bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ist Moral nur kluger Egoismus? Ansätze des Kontraktualismus
Authors: Werner Micha H. 
Published: January 2021

ZusammenfassungKlassischer Naturalismus: Die systematischen Überlegungen des vorangehenden Kapitels haben sich mit dem inhaltlichen Ertrag der antiken Tugendethik beschäftigt (siehe Kap. 10.1007/978-3-476-05293-3_2). Hinterfragen lässt sich jedoch auch deren Begründungsbasis: Was ist der Maßstab, an dem sich unsere Urteile über das gute Leben und das gerechte Zusammenleben in letzter Hinsicht orientieren sollen, und wie wird dieser Maßstab begründet? Hinsichtlich dieser Frage erscheinen die Differenzen zwischen den dominierenden Strömungen antiker und scholastischer Tugendethik und Naturrechtslehre aus heutiger Sicht weniger gravierend als die Gemeinsamkeiten. Dass das naturgemäße Leben auch das gute und richtige Leben sei, ist zwischen den philosophischen Schulen der Antike nicht strittig.
Orientierung im pluralistischen Ethikdiskurs
Authors: Werner Micha H. 
Published: January 2021

ZusammenfassungErnüchternde Ethik?Zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts macht Harold A. Prichard eine Beobachtung, die sich auch heute bestätigen lässt. Das Studium der Moralphilosophie hinterlässt oft ein vages Gefühl der Unzufriedenheit.
New magnetic symmetries in (d + 2)-dimensional QED
Authors: He Temple , Mitra Prahar 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPrevious analyses of asymptotic symmetries in QED have shown that the subleading soft photon theorem implies a Ward identity corresponding to a charge generating divergent large gauge transformations on the asymptotic states at null infinity. In this work, we demonstrate that the subleading soft photon theorem is equivalent to a more general Ward identity. The charge corresponding to this Ward identity can be decomposed into an electric piece and a magnetic piece. The electric piece generates the Ward identity that was previously studied, but the magnetic piece is novel, and implies the existence of an additional asymptotic “magnetic” symmetry in QED.
Development of an integrated game theory-optimization subground stratification model using cone penetration test (CPT) measurements
Authors: Farhadi Mohammad Sadegh , Länsivaara Tim 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe continuous cone penetration test (CPT) measurements provide an advantageous liable rapid tool for stratification and soil behavior classification that can be employed in the sustainable design of the infrastructures. However, the CPT measurements are often interpreted by geotechnical experts because of the involved complexities and uncertainties. In this study, a novel stratification and soil type behavior (SBT) classification model is developed to identify the transition and thicker layers by integrating the geotechnical knowledge with the three submodels of (a) locally estimated scatterplot smoothing (LOESS), (b) a game theory model known as Nash–Harsanyi (N–H) bargaining, and (c) grey wolf optimizer (GWO). The LOESS and integrated N–H bargaining-GWO models are, respectively, used to approximate the outliers in CPT measurements and identify the SBT and layer changes. Attractively, in the proposed model, the engineer has the opportunity to judge on the precision of the stratification profile regarding their own preferences in a project. Solving simple algebraic equations, high speed, identifying thick and the interlayer transition layers, and small required training data are the other advantages of the developed model. Finally, the applicability of the proposed model has been assessed in an example. The compared estimated and two other models’ stratification profiles highlighted the potential of the proposed model to identify thin transition layers.
Discontinuation and dose reduction of rituximab in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis
Authors: Boremalm Malin , Sundström Peter , Salzer Jonatan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
Rituximab is safe and effective for treating relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) according to phase II and observational studies. There are limited data on disease activity after discontinuation and dose reduction. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects on inflammatory disease activity after discontinuation or dose reduction of rituximab in patients with RRMS or clinically isolated syndrome (CIS).

Methods
In this retrospective observational study, we included all RRMS and CIS patients ever treated with rituximab at the University Hospital of Umeå who had either; (1) discontinued treatment at any time or (2) reduced the dose to a mean of < 1000 mg yearly. The patients served as their own controls by contributing patient years on full dose, reduced dose, and off treatment.

Results
A total of 225 patients treated with mean (SD) 6256 (2456) mg rituximab during mean (SD) 6.5 (2.0) years were included. There were no differences regarding the annualized relapse rates during full dose versus reduced dose or off treatment (0.02 versus < 0.01 and 0.02, p = 0.09), neither regarding proportion MRI scans with new or enlarged T2 lesions (0.03 versus 0.01 and 0.03, p = 0.37) or contrast-enhancing lesions (< 0.01 versus 0 and 0.02, p = 0.22).

