bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High spin pumping efficiency in Fe80Co20/Ta bilayers
Authors: Velázquez Rodriguez D , Gómez J E , Morbidel L , Costanzo Caso P A , Milano J , Butera A 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We have investigated the spin pumping phenomenon in Fe80Co20/Ta bilayers of different thicknesses in which the ferromagnet grows epitaxially on MgO substrates. We have obtained a Gilbert damping constant for Fe80Co20 as low as α = 1.3(1) × 10−3, which is smaller than values generally reported in metallic ferromagnets. From the dependence of α with the Fe80Co20 thickness, we extracted the value of the effective spin mixing conductance

g

↑↓

= 5.7(3) × 1014 cm−2. Analyzing the Ta and Fe80Co20 thickness dependence of the inverse spin Hall effect voltage, we obtained the transport parameters

λ

sd

= 1.1(3) nm and

Θ

SH

= –0.024(3). We have developed an expression to quantify the efficiency of the spin pumping phenomenon in ferromagnetic/nonmagnetic metal bilayers. The calculated efficiency shows that the Fe80Co20/Ta system is up to an order of magnitude more efficient than other metallic ferromagnetic bilayers reported in the literature.
Dose–effect relationships for PBM in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Zhang Renlong , Zhou Ting , Liu Liwei , Ohulchanskyy Tymish Y , Qu Junle 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD) has become one of the most worrying health conditions with no effective treatment available with the increase in population aging. A large number of clinical studies and experiments proved that photobiomodulation (PBM) had a positive effect on AD treatment. The irradiation with red and near-infrared light at a low dose can effectively reduce an accumulation of amyloid-β(Aβ) plaques in the central nervous system, relieving the symptoms of AD. This review summarizes the parameters of PBM for AD treatment studied on cells, animals, and in clinical trials, as well as the dose–effect relationship of PBM treatment for AD. The mechanisms of PBM on the cellular level, which include regulation of microglia and astrocytes that may affect Aβplaque elimination are also discussed.
Enhancing the quality of self-organized nanoripples by Ar-ion bombardment of a bilayer system
Authors: Li Jinyu , Yang Gaoyuan , Bradley R Mark , Liu Ying , Frost Frank , Hong Yilin 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Ion bombardment (IB) is a promising nanofabrication technique for producing nanoripples. A critical issue that restricts the application of IB is the limited quality of IB-induced nanoripples. Photoresist (PR) and antireflection coating (ARC) are of technological relevance for lithographic exposure processes. Moreover, to improve the quality of IB-induced self-organized nanoripples, in this study, a PR/ARC bilayer was bombarded at an incidence angle of 50°. The surface normalized defect density and power spectral density, obtained via scanning atomic force microscopy, indicate the superiority of the PR/ARC bilayer nanoripples over those of single PR or ARC layers. The growth mechanism of the improved nanoripples, deciphered via the temporal evolution of the morphology, involves the following processes: (i) formation of a well-grown IB-induced nanoripple prepattern on the PR, (ii) transfer of nanoripples from the PR to the ARC, forming an initial ARC nanoripple morphology for subsequent IB, and (iii) conversion of the initial nonuniform ARC nanoripples into uniform nanoripples. In this unique method, the angle of ion-incidence should be chosen so that ripples form on both PR and ARC films. Overall, this method facilitates nanoripple improvement, including prepattern fabrication for guiding nanoripple growth and sustainable nanoripple development via a single IB. Thus, the unique method presented in this study can aid in advancing academic research and also has potential applications in the field of IB-induced nanoripples.
Broadband quantum memory in a cavity via zero spectral dispersion
Authors: Moiseev E S , Tashchilina Arina , Moiseev S A , Sanders Barry C 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We seek to design experimentally feasible broadband, temporally multiplexed optical quantum memory with near-term applications to telecom bands. Specifically, we devise dispersion compensation (DC) for an impedance-matched narrow-band quantum memory by exploiting Raman processes over two three-level atomic subensembles, one for memory and the other for DC. DC provides impedance matching over more than a full cavity linewidth. Combined with 1 s spin-coherence lifetime the memory could be capable of power efficiency exceeding 90% leading to 106 modes for temporal multiplexing. Our design could lead to significant multiplexing enhancement for quantum repeaters to be used for telecom quantum networks.
W7-X and the sawtooth instability: towards realistic simulations of current-driven magnetic reconnection
Authors: Zocco Alessandro , Mishchenko Alexey , Nührenberg Carolin , Könies Axel , Kleiber Ralf , Borchardt Matthias , Slaby Christoph , Zanini Marco , Stange Torsten , Laqua Heinrich Peter , Rahbarnia Kian , Thomsen Henning , Wolf R.C. , Helander Per , Hatzky Roman , Cole Michael D. J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMagnetic reconnection in W7-X is studied by means of global numerical simulations in a series of models of increasing complexity. The magnetic geometry ranges from that of a cylinder to the full three-dimensional field of W7-X, and the equations solved range from ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) to gyrokinetics. We simulate plasmas from the first operation phase with electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD). These are characterized by an equilibrium magnetic field featuring an ECCD-distorted ‘humped’ profile of the rotational transformι, withι= 1 in two radial locations. Such plasmas generally show sawtooth activity, hence motivating the present study. We pay particular attention to the role of equilibrium current density gradients in the destabilization of reconnecting modes. When the equilibrium temperature and density gradients are artificially suppressed (to eliminate the pressure gradient drive), the perturbed electrostatic potential is radially localized between the locations at whichι= 1. This is shown with a purely collisionless gyrokinetic model, in cylindrical geometry. In the real toroidal geometry of W7-X, for a non-ideal MHD model including a uniform resistivity, electron inertia and (numerical) viscosity, the same qualitative behaviour is observed. In particular, even if a resonant (m,n) = (1, −1) perturbation is initialized, the most unstable mode is the (m,n) = (−4, 4), wheremandnare the poloidal and toroidal mode numbers, respectively. Other modes are destabilized due to geometric coupling. The growth rate of this instability scales asη1/3, whereηis the plasma resistivity, thus suggesting that ECCD drives ideal MHD stable W7-X plasmas towards non-ideal marginality. An ideal magnetohydrodynamic analysis confirms the result. A fluid-kinetic hybrid version of theEUTERPEcode shows that gyrokinetic ions have a stabilizing effect on these modes. For W7-X relevant collisionalities, the growth rate scales linearly with the electron skin depth,de. Implications of our results for sawtoothing W7-X operation are discussed.
