bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Novel Immune Checkpoint-Related Gene Signature to Predict Overall Survival and Immunotherapy Response in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Liu Jingyi , Tian Siyuan , Ling Yuwei , Zhang Xinyi , Li Yan , Su Ning , Shi Mei 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive subtype of breast cancer that lacks effective therapeutic targets. Immunotherapy is considered as a novel treatment strategy for TNBC. However, only some patients could benefit from the treatment. Limited studies have comprehensively explored expression patterns and prognostic value of immune checkpoint genes (ICGs) in TNBC. In this study, we downloaded relevant ICGs expression profiles and clinical TNBC data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC) database. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression analysis was employed to develop a multi-gene signature for predicting the prognostic outcome. PDCD1, PDCD1LG2 and KIR3DL2 were identified as hub genes and incorporated into the model. This gene signature could stratify patients into two prognostic subgroups, and unfavorable clinical outcomes were observed in high-risk patients. The predictive performance was assessed by the receiver operating characteristic curves. Moreover, we also analyzed differences in immune status and therapeutic response between both groups. This novel gene signature may be served as a robust prognostic marker, but also an indicator reflecting immunotherapy response.
Barriers to Pap Smear Screening Among Medical Students: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Al-Naggar Redhwan Ahmed , Al-shaikhli Hisham , Murtagh Sharon , Al-Maktari Lutfi , Saleh Bahaa 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
ObjectiveThis study aims to explore the Pap smear screening barriers among medical students.MethodologyThis study was a qualitative study conducted among forty-one medical students. Ten female and 31 male. Four focus group discussions were included in this study. The focus groups consisted of one female group and three male groups. The obtained data were sorted into categories based on content analysis and data were analyzed manually.ResultsA total of 41 medical students participated in this qualitative study. Most of the study participants were male and 22 years of age. All groups reported that the lack of awareness is the main barrier to Pap smear screening. The conservative culture and the traditions of the people, shame of doing a pap test despite the gender of healthcare workers, and not trusting the healthcare workers were some of the other key barriers to Pap smear screening among the groups. It was also reported that the man has the final decision as to whether his wife will get a Pap smear screening. Finally, fear of the disease and/or fear of the complications of the test were also considered barriers to Pap smear testing. All groups were willing to suggest this test to their families and friends to prevent and treat the disease as early as possible. All groups agreed that the gender of the healthcare worker matters and definitely will affect a woman's decision whether to do the Pap smear screening or not. All girls preferred to be examined by a female. All the groups mentioned that the advantage of Pap smear screening is to diagnose and treat the disease early. All groups thought that personal hygiene of the private parts is the most important prevention method for cervical cancer.ConclusionsLack of awareness is the main barrier to Pap smear screening. The gender of the healthcare worker also greatly affects women's decision to have a Pap smear test. Therefore, raising awareness about the importance of early detection of cervical cancer among the general population is urgently needed, considering the culture and the tradition of the people. Introducing the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is highly recommended.
The pooled effect of Factors Contributing to Occupational Injury among Workers in the Construction, Manufacturing, and Mining Industries in Africa: A systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Authors: Debela Mitiku Bonsa , Azage Muluken , Begosaw Achenef Motbainor 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Working in the industry is commonly associated with a combination of personal and environmental health and safety risks. However, the finding from African countries on the factors contributing to occupational injury is inconsistent and not inclusive. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis were estimated the pooled effect of factors leading to occupational injury among workers in the industries in Africa.Published articles found in Scopus, PubMed/Medline, Science Direct, and Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched. Observational studies revealing the factors leading to occupational injury among workers in the industry in Africa were incorporated. The pooled effect size of the studies was computed using STATA version 14 statistical software. The heterogeneity of the study was assessed using Cochrane Q test statistics, the I-squared values test, and the Galbraith plot. Considering within and between studies variability, the random-effect model was used to determine the pooled effect size. Funnel plot and egger's tests were conducted to evaluate publication bias.Out of 603 accessed studies, 20 studies that fulfilled the eligibility criteria were included to estimate the pooled effect of factors contributing to occupational injury. Accordingly, being temporary employment workers (pooled odds ratio= 2.13 (1.06, 3.21)), not receiving ongoing health and safety training (pooled odds ratio= 1.98 (1.21, 2.76), and the proper and consistent use of personal protective equipment (pooled odds ratio= 0.60 (0.32, 0.88) were factors significantly associated with the odds of experiencing an occupational injury. Being temporary employment workers and not receiving ongoing health and safety training elevates the odds of sustaining occupational injuries. But, the proper and consistent use of personal protective equipment reduces the odds of experiencing an occupational injury. Hence, the government, industrial managers and industrial hygienists, and other stakeholders should implement rigorous law enforcement to ensure compliance, proper implementation of health and safety measures practices, and safety audits.
