bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When e‐learning takes centre stage amid COVID‐19: Dental educators' perspectives and their future impacts
Authors: Goh Charlene E. , Lim Li Zhen , Müller Andre M. , Wong Mun Loke , Gao Xiaoli 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntroductionThe COVID‐19 pandemic has necessitated an unprecedented shift from face‐to‐face teaching to e‐learning. Previous surveys revealed the negative impact of COVID‐19 on dental education and the physical and psychological well‐being of dental students. This qualitative study aimed to investigate the perspectives of dental educators towards e‐learning during the pandemic and the impact of this experience on their future adoption of e‐learning.Materials and MethodsSemi‐structured interviews with dental educators from the National University of Singapore were conducted over Zoom. Audio recordings were transcribed verbatim and subjected to thematic analysis. Data saturation was reached. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) was followed.ResultsFifteen out of 22 (68%) eligible dental educators were interviewed. Educators had minimal prior e‐learning experience. They encountered difficulties in engaging students, assessing students' understanding and adapting their teaching. A practical challenge was to ensure the well‐rounded training of competent dentists with adequate patient‐interaction skills through e‐learning. Self‐motivation of the audience, class size, type of teaching and complexity of the material were perceived as factors influencing the suitability of the e‐learning format. Educators reported an increased confidence after this emergency e‐learning experience. Some considered sustaining or expanding e‐learning in their future teaching practice and highlighted the need for continued investment and institutional support, training on the pedagogy of e‐learning modalities and curriculum redesign to accommodate blended learning approaches.ConclusionsAlthough the shift to e‐learning during the COVID‐19 pandemic presented a myriad of challenges, dental educators gained experience and confidence which may accelerate the pace of future e‐learning adoption and innovation.
Intensive human land uses negatively affect vertebrate functional diversity
Authors: Etard Adrienne , Pigot Alex L. , Newbold Tim 
Published: November 2021

AbstractLand‐use change is the leading driver of global biodiversity loss thus characterising its impacts on the functional structure of ecological communities is an urgent challenge. Using a database describing vertebrate assemblages in different land uses, we assess how the type and intensity of land use affect the functional diversity of vertebrates globally. We find that human land uses alter local functional structure by driving declines in functional diversity, with the strongest effects in the most disturbed land uses (intensely used urban sites, cropland and pastures), and among amphibians and birds. Both tropical and temperate areas experience important functional losses, which are only partially offset by functional gains. Tropical assemblages are more likely to show decreases in functional diversity that exceed those expected from species loss alone. Our results indicate that land‐use change non‐randomly reshapes the functional structure of vertebrate assemblages, raising concerns about the continuation of ecological processes sustained by vertebrates.
Simulated driving in the epilepsy monitoring unit: Effects of seizure type, consciousness, and motor impairment
Authors: Kumar Avisha , Martin Reese , Chen William , Bauerschmidt Andrew , Youngblood Mark W. , Cunningham Courtney , Si Yang , Ezeani Cel , Kratochvil Zachary , Bronen Jared , Thomson James , Riordan Katherine , Yoo Ji Yeoun , Shirka Romina , Manganas Louis , Krestel Heinz , Hirsch Lawrence J. , Blumenfeld Hal 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPeople with epilepsy face serious driving restrictions, determined using retrospective studies. To relate seizure characteristics to driving impairment, we aimed to study driving behavior during seizures with a simulator. Patients in the Yale New Haven Hospital undergoing video‐electroencephalographic monitoring used a laptop‐based driving simulator during ictal events. Driving function was evaluated by video review and analyzed in relation to seizure type, impairment of consciousness/responsiveness, or motor impairment during seizures. Fifty‐one seizures in 30 patients were studied. In terms of seizure type, we found that focal to bilateral tonic–clonic or myoclonic seizures (5/5) and focal seizures with impaired consciousness/responsiveness (11/11) always led to driving impairment; focal seizures with spared consciousness/responsiveness (0/10) and generalized nonmotor (generalized spike–wave bursts; 1/19) usually did not lead to driving impairment. Regardless of seizure type, we found that seizures with impaired consciousness (15/15) or with motor involvement (13/13) always led to impaired driving, but those with spared consciousness (0/20) or spared motor function (5/38) usually did not. These results suggest that seizure types with impaired consciousness/responsiveness and abnormal motor function contribute to impaired driving. Expanding this work in a larger cohort could further determine how results with a driving simulator may translate into real world driving safety.
