bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DEVIANT GENDER ROLE BEHAVIOR IN CHILDREN
Authors: G. M. 
Published: December 2021

Deviant gender role behavior, reviewed in this issue by Bakwin, presents the practicing pediatrician with an infrequent but generally difficult, frustrating clinical problem–difficult because so little is known about the genesis of such disorders and frustrating because the effectiveness of one's therapeutic efforts is so difficult to assess.
There are no data on the incidence of such gender role problems as effeminacy in boys; indeed, there are few reports of any kind related to this problem. Although it is suggested that there is a significant relationship of adult homosexuality to deviant gender role behavior in children, there are no hard data to support this inference.
THOMAS PHAIRE (1510?-1560) AND HIS PRESCRIPTION FOR TREATING ENURESIS
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Every major pediatric textbook in use today will state that the treatment of enuresis in children is often slow and difficult. In fact, there is probably no other symptom for which so many therapeutic regimens have been suggested.
In Thomas Phaire's Boke of Chyidren, published in 1545 and the first pediatric text written in English, enuresis was treated in the following way:
Many times for debilitie of vertue retentiue [power of retention] of the reines [kidneys] or bladder as well old men as children, are often-times annoied, whā their urine issueth out either in their slepe or waking against their willes, having no power to reteine it whan it cōmeth, therefore if they wil be holpē, [helped] first they must avoid all fat meates til the vertue retentiue be restored again, & to use this pouder in their meates and drinkes.
Take the wesande [windpipe] of a cocke, and plucke it, then brenne [burn] it in pouder, and use of it twyse or thryse a daye. The stones [testicles] of an hedgehogge poudred is of the same vertue.
Item the clawes of a goate, made in ponder dronken, or eaten in pottage. If the pacient be of age, it is good to make fyne plates of leade, with holes in them, and lette them lye often to the naked backe.1
Perhaps, Phaire's powders might still give results equal to those obtained by the use of the drugs we now use in the treatment of enuresis.
Recurrent, Abdominal Pain of Organic Cause
Authors: Schmitt Barton D. 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Donald G. Marshall's recent article1 on recurrent abdominal pain was greatly needed. His psychological comments are excellent and mark him as an exceptional surgeon, however, there are two points worthy of comment.
He emphasizes several times that "psychic recurrent pains are quite uncommon under 5 years of age." This is incorrect. It is based on Figure 1 (p. 17) of John Apley's beautiful monogram.2 Figure 1 illustrates the incidence of recurrent abdominal pain in 100 unselected school children, none of whom are under 5 years of age.
Indications for Fetal Transfusions
Authors: Bowman John M. 
Published: December 2021

Two statements in Dr. Jenold Lucey's paper, "Current Indications and Results of Fetal Transfusions" (Pediatrics, 41:139, 1968), run counter to our experience in Winnipeg.
If a fetal transfusion is required before the twenty-eighth week of intrauterine life, we do not find "the risk to be very high." In the 26-month period ending January 2, 1968, 63% of all fetuses undergoing initial intrauterine transfusions before 26 weeks gestation have survived. Using exactly the criteria for fetal transfusion outlined by Doctor Lucey (his last sentence on page 139) , we have found it necessary to subject 27 fetuses–50% of all those undergoing transfusion–to their initial procedures before the twenty-sixth week of intrauterine life.
Common Symptoms of Disease in Children, by R. S. Illingworth, M.D., F.R.C.P., D.P.H., D.C.H. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company, 1967, 270 pp., $8.00
Authors: Webb Clarence H. 
Published: December 2021

Those who deplore the shift away from careful clinical observations to dependence on the laboratory and the machine should be delighted with Professor Illingworth's latest book. The evidences of meticulous study of infants, children, and parents in the office and the home, regardless of how simple or humble the topics may seem, will give many American pediatricians a nostalgic recall of Joseph Brennemann or Katherine Dodd.
The author admittedly has written for the general practitioner and pleads guilty in the preface to a lack of profundity, repeatedly advising the practitioner to consult a specialist when in doubt.
The Newborn Child, ed. 2, by David G. Vulliamy, M.D., M.R.C.P., D.C.H. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1967, 182 pp., $9.50
Authors: Smith Clement A. 
Published: December 2021

