bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of posture and body weight loading on spinal posterior root reflex responses
Authors: Megía‐García Álvaro , Serrano‐Muñoz Diego , Comino‐Suárez Natalia , del‐Ama Antonio J. , Moreno Juan C. , Gil‐Agudo Angel , Taylor Julian , Gómez‐Soriano Julio 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAbstractThe posterior root muscle response (PRM) is a monosynaptic reflex that is evoked by single pulse transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS). The main aim of this work was to analyse how body weight loading influences PRM reflex threshold measured from several lower limb muscles in healthy participants. PRM reflex responses were evoked with 1‐ms rectangular monophasic pulses applied at an interval of 6 s via a self‐adhesive electrode (9 × 5 cm) at the T11–T12 vertebral level. Surface electromyographic activity of lower limb muscles was recorded during four different conditions, one in decubitus supine (DS) and the other three involving standing at 100%, 50%, and 0% body weight loading (BW). PRM threshold intensity, peak‐to‐peak amplitude, and latency for each muscle were analysed in different conditions study. PRM reflex threshold increased with body weight unloading compared with DS, and the largest change was observed between DS and 0% BW for the proximal muscles and between DS and 50% BW for distal muscles. Peak‐to‐peak amplitude analysis showed only a significant mean decrease of 34.6% (SD 10.4, p = 0.028) in TA and 53.6% (SD 15.1, p = 0.019) in GM muscles between DS and 50% BW. No significant differences were observed for PRM latency. This study has shown that sensorimotor networks can be activated with tSCS in various conditions of body weight unloading. Higher stimulus intensities are necessary to evoke reflex response during standing at 50% body weight loading. These results have practical implications for gait rehabilitation training programmes that include body weight support.
Shoaling behaviour in the European cuttlefishSepia officinalis
Authors: Drerup Christian , Cooke Gavan M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractGroup living is a common behavioural feature in many different animal species. It offers a multitude of fitness benefits, such as increased opportunities to find resources, improved predator vigilance and potentially even social learning. In cephalopods, social grouping behaviour has mainly been reported for squid species, with up to several thousand individuals displaying different forms of shoaling and even schooling behaviour. Despite being held in groups in captivity, cuttlefish (Cephalopoda: Sepiidae) have long been considered rather asocial animals. However, reports of breeding aggregations and one recent schooling observation from the wild started to bring this characterisation into question. Following this, we here present 10 observations of the European cuttlefishSepia officinalis(Linnaeus 1758) forming groups of up to 30 individuals along the South Coast of the UK. The majority of the observed cuttlefish appeared to be juveniles or subadults and showed different shoaling orientations, such as linear or spherical‐shaped formations. This indicated the grouping behaviour did not derive from coincidental accumulations. No mating or courtship behaviour could be identified in these groups, and as all observations were made in August or September, and therefore outside their mating season (March to June), it is unlikely that reproductive behaviour motivates these aggregations. AsS. officinalisis known to migrate to deeper overwintering grounds in autumn, we propose that cuttlefish may temporarily form groups in late summer/early autumn as part of their migration pattern, and that their shoaling behaviour likely offers similar fitness benefits as in other migrating shoaling species.
Targeting focal ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke neuroprotection: Current prospects for local hypothermia
Authors: Liddle Lane J. , Kalisvaart Anna C. J. , Abrahart Ashley H. , Almekhlafi Mohammed , Demchuk Andrew , Colbourne Frederick 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTherapeutic hypothermia (TH) has applications dating back millennia. In modern history, however, TH saw its importation into medical practice where investigations have demonstrated that TH is efficacious in ischemic insults, notably cardiac arrest and hypoxic‐ischemic encephalopathy. As well, studies have been undertaken to investigate whether TH can provide benefit in focal stroke (i.e., focal ischemia and intracerebral hemorrhage). However, clinical studies have encountered various challenges with induction and maintenance of post‐stroke TH. Most clinical studies have attempted to use body‐wide cooling protocols, commonly hindered by side effects that can worsen