bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Causal inference under over-simplified longitudinal causal models
Authors: Étiévant Lola , Viallon Vivian 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Many causal models of interest in epidemiology involve longitudinal exposures, confounders and mediators. However, repeated measurements are not always available or used in practice, leading analysts to overlook the time-varying nature of exposures and work under over-simplified causal models. Our objective is to assess whether – and how – causal effects identified under such misspecified causal models relates to true causal effects of interest. We derive sufficient conditions ensuring that the quantities estimated in practice under over-simplified causal models can be expressed as weighted averages of longitudinal causal effects of interest. Unsurprisingly, these sufficient conditions are very restrictive, and our results state that the quantities estimated in practice should be interpreted with caution in general, as they usually do not relate to any longitudinal causal effect of interest. Our simulations further illustrate that the bias between the quantities estimated in practice and the weighted averages of longitudinal causal effects of interest can be substantial. Overall, our results confirm the need for repeated measurements to conduct proper analyses and/or the development of sensitivity analyses when they are not available.
Design of a low cost and power efficient 200/400 Gbps optical interconnect using DAC-less simplified PAM4 architecture
Authors: Chowdhury Bilas , Atieh Ahmad , Eyceyurt Engin , Murshid Syed 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Incoherent addition of three monochromatic laser sources is used to create four distinctive power levels to match the profile of standard quaternary pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4). The proposed PAM4 signal generation results in a lower symbol error rate as compared to standard PAM4 systems. This design improves the signal-to-noise ratio as compared to existing PAM4 schemes and can reduce the cost and power consumption of existing 200 G or higher optical transceivers.
Three Roles of Empirical Information in Philosophy: Intuitions on Mathematics do Not Come for Free
Authors: Kant Deborah , Pérez-Escobar José Antonio , Sarikaya Deniz 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis work gives a new argument for ‘Empirical Philosophy of Mathematical Practice’. It analyses different modalities on how empirical information can influence philosophical endeavours. We evoke the classical dichotomy between “armchair” philosophy and empirical/experimental philosophy, and claim that the latter should in turn be subdivided in three distinct styles:Apostate speculator,Informed analyst, andFreeway explorer. This is a shift of focus from the source of the information towards its use by philosophers. We present several examples from philosophy of mind/science and ethics on one side and a case study from philosophy of mathematics on the other. We argue that empirically informed philosophy of mathematics is different from the rest in a way that encourages aFreeway explorerapproach, because intuitions about mathematical objects are often unavailable for non-mathematicians (since they are sometimes hard to grasp even for mathematicians). This consideration is supported by a case study in set theory.
Proteoglycan-depleted regions of annular injury promote nerve ingrowth in a rabbit disc degeneration model
Authors: Xin Long , Xu Weixin , Wang Jian , Yu Fang , Fan Shunwu , Xu Xinwei , Yang Yang 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Background
To assess the effects of proteoglycan-depleted regions of annular disruptions on nerve ingrowth in the injury site in vivo.

Methods
New Zealand white rabbits (n = 18) received annular injuries at L3/4, L4/5, and L5/6. The experimental discs were randomly assigned to four groups: (a) an annular defect was created; (b) an annular defect implanted with a poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)/fibrin/PBS plug; (c) an annular defect implanted with a PLGA/fibrin/chondroitinase ABC (chABC) plug; and (d) an uninjured L2/3 disc (control). Disc degeneration was evaluated by radiography, MRI, histology, and analysis of the proteoglycan (PG) content. Immunohistochemical detection of nerve fibers and chondroitin sulfate (CS) was performed.

Results
The injured discs produced progressive and reliable disc degeneration. In the defective discs, the lamellated appearance of AF (Annulus fibrosus) was replaced by extensive fibrocartilaginous-like tissue formation outside the injured sites. In contrast, newly formed tissue was distributed along small fissures, and small blood vessels appeared in the outer part of the disrupted area in the PLGA/fibrin/PBS discs. More sprouting nerve fibers grew further into the depleted annulus regions in the PLGA/fibrin/chABC discs than in the control discs and those receiving PLGA/fibrin/PBS. In addition, the innervation scores of the PLGA/fibrin/chABC discs were significantly increased compared with those of the PLGA/fibrin/PBS discs and defected discs.

