bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social Justice Tort Theory
Authors: Chamallas Martha 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Alongside the dominant law and economics and corrective justice approaches to tort law, a new genre of tort theory based on principles and perspectives of social justice has come into its own and deserves recognition. Social justice tort theory starts from the premise that tort law reflects and reinforces systemic forms of injustice in the larger society and maintains that the compensatory ideal of tort law cannot be extricated from these larger systems. It is multi-dimensional and intersectional, recognizing that the impact of injury lands intersectionally, sometimes changing the intensity of the injury or distorting the nature of the injury. Social justice tort scholars have examined torts in gendered and racialized contexts, as well as in ordinary cases that seem to have little to do with systemic injury. In addition to feminist and critical race theory, they have borrowed from critical disability studies, queer theory and political economy. Their work demonstrates how tort law unfairly distributes damages, fails to provide adequate relief for victims of sexual assault or for people who suffer racial insult and discrimination, and erases maternal and reproductive harms. In their work, we can see common deconstructive moves (an emphasis on disparate impacts and devaluation; a teasing out of cognitive bias; and a critique of exceptionalism in tort doctrine) as well as guiding principles for reconstruction (incorporating victims’ perspectives; treating boundaries between civil rights law and tort law as permeable; and enhancing dignity and recognition).
Coherence and Reduction
Authors: Ragno Andrea Giuseppe 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSynchronic intertheoretic reductions are an important field of research in science. Arguably, the best model able to represent the main relations occurring in this kind of scientific reduction is the Nagelian account of reduction, a model further developed by Schaffner and nowadays known as the generalized version of the Nagel–Schaffner model (GNS). In their article (2010), Dizadji-Bahmani, Frigg, and Hartmann (DFH) specified the two main desiderata of a reductioná laGNS: confirmation and coherence. DFH first and, more rigorously, Tešic (2017) later analyse the confirmatory relation between the reducing and the reduced theory in terms of Bayesian confirmation theory. The purpose of this article is to analyse and compare the degree of coherence between the two theories involved in the GNS before and after the reduction. For this reason, in the first section, I will be looking at the reduction of thermodynamics to statistical mechanics and use it as an example to describe the GNS. In the second section, I will introduce three coherence measures which will then be employed in the comparison. Finally, in the last two sections, I will compare the degrees of coherence between the reducing and the reduced theory before and after the reduction and use a few numerical examples to understand the relation between coherence and confirmation measures.
Waveguide effective plasmonics with structure dispersion
Authors: Qin Xu , Sun Wangyu , Zhou Ziheng , Fu Pengyu , Li Hao , Li Yue 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPlasmonic phenomena on the surface between metal and dielectric have received extensive attention, and have boosted a series of exciting techniques. Plasmonics describes the interaction between light and electronics and shows great potential in nanophotonics, optoelectronic devices, quantum physics, and surface-enhanced spectroscopy, etc. However, plasmonic phenomena are always suffering from the inherent loss issue of plasmonic materials at optical frequency, which has restricted further applications of plasmonics. In this review, we focus on the technique of waveguide effective plasmonics, which is a feasible low-loss realization of plasmonic metamaterials in lower frequency based on the structural dispersion. This review provides the underlying physics of the waveguide effective plasmonics and its applications varying from classical plasmonic concepts to novel effective plasmonic devices. Finally, we make a brief discussion on the direction of future researches and a prospect of the potential applications.
When No Laughing Matter Is No Laughing Matter: The Challenges in Developing a Cognitive Theory of Humor
Authors: Hochstein Eric 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper explores the current obstacles that a cognitive theory of humor faces. More specifically, I argue that the nebulous and ill-defined nature of humor makes it difficult to tell what counts as clear instances of, and deficits in, the phenomenon.Without getting clear on this, we cannot identify the underlying cognitive mechanisms responsible for humor. Moreover, being too quick to draw generalizations regarding the ubiquity of humor, or its uniqueness to humans, without substantially clarifying the phenomenon and its occurrences is not only unwise but can actually be a detriment to our study of humor. As such, these sorts of claims must be resisted. I conclude the paper by pointing the way forward to addressing these obstacles.
Nietzsche und die Weltanschauungsliteratur
Authors: Beßlich Barbara 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The study aims to demonstrate the significance of Friedrich Nietzsche for ›Weltanschauungsliteratur‹ (ideological literature) in the early 20th century. ›Weltanschauungsliteratur‹ adopts thematic elements of Nietzsche’s cultural criticism. Nietzsche’s habitus of the outmoded academic outsider becomes important for the writers’ self-staging. ›Weltanschauungsliteratur‹ closely observes Nietzsche’s combination of philosophical reasoning and literary writing and develops it further. Finally, the article examines exemplary ›Weltanschauungsliteratur‹ by Salomo Friedländer, Theodor Lessing, Rudolf Pannwitz, and Ernst Bertram.
Messung der Homogenität der Strahldichte einer Ulbricht-Kugel mit großer Apertur im SWIR mit einer InGaAs-Infrarotkamera
Authors: König Sebastian , Müller Ingmar , Taubert Richard D. 
Published: December 2021

