bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The burden of non‐communicable diseases and mortality in people living with HIV (PLHIV) in the pre‐, early‐ and late‐HAART era
Authors: Jespersen NA , Axelsen F , Dollerup J , Nørgaard M , Larsen CS 
Published: March 2021

ObjectivesTo estimate the burden of non‐communicable diseases (NCDs) and mortality among PLHIV in the pre‐, early‐ and late‐HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) era.MethodsWe conducted a cohort study using population‐based Danish medical registries including all adult HIV‐infected residents of the Central Denmark Region during 1985–2017. For each HIV patient, we selected 10 comparisons from the background population matched by age, sex and municipality of residence. Based on hospital‐related diagnoses we estimated the prevalence and incidence of specific NCD at diagnosis and at 5 and 10 years.ResultsWe identified 1043 PLHIV and 10 430 matched comparisons. PLHIV had lower socioeconomic status and more were born outside western Europe. At HIV diagnosis, 21.9% of PHLIV vs. 18.2% of non‐HIV individuals had at least one NCD, increasing to 42.2% vs. 25.9% after 10 years. PLHIV had higher prevalence and cumulative incidence of alcohol abuse, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), ischaemic heart disease, mental disorders, renal and liver disease, but no increased risk of diabetes mellitus. Only PLHIV in the age groups 41–50 and > 51 years had an increased incidence of osteoporosis. From the pre‐ to the late‐HAART era, 10‐year mortality among PLHIV decreased from 45.5% to 9.4% but continued at more than twice that of uninfected comparisons. However, in the late‐HAART era, the mortality of PLHIV who were alive 2 years after HIV diagnosis was approaching that of comparisons.ConclusionsEven in the late‐HAART era, PLHIV have an excess mortality, which may be attributable to several NCDs being more prevalent among PLHIV. The prevalence rates of ischaemic heart disease, diabetes, osteoporosis and renal disease tend to increase over calendar time. Therefore, improvement of survival and quality of life of PLHIV neets strategies to reduce the risk of developing NCDs, including avoiding toxic antiretroviral therapy and lifestyle changes.
Silent suffering of the dying and their families: impact of COVID‐19
Authors: Katz Naomi T. , McInerney Maureen , Ravindran Ganan , Gold Michelle 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDeath, grief and bereavement all look different in the current COVID‐19 pandemic. Patients and families are suffering as a result of COVID‐19 itself, and the measures required to contain it. As a result, health professionals need to be aware of potential for additional psychological distress, as well as the risk of prolonged grief disorder.
Signaling‐to‐chromatin pathways in the immune system
Authors: Martínez de Paz Alexia , Josefowicz Steven Zvi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractComplex organisms are able to respond to diverse environmental cues by rapidly inducing specific transcriptional programs comprising a few dozen genes among thousands. The highly complex environment within the nucleus—a crowded milieu containing large genomes tightly condensed with histone proteins in the form of chromatin—makes inducible transcription a challenge for the cell, akin to the proverbial needle in a haystack. The different signaling pathways and transcription factors involved in the transmission of information from the cell surface to the nucleus have been readily explored, but not so much the specific mechanisms employed by the cell to ultimately instruct the chromatin changes necessary for a fast and robust transcription activation. Signaling pathways rely on cascades of protein kinases that, in addition to activating transcription factors can also activate the chromatin template by phosphorylating histone proteins, what we refer to as “signaling‐to‐chromatin.” These pathways appear to be selectively employed and especially critical for driving inducible transcription in macrophages and likely in diverse other immune cell populations. Here, we discuss signaling‐to‐chromatin pathways with potential relevance in diverse immune cell populations together with chromatin related mechanisms that help to “solve” the needle in a haystack challenge of robust chromatin activation and inducible transcription.
