bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antifungal Susceptibility Testing: A Primer for Clinicians
Authors: Wiederhold Nathan P 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Clinicians treating patients with fungal infections may turn to susceptibility testing to obtain information regarding the activity of different antifungals against a specific fungus that has been cultured. These results may then be used to make decisions regarding a patient’s therapy. However, for many fungal species that are capable of causing invasive infections, clinical breakpoints have not been established. Thus, interpretations of susceptible or resistant cannot be provided by clinical laboratories, and this is especially true for many molds capable of causing severe mycoses. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of susceptibility testing for clinicians, including the methods used to perform these assays, their limitations, how clinical breakpoints are established, and how the results may be put into context in the absence of interpretive criteria. Examples of when susceptibility testing is not warranted are also provided.
One multiplicity
Authors: Clothier Pasha Ian 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Against an interdisciplinary and intercultural background, this chapter discusses notions of time and sound as they apply to contemporary art projects. Concepts from science, engineering, post-structuralism, and Polynesian philosophy are referenced. A range of artworks are then reviewed in terms of how notions of interconnected systems, time, and audio might map across to creative projects. Eduardo Kac’s Genesis is an exemplar of interconnected systems; Space Time by Karl Heinz Jeron made time discrepancies audible; River Resonations is a GPS and audio project by Trudy Lane; The River Speaks by a collaborative of ten artists utilized live river data, the internet, and audio; and Ko Tātou Te Tangata (We are the people) by Kura Puke, Stuart Foster, and Te Matahiapo deployed sound-carrying laser light. Taken together, all of the creative projects make visible and audible changed concepts of time and sound that characterize awareness in the current era.
A New Materiality Post-Speaker Sound Art
Authors: Bradley Fari 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
How do sound artists function in a ‘post-speaker’ approach to production? Due to the market proliferation of reasonably-priced loudspeakers, rendering them portable and reduced in size on the gallery floor, a standard emerged in which soundworks were formed of prerecorded sounds played back from loudspeakers in gallery spaces. In these instances technology served as the material, shape and form of both sound sculpture and installation, the speaker representing a conveyance of ‘truth’. As a reaction, ‘post-speaker’ soundworks grew gradually as an awareness amongst artists who consciously avoided employing generic loudspeakers, or sought to hide them, perceiving them to be empty vessel conveying artifice. Since even before the loudspeaker was affordable, perhaps as a way of adapting to the loudspeaker’s expense, and later as a reaction to its ubiquity, there has been an ebb and flow towards building on the physical experience of a work, either by generating the sound in the gallery space itself or by using the loudspeaker in innovative ways. The reaction to speakers is a self-conscious continuum created by omission whereby sound sculpture and installation increasingly return to kinetic tendencies, and hand-made and found objects in immersive works that eschew or deconstruct the speaker’s homogeneity altogether.
Inhabiting the Uninhabitable: Encountering Atmospheres as Other Worlds
Authors: Grant Jane 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this chapter I discuss a series of site-specific sound art works which are designed to act on our sensory system prior to our intellect. These artworks are created from my fascination with natural phenomena and systems coupled with contemporary and historical scientific ideas and discoveries. The artworks are immersive in that the participant enters into the atmosphere and ‘other worldliness’ of the work. These phenomena include the firing patterns of artificial neurons, the multiverse and the ionosphere; the meeting place between the sun and the earth. In this chapter, I draw on Juhanni Pallasmaa’s writing on sensing and perception where evoking multimodal or cross modal cues are a strategy to create atmospheres where artworks are felt rather than thought.
The Sonic Undercommons: Sound Art in Radical Black Arts Traditions
Authors: Ouzounian Gascia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter responds to Sara Ahmed’s powerful assertion that ‘to account for racism is to offer a different account of the world’ (Ahmed, 2012). Its premise is that artists of colour have been largely neglected within existing accounts of sound art, and that sound art discourses would change substantially if they accounted for the work of such artists as Terry Adkins, Charles Gaines, Jennie C. Jones, George Lewis, Mendi + Keith Obadike, Clifford Owens, Benjamin Patterson, and Adrian Piper, among many others. Focusing in particular on the sound works of African American artists, this article investigates what Lock and Murray (2009) have described as a racially biased ‘selective hearing’ in relation to emerging canons of sound art. It puts under pressure sound art histories—purported traditions, genres, aesthetic lineages, genealogies—and, equally, confronts the philosophical and intellectual paucity that has resulted from the lack of critical and scholarly attention to the work of black artists. What is missing from ‘whiteness-imbued histories’ (Lewis, 2012) of sound art? How does selective hearing limit what we know and understand about sound art, and how we come to know it?
