bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detectability of Population III stellar remnants as X-ray binaries from tidal captures in the local Universe
Authors: Husain Rabia , Liu Boyuan , Bromm Volker 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
We assess the feasibility of detecting the compact object remnants from Population III (Pop III) stars in nearby dense star clusters, where they become luminous again as X-ray binaries (XRBs) and tidal disruption events (TDEs) via strong tidal encounters. Analytically modelling the formation of Pop III stars, coupled with a top-heavy initial mass function predicted by numerical simulations, we derive the number of (active) Pop III XRBs and TDEs in the present-day Milky Way (MW) nuclear star cluster as ${\sim} 0.06\!-\!0.3 $ and ≲4 × 10−6, rendering any detection unlikely. The detection probability, however, can be significantly boosted when surveying all massive star clusters from the MW and neighbouring galaxy clusters. Specifically, we predict ∼1.5–6.5 and ∼40–2800 active Pop III XRBs in the MW and the Virgo Cluster, respectively. Our Pop III XRBs are dominated (${\sim} 99{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$) by black holes with a typical mass and luminosity of ${\sim} 45\, \rm M_{\odot }$ and ${\sim} 10^{36}\, \rm erg\, s^{-1}$. Deep surveys of nearby (${\lesssim} 30\!-\!300\, \rm Mpc$) galaxy clusters for such Pop III XRBs are well within reach of next-generation X-ray telescopes, such as Athena and Lynx.
Eccentric millisecond pulsars by resonant convection
Authors: Ginzburg Sivan , Chiang Eugene 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Eccentric millisecond pulsars (eMSPs) with white dwarf companions exhibit orbital eccentricities orders of magnitude larger than predicted by turbulent convection in the white dwarfs’ red giant progenitors. The orbital periods of eMSPs cluster around P = 20–30 d, remarkably close to the red giant convective eddy turnover time teddy. We propose that the anomalously large eccentricities are resonantly driven by convective flows somehow made coherent when the turnover time matches the tidally locked red giant’s spin period, which is also the tidal forcing period. Numerical simulations of rotating red giants and magnetic field studies of stars show some evidence for especially ordered flow patterns when the convective Rossby number P/teddy is of order unity. We show that resonant convection boosts eccentricities by a factor of (tnuc/P)1/2 ≈ 3 × 103 over the random-walk values that characterize conventional MSPs, in good agreement with observations (tnuc is the giant’s nuclear burning time-scale). We also show how variations in the eddy turnover time arising from red giant metallicity variations can reproduce the observed effective width of the resonance, ΔP/P ≈ 0.4.
Somatic Mutation Analysis in Salix suchowensis Reveals Early-Segregated Cell Lineages
Authors: Ren Yifan , He Zhen , Liu Pingyu , Traw Brian , Sun Shucun , Tian Dacheng , Yang Sihai , Jia Yanxiao , Wang Long 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Long-lived plants face the challenge of ever-increasing mutational burden across their long lifespan. Early sequestration of meristematic stem cells is supposed to efficiently slow down this process, but direct measurement of somatic mutations that accompanies segregated cell lineages in plants is still rare. Here, we tracked somatic mutations in 33 leaves and 22 adventitious roots from 22 stem-cuttings across eight major branches of a shrub willow (Salix suchowensis). We found that most mutations propagated separately in leaves and roots, providing clear evidence for early segregation of underlying cell lineages. By combining lineage tracking with allele frequency analysis, our results revealed a set of mutations shared by distinct branches, but were exclusively present in leaves and not in roots. These mutations were likely propagated by rapidly dividing somatic cell lineages which survive several iterations of branching, distinct from the slowly dividing axillary stem cell lineages. Leaf is thus contributed by both slowly and rapidly dividing cell lineages, leading to varied fixation chances of propagated mutations. By contrast, each root likely arises from a single founder cell within the adventitious stem cell lineages. Our findings give straightforward evidence that early segregation of meristems slows down mutation accumulation in axillary meristems, implying a plant “germline” paralog to the germline of animals through convergent evolution.
A replication-linked mutational gradient drives somatic mutation accumulation and influences germline polymorphisms and genome composition in mitochondrial DNA
Authors: Sanchez-Contreras Monica , Sweetwyne Mariya T , Kohrn Brendan F , Tsantilas Kristine A , Hipp Michael J , Schmidt Elizabeth K , Fredrickson Jeanne , Whitson Jeremy A , Campbell Matthew D , Rabinovitch Peter S , Marcinek David J , Kennedy Scott R 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cause maternally inherited diseases, while somatic mutations are linked to common diseases of aging. Although mtDNA mutations impact health, the processes that give rise to them are under considerable debate. To investigate the mechanism by which de novo mutations arise, we analyzed the distribution of naturally occurring somatic mutations across the mouse and human mtDNA obtained by Duplex Sequencing. We observe distinct mutational gradients in G→A and T→C transitions delimited by the light-strand origin and the mitochondrial Control Region (mCR). The gradient increases unequally across the mtDNA with age and is lost in the absence of DNA polymerase γ proofreading activity. In addition, high-resolution analysis of the mCR shows that important regulatory elements exhibit considerable variability in mutation frequency, consistent with them being mutational ‘hot-spots’ or ‘cold-spots’. Collectively, these patterns support genome replication via a deamination prone asymmetric strand-displacement mechanism as the fundamental driver of mutagenesis in mammalian DNA. Moreover, the distribution of mtDNA single nucleotide polymorphisms in humans and the distribution of bases in the mtDNA across vertebrate species mirror this gradient, indicating that replication-linked mutations are likely the primary source of inherited polymorphisms that, over evolutionary timescales, influences genome composition during speciation.
Glioblastoma genetic drivers dictate the function of tumor-associated macrophages/microglia and responses to CSF1R inhibition
Authors: Rao Rohit , Han Rong , Ogurek Sean , Xue Chengbin , Wu Lai Man , Zhang Liguo , Zhang Li , Hu Jian , Phoenix Timothy N , Waggoner Stephen N , Lu Q Richard 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Tumor-associated macrophages/microglia (TAMs) are prominent microenvironment components in human glioblastoma (GBM) that are potential targets for anti-tumor therapy. However, TAM depletion by CSF1R inhibition showed mixed results in clinical trials. We hypothesized that GBM subtype-specific tumor microenvironment (TME) conveys distinct sensitivities to TAM targeting.

