bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanism and Transformation Directions of 1,1,2 - trichloroethane in the Liquid Phase by Low-voltage Electrical Discharges
Authors: Bordikov I V , Titov E Yu , Subbotin A Yu 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
1,1,2-trichloroethane is transformed by the action of low-voltage (60 V DC) pulse discharge in the liquid medium in the nanostructure, cis-ClCH = CHCl, trans-ClCH = CHCl, CH2 = CCl2 and HCl. Conversion 1,1,2-trichloroethane 21 wt%, hydrogen chloride yield was 88.4 wt%, yield solid phase 11.6 wt%. The morphology and composition of solid phase products have been determined. According to energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, solid-phase products have an elemental composition, % atom: carbon — 90.5-94.2, chlorine — 1.35.4, oxygen — 3.1-4.5. The structures of 1,1-dichloroethylene and cis-, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, as well as the isomer ratios were determined by 1H NMR. The relative content of isomers: cis-1,2-dichlorethylene 44%, trans-1,2-dichlorethylene 34%, 1,1-dichloroethylene 22%. Quantum-chemical modeling revealed the mechanism of formation of the obtained dichlorethylenes. According to the calculation results, 1,1,2-TCA is involved in the reaction in the triplet state. The difference in energy between the ground and excited states is 66.2 kcal/mol. The elimination of HCl is carried out by an activated chlorine atom generated during the transfer of 1,1,2-TCA under the action of electric discharges from the singlet state to the triplet state.
Analysis of Palaeoecological Factors in Shaping Modern Landscape of Republic of Kalmykia
Authors: Sangadzhiev M M , Onkaev V A , Germasheva Y S 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper examines environmental issues from the point of view of historical geology and geoecology. The territory of the Caspian region has undergone many geological and geographical changes for more than 180 million years. The waters of the Tethys ocean covering the entire region gradually regressed. One of the remnants of the ocean is the Caspian (Khazar) sea. The Caspian Sea has also undergone many changes. If in the Quaternary period it washed the Ergeninsky upland, then now it has gone 300 km south of the coastline. The history of the Caspian Sea is very interesting and entertaining. The tribes that lived on the territory of the Caspian Sea, from the Scythians to the descendants of Genghis Khan, were mainly engaged in cattle breeding. They mainly bred horses and sheep intended for long-distance raids on this territory. At different times and eras, the livestock in the studied area varied, it was about 2 million or more animal units. For more than 30,000 years, the soil layer has been destroyed. If 200 years ago the territory of the Caspian lowland and especially the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia were blooming, then for more than 2-3 centuries this zone has changed a lot. The peak of degradation of the soil layer occurred in the 1960-1980s. One of the reasons for the destruction of the natural balance is the system of land reclamation, widely carried out in the 20th century. The purpose of this research is to analyze the process of soil degradation, landscape changes, and gully-girder system over the past 30 centuries. To solve this problem, we used the materials of archaeological expeditions conducted by scientists of the Kalmyk University, as well as information available in open sources. The hypothesis accepted for the study was the system of nature variability with consideration for the influence of other factors. The destruction of the soil layer and its degradation led to the formation of the Sahel belt on the territory of the Republic. Another part of the accepted hypothesis was the system of equilibrium in nature, entropy. Any of these disruptions can lead to adverse consequences. Such consequences are not yet fully understood. The obtained data will allow us to assess the current environmental status of the study area.
Influence of Diagnostics of Axle Boxes of Freight Cars on Traffic Safety of the Railway Transport
Authors: Pitsenko I , Muradian L , Myamlin S 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Failures of axle boxes of freight cars due to poor-quality repair and maintenance can be reduced by applying diagnostic methods and tools. Therefore, the study carried out a study of the influence of diagnostics of axle boxes of freight cars on traffic safety of the railway transport. To reduce the magnitude of risks arising from failures of axle box units of freight cars, it is proposed to use vibration diagnostics during maintenance and repair, and to exclude the human factor, it is proposed to completely eliminate the operator’s influence on the conclusions of the diagnostic process. Also, a method for assessing the risks arising from failures of axle boxes of freight cars was developed. The presented method for assessing of traffic safety the railway transport allows you to determine and predict risks. Vibration diagnostics allows reducing the risks arising from failures of axle boxes of freight cars, thereby increasing the level of traffic safety up to 3.7 times. In this regard, it can be argued that the use of vibration diagnostics during the maintenance and repair of axle boxes of freight cars makes it possible to reduce the threats to human life and possible harmful environmental consequences on the railway transport.