Evaluation of fingertip pulse oximeters for monitoring haemoglobin oxygen saturation in arterial blood and pulse rate in isoflurane‐anaesthetised horses breathing greater than 90 percent oxygen
Authors: Sage A. M. , Ambrisko T. D. , Martins F. D. C. , Dantino S. C. , Keating S. C. J. , Strahl‐Heldreth D. E. , Wilkins P. A. 
Published: November 2021

SummaryBackgroundPulse oximetry is a noninvasive method for continuous monitoring of oxygen saturation (SpO2) and pulse rate (PR) used in equine anaesthesia. Despite species differences in the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve, pulse oximeters validated for humans are commonly used in veterinary medicine. These devices are expensive and at an increased risk for damage when used for equine anaesthesia. Human fingertip pulse oximeters (FPO) may be useful as an inexpensive alternative to standard devices.ObjectivesEvaluate accuracy and repeatability of FPOs applied to tongues of anaesthetised horses breathing >90% oxygen.Study designProspective clinical study.MethodsDuplicate SpO2and PR measurements from eight pulse oximeters (PO; seven FPOs and reference PO) placed in random order on tongues of horses under inhalational anaesthesia were recorded. A standard portable PO (RPO) was used as reference SpO2and invasive blood pressure trace or manual pulse palpation as reference PR. Nonparametric Bland‐Altman analysis was performed. Acceptable coefficient of repeatability (CR) value was ≤6% SpO2. Agreements were accepted if limits of agreement were ≤ ±3% difference in SpO2and ≤ ±10% relative difference in PR. Only PR values between 25 and 50 beats per minute and their corresponding SpO2measurements were used for agreement analysis.ResultsSpO2repeatability and agreement were unacceptable for all devices. The agreement of PR measurements was acceptable for one FPO and the RPO.Main limitationsUtilisation of devices designed for the human oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve, high number of absent or erroneous readings, use of healthy horses, small sample size, unavailability of co‐oximetry, lack of a desaturation protocol and difficulty with proper placement of FPOs on horse tongues are all considered limitations in this study.ConclusionsAccuracy of FPOs used in anaesthetised horses was poor. Their use in equine anaesthesia for SpO2monitoring is not recommended, but some models may be considered for continuous PR monitoring in conjunction with intermittent manual confirmation.
Common and different characteristics among combinations of physical frailty and sarcopenia in community‐dwelling older adults: The Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study
Authors: Lee Daehyun , Kim Miji , Won Chang Won 
Published: November 2021

AimPhysical frailty and sarcopenia are geriatric syndromes associated with adverse health outcomes. However, the common and different conditions associated with physical frailty and sarcopenia remain unclear. This study aimed to compare the clinical characteristics of older adults with physical frailty and sarcopenia.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study analyzed 2028 community‐dwelling older adults, aged 70–84 years (mean age 75.9 ± 4.0 years; 50.1% men). Physical frailty was defined using the Fried frailty phenotype, whereas sarcopenia was defined using the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2014 and 2019 criteria.ResultsThe prevalence of physical frailty was 5.5%, whereas that of sarcopenia, using the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2014 and 2019, was 9.1% and 17.5%, respectively. The concordance of physical frailty with sarcopenia was higher in the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 criteria than in 2014. Frail‐only participants had a higher incidence of disability, cognitive dysfunction, poor self‐perceived health, and depressive symptoms than the sarcopenic‐only participants. Frail‐and‐sarcopenic participants showed a lower body mass index (≥23 kg/m2) than frail‐only participants. Furthermore, in frail‐and‐sarcopenic participants, recurrent falls (16.9% vs 5.5%) were higher than in the neither‐frail‐nor‐sarcopenic participants; falls with fracture (11.5% vs 1.7%) and fear of falling (59.0% vs 36.7%) were higher in frail‐and‐sarcopenic participants than in sarcopenic‐only participants.ConclusionsThis study showed significant differences between physical frailty and sarcopenia among community‐dwelling older adults. Older adults with physical frailty and sarcopenia were more likely to have higher fall‐related outcomes than the others. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; 22: 42–49.
