bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Article 83 General conditions for imposing administrative fines
Authors: Kotschy Waltraut 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Article 58 (Powers of supervisory authorities) (see too recital 129); Article 78 (Right to an effective judicial remedy against a supervisory authority) (see too recital 141); Article 79 (Right to an effective judicial remedy against a controller or processor) (see too recital 145); Article 82 (Right to compensation and liability); Article 84 (Penalties) (see too recitals 149 and 152).
A Practical Approach to Planning Law
Authors: Bowes Ashley 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Planning law is one of the most fast moving legal areas, with major structural changes to the planning system occurring since 2014 . Despite these attempts at simplification, it remains one of the most complex fields for both students and practitioners to navigate. In this continually evolving arena the fourteenth edition of A Practical Approach to Planning Law is an authoritative and reliable resource for all those working in the area, providing a comprehensive and systematic account of the principles and practice of planning law. The text guides the reader through each stage of the planning process, from permission applications through to disputes and appeals in a clear and accessible style. Containing coverage of all recent cases as well as important legislative and policy developments since the publication of the previous edition, particularly those arising out of the Neighbourhood Planning Act 2017, the Housing and Planning Act 2016, the Infrastructure Act 2015, and the Deregulation Act 2015, this new edition provides an invaluable introduction to the subject for professionals and students alike. The A Practical Approach series is the perfect partner for practice work. Each title provides a comprehensive overview of the subject together with clear, practical advice and tips on issues likely to arise in practice. The books are also an excellent resource for those new to the field, where the expert overview and clear layout promote clarity and ease of understanding.
Pre-trial Proceedings
Authors: Sprack John , Engelhardt–Sprack Michael 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In recent years, various reforms have aimed to increase the scope of pre-trial proceedings in the Crown Court. The underlying aim is to enable the judge (preferably the one who will preside at trial but, if that is not possible to ensure, one of the other judges who are available at that Crown Court centre) to start the business of managing the trial before it begins. That means that the parties must supply information as to the issues and the way in which they intend to conduct their case; and that the judge must act upon that information by making any orders which seem necessary in order to assist the efficient conduct of the trial.
Judge-only Trials
Authors: Sprack John , Engelhardt–Sprack Michael 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Historically, trial on indictment in England and Wales has always been in front of a judge and jury. The principle, which for some has acquired virtually constitutional status, is that someone accused of a serious crime has the right to be tried by a jury of his peers, who are the sole determiners of guilt. Central to the argument in favour of jury involvement in trial on indictment is the concept that ordinary citizens ought to participate in the criminal justice system in this central role, as a crucial part of the democratic process. As Lord Devlin put it, the jury is ‘the lamp that shows that freedom lives’.
Netherlands (‘.nl’)
Authors: Alkema Adonna 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In the Netherlands, there is no legislation dealing with the registration and use of domain names. Domain name conflicts are therefore decided on the basis of existing laws, such as laws regarding the protection of trademarks and trade names and tort law. Domain name conflicts often lead to court proceedings, resulting in over 500 decisions rendered by first instance courts so far and more than 90 decisions rendered by appeal courts.
People’s Republic of China (‘.cn’)
Authors: Yunze Lian , Yuping Liu 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In China, trademarks are governed by the Trademark Law (amended in 2001) and the Regulations for Implementation of the Trademark Law (amended in 2002), which provide that any natural person, legal person, or other organization intending to acquire the exclusive right to use a trademark for the goods produced, manufactured, processed, selected, or marketed by him or it, or for the goods provided by him or it, shall file an application for the registration of the trademark with the Trademark Office. The China Trademark Office (CTMO) of the State Administration for Industry and Commerce (SAIC) of the People’s Republic of China is responsible for trademark registration and administration.
Joint Recommendation Concerning Provisions on the Protection of Marks, and other Industrial Property Rights in Signs, on the Internet
Authors: Bettinger Torsten 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The ‘Joint Recommendation Concerning Provisions on the Protection of Marks, and Other Industrial Property Rights in Signs, on the Internet’ was adopted on October 3, 2001, by the General Assembly of WIPO and the Assembly of the Paris Union for the Protection of Industrial Property. It presents a comprehensive model for resolving international trademark conflicts, as well as proposals concerning the conditions for the acquisition and maintenance of trademark protection, on the basis of acts of use on the Internet.
National Report for Australia
Authors: Symes Christopher , Fitzpatrick Jeffrey 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Australia’s contract law is an amalgam of common law rules, equitable principles, and statute law. Its genesis lay in centuries of development of these three branches of English law. Principles of modern contract law had their roots in the rise of English maritime law during the sixteenth century. In 1788, England established a penal colony at Sydney Cove, seeding the colony of New South Wales. At that moment, all existing English contract law simply flowed into this ‘new’ land as intellectual baggage. Slowly Anglo Australia’s legal and legislative framework evolved from a patchwork of distinct English colonies into a commonwealth of Federal, State, and Territory Governments. The gloss of contract law took on an increasingly antipodean sheen. This resultant ‘system’ of law is a complex relationship between common law, equity, and Federal, State, and Territory legislation. Throughout this chapter we shall use the term ‘general law’ to mean the principles and rules of common law and equity.
Product Liability
