bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gene therapy for a murine model of eosinophilic esophagitis
Authors: Camilleri Anna E. , Nag Saparja , Russo Anthony R. , Stiles Katie M. , Crystal Ronald G. , Pagovich Odelya E. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundEosinophils are specialized granulocytic effector cells that store and release highly active mediators used in immune defense. Eosinophils are also implicated in the pathogenesis of allergic disorders, including eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), a chronic disorder characterized by infiltration of eosinophils into the esophagus and release of mediators that damage tissue, resulting in gastrointestinal morbidity, food impaction, and dysphagia. Treatment with elimination diets and/or topical corticosteroid therapy slow disease progression, but are complicated by adverse effects, limited compliance, and loss of response to therapy. We hypothesized that a single administration of an adeno‐associated virus (AAV) coding for an anti‐eosinophil monoclonal antibody that induces eosinophil clearance (anti‐Siglec‐F) would treat on a persistent basis a murine model of EoE.MethodsA mouse model of peanut‐induced EoE that mimics the human disease was established by sensitization and challenge with peanut extract. After challenge, these mice exhibited an EoE phenotype demonstrated by elevated levels of blood eosinophils, infiltration of eosinophils in the esophagus with associated esophageal remodeling and food impaction.ResultsThe mice were treated with a single intravenous administration (1011 genome copies) of AAVrh.10mAnti‐Eos, a serotype rh.10 AAV vector coding for an anti‐Siglec‐F monoclonal antibody. Vector administration resulted in persistent, high levels of anti‐Siglec‐F antibody expression. Administration of AAVrh.10mAnti‐Eos to the mouse model of EoE reduced blood (P < 0.02) and esophageal eosinophil numbers (P < 0.002) protected from esophageal tissue remodeling and minimized food impaction.ConclusionThese results suggest that a single treatment with AAVrh.10mAnti‐Eos has the potential to provide persistent therapeutic benefit to patients with EoE.
Generation Pep Study: A population‐based survey on diet and physical activity in 12,000 Swedish children and adolescents
Authors: Rosell Magdalena , Carlander Anders , Cassel Sophie , Henriksson Pontus , J‐son Höök Malin , Löf Marie 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimThis study presents dietary intake and physical activity in a large nationally representative sample of children and adolescents in Sweden. It also reports the study protocol for the Generation Pep Study that will be used for yearly repeated measurements.MethodsA random sample of children and adolescents aged 4–17 years living in Sweden was invited to fill in a Web‐based questionnaire on dietary intake and physical activity. For participants aged <12 years, the parents were asked to fill in the questionnaire together with their child. Information on socio‐economic background was collected from the parents.ResultsA total number of 12,441 children and adolescents participated in the study (participation rate 43%). The results indicate that 13‐ to 17‐year‐olds have notably less healthy dietary intake and lower physical activity compared with younger age groups. In general, the dietary intake was most healthy among 4‐ to 6‐year‐olds. A socio‐economic gradient was seen for many of the studied variables.ConclusionParticipants of a high socio‐economic status and younger age generally had healthier dietary intake and higher physical activity. The study provides novel national data as it includes a wide age of children and adolescents (4–17 years).
A retrospective descriptive analysis of race‐day injuries of greyhounds in New Zealand
Authors: Palmer AL , Rogers CW , Stafford KJ , Gal A , Bolwell CF 
Published: March 2021

ObjectivesTo describe the distribution, and determine the incidence, of veterinary reported injuries experienced by greyhounds during racing in New Zealand.Materials and methodsThis retrospective cohort study utilised data obtained on all greyhound race starts and all racing injuries sustained in New Zealand between 10 September 2014 and 19 June 2019. Greyhound injuries were described by the number and percentage of the type, location, and presumed cause of injuries. The overall incidence of injuries per 1000 racing starts was calculated and stratified incidence rates were calculated for race year, racetrack, race number, sex of the greyhound, country of origin of the greyhound, starting box number, race type, race class and race distance. Poisson regression was used to calculate incidence rate ratios for the outcome of injury and race exposure variables.ResultsThere were 213,630 race starts and 4100 injuries. The incidence of injury was 19.2 per 1000 starts, while the number of fatalities at the track was 1.3 per 1000 race starts. Most injuries experienced by greyhounds on race‐day were minor (soft‐tissue). Most injuries affected the limbs of the greyhounds (82.8%, n = 3393/4100). The rate of injuries was higher in Australian dogs compared with New Zealand dogs, the incidence rate of injury increased with advancing age group and the incidence rate varied among racetracks.ConclusionThe injury rates were similar to those previously reported for racing greyhounds in New Zealand. This study highlighted the need for greater uniformity and conciseness around the classification of injuries to permit comparisons across jurisdictions.
