bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent Developments in Polarizable Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Electrolyte Solutions
Authors: Szabadi András , Schröder Christian 
Published: November 2021

Polarizable molecular dynamics simulations are a fast progressing field in the scientific research of ionic liquids. The fundamentals of polarizable simulations, as well as their application to ionic liquids, were summarized in a review [Bedrov, D.; Piquemal, J.-P.; Borodin, O.; MacKerell, Jr., A. D.; Roux, B.; Schröder, C. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Ionic Liquids and Electrolytes Using Polarizable Force Fields. Chem. Rev. 2019, 119, 7940–7995] in 2019. Since then, new methods to treat intermolecular interaction of induced dipoles in these highly charged systems were developed. This concerns the damping of these interactions and additional charge transfer as well as the prediction of ionic materials with ultrahigh refractive indices. In addition to the progress of the polarizable force fields, also thermostats and barostats for polarizable simulations evolved recently.
Atrial High‐Rate Episode Duration Thresholds and Thromboembolic Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Sagris Dimitrios , Georgiopoulos Georgios , Pateras Konstantinos , Perlepe Kalliopi , Korompoki Eleni , Milionis Haralampos , Tsiachris Dimitrios , Chan Cheuk , Lip Gregory Y. H. , Ntaios George 
Published: November 2021

Background
Available evidence supports an association between atrial high‐rate episode (AHRE) burden and thromboembolic risk, but the necessary extent and duration of AHREs to increase the thromboembolic risk remain to be defined. The aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to identify the thromboembolic risk associated with various AHRE thresholds.

Methods and Results

We searched PubMed and Scopus until January 9, 2020, for literature reporting AHRE duration and thromboembolic risk in patients with implantable electronic devices. The outcome assessed was stroke or systemic embolism. Risk estimates were reported as hazard ratio (HR) or relative risk alongside 95% CIs. We used the Paule‐Mandel estimator, and heterogeneity was calculated with I
2
index. Among 27 studies including 61 919 patients, 23 studies reported rates according to the duration of the longest AHRE and 4 studies reported rates according to the cumulative day‐level AHRE duration. In patients with cardiac implantable devices, AHREs lasting ≥30 seconds significantly increased the risk of stroke or systemic embolism (HR, 4.41; 95% CI, 2.32–8.39; I
2
, 5.5%), which remained consistent for the thresholds of 5 minutes and 6 and 24 hours. Patients with previous stroke or transient ischemic attack and AHREs lasting ≥2 minutes had a marginally increased risk of recurrent stroke or transient ischemic attack. The risk of stroke or systemic embolism was higher in patients with cumulative AHRE ≥24 hours compared with those of shorter duration or no AHRE (HR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.04–1.52; I
2
, 0%).

Conclusions
This systematic review and meta‐analysis suggests that single AHRE episodes ≥30 seconds and cumulative AHRE duration ≥24 hours are associated with increased risk of stroke or systemic embolism.
Ideal Cardiovascular Health Metric and Its Change With Lifetime Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Wang Lulin , Song Lulu , Li Dankang , Zhou Ziyi , Chen Shuohua , Yang Yingping , Hu Yonghua , Wang Youjie , Wu Shouling , Tian Yaohua 
Published: November 2021

Background
Cardiovascular health (CVH) status is associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, evidence for association of CVH change with risk of CVD is scarce.

Methods and Results
Seven metrics (smoking status, body mass index, physical activity, diet, total cholesterol, blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose) were used to evaluate the CVH status. Having 0 to 2, 3 to 4, and 5 to 7 ideal cardiovascular metrics were categorized as low, moderate, and high CVH status, respectively. Change in CVH status was assessed from 2006/2007 to 2010/2011. We calculated lifetime risk of CVD using a modified Kaplan–Meier method, and life expectancy was evaluated via the multistate lifetable method. There were 82 349 participants included in our analysis. At 35 years index age, the age‐adjusted incident rate and lifetime risk of CVD were increased with decreasing number of ideal CVH metrics. The direction of change in status of CVH was consistently associated with age‐adjusted incident rate and lifetime risk of CVD. At 35 years index age, improvement from low to moderate (37.6% [95% CI, 32.8%–42.4%]) or to high status (24.4% [95% CI, 12.7%–36.0%]) had lower lifetime risk of CVD compared with consistently low status (44.6% [95% CI, 40.8%–48.5%]). The improvement in CVH could prolong the years of life free from CVD. The pattern of incident rate and lifetime risk across change in CVH status was similar at 45 and 55 years index age.

