bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi-Rate Discrete-Time Signal Processing
Authors: Berber Stevan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 17 presents the multi-rate signal process, starting with explanations of the up-sampling and down-sampling procedures on a discrete signal in the time domain. The operations of a down-sampler (decimator) and an up-sampler (interpolator) are analysed in the frequency domain, emphasizing the problem of possible aliasing. Complex systems that include both up-sampling and down-sampling are analysed and the problem of complexity reduction is mentioned. The operation of systems that combine an interpolator and an interpolation filter, and a decimator and a decimation lowpass filter, is presented in the time and frequency domains. In particular, the problem of reducing the complexity of a multi-rate system is addressed, and a polyphase decomposition for both finite impulse response filters and infinite impulse response filters is offered as an efficient solution.
Multi-Rate Filter Banks
Authors: Berber Stevan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents the theoretical description and the principle of the operation of analysis and synthesis filter banks. This is essential material for understanding the modern design of transceivers that are based on discrete-time signal processing. The structure of a quadrature mirror filter bank is presented and the operation of the analysis and synthesis component filters is explained. The condition for a perfect reconstruction of a two-channel filter bank is derived. Based on a two-channel quadrature mirror filter bank, the procedure of making a multichannel quadrature mirror filter bank is presented. A brief description of multilevel filter banks with equal or unequal passband widths is given.
Patrick Kavanagh
Authors: Grene Nicholas 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Patrick Kavanagh is unique among modern Irish writers in that he spent the first half of his life as a largely self-educated small farmer in Monaghan, while struggling to find a voice for that experience as a writer. In his early poetry and his autobiography, The Green Fool, he sought to render the realities of farming and to escape romantic literariness; ‘Inniskeen Road’ and ‘Shancoduff’ are key breakthrough poems in this effort. While he was later to reject the didacticism of The Great Hunger, the achievement of this extraordinary long poem is the combination of inside and outside perspectives on the stunted life of the bachelor farmer Patrick Maguire. Moving away from Monaghan to Dublin allowed Kavanagh to re-create his farming world in the comic novel Tarry Flynn and later lyrics such as ‘Threshing Morning’, ‘A Christmas Childhood’ and ‘Art McCooey’.
Introduction
Authors: Swanton Christine 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The Introduction summarizes the basic tenets of Target Centred Virtue Ethics. It begins with an account of the fundamental concepts of virtue ethics in general and shows that virtue ethics is a family of normative ethical theory with several genera and species. The target-centred version of virtue ethics developed in the book is one species of virtue ethics opposed to the orthodox neo-Aristotelian version in many respects. Central to all forms of virtue ethics is ‘Thick Concept Centralism’, and the ‘Centrality of Virtuousness’, whether the notion of virtuousness is applied to character, actions, rules or motives. The Introduction outlines these theses, and the notion of the targets of virtues, before summarizing the contents of the book, including the metaphysics of Target Centred Virtue Ethics, the nature of Target Centred Virtue Ethics, and broad issues surrounding the application of Target Centred Virtue Ethics.
A New Metaphysics for Virtue Ethics
Authors: Swanton Christine 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter proposes a new metaphysics for virtue ethics, hermeneutic ontology, that is opposed to the orthodox ‘natural goodness’ metaphysics of goodness owed to Foot, and developed in a virtue ethical direction by Hursthouse. This ‘new metaphysics’ is initially inspired by McDowell’s view that the stance of science is not the only mode of access to the real and in particular to ethical reality. But the notion of access is ambiguous between an ontological notion and an epistemological notion. The development of the ontological notion is the topic of this chapter and is owed to Heidegger. Central to this development is the idea that intentional access to the being of entities as, for example, ethical is through logos, a network of significance relations. Two key problems—the plurality of the logoi, and critique of the logos—are topics of later sections.
The Concealment of Ethics
Authors: Swanton Christine 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
To fully appreciate the worldhood of ethics it must be revealed through logos in the richest and most accurate way. According to Heidegger, phenomena can not only be intentionally accessed through a logos but also ‘covered up’ or ‘concealed’. Ways of covering up shed light indirectly on the logos of ethics. Until we see how ethics is covered up our ethical thought is liable to suffer from various forms of distortion. So to complete the discussion of the worldhood of ethics we need to not only expose the way ethics is opened up; we need also to be aware of the way it has been and is concealed.
