bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geochemistry of Natural Gas in Western Canada
Authors: Hitchon Brian 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Study of modern and ancient marine environments and the origin and geochemistry of the components in natural gases leads to the conclusion that the two main factors which determine regional variations of the composition of natural gases (and crude oils) are the environment of deposition of the sediments and subsequent maturation effects.
Isopach-facies-gas occurrence maps, geologic cross-sections, and natural-gas analytical data for most major stratigraphic units in the Western Canada sedimentary basin are included, and study of these data confirms the hypothesis that natural-gas composition and occurrence are controlled by facies and maturation.
Economic and Geologic Aspects of Search for Gas in Texas Gulf Coast
Authors: Halbouty Michel T. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The market for natural gas was poor in most of the Texas Gulf Coast prior to World War II. The quantity of gas available exceeded the transportation facilities to areas of potential demand. However, the end of World War II and the building of numerous long transmission lines to new markets in other parts of the United States led to greatly accelerated demand for natural gas. The FPC regulates well-head prices, sales of natural gas by producers, building (certification) of long transmission lines, and purchases of gas sold in interstate commerce. Such regulation may decrease or increase demand artificially and, hence, the price for the product.
The Texas Gulf Coast is the most important source of natural gas in the United States. Texas Railroad Commission Districts No. 2, 3, and 4, which constitute the Texas Gulf Coast gas-producing area, have the largest reserves, produce the greatest quantity of gas yearly, have the largest number of gas fields, and contain the greatest number of huge gas fields with reserves of 1 trillion cu ft or more. Revenue from natural gas is very important to the petroleum industry in the Gulf Coast area and to the entire economy of the State of Texas.
The major exploration for natural gas along the Gulf Coast has been of Miocene-Oligocene sandstone, and of lower Eocene sandstone beds and the Cretaceous in the upper part of the Lower Gulf Coast. Exploration for Cretaceous and pre-Cretaceous natural gas deposits has been very slow because of high costs and disappointing results. These pre-Tertiary zones appear very promising, but more economic incentive is necessary before adequate exploration will be conducted. The results of exploration for gas in the Texas offshore have been discouraging, particularly in comparison to the rich discoveries in the Louisiana offshore. It is believed that reasonably good prospects for gas discovery still exist in the Texas offshore, but incentive is needed for further exploration and exploratory drilling.
J. Vernalis Gas Field, San Joaquin County, California
Authors: Manlove C. F. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Vernalis dry-gas field is on the west side of the Great Valley of California, 18 mi south of Stockton. It was discovered in 1941 by Standard Oil Co. of California as a result of a seismograph survey. One additional producer and one dry hole had been drilled by 1943. Subsurface studies led to renewal of activity in 1958 which resulted in the drilling of 32 additional gas wells and 23 dry holes in and around the field. Ten new producing zones have been found at depths ranging from 3,010 ft in Miocene beds to 4,952 ft in Cretaceous. Productive area now is approximately 3,500 acres.
The field is anticlinal in form, but stratigraphic factors greatly influenced accumulation and local variation in occurrence of gas. Deeper possibilities exist.
Many wells are completed in two or more zones. Initial open-flow potentials ranged from 3,000 to 28,900 Mcf a day. Annual production in 1964 was 7,343,901 Mcf. Cumulative production to December 31, 1964, was 48,612,799 Mcf. Original recoverable reserves are estimated to have been more than 100 million Mcf.
Gas Fields of Rock Springs Uplift, Sweetwater County, Wyoming
Authors: Reese Douglas L. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Seven gas fields have been developed on the Rock Springs uplift in southwestern Wyoming— North Baxter Basin, Middle Baxter Basin, South Baxter Basin, Little Worm Creek, Joyce Creek, Salt Wells, and Nitchie Gulch. Production from these fields has amounted to 214 billion cu ft of gas from the Frontier, Dakota, and Morrison Formations, and the Nugget Sandstone. Minor oil production has been established from the Dakota Formation at Joyce Creek and the Morrison Formation at Little Worm Creek. Most of these fields have prospects of additional gas in untested fault blocks and new zones in the deeper Paleozoic formations. Remaining proved reserves are estimated to be 102 billion cu ft of gas. Hydrothermal alteration possibly may explain areal variations in the composition of gas found in certain formations
Pre-Mancos Gas Fields in Northwest Colorado
Authors: Aaker Robert , Jedlicka John 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Pre-Mancos gas fields of northwestern Colorado are on the north-plunging Douglas Creek arch and east-west-trending Axial uplift (Fig. 1). Most of the fields produce from sandstone in the Lower Cretaceous Dakota Group and the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation. Gas also is produced from the Frontier, Entrada, Shinarump, and Weber, of Late Cretaceous, Jurassic, Triassic, and Permian ages, respectively. Dakota and Morrison gas accumulations are controlled primarily by stratigraphic variations of the sandstone reservoirs. Most of the gas being sold is from fields on the Douglas Creek arch because of the availability of pipelines. The total volume of gas sold in 1964 was 1,993 million cu ft amd cumulative production was 33,789 million cu ft.
Informe de la secuencia de innovación didáctica para la enseñanza-aprendizaje del inglés en Educación Básica: "Lets clean my school"
Authors: Sola Prado Alicia , Suárez Baque Junior Stalin , Rebutti Jaramillo Evelin Jadira 
Published: May 2021

