bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conditionals and specific links—an experimental study
Authors: Rostworowski Wojciech , Pietrulewicz Natalia , Bedkowski Marcin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBased on the new experimental evidence, we argue that a link between a conditional antecedent and the consequent is semantically expressed rather than pragmatically conveyed. In our paper, we focus on particular kinds of links which conditionals may convey in a context. For instance, a conditional ‘Ifp,q’ may convey a thought equivalent to ‘pwill causeq’, ‘pis the best explanation forq’, ‘qfollows fromp’, etcetera. The traditional theoretical literature on conditionals seems to imply that these specific links are generated pragmatically and are akin to conversational implicatures. In order to test this hypothesis, we used a well-recognized linguistic test from ‘reinforceability’ (i.e., susceptibility to a non-redundant affirmation), which serves to distinguish between a semantic and pragmatic level of meaning, and we designed an experimental study based on that test. The outcome of our study is that specific links conveyed by conditionals exhibit features of semantic entailments rather than conversational implicatures. This result accords with some of the recent findings in empirical investigations on conditionals. In the final part of our paper, we discuss various accounts of conditionals which can accommodate the results of our study.
An Algorithmic Approach to Identify the Optimum Network Architecture and WLAN Protocol for VoIP Application
Authors: Mohd Ali Ali , Dhimish Mahmoud , Alsmadi Malek M. , Mather Peter 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTo determine the optimal network architecture between the Basic Service Set, the Extended Service Set and the Independent Basic Service Set, this study established a new algorithm to assess Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) metrics of different IEEE 802.11 technologies. An important coefficient for each VoIP metric parameter has been invented to rank the different IEEE 802.11 standards and to identify the most efficient one for the VoIP application. The best overall network performance that offers good voice quality is ensured by determining the optimum network architecture and technology. Moreover, for the VoIP efficiency parameters, it meets the acceptance threshold values. This algorithm was implemented in different sizes of rooms ranging from 1 × 1 m to 10 × 10 m, and the number of nodes varied from 1 to 65. End to end delay, jitter, throughput and packet loss were the quality of service parameters used.
Differentiation between infectious spondylodiscitis versus inflammatory or degenerative spinal changes: How can magnetic resonance imaging help the clinician?
Authors: Salaffi Fausto , Ceccarelli Luca , Carotti Marina , Di Carlo Marco , Polonara Gabriele , Facchini Giancarlo , Golfieri Rita , Giovagnoni Andrea 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSpondylodiscitis is a complex disease whose diagnosis and management are still challenging. The differentiation between infectious and non-infectious aetiology is mandatory to avoid delays in the treatment of life-threatening infectious conditions. Imaging methods, in particular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), play a key role in differential diagnosis. MRI provides detailed anatomical information, especially regarding the epidural space and spinal cord, and may allow differential diagnosis by assessing the characteristics of certain infectious and inflammatory/degenerative lesions. In this article, we provide an overview of the radiological characteristics and differentiating features of non-infectious inflammatory spinal disorders and infectious spondylodiscitis, focussing on MRI results and presenting relevant clinical and pathological features that help early diagnosis.
Cycling properties of Na3V2(PO4)2F3 as positive material for sodium-ion batteries
Authors: Pianta Nicolò , Locatelli Davide , Ruffo Riccardo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe research into sodium-ion battery requires the development of high voltage cathodic materials to compensate for the potential of the negative electrode materials which is usually higher than the lithium counterparts. In this framework, the polyanionic compound Na3V2(PO4)2F3 was prepared by an easy-to-scale-up carbothermal method and characterized to evaluate its electrochemical performances in half cell vs. metallic sodium. The material shows a specific capacity (115 mAh g−1) close to the theoretical limit, good coulombic efficiency (>99%) and an excellent stability over several hundred cycles at high rate. High-loading free-standing electrodes were also tested, which showed interesting performances in terms of areal capacity and cyclability.
