bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigating how autonomy‐supportive teaching moderates the relation between student honesty and premeditated cheating
Authors: Bureau Julien S. , Gareau Alexandre , Guay Frédéric , Mageau Geneviève A. 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundCheating at the post‐secondary level is a skewed phenomenon. While personality and environmental factors are associated with cheating, few studies account for the zero inflation when predicting cheating behaviour.AimIn this study, we explore a person‐situation interaction hypothesis where teacher autonomy support (AS) could modify the relation between students’ honesty trait and premeditated cheating.SampleParticipants were 710 college students and 31 teachers.MethodsTeacher and student reports of teacher AS were collected and students also completed self‐reports of honesty and premeditated cheating.ResultsGiven that cheating had a zero‐inflated negative binomial distribution, we can investigate two separate outcomes: likelihood of cheating and magnitude of cheating. Predictably, student honesty trait predicted lower likelihood and magnitude of cheating. AS, whether student‐ or teacher‐reported, moderated the relation between honesty and likelihood of cheating. In low perceived AS teaching environments, student honesty was associated with cheating likelihood. However, there was no such relation in high perceived AS teaching environments.ConclusionsStudents’ honesty generally predicts lower cheating. However, the educational environment provided by the teacher influences the strength of this association. The less autonomy‐supportive students perceive the educational environment, the more their personality is important in predicting the likelihood of cheating.
Actions of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor ligands in the gut
Authors: Holst Jens Juul , Andersen Daniel Bjørklund , Grunddal Kaare Villum 
Published: July 2021

The incretin hormone glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) is inactivated by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 even before it leaves the gut, but it seems to act predominantly via activation of intestinal sensory neurons expressing GLP‐1 receptors. Thus, activation of vagal afferents is probably responsible for its effects on appetite and food intake, gastrointestinal secretion and motility, and pancreatic endocrine secretion. However, GLP‐1 receptors are widely expressed in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including epithelial cells in the stomach, and the Brunner glands, in endocrine cells of the gut epithelium, and on mucosal lymphocytes. In this way, GLP‐1 may have important local actions of epithelial protection and endocrine signalling and may interact with the immune system. We review the formation and release of GLP‐1 from the endocrine L cells and its fate after release and describe the localization of its receptor throughout the GI tract and discuss its direct or indirect actions in the GI tract.LINKED ARTICLESThis article is part of a themed issue on GLP1 receptor ligands (BJP 75th Anniversary). To view the other articles in this section visithttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v179.4/issuetoc
Protective role of cortistatin in pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis
Authors: Barriga Margarita , Benitez Raquel , Ferraz‐de‐Paula Viviane , Garcia‐Frutos Marina , Caro Marta , Robledo Gema , O'Valle Francisco , Campos‐Salinas Jenny , Delgado Mario 
Published: July 2021

Background and PurposeAcute lung injury (ALI), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pulmonary fibrosis remain major causes of morbidity, mortality and a healthcare burden in critically ill patient. There is an urgent need to identify factors causing susceptibility and for the design of new therapeutic agents. Here, we evaluate the effectiveness of the immunomodulatory neuropeptide cortistatin to regulate pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in vivo.Experimental ApproachALI/ARDS and pulmonary fibrosis were induced experimentally in wild‐type and cortistatin‐deficient mice by pulmonary infusion of the bacterial endotoxin LPS or the chemotherapeutic drug bleomycin, and the histopathological signs, pulmonary leukocyte infiltration and cytokines, and fibrotic markers were evaluated.Key ResultsPartially deficient mice in cortistatin showed exacerbated pulmonary damage, pulmonary inflammation, alveolar oedema and fibrosis, and subsequent increased respiratory failure and mortality when challenged to LPS or bleomycin, even at low doses. Treatment with cortistatin reversed these aggravated phenotypes and protected from progression to severe ARDS and fibrosis, after high exposure to both injury agents. Moreover, cortistatin‐deficient pulmonary macrophages and fibroblasts showed exaggerated ex vivo inflammatory and fibrotic responses, and treatment with cortistatin impaired their activation. Finally, the protective effects of cortistatin in ALI and pulmonary fibrosis were partially inhibited by specific antagonists for somatostatin and ghrelin receptors.Conclusion and ImplicationsWe identified cortistatin as an endogenous inhibitor of pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. Deficiency in cortistatin could be a marker of poor prognosis in inflammatory/fibrotic pulmonary disorders. Cortistatin‐based therapies could emerge as attractive candidates to treat severe ALI/ARDS, including SARS‐CoV‐2‐associated ARDS.
