bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moesziomyces bullatus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Moesziomyces bullatus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Echinochloa crus-galli
. DISEASE: Seed smut of
Echinochloa
. The small number of sori in any infected inflorescence renders the disease inconspicuous and it is probably frequently overlooked. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Azerbaijan, China (Beijing, Chengtu), Kazakhstan, Japan, Russia (Far East, Siberia), Uzbekhistan; Australasia: New Zealand (57, 649); Europe: Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal (39, 555), Romania, Russia (European region), Ukraine; North America: Canada (NS, Ontario; 46, 3383), Mexico, USA (eastern states, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Louisiana, Maine, MD, North Carolina, Nebraska, New York, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Wisconsin; 69, 2765). TRANSMISSION: No detailed studies reported.
Ustilago syntherismae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ustilago syntherismae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Digitaria
spp., including
D. filiformis, D. ischaemum, D. sanguinalis
. DISEASE: Loose smut of
Digitaria
. Infection sometimes dwarfs the host and causes it to branch more profusely than usual (36, 657); it is also reported that vegetative vigour is much prolonged in infected plants compared with uninfected (30, 432). Surface contamination by the large number of ustilospores when shed may result in some discolouration of the entire inflorescence including sheaths and leaf blades. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: 'Congo', Gambia, Kenya, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe; Asia: Azerbaijan, China, Republic of Georgia, India, Japan, Pakistan, Russia (central Asia, far east); Australasia: Australia: NSW (31, 225); Europe: Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark (39, 284), Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia (European region), Ukraine (52, 354); North America: Canada (Ontario; 46, 3383), Mexico, USA (Alabama, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Washington DC, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, IA, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, MD, ME, Michigan, Montana, Missouri, MS, North Carolina, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia; 69, 2765); South America: Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay. (33, 634; 40, 209; 48, 2203; 50, 2756; 64, 4163). TRANSMISSION: No detailed studies have been reported; ustilospores are presumably disseminated by air currents and infection is thought to be systemic.
Eurotium repens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Zofia 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Eurotium repens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Worldwide in soils. As a xerophilic species it is especially common on dry or concentrated products, such as jams, jellies, fruit-cake, nuts, etc. (Kozakiewicz, 1994
a
). DISEASES: Not especially important as an animal or human pathogen, but
Eurotium
species have been isolated from human paranasal tissue, eyes and nails (Smith, 1989). It has also been isolated from AIDS patients (Staib
et al.
, 1989). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical areas, but also found in temperate areas.
Penicillium chrysogenum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Penicillium chrysogenum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: An ubiquitous species occupying a wide range of habitats in soils, decaying vegetation and foods. DISEASES:
On animals
: The species has been isolated from ringworm in young camels (Mahmoud, 1993).
On man
: Isolated from a corneal ulcer (Reshnikoff
et al.
, 1993) and AIDS patients (Hoffmann
et al.
, 1992). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide.
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. asparagi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. asparagi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Asparagus officinalis
L. (asparagus). DISEASE: Vascular wilt. May also cause seedling blight (Graham, 1955) and be part of an
Asparagus
'decline' complex together with
Fusarium moniliforme
[Gibberella fujikuroi]
Sheld. (Grogan
et al.
, 1959), where plant vigour is reduced and crop yeild and quality decreases. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread where
Asparagus
is cultivated. Africa: South Africa, Tanzania. Australasia: Japan, New Zealand, Taiwan. Europe: Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain, The Netherlands. North America: Canada, USA. TRANSMISSION: The fungus may be seed-borne (Inglis, 1980; 67, 2733) and also transmitted via plants raised in contaminated seed bed soil. Local dispersal is by water flow and rain splash of slimy conidia.
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. medicaginis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. medicaginis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Medicago sativa
L. (lucerne, alfalfa). It may also cause wilt symptoms on some cultivars of yellow lupin (
Lupinus luteus
L.) (Armstrong & Armstrong, 1964). DISEASE: Vascular wilt. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread where lucerne is grown, but disease is favoured by warm climatic conditions. Via seed and movement of contaminated soil. Local dispersal is by water flow and splash droplets carrying macro- and microconidia.
