bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optical fibers applied to aerospace systems prognostics: design and development of new FBG-based vibration sensors
Authors: Quattrocchi G , Berri P C , Vedova Dalla M D L , Maggiore P 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Future generation actuation systems will be characterized by ever-increasing complexity. In this context, it will be necessary to adopt advanced health monitoring strategies to guarantee a high level of operational safety and system reliability. Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) is thus emerging as an enabling discipline for the design and operation of future advanced, complex systems. Smart systems with embedded self-monitoring capabilities are nowadays required in order to provide early faults identification and to perform innovative diagnostic and prognostic functions. In aerospace applications, the use of smart sensors could replace various types of traditional sensing elements, commonly used in structural monitoring with the additional capability of performing some prognostics or diagnostics tasks. This work proposes the first results of an experimental campaign aimed at evaluating and validating various packaging solutions for vibration amplification and detection using optical sensors (Fiber Bragg Gratings, FBGs), since characteristics frequencies can be good prognostics indicators of particular failure modes of a system. Several test samples were created by using 3D printed PLA and compared using a variety of bench tests. Results were compared in order to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the various proposed configurations, and were validated by comparing them with numerical simulations and experimental measurements performed with traditional sensors such as strain gages and accelerometers.
High gear ratio mechanical transmissions for actuators: Simplified models for efficiency under opposing and aiding loads
Authors: Berri P C , Vedova M D L Dalla , Maggiore P , Manuello Bertetto A 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Planetary gear drives are widely employed in electrical and hydraulic actuation systems, to adapt a high speed, low torque motor to a low speed, high torque user, within strict weight and volume constraints. During the early design phases of these devices, accurate yet simple simulation models are required to evaluate the performance of a given configuration of the device. Similar models are also useful within diagnostic and health monitoring analyses of existing machines, as a discrepancy between the actual behaviour of the physical system and that predicted by its digital twin may be the effect of a damage. This work compares different models available in literature for the efficiency of high gear ratio mechanical transmissions; the models are applied to multiple arrangements common for planetary drives, and the results in form of an efficiency map for the transmissions are compared and discussed. The simulations provide different levels of detail, and require different levels of knowledge about the specific architecture of the system. All of them are able to deal with dry friction; additionally, the different behaviour of the transmission under the effect loads aligned in the same direction of speed or in the opposite one is accounted for.
Model-based strategy and surrogate function for health condition assessment of actuation devices
Authors: Berri P C , Vedova M D L Dalla , Quattrocchi G , Maggiore P 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Prognostics and Health Monitoring (PHM) is a discipline aiming to determine in advance the Remaining Useful Life (RUL) of a system. To do so, the operation of the system is monitored in search of the early signs of degradation and incipient faults; then, a model for the propagation of faults is employed to estimate the propagation of damages and evaluate the RUL. Usually, a fault threshold is employed as a stopping criterion for the evaluation of damage propagation, but this is not a reliable method when dealing with multiple faults affecting the system at the same time. Specifically, the combined effect of two fault modes can cause the system not to meet its requirements well before the single faults reach their individual thresholds. In this work, we address a model-based strategy to estimate whether the system with incipient faults is still able to meet its performance requirements. The method is applied to aerospace actuators, and performance is evaluated in terms of dynamical response. This model-based algorithm is too slow to be evaluated in real-time, so a Support Vector Machine (SVM) is trained as a surrogate function to speed up the computation. The results and computational times of the full, physics based model and those of its surrogate are compared and discussed.
Capabilities of the Regional Cabin Demonstrator as digital twin for a future test mock-up
Authors: Lindner A J M , Norrefeldt V 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Digital twins are essential for Industry 4.0 and the digitalization of research, development and manufacturing. By now, the models contain more and more information and are already often highly complex systems. However, an important step is to keep the model as simple as possible in order to reduce computing resources and the associated simulation time. The Indoor Environment Simulation Suite (IESS) is a tool to generate a zonal model from a CAD geometry. It is designed to simulate the transient indoor climate in a short time, while still considering all important physical processes (heat conduction, radiation, convection). After the zonal model has been generated, the user can parameterize it specifically to the application and couple it with other models when needed. Here, a new approach is to integrate a thermo-physiological model of the human body in order to make statements about the human perception of thermal comfort. This is of particular interest in early development phases in order to assess air conditioning strategies as well as structural or technical adaptions due to thermal bridges or other influences on the cabin climate. In this paper a concept will be presented where the zonal model is coupled with the thermo-physiological model to investigate selected case studies on how thermal comfort in a regional aircraft can be assessed and considered in early design phases. The cabin model is based on a new type of regional aircraft for which a mock-up is currently being built in order to perform subject test at the Fraunhofer Institute in Holzkirchen. The thermal model can thus make statements in advance about how test scenarios should be carried out in order to gain the greatest possible benefit from the subject study tests, where the number of different tests is limited.
