bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analytical results for the distribution of first hitting times of random walks on random regular graphs
Authors: Tishby Ido , Biham Ofer , Katzav Eytan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe present analytical results for the distribution of first hitting (FH) times of random walks (RWs) on random regular graphs (RRGs) of degreec⩾ 3 and a finite sizeN. Starting from a random initial node at timet= 1, at each time stept⩾ 2 an RW hops randomly into one of thecneighbors of its previous node. In some of the time steps the RW may hop into a yet-unvisited node while in other time steps it may revisit a node that has already been visited before. The first time at which the RW enters a node that has already been visited before is called the FH time or the first intersection length. The FH event may take place either by backtracking (BT) to the previous node or by retracing (RET), namely stepping into a node which has been visited two or more time steps earlier. We calculate the tail distributionP(TFH>t) of FH times as well as its mean ⟨TFH⟩ and variance Var(TFH). We also calculate the probabilitiesPBTandPRETthat the FH event will occur via the BT scenario or via the RET scenario, respectively. We show that in dilute networks the dominant FH scenario is BT while in dense networks the dominant scenario is RET and calculate the conditional distributionsP(TFH=t|BT) andP(TFH=t|RET), for the two scenarios. The analytical results are in excellent agreement with the results obtained from computer simulations. Considering the FH event as a termination mechanism of the RW trajectories, these results provide useful insight into the general problem of survival analysis and the statistics of mortality rates when two or more termination scenarios coexist.
Retraction: Neural Networks Considered Harmful (IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science
242 052027)
Authors: Zhang Yanwei , Wang Wenwen 
Published: February 2021

This article has been retracted by IOP Publishing on 17 February 2021 in light of clear evidence that it was computer generated. IOP Publishing is investigating why this was not identified during the submission and peer review process by the conference. As a member of the Committee for Publication Ethics (COPE) this has been investigated in accordance with COPE guidelines and it was agreed the article should be retracted.
Retraction published: 17 February 2021
Dynamic of orientation processes in liquid crystal systems of technical devices
Authors: Larionov A N , Polivaev O I , Larionova N N , Mashina A V 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The relaxation properties of nematic liquid crystals by the pulsed method of a fixed distance in a rotating magnetic field are investigated. The adequacy of the solution of the equation of motion of the nematic director in the conditions of asynchronous motion of the director and the magnetic field induction vector was experimentally confirmed. The values of the rotational viscosity coefficient and the orientation relaxation time that characterize the parameters of devices with a liquid-crystal working medium in a wide range of pressures and temperatures are calculated. In the framework of the free volume theory, the dependence of the rotational viscosity coefficient on temperature and pressure is analyzed.
Energy efficiency of production of Vico-oat mixture at various cultivation technologies
Authors: Sabirova T P , Galina G S , Sabirov P 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
It is well known that growing farm animals requires green food balanced in protein. These requirements are met by the Vico-oat mixture. Green food plays an important role in feeding animals, providing them with essential nutrients and vitamins. Recently, there are more and more questions about environmentally friendly feed production. The selection of technologies for the cultivation of oatmeal mixture for specific farms that use different farming systems and have different material and technical resources is carried out by the Yaroslavl NIIZHK-branch of the Federal research center “V. R. Williams VIC”. The article describes the energy efficiency of cultivation of Vico-oat mixture for green mass using extensive, biologized, intensive and high-intensity technologies. The structure of energy consumption in the cultivation of Vico-oat mixture for green mass according to various technologies is given, as well as energy consumption for all products, net energy income, energy cost of dry matter and raw protein.
Enhancing SiN waveguide optical nonlinearity via hybrid GaS integration
Authors: Deckoff-Jones Skylar , Pelgrin Vincent , Zhang Jianhao , Lafforgue Christian , Deniel Lucas , Guerber Sylvain , Ribeiro-Palau Rebeca , Boeuf Frédéric , Alonso-Ramos Carlos , Vivien Laurent , Hu Juejun , Serna Samuel 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Silicon nitride (SiN) has been demonstrated as an exceptional low-loss platform for integrated photonics, however, its relatively small nonlinear refractive index limits its full potential in applications such as all-optical phase modulation, supercontinuum generation, and frequency combs. Here, we demonstrate that through hybrid integration with wide-bandgap 2D materials such as gallium sulfide (GaS), the nonlinear refractive index of the hybrid waveguide can be greatly increased (by five-fold in our experiment). We fabricate high quality factor SiN/GaS microring resonators, with low two-photon absorption at telecom wavelengths, to demonstrate enhanced all-optical modulation. We show that the hybrid platform is suitable for assessing the nonlinear properties of 2D materials, and we have used it to quantify, for the first time, the nonlinear refractive index (n
2) of GaS. For GaS, n
2 =

