bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mesh‐independent damage model for trabecular bone fracture simulation and experimental validation
Authors: Do Xuan Nam , Hambli Ridha , Ganghoffer Jean‐François 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe propose in this study a two‐dimensional constitutive model for trabecular bone combining continuum damage with embedded strong discontinuity. The model is capable of describing the three failure phases of trabecular bone tissue which is considered herein as a quasi‐brittle material with strains and rotations assumed to be small and without viscous, thermal or other non‐mechanical effects. The finite element implementation of the present model uses constant strain triangle (CST) elements. The displacement jump vector is implicitly solved through a return mapping algorithm at the local (finite element) level, while the global equilibrium equations are dealt with by Newton–Raphson method. The performance, accuracy and applicability of the proposed model for trabecular bone fracture are evaluated and validated against experimental measurements. These comparisons include both global and local aspects through numerical simulations of three‐point bending tests performed on 10 single bovine trabeculae in the quasi‐static regime.
On the stabilization of steady continuous adjoint solvers in the presence of unsteadiness, in shape optimization
Authors: Skamagkis Themistoklis , Papoutsis‐Kiachagias Evangelos M. , Giannakoglou Kyriakos C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAdjoint‐based shape optimization using unsteady solvers is costly and/or memory demanding. When mild unsteadiness is present or the flow in/around the optimized shape is not expected to be time‐varying, steady primal and adjoint solvers can be used instead. However, in such a case, convergence difficulties caused by flow unsteadiness must properly be treated. In this article, the steady primal and the corresponding (continuous) adjoint solvers are both stabilized by implementing the recursive projection method (RPM). This is carried out in the adjointOptimisation library of OpenFOAM, developed, and made publicly available by the group of authors. Upon completion of the optimization using steady solvers, unsteady re‐evaluations of the optimized solutions confirm a reduction in the time‐averaged objective function. In complex cases, in which the RPM may not necessarily ensure convergence of the adjoint solver on its own, the controlled damping of the adjoint transposed‐convection (ATC) term is additionally implemented. This is demonstrated in the shape optimization of a motorbike fairing where averaged primal fields over a number of iterations of the steady flow solver are used for the solution of the adjoint equations. Cases in which the RPM is, on its own, sufficient in ensuring convergence of the adjoint solver are additionally studied by using a controlled ATC damping, to assess its impact on the computed sensitivity derivatives. Comparisons show that controlled/mild ATC damping is harmless and greatly contributes to robustness.
New statistical prediction scheme for monthly precipitation variability in the rainy season over northeastern China
Authors: Ma Jiehua , Sun Jianqi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study focused on seasonal prediction for monthly precipitation over Northeast China (NEC) in the rainy season. A statistical method combining empirical orthogonal function (EOF) decomposition and multi‐linear regression was developed and tested. For each EOF mode of each month in summer, the relationship between the EOF and SSTs in the previous winter was investigated and indices were constructed to be used as predictors. The predictors were required to be physically connected to the predictand and to perform well in cross validation. Monthly rainfall was reconstructed from the predicted time series and the observed spatial load of the first three EOF modes. The results of the leave‐one‐out cross‐validation for 1982–2010, and of the independent validation for 2011–2018, indicate that this new method provides good predictions of monthly precipitation over NEC. There was good agreement between the observed and predicted monthly precipitation, with correlation coefficients of 0.45, 0.40 and 0.55, and hit rates of 73, 62 and 73% for June, July and August precipitation, respectively, for the period 1982 to 2018.
Functional Immunostimulating DNA Materials: The Rising Stars for Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Dai Ziwen , Wang Lei , Wang Zhigang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCancer immunotherapy has risen as a promising method in clinical practice for cancer treatment and DNA‐based immune intervention materials, along with DNA nanotechnology, have obtained increasing importance in this field. In this review, various immunostimulating DNA materials are introduced and the mechanisms via which they exerted an immune effect are explained. Then, representative examples in which DNA is used as the leading component for anticancer applications through immune stimulation are provided and their efficacy is evaluated. Finally, the challenges for those materials in clinical applications are discussed and suggestions for possible further research directions are also put forward.