This is a good book, its narrow span wellfilled with information and good sense. It is also, to the American reviewer, a peculiar book, whose purpose might perhaps be differently met on this side of the Atlantic. Good as it is, one sometimes wonders if the purpose is sufficiently met on the other side of the Atlantic also.
First as to the book itself: Dr. Vulliamy, consultant paediatrician to West and East Donset Groups of Hospitals, hopes it "will provide a short general guide to help anyone entering medical practice after only a brief experience with the newborn child."
LONGITUDINAL EEG-CLINICAL CORRELATIONS IN CHILDREN FROM BIRTH TO 4 YEARS OF AGE
Authors: Torres Fernando , Blaw Michael E. 
Published: December 2021

One hundred-thirty children who had an EEG during their first days of life and who were registered in a clinical longitudinal study were followed with concurrent clinical and EEG examinations every 4 months for the first year of life and at 2, 3, and 4 years of age. Thirty children had EEG characteristics which are frequently considered abnormal in their neonatal record. Twenty-three children had clinical abnormalities during the 4-year period covered by the study. There was no significant correlation between a single EEG and clinical abnormalities at any age. Newborn infants with more than one focal abnormality in their EEG presented clinical abnormalities more frequently than those with a single focus. The difference, however, did not attain statistical significance. Children with an abnormal EEG at birth and an additional abnormal record later, had a higher incidence of clinical abnormalities than those with only an abnormal neonatal EEG. However, this finding is of questionable significance because the children who had clinical abnormalities had a larger number of EEG's than the normal subjects.
It is expected that continued follow-up of these children at more advanced stages of their development may give a positive EEG-clinical correlation which was not found in this study.
EFFECTS OF SODIUM BICARBONATE BY RAPID INJECTION AND OF OXYGEN IN HIGH CONCENTRATION IN RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME OF THE NEWBORN
Authors: Russell George , Cotton Ernest K. 
Published: December 2021

Following the rapid intravenous injection of sodium bicarbonate in 19 infants suffering from the respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn (RDS), arterial oxygen tension, arterial oxygen saturation and base excess rose, while arterial carbon dioxide tension and hydrogen ion concentration fell. Effective pulmonary blood flow rose, and right-to-left shunting diminished.
Following the administration of increased oxygen to 6 infants with less severe RDS, there was a rise in arterial oxygen tension and a fall in arterial carbon dioxide tension.
It is suggested that the changes which occur after both forms of therapy are due to a decrease of pulmonary vascular resistance, reduced right-to-left shunt, and improved pulmonary capillary perfusion.
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC STUDIES IN CHILDREN WITH LEAD POISONING
Authors: Silver Walter , Rodriguez-Torres Ramon 
Published: December 2021

Electrocardiographic studies before and after treatment were performed in 30 children with lead poisoning. It was found that abnormal electrocardiograms were present in 70% of the patients on admission. After completion of therapy, the electrocardiographic findings remained abnormal in only four (13%) of the patients. The abnormalities described most likely represent myocardial damage.
It is proposed that a cardiovascular evaluation should be made as a routine procedure in every child with lead poisoning.
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT: ORGANIZATION FOR CONVALESCENCE
Authors: Maginnis Elizabeth 
Published: December 2021

