bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Camelina sativa phosphatidylcholine:diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase‐catalyzed interconversion does not discriminate between substrates
Authors: Demski Kamil , Jeppson Simon , Stymne Sten , Lager Ida 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPhosphatidylcholine:diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferases (PDCT) regulate the fatty acid composition of seed oil (triacylglycerol, TAG) by interconversion of diacylglycerols (DAG) and phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho). PtdCho is the substrate for polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, as well as for a number of unusual fatty acids. By the action of PDCT, these fatty acids can be transferred into the DAG pool to be utilized in TAG biosynthesis by the action of acyl‐CoA:DAG and phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferases. Despite its importance in regulating seed oil composition, biochemical characterization of PDCT enzymes has been lacking. We characterized Camelina sativa PDCT in microsomal preparations of a yeast strain expressing Camelina PDCT and lacking the capacity of producing TAG. Camelina PDCT was specific for PtdCho and the sn‐1,2 enantiomer of DAG and could not utilize ceramide. The interconversion reaches equilibrium within 15 min of incubation, indicating that only distinct pools of DAG and PtdCho were available for exchange. However, the pool sizes of DAG and PtdCho involved in the exchange were not fixed but increased with the amount of exogenous DAG or PtdCho added. Camelina PDCT showed about the same selectivity for di‐oleoyl, di‐linoleoyl, and di‐linolenoyl species in both PtdCho and DAG substrates, suggesting that no unidirectional transfer of particular unsaturated substrates occurred. Camelina PDCT had a good activity with erucoyl‐DAG as a substrate despite low erucic acid levels in PtdCho in plant species accumulating a high amount of this fatty acid in the seed oil.
How do fisher responses to macroalgal overgrowth influence the resilience of coral reefs?
Authors: Rassweiler Andrew , Miller Scott D. , Holbrook Sally J. , Lauer Matthew , Strother Mark A. , Lester Sarah E. , Adam Thomas C. , Wencélius Jean , Schmitt Russell J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMany coral reefs have shifted from coral‐ to macroalgae‐dominated community states, heightening the need to understand resilience of coral communities. Fishing on herbivores often reduces resilience of the coral state, as lower herbivory fosters macroalgal establishment. Despite the acknowledged importance of fishing, relatively little attention has been paid to how fishers change their behavior as macroalgae overgrow reefs, or how the resulting dynamic feedbacks might affect resilience. We address these questions in Moorea, French Polynesia, where local fishers target herbivorous fishes and where shifts to algal dominance have occurred on some lagoon reefs. We quantified fisher preferences for reef habitats where they target various taxa. For the two most ecologically important taxa of herbivores targeted in the fishery, parrotfish (Scaridae) and unicornfish (Naso), fishers preferred to harvest from locations with less macroalgae. We incorporated these habitat preferences into a spatially explicit social–ecological model of reef dynamics to explore consequences of changes in fishing behavior for resilience of the coral state, particularly following disturbance. Fishing that targets low‐macroalgae locations typically generates resilience by facilitating local recovery of herbivores and thus of coral in the less‐targeted macroalgae‐dominated patches. However, the resulting movement of fishers across the seascape can sometimes create fragility; if coral loss is widespread, avoidance of macroalgae concentrates fishing in patches having the highest coral cover, resulting in loss of coral via reduced herbivory. Our results emphasize that resilience and coral‐macroalgae regime shifts cannot be understood without considering humans as a dynamic part of the system.
