bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variations on Equity and Related Concepts
Authors: Titi Catharine 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The chapter analyses variations on equity and related concepts that originate in equity. In particular, it studies equality, reasonableness, estoppel, acquiescence, good faith, unjust enrichment, the clean hands doctrine, abuse of rights, and proportionality. The chapter probes these concepts to demonstrate that equity lies deep in the international law mainstream and is applied even if we are not constantly aware of this. The chapter further aims to topple the myth that some forms of equity, notably contra legem equity, are only applied if the parties agree. It suggests that some such variations on equity or equitable principles, notably the clean hands doctrine and abuse of rights, can be seen as permissible applications of contra legem equity without the parties’ agreement – with the caveat that equity cannot truly exist contra legem.
Strokes of Luck
Authors: Lang Gerald 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Strokes of Luck offers a large-scale treatment of the role of luck in our judgements about blameworthiness and responsibility, in moral philosophy, and in principles of distributive justice, in political philosophy. It takes an ‘anti-anti-luckist’ stance on these matters, and is opposed to the influential ‘anti-luckist’ views which hold that judgements of blameworthiness, or distributive relations, should be adjusted to annul or neutralize differential luck. It provides a new reading of Bernard Williams’s famous essay ‘Moral Luck’ which emphasizes the dissimilarity of Williams’s aims from the aims of Thomas Nagel and his intellectual descendants. It contends that luck egalitarianism is a structurally flawed programme, and it argues for a revised understanding of John Rawls’s justice as fairness that interprets Rawls’s hostility to factors that are ‘arbitrary from a moral point of view’ in a novel way stationed more closely to his contractarian apparatus, and less closely to luck egalitarian concerns.
Confessionalism and Mobility in Early Modern Ireland
Authors: Ó hAnnracháin Tadhg 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This is a book about the intersection between processes of mobility and religious identity and practice in Early Modern Ireland. The period between c.1580 and c.1685 was one of momentous importance in terms of the establishment of different confessional identities in the island, and various typesof mobility played a key role in the development, articulation, and maintenance of separate religious communities. Part I examines the dialectic between migration and religious adherence, paying particular attention to the transnational dimension of clerical formation which played a vital role in shaping the competing Catholic, Church of Ireland, and non-conformist clergies. Part II investigates how more quotidian practices of mobility such as pilgrimage and interparochial communions helped to elaborate religious identities and the central role of figurative images of movement in structuring Christians’ understanding of their lives. The final chapters of the book analyze the extraordinary importance of migratory experience in shaping the lives and writings of the authors of key confessional identity texts. Hitherto underestimated or taken for granted, the book argues that migrants and exiles were of crucial significance in forging the self-understanding of the different religious communities of the island.
Professionalization Abroad
Authors: Ó hAnnracháin Tadhg 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 analyzes the profound importance of continental education in shaping the clerical leadership of Irish Catholicism in the Early Modern period. While not all clergy were educated abroad, formation in continental seminaries emerged as a key aspect of both the Catholic hierarchy and the guardians and preachers of the regular clergy. This system of clerical provision was based on the evolution of a somewhat haphazard network of continental colleges, but the decentralized nature of the system may in fact have conferred significant advantages. While impossible to determine the precise influence of this development, the evidence suggest that it was of profound importance in confirming the nature of the Catholic identity of most of the population.
Practices of Religious Mobility
Authors: Ó hAnnracháin Tadhg 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7 analyzes the importance of quotidian patterns of mobility in sustaining and elaborating confessional identities. Of central importance in this regard was regular Sabbath worship, and the decline of many non-conformist sects in the island can be linked to the sheer difficulties which they experienced in this regard post-1660. The chapter also argues that the different confessions produced particular rituals of mobility which helped both to buttress the sense of internal cohesion within the community and which operated as an important signifier of group identity to outsiders. In this regard, pilgrimage emerged as a key constituent of Catholic practice and experience, while Covenant-swearing and interparochial communions may have had a similar function for Ulster Presbyterians.
Identification of the unique molecular framework of heterophylly in the amphibious plantCallitriche palustrisL
Authors: Koga Hiroyuki , Kojima Mikiko , Takebayashi Yumiko , Sakakibara Hitoshi , Tsukaya Hirokazu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHeterophylly is the development of different leaf forms in a single plant depending on the environmental conditions. It is often observed in amphibious aquatic plants that can grow under both aerial and submerged conditions. Although heterophylly is well recognized in aquatic plants, the associated developmental mechanisms and the molecular basis remain unclear. To clarify these underlying developmental and molecular mechanisms, we analyzed heterophyllous leaf formation in an aquatic plant, Callitriche palustris. Morphological analyses revealed extensive cell elongation and the rearrangement of cortical microtubules in the elongated submerged leaves of C. palustris. Our observations also suggested that gibberellin, ethylene, and abscisic acid all regulate the formation of submerged leaves. However, the perturbation of one or more of the hormones was insufficient to induce the formation of submerged leaves under aerial conditions. Finally, we analyzed gene expression changes during aerial and submerged leaf development and narrowed down the candidate genes controlling heterophylly via transcriptomic comparisons, including a comparison with a closely related terrestrial species. We discovered that the molecular mechanism regulating heterophylly in C. palustris is associated with hormonal changes and diverse transcription factor gene expression profiles, suggesting differences from the corresponding mechanisms in previously investigated amphibious plants.
Intracellular phosphate sensing and regulation of phosphate transport systems in plants
Authors: Wang Zhengrui , Kuo Hui-Fen , Chiou Tzyy-Jen 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRecent research on the regulation of cellular phosphate (Pi) homeostasis in eukaryotes has collectively made substantial advances in elucidating inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsP) as Pi signaling molecules that are perceived by the SPX (Syg1, Pho81, and Xpr1) domains residing in multiple proteins involved in Pi transport and signaling. The PP-InsP-SPX signaling module is evolutionarily conserved across eukaryotes and has been elaborately adopted in plant Pi transport and signaling systems. In this review, we have integrated these advances with prior established knowledge of Pi and PP-InsP metabolism, intracellular Pi sensing, and transcriptional responses according to the dynamics of cellular Pi status in plants. Anticipated challenges and pending questions as well as prospects are also discussed.
Associations Between Movement Impairments and Function, Treatment Recommendations, and Treatment Plans for People With Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome
Authors: Brown-Taylor Lindsey , Pendley Chase , Glaws Kathryn , Vasileff W Kelton , Ryan John , Harris-Hayes Marcie , Di Stasi Stephanie L 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objective
The purpose of this study was to describe movement impairments for persons with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome and their association with function, treatment recommendations, and treatment plans.

