bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrical injury and burns and their management
Authors: Sainsbury David C.G. , Fish Joel 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Though responsible for just 4% of burn centre admissions, electrical injuries present in a myriad of ways. From small, innocuous, partial-thickness injuries on the fingertip, to a high-voltage injury requiring amputation and complex reconstruction, the burn surgeon must be equipped with the knowledge and skill to deal with such varying injuries. This chapter describes the epidemiology of electrical injury and the pathophysiology of electrical current passing through the patient. The management of high- and low-voltage wounds is described, as is the treatment of the systemic effects of the electrical injury.
A Standardized Method for Estimating the Carbon Footprint of Disposable Minimally Invasive Surgical Devices
Authors: Misrai Vincent , Rijo Enrique , Cottenceau Jean-Baptiste , Zorn Kevin C. , Enikeev Dmitry , Elterman Dean , Bhojani Naeem , De La Taille Alexandre , Herrmann Thomas R. W. , Robert Gregoire , Pradere Benjamin 
Published: September 2021

Objective:
To propose a standardized methodology for estimating the embodied carbon footprint (CF) of disposable minimally-invasive surgical devices (MISDs) and their application in new benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) MISDs.

Summary of Background Data:
The estimation of the CO2e emissions of disposable surgical devices is central to empowering the healthcare supply chain.

Methods:
The proposed methodology relied on a partial product lifecycle assessment and was restricted to a specific part of scope 3, which comprised the manufacturing of surgical device- and non–device-associated products (NDAPs), including packaging and user manual. The process-sum inventory method was used, which involves collecting data on all the component processes underpinning disposable MISDs. The seven latest disposable MISDs used worldwide for transurethral prostatic surgery were dismantled, and each piece was categorized, sorted into the appropriate raw material group, and weighed. The CF was estimated according to the following formula: activity data (weight of raw material) × emission factors of the corresponding raw material (kg CO2e/kg).

Results:
The total weights of disposable packaging and user manuals ranged from 0.062 to 1.013 kg. Plastic was the most common and least emissive raw material (2.38 kg CO2e/kg) identified. The estimated embodied CF of MISDs ranged from 0.07 to 3.3 kg CO2e, of which 9% to 86% was attributed to NDAPs.

Conclusions:
This study described a simple and independent calculation method for estimating the embodied CF of MISDs. Using this method, our results showed a wide discrepancy in the estimated CO2 emissions of the most recent disposable MISDs for transurethral BPH surgery. Thus, the lack of CF information should be of major concern in the development of future MISDs.
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ISC 17536, an oral inhibitor of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1, in patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: impact of preserved small nerve fiber function
Authors: Jain Sunil M. , Balamurugan Ramanathan , Tandon Monika , Mozaffarian Neelufar , Gudi Girish , Salhi Yacine , Holland Robert , Freeman Roy , Baron Ralf 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Patients with chronic pain syndromes, such as those with painful peripheral neuropathy due to diabetes mellitus, have limited treatment options and suffer ongoing attrition of their quality of life. Safer and more effective treatment options are needed. One therapeutic approach encompasses phenotypic characterization of the neuropathic pain subtype, combined with the selection of agents that act on relevant mechanisms. ISC 17536 is a novel, orally available inhibitor of the widely expressed pain receptor, transient receptor potential ankyrin 1, which mediates nociceptive signaling in peripheral small nerve fibers. In this randomized, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept trial, we assessed the safety and efficacy of 28-day administration of ISC 17536 in 138 patients with chronic, painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy and used quantitative sensory testing to characterize the baseline phenotype of patients. The primary end point was the change from baseline to end of treatment in the mean 24-hour average pain intensity score based on an 11-point pain intensity numeric rating scale. The study did not meet the primary end point in the overall patient population. However, statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvement in pain were seen with ISC 17536 in an exploratory hypothesis-generating subpopulation of patients with preserved small nerve fiber function defined by quantitative sensory testing. These results may provide a mechanistic basis for targeted therapy in specific pain phenotypes in line with current approaches of “precision medicine” or personalized pain therapeutics. The hypothesis is planned to be tested in a larger phase 2 study.
Collagenous colitis: a rare cause of chronic diarrhea
Authors: Wu Ping-Ju , Lin Chien-Chieh , Wang Jiunn-Wei 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Introduction:
Collagenous colitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the colon with a peak incidence in middle-aged adults. It is characterized by chronic diarrhea and pain from abdominal cramping, with near normal mucosa morphology under gross colonic examination by colonoscopy. Currently, the pathogenesis remains unclear but there is speculation of an association with abnormal collagen metabolism, contributing to prominent sub-epithelial matrix deposition.

