bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Iron and Phosphorous‐Embedded Nitrogen‐Containing Porous Carbon as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for Microbial Fuel Cells
Authors: Li Ruisong , Zheng Fengyi , Rao Peng , Luo Junming , Du Yanlian , Jia Chunman , Li Jing , Deng Peilin , Shen Yijun , Tian Xinlong 
Published: October 2021

AbstractEfficient and stable electrocatalysts are required for microbial fuel cells (MFCs). They must be accessible to realize industrialization. Herein, a hierarchically porous phosphorus and iron‐embedded nitrogen‐containing carbon (P/Fe‐SS) was synthesized with shrimp shells as a carbon matrix via a facile oxidation pretreatment and pyrolysis process, where FeCl3 and H3PO4 were used as the catalyst and activator, respectively. Meanwhile, both of them acted as the doping sources to induce more active sites. The optimal pyrolysis temperature (900 °C) introduced a large specific surface area (857 m2/g) and hierarchical pores, facilitating the exposure of active sites. Furthermore, the presence of pyridinic‐N and Fe/P active sites endowed P/Fe‐SS 900 with excellent activity during the oxygen reduction reaction process. In particular, P/Fe‐SS 900 showed higher long‐term stability and poisoning resistance than those of Pt/C. When P/Fe‐SS 900 was applied as an air cathode in a MFC, its maximum power density reached 96.7 % of that of Pt/C. These results provide a promising alternative to Pt/C for MFC application due to their low cost, accessibility, and high stability.
Understanding the Influence of Temperature on Phase Evolution during Lithium‐Graphite (De‐)Intercalation Processes: An Operando X‐ray Diffraction Study
Authors: Schmitt Christina , Kube Alexander , Wagner Norbert , Friedrich K. Andreas 
Published: October 2021

AbstractKnowing the phase evolution behavior of battery materials is important for optimizing the operating conditions and understanding the aging behavior of the material. Phase changes of state‐of‐the‐art battery materials at room temperature are well understood, but the influence of temperature on the phase evolution is barely investigated. In this study, operando X‐ray diffraction (XRD) is applied for the observation of phase changes of graphite during cycling at different temperatures. The phase evolution is altered at lower temperatures (0 °C) compared to room temperature due to slower kinetics and diffusion rates even at low current rates of C/20. Differences in phase evolution between charge and discharge are more pronounced at 0 °C compared to higher temperatures. During delithiation at 43 °C, the formation of stage 2L is more distinct than at 25 °C whereas at 0 °C, no stage 2L formation is observed. However, at 0 °C, several phases co‐exist, supporting the theory of the shrinking annuli mechanism for phase evolution during (de‐)lithiation of graphite.
Electrochemically Converting Liquid Cu2S‐Sb2S3 to Liquid Cu2Sb and Sulfur in Molten Salt at 730 °C
Authors: Guo Yanyang , Li Xianyang , Zhao Zhuqing , Wang Hongya , Qu Jiakang , Hu Zuojun , Xie Hongwei , Yin Huayi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractConventional sulfide metallurgy suffers from SOx gas emission and high energy consumption, owing to the multiple‐step extraction processes and high temperatures that are above the melting point of the extracted metals. Herein, liquid Cu2Sb alloy can be directly electrochemically extracted from the liquid Sb2S3‐Cu2S with no sulfide oxides emission in eutectic NaCl‐KCl molten electrolyte at 730 °C. The use of Sb2S3 decreases the melting point of Cu2S and the Sb decreases the melting temperature of Cu. The Sb2S3‐Cu2S mixture experiences three stages in the electrochemical desulfurization process: the insertion of Na+ into liquid sulfides, the removal of S2− and metallization, and finally the formation of uniform liquid Cu2Sb alloy. The Sb2S3‐Cu2S can be completely electro‐converted into Cu2Sb at 2.6 V for 6 hours. This study provides a straightforward and environmentally friendly route to electro‐synthesize liquid alloys from their molten sulfide minerals.