post‐stroke outcomes. Some of the complications and difficulties with systemic TH can be circumvented by using local hypothermia (LH) methods. Additional advantages include the potential for lower target temperatures to be achieved and faster TH induction rates with LH. This systematic review summarizes the body of clinical and preclinical LH focal stroke studies and raises key points to consider for future LH research. We conclude with an overview of LH neuroprotective mechanisms and a comparison of LH mechanisms with those observed with systemic TH. Overall, whereas many LH studies have been conducted preclinically in the context of focal ischemia, insufficient work has been done in intracerebral hemorrhage. Furthermore, key translational studies have yet to be done in either stroke subtype (e.g., varied models and time‐to‐treat, studies considering aged animals or animals with co‐morbidities). Few clinical LH investigations have been performed and the optimal LH parameters to achieve neuroprotection are unknown.
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Gender, family, and healthcare during unemployment: Healthcare seeking, healthcare work, and self‐sacrifice
Authors: Damaske Sarah 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis study investigates how healthcare seeking for oneself and “healthcare work” for family—constellations that include the continuation of health insurance, access to formal medical care, and medication adherence—change during a period of unemployment.Background“Intensive mothering” norms that promote selfless caregiving may discourage women's (but not men's) engagement in own healthcare seeking behavior. Breadwinning norms may oblige men (but not women) to provide income and other resources, including health insurance.MethodThis article relies on data from 100 in‐depth interviews with unemployed men and women conducted from 2013 to 2015. An iterative coding process guided data analysis; themes and patterns were evaluated to determine their importance across the data.ResultsAfter a job loss, many women (but few men) stopped seeking previously maintained healthcare for themselves. In contrast, some men rejected obligations to provide health insurance for their family. Moreover, the majority of women (but few men) discussed the prioritization of family in their healthcare decision‐making.ConclusionThe intersection of financial inequalities and changing gender norms in healthcare seeking and family healthcare work placed a unique toll on women's health.ImplicationsThese findings expand current understanding of how gender functions as a primary frame and how these frames change, suggesting that gender beliefs about family responsibilities extend to healthcare seeking and family healthcare work and are constrained by social class, even as gender frames change to reshape men's obligations to provide health insurance.
Social environment drives sex and age‐specific variation in Drosophila melanogaster microbiome composition and predicted function
Authors: Leech Thomas , McDowall Laurin , Hopkins Kevin P. , Sait Steven M. , Harrison Xavier A. , Bretman Amanda 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSocial environments influence multiple traits of individuals including immunity, stress and ageing, often in sex‐specific ways. The composition of the microbiome (the assemblage of symbiotic microorganisms within a host) is determined by environmental factors and the host's immune, endocrine and neural systems. The social environment could alter host microbiomes extrinsically by affecting transmission between individuals, probably promoting homogeneity in the microbiome of social partners. Alternatively, intrinsic effects arising from interactions between the microbiome and host physiology (the microbiota‐gut‐brain axis) could translate social stress into dysbiotic microbiomes, with consequences for host health. We investigated how manipulating social environments during larval and adult life‐stages altered the microbiome composition of Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies. We used social contexts that particularly alter the development and lifespan of males, predicting that any intrinsic social effects on the microbiome would therefore be sex‐specific. The presence of adult males during the larval stage significantly altered the microbiome of pupae of both sexes. In adults, same‐sex grouping increased bacterial diversity in both sexes. Importantly, the microbiome community structure of males was more sensitive to social contact at older ages, an effect partially mitigated by housing focal males with young rather than coaged groups. Functional analyses suggest that these microbiome changes impact ageing and immune responses. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the substantial effects of the social environment on individual health are mediated through intrinsic effects on the microbiome, and provides a model for understanding the mechanistic basis of the microbiota‐gut‐brain axis.
