bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The European DISCO project: deep geological disposal of modern spent nuclear fuel
Authors: Bosbach Dirk , Evins Lena Z. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract. Direct disposal of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) in a deep-mined geological repository is foreseen in various countries. Several decades of research (incl. various European projects such as SFS, NF-PRO, MICADO, REDUPP and FIRST-Nuclides) have shown that SNF shows a number of favourable properties as a waste form. Based on this background, the scientific collaborative DISCO project (2017–2021) aims to improve the understanding of the scientific basis of the safety cases for SNF under repository conditions – specifically for modern fuels. It comprises 16 project partners from eight EU countries consisting of large research institutions and small and medium enterprises (SME's), as well as an end-user group. It is supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme for Research and Innovation with about 4 million euro (EU contribution). The project concept and implementation were initiated via the Exchange Forum of the Implementation of Geological Disposal – Technology Platform (IGD-TP) based on discussions among various actors, namely waste management organisations and the research community. The specific scientific issue of the DISCO project is whether the kinetics of the SNF dissolution process are affected by the composition and characteristics of the SNF itself, with a focus on modern Cr-doped and mixed oxide (MOX) fuels, which have been developed in recent years. The effect of dopants in the fuel matrix with regard to redox reactivity of the irradiated fuel needs to be evaluated, since this may affect the dissolution behaviour of and radionuclide release from these modern fuels. The overall objectives of the DISCO project are (1) to enhance our understanding of SNF matrix dissolution under conditions representative of failed containers in reducing repository environments and (2) to assess whether novel types of fuel (MOX, doped fuels) behave in a similar manner to conventional fuels. Experimental and modelling tasks have been defined to achieve the project objectives. The expected knowledge gain is essential for waste management organisations and will provide new insights into factors affecting their safety cases as fuel systems have evolved.
Long-term storage of information about nuclear waste. 100 000 years and beyond
Authors: Kunze Martin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract. In the 20th century, intertwined with the topic of “final nuclear repository”, the ethical requirement to warn about the danger of radioactive radiation over a period of 1 million years was debated. In the meantime, a narrative is beginning to gain acceptance – also in public – that postulates that a repository should be described in terms of content and location in such a way that future generations are capable of making their own informed decisions. After all, nuclear waste consists of materials ranging from dangerous to precious. From the concept of sustainability and responsible usage of resources comes the demand to not isolate, bury and forget nuclear waste in the biosphere forever, but rather to leave the information about it in such a way that even if the transmission of information is interrupted, it can be reconstructed by a technically industrialized civilization. The materials that we store in the depths, especially in places where one would not expect them geologically, could represent valuable resources for future generations. The following questions arise:
What time horizons are we talking about? In what form can information exist for so long? What language or symbols do we use for this? Who are the addressees? Conventional information carriers are unsuitable for these
purposes. Even the most durable, even with optimal storage, have a
shelf life that is orders of magnitude below the temporal safety
requirements of nuclear waste repositories. In this lecture, the latest technologies and methods for long-term storage of information are introduced. Ceramic-based data carriers. Ceramic-based data carriers with a durability extending to millions of years even under the most extreme conditions. Originating from the Memory of Mankind project in Hallstatt, Austria, a research program is being carried out at the Vienna University of Technology for data carriers which, in addition to an extremely long durability, also have a high data density. Data formats. There is no guarantee that the digital formats used today will be readable in the near or distant future. Information that is intended for addressees in thousands of years must therefore be recognized as such and be directly legible. Data formats must be intuitively decodable and readable. And finally, universal icons are needed for a “manual”, in order to describe the location and contents of a nuclear waste repository to a distant technical civilization.
Section 14 StandAG – Identification of siting regions and associated challenges
Authors: Seidel Lisa , Wengler Marc 
Published: November 2021

