bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phosphorus rather than nitrogen regulates ecosystem carbon dynamics after permafrost thaw
Authors: Yang Guibiao , Peng Yunfeng , Abbott Benjamin W. , Biasi Christina , Wei Bin , Zhang Dianye , Wang Jun , Yu Jianchun , Li Fei , Wang Guanqin , Kou Dan , Liu Futing , Yang Yuanhe 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEcosystem carbon (C) dynamics after permafrost thaw depends on more than just climate change since soil nutrient status may also impact ecosystem C balance. It has been advocated that nitrogen (N) release upon permafrost thaw could promote plant growth and thus offset soil C loss. However, compared with the widely accepted C‐N interactions, little is known about the potential role of soil phosphorus (P) availability. We combined 3‐year field observations along a thaw sequence (constituted by four thaw stages, i.e., non‐collapse and 5, 14, and 22 years since collapse) with an in‐situ fertilization experiment (included N and P additions at the level of 10 g N m−2 year−1 and 10 g P m−2 year−1) to evaluate ecosystem C‐nutrient interactions upon permafrost thaw. We found that changes in soil P availability rather than N availability played an important role in regulating gross primary productivity and net ecosystem productivity along the thaw sequence. The fertilization experiment confirmed that P addition had stronger effects on plant growth than N addition in this permafrost ecosystem. These two lines of evidence highlight the crucial role of soil P availability in altering the trajectory of permafrost C cycle under climate warming.
Land‐use change and biodiversity: Challenges for assembling evidence on the greatest threat to nature
Authors: Davison Charles W. , Rahbek Carsten , Morueta‐Holme Naia 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLand‐use change is considered the greatest threat to nature, having caused worldwide declines in the abundance, diversity, and health of species and ecosystems. Despite increasing research on this global change driver, there are still challenges to forming an effective synthesis. The estimated impact of land‐use change on biodiversity can depend on location, research methods, and taxonomic focus, with recent global meta‐analyses reaching disparate conclusions. Here, we critically appraise this research body and our ability to reach a reliable consensus. We employ named entity recognition to analyze more than 4000 abstracts, alongside full reading of 100 randomly selected papers. We highlight the broad range of study designs and methodologies used; the most common being local space‐for‐time comparisons that classify land use in situ. Species metrics including abundance, distribution, and diversity were measured more frequently than complex responses such as demography, vital rates, and behavior. We identified taxonomic biases, with vertebrates well represented while detritivores were largely missing. Omitting this group may hinder our understanding of how land‐use change affects ecosystem feedback. Research was heavily biased toward temperate forested biomes in North America and Europe, with warmer regions being acutely underrepresented despite offering potential insights into the future effects of land‐use change under novel climates. Various land‐use histories were covered, although more research in understudied regions including Africa and the Middle East is required to capture regional differences in the form of current and historical land‐use practices. Failure to address these challenges will impede our global understanding of land‐use change impacts on biodiversity, limit the reliability of future projections and have repercussions for the conservation of threatened species. Beyond identifying literature biases, we highlight the research priorities and data gaps that need urgent attention and offer perspectives on how to move forward.
Impact of physical frailty on the clinical outcomes of older patients hospitalized for pneumonia
Authors: Yamada Kanji , Iwata Kentaro , Tachikawa Ryo , Yoshimura Yoshihiro , Kanejima Yuji , Yamamoto Akio , Ono Kumiko , Honda Akihiro , Kohara Nobuo , Tomii Keisuke , Ishikawa Akira , Kitai Takeshi 
Published: August 2021

AimThis study aimed to assess the association between physical frailty and clinical outcomes among older patients hospitalized for pneumonia.MethodsThis study examined 852 consecutive patients hospitalized for pneumonia between October 2018 and September 2020. Patients who were <65 years old, scheduled for admission, did not receive inpatient rehabilitation, or died during admission were excluded. A short physical performance battery (SPPB) test was performed by physical therapists upon discharge. The primary outcome measure was a composite endpoint of readmission or mortality due to any cause within 6 months of discharge.ResultsIn total, 521 patients (median age, 80 years; interquartile range, 74–86 years) were included in the analyses, and were divided into the following two groups: robust group with SPPB scores >9 (n = 150), and physical frailty group with SPPB scores ≤9 (n = 371). Of these, 346 (66.4%) patients were men; and the median SPPB score was 6 (interquartile range, 1–10). During the median follow‐up period of 53 days (interquartile range, 4–180 days), 92 (17.6%) patients were readmitted and 25 (4.8%) patients died. Patients with physical frailty were at an increased risk for the primary endpoint (hazard ratio, 2.21; 95% confidence interval, 1.44–3.41; P < 0.001); the risk remained significant after adjusting for multiple variables (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.70; 95% confidence interval, 1.05–2.74; P = 0.028).ConclusionsAmong older patients with pneumonia, physical frailty status at discharge was an independent risk factor for readmission and mortality within 6 months after initial discharge. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 926–931.