Conclusions
Higher number of CVH metrics was associated with lower lifetime risk of CVD. The improvement of CVH status could reduce the lifetime risk of CVD and prolonged the year of life free from CVD.
Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality in Adult Patients With Repaired Aortic Coarctation
Authors: Meijs Timion A. , Minderhoud Savine C. S. , Muller Steven A. , de Winter Robbert J. , Mulder Barbara J. M. , van Melle Joost P. , Hoendermis Elke S. , van Dijk Arie P. J. , Zuithoff Nicolaas P. A. , Krings Gregor J. , Doevendans Pieter A. , Witsenburg Maarten , Roos‐Hesselink Jolien W. , van den Bosch Annemien E. , Bouma Berto J. , Voskuil Michiel 
Published: November 2021

Background
The long‐term burden of cardiovascular disease after repair of coarctation of the aorta (CoA) has not been elucidated. We aimed to determine the incidence of and risk factors for cardiovascular events in adult patients with repaired CoA. Additionally, mortality rates were compared between adults with repaired CoA and the general population.

Methods and Results

Using the Dutch Congenital Corvitia (CONCOR) registry, patients aged ≥16 years with previous surgical or transcatheter CoA repair from 5 tertiary referral centers were included. Cardiovascular events were recorded, comprising coronary artery disease, stroke/transient ischemic attack, aortic complications, arrhythmias, heart failure hospitalizations, endocarditis, and cardiovascular death. In total, 920 patients (median age, 24 years [range 16–74 years]) were included. After a mean follow‐up of 9.3±5.1 years, 191 patients (21%) experienced at least 1 cardiovascular event. A total of 270 cardiovascular events occurred, of which aortic complications and arrhythmias were most frequent. Older age at initial CoA repair (hazard ratio [HR], 1.017; 95% CI, 1.000–1.033 [
P
=0.048]) and elevated left ventricular mass index (HR, 1.009; 95% CI, 1.005–1.013 [
P
<0.001]) were independently associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. The mortality rate was 3.3 times higher than expected based on an age‐ and sex‐matched cohort from the Dutch general population (standardized mortality ratio, 3.3; 95% CI, 2.3–4.4 [
P
<0.001]).

Conclusions
This large, prospective cohort of adults with repaired CoA showed a high burden of cardiovascular events, particularly aortic complications and arrhythmias, during long‐term follow‐up. Older age at initial CoA repair and elevated left ventricular mass index were independent risk factors for the occurrence of cardiovascular events. Mortality was 3.3‐fold higher compared with the general population. These results advocate stringent follow‐up after CoA repair and emphasize the need for improved preventive strategies.
Estimating the Risk of Extreme Wind Gusts in Tropical Cyclones Using Idealized Large-Eddy Simulations and a Statistical–Dynamical Model
Authors: Stern Daniel P. , Bryan George H. , Lee Chia-Ying , Doyle James D. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Recent studies have shown that extreme wind gusts are ubiquitous within the eyewall of intense tropical cyclones (TCs). These gusts pose a substantial hazard to human life and property, but both the short-term (i.e., during the passage of a single TC) and long-term (over many years) risk of encountering such a gust at a given location is poorly understood. Here, simulated tower data from large-eddy simulations of idealized TCs in a quiescent (i.e., no mean flow or vertical wind shear) environment are used to estimate these risks for the offshore region of the United States. For both a category 5 TC and a category 3 TC, there is a radial region where nearly all simulated towers experience near-surface (the lowest 200 m) 3-s gusts exceeding 70 m s−1 within a 10-min period; on average, these towers respectively sample peak 3-s gusts of 110 and 80 m s−1. Analysis of an observational dropsonde database supports the idealized simulations, and indicates that offshore structures (such as wind turbines) in the eyewall of a major hurricane are likely to encounter damaging wind speeds. This result is then incorporated into an estimate of the long-term risk, using analyses of the return period for major hurricanes from both a best-track database and a statistical–dynamical model forced by reanalysis. For much of the nearshore region of the Gulf of Mexico and southeastern U.S. coasts, this analysis yields an estimate of a 30%–60% probability of any given point experiencing at least one 70 m s−1 gust within a 30-yr period.
Self-perceived recovery and quality of life in elderly patients surviving ICU-admission for abdominal sepsis
Authors: Cuijpers Anne C.M. , Coolsen Marielle M.E. , Schnabel Ronny M. , Lubbers Tim , van der Horst Iwan C.C. , van Santen Susanne , Olde Damink Steven W.M. , van de Poll Marcel C.G. 
Published: November 2021

