bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Singlet Oxygen: Discovery, Chemistry, C60‐Sensitization†
Authors: Orfanopoulos Michael 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis review article refers to the discovery of excited molecular oxygen, in particular on its lower singlet excited state (1Δg, 1O2). After a short report on singlet oxygen generation, the review is focused on the chemistry of this reactive species. Specifically, the three major reactions of 1O2 with unsaturated organic substrates, namely the [4 + 2] and [2 +2] cycloadditions as well as the ene reaction, are reviewed. The proposed mechanisms of these reactions, through the years, based on experimental and computational work, have been presented. Selected examples of singlet oxygen‐synthetic applications are also mentioned. The [60]fullerene and fullereno‐materials photosensitized oxidations in homogeneous, as well as in heterogeneous conditions, are also comprehensively discussed. Finally, the self‐sensitized photooxidation of open cage fullerenes as well as fullerenes bearing oxidizable groups is reported.
Singlet Oxygen Generation, Quenching and Reactivity with Metal Thiolates†
Authors: Monsour Charlotte G. , Decosto Cassandra M. , Tafolla‐Aguirre Bliss J. , Morales Luis A. , Selke Matthias 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMetal thiolate complexes can act as photosensitizers for the generation of singlet oxygen, quenchers of singlet oxygen, and they may undergo chemical reactions with singlet oxygen leading to oxidized thiolate ligands. This review covers all of the chemical reactions of thiolate ligands with singlet oxygen (through early 2021). Since some of these reactions are self‐sensitized photooxidations, singlet oxygen generation by metal complexes is also discussed. Mechanistic features such as the effects of protic vs. aprotic conditions are presented and compared with the comparatively well‐understood photooxidation of organic sulfides. In general, the total rate of singlet oxygen removal correlates with the nucleophilicity of the thiolate ligand which in turn can be influenced by the metal. Some interesting patterns of reactivity have been noted as a result of this survey: Metal thiolate complexes bearing arylthiolate ligands appear to exclusively produce sulfinate (metal‐bound sulfone) products upon reaction with singlet oxygen. In contrast, metal thiolate complexes bearing alkylthiolate ligands may produce sulfinate and/or sulfenate (metal‐bound sulfoxide) products. Several mechanistic pathways have been proposed for these reactions, but the exact nature of any intermediates remains unknown at this time.
Contemporary narrative review of treatment options for COVID‐19
Authors: Shang Lianhan , Lye David Chien , Cao Bin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic is ongoing and many drugs have been studied in clinical trials. From a pathophysiological perspective, anti‐viral drugs may be more effective in the early stage while immunomodulators may be more effective in severe patients in later stages of infection. While drugs such as lopinavir‐ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin have proved to be ineffective in randomized controlled trials, corticosteroids, neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, remdesivir, tocilizumab and baricitinib have been reported to benefit certain groups of patients with COVID‐19. In this review, we will present the key clinical evidence and progress in promising COVID‐19 therapeutics, as well as summarize the experience and lessons learned from the development of the current therapeutics.
Dynamic Historical Data Borrowing Using Weighted Average
Authors: Chu Chenghao , Yi Bingming 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In many clinical trials, especially trials in rare diseases or a certain population like paediatric, it is of great interest to incorporate historical data to increase power of evaluating the treatment effect of an experimental drug. In practice, historical data and current data may not be congruent, and borrowing historical data is often associated with bias and Type-1 error rate inflation. It remains a challenge for historical data borrowing methods to control Type-1 error rate inflation at an adequate level and maintain sufficient power at the same time. To address this issue, dynamic historical borrowing methods can borrow historical data more when historical data are similar to current data and less otherwise. This paper proposed to use a weighted average of historical and current control data, with the weight being set as an approximation to the optimal weight that minimizes the mean-squared errors in the treatment effect estimation. Comparing to selected existing methods, the proposed method showed reduced bias, robust gain in power and better control in Type-1 error rate inflation through simulation studies. The proposed method enables the utilization of all possible historical data in the public domain and is readily used by skipping the need for external expert input in some existing approaches.