Does work socialisation matter? Worker engagement in political activities, attachment to democracy and openness to immigration
Authors: Ryan Lorraine , Turner Thomas 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe effects of work socialisation on worker engagement in political activities, attachment to democracy and openness to outsiders are explored in this article. Work environments are measured using firm size, unionisation and employee participation as significant factors that contribute to the development of democratic or authoritarian sentiment at work. Using data from the European Social Survey across 11 countries, we test whether work socialisation influences individuals' attitudes such as trust in the societal institutions of democracy, active involvement in political activities and openness to outsiders, particularly immigrants. Results indicate that individuals working in large organisations accompanied by higher levels of voice and participation at work are more likely to report greater political engagement, trust in politics, trust in people and openness to outsiders compared to workers in small organisations with low levels of voice and participation.
Nursing care management based on the Omaha system for inpatients diagnosed with COVID‐19: An electronic health record study
Authors: Ardic Aysun , Turan Ebru 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimsThe aim of this study was to identify the clinical characteristics of patients diagnosed with COVID‐19 and the existing nursing problems based on the Omaha System, and to establish a comprehensive nursing care management plan by determining the nursing interventions and care outcomes.DesignThis study used a descriptive cross‐sectional design.MethodsThis study was conducted in a training and research hospital with 25 non‐intubated COVID‐19 inpatients between 6 April and 13 May 2020 in Turkey. Data were collected using a Socio‐demographic and Clinical Characteristics Form, the COVID‐19 Response Separate Guidelines and the Omaha System and Nightingale Notes software. Data were analysed using descriptive statistical tests and the chi‐square method.ResultsUsing the Omaha System, it was shown that the patients’ most common problems were communicable/infectious condition, respiration, circulation, pain, nutrition, personal care and substance use respectively. The most common signs and symptoms were signs of infection, fever, cough, respiratory distress and pain. The interventions that were performed most frequently to the patients included infection precautions, medication action/side effects, signs/symptoms‐physical, dietary management and nursing care targets for intervention. These interventions were applied using the category of teaching, guidance and counselling. A significant improvement was observed in the patients’ pre‐ and post‐intervention knowledge, behaviour and status scores.ConclusionsThe results showed that the Omaha System provided effective guidelines for diagnosing the problems, planning and implementing appropriate interventions for the COVID‐19 patients. Therefore, it is recommended to use the Omaha System in nursing care of COVID‐19 patients.ImpactThis is the first study to identify the nursing problems of COVID‐19 patients and to evaluate the outcomes of nursing interventions and care using an international taxonomy along with electronic health record software. The findings of this study can provide evidence‐based guidelines addressing the nursing problems, interventions and outcomes of COVID‐19 patients.
Investigating the role of E‐contact and self‐disclosure on improving Turkish‐Kurdish interethnic relations
Authors: Bagci Sabahat C. , Guvensoy Ipek , Turner Rhiannon N. , White Fiona A. , Piyale Zeynep E. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWhile recent research has started to pay more attention to the role of contact strategies on promoting intergroup harmony between Turkish and Kurdish communities, the effectiveness of a novel form of indirect contact strategy, E‐contact—where participants engage in a cooperative and structured online interaction with an individual from the outgroup—has not yet been tested. Across two studies (NStudy 1 = 110, NStudy 2 = 176), we investigated the effects of E‐contact among Turks on promoting positive attitudes and behavioral tendencies toward Kurds, testing outgroup trust and intergroup anxiety as mediators and incorporating a distinction between lower and higher self‐disclosure conditions. As expected, E‐contact led to more positive outgroup attitudes, as well as greater approach tendencies and decreased avoidance tendencies through increased outgroup trust (Studies 1 and 2) and reduced intergroup anxiety (Study 2). Study 2 also found that E‐contact produced lower perceived interethnic conflict through increased outgroup trust. While both lower and higher personal disclosure conditions provided similar effects in the two studies, E‐contact with heightened self‐disclosure was especially effective at promoting more positive outgroup attitudes and reducing avoidance tendencies. Findings highlight potential benefits of using E‐contact as a prejudice‐reduction strategy in conflict settings.