Neuroprotective effects and mechanisms of ischemic/hypoxic preconditioning on neurological diseases
Authors: Liu Jia , Gu Yakun , Guo Mengyuan , Ji Xunming 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAs the organ with the highest demand for oxygen, the brain has a poor tolerance to ischemia and hypoxia. Despite severe ischemia/hypoxia induces the occurrence and development of various central nervous system (CNS) diseases, sublethal insult may induce strong protection against subsequent fatal injuries by improving tolerance. Searching for potential measures to improve brain ischemic/hypoxic is of great significance for treatment of ischemia/hypoxia related CNS diseases. Ischemic/hypoxic preconditioning (I/HPC) refers to the approach to give the body a short period of mild ischemic/hypoxic stimulus which can significantly improve the body's tolerance to subsequent more severe ischemia/hypoxia event. It has been extensively studied and been considered as an effective therapeutic strategy in CNS diseases. Its protective mechanisms involved multiple processes, such as activation of hypoxia signaling pathways, anti‐inflammation, antioxidant stress, and autophagy induction, etc. As a strategy to induce endogenous neuroprotection, I/HPC has attracted extensive attention and become one of the research frontiers and hotspots in the field of neurotherapy. In this review, we discuss the basic and clinical research progress of I/HPC on CNS diseases, and summarize its mechanisms. Furthermore, we highlight the limitations and challenges of their translation from basic research to clinical application.
The impact of strictly protected areas in a deforestation hotspot
Authors: Hernandez Stephanie , Barnes Megan D. , Duce Stephanie , Adams Vanessa M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractProtected areas are often thought of as a key conservation strategy for avoiding deforestation and retaining biodiversity; therefore, it is crucial to know how effective they are at achieving this purpose. Using a case study from Queensland, Australia, we identified and controlled for bias in allocating strictly protected areas (IUCN Class I and II) and evaluated their impact (in terms of avoiding deforestation) using statistical matching methods. Over the 30 years between 1988 and 2018, approximately 70,481 km2 of native forest was cleared in the study region. Using statistical matching, we estimated that 10.5% (1,447 km2) of Category I and II (strict) protected areas would have been cleared in the absence of protection. Put differently, 89.5% of strictly protected areas are unlikely to have been cleared, even if they were never protected. While previous studies have used statistical matching at a country or state level, we conducted an analysis that allows regional comparison across a single State. Our research indicates that strictly protected areas are marginally effective at preventing deforestation, and this likely due to biases in establishing protected areas on unproductive land.
Willing and able? Theory of mind, social motivation, and social competence in middle childhood and early adolescence
Authors: Devine Rory T. , Apperly Ian A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis study investigated the links between theory of mind, social motivation, and children's social competence in middle childhood and early adolescence. Two hundred and sixty four children (136 girls, 128 boys) aged between 8 and 13 years (M Age = 10.88 years, SD = 1.45) completed theory‐of‐mind tests and self‐report questionnaires measuring social motivation. Teachers rated children's social competence at school. Teacher‐rated social competence was associated with individual differences in both theory of mind and children's motivation to develop and maintain social relationships. Results suggest that while individual differences in social motivation and theory of mind are partially overlapping, both theory of mind ability and social motivation contribute to successful social interaction at school.
