bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ALMA Survey of 70 μm Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). IV. Star Formation Signatures in G023.477
Authors: Morii Kaho , Sanhueza Patricio , Nakamura Fumitaka , Jackson James M. , Li Shanghuo , Beuther Henrik , Zhang Qizhou , Feng Siyi , Tafoya Daniel , Guzmán Andrés E. , Izumi Natsuko , Sakai Takeshi , Lu Xing , Tatematsu Ken’ichi , Ohashi Satoshi , Silva Andrea , Olguin Fernando A. , Contreras Yanett 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
With a mass of ∼1000 M
⊙ and a surface density of ∼0.5 g cm−2, G023.477+0.114, also known as IRDC 18310-4, is an infrared dark cloud (IRDC) that has the potential to form high-mass stars and has been recognized as a promising prestellar clump candidate. To characterize the early stages of high-mass star formation, we have observed G023.477+0.114 as part of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) Survey of 70 μm Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages. We have conducted ∼1.″2 resolution observations with ALMA at 1.3 mm in dust continuum and molecular line emission. We have identified 11 cores, whose masses range from 1.1 to 19.0 M
⊙. Ignoring magnetic fields, the virial parameters of the cores are below unity, implying that the cores are gravitationally bound. However, when magnetic fields are included, the prestellar cores are close to virial equilibrium, while the protostellar cores remain sub-virialized. Star formation activity has already started in this clump. Four collimated outflows are detected in CO and SiO. H2CO and CH3OH emission coincide with the high-velocity components seen in the CO and SiO emission. The outflows are randomly oriented for the natal filament and the magnetic field. The position-velocity diagrams suggest that episodic mass ejection has already begun even in this very early phase of protostellar formation. The masses of the identified cores are comparable to the expected maximum stellar mass that this IRDC could form (8–19 M
⊙). We explore two possibilities on how IRDC G023.477+0.114 could eventually form high-mass stars in the context of theoretical scenarios.
The Eccentric and Accelerating Stellar Binary Black Hole Mergers in Galactic Nuclei: Observing in Ground and Space Gravitational-wave Observatories
Authors: Zhang Fupeng , Chen Xian , Shao Lijing , Inayoshi Kohei 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We study the stellar binary black holes (BBHs) inspiraling/merging in galactic nuclei based on our numerical method GNC. We find that 3%–40% of all newborn BBHs will finally merge due to various dynamical effects. In a five-year mission, up to 104, 105, and ∼100 of BBHs inspiraling/merging in galactic nuclei can be detected with signal-to-noise ration >8 in Advanced LIGO (aLIGO), Einstein/DECIGO, and TianQin/LISA/TaiJi, respectively. Roughly tens are detectable in both LISA/TaiJi/TianQin and aLIGO. These BBHs have two unique characteristics. (1) Significant eccentricities: 1%–3%, 2%–7%, or 30%–90% of them have e

