bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urban aerosol size distributions: a global perspective
Authors: Wu Tianren , Boor Brandon E. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Urban aerosol measurements are necessary to establish associations between
air pollution and human health outcomes and to evaluate the efficacy of air
quality legislation and emissions standards. The measurement of urban
aerosol particle size distributions (PSDs) is of particular importance as
they enable characterization of size-dependent processes that govern a
particle's transport, transformation, and fate in the urban atmosphere. PSDs
also improve our ability to link air pollution to health effects through
evaluation of particle deposition in the respiratory system and inhalation
toxicity. To inform future measurements of urban aerosol observations, this
paper reviews and critically analyzes the current state of knowledge on
urban aerosol PSD measurements by synthesizing 737 PSD observations made
between 1998 to 2017 in 114 cities in 43 countries around the globe.
Significant variations in the shape and magnitude of urban aerosol number
and mass PSDs were identified among different geographical regions. In
general, number PSDs in Europe (EU) and North America, Australia, and New
Zealand (NAAN) are dominated by nucleation- and Aitken-mode particles. PSDs
in Central, South, and Southeast Asia (CSSA) and East Asia (EA) are shifted
to larger sizes, with a meaningful contribution from the accumulation mode.
Urban mass PSDs are typically bimodal, presenting a dominant mode in the
accumulation mode and a secondary mode in the coarse mode. Most PSD
observations published in the literature are short-term, with only 14 %
providing data for longer than 6 months. There is a paucity of PSDs
measured in Africa (AF), CSSA, Latin America (LA), and West Asia (WA),
demonstrating the need for long-term aerosol measurements across wide size
ranges in many cities around the globe. Geographical variations in urban aerosol effective densities were also
reviewed. Size-resolved urban aerosol effective density functions from 3 to
10 000 nm were established for different geographical regions and intra-city
sampling locations in order to accurately translate number PSDs to mass
PSDs, with significant variations observed between near-road and urban
background sites. The results of this study demonstrate that global
initiatives are urgently needed to develop infrastructure for routine and
long-term monitoring of urban aerosol PSDs spanning the nucleation to coarse
mode. Doing so will advance our understanding of spatiotemporal trends in
urban PSDs throughout the world and provide a foundation to more reliably
elucidate the impact of urban aerosols on atmospheric processes, human
health, and climate.
Deriving boundary layer height from aerosol lidar using machine learning: KABL and ADABL algorithms
Authors: Rieutord Thomas , Aubert Sylvain , Machado Tiago 
Published: June 2021

Abstract. The atmospheric boundary layer height (BLH) is a key parameter for many meteorological applications, including air quality forecasts.
Several algorithms have been proposed to automatically estimate BLH from lidar backscatter profiles. However recent advances in computing have enabled new approaches using machine learning that are seemingly well suited to this problem. Machine learning can handle complex classification problems and can be trained by a human expert. This paper describes and compares two machine-learning methods, the K-means unsupervised algorithm and the AdaBoost supervised algorithm, to derive BLH from lidar backscatter profiles. The K-means for Atmospheric Boundary Layer (KABL) and AdaBoost for Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ADABL) algorithm codes used in this study are free and open source. Both methods were compared to reference BLHs derived from colocated radiosonde data over a 2-year period (2017–2018) at two Météo-France operational network sites (Trappes and Brest).
A large discrepancy between the root-mean-square error (RMSE) and correlation with radiosondes was observed between the two sites. At the Trappes site, KABL and ADABL outperformed the manufacturer's algorithm, while the performance was clearly reversed at the Brest site. We conclude that ADABL is a promising algorithm (RMSE of 550 m at Trappes, 800 m for manufacturer) but has training issues that need to be resolved; KABL has a lower performance (RMSE of 800 m at Trappes) than ADABL but is much more versatile.
LISFLOOD-FP 8.0: the new discontinuous Galerkin shallow-water solver for multi-core CPUs and GPUs
Authors: Shaw James , Kesserwani Georges , Neal Jeffrey , Bates Paul , Sharifian Mohammad Kazem 
Published: June 2021