Larvae and adults exhibit contrasting patterns of immune gene expression and infection resistance in wild flour beetle populations
Authors: Tate Ann T. , Perry Abby , Jent Derrick 
Published: July 2021

1. In nature, hosts face shifting patterns of parasite exposure and life history trade‐offs, as they develop from birth to old age. As a result, the net fitness benefit of immunological investment can change dramatically from one life stage to the next.2. Previous work has revealed a puzzling diversity of relative immune investment patterns among juvenile and adult stages, and it is not clear whether lessons learned from one particular population or species can be generalised to wild populations, after accounting for local adaptation and other variance‐generating processes.3. In this study, we quantify larval and adult immune gene expression and resistance to bacterial infection in two flour beetle species (Tribolium castaneum and Tribolium confusum) from seven wild‐derived populations.4. Our results provide a clear signal of higher infection‐induced immunological investment and resistance in adults relative to larvae, despite variation among species in immune gene regulation.5. Better characterisation of stage‐specific investment in infection resistance in natural populations can inform our understanding of life history evolution and improve predictions of disease dynamics in the wild.
Trophic niche segregation among native whitefish and invasive vendace in a north Norwegian lake system
Authors: Kelly Brianne , Amundsen Per‐Arne , Power Michael 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntroductions and invasions of non‐native species alter nutrient cycling and trophic dynamics resulting in significant ecological disturbance. Stable isotope data were used to test for evidence of invader‐induced trophic niche differences in a north Norwegian lake system differentially dominated by native European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) morphotypes and invasive vendace (Coregonus albula). Aspects of both realised trophic niche position and trophic niche width were affected by the invader, with the effects varying by whitefish morphotype. Densely rakered pelagic whitefish demonstrated a relatively lower reliance on pelagic resources in the presence of the invader and the isotopic niche size was relatively larger in conjunction with the broadening of the prey base. Within the benthic‐dwelling sparsely rakered whitefish morphotype, the trophic impacts of invading vendace were size‐dependent, with larger individuals experiencing niche compression. Smaller sparsely rakered whitefish increased, contrary to our hypothesis, reliance on pelagic‐based energy in the face of invasion. Our findings demonstrate that the trophic ecology of invaded systems can differ in multiple and subtle ways that have consequences for community‐ and ecosystem‐level energy flows, which if persisting over time are likely to have implications for the recruitment, growth and reproductive rate of the native fishes.
Effects of miR‐224‐5p‐enhanced downregulation of pannexin‐1 on docetaxel‐induced apoptosis in amoeboid‐like CD44high oral cancer cells
Authors: Yokoyama Sho , Shigeishi Hideo , Murodumi Hiroshi , Sakuma Miyuki , Ono Shigehiro , Tobiume Kei , Ohta Kouji , Takechi Masaaki 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe previously found that microRNAs play major roles in the maintenance of amoeboid‐like oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells with high expression of CD44 (CD44high). However, the roles of microRNAs in chemotherapeutic resistance exhibited by CD44high amoeboid‐like OSCC cells are unclear. Here, docetaxel‐induced apoptosis was examined in CD44high OSCC cells (CD44high OM‐1 cells) cultured on laminin‐coated silicone gel. Amoeboid‐like CD44high OSCC cells exhibited robust resistance to docetaxel‐induced apoptosis and significant upregulation of miR‐224‐5p expression compared with epithelial‐like CD44high OSCC cells and mesenchymal‐like CD44high OSCC cells. The expression of pannexin‐1 (PANX1), a channel‐forming protein that regulates the release of ATP, was significantly upregulated following transfection of amoeboid‐like CD44high OSCC cells with an miR‐224‐5p inhibitor. These results suggest that miR‐224‐5p inhibits PANX1 expression. Furthermore, miR‐224‐5p inhibitor‐transfected amoeboid‐like CD44high OSCC cells exhibited significant enhancement of the proportion of apoptotic cells; however, this effect was significantly inhibited by knockdown of PANX1 with PANX1 small interfering RNA. Additionally, the miR‐224‐5p inhibitor‐enhanced extracellular ATP levels were significantly reduced by PANX1 knockdown. These findings imply that miR‐224‐5p plays a vital role in the resistance to docetaxel‐induced apoptosis by attenuating PANX1‐induced ATP discharge. Moreover, amoeboid‐like CD44high OSCC cells may be involved in chemotherapeutic resistance of OSCC.