Analysis of Oreoxerophite Flora within Chechnia
Authors: Taisumov M A , Umarov M U , Astamirova M A-M , Abdurzakova A S , Magomadova R S , Baybatyrova E R 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The article provides information on xerophilous vegetation and its classification from the point of view of ecology, physiology and morphology. The localization of the oeroxerophyte belt above the forest belt along river valleys and in the arid basins of the republic was noted. The vegetation cover here is complex and consists of numerous microgroups, which differ sharply from each other in their coenotic character, since they develop in arid conditions on mountain slopes characterized by a wide variety of microrelief elements. The belt is not continuous, it is located in spots in a chain of arid basins located between the Skalisty and Lateral ridges; the most significant areas are in the upper reaches of the Sharo-Argun and Chanty-Argun, but it reaches its greatest development within arid basins, occupying all the southern mountain slopes. A classification of xerophytes in the flora of the Russian Caucasus has been developed. The most important representatives of oeroxerophytes of various substrates and plant communities are indicated.
Assessment of the Level of Food Security in Russia in the Context of Import Substitution
Authors: Antamoshkina E N , Rogachev A F 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The article is devoted to assessing the food security of the Russian Federation in the context of the implementation of the import substitution policy. With this objective in view, the authors consider the system of indicators of food security assessment: level of food self-sufficiency, degree of satisfaction of population’s physiological needs for principal food products, level of economic affordability of food. As provided by the suggested method of assessment, the study determines the criteria by every index allowing the authors to evaluate the level of food security (using point system) as optimal, permissible or low one. Economic affordability of food analysis assumes that several indicators are to be considered in conformity with the following criteria: proportion of population with incomes below living wage; ratio of food expenses in the final consumption expenses structure of households; degree of inequality of population distribution according to income level. The level of economic affordability of food determines the possibility of acquiring food, depending on the size of incomes and price levels. As a result of the calculations, it was found that the integrated assessment of food security in Russia amounted to 8 points, which corresponds to permissible level. At the same time there are explicit threats to food security: rather high level of income inequality in the region, growing index of consumer price for food products. The obtained results are necessary while planning and elaborating the measures of the economic policy to ensure, maintain and increase the level of food security.
Enhancing gas sensing properties of novel palladium-decorated zinc oxide surface: a first-principles study
Authors: Liangruksa Monrudee , Laomettachit Teeraphan , Siriwong Chawarat 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Doping and surface engineering of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures are the practical approach in promoting the gas sensing capabilities. However, the mechanism and the factors that affect such improvement are not well understood. We performed the first-principles based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations to investigate palladium (Pd) decoration on the gas sensing properties of ZnO (0001) surface. Various Pd loading contents on the ZnO surface have been simulated for the resulting sensing capabilities towards a series of gas molecules. The simulations indicate that the modified ZnO surfaces actively interact with the CO and NH3 gas molecules with great adsorption energies ranging from −1.02 eV to −5.56 eV. Moreover, the most stable structure of the decorated ZnO surface by a three-Pd ring cluster has revealed the drastically enhanced selectivity towards NH3 gas. Hence, surface decoration by Pd atoms could be an effective approach in promoting gas selectivity and sensitivity.
Microwave absorbing characteristics of Fe3O4@SiO2 core–shell polyaniline-based composites
Authors: Yusmaniar  , Erdawati  , Sosiati Harini , Budi Setia , Alaydrus Mudrik , Handoko Erfan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this study, Fe3O4@SiO2 core–shell/polyaniline composites were successfully prepared by mechanical and chemical methods. The crystalline structure, morphology, magnetic and microwave absorption property of the Fe3O4@SiO2 core–shell polyaniline-based composites were investigated with X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, permagraph and vector network analyzer, respectively. The results indicate the composites of 4 wt% Fe3O4@SiO2 core–shell filleras a potential candidate for X-band electromagnetic absorbing material. The frequency bands for reflection loss below –10 dB (90% microwave absorption) areobtained from 8.0 to 12.2 GHz at the thickness of 2 to 5 mm. This enhancement could be attributed to the addition of Fe3O4@SiO2 core–shell as a filler.