Methods
We generated syngeneic PDGFB- and RAS-driven GBM models that resemble proneural-like and mesenchymal-like gliomas, and determined the effect of TAM targeting by CSF1R inhibitor PLX3397 on glioma growth. We also investigated the co-targeting of TAMs and angiogenesis on PLX3397-resistant RAS-driven GBM. Using single-cell transcriptomic profiling, we further explored differences in TME cellular compositions and functions in PDGFB- and RAS-driven gliomas.

Results
We found that growth of PDGFB-driven tumors was markedly inhibited by PLX3397. In contrast, depletion of TAMs at the early phase accelerated RAS-driven tumor growth and had no effects on other proneural and mesenchymal GBM models. In addition, PLX3397-resistant RAS-driven tumors did not respond to PI3K signaling inhibition. Single-cell transcriptomic profiling revealed that PDGFB-driven gliomas induced expansion and activation of pro-tumor microglia, whereas TAMs in mesenchymal RAS-driven GBM were enriched in pro-inflammatory and angiogenic signaling. Co-targeting of TAMs and angiogenesis decreased cell proliferation and changed the morphology of RAS-driven gliomas.

Conclusions
Our work identifies functionally distinct TAM subpopulations in the growth of different glioma subtypes. Notably, we uncover a potential responsiveness of resistant mesenchymal-like gliomas to combined anti-angiogenic therapy and CSF1R inhibition. These data highlight the importance of characterization of the microenvironment landscape in order to optimally stratify patients for TAM-targeted therapy.
Evaluation of metabolic syndrome and sleep quality in shift workers
Authors: Demiralp N , Özel F 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Shift workers have risks associated with metabolic syndrome and low sleep quality.

