bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Petrogenesis of Triassic Caojian A-type rhyolites and associated I-type granites in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau: rejuvenation of crystal mush
Authors: Cong Feng , He De-Feng , Ji Wei-Qiang , Huang Liang , Xiong Bo , Zhang Shao-Hua , Huang Xiao-Ming 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe orogenic process and crustal growth of the Changning–Menglian Palaeo-Tethys orogenic belt in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau is not fully understood. Triassic Caojian rhyolites and granites occur extensively in this orogenic belt and represent important constraints for this issue. This study aims to examine the relationships between the Triassic Caojian rhyolites and granites and to gain a better understanding of their possible petrogenesis. The study used zircon U–Pb geochronology, trace element analyses and Sr–Nd–Hf isotope data to better understand the relationships and possible origin of the rhyolites and granites. Recent zircon U–Pb ages indicated that the Caojian rhyolites were emplaced at 227.2 Ma, whereas age estimates for Caojian granites were slightly older (233.4–236.9 Ma). The Caojian rhyolites are enriched in large-ion lithophile elements and high-field-strength elements, with elevated FeOtot/MgO and Ga/Al ratios. However, they are significantly depleted in Ba, Sr, Eu, P and Ti. These geochemical characteristics indicate that they have an A-type affinity. Furthermore, the Caojian granites comprise biotite monzogranites and granodiorites and show unfractionated composition. Mineralogically, the Caojian granites were found to contain diagnostic I-type minerals such as hornblende. Geochemical data suggest that the petrogenesis of the Triassic Caojian rhyolites is characterized by rejuvenation of crystal mush represented by the Triassic Caojian granites. The necessary thermal input was supplied by mafic magma. This magmatic evolution was likely related to lithospheric delamination and upwelling of the asthenosphere during the Mid- to Late Triassic, forming post-collisional I-type granites and A-type volcanics in the Changning–Menglian Palaeo-Tethys orogenic belt.
The chemostratigraphy and environmental significance of the Marlstone and Junction Bed (Beacon Limestone, Toarcian, Lower Jurassic, Dorset, UK)
Authors: Jenkyns Hugh C. , Macfarlane Sophie 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTwo fallen blocks of the Marlstone and stratigraphically overlying Junction Bed sampled on the beach below Doghouse Cliff in Dorset, UK (Wessex Basin) have been examined for carbon and oxygen isotopes of bulk carbonate as well as for strontium, carbon and oxygen isotopes and Mg:Ca ratios in the contained belemnites. The sequence, which contains most of the Toarcian zones and subzones within a metre or less of grey to yellow to pink, red and brown fossil-rich nodular limestone, is extremely condensed and lithologically similar to pelagic red limestones of the Tethyan Jurassic that are locally mineralized with Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides (e.g., Rosso Ammonitico). Strontium-isotope ratios of the contained belemnites are compatible with existing reference curves and both blocks show a rise to more radiogenic values post-dating the Pliensbachian–Toarcian boundary. The high degree of correlation between the relatively negative carbon and oxygen isotopes of the bulk carbonate is compatible with significant diagenetic overprint, and contrasts with higher carbon-isotope values in coeval condensed coccolith-rich limestones elsewhere. Evidence for the characteristic signature of the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event, as represented by organic-rich sediment, is absent, possibly owing to a stratigraphic gap. Both blocks exhibit abrupt carbon-isotope shifts to lower values, one of which could represent the limbs of an incompletely recorded negative excursion associated with the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event. That the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event was also a significant hyperthermal is illustrated in both blocks by a drop in oxygen-isotope values and rise in Mg:Ca ratios of belemnites close to the base of the Junction Bed in the lowest part of theserpentinumzone.
