bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of the hypermagnetic field noise on the baryon asymmetry generation in the symmetric phase of the early universe
Authors: Dvornikov Maxim , Semikoz Victor B. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe study a matter turbulence caused by strong random hypermagnetic fields (HMFs) that influence the baryon asymmetry evolution due to the Abelian anomalies in the symmetric phase in the early Universe. Such a matter turbulence is stipulated by the presence of the advection term in the induction equation for which a fluid velocity is dominated by the Lorentz force in the Navier–Stokes equation. For random HMFs, having nonzero mean squared strengths, we calculate the spectra for the HMF energy and the HMF helicity densities. The latter function governs the evolution of the fermion asymmetries in the symmetric phase before the electroweak phase transition (EWPT). In the simplest model based on the first SM generation for the lepton asymmetries of $$e_\mathrm {R,L}$$

e

R
,
L

and $$\nu _{e_\mathrm {L}}$$

ν

e
L

, we calculate a decline of all fermion asymmetries including the baryon asymmetry, given by the ‘t Hooft conservation law, when one accounts for a turbulence of HMFs during the universe cooling down to EWPT. We obtain that the stronger the mean squared strength of random initial HMFs is, the deeper the fermion asymmetries decrease, compared to the case in the absence of any turbulence.
Cosmological black holes are not described by the Thakurta metric: LIGO-Virgo bounds on PBHs remain unchanged
Authors: Hütsi Gert , Koivisto Tomi , Raidal Martti , Vaskonen Ville , Veermäe Hardi 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe show that the physical conditions which induce the Thakurta metric, recently studied by Bœhm et al. in the context of time-dependent black hole masses, correspond to a single accreting compact object in the entire Universe filled with isotropic non-interacting dust. In such a case, accretion physics is not local but tied to the properties of the whole Universe. We show that radiation, primordial black holes or particle dark matter cannot produce the specific energy flux required for supporting the mass growth of the compact objects described by the Thakurta metric. In particular, this solution does not apply to black hole binaries. We conclude that compact dark matter candidates and their mass growth cannot be described by the Thakurta metric, and thus existing constraints on the primordial black hole abundance from the LIGO-Virgo and the CMB measurements remain valid.
Substituent effect on iron phthalocyanines as cyclohexene oxidation catalysts
Authors: Yüceel Çiğdem , Şahin Zeynel , İşci Ümit 
Published: November 2021

