bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Meaning of Terrorism
Authors: Coady C. A. J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This book aims to clarify competing and confusing definitions of terrorism, and of terrorist acts, that proliferate in specialist publications as well as in popular discourse, and then to construct a concept of a terrorist act that both reflects a central core of the usages examined and provides for a more coherent and fruitful discussion of terrorism and its moral and political significance. The book’s project thus treats the idea of meaning as involving a concern not only for semantic clarity, but also for probing various dimensions of what our understanding of terrorism can mean morally for complex social and political circumstances. The first two chapters sketch the types of definition abroad and propose what is called a tactical definition, with a focus on terrorist acts as violent attacks upon non-combatants or innocents (in a special sense). They discuss the benefits of such an approach and defend it against numerous objections that can be and have been made to it. Chapter 3 discusses critically theorists who argue that, independent of its definition, terrorist acts have a special, and profoundly disturbing, moral significance. Chapter 4 explores the scope and meaning of non-combatant status and its relation to recent controversies in the philosophy of war. Chapters 5 and 6 discuss important attempted philosophical defenses of terrorism for certain contexts. Chapter 7 discusses the moral challenges facing attempts at counter-terrorism, and Chapter 8 examines the commonly held view that religion is particularly prone to cause terrorism or some of its most extreme manifestations.
Justifying Terrorism: Four Attempts
Authors: Coady C. A. J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines four categories of attempted philosophical justification for terrorist acts in certain circumstances. Each one, in different ways, reflects less formal and less carefully articulated views that are proclaimed not only by those who resort to terrorist acts but also by many members of the general public throughout the world, especially when the acts purporting to be justified are committed by their own people or others with whose cause they sympathize. The justifications considered are: utilitarian/consequentialist arguments that may reject the principle of discrimination outright; the argument from self-defense; the tit-for-tat argument; and the argument from the need for a fighting chance. These four attempted justifications raise a more general and very challenging issue about the difficulties of moral philosophizing in the face of absolute moral prohibitions.
Justifying Terrorism: Three More Attempts
Authors: Coady C. A. J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In Chapter 6, three more categories are scrutinized, each of which again reflects a less sophisticated but appealing form of argument that is often enough deployed in the public sphere to justify terrorist acts either by terrorists themselves or by those who identify with the proclaimed justice of cause for which the terrorist acts are committed. The arguments considered in this chapter are: the argument from collective responsibility; the argument from redistributive justice; and the argument from supreme emergency. As with the attempted justifications in Chapter 5, all three of these attempted justifications raise a more general and very challenging issue about the difficulties of moral philosophizing in the face of absolute moral prohibitions.
The Transformative Self
Authors: Bauer Jack 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Everyone wants a good life. Some try to create a good life by cultivating personal growth. They have a transformative self. This book explains how people form a transformative self, primarily in their evolving life stories, to help cultivate growth toward a life of happiness, love, and wisdom for the self and others. It introduces an innovative framework of values and personhood to strengthen and integrate three main areas of study: narrative identity, the good life, and personal growth. The result is a unique model of humane growth and human flourishing. Each chapter builds on that framework to explore topics central to the transformative self, such as how cultural beliefs of a good life shape our narrative identity; how narrative thinking shapes cultural and personal beliefs of a good life; how cultural master narratives shape our ideals for personal growth; how growth differs from gain, recovery, and other positive changes in the life story; how happiness, love, wisdom, and growth serve as superordinate goods in life; how the hard and soft margins of society thwart and facilitate personal growth; the dark side of growth; and the lengthy development of authenticity and self-actualizing. This book synthesizes scholarship from scientific research across several subfields of psychology to philosophy, literature, history, and cultural studies. It offers a creative and scientifically grounded framework for exploring three of life’s perennial questions: How do we make sense of our lives? What is a good life? and How do we create one?
Discovery and Functional Characterization of a Diverse Diterpene Synthase Family in the Medicinal HerbIsodon lophanthoidesVar.gerardiana
Authors: Yang Ruikang , Du Zuying , Qiu Ting , Sun Jie , Shen Yanting , Huang Lili 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIsodon lophanthoides var. gerardiana (Lamiaceae), also named xihuangcao, is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb that exhibits a broad range of pharmacological activities. Abietane-type diterpenoids are the characteristic constituents of I. lophanthoides, yet their biosynthesis has not been elucidated. Although the aerial parts are the most commonly used organs of I. lophanthoides, metabolite profiling by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed the underground parts also contain large amounts of labdane diterpenoids including abietatriene, miltiradiene and ferruginol, which are distinct from the 13-hydroxy-8(14)-abietene detected in the aerial parts. Comparative transcriptome analysis of root and leaf samples identified a diverse diterpene synthase family including 6 copalyl diphosphate synthase (IlCPS1-6) and 5 kaurene synthase-like (IlKSL1-5). Here we report the functional characterization of six of these enzymes using yeast heterologous expression system. Both IlCPS1 and IlCPS3 synthesized (+)-copalyl diphosphate (CPP), in combination with IlKSL1 resulted in miltiradiene, precursor of abietane-type diterpenoids, while coupling with IlKSL5 led to the formation of hydroxylated diterpene scaffold nezukol. Expression profiling and phylogenetic analysis further support the distinct evolutionary relationship and spatial distribution of IlCPS1 and IlCPS3. IlCPS2 converted GGPP into labda-7,13E-dien-15-ol diphosphate. IlCPS6 was identified as ent-CPS, indicating a role in gibberellin metabolism. We further identified a single residue that determined the water addition of nezukol synthase IlKSL5. Substitution of alanine 513 with isoleucine completely altered the product outcome from hydroxylated nezukol to isopimara-7,15-diene. Together, these findings elucidated the early steps of bioactive abietane-type diterpenoid biosynthesis in I. lophanthoides and the catalytic mechanism of nezukol synthase.
Persistence Without Personhood: A New Model
Authors: Gottlieb Joseph 
Published: June 2021

