bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microbial seasonality promotes soil respiratory carbon emission in natural ecosystems: A modeling study
Authors: He Liyuan , Lai Chun‐Ta , Mayes Melanie A. , Murayama Shohei , Xu Xiaofeng 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSeasonality is a key feature of the biosphere and the seasonal dynamics of soil carbon (C) emissions represent a fundamental mechanism regulating the terrestrial–climate interaction. We applied a microbial explicit model—CLM‐Microbe—to evaluate the impacts of microbial seasonality on soil C cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. The CLM‐Microbe model was validated in simulating belowground respiratory fluxes, that is, microbial respiration, root respiration, and soil respiration at the site level. On average, the CLM‐Microbe model explained 72% (n = 19, p < 0.0001), 65% (n = 19, p < 0.0001), and 71% (n = 18, p < 0.0001) of the variation in microbial respiration, root respiration, and soil respiration, respectively. We then compared the model simulations of soil respiratory fluxes and soil organic C content in top 1 m between the CLM‐Microbe model with (CLM‐Microbe) and without (CLM‐Microbe_wos) seasonal dynamics of soil microbial biomass in natural biomes. Removing soil microbial seasonality reduced model performance in simulating microbial respiration and soil respiration, but led to slight differences in simulating root respiration. Compared with the CLM‐Microbe, the CLM‐Microbe_wos underestimated the annual flux of microbial respiration by 0.6%–32% and annual flux of soil respiration by 0.4%–29% in natural biomes. Correspondingly, the CLM‐Microbe_wos estimated higher soil organic C content in top 1 m (0.2%–7%) except for the sites in Arctic and boreal regions. Our findings suggest that soil microbial seasonality enhances soil respiratory C emissions, leading to a decline in SOC storage. An explicit representation of soil microbial seasonality represents a critical improvement for projecting soil C decomposition and reducing the uncertainties in global C cycle projection under the changing climate.
Storm and fire disturbances in Europe: Distribution and trends
Authors: Senf Cornelius , Seidl Rupert 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAbiotic forest disturbances are an important driver of ecosystem dynamics. In Europe, storms and fires have been identified as the most important abiotic disturbances in the recent past. Yet, how strongly these agents drive local disturbance regimes compared to other agents (e.g., biotic, human) remains unresolved. Furthermore, whether storms and fires are responsible for the observed increase in forest disturbances in Europe is debated. Here, we provide quantitative evidence for the prevalence of storm and fire disturbances in Europe 1986–2016. For 27 million disturbance patches mapped from satellite data, we determined whether they were caused by storm or fire, using a random forest classifier and a large reference dataset of true disturbance occurrences. We subsequently analyzed patterns of disturbance prevalence (i.e., the share of an agent on the overall area disturbed) in space and time. Storm‐ and fire‐related disturbances each accounted for approximately 7% of all disturbances recorded in Europe in the period 1986–2016. Storm‐related disturbances were most prevalent in western and central Europe, where they locally accounted for >50% of all disturbances, but we also identified storm‐related disturbances in south‐eastern and eastern Europe. Fire‐related disturbances were a major disturbance agent in southern and south‐eastern Europe, but fires also occurred in eastern and northern Europe. The prevalence and absolute area of storm‐related disturbances increased over time, whereas no trend was detected for fire‐related disturbances. Overall, we estimate an average of 127,716 (97,680–162,725) ha of storm‐related disturbances per year and an average of 141,436 (107,353–181,022) ha of fire‐related disturbances per year. We conclude that abiotic disturbances caused by storm and fire are important drivers of forest dynamics in Europe, but that their influence varies substantially by region. Our analysis further suggests that increasing storm‐related disturbances are an important driver of Europe's changing forest disturbance regimes.
