bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disturbance reshapes the productivity–diversity relationship
Authors: Ónodi Gábor , Kröel‐Dulay György , Botta‐Dukát Zoltán , Kertész Miklós 
Published: May 2021

AbstractQuestionWe evaluated the effect of disturbance on the productivity–diversity relationship in a long‐term monitoring study. We asked whether the same productivity–diversity relationship applies to 12 years of pre‐fire (undisturbed) conditions and to eight years of post‐fire succession studied in the same plots.LocationBugac, Kiskunság, Central Hungary.MethodsWe studied 20 permanent plots for 20 years in grassland patches of a forest–steppe vegetation complex, 12 years before (2000–2011), and eight years after (2012–2019) a severe wildfire. The cover values of each vascular plant species were visually estimated each year. We used total cover as a proxy for productivity and species richness as a measure of diversity. We assessed changes in the productivity–diversity relationship before and after the disturbance event. Temporal changes of the pre‐fire and post‐fire relationship were analysed separately by generalized estimation equations in the R environment.ResultsIn the pre‐fire period, we found a positive linear productivity–diversity relationship, and no time effect. However, in the post‐fire period, we found a unimodal relationship, which changed gradually from year to year. The disturbance event moved the vegetation out of a stable state, increased the range of both productivity and diversity, and resulted in a decreasing linear component of the relationship after the fire. Our results provide a striking example of the influence of succession on the shape of the productivity–diversity relationship.ConclusionsDisturbance may create considerable and long‐lasting changes in the productivity–diversity relationship of formerly stable communities. The changing shape of the productivity–diversity relationship over time after disturbance suggests that the evaluation of broad‐scale productivity–diversity relationships should control for disturbance history.
Sergii Bulgakov’s Linguistic Trinity*
Authors: Heath Joshua 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAs the work of Sergii Bulgakov has become more widely available in English, his Trinitarian theology has become a subject of particular interest. This article analyses his less well‐known works on the Trinity from the 1920s, arguing that the understanding of Trinitarian doctrine developed there is inseparable from Bulgakov’s analyses of language and consciousness. By analysing Bulgakov’s approach to the Trinity via language, this article will draw particular attention to his negotiation of the notion of divine transcendence. We will see that Bulgakov’s writings on the Trinity display, contrary to received opinion, a deep apophatic tendency, or recognition of divine transcendence. But we will also see that his more thoroughly linguistic approach to the Trinity, in which divine transcendence flows from what it means for God to be Love, contradicts his explicit discussion of divine transcendence elsewhere as a transcendence of the Father alone.
Knockout of a highly GC‐rich gene in Burkholderia pyrrocinia by recombineering with freeze‐thawing transformation
Authors: Chen Feifei , Ye Jianren , Liu Wanhui , Chio Chonlong , Wang Wendy , Qin Wensheng 
Published: May 2021

AbstractGenetic transformation is a valuable and essential method that provides powerful insights into the gene function of microorganisms and contributes to the construction of engineered bacteria. Here, we developed a novel genetic transformation system to easily knock out a highly GC‐rich gene (74.71% GC) from Burkholderia pyrrocinia JK‐SH007, a biocontrol strain of poplar canker disease. This system revealed a reliable selectable marker (trimethoprim resistance gene, Tmp) and a simplified, efficient transformation method (6,363.64 CFU/μg, pHKT2) that was developed via freeze‐thawing. The knockout recombineering of B. pyrrocinia JK‐SH007 was achieved through a suicide plasmid with a three‐fragment mutagenesis construct. The three‐fragment cassette for mutagenesis was generated by overlap extension and touchdown PCRs and composed of Tmp flanked by GC‐rich upstream and downstream fragments from B. pyrrocinia JK‐SH007. The mutant strain (ΔBpEG), which was verified by PCR, lost 93.3% of its ability to degrade carboxymethyl cellulose over 40 days. Overall, this system may contribute to future research on B. pyrrocinia traits.
