bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bendy to the bone: Links between vertebral morphology and waterfall climbing in amphidromous gobioid fishes
Authors: Forker Grace K. , Schoenfuss Heiko L. , Blob Richard W. , Diamond Kelly M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractLocomotor force production imposes strong demands on organismal form. Thus, the evolution of novel locomotor modes is often associated with morphological adaptations that help to meet those demands. In the goby lineage of fishes, most species are marine and use their fused pelvic fins to facilitate station holding in wave‐swept environments. However, several groups of gobies have evolved an amphidromous lifecycle, in which larvae develop in the ocean but juveniles migrate to freshwater for their adult phase. In many of these species, the pelvic fins have been co‐opted to aid in climbing waterfalls during upstream migrations to adult habitats. During horizontal swimming, forces are produced by axial musculature pulling on the vertebral column. However, during vertical climbing, gravity also exerts forces along the length of the vertebral column. In this study, we searched for novel aspects of vertebral column form that might be associated with the distinctive locomotor strategies of climbing gobies. We predicted that stiffness would vary along the length of the vertebral column due to competing demands for stability of the suction disk anteriorly and flexibility for axial thrust production posteriorly. We also predicted that derived, climbing goby species would require stiffer backbones to aid in vertical thrust production compared to non‐climbing species. To test these predictions, we used microcomputed tomography scans to compare vertebral anatomy (centrum length, centrum width, and intervertebral space) along the vertebral column for five gobioid species that differ in climbing ability. Our results support our second prediction, that gobies are more flexible in the posterior portion of the body. However, the main variation in vertebral column form associated with climbing ability was the presence of larger intervertebral spaces in Sicyopterus stimpsoni, a species that uses a distinctive inching behavior to climb. These results build on past kinematic studies of goby climbing performance and lend insights into how the underlying vertebral structure of these fishes may enable their novel locomotion.
Subsequent meniscal tears following tibial tuberosity advancement and tibial plateau leveling osteotomy in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament deficiency: An in vivo experimental study
Authors: Jeong Jaemin , Jeong Seong Mok , Kim Stanley E. , Lewis Daniel D. , Lee Haebeom 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the short‐ and mid‐term effects of tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) and tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) on subsequent meniscal tears.Study DesignExperimental in vivo study.AnimalsPurpose‐bred beagle dogs (n = 15).MethodsFor each dog, the cranial cruciate ligaments were transected; one limb underwent TTA and the other limb underwent TPLO. Orthopedic and radiographic examinations were performed preoperatively and at 12 and 32 weeks postoperatively. Gross evaluation of the stifle joint was performed after euthanasia at 12 (n = 10) and 32 (n = 5) weeks.ResultsLameness scores were not different between TTA and TPLO limbs at any time point. Radiographic osteoarthritis scores of TTA stifles (1.33 ± 0.49) were higher than TPLO stifles (0.67 ± 0.49) (p = .002) at 12 weeks postoperatively, but there was no difference between groups at 32 weeks postoperatively. Subsequent medial meniscal tears occurred in 6/10 TTA stifles, and 0/10 TPLO stifles at 12 weeks postoperatively and in 5/5 TTA stifles, and 1/5 TPLO stifles at 32 weeks postoperatively. Subsequent lateral meniscal tears occurred in 4/5 TTA stifles at 32 weeks postoperatively. Medial meniscal total gross pathology score was higher in TTA than TPLO stifles. TTA stifles had more articular cartilage damage when compared with TPLO stifles at 32 weeks postoperatively.ConclusionIn this within‐dog experimental comparison, subsequent medial meniscal tears and cartilage injury was more prevalent following TTA when compared to TPLO.Clinical significanceIn an experimental model, TPLO protects the medial meniscus and articular cartilage better than TTA in stifles with complete cranial cruciate ligament deficiency.
