bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiologic Imaging of Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders as They Affect the Hand and Wrist
Authors: Scullion Stephen , Grainger Andrew J. , Greenspan Adam 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMetabolic and endocrine disorders have systemic effects on the musculoskeletal system, frequently producing characteristic changes in the hand and wrist. Radiographs historically played an instrumental role in the diagnostic pathway of many of these disorders, but the myriad of endocrinologic tests readily available to current clinicians may suggest their importance has lessened. We disagree. Recognition of these often subtle features can avoid the expense and psychological impact of an inappropriate diagnostic work-up, as well as expediting the diagnosis of potentially unsuspected disease. The metabolic and endocrine disorders discussed here are based on the distinctive changes produced around the hand and wrist.
Updates in Magnetic Resonance Venous Imaging
Authors: Lombardi Pamela , Carr James C. , Allen Bradley D. , Edelman Robert R. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFor years, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) has been a leading imaging modality in the assessment of venous disease involving the pelvis and lower extremities. Current advancement in noncontrast MRA techniques enables imaging of a larger subset of patients previously excluded due to allergy or renal insufficiency, allowing for preintervention assessment and planning. In this article, the current status of MR venography, with a focus on current advancements, will be presented. Protocols and parameters for MR venographic imaging of the pelvis and lower extremities, including contrast and noncontrast enhanced techniques, will be reviewed based on a recent literature review of applied MR venographic techniques. Finally, several disease-specific entities, including pelvic congestion and compression syndromes, will be discussed with a focus on imaging parameters that may best characterize these disease processes and optimize anatomical planning prior to intervention.
Neonates Born to COVID-19 Mother and Risk in Management within 4 Weeks of Life: A Single-Center Experience, Systematic Review, and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Falsaperla Raffaele , Giacchi Valentina , Lombardo Giulia , Mauceri Laura , Lena Germana , Saporito Marco Andrea Nicola , Vitaliti Giovanna , Palumbo Marco Antonio , Ruggieri Martino 
Published: June 2021

Objective The new coronavirus infection from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been recognized as a global public health emergency, and neonates may be more vulnerable due to their immature immune system. The first aim of this study was to report our experience on the management of neonates from mothers with SARS-CoV-2 infection focusing on a 28-day follow-up since birth. The second aim is to assess how many data on neonatal outcomes of the first month of life are reported in literature, performing a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Study design We report our experience based on routine management of neonates born to mothers with SARS-CoV-2 infection and follow-up until 28 days of life.
Results In our experience at discharge, 1/48 (2.08%) of entrusted (mother refusing personal protective equipment) and none of separated presented positive nasopharyngeal swab (p = NS). All babies show good outcome at 28 days of life. The literature data show that the percentage of positive separated infants is significantly higher than the percentage of infants entrusted to positive mothers with appropriate control measures (13.63 vs. 2.4%; p = 0.0017). Meta-analysis of studies focused on follow-up showed a 2.94% higher risk of incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in entrusted newborns than in separated newborns (95% confidence interval: 0.39–22.25), but this was not significant (p = 0.30).
Conclusion A vertical transmission in utero cannot be totally excluded. Since in newborns, the disease is often ambiguous with mild or absent symptoms, it is important to define the most efficient joint management for infants born to COVID-19 positive mothers, being aware that the risk of horizontal transmission from a positive mother, when protective measures are applied, does not seem to increase the risk of infection or to affect the development of newborns from birth to first four weeks of life, and encourages the benefits of breastfeeding and skin-to-skin practice.
Key Points
Operative Anatomy of the Skull Base: 3D Exploration with a Highly Detailed Interactive Atlas
Authors: Kockro Ralf A. , Schwandt Eike , Ringel Florian , Eisenring Christian Valentin , Nowinski Wieslaw Lucjan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Objective We evaluated the usefulness of a three-dimensional (3D) interactive atlas to illustrate and teach surgical skull base anatomy in a clinical setting.
