bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kuehneola uredinis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Rainbow A. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Kuehneola uredinis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On numerous
Rubus
species including American dewberries, blackberries, loganberries, ornamental and wild species. In Europe on
R. fruticosus
agg. (European blackberries). There are a few unconfirmed records on
R. caesius
(European dewberry) and on
R. idaeus
(red raspberry). DISEASE: Rust on canes and leaves of blackberries, loganberries, dewberries, ornamental and
wild Rubus
species. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (S. Africa); Australasia (Australia, New Zealand); Europe (widespread); N. America (Eastern Canada, Eastern U.S.A.); South America (Argentina). TRANSMISSION: Teliospores germinate in late summer and autumn; pycnia and uredial aecia occur on leaves and stems shortly after (Fischer & Johnson, 1950; Wilson & Henderson, 1966). In spring the first true uredia appear on the fruiting canes and their spores infect the newly formed leaves. Thus the fungus overwinters either as aecial urediospores or mycelium in the canes. In less severe climates the true urediospores overwinter and the other stages of the life cycle are omitted.
Phragmidium rosae-pimpinellifoliae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Rainbow A. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phragmidium rosae-pimpinellifoliae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Rosa pimpinellifolia
and its cultivated hybrids. Perhaps also on
Rosa rubiginosa
and
R. rugosa
. DISEASE: Rust on stems, leaves, petioles and fruits of burnet rose and its cultivated hybrids. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in U.S.A. except in the Southeastern and Southwestern states; also in Alaska. Recorded from Europe in Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Norway, Sweden, U.S.S.R.
Dibotryon morbosum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Dibotryon morbosum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Prunus americana, P. armeniaca, P. avium, P. besseyi, P. cerasus, P. domestica, P. maritima, P. melanocarpa, P. pennsylvanica, P. pumila, P. serotina, P. virginiana
and other species of
Prunus
. DISEASE: Black knot of plum, damson, cherry, peach, apricot and other species of
Prunus
. The pathogen causes the formation of elongated black hypertrophied host tissue on the current year's branches or on trunks. These are generally confined to one side and are several times the normal diameter of the stem. The knots are olive-green and corky at first, later turning black and becoming hard and brittle. In late summer some may appear pink or white due to parasitism by
Trichothecium roseum
. On black cherry,
P. serotina
, large cankerous swellings 0.6 m or more long may be formed which render the tree worthless for timber. Attacked trees become stunted and dwarfed. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Confined to North America (Canada and U.S.A.) (CMI Map 48). TRANSMISSION: By ascospores which have a peak production in May (45, 3263h). Storage of knots from
Prunus serotina
at -20°C for 6 months had little effect on ascospore viability (44, 2699j). Conidia also tolerate low temperatures, surviving 192 days at -20°C but only 25 days at 21°C (47, 573). In addition to some conidia overwintering in a viable condition on plum and cherry, others develop from overwintering chlamydospores on plum buds and bark (14: 43). Prunings containing excised knots which are left lying in orchards can continue to produce viable spores for several weeks after being removed (9: 116; 24: 375). The pathogen may also be introduced to new areas on infected nursery stock (McClintock, 1945).
Erwinia uredovora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Erwinia uredovora
[Pantoea ananas
pv.
uredovora]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Parasitic on urediospores of
Puccinia graminis
f.sp.
tritici
. Also infects uredia of
P. graminis
f.sp.
avenae
and
P. graminis
f.sp.
secalis
by artificial inoculation. DISEASE: Infected rust pustules are surrounded by a dark water-soaked margin. This may extend into the sorus and be apparent on the reverse side of the leaf if the infection is severe. Microscopic examination reveals large numbers of bacteria in and around the affected urediospores. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Originally reported from the United States, later from Rhodesia (41: 761), but probably occurs much more widely without being noticed. TRANSMISSION: The bacterium exists in soil and can be transmitted in water splashes. Contaminated urediospores can also spread the bacterium to erupted pustules, but bacteria on urediospores that initiate rust infections apparently do not cause bacterial infection (Pon
et al
, 1955).
