bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COMPARATIVE UTILIZATION OF SHEA BUTTER CAKE AND PALM KERNEL CAKE BY BROILER CHICKENS
Authors: Olorede B. R. , Onifade A. A. , Babatunde G. M. 
Published: March 2021

The utilization of Shea butter cake (SBC), a by-product of fat extraction from sheabutter nuts (Butyrospennum paradoxum) was compared with Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) to establish its potential as a poultry feedstuff. A 2 x 3 factorial experiment combining two factors, SBC and PKC at three levels of inclusion (5%, 10% and 15%) was designed. The six dietary treatments were fed to a total of 180 day-old chicks up to 56 days of age. Broilers fed SBC diets consumed more feed (P < 0.05) than those fed PKC diets between 0-28 days of age. During the finisher period (29-56d) and the entire period (0-56d)feed intakes of broilers were similar (P >0.05) on the treatment except the low consumption (P < 0.05) by those fed 5% SBC. Broiler chicks fed 5% attained the heaviest weight gain (P > 0.05) which compared with chicks fed 15% PKC between 0-28d. Between 29-56d, growth rates of broilers were uniformly higher (P < 0.05) on PKC than SBC diets. Broilers fed 15% SBC had the least (P < 0.05) weight gain at the three (0-28d; 29-56d and 0-56d) periods. Considering the entire period (0-56d), growth rates were not significantly (P >0.05) different on SBC diets up to 10%, and on PKC diets up to 15%. Feed efficiency and protein efficiency rations of the broiler became poorer (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of SBC in both growth phases unlike broiler fed PKC which had similar values irrespective of the levels of inclusion. The intestinal tracts and visceral organs were not influenced (P > 0.05) by the sources and levels of test ingredients except abdominal fat which was higher on SBC than PKC at 10% and 15% levels of SBC 10% level was optimal.
The Effects of Feeding Graded Levels of Wheat Offals And Groundnut Shells To Pigs On Their Performance And Carcass Characteristics And Nutrient Utilization
Authors: Babatunde G. M. , Fetuga B. L. , Oyenuga V. A. , Akpapwunam O. 
Published: March 2021

A TOTAL of 70 weaner pigs were used in these studies designed to study the effects of feeding graded levels of wheat offals and groundnut shells in the diets of pigs on their performance characteristics, carcass quality and nutrient utilization abilities. They were all of the Yorkshire and Yorkshire x Landrace crosses, and were reared from about 25 kg to approximately 92 kg liveweight on diets containing 5, 10 and 15% of wheat offals or groundnut shells compared with the control diet which contained neither of these. All the diets were roughly iso nitrogenous, containing about 20% protein. All pigs on the graded levels of the fibre sources gained more than those on the control diet, consumed more feed and higher digestible energy daily and had inconsistently better feed/gain ratios, but the differences were not significant. Pigs on the ground nut shell diets also gained more weight daily, consumed more feed and digestible energy, but had poorer efficiencies of feed and energy utilization than those on the wheat offals diets, but the differences were also not significant for the three weight categories covered. Generally, feed intake slightly increased, digestible energy intake slightly decreased, while the other response parameters were not consistently affected by the increases in the levels of fibre inclusion. The carcass measurements were not significantly influenced by the levels of fibre inclusion, and there were no definite trends in nearly all the carcass measurements as the fibre levels increased, but there were significant differences due to sources in most of the carcass parameters. Most of the nutrients were significantly depressed in their utilization by the fibre levels and sources.
The West African Dwarf Sheep II. Carcass Traits Mutton Quality
Authors: Dettmers A. , Loosli J. K. , Taiwo B. B. A. , Nkemeatu J. A. 
Published: March 2021

CARCASSES of thirty African Dwarf ewes had a yield of 42.5%, about 5 mm backfat thickness and a loin eye of about 8cm2 Primal cuts made up 85% of the carcass. The best carcasses came from ewes slaughtered between two and four years of age. Average composition of retail cuts was 66.5% muscle, 26.5% bone and 7.0% fat. Young ewes were superior to young rams both in dressing percent (yield) and primal cuts. The ewes dressed 44% as compared to 40%; their retail cuts contained 67% muscle and 26% bone against 65% and 28% respectively for rams. Compared with mutton sheep of the temperate zone the West African Dwarf stand only 4/5 as high and are 2/3 long, while weighing only 1/4 to 1/3 that of European sheep. Yet the leg, the preferred cut, was 36% of the dressed carcass is compared to European mutton.
Factors Affecting The Indirect Immunoperoxidase Staining Of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Antigens In Cells
Authors: Okeke E. N , Lang G. 
Published: March 2021

