bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Host–parasite co-evolution
Authors: Schmid-Hempel Paul 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMacroevolutionary patterns concern phylogenies of hosts and their parasites. From those, co-speciation occurs; but host switching is a common evolutionary process and more likely when hosts are close phylogenetically and geographical ranges overlap. Microevolutionary processes refer to allele frequency changes within population. In arms races, traits of hosts and parasites evolve in one direction in response to selection by the other party. With selective sweeps, advantageous alleles rapidly spread in host or parasite population and can become fixed. With antagonistic negative frequency-dependent fluctuations (Red Queen dynamics) genetic polymorphism in populations can be maintained, even through speciation events. A Red Queen co-evolutionary process can favour sexual over asexual reproduction and maintain meiotic recombination despite its other disadvantages (two-fold cost of sex). Local adaptation of host and parasites exist in various combinations; the relative migration rates of the two parties, embedded in a geographical mosaic, are important for this process.
The s-cobordism Theorem, the Sphere Embedding Theorem, and the Poincaré Conjecture
Authors: Orson Patrick , Powell Mark , Ray Arunima 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The s-cobordism theorem, the sphere embedding theorem, and the Poincaré conjecture comprise three key consequences of the disc embedding theorem. The chapter begins by explaining in detail how to use the disc embedding theorem to prove the 5-dimensional s-cobordism theorem and the sphere embedding theorem. The sphere embedding theorem is the output from the disc embedding theorem that one wants in many situations. A version of the Poincaré conjecture is proven, specifically that every smooth homotopy 4-sphere is homeomorphic to the 4-sphere. All the results proved in this chapter are category losing; that is, they require smooth input but only produce homeomorphisms.
A New Era?
Authors: Ozavci Ozan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
During the Congress of Vienna of 1814–15, a new international order was established in Europe in order to prevent Europe from returning back to the horrors of the general war. This chapter questions wherein this new order the Ottoman Empire was placed, and whether the beginning of a new era in Europe necessarily meant the same for the Ottoman world. It does so with a fresh focus on the negotiations between the Powers and the Ottoman Empire over the ‘Eastern Question’ during the Congress of Vienna, the ‘Greek crisis’ of the 1820s, and the Navarino intervention of 1827, when the joint Russian, British, and French fleets destroyed the Ottoman navy.
Old Enemies
Authors: Ozavci Ozan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Intra-elite rivalries were among the major relational dynamics of the Eastern Question in the nineteenth century. Yet few of them rested on personal acrimonies and grudges, and endured through time and circumstances in the same manner as the rivalry between Mehmed Ali Pașa of Egypt, and the Ottoman grand admiral Hüsrev Pașa. Tracing the previously unrecorded nuances of the story of the two men, this chapter demonstrates the links between the Greek crisis (1821–32), the French invasion of Algiers (1830), and the empire-wide civil war between Cairo and Istanbul that struck the Ottoman world (1832–41) and swiftly became a transimperial quandary. It questions how personal rivalries could drive an entire empire into a civil war. Or was there more at stake here? By addressing these questions, the chapter documents the origins of one of the most infamous episodes of the Eastern Question.
Return of the Ashes
Authors: Ozavci Ozan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The so-called second Eastern Crisis of 1839–41 came to an end with an intervention in Ottoman Syria on the part of the Quadruple Alliance (Austria, Britain, Prussia, and Russia) and the Ottoman Empire. Yet the intervention saw a fierce opposition from France and Mehmed Ali Pașa of Egypt, under whose control Syria was at the time. This chapter explains why and how Russia gave up her privileged position in Istanbul and agreed upon the 1840 intervention, and why France objected to the idea of Great Power intervention in the Ottoman world. It concludes by highlighting the intricate policies adopted by the Quadruple Alliance and the Sublime Porte to corner the French and Mehmed Ali. The latter two were indeed diplomatically persuaded in the end and even came to review their discourses over the ‘Eastern Question’.
Electromagnetism: microscopic and macroscopic fields
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey 
Published: September 2021

Abstract“Electromagnetism: microscopic and macroscopic fields” discusses how “microscopic” fields (on an atomic or nuclear scale of sizes) relate to the everyday “macroscopic” fields. This is achieved by averaging the fields over an intermediate scale of distances. A fully satisfactory averaging is implemented by “truncating” the Fourier components of the field, but heuristic reasoning is a helpful aid to understanding.
Successive approximation; perturbation theory in quantum mechanics
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey 
Published: September 2021

Abstract“Successive approximation; perturbation theory in quantum mechanics” introduces a toolbox for handling successive-approximation problems in any context. An iterative procedure is presented with examples. Newton's approximation is also an iterative procedure, but often other methods are better. Perturbation theory is presented, organized as an application of the toolbox.
