bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conservation actions benefit the most threatened species: A 13‐year assessment of Alliance for Zero Extinction species
Authors: Luther David , Cooper William Justin , Wong Jesse , Walker Margaretta , Farinelli Sarah , Visseren‐Hamakers Ingrid , Burfield Ian J. , Simkins Ashley , Bunting Gill , Brooks Thomas M. , Dicks Kara , Scott Janet , Westrip James R. S. , Lamoreux John , Parr Mike , de Silva Naamal , Foster Matt , Upgren Amy , Butchart Stuart H. M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMore species in the world are threatened with extinction today than at any other time in recent history. In 2005, the Alliance for Zero Extinction (AZE; https://zeroextinction.org/) released its first inventory of highly threatened species (i.e., those listed as Critically Endangered or Endangered on the IUCN Red List) that are effectively confined to a single site. Updates were released in 2010 and 2018. Here we identify the species removed from the list in these updates, determine the reasons for these removals, identify species that no longer qualify as AZE species as a result of conservation actions, and examine which conservation actions produced these recoveries. In total, 360 species that qualified as AZE species in 2005 no longer qualified by 2018 (45% of those listed in 2005) due to improved knowledge of distribution or taxonomy (83%), genuine improvements resulting in species being downlisted to lower categories of extinction risk (12%), genuine range expansion of species such that they are no longer restricted to single sites (4%), or deterioration to extinction (1%). Our results show that while protected areas and site management are important to the successful conservation of AZE species, other conservation actions, such as species‐level management or improved laws and policies, are also essential to safeguard these species from extinction. Sixty‐eight percent of the original 2005 AZE sites are now fully or partially covered by protected areas, an increase of almost 20% in 15 years. Yet today, only 64% of current (2018) AZE sites are fully or partially covered by protected areas, with 36% lacking any formal protection. Continued efforts to safeguard and manage AZE sites would benefit not only the 1,483 AZE species but also potentially another 1,359 Critically Endangered and Endangered amphibian, bird, and mammal species whose distributions overlap with AZE sites.
Allograft discard risk index for heart transplantation
Authors: Reul Ross M. , Saleem Asad A. , Keller Christian N. , Malik Tahir H. , Rosengart Todd K. , Goss John A. , Rana Abbas A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe numberof patients awaiting heart transplantation (HTx) substantially exceeds the number of donor hearts transplanted each year, yet nearly 65% of eligible donor hearts are discarded rather than transplanted.MethodsDeceased organ donors listed within the UNOS Deceased Donor Database between 2010 and 2020 were reviewed. Those greater than 10 years old and consented for heart donation were included and randomly separated into training (n = 48 435) and validation (n = 24 217) cohorts. A discard risk index (DSRI) was created using the results of univariable and multivariable analyses. Discard data were assessed at DSRI value deciles, and stratum‐specific likelihood ratio (SSLR) analysis and Kaplan‐Meier survival function were used for mortality data.ResultsFactors associated with higher DSRI values included donor age > 45, LVEF, HBV‐core antibodies, hypertension, and diabetes. The DSRI C‐statistic was .906 in the training cohort and .904 in the validation cohort. The DSRI did not reliably predict 30‐day or 1‐year mortality after transplantation (C‐statistic .539 and .532, respectively).ConclusionsThe factors leading to heart allograft discard are not correlated to the same degree with post‐transplant outcomes. This suggests that optimizing utilization of certain allografts with slightly higher risk of discard could increase the heart donor pool with limited impact on posttransplant mortality.