i
> 0.1 when they enter into aLIGO, Einstein, or space observatories, respectively. Such high eccentricities provide a possible explanation for that of GW190521. Most highly eccentric BBHs are not detectable in LISA/Tianqin/TaiJi before entering into aLIGO/Einstein, as their strain becomes significant only at f
GW ≳ 0.1 Hz. DECIGO becomes an ideal observatory to detect those events, as it can fully cover the rising phase. (2) Up to 2% of BBHs can inspiral/merge at distances ≲103
r
SW from the massive black hole, with significant accelerations, such that the Doppler phase drift of ∼10–105 of them can be detected with signal-to-noise ratio >8 in space observatories. The energy density of the gravitational-wave backgrounds (GWBs) contributed by these BBHs deviates from the power-law slope of 2/3 at f
GW ≲ 1 mHz. The high eccentricity, significant accelerations, and the different profile of the GWB of these sources make them distinguishable, and thus interesting for future gravitational-wave detections and tests of relativities.
A Catalog of Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections Observed by Juno between 1 and 5.4 au
Authors: Davies Emma E. , Forsyth Robert J. , Winslow Réka M. , Möstl Christian , Lugaz Noé 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We use magnetic field measurements by the Juno spacecraft to catalog and investigate interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) beyond 1 au. During its cruise phase, Juno spent about 5 yr in the solar wind between 2011 September and 2016 June, providing measurements of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) between 1 and 5.4 au. Juno therefore presents the most recent opportunity for a statistical analysis of ICME properties beyond 1 au since the Ulysses mission (1990–2009). Our catalog includes 80 such ICME events, 32 of which contain associated flux-rope-like structures. We find that the dependency of the mean magnetic field strength of the magnetic flux ropes decreases with heliocentric distance as r
−1.24±0.43 between 1 and 5.4 au, in good agreement with previous relationships calculated using ICME catalogs at Ulysses. We combine the Juno catalog with the HELCATS catalog to create a data set of ICMEs covering 0.3–5.4 au. Using a linear regression model to fit the combined data set on a double-logarithmic plot, we find that there is a clear difference between global expansion rates for ICMEs observed at shorter heliocentric distances and those observed farther out beyond 1 au. The cataloged ICMEs at Juno present a good basis for future multispacecraft studies of ICME evolution between the inner heliosphere, 1 au, and beyond.
GRB Afterglow Parameters in the Era of TeV Observations: The Case of GRB 190114C
Authors: Derishev Evgeny , Piran Tsvi 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The afterglow of GRB 190114C has been observed at 60–1200 s after the burst in the sub-TeV range by the MAGIC Cerenkov telescope. The simultaneous observations in the X-ray range, which is presumed to be of synchrotron origin, and in the sub-TeV range, where the emission is presumed to be inverse Compton, provide new stringent constraints on the conditions within the emitting regions and their evolution in time. While the additional data contain a lot of new information, it turns out that fitting both the X-ray and the TeV emission is much more complicated than what was originally anticipated. We find that optical flux measurements provide important complementary information that, in combination with TeV measurements, breaks degeneracy in the parameter space. We present here a numerical fit to the multiwavelength observed spectrum using a new code that calculates the single-zone synchrotron including self-Compton emission, taking into account the exact Klein–Nishina cross sections, as well as pair production via absorption of the high-energy photons inside the emitting zone and the emission from the resulting secondary pairs. We also present a revised set of single-zone parameters and a method for fitting the data to the observations. Our model for GRB 190114C that fits all the observations, from the optical data point to the sub-TeV range, suggests that it is in the fast-cooling regime. The inferred parameters for observations at two separate moments of time show significant deviations from some of the common expectations in afterglow modeling but are all consistent with the predictions of the pair-balance model.
CO2-ice Collisions: A New Experimental Approach
Authors: Fritscher Miriam , Teiser Jens 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The coagulation of micrometer-sized particles marks the beginning of planet formation. For silicates a comprehensive picture already exists, which describes under which conditions growth can take place and which barriers must be overcome. With increasing distance to the central star volatiles freeze out and the collision dynamics is governed by the properties of the frozen volatiles. We present a novel experiment facility to analyze collisions of CO2 agglomerates consisting of micrometer-sized particles with agglomerate sizes up to 100 μm. Experiments are conducted at temperatures around 100 K with collision velocities up to 3.4 m s−1. Below impact velocities of around 0.1 m s−1 sticking is observed and at collision velocities of 1 m s−1 fragmentation also starts to occur. The experiments show that agglomerates of CO2 ice behave like silicate agglomerates with a comparable grain size distribution. Models developed to describe the collision dynamics of silicate dust can be applied to CO2 ice. This holds for the coefficient of restitution as well as for the threshold conditions for the transitions between sticking, bouncing, or fragmentation.