Isothermal and Non-isothermal Crystallization Kinetics of Mold Fluxes used in Continuous Casting of Steel: A Review
Authors: Sarkar Rahul , Li Zushu 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Casting powders or mold fluxes, as they are more commonly known, are used in the continuous casting of steel to prevent the steel shell from sticking to the copper mold. The powders first melt and create a pool of liquid flux above the liquid steel in the mold, and then the liquid mold fluxes penetrate into the gap between water-cooled copper mold and steel shell, where crystallization of solid phases takes place as the temperatures gradually drop. It is important to understand the crystallization behavior of these mold fluxes used in the continuous casting of steel because the crystalline phase fraction in the slag films plays a crucial role in determining the horizontal heat flux during the casting process. In this work, the existing literature on the crystallization kinetics of conventional and fluoride-free mold fluxes used in the continuous casting of steel has been reviewed. The review has been divided into two main sections viz. the isothermal crystallization kinetics and non-isothermal crystallization kinetics. Under each of these sections, three of the most widely used techniques for studying the crystallization kinetics have been included viz. thermoanalytical techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry/differential thermal analysis (DSC/DTA), the single and double hot thermocouple technique (SHTT and DHTT), and the confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM). For each of these techniques, the available literature related to the crystallization kinetics of mold fluxes has been summarized thereby encompassing a wide range of investigations comprising of both conventional and fluoride-free fluxes. Summaries have been included after each section with critical comments and insights by the authors. Finally, the relative merits and demerits of these methods vis-à-vis their application in studying the crystallization kinetics of mold fluxes have been discussed.
Phase Relations in the ZrO2-MgO-FeOx System: Experimental Data and Assessment of Thermodynamic Parameters
Authors: Saenko Ivan , Fabrichnaya O. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThermodynamic parameters were assessed for the MgO–FeOx system and combined with already available descriptions of ZrO2-FeOx and ZrO2-MgO systems to calculate preliminary phase diagrams for planning experimental investigations. Samples of selected compositions were heat treated at 1523, 1673 and 1873 K and characterized using x-ray and scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). Experiments indicated extension of cubic ZrO2 solid solution into the ternary system at 1873 K (75 mol.% ZrO2, 10 mol.% FeOx and 15 mol.% MgO) and limited solubility of 4 mol.% ZrO2 in spinel phase. Based on the obtained results thermodynamic parameters of C-ZrO2 and spinel phase were optimized.
Practical approach to prevent COVID-19 infection at breast cancer screening
Authors: Takada Mamoru , Tanaka Gaku , Hashimoto Hideyuki , Hirai Yasuyuki , Fukushima Taichi , Nagashima Takeshi , Otsuka Masayuki , Imazeki Fumio 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) undermines the benefits of cancer screening. To date, no study has identified specific infection control methods. We aimed to provide practical methods for COVID-19 risk reduction during breast cancer screening mammography (MMG) by examining an overview of potential contamination routes of aerosols and possible risks for patients and health care providers.MethodsComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted for airflow and aerosol dispersion in a 3D virtual model of a mobile MMG laboratory room. This model was constructed based on the actual mobile screening MMG bus ‘Cosmos’ in the Chiba Foundation for Health Promotion & Disease Prevention. Examiner and patient geometries were obtained by scanning an actual human using a 3D Scanner. Contamination of the room was evaluated by counting the numbers of suspended and deposited aerosols.ResultsWe applied the CFD simulation model to the exhalation of small or large aerosols from a patient and examiner in the MMG laboratory. Only 14.5% and 54.5% of large and small aerosols, respectively, were discharged out of the room with two doors open. In contrast, the proportion of large and small aerosols discharged out of the room increased to 96.6% and 97.9%, respectively, with the addition of forced gentle wind by the blower fan. This simulation was verified by a mist aerosol experiment conducted in the mobile MMG laboratory.ConclusionAdding forced ventilation to a MMG laboratory with two doors open may enable risk reduction dramatically. This could be applied to other clinical situations.
