bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate Change Increases Nitrogen Concentration in Rice With Low Nitrogen Use Efficiency
Authors: Yulong Yin , Qingfeng Meng , Hao Ying , Qingsong Zhang , Ye Liu , Cui Zhenling 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGrowing evidence indicates that climate change has significant impacts on crop production. However, the spatial variability and extent of the impacts on N concentrations in crops have yet to be explicitly described, although N concentration is a critical element of both the nutritional value of food and the planning of appropriate field management procedures. We present multi‐tiered evidence showing that warming increases N concentration in rice and reduces internal N use efficiency (iNUE), thereby increasing N uptake in crops and encouraging greater N fertilizer use. First, we mapped current N concentrations and iNUE for single‐season irrigation paddy rice production in 975 counties across China using data from 1,637 on‐farm experiments and Random Forest regression modeling. Current N concentrations in rice grain and straw have increased with increasing temperatures from northern to southern China. The global meta‐analysis provided further direct evidence that warming increases N concentration in rice. Future warming projections indicate that N concentrations in grain will increase by 5%–9.6% and that iNUE will decrease by 9%–14% under scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP 8.5 although higher CO2 and other factors may also affect N concentrations. Overall, these data demonstrate that N uptake by rice will need to increase by 7.8%–13.6% to maintain current grain yields across China based on warming alone. Our findings indicate that warming associated with increase in N concentration and reduction in iNUE would be expected to encourage N application, raise the urgency of measures to prevent excessive N application, and stronger counteracting measures need to be enacted.
Bedrock Weathering Controls on Terrestrial Carbon‐Nitrogen‐Climate Interactions
Authors: Dass Pawlok , Houlton Benjamin Z. , Wang Yingping , Wårlind David , Morford Scott 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAnthropogenic nitrogen deposition is widely considered to increase CO2 sequestration by land plants on a global scale. Here, we demonstrate that bedrock nitrogen weathering contributes significantly more to nitrogen‐carbon interactions than anthropogenic nitrogen deposition. This working hypothesis is based on the introduction of empirical results into a global biogeochemical simulation model over the time period of the mid‐1800s to the end of the 21st century. Our findings suggest that rock nitrogen inputs have contributed roughly 2–11 times more to plant CO2 capture than nitrogen deposition inputs since pre‐industrial times. Climate change projections based on RCP 8.5 show that rock nitrogen inputs and biological nitrogen fixation contribute 2–5 times more to terrestrial carbon uptake than anthropogenic nitrogen deposition though year 2101. Future responses of rock N inputs on plant CO2 capture rates are more signficant at higher latitudes and in mountainous environments, where geological and climate factors promote higher rock weathering rates. The enhancement of plant CO2 uptake via rock nitrogen weathering partially resolves nitrogen‐carbon discrepancies in Earth system models and offers an alternative explanation for lack of progressive nitrogen limitation in the terrestrial biosphere. We conclude that natural N inputs impart major control over terrestrial CO2 sequestration in Earth’s ecosystems.
Biogeochemical and Hydrological Variables Synergistically Influence Nitrate Variability in Coastal Deltaic Wetlands
Authors: Sendrowski Alicia , Castañeda‐Moya Edward , Twilley Robert , Passalacqua Paola 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCoastal river deltas are centers of surface water nitrate processing, yet the mechanisms controlling spatio‐temporal patterns in nutrient variability are still little understood. Nitrate fluctuations in these systems are controlled by complex interactions between hydrological and biogeochemical drivers, which act together to transport and transform inorganic nutrients. Distinguishing the contributions of these drivers and identifying wetland zones where nitrate processing is occurring can be difficult, yet is critical to make assessments of nutrient removal capacity in deltaic wetlands. To address these issues, we analyze relationships among regional “external” (river discharge, tides, wind) and local “internal” (water level, temperature, turbidity, and nitrate) variables in a deltaic wetland in coastal Louisiana by coupling a process connectivity framework with information theory measures. We classify variable interactions according to whether they work uniquely, redundantly, or synergistically to influence nitrate dynamics and identify timescales of interaction. We find that external drivers work together to influence nitrate transport. Patterns of hydrological and sediment connectivity change over time due to tidal flushing and discharge variation. This connectivity influences the emergence of functional zones where local nitrate fluctuations and temperature and water level process couplings are strong controls on nitrate variability. High vegetation density decreases hydrological process connectivity, even during periods of high river discharge, but it also increases biogeochemical process connections, due to the lengthening of the hydraulic residence time. Based on these results we make recommendations for monitoring nitrate in a wetland.