Eudaimonistic versus Target Centred Virtue Ethics
Authors: Swanton Christine 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter distinguishes eudaimonistic virtue ethics (in contemporary forms) in terms of which virtue ethics as such is often defined, from Target Centred Virtue Ethics. This form of virtue ethics comprises two main theses: a target-centred account of what makes a trait of character a virtue and a target-centred account of right action. Target Centred Virtue Ethics is given a partial defence in this chapter. Part of this defence involves getting clear on what are the presuppositions of contemporary eudaimonistic virtue ethics, for these may be more or less controversial. Another part discusses the problems of indirection and egoism faced by eudaimonism, and the target-centred virtue ethical response.
Basic Virtue and Differentiated Virtue
Authors: Swanton Christine 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that virtue ethics in traditional form has been overly simple, since it has not adequately integrated within its theoretical structures such important ethical features as role ethics, the narrative quality of our lives, cultural and historical location. It is important for Target Centred Virtue Ethics to offer a theoretical account of how such features can be accommodated within virtue ethics and how the targets of virtues can be more closely specified once that is done. The resulting view is not relativist but an objectivist realist position. This is achieved by a distinction between basic and differentiated virtue so that in role ethics, for example, a basic virtue such as generosity is role differentiated to form a virtue of generosity qua CEO which limits permitted acts of generosity.
Target Centred Virtue Ethics and Role Ethics
Authors: Swanton Christine 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The development of ‘virtue jurisprudence’ (a neo-Aristotelian virtue ethics for law) has highlighted the importance of virtue in legal ethics. Yet it has been criticized because it cannot account for “robust” role differentiation. In this chapter I argue that Target Centred Virtue Ethics can account for two features which constitute the ‘Role Dilemma’: (a) There is robust role differentiation; that is, role differentiation as conceived by the Standard Conception of law (and, e.g., business).(b) Occupiers of legal roles are not permitted to act immorally (except perhaps in “tragic” dilemmas).Virtue ethics and Standard Conceptions of law (and, e.g., business) are standardly thought to be incompatible. This may be true where virtue ethics is conceived in “orthodox” neo-Aristotelian terms. I reject this version of virtue ethics for role ethics and show that Target Centred Virtue Ethics can subscribe to both horns of the dilemma (a) and (b) above.
Developmental Virtue Ethics
Authors: Swanton Christine 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Post-Kohlbergian developmental psychology has recognized the philosophical contribution of virtue ethics to the reclamation of character as an object of study in developmental psychology. In recent times there has been a realization that there has to be a corresponding development in virtue ethics. Developmental Virtue Ethics recognizes the continuous development of humans throughout their various stages of maturation and decline and conceptions of virtue are informed by such features in a thoroughly interdisciplinary way. Virtue is differentiated according to stage of life. Since development is continuous, Developmental Virtue Ethics applies to development towards maturity as much as to maturity itself. In this chapter I consider the roots of virtue in babies, prosocial behaviour and its relation to virtue, virtue in children, virtue in the mature but improving agent, and virtue in the aged.
Has Virtue Ethics Sold Out?
Authors: Swanton Christine 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses a contemporary criticism of virtue ethics as focusing too much on providing a criterion of right action. I claim that the criticism is off the mark on a variety of fronts, including a misinterpretation of Anscombe, a misguided view that what is offered is a criterion of right action as opposed to a framework, and that what is offered is a criterion of morally right action in a suspect sense of “moral.” I show how the important deontic notions can have a place in virtue ethics. The chapter explores also further problems with the notion of rightness in ethics: the essential contestedness of even core concepts of rightness and both combinatorial and degree vagueness in the relation between the thick concepts and rightness.
A Particularist but Codifiable Virtue Ethics
Authors: Swanton Christine 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Moral particularism of the kind developed by Jonathan Dancy is treated as a topic in meta-ethics. Until it is applied to a suitable type of normative theory criticisms which have assailed it are difficult to rebut. This chapter aims to apply Dancy’s particularism to target centred virtue ethics, showing how many of these criticisms are off the mark. At the core of these criticisms is that of uncodifiability. Virtue ethics is held to be codifiable through the virtue rules which encode virtue-reasons for action, reasons which are argued to be particularist in Dancy’s sense. That is it is possible even for reasons expressed through the thick virtue concepts to switch valence. In the course of the argument a virtue ethical view of right action (the target-centred view) is further developed.
An Epistemology for Target Centred Virtue Ethics
Authors: Swanton Christine 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an epistemology for virtue ethics—target-centred virtue epistemology, arguing that we all need the epistemic virtues rather than relying on the wisdom of a virtuous agent. It thus contrasts target-centred virtue epistemology with qualified agent virtue epistemology. Epistemic virtues are understood in terms of their epistemic targets rather than primarily in terms of virtuous epistemic motives. The chapter argues that virtue epistemology is a branch of virtue ethics, and that epistemic virtues should be understood as not isolated from ethical virtue but are instead ‘virtues proper’. It discusses too the evidential status of “moral intuitions” in relation to target-centred virtue epistemology, and deleterious social factors in the transmission of beliefs such as the network and contagion social epistemic models, in relation to personal epistemic virtue.