Study on the Quantitative Relationship Among Canopy Hyperspectral Reflectance, Vegetation Index and Cotton Leaf Nitrogen Content
Authors: Yin Caixia , Lin Jiao , Ma Lulu , Zhang Ze , Hou Tongyu , Zhang Lifu , Lv Xin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractStudy the response mechanism of Canopy spectral reflectance (CSR) to cotton nitrogen fertilizer, propose the sensitive band and center wavelength of cotton leaf nitrogen content (LNC), and compare the response characteristics of various vegetation indexes to LNC, propose a vegetation index that responds well to LNC and construct estimating model. This experiment sets five nitrogen fertilizer levels, namely N0 (control), N120 (120 kg/hm2), N240 (240 kg/hm2), N360 (360 kg/hm2), N480 (480 kg/hm2). Among them, referring to the conventional nitrogen fertilizer is applied by local farmers (N330, 330 kg/hm2). The results showed the following: (1) Visible light and near-infrared (NIR) can be used as two large ranges for precise monitoring of nitrogen, especially the CSR in the NIR range differs significantly under different nitrogen fertilizers. In the early stage of cotton growth, the CSR decreased with the nitrogen application rate increase, in a suitable nitrogen environment (360 kg/hm2), and beyond N360, vice versa. In the later growth period, the CSR increases with the increase in nitrogen fertilizer. This trend is most evident in the short-wave NIR regions;(2) the range of 690–709 nm, 717–753 nm, and 940–958, which can be remote sensed by the spectral reflectance when cotton is affected in poor or rich nitrogen. The center wavelength corresponding to the nitrogen-sensitive band, respectively, are 697 nm, 735 nm, 953 nm, the band width can maintain 5–15 nm, generally not more than 20 nm;(3) compared with the ratio vegetation index, difference vegetation index, and normalized vegetation index, the combined vegetation index of more than two bands has a better effect on cotton LNC monitoring, of which the index (R560−R670)/(R560 + R670−R450), (R700−1.7 × R670 + 0.7 × R450)/(R700 + 2.3 × R670−1.3 × R450) are significantly related to LNC in this papers, and the correlation coefficients can reach, respectively, 0.935* and 0.936*. These findings help to estimate the model of LNC. The model is as follows: Y = 19.883 × x + 42.285, where x refers to the combined vegetation index (R700−1.7 × R670 + 0.7 × R450)/(R700 + 2.3 × R670−1.3 × R450), Y is LNC, but the model accuracy will be affected in the crop different phenological stage, and the model has the highest monitoring accuracy during the bud period.
Rare Association of Fetal Chondrodysplasia Punctata in Maternal SLE: A Case Report
Authors: Elayedatt Rinshi Abid , Krishnan Vivek 
Published: April 2021

AbstractChondrodysplasia punctata (CDP) is a rare congenital skeletal dysplasia characterised by punctate bony calcification associated with a diverse spectrum of etiologies, genetic syndromes and prenatal exposures resulting in varied outcomes. The association with maternal autoimmune disease are less reported in prenatal literature. We present a case of fetal CDP detected on prenatal ultrasound in a mother with maternal systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Karyotype, postnatal X-ray and genetic mutation analysis were done to confirm the etiology. The purpose of this study was to increase the clinician’s awareness of the association of CDP with maternal SLE in cases with negative reports for genetic mutation analysis, chromosomal abnormality and in the absence of any history of teratogenic drug intake or maternal infection.
