bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interleukin‐35 is a critical regulator of immunity during helminth infections associated with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Correale Jorge , Marrodan Mariano , Carnero Contentti Edgar 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMultiple sclerosis (MS) is currently thought to arise by interactions between genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. Infections in general trigger autoimmune responses causing clinical manifestations of disease. However, as a result of regulatory T (Treg)‐ and regulatory B (Breg)‐cell induction, helminth infections tend to dampen disease activity. IL‐35, the newest member of the IL‐12 family, is an inhibitory cytokine composed of an EBI3β chain subunit, and an IL‐12p35 subunit. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of IL‐35 during parasite infections occurring in individuals with MS. Numbers of IL‐35‐producing Breg cells are higher in CSF from helminth‐infected than from uninfected MS subjects, a finding associated with decreased MRI disease activity. Interestingly, stimulation of CD19+ B cells with IL‐35 promotes conversion of these cells to Breg cells producing both IL‐35 and IL‐10. Coculture of B cells from helminth‐infected MS patients inhibits proliferation of Th1 and Th17 myelin peptide‐specific T cells, as well as production of IFN‐γ and IL‐17. Following activation, CD4+CD25+ Treg cells significantly upregulate expression of EBI3 and IL‐12p35 mRNA. Furthermore, CD4+CD25− T cells activated in the presence of IL‐35 induce a population of cells with regulatory function, known as iTR35. Finally, B cells from normal individuals cultured in vitro in the presence of the helminth antigen SEA increase expression of the transcription BATF, IRF4 and IRF8, acquiring a pattern similar to that of IL‐35 Breg cells. These data highlight the important immunoregulatory effects of IL‐35 on both Breg and Treg cells, observed in helminth‐infected MS subjects.
Molecular dynamics study on the viscosity of glass‐forming systems near and below the glass transition temperature
Authors: Zhang Yanming , Huang Liping , Shi Yunfeng 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTemperature‐dependent viscosity is critical to decipher two profound questions in condensed matter physics, namely the glass transition and the relaxation of amorphous solids. However, direct measurement of viscosity over a large temperature range is extremely difficult. Here, using classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we report a novel method to calculate the equilibrium viscosity of supercooled liquid both above and below the glass transition temperature (Tg) and to estimate the nonequilibrium viscosity of glass down to room temperature. Based on the shoving model, we derived an analytical formula showing that the shear viscosity in logarithmic scale changes linearly with the shear‐induced variation in shear modulus or potential energy of the glass‐forming system. The shear viscosity as a function of steady‐state potential energy of liquid under different shear strain rates can be directly calculated in MD simulations; together with its equilibrium potential energy, one can extrapolate the zero‐strain‐rate equilibrium viscosity. We verified the proposed model by reliably calculating equilibrium viscosity near Tg of four glass‐forming systems (Kob–Andersen system, silica, Cu45.5Zr45.5Al9, and silicon) with different fragilities. Furthermore, our model can estimate the nonequilibrium viscosity of glass below Tg; the upper‐bound nonequilibrium viscosity of amorphous silica and silicon at room temperature are calculated to be ~1032 and 1025 Pa·s, respectively.
Assessment and validation of three spot urine assay methods for the estimation of 24‐hour urinary sodium excretion in Chinese Tibetan adults living in the mountains