Mechanism of validamycin A inhibiting DON biosynthesis and synergizing with DMI fungicides against Fusarium graminearum
Authors: Bian Chuanhong , Duan Yabing , Xiu Qian , Wang Jueyu , Tao Xian , Zhou Mingguo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDeoxynivalenol (DON) is a vital virulence factor of Fusarium graminearum, which causes Fusarium head blight (FHB). We recently found that validamycin A (VMA), an aminoglycoside antibiotic, can be used to control FHB and inhibit DON contamination, but its molecular mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we found that both neutral and acid trehalase (FgNTH and FgATH) are the targets of VMA in F. graminearum, and the deficiency of FgNTH and FgATH reduces the sensitivity to VMA by 2.12‐ and 1.79‐fold, respectively, indicating that FgNTH is the main target of VMA. We found FgNTH is responsible for vegetative growth, FgATH is critical to sexual reproduction, and both of them play an important role in conidiation and virulence in F. graminearum. We found that FgNTH resided in the cytoplasm, affected the localization of FgATH, and positively regulated DON biosynthesis; however, FgATH resided in vacuole and negatively regulated DON biosynthesis. FgNTH interacted with FgPK (pyruvate kinase), a key enzyme in glycolysis, and the interaction was reduced by VMA; the deficiency of FgNTH affected the localization of FgPK under DON induction condition. Strains with a deficiency of FgNTH were more sensitive to demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides. FgNTH regulated the expression level of FgCYP51A and FgCYP51B by interacting with FgCYP51B. Taken together, VMA inhibits DON biosynthesis by targeting FgNTH and reducing the interaction between FgNTH and FgPK, and synergizes with DMI fungicides against F. graminearum by decreasing FgCYP51A and FgCYP51B expression.
Mobilization in the evening to prevent delirium: A pilot randomized trial
Authors: Nydahl Peter , McWilliams David , Weiler Norbert , Borzikowsky Christoph , Howroyd Fiona , Brobeil Angelika , Lindner Matthias , von Haken Rebecca 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundDelirium is a common complication in patients in Intensive Care Units (ICU). Interventions such as mobilization are effective in the prevention and treatment of delirium, although this is usually completed during the daytime.AimThe aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of mobilization in the evening to prevent and treat ICU patients from delirium by an additional mobility team over 2 weeks.MethodsThe design was a pilot, multi‐centre, randomized, controlled trial in four mixed ICUs over a period of 2 weeks. The mobility team consisted of trained nurses and physiotherapists. Patients in the intervention group were mobilized onto the edge of the bed or more between 21.00 and 23.00. Patients in the control group received usual care. The primary outcome parameter was the feasibility of the study, measured as recruitment rate, delivery rate, and safety. Secondary outcomes were duration and incidence of delirium, mortality, duration of mechanical ventilation (MV), and hospital length of stay for 28 days follow‐up, and power calculation for a full trial.ResultsOut of 185 patients present in the ICUs, 28.6% (n = 53) were eligible and could be recruited, of which 24.9% (n = 46, Intervention = 26, Control = 20) were included in the final analysis. In the intervention group, mobilization could be delivered in 75% (n = 54) of 72 possible occasions; mobilization‐related safety events appeared in 16.7% (n = 9) without serious consequences. Secondary parameters were similar, with less delirium in the intervention group albeit not significant. With an association of Cramer's V = 0.237, a complete study reaching statistical significance would require at least 140 patients, last 6 weeks, and cost >30 000 €.ConclusionsIn a mixed ICU population, mobilization in the evening was feasible in one‐quarter of patients with a low rate of safety events. Future trials seem to be feasible and worth conducting.