Predictors of wealth-related inequality in institutional delivery: a decomposition analysis using Nepal Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 2019
Authors: Bhusal Umesh Prasad 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Inequality in maternal healthcare use is a major concern for low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). Maternal health indicators at the national level have markedly improved in the last couple of decades in Nepal. However, the progress is not uniform across different population sub-groups. This study aims to identify the determinants of institutional delivery, measure the wealth-related inequality, and examine the key components that explain the inequality.
Methods
Most recent nationally representative Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 2019 was used to extract data about married women (15–49 years) with a live birth within two years preceding the survey. Logistic regression models were employed to assess the association of independent variables with the institutional delivery. The concentration curves (CC) and concentration indexe (CIX) were used to analyze the inequality in institutional delivery. Wealth index scores were used as a socio-economic variable to rank households. Decomposition was performed to identify the determinants that explain socio-economic inequality.
Results
The socio-economic status of households to which women belong was a significant predictor of institutional delivery, along with age, parity, four or more ANC visits, education status of women, area of residence, sex of household head, religious belief, and province. The concentration curve was below the line of equality and the relative concentration index (CIX) was 0.097 (p < 0.001), meaning the institutional delivery was disproportionately higher among women from wealthy groups. The decomposition analysis showed the following variables as the most significant contributor to the inequality: wealth status of women (53.2%), education of women (17 %), residence (8.64 %) and ANC visit (6.84 %).
Conclusions
The pro-poor strategies are urgent to reduce the existing inequality between wealthy and poorer women. The strategies should focus on raising the education level of women especially from the rural and relatively backward province (Province 2). Increasing antenatal care (ANC) coverage through out-reach campaigns is likely to increase facility-based delivery and decrease inequality. Monitoring of healthcare indicators at different sub-population level (for example wealth, residence, province) is key to ensure equitable improvement in health status and achieve universal health coverage (UHC).
Structural Analysis of Sol-Gel Derived TiO2 Nanoparticles: A Critical Impact of TiO2 Nanoparticles on Thermo-Mechanical Mechanism of Glass Fiber Polymer Composites
Authors: Kumar Avinash , Saha Abir , Kumar Santosh 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The incorporated of inorganic nanoparticles with thermosetting epoxy polymer are an emerging field of research over past few years. It is well analyzed that epoxy matrix are brittle in nature that shows poor crack initiation and propagation and results poor thermo-mechanical properties. Therefore, researchers are showing their interest towards nanoparticles embedded epoxy composites to improve their fracture resistance (brittleness and toughness). In this investigation, the dispersion of TiO2 nanoparticles at different weight fraction (0-2%) with glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites is performed to enhance structural and thermo-mechanical properties. The TiO2 nanoparticles are prepared by sol-gel method and structural analysis of TiO2 nanoparticles shows greater interfacial bond with epoxy matrix and glass fibers due to fine dispersion of nanoparticles. From obtained results, a significant enhancement in their tensile strength (38.56%), flexural strength (30.52%), inter-laminar shear stress (25.22%), impact strength (327.10%), micro-hardness (48.53%) and fracture energy (40.19%) with minimum detrimental effect on toughness was revealed for GFRP-T1.0 compare to GFRP-T0.0 composite laminates. The stiffness and rigidity also improved up to 52.72% and 34.13% respectively for GFRP-T1.5 compare to GFRP-T0.0 composite laminates. The effects of nanoparticles contents and clustering size on thermal stability and glass transition temperature of developed composites are observed by thermo-gravimetric analysis. The surface morphology of TiO2 nanoparticles are characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM) while dispersion of nanoparticles and failure of developed composites were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Effect of a single-dose of BBV-152 and AZD1222 on Spike antibody titre among healthcare workers previously infected with SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Parai Debaprasad , Choudhary Hari Ram , Dash Girish Chandra , Sahoo Subrat Kumar , Pattnaik Matrujyoti , Rout Usha Kiran , Nanda Rashmi Ranjan , Kanungo Srikanta , Kshatri Jaya Singh , Pati Sanghamitra , Bhattacharya Debdutta 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Objective Dissemination of vaccines among the maximum number of recipients is becoming an uphill task in many low and middle-income countries (LMIC). This study was conducted to ease the vaccination load and to reach the highest number of immunities in a population about the neutralizing antibody response.Methods We followed the vaccination status of 134 healthcare workers (HCWs) among which 59 were previously confirmed SARS-CoV-2 positive by RT-PCR test and 75 naive participants. All of them took two dosages of either BBV-152 or AZD1222 vaccine. Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins were measured in two CLIA-based platforms Cobas e411 and ARCHITECT i1000SR.Results From prior COVID-19 recovered HCWs, 96% were found to be seropositive and developed a median concentration of 588.0 U/mL (interquartile range [IQR], 250.0-2500.0 AU/mL) IgG antibody against SARS-CoV-2 S- protein after a single dose of vaccine whereas only 61.3% of previously non-infected HCWs developed antibody against SARS-CoV-2 S- protein after single dose with a median concentration of 7.27 U/mL (IQR, 0.4-116.5 AU/mL). A total of 82.7% HCWs having no earlier COVID-19 infection history became seropositive after the second dose of vaccine irrespective of gender and age.Conclusion We found that a single dose of BBV-152 and AZD1222 induced a high concentration of neutralizing IgG antibody in HCWs having a recovery history from COVID-19.
