bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Replacing the Dead
Authors: Nakachi Mie 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In 1955 the Soviet Union re-legalized abortion on the basis of women’s rights. However, this fact is not widely known. In the absence of a feminist movement, how did the idea of women’s right to abortion emerge in an authoritarian society, more than a decade before it appeared in the West? The answer is found in the history of the Soviet politics of reproduction after World War II, a devastation in which 27 million Soviet soldiers and civilians perished. This enormous loss of predominantly adult males posed a threat to economic recovery. In order to replace the dead, the Soviet Union introduced the 1944 Family Law based on the proposal submitted by Nikita S. Khrushchev. This extreme pronatalist policy encouraged men to father out-of-wedlock children and celebrated “Mother Heroines.” However, Replacing the Dead argues that in the absence of serious commitment to supporting Soviet women who worked full-time, the policy actually did extensive collateral damage to gender relations and the welfare of women and children. Replacing the Dead finds the origin of the movement to improve women’s reproductive environment in postwar social critique arising from women and Soviet professionals. Neither Stalin nor Khrushchev allowed any major reform, but the movement did not die out. With re-legalization and lack of contraception, an abortion culture grew among Soviet women. The model of socialist reproduction continues to set socialist and postsocialist countries apart. This history is a cautionary tale for today’s Russia, as well as other countries that attempt to promote a higher birth rate.
Theosophy and Modernism
Authors: Weir David 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter shows that even though the esotericism of Theosophy might seem far from modernist literature, modernist icons such as William Butler Yeats, Gertrude Stein, and T. S. Eliot, among others, took inspiration from Madame Blavatsky’s writings. The chapter argues that Blavatsky’s Koot Hoomi, for example, structurally is quite similar to Nietzsche’s Zarathustra. Blavatsky’s investigations of the Vedāntic tradition are also on par with the modernist tendency to reject Christianity or, in Eliot’s case, to employ Eastern theology as a means of revivifying Western religious traditions. Modernist Orientalism has many sources, but as this chapter argues, Theosophy must be counted as one of the more pertinent of such sources, since it was through Theosophy that a number of important modernist figures first became aware of Eastern traditions. Theosophy, as this chapter shows, provided a template for the modernist re-evaluation of religious tradition—Eastern tradition, especially—as rich material for new cultural production.
The West Moves East
Authors: Rudbøg Tim 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores why the Theosophical objective “to form a nucleus of the universal brotherhood of humanity without distinction of race, creed, sex, caste, or colour” became important to the Theosophical Society. The chapter identifies and analyzes the intellectual contexts that informed the development of the idea as it entered the Theosophical Society, such as the great Enlightenment ideals of the eighteenth century, spiritualistic reform movements, and freemasonry in the nineteenth century, and argues that the idea became central to the relocation of the Theosophical headquarters from New York to India (1879–82).
Between Isolation and Assimilation
Authors: Williams Nick 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The chapter introduces key debates related to the role of the diaspora in their home economies, particularly the role that they can play as returnee entrepreneurs. With increased movements of people around the world, the role of transnational economic activity is becoming ever more significant. The chapter shows that the diaspora can be caught between isolation and assimilation. They can be isolated because of their years living abroad, as well as their negative perceptions of the institutional environment at home. Yet many of them also wish to become more assimilated and have an emotional desire to help their home country. Many stay away and do not invest. Those who return later can seek to avoid the negative impact of barriers to entrepreneurship, and can for example avoid government engagement activities as they mistrust policy actors’ intentions. The chapter sets out the implications of these different types of engagement for homeland economies.
Entrepreneurship, the Diaspora, and Return
Authors: Williams Nick 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 outlines the contemporary literature on entrepreneurship and its role in economic development. It then explicitly examines the specific role of returnee entrepreneurship and the potential impacts of returnee entrepreneurship to home countries. The chapter highlights the resurgent interest in entrepreneurship among economic theorists and the increased importance ascribed to entrepreneurship by policy makers. It also demonstrates that often research focuses on entrepreneurs within a country, region, or locality, rather than entrepreneurs who are global actors moving across international borders. Of the research on flows of entrepreneurs outside national borders, the majority of literature focuses on the impacts in host countries (i.e. the country they have emigrated to), rather than their home country (i.e. the country they have emigrated from). This chapter thus builds on this research by setting out the important potential role for returnee entrepreneurs who invest at home and have the potential to fill entrepreneurial gaps.
