bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health Behavior and Exercise Adherence
Authors: Razon Selen , Sachs Michael 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Behavioral compliance is a fundamental problem in exercise settings. Exercise psychology is concerned with psychosocial determinants of exercise behavior. First, theories and research related to the psychology of exercise are reviewed. Next, five major unanswered questions that revolve around the most commonly studied and least understood aspects of exercise behavior are explored. Specifically, antecedents, determinants, consequences, measurement, and interindividual differences related to exercise behavior are considered. The importance of effectively answering these questions is discussed considering that physical inactivity remains the greatest public health issue of the 21st century. Finally, from a scientist-practitioner standpoint, the potential of experimental methods, systematic reviews, case reports, expert opinions, and cohort studies for approaching the unknowns and advancing the field is evaluated.
The Positivity Effect
Authors: Barber Sarah J. , Kim Hyunji 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
As people get older they show an increased preference toward positive and/or away from negative information. This is known as the positivity effect and it is typically explained through the lens of socioemotional selectivity theory. According to this theory, as people get older they see time as more limited, and this causes them to prioritize emotion-related goals. Age-related changes in time horizons may also contribute to positivity effects. However, because positivity effects are thought to involve motivated goal pursuit, they are often theorized to require cognitive control resources. This review evaluates evidence that positivity effects are related to time horizons and to motivational priorities and are linked to individual differences in cognitive capabilities. It concludes that research has yielded mixed results about the links between positivity effects, time horizons, and cognitive capabilities, and that researchers should consider whether there are multiple pathways that lead to positivity effects.
Pakistan’s Blasphemy Laws versus Religious Pluralism
Authors: Bokhari Fatima Y. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the arduous relationship between legal pluralism and religious pluralism, through a historical analysis of the evolution of Pakistan’s blasphemy laws originating from the colonial era codified “offens es against religion.” Pakistan’s context, with its distinct ideological basis and experience with disrupted democratic governance, enables a distinct understanding of the role of a democracy (and the politics that impacts its form and substance) in defining and protecting fundamental freedoms, particularly the freedom of religion. The chapter provides insights into the challenges of navigating a space for religious pluralism and minorities in a s tate established on a religious identity, comprising a clear religious majority, and yet retaining considerable religious and other diversity within. The chapter argues, as a central claim, that blasphemy laws that cater exclusively to a religious majority are inherently incompatible with the aims of legal and religious pluralism.
“Stranger, Enemy”
Authors: Ali Nosheen 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the making of anti-Shia hostility, humiliation, and annihilatory politics in contemporary Pakistan. It argues that in order to make sense of the violence against the Shia in Pakistan, we need to go beyond the typical analysis, which is couched in the framework of Islam, religion, theological difference, and sectarianism. Instead, this chapter proposes that the social dimension of Shia minoritization in Pakistan is better understood through the concept of “sectism,” which theoretically draws upon the ways in which racism, casteism, and sexism have been understood as projects of majoritarian privilege and domination. Moreover, it argues that questions of sect and gender have become intrinsically linked in contemporary Muslim contexts, and hence must be understood relationally in order to examine the religio-political, hegemonic formations of military-militant Islam in Pakistan. Finally, the chapter offers broader reflections on the question of Islam, feminism, and democracy in Pakistan.
Sympathy for the Devil
Authors: Matthes Erich Hatala 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
According to some approaches to the ethical criticism of art, the moral flaws of an artwork can also be aesthetic defects of that work. Might something similar be true of the moral flaws of artists themselves? If something you’ve learned about an artist’s behavior leads you to question or reject their work, then you’ll likely agree that there are times when you just can’t separate the art from the artist. Turning away from an artwork in disgust is both a moral and aesthetic response: you’re not just making a moral judgment about the artist—that judgment is shaping your reception of their artwork as well. This chapter argues that under certain circumstances an artist’s immorality can alter the meaning of their work, sometimes affecting its aesthetic success.
Survival and Autonomy
Authors: Greble Emily 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The Balkan Wars of 1912–1913 and World War I shattered the social fabric of Ottoman Europe and led to a radical revision of the region’s political boundaries. How did experiences of successive traumas—expulsions, famine, disease, massacres, and new occupation regimes—shape Muslims’ understandings of the European project and their experiences within it? This chapter analyzes this catastrophic era from diverse Muslim perspectives. It reveals how many Muslims found legal promises of political equality and rights ambiguous and intangible, and instead sought to define their own terms of political belonging. They wanted autonomy, confessional sovereignty, and the protection of Islamic institutions and property.
“Back to Islam!”
