bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Late Indosinian granitoids in the Zhacanggou, Guide Basin, NW China: Whole‐rock geochemistry, zircon U–Pb geochronology, Lu–Hf isotopes, and implications for magma mixing
Authors: Han Shijiong , Cao Chenggang , Han Yingshan , Huang Biyun , Shi Kaizhang , Ma Youwei , Wang Yidian , Jia Yushan 
Published: December 2021

The Guide Basin, located in the West Qinling orogen of central China, is a typical geothermal field. However, the granodiorites occurring in the Zhacanggou area have been poorly restricted. Herein, we report new isotopic compositions of whole‐rock major‐trace elements, zircon U–Pb, and Lu–Hf, on the host granodiorites and their microgranular enclaves (MEs) in the Zhacanggou area. Zircon U–Pb dating for the host rocks (porphyritic granodiorite and granodiorite) revealed ages of 230.5 ± 1.4 Ma and 229.0 ± 1.6 Ma, similar to those (230.5 ± 1.5 Ma and 231.4 ± 1.4 Ma) of the MEs. Zircon Hf isotope analyses for the granodiorite and MEs yielded εHf(t) values from −11.0 to −1.5 and from −7.8 to −0.7, with corresponding TDM2 ages of 1,355–1,959 and 1,304–1,755, respectively. The MEs possess plagioclase phenocrysts, acicular apatites, and chilled borders. They were characterized by relatively low SiO2 (58.39–65.24 wt%) and high Cr, Ni, and MgO contents, leading to relatively high Mg# values (44–59) and low Sr/Y (14.23–19.84) ratios. The host granodioritic rocks show similar adakitic geochemical characteristics with SiO2 = 64.23–68.57 wt%, MgO = 1.29–2.22 wt%, Mg# = 48–53, Sr = 340–596 ppm, Y = 11.3–13.7 ppm, Sr/Y = 28.39–47.89, and no obvious Eu anomalies. These geochemical and isotopic data, combined with the mineralogical features, indicate that the granodiorites in the Zhacanggou area were produced by the mixing of high‐Mg# melts originating from an enriched lithospheric mantle source, and felsic magmas deriving by the partial melting of the normal lower continental crust with the tectonic regime transition from a syn‐collision to a post‐collision setting.
Local radiotherapy versus nonradiotherapy to distant lesions for metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Retrospective cohort study
Authors: Yang Lianlian , Xue Yinyin , Wei Zhigong , Ren Kexing , Liu Zheran , Chang Tangel , Peng Xingchen , Su Yonglin , Li Yan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundTo evaluate the efficiency of local radiotherapy to metastatic lesions in patients with metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (mNPC).MethodsThe overall survival was observed and compared for mNPC patients who received local radiotherapy versus nonradiotherapy to metastatic lesions by using the Kaplan–Meier method and Cox analysis.ResultsOne hundred and nine patients with NPC were involved in this study, with 61 (56.0%) received radiotherapy to metastatic sites and 48 (44.0%) did not receive radiotherapy to metastatic sites. The 2‐ and 5‐year OS for patients who received local radiotherapy to metastatic lesions were 65.8% and 35.7%, and for patients who did not receive radiotherapy to metastatic lesions were 45.3% and 26.2%. The multivariable adjusted hazard radios for local radiotherapy versus nonradiotherapy to metastatic lesions were 0.482 (95% confidence interval is 0.278–0.834, p = 0.009).ConclusionsLocal radiotherapy to metastatic lesions might be a protective factor for patients with mNPC.
