bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global Simulation and Evaluation of Soil Organic Matter and Microbial Carbon and Nitrogen Stocks Using the Microbial Decomposition Model ORCHIMIC v2.0
Authors: Huang Y. , Guenet B. , Wang Y. L. , Ciais P. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSoils contain the largest amount of land carbon, even a small change of this pool can significantly affect atmospheric CO2 and climate change. A good representation of soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics in Earth system models is therefore crucial to predict future climate change. The dynamics of SOC is largely driven by microbial activities and modulated by N cycles. Nevertheless, very few models have explicitly represented soil microorganisms and N cycles integrated at global scale. Here, we present an update of the microbial‐mediated ORCHIMIC model and its application to simulate global gridded SOC stocks, microbial biomass, soil C/N ratio, microbial C/N ratio, and heterotrophic respiration. This is a new attempt to model SOC dynamics with an explicit microbial representation with N dynamics applied at global scale. The model shows relatively good performance in reproducing global SOC and microbial biomass C. The spatial distributions of soil and microbial C/N ratios were not well reproduced because they are sensitive to mineral nitrogen availability controlled by plant uptake, which is not explicitly represented in the model. However, similar relationship between C/N ratios of microbes and soil as observation demonstrated the potential of the model to reproduce global C/N ratios for both microbe and soil pools. Dynamic carbon use efficiency modulated by substrate C/N ratio, consistent with observation, were well represented by mechanistic including microbial dynamics. Modeled suppressed microbial biomass growth under warming climate indicating a weaker positive feedback between soil C pool and climate compared to that predicted by traditional Earth system models.
Comparative Rhyolite Systems: Inferences From Vent Patterns and Eruptive Episodicities: Eastern California and Laguna del Maule
Authors: Hildreth Wes 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDistilling my experience in having field mapped in detail the volcanic fields at Laguna del Maule and Long Valley and having worked out their time‐volume‐composition magmatic histories, I compare and contrast the postglacial rhyolites of the former with six multi‐vent eruptive sequences of rhyolite in California. Compilations and discussions are made of volcanic‐field areas and longevities, their compositions, vent distributions, individual batch and total volumes, eruptive episodicities, and tectonic influences. Growth of long‐lived pluton‐scale reservoirs of granitic crystal mush, from which the rhyolite melts separated, are interpreted in terms of conceptual models I published previously—(1) fundamentally basaltic transcrustal magmatism, 1981; (2) the deep‐crustal MASH zone model, 1988; and (3) the rhyolite‐melt crystal‐mush model, 2001. Inferences and speculations are advanced concerning processes and timescales of rhyolite‐melt separation from granitic mush and of prompt or long‐delayed subsequent eruption.
Insight Into the Dynamics of the Radiating Internal Tide Associated With the Kuroshio Current
Authors: Xu Zhenhua , Wang Yang , Liu Zhiqiang , McWilliams James C. , Gan Jianping 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOcean circulation strongly influences how internal tides radiate and break and stimulates the spatial inhomogeneity and temporal variation of internal tidal mixing. Qualitative and quantitative characterizations of interactions between internal tides and general circulation are critical to multi‐scale circulation dynamics. Based on significant progress in regional circulation simulation, we obtain an observation‐supported internal tide energy field around Luzon Strait by deterministically resolving the dynamics of the radiating paths of the internal tide energy. These paths are created when the known most powerful internal tide of Luzon Strait interacts with the Kuroshio Current. We found that the radiating tidal pattern, local dissipation efficiency, and energy field respond differently to the leaping, looping, and leaking Kuroshio paths within Luzon Strait. Our new insights into the dynamics and our clarifying the controlling refraction mechanism within the general circulation create the potential for internal tides to be represented better in climate models.
