bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On Decision‐Analytical Support for Wicked Policy Issues
Authors: Linnerooth‐Bayer JoAnne 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLempert and Turner contribute importantly to the design of decision‐analytical tools for wicked policy issues by acknowledging the centrality of socially determined and often irreconcilable worldviews. Their point of departure is application of the DMDU approach (decision making under deep uncertainty) separately for each contending worldview as postulated by cultural theory. This allows stakeholders to maintain solidarity with their social or organizational value communities, an important consideration or even prerequisite for robust policy compromises. Drawing from a codesign process in Italy, this commentary suggests that the Lempert and Turner multiworldview approach can be useful for aiding stakeholder deliberation by representing alternative problem framings or worldviews, displaying the implications of acting on one framing when viewed from the others, and identifying compromise solutions robust across the framings. The challenge is to operationalize the Lempert and Turner approach, a challenge well worth pursuing given the increasingly intractable and “wicked” nature of today's policy issues.
Muscle metabolism and impaired sprint performance in an elite women’s football game
Authors: Krustrup Peter , Mohr Magni , Nybo Lars , Draganidis Dimitrios , Randers Morten B. , Ermidis Georgios , Ørntoft Christina , Røddik Line , Batsilas Dimitrios , Poulios Athanasios , Ørtenblad Niels , Loules Georgios , Deli Charikleia K. , Batrakoulis Alexios , Nielsen Jakob L. , Jamurtas Athanasios Z. , Fatouros Ioannis G. 
Published: June 2021

The present study examined skeletal muscle metabolism and changes in repeated sprint performance during match play for n = 20 competitive elite women outfield players. We obtained musculus vastus lateralis biopsies and blood samples before, after, and following intense periods in each half of a friendly match, along with 5 × 30‐meter sprint tests and movement pattern analyses (10‐Hz S5 Global Positioning System [GPS]). Muscle glycogen decreased by 39% and 42% after an intense period of the second half and after the match, respectively, compared to baseline (p < 0.05). Post‐match, 80% type I fibers and 69% type II fibers were almost empty or completely empty of glycogen. Muscle lactate was higher (p < 0.05) after the intense period of the first half and post‐match compared to baseline (14.3 ± 4.6 (±SEM) and 12.9 ± 5.7 vs. 6.4 ± 3.7 mmol/kg d.w.). Muscle phosphocreatine was reduced (p < 0.05) by 16% and 12%, respectively, after an intense period in the first and second half compared to baseline. Blood lactate and glucose increased during the match and peaked at 8.4 ± 2.0 and 7.9 ± 1.2 mmol/L, respectively. Mean 5 × 30 m sprint time declined by 3.2 ± 1.7 and 7.0 ± 2.1% after the first and second half, respectively, and 4.7 ± 1.6% (p < 0.05) after an intense period in the first half compared to baseline. In conclusion, match play in elite female football players resulted in marked glycogen depletion in both fiber types, which may explain fatigue at the end of a match. Repeated sprint ability was impaired after intense periods in the first half and after both halves, which may be associated with the observed muscle metabolite perturbations.
Metals at High Temperature—Test Procedure and Analysis of Test Data
Authors: Robinson Ernest L. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Tests on the flow of metals at high temperatures under stresses so small that the resulting distortions are less than one-tenth of 1 per cent show, throughout the duration of tests extending into the second year, continued reductions in rates of flow so that, for such small distortions, it is impossible to associate any particular rate of flow with a corresponding allowable stress. A statement of test results, to be of use, requires in addition to rate of flow and applied stress, certainly a record of total extension and possibly also a record of time elapsed. Furthermore, tests should be made under conditions of stress approximating the conditions of application in actual service.
Working Stresses for Columns and Thin-Walled Structures
Authors: Timoshenko S. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In metallic structures such as airplanes, airships, ships, bridges, etc. slender bars, thin webs, and thin-walled tubular members are very often used. In choosing working stresses for such structural elements, not only the mechanical properties of the material but also the elastic stability of these elements should be considered. The method of choosing working stresses for such structures is illustrated in this paper by several examples.
