bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is There a Speed Limit for the Thermal Steady‐State Assumption in Continental Rifts?
Authors: Heckenbach Esther L. , Brune Sascha , Glerum Anne C. , Bott Judith 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe lithosphere is often assumed to reside in a thermal steady‐state when quantitatively describing the temperature distribution in continental interiors and sedimentary basins, but also at active plate boundaries. Here, we investigate the applicability limit of this assumption at slowly deforming continental rifts. To this aim, we assess the tectonic thermal imprint in numerical experiments that cover a range of realistic rift configurations. For each model scenario, the deviation from thermal equilibrium is evaluated. This is done by comparing the transient temperature field of every model to a corresponding steady‐state model with an identical structural configuration. We find that the validity of the thermal steady‐state assumption strongly depends on rift type, divergence velocity, sampling location, and depth within the rift. Maximum differences between transient and steady‐state models occur in narrow rifts, at the rift sides, and if the extension rate exceeds 0.5–2 mm/a. Wide rifts, however, reside close to thermal steady‐state even for high extension velocities. The transient imprint of rifting appears to be overall negligible for shallow isotherms with a temperature less than 100°C. Contrarily, a steady‐state treatment of deep crustal isotherms leads to an underestimation of crustal temperatures, especially for narrow rift settings. Thus, not only relatively fast rifts like the Gulf of Corinth, Red Sea, and Main Ethiopian Rift, but even slow rifts like the Kenya Rift, Rhine Graben, and Rio Grande Rift must be expected to feature a pronounced transient component in the temperature field and to therefore violate the thermal steady‐state assumption for deeper crustal isotherms.
Space‐Borne Cloud‐Native Satellite‐Derived Bathymetry (SDB) Models Using ICESat‐2 And Sentinel‐2
Authors: Thomas N. , Pertiwi A. P. , Traganos D. , Lagomasino D. , Poursanidis D. , Moreno S. , Fatoyinbo L. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractShallow nearshore coastal waters provide a wealth of societal, economic, and ecosystem services, yet their topographic structure is poorly mapped due to a reliance upon expensive and time intensive methods. Space‐borne bathymetric mapping has helped address these issues, but has remained largely dependent upon in situ measurements. Here we fuse ICESat‐2 lidar data with Sentinel‐2 optical imagery, within the Google Earth Engine cloud platform, to create openly available spatially continuous high‐resolution bathymetric maps at regional‐to‐national scales in Florida, Crete and Bermuda. ICESat‐2 bathymetric classified photons are used to train three Satellite Derived Bathymetry (SDB) methods, including Lyzenga, Stumpf, and Support Vector Regression algorithms. For each study site the Lyzenga algorithm yielded the lowest RMSE (approx. 10%–15%) when compared with validation data. We demonstrate a means of using ICESat‐2 for both model calibration and validation, thus cementing a pathway for fully space‐borne estimates of nearshore bathymetry in shallow, clear water environments.
Reply to Comments by Lei et al. on the Paper “Poststorm Thermospheric NO Overcooling?” by A.V. Mikhailov and L. Perrone (2020)
Authors: Mikhailov A. V. , Perrone L. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRecently, our paper “Poststorm Thermospheric NO Overcooling?” has been published in JGR. Lei with colleagues (2012) who have proposed the “NO overcooling” concept have written Comments on this paper. Below is given our reply. Everywhere MP20 means the reference to the paper by Mikhailov and Perrone (2020). In the beginning to avoid misunderstanding, it is necessary to stress that in MP20 we did not touch on the well‐documented process of the thermosphere NO cooling (e.g., Gordiets et al., 1982; Maeda et al., 1989; Mlynczak et al., 2018; Prölss, 2004, 2011; Roble, 1995; Weimer et al., 2011) which mainly takes place in the lower thermosphere. We only explained a decrease of neutral gas density at F2‐layer heights during the recovery storm phase. The effect manifests seasonal dependence which is not explained by the “NO overcooling” mechanism.