Study Design A highly detailed atlas of the adult human skull base was created from multiple high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans of a healthy Caucasian male. It includes the parcellated and labeled bony skull base, intra- and extracranial vasculature, cranial nerves, cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. We are reporting retrospectively on our experiences with employing the atlas for the simulation and teaching of neurosurgical approaches and concepts in a clinical setting.
Setting The study was conducted at the University Hospital Mainz, Germany, and Hirslanden Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland.
Participants Medical students and neurosurgical residents participated in this study.
Results Handling the layered graphical user interface of the atlas requires some training; however, navigating the detailed 3D content from intraoperative perspectives led to quick comprehension of anatomical relationships that are otherwise difficult to perceive. Students and residents appreciated the collaborative learning effect when working with the atlas on large projected screens and markedly improved their anatomical knowledge after interacting with the software.
Conclusion The skull base atlas provides an effective way to study essential surgical anatomy and to teach operative strategies in this complex region. Interactive 3D computer graphical environments are highly suitable for conveying complex anatomy and to train and review surgical concepts. They remain underutilized in clinical practice.
Associations of the Neighborhood Built Environment with Gestational Weight Gain
Authors: Grobman William A. , Crenshaw Emma G. , Marsh Derek J. , McNeil Rebecca B. , Pemberton Victoria L. , Haas David M. , Debbink Michelle , Mercer Brian M. , Parry Samuel , Reddy Uma , Saade George , Simhan Hyagriv , Mukhtar Farhana , Wing Deborah A. , Kershaw Kiarri N. ,   for the NICHD nuMoM2b NHLBI nuMoM2b Heart Health Study Networks
Published: June 2021

Objective This study aimed to determine whether specific factors of the built environment related to physical activity and diet are associated with inadequate and excessive gestational weight gain (GWG).
Study Design This analysis is based on data from the Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study: Monitoring Mothers-To-Be, a prospective cohort of nulliparous women who were followed from the beginning of their pregnancies through delivery. At each study visit, home addresses were recorded and geocoded. Locations were linked to several built-environment characteristics such as the census tract National Walkability Score (the 2010 Walkability Index) and the number of gyms, parks, and grocery stores within a 3-km radius of residential address. The primary outcome of GWG (calculated as the difference between prepregnancy weight and weight at delivery) was categorized as inadequate, appropriate, or excessive based on weight gained per week of gestation. Multinomial regression (generalized logit) models evaluated the relationship between each factor in the built environment and excessive or inadequate GWG.
Results Of the 8,182 women in the analytic sample, 5,819 (71.1%) had excessive GWG, 1,426 (17.4%) had appropriate GWG, and 937 (11.5%) had inadequate GWG. For the majority of variables examined, built environments more conducive to physical activity and healthful food availability were associated with a lower odds of excessive or inadequate GWG category. For example, a higher number of gyms or parks within 3 km of a participant's residential address was associated with lower odds of having excessive (gyms: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.93 [0.89–0.96], parks: 0.94 [0.90–0.98]) or inadequate GWG (gyms: 0.91 [0.86–0.96]; parks: 0.91 [0.86–0.97]). Similarly, a higher number of grocery stores was associated with lower odds of having excessive GWG (0.94 [0.91–0.97]).
Conclusion Among a diverse population of nulliparous women, multiple aspects of the built environment are associated with excessive and inadequate GWG.
Key Points
A practical Tamm plasmon sensor based on porous Si
Authors: Juneau-Fecteau Alexandre , Savin Rémy , Boucherif Abderraouf , Fréchette Luc G. 