Bringing the Diaspora Home
Authors: Williams Nick 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 begins by examining the policy approaches being used in B&H, Kosovo, and Montenegro to engage the diaspora, as well as providing implications for other economies. The chapter demonstrates that diaspora engagement is not always a ‘win-win’ and there are distinct challenges for policy makers in ensuring that it impacts positively on economic development. The chapter shows that mobilising the diaspora is a central strategic priority for economic development in each of the post-conflict economies. Yet strategic vision has not translated into policy practice, and as such the potential importance of the diaspora is currently underdeveloped and characterised by a lack of coordination, in part due to ongoing political fragmentation. At the same time, the fact that the diaspora’s connectivity to their homeland weakens over time means that there is a pressing need for effective, coordinated policy now. The disparate nature of provision which currently exists means that the mobilisation of diaspora investment is not being maximised. While the flow of remittances, which play a significant role in the economies of the Balkans, demonstrates that diaspora connections are in place, the spillover effect produced by the transfer of knowledge is not being adequately harnessed.
Intention to Return
Authors: Williams Nick 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines the strategic responses of diaspora entrepreneurs to institutional challenges, utilising a survey of individuals returning to Kosovo. It shows that instead of engaging their in-between advantage in order to change institutions, diaspora entrepreneurs returning to post-conflict economies often seek to avoid the negative impacts of the institutional environment. This means that they will avoid political involvement, despite the efforts being made to engage them. The chapter also shows that such strategies impact the choices made by diaspora entrepreneurs, often meaning that ventures are kept small to avoid the attention of political actors. The chapter also finds that international experience acts to temper the potential for entrepreneurial activity at home, reflecting how the knowledge gained is not directly replicable at home due to unstable institutions and different business practices.
Classical Mechanics According to Newton and Hamilton
Authors: Autschbach Jochen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces classical mechanics, starting with the familiar definitions of position, momentum, velocity, acceleration force, kinetic, potential, and total energy. It is shown how the Newton equation of motion is solved for the one-dimensional harmonic oscillator, which is a point mass oscillating around the position x = 0 driven by a force that is proportional to x (Hooke’s law). Next, the minimal action principle, the Lagrange equation of motion, and the classical Hamilton function (Hamiltonian) and conjugated variables are introduced. The chapter also discusses angular momentum and rotational motion.
Digital Nomads
Authors: Woldoff Rachael A. , Litchfield Robert C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Digital nomads are knowledge workers who actively seek a lifestyle of freedom, using technology to perform their work remotely, traveling far and wide, and moving as often as they like. They have left their local coffee shops behind and now proudly post their “office of the day” photos from exotic locales, but what do their lives really look like? This book takes readers into an expatriate digital nomad community in Bali, Indonesia, and presents new manifestations of classic questions about community, creativity, and the role of place in the modern human ecosystem. It explains why digital nomads leave their creative class cities behind, arguing that creative class workers, though successful, often feel that their “world class cities” and desirable jobs are anything but paradise. This book follows nomads’ work transitions into freelancing, entrepreneurship, and remote jobs. Then, it explains how digital nomads create a fluid but intimate place-based community abroad in the company of like-minded others. It shows why and how individuals blend in-person and online activity in their pursuit of community and freedom. This book provides insights into individuals’ efforts to live lives and create work identities that balance freedom, community, and creative fulfillment in the digital age, and it provides insights into a larger cultural discourse about the future of cities, work, and community.
Charity, Contemplation, and Participation in the Trinity
Authors: Van Nieuwenhove Rik 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Whereas the contemplative act consists essentially in the operation of the intellect, the will and charity are also involved insofar as charity moves us to contemplation, and delight naturally accompanies it. Insofar as love moves us towards contemplation, which then ensues in delight when the intellect apprehends truth, a trinitarian dimension is implied in contemplation, that is, a participation in the generation of the Word and the procession of the Holy Spirit as Love. The chapter also considers how charity redirects our entire affectivity towards God, thereby creating a radical theocentric disposition of gratuity, which is key to the leisurely nature of contemplation.
Gifts of the Holy Spirit, Prayer, and a ‘Sapiential’ Notion of Wisdom
Authors: Van Nieuwenhove Rik 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter refutes a charismatic or sapiential reading of Aquinas’s theology. This sapiential interpretation has almost become a new orthodoxy amongst scholars today. Three topics are considered. First, it examines the rather tenuous relation between theological contemplation and prayer and finds that prayer is mainly petitionary and therefore an act of the practical intellect, whereas theological contemplation relies on the theoretical intellect. Secondly, it considers in detail the evolution of Aquinas’s spirituality of the gifts of the Holy Spirit (from his Commentary on the Sentences to the Secunda Secundae), and argues that these became increasingly less central to his notion of theological contemplation (but remained utterly central to contemplation ‘broadly conceived’). Finally, it discusses the notion of so-called ‘sapiential theology’ itself and demonstrates that Aquinas was altogether rather sceptical of ‘sapiential’ (as sapida) notions of wisdom.
