bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous quantification of atomic oxygen and ozone by full photo-fragmentation two-photon absorption laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy
Authors: Shu Zhan , Qiao Junjie , Wang Chuanqi , Xiong Qing 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Atomic oxygen is one of the key reactive species in plasma chemistry and involved plasma treatments. Quantification of atomic O is essential and often accomplished by the method of two-photon absorption laser-induced fluorescence (TALIF) spectroscopy benefiting from its high resolution in time and space. However, photo-dissociation of ozone (O3), another active molecule formed commonly in O2-added plasmas, by the same UV laser often disturbs the TALIF measurement through in situ additional production of atomic O fragment. This interference of O3 fragmentation needs to be considered and separated from the plasma produced O atoms in the TALIF measurement. In this communication a novel conception benefiting from the photo-fragmentation effect of O3, is proposed for calibrating the TALIF signal of atomic oxygen in studied media. It is realized by TALIF detection of ground-state O(2p4
3P) fragment produced by fully photolyzing O3 by another synchronized 266 nm pulse laser. A robust 1:1 concentration ratio between the O(2p4
3P) fragment and photolyzed O3 is achieved, and therefore the known O3 density, e.g. from an ozonizer, can be utilized as a calibration reference for the TALIF signal of unknown-quantity O atoms in gaseous media of interested. This calibration method is straightforward to implement and simpler if same gas conditions are used in the calibration source (e.g. ozonizer) and diagnosed gaseous media, and no need for noble Xe gas. Furthermore, based on the proposed full photo-fragmentation TALIF principle, the O3 interference is able to be separated from atomic O originated from studied media, and the concentrations of O and O3 are able to be determined simultaneously if their populations are correlated with each other through kinetic chemical reactions, for instance in repetitive pulsed O2-mixed discharges. A successful exemplified diagnose by the proposed method is applied to a typical atmospheric-pressure line-to-plate pulsed-driven dielectric barrier discharge, where the time behaviors of O and O3 productions are quantified simultaneously in the post-discharge.
Zero-biased solar-blind photodetectors based on AlN/β-Ga2O3 heterojunctions
Authors: Xu Zhiyang , Zang Jinhao , Yang Xun , Chen Yancheng , Lou Qing , Li Kaiyong , Lin Chaonan , Zhang Zhenfeng , Shan Chongxin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Monoclinic gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3) has drawn much attention in solar-blind detection because of its unique characteristics such as good thermal and chemical stability, intrinsic visible/solar blind, high breakdown electric field, etc. However, the relatively slow response hinders the actual applications of β-Ga2O3 photodetectors. In this work, AlN/β-Ga2O3 heterojunction photodetectors with a fast response speed of 320 ns have been developed. Moreover, the AlN/β-Ga2O3 heterojunction photodetector can work at 0 V with a responsivity of 7.0 mA W−1 and a detectivity of 1.25 × 1013 cm Hz1/2W−1. The results reported in this work indicate that AlN/β-Ga2O3 heterojunctions are feasible for solar-blind photodetectors with fast response and high sensitivity.
Heat and mass transfer in a steady flow of Sutterby nanofluid over the surface of a stretching wedge
Authors: Usman  , Lin Ping , Ghaffari Abuzar 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The non-Newtonian Sutterby fluid model can be implied to characterize the significant characteristics of shear-thinning and shear-thickening for various ranges of the power-law index. The Sutterby fluid has a vast number of applications in engineering processes and industrial fluid mechanics. The steady two-dimensional stagnant flow of Sutterby nanofluid inside the boundary layer over a stretching wedge placed in a porous medium is investigated. The viscous incompressible fluid is electrically conducting, and a uniform magnetic field is imposed perpendicularly. The heat and mass transfer phenomenon is analyzed by incorporating the effects of nonlinear radiation, viscous dissipation, Joule heating, heat source/sink, and activation energy subject to convective-Nield boundary conditions. The physically modeled partial differential equations (PDEs) are lessened into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with precise similarity variables. The numerical solution is obtained through the shooting method. The effects of several types of emerging parameters upon the dimensionless distributions of velocity, temperature, and concentration are exhibited graphically. A tabular comparison is presented to show the convergence and accuracy of the shooting method. It can be concluded that the pertinent parameters are altered in such a way that they have produced a substantial influence upon the dimensionless boundary layer distributions. The fluid velocity enhances, whereas temperature and concentration of nanofluid are observing two diverse behaviors for the pertinent parameters. Finally, the present study effectively fills the missing gap in the existing literature.