Synergistic Effect of Copper Sulfate and Tetramethylthiuram Monosulfide Induced Metal‐Coordination Cross‐Linking in Nitrile–Butadiene Rubber
Authors: Sun Yingtao , Wang Junhao , Sun Longyi , Hua Jing , Wang Zhaobo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe cross‐linking microstructure formed by the metal‐coordination bonds provides excellent properties for rubber materials. Copper sulfate (CuSO4) and tetramethylthiuram monosulfide (TMTM) are successfully compounded with nitrile–butadiene rubber (NBR) to fabricate vulcanizates by the coordination cross‐linking. The curing characteristics, mobility of macromolecular segment, mechanical properties, morphology analysis, swelling properties, and dynamic features under cyclic compression of the vulcanizates are investigated systematically. The results indicate that the microstructure of 3D cross‐linking is held together by the metal‐coordination bonds between Cu2+ and CN. The torque during static vulcanization, tensile strength, and cross‐linking density of the obtained NBR/CuSO4/TMTM vulcanizates are better than that of NBR/CuSO4 vulcanizates, which is attributed to the synergistic effect between the radicals formed by the splitting of TMTM under thermal activation and the Cu2+; moreover, the highly reactive [Cu(SnCNMe2)]•2+ complexes are formed by the synergistic effect and promote the coordination stability of NBR and CuSO4 effectively. The excellent tensile properties of the prepared NBR/CuSO4/TMTM vulcanizates via synergistic effect made the metal‐coordination cross‐linking attractive in the field of industrial application.
Tunable Artificial Iris Controlled by Photo/Thermal Exposure Based on Liquid Crystalline Elastomers
Authors: Chang Kai Ti , Liu Chun Yen , Liu Jui Hsiang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe iris, part of the eye structure, is an important tissue in organisms. Here, a tunable artificial iris showing widening and closing of the pupil in response to near‐infrared (NIR) light is demonstrated. Liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) are synthesized via Michael addition and photopolymerization. To prepare an artificial iris, a predesigned stainless steel mold with a specific structure is created for the preparation of a single shaped LCE piece. Through the assembly of individual shaped LCE pieces, an artificial iris is fabricated. To enhance the photosensitivity, polydopamine (PDA) is coated on the surface of the fabricated iris. The PDA‐coated artificial iris shows reversible pupil widening and closing via exposure to NIR light. The dependence of pupil size on NIR intensity shows a function similar to the human iris. As far as it is known, the fabricated artificial iris with 2D radial motion is the first example prepared from a liquid crystalline elastomer showing a tunable aperture size controlled by the surrounding light intensity. The synthesized artificial iris is expected to show potential for multiple applications in biomimicry and biomedical science.
Computationally efficient finite element formulation for blood flow analysis in multi‐layered aorta modeled as viscoelastic material
Authors: Hasan Mohammad , Patel B. P. , Pradyumna S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn the literature, blood flow study in an arterial segment/arterial network, using one‐dimensional wave propagation model, has been carried out considering flat/parabolic/logarithmic/different degree polynomial velocity profile functions. However, such assumptions are not capable of capturing actual blood and arterial wall interaction occurring while the blood flows through the arteries. In this study, a computationally efficient axisymmetric‐formulation of the Navier–Stokes equation is presented to eliminate the requirement of a priori assumed velocity profile function. Present formulation in terms of axial velocity (u), pressure (p), and domain radius (R) leads to the evolution of velocity profile as flow progresses with the time and space. We propose a multi‐layered structural model of the arterial wall with each layer idealized using four‐element Maxwell viscoelastic material model. Partial differential equations, mathematically representing the physical phenomena of blood flow in the complaint blood vessels, are discretized in the spatial domain by finite element method and in time domain by Galerkin time integration technique. A velocity boundary condition is prescribed at inlet and outlet boundary condition is prescribed in terms of three‐parameter based Windkessel model. Results of flow characteristics are found to be in excellent agreement with the three‐dimensional results available in the literature.