Conclusion
ChABC-based PLGA/fibrin gel showed promising results by achieving biointegration with native annulus tissue and providing a local source for the sustained release of active chABC. Disc-derived PG-mediated inhibition of nerve and blood vessel ingrowth was abrogated by chABC enzymatic deglycosylation in an annular-injured rabbit disc degeneration model.
Co-Constructing Digital Archiving Practices for Community Heritage Preservation in Egypt and Iraq
Authors: Baker James , Shahab Sofya , Tadros Mariz 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe document cultural heritage to preserve cultural heritage, to ensure its survival by pushing back against the entropic forces of forgetting and neglect. These entropic forces are particularly acute for intangible cultural heritage preserved in digital form and produced in fragile and conflict-affected settings. And whilst professionals from across the “memory” professions have responded to these challenges, based on our experience of development work with young people in Egypt and Iraq, they have done so in ways that are ill-suited to the worldviews, cultural practices, educational experience and learning models of those outside centres of archival power. This paper describes the delivery of “digital archiving” workshops, training, support and resources developed by an interdisciplinary and multi-sectoral collective of academics, practitioners, community leaders and community participants. Working at the intersection of development studies, heritage management and digital preservation, this paper argues that cultural heritage practices are enriched by foregrounding particular place-based and contingent activities that productively peel back the provincialism of the canons of enlightenment memory work.
The Effect of the Regional “Income Tax Withholding Allowance” and “Social Security Premium Support” Programmes on Labour Outcomes in Turkey
Authors: Giovanis Eleftherios , Ozdamar Oznur , Akilotu Eda 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper examines the employment effects of the “Income tax withholding allowance” and “Social security premium support” programmes implemented in Turkey in 2012. The programmes aim to provide incentives to firms and generate employment opportunities for groups in targeted regions in the Eastern part of Turkey. The analysis relies on detailed micro-level data derived by the Household Labour Force Survey in 2008–2016. We apply the difference-in-differences (DID) method, and we use as treated subjects the respondents located in the regions affected by the policy. Moreover, we propose the propensity score matching approach within the DID framework to reduce the possible selection bias. The findings show a positive impact of the programme on employment, wages, the number of working hours and labour force participation, but we find a negative effect on the probability of being employed in a permanent job for the treated group.
Representación de las hablas andaluzas en los corpus del español y revisión de sus rasgos sintácticos
Authors: Fernández Alcaide Marta 
Published: November 2021

La revisión bibliográfica de la caracterización de las hablas andaluzas permite obtener un breve repertorio de rasgos morfosintácticos ("ustedes" como forma de segunda persona del plural, usos pronominales átonos etimológicos, el orden "más nada", "más nadie", "más nunca", etc.). La contribución de la NGLE al establecimiento de estas construcciones vinculadas a la modalidad andaluza es imprecisa y no siempre viene acompañada de muestras de lengua que corroboren la exposición teórica. Por eso, parece necesario verificar si tales construcciones tienen presencia o no en corpus diacrónicos del español que recogen textos escritos atribuidos a autores de origen andaluz. El trabajo permite examinar la presencia andaluza en los corpus a nuestro alcance actualmente, comprobar la representatividad de tales construcciones morfosintácticas y reconsiderar la nómina de características en este nivel que la preceptiva académica atribuye a las hablas andaluzas en sus obras más recientes.
Characteristics of Canadian school food programs funded by provinces and territories
Authors: Ruetz Amberley T. , McKenna Mary L. 
Published: October 2021

