bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi‐center retrospective study evaluating the efficacy and safety of apixaban versus warfarin for treatment of venous thromboembolism in patients with severe obesity
Authors: Crouch Ashley , Ng Tsz Hin , Kelley Denise , Knight Tamara , Edwin Stephanie ,   ASCEND‐HIGHER, Giuliano Christopher 
Published: December 2021

AbstractStudy ObjectiveDirect oral anticoagulants are the standard of care for venous thromboembolism (VTE) treatment. These agents are recommended regardless of patient weight and body mass index (BMI). However, there remains limited evidence supporting the use of apixaban in patients with severe obesity with a BMI ≥40 kg/m2 or weight ≥120 kg. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of apixaban for VTE in patients with a BMI ≥40 kg/m2 or weight ≥120 kg.DesignThis multi‐center, retrospective study compared the use of apixaban versus warfarin in patients with severe obesity for the treatment of VTE between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2019. Patients were identified by diagnosis codes for acute VTE and a weight ≥120 kg or BMI ≥40 kg/m2. The primary efficacy outcome was time to recurrence of VTE within 12 months, and the primary safety outcome was time to major bleeding within 12 months. Secondary outcomes included incidence of recurrent VTE, major bleeding, clinically relevant non‐major bleeding (CRNMB), all‐cause mortality, number of total hospital encounters, and switch in anticoagulant.Main ResultsA total of 1099 patients were included in the study. Of these, 314 patients received apixaban and 785 received warfarin. The mean weight and BMI were 137 kg and 46 kg/m2, respectively. Time to recurrent VTE was significantly longer in those treated with apixaban compared to warfarin (p = 0.018). After controlling for confounding factors, apixaban use was associated with a reduced risk of recurrent VTE compared to warfarin (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.29–0.97, p = 0.04). There were no significant differences in major bleeding, CRNMB, or all‐cause mortality between groups.ConclusionIn patients with a BMI ≥40 kg/m2 or weight ≥120 kg, apixaban appears to be effective and safe for the treatment of VTE.
Exploratory factor analysis, reliability, and validity of the interventionist knowledge and skills survey
Authors: Bahr Michael W. , Edwin Mary , Long Kara A. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis study examined the development and technical adequacy of the Interventionist Knowledge and Skill Survey (IKSS), a self‐assessment used for understanding the degree of knowledge and skills associated with interventionists working within a multitiered system of support (MTSS). A national sample of 600 school psychologists and school counselors completed 30 Likert‐type items pertaining to interventionist knowledge and skills for MTSS. Item analysis reduced the items to 22, and exploratory factor analysis and a parallel analysis identified four factors: Intervention Knowledge, Intervention Skills, Intervention Selection and Evaluation, and Consultation and Communication. Reliability analysis of the four subscales was adequate, and several other analyses provided evidence for the validity of the IKSS. Discussion focuses on use of the IKSS for research and practice as well as study limitations.
Polymer 4D printing: Advanced shape‐change and beyond
Authors: Imrie Patrick , Jin Jianyong 
Published: December 2021

Abstract4D printing is an exciting branch of additive manufacturing. It relies on established 3D printing techniques to fabricate objects in much the same way. However, structures which fall into the 4D printed category have the ability to change with time, hence the “extra dimension.” The common perception of 4D printed objects is that of macroscopic single‐material structures limited to point‐to‐point shape change only, in response to either heat or water. However, in the area of polymer 4D printing, recent advancements challenge this understanding. A host of new polymeric materials have been designed which display a variety of wonderful effects brought about by unconventional stimuli, and advanced additive manufacturing techniques have been developed to accommodate them. As a result, the horizons of polymer 4D printing have been broadened beyond what was initially thought possible. In this review, we showcase the many studies which evolve the very definition of polymer 4D printing, and reveal emerging areas of research integral to its advancement.
