bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A SIMPLE BEHAVIOR QUESTIONNAIRE FOR PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: Willoughby John A. , Haggerty Robert J. 
Published: December 2021

A simple questionnaire was developed to help mothers express concerns about their child's behavior. In the 195 cases studied, the mean number of maternal concerns was 3.5 per child (SD ± 3.2, r = 0 to 17).
The questionnaire was simple to administer, easily understood, and required approximately 4 minutes for mothers to answer. It was useful in helping mothers focus on their concerns, for 12 times the number of concerns were revealed over those listed on a blank sheet.
Play observations and repeat questionnaires demonstrated mothers' concerns to be justified and consistent.
When the questionnaire was not available, physicians failed to discuss 55% of mothers' concerns in a usual Child Health Clinic. However, when mothers' questionnaires were available this figure was significantly lowered to 18%. It took the physician on an average only 1.4 minutes longer for the visit with the questionnaire than without. Seventy-three percent of pediatricians found the maternal questionnaire useful, especially when mothers had an average or higher number of concerns.
Such a simple, single-sheet behavior questionnaire is useful for mothers and physicians in the Child Health Clinic, is helpful as a screening device separating those mothers who may need further attention from those who do not, and could make the Child Health Clinic more efficient and perhaps more effective.
The questionnaire might also be useful in a private pediatricians's office by enabling a more complete discussion of mothers' concerns to be carried out. This would show mothers that the physician was interested in all aspects of their child's health and in the initial visits could prove helpful in establishing a better mother- doctor relationship.
I. LUNG VOLUMES
Authors: DeMuth George R. , Howatt William F. , Hill Bruce M. 
Published: December 2021

A three-year longitudinal study of a variety of lung function tests in 147 normal children has been carried out to permit better separation of growth effects (by covariance analysis) from individual variation, to supply information not previously available, and to permit study of the interrelationships of the tests in normal subjects.
In this, the first of a series of papers, we have presented the results of the study of lung volumes. Height is the best single indicator of physical size for predicting normality. Comparison of residual variances indicates that the use of multiple independent variables offers little advantage.
Although there is reason to believe that the lung volumes do not increase in a simple exponential relationship to height after birth, after 5 years of age the lung volumes do increase as approximately the cube of height. When the values of the exponents obtained from regression analyses of the lung volumes on different independent variables are adjusted by the dimensional relationships of the variables, several points become evident. Among them are: (1) the various independent variables (except sitting height) are all reflecting the same general body growth; (2) the exponents for the FRC in girls are less than those for vital capacity in boys or girls and less than the FRC in boys; (3) there is a difference between boys and girls in the exponent for age. The latter only reflects the relatively smaller body growth of girls for each age increment.
Analyses of covariance made possible by the longitudinal studies indicate that about three-fourths of the residual variance obtained from the ordinary regression of log vital capacity on log height (and one-half of that of log FRC on log height) is due to a quality inherent in the individual. Knowledge of this factor permits future estimates of a person's lung volume with greater precision.
MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD
Authors: Dodge Philip R. , Gamstorp Ingrid , Byers Randolph K. , Russell Patricia 
Published: December 2021

Myotonic dystrophy is more often symptomatic in infancy and early childhood than previously supposed, seven definite and two possible cases having come to our attention during a single year. In all but one case the disease was present, though unrecognized, in one or more members of preceding generations. At least three patterns of expression of the disease are suggested.
(1) The most common clinical syndrome (five cases) begins at birth or in early infancy with difficulty in nursing, attributable to bilateral facial weakness. Generalized myopathic weakness and hypotonia and variable degrees of retarded motor development are encountered during infancy. In one case there was no difficulty with bulbar musculature and only the limb muscles were involved. No evidence of a progressive loss of motor function has been observed during early childhood, but the pattern of greater proximal than distal weakness of extremities appears to become reversed gradually until the tyical adult distribution of weakness and atrophy is seen. The less common clinical syndromes, which include the two possible cases of myotonic dystrophy, are: (2) almost pure myotonia, symptomatic from early infancy (one case) or evident only on electromyography (one case) and (3) isolated congenital ptosis (one case).
Percussion myotonia or myotonia of grasp or both is usually present if looked for. Electromyographic evidence of myotonia has been found in every case and was of great help in establishing the diagnosis. Myopathic changes were identified in three of the five available muscle biopsies. Mental defect was an associated finding in onethird of the cases in the present series.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTIONS
Authors: Washburn Thomas C. , Medearis Donald N. , Childs Barton 
Published: December 2021