Abstract. With the publication of the subarea interim report on sub-regions on 28
September 2020, the Federal Company for Radioactive Waste Disposal (BGE), as
the implementer of the German site selection procedure, has completed the
first step of phase I in due time. The second step of phase I is the
identification of siting regions for surface exploration. In the following step 2 of phase I, the determination of siting regions for
surface exploration will be carried out based on the interim results of the
first step of phase I in accordance with section 14 of the regulating law
(StandAG). A central component of this second step of phase I is the
representative preliminary safety assessments pursuant to section 27 StandAG,
the ordinances on “Safety Requirements” (EndlSiAnfV) and “Preliminary Safety
Assessments” (EndlSiUntV), which are carried out for each of the
sub-regions. Based on the results of the preliminary safety assessments and
the renewed application of the geoscientific weighting criteria (section 24
StandAG), siting regions will be identified that have the potential to become
the site with the best possible safety for a repository for high-level
radioactive waste. During the second step of phase I, the planning scientific
consideration criteria (section 25 StandAG) can be applied for the first time. The path to the siting regions for surface exploration can be accompanied by
various challenges related to geoscientific, methodological and also societal
questions. For example, the application of the representative preliminary
safety assessments may be more challenging in larger subareas compared to
smaller ones as subsurface properties are likely to be more variable. In this
context, areas with little data coverage for example, and the treatment of
these areas in the procedure may pose another challenge. Therefore, sound
methodological concepts must be developed for performing the representative
preliminary safety assessments as well as for applying the geoscientific
weighting criteria. Furthermore, the German site selection procedure defines
special requirements (section 1 StandAG): the implementation of the
participatory, science-based, transparent, self-questioning and learning
procedure poses challenges to all stakeholders of the procedure on the way to
the best possible disposal of high-level radioactive waste.
Actinides induced irradiation damage and swelling effect in irradiated Zircaloy-4 after 30 years of storage
Authors: Marchetti Mara , Herm Michel , König Tobias , Manenti Simone , Metz Volker 
Published: November 2021

Abstract. After several years in the reactor core, irradiated nuclear fuel is handled and subsequently stored for a few years under water next to the core, to achieve thermal cooling and decay of very short-lived radionuclides. Thereafter, it might be sent to dry-cask interim storage before final disposal in a deep geological repository. Here, the spent nuclear fuel (SNF) is subject to a series of physicochemical phenomena which are of concern for the integrity of the nuclear fuel cladding. After moving the SNF from wet to dry storage, the temperature increases, then slowly decreases, leading the hydrogen in solid solution in the cladding to precipitate radially with consequent hydride growth and cladding embrittlement (Kim, 2020). Another phenomenon affecting the physical properties of the cladding during interim dry storage is the irradiation damage produced in the inner surface of the cladding by the alpha decay of the actinides present at the periphery of the pellet, particularly when the burnup at discharge is high. SNF pellets with high average burnup present larger fuel volumes at the end of their useful life due to accumulation of insoluble solid fission products and noble gases, which leads to disappearance of the as-fabricated pellet–clad gap. Further swelling is expected as a consequence of actinide decay and the accumulation of helium. This leads to larger cladding hoop stress and larger alpha decay damage. The present work first investigates the variation in diameter caused
by pellet swelling in an irradiated Zircaloy-4 cladding after chemical
digestion of the uranium oxide (UOx) pellet. Second, the irradiation damage produced during the 30 years elapsed since the end of irradiation in terms of displacements per atom (dpa) is studied by means of the FLUKA Monte Carlo code. The irradiation damage produced by the decay of actinides in the inner surface of the cladding extends for less than 3 % in depth. The considered cladded UOx pellet was extracted from a pressurized water reactor (PWR) fuel rod consisting of five segments, with an average burnup at discharge of 50.4 GWd (tHM)−1.
Slip tendency analysis of major faults in Germany
Authors: Röckel Luisa , Ahlers Steffen , Morawietz Sophia , Müller Birgit , Reiter Karsten , Heidbach Oliver , Henk Andreas , Hergert Tobias , Schilling Frank 
Published: November 2021

