bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Inhibited by Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu Decoction via Th2 Cytokine Enhancement
Authors: Peng Yong , Zhu Fei-Zhou , Deng Xiang , Zhou Jian-Xiong , Gao Shuai , Chen Zhi-Xing , Yang Shan-Shan , Gan Lu , Li Zhuo-Lin , Liu Qian-Qian 
Published: October 2021

Background:

Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu decoction (HQGZWW) exhibits good effects when administered to treat multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Understanding the precise mechanism of this decoction is thus important. Based on the findings of our previous study, the aim of the present study was to understand the role of antigen-specific CD8+ T-cells on the pathogenesis of MS/EAE when HQGZWW is administered as treatment.

Methods:
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) 35-55-induced mice were administered distilled water, prednisone, and high dose or low dose HQGZWW. After purified CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells were stimulated with the MOG35-55 peptide, proliferation and cytokine secretion assays were performed. To establish the adoptive transfer EAE model, naïve mice were injected with MOG35-55 - CD8+ or CD4+ T-cells.

Results:
Significant improvements in EAE score and pathology were observed in the high dose HQGZWW and prednisone groups. Compared to the low dose HQGZWW and distilled water groups, lower antigen-specific responses, lower levels of interferon-gamma, and higher levels of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 from CD8+ and CD4+ T cells were observed in the high dose HQGZWW and prednisone groups. Finally, the EAE score was observed to be similar between the high dose HQGZWW group and prednisone group; however, this finding was not observed in the low dose HQGZWW group.

Conclusion:
Our findings suggest that high dose HQGZWW has similar effects on cell proliferation, cytokine secretion, and EAE score to prednisone, while low dose HQGZWW does not have such effect. The protective role of HQGZWW against EAE might thus depend on the Th2 cytokine secretion profile induced by either MOG35-55 specific CD8+ or CD4+ T-cells.
Quantitative correlation of colony forming units of Acinetobacter baumannii obtained from endotracheal tube aspirate culture with clinical pulmonary infection score
Authors: Chaurasia Rakesh C. , Gupta Bikram K. , Yadav Ghanshyam , Pandey Arun R. , Banerjee Tuhina , Sharma Swati 
Published: October 2021

Background and Aims:Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is the most common healthcare-associated infection in adult critical care units. The reason behind the different levels of severity and the outcome in different individuals is not established yet.Co-morbidities and age may be a valid reason.In an attempt to find out the reason behind the different levels of severity of VAP in different individuals, we conducted a studywith the primary objective being to assess the quantitative correlation between the colony forming units (CFU) ofAcinetobacter baumanniiin the endotracheal tube aspirate and the Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS) in mechanically ventilated patients without co-morbidities. The secondary objective was to see whether the severity of VAP depends on the number of CFU(>105/ml).Methods:This observational study was conducted in a 27-bedded intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital in northern India. Endotracheal tube aspirate was collected from patients with suspected VAP.A total of 81 patients without any prior co-morbidity and havingAcinetobacter baumanniiin their endotracheal tube aspirate were included in the study group. Quantification ofAcinetobacter baumanniiwas done by counting CFU.The CPIS was calculated for allAcinetobacter baumanniipositive patients. Correlation between CFU ofAcinetobacter baumanniiand CPIS was assessed using Spearman’s Rho correlation coefficient.Results:Among 81 patients havingAcinetobacter baumanniiinfection, only 61.9% had a CPIS >4. There was an insignificant correlation between the quantity of CFUs ofAcinetobacter baumanniiand CPIS (Pvalue = 0.784).Conclusion:Number of CFU >105/ml in an endotracheal tube aspirate culture bears no relation to the severity of VAP as predicted by the CPIS.
FMD and CIMT: Surrogate Markers of Atherosclerosis in Subclinical and Overt Hypothyroidism in Sub Himalyan Region
Authors: Kumari Bandana , Kumar Bhupender , Gupta Dalip , Ganju Neeraj 
Published: October 2021

