bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The formation of wide exoKuiper belts from migrating dust traps
Authors: Miller E , Marino S , Stammler S M , Pinilla P , Lenz C , Birnstiel T , Henning Th 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
The question of what determines the width of Kuiper belt analogues (exoKuiper belts) is an open one. If solved, this understanding would provide valuable insights into the architecture, dynamics, and formation of exoplanetary systems. Recent observations by ALMA have revealed an apparent paradox in this field, the presence of radially narrow belts in protoplanetary discs that are likely the birthplaces of planetesimals, and exoKuiper belts nearly four times as wide in mature systems. If the parent planetesimals of this type of debris disc indeed form in these narrow protoplanetary rings via streaming instability where dust is trapped, we propose that this width dichotomy could naturally arise if these dust traps form planetesimals whilst migrating radially, e.g. as caused by a migrating planet. Using the dust evolution software dustpy, we find that if the initial protoplanetary disc and trap conditions favour planetesimal formation, dust can still effectively accumulate and form planetesimals as the trap moves. This leads to a positive correlation between the inward radial speed and final planetesimal belt width, forming belts up to ∼100au over 10 Myr of evolution. We show that although planetesimal formation is most efficient in low-viscosity (α = 10−4) discs with steep dust traps to trigger the streaming instability, the large widths of most observed planetesimal belts constrain α to values ≥4 × 10−4 at tens of au, otherwise the traps cannot migrate far enough. Additionally, the large spread in the widths and radii of exoKuiper belts could be due to different trap migration speeds (or protoplanetary disc lifetimes) and different starting locations, respectively. Our work serves as a first step to link exoKuiper belts and rings in protoplanetary discs.
CALIBRATION METHOD AND ABSOLUTE MEASUREMENTS OF AIR KERMA OF DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY REFERENCE QUALITIES USING A FREE-AIR IONISATION CHAMBER
Authors: Zhao Rui , Wu Jinjie , Wen Yuqin , Lv Yazhu , Guo Bin , Liao Zhenyu 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Accurate dose measurement is very important for diagnosing X-ray equipment. These equipment should be traced directly or indirectly to primary standard with as little uncertainty as possible. A parallel-plate free-air chamber was designed to measure air kerma of diagnostic X-ray absolutely. Different thickness of aluminium filters were used to obtain different radiation qualities according with IEC 61267. Correction factors were obtained by experiments and simulation, especially the air attenuation factor measured with vacuum method. The relative standard uncertainty of air kerma rate measurement was 0.46% and calibration factor was 0.53%. A transfer ionisation chamber was calibrated with Radiation Qualities in Radiation beams (RQR) qualities in National Research Council of Canada and National Institute of Metrology (NIM), the differences of calibration factors are less than 0.68%.
The limits of motivational influence in ADHD: no evidence for an altered reaction to negative reinforcement
Authors: Van Dessel Jeroen , Sonuga-Barke Edmund J S , Moerkerke Matthijs , Van der Oord Saskia , Morsink Sarah , Lemiere Jurgen , Danckaerts Marina 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have reported a diminished response in the brain’s reward circuits to contingent cues predicting future monetary gain in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The situation with regard to monetary loss is less clear, despite recognition that both positive and negative consequences impact ADHD behaviour. Here, we employ a new Escape Monetary Loss Incentive task in an MRI scanner, which allows the differentiation of contingency and valence effects during loss avoidance, to examine ADHD-related alterations in monetary loss processing. There was no evidence of atypical processing of contingent or non-contingent monetary loss cues in ADHD — either in terms of ratings of emotional and motivational significance or brain responses. This suggests that the ability to process contingencies between performance and negative outcomes is intact in ADHD and that individuals with ADHD are no more (or less) sensitive to negative outcomes than controls. This latter finding stands in stark contrast to recent evidence from a similar task of atypical emotion network recruitment (e.g. amygdala) in ADHD individuals to cues predicting another negative event, the imposition of delay, suggesting marked specificity in the way they respond to negative events.
How Internal Hiring Affects Occupational Stratification