Authors: Greble Emily 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In April 1941, the Axis powers attacked, occupied, and dismembered Yugoslavia. A multi-sided civil conflict broke out within the international war. Balkan Muslims fought on many different sides: as Ustashas, members of the Croatian army (domobrani), two different Waffen SS units, the Wehrmacht, and various Italian divisions; they also fought against the Axis as members of communist resistance armies (Partisans), national resistance armies (Chetniks and Ballists), and different Muslim militias and bandit groups. Muslims were both perpetrators and victims in regional campaigns of mass violence and genocide. This chapter traces Muslim responses to these complex wartime dynamics. It reveals how some Muslims hoped that Hitler’s New European order would undo decades of European policy that had subverted Islamic legal autonomy and Muslims’ confessional rights under the guise of bureaucratic and legal reform. Armed with languages of political Islam and the tools of revivalist mass movements, some Muslims fought to enshrine Islamic law in domestic codes and use wartime conditions to re-Islamicize society. Other Muslims became attracted to promises of brotherhood and liberation espoused by socialist resistance movements, seeing socialism as the best path forward for Muslim equality in Europe. The war created both hardship and opportunity.
The Many Modes of Moral Progress
Authors: Kitcher Philip 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The final chapter opens with an examination of the possibility of using the account of moral progress to generate a (pragmatist) concept of moral truth. Its main task is to begin mapping the dimensions of moral practice at the individual and collective levels, thus exposing the variety of ways in which moral progress can occur. Finally, it offers some brief suggestions about directions in which contemporary societies might make moral progress.
Rage Renegades
Authors: Cherry Myisha 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
After mentioning briefly the term “rage renegades” in Chapter 4, this chapter provides a more in-depth elaboration and evaluation. “Rage renegades” refers to allies with Lordean rage. They are rage renegades because although their privilege and place in a white-supremacist society is meant to guarantee that they will be complicit or engage in racism as a way to maintain racial domination, they instead show outrage at such a society. In doing so, they rebel against a racist system that was designed to benefit them exclusively. But rage renegading can also go wrong when it reinforces the same white supremacy that the rage aims to challenge. This chapter describes four ways in which this misdirection can happen as well as provides some suggestions for how to steer clear of it.
The Evolutionary Naturalist Challenge to Non-Naturalist Normative Epistemic Realism
Authors: Talbott William J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In Chapter 12, the author presents and responds to Street’s evolutionary naturalist challenge to non-naturalist normative realism, especially as applied to non-naturalist normative epistemic realism. He begins by defining scientistic naturalism. Then he introduces a new conception of non-Platonist sensitivity to fundamental normative principles, especially fundamental epistemic principles. The author refers to this as probabilistic sensitivity. It is not any form of direct insight into the content of the fundamental epistemic principles; it is a sensitivity of our particular epistemic judgments, both explicit and implicit, to the requirements of those principles in particular cases. The author responds to Street’s challenge by arguing that her position, a form of scientistic naturalism, is subject to reliability defeat. He avoids reliability defeat for his own position by arguing that evolution selected for better learners over worse learners, and this selection produced beings with probabilistic sensitivity to the metaphysically necessary, fundamental principles of epistemic rationality, which are the principles for being a good learner.
Conclusion
Authors: Talbott William J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In this Conclusion, the author summarizes the main features of his theory of epistemic rationality and explains how his theory avoids commitment to any of the five presuppositions of the Proof Paradigm. He explains his new solution to the epistemological version of Berkeley’s puzzle. He recaps the real-world epistemological issues addressed by his theory. He concludes with some final thoughts, including a call to philosophers to reject both the presuppositions of the Proof Paradigm and the narrow scientism that characterizes so much of contemporary American philosophy. He urges us to replace that narrow scientism with a more expansive understanding of the human mind that can make sense of its “unreasonable effectiveness” in scientific and other inquiry.
The Dark Side of Consumption
Authors: Lytle Mark H. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the underlying strategy of the book. The author generally follows a chapter on consumer trends with a chapter that discusses critiques of consumerism, with an emphasis on environmental issues. He identifies three major strands of criticism in the late 1940s and early 1950s: the moral and cultural, the egalitarian and political, and the environmental. Lewis Mumford and Dwight Mac Donald were among the moral critics; Truman, liberal democrats, and civil rights advocates pursued the egalitarian agenda; and William Vogt, Fairfield Osborne, and Aldo Leopold articulated the environmental critique. The final section looks at some of the collateral damage suburbanization did to the environment.
