bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Technologiebasierte Interventionen zur Alkoholprävention bei Kindern und Jugendlichen
Authors: Diestelkamp Silke , Schulz Anna-Lena , Thomasius Rainer 
Published: May 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Ein früher Einstieg und der exzessive Alkoholkonsum im Kindes- und Jugendalter erhöhen das Risiko für Krankheit, Abhängigkeit und andere kurz-, mittel- und langfristige Beeinträchtigungen durch z. B. Unfälle, Gewalthandlungen und Konflikte. Face-to-Face-Präventionsansätze zeigen signifikante Effekte auf die Reduktion des Alkoholkonsums. Die Inanspruchnahme durch Kinder und Jugendliche mit riskantem Alkoholkonsum ist jedoch oft gering. Technologiebasierte Alkoholprävention hat das Potenzial, mit kosteneffektiven, standardisierten und niedrigschwelligen Maßnahmen die Zielgruppe zu erreichen.

Fragestellung und Methode
Das vorliegende narrative Review bietet einen Überblick über verschiedene Ansätze technologiebasierter Maßnahmen zur Prävention und Frühintervention riskanten Alkoholkonsums bei Kindern und Jugendlichen sowie deren Wirksamkeit und Einsatzbereiche.

Ergebnisse
Technologiebasierte Alkoholprävention kann in einer Vielfalt von Settings eingesetzt werden, z. B. Schule, Gemeinde, hausärztliche Versorgung oder Klinik. Programme werden häufig via interaktive Website mit oder ohne Einbettung in Face-to-Face-Module, via App oder SMS-Nachrichten umgesetzt. Während die kumulierte Evidenz bei Erwachsenen und jungen Erwachsenen für die Wirksamkeit technologiebasierter Alkoholprävention spricht, ist die Studienlage für Kinder und Jugendliche heterogen.