En el marc del Projecte d’Innovació: Didáctica de la Interacción Oral de Lenguas no Maternas de la UNAE (Universidad Nacional de Educación del Ecuador), dissenyem, implementem i avaluem una experiència pilot per part d’una parella pedagògica d’alumnes de 6è cicle en pràctiques docents preprofessionals per a l’ensenyament/aprenentatge d’ELE a l’educació general bàsica. Aquesta experiència, una investigació acció participativa, la dissenyem d’acord a les línies metodològiques del projecte, que principalment posen de relleu la importància en el procés d’aprenentatge de la llengua oral i de la competència estratègica, a través del treball per tasques i l’enfocament oral; amb activitats que promouen la interacció entre parells per al desenvolupament de les competències comunicatives. Les activitats s’emmarquen dins dels principis institucionals del Buen Vivir, recollits pel model pedagògic de la UNAE.La seqüència didàctica s’implementa en la institució educativa d’educación general bàsica Daniel Córdova Toral: una institució rural de la parròquia de Zhullín, que al moment de les pràctiques de les alumnes no comptava amb docent especialista en la matèria d’anglès.
AC:DC – Agiles und kollaboratives digitales Klassenzimmer
Authors: Grogorick Linda , Lamprecht Jens 
Published: May 2021

ZusammenfassungDie Möglichkeiten zur Gestaltung digitaler Lehr- und Lernkonzepte sind vielfältig und mit verschiedenen Potenzialen verbunden. Trotz zahlreicher Bestrebungen digitale Bildungsangebote vermehrt an Hochschulen, Schulen und im Arbeitskontext zu etablieren, hat erst die rasante Ausbreitung von Covid-19 zu einem weitrechenden Umdenken geführt. In diesem Beitrag wird daher das Konzept AC:DC zum digitalen, agilen und kollaborativen Lernen vorgestellt, welches im Sommersemester 2020 erstmals in einer Mastervorlesung eingesetzt wurde. Die Evaluation der Lehrveranstaltung hat überwiegend positive Resultate gezeigt, vor allem in Hinblick auf den erreichten Lernerfolg.
Character configuration, major depressive episodes, and suicide-related ideation among Japanese undergraduates
Authors: Takanobu Keisuke , Mitsui Nobuyuki , Watanabe Shinya , Toyoshima Kuniyoshi , Fujii Yutaka , Kako Yuki , Asakura Satoshi , Kusumi Ichiro 
Published: May 2021

Aim
To enable early identification of university students at high risk for suicide, we examined personality as a predictive factor for major depressive episodes and suicide-related ideation.

Methods
From 2011 to 2013, we administered the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) to 1,997 university students at enrollment (T1). We previously conducted a study using the same data set; this is a re-analysis of the dataset. To prevent contamination of data, participants diagnosed with a depressive episode were excluded at T1. Three years after enrollment (T2), we re-administered the PHQ-9 to the same students. We statistically compared TCI scores at T1 among depressive episode groups and suicide-related ideation groups. Two-way ANOVA and Cochran-Armitage trend tests were used to analyze the relationships between personality traits, depressive episodes, and suicide-related ideation.