Monosubstituted Polynitroalkoxy‐1,2,4,5‐Tetrazines: A New Family of Melt‐Castable Energetic Materials
Authors: Rudakov Gennady F. , Kalinichenko Alexandra I. , Nguyen Tu Q. , Zinchenko Svetlana S. , Cherkaev Georgij V. , Fedyanin Ivan V. , Sinditskii Valery P. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSeveral new energetic low‐melting monosubstituted polynitroalkoxy‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazines have been synthesized. Their thermal stability has been investigated by the methods of isothermal and non‐isothermal kinetics. These molecules display good thermal stability: trinitroethoxytetrazine can be safely kept in the molten state for about a week, dinitro‐fluoroethoxy derivative is significantly more stable. The volatility of the studied compounds increases in the series of substituents as (NO2)3CCH2O<F(NO2)2CCH2O<CH3(NO2)2CCH2O. The vapor pressure over the liquid fluorine derivative turned out to be 2 times less than the vapor pressure over the liquid trinitroazetidine (TNAZ). The combustion rates of synthesized low‐melting explosives of the tetrazine series, as well as other volatiles like TNT, are controlled by reactions in the flame (gas‐phase combustion mechanism). It was shown that trinitro and fluorodinitro derivatives most fully meet the requirements for the melt‐castable explosives.
Mass spectrometric‐based investigation of differentially protected azatryptophan derivatives using Orbitrap mass spectrometry: Differentiation of positional isomers under protonation and alkali‐cationization conditions
Authors: Gajjela Raju , Kandula Ravikanth Reddy , Kuppusamy Prakasam , Nimje Roshan Y. , Gupta Anuradha , Bagadi Muralidhararao , Mathur Arvind 
Published: December 2021

RationaleDifferentiation and structural characterization of positional isomers of differentially protected azatryptophan derivatives using electrospray ionization high‐resolution tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐HRMS/MS) is important from the perspective of drug discovery research. Also, these derivatives can be used as building blocks for the synthesis of various biologically active compounds and have attracted significant attention in the field of modern drug discovery, especially peptide‐based drugs, protein folding and protein–protein interactions because of their interesting spectral properties.MethodsESI‐HRMS/MS in positive ionization mode was used to differentiate and characterize positional isomers of protected azatryptophan derivatives.ResultsESI‐HRMS/MS of [M + H]+ and [M + Na]+ ions of positional isomers of differentially protected azatryptophan derivatives display distinct fragmentation patterns. The MS/MS of [M + H]+ ion of isomer 1 showed an additional ion at m/z 358.0846 ([M + H‐Boc‐C14H10‐HF]+) which was not present for 4. The fragment ion at m/z 332.0857 was observed for 1 and not for 4 which would be formed by the expulsion of butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) and fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) groups. Moreover, the ions 422.0812 and 378.0912 are found to be relatively more abundant for isomer 4 which could be probably attributed to the formation of stable ions. Similarly, other positional isomers exhibited distinct fragmentation from one another.ConclusionsThe present study demonstrates that ESI‐HRMS/MS can be used for differentiation and structural characterization of positional isomers of protected azatryptophan derivatives. The MS/MS of [M + H]+ and [M + Na]+ ions of these positional isomers displayed differences in their fragmentation behaviour. The impact of different substitutions at different positions (1 and 6) of protected azatryptophan derivatives (1–6) on their fragmentation behaviour was also investigated in detail. Also, the nitrogen atom at different positions in the pyrrolopyridine ring led to different fragmentation patterns.
