bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors associated with outcome of egg allergy 1 year after oral food challenge: A good baseline quality of life may be beneficial
Authors: Hamada Kana , Nagao Mizuho , Imakiire Ryo , Furuya Kanae , Mizuno Yumi , Sato Yasunori , Matsunaga Mayumi , Yamada Shingo , Nogami Kazutaka , Hoshi Miyuki , Kobori Taiga , Kainuma Keigo , Iijima Kazumoto , Fujisawa Takao 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundSafely liberalizing the diet to include an allergenic food may accelerate resolution of food allergy. The outcome of liberalization, however, varies among patients.MethodsWe conducted a prospective observational study to identify factors associated with outcome for egg allergy 1 year after oral food challenge (OFC). We enrolled children <72 months old who had egg allergy and underwent OFC for determination of the safe intake quantity of egg allergen. Each child's baseline clinical background was recorded. Caregivers used the Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire‐Parent Form (FAQLQ‐PF) to assess their children's QoL. Dietary advice based on the OFC result was provided to support safe egg consumption. At 1 year after OFC, the quantity of egg each child safely consumed in daily life was surveyed. We classified the outcome as Successful (Group S) if the quantity increased during the 1 year, or as Unsuccessful (Group U) if it did not. Factors associated with the outcome were investigated by multivariate logistic regression analysis.ResultsA total of 93 children were enrolled, and after 1 year, 57 finished in Group S and 36 in Group U. The mean FAQLQ‐PF score at baseline was significantly lower (ie, a better QoL) in Group S than in Group U. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified a good QoL and absence of comorbid asthma or atopic dermatitis as factors predicting a favorable outcome.ConclusionQoL may affect food allergy outcome. Intervention focusing on the QoL may promote outgrowing of food allergies.
Understanding the illness representations of young people with anxiety and depression: A qualitative study
Authors: Bear Holly Alice , Krause Karolin Rose , Edbrooke‐Childs Julian , Wolpert Miranda 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundMany young people with anxiety or depression drop out of treatment early, and/or leave treatment without showing measurably improved symptom levels. To enhance treatment engagement and effectiveness, it is critical to better understand how young people’s perceptions of the symptoms, causes, consequences, treatability, and course of their anxiety and depression influence engagement.AimThis study aimed to provide a qualitative account of illness perceptions among youth with anxiety and depression by applying the Common Sense Model of Self‐Regulation (CSM), which was developed in physical health contexts.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews were conducted with 26 young people (aged 16–24, 73% female) with a history of anxiety and/or depression. Interviews were analysed using a combination of theory‐ and data‐driven analysis techniques, consisting primarily of deductive thematic analysis.ResultsThe five themes broadly mapped onto the dimensions of the CSM, suggesting parallels in how mental and physical health problems are perceived. Anxiety and depression were viewed as non‐linear, relapsing and remitting, but lifelong conditions, with a fluctuating and complex path to recovery and coping. Youth described pervasive negative impacts on their lives, but also described some positive aspects.ImplicationsBetter understanding of young people’s illness beliefs has the potential to open a range of intervention possibilities by prioritizing young people’s illness perceptions over the clinician’s understanding and the supposed objective condition severity and trajectory. Although this study supported a common structure of illness beliefs, the content of these beliefs was idiosyncratic and specific to anxiety and depression, suggesting the need to develop a valid tool to measure illness perceptions in this group.Practitioner points

Our findings suggest that illness perceptions are complex, highly idiosyncratic, and specific to youth anxiety and depression.

Given the complexity of these beliefs and the known association with important treatment‐ and health‐related outcomes, it is important that clinical formulation incorporates young people’s illness belief models, including their perceptions of symptoms, cause, timeline to recovery, consequences, and personal and treatment control.

To increase help‐seeking, treatment engagement and adaptive coping strategies, therapy should work to a shared understanding of illness beliefs.

Increasing congruence between the belief models of young people, families, and clinicians may serve to improve treatment benefits and address the unmet mental health needs of young people.