Xanthomonas oryzae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas oryzae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Oryza sativa
. Natural infection of
Leersia oryzaides, Leersia oryzaides var. japonica
and
Zizania latifolia
[Zizania aquatica]
is known (Mizukami & Wakimoto, 1959). Natural infection of
Cyperus rotundus
and
C. difformis
was reported in India (48, 460), but inoculation of these hosts in the Philippines failed (48, 1689). By inoculation many wild species of
Oryza
(45, 1789),
Leptochloa filiformis
(48, 1689),
L. chinensis, L. panacea
and
Zizania aquatica
(48, 1683) have all been found susceptible. DISEASE: Bacterial blight of rice and kresek disease of rice. Blight most commonly appears on leaves of young plants, after planting out, as water-soaked stripes at the margins. These enlarge and coalesce to give the characteristic yellowish lesions with wavy edges that occur mainly along the margins of the upper parts of the leaves. These lesions may later expand to cover much of the leaf, which turns whitish or greyish and dies. Leaf sheaths of the more susceptible varieties may be affected. Kresek, which occurs in tropical regions, is a strong systemic infection in which leaves or whole young plants wither and die. In older plants the leaves become pale yellow. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Limited to Asia (CMI Map 304, ed. 2, 1964). Occurrences not shown on this map include Korea, Taiwan and Indonesia (Mizukami & Wakimoto, 1969). TRANSMISSION: Spread locally by wind and rain and also by flood and irrigation waters; gains entry to the field in infected planting material, to the nursery in seed, and to both nursery and field from volunteer rice plants and weed hosts usually via the irrigation water. Overwintering may occur on volunteers, on or in the rhizospheres of weed hosts, in stored infected straw and in seed, but it is unlikely in soil and plant debris exposed to the weather, at least under Japanese conditions (Mizukami & Wakimoto, 1969). Infection is through hydathodes and wounds. Penetration through stomata results in a build-up of bacteria in the intercellular spaces, but it is not until they have been exuded on to the leaf surface and re-admitted through the hydathodes and thence into the vascular system, that symptoms of the disease appear (46, 2720).
Alternaria citri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Alternaria citri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Citrus
spp. DISEASES: Black rot of oranges; fruit rot of lemons and tangerines, leaf spot of rough lemon and Emperor mandarin. Probably found in general on
Citrus
spp., especially fruit. Internal decay in oranges begins near the styler end. There is no external sign of this but infected fruit tend to colour prematurely and some may drop. The condition may be aggravated by weather and host nutrient balance. On lemons a soft, central rot occurs in mature fruit, beginning at the button and spreading to the axis. The rind becomes translucent before the rot appears on the surface. There is also an end rot in which the external spread is almost as extensive as that inside the fruit. On leaves of rough lemon circular or irregular necrotic spots with concentric zoning are produced. A general chlorosis, curling and leaf drop follow. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: The fruit rotting form is widespread although other forms may be of more limited distribution. TRANSMISSION: Presumably air-borne but no dispersal studies appear to have been reported.
Alternaria passiflorae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Alternaria passiflorae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Passiflora edulis
(passion fruit) and other species of
Passiflora
including
P. quadrangularis
(giant granadilla) and
P. foetida
. DISEASE: Brown spot of passion fruit (and other species of
Passiflora
; 43, 1519). On leaves, a small necrotic spot enlarges to more than 1 cm diam. The lesion is lighter coloured in the centre and may be rounded or angular. Sporulation occurs mostly on the lower surface and continues after the leaf has fallen. Leaf infection almost invariably causes defoliation which can be complete. On fruit, spots appear after they are half-grown, the brown lesions are up to 2 cm diam. and have a dark green margin; they become wrinkled and the fruit shrivel up in a firm rot. The runner stems develop lesions 2-4 cm long and usually associated with the leaf axils. The stem may be completely girdled and the distal portion is killed. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Canada, Hawaii, Indonesia, Kenya, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Tanzania, Zambia. TRANSMISSION: Carried over from season to season in the host, either on the vine or ground.
Puccinia thaliae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Puccinia thaliae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Canna coccinea, C. edulis, C. glauca, C. indica, C. occidentalis
and other
Canna
spp.,
Stromanthe tonckat
,
Thalia dealbata
and
T. geniculata
. DISEASE: Rust of canna. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Indonesia (Java)); Australasia & Oceania (New Caledonia); Central America and West Indies (Barbados, British Honduras, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Honduras, Jamaica, Panama, Puerto Rico, St Lucia, St Vincent, Salvador, Trinidad, Tobago); North America (Bermuda, U.S.A.); South America (Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Venezuela). (CMI Map 224, ed. 2, 1969.).