Patient concerns:
A 51-year-old male patient without any underlying disease presented after experiencing watery light brown diarrhea 4–5 times per day for the past 2 months.

Diagnosis:
The diagnosis of collagenous colitis was confirmed by the pathological examination of the second colonic biopsy, which reported positive Masson's trichrome staining.

Intervention:
The patient was initially diagnosed with unspecified functional bowel disorder, but showed no clinical improvement after treatment with oral medication. Mesalamine therapy was administered after collagenous colitis was diagnosed by follow-up colonoscopy.

Outcome:
Normal bowel movement was restored in the patient after 2 weeks of mesalamine therapy.

Conclusion:
Collagenous colitis is a rare etiology of chronic diarrhea, which can only be diagnosed by pathology of colonic mucosa. Consequently, repeat colonoscopy with multiple stepwise random colonic biopsies at suspicious lesion sites or even normal-appearing mucosa should be considered in refractory chronic diarrhea patients without established diagnoses.
Lab-on-a-chip multiplexed electrochemical sensor enables simultaneous detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and host antibodies
Authors: Najjar Devora , Rainbow Joshua , Timilsina Sanjay Sharma , Jolly Pawan , de Puig Helena , Yafia Mohamed , Durr Nolan , Sallum Hani , Alter Galit , Li Jonathan Z. , Yu Xu G. , Walt David R. , Paradiso Joseph A. , Estrela Pedro , Collins James J. , Ingber Donald E. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe current COVID-19 pandemic highlights the continued need for rapid, accurate, and cost-effective point-of-care (POC) diagnostics that can accurately assess an individual’s infection and immunity status for SARS-CoV-2. As the virus continues to spread and vaccines become more widely available, detecting viral RNA and serological biomarkers can provide critical insights into the status of infectious, previously infectious, and vaccinated individuals over time. Here, we describe an integrated, low-cost, 3D printed, lab-on-a-chip device that extracts, concentrates, and amplifies viral RNA from unprocessed patient saliva and simultaneously detects RNA and multiple host anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies via multiplexed electrochemical (EC) outputs in two hours. The EC sensor platform enables single-molecule CRISPR/Cas-based molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA as well as serological detection of antibodies against the three immunodominant SARS-CoV-2 viral antigens. This study demonstrates that microfluidic EC sensors can enable multiplexed POC diagnostics that perform on par with traditional laboratory-based techniques, enabling cheaper and more widespread monitoring of infection and immunity over time.
COVID-19 mortality in children and young people in Mexico
Authors: Stern Dalia , de la Garza Eduardo Arias , García-Romero María Teresa , Lajous Martin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate COVID-19 and pre-pandemic low respiratory infection (LRI) mortality in children and young people in Mexico.Material and methodsWe estimated the percentage of total mortality attributable to COVID-19 (95% confidence intervals; 95%CI) and corresponding estimates for pre-pandemic LRI mortality.ResultsIn 2019, LRIs represented 8.6% (95%CI 8.3, 8.9) of deaths in children 0-9 years and 2.0% (95%CI 1.8, 2.3) in those aged 10-19 years. In 2020, corresponding estimates for COVID-19 were 4.4% (95%CI 4.1, 4.6) and 3.7% (95%CI 3.4, 4.1).ConclusionsRelative to LRI, COVID-19 may be exerting considerable mortality burden, particularly in older children and adolescents.
Iron deficiency in Women of Childbearing Age with Self-reported Oral Iron Gastrointestinal Intolerance and Management with an oral Iron-Whey-Protein Formulation
Authors: Gilmer JGF , Ryan Fiona , Seoighe Anna , Santos-Martinez Maria Jose , Ryan Cristin , Ledwidge Mark 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundIntolerance to oral iron is thought to result in poor adherence and persistence of nutritional deficit amongst women of childbearing age, however few studies have evaluated oral iron intolerance, iron deficiency and anaemia in this setting. Iron-whey protein microspheres (IWP) could help.MethodsWe documented self-reported oral iron gastrointestinal intolerance, ferritin and haemoglobin levels in a screening study of women of childbearing age. Following a washout period of 16 days, we randomised 59 of these women with iron deficiency, stratified according to the presence of anaemia, to three doses of IWP: (14mg daily, 25mg daily and 50mg daily). We excluded those with established gastrointestinal disease, potential allergy to whey protein and severe anaemia. The primary endpoint was persistence and adherence (>80% based on pill-counts). Secondary endpoints included changes in self-reported oral iron gastrointestinal intolerance, gastro-intestinal symptom rating scale (GSRS), serum iron, serum ferritin, transferrin saturation and haemoglobin levels.ResultsA total of 128 (62.7%) of the participants had low iron stores (ferritin < 30 µg/L), 65 (31.9%) had moderate to severe iron deficiency (ferritin <12 µg/L) and 33 (16.2%) had iron deficiency anaemia. Amongst 59 women who participated in the prospective study, 48 (81.4%) were classified as adherent/persistent with therapy using IWP compared to 12 (20.3%) taking the prior oral iron p<0.0001. These patients also showed significantly fewer reports of gastrointestinal intolerance with IWP (0.59 ± 0.91) and lower GSRS scores (6.2 ± 7.5) compared to the previous oral iron product (3.98 ± 2.22, and 15.6 ± 9.7 respectively, both P<0.0001). There were no differences in adherence, self-reported adverse GI effects and GSRS between the dose groups during the study. Serum iron levels increased across the whole cohort from 11.3 ± 7.4 μmol/L to 20.5± 11.0 μmol/L (P<0.0001), transferrin saturation levels increased from 18.4 ± 13.3 % to 33.6 ± 17.6 % (P<0.0001) and median ferritin levels overall increased from 8.00 [IQR 6.00;13.0] to 15.5 [IQR 9.00;24.2] µg/L at 12 weeks (P=0.0002). Haemoglobin levels increased from 11.36 g/dL (95%CI 10.95 to 11.77) to 12.40 g/dL (95%CI 12.03 to 12.76, P=0.0007) in patients with anaemia and were normalised in most patients taking 50mg IWP daily.ConclusionsLow iron, iron deficiency and anaemia are common in women of childbearing age with a history of intolerance to oral iron. Patients with low iron (ferritin < 30 µg/L) and moderate to severe iron deficiency (ferritin <12 µg/L) have similar impairment of energy. IWP can improve self-reported oral iron adherence and tolerability as well as iron stores, haemoglobin and tiredness in these women.
A transnational and transregional study of the impact and effectiveness of social distancing for COVID-19 mitigation
Authors: Rocha Filho Tarcísio M. , Moret Marcelo A. , Mendes José F. F. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe present an analysis of the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection rates and a social distancing metric from data for all the states and most populous cities in the United States and Brazil, all the 22 European Economic Community countries and the United Kingdom. We discuss why the infection rate, instead of the effective reproduction number or growth rate of cases, is a proper choice to perform this analysis when considering a wide span of time. We obtain a strong Spearman’s rank order correlation between the social distancing metric and the infection rate in each locality. We show that mask mandates increase the values of Spearman’s correlation in the United States, where a mandate was adopted. We also obtain an explicit numerical relation between the infection rate and the social distancing metric defined in the present work.
T1DMicro: A Clinical Risk Calculator for Type 1 Diabetes Related Microvascular Complications
Authors: Tran Paul Minh Huy , Kim Eileen , Tran Lynn Kim Hoang , Khaled bin Satter , Zhi Wenbo , Bai Shan , Hopkins Diane , Gardiner Melissa , Bryant Jennifer , Bernard Risa , Morgan John , Bode Bruce , Reed John Chip , She Jin-Xiong , Purohit Sharad 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDevelopment of complications in type-1 diabetes patients can be reduced by modifying risk factors. We used a cross-sectional cohort of 1646 patients diagnosed with type 1 diabetes (T1D) to develop a clinical risk score for diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), autonomic neuropathy (AN), retinopathy (DR), and nephropathy (DN). Of these patients, 199 (12.1%) had DPN, 63 (3.8%) had AN, 244 (14.9%) had DR, and 88 (5.4%) had DN. We selected five variables to include in each of the four microvascular complications risk models: age, age of T1D diagnosis, duration of T1D, and average systolic blood pressure and HbA1C over the last three clinic visits. These variables were selected for their strong evidence of association with diabetic complications in the literature and because they are modifiable risk factors. We found the optimism-corrected R2 and Harrell’s C statistic were 0.39 and 0.87 for DPN, 0.24 and 0.86 for AN, 0.49 and 0.91 for DR, and 0.22 and 0.83 for DN respectively.This tool (https://ptran25.shinyapps.io/Diabetic_Peripheral_Neuropathy_Risk) was built to help inform patients of their current risk of microvascular complications and to motivate patients to control their HbA1c and systolic blood pressure in order to reduce their risk of these complications.
Structure and ion-release mechanism of PIB-4-type ATPases
Authors: Grønberg Christina , Hu Qiaoxia , Mahato Dhani Ram , Longhin Elena , Salustros Nina , Duelli Annette , Eriksson Jonas , Rao Komal Umashankar , Henderson Domhnall Iain , Meloni Gabriele , Andersson Magnus , Croll Tristan , Godaly Gabriela , Wang Kaituo , Gourdon Pontus 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTransition metals, such as zinc, are essential micronutrients in all organisms, but also highly toxic in excessive amounts. Heavy-metal transporting P-type (PIB) ATPases are crucial for homeostasis, conferring cellular detoxification and redistribution through transport of these ions across cellular membranes. No structural information is available for the PIB-4-ATPases, the subclass with the broadest cargo scope, and hence even their topology remains elusive. Here we present structures and complementary functional analyses of an archetypal PIB-4-ATPases, sCoaT from Sulfitobacter sp. NAS14-1. The data disclose the architecture, devoid of classical so-called heavy metal binding domains, and provides fundamentally new insights into the mechanism and diversity of heavy-metal transporters. We reveal several novel P-type ATPase features, including a dual role in heavy-metal release, and as an internal counter ion, of an invariant, central histidine. We also establish that the turn-over of PIB-ATPases is potassium independent, contrasting to many other P-type ATPases. Combined with new inhibitory compounds, our results open up for efforts in e.g. drug discovery, since PIB-4-ATPases function as virulence factors in many pathogens.
COVID-19 vaccination did not improve employee mental health: A prospective study in an early phase of vaccination in Japan