Authors: Zhang Xin , Liao Hang , Ye Runyu , Li Xinran , Gou Qiling , Zhang Zhipeng , Shi Rufeng , Meng Qingtao , Zhuoma Zewong , Zhang Hengyu , Chen Xiaoping 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTwenty‐four‐hour urine collection is the gold standard method for the evaluation of salt intake, but it is often impractical in large‐scale investigations, especially in resource‐poor areas. Methods for the estimation of 24‐hour urinary sodium excretion (USE) using a spot urine sample have been established, but have not been validated in Chinese Tibetans. Therefore, the authors aimed to evaluate the Kawasaki, Tanaka, and the International Cooperative Study on Salt, Other Factors, and Blood Pressure (INTERSALT) formulas for the prediction of 24‐hour USE in Chinese Tibetan adults. The authors analyzed the bias, correlation, agreements between estimated values and measured values, and the relative and absolute differences and misclassification at the individual level for the three methods in 323 Tibetan participants from the Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan Province, China. The mean biases between the measured values and the estimated 24‐hour USE using the Kawasaki, Tanaka, and INTERSALT methods were 5.4 mmol/day (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.8–10.1 mmol/day), −40.8 mmol/day (95% CI: −44.6 to −36.9 mmol/day), and −57.1 mmol/day (95% CI: −61.9 to −52.4 mmol/day), respectively. The Pearson correlation coefficients for the relationships between the measured values and the estimated 24‐hour USE were 0.43 (Kawasaki), 0.38 (Tanaka), and 0.27 (INTERSALT), respectively (all p < .01). The intraclass correlation coefficients showed similar patterns to the correlation data: 0.47 for Kawasaki, 0.40 for Tanaka, and 0.27 for INTERSALT (all p < .01). The upper and lower limits of agreement between the measured values and the estimated 24‐hour USE were −92.6 and 81.8 mmol/day for the Kawasaki method, −28.5 and 110.0 mmol/day for the Tanaka method, and −28.4 and 142.7 mmol/day for the INTERSALT method. Compared with the other two methods, the percentage of individuals that were misclassified by using the Kawasaki method was 48.2%, while those for the Tanaka and INTERSAL methods was 72.1% and 75.5%, respectively. However, when an individual's salt intake was higher than 12.8 g/day, the misclassification rates of the Kawasaki, Tanaka, and INTERSALT methods were 20%, 90%, and 97.5%, respectively. Thus, the authors found that the Kawasaki equation may have performed better than the other equations at Chinese Tibetan population level assessment, but none of these equations are suitable for use or perform well at the individual level. A more accurate method of using a spot urine sample to evaluate individual 24‐hour USE for Tibetans is needed.
The molecular mechanism underlying mitophagy‐mediated hippocampal neuron apoptosis in diabetes‐related depression
Authors: Liu Jian , Liu Lin , Han Yuan‐Shan , Yi Jian , Guo Chun , Zhao Hong‐Qing , Ling Jia , Wang Yu‐Hong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDiabetes‐related depression (DD) is a major complication of diabetes mellitus. Our previous studies indicated that glutamate (Glu) and hippocampal neuron apoptosis are key signal and direct factor leading to diabetes‐related depression, respectively. However, the accurate pathogenesis remains to be unclear. We hypothesized that diabetes‐related depression might be associated with the mitophagy‐mediated hippocampal neuron apoptosis, triggered by aberrant Glu‐glutamate receptor2 (GluR2)‐Parkin pathway. To testify this hypothesis, here the rat model of DD in vivo and in vitro were both established so as to uncover the potential mechanism of DD based on mitophagy and apoptosis. We found that DD rats exhibit an elevated glutamate levels followed by monoamine neurotransmitter deficiency and depressive‐like behaviour, and DD modelling promoted autophagosome formation and caused mitochondrial impairment, eventually leading