Rising trend in p​ediatric eosinophilic esophagitis incidence in Spain: Results of a prospective study 2014–16
Authors: La Orden Izquierdo Enrique , Mahillo‐Fernández Ignacio , Fernández Fernández Sonia , Barrio Torres Josefa , Román Riechmann Enriqueta , Gutiérrez Junquera Carolina ,   Working group on Eosinophilic esophagitis of the “Gastrosuroeste group” in Madrid
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe rate of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) diagnosis is increasing. This study aims to determine the incidence of EoE in the pediatric population residing in the southwestern Madrid and to analyze whether absolute monthly pollen counts, modified or not by the principal atmospheric pollutants, are associated with it.MethodsA cross‐sectional study on prospectively recruited patients was designed to calculate the incidence of EoE in children aged under 15 years who were diagnosed between September 2014 and August 2016 in twelve hospitals.We collected demographic and symptoms data, date of onset of symptoms, date of medical consultation, and date of endoscopic diagnosis of each included patient. Relative risk estimation was performed to assess the association between the incidence of diagnosis and monthly pollen counts and levels of atmospheric pollutants. All these models were adjusted for the number of total patients that underwent endoscopy at first time.ResultsOne hundred forty‐eight patients were included. The most frequent symptoms were abdominal pain [42.57%], dysphagia [42.57%], and impaction [39%–86%]. The median overall monthly incidence was 1.13 [interquartile rank: 0.97–1.43] cases/100,000 children, and the annual mean was 15.2. The overall analysis of the relationship between incidence and absolute monthly counts, corrected for the number of first‐time endoscopies performed, revealed no statistically significant association with pollen and air pollutants. There was a higher frequency of diagnosis during the pollination period of Cupressaceae [relative risk 1.647; 95% CI (1.192–2.276) p < .002] and during February and November (relative risk 1.67; p < .01).ConclusionsThis study confirms the high incidence of eosinophilic esophagitis and also suggests a period of higher incidence of diagnosis in the months of February and November as well as in the period of high pollination of Cupressaceae.
Empirical distributions of homoplasy in morphological data
Authors: Murphy Jodie L. , Puttick Mark N. , O'Reilly Joseph E. , Pisani Davide , Donoghue Philip C. J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCladistic datasets of morphological characters are comprised of observations that exhibit varying degrees of consistency with underlying phylogenetic hypotheses, reflecting the acquisition and retention of character states (highly consistent characters), or the convergent evolution and loss of character states (less consistent characters). The consistency between phylogenetic history and individual character histories has a bearing both on the evolutionary process and on the relative ease with which phylogenetic history may be inferred from morphological data. We surveyed 486 tetrapod morphological cladistic datasets to establish an empirical distribution of consistency among characters and datasets. Average dataset size has increased in the number of characters and taxa through time. The Consistency Index measure of homoplasy decreases as more characters are added but the most significant decreases result from the addition of taxa. Retention Index and Homoplasy Excess Ratio remain relatively constant with changes in taxa and character number. Our sampling of larger datasets confirms that the positive relationship between dataset size and homoplasy is primarily caused by an increase in taxa, not an increase in characters. Genealogies of cladistic data matrices for early vertebrates, scalidophorans and crocodilians, which have been modified in succession, show a trend of generally consistent quality through research time. Thus, we find no support for the widely shared conjecture that in the search for phylogenetic resolution, high quality phylogenetic characters are quickly exhausted, with subsequent research leading to the inclusion of potentially misleading characters exhibiting high levels of homoplasy.
Antitumor necrosis factor alpha and an epidural abscess during a spinal cord stimulator trial: A case report
Authors: Frazier Andrew , Orr Walter N. , Braun Edward 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSpinal cord stimulation (SCS) is commonly utilized for treatment and management of chronic intractable low back and lower extremity pain. Although SCS is an overall low‐risk procedure, there are potential life‐threatening complications, including surgical site infections, such as an epidural abscess. Immunosuppression, a risk factor for epidural abscess, is becoming more common as an increasing number of patients are being treated with biologics for a multitude of autoimmune disorders. One class of commonly utilized biologics is antitumor necrosis factor (anti‐TNF) alpha. Whereas these drugs can provide tremendous benefit for treatment and management of autoimmune disorders, there is no clear understanding of the degree to which these medications increase a patient’s risk for surgical site infection, including those associated with SCS‐related procedures. We present a case of an epidural abscess that developed immediately following an SCS trial in a patient with multiple undisclosed risk factors, including the use of an anti‐TNF alpha agent to treat ankylosing spondylitis. For an epidural abscess, early diagnosis is key to preventing devastating complications and the need for surgical intervention. Immunosuppression can be the result of multiple issues including cancer, HIV, and biologic agents, such as anti‐TNF alpha for the management of autoimmune diseases. There is limited evidence pertaining to the development of epidural abscesses in patients on anti‐TNF alpha medications who undergo SCS. Studies focused on infections in patients undergoing SCS trials and permanent implants while on anti‐TNF alpha agents could provide recommendations and guidance.