Collybia cookei
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Treu R. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Collybia cookei
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Grows on the remains of strongly decomposed mushrooms, e.g. species of
Russula
. DISEASE: None. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America, Europe, Japan. TRANSMISSION: Via airborne basidiospores.
Stigmatula astragali
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Stigmatula astragali
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Astragalus arenarius
(
Leguminosae
), probably also on
A. alpinus, A. danicus and A. oroboides
, though material on these hosts has not been seen. DISEASE: Brightly coloured hypertrophic leaf spots, often affecting entire leaflets. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Germany; unconfirmed reports also from Denmark, Sweden, Norway, UK (Scotland) and Russia. TRANSMISSION: Air dispersal of ascospores. The conidia are probably spermatial in function.
Coccomyces strobi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Coccomyces strobi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus ayacahuite, P. excelsa
[=
P. wallichiana
] (twig),
P. monticola
(twig),
P. strobus
(twig),
P. wallichiana
. Most records are on
P. strobus
. DISEASE:
Coccomyces strobi
is found on recently killed twigs of 5-needle pines. Sherwood (60, 1319) noted that 'since the fungus is nearly ubiquitous and appears soon after the death of the portions of the host on which it occurs, it is tempting to brand it as parasitic'. The twigs on which it occurs are typically rather brittle, suggesting that, like
Therrya fuckelii
(IMI Description 1297),
T. pini
(IMI Description 1298) and
Colpoma quercinum
(IMI Description 942), this fungus may have a rôle in self-pruning of the tree. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Canada (British Columbia, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario), Hungary, Ukraine, USA (Connecticut, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin). European records are on
Pinus strobus
, a native of North America. The fungus is thus most probably also to be a native of North America, which has travelled to Europe with its host. The record from Ukraine is tentative, based on a collection with rather old ascomata. The record from Washington State on
P. monticola
appears to be the first from west of the Rockies. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in humid conditions; in the USA, ascomata containing ascospores have been observed from May to August.
Terriera cladophila
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Terriera cladophila
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Vaccinium myrtillus
(leaf, stem, twig),
Vaccinium
sp. (stem, twig). DISEASE:
Terriera cladophila
colonizes living twigs, and ascomata may be found on pale subapical regions of dead bark on these twigs, while distal parts remain apparently healthy.
Terriera cladophila
is also found on recently killed twigs, though it is not clear it the fungus is responsible for their death. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Czech Republic, Eire, France, Germany, Norway, UK (England, Scotland, Wales), Ukraine. Eriksson (1970) commented that, in 'Fennoscandia the distributions of
T. cladophila
and
Coccomyces leptideus
appear not to overlap. I have seen no samples of the former from Finland and Sweden, whereas
C. leptideus
is common from these countries. All the Fennoscandian samples of
T. cladophila
are from south-western Norway, where
C. leptideus
, on the other hand, does not appear to exist'. In Great Britain this exclusive distribution is also largely true, though localities are known where both species have been found. It is interesting to note that Remler (1979) recorded
C. leptideus
but not
T. cladophila
from the eastern alps. Altitude records exist up to 1300m (Ukraine) and 600m (Wales). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in humid conditions; ascomata containing ascospores have been observed in August; ascomata no longer containing ascospores have been observed in May.
Fusarium babinda
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Fusarium babinda
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Saprobic in soil, plant debris. DISEASE: None known. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Australia. TRANSMISSION: Conidia are dispersed locally by water flow and splash droplets. Chlamydospores may be dispersed by movement of contaminated soil or plant debris.