Authors: Duncan Fairgrieve , Goldberg Richard 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Product Liability is a recognised authority in the field and covers the product liability laws through which manufacturers, retailers, and others may be held liable to compensate persons who are injured, or who incur financial loss, when the products which they manufacture or sell are defective or not fit for their purpose. Product defects may originate in the production process, be one of design, or be grounded in a failure to issue an adequate warning or directions for safe use and practitioners advising business clients or claimants will find this book provides all the necessary information for practitioners to manage a product liability claim. This new edition has been fully updated to take account of 10 years of development in case law and regulation, and the increasing impact of cross-border and transnational sale of goods. The Court of Justice of the European Union handed down major rulings concerning the Product Liability Directive which affect the application of the Directive and national arrangements and Fairgrieve and Goldberg examines this in detail. For any legal practitioner operating in areas which require knowledge of European product liability law, an understanding of the impact of recent developments is essential and this work is an essential resource for practitioners working on product liability, sale of goods, personal injury and negligence. The work provides comprehensive coverage of the law of negligence as it applies to product liability, of the strict liability provisions of the Consumer Protection Act 1987, and of the EU's Product Liability Directive on which the Act is based. Although the majority of cases involve pharmaceuticals and medical devices, in recent English cases the allegedly defective products have been as diverse as a child's buggy, an All Terrain Vehicle, and even a coffee cup. Many cases are brought as group actions, and the book examines the rights of those who are injured by defective products. As well as considering the perspective of the law as it has developed in the UK, this edition contains detailed discussion of case law from other jurisdictions including the USA, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, France and Germany. The coverage in the work is complemented by a full analysis of issues which arise in transnational litigation involving problems of jurisdiction and the choice of laws.
Proceedings Relating to Eutms
Authors: Annette Kur , Senftleben Martin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Title IX EUTMR—Articles 75 to 93a—is headed ‘Procedure’ and contains general rules regarding proceedings before the European Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO). These range from general principles such as obligation to state reasons, the right to be heard, and the examination of facts by the Office of its own motion to provisions concerning representation before the Office. Article 83 contains a reference to the principles of procedural law generally recognized in the Member States where the European Union Trade Mark Regulation (EUTMR) and the secondary law pertaining thereto do not contain any provisions. The Amending Regulation had a significant impact on this section and led to numerous provisions previously in Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2868/95 (Implementing Regulation—‘CTMIR’) being incorporated into the Basic Regulation; however, the majority of the new provisions only enter into force on 1 October 2017. This allows the Commission to adopt delegated and implementing acts in accordance with the Amending Regulation. In the meantime, the CTMIR remains in force to the extent it has not already been repealed.
Commercial Exploitation of Patents
Authors: Grubb Philip W , Thomsen Peter R , Hoxie Tom , Wright Gordon 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the ways in which patents are commercially exploited by various industries. It discusses the use of patents to exclude competition in the pharmaceutical industry; patents for survival in the biotechnology industry; patents as a source of royalty income for universities; patents as lottery tickets for inventors; and patents as bargaining chips in the electronics industry. The final section explains the use of patents as tools for extortion. The term ‘patent troll’ has become widely used in the last few years, and is usually applied to an entity that has no business activities except asserting and litigating patent rights.
Alternative Remedies
Authors: Fairgrieve Duncan , Squires QC Dan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This book focuses primarily upon claims brought against public authorities for the tort of negligence. Where a public authority causes harm to an individual, either deliberately or carelessly, there may also be other remedies available to the injured party. The present chapter considers some of the more important alternative remedies, though perhaps the most significant alternative now available are claims brought under the Human Rights Act 1998, which are considered separately in Chapter 7. In this chapter we examine the torts of misfeasance in public office and breach of statutory duty as well as judicial review proceedings and complaints to the Ombudsmen.
Police
Authors: Fairgrieve Duncan , Squires QC Dan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The police are subject to a range of different legal controls. They have a general duty to uphold the law, and breach of this duty can, in principle, be enforced by way of judicial review proceedings brought by members of the public. If, in the course of enforcing the law, the police detain, arrest, or assault an individual without lawful justification, they can be held liable for the torts of false imprisonment or trespass to the person, and they may also be held liable for the tort of misfeasance in public office if they act maliciously and unlawfully in the purported performance of their duties. as well as statutory torts specifically aimed at the police. The Human Rights Act 1998 provides further significant additions to the claims that can be brought against the police, and these are considered further in chapter 7. Claimants have also sought to establish that the police, like other public authorities, can be held liable for the tort of negligence, and it is such claims that are considered in this chapter.
Innumeracy and State Legislative Salaries
Authors: Cooper Christopher A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
What do citizens know about state legislative salaries and how does correct information change opinions of legislators and what citizens believe to be their proper levels of compensation? Through an original experiment with more than 2,000 registered voters from four heterogeneous states, this paper provides evidence that the degree of innumeracy regarding state legislative salaries exceeds innumeracy regarding many other political facts. Further, providing participants with correct information can influence policy opinions directly related to legislative salary but has no effects on indirect policy opinions, such as assessments of legislators themselves. These findings have important implications for scholars of public opinion, factual misperceptions, and state legislative representation.
The evolution and engineering of enzyme activity through tuning conformational landscapes
Authors: Damry Adam M , Jackson Colin J 
Published: March 2021