to hippocampal neuron apoptosis via aberrant Glu‐GluR2‐Parkin pathway. Further, in vitro study demonstrated that the simulated DD conditions resulted in an abnormal glutamate and monoamine neurotransmitter levels followed by autophagic flux increment, mitochondrial membrane potential reduction and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and lactic dehydrogenase elevation. Interestingly, both GluR2 and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) receptor blocker aggravated mitophagy‐induced hippocampal neuron apoptosis and abnormal expression of apoptotic protein. In contrast, both GluR2 and mTOR receptor agonist ameliorated those apoptosis in simulated DD conditions. Our findings revealed that mitophagy‐mediated hippocampal neuron apoptosis, triggered by aberrant Glu‐GluR2‐Parkin pathway, is responsible for depressive‐like behaviour and monoamine neurotransmitter deficiency in DD rats. This work provides promising molecular targets and strategy for the treatment of DD.
Extraction of surface‐active polymers from the compost of olive processing waste
Authors: Koliastasi Aikaterini , Kompothekra Vasiliki , Giotis Charilaos , Moustakas Antonios K. , Skotti Efstathia P. , Gerakis Argyrios , Kalogianni Eleni P. , Petridis Dimitris , Ritzoulis Christos 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPolysaccharides and proteins with potential use as emulsifiers and thickeners are extracted at pH 5, 7, and 9 from olive processing wastes, from the onset to the end of a full compost cycle (6 months). The aim is to monitor the temporal evolution of parameters which are related to the emulsifying ability, such as surface tension, macromolecular populations distribution, and chemical composition of the produced materials. The products are characterized using size exclusion chromatography (SEC–MALLS/UV), Fourier‐transform infra‐red spectroscopy (FTIR), and equilibrium surface tension. The initial extracts comprise of a large array of macromolecules; following 2 months of composting, the polysaccharides are considerably smaller than the ones at the onset of the composting. During the subsequent months, disintegration of the olive matrix enhances the extraction. At pH 7, a variety of proteins is produced as compared to the equivalent process at pH 5, which is attributed to the charge of proteins, while parts of the cellulosic matrix and some peptidic entities are only released from the humus at the end of the composting. At pH 9 the extraction of polysaccharides is enhanced due to the charged side chains and the elimination of positive charges. These are confirmed from FTIR. The oil (miglyol)–water interfacial tension is higher at the low‐pH extracts, leaving interesting room for adjusting the emulsification capacity (favored at low pH) and the extract composition (macromolecules favored at high pH). This makes for a promising source of valuable additives from the by‐products of the olive processing industry.Practical ApplicationsIn this work, we reclaim surface‐active polysaccharides and proteins with potential use as emulsifiers and thickeners, from olive processing wastes, as these undergo a 6‐months composting cycle. The products are characterized for their composition and oil–water interface activity, a key parameter for their performance as emulsifiers. We highlight the evolution of the extracts composition and their properties as they are reclaimed at different stages of the composting process. This work can provide information on the valorization of highly polluting food processing waste as precursors of high added value food ingredients, with the relevant impact on the environment, the local economy, and the green labeling of foods.
Laser in surgical scar clearance: An update review
Authors: Chowdhury Barnali , Kassir Martin , Salas‐Alanis Julio , Nistico Steven , Galadari Hassan , Fritz Klaus , Salavastru Carmen , Blicharz Leszek , Goldust Mohamad 
Published: July 2021