The accent on a child rather than his disease requires constant emphasis when the pressures for concentration on pathologic parts so readily conspire to narrow perspective. The introduction of social services into teaching hospitals came about initially from an awareness within the medical and nursing professions of the restrictive tendencies of specialization. In recent times, there has been a refreshing impetus to return to those early values of responsibility for the patient in his total environment, now fortified by the growth of behavioral and social sciences.
My own practice of social work for over 15 years in a pediatric hospital has provided convincing evidence of the oneness of mind and body in illness and handicap. Direct clinical participation in three massive epidemics of poliomyelitis served to add dimension and force to this awareness. Through these opportunities, it has been possible to observe the acute, the convalescent, and residual stages of a particular illness and to compare it with the spectrum of handicapping disease seen in the pediatric hospital. Similar temporal boundaries have revealed themselves in social and elliotional developmellts. Although the physician logically perceives these progressive stages in relation to specific medical diagnosis, parents and families do not experience the disability of a child in quite the same context. Transitions are demarcated for them according to the adaptations demanded by the disease, illness, or injury of the child. From their vantage point, sequential shifts occur as they pass through the apprehension and tolerance of a diagnosis, into participation in treatment, and finally towards acceptance and reorganization within the facts of irreversible damage.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: Smith Margaret H. D. 
Published: December 2021

The Committee on Control of Infectious Diseases of the American Academy of Pediatrics did not recommend the use of influenza vaccine in normal children for several reasons. First of all, such children are at minimum risk from the standpoint of mortality. Secondly, the logistics of such mass immunization programs are considerable, particularly when one notes that the immunity is relatively short-lived.
In my opinion there are other reasons why this recommendation is a good one. First of all, it is difficult for the manufacturers on short notice to produce sufficient vaccine for everyone.
CONGENITAL PERNICIOUS ANEMIA: EFFECTS ON GROWTH, BRAIN, AND ABSORPTION OF B12
Authors: McNicholl Brian , Egan Bridget 
Published: December 2021

Three Irish children, two of them siblings, developed megaloblastic anemia around one year; deficiency of intrinsic factor (I.F.), presumably congenital, was shown by Schilling tests and assay of gastric juice. Congenital pernicious anemia (P.A.), in contrast to adult P.A., shows normal gastric mucosa and acidity and no antibodies to gastric mucosa or I.F. Adult type P.A., with gastric atrophy and achlorhydria, if occurring in childhood, can be called "juvenile P.A.," "congenital P.A." being reserved for the type described here. P.A. associated with polyendocrinopathy and the type described by Imerslund due to specific B12 malabsorption should be named accordingly. Congenital P.A.'s inheritance is thought to be autosomal recessive.
Growth retardation and acceleration appeared to be related to B12 deficiency and treatment. I.Q.'s of around 70 in each child may represent the effects of B12 deficiency on cerebral growth. An initial malabsorption of B12 was shown to improve markedly with B12 treatment. In diagnosis of megaloblastic anemia, only that due to B12 deficiency will respond to dosage of 2 to 5 µg B12 (intramuscular) daily. Early diagnosis and treatment may prevent brain damage.
Accidents and those Bizarre Bicycles
Authors: Howell T. R. 
Published: December 2021

Since the invention of the bicycle about 1860, physicians have seen isolated and sporadic instances of trauma following falls from bicycles. Recently, at this ilospital, we have become acutely aware of an increasing number of specific craniofacial injuries in children from this cause. We suspect that the "epidemic" may be related to the recent popularity of bicycles with small front wheels, low set front axles, long, narrow seats, and high, wide handle bars.
Facial trauma in these children may be an emengency if brisk hemorrhage or mandibular fracture compromising the airway occurs.
Immunization of Rh-negative Mother with Rh Antisera
Authors: Winbaum Edward S. 
Published: December 2021

