bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Effects of the Operating Speed on the Dynamic Behavior of Manipulators With Rigid Links
Authors: Tu Q. , Rastegar Jahangir 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The effect of tile operating speed on the dynamic behavior of robot manipulators is determined by examining the potential resonant energy transfer to a robot manipulator system during its motion by the different harmonics of the actuating torques (forces). The potential resonant energy transfer (hereafter called the energy transfer), particularly by the higher harmonics present in the actuating torques, is of considerable interest since they represent one of the main sources of vibration and control problems in such systems. For a given trajectory pattern, the ratios of the total energy transfer by the non-trajectory and the “higher” harmonics of the actuating torques to the total energy input to the system are determined. Here, the higher harmonics refers to the harmonics with frequencies above the highest frequency of the trajectory harmonics. It is shown that in the absence of gravity, for the class of nonlinear dynamics systems represented by the rigid link robot manipulators, the ratios are independent of the speed of operation. For a given path geometry, the relative magnitude of the individual energy transfer is, however, dependent on the positioning of the path within the workspace of the manipulator and the pattern of motion. In the presence of gravity, as the operating speed is increased, the ratios tend to their no gravity values. The application of the developed method to manipulator synthesis and path and trajectory planning for minimal system susceptibility to vibrational excitation, and a number of related topics of interest are discussed.
Bidirectional Extreme Convergency Methods (BECM) to Identify the Mobility Regions of the RSSR Mechanism
Authors: Tian Luo Hong 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The BECM are proposed to classify spatial four-link mechanisms according to groups such as crank-rocker, double-rocker and double-crank (drag link). The BECM can determine the feasible regions and number of the extreme values exactly and solve them simply without complex derivation and calcultion. The paper concerns itself mainly with the RSSR linkage but it can be applied also to other types such as RSSP, RSCP, RSCR etc. The method is very simple and the geometric concept is very clear. Although the graphical methods is mainly introduced in this paper, certainly, it can also be coded in computer to solve out their accurate values.
Active Control for the Complete Dynamic Balancing of Linkages
Authors: Angeles Jorge , Nahon Meyer A. , Thümmel Thomas 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper deals with the dynamic balancing of linkages. For one-degree-of-freedom linkages, this task consists of eliminating both the shaking moment and the shaking force exerted by the inertia forces of the moving links on the frame. While the latter can be eliminated by properly deciding on both the location of the mass centers and the ratios of the masses and link lengths involved, the shaking moment due to these forces cannot be eliminated in this way. Indeed, the elimination of the shaking force is attained by having the two transmitted forces cancel each other, although each individual force does not necessarily vanish, thereby still producing a shaking moment. In this paper, we propose the use of redundant motors in order to eliminate the reaction forces transmitted to the base, thereby also eliminating the shaking moment due to these forces. However, the net moment acting on the frame is shown to be unaltered by this technique.
Modeling of Multibody Flexible Articulated Structures With Mutually Coupled Motions: Part II — Application and Results
Authors: Xu Jiechi , Baumgarten Joseph R. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The application of the systematic procedures in the derivation of the equations of motion proposed in Part I of this work is demonstrated and implemented in detail. The equations of motion for each subsystem are derived individually and are assembled under the concept of compatibility between the local kinematic properties of the elastic degrees of freedom of those connected elastic members. The specific structure under consideration is characterized as an open loop system with spherical unconstrained chains being capable of rotating about a Hooke’s or universal joint. The rigid body motion, due to two unknown rotations, and the elastic degrees of freedom are mutually coupled and influence each other. The traditional motion superposition approach is no longer applicable herein. Numerical examples for several cases are presented. These simulations are compared with the experimental data and good agreement is indicated.
Using Constraint Management Techniques to Design Spur and Helical Gears
Authors: Agrawal Rajiv , Sridhar Natarajan , Kinzel Gary L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the use of constraint management techniques to design spur and helical gears. The constraints for gear design are presented in a declarative manner such that they can be incorporated in a general Design Shell environment. A declarative representation allows the designer to experiment with a number of different designs and perform “what-if” scenarios. Since spur gears form a subset of helical gears, the mathematical formulation is presented for helical gears only. The analysis of helical gears is based on the AGMA/ANSI Standard 2001-B88.
The Creation of a Multi-Link Load Balancing Mechanism for Planetary Gearing: Part 2 — Optimum Mechanism Selection and Dimension Determination
Authors: Hong Zhang , Cao Wei-qing , Yang Ting Li , Chu Jin Kui 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper is the second of a series of two papers which designed a new type of load balancing mechanisms for planetary gearings with arbitrary number of planets. In this paper the common expression of the non-uniform load share factor was deduced, and a function parameter:force-arm factor and their solution was given. That makes it possible that the dimensions and the ability of load equilibrium of Multi-Link Load Balancing Mechanisms can be determined. The criteria of optimum load balancing Mechanisms selection were set up with consider of the effects of turning pair clearances, and optimum mechanisms were selected among the 15 candidates obtained in Part 1. Finally, it was demonstrated that the optimum multi-link load balancing mechanisms for arbitrary number of planets had the similar topological structures and same function and performence of load equilibrium.