The Boltzmann distribution and molecular gases
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey 
Published: September 2021

Abstract“The Boltzmann distribution and molecular gases” explains why an “ordinary” gas has its molecules Boltzmann-distributed. The most concentrated Fermi–Dirac gas, helium 3 at its boiling point, is still in a “dilute limit”, dilute enough to be approximately Boltzmann. Similarly, the most concentrated Bose–Einstein gas, helium 4 at its boiling point, is also approximately Boltzmann.
The chemical potential for a semiconductor
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey 
Published: September 2021

Abstract“The chemical potential for a semiconductor” deals with the way in which the chemical potential (Fermi level) of a semiconductor is affected: by the densities of states in the bands; by temperature; and by doping. The electron–hole product is usually independent of doping but sensitive to temperature. The chemical potential is worked out numerically for an example case, and is shown to be most sensitive to doping.
Article 3—Text and Data Mining for the Purposes of Scientific Research
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the laws about text and data mining for scientific researchstipulated under Article 3 of the Directive 2019/790 or copyright directive of the Digital Single Market in Europe. It examines the legislation that require Member States to provide an exception for reproductions and extractions made by research organisations and cultural heritage institutions on text and data mining of works or other subject matter for the purposes of scientific research. It also stresses that copies of works or other subject matter on text and data mining will be stored with an appropriate level of security and retained for the purposes of scientific research. The chapter talks about rightholders, which are allowed to apply measures to ensure the security and integrity of the networks and databases. It mentions Member States that encourage rightholders, research organisations, and cultural heritage institutions to define commonly agreed best practices concerning the application of the obligation and measures on text and data mining.
Article 4—Exception or Limitation for Text and Data Mining
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Article 4 of Directive 2019/790, the European copyright directive, which require Member States to provide for an exception or limitation for reproductions and extractions of works and other subject matter for the purposes of text and data mining. It talks about digital technologies that permit new types of uses that are not clearly covered by the existing Union rules on exceptions and limitations in the fields of research, innovation, education, and preservation of cultural heritage. It also describes the optional nature of exceptions and limitations that could negatively impact the functioning of the internal market. The chapter discusses the exceptions and limitations provided in Directive 2019/790 that seek to achieve a fair balance between the rights and interests of authors, other rightholders, and users. It clarifies that text and data mining can be carried out in relation to mere facts or data that are not protected by copyright.
Article 5—Use of Works and Other Subject Matter in Digital and Cross-Border Teaching Activities
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyzes Article 5 of Directive 2019/790, copyright directive of the Digital Single Market in Europe. It discusses the use of works and other subject matter for the sole purpose of illustration for teaching through secure electronic environments that occur solely in the Member State where the educational establishment is founded. It also mentions the task of Member States to provide fair compensation for rightholders for the use of their works or other subject matter. The chapter explores the exceptions and limitations outlined in Directive 2019/790, which seek to achieve a fair balance between the rights and interests of authors, other rightholders, and users. It cites the protection of technological measures established in Directive 2001/29/EC that remains essential to ensure the protection and the effective exercise of the rights granted to authors and to other rightholders under the Union law.
Article 6—Preservation of Cultural Heritage
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses Article 6 of Directive 2019/790 regarding the copyright in Europe, which allows cultural heritage institutions to make copies of any works or other subject matter in any format or medium for the purposes of preservation. It examines the mandate on Member States to permit cultural heritage institutions to reproduce works and other subject matter to address technological obsolescence or the degradation of original supports. It also refers to the acts of reproduction undertaken by cultural heritage institutions that are subject to the authorisation of rightholders. The chapter looks at the statute that permit cultural heritage institutions that do not have the technical means or expertise to request the assistance of other cultural institutions and other third parties to preserve their collections. It clarifies the consideration of works and other subject matter to be permanent in the collection of a cultural heritage institution.
Article 10—Publicity Measures
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter refers to Article 10 of Directive 2019/790 regarding copyright in Europe, which outlines provisions on publicity measures. It talks about Member States that are tasked to ensure that information from cultural heritage institutions, collective management organisations, or relevant public authorities is made permanently, easily, and effectively accessible on a public single online portal. It also clarifies that the portal will be established and managed by the European Union Intellectual Property Office in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 386/2012. The chapter discusses additional appropriate publicity measures that should be taken by Member States regarding the ability of collective management organisations to license works or other subject matter. It suggests that the awareness of rightholders could be raised in other Member States or third countries and covered by publicity measures.