Sex differences in vulnerability to infectious diseases have been defined by a search of the world's literature and a study of the Johns Hopkins Hospital case records covering the period from 1930 to 1963. Special attention has been focused on bacterial meningitis at all ages and bacterial septicemia in children less than 15 years of age. A significant male preponderance is seen in all the data, but it is most marked in infancy. This is also the period in which infections by Gram-negative enteric bacilli outnumber those by Gram-positive organisms and this difference affects males more than females. The advent of antibiotics and related therapy has been associated with an increased sex ratio in incidence of infectious diseases, even as death rates from these diseases decreased.
The sex differences in susceptibility to the infections cited in this paper are consistent with the expectations of a genetic hypothesis that concerns a gene locus on the X chromosome of human beings, which is involved with synthesis of immunoglobulins. In general one might expect greater resistance to infectious diseases in that sex for which heterozygosity is possible. More direct evidence for the hypothesis must come from comparative studies of the immune mechanism in the two sexes.
THE EFFECT OF MEASLES, GAMMA GLOBULIN MODIFIED MEASLES, AND ATTENUATED MEASLES VACCINE ON THE COURSE OF TREATED TUBERCULOSIS IN CHILDREN
Authors: Starr Saul , Berkovich Sumner 
Published: December 2021

1. Wild measles in our series of INH-treated children with tuberculosis exerted a deleterious effect on the course of the tuberculosis.
2. Gamma globulin modified measles had a similar effect on the course of tuberculosis.
3. The effect of measles on the tuberculosis appeared 2 weeks to 3 months after the measles, manifesting itself as an increased pulmonary infiltration or as an increased number of gastric washings positive for M. tuberculosis.
4. These relapses occurred at about the time or soon after the time when the depressed tuberculin reactivity returned to its original positive state.
5. Vaccine measles caused by live attenuated measles vaccine did not produce any evident deleterious effect on the course of childhood tuberculosis while under isoniazid therapy. The effect of vaccine measles on the course of untreated tuberculosis is not known.
6. Where feasible, children in high risk areas should be checked for tuberculosis before being given live attenuated measles vaccine. If tuberculosis is found, at least 4 months of isoniazid therapy is recommended after administration of live measles vaccine.
Our Blind Children—Growing and Learning with Them
Authors: DAVENS EDWARD 
Published: December 2021

In this second edition of a standard work first published in 1956 on the growth and education of the blind child, the information is brought up to date and a new chapter dealing with the blind adolescent is added.
Discussion of the impact on the parents of having a blind baby is handled in an understanding and constructive way and is followed by a clear and accurate presentation of the facts most parents want to know.
Handbook for the Young Diabetic
Authors: CONE THOMAS E. 
Published: December 2021

This is just the type of practical, attractively designed small booklet the physician treating adolescents with diabetes could well use in his practice to help get across to the young diabetic the idea that they can grow up and live a normal life with diabetes.
The book is readable, devoid of scientific jargon and written in a manner which will not bother the adolescent; it is free from dictatorial overtones and overly rigid enforcement of dietary rules.
THE ETIOLOGY OF GASTROENTERITIS IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN, WITH EMPHASIS ON THE OCCURRENCE OF SIMULTANEOUS MIXED VIRAL-BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
Authors: Cramblett Henry G. , Siewers C. M. F. 
Published: December 2021

