bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased isolation mass for pebble accreting planetary cores in pressure maxima of protoplanetary discs
Authors: Sándor Zs , Regály Zs 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
The growth of a pebble accreting planetary core is stopped when reaching its isolation mass that is due to a pressure maximum emerging at the outer edge of the gap opened in gas. This pressure maximum traps the inward drifting pebbles stopping the accretion of solids on to the core. On the other hand, a large amount of pebbles ($\sim \! 100\, {\mathrm{ M}}_\oplus$) should flow through the orbit of the core until reaching its isolation mass. The efficiency of pebble accretion increases if the core grows in a dust trap of the protoplanetary disc. Dust traps are observed as ring-like structures by ALMA suggesting the existence of global pressure maxima in discs that can also act as planet migration traps. This work aims to reveal how large a planetary core can grow in such a pressure maximum by pebble accretion. In our hydrodynamic simulations, pebbles are treated as a pressureless fluid mutually coupled to the gas via drag force. Our results show that in a global pressure maximum the pebble isolation mass for a planetary core is significantly larger than in discs with power-law surface density profile. An increased isolation mass shortens the formation time of giant planets.
Limited Predictability of Amino Acid Substitutions in Seasonal Influenza Viruses
Authors: Barrat-Charlaix Pierre , Huddleston John , Bedford Trevor , Neher Richard A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Seasonal influenza viruses repeatedly infect humans in part because they rapidly change their antigenic properties and evade host immune responses, necessitating frequent updates of the vaccine composition. Accurate predictions of strains circulating in the future could therefore improve the vaccine match. Here, we studied the predictability of frequency dynamics and fixation of amino acid substitutions. Current frequency was the strongest predictor of eventual fixation, as expected in neutral evolution. Other properties, such as occurrence in previously characterized epitopes or high Local Branching Index (LBI) had little predictive power. Parallel evolution was found to be moderately predictive of fixation. Although the LBI had little power to predict frequency dynamics, it was still successful at picking strains representative of future populations. The latter is due to a tendency of the LBI to be high for consensus-like sequences that are closer to the future than the average sequence. Simulations of models of adapting populations, in contrast, show clear signals of predictability. This indicates that the evolution of influenza HA and NA, while driven by strong selection pressure to change, is poorly described by common models of directional selection such as traveling fitness waves.
Alzheimer’s disease and gut microbiota: does trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) play a role?
Authors: Arrona Cardoza Pablo , Spillane Micheil B , Morales Marroquin Elisa 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects memory and cognitive function. Clinical evidence has put into question our current understanding of AD development, propelling researchers to look into further avenues. Gut microbiota has emerged as a potential player in AD pathophysiology. Lifestyle factors, such as diet, can have negative effects on the gut microbiota and thus host health. A Western-type diet has been highlighted as a risk factor for both gut microbiota alteration as well as AD development. The gut-derived trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) has been previously implied in the development of cardiovascular diseases with recent evidence suggesting a plausible role of TMAO in AD development. Therefore, the main goal of the present review is to provide the reader with potential mechanisms of action through which consumption of a Western-type diet could increase AD risk, by acting through microbiota-produced TMAO. Although a link between TMAO and AD is far from definitive, this review will serve as a call for research into this new area of research.
Peer Effects in Corporate Governance Practices: Evidence from Universal Demand Laws
Authors: Foroughi Pouyan , Marcus Alan J , Nguyen Vinh , Tehranian Hassan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Firms in the same networks tend to have similar corporate governance practices. However, disentangling peer effects, where governance practices propagate from one firm to another, from selection effects, where firms with similar preferences self-select into linked groups, is difficult to do. Studying board-interlocked firms, we utilize the staggered adoption of universal demand laws across states to identify and estimate causal peer effects in governance policies. We find support for the existence of peer effects in the adoption of antitakeover provisions. The impact of universal demand laws on the governance experience of interlocking directors likely explains these effects.
MEASUREMENT OF SKIN DOSE AND RADIATION-INDUCED CHANGES IN SKIN MICROCIRCULATION IN CHRONIC TOTAL OCCLUSION PERCUTANEOUS CARDIAC INTERVENTIONS (CTO-PCI)
Authors: Tesselaar Erik , Macková Petra , Pagonis Christos , Saers Samuel , Ahle Margareta , Sandborg Michael 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Skin injuries may occur when radiation doses to the skin exceed 2 Gy. This study aimed to measure changes in skin microcirculation in patients undergoing chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary interventions (CTO-PCI). In 14 patients, peak skin dose (PSD) was estimated with radiographic films and skin microcirculation was assessed with laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI), before, 1 day after the intervention, and 4–6 weeks later. The mean PSD was 1.8 ± 0.9 Gy. Peak skin microcirculation increased by 12% from 45 ± 6 PU before to 50 ± 9 PU 1 day after the intervention (p = 0.01), and returned to 46 ± 8 PU after 4–6 weeks (p = 0.15). There was no significant correlation between PSD and the change in perfusion, neither 1 day (r = −0.13, p = 0.69) nor 4–6 weeks after the intervention (r = 0.33, p = 0.35). These results suggest that there are no radiation-induced microvascular changes in the skin after CTO-PCI at skin doses below 2 Gy.
The Effect of Cartoon Watching and Distraction Card on Physiologic Parameters and Fear Levels During Inhalation Therapy in Children: A Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Durak Hülya , Uysal Gülzade 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objective
The study was conducted as a randomized controlled study to investigate the effect of cartoon watching and distraction cards on physiologic parameters and fear levels in children with acute bronchitis in the emergency department.