Diskussion
Der Einsatz von technologiebasierter Alkoholprävention bei Kindern und Jugendlichen bietet theoretisch großes Potenzial im Hinblick auf Zielgruppenerreichung, Kosteneffektivität und Nutzereinbindung. Im Fokus zukünftiger Forschung sollten Studienreplikationen und die Evaluation der Wirksamkeit einzelner Elemente stehen, wie etwa der Individualisierung von Inhalten, der Nutzereinbindung durch multiple Kontaktaufnahmen und des Einsatzes von multimedialen Elementen und Funktionen.
An uncombined triple-frequency user implementation of the decoupled clock model for PPP-AR
Authors: Naciri Nacer , Bisnath Sunil 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPrecise point positioning (PPP) has proved its capacity to provide centimetre-level position solutions in open sky environments. However, the technique still suffers from relatively long initial convergence times. Research has proved the potential of ambiguity resolution (AR) to reduce the convergence time and three main methods are used to perform AR: the fractional cycle bias method, the decoupled clock model (DCM) and the integer recovery clock method. This paper focuses on the DCM and expands it at the user side to better fit the current context. Seeing as multi-frequency processing is proving to improve PPP performance, the classical DCM model is extended from a combined dual-frequency model to an uncombined triple-frequency one. The user implementation is tested on 1400, 3-h-long datasets from global IGS stations for 1 week with the Galileo constellation in both static and kinematic modes. First, some of the model-specific parameters are plotted and the estimated receiver biases are visualized. Then, dual- and triple-frequency PPP-AR results are shown. In both frequency modes, the convergence time and accuracy of the float solutions are improved with AR. In the dual-frequency case, the 100-percentile mean convergence time reduces from 19 min for the float solution to 14 min for the fixed solution, and the horizontal root mean square error improves 2.7 to 1.1 cm. In the triple-frequency case, the convergence time reduces from 17.5 min for the float solution to 9.5 min for the fixed solution, and the accuracy improves from 2.6 to 1.0 cm. These results show a minimal improvement in the accuracy between the dual-frequency and triple-frequency AR solutions, and a significant 40–50$$\%$$
%
improvement in the convergence time. Future work includes applying these developments to multi-constellation PPP-AR, which would further reduce the convergence time.
Blast enhancement from metalized explosives
Authors: Pontalier Q. , Loiseau J. , Goroshin S. , Zhang F. , Frost D. L. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractExperiments are carried out to determine the effects of particle size and mass loading on the free-field blast wave from spherical, constant volume metalized explosive charges. The charges are comprised of gelled nitromethane with uniformly embedded aluminum, magnesium, or glass particles. Particle sizes are varied over an order of magnitude with particle mass fractions up to 50%. Peak blast overpressures are directly measured within the fireball with piezoelectric pressure gauges and outside the fireball are inferred by tracking the velocity of the blast wave and using the Rankine–Hugoniot relation. With the addition of inert particles, the peak blast overpressure is initially mitigated, but then recovers in the far field. For charges with reactive particles, the particles react promptly with oxidizers in the detonation products and release energy as early as within the first few hundred microseconds in all cases. The particle energy release enhances the peak blast overpressures in the far field by up to twice the values for a constant volume charge of the baseline homogenous explosive. By plotting the peak blast overpressure decay as a function of energy-scaled distance, it is inferred that at least half of the particle energy release contributes to the blast overpressure in the far field of higher mass loadings, and nearly all of the particle energy for a particle mass fraction of 10%. For aluminum, the blast augmentation is not a systematic function of particle size. This observation implies that conventional models for particle combustion that depend on particle surface area are not appropriate for describing the rapid aluminum reaction that occurs in the extreme conditions within the detonation products, which influences the blast wave propagation.
Sign- and goal-tracking score does not correlate with addiction-like behavior following prolonged cocaine self-administration
Authors: Pohořalá Veronika , Enkel Thomas , Bartsch Dusan , Spanagel Rainer , Bernardi Rick E. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRationaleIn classical conditioning, sign-tracking reflects behavior directed toward a conditioned stimulus (CS) in expectation of a reward (unconditioned stimulus, US); in contrast, goal-tracking describes behavior directed toward the location of delivery of a US. As cues previously paired with drugs of abuse promote drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior in both animals and humans and thus contribute to the severity of substance abuse, sign-tracking may represent a maladaptive cue-focused behavior that may increase addiction vulnerability as compared to goal-tracking. Recent studies do, in fact, support this possibility. Previous work in this area has focused primarily on paradigms using relatively limited exposure to drug rather than extended drug intake.ObjectivesHere, we used the DSM-IV–based 3-criteria (3-CRIT) model and examined whether a relationship exists between sign- or goal-tracking phenotypes and the prevalence of criteria associated with addiction-like behavior following extended cocaine self-administration as measured in this model.MethodsForty-six male Sprague Dawley rats underwent a Pavlovian conditioned approach (PCA) procedure and were characterized along a continuum as goal-trackers (GTs), intermediates (INTs), or sign-trackers (STs). The animals were subsequently trained to intravenous self-administer cocaine during 45 self-administration (SA) sessions and characterized for the 3 criteria outlined in the model: persistence of drug-seeking, motivation for cocaine-taking, and resistance to punishment.ResultsWe performed correlational analyses on the traits measured, finding no relationships between PCA score and addiction-like characteristics measured using the 3-CRIT model of addiction. However, STs showed significantly greater resistance to punishment than GTs.ConclusionsPhenotyping along a continuum of PCA scores may not be a valid predictor for identifying vulnerability to the addiction-like behaviors examined using the 3-CRIT model. However, PCA phenotype may predict a single feature of the 3-CRIT model, resistance to punishment, among those rats classified as either STs or GTs.
Is fetal magnetic resonance imaging volumetry of eventrated organs in gastroschisis predictive for surgical treatment?
Authors: Sezen Patrick , Prayer Florian , Prayer Daniela , Kasprian Gregor , Metzelder Martin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Fetal MRI is increasingly used in congenital abdominal wall defects. In gastroschisis, the role of fetal MRI in surgical therapy is poorly understood. Currently, the type of repair is determined primarily by clinical presentation and institutional preference.

Objective
To evaluate the feasibility of fetal MRI volumetry in gastroschisis treatment.

Materials and methods
We included 22 cases of gastroschisis in this retrospective single-center study. Routine fetal MRI scans were acquired between Jan. 1, 2006, and July 1, 2018, at gestational ages of 19–34 postmenstrual weeks. Fetal-MRI-based manual segmentation and volumetry were performed utilizing steady-state free precision and T2-weighted sequences. Acquired parameters included intraabdominal volume, eventrated organ volume and total fetal body volume, and we calculated a volume ratio between eventrated organ volume and intraabdominal volume (E/I ratio).

