bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetostatic Modeling of Dual-Drive H-Type Gantry With Exchangeable Flexure Joints
Authors: Chen Silu , Wan Hongyu , Jiang Chao , Ye Liuying , Yu Hongtao , Yang Miao , Zhang Chi , Yang Guilin , Wu Jiefeng 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The flexure joints are proposed to replace the rigid assembly between the cross-arm and the moving carriages of dual-drive H-type gantry (DHG) for higher reliability and fine rotational alignments. In the literature, the flexure joint of the DHG is modeled as an ideal linear torsional spring, resulting in an inaccurate estimation of the cross-arm’s angle. In this study, a generalized analytical kinetostatic model of flexure-linked DHG is built by considering the geometric nonlinearities. The expressions of beam coefficients in the model are obtained from either beam constraint model (BCM) or Timoshenko BCM (TBCM) according to the given criterion of length-to-thickness ratio. The model is capable to accurately estimate any two variables among the rotation angle of the cross-arm, the misalignment of two carriages, and the net driving force, as long as the other is known. Simulations and experiments on the testbed validate the accuracy and show practical appeals of the proposed model.
Cooling of Heated Solid Cylinder Supported on Bedded and Embedded Substrates by Impinging Air Jet
Authors: Wessies Savannah S. , Ezekoye Ofodike A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In many industrial cooling and fire safety applications, multimode heat transfer involving radiation, convection, and conduction cools hot objects deposited on substrates. In some cases, the convective cooling is due to impinging jets on a flat surface or a small pedestal on an otherwise flat surface. The literature on jet impingement cooling is extensive, but variation in results using different correlations for nominally similar conditions is significant. For heat transfer from a small pedestal, there are relatively few studies. To characterize the cooling of a hot body that is supported on a substrate by an impinging jet, the convective heat transfer coefficient was measured using the naphthalene sublimation analogy. Two different substrate configurations were tested: bedded, where the object rests on top of the substrate, and embedded, where the top surface of the object is flush with the top of the substrate. After modeling the radiative and convective cooling components, a conductive resistance was inferred. The cooling of the hot object was modeled with good agreement to the experimental data. The error was less than 2% for the bedded case and less than 5% for the embedded. The relative contributions from the different modes of heat transfer were determined. For the embedded configuration, most of the cooling was initially due to conduction. For the bedded configuration on a relatively low thermal effusivity substrate like calcium silicate, most of the losses are due to convection and radiation. Materials with higher thermal effusivities had larger relative contributions to cooling from conduction comparatively.
Producing Steam by Spraying Water on a Heated Bed of Steel Spheres
Authors: Bouchard D. Jordan , Yang HengSheng , Chandra Sanjeev 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Steam generators used in industrial baking ovens operate by pouring or spraying water on a preheated thermal mass. This paper presents a methodology to quantify the amount of steam generated from a thermal mass along with experiments to determine the effect of particle size and porosity on steam generation. Three sizes of steel spheres, 0.6 mm, 8 mm, and 16 mm in diameter, were used to construct porous media beds that were preheated in an oven. After that water was sprayed onto them from a full-cone nozzle for a fixed duration. The weight of the heated bed and the impinging water was recorded during spraying. The difference in weight change when spraying on heated and unheated beds gave the rate of evaporation. Thermocouples were used to record the internal temperature of the bed. The steam generation rate increased with particle size but there was only a minor difference when changing the bed's porosity. The counter-current flow of steam within the media bed disrupts the downward flow of water enough to leave pockets of dry material, reducing steam production. To maximize steam generation, the media size, material, and spray time should be matched to ensure the surfaces of particles remain above the boiling point of water during spraying.
The primitive brain of earlyHomo
Authors: Ponce de León Marcia S. , Bienvenu Thibault , Marom Assaf , Engel Silvano , Tafforeau Paul , Alatorre Warren José Luis , Lordkipanidze David , Kurniawan Iwan , Murti Delta Bayu , Suriyanto Rusyad Adi , Koesbardiati Toetik , Zollikofer Christoph P. E. 
Published: April 2021

