bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decarbonisation scenarios of the U.S. electricity system and their costs
Authors: Qiu Yang , Cohen Stuart , Suh Sangwon 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Decarbonising electricity is crucial for climate change mitigation, while understanding its economic implications has been a challenge. Previous analyses primarily rely on levelised cost or single-year optimization, which fail to account for the complex spatiotemporal dynamics of capacity expansion and dispatch decisions. Here, we present a regionally resolved national model that considers such dynamics and quantifies the cost of decarbonising the U.S. electricity system under a set of possible scenarios. The result shows that, compared to a business-as-usual scenario, reducing 80% CO2 emission by 2050 relative to 2005 level would incur, depending on the scenarios, $220~$490 billion additional costs (present value in 2020 US$, equivalent to ¢0.15~¢0.34 kWh-1) to the electric sector during 2020–2050, with regional costs ranging -¢0.08~¢0.51 kWh-1. When compared with the mitigated CO2, these additional costs equal to $10 and $37 per tCO2 reduced, which are well below the social cost of carbon in the literature.
LINC01268 and CTB-31O20.2 as Prognostic and Functional Protective Immune Related lncRNAs in Glioblastoma
Authors: Liu Dong-Hui , Yang Xiu , Meng Han , Zhang Gui Yun , Shen Shanghang 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and deadly tumor in the central nervous system. Recent studies illuminated that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) serve as competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) and play an important role in GBM by regulating immune responses. Here, GBM datasets from TCGA database were analyzed to obtain 356 significantly differentially expressed lncRNAs (DE-lncRNAs), 4951 DE-mRNAs, and 34 DE-miRNAs in GBM, respectively. For mRNAs, 369 DE-mRNAs were identified as immune-related genes in Immport database. For DE-lncRNAs, univariate analysis identified 39 DE-lncRNAs with prognostic significance, and 9 DE-lncRNAs are included in ImmLnc database. Then, combined analysis was conducted, by integrating 9 immune related DE-lncRNAs, 369 immune related DE-mRNAs and 34 DE-miRNAs, and generated a ceRNA network composed of 2 upregulated lncRNAs (LINC01268 and CTB-31O20.2), 3 downregulated miRNAs and 5 upregulated mRNAs. Then we focused on LINC01268 and CTB-31O20.2, and Kaplan-Meier survival, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that LINC01268 and CTB-31O20.2 serve as independent protective prognostic markers in GBM. Finally, LINC01268 and CTB-31O20.2 overexpression was conducted in GBM cell U251. CCK8, transwell and scratch healing assay indicated that LINC01268 and CTB-31O20.2 inhibits GBM cell line U251 proliferation, invasion and migration. To sum up, LINC01268 and CTB-31O20.2 are independent prognostic immune related markers, and reduces cancer cell proliferation and metastasis in GBM.
Drought Mitigation in Cocoa (Theobroma Cacao L.) Through Developing Tolerant Hybrids
Authors: BABY Juby , Janakyseifudeen Minimol , Basura Suma , Venugopal Santhoshkumar Adiyodi , Joseph Jiji , sidharthan Panchami pottekkat 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background:Cocoa, being a shade loving crop cannot withstand long periods of water stress. Breeding for drought tolerance is the need of the hour due to change in climatic condition and extension of crop to non traditional area. Hybrids were produced by crossing four tolerant genotypes in all possible combination. The cross GVI 55 x M 13.12 didn’t yield any fruit due to cross incompatibility between these genotypes. Various biochemical parameters act as the true indicators to select tolerant and susceptible types. The major biochemical parameters considered after imposing stress included proline, nitrate reductase activity, superoxide dismutase content and glycine betaine. Results: The drought tolerant hybrids were having high amount of proline, superoxide dismutase enzyme and glycine betaine content. Normally, plants having drought stress shows low amount of nitrate reductase activity. However, in case of hybrids, the drought tolerant hybrids were having higher NR activity than the susceptible hybrids. The highest amount of NR was found in the control plants kept at fully irrigated conditions.Conclusions: This experiment showed the role of different biochemical enzymes and osmolytes in giving tolerance to plants during drought stress. Logistic regression analysis selected proline and nitrate reductase as the two biochemical markers for identifying efficient drought tolerant genotypes in the future breeding programmes.