Over a 3-year period, 117 episodes of gastroenteritis occurring in 112 children in North Carolina were studied virologically and bacteriologically. A bacterial agent alone and a viral agent alone were isolated in 25% and 12% of cases, respectively. Simultaneous mixed viral-bacterial infections occurred in another 12%. These findings are in accord with data reported by other workers in North America and Europe.
There was a definite seasonal pattern: 82% of all viral isolations were in the summer months, and most of the cases of diarrhea without demonstrable pathogens occurred in winter. Bacterial pathogens, however, were isolated at a rather constant rate throughout the year.
The peripheral white blood count was not found to be helpful in predicting the etiologic agent involved.
A significantly greater excretion rate of all infectious agents was found in children 6 months old and younger (43 pathogens from the specimens of 51 patients) in comparison to that observed in the older age group (38 pathogens from the specimens of 66 patients). Also, twice as many simultaneous mixed viral-bacterial infections occurred in children under 6 months of age as in all other age groups together.
The need for repeat bacterial cultures and the examination of both throat and anal specimens for maximal recovery of viral agents in cases of gastroenteritis is apparent.
CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS IN PHENYLKETONURIA
Authors: Kang Ellen Song , Kennedy Joseph L. , Gates Lorraine , Burwash Ida , McKinnon Ann 
Published: December 2021

Clinical observations over a 36-month period on a group of patients with phenylketonuria are summarized.
Preliminary comparison of 9 phenylketonuric patients started on dietary treatment at a mean age of 3.6 weeks and treated for a mean duration of 13.5 months revealed significantly lower developmental achievement than in their 34 unaffected siblings. Attempts should be made to shorten the period between birth and exact diagnosis as much as possible in order to determine whether that will further increase the benefits of dietary therapy.
Maternal obstetrical histories were found to be significantly abnormal in approximately 46% of net pregnancies in heterozygotes. Consequently, careful evaluation of the role of perinatal factors is advised in the assessment of the results of dietary therapy in each patient.
Fasting serum phenylalanine levels of 16 untreated infants under a month of age were not significantly different from those in 20 older patients with PKU. Individual variations in the vulnerability of the nervous system to elevation of the blood phenylalanine level may be another important factor in the variability in intellectual defect.
One atypical patient is discussed.
Measurements of phenylalanine levels in blood and close observation of the clinical course of the patient, particularly his weight gain, rather than the presence or absence of abnormal metabolites of phenylalanine in the urine, should be used as guides to early diagnosis and to the dietary management of patients with phenylketonuria.
INTESTINAL GLYCOSIDASE ACTIVITIES IN THE HUMAN EMBRYO, FETUS, AND NEWBORN
Authors: Auricchio Salvatore , Rubino Armido , Mürset Gertrud 
Published: December 2021

1. In 32 human embryos, fetuses, newborns, and infants α-glycosidase activities (maltase, sucrase, isomaltase, palatinase, trehalase, dextranase, and amylase) and β-glycosidase activities (lactase and cellobiase) of the small intestine were determined.
2. The enzyme activities are distributed uniformly throughout the small intestine except in duodenum and terminal ileum. Lower values were found in these areas except for trehalase which remained high in the terminal ileum.
3. All glycosidases are present by the third month of intrauterine life. Most of the α-glycosidase activities reach maximal values by the 6th to 8th fetal month. Levels of activity are independent of the period lapsed since birth and independent of previous food intake. Only amylase and maltase 1 activities are low at birth in the full-term newborn.
4.β-glycosidase activities reach maximum values only at the end of normal gestation. After premature birth development of β-glycosidase activity occurs rapidly.
5. The observed development of the intestinal disaccharidases in the human is apparently different from that known in animals (calves, rabbits, pigs, and rats), where the α-disaccharidases develop only after birth and where lactase activity develops earlier in fetal life and drops after birth.
STUDIES ON A BOY WITH XXYY CHROMOSOME CONSTITUTION
Authors: Schlegel Robert J. , Aspillaga Manuel J. , Neu Richard , Gardner Lytt I. 
Published: December 2021