Effect of Nd on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of Mg-Gd-Nd-Zr alloys
Authors: Bao Jian , Li Quanan , Chen Xiaoya , Zhang Qian , Chen Ziyi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The corrosion behavior of Mg-12.5Gd-xNd-0.3Zr (x = 1, 2, 3 wt%) alloys were investigated by weight loss tests and electrochemical measurements in 3.5% NaCl solution. The results show that the increase of Nd content refine the grains gradually and promote the precipitates. Mg-12.5Gd-xNd-0.3Zr alloy is composed of α-Mg and Mg5Gd and Nd41Mg5 phase, and the semi-continuous phase is formed with addition of 3% Nd. The corrosion resistance of Mg-12.5Gd-xNd-0.3Zr alloys sharply increases with the increase of Nd element by weight loss tests and the tendency is proven by means of electrochemical measurements. The corrosion resistance is improved when Nd content increases from 1% to 3% owning to the diminishing grain size and the change of distribution for second phase. The second phase play a dual effect on corrosion which depend on its distribution.
Kinetic model of dynamic recrystallization of DP1000 steel for auto body structures
Authors: Li Hui , Rui Feng , Xiao-li Cui , Yao-kun Pan , Xue-jie Fu , Xuan Ding 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Hot compression tests were performed in DP1000 steel under a temperature range of 950 ∼ 1150 °C with corresponding strain rate of 0.05 ∼ 10 s−1 to investigate the kinetic model of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) on a Gleeble 3800 thermal simulation test machine. The characteristic parameters such as critical stress/strain (σ
c/ε
c), peak stress/strain (σ
p/ε
p), maximum softening stress/strain (σ
m/ε
m) and steady-state stress/strain (σ
ss/ε
ss) were acquired according to the stress-strain data. The beginning of DRX was found from the inflection point of the cubic spline θ-σ curve. The Zahiri model was used to calculate the DRX percentage. The revised MZ DRX model based on multiple characteristic parameters was developed, and the prediction value had good agreement with the experimental results.
Ultrafast electron–hole relaxation dynamics in CdS nanocrystals
Authors: Makkar Mahima , Moretti Luca , Maiuri Margherita , Cerullo Giulio , Viswanatha Ranjani 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Surface traps significantly influence the charge carrier dynamics within semiconductor nanocrystals, introducing non-radiative exciton recombination channels which are detrimental for their applications. Understanding the nature of these trap states and modulating them synthetically bears immense potential in designing defect-free colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals for efficient optoelectronic devices. Thus, systems devoid of surface traps can be used to study the relaxation pathways of excitons generated within these nanocrystals. In this work, we study the ultrafast charge carrier relaxation dynamics upon near-edge resonance excitation and above-resonance excitation in CdS nanocrystals using ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy, in order to understand intraband cooling and mid-gap trap states. The time-resolved studies reveal that the above bandgap excitation results in a three-step process, including instantaneous growth followed by a fast sub-picosecond decay and a long-lived (>1 ns) excited state or a trap state recombination. The large percentage of long-lived excitons in CdS nanocrystals elucidates the defect-free nature of the system arising from the absence of surface states.
In situ XAS study of the local structure of the nano-Li2FeSiO4/C cathode
Authors: Kucuk Kamil , Aryal Shankar , Moazzen Elahe , Timofeeva Elena V , Segre Carlo U 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Despite the challenges in achieving its full theoretical capacity of reversible extraction of two Li ions, the Li2FeSiO4 (LFS) cathode shows a remarkable cycling stability once its low electronic conductivity is addressed. By studying the local structure around the iron during electrochemical cycling using in situ x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), it is possible to gain insight into the factors which determine the electrochemical properties of this material. In order to practically perform in situ XAS studies, the charge/discharge of LFS was maximized using two approaches: (a) reducing the particle size of LFS samples from micro-scale to nano-scale in order to reduce the diffusion path for intercalating ions; and (b) applying a conductive coating to each nanoparticle to facilitate electron transfer. A family of LFS materials was synthesized and characterized using x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive analysis for structural and morphological analysis, as well as cyclic voltammetry and cycling tests for electrochemical performance diagnosis. This material was then characterized by in situ XAS. The results provide insight into the stable electrochemical performance of LFS and suggest new synthetic routes to reaching the theoretical capacity.
Minimal-Contact Versus Standard Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Cost-Effectiveness Results of a Multisite Trial
Authors: Dunlap Laura J , Jaccard James , Lackner Jeffrey M 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common, often disabling gastrointestinal (GI) disorder for which there is no satisfactory medical treatment but is responsive to cognitive behavior therapy (CBT).

