bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rising healthcare expenditure on tuberculosis: Can India achieve the End TB goal?
Authors: Yadav Jeetendra , John Denny , Allarakha Shaziya , Menon Geetha R. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the out‐of‐pocket expenditure (OOPE), healthcare burden, catastrophic health expenditure, hardship financing and impoverishment effects of TB treatment in India.MethodsData of three rounds of National Statistic Surveys 60th 2004–05, 71st 2013–14 and 75th 2017–18. Descriptive statistics, bivariate estimates and multivariate models were performed to calculate the OOPE, healthcare burden, catastrophic health expenditure, hardship financing and impoverishment using standard definitions at December 2019 price values.ResultsMore than two‐thirds of the TB cases are seen in the economically productive age group (14–59 years). Illiterate patients had a higher healthcare burden and OOPE. The healthcare burden, hardship financing and catastrophic health expenditure are considerably higher for those utilising private hospitals. Male patients have a higher exposure to hardship financing than female patients. Impoverishment effects are higher among Hindus and illiterate populations due to utilisation of hospitalisation services.ConclusionThe present analysis helps to understand the trends in the financial burden of TB on households over last 15 years, thus providing evidence to policymakers for more effective channelling of resources in order to achieve a TB‐free India by 2025.
Malasseziaotitis unresponsive to primary care: outcome in 59 dogs
Authors: Boone Johann M. , Bond Ross , Loeffler Anette , Ferguson Ewan A. , Hendricks Anke 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundOtitis externa (OE) is a common disorder in dogs. Infection by the commensal yeast,Malassezia pachydermatis, may result in chronic disease that does not respond to standard primary care. Chronic infectious OE may be associated with otitis media (OM).Hypothesis/ObjectiveTo report medical management, clinical outcomes and frequency of middle ear involvement, in dogs withMalasseziaotitis unresponsive to primary care.AnimalsFifty‐nine dogs from one referral veterinary hospital from January 2007 to September 2018.Methods and materialsRetrospective analysis of medical records of dogs referred with chronic otitis and treated forMalasseziaotitis at a referral veterinary hospital.ResultsChronicMalasseziaOE was treated successfully in 91% of ears, in 87% of these cases with one ear flush intervention. Median time‐to‐resolution was 27 days after ear flush intervention. Neither duration of otitis, presence of neutrophils in aural discharge nor administration of oral itraconazole affected clinical outcome.MalasseziaOM occurred concurrently in 17% of ears.Conclusions and clinical relevanceThese findings assist clinicians and carers of affected dogs in decision‐making, by documenting that most cases of canineMalasseziaotitis that have not resolved with standard primary care, can be treated successfully with a well‐staged and intense medical treatment plan.MalasseziaOM should be suspected to occur concurrently in around a fifth of affected ears.
Formulating of small‐scale farmers' perception towards climate change in arid areas: Facilitating social interventions for agricultural sustainability
Authors: Valizadeh Naser , Karimi Vahid , Fooladi Heleileh Batool , Hayati Dariush , Bijani Masoud 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis study has been done with the aim of developing and validating a perceptual scale for small‐scale farmers in arid regions and also redirecting interventions towards sustainability; it was conducted in the two qualitative and quantitative phases. In the scale validation process, principal component analysis was employed to identify the latent dimensions of farmers' perceptions of climate change. The results showed that the scale of farmers' perceptions of climate change has five latent dimensions including “awareness and knowledge,” “ascription of responsibility,” “forgetfulness and optimism about the future,” “perceived risk,” and “human agency.” The results of model validation revealed that all fitness indices are at a suitable level, and this scale might be used by climate change social interventions for sustaining agricultural activities, in water‐scarce areas. Given that forgetfulness and optimism are due to the weakness of farmers' episodic memory, it was recommended that climate change social interventions be focused on improving episodic memory using episodic future thinking.