Associations between ayahuasca consumption in naturalistic settings and current alcohol and drug use: Results of a large international cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Perkins Daniel , Opaleye Emerita S. , Simonova Hana , Bouso José C. , Tófoli Luís F. , GalvÃo‐Coelho Nicole L. , Schubert Violeta , Sarris Jerome 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntroductionEmerging evidence suggests that psychedelic compounds, including the Amazonian botanical decoction ayahuasca, may provide clinical benefit in the treatment of alcohol or other drug use disorders. This study investigates associations between ayahuasca consumption in naturalistic settings and current alcohol and other drug use.MethodsOnline cross‐sectional study of people who have consumed ayahuasca in religious, traditional and non‐traditional settings in over 40 countries. A total of 8629 participants (53% male, average age 40 years) were included in the analysis. Logistic regressions were used to explore associations between ayahuasca drinking variables and the current use of alcohol and other drugs, as well as the influence of confounding factors, such as church or community membership.ResultsThe number of times ayahuasca had been consumed was strongly associated with increased odds of never or rarely drinking alcohol, never or rarely engaging in ‘risky drinking’ and having not consumed a range of drugs in the past month, with these effects greater for those with a prior substance use disorder compared to those without. The strength of ayahuasca drinkers subjective spiritual experience, number of personal self‐insights obtained and drinking ayahuasca with an ayahuasca church were also associated with lower substance use in some models.Discussion and ConclusionsConsumption of ayahuasca in naturalistic settings is associated with lower self‐reported current consumption of alcohol and other drugs for those with and without prior substance use disorders, with such effects present after adjusting for religious or social group effects.
Sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibition reduces cellular senescence in the diabetic kidney by promoting ketone body‐induced NRF2 activation
Authors: Kim Mi Na , Moon Joon Ho , Cho Young Min 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimsTo evaluate whether sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 (SGLT2) inhibition reduces cellular senescence in the kidney and to investigate the molecular pathways involved in the renoprotective effect.Materials and methodsDapagliflozin (1 mg/kg), glimepiride (2.5 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered daily via oral gavage for 8 weeks in db/db mice. Expression levels of ageing marker genes (p21, p16, and p53) and oxidative stress were measured in the kidney using real‐time RT‐PCR, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot analysis. For in vitro analysis, HK‐2 cells, a human renal tubular epithelial cell line, were pretreated with H2O2 to induce cellular senescence, and the levels of ageing markers were measured after treatment with β‐hydroxybutyrate (β‐HB) or NRF2‐specific siRNA.ResultsExpression levels of ageing marker genes (p21, p16 and p53) and senescence‐associated secretory phenotypes of the kidney were increased in the vehicle‐treated db/db (db/db + vehicle) group compared with the db/+ group, and this increase was markedly reversed in the dapagliflozin‐treated db/db (db/db + SGLT2 inhibitor) group, but not in the glimepiride‐treated db/db (db/db + sulphonylurea [SU]) group. In the kidneys of mice in the db/db + SGLT2 inhibitor group, oxidative stress and DNA damage were also reduced compared with those of mice in the db/db + vehicle and db/db + SU groups. Dapagliflozin increased plasma β‐HB, which reduced H2O2‐induced DNA damage and senescence in HK‐2 cells. β‐HB‐induced NRF2 nuclear translocation mediated anti‐senescent effects by inducing antioxidant pathways.ConclusionsDapagliflozin prevented the progression of diabetic kidney disease by inhibiting cellular senescence and oxidative stress via ketone‐induced NRF2 activation.
Enhancing political representation in Lebanese confessionalism: Toward a randomly selected senate in power‐sharing states
Authors: Badran Simon 
Published: July 2021

AbstractUnder the current confessional system, representative democracy in Lebanon suffers from a double crisis. At the institutional level, the prolonged presidential and cabinet vacancies combined with the slowness of the governmental machine reveal a considerable efficiency deficit. At the structural level, the current electoral representative system increasingly supports the organization of an oligarchic Lebanese regime where the concentration of power in a small number of people serves to benefit the interests of the confessional political elite. In this paper, I consider the establishment of a randomly selected senate as an alternative political answer to the crisis facing representative democracy in Lebanon. I identify the structural and political inadequacies of one of the dominant proposed resolutions, the “referendum solution,” to deal with the current representative crisis. I argue that the introduction of sortition in Lebanese political procedures could be considered an evolution toward further deliberative democratization of the system.