Results
The PHQ-9 summary scores at baseline (T1) were 3.0 (±2.7), with female students scoring 4.6 (±2.9) and male students 2.9 (±2.6, p = 0.025). The major depressive episode group at T2 had lower self-directedness (SD) scores at T1 than the non-depressive episode control group. The suicide-related ideation (SI) group at T2 also had higher harm avoidance (HA), lower SD, and lower cooperativeness (C) scores than the non-SI group at T1. The Cochran-Armitage trend tests revealed significant associations between character configurations composed of SD and C, and both depressive episodes at T2 and SI at T2.

Conclusion
The temperament feature of high HA at baseline and character configurations of low SD and low C at baseline are the most contributory predictors for the novel development of depressive episodes and SI among Japanese university students.
Unite, Proletarian Brothers! Radicalism and Revolution in the Second Spanish Republic, Matthew Kerry (2020)
Authors: Cleminson Richard 
Published: May 2021

Review of: Unite, Proletarian Brothers! Radicalism and Revolution in the Second Spanish Republic, Matthew Kerry (2020)
London: University of London Press and Royal Historical Society, 252 pp.,
ISBN 978-1-91270-250-3, p/bk, £25.00
Urinary NGAL as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Marker for Acute Kidney Injury in Cirrhosis: A Prospective Study
Authors: Allegretti Andrew S. , Parada Xavier Vela , Endres Paul , Zhao Sophia , Krinsky Scott , St. Hillien Shelsea A. , Kalim Sahir , Nigwekar Sagar U. , Flood James G. , Nixon Andrea , Simonetto Douglas A. , Juncos Luis A. , Karakala Nithin , Wadei Hani M. , Regner Kevin R. , Belcher Justin M. , Nadim Mitra K. , Garcia-Tsao Guadalupe , Velez Juan Carlos Q. , Parikh Samir M. , Chung Raymond T. ,   on behalf of the HRS-HARMONY study investigators
Published: May 2021

INTRODUCTION:
Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) has shown promise in differentiating acute tubular necrosis (ATN) from other types of acute kidney injuries (AKIs) in cirrhosis, particularly hepatorenal syndrome (HRS). However, NGAL is not currently available in clinical practice in North America.

METHODS:
Urinary NGAL was measured in a prospective cohort of 213 US hospitalized patients with decompensated cirrhosis (161 with AKI and 52 reference patients without AKI). NGAL was assessed for its ability to discriminate ATN from non-ATN AKI and to predict 90-day outcomes.

RESULTS:
Among patients with AKI, 57 (35%) had prerenal AKI, 55 (34%) had HRS, and 49 (30%) had ATN, with a median serum creatinine of 2.0 (interquartile range 1.5, 3.0) mg/dL at enrollment. At an optimal cutpoint of 244 μg/g creatinine, NGAL distinguished ATN (344 [132, 1,429] μg/g creatinine) from prerenal AKI (45 [0, 154] μg/g) or HRS (110 [50, 393] μg/g; P < 0.001), with a C statistic of 0.762 (95% confidence interval 0.682, 0.842). By 90 days, 71 of 213 patients (33%) died. Higher median NGAL was associated with death (159 [50, 865] vs 58 [0, 191] μg/g; P < 0.001). In adjusted and unadjusted analysis, NGAL significantly predicted 90-day transplant-free survival (P < 0.05 for all Cox models) and outperformed Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score by C statistic (0.697 vs 0.686; P = 0.04), net reclassification index (37%; P = 0.008), and integrated discrimination increment (2.7%; P = 0.02).

