculopathy can potentially help identify the primary and secondary origins of the pain. Surgical treatment of Bertolotti syndrome was only slightly better than conservative treatment and should only be used in very selective patients with disk pathology. To achieve long-term improvement by any of these therapeutic options, a continuing physical rehabilitation program is often needed.
Key words: Bertolotti syndrome, intrapseudoarticular block, transitional lumbosacral vertebra, transverse process
Quality of Care: Performance Measurement and Quality Improvement in Clinical Practice
Authors: Desai Sonali P. , Kachalia Allen 
Published: January 2021

Attention to the quality of care within the United States health care system has grown tremendously over the past decade. We have witnessed a significant change in how quality improvement and clinical performance measurement are approached. The current focus on quality and safety stems in part from the increasingly clear realization that more services and technological advancement are not automatically equivalent to high-quality care. Much of the discussion about cost and quality in health care is shifting towards the concept of value. Value is defined as health outcomes achieved per dollar spent (in other words, an assessment of the quality of care per cost). This chapter reviews the current state of quality improvement in health care and, because improvement cannot be determined without measurement, reviews several aspects of effective clinical performance measurement. Since many measures are already in place, the chapter describes some of the organizations involved in quality measurement and improvement, as well the approaches they utilize. It looks at the multiple strategies in place to improve quality, from process management to collaboration, from financial incentives to transparency, and reviews newer models of care delivery that may materialize in the near future. Tables list types of quality measures, characteristics to consider when developing a quality measure, and organizations involved in quality improvement and performance measurement. A figure shows strategies used by the federal government to spur performance measurement and quality improvement.

This review contains 1 figure, 3 tables, and 56 references
Keywords: Quality of care, performance measure, quality improvement, clinical practice, sigma six, transparency
Epidemiology and Economics of Nephrolithiasis
Authors: Ziemba Justin B. , Matlaga Brian R. 
Published: January 2021

Nephrolithiasis is a disease that is common in both the Western and the non-Western world. Several population-based studies have demonstrated a rising incidence and prevalence of symptomatic and asymptomatic disease over the last several decades. The disease recurs frequently after an initial stone event. The environment appears to play a role in stone formation, particularly in those living in the southeastern United States. The influence of diet on the risk of nephrolithiasis is important, particularly dietary calcium and fluid intake. An increased intake of dietary calcium and fluid is consistently associated with a reduced risk of incident nephrolithiasis in both men and women. Increasing evidence suggests that nephrolithiasis is associated with systemic diseases like obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Nephrolithiasis places a significant burden on the health care system, which is likely to increase with time.

This review contains 4 tables and 22 references

Key Words: diet, epidemiology, kidney calculi, nephrolithiasis
Medical Management of Lower Extremity Manifestations of Peripheral Artery Disease
Authors: McDermott Mary M. 
Published: January 2021

Lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD) affects eight million people in the United States and over 200 million men and women worldwide. Furthermore, recent evidence from the Global Disease Burden suggests that the prevalence of PAD increased worldwide by 20% between 2000 and 2010. Patients with PAD are at increased risk for cardiovascular events, functional impairment, and mobility loss. With advancements in medical science and improved treatments for cardiovascular disease, rates of cardiovascular events have declined in the United States and in other high socioeconomic countries. Consequently, people are living longer with chronic debilitating diseases, such as PAD. Optimal medical management of patients with PAD is essential to help these patients survive longer with optimal quality of life and without disability. This review covers medical therapies to improve lower extremity functioning in people with PAD, additional medications to improve walking performance in PAD, and both walking and nonwalking exercise interventions for lower extremity PAD, Tables outline outcome measures typically used to assess improvement in response to medical therapies for PAD; FDA-approved medications and medications that may be beneficial but are not FDA-approved for intermittent claudication symptoms; exercise therapies that benefit patients with PAD; and additional considerations regarding exercise therapy in PAD. Graphs showcase ramipril versus placebo and changes in walking time according to home-based versus supervised walking exercise.
This review contains 2 figures, 5 tables, and 68 references.
Evaluation of adolescent and adult patients treated with the Carriere Motion Class III appliance followed by fixed appliances
Authors: McNamara James A. , Franchi Lorenzo , McClatchey Laurie McNamara , Kowalski Sarah E. , Cheeseman Camaron C. 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT

Objectives
To determine dentoalveolar and skeletal effects produced in mature patients by the Carriere Motion Class III (CM3) appliance followed by fixed appliances.

Materials and Methods
This retrospective study evaluated 32 patients at three time points: T1 (initial), T2 (removal of CM3), and T3 (posttreatment). Serial cephalograms were traced and digitized, and best-fit regional superimpositions were constructed. Eleven linear and 7 angular variables were measured. The starting forms of the CM3 patients were compared with a sample of untreated subjects with normal occlusions and well-balanced faces.

Results
The CM3 phase lasted 6.3 months, followed by a phase of fixed appliances lasting 12.9 months; the total duration of treatment was 19.2 months. Minimal skeletal changes were measured sagittally, with only a slight increase in lower anterior facial height observed during treatment. Most treatment changes were dentoalveolar in nature. Wits appraisal increased 4.0 mm during treatment. The molar relationship improved by 6.0 mm during phase I, a value that rebounded slightly during phase II, resulting in an improvement toward Class I of 4.8 mm. Best-fit regional superimpositions revealed anterior movement of upper molars relative to the maxilla and posterior movement of lower molars relative to the mandible.