Happiness and the Vision of God
Authors: Van Nieuwenhove Rik 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
After an outline of the views on happiness of Aristotle and some of Aquinas’s immediate predecessors his theology of human fulfilment is outlined. Aquinas rejects both Albert’s view that philosophical contemplation on earth could possibly constitute real happiness and Bonaventure’s more affective notion of prayerful, meditative union with God. Some scholars have pointed to the tension between Aquinas’s accounts of knowing on earth and the vision of God in the afterlife. The former hinges on an Aristotelian empirical stance; the latter appears more illuminist, if not Averroist (in terms of the divine intellect becoming united with the human intellect). This chapter argues that the intuitus simplex (the climax of our intellectual contemplation on earth) resembles, and points towards, the intuitive, non-discursive beatific vision of God. This means that the acme of our mode of knowing on earth, i.e. the moment of intellective insight, has an eschatological dimension. It is one more instance of grace perfecting nature.
Conclusion
Authors: Golemon Larry Abbott 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The conclusion argues that the historic preparation of the clergy for public engagement diminished significantly with the realignment of theological education with the modern university. Shifting from a liberal arts paradigm to a university model of specialization (academically and professionally) had the effects of (1) narrowing engagement with the social arenas of culture building, (2) shifting the nature of religious charisma and authority, (3) circumscribing the place and function of public oratory, (4) reshaping theology in relation to a generalized ideal of science, (5) developing new theologies that begin to marginalize confessional and ritual traditions, and (6) leading to the growing divide in the curriculum between the “pure research” of the German model verses the vocational pragmatism of the American approach. The book concludes with “best practices” from earlier clergy education that have much to offer contemporary reforms.
Crossing Lines
Authors: Reilly James 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter exemplifies both the strengths and shortcomings of Beijing’s orchestration approach. It begins by describing how Yunnan province officials utilized Beijing’s support for expanding economic ties in ways that exacerbated the pernicious effects of gambling, logging, and illicit mining in Myanmar’s loosely governed border regions. The second case covers a policy initiative designed to advance multiple interests at modest cost: China’s opium substitution program. The initiative succeeded economically, as Chinese firms earned profits while securing a foothold in Myanmar’s agricultural sector. Yet it failed to stem opium production, instead exacerbating popular distrust of China and feeding instability across the border region. The final case reveals similar problems with several controversial Chinese infrastructure projects in Myanmar. Overall, moral hazard problems, policy stretching, and enterprise malfeasance all proved far more severe in Myanmar than in North Korea or Europe. I conclude by evaluating Beijing’s responses to these challenges.
Conclusion
Authors: Reilly James 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This book shows that Chinese leaders are able to effectively orchestrate their economic statecraft. China’s distinctive approach originates with domestic ideas and institutions. Across four cases, China’s orchestration combined delegation with incentives, attracted participation by regional authorities and enterprises, and facilitated interest alignment among implementing actors. Beijing thus successfully mobilized domestic actors to expand trade and investment. When problems with enterprise malfeasance, policy stretching, and moral hazards emerged, central leaders proved capable of reversing course. After reiterating these core findings, this chapter explains how Beijing’s economic statecraft exacerbated populist anxieties, undermining key policy objectives. For countries targeted by China’s economic statecraft, the policy implications are broadly reassuring. It concludes by comparing China’s approach with the United States, Germany, and Japan, and suggesting several paths forward for future studies in comparative economic statecraft.
Introduction
Authors: Gent Stephen E. , Crescenzi Mark J. C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of this study of market power politics. Two main puzzles drive this research. First, why do some states continue to pursue policies of territorial expansion in the face of widely accepted norms of territorial integrity and increased interconnectedness in the global economy? Second, why do these states sometimes turn to strategic delay and gray zone tactics, rather than war or institutional settlements, to achieve their expansionist goals? To answer these puzzles, the chapter introduces a theory of market power politics. According to this theory, the desire to gain market power motivates states to expand their territorial reach, while the presence of economic interdependence and international instructions can constrain states from taking aggressive steps in pursuit of these goals. After discussing some contributions of the research project, the chapter concludes with an outline of the book.