Authors: Wilmers Nathan , Kimball William 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWhen employers conduct more internal hiring, does this facilitate upward mobility for low-paid workers or does it protect the already advantaged? To assess the effect of within-employer job mobility on occupational stratification, we develop a framework that accounts for inequality in both rates and payoffs of job changing. Internal hiring facilitates advancement for workers without strong credentials, but it excludes workers at employers with few good jobs to advance into. Analyzing Current Population Survey data, we find that when internal hiring increases in a local labor market, it facilitates upward mobility less than when external hiring increases. When workers in low-paid occupations switch jobs, they benefit more from switching employers than from moving jobs within the same employer. One-third of this difference is due to low-paid workers isolated in industries with few high-paying jobs to transfer into. An occupationally segregated labor market therefore limits the benefits that internal hiring can bring to the workers who most need upward mobility.
The Effect of Split Sentences on Employment and Future Criminal Justice Involvement: Evidence from a Natural Experiment
Authors: Menefee Michael R , Harding David J , Nguyen Anh P , Morenoff Jeffrey D , Bushway Shawn D 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Jails serve as the front doors of carceral systems, with 10 million jail admissions annually. The people admitted to jail often end up with probation sentences. As a result, there are approximately 3.5 million people on probation supervision in the United States. Despite the widespread reach of these institutions, little sociological research exists on the collateral consequences of jail and probation supervision. We focus on these two forms of criminal justice supervision by examining the use of split sentences, an understudied yet common type of criminal sanction that combines a period of jail incarceration with an ordinary probation sentence. Using rich administrative data, we leverage a natural experiment that relies upon the random assignment of judges to felony cases to estimate causal effects of receiving a split sentence compared to receiving a probation-only sentence. Our identification strategy allows us to isolate the effect of receiving a split sentence among people also sentenced to probation. Our results show that split sentences increase the risk of future prison admissions and, among whites with presentence employment, decrease formal labor market employment. We find that most of the effect of a split sentence on new prison admissions is driven by greater risk of technical violations of probation conditions stemming from higher levels of probation supervision, suggesting that intensification of criminal justice involvement is a self-fulfilling prophecy initiated by the judge’s decision to start a probation sentence with a local jail term.
Payroll-Exempt Labor Incomes Increase Inequality at the Top
Authors: Haupt Andreas , Nollmann Gerd 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn recent decades, the inequality of household income has increased globally. A common trend is increased income inequality at the top of the distribution. The sources of this trend are a matter of debate. Increased demand for analytical and managerial skills is said to have strongly increased labor incomes at the top. Other scholars have indicated that structural conditions, such as financialization or favorable taxation, have benefited top-earning households. Here, we contribute to the latter line of reasoning. We show that payroll taxes exempt parts of high labor incomes, reinforcing income inequality at the top. Such taxation has large fiscal volume and redistributive power. However, our knowledge about the distributional consequences of payroll taxation as a tax scheme is remarkably thin. Many countries, such as Germany and the United States, restrict payroll taxes to a maximum amount, resulting in significant payroll tax–exempted incomes for high-earning households. Strongly growing top-labor incomes thus lead to increased payroll tax–exempted incomes for households at the upper parts of the distribution and, consequently, to higher income inequality. We use Germany (1992–2017), a highly redistributive country, as a case study. Our empirical results suggest that: (1) households increasingly profit from payroll-exempted labor incomes across the upper quarter; (2) this benefit has increased over time; and (3) increased amounts of payroll tax–exempted labor income explain up to 60 percent of income dispersion at the top of the distribution. We discuss the generalizability of our case study for other countries, especially the United States.
Metabolic perturbations in systemic sclerosis
Authors: O’Reilly Steven 
Published: October 2021