The Era of Populuxe
Authors: Lytle Mark H. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The title of this chapter comes from a book in which art critic Thomas Hine described the shift from functional consumerism in the postwar decade to consumerism as a lifestyle in the late 1950s. A phenomenon described as “the Great Compression” defined the equality of income distribution that distinguishes the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s from the decades that followed. It gave rise to mass consumerism in which advertising was the great driver. The “Cola Wars” between Coke and Pepsi are one example. What Americans bought and where they bought it shifted with the move to the suburbs and the development of auto-centric shopping centers. Income and social class often distinguished the merchants who occupied these centers. Over time, advertisers began to disaggregate the mass market and define niche markets. This social disaggregation in some ways anticipated the unraveling that occurred in the 1960s.
Segmented America and the New Identity Politics
Authors: Lytle Mark H. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Cultural historian Gary Cross articulated one theme of this chapter: “Consumerism redefined democracy, creating social solidarities and opportunities for participation that transcended suffrage rights or political ideologies.” Indeed, many of those who participated in the counterculture expressed their rebellion through new forms of consumption and simplified lifestyles. At the same time, another major theme emerged that underlay the turmoil of the 1960s: At the dawn of the Populuxe era, Americans had begun to define their consumer society by what made them different more than by the values they held in common. Suburbs like Levittown that had blurred social class distinctions became more segregated by race, religion, and class. Cities provided refuges for those seeking to distance themselves from conventional behaviors. Teen fads, rock and roll, feminism, and African American consumerism are among the areas covered in this chapter.
The American Way of Life Polluted
Authors: Lytle Mark H. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter returns to the three varieties of criticism—the moral, the egalitarian, and the environmental—that characterized mass consumerism as destructive and a threat to democratic institutions and values. The Beats, William Whyte, Vance Packard, and Paul Goodman defined lines of moral outrage. John Kenneth Galbraith, Michael Harrington, Betty Friedan, and Martin Luther King Jr. attacked inequalities based on class, gender, and race. Among the “isms” that emerged in the 1960s, environmentalism was among the most potent and enduring. Rachel Carson was one of the key drivers with her critique of DDT and the arrogance of those who believed humans could improve on nature. The more radical Murray Bookchin echoed her critique, though in a more politicized fashion.
The Golden Age of Consumption
Authors: Lytle Mark H. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The chapter opens with a survey of the corporate displays and product features at the 1964 New York World’s Fair, highlighting the irony of the civil rights protest around the new Ford Mustang. It then explores major trends in consumer patterns with a focus on automobiles. The following section explores how the “Great Compression” influenced patterns of consumption, recreational pastimes, and leisure. It also looks at trends in home and household goods design, as well as growing diversity in consumption such as the new popularity of ethnic foods, led by pizza. The next section looks at the sources of the prosperity that fed the boom in consumerism. Finally, the last section deals with trash, a dark side of the consumerism where ironically some people measured the strength of the economy by the number of garbage trucks at landfills.
Identity Consumerism
Authors: Lytle Mark H. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In the era of feminism and civil rights, Americans were less inclined to identify themselves as one people. Instead, many linked themselves to African American, Latino/a, Native American, ethnic American, feminist, and homosexual subcultures. These identity groups transformed the idea of the United States as a mass society into that of a nation with a complex of distinct subcultures. These subcultures not only impacted American social and legal systems, but also changed how Americans shopped. Advertisers, retailers, and consumer goods manufacturers saw these trends as a reason to create new markets. Madison Avenue created advertising that reflected, and even enhanced, the idea of difference. Hence, identity politics went beyond the call for equality in the civic world to inspire new products and modes of consumption, ranging from Virginia Slim cigarettes targeted at liberated women, to Afro hairstyles and brightly colored African-inspired fashions, to a much broader array of ethnic foods, music, and clothing. The chapter also discusses cigarettes, advertising, popular music, and recreational drugs. The final section explores the impact of Bill Bernbach’s revolutionary ad campaign for the VW Beetle. Bernbach offered irony, satire, and whimsy instead of the formulaic, traditionally waspy and suburbanite campaigns that Madison Avenue had favored in the 1950s to produce the hard sell. Among the profound shifts the new agencies nurtured were more colorful and casual men’s clothing fashions. Soft drinks were another area in which advertising used psychedelic styles to appeal to young consumers.
The All-Consuming Nation Imperiled
Authors: Lytle Mark H. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on what the author calls the Obama dilemma (muddied and muddled by the advent of Donald Trump): how, or do we, sustain economic growth in the era of global warming? It argues that George W. Bush failed substantially to identify the vital issues facing the United States during his presidency. Rather than mire the United States in unwinnable wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, he needed to recognize the perils of climate change, US dependence on Middle East oil, and growing debt in the private and public sectors. Obama, by contrast, confronted all those issues, only to have the oppositional politics of Mitch McConnell and other Republicans. They sought to destroy his presidency even if they damaged the nation in the process. It concludes with a look at fracking as it shifted the geopolitics of energy while threatening to complicate the issue of greenhouse gas emissions.