Climate impact of aircraft-induced cirrus assessed from satellite observations before and during COVID-19
Authors: Quaas Johannes , Gryspeerdt Edward , Vautard Robert , Boucher Olivier 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Aircraft produce condensation trails, which are thought to increase high-level cloudiness under certain conditions. However the magnitude of such an effect and whether this contributes substantially to the radiative forcing due to the aviation sector remain uncertain. The very substantial, near-global reduction in air traffic in response to the COVID-19 outbreak offers an unprecedented opportunity to identify the anthropogenic contribution to the observed cirrus coverage and thickness. Here we show, using an analysis of satellite observations for the period March–May 2020, that in the 20% of the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes with the largest air traffic reduction, cirrus fraction was reduced by ∼9 ± 1.5% on average, and cirrus emissivity was reduced by ∼2 ± 5% relative to what they should have been with normal air traffic. The changes are corroborated by a consistent estimate based on linear trends over the period 2011–2019. The change in cirrus translates to a global radiative forcing of 61 ± 39 mW m−2. This estimate is somewhat smaller than previous assessments.
Association of personal network attributes with clean cooking adoption in rural South India
Authors: Kumar Praveen , McCafferty Liam , Dhand Amar , Rao Smitha , Díaz-Valdés Antonia , Tabak Rachel G , Brownson Ross C , Yadama Gautam N 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Adoption of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the primary policy approach in India to transition rural poor communities toward clean cooking behavior. Prior clean cooking studies show that affordability, accessibility, and awareness impact LPG adoption in India. There is scarce research that explores the association of personal networks of community members in their LPG adoption. In this cross-sectional study, we use standard egocentric personal network analyses and multivariate logistic regression models to examine the association of structure and composition of personal networks with LPG adoption in poor communities. Our results show that higher proportions of peers owning LPG are associated with higher likelihood of LPG ownership in the respondents (OR = 41.30, 95% confidence interval: 16.86–101.20, p = 0.00). This study on personal network characteristics in clean cooking research offers a germane foundation for further large scale personal network studies on clean cooking adoption in poor communities.
Climate sensitivity indices and their relation with projected temperature change in CMIP6 models
Authors: Huusko Linnea L , Bender Frida A-M , Ekman Annica M L , Storelvmo Trude 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) and transient climate response (TCR) are both measures of the sensitivity of the climate system to external forcing, in terms of temperature response to CO2 doubling. Here it is shown that, of the two, TCR in current-generation coupled climate models is better correlated with the model projected temperature change from the pre-industrial state, not only on decadal time scales but throughout much of the 21st century. For strong mitigation scenarios the difference persists until the end of the century. Historical forcing on the other hand has a significant degree of predictive power of past temperature evolution in the models, but is not relevant to the magnitude of temperature change in their future projections. Regional analysis shows a superior predictive power of ECS over TCR during the latter half of the 21st century in areas with slow warming, illustrating that although TCR is a better predictor of warming on a global scale, it does not capture delayed regional feedbacks, or pattern effects. The transient warming at CO2 quadrupling (T140) is found to be correlated with global mean temperature anomaly for a longer time than TCR, and it also better describes the pattern of regional temperature anomaly at the end of the century. Over the 20th century, there is a weak correlation between total forcing and ECS, contributing to, but not determining, the model agreement with observed warming. ECS and aerosol forcing in the models are not correlated.
Double network laminarin-boronic/alginate dynamic bioink for 3D bioprinting cell-laden constructs
Authors: Amaral Adérito J R , Gaspar Vítor M , Lavrador Pedro , Mano João F 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The design of dynamically crosslinked hydrogel bioinks for three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is emerging as a valuable strategy to advance the fabrication of mechanically tuneable cell-laden constructs for 3D in vitro disease modelling and tissue engineering applications. Herein, a dynamic bioink comprising boronic acid-functionalised laminarin and alginate is explored for bioprinting 3D constructs under physiologically relevant conditions. The formulated bioink takes advantage of a double crosslinked network that combines covalent but reversible boronate ester bonds and ionic gelation via divalent cations. Moreover, it exhibits suitable rheological properties and improved mechanical features owing to its modular crosslinking chemistry, yielding stable constructs with user-programmable architecture. We explored such dynamic bioink as a supporting matrix for different cell classes, namely osteoblast precursors, fibroblasts and breast cancer cells. The resulting cell-laden bioprinted hydrogels display a homogeneous cell distribution post-printing and exceptional cell viability (>90%) that can be maintained for prolonged time periods in culture (14 days) for all cell lines. This simple and chemically versatile approach is envisaged to accelerate the development of multifunctional bioinks and contribute towards the fabrication of biomimetic 3D scaffolds with applicability in a wide range of predictive or exploratory biomedical platforms.
Cellulose-based scaffolds enhance pseudoislets formation and functionality
Authors: Velasco-Mallorquí Ferran , Rodríguez-Comas Júlia , Ramón-Azcón Javier 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