Community-based social and demographic assessment of knowledge, attitudes, practices and medical conditions related to vitamin D deficiency in Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan
Authors: Maryam Sajida , Saba Saman , Haider Waseem , Afzal Muhmmad Sohail , Mukhtar Saiqa , Durrance-Bagale Anna , Arfeen Raja Zoq ul , Bangash Nazneen , Shah Naseer Ali , Ahmed Haroon 
Published: November 2021

AbstractVitamin D is an important nutrient for bone health, and vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of various diseases. Gilgit Baltistan, the northern-most area of Pakistan, has a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, despite many nutritional and food safety programmes. The present study aimed to find how knowledge, attitudes and practices associated with vitamin D related to the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among people residing in different areas of Gilgit Baltistan. The cross-sectional study was descriptive and used data from a survey carried out between February 2019 and December 2020 on individuals of both sexes aged 10 years or over in Gilgit Baltistan. Of the 575 survey participants, 306 (53.2%) had experienced signs and symptoms of vitamin D deficiency, i.e. tiredness, fatigue and bone weakness. Approximately 64.8% had some general knowledge of vitamin D and its relation to health. Participants aged 19–25 years had the highest scores on knowledge of vitamin D. Only 22.7% of interviewees had ever taken any supplements and only 25.6% often exposed themselves to sunlight. Females’ mean knowledge score (28.7; SD 7.02) was higher than that of males (24; SD 9.01). A lack of consistency was observed between attitude towards daylight exposure and knowledge of vitamin D. There was a large correlation between knowledge and attitude (p = 0.001), while a non-significant association was demonstrated between knowledge and practices (p = 0.1). Better knowledge, attitude and practices by people living in cities or more-developed regions indicates that education can be an effective way to provide awareness regarding micronutrient deficiencies. More emphasis is needed on enhancing knowledge, awareness and practices associated with vitamin D deficiency in rural areas of Pakistan. It is strongly recommended that an awareness campaign on micronutrients is launched in both rural and urban areas of Pakistan, concentrating on poor socioeconomic settings.
Transmission pattern of shigellosis in Wuhan City, China: a modelling study
Authors: Zhao Zeyu , Chen Qi , Zhao Bin , Hu Qingqing , Rui Jia , Wang Yao , Zhu Yuanzhao , Liu Xingchun , Xu Jingwen , Yang Meng , Chu Meijie , Su Yanhua , Zhao Benhua , Chen Tianmu 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The article aims to estimate and forecast the transmissibility of shigellosis and explore the association of meteorological factors with shigellosis. The mathematical model named Susceptible–Exposed–Symptomatic/Asymptomatic–Recovered–Water/Food (SEIARW) was used to explore the feature of shigellosis transmission based on the data of Wuhan City, China, from 2005 to 2017. The study applied effective reproduction number (Reff) to estimate the transmissibility. Daily meteorological data from 2008 to 2017 were used to determine Spearman's correlation with reported new cases and Reff. The SEIARW model fit the data well (χ2 = 0.00046, p > 0.999). The simulation results showed that the reservoir-to-person transmission of the shigellosis route has been interrupted. The Reff would be reduced to a transmission threshold of 1.00 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.82–1.19) in 2035. Reducing the infectious period to 11.25 days would also decrease the value of Reff to 0.99. There was a significant correlation between new cases of shigellosis and atmospheric pressure, temperature, wind speed and sun hours per day. The correlation coefficients, although statistically significant, were very low (<0.3). In Wuhan, China, the main transmission pattern of shigellosis is person-to-person. Meteorological factors, especially daily atmospheric pressure and temperature, may influence the epidemic of shigellosis.
Electrocardiographic data of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Türe Mehmet , Akın Alper , Unal Edip , Kan Ahmet , Savaş Suat 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackground:Adult patients diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus are at risk for ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.Aim:The objective of our study is to evaluate the electrocardiographic data of children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus and to determine the possibility of arrhythmia in order to prevent sudden death.Methods:Electrocardiographic data of 60 patients diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus and 86 controls, who were compatible with the patient group in terms of age and gender, were compared.Results:The duration of diabetes in our patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus was 5.23 ± 1.76 years, and the haemoglobin A1c levels were 9.63% ± 1.75%. The heart rate, QRS, QT maximum, QT dispersion, QTc minimum, QTc maximum, QTc dispersion, Tp-e maximum, Tp-e maximum/QTc maximum and the JTc were significantly higher compared to the control group. There was no significant correlation between the duration of type 1 diabetes mellitus and HbA1c levels and the electrocardiographic data.Conclusion:We attributed the lack of a significant correlation between the duration of type 1 diabetes mellitus and the haemoglobin A1c levels and the electrocardiographic data to the fact that the duration of diabetes was short, since our patients were children. We believe that patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus should be followed up closely in terms of sudden death, as they have electrocardiographic changes that may cause arrhythmias compared to the control group. However, more studies with longer follow-up periods are necessary to support our data.