Introduction:Hypothyroidism increases the risk of atherosclerosis. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) have been used as a noninvasive method to detect atherosclerosis. But the literature is scarce on patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. Such a study was not done in our region, so we conducted this study at a tertiary care center to compare CIMT and FMD among subclinical and overt hypothyroid patients and to analyze the risk of atherosclerosis.Methods:We evaluated 68 patients aged 18–50 years, with newly diagnosed hypothyroidism. We divided them into overt and subclinical hypothyroidism groups and compared the findings. All analyses were performed by the computerized SPSS 17.0. The results were noted as means ± SD and percentage. Student’st-test was used to compare continuous variables, and the Chi-square test was used to compare differences.Results:The total number of patients with dyslipidemia in the subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) group was 22 (45.83%) and in the overt hypothyroidism (OH) group was 26 (54.16%) with aP- value of 0.009.The mean FMD% in subclinical hypothyroidism patients was 6.9816 ± 3.4224 and in overt hypothyroidism patients was 5.3670 ± 2.7278 (P= 0.03). The mean CIMT was 0.5009 ± 0.0732, CIMT in the SCH group was 0.5082 ± 0.0672 and in the OH group was 0.5305 ± 0.0799 (P= 0.2).Conclusion:The outcome of this study specifies that hypothyroidism is associated with endothelial dysfunction as established by impaired FMD, and it may be the first marker of atherosclerosis appearing before any structural evidence like CIMT. We can speculate that there is a link between subclinical hypothyroidism and atherosclerosis, and thyroxine replacement in SCH may help to prevent the progression of atherosclerosis.
Clinical and Biochemical Phenotype of Indian Children with Different Types of Idiopathic Growth Hormone Deficiency and their Association with Pituitary Height on MRI
Authors: Sharma Himanshu , Mathur Sandeep Kumar , Purwar Naincy , Sahlot Rahul , Garg Umesh , Sharma Balram 
Published: October 2021

Background and Objectives:Differentiation of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) into various types has been made based on peak stimulated growth hormone levels and other hormone axis involvement. The data regarding how this classification is associated with variation in clinical and biochemical phenotype and how these findings associate with pituitary morphology remains sparse, especially in the Indian population. Therefore, we aimed to ascertain the differences in the pattern of auxological, clinical features including pituitary hypoplasia, and endocrinological profile among patients with severe GHD, partial GHD, and MPHD in the Indian population and to evaluate the association of pituitary height with various clinical and hormonal parameters.Materials and Methods:We conducted a cross-sectional study in 100 patients with idiopathic GHD. Patients were grouped into severe GHD, partial GHD, and MPHD to observe the differences in clinical, biochemical, and MRI findings. The pituitary height findings were correlated clinical and biochemical presentation.Results:MPHD subjects had a significantly higher frequency of breech delivery, neonatal jaundice, neonatal hypoglycemia, and micropenis. A significant difference was observed in the chronological age, bone age retardation (CA-BA), height SDS, weight SDS, peak GH response, IGF-1, IGF-1 SDS, and prevalence of pituitary hypoplasia, pituitary height, and pituitary height SDS among these three groups. In the composite population of GHD, pituitary height SDS was correlated with peak GH, basal IGF-I SDS, and body height SDS.Conclusion:The clinical and biochemical phenotype differs significantly among the various types of GHD. Pituitary height correlates with these findings and is helpful in further assessment of these patients.
Sero-prevalence of Human Onchocerciasis and Lymphatic Filariasis in Low-Endemic communities of Ogun State, Nigeria
Authors: Adepoju D. , Sam-Wobo S.O. , Surakat O.A. , Ajayi W.R. , Adekunle N.O. , Amoke O.C. , Davies E. 
Published: October 2021

This study reports the status of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis (LF) in communities with low endemicity in Ogun-State, Nigeria. The Ov16/Wb123 biplex Rapid Diagnostic Test was used to screen 1,836 participants aged 5 years and above from 8 Local Government Areas (LGAs) from October to December, 2016. Skin snips and night blood were also used for microscopic detection of microfilariae (MF). A cumulative seroprevalence of 9.4% and 0.42% was recorded for onchocerciasis and LF respectively with a co-infection rate of 0.4%. Among the LGAs screened, Ijebu North-East recorded the highest seroprevalence of onchocerciasis (26.4%) and LF (0.9%) while Remo North, Sagamu and Obafemi-Owode LGAs recorded low prevalences ranging from 0.7 - 2.7% for both diseases. No positive result of MF was observed in all the communities screened, even in Ijebu North-East where seroprevalence was high, suggesting historic exposure to onchocerciasis and LF infection which may have occurred over time due to human migration during farming and fishing seasons. Extension of ongoing mass treatment in endemic LGAs is recommended for Ijebu North-East to ensure inclusion in the drive towards the elimination of the diseases in Ogun State.
The moderating effects of mindfulness facets on psychological distress and emotional eating behaviour
Authors: Verrier Diarmuid , Day Catherine 
Published: October 2021