The new face of English in the Kyrgyz Republic
Authors: Ramsey‐Tyson Jill Marie , Abdysheva Chynara 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAfter the collapse of the USSR in 1991, during the transition from a command to a market economy, the attitude in the Kyrgyz Republic toward competencies in the English language shifted significantly. This article briefly illustrates the priorities for general secondary education during the Soviet period from 1922 until 1991. In 1991, necessary transitions were made by the newly developed Ministry of Education and Science of the Kyrgyz Republic to meet the needs of the emerging global economy. The main aim of this article is to highlight how the challenges in current and ongoing reforms are being discussed and addressed in public secondary schools.
Injury Prediction in Competitive Runners With Machine Learning
Authors: Lövdal S. Sofie , Den Hartigh Ruud J.R. , Azzopardi George 
Published: April 2021

Purpose: Staying injury free is a major factor for success in sports. Although injuries are difficult to forecast, novel technologies and data-science applications could provide important insights. Our purpose was to use machine learning for the prediction of injuries in runners, based on detailed training logs. Methods: Prediction of injuries was evaluated on a new data set of 74 high-level middle- and long-distance runners, over a period of 7 years. Two analytic approaches were applied. First, the training load from the previous 7 days was expressed as a time series, with each day’s training being described by 10 features. These features were a combination of objective data from a global positioning system watch (eg, duration, distance), together with subjective data about the exertion and success of the training. Second, a training week was summarized by 22 aggregate features, and a time window of 3 weeks before the injury was considered. Results: A predictive system based on bagged XGBoost machine-learning models resulted in receiver operating characteristic curves with average areas under the curves of 0.724 and 0.678 for the day and week approaches, respectively. The results of the day approach especially reflect a reasonably high probability that our system makes correct injury predictions. Conclusions: Our machine-learning-based approach predicts a sizable portion of the injuries, in particular when the model is based on training-load data in the days preceding an injury. Overall, these results demonstrate the possible merits of using machine learning to predict injuries and tailor training programs for athletes.
Factors Associated With Skeletal Muscle Mass Increase by Rehabilitation in Older Adults With Vertebral Compression Fractures
Authors: Ogawa Takahiro , Sueyoshi Yuki , Taketomi Shintaro , Chijiiwa Nobumasa 
Published: April 2021

Age-related sarcopenia and osteoporosis-related fractures are critical health issues. Therefore, this study aimed to assess skeletal muscle mass changes in older patients with vertebral compression fractures undergoing rehabilitation and to evaluate factors associated with muscle increases. This study included 179 patients aged ≥80 years in rehabilitation wards with vertebral compression fractures. Appendicular skeletal muscle index was significantly higher at discharge (5.22 ± 1.04 kg/m2, p < .001) than on admission (5.03 ± 1.00 kg/m2). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that length of hospital stay was significantly associated with increased skeletal muscle index (odds ratios, 1.020; 95% confidence intervals [1.000, 1.032]), whereas age, sex, body mass index, functional independence measure, protein intake, and exercise therapy duration were not. Participants with vertebral compression fractures aged ≥80 years achieved significantly increased skeletal muscle mass in rehabilitation wards. In addition, length of hospital stay was the factor independently associated with increased skeletal muscle index.
Intimate partner violence against women and child maltreatment in a Brazilian birth cohort study: co-occurrence and shared risk factors
Authors: Buffarini Romina , Coll Carolina V N , Moffitt Terrie , Freitas da Silveira Mariângela , Barros Fernando , Murray Joseph 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundIntimate partner violence (IPV) against women and child maltreatment (CM) are major public health problems and human rights issues and may have shared causes. However, their overlap is understudied. We investigated the prevalence of IPV and CM, their co-occurrence in households and possible shared risk factors, in the general population of a Brazilian urban setting.MethodsProspective population-based birth cohort, including over 3500 mother–child dyads with maternal reports on both IPV and CM when children were 4 years old. Eleven neighbourhood, family and parental risk factors were measured between birth and age 4 years. Bivariate and multivariate Poisson regression models with robust variance were used to test which potential risk factors were associated with IPV, CM and their co-occurrence.ResultsThe prevalence of any IPV and CM were 22.8% and 10.9%, respectively; the co-occurrence of both types of violence was 5%. Multivariate analyses showed that the overlap of IPV and CM was strongly associated with neighbourhood violence, absence of the child’s biological father, paternal antisocial behaviour in general and a mother–partner relationship characterised by high levels of criticism, maternal depression and younger maternal age. A concentration of many risk factors among 10% of the population was associated with a sixfold increase in risk for overlapping IPV and CM compared with households with no risk factors.ConclusionIPV and CM share important risk factors in the family and neighbourhood environments and are particularly common in households with multiple social disadvantages and family difficulties. Integrated preventive interventions are needed.