Abstract. LISFLOOD-FP 8.0 includes second-order discontinuous Galerkin (DG2) and first-order finite-volume (FV1) solvers of the two-dimensional shallow-water equations for modelling a wide range of flows, including rapidly propagating, supercritical flows, shock waves or flows over very smooth surfaces.
The solvers are parallelised on multi-core CPU and Nvidia GPU architectures and run existing LISFLOOD-FP modelling scenarios without modification.
These new, fully two-dimensional solvers are available alongside the existing local inertia solver (called ACC), which is optimised for multi-core CPUs and integrates with the LISFLOOD-FP sub-grid channel model.
The predictive capabilities and computational scalability of the new DG2 and FV1 solvers are studied for two Environment Agency benchmark tests and a real-world fluvial flood simulation driven by rainfall across a 2500 km2 catchment.
DG2's second-order-accurate, piecewise-planar representation of topography and flow variables enables predictions on coarse grids that are competitive with FV1 and ACC predictions on 2–4 times finer grids, particularly where river channels are wider than half the grid spacing.
Despite the simplified formulation of the local inertia solver, ACC is shown to be spatially second-order-accurate and yields predictions that are close to DG2. The DG2-CPU and FV1-CPU solvers achieve near-optimal scalability up to 16 CPU cores and achieve greater efficiency on grids with fewer than 0.1 million elements. The DG2-GPU and FV1-GPU solvers are most efficient on grids with more than 1 million elements, where the GPU solvers are 2.5–4 times faster than the corresponding 16-core CPU solvers. LISFLOOD-FP 8.0 therefore marks a new step towards operational DG2 flood inundation modelling at the catchment scale.
LISFLOOD-FP 8.0 is freely available under the GPL v3 license, with additional documentation and case studies at https://www.seamlesswave.com/LISFLOOD8.0 (last access: 2 June 2021).
Long-term magnetic anomalies and their possible relationship to the latest greater Chilean earthquakes in the context of the seismo-electromagnetic theory
Authors: Guillermo Cordaro Enrique , Venegas-Aravena Patricio , Laroze David 
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Several magnetic measurements and theoretical developments from different
research groups have shown certain relationships with worldwide geological
processes. Secular variation in geomagnetic cutoff rigidity, magnetic
frequencies, or magnetic anomalies have been linked with spatial properties
of active convergent tectonic margins or earthquake occurrences during
recent years. These include the rise in similar fundamental frequencies in
the range of microhertz before the Maule 2010, Tōhoku 2011, and Sumatra–Andaman 2004
earthquakes and the dramatic rise in the cumulative number of magnetic
anomalous peaks before several earthquakes such as Nepal 2015 and Mexico (Puebla) 2017. Currently, all of these measurements have been physically
explained by the microcrack generation due to uniaxial stress change in rock
experiments. The basic physics of these experiments have been used to
describe the lithospheric behavior in the context of the
seismo-electromagnetic theory. Due to the dramatic increase in experimental
evidence, physical mechanisms, and the theoretical framework, this paper analyzes
vertical magnetic behavior close to the three latest main earthquakes in
Chile: Maule 2010 (Mw 8.8), Iquique 2014 (Mw 8.2), and Illapel 2015 (Mw 8.3).
The fast Fourier transform (FFT), wavelet transform, and daily cumulative number of anomalies methods
were used during quiet space weather time during 1 year before and after
each earthquake in order to filter space influence. The FFT method confirms the
rise in the power spectral density in the millihertz range 1 month before each
earthquake, which decreases to lower values some months after
earthquake occurrence. The cumulative anomaly method exhibited an increase
prior to each Chilean earthquake (50–90 d prior to earthquakes) similar
to those found for Nepal 2015 and Mexico 2017. The wavelet analyses also
show similar properties to FFT analysis. However, the lack of
physics-based constraints in the wavelet analysis does not allow conclusions that are
as strong as those made by FFT and cumulative methods. By using these results and previous
research, it could be stated that these magnetic features could give seismic
information about impending events. Additionally, these results could be
related to the lithosphere–atmosphere–ionosphere coupling (LAIC effect) and
the growth of microcracks and electrification in rocks described by the
seismo-electromagnetic theory.
Cape Verde Frontal Zone in summer 2017: lateral transports of mass, dissolved oxygen and inorganic nutrients
Authors: Burgoa Nadia , Machín Francisco , Rodríguez-Santana Ángel , Marrero-Díaz Ángeles , Álvarez-Salgado Xosé Antón , Fernández-Castro Bieito , Gelado-Caballero María Dolores , Arístegui Javier 
Published: June 2021

