bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal-dependent effects of DNA degradation on frozen tissues archived at −80°C
Authors: Soniat Taylor J , Sihaloho Hendra F , Stevens Richard D , Little Todd D , Phillips Caleb D , Bradley Robert D 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Frozen tissues, associated with natural history and biological collections, historically have been archived at temperatures between −20°C and −80°C. More recently, the availability of liquid nitrogen systems has enabled the storage of tissue samples (biobanking) at temperatures as low as −196°C. Currently, it is not known how the degree of coldness (e.g., −80°C or −196°C) or longevity (time in storage) impacts preservation of tissue samples. To examine the effects of long-term storage (−80°C and −196°C) on DNA degradation, tissue samples (muscle and liver) archived for 30, 20, 10, or 1 years were obtained from the Natural Science Research Laboratory at Texas Tech University. The integrity of DNA (measured as molecular weight and fragment length) extracted from samples was determined using automated DNA isolation methods followed by microfluidic distribution measurement. DNA distributions were compared using measures of central tendency, a regression-based molecular mass profile, and as a latent variable in a structural equation model. Muscle samples consistently outperformed liver samples in terms of quality of DNA yield. Also, muscle samples exhibited a significant linear relationship with time in which older samples were more degraded than were recent samples. The signal for a temporal effect on DNA was strongest when considering a latent variable of DNA quality based on mode and kurtosis; 37% of the variation in the latent variable was explained by variation in units of time. More recent time points tended to be more similar, but the temporal effect on the latent variable remained strong even when the oldest samples were removed from the analysis. In contrast, integrity of DNA from liver samples did not have a significant linear relationship with time; however, in some years they exhibited non-normally distributed DNA quality metrics that may have reflected sensitivity of liver tissue to degradation during specimen preparation, DNA extraction, or archive parameters. Results indicated that tissue type and temporal effects influenced rates of DNA degradation, with the latter emphasizing the long-term value of biobanking at the coldest temperatures possible (liquid nitrogen storage) to mitigate degradation of biological samples of ever-increasing scientific value.
Application of deproteinized bovine bone mineral as proangiogenic scaffold for alveolar bone formation in beagle dogs
Authors: Ogasawara Keita , To Masahiro , Liu Yu-Hao , Okudera Toshimitsu , Nakamura Takatsuna , Matsuo Masato 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Alveolar bone repair after tooth extraction is essential after oral surgeries. Various grafting materials are used to promote the regeneration of lost alveolar bone. This study analysed the morphological features of the tissue regeneration process using deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM). DBBM was used to densely fill the extraction sockets in beagle dogs. Following resin casting of the vasculature, stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to observe blood vessels and hard tissues in haematoxylin and eosin-stained sections on postoperative days 14, 30 and 90 in conjunction with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) immunostaining to evaluate alveolar bone vascularization. On day 14 post-operation, the DBBM granules tightly filled the extraction sockets, maintained alveolar margin height and formed a scaffold for aiding angiogenesis and new bone formation. On day 30, new bone formation was observed around the DBBM granules. By day 90, bone tissue regeneration progressed in both groups but was more pronounced in the DBBM group. Alveolar margin height was maintained in the DBBM group throughout the study. Furthermore, VEGF expression in the DBBM group was detected around newly formed bone. We conclude that DBBM acts as a suitable scaffold for new bone generation, as well as angiogenesis around healing alveolar bone, and that it has the potential to play a key role in vascularization and bone formation.
The Road Back Home is Never Long: Refugee Return Migration
Authors: Zakirova Komila , Buzurukov Bilol 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe current paper, building on qualitative research for refugees’ return migration, endeavours to provide an empirical evaluation of return migration. More specifically, this study focuses on the effect of political and economic stimuli on refugees’ choice to return. We conducted a quantitative analysis using a negative binomial model with fixed effects on a longitudinal dataset for more than 150 countries for the period 1991–2018. Our results reveal that the strongest predictors of return migration are political factors. Notably, a reduction in human rights violations, the elimination of genocides/politicides, the termination of wars and peace agreements are the most influential variables. Economic incentives are relatively weak, indicating that economic motives are not the principal factor for refugee returnees’ decision-making. The most robust economic covariate, educational access, is a conglomerate of economic and social factors; consequently, it is more influential within its group.
