bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pathogenesis of autoimmune demyelination: from multiple sclerosis to neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody‐associated disease
Authors: Lopez Joseph A , Denkova Martina , Ramanathan Sudarshini , Dale Russell C , Brilot Fabienne 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAutoimmunity plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of demyelination. Multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody‐associated disease (MOGAD) are now recognised as separate disease entities under the amalgam of human central nervous system demyelinating disorders. While these disorders share inherent similarities, investigations into their distinct clinical presentations and lesion pathologies have aided in differential diagnoses and understanding of disease pathogenesis. An interplay of various genetic and environmental factors contributes to each disease, many of which implicate an autoimmune response. The pivotal role of the adaptive immune system has been highlighted by the diagnostic autoantibodies in NMOSD and MOGAD, and the presence of autoreactive lymphocytes in MS lesions. While a number of autoantigens have been proposed in MS, recent emphasis on the contribution of B cells has shed new light on the well‐established understanding of T cell involvement in pathogenesis. This review aims to synthesise the clinical characteristics and pathological findings, discuss existing and emerging hypotheses regarding the aetiology of demyelination and evaluate recent pathogenicity studies involving T cells, B cells, and autoantibodies and their implications in human demyelination.
Dilemmas in the diagnosis and pathogenesis of atypical late‐onset familial haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
Authors: Minson Adrian , Voskoboinik Ilia , Grigg Andrew 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectivesA congenital loss of cytotoxic lymphocyte activity leads to a potentially fatal immune dysregulation, familial haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Until recently, this disease was uniformly associated with infants or very young children, but it appears now that the onset may be delayed for decades. As a result, some adults are being mis‐ or under‐diagnosed because of their ‘atypical’ symptoms that are not recognised as immunodeficiency. The clinical picture and histopathology can overlap with those of haematologic malignancy, further complicating the diagnostic thought process. The spectrum of atypical symptoms is poorly defined, and therefore, it is important to describe these cases and the attendant immunological and cellular changes associated with familial haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, in order to improve diagnosis and prevent unintended consequences of symptomatic therapies.MethodsA 45‐year‐old patient presented with suspected T‐cell lymphoma and was treated with combination chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone) supplemented with granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor (G‐CSF). To mobilise stem cells for autologous transplantation, the patient was then treated with high‐dose G‐CSF and rapidly developed haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Symptoms resolved temporarily with intensive immunosuppression with alemtuzumab and durably with a subsequent allograft.ResultsThe patient was found to be a carrier of bi‐allelic mutations in the STXBP2 protein that is essential for cytotoxic lymphocyte function, and the initial diagnosis has been revised as familial haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.ConclusionThis case highlights the difficulty in distinguishing atypical/late‐onset familial haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis from a malignant process as well as a possible exacerbation of the disease with G‐CSF therapy.
Developmental maturation of presynaptic ribbon numbers in chicken basilar‐papilla hair cells and its perturbation by long‐term overexpression of Wnt9a
Authors: Caus Capdevila M. Queralt , Sienknecht Ulrike J. , Köppl Christine 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe avian basilar papilla is a valuable model system for exploring the developmental determination and differentiation of sensory hair cells and their innervation. In the mature basilar papilla, hair cells form a well‐known continuum between two extreme types—tall and short hair cells—that differ strikingly in their innervation. Previous work identified Wnt9a as a crucial factor in this differentiation. Here, we quantified the number and volume of immunolabelled presynaptic ribbons in tall and short hair cells of chickens, from developmental stages shortly after ribbons first appear to the mature posthatching condition. Two longitudinal locations were sampled, responding to best frequencies of approximately 1 kHz and approximately 5.5 kHz when mature. We found significant reductions of ribbon number during normal development in the tall‐hair‐cell domains, but stable, low numbers in the short‐hair‐cell domains. Exposing developing hair cells to continuous, excessive Wnt9a levels (through virus‐mediated overexpression) led to transiently abnormal high numbers of ribbons and a delayed reduction of ribbon numbers at all sampled locations. Thus, (normally) short‐hair‐cell domains also showed tall‐hair‐cell like behaviour, confirming previous findings (Munnamalai et al., 2017). However, at 3 weeks posthatching, ribbon numbers had decreased to the location‐specific typical values of control hair cells at all sampled locations. Furthermore, as shown previously, mature hair cells at the basal, high‐frequency location harboured larger ribbons than more apically located hair cells. This was true for both normal and Wnt9a‐overexposed basilar papillae.
