bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exendin(9‐39)NH2: Recommendations for clinical use based on a systematic literature review
Authors: Gasbjerg Lærke Smidt , Bari Emilie Johanning , Christensen Mikkel , Knop Filip Krag 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAimTo present an overview of exendin(9‐39)NH2 usage as a scientific tool in humans and provide recommendations for dosage and infusion regimes.MethodsWe systematically searched the literature on exendin(9‐39)NH2 and included for review 44 clinical studies reporting use of exendin(9‐39)NH2 in humans.ResultsExendin(9‐39)NH2 binds to the orthosteric binding site of the glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) receptor with high affinity. The plasma elimination half‐life of exendin(9‐39)NH2 after intravenous administration is ~30 minutes, requiring ~2.5 hours of constant infusion before steady‐state plasma concentrations can be expected. Studies utilizing infusions with exendin(9‐39)NH2 in humans have applied varying regimens (priming with a bolus or constant infusion) and dosages (continuous infusion rate range 30‐900 pmol/kg/min) with subsequent differences in effects. Administration of exendin(9‐39)NH2 in healthy individuals, patients with diabetes, obese patients, and patients who have undergone bariatric surgery significantly increases fasting and postprandial levels of glucose and glucagon, but has inconsistent effects on circulating concentrations of insulin and C‐peptide, gastric emptying, appetite sensations, and food intake. Importantly, exendin(9‐39)NH2 induces secretion of all L cell products (ie, in addition to GLP‐1, also peptide YY, glucagon‐like peptide‐2, oxyntomodulin, and glicentin) complicating use of exendin(9‐39)NH2 as a tool to study the isolated effect of GLP‐1.ConclusionsExendin(9‐39)NH2 is selective for the GLP‐1 receptor, with numerous and complex whole‐body effects. To obtain GLP‐1 receptor blockade in humans, we recommend an initial high‐dose infusion, followed by a continuous infusion rate aiming at a ratio of exendin(9‐39)NH2 to GLP‐1 of 2000:1.Highlights
Exendin(9‐39)NH2 is a competitive antagonist of the human GLP‐1 receptor.
Exendin(9‐39)NH2 has been used as a tool to delineate human GLP‐1 physiology since 1998.
Exendin(9‐39)NH2 induces secretion of GLP‐1 and other L cell products.
Reported effects of exendin(9‐39)NH2 on insulin levels and food intake are inconsistent.
Here, we provide recommendations for the use of exendin(9‐39)NH2 in clinical studies.
Processing hair follicles for transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Velamoor Sailakshmi , Mitchell Allan , Bostina Mihnea , Harland Duane 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTransmission electron microscopy (TEM) has greatly advanced our knowledge of hair growth and follicle morphogenesis, but complex preparations such as fixation, dehydration and embedding compromise ultrastructure. While recent developments with cryofixation have been shown to preserve the ultrastructure of biological materials close to native state, they do have limitations. This review will focus on each stage of the TEM sample preparation process and their effects on the structural integrity of follicles.
Predicting ecosystem responses by data‐driven reciprocal modelling
Authors: Schneider Florian , Poeplau Christopher , Don Axel 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTreatment effects are traditionally quantified in controlled experiments. However, experimental control is often achieved at the expense of representativeness. Here, we present a data‐driven reciprocal modelling framework to quantify the individual effects of environmental treatments under field conditions. The framework requires a representative survey data set describing the treatment (A or B), its responding target variable and other environmental properties that cause variability of the target within the region or population studied. A machine learning model is trained to predict the target only based on observations in group A. This model is then applied to group B, with predictions restricted to the model's space of applicability. The resulting residuals represent case‐specific effect size estimates and thus provide a quantification of treatment effects. This paper illustrates the new concept of such data‐driven reciprocal modelling to estimate spatially explicit effects of land‐use change on organic carbon stocks in European agricultural soils. For many environmental treatments, the proposed concept can provide accurate effect size estimates that are more representative than could feasibly ever be achieved with controlled experiments.
