bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimization of structure matrix of mold forms
Authors: Pleskach V. , Olshanetskii V. 
Published: September 2021

Purpose. Optimization of the method of design and calculation of the composite matrices of molds for the manufacture of products from powder materials.
Research methods. Analysis of stresses in the walls of solid and composite thick-walled cylinders and their existing calculations.
Results. The peculiarities of stress formation in the wall of solid and composite thick-walled cylinders under the action of internal pressure are investigated. The possibility of applying the obtained results to determine the strength and stiffness of the wall of the mold for the manufacture of products from powder materials is analyzed. Limitations in ensuring the strength of the matrix by only increasing its thickness are determined. It is shown that the use of a matrix composed of an inner cylinder and an outer holder allows to use optimal stress redistribution in the walls of such matrix in order to reduce the size and, accordingly, save materials for its manufacture. The possibility of using various, better adapted materials for the manufacture of the inner wall of the matrix and permiting the reduction of the cost of manufacturing the mold are analyzed.
The method of calculation of stresses in dangerous points of walls of a matrix at an estimation of their strength and stiffness is generalized. Formulas for determination of the guaranteed tension which will provide effective redistribution of stresses in walls of the composite matrix under the set operating conditions are given.
Scientific novelty. Approaches to the analysis of stresses in the walls of composite matrices of molds under the influence of internal pressure are optimized and generalized . Mathematical dependences are given, which make it possible to determine the optimal dimensions of mold elements at action of pressing pressure.
Practical value. The principles of design and methods of calculation of composite matrices of molds for the manufacture of products from powder materials are proposed.
Improving bond strength and mass transport properties of spacer-concrete interface with textured spacers
Authors: Muslim F. , Wong H. S. , Chiu T. K. Q. , Buenfeld N. R. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSpacers are important devices used in all concrete structures to support reinforcing steel and achieve the required cover. However, spacers induce a weak, porous and microcracked interface that facilitates ingress of aggressive agents. This paper aims to address the problem by developing a method to produce cementitious spacers with a range of small-scale surface textures including grooves, squares, rectangles, hemispheres and pyramids. The textured spacers were cast in Portland cement mortar or concrete, cured up to 28 days, and tested for tensile bond strength, accessible porosity and mass transport properties. The properties were correlated to surface characteristics to establish the effects of texture on spacer-concrete interface. Results show that textured spacers promote mechanical interlocking with concrete, thereby increasing bond strength, resistance against microcracking and pressure-induced flow. The use of certain textures can compensate for the negative effects of spacers, achieving similar bond strength and permeability to monolithic concrete without the interface.
SENTENCING THE ELDERLY – AN ACT OF MERCY OR DISCRIMINATION? S v Phillips (unreported, DCLD), case no CC141/08
Authors: Marita Carnelley  , Shannon Hoctor  
Published: September 2021

In 2008, the authors’ note on advanced age as a mitigating factor in the South African criminal courts set out the Roman-Dutch history and the South African case law with regard to this issue. Brief reference was made to the position of the elderly offender in the Zimbabwean, English and Australian jurisdictions. The aim of this note is not to repeat what was said before, but to provide a wider perspective on the pertinent issues relating to sentencing the elderly (a contested term, but for present purposes referring to offenders over the age of 60), especially the concept of mercy. It should be reiterated that old age does not exclude criminal liability, but it can serve as one of many mitigating factors during sentencing although it is not a bar to imprisonment. The case of S v Phillips is no exception. The structure of this note is the following: it commences with a discussion of the Phillips judgment and to place it within a general problematic sentencing framework vis-a-vis the elderly. The concept of mercy is then examined in light of recent Commonwealth jurisprudence; whereafter parallels are drawn between the sentencing of a battered wife and the sentencing of a battered geriatric. The note concludes with a brief mention of the post-sentencing options available to an offender in the form of mercy and as well as parole.
OLD HABITS DIE HARD ‒ THE SOUTH AFRICAN REVENUE SERVICE’S INABILITY TO COMPLY WITH ITS OWN LEGISLATION Sip Project Managers (Pty) Ltd v C:SARS Case number: 11521/2020 Gauteng Division, Pretoria (30 April 2020)
Authors: Carika Fritz  
Published: September 2021

The South African Revenue Service (SARS) has identified third-party appointment as an important weapon in its tax-collection arsenal. In terms of section 179(1) of the Tax Administration Act 28 of 2011 (TAA), SARS is permitted to issue a third-party appointment notice in terms whereof a third party becomes liable for the taxpayer’s tax debt in instances where the third party holds (or will hold) money on behalf of or due to the taxpayer. Although the usefulness of the appointment of a third party from a collection perspective is apparent, it remains important to ensure that certain built-in measures are in place to ensure that SARS does not use this power in an overzealous manner and that taxpayers’ rights are respected.