Published: June 2021

We report the fabrication and characterization of a new type of porous Si sensor using the Tamm plasmon resonance. The sensor consists of a photonic crystal created by periodic electrochemical anodization of crystalline Si, followed by partial thermal oxidation. The photonic crystal is transferred to a Au-coated glass substrate to allow optical measurements of surface modes at the metal/porous Si interface. This configuration greatly simplifies sensing since an analyte can be introduced in the pores from the opposite side of the metal layer without disrupting the optical path. The fabricated device exhibits a Tamm plasmon resonance within the photonic bandgap at a wavelength of 794 nm with a quality factor of 25. We observe a wavelength shift of the resonance when the nanosized pores are infiltrated with different concentrations of a toluene/ethanol solution. The measured sensitivity reaches 139 nm/RIU, in agreement with scattering matrix simulations and more than twice larger than those previously reported for Tamm plasmons. The quality factor and sensitivity yield a sensor figure of merit of 4. We also show that the electric field within the Tamm device is confined within a mode volume twice smaller than within a Fabry–Pérot resonator of comparable size according to calculations.
Developmental influence on evolutionary rates and the origin of placental mammal tooth complexity
Authors: Couzens Aidan M. C. , Sears Karen E. , Rücklin Martin 
Published: June 2021

SignificanceInteractions during development among genes, cells, and tissues can favor the more frequent generation of some trait variants compared with others. This developmental bias has often been considered to constrain adaptation, but its exact influence on evolution is poorly understood. Using computer simulations of development, we provide evidence that molecules promoting the formation of mammalian tooth cusps could help accelerate tooth complexity evolution. Only relatively small developmental changes were needed to derive the more complex, rectangular upper molar typical of early placental mammals from the simpler triangular ancestral pattern. Development may therefore have enabled the relatively fast divergence of the early placental molar dentition.
A catalog of tens of thousands of viruses from human metagenomes reveals hidden associations with chronic diseases
Authors: Tisza Michael J. , Buck Christopher B. 
Published: June 2021

Significance
Mechanisms of many human chronic diseases involve abnormal action of the immune system and/or altered metabolism. The microbiome, an important regulator of metabolic and immune-related phenotypes, has been shown to be associated with or participate in the development of a variety of chronic diseases. Viruses of bacteria (i.e., “phages”) are ubiquitous and mysterious, and several studies have shown that phages exert great control over the behavior—and misbehavior—of their host bacteria. This study uses techniques to discover and analyze over 45,000 viruses associated with human bodies. The abundance of over 2,000 specific phages is found to correlate with a variety of common chronic diseases.
Comparing the effectiveness of learning formats in radiation protection
Authors: van Puyvelde L , Clarijs T , Belmans N , Coeck M 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
At the Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN) more than 850 employees advance the peaceful applications of ionising radiation through research, services and education and training. Several initiatives are taken to guarantee a safe working environment, one of them being a compulsory introductory safety training for all new employees, followed by refresher courses. With the objective to increase the flexibility for the participants and to optimise the teaching time of lecturers, the training format is adapted from face-to-face training to blended learning in which a significant amount of online learning is introduced. To appraise the perception and effectiveness of the original face-to-face training and the newly developed e-learning modules, and to compare both, information is gathered on two levels. Firstly, to monitor the perception of the participants regarding the face-to-face and e-learning formats an online questionnaire was launched. Secondly to evaluate the knowledge gain (difference between pre- and post-test results), the participants were requested to answer the same set of technical/scientific questions before and after the training. Results of the perception study show that the e-learning format was well received by the learners. For both learning formats an overall knowledge gain was noticed. The highest knowledge gain was noticed for the e-learning format. The results on perception and effectivity of the e-learning format confirm the further use of this format.
Earthen slope stability using dimensional analysis
Authors: Alrammahi Faris S , Abbas Sarmad A , Khassaf Saleh I , Madhloom Huda M , Aljaradin Mohammad 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Slope stability is an important aspect in the management of civil engineering projects. The stability of earth slopes is a significant concern for safety and the economy. There are several methods for finding the safety factor. Spencer’s method is considered one of the most accurate methods for calculating the factor of safety but it depends on the others on dividing the slope geometry into the number of slices with complicated calculations. This paper introduced a new theoretical equation (using dimensional analysis) capable of defining and testing the slope stability of the natural and man-made slope of the earth without complicated calculations. The major and significant variables which affect and contribute to the stability of a slope will be listed and discussed. The Geo-SLOPE and SEEP software were used to present the stability analyses of the earth dam and compare the result. The derived equation shows the excellent relationship between the factor of safety concerning the ratio of internal friction angle over slope angle ∅/α and the hydraulic gradient. The main objective is to set a new rapid method for checking the stability of slopes instead of a complex calculation that can describe the slope stability of the natural earth slope.