Effect of Spray-Wall Interaction on Thermoacoustic Instability Prediction by Flame Transfer Function and the Convective Time Delay Method
Authors: Meng Sheng , Zhang Man 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This study numerically investigates the effect of spray-wall interactions on thermoacoustic instability prediction. The large-eddy simulations (LES)-based flame transfer function (FTF) and the convective time delay methods are used by combining the Helmholtz acoustic solver to predict a single spray flame under the so-called slip and film spray-wall conditions. It is found that considering more realistic film liquid and a wall surface interaction model achieves a more accurate phase lag in both of the time lag evaluations compared to the experimental results. Additionally, the results show that a new time delay exists between the liquid film fluctuation and the unsteady heat release, which explains the larger phase value in the film spray-wall condition than in the slip condition. Moreover, the prediction capability of the FTF framework and the convective time delay methodology in the linear regime is also presented. In general, the instability frequency differences predicted using the FTF framework under the film condition are less than 10 Hz compared with the experimental data. However, an underestimation of the numerical gain value leads to requiring a change in the forcing position and an improvement in the numerical models. Due to the ambiguous definition of the gain value in the convective time delay method, this approach leads to arbitrary and uncertain thermoacoustic instability predictions.
The Effect of Windscreens and Walkways on Air-Cooled Condenser Performance and Fan Blade Dynamic Loading
Authors: Marincowitz Fredrik S. , Owen Michael T. F. , Muiyser Jacques 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a relative comparison of the impact of cruciform screens, perimeter screens, and walkways on 3 × 6 cells forced draft air-cooled condenser's (ACC) thermal performance and dynamic fan blade loading under windy conditions. Numerical simulations were carried out for the three mitigation measures at two fan platform heights, four wind speeds, and three wind directions. The results indicate that walkways are a robust solution to ACC wind effects and offer benefits in terms of thermal performance and dynamic blade loading under all wind conditions considered. Cruciform screens offered the most effective mitigation of wind-related thermal performance deterioration under certain wind conditions, but the impact of these screens is sensitive to the wind direction. The dynamic blade loading impact of cruciform screens is variable, and these screens are not recommended for dynamic blade loading mitigation. Perimeter screens offered the most effective mitigation of dynamic blade loading and were particularly effective at high wind speeds but often exacted a penalty in terms of thermal performance at moderate to low wind speeds. The results of this study indicate that a correctly configured wind mitigation system, potentially consisting of more than one individual mechanism, could help improve thermal performance and simultaneously reduce dynamic blade loading under windy conditions resulting in a robust, wind-resistant condenser.
The Combined Impacts of Leg Geometry Configuration and Multi-Staging on the Exergetic Performance of Thermoelectric Modules in a Solar Thermoelectric Generator
Authors: Maduabuchi Chika , Singh Sarveshwar , Ozoegwu Chigbogu , Njoku Howard , Eke Mkpamdi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The performance of thermoelectric generators (TEGs) can be improved either by the adoption of multi-stage or tapered leg configuration. So far, a hybrid device that simultaneously uses both multi-staging and tapered leg geometry to improve its performance has not been conceived. Thus, we present a thermodynamic modeling and optimization of a two-stage thermoelectric generator (TTEG) with tapered leg geometries using ansys 2020 r2 software. The optimized parameters include the leg height, area, concentrated solar radiation, and external load resistance. First, the X-leg TEG only improves the performance of the trapezoidal leg TEG below a leg height of 3 mm. Beyond 3 mm, the performance of both TEGs become very similar. Long thermoelectric legs provide higher efficiencies, while short legs generate maximum power densities. To obtain maximum efficiencies, the initial leg height of the thermoelectric legs, 1.62 mm, is increased by 517.28%, while the initial leg area, 1.96 mm2, is decreased by 64.29%. Also, the proposed TTEG with tapered legs (trapezoidal and X-legs) improves the exergetic efficiency of the base case, single-stage rectangular leg TEG, by 16.7%. Furthermore, the use of tapered leg TEGs, in single and multi-stage arrangements, reduces the exergy conversion index of conventional rectangular leg TEGs by 1.89% and 0.98%, respectively. Finally, the use of tapered legs and multi-stage configurations increases the thermodynamic irreversibilities of conventional rectangular leg TEGs, thus reducing their thermodynamic stability.