Weight changes, metabolic syndrome and all‐cause mortality among Asian adults living with HIV
Authors: Han Win Min , Law Matthew G. , Choi Jun Yong , Ditangco Rossana , Kumarasamy Nagalingeswaran , Chaiwarith Romanee , Ly Penh Sun , Khusuwan Suwimon , Merati Tuti Parwati , Do Cuong Duy , Yunihastuti Evy , Azwa Iskandar , Lee Man‐Po , Pham Thach Ngoc , Chan Yu‐Jiun , Kiertiburanakul Sasisopin , Ng Oon Tek , Tanuma Junko , Pujari Sanjay , Zhang Fujie , Gani Yasmin , Mave Vidya , Ross Jeremy , Avihingsanon Anchalee ,   the TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database of IeDEA Asia‐Pacific
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectivesWe investigated weight changes following antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation, the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its association with all‐cause mortality among Asian adults living with HIV.MethodsParticipants enrolled in a regional Asian HIV‐infected cohort with weight and height measurements at ART initiation were eligible for inclusion in the analysis. Factors associated with weight changes and incident MetS (according to the International Diabetic Federation (IDF) definition) were analysed using linear mixed models and Cox regression, respectively. Competing‐risk regression models were used to investigate the association of MetS with all‐cause mortality.ResultsAmong 4931 people living with HIV (PLWH), 66% were male. At ART initiation, the median age was 34 [interquartile range (IQR) 29–41] years, and the median (IQR) weight and body mass index (BMI) were 55 (48–63) kg and 20.5 (18.4–22.9) kg/m2, respectively. At 1, 2 and 3 years of ART, overall mean (± standard deviation) weight gain was 2.2 (±5.3), 3.0 (±6.2) and 3.7 (±6.5) kg, respectively. Participants with baseline CD4 count ≤ 200 cells/µL [weight difference (diff) = 2.2 kg; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.9–2.5 kg] and baseline HIV RNA ≥ 100 000 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL (diff = 0.6 kg; 95% CI 0.2–1.0 kg), and those starting with integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI)‐based ART (diff = 2.1 kg; 95% CI 0.7–3.5 kg vs. nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors) had greater weight gain. After exclusion of those with abnormal baseline levels of MetS components, 295/3503 had incident MetS [1.18 (95% CI 1.05–1.32)/100 person‐years (PY)]. The mortality rate was 0.7 (95% CI 0.6–0.8)/100 PY. MetS was not significantly associated with all‐cause mortality in the adjusted model (P = 0.236).ConclusionsWeight gain after ART initiation was significantly higher among those initiating ART with lower CD4 count, higher HIV RNA and an INSTI‐based regimen after controlling for baseline BMI. Greater efforts to identify and manage MetS among PLWH are needed.