Characterization of the metabolites of tirabrutinib generated from rat, dog and human liver microsomes using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography combined with high‐resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhang Hongjian , Hu Zhen , Zhang Huiping , Sun Xiyan , Yang Jianming , Yuan Jie 
Published: December 2021

RationaleTirabrutinib is an orally administered Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor developed for the treatment of autoimmune disorders and haematological malignancies. The goals of this study were to identify the metabolites of tirabrutinib and to propose the metabolic pathways.MethodsTirabrutinib was individually incubated with rat, dog and human liver microsomes at 37°C for 1 h. To trap the potential reactive metabolites, glutathione (GSH) was incorporated into the incubation samples. The incubation samples were analysed using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography combined with high‐resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐HRMS). The metabolites were identified and characterized by exact masses, product ions and retention times.ResultsA total of 18 metabolites, including four GSH conjugates, were identified and characterized in terms of elemental compositions and product ions. The metabolic pathways of tirabrutinib included amide hydrolysis, O‐dealkylation, mono‐oxygenation, di‐oxygenation and GSH conjugation. Among these metabolites, M10 was the most abundant metabolite. Compared with dog, rat has the closer metabolic profiles to humans, and thus it would be more suitable for toxicity study.ConclusionsThis study provides valuable data regarding the in vitro metabolism of tirabrutinib, which may be helpful for further safety assessment of this drug.
CrowdAssist: A multidimensional decision support system for crowd workers
Authors: Abhinav Kumar , Kaur Bhatia Gurpriya , Dubey Alpana , Jain Sakshi , Bhardwaj Nitish 
Published: December 2021

AbstractLately, crowdsourcing has emerged as a viable option for getting work done by leveraging the collective intelligence of the crowd. With many tasks posted every day, the size of crowdsourcing platforms is growing exponentially. Hence, workers face an important challenge in selecting the right task. Despite the task filtering criteria available on the platform to select the right task, crowd workers find it difficult to choose the most relevant task and must glean through the filtered tasks to find the relevant tasks. In this paper, we propose a framework for recommending tasks to workers. The proposed framework evaluates the worker's fitment over the tasks based on the worker's preference, past tasks he/she has performed, and tasks done by similar workers. We also proposed an approach to estimate the right price for a crowdsourced task for a specific worker. We evaluated our approach on the datasets collected from popular crowdsourcing platforms. Our experimental results show that the recommendation made by our framework for task and price is significantly better as compared with the baseline approach.
Synthesis of context‐aware business‐to‐business processes for location‐based services through choreographies
Authors: Filippone Gianluca , Autili Marco , Tivoli Massimo 
Published: December 2021

AbstractModern technologies and emerging wireless communication solutions in the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) world are empowering the spread of the most disparate ready‐to‐use software services distributed over the globe and accessed by an increasing number of users. This state of affairs encourages the development of systems based on the reuse of existing services through composition approaches, notably choreographies. Also Public Administrations are driven towards a digitalization process which exploits composition approaches to build complex and interoperable systems that can be remotely accessed by citizens and authorities. However, an automatic support is needed in order to realize the service composition and the distributed coordination logic that enforces the correct choreography realization. Moreover, the need for building dynamic and user‐centered systems calls for the realization of choreographies capable to adjust their behavior to the surrounding context. This work presents our proposal for addressing the choreography realization problem, by describing an automated process for the synthesis of choreography‐based systems. The synthesized systems are location‐aware and able to adapt the services' interaction according to the user's needs and context conditions. We show and evaluate our approach at work on a real use case scenario in the Public Administration domain.
Regional variability in land and water use in fruit and vegetable production in the United States
Authors: McCarthy Ashley C. , Griffin Timothy S. , Srinivasan Sumeeta , Peters Christian J. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPublic concern about the environmental consequences of our diets is growing and regional food systems have emerged as one strategy to reduce these impacts. However, the potential environmental benefits of regional food systems are still largely untested and more empirical evidence is needed. Land and water are critical inputs to agriculture, but natural resource requirements and associated environmental impacts are highly dependent crop production location. This study used statistical analyses of crop yield and water footprint data to examine regional variability in land and water requirements and location‐specific tradeoffs between these resources. Regional land requirements and water requirements differed among most of the 17 fruit and vegetable crops we examined. Our results also showed inverse relationships between land and irrigation water requirements for eight crops, indicating that location‐specific tradeoffs between land and water resources exist for these crops. Understanding these regional differences and tradeoffs in natural resource requirements can help us evaluate the environmental implications of a more regionalized food system.