Investigations of Sizes and Dynamical Motions of Solar Photospheric Granules by a Novel Granular Segmenting Algorithm
Authors: Liu Yanxiao , Jiang Chaowei , Yuan Ding , Zuo Pingbing , Wang Yi , Cao Wenda 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Granules observed in the solar photosphere are believed to be convective and turbulent, but the physical picture of the granular dynamical process remains unclear. Here we performed an investigation of granular dynamical motions of full length scales based on data obtained by the 1 m New Vacuum Solar Telescope and the 1.6 m Goode Solar Telescope. We developed a new granule segmenting method, which can detect both small faint and large bright granules. A large number of granules were detected, and two critical sizes, 265 and 1420 km, were found to separate the granules into three length ranges. The granules with sizes above 1420 km follow Gaussian distribution, and demonstrate flat in flatness function, which shows that they are non-intermittent and thus are dominated by convective motions. Small granules with sizes between 265 and 1420 km are fitted by a combination of power-law function and Gauss function, and exhibit nonlinearity in flatness function, which reveals that they are in the mixing motions of convection and turbulence. Mini granules with sizes below 265 km follow the power-law distribution and demonstrate linearity in flatness function, indicating that they are intermittent and strongly turbulent. These results suggest that a cascade process occurs: large granules break down due to convective instability, which transports energy into small ones; then turbulence is induced and grows, which competes with convection and further causes the small granules to continuously split. Eventually, the motions in even smaller scales enter in a turbulence-dominated regime.
The NANOGrav 12.5-year Data Set: Search for Non-Einsteinian Polarization Modes in the Gravitational-wave Background
Authors: Arzoumanian Zaven , Baker Paul T. , Blumer Harsha , Bécsy Bence , Brazier Adam , Brook Paul R. , Burke-Spolaor Sarah , Charisi Maria , Chatterjee Shami , Chen Siyuan , Cordes James M. , Cornish Neil J. , Crawford Fronefield , Cromartie H. Thankful , DeCesar Megan E. , DeGan Dallas M. , Demorest Paul B. , Dolch Timothy , Drachler Brendan , Ellis Justin A. , Ferrara Elizabeth C. , Fiore William , Fonseca Emmanuel , Garver-Daniels Nathan , Gentile Peter A. , Good Deborah C. , Hazboun Jeffrey S. , Holgado A. Miguel , Islo Kristina , Jennings Ross J. , Jones Megan L. , Kaiser Andrew R. , Kaplan David L. , Kelley Luke Zoltan , Key Joey Shapiro , Laal Nima , Lam Michael T. , W. Lazio T. Joseph , Lorimer Duncan R. , Liu Tingting , Luo Jing , Lynch Ryan S. , Madison Dustin R. , McEwen Alexander , McLaughlin Maura A. , Mingarelli Chiara M. F. , Ng Cherry , Nice David J. , Olum Ken D. , Pennucci Timothy T. , Pol Nihan S. , Ransom Scott M. , Ray Paul S. , Romano Joseph D. , Sardesai Shashwat C. , Shapiro-Albert Brent J. , Siemens Xavier , Simon Joseph , Siwek Magdalena S. , Spiewak Renée , Stairs Ingrid H. , Stinebring Daniel R. , Stovall Kevin , Sun Jerry P. , Swiggum Joseph K. , Taylor Stephen R. , Turner Jacob E. , Vallisneri Michele , Vigeland Sarah J. , Wahl Haley M. , Witt Caitlin A. ,   The NANOGrav Collaboration
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We search NANOGrav’s 12.5 yr data set for evidence of a gravitational-wave background (GWB) with all the spatial correlations allowed by general metric theories of gravity. We find no substantial evidence in favor of the existence of such correlations in our data. We find that scalar-transverse (ST) correlations yield signal-to-noise ratios and Bayes factors that are higher than quadrupolar (tensor-transverse, TT) correlations. Specifically, we find ST correlations with a signal-to-noise ratio of 2.8 that are preferred over TT correlations (Hellings and Downs correlations) with Bayesian odds of about 20:1. However, the significance of ST correlations is reduced dramatically when we include modeling of the solar system ephemeris systematics and/or remove pulsar J0030+0451 entirely from consideration. Even taking the nominal signal-to-noise ratios at face value, analyses of simulated data sets show that such values are not extremely unlikely to be observed in cases where only the usual TT modes are present in the GWB. In the absence of a detection of any polarization mode of gravity, we place upper limits on their amplitudes for a spectral index of γ = 5 and a reference frequency of f
yr = 1 yr−1. Among the upper limits for eight general families of metric theories of gravity, we find the values of

