bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic optimization of visible light-induced crosslinking conditions of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)
Authors: Sharifi Sina , Sharifi Hannah , Akbari Ali , Chodosh James 
Published: December 2021

AbstractGelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) is one of the most widely used photo-crosslinkable biopolymers in tissue engineering. In in presence of an appropriate photoinitiator, the light activation triggers the crosslinking process, which provides shape fidelity and stability at physiological temperature. Although ultraviolet (UV) has been extensively explored for photo-crosslinking, its application has been linked to numerous biosafety concerns, originated from UV phototoxicity. Eosin Y, in combination with TEOA and VC, is a biosafe photoinitiation system that can be activated via visible light instead of UV and bypasses those biosafety concerns; however, the crosslinking system needs fine-tuning and optimization. In order to systematically optimize the crosslinking conditions, we herein independently varied the concentrations of Eosin Y [(EY)], triethanolamine (TEOA), vinyl caprolactam (VC), GelMA precursor, and crosslinking times and assessed the effect of those parameters on the properties the hydrogel. Our data showed that except EY, which exhibited an optimal concentration (~ 0.05 mM), increasing [TEOA], [VA], [GelMA], or crosslinking time improved mechanical (tensile strength/modulus and compressive modulus), adhesion (lap shear strength), swelling, biodegradation properties of the hydrogel. However, increasing the concentrations of crosslinking reagents ([TEOA], [VA], [GelMA]) reduced cell viability in 3-dimensional (3D) cell culture. This study enabled us to optimize the crosslinking conditions to improve the properties of the GelMA hydrogel and to generate a library of hydrogels with defined properties essential for different biomedical applications.
Comparison of methods to experimentally induce opacification and elasticity change in ex vivo porcine lenses
Authors: Ruiss Manuel , Kronschläger Martin , Schlatter Andreas , Dechat Thomas , Findl Oliver 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAt the moment, cataract, which is the opacification of the eye’s lens, can only be treated by surgery. In order to develop and test new pharmacological treatment strategies for the disease, there is a need for an appropriate in vitro model using ex vivo animal lenses. In this study, porcine lenses were incubated in either culture medium, glucose, triamcinolone acetonide, sodium chloride, hydrogen peroxide, sodium selenite, neutral buffered formalin, or were exposed to microwave heating to experimentally induce lens opacification. Changes in the lens morphology, weight, size, and elasticity were monitored 7 days after treatment. The fastest induction of dense opacification was seen in lenses exposed to sodium chloride, neutral buffered formalin, and microwave heating. No change in the size and weight of the lenses were detected, whereas loss in elasticity could be detected in lenses treated with formalin solution or microwave heating. Thus, neutral buffered formalin- and microwave-treated ex vivo porcine lenses seem to be a suitable model for mature cataracts, whereas hypertonic sodium chloride may be useful for studies on osmolarity-induced lens opacification.
Differentiating features of OCT angiography in diabetic macular edema
Authors: Mirshahi Reza , Riazi-Esfahani Hamid , Khalili Pour Elias , Fadakar Kaveh , Yarmohamadi Parsa , Alemzadeh Sayyed Amirpooya , Chaibakhsh Samira , Falavarjani Khalil Ghasemi 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe purpose of current study was to evaluate different optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) metrics in eyes with diabetic retinopathy with and without diabetic macular edema (DME). In this retrospective study, macular OCTA images of eyes with non-proliferative or proliferative diabetic retinopathy were evaluated. Vascular density, vascular complexity and non-perfusion densities were compared between eyes with and without DME. One-hundred-thirty-eight eyes of 92 diabetic patients including 49 eyes with DME were included. In multivariate analysis, the presence of DME was positively associated with geometric perfusion deficit (GPD) in superficial capillary plexus (SCP), capillary non-perfusion (CNP) of SCP, and GPD in deep capillary plexus (DCP) (all P < 0.05). In eyes with DME, central foveal thickness was associated with VD ratio (SCP/DCP) (P = 0.001) and FAZ area (P = 0.001). In conclusion, in eyes with diabetic retinopathy, the presence of DME was associated with more extensive capillary non-perfusion compared to those with no macular edema.
Dramatic differences in the conformational equilibria of chalcogen-bridged compounds: the case of diallyl ether versus diallyl sulfide
Authors: Poonia Tamanna , Silva Weslley G. D. P. , van Wijngaarden Jennifer 
Published: December 2021