In vitro research for the study of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is frequently limited by the availability of a functional model for islets of Langerhans. To overcome the limitations of obtaining pancreatic islets from different sources, such as animal models or human donors, immortalized cell lines as the insulin-producing INS1E β-cells have appeared as a valid alternative to model insulin-related diseases. However, immortalized cell lines are mainly used in flat surfaces or monolayer distributions, not resembling the spheroid-like architecture of the pancreatic islets. To generate islet-like structures, the use of scaffolds appeared as a valid tool to promote cell aggregations. Traditionally-used hydrogel encapsulation methods do not accomplish all the requisites for pancreatic tissue engineering, as its poor nutrient and oxygen diffusion induces cell death. Here, we use cryogelation technology to develop a more resemblance scaffold with the mechanical and physical properties needed to engineer pancreatic tissue. This study shows that carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) cryogels prompted cells to generate β-cell clusters in comparison to gelatin-based scaffolds, that did not induce this cell organization. Moreover, the high porosity achieved with CMC cryogels allowed us to create specific range pseudoislets. Pseudoislets formed within CMC-scaffolds showed cell viability for up to 7 d and a better response to glucose over conventional monolayer cultures. Overall, our results demonstrate that CMC-scaffolds can be used to control the organization and function of insulin-producing β-cells, representing a suitable technique to generate β-cell clusters to study pancreatic islet function.
𝒵-stability of transformation group C*-algebras
Authors: Niu Zhuang 
Published: June 2021