Polyether‐Based Diblock Terpolymer Micelles with Pendant Anthracene Units—Light‐Induced Crosslinking and Limitations Regarding Reversibility
Authors: Elter Johanna K. , Eichhorn Jonas , Schacher Felix H. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe synthesis of 9‐methylanthracenyl glycidyl ether (AnthGE) as a crosslinkable monomer that can be applied in anionic ring opening polymerization is reported. Diblock terpolymers of the composition methoxy‐poly(ethylene oxide)‐block‐poly(2‐ethylhexyl glycidyl ether‐co‐9‐methylanthracenyl glycidyl ether) (mPEO‐b‐P(EHGE‐co‐AnthGE) with 10 to 24 wt% of AnthGE are synthesized and characterized. Their micellization behavior, as well as their light‐induced core‐crosslinking via irradiation with UV light (λ = 365 nm) is studied. The results are compared with studies on the dimerization, and the dimer cleavage via irradiation with UV–C light (λ = 254 nm), of the same diblock terpolymer in organic solution, and the small‐molecule model compound 9‐methoxymethylanthracene. Differences in 1H NMR spectra of the crosslinked or dimerized compounds and reaction kinetics of the dimerization reactions under different conditions suggest possible side reactions for the case of the core‐crosslinking of micelles in aqueous solution. These side reactions limit the reversibility of the anthracene dimerization reaction in aqueous solutions, even if the anthracene molecule is encapsulated within the hydrophobic core of a polymeric micelle.
Accurate free‐water estimation in white matter from fast diffusion MRI acquisitions using the spherical means technique
Authors: Tristán‐Vega Antonio , París Guillem , de Luis‐García Rodrigo , Aja‐Fernández Santiago 
Published: August 2021

PurposeTo accurately estimate the partial volume fraction of free water in the white matter from diffusion MRI acquisitions not demanding strong sensitizing gradients and/or large collections of different b‐values. Data sets considered comprise 32‐64 gradients near plus 6 gradients near .Theory and MethodsThe spherical means of each diffusion MRI set with the same b‐value are computed. These means are related to the inherent diffusion parameters within the voxel (free‐ and cellular‐water fractions; cellular‐water diffusivity), which are solved by constrained nonlinear least squares regression.ResultsThe proposed method outperforms those based on mixtures of two Gaussians for the kind of data sets considered. W.r.t. the accuracy, the former does not introduce significant biases in the scenarios of interest, while the latter can reach a bias of 5%–7% if fiber crossings are present. W.r.t. the precision, a variance near , compared to 15%, can be attained for usual configurations.ConclusionIt is possible to compute reliable estimates of the free‐water fraction inside the white matter by complementing typical DTI acquisitions with few gradients at a lowb‐value. It can be done voxel‐by‐voxel, without imposing spatial regularity constraints.
Is the representation of beneficiaries by international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) still pornographic?
Authors: Bhati Abhishek 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis paper examines how beneficiaries are represented by International Nongovernmental Organizations (INGOs) to attract potential donors' attention and if such representations stereotype people of color living in developing countries. The study draws on the multi‐level methodological approach to understand the content and overall meaning of 320 photos from the 32 largest INGOs operating in the United States. Findings suggest that INGOs still portray beneficiaries stereotypical and thereby reinforcing colonial narratives of “Othering” by an overwhelming representation of single mothers, infants, and girls, and few representations of men and families; and greater emphasis on deliberately positive representation.
In search of the ‘great horse’: A zooarchaeological assessment of horses from England (AD 300–1650)
Authors: Ameen Carly , Benkert Helene , Fraser Tamsyn , Gordon Rebecca , Holmes Matilda , Johnson Will , Lauritsen Malene , Maltby Mark , Rapp Karina , Townend Tess , Baker Gary Paul , Jones Laura May , Vo Van Qui Camille , Webley Robert , Liddiard Robert , Sykes Naomi , Creighton Oliver H. , Thomas Richard , Outram Alan K. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPopular culture presents a deep‐rooted perception of medieval warhorses as massive and powerful mounts, but medieval textual and iconographic evidence remains highly debated. Furthermore, identifying warhorses in the zooarchaeological record is challenging due to both a paucity of horse remains relative to other domesticates, and the tendency of researchers to focus on osteological size, which makes it difficult to reconstruct in‐life usage of horses and activity related changes. This paper presents the largest zooarchaeological dataset of English horse bones (n = 1964) from 171 unique archaeological sites dating between AD 300 and 1650. Using this dataset alongside a modern comparative sample of known equids (n = 490), we examine trends in size and shape to explore how the skeletal conformation of horses changed through time and reflected their domestic, elite and military roles. In addition to evidencing the generally small stature of medieval horses relative to both earlier and later periods, we demonstrate the importance of accurately exploring the shape of skeletal elements to describe the morphological characteristics of domestic animals. Furthermore, we highlight the need to examine shape variation in the context of entheseal changes and biomechanics to address questions of functional morphology and detect possible markers of artificial selection on past horses.