Emissions of Trace Organic Gases From Western U.S. Wildfires Based on WE‐CAN Aircraft Measurements
Authors: Permar Wade , Wang Qian , Selimovic Vanessa , Wielgasz Catherine , Yokelson Robert J. , Hornbrook Rebecca S. , Hills Alan J. , Apel Eric C. , Ku I‐Ting , Zhou Yong , Sive Barkley C. , Sullivan Amy P. , Collett Jeffrey L. , Campos Teresa L. , Palm Brett B. , Peng Qiaoyun , Thornton Joel A. , Garofalo Lauren A. , Farmer Delphine K. , Kreidenweis Sonia M. , Levin Ezra J. T. , DeMott Paul J. , Flocke Frank , Fischer Emily V. , Hu Lu 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe present emission measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for western U.S. wildland fires made on the NSF/NCAR C‐130 research aircraft during the Western Wildfire Experiment for Cloud Chemistry, Aerosol Absorption, and Nitrogen (WE‐CAN) field campaign in summer 2018. VOCs were measured with complementary instruments onboard the C‐130, including a proton‐transfer‐reaction time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer (PTR‐ToF‐MS) and two gas chromatography (GC)‐based methods. Agreement within combined instrument uncertainties (<60%) was observed for most co‐measured VOCs. GC‐based measurements speciated the isomeric contributions to selected PTR‐ToF‐MS ion masses and generally showed little fire‐to‐fire variation. We report emission ratios (ERs) and emission factors (EFs) for 161 VOCs measured in 31 near‐fire smoke plume transects of 24 specific individual fires sampled in the afternoon when burning conditions are typically most active. Modified combustion efficiency (MCE) ranged from 0.85 to 0.94. The measured campaign‐average total VOC EF was 26.1 ± 6.9 g kg−1, approximately 67% of which is accounted for by oxygenated VOCs. The 10 most abundantly emitted species contributed more than half of the total measured VOC mass. We found that MCE alone explained nearly 70% of the observed variance for total measured VOC emissions (r2 = 0.67) and >50% for 57 individual VOC EFs representing more than half the organic carbon mass. Finally, we found little fire‐to‐fire variability for the mass fraction contributions of individual species to the total measured VOC emissions, suggesting that a single speciation profile can describe VOC emissions for the wildfires in coniferous ecosystems sampled during WE‐CAN.
The Mechanism of Increasing Summer Water Vapor Over the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: He Yongli , Tian Wenlong , Huang Jianping , Wang Guodong , Ren Yu , Yan Hongru , Yu Haipeng , Guan Xiaodan , Hu Huancui 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRapid warming over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) has been associated with an increasing trend in atmospheric water vapor content, which is critical for recharging the Asian water tower. However, the mechanism associated with the wetting phenomenon remains unclear. Long‐term changes in moisture balance and precipitation (PRE) recycling processes are investigated using the ERA5 reanalysis from 1979 to 2019. The increasing trend over TP is mainly due to the summer water vapor trend with signiﬁcantly increases over the western TP. Based on the moisture balance analysis, it is found that PRE, evaporation, and the convergence of moisture are all increasing over the western TP but decreasing over the eastern TP. Based on the dynamical PRE recycling model, the results suggest that both internal and external cycles contributes to the wetting over TP, with 63.87% and 36.13% contributions respectively. Further analysis found that the atmospheric heating source is also increasing over the western TP, which could shift the moisture transportation from east to west at the southern boundary of TP. The increasing moisture convergence could enhance PRE, and the enhanced latent heating in the mid‐atmosphere can further induced moisture convergence, which forms a positive feedback. However, an opposite situation occurred over the eastern TP. The internal and external cycle of the water cycle can stimulate (suppress) each other through PRE over the western (eastern) TP. This mechanism linked the changes in the PRE recycling and atmospheric circulation, and induced the increasing trend over TP in summer.