Two iron phthalocyanines peripherally octasubstituted either with electron-withdrawing isobutylsulfonyl moities or electron-donating isobutoxy moieties were designed to investigate the effect of the substitution pattern on their oxidation catalytic activity, and were then tested in oxidation of cyclohexene as a reaction model. For both catalysts, the main product of oxidation was 2-cyclohexen-1-ol which is an allylic oxidation product. The electron-withdrawing isobutylsulfonyl substituted iron phthalocyanine 1 exhibited better catalytic activities than the electron-donating isobutoxy substituted iron phthalocyanine 2.
On the Many Dimensions of Complexity in Heritage Languages
Authors: Laleko Oksana , Scontras Gregory 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Heritage languages are often discussed in terms of their (reduced) complexity, but few attempts have been made to objectively measure the complexity of heritage languages. Here we explore various approaches to the investigation of language complexity, discussing three broad areas of inquiry: (i) attempts to objectively measure grammatical complexity, (ii) the potential role of socio-demographic factors in explaining variability in complexity, and (iii) considerations beyond grammatical complexity, which include the various aspects of complexity invoked when language is used for the purpose of communication. At each point, we highlight potential wisdom to be drawn from existing studies of heritage languages, which help to inform hypotheses for future study. The upshot is that complexity in heritage languages is itself a complex phenomenon – an observation that calls into question traditional characterizations of heritage languages in terms of an overall decrease in complexity.
Representational and Computational Changes in Heritage Language Grammars
Authors: Montrul Silvina 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The notion of complexity has been applied to descriptions and comparisons of languages and to explanations related to ease and difficulty of various linguistic phenomena in first and second language acquisition. It has been noted that compared to baseline grammars, heritage language grammars are less complex, displaying morphological simplification and structural shrinking, especially among heritage speakers with lower proficiency in the language. On some recent proposals of gender agreement in Spanish and Norwegian (Fuchs et al., 2015; Lohndal & Putnam, 2020), these differences are representational, affecting the projection of functional categories and feature specifications in the syntax. An alternative possibility is that differences between baseline and heritage grammars arise from computational considerations related to bilingualism, affecting speed of lexical access and feature reassembly online in the minority language. We illustrate this proposal with empirical data from gender agreement and differential object marking. Although presented as alternatives, the representational and computational explanations are not incompatible, and may both be adequate to capture varying levels of variability modulated by linguistic proficiency. These proposals formalize bilingual acquisition models of grammar competition and directly relate the availability and type of input (the acquisition evidence) to the locus and nature of the grammatical differences between heritage and baseline grammars.
Penelope’s αἰνοπαθῆ (σ 201)
Authors: Lundquist Jesse 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The Homeric hapax αἰνοπαθής ‘terribly suffering’ has been adduced as evidence for ancient processes of Indo-European word-formation. In particular, the vocalism of the root, α of -παθ-, would derive from *n̥, an ablaut grade conditioned by the accent on the ending -ής (a “hysterokinetic” s-stem adjective). I reexamine the passage where the word is found and argue the vocalism of -παθής reflects not an archaism but an innovation in Homeric Greek. Using this reanalysis as a point of departure, I review recent literature on s-stem adjectives in Greek, Vedic, and Proto-Indo-European, disputing that the evidence suffices for a hysterokinetic reconstruction. I propose that the PIE accent was borne on the first member of these exocentric compounds as we find it in earliest Old Indic, in the prehistory of Greek, and in certain Greek archaisms.
The Homeric Dependency Lexicon
Authors: Zanchi Chiara 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the Homeric Dependency Lexicon (HoDeL), a new resource with a user-friendly interface facilitating the study of Homeric verbs and dependents. HoDeL was induced from the analytical layer of AGDT 2.0, extracting all dependents tagged as SBJ, OBJ, PNOM, and OCOMP with a set of SQL queries. The paper illustrates HoDeL functionalities and shows how they can be employed by researchers to answer specific research questions about the Homeric language. Introducing the uses of HoDeL offers the opportunity to reexamine some crucial, though frequently underestimated, methodological challenges concerning annotated corpora and resources derived from them that relate to the linguistic theories underlying annotations and error propagation. It is argued that the careful documentation of how linguistic resources were created, what data they contain, and how they can be queried through their dedicated interfaces is essential to lay the groundwork for users’ investigations.
Καλημέρα, kalimera or kalhmera?
Authors: Mouresioti Evgenia , Terkourafi Marina 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Although language attitudes are frequently investigated, how these attitudes change over time is studied less frequently, despite providing an interesting window into the link between attitudes and ideologies. Conducted some twenty years since the first studies on this topic, the current study provides an updated perspective into language attitudes toward the use of Roman-alphabeted Greek (henceforth, Greeklish) in emails and SMS messages exchanged between Greek native speakers. Adapting the matched guise methodology commonly used in language attitude research to visual stimuli, we collected data from 60 participants of different ages and genders. Overall, their attitudes toward Greeklish were markedly negative, confirming negative attitudes already expressed twenty years prior but also extending them. We propose that technological and demographic but also ideological factors underlie the negative attitudes toward Greeklish expressed by Greek native speakers today.
Religious Subcultures and Reading Culture
Authors: van de Kamp Jan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
For religious subcultures, the reading of religious books was of great importance, even for Roman Catholics, renowned for their ritual-mindedness and the prevailing limitations in terms of religious reading for laypeople. This article aims to reveal the extent to which the status and role of a subculture affected the printing history and reception of religious books. The Post-Reformation Low Countries – split into the South, where the Catholics were a dominant culture, and the Dutch Republic in the North, where they were a subculture – provides an excellent case study. A very popular meditation book serves as the source for the study, namely Sondaechs Schoole (Sunday school) (1623).