Projected impacts of climate and land use changes on the habitat of Atlantic Forest plants in Brazil
Authors: Leão Tarciso C. C. , Reinhardt Jason R. , Nic Lughadha Eimear , Reich Peter B. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAimTo provide novel evidence on the average impact of climate and land use changes on habitat suitability for tropical plants and to test previous conclusions on the relative importance of these two drivers in shaping future availability of habitat for tropical plant species.LocationBrazil’s Atlantic Forest domain.Time periodPlant occurrences recorded between 1960 and 2014. Baseline climate from 1960 to 2000 and land use from 2015. Projected scenarios of climate for 2041–2060 and land use for 2050.Major taxa studiedAngiosperms.MethodsWe modelled the habitat suitability of 2,232 species of angiosperms from the Atlantic Forest domain, endemic to Brazil, and estimated how future climate and land use may affect species‐level habitat suitability under a moderate and a business‐as‐usual scenario for the year 2050.ResultsOur results suggest that climate change alone will, surprisingly, have only a modest negative impact on the mean habitat suitability, decreasing it by 2% (median = −5 to −7%, variation associated with scenarios). Land use change alone had a more consistent negative impact on habitat suitability, causing mean and median reductions of 4 to 6%. When the effects of climate and land use are combined, the mean habitat suitability was reduced by 4% (median = −9 to −11%).Main conclusionsThe combined impacts of climate and land use changes were substantial, although smaller than expected. Habitat suitability decreased for most species, but it increased substantially for some species, suggesting that the distribution of impacts across species is markedly right skewed. The impacts were typically detrimental to small‐ranged species and neutral or beneficial to widespread species. Land use change rather than climate change will likely cause more losses to the habitat of Atlantic Forest plant species within the next several decades.
Enhancing community weight loss groups in a low socioeconomic status area: Application of the COM‐B model and Behaviour Change Wheel
Authors: Coupe Nia , Cotterill Sarah , Peters Sarah 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundObesity rates are higher among people of lower socioeconomic status. While numerous health behaviour interventions targeting obesity exist, they are more successful at engaging higher socioeconomic status populations, leaving those in less affluent circumstances with poorer outcomes. This highlights a need for more tailored interventions. The aim of this study was to enhance an existing weight loss course for adults living in low socioeconomic communities.MethodsThe Behaviour Change Wheel approach was followed to design an add‐on intervention to an existing local authority‐run weight loss group, informed by mixed‐methods research and stakeholder engagement.ResultsThe COM‐B analysis of qualitative data revealed that changes were required to psychological capability, physical and social opportunity and reflective motivation to enable dietary goal‐setting behaviours. The resulting SMART‐C booklet included 6 weeks of dietary goal setting, with weekly behavioural contract and review.ConclusionThis paper details the development of the theory‐ and evidence‐informed SMART‐C intervention. This is the first report of the Behaviour Change Wheel being used to design an add‐on tool to enhance existing weight loss services. The process benefitted from a further checking stage with stakeholders.
The impact of an enhanced infection control protocol on molar root canal treatment outcome – a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Zahran Shatha , Patel Shanon , Koller Garrit , Mannocci Francesco 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAimTo evaluate the effect of an enhanced infection control protocol on root canal treatment outcomes and on microbial load within root canals after chemomechanical preparation.MethodologyA total of 144 molar teeth from 139 healthy patients receiving primary root canal treatment were block randomized to a standard protocol (StP) or an enhanced infection control protocol (EnP). Both treatment arms adhered to current best practice recommendations, while the EnP comprised additional steps that included replacing rubber dams, gloves, files, all instruments and surface barriers at the time of canal filling to reduce the chances of iatrogenic contamination. Patients and radiographic examiners were blinded to the protocol used. Intracanal microbial samples were taken at baseline (S1) and after completion of chemomechanical preparation (S2). Microbial 16S rDNA copy numbers were enumerated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were taken before treatment and at one‐year follow‐up. The outcome was assessed clinically and radiographically using CBCT by logistic regression modelling.ResultsAt one‐year follow‐up, 115 teeth were analysed (54 in StP and 61 in EnP). The percentage of favourable outcomes assessed by CBCT was 85.2% in the EnP and 66.7% in the StP. The odds of 12‐month success was three times higher in the EnP group compared with the StP group (OR=2.89; p=0.022, CI: 1.17 – 7.15). The median bacterial reads were reduced from 8.1×103 in S1 samples to 3.5×103 in the StP group and from 8.6×103 to 1.3×103 in the EnP group. The enhanced protocol significantly reduced bacterial counts in pre‐canal filling samples when compared to the standard protocol (p=0.009).ConclusionsThe implementation of a facile, enhanced infection control protocol in primary root canal treatment resulted in less detectable bacterial DNA before canal filling and significantly more successful outcomes at one year.