Changes in pain profile of patients with haemophilia during 1‐year follow‐up
Authors: Krüger Steffen , Herzig Marie , Hilberg Thomas 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIntroductionPatients with haemophilia (PwH) may experience increased sensitivity to pain. Based on the assessment of the somatosensory system, a recent study showed a specific pain profile in PwH when compared to controls by using Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST).AimThis study aimed to evaluate the pain profile of affected joints (knee or ankle joints) and a non‐affected site (dominant hand) in adult PwH over a 1‐year period.MethodsTwenty‐four PwH (severe haemophilia A = 19, B = 3; moderate haemophilia A = 1, B = 1; age: 52±8 years) and 21 healthy controls (age: 52±12 years) were examined by QST. Both knee or ankle joints and the hand as reference were examined twice with an interval of 1 year in order to assess several detection (DT) and pain thresholds (PT).ResultsStatistically significant altered mechanical (P < .001) and pressure (P < .05) PT were found at affected joints and at a non‐affected site in PwH when compared to controls. Mechanical DT showed a significant increase at all assessed sites (e.g., at ankle joints PwH vs. controls at baseline/follow up in mN: 13.9±9.8 vs. 12.0±8.2/19.4±12.4 vs. 13.7±11.1; P < .01) in both cohorts. Nevertheless, changes in most parameters within 1 year occurred similarly in both groups.ConclusionThe statistically significant different QST profile between PwH and controls does not seem to deteriorate further over the course of the year. Thus, under prophylactic treatment, the existing difference in the pain profile between PwH and controls at baseline does not appear to be a progressive process within 1 year.
Toxicity of ivermectin residues in aged farmyard manure to terrestrial and freshwater invertebrates
Authors: Sands Bryony , Noll Madeleine 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Farmyard manure is often stored, aged and spread on fields as fertiliser; however, dung may be contaminated with residues of veterinary endectocides used to treat livestock for parasites. The persistence of these chemicals during storage and impact on invertebrate biodiversity after spreading are not well understood.
This study considered whether residues in aged cattle manure could have impacts on terrestrial and freshwater invertebrate biodiversity and ecosystem function.
Fresh cattle dung was spiked with known concentrations of the endectocide ivermectin or an excipient only (control) and aged in the field for 4 months between February and May 2020. Each month rainwater run‐off was collected and used to examine toxicity using the freshwater invertebrate Daphnia magna. In June 2020, manure was spread on mesocosms containing topsoil, and above‐ground insect emergence, soil fauna feeding rate, earthworm abundance and pasture productivity (perennial ryegrass growth), were measured over 10 weeks.
Rainwater‐runoff from manure contaminated with ivermectin was highly toxic (60–100% mortality) to D. magna for the entire 4 months of storage. Coleoptera and Diptera emergence was lower from mesocosms spread with ivermectin‐contaminated manure compared with control manure. Pasture productivity was significantly lower (18–20%) in mesocosms spread with ivermectin‐contaminated manure.
The results indicate that ivermectin residues aged manure have the potential to retain toxic effects on terrestrial and freshwater invertebrates for at least 4 months of storage, could reduce pasture productivity, and may have pervasive impacts on invertebrate biodiversity in agricultural systems.