Results
Primary closure was conducted in 13 cases and silo bag treatment with delayed closure in 9 cases. Prenatal MRI volumetry showed a significantly higher E/I ratio in patients with silo bag treatment with delayed closure (mean [M]=0.34; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.30, 0.40) than in primary closure (M=0.23, 95% CI 0.19, 0.27; P=0.004). We propose a volume ratio cutoff value of 0.27 for predicting silo bag treatment.

Conclusion
Fetal MRI predicted silo bag treatment in patients with gastroschisis in 90% of the cases in our cohort and might facilitate prenatal counseling and treatment planning.
The pentose phosphate pathway in industrially relevant fungi: crucial insights for bioprocessing
Authors: Masi Audrey , Mach Robert L. , Mach-Aigner Astrid R. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is one of the most targeted pathways in metabolic engineering. This pathway is the primary source of NADPH, and it contributes in fungi to the production of many compounds of interest such as polyols, biofuels, carotenoids, or antibiotics. However, the regulatory mechanisms of the PPP are still not fully known. This review provides an insight into the current comprehension of the PPP in fungi and the limitations of this current understanding. It highlights how this knowledge contributes to targeted engineering of the PPP and thus to better performance of industrially used fungal strains.

Key points
• Type of carbon and nitrogen source as well as oxidative stress influence the PPP.
• A complex network of transcription factors regulates the PPP.
• Improved understanding of the PPP will allow to increase yields of bioprocesses.
The human anti-CD40 agonist antibody mitazalimab (ADC-1013; JNJ-64457107) activates antigen-presenting cells, improves expansion of antigen-specific T cells, and enhances anti-tumor efficacy of a model cancer vaccine in vivo
Authors: Deronic Adnan , Nilsson Anneli , Thagesson Mia , Werchau Doreen , Enell Smith Karin , Ellmark Peter 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNon-responders to checkpoint inhibitors generally have low tumor T cell infiltration and could benefit from immunotherapy that activates dendritic cells, with priming of tumor-reactive T cells as a result. Such therapies may be augmented by providing tumor antigen in the form of cancer vaccines. Our aim was to study the effects of mitazalimab (ADC-1013; JNJ-64457107), a human anti-CD40 agonist IgG1 antibody, on activation of antigen-presenting cells, and how this influences the priming and anti-tumor potential of antigen-specific T cells, in mice transgenic for human CD40. Mitazalimab activated splenic CD11c+ MHCII+ dendritic cells and CD19+ MHCII+ B cells within 6 h, with a return to baseline within 1 week. This was associated with a dose-dependent release of proinflammatory cytokines in the blood, including IP-10, MIP-1α and TNF-α. Mitazalimab administered at different dose regimens with ovalbumin protein showed that repeated dosing expanded ovalbumin peptide (SIINFEKL)-specific CD8+ T cells and increased the frequency of activated ICOS+ T cells and CD44hi CD62L− effector memory T cells in the spleen. Mitazalimab prolonged survival of mice bearing MB49 bladder carcinoma tumors and increased the frequency of activated granzyme B+ CD8+ T cells in the tumor. In the ovalbumin-transfected tumor E.G7-OVA lymphoma, mitazalimab administered with either ovalbumin protein or SIINFEKL peptide prolonged the survival of E.G7-OVA tumor-bearing mice, as prophylactic and therapeutic treatment. Thus, mitazalimab activates antigen-presenting cells, which improves expansion and activation of antigen-specific T cells and enhances the anti-tumor efficacy of a model cancer vaccine.
The role of sex genotype in paediatric CNS tumour incidence and survival
Authors: Soon Wai Cheong , Goacher Edward , Solanki Sandeep , Hayes Josie , Kapetanstrataki Melpo , Picton Susan , Chumas Paul Dominic , Mathew Ryan Koshy 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Evidence exists, in CNS germinomas and medulloblastomas (MB), that patient sex significantly influences incidence and outcome. The role of sex genotype in other paediatric CNS tumours remains unclear. This study sought to examine the role of sex genotype in CNS tumour incidence and overall survival (OS).