Rotational spectroscopy and quantum mechanical calculations reveal a significant change in conformational landscapes when oxygen is substituted with sulfur: observation of features from nine conformers of diallylether versus one of the sulfide.
Metal-free synthesis of N-sulfonylformamidines via skeletal reconstruction of sulfonyl oximonitriles
Authors: Li Feng , Wu Ziyan , Wang Jingjing , Zhang Siyuan , Yu Jiaxin , Yuan Zhen , Liu Jingya , Shen Renzeng , Zhou Yao , Liu Lantao 
Published: December 2021

We firstly develop an unprecedented domino reaction of sulfonyl oximonitriles with secondary amines to streamline synthesis of N-sulfonylformamidines in decent to high yields under mild reaction conditions.
Multiomics profiling of the expression and prognosis of MCMs in endometrial carcinoma
Authors: Lan Hua , Yuan Jing , Chen Xingyu , Liu Chu , Guo Xiaohui , Wang Xinyu , Song Jiarui , Cao Ke , Xiao Songshu 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Minichromosome maintenance (MCM) family members are a group of genes involved in regulating DNA replication and cell division and have been identified as oncogenes in various cancer types. Several experimental studies have suggested that MCMs are dysregulated in endometrial carcinoma (EC). However, the expression pattern, clinical value and functions of different MCMs have yet to be analyzed systematically and comprehensively. We analyzed expression, survival rate, DNA alteration, PPT network, GGI network, functional enrichment cancer hallmarks and drug sensitivity of MCMs in patients with EC based on diverse datasets, including Oncomine, GEPIA, Kaplan–Meier Plotter, HPA, Sangerbox and GSCALite databases. The results indicated that most MCM members were increased in EC and showed a prognostic value in survival analysis, which were considerately well in terms of PFS and OS prognostic prediction. Importantly, functional enrichment, PPI network and GGI network suggested that MCMs interact with proteins related to DNA replication and cell division, which may be the mechanism of MCM promote EC progression. Further data mining illustrated that MCMs have broad DNA hypomethylation levels and high levels of copy number aberrations in tumor tissue samples, which may be the mechanism causing the high expression level of MCMs. Moreover, MCM2 can activate or suppress diverse cancer-related pathways and is implicated in EC drug sensitivity. Taking together, our findings illustrate the expression pattern, clinical value and function of MCMs in EC and imply that MCMs are potential targets for precision therapy and new biomarkers for the prognosis of patients with EC.
Individuals With Congenital Amusia Show Degraded Speech Perception but Preserved Statistical Learning for Tone Languages
Authors: Zhu Jiaqiang , Chen Xiaoxiang , Chen Fei , Wiener Seth 
Published: December 2021

Purpose:
Individuals with congenital amusia exhibit degraded speech perception. This study examined whether adult Chinese Mandarin listeners with amusia were still able to extract the statistical regularities of Mandarin speech sounds, despite their degraded speech perception.

Method:
Using the gating paradigm with monosyllabic syllable–tone words, we tested 19 Mandarin-speaking amusics and 19 musically intact controls. Listeners heard increasingly longer fragments of the acoustic signal across eight duration-blocked gates. The stimuli varied in syllable token frequency and syllable–tone co-occurrence probability. The correct syllable–tone word, correct syllable-only, correct tone-only, and correct syllable–incorrect tone responses were compared respectively between the two groups using mixed-effects models.

Results:
Amusics were less accurate than controls in terms of the correct word, correct syllable-only, and correct tone-only responses. Amusics, however, showed consistent patterns of top-down processing, as indicated by more accurate responses to high-frequency syllables, high-probability tones, and tone errors all in manners similar to those of the control listeners.