This case note reflects on the case of Sip Project Managers (Pty) Ltd v C: SARS (Case number: 11521/2020 Gauteng Division, Pretoria (30 April 2020)), where section 179(5) of the TAA was considered. The SIP Project Managers case is important because it provides some perspective on this relatively new insertion in the TAA. In the first part of this case note, the facts of the case and the judgment are provided. In the next part, the judgment is analysed by considering the consequences of SARS’s failure to adhere to peremptory wording and by contemplating whether the tax debt must be “due and payable” before a notice in terms of section 179(5) of the TAA can be delivered. Thereafter, some conclusions are drawn.
Premenstrual disforik bozukluk tanılı hastaların kişilik özellikleri, anksiyete duyarlılığı, anksiyete ve depresyon seviyeleri
Authors: YILDIZ Sevler , KAZĞAN Aslı , KURT Osman , UĞUR Kerim , ATMACA Murad 
Published: September 2021

Amaç: Bu çalışmada Premenstrual disforik bozukluk (PMDB), tanılı hastaların kişilik özelliklerini, anksiyete duyarlılığını, anksiyete ve depresyon düzeylerini değerlendirmeyi amaçlanmıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya, PMDB tanısı olan ve psikiyatrik tedavi öyküsü olmayan 40 hasta ve yine hasta grubuyla benzer sosyodemografik özelliklere sahip sistemik ve psikiyatrik hastalık öyküsü olmayan 40 sağlıklı kadın dahil edildi. Tüm katılımcılara Anksiyete-Duyarlılık-İndeksi-3 (ADİ-3), Beck Anksiyete Ölçeği (BAÖ), Beck Depresyon Ölçeği (BDÖ) ve Gözden Geçirilmiş Eysenck Kişilik Anketi-Kısaltılmış Formu (EKA-GGK) uygulandı.
Bulgular: Hasta grubunun EKA-GGK nörotisizm, psikotizm, yalan alt ölçekleri ve toplam puanı kontrol grubunun puanından yüksek saptandı. Hasta grubunun ADİ-3 fiziksel, bilişsel, sosyal alt boyutları ve toplam puanı kontrol grubunun puanından yüksek olarak saptandı. PMDB tanılı hastaların BDÖ ile BAÖ ölçek puanı kontrol grubunun puanından yüksek bulundu.
Sonuç: Anksiyete duyarlılığı yüksek olan, psikotizm ve nevrotik kişilik özelliklerine sahip kadınlarda bu durum PMDB gelişimini ya da hastalığın seyrini etkileyebilir.
Relaxation of the south flank after the 7.2-magnitude Kalapana earthquake, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii
Authors: Dvorak John J. , Klein Fred W. , Swanson Donald A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAn M = 7.2 earthquake on 29 November 1975 caused the south flank of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, to move seaward several meters: a catastrophic release of compression of the south flank caused by earlier injections of magma into the adjacent segment of a rift zone. The focal mechanisms of the mainshock, the largest foreshock, and the largest aftershock suggest seaward movement of the upper block. The rate of aftershocks decreased in a familiar hyperbolic decay, reaching the pre-1975 rate of seismicity by the mid-1980s. Repeated rift-zone intrusions and eruptions after 1975, which occurred within 25 km of the summit area, compressed the adjacent portion of the south flank, apparently masking continued seaward displacement of the south flank. This is evident along a trilateration line that continued to extend, suggesting seaward displacement, immediately after the M = 7.2 earthquake, but then was compressed during a series of intrusions and eruptions that began in September 1977. Farther to the east, trilateration measurements show that the portion of the south flank above the aftershock zone, but beyond the area of compression caused by the rift-zone intrusions and eruptions, continued to move seaward at a decreasing rate until the mid-1980s, mimicking the decay in aftershock rate. Along the same portion of the south flank, the pattern of vertical surface displacements can be explained by continued seaward movement of the south flank and development of two eruptive fissures along the east rift zone, each of which extended from a depth of ∼3 km to the surface. The aftershock rate and continued seaward movement of the south flank are reminiscent of crustal response to other large earthquakes, such as the 1966 M = 6 Parkfield earthquake and the 1983 M = 6.5 Coalinga earthquake.