Zusammenfassung
Wir stellen die Untersuchung der Homogenität der Strahldichte einer Ulbricht-Kugel mit großer Apertur vor, die mit einer InGaAs-Kamera im Wellenlängenbereich des SWIR gemessen wurde. Ein in der PTB entwickeltes Verfahren wird verwendet, um die Ungleichförmigkeit der relativen spektralen Empfindlichkeit der verwendeten Infrarotkamera zu korrigieren. Es werden verschiedene Konfigurationen untersucht und die Eignung der untersuchten Ulbricht-Kugel zur Charakterisierung von IR-Kameras geprüft. Es wurde festgestellt, dass die Ulbricht-Kugel eine Homogenität ihrer Strahldichte von ±1 % im integralen Wellenlängenbereich von 0,9 µm bis 1,7 µm aufweist.
Matrix Gla-protein expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells is related to risk factors in cardiovascular diseased patients
Authors: Kiselova-Kaneva Yoana Dimitrova , Nazifova-Tasinova Neshe , Vankova Deyana , Nikolova Miglena , Pasheva Milena , Yotov Yoto , Atanasov Atanas , Galunska Bistra 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Matrix Gla protein (MGP) is a calcification inhibitor that plays a role in preventing soft tissue calcification and local mineralization of the vascular wall. The present study aimed to assess the expression of MGP in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) in adult patients with CVD pathologies and its association with the presence and severity of coronary artery calcium score (CACS) and conventional CVD risk factors.

Methods
MGP expression was measured in 87 individuals using real time qPCR. Subgrouping was performed according etiologic and metabolic CVD risk factors.

Results
A clear trend for a decreased MGP expression was observed in all subgroups with high CVD risk. This decrease was significant in abdominally obese hypertensive individuals and in those with dyslipidemia. MGP expression was significantly lower in patients representing high Total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels. A positive correlation between MGP expression and smoking status in patients with coronary calcium and in the CVD group was established. Atrial hypertension duration correlated negatively with MGP expression in the group without coronary calcium deposits.

