bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differences in sustained attention but not distraction in preschoolers from lower socioeconomic status backgrounds
Authors: Hoyer Roxane S. , Pakulak Eric , Bidet-Caulet Aurélie , Karns Christina M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn children, the ability to listen to relevant auditory information and suppress distracting information is a foundational skill for learning and educational achievement. Distractibility is supported by multiple cognitive components (voluntary attention orienting, sustained attention, distraction, phasic arousal, as well as impulsivity and motor control) that may mature at different ages. Here we used the Competitive Attention Test (CAT) to measure these components in 71 4- and 5-year-old children. The goal of this study was to characterize the changes in efficiency of attention during the preschool period, and to explore differences in distractibility in preschool children that could be related to the socioeconomic status (SES) background of the child’s family. We found that sustained attention improves from age 4 to 5, while voluntary attention orienting is still immature during the preschool period. In addition, independent of age, task-irrelevant sounds induced distraction, phasic arousal, and impulsivity. Children from lower SES backgrounds showed reduced sustained attention abilities and increased impulsivity. However, 3-year-old children and a minority of 4- and 5-year-olds did not manage to perform the task according to the instructions; the CAT thus seems suitable to assess distractibility only in preschoolers with sufficiently developed sustained attention skills to efficiently complete the task. Taken together, the present findings suggest that distractibility is still developing during the preschool period and is likely to vary depending on the SES background of a child’s family.
Elevated CO2reduces a common soybean leaf endophyte
Authors: Christian Natalie , Basurto Baldemar Espino , Toussaint Amber , Xu Xinyan , Ainsworth Elizabeth A. , Busby Posy E. , Heath Katy D. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFree-air CO2enrichment (FACE) experiments have elucidated how climate change affects plant physiology and production. However, we lack a predictive understanding of how climate change alters interactions between plants and endophytes, critical microbial mediators of plant physiology and ecology. We leveraged the SoyFACE facility to examine how elevated [CO2] affected soybean (Glycine max)leaf endophyte communities in the field. Endophyte community composition changed under elevated [CO2], including a decrease in the abundance of a common endophyte,Methylobacteriumsp. Moreover,Methylobacteriumabundance was negatively correlated with co-occurring fungal endophytes. We then assessed howMethylobacteriumaffected the growth of co-occurring endophytic fungiin vitro.Methylobacteriumantagonized most co-occurring fungal endophytesin vitro, particularly when it was more established in culture before fungal introduction. Variation in fungal response toMethylobacteriumwithin a single fungal operational taxonomic unit (OTU) was comparable to inter-OTU variation. Finally, fungi isolated from elevated vs. ambient [CO2] plots differed in colony growth and response toMethylobacterium, suggesting that increasing [CO2] may affect fungal traits and interactions within the microbiome. By combiningin situandin vitrostudies, we show that elevated [CO2] decreases the abundance of a common bacterial endophyte that interacts strongly with co-occurring fungal endophytes. We suggest that endophyte responses to global climate change will have important but largely unexplored implications for both agricultural and natural systems.
Relationship between shear wave velocity and muscle activation is inconsistent across different muscle types
Authors: Bernabei Michel , Ludvig Daniel , Sandercock Thomas G. , Perreault Eric J. , Lee Sabrina S. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTThere is an increasing use of shear wave ultrasound elastography to quantify mechanical properties of muscles under various conditions such as changes muscle length and levels of activation in healthy and pathological muscle. However, little is known about the variability in shear wave velocity among muscles as most studies investigate one specific muscle. The purpose of this study was to determine if the relationship between SWV and muscle activation is consistent across muscles with different architectures: biceps brachii, tibialis anterior, and medial gastrocnemius, All measures were made at matching levels of activation and approximately at the optimal length for each muscle to control for length-dependent changes in the relationship between activation and force or stiffness. We also conducted a control experiment to determine how the passive force within a muscle alters the relationship between muscle activation and shear wave velocity. The relationship between shear wave velocity-squared and activation above 10% MVC differed across muscles, with biceps brachii and medial gastrocnemius showing a lower slope than tibialis anterior. Shear wave velocity-squared also differed between muscles at the shortest length (p<0.001) and the increase in shear wave velocity-squared with muscle lengthening also differed between muscle types (p = 0.005) Muscle-specific differences could not be explained by the architectural features such as pennation angle, fiber length, and physiological cross-sectional area. Our results demonstrate that there is not a unique relationship between muscle activation and shear wave velocity, highlighting the importance of understanding the many factors contributing to shear wave propagation in muscle before elastography can be used to make quantitative comparisons across muscle types.
