bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economic burden of childhood diarrhea in Burundi
Authors: Niyibitegeka Fulgence , Riewpaiboon Arthorn , Youngkong Sitaporn , Thavorncharoensap Montarat 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
In 2016, diarrhea killed around 7 children aged under 5 years per 1000 live births in Burundi. The objective of this study was to estimate the economic burden associated with diarrhea in Burundi and to examine factors affecting the cost to provide economic evidence useful for the policymaking about clinical management of diarrhea.

Methods
The study was designed as a prospective cost-of-illness study using an incidence-based approach from the societal perspective. The study included patients aged under 5 years with acute non-bloody diarrhea who visited Buyenzi health center and Prince Regent Charles hospital from November to December 2019. Data were collected through interviews with patients’ caregivers and review of patients’ medical and financial records. Multiple linear regression was performed to identify factors affecting cost, and a cost model was used to generate predictions of various clinical and care management costs. All costs were converted into international dollars for the year 2019.

Results
One hundred thirty-eight patients with an average age of 14.45 months were included in this study. Twenty-one percent of the total patients included were admitted. The average total cost per episode of diarrhea was Int$109.01. Outpatient visit and hospitalization costs per episode of diarrhea were Int$59.87 and Int$292, respectively. The costs were significantly affected by the health facility type, patient type, health insurance scheme, complications with dehydration, and duration of the episode before consultation. Our model indicates that the prevention of one case of dehydration results in savings of Int$16.81, accounting for approximately 11 times of the primary treatment cost of one case of diarrhea in the community-based management program for diarrhea in Burundi.

Conclusion
Diarrhea is associated with a substantial economic burden to society. Evidence from this study provides useful information to support health interventions aimed at prevention of diarrhea and dehydration related to diarrhea in Burundi. Appropriate and timely care provided to patients with diarrhea in their communities and primary health centers can significantly reduce the economic burden of diarrhea. Implementing a health policy to provide inexpensive treatment to prevent dehydration can save significant amount of health expenditure.
Limited English Proficiency and Disparities in Health Care Engagement Among Patients With Breast Cancer
Authors: Roy Mohana , Purington Natasha , Liu Mina , Blayney Douglas W. , Kurian Allison W. , Schapira Lidia 
Published: April 2021

PURPOSE: Race and ethnicity have been shown to affect quality of cancer care, and patients with low English proficiency (LEP) have increased risk for serious adverse events. We sought to assess the impact of primary language on health care engagement as indicated by clinical trial screening and engagement, use of genetic counseling, and communication via an electronic patient portal. METHODS: Clinical and demographic data on patients with breast cancer diagnosed and treated from 2013 to 2018 within the Stanford University Health Care system were compiled via linkage of electronic health records, an internal clinical trial database, and the California Cancer Registry. Logistic and linear regression models were used to evaluate for association of clinical trial engagement and patient portal message rates with primary language group. RESULTS: Patients with LEP had significantly lower rates of clinical trial engagement compared with their English-speaking counterparts (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.29; 95% CI, 0.16 to 0.51). Use of genetic counseling was similar between language groups. Rates of patient portal messaging did not differ between English-speaking and LEP groups on multivariable analysis; however, patients with LEP were less likely to have a portal account (adjusted OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.83 to 0.96). Among LEP subgroups, Spanish speakers were significantly less likely to engage with the patient portal compared with English speakers (estimated difference in monthly rate: OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.24 to 0.77). CONCLUSION: We found that patients with LEP had lower rates of clinical trial engagement and odds of electronic patient portal enrollment. Interventions designed to overcome language and cultural barriers are essential to optimize the experience of patients with LEP.
The Human Islet: Mini-Organ With Mega-Impact
Authors: Walker John T , Saunders Diane C , Brissova Marcela , Powers Alvin C 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis review focuses on the human pancreatic islet—including its structure, cell composition, development, function, and dysfunction. After providing a historical timeline of key discoveries about human islets over the past century, we describe new research approaches and technologies that are being used to study human islets and how these are providing insight into human islet physiology and pathophysiology. We also describe changes or adaptations in human islets in response to physiologic challenges such as pregnancy, aging, and insulin resistance and discuss islet changes in human diabetes of many forms. We outline current and future interventions being developed to protect, restore, or replace human islets. The review also highlights unresolved questions about human islets and proposes areas where additional research on human islets is needed.
Knowledge and compliance with Covid-19 infection prevention and control measures among health workers in regional referral hospitals in northern Uganda: a cross-sectional online survey
Authors: Amanya Sharon Bright , Nyeko Richard , Obura Bonniface , Acen Joy , Nabasirye Caroline , Nakaziba Rebecca , Oyella Florence , Afayo Victor , Okwir Mark 
Published: April 2021