Epileptic heart: A clinical syndromic approach
Authors: Verrier Richard L. , Pang Trudy D. , Nearing Bruce D. , Schachter Steven C. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPrevention of premature death in patients with chronic epilepsy remains a major challenge. Multiple pathophysiologic factors have been implicated, with intense investigation of cardiorespiratory mechanisms. Up to four in five patients with chronic epilepsy exhibit cardiovascular comorbidities. These findings led us to propose the concept of an “epileptic heart,” defined as “a heart and coronary vasculature damaged by chronic epilepsy as a result of repeated surges in catecholamines and hypoxemia leading to electrical and mechanical dysfunction.” Among the most prominent changes documented in the literature are high incidence of myocardial infarction and arrhythmia, altered autonomic tone, diastolic dysfunction, hyperlipidemia, and accelerated atherosclerosis. This suite of pathologic changes prompted us to propose for the first time in this review a syndromic approach for improved clinical detection of the epileptic heart condition. In this review, we discuss the key pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying the candidate criteria along with standard and novel techniques that permit evaluation of each of these factors. Specifically, we present evidence of the utility of standard 12‐lead, ambulatory, and multiday patch‐based electrocardiograms, along with measures of cardiac electrical instability, including T‐wave alternans, heart rate variability to detect altered autonomic tone, echocardiography to detect diastolic dysfunction, and plasma biomarkers for assessing hyperlipidemia and accelerated atherosclerosis. Ultimately, the proposed clinical syndromic approach is intended to improve monitoring and evaluation of cardiac risk in patients with chronic epilepsy to foster improved therapeutic strategies to reduce premature cardiac death.
Connectivity within isolation: dispersal, population genetics, and conservation of the rarest European damselfly
Authors: Landmann Molinia , Schlick‐Steiner Birgit C. , Steiner Florian M. , Landmann Armin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Coenagrion hylas (Trybom, 1899) has a very limited distribution in Europe, lives in very small, isolated populations, has rather specialised habitat demands, and is regarded as the rarest damselfly of Europe.
Using a combination of capture‐mark‐recapture and population genetics, we aimed to evaluate the state of the populations in the Tyrolean Lech valley and to test whether exuviae from this species are usable as a DNA source. DNA was extracted from mid‐leg tibiae and exuviae and genotyped with species‐specific microsatellite markers. The results from the capture–recapture and the genetic methods were congruent.
Coenagrion hylas has an unexpectedly high tendency to disperse within the valley, covering distances of up to 30 km, and lives longer than other damselflies, with an average longevity of 12 days and a maximum lifespan of at least 40 days. Low inbreeding coefficients and low ranges of genetic differentiation across sites provide evidence of panmixia, with no clear signs of inbreeding. The current population size is estimated at 1150 males based on the recapture data.
We further demonstrated that exuviae deliver a sufficient amount of DNA, which will be important for future monitoring. Although C. hylas currently shows appropriate viability at most Lech valley sites, our study indicates that management measurements, such as creating stepping stone habitats, are crucial to maintain the current population status. Given the high dispersal capability of the species, such management measurements seem promising.
Serum resistin levels and resistin gene polymorphism in patients with acne vulgaris: does it correlate with disease severity?
