bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling rock mass behaviour during direct shear stress test using damage plasticity model
Authors: Radovanović S , Rakić D 
Published: September 2021

Extended abstract
One of the most important in situ experiments for determining rock mass fracture is a direct shear test. During this test, rock mass is loaded in two phases: in the first phase, a direct normal pressure is applied and consolidation is performed, and in the second phase, a shearing stress is applied, which leads to fracture in rock mass. After fracture is reached (peak shear strength), stress decreases and shear deformation increases [1].
In this paper a simulation of rock mass behavior during direct shear test using damage plasticity model [2,3,4] is presented. For this analysis, a three-dimensional FEM model of direct shear test with dimensions 130x80x60 m was formed. In the first phase of the FEM test normal stress corresponding to measured pressure during in situ test was applied, and in the second phase of the FEM test shear displacement corresponding to recorded displacement during in situ test was applied. In the first phase normal displacements are recorded based on calculations from the FEM model, and in the second phase shear stresses are recorded.
The damage plasticity model [2,3,4] is defined by the following parameters: E
0-Modulus of elasticity, v
0 - Poisson’s ratio, fc
- uniaxial compressive strength, ft
- uniaxial tensile strength, ac
- pressure curve parameter, Dc
- degradation value for maximum compressive stress, at
- tensile curve parameter, Dt
- degradation value for tensile stress, Gc
- fracture energy for uniaxial pressure, Gt
- fracture energy for uniaxial tension, αp
- dilatancy parameter, α - constant defining uniaxial and biaxial compressive yield stress ratio, γ - parameter for triaxial compression, lch
- characteristic size of elements, s0
- stiffness recovery parameter, Dcr
- critical degradation value.
Numerical simulation of direct shear test (consolidation phase and shear phase) was performed for the estimated parameters of damage plasticity model. For each step of normal stress loading, corresponding value of normal displacement was calculated, and for each step of shear displacement, corresponding value of shear stress was calculated.
Based on the obtained results, it is shown that damage plasticity model can successfully simulate a complex stress state during direct shear test in rock mass. Over the entire range of applied shear displacements, shear stress increases until there is a fracture in the material (peak shear strength), and afterwards stress drop is recorded (residual shear strength).
Photogrammetry based characterization of hydro-mechanical properties of a rock fracture
Authors: Torkan M , Uotinen L , Nieminen V , Rinne M 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Hydro-mechanical properties of a single fracture are governed by several parameters such as contact area, roughness, tortuosity, aperture, channeling, matedness, sample sizes, normal stress, flow regime, and flow boundary conditions. In this study, photogrammetry with numerical modeling and laboratory measurements were used to investigate the influences of roughness, normal stress, aperture, water pressure, and different flow boundary conditions on fluid flow in an artificial granite fracture. A Finnish Kuru grey granite block was mechanically split, and a 250 mm × 250 mm × 100 mm slab pair sample with a tensile crack in the middle was extracted. A photogrammetry-based method was used to reconstruct a 3D model of the fracture geometry. The resulting model was numerically simulated with COMSOL using the Navier-Stokes equations. Fluid flow experiments were computed with the Forchheimer equation. Comparison between the numerical modeling results and the analytical solution confirms that the 3D roughness geometry has a crucial role in defining the transmissivity, especially for nonlinear flow. On the other hand, normal stress increases fracture closure and increases contact areas, decreasing the hydraulic aperture and changing the flow paths. The presented method can be used in the contactless estimation of fluid flow properties of rock joints.
Applications of Information Theory in Rock Engineering
Authors: Yang B , Elmo D , Stead D 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Rock engineering relies heavily on empirical systems to identify significant parameters influencing rock mass behaviour. The empirical and inductive nature of rock engineering design is such that it is not possible to eliminate uncertainty. One way of managing uncertainty during the design process is by collecting good quality data in a standardized and objective manner. However, difficulties arise when defining and determining what constitutes good quality data. We believe that information theory and the concept of Shannon’s entropy could be effectively used to better audit rock engineering data. This paper builds on established concepts by expanding and refining the application of information theory to rock mass classification systems, specifically the rock mass rating and the Q-system. One of the objectives is to provide and showcase a method whereby information auditing is used to flag uncertain (or poor quality) data. In the future it is not difficult to envision data collection processes that include improved core logging and data processing where imaging technologies are coupled with machine learning processing capability. Such an approach requires more quantitative and objective rock mass descriptions; in this context it easy to appreciate the role that information theory might have in the future in rock engineering.
