bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How many gamebirds are released in the UK each year?
Authors: Madden Joah Robert 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLarge numbers of gamebirds (pheasants Phasianus colchicus, red-legged partridges Alectoris rufa and mallard Anus platyrhynchos) are released annually in the UK to support recreational shooting. It is important to know how many of these birds are being released because their release and management has ecological effects on the wildlife and habitats of the UK. There is little regulation governing their release, and consequently, an accurate figure for the numbers being released is unknown. I took 12 different approaches, totalling 4329 estimates of the numbers of birds being released annually, based on a series of datasets that described numbers of birds being held for breeding, rearing or release, being released, managed or shot on game shoots, being shot by individual guns or being recorded during breeding bird surveys. These 12 approaches produced estimates ranging from 14.7 to 106.1 million with a mean of 43.2 million (95% CI 29.0–57.3 million). This suggests that 31.5 million pheasants (range 29.8–33.7 million), 9.1 million red-legged partridges (range 5.6–12.5 million) and 2.6 million mallard (range 0.9–6.0 million) are released annually in the UK. These figures differ substantially from both official records of gamebirds and previous published estimates, and I discuss why such differences may occur. I set these figures in the context of the number and behaviour of shoots operating in the UK. Improved estimates of numbers of gamebird being released are critical if we are to better understand the ecological effects occurring in areas where they are released and managed.
Divergent controls of soil organic carbon between observations and process-based models
Authors: Georgiou Katerina , Malhotra Avni , Wieder William R. , Ennis Jacqueline H. , Hartman Melannie D. , Sulman Benjamin N. , Berhe Asmeret Asefaw , Grandy A. Stuart , Kyker-Snowman Emily , Lajtha Kate , Moore Jessica A. M. , Pierson Derek , Jackson Robert B. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe storage and cycling of soil organic carbon (SOC) are governed by multiple co-varying factors, including climate, plant productivity, edaphic properties, and disturbance history. Yet, it remains unclear which of these factors are the dominant predictors of observed SOC stocks, globally and within biomes, and how the role of these predictors varies between observations and process-based models. Here we use global observations and an ensemble of soil biogeochemical models to quantify the emergent importance of key state factors – namely, mean annual temperature, net primary productivity, and soil mineralogy – in explaining biome- to global-scale variation in SOC stocks. We use a machine-learning approach to disentangle the role of covariates and elucidate individual relationships with SOC, without imposing expected relationships a priori. While we observe qualitatively similar relationships between SOC and covariates in observations and models, the magnitude and degree of non-linearity vary substantially among the models and observations. Models appear to overemphasize the importance of temperature and primary productivity (especially in forests and herbaceous biomes, respectively), while observations suggest a greater relative importance of soil minerals. This mismatch is also evident globally. However, we observe agreement between observations and model outputs in select individual biomes – namely, temperate deciduous forests and grasslands, which both show stronger relationships of SOC stocks with temperature and productivity, respectively. This approach highlights biomes with the largest uncertainty and mismatch with observations for targeted model improvements. Understanding the role of dominant SOC controls, and the discrepancies between models and observations, globally and across biomes, is essential for improving and validating process representations in soil and ecosystem models for projections under novel future conditions.
Reading The Iron Woman in Times of Crisis as a Tale of Hope
Authors: Kerslake Lorraine 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWhat role does literature for children and young adults have in the present environmental crisis and in the context of climate change? To answer this question, I propose to analyse Ted Hughes’s narrative The Iron Woman (1993) which, despite being written almost thirty years ago as a sequel to The Iron Man (1968), reads as both a story of hope and a wake-up call in our current crisis where children act as agents of change. Drawing on Lucy, the female protagonist, and the Iron Woman as symbols of hope, I will look at the impact that Rachel Carson’s seminal work Silent Spring (1962) had for Hughes and place his environmentalism in the context of more recent ecocritical theory, using ecofeminism as a critical framework to analyse the novel. By raising awareness and engaging directly with our environmental crisis, The Iron Woman puts forward Hughes’s own social and political concerns and could be read as a potential healer of broken bonds between humanity and nature, not only as a discourse of hope, but perhaps also as a way to contribute towards much-needed change.