Authors: Sasaki Natsu , Kuroda Reiko , Tsuno Kanami , Imamura Kotaro , Kawakami Norito 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe effect of the COVID-19 vaccination as an individual-based preventive measure on mental health is largely unclear in the literature. The authors report a preliminary finding on whether vaccination effectively improves mental health among employees in Japan based on a prospective study (E-COCO-J). Of the total sample (N=948), 105 (11.1%) were vaccinated at least once at the follow-up survey (June 2021). There was no significant effect of vaccination on the change of psychological distress at baseline (February 2021) and follow-up (June 2021), after adjusting for gender, age, marital status, education, chronic disease, company size, industry, and occupation (healthcare workers or non-HCWs). Providing continuous mental health care for employees is important in an early vaccination phase.
Monitoring populations at increased risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection in the community
Authors: Pritchard Emma , Jones Joel , Vihta Karina , Stoesser Nicole , Matthews Philippa C. , Eyre David W. , House Thomas , Bell John I , Newton John N , Farrar Jeremy , Crook Derrick , Hopkins Susan , Cook Duncan , Rourke Emma , Studley Ruth , Diamond Ian , Peto Tim , Pouwels Koen B. , Walker A. Sarah ,   the COVID-19 Infection Survey Team
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic is rapidly evolving, with emerging variants and fluctuating control policies. Real-time population screening and identification of groups in whom positivity is highest could help monitor spread and inform public health messaging and strategy.MethodsTo develop a real-time screening process, we included results from nose and throat swabs and questionnaires taken 19 July 2020-17 July 2021 in the UK’s national COVID-19 Infection Survey. Fortnightly, associations between SARS-CoV-2 positivity and 60 demographic and behavioural characteristics were estimated using logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders, considering multiple testing, collinearity, and reverse causality.FindingsOf 4,091,537 RT-PCR results from 482,677 individuals, 29,903 (0·73%) were positive. As positivity rose September-November 2020, rates were independently higher in younger ages, and those living in Northern England, major urban conurbations, more deprived areas, and larger households. Rates were also higher in those returning from abroad, and working in healthcare or outside of home. When positivity peaked December 2020-January 2021 (Alpha), high positivity shifted to southern geographical regions. With national vaccine roll-out from December 2020, positivity reduced in vaccinated individuals. Associations attenuated as rates decreased between February-May 2021. Rising positivity rates in June-July 2021 (Delta) were independently higher in younger, male, and unvaccinated groups. Few factors were consistently associated with positivity. 25/45 (56%) confirmed associations would have been detected later using 28-day rather than 14-day periods.InterpretationPopulation-level demographic and behavioural surveillance can be a valuable tool in identifying the varying characteristics driving current SARS-CoV-2 positivity, allowing monitoring to inform public health policy.FundingDepartment of Health and Social Care (UK), Welsh Government, Department of Health (on behalf of the Northern Ireland Government), Scottish Government, National Institute for Health Research.
The pitfalls of inferring virus-virus interactions from co-detection prevalence data: Application to influenza and SARS-CoV-2
Authors: de Cellès Matthieu Domenech , Goult Elizabeth , Casalegno Jean-Sébastien , Kramer Sarah 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThere is growing experimental evidence that many respiratory viruses—including influenza and SARS-CoV-2—can interact, such that their epidemiological dynamics may not be independent. To assess these interactions, standard statistical tests of independence suggest that the prevalence ratio—defined as the ratio of co-infection prevalence to the product of single-infection prevalences—should equal unity for non-interacting pathogens. As a result, earlier epidemiological studies aimed to estimate the prevalence ratio from co-detection prevalence data, under the assumption that deviations from unity implied interaction. To examine the validity of this assumption, we designed a simulation study that built on a broadly applicable epidemiological model of co-circulation of two respiratory viruses causing seasonal epidemics. By focusing on the pair influenza–SARS-CoV-2, we first demonstrate that the prevalence ratio systematically under-estimates the strength of interaction, and can even misclassify antagonistic or synergistic interactions that persist after clearance of infection. In a global sensitivity analysis, we further identify properties of viral infection—such as a high reproduction number or a short infectious period—that blur the interaction inferred from the prevalence ratio. Altogether, our results suggest that epidemiological studies based on co-detection prevalence data provide a poor guide to assess interactions among respiratory viruses.
The nuclear effector ArPEC25 from the necrotrophic fungusAscochyta rabieitargets the chickpea transcription factor CaβLIM1a and negatively modulates lignin biosynthesis for host susceptibility
Authors: Singh Shreenivas Kumar , Verma Sandhya , Singh Kunal , Shree Ankita , Singh Ritu , Srivastava Vikas , Kumar Kamal , Pandey Ashutosh , Verma Praveen Kumar 
Published: September 2021