Introduction Concern for loss of physical performance and Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) may raise doubts regarding the meaningfulness of an Intensive Care (ICU) admission in elderly patients. We evaluated self-perceived long-term recovery and satisfaction in elderly surviving an abdominal sepsis related ICU-admission and related this to objective measures of HRQoL. Methods A cross-sectional survey study was performed in all ICU-survivors with age ≥70 admitted with abdominal sepsis. HRQoL, frailty and self-perceived long-term recovery were measured using the EQ-5D-3L, Groningen Frailty Indicator, and a self-developed questionnaire, respectively. Results Of 144 patients admitted, 48 were alive at follow up (2.42 [0.92; 3.83] years), and 29 (60%) returned the survey. Eleven patients out of 29 (38%) recovered to baseline functioning, and reported higher HRQoL compared to unrecovered patients (0.861 [0.807; 1.000] and 0.753 [0.499; 0.779] respectively, p=0.005). Of the unrecovered patients, 53% were satisfied with their functioning, and 94% were willing to return to ICU. Conclusions Mortality in elderly patients with abdominal sepsis is high and ICU-admission should be weighed carefully. However, despite substantial functional decline in survivors, it does not necessarily cause self-perceived unsatisfactory functioning, poor HRQoL and unwillingness to receive life-sustaining therapy again. Caution is advised to use an anticipated loss of functioning as an argument to deny an ICU-admission.
Effects of different cooling conditions on friction stir processing of A356 alloy: Numerical modeling and experiment
Authors: Akbari Mostafa , Asadi Parviz 
Published: November 2021

In the present work, the effects of in-process cooling are investigated on the material flow, temperature distribution, axial force, wear resistance, and microstructural and mechanical properties of friction stir processed (FSPed) Al-Si aluminum alloy. The finite element method (FEM) was developed for modeling the process, based on the eulerian-lagrangian technique, and then verified by the experimental force and temperature histories. Next, the material flow and temperature distribution during the friction stir process (FSP) with in-process cooling under different conditions were considered. After that, the experimental investigations, including the optical microscopy, hardness, and wear tests, were conducted. Finally, the stir zone (SZ) shape obtained by experiments and simulation model were compared for the FSPed samples without cooling and with air cooling. The material flow achievements reveal that using a coolant affects the material flow in the pin-driven zone more significantly than in the shoulder-driven zone, leading the SZ to change from the basin shape into the V shape. The SZ shapes obtained from the experiments and the simulation model show a good agreement between the shapes of the samples FSPed without cooling and with air cooling. Moreover, experimental results showed that using in-process cooling reduces Si particles' size and thus significantly increases the hardness and wear resistance. The Si particles size is reduced from 10 μm in the base metal to 2.6 μm and 2 μm in the air-cooled and water-cooled samples. Consequently, the wear mass loss reduced almost 28% and 40%, and hardness increased almost 35% and 80% for the air-cooled and water-cooled samples compared to the processed samples without coolant.
Method for Fabricating Transparent Patient-Specific Vocal Tract Replicas
Authors: Rollins Michael , Oren Liran 
Published: November 2021