A human factors’ approach for multimodal collaboration with Cognitive Computing to create a Human Intelligent Machine Team: a Review
Authors: Dormoy Charles , André Jean-Marc , Pagani Alain 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In the Horizon 2020 funded Clean Sky 2 programme, the Cognitive Collaboration for Teaming project aims at positioning a roadmap towards Single Pilot Operations (SPO) and human intelligent machine teaming. Built on top of the states-of-the art of human factors, a careful examination of the factors and parameters to be taken into account to form a Human intelligent Machine Team (HiMT) was carried out. Each parameter can influence positively or negatively teaming. A good HiMT is a HiMT that communicates, shares knowledge, information, collaborates and trusts each other to ensure flight safety at the highest level. This review shows the added value of multimodality for bidirectional communication in the HiMT. Multimodality will allow both verbal and non-verbal communication to be maintained in both directions. A review was conducted on the benefits of each of the modalities and means of interaction under different conditions and how each modality can complement each other for better bidirectional communication that is natural, efficient, and reliable. The objective is to transmit information in a clear, accurate and concise manner, but also to ensure that it is well received by the receiver (i.e. the CCTeammate and the pilot) and well understood. Each modality will allow the CCTeammate to present and/or represent the information in the best possible way to the pilot depending on the context and the task at hand.
Applying Machine Learning Modeling to Enhance Runway Throughput at A Big European Airport
Authors: Stempfel G , Visscher I De , Ellejmi M , Brossard V , Bonnefoy A , Treve V 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
One of the factors limiting busiest airport’s runway throughput capacity is the spacing to be applied between landing aircraft to ensure that the runway is vacated when the follower aircraft reaches the runway threshold. Today, because the Controller is not able to always anticipate the runway occupancy time (ROT) of the leader aircraft, significant spacing buffers are added to the minimum required spacing in order to cover all possible cases, which negatively affects the resulting arrival throughput. The present paper shows how a Machine Learning (ML) analysis can support the development of accurate, yet operational, models for ROT prediction depending on all impact parameters. Based on Gradient Boosting Regressors, those ML models make use of flight information (such as aircraft type, airline, flight data) and weather information to model the ROT. This paper shows how it can be used operationally to increase runway capacity while maintaining or reducing the risk of delivery of separations below runway occupancy time. The methodology and related benefits are assessed using three years of field measurements gathered at Zurich airport.
Impact of Weather Conditions on Airport Arrival Delay and Throughput
Authors: Rodríguez-Sanz Álvaro , Cano Javier , Rubio Fernández Beatriz 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Weather events have a significant impact on airport arrival performance and may cause delays in operations and/or constraints in airport capacity. In Europe, almost half of all regulated airport traffic delay is due to adverse weather conditions. Moreover, the closer airports operate to their maximum capacity, the more severe is the impact of a capacity loss due to external events such as weather. Various weather uncertainties occurring during airport operations can significantly delay some arrival processes and cause network-wide effects on the overall Air Traffic Management (ATM) system. Quantifying the impact of weather is, therefore, a key feature to improve the decision-making process that enhances airport performance. It would allow airport operators to identify the relevant weather information needed, and help them decide on the appropriate actions to mitigate the consequences of adverse weather events. We present a methodology to evaluate the impact of adverse weather events on airport arrival performance (delay and throughput) and to define operational thresholds for significant weather conditions. Our results are computed from a dataset of over 750,000 flights on a major European hub and from local weather data during the period 2015-2018. We combine delay and capacity metrics at different airport operational stages for the arrival process (final approach, taxi-in and in-block). We introduce a new approach for modelling causal relationships between airport arrival performance indicators and meteorological events, which can be used to quantify the impact of weather in airport arrival conditions, predict the evolution of airport operational scenarios and support airport decision-making processes.