12
×

10

−
19

m

2

W

−

1

, which is ten times larger than that of SiN.
Application of single-cell real-time imaging flow cytometry in rapid detection of pathogenic fungi in clinical liquid specimens
Authors: Lv Linting , Dong Li , Zheng Jiajia , Maermaer Tuohutaerbieke , Huang Xiangbo , Fan Xueying , Zhang Hao , Shen Tao 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Rapid and direct observation of fungal spores or hyphae in clinical liquid specimens poses a challenge for the diagnosis of invasive fungal infection. To allow rapid detection of fungal pathogens, we designed a new method of fungal cell detection involving double fluorescence staining with calcium fluorescent white (CFW) and SYTOX green combined with single-cell real-time imaging flow cytometry (IFC). IFC allowed quick detection and analysis of detailed morphology of the spores and pseudohyphae of Candida albicans, and small hyphae and typical truncated large mycelia of Aspergillus fumigatus. Further, cell sorting based on fluorescence, the width-to-height ratio and bright-field parameters preferentially identified spores or hyphae with a typical cell wall. The specificity and overall coincidence rate of IFC for fungi detection in common clinical samples were 100% and 98.18%, respectively. Moreover, the detection rate by IFC (102/105, 97.14%) was significantly higher (P = 0.002) than that by wet mount method (89/105, 84.5%). Therefore, IFC is a reliable diagnostic method with a high potential for application for rapid diagnosis of fungal infection in the clinic.
Comprehensive topography characterization of polycrystalline diamond coatings
Authors: Gujrati Abhijeet , Sanner Antoine , Khanal Subarna R. , Moldovan Nicolaie , Zeng Hongjun , Pastewka Lars , Jacobs Tevis D. B. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The surface topography of diamond coatings strongly affects surface properties such as adhesion, friction, wear, and biocompatibility. However, the understanding of multi-scale topography, and its effect on properties, has been hindered by conventional measurement methods, which capture only a single length scale. Here, four different polycrystalline diamond coatings are characterized using transmission electron microscopy to assess the roughness down to the sub-nanometer scale. Then these measurements are combined, using the power spectral density (PSD), with conventional methods (stylus profilometry and atomic force microscopy) to characterize all scales of topography. The results demonstrate the critical importance of measuring topography across all length scales, especially because their PSDs cross over one another, such that a surface that is rougher at a larger scale may be smoother at a smaller scale and vice versa. Furthermore, these measurements reveal the connection between multi-scale topography and grain size, with characteristic scaling behavior at and slightly below the mean grain size, and self-affine fractal-like roughness at other length scales. At small (subgrain) scales, unpolished surfaces exhibit a common form of residual roughness that is self-affine in nature but difficult to detect with conventional methods. This approach of capturing topography from the atomic- to the macro-scale is termed comprehensive topography characterization, and all of the topography data from these surfaces has been made available for further analysis by experimentalists and theoreticians. Scientifically, this investigation has identified four characteristic regions of topography scaling in polycrystalline diamond materials.
Microstructure and tribological behavior of in situ ZrB2/A356 composites prepared under magnetic field
Authors: Jiao Lei , Fan Li , Zhao Yutao , Wang Bao Wang , Huang Xin Peng , Li Hui , Yang Yong , Li Dong Dong 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A356-3 wt% ZrB2 composite was prepared by in-situ magnetochemical reaction at x Hz(x = 0, 5, 10, 15) magnetic field frequency, and its dry sliding friction and wear properties were studied. XRD results show that the composite is composed of ZrB2 and aluminum phase. SEM analysis showed that the size and distribution of ZrB2 particles improved with the increase of frequency. The size of ZrB2 particles in the cluster is about 20–100 nm. The hardness test results showed that with the increase of frequency, the hardness of the composite increased to 235.72 Hv. The friction and wear test results show that the friction coefficient and wear rate of the composite material under 10 N load are lower than that under 5 N load, and the lowest values are 0.28112 and 0.50875, respectively. With the increase of frequency, the wear mechanism changes from adhesive wear to abrasive wear. The effect of magnetic field on in-situ reaction is discussed.
Recent advances on application of gold nanorods in detection field
Authors: Xu Weizhen , Wang Boyang , Zhang Yadan , An Qingxiao , Zhou Rongju , Peng Chenzhan , Lin Qinlu , Xing Yanxia 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The development of new methods for applications of detection in the biological field is a topic of intense and growing interest. The currently practiced methods for biological detection have many defects, such as time-consuming, low accuracy, and cumbersome for operators. Gold nanorods (AuNRs) have received tremendous attention recently in the fields of biological detection owing to the unique characteristics of surface plasmon resonance (SPR), which provides a remarkable ability to absorb and scatter light. Furthermore, AuNRs can be functionalized with a wide variety of biomolecules for targeted detection. Moreover, their versatility and unique properties have generated more applications in medical areas. In this review, we briefly outline the synthesis and surface modification of AuNRs, and focus on the recent advances of the application of AuNRs in detection field. Finally, the outlook and future prospect on the development of AuNRs are provided.
