bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of the coda for determination of the earthquake source spectrum
Authors: Rautian T. G. , Khalturin V. I. 
Published: September 2021

abstractWe studied the spectral content and variations in time of the coda of seismic oscillations following the body and surface waves of local earthquakes. Within narrow frequency bands, the form of the envelope of the coda is remarkably stable—independent of epicenter (and therefore epicentral distance), depth of focus, and all other parameters of the source. Only the absolute amplitude of the coda differs from event to event. Similarly, the forms of the coda at two stations from the same earthquake overlap one another, differing only in absolute amplitude by a factor that is the same for all events. Hence given the form of the coda, its amplitude in any frequency band may be parameterized by one number—the amplitude at a certain time. Therefore, the spectrum of the coda as a function of time can be described as the product of two factors—one, independent of time, is dependent only on the source, and the other, reflecting the effects of the medium and the same for all sources, gives the time dependence for each frequency band. Segments of the envelopes with time can be matched by simple theories of scattering. Using the theoretical relationships, estimates of Q can be made and show that for any time interval, Q increases with frequency, approximately proportional to the square root of frequency. As longer elapsed times are considered, the estimates of Q increase, suggesting greater penetration of seismic energy into the higher Q parts of the Earth. The spectra of different events can be compared directly by comparing the spectra of the codas at the same elapsed time. Such a comparison reveals a wide variety of different source spectra. By using empirical relations among coda spectra, observed S-wave spectra, and theoretical constraints, an estimate of the spectrum radiated by the source can be calculated from the coda spectrum. Source parameters (seismic moment, corner frequency of the radiated spectrum, calculated stress drop, etc.) can be determined from coda spectra of events with many different moments and in different regions, with the same station. The results show several interesting features dependent on the seismic moments and on the regions in which the earthquakes occurred.
Focal mechanism studies in the New Madrid seismic zone
Authors: Herrmann Robert B. , Canas Jose-Antonio 
Published: September 2021

abstractA recent study of seismicity in the New Madrid seismic zone by Stauder et al. (1976) has shown the existence of linear micro-earthquake patterns of up to 120 km in length. This study presents the results of composite microearthquake focal mechanism studies along these trends together with focal mechanisms obtained using long-period surface-wave data from larger events. Due to the present microearthquake array geometry, the composite focal mechanism studies do not indicate a complete picture of the nature of the earthquake processes for all the trends. However, the motion on the major 120-km long trend into northeastern Arkansas has significant components of right lateral fault motion. The consistency of surface-wave focal mechanisms and the composite focal mechanism along this trend indicates that it should be considered as a single tectonic unit.
Determination of the dip and strike of the Moho from array analysis
Authors: Havskov J. , Kanasewich E. R. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
A new method, using only available array data, is developed to determine the dip and the strike of a major velocity discontinuity such as the Mohorovičić discontinuity. The method employs the coherencies of body waves in the P coda from both the vertical and horizontal detectors to obtain the slowness and azimuth of the direct and the converted wave from a major discontinuity. An example is given from array measurements in southern Alberta.
Attenuation measurements of split normal modes for the 1960 Chilean and 1964 Alaskan earthquakes
Authors: Stein Seth , Geller Robert J. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Measurements of attenuation for the Earth's longest period modes can be significantly biased by the effects of frequency splitting. Using our previously developed methods of time domain synthesis of split normal modes, we measure Q without such a bias. We also conduct numerical experiments to confirm the errors in Q measurements which result from neglecting the effects of splitting. In contrast to frequency domain this time domain technique allows us to reject data below the ambient noise level for each mode. The Q's of the longest period spheroidal (0S2–0S5) and torsional (0T3–0T4) modes are determined using long (500 hr) records from the Chilean and Alaskan earthquakes.
Bacteriological profile and antimicrobial resistance pattern of ventilator associated pneumonia in tertiary care hospital
Authors: Rajesh Eshwar , Katragadda Radhika , Ramani C P 
Published: September 2021

With an occurrence ranging from 6-52%, ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is the most common ICU acquired infection, accounting for a significant portion of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs). VAP is pneumonia that develops after a period of more than 48 hours of mechanical ventilation or endotracheal intubation.To isolate and identify the potential pathogens causing VAP and to study their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns.Endotracheal aspiration (ETA) or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were collected from patients on mechanical ventilation &#62;48 hours. Bacterial isolates were identified based on culture colony characteristics and biochemical parameters. Antibiotic susceptibility profile was determined for these isolates by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method as per Clinical and laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 2020 guidelines and studied. The collected data was entered in Excel, and analyzed by using SPSS version 16.Among the isolates, the most common were (31.31%) and (31.31%). These were followed by (22.22%), (7.07%), (3.03%) and (3.03%) and (2.02%).Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) microbes causing VAP are on the increase. The patient population at risk will benefit by the application of the results of this study. The antibiotic resistance pattern of these isolates will aid clinicians in selecting the appropriate antimicrobial agents. Hence, it can lead to decreased mortality and morbidity due to life-threatening VAP.
Evaluation of cefoxitin disc diffusion test as a rapid phenotypic method for detection of methicillin resistance
Authors: Anandkumar H  , Jyothi U S  , Rajeshwari R S  
Published: September 2021