The Limited Role of Pit Formed by Microjet in Evolution of Cavitation Erosion in the Incubation Period
Authors: Abouel-Kasem A. , Osman O.O. , Karrab S. A. , Ahmed S.M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractStepwise cavitation erosion is used to study pits formed by microjets. The aim is to determine the role of the pit in the development of cavitation erosion damage, including geometrical features of the pitted area and pit counting. The study also identified the dominant feature in the development of cavitation damage. We used a vibratory cavitation apparatus to perform cavitation erosion damage on a stainless steel, SUS 304, in tap water with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at 5-min intervals from t = 0 min to t = 45 min. We then analyzed and characterized the pits formed by impacting the surface with a microjet. These results showed that individual pits and clusters of pits are characterized by a black spot surrounded by plastic deformation, and both are irregular in shape. This suggests that the microjet is hitting the wear surface in an oblique direction. Over the course of the test time, neither the shape nor the size of the microjet pits and their clusters change; pit diameters approximately 2 μm or less. The area of pits and their clusters does not exceed 1% of the worn surface. All these features demonstrate that the pit and its clusters do not impact the evolution of cavitation damage. Our results also indicated that slip bands were caused by a shock wave. Slip bands are large (&gt;10 μm) and account for about 30% of the wear surface. This confirms that slip bands are predominantly responsible for the development of cavitation; the predominant cavitation mechanism is fatigue due to multiple shock waves.
Study on Static Characteristics of Water-Lubricated Textured Spiral Groove Thrust Bearing Using Laminar Cavitating Flow Lubrication Model
Authors: Jiang Shuyun , Liu Pengfei , Lin Xiaohui 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Water-lubricated hydrodynamic spiral groove bearing is a potential support way for high-speed rotary machine, but the frictional power loss of the bearing will increase with the rotatory speed. Surface texture processing should be an effective technical means to decrease the friction power loss, and other static characteristics of the bearing will be affected by the such textural surface. However, the static characteristics of water-lubricated textured spiral groove thrust bearing have not been thoroughly considered. This article aims to establish the theoretical model for the water-lubricated textured spiral groove thrust bearing under laminar cavitating flow, and field distribution and static characteristics of the bearing are analyzed using the model. A verified test indicates that the theoretical simulation agrees with the experimental value. The result shows that, with consideration of texture effect, the friction torque of the bearing is reduced, there exists an optimal texture parameter for a given film thickness, under which the bearing has the maximum load-carrying capacity, no obvious change rule is found for the volume flowrate; with consideration of the cavitation effect, the load-carrying capacity of the bearing is increased, while the volume flow and the friction torque are slightly affected. The model developed in this study lays a solid foundation for the design of the water-lubricated textured spiral groove bearing.
Role of early management of hyperornithinaemia‐hyperammonaemia‐homocitrullinuria syndrome in pregnancy
Authors: Billingham Matthew James , Rizk Rania 
Published: July 2021

Hyperornithinaemia-hyperammonaemia-homocitrullinuria (HHH) syndrome is a rare inherited metabolic disorder of the urea cycle. Few reports exist to guide practices during pregnancy and fetal delivery. Yet, with affected patients often surviving into reproductive age, appropriate management of the peripartum phase is essential to ensure positive maternal and fetal outcomes.Reassuringly, the vast majority of offspring of parturients with HHH syndrome have normal developmental outcomes; yet as seen here, fetal growth restriction does appear more frequently. Furthermore, in addition to the absent fetal corpus callosum observed in this case, other fetal cerebral abnormalities, including speech delay and intellectual impairment, have been recognised.Unregulated dietary intake is one proposed factor for the observed disruption in fetal growth and early cerebral development. These stipulations not only reinforce the importance of extensive planning and teamwork, but also demonstrate the importance of timely intervention by a metabolic dietician and dietary compliance in the early organogenesis stage of pregnancy.
Chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia attenuates ischemic limb injury by promoting angiogenesis in mice
Authors: Tian Yanming , Zhang Li , Guo Xinqi , Gao Zheng , Zhang Yi , Zhang Liping , Hou Zhiyong 
Published: July 2021

This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (CIHH) against limb ischemic injury. C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups: limb ischemic injury group (Ischemia, induced by ligation and excision of the left femoral artery), limb ischemia following CIHH pretreatment group (CIHH+Ischemia, simulated a 5000 m altitude hypoxia, 6 h per day for 28 days, before induction of hind-limb ischemia), and sham group (Sham). The blood flow in the mouse models of hind-limb ischemia was examined using laser doppler imaging. The functional and morphological performance of ischemic muscle was evaluated using contraction force and hematoxylin–eosin and Masson’s trichrome staining. Angiogenesis was determined by immunohistochemistry staining of the endothelial markers CD31 and CD34. The protein expressions of angiogenesis-related genes were detected using Western blot assay. Chronic ischemia resulted in reduced blood perfusion, decreased contraction tension, and morphological destruction in gastrocnemius muscle. CIHH pretreatment increased the contractile force and muscle fiber diameter and decreased necrosis and fibrosis of the ischemic muscle. Also, CIHH significantly increased the density of CD31+ and CD34+ cells and promoted the expression of angiogenesis-related molecules in ischemic muscle. These data demonstrate that CIHH has a protective effect against chronic limb ischemia by promoting angiogenesis.
Estudio de la relación entre estrategias de aprendizaje y desempeño académico en estudiantes de medicina
Authors: López Mildred , Heredia Escorza Yolanda 
Published: July 2021

Introducción: las estrategias de aprendizaje utilizadas por los estudiantes de medicina han evolucionado con el paso del tiempo, avanzando de modelos más tradicionales hacia la autodirección y autonomía del aprendizaje, propios de un aprendiz de por vida. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la relación entre estas estrategias de aprendizaje y el desempeño académico de estudiantes de medicina. Materiales y métodos: el enfoque y diseño de la investigación es cuantitativo y correlacional. La muestra consistió en 144 estudiantes de una universidad privada del norte de México. Como instrumento se utilizó el cuestionario para la evaluación de las estrategias de aprendizaje de los estudiantes universitarios, y una pregunta donde los estudiantes reportaban su desempeño académico con el promedio acumulado. El análisis de datos considera el uso de estadística descriptiva a fin de explorar el desempeño académico y estrategia, y correlacional para entender la vinculación entre escalas. Como factor de interés para el análisis se integraron también las variables de género, edad, y grado de escolaridad del padre y madre. Resultados: los estudiantes muestran una media y desviación estándar (DE) de 9,22±0,41 en el desempeño académico (escala del 1 al 10). Las estrategias de aprendizaje con medias más altas fueron motivación intrínseca con una media de 4,69±0,56 y valor de la tarea con una media de 4,67±0,54. Las tendencias menos favorables fueron en atribuciones externas con media de 2,55±0,78 y repetición simple con una media de 2,82±1,12. La correlación entre las variables de desempeño académico y las subescalas de estrategias es débil, varían entre -0,01 con la subescala de componentes afectivos y 0,16 con la subescala de estrategias de control del contexto, interacción social y manejo de recursos. Discusión: los resultados del desempeño académico reportados por los estudiantes son congruentes con los altos parámetros de selección del programa de medicina. La falta de relación entre esta variable y las estrategias de aprendizaje contradicen la creencia de que la selección y activación de estas estrategias determina el desempeño. Es importante que al interior de los programas se estudien las estrategias utilizadas por los estudiantes, a fin de facilitar recursos para movilizarlos y potenciar su aprendizaje.
Abstract 1030: CENP-E inhibition generates micronucleus formation activating the cGAS-STING pathway in cancer cells
Authors: Hakozaki Yumi , Kashima Yukie , Morita Tomoko Y. , Tanaka Kosuke , Kobayashi Susumu S. , Ohashi Akihiro 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background: Micronuclear formation has been reported to activate innate immune response in tumor through the cGAS-STING pathway, which monitors cytosolic DNA primarily to detect bacteria or virus infection. We have developed a novel small molecule inhibitor targeting CENP-E, termed Cmpd-A, which intensively generate micronucleus formation in a broad range of cancer cells, causing a potent antiproliferation by aneuploid-mediated cellular stresses. In this study, using Cmpd-A as a tool compound, we aim to determine that micronucleus formation induced by CENP-E inhibitor could activate the cGAS-STING pathway in cancer cells, which may potentially induce an immunological conversion from cold to hot in cancer cells.