Regular aerobic exercise is positively associated with hippocampal structure and function in young and middle‐aged adults
Authors: Hendrikse Joshua , Chye Yann , Thompson Sarah , Rogasch Nigel C. , Suo Chao , Coxon James P. , Yücel Murat 
Published: December 2021

AbstractRegular exercise has numerous benefits for brain health, including the structure and function of the hippocampus. The hippocampus plays a critical role in memory function, and is altered in a number of psychiatric disorders associated with memory impairments (e.g., depression and schizophrenia), as well as healthy aging. While many studies have focused on how regular exercise may improve hippocampal integrity in older individuals, less is known about these effects in young to middle‐aged adults. Therefore, we assessed the associations of regular exercise and cardiorespiratory fitness with hippocampal structure and function in these age groups. We recruited 40 healthy young to middle‐aged adults, comprised of two groups (n = 20) who self‐reported either high or low levels of exercise, according to World Health Organization guidelines. We assessed cardiorespiratory fitness using a graded exercise test (VO2max) and hippocampal structure via manual tracing of T1‐weighted magnetic resonance images. We also assessed hippocampal function using magnetic resonance spectroscopy to derive estimates of N‐acetyl‐aspartate concentration and hippocampal‐dependent associative memory and pattern separation tasks. We observed evidence of increased N‐acetyl‐aspartate concentration and associative memory performance in individuals engaging in high levels of exercise. However, no differences in hippocampal volume or pattern separation capacity were observed between groups. Cardiorespiratory fitness was positively associated with left and right hippocampal volume and N‐acetyl‐aspartate concentration. However, no associations were observed between cardiorespiratory fitness and associative memory or pattern separation. Therefore, we provide evidence that higher levels of exercise and cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with improved hippocampal structure and function. Exercise may provide a low‐risk, effective method of improving hippocampal integrity in an early‐to‐mid‐life stage.
A Review of Nerds, Goths, Geeks, and Freaks: Outsiders in Chicanx and Latinx Young Adult Literature
Authors: Flores Tracey T. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this column, I review the book, “Nerds, Goths, Geeks, and Freaks: Outsiders in Chicanx and Latinx Young Adult Literature,” edited by Trevor Boffone and Cristina Herrera. The essays in this collection examine and interrogate the many ways to be, perform, and present as Chicanx and Latinx youths, both historically and in contemporary society. I offer suggestions for how teachers and teacher educators may use this book as a resource to engage in critical dialogue and develop curriculum that center Chicanx and Latinx voices.
Extraction of fulvic acid by citric acid–ethanol method and its biochemical activity
Authors: Gong Guan‐Qun , Wang Zi‐Yan , Zhang Ying‐Jie , Xu Wan‐Xing , Li Zhi‐Ling , Liang Shao‐Jie , Li Ruo‐Nan , Lu Shan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDWith the widespread application of fulvic acid (FA) in agriculture, improving the industrial yield of FA has become an urgent priority. Therefore, it is particularly important to explore efficient and clean process conditions for the factory production of FA from low‐rank coal, as undertaken in this study. Additionally, an in‐depth study of the biological activity of FA was performed to provide a theoretical reference for its practical application.RESULTSResults showed that, when the reaction temperature was 70 °C, the ratio of citric acid to coal was 0.03:1, the ratio of liquid to solid was 10:1 and the concentration of ethanol was 15%, the average yield of FA was about 80‰. Seed soaking with FA promoted seed germination and improved seedling quality. As the concentration of FA for seed soaking increased, the germination potential, amount of reduced tetrazole and root length were reduced, but the relative electrical conductivity and chlorophyll content were increased.CONCLUSIONCoal‐based FA was effectively extracted by the citric acid–ethanol method and the yield of FA was relatively high under the optimum conditions. The treatment of cucumber seeds and seedlings with different concentrations of FA effectively promoted seed germination and seedling growth. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
The dental “box of horrors” clinical practice game: A pilot project
Authors: Borsa Leslie , Tramini Paul , Lupi Laurence 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe dental department of the University Hospital of Nice has set the “box of horrors,” an innovative concept inspired by the “room of horrors,” created in 2006 in Canada, and utilized since 2011 in France.PurposeThe aim was to assess the impact and perceived value of this clinical practice game utilized by fourth‐year dental students.MethodsThis pilot study following a cross‐sectional pre‐ and posttest research design was used to assess students’ change in performance. The experimental group was divided into 12 students teams (n = 50). A questionnaire was completed before they entered the box; they had then to find out 10 errors hidden in the box in a set time. A debriefing was held immediately after. The control group answered the same questions but did not follow the course inside the box. The percentages of correct answers were compared between the two groups with a Mann–Whitney test, and the scores per student were analyzed with a mixed effects ordinal multiple logistic regression. Finally, a satisfaction questionnaire was proposed.ResultsAfter the course, the students from the experimental group performed 94% correct answers, while those from the control group showed 78% (significant difference). The outcome of the mixed effect multiple regression showed a significant group effect (p = 0.0001) and gender effect (p = 0.001).ConclusionClinical games, although complex to implement, are interesting and rewarding tools. The adaptation of the tool to the dental sector appeared to be feasible.