HERA Mission LIDAR Altimeter Implementation
Authors: Dias Nicole G. , Arribas Beltran N. , Gordo Paulo , Sousa Tiago , Marinho Joâo , Melicio Rui , Amorim António , Michel Patrick , Team NEO-MAPP 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The Asteroid Impact & Deflection Assessment (AIDA) is a collaboration between the NASA DART mission and ESA Hera mission. The aim scope is to study the asteroid deflection through a kinetic collision. DART spacecraft will collide with Didymos-B, while ground stations monitor the orbit change. HERA spacecraft will study the post-impact scenario. The HERA spacecraft is composed by a main spacecraft and two small CubeSats. HERA will monitor the asteroid through cameras, Radar, Satellite-to-Satellite doppler tracking, LIDAR, seismometry and gravimetry. In this paper is reported the first iteration on the LIDAR ENGINEERING MODEL ALTIMETER named HELENA. HELENA is a TOF altimeter that provides time-tagged distances and velocity measurements. The LIDAR can be used for support near asteroid navigation and provides scientific information. The HELENA design comprises a microchip laser and low noise sensor. The synergies between these two technologies enable developing a compact instrument for range measurements of up to 14 km. Thermal-mechanical and radiometric simulations of the HELENA telescope are reported in this paper. The design is subjected to vibrational, static and thermal conditions, and it was possible to conclude by the results that the telescope is compliant with the random vibration levels, the static load and the operating temperatures.
Alternative fuels for aviation: possible alternatives and practical prospects of biofuels
Authors: Adami Renata , Lamberti Patrizia , Tucci Vincenzo , Guadagno Liberata , Valdés Arnaldo Rosa , Zaporozhets Oleksandr , Wacnik Pawel , Burmaoglu Serhat 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The successful implementation of the new European Green Deal in aviation depends on the European aeronautics industry’s ability to develop new technologies able to face the climate changes. The decarbonization in the aviation is very difficult, compared to other transport sector, and one possibility to reduce emissions is by increasing the usage of low-carbon alternative fuels. Among the analyses carried out within the Horizon 2020 project PARE – Perspectives for Aeronautical Research in Europe, one relevant aspect concerns the possible strategies already applied or under study to reach the zero-emission target using alternative fuels.
Application of machine learning methods for optimizing the technical and economic performance of generating systems
Authors: Arakelyan E K , Boldyrev I A , Evseev K V , Gorban Y A 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The paper is on the technical and economic performance optimization technique for thermal and power generating system using machine learning methods. The possibility of using regression analysis for parameter influence evaluation when calculating technical and economic performance in order to reach better generating unit efficiency is described. The approach to evaluate the parameter influence of a large distributed control system is presented.
Study of work efficiency of the energy system at the introduction of small hydropower plants
Authors: Zhelyaskova O I , Smirnov A A , Sultanov M M 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The paper describes a comprehensive approach to assessing the effectiveness of introducing renewable energy sources by the example of switching on small hydropower plants in a certain section of the energy system. The study combines an algorithm for selecting the composition of the included generating equipment in the case of connecting new consumers, and a developed program for calculating and constructing generation and load schedules. The results of the research are presented on the example of the introduction of mini hydroelectric power plants through joint work, the developed approach and the program.
The structure and the electrical properties of a multilayer system based on a composite (Co40Fe40B20)34(SiO2) and zinc oxide
Authors: Zhilova O V , Sitnikov A V , Pankov S Yu , Makagonov V A , Kashirin M A , Babkina I V 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
A heterogeneous multilayer system (Co40Fe40B20)34(SiO2)66/ZnO was obtained by ion-beam sputtering. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the obtained films have an amorphous multilayer structure. Transmission electron microscopy analysis (TEM) confirmed the formation of separated (Co40Fe40B20)34(SiO2)66 and ZnO layers. The (Co40Fe40B20)34(SiO2)66 composite layers are monogranular with a metal particle size of 1 nm. The thin films remain stable after heat treatment at temperatures up to 350 °C. Measurement of the electrical resistance confirms the formation of a multilayer structure and crystallization of films after heating above 350 °C.
Influence of the separation elements’ shape on the process of water-oil emulsion demulsification in the pipe
Authors: Zinurov V E , Dmitriev A V , Madyshev I N 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In order to intensify the demulsification of water-oil emulsions, various types of separation elements for the settling tanks are proposed, namely, the corrugated plates with different orientation of corrugations, located at an angle of 45°, 135° and the cross-corrugated plates. The experimental studies of water-oil emulsion demulsification by means of a laboratory unit, using the developed separation elements were conducted. The conducted studies showed that the use of various separation elements inside the settling tanks allows intensifying the process of water-oil emulsion demulsification. The separation elements, considered in this paper, allow the performance of demulsification process with minimum 62% efficiency at the average rate of emulsion movement of more than 0.04 m/s. In the course of studies, it was found that the most effective of the considered separation elements are the corrugated plates with an orientation of corrugations, located at an angle of 45°, allowing the process of water-oil emulsion demulsification with an average efficiency of 80.1% at the movement rate within the range of 0.04–0.053 m/s. It is also shown that for the various separation elements, there are the most effective ranges of emulsion rates, at which the maximum values of demulsification efficiency are achieved.