Methods
Ninety-nine children with acute bronchitis aged 3–6 years were randomized in the emergency department. The study was conducted with three groups: cartoon group, distraction card group, and the control group. Data were collected using a follow-up form and the Children’s Fear Scale.

Results
The difference between the mean pulse rates of the groups evaluated by an observer nurse was found to be statistically significant. The pulse rates of the cartoon and distraction card groups were lower than in the control group during inhalation therapy (p &lt; 0.05). The difference between the mean fear scores in the cartoon and control groups as evaluated by the observer nurse and the accompanying parent was found to be statistically significant during after inhalation therapy (p &lt; 0.01).

Conclusion
It was observed that watching cartoons during inhalation therapy was more effective in reducing the level of fear in children that distraction card.
Colletotrichum fioriniae and Colletotrichum godetiae Causing Postharvest Bitter Rot of Apple in South Tyrol (Northern Italy)
Authors: Carneiro Greice Amaral , Baric Sanja 
Published: March 2021

South Tyrol (northern Italy) harbors one of the largest interconnected apple farming areas in Europe, contributing approximately 10% to the apple production of the European Union. Despite the availability of sophisticated storage facilities, postharvest diseases occur, one of which is bitter rot of apple. In Europe, this postharvest disease is mainly caused by the Colletotrichum acutatum species complex. This study aimed to characterize the Colletotrichum spp. isolated from decayed apple fruit collected in 2018 and 2019 in South Tyrol. The characterization of Colletotrichum spp. was accomplished based on multilocus DNA sequences of four different genomic regions—actin (ACT), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), histone H3 (HIS3), and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region—as well as morphological and pathogenicity assessment. A phylogenetic analysis based on multilocus DNA sequences showed that the isolates obtained from apples with symptoms of bitter rot belonged to the species Colletotrichum godetiae and Colletotrichum fioriniae, which are part of the Colletotrichum acutatum species complex. A third species isolated from apples belonging to the same species complex, Colletotrichum salicis, was described in this area. Moreover, the Colletotrichum isolates found in this study proved to be virulent on Cripps Pink, Golden Delicious, and Roho 3615/Evelina. To the best of our knowledge, C. godetiae and C. fioriniae have so far never been mentioned as postharvest pathogens of apple in Italy, although the reanalysis of samples collected in the past indicates that these pathogens have been occurring in Italy for at least a decade. So far, bitter rot seems to play a minor role as a postharvest disease in South Tyrol, but it was disproportionately represented on a few scab-resistant apple cultivars, which are increasingly planted in organically managed orchards. Considering that the expansion of organic apple production and the conversion to new potentially Colletotrichum-susceptible cultivars will continue, the present study represents an important contribution toward a better understanding of bitter rot in this geographic area. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .
There Is No Increase in Perioperative Mortality After Pancreaticoduodenectomy in Octogenarians: Results From the Swedish National Registry for Tumors in the Pancreatic and Periampullary Region
Authors: Johansen Karin U. , Lundgren Linda M. , Gasslander Thomas R. , Sandström Per , Björnsson Bergthor 
Published: March 2021