Rock mass performance monitoring with topology preserving quantised vector spaces
Authors: Millar D L , Harrison J P 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This work explains the development of a so-called rock mass system performance map, that provides a backdrop to assist in performance interpretation. The rock mass system performance maps presented in this paper are 2D graphical devices prepared using Sammon mappings, Learning Vector Quantisation, Self-Organising Topological Maps and combinations of these mathematical techniques. Using supervised or unsupervised learning methods, these algorithms project and partition high-dimensional vector spaces, of a dimension equal to the number of environmental and rock mass condition parameters considered, into 2D categories of rock mass condition. In providing 2D renderings, the techniques aim to preserve properties of the characterising vector space such as adjacency of states and topology. The condition of a rock mass can be ‘plotted’ on that map by identifying its k-nearest neighbours and interpreted relative to stability metric categories. Should the defining vector space include rock mass properties or environmental parameters that are repeatedly measured, or possibly continuously monitored, then the rock mass condition marker traces out a performance trajectory across the performance map. An example of rock mass performance map synthesis and use is presented.
3D modelling study on landslide risk of rocky blocks, applied experience on rocky outcroppings along hillsides than can affect Generalitat Catalana roadways
Authors: Paniagua Serrano I , Álvarez Álvarez E , Martín-Caro Álamo J A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Studying accidents caused by landslides since 2015 by DGIM (GENCAT) has brought to our attention the importance of the landslides that happen on hillsides, outside of cutting slopes of the public domain areas, that affect road safety. Other than the vulnerability of the trace caused by these events, we need to be aware of the following: the scale of the processes (rocky outcropping that occupies large areas on natural slopes), the location of the outcropping outside the railway line, the conditioning access factors due to orography, the budget and time limitations when studying these events have forced the application of 3D modelling from drone images in order to support the traditional methods of data collection through surveys and the rock mass classification through the installation of geomechanical stations in the field. The experience gained from applying these processes has allowed us to establish a study system that is being currently applied to the network. The main qualities of the method, the critical analysis of the previous facts and the future lines of work that this team is facing, are the scope of this article.
Teaching rock mechanics using Virtual Reality: laboratory practices and field trips during the confinement of the Coronavirus COVID-19 in Ecuador, Bolivia, and Spain
Authors: García-Vela M T , Borja-Bernal C P , Jordá-Bordehore L , Medinaceli-Torrez R , Loaiza S , Falquez D A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Virtual Reality (VR) consists of creating spaces similar to reality where the viewer interacts more or less in a digital world. This digital world can be programmed so that geosciences student takes data as if it were a field trip. The VR can save money, logistical problems and avoid accessing unsafe places. Besides, students can access places that would otherwise require a veritable expedition (hydroelectric projects in the Andes, remote highways, dams, tunnels in the Himalayas, among others.). At the beginning of the project in 2019, we designed some virtual rock mechanics classes to complement the face-to-face classes: In recent years, we have seen it increasingly difficult to organize field trips. We have designed virtualscenarios where students can obtain geomechanical data from tunnels, mines and rock slopes. We have used the CoSpaces commercial platform for this purpose. Within this virtual world, we place photographs, pop-up menus, videos of field and laboratory tests and clues for the student to search the data for himself in a quasi-real scenario. With all this data from the virtual scenario (as if they were in the field trip), students interpret in the cabinet and perform complex calculations (Hoek Brown, Barton-Bandis criteria, RMR, Q index, among others). We have generated two types of virtual classes: laboratory practices and field trips. Since mid-March of this year 2020, there is no face-to-face teaching in many world faculties whererock mechanics, rock slope engineering, tunnels, and underground mining subjects need to be taught. Thanks to these Virtual Reality laboratories, we have been able to carry out our teaching successfully. Combining two means: VR and software, have allowed making classes very practical and realistic, and the students have highly valued this initiative. Besides, rock mechanics plays a very important role in the safety of underground works and excavations. The best way to learn methodologiesin risky environments is undoubtedly using simulators. In the same way that pilotsand astronauts practice stress situations in simulators, we consider it useful to use Virtual Reality and simulators to learn how to map rock mechanics and stability in mines and tunnels. It is an advance in security and quality training.
Ground realization and characterization of rock mass through core drilling
Authors: Acharya A , Ahmad R , Singh S , Negi R L , Bansal S P 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The increasing demand of power day by day in the country put power sector to Himalayas to harness the power potential. Utilization of underground space for infrastructure development is picking up momentum day by day. Every infrastructure project requires significant geological and geotechnical investigation for timely completion of projects. Lots of survey and Investigation is carried out to ascertain the geological and geotechnical feasibility of the hydro projects and for preparation of DPR. Construction of large caverns for power house presents challenges in terms of geotechnical engineering. Due to large size structure needs to ascertain behaviour of subsurface rock mass. The exploratory core drilling and exploratory drifts provide vital subsurface information. The subsurface exploratory drilling data provide immense help to understand subsurface information and reveals the subsurface behaviour of rock mass. The prior knowledge of weak feature can provide opportunity to prepare proactive solutions to mitigate these issues and structure design.