Causation of potential drug to drug interactions alerts, alert overrides, and adverse drug events
Authors: Ariff Aminah Mazyin Mohamed , Nalliah Sivalingam , Hadi Hafidz Abd , Win Nay Thu , Thoulath Mohamed Imran , Aktifanus Ahmad Tantawi  Jauhari , Mutaya Subashini Muthiah , Yusof Ahmad K. M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background: Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) leading to adverse drug event (ADEs) are of special interest because they represent preventable medication errors. Preventable ADE can result in errors involving the manifestation of adverse patient outcomes. Given the high complexity of critically ill cardiac patients, it is important to learn how CDDSS affects outcomes in this population and the number of alerts that likely be safely suppressed. Purpose: Identify adverse DDIs that is clinically detected and review the appropriateness of the doctor’s actions to the potential DDIs (PDDIs) alert. Study Design: This is a prospective observational study conducted at critical cardiac care unit (CCU) in a selected tertiary cardiac center for a duration of six months. Methods: Physicians treating critically ill cardiac patients were presented with PDDIs data which were acquired from two commercially available CDDSS. The relationship between the decision to prescribe and factors hypothesized to affect physicians' decisions were examined. Results: Evaluation of 709 patient medication profiles were conducted, resulting in 521 assessed patient profiles having had one or more PDDIs with 87% of them were influenced by polypharmacy. Ninety-one patients (17.5%) were associated with one or more adverse DDIs. Of the total 3284 potential DDIs alerts, 95.5% of the alerts were overridden. Preventable ADE as an outcome of inappropriate override have resulted 83.1 %. (236/284) of adverse DDIs. Whereas, appropriate overrides as an outcome of clinically irrelevant ADE were 16.9 % (48/284). Conclusion: Poor preventive actions taken by the doctors caused drug related harm to the patients despite having CDDSS in place. This suggests that CDDSS is an important application to minimize the harm associated with adverse DDIs by alerting physicians of potentially unsafe situations.
Global mitigation efforts should prioritize support to the emerging emitters
Authors: Guan Dabo , Cui Can , Wang Daoping , Chemutai Vicky , Brenton Paul , Zhang Shaohui , Zhang Qiang , Davis Steven 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
International efforts to avoid dangerous climate change have historically focused on reducing energy-related CO2 emissions from countries with either the largest economies (e.g., the EU and the U.S.) and/or the largest populations (e.g., China and India). However, in recent years, emissions have surged among a different, much less-examined group of countries, raising concerns that a next generation of high-emitting economies will obviate current mitigation targets. Compounding the limited analyses of these emerging emitters, the long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on economic activity and energy systems remain unclear. Here, we analyze the trends and drivers of emissions in each of the 59 countries where emissions 2010-2018 grew faster than the global average (excluding China and India), and then project their emissions under a range of pandemic recovery and longer-term energy scenarios. Although future emissions diverge considerably depending on responses to COVID and subsequent pathways, we find that emissions from these countries combined nonetheless reach 5.4 to 6.6 Gt CO2 by 2040 in all our scenarios—substantially in excess of emissions from these regions in published scenarios that successfully limit global warming to 2°C. Our results highlight the critical importance of ramping up mitigation efforts in countries that to this point have been largely ignored. Given the accompanying challenge of economic development and poverty reduction, this will require support from historically high-emitting countries to decelerate emissions growth, including through considerable economic support and appropriate transfer of technologies that are required for transition to low carbon growth.
