bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long and Short Fast Radio Bursts Are Different from Repeating and Nonrepeating Transients
Authors: Li X. J. , Dong X. F. , Zhang Z. B. , Li D. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We collect 133 fast radio bursts (FRBs), including 110 nonrepeating and 23 repeating ones, and systematically investigate their observational properties. To check the frequency dependence of FRB classifications, we define our samples with a central frequency below/above 1 GHz as subsample I/II. First, we find that there is a clear bimodal distribution of pulse width for subsample I. If we classify FRBs into short FRBs (sFRBs; <100 ms) and long FRBs (lFRBs; >100 ms) as done for short and long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), the sFRBs at higher central frequency are commonly shorter than those at lower central frequency not only for nonrepeating but also repeating sFRBs. Second, we find that fluence and peak flux density are correlated with a power-law relation of

F
∝

S

p
,
obs

γ

for both sFRBs and lFRBs whose distributions are obviously different. Third, the lFRBs with isotropic energies ranging from 1042 to 1044 erg are more energetic than the sFRBs in the F–DM
EX plane, indicating that they are two representative types. Finally, it is interesting to note that the peak flux density behaves independently on the redshift when the distance of the FRBs becomes far enough, which is similar to the scenario of the peak flux evolving with redshift in the field of GRBs. We predict that fainter FRBs at a higher redshift of z > 2 can be successfully detected by FAST and the Square Kilometre Array in the near future.
Annihilation of Magnetic Islands at the Top of Solar Flare Loops
Authors: Wang Yulei , Cheng Xin , Ding Mingde , Lu Quanming 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The dynamics of magnetic reconnection in the solar current sheet (CS) is studied by high-resolution 2.5-dimensional MHD simulation. With the commencing of magnetic reconnection, a number of magnetic islands are formed intermittently and move quickly upward and downward along the CS. Upon collision with the semi-closed flux of the flare loops, the downflow islands cause a second reconnection with a rate comparable with that in the main CS. Though the time-integrated magnetic energy release is still dominated by the reconnection in the main CS, the second reconnection can release substantial magnetic energy, annihilating the main islands and generating secondary islands with various scales at the flare loop top. The distribution function of the flux of the secondary islands is found to follow a power law varying from

f

ψ

∼

ψ

−
1

(small scale) to ψ
−2 (large scale), which seems to be independent to background plasma β and thermal conduction (TC). However, the spatial scale and the strength of the termination shocks driven by the main reconnection outflows or islands decrease if β increases or if TC is included. We suggest that the annihilation of magnetic islands at the flare loop top, which is not included in the standard flare model, plays a nonnegligible role in releasing magnetic energy to heat flare plasma and accelerate particles.
Tax Avoidance Strategies of Multinational Companies: A Case Study of Apple Inc.
Authors: Perera U. 
Published: December 2021

This study concentrates on the tax avoidance strategies of multinational companies using the case study of Apple Inc. Objectives of the analysis include identifying strategies that could be exploited by multinational companies to avoid taxes and to find improvements for the Sri Lankan tax system based on the loopholes that multinational companies could exploit. The methodology consists of a critical analysis based on literature and secondary data. Findings of the study include thin capitalization, manipulation of transfer prices and royalty payments, Double Irish Arrangement and Dutch Sandwich, tax inversion and cost sharing agreements as some of the tax avoiding strategies used by multinational companies. Recommendations of the study applicable for the Sri Lankan context include addressing the loopholes of the tax system by implementing country-by-country reporting at least for the companies headquartered in Sri Lanka, a common reporting standard for all the companies, formulate and implement Controlled Financial Corporation rules and to limit certain incentives including tightening of foreign dividend income regulations.
Shunt Implants – Past, Present and Future
Authors: Srinivas Dwarakanath , Tyagi Gaurav , Singh Gyani J 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background:
The treatment of hydrocephalus has evolved over centuries from being an enigma to the use of complex bioprosthetics. Major developments have taken place in the past few decades in shunt hardware and technology, with the use of complex flow regulating valves and biomaterials such as medical-grade silicone having revolutionized the management of hydrocephalus.