Measuring System Calibration Factors by Unmixing the Excitation–Emission Spectra of One Dish of Cells
Authors: Sun Han , Yin Ao , Gao Lu , Chen Hongce , Tang Qilin , Yuan Ye , Liu Zhi , Zhuang Zhengfei , Chen Tongsheng 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Accurate predetermination of the quantum yield ratio (QA/QD) and the extinction coefficient ratio (KA/KD) between acceptor and donor is a prerequisite for quantitative fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging. We here propose a method to measure KA/KD and QA/QD by measuring the excitation–emission spectra (ExEm-spectra) of one dish of cells expressing m (≥3) kinds of FRET constructs. The ExEm-spectra images are unmixed to obtain the weight maps of donor (WD), acceptor (WA), and acceptor sensitization (WS). For each cell, the frequency distribution plots of the WS/WD and WS/WA images are fitted by using a single-Gaussian function to obtain the peak values of WS/WD (SD) and WS/WA (SA). The statistical frequency-SD/SA plots from all cells are fitted by using a multi-Gaussian function to obtain the peak values of both SD and SA, and then the ranges of WS/WD (RSD) and WS/WA (RSA) for each FRET construct are predetermined. Based on the predetermined RSD and RSA values of FRET constructs, our method is capable of automatically classifying cells expressing different FRET constructs. Finally, the WS/WD–WA/WD plot from different kinds of cells is linearly fitted to obtain KA/KD and QA/QD values.
“Drug-Mad Negroes”: African Americans, Drug Use, and the Law in Progressive Era New York City
Authors: Flowe Douglas 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis study tracks the evolution of racist ideas pertaining to Black drug addiction and crime and the growth of a real interracial drug subculture, both of which had a part in forging New York’s drug policies in the early twentieth century. Well-worn racial tropes about drug use, cultivated in the imaginations of white commentators and pseudoscientists, railroaded African American suspects and contributed to the creation of the early apparatuses of the war on drugs. As observers increasingly connected the specter of cocaine “delirium” to common anxieties about Black crime and miscegenation, they in turn viewed white cocaine use as a solvable shortcoming in need of treatment rather than imprisonment. As such, New York City’s early civic responses to cocaine were shaped as Southern racial discourse collided with the developing panics of the Progressive Era that rallied around the increasing mobility of Black Americans in an effort to manage interracial contact through legislation.
Wide-band conversion of donut-shaped pattern to directive one by square-shaped pattern director antenna
Authors: Hosseini Seyed Jalil , Oraizi Homayoon 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn this paper, an antenna with 8 GHz (7–15 GHz) bandwidth is designed, simulated, fabricated, and measured. Commonly, for the effective use of electromagnetic sources, mode converters are used to transform donut-shaped patterns to directive patterns. This paper introduces a novel antenna called the pattern director antenna (PDA) that solves most problems associated with the azimuthally symmetric output modes of high-power microwave sources. The PDA accepts directly (without the need for mode conversion) an azimuthally symmetric generated mode of an electromagnetic source and converts it to radiate a directive pattern. For the proof of concept and validation of the design by simulations, the 3D printing technology [using polylactic acid (PLA)] is used to fabricate the PDA and measure its radiation patterns and return loss. The selected material is cheap and also environmentally friendly. The antenna was coated with aluminum to become a conductor. The gain is from 16.8 to 21.8 dB in the frequency range. The S11, main lobe deviation (MLD), and sidelobe level (SLL) are less than −15 dB, 2°, and −7 dB, in all frequency range, respectively. The simulation results are in good agreement with the measurement.