After reading Dr. Diamond's article on the history and advances made against erythroblastosis, I am encouraged to submit (with his approval) a copy of a letter dated August 23, 1957, received from Dr. S. Gellis in reply to an idea which came to me about 11 years ago. The general pediatrician might consider it an interesting footnote to the "erythroblastosis story" and perhaps be more persevering in his own original thoughts.
I might add that Dr. Gellis's reply was the only encouraging response verbal or written, from many opinions received.
BOSTON MOTHERS OF THE 1830'S WARNED THAT LORD BYRON'S PROFLIGACY AND MORAL WRETCHEDNESS WERE CAUSED BY HIS MOTHER'S SINFUL CHARACTER
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Many Boston mothers of the 1830's avidly read Abbott's The Mother at Home in hopes that this book would guide them in the proper rearing of their children. This was an age of certainty about how mothers should act if they were to raise their children to be Christian men or women. The instruction given was simplistic and free of anxieties about which psychologic approach or school of thought was correct. The mother was told that she alone was the most powerful influence in the formation of her son's character. A pious, faithful mother, free from what in that Calvinistic society were considered sinful attributes (indolence, permissiveness, and wastefulness) could expect her son to be a credit to society. But if a mother who lacked these "good" qualities, her son might become as great a profligate as did Lord Byron. Abbott sternly warned:
Byron had a mother just the reverse of lady Washington [sic]; and the character of the mother was transferred to the son. We cannot wonder then at his character and conduct, for we see them to be the almost necessary consequences of the education he received, and the scenes witnessed in his mother's parlor. She would at one time allow him to disobey with impunity; again she would fly into a rage and beat him. She thus taught him to defy all authority, human and devine; to indulge without restraint in sin; to give himself up to the power of every maddening passion. It was the mother of Byron who laid the foundation of his pre-eminence in guilt.
LACTASE DEFICIENCY IN PATIENTS WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Authors: Antonowicz Irena , Reddy Vinodini , Khaw Kon-Taik , Shwachman Harry 
Published: December 2021

Disaccharidase (lactase, maltase, sucrase, and palatinase) assays were performed on small intestinal mucosal biopsies obtained from 28 patients with cystic fibrosis and 90 controls.
Seven patients with cystic fibrosis showed a significant reduction in lactase activity with normal values for sucrase, maltase, and palatinase. In the remaining 21 patients the enzymatic activities, expressed in units per gram of wet weight of tissue and per gram of protein, were comparable with the 90 controls. The mucosal histology showed normal villous structure. Oral tolerance tests for glucose revealed excellent absorption in all cases tested. Patients with cystic fibrosis having normal lactase activity also had good lactose absorption. However, in the patients with lactase deficiency, flat oral lactose tolerance tests were found. Five of the seven patients with lactase deficiency were able to tolerate some lactose, whereas two others were very intolerant and required elimination of lactose from their diet.
This study brings out the high incidence of intestinal lactase deficiency in patients with cystic fibrosis and suggests that the lactase deficiency may be a primary genetic disorder. At present no explanation for this genetic association is available.
INTRA-UTERINE HYPERPARATHYROIDISM SECONDARY TO MATERNAL HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
Authors: Bronsky David , Kiamko Rosario T. , Moncada Rogelio , Rosenthal Ira M. 
Published: December 2021

Two cases of intra-uterine hyperparathyroidism secondary to maternal hypoparathyroidism are recorded. The skeletal manifestations of hyperparathyroidism were present at birth in one infant but not in the other. Both mothers had a remission of clinical tetany during their pregnancy.
The infants' hyperparathyroidism may have been the result of hyperplasia of the fetal parathyroid glands in response to decreased placental transfer of calcium and fetal hypocalcemia. The relief of maternal tetany could have been accomplished either by passage of fetal parathyroid hormone or of calcium to the mother.
Reactions to Booster Doses of Tetanus Vaccine
Authors: Perez-Martin Ricardo 
Published: December 2021

I am a pediatrician who started private practice recently in Pasadena, Texas.
For quite some time I have been bothered by a question; but, since starting private practice I have felt compelled to ask this question of some authorities in this matter.
Every pediatrician, general practitioner, and any physician (M.D.) who takes calls in the emergency room of a hospital, sometimes has found children or adults with a laceration who need a booster of D.P.T., D.T., or just plain tetanus toxoid, according to age, because it has been more then one year since they have had one, and they tell you that they are allergic to tetanus toxoid.
Selective Immunoglobulin A Deficiency and Intestinal Nodular Lymphoid Hyperplasia: Correction of Diarrhea with Antibiotics and Plasma
Authors: Gryboski Joyce D. , Self Thomas W. , Clemett Arthur , Herskovic Teodoro 
Published: December 2021