Background: Infection prevention and control (IPC) has increasingly been underscored as a key tool for limiting the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) and safeguarding health workers from infections during their work. Knowledge and compliance with IPC measures is therefore essential in protecting health workers. However, this has not been established among health workers in northern Uganda in light of the Covid-19 pandemic. The objective of this study was to determine the knowledge and compliance with Covid-19 infection prevention and control measures among health workers in regional referral hospitals in northern Uganda. Methods: An online cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among health workers in regional referral hospitals within northern Uganda. A structured questionnaire was distributed to health workers via WhatsApp messenger. Sufficient knowledge was considered at a correct response score of ≥80%, while adequate compliance was rated ≥75% of the maximum score. Data were analyzed using SPSS v21. Results: Of the 213 health workers approached, 75 (35%) participated in the study. The majority were males, 39(52%) and the mean age was 36.92 years. Of the 75 participants, 52(69%) had sufficient knowledge of Covid-19 IPC while 51(68%) had adequate compliance with Covid-19 IPC. Adequate compliance was significantly associated with training in Covid-19 IPC (OR, 2.86; 95% CI, (1.04-7.88); p=0.039), access to Covid-19 IPC materials at workstations (OR, 2.90; 95% CI, (1.06 - 8.09); p=0.036), and having strong institutional support (OR, 3.08; 95% CI, (1.08 – 8.74); p=0.031). However, there was no significant relationship between knowledge and compliance with IPC (p=0.07). The socio-demographic characteristics of health workershad no statistically significant relationship with Covid-19 IPC knowledge or compliance. Conclusion: Our results show fairly good knowledge and compliance with Covid-19 IPC among health workers in northern Uganda. There is need for more training and provision of guidelines to promote compliance with Covid-19 IPC.
Adherence to iron and folic acid supplementation during pregnancy among postnatal mothers seeking maternal and child healthcare at Kakamega level 5 hospital in Kenya: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Bahati Felix , Kairu-Wanyoike Salome , Nzioki Japheth Mativo 
Published: April 2021

Background: Maternal anaemia is a public health problem worldwide, and its aetiology is linked to iron deficiency. The high nutrient demand during pregnancy exacerbates the condition. To meet the increased nutritional demand, supplementation of iron and folic acid (IFA) is key. The supplements are provided freely to pregnant women during antenatal visits at public health facilities, however, their uptake and adherence in Kenya remain unacceptably low. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study involving 241 postnatal mothers seeking maternal and child healthcare (MCH) care at Kakamega level 5 hospital was conducted. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. Quantitative data were collected from 241 eligible postnatal mothers, while qualitative data were obtained through key informant interviews with community health volunteers and healthcare providers. Results: There was a moderate adherence to IFA supplementation (60.6%) during pregnancy among postnatal mothers seeking MCH care at Kakamega level 5 hospital. Some of the reasons for non-adherence stated by the respondents included; IFA related side effects (41.3%), forgetfulness (37.3%) and bad smell of the IFA supplements (10.3%). Higher IFA adherence was noted among the primigravida participants (OR=2.704; 95% CI: 1.262, 5.793; p=0.010) compared to multigravida participants, and those with a higher knowledge level of anaemia (OR=3.215; 95% CI: 1.346, 7.68; p=0.009) compared to their counterparts with low anaemia knowledge. Other factors that showed correlation with IFA adherence were: IFA education, pregnancy counselling before conception and the number of antenatal care visits attained. Conclusion: There is a moderate adherence to IFA supplementation during pregnancy among mothers seeking MCH at Kakamega level 5 hospital. The greatest impediments of IFA compliance during pregnancy are IFA side effects, forgetfulness and the bad smell of the IFA tablets. Therefore, providing IFA education to pregnant mothers incorporated with probable ways of managing the IFA side effects would contribute to IFA supplementation adherence.
Dual Sourcing and Smoothing Under Nonstationary Demand Time Series: Reshoring with SpeedFactories
Authors: Boute Robert N. , Disney Stephen M. , Gijsbrechts Joren , Van Mieghem Jan A. 
Published: April 2021