Juvenile Chinook salmon use of sandbar willows in a large-scale, simulated riparian floodplain: microhabitat and energetics
Authors: Fangue Nann A. , Cocherell Dennis E. , Mauduit Florian , Poletto Jamilynn B. , Carr Kara , O’Rear Teejay A. , Soyster Gregory , Lorenzato Stefan , Carlon John , Kavvas M. Levent , Cech Joseph J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOutmigrating, juvenile Chinook salmonOncorhynchus tshawytscha, with access to floodplains (e.g., Yolo Bypass California, USA), grow faster than those restricted to the main channel of the Sacramento River. How these young salmon might use rooted, vegetative structure (e.g., to decrease energy expenditures) while holding positions in flowing water on floodplains and flooded riparian zones is unknown. We conducted daytime experiments in a large (24.4 m long) flume containing a planted area (9.76 m × 1.22 m) of sandbar willows,Salix interior. Flume water was maintained at 1.5 m depth and 16 °C over a 15–90 cm s−1test velocity range. Fish were videoed using 19 cameras to determine positional behavior, including their depth, use of vegetation, and tail-beat (body-undulation) frequencies (TBFs). These TBFs were replicated with similarly-sized salmon in a calibrated, Brett-type swimming respirometer, where oxygen consumption rates were measured. Using these laboratory measurements, we estimated their swimming velocities and energetic costs associated with occupying sandbar willow habitats in the flume. As flume velocities increased and the leafy canopies of the willows were bent over from the flow, salmon occupied deeper water, among the thick stems of the willows, and maintained their positions. Even at the highest (90 cm s−1) nominal flume velocities, their estimated swimming velocities were only 35.6 cm s−1, within the bottom 15 cm of the water column. This resulted in unchanged energetic costs, compared with those estimated at lower nominal water velocities. The use of vegetated (e.g., with sandbar willow common to the riparian zone) floodplains, rather than non-vegetated ones, can potentially provide energy-saving, growth-promoting daytime habitat for migrating juvenile salmonids during river-flow periods that include floodplain inundation.
Sex Differences in Functional Connectivity Between Resting State Brain Networks in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Tavares Vânia , Fernandes Luís Afonso , Antunes Marília , Ferreira Hugo , Prata Diana 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFunctional brain connectivity (FBC) has previously been examined in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) between-resting-state networks (RSNs) using a highly sensitive and reproducible hypothesis-free approach. However, results have been inconsistent and sex differences have only recently been taken into consideration using this approach. We estimated main effects of diagnosis and sex and a diagnosis by sex interaction on between-RSNs FBC in 83 ASD (40 females/43 males) and 85 typically developing controls (TC; 43 females/42 males). We found increased connectivity between the default mode (DM) and (a) the executive control networks in ASD (vs. TC); (b) the cerebellum networks in males (vs. females); and (c) female-specific altered connectivity involving visual, language and basal ganglia (BG) networks in ASD—in suggestive compatibility with ASD cognitive and neuroscientific theories.
Discounting Behavior in Problem Gambling
Authors: Ring Patrick , Probst Catharina C. , Neyse Levent , Wolff Stephan , Kaernbach Christian , van Eimeren Thilo , Schmidt Ulrich 
Published: July 2021

AbstractProblem gamblers discount delayed rewards more rapidly than do non-gambling controls. Understanding this impulsivity is important for developing treatment options. In this article, we seek to make two contributions: First, we ask which of the currently debated economic models of intertemporal choice (exponential versus hyperbolic versus quasi-hyperbolic) provides the best description of gamblers’ discounting behavior. Second, we ask how problem gamblers differ from habitual gamblers and non-gambling controls within the most favored parametrization. Our analysis reveals that the quasi-hyperbolic discounting model is strongly favored over the other two parametrizations. Within the quasi-hyperbolic discounting model, problem gamblers have both a significantly stronger present bias and a smaller long-run discount factor, which suggests that gamblers’ impulsivity has two distinct sources.
A Within-Individual Examination of the Predictors of Gun Carrying During Adolescence and Young Adulthood Among Young Men
Authors: Beardslee Jordan , Kan Emily , Simmons Cortney , Pardini Dustin , Peniche Monica , Frick Paul J. , Steinberg Laurence , Cauffman Elizabeth 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAlthough prior studies have identified several risk factors for gun carrying, no prior longitudinal studies have examined a comprehensive set of explanatory factors together in within-individual change models or examined whether the predictors of gun carrying change across adolescence and early young adulthood. The present study fills these gaps by examining the predictive utility of several risk factors for gun carrying, and by examining whether any of the associations vary by age. The sample included 1216 young men who were arrested for the first time during adolescence (approximately 15 years old) and interviewed regularly for 5 years (until approximately 20 years old) after the first arrest. The outcome was youth-self-reported gun carrying and the risk factors included several variables consistent with various explanations for gun carrying (psychosocial maturity deficits; antisocial behavioral style; socialization; victimization). Research questions were addressed with fixed effects dynamic panel models (within-individual change models). Results showed that the most robust predictors of gun carrying were increased exposure to guns and gun-related violence and increased engagement in other antisocial and illegal behavior. The results emphasize the specific etiology of gun carrying and the potential social contagion effect of gun-related events. Overall, the study points to the need for prevention and intervention programs to specifically target the reduction of the real and perceived prevalence of gun-related events in young men’s lives.