Objective:
To discuss the evolution of shunts over the decades and how they will evolve in the future.

Material and Methods:
In this article, we mention an overview of the evolution of shunt technology and hardware from the prehistoric, pre-shunt era to the modern shunt and a brief insight into the future of hydrocephalus treatment. We review the history, development, and pioneers in shunt development and discuss the various types and parts of a shunt system.

Conclusions:
Shunts have been developed from the works of Galen and Hippocrates to the latest technologies using in vivo flow biosensors, computational analysis of flow dynamics, and use of artificial intelligence. This has led to an individualized and appropriate management that can be provided to even the most complex cases of hydrocephalus.
Hydrocephalus in Vein of Galen Malformations
Authors: Paramasivam Srinivasan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Vein of Galen malformation (VOGM) is a fistulous arteriovenous malformation presenting in the early childhood. Hydrocephalus with VOGM develops in one half of patients during the course of the disease. The concept of hydrodynamic disorders is the key to understand the development of hydrocephalus. VOGM results in venous hypertension that secondarily disturbs cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) absorption leading to hydrocephalus and occurs frequently in infants and young children. The medullary veins are thought to be the main pathway for absorption of CSF by the cerebrofugal gradient act as the driving force. In neonates, the cavernous sinus is poorly developed and brain does not use it for venous drainage along with poor jugular bulb maturation results in poor venous drainage reserve. The presence of high flow vascular malformation with poor venous drainage reserve leads to hydrodynamic disorder, poor CSF absorption, and hydrocephalus. Apart from this, hydrocephalus secondary to intraventricular hemorrhage and physical obstruction of the enlarged VOGM at the aqueduct has been proposed. The management strategy is to perform timely endovascular treatment to correct the hydrodynamic disorder and avoid ventricular shunting. Trans-arterial embolization is the effective way, as it decreases flow in the malformation, secondarily the venous hypertension, and thereby improving the clinical symptoms related to hydrodynamic disorder. Ventricular diversion procedure is indicated in symptomatic hydrocephalus after exhausting our effort to reduce hydrodynamic pressure by endovascular embolization.
Applications of Machine Learning in Pediatric Hydrocephalus
Authors: Pahwa Bhavya , Bali Ojasvini , Goyal Sarvesh , Kedia Shweta 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Introduction:
Annually, hydrocephalus affects nearly 7 children per 10,000 live births around the world. It significantly impairs the quality of life of such children and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality The high cost of treatment and post-intervention complications add to the burden of disease. Deployment of machine learning (ML) models in actual clinical settings have led to improved outcomes.

Objective:
The aim of this systematic review is to analyze the utility as well as acknowledge the achievements of AI/ML in HCP decision making.

Methodology:
PubMed and Cochrane databases were used to perform a systematic search with proper terminology to include all the relevant articles up to May 2021.

Results:
Fifteen studies that described the use of ML models in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognostication of pediatric hydrocephalus were identified. The median accuracy of prediction by the ML model in various tasks listed above was found to be 0.88. ML models were most commonly employed for ventricular segmentation for diagnosis of hydrocephalus. The most frequently used model was neural networks. ML models attained faster processing speeds than their manual and non-ML-based automated counterparts.

Conclusion:
This study attempts to evaluate the important advances and applications of ML in pediatric hydrocephalus. These methods may be better suited for clinical use than manual methods alone due to faster automated processing and near-human accuracy. Future studies should evaluate whether the use of these models is feasible in the future for patient care and management in field settings.
Tectal Rosette-Forming Glioneuronal Tumor – A Case Report Focusing on a Possible Role for Radiotherapy in Inoperable Tumors
Authors: Nambirajan Aruna , Sharma Mehar C , Giridhar Prashanth , Khanna Gaurav , Garg Ajay , Sharma Rajeev , Mallick Supriya , Gupta Subhash , Suri Vaishali , Parambath Haresh 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background:
Rosette-forming glioneuronal tumor (RGNT) is a rare and distinctive glioneuronal tumor. Although surgical excision is considered the standard treatment for these slow growing WHO Grade I tumors, gross-total resection is achieved in less than 50% of RGNTs due to its localisation amidst vital structures. With very few cases with long term follow-up reported, there is limited knowledge of the natural clinical course and the role of radiotherapy in inoperable RGNTs.