CO2 emissions and climate - nature’s prospect on Green Growth
Authors: Anderl Thomas 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The atmospheric treatment of extra CO2 input (additional to the natural source-sink mechanisms) is revealed to follow a simple function during the industrial era. This function is interpreted as useful tool for projections at the optimistic boundary. For instance, the atmospheric CO2 concentration may be contained within about 500 ppmv if mankind’s future carbon emissions remained constant at the present level; in tail, the related temperature contribution will become contained. In this context, the prospect from the transition to renewables is explored. In result, realistic estimates point at precluding positive economic growth for the foreseeable future if temperatures are to be given a reasonable chance to become sustainably restrained within sensible limits.
Laimaphelenchus africanus n. sp. (Tylenchomorpha: Aphelenchoididae) from South Africa, a morphological and molecular phylogenetic study, with an update to the diagnostics of the genus
Authors: Afshar Farahnaz Jahanshahi , Rashidifard Milad , Abolafia Joaquín , Zouhar Miloslav , Fourie Hendrika , Pedram Majid 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A newly recovered population of the genus Laimaphelenchus from a dead maritime pine wood sample in Potchefstroom, South Africa, representing a new species, named L. africanus n. sp., is herein described and illustrated based on morphological and molecular data. The new species is mainly characterized by the following: 750–987 µm long females; a cephalic region with no disc and six cephalic lobs not divided by ribs; a 10.0–12.5 µm long stylet; four incisures in the lateral field; secretory-excretory pore (SE-pore) at slightly posterior to the nerve ring; vulva with a well-developed anterior flap, vagina with two well-developed sclerotized pieces; post-vulval uterine sac (PUS) 63–125 µm long; tail conical, 30–44 µm long, ventrally curved with a subventral stalk in terminus, lacking tubercles, with six to nine small projections at the tip in scanning electron microscopy (SEM); and rare males with 17 μm long spicules. The new species was morphologically compared to those species of the genus with a stalk in tail terminus, lacking tubercles, a vulval flap and four incisures in the lateral field viz., L. liaoningensis, L. preissii, L. simlaensis, L. sinensis, L. spiflatus, and L. unituberculus. Phylogenetically, the new species was placed into the major Laimaphelenchus clade using partial large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU rDNA D2-D3) sequences. An overall literature review corroborated the presence of the stalk (currently with two main groups) at the tail end is the main characteristic trait delimiting the genus. A compendium based on the characters of the stalk, presence/absence of a vulval flap in females and number of the lateral lines was also established.
Preparing Scheduled Desludging
Authors: Yuwono Rudy , Bustraan Foort , Darmawan Budi , Adinugroho Endro , Andwiwinarno Nugroho , Fransiska Ika 
Published: May 2021

This book presents a methodology for preparing scheduled desludging schemes in cities. Opening with a description of its definition and principles, this book outlines step by step the preparation of a scheduled desludging scheme. Coverage of the book includes a feasibility assessment of a city to implement a scheduled desludging program, getting everybody on the same principles, making the general concept, setting targets, designing the operational scheme, building capacity of the service provider, preparing the fleets, and preparing promotion activities for the desludging program. Several fecal sludge desludging options and the implication of each option are discussed in the book, including their financial implications. The book also presents methods to calculate the operational cost and how the cost can be used as the basis to determine the desludging tariff.
This book was written based on the experience of USAID - IUWASH (Indonesia Urban Water and Sanitation and Health) program in assisting several Indonesian cities in preparing their mandatory desludging program. Some of Indonesia’s specific narratives and terms used in the original book have been adapted for the benefit of readers from other countries.
