bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular Aspects of Grafting in Woody Plants
Authors: Assunção Maria , Tedesco Sara , Fevereiro Pedro 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Grafting is an ancient technique especially used in horticulture and in orchards as a tool for plant propagation and improvement. Although grafting has brought incredible benefits to agriculture and is being used worldwide in the cultivation of almost every fruit tree, the mechanisms, and pathways driving the formation or the incompatibilities of graft unions are still largely unknown.
Recently, the potential of grafting has resurfaced in the literature and molecular approaches are currently contributing to the understanding of graft union formation and the phenomenon of scion–rootstock graft incompatibility. This work focuses on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of graft formation in woody plants, highlighting the identified regulators of this process in molecular terms. We review how the healing of the union proceeds in incompatible grafts, the challenge of phenotyping graft incompatibility, and the detection methods developed for its prediction. In the pursuit of finding sustainable solutions for agriculture, while faced with the alarming predictions of climate changes, grafting is being revaluated as a new biotechnological tool. Therefore, some examples of how we can broaden the scope of useful grafting applications, exploit biodiversity in a unique chimeric plant, and manipulate phenotypic traits by delivering proteins and RNAs across graft unions, are also discussed. Research in this field still has a long way to go before the exciting prospect of deliberately combining multiple plant traits becomes reality.
Discovering and Dissecting Mechanically Excited Luminescence of Mn2+ Activators via Matrix Microstructure Evolution
Authors: Zhang Jun‐Cheng , Gao Nan , Li Lei , Wang Shanshan , Shi Xiaofeng , Sun Mingzi , Yan Xu , He Hong‐Wei , Ning Xin , Huang Bolong , Qiu Jianrong 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMechanoluminescent (ML) materials featuring renewable mechanical‐to‐optical conversion have shown promising prospects in stress sensing, lighting, and display. However, the advancement in ML applications is being restrained by the obstacles in developing efficient ML materials and understanding the underlying ML mechanisms. Herein, a matrix evolution strategy to modulate the local microstructure and electronic environment around the luminescent activators is proposed, which not only supports the batch development of new ML materials but also provides a well‐connected platform for systematically revealing the mechanism of achieving efficient ML performance. The feasibility of the strategy is proved by constructing and evaluating a series of ML materials with matrix‐dependent luminescent properties in experimental‐theoretical collaboration. It is demonstrated that the construction of piezoluminescence is available in both non‐centrosymmetric and centrosymmetric matrices without being restricted by lattice symmetry. The inter‐electronic‐levels and shallow electron traps formed by activator doping enhance the electron recombination efficiency through tunneling and conduction band transfer pathways. The results are expected to accelerate the exploitation of ML material systems and to deepen the comprehensive apprehending of ML mechanisms, thereby guiding the rational design and widespread use of efficient ML materials.
An Electron Acceptor Analogue for Lowering Trap Density in Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Yihang , Cai Guilong , Li Yawen , Zhang Zhenzhen , Li Tengfei , Zuo Xia , Lu Xinhui , Lin Yuze 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTypical organic semiconductor materials exhibit a high trap density of states, ranging from 1016 to 1018 cm−3, which is one of the important factors in limiting the improvement of power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of organic solar cells (OSCs). In order to reduce the trap density within OSCs, a new strategy to design and synthesize an electron acceptor analogue, BTPR, is developed, which is introduced into OSCs as a third component to enhance the molecular packing order of electron acceptor with and without blending a polymer donor. Finally, the as‐cast ternary OSC devices employing BTPR show a notable PCE of 17.8%, with a low trap density (1015 cm−3) and a low energy loss (0.217 eV) caused by non‐radiative recombination. This PCE is among the highest values for single‐junction OSCs. The trap density of OSCs with the BTPR additives, as low as 1015 cm−3, is comparable to and even lower than those of several typical high‐performance inorganic/hybrid counterparts, like 1016 cm−3 for amorphous silicon, 1016 cm−3 for metal oxides, and 1014 to 1015 cm−3 for halide perovskite thin film, and makes it promising for OSCs to obtain a PCE of up to 20%.