EU or UK Child-Sponsored Family Reunification Policy: Who’s Right? Whose Rights?
Authors: Downes Chris 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The increase in numbers of children travelling unaccompanied to Europe has provoked a sensitive debate as to how to treat their family members. While EU Member States generally grant family reunification for unaccompanied minors, the UK has opted to permit reunion in only ‘exceptional circumstances’. Widely criticised, the UK government counters that child-sponsored family reunification creates incentives for unaccompanied migration that place children at risk. This article explores both policies from a human rights perspective. It suggests that, as regards children reaching Europe, EU policy is more consistent with human rights norms. However, UK policy raises legitimate questions about obligations towards children beyond Europe’s borders. A rights-based justification for either EU or UK policy can be constructed, but requires recourse to additional principles on the balancing of rights among different groups of children. Clearer articulation and scrutiny of these principles could strengthen the rights rationale for child-sponsored family reunification.
Public Security Revisited
Authors: Knäbe Timo , Caniard Hervé Yves 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
With its Judgment of 27 November 2019 in Case T-31/18 Luisa Izuzquiza and Arne Semsrott v European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex), the Court of Justice of the European Union opened a new chapter in the elaboration of the two seemingly antagonistic interests enshrined in Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001 of 30 May 2001 regarding public access to European Parliament, Council and Commission documents: the public’s fundamental right to transparency versus the public’s interest as regards “public security”. Focusing on the evolution of “public security” in the EU since 1993, this case note analyses the CJEU’s balancing of these principles, its increased scrutiny of Frontex administrative decisions, and the extent to which Frontex had to justify its denial to grant access to documents through the lens of the management of sensitive operational information. This examination puts the judgment in the context of the ongoing situation in the central Mediterranean and, by providing detailed insights on the underlying operational considerations, shows that the fundamental and wide-reaching right to transparency has to be balanced with the need to protect crew and vessels and the implementation and enforcement of the Frontex mandate. While continuing established case law in its use of the public security exception (a so-called absolute exception that is not subject to an overriding public interest test), in this case the CJEU subsumed, for the first time, individual subjective rights and legal interests under public security. This article argues that this amounts to the individualisation of public security. As pointed out by Frontex in its written and oral defence, the CJEU thus opened the door to extending the scope of public security to also include other groups of people in the government’s continuous and exclusive de jure and de facto control. The conclusion from the Frontex Case is thus that protecting life at sea and ensuring effective border surveillance are two sides of the same medal as they have a common aim: combatting human smugglers, traffickers in human beings and other criminals and safeguarding life, safety and physical integrity of law-enforcement crew and migrants alike.
Princess Elisabeth’s Cautions and Descartes’ Suppression of the Traité de l’Homme
Authors: Cook Harold J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Why did Descartes not publish his chief physiology work during his lifetime? Descartes considered that the physiological and medical conclusions that could be drawn from his philosophy were fundamental to his intellectual project, and an apparently complete work was circulating among friends in 1641 but was only published more than a decade after his death, as De Homine (1662) and Traité de l’Homme (1664). This paper argues that Princess Elisabeth’s careful consideration of his physiology raised questions about whether the common interpretation of his philosophy as dualistic was correct, implicating it in some of the most dangerous arguments of his generation. Her questions served as a warning, in a moment when the personal papers and even the liberty of the Frenchman were threatened. Descartes had no interest in becoming a medical Galileo, and listened to the princess, leaving the work unpublished.
Medina and Mecca Revisited
Authors: Witkam Jan Just 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The illustrations of Medina and Mecca in al-Ǧazūlī’s prayer book Dalāʾil al-Khayrāt have drawn the attention of many scholars, who have come up with different interpretations. In the present article, a subgroup within the Maghribī manuscripts of that text is defined for the first time: luxury manuscripts that date from the 11–12th/17–18th centuries and that were mostly produced for important owners, certainly in Morocco, possibly in other parts of the Magrib. The manuscripts in this subgroup have an illustrated and illuminated addition that physically precedes the text of Dalāʾil al-Khayrāt, but that does not belong to the text of the prayer book. In the present article that addition is for the first time identified as such and described. A small corpus has been assembled and, by way of example, the article contains a detailed description of two manuscripts belonging to that newly defined subgroup: MS Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Arabe 6983, and MS Berlin, Staatsbibliothek, Or. oct. 240.
In Writing and in Sound
Authors: Göloğlu Sabiha 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Copies of Dalāʾil al-Khayrāt (Proofs of Good Deeds) by the Moroccan Sufi saint Muḥammad b. Sulaymān al-Jazūlī (d. 870/1465) were in high demand in the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire. This required producing manuscripts in large numbers and, later, printing the text. These mostly lithographic copies and corpora of the Dalāʾil al-Khayrāt, when combined with references to biographical dictionaries, inheritance records, inventories, library catalogues, and endowment deeds, reveal a great deal of information about the public and private prevalence of the text, within and beyond the empire. The Dalāʾil al-Khayrāt appealed to many individuals, from Ottoman sultans to royal women, and from madrasa students to members of the learned class. Its copies were endowed to mosques and libraries, held in different book collections of the Topkapi palace, and were available from booksellers. Be it silently or aloud, the Dalāʾil al-Khayrāt could be read in private homes and in mosques from Istanbul to Medina, a feature of pious soundscapes across the empire.
Functional Immunity of the Marines on the Enrica Lexie: A Reply To Raffaella Nigro
Authors: Ronzitti Natalino 
Published: November 2021