Macrophomina phaseolina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Holliday P. , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Macrophomina phaseolina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Plurivorous; Young (1949) lists 284 hosts. DISEASES: Charcoal rot, ashy stem blight. The most frequent symptoms are a dry or wet, dark rot of the lower stem. In maize and sorghum this usually occurs near maturity; the cortex is destroyed, lodging may take place and numerous sclerotia are found on the vascular fibres (16: 310; 24: 96; 25: 109). Leaf lesions also occur on jute and legumes (4: 349; 23: 107; 26: 139). Stem rot and canker can be severe in potato, cotton and groundnut (15: 148; 24: 202, 228, 503; 34: 541; 47, 378). In conifers and many crops the fungus causes damping-off (13: 344; 17: 115; 21: 275; 26: 139; 35: 42; 38: 550; 40: 193; 45, 2846; 48, 2030). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in the tropics and subtropics. TRANSMISSION: Through plant debris in soil. Seed-borne spread may be important in some crops. Both sclerotia and pycnidia can occur on the seed surface and under the seed coat (18: 82; 27: 71). Sclerotia are probably the main source of infection which also occurs through conidia (26: 139). Sclerotia showed no loss in viability after 8 months and the fungus was recovered from cotton stubble after 24-42 weeks (25: 56; 35: 607).
Sphaeropsis tumefaciens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Holliday P. , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Sphaeropsis tumefaciens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Citrus aurantifolia
and other species of
Citrus
(sweet orange, rough lemon and ortanique). DISEASES: Knot of lime (
Citrus aurantifolia
) and other species of
Citrus
including sweet orange, rough lemon and ortanique. The so-called knots are gall-like growths, rounded (1-7 cm diam.) but sometimes elongated, on the stems. These swellings begin by being covered with normal bark which changes to a whitish, rough, cork-like tissue, this extends in size, becoming fissured, with mueh enlarged woody tissue. The knots are firmly attached and may occur in large numbers over considerable lengths of stem which may be girdled and killed. The surface of the knot may become soft and crumbling, but it is hard inside, where black streaking indicates the presence of mycelium. A gall may form up to 40 shoots, from multiple bud formation, some over 1 m long and often themselves bearing knots or galls (witches' broom effect). These abnormal shoots eventually die. Knots can occur on the trunk and severe infection leads to death of the tree. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Possible confusion with other similar disease-like symptoms in citrus (and because considerable damage only seems to occur in Jamaica) makes the distribution uncertain (CMI Map 386. ed. 1, 1961). Besides Jamaica it occurs in Florida and has been described from Cameroon (27: 564) and India (40: 533); it has also been reported from Ceylon, Cuba, Egypt, Guyana, Indonesia (Java), Venezuela. Some of these records are considered to be doubtful. TRANSMISSION: Not known.
Phoma insidiosa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phoma insidiosa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Sorghum
spp.,
Oryza sativa, Saccharum officinarum, Setaria, Triticum aestivum
and
Zea mays
. DISEASE: A minor leaf spot of
Sorghum
and
Setaria
spp. and other
Gramineae
. The macroscopic symptoms are variable and not particularly distinctive. Leaf lesions have an irregular outline, sometimes beginning at the tip or edge, and are brown to grey with narrow redish-purple margins. The scattered pycnidia occur sometimes in clusters or lines, interveinally. Spotting and pycnidia form on grain and glumes. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Argentina, Australia (W.), Brazil, Canada, China, Cuba, Ethiopa, Hawaii, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Laos, Malawi, Malaysia (W.), Nepal, Nigeria, Puerto Rico, Rhodesia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, USA, USSR, Venezuela, Zaire Republic, Zambia. The fungus may be detected on introduced seed. TRANSMISSION: Probably carried on the seed; infection of the seed reduces both germination and subsequent growth. May remain viable on seed for 1 yr.
Asperisporium caricae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Asperisporium caricae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Carica papaya
. DISEASE: Black spot, blight or 'rust' of papaw (
Carica papaya
). Water-soaked spots on mature leaves become necrotic, usually circular and up to 4 mm diam., the dark conidia! masses being conspicuous on the under surface. Abundant spotting causes defoliation and over 50% leaf fall can occur. Similar spots form on the fruit; they cause shallow lesions and no decay. Young leaves are not attacked. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Restricted to Central and S. America, West Indies and USA (Florida, Texas) (CMI Map 488, ed. 1, 1972). TRANSMISSION: Presumably air dispersed but no experimental work has been reported and there is no confirmation of an early suggestion of seed transmission (4: 682).
Hypoxylon rubiginosum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hawksworth D. L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Hypoxylon rubiginosum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On the trunks and branches of woody dicotyledonous shrubs and trees, particularly
Acer
and
Fraxinus
, but also known from
Catalpa bignonioides, Hevea
, the
Bambusae
and some
Gymnospermae
. DISEASES: Cause of a traumatic disease in
Hevea
(47, 2655) and also associated with the decay of hardwood timber (46, 2865b). Cankers occur on
Catalpa bignonioides
following injury (22: 117). Only a mild pathogen on most hosts. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan. TRANSMISSION: By wind-borne conidia and ascospores entering through bark wounds.