Ecology of outbreak populations of the western spruce budworm
Authors: Nealis Vincent , Régnière Jacques 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe sampled outbreak populations of western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), between 1997 and 2016 in Douglas‐fir forests in the interior of British Columbia, Canada. Annual rates of change in population densities were correlated with generation survival, modulated by egg recruitment via dispersal of moths. Most temporal variation in generation survival was the result of variation in survival of small, non‐feeding larval stages. Survival rates of feeding larval and pupal stages determined the magnitude of generation survival but contributed little to temporal trend. Survival of small larvae was the product of density‐related losses of larvae dispersing to and from hibernation sites and weather‐related stress caused by warm temperatures in late summer and early spring. Overwinter survival improved in cooler years and at higher elevations. Survival of feeding larvae and pupae was associated with mortality by natural enemies, in particular a few species of dominant, ubiquitous endoparasitoids, and an episodic, virulent baculovirus. Recruitment of eggs indicated emigration of gravid moths independent of defoliation but proportional to density of local moths. During periods of increasing and decreasing population densities over a large outbreak area, a marked differential in adult densities among locations resulted in greater than expected per‐capita egg recruitment to areas of relatively low density and vice versa, indicative of net exchange of gravid moths from high‐ to low‐density populations. The result was homogenization of egg densities among locations, apparent synchrony of the outbreak at the large scale, and extended duration of the outbreak at some locations, despite declining generation survival. These results are compared with field studies of the closely related spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana. We suggest our interpretation applies more generally and outbreaks of conifer‐feeding budworms are maintained for several years by compensatory survival of sequential life‐history stages and spatio‐temporal smoothing of densities via dispersal of gravid moths. Parasitoids and pathogens can cause sudden declines in densities, but populations inevitably wane as a result of cumulative degradation of their resource. The interaction and temporal sequence of bottom‐up and top‐down factors explain the similarities and differences in outbreak characteristics within‐ and among‐budworm species.
An empirical confirmation of diversified bet hedging as a survival strategy in unpredictably varying environments
Authors: Pinceel Tom , Buschke Falko , Geerts Aurora , Vanoverbeke Joost , Brendonck Luc , Vanschoenwinkel Bram 
Published: July 2021

AbstractEnvironmental change jeopardizes the survival of species from variable environments by making the occurrence of favorable conditions less predictable. For organisms with long‐lived propagules (e.g., spores, eggs, or seeds), the theory of diversified bet hedging (DBH) predicts that delayed hatching over different growing seasons can help populations avoid extinction. Empirical observations in different organisms are consistent with DBH, but integrated tests that simultaneously validate the main theoretical assumptions and predictions are lacking. In this study, we combine field and multi‐generational lab experiments to provide a complete test of DBH. Consistent with DBH predictions, resting egg clutches of the fairy shrimp Branchipodopsis wolfi, which inhabits rain‐fed temporary rock pool environments with unpredictable inundations, hatched partially over a succession of inundations with identical hatching cues. Bet hedging was more common in populations from more unpredictable habitats where hatching fractions were lower. This differentiation in hatching strategies was preserved after two generations under common garden conditions, which implies intrinsic (epi‐)genetic control of hatching. Finally, a demographic model confirmed that lower hatching fractions increase long‐term population growth in unpredictable habitats. With this paper we propose a method to calculate probabilities of successful recruitment for organisms that use imperfect cues and show that this drives selection for variation in life history strategies as part of a DBH strategy.
