bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solar Dryer with Reheating System for Annatto Fruit Pericarp
Authors: Atienza A H , Cataluña L , Combis A , Cosino V A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Annatto fruit is one of the sources of natural food dye coming from its seeds. Aside from this part, the pericarp of the annatto fruit is a candidate for potential source of fuel. It is necessary for the pericarp to undergo drying prior to biomass energy conversion. The pericarp can be dried at least five days in sun drying to remove the seeds. In line with this, the researchers had designed a solar cabinet dryer introducing a reheating system and gravel used as thermal storage to lessen the drying time of the annatto fruit pericarp. The solar cabinet dryer had a multi layered wire mesh inside the drying cabinet that allows hot air from the collector to circulate and evenly dry the pericarp. Using the solar cabinet dryer, the drying time was lessened to seven hours with a drying rate of 4.37 g/min. The experiment compared three modes of drying consists of no reheating, with partial reheating and full reheating. During the drying process, several parameters such as the temperature, humidity and mass of each tray were measured, recorded and analyzed. It is found out that fully opened reheater has the highest moisture removed with 90.38% system efficiency.
Comparison of Ultrasound Assisted Extraction and Conventional Extraction Technique on Recovery of Phenolic and Flavonoid Compounds from Aloe barbadensis Miller
Authors: Osman WHW , Badri NL , Chong AT , Mohamad M , Sulaiman AZ 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Aloe barbadensis Miller (Aloe vera) is useful for skin care and its bioactive compounds could replace the insecure chemical compounds that used in cosmeceutical application. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of solvents and ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) parameters such as duty cycle and sonication time on the concentration of phenolic and flavonoid compounds from Aloe vera. The extraction efficiencies of the best condition of UAE were compared with that of conventional extraction technique. The Aloe vera gel sample was used in this study. The total phenolic and flavonoid compounds were determined by using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The result shows that extraction solvents significantly affect extraction yield of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, and it was found that ethanol to be the most suitable solvent. The best condition of UAE was duty cycle of 50% and 40 min of sonication time. The sonication time with the UAE was 40 min, which was six-times shorter than with the conventional extraction technique. The highest concentrations of total phenolic and flavonoid compounds using UAE were found to be 11.41±0.04 and 6.76±0.05 mg/mL, respectively. The UAE was found to be more efficient in extraction of phenolic and flavonoid in comparison with conventional extraction technique.
Synthesis and Characterization of Fly Ash-based Geopolymer Membrane for Methylene Blue Dye Removal
Authors: Daud N A Ahmad , Shamsuddin M R , Pradanawati S A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Utilization of fly ash-based geopolymer membranes for the removal of environmentally hazardous materials has become an attractive route due to its cheaper processing cost and prolonged use. This paper reports the preparation of geopolymer composite membranes and the filtration performance of the prepared geopolymer membranes for the removal of methylene blue (MB) contaminant. The geopolymer membrane was prepared by the dissolution of raw material, i.e., fly ash in alkaline activator i.e., sodium hydroxide solution. Various proportions of foaming agents as a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and egg white were added to investigate their impacts on the prepared membrane pore structures and morphology. The morphology, pore structure and functional groups of geopolymeric composite membranes were characterized using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) respectively. The performance of the membranes was evaluated for the removal of MB in aqueous solution using a lab-scale membrane filtration setup. The performance tests revealed a promising result with all the rejection was above R>90% for membranes GE0, GE1, GE2.5 and GE5, meanwhile the best permeation obtained was 15 L/m 2.h when GE5 was used. The results were correlated to BET and FESEM results which showed that the pore structures of GE5 were homogeneous and uniform while having the highest pore size which is 19.60 nm.