Skeletal muscle energy metabolism in obesity
Authors: Mengeste Abel M. , Rustan Arild C. , Lund Jenny 
Published: August 2021

AbstractComparing energy metabolism in human skeletal muscle and primary skeletal muscle cells in obesity, while focusing on glucose and fatty acid metabolism, shows many common changes. Insulin‐mediated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and primary myotubes is decreased by obesity, whereas differences in basal glucose metabolism are inconsistent among studies. With respect to fatty acid metabolism, there is an increased uptake and storage of fatty acids and a reduced complete lipolysis, suggesting alterations in lipid turnover. In addition, fatty acid oxidation is decreased, probably at the level of complete oxidation, as ‐oxidation may be enhanced in obesity, which indicates mitochondrial dysfunction. Metabolic changes in skeletal muscle with obesity promote metabolic inflexibility, ectopic lipid accumulation, and formation of toxic lipid intermediates. Skeletal muscle also acts as an endocrine organ, secreting myokines that participate in interorgan cross talk.This review highlights interventions and some possible targets for treatment through action on skeletal muscle energy metabolism. Effects of exercise in vivo on obesity have been compared with simulation of endurance exercise in vitro on myotubes (electrical pulse stimulation). Possible pharmaceutical targets, including signaling pathways and drug candidates that could modify lipid storage and turnover or increase mitochondrial function or cellular energy expenditure through adaptive thermogenic mechanisms, are discussed.image
Under pressure: How human‐wild‐captive elephant social‐ecological system in Laos is teetering due to global forces and sociocultural changes
Authors: Maurer Gilles , Gimenez Olivier , Mulot Baptiste , Lescureux Nicolas 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Few empirical studies have described social‐ecological systems (SESs) in transition. Some studies focused on external drivers that impact the SES and communities' responses to adapt to changes, including economic, land and conservation policies. Others have considered the effect of social and cultural changes on communities' capacity to sustain their activities. While sociocultural changes are increasingly common through globalization and world‐wide economic development, there is an urgent need to better understand and document how these changes affect individual and community agency to adapt or transform a system that is facing a combination of powerful internal and external forces.

The human–Asian elephant relationship appears particularly illustrative of a complex SES because of the dual status of the elephant being wild or under human care, and the entanglement of ecological, cultural, social and economic dimensions. The ongoing and rapid political, socio‐economic and environmental changes occurring in Laos for the last decades have strongly affected this relationship.

We conducted an ethnological survey to assess how the SES has evolved in Laos and its consequences for human‐wild‐captive elephant interactions and elephant handling practices. We show that in the 1990s, the SES was based on the principles of common access to natural resources and social control over nature and spirits, and led to a form of elephant handling with close interactions between captive and wild elephants. Husbandry practices then could be likened to pastoralism as a mode of production associated with a mode of relation close to seasonal freedom.

Since the turn of the present century, the commodification of nature and of increasingly divided access to natural resources led eventually to the segregation of wild elephants and captivity of their working conspecifics. With the intensification of workload, owners switched to a ranching‐like economy, based on the accumulation of monetary capital from the employment of elephants in logging or tourism.