Objective:
The aim of this observational study was to compare postoperative mortality and complications between octogenarians and younger patients following pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD).

Summary Background Data:
With the growing elderly population and improved operative and postoperative results, PD is performed more frequently in octogenarians. Despite recent studies, it is uncertain whether elderly patients experience worse postoperative outcomes than younger patients.

Methods:
All patients registered in the Swedish National Registry for tumors in the pancreatic and periampullary region from 2010 to 2018 who underwent PD were included in the analysis.

Results:
Out of 13,936 patients included in the registry, 2793 patients underwent PD and were divided into the following age groups: <70 (n = 1508), 70–79 (n = 1137), and ≥80 (n = 148) years old. There was no significant difference in in-hospital, 30- or 90-day mortality among groups. The 2 older groups had a higher rate of medical and some surgical complications but not a significantly higher rate of complications ≥IIIa according to the Clavien-Dindo classification system. The 2 older groups had lower body mass index, higher American Society of Anesthesiologists and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group scores, lower smoking rates, and a higher rate of preoperative biliary drainage than the <70-year-old group (all P < 0.001). The operation time was shorter in the oldest group.

Conclusions:
Despite the worse preoperative condition of octogenarians than younger patients, short-term mortality and serious complications were not increased. The shorter operation time, however, may indicate that patients in the oldest group were more strictly selected. With careful preoperative consideration, especially regarding cardiovascular morbidity, more octogenarians can potentially be safely offered PD.
Definitions of Computer-Assisted Surgery and Intervention, Image-Guided Surgery and Intervention, Hybrid Operating Room, and Guidance Systems
Authors: Giménez Mariano , Gallix Benôit , Costamagna Guido , Vauthey Jean-Nicolas , Moche Michael , Wakabayashi Go , Bale Reto , Swanström Lee , Futterer Jürgen , Geller David , Verde Juan M. , García Vazquez Alain , Boškoski Ivo , Golse Nicolas , Müller-Stich Beat , Dallemagne Bernard , Falkenberg Mårten , Jonas Sven , Riediger Carina , Diana Michele , Kvarnström Niklas , Odisio Bruno C. , Serra Edgardo , Overduin Christiaan , Palermo Mariano , Mutter Didier , Perretta Silvana , Pessaux Patrick , Soler Luc , Hostettler Alexandre , Collins Toby , Cotin Stéphane , Kostrzewa Michael , Alzaga Amilcar , Smith Martin , Marescaux Jacques 
Published: March 2021

Objective:
To develop consensus definitions of image-guided surgery, computer-assisted surgery, hybrid operating room, and surgical navigation systems.

Summary Background Data:
The use of minimally invasive procedures has increased tremendously over the past 2 decades, but terminology related to image-guided minimally invasive procedures has not been standardized, which is a barrier to clear communication.

Methods:
Experts in image-guided techniques and specialized engineers were invited to engage in a systematic process to develop consensus definitions of the key terms listed above. The process was designed following review of common consensus-development methodologies and included participation in 4 online surveys and a post-surveys face-to-face panel meeting held in Strasbourg, France.

Results:
The experts settled on the terms computer-assisted surgery and intervention, image-guided surgery and intervention, hybrid operating room, and guidance systems and agreed-upon definitions of these terms, with rates of consensus of more than 80% for each term. The methodology used proved to be a compelling strategy to overcome the current difficulties related to data growth rates and technological convergence in this field.