Fresh Water in International Law
Authors: Boisson de Chazournes Laurence 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This book, now in its second edition, addresses the diverse ways in which international law governs the uses, management, and protection of fresh water. The regulation of fresh water has primarily developed through the conclusion of treaties concerning international watercourses. Yet a number of other legal regimes also apply to the governance of fresh water. In particular, there has been an increasing recognition of the importance of fresh water to environmental protection. The development of international human rights law and international humanitarian law has also proven crucial for ensuring the sound and equitable management of this resource. In addition, the economic uses of fresh water feature prominently in the law applicable to watercourses and other sources of water, while water itself has become an important element of the trade and investment regimes. These bodies of rules and principles not only surface in an array of dispute settlement mechanisms, but also stimulate wider trends of institutionalization. The book investigates the origin and scope of these bodies of norms as they apply to fresh water, and demonstrates how they connect and adapt to one another, forming an integrated body of international principles. This approach is accompanied by a detailed analysis of the practice of states and of international organizations, taking into account the activities of the many non-state actors involved in the treatment of fresh water, and of the many jurisdictions which have been confronted with water issues.
Regulation of Fresh Water Uses
Authors: Boisson de Chazournes Laurence 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 traces the evolution of fresh water regulation. It identifies the various uses of fresh water that have been subject to legal rules, including boundary delimitation along international watercourses, navigation, fishing, irrigation, energy production, other industrial uses, and recreational purposes. Areas where conflicts of uses arise are also highlighted, and the way in which these are sometimes resolved by the law is explained, with an emphasis on the importance of human needs and the notion of minimum flow. The major treaties that purport to govern international watercourses, such as the UN Watercourses Convention of 1997, which entered into force in 2014, as well as other sources of fresh water and their accompanying legal regimes, are similarly presented.
Dispute Settlement and Fresh Water
Authors: Boisson de Chazournes Laurence 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The resolution of disputes related to issues of fresh water scarcity, degradation, and access to water are evident in practice. There is a staggering diversity of institutions with judicial or quasi-judicial authority over these matters, as well as diplomatic means which can help settle these various disputes. A trend towards variation and multiplication of available mechanisms for resolving water-related disputes can be observed. As a consequence of both inter-state and mixed-party disputes concerning water, international courts and tribunals have amassed growing bodies of decisions in water law, and their reliance on the case law of other jurisdictions suggests an evolving harmonization in this field. This cross-fertilization among traditional dispute settlement bodies has progressed concurrently with the development of novel procedures tailored to the uniquely collective interests at stake in natural resource disputes.
Looking Ahead
Authors: Boisson de Chazournes Laurence 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The body of principles and rules of international law applicable to fresh water has developed in many different directions. Regulation, economization, environmentalization, humanization, and institutionalization are the foremost. While they are discernible from one another, they are also intertwined. The apparent clashes between some of them—in particular, environmental and human concerns on one hand, and economic concerns on the other—are palpable in certain contexts. The method for preventing these clashes relies on the promotion of an integrated and coherent approach to apprehending the environmental, economic, social, and cultural facets of fresh water. In this context, the critical role that the notion of integrated water resources management can play is explored in this chapter.
Angels and Anchoritic Culture in Late Medieval England
Authors: Easterling Joshua S. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This book examines vernacular and Latin anchoritic writings in England (c.1170–1400) as these participated within late medieval negotiations between the distinct, and at times divergent, cultures of religious reform and spiritual charisma. It argues that admonitory (or regulatory), devotional, and hagiographic works composed for anchorites transmit, together with their intertexts, the urgent need within orthodox culture to manage the various and potentially unruly spiritualities so often associated with late medieval charismatics, including anchorites. So too, this study traces through the images of embodiment and angelic mediation a set of religious and cultural tensions around the efforts by religious (esp. clerical, monastic, and mendicant) elites to align individual and charismatic gifts (1 Cor. 12:8–11) with the widespread calls for obedience and submission to church authorities. This masculine suspicion of spiritual gifts was strategically framed within a discourse about (and in defence of) the clerical, Eucharistic, and ecclesial body, often in reaction against the increasingly acute threat of religious dissent. Related to these developments were the dominant narratives of corporate unity that marshaled images of angels—at once the messengers of charismatic power and the celestial associates of orthodox culture—as well as the Pauline text on angelic transfiguration (2 Cor. 11:14) to articulate major challenges at the level of institutional authority and spiritual power. Underwriting the fragile boundary between heresy and orthodoxy, mainstream figurations of charisma and the angelic image worked on behalf of a culture of reform and/as transformation in its efforts to secure the clerical and ecclesial body from corruption and falsification.