Purpose
To evaluate the costs and cost-effectiveness of a minimal contact version of CBT (MC-CBT) condition for N = 145 for IBS relative to a standard, clinic-based CBT (S-CBT; N = 146) and a nonspecific comparator emphasizing education/support (EDU; N = 145).

Method
We estimated the per-patient cost of each treatment condition using an activity-based costing approach that allowed us to identify and estimate costs for specific components of each intervention as well as the overall total costs. Using simple means analysis and multiple regression models, we estimated the incremental effectiveness of MC-CBT relative to S-CBT and EDU. We then evaluated the cost-effectiveness of MC-CBT relative to these alternatives for selected outcomes at immediate posttreatment and 6 months posttreatment, using both an intent-to-treatment and per-protocol methodology. Key outcomes included scores on the Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement Scale and the percentage of patients who positively responded to treatment.

Results
The average per-patient cost of delivering MC-CBT was $348, which was significantly less than the cost of S-CBT ($644) and EDU ($457) (p &lt; .01). Furthermore, MC-CBT produced better average patient outcomes at immediate and 6 months posttreatment relative to S-CBT and EDU (p &lt; .01). The current findings indicated that MC-CBT is a cost-effective option relative to S-CBT and EDU.

Conclusion
As predicted, MC-CBT was delivered at a lower cost per patient than S-CBT and performed better over time on the primary outcome of global IBS symptom improvement.
Predicting Expectations of Side-Effects for Those Which Are Warned Versus Not Warned About in Patient Information Leaflets
Authors: Webster Rebecca K , Rubin G James 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundResearch investigating predictors of side-effect expectations is disparate and largely based on hypothetical vignettes.PurposeTo carry out a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial and investigate the predictors of side-effect expectations for side-effects that were, or were not, warned about.MethodsTwo hundred and three healthy adults completed measures concerning demographics, psychological factors, baseline symptoms, and medication-related beliefs before reading one of two types of patient information leaflet (PIL) (standard or positively framed PIL) for a sham medication and asking them about their side-effect expectations. Associations between these measures and side-effect expectations whilst controlling for the PIL received were assessed using regression analyses.Results82.8% of participants expected side-effects that were warned about in the PIL, and 29.1% expected side-effects that were not warned about. Participants who were younger, from White backgrounds, less optimistic, experienced increased anxiety and received the standard PIL were more likely to expect side-effects that were warned about. Those with higher beliefs about medicine overuse and lower trust in medicine development were more likely to expect side-effects that were not warned about. Higher somatization, baseline symptoms, modern health worries scores, and lower trust in pharmaceutical companies were associated with increased expectations for all side-effects. The results suggest we can not only rely on altering side-effect risk communication to reduce side-effect expectations and therefore nocebo effects. We must also consider patients’ beliefs about trust in medicines. More work is needed to investigate this in a patientsample in which the medication is known to them.
Using Virtual Technology for Fear of Medical Procedures: A Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of Virtual Reality-Based Interventions