AMPK blocks chromatin activation and consequent R-loop formation to protect genome stability following acute starvation
Authors: Sun Bing , Sherrin McLean , Roy Richard 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
During periods of starvation organisms must modify both gene expression and metabolic pathways to adjust to the energy stress. We previously reported that C. elegans that lack AMPK have transgenerational reproductive defects that result from abnormally elevated H3K4me3 levels in the germ line following recovery from acute starvation1. Here we show that H3K4me3 is dramatically increased at promoters, driving aberrant transcription elongation that results in the accumulation of R-loops in the starved AMPK mutants. DRIP-seq analysis demonstrated that a significant proportion of the genome was affected by R-loop formation with a dramatic expansion in the number of R-loops at numerous loci, most pronounced at the promoter-TSS regions of genes in the starved AMPK mutants. The R-loops are transmissible into subsequent generations, likely contributing to the transgenerational reproductive defects typical of these mutants following starvation. Strikingly, AMPK null germ lines show considerably more RAD-51 foci at sites of R-loop formation, potentially sequestering it from its critical role at meiotic breaks and/or at sites of induced DNA damage. Our study reveals a previously unforeseen role of AMPK in maintaining genome stability following starvation, where in its absence R-loops accumulate, resulting in reproductive compromise and DNA damage hypersensitivity.
Prognostic role and clinicopathological features of SMAD4 gene mutation in colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Fang Tian , Liang Tingting , Wang Yizhuo , Wang Chang 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background Approximately 5.0%-24.2% of colorectal cancers (CRCs) have activating mutations in SMAD4, making it one of the frequently mutated genes in CRC. We thus carried out a comprehensive system review and meta-analysis investigating the prognostic significance and clinicopathological features of mutation of SMAD4 gene in CRC. Methods A detailed literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science and Embase databases to study the relationship between mutations of SMAD4 gene and the demographic and clinicopathological characteristics in patients with CRC. The hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals were used to evaluate the effect of SMAD4 mutations on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS)/recurrence-free survival (RFS).Results Ten studies enrolling 4394 patients were eligible for inclusion. Data on OS were available from five studies. Comparing SMAD4-mutated CRC patients with SMAD4 wild-type CRC patients, the summary HR for OS was 1.46 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.28–1.67, P=0.001), the summary HR for PFS/RFS was 1.59 (95% CI=1.14–2.22, P=0.006). In terms of clinicopathology parameters, SMAD4 mutations were associated with tumor location (odds ratio [OR]= 1.15, colon/rectum, 95% CI=1.01-1.31, P=0.042), TNM stage (OR=0.78, stage Ⅰ-Ⅲ/Ⅳ, [95% CI] 0.63-0.97, P=0.025), lymph node metastases (OR=1.42, N+/N0, 95% CI=1.20-1.67, P<0.001), mucinous differentiation (OR=2.23, 95% CI=1.85-2.70, P<0.001) and rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (RAS) status (OR=0.47, RAS wild-type/RAS mutation, 95% CI=0.30-0.73, P=0.001). No connection was found with age, gender, tumor grade, microsatellite instability (MSI) status and b-viral oncogene homolog B1(BRAF) status. Besides, publication bias was not observed in all studies.Conclusions This meta-analysis suggests that SMAD4 mutation was associated with OS, PFS/RFS, and clinicopathological parameters, including tumor site, disease stage, RAS status, lymph node metastases and tumor mucinous differentiation. It was indicated that SMAD4 mutations could predict the poor prognosis and aggressive clinicopathological characteristics of CRC. More large-sample cohort studies were needed to further confirm this conclusion. As SMAD4 mutation was found to be closely associated with RAS mutations, their relationship was worth further investigating.