We investigate near-shoring a small part of the global production to local SpeedFactories that serve only the variable demand. The short lead time of the responsive SpeedFactory reduces the risk of making large volumes in advance, yet it does not involve a complete reshoring of demand. Using a break-even analysis, we investigate the lead time, demand, and cost characteristics that make dual sourcing with a SpeedFactory desirable compared with complete off-shoring. Our analysis uses a linear generalization of the celebrated order-up-to inventory policy to settings where capacity costs exist. The policy allows for order smoothing to reduce capacity costs and performs well relative to the (unknown) optimal policy. We highlight the significant impact of auto-correlated and nonstationary demand series, which are prevalent in practice yet challenging to analyze, on the economic benefit of reshoring. Methodologically, we adopt a linear policy and normally distributed demand and use Z–transforms to present exact analyses. This paper was accepted by Jayashankar Swaminathan, operations management.
Optimization of Basecutter Structural Parameters for Under-the-Ground Sugarcane Basecutting
Authors: Wang Fenglei , Ma Shaochun , Ke Wenli , Xing Haonan , Bai Jing , Hu Jiwei , Yang Yezhen , Wei Yi 
Published: April 2021

HighlightsAn under-the-ground basecutting mode was employed, which is different from the typical above-the-ground basecutting mode.A series of field experiments were carried out using the response surface methodology (RSM).The complicated effect of critical parameters on three indicators (stubble breaking index, stubble uprooting index, and power consumption) was explored.The optimal values of critical parameters were determined using a multi-objective optimization method.Abstract. Basecutting is an important process in mechanical sugarcane harvesting, thus, it’s necessary to develop a high-efficient basecutter. The previous research about basecutting has mainly focused on the above-the-ground basecutting instead of under-the-ground basecutting. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze how the critical structural parameters, such as blade number (BN), oblique angle and bevel angle of blades (OA, BA), affect the cutting performance of a sugarcane harvester with an under-the-ground basecutting mode. A series of field tests were carried out using Liugong sugarcane harvester. The experimental indexes were determined as stubble breaking index (BI), stubble uprooting index (UI), and power consumption (PC). The ANOVA results indicated that three regression models of indicators were significant, and were in agreement with the test data. Additionally, it was concluded that OA and BN were the two most important factors when optimizing BI, UI, and PC. BA was the last factor to be considered although it had significant effect on BI and UI. The multi-objective optimization results showed that the optimal parameter combination was 3 of BN, 10° of OA, and 20° of BA, and the corresponding BI, UI, and PC reached the minimum. For sugarcane growers, reduced stubble damage and power consumption could increase the sugarcane germination and decrease the harvesting cost, respectively. For sugarcane mills, this cutting mode might cause potential decrease in sugar quality, specifically sediment levels. However, this disadvantage could be overcome by optimizing basecutter parameters. Keywords: Basecutter, Cutting mode, Power consumption, Stubble breaking, Stubble uprooting, Under-the-ground basecutting.
Sugarcane Basecutters: A Critical Review
Authors: Wang Fenglei , Ma Shaochun , Xing Haonan , Bai Jing , Yang Yezhen , Hu Jiwei , Wei Yi 
Published: April 2021