Felt Spaces
Authors: Böhme Gernot 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The chapter deals with the atmospheric space provided by music or sound art. The main point is that this is not Euclidian space, that is, the space of geometry, but felt space. Starting from the two classical concepts of space—topos (Aristotle) and spatium (Descartes)—the article introduces with the help of New Phenomenology—the concept of felt space (leiblicher Raum). Turning to music, in particular to Sound-Scapes (Murray Schafer) and sound art, Böhme shows that sound is tuning the felt space or better—producing a certain atmosphere. Atmospheres are spaces with a certain mood.
Chthonic: 72 hours below Earth day
Authors: Wilson Louise K. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter takes as its starting point a durational project in which three artists and an engineer spent seventy-two hours dwelling underground, in a disused lead mine in the North Pennines (in the north of England) They took up residence in the cavernous ‘Ballroom’, spending time engaging in audio experimentation and the production of drawings, writings and video making. The text reflects on the works made (both individual and collaborative) and the perceptual, epistemological and ontological observations arising from this unique performance. One of the key aspects of the experience was the impact of this specific acoustic environment in shaping awareness of processes of listening and in generating a productive resonance with place.
The Art that is Made Out of Time
Authors: Kennedy Stephen 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter asks, how do rhythm, temporality, and noise work through a range of media practices from painting, writing, music, and film? Artists have long employed an array of media to create what might be referred to as ‘sound art’, when that term is expanded, as it is here, to include all work that is prefaced on a temporal flow and set against the figure of noise. What is sound art? This question seems to have been asked a lot in recent times. The intention here is not to pose it again but to offer instead some concrete reflections on what happens when other artistic practices work through sound and noise?
Parenting and Culture
Authors: Coe Kathryn , Clark Kyle J. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of culture in parenting. Although successful parenting involves the use of many skills, cultural and otherwise, rituals provide a blueprint that parents, generation after generation, can and have used to influence their children to emulate proper social behavior. Rituals are used to teach children not only what the behavioral codes are, but how to interpret and respond appropriately to social cues. These parental tactics, to the extent they remain traditional, also teach children why they should transmit the same strategies to their own offspring and thus how to perpetuate the behavior into future generations. After discussing parenting in more detail, the chapter focuses on language, which is central to teaching and learning and the foundation on which parents influence their children.
Maternal Relationships With Adolescents
Authors: Gajos Jamie M. , Beaver Kevin M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter studies a number of theoretical frameworks which seek to explain the reciprocal relationships between mothers and adolescents. In particular, it discusses two primary explanations for the onset of mother–adolescent conflict during puberty. The first explanation is informed by an evolutionary perspective and contains two different hypotheses of the relationship between familial conflict and puberty. The first hypothesis applies a general evolutionary theory framework to explain the relationship between maternal–adolescent conflict and puberty by suggesting that the onset of conflict during the pubescent years functions to increase (ancestral) offspring reproductive fitness. The second evolutionary hypothesis for the familial conflict–puberty relationship is informed by a life history theory perspective. Meanwhile, the second explanation for mother–adolescent conflict is informed by an area of research devoted to examining person-directed effects, which are commonly referred to as gene–environment correlations. The chapter then offers a number of recommendations for future research on the relationships between mothers and adolescents.
Aunts and Uncles
Authors: Tanskanen Antti O. , Danielsbacka Mirkka 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter studies the behavior of one specific group of extended family members, namely aunts and uncles. Aunts and uncles typically belong to the same generation as the children’s parents, but obviously the relations between aunts and uncles and their nieces and nephews are very different compared to parent–child relations. This is due to the fact that aunts and uncles are seldom the main caregivers of their nieces and nephews, and in contemporary Western societies, they rarely live in the same household as them. That said, however, noncoresiding aunts and uncles can serve as important alloparents for children and are often highly committed to the lives of their nieces and nephews, providing, for instance, social support, friendship, mentoring, and role models. The chapter then outlines key evolutionary theories of intergenerational family relations explaining the behavior of aunts and uncles. It also considers the investment of aunts and uncles in contemporary affluent societies.