Methods
This report is a secondary, observational analysis of a clinical trial dataset in which participants received an interdisciplinary evaluation from a surgeon and physical therapist. The therapist documented frontal and sagittal plane movement impairments across 6 functional tasks. Associations between number of impairments in each plane and function (33-item International Hip Outcome Tool [iHOT33]) were evaluated using Pearson or Spearman correlations. Joint provider recommendations (physical therapist and surgeon) and participant-reported treatment plans were dichotomized based on the inclusion of physical therapy or not. Logistic regressions were used to examine the effects of (1) iHOT33, total movement impairments, and previous physical therapist treatment on joint provider recommendation and (2) these same variables along with joint provider recommendation on participant treatment plan; prevalence ratios and 95% CIs were reported for significant contributors.

Results
Thirty-nine participants demonstrated an average iHOT33 of 35.0 (SD = 19.5) and presented with a median 5 frontal and 3 sagittal plane impairments. More frontal plane impairments were associated with worse iHOT33 scores. Twenty-seven participants received a joint provider recommendation that included physical therapy; no significant contributors to these recommendations were identified. Twenty-four of the 27 participants with a physical therapist recommendation included physical therapy in their treatment plan. Two additional participants did not receive a physical therapist recommendation but included physical therapy in their plan. Joint provider recommendation was the only significant contributor to the participant-reported plan (prevalence ratio = 7.06; 95% CI = 3.25–7.97).