HighlightsThis article is focused on the technology review of sugarcane basecutters.Two cutting theories and two cutting modes are briefly reviewed.Three optimization methods of parameters for the sugarcane basecutter are summarized.Four potential research interests to improve the basecutting quality are discussed.Abstract. Basecutter is a core component of a sugarcane harvester, and its performance significantly influences cane yield and harvesting efficiency. Therefore, it is meaningful to conduct a critical review of sugarcane basecutters. In this article, an introduction about basecutter structure was performed first; then two cutting theories (support/free cutting) and two cutting modes (straight/sliding cutting) were briefly reviewed; and the advantages and disadvantages of different cutting modes were summarized. It was followed by a comprehensive introduction of three optimization methods: theoretical analysis and simulation, indoor experiments, and field experiments. Finally, four potential research interests in improving basecutting quality and exploring the stubble damage process were discussed. In this review, the comprehensive, detailed, and accurate information about sugarcane basecutter was expected to provide engineers with a technology reference to improve the basecutting performance. Keywords: Basecutter, Cutting theories and modes, Optimization methods, Potential research interests, Sugarcane harvester.
Application of the Headstock of CNC Boring Machine for Tractor Engine Cylinder Block Based on Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Wang Yahui   , Shi Ling   , Dang Yiqi   , Sun Shengkai   , Zhang Huipeng   
Published: April 2021

HighlightsThe headstock of the single-sided horizontal CNC boring machine specializing in processing tractor 6-cylinder engine cylinders is optimized.The constraint conditions such as tooth width and modulus are constructed. The model is optimized by the NSGA algorithm, and the optimization results are good.The optimization results of the NSGA algorithm are compared with the results of the weighted sum method and the GA, which highlights the superiority of the NSGA algorithm.ABSTRACT. The tractor is one of the most frequently used equipment in agricultural production, and its mass production is the general trend. With the continuous advancement of the global industrialization process, the importance of Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine in the entire industrial production has become more and more prominent, and the application of CNC machine in tractor manufacturing has greatly improved production efficiency. This article takes the headstock of a single-sided horizontal CNC boring machine dedicated to processing tractor 6-cylinder engine cylinders as the research objective, takes the key parameters of the gear train in the headstock as the optimization design variables, constructs constraints, such as modulus, tooth width, etc., establishes a multi-objective optimization mathematical model, uses the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) to process the model and obtains the Pareto solution set through multiple iterations. The optimization results show that the volume, center distance and the reciprocal of coincidence degree of the main shaft 1 transmission group are reduced in varying degrees. Finally, it is compared with the weighted sum method and genetic algorithm (GA) to highlight the superiority of NSGA-II. Keywords: Headstock, Multi-optimization, Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II, Tractor cylinder.
Establishment of reference intervals for Platelet Function Analyzer -100 closure time in Algerian adults
Authors: Belkacemi Malika , Merad Yassine , Merbouh Mohamed Amine 
Published: April 2021

Introduction
The Platelet Function Analyzer-100 (PFA-100) is a point of care instrument that simulates plug formation under high shear flow. The PFA-100 measures the time required to occlude the aperture in a biochemically active cartridge and is expressed in a term of closure time (CT). In Algeria, the reference values used in clinical laboratories are of Western origin. However, ethnic, genetic, dietary environmental, and diet differences between populations may affect reference intervals. We established the reference intervals of PFA-100 closure times in healthy Algerian adults according to the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry method, and we compared them with those of Western and Asian countries.

Material and methods
We enrolled 303 healthy blood donors in the study. 218 subjects met inclusion criteria. We analyzed the blood sample on the PFA-100 for CT with both the collagen epinephrine and collagen ADP cartridges.