Beam‐Driven Electron Cyclotron Harmonic Waves in Earth's Magnetotail
Authors: Zhang Xu , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Artemyev Anton V. , Zhang Xiao‐Jia , Liu Jiang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAlthough electron cyclotron harmonic (ECH) waves are the primary contributor to plasma sheet electron scattering loss, experimental verification of their most widely accepted excitation mechanism, loss‐cone instability, has been lacking for decades. Using 10 years of time history of events and macroscale interactions during substorms satellite observations, we investigate ECH wave properties near dipolarization fronts, the predominant source of such waves. To our surprise we find that more than 30% of observed ECH waves have moderately oblique (∼70°) wave normal angles (WNA), much less than the ∼85° expected from classical loss‐cone instability. These moderately oblique WNA ECH waves carry a strong field‐aligned electric field that is used to identify them. They are often observed with cold, dense electrons that exhibit enhanced parallel flux at a few hundred eV energy, which suggests that low‐energy counterstreaming beams (likely of ionospheric origin) might be their free energy source. By solving the linear dispersion relation for parameters representative of such plasma sheet electron distributions, we confirm that ECH waves at WNA ∼ 70° can indeed be driven unstable by such beams. Our work reveals a previously unknown excitation mechanism for ECH waves and exposes the need for quantifying the conditions for and relative importance of beam‐driven waves compared to those excited by the loss‐cone instability in Earth's plasma sheet.
The Diffuse Auroral Eraser
Authors: Troyer R. N. , Jaynes A. N. , Jones S. L. , Knudsen D. J. , Trondsen T. S. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe source of diffuse aurora has been widely studied and linked to electron cyclotron harmonic and upper‐band chorus waves. It is known that these waves scatter 100s of eV to 10s of keV electrons from the plasma sheet, but the relative contribution of each wave type is still an open question. In this study, we report an interesting and unusual auroral feature observed on March 15, 2002. We believe that these observations could help further our understanding of waves associated with diffuse aurora. This diffuse auroral feature is characterized by four phases: (1) the initial phase exhibiting regular diffuse aurora; (2) the brightening phase, where an east‐west auroral stripe rapidly brightens; (3) the eraser phase, where the stripe dims to below its initial state; and (4) the recovery phase, where the diffuse aurora returns to its original brightness. Using a superposed epoch analysis of 22 events, we calculate the average recovery phase time to be 20 s, although this varies widely between events. We hypothesize that the process responsible for these auroral eraser events could be the result of chorus waves modulating diffuse aurora.
3D Multi‐fluid MHD Simulation of the Early Time Behavior of an Artificial Plasma Cloud in the Bottom Side Ionosphere
Authors: Ober Daniel M. , Crawford Trevor S. , Eccles James V. , Holmes Jeffrey M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA multi‐fluid magnetohydrodynamic model has been developed to investigate artificial clouds in the lower ionosphere. The model is based on the five‐moment approximation of the fluid equations with separate continuity and momentum equations for each species. The model can have multiple neutral and ion species, background and cloud designation of species, and multiple chemical reactions between species. The model is used to simulate a barium cloud initiated in the bottom side ionosphere. The neutral barium cloud is observed to expand radially with a spherical density distribution. The barium ion cloud, produced by ionization of the neutral barium cloud, expands mostly along the magnetic field lines. Both the barium and oxygen ions are observed to rotate about the magnetic field. A diamagnetic cavity develops quickly and then collapses within the 10‐s model period. Initially, there is an oxygen ion density enhancement in the center of the cloud that later evolves into a depletion with enhancements on opposite field‐aligned sides of the depletion. The direction of the ion rotation about the magnetic field alternates with time. The associated magnetic field twist propagates away from the cloud along the field line as a shear Alfvén wave. This last result, previously unreported, results from the additional physics included in the multi‐fluid formulation of the fluid equations.
A Normalized Distance Test for Co‐Determining the Completeness Magnitude andb‐Value of Earthquake Catalogs
Authors: Lombardi A. M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe spatial‐temporal variations ofb‐value in the Gutenberg‐Richter's relation are understood as stress meter and premonitory indicator of strong events. The characterization of the Gutenberg‐Richter's relation is complicated by the difficulty of identifying the completeness magnitudeMc,since its inaccurate estimate may lead to biased conclusions onb‐value. Therefore, many methods have been proposed to estimateb‐values and their changes, but no agreement has been reached on which is the most appropriate algorithm. Here a principled statistical framework is presented for discerning and quantifying variations in the Gutenberg‐Richter Law on empirical data. A new approach, called Normalized Distance (ND) test, is proposed, combining maximum‐likelihood estimates with a goodness‐of‐fit test and bootstrap resampling. The proposed method is evaluated on synthetic data and compared with the most used approaches. The main result is that the ND test provides better estimates ofMcandb‐value respect to all other methods. Finally, the same algorithms applied to the most recent Italian sequence provide contradictory results, indicating that detectedb‐value fluctuations may be apparent.
