bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment for elderly with thyroid diseases in China (2021)
Authors: Liu Youshuo , Shan Zhongyan ,   Endocrine Metabolic Diseases Group of the Chinese Geriatrics Society,   Thyroid Group of the Chinese Society of Endocrinology, Chinese Medical Association
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn order to improve the diagnosis and treatment of senile thyroid diseases in China and to promote healthy aging, the Endocrine Metabolic Diseases Group of the Chinese Geriatrics Society, and the Thyroid Group of the Chinese Society of Endocrinology jointly drafted the “Expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment for Chinese elderly with thyroid diseases” (referred to as consensus). The Consensus consists of five parts that set 40 recommendations on main clinical issues. The consensus emphasizes clinical focus on the age‐related changes of the hypothalamus‐pituitary‐thyroid axis in the elderly, and it recommends application of comprehensive geriatric assessment to thoroughly evaluate the impact of thyroid diseases and relevant intervention on overall health condition. Meanwhile, it recommends generalization of screening for hypothyroidism during admission to nursing institution or hospital, and routine health check‐ups. Furthermore, it develops individualized stratified management on hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroid nodules, and differentiated thyroid carcinoma in the elderly distinguished from the youngers, including treatment regimen, control ranges, and flowcharts for diagnosis and treatment. The Consensus will provide the basis for clinical decisions and health management of thyroid diseases in the elderly by geriatrician, endocrinologist, and general practitioners.
Opportunity Reboot: A Community‐Based Evaluation Focused on Opportunity Youth
Authors: Syvertsen Amy K. , Wu Chen‐Yu , Boat Ashley , Roskopf Justin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe number of young people living in the margins of society reflects one of the most pressing social inequities of our time. Opportunity youth often face many complex challenges perpetrated by a range of systemic issues. These trajectories can be positively disrupted by surrounding youth with a cohesive web of relational and instrumental supports and spaces where their strengths and potential are seen. Opportunity Reboot, a technical assistance and program enhancement model, was developed to leverage the existing capacity and strengths of community programs to more effectively create pathways to school, career, and life success for opportunity youth. The impact of Opportunity Reboot was tested using a single‐group, non‐experimental design and a quasi‐experimental design with propensity score matching. Findings established associations between opportunity youths’ experiences of three core Opportunity Reboot features and growth in select positive identity, social–emotional competencies, and skills for systems navigation outcomes. Opportunity Reboot youth were also more likely, on average, than comparison youth to be employed in the four quarters after endline data collection; this finding was even stronger when comparing youth of color in the Opportunity Reboot and comparison groups. This evaluation strengthens the evidence that program enhancement models like Opportunity Reboot hold promise for positively disrupting the lives of opportunity youth.
Central 22q11.2 deletion (LCR22 B‐D) in a fetus with severe fetal growth restriction and a mother with severe systemic lupus erythematosus: Further evidence of CRKL haploinsufficiency in the pathogenesis of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
Authors: Lin Isabella , Afshar Yalda , Goldstein Jeffrey , Grossman Jennifer , Grody Wayne W. , Quintero‐Rivera Fabiola 
Published: July 2021

Abstract22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2 DS, MIM #188400) is the most common chromosomal microdeletion with an incidence of 1 in 4000 live births. 22q11.2 DS patients present with varying penetrance and a broad phenotypic spectrum including dysmorphic features, congenital heart defects, hypoplastic thymus and T‐cell deficiency, and hypocalcemia. The typical deletion spans 3 Mb between 4 large blocks of repetitive DNA, known as low copy repeats (LCRs), on chromosome 22 (LCR22) A and D. This deletion is found in ~85% of 22q11.2 DS patients, while only 4–5% have central LCR22B‐D (1.5 Mb) and LCR22C‐D (0.7 Mb) deletions. We report on a prenatally diagnosed, inherited case of central LCR22B‐D 22q11.2 DS, born to a 22‐year‐old female with multiple autoimmune disorders. These include Sjogren's‐syndrome‐related antigen A (SSA+) severe systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with cutaneous and discoid components and seronegative antiphospholipid syndrome. Amniocentesis was performed due to fetal growth restriction (FGR). FISH with TUPLE1 (HIRA) probe was normal; however, chromosomal microarray identified a ~737 kb heterozygous loss between LCR22B‐D. Subsequently, the same deletion was identified in the mother, which included CRKL and 19 other genes but excluded HIRA and TBX1, the typical candidate genes for 22q11.2DS pathogenesis. This case explores how loss of CRKL may contribute to immune dysregulation, as seen in the multiple severe autoimmune phenotypes of the mother, and FGR. Our experience confirms the importance of thorough workup in individuals with reduced penetrance of 22q11.2 DS features or atypical clinical presentations.