A 13-year-old boy with chronic diarrhea and abdominal pain since 6 months of age, and recurrent fevers since 12% years of age, was found to have deficiency of IgA and nodular lymphoid hyperplasia of the small intestine. This disorder was similar to that of "dysgammaglobulinemia and intestinal lymphoid hyperplasia" described in adults in 1966. An associated giardiasis was eliminated by atabrine therapy and a malabsorption syndrome, cleared after treatment with tetracycline. Diarrhea and abdominal pain were not alleviated until he was treated with monthly fresh frozen plasma infusions.
It is to be emphasized that other forms of chronic diarrhea not related to immunoglobuun deficiencies do not respond to this type of therapy.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: Niedermeyer Ernst , Richardson Frederick 
Published: December 2021

Doctors Niedermeyer and Richardson comment as follows:
Some of us would agree with Dr. Copple that there are limitations as to the information obtained from the electroencephalogram. However, perhaps Dr. Copple's remarks reflect her subjective and impressionistic view concerning the clinical value of electroencephalography in general.
No attempt should be made to convert Dr. Copple into a "believer in brain waves." Electroencephalographers should be painfully aware of technical limitations and gladly abstain from missionary zeal.
Another Lesson from the Health Care of European Children
Authors: Forbes Gilbert B. 
Published: December 2021

In the current flurry of excitement, and dismay, at the relative ranking of the United States mortality rates,1 I should like to direct the reader's attention to a 25-year-old article which should make us–and also our Swedish colleagues–feel even worse.
I refer to Sigismund Peller's study of the health of the ruling families of Europe over the last 400 years.2 One of the calculations which Peller made was that of the infant mortality rates for this group of favored citizens.
Hirschsprung's Disease in the Neonate Presenting as Cecal Perforation
Authors: Ajayi O. O. A. , Solanke T. F. , Seriki O. , Bohrer S. P. 
Published: December 2021

Two cases of cecal perforation in neonates due to Hirscbsprung's disease are presented.
The clinical features in the two cases were increasing abdominal distension due to dilated bowel and pneumoperitoneum. The diagnosis was missed in the first case and, as a result, the infant was treated by simple closure of the perforation. A correct diagnosis was made in the second case and treatment was by closure of perforations and a transverse colostomy.
The diagnosis may be suspected pre-operatively and should be suspected at surgery if a colonic perforation is discovered without any apparent cause.
Biopsy of the rectum at the time of the laparotomy is suggested in order to avoid a second anesthetic prior to definitive operative treatment.
IRON BALANCE AND REQUIREMENTS IN INFANCY
Authors: Lowe Charles U. , Coursin David B. , Filer Lloyd J. , Heald Felix P. , Holliday Malcolm A. , O'Brien Donough , Owen George M. , Pearson Howard A. , Scriver Charles R. 
Published: December 2021

1. The iron endowment of the newborn is proportional to the initial hemoglobin mass. This in turn depends upon the birth weight and initial hemoglobin level. The presence of low birth weight or decreased hemoglobin level in the first few days of life may identify infants with special iron requirements during the first 18 months of life.
2. It is recommended that the diet of normal term infants provide 1.0 mg/kg/day of iron by 3 months of age to a maximum intake of 15 mg/day. This requirement can be easily met by inclusion in the diet of appropriate amounts of foods which have been enriched with iron, such as infant cereals or milk formulas.
3. Infants with low birth weight and others with reduced iron endowment require as much as 2.0 mg of iron per kilogram per day beginning by 2 months of age. This amount of iron will not ordinarily be provided by the diet, even if iron-supplemented cereals are given. Attainment of these larger amounts requires the use of medicinal iron or iron-supplemented milk formula.
4. Attention should be directed to providing a variety of iron-enriched dietary staples to be used routinely for feeding American infants during the period of life from 3 to 18 months of age and to more precisely determining the best form of iron supplementation. At the present time iron fortified baby cereals and milk formulas are the iron supplemented foods most generally available. These are not utilized by the segments of the American population which have the greatest need for them.