: Accuracy and promptness in the detection of methicillin resistance are of key importance in ensuring correct antibiotic treatment in infected patients and control of MR staphylococci in the hospital environment. The aim of this study was to detect MRSA phenotypically by oxacillin screen agar and Oxacillin MIC method and to evaluate cefoxitin disc diffusion test as a screening tool for MRSA detection. In the present study, a total of 50 isolates of from various clinical samples collected were used for the detection of Methicillin resistant (MRSA). Methicillin resistance was determined by oxacillin disc diffusion, cefoxitin disc diffusion the oxacillin screen agar test and MIC. Out of 50 isolates 21 (42%) isolates were detected as MRSA based on MIC method, which is considered as gold standard method for the detection of MRSA. All the isolates of MRSA were 100% susceptible to vancomycin and linezolid. rnIn the present study, cefoxitin diffusion method has given 100% sensitivity and specificity in concordance with MIC method. However, the oxacillin screen agar method showed 95.24% sensitivity and 96.55% specificity. As per our study and previous reports elsewhere on phenotypic detection of MRSA, cefoxitin is more potent inducer of the regulatory system and an accurate surrogate marker for the detection of MRSA in the routine susceptibility testing.
Fungal sinusitis post COVID 19 – A case series from a diagnostic microbiology laboratory
Authors: Bowalekar Sneha Sharad , Yadav Rajesh R , Sharma Narendra 
Published: September 2021

Fungal infections are on rise globally owing to use of immunosuppressant drugs for various diseases, increased use of antimicrobials and in-situ devices, long duration of stay in hospitalized patients. There was sharp rise in mucormycosis infections in patients post COVID 19 illness which were previously limited to patients of end stage diabetic ketoacidosis. We studied the epidemiological, clinical, microbiological and radiological aspects for culture positive cases of fungal sinusitis from April 2021 to June 2021. The mean age of our patients was 55.4 years (range 38 to 70 years). M:F ratio was 1.5:1. All fungal infections occurred in laboratory and/or radiologically diagnosed cases of COVID 1970% patients (n=7) had diabetes mellitus as co-morbidity. 60% of the cases (n=6) grew Rhizopus arrhizus, 30% grew Aspergillus species (n=3) and 10% grew Penicillium species (n=1). 90% of the cases (n=9) improved after treatment whereas 10% (n=1) succumbed to the illness.Along with rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis infections, nasal aspergillosis was also noted as a prominent cause of fungal sinusitis in post COVID 19 illness. As the antifungal therapy for these two fungal infections differs significantly, caution must be adhered to while diagnosing and treating.
Association between rs1344706 Polymorphism in the ZNF804A Gene and the Risk for Schizophrenia
Authors: Esmaeili Aliakbar , Solimani Saeedeh , Karimi Farzaneh , Miri-Moghaddam Ebrahim 
Published: September 2021

Objective: Schizophrenia is known as a severe mental disorder worldwide. Genome-wide association studies have revealed that rs1344706, located in ZNF804A, is a risk variant for schizophrenia among various populations. The current study was conducted to find correlation between rs1344706 polymorphism and schizophrenia in East of Iran.
Method: This case-control study assessed 150 schizophrenia cases as well as 150 healthy controls. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was genotyped using the Tetra-Amplification Refractory Mutation System-Polymerase Chain Reaction (Tetra-ARMS-PCR) method. Analyses based on the Chi-square test and logistic regression were calculated by SPSS.
Results: The TT, GT, and GG genotype frequencies at rs1344706 in schizophrenia cases were 48.0%, 40.0%, and 12.0%, whereas in controls, they were 49.3 %, 36.7 %, and 14.0 %, respectively. The T and G allele frequencies were 68 % and 32 % in cases and 67 % and 33 % in healthy controls. The results of logistic regression indicated that there is no association between rs1344706 alleles (P = 1.000) and genotypes (P = 0.647 for GT and P = 0.726 for GG) with susceptibility to schizophrenia.
Conclusion: Overall, there was no significant relationship between rs1344706 SNP and schizophrenia in Iran's Eastern population. However, further research focusing on more SNPs of ZNF804A and larger samples in other ethnicities is necessary to confirm these results.
Enterprise restructuring - An effective solution or apparent institution? Analysis of contemporary legal regulations
Authors: Wądołowska Brygida , Zaborowski Wojciech 
Published: September 2021