IntroductionEmotional eating is an impulsive mood-regulation strategy that often follows psychological distress. Mindfulness is associated with less impulsive behaviour. Mindful eating involves a considered awareness of hunger and satiety, and conscious, non-automatic, food choices. This study examines the moderatingMaterial and methodsParticipants (N = 392) completed self-report measures on distress, mindfulness and emotional eating, after which moderation analysis was carried out.ResultsMindfulness was negatively associated with emotional eating, but only when distress was low. The most important facets of mindfulness for this were being able to describe one’s emotional state and a non-judgemental response to that state.ConclusionsThese results support previous findings that mindfulness reduces the impact distress has on emotional eating. Future research could explore interventions that enable individuals to describe their emotional state in the moment to reduce preoccupation with food during times of distress.
De retorische oefening als didactisch middel
Authors: van der Maas Daniël 
Published: October 2021

Summary
This article presents the rhetorical exercise as a valuable addition to the didactic toolbox of teachers. First, the rise of rhetoric as an educational system is traced throughout antiquity, starting from Plato’s objections against rhetoric. In addition, I discuss the nature and philosophical acceptability of rhetoric by considering Aristotle, Isocrates and Quintilian. Second, I offer an analysis of the didactic value of rhetoric, drawing from ancient as well as modern sources. It is argued that rhetoric is didactically effective. It helps students to develop sound arguments and think critically, and it provides a simple and easily applicable method for everyday use in the classroom. Finally, a rhetorical exercise, historically situated in Livy’s description of the abolition of the Bacchanalia, is described. This serves as an example of how rhetorical exercises can be used to intellectually challenge students and help them understand ancient texts more thoroughly.
Medische innovatie in de Grieks-Romeinse wereld
Authors: Tieleman Teun 
Published: October 2021

Summary
In this paper I discuss the introduction of the systematic dissection of human corpses for scientific (medical) purposes in Hellenistic Alexandria. This innovation – associated with the names of Herophilus of Chalcedon and Erasistratus of Keos (third century BCE) in particular – led to significant advances in anatomical and physiological knowledge such as the discovery of the nervous system. Surprisingly, it fell into disuse again very soon after its successful introduction. Why did human anatomy emerge in this particular place in this particular period? Why was it abandoned again so soon? In this paper I will argue that we are dealing with a case of innovation that failed due to inadequate anchoring. In so doing I will take a closer look at the circumstances prevailing in early Hellenistic Alexandria but also put these into perspective by pointing to developments in first and second century CE medicine when a group of physicians, especially Galen of Pergamum, succeeded in putting back anatomy, largely based on animal material, on the agenda of medical research. Two decisive factors and their interplay seem to have been central to the developments we describe, viz. societal (moral, religious) values and norms and developments within ancient medicine itself.
The Current Progress of Malaysian Media and Environmental Non-Governmental Organisations (ENGOs) in Environmental Education: An Evaluation
Authors: Mohamad Saleh Mohamad Saifudin , Adi Kasuma Shaidatul Akma , Balaraman Rani Ann , Syed Mukhiar Sharifa Nadiah 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This study discusses environmental education facilitated by the media and environmental nongovernmental organisations (ENGOs) in Malaysia. A total of 13 respondents from Utusan Malaysia and The Star, and 11 respondents from the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Malaysia and Malaysia Nature Society (MNS) were interviewed. The results showed that the Malaysian media and ENGOs view their roles in environmental education similarly, which are mainly to raise awareness and disperse knowledge to the public. However, the media is more focused on educating the public about environment through their features and newspaper articles while the ENGOs facilitate environmental education not only via their newsletters but also through environmental programmes like eco-school. The respondents concur that the topics of environmental education are highly technical, hence, call for all stakeholders to carry the educational responsibilities. It is hoped that the result of this study can serve as a guidelinefor both social actors in Malaysia, especially for the organisationsâ€™ management to find a way to overcome these limitations for a better environmental education in the future.
Keywords: Malaysia, environmental education, media, ENGOs, interview.
FANTASI ATAU REALITI: TRANSFORMASI RTM KE ARAH PENYIARAN RADIO DIGITAL
Authors: Intan Soliha Ibrahim  
Published: October 2021

Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk meneliti perkembangan transformasi industri radio di Radio Televisyen Malaysia. Kajian yang menggunakan kaedah kualitatif menerusi analisis terhadap dokumen kajian; (1) Pembangunan dan Perkembangan Penyiaran Radio Digital di Malaysia: Satu Kajian Kes di Radio Televisyen Malaysia; dan (2) Analisis Implikasi Perkembangan Industri Radio dari Era Penyiaran Konvensional ke Era Penyiaran Digital: 1996-2016.Transformasi penyiaran radio konvensional global tidak terhasil secara sendiri. Ia terhasil daripada fenomena digitalisasi dan dibentuk oleh senario industri media. Senario industri media mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan dengan ekonomi dan politik sesebuah negara. Setiap perubahan yang berlaku terhadap penyiaran radio dibuat adalah berasaskan kepada dasar dan perancangan sesebuah negara. Perancangan pendigitalan industri radio di Malaysia telah dimulakan seawal tahun 1997 oleh Radio Televisyen Malaysia. Langkah tersebut diambil selaras dengan Dasar Telekomunikasi Negara dan Dasar Pembangunan Nasional. Bagaimanapun, terdapat jurang pendigitalan yang ketara antara badan penyiaran nasional dan swasta. Hasil analisis mendapati bahawa badan penyiaran nasional itu mempunyai visi dan misi yang jelas mengenai pendigitalan radio, namun pelaksanaan kepada perancangan tersebut berhadapan dengan pelbagai kekangan dan cabaran. Ia menjadikan usaha pendigitalan radio free-to-air di Malaysia sebagai sesuatu yang tidak pasti.

