bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional Data Analysis and Visualisation of Three-Dimensional Surface Shape
Authors: Katina Stanislav , Vittert Liberty , W. Bowman Adrian 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The advent of high-resolution imaging has made data on surface shape widespread. Methods for the analysis of shape based on landmarks are well established but high-resolution data require a functional approach. The starting point is a systematic and consistent description of each surface shape and a method for creating this is described. Three innovative forms of analysis are then introduced. The first uses surface integration to address issues of registration, principal component analysis and the measurement of asymmetry, all in functional form. Computational issues are handled through discrete approximations to integrals, based in this case on appropriate surface area weighted sums. The second innovation is to focus on sub-spaces where interesting behaviour such as group differences are exhibited, rather than on individual principal components. The third innovation concerns the comparison of individual shapes with a relevant control set, where the concept of a normal range is extended to the highly multivariate setting of surface shape. This has particularly strong applications to medical contexts where the assessment of individual patients is very important. All of these ideas are developed and illustrated in the important context of human facial shape, with a strong emphasis on the effective visual communication of effects of interest.
Censored Regression for Modelling Small Arms Trade Volumes and Its ‘Forensic’ Use for Exploring Unreported Trades
Authors: Lebacher Michael , Thurner Paul W. , Kauermann Göran 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we use a censored regression model to investigate data on the international trade of small arms and ammunition provided by the Norwegian Initiative on Small Arms Transfers. Taking a network-based view on the transfers, we do not only rely on exogenous covariates but also estimate endogenous network effects. We apply a spatial autocorrelation gravity model with multiple weight matrices. The likelihood is maximized employing the Monte Carlo expectation maximization algorithm. Our approach reveals strong and stable endogenous network effects. Furthermore, we find evidence for a substantial path dependence as well as a close connection between exports of civilian and military small arms. The model is then used in a ‘forensic’ manner to analyse latent network structures and thereby to identify countries with higher or lower tendency to export or import than reflected in the data. The approach is also validated using a simulation study.
Biomechanical Analysis of Head Subjected to Blast Waves and the Role of Combat Protective Headgear Under Blast Loading: A Review
Authors: Sundar Shyam , Ponnalagu Alagappan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) is a rising health concern of soldiers deployed in modern-day military conflicts. For bTBI, blast wave loading is a cause, and damage incurred to brain tissue is the effect. There are several proposed mechanisms for the bTBI, such as direct cranial entry, skull flexure, thoracic compression, blast-induced acceleration, and cavitation that are not mutually exclusive. So the cause-effect relationship is not straightforward. The efficiency of protective headgears against blast waves is relatively unknown as compared with other threats. Proper knowledge about standard problem space, underlying mechanisms, blast reconstruction techniques, and biomechanical models are essential for protective headgear design and evaluation. Various researchers from cross disciplines analyze bTBI from different perspectives. From the biomedical perspective, the physiological response, neuropathology, injury scales, and even the molecular level and cellular level changes incurred during injury are essential. From a combat protective gear designer perspective, the spatial and temporal variation of mechanical correlates of brain injury such as surface overpressure, acceleration, tissue-level stresses, and strains are essential. This paper outlines the key inferences from bTBI studies that are essential in the protective headgear design context.
Displacement Error Propagation From Embedded Markers to Brain Strain
Authors: Zhao Wei , Wu Zheyang , Ji Songbai 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Head injury model validation has evolved from against pressure to relative brain–skull displacement, and more recently, against marker-based strain. However, there are concerns on strain data quality. In this study, we parametrically investigate how displacement random errors and synchronization errors propagate into strain. Embedded markers from four representative configurations are used to form unique and nonoverlapping tetrahedrons, triangles, and linear elements. Marker displacements are then separately subjected to up to ±10% random displacement errors and up to ±2 ms synchronization errors. Based on 100 random trials in each perturbation test, we find that smaller strain errors relative to the baseline peak strains are significantly associated with larger element sizes (volume, area, or length; p &lt; 0.05). When displacement errors are capped at the two extreme levels, the earlier “column” and “cluster” configurations provide few usable elements with relative strain error under an empirical threshold of 20%, while about 30–80% of elements in recent “repeatable” and “uniform” configurations are considered otherwise usable. Overall, denser markers are desired to provide exhaustive pairwise linear elements with a range of sizes to balance the need for larger elements to minimize strain error but smaller elements to increase the spatial resolution in strain sampling. Their signed strains also provide unique and unambiguous information on tissue tension and compression. This study may provide useful insights into the scrutinization of existing experimental data for head injury model strain validation and to inform how best to design new experiments in the future.