NON‐Ligated N‐Heterocyclic Tetrylenes
Authors: Krämer Felix , Luff Martin S. , Radius Udo , Weigend Florian , Breher Frank 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe report on the synthesis of N‐heterocyclic tetrylenes ligated by the NON‐donor framework 4,5‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl‐amino)‐2,7‐di‐tert‐butyl‐9,9‐dimethylxanthene. The molecular structures of the germylene (3), stannylene (4) and plumbylene (5) where determined by X‐ray diffraction studies. Furthermore, we present quantum chemical studies on the σ‐donor and π‐acceptor properties of 3–5. Additionally, we report on the reactivity of the tetrylenes towards the transition metal carbonyls [Rh(CO)2Cl]2, [W(CO)6] and [Ni(CO)4]. The isolated complexes (6 and 7) show the differing reactivity of NHTs compared to NHCs. Instead of just forming the anticipated complex [(NON)Sn−Rh(CO)2Cl], 4 inserts into the Rh−Cl bond to afford [(NON)Sn(Cl)Rh(CO)(C6H6)] (6, additional CO/C6H6 exchange) and [(NON)Sn(Cl)Rh2(CO)4Cl] (7). By avoiding halogenated transition metal precursors in order to prevent insertion reactions, germylene 3 shows “classical” coordination chemistry towards {Ni(CO)3} forming the complex [(NON)Ge−Ni(CO)3] (8).
New Understanding on an Old Compound: Insights on the Origin of Chain Sequence Defects and Their Impact on the Electronic Structure of AuCN
Authors: Velasco‐Arias Donaji , Mojica Rodrigo , Zumeta‐Dubé Inti , Ruíz‐Ruíz Fabían , Puente‐Lee Iván , Reguera Edilso 
Published: July 2021

AbstractGold cyanide, AuCN, despite its simple formula unit, has surprising structural features not completely understood to date. The present contribution discusses the results of a structural study on the nature of defects found in 1D AuCN when submitted to mechanical grinding. This is an appropriate treatment to induce structural defects in that solid, which were identified for the first time by combining XRD, XPS, Raman, and UV‐vis techniques. Furthermore, it is striking that the CN−Au−CN and CN−Au−NC sequences get disordered upon grinding while the NC−Au−CN gets ordered. Additionally, it is shown that the atomic chains apart from getting unraveled during the grinding process, are preferentially disrupted at the Au−N bond. The induced defects have a large impact on the UV‐vis absorption spectrum of AuCN.
Analysis of amino acids in cell culture supernatant using capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection
Authors: Mikkonen Saara , Emmer Åsa 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCE‐C4D methods for the analysis of amino acids (AAs) are presented. Combining the results from two methods with acetic acid and cyclodextrin‐based BGEs, 20 proteinogenic AAs could be analyzed using CE. CE‐C4D was also, for the first time, applied to analyze free AAs in samples of mammalian cell culture supernatant. After dilution as only sample preparation, combining the results of the two CE methods allowed monitoring the concentration changes of 17 AAs in samples taken during the cultivation of CHO cells.
Three‐liquid‐phase salting‐out extraction of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)‐rich oils from Euphausia superba
Authors: Zeb Liaqat , Teng Xin‐Nan , Shafiq Muhammad , Wang Shu‐Chang , Xiu Zhi‐Long , Su Zhi‐Guo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe TLPSOES parameters were optimized by response surface methodology using Box–Behnken design, which were 16.5% w/w of ammonium citrate, 17.5% w/w of ethanol, and 46% w/w of n‐hexane at 70 min of stirring time. Under optimized conditions the extraction efficiency attained was 90.91 ± 0.97% of EPA, 90.02 ± 1.04% of DHA, and 91.85 ± 1.11% of KO in the top n‐hexane phase. The highest extraction efficiency of proteins and flavonoids, i.e. 88.34 ± 1.35% and 79.67 ± 1.13%, was recorded in the solid interface and ethanol phase, respectively. The KO extracted by TLPSOES system consisted of lowest fluoride level compared to the conventional method and whole wet krill biomass. The TLPSOES is a potential candidate for nutraceutical industry of KO extraction from wet krill biomass.
Musa kattuvazhana (Musaceae): Rediscovery and additional notes on a critically endangered species from Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: MosaChristas Kithiyon , Karthick Ravikumar , Kowsalya Elumalai , Jaquline Chinna Rani I 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA wild banana species, Musa kattuvazhana K.C.Jacob, belongs to Musa sect. Rhodochlamys. It is now rediscovered in Tamil Nadu, India after an interval of 67 years since Nayar's first identification in 1952, Musa banksii (F.Muell) var. singampatti T.G.Nayar. This critically endangered species was first collected from the type locality in the Tirunelveli hills of Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India. In the present study, it is described on the basis of the morphological characteristics as observed in the field. In addition, photographs, relevant taxonomic notes and ethnobotanical uses of M. kattuvazhana are provided.