Characterizing Dust‐Radiation Feedback and Refining the Horizontal Resolution of the MarsWRF Model Down to 0.5 Degree
Authors: Gebhardt C. , Abuelgasim A. , Fonseca R. M. , Martín‐Torres J. , Zorzano M.‐P. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this study, three simulations by the Mars Weather Research and Forecasting Model are compared: two 10 Martian year (MY) 2° × 2° simulations with (i) fully radiatively active dust and (ii) a prescribed dust scenario, and a (iii) 1 MY 0.5° × 0.5° simulation with prescribed dust as in (ii). From comparing (i) and (ii), we found that the impact of dust‐radiation feedback is individually different for any region. The most striking evidence are major dust lifting activities to the south of Chryse Planitia (S‐CP) seen in (i) but not in (ii). By contrast, dust lifting and deposition on the southern slopes and inside the Hellas Basin are similar in both simulations. The latter, in turn, points toward a similar near‐surface atmospheric circulation. In (iii), the total global amount of wind stress lifted dust is by a factor of ∼8 higher than in (ii), with S‐CP being a major lifting region as in (i). Nonetheless, the surface dust lifting by wind stress in (iii) may be also reduced regionally, as seen at the peak of Elysium Mons because of its unique topography. The zonal mean circulation in (i) is generally of a comparable strength to that in (ii), with exceptions in global dust storm years, when it is clearly stronger in (i), in line with a dustier atmosphere. The differences in the zonal mean circulation between (ii) and (iii) are mostly at lower altitudes and may arise because of differences in the representation of the topography.
RCL1 copy number variants are associated with a range of neuropsychiatric phenotypes
Authors: Brownstein Catherine A. , Smith Richard S. , Rodan Lance H. , Gorman Mark P. , Hojlo Margaret A. , Garvey Emily A. , Li Jianqiao , Cabral Kristin , Bowen Joshua J. , Rao Abhijit S. , Genetti Casie A. , Carroll Devon , Deaso Emma A. , Agrawal Pankaj B. , Rosenfeld Jill A. , Bi Weimin , Howe Jennifer , Stavropoulos Dimitri J. , Hansen Adam W. , Hamoda Hesham M. , Pinard Ferne , Caracansi Annmarie , Walsh Christopher A. , D’Angelo Eugene J. , Beggs Alan H. , Zarrei Mehdi , Gibbs Richard A. , Scherer Stephen W. , Glahn David C. , Gonzalez-Heydrich Joseph 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMendelian and early-onset severe psychiatric phenotypes often involve genetic variants having a large effect, offering opportunities for genetic discoveries and early therapeutic interventions. Here, the index case is an 18-year-old boy, who at 14 years of age had a decline in cognitive functioning over the course of a year and subsequently presented with catatonia, auditory and visual hallucinations, paranoia, aggression, mood dysregulation, and disorganized thoughts. Exome sequencing revealed a stop-gain mutation in RCL1 (NM_005772.4:c.370 C > T, p.Gln124Ter), encoding an RNA 3′-terminal phosphate cyclase-like protein that is highly conserved across eukaryotic species. Subsequent investigations across two academic medical centers identified eleven additional cases of RCL1 copy number variations (CNVs) with varying neurodevelopmental or psychiatric phenotypes. These findings suggest that dosage variation of RCL1 contributes to a range of neurological and clinical phenotypes.
Reduction in mobility and COVID-19 transmission
Authors: Nouvellet Pierre , Bhatia Sangeeta , Cori Anne , Ainslie Kylie E. C. , Baguelin Marc , Bhatt Samir , Boonyasiri Adhiratha , Brazeau Nicholas F. , Cattarino Lorenzo , Cooper Laura V. , Coupland Helen , Cucunuba Zulma M. , Cuomo-Dannenburg Gina , Dighe Amy , Djaafara Bimandra A. , Dorigatti Ilaria , Eales Oliver D. , van Elsland Sabine L. , Nascimento Fabricia F. , FitzJohn Richard G. , Gaythorpe Katy A. M. , Geidelberg Lily , Green William D. , Hamlet Arran , Hauck Katharina , Hinsley Wes , Imai Natsuko , Jeffrey Benjamin , Knock Edward , Laydon Daniel J. , Lees John A. , Mangal Tara , Mellan Thomas A. , Nedjati-Gilani Gemma , Parag Kris V. , Pons-Salort Margarita , Ragonnet-Cronin Manon , Riley Steven , Unwin H. Juliette T. , Verity Robert , Vollmer Michaela A. C. , Volz Erik , Walker Patrick G. T. , Walters Caroline E. , Wang Haowei , Watson Oliver J. , Whittaker Charles , Whittles Lilith K. , Xi Xiaoyue , Ferguson Neil M. , Donnelly Christl A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn response to the COVID-19 pandemic, countries have sought to control SARS-CoV-2 transmission by restricting population movement through social distancing interventions, thus reducing the number of contacts. Mobility data represent an important proxy measure of social distancing, and here, we characterise the relationship between transmission and mobility for 52 countries around the world. Transmission significantly decreased with the initial reduction in mobility in 73% of the countries analysed, but we found evidence of decoupling of transmission and mobility following the relaxation of strict control measures for 80% of countries. For the majority of countries, mobility explained a substantial proportion of the variation in transmissibility (median adjusted R-squared: 48%, interquartile range - IQR - across countries [27–77%]). Where a change in the relationship occurred, predictive ability decreased after the relaxation; from a median adjusted R-squared of 74% (IQR across countries [49–91%]) pre-relaxation, to a median adjusted R-squared of 30% (IQR across countries [12–48%]) post-relaxation. In countries with a clear relationship between mobility and transmission both before and after strict control measures were relaxed, mobility was associated with lower transmission rates after control measures were relaxed indicating that the beneficial effects of ongoing social distancing behaviours were substantial.