Comparative Study on the Numerical Methods for View Factor Computation for Packed Pebble Beds: Back Propagation Neural Network Methods Versus Monte Carlo Methods
Authors: Zou Quan , Gui Nan , Yang Xingtuan , Tu Jiyuan , Jiang Shengyao 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
It's an unsolved problem to calculate the thermal radiation view factors among fuel pebbles as accurately and quickly as possible in the simulation of the temperature fields within the pebble-bed. In this study, a series of fully connected neural networks (FCNs) has been developed to realize the fast calculation of view factors. In order to verify the accuracy and effects of the networks, the neural networks are compared with the Monte Carlo (MC) algorithm. The results show that, in most cases, the relative errors of the FCN method can be controlled within 1.0%, and the prediction accurate probability is up to 99%. In comparisons of specific examples, the temperature errors of the FCN method and the MC method are less than 1 K within the range neural networks have covered. In addition, the time of neural networks for a single calculation is about 2–20 μs, which is even less than 10−4 of the time taken by the MC algorithm. In conclusion, neural networks can greatly improve computational efficiency while keeping the same accuracy as the MC algorithm, which makes real-time simulation of the temperature fields possible.
Experimental Study on Propagation of Particle-Bearing Jets in a Confined Geometry
Authors: Kapil Mohnish , Balasubramanian Sridhar 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The spreading characteristics of particle-bearing jets down a gentle slope in a uniform ambient with confined side-walls are reported through a series of laboratory experiments. A round water jet is mixed with solid particles having particle volume fraction ranging between 0% and 0.4%. The jet Reynolds number is varied between Re = 3000 and 8000. We document that the jet front position varies with time t as xf∝t2/3. The jet front propagation in the presence of side-walls is found to be higher than the unconfined case and is attributed to the recirculation due to the confinement that increases the flow inertia and accelerates the flow. The jet propagation is found to be self-similar and is unaffected by the variations in the volume fraction and Re. The sediment pattern near the source, formed by the settling of the particles, exhibits a similar tear-drop shape, which is well-predicted using the unconfined jet theory that assumes a Gaussian velocity profile. The results have implication in engineering and environmental flows, where higher jet propagation rate for confined jets should be modeled accurately without modifying the sedimentation dynamics.
Assessment of a Homogeneous Model for Simulating a Cavitating Flow in Water Under a Wide Range of Temperatures
Authors: Le Anh Dinh , Phan Thanh Hoang , Tran The Hung 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The cavitating flow on a NACA0015 hydrofoil in water under a wide range of temperatures is simulated with or without noncondensation gas using a homogeneous model. Our simplified thermodynamic model is coupled with governing equations to capture the latent heat transfer in cavitation. A numerical evaluation proves its applicability through a comparison with experimental data. As a result, the numerical evaluation illustrates good agreement with measured data for both simulations with or without noncondensation gas. The expected prediction pressure coefficient is in better agreement with experimental data for high-temperature water compared to the existing numerical data. Although the temperature depression inside the cavity is confirmed numerically, the thermodynamic effect shows a weak impact on the cavitation behavior near the boiling temperature (100 °C). The cavitating flow can therefore be simulated reasonably by an isothermal approach at a reasonable cost. The suppression of the void fraction as the water temperature increases is deduced by the flow behavior rather than the thermodynamic effect. Finally, the impact of a noncondensation gas is closely linked to the thermodynamic properties of the water and the flow behavior. The attached cavity position shifts closer to the hydrofoil leading edge significantly in high-temperature water, while an identical position is reproduced for room temperature conditions in comparison with the simulation without a noncondensation gas.
Hydrodynamic Optimization of Coaxial Ground Heat Exchanger
Authors: Wojtkowiak Janusz 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A simple mathematical model of fluid flow is applied to determine the cross-sectional shape of a coaxial ground heat exchanger (CGHE) for which the friction pressure drop is minimal. Both laminar and turbulent flows of a Newtonian fluid are analyzed. The dimensionless form of the friction pressure losses is taken as the objective function, and the dimensionless internal diameter and wall thickness of the inner tube is adopted as decision variables, with the reference length taken to be the internal diameter of the external pipe. The resulting optimization problem is solved by means of a hybrid analytical-numerical method. The obtained solutions are generalized as two simple equations valid for laminar and turbulent flows, respectively. It is shown that the pressure losses in a coaxial ground heat exchanger with optimal cross section may be considerably smaller than the pressure losses for a nonoptimal one. The obtained results are significant for the global optimization of CGHEs, resulting in improved energy conservation of buildings and district heating systems.
