bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Riding for a fall: Bone fractures among mounted archers from the Hungarian Conquest period (10th century CE)
Authors: Berthon William , Tihanyi Balázs , Váradi Orsolya Anna , Coqueugniot Hélène , Dutour Olivier , Pálfi György 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHorse riding, a determinant activity in the history of human cultural evolution, remains unreliably identifiable from the analysis of human skeletal remains due to various sample and methodological limitations. Through a comparison between well‐documented series of presumed riders and non‐riders, this study aimed to investigate the link between skeletal fractures and that practice in past populations. We relied on a Hungarian Conquest period population (Sárrétudvari‐Hízóföld, Hungary, 10th century CE) known to be composed of mounted archers. We recorded the presence of acute fractures on the main bones of the upper and lower skeleton to analyze their distribution and perform comparisons between the individuals with or without riding‐related deposits in their grave and with an out‐sample group of presumed non‐riders from the documented Luís Lopes Skeletal Collection (Lisbon). We observed more fractures in the Hungarian series and especially higher rates concerning the upper limb, while the distribution of traumas was more homogenous in the documented collection. There were also significantly more clavicle fractures in the Hungarian group with riding deposit than in the non‐riders from Lisbon, whose type can be related to a fall from a height. Our results coincide with sports medicine data on equestrians, whose injuries mostly concern the upper limbs. Such traumas, and especially clavicle fractures, are often caused, indeed, by a fall from a horse. Through the use of pertinent anthropological series, this study provides the most reliable association between the presence of skeletal traumas and the practice of horse riding in a past population.
Role of anticoagulation in the management of tumor thrombus: A 10‐year single‐center experience
Authors: Agarwal Shreya , Mullikin Dolores , Scheurer Michael E. , Smith Valeria , Naik‐Mathuria Bindi , Guillerman R. Paul , Foster Jennifer H. , Diaz Rosa , Sartain Sarah E. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundChildren with cancer diagnosis are overall at a higher risk of thrombosis. For a newly diagnosed blood clot, patients are commonly started on anticoagulants to prevent further extension and embolization of the clot. In the rare instance that a pediatric patient has a tumor thrombus, role of anticoagulation is less clear.Procedure/methodsPatients under 21 years of age with a finding of tumor thrombus on imaging from 2010 to 2020 at Texas Children's Hospital were identified and their medical records were reviewed.ResultsA total of 50 patients were identified. Most thrombi were incidental findings at diagnosis; however, two patients presented with pulmonary embolism (PE). Inferior vena cava extension was noted in 36% of the patients, and 24% patients had an intracardiac tumor thrombus. Anticoagulation was initiated in 10 patients (20%). There was no difference in the rate of bland thrombus formation and/or embolization in patients who did or did not receive anticoagulation. However, three of the six patients with asymptomatic tumor thrombus who were started on anticoagulation had bleeding complications compared to only two patients in the no anticoagulation cohort (p < .05).ConclusionChildren with intravascular extension of solid tumors were not commonly started on anticoagulation at the time of diagnosis, irrespective of the extent of tumor thrombus. Furthermore, we observed a significant trend toward higher incidence of bleeding complications after initiation of anticoagulation for asymptomatic tumor thrombus. There is inadequate evidence at this time to support routine initiation of anticoagulation in pediatric patients with intravascular extension of solid tumors.
Fabrication of urea formaldehyde–epoxy resin microcapsules for the preparation of high self‐healing ability containing SBS modified asphalt
Authors: Yang Song , Ji Jiaqi , Tao Hua , Muhammad Yaseen , Huang Junxian , Wang Shanshan , Wei Yunhao , Li Jing 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAsphalt exhibits self‐healing ability, though at a lower rate. In this study, urea formaldehyde–epoxy resin (UFE) microcapsules were prepared using polyurea formaldehyde as the wall and epoxy resin as the core material, which were in turn applied to fabricate UFE–styrene butadiene styrene modified asphalt (abbreviated as UBS asphalt). Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed well‐coated microcapsules have globular geometry with obvious folds in the wall. Ductility test showed 90% higher healing rate of UBS asphalt than pure styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) modified asphalt. Dynamic shear rheometer and multi‐stress creep recovery tests indicated that UFE microcapsule incorporation can improve the viscoelasticity, high temperature stability, and permanent deformation resistance of pure SBS modified asphalt attributed to the even distribution of UFE microcapsules in asphalt and their better mutual compatibility, which was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy. At 100 and 3200 Pa, the recovery rate of 0.4% UBS asphalt was 32.1% and 71.7% higher than that of the original SBS modified asphalt, respectively. UFE microcapsule and asphalt only physically interacted as confirmed by Fourier infrared spectroscopy analysis. This study provides a feasible alternative approach for the preparation of UBS asphalt with enhanced mechanical properties and thermal stability for applications in construction and highway industries.