Estimation the components of deflection of the vertical for a point in Baghdad City - Iraq
Authors: Mohammed Israa H. , Ataiwe Tariq N. , Sharaa Hisham Al 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In the age of the satellite geodesy, the GNSS is widely used in development of geodetic networks and that give much application, for that reason the study is to estimate deflection of the vertical of a point in Baghdad City in Iraq, the estimated depends on the orthometric height, which computed through the levelling and the ellipsoidal height, which computed from the GPS observations. Due to the lack of survey data and the difficulty of taking terrestrial measurements as a result of the security situation the authors used only 5 points for the national network in Baghdad. The deflection of the vertical component component ξ in the north-south direction calculated as ξ=2.5”±0.001” and the prime vertical component η in the east-west direction calculated as η=5.23” ±1.5”. The results were obtained showing that it can calculate the deflection of the vertical at sufficient accuracy.
Important methods measurements to exam the accuracy and reliability of reflector-less total station measurements
Authors: Mohammed Shireen Ibrahim 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Inaccessible points are difficult to measure because the prism cannot be position in these points, so reflector-less total station has solved this problem and these points can be measured easily. But the vital question is, if these measurements are accurate and reliable. This research has carried out to identify the vital methods measurements that have to be done to identify the reliability and the exact accuracy of the reflector-less measurements. Results are not general for all total station types because each instrument has its own specifications, and the continues use of the instrument (old used instruments) could affect the accuracy of measurements. In the third world countries or in specific in our cities, old version surveying instruments are still used in most projects. In some projects specially in high accuracy projects (such as bridges monitoring by using total station), it is important to know the exact distance that errors are going to be introduced by using reflector less total station (the distance between the target and the instrument). By identifying the limitations, the errors can be avoided, and the required accuracy can be obtained. In this research many observations in different locations are carried out in two situations, the first one by using prism and the second one by using reflector-less mode to compare between them. This study has identified many aspects include: the effects of beam divergence and the incidence angle on the accuracy and reliability of the measurements. In addition, the limitation of the reflector-less technology when the high accuracy is required. Furthermore, it has suggested the solution to this problem. In this research methods measurements to exam the reliability and the exact accuracy of the reflector-less measurements have been identified for total station Topcon ES-103, and these methods could be used to any type of total station before start in any high accuracy project. When the reflector-less measurements limitations are identified, the errors could be avoided.
Synthesis and characterization of a novel polyaniline@ montmorillonite-copper (II) sulfate nanocomposite
Authors: Haasan Eman H , Yousif Qahtan A 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Polyaniline (PANI) and its nanocomposites (PANI\MMT and PANI\MMT-Cu) were prepared with montmorillonite nanoparticles well as the preparation of nanocomposite polyaniline with adjusted copper sulfate montmorillonite clay. As X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction technology were used to calculate nanocomposite type and crystal sizes of PANI, PANI\MMT, PANI\MMT-Cu, respectively, samples were measured. The FTIR charts revealed new absorption peaks for nanocomposites that varied from polyaniline absorption values, and this is proof of nanocomposite preparation. UV calculations were often used to calculate the overall wavelength, red, and blue shifts. To inspect the morphology of polyaniline and its nanocomposites, FESEM was also carried out.