Analysis of modern environmental management mechanisms for energy providers
Authors: Ivanitckii M S , Sultanov M M , Kuryanova E V , Konstantinov A A 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In the paper the essential changes in Federal Law № 219-FZ “About changes in Federal Law “On protection of the environment” and the separate acts of the law of Russian Federation” under 21.07.2014 are concerned, the mechanisms and new energy provider environment management principles are analyzed. The main field of environment protection realization from heat power facilities’ negative effects according to the new Russian environmental regulation requirements is presented. The new environmental norming and control principles for industrial facilities based on the best available technologies are determined. Their implementation issues taking into account development financing are analyzed.
Electrochemical properties of AB5type La0.8Ce0.2Ni4Co0.5Mn0.3Al0.2alloy for unified metal hydride fuel cell
Authors: Kazakov A N , Bodikov V Yu , Blinov D V 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMetal hydride materials are widely applied for electrochemical energy storage. AB5type alloys are the main anode material for Ni-MH batteries. Reversible hydrogen uptake and release provides good opportunities to use metal hydrides for alkaline fuel cell applications. Metal hydrides have good activation performance, high hydrogen sorption/desorption rates, catalytic activity in alkaline solution. Current work presents the first experimental results of AB5type metal hydride electrodes, measured in a battery mode. The electrochemical properties of the prepared electrodes, such as activation performance, maximum discharge capacity, and high rate dischargeability are investigated in detail.
Combined use of the nearest vector selecting technique and low-frequency quarter-wave symmetric space vector PWM in control of three-phase multilevel voltage source inverter
Authors: Lopatkin N N 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The paper offers the problem’s solution of the three-phase multilevel voltage source inverter (MLVSI) control with low dynamic losses in power semiconductor switches. The proposed technique is based on a single approach that operates with values of the integer and fractional parts of the relative values of the reference delta voltages, and it allows combining the use of the space-vector control, choosing the nearest vector (SVC), with the low-frequency space-vector pulse-width modulation with the quarter-wave symmetry of the output voltages (QWS-SVPWM). Depending on the impedance kind of a generalized load, the integrated voltage harmonics factor (weighted THD) of the appropriate order is being minimized by applying one of the two mentioned modulation methods (SVC or QWS-SVPWM) for a current range of voltage amplitude modulation index. Like its components, the combined algorithm is suitable for MLVSI of any circuit configuration and any number of equal output voltage levels.
Simulation of the static synchronous compensator for the electrical system with non-linear load
Authors: Makarov A V , Makarova T V , Morozov D S 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the STATCOM model in PSIM, which compensate reactive power and current harmonics from the non-linear load. Reactive power consumption and harmonics current of non-linear load given from measurement. The model of STATCOM is a multi-level voltage inverter. Constant system voltage, power factor and harmonics currents are controlled. All modes are realized and plots are plotted.
Experimental obtaining characteristics of current transformers for developing their models and determining the time of saturation of the magnetic circuit
Authors: Batmanov M R , Evdakov A E , Filatova G A , Petrov A E , Yablokov A A 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Electromagnetic current transformers (CT) are subject to saturation and residual magnetization of a magnetic circuit. This phenomenon has an impact on the operation of devices of commercial accounting of electric energy and relay protection and automatics (RPA). Saturation of the current transformer’s magnetic core can lead to emergency situations due to incorrect operation of the protections and excessive disconnection of the protected connections. At the moment, Russian norms do not regulate the work in transient modes, including short circuits with an aperiodic current component. The Ivanovo State Power Engineering University (ISPEU) conducts research on the topic of determining the time to saturation of CT at short circuit. The purpose of the work was to develop an algorithm for monitoring saturation and determining the time to saturation of the CT magnetic core, in order to ensure the correct operation of the RPA in all modes. The article is devoted to the method of construction and research of mathematical models of CT for calculating the time to saturation. The general structure of the algorithm for determining the time to saturation is presented.