AbstractProteins are dynamic molecules whose structures consist of an ensemble of conformational states. Dynamics contribute to protein function and a link to protein evolution has begun to emerge. This increased appreciation for the evolutionary impact of conformational sampling has grown from our developing structural biology capabilities and the exploration of directed evolution approaches, which have allowed evolutionary trajectories to be mapped. Recent studies have provided empirical examples of how proteins can evolve via conformational landscape alterations. Moreover, minor conformational substates have been shown to be involved in the emergence of new enzyme functions as they can become enriched through evolution. The role of remote mutations in stabilizing new active site geometries has also granted insight into the molecular basis underpinning poorly understood epistatic effects that guide protein evolution. Finally, we discuss how the growth of our understanding of remote mutations is beginning to refine our approach to engineering enzymes.
Risk factors for cerebral infarction in Takayasu arteritis: a single-centre case–control study
Authors: Kong Fang , Huang Xu , Su Li , Liao Qiuju , Wang Chunxiu , Zhao Yi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objectives
We aimed to investigate the clinical features of Takayasu arteritis with cerebral infarction, and the risk factors for cerebral infarction.

Methods
The study analysed 122 consecutive patients with Takayasu arteritis retrospectively. The clinical characteristics of Takayasu arteritis patients with and without cerebral infarction were compared. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to determine risk factors for cerebral infarction in Takayasu arteritis patients.

Results
Cerebral infarction was present in 42 (34.4%) of 122 patients with Takayasu arteritis. There were 33 patients with ischaemic stroke and 11 with asymptomatic lacunar infarction, including two patients with both types of infarction. The cerebral infarction group had a significantly higher proportion of males, higher prevalence of blurred vision, and higher Indian Takayasu Clinical Activity Score (ITAS) 2010 than the non–cerebral infarction group. Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that hyperlipidaemia [odds ratio (OR) 5.549, P=0.021], ITAS 2010 (OR 1.123, P= 0.023), number of involved arteries (OR 1.307, P=0.018), and middle cerebral artery (MCA) involvement (OR 4.013, P=0.029) were significantly associated with cerebral infarction in patients with Takayasu arteritis. Receiver operating characteristic curves indicated fair performance of the ITAS 2010 (&gt;6) and number of involved arteries (&gt; 7) for distinguishing Takayasu arteritis patients at risk of cerebral infarction from those without such risk.