Conclusions
The current study supports the hypothesis that MGP expression in PBMC probably reflects CVD pathology and is related to lipid metabolism dysregulation.
Vibronic absorption spectra and excited states of acridine red dye in aqueous solution: TD-DFT/DFT study
Authors: Kostjukov Victor V. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The vibronic absorption spectra of acridine red (AR) xanthene dye in an aqueous solution using 40 hybrid functionals, the 6-31++G(d,p) basis set, and the IEFPCM solvent model were calculated. It turned out that the O3LYP functional provided the best agreement with the experiment in the positions of the main maximum and the short-wavelength subband (shoulder). The calculations showed that this shoulder is vibronic. At the same time, the shoulder intensity in the calculated spectrum turned out to be lower than in the experimental one. Apparently, insignificant dimerization, which occurs even at low concentrations of the dye in solution, contributes to the shoulder of the experimental absorption spectrum. Various parameters of the AR cation in the ground and excited states (IR spectra, atomic charges, dipole moments, and transition moment) were calculated. Maps of the distribution of electron density and electrostatic potential have been built. The influence of the strong hydrogen bonds of the dye with three water molecules on the absorption spectrum was analyzed. It has been shown that these bonds are strengthened upon AR excitation. The strengthening of two hydrogen bonds with water upon excitation leads to a lowering of the potential energy surface of the excited state, which causes a decrease in the excitation energy (i.e., an increase in the wavelength of the absorbed photon) as compared to a purely implicit specification of the water environment. Therefore, explicit assignment of waters strongly bound to the dye leads to spectrum redshift.
The shock wave solutions of modified ZK Burgers equation in inhomogeneous dusty plasmas
Authors: Zhang Liping , Zheng Jiangqiong , Liu Chenxiao , Ma Jun 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper offers a shock wave solution to modified Zakharov–Kuznetsov (MZK) Burgers equation in inhomogeneous dusty plasmas with external magnetic field. For this purpose, the fluid equations are reduced to an MZK Burgers equation containing variable coefficients by reductive perturbation method. With the aid of travelling-wave transformation technique, we obtain the analytical oscillatory shock wave solution and monotonic shock wave solution for MZK Burgers equation. The effects of inhomogeneity, external magnetic field, dust charge variation on characteristics of two types of shock waves are examined in detail.
Consumer Society As A Legal Form Of Non-For-Profit Legal Entity
Authors: Zozuliak O.I. 
Published: December 2021

The scientific article analyses the modem understanding of the term « consumer society « in Ukraine. The author gives reasons for feasibility to separate such independent legal entities’ forms as public associations and consumer societies within the group of non-business entities of the corporate type.
The author explains that the membership in the non-business entity of corporate type may both generate (in consumer societies) and not generate (in public associations) the property relationships between a member of such a legal entity and the legal entity itself.
There are criteria to distinguish non-business entities of public law and non­business entities of private law, namely: 1) the approach chosen by a legislator should constitute the basis 2) the additional criteria are: the category of interest, legal regime of property, the peculiarities of the founder’s liability for the obligations imposed on the established non-business entity.
The consumer society is singled out into the independent legal form of the non­business entities according to the following peculiarities: 1) the property relationship between the consumer society’s participants and the consumer society itself; they are legal entities of the private law; 2) specifics of the society participants’ liability for obligations of the society; 3) private interest of the participants (founders) makes the basis of the society activity.
Constitutional And Legal, Protective Function Of Lands In Ukraine At The Present Stage
Authors: Vivcharenko O.A. 
Published: December 2021

The article is devoted to the legal regulation of public relations regarding land protection and its protection function, is based on the creation of a regulatory framework in Ukraine, which defines legal norms in the field of land rights, property and other land rights, based on European standards focused on priority of land protection. Formation and improvement of legal regulation of relations on land protection belongs to the priority areas of adaptation of Ukrainian legislation to European Union legislation, defined by the Law of Ukraine «On National Program of Adaptation of Ukrainian Legislation to European Union Legislation», which is designed to form and improve new regulation relations regarding land plots, ensuring responsibility and harmonization with the legislation at the present stage.
The legislation of Ukraine establishes the powers of the subjects of national security. The President of Ukraine, as the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, the Chairman of the National Security and Defense Council, exercises general leadership in the spheres of national security and defense of Ukraine. The Verkhovna Rada, within the powers provided by the Constitution of Ukraine, determines the principles of foreign and domestic policy, national security, forms the legal framework in this area, approves decisions on the imposition of state of emergency and martial law, mobilization, general structure, size of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other military formations created to the laws of Ukraine.
НАЦІОНАЛЬНО-ОСВІТНЯ ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ БЮРО КУЛЬТУРНОЇ ПОМОЧІ ДЛЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОГО НАСЕЛЕННЯ ЗАЙНЯТИХ ЗЕМЕЛЬ ХОЛМЩИНИ ТА ВОЛИНІ У 1915–1918 рр.
Authors: Адамович Сергій 
Published: December 2021