Genesis of a Severe Dust Storm Over the Indian Subcontinent: Dynamics and Impacts
Authors: Singh Jaydeep , Singh Narendra , Ojha Narendra , Srivastava A. K. , Bisht Deewan Singh , Rajeev Kunjukrishnapillai , Kumar Kiran N. V. P. , Singh Ravi S. , Panwar Vivek , Dhaka S. K. , Kumar Vinay , Nakayama Tomoki , Matsumi Yutaka , Hayashida Sachiko , Dimri A. P. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe genesis, dynamics, and impacts of a severe dust storm over the central Himalaya during June 13–17, 2018 have been investigated using in situ measurements, satellite data, and model reanalysis. A low‐pressure system over northern India and prevalence of strong winds (∼20 ms−1) triggered the dust storm leading to poor visibility conditions and five‐fold enhancement in the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) over the central Himalaya. Enhancements in Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) were observed to be stronger over the Himalayan foothills site (Lumbini) than that over the Indo‐Gangetic Plain (IGP) site‐Gandhi College. The sharp reductions in Angstrom exponent (α) from about 1.2 to 0.3 indicated the dominance of coarse‐mode aerosols during the dust episode. Model results show an enhancement in the dust from 1.5 to 2.5 Tg (∼70%) over the northern Indian subcontinent, with about half of the contribution from the regional source (Thar Desert). Interestingly, dust storm also had significant impacts on turbulent kinetic energy (2.9–9.6 m2 s−2), vertical momentum flux (0.9–3.3 Nm−2), and sensible heat flux (34.8 to −33.9 Wm−2), suggesting turbulent mixing of aerosols and cooling near the surface over the Himalayas. Our study highlights that the large‐scale dust storms exposed to additional dust and pollution from regional sources can profoundly impact the air quality, heat fluxes, and radiative balance over the northern Indian subcontinent. The study would also help in evaluating the results of climate models and to assess the impacts of dust on the hydrological processes and melting Himalayan glaciers.
Asymmetric Brittle Deformation at the Pāpaku Fault, Hikurangi Subduction Margin, NZ, IODP Expedition 375
Authors: Savage Heather M. , Shreedharan Srisharan , Fagereng Åke , Morgan Julia K. , Meneghini Francesca , Wang Maomao , McNamara David D. , Wallace Laura M. , Saffer Demian M. , Barnes Philip M. , Petronotis Katerina E. , LeVay Leah J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractQuantifying fault damage zones provides a window into stress distribution and rheology around faults. International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expeditions 372/375 drilled an active thrust splay fault within the Hikurangi subduction margin. The fault, which is hosted in Pleistocene clastic sediments, is surrounded by brittle fractures and faults as well as ductile deformation features. We find that fracture density in the damage zone enveloping the fault is asymmetric, with the hanging wall showing greater overall fracture density and at greater distances from the fault than the footwall. Furthermore, the peak in fracture density occurs within an area of mesoscale folding and localized slip in the hanging wall rather than adjacent to the main fault zone. We attribute the asymmetry in damage to disparate deformation histories between the hanging wall and footwall, greater ductile deformation within the footwall, and/or dynamic stress asymmetry around a propagating rupture. Damage asymmetry is common at shallow depths in subduction zones and influences the mechanical and hydrological properties of the fault, such as channelized fluid flow and fault stability. Finally, we demonstrate that subduction zone faults show similar damage‐displacement scaling as continental faults.