Introduction Transparent, patient-specific vocal tract replicas are helpful in research and educational endeavors but challenging to procure. An accessible method for fabricating these models, improving on previously suggested processes, would make them more widely available. Method Detailed instructions for fabricating a transparent, patient-specific vocal tract model were addressed. The broad steps were (1) digitally reconstructing (patient-specific) vocal tract geometry, (2) producing a vocal tract mold (using methods such as three-dimensional [3D] printing), and (3) casting transparent material (such as silicone) around the vocal tract mold and removing the mold. The cavities remaining within the cast represented the exact geometry of the vocal tract. Discussion A combination of 3D printing and silicone casting can produce useful vocal tract replicas. Several simple changes to previous methods can improve consistency and reduce the labor and cost of production. Limitations and potential modifications to expand the applications of this method are discussed.
Do Orofacial Clefts Impair Breastfeeding and Increase the Prevalence of Anemia?
Authors: Miranda-Filho Aluísio Eustáquio de Freitas , Gomes Heloisa de Sousa , Silva Roberta Bessa Veloso , Marques Nelson Pereira , Martelli Júnior Hercílio , Marques Nádia Carolina Teixeira 
Published: November 2021

Objective This study aimed to correlate the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia and breastfeeding with orofacial clefts in children. Design Data on the participant profile, presence and type of the cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P), and records on anemia and breastfeeding were collected from patients’ charts, and submitted to statistical analysis by χ2 test ( p < .05; software SPSS 23.0). Results Two-hundred and ten files were divided according to: CL/P presence (cleft group;    n = 132) or absence (control group;    n = 78). Group CL/P was subdivided according to the type of cleft: CL/P-I (cleft lip;    n = 35); CL/P-II (cleft lip and palate;    n = 45); CL/P-III (cleft palate;    n = 43); and CL/P-IV (rare orofacial clefts;    n = 9). Group CL/P had significantly more records on anemia ( p = .016) and fewer records on breastfeeding (P<.01) than controls. More records on anemia occurred in CL/P-II ( p = .004) and CL/P-IV ( p = .006) than the control group. The comparison among the orofacial cleft types regarding the anemia records showed no statistically significant differences ( p = .123). Group CL/P-I had more records on breastfeeding than the other cleft types ( p < .01). Conclusions Thus, it is suggested that the breastfeeding process is more complex, and the history of anemia is more frequent, in children with cleft lip and palate or rare orofacial clefts than in children without clefts.
Comparison of the characteristics and outcomes of traumatic wound dehiscence after penetrating or Lamellar Keratoplasty for Keratoconus
Authors: Al-Othman Ahmed Y , AlDhaheri Huda Saif , Ahmad Khabir , Al-Swailem Samar A 
Published: November 2021

Purpose: To examine the incidence, causes, characteristics, and the visual outcome of traumatic wound dehiscence (TWD) after penetrating keratoplasty (PK) compared to lamellar keratoplasty (LKP) for keratoconus. Methods: The medical records of all keratoconus patients undergoing TWD repair after PK or LKP over a 7-year period at the King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital (KKESH), Riyadh were reviewed. Data were collected on patient demographics, interval between keratoplasty and trauma, and characteristics and visual outcomes of TWD. Results: During January 2006 to December 2012, 2863 eyes in KKESH underwent PK. Another 1716 eyes underwent LKP. Of these, 55 (1.9%) and 30 (1.7%) sustained TWD, respectively ( p = 0.675). Approximately two-thirds of patients with traumatic wound dehiscence (TWD) were males in both groups (63.6% and 70.0%, respectively). The mean age at trauma was 24.6 ± 6.7 years (range 12–41 years) in the PK group compared with 22.6 ± 6.0 years (range 13–34 years) in the LKP group ( p = 0.166). The median interval between keratoplasty and trauma was 6.2 (the interquartile range (IQR), 10.9) months for the PK group and 4.6 (IQR, 7.4) months for the LKP group ( p = 0.116). At the last follow-up after wound repair, visual acuity was similar between the PK and LKP groups ( p = 0.595). Conclusion: In our study, the incidence of TWD after PK and LKP in patients with keratoconus was within the previously reported range of values. All patients undergoing these procedures, especially males, should receive adequate information regarding this lifelong risk, and the need for protective eye-wear and seeking early medical advice when complications occur.
The association between NAFLD and risk of chronic kidney disease: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Cao Ying , Deng You , Wang Jingjing , Zhao Hong , Zhang Jingyu , Xie Wen 
Published: November 2021