The miR164‐GhCUC2‐GhBRC1 module regulates plant architecture through abscisic acid in cotton
Authors: Zhan Jingjing , Chu Yu , Wang Ye , Diao Yangyang , Zhao Yanyan , Liu Lisen , Wei Xi , Meng Yuan , Li Fuguang , Ge Xiaoyang 
Published: May 2021

SummaryBranching determines cotton architecture and production, but the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we report that the miR164‐GhCUC2 (CUP‐SHAPED COTYLEDON2) module regulates lateral shoot development in cotton and Arabidopsis. We generated OE‐GhCUC2m (overexpression GhCUC2m) and STTM164 (short tandem target mimic RNA of miR164) lines in cotton and heterologous expression lines for gh‐miR164, GhCUC2 and GhCUC2m in Arabidopsis to study the mechanisms controlling lateral branching. GhCUC2m overexpression resulted in a short‐branch phenotype similar to STTM164. In addition, heterologous expression of GhCUC2m led to decreased number and length of branches compared with wild type, opposite to the effects of the OE‐gh‐pre164 line in Arabidopsis. GhCUC2 interacted with GhBRC1 and exhibited similar negative regulation of branching. Overexpression of GhBRC1 in the brc1‐2 mutant partially rescued the mutant phenotype and decreased branch number. GhBRC1 directly bound to the NCED1 promoter and activated its transcription, leading to local abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation and response. Mutation of the NCED1 promoter disrupted activation by GhBRC1. This finding demonstrates a direct relationship between BRC1 and ABA signalling and places ABA downstream of BRC1 in the control of branching development. The miR164‐GhCUC2‐GhBRC1‐GhNCED1 module provides a clear regulatory axis for ABA signalling to control plant architecture.
Transfer, subsequent movement, and fate of sperm in the tobacco hornworm moth, Manduca sexta
Authors: Hague Nancy L. , Dickinson Janis L. , Shepherd Julian G. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDuring mating in the Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies), sperm are passed to the female via a copulation in which the male transfers a large and often complex spermatophore over the major part of an hour or more. Subsequently, over the course of an hour or often considerably more, the sperm exit the spermatophore and travel over a relatively complex route to the spermatheca, where the sperm are stored and then used as the eggs are laid. The process of spermatophore formation and migration of sperm in the female has been described in many Lepidoptera, but the mechanics involved have received less attention. Understanding these is important in discerning the relative roles of males and females in determining the outcome of matings. We describe how the spermatophore is formed, how the sperm migrate in the female, and the fate of the sperm in the spermatheca of the tobacco hornworm moth, Manduca sexta. We found that sperm movement from the spermatophore relied upon motility of the sperm, but further movement of the sperm to the spermatheca was dependent on female muscular action. After arriving in the spermatheca, the anucleate parasperm (apyrene sperm) separated into the lateral pouch of the spermatheca (lagena) and disappeared over 7 days, whereas the eusperm (eupyrene sperm) persisted in the central lumen of the spermatheca (utriculus). The relative persistence of these two sperm types could shed some light on what determines the proclivity of females to remate. Elucidation of these physiological mechanisms contributes to an understanding of the mechanisms of female choice and male competition in Lepidoptera.