The effect of laser-activated bleaching with 445 nm and 970 nm diode lasers on pulp chamber temperature rise: an in vitro study
Authors: Saberi Sogol , Shahabi Sima , Tohidkhah Saba , Jafarnia Shiva , Pedram Parham 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the pulp chamber temperature changes during bleaching procedures with irradiation from 445 nm and 970 nm diode lasers at different powers. A total of 120 human maxillary central incisors were used for this study. Diode lasers at two different wavelengths were irradiated in this evaluation: 970 nm at 1.5 W of power, 970 nm at 2 W, 445 nm at 1 W and 445 nm at 1.5 W. A thermometer was inserted into the pulp chamber and the temperature increase after bleaching was recorded. The results indicated that there was not a significant difference between the groups at the same wavelengths (P > 0.05). However, there was a significant difference between groups at different wavelengths (P < 0.05). The highest recorded pulp temperature increase was for the 970 nm diode laser with 2 W of power (2.0

±

0.5), and the lowest pulp temperature rise was 0.1

±

0.2 for the 445 nm diode laser with 1 W of power. According to the results of this study it can be concluded that the temperature elevation after bleaching with the diode laser at the wavelengths 970 nm and 445 nm is in the safe range, and both wavelengths with the parameters applied in this study can be used as prudent in-office bleaching techniques.
Tossing quantum coins and dice
Authors: Yukalov V I 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The procedure of tossing quantum coins and dice is described. This case is an important example of a quantum procedure because it presents a typical framework employed in quantum information processing and quantum computing. The emphasis is on the clarification of the difference between quantum and classical conditional probabilities. These probabilities are designed for characterizing different systems, either quantum or classical, and they, generally, cannot be reduced to each other. Thus the Lüders probability cannot be treated as a generalization of the classical conditional probability. The analogies between quantum theory of measurements and quantum decision theory are elucidated.
Free utility model for explaining the social gravity law
Authors: Wang Hao , Yan Xiao-Yong , Wu Jinshan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Social gravity law widely exists in human travel, population migration, commodity trade, information communication, scientific collaboration and so on. Why is there such a simple law in many complex social systems is an interesting question. Although scientists from fields of statistical physics, complex systems, economics and transportation science have explained the social gravity law, a theoretical explanation including two dominant mechanisms, namely individual interaction and bounded rationality, is still lacking. Here we present a free utility model, whose objective function is mathematically consistent with the Helmholtz free energy in physics, from the perspective of individual choice behavior to explain the social gravity law. The basic assumption is that bounded rational individuals interacting with each other will trade off the expected utility and information-processing cost to maximize their own utility. The previous explanations of the social gravity law including the maximum entropy model, the free cost model, the Logit model and the destination choice game model are all special cases under our model. Further, we extend the free utility model to the network. This model not only helps us to better understand the underlying mechanisms of spatial interaction patterns in complex social systems, but also provides a new perspective for understanding the potential function in game theory and the user equilibrium model in transportation science.
Relations between cumulants and central moments and their applications
Authors: Poloskov Igor E 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
At the beginning of this paper, we consider the solution to the problem of constructing relations between mixed central moments and cumulants (semi-invariants) of an arbitrary vector random variable. The sought relations are derived on the basis of formal operations over the Maclaurin series, which are various expansions of the characteristic function of the random vector. In the case under consideration, the coefficients of the expansions are mixed moments, cumulants, and central moments. One of the applications for the recurrence relations obtained is their usage to closure systems of ordinary differential equations (ODE) for the functions of the mathematical expectations and the functions of central moments until a given order. These functions are the main probabilistic speci cations for the state vectors of systems of stochastic ordinary differential equations (SODE) describing a behavior of stochastic dynamic systems. Therefore we have devoted the last part of the paper to derivation of the ODE system satisfied by the indicated moment functions.