Effectiveness of orthodontic toothbrush versus conventional toothbrush on plaque and gingival index reduction: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Marçal Felipe Franco , Mota de Paulo João Paulo , Barreto Liliana Girão , de Carvalho Guerra Lis Monteiro , Silva Paulo Goberlânio de Barros 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveIn orthodontic patients submitted to oral hygiene instruction, what is the efficacy of orthodontic toothbrush (O‐TB) versus conventional toothbrush (C‐TB) on plaque and gingival index reduction in randomized and non‐randomized controlled clinical trials?MethodsElectronic database search was performed on PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar. Database research, study selection, data extraction and ROBINS‐I and Risk of Bias Tool 2.0 analysis were conducted by two independently examiners in duplicate. Two different meta‐analyses were performed for plaque index and gingival index, followed by the analysis of overall quality of the evidence using GRADE.ResultsA total of 158 studies were identified for screening; six articles were included in qualitative synthesis, and of those, three were subjected to a quantitative synthesis (meta‐analysis). Three non‐randomized studies presented an overall ‘low’, ‘moderate’ and ‘high’ risk of bias for each one of the articles, and the three randomized clinical trials presented ‘low risk’ for two articles and ‘some concerns’ quality for the other one. The overall strength of evidence was ranked ‘very low’ quality for plaque index and gingival index subgroups.ConclusionsGingival bleeding is not modified by orthodontic design toothbrush, but there is circumstantial scientific evidence for recommending the use of an O‐TB instead a C‐TB based on the analysis of plaque index control. Although major plaque removal of the O‐TB was validated by meta‐analysis, this improvement is not completely clarified which calls for further clinical studies to assess the effects of using an O‐TB compared with a C‐TB.
A qualitative study of fourteen African countries’ nursing workforce and labour market
Authors: Bryant A. , Reynolds N.R. , Hart L. , Johnson P.G. , Kalula A. , Gokul B. , Davidson P.M. 
Published: May 2021

AimThe aim of this study was to describe factors affecting nursing education and labour markets in countries in East, Central, and Southern Africa, and critical areas for investment.BackgroundAn understanding about the relationship between the supply of nurses (determined by types of educational programmes, and the quantity and quality of nurse graduates), and workforce demand is critical to health policy development.MethodsSix focus groups and 14 key informant interviews with nursing leaders and experts were conducted. Participants included government chief nursing officers, registrars of regulatory bodies, association leaders and heads of nursing education. The data were transcribed, coded and analysed using inductive techniques.FindingsParticipants discussed challenges and strengths of nursing education, school and regulatory infrastructure, financing mechanisms for the nursing workforce, the state of nursing jobs and scope of nursing practice.ConclusionStrengthened regulations and leadership are needed to improve investment in nursing, the quality of nursing education, and working conditions and to promote the achievement of better health outcomes.Implications for Nursing PolicyClarifying scope of practice for nurses in the health sector and creating competency‐based requirements is important. Governments should establish positions that align with updated competencies and provide fair and safe working conditions. The current and ongoing investment case for nursing requires improved data systems and a commitment to use labour market data for decision‐making.
Interventions to improve physical activity in colorectal cancer survivors: protocol for a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Mbous Yves Paul Vincent , Mohamed Rowida , Kelley George A. , Kelly Kimberly Michelle 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimTo examine the effectiveness of physical activity (PA) interventions on changes in PA among colorectal cancer survivors, including an examination of theoretical versus atheoretical‐driven approaches, with a special focus on their effectiveness across ethnic and racial minorities.DesignSystematic review with aggregated data meta‐analyses.Data sourcesUsing six databases (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL with full text, Scopus and Web of Science), we will screen for randomized controlled trials written in English from May 1, 1993 up to December 31, 2020.Review methodsDual study‐selection and data abstraction will be performed. The Behavior Change Technique Taxonomy (v1) will be used to examine behavior change techniques among selected studies, while the Theory Coding Scheme will be used to assess the extent of theory use. Risk of bias will be assessed using the revised Cochrane risk‐of‐bias tool for randomized trials, while the strength of the evidence will be assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation instrument. In addition, intervention delivery will be appraised using the Template for Intervention Description and Replication. Changes in PA from each study will be calculated using the standardized mean difference effect size (Hedge's g). Results will be pooled using the inverse‐variance heterogeneity model. Heterogeneity (Cochran's Q) and inconsistency (I2) will be examined, while small‐study effects (publication bias) will be evaluated using the Doi plot and LFK Index. Meta‐regression will also be conducted to examine for potential associations between changes in physical activity and selected covariates (theoretical versus atheoretical‐driven approaches, race/ethnicity).DiscussionThis systematic review will identify specific racial/ethnic minorities for whom interventions are most effective and summarize the evidence of the effectiveness of theoretical vs. theoretical based intervention.ImpactThis systematic review can direct policymakers and practitioners towards actions that are likely to bring about positive physical activity behaviour change.