This article is a short reply to Raffaella Nigro’s assessment of the Arbitral Tribunal award in the Enrica Lexie case. Professor Nigro analyzes the rule of functional immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction and argues that it cannot be applied to the two marines, even supposing that military personnel are covered by such a rule. Professor Nigro bases this conclusion on the facts that the marines were stationed on a commercial vessel and were servicing the interests of the private shipowner.
In reply, this author reaffirms the existence of a rule of customary international law on functional immunity and argues that military personnel assigned to commercial vessels are carrying out these duties in order to protect Italian interests and contribute to the defeat of piracy. Therefore, the marines on board the Enrica Lexie were (and still remain) under the protection of the rule on immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction.
Management of the Crura During Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy
Authors: Tobin Edward C. , Knotts Chelsea , Tsai Jonathon , Austin Jeffrey , Thompson Stephanie , Attia Christina G. , Richmond Bryan K. , Monnett Shane 
Published: November 2021

Despite the increasing number of bariatric procedures being performed, the optimal strategy for managing the crura during laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) remains controversial. Options include no closure, primary suture closure, and suture closure with mesh reinforcement. We sought to investigate outcomes associated with each technique and determine if any approach proved to be superior. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study that evaluated patients undergoing LSG performed by a single surgeon in a 7-year period. Data were collected via chart review. The primary endpoint was hiatal hernia presence at 5 years post-operatively. Secondary endpoints included post-procedural complications (nausea, vomiting, dysphagia, or reflux) at 30 days post-operatively. Results A total of 361 patients were included in the analysis: 154 without crural closure, 164 primary crural closure, and 43 primary crural closure with mesh reinforcement. Rates of hiatal hernia occurrence at 5 years were 9.7% (no closure), 14.0% (primary closure), and 16.3% (closure with mesh reinforcement), respectively, and did not differ significantly among the 3 cohorts (P = .37). Overall rates of 30-day complications were 11.5%, 21.5%, and 28.6%, respectively ( P = .015). Conclusion Rates of hiatal hernia after sleeve gastrectomy do not differ, regardless of management of the crura. In addition, and perhaps more significantly, avoidance of crural closure was associated with fewer 30-day complications. In fact, the highest rate of 30-day complications was seen in the group that received closure with mesh reinforcement. These data suggest that crural closure during LSG should be avoided. Further prospective study of these findings is warranted.
Mechanisms of Injury Among the Amish Population in Central Pennsylvania
Authors: Whitney Larissa , Bonneville Kelly , Morgan Madison , Perea Lindsey L. 
Published: November 2021

Background Individuals presenting with traumatic injury in rural populations have significantly different injury patterns than those in urban environments. With an increasing Amish population, totaling over 33 000 in our catchment area, their unique way of life poses additional factors for injury. This study aims to evaluate differences in mechanism of injury, location of injury, and demographic patterns within the Amish population. We hypothesize that there will be an increased incidence of agriculture-related mechanisms of injury. Methods All Amish trauma patients presenting to our level I trauma center over 20 years (1/2000-4/2020) were retrospectively analyzed. Mechanism and geographic location of injury were collected. Demographic and clinical variables were compared between the age groups. Results There were 1740 patients included in the study with 36.4% (n = 634) ≤ 14 years. Only 10% (n = 174) were ≥ 65 years. The most common mechanism across all ages was falls. However, when separating out the pediatric population ( ≤ 14 years), 27.8% (n = 60) fell from a height on average > 8-10 feet. The most common geographic location of injury was at home in all age groups, except for the 15-24 year group, which was roadways. Discussion The Amish population poses a unique set of mechanisms of injury and thus injury patterns to rural trauma centers. We have found the most common injuries to be falls, buggy accidents, animal-related injuries, and farming accidents across all age groups. Future research and collaboration with other rural trauma centers treating large Amish populations would be beneficial to maximize injury prevention in this population. Level of Evidence Level 3a, epidemiological.
Virilizing Adrenocortical Carcinoma Resected With Negative Margins Treated With Surgery Alone
Authors: Fields Tyler , Felux Kelsee , Chavarriaga Alejandro , Ramsay Philip , Weitman Evan 
Published: November 2021

Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare malignancy. A virilizing adrenocortical carcinoma is even more unique of a diagnosis. In this report, we present a rare case of this uncommon tumor with an interesting presentation, clearly documented physical exam changes over a span of at least 8 years, and a technically challenging case. We also briefly review the management of adrenocortical carcinoma. The tumor was successfully resected with no planned adjuvant treatment at this time. The patient had recurrence of menstrual cycle post-operatively and required no steroid supplementation.