Conclusions:
Amusics are able to learn syllable and tone statistical regularities from the language input. This extends previous work by showing that amusics can track phonological segment and pitch cues despite their degraded speech perception. The observed speech deficits in amusics are therefore not due to an abnormal statistical learning mechanism. These results support rehabilitation programs aimed at improving amusics' sensitivity to pitch.
Stability analysis of sub/super synchronous oscillation in direct‐drive wind farm considering the energy interaction between PMSGs
Authors: Ma Jing , Xu Honglu , Zhang Min , Cheng Peng 
Published: December 2021

AbstractA method to analyze the stability of sub/super synchronous oscillations in direct‐drive wind farm considering the energy interaction between PMSGs is proposed. First, the dynamic energy model of direct‐drive wind farm considering the energy interaction between PMSGs is built. Then, the farm‐grid interaction energy is divided into three components: the disturbance energy, the self‐coupling energy and the interaction energy between PMSGs, which characterize the initial disturbance effect of PMSG, the self‐induction effect and the interaction between generators, respectively. On this basis, the variation characteristics of disturbance energy, coupling energy and the interaction energy are analyzed using Lyapunov's second stability theorem. It is revealed that, the interaction energy is the key factor that determines whether the oscillation will diverge or converge. In addition, the influences of PMSG integration distance, wind speed and control parameters on the stability are studied. Finally, the model of direct‐drive wind farm is built in RT‐LAB for hardware‐in‐the‐loop tests. Simulation results show that, the longer the PMSG integration distance is or the higher the wind speed where the PMSG is located is, the stronger the interaction between PMSGs is, and the better it is for the sub‐synchronous oscillation to converge. The larger the PMSG current loop parameters, voltage loop parameters and PLL parameters are, the stronger the dissipation effect of the interaction energy between PMSGs is, and the better it is for the super‐synchronous stability control.
A vision for smart and sustainable cities
Authors: Elnashai Amr , Mahmoud Hussam 
Published: December 2021

AbstractOur built environment is characterized by large, ever‐expanding and highly complex cities. The spatial extent of the interconnected systems that serve these cities leads to higher vulnerability to disruption. On the other hand, climate change and political instability have noticeably increased the frequency of natural and human‐induced hazards. Recalling that risk is the product of vulnerability and hazard, it is evident that large cities are experiencing unprecedented levels of risk. While major investments and numerous research, development and implementation efforts have been dedicated to address natural and human‐induced risk to large cities, there is still a lack of system‐of‐systems level considerations and a comprehensive, interdependent vision for creating cities that respond effectively to severe disruptions. On this note, the authors envision the city of the future, its features and its operational modes. The requirements of creating such smart and sustainable, hence optimally resilient, cities dictate research‐to‐implementation consequences. A high‐level view of these requirements and their implications on research and development is provided.
A comparative analysis of pulse time-of-arrival creation methods
Authors: Wang J. , Shaifullah G. M. , Verbiest J. P. W. , Tiburzi C. , Champion D. J. , Cognard I. , Gaikwad M. , Graikou E. , Guillemot L. , Hu H. , Karuppusamy R. , Keith M. J. , Kramer M. , Liu Y. , Lyne A. G. , Mickaliger M. B. , Stappers B. W. , Theureau G. 
Published: December 2021

Context.Extracting precise pulse times of arrival (TOAs) and their uncertainties is the first and most fundamental step in high-precision pulsar timing. In the classical method, TOAs are derived from total intensity pulse profiles of pulsars via cross-correlation with an idealised 1D template of that profile. While a number of results have been presented in the literature that rely on the ever increasing sensitivity of these pulsar timing experiments, there is no consensus on the most reliable methods for creating TOAs, and, more importantly, on the associated TOA uncertainties for each scheme.Aims.We present a comprehensive comparison of TOA determination practices. We focus on creating timing templates, TOA determination methods, and the most useful TOA bandwidth. The aim is to present a possible approach towards TOA optimisation, the (partial) identification of an optimal TOA-creation scheme, and the demonstration of optimisation differences between pulsars and data sets.Methods.We compared the values of data-derived template profiles with analytic profiles and evaluated the three most commonly used template-matching methods. Finally, we studied the relation between timing precision and TOA bandwidth to identify any potential breaks in this relation. As a practical demonstration, we applied our selected methods to European Pulsar Timing Array data on three test pulsars, PSRs J0218+4232, J1713+0747, and J2145−0750.Results.Our demonstration shows that data-derived and smoothed templates are typically preferred to some more commonly applied alternatives. The template-matching method called Fourier domain with Markov chain Monte Carlo is generally superior to or competitive with other methods. While the optimal TOA bandwidth is strongly dependent on pulsar brightness, telescope sensitivity, and scintillation properties, some significant frequency averaging seems required for the data we investigated.
Probing inner and outer disk misalignments in transition disks
Authors: Bohn A. J. , Benisty M. , Perraut K. , van der Marel N. , Wölfer L. , van Dishoeck E. F. , Facchini S. , Manara C. F. , Teague R. , Francis L. , Berger J.-P. , Garcia-Lopez R. , Ginski C. , Henning T. , Kenworthy M. , Kraus S. , Ménard F. , Mérand A. , Pérez L. M. 
Published: December 2021