An Optimal Design Method for Damping Structure With Constrained Viscoelastic Material
Authors: Imai Satomitsu , Sato Taichi , Setone Syouichi , Masukawa Tetsuo 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper describes an optimal design method for a damping structure using constrained viscoelastic material. The relationship between viscoelastic material behavior and the damping effect, is analyzed by finite element method, where viscoelastic material is modeled by discrete spring elements with the equivalent stiffness and loss factor. This finite element model is applied to the design of a head-gimbal-assembly (HGA) of a magnetic disk device and its reliability is confirmed experimentally. The analysis shows that the maximum deformation of the constrained viscoelastic material occurs at the edge area, so to optimize the damping structure, this area should be placed on the area of high strain energy. Although the damping effect by constrained viscoelastic material has been considered due to shear deformation of viscoelastic material, in this analysis, tensile deformation of the egde of viscoelastic material is strongly related to the damping effect for the bending and torsional modes of HGA. Therefore, an accurate analysis must consider tensile deformation of viscoelastic material.
Canonical Perspective Image (CPI) Algorithm
Authors: Malladi N. S. , Chirala Padmanayan , Philipose Shibu M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A Canonical Perspective Image (CPI) Algorithm has been developed to obtain iteratively, a unique silhouette of an object corresponding to a given resting flat or face. The geometric properties of this unique silhouette can be used to determine the position and orientation of the object resting on a flat surface.
Computer Control of a Flexible Robotic Cell
Authors: Akcadag C. , Shirkhodaie A. , Soni A. H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Intelligent robotic systems require a tremendous flexibility and intelligence to execute complex tasks. To facilitate task planning of intelligent robots and integrate sensory information for on-line task monitoring, there is a need to establish a communication linkage between robot controller and human operator through a computer. This paper presents the design of a generic cell controller for intelligent planning and execution of robotic cell operations and for real-time task monitoring. This paper details the architecture of hardware and software developed for the control of a commercial robot interfaced with a computer through a parallel I/O communication bus. Results indicate that by means of a relatively inexpensive setup, flexibility with regard to coordinated activities of robotic cells can be greatly increased.
Computerized Engineering Manuals Simplify and Expedite Engineering Tasks
Authors: Walters Jeffrey J. , Schiavello Daniel V. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Probably no task is as common in engineering as reaching for a reference manual or handbook, searching through it to find a section that applies to the task at hand, selecting a series of formulas, generating equations and then solving them with a calculator or computer. Recently, the time required to perform this everyday function has been dramatically reduced through use of a new generation of computerized engineering manuals, such as DE/CEM, which automate the tasks of finding the relevant material and performing the necessary calculations.
Information-Integration of Manufacturing Systems Using Object-Oriented Technology
Authors: Jazbutis Gintas , Wang Ching-Yang , Chadha Bipin , Fulton Robert E. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper describes an object-oriented approach to building an information system for optical fiber manufacturing. This object-oriented approach takes the following steps: defining the information and systems requirements, building the models of the manufacturing system, and implementing a prototype information system. This paper gives the details of the work done to date in the first two steps and compares the process with a previous effort in building a relational-based information system.
Isotopically “heavy” pyrite in marine sediments due to high sedimentation rates and non-steady-state deposition
Authors: Liu Jiarui , Antler Gilad , Pellerin André , Izon Gareth , Dohrmann Ingrid , Findlay Alyssa J. , Røy Hans , Ono Shuhei , Turchyn Alexandra V. , Kasten Sabine , Jørgensen Bo Barker 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSedimentary pyrite formation links the global biogeochemical cycles of carbon, sulfur, and iron, which, in turn, modulate the redox state of the planet's surficial environment over geological time scales. Accordingly, the sulfur isotopic composition (δ34S) of pyrite has been widely employed as a geochemical tool to probe the evolution of ocean chemistry. Characteristics of the depositional environment and post-depositional processes, however, can modify the δ34S signal that is captured in sedimentary pyrite and ultimately preserved in the geological record. Exploring sulfur and iron diagenesis within the Bornholm Basin, Baltic Sea, we find that higher sedimentation rates limit the near-surface sulfidization of reactive iron, facilitating its burial and hence the subsurface availability of reactive iron for continued and progressively more 34S-enriched sediment-hosted pyrite formation (δ34S ≈ −5‰). Using a diagenetic model, we show that the amount of pyrite formed at the sediment-water interface has increased over the past few centuries in response to expansion of water-column hypoxia, which also impacts the sulfur isotopic signature of pyrite at depth. This contribution highlights the critical role of reactive iron in pyrite formation and questions to what degree pyrite δ34S values truly reflect past global ocean chemistry and biogeochemical processes. This work strengthens our ability to extract local paleoenvironmental information from pyrite δ34S signatures.