Purpose of review
The aim of this review is to evaluate the recent evidence of the role of metabolism in systemic sclerosis (SSc), highlighting specific aberrations and to appraise the feasibility of targeting these therapeutically.

Recent findings
SSc is an autoimmune disease that is characterised by three facets: vascular problems, inflammation, and fibrosis. The fibrosis primarily affects the skin and lungs and currently, no antifibrotic treatment has been found effective. In recent years a renaissance in metabolism research has begun with renewed vigour in the role of metabolism in disease, particularly in the immune system. Alterations in glycolysis and utilisation of specific metabolic pathways in specific cell types have been associated with specific diseases. Most recently alterations in glycolysis and glutaminolysis have been determined in SSc fibroblasts mediating fibrosis. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels have also been described in SSc.

Summary
Specific metabolic aberrations have been described in SSc and this may lead to novel therapeutic targets in this disease.
Artificial intelligence: opportunities in lung cancer
Authors: Zhang Kai , Chen Kezhong 
Published: October 2021

Purpose of review
In this article, we focus on the role of artificial intelligence in the management of lung cancer. We summarized commonly used algorithms, current applications and challenges of artificial intelligence in lung cancer.

Recent findings
Feature engineering for tabular data and computer vision for image data are commonly used algorithms in lung cancer research. Furthermore, the use of artificial intelligence in lung cancer has extended to the entire clinical pathway including screening, diagnosis and treatment. Lung cancer screening mainly focuses on two aspects: identifying high-risk populations and the automatic detection of lung nodules. Artificial intelligence diagnosis of lung cancer covers imaging diagnosis, pathological diagnosis and genetic diagnosis. The artificial intelligence clinical decision-support system is the main application of artificial intelligence in lung cancer treatment. Currently, the challenges of artificial intelligence applications in lung cancer mainly focus on the interpretability of artificial intelligence models and limited annotated datasets; and recent advances in explainable machine learning, transfer learning and federated learning might solve these problems.

Summary
Artificial intelligence shows great potential in many aspects of the management of lung cancer, especially in screening and diagnosis. Future studies on interpretability and privacy are needed for further application of artificial intelligence in lung cancer.
Oestrogen component of COCs: have we finally found a replacement for ethinyl estradiol?
Authors: Voedisch Amy J. , Fok Wing Kay 
Published: October 2021

Purpose of review
Combined oral contraceptive pills are among the most widely used contraceptive methods globally. Despite their popularity, the potential risks and side effects can lead to both high discontinuation rates and adverse outcomes including thromboembolic events. The quest for a safer alternative to the traditional ethinyl estradiol/progestin combination has led to the use of newer oestrogens. Ethinyl oestradiol alternatives will be reviewed including the newest option, estetrol, as it enters clinical use.

Recent findings
Oestradiol, when combined with a progestin with strong endometrial activity, is a viable alternative to ethinyl estradiol in the form of oestradiol valerate and estradiol, which have been available since 2008 and 2011, respectively. Estetrol is the newest oestrogen available and is found naturally in the foetal liver. Estetrol was approved for use in 2021. All three of these alternatives have high contraceptive efficacy, similar if not improved cycle control and decreased impact on haemostatic factors as compared to ethinyl estradiol.

Summary
Alternatives to ethinyl oestradiol, including the newest option of estetrol, show promise in providing comparable contraceptive efficacy with potentially lower risk of side effects and thromboembolic events.
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: current state of diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Gomez Diego A. , Abdul-Rahman Omar A. 
Published: October 2021

Purpose of review
The purpose of this review is to describe recent findings on the clinical presentation, pathogenesis, and management of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). Alcohol causes a range of physical, developmental, and cognitive impairments on the developing fetus. Individuals exposed to alcohol prenatally have a wide variability in dysmorphic and neurologic features. Hence, a greater understanding of the mechanisms through which alcohol induces defects in the developing fetus is imperative in developing therapies that prevent alcohol-induced effects.

Recent findings
Current research has focused on leveraging technology to developing tools that can aid in the diagnostic process, defining patterns of neurocognition and neuroimaging specific to FASD, developing neurobehavioral and pharmacologic interventions, and expanding access to care.