Sensitive skin: Active ingredients on the spotlight
Authors: Ferreira Marta S. , Sousa Lobo José M. , Almeida Isabel F. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectiveSensitive skin is characterized by self‐reported sensory perceptions in response to stimuli that should not provoke unpleasant sensations. Cosmetic products for sensitive skin are designed to minimize these symptoms. This study aimed to unveil the most used active ingredients for sensitive skin in facial care products from the pharmacy and parapharmacy channel.MethodsA pool of products from the pharmacy and parapharmacy channel whose label included the expressions ‘sensitive skin’, ‘reactive skin’ or ‘intolerant skin’ were analysed. The active ingredients were identified from product compositions and ranked in descending order of occurrence. The scientific evidence regarding the mechanism of action and efficacy of each ingredient was also compiled.ResultsEighty‐eight products from 19 multinational brands were included. Niacinamide leads the top, followed by Avena sativa, allantoin, glycyrrhetinic acid and derivatives and Laminaria ochroleuca. Ingredients that can reduce skin inflammation and act on the skin barrier were used in more than half of the products analysed. The clinical studies regarding the active ingredients used in these products remain sparse and lack methodological quality. Among the top ingredients, niacinamide, panthenol and acetyl dipeptide‐1 cetyl ester were the only ones studied on volunteers having sensitive skin, while acetyl dipeptide‐1 cetyl ester and palmitoyl tripeptide‐8 were designed to act on the molecular targets involved in this condition.ConclusionThis study reveals the most used active ingredients in cosmetic products for sensitive skin, as well as the scientific evidence supporting their efficacy and the mechanisms of action. This insight is meaningful for dermatologists and other health professionals to provide customized advice based on the symptomatology of individuals with sensitive skin, and for the formulation of cosmetic products and design of new active ingredients.
Barth’s Reception of Nineteenth‐Century Exegesis and Theology in The Resurrection of the Dead
Authors: Harris Steven Edward 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn the early 1920s Karl Barth was searching for historical resources in his own magisterial Protestant tradition that would enable constructive theological work outside the confines of nineteenth‐century neo‐Protestantism and its contemporary heirs. This article takes up his 1924 commentary on 1 Corinthians, centred on the fifteenth chapter, The Resurrection of the Dead, to examine the impact of such searching. It demonstrates that Barth, first, is sharply opposed to the framework for modern critical interpretation of the letter influentially established by F.C. Baur; second, finds an alternative to a mythological reading of 1 Corinthians 15 in the heilsgeschichtlich exegesis of J.C.K. von Hofmann; and, third, remains latently marked by the eschatology of Friedrich Schleiermacher. This shows another way in which Barth was creatively appropriating elements of the historical Protestant tradition at the same time as visibly breaking with others.
Imaging reveals novel innate immune responses in lung, liver, and beyond*
Authors: Neupane Arpan Sharma , Kubes Paul 
Published: November 2021

AbstractHighly dynamic immune responses are generated toward pathogens or injuries, in vivo. Multiple immune cell types participate in various facets of the response which leads to a concerted effort in the removal and clearance of pathogens or injured tissue and a return to homeostasis. Intravital microscopy (IVM) has been extensively utilized to unravel the dynamics of immune responses, visualizing immune cell behavior in intact living tissues, within a living organism. For instance, the phenomenon of leukocyte recruitment cascade. Importantly, IVM has led to a deep appreciation that immune cell behavior and responses in individual organs are distinct, but also can influence one another. In this review, we discuss how IVM as a tool has been used to study the innate immune responses in various tissues during homeostasis, injury, and infection.
Biogeography of root‐associated fungi in foundation grasses of North American plains
Authors: Rudgers Jennifer A. , Fox Sam , Porras‐Alfaro Andrea , Herrera Jose , Reazin Chris , Kent Dylan R. , Souza Lara , Chung YanYi Anny , Jumpponen Ari 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAimRoots and rhizospheres host diverse microbial communities that can influence the fitness, phenotypes, and environmental tolerances of plants. Documenting the biogeography of these microbiomes can detect the potential for a changing environment to disrupt host‐microbe interactions, particularly in cases where microbes buffer hosts against abiotic stressors. We evaluated whether root‐associated fungi had poleward declines in diversity, tested whether fungal communities in roots shifted near host plant range edges, and determined the relative importance of environmental and host predictors of root fungal community structure.LocationNorth American plains grasslands.TaxonFoundation grasses –Andropogon gerardii, Bouteloua dactyloides, B. eriopoda, B. gracilis,andSchizachyrium scopariumand root fungi.MethodsAt each of 24 sites representing three replicate 17°–latitudinal gradients, we collected roots from 12 individuals per species along five transects spaced 10 m apart (40 m × 40 m grid). We used next‐generation sequencing of ITS2, direct fungal culturing from roots, and microscopy to survey fungi associated with grass roots.ResultsRoot‐associated fungi did not follow the poleward declines in diversity documented for many animals and plants. Instead, host plant identity had the largest influence on fungal community structure. Edaphic factors outranked climate or host plant traits as correlates of fungal community structure; however, the relative importance of environmental predictors differed among plant species. As sampling approached host species range edges, fungal composition converged in similarity among individual plants of each grass species.Main conclusionsEnvironmental predictors of root‐associated fungi depended strongly on host plant species identity. Biogeographic patterns in fungal composition suggested a homogenizing influence of stressors at host plant range limits. Results predict that communities of non‐mycorrhizal, root‐associated fungi in the North American plains will be more sensitive to future changes in host plant ranges and edaphic factors than to the direct effects of climate.
