bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perturbations in cardiac metabolism in a human model of acute myocardial ischaemia
Authors: Chacko Sanoj , Mamas Mamas A. , El-Omar Magdi , Simon David , Haseeb Sohaib , Fath-ordoubadi Farzin , Clarke Bernard , Neyses Ludwig , Dunn Warwick B. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Introduction
Acute myocardial ischaemia and the transition from reversible to irreversible myocardial injury are associated with abnormal metabolic patterns. Advances in metabolomics have extended our capabilities to define these metabolic perturbations on a metabolome-wide scale.

Objectives
This study was designed to identify cardiac metabolic changes in serum during the first 5 min following early myocardial ischaemia in humans, applying an untargeted metabolomics approach.

Methods
Peripheral venous samples were collected from 46 patients in a discovery study (DS) and a validation study (VS) (25 for DS, 21 for VS). Coronary sinus venous samples were collected from 7 patients (4 for DS, 3 for VS). Acute myocardial ischaemia was induced by transient coronary occlusion during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Plasma samples were collected at baseline (prior to PCI) and at 1 and 5 min post-coronary occlusion. Samples were analyzed by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in an untargeted metabolomics approach.

Results
The study observed changes in the circulating levels of metabolites at 1 and 5 min following transient coronary ischaemia. Both DS and VS identified 54 and 55 metabolites as significant (P < 0.05) when compared to baseline levels, respectively. Fatty acid beta-oxidation and anaerobic respiration, lysoglycerophospholipids, arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, tryptophan metabolism and sphingosine-1-phosphate were identified as mechanistically important.

Conclusion
Using an untargeted metabolomics approach, the study identified important cardiac metabolic changes in peripheral and coronary sinus plasma, in a human model of controlled acute myocardial ischaemia. Distinct classes of metabolites were shown to be involved in the rapid cardiac response to ischemia and provide insights into diagnostic and interventional targets.
Effect of Chemical Composition and Network of Fly Ash Glass on the Hydration Process and Properties of Portland-Fly Ash Cement
Authors: Tkaczewska Ewelina 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn the experiment, the aluminosilicate glasses with aluminum saturation index (ASI), defined as the Al2O3/(Na2O+K2O+2CaO), equal to 0.74, 1.72. 2.52, or 4.05 were synthesized. The spectroscopy tests (MIR and 27Al MAS-NMR) confirm that in glass with ASI < 1, the aluminum ions occur in the [AlO4]5- only. In glasses with ASI > 1, the aluminum ions create mainly [AlO4]5-, but part of them occurs in the form of [AlO6]9-. The content of [AlO6]9- octahedrons increases successively for ASI from 1.72 to 4.05. Glass with ASI equal to 4.05 demonstrates the highest content of pozzolanic active Al2O3. Model ashes were prepared by mixing 70 wt.% of glass, 20 wt.% of synthetic mullite and 10 wt.% of SiO2 as an equivalent of quartz. Then Portland cement CEM I 42.5R was milled together with 20 wt.% of each of model ashes to Blaine’s specific surface area of 4,200±50 cm2 g-1. It was found that the addition of ash with higher content of [AlO6]9- octahedrons in the structure of glass accelerates the hydration process of cement blend, which, in turn, positively affects its usable features (heat of hydration, initial setting time and compressive strength). According to the requirements of PN-EN 197-1:2012 standard, the introduction of ash with ASI coefficient equal to 4.05 gives cement blend of strength class of 52.5N. Cement blends with the ash of ASI value equal to 1.72 and 2.52 correspond to strength class of 32.5R, whereas the cement blend with the ash of ASI value equal to 0.74 does not achieve the minimum value of strength for any cement strength class. Results show that the change in chemical composition of fly ash glass and resulting from this diversified structure are essential from the point of view of hydration and properties of cement containing fly ashes in its composition.
On the Nielsen root theory of n-valued maps
Authors: Brown Robert F. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLet $$\phi :X \multimap Y$$

ϕ
:
X
⊸
Y

be an n-valued map of connected finite polyhedra and let $$a \in Y$$

a
∈
Y

. Then, $$x \in X$$

x
∈
X

is a root of $$\phi $$
ϕ
at a if $$a \in \phi (x)$$

a
∈
ϕ
(
x
)