Effect of Lateral and Stress‐Dependent Viscosity Variations on GIA Induced Uplift Rates in the Amundsen Sea Embayment
Authors: Blank B. , Barletta V. , Hu H. , Pappa F. , van der Wal W. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAccurate glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) models are required for correcting measurements of mass change in Antarctica and for improving knowledge of the sub‐surface, especially in areas of large current ice loss such as the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE). Regionally, seismic and gravity data suggests lateral differences in viscosity (3D). Furthermore, mantle flow laws allow for a stress‐dependent effective viscosity which changes over time (3D‐s). In this study we investigate whether models with 3D/3D‐s have significant effects on the uplift in the region. We use a finite element model with composite rheology consisting of diffusion and dislocation creep, forced by an ice deglaciation model starting in 1900. We use its uplift predictions as synthetic observations to test the performance of 1D model inversion in the presence of viscosity variations. Stress‐dependent rheology results in lower viscosity beneath the load and a more localized uplift pattern. We demonstrate that the background stress from earlier ice load changes can both increase or decrease the influence of stress‐induced effective viscosity changes. For the ASE, fitting 1D models to 3D model uplift results in a best fitting model with viscosity that represents the average of a large area, while for 3D‐s rheology, local viscosity is more influential. 1D models are statistically indistinguishable from 3D/3D‐s viscosity with current GPS stations. However, 3D and 3D‐s models should be taken into account when accurate uplift and gravity rate patterns are needed, as uplift can differ up to 45% compared to 1D models in between existing GPS stations.
Atmospheric Cold Pools and Their Influence on Sea Surface Temperature in the Bay of Bengal
Authors: Girishkumar M. S. , Joseph Jofia , McPhaden M. J. , Pattabhi Ram Rao E. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractRecent observations show that atmospheric cold pool (ACP) events are plentiful in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) during summer (May–September) and fall (October–November) and that these events can significantly modify local air‐sea interaction processes on sub‐daily time scales. In this study, we examine whether the magnitude of sea surface temperature (SST) drop associated with ACP events shows any diurnal variability during summer and fall. For this purpose, we use moored buoy data with a 10‐min temporal resolution at 8°, 12°, and 15°N along 90°E and a one‐dimensional mixed layer (ML) model. The analysis shows a reduction in SST (ΔSST) due to ACPs in the BoB during summer and fall, with a maximum magnitude of ΔSST during the afternoon (1200–1600 LST). However, the maximum magnitude of ΔSST during the afternoon is a factor of two higher during fall (∼−0.14°C) than summer (∼−0.07°C). Analysis based on observations and ACP sensitivity experiments indicates that the shallow daytime thermocline and associated thin surface ML is the primary factor regulating the day to night difference in ΔSST associated with ACPs. The presence of this shallow daytime thermocline and thin ML amplifies the effects on SST of net surface heat loss and entrainment of cold sub‐surface water associated with enhanced ACP wind speeds.
Rock Fragments in Shallow Lunar Regolith: Constraints by the Lunar Penetrating Radar Onboard the Chang'E‐4 Mission
Authors: Ding Chunyu , Xiao Zhiyong , Wu Bo , Li Zhaojin , Su Yan , Zhou Bin , Liu Kaijun , Cui Jun 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIt is generally believed that the top centimeters of mature lunar regolith should be dominated by fine particles that contain few rocky fragments, but surface fragments are occasionally visible in mature lunar regolith. Based on amplitudes of surface echoes received by the Lunar Penetrating Radar onboard the Yutu‐2 rover of the Chang'E‐4 mission, we extracted regions with abnormally high relative permittivity that is larger than 4, quantifying the abundance of dense fragments within the top ∼4 cm of the mature regolith along the rover path. We carried out high‐resolution numerical simulations for the propagation of electromagnetic waves, showing that the abnormally high relative permittivity is not caused by local topography but due to the existence of dense materials. Using high‐resolution images obtained by the panorama camera onboard the rover, we performed correlated observation for areas with abnormally high relative permittivity, confirming that some of these dense materials are exposed rocky fragments. However, most of the high relative permittivity areas are not correlated with surface fragments, and some are located beneath floors of highly degraded small impact craters. We found that regolith clumps formed due to impact compaction are not dense enough to cause the abnormally large relative permittivity. Alternatively, the detected dense materials may be melt‐bearing impact breccias in the shallow regolith, which were formed by the host craters. The results revealed a highly heterogeneous structure at shallow depths of mature lunar regolith, revealing a new mechanism of sand‐blasting impacts on the destruction of pores in mature lunar regolith.