THE application of the Immunoperoxidase (IP) antibody technique for the definitive diagnosis of Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) in chickens has earlier been described (Okeke and Lang, 1982). During that study it was noted that the Indirect method of IP was more sensitive in the demonstration of IBD viral antigens than the direct method. Consequently, more formation was sought on the specific technical parameter and the consequences that resulted by deviations from the codified procedures employed in the Indirect technique with the aim of obtaining an even better result. Studies of pH, serum dilutions, serum incubation time, conjugate dilutions, conjugate incubation time and developing time were conducted to find out what Influence such factors could have on the final staining product.
DRIED POULTRY WASTE VERSUS GROUNDNUT CAKE AS PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT FOR GRAZING WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOATS AND SHEEP
Authors: Okorie A. U. , Obioha F. C. , Anyaehie A. A. , Ahamefule H. C. 
Published: March 2021

IN two separate experiments dried poultry waste (DPW) from caged-layer units was evaluated as a protein supplement for small ruminants. In experiment 1, nine goats divided into three groups of three animals each were randomly assigned to three diets containing 0,25, and 30% DPW in three periods of 17 days per period. Experiment 2 involved eight sheep, six of which were grazed and in addition fed in pairs to each of three diets containing 0, 20 and 30% DPW over a period of 12 weeks. The remaining two sheep were maintained solely on grazing during the same period of time. Dry matter intake and digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, other extract as well as liveweight gains and feed efficiency were not significantly different among the different treatments in experiment 1. Digestibility of nitrogen free extract was however significantly (P 0.05) different. In experiment 2, the control diet was consumed significantly (P 0.01) more than the diet containing 20% DPW. In general, intake decreased as DPW inclusion increased, but performance of animals on DPW supplemented remained as good or even better than those on the control diet. While supplementation produced on increase in liveweight gain of between 48-58% over initial bodyweight in 12 weeks, grazing alone promoted an overall in increase of 0.04% only during the same period.
NITROGEN RETENTION IN RAPIDLY-GROWING STEERS GIVEN UREA SUPPLEMENTED DIETS
Authors: Akinola J. O. 
Published: March 2021

"Shika" (indigenous, V,) and "Ngala" (introduction, V2) varieties of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) field planted at 60 x 90, 60 x 60 or 60 x 30 cm spacing and fertilized at 0, 100, 200 or 400kg N/ha/yr, were examined for dry matTer (DM) yield, crude protein (CP) content, CP yield, nitrogen (N) recovery and stand persistence at Shika during the 1975 and 1976 growing seasons. The highest DM yield resulted from 60 x 30 cm spacing/400kg N combination but the 60 x 60 cm spacing (27,800 plants/ha) with 200kg N appeared optimum for yield. V produced 4.3 to 21.0t DM and V2 2.8 to 17.41 DM/ha/yr over the range of population densities and fertilizer levels investigated. DM yield per kg N applied rose with increasing population density (V, only) and decreasing N rate, the highest value of 49kg being recorded for V t. Mean herbage CP content varied from 7.0% without N to 9.7% with 400kg N/ha but the highest value of 11.0% was obtained from V2 planted at 60 x 90cm. For both grasses, N increased annual CP yield 1.2— 4.5—Fold. The highest apparent fertilizer N recovery of 76.3% occurred at 200kg N/ha while plants survived best at 60 x 60cm spacing.
EFFECTS OF ENERGY AND PROTEIN LEVELS ON FEED INTAKE AND NUTRIENT UTILIZATION BY YANKASA LAMBS
Authors: ADU I. F. 
Published: March 2021