Assessing climate change impacts on crops by adopting a set of crop performance indicators
Authors: Moriondo M. , Bindi M. , Brilli L. , Costafreda-Aumedes S. , Dibari C. , Leolini L. , Padovan G. , Trombi G. , Karali A. , Varotsos K. V. , Lemesios G. , Giannakopoulos C. , Papadaskalopoulou C. , Merante P. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe impact of climate change on the agricultural systems of three major islands in the Mediterranean basin, namely Sicily, Crete and Cyprus, was evaluated using a suite of specifically calibrated crop models and the outputs of a regional circulation model for Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 downscaled to 12 km of resolution and tested for its effectiveness in reproducing the local meteorological data. The most important annual (wheat, barley, tomato and potato) and perennial (grapevine and olive tree) crops were selected to represent the agricultural systems of the islands. The same modelling framework was used to test the effectiveness of autonomous adaptation options, such as shifting sowing date and the use of varieties with different growing season length. The results highlighted that, on average, warmer temperatures advanced both anthesis and maturity of the selected crops, but at different magnitudes depending on the crop and the island. Winter crops (barley, wheat and potato) experienced the lowest impact in terms of yield loss with respect to the baseline, with even some positive effects, especially in Sicily where both wheat and barley showed a general increase of 9% as compared to the baseline, while potato increased up to + 17%. Amongst perennial crops, olive tree showed low variation under RCP 4.5, but on average increased by 7% under RCP 8.5 on the three islands. Climate change had a detrimental effect specifically on tomato (− 2% on average in RCP 8.5 and 4.5 on the three islands) and grapevine (− 7%). The use of different sowing dates, or different varieties, revealed that for winter crops early autumn sowing is still the best option for producing wheat and barley in future periods on the three islands under both future scenarios. For tomato and potato, advancing sowing date to early winter is a winning strategy that may even increase final yield (+ 9% for tomato and + 17% for potato, on average). For grapevine, the use of late varieties, while suffering the most from increasing temperatures and reduced rainfall (− 15%, on average), is still a valuable option to keep high yield levels with respect to earlier varieties, which even if showing some increases with respect to the baseline have a generally much lower production level. The same may be applied to olive tree although the production differences between late and early varieties are less evident and climate change exerts a favourable influence (+ 4 and + 3% for early and late varieties, respectively).
Automatic Fault Mapping in Remote Optical Images and Topographic Data With Deep Learning
Authors: Mattéo Lionel , Manighetti Isabelle , Tarabalka Yuliya , Gaucel Jean‐Michel , van den Ende Martijn , Mercier Antoine , Tasar Onur , Girard Nicolas , Leclerc Frédérique , Giampetro Tiziano , Dominguez Stéphane , Malavieille Jacques 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFaults form dense, complex multi‐scale networks generally featuring a master fault and myriads of smaller‐scale faults and fractures off its trace, often referred to as damage. Quantification of the architecture of these complex networks is critical to understanding fault and earthquake mechanics. Commonly, faults are mapped manually in the field or from optical images and topographic data through the recognition of the specific curvilinear traces they form at the ground surface. However, manual mapping is time‐consuming, which limits our capacity to produce complete representations and measurements of the fault networks. To overcome this problem, we have adopted a machine learning approach, namely a U‐Net Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), to automate the identification and mapping of fractures and faults in optical images and topographic data. Intentionally, we trained the CNN with a moderate amount of manually created fracture and fault maps of low resolution and basic quality, extracted from one type of optical images (standard camera photographs of the ground surface). Based on a number of performance tests, we select the best performing model, MRef, and demonstrate its capacity to predict fractures and faults accurately in image data of various types and resolutions (ground photographs, drone and satellite images and topographic data). MRefexhibits good generalization capacities, making it a viable tool for fast and accurate mapping of fracture and fault networks in image and topographic data. The MRefmodel can thus be used to analyze fault organization, geometry, and statistics at various scales, key information to understand fault and earthquake mechanics.
Observations of Lightning NOx Production From GOES‐R Post Launch Test Field Campaign Flights
Authors: Allen Dale J. , Pickering Kenneth E. , Lamsal Lok , Mach Douglas M. , Quick Mason G. , Lapierre Jeff , Janz Scott , Koshak William , Kowalewski Matthew , Blakeslee Richard 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA primary goal of the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite R‐series Post Launch Test (GOES‐R PLT) Field Campaign during spring 2017 was the performance evaluation of the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) aboard the GOES‐16 satellite. The NASA Goddard Geo‐CAPE Airborne Simulator (GCAS), an ultra‐violet visible spectrometer, piggybacked on the aircraft mission to allow continuous hyper‐spectral measurements at high spectral and spatial resolutions simultaneously with optical lightning detection by the Fly’s Eye GLM Simulator while overflying convective systems. NO2 columns retrieved from GCAS were used to estimate the moles of NOx produced per flash, referred to as lightning NOx production efficiency (LNOx PE) for convective systems over the United States and western Atlantic. The mean PE was determined to be 360 ± 180 mol per flash for optically detected GLM flashes and 230 ± 115 mol per flash for radio‐wave detected Earth Networks Total Lightning Network flashes. These values span the commonly cited range of 100–500 mol per flash for midlatitude flashes. LNOx PE was found to be positively correlated with GLM flash multiplicity and flash optical energy but negatively correlated with flash density. The positive correlations provide encouragement for PE parameterizations in terms of flash energy or multiplicity. Observations during the GOES‐R PLT field campaign provide a preview of the analysis that will be possible when continuous lightning detection is coupled with hourly NO2 columns from a geostationary instrument such as Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution.