Disillusioned defenders? The integration challenges of American Jewish return migrants in the Israel Defense Forces
Authors: Shklyan Karina 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThere is a consensus within the ethnic return migration literature that ethnic migrants experience difficulty integrating into the ethnic homeland due to (1) state policies that inhibit permanent settlement and upward mobility and (2) social marginalization from the native‐born community. Absent those experiences, one would expect that ethnic migrants would smoothly integrate and be a successful example of nation‐building for the homeland. This paper examines lone soldiers in Israel (immigrants who do not have immediate family in the country) as an example of an immigrant group that is provided with substantial government support for integration and is publicly heralded by Israeli media as model citizens. Based on 52 interviews with former lone soldiers, this paper argues that even in an “extreme case” of state‐ and society‐supported ethnic return, lone soldiers feel marginalized due to their disillusionment with Israeli state politics and linguistic, behavioural and cultural boundaries between themselves and Israelis.
Characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes of neutropenia after liver or kidney transplantation in children
Authors: Jarasvaraparn Chaowapong , Choudhury Shelley , Rusch Courtney , Nadler Michelle , Liss Kim H. H. , Stoll Janis , Hmiel Stanley , Khan Adeel , Doyle Maria , Kulkarni Sakil 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundWhile prior adult studies have shown that approximately 20%–38% of subjects undergoing solid‐organ transplant develop neutropenia, similar analyses in pediatric subjects are scarce.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective chart review of liver transplant (LT) and kidney transplant (KT) recipients at our center during the period 2008–2018. All of the KT and none of the LT subjects during this time period had induction with either anti‐thymocyte globulin (ATG) or basiliximab at time of transplant. Neutropenia was defined as absolute neutrophil count (ANC) value ≤1000/mm3.ResultsOne hundred subjects with LT and 82 subjects with KT were included. The incidence of neutropenia within the first year of transplant in KT was higher compared to LT (54.8% vs 39%, p = .01). The median number of hospitalizations (p = .001) and infectious complications (p = .04) was significantly higher only in the KT subjects who developed neutropenia (compared to those who did not). Multivariate analysis identified factors associated with severity of liver disease at transplant, namely h/o upper gastrointestinal bleeding (p = .02), weight deficit (p = .01), and pre‐LT ANC (p = .01), along with high or moderate risk cytomegalovirus status (p = .05) as predictors of neutropenia in LT subjects. Female gender (p = .03) predicted neutropenia, while BK virus infection was protective for neutropenia (p = .04) in KT subjects.ConclusionsThe incidence of and morbidity associated with neutropenia within 1 year post‐transplant is higher in KT subjects compared to LT subjects. The likely reason for this is the use of induction therapy (ATG, basiliximab) at the time of transplant in KT subjects.
Does capping social security harm health? A natural experiment in the UK
Authors: Reeves Aaron , Fransham Mark , Stewart Kitty , Patrick Ruth 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we examine the mental health effects of lowering the UK's benefit cap in 2016. This policy limits the total amount a household with no‐one in full‐time employment can receive in social security. We treat the reduction in the cap as a natural policy experiment, comparing those at risk of being capped and those who were not, and examining the risk of experiencing poor mental health both before and after the cap was lowered. Drawing on data from ~900,000 individuals, we find that the prevalence of depression or anxiety among those at risk of being capped increased by 2.6 percentage points (95% confidence interval: 1.33–3.88) compared with those at a low risk of being capped. Capping social security may increase the risk of mental ill health and could have the unintended consequence of pushing out‐of‐work people even further away from the labour market.
A pair of DUF538 domain‐containing proteins modulates plant growth and trichome development through the transcriptional regulation of GLABRA1 in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Yu Chao‐Yuan , Sharma Oshin , Nguyen Phong H.T. , Hartono Chynthia D. , Kanehara Kazue 
Published: September 2021