Case Description:
A previously well 26-year old male, presented with long standing headache, increasing gait instability and fainting episodes. Imaging revealed a tectal plate mass with hydrocephalous. An endoscopic third ventriculostomy and biopsy was done, revealing RGNT. He received radiotherapy with a curative intent. The patient remained neurologically stable for 4 years. Follow-up imaging done after 4 years showed decrease in tumor size.

Conclusions:
The current case highlights a role for radiotherapy in RGNTs occurring in surgically challenging sites.
The Cognitive Characteristics of PNE Children with Different Genders
Authors: Jiang Kaihua , Yi Yang , Ding Li , Li Hongxin , Li Lin , Zheng Aibin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objectives:
To study the brain mechanism and behavioral performance of cognitive functional differences between children with primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) of different genders by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) and attention behavior research.

Methods:
All the children participating the test were 5–11 years old including 32 PNE children (15 boys and 17 girls) and 35 normal children (16 boys and 19 girls). They respectively went through MRI scan and the data were analyzed by the method of amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (ALFF). Then continuous performance test (CPT) was done and the correct number and reaction time were recorded. The between-group variance was analyzed by two sample t-test.

Results:
1. fMRI: There were no obviously different brain regions of ALFF between normal boys and girls. The brain regions which had obvious differences of ALFF between PNE boys and girls were right middle frontal gyrus, left inferior parietal lobule and right posterior cerbellar lobe. And the group of PNE boys were higher than PNE girls on all the three regions (P < 0.05). 2. CPT: The reaction time of PNE and normal boys was both lower than those of girls, but there were no obvious differences on the correct number.

Conclusion:
This study found that girls with PNE performed more obvious damages on attention, executive function and working memory than boys which might be related to the fact that girls were more likely to suffer from confidence impairment due to enuresis leading to cognitive dysfunctions. The method of ALFF based on resting-state fMRI provided a new approach for studying the cognitive characteristics of PNE children.
MRI-Negative Occipital Lobe Epilepsy Presenting as Gelastic Seizures
Authors: Hu Lingli , Ding Fang , Wang Shan , Wang Shuang 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Although gelastic seizures (GSs) with extrahypothalamic epileptogenic zones such as the frontal, temporal, or parietal lobes have been previously reported, reports of GSs arising from the occipital region are rare. Herein, we describe the seizure propagation pattern of mirthless GSs confirmed by intracranial EEG in a case of MRI-negative occipital lobe epilepsy. In this patient, EEG onset was localized to the right occipital lobe while the onset of laughter coincided with seizure propagation to the right basal temporal region. This finding suggested that the symptomatogenic area for GSs in the occipital lobe may reside in the basal temporal region, and the basal temporal region may play a role in laughing behaviors. This case demonstrated that an elaborate analysis of electroclinical features combined with imaging findings may lead to successful seizure localization.
Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Augment Regeneration of Intervertebral Disc in a Reproducible and Validated Mouse Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Model
Authors: Baldia Manish , Mani Sunithi , Walter Noel , Kumar Sanjay , Srivastava Alok , Prabhu Krishna 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background:
Back pain and radicular pain due to disc degeneration are probably the most common problems encountered in neurosurgical practice. The experience and results of stem cell therapy in animal disc degeneration model will help us while doing clinical trials.

Objective:
To study the effect of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in an established mouse disc degeneration model.

Methods:
An easily reproducible mouse coccygeal (Co) 4-5 disc degenerated model by CT-guided percutaneous needle injury was established. The mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were cultured from mouse bone marrow and validated. By an established technique, 24 mice disc degenerative models were generated and divided equally into 3 groups (test, placebo, and control). The test group received MSCs with fibrin glue scaffold and placebo group received only scaffold after 6 weeks of degeneration. The control group did not receive any injection. The effects of MSCs were analyzed 8 weeks post injection.

Results:
The test group showed a significant change in disc height index (%) in micro CT, whereas in the placebo and control groups, there was no change. The Safranin O staining showed an increase in glycosaminoglycan content and the polarized imaging of picrosirius red staining showed restoration of the collagen fibers in annulus fibrosus, which was statistically significant.