Brain evolution in earlyHomoHuman brains are larger than and structurally different from the brains of the great apes. Ponce de Leónet al.explored the timing of the origins of the structurally modern human brain (see the Perspective by Beaudet). By comparing endocasts, representations of the inner surface of fossil brain cases, from earlyHomofrom Africa, Georgia, and Southeast Asia, they show that these structural innovations emerged later than the first dispersal of the genus from Africa, and were probably in place by 1.7 to 1.5 million years ago. The modern humanlike brain organization emerged in cerebral regions thought to be related to toolmaking, social cognition, and language. Their findings suggest that brain reorganization was not a prerequisite for dispersals from Africa, and that there might have been more than one long-range dispersal of earlyHomo.Science, this issue p.165; see also p.124
Injury epidemiology in professional ballet: a five-season prospective study of 1596 medical attention injuries and 543 time-loss injuries
Authors: Mattiussi Adam M , Shaw Joseph W , Williams Sean , Price Phil DB , Brown Derrick D , Cohen Daniel D , Clark Richard , Kelly Shane , Retter Greg , Pedlar Charles , Tallent Jamie 
Published: April 2021

ObjectivesTo describe the incidence rate, severity, burden and aetiology of medical attention and time-loss injuries across five consecutive seasons at a professional ballet company.MethodsMedical attention injuries, time-loss injuries and dance exposure hours of 123 professional ballet dancers (women: n=66, age: 28.0±8.3 years; men: n=57, age: 27.9±8.5 years) were prospectively recorded between the 2015/2016 and 2019/2020 seasons.ResultsThe incidence rate (per 1000 hours) of medical attention injury was 3.9 (95% CI 3.3 to 4.4) for women and 3.1 (95% CI 2.6 to 3.5) for men. The incidence rate (per 1000 hours) of time-loss injury was 1.2 (95% CI 1.0 to 1.5) for women and 1.1 (95% CI 0.9 to 1.3) for men. First Soloists and Principals experienced between 2.0–2.2 additional medical attention injuries per 1000 hours and 0.9–1.1 additional time-loss injuries per 1000 hours compared with Apprentices (p≤0.025). Further, intraseason differences were observed in medical attention, but not time-loss, injury incidence rates with the highest incidence rates in early (August and September) and late (June) season months. Thirty-five per cent of time-loss injuries resulted in over 28 days of modified dance training. A greater percentage of time-loss injuries were classified as overuse (women: 50%; men: 51%) compared with traumatic (women: 40%; men: 41%).ConclusionThis is the first study to report the incidence rate of medical attention and time-loss injuries in professional ballet dancers. Incidence rates differed across company ranks and months, which may inform targeted injury prevention strategies.
Community-centred interventions for improving public mental health among adults from ethnic minority populations in the UK: a scoping review
Authors: Baskin Cleo , Zijlstra Geiske , McGrath Mike , Lee Caroline , Duncan Fiona Helen , Oliver Emily J , Osborn David , Dykxhoorn Jen , Kaner Eileen F S , LaFortune Louise , Walters Kate R , Kirkbride James , Gnani Shamini 
Published: April 2021