Markets, Institutions, and Property Rights Disputes
Authors: Gent Stephen E. , Crescenzi Mark J. C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes how politics normally functions in the global economy. In normal economic exchange environments, prices are set by supply and demand conditions in the market. Without an ability to affect prices, political actors largely focus their efforts on coordinating or manipulating the effects of the market price. To promote efficiency in the global political economy, states have created a variety of institutions that promote coordination and cooperation through the reduction of transaction costs and the creation and maintenance of property rights. At the global level, territorial borders and maritime boundaries delineate international property rights among states. When disagreements over the sovereign control of territorial and maritime resources arise, international institutions can provide an effective mechanism for resolving these property rights disputes.
Role Models
Authors: Autesserre Séverine 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter Two describes the work of the Life & Peace Institute, a Swedish peacebuilding agency that has been particularly successful in resolving conflicts in Congo. It tells the stories of the individuals behind this non-governmental organization, introducing a vivid cast of characters. It recounts the challenges they faced, the mistakes they made, and the innovative approach they found to address grassroots tensions. The Life & Peace Institute empowers local people to develop their own analyses of ongoing conflicts, and devise and implement solutions. Its effective work on the Rasta armed group and the herder-farmer conflict in the Congolese province of South Kivu shows concrete ways in which foreigners are already helping residents build peace. All in all, the Life & Peace Institute provides a model for international action—a bottom-up alternative to the usual top-down approach, and a better way for foreigners to help confront violence in war zones.
Designed Intervention
Authors: Autesserre Séverine 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter Four further explores the limitations of “Peace, Inc.”: the traditional way to end wars. United Nations peacekeepers, foreign diplomats, and the staff of many non-governmental organizations involved in conflict resolution share a specific way of seeing the world. They often assume that the only path to peace is through working with governments and national elites and mediating formal agreements between world leaders. As a result, most international aid agencies use a top-down strategy of intervention, ignoring the crucial role of local tensions in fueling violence. Foreign peacebuilders also regularly rely on other widely held beliefs, such as the notion that education, elections, and statebuilding always promote peace. Anecdotes from places as varied as Afghanistan, Iraq, and Timor-Leste, along with a detailed story of the massive international efforts in Congo, highlight the possibility for devastating consequences while explaining why these detrimental assumptions and this flawed intervention strategy nevertheless persist.
Technology Choices
Authors: Drahos Peter 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
States have an ever-increasing basket of technologies to choose from when it comes to renewable energy. After the OPEC oil crisis, states funded research in renewable energy sources, but this fell away as the crisis passed. State funding of research remains a vital component of creating a rich basket of renewable technology options. The more technology options, the better, as one can cover the risks of the other. Open science is vital to the diffusion of technology options. Large-scale hydropower may be a fragile source of power in a drought-stricken world. The commercial secrecy of nuclear power providers is one of the key reasons the technology will remain expensive.
“Winners” and “Losers” in Hotter Worlds
Authors: Drahos Peter 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The oil and gas industry remains an innovative industry, constantly improving its access to resources and attracting investors. States have sent mixed and dissembling signals about their preparedness to act swiftly in the face of a climate emergency, which has enabled Saudi Arabia to slow down climate action. The global oil and gas industry is more confident than might be expected about its future. Of the large fossil fuel producers in the world, the most potent resistance to rapid action on climate change comes from the United States. Smaller oil states such as Norway also play an important role in slowing action on climate change. China with its large cities offers the best hope for radical and swift action on addressing climate policy.
Preregistration, Data Sharing, and Other Salutary Behaviors
Authors: Bausell R. Barker 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The most powerful and relatively painless strategies for improving the reproducibility of scientific research involve the preregistration of all proposed empirical research efforts in publicly accessible registries (accompanied by any procedural changes accruing prior to or during study conduct), the availability of research materials and data accruing from said research efforts (also publically registered), and the evaluation of these by an outside party comparing the preregistration document with the final research report prior to publication. The US preregistration movement was boosted approximately two decades ago by federal legislation requiring the preregistration of all government-funded clinical trials. Since then significant progress has been observed in other, nonmedical disciplines although the results are disappointing when preregistered protocols are compared directly to their published counterparts. Data registration and its codes have also increasingly become a publication requirement for many journals, although compliance remains imperfect. Some progress has been made in all of these arenas, bolstered by initiatives such as the use of “badges” accompanying published articles whose authors certify the availability of appropriately preregistered protocols and the willingness to share all accruing study data plus any pertinent materials that may be required for direct replications.