Performance evaluation of a new 30 μm thick GaAs x-ray detector grown by MBE
Authors: Lioliou G , Poyser C L , Whale J , Campion R P , Kent A J , Barnett A M 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A circular mesa (400 μm diameter) GaAs p+-i-n+ photodiode with a 30 μm thick i layer was characterized for its performance as a detector in photon counting x-ray spectroscopy at 20 °C. The detector was fabricated from material grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). An earlier MBE-grown detector fabricated using a different fabrication process and material from a different area of the same epiwafer was shown to suffer from: relatively high leakage current at high temperatures; a high effective carrier concentration that limited its depletion layer width; and material imperfections (butterfly defects) [Lioliou et al 2019 Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A
946 162670]. However, the new detector has better performance (lower leakage current and effective carrier concentration within the i layer). Using the new detector and low noise readout electronics, an energy resolution of 750 eV ± 20 eV Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) at 5.9 keV was achieved at 20 °C, equal to that reported for high quality GaAs detectors made from high quality material grown by metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy [Lioliou et al 2017 J. Appl. Phys.
122 244506]. The results highlight the substantially different performances of detectors made from the same epiwafer when the wafer qualities are not uniform and the effects of different fabrication processes.
Structure, dielectrical properties and capacitance properties of Ba0.3Sr0.7Zr0.18Ti0.82O3/BaTiO3 hetero-structure thin films with different BTO layer thicknesses
Authors: Ji Hang , Yu Ping 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Ba0.3Sr0.7Zr0.18Ti0.82O3/BaTiO3 (BSZT/BTO) films containing 70–640 nm BTO layers and pure BaTiO3 film were deposited on Pt(111)/Ti/SiO2/Si substrate using radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. The effect of the BTO layer thickness on the structure and electrical properties of the resulting BSZT/BTO films was investigated by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well as dielectrical tests. The BTO layer thickness significantly affected the structure and, as a result, the electrical properties of the corresponding BTO/BSZT thin films. Thin films containing 190 nm BSZT layer and 70–640 nm BTO films demonstrated gradually improved crystallinity as the BTO layer thickness increased. Additionally, the (110) crystalline orientations of these films were more evident as the BTO layer thickness increased, which also resulted in improved electrical properties. When the thickness of BTO film was 640 nm, the dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and leakage current density of the BSZT/BTO composite thin film were 139, 0.00816 at 1 MHz, and 1.36 × 10−6 A cm−2 at 40 V, respectively. The same values for 680 nm thick pure BTO film were 147, 0.02197 at 1 MHz, and 7.63 × 10−6 A cm−2 at 40 V, respectively. Thus, BSZT/BTO hetero-structured film with a 640 nm BTO possessed lower dielectric loss and six times smaller leakage current than pure BTO film. The reduction of dielectric loss and leakage current will improve the quality of the devices containing BTO films, which is advantageous for their wide-spread practical applications. Meanwhile, the relationship between the thickness of BTO layer and capacitance is explored, and the dielectric constant of BSZT buffer layer is calculated.
The effect of grain boundary on Na ion transport in polycrystalline solid-state electrolyte cubic Na3PS4
Authors: Wang Yixuan , Li Gengwei , Shen Kun , Tian Enke 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In the polycrystalline solid-state electrolytes (SSEs), ionic transport is directly linked to the properties of all solid-state batteries. Grain boundaries (GBs), as essential defects in SSE, were found to play a significant role in the overall kinetics of Na ion transport, while the mechanism is not well understood due to the complex role of GBs. In this study, the first principles and phase field calculations are combined to explore the diffusion path and the interaction between point defects and grain boundaries in cubic Na3PS4 at different scales. The effects of point defects segregation on the overall kinetics of ionic transport were discussed in detail. By comparing the energy barriers required for ion transition along GBs and across GBs, the effect of the grain boundary on ionic diffusion can be influenced by local atomic coordination. This study could help improve the fundamental understanding of ionic transport in polycrystalline solid-state electrolytes, and provide guidance for designing new solid-state electrolytes with excellent ionic conductivity.
The effect of substrate curvature on capacitance and current–voltage characteristics in thin-film transistors on flexible substrates
