bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scopolamine fatal outcome in an inmate after buscopan® smoking
Authors: Strano-Rossi Sabina , Mestria Serena , Bolino Giorgio , Polacco Matteo , Grassi Simone , Oliva Antonio 
Published: April 2021

AbstractScopolamine is an alkaloid which acts as competitive antagonists to acetylcholine at central and peripheral muscarinic receptors. We report the case of a 41-year-old male convict with a 27-year history of cannabis abuse who suddenly died in the bed of his cell after having smoked buscopan® tablets. Since both abuse of substances and recent physical assaults had been reported, we opted for a comprehensive approach (post-mortem computed tomography CT (PMCT), full forensic autopsy, and toxicology testing) to determine which was the cause of the death. Virtopsy found significant cerebral edema and lungs edema that were confirmed at the autopsy and at the histopathological examination. Scopolamine was detected in peripheral blood at the toxic concentration of 14 ng/mL in blood and at 263 ng/mL in urine, and scopolamine butyl bromide at 17 ng/mL in blood and 90 ng/mL in urine. Quetiapine, mirtazapine, lorazepam, diazepam, and metabolites and valproate were also detected (at therapeutic concentrations). Inmates, especially when they have a history of drug abuse, are at risk to use any substance they can find for recreational purposes. In prisons, active surveillance on the management and assumption of prescribed drugs could avoid fatal acute intoxication.
Concurrent disjoint set union
Authors: Jayanti Siddhartha V. , Tarjan Robert E. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe develop and analyze concurrent algorithms for the disjoint set union (“union-find” ) problem in the shared memory, asynchronous multiprocessor model of computation, with CAS (compare and swap) or DCAS (double compare and swap) as the synchronization primitive. We give a deterministic bounded wait-free algorithm that uses DCAS and has a total work bound of $$O\biggl ( m \cdot \left( \log {\left( \frac{np}{m} + 1 \right) } + \alpha {\left( n, \frac{m}{np} \right) } \right) \biggr )$$

O

(

m
·

log

np

m

+
1

+
α

n
,

m

np

)

for a problem with n elements and m operations solved by p processes, where $$\alpha $$
α
is a functional inverse of Ackermann’s function. We give two randomized algorithms that use only CAS and have the same work bound in expectation. The analysis of the second randomized algorithm is valid even if the scheduler is adversarial. Our DCAS and randomized algorithms take $$O(\log n)$$

O
(
log
n
)

