bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early warrior authority
Authors: Wert Michael 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the creation of warriors as an early status group. Minamoto Yoritomo won the Gempei War, an event that allowed him to create his own mini government in Kamakura, later referred to as the Kamakura shogunate. The chapter describes how some warriors gravitated to Kamakura, joined Yoritomo’s bureaucracy, and interacted with each other and the non-warrior nobles in Kyoto. It also highlights the important role of women in the formation of early warrior authority. Yoritomo died early on during this Kamakura Period (1185-1333) and several warrior families, along with their noble allies, struggled to dominate the warrior regime. The Hōjō emerged victorious and had to fight against the invading Mongols. In so doing, the Hōjō begin to dominate warriors throughout Japan. This chapter also introduces several sources of warrior “law” and conduct that show the influence of non-warrior elite culture on warrior culture and behaviour.
Motion and inertia
Authors: Wallace David 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the question of what it means for something to move, and why physics cannot be done without an answer to that question. It does so mostly in the context of Newtonian physics, leaving considerations of the theory of relativity to the next chapter. We cannot simply define motion of one body as relative to another body if we want to do physics—we have to introduce the idea of a ‘rest frame’ that defines which bodies are at rest (Newton called this rest frame ‘absolute space’). But physics also satisfies the relativity principle—it is impossible to distinguish the rest frame from another frame moving at constant speed in that frame. So what physics really requires is not a preferred rest frame, but a family of inertial frames, all moving at uniform speeds relative to one another. The notion of ‘spacetime’ has been introduced as a way of understanding this family of inertial frames, but philosophers of physics disagree as to whether spacetime explains the nature of motion in physics, or merely codifies it. The chapter concludes by explaining how gravity can be thought of as a change in the structure of the inertial frames: though it was Einstein who first saw this clearly, it has nothing to do with relativity and makes sense even in Newtonian physics.
Reduction and irreversibility
Authors: Wallace David 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers philosophical issues that arise in statistical mechanics. Physics is not one theory but many, describing different bits of the world on different scales, and statistical mechanics is the field of physics that attempts to understand the relation between those descriptions. There are two alternative ways to think about statistical mechanics: either as a tool of inference, used to study complex systems in the face of our partial knowledge; or as a search for objectively true higher-level descriptions of those systems. On either conception, statistical mechanics needs to account for the emergence of irreversible, time-directed behaviour even though small-scale physics is reversible; it also needs to explain the role of probabilities, which are very widely used in statistical mechanics but have no uncontroversial interpretation.
Interpreting the quantum
Authors: Wallace David 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter surveys various proposals to interpret—that is, make sense of—quantum mechanics. We could attempt to think of quantum mechanics in purely instrumentalist terms, as an algorithm to predict observed experimental results. But this fits badly with scientific practice and is probably not viable. We could attempt to modify quantum mechanics itself to resolve the paradoxes, and there are some simple models that attempt to do that: some are ‘hidden-variable’ theories that add extra properties to the theory, some are ‘dynamical-collapse’ theories that modify the theory’s equations. But none of these models succeed in reproducing quantum theory’s predictions outside a relatively narrow range of applications. Or we could try to take the apparent indefiniteness of quantum mechanics literally, and interpret it as a theory of many parallel worlds. The correct interpretation of quantum mechanics remains controversial, but the search for understanding and interpretation of the theory has led to very substantial scientific results and is likely to lead to more.
Sex-specific differences in Juniperus communis: essential oil yield, growth-defence conflict and population sex ratio
Authors: Markó Gábor , Németh István , Gyuricza Veronika , Altbäcker Vilmos 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In plants, biomass and nutrient allocation often generate trade-offs between the different biochemical pathways conflicting the utilization of the common source among growth, reproduction and chemical defence. However, in dioecious plant species, these trade-off patterns could appear as a more contrasted problem between males and females due to the dissimilar reproduction investment. Generally, the growth ratio is higher in males than females, while females have a stronger defence than males. To understand the possible role of the sex-specific dissimilarities within the growth-defence conflict framework, we investigated the possible causes of the high variance of the essential oil yield in a dioecious evergreen species, Juniperus communis. Specifically, we tested the correlations between the essential oil yield with other individual-specific traits (e.g. sex, age), the presence of the growth-defence trade-off, and the differential growth and survival patterns between males and females through an extensive field survey with sample collection in three natural populations (Kiskunság National Park, Hungary). The individual-specific essential oil yield was also measured and served as a proxy to describe the degree of chemical defence. We found that the essential oil yield showed strong and consistent sex-specific patterns decreasing with age in adults. Contrary to the predictions, the males showed a consistently higher yield than the females. We also observed a growth-defence trade-off in males but not in females. Consistently with the growth-defence conflict hypothesis, the populations’ sex ratio was male-biased, and this pattern was more evident with ageing modifying the demographic structure due to the sexually dissimilar lifespan. Our juniper study revealed a contrasting and unique essential oil accumulation driven by the complex allocation trade-off mechanisms within individuals, which could be a flexible and adaptive defence response against the increasing biotic and abiotic environmental stresses exacerbated under global climate change.
Changing Mandible Contour Using Computer Designed/Computer Manufactured Alloplastic Implants
Authors: Straughan David M , Yaremchuk Michael J 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
The shape of the mandible is the fundamental determinant of the appearance and sexual dimorphism of the lower one-third of the face. Utilization of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufactured (CAD/CAM) alloplastic implants provides unparalleled planning and sophistication in the correction of skeletal deficiencies, irregularities, and asymmetry.