Costs of male infanticide for female capuchins: When does an adaptive male reproductive strategy become costly for females and detrimental to population viability?
Authors: Fedigan Linda M. , Hogan Jeremy D. , Campos Fernando A. , Kalbitzer Urs , Jack Katharine M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectivesInfanticide in white‐faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus imitator) typically occurs in association with alpha male replacements (AMRs). Although infanticide is likely adaptive for males, it imposes costs on females that are difficult to quantify without long‐term demographic data. Here we investigate effects of AMRs and infanticide on female reproductive success and how these costs affect capuchin groups. We investigate (1) effects of AMR frequency on the production of surviving infants; (2) energetic and (3) temporal “opportunity costs” of infant loss; and (4) how AMR frequency impacts capuchin group sizes.Materials and methodsWe censused six groups (7–33 years/group, 74 adult females). We modeled surviving infant production in relation to AMR. We estimated a female's energy requirements for lost infants and the temporal cost relative to the median reproductive window. We simulated how varying AMR rates would affect future capuchin group sizes.ResultsFemales exposed to more frequent AMR tended to produce fewer surviving offspring. We estimate the average lost infant requires approximately 33% additional energy intake for its mother and represents 10% of the average reproductive opportunity window available to females. Simulated populations remain viable at the observed rate of AMR occurrence but decrease in size at even slightly higher rates.DiscussionWhile infanticide is adaptive for males, for females it affects lifetime reproductive success and imposes energetic and opportunity costs. Although capuchin populations have evolved with AMRs and infanticide, small increases in AMR frequency may lead to population decline/extinction. Infanticide likely plays a large role in population maintenance for capuchins.
Successful interventional management of mediastinal hematoma caused by thyroid ima artery injury
Authors: Yajima Hisao , Tokue Hiroyuki , Mori Mizuki , Aramaki Yuto , Sawada Yusuke , Nakajima Jun , Murata Masato , Oshima Kiyohiro 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundThe thyroid ima artery (ThIA) is a rare anatomical anomaly, commonly branching from the brachiocephalic artery. Thyroid ima artery injury can cause severe mediastinal hematoma because its descending branch extends into the mediastinum.Case presentationA 91‐year‐old man presented with syncope after a motor vehicle accident. A bruise on the chest was evident. Contrast‐enhanced computed tomography revealed a massive mediastinal hematoma with signs of active hemorrhage. Injury to a descending branch of the ThIA was indicated. Transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) was successful in stopping the bleeding.ConclusionsAlthough a ThIA injury is rare, it can cause serious mediastinal hematoma. Thyroid ima artery injury should be considered as a cause of traumatic mediastinal hematoma. Transcatheter arterial embolization for traumatic ThIA injury is considered a safe and effective treatment.