Permanence
Authors: Ward Harriet , Moggach Lynne , Tregeagle Susan , Trivedi Helen 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis chapter considers how far the Barnardos adoptees achieved legal, residential and emotional permanence after adoption. It draws on minimal follow-up data, available for 124 adoptees (59% of the original cohort); extensive data collected through responses to an online survey concerning 93 adoptees (44% of the cohort) 5–37 years after placement; and interviews focusing on 24 adult adoptees. Ages at follow-up ranged from 5 to 44. All adoptees had achieved legal permanence. Many had achieved residential permanence after numerous placements in care: 34% of those aged 18 or over were still living with their adoptive parents. Twelve (13%) placements had disrupted, but all except eight (9%) adoptees had achieved psychological permanence. Relationships between adoptees and adoptive parents were twice as likely to persist as those between care leavers and foster parents.
Anti-corruption
Authors: Ditlev-Simonsen Caroline D. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractRepresenting at least five percent of world GDP, corruption is a great challenge in general, and especially associated with sustainable business, both nationally and internationally. In this chapter, I reflect on how to address corruption and anti-corruption practices. Typical forms of corruption include bribery, facilitation payments, gifts, hospitality and expenses, political contributions, charitable contributions, sponsorships, voluntary community contributions, trading in influence, and conflict of interest and impartiality. Corruption leads to weak institutions and injustice, less respect for rights, denial of basic services, and several of the world’s environmental damage and tragedies are associated with corruption. Studies show that almost half of the companies have experienced fraud over the past two years. This chapter addresses the corruption challenges, how they are addressed by corporations and key international laws as well as challenges associated with norms and behaviors. How to detect and avoid corruption receives key attention. As anti-corruption is a huge topic and challenge, and only limited space is available in the book, the topic is presented from a more general perspective. Even though anti-corruption is often left out when talking about sustainability, it cannot be excluded from a book on sustainability and responsibility.
The Business Case for Sustainability
Authors: Ditlev-Simonsen Caroline D. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, I discuss how companies address sustainability challenges. First, the chapter begins with examples of different corporate approaches to taking responsibility for sustainability. Second, I explore how companies are viewed from the stakeholder perspective, so how others outside the company view the managers’ motivations for engaging in corporate responsibility. Although most companies are still motivated by risk reduction and/or marketing in their sustainability work, this chapter will reframe the motivations into something more positive—a business opportunity. Four cases will be presented, Nike, Arthur Andersen, Volkswagen, and companies involved in the Rana Plaza tragedy, and the companies’ approaches relative to the following strategies will be discussed: reacting, defending, accommodating, and, finally, a proactive approach in which a business’s profitability is anchored in sustainability. The chapter will conclude with reflections on business models for sustainability.
Sustainability and Finance: Environment, Social, and Governance (ESG)
Authors: Ditlev-Simonsen Caroline D. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractFinance plays a central function in the business world. From being included in small and specialized funds, Environment, Social, and Governance (ESG) and socially responsible investment (SRI) have become part of the mainstream for investors and analysts. In this chapter, I will address what ESG, SRI, environmental and social risk assessment, and ethical investment are about, as well as different investment strategies taking these into account. Further, dilemmas that arise are introduced such as what is a sustainable sector or product and how this differs based on the values of individuals. The move from addressing sustainability issues as a risk reduction activity to a business opportunity is discussed. Finally, the Norwegian Pension Fund, the world’s largest fund, is used as an example to illustrate product-based and conduct-based exclusions in practice.
