bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cancer in Africa: The Untold Story
Authors: Hamdi Yosr , Abdeljaoued-Tej Ines , Zatchi Afzal Ali , Abdelhak Sonia , Boubaker Samir , Brown Joel S. , Benkahla Alia 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundDespite rising incidence and mortality rates in Africa, cancer has been given low priority in the research field and in healthcare services. Indeed, 57% of all new cancer cases around the world occur in low income countries exacerbated by lack of awareness, lack of preventive strategies, and increased life expectancies. Despite recent efforts devoted to cancer epidemiology, statistics on cancer rates in Africa are often dispersed across different registries. In this study our goal included identifying the most promising prevention and treatment approaches available in Africa. To do this, we collated and analyzed the incidence and fatality rates for the 10 most common and fatal cancers in 56 African countries grouped into 5 different regions (North, West, East, Central and South) over 16-years (2002–2018). We examined temporal and regional trends by investigating the most important risk factors associated to each cancer type. Data were analyzed by cancer type, African region, gender, measures of socioeconomic status and the availability of medical devices.ResultsWe observed that Northern and Southern Africa were most similar in their cancer incidences and fatality rates compared to other African regions. The most prevalent cancers are breast, bladder and liver cancers in Northern Africa; prostate, lung and colorectal cancers in Southern Africa; and esophageal and cervical cancer in East Africa. In Southern Africa, fatality rates from prostate cancer and cervical cancer have increased. In addition, these three cancers are less fatal in Northern and Southern Africa compared to other regions, which correlates with the Human Development Index and the availability of medical devices. With the exception of thyroid cancer, all other cancers have higher incidences in males than females.ConclusionOur results show that the African continent suffers from a shortage of medical equipment, research resources and epidemiological expertise. While recognizing that risk factors are interconnected, we focused on risk factors more or less specific to each cancer type. This helps identify specific preventive and therapeutic options in Africa. We see a need for implementing more accurate preventive strategies to tackle this disease as many cases are likely preventable. Opportunities exist for vaccination programs for cervical and liver cancer, genetic testing and use of new targeted therapies for breast and prostate cancer, and positive changes in lifestyle for lung, colorectal and bladder cancers. Such recommendations should be tailored for the different African regions depending on their disease profiles and specific needs.
Avoiding Full Lymphadenectomies in Intermediate- and High-Risk Endometrial Cancer by Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Implementation
Authors: Pineda Virginia García , Zapardiel Ignacio , Gracia Myriam , Siegrist Jaime , Diestro María Dolores , Alonso María , Hernández Alicia 
Published: April 2021

ObjectiveTo evaluate the role of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) to avoid staging lymphadenectomies by detecting nodal metastasis in intermediate- and high-risk endometrial cancer (EC).MethodsA single institutional retrospective study was performed including all patients with intermediate- and high-risk EC who underwent surgical nodal staging between January 2012 and December 2019. Patients with disseminated disease detected on imaging techniques or at the time of surgery were excluded. Patients were evaluable if they underwent nodal staging with SLNB and pelvic (PLD) and paraaortic (PALD) lymph node dissection. We analyzed the accuracy of the sentinel lymph node technique. Only patients with at least one sentinel lymph node (SLN) detected were included in the sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV) analyses. The tracers used were technetium 99m, blue dye, and indocyanine green.ResultsEighty-eight patients presented intermediate- and high-risk EC (51 patients and 37 patients respectively) and underwent SLNB with consecutive PLD and PALD. The median (range) number of sentinel nodes retrieved was 2.9 (0–11). The global detection rate of SLN was 96.6% with a bilateral detection of 80.7% when considering all tracers used. However, when combination of indocyanine green and technetium was used the bilateral detection rate was 90.3%. Nodal metastases were detected in 17 (19.3%) cases, 8 (47%) of them corresponded to low volume metastasis (LVM), 7 (87.5%) of them diagnosed at ultrastaging pathologic exam. Finally, we obtained a sensitivity of 90%, a NPV of 97.5%, and a false negative rate (FNR) of 10% in the intermediate-risk EC compared to sensitivity of 85.7%, NPV of 96.6%, and FNR of 14.3% in the high-risk EC group. The only patient with isolated paraaortic nodal metastasis was found at the high-risk group, 1.1%.ConclusionsAccording to our results, full lymphadenectomy could be avoided by performing SLNB in patients with intermediate-risk EC because the only false negative case detected was at the beginning of ICG learning curve. For high-risk EC patients we did not find enough evidence to support the systematic avoidance of staging full lymph node dissection. Nevertheless, SLNB should be performed in all cases of EC as it improves LVM diagnosis substantially.
A Review of the Toxicity and Phytochemistry of Medicinal Plant Species Used by Herbalists in Treating People Living With HIV/AIDS in Uganda
Authors: Anywar G. , Kakudidi E. , Byamukama R. , Mukonzo J. , Schubert A. , Oryem-Origa H. , Jassoy C. 
Published: April 2021