Context. Transition disks are protoplanetary disks with dust-depleted cavities, possibly indicating substantial clearing of their dust content by a massive companion. For several known transition disks, dark regions interpreted as shadows have been observed in scattered light imaging and are hypothesized to originate from misalignments between distinct regions of the disk.
Aims. We aim to investigate the presence of misalignments in transition disks. We study the inner disk (<1 au) geometries of a sample of 20 well-known transition disks with Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) GRAVITY observations and use complementary 12CO and 13CO molecular line archival data from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) to derive the orientation of the outer disk regions (>10 au).
Methods. We fit simple parametric models to the visibilities and closure phases of the GRAVITY data to derive the inclination and position angle of the inner disks. The outer disk geometries were derived from Keplerian fits to the ALMA velocity maps and compared to the inner disk constraints. We also predicted the locations of expected shadows for significantly misaligned systems.
Results. Our analysis reveals six disks to exhibit significant misalignments between their inner and outer disk structures. The predicted shadow positions agree well with the scattered light images of HD 100453 and HD 142527, and we find supporting evidence for a shadow in the south of the disk around CQ Tau. In the other three targets for which we infer significantly misaligned disks, V1247 Ori, V1366 Ori, and RY Lup, we do not see any evident sign of shadows in the scattered light images. The scattered light shadows observed in DoAr 44, HD 135344 B, and HD 139614 are consistent with our observations, yet the underlying morphology is likely too complex to be described properly by our models and the accuracy achieved by our observations.
Conclusions. The combination of near infrared and submillimeter interferometric observations allows us to assess the geometries of the innermost disk regions and those of the outer disk. Whereas we can derive precise constraints on the potential shadow positions for well-resolved inner disks around Herbig Ae/Be stars, the large statistical uncertainties for the marginally resolved inner disks around the T Tauri stars of our sample make it difficult to extract conclusive constraints for the presence of shadows in these systems.
Gaia-ESO Survey: Role of magnetic activity and starspots on pre-main-sequence lithium evolution
Authors: Franciosini E. , Tognelli E. , Degl’Innocenti S. , Prada Moroni P. G. , Randich S. , Sacco G. G. , Magrini L. , Pancino E. , Lanzafame A. C. , Smiljanic R. , Prisinzano L. , Sanna N. , Roccatagliata V. , Bonito R. , de Laverny P. , Gutiérrez Albarrán M. L. , Montes D. , Jiménez-Esteban F. , Gilmore G. , Bergemann M. , Carraro G. , Damiani F. , Gonneau A. , Hourihane A. , Morbidelli L. , Worley C. C. , Zaggia S. 
Published: December 2021