Re-Os geochronology highlights widespread latest Mesoproterozoic (ca. 1090–1050 Ma) cratonic basin development on northern Laurentia
Authors: Greenman J. Wilder , Rooney Alan D. , Patzke Mollie , Ielpi Alessandro , Halverson Galen P. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The terminal Mesoproterozoic was a period of widespread tectonic convergence globally, culminating in the amalgamation of the Rodinia supercontinent. However, in Laurentia, long-lived orogenesis on its eastern margin was punctuated by short-lived extension that generated the Midcontinent Rift ca. 1110–1090 Ma. Whereas this cratonic rift basin is typically considered an isolated occurrence, a series of new depositional ages demonstrate that multiple cratonic basins in northern Laurentia originated around this time. We present a Re-Os isochron date of 1087.1 ± 5.9 Ma from organic-rich shales of the Agu Bay Formation of the Fury and Hecla Basin, which is one of four closely spaced cratonic basins spanning from northeastern Canada to northwestern Greenland known as the Bylot basins. This age is identical, within uncertainty, to ages from the Midcontinent Rift and the Amundsen Basin in northwestern Canada. These ages imply that the late Mesoproterozoic extensional episode in Laurentia was widespread and likely linked to a common origin. We propose that significant thermal anomalies and mantle upwelling related to supercontinent assembly centered around the Midcontinent Rift influenced the reactivation of crustal weaknesses in Arctic Laurentia beginning ca. 1090 Ma, triggering the formation of a series of cratonic basins.
Incidence of diabetes in South Asian young adults compared to Pima Indians
Authors: Narayan K M Venkat , Kondal Dimple , Kobes Sayuko , Staimez Lisa R , Mohan Deepa , Gujral Unjali P , Patel Shivani A , Anjana Ranjit Mohan , Shivashankar Roopa , Ali Mohammed K , Chang Howard H , Kadir Masood , Prabhakaran Dorairaj , Daya Natalie , Selvin Elizabeth , Tandon Nikhil , Hanson Robert , Mohan Viswanathan 
Published: March 2021

IntroductionSouth Asians (SA) and Pima Indians have high prevalence of diabetes but differ markedly in body size. We hypothesize that young SA will have higher diabetes incidence than Pima Indians at comparable body mass index (BMI) levels.Research design and methodsWe used prospective cohort data to estimate age-specific, sex, and BMI-specific diabetes incidence in SA aged 20–44 years living in India and Pakistan from the Center for Cardiometabolic Risk Reduction in South Asia Study (n=6676), and compared with Pima Indians, from Pima Indian Study (n=1852).ResultsAt baseline, SA were considerably less obese than Pima Indians (BMI (kg/m2): 24.4 vs 33.8; waist circumference (cm): 82.5 vs 107.0). Age-standardized diabetes incidence (cases/1000 person-years, 95% CI) was lower in SA than in Pima Indians (men: 14.2, 12.2–16.2 vs 37.3, 31.8–42.8; women: 14.8, 13.0–16.5 vs 46.1, 41.2–51.1). Risk of incident diabetes among 20–24-year-old Pima men and women was six times (relative risk (RR), 95% CI: 6.04, 3.30 to 12.0) and seven times (RR, 95% CI: 7.64, 3.73 to 18.2) higher as compared with SA men and women, respectively. In those with BMI <25 kg/m2, however, the risk of diabetes was over five times in SA men than in Pima Indian men. Among those with BMI ≥30 kg/m2, diabetes incidence in SA men was nearly as high as in Pima men. SA and Pima Indians had similar magnitude of association between age, sex, BMI, and insulin secretion with diabetes. The effect of family history was larger in SA, whereas that of insulin resistance was larger in Pima IndiansConclusionsIn the background of relatively low insulin resistance, higher diabetes incidence in SA is driven by poor insulin secretion in SA men. The findings call for research to improve insulin secretion in early natural history of diabetes.