This article aims to provide a detailed discussion of the restructuring process and to indicate whether the said institution is achieving its statutory objectives. Four restructuring proceedings have been presented in the study that the entity undergoing restructuring may benefit from.
It is worth noting that the study included restructuring goals, differences between individual restructuring processes and the most important statutory definitions such as insolvency and restructuring capacity were described.
Considering the above, the article indicates the most important legal aspects of the discussed institution and problems related to the discussed issue.
Charging the Budget of the City Wroclaw With Urbanisation Costs (Poland)
Authors: Heldak Maria 
Published: September 2021

The paper deals with the issue of charging local authorities with the costs of realisation of the provisions contained in local spatial development plans in Wrocław (Poland). Considering the planned spatial development in the area of the city Wrocław, the urbanisation costs that are chargeable to the municipality budget were identified. The economic effects of preparing areas designated for development in the residential programme offer were analysed. The paper provides an analysis of the cost of realisation of investments that belong to own duties of the municipality, including the cost of building municipality roads, sewage and water supply networks, arranging public greenery and purchasing land for public investments.

The analyses were performed within the administrative borders of the city. The prognosed costs of the realisation of local spatial development plans demonstrate significant expenditure that Wrocław has to incur for the construction of sewage network and municipal roads. Additionally, the development of new areas will require the city of Wrocław to take over the real properties on which public goals are planned to be realised. One should thoroughly consider the actual need for new investment areas in the city. Demographic forecasts demonstrate that the areas designated for development significantly exceed the demand.
Estudo sobre a retomada das atividades presenciais em meio à pandemia da Covid-19 baseado na percepção dos responsáveis pelas bibliotecas
Authors: Galdino Rosangela , Souza Willian Eduardo Righini de 
Published: September 2021

Introdução: Desde 2020 o mundo vem sendo afetado pela pandemia de Covid-19, com consequências tais como a paralisação temporária do atendimento presencial ao público por parte das bibliotecas. Apesar de o Brasil ser um dos países mais atingidos pela pandemia tem-se observado tratativas para a retomada das atividades presenciais em muitas instituições de ensino, gerando apreensão e dúvidas nos alunos e servidores. Nesse contexto, as bibliotecas dessas instituições precisam de referências sobre como analisar sua própria situação e, assim, estabelecer uma estratégia de retorno seguro. Objetivo: Assim, a pesquisa objetivou traçar e implementar uma rota de análise das condições de retorno de bibliotecas pertencentes a instituições de ensino às atividades presenciais, por meio da coleta e análise da opinião de seus responsáveis quanto ao cumprimento (ou não) dos critérios sanitários indicados pelo protocolo de biossegurança do Conselho Regional de Biblioteconomia do Estado de São Paulo 8aRegião (CRB-8). Método: A pesquisa classifica-se como exploratória, com abordagem quantitativa e delineamento de estudo de caso, sendo uma instituição de ensino a unidade caso. Resultados: Entre outros resultados constatou-se que 15% dos participantes acreditam que o seu campus garantirá a oferta de equipamentos de proteção individual para servidores e usuários e 41% creem que há espaço suficiente para garantir o distanciamento entre seus usuários. Conclusão: Conclui-se que o trabalho contribui com o esforço de enfrentamento à pandemia ao colaborar na produção de um instrumento que pode ser replicado a outras instituições, além de inspirar ações de escuta aos implicados nos impedimentos do confinamento.
Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene Planktonic Foraminifera from Northern Indian Ocean (Andaman and Nicobar Islands): Interpretation on Cooling Event and Ocean Upwelling
Authors: Dey Rikee , Ghosh Amit K. , Bhaumik Ajoy Kumar , Chakraborty Arindam , Saxena Stuti , Roy Lopamudra 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACTThirty-two planktonic foraminiferal taxa have been identified based on Bright Field microscopic study as well as Scanning Electron Microscopy on the samples collected from the outcrop adjacent to the type section of Neill West Coast Formation at Neil Island of Ritchie's Archipelago, northern Indian Ocean. The planktonic foraminiferal taxa belong to ten genera viz., Dentoglobigerina, Globigerina, Globigerinoides, Globoconella, Globorotalia, Globorotaloides, Globoturborotalita, Neogloboquadrina, Orbulina, and Trilobatus. A number of statistical analyses have been done in addition to taxonomic study to interpret the palaeocenographic scenario. We performed PCA analysis on the foraminiferal content of the samples to test the relatedness. Two biozones have been established by Stratigraphically Constrained Cluster Analysis (CONISS). We used SHEBI (SHE analysis for biozone identification) analysis to precisely demarcate seven biozones. Attempts have been made to decipher the Plio–Pleistocene boundary in the Neill West Coast Formation based on specific zonal markers. The presence of some taxa (e.g., Globoconella inflata, Globigerina bulloides, and Neogloboquadrina pachyderma) indicates the initiation of a cooling event from late Pliocene onwards. An event of ocean upwelling also has been identified based on the presence of Globigerina bulloides, Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, and N. dutertrei from the late Pliocene to early Pleistocene of the northern Indian Ocean that also correlates with palaeoceanographic records known from other upwelling regions.
Geochemical Modeling of Hybrid Surfactant and Engineered Water Injections in Carbonate Reservoirs under Harsh Conditions
Authors: Adila Ahmed , Al-Shalabi Emad W. , AlAmeri Waleed 
Published: September 2021