SUMMARYSMALLER TRICHOMES WITH VARIABLE BRANCHES (SVB) is an emerging plant growth regulator in trichome development, endoplasmic reticulum stress response, and phosphoinositide signaling, and belongs to the land plant‐specific DUF538 domain‐containing protein family. Despite its multifaceted roles, the functions of this protein family are poorly understood in plant growth and development. Here, we report that SVB‐like (SVBL), the closest homolog of SVB, modulates plant growth and trichome development with SVB in Arabidopsis thaliana. Although none of the single mutants showed an obvious growth defect, the double mutants of svb svbl exhibited dwarfed plant growth. In trichome development, the defects in svb mutant were greatly enhanced by the additional mutation in SVBL, despite the single knockout of SVBL showing the mild defects. The double mutation reduced the transcript level of one of the central hub genes for trichome development, GLABRA1 (GL1), which in turn affects the other downstream genes, GLABRA2 (GL2), TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA2 (TTG2), TRIPTYCHON (TRY), CAPRICE (CPC), and ENHANCER OF TRY AND CPC1 (ETC1). In situ translational reporter assays showed that SVB and SVBL share highly similar localization patterns both at tissue and subcellular levels. The present study suggests that SVB and SVBL play a pivotal role in plant growth and trichome development by affecting a specific subset of known trichome developmental regulators, highlighting the importance of the DUF538 protein family in higher plants.
The use of co-design in developing physical activity interventions for older adults: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Edward Holly , Constantin Natalie , Ng Hayley , Radisic Anna , D’Asti Alina , Yule Amy , D’Amore Cassandra , Reid Julie C. , Beauchamp Marla 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective:
The objective of this scoping review is to map the available evidence on the use of co-design in developing physical activity interventions for older adults.