The effect of sustainable materials on fatigue cracking of thing overlay asphalt mixture
Authors: Almaali Yassir Abo , Al-Busaltan Shakir , Kadhim Mustafa Amoori 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The life of the pavement affected by several factors that play a main role in the performance of asphalt pavement, one of these factors the failure modes, can be represented the important factors that reduced the service life of flexible pavements. Fatigue cracking failure of all the types of failures modes, it is still considered the most common failure mode in recent years. Improvement the performance of pavement by good field works or by enhancing the properties of HMA mixtures represents the essential target by engineers to reduce the maintenance cost and to mitigate potential safety problems. Therefore, this study aims to assess the effect of polymer modified asphalt (PMA); waste material namely crumb rubber with low density polyethylene (LDPE) were used as a combined admixture or as single additive as a sustainable material to enhance the fatigue properties of thin overlay asphalt mixture. 15% of 250-micron crumb rubber was added, while 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 % LDPE were added to produce PMA. The flexural beam fatigue test was performed at temperature of (20 °C) to describe the fatigue life of modified thin overlay asphalt mixtures. Results exhibit the vital role of crumb rubber in increase the fatigue life of the mix as compared to conventional mixtures, while LDPE showed a significant role in increase fatigue life of thin overlay asphalt mixture. Fatigue life increase when the 15% of Crum Rubber Modifiers added to the binder. Also fatigue life increase when low density polyethylene (LDPE) added for a high percentage; from the analysis of the result that asphalt mixtures contain (7.5% and 10%) low density polyethylene (LDPE) in addition of 15% of Crumb Rubber Modifier (CRM) achieved the best fatigue life because of the effect of modifiers properties such as flexibility, elasticity, as well as laboratory conditions. Thus, this emphasis the ability of waste material to enhance the asphalt mixture and upgrade such mixture in a sustainable approach.
Eliciting a mathematical model from the traffic safety index to estimate the number of road traffic accidents
Authors: Neham Sahar S. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Traffic accidents have become one of the most important problems experienced by countries, leading to the death or injury of many people and the waste of money, which is supposed to be spent on developmental and economic projects that benefit the entire society. In Iraq with the absence of suitable recording system of (Iraqi Roads Traffic Accident Data) and the lack in the measure of highway safety. Thus, lead to error in the analysis of traffic accidents. The aim of this study is to estimate Road Safety Index value and developing a model related it with Road Traffic Accident. To reach the research aim, parameters of Roadway, traffic, Roadside, Pavement and Miscellaneous, characteristics of ten cities in central and southern Iraq (Baghdad, Babylon, Karbala, Najaf, Qadissiya, Muthanna, Dhi Qar, Wasit, Maysan and Basra) were studied. The results show that the extra increase of Road Traffic Accident can be represented by negative exponential trend in relation with Road Safety Index, at 0.05 level of significance 87.6% of variation in Road Safety Index can be accounted for by exponential relationship with Road Traffic Accident.
Removal of Phosphate from Aqueous Solution by using Natural Coagulant: Optimization Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
Authors: Faraj N K , Abudi Z N 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This study aims to remove phosphate from synthetic solution using the coagulation-flocculation process by the natural coagulants (Rice Husk (RH), Moringa Oliveira Seed pods (MOSP)) and optimize coagulant conditions using response surface methodology (RSM). The effects of operating conditions like initial concentration (40-80ppm), coagulant dosing (2-3 g/L), and pH of (2-6) were implemented. The coagulation-flocculation was improved utilizing Box–Behnken Design (BBD) under RSM. Quadratic model produced by BBD, with a value of R2 equal to 0.9894 and 0.9808 for RH and MOSC, respectively. The results of RSM show that the optimum operating conditions for the RH coagulant were an initial phosphate concentration of 60ppm, dosing 2g/l, and an initial pH of 4. Which are the same conditions for another coagulant (MOSP) with a difference of dosing 2.5g/l. The main results showed that the coagulants used in this work have a high ability to treat phosphates efficiently instead of using chemicals at a natural pH. The current study shows that it is possible to use RH and MOSP as new natural coagulants that are cost-effective in treating industrial wastewater.