bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Logicality of Language: Contextualism versus Semantic Minimalism
Authors: Del Pinal Guillermo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe logicality of language is the hypothesis that the language system has access to a ‘natural’ logic that can identify and filter out as unacceptable expressions that have trivial meanings—that is, that are true/false in all possible worlds or situations in which they are defined. This hypothesis helps explain otherwise puzzling patterns concerning the distribution of various functional terms and phrases. Despite its promise, logicality vastly over-generates unacceptability assignments. Most solutions to this problem rest on specific stipulations about the properties of logical form—roughly, the level of linguistic representation which feeds into the interpretation procedures—and have substantial implications for traditional philosophical disputes about the nature of language. Specifically, contextualism and semantic minimalism, construed as competing hypotheses about the nature and degree of context-sensitivity at the level of logical form, suggest different approaches to the over-generation problem. In this paper, I explore the implications of pairing logicality with various forms of contextualism and semantic minimalism. I argue that to adequately solve the over-generation problem, logicality should be implemented in a constrained contextualist framework.
Structured variational inference for simulating populations of radio galaxies
Authors: Bastien David J , Scaife Anna M M , Tang Hongming , Bowles Micah , Porter Fiona 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
We present a model for generating postage stamp images of synthetic Fanaroff–Riley Class I and Class II radio galaxies suitable for use in simulations of future radio surveys such as those being developed for the Square Kilometre Array. This model uses a fully connected neural network to implement structured variational inference through a variational autoencoder and decoder architecture. In order to optimize the dimensionality of the latent space for the autoencoder, we introduce the radio morphology inception score (RAMIS), a quantitative method for assessing the quality of generated images, and discuss in detail how data pre-processing choices can affect the value of this measure. We examine the 2D latent space of the VAEs and discuss how this can be used to control the generation of synthetic populations, whilst also cautioning how it may lead to biases when used for data augmentation.
Fomalhaut b could be massive and sculpting the narrow, eccentric debris disc, if in mean-motion resonance with it
Authors: Pearce Tim D , Beust Hervé , Faramaz Virginie , Booth Mark , Krivov Alexander V , Löhne Torsten , Poblete Pedro P 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
The star Fomalhaut hosts a narrow, eccentric debris disc, plus a highly eccentric companion Fomalhaut b. It is often argued that Fomalhaut b cannot have significant mass, otherwise it would quickly perturb the disc. We show that material in internal mean-motion resonances with a massive, coplanar Fomalhaut b would actually be long-term stable, and occupy orbits similar to the observed debris. Furthermore, millimetre dust released in collisions between resonant bodies could reproduce the width, shape, and orientation of the observed disc. We first re-examine the possible orbits of Fomalhaut b, assuming that it moves under gravity alone. If Fomalhaut b orbits close to the disc mid-plane then its orbit crosses the disc, and the two are apsidally aligned. This alignment may hint at an ongoing dynamical interaction. Using the observationally allowed orbits, we then model the interaction between a massive Fomalhaut b and debris. While most debris is unstable in such an extreme configuration, we identify several resonant populations that remain stable for the stellar lifetime, despite crossing the orbit of Fomalhaut b. This debris occupies low-eccentricity orbits similar to the observed debris ring. These resonant bodies would have a clumpy distribution, but dust released in collisions between them would form a narrow, relatively smooth ring similar to observations. We show that if Fomalhaut b has a mass between those of Earth and Jupiter then, far from removing the observed debris, it could actually be sculpting it through resonant interactions.
The most massive white dwarfs in the solar neighbourhood
Authors: Kilic Mukremin , Bergeron P , Blouin Simon , Bédard A 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
We present an analysis of the most massive white dwarf candidates in the Montreal White Dwarf Database 100 pc sample. We identify 25 objects that would be more massive than $1.3\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$ if they had pure H atmospheres and CO cores, including two outliers with unusually high photometric mass estimates near the Chandrasekhar limit. We provide follow-up spectroscopy of these two white dwarfs and show that they are indeed significantly below this limit. We expand our model calculations for CO core white dwarfs up to M = 1.334 M⊙, which corresponds to the high-density limit of our equation-of-state tables, ρ = 109 g cm−3. We find many objects close to this maximum mass of our CO core models. A significant fraction of ultramassive white dwarfs are predicted to form through binary mergers. Merger populations can reveal themselves through their kinematics, magnetism, or rapid rotation rates. We identify four outliers in transverse velocity, four likely magnetic white dwarfs (one of which is also an outlier in transverse velocity), and one with rapid rotation, indicating that at least 8 of the 25 ultramassive white dwarfs in our sample are likely merger products.
Association Between Vancomycin Area Under the Curve and Nephrotoxicity: a single center, retrospective cohort study in a veteran population
Authors: Poston-Blahnik Anna , Moenster Ryan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
It is unclear which vancomycin area under the curve (AUC) values are most associated with risk for acute kidney injury (AKI).