Let

(
X
,
Γ
)

(X, \Gamma )

be a free and minimal topological dynamical system, where

X
X

is a separable compact Hausdorff space and

Γ
\Gamma

is a countable infinite discrete amenable group. It is shown that if

(
X
,
Γ
)

(X, \Gamma )

has the Uniform Rokhlin Property (URP) and Cuntz comparison of open sets (COS), then

m
d
i
m

(
X
,
Γ
)
=
0

\mathrm {mdim}(X, \Gamma )=0

implies that

(

C

(
X
)
⋊
Γ
)
⊗

Z

≅

C

(
X
)
⋊
Γ

(\mathrm {C}(X) \rtimes \Gamma )\otimes \mathcal Z \cong \mathrm {C}(X) \rtimes \Gamma

, where

m
d
i
m

\mathrm {mdim}

is the mean dimension of

(
X
,
Γ
)

(X, \Gamma )

,

Z

\mathcal Z

is the Jiang-Su algebra, and

C

(
X
)
⋊
Γ

\mathrm {C}(X) \rtimes \Gamma

is the transformation group C*-algebra of

(
X
,
Γ
)

(X, \Gamma )

. In particular, in this case,

m
d
i
m

(
X
,
Γ
)
=
0

\mathrm {mdim}(X, \Gamma )=0

implies that the C*-algebra

C

(
X
)
⋊
Γ

\mathrm {C}(X) \rtimes \Gamma

is classified by the Elliott invariant.
Will Podcasting and Social Media Replace Journals and Traditional Science Communication? No, but...
Authors: Fox Matthew P , Carr Kareem , D’Agostino McGowan Lucy , Murray Eleanor J , Hidalgo Bertha , Banack Hailey R 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The digital world in which we live is changing rapidly. The evolving media environment is having a direct impact on traditional forms of communication and knowledge translation in public health and epidemiology. Openly accessible digital media can be used to reach a broader and more diverse audience of trainees, scientists, and the lay public than can traditional forms of scientific communication. The new digital landscape for delivering content is vast, and new platforms are continuously being added. In this article, we focus on several, including Twitter and podcasting, and discuss their relevance to epidemiology and science communication. We highlight 3 key reasons why we think epidemiologists should be engaging with these mediums: 1) science communication, 2) career advancement, and 3) development of a community and public service. Other positive and negative consequences of engaging in these forms of new media are also discussed. The authors of this commentary are all engaged in social media and podcasting for scientific communication, and we reflect on our experiences with these mediums as tools to advance the field of epidemiology.
The mutation of Thr315 to Asn of GH10 xylanase XynR increases the alkaliphily but decreases the alkaline resistance
Authors: Kuwata Kohei , Suzuki Manami , Takita Teisuke , Yatsunami Rie , Nakamura Satoshi , Yasukawa Kiyoshi 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
XynR is a thermophilic and alkaline GH10 xylanase, identified in the culture broth of alkaliphilic and thermophilic Bacillus sp. strain TAR-1. We previously selected S92E as a thermostable variant from a site saturation mutagenesis library. Here, we attempted to select the alkaliphilic XynR variant from the library and isolated T315N. In the hydrolysis of beechwood xylan, T315N and S92E/T315N exhibited a broader bell-shaped pH-dependent activity than the wild-type (WT) XynR and S92E. The optimal pH values of T315N and S92E/T315N were 6.5-9.5 while those of WT and S92E were 6.5-8.5. On the other hand, T315N and S92E/T315N exhibited a narrower bell-shaped pH dependence of stability: the pHs at which the activity was stable after the incubation at 37 °C for 24 h were 6.0-8.5 for T315N and S92E/T315N, but 6.0-10.0 for WT and S92E. These results indicated that the mutation of Thr315 to Asn increased the alkaliphily but decreased the alkaline resistance.
Treatment Practices for Adults With Candidemia at 9 Active Surveillance Sites—United States, 2017–2018
Authors: Gold Jeremy A W , Seagle Emma E , Nadle Joelle , Barter Devra M , Czaja Christopher A , Johnston Helen , Farley Monica M , Thomas Stepy , Harrison Lee H , Fischer Jill , Pattee Brittany , Mody Rajal K , Phipps Erin C , Davis Sarah Shrum , Tesini Brenda L , Zhang Alexia Y , Markus Tiffanie M , Schaffner William , Lockhart Shawn R , Vallabhaneni Snigdha , Jackson Brendan R , Lyman Meghan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
Candidemia is a common opportunistic infection causing substantial morbidity and mortality. Because of an increasing proportion of non-albicans Candida species and rising antifungal drug resistance, the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) changed treatment guidelines in 2016 to recommend echinocandins over fluconazole as first-line treatment for adults with candidemia. We describe candidemia treatment practices and adherence to the updated guidelines.

