bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Speciation across theTree ofLife
Authors: Hernández‐Hernández Tania , Miller Elizabeth C. , Román‐Palacios Cristian , Wiens John J. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTMuch of what we know about speciation comes from detailed studies of well‐known model systems. Although there have been several important syntheses on speciation, few (if any) have explicitly compared speciation among major groups across the Tree of Life. Here, we synthesize and compare what is known about key aspects of speciation across taxa, including bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and major animal groups. We focus on three main questions. Is allopatric speciation predominant across groups? How common is ecological divergence of sister species (a requirement for ecological speciation), and on what niche axes do species diverge in each group? What are the reproductive isolating barriers in each group? Our review suggests the following patterns. (i) Based on our survey and projected species numbers, the most frequent speciation process across the Tree of Life may be co‐speciation between endosymbiotic bacteria and their insect hosts. (ii) Allopatric speciation appears to be present in all major groups, and may be the most common mode in both animals and plants, based on non‐overlapping ranges of sister species. (iii) Full sympatry of sister species is also widespread, and may be more common in fungi than allopatry. (iv) Full sympatry of sister species is more common in some marine animals than in terrestrial and freshwater ones. (v) Ecological divergence of sister species is widespread in all groups, including ~70% of surveyed species pairs of plants and insects. (vi) Major axes of ecological divergence involve species interactions (e.g. host‐switching) and habitat divergence. (vii) Prezygotic isolation appears to be generally more widespread and important than postzygotic isolation. (viii) Rates of diversification (and presumably speciation) are strikingly different across groups, with the fastest rates in plants, and successively slower rates in animals, fungi, and protists, with the slowest rates in prokaryotes. Overall, our study represents an initial step towards understanding general patterns in speciation across all organisms.
Altered inflammasome activation in neonatal encephalopathy persists in childhood
Authors: Kelly L A , O'Dea M I , Zareen Z , Melo A M , McKenna E , Strickland T , McEneaney V , Donoghue V , Boylan G , Sweetman D , Butler J , Vavasseur C , Miletin J , El-Khuffash A F , O'Neill L A J , O'Leary J J , Molloy E J 
Published: March 2021

SummaryNeonatal encephalopathy (NE) is characterized by altered neurological function in term infants and inflammation plays an important pathophysiological role. Inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-1ra and IL-18 are activated by the nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-, leucine-rich repeat domain (LRR)- and NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome; furthermore, we aimed to examine the role of the inflammasome multiprotein complex involved in proinflammatory responses from the newborn period to childhood in NE. Cytokine concentrations were measured by multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in neonates and children with NE in the absence or presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin. We then investigated expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome genes, NLRP3, IL-1β and ASC by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Serum samples from 40 NE patients at days 1 and 3 of the first week of life and in 37 patients at age 4–7 years were analysed. An increase in serum IL-1ra and IL-18 in neonates with NE on days 1 and 3 was observed compared to neonatal controls. IL-1ra in NE was decreased to normal levels at school age, whereas serum IL-18 in NE was even higher at school age compared to school age controls and NE in the first week of life. Percentage of LPS response was higher in newborns compared to school-age NE. NLRP3 and IL-1β gene expression were up-regulated in the presence of LPS in NE neonates and NLRP3 gene expression remained up-regulated at school age in NE patients compared to controls. Increased inflammasome activation in the first day of life in NE persists in childhood, and may increase the window for therapeutic intervention.
Can in vivo confocal microscopy differentiate between sub‐types of dry eye disease? A review
Authors: Hwang Jodi , Dermer Harrison , Galor Anat 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMany studies utilised in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) to associate variations in corneal structures with dry eye disease (DED). However, DED is an umbrella term that covers various aetiologies and presentations. This review analyses populations by DED aetiology to determine the relationships between IVCM parameters and specific DED sub‐types. It focuses on the most commonly examined structures, sub‐basal nerves and dendritic cells. Across the literature, most studies found individuals with immune‐mediated DED had lower sub‐basal nerve fibre number and density than controls, with smaller differences between non‐immune DED and controls. However, wide ranges of values reported across studies demonstrate considerable overlap between DED sub‐types and controls, rendering these metrics less helpful when diagnosing an individual patient. Dendritic cell density was considerably higher in individuals with immune‐mediated DED than in non‐immune DED or controls. As such, dendritic cell density may be a better indicator of DED associated with a systemic immune‐mediated process.