TWENTY yearling Yankasa lambs were fed 2 levels of energy (2.4 and 2.9 ME Mcal/kg) and 2 levels of protein (11.3 and 16. 1%) under each energy level for 100 days to study the effects of feed intake, digestibility and nutrient utilization. Groundnut top hay was the basal roughage while maize, wheat bran and cotton seed cake were the energy and protein supplements in different proportions. Hay intake decreased with increase in protein level. Dry matter digestibility significantly (P/0.05) increased with increase in both energy and protein levels. Crude protein digestibility was significantly (P/0.01) affected by protein level but not by energy level. Crude fibre digestibility was depressed in the high-energy-high protein diet. The consumption of nutrients tended to be more on the high energy rations. Nitrogen retention was also significantly (P/0.05) higher on the high energy rations. Liveweight gain was highest in the low energy/high protein group (79.4g/day) and lowest in the low energy/low protein group (56.4g/day). Within each energy level, liveweight gains increased with increase in protein level. Animals fed high energy rations required more protein than those on low energy rations.
EFEKTIFITAS KOMBINASI MINT DAN CAIRAN DENGAN NEBULIZER PADA PENANGAN BATUK ASMA BRONCHIALE
Authors: Anwari Farida , Olevianingrum Melawati , Fatmawati Umi 
Published: March 2021

Farida Anwari 1), Melawati Olevianingrum 2), Umi Fatmawati 3) (Times New Roman, 11pt, bold)STIKES RS. Anwar Medika Sidoarjo, Jl. Bypass Krian KM 33 Balongbendo, Sidoarjofaridamph@gmail.com Hp. 08123248102 ABSTRACT Polluted air and contaminated seeds can cause various lung diseases, one of which is indicated by cough changes. Coughing into body shape, occurs as a response from the body to irritation in the throat due to mucus, dust, smoke and air outside the body. Nebulizer is an alternative tool to relieve the cough response to the presence of mucus which is an inflammatory reaction due to infection in the respiratory tract. Mint oil in the form of extracts has a variety of esters, especially menthyl acetate and monoterpenes which produce a distinctive aroma that is beneficial for breathing. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of adding mint oil as a result of distillation on the liquid with the nebulizer in cough handling. This study was a pre-experimental study with nonrandomized design pre test and post test with control group design which was used to determine the effect of the addition of mint oil as a result of distillation on the liquid with nebulizer to reduce the coughing status of the patient which included (cough frequency, onset of inflammation, wheezing, and ease of expectoration of phlegm). The results showed that the cough frequency status is known to have decreased from 44.4% of patients to 23.5% of patients. Similarly, the status of inflammation decreased from 41.7% to 21.7%; wheezing status which was originally 58.3% decreased to 39.1%; easy expectoration status also shows that mint oil can reduce the level of difficulty of phlegm to go out to 13% from 36.1%.
CASE REPORT Management Cataract Complication and Malignant Glaucoma After Viterectomy Surgery and C3F8 Gas Tamponnade
Authors: Brilliyanto Frisma Sagara , Sasono Wimbo 
Published: March 2021

Report a clinical presentation of patient with rhematogenous retinal detachment by viterectomy and high myopia with C3F8 gas tamponade. A 20-year-old female came into the outpatient clinic with blurry vision on the right eye as her chief complaint. It had been happening since 1 month ago. In examination, we found result of visual acuity RE 1/300 and LE 1/60 correction Sferis-16.00 5/7.5, anterior segment in a normal range. In posterior segment evaluation, there were RE detachment on 3-11 o’clock position and hole on 6 and 8 o’clock position. Then we performed vitrectomy and C3F8 gas tamponade. The first day after surgery, we found IOP 19,6 mmHg and Von Herrick III. Then after the second day, we found a pain on the right eye, TIO 47.3 mmHg, Von Herrick 0 and opaque lens. Then we performed iridectomy and intravitreal gas aspiration. After it were done, we found IOP 17.3 mmHg and Von Herrick 0. In anterior segment OCT evaluation, we found a narrow angle anterior segment. Then we planned to do a cataract extraction with using viscoelastic to perform the anterior chamber.Malignant glaucoma can occur in cases after vitrectomy action due to aqueous misdirection and emphasis on gas expansion on tamponade. Cataract extraction and gas aspiration can help open the anterior chamber and the intraocular pressure returns to normal
Computing water flow through complex landscapes – Part 3: Fill–Spill–Merge: flow routing in depression hierarchies
Authors: Barnes Richard , Callaghan Kerry L. , Wickert Andrew D. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Depressions – inwardly draining regions – are common to many landscapes. When there is sufficient moisture, depressions take the form of lakes and wetlands; otherwise, they may be dry. Hydrological flow models used in geomorphology, hydrology, planetary science, soil and water conservation, and other fields often eliminate depressions through filling or breaching; however, this can produce unrealistic results. Models that retain depressions, on the other hand, are often undesirably expensive to run. In previous work we began to address this by developing a depression hierarchy data structure to capture the full topographic complexity of depressions in a region. Here, we extend this work by presenting the Fill–Spill–Merge algorithm that utilizes our depression hierarchy data structure to rapidly process and distribute runoff. Runoff fills depressions, which then overflow and spill into their neighbors. If both a depression and its neighbor fill, they merge. We provide a detailed explanation of the algorithm and results from two sample study areas. In these case studies, the algorithm runs 90–2600 times faster (with a reduction in compute time of 2000–63 000 times) than the commonly used Jacobi iteration and produces a more accurate output. Complete, well-commented, open-source code with 97 % test coverage is available on GitHub and Zenodo.
Anaemia and iron deficiency in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other chronic diseases*
Authors: Tański Wojciech , Chabowski Mariusz , Jankowska-Polańska Beata , Jankowska Ewa Anita 
Published: March 2021