Methods
During 2017–2018, the Emerging Infections Program conducted active population-based candidemia surveillance at 9 US sites using a standardized case definition. We assessed factors associated with initial antifungal treatment for the first candidemia case among adults using multivariable logistic regression models. To identify instances of potentially inappropriate treatment, we compared the first antifungal drug received with species and antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) results from initial blood cultures.

Results
Among 1835 patients who received antifungal treatment, 1258 (68.6%) received an echinocandin and 543 (29.6%) received fluconazole as initial treatment. Cirrhosis (adjusted odds ratio = 2.06; 95% confidence interval, 1.29–3.29) was the only underlying medical condition significantly associated with initial receipt of an echinocandin (versus fluconazole). More than one-half (n = 304, 56.0%) of patients initially treated with fluconazole grew a non-albicans species. Among 265 patients initially treated with fluconazole and with fluconazole AFST results, 28 (10.6%) had a fluconazole-resistant isolate.

Conclusions
A substantial proportion of patients with candidemia were initially treated with fluconazole, resulting in potentially inappropriate treatment for those involving non-albicans or fluconazole-resistant species. Reasons for nonadherence to IDSA guidelines should be evaluated, and clinician education is needed.
Coaching Caregivers of Children who are Deaf or Hard of Hearing: A Scoping Review
Authors: Noll Dorie , DiFabio Danielle , Moodie Sheila , Graham Ian D , Potter Beth , Grandpierre Viviane , Fitzpatrick Elizabeth M 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Caregiver coaching is an expected practice in early intervention. However, little is known about coaching with caregivers of children who are deaf or hard of hearing, receiving services for listening and spoken language (LSL). A systematic review of 7 databases, the gray literature, and consultation with 7 expert LSL practitioners yielded 506 records for full-text review, 22 of which were ultimately included in the review. Our findings are presented as 3 themes: coaching practices, training for coaching, and effectiveness of coaching. Eight models of coaching were identified in the literature, from which we identified commonalities to propose a consolidated model that illustrates the recommendations and process of caregiver coaching found in the LSL literature.
Ethnic Violence Across Space
Authors: Mueller Hannes , Rohner Dominic , Schönholzer David 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSpatial analyses focus to a large extent on the ‘bright side of proximity’, namely voluntary (positive-sum) interactions such as, e.g., in trade and innovation. In contrast, the violent ‘dark side of proximity’ has often been overlooked. To address this gap, we study the role of spatial proximity in ethnic conflict, developing a structural model of spatial violence in which ethnic groups recruit fighters strategically across space. The spatial decay of violence determines the equilibrium placement of fighters and drives specific spatial patterns of conflict. The structural parameters of the model are estimated using fine-grained data on ethnic groups and violence from twenty-four ethnically divided countries. We find that in more than half of these, spatial decay is substantial: half of all ethnic violence dissipates after 350 km. Violence is asymmetric, is higher near ethnic borders and typically originates from outside a location. Counterfactual estimates suggest that setting up barriers would reduce violence, but pacifying groups suffering from grievances would often be more effective.