Regio‐ and Stereoselective Cascade of β,γ‐Unsaturated Ketones by Dipeptided Phosphonium Salt Catalysis: Stereospecific Construction of Dihydrofuro‐Fused [2,3‐b] Skeletons
Authors: Zhang Hongkui , He Jiajia , Chen Yayun , Zhuang Cheng , Jiang Chunhui , Xiao Kai , Su Zhishan , Ren Xiaoyu , Wang Tianli 
Published: July 2021

AbstractChiral (dihydro)furo‐fused heterocycles are significant structural motifs in numerous natural products, functional materials and pharmaceuticals. Therefore, developing efficient methods for preparing compounds with these privileged scaffolds is an important endeavor in synthetic chemistry. Herein, we develop an effective, modular method by a dipeptide‐phosphonium salt‐catalyzed regio‐ and stereoselective cascade reaction of readily available linear β,γ‐unsaturated ketones with aromatic alkenes, affording a wide variety of structurally fused heterocyclic molecules in high yields with excellent stereoselectivities. Moreover, mechanistic investigations revealed that the bifunctional phosphonium salt controlled the regio‐ and stereoselectivities of this cascade reaction, particularly proceeding through the initial ketone α‐addition followed by O‐participated substitution; and the multiple hydrogen‐bonding interactions between Brønsted acid moieties of catalyst and nitro group of aromatic alkene were crucial in asymmetric induction. Given the generality, versatility, and high efficiency of this method, we anticipate that it will have broad synthetic utilities.
Über Takais Olefinierungsreagenz hinaus: Anhaltende Dehalogenierung mündet in einem Chrom(III)‐μ3‐Methylidin‐Komplex
Authors: Trzmiel Simon , Langmann Jan , Werner Daniel , Maichle‐Mössmer Cäcilia , Scherer Wolfgang , Anwander Reiner 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDie Reaktion von CHI3 mit sechs Äquivalenten CrCl2 in THF bei tiefen Temperaturen ergibt [Cr3Cl3(μ2‐Cl)3(μ3‐CH)(thf)6] als den ersten in hohen Ausbeuten isolierbaren CrIII‐μ3‐Methylidinkomplex. Substitution der terminalen Chlorido‐Liganden via Salzmetathese mit Alkalimetall‐Cyclopentadieniden generiert die isostrukturellen Halbsandwich‐Chrom(III)‐μ3‐Methylidine [CpR3Cr3(μ2‐Cl)3(μ3‐CH] (CpR=C5H5, C5Me5, C5H4SiMe3). Neben‐ und Zersetzungsprodukte des Cl/CpR‐Austausches konnten identifiziert und für [Cr4(μ2‐Cl)4(μ2‐I)2(μ4‐O)(thf)4] und [(η5‐C5H4SiMe3)CrCl(μ2‐Cl)2Li(thf)2] strukturell charakterisiert werden. Der Cl/CpR‐Austausch verändert das effektive magnetische Moment bei Raumtemperatur dramatisch von μeff=9.30/9.11 μB (Lösung/Feststoff) zu 3.63/4.32 μB (CpR=C5Me5). Die Reaktionen von [Cr3Cl3(μ2‐Cl)3(μ3‐CH)(thf)6] mit Aldehyden und Ketonen produzierten komplexe Produktmischungen durch Sauerstoff/Methylidin‐Austausch, welche teilweise als Radikalrekombinationsprodukte durch GC/MS Analyse und 1H‐NMR‐Spektroskopie identifiziert werden konnten.