Objectives
This study presented the rationale, indications, techniques, and results of the senior author’s (M.J.Y.) 15-year experience employing CAD/CAM alloplastic implants to correct deficiencies and asymmetries of the mandible.

Methods
A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database was reviewed of all patients who underwent aesthetic augmentation of the mandible employing CAD/CAM alloplastic implants by the senior author.

Results
Over a 15-year period, 123 patients underwent mandibular augmentation utilizing CAD/CAM alloplastic implants. The majority of patients were men (76.4%) with an average age of 31 years (range, 24-63 years). All implants were bilateral. Complications included infection requiring implant removal (2.4%) and patient dissatisfaction resulting in either implant revision (4.1%) or implant removal (2.4%).

Conclusions
As described here, CAD/CAM alloplastic implants are an effective modality to augment aesthetic mandible contour deficiencies.

Level of Evidence: 4
Does Surgeon Gender Matter for Aesthetic Patients?
Authors: Hancock Ellen A , Hancock Kevin J , Wijay Nandhika , Andry Danielle 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Plastic surgery patients have expectations for an ideal practice to visit. However, patients’ preferences regarding their plastic surgeon are still being described.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to investigate if elective cosmetic plastic surgery patients exhibit gender preference in their plastic surgeon when making online inquiries.

Methods
A retrospective, single-practice review of all online inquiries for elective plastic surgery and nonsurgical injectable treatment from June 2019 to June 2020 was performed. The study was based on a private practice located in Houston, TX. The practice surgeons were a married couple, 1 female and 1 male, with identical training, age, and post-residency experience. Patients submitted an online inquiry for their procedure of interest and surgeon preference via the practice website.

Results
The private practice received 873 online inquiries during the year-long study period. The majority of patients were female, 855 (97.9%), and the remaining 18 (2.1%) were male. Of the female patients, 476 (55.7%) preferred a female surgeon and 138 (16.1%) preferred a male surgeon; 241 (28.2%) female patients expressed no surgeon preference. Regardless of surgeon preference, the majority of procedures inquired about were breast and body contouring.