Abstract. Natural seismicity and tectonic activity are important processes for
the site-selection and for the long-term safety assessment of
a nuclear waste repository, as they can influence the integrity of
underground structures significantly. Therefore, it is crucial to gain
insight into the reactivation potential of faults. The two key factors
that control the reactivation potential are (a) the geometry and
properties of the fault such as strike direction and friction angle,
and (b) the orientations and magnitudes of the recent stress field and
future changes to it due to exogenous processes such as glacial
loading as well as anthropogenic activities in the subsurface. One
measure of the reactivation potential of faults is the ratio of
resolved shear stress to normal stresses at the fault surface, which
is called slip tendency. However, the available information on fault
properties and the stress field in Germany is sparse. Geomechanical
numerical modelling can provide a prediction of the required 3D stress
tensor in places without stress data. Here, we present slip tendency
calculations on major faults based on a 3D geomechanical numerical
model of Germany and adjacent regions of the SpannEnD project (Ahlers
et al., 2021). Criteria for the selection of faults relevant to the scope of the SpannEnD project were identified and 55 faults within the model area were selected. For the selected faults, simplified geometries were created. For a subset of the selected faults, vertical profiles and seismic sections could be used to generate semi-realistic 3D fault geometries. Slip tendency calculations using the stress tensor from the SpannEnD model were performed for both 3D fault sets. The slip tendencies were calculated without factoring in pore pressure and cohesion, and were normalized to a coefficient of friction of 0.6. The resulting values range mainly between 0 and 1, with 6 % of values larger than 0.4. In general, the observed slip tendency is slightly higher for faults striking in the NW and NNE directions than for faults of other strikes. Normal faults show higher slip tendencies than reverse and strike slip faults for the majority of faults. Seismic events are generally in good agreement with the regions of elevated slip tendencies; however, not all seismicity can be explained through the slip tendency analysis.
Pengelompokan Data Penjualan Mie Berdasarkan Bulan Dengan Menggunakan Algoritma K-Medoids
Authors: Barus Riahta Ulina Br. , Gunawan Indra , Damanik Bahrudi Efendi , Parlina Iin , Saputra Widodo 
Published: November 2021

Mie merupakan salah satu keanekragaman kuliner yang memiliki potensi sangat besar untuk dikembangkan sebagai peningkatan ekonomi di pematangsiantar. Penjualana Mie di Kota pematangsiantar juga sangat pesat, namun para pedagang masih mneggunakan cara manual dalam pengelompokan data hasil penjualan dari berbagai macam jjenis mie yang di jual sehingga tingkat akurasi keuntungannya menjadi tidak Nampak dengan jelas. Berdasarkan itu makan penulis membuat penelitian ini dengan menggunakan Algoritma K-Medoids untuk mengcluster data penjualan mie dari tahun 2018-2019 berdasarkan tahun dan bulan. Hasil yang diperoleh dari produksi mie di tahun 2018 terbanyak adalah mie pangsit dengan centroid 304670 pada bulan Januari dan mie pangsit dengan centroid 290476 pada bulan Desember, sedangkan di tahun 2019 adalah mie pangsit centroid 311532 bulan Januari dan 311532 pada bulan Desember. Tingkat akurasi dari pengolahan RapidMiner dengan pengolahan yang dilakukan penulis menunjukkan 12 data yang digunakan. Untuk Cluster C1 atau kelompok Tinggi diperoleh akurasi sebesar 17% dengan jumlah data yang sama 2 data, Cluster C2 atau kelompok Sedang diperoleh akurasi sebesar 8% dengan jumlah data yang sama 1 data dan Cluster C3 atau kelompok Rendah diperoleh akurasi sebesar 75% dengan jumlah data yang sama 9 data.
Characterization of climatic parameters in the perspective of irrigated agriculture in Uttar Kannada district of Karnataka, India
Authors: SHRIDHAR YALLURKAR , SANDEEP NAYAK , LAKSHMAN NANDAGIRI 
Published: November 2021