Molecular dissection of maize seedling salt tolerance using a genome‐wide association analysis method
Authors: Luo Meijie , Zhang Yunxia , Li Jingna , Zhang Panpan , Chen Kuan , Song Wei , Wang Xiaqing , Yang Jinxiao , Lu Xiaoduo , Lu Baishan , Zhao Yanxin , Zhao Jiuran 
Published: May 2021

SummarySalt stress is a major devastating abiotic factor that affects the yield and quality of maize. However, knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of the responses to salt stress in maize is limited. To elucidate the genetic basis of salt tolerance traits, a genome‐wide association study was performed on 348 maize inbred lines under normal and salt stress conditions using 557 894 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The phenotypic data for 27 traits revealed coefficients of variation of >25%. In total, 149 significant SNPs explaining 6.6%–11.2% of the phenotypic variation for each SNP were identified. Of the 104 identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs), 83 were related to salt tolerance and 21 to normal traits. Additionally, 13 QTLs were associated with two to five traits. Eleven and six QTLs controlling salt tolerance traits and normal root growth, respectively, co‐localized with QTL intervals reported previously. Based on functional annotations, 13 candidate genes were predicted. Expression levels analysis of 12 candidate genes revealed that they were all responsive to salt stress. The CRISPR/Cas9 technology targeting three sites was applied in maize, and its editing efficiency reached 70%. By comparing the biomass of three CRISPR/Cas9 mutants of ZmCLCg and one zmpmp3 EMS mutant with their wild‐type plants under salt stress, the salt tolerance function of candidate genes ZmCLCg and ZmPMP3 were confirmed. Chloride content analysis revealed that ZmCLCg regulated chloride transport under sodium chloride stress. These results help to explain genetic variations in salt tolerance and provide novel loci for generating salt‐tolerant maize lines.
Volar location and degree of pigmentation are associated with poor survival and first metastasis pattern in acral melanoma
Authors: Ryu Geon Wook , Choi Yoo Duk , Jin Suna , Chung Ik‐Joo , Shin Min‐Ho , Yun Sook Jung 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe risk factors affecting acral melanoma metastasis and prognosis remain unclear. The study included 168 patients with invasive acral melanoma who were followed for ≥3 years. We evaluated patient demographics, stages, clinicopathological features, anatomic site of melanoma including nail versus volar surface, and degree of melanoma pigmentations, sentinel lymph node biopsy results, and the first metastasis sites. Of the 168 patients (mean age 64.5 years; 52.4% male), 43 (25.6%) had invasive melanoma without metastasis, 113 (67.3%) had invasive melanoma with a first lymph node metastasis, and 12 (7.1%) had invasive melanoma with invasive melanoma with a first distant metastasis. Advanced T stage, high mitotic rate, ulceration, and the degree of pigmentation were significant risk factors for metastasis. Amelanotic and mild pigmentation of acral melanoma was associated with first distant metastasis, whereas heavy pigmentation was associated with first lymph node metastasis. Advanced TNM stages, high mitotic rate, volar location (hazard ratio = 2.24, 95% confidence interval 1.18–4.26), and low‐pigmentation (hazard ratio = 2.02, 95% confidence interval 1.17–3.49) were associated with melanoma‐specific mortality.
The nesting problem of two‐dimensional semantics
Authors: Xu Zhaoqing 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTwo‐dimensional semantics is probably the most significant development in contemporary philosophy of language. Among its various versions, it is Chalmers's epistemic two‐dimensionalism that received most widely discussions and most severe criticisms. Here I consider one such criticism, namely, “the nesting problem,” which concerns the interaction between modality and apriority. I propose a solution to the problem and defend it through comparison with other approaches in the literature, as well as rebut with some potential objections. It turns out that my solution not only handles the interaction between modality and apriority naturally but also avoids many difficulties of other approaches.
Facing the enemy: Spontaneous facial reactions towards suffering opponents
Authors: Mitschke Vanessa , Eder Andreas B. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe suffering of an opponent is an important social affective cue that modulates how aggressive interactions progress. To investigate the affective consequences of opponent suffering on a revenge seeking individual, two experiments (total N = 82) recorded facial muscle activity while participants observed the reaction of a provoking opponent to a (retaliatory) sound punishment in a laboratory aggression task. Opponents reacted via prerecorded videos either with facial displays of pain, sadness, or neutrality. Results indicate that participants enjoyed seeing the provocateur suffer: indexed by a coordinated muscle response featuring an increase in zygomaticus major (and orbicularis oculi muscle) activation accompanied by a decrease in corrugator supercilii activation. This positive facial reaction was only shown while a provoking opponent expressed pain. Expressions of sadness, and administration of sound blasts to nonprovoking opponents, did not modulate facial activity. Overall, the results suggest that revenge‐seeking individuals enjoy observing the offender suffer, which could represent schadenfreude or satisfaction of having succeeded in the retaliation goal.