Oral nail growth supplements: a comprehensive review
Authors: Yousif Jenna , Farshchian Mehdi , Potts Geoffrey A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAs the cosmeceutical market for nail products is growing, there is an emerging need for dermatologists to provide patients with evidence‐based information regarding over‐the‐counter products and supplements for nail growth. By law, there is no required efficacy and safety assessment by the Food and Drug Administration prior to these products being made available to consumers. This carries financial and health consequences for patients seeking affordable and effective over‐the‐counter products to improve their nail conditions. In this comprehensive review, we discuss available oral nail growth products, their mechanisms of action, and side effects.
Risk prediction model for deep surgical site infection (DSSI) following open reduction and internal fixation of displaced intra‐articular calcaneal fracture
Authors: Lu Kaosheng , Ma Tianxiao , Yang Chunyan , Qu Qiaoge , Liu Haibo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDeep surgical site infection (DSSI) is a serious complication affecting the surgical outcome of displaced intra‐articular calcaneal fracture, and a risk prediction model based on the identifiable risk factors will provide great clinical value in prevention and prompt interventions. This study retrospectively identified patients operated for calcaneal fracture between January 2014 and December 2019, with a follow‐up ≥1 year. The data were extracted from electronic medical records, with regard to demographics, comorbidities, injury, surgery and laboratory biomarkers at admission. Univariate and multivariate logistics regression analyses were used to identify the independent factors for DSSI, thereby the risk prediction model was developed. Among 900 patients included, 2.7% developed a DSSI. The multivariate analyses identified five factors independently associated with DSSI, including current smoking (OR, 2.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3‐6.4; P = .021), BMI ≥ 26.4 kg/m2 (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.6‐8.4; P = .003), ASA ≥II (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.0‐5.1; P = .043), incision level of II (OR, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.3‐12.6; P = .018) and NLR ≥6.4 (OR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.3‐7.5; P = .008). A score of 14 as the optimal cut‐off value was corresponding to sensitivity of 0.542 and specificity of 0.872 (area, 0.766; P < .001); ≥14 was associated with 8.1‐times increased risk of DSSI; a score of 7 was corresponding sensitivity of 100% and 10 corresponding to sensitivity of 0.875. The risk prediction model exhibited excellent performance in distinguishing the risk of DSSI and could be considered in practice for improvement of wound management, but its validity requires to be verified by better‐design studies.
Comparison of forward and backward gait in males with and without intellectual disabilities
Authors: Gimunová M. , Bozděch M. , Skotáková A. , Grün V. , Válková H. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundIntellectual disabilities (ID) affect both cognitive and motor functions. The backward gait is a daily activity and its assessment is used for fall risk estimation and training in the general population. For proper use of backward gait as a rehabilitation tool and in fall prevention programmes for people with ID, it is necessary to determine the backward gait characteristics in the ID population. The aim of this study was to compare the differences between forward and backward gait in persons with nonsyndromic mild and moderate ID, persons with Down syndrome (DS) and a control group of healthy adults.MethodsFifty males divided into four groups (mild ID: n = 15, moderate ID: n = 19, DS: n = 6, controls: n = 10) participated in this study. All participants were asked to walk both forward and backward, barefooted and at their natural velocity on a Zebris FDM platform. The Kruskal–Wallis H test was used to compare differences between the analysed groups in forward and backward gait. The Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare the differences between forward and backward gait within each group.ResultsThe velocity was significantly slower in moderate ID and DS compared to controls in forward and backward gait. When comparing forward and backward gait within each group, the gait velocity decreased in backward gait compared with forward gait by 21.80% in controls, by 33.89% in mild ID, by 34.45% in moderate ID, and by 40.32% in DS. In both moderate ID and DS, the mean backward velocity was slower than 2.16 km/h, the velocity used to identify elderly fallers in the general population.ConclusionsGait velocity was especially affected in DS and moderate ID compared with controls. In both mentioned groups, the backward gait velocity suggests an increased risk of falling. Future studies are necessary to examine the possibility of improving balance control and leg muscle strength by backward walking training in the ID population.