DISCUSSION:
NGAL differentiates the type of AKI in cirrhosis and may improve prediction of mortality; therefore, it holds potential to affect management of AKI in cirrhosis.
Signs of music, intertextuality, and narrative strategy
Authors: Gamrat Małgorzata 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The musical culture of modern Europe has produced numerous extra-linguistic elements which constitute a kind of code making transmission of content possible between sender and receiver. These elements also permit a kind of narrative strategy which organizes this communication. One of the codes most important for this field of European culture is musical rhetoric, made up of dozens of signs such as rhetorical figures or the symbolism of musical keys. I demonstrate the functioning of these elements on the example of funeral music, whose topoi, signs, and codes have developed in European culture for several centuries, along with characteristic musical and literary genres, and their mutual interactions. My methodological approach is mainly based on the tools of cultural and musical semiotics, and of narratology combined with analyses of musical rhetoric, supported by elements of literary analysis. I discuss this subject using the example of Karol Kurpiński’s Elegy on the Death of Tadeusz Kościuszko (1818), which perfectly illustrates the signs typical of European culture in the first half of the 19th-century and of nascent Romanticism, with its complex nationalisms and its quest for signs typical of a given nation or region, as well as for individual solutions. All of my analyses point to the power and versatility of cultural semiotics, which allows us to study human creativity in a highly comprehensive manner, exploring areas which are inaccessible to other research methodologies.
Constraint andli, work andqi: Deacon and Zhu Xi
Authors: Ott Margus 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this article, I bring together the famous American semiotician Terrence Deacon and the most famous proponent of Neo-Confucianism, Zhu Xi 朱熹 (1130–1200). I focus on two of Deacon’s central concepts, constraints and work. All systems are constrained in some way, i.e. they behave in certain ways, but not in all ways. And “work” means that in their existence they make some difference: a gas in thermal equilibrium does not produce work. I bring these notions together with Zhu Xi’s concepts ofli理 andqi氣.Lican be understood as internal articulation of a system or an event, its “veins.” Andqiis the power of existence of a system or an event, its “energy.” In this light, I discuss the topics of the priority ofli, the coagulation ofqi, the normativity implied in theli, and self-cultivation. A connection to Deacon can give us new tools to make sense of those ancient topics of Chinese philosophy, and a connection to Zhu Xi can give semiotics in general and Deacon’s theory in particular an extension to certain fields that have been underdeveloped in Western thought, for instance self-cultivation.
Sampling and interpolation of cumulative distribution functions of Cantor sets in [0, 1]
Authors: Byars Allison , Camrud Evan , Harding Steven N. , McCarty Sarah , Sullivan Keith , Weber Eric S. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Cantor sets are constructed from iteratively removing sections of intervals. This process yields a cumulative distribution function (CDF), constructed from the invariant Borel probability measure associated with their iterated function systems. Under appropriate assumptions, we identify sampling schemes of such CDFs, meaning that the underlying Cantor set can be reconstructed from sufficiently many samples of its CDF. To this end, we prove that two Cantor sets have almost-nowhere intersection with respect to their corresponding invariant measures.
Ethyl acetate fraction of Spathodea campanulata (Bignoniaceae) attenuates lead acetate induced testicular toxicity in male Wistar rats
Authors: Adesiyan Glory Olubusayo , Talabi Temitope Olaoluwa , Kale Oluwafemi Ezekiel , Ogundare Temitope Funmi 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Objectives
The use of Spathodea campanulata in folklore medicine for the management of reproductive disorders has been poorly reported. We sought to investigate the protective potential of the ethyl acetate fraction of S. campanulata stem bark extract (EFSC) on lead acetate-induced (LA) testicular toxicity in male rats.

Methods
Animals during a 28 days treatment received dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 0.1%), LA (20 mg/kg), and EFSC (200 mg/kg). Others received EFSC only (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) or vitamin E (100 mg/kg) 1 h prior to LA (20 mg/kg) administration.

Results
LA administration decreased sperm counts and motility by 36.39 and 40.69% respectively in rats. Also, LA-untreated rats showed elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased total proteins in testis (260, 33%) and epididymis (62, 29%) respectively. However, EFSC (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg) administrations improved sperm morphological characteristics as well as antioxidant status in LA-treated rats. EFSC (400 mg/kg) showed improved testis seminiferous tubules that were almost normal in the LA-treated rats. Further, EFSC contains a high 9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester.