Institutional mistrust and child vaccination coverage in Africa
Authors: Stoop Nik , Hirvonen Kalle , Maystadt Jean-Francois 
Published: April 2021

IntroductionDespite considerable improvements in vaccination coverage over the last decade, half of the world’s unvaccinated and undervaccinated children are located in Africa. The role of institutional trust in explaining vaccination gaps has been highlighted in several qualitative reports but so far has only been quantified in a small number of high-income countries.MethodsWe matched information on child vaccination status from the Demographic Health Surveys with information on institutional trust from the Afrobarometer surveys at the subnational level. A total of 166 953 children from 41 surveys administered in 22 African countries covering 216 subnational regions were used. Based on a principal component analysis, we constructed an institutional mistrust index that combined the level of mistrust in the head of state, parliament, electoral system, courts and local government. Associations between institutional mistrust and child vaccination uptake were assessed with multivariable fixed effects logistic regressions that controlled for time-invariant subnational region characteristics and various child, caregiver, household and community characteristics.ResultsA 1 SD increase in the institutional mistrust index was associated with a 10% (95% CI of ORs: 1.03 to 1.18) increase in the likelihood that a child had not received any of eight basic vaccines and with a 6% decrease in the likelihood a child had received all of the basic vaccines (95% CI: 0.92 to 0.97). Institutional mistrust was negatively associated with the likelihood that a child had received each of the eight basic vaccinations (p<0.05).ConclusionsChild vaccination rates in Africa are considerably lower in areas in which the local population displays high levels of mistrust towards local authorities. Institutional mistrust is an important dimension of vaccine hesitancy, considered as one of the most important threats to global health. Empowering local authorities with resources and communication strategies to address institutional mistrust may be needed to close the remaining vaccination gaps in Africa.
Urban–rural disparity in cancer incidence in China, 2008–2012: a cross-sectional analysis of data from 36 cancer registers
Authors: Yuan Shuai , Xie Shao-Hua 
Published: April 2021

ObjectiveThe substantial differences in socioeconomic and lifestyle exposures between urban and rural areas in China may lead to urban–rural disparity in cancer risk. This study aimed to assess the urban–rural disparity in cancer incidence in China.MethodsUsing data from 36 regional cancer registries in China in 2008–2012, we compared the age-standardised incidence rates of cancer by sex and anatomic site between rural and urban areas. We calculated the rate difference and rate ratio comparing rates in rural versus urban areas by sex and cancer type.ResultsThe incidence rate of all cancers in women was slightly lower in rural areas than in urban areas, but the total cancer rate in men was higher in rural areas than in urban areas. The incidence rates in women were higher in rural areas than in urban areas for cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, and liver and biliary passages, but lower for cancers of thyroid and breast. Men residing in rural areas had higher incidence rates for cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, and liver and biliary passages, but lower rates for prostate cancer, lip, oral cavity and pharynx cancer, and colorectal cancer.ConclusionsOur findings suggest substantial urban–rural disparity in cancer incidence in China, which varies across cancer types and the sexes. Cancer prevention strategies should be tailored for common cancers in rural and urban areas.