Abstract. The circulation patterns in the confluence of the North Atlantic subtropical and tropical gyres delimited by the Cape Verde Front (CVF) were examined during a field cruise in summer 2017. We collected hydrographic data, dissolved oxygen (O2) and inorganic nutrients along the perimeter of a closed box embracing the Cape Verde Frontal Zone (CVFZ). The detailed spatial (horizontal and vertical) distribution of water masses, O2 and inorganic nutrients in the CVF was analyzed, allowing for the independent estimation of the transports of these properties in the subtropical and tropical domains down to 2000 m. Overall, at surface and central levels, a net westward transport of 3.76 Sv was observed, whereas at intermediate levels, a net 3 Sv transport northward was obtained. We observed O2 and inorganic nutrient imbalances in the domain consistent with O2 consumption and inorganic nutrient production by organic matter remineralization, resulting in a net transport of inorganic nutrients to the ocean interior by the circulation patterns.
Impact of freeze–thaw cycles on soil structure and soil hydraulic properties
Authors: Leuther Frederic , Schlüter Steffen 
Published: June 2021

Abstract. The ploughing of soils in autumn drastically loosens the soil structure and, at the same time, reduces its stability against external stresses. A
fragmentation of these artificially produced soil clods during wintertime is often observed in areas with air temperatures fluctuating around the freezing point. From the pore perspective, it is still unclear (i) under which conditions frost action has a measurable effect on soil structure, (ii) what the impact on soil hydraulic properties is, and (iii) how many freeze–thaw cycles (FTCs) are necessary to induce soil structure changes. The aim of this study was to analyse the cumulative effects of multiple FTC on soil structure and soil hydraulic properties for two different
textures and two different initial structures. A silt clay with a substantial amount of swelling clay minerals and a silty loam with fewer
swell/shrink dynamics were either kept intact in undisturbed soil cores taken from the topsoil from a grassland or repacked with soil clods taken
from a ploughed field nearby. FTCs were simulated under controlled conditions and changes in pore structure ≥ 48 µm were regularly recorded using X-ray µCT. After 19 FTCs, the impact on hydraulic properties were measured, and the resolution of structural characteristics were enhanced towards narrow macropores with subsamples scanned at 10 µm. The impact of FTC on soil structure was dependent on the initial structure, soil texture, and the number of FTCs. Frost action induced a
consolidation of repacked soil clods, resulting in a systematic reduction in pore sizes and macropore connectivity. In contrast, the macropore
systems of the undisturbed soils were only slightly affected. Independent of the initial structure, a fragmentation of soil clods and
macro-aggregates larger than 0.8 to 1.2 mm increased the connectivity of pores smaller than 0.5 to 0.8 mm. The fragmentation increased the
unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of all treatments by a factor of 3 in by a factor of 3 in a matrix potential range of −100 to −350 hPa, while water retention was only slightly affected
for the silt clay soil. Already 2 to 5 FTCs enforced a well-connected pore system of narrow macropores in all treatments, but it was steadily
improved by further FTCs. The implications of fewer FTCs during milder winters caused by global warming are twofold. In ploughed soils, the
beneficial seedbed consolidation will be less intense. In grassland soils, which have reached a soil structure in dynamic equilibrium that has
experienced many FTCs in the making, there is still a beneficial increase in water supply through increasing unsaturated hydraulic conductivity by
continued FTCs that might also be less efficient in the future.
Searching for Equivalence in Indirect Literary Translation: A Case Study of Translations of the Kazakh Novels“Aq boz Yui”by S. Yelubay and“The Man-deer”by O. Bokeev
Authors: Akkaliyeva Aizhan , Zhumay Nurmira , Amalbekova Maral , Tazhibayeva Saule , Nurpeissova Dina 
Published: June 2021