Summary
Anaemia is one of the most common symptoms accompanying many chronic diseases, e.g. collagenases, neoplasms, and chronic inflammations (inflammatory bowel disease, chronic kidney disease and heart failure). Iron deficiency anaemia is the most common type of anaemia (80%). It affects 1% to 2% of the population. Iron deficiency (ID) – absolute or functional – is characterised by reduced ferritin levels and transferrin saturation (TSAT) of less than 20%. Iron deficiency is the most common dietary deficiency. However, iron deficiency might be one of the common causes of anaemia of chronic disease (ACD). Anaemia affects 33% to 60% of patients with RA. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic immune-mediated systemic connective tissue disease, in which chronic inflammation of the synovial tissue of the joints damages articular cartilages, bones and other joint structures. The prevalence of RA is approximately 0.3% to 2%. Low haemoglobin levels in RA patients are significantly correlated with disability, activity and duration of the disease as well as damage to joints and joint pain. Treatment of anaemia in RA patients includes iron supplementation, blood transfusions, the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, and treatment of the underlying condition. Biological treatments used in RA patients, such as e.g. infliximab, tocilizumab and anakinra, not only slow the progression of joint involvement but also prevent anaemia.
Liquid biopsy reveals KLK3 mRNA as a prognostic marker for progression free survival in patients with metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer undergoing first‐line abiraterone acetate and prednisone treatment
Authors: Boerrigter Emmy , Benoist Guillemette E. , van Oort Inge M. , Verhaegh Gerald W. , van Hooij Onno , Groen Levi , Smit Frank , Oving Irma M. , de Mol Pieter , Smilde Tineke J. , Somford Diederik M. , Mehra Niven , Schalken Jack A. , van Erp Nielka P. 
Published: March 2021