Social frailty and longitudinal risk of depressive symptoms in a Chinese population: the Rugao Longevity and Aging Study
Authors: Chen ZeKun , Jiang XiaoYan , Shi GuoPing , Wang Yong , Chu XueFeng , Wang ZhengDong , Guo JiangHong , Zhu YinSheng , Chen Jie , Wang XiaoFeng , Bao ZhiJun 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimTo explore the cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations between social frailty (SF) and incident depressive symptoms in a Chinese population.MethodsSF was measured with 6 questions (6 points maximum; 0–1 = non‐SF, 2–3 = pre‐SF, 4–6 = SF). Depressive symptoms were defined as a score of ≥6 on the Geriatric Depression Scale. Compared to baseline, participants with a ≥2‐point increase in the Geriatric Depression Scale score were considered to have worsening depressive symptoms.ResultsAt baseline, among 1764 participants, 9.9% (n = 175) had depressive symptoms, 3.6% (n = 61) were SF, and 38.2% (n = 650) were pre‐SF. The percentage of depressive symptoms increased with SF status from 5.1% (non‐SF) to 12.9% (pre‐SF), to 41.0% (SF). In cross‐sectional analysis, after adjustments for multiple covariates, depressive symptoms were significantly associated with both pre‐SF (odds ratio (OR) = 2.94, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.01–4.32) and SF (OR = 16.70, 95% CI 8.80–31.71). During the 3‐year follow‐up period, 10.0% (n = 117) of the participants developed depressive symptoms. In longitudinal analyses, after multiple adjustments, SF and pre‐SF were associated with a 2.31‐fold (95% CI 1.10–4.88) and 1.58‐fold (95% CI 1.05–2.38) increased risk of incidence of depressive symptoms, respectively. Among participants without depressive symptoms at baseline, 23.2% had worsening depressive symptoms, and SF was associated with increased risk of worsening depressive symptoms (OR = 2.07, 95% CI 1.18–3.65).ConclusionsOur findings suggested that SF may be a predictor of depression among Chinese community‐dwelling older adults. In addition, in elders with no depressive symptoms at baseline, those with SF had greater odds of worsening depressive symptoms 3 years later.
Gender‐specific factors associated with risk of depression among Lebanese older adults
Authors: Boulos Christa , Salameh Pascale 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundDepression among older adults is a frequent and underdiagnosed condition. However, there is a paucity of research on mental health problems among elderly people in Arab countries. The purpose of this study was to describe the risk of depression among a representative sample of older Lebanese adults living in rural areas and to identify gender‐specific factors associated with depression risk.MethodsThis study included a randomly selected sample of 823 rural elderly people aged ≥65 years without cognitive decline. Data, including sociodemographic characteristics, living condition, health and functional status, were collected during face‐to‐face interviews. Depression was assessed by the five‐item Geriatric Depression Scale.ResultsRisk for depression was significantly higher in women than in men (39.5% vs 26.2%, P < 0.001). Among men, reporting a higher versus a lower income (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.299) and being physically active significantly decreased the odds of depressive symptoms. In addition, physical disability (AOR = 3.03) and a high level of loneliness (AOR = 41.76) were significantly related to an increased risk of depression. Among women, daily or occasional physical activity was related to a reduced risk of depression compared to sedentary lifestyles (AOR = 0.35; AOR = 0.50). Furthermore digestive symptoms (AOR = 1.98), poor nutritional status (AOR = 1.99), and strong feelings of loneliness (AOR = 10.86) were significantly related to an increased odds of depression.ConclusionElderly Lebanese people, especially women, were at high risk for depression. Among other gender‐specific factors, loneliness was strongly associated with depressive disorders in both genders, with a four times greater odds ratio in men than in women.
Optimizing hatchery practices for genetic improvement of marine bivalves
Authors: Nascimento‐Schulze Jennifer C. , Bean Tim P. , Houston Ross D. , Santos Eduarda M. , Sanders Matthew B. , Lewis Ceri , Ellis Robert P. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAquaculture currently accounts for approximately half of all seafood produced and is the fastest growing farmed food sector globally. Marine bivalve aquaculture, the farming of oysters, mussels and clams, represents a highly sustainable component of this industry and has major potential for global expansion via increased efficiency, and numbers of, production systems. Artificial spat propagation (i.e. settled juveniles) in hatcheries and selective breeding have the potential to offer rapid and widespread gains for molluscan aquaculture industry. However, bivalves have unique life‐histories, genetic and genomic characteristics, which present significant challenges to achieving such genetic improvement. Selection pressures experienced by bivalve larvae and spat in the wild contribute to drive population structure and animal fitness. Similarly, domestication selection is likely to act on hatchery‐produced spat, the full implications of which have not been fully explored. In this review, we outline the key features of these taxa and production practices applied in bivalve aquaculture, which have the potential to affect the genetic and phenotypic variability of hatchery‐propagated stock. Alongside, we compare artificial and natural processes experienced by bivalves to investigate the possible consequences of hatchery propagation on stock production. In addition, we identify key areas of investigation that need to be prioritized to continue to the advancement of bivalve genetic improvement via selective breeding. The growing accessibility of next‐generation sequencing technology and high‐powered computational capabilities facilitate the implementation of novel genomic tools in breeding programmes of aquatic species. These emerging techniques represent an exciting opportunity for sustainably expanding the bivalve aquaculture sector.