Microelectronics‐Free, Augmented Telemetry from Body‐Worn Passive Wireless Sensors
Authors: Hajiaghajani Amirhossein , Tseng Peter 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWearable wireless passive sensors are powerful potential building blocks of modern body area networks. However, these sensors are often hampered by numerous issues including restrictive read‐out distances due to near‐field coupling, fundamental tradeoffs in size/spectral performance, and unreliable sensor tracking during activity. Here, to overcome such issues implementing wearable sensing systems exhibiting coupled magnetic resonances are demonstrated. This approach is utilized to augment wireless telemetry from fully wearable, passive (zero electronics) resonator chains. Secondary receiver coils are integrated into fabric or skin to facilitate augmented read‐out from epidermal sweat, moisture, or pressure sensors—herein exhibiting enhanced read‐out range, relaxed constraints in sensor size (sensor spectral response becomes untethered from size) and reader‐sensor orientation. Unlike existing schemes, this readout method enables decoupled co‐readout of the sensor's distance and status, employed here for co‐measurement with human respiration. This type of decoupled readout can help compensate for movements that are so common in wearable monitoring. Simple to implement and requiring no microelectronics, this scheme streamlines into existing, body‐worn passive wireless telemetric systems with minimal modification.
Trojan Horse Delivery of 4,4′‐Dimethoxychalcone for Parkinsonian Neuroprotection
Authors: Zhang Wenlong , Chen Huaqing , Ding Liuyan , Gong Junwei , Zhang Mengran , Guo Wenyuan , Xu Pingyi , Li Shiying , Zhang Yunlong 
Published: March 2021

AbstractParkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the progressive deterioration of dopamine (DA) neurons, and therapeutic endeavors are aimed at preventing DA loss. However, lack of effective brain delivery approaches limits this strategy. In this study, a “Trojan horse” system is used for substantia nigra‐targeted delivery of a blood brain barrier‐penetrating peptide (RVG29) conjugated to the surface of nanoparticles loaded with the natural autophagy inducer 4,4′‐dimethoxychalcone (DMC) (designated as RVG‐nDMC). Here, the neuroprotective effects of DMC are demonstrated in PD. Specifically, RVG‐nDMC penetrates the blood brain barrier with enhanced brain‐targeted delivery efficiency and is internalized by DA neurons and microglia. In vivo studies demonstrate that RVG‐nDMC ameliorates motor deficits and nigral DA neuron death in PD mice without causing overt adverse effects in the brain or other major organs. Moreover, RVG‐nDMC reverses tyrosine hydroxylase ubiquitination and degradation, alleviates oxidative stress in DA neurons, and exerts antiinflammatory effects in microglia. The “Trojan horse” strategy for targeted delivery of DMC thus provides a potentially powerful and clinically feasible approach for PD intervention.
3D Printed Li–S Batteries with In Situ Decorated Li2S/C Cathode: Interface Engineering Induced Loading‐Insensitivity for Scaled Areal Performance
Authors: Xue Lanxin , Zeng Li , Kang Wenbin , Chen Haiyan , Hu Yin , Li Yaoyao , Chen Wei , Lei Tianyu , Yan Yichao , Yang Chengtao , Hu Anjun , Wang Xianfu , Xiong Jie , Zhang Chuhong 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHolding manifold advantages including environmental benignity, enhanced structural robustness, and high capacity, Li2S as a competitive substitute of sulfur in Li–S batteries is receiving escalating attention. However, serious issues rooted in its intrinsic poor conductivity and sluggish mass transport present the significant challenge of achieving high active material use with appealing kinetics for effective scaling in areal capacitance under elevated loading densities. This renders current Li2S cathodes incapable of securing energy availability that responds to power‐hungry modern electronics. Here for the first time, an interfacial engineering approach is devised by in situ decorating a 3D printed carbonaceous scaffold with uniform surface‐deposited Li2S and by healing the printed adjacent interface to eliminate the interfacial resistance. As a result, facile mass transport throughout the whole printed matrix is enabled. 3D printed electrodes with high active material use and loading‐insensitive performance delivering outstanding areal capacity and fast kinetics of 6.29 mAh cm−2 at 6 mA cm−2 under an impressive loading density of 10 mg cm−2 are realized, which are among the best results reported for Li2S‐based batteries. The thrilling performance points to a highly effective approach that advances the performance of Li2S cathodes closer toward real‐world applications.