Error Quantification of Nusselt Number Analysis in Miniature Heat Sinks: Verification and Validation Assessment
Authors: Pourghasemi Mahyar , Fathi Nima 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Solution verification is performed to quantify the numerical uncertainty of Nusselt numbers in micro-scale heat sinks obtained from 3-D numerical simulations. A numerical procedure is first developed to calculate local and average Nusselt numbers along 4 different miniature heat sinks. Validation process is performed by comparing the obtained numerical results experimental data. Fairly good agreement between numerical results and experimental data confirms the reliability and accuracy of the proposed numerical procedure. The observed order of accuracy for water flow in a micro-tube with constant uniform heat flux is 1.81 while the observed order of accuracy for conjugate heat transfer of water flow within a microchannel heat sink is estimated as 1.2. The numerical uncertainty for local Nusselt numbers within the investigated microchannel heat sink is estimated to be 0.13.
Risk factors for previously undiagnosed primary open-angle glaucoma: the EPIC-Norfolk Eye Study
Authors: Chan Michelle P Y , Khawaja Anthony P , Broadway David C , Yip Jennifer , Luben Robert , Hayat Shabina , Peto Tunde , Khaw Kay-Tee , Foster Paul J 
Published: June 2021

Background and aimUndiagnosed glaucoma is an invisible but important public health issue. At least half of glaucoma cases are estimated to be undiagnosed in western populations. The aim of this study is to examine risk factors for previously undiagnosed primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).DesignCross-sectional study within the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer-Norfolk Eye Study, a large-scale cohort study in the UK.Participants314 study participants with POAG in either eye.MethodsLogistic regression was used to examine associations with previously undiagnosed POAG compared with previously diagnosed POAG. The factors examined included sociodemographic, ocular, physical and economic factors that could be barriers to eye care access.Results217 participants had previously diagnosed POAG and 107 participants were newly diagnosed with POAG during the study. After adjusting for covariables, the factors significantly associated with previously undiagnosed POAG were: a lower pretreatment intraocular pressure (IOP) (OR 0.71/mm Hg, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.80, p<0.0001), and to have reported no problems with their eyesight (OR 0.03, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.10, p<0.0001).ConclusionsThe risk factors for previously undiagnosed POAG identified in this study highlight the over-reliance on IOP level in glaucoma screening and the risk of missing glaucoma among lower IOP cases. It also suggests a role in improving glaucoma awareness in the community.
Effects of efpeglenatide versus liraglutide on gastric emptying, glucose metabolism and beta-cell function in people with type 2 diabetes: an exploratory, randomized phase Ib study
Authors: Hompesch Marcus , Kang Jahoon , Han OakPil , Trautmann Michael E , Sorli Christopher H , Ogbaa Ike , Stewart John , Morrow Linda 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionTo evaluate the effects of efpeglenatide, a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA), on gastric emptying, glucose metabolism, and islet beta-cell function versus liraglutide and placebo in people with type 2 diabetes.Research design and methodsThis phase Ib study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier:NCT02059564) randomized participants (n=47) to three cohorts. Within the first two cohorts, participants were randomized to placebo, efpeglenatide 6 mg weekly (QW; first cohort), or efpeglenatide 16 mg monthly (QM; second cohort). The third cohort received liraglutide 1.8 mg daily (QD). Gastric emptying was assessed through the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of acetaminophen at baseline and steady state. Glucose metabolism and beta-cell function were assessed based on mixed-meal tolerance testing and a graded glucose infusion procedure.ResultsTreatment duration was approximately 3 months for efpeglenatide 16 mg QM and 1 month for efpeglenatide 6 mg QW and liraglutide. At peak drug concentrations, efpeglenatide 6 mg QW was non-inferior to liraglutide 1.8 mg QD in delaying gastric emptying, as assessed by acetaminophen PK (lower bound of 90% CI for the efpeglenatide:liraglutide ratio >0.8 for area under the curve (AUC)0–120, AUC0–180, AUC0–360and maximum concentration (Cmax)). Efpeglenatide 16 mg QM did not decrease the rate of gastric emptying to as great an extent as liraglutide (ie, non-inferiority was not shown). Compared with liraglutide, both efpeglenatide dosing regimens demonstrated comparable or more favorable glucometabolic effects and improved beta-cell function. All gastrointestinal adverse events reported with efpeglenatide were mild or moderate in severity and transient over treatment and follow-up.ConclusionsThe glucometabolic effects of efpeglenatide 6 mg QW and 16 mg QM were comparable to liraglutide. Additional studies are necessary to further examine these benefits of efpeglenatide.Trial registration numberNCT02059564.