Electronic health record and patterns of care for children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Kurowski Brad G , Greve Kelly , Bailes Amy F , Zahner Janet , Vargus‐Adams Jilda , Mcmahon Mary A , Aronow Bruce J , Mitelpunkt Alexis 
Published: March 2021

AimTo characterize the patterns of care of children with cerebral palsy (CP) in a tertiary healthcare system.MethodElectronic health record data from 2009 to 2019 were extracted for children with CP. Machine learning hierarchical clustering was used to identify clusters of care. The ratio of in‐person to care coordination visits was calculated for each specialty.ResultsThe sample included 6369 children with CP (55.7% males, 44.3% females, 76.2% white, 94.7% non‐Hispanic; with a mean age of 8y 2mo [SD 5y 10mo; range 0–21y; median 7y 1mo]) at the time of diagnosis. A total of 3.7 million in‐person visits and care coordination notes were identified across 34 specialties. The duration of care averaged 5 years 5 months with five specialty interactions and 21.8 in‐person visits per year per child. Seven clusters of care were identified, including: musculoskeletal and function; neurological; high‐frequency/urgent care services; procedures; comorbid diagnoses; development and behavioral; and primary care. Network analysis showed shared membership among several clusters.InterpretationCoordination of care is a central element for children with CP. Medical informatics, machine learning, and big data approaches provide unique insights into care delivery to inform approaches to improve outcomes for children with CP.
What this paper adds

Seven primary clusters of care were identified: musculoskeletal and function; neurological; high‐frequency/urgent care services; procedures; comorbid diagnoses; development and behavioral; and primary care.

The in‐person to care coordination visit ratio was 1:5 overall for healthcare encounters.

Most interactions with care teams occur outside of in‐person visits.

The ratio of in‐person to care coordination activities differ by specialty.
Association of estimated plasma volume and weight loss after long‐term administration and subsequent discontinuation of the sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitor tofogliflozin
Authors: Matsubayashi Yasuhiro , Yoshida Akihiro , Suganami Hideki , Oe Momoko , Sato Takaaki , Yaguchi Yuta , Fujihara Kazuya , Yamada Takaho , Tanaka Shiro , Kaku Kohei , Sone Hirohito 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitors (SGLT2) are drugs that have been reported to have several effects through the regulation of plasma volume, for example, antihypertensive effects. This study aimed to clarify the impact of long‐term administration and subsequent discontinuation of the SGLT2 inhibitor tofogliflozin on estimated plasma volume (ePV), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and the relationship between changes in ePV, BNP and body weight (BW). Data from 157 participants with type 2 diabetes receiving tofogliflozin monotherapy in a phase 3 study were analysed. Changes in variables or correlations among them during a 52‐week administration and a 2‐week post‐treatment period were investigated. Percent change in ePV was calculated using the Strauss formula. Significant decreases in BW, ePV and ln‐transformed BNP (ln‐BNP) were noted by week 52. %ΔBW was not significantly correlated with %ΔePV and Δln‐BNP, while %ΔePV was significantly correlated with Δln‐BNP. Two weeks after discontinuation of tofogliflozin, BW, ePV and ln‐BNP were significantly increased. %ΔBW was significantly correlated with %ΔePV and Δln‐BNP. Furthermore, ePV and BNP were significantly higher than baseline levels.
Evaluating the message of an ongoing communication campaign to reduce the duration of untreated psychosis in a Latinx community in the United States
Authors: Calderon Vanessa , Cain Rosalba , Torres Eva , Lopez Steven R. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimInitiatives aimed at reducing the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) attempt to increase the community's level of psychosis literacy. Most of these efforts, however, have failed to reduce DUP. One plausible explanation is that the campaigns do not actually increase psychosis literacy. To date, there have been few efforts to assess whether the campaign messaging does indeed increase psychosis literacy prior to or during the campaign. This study evaluated whether the message of the La CLAve DUP reduction program delivered during the campaign increased the psychosis literacy of a U.S. Latinx community.MethodsThe sample consisted of 81 Latinx community residents aged 15–84. Two community health educators of the La CLAve campaign facilitated workshops using a narrative film to initiate a conversation in the community about the signs of psychosis and the importance of professional help‐seeking early in the illness course. Psychosis literacy was assessed via questionnaires pertaining to a hypothetical vignette administered before and after the workshops.ResultsThe psychosis literacy of participants increased after the workshops in several domains. Participants' knowledge of multiple psychotic symptoms, self‐efficacy in their ability to recognize psychosis in others, and correct attributions of a hypothetical vignette's psychotic symptoms significantly increased. No changes were observed in recommendations for professional help‐seeking.ConclusionsThese findings provide support for the effectiveness of the La CLAve messaging in increasing psychosis literacy of U.S. Latinx community residents. Evidence‐based campaign messaging is needed to increase the success of DUP reduction programs especially among underserved communities.
Personality disorder among youth with first episode psychotic mania: An important target for specific treatment?