Authors are proposing simplified techniques to be implemented to understand ground realization and spatial reconciliation of weak zones/features with modern approaches in core logging with special core studies of Sunni Dam and Luhri Hydro Electric Projects Stage-II in Higher Himalayas of Himachal Pradesh.
Spatiotemporal Analysis of Environmental Changes Based On Integrated Remote Sensing Indexes in River Basin of Kelantan
Authors: Mohd Ruhaizi S N H , Daliman S 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAnalysis of environmental changes is a key to knowing the state of vulnerability of the environment. However, in recent years, environmental changes are often evaluated based on one factor per research. In this study, several factors will be integrated to get an evaluation of the environment that consider the influences of many natural factors at the same time. In this study, spatiotemporal analysis of environmental changes based on integrated remote sensing indexes in river basin of Kelantan will be conducted to evaluate the environmental condition of the Kelantan river basin. It will also help in evaluating the environmental health of the Kelantan River. The Kelantan River basin is an important source of water to Kelantan’s population, and up to 2014, Kelantan River basin is also housing about 68.5% of the Kelantan population lives within the Kelantan River Basin. This means that any negative changes of the environment of the Kelantan River basin could affect the community severely. Hence, the environmental quality evaluation throughout the time is needed in order for any protection and management enforcement if necessary. The process of environmental evaluation includes the usage of indexes, namely the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), wetness index (WI), albedo, salinization index (SI), and land surface temperature (LST) will be used to calculate the data obtained from Landsat TM and Landsat 8 from the year 2000, 2005, 2010, 2016, and 2020. Data processing, compilation, verification, calculation and analysis will be conducted using ArcGIS 10.3. The result of this study will give the condition status on the environmental that has happened since 2000 until 2020 in Kelantan River Basin. The information gained will be helpful assistant in creating rules and regulation, formulation, protection and management effort to conserve the environment of the river basin. This study will also show that by using remote sensing technology, environmental changes of certain area can be evaluated.
Assessment of health risk on metal accumulation from consumption of Corbicula fluminea
Authors: Idris N S U , Abdul Zali N , Abdul Halim N S 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Indicators of environmental quality encompass a number of environmental aspects such as water, soil and biotic life. As an example, the fundamental human needs is access to clean food sources. Nowadays, metals pollution has become a great concern as it could lead to a bad effect on a human’s health. In this study, heavy metals concentration in Corbicula fluminea is a clam that is frequently consumed by the local people in the state of Kelantan. In this study, metal concentration in Corbicula fluminea were determined and the possible human health effects were evaluated by using the Target Hazard Quotients (THQ. Five heavy metals were determined which are cadmium, arsenic, lead, copper, and zinc. The samples were collected from Tumpat, Kelantan whereby the study area was surrounded by agricultural activities and housing settlement. The sample went through a wet digestion process before being analysed by the Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The limit of heavy metals concentrations in aquatic species for consumption has been set for human health by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Accumulation of heavy metals in the species were found to be high for cadmium. Furthermore, in risk and safety assessment, both arsenic and lead had very low level of metal concentration in the species. Based on the result obtained, cadmium exceeded the permissible limit set by the FAO, whereas, the calculated THQ was below one, which indicated means there was a least chance of carcinogenic effects to human’s health.
Checklist on small vertebrates at Kuala Langat North Forest Reserve, Selangor, Malaysia
Authors: Baharudin M S , Shahfiz M A , Munian K , Fauzi N F M , Ahmad Ruzman N H , Azhar M A , Zamberi A Z 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A survey was conducted in Kuala Langat North Forest Reserve, Selangor from 24 to 28 February 2020. The main objective of this survey is to document the small vertebrates information from this area. There were two harps and 10 mist nets deployed to capture the bats, with an addition of 50 collapsible cage traps placed along the transect line of 500 metres for the trapping of non-volant small mammals. The collapsible cage traps were baited with oil palm seed. The observation of avifauna and active searches for herpetofauna were also carried out. A total of eight small mammal species from four families, 19 species of avifauna from 13 families, and eight species of the herpetofauna from five families were documented. There is not much information on small vertebrates at Kuala Langat North Forest Reserve that has been recorded. With this information, it is hoped that a long-term study can be carried out and an effective management plan can be formulated to conserve this forest reserve.