Pre‐Thrusting Stratigraphic Control on the Transition From a Thin‐Skinned to Thick‐Skinned Structural Style: An Example From the Double‐Decker Idaho‐Montana Fold‐Thrust Belt
Authors: Parker S. D. , Pearson D. M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractContinental fold‐thrust belts display a variety of structural styles, ranging from thin‐skinned thrusts following weak lithologic contacts to thick‐skinned thrusts that deform mechanical basement. The common practice of splitting fold‐thrust belts into thin‐skinned and thick‐skinned map domains has not yielded a predictive model of the primary controls on structural style. Within the Mesozoic‐Paleogene Idaho‐Montana fold‐thrust belt (44°N‐45°N, 112°W‐114°W), we identify crosscutting thin‐skinned and thick‐skinned thrusts within an otherwise thin‐skinned map domain. This transition occurs within a thin (∼2.5 km) portion of the western Laurentian passive margin, where lower strata pinch out over a prominent basement high (Lemhi arch). Early fold‐thrust belt shortening of sedimentary cover rocks was accommodated through detachment folding, followed by east‐directed, thin‐skinned thrusting along regional‐scale faults (Thompson Gulch and Railroad Canyon thrusts). Later, basement and cover rocks were tilted toward the southeast and a basement‐involved normal fault was reactivated during thick‐skinned thrusting (Radio Tower‐Baby Joe Gulch‐Italian Gulch thrusts), which accommodated shortening at an oblique angle to and truncated the basal detachment of the older thin‐skinned thrusts. This progression from thin‐skinned to thick‐skinned thrusting occurred >50 km from the foreland, coincident with a regional basement high. Thus, the Idaho‐Montana fold‐thrust belt is a double‐decker system, with upper thin‐skinned and lower thick‐skinned domains. This double‐decker model is applicable to other fold‐thrust belts and predicts that the transition from thin‐skinned to thick‐skinned thrusting occurs where the growing critically tapered wedge can no longer fit within the sedimentary cover rocks and the basal detachment steps down into the structurally lower mechanical basement.
Chemical Weather and Chemical Climate
Authors: Brasseur Guy P. , Kumar Rajesh 
Published: May 2021

AbstractProgress in fundamental understanding of atmospheric chemistry in the past decades has enabled the development of advanced environmental predictive capability. Accurate chemical weather forecasts and source attribution information can play a decisive role in mitigating the short‐term exposure of the public to acute air pollution episodes. Chemical climate projections will allow investigation of the long‐term consequences of human choices and their impact on the future evolution of the Earth system. This commentary stresses the importance of integrating atmospheric chemistry in operational environmental prediction and projection systems.
Climate Change and Changes in Compound Coastal‐Riverine Flooding Hazard Along the U.S. Coasts
Authors: Ghanbari Mahshid , Arabi Mazdak , Kao Shih‐Chieh , Obeysekera Jayantha , Sweet William 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe cooccurrence of coastal and riverine flooding leads to compound events with substantial impacts on people and property in low‐lying coastal areas. Climate change could increase the level of compound flood hazard through higher extreme sea levels and river flows. Here, a bivariate flood hazard assessment method is proposed to estimate compound coastal‐riverine frequency under current and future climate conditions. A copula‐based approach is used to estimate the joint return period (JRP) of compound floods by incorporating sea‐level rise (SLR) and changes in peak river flows into the marginal distributions of flood drivers. Specifically, the changes in JRP of compound major coastal‐riverine flooding defined based on simultaneous exceedances above major coastal and riverine thresholds, are explored by midcentury. Subsequently, the increase in the probability of occurrence of at least one compound major coastal‐riverine flooding for a given period of time is quantified. The proposed compound flood hazard assessment is conducted at 26 paired tidal‐riverine stations along the Contiguous United States coast with long‐term data and defined flood thresholds. We show that the northeast Atlantic and the western part of the Gulf coasts are experiencing the highest compound major coastal‐riverine flood probability under current conditions. However, future SLR scenarios show the highest frequency amplification along the southeast Atlantic coast. The impact of changes in peak river flows is found to be considerably less than that of SLR. Climate change impacts, especially SLR, may lead to more frequent compound events, which cannot be ignored for future adaptation responses in estuary regions.