Method: We generated micronuclear formation in cancer cells by Cmpd-A treatment. Phosphorylations of TBK1 and IRF3, indexes of the cGAS-STING pathway activation, were determined by immunoblotting. Gene set enrichment analysis of RNA-seq data was performed, comparing DMSO (control) and Cmpd-A treatment. Reporter assays for IRF and NF-kB were also performed.
Results: Immunoblotting revealed that phosphorylations of TBK1 and IRF3 were remarkably upregulated in Cmpd-A-treated cells concordantly with micronuclear formation. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the down-stream genes in the cGAS-STING pathway (innate immune pathways) are elevated: IL6, IP10, CXCL1, IL8, TNF, IFNA families, and IFNB1. The Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) also demonstrated that innate immune-associated pathways were significantly enriched in Cmpd-A-treated cells: cytosolic DNA sensing pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway, and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. Furthermore, the IRF-Lucia and NF-kB-SEAP reporter activity assays revealed that both IRF and NF-kB were significantly activated in Cmpd-A-treated cells in a time-dependent manner.
Conclusions: The CENP-E inhibitor generates micronucleus formation to activate the cGAS-STING pathway in cancer cells. These findings suggest the CENP-E inhibitor could potentially induce the immunological conversion from cold to hot in cancer cells.
Citation Format: Yumi Hakozaki, Yukie Kashima, Tomoko Y. Morita, Kosuke Tanaka, Susumu S. Kobayashi, Akihiro Ohashi. CENP-E inhibition generates micronucleus formation activating the cGAS-STING pathway in cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 1030.
Abstract 106: Assessing the impact of staggered light exposure on breast cancer risk and metabolism
Authors: Palluth Lauren , Harlow Brittany , McCellan Bryan , Jolly Christopher , Bray Molly , deGraffenried Linda 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background: Numerous epidemiological studies, including the Nurses' Health Study II, found that shift workers have a higher risk for breast cancer. These studies hypothesize that suppressed melatonin and disrupted clock gene expression likely lead to an immune compromised, proliferative phenotype. However, the majority of studies to date rely on correlative evidence. With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, shift work has become increasingly prevalent, making the need to understand the mechanisms promoting disease, including breast cancer, even more important.
Objective: The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of staggered light exposure on the immune function and breast tissue gene expression in order to identify how breast cancer risk is mediated.
Methods: An 18-week study with 10 C57BL/6 female mice was conducted whereby half of the mice were exposed to a staggered light/dark (LD) cycle, as would be experienced by shift workers, and half were exposed to a regular LD cycle. Body weight was monitored weekly and sera and mammary tissues were collected at termination. The sera from each group was pooled and cytokine levels assessed using an antibody-pair-based assay.
Results: Intriguingly, although the mice from the two study groups did not significantly differ in average body weight, the staggered LD exposure group had higher levels of inflammatory cytokines indicative of chronic, low-grade inflammation. Notably, the staggered LD group had 75% higher IL-6 levels, 157% higher IL-10 levels, and 49% higher TNF-alpha levels compared to the control group. To determine the impact of staggered light exposure on localized breast tissue gene expression, qPCR arrays of breast cancer risk and inflammatory genes will be done comparing expression levels between the control and staggered LD groups. IHC techniques will be used to determine Ki67 and macrophage subtype infiltration in the breast tissue of the two groups.
Conclusion: Our data show that staggered LD exposure induces chronic, low-grade inflammation independent from body mass, which can be indicative of increased breast cancer risk. These data help elucidate the metabolic and immune responses induced by staggered light exposure, helping to define the mechanisms promoting health risks imposed by shift work, with the ultimate goal to develop preventive measures to limit breast cancer development.
Citation Format: Lauren Palluth, Brittany Harlow, Bryan McCellan, Christopher Jolly, Molly Bray, Linda deGraffenried. Assessing the impact of staggered light exposure on breast cancer risk and metabolism [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 106.