The Work‐Averse Cyberattacker Model: Theory and Evidence from Two Million Attack Signatures
Authors: Allodi Luca , Massacci Fabio , Williams Julian 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe assumption that a cyberattacker will potentially exploit all present vulnerabilities drives most modern cyber risk management practices and the corresponding security investments. We propose a new attacker model, based on dynamic optimization, where we demonstrate that large, initial, fixed costs of exploit development induce attackers to delay implementation and deployment of exploits of vulnerabilities. The theoretical model predicts that mass attackers will preferably (i) exploit only one vulnerability per software version, (ii) largely include only vulnerabilities requiring low attack complexity, and (iii) be slow at trying to weaponize new vulnerabilities . These predictions are empirically validated on a large data set of observed massed attacks launched against a large collection of information systems. Findings in this article allow cyber risk managers to better concentrate their efforts for vulnerability management, and set a new theoretical and empirical basis for further research defining attacker (offensive) processes.
Socioscientific Issues in Science Education: An opportunity to Incorporate Education about Risk and Risk Analysis?
Authors: Schenk Linda , Hamza Karim , Arvanitis Leena , Lundegård Iann , Wojcik Andrzej , Haglund Karin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSocioscientific issues (SSI) concern social issues, often lacking simple solutions, that relate to science and often also risk controversies. SSIs have become an established part of science education, aiming to teach students not only about content knowledge but also about the nature of science and to offer them practice in argumentation and decision making. We performed a scoping review of the literature on SSI in science education research, in order to investigate if the topics covered would lean themselves to education about risk, and if risk is raised in these works. Using Web of Science we identified 296 empirical publications and 91 theoretical or review publications about SSI teaching in science education. The empirical publications covered studies performed in primary to tertiary school, most commonly upper secondary school (32%). The most frequently taught SSI themes were nature conservation, biotechnology, and climate change. Despite that these, as most of the other identified themes, clearly are connected to risk analysis and risk management, few publications raised the concept of risk and the methods of risk analysis. In fact, almost half (empirical: 48%, theoretical: 49%) did not mention risk at all. We argue that SSIs present an opportunity for risk researchers to engage with educators to incorporate risk in school science education and to contribute in developing teaching materials suitable toward that aim.
A Comparison of Prior Elicitation Aggregation Using the Classical Method and SHELF
Authors: Williams Cameron J. , Wilson Kevin J. , Wilson Nina 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSubjective Bayesian prior distributions elicited from experts can be aggregated together to form group priors. This paper compares aggregated priors formed by equal weight aggregation, the classical method and the Sheffield elicitation framework to each other and individual expert priors, using an expert elicitation carried out for a clinical trial. Aggregation methods and individual expert prior distributions are compared using proper scoring rules to compare the informativeness and calibration of the distributions. The three aggregation methods outperform the individual experts, and the Sheffield elicitation framework performs best among them.
Searching for a Smart City: A Bibliographic Analysis of ‘Public Facing’ EU Smart City Projects
Authors: Collins Alan , Cox Adam , Torrisi Gianpiero 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe narrative used to describe smart cities, including the experimentation on them, affects the perception of the smart city. This study systematically assembles and analyses ‘public facing’ smart city project data from across the EU. Using a bibliographic analysis, including word frequency analyses across time and countries of project descriptions, we identify the dominant themes and constructs in the smart city narratives used by teams advancing smart city projects. The study highlights spatial and intertemporal variations in locational density, differing project content and the range of conceptual emphases. Results show that the main concern of smart city narratives in the EU is firmly centred on energy. We argue that policy‐makers should aim for better alignment of smart cities' narrative with citizens' perception or, at least, a wider description of the very nature of implemented projects to include those rather neglected aspects might attract more interest and citizens' involvement.