Aims
This study aimed to examine metabolic syndrome and sleep quality in firefighters and mine workers working shifts and daytime hours.

Methods
A comparative descriptive study was conducted in two institutions on firefighters and mine workers (n = 120) who were working shifts (n = 84) and working daytime hours (n = 36). The data were obtained using a questionnaire including socio-demographic information, anthropometric measurements and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.

Results
When risk of metabolic syndrome was compared with sleep quality, it was found that according to International Diabetes Federation criteria, 11% of those diagnosed with metabolic syndrome among shift-working firefighters and 5% of those diagnosed with metabolic syndrome among shift-working miners had low sleep quality. It was found that according to the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III criteria, 9% of those diagnosed with metabolic syndrome among shift firefighters and 2% of those diagnosed with metabolic syndrome among shift miners had low sleep quality.

Conclusions
Preventive measures should be taken to reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome in shift workers.
Police Powers and Public Assemblies: Learning from the Clapham Common ‘Vigil’ during the Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Stott Clifford , Radburn Matt , Pearson Geoff , Kyprianides Arabella , Harrison Mark , Rowlands David 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The policing of peaceful public assembly during the Covid-19 pandemic has been one of the most central challenges to police legitimacy. This is arguably because mass gatherings are assumed to carry a high risk of contagion yet, at the same time, peaceful public assembly is a protected human right. In this article, we explore this issue by using a case study to provide a detailed chronological interactional analysis of the policing operation surrounding a highly controversial public assembly that took place on Clapham Common in March 2021 in London, England. We explore the utility of a research and theory-based model for public order policing in pandemics as a framework for understanding the way the event evolved and identifying what lessons can be learnt for policing assemblies, both in future pandemics and more generally. We contend that ambiguity in the application of emergency powers and the potential for heavy fines to be applied using the legislation created a divergence between stakeholders and culminated in a leadership vacuum among protesters. Moreover, the context of acute political sensitivity led to a highly centralized public order operation that limited the capacity of police to enact dialogue-based solutions when leadership (re)emerged during the event. We conclude by discussing the implications of our analysis for understanding the inherent dangers of regulatory frameworks that place too heavy a burden of discretionary power into the hands of police in determining whether public assemblies are ‘lawful’, and under what conditions they can occur.
Classification of Geriatric Low Back Pain Based on Hip Characteristics With a 12-Month Longitudinal Exploration of Clinical Outcomes: Findings From Delaware Spine Studies
Authors: Hicks Gregory E , Pohlig Ryan T , Coyle Peter C , Sions J Megan , Weiner Debra K , Pugliese Jenifer M , Velasco Teonette O , O’Brien Victoria A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objective
The purpose of this study is to identify geriatric chronic low back pain (LBP) subgroups based on the presence of potentially modifiable hip impairments, using Latent Variable Mixture Modeling (LVMM), and to examine the prospective relationship between these subgroups and key outcomes over time.

Methods
Baseline, 3-month, 6-month, and 12-month data were collected from a prospective cohort of 250 community-dwelling older adults with chronic LBP. Comprehensive hip (symptoms, strength, range of motion, and flexibility), LBP (intensity and disability), and mobility function (gait speed and 6-Minute Walk Test) examinations were performed at each timepoint. Baseline hip measures were included in LVMM; observed classes/subgroups were compared longitudinally on LBP and mobility function outcomes using mixed models.

Results
Regarding LVMM, a model with 3 classes/subgroup fit best. Broadly speaking, subgroups were differentiated best by hip strength and symptom presence: subgroup 1 = strong and nonsymptomatic, subgroup 2 = weak and nonsymptomatic, and subgroup 3 = weak and symptomatic (WS). Regarding longitudinal mixed models, all subgroups improved in most outcomes over time. Specifically, over 12 months, the nonsymptomatic subgroups had lower LBP intensity and disability levels compared with the WS subgroup, whereas the strong and nonsymptomatic subgroup had better mobility function than the 2 “weak” subgroups.