Expanded antigen-experienced CD160+CD8+effector T cells exhibit impaired effector functions in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Bozorgmehr Najmeh , Okoye Isobel , Oyegbami Olaide , Xu Lai , Fontaine Amelie , Cox-Kennett Nanette , Larratt Loree M , Hnatiuk Mark , Fagarasanu Andrei , Brandwein Joseph , Peters Anthea C , Elahi Shokrollah 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundT cell exhaustion compromises antitumor immunity, and a sustained elevation of co-inhibitory receptors is a hallmark of T cell exhaustion in solid tumors. Similarly, upregulation of co-inhibitory receptors has been reported in T cells in hematological cancers such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). However, the role of CD160, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein, as one of these co-inhibitory receptors has been contradictory in T cell function. Therefore, we decided to elucidate how CD160 expression and/or co-expression with other co-inhibitory receptors influence T cell effector functions in patients with CLL.MethodsWe studied 56 patients with CLL and 25 age-matched and sex-matched healthy controls in this study. The expression of different co-inhibitory receptors was analyzed in T cells obtained from the peripheral blood or the bone marrow. Also, we quantified the properties of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the plasma of patients with CLL versus healthy controls. Finally, we measured 29 different cytokines, chemokines or other biomarkers in the plasma specimens of patients with CLL and healthy controls.ResultsWe found that CD160 was the most upregulated co-inhibitory receptor in patients with CLL. Its expression was associated with an exhausted T cell phenotype. CD160+CD8+T cells were highly antigen-experienced/effector T cells, while CD160+CD4+T cells were more heterogeneous. In particular, we identified EVs as a source of CD160 in the plasma of patients with CLL that can be taken up by T cells. Moreover, we observed a dominantly proinflammatory cytokine profile in the plasma of patients with CLL. In particular, interleukin-16 (IL-16) was highly elevated and correlated with the advanced clinical stage (Rai). Furthermore, we observed that the incubation of T cells with IL-16 results in the upregulation of CD160.ConclusionsOur study provides a novel insight into the influence of CD160 expression/co-expression with other co-inhibitory receptors in T cell effector functions in patients with CLL. Besides, IL-16-mediated upregulation of CD160 expression in T cells highlights the importance of IL-16/CD160 as potential immunotherapy targets in patients with CLL. Therefore, our findings propose a significant role for CD160 in T cell exhaustion in patients with CLL.
Prognostic significance of myeloid immune cells and their spatial distribution in the colorectal cancer microenvironment
Authors: Väyrynen Juha P , Haruki Koichiro , Väyrynen Sara A , Lau Mai Chan , Dias Costa Andressa , Borowsky Jennifer , Zhao Melissa , Ugai Tomotaka , Kishikawa Junko , Akimoto Naohiko , Zhong Rong , Shi Shanshan , Chang Tzuu-Wang , Fujiyoshi Kenji , Arima Kota , Twombly Tyler S , Da Silva Annacarolina , Song Mingyang , Wu Kana , Zhang Xuehong , Chan Andrew T , Nishihara Reiko , Fuchs Charles S , Meyerhardt Jeffrey A , Giannakis Marios , Ogino Shuji , Nowak Jonathan A 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundMyeloid cells represent an abundant yet heterogeneous cell population in the colorectal cancer microenvironment, and their roles remain poorly understood.MethodsWe used multiplexed immunofluorescence combined with digital image analysis to identify CD14+monocytic and CD15+granulocytic cells and to evaluate their maturity (HLA-DR and CD33), immunosuppressive potential (ARG1) and proximity to cytokeratin (KRT)-positive tumor cells in 913 colorectal carcinomas. Using covariate data of 4465 incident colorectal cancers in two prospective cohort studies, the inverse probability weighting method was used with multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models to assess cancer-specific mortality according to ordinal quartiles (Q1–Q4) of myeloid cell densities. Immune cell–tumor cell proximity was measured with the nearest neighbor method and the G-cross function, which determines the likelihood of any tumor cell having at least one immune cell of the specified type within a certain radius.ResultsHigher intraepithelial (Ptrend=0.0002; HR for Q4 (vs Q1), 0.48, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.76) and stromal (Ptrend<0.0001; HR for Q4 (vs Q1), 0.42, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.63) densities of CD14+HLA-DR+cells were associated with lower colorectal cancer-specific mortality while, conversely, higher intraepithelial densities of CD14+HLA-DR−cells were associated with higher colorectal cancer-specific mortality (Ptrend=0.0003; HR for Q4 (vs Q1), 1.78, 95% CI 1.25 to 2.55). Spatial analyses indicated that CD15+cells were located closer to tumor cells than CD14+cells, and CD14+HLA-DR+cells were closer to tumor than CD14+HLA-DR−cells (p<0.0001). The G-cross proximity measurement, evaluating the difference in the likelihood of any tumor cell being colocated with at least one CD14+HLA-DR+cell versus CD14+HLA-DR−cell within a 20 µm radius, was associated with lower colorectal cancer-specific mortality (Ptrend<0.0001; HR for Q4 (vs Q1), 0.37, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.57).ConclusionsMyeloid cell populations occur in spatially distinct distributions and exhibit divergent, subset-specific prognostic significance in colorectal cancer, with mature CD14+HLA-DR+and immature CD14+HLA-DR−monocytic phenotypes most notably showing opposite associations. These results highlight the prognostic utility of multimarker evaluation of myeloid cell infiltrates and reveal a previously unrecognized degree of spatial organization for myeloid cells in the immune microenvironment.
