bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Veritism and the normativity of logic
Authors: Shoaibi Nader 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe idea that logic is in some sense normative for thought and reasoning is a familiar one. Some of the most prominent figures in the history of philosophy including Kant and Frege have been among its defenders. The most natural way of spelling out this idea is to formulate wide‐scope deductive requirements on belief which rule out certain states as irrational. But what can account for the truth of such deductive requirements of rationality? By far, the most prominent responses draw in one way or another on the idea that belief aims at the truth. In this paper, I consider two ways of making this line of thought more precise and I argue that they both fail. In particular, I examine a recent attempt by Epistemic Utility Theory to give a veritist account of deductive coherence requirements. I argue that despite its proponents’ best efforts, Epistemic Utility Theory cannot vindicate such requirements.
Uncertainty Quantification with Experts: Present Status and Research Needs
Authors: Hanea Anca M. , Hemming Victoria , Nane Gabriela F. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractExpert elicitation is deployed when data are absent or uninformative and critical decisions must be made. In designing an expert elicitation, most practitioners seek to achieve best practice while balancing practical constraints. The choices made influence the required time and effort investment, the quality of the elicited data, experts’ engagement, the defensibility of results, and the acceptability of resulting decisions. This piece outlines some of the common choices practitioners encounter when designing and conducting an elicitation. We discuss the evidence supporting these decisions and identify research gaps. This will hopefully allow practitioners to better navigate the literature, and will inspire the expert judgment research community to conduct well powered, replicable experiments that properly address the research gaps identified.
Survey of newborn direct antiglobulin testing practice in United States and Canadian transfusion services
Authors: Crowe Elizabeth P. , Goel Ruchika , Andrews Jennifer , Meyer Erin K. , Wong Trisha E. , Sloan Steven R. , Delaney Meghan , Lieberman Lani , Cushing Melissa M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundWe hypothesized that variability in practice exists for newborn immunohematology testing due to lack of consensus guidelines. We report the results of a survey assessing that variability at hospitals in the United States and Canada.Study Design and MethodsAn AABB Pediatric Subsection working party developed and validated a survey of newborn immunohematology testing practice. The survey was sent electronically to transfusion service leadership at teaching institutions.ResultsThe response rate was 67% (61/91); 56 surveys meeting inclusion criteria were analyzed. Approximately 90% (50/56) were from birth hospitals and 16.1% (9/56) were from pediatric hospitals. Newborn immunohematology testing is ordered as a panel by 66.0% (33/50) of birth hospitals. ABO group and DAT is mandated before discharge in 14/56 (25.0%) and 13/56 (23.2%), respectively. About 76.8% (43/56) selectively perform a DAT according to blood blank or clinical parameters. The most common DAT practices include anti‐IgG only testing by 73.2% (41/56) and use of umbilical cord specimen type by 67.9% (38/56). A positive DAT is a critical value for 26.8% (15/56) and followed with eluate testing when a maternal antibody screen is positive for 48.2% (27/56). In the setting of a non‐ABO maternal red cell antibody, 55.4% (31/56), phenotype neonatal red cells when the DAT is positive. Group O RBC are transfused irrespective of the DAT result for 82.1%, (46/56).ConclusionThere is variability in newborn immunohematology testing and transfusion practice and potential overutilization of the DAT. Evidence‐based consensus guidelines should be developed to standardize practice and to improve safety.
Impact on Beams
Authors: Mason H. L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper deals with transverse impact on beams the mass of which is of importance. Experimental results are presented for comparison with theory. Impacts which appear single to the eye are shown to consist in reality of several blows in quick succession.
Section 1 of the paper traces the historical development of this subject by discussing the investigations of Young, Hodgkinson, Cox, Saint Venant, and Timoshenko. Section 2 treats a simplified system in which a concentrated mass strikes a smaller concentrated mass having a “soft” spring restraint. For elastic impact, theory predicts for the struck mass a path composed of sinusoidal elements separated by instantaneous blows. For inelastic impact it predicts a joint harmonic motion. Records of the paths of both masses were obtained experimentally.
Section 3 of the paper uses Timoshenko’s method of combining local deformation of the contact region with lateral vibration of the beam. An experimental investigation of maximum contact pressure and of blow duration gives what is believed to be the first confirmation of this theory.
Section 4 describes an experimental determination of flexural stresses in elastic and inelastic impact on a 3-in. I-beam by the use of a Westinghouse magnetic strain gage. The indication is that stresses may be higher than those calculated by the usual approximations.