Ethylene activation of carotenoid biosynthesis by a novel transcription factor CsERF061
Authors: Zhu Kaijie , Sun Quan , Chen Hongyan , Mei Xuehan , Lu Suwen , Ye Junli , Chai Lijun , Xu Qiang , Deng Xiuxin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractChromoplast-specific lycopene β-cyclase (LCYb2) is a critical carotenogenic enzyme, which controls the massive accumulation of downstream carotenoids, especially provitamin A carotenoids, in citrus. Its regulatory metabolism is largely unknown. Here, we identified a group I ethylene response factor, CsERF061, in citrus by yeast one-hybrid screen with the promoter of LCYb2. The expression of CsERF061 was induced by ethylene. Transcript and protein levels of CsERF061 were increased during fruit development and coloration. CsERF061 is a nucleus-localized transcriptional activator, which directly binds to the promoter of LCYb2 and activates its expression. Overexpression of CsERF061 in citrus calli and tomato fruits enhanced carotenoid accumulation by increasing the expression of key carotenoid pathway genes, and increased the number of chromoplasts needed to sequester the elevated concentrations of carotenoids, which was accompanied by changes in the concentrations of abscisic acid and gibberellin. Electrophoretic mobility shift and dual-luciferase assays verified that CsERF061 activates the promoters of nine other key carotenoid pathway genes, PSY1, PDS, CRTISO, LCYb1, BCH, ZEP, NCED3, CCD1, and CCD4, revealing the multitargeted regulation of CsERF061. Collectively, our findings decipher a novel regulatory network of carotenoid enhancement by CsERF061, induced by ethylene, which will be useful for manipulating carotenoid accumulation in citrus and other plants.
Recent advances in peptide signaling during Arabidopsis root development
Authors: Jeon Byeong Wook , Kim Min-Jung , Pandey Shashank K , Oh Eunkyoo , Seo Pil Joon , Kim Jungmook 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRoots provide the plant with water and nutrients and anchor it in a substrate. Root development is controlled by plant hormones and various sets of transcription factors. Recently, various small peptides and their cognate receptors have been identified as controlling root development. Small peptides bind to membrane-localized receptor-like kinases, inducing their dimerization with co-receptor proteins for signaling activation and giving rise to cellular signaling outputs. Small peptides function as local and long-distance signaling molecules involved in cell-to-cell communication networks, coordinating root development. In this review, we survey recent advances in the peptide ligand-mediated signaling pathways involved in the control of root development in Arabidopsis. We describe the interconnection between peptide signaling and conventional phytohormone signaling. Additionally, we discuss the diversity of identified peptide–receptor interactions during plant root development.
Natural ultraviolet radiation exposure alters photosynthetic biology and improves recovery from desiccation in a desert moss
Authors: Ekwealor Jenna T B , Clark Theresa A , Dautermann Oliver , Russell Alexander , Ebrahimi Sotodeh , Stark Lloyd R , Niyogi Krishna K , Mishler Brent D 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPlants in dryland ecosystems experience extreme daily and seasonal fluctuations in light, temperature, and water availability. We used an in situ field experiment to uncover the effects of natural and reduced levels of ultraviolet radiation (UV) on maximum PSII quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm), relative abundance of photosynthetic pigments and antioxidants, and the transcriptome in the desiccation-tolerant desert moss Syntrichia caninervis. We tested the hypotheses that: (i) S. caninervis plants undergo sustained thermal quenching of light [non-photochemical quenching (NPQ)] while desiccated and after rehydration; (ii) a reduction of UV will result in improved recovery of Fv/Fm; but (iii) 1 year of UV removal will de-harden plants and increase vulnerability to UV damage, indicated by a reduction in Fv/Fm. All field-collected plants had extremely low Fv/Fm after initial rehydration but recovered over 8 d in lab-simulated winter conditions. UV-filtered plants had lower Fv/Fm during recovery, higher concentrations of photoprotective pigments and antioxidants such as zeaxanthin and tocopherols, and lower concentrations of neoxanthin and Chl b than plants exposed to near natural UV levels. Field-grown S. caninervis underwent sustained NPQ that took days to relax and for efficient photosynthesis to resume. Reduction of solar UV radiation adversely affected recovery of Fv/Fm following rehydration.
Cartel Damages
Authors: Veljanovski Cento 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This book represents a comprehensive, practical guide on the law, economics, and measurement of cartel damages under UK and European competition laws. It draws together the most recent research on cartels, economic analysis, empirical techniques, case law, and legislation to examine how the quantification of losses suffered by those harmed by a cartel are, and could be, applied under European and UK competition laws. Written with the practitioner in mind, the book displays a rigorous yet pragmatic approach to the subject. Detailed discussions of leading cases complement the treatment of the application of economic theory and empirical techniques in competition law and litigation. Three appendices provide the reader with quick reference guides to statistics on European Commission Cartel Decisions (1999 to 2019), Bank of England ‘base rate’ (1980 to 2019), and where to find key documents and information. The book is a practical guide to issues of increasing importance and relevance in competition law.