Authors: Chattopadhyay Shirsopratim , Labram John G 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Mechanically flexible electronics are devices designed to operate under significant physical deformations such as bending, twisting, and stretching. While the materials systems and devices compatible with flexible substrates have been extensively studied, the mathematical framework for analysis remains identical to that of traditional planar silicon-based electronics. However, the non-planar and dynamic form factors desired from flexible electronics invalidate assumptions made in these models. For electronic devices to be predictable and ultimately commercially viable, they must be understood in any physical form. Here we employ the method of moments to calculate the capacitance between two electrical conductors of arbitrary shape. Combined with a model for source–drain current in thin-film transistors (TFTs) on the surface of a cylinder, we are able to calculate the current–voltage characteristics in curved TFTs as a function of bending angle. We demonstrate how deformations to device geometry are expected to lead to non-negligible changes in current–voltage characteristics. This work represents the first step towards a new framework for understanding and characterizing electronics with any physical form factor, ultimately bringing flexible electronics closer to commercial viability.
Automation of some macromolecular properties using a machine learning approach
Authors: Hoxha Merjem , Kamberaj Hiqmet 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this study, we employed a newly developed method to predict macromolecular properties using a swarm artificial neural network (ANN) method as a machine learning approach. In this method, the molecular structures are represented by the feature description vectors used as training input data for a neural network. This study aims to develop an efficient approach for training an ANN using either experimental or quantum mechanics data. We aim to introduce an error model controlling the reliability of the prediction confidence interval using a bootstrapping swarm approach. We created different datasets of selected experimental or quantum mechanics results. Using this optimized ANN, we hope to predict properties and their statistical errors for new molecules. There are four datasets used in this study. That includes the dataset of 642 small organic molecules with known experimental hydration free energies, the dataset of 1475 experimental pKa values of ionizable groups in 192 proteins, the dataset of 2693 mutants in 14 proteins with given experimental values of changes in the Gibbs free energy, and a dataset of 7101 quantum mechanics heat of formation calculations. All the data are prepared and optimized using the AMBER force field in the CHARMM macromolecular computer simulation program. The bootstrapping swarm ANN code for performing the optimization and prediction is written in Python computer programming language. The descriptor vectors of the small molecules are based on the Coulomb matrix and sum over bond properties. For the macromolecular systems, they consider the chemical-physical fingerprints of the region in the vicinity of each amino acid.
A machine learning based Bayesian optimization solution to non-linear responses in dusty plasmas
Authors: Ding Zhiyue , Matthews Lorin S , Hyde Truell W 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Nonlinear frequency response analysis is a widely used method for determining system dynamics in the presence of nonlinearities. In dusty plasmas, the plasma–grain interaction (e.g. grain charging fluctuations) can be characterized by a single-particle non-linear response analysis, while grain–grain non-linear interactions can be determined by a multi-particle non-linear response analysis. Here a machine learning-based method to determine the equation of motion in the non-linear response analysis for dust particles in plasmas is presented. Searching the parameter space in a Bayesian manner allows an efficient optimization of the parameters needed to match simulated non-linear response curves to experimentally measured non-linear response curves.
A proactive medical necessity review program reduces revenue loss associated with outpatient medical benefit drugs
Authors: Hawes Emily M , Misita Caron P , Amerine Lindsey B , Francart Suzanne J 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Purpose
A common denial trend that occurs with “outpatient medical benefit drugs” (ie, medications covered by a medical benefit plan and administered in an outpatient visit) is payers not requiring or permitting prior authorization (PA) proactively, yet denying the drug after administration for medical necessity. In this situation, a preemptive strategy of complying with payer-mandated requirements is critical for revenue protection. To address this need, our institution incorporated a medical necessity review into its existing closed-loop, pharmacy-managed precertification and denials management program.

Summary
Referrals for targeted payers and high-cost medical benefit drugs not eligible for PA and deemed high risk for denial were incorporated into the review. Payer medical policies were evaluated and clinical documentation assessed to confirm alignment. This descriptive report outlines the medical necessity workflow as a component of the larger precertification process, details the decision-making process when performing the review, and delineates the roles and responsibilities for involved team members. A total of 526 drug orders were evaluated from September 2018 to August 2019, with 146 interventions completed. Of the 761 individual claims affected by proactive medical necessity review, 99.2% resulted in payment and less than 1% resulted in revenue loss, safeguarding more than $5.3 million in annual institutional drug reimbursement. At the time of analysis, there were only 3 cases of revenue loss.

Conclusion
Our institution’s pharmacy-managed medical necessity review program for high-cost outpatient drugs safeguards reimbursement for therapies not eligible for payer PA. It is a revenue cycle best practice that can be replicated at other institutions.