Coupling between cohesive element method and node‐to‐segment contact algorithm: Implementation and application
Authors: Pundir Mohit , Anciaux Guillaume 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn materials, the evolution of crack surfaces is intimately linked with the self‐contact occurring between them. The developed contact forces not only mitigate the effect of stress concentration at crack tip but also contribute significantly to the transfer of shear and normal stresses. In this article, we present a numerical framework to study the simultaneous process of fracture and self‐contact between fracturing surfaces. The widely used approach, where contact constraints are enforced with the cohesive element traction separation law, is demonstrated to fail for relative displacements greater than the characteristic mesh length. A hybrid approach is proposed, which couples a node‐to‐segment contact algorithm with extrinsic cohesive elements. Thus, the fracture process is modeled with cohesive elements, whereas the contact and the friction constraints are enforced through a penalty‐based method. This hybrid cohesive‐contact approach is shown to alleviate any mesh topology limitations, making it a reliable and physically based numerical model for studying crack propagation along rough surfaces.
HER2
Splice Site Mutation c.1899-1G&gt;A as the Potential Acquired Resistance to Trastuzumab in a Patient with HER2-Positive Gastric Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Jiao Xiao-Dong , Liu Ke , Wu Ying , Zhou Xin-Cheng , Qin Bao-Dong , Ling Yan , Liu Jun , He Xi , Du Haiwei , Xiang Jianxing , Zang Yuan-Sheng 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

The addition of trastuzumab to chemotherapy regimen is the standard of care for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive advanced gastric cancer; however, most patients eventually acquire trastuzumab resistance. Although some resistance mechanisms to trastuzumab-based regimens have been proposed, further understanding is required for developing therapeutic strategies to overcome the resistance. In the present work, we attempted to determine the possible resistance mechanism to trastuzumab in a patient with HER2-positive stage IV gastric adenocarcinoma. In this study, we first report the nucleotide change c.1899-1G&gt;A at the intron 15 acceptor splice site promoting exon 16 deletion of HER2 as the potential mechanism of trastuzumab resistance in HER2-positive gastric adenocarcinoma.

Key Points
The combination of trastuzumab with chemotherapy is considered to be the standard therapy for HER2-positive advanced gastric cancer (GC), but most of the patients eventually acquire trastuzumab resistance. The mechanisms of resistance to trastuzumab in GC are poorly characterized. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is the first to implicate HER2 c.1899-1G&gt;A, which results in exon 16 skpping, as the acquired resistance mechanism to trastuzumab in HER2-positive gastric adenocarcinoma. This work provides insights into the potential molecular mechanism of trastuzumab resistance, which is crucial in developing effective therapeutic strategies for HER2-positive GC patients refractory to trastuzumab.
The effect of 1‐pentadecene on Tribolium castaneum behaviour: Repellent or attractant?