Mechanisms of Diels‐Alder reactions between pyridines and dienophiles: A DFT investigation
Authors: Zhou Pan‐Pan , Zhou Da‐Gang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMechanisms of the Diels‐Alder (D‐A) reactions between N‐alkyl and aryl‐1,2‐dihydropyridines and dienophiles have been investigated by M06‐2X‐D3/6‐31 + G(d,p) basis set, and SMD model was employed to simulate the solvent effect. The computational results show that the productive process of endo‐product is favorable with lower energy barrier. The calculations of substituent effect indicate that there are some relations between the energy barrier and the productivity. The lower energy barrier means the higher productivity, and the barrier of retro D‐A reaction could also have influence on the productivity. Finally, natural bond orbital Fukui function (NOFF) and frontier molecular orbital theory (FMOT) are employed to analyze the structures and reveal the substances of D‐A reactions.
Polymerization‐induced self‐assembly of amino‐acid‐based nano‐objects by reversible addition–fragmentation chain‐transfer dispersion polymerization
Authors: Masuko Kazunori , Kumano Chiharu , Sugawara Ryo , Nakabayashi Kazuhiro , Mori Hideharu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA series of amino‐acid‐based amphiphilic diblock copolymer nano‐objects having different morphologies were developed by reversible addition–fragmentation chain‐transfer (RAFT) dispersion polymerization of styrene (St) in methanol. This was mediated by six different hydrophilic poly(N‐acryloyl amino acid) macro‐chain transfer agents (CTAs), including three carboxylic‐acid‐containing ones, poly(N‐acryloyl‐l‐proline) (PAProOH), poly(N‐acryloyl‐4‐trans‐hydroxy‐l‐proline) (PAHypOH), and poly(N‐acryloyl‐l‐threonine) (PAThrOH) prepared by RAFT polymerization, and their methyl ester forms, PAProOMe, PAHypOMe, and PAThrOMe. The effects of polymerization conditions on RAFT dispersion polymerization of St using a dithiocarbamate‐terminated PAProOH was investigated. A systematic study of the effects of monomer conversion and concentration afforded the formation of various morphologies (i.e., spheres, worms, and vesicles). The effects of hydrogen‐bonding and ionic interactions of the macro‐CTAs on the assembled structures of the nano‐objects were evaluated using six different macro‐CTAs. Transforming the products from methanol to water via dialysis produced amino‐acid‐based block copolymer nano‐objects, exhibiting pH‐responsive morphological change, in aqueous solution.
Characterization of an aminotransferase from Acanthamoeba polyphagaMimivirus
Authors: Seltzner Chase A. , Ferek Justin D. , Thoden James B. , Holden Hazel M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAcanthamoeba polyphaga Mimivirus, a complex virus that infects amoeba, was first reported in 2003. It is now known that its DNA genome encodes for nearly 1,000 proteins including enzymes that are required for the biosynthesis of the unusual sugar 4‐amino‐4,6‐dideoxy‐d‐glucose, also known as d‐viosamine. As observed in some bacteria, the pathway for the production of this sugar initiates with a nucleotide‐linked sugar, which in the Mimivirus is thought to be UDP‐d‐glucose. The enzyme required for the installment of the amino group at the C‐4′ position of the pyranosyl moiety is encoded in the Mimivirus by the L136 gene. Here, we describe a structural and functional analysis of this pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate‐dependent enzyme, referred to as L136. For this analysis, three high‐resolution X‐ray structures were determined: the wildtype enzyme/pyridoxamine 5′‐phosphate/dTDP complex and the site‐directed mutant variant K185A in the presence of either UDP‐4‐amino‐4,6‐dideoxy‐d‐glucose or dTDP‐4‐amino‐4,6‐dideoxy‐d‐glucose. Additionally, the kinetic parameters of the enzyme utilizing either UDP‐d‐glucose or dTDP‐d‐glucose were measured and demonstrated that L136 is efficient with both substrates. This is in sharp contrast to the structurally related DesI from Streptomyces venezuelae, whose three‐dimensional architecture was previously reported by this laboratory. As determined in this investigation,DesI shows a profound preference in its catalytic efficiency for the dTDP‐linked sugar substrate. This difference can be explained in part by a hydrophobic patch in DesI that is missing in L136. Notably, the structure of L136 reported here represents the first three‐dimensional model for a virally encoded PLP‐dependent enzyme and thus provides new information on sugar aminotransferases in general.