A scalable computational approach to assessing response to name in toddlers with autism
Authors: Perochon Sam , Di Martino Matias , Aiello Rachel , Baker Jeffrey , Carpenter Kimberly , Chang Zhuoqing , Compton Scott , Davis Naomi , Eichner Brian , Espinosa Steven , Flowers Jacqueline , Franz Lauren , Gagliano Martha , Harris Adrianne , Howard Jill , Kollins Scott H. , Perrin Eliana M. , Raj Pradeep , Spanos Marina , Walter Barbara , Sapiro Guillermo , Dawson Geraldine 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundThis study is part of a larger research program focused on developing objective, scalable tools for digital behavioral phenotyping. We evaluated whether a digital app delivered on a smartphone or tablet using computer vision analysis (CVA) can elicit and accurately measure one of the most common early autism symptoms, namely failure to respond to a name call.MethodsDuring a pediatric primary care well‐child visit, 910 toddlers, 17–37 months old, were administered an app on an iPhone or iPad consisting of brief movies during which the child's name was called three times by an examiner standing behind them. Thirty‐seven toddlers were subsequently diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Name calls and children’s behavior were recorded by the camera embedded in the device, and children’s head turns were coded by both CVA and a human.ResultsCVA coding of response to name was found to be comparable to human coding. Based on CVA, children with ASD responded to their name significantly less frequently than children without ASD. CVA also revealed that children with ASD who did orient to their name exhibited a longer latency before turning their head. Combining information about both the frequency and the delay in response to name improved the ability to distinguish toddlers with and without ASD.ConclusionsA digital app delivered on an iPhone or iPad in real‐world settings using computer vision analysis to quantify behavior can reliably detect a key early autism symptom—failure to respond to name. Moreover, the higher resolution offered by CVA identified a delay in head turn in toddlers with ASD who did respond to their name. Digital phenotyping is a promising methodology for early assessment of ASD symptoms.
Experimental investigation of drying characteristics of lima beans with passive and active mode greenhouse solar dryers
Authors: Mani Purusothaman , Thirumalai Natesan Valarmathi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn the study, the thermal performance of the even span and parabolic roof type solar greenhouse dryers is investigated under the active and passive modes under the same operating conditions. Dryers were covered with the 200‐μm UV stabilized polyethylene sheets to enhance the solar insolation effect. The performance of these dryers is evaluated for drying lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus). The moisture content of Lima beans was reduced from 75% (w.b.) to 11% (w.b). For both of active and passive mode conditions, the parabolic dryer could dry in 28 and 32 hr, respectively and that for the even span dryer, it could achieve the same state in 32 and 36 hr, respectively. The open sun drying took as high as 40 hr to dry time for the lima beans. The highest thermal efficiency of the dryers was estimated to be 14.7% for the active mode parabolic dryer and the minimum as 12.03% in the passive mode even span dryers. The nutrition retainment was the highest for parabolic active mode dryer with the payback period as 2.15 years, as against 10 years of expected solid life span and strong suggestion is made for the use of the small scale needful farmers.Practical ApplicationsDrying is an energy consuming processes, and industries require more amount of energy for drying a food grain. In the current scenario, more attention is toward for usage of the Solar based dryers for the abundance of availability of solar energy which makes cost effective. However, the popularly available conventional method of open Sun drying of lima beans resulted in contamination of product from external dirt, degradation due to direct heating, existence of uncontrolled dry rate and additional dry time. To solve the above constraints, in open sun drying and to improve the dried product quality, the author constructed a simple, compact and economically modified greenhouse solar dryer. The quality of dried lima beans under active mode convection parabolic roof was superior. The much needed carbohydrate and protein values, of dried lima beans of 100 g sample for forced convection parabolic roof greenhouse solar dryer had shown the increase of 2 and 10% than open sun dry sample. Among various seeds used to making food stuff, the lima beans are one of the choices for people.