Conclusions
Overall, evidence by LA-induced testicular toxicity, EFSC provides chemopreventive roles via antioxidant mechanisms.
Critical review of the analytical methods for determining the mycotoxin patulin in food matrices
Authors: Notardonato Ivan , Gianfagna Silvia , Castoria Raffaello , Ianiri Giuseppe , De Curtis Filippo , Russo Mario Vincenzo , Avino Pasquale 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This manuscript is a critical review of the analytical methods reported in the existing literature for the determination of mycotoxin patulin at trace/ultra-trace levels in food matrices. The article starts focusing on what mycotoxins are, their “analytical history” (more than 21,000 articles published in Scopus database): each mycotoxin is specific for a given fungus and shows toxic effects, some even being carcinogenic. Most International regulations on mycotoxins are also reported, which pertain official controls in the food chain as well as the sampling methods and the maximum tolerable limits of mycotoxins. Then the manuscript is focused on patulin, a mycotoxin that is mainly produced by the fungal species Penicillium expansum. The main characteristics and properties of patulin are discussed, including its biosynthesis, especially on stored fruits infected by P. expansum and derived products, its toxicology, and some strategies aiming at preventing and/or reducing its presence. The description of the analytical procedure for patulin starts from sampling: the extraction and analytical methods reported are based on the official protocol of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, which relies on the high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet/diode array detector (HPLC-UV/DAD). Furthermore, an in-depth discussion of the most suitable analytical methods is reported. The first analytical step regards the analyte(s) extraction from the sample, followed by a clean-up phase, and by a final quantitative determination. This last section is divided into reference or confirmation methods, rapid screening and new methods and expected results, i.e., qualitative, quantitative, or semi-quantitative. Reference methods include TLC, GC, HPLC, and MS, whereas rapid methods include enzyme immunoassay tests, dipsticks, and lateral flow tests. Novel analytical methods include fluorescence, near infrared spectroscopy, capillary electrophoresis, and biosensors. Finally, the official method is compared with others present in the literature allowing a multi-target analysis, and its use in combination with other techniques of molecularly imprinted polymers is discussed.
Novel study on microbial fuel cells via a comprehensive bibliometric and dynamic approach
Authors: Ni Jin , Steinberger-Wilckens Robert , Jiang Shanxue , Xu Mingyue , Wang Qunhui 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are eco-friendly and useful bioelectrical devices that harness the natural metabolisms of microbes to produce electrical power directly from organic materials. In this study, a bibliometric analysis is conducted to evaluate MFC research from 2001 to 2018 on the basis of the Science Citation Index Expanded database. Overall, MFC research has experienced a dramatic increase over last 18 years, with an exponential growth in the accumulated number of publications. Most publications are closely related to the industrialization and commoditization of MFCs, along with environmental issues, which are currently the biggest global challenges in MFC studies. A small proportion (4.34%) of the scientific journals published more than half (54.34%) of the total articles in the MFC field. Articles from the top 10 countries/regions accounted for the majority (83.16%) of the total articles, clearly indicating that advanced MFC technologies are currently dominated by these countries/regions. Moreover, an increasing number of MFC researchers are considering two-chamber and three-chamber MFC reactions. In particular, they are focusing on environmental technology instead of merely improving the efficiency of electricity generation. Materials research in the MFC field is still a popular area worldwide, and many researchers have focused on novel and eco-friendly cathode and anode developments. Meanwhile, only a few MFC studies are concerned with biological research.
Input-Independent Homeostasis of Developing Thalamocortical Activity
Authors: Riyahi Pouria , Phillips Marnie A. , Colonnese Matthew T. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe isocortex of all mammals studied to date shows a progressive increase in the amount and continuity of background activity during early development. In humans the transition from a discontinuous (mostly silent, intermittently bursting) cortex to one that is continuously active is complete soon after birth and is a critical prognostic indicator. In the visual cortex of rodents this switch from discontinuous to continuous background activity occurs during the 2 d before eye-opening, driven by activity changes in relay thalamus. The factors that regulate the timing of continuity development, which enables mature visual processing, are unknown. Here, we test the role of the retina, the primary input, in the development of continuous spontaneous activity in the visual cortex of mice using depth electrode recordings from enucleated micein vivo. Bilateral enucleation at postnatal day (P)6, one week before the onset of continuous activity, acutely silences cortex, yet firing rates and early oscillations return to normal within 2 d and show a normal developmental trajectory through P12. Enucleated animals showed differences in silent period duration and continuity on P13 that resolved on P16, and an increase in low frequency power that did not. Our results show that the timing of cortical activity development is not determined by the major driving input to the system. Rather, even during a period of rapid increase in firing rates and continuity, neural activity in the visual cortex is under homeostatic control that is largely robust to the loss of the primary input.