Unstimulated salivary flow and oral streptococci in pediatric patients with hematological tumors: A longitudinal study
Authors: de Araújo Elza Cristina Farias , Costa Raphael Cavalcante , Ribeiro Isabella Lima Arrais , Almeida Leopoldina de Fátima Dantas de , Serpa Eliane Batista de Medeiros , Valença Ana Maria Gondim 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimsTo evaluate the unstimulated salivary flow (USF) and salivary colonization of total Streptococcus spp. (TS) and mutans‐group (MS) in pediatric patients with hematological tumors. Correlations of salivary and microbiological changes with chemotherapy and patient‐related factors were also verified.Methods and ResultsEligible children (n = 31) were evaluated before (control) and after (2, 5, and 10‐weeks) the chemotherapy protocol was applied. Saliva samples were collected by the traditional spitting method to determine the USF (ml/min). Salivary TS and MS were determined by colony‐forming units (CFU ) counts in a selective medium. The caries experience was evaluated by DMFT/dmft indexes. Data were submitted to Student's t‐test, one‐way ANOVA, and correlation tests (α = 0.05). The USF rate at baseline was 0.89 (±0.73) ml/min with up to 20% reduction during the follow‐up and did not differ statistically during chemotherapy (p > .05). Chemotherapy did not modify the salivary TS load (p > .05), but induced a dysbiotic shift with higher MS counts (∼ 5 fold‐increase) at 10‐weeks (p < .05). There is a correlation of USF with age (r = .390) and SM load with caries experience (rs = −.540) at 5‐weeks.ConclusionChemotherapy may promote a specific increase of mutans‐group streptococci without changing the Streptococcus spp. load and unstimulated saliva flow. Correlation reinforced the need for further enlightenment about the chemotherapy mechanisms in the salivary and microbiological parameters.
Growth and Welfare under Endogenous Lifetimes*
Authors: Schneider Maik T. , Winkler Ralph 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe study the role of endogenous healthcare choices by households to extend their expected lifetimes on economic growth and welfare in a decentralized overlapping generations economy with annuitized wealth. We characterize endogenous healthcare spending in the decentralized market equilibrium and its effects on economic growth, and we identify the moral‐hazard effect in healthcare investments when annuity rates are conditioned on average mortality. In a numerical simulation of our model with OECD data from 2005, we find that the moral‐hazard effect can be substantial and implies sizable welfare losses of approximately 1.4–2.8 percent, depending on the share of annuitized retirement wealth.
Location of the targeted lymph node in a mandibular lymphocentrum: A needle aspiration model in canine cadavers
Authors: Bae Sohee , Townsend Katy L. , Milovancev Milan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAccurate tumour staging has a profound impact on the care and prognosis of oncologic patients. Due to the presence of multiple lymph nodes (LNs) in the mandibular lymphocentrum, clinicians may not know which specific LN they are sampling during routine fine needle aspirations, which introduces a source of uncertainty in accurately determining patient clinical stage. The objective of this cadaveric study was to determine the success of targeting specific mandibular LNs by palpation alone, verified by computed tomography (CT). A 1.5‐inch, 22‐gauge needle was inserted into the targeted LN (selected by drawing with the equal sample sizes of the left/right mandibular lymphocentrum and the lateral/medial node) and success was evaluated by CT images in transverse, sagittal and dorsal views. The overall success rate of inserting the needle into the targeted LN was 55.9%. One variable was significantly associated with successful needle insertion: lateral (vs. medial) LN location (p = .019). In addition, the distance from the LN to the ventral skin surface in the successful group appeared to be shorter compared to the unsuccessful group (3.37 mm [1.55–6.46] vs. 4.9 mm [1.57–17.79], p = .066). These findings suggest that physical accessibility of the LN is the most important factor for successful needle insertion using palpation. Palpation‐based sampling of specific mandibular LNs is often inaccurate and if targeted sampling of a particular LN is required, additional methods should be used to guide accurate sample acquisition.