COVID‐19 impact, knowledge and preparedness among dental hygienists in Saudi Arabia: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Alkhalifah Futun N. , Tobbal Ayoub Y. , Fried Jacquelyn L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe study investigates the impact of COVID‐19 on dental hygiene professionals practising in Saudi Arabia, and measuring the knowledge and preparedness of dental hygienists to provide care during the pandemic.MethodsA non‐experimental, cross‐sectional study was conducted targeting dental hygiene professionals in Saudi Arabia. The online survey consisted of 31 close‐ended questions: 9‐items related to demographics, and 22‐items that are COVID‐19 related. Data were tested at two levels; descriptive and preliminary using Chi‐square test, and significance was set at the 0.05 level.ResultsOne hundred and thirty‐one responses were received and the final sample included one hundred and eighteen responses as it excluded unemployed dental hygienists with estimated 39.6% response rate. The stress level to return to practice was considered moderate among 65.3% of participants. Over two‐thirds (73.7%) of dental hygienists were not providing any kind of care/treatment during quarantine. Generally, a moderate level of knowledge (57.8%) was demonstrated by participants. For preparedness level to practice during the pandemic, sixty‐four dental hygienists (54.2%) were adequately prepared to provide care. Significant correlations were found between impact and knowledge (p = 0.045), impact and preparedness (p = 0.053), and knowledge and preparedness (p = 0.024).ConclusionsDissemination of COVID‐19 protocols, guidelines and scientific literature increased the respondents’ level of knowledge and preparedness to an adequate level. This study indicated that knowledgeable dental hygienists were significantly more prepared to treat patients during the pandemic and that stress positively influenced the COVID‐19 knowledge acquisition. Non‐practising dental hygienists during quarantine were more knowledgeable and more prepared to practice during the pandemic.
Level of patient comfort and measurement reproducibility of three different probes: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Flores‐Rodrigo Daisy , Meza‐Mauricio Jonathan , Retamal‐Valdes Belen , Mayta‐Tovalino Frank , Mendoza‐Azpur Gerardo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the comfort level and reproducibility assessment of the probing pocket depth obtained with three different probes.MethodsA cross‐sectional clinical study was conducted in accordance with the STROBE standards. Three different types of periodontal probes were selected: (1) University of North Carolina (UNC) probe, (2) World health organization (WHO) probe and (3) UNC12 COLORVUE probe. Three experienced and calibrated periodontists performed periodontal clinical assessments (probing depth) and pain assessment with the visual analogue scale (VAS).ResultsThe clinical evaluations were carried out in 13 volunteers who attended the dental clinic of the Universidad Científica del Sur (Lima, Peru). A total of 2106 periodontal clinical measurements were obtained (702 measurements per examiner). Each examiner evaluated 234 sites for each type of probe. When patient comfort values during the periodontal evaluation performed with the 3 types of probes were compared, the patients evaluated with the UNC12 COLORVUE probe perceived less pain with a mean value of 0.61, followed by the WHO probe and the UNC probe. When evaluating the clinical measurements, the UNC probe was observed to obtain the greatest mean depth on probing 1.4 + 0.5 mm, while with the UNC12 Colorvue probe, the values obtained were 1.1 + 0.3 mm, and with the WHO probe, 1.2 + 0.4 mm.ConclusionsBased on the periodontal probe used, experience of the examiner and the patient, we can conclude that the UNC12 Colorvue probe was the instrument that promoted the greatest comfort or the slightest response to pain, followed by the WHO probe. However, the use of the WHO probe resulted in obtaining the lowest reproducibility among depths on probing. The UNC probe produced the highest response to pain in the patients.