Methods
Age-adjusted incidence and OS rates were collected from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Result (SEER) registry between 2000 and 2011 for common paediatric (<=19 years) CNS tumours: pilocytic astrocytoma (PA), anaplastic astrocytoma, glioblastoma (GBM), medulloblastoma, supratentorial CNS embryonal tumour, ependymoma, and germinoma. All patients with histologically confirmed, ICD-03 coded, first tumours, were included. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were used to calculate hazard ratios (HR).

Results
The total cases are as follows: males=3018 and females=2276. Highest incidence was seen in PA (n=2103). GBM displayed the worst OS, whilst PA displayed the best. Higher incidence was observed in males for all tumours, except PA. Females with ependymoma had significantly better OS compared to males, whereas males with germinomas had better OS compared to females. Females <1 year with AA had better OS than males. Increasing age significantly improved male and female survival in ependymoma and medulloblastoma.

Conclusion
Interrogating population-based registries such as SEER minimises bias and provides credible data. Observed differences in incidence and OS between the sexes for different paediatric CNS tumours provide useful prognostic information for clinicians. Sex genotype was a significant independent prognostic factor in ependymomas and germinomas. Further investigation of possible epigenetic and hormonal differences may provide sex-specific vulnerabilities that may be exploitable for targeted therapy.
A standardized soft tissue release technique to lower the risk of greater trochanteric fractures for the anterior approach in total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Rueckl Kilian , Springer Bernhard , Jungwirth-Weinberger Anna , Bechler Ulrich , Kasparek Maximillian F. , Boettner Friedrich 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Introduction
The direct anterior approach (DAA) is suggested to accelerate postoperative recovery and decrease the dislocation risk after primary total hip arthroplasty (THA). However, exposure of the femur can be challenging. Insufficient exposure increases the risk for intraoperative femoral fracture.

Materials and methods
Of 435 consecutive anterior THA, the first 102 consecutive THA in 94 patients were treated with an external rotator tendon “release-on-demand” (RoD). The following 311 consecutive patients (333 THA) underwent routine release of the conjoint tendon (CTR) of its bony insertion on the greater trochanter only. Retrospective analysis recorded trochanteric fractures, intraoperative calcar fractures, postoperative periprosthetic fractures, stem subsidence, ossifications, and dislocations.

Results
Three (2.9%) fractures of the greater trochanter were recorded in the RoD group, but no (0.0%) fractures occurred in the CTR group (p = 0.002). There was no significant difference in the occurrence of intraoperative calcar fractures (0% (RoD) vs. 1.2% (CTR), p = 0.267), postoperative periprosthetic fractures (0% (RoD) vs. 0.3% (CTR), p = 0.560), stem subsidence (2.0% (RoD) vs. 1.2% (CTR), p = 0.565) or ossifications (2.9% (RoD) vs. 1.6% (CTR), p = 0.344) between these groups. There were no dislocations within a minimum 12 months follow-up period.

Conclusion
The routine release of the conjoined tendon (CTR group) decreases the shear forces on the tip of the greater trochanter during DAA THA and eliminates the risk of greater trochanter fractures. The routine release of the conjoined tendon did not increase the risk of postoperative dislocations.
First report of a leopard (Panthera pardus)–bonobo (Pan paniscus) encounter at the LuiKotale study site, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Corredor-Ospina Nicolas , Kreyer Melodie , Rossi Giulia , Hohmann Gottfried , Fruth Barbara 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPredation is a major cause of mortality in non-human primates, and considered a selective force in the evolution of primate societies. Although larger body size is considered as protection against predation, evidence for predation on great apes by carnivores comes from chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), gorillas (Gorilla gorilla), and orangutans (Pongospp.). Here, we describe the first encounter between wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) and a leopard (Panthera pardus). A single leopard was confronted by a group of habituated bonobos for three hours. Two adult males and one adolescent female bonobo actively harassed the leopard, which remained still for most of the encounter and reacted only to close approaches by bonobos. While no predation was observed, their behaviours confirm that bonobos perceive leopards as potential predators. Our report adds novel information to descriptions from other African ape species, and sheds light on the behavioural repertoire of bonobos’ anti-predation strategies. For future investigations, we suggest tagging leopards to remotely monitor their movements and allow assessment of encounter rates as one of several factors influencing predation pressure.
Programmed death ligand 2 expression plays a limited role in adenocarcinomas of the gastroesophageal junction after preoperative chemotherapy
Authors: Jomrich Gerd , Kollmann Dagmar , Wilfing Lavinia , Radosavljevic Sanja , Ramazanova Dariga , Ristl Robin , Grose Richard P. , Ilhan-Mutlu Aysegül , Preusser Matthias , Fassnacht Christina , Tsai Yi-Chien , Guenova Emmanuella , Schoppmann Sebastian F. 
Published: May 2021