Conclusions
This cohort of female patients prefers the female surgeon for breast procedures or multiple procedures involving the breast, and the male surgeon for injectable procedures and facial procedures. There is no preference for the male or female surgeon for body procedures. Female plastic surgery patients may be influenced by surgeon gender in choosing their surgeon, depending on their surgery of interest.
Mechanisms underlying enhanced IgA production in Peyer's patch cells by membrane vesicles derived from Lactobacillus sakei
Authors: Miyoshi Yuki , Saika Azusa , Nagatake Takahiro , Matsunaga Ayu , Kunisawa Jun , Katakura Yoshio , Yamasaki-Yashiki Shino 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We analyzed the mechanisms underlying enhanced IgA production in the cells of Peyer's patch cells via membrane vesicles derived from Lactobacillus sakei subsp. sakei NBRC 15893. Depletion of CD11c+ cells from Peyer's patch cells suppressed the enhanced IgA production mediated by membrane vesicles. Meanwhile, the stimulation of bone-marrow–derived dendritic cells with membrane vesicles increased gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2, and several inflammatory cytokines. The production of nitric oxide and interleukin (IL)-6 by membrane vesicle stimulation was induced via Toll-like receptor 2 on bone marrow–derived dendritic cells. Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2, as well as the neutralization of IL-6 in Peyer's patch cells, suppressed the enhanced IgA production by membrane vesicle stimulation. Hence, nitric oxide, retinoic acid, and IL-6 induced by membrane vesicles play crucial roles in the enhanced IgA production elicited by membrane vesicles in Peyer's patch cells.
Beyond the average patient: how neuroimaging models can address heterogeneity in dementia
Authors: Verdi Serena , Marquand Andre F , Schott Jonathan M , Cole James H 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Dementia is a highly heterogeneous condition, with pronounced individual differences in age of onset, clinical presentation, progression rates and neuropathological hallmarks, even within a specific diagnostic group. However, the most common statistical designs used in dementia research studies and clinical trials overlook this heterogeneity, instead relying on comparisons of group average differences (e.g. patient versus control or treatment versus placebo), implicitly assuming within-group homogeneity. This one-size-fits-all approach potentially limits our understanding of dementia aetiology, hindering the identification of effective treatments. Neuroimaging has enabled the characterization of the average neuroanatomical substrates of dementias; however, the increasing availability of large open neuroimaging datasets provides the opportunity to examine patterns of neuroanatomical variability in individual patients. In this update, we outline the causes and consequences of heterogeneity in dementia and discuss recent research that aims to tackle heterogeneity directly, rather than assuming that dementia affects everyone in the same way. We introduce spatial normative modelling as an emerging data-driven technique, which can be applied to dementia data to model neuroanatomical variation, capturing individualized neurobiological ‘fingerprints’. Such methods have the potential to detect clinically relevant subtypes, track an individual’s disease progression or evaluate treatment responses, with the goal of moving towards precision medicine for dementia.
Dissociable contributions of frontal and temporal brain regions to basic semantic composition
Authors: Graessner Astrid , Zaccarella Emiliano , Friederici Angela D , Obrig Hellmuth , Hartwigsen Gesa 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Semantic composition is the ability to combine single words to form complex meanings and is an essential component for successful communication. Evidence from neuroimaging studies suggests that semantic composition engages a widely distributed left-hemispheric network, including the anterior temporal lobe, the inferior frontal gyrus and the angular gyrus. To date, the functional relevance of these regions remains unclear. Here, we investigate the impact of lesions to key regions in the semantic network on basic semantic composition. We conducted a multivariate lesion-behaviour mapping study in 36 native German speaking participants with chronic lesions to the language network after left-hemispheric stroke. During the experiment, participants performed a plausibility judgement task on auditorily presented adjective-noun phrases that were either meaningful (‘anxious horse’), anomalous (‘anxious salad’) or had the noun replaced by a pseudoword (‘anxious gufel’), as well as a single-word control condition (‘horse’). We observed that reduced accuracy for anomalous phrases is associated with lesions in left anterior inferior frontal gyrus, whereas increased reaction times for anomalous phrases correlates with lesions in anterior-to-mid temporal lobe. These results indicate that anterior inferior frontal gyrus is relevant for accurate semantic decisions, while anterior-to-mid temporal lobe lesions lead to slowing of the decision for anomalous two-word phrases. These differential effects of lesion location support the notion that anterior inferior frontal gyrus affords executive control for decisions on semantic composition while anterior-to-mid temporal lobe lesions slow the semantic processing of the individual constituents of the phrase.
Chemical storage of hydrogen in synthetic liquid fuels: building block for CO2-neutral mobility
Authors: Lee R P , Seidl L G , Meyer B 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Green hydrogen is anticipated to play a major role in the decarbonization of the mobility sector. Its chemical storage in CO2-neutral synthetic liquid fuels is advantageous in terms of safety and reliability compared to other hydrogen storage developments, and thus represents a complementary building block to developments in electric and hydrogen mobility for the low-carbon transition in the mobility sector. Its development is especially relevant for transport sectors which will have no alternatives to liquid fuels in the foreseeable future. In this paper, three alternative technological routes for the chemical storage of hydrogen in CO2-neutral synthetic liquid fuels are identified and comparatively evaluated in terms of feedstock potential, product potential, demand for renewable electricity and associated costs, efficiency as well as expected market relevance. While all three routes exhibited similar levels of overall efficiencies, electricity-based liquid fuels in Germany are currently limited by the high cost and limited supply of renewable electricity. In contrast, liquid fuels generated from biogenic waste have a constant supply of biogenic feedstock and are largely independent from the supply and cost of renewable electricity.
AUTS2 Regulates RNA Metabolism and Dentate Gyrus Development in Mice
Authors: Castanza Anthony S , Ramirez Sanja , Tripathi Prem P , Daza Ray A M , Kalume Franck K , Ramirez Jan-Marino , Hevner Robert F 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Human AUTS2 mutations are linked to a syndrome of intellectual disability, autistic features, epilepsy, and other neurological and somatic disorders. Although it is known that this unique gene is highly expressed in developing cerebral cortex, the molecular and developmental functions of AUTS2 protein remain unclear. Using proteomics methods to identify AUTS2 binding partners in neonatal mouse cerebral cortex, we found that AUTS2 associates with multiple proteins that regulate RNA transcription, splicing, localization, and stability. Furthermore, AUTS2-containing protein complexes isolated from cortical tissue bound specific RNA transcripts in RNA immunoprecipitation and sequencing assays. Deletion of all major functional isoforms of AUTS2 (full-length and C-terminal) by conditional excision of exon 15 caused breathing abnormalities and neonatal lethality when Auts2 was inactivated throughout the developing brain. Mice with limited inactivation of Auts2 in cerebral cortex survived but displayed abnormalities of cerebral cortex structure and function, including dentate gyrus hypoplasia with agenesis of hilar mossy neurons, and abnormal spiking activity on EEG. Also, RNA transcripts that normally associate with AUTS2 were dysregulated in mutant mice. Together, these findings indicate that AUTS2 regulates RNA metabolism and is essential for development of cerebral cortex, as well as subcortical breathing centers.
The voltage-gated potassium channel KV1.3 regulates neutrophil recruitment during inflammation
Authors: Immler Roland , Nadolni Wiebke , Bertsch Annika , Morikis Vasilios , Rohwedder Ina , Masgrau-Alsina Sergi , Schroll Tobias , Yevtushenko Anna , Soehnlein Oliver , Moser Markus , Gudermann Thomas , Barnea Eytan R , Rehberg Markus , Simon Scott I , Zierler Susanna , Pruenster Monika , Sperandio Markus 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Aims
Neutrophil trafficking within the vasculature strongly relies on intracellular calcium signalling. Sustained Ca2+ influx into the cell requires a compensatory efflux of potassium to maintain membrane potential. Here, we aimed to investigate whether the voltage-gated potassium channel KV1.3 regulates neutrophil function during the acute inflammatory process by affecting sustained Ca2+ signalling.