Site‐specific, silicon‐induced structural and molecular defence responses against powdery mildew infection in roses
Authors: Shetty Radhakrishna , Jensen Birgit , Shelton Dale , Jørgensen Kirsten , Pedas Pai , Jørgensen Hans Jørgen Lyngs 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDSilicon (Si) application to miniature potted roses can decrease severity of powdery mildew (Podosphaera pannosa) and this is associated with increased accumulation of callose and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as well as hypersensitive (HR) cells. We used microscopy, gene expression and specific inhibitors of callose and H2O2 to determine how effective these plant responses are in stopping infection.RESULTSPathogen arrest in Si‐treated (Si+) plants was accompanied by increased accumulation of callose and H2O2 in papillae and HR cells, respectively. These responses were reduced by application of specific inhibitors (2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose for callose and catalase for H2O2), which increased disease severity in Si+, but not in Si− plants. As markers for HR and callose, expression of the HR‐specific gene hsr203J and the wound‐related callose synthase GSL5, respectively, was studied. An up‐regulation of expression was only seen after isolation of HR cells with laser capture microdissection. The up‐regulation was higher in Si+ than in Si− plants and occurred concomitantly with more efficient photosynthesis in Si+ plants at high disease severity as compared to Si− plants.CONCLUSIONSilicon‐mediated activation of callose and H2O2 are decisive factors in the defence of rose against P. pannosa and these responses were accompanied with more efficient photosynthesis to strengthen the plant. Only by isolation of HR cells using laser capture microdissection as compared to analysis of whole leaf tissues allowed detection of elevated transcript levels of hsr203J and GSL5 at infection sites as markers for HR. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Directionally sensitive homogeneously weighted moving average control charts
Authors: Adegoke Nurudeen A. , Ganiyu Khadijat Oladayo , Abbasi Saddam Akber 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOne‐sided control charts for monitoring changes in the mean level are proposed in this paper. The proposed charts are given in the form of a homogeneously weighted moving average technique that provides efficient monitoring of small shifts in the mean level. The charts accumulate observations that are above the target (or mean value) and truncated the observations that are less than the target to the target value in their computations. Average run length comparisons of the proposed charts with the existing one‐sided charts, based on the exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) and cumulative sum (CUSUM) charts, show that the proposed charts are more efficient in detecting small shifts than the competing charts. We investigate the sensitivity of the charts to non‐normality and show how they can be designed to be robust to non‐normal distributions. We provide a step‐by‐step implementation of the proposed charts when their parameters are unknown and estimated from historical reference data sets. The advantage of the proposed charts over some existing one‐sided charts is demonstrated via an illustrative example, involving monitoring mean lethal concentration (LC) from a k‐nearest neighbours (KNN) regression‐based Quantitative Structure‐Activity Relationships (QSAR) model that relates LC to eight molecular descriptors.
Dynamic event‐triggered control for singularly perturbed systems
Authors: Hua Tong , Xiao Jiang‐Wen , Lei Yan , Yang Wu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we consider event‐triggered control for linear singularly perturbed systems. A composite event‐triggered controller is proposed based on the decoupled slow and fast subsystems which are triggered simultaneously. Two internal dynamic variables are introduced in the event‐triggered mechanism. The results indicate that the systems can achieve asymptotic stability with the proposed event‐triggered control. In addition, the triggering time intervals have a finite lower bound independent of the initial states, thus Zeno phenomenon is excluded. The efficiency of the approach is illustrated through simulation examples.