ObjectivesUndertake a scoping review to determine the effectiveness of community-centred interventions designed to improve the mental health and well-being of adults from ethnic minority groups in the UK.MethodsWe searched six electronic academic databases for studies published between January 1990 and September 2019: Medline, Embase, PsychINFO, Scopus, CINAHL and Cochrane. For intervention description and data extraction we used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews checklist and Template for Intervention Description and Replication guide. Quality was assessed using Cochrane risk of bias tools. Grey literature results were deemed beyond the scope of this review due to the large number of interventions and lack of available outcomes data.ResultsOf 4501 studies, 7 met the eligibility criteria of UK-based community interventions targeting mental health in adults from ethnic minority populations: four randomised controlled trials, one pre/post-pilot study, one cross-sectional study and one ethnographic study. Interventions included therapy-style sessions, peer-support groups, educational materials, gym access and a family services programme. Common components included a focus on tackling social isolation, using lay health workers from within the community, signposting and overcoming structural barriers to access. Four studies reported a statistically significant positive effect on mental health outcomes and six were appraised as having a high risk of bias. Study populations were ethnically heterogeneous and targeted people mainly from South Asia. No studies examined interventions targeting men.ConclusionsThere is a paucity of high-quality evidence regarding community-centred interventions focused on improving public mental health among ethnic minority groups. Decision makers need scientific evidence to inform effective approaches to mitigating health disparities. Our next steps are to map promising community activities and interventions that are currently being provided to help identify emerging evidence.
Reducing police occupational needle stick injury risk following an interactive training: the SHIELD cohort study in Mexico
Authors: Beletsky Leo , Abramovitz Daniela , Baker Pieter , Arredondo Jaime , Rangel Gudelia , Artamonova Irina , Marotta Phillip , Mittal Maria Luisa , Rocha-Jimenéz Teresita , Morales Mario , Clairgue Erika , Kang Sunyou , Banuelos Arnulfo , Cepeda Javier , Patterson Thomas A , Strathdee Steffanie A 
Published: April 2021

ObjectiveAt a time of unprecedented attention to the public health impact of policing, it is imperative to understand the role of occupational safety in shaping officer behaviours. We assessed the longitudinal impact of police training in a quasi-experimental hybrid type-1 trial to reduce syringe-related occupational risk, while realigning police practices with public health prevention among people who inject drugs (PWID).SettingTijuana, Mexico.ParticipantsOf 1806 Tijuana municipal police trainees, 771 reporting previous exposure to syringes were randomly selected for follow-up. All participants completed at least one follow-up visit; attrition at 24 months was 8%.InterventionBetween 2015 and 2016, officers received a training intervention (Safety and Health Integration in the Enforcement of Laws on Drugs, SHIELD) bundling occupational needle stick injury (NSI) prevention with health promotion among PWID.Outcome measuresLongitudinal analysis with generalised linear mixed models to evaluate training impact on occupational NSI risk via NSI incidence and prevalidated Syringe Threat and Injury Correlates (STIC) score. This composite indicator integrates five self-reported risky syringe-handling practices (eg, syringe confiscation, breaking) and was used as a proxy for NSI risk due to reporting bias and concerns about reliability of NSI incidence reports.ResultsNo change in self-reported NSI incidence was observed, but significant reductions in risk (16.2% decrease in STIC score) occurred at 3 months, with a sustained decrease of 17.8% through 24 months, compared with pretraining (p<0.001). Police assignment (patrol vs administration) moderated the training effect (p=0.01). Younger age, male gender, lower rank and previous NSI were independently and significantly associated with higher NSI risk overtime, although all groups demonstrated significant reductions post-training.ConclusionsSHIELD is the first intervention to be associated with significant sustained changes in police practices that pose risk for both occupational and the public’s health. Integrating occupational safety and public health education should inform other interventions to mitigate the community health detriments of policing behaviours.Trial registration numberNCT02444403.
Improving the patient-centred care of children with life-altering skin conditions using feedback from electronic patient-reported outcome measures: protocol for a hybrid effectiveness-implementation study (PEDS-ePROM)
Authors: Tyack Zephanie , Simons Megan , McPhail Steven M , Harvey Gillian , Zappala Tania , Ware Robert S , Kimble Roy M 
Published: April 2021