Color formation and Maillard reactions during the spray drying process of skim milk and model systems
Authors: Zhou Zelin , Langrish Timothy 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe thermal degradation of fresh skim milk, reconstituted skim milk and two model systems with different lactose/WPI ratios in a new design of spray dryer has been investigated. The extent of thermal degradation has been measured by the formation of Advanced Maillard reaction products, as assessed by a fluorometric method. Significant changes have been found when the inlet temperature increased from 180°C to 190°C, suggesting that temperature may play an important role in the kinetics of milk degradation in spray dryers. The non‐uniform distribution of particle residence time in the pilot‐scale dryer suggested that the design and operation of the spray dryer used for drying may also affect the extent of thermally induced reactions during the spray‐drying process. Results from the spray drying of model systems with different lactose/WPI ratios suggested that WPI concentration may be the rate‐limiting factor. Colourimetric analysis of the samples suggested a strong correlation between the formation of advanced Maillard reaction products and the color intensities of the spray‐dried products.Practical ApplicationsA correlation exists between the color intensity of the spray‐dried products and formation of advanced Maillard reaction products, which can be potentially further developed as a rapid, cost‐effective quality evaluation method for spray‐dried products. The discussion of the effect of spray drying conditions on the wall‐deposition and re‐entrainment process and thus the particle residence time distribution may also assist in improving the spray‐drying process for thermally sensitive products.
Histomorphometry of mast cells in the convexity of human intracranial dura mater
Authors: Rosas Emanuela P. , Paz Silvania T. , Costa Raisa F. , da Silva Amanda A. , da Silva Romildo L. , da Silva Ana P. F. , da Silva Sabrina R. S. , de Medeiros Paloma L. , de Freitas Manuela F. L. , Valença Marcelo M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMast cells, known as pro‐inflammatory effector cells, are immunocytes present in the meninges and may be involved in the pathophysiology of migraine. This study aims to evaluate the histomorphometric parameters of mast cells located in the convexity of the human intracranial dura mater. For this, samples of intracranial dura mater from eight human fresh cadavers were collected between 8‐ and 24‐h post‐mortem. The whole samples were fixed and, subsequently, two fragments of 1.5 cm² each were cut from four different areas of the dura mater convexity, containing a segment of the middle meningeal artery, totaling 64 fragments. After histological processing, the fragments were submitted to microtomy (5 and 10 µm), stained with toluidine blue (0.1%), or immunohistochemically labeled for tryptase, and analyzed using optical microscopy. The following histomorphometric parameters were evaluated: distance from mast cells to vessels, the density of mast cells, and percentage of mast cells with degranulation. Histomorphometric analyzes showed a higher density of mast cells in the vicinity of blood vessels (arterial and venous), with distances around 0–150 µm. A greater number of mast cells was detected near venous vessels in the periosteal layer (17.0 ± 10.1 cells/mm²) than in the meningeal layer (14.1 ± 7.0 cells/mm²) (p < 0.05). Mast cells from the region close to the superior sagittal sinus were found in greater quantity close to the venous vessels (16.7 ± 10.1 cells/mm²) than to the arterial vessels (11.2 ± 7.5 cells/mm²) (p < 0.05). In short, in the convexity of the human intracranial dura mater, mast cells are located close to blood vessels, with a greater number of cells next to the venous vessels of the periosteal layer and in the proximal region of the superior sagittal sinus.