Conclusion
Hyperlipidaemia, higher ITAS 2010, larger number of involved arteries, and MCA involvement are independent risk factors for cerebral infarction in Takayasu arteritis patients.
The posterior cerebellum and inconsistent trait implications when learning the sequence of actions
Authors: Pu Min , Ma Qianying , Heleven Elien , Haihambo Naem Patemoshela , Van Overwalle Frank 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
It has been proposed that the cerebellum contributes to social cognition. Based on the view that cerebellar internal models create predictions on motions and actions, we hypothesize that the posterior cerebellum supports identifying temporal sequences of persons’ actions as well as detecting inconsistent actions that violate the implied trait. Participants were required to memorize the temporal order of a set of sentences that implied a personality trait. Importantly, the sentence sets were designed in such a way that the first half of each set involved actions that were consistent with the same trait, while the other half was either consistent or inconsistent with that trait. As expected, we found robust posterior cerebellar activation when memorizing the order of the actions, irrespective of trait consistency, but more crucially also for actions implying an inconsistent trait in comparison to consistent trait actions. We also found that the medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cerebellum were associated with confidence level in retrieving the sequences. This study supports the hypothesis that the posterior cerebellum identifies and predicts the low-level temporal order of actions and demonstrates for the first time that this area is also involved in the high-level prediction of trait implications of those actions.
From scanners to cell phones: neural and real-world responses to social evaluation in adolescent girls
Authors: Sequeira Stefanie L , Silk Jennifer S , Edershile Elizabeth A , Jones Neil P , Hanson Jamie L , Forbes Erika E , Ladouceur Cecile D 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
While expanded use of neuroimaging seemed promising to elucidate typical and atypical elements of social sensitivity, in many ways progress in this space has stalled. This is in part due to a disconnection between neurobiological measurements and behavior outside of the laboratory. The present study uses a developmentally salient fMRI computer task and novel ecological momentary assessment protocol to examine whether early adolescent females (n = 76; ages 11–13) with greater neural reactivity to social rejection actually report greater emotional reactivity following negative interactions with peers in daily life. As hypothesized, associations were found between reactivity to perceived social threat in daily life and neural activity in threat-related brain regions, including the left amygdala and bilateral insula, to peer rejection relative to a control condition. Additionally, daily life reactivity to perceived social threat was associated with functional connectivity between the left amygdala and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex during rejection feedback. Unexpectedly, daily life social threat reactivity was also related to heightened amygdala and insula activation to peer acceptance relative to a control condition. These findings may inform key brain–behavior associations supporting sensitivity to social evaluation in adolescence.
Changes of Hypocretin (Orexin) System in Schizophrenia: From Plasma to Brain
Authors: Lu Jing , Huang Man-Li , Li Jin-Hui , Jin Kang-Yu , Li Hai-Mei , Mou Ting-Ting , Fronczek Rolf , Duan Jin-Feng , Xu Wei-Juan , Swaab Dick , Bao Ai-Min 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Hypocretin (also called orexin) regulates various functions, such as sleep-wake rhythms, attention, cognition, and energy balance, which show significant changes in schizophrenia (SCZ). We aimed to identify alterations in the hypocretin system in SCZ patients. We measured plasma hypocretin-1 levels in SCZ patients and healthy controls and found significantly decreased plasma hypocretin-1 levels in SCZ patients, which was mainly due to a significant decrease in female SCZ patients compared with female controls. In addition, we measured postmortem hypothalamic hypocretin-1-immunoreactivity (ir), ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hypocretin-1 levels, and hypocretin receptor (Hcrt-R) mRNA expression in the superior frontal gyrus (SFG) in SCZ patients and controls We observed a significant decrease in the amount of hypothalamic hypocretin-1 ir in SCZ patients, which was due to decreased amounts in female but not male patients. Moreover, Hcrt-R2 mRNA in the SFG was decreased in female SCZ patients compared with female controls, while male SCZ patients showed a trend of increased Hcrt-R1 mRNA and Hcrt-R2 mRNA expression compared with male controls. We conclude that central hypocretin neurotransmission is decreased in SCZ patients, especially female patients, and this is reflected in the plasma.
Omalizumab as monotherapy for food allergy
Authors: Arasi Stefania , Mennini Maurizio , Cafarotti Arianna , Fiocchi Alessandro 
Published: March 2021

Purpose of review
To familiarize the reader with the most recent insights in the use of Omalizumab (monoclonal anti-immunoglobulin E) monotherapy in the treatment of patients with severe food allergy.

Recent findings
The current data from early stage clinical trials show that Omalizumab may be safe and effective by itself in providing desensitization to one or several foods without requiring allergen exposure.

Summary
In the near future, advances in knowledge will guide the adoption and implementation of any new therapy for food allergy and allow the development of a personalized treatment tailored on the specific patient's profile.
COVID-19 and Acute Cervical Spinal Cord Injury—Case Report of 2 Patients
Authors: Hess Matthew C. , Collins Christine S. , Mabry Scott E. , Hicks James W. , Levitt Eli B. , Rajaram Sakthivel 
Published: March 2021

Study Design:
This was a case series.

Objective:
The authors sought to examine the high-risk population of COVID-positive patients with acute cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) in a large level 1 trauma and tertiary referral center.

Summary of Background Data:
There are limited studies regarding the surgical management of patients with acute SCI in the setting of the recent coronavirus pandemic.

Methods:
The authors describe the cases of 2 patients who died from COVID-related complications after acute cervical SCI.

Results:
Patients with SCI are at increased risk of pulmonary complications. COVID-19 infection represents a double hit in this patient population, increasing potential morbidity and mortality in the perioperative time frame. Careful consideration must be made regarding the timing of potential surgical intervention in the treatment of acute SCI.

Conclusions:
Nationwide database of COVID-positive patients with acute spinal cord injury should be collected and analyzed to better understand how to manage acute SCI in the COVID-19 era. The authors recommend preoperative discussion in patients with acute cervical SCI with COVID-19, specifically emphasizing the increased risk of respiratory complications and mortality.