From scientific exploitation to individual memorialization: Evolving attitudes towards research on Nazi victims’ bodies
Authors: Czech Herwig , Weindling Paul , Druml Christiane 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDuring the Third Reich, state‐sponsored violence was linked to scientific research on many levels. Prisoners were used as involuntary subjects for medical experiments, and body parts from victims were used in anatomy and neuropathology on a massive scale. In many cases, such specimens remained in scientific collections and were used until long after the war. International bioethics, for a long time, had little to say on the issue. Since the late 1980s, with a renewed interest in the Holocaust and other Nazi crimes, a consensus has increasingly taken hold that research on human tissues and body parts from the Nazi era is inadmissible, and that such specimens should be removed from scientific collections and buried. The question of what to do with scientific data obtained from these sources has not received adequate attention, however, and remains unsolved. This paper traces the history of debates about the ethical implications of using human tissue or body parts from the Nazi period for scientific purposes, primarily in the fields of anatomy and neuropathology. It also examines how this issue, from after the war until today, influenced the establishment of legal and bioethical norms on the use of human remains from morally tainted sources, with a particular emphasis on Germany and Austria. It is argued that the use of such specimens and of data derived from them is unethical not only because of potential harms to posthumous rights of the victims, but also because such use constitutes a moral harm to society at large.
The Value of Multiple‐Generation Cohorts for Studying Parenting and Child Development
Authors: Kretschmer Tina 
Published: March 2021

AbstractParticipants in longitudinal studies that followed children into adulthood now have children of their own, which has enabled researchers to establish multiple‐generation cohorts. In this article, I illustrate the benefits of multiple‐generation cohort studies for developmental researchers, including: (a) the impact of child and adolescent characteristics (i.e., preconception factors) on parenthood can be studied from a developmental perspective and without having to rely on retrospective reports, (b) intergenerational continuity and transmission can be examined for psychological, behavioral, and social development, and by comparing parent and offspring generations for the same developmental period, and (c) the interplay of genetic and environmental influences on parenting and child development can be disentangled. Even though multiple‐generation studies pose unique logistical and methodological challenges, such cohorts are indispensable for rigorous research into parenting and the origins of child development.
Studying Peers in Research on Social Withdrawal: Why Broader Assessments of Peers are Needed
Authors: Bowker Julie C. , White Hope I. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIt has long been assumed that children and adolescents want to be with their peers and therefore make active efforts to engage with them. However, a sizable minority of youth avoid peers for internal reasons (e.g., anxiety, preferences for solitude) or because they are socially withdrawn. Although by definition, withdrawn youth tend to stay away from peers, they do interact and form relationships with peers. Yet most research assesses peers narrowly, focusing almost exclusively on youth who share the same gender and grade/school, leaving unanswered questions about which peers matter most. In this article, we highlight research findings that illustrate the very influential peer experiences of withdrawn children and adolescents, and we discuss emerging research on less frequently studied peers. By assessing peers more broadly, we contend, knowledge about the importance of peers to withdrawn youth will extend from same‐gender and same‐school contexts to the larger social milieus they inhabit.