Construction of Chiral All‐Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters by Asymmetric Friedel−Crafts Reaction of Isatin Derivatives
Authors: Li Jindong , Lu Wenjing , Lu Yangmian , Zha Zhenggen , Wang Zhiyong 
Published: October 2021

Comprehensive SummaryUnder the catalysis of chiral Cu(II) complex, C2 and C3 alkylation of pyrrole and C3 alkylation of indole were realized simultaneously. The chiral oxindole skeleton with an all‐carbon quaternary stereogenic center at the C3‐position could be obtained exclusively with high yields (up to 95%) and excellent enantioselectivities (up to > 99%).
Application of Copper Mining Waste in Radionuclide and Heavy Metal Immobilization
Authors: Dimović Slavko , Jelić Ivana , Šljivić‐Ivanović Marija , Štirbanović Zoran , Gardić Vojka , Marković Radmila , Savić Aleksandar , Zakic Dimitrije 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCopper slag flotation tailings (CSFT), as the end waste from copper mining, are evaluated for radionuclide and heavy metal immobilization. Characterization of CSFT based on grain size and mineral composition, surface functional groups, pH and electrical conductivity in aqueous media, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), determination of characteristic temperatures in sample melting process, leachability, and toxicity tests is conducted. The screening sorption of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) inactive isotopes from single‐component solutions is performed. The Cd(II) ions show better sorption potential than other ions, with a sorption capacity of 0.08 mmol g−1 at the highest initial concentration. Sorption decreases in the sequence Cd(II) > Pb(II) > Zn(II) > Mn(II) > Ni(II) > Co(II) at all initial concentrations. Although CSFT shows lower sorption capability than synthetic sorbents based on fayalite and magnetite, its inexpensiveness and substantial accessible amount represent great advantages in wider utilization.
Electrochemical Etching of Germanium in Ionic Liquids without the Use of Toxic and Corrosive Reagents
Authors: Kozmenkova Anna Ya. , Farafonova Sofia D. , Saverina Evgeniya A. , Galushko Alexey S. , Ananikov Valentine P. , Egorov Mikhail P. , Jouikov Viatcheslav V. , Syroeshkin Mikhail A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractFor the first time, the possibility of obtaining porous germanium from both single‐crystal and polycrystalline starting materials using environmentally friendly (in contrast to the commonly used HF and HCl) imidazolium ionic liquids (IL) was shown. It was demonstrated that pore formation depended significantly on the viscosity of the IL, on the etching current density and etching time, and on defects and imperfections of the substrate surface. By varying these parameters, the rates of two competing processes – formation and growth of pores and electropolishing – could be adjusted, consequently allowing germanium with a various structured surface, including a porous surface. In particular, using a more viscous IL (for example, [BMIM][PF6] versus [BMIM][BF4]) made it possible to reduce the rate of dissolution of the germanium dioxide surface layer; as a result, the formation and growth of pores became a dominant process. At the same time, the dissolution rate of the already formed porous layer (electropolishing) increased with the etching current density and the number of defects and imperfections of the germanium surface.
Evaluation of Russian wheat resistance sources with the spectrum of South African Diuraphis noxia biotypes
Authors: Bapela T. M. , Tolmay V. L. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractRussian wheat aphid (RWA) Diuraphis noxia is a global pest of small grains, such as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oat (Avena L.), and rye (Secale L.). Though laborious and time‐consuming in terms of efforts required to eliminate the unwanted traits, wheat landraces have been widely used in breeding programs to deliver resistance sources and genes responsive to RWA among other stresses. Continuous exploitation of resistance traits/alleles in the landraces should be prioritized as a RWA intervention strategy to minimize its devastating impacts on wheat. Eighty donor lines were evaluated for their resistance to four South African RWA biotypes, namely RWASA1, RWASA2, RWASA3, and RWASA4. The collection was composed of 74 donor lines and six breeding lines collected from Afghanistan (38), Iran (22), Pakistan (11), United States (4), South Africa (2), Turkey (1), Georgia (1), and Egypt (1). Majority of the accessions were susceptible to RWASA3. Of the 80 accessions evaluated, 14 were uniformly resistant to moderately resistant to RWASA1, 9 to RWASA2, 7 to RWASA3, and 9 to RWASA4. A heterogeneous resistance (resistant–moderately resistant: ≥ 50%) was recorded in 18 accessions for RWASA1, 28 for RWASA2, 13 for RWASA3, and 17 for RWASA4. In addition, 25 genotypes performed comparably to the check genotype CItr 2401, with resistance to all four RWA biotypes. Selection of resistant lines for genetic improvement of RWA resistance is of paramount importance. The use of genotypes conferring both high levels and moderate resistance could offer scope for effective resistance to RWA in wheat. The merits of their exclusive resistance should be emphasized in prebreeding programs.