Septemeranthus(Loranthaceae), a new monotypic genus from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India and its relationship with allied genera
Authors: Singh Lal Ji 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA new showy mistletoe genus,SeptemeranthusL.J. Singh with a type species,S. nicobaricusL.J. Singh sp. nov., is described and illustrated from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. It is an aerial branch hemi‐parasite onHorsfieldia glabra(Blume) Warb. (Myrsticaceae). The conservation status, host inventory, germination ecology and remarks on its relationship with allied genera are given.Septemeranthusis distinct in vegetative morphology, inflorescence architecture and floral characters: leaves with long apex, camptodromous venation, coraceous, 5 bracts with brown margins, 3‐7 flowered racemose, 7 merous flowers, urceolate ovary, earthen pot shape fruits with prominent bracts and seeds with dark vertical streaks.
Taraxacum sect. Austropaludosa, a new section allied to T. sect. Palustria (Compositae, Crepidinae)
Authors: Štěpánek Jan , Kirschner Jan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe broadly understood Taraxacum sect. Palustria was examined and found heterogeneous on the basis of a new ample material from the Balkan Peninsula. A group of eighteen species was recognized, characterized by achenes usually densely spinulose and abruptly to subabruptly narrowing in the cone, appressed or loosely appressed outer phyllaries numerous, often imbricate or subimbricate, with an evenly deep to dark olivaceous‐green abaxial surface and a conspicuous, very narrow whitish border, polliniferous anthers and triploidy. The relatively clear‐cut group is described as a new section, Taraxacum sect. Austropaludosa. Members of the new section are distributed in central and eastern Balkan Peninsula, Turkey, southernmost Ukraine, one species reaches Iran and Iraq; only a single species occupies a Central European geographical range. Two new species are described, T. (Austropaludosa) favorabile from Bulgaria and North Macedonia, characterized by a broadly winged petiole, outer phyllaries appressed to loosely appressed ovate‐lanceolate, dark olivaceous‐green, with a distinct but very narrow whitish border, and T. (Palustria) siticulosum from Bulgaria, a species allied to T. scaturiginosum and T. lilianae, distinct in having very numerous outer phyllaries, often distally erect‐arcuate, almost entire leaf lobes, and short achenes with a ± cylindrical cone only 0.5–0.8 mm long.
Advancements in nanotechnology for food science and industry
Authors: Jagtiani Ekta 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe food industry will be impacted by the acceleration of nanotechnology, its creative applications and constant advancements. Nanostructured materials are utilized to encapsulate food components, packaging and nanosensors. These materials make the compound more soluble, bioavailable and increase its delivery speed, while also keeping the active components safe throughout production and storage. The review outlines the effects of nanotechnology on food systems and describes the outcomes of antimicrobial nanostructural materials on bacteria. It also highlights the characteristics of food‐nanotechnology along with its existing and possible future applications in food science. The potential for nanoparticles to be used in the food industry to supply customers with safe, contaminant‐free food and to increase the acceptance of the food due to its enhanced functional characteristics has been summarized as well.