Review on COVID‐19 diagnosis models based on machine learning and deep learning approaches
Authors: Alyasseri Zaid Abdi Alkareem , Al‐Betar Mohammed Azmi , Doush Iyad Abu , Awadallah Mohammed A. , Abasi Ammar Kamal , Makhadmeh Sharif Naser , Alomari Osama Ahmad , Abdulkareem Karrar Hameed , Adam Afzan , Damasevicius Robertas , Mohammed Mazin Abed , Zitar Raed Abu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCOVID‐19 is the disease evoked by a new breed of coronavirus called the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). Recently, COVID‐19 has become a pandemic by infecting more than 152 million people in over 216 countries and territories. The exponential increase in the number of infections has rendered traditional diagnosis techniques inefficient. Therefore, many researchers have developed several intelligent techniques, such as deep learning (DL) and machine learning (ML), which can assist the healthcare sector in providing quick and precise COVID‐19 diagnosis. Therefore, this paper provides a comprehensive review of the most recent DL and ML techniques for COVID‐19 diagnosis. The studies are published from December 2019 until April 2021. In general, this paper includes more than 200 studies that have been carefully selected from several publishers, such as IEEE, Springer and Elsevier. We classify the research tracks into two categories: DL and ML and present COVID‐19 public datasets established and extracted from different countries. The measures used to evaluate diagnosis methods are comparatively analysed and proper discussion is provided. In conclusion, for COVID‐19 diagnosing and outbreak prediction, SVM is the most widely used machine learning mechanism, and CNN is the most widely used deep learning mechanism. Accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity are the most widely used measurements in previous studies. Finally, this review paper will guide the research community on the upcoming development of machine learning for COVID‐19 and inspire their works for future development. This review paper will guide the research community on the upcoming development of ML and DL for COVID‐19 and inspire their works for future development.
Forests buffer against variations in precipitation
Authors: O'Connor John C. , Dekker Stefan C. , Staal Arie , Tuinenburg Obbe A. , Rebel Karin T. , Santos Maria J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAtmospheric moisture recycling effectively increases the amount of usable water over land as the water can undergo multiple precipitation–evapotranspiration cycles. Differences in land cover and climate regulate the evapotranspiration flux. Forests can have deep roots that access groundwater facilitating transpiration throughout the dry season independent of precipitation. This stable transpiration buffers the forest against precipitation variability. However, it is not known whether the buffering effect, already modeled for tropical forests, is common to all forests globally. Here we apply a state‐of‐the‐art Lagrangian moisture tracking model (UTrack) to study whether forest land cover in the upwind precipitationshed can lead to a reduction in monthly precipitation variability downwind. We found a significant buffering effect of forests in the precipitation variability of 10 out of 14 biomes globally. On average, if 50% of precipitation originates from forest, then we find a reduction in the coefficient of variation of monthly precipitation of 60%. We also observed that a high fraction of precipitation from non‐forest land sources tends to have the opposite effect, that is, no buffering effect. The average variation of monthly precipitation was 69% higher in areas where 50% of precipitation originates from non‐forest land sources in the precipitationshed. Our results emphasize the importance of land cover composition in the precipitationshed to buffer precipitation variability downwind, in particular forest cover. Understanding the influence of land cover in a precipitationshed on atmospheric moisture transport is key for evaluating an area's water‐climate regulatory ecosystem services and may become increasingly important due to continued changes in land cover and climate change.