Conclusion
These subgroup classifications may help in tailoring specific interventions in future trials. Special attention should be given to the WS subgroup given their consistently poor LBP and mobility function outcomes.

Impact
Among older adults with chronic low back pain, there are 3 hip subgroups: “strong and nonsymptomatic,” “weak and nonsymptomatic,” and “weak and symptomatic.” People in these subgroups demonstrate different outcomes and require different treatment; proper identification will result in tailored interventions designed to benefit individual patients. In particular, people in the WS subgroup deserve special attention, because their outcomes are consistently poorer than those in the other subgroups.
Rationalizability, Observability, and Common Knowledge
Authors: Penta Antonio , Zuazo-Garin Peio 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We study the strategic impact of players’ higher-order uncertainty over the observability of actions in general two-player games. More specifically, we consider the space of all belief hierarchies generated by the uncertainty over whether the game will be played as a static game or with perfect information. Over this space, we characterize the correspondence of a solution concept which captures the behavioural implications of Rationality and Common Belief in Rationality (RCBR), where “rationality” is understood as sequential whenever the game is dynamic. We show that such a correspondence is generically single-valued, and that its structure supports a robust refinement of rationalizability, which often has very sharp implications. For instance, (1) in a class of games which includes both zero-sum games with a pure equilibrium and coordination games with a unique efficient equilibrium, RCBR generically ensures efficient equilibrium outcomes (eductive coordination); (2) in a class of games which also includes other well-known families of coordination games, RCBR generically selects components of the Stackelberg profiles (Stackelberg selection); (3) if it is commonly known that player $2$’s action is not observable (e.g. because $1$ is commonly known to move earlier, etc.), in a class of games which includes all of the above RCBR generically selects the equilibrium of the static game most favourable to player $1$ (pervasiveness of first-mover advantage).
Synovial single-cell heterogeneity, zonation and interactions: a patchwork of effectors in arthritis
Authors: Schonfeldova Barbora , Zec Kristina , Udalova Irina A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Despite extensive research, there is still no treatment that would lead to remission in all patients with rheumatoid arthritis as our understanding of the affected site, the synovium, is still incomplete. Recently, single-cell technologies helped to decipher the cellular heterogeneity of the synovium; however, certain synovial cell populations, such as endothelial cells or peripheral neurons, remain to be profiled on a single-cell level. Furthermore, associations between certain cellular states and inflammation were found; whether these cells cause the inflammation remains to be answered. Similarly, cellular zonation and interactions between individual effectors in the synovium are yet to be fully determined. A deeper understanding of cell signalling and interactions in the synovium is crucial for a better design of therapeutics with the goal of complete remission in all patients.
Extracting Circadian and Sleep Parameters from Longitudinal Data in Schizophrenia for the Design of Pragmatic Light Interventions
Authors: Skeldon Anne C , Dijk Derk-Jan , Meyer Nicholas , Wulff Katharina 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Sleep and circadian rhythm dysfunction is prevalent in schizophrenia, is associated with distress and poorer clinical status, yet remains an under-recognized therapeutic target. The development of new therapies requires the identification of the primary drivers of these abnormalities. Understanding of the regulation of sleep–wake timing is now sufficiently advanced for mathematical model-based analyses to identify the relative contribution of endogenous circadian processes, behavioral or environmental influences on sleep-wake disturbance and guide the development of personalized treatments. Here, we have elucidated factors underlying disturbed sleep-wake timing by applying a predictive mathematical model for the interaction of light and the circadian and homeostatic regulation of sleep to actigraphy, light, and melatonin profiles from 20 schizophrenia patients and 21 age-matched healthy unemployed controls, and designed interventions which restored sleep-circadian function. Compared to controls, those with schizophrenia slept longer, had more variable sleep timing, and received significantly fewer hours of bright light (light &gt; 500 lux), which was associated with greater variance in sleep timing. Combining the model with the objective data revealed that non 24-h sleep could be best explained by reduced light exposure rather than differences in intrinsic circadian period. Modeling implied that late sleep offset and non 24-h sleep timing in schizophrenia can be normalized by changes in environmental light–dark profiles, without imposing major lifestyle changes. Aberrant timing and intensity of light exposure patterns are likely causal factors in sleep timing disturbances in schizophrenia. Implementing our new model-data framework in clinical practice could deliver personalized and acceptable light–dark interventions that normalize sleep-wake timing.
A chemical-genetic investigation of BDNF-NtrkB signaling in mammalian sleep
Authors: Muheim Christine M , Singletary Kristan G , Frank Marcos G 
Published: September 2021