Glycosaminoglycan from Ostrea rivularis attenuates hyperlipidemia and regulates gut microbiota in high‐cholesterol diet‐fed zebrafish
Authors: Kong Yan , Li Ying , Dai Zi‐Ru , Qin Mei , Fan He‐Liang , Hao Jun‐Guang , Zhang Chen‐Xiao , Zhong Qiu‐Ping , Qi Cen , Wang Pei 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHyperlipidemia an immense group of acquired or genetic metabolic disorders that is characterized by an excess of lipids in the bloodstream. Altogether, they have a high prevalence worldwide and constitute a major threat to human health. Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) are natural biomolecules that have hypolipidemic activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential hypolipidemic effect of glycosaminoglycans extracted from Ostrea rivularis (OGAG) on hyperlipidemic zebrafish, as well as the possible underlying mechanism of such effect. Dietary supplementation with OGAG during 4 weeks significantly reduced the serum and hepatic lipid levels and the hepatosomatic index in hyperlipidemic zebrafish. In addition, histopathological showed that OGAG supplementation decreases the volume and number of lipid droplets in hepatocytes. Transcriptome and real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that the gene expression levels of PPARγ, SCD, HMGRA, ACAT2, HMGCS, and HMGCR were significantly downregulated by OGAG treatment in hepatocytes, whereas those of CD36, FABP2, FABP6, ABCG5, and CYP7A1 were significantly upregulated. This suggests that the hypolipidemic effect of OGAG relies on increasing the ketogenic metabolism of fatty acids, inhibiting cholesterol synthesis, and enhancing the transformation of cholesterol to bile acid. Furthermore, OGAG treatment improved gut microbiota imbalance by reducing the Firmicutes‐to‐Bacteroidetes ratio, increasing the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria (Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Acidobacteria, and Sphingomonas), and reducing the relative abundance of harmful bacteria (Proteobacteria, Cohaesibacter, Vibrio, and Terrisporobacter). These findings highlight the potential benefit of implementing OGAG as a dietary supplement to prevent and treat hyperlipidemia.
Neurotensin receptor 2 is induced in astrocytes and brain endothelial cells in relation to neuroinflammation following pilocarpine‐induced seizures in rats
Authors: Kyriatzis Grigorios , Bernard Anne , Bôle Angélique , Pflieger Guillaume , Chalas Petros , Masse Maxime , Lécorché Pascaline , Jacquot Guillaume , Ferhat Lotfi , Khrestchatisky Michel 
Published: July 2021

AbstractNeurotensin (NT) acts as a primary neurotransmitter and neuromodulator in the CNS and has been involved in a number of CNS pathologies including epilepsy. NT mediates its central and peripheral effects by interacting with the NTSR1, NTSR2, and Sort1/NTSR3 receptor subtypes. To date, little is known about the precise expression of the NT receptors in brain neural cells and their regulation in pathology. In the present work, we studied the cellular distribution of the NTSR2 protein in the rat hippocampus and questioned whether its expression was modulated in conditions of neuroinflammation using a model of temporal lobe epilepsy induced by pilocarpine. This model is characterized by a rapid and intense inflammatory reaction with reactive gliosis in the hippocampus. We show that NTSR2 protein is expressed in hippocampal astrocytes and its expression increases together with astrocyte reactivity following induction of status epilepticus. NTSR2 immunoreactivity is also increased in astrocytes proximal to blood vessels and their end‐feet, and in endothelial cells. Proinflammatory factors such as IL1β and LPS induced NTSR2 mRNA and protein in cultured astroglial cells. Antagonizing NTSR2 with SR142948A decreased NTSR2 expression as well as astroglial reactivity. Together, our results suggest that NTSR2 is implicated in astroglial and gliovascular inflammation and that targeting the NTSR2 receptor may open new avenues in the regulation of neuroinflammation in CNS diseases.
Use of monopolar microelectrodes and radiofrequency in the treatment of arytenoid edema after partial horizontal laryngectomy and radiotherapy
Authors: Basterra Jorge , Oishi Natsuki , López Isabel , Otero María , Sánchez Alvaro , Zapater Enrique 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe evaluated the tissue reduction effects using monopolar microelectrodes (MME) coupled to a radiofrequency (RF) generator in arytenoid edema caused by postoperative radiotherapy in larynx. This is a retrospective transversal study, which included 15 patients with supraglottic laryngeal carcinoma. All the patients had undergone a partial horizontal laryngectomy and bilateral neck dissection followed by postoperative radiotherapy. The studied group of patients presented laryngeal stenosis defined by arytenoid edema as a complication, requiring permanent tracheostomy for mean of 12 months. The surgical procedure for treating the edema was the transoral approach of the larynx by microlaryngoscopy under general anesthesia; using 180° MME coupled to a 4‐MHz RF generator delivering 15 W using coagulation mode. A total of 11 (73%) patients were decannulated. The median time for decannulation was 10 weeks. No complications were reported. After 2 years of follow‐ups, no case of re‐stenosis was found. MME coupled to RF is a very efficient method to treat arytenoid edema after adjuvant radiotherapy.