Identifying enablers and barriers to referral, uptake and completion of lifestyle modification programmes: a rapid literature review
Authors: Zurynski Yvonne , Smith Carolynn , Siette Joyce , Nic Giolla Easpaig Bróna , Simons Mary , Knaggs Gilbert Thomas 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveTo identify current, policy-relevant evidence about barriers and enablers associated with referral, uptake and completion of lifestyle modification programmes (LMPs) for secondary prevention of chronic disease in adults.DesignA rapid review, co-designed with policymakers, of peer-reviewed and grey literature using a modified Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses framework.Data sourcesMedline, Embase, Scopus, PsycINFO and CINAHL were searched for relevant studies and literature reviews. Grey literature was identified through Advanced Google searching and targeted searching of international health departments’ and non-government organisations’ websites.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesDocuments published 2010–2020, from high-income countries, reporting on programmes that included referral of adults with chronic disease to an LMP by a health professional (HP).Data extraction and synthesisData from grey and peer-reviewed literature were extracted by two different reviewers. Extracted data were inductively coded around emergent themes. Regular meetings of the review group ensured consistency of study selection and synthesis.ResultsTwenty-nine documents were included: 14 grey literature, 11 empirical studies and four literature reviews. Key barriers to HPs referring patients included inadequate HP knowledge about LMPs, perceptions of poor effectiveness of LMPs and perceptions that referral to LMPs was not part of their role. Patient barriers to uptake and completion included poor accessibility and lack of support to engage with the LMPs. Enablers to HP referral included training/education, effective interdisciplinary communication and influential programme advocates. Support to engage with LMPs after HP referral, educational resources for family members and easy accessibility were key enablers to patient engagement with LMPs.ConclusionsFactors related to HPs’ ability and willingness to make referrals are important for the implementation of LMPs, and need to be coupled with support for patients to engage with programmes after referral. These factors should be addressed when implementing LMPs to maximise their impact.
Development and validation of an A3 problem-solving assessment tool and self-instructional package for teachers of quality improvement in healthcare
Authors: Myers Jennifer S , Kin Jeanne M , Billi John E , Burke Kathleen G , Harrison Richard Van 
Published: March 2021

PurposeA3 problem solving is part of the Lean management approach to quality improvement (QI). However, few tools are available to assess A3 problem-solving skills. The authors sought to develop an assessment tool for problem-solving A3s with an accompanying self-instruction package and to test agreement in assessments made by individuals who teach A3 problem solving.MethodsAfter reviewing relevant literature, the authors developed an A3 assessment tool and self-instruction package over five improvement cycles. Lean experts and individuals from two institutions with QI proficiency and experience teaching QI provided iterative feedback on the materials. Tests of inter-rater agreement were conducted in cycles 3, 4 and 5. The final assessment tool was tested in a study involving 12 raters assessing 23 items on six A3s that were modified to enable testing a range of scores.ResultsThe intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for overall assessment of an A3 (rater’s mean on 23 items per A3 compared across 12 raters and 6 A3s) was 0.89 (95% CI 0.75 to 0.98), indicating excellent reliability. For the 20 items with appreciable variation in scores across A3s, ICCs ranged from 0.41 to 0.97, indicating fair to excellent reliability. Raters from two institutions scored items similarly (mean ratings of 2.10 and 2.13, p=0.57). Physicians provided marginally higher ratings than QI professionals (mean ratings of 2.17 and 2.00, p=0.003). Raters averaged completing the self-instruction package in 1.5 hours, then rated six A3s in 2.0 hours.ConclusionThis study provides evidence of the reliability of a tool to assess healthcare QI project proposals that use the A3 problem-solving approach. The tool also demonstrated evidence of measurement, content and construct validity. QI educators and practitioners can use the free online materials to assess learners’ A3s, provide formative and summative feedback on QI project proposals and enhance their teaching.
Predictors of 30-day readmission following hospitalisation with community-acquired pneumonia
Authors: Chakrabarti Biswajit , Lane Steven , Jenks Tom , Higgins Joanne , Kanwar Elizabeth , Allen Martin , Wotton Dan 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundThere is a paucity of UK data to aid healthcare professionals in predicting which patients hospitalised with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) are at greatest risk of 30-day readmission and to determine which readmissions may occur soonest.MethodsAn analysis of CAP cases admitted to nine UK hospitals participating in the Advancing Quality Pneumonia Programme.ResultsAn analysis was performed of 12 157 subjects hospitalised with CAP in the Advancing Quality Programme Database. 26% of those discharged were readmitted within 30 days with readmission predicted by comorbidity including non-metastatic cancer, diabetes with complications and chronic kidney disease. 41% and 66% of readmissions occurred within 7 and 14 days of discharge, respectively. Patients readmitted within 14 days were more likely to have metastatic cancer (6.6% vs 4.5%; p=0.03) compared with those readmitted at 15–30 days.ConclusionsA quarter of patients hospitalised for CAP are readmitted within 30 days; of those, two-thirds are readmitted within 2 weeks. Further research is required to determine whether such readmissions might be preventable through imple menting measures including in-hospital cross-specialty comorbidity management, convalescence in intermediate care, targeted rehabilitation and advanced care planning.