Lifelines performance in the Landers and big bear (California) earthquakes of 28 June 1992
Authors: Lund Le Val 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The southern California high desert and mountain area was hit by two earthquakes on Sunday, 28 June 1992. The epicenters for the Landers (Ms 7.5) and Big Bear (Ms 6.6) earthquakes were about 100 miles (160 km) east of Los Angeles, California. The most significant impact on lifelines was to the highway, water, and electrical systems. As a result of the large surface fault displacement in the Yucca Valley and very old pipe in other areas, there were hundreds of water pipeline breaks, and it took up to several weeks to fully restore service. Electrical service was disrupted throughout southern California owing to wires swinging together, which caused the automatic circuit breakers to trip. Most service was restored in seconds, and all service was restored by the next day. Also, these earthquakes caused closure of several state highways, as a result of surface fault displacement, cracking of pavement, and rock slides.
Anomalously large near-field Rayleight waves excited by the 1992 Landers, California, earthquake
Authors: Hara Tatsuhiko , Geller Robert J. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The epicenter of the Landers, California, earthquake (28 June 1992; MW = 7.3) was located near the TERRAscope network of broadband seismic stations. The direct Rayleigh wave arrivals, R1, were clipped, and the first two later arrivals, R2 and R3, were contaminated by the waves from a large aftershock, but, as reported by Kanamori et al. (1992a), the amplitudes of R4 and later great circle Rayleigh wave arrivals (fundamental mode spheroidal free oscillations) are about 10 times larger than predicted by synthetic seismograms for a spherically symmetric earth model. We show that, for the moment tensor of the Landers event (predominantly vertical strike slip), the amplitudes of synthetics at the TERRAscope stations for a laterally heterogeneous, rotating, elliptical model are about 10 times greater than those for a spherically symmetric model. Because the anomaly ratio is sensitive to both the source model and the three-dimensional (3D) earth model, we do not attempt to reproduce the exact anomaly ratios recorded by the various stations.
To explain the existence of near-field amplitude anomalies in general, we use the first-order Born approximation to find the perturbation to the synthetic seismogram resulting from lateral heterogeneity, ellipticity, and the earth's rotation. In a coordinate system with the source on the z axis a point-source strike-slip earthquake on a vertical fault plane in a spherically symmetric medium excites Rayleigh waves with azimuthal order ±2 only; these waves have a near-field vertical displacement of zero at the source; the displacement increases with the square of epicentral distance for any given azimuth. Coupling as a result of asphericity allows such a source to excite Rayleigh waves with azimuthal order zero, whose near-field amplitude is independent of epicentral distance, thereby generating large near-field amplitude anomalies. We conduct numerical experiments to study the influence of various parameters on near-field amplitude anomalies.
Foreshocks, aftershocks, and earthquake probabilities: Accounting for the landers earthquake
Authors: Jones Lucile M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe equation to determine the probability that an earthquake occurring near a major fault will be a foreshock to a mainshock on that fault is modified to include the case of aftershocks to a previous earthquake occurring near the fault. The addition of aftershocks to the background seismicity makes its less probable that an earthquake will be a foreshock, because nonforeshocks have become more common. As the aftershocks decay with time, the probability that an earthquake will be a foreshock increases. However, fault interactions between the first mainshock and the major fault can increase the long-term probability of a characteristic earthquake on that fault, which will, in turn, increase the probability that an event is a foreshock, compensating for the decrease caused by the aftershocks.
An efficient method for computing Green's functions for a layered half-space with sources and receivers at close depths
Authors: Hisada Yoshiaki 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe propose an analytical method to compute efficiently the displacement and stress of static and dynamic Green's functions for viscoelastic layered half-spaces. When source and receiver depths are close, it is difficult to compute Green's functions of the layered half-space, because their integrands, whose variable of integration is the horizontal wavenumber, oscillate with only slowly decreasing amplitude. In particular, when the depths are equal, it is extremely difficult to compute the stress Green's functions, because their integrands oscillate with increasing amplitude. To remedy this problem, we first derive the asymptotic solutions, which converge to the integrands of Green's functions with increasing wavenumber. For this purpose, we modify the generalized R/T (reflection and transmission) coefficient method (Luco and Apsel; 1983) to be completely free from growing exponential terms, which are the obstacles to finding the asymptotic solutions. By subtracting the asymptotic solutions from the integrands of the corresponding Green's functions, we obtain integrands that converge rapidly to zero. We can, therefore, significantly reduce the range of wavenumber integration. Since the asymptotic solutions are expressed by the products of Bessel functions and simple exponential functions, they are analytically integrable. Finally, we obtain accurate Green's functions by adding together numerical and analytical integrations. We first show this asymptotic technique for Green's functions due to point sources, and extend it to Green's functions due to dipole sources. Finally, we demonstrate the validity and efficiency of our method for various cases.