Establishing a Cartel Exists
Authors: Veljanovski Cento 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the first step in any damage claim, which is to establish the existence of a cartel or, more precisely, an infringement of Article 101(1) TFEU. The claimant will typically rely on an infringement decision of a competition authority to bring a follow-on action. Without an infringement decision, proving that a cartel exists will be difficult. This is because cartels operate in secrecy, rarely leave a paper trial, and potential claimants have no right to inspect the internal documents and emails of firms they suspect are colluding. As such, competition authorities use leniency programmes to detect cartels, which offer reduced fines and other protections to encourage whistleblowing and cooperation. In addition, economic theory and statistical techniques can assist in the detection of cartels. This will become a more prominent feature of cartel enforcement in the future as competition authorities become less reliant on leniency programmes.
Damages
Authors: Veljanovski Cento 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses damages actions for competition infringement. The Damages Directive sets out a common legal basis across the EU for the right of those harmed by a competition infringement to sue and quantification of damages. It has been transposed into the UK and incorporated as Schedule 8A of the Competition Act 1989. The Damages Directive gives the national courts the power to estimate the overcharge; requires the European Commission to issue guidelines on the quantification of overcharges and on ‘pass-on to’; and advises that the national courts can request assistance from a willing national competition authority where appropriate to determine quantum. In English law, the position is that damages are compensatory and aim to place the victim in the position they would have been had they not been injured so far as monetary compensation can. There are several heads or types of damages that have so far been claimed: overcharge damages; lost volume or lost profit damages; run-on damages; umbrella damages; cost-based damages; future losses, lost chance, and lost opportunity damages; and aggregate damages in collective actions.
Cost-based Approaches
Authors: Veljanovski Cento 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter studies the cost-based and margin approaches, which are attractive to courts because they rely on actual data and are easily understood. There are several variants. The simplest version is to collect data on the cartel’s avoidable, marginal, or average costs, and add to this a competitive or pre-cartel margin to determine ‘but for’ prices. If the cartel’s prices are found to exceed the prices calculated using the firm’s marginal costs plus a competitive margin, the difference is regarded as the overcharge. This approach is attractive because it is based on the defendant’s cost data, the prices charged by the defendant, and evidence of what might be regarded as a reasonable or competitive mark-up on these costs. More recently, the English courts have adopted pure cost-based approaches which treat cost as a proxy for benefits or to take account of cost inefficiencies and cost savings during the cartel period.
The Foundations of International Investment Law
Authors: Salacuse Jeswald W 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the state of international investment law that exists in the absence of an applicable treaty, as that law remains an important foundation for the international law governing investments. One of the purposes of law is to protect the legitimate interests of persons, groups, and states, and to provide a mechanism for resolving disputes when those interests are in conflict. In any international investment transaction, there are three primary parties in interest: the investor, the host country in which the investment is made, and the home country of the investor. Each party ordinarily uses laws and legal devices to advance its perceived interests. The chapter then explores the sources of international law, as well as customary international law and general principles of law governing international investment. It also looks at customary international law on expropriation and breach of state contracts.
A History of International Investment Treaties
Authors: Salacuse Jeswald W 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter traces the history and considers the purposes and consequences of the movement by states to negotiate investment treaties. In the post-colonial era of nationalizations and contract renegotiations, the economic facts of life in host countries struggled against the form of various legal commitments made to foreign investors. To change the dynamics of this struggle so as to protect the interests of their companies and investors, capital-exporting countries began a process of negotiating international investment treaties that, to the extent possible, would be: (1) complete; (2) clear and specific; (3) uncontestable; and (4) enforceable. These treaty efforts took place at both the bilateral and multilateral levels, which, though separate, tended to inform and reinforce each other. As a result of this process, a widespread treatification of international investment law took place in a relatively short time. By the end of the second decade of the twenty-first century, foreign investors in many parts of the world were protected primarily by international treaties rather than as previously by customary international law alone. For all practical purposes, treaties have become the fundamental source of international law in the area of foreign investment.