ShapoGraphy: a glyph-oriented visualisation approach for creating pictorial representations of bioimaging data
Authors: Khawatmi Muhammed , Steux Yoann , Zourob Sadam , Sailem Heba 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIntuitive visualisation of quantitative microscopy data is crucial for interpreting and discovering new patterns in complex bioimage data. Existing visualisation approaches, such as bar charts, scatter plots and heat maps, do not accommodate the complexity of visual information present in microscopy data. Here we develop ShapoGraphy, a first of its kind method accompanied by a user-friendly web-based application for creating interactive quantitative pictorial representations of phenotypic data and facilitating the understanding and analysis of image datasets (www.shapography.com). ShapoGraphy enables the user to create a structure of interest as a set of shapes. Each shape can encode different variables that are mapped to the shape dimensions, colours, symbols, and stroke features. We illustrate the utility of ShapoGraphy using various image data, including high dimensional multiplexed data. Our results show that ShapoGraphy allows a better understanding of cellular phenotypes and relationships between variables. In conclusion, ShopoGraphy supports scientific discovery and communication by providing a wide range of users with a rich vocabulary to create engaging and intuitive representations of diverse data types.
Radio-pathomic maps of cell density identify glioma invasion beyond traditional MR imaging defined margins
Authors: Bobholz Samuel A. , Lowman Allison K. , Brehler Michael , Kyereme Fitzgerald , Duenweg Savannah R. , Sherman John , McGarry Sean , Cochran Elizabeth J. , Connelly Jennifer , Mueller Wade M. , Agarwal Mohit , Banerjee Anjishnu , LaViolette Peter S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCurrent MRI signatures of brain cancer often fail to identify regions of hypercellularity beyond the contrast enhancing region. Therefore, this study used autopsy tissue samples aligned to clinical MRIs in order to quantify the relationship between intensity values and cellularity, as well as to develop a radio-pathomic model to predict cellularity using MRI data. This study used 93 samples collected at autopsy from 44 brain cancer patients. Tissue samples were processed, stained for hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and digitized for nuclei segmentation and cell density calculation. Pre- and post-gadolinium contrast T1-weighted images (T1, T1C), T2 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images, and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) images calculated from diffusion imaging were collected from each patients’ final acquisition prior to death. In-house software was used to align tissue samples to the FLAIR image via manually defined control points. Mixed effect models were used to assess the relationship between single image intensity and cellularity for each image. An ensemble learner was trained to predict cellularity using 5 by 5 voxel tiles from each image, employing a 2/3-1/3 train-test split for validation. Single image analyses found subtle associations between image intensity and cellularity, with a less pronounced relationship within GBM patients. The radio-pathomic model was able to accurately predict cellularity in the test set (RMSE = 1015 cells/mm2) and identified regions of hypercellularity beyond the contrast enhancing region. We concluded that a radio-pathomic model for cellularity is able to identify regions of hypercellular tumor beyond traditional imaging signatures.