Fabrication and characterization of Nb2O5‐doped 3Y‐TZP materials sintered by microwave technology
Authors: Guillén Pineda René M. , Salvador María D. , Gutiérrez‐González Carlos F. , Catalá‐Civera Jose M. , Borrell Amparo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this research is focused on the manufacture and characterization of a partially stabilized zirconia ceramic with 3 mol% of Yttria and doped with .5 and 1.5 mol% of Nb2O5 to analyze the influence of doping, with the purpose of improving the properties before hydrothermal degradation. In the first instance, the microwave sintering process was used for the consolidation of this material, then the physical and mechanical properties were characterized. Together, the results obtained by the conventional sintering process were compared. A low hydrothermal degradation study (LTD) is presented at low temperatures in which possible changes in the mechanical properties of the ceramic materials are analyzed and its influence on the phase transformation that zirconia may present is observed. The mechanical properties were evaluated through hardness, fracture toughness, and Young's modulus tests. Likewise, their density was analyzed, and microstructure was characterized by FESEM. It was found that the microwave‐sintered samples at 1200°C exhibited superior properties of toughness than even samples sintered by conventional methods at higher temperatures (1400°C). The sample of 3Y‐TZP with 1.5 mol% Nb2O5 sintered by microwave with <.2% of porosity achieved a maximum fracture toughness value around 40% higher than the dense monolithic 3Y‐TZP material.
Dose‐effect relationship between brisk walking and blood pressure in Chinese occupational population with sedentary lifestyles
Authors: YU Yingxiang , CHANG Cuiqing , WU Yifan , GUO Chengcheng , XIE Lan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to explore the effects of brisk walking on blood pressure (BP) in Chinese Han occupational populations to identify the appropriate volume of exercise needed for BP management. Eight‐hundred and two office staff with sedentary lifestyles were recruited to receive a prescription pedometer‐assisted brisk walking intervention for 3 months. To evaluate exercise intervention efficiency using statistical methods, the effective steps was divided as follows: 4000‐ < 8000 (Level 1), 8000‐ < 10 000 (Level 2), 10 000–12 000 (Level 3), and > 12 000 (Level 4) steps/day. The data of 688 participants who completed the study were analyzed. After intervention, Systolic BP (SBP) and Diastolic BP (DBP) at Levels 1–3 were significantly decreased (p < .05). For participants with hypertension at baseline, all four levels demonstrated a significantly reduced SBP and DBP. In addition, there was a significant dose‐effect relationship between the effective steps and the SBP. Compared with the maximum effective steps level (Level 4), the average change of SBP between level 1–3 and level 4 were statistically significant, with ‐3.24 mm Hg (95%CI: ‐5.74 to ‐0.74, p = .011), ‐2.58 mm Hg (95%CI: ‐4.73 to ‐0.43, p = .019), and ‐2.19 mm Hg (95%CI: ‐4.20 to ‐0.18, p = .033), respectively. For the hypertensive cohort, only the difference between Level 1 and 4 was statistically significant (Level 1 vs. Level 4: difference in means = ‐6.22 mm Hg, 95%CI: ‐12.68 to ‐0.24, p = .036). No significant dose‐effect relationship of DBP was observed. Our findings showed brisk walking can effectively control BP in Chinese populations and a significant dose‐effect relationship was found between exercise and SBP.
Gonadal morphology and difference in reproductive development of two isolated populations of Astyanax rivularis (Teleostei, Characidae)
Authors: Quirino Patricia Postingel , de Siqueira‐Silva Diógenes Henrique , da Silva Rodrigues Maira , dos Santos‐Silva Amanda Pereira , Delgado Maria Luiza Ribeiro , Senhorini José Augusto , Ninhaus‐Silveira Alexandre , Veríssimo‐Silveira Rosicleire 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTIndividuals of the same species may present different reproductive tactics depending on the environment in which they develop and mature. The present study aimed to define the gonadal development phases of males and females of Astyanax rivularis and to carry out a comparative analysis of the reproductive development of specimens captured in two isolated environments of the São Francisco River basin in Serra da Canastra, Brazil (Point 1: low vegetation and river showing calm and crystalline waters with small well formations; Point 2: current waters, and well‐established areas of arboreal vegetation). Thus, the gonads of A. rivularis specimens were collected, fixed and processed with techniques for light microscopy. Five maturation phases of the females' reproductive cycle were established: immature, developing, spawning capable, regressing and regenerating. Three maturation phases of the males' reproductive cycle were observed: spawning capable, regressing, and regenerating. There are differences in the phases of gonadal development of A. rivularis between the two sampling points so that, possibly, animals upstream of the waterfall demonstrate a delay in the reproductive cycle in relation to animals downstream.