Structure of photosystem I-LHCI-LHCII from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in State 2
Authors: Huang Zihui , Shen Liangliang , Wang Wenda , Mao Zhiyuan , Yi Xiaohan , Kuang Tingyun , Shen Jian-Ren , Zhang Xing , Han Guangye 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPhotosystem I (PSI) and II (PSII) balance their light energy distribution absorbed by their light-harvesting complexes (LHCs) through state transition to maintain the maximum photosynthetic performance and to avoid photodamage. In state 2, a part of LHCII moves to PSI, forming a PSI-LHCI-LHCII supercomplex. The green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii exhibits state transition to a far larger extent than higher plants. Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy structure of a PSI-LHCI-LHCII supercomplex in state 2 from C. reinhardtii at 3.42 Å resolution. The result reveals that the PSI-LHCI-LHCII of C. reinhardtii binds two LHCII trimers in addition to ten LHCI subunits. The PSI core subunits PsaO and PsaH, which were missed or not well-resolved in previous Cr-PSI-LHCI structures, are observed. The present results reveal the organization and assembly of PSI core subunits, LHCI and LHCII, pigment arrangement, and possible pathways of energy transfer from peripheral antennae to the PSI core.
Temporal bias in case-control design: preventing reliable predictions of the future
Authors: Yuan William , Beaulieu-Jones Brett K. , Yu Kun-Hsing , Lipnick Scott L. , Palmer Nathan , Loscalzo Joseph , Cai Tianxi , Kohane Isaac S. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOne of the primary tools that researchers use to predict risk is the case-control study. We identify a flaw, temporal bias, that is specific to and uniquely associated with these studies that occurs when the study period is not representative of the data that clinicians have during the diagnostic process. Temporal bias acts to undermine the validity of predictions by over-emphasizing features close to the outcome of interest. We examine the impact of temporal bias across the medical literature, and highlight examples of exaggerated effect sizes, false-negative predictions, and replication failure. Given the ubiquity and practical advantages of case-control studies, we discuss strategies for estimating the influence of and preventing temporal bias where it exists.
A novel Python module for statistical analysis of turbulence (P-SAT) in geophysical flows
Authors: Agarwal Mayank , Deshpande Vishal , Katoshevski David , Kumar Bimlesh 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe present Python Statistical Analysis of Turbulence (P-SAT), a lightweight, Python framework that can automate the process of parsing, filtering, computation of various turbulent statistics, spectra computation for steady flows. P-SAT framework is capable to work with single as well as on batch inputs. The framework quickly filters the raw velocity data using various methods like velocity correlation, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and acceleration thresholding method in order to de-spike the velocity signal of steady flows. It is flexible enough to provide default threshold values in methods like correlation, SNR, acceleration thresholding and also provide the end user with an option to provide a user defined value. The framework generates a .csv file at the end of the execution, which contains various turbulent parameters mentioned earlier. The P-SAT framework can handle velocity time series of steady flows as well as unsteady flows. The P-SAT framework is capable to obtain mean velocities from instantaneous velocities of unsteady flows by using Fourier-component based averaging method. Since P-SAT framework is developed using Python, it can be deployed and executed across the widely used operating systems. The GitHub link for the P-SAT framework is: https://github.com/mayank265/flume.git.