Selektive Bindungsspaltung in RAFT Agenzien durch niederenergetische Elektronenanlagerung
Authors: Izadi Farhad , Arthur‐Baidoo Eugene , Strover Lisa T. , Yu Li‐Juan , Coote Michelle L. , Moad Graeme , Denifl Stephan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRadikalische Polymerisation mit reversibler Additions‐Fragmentierungs‐Kettenübertragung (RAFT Polymerisation) wird erfolgreich eingesetzt, um Polymere mit wohldefinierter Architektur zu erzeugen. Für die RAFT‐Polymerisation wird eine Quelle von Radikalen benötigt. Jüngste Arbeiten haben gezeigt, dass diese, für minimale Nebenreaktionen und hohe räumlich‐zeitliche Kontrolle, direkt aus dem RAFT‐Agens oder makroRAFT‐Agens (meist Carbonothiosulfanylverbindungen) thermisch, photochemisch oder durch elektrochemische Reduktion gebildet werden sollten. In dieser Arbeit untersuchten wir die niederenergetische Elektronenanlagerung an ein gängiges RAFT‐Agens (Cyanomethylbenzodithioat), und zum Vergleich eine einfache Carbonothioylsulfanylverbindung (Dimethyltrithiocarbonat, DMTTC), in der Gasphase mittels Massenspektrometrie sowie quantenchemischen Berechnungen. Wir beobachteten für beide Verbindungen, dass die spezifische Spaltung der C‐S‐Bindung bei niederenergetischer Elektronenanlagerung, bei Elektronenenergien nahe 0 eV erfolgt. Dies gilt auch im Falle einer schlechten homolytischen Abgangsgruppe (.CH3 in DMTTC). Alle anderen Dissoziationsreaktionen, die bei höheren Elektronenenergien auftreten, sind deutlich seltener. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse zeigen eine hohe Kontrolle der durch Elektronenanlagerung induzierten chemischen Reaktionen.
Nickelkatalysierte, reduktive C(sp3)‐Si‐Kreuzkupplung von α‐cyanosubstituierten Alkylelektrophilen und Chlorsilanen
Authors: Zhang Liangliang , Oestreich Martin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractEs wird über eine Nickel/Zink‐katalysierte, gekreuzte Kupplung von Elektrophilen – im gegebenen Fall Alkylelektrophile, welche durch eine α‐Cyanogruppe aktiviert sind, und Chlorsilane – berichtet. Elementares Zink ist das stöchiometrische Reduktionsmittel in diesem reduktiven Kupplungsprozess. Damit lässt sich ausgehend von zwei elektrophilen Reaktanden eine C(sp3)‐Si‐Bindung knüpfen, während frühere Methoden auf die Kombination von Kohlenstoffnukleophilen und Siliciumelektrophilen und umgekehrt angewiesen sind.
Beyond Takai's Olefination Reagent: Persistent Dehalogenation Emerges in a Chromium(III)‐μ3‐Methylidyne Complex
Authors: Trzmiel Simon , Langmann Jan , Werner Daniel , Maichle‐Mössmer Cäcilia , Scherer Wolfgang , Anwander Reiner 
Published: July 2021

AbstractReaction of CHI3 with six equivalents of CrCl2 in THF at low temperatures affords [Cr3Cl3(μ2‐Cl)3(μ3‐CH)(thf)6] as the first isolable high‐yield CrIII μ3‐methylidyne complex. Substitution of the terminal chlorido ligands via salt metathesis with alkali‐metal cyclopentadienides generates isostructural half‐sandwich chromium(III)‐μ3‐methylidynes [CpR3Cr3(μ2‐Cl)3(μ3‐CH)] (CpR=C5H5, C5Me5, C5H4SiMe3). Side and decomposition products of the Cl/CpR exchange reactions were identified and structurally characterized for [Cr4(μ2‐Cl)4(μ2‐I)2(μ4‐O)(thf)4] and [(η5‐C5H4SiMe3)CrCl(μ2‐Cl)2Li(thf)2]. The Cl/CpR exchange drastically changed the ambient‐temperature effective magnetic moment μeff from 9.30/9.11 μB (solution/solid) to 3.63/4.32 μB (CpR=C5Me5). Reactions of [Cr3Cl3(μ2‐Cl)3(μ3‐CH)(thf)6] with aldehydes and ketones produce intricate mixtures of species through oxy/methylidyne exchange, which were partially identified as radical recombination products through GC/MS analysis and 1H NMR spectroscopy.