The Interpretation of Investment Treaties
Authors: Salacuse Jeswald W 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the interpretation of investment treaties. Treaty interpretation is never easy, but the task of interpreting investment treaties is rendered particularly difficult by two factors: first, the generality and vagueness of many of the terms used in their texts, such as ‘fair and equitable treatment’, ‘full protection and security’, and ‘expropriation and measures tantamount to expropriation’ which reasonable persons may interpret differently. Although investment treaties have not traditionally defined these terms, some of the more recent international investment agreements, perhaps influenced by disputed arbitral decisions, have sought to provide more or less detailed definitional provisions for the often-contested important terms they employ. The second interpretational difficulty arises from the factual and legal complexity of the investment transactions and relationships to which investment treaties are applied. As a result of these complexities, arbitral tribunals and lawyers must devote significant effort and time to give meaning to words that at first glance appear simple but usually are not. The chapter then provides guidance on treaty interpretation. The basic rules of investment treaty interpretation are found in Articles 31, 32, and 33 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT).
Investment Promotion, Facilitation, Admission, and Establishment
Authors: Salacuse Jeswald W 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses investment promotion, facilitation, admission, and establishment. International law recognizes that by virtue of its sovereignty a state has the right to control the entry and exit of persons and things into and from its territory and also to regulate the activities of nationals or foreign persons and companies within that territory. A corollary of that principle is that a state is not required to allow foreign nationals or companies to establish or acquire an enterprise or investment within its territory. With respect to foreign investment, states have complete legislative jurisdiction to determine to what extent foreign nationals and companies may undertake investments, which sectors and industries they may or may not enter, and whether or not they must fulfil additional conditions in order to undertake and operate an investment within state territory. Numerous factors have shaped individual countries' attitudes towards foreign investment and investment treaty negotiations. One of the traditional aims of the investment treaty movement has been to reduce these internal barriers to foreign investment, particularly through treaty provisions on investment promotion, admission, and establishment. The second decade of the twenty-first century witnessed a growing emphasis in both international discussions and a few treaties on a new concept: foreign investment facilitation.
General Treatment Standards
Authors: Salacuse Jeswald W 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the general standards of treatment in investment treaties. General treatment standards consist of two types: (a) absolute standards, which are not contingent upon specified factors, happenings, or government behaviour towards other investors or persons; and (b) relative standards, which are dependent upon the host government's treatment of other investments or investors. The chapter discusses the absolute and relative general treatment standards used most frequently in international investment treaties. These include full protection and security, fair and equitable treatment, minimum treatment according to international law, most-favoured-nation treatment, and national treatment. That these standards exist in one form or another in most investment treaties gives the treaties a strong similarity. It must also be acknowledged, however, that not all treaties include all of these general standards and that significant differences exist in the way individual treaties articulate them.
Protection Against Expropriation, Nationalization, and Dispossession
Authors: Salacuse Jeswald W 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the investment treaty protections against expropriation, nationalization, and dispossession. Because the investment treaty movement arose during a period when many expropriations and nationalizations had taken place and states exhibited significant disagreement about the applicable international law, one of the primary goals of capital-exporting countries in promoting investment treaties was to protect their investors and investments from acts of expropriation, nationalization, and dispossession by host governments. As a result, virtually all investment treaties contain a provision concerning the expropriation or nationalization of covered investments; however, the nature of those provisions, their scope, and the limitations they place on governmental action, vary among treaties. The chapter then examines the scope of coverage of expropriation provisions as they apply to direct and indirect takings of investor property by a state. It also considers the various conditions and limitations that treaties place upon such state actions, including the obligation to pay compensation.
The Consequences of Treaty Violations
Authors: Salacuse Jeswald W 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses the consequences of treaty violations. As a general rule, investment treaties do not specifically state the consequences of a state's breach of treaty provisions. In fact, many, if not most investment treaties make no reference at all to the obligation of an offending state to pay compensation or make reparation to investors injured by a breach. While investment treaties generally do not specify rules on damages for failure to respect their provisions, they nearly always provide that tribunals are to decide disputes not only in accordance with the applicable treaty provisions but also in accordance with ‘the relevant principles of international law’, ‘the general principles of international law’, or ‘the applicable principles of international law’. Thus, all investment treaties stipulate that international law, customary international law, or some variation of that formulation is the source of law that tribunals are to apply in deciding the issues that they confront, which of course includes compensation for investments that have been injured by a contracting state's failure to respect treaty provisions. In order to determine the value of the loss to an injured investment, one must have recourse to valuation techniques drawn from the science of finance.