Conclusions
This study indicates that rituximab has long-term effects on inflammatory disease activity and that disease reactivation is rare in MS patients who discontinued treatment for any reason. It also suggests that treatment with low-dose rituximab (< 1000 mg yearly) is sufficient to maintain suppression of inflammatory disease activity in patients with stable disease.
Using GPS tracking and stable multi-isotopes for estimating habitat use and winter range in Palearctic ospreys
Authors: Monti Flavio , Robert Aloїs , Dominici Jean-Marie , Sforzi Andrea , Bagur Rafel Triay , Navarro Antoni Muñoz , Guillou Gaël , Duriez Olivier , Bentaleb Ilham 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe used both satellite tracking and carbon, nitrogen and sulphur stable isotopic analysis (SIA) to infer wintering ecology and habitat use of the Corsican ospreyPandion haliaetuspopulation. A control sample of feathers from 75 individuals was collected within the osprey’s northern hemisphere breeding range, to assess the SIA variability across habitat types. An experimental set of SIA on feathers of 18 Corsican adults was examined to infer wintering ground locations and habitat types used during the non-breeding period. We calibrated the SIA using GPS/GSM tracks of 12 Mediterranean adults’ movements as wintering site references. We found 50% of individuals were resident and the other half migrated. Ospreys spent the winter at temperate latitudes and showed a high plasticity in habitat selection spread over the Mediterranean basin (marine bays, coastal lagoons/marshland, inland freshwater sites). Complementary to GPS tracking, SIA is, at a broad geographical scale, a reliable method to determine whether ospreys overwinter in a habitat different from that of their breeding area. This study proved that the integration of SIA and GPS/GSM tracking techniques was effective at overcoming the intrinsic limits of each method and achieving greater information for basic ecological studies of migratory birds in aquatic environments.
Long-term changes in hazardous heat and cold stress in humans: multi-city study in Poland
Authors: Kuchcik Magdalena , Błażejczyk Krzysztof , Halaś Agnieszka 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSignificant changes in climate variables in the last decades resulted in changes of perceived climate conditions. However, there are only few studies discussing long-lasting changes in bioclimatic conditions. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to present the temporal and spatial distribution of hazardous heat and cold stress conditions in different regions of Poland. Its focus is on long-lasting changes in such conditions in the period 1951–2018. To assess changes in hazardous thermal stress conditions, the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) was used. UTCI values at 12 UTC hour (respectively 1 pm winter time, 2 pm summer time) were calculated daily based on air temperature, relative humidity, total cloud cover and wind speed at 24 stations representing the whole area of Poland. We found that the greatest changes were observed in minimum (1.33 °C/10 years) and average (0.52 °C/10 years) UTCI values as well as in cold stress frequency (− 4.00 days per 10 years). The changes vary seasonally and regionally. The greatest increase in UTCImin and decrease in cold stress days were noted from November to March and had the highest values in north-east and east Poland, and also in the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains. The trends in maximum UTCI are much smaller and not always positive. The spatially averaged trend in UTCImax for Poland as a whole was 0.35 °C/10 years and the increase in heat stress days was 0.80 days/10 years. The highest increases in UTCImax and heat stress days were noted in eastern and south-eastern Poland.
Real-Time Tracer Dispersion Simulations in Oklahoma City Using the Locally Mesh-Refined Lattice Boltzmann Method
Authors: Onodera Naoyuki , Idomura Yasuhiro , Hasegawa Yuta , Nakayama Hiromasa , Shimokawabe Takashi , Aoki Takayuki 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe present ensemble-based large-eddy simulations based on a lattice Boltzmann method for a realistic urban area. A plume-dispersion model enables a real-time simulation over several kilometres by applying a local mesh-refinement method. We assess plume-dispersion problems in the complex urban environment of Oklahoma City on 16 July using realistic mesoscale velocity boundary conditions produced by the Weather Research and Forecasting model, as well as building structures and a plant-canopy model introduced into the plume-dispersion model. Ensemble calculations are performed to reduce uncertainties in the macroscale boundary conditions due to turbulence, which cannot be determined by the mesoscale model. The statistics of the plume-dispersion field, as well as mean and maximum concentrations, show that ensemble calculations improve the accuracy of the simulations. Factor-of-2 agreement is found between the ensemble-averaged concentrations based on the simulations over a 4.2 × 4.2 × 2.5 km2 area with 2-m resolution with the plume-dispersion model and the observations.
Meta-analysis and cost-effectiveness of ductoscopy, duct excision surgery and MRI for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with pathological nipple discharge
Authors: Filipe M. D. , Patuleia S. I. S. , Vriens M. R. , van Diest P. J. , Witkamp A. J. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Introduction
Pathological nipple discharge (PND) is a common breast-related complaint for referral to a surgical breast clinic because of its association with breast cancer. The aim of this meta-analysis was to compare the diagnostic efficacy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ductoscopy in patients with PND. Additionally, we determined the most cost-efficient strategy for the treatment of PND and the detection of breast cancer in PND patient without radiological suspicion for malignancy.