Introduction: Despite concerns about toxicity, potentially harmful effects and herb-drug interactions, the use of herbal medicines remains widely practiced by people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) in Uganda.Objective: The objective of the paper was to comprehensively review the literature on the toxicity and chemical composition of commonly used medicinal plant species in treating PLHIV in Uganda.Methods: We reviewed relevant articles and books published over the last sixty years on ethnobotany, antiviral/anti-HIV activity, toxicity, phytochemistry of Vachellia hockii, Albizia coriaria, Bridelia micrantha, Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, Erythrina abyssinica, Gardenia ternifolia, Gymnosporia senegalensis, Psorospermum febrifugium, Securidaca longipendunculata, Warburgia ugandensis and Zanthoxylum chalybeum and their synonyms. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct and Google Scholar.Discussion: Most of the plant species reviewed apart from P. febrifugium, S. longipedunculata and C. sanguinolenta lacked detailed phytochemical analyses as well as the quantification and characterization of their constituents. Crude plant extracts were the most commonly used. However, purified/single component extracts from different plant parts were also used in some studies. The U87 human glioblastoma was the most commonly used cell line. Water, ethanol, methanol and DMSO were the commonest solvents used. In some instances, isolated purified compounds/extracts such as Cryptolepine and Psorospermin were used.Conclusion: Cytotoxicity varied with cell type, solvent and extract type used making it difficult for direct comparison of the plant species. Five of the eleven plant species namely, A. coriaria, C. sanguinolenta, G. ternifolia, P. febrifugium and Z. chalybeum had no cytotoxicity studies in animal models. For the remaining six plant species, the crude aqueous and ethanol extracts were mainly used in acute oral toxicity studies in mice. Herbalists reported only A. coriaria and W. ugandensis to cause toxic side effects in humans. However, selective cytotoxic plant extracts can potentially be beneficial as anticancer or anti-tumour drugs.
Multifocal Analysis of Acute Pain After Third Molar Removal
Authors: Weckwerth Giovana Maria , Dionísio Thiago José , Costa Yuri Martins , Zupelari-Gonçalves Paulo , Oliveira Gabriela Moraes , Torres Elza Araújo , Bonjardim Leonardo Rigoldi , Faria Flavio Augusto Cardoso , Calvo Adriana Maria , Moore Troy , Absher Devin Michael , Santos Carlos Ferreira 
Published: April 2021

Background: To analyze the pain modulation capacity profile in a Brazilian population, the relationship between opioid receptor (OPRM1) and Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) 1polymorphisms and pain modulation capacity was determined through preoperative pain modulation tests and acute postoperative pain control evaluation, swelling, and trismus in 200 volunteers undergoing lower third molar removal.Methods: Psychologic and clinical parameters were measured. Patient DNA was sequenced for single nucleotide polymorphisms in OPRM1 and COMT, and the salivary concentration of interleukin (IL)-2 (IL)-6, interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was evaluated. Primary outcomes were the influence of all predictors on the fluctuation of pain intensity using a visual analogue scale (VAS), and swelling and trismus on the 2nd and 7th postoperative days. Preoperative pain modulation capacity (CPM), pain catastrophizing scale (PCS), body mass index (BMI), and surgery duration and difficulty were evaluated.Results: Salivary concentration of IFN-γ and IL-2 as well as the duration of surgery influenced the fluctuation of postoperative pain in the VAS, and in the sum of the differences in pain intensity test at 8, 48, and 96 h. BMI influenced swelling, while both BMI and COMT haplotype influenced trismus on the 2nd postoperative day.Conclusion: Polymorphisms in COMT, salivary concentrations of IL-2 and IFN-γ, BMI, and duration of surgery were predictors for pain fluctuation, swelling, and trismus on the 2nd day after lower third molar extraction. This therapy was effective in controlling inflammatory symptomatology after lower third molar extraction and ibuprofen was well tolerated by patients.Clinical Trial Registration:www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT03169127.
The Use of Defatted Tenebrio molitor Larvae Meal as a Main Protein Source Is Supported in European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) by Data on Growth Performance, Lipid Metabolism, and Flesh Quality
Authors: Basto Ana , Calduch-Giner Josep , Oliveira Beatriz , Petit Lisa , Sá Tiago , Maia Margarida R. G. , Fonseca Susana C. , Matos Elisabete , Pérez-Sánchez Jaume , Valente Luisa M. P. 
Published: April 2021