What Is the Value of Vagueness?
Authors: Lanius David 
Published: May 2021

AbstractClassically, vagueness has been considered something bad. It leads to the Sorites paradox, borderline cases, and the (apparent) violation of the logical principle of bivalence. Nevertheless, there have always been scholars claiming that vagueness is also valuable. Many have pointed out that we could not communicate as successfully or efficiently as we do if we would not use vague language. Indeed, we often use vague terms when we could have used more precise ones instead. Many scholars (implicitly or explicitly) assume that we do so because their vagueness has a positive function. But how and in what sense can vagueness be said to have a function or value? This paper is an attempt to give an answer to this question. After clarifying the concepts of vagueness and value, it examines nine arguments for the value of vagueness, which have been discussed in the literature. The (negative) result of this examination is, however, that there is not much reason to believe that vagueness has a value or positive function at all because none of the arguments is conclusive. A tenth argument that has not been discussed so far seems most promising but rests on a solely strategic notion of function.
No Infelicity for the Infallibilist
Authors: Fratantonio Giada 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAccording to probability 1 infallibilism (henceforth, infallibilism), if one knows that p, then the probability of p given one's evidence is 1. Jessica Brown (2013, Analysis, 73, 626–635; Fallibilism: Evidence and Knowledge, 2018) has recently argued that infallibilism leads to scepticism unless the infallibilist also endorses the claim that if one knows that p, then p is part of one's evidence for p. By doing that, however, the infalliblist has to explain why it is infelicitous to cite p as evidence for itself. And yet, the infallibilist does not seem to have a satisfying explanation available. Call this the infelicity challenge for probability 1 infallibilism. By exploiting the distinction between the justifying and the motivating role of evidence, in this paper I argue that contrary to first appearances, the infelicity challenge does not arise for probability 1 infallibilism. However, after anticipating and resisting two objections to my argument, I show that we can identify a different version of infallibilism which seems to face a problem that is even more serious than the infelicity challenge.
Polygalacturonase45 cleaves pectin and links cell proliferation and morphogenesis to leaf curvature in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Yang Yang , Anderson Charles T. , Cao Jiashu 
Published: May 2021

SUMMARYRegulating plant architecture is a major goal in current breeding programs. Previous studies have increased our understanding of the genetic regulation of plant architecture, but it is also essential to understand how organ morphology is controlled at the cellular level. In the cell wall, pectin modification and degradation are required for organ morphogenesis, and these processes involve a series of pectin‐modifying enzymes. Polygalacturonases (PGs) are a major group of pectin‐hydrolyzing enzymes that cleave pectin backbones and release oligogalacturonides (OGs). PG genes function in cell expansion and separation, and contribute to organ expansion, separation and dehiscence in plants. However, whether and how they influence other cellular processes and organ morphogenesis are poorly understood. Here, we characterized the functions of Arabidopsis PG45 (PG45) in organ morphogenesis using genetic, developmental, cell biological and biochemical analyses. A heterologously expressed portion of PG45 cleaves pectic homogalacturonan in vitro, indicating that PG45 is a bona fide PG. PG45 functions in leaf and flower structure, branch formation and organ growth. Undulation in pg45 knockout and PG45 overexpression leaves is accompanied by impaired adaxial–abaxial polarity, and loss of PG45 shortens the duration of cell proliferation in the adaxial epidermis of developing leaves. Abnormal leaf curvature is coupled with altered pectin metabolism and autogenous OG profiles in pg45 knockout and PG45 overexpression leaves. Together, these results highlight a previously underappreciated function for PGs in determining tissue polarity and regulating cell proliferation, and imply the existence of OG‐based signaling pathways that modulate plant development.