What is Freedom?
Authors: Buckle Toby 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This work is a collection of interviews on the topic of freedom from many of the world’s leading academic thinkers on the subject, as well as highly influential activists. The book contains twelve interviews and an introduction. The interviews are presented in a simple readable format intended for a general audience, each with a short introduction and suggested reading. The interviews are split into three sections; history, philosophy, and activism, covering what freedom has meant, how it can be defined, and what work it does in real-world political contestation respectively. One central theme of the work is how freedom’s meaning has changed and evolved over time and been contested both between and within political traditions. The book also explores contemporary alternatives to individual negative liberty, and considers freedom as a possible ideal to which activists can appeal. A final issue many of the interviews touch on is how different conceptions of freedom relate to different ideas about human nature and our relationship with history.
American Catholicism Transformed
Authors: Chinnici Joseph P. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
American Catholicism Transformed examines the intellectual vibrancy of the Catholic Church in the United States in the context of the political and social changes of the postwar world and the Second Vatican Council. Committed to the papacy’s struggle against totalitarianism and its adoption of Cold War containment patterns, the American bishops emphasized the immutability of natural law, the acceptance of nuclear deterrence, the idealization of family life, and an argument for the compatibility of Catholic faith with US political tradition. This emphasis engendered fears of a growing secularism. Adopting different strategies, Catholic bishops, clergy, and laity publicly diversified into positions on the right and on the left. Deep intellectual and political divisions predated the Council, even as the civil rights movement shifted the balance of the public debate. At the Council itself, American participants actively influenced and personally adopted major conciliar values: the people of God, collegiality, the primacy of scripture, liturgical reform, religious freedom, and openness to the contemporary world. This thrust of the Council developed a new public language for the expression of the faith, one that would dominate the first phase of conciliar reception. As the geopolitics of the papacy changed and the struggle against communism emerged, a more contained vision of the faith would once again enter into public battle with the splitting conciliar forces for change. These long-term interactive patterns continue to shape contemporary American Catholicism in a pluriform direction. A new engagement with an American Catholicism Transformed is now needed.
Epilogue
Authors: Chinnici Joseph P. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Immediately after Vatican Council II, Spirit joined with Letter as the people of God, collegiality, access to the Scriptures, the role of the laity, religious freedom, and service to the world entered into Catholic identity. Cold War Catholic identity ceded primacy of place to a new politics of history that shaped the Church’s participative processes, commitment to ecumenism, practices of inculturation, and social vision. “Pastoral” adaptation dominated the initial phase of reception. Trends of internationality yoked to papal geopolitics exponentially increased and made the practices of the domestic Church problematic for other local churches. Within this politics, the post-conciliar world mirrored the debates of the Council itself. Differences of opinions quickly emerged and eventually coalesced into oppositional groups. Flashpoints of discord presaged the culture wars of the 1980s. American Catholicism’s transformation has led to a pluriform public identity that now calls for a new joining of Spirit with Letter.
The Long History of Software Patenting in the United States
Authors: Con Díaz Gerardo 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The patent protections available to computer programs are almost as old as modern electronic computing. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, when a computer’s programming was as tangible as the machine’s circuits, there was nothing unusual about the idea that a patent could protect a program. The main problem was not whether programs were patent-eligible but how to draft patent applications for them that could bypass well-established doctrinal obstacles. As programs increased in complexity and programming languages enabled their creation through texts, inventors and their lawyers relied on the means-plus claim structure—a claim that discloses a machine as the means to perform a given collection of functions—as a shorthand to disclose the kinds of physicality that their predecessors would have spelled out. Successful patent applications combined means-plus language with very specific descriptions of interconnected electronic components to secure patent protections for the computer programs at their core.
Introduction
Authors: Sutton Jeffrey S. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This section introduces the topic by explaining the role that structure plays in protecting liberty and property rights. As illustrations, it explains how federalism offers a role for states and the national government to play in addressing pandemics, race discrimination, and criminal law. It explains how the states and federal government have adopted increasingly different forms of government over time. It then introduces the parts. Part I deals with the judicial branch. The second part of the book looks at current issues facing the executive branch in the state and federal systems. The third part of the book deals with the legislative branch. The fourth part of the book, all in Chapter 9, takes vertical separation of powers one step further: federalism within federalism. The fifth part of the book, all in Chapter 10, addresses the ultimate recourse of liberty: the freedom to change our fifty-one constitutions.