AbstractFungal pathogens deploy a barrage of secreted effectors to subvert host immunity, often by evading, disrupting, or altering key components of transcription, defense signaling, and metabolic pathways. However, the underlying mechanisms of effectors and their host targets are largely unexplored in necrotrophic fungal pathogens. Here, we describe the effector protein ArPEC25, which is secreted by the necrotrophAscochyta rabiei, the causal agent of Ascochyta blight disease in chickpea (Cicer arietinum), and is indispensable for virulence. After entering host cells, ArPEC25 localizes to the nucleus and targets the host LIM transcription factor CaβLIM1a. CaβLIM1a is a transcriptional regulator ofCaPAL1, which encodes phenylalanine ammonia lyase, the regulatory, gatekeeping enzyme of the phenylpropanoid pathway. ArPEC25 inhibits the transactivation of CaβLIM1a by interfering with its DNA binding ability. This results in negative regulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway and decreased levels of intermediates of lignin biosynthesis, thereby suppressing lignin production. Our findings illustrate the role of fungal effectors in enhancing virulence by targeting a key defense pathway that leads to the biosynthesis of various secondary metabolites and antifungal compounds. This study provides a template for the study of less explored necrotrophic effectors and their host target functions.One-sentence summaryTheAscochyta rabieieffector ArPEC25 enters the host nucleus and targets the transcription factor CaβLIM1a to manipulate phenylpropanoid pathway for negative modulation of chickpea lignin biosynthesis.