Authors: Hasty Melissa K. , Macneil Craig A. , Cotton Sue M. , Berk Michael , Kader Linda , Ratheesh Aswin , Ramain Julie , Chanen Andrew M. , Conus Philippe 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimPersonality disorder is a common co‐occurrence ('comorbidity') among patients with bipolar disorder and appears to affect outcome negatively. However, there is little knowledge about the impact of this comorbidity in the early phases of bipolar disorder. We examined the prevalence and effect of personality disorder co‐occurrence on outcome in a cohort of youth with first episode mania with psychotic features.MethodsSeventy‐one first episode mania patients, aged 15–29, were assessed at baseline, 6, 12, and 18 months as part of a randomized controlled trial of olanzapine and chlorpromazine as add‐on to lithium in first episode mania with psychotic features. The current study involved secondary analysis of trial data.ResultsA co‐occurring clinical personality disorder diagnosis was present in 16.9% of patients. Antisocial and narcissistic personality disorders were the most common diagnoses. Patients with co‐occurring personality disorder had higher rates of readmission to hospital, lower rates of symptomatic recovery and poorer functional levels at 6 months, but these differences disappeared after 12 and 18 months.ConclusionsIn the early phase of bipolar disorder, patients with personality disorder comorbidity display delayed symptomatic and functional recovery and increased likelihood to need hospital readmissions. These observations suggest that routine assessment for personality disorder and specific interventions are important in order to improve short‐term treatment efficacy in this subgroup.
Analyses of peripheral blood dendritic cells and magnetic resonance spectroscopy support dysfunctional neuro‐immune crosstalk in Tourette syndrome
Authors: Sarchioto Marianna , Howe Franklyn , Dumitriu Ingrid E. , Morgante Francesca , Stern Jeremy , Edwards Mark J. , Martino Davide 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundEvidence supports that neurodevelopmental diseases, such as Tourette syndrome (TS), may involve dysfunctional neural‐immune crosstalk. This could lead to altered brain maturation and differences in immune and stress responses. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a major role in immunity as professional antigen‐presenting cells; changes in their frequency have been observed in several autoimmune conditions.MethodsIn 18 TS patients (15 on stable pharmacological treatment, three unmedicated) and 18 age‐matched healthy volunteers (HVs), we explored circulating blood‐derived DCs and their relationship with clinical variables and brain metabolites, measured via proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H‐MRS). DC subsets, including plasmacytoid and myeloid type 1 and 2 dendritic cells (MDC1, MDC2), were studied with flow cytometry. 1H‐MRS was used to measure total choline, glutamate plus glutamine, total creatine (tCr), and total N‐acetylaspartate and N‐acetylaspartyl‐glutamate levels in frontal white matter (FWM) and the putamen.ResultsWe did not observe differences in absolute concentrations of DC subsets or brain inflammatory metabolites between patients and HVs. However, TS patients manifesting anxiety showed a significant increase in MDC1s compared to TS patients without anxiety (p = 0.01). We also found a strong negative correlation between MDC1 frequency and tCr in the FWM of patients with TS (p = 0.0015), but not of HVs.ConclusionElevated frequencies of the MDC1 subset in TS patients manifesting anxiety may reflect a proinflammatory status, potentially facilitating altered neuro‐immune crosstalk. Furthermore, the strong inverse correlation between brain tCr levels and MDC1 subset frequency in TS patients suggests a potential association between proinflammatory status and metabolic changes in sensitive brain regions.
The history and distribution of nodulating Paraburkholderia, a potential inoculum for Fynbos forage species
Authors: Beukes Chrizelle W. , Venter Stephanus N. , Steenkamp Emma T. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractLegumes in the Fynbos vegetation of the Western Cape of South Africa have emerged as candidates for domestication, particularly for their adaptation to acidic and infertile soils. However, South African rhizobia have been shown to be very diverse and unique, and a detailed understanding of them is essential to success in forage breeding programs that seek to exploit these “new” legumes. Symbionts of legumes in South Africa that belong to traditional rhizobial genera have been shown to have a unique origin for their symbiotic loci in comparison to members sampled from other regions of the world. Some of the legume tribes in the Fynbos have also been shown to associate predominantly with unique species in the Betaproteobacterial genus Paraburkholderia. The rhizobial members of this genus have two main centres of diversity, of which South Africa is one. In this centre, the legume hosts are principally from the Papilionoideae subfamily while hosts from the mimosoid clade (now in the Caesalpinioideae) are abundant in the South American centre. Not only do these rhizobia differ in terms of host, but their symbiotic loci also show separate origins. The dominance and uniqueness of the Paraburkholderia symbionts, in the context of indigenous South African legumes, makes understanding the history and factors that affect the distribution of this genus essential if successful adaptation and effective nodulation of these legumes in Agriculture are to be achieved globally.