steps per operation, worst-case for the DCAS algorithm, high-probability for the randomized algorithms. Our work and step bounds grow only logarithmically with p, making our algorithms truly scalable. We prove that for a class of symmetric algorithms that includes ours, no better step or work bound is possible. Our work is theoretical, but Alistarh et al (In search of the fastest concurrent union-find algorithm, 2019), Dhulipala et al (A framework for static and incremental parallel graph connectivity algorithms, 2020) and Hong et al (Exploring the design space of static and incremental graph connectivity algorithms on gpus, 2020) have implemented some of our algorithms on CPUs and GPUs and experimented with them. On many realistic data sets, our algorithms run as fast or faster than all others.
Behandlungsempfehlungen vs. Real-Life: Therapie der rheumatoiden Arthritis in Österreich
Authors: Kerschbaumer A. , Aletaha D. 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungDas im Jahr 2019 erfolgte Update der EULAR-Behandlungsempfehlungen für Patientinnen und Patienten mit rheumatoider Arthritis (RA) umfasst einige Änderungen, welche vor allem auf neue pharmakologische Behandlungsalternativen (Januskinase-Inhibitoren), aber auch auf Erweiterungen der Therapiestrategien beruhen. Während die wissenschaftliche Evidenz und insbesondere die Anzahl der publizierten klinischen Studien stetig anwächst und nicht leicht überblickbar ist, war es stets ein wesentliches Ziel, die Anwendbarkeit der Empfehlungen in der klinischen Praxis in konkreten Schritten zu veranschaulichen. Beginnend mit der Therapieeinleitung nach Diagnosestellung, dem Therapieziel und dem Monitoring, wird auf die Erstlinientherapie mittels konventioneller Basistherapeutika und Glukokortikoiden eingegangen. Basierend auf dem Vorliegen von schlechten prognostischen Faktoren wird in der Zweitlinientherapie entweder eine Biologika- bzw. gezielte synthetische Basistherapie (in Kombination mit konventionellen Basistherapeutika) etabliert oder eine weitere konventionelle Basistherapie in Erwägung gezogen. Bei erneutem Fehlschlag der zielgerichteten Therapie wird auf ein anderes Wirkprinzip oder einen zweiten Tumornekrosefaktor-alpha-Inhibitor gewechselt. In langanhaltender Remission soll die Therapie, beginnend mit den Glukokortikoiden, gefolgt von Biologika und gezielten synthetischen Therapien, ausgeschlichen werden. Erst zuallerletzt soll die konventionelle Basistherapie beendet werden, mit dem höchsten Therapieziel der therapiefreien Remission. Diese Arbeit bietet einen Überblick über die Behandlungsempfehlungen der RA sowie auf jedes der übergeordneten Prinzipien („overarching principles“). Hierbei wird auf jede Empfehlung einzeln eingegangen und anhand eines konkreten Beispiels die Anwendung in der klinischen Praxis erläutert.
Methodological Challenges for Epidemiologic Studies of Deprescribing at the End of Life
Authors: Tjia Jennifer , Lund Jennifer L. , Mack Deborah S. , Mbrah Attah , Yuan Yiyang , Chen Qiaoxi , Osundolire Seun , McDermott Cara L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Purpose of Review
To describe approaches to measuring deprescribing and associated outcomes in studies of patients approaching end of life (EOL).

Recent Findings
We reviewed studies published through 2020 that evaluated deprescribing in patients with limited life expectancy and approaching EOL. Deprescribing includes reducing the number of medications, decreasing medication dose(s), and eliminating potentially inappropriate medications. Tools such as STOPPFrail, OncPal, and the Unnecessary Drug Use Measure can facilitate deprescribing. Outcome measures vary and selection of measures should align with the operationalized deprescribing definition used by study investigators.

Summary
EOL deprescribing considerations include medication appropriateness in the context of patient goals for care, expected benefit from medication given life expectancy, and heightened potential for medication-related harm as death nears. Additional data are needed on how EOL deprescribing impacts patient quality of life, caregiver burden, and out-of-pocket medication-related costs to patients and caregivers. Investigators should design deprescribing studies with this information in mind.
Numerical investigation of the influence of discontinuity orientations on fault permeability evolution and slip displacement
Authors: Eyinla Dorcas S. , Gan Quan , Oladunjoye Michael A. , Olayinka Abel I. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A pre-existing plane of weakness along the fault is comprised of a particular pattern of joints dipping at different orientations. The fault stress state, partially defined by the orientation of fault, determines the potential of slip failure and hence the evolution of fault permeability. Here the influence of fault orientation on permeability evolution was investigated by direct fluid injection inside fault with three different sets of fault orientations (45°, 60° and 110°), through the coupled hydromechanical (H-M) model TOUGHREACT-FLAC3D. The influence of joints pattern on slip tendency and magnitude of potential induced seismicity was also evaluated by comparing the resulted slip distance and timing. The simulation results revealed that decreasing the dip angle of the fault increases the corresponding slip tendency in the normal fault circumstance. Also, with changing joints dip angle associated with the fault, the tendency of the fault slip changes concurrently with the permeability evolution in a noticeable manner. Permeability enhancement after the onset of fault slip was observed with the three sets of fault angles, while the condition of 60° dipping angle resulted in highest enhancement. Joints pattern with a dip angle of 145° (very high dip) and 30° (very low dip) did not trigger a shear slip with seismic permeability enhancement. However, high dip and intermediate dip angles (135°, 50° and 70°) yielded high permeability in varying orders of magnitude. The large stress excitation and increasing permeability during shear deformation was noticeably high in intermediate joint dip angles but decreases as the angle increases.