We discuss how the combination of external drivers, such as economic liberalization, land and conservation policies, and internal drivers linked to sociocultural changes could affect a SES in transition, leading to a fading interest of the new generation in their family heritage.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Antimicrobial polymeric paints: An up‐to‐date review
Authors: Gupta Sonali , Puttaiahgowda Yashoda Malgar , Nagaraja Akshatha , Jalageri Manohara Dhulappa 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA wreaking havoc condition in current urges the use of antimicrobial materials at its maximum. The various sectors such as health‐care institutions, food packaging, textile industry, water‐purification system, and so on, have high demand for the use of antimicrobial materials and paint industry is one amongst them. Since millennium, paints has been used to decorate the surroundings we live in. The transformation of use of paints can be observed from prehistoric to modern day walls as a protective and a feature enhancing substance. The paints with antimicrobial property have experienced tremendous growth to improve microbial quality in residential, commercial, institutional and industrial applications for its need to control the microbial growth which prevents the spread and reduces the risk of infections. Antimicrobial paints kill microorganisms upon contact while still retaining their durability which withstands the inevitable deterioration of paints. Antimicrobial paint additives can be easily and cost‐effectively manufactured into all types of solvent‐based, water‐based, liquid, oil or powder paints and coatings. This review provides an insight on the use of polymers in developing antimicrobial paints and their use as binder, emulsifier, latexes, varnishes, and so on, against various pathogenic waterborne and airborne microorganisms. The literature also defines the replacement of solvent‐based paints to water‐based paints which are environmentally friendly and act as good filling binder.
Effect of process parameters on thermal and mechanical properties of polymer‐based composites using fused filament fabrication
Authors: Benfriha Khaled , Ahmadifar Mohammad , Shirinbayan Mohammadali , Tcharkhtchi Abbas 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe fused filament fabrication (FFF) process of polymer‐based composites has been developed due to its capability to make complex geometries and shapes with reasonable mechanical properties. However, the improvement of mechanical properties of the obtained parts and products are still under study and are interesting for designers. There are several strategies to enhance these desired properties of produced pieces, for example optimizing the process parameters and/or using different architecting designs. This paper presents the effect of some overriding process parameters (liquefier temperature, print speed, layer height, and platform temperature) on the temperature evolution and mechanical behavior of PA6 reinforced with chopped carbon fibers produced by FFF. Due to deposition of multilayers, there is a cyclic profile of temperature in the FFF process, which is a considerable note related to fabrication and consequently the strength of the manufactured parts. In parallel with the study of process parameters effect, this cyclic temperature profile has been measured. The preliminary results related to physicochemical and mechanical properties revealed that differences in crystallinity percentage exist and failure stress/strain can be considered as an indicator to evaluate the mechanical properties of FFF manufactured products. Moreover, measuring the temperature profile of the deposited filaments revealed that process parameters have a considerable influence on the cooling process of deposited filaments which itself affects the bonding of adjacent filaments. The higher temperatures led to slower cooling rate. Finally, the results confirm the impact of mentioned parameters roles on the bonding formation in the FFF process and also the subsequent obtained mechanical properties of the printed parts. Therefore, selection of the optimized and suitable process parameters is an important design consideration.
Joint effect between bisphenol A and alcohol consumption on benign prostatic hyperplasia: A case–control study in Hong Kong Chinese males
Authors: Liao Gengze , Lee Priscilla M. Y. , Zhao Shi , Ho Wing Ming , Lam Augustine T. , Lee Man Kei , Poon Paul K. M. , Ng Simon S. M. , Li Wentao , He Yonghua , Wang Feng , Wong Samuel Y. S. , Ng Chi Fai , Tse Lap Ah 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundWhether bisphenol A (BPA) exposure is a contributing factor to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) remains unclear. This study evaluated the association between chronic BPA exposure and BPH risk, and explored whether this association was modified by alcohol drinking.MethodsThis study included a total of 650 BPH cases and 650 controls recruited from the same hospital in Hong Kong during 2011–2016. Chronic BPA exposure level was estimated by a validated cumulative BPA exposure index (CBPAI). We performed unconditional logistic regression model to examine the association of BPH risk with potential sources of BPA exposure via oral intake and CBPAI. We further tested the interactions between CBPAI and alcohol consumption habits on BPH risk.ResultsA positive exposure–response relationship was observed between CBPAI and BPH risk. Frequent BPA exposure via oral intake of foods heated in a plastic box/bag (odds ratio [OR] = 3.52, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.51–8.22), cooling water in a plastic bottle (OR = 2.65, 95% CI: 1.33–5.27), or using a plastic cup to contain hot water (OR = 4.14, 95% CI: 1.02–16.89), was significantly associated with increased BPH risk. Compared with nonalcohol drinkers, alcohol drinkers was insignificantly associated with BPH risk (OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 0.77–1.57), but it demonstrated a more remarkable positive gradient between CBPAI exposure and BPH risk among alcohol drinkers, indicating an additive interaction between CBPAI and alcohol on BPH risk (synergy index = 4.24, 95% CI: 1.21–14.94).ConclusionsChronic oral BPA exposure increased BPH risk with a positive exposure–response relationship among Hong Kong Chinese, and alcohol drinking amplified the effect of BPA on BPH. Hence, minimizations of containing food or water/beverage in plastic containers and drinking alcohol are recommended in the community to mitigate BPH risk. Future larger and designated studies are warranted.