Conclusions:
Our multidisciplinary collaborative approach resulted in consensus definitions that may improve communication, knowledge transfer, collaboration, and research in the rapidly changing field of image-guided minimally invasive techniques.
The Effect of Cervical Paravertebral Extensor Degeneration on Sagittal Alignment and Functional Status of Cervical Spine in Patients With Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy
Authors: Yang Peng , Wen Bingtao , Ge Rile , Liu Xin , Tan Lei , Zhong Jun , Jin Kaiji , Chen Zhongqiang 
Published: March 2021

Study Design:
This was a cross-sectional study.

Objective:
The objective of this study was to assess cervical paravertebral extensor degeneration in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) and its impact on the sagittal parameters and functional status of the cervical spine.

Summary of Background Data:
Paravertebral extensor degeneration is well-studied in CSM; however, the effect of extensor degeneration on the sagittal balance and functional status of the cervical spine is unclear.

Materials and Methods:
We enrolled 52 CSM patients (CSM group) and 52 age-matched and sex-matched healthy adults (control group). The C2–C7 and C0–C2 Cobb angles (CAs), C7 slope, T1 slope, cervical arc cord distance, cervical tilt (CERT), cranial tilt (CRAT), and C2–C7 sagittal vertical axis (SVA) were measured. The cross-sectional areas of the deep extensors (DEA), superficial extensors (SEA), and cervical vertebral body (VBA) of C4–C7 were measured. DEA/VBA and SEA/VBA were used to quantify the extensor volume. We analyzed the fatty infiltration ratio of the deep (DFIR) and superficial extensors (SFIR). The Visual Analog Scale, Neck Disability Index, and modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association Scale scores of the CSM group were calculated.

Results:
The DEA/VBA was significantly lower and the DFIR and SFIR were significantly higher in the CSM group. The C4 DEA/VBA correlated with the C2–C7 SVA, C2–C7 CA, CERT, and the Neck Disability Index and modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association Scale scores (r=−0.608, 0.291, 0.335,−0.649, and 0.409, respectively). The DEA/VBA of C5 correlated with the cervical arc cord distance and CRAT (r=−0.350 and −0.356, respectively). The C4 DFIR correlated with the C2–C7 SVA, C2–C7 CA, and the Visual Analog Scale (r=0.286, −0.297, and 0.429, respectively). The SFIR of C7 correlated with the T1 slope and C7 slope (r=0.368 and 0.319, respectively).

Conclusions:
Paravertebral extensor degeneration negatively impacts the sagittal sequence and functional status of the cervical spine in CSM patients. Our study provides an insight into understanding the significance of cervical muscular degeneration in CSM patients.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.
Establishment and clinical application value of an automatic diagnosis platform for rectal cancer T-staging based on a deep neural network
Authors: Wu Qing-Yao , Liu Shang-Long , Sun Pin , Li Ying , Liu Guang-Wei , Liu Shi-Song , Hu Ji-Lin , Niu Tian-Ye , Lu Yun 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background:
Colorectal cancer is harmful to the patient's life. The treatment of patients is determined by accurate preoperative staging. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) played an important role in the preoperative examination of patients with rectal cancer, and artificial intelligence (AI) in the learning of images made significant achievements in recent years. Introducing AI into MRI recognition, a stable platform for image recognition and judgment can be established in a short period. This study aimed to establish an automatic diagnostic platform for predicting preoperative T staging of rectal cancer through a deep neural network.

Methods:
A total of 183 rectal cancer patients’ data were collected retrospectively as research objects. Faster region-based convolutional neural networks (Faster R-CNN) were used to build the platform. And the platform was evaluated according to the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.