A

TT

95
%

=
(
9.7
±
0.4
)
×

10

−
16

and

A

ST

95
%

=
(
1.4
±
0.03
)
×

10

−
15

for the family of metric spacetime theories that contain both TT and ST modes.
Der Grillenburger Sandsteinbruch am Flügel Jägerhorn (Cenomanium, Tharandter Wald, Sachsen) – historisch berühmt und geologisch verkannt
Authors: Niebuhr Birgit , Haubrich Frank , Fengler Markus 
Published: December 2021

Der Steinbruch am Flügel Jägerhorn westlich von Grillenburg ist vermutlich der älteste Kreidesandsteinbruch des Tharandter Waldes, in Betrieb seit etwa 1170. Historisch belegt ist, dass beispielsweise 1225 die Goldene Pforte des Freiberger St.-Marien-Doms aus Grillenburger Sandstein gefertigt wurde. Die vom Universalgelehrten J. F. Henckel (1722) veröffentlichten Kupferstiche der fossilen Hahnenkamm-Muschel Rastellum carinatum und der Pectinide Merklinia aspera aus dem „Sandsteinbruche im Grüllenburger Walde“ sind in der Literatur die bisher ältesten bekannten Abbildungen von sächsischen Kreide-Fossilien.
Im Sandsteinbruch am Flügel Jägerhorn ist als unterster Abschnitt die über 5 m mächtige „Werksteinbank“ aufgeschlossen, der marine Werksandstein der oberen Oberhäslich-Formation (unteres Obercenomanium), der fälschlicherweise in den letzten über 130 Jahren der kontinentalen Niederschöna-Formation (Untercenomanium) zugeordnet und als fossilfreier Dünensandstein interpretiert wurde. Die obersten 1,50–2 m der „Werksteinbank“ beinhalten neben Glaukonit auch fünf verschiedene Spurenfossilien der Skolithos-Ichnofazies, die sandig-flachmarine Ablagerungsräume charakterisiert. Es folgt die Pennrich-Formation (oberes Obercenomanium) mit dem ca. 1,50 m mächtigen plenus-Horizont und einem Transgressionskonglomerat aus bis zu 15 cm großen, gut gerundeten Rhyolith-Geröllen an der Basis. Zuoberst sind im Steinbruch noch 3–7 m gut gebankte, spiculitisch-glaukonitische Siltsteine erhalten.
Diese lithostratigraphische Abfolge ist typisch für das Osterzgebirge: marines Mittel- und Obercenomanium überlagert fluviatiles Untercenomanium. Die mittlere und obere Oberhäslich-Formation im Tharandter Wald – auflagernd auf der fluviatilen, mittleren Niederschöna-Formation und überlagert von der tiefermarinen Pennrich-Formation – ist etwa 20 m mächtig; als einziger cenomanzeitlicher Werksandstein der sächsischen Kreide wurden jeweils die obersten 5–7 m gebrochen. Bei Grillenburg transgredieren die Abfolgen der Oberhäslich- und Pennrich-Formation auch direkt auf den permischen Rhyolith der Tharandter-Wald-Caldera. Äolische Sedimente sind aus der sächsischen Kreide nicht bekannt.
Green roofs &ndash; good regulatory practices with potential to be applied in Bulgaria and North Macedonia
Authors: Bozhilova Mariam , Zhiyanski Miglena , Stojanova Biljana , Glogov Plamen 
Published: December 2021

Green roofs are used worldwide to mitigate the impacts of extensive urbanization, bringing benefits on social, economic, and environmental levels. In order to promote and facilitate the construction of green roofs by private investors, many countries have developed specific legislative requirements and incentives. However, there still are countries where the construction of green roofs is not properly addressed in the legislation, and where no incentive mechanisms are developed.&nbsp;
The good practices in three European countries, leaders in regards to the implementation of green roofs &ndash; the Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany, are analyzed in this article. A variety of incentives is introduced to accelerate the construction of green roofs. Different requirements are also set to ensure that the roofs will be designed and maintained to provide the desired benefits. The existing local regulations in Bulgaria and North Macedonia were analyzed as well. The only incentive in Bulgaria is the possibility of reducing the legally required green area by compensating it with a green roof. In North Macedonia, no legislative documents or incentives related to green roofs were found.
The regulations, applied in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, and other countries can be used as good practice examples, modified, and applied from the authorities of countries that still have not developed their own, in order to motivate the investors and facilitate the construction of green roofs.
Risk Perception, Mental Health Impacts and Coping Strategies during Covid-19 Pandemic among Filipino Healthcare Workers
Authors: RilleraMarzo Roy , Villanueva Emilio Quilatan , Chandra Udita , Htay Mila Nu Nu , Shrestha Rajeev , Shrestha Sunil 
Published: December 2021