A rainfall and potential evapotranspiration characteristics together determine the agro-meteorological regime of a region and influences decision concerning the magnitudes and timing of irrigation application. In the present study, historical rainfall and climate data pertaining to the study area, Uttar Kannada district, Karnataka, was analyzed with a view to characterizing irrigation water requirements. In addition to rainfall input, an important aspect of the water balance model is the crop evapotranspiration (ETcrop), which is the main factor in determining the irrigation schedule. ETcrop could be estimated by reference evapotranspiration (ET0) and crop coefficient. Atmospheric demand for water is represented by ‘potential evapotranspiration’ (PET) and calculated from climatic variables which is crucial for irrigation planning. It has been reported that the Penman-Monteith method gives more consistently correct ET0 estimates to other ET0 methods. While recognizing the importance of both rainfall and PET, an effective measure is known as the ‘Moisture Availability Index’ (MAI), which is computed as the ratio of 75% dependable rainfall and potential evapotranspiration. An MAI value of 1.00 indicates that dependable precipitation is equal to potential evapotranspiration. An MAI value of 0.33 or less for one month during the crop growing season is considered to be a signal of water deficit resulting reduction in crop yield. The findings of this study on MAI are used to decide the selection of the sowing period of crops so as to avoid water stress during the critical harvesting period.
Peran Guru Dalam Pengembangan Peserta Didik Di era Digital
Authors: Tari Ezra , Hutapea Rinto Hasiholan 
Published: November 2021

Penulis mengkaji tentang pengembangan peserta didik di era digital. Penelitian ini berangkat dari keresahan penulis terhadap keadaan peserta didik di era digital.Para peserta didik belum mampu menggunakan teknologi secara maksimal. Sehingga guru dituntut untuk bertindak profesional untuk mendampingi nara didik untuk mengembangkan diri dalam penguasaan teknologi informasi. Dengan problematika tersebut maka, penulis mengupas tentang peran guru dalam pengembangan peserta didik di era digital. Metode yang digunakan adalah kualitatif deskriptif. Dalam penelitian ini, teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian tidak dipaksakan untuk memperoleh gambaran seutuhnya mengenai suatu hal menurut pandangan manusia. Berdasarkan kajian yang dilakukan oleh penulis dalam tulisan ini, kemampuan pengelolaan peserta didik, guru bertanggungjawabterhadap peserta didik dalam perancangan dan pelaksanaan hasil belajar.Pengembangan peserta didik, dengan sejumlah peran dan tanggung jawab yang dilakukan guru. Jadi guru wajib mahir, pandai, cermat, dan cerdas dalam menjalankan pekerjaan sebagai guru. Guru dituntut mampu mengaktualisasikan kompetensi pedagogik. Serta mampu mengimplementasikan pendidikan yang holistik. The author examines the development of students in the digital age. This study departs from the writer's anxiety about the condition of students in the digital age. The students have not been able to use technology maximally. So that teachers are required to act professionally to assist students to develop themselves in the mastery of information technology. On account of these problems, the authors explore the role of teachers in the development of students in the digital age. The method used is descriptive qualitative. In this study, the theory used in research is not forced to obtain a complete picture of a matter according to human views. Based on the study conducted by the author in this paper, the ability to manage learners, teachers are responsible for students in the design and implementation of learning outcomes. Development of students, with a number of roles and responsibilities undertaken by the teacher. So the teacher must be proficient, clever, careful, and smart in carrying out work as a teacher. Teachers are required to be able to actualize pedagogical competencies. And able to implement holistic education.
Semboyan Adil Ka’ Talino, Bacuramin Ka’ Saruga, Basengat Ka’ Jubata Sebagai Akses Relasi Sosial Keagamaan
Authors: Katarina K , Diana Ruat 
Published: November 2021