The Rise of the Modern Intelligence State
Authors: Hardy John 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe rise of the formal surveillance state in the early twenty-first century was precipitated by political impetus to empower security and intelligence organisations to perform a broad range of counterterrorism functions. Ethical debates about the implications of the security intelligence reach of modern states have focused on balancing individual rights, liberties, and privacy against the security of the state. Meanwhile, the surveillance state has rapidly evolved into an intelligence state, capable not only of pervasive data collection, but also of analytical modelling which expands existing boundaries of surveillance. Existing concerns about the ethical collection and use of surveillance data are compounded by three emergent capabilities of the modern intelligence state: persistent data surveillance, pattern-of-life analysis, and activity-based intelligence. These intelligence methods provide descriptive and/or predictive models of human behaviour that empower governments to generate intelligence about the actual and the potential subjects of counterterrorism investigations. The ethical implications of counterterrorism intelligence extend beyond the collection and use of data to the application of predictive modelling to dehumanised patterns of behaviour. This process has the potential to redefine the boundaries of the person, particularly by blurring the distinction between thoughts and actions which threaten the state.
Analytischer Rahmen zur Erfassung von Themenkarrieren in der Wissenschaft
Authors: Gravert Andreas 
Published: December 2021

ZusammenfassungIn diesem Kapitel wird aufbauend auf den vorangegangenen Kapiteln zu Transformationen in der Wissenschaft (Kp. 2), zur Entstehung von Themen (Kp. 3) und zur Funktionsweise der Wissenschaft (Kp. 4) die theoretische Perspektive entwickelt, die zur Analyse von Themenkarrieren in der Planungswissenschaft eingenommen wird. Es erfolgt also die Selektion, Übersetzung und Anpassung der Erkenntnisse aus dem Theorieteil mit dem Ziel, die eigene empirische Analyse zu leiten und die Beantwortung der Frage „Wie entstehen Themen in der Wissenschaft?“ zu ermöglichen. Es wird ein Raster von Konzepten dargelegt, das der Erfassung und Einordnung empirischer Beobachtungen dient und das es ermöglicht, jene Erklärungsgegenstände zu untersuchen, die als potenziell relevant für die Beantwortung der Forschungsfrage identifiziert worden sind. Die Explikation dieser Forschungsheuristik verläuft in fünf Abschnitten vom Allgemeinen zum Konkreten. Zunächst werden zentrale Konzepte des zu rekonstruierenden Makrophänomens – Themenkarrieren in der Wissenschaft – definiert und erläutert. Für die Rekonstruktion wird auf das Kategoriengerüst des Akteurzentrierten Institutionalismus sowie dessen Prinzip der Mikrofundierung von Makrophänomenen zurückgegriffen. Dieses Gerüst, einschließlich des dieser Arbeit zugrunde liegenden Verständnisses von Struktur und Akteur*in sowie von der wechselseitigen Dynamik zwischen diesen beiden Polen, wird anschließend dargelegt. Im dritten Schritt wird der institutionelle Kontext des Systems Wissenschaft und dessen Einbettung in die gesellschaftliche Umwelt skizziert. Im Anschluss wird auf wissenschaftliche Akteur*innen und deren Handlungskontext eingegangen. Zuletzt werden die Erkenntnisse in Bezug auf die Themenwahl wissenschaftlicher Akteur*innen konkretisiert und systematisiert.
Theoretische Fundierung
Authors: Schrader Sonja Maria 
Published: December 2021

ZusammenfassungDa eine einheitliche Definition der Nachhaltigkeit nach Literaturrecherche nicht vorgelegt werden kann, soll zum Verständnis des Konzepts die historische Entwicklung und deren Bedeutung bis zum heutigen Stand kurz skizziert werden. Das dieser Arbeit zugrunde gelegte Verständnis von Nachhaltigkeit orientiert sich am 3-Säulen-Modell, welches anschließend erläutert wird. Danach wird abschließend die Nachhaltigkeitsstrategie der Bundesregierung in den Blick genommen, wobei sich auf die für die Arbeit relevanten Nachhaltigkeitsziele und -indikatoren beschränkt wird.