Background COVID-19 pandemic has caused an extraordinary situation, especially for the healthcare workers (HCWs), leading to increased psychological stress. The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of different grades of anxiety and depression across different centers in the Philippines and identify demographic factors associated with them. Design and Method A cross-sectional, web-based, multi-center study was conducted among HCWs of Philippines from April 20- May 20, 2020. The study instruments used were the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Risk perception scores were analyzed using Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis test. Logistic regression was done to identify factors significantly associated with symptoms of anxiety and depression determined. Results A total of 516 HCWs were included in the study. Most of them have anxiety symptoms (70.74%), but only half of them have symptoms of depression (50.97%). In addition, gender, age, marital status, living status, occupation, work premises, and availability of mental health services were significantly associated with the participants' anxiety symptoms. In contrast, gender, marital status, occupation, and work premises were significantly associated with depression symptoms. Conclusion This study reiterates the fact and demonstrates that COVID-19 has disrupted the mental well-being of HCWs in the Philippines. Majority of HCW was psychologically affected by COVID-19. Therefore, there is a dire need to address mental illness amongst HCWs and frame guidelines based on proven algorithms to overcome these mental illnesses.
Interactive Activities to Aid in a Comprehensive Understanding of Mental Health Within the Professional Athletic Training Curriculum
Authors: Ostrowski Jennifer Lynn , Gray Ashley , Payne Ellen K. , Wilkenfeld David , Scifers James R. 
Published: December 2021

Context
Mental health is a significant issue in the United States, with approximately 18.5% of adults and 22% of adolescents having a diagnosable mental illness. Athletic trainers are in a prime position to recognize signs of mental health illness in their patients and to facilitate referral to a mental health professional.

Objective
To introduce interactive approaches for developing mental health first aid and referral skills in professional athletic training students.

Background
Although the 2020 Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education curricular content standards require programs to educate students about identification and referral for mental health conditions, the standards do not provide specific suggestions for instructing this content.

Description
Three educational activities have been implemented into the curriculum: an exploratory counseling session, Mental Health First Aid certification, and a standardized patient encounter.

Clinical Advantage(s)
The exploratory counseling session improves athletic training students' empathy for individuals living with mental illness. The Mental Health First Aid curriculum has been shown to raise awareness of mental health conditions and positively influence the number of people who receive professional help. Standardized patient scenarios have been shown to increase critical thinking and confidence with mental health cases and to increase knowledge in mental health assessment.

Conclusion(s)
Students' reflections support that these components have increased their competence and confidence in recognizing, intervening, and making referrals for individuals with suspected mental health concerns.
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KUALITAS TIDUR MAHASISWA PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA KEPERAWATAN DI FAKULTAS ILMU KEPERAWATAN UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH JAKARTA TAHUN 2021
Authors: Naryati Naryati , Ramdhaniyah Ramdhaniyah 
Published: December 2021

Pendahuluan: Tidur merupakan salah satu proses fisiologis penting pada manusia yang bertujuan untuk menjaga kesehatan dan melanjutkan fungsi biologis, psikologis, sosial dan budaya. Kualitas tidur merupakan suatu kondisi yang dapat dilihat dari kemampuan individu untuk mempertahankan gerakan mata cepat dan gerakan mata non cepat tidur. Kualitas tidur yang buruk pada mahasiswa akan berdampak pada kesehatan fisik, psikis dan penurunan prestasi akademik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kualitas tidur mahasiswa keperawatan sarjana keperawatan fakultas keperawatan universitas muhammadiyah jakarta.
Metode: Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif analitik dengan desain cross sectional. Teknik pengambilan sampel responden menggunakan teknik proportional stratified random sampling.
Hasil: Hasil penelitian menggunakan analisis uji statistik Chi Square. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kualitas tidur pada mahasiswa adalah jenis kelamin, aktivitas fisik, stres psikologis dan stres akademik.
Kesimpulan: Ada hubungan antara jenis kelamin, aktivitas fisik, stres psikologis, dan stres akademik terhadap kualitas tidur mahasiswa.