Medication discrepancies in transition of care of hospitalised children in Brazil: a multicentric study
Authors: Aires-Moreno Giulyane Targino , Alcântara Thaciana dos Santos , Araújo Dyego Carlos Souza Anacleto de , Soares Simony da Mota , Gubert Vanessa Terezinha , Marcon de Oliveira Vanessa , Ferreira Cristiane Munaretto , Vasconcelos-Pereira Erica Freire , Lira Ana Rafaela Pires , Chemello Clarice , Oliveira Layse Maria Soares de , Oliveira-Filho Alfredo Dias de , Lyra Jr Divaldo 
Published: May 2021

ObjectiveTo determine the incidence of medication discrepancies in transition points of care of hospitalised children.DesignA prospective observational multicentre study was carried out between February and August 2019. Data collection consisted of the following steps: sociodemographic data collection, clinical interview with the patient’s caregiver, review of patient prescriptions and evaluation of medical records. Medication discrepancies were classified as intentional (documented or undocumented) and unintentional. In addition, discrepancies identified were categorised according to the medication discrepancy taxonomy. Unintentional discrepancies were assessed for potential clinical harm to the patient.SettingPaediatric clinics of four teaching hospitals in Brazil.PatientsChildren aged 1 month–12 years.FindingsA total of 248 children were included, 77.0% (n=191) patients had at least one intentional discrepancy; 20.2% (n=50) patients had at least one unintended discrepancy and 15.3% (n=38) patients had at least one intentional discrepancy and an unintentional one. The reason for the intentional discrepancy was not documented in 49.6% (n=476) of the cases. The most frequent unintentional discrepancy was medication omission (54.1%; n=66). Low potential to cause discomfort was found in 53 (43.4%) unintentional discrepancies, while 55 (45.1%) had the potential to cause moderate discomfort and 14 (11.5%) could potentially cause severe discomfort.ConclusionsAlthough most medication discrepancies were intentional, the majority of these were not documented by the healthcare professionals. Unintentional discrepancies were often related to medication omission and had a potential risk of causing harm to hospitalised children.
Intrapartum group B Streptococcal prophylaxis and childhood weight gain
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Sagori , Bryan Matthew , Dhudasia Miren B , Quarshie William , Gerber Jeffrey S , Grundmeier Robert W , Koebnick Corinna , Sidell Margo A , Getahun Darios , Sharma Andrea J , Spiller Michael W , Schrag Stephanie J , Puopolo Karen Marie 
Published: May 2021

ObjectiveTo determine the difference in rate of weight gain from birth to 5 years based on exposure to maternal group B streptococcal (GBS) intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP).DesignRetrospective cohort study of 13 804 infants.SettingTwo perinatal centres and a primary paediatric care network in Philadelphia.ParticipantsTerm infants born 2007–2012, followed longitudinally from birth to 5 years of age.ExposuresGBS IAP defined as penicillin, ampicillin, cefazolin, clindamycin or vancomycin administered ≥4 hours prior to delivery to the mother. Reference infants were defined as born to mothers without (vaginal delivery) or with other (caesarean delivery) intrapartum antibiotic exposure.OutcomesDifference in rate of weight change from birth to 5 years was assessed using longitudinal rate regression. Analysis was a priori stratified by delivery mode and adjusted for relevant covariates.ResultsGBS IAP was administered to mothers of 2444/13 804 (17.7%) children. GBS IAP-exposed children had a significantly elevated rate of weight gain in the first 5 years among vaginally-born (adjusted rate difference 1.44% (95% CI 0.3% to 2.6%)) and caesarean-born (3.52% (95% CI 1.9% to 5.2%)) children. At 5 years, the rate differences equated to an additional 0.24 kg among vaginally-born children and 0.60 kg among caesarean-born children.ConclusionGBS-specific IAP was associated with a modest increase in rate of early childhood weight gain. GBS IAP is an effective intervention to prevent perinatal GBS disease-associated morbidity and mortality. However, these findings highlight the need to better understand effects of intrapartum antibiotic exposure on childhood growth and support efforts to develop alternate prevention strategies.