Methods
This retrospective cohort study was undertaken to determine if vancomycin AUC &gt;550 is associated with a higher rate of AKI than an AUC &lt;550. Patients treated with vancomycin for at least 4 days at the VA St. Louis Health Care System from 1/1/2016 to 9/31/2018 were included. The primary outcome was AKI (defined as an increase in serum creatinine by 0.3 mg/dL or 50% from baseline). Secondary outcomes included length of stay, readmission in 30 days, and mortality in 30 days. A bivariate analysis was used to determine other potential factors affecting AKI rate, with significant variables (P &lt; .2) to be included in the multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine independent risk for AKI.

Results
Two hundred patients were included in the analysis; 100 patients with an AUC ≥550 and 100 with an AUC &lt;550. Only mean vancomycin dose (1722.50 mg vs 2361.25 mg; P &lt; .05), mean AUC (465.88 vs 696.45; P &lt; .05), and peak SCr (1.22 mg/dL vs 1.48 mg/dL; P = .015) were significantly different between groups (AUC &lt;550 vs AUC ≥550, respectively). AKI occurred in 42% (42/100) of patients with AUC ≥550 compared with 2% (2/100) of patients with AUC &lt;550 (P &lt; .05). Secondary outcomes were not different between the groups. In the bivariate analysis, age ≥70, CrCl &lt;50 mL/min, and AUC ≥550 (odds ratio, 49.5; 95% CI, 10.1–242.3; P &lt; .05) were found to be independently associated with risk for developing AKI.

Conclusions
Patients with a vancomycin AUC ≥550 were found to have a significantly higher rate of AKI compared with those with an AUC &lt;550.
Clustering of SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Households of Patients Diagnosed in the Outpatient Setting in Baltimore, Maryland
Authors: Demko Zoe O , Antar Annukka A R , Blair Paul W , Lambrou Anastasia S , Yu Tong , Brown Diane , Walch Samantha N , Armstrong Derek T , Mostafa Heba H , Keruly Jeanne C , Thomas David L , Manabe Yukari C , Mehta Shruti H ,   Ambulatory COVID Study Team, Reuland Carolyn , Azamfirei Razvan , Hardick Justin P , Church Taylor , Sewell Thelio T , Keller Sara , Sauer Lauren , Tornheim Jeffrey , Townsend Jennifer , Bachu Vismaya , Barnaba Brittany , Charles Curtisha , Dai Weiwei , Payton Christine , Fuchs Joelle , Holden Jeffrey , Jang Minyoung , Johnstone J R , Kruczynski Kate , Kusemiju Oyinkansola , Li Lucy , Tuchler Amanda , Montana Manuela Plazas , Prizzi Michelle , Ursin Rebecca 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In an outpatient cohort in Maryland, clustering of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) positivity within households was high, with 76% of 74 households reporting at least 1 other symptomatic person and 66% reporting another person who tested SARS-CoV-2 positive. SARS-CoV-2 positivity among household members was associated with larger household size and bedroom sharing.
Evaluation of a Cryptococcal Antigen Lateral Flow Assay and Cryptococcal Antigen Positivity at a Large Public Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia
Authors: Harrington Kristin R V , Wang Yun F , Rebolledo Paulina A , Liu Zhiyong , Yang Qianting , Kempker Russell R 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Cryptococcus neoformans is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons worldwide, and there are scarce recent data on cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) positivity in the United States We sought to determine the frequency of cryptococcal disease and compare the performance of a CrAg lateral flow assay (LFA) versus latex agglutination (LA) test.