ISBN: 9781789062274 (paperback)
ISBN: 9781789062281 (eBook)
Spatial and temporal variation of precipitation characteristics in the semiarid region of Xi'an, northwest China
Authors: Han Hao , Hou Jingming , Jiang Rengui , Gong Jiahui , Bai Ganggang , Kang Yongde , Qi Wenchao , Li Yuan , Li Bingyao 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPrecipitation variations mostly affect the water resource planning in semi-arid regions of northwest China. The objective of this study is to quantitatively explore the spatial and temporal variations of precipitation in different time scales in Xi'an city area. The Mann–Kendall test and wavelet analysis methods were applied to analyze the precipitation variability. In terms of temporal variation of precipitation, the results indicated that the annual precipitation exhibited a significant decreasing trend during 1951–2018. Except for summer precipitation representing a slightly increasing trend, the other seasonal precipitations had a similar decreasing trend to annual precipitation throughout 1951–2018. The monthly precipitation had different change trends, showing the precipitation from June to September could account for 58.4% of the total annual precipitation. In addition, it was clear that annual precipitation had a significant periodic change, with the periods of 6, 13, 19, and 27 years. For the spatial variation of precipitation during 1961–2018, the results showed that annual and seasonal precipitation exhibited obvious spatial differences, indicating an increasing spatial trend from north to south. Thus, understanding the precipitation variation in Xi'an city can provide a theoretical foundation of future water resources management for other cities in semi-arid regions of northwest China.
Photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid from aqueous solutions by Ag3PO4/TiO2 nanoparticles under visible light: kinetic and thermodynamic studies
Authors: Amiri Fatemeh , Dehghani Mansooreh , Amiri Zeinab , Yousefinejad Saeed , Azhdarpoor Aboolfazl 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBetween the countless chemical substances applied in agriculture, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide is considered as a toxic and carcinogenic pollutant which is difficult to remove from water due to its biological and chemical stability and high solubility. The goal of this study was photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-D, using Ag3PO4/TiO2 nanoparticles under visible light. The Ag3PO4/TiO2 nanoparticles were characterized using XRD, FESEM and EDS analysis to investigate its crystal structure and elemental compounds. The effect of operating parameters such as pH, contact time, catalyst dose, and initial concentration of herbicide on the efficiency of the process was studied. Increasing the pH and initial concentration of herbicide led to the reduction of the efficiency of removing the herbicide, while increasing contact time and catalyst dose increased the efficiency. The best result (98.4% removal efficiency) was achieved at pH = 3, 1 g/L catalyst dose, 60 min contact time, and 10 mg/L initial concentration of 2,4-D. According to the results, 2,4-D removal efficiency with Ag3PO4/TiO2 photocatalyst reached 96.1% from 98.4% after 5 cycles of reaction. The pseudo-first-order kinetics was the best fit for the 2,4-D degradation by Ag3PO4/TiO2 with correlation coefficients (R2 = 0.9945). The results demonstrated that the photocatalytic process using Ag3PO4/TiO2 nanoparticles in the presence of visible light had a relatively good efficiency in removing 2,4-D. Moreover, Ag3PO4/TiO2 can be used as a reusable photocatalyst for the degradation of such toxins from polluted water and wastewater.
Typological Damage Fragility Curves for Unreinforced Masonry Buildings affected by the 2009 L'Aquila, Italy Earthquake
Authors: Zucconi Maria , Ferlito Rachele , Sorrentino Luigi 
Published: May 2021

Background:
Seismic risk mitigation has become a crucial issue due to the great number of casualties and large economic losses registered after recent earthquakes. In particular, unreinforced masonry constructions built before modern seismic codes, common in Italy and in other seismic-prone areas, are characterized by great vulnerability. In order to implement mitigation policies, analytical tools are necessary to generate scenario simulations.

Methods:
Therefore, data collected during inspections after the 2009 L’Aquila, Italy earthquake are used to derive novel fragility functions. Compared to previous studies, data are interpreted accounting for the presence of buildings not inspected due to those being undamaged. An innovative building damage state is proposed and is based on the response of different structural elements recorded in the survey form: vertical structures, horizontal structures, stairs, roof, and partition walls. In the suggested formulation, the combination of their performance is weighted based on typical reparation techniques and on the relative size of the structural elements, estimated from a database of complete geometrical surveys developed specifically for this study. Moreover, the proposed building damage state estimates earthquake-related damage by removing the preexisting damage reported in the inspection form.

Results:
Lognormal fragility curves, in terms of building damage state grade as a function of typological classes and peak ground acceleration, derived maximizing their likelihood and their merits compared with previous studies are highlighted.

Conclusion:
The correction of the database to account for uninspected buildings delivers curves that are less “stiff” and reach the median for lower peak ground acceleration values. The building feature that influences most the fragility is the masonry quality.