Given the complexity of school food programs (SFPs) in Canada and recent political developments, this research provides a systematic examination of provincially and territorially-funded SFPs during the 2018/19 school year. Relevant literature and the RE-AIM Framework, a planning and evaluation tool developed by Glasgow, Boles & Vogt (1999), informed the development of an electronic survey sent to leads in each province and territory to assess SFP Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance. Results from 24 surveys (16 from provincial/territorial ministries/ departments, supplemented by surveys from 8 non-governmental organizations (NGOs), indicate considerable variability across Canada. Collectively, provinces and territories contributed over $93 million to support a minimum of 6,159 programs in 5,186 JK-12 schools, funding free breakfasts, snacks, and/or lunches for a minimum of 1,018,323 or 20% of students (based on limited data in some jurisdictions). The majority of provinces and territories partner with one or more NGOs and rely heavily on NGO staff and volunteers. Program demand often exceeds supply and monitoring is inconsistent. This research, which provide an important but incomplete picture of SFPs in Canada, indicate the value of future discussions about SFP administration, especially about program mandates, student reach and universality, sustainability and resources, and monitoring based on nationally-harmonized metrics. The results offer opportunities to explore promising organizational practices, enhanced collaboration, and sharing of expertise, all of which would assist with developing the National School Food Program proposed in the 2019 federal budget.
Generasi Muda, Agama Islam, dan Media Baru (Studi Kualitatif Perilaku Keagamaan di Shift Gerakan Pemuda Hijrah, Kota Bandung)
Authors: Abdurrahman Muhammad Sufyan 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACTThis study analyzes the motives & meanings, and symbolic interactions of the Hijrah Youth Shift movement in Bandung. The study used a study-oriented perspective of proselytizing psychology to explore the trend of hijrah and da'wah movements among urban youth. This study used a qualitative approach to obtain descriptive data about the research context. The results showed that the Hijrah motive occurred because; encouragement from past events; encouragement from friends; Encouragement affects others; and Drive for the future. While the meaning of hijrah for members; trying to improve, making life more careful; and creating new thoughts about religion and making fun of falling in love with Islam. Interaction driven by; First, the presence of the meaning of the language so that words do not go to waste. Second, invite the surrounding community to post complimentary messages on social media; Third, keep looking the same because you emigrate does not have to be seen from your physical appearance.Keywords: Hijrah Movement; new media; Shift Pemuda Hijrah.ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis motif & makna, dan interaksi simbolik gerakan Shift Pemuda Hijrah di Kota Bandung. Penelitian menggunakan sudut pandang psikologi dakwah yang berorientasi pada kajian untuk menggali trend hijrah dan gerakan dakwah di kalangan anak muda perkotaan. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif untuk mendapatkan data deskriptif mengenai konteks penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Motif hijrah terjadi karena; dorongan dari peristiwa di masa lalu; dorongan dari teman; Dorongan mempengaruhi orang lain; dan Dorongan untuk masa depan. Sedangkan makna hijrah bagi anggota; berusaha memperbaiki diri; berusaha membuat hidup lebih berhati hati; dan berusaha membuat pemikiran baru mengenai agama dan membuat kesenangan karena merasakan jatuh cinta dengan agama Islam. Interaksi didorong oleh; Pertama, hadirnya makna bahasa agar tidak banyak perkataan mubazir. Kedua, mengajak lingkungan sekitar untuk mengunggah pesan positif di media sosial; Ketiga, tetap berpenampilan sama karena berhijrah tidak harus terlihat dari penampilan fisik.
Antydemoniczny charakter sakramentu święceń
Authors: Ficoń Marta 
Published: November 2021

Dzięki sakramentowi święceń biskup, prezbiter i diakon otrzymuje od Chrystusa władzę głoszenia słowa Bożego, sprawowania liturgii i prowadzenia posługi miłosierdzia, do której zalicza się troska o osoby dręczone przez diabła. Dzięki ich posłudze Chrystus nadal troszczy się o swój lud, ponieważ głoszą „naukę z mocą” (Mk 1, 27) zdolną wyrzucać złe duchy, zaś biskupi i prezbiterzy celebrują sakramenty ograniczające strefę wpływów królestwa ciemności w duszach ludzi oraz sprawują egzorcyzmy, czyli wyzwalają człowieka spod władzy i wpływów demona.
Urząd moderatora kurii diecezjalnej
Authors: Adamczyk Jerzy 
Published: November 2021

