The impact of reporting magnetic resonance imaging incidental findings in the Canadian alliance for healthy hearts and minds cohort
Authors: Luu Judy M. , Sergeant Anand K. , Anand Sonia S. , Desai Dipika , Schulze Karleen , Knoppers Bartha M. , Zawati Ma’n H. , Smith Eric E. , Moody Alan R. , Black Sandra E. , Larose Eric , Marcotte Francois , Kleiderman Erika , Tardif Jean-Claude , Lee Douglas S. , Friedrich Matthias G. ,   the CAHHM Study Investigators, Anand S. , Friedrich M. , Tu J. , Awadalla P. , Dummer T. , Vena J. , Broet P. , Hicks J. , Tardif J.-C. , Teo K. , Knoppers B.-M. , Desai D. , Nandakumar S. , Thomas M. , Zafar S. , Schulze K. , Dyal L. , Casanova A. , Bangdiwala S. , Ramasundarahettige C. , Ramakrishnana K. , Ibrahim Q. , Desai D. , Truchon H. , Tusevljak N. , McDonald K. , Noisel N. , Chu J. , Hicks J. , Whelan H. , Rangarajan S. , Busseuil D. , Leipsic J. , Lear S. , de Jong V. , Noseworthy M. , Teo K. , Ramezani E. , Konyer N. , Poirier P. , Bourlaud A.-S. , Larose E. , Bibeau K. , Leipsic J. , Lear S. , de Jong V. , Smith E. , Frayne R. , Charlton A. , Sekhon R. , Moody A. , Thayalasuthan V. , Kripalani A. , Leung G. , Noseworthy M. , Anand S. , de Souza R. , Konyer N. , Zafar S. , Paraga G. , Reid L. , Dick A. , Ahmad F. , Kelton D. , Shah H. , Marcotte F. , Poiffaut H. , Friedrich M. , Lebel J. , Larose E. , Bibeau K. , Miller R. , Parker L. , Thompson D. , Hicks J. , Tardif J.-C. , Poiffaut H. , Tu J. , Chan K. , Moody A. , Thayalasuthan V. , Friedrich M. , Smith E. , McCreary C. , Black S. E. , Scott C. , Batool S. , Gao F. , Moody A. , Thayalasuthan V. , Larose E. , Bibeau K. , Marcotte F. , Henriques F. , Rouleau Jean , Boyle Pierre , Wong Caroline , Smith Eldon , Reid Bob , Janssen Ian , Subar Amy , Touyz Rhian 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
In the Canadian Alliance for Healthy Hearts and Minds (CAHHM) cohort, participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, heart, and abdomen, that generated incidental findings (IFs). The approach to managing these unexpected results remain a complex issue. Our objectives were to describe the CAHHM policy for the management of IFs, to understand the impact of disclosing IFs to healthy research participants, and to reflect on the ethical obligations of researchers in future MRI studies.

Methods
Between 2013 and 2019, 8252 participants (mean age 58 ± 9 years, 54% women) were recruited with a follow-up questionnaire administered to 909 participants (40% response rate) at 1-year. The CAHHM policy followed a restricted approach, whereby routine feedback on IFs was not provided. Only IFs of severe structural abnormalities were reported.

Results
Severe structural abnormalities occurred in 8.3% (95% confidence interval 7.7–8.9%) of participants, with the highest proportions found in the brain (4.2%) and abdomen (3.1%). The majority of participants (97%) informed of an IF reported no change in quality of life, with 3% of participants reporting that the knowledge of an IF negatively impacted their quality of life. Furthermore, 50% reported increased stress in learning about an IF, and in 95%, the discovery of an IF did not adversely impact his/her life insurance policy. Most participants (90%) would enrol in the study again and perceived the MRI scan to be beneficial, regardless of whether they were informed of IFs. While the implications of a restricted approach to IF management was perceived to be mostly positive, a degree of diagnostic misconception was present amongst participants, indicating the importance of a more thorough consent process to support participant autonomy.

Conclusion
The management of IFs from research MRI scans remain a challenging issue, as participants may experience stress and a reduced quality of life when IFs are disclosed. The restricted approach to IF management in CAHHM demonstrated a fair fulfillment of the overarching ethical principles of respect for autonomy, concern for wellbeing, and justice. The approach outlined in the CAHHM policy may serve as a framework for future research studies.
Clinical trial registrationhttps://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02220582.