Behavioural variation between piscivore and insectivore rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss
Authors: Monnet Gauthier , Rosenfeld Jordan S. , Richards Jeffrey G. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA proactive‐reactive continuum integrating multiple (i.e., 3+) dimensions of animal behaviour has been reported as a major axis of behavioural differentiation, but its stability along a biological hierarchy from individuals to populations remains speculative. Piscivore and insectivore rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) represent closely related ecotypes with strong ecological divergence driven by selection for a large‐bodied piscivorous lifestyle with fast juvenile growth vs. selection for smaller adult body size and lower growth associated with an insectivorous diet. To evaluate whether differences in behaviour between ecotypes are consistent with a proactive‐reactive axis and consistent along a biological hierarchy, the authors examined variation in emergence time from a shelter, exploration, activity and predator inspection among individuals, populations and ecotypes of juvenile piscivore and insectivore rainbow trout O. mykiss. As expected, the faster‐growing piscivore ecotype was more proactive (i.e., shorter emergence time, exploration and predator inspection) than the more reactive insectivore ecotype. This behavioural contrast was partly maintained across populations, although activity differences were most pronounced among populations, rather than emergence time. Insectivore fry showed substantial variation in behavioural expression among individuals within populations; by contrast, piscivores showed highly similar proactive behaviours with significantly lower inter‐individual variation in behavioural expression, suggesting intense selection on behaviour supporting their faster growth. This work suggests that piscivore and insectivore O. mykiss broadly differ in behaviour along a proactive vs. reactive continuum, and highlights the greater multidimensionality of behavioural expression within the insectivore ecotype. Contrasting behaviours between ecotypes may result from differential selection for slow vs. fast juvenile growth and associated metabolism, and may contribute to adult trophic specialization.
Live birth by cesarean section after rupture of uterine cornua in simultaneous corneal and intrauterine pregnancies
Authors: Banzai Chiaki , Hiraishi Hikaru , Higeta Daisuke , Tsukagoshi Noriko , Murata Tomomi , Soda Masayuki 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA patient became pregnant by in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF‐ET). She had a history of laparoscopic bilateral salpingectomy and enucleation of a left ovarian tumor due to bilateral hydrosalpinx and left endometriotic cyst in primary infertility. She noticed abdominal pain and visited the nearby general hospital by ambulance (gestational age 6 weeks and 1 day). She was admitted to our department because of ascites. An abdominal hemorrhage due to a rupture of the residual corneal segment of the fallopian tube was suspected and emergency laparoscopic surgery was performed. Simultaneous internal and external pregnancy resulted in rupture of the right tubal corneal at the ectopic site of pregnancy. The baby in the uterus grew smoothly and was delivered by cesarean section. This is a report of a case in which live birth after rupture of uterine cornua in simultaneous corneal and intrauterine pregnancies. We searched the literature for similar cases and examined management methods.