Molecular characterization of canine SHP2 mutants and anti‐tumour effect of SHP2 inhibitor, SHP099, in a xenograft mouse model of canine histiocytic sarcoma
Authors: Tani Hiroyuki , Miyamoto Ryo , Nagashima Tomokazu , Michishita Masaki , Tamura Kyoichi , Bonkobara Makoto 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCanine histiocytic sarcoma (HS) is an aggressive and highly metastatic neoplasm. Mutations in src homology 2 domain‐containing phosphatase 2 (SHP2; encoded by PTPN11), which recently have been identified in canine HS tumour cells, could be attractive therapeutic targets for SHP099, an allosteric inhibitor of SHP2. Here, molecular characteristics of wild‐type SHP2 and four SHP2 mutants (p.Ala72Gly, p.Glu76Gln, p.Glu76Ala and p.Gly503Val), including one that was newly identified in the present study, were investigated. Furthermore, in vivo effects of SHP099 on a HS cell line carrying SHP2 p.Glu76Ala were examined using a xenograft mouse model. While SHP2 Glu76 mutant cell lines and SHP2 wild‐type/Gly503 mutant cell lines are highly susceptible and non‐susceptible to SHP099, respectively, a cell line carrying the newly identified SHP2 p.Ala72Gly mutation exhibited moderate susceptibility to SHP099. Among recombinant wild‐type protein and four mutant SHP2 proteins, three mutants (SHP2 p.Ala72Gly, p.Glu76Gln, p.Glu76Ala) were constitutively activated, while no activity was detected in wild‐type SHP2 and SHP2 p.Gly503Val. Activities of these constitutively activated proteins were suppressed by SHP099; in particular, Glu76 mutants were highly sensitive. In the xenograft mouse model, SHP099 showed anti‐tumour activity against a SHP2 p.Glu76Ala mutant cell line. Thus, there was heterogeneity in molecular characteristics among SHP2 mutants. SHP2 p.Glu76Ala and perhaps p.Glu76Gln, but not wild‐type SHP2 or SHP2 p.Gly503Val, were considered to be oncogenic drivers targetable with SHP099 in canine HS. Further studies will be needed to elucidate the potential of SHP2 p.Ala72Gly as a therapeutic target of SHP099 in canine HS.
Furuncular myiasis caused by Dermatobiahominis in five cats and efficacy of topical fluralaner for its treatment
Authors: Ribeiro Campos Diefrey , Pereira de Assis Rayane Christine , de Oliveira Chaves Jéssica Karoline , Pereira Salça de Almeida Gabriela , Santos Lima Emily Andressa , de Moraes Intrieri Juliana , Barbour Scott Fabio 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundDermatobia hominis (D. hominis) is a botfly that causes furuncular myiasis in several species of domestic and wild animals. However, reports of feline infestation by larvae of this dipteran are rare.ObjectiveTo report the natural occurrence of furuncular myiasis caused by D. hominis in five cats and the efficacy of topical fluralaner for its treatment.AnimalsFive adult mixed‐breed cats (four males, one female) were diagnosed and treated, all living in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.ResultsThe cats were treated with topical fluralaner. After this treatment, the larvae were dead after 24 h in three cats and after 48 h in two. There was spontaneous expulsion of larvae in two cats, and it was necessary to perform manual expression for removal of dead larvae in the other three cats.Conclusions and clinical importanceDermatobia hominis can cause furuncular myiasis in cats, although this appears to be less common than in other animal species. Topical fluralaner proved to be effective in the treatment of this parasitic disease.