Soil Classification: A New Approach for Grouping Soils Using Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity Data
Authors: Ghanbarian Behzad , Yokeley Brandon A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGrouping soils based on similarities in their textural, taxonomic, and/or structural properties has broad applications to pedology, hydrology, and soil science. In this study, we present a new approach for classifying soils using hydraulic conductivity data. We apply concepts from critical path analysis and calculate critical pore sizes at various water saturations from the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity curves. Soils with similar critical pore size at the same effective water saturation are then grouped into the same class. To demonstrate the practical application of the proposed soil classification method, we use 102 samples including nine soil textures from the UNSODA database. Applying a curve clustering method, we find eight different soil classes within the studied data set.
Dynamic landscape mapping of humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 identifies non-structural protein antibodies associated with the survival of critical COVID-19 patients
Authors: Cheng Linlin , Zhang Xiaomei , Chen Yu , Wang Dan , Zhang Dong , Yan Songxin , Wang Hongye , Xiao Meng , Liang Te , Li Haolong , Xu Meng , Hou Xin , Dai jiayu , Wu Xian , Li Mingyuan , Lu Minya , Wu Dong , Tian Ran , Zhao Jing , Zhang Yan , Cao Wei , Wang Jinglan , Yan Xiaowei , Zhou Xiang , Liu Zhengyin , Xu Yingchun , He Fuchu , Li Yongzhe , Yu Xiaobo , Zhang Shuyang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA comprehensive analysis of the humoral immune response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is essential in understanding COVID-19 pathogenesis and developing antibody-based diagnostics and therapy. In this work, we performed a longitudinal analysis of antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 proteins in 104 serum samples from 49 critical COVID-19 patients using a peptide-based SARS-CoV-2 proteome microarray. Our data show that the binding epitopes of IgM and IgG antibodies differ across SARS-CoV-2 proteins and even within the same protein. Moreover, most IgM and IgG epitopes are located within nonstructural proteins (nsps), which are critical in inactivating the host’s innate immune response and enabling SARS-CoV-2 replication, transcription, and polyprotein processing. IgM antibodies are associated with a good prognosis and target nsp3 and nsp5 proteases, whereas IgG antibodies are associated with high mortality and target structural proteins (Nucleocapsid, Spike, ORF3a). The epitopes targeted by antibodies in patients with a high mortality rate were further validated using an independent serum cohort (n = 56) and using global correlation mapping analysis with the clinical variables that are associated with COVID-19 severity. Our data provide fundamental insight into humoral immunity during SARS-CoV-2 infection. SARS-CoV-2 immunogenic epitopes identified in this work could also help direct antibody-based COVID-19 treatment and triage patients.
Differential mitochondrial roles for α-synuclein in DRP1-dependent fission and PINK1/Parkin-mediated oxidation
Authors: Krzystek Thomas J. , Banerjee Rupkatha , Thurston Layne , Huang JianQiao , Swinter Kelsey , Rahman Saad Navid , Falzone Tomas L. , Gunawardena Shermali 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMitochondria are highly dynamic organelles with strict quality control processes that maintain cellular homeostasis. Within axons, coordinated cycles of fission-fusion mediated by dynamin related GTPase protein (DRP1) and mitofusins (MFN), together with regulated motility of healthy mitochondria anterogradely and damaged/oxidized mitochondria retrogradely, control mitochondrial shape, distribution and size. Disruption of this tight regulation has been linked to aberrant oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction causing mitochondrial disease and neurodegeneration. Although pharmacological induction of Parkinson’s disease (PD) in humans/animals with toxins or in mice overexpressing α-synuclein (α-syn) exhibited mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, mice lacking α-syn showed resistance to mitochondrial toxins; yet, how α-syn influences mitochondrial dynamics and turnover is unclear. Here, we isolate the mechanistic role of α-syn in mitochondrial homeostasis in vivo in a humanized Drosophila model of Parkinson’s disease (PD). We show that excess α-syn causes fragmented mitochondria, which persists with either truncation of the C-terminus (α-syn1–120) or deletion of the NAC region (α-synΔNAC). Using in vivo oxidation reporters Mito-roGFP2-ORP1/GRX1 and MitoTimer, we found that α-syn-mediated fragments were oxidized/damaged, but α-syn1–120-induced fragments were healthy, suggesting that the C-terminus is required for oxidation. α-syn-mediated oxidized fragments showed biased retrograde motility, but α-syn1–120-mediated healthy fragments did not, demonstrating that the C-terminus likely mediates the retrograde motility of oxidized mitochondria. Depletion/inhibition or excess DRP1-rescued α-syn-mediated fragmentation, oxidation, and the biased retrograde motility, indicating that DRP1-mediated fragmentation is likely upstream of oxidation and motility changes. Further, excess PINK/Parkin, two PD-associated proteins that function to coordinate mitochondrial turnover via induction of selective mitophagy, rescued α-syn-mediated membrane depolarization, oxidation and cell death in a C-terminus-dependent manner, suggesting a functional interaction between α-syn and PINK/Parkin. Taken together, our findings identify distinct roles for α-syn in mitochondrial homeostasis, highlighting a previously unknown pathogenic pathway for the initiation of PD.