Implementation of diversity, equity, and inclusion dialogue for second‐year dental students
Authors: Haley Colin M. , Brown Blase P. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPurposeDental schools can support diversity and inclusion efforts through curricula targeted at providing a safe space for students to learn from each other and about themselves. Opportunities to learn about different backgrounds can improve levels of cultural sensitivity and improve inclusion. The aim of this study was to describe the implementation of a diversity dialogue tool for second‐year dental students and evaluate student responses to this activity.MethodsFollowing a 3‐h small group diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) dialogue, students completed a 3‐2‐1 reflective activity to determine new ideas that they encountered, ideas they would like to try, and things that they would like to know more about.ResultsOf the 66 students that participated in the DEI dialogue, 44 participated in the reflective activity for a response rate of 66%. Four significant new ideas were encountered including the concept of intersectionality (25%), the effects of race, racism, and identity on health (20.5), how to react to bias or discrimination (20.5%), and identity and their effect on perceptions of health and wellness (15.9). Three ideas students might try included being more open to learning about others' identity (52.3%), communicating openly with patients and peers (34.1%), and communicating calmly when dealing with bias or discrimination (13.6%). Two things students would like to know more about included how to handle situations of discrimination and bias (27.3%) and the existence of health disparities and how to address them (15.9%).ConclusionCreating an opportunity for a DEI dialogue led to students encountering new information (intersectionality; effect of bias on health), identified targeted areas of future behavioral change (open and calm communication with others), and provided insight into areas of student interest (dealing with bias and addressing health disparities).
Size‐frequency distributions and physical properties of chondrules from x‐ray computed microtomography and digital data extraction
Authors: Friedrich Jon M. , Chen Matthiew M. , Giordano Stephanie A. , Matalka Olivia K. , Strasser Juliette W. , Tamucci Kirstin A. , Rivers Mark L. , Ebel Denton S. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWithin this work, we present the first true three‐dimensional (3D) analysis of chondrule size. Knowledge about the physical properties of chondrules is important for validating astrophysical theories concerning chondrule formation and their aggregation into the chondritic meteorites (known as chondrites) that contain them. The classification of chondrites into chemical groups also relies on chondrule properties, including their dimensions. Within this work, we quantify the diameters of chondrules in five ordinary chondrites (OCs; comprised of the H, L, and LL chondrites) and one low‐iron enstatite (EL) chondrite. To extract the chondrule size data, we use x‐ray computed microtomography to image small (~1–2 cm3) chondrite samples followed by manual digital segmentation to isolate chondrules within the volumes or subvolumes. Our data yield true 3D results without stereographic corrections necessary for two‐dimensional (2D) or petrographic thin section‐based determinations of chondrule sizes. Our results are completely novel, but are consistent with previous surface analysis (2D) data for OCs. Within our OC chondrule diameter data, we find the trend of mean chondrule diameters increasing in the order H < L < LL. We also present the first detailed EL chondrite chondrule size‐frequency distribution. Finally, we examine the shapes and collective orientations of the chondrules within the chondrites and show that chondrite petrofabrics can be explored with our methodology. Chondrule shape‐preferred orientations are identical to the orientations of the metal and sulfide grains in the chondrites and this is likely due to impact‐related compaction.Highlights
We present a first true three‐dimensional analysis of chondrule size.
Our ordinary chondrite chondrule diameter data demonstrate the trend of mean chondrule diameters increasing in the order H chondrites < L chondrites < LL chondrites.
We also present the first detailed low‐iron enstatite chondrite chondrule size‐frequency distribution.
We examine the shapes and collective orientations of the chondrules and show that chondrite petrofabrics can be explored with our methodology.