Plasma Tuning Local Environment of Hexagonal Boron Nitride for Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane
Authors: Liu Zhankai , Yan Bing , Meng Shengyan , Liu Rui , Lu Wen‐Duo , Sheng Jian , Yi Yanhui , Lu An‐Hui 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) has lately received great attention in the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) reaction of propane to propylene for its extraordinary olefin selectivity in contrast to metal oxides. However, high crystallinity of commercial h‐BN and elusive cognition of active sites hindered the enhancement of utilization efficiency. Herein, four kinds of plasmas (N2, O2, H2, Ar) were accordingly employed to regulate the local chemical environment of h‐BN. N2‐treated BN exhibited a remarkable activity, i.e., 26.0 % propane conversion with 89.4 % selectivity toward olefins at 520 °C. Spectroscopy demonstrated that “three‐boron center” N‐defects in the catalyst played a pivotal role in facilitating the conversion of propane. While the sintering effect of the “BOx” species in O2‐treated BN, led to the suppressed catalytic performance (12.4 % conversion at 520 °C).
Selective Bond Cleavage in RAFT Agents Promoted by Low‐Energy Electron Attachment
Authors: Izadi Farhad , Arthur‐Baidoo Eugene , Strover Lisa T. , Yu Li‐Juan , Coote Michelle L. , Moad Graeme , Denifl Stephan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRadical polymerization with reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT polymerization) has been successfully applied to generate polymers of well‐defined architecture. For RAFT polymerization a source of radicals is required. Recent work has demonstrated that for minimal side‐reactions and high spatio‐temporal control these should be formed directly from the RAFT agent or macroRAFT agent (usually carbonothiosulfanyl compounds) thermally, photochemically or by electrochemical reduction. In this work, we investigated low‐energy electron attachment to a common RAFT agent (cyanomethyl benzodithioate), and, for comparison, a simple carbonothioylsulfanyl compound (dimethyl trithiocarbonate, DMTTC) in the gas phase by means of mass spectrometry as well as quantum chemical calculations. We observe for both compounds that specific cleavage of the C−S bond is induced upon low‐energy electron attachment at electron energies close to zero eV. This applies even in the case of a poor homolytic leaving group (.CH3 in DMTTC). All other dissociation reactions found at higher electron energies are much less abundant. The present results show a high control of the chemical reactions induced by electron attachment.
A Boratafulvene
Authors: Heitkemper Tobias , Naß Leonard , Sindlinger Christian P. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractStructurally authenticated free B‐alkyl boroles are presented and electronic implications of alkyl substitution were assessed. Deprotonation of a boron‐bound exocyclic methyl group in a B‐methyl borole yields the first 5‐boratafulvene anion—an isomer to boratabenzene. Boratafulvene was structurally characterized and its electronic structure probed by DFT calculations. The pKa value of the exocyclic B−CH3 in a set of boroles was computationally approximated and confirmed a pronounced acidic character caused by the boron atom embedded in an anti‐aromatic moiety. The non‐aromatic boratafulvene reacts as a C‐centered nucleophile with the mild electrophile Me3SnCl to give a stannylmethyl borole, regenerating the anti‐aromaticity. As nucleophilic synthons for boroles, boratafulvenes thus open an entirely new avenue for synthetic strategies toward this highly reactive class of heterocycles. Boratafulvene reacts as a methylene transfer reagent in a bora‐Wittig‐type reaction generating a borole oxide.