The objective of this study is to examine the development of radio industry transformation in Radio Televisyen Malaysia. This study uses qualitative methods by analysing research documents; (1) Development of Digital Radio Broadcasting in Malaysia: A Case Study in Radio Television Malaysia; and (2) Implications analysis of Radio Industry Development from the Conventional Era to Digital Era: 1996-2016. The transformation in global conventional radio broadcasting did not happen on its own. It resulted from the digitalisation phenomenon and shaped by the scenario in the media industry. The scenario in the media industry has a significant relationship with the economy and politics of a country. Every change that occurs in radio broadcasting is made based on the policies and plans of a country. In Malaysia, Radio Televisyen Malaysia has started their plan for digitalisation in radio as early as 1997. The action is taken in line with the National Telecommunications Policy and the National Development Policy. However, there is a significant digitalisation gap between national and private broadcasting bodies. The result shows that the national broadcasting body has a clear vision and mission on radio digitalisation; however, its implementation faces various constraints and challenges. It makes the digitalisation of free-to-air radio in Malaysia uncertain.
RISIKO JENIS KELAMIN DENGAN KEJADIAN DEPRESI PADA GURU DALAM MENGHADAPI WORK FROM HOME SELAMA PANDEMI COVID-19
Authors: Palupi Nadya Reza , Acknes Leonita  , Amira Dhisa Fakhira  , Nadiyah Rahmasari  , Ayik Mirayanti Mandagi  
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT During the COVID-19 pandemic, the prevalence of depression in Indonesia is increasing. Teachers are one of those affected by WFH. The purpose of this study was to analyze the risk of gender with depression in teachers during WFH in JABODETABEK. This study used a quantitative method with a cross sectional study design. Data was collected using non-probability sampling online by distributing questionnaire links to 100 respondents. Data analysis used Fisher's exact test and prevalence odds ratio using SPSS application. The results of this study obtained a p-value of 0.605 and a prevalence odds ratio of 0.78 (95% CI=0.238–2.554) which means that gender was a risk factor in the occurrence of depression in teachers who underwent WFH during the COVID-19 pandemic but this factor was not statistically significant because the p-value was 0.605<0.05 and female teachers had a risk of depression 0.78 times greater than male teachers. The results of this study indicate that teachers who experience depression ware more female, namely 26 respondents (83.87%) compared to male sex, namely 5 respondents (16.13%). Risk factors for depression in teachers and female gender have a greater risk of experiencing depression than male teachers in dealing with WFH during the COVID-19 pandemic in the JABODETABEK area.Key words: Teacher, Gender, WFH.
ABSTRAKPrevalensi depresi pada masa pandemi COVID-19 di Indonesia semakin meningkat. Guru adalah salah satu yang terdampak adanya WFH. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis risiko jenis kelamin dengan depresi pada guru selama menjalankan WFH di JABODETABEK. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan desain studi cross sectional. Pengumpulan sampel dilakukan dengan non probability sampling secara online dengan menyebarkan link kuesioner kepada 100 responden. Analisis data menggunakan uji fisher exact serta prevalence odds ratio menggunakan aplikasi SPSS. Hasil penelitian diperoleh p-value 0,605 dan prevalence odds ratio yaitu 0,78 (95% CI=0,238–2,554) yang artinya jenis kelamin merupakan faktor risiko dalam terjadinya depresi pada guru yang menjalani WFH selama pandemi COVID-19 namun faktor tersebut tidak bermakna secara signifikan dikarenakan nilai p-value mendapatkan hasil 0,605 serta guru pada perempuan berisiko mengalami depresi sebesar 0,78 kali lebih besar daripada guru pada laki-laki. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa guru yang mengalami depresi lebih banyak pada perempuan yaitu 26 responden (83,87%) dibandingkan laki-laki yaitu 5 responden (16,13%). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah jenis kelamin merupakan faktor risiko terjadinya depresi pada guru dan perempuan memiliki risiko lebih besar mengalami depresi daripada guru pada laki-laki dalam menghadapi WFH selama pandemi COVID-19 di wilayah JABODETABEK.Kata Kunci: Guru, Jenis Kelamin, WFH.
Evaluation of denitrification and decomposition from three biogeochemical models using laboratory measurements of N2, N2O and CO2
Authors: Grosz Balázs , Well Reinhard , Dechow Rene , Köster Jan Reent , Khalil Mohammad Ibrahim , Merl Simone , Rode Andreas , Ziehmer Bianca , Matson Amanda , He Hongxing 
Published: October 2021

Abstract. Biogeochemical models are essential for the prediction and management of nitrogen (N) cycling in agroecosystems, but the accuracy of the
denitrification and decomposition sub-modules is critical. Current models were developed before suitable soil N2 flux data were available,
which may have led to inaccuracies in how denitrification was described. New measurement techniques, using gas chromatography and isotope-ratio mass
spectrometry (IRMS), have enabled the collection of more robust N2, N2O and CO2 data. We incubated two arable soils –
a silt-loam and a sand soil – for 34 and 58 d, respectively, with small field-relevant changes made to control factors during this period. For
the silt-loam soil, seven treatments varying in moisture, bulk density and NO3- contents were included, with temperature changing during
the incubation. The sandy soil was incubated with and without incorporation of litter (ryegrass), with temperature, water content and
NO3- content changing during the incubation. The denitrification and decomposition sub-modules of DeNi, Coup and DNDC were tested using
the data. No systematic calibration of the model parameters was conducted since our intention was to evaluate the general model structure or
“default” model runs. Measured fluxes generally responded as expected to control factors. We assessed the direction of modeled responses to
control factors using three categories: no response, a response in the same direction as measurements or a response in the opposite direction to
measurements. DNDC responses were 14 %, 52 % and 34 %, respectively. Coup responses were 47 %, 19 % and 34 %,
respectively. DeNi responses were 0 %, 67 % and 33 %, respectively. The magnitudes of the modeled fluxes were underestimated by Coup and
DNDC and overestimated by DeNi for the sandy soil, while there was no general trend for the silt-loam soil. None of the models was able to determine
litter-induced decomposition correctly. To conclude, the currently used sub-modules are not able to consistently simulate the denitrification and
decomposition processes. For better model evaluation and development, we need to design better experiments, take more frequent measurements, use new
or updated measurement techniques, address model complexity, add missing processes to the models, calibrate denitrifier microbial dynamics, and
evaluate the anaerobic soil volume concept.