AbstractKazakh national literature considered as peripheral and featured by bilingualism is not widely presented in target languages. Soviet canons of translation had made a great impact on the whole process of literary translation development in Kazakhstan, realized predominantly through a mediating language. With the issue of translation of Kazakh national literature comes the aspect of cultural terms in translation. The aim of this article is to consider the problem of translation of specific culture-related words in terms of equivalence, while the translation involves interlinear text. The method of the study was analysis. A comparative analysis of the source and target texts allows us to conclude the Kazakh language is characterized by separate lexemes for indicating various signs of the same phenomenon, state, and object; more often they are hyponyms, while English is specified by use of hypernyms. The practical significance of this article is determined by the fact that the research contributes to the development of problems of indirect translation. This issue requires fundamental study, and this study is a small part of that endeavor.
Ontslag van een familielid als vertegenwoordiger van de cliënt op verzoek van de zorginstelling
Authors: Garvelink S.E. 
Published: June 2021

Ontslag van een familielid als vertegenwoordiger van de cliënt op verzoek van de zorginstelling
Sinds 2014 kunnen zorginstellingen de rechter vragen een vertegenwoordiger voor een cliënt te benoemen of te ontslaan. Het is niet de bedoeling dat een instelling die bevoegdheid aangrijpt om kritische familie buitenspel te zetten. Soms kan er echter sprake zijn van een vastgelopen situatie waarin de instelling weinig andere opties heeft.
De regiebehandelaar
Authors: de Haan F.H. 
Published: June 2021

De regiebehandelaar
Met het oog op de kwaliteit van zorg heeft het CTG een aantal verantwoordelijkheden rond samenwerking in de zorg geherdefinieerd. ‘Exit hoofdbehandelaar, enter regiebehandelaar.’ De ervaren onduidelijkheden over verantwoordelijkheidsverdeling nemen hierdoor slechts ten dele af. De Wkkgz zou hier een grotere rol moeten spelen dan de Wet BIG.
Improved protocol for natural convection pumpkin drying
Authors: Semai Hakim , Bouhdjar Amor , Amari Aissa 
Published: June 2021

The most effective way to preserve agricultural product is drying. However, vegetable drying is an energy-consuming procedure. Convective drying is the mode considered in this work. The study intends to explore a new way of pumpkin drying, which reduces drying time and minimizes heat consumption. The study considers pumpkin thin slices and pumpkin samples with cubic shape. The samples were subjected to free convection airflow at different temperatures (40 °C, 46 °C, 52 °C, and 60 °C) for each run. A varying airflow temperature was also considered. Airflow velocity was generated by buoyancy forces for each temperature. Drying curves were plotted and fitted to the widely used thin-layer drying models. The modified Page model came out as the best-fitted model. The effective diffusivity coefficient was determined for each case using the slope moisture curve. It appeared that diffusivity was high and drying time was short, for high temperature. Drying processes for slice configuration and cube configuration showed that the latter was more efficient. When applying the regime of increasing temperatures to the cubic samples, data analysis showed that effective diffusivity was higher during the third step in comparison to all the other drying temperatures and the total drying time was similar to that obtained at drying regime on high temperature. With this procedure, the final consumed energy was much less and the time was shorter.
Bifilar Suspension Measurement of Keelboat Inertia Parameters
Authors: Hinrichsen Peter 
Published: June 2021

Measurements of the inertia parameters of a keelboat hull using a bifilar suspension are described. Bifilar yaw moment measurement normally entails accurate measurement of the length l and spacing 2d of the suspension, and of Ty the period of pure yaw oscillation1. The primary difficulty with a bifilar suspension is avoiding unwanted modes of oscillation, specifically sway when measuring yaw.
However, for an athwartships suspension the sway motion is that of a simple pendulum of period Ts and observation of the combined motion allows the yaw gyradius to be determined as ky = (Ty/Ts)d. Thus only the ratio of the periods and the suspension spacing need be measured. Measurements of the normal mode periods of the double pendulum motion when the suspension is displaced in heave allows the height of the center of mass and the pitch gyradius kp to be determined. Repeating yaw measurements with the hull tilted, and then with the bifilar suspension fore and aft to measure the roll gyradius kr, allow the angle ψ _of the inertia ellipse principal x axis to the hull x axis to be calculated.
Mainsail Planform Optimization For IRC 52 Using Fluid Structure
Interaction
Authors: Ranzenbach Robert , Armitage Dave , Carrau Adolfo 
Published: June 2021