Cytologic and flowcytometric findings in a case of myelomatous pleural effusion: A rare and ominous presentation of multiple myeloma
Authors: Hussain Aqeel , Khurana Ujjawal , Vijayverghia Garima , Khurana Alkesh Kumar , Goyal Abhishek , Tandon Ashwani 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPlasma cell myeloma is a hematologic malignancy characterized by multifocal clonal proliferation of plasma cells usually associated with M protein secretion in serum and/or urine and evidence of organ damage. Generally, the presenting features are related to anemia, bone lesions, and renal failure. Pleural effusion is rare in multiple myeloma and when present is often due to nonmalignant causes. Myelomatous pleural effusion that is, effusions directly due to pleural infiltration by plasma cells is even rarer. We present a case of a patient presenting with dyspnea due to myelomatous pleural effusion. The fluid in such a case may be subjected to cytology examination, protein electrophoresis, flowcytometric analysis, and cytogenetics. The case highlights the utility of cytomorphology and flowcytometry in the diagnosis of myelomatous pleural effusion and also highlights that this type of presentation portends a poor prognosis to the patient.
‘Time is prognosis’ in heart failure: time‐to‐treatment initiation as a modifiable risk factor
Authors: Abdin Amr , Anker Stefan D. , Butler Javed , Coats Andrew J. Stewart , Kindermann Ingrid , Lainscak Mitja , Lund Lars H. , Metra Marco , Mullens Wilfried , Rosano Giuseppe , Slawik Jonathan , Wintrich Jan , Böhm Michael 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn heart failure (HF), acute decompensation can occur quickly and unexpectedly because of worsening of chronic HF or to new‐onset HF diagnosed for the first time (‘de novo’). Patients presenting with acute HF (AHF) have a poor prognosis comparable with those with acute myocardial infarction, and any delay of treatment initiation is associated with worse outcomes. Recent HF guidelines and recommendations have highlighted the importance of a timely diagnosis and immediate treatment for patients presenting with AHF to decrease disease progression and improve prognosis. However, based on the available data, there is still uncertainty regarding the optimal ‘time‐to‐treatment’ effect in AHF. Furthermore, the immediate post‐worsening HF period plays an important role in clinical outcomes in HF patients after hospitalization and is known as the ‘vulnerable phase’ characterized by high risk of readmission and early death. Early and intensive treatment for HF patients in the ‘vulnerable phase’ might be associated with lower rates of early readmission and mortality. Additionally, in the chronic stable HF outpatient, treatments are often delayed or not initiated when symptoms are stable, ignoring the risk for adverse outcomes such as sudden death. Consequently, there is a dire need to better identify HF patients during hospitalization and after discharge and treating them adequately to improve their prognosis. HF is an urgent clinical scenario along all its stages and disease conditions. Therefore, time plays a significant role throughout the entire patient's journey. Therapy should be optimized as soon as possible, because this is beneficial regardless of severity or duration of HF. Time lavished before treatment initiation is recognized as important modifiable risk factor in HF.