. The Nielsen root number $$N(\phi : a)$$

N
(
ϕ
:
a
)

is a lower bound for the number of roots at a of any n-valued map homotopic to $$\phi $$
ϕ
. We prove that if X and Y are compact, connected triangulated manifolds without boundary, of the same dimension, then given $$\epsilon > 0$$

ϵ
>
0

, there is an n-valued map $$\psi $$
ψ
homotopic to $$\phi $$
ϕ
within Hausdorff distance $$\epsilon $$
ϵ
of $$\phi $$
ϕ
such that $$\psi $$
ψ
has finitely many roots at a. We conjecture that if X and Y are q-manifolds without boundary, $$q \ne 2$$

q
≠
2

, then there is an n-valued map homotopic to $$\phi $$
ϕ
that has $$N(\phi : a)$$

N
(
ϕ
:
a
)

roots at a. We verify the conjecture when $$X = Y$$

X
=
Y

is a Lie group by employing a fixed point result of Schirmer. As an application, we calculate the Nielsen root numbers of linear n-valued maps of tori.
Data integration and participatory process in developing integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) in the northern Baltic Sea
Authors: Hietala Reija , Ijäs Asko , Pikner Tarmo , Kull Anne , Printsmann Anu , Kuusik Maila , Fagerholm Nora , Vihervaara Petteri , Nordström Paulina , Kostamo Kirsi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) Directive was ratified (2014/89/EU) along the Strategy of the European Union (EU) on the Blue Economy to contribute to the effective management of maritime activities and resources and incorporate the principal elements of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) (2002/413/EC) into planning at the land-sea interface. There is a need to develop the ICZM approach throughout Europe to realise the potential for both socio-economic and environmental targets set by the EU and national legislations. In this study, we co-developed different approaches for land-sea interactions in four case areas in Estonia and Finland based on the defined characteristics and key interests derived from local or regional challenges by integrating spatial data on human activities and ecology. Furthermore, four ICZM drafts were co-evaluated by stakeholders and the public using online map-based assessment tools (public participatory GIS). The ICZM approaches of the Estonian cases ranged from the diversification of land use to the enhancement of community-based entrepreneurship. The Finnish cases aimed to define the trends for sustainable marine and coastal tourism and introduce the ecosystem service concept in land use planning. During the project activities, we found that increased communication and exchange of local and regional views and values on the prevailing land-sea interactions were important for the entire process. Thereafter, the ICZM plans were applied to the MSP processes nationally, and they support the sustainable development of coastal areas in Estonia and Finland.
Community perceptions of long-term mangrove cover changes and its drivers from a typhoon-prone province in the Philippines
Authors: Quevedo Jay Mar D. , Uchiyama Yuta , Kohsaka Ryo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMangrove forests are among the most productive ecosystems with important services such as food and livelihood provisions, recreations, and regulations (e.g., coastal protection) in local scales. At global scale, they are gaining salience for their carbon sequestration capacities, currently conceptualized as “blue carbon.” However, their essential benefits are reduced or lost when degraded. There is, therefore, a need to explore long-term mangrove cover change (MCC) and its underpinning drivers to develop sustainable management strategies. MCC has been analyzed extensively, including satellite images and field surveys, with drivers of changes frequently embedded in local contexts. Thus, in this study, MCC and the causal factors are evaluated at the local scale by gathering community perceptions in Eastern Samar, a typhoon-prone province in the Philippines, with a timeframe since the 1970s until the present. Results show that mangrove cover loss was observed following the occurrence of Typhoon Agnes in 1984 and Typhoon Haiyan in 2013 while conversion of mangrove areas to residential spaces was identified as a recurring driver of mangrove depletion from the early 1970s to 1990s. Study participants perceived that natural threats and lack of law enforcement were the leading proximate and underlying drivers of degradation, respectively. Respondents perceived that mangrove cover is increasing mainly due to successive reforestation programs coupled with stricter implementation of local ordinances in the sites. The results indicate the increased role of mangrove forests in disaster risk reduction and climate change mitigation strategies, while the perceptions of drivers change in long terms.
Effect of root and butt rot uncertainty on optimal harvest schedules and expected incomes at the stand level
Authors: Aza Ana , Kangas Annika , Gobakken Terje , Kallio A. Maarit I. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
• Key message

Root and rot (RBR) caused byHeterobasidion parviporumNiemelä & Korhonen andHeterobasidion annosum(Fr.) Bref. damages Fennoscandian spruce stands. In case the rot infection and its severity are unknown, the mere risk of infection should seldom affect the harvest timing. When it does, the gains by harvesting earlier are minimal.