Hypoxylon serpens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hawksworth D. L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Hypoxylon serpens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On wood of many genera of dicotyledonous trees, including decorticate logs and stumps. In Europe it is particularly common on
Fagus sylvatica
and
Camellia sinensis
in Ceylon and India. DISEASES: Cause of wood rot of economic importance in
Camellia sinensis
in Ceylon and India (47, 2655; 49, 2170) which leads to a gradual decline of the plant. It also attacks a wide range of dicotyledonous trees, but most of these are not economically important. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Cosmopolitan in temperate and subtropical regions; particularly common in Europe. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by ascospores and conidia in wind entering through wounds or landing on other decorticate parts of the hosts.
Endothia eugeniae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Endothia eugeniae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Eugenia caryophyllus
. DISEASE: Acute dieback of clove,
Cryprosporella
dieback of clove. Symptoms usually include a progressive dieback of branches, leading to the main stem so as to produce a 'stag-headed' condition or even the death of the whole tree. If infection occurs near the base of the stem of young trees the whole plant will die suddenly with the leaves brown but still adhering to the branches. Affected wood is sharply demarcated from healthy tissues by a dark, reddish-brown stain, there is profuse production of gum in the wood and the vessels are occluded by tyloses (32, 508). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Zanzibar, Malaysia. TRANSMISSION: By splash-dispersed airborne conidia produced in pycnidia which appear around the point of infection. Perithecia are found on infected tissues at a later stage of the disease and there is no doubt that airborne ascospores also contribute to spread of the disease. The fungus enters the host through wounds in the stem, generally caused by harvesting or pruning. Root infection through wounds can also occur (32, 508).
Pseudomonas caryophylli
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pseudomonas caryophylli
[Burkholderia caryophylli]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Dianthus caryophyllus
. By artificial inoculation
D. barbarus
and
D. alwoodii
are also susceptible. DISEASE: Bacterial wilt and bacterial stem crack of carnation. A vascular disease. Foliage becomes greyish green at first, later yellowing and wilting and death may occur. The vascular tissue is disrupted and frayed internally and at soil temperatures below about 17°C the internodes become deeply cracked (43, 1045), which gives the name to the disease as commonly seen in Europe. Above about 20°C this symptom is rare. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Rather scattered in USA and Europe, Argentina (CMI Map 411, ed. 1, 1965). To this map should be added records from New York State (30, 321), Pennsylvania (45, 466), Italy (46, 3461), Hungary (47, 2497), Poland (45, 2860), Japan (51, 2562). In some places, especially where carnations are grown mainly under glass, the disease may no longer be present. This has been claimed for the Netherlands (44, 964a). TRANSMISSION: Mainly by infected cuttings. These may be obtained from healthy looking, but diseased mother plants, especially from the lower parts of the plant. Bacteria can pass from one cutting to another in the water of the propagating bed, or if the cuttings are held in water before planting out. Transmission directly from plant to plant is slow and limited to neighbouring plants.
Corynebacterium betae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Corynebacterium betae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Beta vulgaris
, both red beet and mangold. Rarely seen on sugar beet. DISEASE: Silvering disease of red beet. Systemic symptoms are first seen on a small percentage of plants 6-8 weeks old. One or more leaves show silvering along the veins. The whole leaf becomes affected and cracks may appar in places in the upper epidermis; these expose parts of the tissue beneath and give a roughened appearance to the leaf. Symptoms spread to other leaves and the plant wilts and dies, sometimes in only a few days, sometimes in several weeks. Lesions may develop on the leaves of healthy plants nearby. These may be either silvery spots 1-5 mm diam., with centres often showing cracks, or a silvery and perhaps cracked band at the edge of the leaf. The spores do not appear to spread, but the marginal silvering extends along the veins and becomes systemic, involving the whole leaf and, eventually, to the whole plant. Plants in flower may show silvering of bracts and seed clusters. Petioles, stems and roots show no consistent internal symptoms. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland. TRANSMISSION: In the seed of infected plants. About 1-2% of the young plants (stecklings) arising from such seed show infection a few weeks after sowing. Transmission from plant to plant occurs both within the seedbed and to neighbouring seedbeds up to at least 50 yards downwind. This seems to be mainly in wind blown droplets in the autumn and may be serious if the autumn is wet. Also readily transmitted on knives used to trim the roots of stecklings before planting out. Various insects, larvae and slugs failed to transmit the disease in experiments (Keyworth & Howell, 1961).