Synthesis, characterization and in vitro bioactivity studies of isoindolin‐1‐3‐phosophonate compounds
Authors: Jelali Hamida , Al Nasr Ibrahim S. , Koko Waleed S. , Khan Tariq A. , Deniau Eric , Sauthier Mathieu , Alresheedi Faisal , Hamdi Naceur 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this work, efficient synthesis of isoindolin‐1‐one‐3‐phosphonates under catalyst‐ and solvent‐free conditions was reported to afford the desired compounds in excellent yields with potent pharmacological properties. The synthesis method involves the preparation of isoindolin‐1‐one‐3‐phosphonates by a “one‐pot” three‐component reaction of 2‐formylbenzoic acid with primary amines and dimethyl phosphite under solvent‐ and catalyst‐free conditions. All new compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT‐IR and elemental analysis techniques. The compounds were investigated for their bioactivities against a group of microorganisms, Leishmania major, Toxoplasma gondii parasites, and the DA‐MB‐231 and MCF‐7 cancer cell lines in vitro. Compound 4a was found to be the most active against L. M. luteus, L. monocytogenes and C. albicans microorganisms, with inhibition zones of 35, 22 and 38 mm, respectively. The compounds were also investigated for their antiparasitic activities, and compounds 4a and 4b were the most active against L. major amastigotes and promastigotes with EC50 < 1 μM. All tested compounds had potent anticancer activity against the MDA‐MB‐231 and MCF‐7 human cell lines with EC50 < 1.5 μM. Compounds 4a and 4b are good drug candidates for antimicrobial, antileishmanial and anticancer drug discovery, and further in vivo studies are highly recommended prior to any clinical trials.
Profiling of trace elemental impurities in caustic soda matrix by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric technique
Authors: Patidar Rajesh , Rebary Babulal , Bhadu Gopala R. , Shah Lalit 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAn inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric (ICP‐MS) technique method is developed for simultaneous determination of Li, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Sr, Ag, Cd, Ba, and Pb at trace level in caustic soda. Operational parameters of the instrument were optimized and suitable accessory (argon gas dilution) was used in the method. Direct aspiration of high total dissolved solids (TDS) samples (beyond 0.2% TDS) and highly alkaline NaOH is not suitable for the instrument; therefore, strategy of neutralization of NaOH by HNO3 was adopted to handle its high alkalinity. Suitable internal standards of low, mid, and high atomic masses were used with external calibration. Features such as matrix matching, calibration verification, interference correction, etc. were undertaken in this work. Neutralized caustic soda samples were spiked with the analytes with lower, middle, and higher concentration. The results of spiking with 30, 70, 140, and 200 ppb were examined. The method exhibited excellent accuracy and precision.
How does landscape permeability affect the movement of eastern red‐backed salamanders?
Authors: Snyder Rachel , Mausteller Emily , Matlaga Tanya J. Hawley , Miller David A. W. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDemographic and genetic connectivity have important implications for population dynamics of wildlife and their ability to adapt to changing environments. Landscape features such as roads and streams can inhibit movement of species with poor dispersal capabilities and exacerbate the effects of habitat fragmentation. Terrestrial plethodontid salamanders are generally thought of as incapable of long‐distance movement and may vary in their motivation to move across a landscape by sex and size classes. To examine landscape permeability to movement, we assessed how distance and natural or man‐made landscape features affect recapture rates after displacement in red‐backed salamanders (Plethodon cinereus). We randomly assigned marked salamanders from 6 plots at Camp Karoondinha in Millmont, Pennsylvania, USA, to a control (placed under the same cover board) or a treatment (displaced 25 m or 50 m through the forest or across a stream or road). Of 290 marked individuals, we recaptured 29.8%. We recaptured more individuals in the control treatment compared to displaced individuals, with recapture rates decreasing with the presence of a road or stream. Landscape feature type and sex did not affect the probability of recapture, but developmental stage did, with adult salamanders more likely to be recaptured than juvenile salamanders. Our results suggest that landscape permeability is reduced for terrestrial salamanders when a landscape feature is present compared to open forest. Narrow, dirt roads present a similar challenge to a natural stream for red‐backed salamanders. Our study should be of value to land managers who are concerned about the negative effects of landscape permeability on terrestrial salamander populations.