The role of maternal diet on offspring hyperinsulinaemia and adiposity after birth: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials
Authors: North Sylvia , Crofts Catherine , Thoma Christian , Zinn Caryn 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn utero diet may be directly related to the risk of fetal hyperinsulinaemia and offspring metabolic health. This review examines the relationship between maternal dietary exposures and sub-clinical fetal hyperinsulinaemia and neonatal adiposity. Articles were identified in MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane Controlled Register of Controlled Trials, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, SCOPUS, and SPORTDiscus (September 2019–March 2021) using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines. PROSPERO registration ID CRD42020146453. Studies were selected by two independent reviewers. Randomised controlled trials (RCT) involving a dietary intervention with pregnant women (healthy pregnancy, gestational diabetes mellitus and obesity) and reporting fetal cord-blood insulin, c-peptide, glucose or adiposity estimates were included. One author extracted all information on main study characteristics and outcomes. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration’s bias risk assessment tool. A total of 733 articles were identified. Fourteen articles from 11 RCTs (3614 participants) were included. Studies reviewed showed no specific effect of maternal diet on neonatal cord blood insulin, c-peptide or glucose levels. Infants born to mothers who followed a low glycaemic load (GL) had lower skin fold thickness compared to controls. Interventions that provided individualised nutrition counselling to women with obesity or previous infant born > 4 kg were also associated with lower adiposity. The studies reviewed suggest that lifestyle-based dietary interventions to improve glycaemia (low GL) have a protective effect against excess adiposity. Future studies should incorporate multi-modal interventions with dietary counselling to support lifestyle changes throughout gestation and include assessments of maternal insulin resistance at recruitment.
Space Weather Observations With InSight
Authors: Mittelholz A. , Johnson C. L. , Fillingim M. , Joy S. P. , Espley J. , Halekas J. , Smrekar S. , Banerdt W. B. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSolar activity, in the form of coronal mass ejections and corotating interaction regions, results in changes in the solar wind that propagate out through the solar system and interact with the magnetic field environments of planets. Such phenomena have been observed to affect the magnetic field and plasma around Mars as seen from orbit. However, no surface observations have previously been possible because of the absence of ground‐based instrumentation. Here, for the first time, we observe the effects of increased solar activity with the magnetometer on the InSight mission in December 2020. We find several days of increased activity including magnetic field fluctuations at periods of minutes to hours. Although only the flanks of this relatively weak coronal mass ejection hit Mars, the observed effects provide insight into how solar activity alters magnetic fields at the surface.
Seismic Structure of the St. Paul Fracture Zone and Late Cretaceous to Mid Eocene Oceanic Crust in the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean Near 18°W
Authors: Growe Kevin , Grevemeyer Ingo , Singh Satish C. , Marjanović Milena , Gregory Emma P. M. , Papenberg Cord , Vaddineni Venkata , Gómez de la Peña Laura , Wang Zhikai 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPlate tectonics characterize transform faults as conservative plate boundaries where the lithosphere is neither created nor destroyed. In the Atlantic, both transform faults and their inactive traces, fracture zones, are interpreted to be structurally heterogeneous, representing thin, intensely fractured, and hydrothermally altered basaltic crust overlying serpentinized mantle. This view, however, has recently been challenged. Instead, transform zone crust might be magmatically augmented at ridge‐transform intersections before becoming a fracture zone. Here, we present constraints on the structure of oceanic crust from seismic refraction and wide‐angle data obtained along and across the St. Paul fracture zone near 18°W in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean. Most notably, both crust along the fracture zone and away from it shows an almost uniform thickness of 5–6 km, closely resembling normal oceanic crust. Further, a well‐defined upper mantle refraction branch supports a normal mantle velocity of 8 km/s along the fracture zone valley. Therefore, the St. Paul fracture zone reflects magmatically accreted crust instead of the anomalous hydrated lithosphere. Little variation in crustal thickness and velocity structure along a 200 km long section across the fracture zone suggests that distance to a transform fault had negligible impact on crustal accretion. Alternatively, it could also indicate that a second phase of magmatic accretion at the proximal ridge‐transform intersection overprinted features of starved magma supply occurring along the St. Paul transform fault.