Materials and methods
PubMed and EMBASE were searched to collect the relevant literature from the inception of both diagnostic methods until January 27th 2020. The search yielded 815 original citations, of which 10 studies with 894 patients were finally included for analysis. Costs of ductoscopy, MRI and duct excision surgery were obtained from the UMC Utrecht as established in the year 2019. These costs included: medical personnel, overhead costs, material costs and sterilisation costs.

Results
The meta-analysis showed no significant difference in sensitivity between ductoscopy (44%) and MRI (76%) for the detection of malignancy in patients with PND. However, ductoscopy (98%) had a statistically significantly higher specificity than MRI (84%). Individual costs were €1401.33, €822.13 and €6494.27 for ductoscopy, MRI and duct excision surgery, respectively. Full diagnostic strategy involving ductoscopy was on average €1670.97, while with MRI it was €2070.27.

Conclusion
Patients undergoing MRI are more often (false) positive which more often leads to duct excision surgery referrals compared to ductoscopy. This makes ductoscopy significantly more cost-effective compared MRI in patients with PND without radiological suspicion for malignancy.
Rheological behavior of high consistency enzymatically fibrillated cellulose suspensions
Authors: Jaiswal Aayush Kumar , Kumar Vinay , Khakalo Alexey , Lahtinen Panu , Solin Katariina , Pere Jaakko , Toivakka Martti 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHigh-consistency processing of fibrillated cellulose materials is attractive for commercial applications due to potential for lowered production costs, energy savings and easier logistics. The current work investigated structure–property relationships of fibrillated cellulose suspensions produced at 20% consistency using VTT HefCel (High-consistency enzymatic fibrillation of cellulose) technology. Morphological examination of the fibrillated materials revealed that enzymatic action on the cellulose substrates was not a direct function of enzyme dosage but rather was dependent on the raw material composition. Furthermore, shear viscosity of the HefCel suspensions was found to decrease with increasing enzyme dosage while the water retention increased. The shear viscosity followed power law relationship with the power law index varying in the range 0.11–0.73. The shear-thinning behavior decreased with increasing consistency. Moreover, suspension viscosity ($$\upmu$$μ) was found to be highly dependent on the consistency ($$\mathrm{c})$$c)as$$\upmu \sim {\mathrm{c}}^{\mathrm{m}}$$μ∼cm, with$$\mathrm{m}$$mranging from 2.75 to 4.31 for different samples. Yield stress (τy) of the HefCel suspensions was measured at 7 and 10% consistencies. The performance of the fibrillated cellulose grades in a typical application was demonstrated by casting films, which were characterized for their mechanical properties.Graphic abstract
Comparing double-step and penalty-based semirecursive formulations for hydraulically actuated multibody systems in a monolithic approach
Authors: Jaiswal Suraj , Rahikainen Jarkko , Khadim Qasim , Sopanen Jussi , Mikkola Aki 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe simulation of mechanical systems often requires modeling of systems of other physical nature, such as hydraulics. In such systems, the numerical stiffness introduced by the hydraulics can become a significant aspect to consider in the modeling, as it can negatively effect to the computational efficiency. The hydraulic system can be described by using the lumped fluid theory. In this approach, a pressure can be integrated from a differential equation in which effective bulk modulus is divided by a volume size. This representation can lead to numerical stiffness as a consequence of which time integration of a hydraulically driven system becomes cumbersome. In this regard, the used multibody formulation plays an important role, as there are many different procedures for the constraint enforcement and different sets of coordinates to choose from. This paper introduces the double-step semirecursive approach and compares it with a penalty-based semirecursive approach in case of coupled multibody and hydraulic dynamics within the monolithic framework. To this end, hydraulically actuated four-bar and quick-return mechanisms are analyzed as case studies. The two approaches are compared in terms of the work cycle, energy balance, constraint violation, and numerical efficiency of the mechanisms. It is concluded that the penalty-based semirecursive approach has a number of advantages compared with the double-step semirecursive approach, which is in accordance with the literature.
Early tracking and different types of inequalities in achievement: difference-in-differences evidence from 20 years of large-scale assessments
Authors: Strello Andrés , Strietholt Rolf , Steinmann Isa , Siepmann Charlotte 
Published: January 2021