W celu usprawnienia pracy kurii biskup diecezjalny tam, gdzie to będzie wskazane, może mianować moderatora kurii diecezjalnej. Niniejszy artykuł podejmuje kwestię urzędu moderatora.Najpierw zwrócono uwagę na to, że moderator kurii diecezjalnej jest nowym organem w strukturze kurii diecezjalnej. Następnie przedstawiono zagadnienie osoby piastującej stanowisko moderatora kurii biskupiej. Na koniec omówiono zadania moderatora kurii diecezjalnej.
Sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity and osteoarthritis
Authors: Dedukh Ninel , Zaverukha Nataliia , Bystrytska Maryna , Yakovenchuk Nataliya 
Published: November 2021

Sarcopenia is considered an important geriatric syndrome, the manifestations of which lead to impaired quality of life and increased mortality. Sarcopenia is a disease associated with decreased muscle mass and strength. Sarcopenic obesity is manifested by an increase in subcutaneous or visceral fat, fatty degeneration of muscles, and is also accompanied by impaired muscle function. After the age of 40, an average of 8 % loss of muscle mass is noted, and by the age of 80 this value can reach 50 %. The review examined the relationship between sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity, and osteoarthritis (OA).Many exogenous and endogenous factors influence the development and course of OA. Based on the study of mechanisms of cellular and molecular profiles, the specific features for these frequently coexisting pathologies have been identified. The review presents the molecular mechanisms in the development of sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity and osteoarthritis. Increased fat mass is manifested by increased adipogenesis, expression of inflammatory molecules (leptin, adiponectin, interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-1b, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor α) that contribute to chronic low-grade systemic inflammationand negatively affect muscle and joint quality. The relationship between elevated levels of myostatin and muscle weakness as well as myostatin accumulation in synovial fluid and severity of osteoarthritis was considered. Some common mechanisms in the development of sarcopenia and OA were noted: the influence of oxidative stress, systemic chronic inflammation, and disruption of the signaling pathway of bone morphogenetic proteins. Based on the analysis of associations between sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity, and OA, population-based studies have revealed a high prevalence of knee OA with an increased risk among men with sarcopenic obesity. Women with sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity had a high risk of knee OA in both groups. The review reviewed the prevention and treatment of the combined pathology, in particular the effect of sarcopenia on the results of total joint а rthroplasty in patients with OA. In general, sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity, and OA can be considered as concomitant age-associated diseases that jointly affect quality of life and life expectancy.
COMO O RACISMO ESTRUTURAL IMPEDE A IMPLEMENTAÇÃO DA ERER NO ENSINO DE QUÍMICA
Authors: Alves Mendes Carla Cristina , Costa da Silva Gustavo Henrique , Dos Reis Mariana Gabriele , Quintino Amauro Nicea 
Published: November 2021

Considerando que as escolhas curriculares se apresentam em consonância com a história singular e caucasiana, não contemplando a diversidade dos corpos presentes nos espaços escolares, este artigo busca evidenciar como o racismo estrutural impede a implementação da Educação para as Relações Étnico-Raciais no Ensino de Química (EREREQ). Para tanto, estabelecemos uma relação entre o racismo estrutural e o ensino de Ciências/Química, consubstanciada por entrevistas feitas com seis educadores/as de Química que lecionam para alunos do Ensino Médio de escolas públicas e particulares do estado de Minas Gerais, a partir destas construímos significados para aprimorar a compreensão de como o racismo estrutural atua em seu caráter impeditivo para a realização de atividades pedagógicas intencionalmente organizadas. Trata-se, portanto, de uma pesquisa qualitativa que, por meio de análise de conteúdo, discutiu as respostas dos participantes com respaldo na biografia específica da EREREQ. Nesse sentido, as entrevistas e suas respectivas análises nos permitiram concluir que há múltiplos lugares de origem da manifestação da hierarquização e da desigualdade racial. Constatamos, ainda, que a resistência à efetivação da EREREQ se encontra não somente no comportamento dos estudantes e das famílias, mas também na postura de professores e professoras, que transferem a responsabilidade para as instituições de ensino ou para o currículo.
Roma Hukukunda Çiftçi Yasaları Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme
Authors: KOÇAK Talat 
Published: October 2021