Circulating RNAs extracted from liquid biopsies represent a promising source of cancer‐ and therapy‐related biomarkers. We screened whole blood from patients with metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) following their first‐line treatment with abiraterone acetate and prednisone (AA‐P) to identify circulating RNAs that may correlate with progression‐free survival (PFS). In a prospective multicenter observational study, 53 patients with mCRPC were included after they started first‐line AA‐P treatment. Blood was drawn at baseline, 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment initiation. The levels of predefined circulating RNAs earlier identified as being upregulated in patients with mCRPC (e.g., microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and mRNAs), were analyzed. Uni‐ and multivariable Cox regression and Kaplan–Meier analyses were used to analyze the prognostic value of the various circulating RNAs for PFS along treatment. Detectable levels of kallikrein‐related peptidase 3 (KLK3) mRNA at baseline were demonstrated to be an independent prognostic marker for PFS (201 vs 501 days, P = 0.00054). Three months after AA‐P treatment initiation, KLK3 could not be detected in the blood of responding patients, but was still detectable in 56% of the patients with early progression. Our study confirmed that KLK3 mRNA detection in whole blood is an independent prognostic marker in mCRPC patients receiving AA‐P treatment. Furthermore, the levels of circulating KLK3 mRNA in patients receiving AA‐P treatment might reflect treatment response or early signs of progression.
Exploring the Reactivity of Propargylic Ester: Acyloxy and Acyl Migratory Rearrangement Relay Enabled by Formal Double Isocyanide Insertion
Authors: Fei Youwen , Hu Jie , Wang Zhishuang , Cui Lei , Jia Xueshun , Li Chunju , Li Jian 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA rearrangement of propargylic pivalate with isocyanide under transition metal‐free conditions is disclosed. Intermolecular 1,3‐acyloxy and acyl migration enables the rapid formation of a C(sp2)−C(sp3) bond from a C−O bond and the synthesis of polysubstituted 5‐iminopyrrolones.magnified image
Occupational IgE‐mediated psyllium allergy in contemporary gluten‐free and vegan baking: A case of allergic rhinitis
Authors: Jungewelter Soile , Suomela Sari , Airaksinen Liisa 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPsyllium (from Plantago ovata; ispaghula) is used as a dietary supplement and is supplied in the form of husk, granules, capsules, or powder. Consumers using psyllium‐containing laxatives, healthcare workers handling these, and pharmaceutical workers in laxative‐manufacturing plants are known to be at risk of sensitization and subsequent rhinitis, asthma, contact urticaria, and even anaphylaxis. To our knowledge, the case we present here is the first of baker's immunoglobulin E (IgE)‐mediated occupational allergy due to psyllium exposure. Our patient, a 24‐year‐old female baker with no previous allergies, was referred to our clinic with suspected occupational rhinitis. After 1 year of baking with cereal flour or gluten‐free flour‐mix, she began to suffer from rhino‐conjunctival symptoms during workdays. Skin prick tests with agents from the patient's workplace revealed allergies not only to wheat and rye flours but also to psyllium, with a remarkable 10 mm wheal. Subsequently, nasal provocation tests confirmed occupational allergic rhinitis to psyllium. We also found work‐related sensitization to buckwheat, which she used in gluten‐free baking. Due to the increased prevalence of celiac disease and the popularity of gluten‐free and vegan food, psyllium has recently become a common ingredient in baking, used as a substitute for gluten or eggs. Bakers handle allergens such as these in high concentrations and this may lie behind the emergence of respiratory and dermal symptoms. It is essential to consider new or recenlty introduced materials as possible allergens if it is suspected that a baker has work‐related respiratory or allergic symptoms.
Genetic versus stress and mood determinants of sleep in the Amish
Authors: Bruce Heather A. , Kochunov Peter , Chiappelli Joshua , Savransky Anya , Carino Kathleen , Sewell Jessica , Marshall Wyatt , Kvarta Mark , McMahon Francis J. , Ament Seth A. , Postolache Teodor T. , O'Connell Jeff , Shuldiner Alan , Mitchell Braxton , Hong L. Elliot 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSleep is essential to the human brain and is regulated by genetics with many features conserved across species. Sleep is also influenced by health and environmental factors; identifying replicable genetic variants contributing to sleep may require accounting for these factors. We examined how stress and mood disorder contribute to sleep and impact its heritability. Our sample included 326 Amish/Mennonite individuals with a lifestyle with limited technological interferences with sleep. Sleep measures included Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), bedtime, wake time, and time to sleep onset. Current stress level, cumulative life stressors, and mood disorder were also evaluated. We estimated the heritability of sleep features and examined the impact of current stress, lifetime stress, mood diagnosis on sleep quality. The results showed current stress, lifetime stress, and mood disorder were independently associated with PSQI score (p < .05). Heritability of PSQI was low (0–0.23) before and after accounting for stress and mood. Bedtime, wake time, and minutes to sleep time did show significant heritability at 0.44, 0.42, and 0.29. However, after adjusting for shared environment, only heritability of wake time remained significant. Sleep is affected by environmental stress and mental health factors even in a society with limited technological interference with sleep. Wake time may be a more biological marker of sleep as compared to the evening measures which are more influenced by other household members. Accounting for nongenetic and partially genetic determinants of sleep particularly stress and mood disorder is likely important for improving the precision of genetic studies of sleep.