Non-Invasive Metabolomics Biomarkers of Production Efficiency and Beef Carcass Quality Traits
Authors: Artegoitia Virginia M. , Newman J. W. , Foote A. P. , Shackelford S. D. , King D.A. , Wheeler T. L. , Lewis R. M. , Freetly H. C. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The inter-cattle growth variations stem from the interaction of many metabolic processes making animal selection difficult. We hypothesized that growth could be predicted using metabolomics. Urinary biomarkers of cattle feed efficiency were explored using mass spectrometry-based untargeted and targeted metabolomics. Feed intake and weight-gain was measured in steers (n=75) on forage-based growing rations (stage-1, 84 d) followed by high-concentrate finishing rations (stage-2, 84 d). Urine from days 0, 21, 42, 63, and 83 in each stage were analyzed from steers with the greater (n = 14) and least (n = 14) average-daily-gain (ADG) and comparable dry-matter-intake (DMI; within 0.32 SD of the mean). Steers were slaughtered after stage-2. Adjusted fat-thickness and carcass-yield-grade increased in greater-ADG-cattle selected in stage-1, but carcass traits did not differ between ADG-selected in stage-2. Overall 85 untargeted metabolites segregated greater- and least-ADG animals, with overlap across diets (both stages) and breed type, despite sampling time effects. Total 18-BAs and 5-steroids were quantified and associated with performance and carcass quality across ADG-classification depending on the stage. Stepwise logistic regression of urinary BA and steroids had >90% accuracy identifying efficient-ADG-steers. Urine metabolomics provides new insight into the physiological mechanisms and potential biomarkers for feed efficiency.
Assessment and Mitigation of Cardiovascular Risk for Prostate Cancer Patients: A review of the evidence
Authors: Davey Patrick , Alexandrou Kyriacos 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a common co-morbidity in patients with prostate cancer. In this review, we summarise the published literature on the association of cardiovascular risk with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) treatment and explore the potential differences between the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists and antagonists and the molecular mechanisms that may be involved. We also provide a practical outlook on the identification of underlying CV risk and explore the different stratification tools available. Results: While not definitive, the current evidence suggests that GnRH antagonists may be associated with lower rates of certain CV events vs agonists, particularly in patients with pre-existing CVD. We have reached this conclusion as the highest-grade evidence from randomised clinical trials comparing GnRH agonists verses antagonists is uniform in finding lower CV event rates with GnRH antagonists. Risk reduction strategies such as lifestyle advice, consideration of ADT modality, and co-medications may help to reduce CV risk factors and improve outcomes in prostate cancer patients receiving ADT. Conclusions: Given all the data that is currently available, identification of baseline CV risk factors may be key to risk mitigation in patients with prostate cancer receiving ADT.
The Role of Mineral Surfaces in Miller’s Experiment
Authors: Criado Joaquìn , Bizzarri Bruno Mattia , Garcìa-Ruiz Juan Manuel , Saladino Raffaele , Mauro Ernesto Di 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We have designed a set of experiments to test the role of mineral surfaces on the yielding of the Miller-Urey type of experiment. Two experiments were performed in borosilicate flasks, two in a Teflon flask and a third couple in a Teflon flask with pieces of borosilicate submerged in the water. The experiments were performed in CH4, N2, and NH3 atmosphere either buffered at pH 8.7 with NH4Cl or unbuffered solutions. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy results show important differences in the yields, in the number of products and in their structural complexity. In particular, a dipeptide, complex dicarboxylic acids, PAHs, and a complete panel of biological nucleobases form more efficiently or exclusively in the borosilicate vessel. Our results suggest the crucial role of mineral catalysis in Miller-Urey synthesis.
Sex Differences in the Genetics of Sarcoidosis Across European and African Ancestry Populations
Authors: Xiong Ying , Kullberg Susanna , Garman Lori , Pezant Nathan , Ellinghaus David , Vasila Vasiliki , Eklund Anders , Rybicki Benjamin , Iannuzzi Michael , Schreiber Stefan , Müller-Quernheim Joachim , Montgomery Courtney , Grunewald Johan , Padyukov Leonid , Rivera Natalia V. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background: Sex differences in the susceptibility of sarcoidosis are unknown. The study aims to identify sex-dependent genetic variations in two sarcoidosis clinical phenotypes: Löfgren's syndrome (LS) and non- Löfgren's syndrome (non-LS).Methods: A meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies was conducted in Europeans and African Americans, totaling 10,103 individuals from three population-based cohorts, Sweden (n = 3,843), Germany (n = 3,342), and the United States (n = 2,918), followed by replication look-up in the UK Biobank (n = 387,945). A genome-wide association study based on Immunochip data consisting of 141,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was conducted in males and females in each cohort, respectively. The association test was based on logistic regression using the additive model in LS and non-LS independently. Additionally, gene-based analysis, expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) assessments, and enrichment analysis were performed to discover functionally relevant mechanisms related to biological sex. Results: In LS sarcoidosis, we identified various sex-dependent genetic variations (798 SNPs in males and 703 SNPs in females). Genetic findings in sex groups were explicitly located in the extended major histocompatibility complex. In non-LS, we detected 16 SNPs in males and 38 in females, primarily localized to the MHC class II region. Additionally, the ANXA11 gene, a well-documented locus in sarcoidosis, was associated exclusively with non-LS males. Gene-based, eQTL assessment and enrichment analyses revealed distinct sex-dependent genomic loci and gene expression variation in the sex groups. Conclusions: Our findings provide new evidence of the existence of sex-dependent genetic variations underlying sarcoidosis genetic architecture. These findings suggest a sex bias in molecular mechanisms of sarcoidosis.