Variations in noise and signal levels in a pair of deep boreholes near Amarillo, Texas
Authors: Young Christopher J. , Chael Eric P. , Zagar David A. , Carter Jerry A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
To better understand the depth dependence of improvements in signal-to-noise ratio for borehole seismic data, we have collected and analyzed a data set recorded from a pair of high-fidelity, broadband (1 to 80 Hz) seismometers sited in two closely separated deep boreholes near Amarillo, Texas. The total decrease (surface to 1951 m) in minimum noise level is up to 30 dB; the total decrease in maximum noise level is up to 35 dB; and the range of noise values (maximum to minimum) at a given depth decreases from 30 to 10 dB. The majority of the noise reduction occurs within the first few hundred meters below the surface, but the decrease continues with depth and there is no indication that even lower noise levels do not exist below our deepest recording depth (1951 m). Cultural work-day noise (prominent during normal working hours) from 0 to 40 Hz is observed at all depths, suggesting a strong body-wave component. Wind-generated 15 to 60-Hz noise is strongest at the surface, and is observed as deep as 367 m without a properly shielded hole. With the addition of shielding to reduce the coupling between the borehole casing and/or cable with the wind, wind-generated noise above 40 Hz can be eliminated at 367 m. Events with near-vertical propagation paths and signal power above 1 Hz show signal strength decreasing uphole, with a steady winnowing of high frequencies that can be fit by a simple frequency-independent Q of 35.5 ± 8 for the material between 1951 and 367 m.
A satellite-based seismic and volcanic monitoring system for Colombia
Authors: Buchbinder Goetz G. R. , Sarria Alberto 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A satellite-based seismic network with 13 sites has been installed in Colombia. Each site has one vertical short-period seismometer. The purpose of the network is 2-fold and complementary: a number of the sites are on or near active volcanoes in order to give warnings in case of recurring volcanic activity, and all the stations will create the foundation of a national Colombian Seismic Network. The satellite links have room to accommodate a future expansion to 24 sites. All the data are sent continuously to Bogota by satellite, for analysis. To aid in the volcano monitoring, a visual record is produced for each site. In addition, continuous data or optionally triggered events are stored on disks. An associated analysis system determines epicentral parameters for the earthquakes that are occurring in Colombia and then produces earthquake catalogs.
The Gutenberg-Richter or characteristic earthquake distribution, which is it?
Authors: Wesnousky Steven G. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPaleoearthquake and fault slip-rate data are combined with the CIT-USGS catalog for the period 1944 to 1992 to examine the shape of the magnitude-frequency distribution along the major strike-slip faults of southern California. The resulting distributions for the Newport-Inglewood, Elsinore, Garlock, and San Andreas faults are in accord with the characteristic earthquake model of fault behavior. The distribution observed along the San Jacinto fault satisfies the Gutenberg-Richter relationship. If attention is limited to segments of the San Jacinto that are marked by the rupture zones of large historical earthquakes or distinct steps in fault trace, the observed distribution along each segment is consistent with the characteristic earthquake model. The Gutenberg-Richter distribution observed for the entirety of the San Jacinto may reflect the sum of seismicity along a number of distinct fault segments, each of which displays a characteristic earthquake distribution. The limited period of instrumental recording is insufficient to disprove the hypothesis that all faults will display a Gutenberg-Richter distribution when averaged over the course of a complete earthquake cycle. But, given that (1) the last 5 decades of seismicity are the best indicators of the expected level of small to moderate-size earthquakes in the next 50 years, and (2) it is generally about this period of time that is of interest in seismic hazard and engineering analysis, the answer to the question posed in the title of the article, at least when concerned with practical implementation of seismic hazard analysis at sites along these major faults, appears to be the “characteristic earthquake distribution.”
A hybrid recurrence model and its implication on seismic hazard results
Authors: Wu Shen-Chyun , Cornell C. Allin , Winterstein Steven R. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
To account for the effects of the characteristic earthquakes on an individual fault (segment), a renewal hybrid model is proposed for seismic hazard analysis and studied in depth. This model incorporates a renewal-time, characteristic-magnitude model for larger earthquakes with the conventional exponential-time, exponential-magnitude model for smaller earthquakes. Properties of important temporal and magnitude parameters are studied. The exact and the approximate (“first-event”) hazards estimated by this model are discussed. The approximate results are found sufficiently accurate for most engineering applications. These approximations can be obtained by making minor modifications to existing hazard analysis programs designed for traditional Poisson models. Hazard estimates of this model and other more complicated hybrid models, e.g., time- and slip-predictable models, are compared. For reasonable parameter values, the characteristic events are found to be the major contributor to seismic hazards in most cases, unless the source-site distance is very small. This effect is even stronger with a large elapsed time in a nonmemoryless interarrival time distribution. Based on previous findings of small values of the coefficients of variation in time and low correlations between the interarrival times and magnitudes among characteristic earthquakes, the proposed renewal hybrid model will produce hazard estimates close to those of more complicated non-Poissonian models.