Third case of Bardet‐Biedl syndrome caused by a biallelic variant predicted to affect splicing of IFT74
Authors: Mardy Anne H. , Hodoglugil Ugur , Yip Tiffany , Slavotinek Anne M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBardet‐Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare ciliopathy characterized by rod‐cone dystrophy, postaxial polydactyly, truncal obesity and renal anomalies with autosomal recessive inheritance. We describe a 6‐year‐old male with early onset retinal dystrophy, postaxial polydactyly, truncal obesity and motor delays. Exome sequencing revealed a homozygous variant predicted to affect splicing of the IFT74 gene, c.1685‐1G > T. This is the third patient with BBS due to variants predicting loss of function in IFT74. All three patients have had retinal dystrophy, polydactyly, obesity, developmental differences, and a notable lack of renal anomalies. We recommend that IFT74 is added to gene panels for the diagnosis of BBS.
Osseointegration of different implant surfaces in areas grafted with deproteinized bovine bone associated or not with fresh bone marrow—Preclinical study in rabbits
Authors: Leocádio Amanda de Carvalho Silva , Silva Matusalém , de Oliveira Guilherme José Pimentel Lopes , Marcantonio Élcio 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the influence of two different implant surfaces on osseointegration in maxillary sinuses of rabbits previously grafted with deproteinized bovine bone (DBB) associated or not with fresh bone marrow (BM).Material and methodsSixteen New Zealand albino rabbits (males, 3.5/4.5 kg and 9–12 months old) were randomly divided into two groups with 8 rabbits each, according to the type of association of biomaterials used to fill the animals’ maxillary sinuses: DBB (Deproteinized Bovine Bone) and DBB/BM (Deproteinized bovine bone associated with fresh autologous bone marrow). Ninety (90) days following the grafting procedure, the animals received implants in the area with two different microstructures (SA‐Sandblasting + acid attack and SA‐H‐Sandblasting + acid attack + immersion in 0.9% sodium chloride isotonic solution). All rabbits were euthanized 90 days after implant placement. The microtomographic analysis was performed to verify the number of mineralized tissues around the implants throughout their length (%BV/TV), while the histomorphometric analysis was performed to verify the percentage of bone‐implant contact around the implants throughout their length (%BIC).ResultsWe observed no differences in the quantity for %BV/TV (DBB‐SA:33.25 ± 19.67; DBB‐SA‐H:35.15 ± 22.17; DBB/BM‐SA:39.71 ± 24.21; DBB/BM‐SA‐H:36.40 ± 23.07) and %BIC (DBB‐SA:58.94 ± 24.37; DBB‐SA‐H:52.52 ± 24.36; DBB/BM‐SA: 61.66 ± 14.60; DBB/BM‐SA‐H: 64.06 ± 23.30) between the groups assessed.ConclusionsThe addition of BM and the type of surface did not influence the osseointegration of implants installed in areas grafted with sintered deproteinized bovine bone at high temperatures in the late period assessed.
Protocol of guided antipsychotic reduction to reach minimum effective dose (GARMED) in patients with remitted psychosis based on pragmatic design
Authors: Liu Chen‐Chung , Hsieh Ming H. , Chien Yi‐Ling , Liu Chih‐Min , Lin Yi‐Ting , Hwang Tzung‐Jeng , Hwu Hai‐Gwo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimsPatients with psychosis intend to discontinue antipsychotic treatment for various reasons. As antipsychotic discontinuation involves a high risk of relapse, maintenance treatment is recommended by mainstream opinion even when remission is attained. To optimize the risk‐to‐benefit ratio of long‐term antipsychotic treatment, we proposed an operationalized guided dose‐reduction algorithm to serve as an intermediate approach as to achieve the lowest effective antipsychotic dose and better functioning for patients with remitted psychosis.MethodsOutpatients with a history of schizophrenia‐related psychotic disorders currently under stable medications and symptoms are eligible to register in this protocol. Patients intending for dose reduction are randomized into 2:1, guided dose reduction group (GDR) versus maintenance treatment group (MTG1). Eligible patients who do not intend to reduce antipsychotics serve as naturalistic maintenance controls (MTG2). The GDR patients reduce no more than 25% of their baseline antipsychotic dose, with at least a 6‐month stabilization period before reducing another 25% of their last dose. The timing of the next dose reduction will be determined by shared decision‐making with the patient. Following a dose reduction, the patients will receive three consecutive monthly monitoring; otherwise, they receive treatment as usual.DiscussionBy employing this pragmatic‐based protocol, patients are empowered to evaluate their readiness for next dose reduction attempt. We would like to test in real‐world situations if stable patients can reduce antipsychotics not at the expense of an increased risk of relapse, so as to optimize the balance between risk‐to‐benefit ratios of long‐term antipsychotic treatment.