ObjectiveThis study aims to determine the maximal inclusion level of defatted (d-) Tenebrio molitor larvae meal (TM) able to replace dietary fishmeal (FM) without compromising growth performance, general metabolism, and flesh quality traits in European sea bass, and to evaluate the major underlying physiological mechanisms.Materials and MethodsFish (55 ± 2 g) were fed with diets containing increasing levels of dTM: 0, 40, 80 and 100% (CTRL, TM40, TM80, and TM100, respectively) to replace FM. After 10 weeks of feeding, the growth performance, nutrient and energy balance, intestinal integrity, plasma metabolites and the expression of genes related to growth and nutrient metabolism, in liver and muscle were determined. The fatty acids (FA) profile, textural properties and color were also evaluated in muscle.ResultsProtein and lipids digestibility remained unaltered up to 80% dTM inclusion. Growth performance parameters were similar among dietary treatments. The dTM inclusion increased the hepatosomatic index in fish fed TM100. Muscle eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated FA levels were maintained up to 80% dTM inclusion, but total cholesterol and non-esterified FA increased with dietary dTM inclusion. In liver, the expression of elongation of very long-chain FA protein 6 (elovl6) and FA desaturase 2 (fads2) did not change in fish fed TM40 and TM80, but elovl6 decreased whilst fads2 increased in fish fed TM100 when compared to those fed CTRL. The expression of cholesterol 7 alpha-monooxygenase (cyp7a1) decreased with dietary dTM inclusion. In muscle, the expression of myoblast determination protein-2 (myod2) decreased in fish fed TM80 and TM100.ConclusionIt is feasible to substitute dietary FM by dTM up to 80% in European sea bass without detrimental effects on nutrient digestibility, growth performance and associated genetic pathways, whilst assuring fillet nutritional value for human consumption.
First-Time Users of ADHD Medication Among Children and Adolescents in Germany: An Evaluation of Adherence to Prescribing Guidelines Based on Claims Data
Authors: Scholle Oliver , Kollhorst Bianca , Riedel Oliver , Bachmann Christian J. 
Published: April 2021

Background: Drug utilization studies based on real-world data are vital for the identification of potentially needed improvements to rational prescribing. This is particularly important for the pharmacological treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) due to the associated potential side effects and the frequent use. Whereas prevalent use is well-characterized, studies on first-time use of ADHD medication are scarce. This study aimed to evaluate off-label prescribing in first-time users of ADHD medication among children and adolescents in Germany based on three criteria: (i) lack of a documented ADHD diagnosis; (ii) first-time pharmacological treatment with a second-line drug; and (iii) patient age below 6 years.Methods: Based on German claims data, we included children and adolescents aged 0–17 years with a first-time dispensation of any ADHD medication in the period 2015–2017. These first-time users were characterized with regard to sex, age, specialty of the prescribing physician, documentation of an ADHD diagnosis, psychiatric hospitalization, psychiatric comorbidities, and history of other psychopharmacological drugs at first-time use.Results: The study population comprised 18,703 pediatric first-time users of ADHD medication. Of these, 9.8% had no documented ADHD diagnosis. Most of the ADHD drug users received first-line ADHD pharmacotherapy (methylphenidate, atomoxetine), whereas 2.6% were prescribed second-line ADHD medication (lisdexamfetamine, guanfacine, dexamfetamine, multiple ADHD drugs) as first drug. Overall, 1.2% of first-time users were aged below 6 years. A total of 12.7% of the study population met any off-label criterion.Conclusions: About 13% of pediatric first-time users of ADHD medication in Germany received an off-label pharmacotherapy at first-time use. Prescribing ADHD medication without a confirmed ADHD diagnosis was the most common of the three assessed off-label criteria. Off-label prescribing regarding drug choice and age of patients only occurred in a small percentage of initial pharmacological ADHD treatment. Our results suggest the need for improvement in rational prescribing, especially with regard to diagnostic requirements.
Strange Days: Adult Physical Activity and Mental Health in the First Two Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Gierc Madelaine , Riazi Negin A. , Fagan Matthew James , Di Sebastiano Katie M. , Kandola Mahabhir , Priebe Carly S. , Weatherson Katie A. , Wunderlich Kelly B. , Faulkner Guy 
Published: April 2021