Summary
Engineered water injection (EWI) has gained popularity as an effective technique for enhancing oil recovery. Surfactant flooding is also a well-established chemical enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) technique in the petroleum industry. The hybrid surfactant flooding/EWI (surfactant/EWI) technique has been studied experimentally and showed promising results. However, there are very limited numerical applications on the hybrid surfactant/EWI technique in carbonates in the literature. Also, the studies applied under harsh conditions of high temperature and high salinity are even fewer. In this study, a numerical-simulation model is developed and used to investigate the hybrid effect of surfactant/EWI in carbonates under harsh conditions. This developed model was validated by history matching a recently conducted surfactant coreflood in the secondary mode of injection. Oil recovery, pressure drop, and surfactant-concentration data were used. The surfactant-flooding model was then coupled with a geochemical model that captures different reactions involved during EWI. The geochemical reactions considered include aqueous, dissolution/precipitation, and ion-exchange reactions. The proposed model has been further validated by history matching another experimental data set. Furthermore, different simulation scenarios were considered, including waterflooding, surfactant flooding, EWI, and the hybrid surfactant/EWI technique.
For the case of EWI, wettability alteration was considered as the main mechanism underlying incremental oil recovery. However, both wettability alteration and interfacial-tension (IFT) reduction mechanisms were considered for surfactant flooding depending on the type of surfactant used. The results showed that for the hybrid surfactant/EWI, wettability alteration is considered as the controlling mechanism where surfactant boosts oil-recovery rate through increasing oil relative permeability while EWI reduces residual oil. Moreover, the simulation runs showed that the hybrid surfactant/EWI is a promising technique for enhancing oil recovery from carbonates under harsh conditions. Also, hybrid surfactant/EWI results in a more water-wetting rock condition compared with that of EWI alone, which leads to lower injectivity, and hence, lower rate of propagation for ion-concentration waves. The hybrid surfactant/EWI outperformed other injection techniques followed by EWI, then surfactant flooding, and finally waterflooding. This work gives more insight into the application of hybrid surfactant/EWI on enhancing oil recovery from carbonates. The novelty is further highlighted through applying the hybrid surfactant/EWI technique under harsh conditions. In addition, the findings of this study can help in better understanding the mechanism behind enhancing oil recovery using the hybrid surfactant/EWI technique and the important parameters needed to model its effect on oil recovery.
3D Printing for Experiments in Petrophysics, Rock Physics, and Rock Mechanics: A Review
Authors: Kong Lingyun , Ishutov Sergey , Hasiuk Franciszek , Xu Chicheng 
Published: September 2021

Summary
Geoscientific and engineering experiments in petrophysics, rock physics, and rock mechanics depend on multiple, costly, and sometimes rare samples used to characterize the properties of natural rocks. Testing these samples helps in modeling various hydrocarbon recovery and stimulation scenarios, as well as understanding the fluid-rock interactions in the subsurface under various pressure and temperature conditions. Over the last decade, 3D printing has matured to become a more commonly available tool to enable repeatable experiments with controllable materials and pore system geometries to investigate petrophysical, geomechanical, and geophysical properties of porous rocks. This review introduces the development, characteristics, and capabilities of 3D printing technology that are specifically used in research. Applications in the realm of petrophysics highlight the issues of replicating the pore network geometry and subsurface physics, aiming at understanding fluid flow in porous media problems. Using 3D-printed models in rock mechanics experiments focuses on generating comparable geomechanical properties and reproducing fractures, joint surfaces, and other rock structures, whereas in rock physics, geophysical forward modeling is highlighted to take advantage of 3D printing technology. By summarizing the recent advances in 3D printing as applied to petrophysics, rock physics, and rock mechanics, this review paper presents the current state of the art and the challenges in scale, cost, time, and materials, as well as the directions for advancing this frontier discipline to answer various fundamental questions regarding porous media research using 3D printing technology.