Effect of trypsin concentration on living SMCC‐7721 cells studied by atomic force microscopy
Authors: Yan Jin , Xie Chenchen , Zhu Jiajing , Song Zhengxun , Wang Zuobin , Li Li 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTrypsin is playing an important role in the processes of cancer proliferation, invasion and metastasis which require the precise information of morphology and mechanical properties on the nano‐scale for the related research. In this work, living human hepatoma (SMCC‐7721) cells were treated with different concentrations of trypsin solution. The morphology and mechanical properties of the cells were measured via atomic force microscope (AFM). Statistical analyses of measurement data indicated that with the increase of trypsin concentration, the average cell height and the surface roughness were both increased, but the cell viability, the cell surface adhesion and the elasticity modulus were decreased significantly. The force required to puncture the cells was also gradually reduced. It indicates that trypsin not only hydrolyses the proteins between the cell and the substrate but also the membrane proteins. The results offer valuable clues for the cancerous process study, pathological analysis and trypsin inhibitor drug development. And this work provides an effective way for overcoming the cell membrane in drug injection for cell‐targeted therapy.
What matters in care continuity on the chronic care trajectory for patients and family carers?—A conceptual model
Authors: Ljungholm Linda , Klinga Charlotte , Edin‐Liljegren Anette , Ekstedt Mirjam 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAims and ObjectivesTo describe essential aspects of care continuity from the perspectives of persons with complex care needs and their family carers.BackgroundContinuity of care is an important aspect of quality, safety and efficiency. For people with multiple chronic diseases and complex care needs, care must be experienced as connected and coherent, and consistent with medical and individual needs. The more complex the need for care, the greater the need for continuity across different competencies, services and roles.DesignA constructivist grounded theory approach was applied.MethodsSixteen patients with one or more chronic diseases needing both health care and social care, living in their private homes, and twelve family carers, were recruited. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted and analysed with constructivist grounded theory. The COREQ checklist was followed.ResultsA conceptual model of care continuity was constructed, consisting of five categories that were interconnected through the core category: time and space. Patients' and family carers' experiences of care continuity were closely related to timely personalised care delivery, where access to tailored information, regardless of who was performing a care task, was essential for mutual understanding. This required clarity in responsibilities and roles, interprofessional collaboration and achieving a trusting relationship between each link in the chain of care, over time and space. To achieve care continuity, all the identified categories were important, as they worked in synergy, not in isolation.ConclusionCare continuity for people with complex care needs and family carers is experienced as multidimensional, with several essential aspects that work in synergy, but varies over time and depends on each person's own resources and situational and contextual circumstances.Relevance to clinical practiceThe findings promote understanding of patients' and family carers' experiences of care continuity and may guide the delivery of care to people with complex care needs.