Treatment of proteinuria in dogs with telmisartan: A retrospective study
Authors: Lecavalier Julie , Fifle Lyanne , Javard Romain 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundUse of telmisartan for the treatment of proteinuria in dogs has not been thoroughly investigated.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTelmisartan can be effective for the treatment of proteinuria in dogs.AnimalsForty‐four client‐owned dogs with proteinuria.MethodsRetrospective study. Dogs diagnosed with clinically relevant proteinuria (nonazotemic dogs with a urine protein‐to‐creatinine ratio [UPC] ≥2 and azotemic dogs with UPC ≥0.5) were separated into 3 groups: telmisartan alone, with benazepril, or with mycophenolate. The UPC was recorded before treatment and at subsequent follow‐ups (1, 3, 6, and 12 months, as available). Response to treatment was categorized as complete (UPC ˂0.5), partial (UPC decreased by ≥50% but still ≥0.5), or no response (UPC decreased by <50%). Serum creatinine and potassium concentrations and arterial pressure also were recorded.ResultsIn the telmisartan group, treatment response (UPC ˂0.5 or decreased by ≥50%) was observed in 70%, 68%, 80%, and 60% of dogs at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months follow‐up, respectively. No significant changes were noted in serum creatinine or potassium concentrations, or in arterial blood pressure at all follow‐up times. Adverse effects consisted of mild self‐limiting gastrointestinal signs in 5 dogs. Two dogs developed clinically relevant azotemia that required discontinuation of the treatment before the first follow‐up.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceTelmisartan can be considered for treatment of proteinuria in dogs, alone or in combination with other treatments for proteinuria.
Fresh frozen plasma transfusion in acute variceal haemorrhage: Results from a multicentre cohort study
Authors: Mohanty Arpan , Kapuria Devika , Canakis Andrew , Lin Honghuang , Amat Maelys J. , Rangel Paniz Graziella , Placone Nicholas T. , Thomasson Reggie , Roy Hemant , Chak Eric , Baffy Gyorgy , Curry Michael P. , Laine Loren , Rustagi Tarun 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundFresh frozen plasma (FFP) transfusion is often used in the management of acute variceal haemorrhage (AVH) despite best practice advice suggesting otherwise.ObjectiveWe investigated if FFP transfusion affects clinical outcomes in AVH.Design, setting and patientsWe performed a retrospective cohort study of 244 consecutive, eligible patients admitted to five tertiary health care centres between 2013 and 2018 with AVH.Main outcome measurementsMultivariable regression analyses were used to study the association of FFP transfusion with mortality at 42 days (primary outcome) and failure to control bleeding at 5 days and length of stay (secondary outcomes).ResultsPatients who received FFP transfusion (n = 100) had higher mean Model for End Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score and more severe variceal bleeding than those who did not received FFP transfusion (n = 144). Multivariable analysis showed that FFP transfusion was associated with increased odds of mortality at 42 days (odds ratio [OR] 9.41, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.71‐23.90). FFP transfusion was also associated with failure to control bleeding at 5 days (OR 3.87, 95% CI 1.28‐11.70) and length of stay >7 days (adjusted OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.03‐3.42). The independent association of FFP transfusion with mortality at 42 days persisted when the cohort was restricted to high‐risk patients and in patients without active bleeding.Limitations and conclusionsFresh frozen plasma transfusion in AVH is independently associated with poor clinical outcomes. As this an observational study, there may be residual bias due to confounding; however, we demonstrate no benefit and potential harm with FFP transfusions in AVH.
Role of TRPV4 channel in vasodilation and neovascularization
Authors: Chen Miao , Li Xiucun 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe transient receptor potential vanilloid type 4 (TRPV4) channel, a Ca2+‐permeable nonselective cation channel, is widely distributed in the circulatory system, particularly in vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs). The TRPV4 channel is activated by various endogenous and exogenous stimuli, including shear stress, low intravascular pressure, and arachidonic acid. TRPV4 has a role in mediating vascular tone and arterial blood pressure. The activation of the TRPV4 channel induces Ca2+ influx, thereby resulting in endothelium‐dependent hyperpolarization and SMC relaxation through SKCa and IKCa activation on ECs or through BKCa activation on SMCs. Ca2+ binds to calmodulin, which leads to the production of nitric oxide, causing vasodilation. Furthermore, the TRPV4 channel plays an important role in angiogenesis and arteriogenesis and is critical for tumor angiogenesis and growth, since it promotes or inhibits the development of various types of cancer. The TRPV4 channel is involved in the active growth of collateral arteries induced by flow shear stress, which makes it a promising therapeutic target in the occlusion or stenosis of the main arteries. In this review, we explore the role and the potential mechanism of action of the TRPV4 channel in the regulation of vascular tone and in the induction of neovascularization to provide a reference for future research.