Conclusion
Persons with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome displayed clinically observable movement impairments that were associated with worse function. Joint provider recommendations strongly influenced participants’ treatment plans to pursue physical therapy.

Impact
Physical therapists contribute new information to surgical examinations regarding movement. Joint recommendations from the physical therapist and the surgeon can influence patients’ decisions to pursue physical therapy.
Prevalence of hypertension and hypertension phenotypes after three visits in Chinese urban children
Authors: Dong Jie , Dong Hongbo , Yan Yinkun , Cheng Hong , Zhao Xiaoyuan , Mi Jie 
Published: July 2021

Objective:
This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of hypertension and hypertension subtypes among Chinese children aged 6–17 years in a multicenter school-based sample by three separate screenings.

Methods:
Students from six major cities in China (Changchun, Beijing, Jinan, Shanghai, Chongqing, and Chengdu) were recruited in this cross-sectional survey during 2012 and 2015. Each participant was seated and had three consecutive blood pressure measurements on the right arm in the morning by an automated oscillometric device and the hypertensive ones were followed to the next visit. Hypertension was diagnosed by BP references for Chinese children and adolescents in 2010.

Results:
Data from 44 396 children aged 6–17 years were included in analysis, 50.9% of whom were boys. The prevalence of confirmed hypertension after three separate screenings was 4% in the total population, 5% in boys, and 3% in girls, respectively. The prevalence of confirmed isolated systolic hypertension (ISH), isolated diastolic hypertension (IDH), and systolic and diastolic hypertension (SDH) in the total population was 2.7, 0.3 and 1%, respectively.

Conclusion:
Around 4% urban Chinese children and adolescents aged 6 –17 years were hypertensive after three separate BP screenings in 2012 –2015. ISH was the most frequent form of hypertension in children.
Opioid-related risk perceptions in chronic pain: influence of patient gender and previous misuse behaviors
Authors: Grant Alexis D. , Miller Megan M. , Anastas Tracy M. , Quinn Patrick , Lok Benjamin , Hirsh Adam T. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Little is known about the factors that influence providers' perceptions of patient risk for aberrant opioid use. Patient gender may interact with previous opioid misuse to influence these perceptions. We asked 131 physicians to view videos and vignettes for 8 virtual patients with chronic pain. Gender (male/female) and previous prescription opioid misuse (present/absent) varied across patients; the vignettes were otherwise balanced on demographic and clinical characteristics. For each patient, providers assessed 4 risk domains: opioid-related adverse events, opioid misuse or abuse, opioid addiction, and opioid diversion. Results indicated a significant gender-by-misuse interaction for risk of opioid misuse or
abuse. When previous misuse behaviors were absent, providers rated men at higher risk; there was no gender difference when previous misuse behaviors were present. A significant gender-by-misuse interaction was found for risk of opioid-related adverse events. Providers perceived men to be at higher risk when previous misuse behaviors were absent; there was no gender difference when previous misuse behaviors were present. A significant gender-by-misuse interaction was found for risk of opioid addiction. Providers rated women at higher risk when previous misuse behaviors were present and men at higher risk when previous misuse behaviors were absent. There were significant main effects of gender and misuse for risk of opioid diversion. Providers rated men and those with previous misuse behaviors at higher risk. These results demonstrate that patient gender and previous opioid misuse have unique and interactive effects on provider perceptions of prescription opioid–related risks. Studies are needed to identify the mechanisms underlying these effects, such as gender-based stereotypes about risk-taking and drug abuse.
Correlation of PET/CT and Brain MRI Findings in Human African Trypanosomiasis Encephalitis
Authors: Luna Licia Pacheco , Meleki Zahra , Shanechi Amirali Modir , Yedavalli Vivek , Civelek Ali Cahid 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A 49-year-old woman from Cameroon presented with history of several months of worsening headache, lethargy, left arm weakness, and generalized lymphadenopathy. Brain MRI demonstrated multifocal signal abnormality and enhancement involving the bilateral basal ganglia and cerebral white matter. FDG PET/CT performed as part of lymphadenopathy evaluation demonstrated patchy areas of increased metabolic activity of the brain parenchyma. Human African trypanosomiasis or African sleeping sickness is a protozoan infection caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense transmitted by the tsetse fly in sub-Saharan Africa. It is important to recognize the signs and symptoms in nonendemic countries to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment.
Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis Demonstrated by Whole-Body 67Ga Scintigraphy
Authors: Ishii Shiro , Sugawara Shigeyasu , Yamakuni Ryo , Sekino Hirofumi , Ito Hiroshi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Hypertrophic pachymeningitis is a rare inflammatory process characterized by thickening of the dura mater that can be idiopathic or secondary to a variety of conditions such as ANCA-related vasculitis, IgG4-related disease, Sjögren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis, and infections. It can cause various neurological alterations such as headache, cranial nerve disorder, cerebellar disorder, sensory impairment, and weakness. Brain MRI is useful for imaging diagnosis of hypertrophic pachymeningitis, showing focal thickening and enhancement of the dura mater. Here we report 4 cases of idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis where 67Ga clearly accumulated in the dura mater.
Maternal corticosteroids and depression during gestation and decreased fetal heart rate variability
Authors: Hunter Sharon K. , Freedman Robert , Law Amanda J. , Christians Uwe , Holzman Jacob B.W. , Johnson Zachary , Hoffman M. Camille 
Published: July 2021