Spent Mushroom Substrate Based Fish Feed Affects The Growth of Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
Authors: Zakaria Zarina , Rasib Nur Aziera Abd , Tompang Mohammad Fahrurrazi 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A preliminary study was conducted to identify the effect of Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS), a biomass from mushroom cultivation, towards catfish growth and intake performance when developed into fish feed. The fish experiment on catfish was conducted up to 12 weeks and analyzed on the weight, length size, survival rate and digestibility for the three types of SMS based feed in pellet form and a commercial pellet that applied for ten catfish each. Among the SMS based fish feed, Ganoderma obtained the highest weight of 32.46 g followed by White (30.71 g) and Abalone (17.74 g). For the length size, Ganoderma, White and Abalone SMS based feed had achieved in average 18.05 cm, 17.12 cm and 14.85 cm respectively. Commercial feed still manage to obtain the highest weight and length size as 39.33 g and 20.83 cm respectively. The survival rate was found 30 % higher in SMS based feed compared to commercial feed. The digestibility study of dry matter for Ganoderma, White and Abalone SMS based feed were found 77.34 %, 78.20 %, 77.76 % respectively whereas for commercial pellet was 60.92 % indicates that SMS based feed was consumed and digested better than commercial feed.
Potential of Wild Fungi (Amanita princeps & Tylopilus felleus) in Mycoremediation of Selected Heavy Metals in Soil
Authors: Zahari N Z , Calder A , Tuah P M , Cleophas F N , Adnan F A F , Budin K , Ali S A M , Rahim S A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the potential of wild fungi, namely Amanita princeps and Tylopilus felleus in mycoremediation of selected heavy metals (Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Lead and Zinc) in soil. The wild fungi were collected in two different location which are at Sabah Agricultural Park, Lagud Seberang, Tenom and Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) peak, respectively. The classification of fungi species and its characteristics was done by identifying their morphology and habitat. The uptake and distribution of heavy metals in their parts (root, stem and cap) were determined using ICP-OES instrument. The samples were digested using an acid digestion method; mixture of nitric acid (HNO3), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydrochloric acid (HCL). The result shows that the uptakes of heavy metal by both Amanita princeps and Tylopilus felleus in all plant parts were highest by Zn>Cu>Cr>Pb respectively. Study on phytoremediation mechanism shows that the enrichment factor (EF) for both fungi was recorded below 1 (EF<1) indicating the low ability to absorb and accumulate heavy metals. On the other hand, results on translocation factor (TF) shows that heavy metal Zn was higher with value more than 1(TF>1) on both species while Cu recorded high (TF>1) in Amanita princeps. The results also show that the TF value for most heavy metals are below 1 (TF<1), which suggested as both plants used as phytostabilization mechanism in reduction of bioavailability of heavy metals in soil.
A Novel Innovation Design of Advanced Sublimation Printing Machine
Authors: Masri M N , Hamid A , Mohamed M , Mohamad M , Sobri S A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The fabric manufacture change in the direction of the production of high value-added products, Malaysia has the capability to cultivate manufacturing and home fabrics, functional fabrics, and clothing. This paper aims on the development of innovative product by highlighting its benefits over the current sublimation printing machine. These incorporate by developing adaptable roller paper spindle, exterior refill ink tank and the infrared drying system. The impact of these improvements in technology vital is a rapid and useful process, enhance the output of the company, expertise transmission and distributing, reduce working expense and fewer waste of used fabric. At the same time, community socio economic development might be reached instantaneously.
Superior sewage sludge disposal with minimal greenhouse gas emission via fast pyrolysis in a fluidized bed reactor
Authors: Arazo R , de Luna M D , Capareda S , Ido A , Mabayo V I 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In response to global carbon footprint reduction efforts, the promising waste-to-energy sludge disposal is assessed according to greenhouse gas emissions and biofuel production. Life cycle assessment and GEsTABouses were used in quantifying the CO 2 eq emissions of sludge disposal routes. In energy content assessment, fast pyrolysis experiment was done using a fluidized bed reactor, and the energy contents of derived biofuels were accounted for. The result shows that sewage sludge disposal through fast pyrolysis is the most environmentally sustainable route with the lowest emissions (696.7 kg CO 2 eq) compared to liming and land application (833.3 kg CO 2 eq), composting and land application (756.3 kg CO 2 eq), and incineration with household wastes (2805.3 kg CO 2 eq) per ton of dried sludge. The fast pyrolysis supremacy is illustrated by net negative emission balance (–1070.9 kg CO 2 eq), manifesting its significant contribution to emission mitigation. Fast pyrolysis has a high bio-oil yield (35.68 wt%) with a high heating value of 36.43 MJ/kg. Energy contents per ton of dried sludge are: bio-oil = 13.0 GJ, biogas = 2.73 GJ, biochar = 1.75 GJ. Overall, this study demonstrated fast pyrolysis as a superior sludge disposal route contributing to the environment and energy sustainability.