Introduction:
Remaining physically active throughout life is important for maintaining independence and quality of life. Co-design is an effective way to engage end users in health-related policy development and health care interventions; however, the definition and operational use of co-design varies widely. This scoping review will summarize the available evidence on how co-design is used to engage older adults in physical activity interventions and identify areas for future research.

Inclusion criteria:
Studies must have at least one participant aged 60 years or older and include concepts related to co-design and physical activity to be eligible for inclusion. Eligible studies must be original, peer-reviewed research.

Methods:
MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and AMED databases will be searched from inception to February 18, 2021. Following duplicate removal, titles and abstracts will be screened and selected according to predefined inclusion criteria by two or more independent reviewers. Kappa level of agreement will be calculated between reviewers for selection of titles and abstracts. The remaining full texts will be screened against inclusion criteria, and reasons for exclusion will be reported. Data will be extracted from included studies by two or more independent reviewers according to the Participant, Concept, Context framework. Information pertaining to the aims of this scoping review and the study methodology will be extracted and presented in tabular format, accompanied by a narrative summary.

Scoping review registration number:
Open Science Framework Registration (osf.io/vsw2m)
Extreme event-driven sediment aggradation and erosional buffering along a tectonic gradient in southern Taiwan
Authors: DeLisle Clarke , Yanites Brian J. , Chen Chia-Yu , Shyu J. Bruce H. , Rittenour Tammy M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In most landscape evolution models, extreme rainfall enhances river incision. In steep landscapes, however, these events trigger landslides that can buffer incision via increased sediment delivery and aggradation. We quantify landslide sediment aggradation and erosional buffering with a natural experiment in southern Taiwan where a northward gradient in tectonic activity drives increasing landscape steepness. We find that landscape response to extreme rainfall during the 2009 typhoon Morakot varied along this gradient, where steep areas experienced widespread channel sediment aggradation of &gt;10 m and less steep areas did not noticeably aggrade. We model sediment export to estimate a sediment removal timeline and find that steep, tectonically active areas with the most aggradation may take centuries to resume bedrock incision. Expected sediment cover duration reflects tectonic uplift. We find that despite high stream power, sediment cover may keep steep channels from eroding bedrock for up to half of a given time period. This work highlights the importance of dynamic sediment cover in landscape evolution and suggests a mechanism by which erosional efficiency in tectonically active landscapes may decrease as landscape steepness increases.
Detrital signals of coastal erosion and fluvial sediment supply during glacio-eustatic sea-level rise, Southern California, USA
Authors: Sharman G.R. , Covault J.A. , Stockli D.F. , Sickmann Z.T. , Malkowski M.A. , Johnstone S.A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCoastal erosion, including sea-cliff retreat, represents both an important component of some sediment budgets and a significant threat to coastal communities in the face of rising sea level. Despite the importance of predicting future rates of coastal erosion, few prehistoric constraints exist on the relative importance of sediment supplied by coastal erosion versus rivers with respect to past sea-level change. We used detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology as a provenance tracer of river and deep-sea fan deposits from the Southern California Borderland (United States) to estimate relative sediment contributions from rivers and coastal erosion from late Pleistocene to present. Mixture modeling of submarine canyon and fan samples indicates that detrital zircon was dominantly (55%–86%) supplied from coastal erosion during latest Pleistocene (ca. 13 ka) sea-level rise, with lesser contributions from rivers, on the basis of unique U-Pb age modes relative to local Peninsular Ranges bedrock sources. However, sediment that was deposited when sea level was stable at its highest and lowest points since the Last Glacial Maximum was dominantly supplied by rivers, suggesting decreased coastal erosion during periods of sea-level stability. We find that relative sediment supply from coastal erosion is strongly dependent on climate state, corroborating predictions of enhanced coastal erosion during future sea-level rise.
Do not attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation (DNACPR) decisions for older medical inpatients: a cohort study
Authors: Walker Jane , Burke Katy , Wanat Marta , Hobbs Harriet , Rocroi Isabelle , Sharpe Michael 
Published: September 2021

ObjectivesA decision not to attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the event of cardiorespiratory arrest requires a discussion between the doctor and the patient and/or their relatives. We aimed to determine how many older patients admitted to acute medical wards had a pre-existing 'do not attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation' (DNACPR) decision, how many had one recorded on the ward and how many of those who died had a DNACPR decision in place.MethodsA prospective cohort study, using data from medical records, of 481 consecutive patients aged ≥65 years admitted to the six acute medical wards of the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford.Results105/481 (22%) had a DNACPR decision at ward admission, 30 of which had been made in the emergency unit. A further 45 decisions were recorded on the ward, mostly after discussion with relatives. Of the 37 patients who died, 36 had a DNACPR decision. For the 20 deceased patients whose DNACPR decision was recorded during their admission, the median time from documentation to death was 4 days with 7/20 (35%) recorded the day before death.ConclusionsOlder patients with multimorbidity need the opportunity to discuss the role of CPR earlier in their care and preferably before acute hospital admission.
Holographic Schwinger effect in the confining background with D-instanton
Authors: Li Si-wen 
Published: September 2021

AbstractUsing the gauge-gravity duality, we study the holographic Schwinger effect by performing the potential analysis on the confining D3- and D4-brane background with D-instantons then evaluate the pair production/decay rate by taking account into a fundamental string and a single flavor brane respectively. The two confining backgrounds with D-instantons are obtained from the black D(-1)–D3 and D0–D4 solution with a double Wick rotation. The total potential and pair production/decay rate in the Schwinger effect are calculated numerically by examining the NG action of a fundamental string and the DBI action of a single flavor brane all in the presence of an electric field. In both backgrounds our numerical calculation agrees with the critical electric field evaluated from the DBI action and shows the potential barrier is increased by the presence of the D-instantons, thus the production/decay rate is suppressed by the D-instantons. The interpretation is that particles in the dual field theory could acquire an effective mass through the Chern-Simons interaction or the theta term due to the presence of D-instantons so that the pair production/decay rate in Schwinger effect is suppressed since it behaves as $$e^{-m^{2}}$$

e

-

m
2

. This conclusion is in agreement with the previous results obtained in the deconfined D(-1)–D3 background at zero temperature limit and from the approach of the flavor brane in the D0–D4 background. In this sense, this work may be also remarkable to study the phase transition in Maxwell–Chern–Simons theory and observable effects by the theta angle in QCD.