• Context

It has been suggested that stands infected by RBR should be harvested earlier than the healthy ones. Yet, we must decide on harvest timing decisions without reliable information on the infection.

• Aims

We studied if harvesting earlier pays off under RBR uncertainty.

• Methods

We structured the uncertainty with a decision tree and calculated the optimal rotations based on expected net present values. We compared rotation lengths to those of healthy stands and calculated gains from earlier harvesting.

• Results

The inclusion of RBR-related uncertainty in the model changed the rotation length of only 14–23% of the stands. The average reduction was 1.3–4.7 years. Yet, the gain from harvesting earlier was too low to be considered.

• Conclusion

In the absence of information on the extent and severity of RBR, it seldom pays off to advance harvests. The value growth in healthy trees tends to compensate for the value reduction due to rot.
Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritic Activities of Glycosylated Flavonoids from Syzygium jambos in Edematogenic Agent-Induced Paw Edema in Mice
Authors: Apaza Ticona Luis , Souto Pérez Beatriz , Martín Alejano Vanesa , Slowing Karla 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTwo glycosylated flavonoids, the quercetin-3-O-β-d-xylofuranosyl-(1 → 2)-α-l-rhamnopyranoside and myricetin-3-O-β-d-xylofuranosyl-(1 → 2)-α-l-rhamnopyranoside, were isolated from the CH2Cl2/MeOH fraction of Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston, Myrtaceae. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic means. The cytotoxicity of the compounds was evaluated against the RAW 264.7 cell lines by the lactate dehydrogenase assay. All analyzed compounds were less cytotoxic than the positive control (actinomycin D, CC50 = 0.008 μM). The anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities were evaluated by measuring inflammatory parameters in murine models. The two glycosylated flavonoids inhibited the production of tumor necrosis factor-α in RAW 264.7 cell line with IC50 of 1.68 and 1.11 μM, respectively. In addition, all flavonoids decreased the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen at a dose of 5 mg/kg in murine models.
Graphical abstract
Crisis Containment: Tools for Harm Mitigation in Surgery
Authors: Gogalniceanu Petrut , Kessaris Nicos , Karydis Nikolaos , Loukopoulos Ioannis , Sevdalis Nick , Mamode Nizam 
Published: August 2021

Background
Surgical crises represent unrecognized opportunities for improving patient safety and adding value in healthcare. The first step in a crisis response is to contain and mitigate harm. While the principles of damage control are well established in surgery, methods of containing harm on broader clinical and organizational levels are not clearly defined.

Study design
A multimethods qualitative study identified crisis containment strategies and tools in commercial aviation. These were translated and clinically adapted in 3 stages: semi-structured observational fieldwork with commercial airlines, interviews with senior pilots, and focus groups with both healthcare and aviation safety experts. Thematic analysis and expert consensus methods were used to derive a framework for crisis containment.

Results
Fieldwork with 2 commercial airlines identified 2 crisis containment concepts: the detrimental impact of surprising or startling events on operator performance; and the use of prioritization tools to take basic but critical actions (Aviate, Navigate and Communicate model). Twenty-two experts in aviation and healthcare practice informed the topic of crisis containment in 17 interviews and 3 focus groups. Three strategies were identified and used to form a crisis containment algorithm:
1. Manage the operators’ startle response to facilitate meaningful mitigating actions (STOP tool);
2. Take priority actions to secure core functions. These included managing patients’ physiologic shock, optimizing environmental risks, and mobilizing resources (Perfuse, Move and Communicate tool);
3. Deploy well-rehearsed drills targeting case-specific harms or errors (Memory Actions). This model requires validation in clinical practice.