Article highlights

The magnitude of injection-induced permeability enhancement is largely influenced by the fault and joint spatial orientations.

With a slight change in the joint direction, there is an increasing possibility for fault to approach a different critical state of failure.

Stress elevation at the point of failure is controlled by the orientations of fault/joint planes with respect to the direction of maximum principal stress.
A Heterodyne Interferometer with Separated Beam Paths for High-Precision Displacement and Angular Measurements
Authors: Straube Guido , Fischer Calderón Juan Sebastian , Ortlepp Ingo , Füßl Roland , Manske Eberhard 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAs standard concepts for precision positioning within a machine reach their limits with increasing measurement volumes, inverse concepts are a promising approach for addressing this problem. The inverse principle entails other limitations, as for high-precision positioning of a sensor head within a large measurement volume, three four-beam interferometers are required in order to measure all necessary translations and rotations of the sensor head and reconstruct the topography of the reference system consisting of fixed mirrors in the x-, y-, and z-directions. We present the principle of a passive heterodyne laser interferometer with consequently separated beam paths for the individual heterodyne frequencies. The beam path design is illustrated and described, as well as the design of the signal-processing and evaluation algorithm, which is implemented using a System-On-a-Chip with an integrated FPGA, CPU, and A/D converters. A streamlined bench-top optical assembly was set up and measurements were carried out to investigate the remaining non-linearities. Additionally, reference measurements with a commercial homodyne interferometer were executed.
Undergraduate Teaching andAssassin's Creed
Authors: Arbuckle MacLeod Caroline 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDigital tools are widely used in archaeology for excavation, research, and communication of results. Recently, due in large part to the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a significant increase in the use of these resources in the classroom. The use of digital games for teaching undergraduate archaeology courses has been explored by a number of educators, but the majority of instructors continue to see this medium as lacking any particular educational merit. To combat this conclusion, in this article, the author explores some of the ways that unmodified digital games can be integrated into undergraduate archaeology courses to inspire critical discussions. She discusses two main types of games—conceptual simulations and realist simulations—to show how these can help students better understand theoretical approaches to archaeological interpretation and to consider the most effective form of archaeological reconstructions for different audiences. The author highlights her own experiences teaching withAssassin's Creed: Originsto show the benefits and challenges of working with this medium, and she includes student responses to the use of digital games in discussions. An example of a student assignment and an example of a project prompt are provided as supplemental materials to further encourage the use of digital games in the classroom.
We Know Who We Are and What Is Needed
Authors: Laluk Nicholas C. , Burnette Benrita 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOverall healing, harmony, and balance within Ndee (Apache) communities can be understood through the Ndee term Gózhó—“beauty, balance, and harmony.” Beyond this Ndee cultural precept, however, how are such states of Gózhó achieved, whether in the past or today? Within archaeological research on Ndee lands, achieving healing and promoting health is crucial to overall individual and community well-being. Healing activities that contribute to overall states of Gózhó can take many forms. As Rybak and Decker-Fitts (2009:334) suggest, “Native American healing practices exemplify key cultural perspectives and influence the identity development of Native American individuals.” Such healing practices including the use of yellow cattail pollen (hádńdín; Typha spp.) for protection are based on traditions and perspectives typically outside the mainstream of Western psychological tenets, yet they can have significant impact on the sense of well-being for Ndee communities. Ndee cultural specialists with the White Mountain Apache Tribe demonstrate that such traditions and perspectives are not only necessary for continued community well-being but are powerful conduits amplifying the past as present, which contribute to the ongoing cyclical and reciprocal nature of the ways Ndee communities have related to Nígosdzán—Mother Earth—since time immemorial.
Emergent, Relational Revolution: What More Do We Have to Learn from Jane Addams?
Authors: Lake Danielle 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWhat does Jane Addams's approach to social change offer to publicly engaged scholars and activists today? This essay explores several dimensions of Addams's work that have been misinterpreted and overlooked, putting these aspects of her work into conversation with research on endeavors to move higher education toward civic democratic engagement. The goal is to visualize opportunities and strategies for more inclusive and democratic engagement with issues across local, regional, and global communities. In particular, this essay explores how Addams's place-based, boundary-spanning methods of engagement provide strategies for more inclusive and collaborative philosophical activism, including (1) fostering and sustaining relationships across difference, (2) engaging with soft systems mapping, and (3) using synthetic imagination in crafting transdisciplinary engaged narratives. In conjunction with research on social change and creative innovation, Addams's work highlights the potential value of collaborative and democratic endeavors across difference as a means toward more radical imaginaries and relational revolution.
Admission patterns in a psychiatric intensive care unit in Ireland: a longitudinal follow-up
Authors: Raaj S. , Navanathan S. , Matti B. , Bhagawan A. , Twomey P. , Lally J. , Browne R. 
Published: April 2021