The Use of Rubber in Vibration Isolation: Including the Case of Six Degree of Freedom Systems
Authors: Hull E. H. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The desirable properties of an elastic material applicable to many types of vibration-isolation problems are outlined. Of those materials at present available, rubber appears most suitable for this type of work. The general elastic properties of rubber are discussed and data given for determining the stiffness of pads made from one particular compound. Equations are developed for the six natural frequencies and associated modes of vibration of a mass supported on elastic pads and examples of vibration isolation worked out using this theory.
The Load-Deflection Characteristics of Initially Curved Flexural Springs
Authors: Johnson W. E. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The problem considered in this paper is that of determining the relation between the load and the deflection of a curved flexural member which is permitted to take large deflections, so that its action may be considered to be that of a spring. Four primary types of springs are considered, in each of which the line of action of the load is either perpendicular or parallel to the tangent to the neutral axis at the point of clamping, as shown in Fig. 1. In addition to these, the equations for the initial curve of a piston ring with a large gap are given.
The results for the four primary types may be used for any spring which is a combination of several springs of one type, and also for combinations of different types. Thus a spring consisting of any portion of a circular arc may be analyzed. Also, the relations of load, deflection, and stress may be obtained for a spring consisting of several convolutions (corrugated), and subjected to either a compressive or extending force.
For each of the primary types, two sets of curves are given, one set showing the relation between the load and the deflection in the direction of the load, while the other shows the relation between the load and the greatest moment arm which is used to determine the stress. Each set of curves is plotted for several values of the initial curvature, including limiting cases of the column and straight cantilever. Curves are in suitable form for design work.
Methods of computing these relations are summarized so that cases not included in the plotted results may readily be computed. The method of analysis, and discussion of related incidental problems are given in appendixes.
Simultaneous Effects of Corrosion and Abrupt Changes in Section on the Fatigue Strength of Steel
Authors: Dolan Thomas J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper gives the results of a series of tests of the torsional and flexural fatigue strength of specimens of S.A.E. 3140 steel which were tested in air and under a stream of tap water.
Comparative results are given showing the effects of abrupt changes in section with the steel in the hot-rolled condition and also after heat-treatment. The effect of the corrosive action of the stream of water on the fatigue strength of the specimens of various shapes is determined in addition to the effects due to abrupt changes in section and to heat-treatment.
The Calculation of Steam-Turbine Reheat Factors
Authors: Smith Ronald B. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper approaches the problem of reheat from the analytical standpoint. Relations are derived for the reheat gain in the saturated- and superheated-steam regions, which show the influence of pressure ratio, temperature, efficiency and number of expansions. A comparison between the calculated reheat and the reheat computed graphically from the Keenan-Keyes properties of steam indicates good agreement over a wide range of conditions.
Thermo-Fluid Design Simulation of Nd3+ POCl3 Transverse Flow Liquid Laser Cavity
Authors: Singh Vinod Kumar , Singhal Gaurav , Talukdar Prabal 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based thermal design of a transverse flow optical cavity is carried out for 1 kW Nd3+ POCl3 liquid laser source to investigate temperature and velocity distribution in the optical pumping region of the cavity. Temperature gradient and turbulence both affect the refractive index of the liquid gain medium, which results in optical path difference (OPD), divergence and hence, poorer quality of the laser beam. The main purpose of this design is to achieve uniform flow and least temperature gradient in the optical pumping region so that the optical path difference can be minimized and a good beam quality can be achieved. CFD model has been developed for carrying out thermo-fluid simulations for this thermal system and based on these simulations, an optimum geometry of inlet ports along with their position from optical pumping region have been proposed. A user defined function (UDF) is incorporated for the input of spatially varying heat source term in each cell of the optical pumping region of the cavity. Variations in refractive index and optical path difference are estimated from the temperature data using another UDF. Simulation reveals that mass flowrate between 1.5 kg/s and 2.0 kg/s maintains the optical homogeneity of gain medium. Preliminary experiments have been carried out to demonstrate the effect of flowrate on the beam divergence and thereby exhibiting the importance of present simulation work.
Integrating Solids-Based Machining With Feature Recognition
Authors: Tuttle R. , Sormaz N. , Clark D. E. R. , Corney J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The paper describes a system for automatically generating machinable volumes from solid models of single-sided, 2.5D, components and their stock. The resulting bodies are used to support the generation of CNC code from a commercial solids-based machining package. Unlike much of the reported work in this area the authors’ goal has not been an entirely automated system, but rather an intelligent assistant, capable of increasing the part programmer’s productivity. The methodology demonstrates one way in which the twin problems of feature interaction and multiple interpretations can be side-stepped. The authors’ system generates machinable feature volumes bounded by planar and cylindrical faces using algorithms which have been developed and extended from previously reported work. Because the system is closely coupled to a commercial package it has been possible to produce estimates of the time savings (or productivity gains) delivered by the current system which suggested this approach could be of real benefit to practicing engineers.