Fine temporal resolution satellite sensors with global coverage: an opportunity for landscape ecologists
Authors: Pazúr Robert , Price Bronwyn , Atkinson Peter M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Context
Open data policies and accessible computation platforms allow efficient extraction of information from remote sensing data for landscape research. Landscape ecology is strongly influenced by remote sensing, and the value of fine resolution temporal information for characterising landscapes is under-explored.

Objectives
We highlighted the importance of temporal information extracted from remote sensing data gathered over a period of time for landscape research. A case study approach was used to show how time-series information can benefit the mapping of land cover and landscape elements in a heterogeneous landscape dominated by agricultural land use.

Methods
We constructed four composite images of the study area, each incorporating different levels of temporal information. The images either represent a single date or summarise temporal information into single values as the median of spectral bands or vegetation indices. Random forest and k-means clustering methods were used to classify the images.

Results
The overall accuracy of the landscape classifications ranged between 0.3 to 0.8, increasing substantially when including temporal information, for mapping both land cover and small landscape elements. Using temporal information and a RF-based classification it was generally possible to map crop and forest types. The size of landscape elements was overestimated, although the clustering model predicted elements close to their true size and complexity.

Conclusions
The approach highlights the importance of temporal resolution for landscape ecology research. The easy-to-implement methodology offers an opportunity for landscape ecologists to increase the accuracy of landscape mapping and identify ecologically important landscape elements that might otherwise be missed.
Effect of tree species identity and related habitat parameters on understorey bryophytes – interrelationships between bryophyte, soil and tree factors in a 50-year-old experimental forest
Authors: Rola Kaja , Plášek Vítězslav , Rożek Katarzyna , Zubek Szymon 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimOverstorey tree species influence both soil properties and microclimate conditions in the forest floor, which in turn can induce changes in ground bryophyte communities. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of tree species identity and the most important habitat factors influencing understorey bryophytes.MethodsWe assessed the effect of 14 tree species and related habitat parameters, including soil parameters, vascular plant presence and light intensity on bryophytes in monospecific plots covered by nearly fifty-year-old trees in the Siemianice Experimental Forest (Poland).ResultsThe canopy tree species determined bryophyte species richness and cover. The strongest differences were observed between plots with deciduous and coniferous trees. Soils with a more acidic pH and lower content of macronutrients supported larger bryophyte coverage. We also found a positive correlations between vascular plants and availability of light as well as bryophyte species richness.ConclusionTree species identity and differences in habitat conditions in the forest floor lead to changes of ground bryophyte richness, cover and species composition. Consequently, the changes in the dominant tree species in the stand may result in significant repercussions on ground bryophyte communities. We indicated that the introduction of alien tree species, i.e.Quercus rubra, has an adverse effect on bryophyte communities and suggested that the selection of tree species that contribute to the community consistent with the potential natural vegetation is highly beneficial for maintaining ground bryophyte biodiversity.
Assessing the Robustness of Mediation Analysis Results Using Multiverse Analysis
Authors: Rijnhart Judith J. M. , Twisk Jos W. R. , Deeg Dorly J. H. , Heymans Martijn W. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThere is an increasing awareness that replication should become common practice in empirical studies. However, study results might fail to replicate for various reasons. The robustness of published study results can be assessed using the relatively new multiverse-analysis methodology, in which the robustness of the effect estimates against data analytical decisions is assessed. However, the uptake of multiverse analysis in empirical studies remains low, which might be due to the scarcity of guidance available on performing multiverse analysis. Researchers might experience difficulties in identifying data analytical decisions and in summarizing the large number of effect estimates yielded by a multiverse analysis. These difficulties are amplified when applying multiverse analysis to assess the robustness of the effect estimates from a mediation analysis, as a mediation analysis involves more data analytical decisions than a bivariate analysis. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview and worked example of the use of multiverse analysis to assess the robustness of the effect estimates from a mediation analysis. We showed that the number of data analytical decisions in a mediation analysis is larger than in a bivariate analysis. By using a real-life data example from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam, we demonstrated the application of multiverse analysis to a mediation analysis. This included the use of specification curves to determine the impact of data analytical decisions on the magnitude and statistical significance of the direct, indirect, and total effect estimates. Although the multiverse analysis methodology is still relatively new and future research is needed to further advance this methodology, this paper shows that multiverse analysis is a useful method for the assessment of the robustness of the direct, indirect, and total effect estimates in a mediation analysis and thereby to inform replication studies.