Conclusions
Crisis containment can be achieved by controlling operators’ startle response, applying prioritization tools, and deploying drills against specific failures. The application of this model may extend to healthcare areas outside surgery.

Visual Abstract
The association between meat consumption and the metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study and meta-analysis
Authors: Hidayat Khemayanto , Zhu Wan-Zhan , Peng Si-Min , Ren Jin-Jin , Lu Meng-Lan , Wang Hai-Peng , Xu Jia-Ying , Zhou Hui , Yu Lu-Gang , Qin Li-Qiang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe findings regarding the associations between red meat, fish and poultry consumption, and the metabolic syndrome (Mets) have been inconclusive, and evidence from Chinese populations is scarce. A cross-sectional study was performed to investigate the associations between red meat, fish and poultry consumption, and the prevalence of the Mets and its components among the residents of Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, China. A total of 4424 participants were eligible for the analysis. A logistic regression model was used to estimate the OR and 95 % CI for the prevalence of the Mets and its components according to red meat, fish and poultry consumption. In addition, the data of our cross-sectional study were meta-analysed under a random effects model along with those of published observational studies to generate the summary relative risks (RR) of the associations between the highestv. lowest categories of red meat, fish and poultry consumption and the Mets and its components. In the cross-sectional study, the multivariable-adjusted OR for the highestv. lowest quartiles of consumption was 1·23 (95 % CI 1·02, 1·48) for red meat, 0·83 (95 % CI 0·72, 0·97) for fish and 0·93 (95 % CI 0·74, 1·18) for poultry. In the meta-analysis, the pooled RR for the highestv. lowest categories of consumption was 1·20 (95 % CI 1·06, 1·35) for red meat, 0·88 (95 % CI 0·81, 0·96) for fish and 0·97 (95 % CI 0·85, 1·10) for poultry. The findings of both cross-sectional studies and meta-analyses indicated that the association between fish consumption and the Mets may be partly driven by the inverse association of fish consumption with elevated TAG and reduced HDL-cholesterol and, to a lesser extent, fasting plasma glucose. No clear pattern of associations was observed between red meat or poultry consumption and the components of the Mets. The current findings add weight to the evidence that the Mets may be positively associated with red meat consumption, inversely associated with fish consumption and neutrally associated with poultry consumption.
The role of a Mediterranean diet and physical activity in decreasing age-related inflammation through modulation of the gut microbiota composition
Authors: Clark Jessie S. , Simpson Bradley S. , Murphy Karen J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractChronic inflammation is known to be a predominant factor in the development of many age-related conditions including CVD, type II diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. Previous studies have demonstrated that during the ageing process there is an increase in inflammatory biomarkers, which may be partially brought about by detrimental changes in the gut microbiota. The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) and physical activity (PA) are protective against inflammation and chronic disease, and emerging evidence has shown that these effects may be partially mediated through favourable changes in the gut microbiota. In this review, we have evaluated the published literature on the effect of a MedDiet and PA on the gut microbiota. We also discuss the relationship between the gut microbiota and inflammation with a focus on healthy ageing. While inconsistent study designs make forming definitive conclusions challenging, the current evidence suggests that both a MedDiet and PA are capable of modifying the gut microbiota in a way that is beneficial to host health. For example, the increases in the relative abundance of SCFA producing bacteria that are considered to possess anti-inflammatory properties. Modification of the gut microbiota through a MedDiet and PA presents as a potential method to attenuate age-related increases in inflammation, and additional studies utilising older individuals are needed to fill the knowledge gaps existing in current literature.
Therapeutic indications for sinonasal topical steroid treatment and its effects on eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis after endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Saito T , Okazaki K , Hamada Y , Hashimoto K , Tsuzuki K 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis study evaluated the post-operative indications for sinonasal topical steroid treatment using a corticosteroid (steroid)-eluting, sinus-bioabsorbable device and its effects in patients with eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis.MethodPost-operative courses were investigated in two groups: group A with patients who underwent sinonasal topical steroid treatment, and group B with control patients who did not.ResultsGroup A was significantly younger than group B (p < 0.01), and the pre-operative computed tomography score was significantly higher in group A than in group B (p < 0.05). In the post-operative stage, the nasal symptoms questionnaire component of olfactory loss and the post-operative endoscopic appearance score were significantly worse in group A than in group B (p < 0.01).ConclusionThese data suggest that younger age, more severe rhinosinusitis and post-operative olfactory loss led to the need for sinonasal topical steroid treatment to prevent relapsing inflammation after functional endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis.
Nasal chondromesenchymal hamartoma: an update
Authors: Saunders T F C , Bruijnzeel H , Ahmed S , Paruleka M , McDermott A-L 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveNasal chondromesenchymal hamartoma is a rare pathology that can present with a myriad of symptoms to ENT, maxillofacial and ophthalmology departments. This study reviewed the literature on nasal chondromesenchymal hamartoma as well as adding three new cases to the reported literature.MethodThis study was an up-to-date review of the world literature with the addition of three new cases to provide the most comprehensive review to date.ResultsA total of 56 patients with nasal chondromesenchymal hamartoma were identified, ranging from children to adults. Nasal symptoms and ocular symptoms were most common, and surgical resection was the most frequent treatment modality.ConclusionThis study advocates for increased awareness of the condition associations for nasal chondromesenchymal hamartoma, multi-specialty treatment and the role for the ENT surgeon in treatment of the condition.
South Africa and Portugal
Authors: Davidson Basil 
Published: August 2021