Results
The reference intervals of PFA-100 collagen epinephrine CT and PFA-100 collagen ADP CT were 91–207 seconds and 71–144 seconds, respectively. Compared to Western and Asian populations, there were significant differences. The upper limits of CTs were higher for Algerians in this study. Our findings show that many healthy Algerians would be incorrectly identified as having a primary hemostasis abnormality according to the reference intervals of the manufacturer and scientific literature.

Conclusion
This report provides the first reference intervals for PFA-100 CTs in healthy Algerian adults. These results improve the accuracy of diagnosis and patient care in Algeria.
Antioxidant properties of different apple cultivars
Authors: Krisch Judit , Vucseta Kristóf 
Published: April 2021

Dietary antioxidants can be an important part of the healthy diet. Polyphenols from the commonly consumed apple can be possible sources of intake of these phytochemicals.
In our study, the antioxidant properties of six apple cultivars (Golden Delicious, Granny Smiths, Idared, Jonagold, Jonagored and Mutsu) harvested at commercial maturity were examined. Flesh and skin were separated and total phenolics by the Folin-Ciocalteu assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and radical scavenging activities using DPPH method were determined for each. For all apples, polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of the skin were significantly higher than that of the flesh showing that apple peel is a valuable part of the fruit. There was a good linear correlation between the polyphenol content and FRAP showing that mainly polyphenols are responsible for this type of antioxidant reaction. Regarding the cultivars, there was an obvious difference between the antioxidant activities of the examined apples. The green variety Granny Smith showed the best results followed by the red-skin apples while yellow-skin apples had the lowest activity.
Advantageous traits of hungarian tomato accessions for future utilization
Authors: Csambalik László , Ladányi Márta , Tóth Eszter , Divéky-Ertsey Anna 
Published: April 2021

Due to its production and consumption volume, tomato is one of the most important vegetable of the World. Extensive efforts have been made to overcome genotypic difficulties that decelerated gradual increase of yield. Throughout this improvement, plant genetic resources (PGRs) with unfavorable vegetative and generative characteristics together with possibly valuable traits (e.g. rich flavor, outstanding nutritional content, uncommon fruit size, color, and shape, high adaptation to environmental extremities) have been lost. The side-effects of modern breeding progress, such as loss of flavor, lower nutritional content are measurable now in modern varieties. Tomato PGRs collected by gene banks are available for screening and for re-use of advantageous genes; for this, accession-level testing has to be executed.
The hypothesis of the present study was that the selected Hungarian tomato accessions have valuable yield characteristics, which can be utilized in future breeding programs.
In a three year (2012-2014) open field trial, four PGRs with pepper-shaped fruits were grown together with San Marzano variety as a reference point. The PGRs were the followings (place of origin in brackets): RCAT030271 (Kozárd), RCAT031255 (Soltvadkert), RCAT031257 (Gyöngyös), and RCAT060349 (Nagykáta). The location was the certified organic land of SZIE Soroksár Experimental and Educational Station, Hungary. The propagation material was provided by Research Centre for Agrobiodiversity (NöDiK), Tápiószele. Weight of weekly yield was measured; the fruits were separated to three fractions, i.e. intact, cracked, and infected fractions. Coherences with weather parameters were also investigated.
The potential yield (summary of all fractions) of PGRs were comparable with that of San Marzano variety in 2012, however, the cracked fraction of PGRs were significantly higher. The arid weather of 2013 reduced the ratio of cracked fractions in the case of all PGRs and the variety. The extremely humid season of 2014 was favorable especially for RCAT031257, the intact fraction of which was significantly higher than those of San Marzano. The potential yield of PGRs, with the exception of RCAT060349, was two-fold higher than the value of San Marzano. It was concluded, that scanning Hungarian tomato PGRs for useful traits (e.g. high yield in weather extremities, novel fruit color and shape) is reasonable; these characteristics can possibly be utilized by future breeding efforts.