Eutectic freeze crystallization: application, process design and future potential
Authors: Mazli W N A , Samsuri S , Mohamad Annuar A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This paper aims to analyze the process of eutectic freeze crystallization, as well as its current use and future potential. The fundamental concepts of this process and the equipment required are studied to ascertain its advantages compared to conventional separation methods such as evaporative crystallization and reverse osmosis. Various equipment or combinations of equipment are also evaluated in terms of energy requirement and cost in order to optimize eutectic freeze crystallization based on situational conditions. By looking at current industrial applications of eutectic freeze crystallization, the future of this process and its feasibility in larger scale productions can be determined. Lastly, an in-depth analysis is carried out on the use of eutectic freeze crystallization in Kemira Chemical Plant and DWP Botlek of Evides Industriewater to improve the understanding of this process in a real industrial setting.
Methanolysis of duckweed and azolla: A comparative analysis
Authors: Rohim R , Isa K M , Abdullah T A T , Rashid R A , Aziz M A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This paper compares the bio-oil and chemical compositions produced from methanolysis of duckweed and Azolla. The methanolysis was carried out at 230°C, 250°C and 300°C for 30 minutes using the CJF-0.1L reactor. Oil yield produced from azolla was 34% and this is 3% higher as compared to the bio-oil yield produced by duckweed at 250°C. The Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) analysis showed that alcohol, ketone, amine, ether and ester compositions in the bio-oil produced from duckweed were slightly higher than azolla. However, carboxylic acids, amide and phenol compounds in the bio-oil produced from azolla are different and higher than duckweed. The results suggest that duckweed and azolla are the potential feedstocks from aquatic biomass to be further investigated for bio oil use.
Property model prediction of the boiling point for pure and mixture solvents applied in herbal extraction
Authors: Mohammad Azmin S N H , Mat Nor M S 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Studies on the effect of different solvent used in herbal extraction on the extraction yield have been commonly investigated. However, the impact of solvent property, such as boiling point attracts less attention. Besides, the measurement of the solvent boiling point requires much time and effort. Therefore, this study aims to use property models in predicting the boiling point of single and mixture solvents. Three pure property models were applied for several solvents while two mixture property models were utilised for the selected mixture solvents. The prediction data then were compared with the experimental data obtained from the previously published result. The mean relative error was computed to choose the best property model that can be applied to calculate the boiling point. In this study, the Marrero and Gani’s method was selected to be the best model in predicting boiling point for pure solvent. In contrast, Klein and Wu’s method was chosen as the best model for the boiling point prediction of mixture solvents. The selection of the best property model was made by choosing the lowest mean relative error.
Fabrication and Characterisation of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Co-Hexafluoropropylene Polymer Inclusion Membranes for Reactive Orange 16 Dye Removal
Authors: Ravi S , Shoparwe N F , Abdul-Halim N S , Makhtar M M Z , Shukor H 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
By implementing green technology, polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) were used as an extractant for the removal of Reactive Orange 16 (RO16) dye as it is an easy and effective way. The extraction process is used because it is found to be more economical and effective compared to other dye removal methods. The PIMs consists of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Co-HFP (PVDF-Co-HFP) as a base polymer, Aliquat 336 as a carrier; dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The formulation of the components was varied to determine the optimum composition of PIMs with the effective extraction ability. The PIMs was characterised by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ion exchange capacity (IEC), water uptake, contact angle and Universal Testing Machine (UTM) methods to determine the physical, mechanical and chemical properties of the PIMs. Various parameters such as effect of carrier, initial dye concentration and pH were investigated. The optimum extraction of RO16 dye at 99.62% were obtained at PIMs were 9 % of carrier,10 mg/L initial dye concentration, pH 2 and agitation speed of 500 rpm at room temperature for 4 hrs. This proven that the fabricated PIMs has potential in removing dye.