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and NAFLD with different comorbidities and risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and abnormal albuminuria. Materials and Methods: A total of 3872 Chinese individuals excluding those with hepatitis B or C infection and absence of alcohol abuse were included in the study. NAFLD was diagnosed by abdominal ultrasonography. The liver fibrosis was assessed by NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS) and fibrosis-4 index (FIB-4). CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and/or abnormal albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio ⩾ 3 mg/mmol). The logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association between NAFLD and NAFLD with different comorbidities and risk of CKD. Results: The prevalence of CKD and abnormal albuminuria was higher in individuals with NAFLD than in those without NAFLD (15.8% vs 11.9%, p < 0.001; 14.8% vs 11.0%, p < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that NAFLD was risk factor of CKD. Notably, after adjustment for sex, age, and DM, NAFLD was associated with 1.31-fold higher risk of prevalent CKD ⩾ 1 ( p < 0.05). NAFLD individuals with elder age, DM, obesity, hypertension, MetS, and advanced liver fibrosis had higher risks of both prevalent CKD and abnormal albuminuria than those without comorbidities. Conclusions: NAFLD and NAFLD with traditional comorbidities are strongly associated with risk of prevalence of CKD and abnormal albuminuria. Patients with NAFLD especially those with coexisting comorbidities were recommended to carefully access the development of CKD.
Can acid exposure time replace the DeMeester score in the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux-induced cough?
Authors: Zhu Yiqing , Tang Junjun , Shi Wenbo , Wang Shengyuan , Wu Mingyan , Lu Lihua , Zhang Mengru , Wen Siwan , Shi Cuiqin , Yu Li , Xu Xianghuai 
Published: November 2021

Background: The objective of this study was to compare the predictive accuracy of the acid exposure time (AET) with the DeMeester score (DMS) for gastroesophageal reflux–induced cough (GERC). Methods: A total of 277 patients who underwent multichannel intraluminal impedance pH monitoring (MII-pH) were enrolled, and their clinical information and laboratory results were retrospectively analyzed. The diagnostic value of AET for GERC was compared with that of the DMS, symptom association probability (SAP), and symptom index (SI). Results: A total of 236 patients met the inclusion criteria, 150 patients (63.65%) were definitely diagnosed with GERC, including 111(74%) acid GERC and 39 (26%) nonacid GERC. The optimal cutoff value of AET for diagnosing GERC was AET > 4.8%, and its diagnostic value was equal to that of DMS > 14.7 (AUC = 0.827 versus 0.818, p = 0.519) and was superior to that of SAP (AUC = 0.827 versus 0.689, p = 0.000) and SI (AUC = 0.827 versus 0.688, p = 0.000). When using both DMS > 14.7 and AET > 4.8% or either of the two for the diagnosis of GERC, the diagnosis rate was not improved over using DMS > 14.7 alone. The diagnostic value of AET and DMS for acid GERC were both high and equivalent (AUC = 0.925 versus 0.922, p = 0.95). The optimal cutoff value of AET for diagnosing acid GERC was AET > 6.2%. Conclusion: AET and DMS are both equal in discriminating GERC. A GERC diagnosis should be considered when AET > 4.8%, whereas an acid GERC diagnosis should be considered when AET > 6.2%.
The world commerce & contracting principles: Can Asia embrace them?
Authors: Gentugaya Mia G. 
Published: November 2021

Negotiating a contract with Asian lawyers for the first time could be a baffling experience. Used to clarity on risk allocation and financial obligations, a Western lawyer is confronted with negotiations driven by consensus and contract provisions based on flexibility and good faith discussions. Musyawarah-mufakat (deliberation and consensus in Bahasa Indonesia) goes beyond ASEAN multilateral agreements and pervade doing business as well. Embracing the World CC Principles is a constructive step in Asian contract drafting: they are not alien in concept and have counterparts in domestic civil or common law. The ability to quickly agree on the provisions covered by the World CC Principles provides a sense of collaborative relationship — an essential aspect of doing business in Asia. But Asian lawyers have yet to be familiar with the World CC Principles, be willing to embrace them, and advocate the benefits of imbedding the World CC Principles in their business culture.