Authors: Đukić Nikola , Andrić Goran , Glinwood Robert , Ninkovic Velemir , Andjelković Boban , Radonjić Andja 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDMovement of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), in stored products is mediated by food volatiles and other semiochemicals.RESULTSIn two‐way olfactometer assays, T. castaneum was more attracted to wheat bran previously infested with conspecifics than to uninfested bran. Chemical analysis showed that 1‐pentadecene was present in the headspace of T. castaneum‐infested wheat bran, but not detectable in the headspace of uninfested bran. An olfactometer was used to test the effect on T. castaneum behaviour of 1‐pentadecene, and of volatiles from wheat bran with and without 1‐pentadecene. The lowest concentration of 1‐pentadecene exhibited an attractive effect, compared to the control (n‐hexane). Slightly higher concentrations showed a neutral effect, while the highest concentrations repelled T. castaneum. Wheat bran with a low 1‐pentadecene concentration was more attractive than wheat bran alone, whereas higher concentrations of 1‐pentadecene were repellent.CONCLUSIONThe results provide important information on intraspecific, semiochemical‐mediated behaviour in T. castaneum, which could potentially be used to develop new methods to monitor the flour beetles in stored products. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Nanoarray Structures for Artificial Photosynthesis
Authors: Tian Liangqiu , Xin Qi , Zhao Chang , Xie Guancai , Akram Muhammad Zain , Wang Wenrong , Ma Renping , Jia Xinrui , Guo Beidou , Gong Jian Ru 
Published: April 2021

AbstractConversion and storage of solar energy into fuels and chemicals by artificial photosynthesis has been considered as one of the promising methods to address the global energy crisis. However, it is still far from the practical applications on a large scale. Nanoarray structures that combine the advantages of nanosize and array alignment have demonstrated great potential to improve solar energy conversion efficiency, stability, and selectivity. This article provides a comprehensive review on the utilization of nanoarray structures in artificial photosynthesis of renewable fuels and high value‐added chemicals. First, basic principles of solar energy conversion and superiorities of using nanoarray structures in this field are described. Recent research progress on nanoarray structures in both abiotic and abiotic–biotic hybrid systems is then outlined, highlighting contributions to light absorption, charge transport and transfer, and catalytic reactions (including kinetics and selectivity). Finally, conclusions and outlooks on future research directions of nanoarray structures for artificial photosynthesis are presented.
A Retrospective: Michael M. Cernea (1934–)
Authors: Bebbington Anthony 
Published: April 2021

Abstract‘Development anthropology is a contact sport,’ Michael Cernea likes to tell his students. His career, from junior researcher in the Romanian Academy of Sciences in the early 1960s to joining the World Bank in Washington D.C. in 1974 as its first-ever in house staff sociologist, and then advancing there successfully to the high level position of the World Bank’s Senior Advisor for Social Policies and Sociology is testament to this observation.
Address to the World Bank Sociological Group
Authors: Evans Huw 
Published: April 2021

AbstractI feel myself to be an outsider amongst you: I am a macroeconomist by background, having worked in the UK Treasury for many years. Yet I have become convinced in my time at the World Bank of the importance of understanding the social context of the Bank’s work, and the social impact of Bank lending, especially because of the UK ODA’s experience in this field. As an Executive Director at the IMF too, I have gained important insights into how that institution uses its Board more effectively, with more cooperation, and much greater partnership between the Board and management.
Mal’tsev products of varieties, I
Authors: Penza Tomasz , Romanowska Anna B. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe investigate the Mal’tsev product$$\mathcal {V}\circ \mathcal {W}$$V∘Wof two varieties$$\mathcal {V}$$Vand$$\mathcal {W}$$Wof the same similarity type. While such a product is usually a quasivariety, it is not necessarily a variety. We give an equational base for the variety generated by$$\mathcal {V}\circ \mathcal {W}$$V∘Win terms of identities satisfied in$$\mathcal {V}$$Vand$$\mathcal {W}$$W. Then the main result provides a new sufficient condition for$$\mathcal {V}\circ \mathcal {W}$$V∘Wto be a variety: If$$\mathcal {W}$$Wis an idempotent variety and there are termsf(x, y) andg(x, y) such that$$\mathcal {W}$$Wsatisfies the identity$$f(x,y) = g(x,y)$$f(x,y)=g(x,y)and$$\mathcal {V}$$Vsatisfies the identities$$f(x,y) = x$$f(x,y)=xand$$g(x,y) = y$$g(x,y)=y, then$$\mathcal {V}\circ \mathcal {W}$$V∘Wis a variety. We provide a number of examples and applications of this result.