Immersion vaccines against Yersinia ruckeri infection in rainbow trout: Comparative effects of strain differences
Authors: Yang He , Zhujin Ding , Marana Moonika H. , Dalsgaard Inger , Rzgar Jaafar , Heidi Mathiessen , Asma Karami M. , Per Kania W. , Kurt Buchmann 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe protective effects of autogenous and commercial ERM immersion vaccines (bacterins based on Yersinia ruckeri, serotype O1, biotypes 1 and 2) for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were compared in order to evaluate whether the use of local pathogen strains for immunization can improve protection. In addition, the effect of the bacterin concentration was established for the commercial product. Following sublethal challenge of vaccinated and non‐vaccinated control fish with live bacteria, we followed the bacterial count in the fish (gills, liver and spleen). The expression of genes encoding immune factors (IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, IFN‐γ, MHCI, MHCII, CD4, CD8, TCRβ, IgM, IgT, IgD, cathelicidins 1 and 2, SAA and C3) and densities of immune cells in organs were recorded. Both vaccines conferred protection as judged from the reduced bacterial load in exposed fish. Innate immune genes were upregulated in all groups following bacterial challenge but significantly more in non‐vaccinated naive fish in which densities of SAA‐positive immune cells increased. Immunoglobulin genes were upregulated on day 5 post‐challenge, and fish vaccinated with the high commercial bacterin dosage showed increased IgM levels by ELISA on day 14 post‐challenge, reflecting that the vaccine dosage was correlated to protection. In conclusion, both vaccine types offered protection to rainbow trout when exposed to live Y. ruckeri and no significant difference between commercial and autogenous vaccines was established.
Finding a way to live with the past: ‘self‐repair’, ‘informal repair’, and reparations in transitional justice
Authors: GILMORE SUNNEVA , MOFFETT LUKE 
Published: August 2021

AbstractReparations are widely regarded as a key element of dealing with the past in transitional justice. Over the past three decades, there has been a plethora of state practice, jurisprudence, and international norms requiring states and other responsible actors to redress victims’ harm. Yet in practice there remain significant deficiencies in delivering reparations on the ground to those affected. This article explores what victims and their civil society allies do to manage their suffering in the absence of or delay to reparations. Drawing upon fieldwork in seven societies transitioning from conflict, we suggest that victims find their own way to live with the past as they await reparations, through ‘self‐repair’ measures or through ‘informal repair’ provided by non‐governmental organizations. This alternative perspective aims to shed light on victims’ agency and resilience, as well as to critique notions of state dependence that a needs and rights discourse often encourages with victims. We also argue that victims’ self‐repair strategies and informal pathways can complement more formal measures, and be conducive to victims making the most of state‐based reparation programmes.
Identification and characterization ofColletotrichum brevisporumandC. truncatumcausing papaya anthracnose in the Philippines
Authors: Laurel Niño R. , Magdalita Pablito M. , Dela Cueva Fe M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPapaya (Carica papayaL.) fruits showing typical anthracnose lesions were collected from Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. Infected fruits showed brown to black, sunken water‐soaked lesions with salmon‐ and black‐coloured acervuli. Fungal pathogens were isolated from the fruit samples, plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and purified for subsequent analyses. A total of sixColletotrichumisolates were subjected to morphological assessment and were divided into two morphotypes (I and II). Morphotype I produced conidia which were hyaline, fusiform with obtuse ends, while Morphotype II produced conidia which were hyaline, falcate with pointy ends. For phylogenetic analysis, sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), actin (ACT) and chitin synthase‐1 (CHS‐1) was performed and resulted in two well‐supported and distinct clades. All test isolates were pathogenic in the detached fruit assay, and the same isolates were successfully re‐isolated from the symptomatic fruit samples, thereby fulfilling Koch's postulate. The results of the phylogenetic analysis, morphological assessment and pathogenicity testing confirmed the identity of the isolates asC. brevisporumandC. truncatum. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of the two new species associated with papaya anthracnose in the Philippines.