Passive elementary student's constructed epistemic emotions and patterns of participation during small group scientific modeling
Authors: Han Moonhyun , Gutierez Sally B. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this qualitative case study, we purposively selected a passive student in elementary science class from a small group and examined what factors contributed to her socially and momentarily construction of epistemic emotions. We used various data such as emotion diaries, transcripts of the video recordings, postlesson interviews, and field notes to document her involvement in the six lessons of the scientific modeling of the human respiratory system. Our analysis revealed that she constructed the epistemic emotions of frustration, anxiety, and joy. Her nonparticipation and constructed epistemic frustration in Lesson 1 were because of her unfamiliarity with the task and her perception that her ideas will be rejected by others. Due to her lack of previous knowledge, that desire to engage in the small group argumentative discussions was affected by her perception that her ideas would be rejected. With slightly increased familiarity and a sense of acceptance in Lessons 2 and 3, she displayed passive participation and constructed epistemic anxiety because she was not certain whether her opinions were scientifically correct or not. With the uncertainty of her ideas, she was not able to develop a personal motivational drive to engage in effortful participation. Finally, she exhibited active participation and constructed epistemic joy in Lessons 5 and 6 when she became familiar with scientific argumentation and scientific modeling, in addition to her developed sense of full acceptance. These results indicated the intertwined relations of affective, cognitive, and social aspects of learning on student's participation and construction of epistemic emotions.
An Expedient Route to Diaryl Tetrahydropentalenedione Derivatives via Intramolecular Pauson‐ Khand Carbonylative Cycloaddition‐ Oxidation Protocol
Authors: Nayak Abhijit , Bandyopadhyay Manas , Chopra Deepak , Bera Mrinal K. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract3,6‐diaryl‐2,3,3a,4‐tetrahydropentalene‐1,5‐dione, a new class of compounds have been synthesized via Pauson‐Khand carbonylative cyclization of enyne moiety followed by DMP oxidation. Straight forward nature, good yield, and wide substrate scope are the attractive features of this reaction. Additionally, this class of compounds may be further elaborated to triquinane natural product‐like molecules.
Optical UV Dosimeters Based on Photoracemization of (R)‐(+)‐1,1′‐Bi(2‐Napthol) (BINOL) within a Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystalline Matrix
Authors: Cachelin Pascal , Khandewal Hitesh , Debije Michael G. , Peijs Ton , Bastiaansen Cees W. M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAccurate and low‐cost wearable or portable monitors for personal solar ultraviolet (UV) exposure are of interest to reduce the risk of adverse UV effects such as eye diseases, sunburn and skin cancer. Here, a novel sensor involving the racemization of a chiral dopant within a nematic liquid crystalline matrix is described, and the suitability of these sensors to act as personal UV dosimeters is explored. It was shown that these sensors respond to UV light with a significant change in the position of the reflection band of the chiral nematic liquid crystal. The sensitivity of these sensors is shown to be 0.23 nm/mJcm−2. This corresponds to a change of 80 nm over a dose equivalent to two hours of solar exposure.
Hydrogels Based on Starch from Various Natural Sources: Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Kalendova Petra , Svoboda Ladislav , Hroch Jan , Honcova Pavla , Drobna Helena , Slang Stanislav 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHydrogels based on a graft copolymer of acrylic acid (AA) and acrylamide (AAm) on a backbone of starch, obtained from different natural sources, have been prepared and characterized for potential agricultural use, as soil moisture regulators and nutrient sources for plant nutrition. Five types of starch are used: corn, waxy corn, wheat, potato, and rice starch. Hydrogels are prepared by a solution polymerization method, in the presence of ammonium persulphate (PSA) as initiator and N,N'‐methylene‐bis‐acrylamide (MBA) as a cross‐linking agent. Thermal and physico‐chemical properties, such as thermogravimetry analysis and differential scanning calorimetry data and swelling properties of hydrogels, are observed. The influences of the cross‐linking agent on the swelling ratio (SR) and solubility of prepared hydrogels are studied and optimized. The highest SR observed in water corresponded to non‐cross‐linked hydrogels prepared with waxy corn starch (780 g water per g dry matter), and the SR of these hydrogels in ammonium sulfate and calcium nitrate solutions are 9.6 and 1.2 g per g dry matter, respectively. Higher thermal stability is observed with cross‐linked starch‐g‐(AA‐AAm) hydrogels. The non‐cross‐linked hydrogels have a higher SR, but also have significant solubility in water.