Oral and ocular late effects in head and neck cancer patients treated with radiotherapy
Authors: Westgaard Kristine Løken , Hynne Håvard , Amdal Cecilie Delphin , Young Alix , Singh Preet Bano , Chen Xiangjun , Rykke Morten , Hove Lene Hystad , Aqrawi Lara A. , Utheim Tor P. , Herlofson Bente Brokstad , Jensen Janicke Liaaen 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA broader understanding of oral and ocular late effects in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients who underwent intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) may provide valuable information in follow-up and improve quality of life. Twenty-nine HNC patients treated at least 6 months earlier and 30 age-matched controls were recruited. After completing several questionnaires: Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14), Shortened Xerostomia Inventory (SXI), Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and McMonnies Dry Eye questionnaire (MDEQ), participants underwent oral and ocular examinations. Oral examination included clinical oral dryness score (CODS) and secretion rates of unstimulated and stimulated saliva (UWS, SWS). Ocular examination included tear film break-up time, Schirmer test and ocular surface staining. The patients had more problems related to dry mouth than controls based on CODS and SXI, and more complaints of dry eye disease based on OSDI and MDEQ. UWS and SWS rates and oral health related quality of life were significantly lower in the patient group. Subjective oral dryness (SXI) correlated significantly with subjective ocular dryness (OSDI and MDEQ). Our study demonstrates that HNC patients treated with IMRT experience late effects in terms of xerostomia and ocular dryness underlining the importance of interdisciplinary approach in the evaluation and follow-up of HNC patients.
Arbeitsteilung innerhalb der Pflege
Authors: Franzke Udo 
Published: February 2021

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie sich stetig verändernden demografischen Bedingungen im deutschen Gesundheitswesen werden sich zukünftig auch verstärkt auf den Dialysebereich auswirken. Hauptfaktoren sind steigende Kosten bei größtenteils gleichbleibenden Erlösen sowie der sich zunehmend abzeichnende Fachkräftemangel im nichtärztlichen Bereich. Eine Möglichkeit, diesen Herausforderungen zu begegnen, ist eine Neuverteilung von Aufgaben im Dialyseprozess. Mögliche Herangehensweisen sind die Aufspaltung des Dialyseprozesses und Verteilung der Tätigkeiten an Personen gleicher Qualifikation und/oder auch unterschiedlicher Qualifikation. Der Einsatz von Assistenzpersonal erscheint als eine Variante, um sowohl demografischen Anforderungen als auch steigenden Kosten zu begegnen. Fraglich ist nur, bis zu welchem Grad das Splitten des Behandlungsprozesses sinnvoll ist und ob es regulatorische Rahmenbedingungen gibt, die es zu beachten gilt. Diese Aspekte werden in diesem Artikel beleuchtet und zu einem Ergebnis geführt.
Die psychische Gesundheit von Pflegenden (Teil 2)
Authors: Wiederhold Dietmar 
Published: February 2021

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGPsychische Gesundheit bedeutet, im inneren Gleichgewicht zu sein, um mit Belastungen und negativen Lebensereignissen konstruktiv umgehen zu können. Pflegende sind durch vielfältige Faktoren auf der beruflichen und persönlichen Ebene für stressauslösende Belastungen besonders gefährdet. Krankheitsbedingte Fehlzeiten dokumentieren die Folgen dieser besonderen Stressvulnerabilität von Pflegenden. In Teil 2 der Artikelserie werden deshalb ausgehend vom Begriff der psychischen Gesundheit sowohl die Faktoren vorgestellt, die sich förderlich auf das Wohlbefinden Pflegender auswirken, als auch interne und externe Risikofaktoren, die zu steigenden Arbeitsunfähigkeiten führen können. Die Kenntnis der beeinflussenden Kräfte kann dazu beitragen, vielfältige Strategien der Gesundheits- und Resilienzförderung zu entwickeln, die in den nächsten Teilen 3 und 4 der Artikelserie vorgestellt werden.
COVID-19 aus Sicht der Hämatologie und Hämostaseologie
Authors: Spiekermann Karsten , Subklewe Marion , Hildebrandt Martin , Humpe Andreas , von Bergwelt-Baildon Michael 
Published: February 2021

ZusammenfassungDie Infektion mit SARS-CoV-2 führt zu einer Reihe von Pathologien im hämatopoetischen System, die die klinische Symptomatik und die Mortalität erheblich beeinflussen. Auch kommt es durch die Aktivierung des Gerinnungssystems zu einer deutlich erhöhten Inzidenz an Thromboembolien. Der Beitrag stellt Pathomechanismen, relevante diagnostische Parameter und den aktuellen Stand zur passiven Immunisierung durch Rekonvaleszentenplasma vor.