Current progress on pathogenicity‐related transcription factors in Fusarium oxysporum
Authors: Zuriegat Qussai , Zheng Yuru , Liu Hong , Wang Zonghua , Yun Yingzi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFusarium oxysporum is a well‐known soilborne plant pathogen that causes severe vascular wilt in economically important crops worldwide. During the infection process, F. oxysporum not only secretes various virulence factors, such as cell wall‐degrading enzymes (CWDEs), effectors, and mycotoxins, that potentially play important roles in fungal pathogenicity but it must also respond to extrinsic abiotic stresses from the environment and the host. Over 700 transcription factors (TFs) have been predicted in the genome of F. oxysporum, but only 26 TFs have been functionally characterized in various formae speciales of F. oxysporum. Among these TFs, a total of 23 belonging to 10 families are required for pathogenesis through various mechanisms and pathways, and the zinc finger TF family is the largest family among these 10 families, which consists of 15 TFs that have been functionally characterized in F. oxysporum. In this review, we report current research progress on the 26 functionally analysed TFs in F. oxysporum and sort them into four groups based on their roles in F. oxysporum pathogenicity. Furthermore, we summarize and compare the biofunctions, involved pathways, putative targets, and homologs of these TFs and analyse the relationships among them. This review provides a systematic analysis of the regulation of virulence‐related genes and facilitates further mechanistic analysis of TFs important in F. oxysporum virulence.
Antifungal activity of boric acid, triclosan and zinc oxide against different clinically relevant Candida species
Authors: Gavilanes‐Martínez Marly Alejandra , Coral‐Garzón Alejandra , Cáceres Diego H. , García Ana María 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe genus Candida includes about 200 different species, but only a few are able to produce disease in humans. The species responsible for the highest proportion of human infections is Candida albicans. However, in the last two decades there has been an increase in the proportion of infections caused by other Candida species, including C. glabrata (Nakaseomyces glabrata), C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. krusei (Pichia kudriavzevi) and more recently C. auris. Decolonisation of patients has been used as an infection control strategy for bacterial infections, but information about decolonisation products used in clinical practice for Candida and other fungal pathogens is limited. Compounds with antimicrobial activity, such as triclosan (TR), boric acid (BA) and zinc oxide (ZO), are mainly used in personal care products. These products can be used for long periods of time without an abrasive skin effect and are a possible alternative for patient decolonisation in healthcare settings.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of boric acid (BA), triclosan (TR) and zinc oxide (ZO), individually and combined, against clinically relevant Candida species.Materials and methodsCompounds to be screened for antifungal activity were evaluated at different concentrations, alone, and combined, using a well diffusion assay. The statistical evaluation was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a post hoc analysis using the multiple comparisons method.ResultsIndividually, BA and TR showed antifungal activity against all Candida species evaluated but ZO did not show any antifungal activity. Mixtures of BA [5%]—TR [0.2%]; BA [5%]—TR [0.3%]; BA [5%]—TR [0.2%]—ZO [8.6%]; and BA [5%]—TR [0.2%]—ZO [25%] yielded the highest antifungal activity. An increased antifungal effect was observed in some mixtures when compared with individual compounds.ConclusionsWe demonstrated antifungal activity of BA and TR against multiple Candida species, including against a clade of the emerging healthcare‐associated pathogen C. auris. Additionally, this study shows enhancement of the antifungal effect and no antagonism among the mixtures of these compounds. Further research is needed to determine whether these compounds can reduce the burden of Candida on skin.