Fluid rheological effects on streaming dielectrophoresis in a post‐array microchannel
Authors: Bentor Joseph , Raihan Mahmud Kamal , McNeely Colin , Liu Zhijian , Song Yongxin , Xuan Xiangchun 
Published: October 2021

AbstractRecent studies have demonstrated the strong influences of fluid rheological properties on insulator‐based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) in single‐constriction microchannels. However, it is yet to be understood how iDEP in non‐Newtonian fluids depends on the geometry of insulating structures. We report in this work an experimental study of fluid rheological effects on streaming DEP in a post‐array microchannel that presents multiple contractions and expansions. The iDEP focusing and trapping of particles in a viscoelastic polyethylene oxide solution are comparable to those in a Newtonian buffer, which is consistent with the observations in a single‐constriction microchannel. Similarly, the insignificant iDEP effects in a shear‐thinning xanthan gum solution also agree with those in the single‐constriction channel except that gel‐like structures are observed to only form in the post‐array microchannel under large DC electric fields. In contrast, the iDEP effects in both viscoelastic and shear‐thinning polyacrylamide solution are significantly weaker than in the single‐constriction channel. Moreover, instabilities occur in the electroosmotic flow and appear to be only dependent on the DC electric field. These phenomena may be associated with the dynamics of polymers as they are electrokinetically advected around and through the posts.
Artificial bifurcation effect on downstream channel dynamics of a large lowland river, the Atchafalaya
Authors: Tang Ming , Xu Y. Jun , Wang Bo , Xu Wei , Cheng Heqin , Tsai Frank T.‐C. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractArtificial river bifurcations have been widely created for different purposes. Yet, long‐term dynamics in the bifurcated channels and natural channels downstream of the artificial bifurcation nodes are not well investigated. Herein, we employed an approach combining three decades (1977–2006) of bathymetric survey records, geographic information system (GIS) application, and bed material transport modeling to investigate riverbed dynamics in an artificially bifurcated channel and the downstream natural channel of the Atchafalaya River, the largest distributary of the Mississippi River. Decadal changes in the riverbed volume were determined, and erosion/deposition patterns in these channels were assessed. Hydraulic properties under low, medium, and high flow conditions were quantified to analyze main factors affecting the long‐term trend of channel dynamics. Our study found that flow from the Atchafalaya River into the artificially bifurcated Wax Lake outlet channel (WLOC) steadily increased. Hydraulic gradient, stream power, and shear stress under all flow conditions of the WLOC were greater than those of the Atchafalaya River natural mainstem channel (ARMC) downstream of the artificial bifurcation. On average, 52% of the total bed material loads (BMLs) from the Atchafalaya entered the steeper and straight WLOC with 41% of the river's flow from 1977 to 2006. Despite the higher sediment inflow, the WLOC degraded with an average rate of −0.12 × 105 m3 km−1 yr−1, while the ARMC downstream of the bifurcation aggraded substantially with an average rate of 0.38 × 105 m3 km−1 yr−1 over the three decades. The disproportional flow–sediment ratio and channel erosion‐aggradation patterns below the artificial bifurcation were apparently a reflection of the difference in the river hydraulic properties. These findings imply that lowland alluvial river diversions for introducing sediment to build new land in world's sinking deltas need to develop sustainable solutions in order to avoid causing severe bed scouring in one but excessive deposition in the other channel downstream of the bifurcation.
Tormenting thoughts: The posterior cingulate sulcus of the default mode network regulates valence of thoughts and activity in the brain's pain network during music listening
Authors: Koelsch Stefan , Andrews‐Hanna Jessica R. , Skouras Stavros 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMany individuals spend a significant amount of their time “mind‐wandering”. Mind‐wandering often includes spontaneous, nonintentional thought, and a neural correlate of this kind of thought is the default mode network (DMN). Thoughts during mind‐wandering can have positive or negative valence, but only little is known about the neural correlates of positive or negative thoughts. We used resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and music to evoke mind‐wandering in n = 33 participants, with positive‐sounding music eliciting thoughts with more positive valence and negative‐sounding music eliciting thoughts with more negative valence. Applying purely data‐driven analysis methods, we show that medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC, part of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex) and the posterior cingulate sulcus (likely area 23c of the posterior cingulate cortex), two sub‐regions of the DMN, modulate the valence of thought‐contents during mind‐wandering. In addition, across two independent experiments, we observed that the posterior cingulate sulcus, a region involved in pain, shows valence‐specific functional connectivity with core regions of the brain's putative pain network. Our results suggest that two DMN regions (mOFC and posterior cingulate sulcus) support the formation of negative spontaneous, nonintentional thoughts, and that the interplay between these structures with regions of the putative pain network forms a neural mechanism by which thoughts can become painful.