Dehydrocrenatidine inhibits head and neck cancer cells invasion and migration by modulating JNK1/2 and ERK1/2 pathway and decreases MMP‐2 expression
Authors: Velmurugan Bharath Kumar , Lin Jen‐Tsun , Mahalakshmi B. , Lin Chia‐Chieh , Chuang Yi‐Ching , Lo Yu‐Sheng , Ho Hsin‐Yu , Hsieh Ming‐Ju , Chen Mu‐Kuan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHead and neck cancer is associated with poor prognosis because of its highly metastatic nature. For the better management of head and neck cancer patients, it is very important to diagnose the cancer at an early stage, as well as to prevent the rapid spread of cancer either through direct invasion or lymphatic metastasis. In present study, the effect of dehydrocrenatidine, which is a beta‐carboline alkaloid found in the medicinal plant Picrasma quassioides, on human head and neck cancer metastasis was investigated. The study results revealed the treatment of FaDu, SCC9, and SCC47 cells with 5, 10, and 20 μM of dehydrocrenatidine significantly decreased the motility, migration, and invasion of head and neck cancer cells. Moreover, the dehydrocrenatidine treatment significantly decreased the expression of MMP‐2 and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK1/2. Additional experiments revealed that the cotreatment of dehydrocrenatidine with either ERK1/2 or JNK1/2 inhibitor caused further reduction in cancer cell motility and migration compared to that in dehydrocrenatidine treatment alone. Moreover, similar trend was observed in case of ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 phosphorylation and MMP‐2 expression after the cotreatment. Taken together, the mechanism by which dehydrocrenatidine can decrease the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK1/2, follow decrease the expression of MMP‐2 and inhibits head and neck cancer cells invasion and migration. This present study identifies dehydrocrenatidine as a potent antimetastatic agent that can be used clinically to improve head and neck cancer prognosis.
Selective separation of Yttrium and Uranium from Xenotime Concentrate
Authors: Ibrahium Hala A. , Gado Mohamed A. , Awwad Nasser S. , Fathy Wael M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA new process suggested for the selective dissolution of rare earth elements REEs from xenotime concentrate produced after physical beneficiation namely; shaking table and froth flotation were proposed using ammonium sulfate. The suggested procedure was established upon the selectivity of ammonium sulfate as a leaching agent of rare earth element. The Dissolution kinetic analysis of valuable elements of the dissolution process and the suggested reaction mechanism concerning the rare earth and ammonium sulfate has been conferred. The obtained data confirmed that the main leaching suggested mechanism of rare earth was fit chemically controlled and the calculated activation energy was 40.597 kJ/mole. The paper was then concerning to disperse yttrium selectively from the rare earth concentrate via 200 g/L concentration of (NH4)2CO3 within 40 min. dissolution time, dissolution temperature is 70 °C, and S/L ratio is 1/5.
The Preoperative Functional Downgrading of Brain AVMs
Authors: Luzzi Sabino , Del Maestro Mattia , Galzio Renato 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe actual role of preoperative embolization of brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) is undervalued.The present study aims to describe the effectiveness, safety, technics, and results of the endovascular-based functional downgrading of brain AVMs.Data regarding 31 Spetzler-Martin (SM) grade III AVMs that consecutively underwent a combined endovascular-surgical treatment were reviewed. Clinical and radiological outcomes were evaluated according to modified Ranking Scale score (mRS) and postoperative angiography, respectively.Low-density Onyx was used in all cases, and the timeframe between the embolizations was 10–15 days. Procedures were 1.6 (±0.6) on average. Superselective nidal catheterization was essential to reach the deepest parts of the AVMs, which were the targets. Onyx made the nidus compact and easier to dissect. The Average obliteration rate was 29.6%, with negligible morbidity. Surgery was performed after 3.7 days on average and the AVM exclusion was complete in 83.4% of cases. An mRS score between 0 and 2 was reported in 77.5% of patients, while the best outcome was achieved in small and medium-deep malformations.An effective and safe functional downgrading of brain AVMs must be based upon specific technical key aspects, which make surgery easier and, ultimately, allow for the achievement of the best outcome.