Summary
FASDs are a common cause of neurodevelopmental impairment in school-age children, and their recognition is essential to provide early interventions in order to optimize the outcome for these individuals when they reach adulthood. Although previously thought to be the result of irreversible neurologic injury from prenatal alcohol exposure, recent evidence points to the benefits of applying principles regarding neuroplasticity in improving the lives for patients and their families.
Discerning role of a functional arsenic resistance cassette in evolution and adaptation of a rice pathogen
Authors: Kaur Amandeep , Rana Rekha , Saroha Tanu , Patil Prabhu B. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractArsenic (As) is highly toxic element to all forms of life and is a major environmental contaminant. Understanding acquisition, detoxification, and adaptation mechanisms in bacteria that are associated with host in arsenic-rich conditions can provide novel insights into dynamics of host-microbe-microenvironment interactions. In the present study, we have investigated an arsenic resistance mechanism acquired during the evolution of a particular lineage in the population ofXanthomonas oryzaepv.oryzae(Xoo), which is a serious plant pathogen infecting rice. Our study revealed the horizontal acquisition of a novel chromosomal 12kbarscassette inXooIXO1088 that confers high resistance to arsenate/arsenite. Thearscassette comprises several genes that constitute an operon induced in the presence of arsenate/arsenite. Transfer of clonedarscassette toXooBXO512 lacking it confers arsenic resistance phenotype. Further, the transcriptional response ofXooIXO1088 under arsenate/arsenite exposure was analyzed using RNA sequencing. Arsenic detoxification and efflux, oxidative stress, iron acquisition/storage, and damage repair are the main cellular responses to arsenic exposure. Our investigation has provided novel insights in to how a pathogenic bacterium is coping with arsenic-rich unique micro-environments like seen in rice growing in submerged water conditions.Impact statementArsenic accumulation in rice is a serious and unique agronomic issue. Arsenic contaminated groundwater used for irrigation purposes is adding to the accumulation of arsenic in rice. Submerged conditions in the paddy fields further induce the prevalence of toxic inorganic arsenic species in the environment. Our genomics and transcriptomics-based study reveals how a rice pathogen is coping with the lethal concentrations of arsenic by acquiring a novel resistance cassette during diversification into lineages. Acquisition of such detoxification mechanisms can provide a selective advantage to the bacterial population in avoiding toxicity or enhancing virulence and to their on-going evolutionary events. While there are numerous studies on plant-pathogen-environment interactions, our study highlights the importance of systematic studies on the role of unique micro-environmental conditions on the evolution of host-adapted pathogens/microbes.
Ondansetron use is associated with lower COVID-19 mortality in a Real-World Data network-based analysis
Authors: Miller Gregory M. , Ellis J. Austin , Sarangarajan Rangaprasad , Parikh Amay , Rodrigues Leonardo O. , Bruce Can , Chand Nischal Mahaveer , Smith Steven R. , Richardson Kris , Vazquez Raymond , Kiebish Michael A. , Haneesh Chandran , Granger Elder , Holtz Judy , Hinkle Jacob , Narain Niven R. , Goodpaster Bret , Smith Jeremy C. , Lupu Daniel S. 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe COVID-19 pandemic generated a massive amount of clinical data, which potentially holds yet undiscovered answers related to COVID-19 morbidity, mortality, long term effects, and therapeutic solutions. The objective of this study was to generate insights on COVID-19 mortality-associated factors and identify potential new therapeutic options for COVID-19 patients by employing artificial intelligence analytics on real-world data.MethodsA Bayesian statistics-based artificial intelligence data analytics tool (bAIcis®) within Interrogative Biology® platform was used for network learning, inference causality and hypothesis generation to analyze 16,277 PCR positive patients from a database of 279,281 inpatients and outpatients tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection by antigen, antibody, or PCR methods during the first pandemic year in Central Florida. This approach generated causal networks that enabled unbiased identification of significant predictors of mortality for specific COVID-19 patient populations. These findings were validated by logistic regression, regression by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, and bootstrapping.ResultsWe found that in the SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive patient cohort, early use of the antiemetic agent ondansetron was associated with increased survival in mechanically ventilated patients.ConclusionsThe results demonstrate how real world COVID-19 focused data analysis using artificial intelligence can generate valid insights that could possibly support clinical decision-making and minimize the future loss of lives and resources.