AbstractScar formation is a consequence of wound healing that developed from damaged tissue either from physical injury or surgical incision. A hypertrophic scar develops due to an abnormal healing response to trauma. It might lead to serious functional and cosmetic disability. There are numerous methods mentioned in the literature to treat such scars but to date, no single method has been known to cure them. In this review, we focused on differences between various types of nonsurgical management of hypertrophic scar focusing on the indication, mechanism of action, and efficacy of the pulsed dye laser (PDL), fractional carbon dioxide laser (fCO2), Er‐YAG laser, and intense pulse light (IPL). The literature research included peer‐reviewed articles (clinical trials or scientific reviews) which were identified by searching electronic databases like PubMed till January 2021 and reference lists of respective articles. Only articles published in the English language were included.
Diagnosing housing fever with an econometric thermometer
Authors: Shi Shuping , Phillips Peter C.B. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHousing fever is a popular term to describe an overheated housing market or housing price bubble. Like other financial asset bubbles, housing fever can inflict harm on the real economy, as indeed the U.S. housing bubble did in the period following 2006 leading up to the general financial crisis and great recession. One contribution that econometricians can make to minimize the harm created by a housing bubble is to provide a quantitative “thermometer” for diagnosing ongoing housing fever. Early diagnosis can enable prompt and effective policy action that reduces long‐term damage to the real economy. This paper provides a selective review of the relevant literature on econometric methods for identifying housing bubbles together with some new methods of research and an empirical application. We first present a technical definition of a housing bubble that facilitates empirical work and discuss significant difficulties encountered in practical work and the solutions that have been proposed in the past literature. A major challenge in all econometric identification procedures is to assess prices in relation to fundamentals, which requires measurement of fundamentals. One solution to address this challenge is to estimate the fundamental component from an underlying structural relationship involving measurable variables. A second aim of the paper is to improve the estimation accuracy of fundamentals by means of an easy‐to‐implement reduced‐form approach. Since many of the relevant variables that determine fundamentals are nonstationary and interdependent we use the endogenous instrumental variable based method (IVX) to estimate the reduced‐form model to reduce the finite sample bias which arises from highly persistent regressors and endogeneity. The recursive evolving test proposed by Phillips, Shi, and Yu (PSY) is applied to the estimated nonfundamental component for the identification of speculative bubbles. The new bubble test developed here is referred to as PSY‐IVX. An empirical application to the eight Australian capital city housing markets over the period 1999–2017 shows that bubble testing results are sensitive to different ways of controlling for fundamentals and highlights the importance of accurate estimation of these housing market fundamentals.
The information content of the Solvency II ratio relative to earnings
Authors: Mukhtarov Sanan , Schoute Martijn , Wielhouwer Jacco L. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe examine the information content of disclosures of solvency and earnings information of European insurance companies under the Solvency I and Solvency II regulatory regimes. Using an event‐study research design, we investigate a sample of 571 announcements of 46 insurance firms during the 2012–2018 period. We find that under the Solvency I directive, investors find unexpected earnings to be informative but not the unexpected solvency ratio. However, under the Solvency II directive, both unexpected earnings and the unexpected solvency ratio are relevant to investors. Based on a decomposition of explained variance, we find that under the Solvency II directive, investors' attention has partly shifted away from earnings information toward solvency information. Our results indicate that the disclosed solvency ratios contain value relevant information under the risk‐based Solvency II framework and that the requirements under this framework shift investor attention toward solvency information and away from earnings of European insurance companies.
Workplace violence and risk factors for PTSD among psychiatric nurses: Systematic review and directions for future research and practice
Authors: Hilton N. Zoe , Addison Sonja , Ham Elke , C. Rodrigues Nicole , Seto Michael C. 
Published: July 2021