Acceleration of Oxygen Ions In Dipolarization Events: 2. PSBL Distributions
Authors: Birn J. , Hesse M. , Bingham S. T. , Turner D. L. , Nakamura R. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper represents the second part of an investigation of the acceleration of energetic oxygen ions from encounters with a dipolarization front (DF), based on test particle tracing in the fields of an MHD simulation. In this paper, we focus on distributions in the plasma sheet boundary layer (PSBL). O+ beams close to the plasma sheet boundary are found to be less pronounced and/or delayed against the H+ beams. The reason is that these particles are accelerated by nonadiabatic motion in the duskward electric field such that O+ ions gain the same amount of energy, but only 1/4 of the speed of protons. This causes a delay and larger equatorward displacement by the E × B drift. In contrast, the O+ beams somewhat deeper inside the plasma sheet, where previously multiple proton beams were found, are accelerated at an earthward propagating DF just like H+, forming a field‐aligned beam at a similar speed as the lowest‐energy H+ beam. We found that the source location depends on the adiabaticity of the orbit. For larger adiabaticity, the beam ions originate initially from the outer plasma sheet, but later from the opposite PSBL or lobe, but for low adiabaticity, sources are well inside the plasma sheet. The energy gained from a single encounter of a DF is comparable to the kinetic energy associated with the front speed. Assuming maximum speeds of 500–1,000 km/s, this yields a mass dependent acceleration of about 1–5 keV for protons and 20–80 keV for oxygen ions, independent of their charge state.
Toward Accurate Physics‐Based Specifications of Neutral Density Using GNSS‐Enabled Small Satellites
Authors: Sutton Eric K. , Thayer Jeffrey P. , Pilinski Marcin D. , Mutschler Shaylah M. , Berger Thomas E. , Nguyen Vu , Masters Dallas 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSatellite‐atmosphere interactions cause large uncertainties in low‐Earth orbit determination and prediction. Thus, knowledge of and the ability to predict the space environment, most notably thermospheric mass density, are essential for operating satellites in this domain. Recent progress has been made toward supplanting the existing empirical, operational methods with physics‐based data‐assimilative models by accounting for the complex relationship between external drivers such as solar irradiance, Joule, and particle heating, and their response in the upper atmosphere. Simultaneously, a new era of CubeSat constellations is set to provide data with which to calibrate our upper‐atmosphere models at higher spatial resolution and temporal cadence. With this in mind, we provide an initial method for converting precision orbit determination solutions from global navigation satellite system enabled CubeSats into timeseries of thermospheric mass density. This information is then fused with a physics‐based, data‐assimilative technique to provide calibrated model densities.
Overweight and obesity at age 19 after pre-natal famine exposure
Authors: Lumey L. H. , Ekamper Peter , Bijwaard Govert , Conti Gabriella , van Poppel Frans 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Weight for height has been used in the past as an indicator of obesity to report that prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine of 1944–1945 determined subsequent obesity. Further evaluation is needed as unresolved questions remain about the possible impact of social class differences in fertility decline during the famine and because being overweight is now defined by a Body Mass Index (BMI: kg/m2) from 25 to <30 and obesity by a BMI of 30 or more.

Methods
We studied heights and weights of 371,100 men in the Netherlands born between 1943 and 1947 and examined for military service at age 19. This group includes men with and without prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine.

Results
There was a 1.3-fold increase in the risk of being overweight or obese in young adults at age 19 after prenatal famine exposure in early gestation. The increase was only seen in sons of manual workers born in the large cities of Western Netherlands and not among those born in smaller cities or rural areas in the West. Social class differentials in fertility decline during the famine did not bias study results.

Conclusions
The long-term adverse impact of prenatal famine on later life type 2 diabetes and mortality through age 63 is already showing at age 19 in this population as a significant increase in overweight risk.
Enhanced differentiation of functional human T cells in NSGW41 mice with tissue-specific expression of human interleukin-7
Authors: Coppin Emilie , Sundarasetty Bala Sai , Rahmig Susann , Blume Jonas , Verheyden Nikita A. , Bahlmann Franz , Ravens Sarina , Schubert Undine , Schmid Janine , Ludwig Stefan , Geissler Katharina , Guntinas-Lichius Orlando , von Kaisenberg Constantin , Groten Tanja , Platz Alexander , Naumann Ronald , Ludwig Barbara , Prinz Immo , Waskow Claudia , Krueger Andreas 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHumanized mouse models have become increasingly valuable tools to study human hematopoiesis and infectious diseases. However, human T-cell differentiation remains inefficient. We generated mice expressing human interleukin-7 (IL-7), a critical growth and survival factor for T cells, under the control of murine IL-7 regulatory elements. After transfer of human cord blood-derived hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, transgenic mice on the NSGW41 background, termed NSGW41hIL7, showed elevated and prolonged human cellularity in the thymus while maintaining physiological ratios of thymocyte subsets. As a consequence, numbers of functional human T cells in the periphery were increased without evidence for pathological lymphoproliferation or aberrant expansion of effector or memory-like T cells. We conclude that the novel NSGW41hIL7 strain represents an optimized mouse model for humanization to better understand human T-cell differentiation in vivo and to generate a human immune system with a better approximation of human lymphocyte ratios.