Creation and Manipulation of Complex Displacement Features During the Conceptual Phase of Design
Authors: van Elsas P. A. , Vergeest J. S. M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Surface feature design is not well supported by contemporary free form surface modelers. For one type of surface feature, the displacement feature, it is shown that intuitive controls can be defined for its design.
A method is described that, given a surface model, allows a designer to create and manipulate displacement features. The method uses numerically stable calculations, and feedback can be obtained within tenths of a second, allowing the designer to employ the different controls with unprecedented flexibility.
The algorithm does not use refinement techniques, that generally lead to data explosion. The transition geometry, connecting a base surface to a displaced region, is found explicitly. Cross-boundary smoothness is dealt with automatically, leaving the designer to concentrate on the design, instead of having to deal with mathematical boundary conditions.
Early test results indicate that interactive support is possible, thus making this a useful tool for conceptual shape design.
Feature-Based Assembly Mating Reasoning
Authors: Wang Eric , Kim Yong Se 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
It is desirable to provide computer-based tools to assist designers and manufacturing engineers in the difficult task of geometric reasoning to achieve fast product development and flexible manufacturing. In the domain of assembly reasoning and planning, numerous methods have been developed to analyze a user-specified assembly configuration of parts. Fewer efforts have been made to systematically obtain the assembly configuration itself from underlying information. As a step in this direction, we present an assembly mating reasoning method that determines feasible assembly configurations directly from part geometry. Our method recognizes form features from the boundary representations of the components, then treats the form features as assembly features and identifies mating relations between them. Assembly configurations are constructed by using Boolean operations on the components to simulate the assembly process. A heuristic backtracking search is used to traverse the space of feasible component assembly operations. The result of the search is an enumeration of feasible assembly configurations.
A Potential Field Algorithm for Fixture Synthesis in 2D
Authors: Penev Kamen , Requicha Aristides A. G. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A fixture is an arrangement of fixturing modules that locate and hold a workpart during a manufacturing operation. In this work we address the fixturing problem in the plane. We consider fixtures with frictionless point contacts. The focus is on contact point placement and its integration with fixture analysis. A novel method for planar fixture synthesis has been developed. It is a non-deterministic, potential field algorithm for contact point placement. The method provides a basic framework for the integration of heterogeneous high-level fixturing agents through an interface based on zones of attraction and repulsion on the workpart boundary. The algorithm may produce redundant fixtures, and can augment partial solutions to complete form closure fixtures.
Removal of Submicron Particles Using High Frequency Ultrasonics
Authors: Busnaina Ahmed A. , Dai Fen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
High-frequency ultrasonic cleaning is widely used in the semiconductor and other industries affected by contamination for the removal of particulate contamination. High frequency (near 1 MHz) ultrasonic cleaning (known as megasonic cleaning) is specially used in semiconductor manufacturing [1]. Many studies concerning submicron particle removal using megasonic and ultrasonic cleaning has been conducted recently [2–7]. The megsonic cleaning process proved to be the essential processes in cleaning silicon wafers after processes such as CMP, RIE, CVD, Sputter, etc. This paper introduces recent results that involve new techniques for introducing the ultrasonic energy in the cleaning bath.
Thermal Aspects of a Novel Micropumping Device
Authors: Sharatchandra M. C. , Sen Mihir , Gad-el-Hak Mohamed 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Heat transfer and attendant temperature rises in a novel micropumping device, are studied numerically. The full two-dimensional Navier-Stokes and energy equations, the latter with viscous dissipation terms retained, are solved using a finite-volume methodology. The effects of Prandtl number and pump size are explored. In addition, an approximate one-dimensional thermal model is developed and the comparisons with the more precise numerical model yielded close agreement in the computed bulk temperature distributions along the pump. For large Eckert numbers, the results indicate that enhancements in the hydrodynamics of pumping could be accompanied by extremely high temperature gradients. Finally, the system transients were found to be restricted to rather large times from startup for some proposed micropumping applications, suggesting the possibility of designing pump operating cycles to circumvent the problem of heat build-up due to viscous dissipation.
The Development of Nomographs Into Mathematical Functions
Authors: Clark William H. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This study was initiated to develop a quick, accurate evaluation of the energy usage and demand of hospitals. The computer programs that were available to facilitate such energy studies required more time, accuracy and data than was available in the project scope (i.e. an industrial type of overall energy audit) to perform a long-term energy analysis. The thoroughness required of a comprehensive study of such a complex facility could not, however, be sacrificed for the sake of a quick, expedient solution.