Accessible SummaryWhat is known on the subject?

Trauma among psychiatric nurses and other healthcare workers is related to workplace violence, but other risk factors may also contribute, including those occurring before, during or after workplace violence.

What does this paper add to existing knowledge?

Most previously identified PTSD risk factors were not tested or supported in research with psychiatric nurses, although there is promising evidence for risk factors including severe or injurious assault, cumulative exposure, burnout, and other worker characteristics.

We identify directions for research needed to improve knowledge, including collecting data before nurses experience workplace violence, defining workplace risk factors consistently and conducting and reporting qualitative analysis.

What are the implications for practice?

Provide training in risk assessment and violence prevention to psychiatric nurses.

Offer mental health support to those exposed to violence, especially with cumulative exposure.

AbstractIntroductionPsychiatric nurses are at risk of workplace violence and post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There is limited understanding of pre‐trauma and post‐trauma risk factors.AimOur aim was to review factors associated with workplace PTSD in psychiatric nurses.MethodWe searched quantitative and qualitative studies from 1980 to 2019 in 23 databases plus abstracts for studies on psychiatric hospital nursing staff, potentially traumatic workplace events, workplace factors and PTSD. Following duplicate abstract (n = 10,064) and full‐text (n = 199) screening, data were extracted in duplicate from 19 studies. Using best‐fit framework synthesis, we identified workplace violence, pre‐trauma and post‐trauma risk factors.ResultsSix variables yielded evidence in at least two empirical studies scoring at least 6/8 on a quality measure, or one such study plus more than one other study (“promising”: severe/injurious assault, cumulative exposure, burnout, poor mental health, low compassion satisfaction, neuroticism). Four were supported by at least one better quality study or at least two others (“suggestive”: gender, poor training, any physical aggression exposure, compassion fatigue).DiscussionPre‐trauma measures, consistent definitions of workplace exposures and thorough reporting of quantitative results are needed to improve research.Implications for PracticeViolence prevention and mental health care for exposed nurses appear the most promising targets for PTSD prevention. Therefore, it is particularly important to understand workplace violence and mental health among nurses working in psychiatric hospitals.
Weekend working in 21st century Britain: Does it matter for the well‐being of workers?
Authors: Bryce Andrew M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOn any given weekend, over a fifth of the UK labour force is at work, while more than half of working adults report working at the weekend at least some of the time. This is despite the fact that weekends are conventionally set aside as rest days. The question that this paper addresses is: does this matter? This paper adds to the literature by using two large panel datasets to analyse the effects of weekend working on eight different measures of subjective well‐being in the UK. I find that weekend working has a significant impact on how satisfied people are with the amount of leisure time they have, with the results suggesting that avoiding weekend working is equivalent to working six fewer hours per week. Moreover, people working at the weekend report significantly lower happiness yesterday than non‐weekend workers. While weekend workers also experience lower levels of life satisfaction than non‐weekend workers, this difference disappears when controlling for unobserved heterogeneity between individuals. This suggests that there is no evidence that weekend working causes people to be worse off overall.
Vibrio fischeri imports and assimilates sulfate during symbiosis with Euprymna scolopes
Authors: Wasilko Nathan P. , Ceron Josue S. , Baker Emily R. , Cecere Andrew G. , Wollenberg Michael S. , Miyashiro Tim I. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSulfur is in cellular components of bacteria and is, therefore, an element necessary for growth. However, mechanisms by which bacteria satisfy their sulfur needs within a host are poorly understood. Vibrio fischeri is a bacterial symbiont that colonizes, grows, and produces bioluminescence within the light organ of the Hawaiian bobtail squid, which provides an experimental platform for investigating sulfur acquisition in vivo. Like other γ‐proteobacteria, V. fischeri fuels sulfur‐dependent anabolic processes with intracellular cysteine. Within the light organ, the abundance of a ΔcysK mutant, which cannot synthesize cysteine through sulfate assimilation, is attenuated, suggesting sulfate import is necessary for V. fischeri to establish symbiosis. Genes encoding sulfate‐import systems of other bacteria that assimilate sulfate were not identified in the V. fischeri genome. A transposon mutagenesis screen implicated YfbS as a sulfate importer. YfbS is necessary for growth on sulfate and in the marine environment. During symbiosis, a ΔyfbS mutant is attenuated and strongly expresses sulfate‐assimilation genes, which is a phenotype associated with sulfur‐starved cells. Together, these results suggest V. fischeri imports sulfate via YfbS within the squid light organ, which provides insight into the molecular mechanisms by which bacteria harvest sulfur in vivo.
An integrated framework of plant form and function: the belowground perspective
Authors: Weigelt Alexandra , Mommer Liesje , Andraczek Karl , Iversen Colleen M. , Bergmann Joana , Bruelheide Helge , Fan Ying , Freschet Grégoire T. , Guerrero‐Ramírez Nathaly R. , Kattge Jens , Kuyper Thom W. , Laughlin Daniel C. , Meier Ina C. , van der Plas Fons , Poorter Hendrik , Roumet Catherine , van Ruijven Jasper , Sabatini Francesco Maria , Semchenko Marina , Sweeney Christopher J. , Valverde‐Barrantes Oscar J. , York Larry M. , McCormack M. Luke 
Published: July 2021

SummaryPlant trait variation drives plant function, community composition and ecosystem processes. However, our current understanding of trait variation disproportionately relies on aboveground observations. Here we integrate root traits into the global framework of plant form and function. We developed and tested an overarching conceptual framework that integrates two recently identified root trait gradients with a well‐established aboveground plant trait framework. We confronted our novel framework with published relationships between above‐ and belowground trait analogues and with multivariate analyses of above‐ and belowground traits of 2510 species. Our traits represent the leaf and root conservation gradients (specific leaf area, leaf and root nitrogen concentration, and root tissue density), the root collaboration gradient (root diameter and specific root length) and the plant size gradient (plant height and rooting depth). We found that an integrated, whole‐plant trait space required as much as four axes. The two main axes represented the fast–slow ‘conservation’ gradient on which leaf and fine‐root traits were well aligned, and the ‘collaboration’ gradient in roots. The two additional axes were separate, orthogonal plant size axes for height and rooting depth. This perspective on the multidimensional nature of plant trait variation better encompasses plant function and influence on the surrounding environment.