Methods
All patients from Grady Health System in Atlanta who had a serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample sent for CrAg testing as part of clinical care from November 2017 to July 2018 were included. Percentage positivity and test agreement were calculated.

Results
Among 467 patients, 557 diagnostic tests were performed; 413 on serum and 144 on CSF. The mean age was 44 years, and most were male (69%) and had HIV (79%). Twenty-four (6.4%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.1–9.4) patients were serum CrAg positive, and 8 (5.8%, 95% CI = 2.6–11.2) individuals tested positive for CSF CrAg. Although overall agreement between the LA and LFA was substantial to high for CSF (κ = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.51–0.91) and serum (κ = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.86–1.00), respectively, there were important discrepancies. Five patients had false-positive CSF LA tests that affected clinical care, and 4 patients had discordant serum tests.

Conclusions
We found a moderately high proportion of cryptococcal disease and important discrepancies between the LA test and LFA. Clinical implications of these findings include accurate detection of serum CrAg and averting unnecessary treatment of meningitis with costly medications associated with high rates of adverse events.
‘When I asked for help and support it was not there’: current NHS employment practice and its impact on people with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Booth Sara , Price Elizabeth , Walker Elizabeth 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objectives
The aim was to investigate whether National Health Service (NHS) employees with SLE, for whom work disability and early retirement are high, are supported effectively in at work.

Methods
An online survey of 393 people with lupus was completed through the LUPUS UK website, investigating participants’ experiences in maintaining employment. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected. Disease fluctuation, invisibility and fatigue were identified as having substantial negative impacts on employment. This study examined data from a large subgroup (n = 72, 18.74%) of current/previous NHS employees. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were used to explore and characterize the demography and experiences of participants.

Results
The NHS subgroup (n = 72) represented 18.74% of the whole cohort; 100% were female and of working age (18–64 years). Fifty-one were currently (70.8%) and 21 previously (29.2%) NHS employees. Forty-nine (60%) were clinicians. Twenty-one (29.16%) of this working-age subgroup had left any employment. Negative effects of SLE on employment were universal (including an impact on career choices, work disability, enforced part-time working, lower income and early retirement). NHS support for participants to maintain employment was inconsistent, with more negative experiences than positive. The impact of SLE on employment seemed to be poorly understood.