Effect of a phone reminder system on patient-centered tuberculosis treatment adherence among adults in Northwest Ethiopia: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Gashu Kassahun Dessie , Gelaye Kassahun Alemu , Lester Richard , Tilahun Binyam 
Published: June 2021

ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of the phone reminder system on patient-centred TB treatment adherence during continuation phase, where patients are responsible for taking medication at home.MethodsWe conducted a two-arm randomised controlled trial on adult patients with TB during the continuation phase. In the intervention arm, patients received routine care plus phone-based weekly pill refilling and daily medication reminders. In the control arm, participants received only routine care. A covariate adaptive randomisation technique was used to balance covariates during allocation. The primary outcome was adherence to patient-centred TB treatment, and secondary outcomes included provider–patient relationship and treatment outcomes. We applied per-protocol and intention-to-treat analysis techniques.ResultsWe randomised 306 patients to intervention (n=152) and control (n=154) groups. Adherence to patient-centred TB treatment was 79% (110/139) in intervention and 66.4% (95/143) in control groups, with relative risk (RR) (95% lower CI) (RR=1.632 (1.162 to ∞); p=0.018, one tailed). Good provider–patient relationship was 73.3% (102/139) in intervention group and 52.4% (75/143) in control group, p=0.0001. TB treatment success was 89.5% (136/152) in intervention group and 85.1% (131/154) in control group, p=0.1238.ConclusionsMobile phone-based weekly refilling with daily medication reminder system improved adherence to patient-centred TB treatment and provider–patient relationship; however, there was no significant effect on treatment success.Trial registration numberPan African Clinical Trials Registry (PACTR201901552202539).
Developing a model to predict individualised treatment for gonorrhoea: a modelling study
Authors: Findlater Lucy , Mohammed Hamish , Gobin Maya , Fifer Helen , Ross Jonathan , Geffen Obregon Oliver , Turner Katy M E 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo develop a tool predicting individualised treatment for gonorrhoea, enabling treatment with previously recommended antibiotics, to reduce use of last-line treatment ceftriaxone.DesignA modelling study.SettingEngland and Wales.ParticipantsIndividuals accessing sentinel health services.InterventionDeveloping an Excel model which uses participants’ demographic, behavioural and clinical characteristics to predict susceptibility to legacy antibiotics. Model parameters were calculated using data for 2015–2017 from the Gonococcal Resistance to Antimicrobials Surveillance Programme.Main outcome measuresEstimated number of doses of ceftriaxone saved, and number of people delayed effective treatment, by model use in clinical practice. Model outputs are the predicted risk of resistance to ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, penicillin and cefixime, in groups of individuals with different combinations of characteristics (gender, sexual orientation, number of recent sexual partners, age, ethnicity), and a treatment recommendation.ResultsBetween 2015 and 2017, 8013 isolates were collected: 64% from men who have sex with men, 18% from heterosexual men and 18% from women. Across participant subgroups, stratified by all predictors, resistance prevalence was high for ciprofloxacin (range: 11%–51%) and penicillin (range: 6%–33%). Resistance prevalence for azithromycin and cefixime ranged from 0% to 13% and for ceftriaxone it was 0%. Simulating model use, 88% of individuals could be given cefixime and 10% azithromycin, saving 97% of ceftriaxone doses, with 1% of individuals delayed effective treatment.ConclusionsUsing demographic and behavioural characteristics, we could not reliably identify a participant subset in which ciprofloxacin or penicillin would be effective. Cefixime resistance was almost universally low; however, substituting ceftriaxone for near-uniform treatment with cefixime risks re-emergence of resistance to cefixime and ceftriaxone. Several subgroups had low azithromycin resistance, but widespread azithromycin monotherapy risks resistance at population level. However, this dataset had limitations; further exploration of individual characteristics to predict resistance to a wider range of legacy antibiotics may still be appropriate.