IntroductionUsing patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) with children have been described as ‘giving a voice to the child’. Few studies have examined the routine use of these measures as potentially therapeutic interventions. This study aims to investigate: (1) theeffectivenessof feedback using graphical displays of information from electronic PROMs (ePROMs) that target health-related quality of life, to improve health outcomes, referrals and treatment satisfaction and (2) theimplementationof ePROMs and graphical displays by assessing acceptability, sustainability, cost, fidelity and context of the intervention and study processes.Methods and analysisA hybrid II effectiveness-implementation study will be conducted from February 2020 with children with life-altering skin conditions attending two outpatient clinics at a specialist paediatric children’s hospital. A pragmatic randomised controlled trial and mixed methods process evaluation will be completed. Randomisation will occur at the child participant level. Children or parent proxies completing baseline ePROMs will be randomised to: (1) completion of ePROMs plus graphical displays of ePROM results to treating clinicians in consultations, versus (2) completion of ePROMs without graphical display of ePROM results. The primary outcome of the effectiveness trial will be overall health-related quality of life of children. Secondary outcomes will include other health-related quality of life outcomes (eg, child psychosocial and physical health, parent psychosocial health), referrals and treatment satisfaction. Trial data will be primarily analysed using linear mixed-effects models; and implementation data using inductive thematic analysis of interviews, meeting minutes, observational field notes and study communication mapped to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval was obtained from Children’s Health Queensland Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC/2019/QCHQ/56290), The University of Queensland (2019002233) and Queensland University of Technology (1900000847). Dissemination will occur through stakeholder groups, scientific meetings and peer-reviewed publications.Trial registration numberAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12620000174987).
Prevalence and risk factors of adverse birth outcomes in the Pacific Island region: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Kaforau Lydia Sandrah Kuman , Tessema Gizachew Assefa , Jancey Jonine , Dhamrait Gursimran Kaur , Bugoro Hugo , Pereira G F 
Published: April 2021

IntroductionFetal growth restriction, preterm birth, low birth weight and stillbirth are adverse birth outcomes that are prevalent in low-income and middle-income settings such as the Pacific Island region. It is widely accepted that the excess burden of adverse birth outcomes is attributable to socioeconomic and environmental factors that predispose families to excess risk. Our review seeks to determine the prevalence of adverse birth outcomes in the Pacific Island region and to identify the risk factors of adverse birth outcomes in the Pacific Island region.MethodsThis scoping review will follow the five-staged Arksey and O’Malley’s framework and consultation with Solomon Islands’ health stakeholders. A preliminary literature review was undertaken to understand the scope of the review. We will use Medical Subject Heading and keyword terms for adverse birth outcomes to search CINAHL, Medline, Scopus, ProQuest and Springer Link databases for articles published from 1 January 2000. The subsequent searches will be undertaken via Google Scholar and the internet browser to world health organisation and regional health organisations for published and unpublished reports on non-indexed studies. All articles retrieved will be managed with EndNote software. Eligible studies will be screened using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses flow chart for final selection. In the charting phase, we will extract the data into Excel spreadsheets. The results will be presented as numerical and thematic summaries that map risk factors and prevalence to the population and cultures of the Pacific Island region.Ethics and disseminationFormal ethical approval is not required as primary or administrative data will not be collected. However, we will seek ethics approval for the stakeholder consultation from the Research Office of Curtin University and the Solomon Islands. The findings of this study will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented in national and regional conferences and disseminated to stakeholders.Ethics approvalThere will be no direct contact with human or patients in the case of the scoping review; therefore, no ethics will be required. However, we will seek ethical approval from the Research Ethics Office of Curtin University and the Health Research and Ethics Committee in the Solomon Islands for stakeholder consultation. Dissemination will be made through regional conferences and publication in peer-reviewed journals.
Association between systolic blood pressure trajectories and hypertension risk at late adolescence: results from 10-year longitudinal follow-up in Chinese boys
Authors: Wang Xijie , Dong Bin , Huang Sizhe , Yang Zhaogeng , Ma Jun , Hu Jie 
Published: April 2021