National Health Service (NHS) trust boards adopt statistical process control reporting: the impact of the Making Data Count Training Programme
Authors: Riley Samantha , Burhouse Anna , Nicholas Thomas 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundRed, amber, green (RAG) reports persist as the tool most commonly used by NHS trust boards to understand performance and gain assurance, despite statistical process control (SPC) being a more reliable way of presenting data over time. The aim of this study is to report board members’ feedback on an educational intervention focusing on the use of SPC in NHS trust performance reports, review the presence of SPC charts in performance reports and explore board members’ experience of behavioural changes in their board or fellow board members following the intervention.MethodsA 90-minute board training session in the use of SPC—Making Data Count—was delivered to 61 NHS trust boards between November 2017 and July 2019. This paper describes the approach taken with boards to enable them to understand the limitations of RAG reports and the benefits of using SPC and analyses the extent to which the Making Data Count training has led to boards adopting SPC. The paper provides quantitative analysis of the increase in SPC use across the 61 participating boards, summaries from the board evaluation forms and qualitative reflections of seven senior leaders from four boards who consented to participate in post-training interviews with an independent evaluator.ResultsDuring the period covered by this study, 583 participants of board training provided feedback. 99% of respondents agreed that the training session was a good use of their time. 97% of respondents agreed that participating in the event would enhance their ability to make good decisions. A review of the presence of SPC charts in the board papers of the 61 trusts prior to the board training revealed that 72% contained 0–5 SPC charts. A review of the same trusts’ papers 6–12 months after the training revealed a significant increase in the presence of SPC with 85% of reports containing a minimum of six charts.ConclusionThe Making Data Count education intervention has increased the use of SPC in board reports and has had some self-reported impact on individual and collective behavioural changes by board members, including reducing the amount of time wasted by boards discussing insignificant changes in data and providing a clearer focus on those issues requiring board attention. Further research is required to see if this immediate impact is sustained over time and to identify the key enablers and barriers to organisational adoption of SPC by boards in the NHS.
Physical Properties of Gas Hydrate-Bearing Pressure Core Sediments in the South China Sea
Authors: Wei Jiangong , Wu Tingting , Feng Xiuli , Liang Jinqiang , Li Wenjing , Xie Rui , Wu Gang 
Published: April 2021

Gas hydrates are a potential future energy resource and are widely distributed in marine sediments and permafrost areas. The physical properties and mechanical behavior of gas hydrate-bearing sediments are of great significance to seafloor stability and platform safety. In 2013, a large number of pressure cores were recovered during China’s second gas hydrate drilling expedition in the South China Sea. In this study, we determined the gas hydrate distribution, saturation, physical properties, and mechanical behavior of the gas hydrate-bearing sediments by conducting Multi-Sensor Core Logger measurements and triaxial and permeability tests. Disseminated gas hydrates, gas hydrate veins, and gas hydrate slabs were observed in the sediments. The gas hydrate distribution and saturation are spatially heterogeneous, with gas hydrate saturations of 0%–55.3%. The peak deviatoric stress of the gas hydrate-bearing sediments is 0.14–1.62 MPa under a 0.15–2.3 MPa effective confining stress. The permeability is 0.006–

0.095
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, and it decreases with increasing gas hydrate saturation and burial depth.