GEOexplorer: an R/Bioconductor package for gene expression analysis and visualisation
Authors: Hunt Guy P , Henkin Rafael , Smeraldi Fabrizio , Barnes Michael R 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundOver the past three decades there have been numerous molecular biology developments that have led to an explosion in the number of gene expression studies being performed. Many of these gene expression studies publish their data to the public database GEO, making them freely available. By analysing gene expression datasets, researchers can identify genes that are differentially expressed between two groups. This can provide insights that lead to the development of new tests and treatments for diseases. Despite the wide availability of gene expression datasets, analysing them is difficult for several reasons. These reasons include the fact that most methods for performing gene expression analysis require programming proficiency.ResultsWe developed the GEOexplorer software package to overcome several of the difficulties in performing gene expression analysis. GEOexplorer was therefore developed as a web application, that can perform interactive and reproducible microarray gene expression analysis, while producing a wealth of interactive visualisations to facilitate result exploration. GEOexplorer is implemented in R using the Shiny framework and is fully integrated with the existing core structures of the Bioconductor project. Users can perform the essential steps of exploratory data analysis and differential gene expression analysis intuitively and generate a broad spectrum of publication ready outputs.ConclusionGEOexplorer is distributed as an R package in the Bioconductor project (http://bioconductor.org/packages/GEOexplorer/). GEOexplorer provides a solution for performing interactive and reproducible analyses of microarray gene expression data, empowering life scientists to perform exploratory data analysis and differential gene expression analysis on GEO microarray datasets.
Genome-edited zebrafish model of ABCC8 loss-of-function disease
Authors: Ikle Jennifer M. , Tryon Robert C. , Singareddy Soma S. , York Nathaniel W. , Remedi Maria S. , Nichols Colin G. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractKATP channel gain- (GOF) and loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in SUR1 or Kir6.2 underlie human neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) and congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI), respectively. Genetically modified mice with transgenic overexpression of GOF mutations recapitulate many features of human NDM and transgenic mice expressing incomplete KATP LOF do reiterate mild hyperinsulinism, although complete KATP knockout mice do not exhibit persistent hyperinsulinism. We have shown that islet excitability and glucose homeostasis in zebrafish are regulated by identical KATP channels to those in mammals, and to explore the possibility of using zebrafish for modeling CHI, we have examined SUR1 truncation mutation (K499X) introduced into the abcc8 gene. Patch-clamp analysis confirmed complete absence of channel activity in β-cells from K499X (SUR1-/-) fish. No difference in random blood glucose was detected in heterozygous SUR1+/- fish, nor in homozygous SUR1-/- fish, mimicking findings in SUR1 knockout mice. Mutant fish also demonstrated impaired glucose tolerance, similar to LOF mouse models. In paralleling features of mammalian hyperinsulinism resulting from loss-of-function mutations, this gene-edited animal provides a valid zebrafish model of KATP LOF driven-dependent pancreatic disease.Key PointsLoss-of function in the Kir6.2 (KCNJ11) and SUR1 (ABCC8)-encoded pancreatic islet β-cell KATP channels underlie congenital hyperinsulinism. Mouse models reiterate key features, but zebrafish models could provide a powerful model for further analysis and therapy testing.An early nonsense mutation in exon 10 of SUR1 was generated by ENU mutagenesis.Patch-clamp analysis revealed an absence of β-cells of SUR1 truncation mutants.Ca imaging demonstrated elevated basal [Ca]i in β-cells with SUR1 truncation.Homozygous SUR1 truncation mutants had normal fasting glucose but impaired glucose tolerance as adults, mimicking findings in mouse SUR1 knockouts.In paralleling features of mammalian diabetes and hyperinsulinism resulting from equivalent loss-of-function mutations, this gene-edited animal provides a valid zebrafish model of KATP -LOF dependent pancreatic diseases.