Seasonal stability of SARS-CoV-2 in biological fluids
Authors: Kwon Taeyong , Gaudreault Natasha N. , Richt Juergen A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTransmission of SARS-CoV-2 occurs by close contact with infected persons through droplets, the inhalation of infectious aerosols and the exposure to contaminated surface. Previously, we determined the virus stability on different types of surfaces under indoor and seasonal climatic conditions. SARS-CoV-2 survived the longest on surfaces under winter conditions, followed by spring/fall and summer conditions, suggesting the seasonal pattern of stability on surfaces. However, under natural conditions, the virus is secreted in various biological fluids from infected humans. In this respect, it remains unclear how long the virus survives in various types of biological fluids. This study explored the SARS-CoV-2 stability in human biological fluids under different environmental conditions and estimated the half-life. The virus was stable for up to 21 days in nasal mucus, sputum, saliva, tear, urine, blood, and semen; it remained infectious significantly longer under winter and spring/fall conditions than under summer conditions. In contrast, the virus was only stable up to 24 hours in feces and breast milk. These findings demonstrate the potential risk of infectious biological fluids in SARS-CoV-2 transmission and have implications for its seasonality.
Effect of Biologically Active Hydrogen-Generating Powder Mixed with Food in a Model of Liver Injury in Rats
Authors: Gedulin Bronislava , Safonov Marina , Safonov Vladimir L. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundHydrogen was determined to have good efficacy for reducing key blood level biomarkers associated with liver injury suggesting the compound may provide novel option for the treatment of several liver diseases by decreasing of accumulation of toxins and reduction of levels of serum liver enzymes.Materials and methodsThe present pharmacological study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a gastric hydrogen generating powder called “AquaActive” (AA) in a rat model of liver injury, the partial bile duct ligation (pBDL), following administration of 0.2% AA formulated in rat pellets food for 14 days.ResultsThe data indicate that treatment with AA at a dose of 150 mg/kg/day can effectively slow the progression of liver injury that is triggered by bile duct ligation in rats. At both 7 and 14 days post-pBDL surgery, treatment with AA exhibited reductions in ALT, AST, ALP, GGT and total bilirubin, most of which were statistically significant. At 7 days, the compound showed statistically significant decreases in ALP, GGT and total bilirubin levels. Although the values of some parameters decreased in the vehicle group by 14 days, additional reductions due to AA treatment were sustained for ALP, AST and for GGT and total bilirubin. GGT and total bilirubin level after 14 days of treatment compared to the vehicle-treated control group were observed to be highly significant (p<0.05).ConclusionThus AA, gastric hydrogen generating powder demonstrated a good efficacy for reducing key parameters associated with liver function in the pBDL model.
Locally restricted glucose availability in the embryonic hypocotyl determines seed germination under ABA treatment
Authors: Xue Xueyi , Yu Ya-Chi , Wu Yue , Xue Huiling , Chen Li-Qing 
Published: April 2021

SummaryAbiotic stresses directly affect seed germination, plant growth, and reproduction. Seed germination is a complex and energy-demanding process, involving diverse physical, metabolic and cellular events, and is controlled by intrinsic and environmental cues. Abiotic stresses involving abscisic acid (ABA) inhibit seed germination by suppressing physiological processes essential for completion of germination. It remains unclear whether the component tissues of an embryo respond to stress, and are suppressed differentially.Here we used a genetically engineered FRET sensor to show that ABA significantly affected the spatiotemporal distribution of glucose (Glc) in lower hypocotyl region. Transcriptome analysis and14C-Glc uptake assay suggested that Glc limitation in the embryonic hypocotyl was largely due to suppressed sugar partitioning along with enhanced sugar metabolism. The loss-of-function mutants of ABA-induced sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS) genes accumulated more Glc, leading to ABA insensitivity during germination. In addition, we identified molecular signatures that Glc antagonizes ABA by globally counteracting the ABA influence on gene expression, including expansin (EXP) family genes that are inhibited by ABA.This study presents a new perspective on the interaction between ABA and Glc in response to external stimuli, which restricts Glc availability and thereby controls the transition from seed to seedling.