AbstractStudy ObjectivesThe neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is hypothesized to be a molecular mediator of mammalian sleep homeostasis. This hypothesis is supported by correlational findings and results obtained from pharmacology. BDNF binds with high affinity to the membrane-bound receptor Neurotrophin Tyrosine Kinase Receptor B (NtrkB), which triggers several intracellular signaling cascades. It is therefore possible that BDNF’s role in sleep homeostasis is mediated via NtrkB. We examined this hypothesis using a chemical-genetic technique that allows for rapid and selective inhibition of NtrkB in vivo.MethodsWe used mutant mice bearing a point mutation in the NtrkB that allows for selective and reversible inactivation in the presence of a small binding molecule (1-NM-PP1). Using a crossover design, we determined the effects of NtrkB inhibition on baseline sleep architecture and sleep homeostasis.ResultsWe find that NtrkB inhibition reduced rapid eye movement (REM) sleep time and changed state transitions but had no effect on sleep homeostasis.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that BDNF-NtrkB receptor signaling has subtle roles in sleep architecture, but no role in sleep homeostasis.
When Families Fail: Women’s Responses to Spousal Violence in Central Asia
Authors: Urbaeva Jildyz , Koo Jinhee , Childress Saltanat 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Family violence is among the Grand Challenges for Social Work. Central Asian women report high rates of family violence, and yet they have limited options for responding to spousal violence. Despite the significance of the social problem, social workers are only beginning to develop interventions to address spousal violence in Central Asia. Authors used the domestic violence module from the 2012 Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan for analysis of spousal dynamics and women’s responses to spousal violence. Dependent variables were help seeking, physical retaliation against husband, and divorce from husband, and independent variables were severe mixed violence, injuries, and fear. Authors applied latent class analysis for identifying types of violence experienced by women. Logistic regression was used to measure associations between variables. Authors utilized bootstrapping percentile confidence intervals for assessing the indirect effects of severe violence via injuries and fear. Severe mixed violence and injuries were related to an increased likelihood of a woman’s response, while fear of husband reduced the likelihood of physical retaliation and divorce. Results suggest a strong need for social work interventions.
Perceptions, Knowledge, and Attitudes about Human Trafficking Questionnaire: Extending Its Utility with Social Work Students
Authors: Welch-Brewer Chiquitia , Nsonwu Maura , Busch-Armendariz Noël , Heffron Laurie Cook 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis study, a two-site, cross-sectional survey of university students (n = 321 at site 1; n = 201 at site 2), extends the development and utility of the Perceptions, Knowledge, and Attitudes about Human Trafficking Questionnaire by generating factor-based scales and scores to represent values for its three factors (Self-Appraisal of Knowledge/Skills, Worldview of Human Trafficking, and Help-Seeking Behavior/Personal Beliefs) in order to examine their relationship to background criterion variables and assess differences between social work and non–social work students and between subgroups of social work students. Across both samples, the background variables of human trafficking training and professional responsibilities related to addressing human trafficking were predictive of self-appraisal of knowledge/skills. Additionally, social work students had higher scores than non–social work students on the worldview of human trafficking and help-seeking behavior/personal beliefs factor-based scales, suggesting that social work students perceived human trafficking to be more of a social problem and held fewer misperceptions of the help-seeking behavior of and a greater willingness to provide social services to persons who are trafficked than non–social work students. Implications for social work education, practice, and research are presented.