Phase-Specific Force and Time Predictors of Standing Long Jump Distance
Authors: Harry John R. , Krzyszkowski John , Chowning Luke D. , Kipp Kristof 
Published: July 2021

This study sought to identify potential predictors of standing long jump (SLJ) performance using force–time strategy metrics within the unloading, eccentric yielding, eccentric braking, and concentric phases. Fifteen National Collegiate Athletic Association division 1 male soccer players (19 [1] y, 1.81 [0.94] m, 80.3 [22.4] kg) performed 3 maximum-effort SLJs, while 3-dimensional ground reaction force (GRF) data were obtained. Regularized regression models were used to investigate associations between force–time strategy metrics and 2 metrics of SLJ performance (ie, jump distance and modified reactive strength index). Jump height and eccentric yielding time were the only predictors of jump distance that also demonstrated large correlations to jump distance. Anterior–posterior unloading yank, average concentric vertical force, and concentric phase duration were the only predictors of modified reactive strength index that also demonstrated large correlations to modified reactive strength index. To maximize SLJ distance in high-level soccer athletes, human performance practitioners could design interventions to drive changes in strategy to increase jump height and decrease eccentric yielding time. To improve SLJ explosiveness, interventions to drive changes in unloading and concentric force application and decrease concentric time could be emphasized. Importantly, unique variable combinations can be targeted when training for SLJ distance and explosiveness adaptations.
Case-based audit and feedback around a decision aid improved antibiotic choice and duration for uncomplicated cystitis in primary care clinics
Authors: Grigoryan Larissa , Zoorob Roger , Germanos George , Sidani Mohamad , Horsfield Matthew , Khan Fareed , Zare Mohammad , Goebel Melanie , Atmar Robert , Trautner Barbara 
Published: July 2021

ObjectivesThe objective of our study was to evaluate the impact of a multifaceted stewardship intervention on adherence to the evidence-based practice guidelines on treatment of uncomplicated cystitis in primary care. We hypothesised that our intervention would increase guideline adherence in terms of antibiotic choice and duration of treatment.DesignA preintervention and postintervention comparison with a contemporaneous control group was performed. During the first two study periods, we obtained baseline data and performed interviews exploring provider prescribing decisions for cystitis at both clinics. During the third period in the intervention clinic only, the intervention included a didactic lecture, a decision algorithm and audit and feedback. We used a difference-in-differences analysis to determine the effects of our intervention on the outcome and guideline adherence to antibiotic choice and duration.SettingTwo family medicine clinics (one intervention and one control) were included.ParticipantsAll female patients with uncomplicated cystitis attending the study clinics between 2016 and 2019.ResultsOur sample included 932 visits representing 812 unique patients with uncomplicated cystitis. The proportion of guideline-adherent antibiotic regimens increased during the intervention period (from 33.2% (95% CI 26.9 to 39.9) to 66.9% (95% CI 58.4 to 74.6) in the intervention site and from 5.3% (95% CI 2.3 to 10.1) to 17.0% (95% CI 9.9 to 26.6) in the control site). The increase in guideline adherence was greater in the intervention site compared with the control site with a difference-in-differences of 22 percentage points, p=0.001.ConclusionA multifaceted intervention increased guideline adherence for antibiotic choice and duration in greater magnitude than similar trends at the control site. Future research is needed to facilitate scale-up and sustainability of case-based audit and feedback interventions in primary care.