Improving winter wheat grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency using nitrogen application time and rate
Authors: Aula Lawrence , Omara Peter , Oyebiyi Fikayo B. , Eickhoff Elizabeth , Carpenter Jonathan , Nambi Eva , Fornah Alimamy , Raun William R. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPreplant nitrogen (N) application, which involves placing nutrients in the soil before seeding, has been an integral part of crop production systems for decades. Some producers are known to apply N at least 21 d before planting. This may increase N loss and lower grain yield. This study evaluated the effect of timing and rate of N application on winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield and N use efficiency (NUE). An experiment with a factorial arrangement of treatments was set up in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included four N rates (0, 45, 90, and 135 kg ha–1) with each applied 7 or 30 d before planting, and at Feekes 5 (FK5). Grain N was analyzed using LECO CN dry combustion analyzer. The difference method [Grain N from (fertilized plot – check plot)]/N applied was used to compute NUE. Nitrogen application rate significantly affected grain yield (P ≤ .01). Although the rate may be temporally and spatially variable, approximately 90 kg N ha–1 was required to obtain yields that differ markedly from the check. Mid‐season applied N (FK5) had similar yields to preplant applied N in two of four site‐years and significantly increased yield at one site in 2020. Out of two sites, the timing of N application had a substantial effect on NUE in both years (P ≤ 0.11). In this case, NUE was increased by as much as 9.5% for midseason applied N compared to 30 d before planting N application time.
Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed C2‐Selective Decarbonylative C−H Alkylation of Indoles with Alkyl Carboxylic Acids and Anhydrides
Authors: Yu Haiyang , Zhao Haoqiang , Xu Xin , Zhang Xin , Yu Zexin , Li Lingchao , Wang Peng , Shi Qian , Xu Lijin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA Rh(I)‐catalyzed chelation‐assisted C2‐selective C−H decarbonylative alkylation of indoles with readily available, cheap, safe and structurally diverse alkyl carboxylic acids or anhydrides has been developed. A wide variety of primary and secondary alkyl carboxylic acids and differently substituted indoles are compatible with this transformation, allowing facile synthesis of various C2‐alkylated indoles with high efficiency and broad tolerance of diverse functional groups. The reaction proceeds in the absence of any external oxidant, and the presence of readily installable and removable N‐pyrimidyl directing group is critical for catalysis. The process is convenient and scalable, and avoids the use of a dried solvent and an inert atmosphere. Moreover, selective C7‐alkylation and C2, C7‐dialkylation have also been achieved by slightly modifying the reaction conditions.
Copper Catalyzed Direct Synthesis of Unsymmetrically Substituted Oxalamides From Bromodifluoroacetamide and Tertiary Amines
Authors: Chen Hongtai , Wang Lianxin , Liu Yujie , Guo Minjie , Zhao Wentao , Tang Xiangyang , Wang Guangwei 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAn efficient method for the synthesis of unsymmetrical oxalamides has been developed using bromodifluoroacetamide and tertiary amines under mild reaction conditions. This protocol provides a convenient and straightforward strategy for the rapid construction of various unsymmetrically N‐substituted oxalamides moieties in a single step.
Circular RNA circCLK3 promotes the progression of tongue squamous cell carcinoma via miR‐455‐5p/PARVA axis
Authors: Yu Huiming , Yu Zhifen , Wang Xiaowei , Wang Dazhao 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA previous study has elucidated that circular RNA circCLK3 acts as an oncogenic gene in cervical cancer. However, the role and regulatory mechanism of circCLK3 in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) remain unknown. Quantitative real‐time PCR was used to examine targeted gene expression in different groups. Cell viability and proliferation were investigated by MTT and 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine assays. Cell migration and invasion were detected by Transwell assays, and cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry analysis. The interaction among genes was investigated using luciferase reporter assay, RNA pull‐down assay, and RNA immunoprecipitation assay. In the present study, our findings revealed the upregulated expression of circCLK3 in TSCC tissues and cell lines. CircCLK3 knockdown suppressed cell proliferation, migration invasion, and induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase in TSCC. Moreover, circCLK3 acted as a molecular sponge for miR‐455‐5p. PARVA was the target gene of miR‐455‐5p. Furthermore, the negative correlation between expression of miR‐455‐5p and circCLK3 or PARVA in TSCC tissues was discovered. Rescue assays indicated that PARVA overexpression reversed the circCLK3 knockdown‐mediated inhibitory effects on the progression of TSCC. In summary, circCLK3 exerts its carcinogenic effects on TSCC progression via absorbing miR‐455‐5p to upregulate PARVA, which expands our knowledge on the underlying mechanism of TSCC.