Methylene blue dye removal using Parkia speciosa pod based activated carbon
Authors: Aziz A , Hassan H , Yahaya N K EM , Karim J , Ahmad M A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Critical environmental issues have emerged from wastewater of industrial textile effluent discharge which consists of refractory dyes. Effective methods such as activated carbon (AC) adsorption is extremely demanded for solving this environmental pollution. In this study, low-cost AC was developed from Parkia speciosa pods (PSP) using microwave-assisted activation technique for the methylene blue (MB) dye adsorption. Optimization on activating conditions in terms of MB removal and AC yield was performed using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum microwave irradiation power (MIP) of 416.50 W was found to have significant effect on MB removal at 2 minutes activation. The Parkia speciosa pods activated carbon (PSPAC) possessed intermediate surface area and total pore volume of 51.3 m 2/g and 0.0681 cm 3/g, respectively. PSPAC surface morphology was microscopically observed with highly porous structure indicating characteristics of good AC. Batch adsorption studies with various initial concentrations discovered that MB adsorption increased with increasing initial concentrations and contact time. The experimental data was in close fit using Langmuir isotherm and followed pseudo-first-order kinetic models. The MB dye adsorption process was governed by simultaneous surface adsorption and intraparticle diffusion. The results of studies proved that PSPAC is a potential adsorbent for dye-contaminated wastewater.
Carbonized chilli stalk adsorbent to remove methylene blue dye from aqueous solution: Equilibrium and kinetics studies
Authors: Aziz A , Hassan H , Yahaya N K E M , Karim J , Ahmad M A , Karim K A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The fast growth of textile industry has led to afflictive water pollution problems. The discharge of dyes into the environment poses health threats to the ecosystem due to their carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. Adsorption process is among the most utilized approach in treating textile wastewater. Chilli stalk which is abundantly available as agrowaste was transformed into adsorbent through carbonization process at various temperatures for the adsorption of methylene blue (MB). Dye batch adsorption studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of initial dye concentration (25 – 300 mg/L), contact time (0 – 24 hours) and carbonization temperature (350 - 400 °C). The surface characteristics, proximate and elemental analyses, surface morphology and chemistry were studied on both chilli stalk (CS) and carbonized chilli stalk adsorbent (CCSA). The maximum MB dye removal was 97.04% at 400 °C of carbonization temperature. The data fitted Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model for adsorption equilibrium and kinetic studies, respectively.
Growth of thermotolerant Pichia kudriavzevii UniMAP 3-1 strain for ethanol production using xylose and glucose at different fermentation temperatures
Authors: Rahman K H A , Ismail K S K , Najimudin N 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The applications of thermotolerant microorganisms in the production of lignocellulosic bioethanol is the key factor for successful simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process. Thus, this study aimed to isolate a thermotolerant yeast strain that was able to convert both glucose and xylose into ethanol. An analysis based on D1/D2 region of the large-subunit ribosomal DNA identified the isolated strain namely as Pichia kudriavzevii UniMAP 3-1. The growth of this newly isolated yeast was tested with fermentation temperature at 30°C and 40°C on xylose and glucose. P. kudriavzevii UniMAP 3-1 was able to ferment xylose to ethanol at both 30°C and 40°C with a yield of 0.013 g/g and 0.019 g/g with concomitant xylitol yield of 0.24 g/g and 0.25 g/g, respectively. Fermentation of glucose to ethanol was also tested at 30°C and 40°C and the yields were 0.42 g/g and 0.41 g/g, respectively. The potential of this thermotolerant yeast to be used in high-temperature fermentation in both glucose and xylose are proven in this study.