Objective:This study aims to describe the course of admission and clinical characteristics of admissions to a psychiatric intensive care unit (PICU) in the Phoenix Care Centre (PCC), Dublin, Ireland.Methods:This retrospective chart study was conducted at the PCC, Dublin, Ireland. The cohort included all admission episodes (n = 91 complete data) over a three-year study period between January 2014 and January 2017.Results:The mean age of admitted cases was 37.1 (s.d. = 11.3; range 18–63). The mean length of stay (LOS) was 59.3 days (s.d. = 61.0; median 39.5 days). All patients were admitted under Mental Health Act legislation. Antipsychotic polypharmacy was used in 61% (n = 55) of the admissions. A diagnosis of acute psychotic disorder (B = −1.027, p = 0.003, 95% CI: −1.691, −0.363) was associated with reduced LOS in PICU.Conclusion:Our study describes the cohort of patients admitted as being predominantly male, younger-aged, single, having a diagnosis of schizophrenia and being legally detained. The primary indication for referral is risk of assault, which highlights the need for the intensive and secure treatment model that a PICU can provide.
Six-month smell and taste recovery rates in coronavirus disease 2019 patients: a prospective psychophysical study
Authors: Petrocelli M , Cutrupi S , Salzano G , Maglitto F , Salzano F A , Lechien J R , Saussez S , Boscolo-Rizzo P , De Riu G , Vaira L A 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe long-term recovery rate for coronavirus disease 2019 related chemosensory disturbances has not yet been clarified.MethodsOlfactory and gustatory functions were assessed with psychophysical tests in patients in the first seven days from coronavirus disease 2019 onset and one, two, three and six months after the first evaluation.ResultsA total of 300 patients completed the study. The improvement in olfactory function was significant at the two-month follow up. At the end of the observation period, 27 per cent of the patients still experienced a persistent olfactory disturbance, including anosmia in 5 per cent of cases. As for taste, the improvement in the psychophysical scores was significant only between the baseline and the 30-day control. At the 6-month evaluation, 10 per cent of the patients presented with a persistent gustatory disturbance with an incidence of complete ageusia of 1 per cent.ConclusionSix months after the onset of coronavirus disease 2019, about 6 per cent of patients still had a severe persistent olfactory or gustatory disturbance.
Energy Transition in the European Union and its Member States: Interpreting Federal Competence Allocation in the Light of the Paris Agreement
Authors: Fehling Michael 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEnergy transition in the European Union (EU) and its Member States involves questions of federalism, which are subject to various perspectives. The distribution of powers cannot be properly understood using classical legal methodology alone because Articles 192 to 194 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) contain too many ambiguous political compromises. On the one hand, Article 192(1) TFEU (on the environment) and Article 194(1) and (2)(1) TFEU (on energy) enable EU legislation on energy transition through the ordinary legislative procedure, including majority voting in the European Parliament and the Council. On the other hand, there are significant textual limits for EU action in neighbouring provisions with a ‘sovereignty exception’ for the Member States in both Article 192(2) and Article 194(2)(2) TFEU. This article argues that, in the light of the Paris Agreement, the allocation of competences between the EU and its Member States should, in case of doubt, be understood in such a way that effective climate protection becomes possible. Because under Article 191(1) TFEU the EU is to promote measures at the international level to combat climate change, such an international law-friendly interpretation is part of a legitimate teleological approach. Economic theories of federalism and innovation research in the social sciences help us to understand which aspects of economic or innovation theory can promote effectiveness in this respect. It is necessary to interpret the distribution of competences in a dynamic way, thereby slightly shifting the limits of interpretation.