HLA‐DPB1 allele frequencies in the West Midlands region of the United Kingdom: A critical evaluation against the common, intermediate and well‐documented allele catalogues CWD 2.0.0, EFI CWD and CIWD 3.0.0
Authors: Lemin Andrew James , Foster Luke 
Published: May 2021

The Birmingham H&I laboratory performed HLA typing on 456 potential deceased solid organ donors in the UK between 2014 and 2016. Accurate DPB1 typing is essential for determining HLA compatibility in transplantation, thus we report HLA‐DPB1 for potential deceased solid organ donors. To correctly interpret HLA typing data, laboratories must understand both international and local HLA allele frequencies. In this analysis, we determined HLA‐DPB1 allele and genotype frequencies for these 456 donors. HLA‐DPB1 diversity was evaluated against the common and well‐documented (CWD) alleles 2.0.0 catalogue, the European Federation for Immunogenetics (EFI) CWD catalogue and the common, intermediate and well‐documented (CIWD) 3.0.0 catalogue. Additionally, we determined which alleles are common in our local deceased donor population. We observed 27 HLA‐DPB1 alleles with DPB1*04:01 being the most frequently observed (allele frequency = 0.4342). All alleles detected locally were present in CIWD 3.0.0, however, DPB1*124:01 and *135:01 were not present in CWD 2.0.0 and DPB1*104:01 and *135:01 were not present in EFI CWD. Twenty of 27 DPB1 alleles identified were defined as locally common and also listed as common in CIWD 3.0.0 representing 62.5% of common alleles in the subset of CIWD 3.0.0 from individuals of a European geographic, ancestral or ethnic background. The alleles HLA‐DPB1*16:01 and *20:01 are locally common but not listed as common in EFI CWD and DPB1*104:01 is not listed as common in CWD 2.0.0 catalogue. Our analysis showed that the detected alleles and locally common alleles within our population were aligned with the CIWD 3.0.0 catalogue.
Effects of prophylactic and therapeutic antimicrobial uses in small‐scale chicken flocks
Authors: Van Cuong Nguyen , Kiet Bach Tuan , Phu Doan Hoang , Van Nguyen Thi Bich , Hien Vo Be , Thwaites Guy , Carrique‐Mas Juan , Choisy Marc 
Published: May 2021

SummaryAntimicrobials are extensively used both prophylactically and therapeutically in poultry production. Despite this, there are little data on the effect of antimicrobial use (AMU) on disease incidence rate and per cent mortality. We investigated the relationships between AMU and disease and between AMU and mortality using data from a large (n = 322 flocks) cohort of small‐scale chicken flocks in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, that were followed longitudinally from day old to slaughter (5,566 observation weeks). We developed a parameterized algorithm to emulate a randomized control trial from observational data by categorizing the observation weeks into ‘non‐AMU’, ‘prophylactic AMU’ and ‘therapeutic AMU’. To evaluate the prophylactic AMU effect, we compared the frequencies of clinical signs in ‘non‐AMU’ and ‘prophylactic AMU’ periods. To analyse therapeutic AMU, we compared weekly per cent mortality between the weeks of disease episodes before and after AMU. Analyses were stratified by clinical signs (4) and antimicrobial classes (13). Prophylactic AMU never reduced the probability of disease, and some antimicrobial classes such as lincosamides, amphenicols and penicillins increased the risk. The risk of diarrhoea consistently increased with prophylactic AMU. Therapeutic AMU often had an effect on mortality, but the pattern was inconsistent across the combinations of antimicrobial classes and clinical signs with 14/29 decreasing and 11/29 increasing the per cent weekly mortality. Lincosamides, methenamines and cephalosporins were the only three antimicrobial classes that always decreased the mortality when used therapeutically. Results were robust respective to the parameters values of the weeks categorization algorithm. This information should help support policy efforts and interventions aiming at reducing AMU in animal production.