A multi-step Lagrangian scheme for spatially inhomogeneous evolutionary games
Authors: Almi Stefano , Morandotti Marco , Solombrino Francesco 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA multi-step Lagrangian scheme at discrete times is proposed for the approximation of a nonlinear continuity equation arising as a mean-field limit of spatially inhomogeneous evolutionary games, describing the evolution of a system of spatially distributed agents with strategies, or labels, whose payoff depends also on the current position of the agents. The scheme is Lagrangian, as it traces the evolution of position and labels along characteristics, and is a multi-step scheme, as it develops on the following two stages: First, the distribution of strategies or labels is updated according to a best performance criterion, and then, this is used by the agents to evolve their position. A general convergence result is provided in the space of probability measures. In the special cases of replicator-type systems and reversible Markov chains, variants of the scheme, where the explicit step in the evolution of the labels is replaced by an implicit one, are also considered and convergence results are provided.
Combined robot-based manufacturing and machining of multi-material components
Authors: Droß Marcel , Albergt Max , David Martin , Reichler Ann-Kathrin , Hoffmeister Hans-Werner , Dröder Klaus 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe growing demand for individualized products is becoming more and more significant and leads to a reduction in batch sizes. In particular, the production of multi-material components for lightweight design presents new challenges to the manufacturing process. This is evident when it comes to the production of individual parts, as today’s processes are characterized by high tool costs and manual operations. The described challenge can be overcome by a robot-based manufacturing cell allowing the use of a novel, modular process chain in which metal parts are mechanically pre-treated, subsequently completed by additive plastic application, and afterwards finalized in a machining step to achieve the required surface qualities and geometries. In order to realize the novel process chain, robot-based solutions for free-form metal sheet processing, increased interlayer bonding strength of plastic, and multi-material machining with integrated chip extraction have to be found. Therefore, this paper presents the first approach of a robot-guided surface structuring end-effector and a concept for a direct extraction hood, which is able to be adapted specifically to the movement of the robot and the part surface, so free-form surfaces can be machined. Based on this, first experimental studies for increasing the interlayer bonding strength of plastic were carried out using an extruder set up to applicate thermoplastics onto metal at high deposition rates. To define the positioning accuracy for a robot-guided structuring process, different point to point movements have been investigated.
Overcoming Barriers to Accessing Surgery and Rehabilitation in Low and Middle‐Income Countries: An Innovative Model of Patient Navigation in Nepal
Authors: Ibbotson Jennifer L. , Luitel Bijata , Adhikari Bikash , Jagt Kathryn R. , Bohler Erik , Riviello Robert , Ibbotson Geoffrey C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundInjury and disability are prominent public health concerns, globally and in the country of Nepal. Lack of locally available medical infrastructure, socioeconomic barriers, social marginalization, poor health literacy, and cultural barriers prevent patients from accessing surgical and rehabilitative care. Overcoming these barriers is an insurmountable challenge for the most vulnerable and marginalized, resulting in absence of treatment or even death.MethodsSundar Dhoka Saathi Sewa (SDSS), a non‐government organization, provides a patient navigation service which facilitates referrals to tertiary centers from Nepal's most remote areas. Specific criteria ensure that patient referrals are appropriate in regard to clinical and socioeconomic need, while comprehensive counselling helps guide the patient and family. The SDSS staff meet patients upon arrival in Kathmandu and facilitate admission to the appropriate tertiary hospital. They advocate for the patient, provide medicine, supply food and cover all treatment costs.ResultsThis project has enabled access to treatment for more than 1200 children for conditions leading to long‐term disability and/or congenital heart disease. Interventions include a wide range of surgical and rehabilitative procedures such as complex orthopedics, cleft lip and palate, congenital talipes equinovarus, burn contractures, neurological cases, and cardiac surgery for valvular disease, septal defects and other congenital malformations.DiscussionThe SDSS model of patient navigation is effective in overcoming the barriers to access surgical care and rehabilitation in Nepal. The success is owed to committed international donors, capacity building, effective counselling, advocacy, compassion, and community. We believe that this model could be replicated in other LMICs.