Population Size Determination Using Photographic Estimation for The Conservation of Cave Nectar Bat (Eonycteris spelaea) at Gunung Reng, Kelantan, Malaysia
Authors: Siti Fadzliana M F , Muhammad Aminuddin Baqi H F , Fong P H , Parasuraman B , Nasir W M N W M , Jayaraj V K 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The cave nectar bat, Eonycteris spelaea, is one of the three fruit bats in mainland Southeast Asia that roost in caves, unlike other fruit bats roosting in the forest. This bat species is an important pollinator for many plant species, including economically important crops including durian, petai and jackfruit. Hence, this study was conducted to determine the population size of cave nectar bat (Eonycteris spelaea) at Gunung Reng, Kelantan, Malaysia, since no information was recorded for conservation purposes. We determined the bat population size using the photographic estimation method at the 13 E. spelaea roosts (5 times per roost) found inside Gunung Reng for 20 days (4-30 August 2019). Our bat population size estimate resulted in about 207 to 344 individuals of E. spelaea (F(4,0) = 5.66, p-value < 0.05). This estimate is a relatively modest population size of bats in an isolated limestone karst surrounded by human-dominated habitats. Though Eonycteris spelaea is listed as Least Concern in the IUCN Red List, it is an important bat species ecologically and economically, contributing to the fruit agriculture economy in Jeli, Kelantan. Future studies should incorporate a combination of bat census techniques with long term planning in mind to completely understand the population dynamics of this paramount bat species.
Knowledge, attitude and practice of environmental sustainability among Sustainable Science students in Universiti Malaysia Kelantan
Authors: Abdul-Halim N S , Ruslan N S , Idris N S U , Nawawi S A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This study was conducted on the Sustainable Science (SEL) students to reveal their knowledge, attitude, and practice towards the environment sustainability according to year of study. Besides, the relationship between the knowledge, attitude and practice of SEL students towards environment were also examined. The survey was conducted using a quantitative approach involving 128 respondents (n = 128). The data from this study were analysed using Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman’s Rho testusing SPSS version 20.0 software. Based on the Kruskal-Wallis results, the knowledge, attitude and practice were statistically significant with p value below 0.05 for all cases. The results showed that SEL students including the Alumni have a high level of knowledge while satisfactory level for attitude and practice on the environment. The study also found that there was a correlation between knowledge, attitude and practice of environmental sustainability. However, this correlation was different between year of study. It was found that the Alumni and Year Four has a higher knowledge, attitude and practice of the environment sustainability. Thus, SEL program is important in order to build environmental concern among the students and also to encourage their attitude and practice towards more environmentally friendly behaviour.
Bayesian spatial modeling of poverty risk in Kelantan
Authors: Nawawi S A , Fauzi N M , Nor A N M , Ibrahim N , Jamil R M , Aziz H A , Nawawi R , Ya’acob S H , Halim N S A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Poverty data vary in rural areas, in certain states or regions, and some urban areas. These areal data tends to have spatial autocorrelation. A Bayesian hierarchical model is commonly used to estimates the risks using a combination of available covariate data and a set of spatial random effects. These random effects are commonly modelled by conditional autoregressive (CAR) prior distributions, a type of Markov random field model. Spatial autocorrelation between the random effects, ϕ in CAR models is induced by a n × n neighbourhood matrix, W. However, many studies assumed that the W is fixed when fitting the model. Therefore, this study evaluates the performance of the Poisson-log linear Leroux Conditional Autoregressive (CAR) model with m-nearest neighbourhood weight matrices using a simulation study. This study creates simulated poverty data for 66 districts of Kelantan with different scenarios that related with random effects and covariate. A Poisson log-linear Leroux CAR model with m = 1, 5 and 10 nearest neighbours are applied to the simulated poverty data. The performance of the models is evaluated using bias, Root Mean Square of Error (RMSE) and Deviance Information Criterion (DIC). The results show that the choice of m = 1, 5 and 10 neighbourhood matrices and scenarios do not affect the bias for either the regression parameter β or the risk Rk
and RMSE for the risk Rk
. Nevertheless, there is the dissimilarity of the performance of the models in the RMSE of regression parameter β. The results suggest that the Poisson log-linear Leroux CAR model with the m = 5 nearest neighbours performed overall best for simulated poverty data. It consistently gives good results across different strength of spatial autocorrelation of random effects ϕ and covariate. The model also gives the lowest DIC in all the scenarios, indicating a better fitting model than other models. The findings of this study give guidance in choosing the suitable m-nearest neighbourhood matrices to estimate the poverty risk in Kelantan.