Dead time corrections for Bonner sphere measurements of secondary neutrons at a proton therapy facility
Authors: Dommert M. , Reginatto M. , Zbořil M. , Lutz B. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Radiation therapy with proton beams allows the deposition of high doses to the tumour while minimising dose to the surrounding tissue. During such treatment, the patient is also exposed to secondary radiation which produces an out-of-field dose that affects healthy tissue. The largest contribution to this out-of-field dose comes from neutron radiation; therefore, it is of interest to fully characterise the neutron field in the therapy room with measurements. This is usually done with Bonner sphere spectrometers using active detectors, typically 3He-filled proportional counters, as central thermal neutron sensors. Under the experimental conditions encountered in proton therapy facilities, a proper analysis of the measurements is impossible unless dead time corrections are implemented. In this paper, we present a method using a paralysable dead time model for carrying out such corrections for Bonner sphere measurements with 3He-filled proportional counters and apply it to data taken at the University Proton Therapy Dresden (UPTD) facility in double scattering mode. The neutron events were recorded with time stamps and, based on this time-resolved data, the measured neutron rate distribution was sampled. Since the neutron flux is proportional to the proton flux, the integral neutron flux is directly related to the proton dose. Hence, we were able to estimate the detector dead time from the measured rate distributions recorded for a set of measurements with different proton dose rates. Experimental measurements with different intensities of the proton field show that the corrections are in agreement within 0.5% for measured signal rates smaller than 15 × 103 counts per second and do not exceed 1% at 25 × 103 counts per second.
Hydrodynamic efficiency in sharks: the combined role of riblets and denticles
Authors: Lloyd Charlie J , Peakall Jeffrey , Burns Alan D , Keevil Gareth M , Dorrell Robert M , Wignall Paul B , Fletcher Thomas M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We investigate the influence of smooth and ribletted shark skin on a turbulent boundary layer flow. Through laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) the role of riblets in combination with the shark skin denticle is established for the first time. Our results show that smooth denticles behave like a typical rough surface when exposed to an attached boundary layer. Drag is increased for the full range of tested dimensionless denticle widths, w
+ ≈ 25–80, where w
+ is the denticle width, w, scaled by the friction velocity, u

τ
, and the kinematic viscosity, ν. However, when riblets are added to the denticle crown we demonstrate there is a significant reduction in drag, relative to the smooth denticles. We obtain a modest maximum drag reduction of 2% for the ribletted denticles when compared to the flat plate, but when compared to the smooth denticles the difference in drag is in excess of 20% for w
+ ≈ 80. This study enables a new conclusion that riblets have evolved as a mechanism to reduce or eliminate the skin friction increase due to the presence of scales (denticles). The combination of scales and riblets is hydrodynamically efficient in terms of skin-friction drag, while also acting to maintain flow attachment, and providing the other advantages associated with scales, e.g. anti-fouling, abrasion resistance, and defence against parasites.
Global precipitation system size
Authors: Zhang Yan , Wang Kaicun 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The size of precipitation systems is an important parameter of precipitation process and dynamics. This study uses the latest Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement data during 2015–2019 to investigate the global distribution of precipitation system size, its spatial and temporal pattern, as well as its relationships with precipitation amount, frequency, intensity, and duration. Our results show that large precipitation systems (>106 km2) occur more frequently over ocean. Most land areas are dominated by medium-size precipitation systems (104–106 km2), except that some relatively smaller precipitation systems (<104 km2) are dominant over the eastern Pacific, some parts of southern Atlantic the northern Africa, and central Asia. The most apparent seasonal contrast in precipitation system size occur over midlatitude oceans, the southeast United States, and the Amazon Basin. The diurnal contrast of precipitation system size is weaker over the oceans where the latitude is greater than 30°, and stronger over land and tropical oceans. The precipitation system size is highly positively spatial-correlated with precipitation amount, frequency, intensity, and duration. The strongest temporal associations of precipitation system size with precipitation amount, frequency, intensity, and duration on monthly scale occur over the tropics, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.8. This study indicates evident regional differences, which can provide new information to deepen the understanding of local synoptic systems in regional studies.
Customer service complex: three-stage model
Authors: Korsakova T V 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Good customer service is not a new concept for the enterprises but the development of a holistic customer-oriented service model will be a critical way to increase the value of the business and promote products and services to achieve enterprise sustainability and innovation in the digital age. The article presents the results of research aimed at developing a modern model of integrated customer service. The idea to combine several marketing complexes to build a system of "customer acquisition" was presented. A three-stage model has been developed the use of which will allow the company to determine and understand the directions of development of its service and on this basis to achieve its goals. The conditions for the implementation of this model are discussed.
Nuclear power plants construction in developing countries as a leading direction of Russia’s foreign economic interests in the global construction services’ market in the globalization context
Authors: Semenenko V Yu 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The article is devoted to the problem of nuclear power plants construction in developing countries as one of the main directions in Russian foreign economic policy in the international construction services’ market in the globalization context. The purpose of the article is to analyze the current situation and to determine the prospects of the Russian Federation in the world market of nuclear building construction services. The research methodology is based on an integrated approach and includes the special methods: content analysis of scientific literature and legislative acts; analysis of statistical data, as well as a retrospective analysis method. In the article it is proved that the Russian Federation has all the necessary resource and the technological capabilities to strengthen its position in the world market of nuclear building construction services in the developed countries of the European Union, even under the sanctions imposed on the Russian Federation by these countries.