Prediction model for bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection of gastric neoplasms from a high‐volume center
Authors: Choe Yeon Hwa , Jung Da Hyun , Park Jun Chul , Kim Ha Yan , Shin Sung Kwan , Lee Sang Kil , Lee Yong Chan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackground and AimBleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a main adverse event. To date, although there have been several studies about risk factors for post‐ESD bleeding, there has been few predictive model for post‐ESD bleeding with large volume cases. We aimed to design a prediction model for post‐ESD bleeding using a classification tree model.MethodsWe analyzed a prospectively established cohort of patients with gastric neoplasms treated with ESD from 2007 to 2016. Baseline characteristics were collected for a total of 5080 patients, and the bleeding risk was estimated using variable statistical methods such as logistic regression, AdaBoost, and random forest. To investigate how bleeding was affected by independent predictors, the classification and regression tree (CART) method was used. The prediction tree developed for the cohort was internally validated.ResultsPost‐ESD bleeding occurred in 262 of 5080 patients (5.1%). In multivariate logistic regression, ongoing antithrombotic use during the procedure, cancer pathology, and piecemeal resection were significant risk factors for post‐ESD bleeding. In the CART model, the decisive variables were ongoing antithrombotic agent use, resected specimen size ≥49 mm, and patient age <62 years. The CART model accuracy was 94.9%, and the cross‐validation accuracy was 94.8%.ConclusionsWe developed a simple and easy‐to‐apply predictive tree model based on three risk factors that could help endoscopists identify patients at a high risk of bleeding. This model will enable clinicians to establish precise management strategies for patients at a high risk of bleeding and to prevent post‐ESD bleeding.
Diet and physical activity after liver transplant: A qualitative study of barriers and facilitators to following advice
Authors: Spillman Lynsey N. , Melville‐Claxton Arabella , Gatiss Gillian A. , Fernandez Nicola , Madden Angela M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundLiver transplant recipients are given diet and physical activity advice to aid recovery and promote long‐term health. The present study aimed to explore patients’ experiences of receiving and implementing diet and physical activity advice after liver transplant and identify barriers and facilitators to following recommendations.MethodsA qualitative descriptive design included purposive sampling of 13 liver transplant recipients. Semi‐structured audio‐recorded interviews and inductive thematic analysis using a framework were undertaken concurrently to enable recruitment until saturation of themes occurred.ResultsOverall experiences varied between participants and settings, as well as over time. Seven themes emerged, all representing both barriers and facilitators to implementing advice. Poor capability and loss of confidence were barriers that improved in hospital because healthcare professionals enabled participants to set and achieve goals but remained key barriers after discharge from hospital. The format and consistency of advice influenced participants’ confidence in the healthcare team. Social support helped participants to return to and implement advice, although social networks could also have a negative influence. Advice and modelling of behaviour from other transplant recipients were facilitators. Symptoms, side effects, comorbidities and the environment presented barriers and facilitators. The desire to return to normal and coping strategies were drivers of behaviours, which were also influenced by participants’ beliefs and values.ConclusionsThe variation in experiences indicates a need for individually tailored advice that is consistent across the multidisciplinary team. Interventions for behaviour change that merit further investigation include goal setting, improving coping strategies, peer support and modifying the hospital and home environment.
Stress and Learning in Pupils: Neuroscience Evidence and its Relevance for Teachers
Authors: Whiting Sue B. , Wass Sam V. , Green Simon , Thomas Michael S. C. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTOur understanding of how stress affects primary school children's attention and learning has developed rapidly. We know that children experience differing levels of stressors (factors that cause stress) in their environments, and that this can influence how they respond to new stressors when they occur in educational contexts. Here, we review evidence showing that stress can increase children's attention and learning capacities in some circumstances but hinder them in others. We show how children differ in their attention and learning styles, dependent on stress levels: for example, more highly stressed children may be more distracted by superficial features and may find it harder to engage in planning and voluntary control. We review intervention research on stress management techniques in children, concentrating on psychological techniques (such as mindfulness and stress reappraisal), physiological techniques (such as breathing exercises) and environmental factors (such as reducing noise). At the current time, raising teachers' awareness of pupils' differing stress responses will be an important step in accommodating the differing needs of children in their classrooms.