Conclusion
A punitive approach to NHS employees with SLE was more common than a proactive, flexible, problem-solving one despite inclusive rhetoric, resulting in the loss of skills and experience to the service. Characterizing conditions such as SLE and long coronavirus disease 2019 as fluctuating, invisible conditions with constitutional symptoms highlights features with negative employment impact, potentially facilitating much-needed change in NHS organizations, with greater use of occupational health, vocational rehabilitation, redeployment and retraining opportunities, highlighting the need for evidence-based employment interventions and improved management of fatigue.
Biomimetic cell-adhesive ligand-functionalized peptide composite hydrogels maintain stemness of human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Zhang Ling , Xiong Na , Liu Yanfei , Gan Lili 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In vivo, stem cells reside in a three-dimensional (3D) extracellular microenvironment in which complicated biophysical and biochemical factors regulate their behaviors. Biomimicking of the stem cell−matrix interactions is an ideal approach for controlling the stem cell fate. This study investigates the effects of the incorporation of cell-adhesive ligands in 3D self-assembling peptide hydrogels to modulate stem cell survival, proliferation, maintenance of stemness, and osteogenic differentiation. The results show that the composite hydrogels were non-cytotoxic and effective for maintaining human amniotic mesenchymal stem cell (hAMSC) survival, proliferation and phenotypic characterization. The expression levels of pluripotent markers were also upregulated in the composite hydrogels. Under inductive media conditions, mineral deposition and mRNA expression levels of osteogenic genes of hAMSCs were enhanced. The increasing expression of integrin α- and β-subunits for hAMSCs indicates that the ligand−integrin interactions may modulate the cell fate for hAMSCs in composite hydrogels.
Inequalities in Psychiatric Service Use and Mortality by Migrant Status Following a First Diagnosis of Psychotic Disorder: A Swedish Cohort Study of 1.3M People
Authors: Katsampa Dafni , Akther Syeda F , Hollander Anna-Clara , Dal Henrik , Dalman Christina , Kirkbride James B 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
It is unclear whether inequalities in mental healthcare and mortality following the onset of psychosis exist by migrant status and region-of-origin. We investigated whether (1) mortality (including by major causes of death); (2) first admission type (inpatient or outpatient); (3) in-patient length of stay (LOS) at first diagnosis for psychotic disorder presentation, and; (4) time-to-readmission for psychotic disorder differed for refugees, non-refugee migrants, and by region-of-origin. We established a cohort of 1 335 192 people born 1984–1997 and living in Sweden from January 1, 1998, followed from their 14th birthday or arrival to Sweden, until death, emigration, or December 31, 2016. People with ICD-10 psychotic disorder (F20–33; N = 9399) were 6.7 (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 5.9–7.6) times more likely to die than the general population, but this did not vary by migrant status (P = .15) or region-of-origin (P = .31). This mortality gap was most pronounced for suicide (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 12.2; 95% CI: 10.4–14.4), but persisted for deaths from other external (aHR: 5.1; 95%CI: 4.0–6.4) and natural causes (aHR: 2.3; 95%CI: 1.6–3.3). Non-refugee (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.4, 95%CI: 1.2–1.6) and refugee migrants (aOR: 1.4, 95%CI: 1.1–1.8) were more likely to receive inpatient care at first diagnosis. No differences in in-patient LOS at first diagnosis were observed by migrant status. Sub-Saharan African migrants with psychotic disorder were readmitted more quickly than their Swedish-born counterparts (adjusted sub-hazard ratio [sHR]: 1.2; 95%CI: 1.1–1.4). Our findings highlight the need to understand the drivers of disparities in psychosis treatment and the mortality gap experienced by all people with disorder, irrespective of migrant status or region-of-origin.
Pericyte‐like cells undergo transcriptional reprogramming and distinct functional adaptations in acute lung injury
Authors: Hung Chi F. , Holton Sarah , Chow Yu‐Hua , Liles Wayne Conrad , Gharib Sina A. , Altemeier William A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe previously reported on the role of pericyte‐like cells as functional sentinel immune cells in lung injury. However, much about the biological role of pericytes in lung injury remains unknown. Lung pericyte‐like cells are well‐positioned to sense disruption to the epithelial barrier and coordinate local inflammatory responses due to their anatomic niche within the alveoli. In this report, we characterized transcriptional responses and functional changes in pericyte‐like cells following activation by alveolar components from injured and uninjured lungs in a mouse model of acute lung injury (ALI). Purified pericyte‐like cells from lung digests using PDGFRβ as a selection marker were expanded in culture as previously described (1). We induced sterile acute lung injury in mice with recombinant human Fas ligand (rhFasL) instillation followed by mechanical ventilation (1). We then collected bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from injured and uninjured mice. Purified pericyte‐like cells in culture were