Conclusion:
Intradiscal MSC injection restored disc height and promoted regeneration in the discs at the end of 8 weeks. MSC's niche depends on the microenvironment of the host tissue. These findings will be helpful for clinical trials.
Real world efficacy and safety of nintedanib in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A single center, observational study from India
Authors: Talwar Deepak , Prajapat Deepak Kumar , Talwar Dhruv 
Published: December 2021

Background:
Efficacy and safety of nintedanib in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) has been established by multiple clinical trials. This study aims to assess the efficacy and safety of nintedanib in real-world IPF patients in India.

Methods:
Clinical records of IPF patients (prescribed with nintedanib) visiting tertiary pulmonary care center, between June 2016 and December 2019, were analyzed retrospectively. Data were analyzed for forced vital capacity (FVC), Diffusing capacity of lung for carbon monoxide(DLCO), 6-min walk distance (6-MWD). Acute exacerbations and adverse events were also analyzed.

Results:
A total of 76 IPF patients were prescribed with nintedanib. Drug was prescribed at 100 and 150 mg BD dose to 37 and 39 patients. Ten patients (13.1%), of which eight were over the age of 60 years, died during the study period. Only 42 patients visited for follow-up. Mean baseline FVC was 1.67 L and mean annualized absolute change in FVC and FVC % predicted was −0.07 L and −1.80%, respectively. Mean baseline DLCO was 37.21% and mean annualized absolute change in DLCO % predicted was-2.20%. At follow-up, 1 (2.38%), 17 (40.47%), and 24 (57.14%) patients were at Deparatment of Internal Medicine stage I, II, and III, respectively. Acute exacerbations and adverse events were reported by 48 and 6 patients, respectively.

Conclusion:
Our results support the findings from previous studies, that nintedanib leads to annual decline in parameters such as FVC and DLCO and increased 6-MWD. It was found to be well tolerated in the Indian patients with IPF.
Meme kanseri subgruplarının sıklığı ve otoimmün tiroid hastalığının prognoz üzerine etkisi
Authors: COŞAR Ramazan , ÇİFCİ Aydın , YALÇIN Selim , GÜNGÜNEŞ Aşkın , ARIKAN DURMAZ Şenay 
Published: December 2021

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı meme kanseri moleküler subgrup sıklığını belirlemek ve meme kanseri tanısı ile takip ettiğimiz hastalarda otoimmun tiroid hastalığı (OİTH) ile meme kanseri prognostik ve prediktif faktörleri arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmaktır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Retrospektif tanımlayıcı bir araştırma olarak planlanan bu çalışmaya 01 Ocak 2012–31 Aralık 2015 tarihleri arasında endokrinoloji ve tıbbi onkoloji polikliniklerine başvurmuş, meme kanseri tanısı ile takip edilen 101 hasta dahil edildi, moleküler sınıflandırmaya göre subgruplara ayrıldı. Yüksek serum anti-TPO düzeyi olanlar OİTH pozitif kabul edildi. OİTH’nin eşlik ettiği meme kanseri hastalarında prognostik ve prediktif parametreler (tümör evresi, tümör boyutu, aksiller lenf nodu tutulumu, histolojik derece, lenfovaskuler invazyonu, perinöral invazyonu, hormon reseptör durumu, HER2 ekspresyonu) otoimmün tiroid hastalığının eşlik etmediği meme kanseri hastaları ile karşılaştırıldı.
Bulgular: Çalışmaya dahil edilen meme kanseri hastalarında tiroid otoimmunite (yüksek serum anti-TPO düzeyi) prevalansı %23,8 (n=24) olarak saptandı. OİTH pozitif meme kanseri hastalarında aksiller lenf nodu tutulumu (%37,5’e karşı %61; p=0,043) OİTH negatif meme kanseri hastalarına göre daha düşüktü. Diğer parametreler açısından iki grup arasında anlamlı fark izlenmedi.
Sonuç: OİTH’nin eşlik ettiği meme kanseri hastalarında önemli bir prognostik parametre olan aksiller lenf nodu tutulum oranı daha düşük bulunmuştur. Bu sonuç tiroid otoimmunitesinin meme kanseri açısından olumlu bir prognostik faktör olduğu görüşünü desteklemektedir. Bunun hangi mekanizma üzerinden etkili olduğu ise yeni çalışmalarla araştırılmalıdır.
MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KREATIF MATEMATIS SISWA DENGAN PENDEKATAN PROBLEM POSING
Authors: Irawan Feri 
Published: December 2021