Formation and development of innovative agricultural system of the Republic of South Ossetia
Authors: Kulov A R , Gurieva L K 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The paper discusses the theoretical and practical aspects of innovative development of agriculture in the Republic of South Ossetia, whose territory is located in the foothills and mountains, which imposes special requirements on the technologies used for the production of agricultural products, raw materials and agricultural food. The ambiguity of ongoing processes in the agricultural sector of the economy, including a high level of unoccupied population in rural areas and a low level of involvement in the turnover of agricultural land requires new approaches to regulating innovation processes. A set of measures and directions for the formation of the innovation system of the Republic of South Ossetia is proposed, in which the key role is assigned to the recommended interstate technological agricultural platform.
Information and analytical systems for stress testing of credit institutions
Authors: Emelianova E S , Petrov L F 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The main concepts of making information and analytical systems of stress testing (IASST) - software and tools for rapid stress tests in the activities of a credit organization are considered. Options for operational modeling of stress scenarios in the activities of a credit institution are discussed. Requirements for IASST are formulated for conducting stress tests both at the macro level and for analyzing selected stress situations when conducting tests of specific scenarios at the local level. Stress testing goals are formulated at each level. The IASST architecture is presented; the structure and interaction of the system modules are analyzed. The use of IASST by different participants in stress testing and the functions of each group of participants are discussed. Requirements for differentiation of access rights to information of various groups of participants of stress testing are formulated. The paper provides a formalization of the source information in the IASST for various stress tests. The main principles of visualization of stress testing results for different groups of participants are discussed. The ways to expand the IASST to include additional indicators in the stress testing process are considered. The positive impact of the use of IASST on the timing, quality, and complexity of conducting stress tests in credit institutions is noted.
Present-day information technologies in public administration in Russia
Authors: Prokofiev S E , Kadyrova G M , Artyukhin R E , Yeremin S G , Savelyev A A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The article discusses the use of modern information technologies in public administration. It is noted that at present, when a new information society is actively developing, the issue of introducing the latest information technologies into state and municipal administration is becoming the most urgent topic, as it makes it possible to effectively communicate with state and municipal authorities with legal entities and individuals, accelerates and simplifies the process of registration various documentation, contributes to the development of the economy and social sphere. The main goal of the study is the issue of the characteristics of modern information technologies in the public administration system in the Russian Federation at present and their practical application. The main research methods in this case are the collection of primary information and its analysis. The article highlights the main legislative acts on the basis of which the introduction of new modern technologies in the public administration system is carried out, as well as systematized indicators characterizing the dynamics and development of this process. It also raises the issue of the effectiveness of the “electronic government”, when the process of informatization of public administration is fully taking place. The study assessed the effectiveness of the "electronic government" in three main areas of interaction in the public administration system. This article provides statistics characterizing the dynamics of the implementation of the Information Society Development Strategy in the Russian Federation for 2017-2030. Analysis of statistics shows that, despite certain problems and shortcomings, the implementation of this Strategy at the present stage is quite effective.
Consumer activity evaluation in relation to the purchase of food products of a certain regional affiliation
Authors: Biryukova Tatiana V , Surkova Nadezhda V , Ashmarina Tatyana I 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In modern conditions of competition in the food market, a number of factors that have an additional impact on consumer preferences are of particular importance for manufacturers. This issue is particularly relevant for producers of natural food products, where the combination of product characteristics with its regional affiliation will provide an additional competitive advantage and make mutually beneficial relationships with the consumer. At the moment, from the consumer’s point of view, the regional origin of the product is based on the perception of certain parameters, but there is no general opinion on this issue among buyers. This study identifies the main criteria that determine the regional origin of the product from the consumer’s point of view. On the basis of which the analysis of consumer activity in relation to the purchase of food products of a certain regional affiliation in Moscow was made. The results of the study represent the main parameters on the basis of which the consumer’s perception of the regional affiliation of the product occurs. The role of each factor in forming the consumer’s opinion about the regional affiliation of the product is analyzed. The correlation of consumers’ interest in produced regional products of high quality using traditional technologies is noted. The consumer’s perception of the necessary attributes to identify the regional origin of the product is evaluated. The main conclusions regarding the assessment of consumer activity in relation to the purchase of food products of a certain regional affiliation are presented.