exposed to growth media only (control), BALF from uninjured mice, and BALF from injured mice for 6 and 24 hours. RNA collected from these treatment conditions were processed for RNAseq. Targets of interest identified by pathway analysis were validated using in vitro and in vivo assays. We observed robust global transcriptional changes in pericyte‐like cells following treatment with uninjured and injured BALF at 6 hours, but this response persisted for 24 hours only after exposure to injured BALF. Functional enrichment analysis of pericytes treated with injured BALF revealed the activation of pro‐inflammatory, cell migration, and angiogenesis‐related pathways, whereas processes associated with tissue development and cell differentiation were down‐regulated. We validated select upregulated targets in the inflammatory, angiogenic, and cell migratory pathways using functional biological assays in vitro and in vivo. We conclude that lung pericyte‐like cells are highly responsive to alveolar compartment content from both uninjured and injured lungs, but injured BALF elicits a more sustained response. The inflammatory, angiogenic, and migratory changes exhibited by activated pericyte‐like cells underscore the phenotypic plasticity of these specialized stromal cells in the setting of acute lung injury.
Pyrroloquinoline quinone protects against exercise‐induced fatigue and oxidative damage via improving mitochondrial function in mice
Authors: Liu Lixia , Zhang Yingyong , Liu Tao , Ke Chongrong , Huang Jianzhong , Fu Yajuan , Lin Zhang , Chen Fengjuan , Wu Xiuqin , Chen Qi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) has a variety of biological functions. However, rare attention has been paid to its effects on exercise‐induced damage. Here, we assessed the potential protective effects of PQQ against the fatigue and oxidative damage caused by repeated exhaustive exercise, and studied the underlying mechanism. The models for exercise‐induced fatigue were established, and the parameters were measured, including the time to exhaustion (TTE), biochemical indicators, the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) and inflammatory cytokines and so on. Besides, the mitochondrial function was evaluated by the morphology, membrane potential, respiratory function, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, and the application of the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor. The results demonstrate that PQQ prolongs TTE, causes the decrease in the activity of serum creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase, increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes, inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and diminishes the over expression of NF‐κB (p65) and inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, PQQ preserves normal mitochondrial function. Particularly, PQQ reduces the accumulation of ROS triggered by the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor. These data suggest that PQQ can significantly protect mice from exercise‐induced fatigue and oxidative damage by improving mitochondrial function. These data also suggest that PQQ controls mitochondrial activity through directly affecting the NADH dehydrogenase.
Single‐cell RNA sequencing redefines the mesenchymal cell landscape of mouse endometrium
Authors: Kirkwood Phoebe M. , Gibson Douglas A. , Smith James R. , Wilson‐Kanamori John R. , Kelepouri Olympia , Esnal‐Zufiaurre Arantza , Dobie Ross , Henderson Neil C. , Saunders Philippa T. K. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe endometrium is a dynamic tissue that exhibits remarkable resilience to repeated episodes of differentiation, breakdown, regeneration, and remodeling. Endometrial physiology relies on a complex interplay between the stromal and epithelial compartments with the former containing a mixture of fibroblasts, vascular, and immune cells. There is evidence for rare populations of putative mesenchymal progenitor cells located in the perivascular niche of human endometrium, but the existence of an equivalent cell population in mouse is unclear. We used the Pdgfrb‐BAC‐eGFP transgenic reporter mouse in combination with bulk and single‐cell RNA sequencing to redefine the endometrial mesenchyme. In contrast to previous reports we show that CD146 is expressed in both PDGFRβ + perivascular cells and CD31 + endothelial cells. Bulk RNAseq revealed cells in the perivascular niche which express the high levels of Pdgfrb as well as genes previously identified in pericytes and/or vascular smooth muscle cells (Acta2, Myh11, Olfr78, Cspg4, Rgs4, Rgs5, Kcnj8, and Abcc9). scRNA‐seq identified five subpopulations of cells including closely related pericytes/vascular smooth muscle cells and three subpopulations of fibroblasts. All three fibroblast populations were PDGFRα+/CD34 + but were distinct in their expression of Ngfr/Spon2/Angptl7 (F1), Cxcl14/Smoc2/Rgs2 (F2), and Clec3b/Col14a1/Mmp3 (F3), with potential functions in the regulation of immune responses, response to wounding, and organization of extracellular matrix, respectively. Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate the spatial distribution of these populations revealing F1/NGFR + cells in most abundance beside epithelial cells. We provide the first definitive analysis of mesenchymal cells in the adult mouse endometrium identifying five subpopulations providing a platform for comparisons between mesenchymal cells in endometrium and other adult tissues which are prone to fibrosis.