A dosing algorithm for individualized radioiodine treatment of cats with hyperthyroidism
Authors: Peterson Mark E. , Rishniw Mark 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundRadioiodine (131I) is the treatment of choice for hyperthyroidism in cats, but current131I‐dosing protocols can induce iatrogenic hypothyroidism and expose azotemia.ObjectivesTo develop a cat‐specific algorithm to calculate the lowest131I dose to resolve hyperthyroidism, while minimizing risk of iatrogenic hypothyroidism and subsequent azotemia.AnimalsOne thousand and four hundred hyperthyroid cats treated with131I.MethodsProspective case series (before‐and‐after study). All cats had serum concentrations of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) measured (off methimazole ≥1 week). Using thyroid scintigraphy, each cat's thyroid volume and percent uptake of99mTc‐pertechnatate (TcTU) were determined. An initial131I dose was calculated by averaging dose scores for T4/T3concentrations, thyroid volume, and TcTU; 80% of that composite dose was administered. Twenty‐four hours later, percent131I uptake was measured, and additional131I administered, as needed, to deliver an adequate radiation dose to the thyroid tumor(s). Serum concentrations of T4, TSH, and creatinine were determined 6 to 12 months later.ResultsThe median calculated131I dose was 1.9 mCi (range, 1.0‐10.6 mCi); 1380 cats required additional131I administration on day 2. Of the cats, 1047 (74.8%) became euthyroid, 57 (4.1%) became overtly hypothyroid, 240 (17.1%) became subclinically hypothyroid, and 56 (4%) remained hyperthyroid. More overtly (71.9%) and subclinically (39.6%) hypothyroid cats developed azotemia than euthyroid cats (14.2%;P < .0001).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceOur algorithm for calculating individual131I doses resulted in cure rates similar to historical treatment rates, despite much lower131I doses. This algorithm appears to lower prevalence of both131I‐induced overt hypothyroidism and azotemia.
The Laplace transform of the integrated Volterra Wishart process
Authors: Abi Jaber Eduardo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe establish an explicit expression for the conditional Laplace transform of the integrated Volterra Wishart process in terms of a certain resolvent of the covariance function. The core ingredient is the derivation of the conditional Laplace transform of general Gaussian processes in terms of Fredholm's determinant and resolvent. Furthermore, we link the characteristic exponents to a system of non‐standard infinite dimensional matrix Riccati equations. This leads to a second representation of the Laplace transform for a special case of convolution kernel. In practice, we show that both representations can be approximated by either closed form solutions of conventional Wishart distributions or finite dimensional matrix Riccati equations stemming from conventional linear‐quadratic models. This allows fast pricing in a variety of highly flexible models, ranging from bond pricing in quadratic short rate models with rich autocorrelation structures, long range dependence and possible default risk, to pricing basket options with covariance risk in multivariate rough volatility models.
Petrographic controls on baddeleyite occurrence in a suite of eight basaltic shergottites
Authors: Sheen Alex I. , Herd Christopher D. K. , Hamilton Jarret , Walton Erin L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBaddeleyite (ZrO2) is a common late‐stage accessory mineral in basaltic shergottites and is a robust geochronometer for obtaining igneous crystallization ages via high‐precision in situ SIMS U‐Pb analysis. Amenability to SIMS U‐Pb dating depends in large part on the size and abundance of baddeleyite grains, which are generally surveyed using microbeam methods. We examine the petrography, mineralogy, geochemistry, and baddeleyite distribution in eight basaltic shergottites to identify factors that may be used to predict baddeleyite distribution in unknown samples of Mars. Results suggest that fractional crystallization controls baddeleyite occurrence in shergottites to the first order; samples with pyroxene major element compositions extending beyond the 1‐bar stability boundary generally have higher baddeleyite abundance compared with samples with pyroxene compositions terminating at or before the stability boundary. In samples which display two pyroxene composition trends (high‐Ca and low‐Ca), the largest baddeleyite grains tend to be associated with Fe‐Ti oxides; in samples where pyroxene composition forms a continuous trend extending beyond the 1‐bar stability boundary, the largest baddeleyite grains are typically associated with polymineralic late‐stage pockets. Bulk HFSE content and fO2 do not appear to directly influence baddeleyite distribution. Based on our findings, we propose that pyroxene composition is a useful proxy for assessing baddeleyite abundance and distribution in shergottites and may aid in determining a sample’s feasibility for U‐Pb geochronology prior to conducting detailed surveys for baddeleyite characterization.