The twelfth instance in a human of an XXYY chromosome complement is described in a 16-year-old boy. One hundred thirty-five metaphase plates from two leucocyte cultures and ten from testis and skin had a modal number of 48 chromosomes. Karyotyping demonstrated 2X-chromosomes 2Y-chromosomes, and 44 autosomes. Sex chromatin bodies were present in 23-28% of buccal epithelial cells and in testicular cells, and there were 17 drumsticks in 500 neutrophiles.
Micro-orchidism and azoospermia were present. Testicular biopsy revealed diminution of germinal cells and hyalinization of seminiferous tubules, together with clumping of the Leydig cells.
A small brain case (20.8 in. occipitofrontal circumference) and mental retardation (Stanford-Binet I. Q. 62) were found. He also had slight facial prognathism, webbing of the neck, and congenital infundibular pulmonary stenosis.
There were no chromosomal abnormalities found in studies performed on his parents. Both the patient and many members of his immediate family had unusual dermatoglyphic findings, including low ridge counts and a high number of arches on the fingers.
IMMUNIZATION WITH INACTIVATED MEASLES VIRUS VACCINE: EFFECT OF BOOSTER DOSE AND RESPONSE TO NATURAL CHALLENGE
Authors: Karzon David T. , Rush David , Winkelstein Warren 
Published: December 2021

A group of 40 kindergarten and first-grade school children were immunized with three doses of inactivated measles virus vaccine, or an equivalent placebo, at 0, 1, and 4 weeks as part of a larger controlled field trial. A booster dose of vaccine was administered at 8 months. A sharp outbreak of measles challenged the study group at 21 months. The serological response was followed by measuring neutralizing hemagglutination-inhibiting, and complement-fixing antibodies. Following challenge with wild measles virus, the serological and clinical evidences of viral replication were documented.
After three doses of inactivated measles vaccine, 11 seronegative children developed antibody, as measured by all three serologic techniques. The titers were approximately one-half to one-third those observed after natural infection. By 8 months, antibody had fallen to low or non-measurable levels. A booster dose at this time gave rise to an accelerated or secondary-type response, and resulted in titers which averaged twofold higher than the primary response. Following the booster dose the titers appeared to fall more slowly, and at 21 months following the primary series, all children retained significant levels.
Of 12 seronegative children receiving placebo, challenge with natural measles infection at 21 months resulted in 11 cases of regular measles and 1 case of mild measles. Of the 11 seronegative children receiving vaccine, 7 developed a highly atypical illness, and 4 suffered no illness. The atypical illness was characterized by minimal respiratory complaints and a sparse rash. Ten of the vaccinated group demonstrated unequivocal serological evidence of measles viral replication; the eleventh who had no known exposure to measles showed no antibody rise and may have had an unrelated exanthematous infection.
It was shown that measles virus infection can occur in the presence of a modest to high circulating antibody titer which had been induced by immunization with inactivated vaccine. Evidence was reviewed which indicates that antibody resulting from inactivated measles vaccine may be qualitatively different from that produced following natural infection.
BODY WATER COMPOSITION IN KWASHIORKOR BEFORE AND AFTER LOSS OF EDEMA
Authors: Brinkman Gail Lynn , Bowie Malcolm David , Friis-Hansen Bent , Hansen John Derek Lindsell 
Published: December 2021

1. Total body water (TBW) estimated by tritium and extracellular water (ECW) estimated by sodium thiosulfate has been measured in 19 cases of kwashiorkor before and immediately after loss of edema.
2. The TBW as a percentage of body weight was increased but changed relatively little as edema was lost (70%-69%).
3. The ECW (thiosulfate space) showed a significant decrease with loss of edema (33%-26%).
4. The intracellular water (TBW-ECW) increased markedly (37%-43%).
5. These results suggest that the edema of kwashiorkor is a phenomenon of mal-distribution of the excess body water between the body compartments and not only an excess accumulation of body water per se.
POSSIBLE TRANSPLACENTAL TRANSMISSION OF HERPES SIMPLEX INFECTION
Authors: Witzleben Camillus L. , Driscoll Shirley G. 
Published: December 2021