Summary
Background
The effects of cytotoxic chemotherapy on the expression of programmed death ligand 2 (PD-L2) are unknown and little is known about how the tumor microenvironment changes following neoadjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas (AEG). Recently, a number of studies reported that cytotoxic chemotherapy affects the expression levels of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand 1 (PD-L1). Regarding PD-L2, the second known ligand of PD‑1, no data on potential changes in expression patterns in patients with preoperatively treated AEG are available. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of cytotoxic chemotherapy on PD-L2 expression in patients with resectable AEG.

Methods
Consecutive patients with locally advanced AEG treated with preoperative cytotoxic chemotherapy were included. PD-L2 expression by cancer cells (CCs) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) was investigated in samples of paired diagnostic biopsies and resected tumor specimens by immunohistochemistry using two different anti-PD-L2 antibodies.

Results
Included were 40 patients with AEG and available paired tumor tissue samples. PD-L2 expression was observed in one diagnostic biopsy sample by CCs and in one diagnostic biopsy sample by TILs. There was no difference concerning the expression levels measured by the two antibodies.

Conclusion
In contrast to previously published studies reporting PD-L2 expression rates of up to 50% in AEGs, in our cohort, PD-L2 expression seems to play no significant role in AEG.
From Survival to Glamour: Motivations for Engaging in Transactional Sex and Relationships Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in South Africa
Authors: Duby Zoe , Jonas Kim , McClinton Appollis Tracy , Maruping Kealeboga , Vanleeuw Lieve , Kuo Caroline , Mathews Catherine 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe explored transactional sex and relationships (TSR) among South African adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) using (1) survey data from 4,399 AGYW aged 15–24 years, and (2) qualitative data from 237 AGYW and 38 male peers. Ten percent of sexually active AGYW reported having ever had transactional sex; 14% reported having stayed in a relationship for money or material items. Factors associated with higher reporting of TSR included HIV positivity, higher food insecurity, and alcohol use. Those AGYW who were between the ages of 20–24 years (OR: 1.0; 95% CI: 0.81–1.24), had a sexual partner older than her by 5 years or more (OR: 1.89; 95% CI: 1.58–2.26), and had a transactional relationship in the past (OR: 61.1; 95% CI: 47.37–78.76) were more likely to report having transactional sex. AGYW qualitative narratives included both assertions of agency in choosing to engage in TSR, and power inequities resulting in condomless sex. Our findings can inform interventions to addressing transactional sex and relationships, critical to South Africa’s HIV response.
Mechanisms of breast cancer metastasis
Authors: Nathanson S. David , Detmar Michael , Padera Timothy P. , Yates Lucy R. , Welch Danny R. , Beadnell Thomas C. , Scheid Adam D. , Wrenn Emma D. , Cheung Kevin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractInvasive breast cancer tends to metastasize to lymph nodes and systemic sites. The management of metastasis has evolved by focusing on controlling the growth of the disease in the breast/chest wall, and at metastatic sites, initially by surgery alone, then by a combination of surgery with radiation, and later by adding systemic treatments in the form of chemotherapy, hormone manipulation, targeted therapy, immunotherapy and other treatments aimed at inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells. It would be valuable for us to know how breast cancer metastasizes; such knowledge would likely encourage the development of therapies that focus on mechanisms of metastasis and might even allow us to avoid toxic therapies that are currently used for this disease. For example, if we had a drug that targeted a gene that is critical for metastasis, we might even be able to cure a vast majority of patients with breast cancer. By bringing together scientists with expertise in molecular aspects of breast cancer metastasis, and those with expertise in the mechanical aspects of metastasis, this paper probes interesting aspects of the metastasis cascade, further enlightening us in our efforts to improve the outcome from breast cancer treatments.