Trans‐Regional Transport of Haze Particles From the North China Plain to Yangtze River Delta During Winter
Authors: Zhang Jian , Yuan Qi , Liu Lei , Wang Yuanyuan , Zhang Yinxiao , Xu Liang , Pang Yuner , Zhu Yanhong , Niu Hongya , Shao Longyi , Yang Shushen , Liu Hang , Pan Xiaole , Shi Zongbo , Hu Min , Fu Pingqing , Li Weijun 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAccording to atmospheric modeling and satellite observations, cold fronts can cause trans‐regional transport (TRT) of haze particles from the North China Plain (NCP) to Yangtze River Delta (YRD) in winter. However, compositions and aging of haze aerosols during the TRT have not been studied. We showed the TRT PM2.5 dominated by organic matter (OM) (30%) and secondary inorganic ions (36%) in the NCP and 29% and 60% in the YRD. Following the TRT, abundant spherical primary OM particles (i.e., tarballs) (71% by number) mainly from residential coal burning in rural areas of the NCP unexpectedly occurred in the YRD. The inert tarballs display similar sizes (∼300 nm) and O/C ratios (∼0.15), but the mixture of nitrate, sulfate, and secondary OM as the coatings completely convert the hydrophobic tarballs into hydrophilic ones in the TRT. The aging and transport of tarballs from the NCP to YRD further indicate that the TRT not only brought various trace gases (e.g., CO, SO2, NOx, and VOCs) but also carried large numbers of nanosized primary particles (e.g., tarball, metal, fly ash, and soot) with secondary coatings over 1,000 km. The findings suggest that these many nanosized tarballs containing brown carbon and highly toxic species in the NCP influence regional climate and human health in northern and eastern China, which needs more attention. Although the NCP and YRD have different energy consumption structures in winter and are two isolated administrative regions, we emphasize the need for a coordinated cross‐regional emission reduction strategy for TRT haze control.
The Effect of Upstream Orography on the Onset of Sundowner Winds in Coastal Santa Barbara, CA
Authors: Duine Gert‐Jan , Carvalho Leila M.V. , Jones Charles , Zigner Katelyn 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe impact of upstream terrain on the diurnal variability of downslope windstorms on the south‐facing slopes of the Santa Ynez Mountains (SYM) is investigated using numerical simulations. These windstorms, called Sundowners due to their typical onset around sunset, have intensified all major wildfires in the area. This study investigates the role of the orography upstream of the SYM in the diurnal behavior of Sundowners. Two types of Sundowners are examined: western sundowners (winds with dominant northwesterly direction) and eastern Sundowners (winds with dominant northeasterly direction). By using semi‐idealized simulations, in which we progressively reduce the upstream terrain, we show that the onset of the lee slope jet occurs in the late afternoon only when the flow approaches the SYM from the northeast, after interacting with a considerably higher mountain barrier. We demonstrate that during the eastern regime, the progressive reduction of the upstream terrain results in strong lee slope winds throughout the day. Conversely, the diurnal cycle of downslope winds during the western regime is less sensitive to the reduction of the upstream terrain. The Sundowner diurnal cycle during the eastern regime can be explained by boundary‐layer processes in the valley and the blocking effect of high mountains upstream of the SYM. These results contribute to a better understanding of the influence of upstream orography in the cycle and intensity of downslope windstorms in coastal mountains.