A Catalogus Immune Muris of the mouse immune responses to diverse pathogens
Authors: Barlier Céline , Barriales Diego , Samosyuk Alexey , Jung Sascha , Ravichandran Srikanth , Medvedeva Yulia A. , Anguita Juan , del Sol Antonio 
Published: August 2021

AbstractImmunomodulation strategies are crucial for several biomedical applications. However, the immune system is highly heterogeneous and its functional responses to infections remains elusive. Indeed, the characterization of immune response particularities to different pathogens is needed to identify immunomodulatory candidates. To address this issue, we compiled a comprehensive map of functional immune cell states of mouse in response to 12 pathogens. To create this atlas, we developed a single-cell-based computational method that partitions heterogeneous cell types into functionally distinct states and simultaneously identifies modules of functionally relevant genes characterizing them. We identified 295 functional states using 114 datasets of six immune cell types, creating aCatalogus Immune Muris. As a result, we found common as well as pathogen-specific functional states and experimentally characterized the function of an unknown macrophage cell state that modulates the response toSalmonellaTyphimurium infection. Thus, we expect ourCatalogus Immune Muristo be an important resource for studies aiming at discovering new immunomodulatory candidates.
LncRNA KCNQ1OT1 activated by c-Myc promotes cell proliferation via interacting with FUS to stabilize MAP3K1 in acute promyelocytic leukemia
Authors: Tang Doudou , Luo Yujiao , Jiang Yafeng , Hu Piao , Peng Hongling , Wu Shangjie , Zhang Guangsen , Wang Yewei 
Published: August 2021

AbstractUncontrolled proliferation is the hallmark of cancer cells. Previous studies mainly focused on the role of protein-coding genes in cancer cell proliferation. Emerging evidence showed that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) also play critical roles in cancer cell proliferation and growth. LncRNA KCNQ1OT1 is found to contribute to carcinogenesis, but its role in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is unclear. In this study, by analyzing data from Gene Expression Omnibus, The Cancer Genome Atlas database and our clinical samples, we found that KCNQ1OT1 was selectively highly expressed in APL. Functional assays demonstrated that knockdown of KCNQ1OT1 reduced APL cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. Further evidence showed that KCNQ1OT1 was mainly located in the cytoplasm of APL patient-derived NB4 cells and APL patient bone marrow samples. Mechanistically, KCNQ1OT1 bound to RNA binding protein FUS, and silencing either KCNQ1OT1 or FUS reduced the expression level and stability of MAP3K1 mRNA. Whereas KCNQ1OT1 and FUS did not affect each other. Importantly, knockdown of MAP3K1 impaired APL cell proliferation. Finally, c-Myc transactivated KCNQ1OT1 in APL cells through binding to its promoter while knockdown of c-Myc decreased KCNQ1OT1 expression. Our results not only revealed that c-Myc transactivated KCNQ1OT1 and upregulated KCNQ1OT1 promoted APL cell proliferation, but also demonstrated that KCNQ1OT1 bound to FUS to synergistically stabilize MAP3K1 mRNA, thus facilitating APL cell proliferation. This study established a previously unidentified role of KCNQ1OT1 in the development of APL, and KCNQ1OT1 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for APL.