Objective
Maternal depression during gestation is an adverse factor in fetal brain development that manifests in later childhood behavioral problems. Fetal heart rate variability (FHRV) mediated by parasympathetic input is a marker of gestational nervous system development. Biological mediators of adverse effects of maternal depression may involve the mother’s corticosteroids; however, links between depression, corticosteroids, and early nervous system development remain inconclusive.

Methods
Heart rate was recorded in 23 fetuses by transabdominal Doppler at 28–33 weeks gestation. The SD of interbeat intervals over 20 min assessed FHRV. Maternal depression ratings and hair concentrations of cortisol and cortisone were assayed. An auditory sensory gating paradigm assessed newborn development of cerebral inhibition. Parents rated their infant’s temperament characteristics on the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised Short Form (IBQ-R).

Results
Maternal depression was associated with lower FHRV, especially for male fetuses, β = −0.633, P = 0.045. Maternal depression was associated with lower cortisol to total corticosteroids ratios, β = −0.519, P = 0.033. Lower cortisol ratios were associated with decreased FHRV, β = 0.485, P = 0.019. Decreased FHRV was associated with increased newborn sensory gating deficits, β = −0.992, P = 0.035, indicating poorer development of cerebral inhibition. Higher FHRV was related to increased infant IBQ-R self-regulatory behaviors, r = 0.454, P = 0.029.