Treatment of Synthetic Turbid Water by using Natural Tamarind Seeds
Authors: Zainol N A , Othman I S , Zailani S N , Ghani A A , Abdullah S 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This study is done to find the alternatives to solve the water pollution problem. The common ways to treat polluted water is by using alum. However, the usage of alum as conventional coagulant had caused the formation of sludge that can pollute the water and also cause illness. Tamarind seed was chosen as the alternative because it is naturals, non-toxic, and 100% biodegradable sources. In this study, the research was done in two parts, there are tamarind seed extraction by using different extraction solutions and the jar test. The extraction solution that was used were sodium chloride, potassium chloride and distilled water. In jar test, synthetic turbid water with turbidity range from 200 to 220 NTU was used to determine the effectiveness of tamarind seed as natural coagulant. Form the results obtained, sodium chloride extract achieved the highest percentage or turbidity removal with the percentage 91.32% with the dosage 25mg/L at pH 6, while the distilled water extract obtained the lowest percentage of turbidity removal with the percentage 56.60 % with the dosage 30mg/L at pH 3. As a conclusion, tamarind seed can be used as a natural coagulant in the treatment of polluted water.
Carbonization of sludge biomass of water treatment plant using continuous screw type conveyer pyrolyzer for methylene blue removal
Authors: Ahmad M A , Yusop M F M , Awang S , Yahaya N K E.M. , Rasyid M A , Hassan H 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The wide and fast growth of the textile industry has become one of the contributors to the water pollution. In this study, carbonized sludge (CS) was produced as an adsorbent for removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solution. Sludge biomass from water treatment plant as precursor was carbonized using continuous screw type conveyer pyrolyzer at different conveyer frequency of 5 Hz and 10 Hz. Batch adsorption studies were carried out by varying MB initial concentrations (25 - 300 mg/L) and contact time (0 - 24 hours). The CS5Hz sample shows the highest surface area and total pore volume of 88.73 m 2/g and 0.1417 cm 3/g, respectively. This sample exhibits average pore diameter of 3.84 nm, monolayer adsorption capacity of 45.68 mg/g and well develop of pores structure. Freundlich and pseudo second order models were revealed to fit the isotherm and kinetic data, respectively with film diffusion play a major role as rate limiting step.
Sliding mode control of wastewater treatment process with activated sludge under extreme weather events
Authors: Zlateva P 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The present climate change engender an increase of extreme weather events such as intensive rainfall, flash floods, droughts, prolonged periods of deviations from established average daily temperatures. These extreme weather events negative impact on sustainability of wastewater treatment process with activated sludge. The paper aim is to propose a sliding mode control of wastewater treatment process with activated sludge under extreme weather events is proposed. The principles of the binary control theory are used. The control design is carried out with direct use of the nonlinear model, described by three ordinary differential equations with uncertain parameters. The parameters are varied in the known intervals. These uncertainties are predetermined by the nature and intensity of the extreme weather events. The model of the sliding mode control is developed with respect to an auxiliary input variable in order to obtain the smooth signal of the dilution rate, which is need in the biodegradation processes. The good robustness of closed loop system with the designed sliding mode control in regard to various disturbances is proved through simulation investigations in MATLAB using Simulink.
Big data aggregation in disasters risk management systems
Authors: Kovalenko Oleksiy , Velev Dimiter 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In the article the approach to aggregation of Big Data in the disasters risk management systems with using knowledge models is discussed. The basic concept is classifying and structuring the information received and stored in disasters management system using specific attributes of information, represented in the model of knowledge of disasters. We study the hierarchy of disasters risk management system and specificity of storing knowledge of disaster based on ontologies. Situation awareness is one of important elements in the complex problem of situation management. Disasters awareness is a phase of situational, or emergency, or crisis management in the case of disasters management.