AbstractI am a person. But am I fundamentally and essentially a person? The animalist says no. So must the phenomenal continuity theorist, or so I’ll argue. Even if, contra animalism, we cannot survive zombification, being a subject of experience is not sufficient for being a person, and phenomenal continuity is not sufficient for our survival as the same person. These observations point the way to a positive account of personhood, and provide further insight into the conditions under which literal survival preserves what matters.
Performance of finger systolic blood pressure measurement to detect digital occlusive arterial disease in systemic sclerosis
Authors: Omarjee Loukman , Metairie Antoine , Tueguem Moyo Therese , Pabic Estelle Le , Jego Patrick , Lescoat Alain , Mahe Guillaume 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Objective
Digital ulcers related to digital occlusive arterial disease (DOAD) are frequent in patients with SSc. Finger systolic blood pressure (FSBP) and digital-brachial pressure index (DBI) using laser Doppler flowmetry constitute a non-invasive means of detecting DOAD in SSc, although thresholds have yet to be established for defining DOAD. The purpose of this study was to ascertain FSBP and DBI thresholds to detect DOAD in SSc patients. The intra/interday reproducibility of curve reading by four vascular physicians in relation to finger pressure measurement was also investigated.

Methods
SSc patients were followed in this single-centre study (Rennes University Hospital, France) between November 2017 and October 2019.These patients underwent tests before and after heating at two visits spaced 10 days apart. DOAD was diagnosed on the basis of post-warming skin blood flow of ≤206 arbitrary units measured by laser Doppler flowmetry, contingent on previous results validated by arteriography as a gold standard. An interday kappa coefficient with a 95% confidence interval was used to assess reproducibility.

Results
Sixteen [10 females; mean age: 63 (9) years] SSc patients were included. Mean time interval between visits was 9 (5) days. The best FSBP threshold for DOAD diagnosis was 76 mmHg and DBI was 0.74 after warming. FSBP and DBI sensitivity/specificity were 59.1% (95% CI: 49.6, 68.5%)/92.5% (95% CI: 85.3, 99.6%) and 73.3% (95% CI: 64.9, 81.8%)/83.0% (95% CI: 72.9, 93.1%), respectively. Intra/interday reproducibility ranged from fair to good.