Humans are social creatures that require interaction with one another, in the process of building the interaction of religious books and watchwords very important role as access to social relations. In building relationships, access is needed to achieve social integration. This study aims to describe the Dayak motto as access to social relations, so in this research is descriptive in the form of qualitative, using literature or literature studies. Based on the analysis of researchers, conclusions related to the slogan Adil Ka 'Talino, Bacuramin Ka' Saruga, Basengat Ka 'Jubata as access to social relations are fair to others, reflect on heavenly life, and surrender to God as the determinant of life. Manusia merupakan makhluk sosial yang memerlukan interaksi satu dengan lainnya, dalam proses membangun interaksi kitab keagamaan dan semboyan sangat berperan sebagai akses relasi sosial. Dalam membangun relasi diperlukan akses untuk mencapai integrasi sosial. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan semboyan suku dayak sebagai akses relasi sosial, sehingga dalam penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dalam berbentuk kualitatif, dengan menggunakan studi literatur atau studi pustaka. Berdasarkan hasil analisis peneliti, maka dihasilkan simpulan terkait semboyan Adil Ka’ Talino, Bacuramin Ka’ Saruga, Basengat Ka’ Jubata sebagai akses relasi sosial adalah adil kepada sesama, bercermin kepada kehidupan surga, serta berserah kepada Tuhan sebagai penentu kehidupan.
Identification and Prediction of Fatigue Trajectories in People With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Pettersson Susanne , Demmelmaier Ingrid , Nordgren Birgitta , Dufour Alyssa B. , Opava Christina H. 
Published: November 2021

ObjectiveWe aimed to identify groups demonstrating different long‐term trajectories of fatigue among people with rheumatoid arthritis and determine baseline predictors for these trajectories.MethodsOur study included 2741 people aged 18 to 75 years who were independent in daily living. Data were collected from the Swedish Rheumatology Quality Register and questionnaires at baseline, 14 months, and 26 months. Fatigue was rated on a 100‐mm visual analog scale. K‐means cluster analysis was used to identify fatigue trajectories. Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals for potential predictors of trajectory membership.ResultsThe mean age was 60 years, 73% of participants were female, and the mean baseline fatigue level was 39. Three distinct fatigue trajectories were identified, representing mild (mean 15, n = 1024), moderate (mean 41, n = 986), and severe (mean 71, n = 731) fatigue. Consistent patterns indicated that poorer health perception (ORs 1.68‐18.40), more pain (ORs 1.38‐5.04), anxiety/depression (ORs 0.85‐6.19), and activity limitation (ORs 1.43‐7.39) were associated with more severe fatigue. Those in the severe fatigue group, compared with those in the mild fatigue group, were more likely to be college educated than university educated (OR 1.56) and less likely to maintain physical activity (OR 0.54). Those in the severe fatigue group, compared with those in both the moderate (OR 0.67) and mild (OR 0.59) fatigue groups, were less likely to have one additional adult in the household.ConclusionThis study identified stable fatigue trajectories, predicted by health perception, pain, anxiety/depression, activity limitation, educational level, maintained physical activity, and household composition. Interventions aimed at reducing these disabilities and supporting physical activity behaviors may help reduce fatigue.
Heterogeneous MoSe2/Nitrogen‐Doped‐Carbon Nanoarrays: Engineering Atomic Interface for Potassium‐Ion Storage
Authors: Xu Da , Chen Ling , Su Xiaozhi , Jiang Hongliang , Lian Cheng , Liu Honglai , Chen Long , Hu Yanjie , Jiang Hao , Li Chunzhong 
Published: November 2021

AbstractOwing to the lower price and higher safety, developing high‐performance K‐ion batteries (KIBs) is of great significance as an alternative to Li‐ion batteries. High‐energy‐density MoSe2 has been identified as a promising anode material for KIBs; however, its electrochemical reversibility remains a big challenge. Herein, heterogenous MoSe2/N‐doped carbon nanoarrays demonstrate a brilliant performance as KIBs anode materials. The as‐formed hetero‐interface weakens the KSe bond of discharged products (K2Se), the length of KSe bond is stretched by 3.9% with an enlargement of 19.2% in angle compared with pure K2Se, greatly promoting the regeneration of MoSe bond during charge. Moreover, the atomically inter‐overlapping feature leads to an expanded MoSe2 interlayer distance of 1.20 nm that enables a much faster K‐ion diffusion. Consequently, this nanoarray delivers an unprecedented K‐ion storage performance, that is, a capacity of 402 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 over 200 cycles, and a long cycle life over 1000 cycles at 1.0 A g−1 with 307 mAh g−1 capacity retention.