AbstractResearch to date on the effects of between-school tracking on inequalities in achievement and on performance has been inconclusive. A possible explanation is that different studies used different data, focused on different domains, and employed different measures of inequality. To address this issue, we used all accumulated data collected in the three largest international assessments—PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment), PIRLS (Progress in International Reading Literacy Study), and TIMSS (Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study)—in the past 20 years in 75 countries and regions. Following the seminal paper by Hanushek and Wößmann (2006), we combined data from a total of 21 cycles of primary and secondary school assessments to estimate difference-in-differences models for different outcome measures. We synthesized the effects using a meta-analytical approach and found strong evidence that tracking increased social achievement gaps, that it had smaller but still significant effects on dispersion inequalities, and that it had rather weak effects on educational inadequacies. In contrast, we did not find evidence that tracking increased performance levels. Besides these substantive findings, our study illustrated that the effect estimates varied considerably across the datasets used because the low number of countries as the units of analysis was a natural limitation. This finding casts doubt on the reproducibility of findings based on single international datasets and suggests that researchers should use different data sources to replicate analyses.
Convergence rates for optimised adaptive importance samplers
Authors: Akyildiz Ömer Deniz , Míguez Joaquín 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAdaptive importance samplers are adaptive Monte Carlo algorithms to estimate expectations with respect to some target distribution which adapt themselves to obtain better estimators over a sequence of iterations. Although it is straightforward to show that they have the same $$\mathcal {O}(1/\sqrt{N})$$

O
(
1
/

N

)

convergence rate as standard importance samplers, where N is the number of Monte Carlo samples, the behaviour of adaptive importance samplers over the number of iterations has been left relatively unexplored. In this work, we investigate an adaptation strategy based on convex optimisation which leads to a class of adaptive importance samplers termed optimised adaptive importance samplers (OAIS). These samplers rely on the iterative minimisation of the $$\chi ^2$$

χ
2

-divergence between an exponential family proposal and the target. The analysed algorithms are closely related to the class of adaptive importance samplers which minimise the variance of the weight function. We first prove non-asymptotic error bounds for the mean squared errors (MSEs) of these algorithms, which explicitly depend on the number of iterations and the number of samples together. The non-asymptotic bounds derived in this paper imply that when the target belongs to the exponential family, the $$L_2$$

L
2

errors of the optimised samplers converge to the optimal rate of $$\mathcal {O}(1/\sqrt{N})$$

O
(
1
/

N

)

and the rate of convergence in the number of iterations are explicitly provided. When the target does not belong to the exponential family, the rate of convergence is the same but the asymptotic $$L_2$$

L
2

error increases by a factor $$\sqrt{\rho ^\star } > 1$$

ρ
⋆

>
1

, where $$\rho ^\star - 1$$

ρ
⋆

-
1

is the minimum $$\chi ^2$$

χ
2

-divergence between the target and an exponential family proposal.
Onset of Convection in Two-Dimensional Porous Cavities with Open and Conducting Boundaries
Authors: Tyvand Peder A. , Nøland Jonas Kristiansen 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe onset of thermal convection in two-dimensional porous cavities heated from below is studied theoretically. An open (constant-pressure) boundary is assumed, with zero perturbation temperature (thermally conducting). The resulting eigenvalue problem is a full fourth-order problem without degeneracies. Numerical results are presented for rectangular and elliptical cavities, with the circle as a special case. The analytical solution for an upright rectangle confirms the numerical results. Streamlines penetrating the open cavities are plotted, together with the isotherms for the associated closed thermal cells. Isobars forming pressure cells are depicted for the perturbation pressure. The critical Rayleigh number is calculated as a function of geometric parameters, including the tilt angle of the rectangle and ellipse. An improved physical scaling of the Darcy–Bénard problem is suggested. Its significance is indicated by the ratio of maximal vertical velocity to maximal temperature perturbation.
Implementing a real-time, AI-based, people detection and social distancing measuring system for Covid-19
Authors: Saponara Sergio , Elhanashi Abdussalam , Gagliardi Alessio 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCOVID-19 is a disease caused by a severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus. It was identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. It has resulted in an ongoing pandemic that caused infected cases including many deaths. Coronavirus is primarily spread between people during close contact. Motivating to this notion, this research proposes an artificial intelligence system for social distancing classification of persons using thermal images. By exploiting YOLOv2 (you look at once) approach, a novel deep learning detection technique is developed for detecting and tracking people in indoor and outdoor scenarios. An algorithm is also implemented for measuring and classifying the distance between persons and to automatically check if social distancing rules are respected or not. Hence, this work aims at minimizing the spread of the COVID-19 virus by evaluating if and how persons comply with social distancing rules. The proposed approach is applied to images acquired through thermal cameras, to establish a complete AI system for people tracking, social distancing classification, and body temperature monitoring. The training phase is done with two datasets captured from different thermal cameras. Ground Truth Labeler app is used for labeling the persons in the images. The proposed technique has been deployed in a low-cost embedded system (Jetson Nano) which is composed of a fixed camera. The proposed approach is implemented in a distributed surveillance video system to visualize people from several cameras in one centralized monitoring system. The achieved results show that the proposed method is suitable to set up a surveillance system in smart cities for people detection, social distancing classification, and body temperature analysis.