High‐quality diet, physical activity, and college education are associated with low risk of NAFLD among the US population
Authors: Vilar‐Gomez Eduardo , Nephew Lauren D. , Vuppalanchi Raj , Gawrieh Samer , Mladenovic Andrea , Pike Francis , Samala Niharika , Chalasani Naga 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background and Aims
The effects of diet quality (DQ), physical activity (PA), and socioeconomic status (SES) on the risk of NAFLD are unclear. We examined the association among DQ, PA, SES, and NAFLD risk.

Approach and Results
This is a cross‐sectional analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 2017–2018, which included 3589 participants with reliable information on vibration‐controlled transient elastography (VCTE) measurements, 24‐h dietary recalls, PA, and SES. DQ was assessed by the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)‐2015. PA was determined by the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. SES was assessed by the educational attainment and family poverty income ratio (PIR). Risk of NAFLD was considered by means of a composite outcome using VCTE measurements: non‐NAFLD versus NAFLD without clinically significant fibrosis (CSF) versus NAFLD with CSF. The NAFLD risk was lower in physically active (≥600 metabolic equivalent of task [MET] min/week) versus inactive participants (<600 MET min/week) (OR: 0.71, p = 0.043). A high‐quality diet (HQD) (HEI > 56.64) was associated with a lower risk of NAFLD (OR: 0.58, p < 0.01) compared with a non‐HQD. The lowest NAFLD risk was observed in those physically active with HQD (OR: 0.43, p < 0.01). Body mass index and waist circumference significantly mediated the effect of DQ and PA on NAFLD risk. Education (college or above) (OR: 0.65, p = 0.034), but not PIR, was associated with a reduced NAFLD risk. HQD and increased PA partially mediated the effect of education on NAFLD risk. The total effect of education on NAFLD risk mediated by DQ was 29% and by PA was 8%.

Conclusions
HQD, increased physical activity, and college education were associated with lower NAFLD risk in the US population.
Leveraging ensemble meteorological forcing data to improve parameter estimation of hydrologic models
Authors: Liu Hongli , Tolson Bryan A. , Newman Andrew J. , Wood Andrew W. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAs continental to global scale high‐resolution meteorological datasets continue to be developed, there are sufficient meteorological datasets available now for modellers to construct a historical forcing ensemble. The forcing ensemble can be a collection of multiple deterministic meteorological datasets or come from an ensemble meteorological dataset. In hydrological model calibration, the forcing ensemble can be used to represent forcing data uncertainty. This study examines the potential of using the forcing ensemble to identify more robust parameters through model calibration. Specifically, we compare an ensemble forcing‐based calibration with two deterministic forcing‐based calibrations and investigate their flow simulation and parameter estimation properties and the ability to resist poor‐quality forcings. The comparison experiment is conducted with a six‐parameter hydrological model for 30 synthetic studies and 20 real data studies to provide a better assessment of the average performance of the deterministic and ensemble forcing‐based calibrations. Results show that the ensemble forcing‐based calibration generates parameter estimates that are less biased and have higher frequency of covering the true parameter values than the deterministic forcing‐based calibration does. Using a forcing ensemble in model calibration reduces the risk of inaccurate flow simulation caused by poor‐quality meteorological inputs, and improves the reliability and overall simulation skill of ensemble simulation results. The poor‐quality meteorological inputs can be effectively filtered out via our ensemble forcing‐based calibration methodology and thus discarded in any post‐calibration model applications. The proposed ensemble forcing‐based calibration method can be considered as a more generalized framework to include parameter and forcing uncertainties in model calibration.