Testing new compounds for efficacy against Varroa destructor and safety to honey bees (Apis mellifera)
Authors: Jack Cameron J , Kleckner Kaylin , Demares Fabien , Rault Leslie C , Anderson Troy D , Carlier Paul R , Bloomquist Jeffrey R , Ellis James D 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDVarroa destructor is among the greatest threats to honey bee health worldwide. Acaricides used to control Varroa are becoming increasingly ineffective due to resistance issues, prompting the need for new compounds that can be used for control purposes. Ideally, such compounds would exhibit high toxicity to Varroa while maintaining relatively low toxicity to bees and beekeepers. We characterized the lethal concentrations (LC50) of amitraz, matrine, FlyNap®, the experimental carbamates 2‐((2‐ethylbutyl)thio)phenyl methylcarbamate (1) and 2‐(2‐ethylbutoxy)phenyl methylcarbamate (2), and dimethoate (positive control) for Varroa using a glass vial assay. The test compounds also were applied to honey bees using an acute contact toxicity assay to determine the adult bee LD50 for each compound.RESULTSAmitraz was the most toxic compound to Varroa, but carbamate 2 was nearly as active (within 2‐fold) and the most selective due to its lower bee toxicity, demonstrating its promise as a Varroa control. While carbamate 1 was less toxic to honey bees than was amitraz, it was also 4.7‐fold less toxic to the mites. Both matrine and FlyNap® were relatively ineffective at killing Varroa and were moderately toxic to honey bees.CONCLUSIONAdditional testing is required to determine if carbamate 2 can be used as an effective Varroa control. As new chemical treatments are identified, it will be necessary to determine how they can be utilized best alongside other control techniques as part of an integrated pest management program. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Governmental regulation induced pesticide retailers to provide more accurate advice on pesticide use to farmers in China
Authors: Li Zhongju , Hu Ruifa , Zhang Chao , Xiong Yankun , Chen Kevin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn China, pesticide retailers have often been accused of providing inaccurate advice on pesticide use to farmers in a chaotic pesticide market. However, it is unclear whether governmental regulation of sales and advice on pesticide use by pesticide retailers induces them to provide accurate advice.RESULTSUsing survey data of 242 pesticide retailers in 2016, this study analyzes how pesticide retailers in China provide advice on pesticide use to farmers and examines whether governmental regulation induces pesticide retailers to provide accurate advice. The surveyed retailers were found to advise farmers to use the correct active ingredients in only 75.6% of observations. Retailers recommended pesticide application rates higher than the scientifically recommended levels among 57.2% of observations. The bivariate probit model estimation results show that highly intensive governmental regulation increases the probability of correct advice on pesticide use of pesticide retailers in the county and township seats by 13% and 19%, respectively. Moreover, highly intensive regulation can also increase the probability of pesticide non‐overuse advice by the retailers from the retailers in the villages by 38%.CONCLUSIONHighly intensive governmental regulation can induce pesticide retailers to provide more accurate advice on pesticide use to farmers, but the effects differ across the locations of pesticide retailers. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.