Conclusion
Maternal depression is associated via corticosteroids with decreased development of nervous system control of fetal heart rate. Decreased FHRV indicates developmental alterations in gestation that correlate with altered brain function and subsequent regulatory challenges in early infancy.
Examination of Medication Use Patterns by Age Group, Comorbidity, and Month in COVID-19 Positive Patients in a Large State-wide Health System During the Pandemic in 2020
Authors: Watanabe Jonathan H. , Kwon Jimmy , Nan Bin , Abeles Shira R. , Mehta Sanjay R. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectivesMain objective was to systematically determine most frequently used medications among COVID-19 patients overall and by hospitalization status. Secondary objective was to measure use patterns of medications considered potential therapeutic optionsDesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingThe five academic medical centers of University of California Health.ParticipantsUniversity of California COVID Research Data Set (UC CORDS) patients between March 10, 2020 and December 31, 2020.Exposure(s)Confirmed COVID-19 positive by SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid amplification.Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s)Main outcomes were percentages of patients prescribed medications, overall, by age group, and by comorbidity based on hospitalization status. Use percentage by month of COVID-19 diagnosis was measured. Cumulative count of potential therapeutic options was measured over time.ResultsDataset included 22897 unique patients with COVID-19 (mean [SD] age, 42.4 [20.4] years; 12154 [53%] female). Among the sample, 6326 28%) were non-Hispanic White, 8475 (37%) were Hispanic, 1562 (7%) Asian, and 1313 (6%) Black. A COVID-related hospitalization occurred in 3546 patients. Of the hospitalized patients, more than 30% had baseline comorbidities of hypertension (48%), hyperlipidemia (37%), and type 2 diabetes (35%). Most frequently used medications in patients overall were acetaminophen (21.2%), albuterol (14.9%), ondansetron (13.9%), and enoxaparin (10.8%). Medications used were generally similar across ages and comorbidities. Prior to May, dexamethasone was rarely used, with well under 50 COVID-19 patients that had been hospitalized to that point receiving the medication. By mid-August, more than 500 patients to that point had received dexamethasone. Hydroxychloroquine use effectively halted in COVID-19 hospitalized patients after May. Throughout the period of March to December 2020, enoxaparin was used in the most patients to that point at any instance. By mid-December, more than 2000 in the analysis cohort of hospitalized patients had received enoxaparin.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this retrospective cohort study, across age and comorbidity groups, predominant utilization was for supportive care therapy. Dexamethasone and remdesivir experienced large increases in use. Conversely, hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin use markedly dropped. Medication utilization rapidly shifted towards more evidence-concordant treatment of patients with COVID-19 as rigorous study findings emerged.
Educational level as a cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Caution from triangulation of observational and genetic evidence
Authors: Na-Ek Nat , Srithong Juthamanee , Aonkhum Authakorn , Boonsom Suthida , Chareon Pimphen , Demakakos Panayotes 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundEducation might be causal to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We triangulated cohort and genetic evidence to consolidate the causality between education and T2DM.MethodsWe obtained observational evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). Self-reporting educational attainment was categorised as high (post-secondary and higher), middle (secondary), and low (below secondary or no academic qualifications) in 6,787 community-dwelling individuals aged ≥50 years without diabetes at ELSA wave 2, who were followed until wave 8 for the first diabetes diagnosis. Additionally, we performed two-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) using an inverse-variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, weighted median (WM), and weighted mode-based estimate (WMBE) method. Steiger filtering was further applied to exclude single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were correlated with an outcome (T2DM) stronger than exposure (education attainment).ResultsWe observed 598 new diabetes cases after 10.4 years of follow-up. The adjusted hazard ratios (95%CI) of T2DM were 1.20 (0.97-1.49) and 1.58 (1.28-1.96) in the middle- and low-education groups, respectively, compared to the high-education group. Low education was also associated with increased glycated haemoglobin levels. Psychosocial resources, occupation, and health behaviours fully explained these inverse associations. In the MR analysis of 210 SNPs (R2=0.0161), the odds ratio of having T2DM per standard deviation-decreasing years (4.2 years) of schooling was 1.33 (1.01-1.75; IVW), 1.23 (0.37-4.17; MR-Egger), 1.56 (1.09-2.27; WM), and 2.94 (0.98-9.09; WMBE). However, applying Steiger filtering attenuated most MR results toward the null.ConclusionsOur inconsistent findings between cohort and genetic evidence did not support the causality between education and T2DM.Key messagesWhat is already known on this subject?-Several pieces of evidence suggested that education attainment might play a causal role in the occurrence of T2DM.What does this study add?-Our observational evidence suggested no direct impact of education on the risk of T2DM. The observed inverse associations were mediated through insufficient psychosocial resources, low occupation class, and unhealthy behaviours due to low education.-In contrast, the genetic evidence suggested no causal association between education and the risk of T2DM. Notably, the significant associations from our genetic evidence resulted from the invalid genetic instrument used in the analysis.-The observational and genetic evidence was inconsistent; therefore, our triangulated evidence did not support a causal role of education in the occurrence of T2DM.