Conclusion
The conclusions drawn from this study suggest that FSBP ≤ 76 mmHg and DBI ≤ 0.74 thresholds are potentially reliable indicators of DOAD and demonstrate fair to good intra- and interday reproducibility.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov, www.clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03264820.
Opening Pathways to Restorative Justice: Analysis of Parliamentary Debates on Sex Crime Law Reform in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Gang Daye , Loff Bebe , Naylor Bronwyn , Kirkman Maggie 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article reveals the trajectory of parliamentary debate on sex crimes over forty years in Victoria, Australia. We aimed to identify what might have led Parliament to support the introduction of restorative justice as an option for some sex crimes. We searched parliamentary records from 1976 to 2016 for debates on law reform for sex crimes that involved adult victims without intellectual disability. It was evident that politicians’ debates shifted in their constructs of offenses and victims in ways that appear to have created space to explore restorative justice.
Image-Based Automated Species Identification: Can Virtual Data Augmentation Overcome Problems of Insufficient Sampling?
Authors: Klasen Morris , Ahrens Dirk , Eberle Jonas , Steinhage Volker 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Automated species identification and delimitation is challenging, particularly in rare and thus often scarcely sampled species, which do not allow sufficient discrimination of infraspecific versus interspecific variation. Typical problems arising from either low or exaggerated interspecific morphological differentiation are best met by automated methods of machine learning that learn efficient and effective species identification from training samples. However, limited infraspecific sampling remains a key challenge also in machine learning. In this study, we assessed whether a data augmentation approach may help to overcome the problem of scarce training data in automated visual species identification. The stepwise augmentation of data comprised image rotation as well as visual and virtual augmentation. The visual data augmentation applies classic approaches of data augmentation and generation of artificial images using a generative adversarial networks approach. Descriptive feature vectors are derived from bottleneck features of a VGG-16 convolutional neural network that are then stepwise reduced in dimensionality using Global Average Pooling and principal component analysis to prevent overfitting. Finally, data augmentation employs synthetic additional sampling in feature space by an oversampling algorithm in vector space. Applied on four different image data sets, which include scarab beetle genitalia (Pleophylla, Schizonycha) as well as wing patterns of bees (Osmia) and cattleheart butterflies (Parides), our augmentation approach outperformed a deep learning baseline approach by means of resulting identification accuracy with nonaugmented data as well as a traditional 2D morphometric approach (Procrustes analysis of scarab beetle genitalia). [Deep learning; image-based species identification; generative adversarial networks; limited infraspecific sampling; synthetic oversampling.]
Mutations Found in Patients Leber's Congenital Amaurosis Disrupt Retinal Guanylate Cyclase Interaction with Rhodopsin In Vitro; Involvement In Phototransduction
Authors: Bondarenko Vladimir A , Jones Kristi 
Published: June 2021

We use bovine rod outer membranes membrane and recombinant intradiscal domain of retinal guanylate cyclase (retGC) expressed in HEK293 in pull down assay to demonstrate interaction between rhodopsin (Rho) and retGC.It has been previously shown that retGC activity in light‐exposed rod outer segment membranes was much higher than activity of the same membranes isolated under dark conditions suggesting that communication of retGC with activated Rho is required for its full activation by GCAP. To study the effect of the mutations found in Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA) in intradiscal domain of retGC on its interaction with Rho we used pull down assay and colocalization experiments. Fluorescent protein‐tagged intradiscal domain of bovine retGC was expressed in HEK293 cells and soluble fraction containing recombinant wild type or mutant proteins were prepared. We used photobleached and hypotonically washed rod outer segment (ROS) membrane as a source of photoactivated Rho. Soluble fractions containing recombinant proteins were incubated with ROS membranes. After washing several times with isotonic buffer presence of recombinant proteins in membranes and soluble fraction were analyzed by western blot using retGC‐specific antibodies. Only wild type intradiscal domain of retGC was detected in ROS membrane fraction suggesting that mutation causing LCA disrupt the interaction between retGC and Rho.
The interaction of Hsp70s and lipids is conserved from bacteria to humans
Authors: Siracusa Matthew Conrad , Nikolaidis Nikolas 
Published: June 2021