Article 18—Principle of Appropriate and Proportionate Remuneration
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This discusses Article 18 of the European copyright directive, Directive 2019/790, which sets forth the principle of appropriate and proportionate remuneration. It instructs Member States to ensure that authors and performers are entitled to receive appropriate and proportionate remuneration their exclusive rights are licensed or transferred for the exploitation of their works or other subject matter. It also highlights the liberty of Member States to use different mechanisms and take into account the principle of contractual freedom and a fair balance of rights and interests. The chapter clarifies that authors and performers tend to be in the weaker contractual position when they grant a licence or transfer their rights for the purposes of exploitation in return for remuneration. It explains how protection does not arise where the contractual counterpart acts as an end user and does not exploit the work or performance itself.
Article 20—Contract Adjustment Mechanism
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Article 20 of Directive 2019/790, order on copyright in the Digital Single Market in Europe, which analyzes the contract adjustment mechanism. It reviews the rights of authors and performers or their representatives in claiming additional, appropriate, and fair remuneration from the party with whom they entered into a contract for the exploitation of their rights in the absence of an applicable collective bargaining agreement. It also points out that authors and performers tend to be in the weaker contractual position when they grant a licence or transfer their rights for the purposes of exploitation in return for remuneration. The chapter analyzes certain contracts for the exploitation of rights harmonised at Union level that are of long duration. It talks about a remuneration adjustment mechanism that should be provided for cases where the remuneration originally agreed under a licence or a transfer of rights becomes disproportionately low.
Article 25—Relationship with Exceptions and Limitations Provided for in Other Directives
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the relationship with exceptions and limitations provided for in other directives, which is stipulated in Article 25 of Directive 2019/790, a European copyright order. It talks about Member States that may adopt or maintain in force broader provisions that are compatible with certain exceptions and limitations. It also cites Directive 96/9/EC regarding the legal protection of databases. The chapter mentions Directive 2001/29/EC of on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society. It points out the task of Member States to implement legislation that are consistent with Directive 96/9/EC and Directive 2001/29/EC.
Writing and Pre-Writing in Early Archaic Methone and Eretria
Authors: Thomas Rosalind 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter concentrates on the important collections of early graffiti and non-alphabetic marks recently published from Methone and Eretria, and dating to the late eighth and early seventh centuries. It picks up Jeffery's emphasis on the materiality of writing, examining their placing on the whole pot or sherd, and it asks what these new graffiti contribute to our views about the spread of the early alphabet. It makes particular use of the graffiti which are not alphabetic, but which seem from placing and appearance to be engaged in a similar form of marking and communication to the obviously alphabetic marks. It argues that these early graffiti do not show the alphabet as necessarily trying to recreate sound or speech, but do show why there was such an impetus to take over the alphabet. In Methone and Eretria we see the 'seed bed' for the rapid spread of the alphabet.
Regions within Regions
Authors: Whitley James 
Published: September 2021

AbstractArchaic Crete has always provided a useful counterweight to Athenocentric views of how early Greece developed. This paper's focus is on Crete's epigraphic habits. It proposes that there is a deep-seated connexion between these and other features of its material culture-its austerity, and apparent lack of interest in narrative art. It goes on to compare epigraphic habits in Western, Central, and Eastern Crete. It concentrates on inscriptions from the three known Archaic political communities in Eastern Crete: Azoria, Praisos, and Itanos. They differ as much from each other as they do from the pattern to be found in Central Crete. Insofar as there is an East Cretan pattern, however, it seems in part to relate to a greater interest in figurative art than was the case in Central Crete. Whether this relates to linguistic differences, which seemed to have required modifications to the Cretan epichoric script, is also discussed.
New Archaic Inscriptions
Authors: Matthaiou Angelos P. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Many Archaic inscriptions have been found since the revision of L. H. Jeffery's Local Scripts in 1990. This chapter presents a selection of some 50 new Attic Archaic inscriptions and some 25 from the Attic-Ionic islands and the Doric islands of the Cyclades. The implications of the new finds for our knowledge of scripts, dialects, vocabulary, topography, and religion are drawn out. The remarkable early evidence for extensive literacy among shepherds and goatherds in Archaic Attica, and the early dedications in both Attic and Boeotian dialect and script from the sanctuary of Zeus on Mt Parnes, are particular highlights.
Etruria between the Iron Age and Orientalizing Period and the Adoption of Alphabetic Writing
Authors: Benelli Enrico , Naso Alessandro 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter combines a cultural approach (Naso) with a philological (Benelli) one to examine the emergence of Etruscan alphabetic writing in the eighth century bc. Naso outlines changes in settlement patterns and major social transformations in Etruria in this period, largely to be connected with maritime trade and openness to the broader Mediterranean world. Benelli focuses on the mechanism through which the new idea was taken up. He notes that epigraphy is by no means a necessary and immediate consequence of the adoption of writing skills. The oldest Etruscan inscriptions provide evidence of a system of gift exchange amongst the newly forming aristocracy which was strongly tied up with ritualized friendship between kinship groups and peer groups. It is within this milieu that alphabetic writing was articulated and disseminated. All forms of Etruscan letters can be traced back to Euboean prototypes, with the possible exception of the so-called san.