Mortality disparities and deprivation among people with intellectual disabilities in England: 2000–2019
Authors: Tyrer Freya , Morriss Richard , Kiani Reza , Gangadharan Satheesh K , Rutherford Mark J 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundThe effect of policy initiatives and deprivation on mortality disparities in people with intellectual disabilities is not clear.MethodsAn electronic health record observational study of linked primary care data in England from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink and the Office for National Statistics deaths data from 2000 to 2019 was undertaken. All-cause and cause-specific mortality for people with intellectual disabilities were calculated by gender and deprivation status (index of multiple deprivation quintile) using direct age-standardised mortality rates (all years) and ratios (SMR; 2000–2009 vs 2010–2019).ResultsAmong 1.0 million patients (n=33 844 with intellectual disability; n=980 586 general population without intellectual disability), differential mortality was consistently higher in people with intellectual disabilities and there was no evidence of attenuation over time. There was a dose–response relationship between all-cause mortality and lower deprivation quintile in the general population which was not observed in people with intellectual disabilities. Cause-specific SMR were consistent in both the 2000–2009 and 2010–2019 calendar periods, with a threefold increased risk of death in both males and females with intellectual disabilities (SMR ranges: 2.91–3.51). Mortality was highest from epilepsy (SMR ranges: 22.90–52.74) and aspiration pneumonia (SMR ranges: 19.31–35.44). SMRs were disproportionately high for people with intellectual disabilities living in the least deprived areas.ConclusionsPeople with intellectual disabilities in England continue to experience significant mortality disparities and there is no evidence that the situation is improving. Deprivation indicators may not be effective for targeting vulnerable individuals.
Influence of Social and Environmental Responsibility in Energy Efficiency Management for Smart City
Authors: Zang Huiyi , Chandru Vignesh C , Alfred Daniel J 
Published: July 2021

Sustainability is becoming one of the organizational plans of intelligent communities. They represent the critical approach to a prosperous future. In another direction, the smart city is aimed at tackling renewable energy challenges. This research explores energy conservation’s impact from a labour market viewpoint of the Efficient Smart Cities model. The study meets the study divide on developing the power manager career in cities environmentally urban paradigm. This research’s primary purpose is to establish a current detailed approach to certification bodies’ skills that focus on new technology. The proposed Social and environmental responsibility in energy efficiency management for the Smart City (SER-EEM) framework represents the convergence between the conceptual and functional methods. For the presentation of labour market scientific studies, qualitative data were shown. The conclusion is that conservation and cloud computing are the central components of the Sustainable Smart City model. Work market analysis divided energy executives into developing nation’s expertise in terms of quantity and composition of production, and matching criteria for qualification were identified. The power management’s capability model comprises many core categories related to particular expertise, social competencies and behavioural competencies. By incorporating this study of resource management skills in industrial and non-commercial companies such as educational institutions and training classes, current research results will lead to development and awareness.
Donor Characteristics and Recipient Outcomes After Heart Transplantation in Adult Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Huntley Geoffrey D. , Danford David A. , Menachem Jonathan , Kutty Shelby , Cedars Ari M. 
Published: July 2021

Background
Patients with adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) experience long waitlist times for heart transplantation (HTx) while a large proportion of donor hearts are refused. The goal of this study was to inform optimal donor selection for patients with ACHD listed for HTx by examining the impact of donor characteristics on post‐HTx outcomes.

Methods and Results
Using the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients, we conducted a retrospective analysis of patients aged ≥18 years listed for HTx in the United States between 2000 and 2016. We compared waitlist times between patients with ACHD and patients with noncongenital heart disease and constructed multivariate hazard models to identify donor characteristics associated with increased waitlist time. We then compared post‐HTx survival between patients with ACHD and patients with noncongenital heart disease and constructed multivariate hazard models to identify donor characteristics associated with mortality. There were very few differences in donor characteristics between HTx recipients with ACHD and those with noncongenital heart disease. Status 1A–listed patients with ACHD experienced longer waitlist times compared with patients with noncongenital heart disease. Increased wait times were associated with some donor characteristics. Post‐HTx outcomes varied over time, with patients with ACHD having inferior early mortality (0 to 30 days), similar intermediate mortality (31 days to 4 years), and superior late mortality (>4 years). We identified no donor characteristics associated with mortality to justify the observed differences in donor selection or waitlist time.

Conclusions
HTx candidates with ACHD wait longer for transplant but do not require unique donor selection criteria. HTx teams should consider liberalizing donor criteria and focusing only on evidence‐based selection to improve waitlist outcomes and reduce the recipient–donor disparity.