Developmental Perspectives on Parenting
Authors: Hentges Rochelle F. , Martin Meredith J. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses two leading middle-level theories within evolutionary psychology, which attempt to explain both how and why parenting influences child development across the life span. First, it presents an overview of one of the most influential evolutionary theories in developmental psychology: John Bowlby’s attachment theory. Attachment theory revolutionized the way people understand the nature of the parent–child bond, framing the parent as not just a provider of physical needs but also as a secure base for emotional and psychological needs. These early-life bonds between the caregiver and infant are further proposed to form the basis for relationship attachments across the life span. Next, the chapter addresses how competing strategies toward resource allocation can influence individual differences in parental investment and sensitivity. According to life history theory, differences in the caregiving environment, in turn, promote the formation of distinct reproductive strategies, resulting in behavioral, social, and physiological differences across child development.
Inferences of Parental Abilities Through Facial and Bodily Features
Authors: Brown Mitch , Sacco Donald F. , Boykin Kaitlyn , Drea Kelsey , Macchione Alicia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains that within the corpus of research showing the extent to which cues to physical attractiveness connote individuals’ specific value as a mate, findings have begun to recognize how these cues specifically apply to inferring parental abilities. Namely, this research suggests some physical features that were likely selected due to their connotations of heritable fitness may dually implicate a person as an especially effective parent. Such work additionally demonstrates the instances in which features not selected for their connotation of what we typically consider heritable fitness (i.e., adiposity) become desirable while providing additional evidence for the trade-offs in selecting short- and long-term mates. This selection of adiposity further clarified what is actually meant when researchers discuss selecting for good genes. That is, individuals could be inferring parental abilities through adiposity, thus leading individuals to select mates with higher levels for a long-term context given that connotation.
Social and Personality Perspectives on Parenting in an Evolutionary Context
Authors: Yong Jose C. , Li Norman P. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the dominant social-personality theories of parenting. It highlights the limitations inherent in the literature, particularly the lack of integration between the domains of parenting and attachment as well as the inability to make claims about the specific causes and effects of parent–child dynamics. The chapter then explains how an evolutionary life history perspective allows for a better understanding of parenting and attachment patterns and overcomes these limitations by grounding parent–child dynamics in a functional context. An evolutionary perspective stresses that different parenting styles and attachment types represent facultative responses to environmental demands, thereby facilitating adaptive responses to anticipated interpersonal interactions in the interest of individual fitness. Ultimately, parenting and attachment behaviors reflect life strategies on a fast–slow continuum that aim to maximize ancestral reproductive success in response to environmental harshness and unpredictability.
Intuitive Sensory Presentiation and Recollection
Authors: Simonett Helena 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Based on ethnographic work among Indigenous people of northwestern Mexico and on Martin Heidegger’s philosophical writings on being and time, this chapter addresses the phenomenon of human-animal transformation as practiced by the Yoreme. Music and song evoke memories of other temporalities and experiences of transcendence and, thus, help skilled deer dancers to become the animal, a transformation that is perceived as real, not as symbolic. By opening themselves up to juyia annia (the enchanted world of the deer), the dancers are able to re-enactively engage with the mythological past. For Yoreme, this past is not what Robert Torrance would call an “inertial inheritance”; rather, it is constitutive of the future. For the community members present in the ceremonial fiesta, the dancer’s presentiation and remembrance of the deer world opens up a new possibility for human existence and allows them to understand themselves as a distinct people.
The Aesthetics of Proximity and the Ethics of Empathy
Authors: Kapchan Deborah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Where does affect reside in a phenomenology of perception? How should we understand ethics when bodies are close? What changes when we are distant? In this chapter, the author illustrates the “aesthetics of proximity,” degrees of spatio-temporal as well as spatio-tactile closeness between sounds and bodies, and the implications for an embodied ethics of response. Using Merleau-Ponty’s notion of the “flesh,” which he defines as an element (like water or fire), the author explores the relation of feeling and matter in close encounters, evoking Sufi sounds of worship in Morocco and France, as well as the Black Lives Matter movement during a global pandemic.
Scrape, Brush, Flick
Authors: Young Katharine 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
No thing makes a sound. All sounds are made by two things. They touch; they speak; they sing. We hear that most intimate connection between two entities rubbing up against each other. It is the things talking to themselves. We eavesdrop on the world. As we listen, we attune to our surroundings, sounding out what we do not see: the insides of things, things hidden behind other things, hidden things inside our own bodies. For the ear, things are no longer stuck to their physical locations: intimations of them arrive by air, running all the way around our bodies and passing right though them. These auditory communiques animate us from within even as they animate the world without. Hearing participates with the other senses in the sensuous epistemology that grants us knowledge of our world and ourselves.