Discrete-Time Stochastic Processes
Authors: Berber Stevan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 focuses on the theory of discrete-time-stochastic processes, including their mathematical presentation in time and frequency domains. Typical discrete processes, including the Gaussian process, white noise and binary and harmonic processes, are presented. A comprehensive analysis of discrete-time stationary and ergodic processes and linear-time-invariant (LTI) systems with discrete stochastic inputs is presented. The processes are analysed in terms of their autocorrelation functions and power spectral densities that are related by the Wiener–Khintchine theorem. This chapter is placed at the beginning of the book because its content is a prerequisite for the chapters that follow, in particular, the chapter related to the theory of discrete communication systems. The unique notation used in this chapter will be used in the rest of the book. For readers of the book, it is highly advisable to read this chapter first and acquire its notation.
Transforms of Deterministic Continuous-Time Signals
Authors: Berber Stevan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 12 presents a detailed analysis of continuous-time signals and systems in the frequency domain, including the theory of Fourier series and Fourier transforms, and key examples relevant for the analysis and synthesis of signals processed in the digital transceiver blocks of a communication system. The amplitude, magnitude, phase, and power spectra are defined and calculated for typical signals. In particular, the Fourier transform of periodic signals is presented, due to its importance in communication systems theory and practice. Using a unique notation that distinguishes energy and power signals, the correlation, power, and energy spectral density functions are inter-related by proving the Wiener–Khintchine theorem. A comprehensive analysis of a linear-time-invariant system, using the concepts of impulse response, system correlation function, and power spectral density, both for power signals and energy signals, is presented. In addition, Parseval’s theorem and the Rayleigh theorem are proven.
Farming in Modern Irish Literature
Authors: Grene Nicholas 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This innovative study analyzes the range of representation of farming in Irish literature in the period since independence/partition in 1922, as Ireland moved from a largely agricultural to a developed urban society. In many different forms, poetry, drama, fiction, and autobiography, writers have made literary capital by looking back at their rural backgrounds, even where those may be a generation back. The first five chapters examine some of the key themes: the impact of inheritance on family, in the patriarchal system where there could only be one male heir; the struggles for survival in the poorest regions of the West of Ireland; the uses of childhood farming memories whether idyllic or traumatic; the representation of communities, challenging the homogeneous idealizing images of the Literary Revival; the impact of modernization on successive generations into the twenty-first century. The final three chapters are devoted to three major writers in whose work farming is central: Patrick Kavanagh, the small farmer who had to find an individual voice to express his own unique experience; John McGahern in whose fiction the life of the farm is always posited as alternative to an arid and rootless urban milieu; Seamus Heaney who re-imagined his farming childhood in so many different modes throughout his career.
Childhood memories
Authors: Grene Nicholas 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Farming childhoods may be recalled, as in John Montague’s poems as a first formative world, or a historically foundational landscape in Polly Devlin’s memoir. Maura Laverty remembered an (imagined) childhood on a farm with her beloved grandmother, while Alice Taylor’s popular Through the Fields to School makes an idyll of her recollections. But equally there are traumatic memories of farmhood violence in the poetry of Jane Clarke or of sexual abuse in the family home, as in Claire Keegan’s short story ‘The Parting Gift’. The childhood farm milieu can also be a place of estrangement in Keegan’s novella Foster, and of alienation in Edna O’Brien’s The Country Girls.
Services vs. Hardware?
Authors: Garcia Calvo Angela 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines Spain’s and Korea’s upgrading strategies from the perspective of the telecommunications services and telecommunications equipment sector (henceforth information and communications technologies or ICT). The chapter emphasizes the link between the identities and preferences of Spain’s and Korea’s governments and characterizes two types of governments: generalists and techno-industrial. The two types of governments are connected to public preferences for upgrading in complex services and manufacturing respectively. The chapter consists of five sections. Following the chapter’s introduction, section 4.2 describes the forces shaping the transformation of the ICT industry in the 1980s and situates Spain’s and Korea’s firms. Sections 4.3 and 4.4 connect the characteristics of Spain’s and Korea’s generalist and techno-industrial governments to the two countries upgrading patterns. Section 4.5 sets the two outcomes in comparative perspective, concludes, and prepares the stage for the next chapter.