Transplacental dissemination of herpes simplex has never been demonstrated, although one instance of congenital herpes infection has been described, which was followed by an unusually "benign" disease in the newborn. [SEE TABLE I IN SOURCE PDF]
The present case report presents persuasive evidence that the disseminated fulminant form of the herpes simplex infection may begin before birth: (1) the suggestive maternal illness, (2) the unexplained fetal distress, (3) the delivery by caesarean section, without traverse of the genital tract, (4) the unusual placental lesions, characteristic of hematogenous dissemination of infection and histologically similar to the visceral lesions in the infected infant, and (5) the separation of the infant from the parents following delivery. However, intrauterine transmission was not proved unequivocally, since virus was not cultured from the placenta and only suggestive inclusion bodies were found in the placenta. It is possible that the virus entered the fetus via an ascending infection following rupture of the membranes, although this seems unlikely in view of the absence of pulmonary lesions, the short period between rupture of the membranes and delivery, and the presence and character of the villous placental lesions.
The preservation and examination of placentas in suspected and proven cases of neonatal viral infection, and the study of maternal and fetal sera in these cases are valuable but neglected aids in diagnosing disease and elucidating its pathogenesis. Maternal history and/or physical examination in the immediate pre- or postpartum period are frequently abnormal. Such abnormalities should alert the physician to the possibility of disseminated herpes simplex infection in the severely ill neonate without demonstrable bacterial infection.
HEREDITARY CHARACTERISTICS OF FAMILIAL TEMPORAL-CENTRAL FOCAL EPILEPSY
Authors: Bray Patrick F. , Wiser W. C. 
Published: December 2021

Focal "temporal lobe" epilepsy of genetic etiology is apparently transmitted by a single, autosomal dominant gene. The overall penetrance of this trait is low and is highly age-dependent. It approximates 50% between 5 and 15 years of age and then drops again to a low over-all incidence after 20 years of age. The low penetrance is evident from the fact only 12% of the affected individuals develop seizures, and the risk-of-recurrence rate for clinical seizures in this small group of 12 affected families is approximately 1 in 8. Persistence of genetically determined focal "temporal lobe" epilepsy into adult life, usually with refractory psychomotor seizures, occurred in 13% of affected close relatives in time study and should be considered carefully in any patient who is a potential candidate for temporal lobectomy. Evidence for a genetic etiology has been uncovered in only 30% of the 40 families. In the remaining 70% of families an acquired structural lesion is probably etiologic in some cases.
The application of these data to any single patient with epilepsy must be carried out with extreme caution because of the non-specific nature of all EEC abnormalities and the variable nature of the associated clinical seizure. Hence, the physician must remember that he is obligated to study each patient with great care before invoking a genetic explanation for a focal electroclinical seizure. The conclusions proposed in this report have resulted from a controlled study of whole families whose brain-wave patterns were sampled both in cross section and longitudinally. The authors still make no presumptions about their ability to identify accurately an hereditary brain-wave disorder without a thorough clinical and laboratory study of the individual case.
Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Hypoperfusion
Authors: NORMAND I. C. S. , REYNOLDS E. O. R. , STRANG L. B. 
Published: December 2021

We have read the article of Drs. Chu, Clements, Cotton, Klaus, Sweet, Thomas, and Tooley (Pediatrics, 35:733, 1965) with interest but some dismay.
Investigation of the pathogenesis of the respiratory distress syndrome has been hampered by confusion concerning terminology and we cannot help feeling that the introduction of yet another title for the illness is bound to add to this confusion, particularly when the evidence that pulmonary hypoperfusion is the "central issue" in the etiology of the disease seems somewhat tenuous on the data presented.
THE PIERRE ROBIN SYNDROME
Authors: Dennison Wallace M. 
Published: December 2021

The whole object of the medical and nursing care of infants with the Pierre Robin syndrome is to keep them alive and thriving in their perilous passage through the early months of life until the failure of mandibular development in utero is subsequently rectified by nature.
From my limited experience of this condition I suggest that surgery has little to offer in the treatment of the Pierre Robin syndrome. Cap suspension, tube feeding, and skilled nursing are more important than any surgical procedures.