Most IRC 52 based upon existing TP52 retain their original rig proportions and mainsail girths to avoid the cost and disruption of a rig change and to not disturb he finely tuned yaw balance. It is not obvious whether the mainsail proportions essentially dictated by the TP52 box rule (aggressively square topped mainsails) are actually optimal under IRC even though IRC 52 with TP52 style mainsails tend to successfully compete under IRC. To determine the answer to this question, a mainsail planform investigation was performed as collaboration between Botin Partners and Quantum Sail Design Group.
The mainsail planform investigation utilized a Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI) program developed by Quantum Sail Design Group (QSDG) known as IQ Technology (IQT) that consists of sail geometry definition, inviscid Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Finite Element Analysis (FEA), Velocity Prediction Program (VPP), and shape validation (based upon VSPARS) modules. Applicability of the inviscid CFD was validated by comparison to a limited number of viscous flow solutions, i.e. RANS analysis, performed by Porto Ricerca.
Two mainsails were considered, a conventional TP52 style and an alternative that was chosen to be closer to the IRC default girth values. To maintain sail area and yaw balance, the alternative mainsail had a longer P and E. The focus of the study was exclusively on upwind performance, i.e. to maximize upwind Velocity Made Good (VMG).
Results from the study suggest that a TP52 style mainsail is not optimal under IRC. The combination of rating reduction and predicted performance advantages over a wide range of wind speeds suggest that an alternative mainsail with larger P and E with girth values closer to the IRC default values is a superior choice for an IRC 52.
CINÉTICA DE SECAGEM E PROPRIEDADES DE COZIMENTO DE MASSA DE ARROZ
Authors: Bona Fernanda Suzana de , Biz Ana Paula , Cavalheiro Darlene , Vaz Cleiton , Sehn Georgia Ane Raquel 
Published: June 2021

A produção de massas alimentícias gluten free é um desafio para a indústria de alimentos, pois busca-se substituir a rede de glúten formada pelas proteínas do trigo por outras fontes de cereais sem glúten, visando produtos finais com qualidade tecnológica. O objetivo deste estudo foi produzir massas alimentícias a base arroz, secas em baixa (60 °C) e alta temperatura (100 °C), e avaliar a melhor formulação com base nas propriedades de cozimento e textura. Foram desenvolvidas cinco formulações de massas alimentícias com diferentes proporções de farinha e amido de arroz (F:A): 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100. As curvas de secagem foram obtidas e diferentes modelos matemáticos, amplamente utilizados na secagem de cereais, foram ajustados aos dados. Em relação à cinética de secagem, os modelos matemáticos de Midilli e Page apresentaram a melhor correlação com os dados experimentais (R²>0,94). Massas com maiores proporções de farinha de arroz apresentaram menores tempos de cozimento e maiores firmezas. As amostras secas a 100 °C apresentaram as menores perdas de sólidos na água de cozimento, sendo esse um parâmetro importante para definir a qualidade das massas alimentícias. A partir dos resultados obtidos observou-se que para fins de produção de massas glúten free base arroz, as formulações com proporções de farinha e amido de arroz 75:25 e 50:50 secas em alta temperatura (100 °C) e com 100% de farinha de arroz seca a baixa temperatura (60 °C) seriam as mais indicadas.
Transformations ofN‐VinylPyrrolidone andN‐VinylCaprolactam in Organic Chemistry
Authors: Wu Fan , Musa Osama M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractN‐Vinyl pyrrolidone (VP) and N‐vinyl caprolactam (VCAP) are five and seven‐membered lactam compounds linked through the nitrogen atom to a polymerizable carbon–carbon double bond. This chapter deals with the physical properties of VP and VCAP, followed by their molecular structures, and finally elaborates on the organic reactions made possible through these physical, chemical, and structural properties. The vast majority of small molecule organic transformations originate from the moderately polarized and electron rich C═C double bond in VP and VCAP. The chapter describes a diverse array of organic reactions involving the C═C double bond of VP and VCAP, categorized by the constructions of carbon–carbon, carbon–nitrogen, carbon–oxygen, carbon–silicon, carbon‐phosphorous, carbon–sulfur bonds. It also describes the C–C bond formation via the nucleophilic substitution of an alkyl group at the α‐carbon of the lactam ring. Double α‐acylation is feasible and hence a mixture of mono‐, di‐acylated VP may be obtained.