The Angel, the Confessor, and the Anchoress
Authors: Easterling Joshua S. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines thirteenth- and fourteenth-century guidance texts for anchoresses, including Ancrene Wisse and Richard Rolle’s The Form of Living, as well as the Latin vita of Margaret the Lame (d. 1250), anchoress of Magdeburg. In these writings, as elsewhere, the Annunciation (Luke 1:26–38) functions as a remarkable and versatile textual resource that, with its dazzling array of metaphors, came to represent the routinely conflict-ridden relationship between angels, female penitents, and confessors. As visionary anchoresses faced insistent calls for subordination, their angelic capacity to resemble their confessors and to appropriate their spiritual knowledge and discernment undermined those same calls. I argue that these anchoritic writings, and even the many narratives of anchorites from Caesarius of Heisterbach’s thirteenth-century Dialogue of Miracles, draw on the Annunciation in negotiating the uneasy relations between personal inspiration and the imperatives of subordination.
The Multiple Meanings of Prosperity and Poverty in Tanzania
Authors: Howland Olivia , Noe Christine , Brockington Dan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This book focuses heavily on changing patterns in ownership of assets. In other analyses where assets are used to investigate change then one of the standard means of investigating wealth and poverty is to construct asset indices to examine patterns across space and over time. Assets are important to local definitions of poverty and wealth in rural Africa. Yet their use in asset indices can miss locally valued change. The chapter presents data from seventeen villages across Tanzania to explore differences in the meaning of wealth and poverty across the country. Despite limitations in our site selection we found considerable diversity that makes a single asset index difficult to compile. Current abbreviated asset indices risk counting assets that do not matter locally.
Self-Made Farmers and Sustainable Change?
Authors: Östberg Wilhelm , Mduma Joseph , Brockington Dan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We studied livelihood changes and poverty dynamics over a twenty-five-year period in two villages in central Tanzania. The villages were, from the early 1990s and 2000s, strikingly poor with between 50 per cent and 55 per cent of families in the poorest wealth groups. Twenty-five years later much has changed: people have become substantially wealthier, with 64 per cent and 71 per cent in the middle wealth groups. The new wealth had been generated locally, from farming, particularly of sunflowers as a cash crop. This goes against a conventional view of small-scale farming in Tanzania as being stagnant or unproductive. The area of land farmed per family has increased, almost doubling in one village. People have made money, which they invest in mechanized farming, improved housing, education of their children, livestock, and consumer goods. Improved infrastructure and local entrepreneurs have played key roles in the area’s transformation. Locally identified wealth rankings showed that most villagers, those in the middle wealth groups and above, can now support themselves from their land, which is a notable change to a time when 71 per cent and 82 per cent in each village respectively depended on casual labour for their survival. This change has come at a cost to the environment. By 2016, the village forests have largely gone and been replaced by farms. Farmers were concerned that the climate was turning drier because of deforestation. Satellite data confirms extensive forest loss in this location. Studying the mundane—the material used in roofs, the size of farms, and so on—made it possible to trace and understand the radical transition the area has experienced.
Digital Health Interventions for Community Health Worker Training, Ongoing Education, and Supportive Supervision
Authors: Wasunna Beatrice , Holeman Isaac 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
According to the World Health Organization’s No Health Without a Workforce report, the global shortage of community health workers (CHWs) is expected to reach 12.9 million by 2035. This shortfall raises pressing questions about how CHWs are recruited, trained, and supported as front-line care providers. Lay people become CHWs in a variety of ways; they might be chosen by a non-governmental organization or a government programme, elected by community members, or simply volunteer themselves at the right time and place. After recruitment, CHWs typically undergo training, and the scope and quality of this training can vary enormously. Often, limited funds are stretched to conduct trainings in person at facilities that may or may not be readily accessible for health workers, and refresher trainings are often cut in times of budget shortfall. While there may be no simple solution to these challenges, many now look to the use of digital technologies as a promising opportunity. Digital health interventions have come to play a growing role in healthcare in the last decade, yet the uses of technology for training, ongoing education, and supportive supervision remain understudied in lower-income settings. In this chapter, we examine a case study of digital health interventions in Nepal. We examine matters of baseline literacy and access to technology, the interweaving of technology and health system design issues, and prospects for integrating digital and face-to-face education and support. While the role of technology is easily overstated, we nonetheless argue that new digital workflows can address real implementation challenges if designed in a human-centred manner.