The Economic and Environmental Benefits of Partial Leasing of Agricultural Water Rights
Authors: Khanal Rajendra , Brady Michael P. , Stöckle Claudio O. , Rajagopalan Kirti , Yoder Jonathan , Barber Michael E. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBalancing out‐of‐stream water demands and ecological instream flows is a difficult challenge in watershed‐scale management. Many watersheds already experience acute and chronic water shortages during average runoff years and may face more frequent and severe droughts in some locations due to climate and demographic change. Water markets may mitigate the economic consequences of shortages, but their potential is limited by the prevalence of all‐or‐nothing irrigate‐or‐fallow crop water use strategies. Irrigation water generally provides diminishing returns for crop productivity, so it may be possible to reduce water application at the margin with only a small loss in crop production, creating water savings that could be leased for other uses. We explore this scenario by combining a crop growth and hydrology (CropSyst) model with an economic model of farm profits and water trading, and apply it to the Walla Walla Basin in Washington State. Our results suggest that partial leasing of water rights through a deficit‐irrigation strategy could economically benefit annual crop growers while meaningfully increasing water availability for stream flow augmentation.
Long‐Term Mississippi River Trends Expose Shifts in the River Load Response to Watershed Nutrient Balances Between 1975 and 2017
Authors: Stackpoole Sarah , Sabo Robert , Falcone James , Sprague Lori 
Published: November 2021

AbstractExcess nutrients transported by the Mississippi River (MR) contribute to hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. Nutrient balances are key drivers to river nutrient loads and represent inputs (fertilizer, manure, deposition, wastewater, N‐fixation, and weathering) minus outputs (nutrient uptake and removal in harvest, and N emissions). Here, we quantified annual changes in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) river loads and nutrient balances at the MR Outlet and documented that the river load response to watershed nutrient balances shifted between 1975 and 2017. Annual nutrient balances and river loads were positively correlated between 1975 and 1985, but after, a disconnect between both the N and P balances and river loads emerged, and the subsequent river load patterns were different for N versus P. We evaluated the relative impacts of legacy nutrients and other latent factors, for which data were not available, on river nutrient load trends. Our analysis showed that in the case of N, latent factors were potentially just as important in explaining changes in river nutrient loads over time as N balances, and in the case of P, they were even more important. We hypothesized that these factors included implementation of best management practices, changes in watershed buffering capacity, the effects of tile drainage, or increased precipitation. Our analytical approach shows promise for the investigation of drivers of water quality trends that are not well‐represented in typical national scale geospatial datasets.
Terrestrial connectivity, upstream aquatic history and seasonality shape bacterial community assembly within a large boreal aquatic network
Authors: Stadler Masumi , del Giorgio Paul A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
During transit from soils to the ocean, microbial communities are modified and re-assembled, generating complex patterns of ecological succession. The potential effect of upstream assembly on downstream microbial community composition is seldom considered within aquatic networks. Here, we reconstructed the microbial succession along a land-freshwater-estuary continuum within La Romaine river watershed in Northeastern Canada. We captured hydrological seasonality and differentiated the total and reactive community by sequencing both 16 S rRNA genes and transcripts. By examining how DNA- and RNA-based assemblages diverge and converge along the continuum, we inferred temporal shifts in the relative importance of assembly processes, with mass effects dominant in spring, and species selection becoming stronger in summer. The location of strongest selection within the network differed between seasons, suggesting that selection hotspots shift depending on hydrological conditions. The unreactive fraction (no/minor RNA contribution) was composed of taxa with diverse potential origins along the whole aquatic network, while the majority of the reactive pool (major RNA contribution) could be traced to soil/soilwater-derived taxa, which were distributed along the entire rank-abundance curve. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of considering upstream history, hydrological seasonality and the reactive microbial fraction to fully understand microbial community assembly on a network scale.