Authors: Kılıç Ayşenur , Brown Ashley , Aras Işıl , Hui Rita , Hare Jennifer , Hughes Lyndsay D , McCracken Lance M 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Innovations in virtual reality (VR) technologies have improved the adaptability of its use in therapeutic settings, and VR has shown to be a promising treatment for fear of medical procedures, with research increasing in this area in recent years.

Purpose
This review aims to collate evidence for the impact of VR on fear of medical procedures.

Methods
CENTRAL (Cochrane), MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsychINFO databases were searched up to October 2020. A mix of experimental and case–control studies were included for review, which evaluated the effectiveness of VR for fear, anxiety, and pain of medical procedures for people with needle phobia, dental phobia, claustrophobia of medical scans, and burn wound care anxiety. Risk of bias (RoB) was assessed by Cochrane and ROBINS-I tools.

Results
Twenty-eight studies were selected. Some studies included mixed participant groups of young people adults. The interventions varied, with VR used for distraction, hypnosis, or exposure. These were shown to be effective for reducing fear of medical procedures. However, effectiveness for blood-injection-injury phobias and burn wound care patients was unclear.

Conclusions
Evidence on the effectiveness of VR suggests that it does decrease fear of medical procedures in some situations. However, the RoB assessment illustrated a poor quality of studies across those included in this review, limiting the ability to draw firm general conclusions from the study findings. There is a need for further research exploring the use of VR technologies in the management of anxiety in physical health care settings.
Emotional Vulnerability to Short Sleep Predicts Increases in Chronic Health Conditions Across 8 Years
Authors: Sin Nancy L , Rush Jonathan , Buxton Orfeu M , Almeida David M 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Sleep is a robust determinant of next-day emotions, but people vary in the extent that their emotions fluctuate on days following short sleep duration. These individual differences in day-to-day sleep and emotion dynamics may have long-term health implications.

Purpose
To evaluate emotional vulnerability to short sleep (within-person associations between sleep duration and next-day emotions) as a risk factor for future chronic conditions.

Methods
Adults aged 33–84 (N = 1,426; 57% female) in the Midlife in the United States Study reported sleep duration and emotions by telephone for eight consecutive days. Chronic conditions were assessed via checklist at baseline and at a median follow-up of eight years (range: 5–10 years). Short sleep was examined in three ways: person-centered continuous variable, ≤6 hr, and &lt;7 hr; long sleep was defined as ≥9 hr.

Results
Multilevel structural equation models revealed that people with greater negative emotions following nights of sleep ≤6 hr (vs. their negative emotions after longer sleep) had increased chronic conditions at follow-up, compared to people who were less emotionally vulnerable to short sleep (Est. = 1.04, SE = .51, p &lt; .028). Smaller declines in positive emotions following ≤6 hr of sleep were marginally predictive of lower risk for chronic conditions (Est. = –.77, SE = .44, p = .054). Emotional vulnerability to &lt;7, ≥9, and continuous sleep hours were not associated with subsequent chronic conditions.

Conclusions
Emotional vulnerability to short sleep is a unique risk factor for the development of chronic conditions, independent of mean-level sleep duration and emotions.