Too Many Streams and Not Enough Time or Money? Analytical Depletion Functions for Streamflow Depletion Estimates
Authors: Li Qiang , Gleeson Tom , Zipper Samuel C. , Kerr Ben 
Published: July 2021

AbstractGroundwater pumping can cause streamflow depletion by reducing groundwater discharge to streams and/or inducing surface water infiltration. Analytical and numerical models are two standard methods used to predict streamflow depletion. Numerical models require extensive data and efforts to develop robust estimates, while analytical models are easy to implement with low data and experience requirements but are limited by numerous simplifying assumptions. We have pioneered a novel approach that balances the shortcomings of analytical and numerical models: analytical depletion functions (ADFs), which include empirical functions expanding the applicability of analytical models for real‐world settings. In this paper, we outline the workflow of ADFs and synthesize results showing that the accuracy of ADFs compared against a variety of numerical models from simplified, archetypal models to sophisticated, calibrated models in both steady‐state and transient conditions over diverse hydrogeological landscapes, stream networks, and spatial scales. Like analytical models, ADFs are rapidly and easily implemented and have low data requirements but have significant advantages of better agreement with numerical models and better representation of complex stream geometries. Relative to numerical models, ADFs have limited ability to explore nonpumping related impacts and incorporate subsurface heterogeneity. In conclusion, ADFs can be used as a stand‐alone tool or part of decision‐support tools as preliminary screening of potential groundwater pumping impacts when issuing new and existing water licenses while ensuring streamflow meets environmental flow needs.
Doxycycline and minocycline inHelicobacter pyloritreatment: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhao Jixiang , Zou Yunzhi , Li Ke , Huang Xin , Niu Changping , Wang Zikang , Zhao Shuyang , Zhang Yizhen , Song Conghua , Xie Yong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackground and aimsThe decreasingHelicobacter pylorieradication rate and the increasing antibiotic resistance trend are of great concern. Therefore, new and effective therapies are needed forH. pyloriinfection. We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis to assess the efficacy and safety of semisynthetic tetracycline regimens inH. pyloritreatment.MethodsPubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane library were searched. The outcome indicators were the eradication rate, risk ratio (RR, ie, the risk of the semisynthetic tetracycline regimen relative to the control), and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Controls were patients undergoing any other treatment without semisynthetic tetracycline.ResultsTwenty‐three studies with 5240 participants were included. The eradication rates of triple regimens with semisynthetic tetracyclines in most studies were less than 70% in both the intention‐to‐treat (ITT) and the per‐protocol (PP) analyses. The pooled eradication rates of quadruple therapies with doxycycline and controls were 95% and 84% in the PP analyses, respectively. The pooled RR associated with efficacy in the quadruple therapy with doxycycline group compared with the control group was 1.12 (95% CI: 1.04–1.20) in the PP analysis. The pooled RR of side effects in the quadruple therapy with doxycycline group compared with the control group was 1.01 (95% CI: 0.65–1.55).ConclusionSeven‐day and ten‐day quadruple therapy with doxycycline might be an optional first‐line therapy. The safety of regimens containing semisynthetic tetracyclines was relatively satisfactory. However, the triple regimen is not recommended.
Effectiveness of a structured short intervention against stigmatisation in chronic visible skin diseases: Results of a controlled trial in future educators
Authors: Weinberger Natascha‐Alexandra , Mrowietz Sonja , Luck‐Sikorski Claudia , von Spreckelsen Regina , John Sven M. , Sommer Rachel , Augustin Matthias , Mrowietz Ulrich 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundChronic visible skin diseases are highly prevalent, and patients affected frequently report feeling stigmatised. Interventions to reduce stigmatisation are rare.ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a structured short intervention in reducing stigmatising attitudes towards psoriasis in future educators.MethodsThe intervention consisted of four components: (1) self‐reflection, (2) education on skin diseases, (3) contact between participants and a person with psoriasis and (4) practising of knowledge via case studies. A quasi‐experimental, pre–post study design was chosen with a nonrandomized contemporaneous control group that attended regular lessons. The main outcomes were participants' desire for social distance, stereotype endorsement, illness‐related misconceptions and intended behaviour. Intervention effects were analysed using mixed repeated‐measures analysis of variance, with Bonferroni post‐hoc tests for pairwise comparisons.ResultsThe sample consisted of 221 students attending vocational training as educators (n = 118 intervention group, n = 103 control group). While no effect of the intervention was found in social distance, small to large effect sizes were observed for intended behaviour (r = .14), illness‐related misconceptions (r = .28) and stereotype endorsement (r = .42). The intervention group reported significantly higher satisfaction with the seminar compared to the control group.ConclusionsOverall, the short intervention was effective at reducing stigmatising attitudes in future educators. In perspective, revised versions could help in reducing stigmatisation in various demographics and promote patient empowerment by acknowledging and including them as experts on their own behalf.Patient or Public ContributionPatient advocate groups were consulted and involved in the superordinate destigmatization research programme and intervention.