Gamma aminobutyric acid signaling disturbances and altered astrocytic morphology associated with Bisphenol A induced cognitive impairments in rat offspring
Authors: Singha Syna Pervaiz , Memon Samreen , Kazi Salman Ahmed Farsi , Nizamani Ghulam Shah 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundBisphenol A (BPA) is a well‐recognized endocrine disruptor and is globally used in the manufacture of many plastic items. Multiple studies suggest links between prenatal BPA exposure and alterations in neurodevelopment and behaviors in children, even at lower levels. This study was conducted to reveal the role of astrocyte morphology and Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling in BPA induced cognitive defects in the offspring of Wistar albino rats when exposed during the prenatal and postnatal periods.MethodsDams of Wistar albino rats were exposed to a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight of BPA throughout the pregnancy and lactation period until the third postnatal day (PND). After delivery of pups, cognitive tests were carried out on the 21st, 24th, and 28th PNDs. Blood samples were collected for measurement of serum GABA levels. On the same day as the blood collections, pups were sacrificed and their right frontal cortices were dissected out. Immunohistochemical analysis for glial fibrillar acidic protein + astrocytes was conducted.ResultsPre and postnatal BPA exposure led to anxiety like behavior in pups. This exposure also resulted in reduced serum GABA concentrations. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed reduced astrocyte numbers as well as decreased numbers of dendritic spines in the BPA exposed pups.ConclusionBPA exposure during critical periods of development leads to cognitive impairments that correlate with the defects in the GABA signaling pathways and deteriorated morphology of the astrocytes in the offspring of the Wistar rats.
Fast Correction of Errors in the DFT‐Calculated Energies of Gaseous Nitrogen‐Containing Species
Authors: Urrego‐Ortiz Ricardo , Builes Santiago , Calle‐Vallejo Federico 
Published: March 2021

AbstractModeling adsorption phenomena on surfaces by DFT calculations often involves substantial errors, resulting in inaccurate predictions of catalytic activities. Such errors partly stem from the inaccurate description of the energetics of free molecules. Herein, we use a semiempirical group‐additivity method to correct the DFT‐calculated heats of formation of 106 carbon‐ and nitrogen‐containing gaseous compounds belonging to 15 different chemical families. PBE, PW91, RPBE and BEEF‐vdW initially yield mean absolute errors (MAEs) with respect to experiments in the range of 0.32–0.75 eV. After correcting the systematic errors, the overall MAEs decrease to ∼0.05 eV. Additionally, upon applying the corrections to three types of reaction enthalpies, the resulting MAEs are below 0.10 eV. These functional‐group corrections can be used in (electro)catalysis to correct the gas‐phase references necessary to evaluate equilibrium potentials and adsorption energies, predict error cancellation, and assess conflicting experimental data.
Catalytic Cracking of Diverse Vacuum Residue Hydrocracking Gas Oils
Authors: Stratiev Dicho , Shishkova Ivelina , Ivanov Mihail , Dinkov Rosen , Georgiev Borislav , Argirov Georgi , Atanassova Vassia , Vassilev Petar , Atanassov Krassimir , Yordanov Dobromir , Popov Aleksey , Padovani Alessia , Hartmann Ulrike , Nenov Svetoslav 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTen gas oils and one deasphalted hydrocracked vacuum residue obtained from ebullated‐bed vacuum residue hydrocracking have been cracked in a laboratory advanced catalyst evaluation unit on a commercial fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst. It was found that the eleven secondary heavy oils obey second‐order reaction kinetics. The relations between gas oil properties and FCC conversion, product yields, and quality were evaluated by means of intercriteria analysis. It could be stated that the FCC conversion strongly correlates with the gas oil Kw characterization factor. The product yields were established to depend on the secondary gas oil carbon atoms number, aromatic ring index, paraffinic and aromatic carbon content, and the total aromatics content.
Dimerization of Hexadecene with Acid Mesoporous Silica‐Alumina Catalysts
Authors: Kumar Narendra , Lindblad Marina , Makkonen Jaana , Sippola Väinö , Österholm Heidi , Tiitta Marja 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCatalytic dimerization of 1‐hexadecene is shown to be a promising path to make high quality base oil. The base oil is produced by hexadecene dimerization with acid mesoporous silica‐alumina catalyst, followed by distillation and hydrogenation. The base oil stock had a high viscosity index (typically 140–150) and a low volatility (Noack typically less than 8 %). The best performance in hexadecene dimerization was achieved with the MCM‐22 zeolite embedded MCM‐41 catalyst within the silica‐alumina catalysts compared. Commercial mesoporous silica‐alumina catalysts behaved similarly to a non‐commercial MCM‐41 catalyst. Y‐zeolite and ion exchange resin Amberlyst‐35 deactivated fast.