Effect of Clonally Expanded PD‐1highCXCR5–CD4+ Peripheral T Helper Cells on B Cell Differentiation in the Joints of Patients With Antinuclear Antibody–Positive Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Fischer Jonas , Dirks Johannes , Klaussner Julia , Haase Gabriele , Holl‐Wieden Annette , Hofmann Christine , Hackenberg Stephan , Girschick Hermann , Morbach Henner 
Published: July 2021

ObjectiveAntinuclear antibody (ANA)–positive juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is characterized by synovial B cell hyperactivity, but the precise role of CD4+ T cells in promoting local B cell activation is unknown. This study was undertaken to determine the phenotype and function of synovial CD4+ T cells that promote aberrant B cell activation in JIA.MethodsFlow cytometry was performed to compare the phenotype and cytokine patterns of PD‐1highCD4+ T cells in the synovial fluid (SF) of patients with JIA and T follicular helper cells in the tonsils of control individuals. TCRVB next‐generation sequencing was used to analyze T cell subsets for signs of clonal expansion. The functional impact of these T cell subsets on B cells was examined in cocultures in vitro.ResultsMultidimensional flow cytometry revealed the expansion of interleukin‐21 (IL‐21) and interferon‐γ (IFNγ)–coexpressing PD‐1highCXCR5–HLA–DR+CD4+ T cells that accumulate in the joints of ANA‐positive JIA patients. These T cells exhibited signs of clonal expansion with restricted T cell receptor clonotypes. The phenotype resembled peripheral T helper (Tph) cells with an extrafollicular chemokine receptor pattern and high T‐bet and B lymphocyte–induced maturation protein 1 expression, but low B cell lymphoma 6 expression. SF Tph cells, by provision of IL‐21 and IFNy, skewed B cell differentiation toward a CD21low/–CD11c+ phenotype in vitro. Additionally, SF Tph cell frequencies correlated with the appearance of SF CD21low/–CD11c+CD27–IgM– double‐negative (DN) B cells in situ.ConclusionClonally expanded CD4+ Tph cells accumulate in the joints of ANA‐positive JIA patients and, in particular, promote CD21low/–CD11c+ DN B cell differentiation. The expansion of Tph cells and DN B cells might reflect the autoimmune response in the joints of ANA‐positive JIA patients.
Individuals with autism spectrum disorder are impaired in absolute but not relative pitch and duration matching in speech and song imitation
Authors: Wang Li , Pfordresher Peter Q. , Jiang Cunmei , Liu Fang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIndividuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often exhibit atypical imitation. However, few studies have identified clear quantitative characteristics of vocal imitation in ASD. This study investigated imitation of speech and song in English‐speaking individuals with and without ASD and its modulation by age. Participants consisted of 25 autistic children and 19 autistic adults, who were compared to 25 children and 19 adults with typical development matched on age, gender, musical training, and cognitive abilities. The task required participants to imitate speech and song stimuli with varying pitch and duration patterns. Acoustic analyses of the imitation performance suggested that individuals with ASD were worse than controls on absolute pitch and duration matching for both speech and song imitation, although they performed as well as controls on relative pitch and duration matching. Furthermore, the two groups produced similar numbers of pitch contour, pitch interval‐, and time errors. Across both groups, sung pitch was imitated more accurately than spoken pitch, whereas spoken duration was imitated more accurately than sung duration. Children imitated spoken pitch more accurately than adults when it came to speech stimuli, whereas age showed no significant relationship to song imitation. These results reveal a vocal imitation deficit across speech and music domains in ASD that is specific to absolute pitch and duration matching. This finding provides evidence for shared mechanisms between speech and song imitation, which involves independent implementation of relative versus absolute features.Lay SummaryIndividuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often exhibit atypical imitation of actions and gestures. Characteristics of vocal imitation in ASD remain unclear. By comparing speech and song imitation, this study shows that individuals with ASD have a vocal imitative deficit that is specific to absolute pitch and duration matching, while performing as well as controls on relative pitch and duration matching, across speech and music domains.
A brief assessment of pica
Authors: Morris Cody , Stapleton Kelsey , Conway Alissa , Peterson Stephanie M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe settings and procedures described in published studies focused on assessing and treating pica may not be relatable or feasible for all practitioners. This brief report demonstrates a successful replication of modified methods for assessing and treating a 16‐year‐old diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder who engaged in pica. The study extended the existing research on pica in the following ways: First, it supported the utility of brief analysis methods, including brief functional analysis (FA) sessions, fewer FA sessions, and a preference assessment requiring less time to complete. Second, it described an FA for pica in a home setting. Finally, it evaluated the utility of differential reinforcement of alternative behavior in the form of mands in treating pica.