Changes in organic carbon fractions and sources in deltaic topsoil and subsoil layers: autochthonous and allochthonous inputs
Authors: Li Yuan , Fu Chuancheng , Zeng Lin , Zhou Qian , Zhang Haibo , Tu Chen , Li Lianzhen , Luo Yongming 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRiver deltas are often considered as hotspots of atmospheric carbon regulation, but few studies have paid attention to the differences between topsoil and subsoil for carbon sequestration. Here physical and chemical stabilization mechanisms and sources of soil organic carbon (OC) accumulation in different soil layers of a major river delta (Yellow River delta) were studied by fractionation and isotopic analysis. We found that in topsoil, conversion from tidal flat to wetland substantially increases OC by 84%, whereas cotton cultivation decreases OC by 66%. Wetland with a high soil OC content is characterized by substantial accumulation of plant‐derived OC and OC in mineral fractions. In subsoil, the OC variation is controlled by the yellow silt layer (YSL)–red clay layer (RCL) sequence. Although the weathering intensity of the RCL is much higher than that of the YSL, the OC age is younger in the RCL, indicating that the highly reactive, secondary minerals and iron oxides are capable of stabilizing younger organic carbon in transportation, deposition and post‐pedogenic alteration. 14C activity demonstrates that modern autochthonous OC is the main component of OC in wetland topsoil. In contrast, millennia‐old allochthonous OC is the main component of OC in the subsoil layers, contributing 4–24% of total bulk soil OC. The higher δ13C values of carbon fractions (−24.3 to −21.4‰ for the intra‐aggregate particulate organic matter fraction, intra‐microaggregate silt and clay fraction, and free silt and clay faction) and bulk samples (~ −22‰) are likely to imply the contribution of aged OC in the Yellow River delta. This study offers direct confirmation that soil OC fractions and sources are influenced by different land‐use types and pedological properties in characteristic soil layers. These findings suggest that biogeochemical alteration of the soil matrix controls OC stabilization mechanisms in the river sediment–tidal flat–wetland–farmland continuum.Highlights
Land‐use types and pedological features control OC storage in topsoil and subsoil, respectively.
Reclamation strongly decreases content of all OC fractions and the proportion of fSC and rOC.
Soil layers with distinct texture and mineral compositions lead to OC stratification in subsoil.
The red clay layer in subsoil is capable of stabilizing both fresh and aged OC.
Refining analyses of existing data sets is valuable for macrogenetics: a response to Paz‐Vinas, Jensen et al., (2021)
Authors: Millette Katie L. , Fugère Vincent , Debyser Chloé , Greiner Ariel , Chain Frédéric J. J. , Gonzalez Andrew 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPaz‐Vinas, Jensen et al. (2021) comment on data and methodological limits of Millette, Fugère, Debyser et al. (2020)—some affect a small proportion of our data sets and analyses and others need to be tackled more generally. These points do not refute our main conclusion of no strong signal of human impacts on COI variation globally.
Herpes simplex virus 1 proteins can induce skin inflammation in an atopic dermatitis‐like mouse model
Authors: Novak Natalija , Weighardt Heike , Valdelvira Rafael , Izquierdo Elena , Förster Irmgard , Cabanillas Beatriz 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHerpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) can induce in certain individuals with atopic dermatitis (AD) severe cutaneous infections that can spread throughout the entire body, a condition named as AD complicated by eczema herpeticum (ADEH). It has been recently found that ADEH patients can produce specific IgE against HSV‐1 proteins, which may contribute to lower protection against HSV‐1. However, little is known about the capacity of these HSV‐1 proteins to produce an inflammatory response at the skin level. In this study, using a mouse model of AD‐like dermatitis, three HSV‐1 proteins (glycoprotein D ‐gD‐, glycoprotein B ‐gB‐ and VP22) were applied on tape‐stripped back skin mice in three exposures periods. Ovalbumin (OVA) and 0.9% NaCl were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Skin samples were obtained for analysis of specific cell components of skin infiltration. The results showed that the viral protein gD induced a statistically significant increase in the number of dermal infiltrating CD3+, CD4+ cells and mast cells compared with the negative control group. gD was also able to induce epidermal thickening and epidermal infiltration of T cells closely related to the one produced in mice sensitized with OVA. However, VP22 and gB contributed to a lesser extent to skin inflammation. These results showed that proteins from HSV‐1, especially gD, can have per se an important T cell and mast cell‐driven inflammatory potential at the skin level.