Conclusions
The Carriere Motion Class III appliance is an effective and efficient method of resolving occlusal problems in minimally growing Class III patients. Primary treatment effects are dentoalveolar in nature with minimal skeletal alterations.
Väitöskirja viron kielen partitiivin ja illatiivin variaatiosta
Authors: Laalo Klaus 
Published: January 2021

Arvioitu teos:
Ann Siiman: Vormikasutuse varieerumine ning selle põhjused osastava ja sisseütleva käände näitel. Dissertationes Philologiae Estonicae Universitatis Tartuensis 45. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus 2019. isbn 978-9949-03-124-5. Saatavilla verkossa osoitteessa http://hdl.handle.net/10062/64787.
Managing Creativity in Academic Research
Authors: Hemlin Sven 
Published: January 2021

This article discusses how management could be used in promoting creativity in academic research. First, research management is introduced with the observation that management often creates tension in academic research. Second, a comprehensive research management model is presented as a tool for analysis. Third, studies of creative and innovative working groups are applied to academic research management. Finally, a conclusion is drawn with six implications for the improvement of creativity supported by research management.
Promises that Matter: Reconfiguring Ecology in the Ecotrons
Authors: Granjou Céline , Walker Jeremy 
Published: January 2021

Ecotrons are large instruments designed to produce experimentally valid knowledge through the controlled manipulation of enclosed, simplifed ecosystems. Situating the ecotrons within a select genealogy of artificial biospheres, and drawing on interviews with key researchers engaged in the conception and recent construction of two ecotrons in France, we propose to think through ecotrons as promissory and anticipatory infrastructures that materialize a profound reconfiguration of ecologists’ roles within wider civilizational narratives. Ecotrons encapsulate ecologists’ ambitions to practice a ‘hard’ science, recognized by international environmental and science policy forums: they were integral to rise of the sub-discipline of functional ecology which underpins the policy discourse of ‘ecosystem services’. Combining patterns of controlled experimentation with live simulations of future environmental conditions anticipated in climate change scenarios, and thus materialise a reorientation of the vocation of ecology: to secure the resilience of those ‘ecosystem services’ deemed critical to social life. Originally tasked with assessing the effects of biodiversity loss on to the productivity and stability of ecosystems, ecotron research is increasingly focused on microbial ecosystems, and takes place within a terminology resolutely optimistic about the possibilities of ecological engineering, to the exclusion of earlier concerns with mass extinction. Keywords: ecotrons, functional ecology, infrastructure, biodiversity, anticipation, global warming
Sosiaali- ja terveydenhuollon alueellisten palveluketjujen kehittäminen
Authors: Friman Susanna , Ikonen Tuija , Eloranta Sini , Suominen Sakari 
Published: January 2021

Monet eri toimijat tuottavat sosiaali- ja terveydenhuollon (sote) palveluja julkisella, yksityisellä ja kolmannella sektorilla. Säädökset edellyttävät, että yhteistyön tavoista laadunhallinnassa ja potilasturvallisuuden täytäntöönpanossa on sovittava alueellisesti. Alueellisen yhteistyön merkitys korostunee sote-muutosratkaisujen täytäntöönpanovaiheessa. Tässä haastattelututkimuksessa selvitettiin alueellisen yhteistyön tilaa ja tarpeita yhden yliopistollisen sairaanhoitopiirin yksiköissä sekä sairaanhoitopiirin alueella kolmessa kunnassa. Aineisto kerättiin puolistrukturoidulla teemahaastattelulla organisaatioiden laadunhallinnasta vastaavilta tai sitä koordinoivilta vastuuhenkilöiltä. Haastattelut analysoitiin sisällönanalyysillä aineistolähtöisesti. Tutkimuskohteena olleiden sote-organisaatioiden välinen alueellinen yhteistyö oli vaihtelevaa. Haastateltavat kuvasivat alueellisesti eri laajuisia sekä systemaattisuudeltaan vaihtelevia yhteistyön toimintatapoja ja käytänteitä. Kohdeorganisaatioista osallistuttiin kansallisiin ja alueellisiin hankkeisiin, tehtiin alueellista ja kansallista verkostoyhteistyötä sekä kehitettiin yksittäisiä alueellisia palveluprosesseja. Haastateltavat tunnistivat yhteisiä alueellisia kehittämistarpeita, kuten yhtenäinen laadunhallinnan viitekehys, asiakasprosessien kuvaukset, yhdyspintatyöskentelyn arviointi ja kehittäminen, terveyttä edistävän lähestymistavan nykyistä laajempi toimeenpano, perusterveydenhuollon toimintojen tukeminen sekä potilas- ja asiakaskontakteihin liittyvän tiedon jakaminen sähköisten järjestelmien avulla hoitoketjujen toimivuuden tueksi. Haastateltavat ottivat esiin kolmannen sektorin keskeisenä yhteistyökumppanina, mutta eivät maininneet yksityissektoria vastauksissaan. He eivät myöskään kuvanneet sosiaalihuollon ja terveydenhuollon integraatiopyrkimyksiä. Haastateltujen antamat vastaukset osoittivat halukkuutta kaavaillun sote-rakenneuudistuksen mukaisen alueellisen yhteistyön lisäämiseen.