A compromise solution that is both accurate and quick was found in the series of nomographs produced by an exhaustive study by the Federal Programs Office of the U.S. Department of Energy. This report, dated June 1, 1979, is entitled, “Architects and Engineers Guide to Energy Conservation in Existing Buildings.”
Pertinent nomographs from this report were converted into mathematical functions. These, in turn, were assimilated into a seamless stand alone database application, complete with data entry screens, pull down menus, help messages and data entry screening. The result is an effective, user friendly software program that is simple enough to be used by contractors, but with the accuracy and input variability required of professional energy auditors. The weather data bases includes over four hundred U.S. stations and several hundred international locations, to include bin analysis capabilities at each.
The cumulative result of the equations itemized herein, when used for a building analysis, is a consistent match to actual metered energy usage data. This was proven on a dozen comprehensive hospital energy audits, for which over $10 million in actual energy conservation projects were proved. These were done for the Texas Loan Star program using oil overcharge money.
There is strong confidence by users of this software that the values this application of nomographs produces are accurate and trustworthy. The calculations are performed quickly and easily enough that many iterations can be done — in the time taken to do a single run on competing software — to evaluation many interrelated project costs and paybacks.
Computer Prediction of Anthropometric Frame Size in Children
Authors: Sanchez L. A. , Shoup T. E. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In the design and improvement of medical equipment and consumer products, it is often important to be able to make predictions of anthropometric measurements of the human frame in order to size devices for optimum use. Properly sized equipment and products are easier to use, have far more functional utility and present improved market opportunities. The prediction process for anthropometric size is especially difficult when the human frame is that of a child, since for this segment of the human population, the size varies greatly with time. The most frequently used independent variable used in the prediction of frame size for children is the chronological age in years. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the most often used prediction formulas for human growth and to present a new formulation for anthropometric size made possible by the use of an optimization algorithm using the digital computer. It is believed that this is the first time this particular formulation has been presented.
Computerized Data Acquisition and Model Prototype Testing
Authors: Khosrowjerdi M. , Presz Walter M. , Reynolds Gary 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Exact, analytical solutions for practical, fluid flow problems are almost impossible to obtain. Also, because most practical fluid problems are turbulent, and at high Reynolds number, even approximate solutions are limited. Thus, scale model prototyping, and testing are a critical part of any product development program in the aerospace industry. This paper presents state of the art computer procedures which greatly increase the ability to conduct detail model tests more effectively. Computer aided design and data acquisition in conjunction with stereolithography fabrication are shown to allow prototype modifications quickly, and at low costs. Stereolithography techniques are also shown to provide the ability to integrate pressure tap instrumentation into the model fabrication. Computer controlled test facilities, and traverse systems are shown to enhance the gathering, and analysis of large amount of test data.
Sample models, test facilities and data are presented for a jet engine exhaust ejector. Details of the data collection software and analysis procedures are presented. Computer jet traverse data analysis and results are presented for the ejector. Experimental ejector pumping, thrust augmentation and jet mixing results are presented and compared to analytical predictions. The model tests do not include compressibility effects, shock waves, or the non uniform temperature and velocity profiles associated with the actual engine exhaust flow. Furthermore, the model flowfield is at a much lower Reynolds number than the actual flowfield. Even so, computerized data acquisition and model prototype testing of this type can be very helpful in providing insight to the controlling physics, and in generating relative trends needed in the product optimization process.
Fuzzy Logic and Cell to Cell Mapping
Authors: Edwards D. , Choi H. T. , Canning J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Nonlinear systems are important in many fields of science, mathematics, and engineering. In recent years, simple cell mapping (SCM) and generalized cell mapping (GCM) methods have been proposed and successfully used to analyze nonlinear systems. The GCM method requires the determination of a transition probability matrix. In a manner similar to GCM, we use fuzzy logic to calculate a transition possibility matrix for a nonlinear system. This matrix can then be used to establish the statistical properties of strange attractors associated with a chaotic system. We analyze a chaotic system using fuzzy logic to demonstrate this approach and then compare our result with the GCM method.
The Design and Manufacture of Wobble “Stones” As a Project in a Rapid Design Prototyping Course
Authors: Biswas Arunava , Kinzel Gary L. , Cheng Yuan-Pu 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Celts1, wobble stones, or rattlebacks possess the interesting property of having a preferred direction of rotation. This property occurs because of the distribution of the mass of the body and the geometry at the contact point. This paper presents the design equations for wobble stones in general and describes a project in the Rapid Design Prototyping Class at Ohio State to design and manufacture wobble “stones” using CAD/CAM and an injection molding machine.