Hsp70s are molecular chaperones essential for protein homeostasis under both physiological and pathological conditions. Two mammalian Hsp70s, HSPA1A and HSPA8, have been found to associate with cellular membranes, where they bind to specific lipids. This binding localizes and anchors the chaperone to the plasma membrane, stabilizes the lysosomal membrane, regulates immune responses and cell signaling, and is required for microautophagy. Despite the essential role of membrane‐bound Hsp70s in immunogenic responses and cancer biology as well as cell signaling, the biological importance of Hsp70‐lipid interactions remains largely uncharacterized. Importantly, it remains unknown whether lipid‐binding is a function evolutionarily conserved in yeast and bacterial Hsp70s. In this study we examined the lipid‐binding properties of two yeast Hsp70s, the cytosolic SSA1 and the mitochondrial SSC1, and one bacterial Hsp70 and compared them to the mammalian Hsp70s. Our data demonstrate that although SSA1 and DnaK bind to several anionic lipids, SSC1 does not. Although further experimentation is required to determine the affinities and specificities of these interactions, our results suggest that lipid‐binding is an evolutionarily conserved property of Hsp70s and that they are functionally differentiated with respect to their lipid‐binding properties.This project was supported by funds from CSUPERB and CSUF to NN
Specific mutations on the receptor‐binding interface of non‐visual arrestins differently affect recruitment by the NPY receptor family
Authors: Gimenez Luis E. , Babilon Stefanie , Beck‐Sickinger Annette G. , Gurevich Vsevolod V. 
Published: June 2021

Based on the identification of residues that determine receptor selectivity in arrestins and the phylogenetic analysis of the arrestin (arr) family, we introduced ten “discriminator” mutations in arr3. Using a BRET‐based live cell recruitment assay with M2 muscarinic (M2R), D1 (D1R), and D2 (D2R) dopamine and β2‐adrenergic receptors (β2AR), we showed that seven out of ten mutations differentially affect arr3 binding to individual receptors. D260K and Q262P reduced binding to β2AR much more than to other receptors. D260K+Q262P virtually eliminated β2AR binding, while preserving the interactions with M2R, D1R, and D2R. Conversely, Y239T enhanced arr3 binding to β2AR and reduced binding to M2R, D1R, and D2R, while Q256Y reduced recruitment to D2R. Y239T+Q256Y eliminated binding to D2R, but did not affect D1R, yielding a mutant with high selectivity for D1R over D2R. Using NPY receptors Y1, Y2 and Y5 we observed lack of recruitment of arr3 to the Y5R and equal recruitment of WT and all mutant arr3 to Y1. Most mutations significantly affected recruitment to Y2, with the largest effect for Y239T. Thus, manipulation of key residues on the receptor‐binding surface modifies receptor preference of arrestins, enabling construction of non‐visual arrestins specific for particular receptors.Support: NIH GM081756, GM077561 and EY011500 to VVG.
Fructose, sweetened food and beverage intake and metabolic markers in children
Authors: County Christine , Thomas Alicia , Catalano Patrick M. , Nock Nora L. 
Published: June 2021

Over the past three decades, high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) has replaced about one‐third of the sugar consumption in the U.S. and, interestingly, this increase parallels the rise in obesity. In contrast to glucose, fructose is not regulated by insulin or cellular energy status; and, in animals, fructose administration increases hyperuricemia, dyslipidemia, blood pressure, glucose intolerance and leptin resistance. However, the role of fructose on metabolic dysfunction in children has not been well explored and additional studies are needed to better inform policy. Thus, we examined associations between fructose and metabolic markers (fasting glucose, insulin, TG, HDL, LDL, leptin, TNF‐á, BP, weight, BMI) in 89 children, 6–11 years old, born from women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus (MGD). Previous results from this cohort have shown that children in the highest tertile of the CDC percentiles had significantly greater carbohydrate intake and fasting insulin and leptin levels. Analyses evaluating the intake of fructose, HFCS and sweetened foods and beverages on metabolic markers are underway and will be presented for the total sample and stratified by the presence or absence of MGD.Grant Funding Source: NIH NCI K07129162
Polyphenolic content of sweet dried cranberries compared to cranberry juice cocktail
Authors: Marais Jannie , Khoo Christina 
Published: June 2021