Recent climate change is creating hotspots of butterfly increase and decline across North America
Authors: Crossley Michael S. , Smith Olivia M. , Berry Lauren L. , Phillips‐Cosio Robert , Glassberg Jeffrey , Holman Kaylen M. , Holmquest Jacquelin G. , Meier Amanda R. , Varriano Sofia A. , McClung Maureen R. , Moran Matthew D. , Snyder William E. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSome insect populations are experiencing dramatic declines, endangering the crucial ecosystem services they provide. Yet, other populations appear robust, highlighting the need to better define patterns and underlying drivers of recent change in insect numbers. We examined abundance and biodiversity trends for North American butterflies using a unique citizen‐science dataset that has recorded observations of over 8 million butterflies across 456 species, 503 sites, nine ecoregions, and 26 years. Butterflies are a biodiverse group of pollinators, herbivores, and prey, making them useful bellwethers of environmental change. We found great heterogeneity in butterfly species’ abundance trends, aggregating near zero, but with a tendency toward decline. There was strong spatial clustering, however, into regions of increase, decrease, or relative stasis. Recent precipitation and temperature appeared to largely drive these patterns, with butterflies generally declining at increasingly dry and hot sites but increasing at relatively wet or cool sites. In contrast, landscape and butterfly trait predictors had little influence, though abundance trends were slightly more positive around urban areas. Consistent with varying responses by different species, no overall directional change in butterfly species richness or evenness was detected. Overall, a mosaic of butterfly decay and rebound hotspots appeared to largely reflect geographic variability in climate drivers. Ongoing controversy about insect declines might dissipate with a shift in focus to the causes of heterogeneous responses among taxa and sites, with climate change emerging as a key suspect when pollinator communities are broadly impacted.
Saturation of thylakoid‐associated fatty acids facilitates bioenergetic coupling in a marine diatom allowing for thermal acclimation
Authors: Cheong Kuan Yu , Firlar Emre , Ficaro Lia , Gorbunov Maxim Y. , Kaelber Jason T. , Falkowski Paul G. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn a rapidly warming world, we ask, “What limits the potential of marine diatoms to acclimate to elevated temperatures?,” a group of ecologically successful unicellular eukaryotic photoautotrophs that evolved in a cooler ocean and are critical to marine food webs. To this end, we examined thermal tolerance mechanisms related to photosynthesis in the sequenced and transformable model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Data from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and fatty acid methyl ester‐gas chromatography mass spectrometry (FAME‐GCMS) suggest that saturating thylakoid‐associated fatty acids allowed rapid (on the order of hours) thermal tolerance up to 28.5°C. Beyond this critical temperature, thylakoid ultrastructure became severely perturbed. Biophysical analyses revealed that electrochemical leakage through the thylakoid membranes was extremely sensitive to elevated temperature (Q10 of 3.5). Data suggest that the loss of the proton motive force (pmf) occurred even when heat‐labile photosystem II (PSII) was functioning, and saturation of thylakoid‐associated fatty acids was active. Indeed, growth was inhibited when leakage of pmf through thylakoid membranes was insufficiently compensated by proton input from PSII. Our findings provide a mechanistic understanding of the importance of rapid saturation of thylakoid‐associated fatty acids for ultrastructure maintenance and a generation of pmf at elevated temperatures. To the extent these experimental results apply, the ability of diatoms to generate a pmf may be a sensitive parameter for thermal sensitivity diagnosis in phytoplankton.