Hypertension is the major predictor of poor outcomes among inpatients with COVID-19 infection in the UK: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Basu Ansu , Agwu Juliana Chizo , Barlow Nicola , Lee Brian 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo assess the impact of diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases on inpatient mortality from COVID-19, and its relationship to ethnicity and social deprivation.DesignRetrospective, single-centre observational studySettingBirmingham, UK.Participants907 hospitalised patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from a multi-ethnic community, admitted between 1 March 2020 and 31 May 2020.Main outcome measuresThe primary analysis was an evaluation of cardiovascular conditions and diabetes in relation to ethnicity and social deprivation, with the end-point of inpatient death or death within 30 days of discharge. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to calculate HRs while adjusting for confounders.Results361/907 (39.8%) died in hospital or within 30 days of discharge. The presence of diabetes and hypertension together appears to confer the greatest mortality risk (OR 2.75; 95% CI 1.80 to 4.21; p<0.001) compared with either condition alone. Age >65 years (OR 3.32; 95% CI 2.15 to 5.11), male sex (OR 2.04; 95% CI 1.47 to 2.82), hypertension (OR 1.69; 95% CI 1.10 to 2.61) and cerebrovascular disease (OR 1.87; 95% CI 1.31 to 2.68) were independently associated with increased risk of death. The mortality risk did not differ between the quintiles of deprivation. High-sensitivity troponin I was the best predictor of mortality among biomarkers (OR 4.43; 95% CI 3.10 to 7.10). Angiotensin-receptor blockers (OR 0.57; 95% CI 0.33 to 0.96) and ACE inhibitors (OR 0.65; 95% CI 0.43 to 0.97) were not associated with adverse outcome. The Charlson Index of Comorbidity scores were significantly higher in non-survivors.ConclusionsThe combined prevalence of hypertension and diabetes appears to confer the greatest risk, where diabetes may have a modulating effect. Hypertension and cerebrovascular disease had a significant impact on inpatient mortality. Social deprivation and ethnicity did not have any effect once the patient was in hospital.
Discrimination as a predictor of poor mental health among LGBTQ+ people during the COVID-19 pandemic: cross-sectional analysis of the online Queerantine study
Authors: Kneale Dylan , Bécares Laia 
Published: June 2021

ObjectivesTo assess the mental health and experiences of discrimination among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer (LGBTQ) people at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.DesignData come from a cross-sectional online survey targeted at LGBTQ+ people, which collected data on mental health, experiences of discrimination and a number of other pandemic-related experiences. To examine the association between sexual orientation and gender and mental health and experiences of discrimination, we conducted regression analyses that adjusted for a range of sociodemographic variables.SettingA web-based survey was used to collect data between the end of April and mid July 2020.ParticipantsAn analytical sample of 310 LGBTQ+ respondents aged 18 and above.Main outcome measuresWe assessed mental health with the 4-item Perceived Stress Scale and with the 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (CES-D-10). We asked respondents about discriminatory experiences because of their LGBTQ+ identity during the coronavirus pandemic.ResultsPerceived stress scores among our LGBTQ+ sample were high (mean: 7.67; SD: 3.22). Based on a score of 10 or more on the CES-D-10, the majority of participants had high levels of depressive symptoms (72%). Around one-in-six respondents reported some form of discrimination since the start of the pandemic because they were LGBTQ+ (16.7%). The average score for perceived stress increased by 1.44 points (95% CI 0.517 to 2.354) for respondents who had experienced discrimination versus those who had not. Similarly, the odds of exhibiting significant depressive symptomology increased threefold among those who had experienced discrimination compared with those who had not (OR: 3.251; 95% CI 1.168 to 9.052).ConclusionsThe LGBTQ+ community exhibited high levels of depression, stress and experienced discrimination during the coronavirus pandemic. High levels of poor mental health were partially explained by experiences of discrimination, which had a large, consistent and pernicious impact on mental health.