Polyphenols such as flavonoids and phenolic acids are common constitutes in fresh fruit and fruit juices such as cranberry. Consumption of cranberry juice cocktail (CJC) can significantly contribute to total dietary polyphenol intake. Cranberry flavonoids, especially proanthocyanidins (PACs) play an important role in the inhibition of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular, periodontal, and gastrointestinal. Additionally, studies show that A‐type PACs found in cranberries could play a significant role in the prevention of urinary tract infections caused by pathogenic bacteria.In this study, we compared the polyphenolic content of sweet dried cranberries (SDC's) with cranberry cocktail juice (CJC), a 27% cranberry juice drink. The total phenolic content of CJC determined by the Folin‐Ciocalteu method measured 190 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per 240 ml serving. CJC also had an oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) of 2040 μmole Trolox equivalents (TE) and contained 35 mg of PACs per serving (measured by DMAC). A standard 40 gram serving of SDC's contained a total phenolic content of 177 mg GAE, delivered 38 mg PACs and had an ORAC value of 1596 μmole TEs. In addition to being a good source of fiber in the diet, SDC's are very comparable to CJC as another source of polyphenols in the diet. This research was supported by Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc.
Improvement in coronary heart disease risk factors during an intermittent fasting/calorie restriction regimen: Relationship to adipokine modulations
Authors: Kroeger Cynthia M. , Klempel Monica C. , Bhutani Surabhi , Trepanowski John F. , Varady Krista A. 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundThe ability of an intermittent fasting (IF)‐calorie restriction (CR) regimen (with or without liquid meals) to modulate adipokines in a way that is protective against coronary heart disease (CHD) has yet to be tested.ObjectiveAccordingly, we examined the effects of an IFCR diet on adipokine profile, body composition, and markers of CHD risk in obese women.MethodsSubjects (n = 54) were randomized to either the IFCR‐liquid (IFCR‐L) or IFCR‐food based (IFCR‐F) diet for 10 weeks.ResultsGreater decreases in body weight and waist circumference were noted in the IFCR‐L group (4 ± 1 kg; 6 ± 1 cm) versus the IFCR‐F group (3 ± 1 kg; 4 ± 1 cm). Similar reductions (P < 0.0001) in fat mass were demonstrated in the IFCR‐L (3 ± 1 kg) and IFCR‐F group (2 ± 1 kg). Reductions in total and LDL cholesterol levels were greater (P = 0.04) in the IFCR‐L (19 ± 10%; 20 ± 9%, respectively) versus the IFCR‐F group (8 ± 3%; 7 ± 4%, respectively). LDL peak particle size increased (P < 0.01) in the IFCR‐L group only. The proportion of small LDL particles decreased (P < 0.01) in both groups. Adipokines, such as leptin, interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐alpha), and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) decreased (P < 0.05), in the IFCR‐L group only.ConclusionThese findings suggest that IFCR with a liquid diet favorably modulates visceral fat and adipokines in a way that may confer protection against CHD.
Mitochondria‐targeted antioxidant therapy with MitoQ ameliorates age‐related vascular endothelial dysfunction
Authors: Gioscia‐Ryan Rachel Anna , LaRocca Thomas J , Zigler Melanie C , Murphy Michael P , Seals Douglas R 
Published: June 2021

Age‐related vascular endothelial dysfunction, characterized by a decline in endothelium‐dependent dilation (EDD), is mediated in large part by oxidative stress. Mitochondria are a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and may be an important therapeutic target for reducing age‐related oxidative stress. We tested the hypothesis that MitoQ, a mitochondria‐targeted antioxidant, would improve vascular function in aging. Old mice (O, 26–28 mo) had elevated aortic whole‐cell (WC, O: 4964±127 AU p<0.05 vs. young [Y, 6–8 mo]: 1515±281) and mitochondria‐specific (MtS, O: 1370±170 p<0.05 vs. Y: 395±50) superoxide production (EPR), as well as ~2× greater (vs. Y) levels (Western blot) of nitrotyrosine (NT), a marker of oxidative protein modification. The age‐related increase in oxidative stress was associated with impaired maximal carotid artery EDD to acetylcholine (Ach; O: 67±8% p<0.05 vs. Y: 86±7%). Mitochondrial stress (0.5uM rotenone incubation) exacerbated endothelial dysfunction in arteries of O mice (~25% reduction in EDD, p<.05 vs. Ach alone), but not Y. MitoQ (250 uM in drinking water, 4 weeks) treatment in O mice (OMQ) normalized superoxide production (OMQ: WC, 1198±14; MtS, 658±112, both p<.05 vs. O) and NT. MitoQ treatment also restored EDD (OMQ: 92±4%, p<.05 vs. O) and conferred protection against acute mitochondrial stress (rotenone). Finally, ex‐vivo treatment of arteries with MitoQ abolished age‐related impairments in EDD. MitoQ may be a novel therapy for age‐related vascular dysfunction by reducing mitochondria‐derived oxidative stress.NIH AG000279, AG039210, AG013038