Methods and results
Using in vitro assays and electrophysiological techniques, we show that KV1.3 is functionally expressed in human neutrophils regulating sustained store-operated Ca2+ entry through membrane potential stabilizing K+ efflux. Inhibition of KV1.3 on neutrophils by the specific inhibitor 5-(4-Phenoxybutoxy)psoralen (PAP-1) impaired intracellular Ca2+ signalling, thereby preventing cellular spreading, adhesion strengthening, and appropriate crawling under flow conditions in vitro. Using intravital microscopy, we show that pharmacological blockade or genetic deletion of KV1.3 in mice decreased neutrophil adhesion in a blood flow dependent fashion in inflamed cremaster muscle venules. Furthermore, we identified KV1.3 as a critical component for neutrophil extravasation into the inflamed peritoneal cavity. Finally, we also revealed impaired phagocytosis of Escherichia coli particles by neutrophils in the absence of KV1.3.

Conclusion
We show that the voltage-gated potassium channel KV1.3 is critical for Ca2+ signalling and neutrophil trafficking during acute inflammatory processes. Our findings do not only provide evidence for a role of KV1.3 for sustained calcium signalling in neutrophils affecting key functions of these cells, they also open up new therapeutic approaches to treat inflammatory disorders characterized by overwhelming neutrophil infiltration.
Computational models of atrial fibrillation: achievements, challenges, and perspectives for improving clinical care
Authors: Heijman Jordi , Sutanto Henry , Crijns Harry J G M , Nattel Stanley , Trayanova Natalia A 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDespite significant advances in its detection, understanding and management, atrial fibrillation (AF) remains a highly prevalent cardiac arrhythmia with a major impact on morbidity and mortality of millions of patients. AF results from complex, dynamic interactions between risk factors and comorbidities that induce diverse atrial remodelling processes. Atrial remodelling increases AF vulnerability and persistence, while promoting disease progression. The variability in presentation and wide range of mechanisms involved in initiation, maintenance and progression of AF, as well as its associated adverse outcomes, make the early identification of causal factors modifiable with therapeutic interventions challenging, likely contributing to suboptimal efficacy of current AF management. Computational modelling facilitates the multilevel integration of multiple datasets and offers new opportunities for mechanistic understanding, risk prediction and personalized therapy. Mathematical simulations of cardiac electrophysiology have been around for 60 years and are being increasingly used to improve our understanding of AF mechanisms and guide AF therapy. This narrative review focuses on the emerging and future applications of computational modelling in AF management. We summarize clinical challenges that may benefit from computational modelling, provide an overview of the different in silico approaches that are available together with their notable achievements, and discuss the major limitations that hinder the routine clinical application of these approaches. Finally, future perspectives are addressed. With the rapid progress in electronic technologies including computing, clinical applications of computational modelling are advancing rapidly. We expect that their application will progressively increase in prominence, especially if their added value can be demonstrated in clinical trials.