Background: In addition to its physical health benefits, physical activity is increasingly recognized as a means to support mental health. Regular moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is associated with improved mental well-being, reduced likelihood of developing mental illness, and improved symptom management. Despite these benefits, most people fail to achieve minimum recommended levels of MVPA. Population levels of physical activity have further declined since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and implementation of public health measures (e.g., shelter-in-place protocols). The potential impact of this decline on mental heath outcomes warrants ongoing investigation.Purpose: To investigate associations between changes in MVPA and mental health (depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and life satisfaction) in adults impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.Method: Research followed a cross-sectional design. English-speaking adults were invited to complete an online questionnaire. MVPA was assessed retrospectively (before COVID-19) and currently (during COVID-19) with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Mental health was assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire, 9-Item (PHQ-9), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder, 7-Item (GAD-7), and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Regression was used to assess relationships between MVPA and mental health. ANOVA with follow-up tests examined whether participants who differed in mental health status (e.g., no symptoms vs. severe symptoms) differed in their change in MVPA. T-tests were used to examine differences in mental health symptomatology between participants who were sufficiently (i.e., achieving MVPA guidelines of ≥ 150 min/week) vs. insufficiently active.Results: Prior to COVID-19, 68.2% of participants were classified as being sufficiently active, vs. 60.6% during COVID-19. The majority of participants reported experiencing some level of depressive symptoms (62.0%) or anxiety symptoms (53.7%). After controlling for covariates, changes in MVPA accounted for significant variability in the PHQ-9 (7.7%), GAD-7 (2.5%), and SWLS (1.5 %). Participants with clinically significant mental health symptomatology reported greater declines in MVPA than those who reported no symptoms. Conversely, participants who were sufficiently active during COVID-19 reported significantly lower depression and anxiety, and higher life satisfaction.Conclusion: Participants who experienced the greatest declines in MVPA reported relatively greater psychological distress and lower life satisfaction. While preliminary, these findings suggest the importance of maintaining and promoting physical activity during a period of pandemic.
OBESIDAD
Authors: Pabón Carlos Andrés , Hubley Elisha , Spurrell Gerald , Smoczyk Maria 
Published: April 2021

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en una población de bajos ingresos de Costa Rica.
Método: Datos proporcionados por la clínica Casa de Socorro de Rincón Grande de Pavas, los cuales fueron obtenidos mediante la aplicación de una encuesta a pacientes nuevos durante el periodo comprendido entre 21 de septiembre y 20 de octubre del 2020. Se determió la prevalencia global de sobrepeso y obesidad en la población, así como su prevalencia esoecífica para hombres y mujeres, y según la edad al dividir la población en tres grupos etarios. Se analizaron la diferencia entre el nivel educativo, el nivel de ingresos mensuales y la actividad física reportada, de acuerdo al valor de IMC normal o mayor/igual a 25.
Resultados: Se determinó una altra prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad global, así como en el subgrupo de hombres y mujeres, además esta fue mayor en el grupo de adultos de mediana a mayor edad. Se identificaron características comunes entre los grupos de IMC elevado; incuyendo bajo nivel educativo, bajo nivel de ingresos e insuficiente actividad física diaria.
Conclusión: El sobrepeso y obesidad se encuentra en aumento a nivel mundial. Las prevalencias determinadas en una población de escasos ingresos en Costa Rica es abrumadoramente superior a la prevalencia general del país. La insuficiente actividad física es un denominador común en las alteraciones de peso corporal.
Pengaruh Disiplin Kerja dan Motivasi Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Pegawai di Lingkungan Puskesmas Balida Kecamatan Dawuan Kabupaten Majalengka
Authors: Daimah Daimah 
Published: April 2021