Septoria gladioli
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Andrianova T. V. , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Septoria gladioli
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Hard rot (ANON., 1984), leaf spot and black spot on corm scales. HOSTS:
Acidanthera
spp.,
Crocus angustifolius
(syn. :
C. susianus), Freesia refracta, Gladiolus byzantinus, G. communis, G. dubius, G. gandavensis, G. hybridus, G. illyricus, G. imbricatus, G. inarmensis, G. italicus
, (syn. : G.
segetum), G. neglectus, G. palustris
(Iridaceae). [Type host -
Gladiolus italicus
(syn. :
G
.
segetum
).] GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Algeria. Asia: Armenia, Republic of Georgia, India, Iran, Russia (Far East), Syria, Turkmenistan. Atlantic Islands: Canary Islands. Central America: Costa Rica. Europe: Albania, Belarus, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Eire, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Hungary, Latvia, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, UK, Ukraine. North America: Canada, USA. South America: Argentina. TRANSMISSION: Three different distribution paths are known for this fungus: old corm to new corm, or mother corm to daughter corm infection; infection of corms or cormlets from infected débris in the soil (mycelium infection); secondary spread by means of spores from plants, in plantings of cormlets and seedlings (STONE, 1958).
Septoria oenotherae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Andrianova T. V. , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Septoria oenotherae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Leaf spot. In seed stocks, conidiomata are usually encountered on fragments of pods, stems or leaves, and only rarely on the seeds (SIMPSON
et
al., 1995). Development of
S. oenotherae
leads to severe blight, with drying of all the leaves starting from the bottom of the plant. This reduces vitality of the plant, and may cause its death. HOSTS:
Calylophus
sp.,
Camissonia
sp.,
Gaura
sp.,
Godetia grandiflora, Ludwigia
sp.,
Oenothera biennis
(syn. :
Onagra biennis
),
Oenothera decumbens, O. lamarkiana, O. muricata, O. odorata, O. sinuata
(Onagraceae). [Type host -
Oenothera biennis
.] GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Republic of Georgia, Kazakhstan, Korea, Russia (Far East). Australasia: New Zealand. Europe: Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Germany, Italy, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, UK, Ukraine. North America: Canada (Ontario), USA. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne or splash dispersed conidia from infected plant débris and seed stocks.
Septoria oenotherae
can be transmitted by infected débris in evening primrose seed stock; disease progress may then be influenced by variety, sanitation and chemical fungicides; further, the low rL (apparent infection rate) values can be taken as indicative of a primarily rain-splash spread disease (SIMPSON
et al
, 1999).
Septoria scutellariae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Andrianova T. V. , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Septoria scutellariae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Leaf spot. HOSTS:
Scutellaria altissima, S. dentata, S. dependens, S. galericulata, S. hastifolia, S. holostea, S. irregularis, S. minor, S. nemorum, S. orientalis, S. scordifolia, S. supina
(Lamiaceae). [Type host-
S. scordifolia
.] GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Azerbaijan, Republic of Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia (Far East, Siberia). Europe: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, UK, Ukraine. North America: Canada, USA. TRANSMISSION: Not reported, but almost certainly by air-borne or splash dispersed conidia.
Pseudocercospora kaki
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pseudocercospora kaki
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Leaf spot of persimmon. HOSTS:
Diospyros hispida, D. kaki, D. lotus, D. texana, D. tupru (Ebenaceae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA: USA (Louisiana), Bermuda. SOUTH AMERICA: Brazil (São Paolo, Minas Gerais). ASIA: China (Hong Kong, other provinces also, see GUO & HSIEH, 1995), Republic of Georgia (BRAUN & MEL'NIK, 1997), India, Iran (56: 5475), Japan, Nepal, Taiwan. EUROPE: Russia (BRAUN & MEL'NIK, 1997). TRANSMISSION: Conidia are dispersed by rain splash (ZHU
et al.
, 1996).
Aldonata pterocarpi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Inácio C. A. , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Aldonata pterocarpi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Parasitic on living leaves. HOSTS:
Pterocarpus dalbergioides, P. dracae, P. indicus (Leguminosae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: ASIA: India (Andaman Is). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air-borne ascospores.
Xanthomonas pisi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Saddler G. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas pisi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pisum sativum
(
Leguminosae
); by artificial inoculation:
Brassica oleracea
(
Brassicaceae
),
Nicotiana tabacum
(
Solanaceae
),
Phaseolus vulgaris, Trifolium
spp.,
Vicia faba
and
Vigna angularis
(
Leguminosae
). DISEASE: Stem rot of pea. The disease attacks stems or stipules at the soil level, rapidly extending upwards. On stems and stipules lesions appear primarily dark green and water-soaked. Lesions turn brown and papery with age; sometimes a chlorotic halo is evident. Leaflets and petioles are also attacked, frequently the base of leaflets adjoining the petioles become brown, papery and wither. By artificial inoculation isolates are strongly pectolytic, causing soft rot in vegetable tissues such as those from
Allium cepa, Daucus carota, Rhaphanus sativus
and
Solanum tuberosum
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: ASIA: Japan. TRANSMISSION: Not known.