Differences in Rituximab Use Between Pediatric Rheumatologists and Nephrologists for the Treatment of Refractory Lupus Nephritis and Renal Flare in Childhood-Onset Sle
Authors: Gilbert Mileka , Goilav Beatrice , Hsu Joyce J. , Nietert Paul J. , Meidan Esra , Chua Annabelle , Ardoin Stacy P. , Wenderfer Scott E. , Scheven Emily von , Ruth Natasha M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background: Consensus treatment plans have been developed for induction therapy of newly diagnosed proliferative lupus nephritis (LN) in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. However, patients who do not respond to initial therapy, or who develop renal flare after remission, warrant escalation of treatment. Our objective was to assess current practices of pediatric nephrologists and rheumatologists in North America in treatment of refractory proliferative LN and flare.Methods: Members of Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance and the American Society for Pediatric Nephrology were surveyed in November 2015 to assess therapy choices (other than modifying steroid dosing) and level of agreement between rheumatologists and nephrologists for proliferative LN patients. Two cases were presented: 1) refractory disease after induction treatment with corticosteroid and cyclophosphamide and 2) nephritis flare after initial response to treatment. Survey respondents chose treatments for three follow up scenarios for each case that varied by severity of presentation. Treatment options included cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, rituximab, and others, alone or in combination.Results: Treatment choices between nephrologists and rheumatologists were highly variable. A majority (>50%) consensus of either nephrologists or rheumatologists on treatment choice was only achieved in two of six total follow up scenarios for refractory LN or flare. Rheumatologists in comparison to nephrologists chose more therapy options that contained rituximab in five of six scenarios. These differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Therapy choices for pediatric rheumatologists and nephrologists in the treatment of refractory LN or LN flare were highly variable with rheumatologists more often choosing rituximab. Further investigation is necessary to delineate the reasons behind this finding. This study highlights the importance of collaborative efforts in developing consensus treatment plans for pediatric LN.
Volumetric Lattice Boltzmann Method for Wall Stresses of Image-based Pulsatile Flows
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyu , Gomez-Paz Joan , McDonough J. M. , Is Mahfuzul MD , Andreopoulos Yiannis , Yu Huidan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Image-based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has become a new capability for determining wall stresses of pulsatile flows. However, a computational platform that directly connects image information to pulsatile wall stresses is lacking. Prevailing methods rely on manual crafting of a hodgepodge of multidisciplinary software packages, which is usually laborious and error prone. We present a new technique to compute wall stresses in image-based pulsatile flows using the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). The novelty includes: (1) a unique image processing to extract flow domain and local wall normality, (2) a seamless connection between image extraction and CFD, (3) an en-route calculation of strain-rate tensor, and (4) GPU acceleration (not included here). We first generalize the streaming operation in the LBM and then conduct an application study for laminar and turbulent pulsatile flows in an image-based pipe (Reynolds number: 10 to 5000). The computed pulsatile velocity and shear stress are in good agreement with Womersley solutions for laminar flows and concurrent laboratory measurements for turbulent flows. This technique is being used to study (1) the hemodynamic wall stresses in inner choroid endothelium, (2) the drag force in sand flows, and (3) effects of waste streams on ion exchange kinetics in porous media.