The Impact of Social Enterprises on Individual Wellbeing in South Korea: The Moderating Roles of Social Capital in Multilevel Analysis
Authors: Woo Changbin , Jung Hyejin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractVarious studies have proposed social enterprise as a potential policy intervention and a policy alternative to deal with the complex problem of wellbeing enhancement. However, the relationship between social enterprise and wellbeing has not been fully expounded, particularly its impact on the local community. This study aims to empirically examine the relationship between social enterprise and the wellbeing of individuals in the local community, utilizing a multilevel framework. It further explores whether social capital, measured as trust, network, and participation, plays a moderating role in the relationship between local social enterprise and the wellbeing of individuals in the community. The results indicate that social enterprise has a positive effect on the wellbeing of individuals in the community, and that social capital, particularly network and participation rather than trust, plays a moderating role in the relationship between local social enterprise and individual wellbeing. The results help explain how social enterprise improves the wellbeing of community residents as a whole, suggesting practical implications for policymakers and practitioners from governments and social enterprises.
Could probability be out of proportion? Self-explanation and example-based practice help students with lower proportional reasoning skills learn probability
Authors: Begolli Kreshnik Nasi , Dai Ting , McGinn Kelly M. , Booth Julie L. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractProportional reasoning failures seem to constitute most errors in probabilistic reasoning, yet there is little empirical evidence about its role for attaining probabilistic knowledge and how to effectively intervene with students who have less proportional reasoning skills. We examined the contributions of students' proportional reasoning skill and example-based practice when learning about probabilities from a reformed seventh grade curriculum. Teachers in their regular classrooms were randomly assigned to instruct with a reformed textbook (control) or a version revised to incorporate correct and incorrect example problems with prompts to explain (treatment). Students' prior knowledge in proportional reasoning skill separately predicted probabilistic knowledge at posttest, regardless of their prior knowledge in probability or minority status. Overall, students in the treatment condition improved more in their probabilistic knowledge, if they started with less proportional reasoning skills. Our findings suggest that example-based practice is beneficial for students with less prior knowledge of proportions, likely a key concept for developing probabilistic knowledge.
Improving learning and writing outcomes: Influence of cognitive and behavioral group awareness tools in wikis
Authors: Ollesch Lisa , Heimbuch Sven , Bodemer Daniel 
Published: July 2021

AbstractGroup awareness (GA) tools can facilitate learning processes and outcomes by visualizing different social attributes, such as cognitive and behavioral information about group members. To assist learning and writing in social media, combining various types of awareness information may foster learning processes due to challenges, which are difficult to address by one type of GA information alone. The systematic investigation of GA tool combinations is largely unexplored with GA information often being examined separately or intermixed. To reveal both positive and negative (interaction) effects of providing different types of GA information, we conducted a 2 × 2 between-subjects experiment with N = 158 participants. Learners were provided with a wiki learning environment and, except for the control condition, different types of GA tools involving cognitive (knowledge bars) and/or behavioral (participation bars) GA information. GA tool effects were considered at wiki selection, discussion, and article levels. Eye-tracking was used for investigating the attentional effect of the GA visualizations. The results show that both types of GA information have effects on individuals’ selection preference, more strongly with the goal to learn new content than to support other wiki collaborators, which were introduced as within goal scenarios. Also, participants provided with behavioral GA support were more engaged in wiki contributions. However, only the combination of cognitive and behavioral GA information, rather than their separate visualization, had a positive effect on resulting article quality. This highlights the need for a holistic perspective when developing GA tools to improve wiki processes and outcomes.
Performance-Based Selection of the Cathode Material for the Electrodeposition-Redox Replacement Process of Gold Recovery from Chloride Solutions
Authors: Korolev Ivan , Yliniemi Kirsi , Lindgren Mari , Carpén Leena , Lundström Mari 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Recently, an emerging electrodeposition-redox replacement (EDRR) method was demonstrated to provide exceptionally efficient gold recovery from cyanide-free hydrometallurgical solutions. However, the effect of electrode material and its corrosion resistance in this process was overlooked, even though the EDRR process is carried out in extremely corrosive, acidic chloride solution that also contains significant amounts of strong oxidants, i.e., cupric ions. In the current study, nickel alloy C-2000, stainless steels 316L and 654SMO, and grade 2 titanium were for the first time critically evaluated as potential cathode materials for EDRR. The particular emphasis was placed on better understanding of the effect of cathode substrate on the overall efficiency of the gold recovery process. The use of a multiple attribute decision-making method of material selection allowed reaching of a well-founded compromise between the corrosion properties of the electrodes and process efficiency of gold extraction. The 654SMO steel demonstrated outstanding performance among the examined materials, as it enabled gold recovery of 28.1 pct after 3000 EDRR cycles, while its corrosion rate (CR) was only 0.02 mm/year.