Context. It is now well-known that pre-main-sequence models with inflated radii should be taken into account to simultaneously reproduce the colour-magnitude diagram and the lithium depletion pattern observed in young open star clusters.
Aims. We tested a new set of pre-main-sequence models that include radius inflation due to the presence of starspots or to magnetic inhibition of convection. We used five clusters observed by the Gaia-ESO Survey that span the age range ∼10−100 Myr, in which these effects could be important.
Methods. The Gaia-ESO Survey radial velocities were combined with astrometry from Gaia EDR3 to obtain clean lists of high-probability members for the five clusters. A Bayesian maximum likelihood method was adopted to fit the observed cluster sequences to theoretical predictions to derive the best model parameters and the cluster reddening and age. Models were calculated with different values of the mixing length parameter (αML = 2.0, 1.5 and 1.0) for the cases without spots or with effective spot coverage βspot = 0.2 and 0.4. The models were also compared with the observed lithium depletion patterns.
Results. To reproduce the colour-magnitude diagram and the observed lithium depletion pattern in Gamma Vel A and B and in 25 Ori, both a reduced convection efficiency, with αML = 1.0, and an effective surface spot coverage of about 20% are required. We obtained ages of 18−4.0+1.5 Myr and 21−3.0+3.5 Myr for Gamma Vel A and B, respectively, and 19−7.0+1.5 Myr for 25 Ori. However, a single isochrone is not sufficient to account for the lithium dispersion, and an increasing level of spot coverage as mass decreases seems to be required. On the other hand, the older clusters (NGC 2451 B at 30−5.0+3.0 Myr, NGC 2547 at 35−4.0+4.0 Myr, and NGC 2516 at 138−42+48 Myr) are consistent with standard models (i.e. αML = 2.0 and no spots) except at low masses: a 20% spot coverage appears to reproduce the sequence of M-type stars better and might explain the observed spread in lithium abundances.
Conclusions. The quality of Gaia-ESO data combined with Gaia allows us to gain important insights on pre-main-sequence evolution. Models including starspots can provide a consistent explanation of the cluster sequences and lithium abundances observed in young clusters, although a range of starspot coverage is required to fully reproduce the data.
Luftverschmutzung und Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen
Authors: Lelieveld Jos , Hahad Omar , Daiber Andreas , Münzel Thomas 
Published: December 2021

ZusammenfassungDie chronische Belastung durch Luftschadstoffe, insbesondere Feinstaub, ist ein primärer Risikofaktor für die öffentliche Gesundheit. Während sich die Luftqualität in Deutschland in den letzten 3 Jahrzehnten erheblich verbessert hat und die Standards der Europäischen Union die meiste Zeit eingehalten werden, werden die strengeren Richtlinien der Weltgesundheitsorganisation immer noch überschritten. Feinstaub verursacht chronischen oxidativen Stress in den Atemwegen, in der Lunge und den Gefäßen, der bereits bei relativ geringen Konzentrationen Entzündungsreaktionen unter anderem in der Lunge hervorruft. Dies führt zu einer Übersterblichkeit durch Atemwegs- und Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen. In Deutschland sind etwa 42000 frühzeitige Todesfälle pro Jahr durch Luftverschmutzung auf ischämische Herzerkrankungen und etwa 6700 Todesfälle pro Jahr auf Schlaganfälle zurückzuführen. Daher könnte die Reduzierung der Luftverschmutzung dazu beitragen, Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen ebenso
wirksam zu verhindern wie das Begrenzen des Tabakrauchens.
Herzgesunde Städte – die Gene laden das Gewehr, die Umwelt zieht den Abzug
Authors: Münzel Thomas , Hahad Omar , Daiber Andreas 
Published: December 2021

ZusammenfassungDie Weltgesundheitsorganisation gibt an, dass die Stadtplanung mittlerweile als kritischer Bestandteil einer umfassenden Lösung zur Bekämpfung umweltbedingter Gesundheitsschäden gesehen wird. Die vorliegende Übersicht befasst sich mit nicht übertragbaren Krankheiten mit dem Schwerpunkt auf Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen und dem Urbanisierungsprozess in Bezug auf Umweltrisiken wie Lärm, Luftverschmutzung, Temperatur und Licht im Freien. Es wird dargelegt, warum sich Wärmeinseln in städtischen Gebieten entwickeln können und wie die Begrünung von Städten die öffentliche Gesundheit verbessern und Klimaprobleme, Nachhaltigkeit und Lebensfähigkeit adressieren kann. Darüber hinaus thematisieren wir Stadtplanung, Verkehrsinterventionen und neuartige Technologien zur Bewertung externer Umweltexpositionen, z. B. Einsatz digitaler Technologien, um zukünftig herzgesunde Städte zu fördern. Zuletzt heben wir neue Paradigmen des integrativen Denkens hervor, wie das Exposom und die planetare
Gesundheit, indem wir den Zusammenhang zwischen Exposition und Gesundheitsauswirkungen kritisch evaluieren und unser Verständnis der Gesamtheit der Expositionen gegenüber der Umwelt des Menschen erweitern.