A genetic interaction screen inStreptococcus pneumoniaeidentifies functionally redundant vaccine candidate proteins CbpC and CbpJ
Authors: Russo Lisa M. , Matthews Allison J. , Masilamani Revati F. , Lazinski David W. , Camilli Andrew 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTStreptococcus pneumoniaeis a Gram-positive bacterium that asymptomatically colonizes the nasopharynx and can disseminate to sterile sites resulting in pneumococcal diseases such as pneumonia, otitis media, bacteremia, and meningitis. Due to increased incidence of invasive disease caused by serotypes that are not included in available polysaccharide vaccines, there is a need for a broadly protective protein vaccine to complement the polysaccharide based vaccines. To limit immune escape such a vaccine would ideally target proteins that are essential for virulence. However, the genetic robustness ofS. pneumoniaeresults in few surface exposed proteins being essential for virulence. Here we carried out a genetic interaction screen to identify functionally redundant surface protein pairs that could be used as bivalent protein vaccines, based on the observation that together, these protein pairs are essential for virulence. We identified four pairs of functionally redundant surface proteins that displayed a significant competitive disadvantage during murine pneumococcal pneumonia. Immunization with the most attenuated pair, CbpC and CbpJ, resulted in production of high titers of specific antibodies and a modest increased median survival times of mice challenged with pneumococcal pneumonia. This study demonstrates a method to identify essential pairs of surface-associated virulence proteins that could be widely applied to many bacterial pathogens.IMPORTANCEInfection byStreptococcus pneumoniaecan result in life-threatening illness. Current licensed polysaccharide vaccines only protect against serotypes that are present in the vaccine – at most 23 serotypes of the total 100 identified, circulating serotypes. There remains a need for a widely protective protein vaccine that is effective against most circulating strains ofS. pneumoniae. The significance of our research is in developing a method to identify functionally redundant protein pairs as potential vaccine candidates, which could inform the development of effective bivalent protein vaccines for many bacterial pathogens.
Disentangling cortical functional connectivity strength and topography reveals divergent roles of genes and environment
Authors: Burger Bianca , Nenning Karl-Heinz , Schwartz Ernst , Margulies Daniel S. , Goulas Alexandros , Liu Hesheng , Neubauer Simon , Dauwels Justin , Prayer Daniela , Langs Georg 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe human brain varies across individuals in its morphology, function, and cognitive capacities. Variability is particularly high in phylogenetically modern regions associated with higher order cognitive abilities, but its relationship to the layout and strength of functional networks is poorly understood. In this study we disentangled the variability of two key aspects of functional connectivity: strength and topography. We then compared the genetic and environmental influences on these two features. Genetic contribution is heterogeneously distributed across the cortex and differs for strength and topography. In heteromodal areas genes predominantly affect the topography of networks, while their connectivity strength is shaped primarily by random environmental influence such as learning. We identified peak areas of genetic control of topography overlapping with parts of the processing stream from primary areas to network hubs in the default mode network, suggesting the coordination of spatial configurations across those processing pathways. These findings provide a detailed map of the diverse contribution of heritability and individual experience to the strength and topography of functional brain architecture.