ObjectiveTo identify various systolic blood pressure (SBP) trajectories in Chinese boys between 7 and 18 years of age, and to explore their high blood pressure (HBP) risk in their late adolescence years.Design and settingsA population-based cohort study in Guangdong, China.Participants4541 normal tensive boys who started primary school in 2005 in Zhongshan, Guangdong were included.OutcomesBlood pressure and relevant measurements were obtained by annual physical examinations between 2005 and 2016. HBP was defined by SBP or diastolic blood pressure ≥95th percentile for children under 13, and BP ≥130/80 mm Hg for children ≥13 years old. Logit regression for panel data and log-binomial regression model was used to estimate the risk of HBP among SBP trajectory groups.ResultsFour distinct SBP trajectory groups via group-based trajectory modelling: low stable (13.0%), low rising (42.4%), rising (37.4%) and high rising (7.3%). The overall incidence rates of HBP during the follow-up ranged from 40.24 (95% CI 36.68 to 44.19)/1000 person-years in the low stable group to 97.08 (95% CI 94.93 to 99.27)/1000 person-years in the high rising group. Compared with children with low stable SBP, those of other SBP trajectories suffered 3.05 (95% CI 2.64 to 3.46) to 4.64 (95% CI 4.18 to 5.09) times of higher risk of HBP in their late adolescence, regardless of their age, body mass index and BP level at baseline.ConclusionsSubgroups of SBP trajectories existed in Chinese boys, and are related to hypertension risk at late adolescence. Regular physical examinations could help identify those with higher risks at the beginning of pubertal growth.
Effects of an optimised approach to home-based respiratory care in individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Pondofe Karen , Fregonezi Guilherme A F , Brito Ozana , Dourado Júnior Mario Emilio , Torres-Castro Rodrigo , Resqueti Vanessa R 
Published: April 2021

IntroductionThis study aims to investigate the effects of an optimal home-based respiratory care protocol in individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).Methods and analysisThis is a randomised, blinded controlled trial involving patients diagnosed with ALS, both sexes, age between 18 and 80 years. Patients will be randomly allocated into the conventional respiratory care (CRC) group and the optimised respiratory care home-based (ORC) group. Primary outcomes will be peak cough flow, the number of exacerbations and ALS Functional Rating Scale Revised. Secondary outcomes will include chest wall volumes, maximal respiratory pressures, sniff nasal inspiratory pressure, nasal expiratory pressure and forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the 1st second (FEV1) and FEV1/FVC. The CRC group will receive educational information about respiratory care at the clinic. The ORC group will receive conventional care and home-based care. The clinical status of all individuals will be monitored weekly through telephone calls. A 6-month intervention is planned, the outcomes will be assessed every 3 months and 3 and 6 months follow-up after final evaluation. The primary and secondary results will be described as average or median for continuous variables and absolute and relative frequencies for qualitative variables. Treatment effects or differences between the outcomes (baseline, 3 months and 6 months) of the study groups will be analysed using an analysis of variance. The level of significance will be set as p≤0.05.Ethics and disseminationThe research ethics committee approved the study. It is expected to evaluate respiratory function in patients with ALS in the short, medium and long terms with home-based care protocol applied. The disease’s rapid progression is a limitation for performing a long-term clinical study.Trial registration numberRBR-3z23ts; Pre-results.
Pentoxifylline for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Wei Ling , Zhang Weizhi , Yang Yifeng , Li Dongping 
Published: April 2021

ObjectivesTo summarise current evidence on the use of pentoxifylline (PTX) to prevent contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN).MethodsThe PubMed, Embase and CENTRAL databases were searched for randomised controlled trials including patients with and without PTX undergoing contrast media exposure. We analysed the incidence of CIN and serum creatinine changes before and after contrast media exposure. All statistical analyses were conducted with Review Manager V.5.3.ResultsWe finally enrolled in seven randomised controlled trials with a total of 1484 patients in this analysis. All of seven included studies were performed in patients undergoing angioplasty or stenting. The overall rates of CIN were 8.8% and 10.4% in the PTX groups and control groups, respectively. However, no significant reduction in the CIN rate was observed in the patients treated with PTX compared with the control groups (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.13, I2=0, p=0.21). All studies reported no hospital mortality and the new requirement for dialysis during the trials.ConclusionPerioperative administration of PTX to patients undergoing angioplasty did not significantly reduce the development of CIN but showed some weak tendency of lower serum creatinine increase. Based on the available trials, the evidence does not support the administration of PTX for the prevention of CIN. More trials with larger sample sizes are needed to evaluate the role of PTX in CIN prevention.