Altered dynamics of the prefrontal networks are associated with the risk for postpartum psychosis: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Sambataro Fabio , Cattarinussi Giulia , Lawrence Andrew , Biaggi Alessandra , Fusté Montserrat , Hazelgrove Katie , Mehta Mitul A. , Pawlby Susan , Conroy Susan , Seneviratne Gertrude , Craig Michael C. , Pariante Carmine M. , Miele Maddalena , Dazzan Paola 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPostpartum psychosis (PP) is a severe mental disorder that affects women in the first few weeks after delivery. To date there are no biomarkers that distinguish which women at risk (AR) develop a significant psychiatric relapse postpartum. While altered brain connectivity may contribute to the risk for psychoses unrelated to the puerperium, this remains unexplored in PP. We followed up 32 AR and 27 healthy (HC) women from pregnancy to 8-week postpartum. At this point, we classified women as AR-unwell (n = 15) if they had developed a psychiatric relapse meeting DSM-IV diagnostic criteria, or impacting on daily functioning and requiring treatment, or AR-well (n = 17) if they remained asymptomatic. Women also underwent an fMRI scan at rest and during an emotional-processing task, to study within- and between-networks functional connectivity. Women AR, and specifically those in the AR-well group, showed increased resting connectivity within an executive network compared to HC. During the execution of the emotional task, women AR also showed decreased connectivity in the executive network, and altered emotional load-dependent connectivity between executive, salience, and default-mode networks. AR-unwell women particularly showed increased salience network-dependent modulation of the default-mode and executive network relative to AR-well, who showed greater executive network-dependent modulation of the salience network. Our finding that the executive network and its interplay with other brain networks implicated in goal-directed behavior are intrinsically altered suggest that they could be considered neural phenotypes for postpartum psychosis and help advance our understanding of the pathophysiology of this disorder.
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells regulate the immunosuppressive functions of PD-1−PD-L1+ Bregs through PD-L1/PI3K/AKT/NF-κB axis in breast cancer
Authors: Liu Min , Wei Feng , Wang Jian , Yu Wenwen , Shen Meng , Liu Ting , Zhang Dong , Wang Yang , Ren Xiubao , Sun Qian 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMyeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous group of myeloid cells that are closely related to tumor immune escape, but the mechanism by which MDSCs regulate B cells has not been elucidated. Our previous studies revealed that breast cancer-derived MDSCs could induce a group of PD-1−PD-L1+Bregs with immunosuppressive functions. Here, we reported that blocking PD-1/PD-L1 interaction between MDSCs and B cells could reverse the immunosuppressive functions of PD-1−PD-L1+Bregs. The activation of PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway is essential for PD-1−PD-L1+Bregs to exert immunosuppressive effects. MDSCs activated the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway in B cells via the PD-1/PD-L1 axis. Furthermore, inhibition of PD-1/PD-L1 or PI3K/AKT signaling suppressed both tumor growth and the immunosuppressive functions of PD-1−PD-L1+Bregs. Dual suppression of PD-1/PD-L1 and PI3K/AKT exerted better antitumor effect. Finally, MDSCs and PD-1−PD-L1+Bregs were colocalized in breast cancer tissues and PD-1−PD-L1+Bregs were positively correlated with poor prognosis. Thus, MDSC-educated PD-1−PD-L1+Bregs and their regulatory mechanisms could contribute to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Our study proposes a novel mechanism for MDSC-mediated regulation of B cell immunity, which might shed new light on tumor immunotherapy.+