Filament dynamics driven by ATP hydrolysis modulates membrane binding of the bacterial actin MreB
Authors: Pande Vani , Mitra Nivedita , Bagde Saket Rahul , Srinivasan Ramanujam , Gayathri Pananghat 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMreB, the bacterial ancestor of eukaryotic actin, is responsible for shape in most rod-shaped bacteria. While the eukaryotic actin utilizes ATP hydrolysis to drive filament treadmilling, the relevance of nucleotide-driven polymerization dynamics for MreB function is unclear. Here, we report mechanistic insights into the interplay between nucleotide-binding, ATP hydrolysis and membrane-binding ofSpiroplasma citriMreB5 (ScMreB5). Antiparallel double protofilament assembly of ScMreB5WTwith ATP, ADP or AMPPNP and an ATPase deficient mutant ScMreB5E134Ademonstrate that the filaments assemble independent of ATP hydrolysis. However, capture of the filament dynamics revealed that efficient filament formation, bundling through lateral interactions and filament disassembly are affected in ScMreB5E134A. Hence, the catalytic glutamate (Glu134 in ScMreB5) plays a dual role – it functions as a switch by sensing the ATP-bound state for filament assembly, and by assisting hydrolysis for triggering disassembly. Glu134 mutation also exhibits an allosteric effect on membrane binding, as observed from the reduced liposome binding compared to that of the wild type. Thus, ATP hydrolysis can modulate filament length and bundling, and consequently the orientation of MreB filaments on the cell membrane depending on the curvature. Binding of ScMreB5 with liposomes is mediated by surface charge-based interactions, demonstrating paralog and organism specific features for MreB function. We conclude that the conserved ATP-dependent polymerization and disassembly upon ATP hydrolysis has been repurposed for modulating curvature-dependent organization of filaments on the membrane.
Why do some people search for their files much more than others? A preliminary study
Authors: Bergman Ofer , Israeli Tamar , Benn Yael 
Published: April 2021

PurposePrevious research has repeatedly shown that people only search for files in a small minority of cases when they do not remember the file's location. The current study aimed to examine whether there is a group of hyper-searchers who search significantly more than others. Based on previous neurocognitive studies, this study aims to hypothesize that if such a group exists, they will have superior verbal memory and reduced visuospatial memory.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 65 participants completed a questionnaire estimating their search percentages, as well as reporting demographic data. Verbal memory was measured using the Wechsler logical memory test, and visuospatial memory was assessed using an online card memory game.FindingsHyper-searchers were defined as participants with search percentage of over one standard deviation (SD) above the mean. The average search percentage of the seven participants who met this criterion was 51% (SD = 14%), over five times more than the other participants (M = 10%, SD = 9%). Similar results were obtained by re-analyzing data from four previous papers (N = 1,252). The results further confirmed the hypothesis that hyper-searchers have significantly better verbal memory than other participants, possibly making searching easier and more successful for them. Lastly, the search percentage was positively predicted by verbal memory scores and negatively predicted by visuospatial memory scores. Explanations and future research are discussed.Originality/valueThis preliminary study is the first to introduce the concept of hyper-searchers, demonstrate its existence and study its causes.
Construction productivity assessment on Brock Commons Tallwood House
Authors: Kasbar Mohamed , Staub-French Sheryl , Pilon Angelique , Poirier Erik , Teshnizi Zahra , Froese Thomas 
Published: April 2021

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to improve the understanding of the impact of mass timber construction methods on construction performance through the successful delivery of the first-of-a-kind tall wood building, Brock Commons Tallwood House (Tallwood House). This paper is one of a set of papers examining the project; companion papers describe innovations used during the mass timber design and construction processes.

Design/methodology/approach
A mixed-method, longitudinal case study approach was used in this research project to investigate and document the Tallwood House project. Quantitative data were collected to perform the following analysis: hook time, the variability of productivity and schedule reliability. Members of the research team observed construction progress, meetings and decision-making, conducted periodic interviews and reviewed project artifacts.

Findings
The research presented in this paper is the culmination of a longitudinal study aimed at studying the innovation process on a project where radical innovations of structural systems were developed. Prefabrication, combined with the use of a virtual design and construction (VDC) model for planning and fabrication and early collaboration with trades, construction managers and consultants, increased the labor productivity of the on-site erection of the mass timber structural components and envelope panels and expedited the construction schedule.

Originality/value
This paper details an in-depth investigation into the construction productivity for a unique building project and lessons learned. The case study chosen is the construction of Tallwood House at the University of British Columbia. Tallwood House was the tallest mass-timber hybrid building in the world at the time of its construction.