Efficacy and durability of two‐ vs. three‐drug integrase inhibitor‐based regimens in virologically suppressed HIV‐infected patients: Data from real‐life ODOACRE cohort
Authors: Fabbiani Massimiliano , Rossetti Barbara , Ciccullo Arturo , Oreni Letizia , Lagi Filippo , Celani Luigi , Colafigli Manuela , De Vito Andrea , Mazzitelli Maria , Dusina Alex , Durante Miriam , Montagnani Francesca , Rusconi Stefano , Capetti Amedeo , Sterrantino Gaetana , D’Ettorre Gabriella , Di Giambenedetto Simona ,   for the ODOACRE Study Group
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy and durability of treatment switch to two‐drug (2DR) vs. three‐drug (3DR) integrase inhibitor (InSTI)‐based regimens in a real‐life setting.MethodsWithin the ODOACRE cohort, we selected adult patients with HIV RNA < 50 copies/mL switching to an InSTI‐based 2DR or 3DR. Survival analyses were performed to estimate the probability of virological failure (VF, defined as one HIV RNA > 1000 copies/mL or two consecutive HIV RNA > 50 copies/mL) and treatment discontinuation (TD, defined as any modification, intensification or interruption of the regimen), and to evaluate their predictors.ResultsOverall, 1666 patients were included, of whom 1334 (80%) were treated with a 3DR (19.9%, 25.0% and 55.1% elvitegravir‐, raltegravir‐ and dolutegravir‐based, respectively) and 332 (20%) with a 2DR (79.2% dolutegravir + lamivudine and 20.8% dolutegravir + rilpivirine).Over a median (interquartile range) follow‐up of 100 (52–150) weeks, 52 (3.1%) patients experienced VF with an incidence of 1.5/100 person‐year of follow‐up (PYFU). The estimated 96‐week probability of VF was similar for the 2DR and 3DR groups (2.3% vs. 2.8%, P = 0.53), but it was higher for elvitegravir (4.9%) and raltegravir (5.0%) than for dolutegravir (1.5%) (P = 0.04).Four hundred (24%) patients discontinued their InSTI‐based regimen, with an incidence of 11.3/100 PYFU. At 96 weeks, 3DRs showed a higher probability of TD for any reason (20.6% vs. 11.2%, P < 0.001) and TD for toxicity (9.0% vs. 6.6%, P = 0.02) when compared with 2DRs. A higher risk of TD for central nervous system toxicity was observed for dolutegravir than for elvitegravir and raltegravir (4.0% vs. 2.5% vs. 0.6%, P = 0.005).ConclusionsIn virologically suppressed HIV‐infected patients, 2DRs showed an efficacy similar to 3DRs but with better tolerability.
Networks of trust: Accessing informal work online in Indonesia during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: OCTAVIA Joanna 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAlthough studies on digital labour platforms show how the internet has opened up access to income opportunities in the developing world, they have not explored how informal workers use the internet to access work without an intermediary. Using data from digital ethnography and interviews with workers in Indonesia, this article examines how platform‐based motorcycle taxi drivers and domestic workers accessed work through social media during the COVID‐19 pandemic when the platforms were not allowed to operate. Findings suggest that while social media offered workers increased opportunities, their success was largely dependent on their social networks and bounded by the algorithms designed by platform owners.