Oncolytic parainfluenza virus combines with NK cells to mediate killing of infected and non-infected lung cancer cells within 3D spheroids: role of type I and type III interferon signaling
Authors: Varudkar Namita , Oyer Jeremiah L , Copik Alicja , Parks Griffith D 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundThere is intense interest in developing novel oncolytic viruses, which can be used in cancer therapies along with immune cells such as natural killer (NK) cells. We have previously developed a particle-based method for in vitro expansion of highly cytotoxic human NK cells (PM21-NK cells). Here, we have tested the hypothesis that oncolytic parainfluenza virus 5 (P/V virus) can combine with PM21-NK cells for targeted killing of lung cancer cells.MethodsPM21-NK cells were assayed for killing of P/V virus-infected A549, H1299 and Calu-1 lung cancer cells in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cultures using flow cytometry, luminescence and kinetic imaging-based methods. Blocking antibodies were used to evaluate NK cell activating receptors involved in PM21-NK cell killing of infected target cells. Media transfer experiments tested soluble factors that increase PM21-NK cell killing of both P/V virus-infected and uninfected tumor cells.ResultsIn 2D cultures, PM21-NK cells efficiently killed P/V virus-infected cancer cells compared with non-infected cells, through involvement of the viral glycoprotein and NK cell receptors NKp30, NKp46 and NKG2D. In 3D spheroid cultures, P/V virus infection was restricted to the outer layer of the spheroid. However, PM21-NK cells were able to more efficiently kill both the outer layer of infected cells in the spheroid and progressing further to kill the uninfected interior cells. Media transfer experiments demonstrated that P/V virus infection produced both type I and type III interferons, which decreased cell growth, which contributed to a reduction in the overall number of uninfected tumor cells in conjunction with PM21-NK cells. Across five cancer cell lines, the contribution of P/V virus infection on PM21-NK cell killing of target cells correlated with interferon induction.ConclusionOur data support the potential of combining oncolytic parainfluenza virus with PM21-NK cell adoptive therapy against lung cancer.
The dimensional reduction of linearized spin-2 theories invariant under transverse diffeomorphisms
Authors: Dalmazi D. , dos Santos R. R. Lino 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHere we perform the Kaluza–Klein dimensional reduction from $$D+1$$

D
+
1

to D dimensions of massless Lagrangians described by a symmetric rank-2 tensor and invariant under transverse differmorphisms (TDiff). They include the linearized Einstein–Hilbert theory, linearized unimodular gravity and scalar tensor models. We obtain simple expressions in terms of gauge invariant field combinations and show that unitarity is preserved in all cases. After fixing a gauge, the reduced model becomes a massive scalar tensor theory. We show that the diffeomorphism (Diff) symmetry, instead of TDiff, is a general feature of the massless sector of consistent massive scalar tensor models. We discuss some subtleties when eliminating Stückelberg fields directly at action level as gauge conditions. A non local connection between the massless sector of the scalar tensor theory and the pure tensor TDiff model leads to a parametrization of the non conserved source which naturally separates spin-0 and spin-2 contributions in the pure tensor theory. The case of curved backgrounds is also investigated. If we truncate the non minimal couplings to linear terms in the curvature, vector and scalar constraints require Einstein spaces as in the Diff and WTDiff (Weyl plus Diff) cases. We prove that our linearized massive scalar tensor models admit those curved background extensions.
QCD phase diagram with a background magnetic field in an improved soft-wall AdS/QCD model
Authors: Fang Zhen , Li Ying-Ying , Wu Yue-Liang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe studied the magnetic effects on the chiral transition and the melting properties of vector and axial-vector mesons in the improved soft-wall AdS/QCD model under a charged magnetic background, which is solved perturbatively from an Einstein–Maxwell system with a negative cosmological constant. The phase diagrams for both chiral transition and meson melting have been obtained. We show that the inverse magnetic catalysis emerged naturally in the improved soft-wall model. We also find that the magnetic field can induce meson melting, at least for the vector and axial-vector mesons, in our holographic setup.