Intelligence and Grand Strategy
Authors: Rovner Joshua 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the relationship between intelligence and grand strategy. The first section discusses how intelligence informs grand strategy, and describes several factors that limit its influence. The second section introduces the concept of an intelligence posture, which describes how states build and operate their intelligence services. A state’s intelligence posture reflects its choices about how to collect information, how to prioritize what it collects, and whether to employ covert action abroad. These choices depend on the state’s broader approach to national security. Grand strategy guides key decisions about spying and sabotage, just as it provides the logical basis for the use of force. The chapter illustrates this idea by sketching intelligence postures for three grand strategies: restraint, liberal internationalism, and primacy.
Strategy on the Upward Slope
Authors: Shifrinson Joshua 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
When a great power rises, what strategies does it adopt and why? Despite substantial interest in these questions due to concerns surrounding the rise of China and concomitant decline of the United States, research on rising state grand strategy remains underdeveloped. Not only do analysts lack a consistent way of describing how risers’ grand strategies vary, but insight into the drivers of rising state strategy remains inchoate. Accordingly, this chapter analyzes existing research, highlights the problems rising states confront in crafting grand strategy, advances a new framework for discussing strategy, and suggests avenues for future research.
The Grand Strategies of Violent Rebel Groups
Authors: Byman Daniel 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines a range of strategic options violent nonstate actors such as terrorist groups and insurgencies have used over the years with varying degrees of success. These include trying to wear down government forces, attracting significant foreign help, winning over the local population, and intimidating a range of foes in the hope of undermining the government. In many cases, strategies focus on organizational survival, trying to endure and attract resources and recruits while making an area ungovernable or inhospitable for regime forces. The chapter weighs the requirements, strengths, and weaknesses of each approach and how the enemy government shapes the best strategy for the group. It illustrates its arguments with examples from history and a longer description of the Palestinian experience. The chapter concludes by discussing how states might disrupt violent rebel group strategies through diplomacy, political reform, better intelligence, and effective military operations.
Making Grand Strategy in Practice
Authors: Bueger Christian , Gadinger Frank 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Theories of practice are widely seen as the most innovative recent research program in international relations. They also provide important avenues to understand how grand strategy is made and why and how it has effects. Strategy is understood as the outcome of practical activities and struggles between actors. This chapter presents an overview of how practice theories have productively revisited concepts such as “strategic culture” or “security communities.” It also demonstrates how frameworks derived from field theories, actor-network theory, and narrative theories illuminate grand strategies and the processes that produce them. Theories of practice provide a major innovative point of departure for understanding strategy differently.
Safety of Dry Needling of the Pronator Teres Muscle in Cadavers: A Potential Treatment for Pronator Syndrome
Authors: Fernández-de-las-Peñas César , López-de-Celis Carlos , Rodríguez-Sanz Jacobo , Hidalgo-García César , Donelly Joseph M , Cedeño-Bermúdez Simón A , Pérez-Bellmunt Albert 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Entrapment of the median nerve at the pronator teres muscle can contribute to symptoms in the forearm and wrist. The pronator teres is also involved in patterns of spasticity observed in people who had suffered a stroke. Research on treatment efficacy with dry needling is scarce.

Objective
To determine if a solid filiform needle safely penetrates the pronator teres muscle during the clinical application of dry needling.

Design
A cadaveric descriptive study.

Methods
Needle insertion of the pronator teres was conducted in ten cryopreserved forearms with a 30 ×0.32 mm filiform needle. With the forearm supinated, the needle was inserted 3 cm distal to the mid-point between the biceps tendon insertion and the medial epicondyle. The needle was advanced in a cranial and medial direction to a depth clinically judged to be in the pronator teres muscle. Safety was assessed by measuring the distance from the needle to the surrounding neurovascular bundles.

Results
Accurate needle penetration of the pronator teres was observed in 100% of the specimens (mean needle penetration: 16.7 ± 4.3 mm, 95% confidence interval [CI] 13.6 to 19.7 mm). No neurovascular bundles were pierced in any of the specimen’s forearms. The distances from the tip of the needle to the surrounding neurovascular bundles were 16.4 ± 3.9 mm (95% CI 13.6 to 19.2 mm) to the ulnar nerve (A), 9.0 ± 2.2 mm (95% CI 7.3 to 19.5 mm) to the median nerve (B), and 12.8 ± 4.0 mm (95% CI 10.0 to 15.7 mm) to brachial artery (C).

Conclusions
The results from this cadaveric study support the assumption that needling of the pronator teres using described anatomical landmarks can be accurately and safely conducted by an experienced clinician.