Retinal pigment epithelium melanin distribution estimated by polarisation entropy and its association with retinal sensitivity in patients with high myopia
Authors: Harimoto Akira , Obata Ryo , Yamamoto Motoshi , Aoki Nobuyori , Yamanari Masahiro , Sugiyama Satoshi , Kitano Marie , Fujita Asahi , Minami Takahiro , Ueda Kohei , Azuma Keiko , Inoue Tatsuya , Aihara Makoto , Kato Satoshi 
Published: May 2021

PurposeTo investigate retinal sensitivity of highly myopic eyes without choroidal neovascularisation (CNV) or patchy chorioretinal atrophy (PCA) and investigated its association with anatomical characteristics including melanin distribution at the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which was evaluated with polarisation-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT).DesignRetrospective consecutive observational cohort study.MethodsWe included highly myopic eyes (refractive error ≤−8.0 dioptres or axial length of ≥26.5 mm) from patients at the University of Tokyo Hospital. Retinal sensitivity was measured by microperimetry at 25 sectors within 6 degrees from the fovea. Depolarisation value, which reflected melanin pigmentation, was measured by a clinical prototype of PS-OCT and was parameterised as polarimetric entropy. Retinal sensitivity or entropy at the RPE in high myopia was compared with emmetropic control subjects. The association of retinal sensitivity with age, axial length, entropy, or choroidal thickness was assessed in per-eye and per-sector analysis.ResultsTwenty-three highly myopic eyes (age, 66.6±12.3 years) were included. The average retinal sensitivity was 25.3±3.0 dB, which was significantly decreased compared with the control (p<0.0001). The average entropy at the RPE in the highly myopic eyes was significantly lower than in the control (p<0.0001). Univariate analysis followed by multivariate analysis showed that besides age, axial length or choroidal thickness, RPE entropy was independently associated with retinal sensitivity (β=4.4; 95% CI 0.5 to 8.3; p=0.03).ConclusionsDecreased depolarisation at the RPE measured with PS-OCT, which reflected altered melanin pigmentation, was independently associated with reduced retinal sensitivity in patients with early stages of myopic maculopathy without CNV or PCA.
Development and validation of a score to assess complexity of general internal medicine patients at hospital discharge: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Liechti Fabian D , Beck Thomas , Ruetsche Adrian , Roumet Marie C , Limacher Andreas , Tritschler Tobias , Donzé Jacques D 
Published: May 2021

ObjectiveWe aimed to develop and validate a score to assess inpatient complexity and compare its performance with two currently used but not validated tools to estimate complexity (ie, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), patient clinical complexity level (PCCL)).MethodsConsecutive patients discharged from the department of medicine of a tertiary care hospital were prospectively included into a derivation cohort from 1 October 2016 to 16 February 2017 (n=1407), and a temporal validation cohort from 17 February 2017 to 31 March 2017 (n=482). The physician in charge assessed complexity. Potential predictors comprised 52 parameters from the electronic health record such as health factors and hospital care usage. We fit a logistic regression model with backward selection to develop a prediction model and derive a score. We assessed and compared performance of model and score in internal and external validation using measures of discrimination and calibration.ResultsOverall, 447 of 1407 patients (32%) in the derivation cohort, and 116 of 482 patients (24%) in the validation cohort were identified as complex. Eleven variables independently associated with complexity were included in the score. Using a cut-off of ≥24 score points to define high-risk patients, specificity was 81% and sensitivity 57% in the validation cohort. The score’s area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was 0.78 in both the derivation and validation cohort. In comparison, the CCI had an AUROC between 0.58 and 0.61, and the PCCL between 0.64 and 0.69, respectively.ConclusionsWe derived and internally and externally validated a score that reflects patient complexity in the hospital setting, performed better than other tools and could help monitoring complex patients.
Public health practicum: a scoping review of current practice in graduate public health education
Authors: Gummeson Hannah , Raj Goel Sonika , Elmusharaf Khalifa 
Published: May 2021

ObjectivesThe objectives of this study are to (1) identify Graduate Public Health (GPH) programmes with an integrated practicum, (2) determine current practice for practicum design and (3) use the information to make recommendations to inform the design of Public Health Graduate programme practicums.DesignScoping review.Data sourcesAcademic Ranking World Universities 2019 was used to identify top 10 institutions in each geographical hub offering GPH programmes. Each GPH programme website was searched for practicum information.Eligibility criteriaGPH programmes offering a practice-based component as a requirement in their curriculum.Data extraction and synthesisOne reviewer screened GPH websites for eligibility and extracted data. Verification of data for accuracy and completeness was done on 10% of the sample by the second author. Data were compiled into an Excel file and were analysed to describe the duration, timing, credit, contact hours, preceptor requirements, prerequisites, objectives, deliverables and methods of evaluation of the practice-based component.ResultsOut of the 108 GPH programmes screened, a total of 35 programmes were included. There was a significant variation in required practicum duration ranging from 4 to 16 weeks. Only 31% specifically outlined prerequisites to be completed before the initiation of the practicum. More than half (57%) had a published list of core competencies. A majority of practicum did not provide criteria for appropriate preceptors (63%) and their responsibilities (66%). All programmes listed assessment criteria however the majority (57%) did not specify if the practicum was graded or a for-credit component.ConclusionsThe integration of practical components into curricula is inconsistent. This research resulted in 14 recommendations intended to guide GPH practicum design. We propose that this study be used as a tool to spark a global dialogue about best practices in GPH education through the identification of common practices and opportunities for improvement.