Results:
An automatic diagnosis platform for T staging of rectal cancer was established through the study of MRI. The areas under the ROC curve (AUC) were 0.99 in the horizontal plane, 0.97 in the sagittal plane, and 0.98 in the coronal plane. In the horizontal plane, the AUC of T1 stage was 1, AUC of T2 stage was 1, AUC of T3 stage was 1, AUC of T4 stage was 1. In the coronal plane, AUC of T1 stage was 0.96, AUC of T2 stage was 0.97, AUC of T3 stage was 0.97, AUC of T4 stage was 0.97. In the sagittal plane, AUC of T1 stage was 0.95, AUC of T2 stage was 0.99, AUC of T3 stage was 0.96, and AUC of T4 stage was 1.00.

Conclusion:
Faster R-CNN AI might be an effective and objective method to build the platform for predicting rectal cancer T-staging.

Trial registration:
chictr.org.cn: ChiCTR1900023575; http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=39665.
Aldosterone and cortisol synthesis regulation by angiotensin-(1-7) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in the human adrenal cortex
Authors: Caroccia Brasilina , Vanderriele Paul-Emmanuel , Seccia Teresa Maria , Piazza Maria , Lenzini Livia , Prisco Selene , Torresan Francesca , Domenig Oliver , Iacobone Maurizio , Poglitsch Marko , Rossi Gian Paolo 
Published: March 2021

Objective:
The branch of the renin--angiotensin system constituting angiotensin-(1–7) [Ang-(1–7)], the Ang II type 2 receptor, the Mas receptors and the Ang-(1–7)-forming enzyme ACE-2, by counteracting the Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R)-mediated effects, are held to be cardiovascular protective in several conditions. However, whether Ang-(1–7) and ACE-2 are detectable in human adrenocortical tissues and whether they affect aldosterone and cortisol biosynthesis was unknown.

Methods:
We measured angiotensin peptides with liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry and ACE-2 mRNA with digital droplet (dd)PCR in human aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) and APA-adjacent tissue obtained from patients with primary aldosteronism. We also investigated the effects of Ang-(1–7) and the ACE-2 activator diminazene aceturate (DIZE) on aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) and 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1) gene expression, in the absence or presence of the AT1R antagonist irbesartan, or of the MasR antagonist A779.

Results:
APA and APA-adjacent adrenocortical tissues express ACE-2 mRNA and contain detectable amounts of Ang II and Ang-(2–8), but not of Ang I, Ang-(1–5), Ang (3–8) and Ang-(1–7). Under unstimulated and Ang II- stimulated conditions Ang-(1–7) did not blunt CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 mRNA. At supraphysiological concentrations (10−4 mol/l), Ang-(1–7) stimulated both CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 mRNA via the AT1R. The ACE-2 activator DIZE increased by 1.5-fold ACE-2 mRNA but did not blunt Ang II- upregulated CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 expression.

Conclusion:
These results do not support the hypothesis that the ACE-2/Ang-(1–7)/MasR axis play a protective role by counteracting enhanced aldosterone secretion in humans.
Research Letter: Performance of the Brief Test of Adult Cognition by Telephone in a National Sample
Authors: DiBlasio Christina A. , Sima Adam , Kumar Raj G. , Kennedy Richard E. , Retnam Reuben , Lachman Margie E. , Novack Thomas A. , Dams-O'Connor Kristen 
Published: March 2021

Objective:
To create a larger, more representative community comparison sample of the Brief Test of Adult Cognition by Telephone (BTACT) data to facilitate assessment of cognitive function in research studies.

Setting:
National US community-based survey.

Participants:
In total, 6747 healthy adults aged 23 to 84 years (53% female; mean age = 55 years, SD = 13).

Design:
Secondary data analysis of BTACT data collected from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) II and MIDUS Refresher cohorts.

Main Measures:
The BTACT, a brief (15-20 minute) measure of global cognitive function validated for telephone administration.

Results:
This article provides BTACT community comparison sample data based on age, sex, and education from a national sample. Similar to other cognitive measures, BTACT scores decreased with age and increased with education.

Conclusions:
The BTACT community comparison sample will facilitate investigation of cognitive functioning in large-scale traumatic brain injury research studies and will support secondary analysis of existing BTACT data gathered through the MIDUS study.