Ammonium Ion and Structural Water Co‐Assisted Zn2+ Intercalation/De‐Intercalation in NH4V4O10∙0.28H2O†
Authors: Zhu Ting , Mai Bo , Hu Ping , Liu Ziang , Cai Congcong , Wang Xuanpeng , Zhou Liang 
Published: March 2021

Main observation and conclusionThe cathode material plays a crucial role in the performances of aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs). Herein, we report an ammonium vanadate (NH4V4O10∙0.28H2O, NHVO) aqueous ZIB cathode material. The obtained NHVO microflowers manifest high discharge capacity (410 mA·h∙g–1 at 0.2 A∙g–1), long‐term durability (76% capacity retention over 500 cycles), as well as ideal rate performance (112 mA·h∙g–1 at 10 A∙g–1). The impressive electrochemical performance can be attributed to the ammonium ion and structural water co‐assisted Zn2+ intercalation/de‐intercalation, which has been demonstrated by various ex‐situ and in‐situ characterizations. The superior electrochemical performance makes the NHVO microflower an ideal candidate cathode material for aqueous ZIBs.
Chemical Synthesis of Circular RNAs with Phosphoramidate Linkages for Rolling‐Circle Translation
Authors: Nakamoto Kosuke , Abe Hiroshi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRecently, many types of circular RNAs have been reported in human cells. One interesting aspect of circular RNAs is their translation into proteins. We previously discovered that circular RNA without a stop codon can be translated into long repeating peptides via rolling‐circle translation in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. Because the rate‐limiting step of translation—ribosome binding—occurs only once in rolling‐circle translation, the translation efficacy is very efficient compared to translation of linear mRNAs. However, preparation of circular RNAs involves costly and time‐consuming enzymatic methods, and there was no practical non‐enzymatic method. We recently reported a chemical synthesis strategy using short RNA fragments and one or two phosphoramidate linkages. In this article, we describe the chemical synthesis and purification methods for preparation of circular RNAs for rolling‐circle translation. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.This article was corrected on 20 July 2022. See the end of the full text for details.Basic Protocol 1: Synthesis of 3′‐amino‐modified guanosine controlled‐pore glassBasic Protocol 2: Solid‐phase synthesis of linear RNA fragmentsBasic Protocol 3: Chemical synthesis of circular RNAs
Genomic association with pathogen carriage in bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis)
Authors: Martin Alynn M. , Cassirer E. Frances , Waits Lisette P. , Plowright Raina K. , Cross Paul C. , Andrews Kimberly R. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractGenetic composition can influence host susceptibility to, and transmission of, pathogens, with potential population‐level consequences. In bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), pneumonia epidemics caused by Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae have been associated with severe population declines and limited recovery across North America. Adult survivors either clear the infection or act as carriers that continually shed M. ovipneumoniae and expose their susceptible offspring, resulting in high rates of lamb mortality for years following the outbreak event. Here, we investigated the influence of genomic composition on persistent carriage of M. ovipneumoniae in a well‐studied bighorn sheep herd in the Wallowa Mountains of Oregon, USA. Using 10,605 SNPs generated using RADseq technology for 25 female bighorn sheep, we assessed genomic diversity metrics and employed family‐based genome‐wide association methodologies to understand variant association and genetic architecture underlying chronic carriage. We observed no differences among genome‐wide diversity metrics (heterozygosity and allelic richness) between groups. However, we identified two variant loci of interest and seven associated candidate genes, which may influence carriage status. Further, we found that the SNP panel explained ~55% of the phenotypic variance (SNP‐based heritability) for M. ovipneumoniae carriage, though there was considerable uncertainty in these estimates. While small sample sizes limit conclusions drawn here, our study represents one of the first to assess the genomic factors influencing chronic carriage of a pathogen in a wild population and lays a foundation for understanding genomic influence on pathogen persistence in bighorn sheep and other wildlife populations. Future research should incorporate additional individuals as well as distinct herds to further explore the genomic basis of chronic carriage.