У статті досліджується українська національно-освітня діяльність на Холмщині та Волині в період Першої світової війни. Автор стверджує, що загальне керівництво національно-освітніми проце­сами на Волині, координацію діяльності українських інституцій і забезпечення матеріально-технічної бази українського шкільництва здійснювало Бюро культурної помочі для українського населення зайнятих земель за підтримки Союзу визволення України, Загальної Української Ради та активної учас­ті Українського січового стрілецтва. Автор вважає, що внаслідок успішної національно-освітньої діяль­ності українських організацій у північно-західних землях України у 1915–1918 рр. було створено пе­редумови для опору асиміляційній політиці Польщі у 20–30-х рр. ХХ ст.
Ключові слова: Бюро культурної помочі для українського населення зайнятих земель, Союз ви­зволення України, Загальна Українська Рада, Українське січове стрілецтво, українська національно-освіт­ня діяльність на Холмщині та Волині.
Kartellrechtliche Spielräume und Grenzen für Einkaufskooperationen im Handel
Authors: Schmidt Fabian , Haus Florian C. 
Published: December 2021

Zusammenfassung
Die Zusammenarbeit von Wettbewerbern ist in aller Regel am Maßstab des Kartellverbots zu prüfen. Einkaufskooperationen zählen zu denjenigen horizontalen Vereinbarungen, deren wettbewerbsbeschränkende Wirkung häufig gering ist oder jedenfalls von den geschaffenen Effizienzvorteilen aufgewogen wird. Die kartellrechtliche Prüfung ist insbesondere bei Einkaufskooperationen im Handel wegen der potenziellen Vielzahl der betroffenen Märkte und des unterschiedlichen Grades gemeinsamer versus individueller Beschaffung jedoch nicht trivial. Zusätzliche Komplexität schaffen praktisch häufige Aktivitäten von Einkaufskooperation mit eigenen Handelsmarken, da die Kooperation hier in die Rolle eines Herstellers einrückt. Der Beitrag beleuchtet insoweit u. a. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Preisgestaltung und -beeinflussung in diesem Zusammenhang.
MARKED HYPOKALEMIA IN PROLONGED DIARRHEA: POSSIBLE EFFECT ON HEART
Authors: GAMBLE ALICE H. , WIESE HILDA F. , HANSEN ARILD E. 
Published: December 2021

Remarkably low values for serum potassium were found in an infant with severe diarrhea. This unusual abnormality most likely reflected an extreme deficiency of intracellular potassium which developed because of prolonged diarrhea and maintenance on fluids containing only dextrose and water.1 In the following report, evidences of marked potassium deficiency are presented from the chemical as well as the clinical viewpoint.
Case history
An eight-month-old female infant was admitted to the Children's Hospital of the University of Texas School of Medicine on July 10, 1946, because of severe diarrhea which had persisted for one month. Early in the course of the illness there were 6-8 watery green mucous stools a day, but by the tenth day 18-20 green, watery, blood-streaked stools were passed daily. The child was admitted to a local hospital and during the next week was given 2000 Ml. of 5% dextrose in distilled water by hypodermoclysis and 500 Ml. of blood intravenously. At the end of this time her weight was about 6.6 kg. which represented a loss of approximately 30% of her body weight; inasmuch as her weight was stated to be 9.4 kg. before the onset of her illness. During the month's illness she had refused all solid food and had reportedly taken not over a pint of milk,although 1200-1500 Ml. (40-50 oz.) of tap water were taken by mouth daily.
On admission, the weight was 6.6 kg., temperature 38.2°C., pulse 100 per min., respiration 24 per min., and head circumference 41.8 cm. The
The Search for Effective and Efficient Ambulatory Teaching Methods Through the Literature
Authors: Heidenreich Charlotte , Lye Patricia , Simpson Deborah , Lourich Mary 
Published: December 2021

Objective.
Education in ambulatory settings is characterized by the conflicting agendas of clinical efficiency and educational effectiveness. In recognition of the challenge to teach more effectively, this review was undertaken to identify literature-based teaching methods for ambulatory-based education.

Design.
Literature search resources included electronic databases and relevant journal indices. After preliminary title/abstract review, final critical review using a coding sheet was undertaken to define the teaching behavior or characteristic in each article, and to evaluate empirical data related to effectiveness and/or efficiency.