Associations between livestock ownership and lower odds of anaemia among children 6–59 months old are not mediated by animal‐source food consumption in Ghana
Authors: Lambrecht Nathalie J. , Wilson Mark L. , Baylin Ana , Folson Gloria , Naabah Samuel , Eisenberg Joseph N. S. , Adu Bright , Jones Andrew D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractLivestock ownership may mitigate anaemia among young children by providing access to animal‐source foods (ASFs) yet exacerbate anaemia by exposing children to animal‐source pathogens. This study aimed to assess the association between household livestock ownership and child anaemia and examine whether this relationship is mediated by child ASF consumption or by child morbidity and inflammation. We conducted a cross‐sectional study of 470 children aged 6–59 months in Greater Accra, Ghana. Child blood samples were analysed for haemoglobin concentration, iron status biomarkers and inflammatory biomarkers. Caregivers were asked about the child's frequency of ASF consumption in the past 3 months. Livestock ownership was categorized into five typologies to distinguish households by the number and combinations of species owned. In adjusted logistic regression, children from households in Type 5, owning cattle, small livestock (goats, sheep or pigs) and poultry, had lower odds of anaemia compared with those in Type 1, owning no livestock (OR [95% CI]: 0.32 [0.14, 0.71]). Although children from households that owned poultry were more likely to consume chicken meat, and children from households with cattle were more likely to drink cow's milk, consumption of these ASFs did not mediate the observed association between livestock ownership and child anaemia. There were no associations between livestock ownership and children's symptoms of illness or inflammation. Further research is needed to understand how ownership of certain livestock species, or a greater diversity of livestock species, may be associated with the risk of child anaemia, including the role of dietary and income‐based pathways.
Gasoline price reforms and household consumption behaviour: Evidence from household‐level survey data in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al‐Sahlawi Mohammed , Al‐Mansour Abdullah , Al‐Titi Omar , Miah Fazlul 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn January 2016, as a measure of energy price reform, the government of Saudi Arabia implemented a 50 per cent nationwide increase in gasoline prices of both higher (octane 95) and lower (octane 91) grades. We utilised more than 1800 responses from a nationwide survey designed to study gasoline consumption preferences among residents of Saudi Arabia to investigate the impact of this price reform. Our analysis shows that the January 2016 price hike was responsible for more than 20 per cent drop, on average, in gasoline consumption among residents of the country who used the lower grade, octane 91‐type gasoline. However, users of octane 95 surveyed in the post‐price‐adjustment period consumed 15 per cent more gasoline than those who were surveyed in the pre‐adjustment period. Moreover, the estimated demand elasticity decreases with the level of education, while income level tends to be positively associated with higher consumption in the higher‐price period than in the lower‐price period.
Breeding maize (Zea mays) for Striga resistance: Past, current and prospects in sub‐saharan africa
Authors: Yacoubou Abdoul‐Madjidou , Zoumarou Wallis Nouhoun , Menkir Abebe , Zinsou Valerien A. , Onzo Alexis , Garcia‐Oliveira Ana Luísa , Meseka Silvestro , Wende Mengesha , Gedil Melaku , Agre Paterne 
Published: March 2021

AbstractStriga hermonthica, causes up to 100% yield loss in maize production in Sub‐Saharan Africa. Developing Striga‐resistant maize cultivars could be a major component of integrated Striga management strategies. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of maize breeding activities related to Striga resistance and its management. Scientific surveys have revealed that conventional breeding strategies have been used more than molecular breeding strategies in maize improvement for Striga resistance. Striga resistance genes are still under study in the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) maize breeding programme. There is also a need to discover QTL and molecular markers associated with such genes to improve Striga resistance in maize. Marker Assistance Breeding is expected to increase maize breeding efficiency with complex traits such as resistance towards Striga because of the complex nature of the host‐parasite relationship and its intersection with other environmental factors. Conventional alongside molecular tools and technical controls are promising methods to effectively assess Striga in Sub‐Saharan Africa.