Ada beberapa tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui perbedaan peningkatan kemampuan berpikir kreatif matematis siswa menggunakan model pembelajaran Problem Posing dengan pembelajaran secara konvensional, untuk mengetahui perbedaan peningkatan kemampuan berpikir kreatif matematis siswa berdasarkan pengetahuan awal matematika dengan model pembelajaran Problem Posing, dan intuk mengetahui interaksi antara pengetahuan awal matematika siswa dengan pembelajaran yang digunakan terhadap peningkatan kemampuan berpikir kreatif matematis siswa. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan menggunakan quasi eksperimen dengan desain penelitian non-equivalen control group design. Populasinya adalah semua siswa kelas XII SMKN 1 Bireuen, dan sampelnya adalah kelas XII TKJ1 sebagai kelas eksperimen dan kelas XII TKJ2 sebagai kelas kontrol. Pengambilan kelas eksperimen dan kelas kontrol dilakukan dengan teknik purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa siswa yang memperoleh pembelajaran Problem Posing lebih baik dari pembelajaran konvensional terhadap kemampuan berpikir kreatif matematis. Terjadi perbedaan nilai pengetahuan awal matematika terhadap peningkatan kemampuan berpikir kreatif matematis siswa, sedangkan berdasarkan jenis kelamin siswa tidak terjadi perbedaan. Terjadi interaksi antara pengetahuan awal matematika siswa dengan pembelajaran yang digunakan. terhadap peningkatan kemampuan berpikir kreatif matematis siswa.
La protección legal a las mujeres embarazadas como grupo de atención prioritario
Authors: López Moya Daniela Fernanda 
Published: December 2021

Los grupos de atención prioritaria han sido planteados como aquellos que, a lo largo de la historia se han visto relegados, por diversos factores culturales, sociales y económicos entre otros, dentro de los que se encuentran las mujeres embarazadas. Este trabajo tiene por objetivo general determinar el alcance del amparo legal en el Ecuador a la mujer embarazada a partir de los diferentes espacios del desarrollo humano, desde una perspectiva de un estado constitucional de derechos y justicia. En tal sentido, se efectuó una investigación de carácter documental, basado en los métodos de revisión bibliográfica, análisis documental, histórico– lógico e inductivo–deductivo. Entre los principales hallazgos se encuentra la existencia de un marco normativo en el Ecuador que aborda las regulaciones, principios y obligaciones del Estado hacia los grupos vulnerables, en particular a las mujeres embarazadas; pero para lograr su efectividad es indispensable revestir de facultades a los organismos que surgen de los instrumentos, para dar seguimiento a la implementación interna y por ende a los derechos consagrados. Es necesario generar políticas públicas orientadas a la mujer embarazada, para facilitarle el acceso a los servicios de salud necesarios antes, durante y después de su embarazo.
Consideraciones sobre formación de valores actitudinales, desde la transversalidad, en el futuro licenciado en Educación Especial
Authors: Santos Murga Stalin , Gell Labañino Adia , Espinoza Freire Eudaldo Enrique 
Published: December 2021

La formación de valores es uno de los retos actuales de las carreras pedagógicas. Este trabajo tiene el objetivo de analizar el proceso de formación de valores actitudinales, desde la transversalidad, en los estudiantes de la Licenciatura de Educación Especial, para lo cual se realizó un estudio descriptivo con enfoque cualitativo; se utilizaron los métodos análisis de contenido, revisión documental, analítico-sintético e inductivo-deductivo. Entre los principales hallazgos se encuentran las nociones de formación y valor, sobre las cuales se analizó la formación de valores con énfasis en los actitudinales, además se determinaron las características y tipología de los valores