P300/CBP‐associated factor (PCAF) attenuated M1 macrophage inflammatory responses possibly through KLF2 and KLF4
Authors: Wang Xiuling , Li Haiyan , Chen Shanshan , He Jinrong , Chen Weiqun , Ding Yu , Huang Jin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMacrophages exhibit distinct phenotypes in response to environmental signals. The polarization of M1 macrophages plays an essential role in the inflammatory response. However, the specific molecular mechanisms regulating the inflammatory response during M1 macrophage polarization remain to be further understood. Here, we found that the histone acetyltransferase P300/CBP‐associated factor (PCAF) was a potential negative regulator of the M1 macrophage inflammatory response. During M1 macrophage polarization, the inflammatory response gradually reduced, but PCAF expression increased. Furthermore, the overexpression of PCAF significantly inhibited the expression of the M1 macrophage‐related pro‐inflammatory genes TNF‐α, IL‐6 and CXCL10, while PCAF deficiency enhanced the expression of these genes. Furthermore, we found that PCAF overexpression suppressed the NF‐κB signaling pathway and promoted the expression of the Krüppel‐like factors (KLF) KLF2 and KLF4 through regulating their transcriptional levels. In addition, KLF2 and KLF4 deficiency reversed the PCAF‐induced inhibition of the expression of pro‐inflammatory genes in M1 macrophages. Collectively, the present results demonstrate a potential negative regulatory mechanism of the inflammatory response during M1 macrophage polarization and propose a novel mechanism of inflammation resolution for maintaining homeostasis.
Lifestyle changes and their impact on glycemic control and weight control in patients with diabetes during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in Japan
Authors: Takahara Mitsuyoshi , Watanabe Hirotaka , Shiraiwa Toshihiko , Maeno Yoshifumi , Yamamoto Kaoru , Shiraiwa Yuka , Yoshida Yoko , Nishioka Norio , Katakami Naoto , Shimomura Iichiro 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAims/IntroductionThis study aimed to reveal lifestyle changes and their impact on glycemic control and weight control in patients with diabetes during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic in Japan.Materials and MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed 1,402 outpatients with diabetes at a clinic in Osaka, Japan, who responded to an interview sheet regarding lifestyle changes during the COVID‐19 pandemic between 28 March and 30 May 2020. The association of lifestyle changes with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and weight changes from February to May 2020 was investigated using the linear regression model. We also investigated the association with clinically important change of HbA1c (by ≥0.3%) and bodyweight (by ≥3%), using the cumulative link model.ResultsLeisure time and other outside physical activities were decreased in one‐quarter of patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic, whereas the amount of meals and snacks was decreased and increased in approximately 10%, respectively. The change in leisure time physical activities was inversely associated with HbA1c and weight changes, whereas the quantitative change of meals with the decline in eating out and that of snacks were positively associated with HbA1c and weight changes (all P < 0.05). The quantitative change of meals without the decline in eating out was also positively associated with weight change (P = 0.012). The cumulative link model for clinically important HbA1c and weight change showed broadly similar associations, except for that between snacks and bodyweight (P = 0.15).ConclusionsA considerable number of outpatients with diabetes experienced lifestyle changes during the COVID‐19 pandemic. The lifestyle changes were associated with HbA1c and weight changes.
Taxonomy of the Apicomplexan Symbionts of Coral, including Corallicolida ord. nov., Reassignment of the Genus Gemmocystis, and Description of New Species Corallicolaaquarius gen. nov. sp. nov. and Anthozoaphilagnarlus gen. nov. sp. nov.
Authors: Kwong Waldan K. , Irwin Nicholas A.T. , Mathur Varsha , Na Ina , Okamoto Noriko , Vermeij Mark J.A. , Keeling Patrick J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCorals (Metazoa; Cnidaria; Anthozoa) have recently been shown to play host to a widespread and diverse group of intracellular symbionts of the phylum Apicomplexa. These symbionts, colloquially called “corallicolids”, are mostly known through molecular analyses, and no formal taxonomy has been proposed. Another apicomplexan, Gemmocystis cylindrus (described from the coral Dendrogyra cylindrus), may be related to corallicolids, but lacks molecular data. Here, we isolate and describe motile trophozoite (feeding) corallicolids cells using microscopic (light, SEM, and TEM) and molecular phylogenetic analysis to provide the basis for a formal description. Phylogenetic analyses using nuclear and plastid rRNA operons, and three mitochondrial protein sequences derived from single cell transcriptomes, all confirm that these organisms fall into a discrete deep‐branching clade within the Apicomplexa not closely related to any known species or major subgroup. As a result, we assign this clade to a new order, Corallicolida ord. nov., and family, Corallicolidae fam. nov. We describe a type species, Corallicola aquarius gen. nov. sp. nov. from its Rhodactis sp. host, and also describe a second species, Anthozoaphila gnarlus gen. nov. sp. nov., from the coral host Madracis mirabilis. Finally, we propose reassigning the incertae sedis taxon G. cylindrus from the order Agamococcidiorida to the Corallicolida, based on similarities in morphology and host localization to that of the corallicolids.