Commerce in Children: Slavery, Gradual Emancipation, and the Free Womb Trade in Colombia
Authors: Barragan Yesenia 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn 1821, as the Wars of Independence drew to a close, officials of the newly created republic of Gran Colombia passed a national gradual emancipation law. At the center of it was a Free Womb law that declared legally free the children of enslaved women born after the law's promulgation, while bonding these children to their mothers’ masters until the age of 18. Yet, in addition to establishing a term limit on their legalized captivity, the law stipulated conditions for the commerce in Free Womb children, laying the groundwork for what I refer to as the Free Womb trade. This article presents the first detailed exploration of the origins, operations, and limitations of the Free Womb trade in Colombia, particularly at the level of one province: the northwestern Pacific coastal province of Chocó. I argue that the trade created distinctly bounded market geographies of Free Womb children, who were actively, if at times ambiguously, incorporated into Colombia's slave economy. As a general rule, the Free Womb trade placed captive families at the mercy of their masters; yet, as one extraordinary case reveals, the full extent of the local trade's legal power was not entirely secure.
What Role Does the Barrier Layer Play During Extreme El Niño Events?
Authors: Zhang Xiaolin , Sprintall Janet , Zeng Lili 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIntensive air‐sea interaction and the formation of the salinity barrier layer (BL) in the Pacific has fundamental importance to the El Niño evolution. The structure and formation of the BL in the equatorial Pacific Ocean during moderate and extreme El Niños over the past 30 years are investigated using in situ temperature and salinity data measured by the TAO/TRITON array and the data‐assimilating ECCO2 product. In the western and central Pacific Ocean, the BL is thicker during moderate El Niños compared to extreme El Niños due to a deeper isothermal layer depth compared to the density defined mixed layer depth. Moreover, in the western and central Pacific Ocean, the anomalous zonal eastward current related to the westerly wind event that initiates El Niños is found to be stronger during extreme El Niños, advecting the thicker BLs from west to east. A salinity budget suggests that during both moderate and extreme El Niño events, surface freshwater flux dominates at the equator. During extreme El Niños, the change in the freshwater flux drives a strong surface jet in the far western Pacific at 1°S, 156°E. North of the equator, the surface freshwater flux largely dampens this advective impact. Thus during the different El Niño strengths, the BL distribution, evolution and impact are also different. This suggests that climate models need to better distinguish different types of El Niño events in order to simulate the ENSO dynamics correctly.
A Rapid Gamma‐Ray Glow Flux Reduction Observed From 20 km Altitude
Authors: Kochkin P. , Sarria D. , Lehtinen N. , Mezentsev A. , Yang S. , Genov G. , Ullaland K. , Marisaldi M. , Østgaard N. , Christian H. J. , Grove J. E. , Quick M. , Al‐Nussirat S. , Wulf E. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTwo gamma‐ray glows were observed by a high‐altitude NASA ER‐2 aircraft flying at 20 km altitude over a thunderstorm in Colorado, USA. The flux of the first glow rapidly intensified and then abruptly decreased within a few tens of milliseconds. On a timescale of seconds, the flux decrease occurred simultaneously with a hybrid intra‐cloud/cloud‐to‐ground lightning discharge beneath the aircraft. However, a more detailed analysis of the discharge dynamics indicated that the discharge activity was unusually calm during the actual period of the flux decrease. The lightning was observed with on‐board antennas, optical sensor, and ground‐based lightning mapping and location networks. Its closest activity was 12 km away from the aircraft, below and slightly ahead the course. The gamma‐ray flux reduction happened roughly in the middle of the lightning development process. The glow spectral analysis for the periods of a weak and strong flux enhancement has been done. The spectra were found to be background‐like and similar to each other.