İnsanlığın tarım toplumuna geçişi İÖ 10.000-6.000 yıllar arasında Neolitik Çağ’da olmuştur. Bu dönemde tarıma geçilmesinin bir sonucu olarak suya yakın, tarıma elverişli yerlerde sabit köy yerleşmeleri görülmeye başlanmıştır. İnsanların göçebe yaşam tarzından yeni bir düzene geçmesinden dolayı bazı araştırmacılar bu olayı “Neolitik Devrim” olarak adlandırılmıştır. Tarımdaki bu ilerlemenin bir sonucu olarak devam eden süreçte hukuk alanında da çiftçilikle ilgili kanunlar meydana getirilmiştir. Çiftçilikle ilgili ilk yasa örneklerini Mezopotamya ve Anadolu Kanunlarında görmekteyiz.
Roma başlangıçta bir tarım toplumudur. Dünya hukuk tarihine önemli katkılar sunan bu medeniyette çiftçilerle ilgili kanun maddeleri bir hayli yer tutar. Bu yasalar Theodosianus ve Iustinianus hukuk külliyatında toplanarak, geç imparatorluk dönemi uygulamaları kayıt altına alınmıştır. Her ne kadar Digesta 6. yüzyılda oluşturulmuşsa da bu yüzyıla ait kanunların sayısı oldukça azdır. Kanunların geneli 2. ve 5. yüzyıllardaki hukukçuların çalışmalarını içermektedir. Çiftçi Yasaları Geç Antik Çağ’ın son hukuksal metni olan ve Ecloga adı verilen kanunların, ekler kısmında da kendine yer bulacaktır. Yasalar çiftçilerin sadece tarla, hasat ve sınır problemleriyle ilgili değildir. Vergi, büyük ve küçükbaş hayvanlar, kümes hayvanları, üzüm yetiştiriciliği, değirmenler ve tarım aletleri ile ilgili çiftçiler arasında yaşanan sorunlara çözümler sunmaktadır.
Pengaruh Iklan terhadap Perilaku Merokok Siswa: Literature Review
Authors: Hasanah Rofiatul , Gayatri Rara Warih , Ratih Suci Puspita 
Published: October 2021

Abstract: The prevalence of adolescent tobacco users in Indonesia continues to increase, while on the other hand the marketing of cigarettes through advertising is still often found. This Literature review aims to find out the results of previous research on the influence of advertising on smoking behavior of junior high school students in Indonesia for the last 10 years. The research method used is literature review by following the flow diagram of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes (PRISMA) as well as the help of Axis Tools as a Critical Appraisal. The result of this literature review, 7 out of 9 articles reviewed stated a significant influence between cigarette advertising and student smoking behavior. The domain of targeted behavior is practice, including the act of trying cigarettes for the first time as well as the formation of perceptions about cigarettes in accordance with the description of the ad. It can be concluded that the influence of exposure to the ads is directly proportional to the smoking behavior of high school students in Indonesia.
Abstrak: Prevalensi pengguna tembakau usia remaja di Indonesia terus meningkat, sedang di sisi lain pemasaran rokok melalui iklan masih sering ditemukan, Literature review ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hasil penelitian terdahulu mengenai pengaruh iklan terhadap perilaku merokok siswa sekolah menengah pertama di Indonesia selama 10 tahun terakhir. Metode penelitian yang digunakan ialah kajian pustaka dengan mengikuti diagram alir Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes (PRISMA) serta bantuan Axis Tools sebagai Critical Appraisal. Hasil yang didapatkan dari literature review ini, 7 dari 9 artikel yang dikaji menyatakan adanya pengaruh signifikan antara iklan rokok dengan perilaku merokok siswa. Domain perilaku yang disasar ialah praktik, termasuk adanya tindakan mencoba rokok untuk pertama kali serta terbentuknya persepsi mengenai rokok yang sesuai dengan gambaran iklan. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengaruh paparan iklan berbanding lurus dengan adanya perilaku merokok siswa sekolah menengah pertama di Indonesia.