Authors: Shehata Wafaa A. , Maraee Alaa , Wahab Tagreed A. A. , Azmy Rania 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundAcne vulgaris is a disease that inflames the sebaceous gland with multiple etiologies. Many proinflammatory adipokines contribute to this pathogenesis. Resistin is a proinflammatory mediator that activates kappa B, a nuclear factor, and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinases pathways inducing toll‐like receptor‐2, interleukin‐1, 6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Resistin gene affects the promoter and intron regions' polymorphisms' expression levels. We aimed to study the association of resistin gene polymorphisms (RETN ‐420 C/G) and the development of acne vulgaris and whether it is associated with serum resistin levels and disease severity.Subjects and methodsResistin (RETN) gene (rs1862513) genotypes were identified using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and serum resistin presence was assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay in 40 patients with acne vulgaris and 40 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls as a cross‐reference. Patients were divided into mild, moderate, and severe groups. Global Acne Grading System (GAGS) was used to assess the severity of acne vulgaris.ResultsCG and GG genotypes were present in cases (P = 0.006) odds ratio (OR)1 = 4.43; 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.53, 12.7) and OR2 = 5.47; 95% CI (0.99, 30.1); G‐allele statistically dominated in the patient group where P = 0.001 and OR = 3.57; 95% CI (1.63, 7.80). A positive significant relationship between RETN genotypes and serum resistin levels and GAGS score was present.ConclusionRETN genes rs1862513 GG and G allele are correlated to acne vulgaris development and severity in a sample of the Egyptian population. This study comprised a small sample size. The cases may not accurately represent the general population; only one clinic was enrolled in the study.
Dermoscopy of acquired pigmentary disorders: a comprehensive review
Authors: Krueger Loren , Saizan Autumn , Stein Jennifer A. , Elbuluk Nada 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDermoscopy has traditionally been used for the diagnosis of neoplasms and more recently in the evaluation of inflammatory conditions. Recent observational studies have suggested a role for dermoscopy in identifying and differentiating acquired pigmentary disorders. This comprehensive review will summarize the growing literature on the use of dermoscopy for pigmentary disorders. A literature review was performed on PubMed dating from inception to October 2020. The following pigmentary disorders were included in this study: melasma, solar lentigines, poikiloderma of Civatte, exogenous ochronosis, lichen planus pigmentosus, erythromelanosis follicularis faciei et colli, pigmented contact dermatitis, Riehl’s melanosis, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, erythema dyschromicum perstans, ashy dermatosis, confluent and reticulated papillomatosis, acanthosis nigricans, pityriasis versicolor, tinea versicolor, idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis, and vitiligo. Search terms used included each pigmentary disorder along with the terms “dermoscopy” or “dermatoscopy.” Relevant case reports and case series were included. Many pigmentary disorders have unique and distinguishable features on dermoscopy. Given that these disorders can be clinically challenging for clinicians and emotionally distressing for patients, dermoscopy provides an additional, useful tool in the evaluation and assessment process.
Lycopene‐rich cream obtained via high‐pressure homogenisation of tomato processing residues in a water–oil mixture
Authors: Jurić Slaven , Jurić Marina , Ferrari Giovanna , Režek Jambrak Anet , Donsì Francesco 
Published: July 2021

SummaryTomato processing residues are still rich in bioactive compounds that may be recovered and reused, with environmental and economic benefits. This short communication discloses for the first time that the high‐pressure homogenisation (HPH) treatment of tomato residues in the presence of water and sunflower oil is able to promote the extraction of bioactive compounds concurrently to the formation of an oil‐in‐water emulsion stabilised by the micronized residues. The mechanical disruption effect of HPH improved the mass transfer of lycopene into the oil phase, and formed fine fibrous debris, improving stabilisation and visual appearance of the emulsion. Results showed a progressive increase of lycopene concentration in the cream phase up to 5 HPH passes and a concurrent reduction of its content in the pellet. Total polyphenols content and antioxidant activity in the aqueous phase gradually decreased when increasing the number of passes, suggesting their progressive transfer in the cream phase. The proposed process that relies on a purely physical treatment and uses only water/sunflower oil as extraction media resulted in the production of a lycopene‐rich cream of potential use as a functional food ingredient.