Tujuan yang ingin dicapai dalam penelitian ini adalah (1) Untuk mengkaji dan menganalisis besarnya pengaruh faktor disiplin kerja secara parsial terhadap kinerja pegawai di lingkungan Puskesmas Balida Kecamatan Dawuan Kabupaten Majalengka. (2) Untuk mengkaji dan menganalisis besarnya faktor motivasi kerja secara parsial terhadap kinerja pegawai di lingkungan Puskesmas Balida Kecamatan Dawuan Kabupaten Majalengka.(3) Untuk mengkaji dan menganalisis besarnya faktor disiplin kerja dan motivasi secara simultan terhadap kinerja pegawai di lingkungan Puskesmas Balida Kecamatan Dawuan Kabupaten Majalengka. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif korelatif, yaitu mencari seberapa besar pengaruh disiplin keraj dan motivasi kerja terhadap kinerja pegawai Puskesmas Balida Kecamatan Dawuan Kabupaten Majalengka, baik secara sendiri-sendiri maupun secara bersama-sama (simultan). Penelitian ini berbentuk survei dengan karakteristik antara lain dapat mengumpulkan data dalam jumlah yang relatif besar, dapat mengumpulkan informasi beberapa variabel kontruks, dan mengumpulkan informasi dengan tujuan pemecahan masalah dan pengujian hipotesis. hasil penelitian dimaksudkan untuk memberikan gambaran umum mengenai penyebaran/distribusi data, baik berupa ukuran gejala sentral, ukuran letak maupun distribusi frekuensi. Harga-harga yang akan disajikan setelah diolah dari data mentah dengan menggunakan metode statistik deskriptif, yaitu; harga rata-rata, simpangan baku, modus, median, distribusi frekuensi serta grafik histogram.
Hubungan Kepemimpinan Sekolah dan Budaya Organisasi dengan Motivasi Kerja Guru di UPTD Pendidikan Kecamatan Sindangagung Kabupaten Kuningan
Authors: Herdiyanto Feri 
Published: April 2021

Maksud penelitian ini adalah untuk menyimpulkan data dan informasi yang akan digunakan untuk membahas masalah yang diidentifikasi. Adapun tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) Mengetahui, memahami, dan menganalisis bagaimana hubungan kepemimpinan sekolah dan budaya organisasi terhadap motivasi kerja guru di UPTD Pendidikan Kecamatan Sindangagung Kabupaten Kuningan; (2) Mengetahui, memahami, dan menganalisis bagaimana hubungan kepemimpinan sekolah dengan motivasi kerja guru di UPTD Pendidikan Kecamatan Sindangagung Kabupaten Kuningan; dan (3) Mengetahui, memahami, dan menganalisis bagaimana hubungan budaya organisasi dengan motivasi kerja guru di UPTD Pendidikan Kecamatan Sindangagung Kabupaten Kuningan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survei dengan analisis korelasional. Penelitian ini bersifat non eksperimen dan data dijaring dengan menggunakan kuesioner yang berbentuk skala. Hubungan antara variabel-variabel bebas dengan variabel terikat tersebut dapat digambarkan dalam bentuk konstelasi hubungan. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian hipotesis dan pembahasan hasil penelitian, pada bab ini akan diketengahkan kesimpulan dan saran yang bersifat sintetik dan sistemik. Kesimpulan yang rumusannya bersifat umum yang merupakan dasar bagi pengkajian selanjutnya berupa saran penelitian.
O ensino de Matemática em tempos de pandemia: o uso do aplicativo photomath como recurso didático
Authors: Cardoso Meiri das Graças , Lança Juliana Fernandes , Souza Marilda de 
Published: April 2021

No ano de 2020 ocorreram muitas mudanças no processo de ensino e aprendizagem, em virtude da Pandemia, escolas/professores tiveram que se reinventar a uma nova realidade educacional. Nessa perspectiva, a presente pesquisa trouxe um relato de experiência, descrevendo a apresentação e a utilização do aplicativo Photomath, aplicado ao conteúdo de expressão numérica aos alunos do sexto ano do ensino fundamental, de uma escola da rede privada da cidade de Londrina, estado do Paraná, no período de maio a julho, com o intuito de propor que o ensino da Matemática, no contexto escolar, pudesse ser eficaz, desvelando o bônus que um recurso tecnológico apresenta em relação ao suporte da prática de ensino. A pesquisa se configura como qualitativa, com os métodos e procedimentos ancorados nas narrativas sobre os desafios e dificuldades enfrentados pelos alunos e professores em sala de aula. Concluiu-se, que a utilização do aplicativo enquanto recurso didático trouxe benefícios à aprendizagem dos alunos, uma vez que, garantiu o envolvimento, a atenção e a participação do grupo.
Palavras-chave: Photomath. Aplicativos. Matemática. Expressão numérica. Aulas remotas.