Cattle grazing in CRP grasslands during the nesting season: effects on avian reproduction
Authors: Kraus Heather M. , Jensen William E. , Houseman Gregory R. , Jameson Mary Liz , Reichenborn Molly M. , Watson D. Fraser , Kjaer Esben L. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBird populations in grasslands have experienced declines coinciding with loss and fragmentation of prairies. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)‐administered Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) is the most extensive grassland restoration program in North America and it has especially benefitted grassland birds. Grazing by domestic cattle has been restricted in CRP during avian nesting seasons despite the potential improvements in structuring habitat for a greater diversity of grassland bird species. Potential negative consequences of grazing in CRP grasslands include trampling of nests by cattle, reductions in nest concealment from predators, and attraction of brood‐parasitic brown‐headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater). We designed an experiment to test for effects of cattle grazing in CRP fields during the nesting season on nest survival and brood parasitism of 5 bird species that commonly nest in CRP grasslands: mourning dove (Zenaida macroura), grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum), dickcissel (Spiza americana), and eastern (Sturnella magna) and western (S. neglecta) meadowlarks. Grazing was implemented during summers 2017 and 2018 on 17 of 36 fields followed by a year of rest on all fields in 2019. Of the 879 nests on grazed fields, only 4 were likely trampled by cattle (vs. 54% of all nests estimated as failing because of depredation). Experimental grazing (grazed vs. ungrazed fields) had variable effects on nest survival and cowbird parasitism among the bird species analyzed. Negative effects of grazing on daily nest survival of dickcissel and meadowlarks were apparent, at least in some years. We found no direct effects of grazing on nest survival of mourning dove or grasshopper sparrow. Probability and intensity (cowbird offspring/nest) of cowbird parasitism in dickcissel nests was higher on grazed versus ungrazed sites but only in conservation practice (CP) CP2 (vs. CP25 fields). Parasitism probability of grasshopper sparrow nests by cowbirds was higher on grazed fields in the 2 years after introduction of cattle in 2017. Greater vegetative concealment around nest sites was associated with reduced cowbird parasitism of meadowlark and grasshopper sparrow nests and higher nest survival for grasshopper sparrows. Reductions in vegetative height caused by longer‐term or high‐intensity grazing might therefore have negative consequences for some grassland birds by increasing nest site visibility and exposure to cowbird parasitism. Our results indicate that cattle grazing in CRP fields during the nesting season might have some negative effects on reproductive success of some grassland bird species, at least in the short term; however, the potential improvements of structuring habitat to accommodate more grassland bird species and increasing landowner participation in the CRP are considerable.
Thrombopoietin receptor agonists and rituximab for treatment of pediatric immune thrombocytopenia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of prospective clinical trials
Authors: Ayad Nardeen , Grace Rachael F. , Al‐Samkari Hanny 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundChildren with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) may require second‐line ITP therapies. The high remission rate in pediatric patients, need for extended‐duration use of thrombopoietin receptor agonists (TPO‐RAs), drug adherence, potential side effects, monitoring, and cost effectiveness are factors that should be considered in decision‐making about second‐line therapies. Rituximab (RTX) has been used off‐label for years to treat ITP but there are limited studies about its efficacy and safety in children. To date, no studies have directly compared TPO‐RAs with RTX for the treatment of childhood ITP.MethodsThis systematic review analyzed the overall platelet response, durability of treatment effect, and safety for RTX use in comparison to TPO‐RAs in pediatric ITP. MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched through December 2020 and meta‐analysis was conducted using proportions of success/failure for each intervention in the selected studies.ResultsThe proportion of participants achieving the primary endpoint of a platelet response above 50,000 was similar for TPO‐RAs (proportion = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.63–0.78) and RTX (proportion = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.53–0.82). However, considerable variation was found between the two groups with regards to the sustainability of the response and other secondary outcomes such as need for rescue and adverse events. RTX was associated with higher rates of rescue therapy.ConclusionsIn this analysis of prospective pediatric ITP studies, RTX and TPO‐RAs had similar rates of overall platelet response but differed in other important measures. Prospective comparative studies are needed to better characterize second‐line treatments for pediatric ITP.