A central element in the story of southern Africa during the early 1970s is the quietly persistent penetration in to neighboring countries of dominant interests—whether economic, political or even military—of the Republic of South Africa. As the motives for this expansion have become clearer, so too has the crucial nature of the importance to the South African system of the Portuguese colonialist positions in Angola and Mozambique, and, by an inseparable extension, in Guinea-Bissau and the Cape Verde archipelago.This significance to South Africa of the “Portuguese territories” is now observable in all major fields of public policy and action, and ranges from the military-logistical to the very interstices of the South African economic structure. An understanding of the South African government's relations with these territories, as well as of its relations with the Portuguese regime in Lisbon, must therefore be essential to a realistic estimate of likely developments in the subcontinent, and bears, accordingly, a direct meaning for the policies and intentions of the United Nations.
Law, Race and Color in South Africa
Authors: Rubin Neville 
Published: August 2021

The word "apartheid" does not appear anywhere in the South African statute book, and a keen observer would be hard put to discover its existence anywhere in the formal texts which make up the law. Yet apartheid is deeply embedded in the law of South Africa.In a country in which neither the content nor the administration of the law has ever been free from racial overtones, twenty-five years of continuous rule by the National Party Government have seen to it that the ideology of segregation has been translated into a formidable pattern of legalized racial discrimination. This pattern is to be observed throughout the entire apparatus of the South African legal system. It is written into the constitution and reflected in the legislature. It is a major constituent of the statute law of the country, and decisions as to the manner in which legislation is to be implemented make up a significant proportion of the case law. Apartheid has involved and influenced both the composition and the conduct of the courts, just as it has affected the legal profession and the teaching of law.
Testimony on Namibia
Authors: Landis Elizabeth S. 
Published: August 2021

Mr. Chairman, Members of the Subcommittee:I want to congratulate you for holding this series of hearings on southern Africa at a time when change is occurring fast and furiously in that part of the world and when it is vital for our government to respond knowledgeably and sympathetically. I also want to thank you for the opportunity to speak to you about Namibia, which has been of special concern to me for many years now. I speak here in my personal capacity, of course, and my views do not necessarily reflect UN positions.
The Breakdown of the Arms Embargo against South Africa
Authors: Gervasi Sean 
Published: August 2021

Mr. Chairman, Members of the Subcommittee,As you know, the United Nations Security Council called for an arms embargo against South Africa in 1963. Its objective was to prevent South Africa’s acquiring foreign weapons with which to build a modern military machine. South Africa did not have then, and lacks even now, the capacity to produce sophisticated modern arms economically. The Council reasoned at the time that if South Africa were denied supplies of modern arms it would find it difficult to resist the growing internal demands for dismantling apartheid. Many states saw the arms embargo as the best way to ensure peaceful change in southern Africa. And the call for an embargo was issued with that explicit purpose in mind.