Phyllachora bersamae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phyllachora bersamae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Bersama abyssinica
(syn.
B. ninagongensis
) (
Melianthaceae
); see also below. DISEASE: Tar spot of
Bersama
. DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Ethiopia, Kenya,? Rwanda. TRANSMISSION: Not studied in detail, but morphological features agree with those of relatives which have been shown to disperse ascospores actively via air currents, possibly with secondary dispersal via water splash.
Ascopolyporus polychrous
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Rodríguez Hernández M. , Minter D. W. , Castañeda Ruíz R. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ascopolyporus polychrous
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Although
Ascopolyporus polychrous
develops and fruits vigorously on stems of bamboos, it apparently does not produce symptoms of any disease on the host. HOSTS:
Arthrostylidium
sp.,
Chusquea abietifolia, C. scandens
(
Gramineae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: CENTRAL AMERICA: Cuba [new record], Panama (DENNIS, 1970), Trinidad & Tobago. SOUTH AMERICA: Brazil (MØLLER, 1901), Colombia (DOI
et al.
, 1977), Venezuela (CHARDÓN & TORO, 1934). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores.
Paraceratocladium silvestre
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Rodríguez Hernández M. , Minter D. W. , Castañeda Ruíz R. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Paraceratocladium silvestre
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Although conidiomata are numerous on stems of associated plants (e.g.
Gramineae
), the fungus does not produce symptoms of any disease. HOSTS:
Buchenavia capitata, Bucida palustris
(
Combretaceae
),
Quercus oleoides
var.
sagraeana
(
Fagaceae
),
Gramineae gen. indet., Calophyllum antillanum
(
Guttiferae
),
Nectandra
sp. (
Lauraceae
),
Myrica cerifica
(
Myricaceae
),
Pandanus
sp. (
Pandanaceae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: CENTRAL AMERICA: Cuba. SOUTH AMERICA: Brazil [new record]. ASIA: China (Hong Kong). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia.
Sporidesmium bifasciatum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Rodríguez Hernández M. , Minter D. W. , Castañeda Ruíz R. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Sporidesmium bifasciatum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Although conidiomata are numerous on stems of the associated plant, the fungus does not apparently produce symptoms of any disease. HOSTS:
Sorghum halepense
(
Gramineae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: CENTRAL AMERICA: Cuba. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia.
Phoma terricola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kinsey G. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phoma terricola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Little information available, probably a soil-borne saprobe and opportunistic pathogen. HOSTS: From rhizosphere of
Beta
and
Triticum
, from polder soils and from cysts of the potato cyst-nematode
Globodera
(BOEREMA, 1985). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: EUROPE: Belgium, Netherlands. TRANSMISSION: Probably soil-borne, but little else is known of other possible vectors.
Fusicladium obducens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Schubert K. , Braun U. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Fusicladium obducens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Infections of living leaves, but without conspicuous lesions. HOSTS: Species of
Prunus
(
Rosaceae
), including
P. capollin
and
P. serotina
(=
P. salicifolia
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: SOUTH AMERICA: Ecuador. TRANSMISSION: Possibly by airborne conidia.
Sporisorium panici-leucophaei
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Pérez J. M. , Hernández M. Rodríguez , Piepenbring M. , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Sporisorium panici-leucophaei
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Inflorescences are replaced by sori in infected plants. HOST:
Digitaria insularis
(
Trichachne insularis
),
Panicum leucophaeum
and
Trichachne californica
(
Poaceae
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: NORTH AMERICA: Mexico, USA (Arizona, California). CENTRAL AMERICA: Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Puerto Rico. SOUTH AMERICA: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro), Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: Probably by air-borne teliospores. Wind is the most common dispersal mode of smut teliospores.