Results.
Our literature search and subsequent article analysis yielded 11 clinical teaching methods, but no agreed upon descriptor or key features for these methods. Synthesis of this literature lead to succinct descriptions of each method and a label.

Conclusions.
There is limited evidence regarding the effectiveness of ambulatory teaching methods in cited literature. By establishing a common nomenclature and descriptions for 11 methods, this review lays the foundation for investigators to systematically study the effectiveness and efficiency of ambulatory-focused clinical teaching methods both within and across specialties.ambulatory education, clinical education, clinical teaching, medical education, precepting teaching behaviors, teaching methods.
Management of Child and Adolescent Obesity: Psychological, Emotional, and Behavioral Assessment
Authors: Jonides Linda , Buschbacher Virginia , Barlow Sarah E. 
Published: December 2021

Objective. The primary objective of this study was to describe the usual psychological, emotional, and behavioral evaluations of overweight children and adolescents to target education of pediatric health care providers. A secondary aim was to determine whether certain provider characteristics were associated with recommended evaluation practices.Methods. A total of 203 pediatricians, 293 pediatric nurse practitioners, and 444 registered dietitians completed questionnaires about their evaluation of overweight children and adolescents (response rates 19%, 33%, and 27%, respectively). Results were examined for adherence to published recommendations and for associations with certain provider characteristics.Results. All 3 groups generally followed recommended psychological and emotional evaluation practices. Nearly all respondents obtained a diet history, and &gt;75% evaluated physical activity as recommended. Fifty to 61% routinely initiated treatment in overweight children with no obesity-associated medical conditions, and 13% to 29% initiated treatment in children and adolescents who did not want to control weight. The majority included parents in treatment, but one third or fewer involved all household members. More than 75% sometimes referred to a mental health specialist. In general, provider’s body mass index, gender, years in practice, and practice specialty were not associated with following evaluation recommendations.Conclusions. Emotional and behavioral assessments were generally consistent with recommendations. Providers will benefit from identification of methods to engage overweight youth who do not want to control weight.
Research Design, Organization, and Sample Characteristics of the Maternal PKU Collaborative Study
Authors: Koch Richard , Azen Colleen , Friedman Eva , Hanley William , Levy Harvey , Matalon Reuben , Rouse Bobbye , Trefz Friedrich , Ning Jiaping , de la Cruz Felix 
Published: December 2021

Objective. The Maternal PKU Collaborative Study (MPKUCS) was initiated in 1984 by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). The purpose was to assess the efficacy of dietary restriction of phenylalanine in reducing morbidity in offspring of women with hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA). A contract was awarded to Childrens Hospital Los Angeles as the Coordinating Center to provide implementation of the research protocol, data collection, and analysis.Methods. The Study included four regional contributing centers: Childrens Hospital Los Angeles (Western Region), Boston Children’s Hospital (Northeast Region), University of Illinois (Midwest Region), and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (Southeast Region). Within each region, many participating clinics were responsible for obstetric care, treatment, and monitoring protocols. In 1985, Canada joined the MPKUCS, and in 1992, Germany entered. They were selected because they provided dietary supplies and strong professional services. Acquisition began in 1984 and ended in October 1995. The study included 574 pregnancies in women with HPA and 100 control subjects matched on age, race, parity, and weeks of gestation. The sample included women with blood phenylalanine values &gt;240 μmol/L, 66% of whom had classical PKU, 22% had atypical PKU, and 12% had mild HPA. Informed consents were obtained on all participants. The women ranged in age from 15 to 36 years of age, with a mean age at conception of 23 years. Teenage pregnancies accounted for 19%. Seventy-five percent graduated from high school. Offspring included 416 newborns, 317 of whom were evaluated at 4 years of age and 289 at 6 to 7 years. Follow-up involved medical, nutritional, psychosocial, and psychological assessments.Conclusion. Women with PKU treated before conception and in control of their blood phenylalanine levels between 120 and 360 μmol/L (2–6 mg) exhibited normal pregnancies and neonatal outcome. Surprisingly, women who achieved control in the recommended range by 8 weeks of pregnancy also had a normal fetal outcome.