bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resolution capability of resist patterns and throughput using alkaline treatment under ultrasonic irradiation
Authors: Onishi Hideto , Miyake Mikio , Shirai Hajime 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Alkaline treatment of the photoresist under ultrasonic irradiation has been investigated to improve the resolution capability of resist patterns with higher throughput. The selectively dissolved phenol resin for the combination of the alkaline treatment with ultrasonic irradiation was increased by 2.3 times compared to the solely alkaline treatment. The sensitizing effect of naphthoquinone diazide (sensitizer) based on phenol was increased to 0.46 against dip treatment of 0.31. As a result, resist sensitivity was increased to 26% and the resolution capability was drastically improved. Consequently, the 0.5 μm line and space resist patterns were resolved completely with fine profile by using the photoresist with a 0.7 μm resolution limit together with g-line exposure machine with a 0.6 μm resolution limit. As a consequence, a high throughput of 25 wafers min−1 was achieved, which was more than 25 times higher than that of electron beam lithography.
ANALISIS KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK PENGEMBANGAN EKOWISATA MANGROVE KURI CADDI KABUPATEN MAROS SULAWESI SELATAN
Authors: Rajab Muhammad Arhan , Nuryadin Rusmin 
Published: December 2021

Dalam pengembangan kawasan ekowisata mangrove memerlukan sebuah kajian terkait aspek ekologi yang berkaitan dengan analisis kesesuaian lahan. Dengan kesesuaian lahan ini dapat dijadikan sebagai landasan apakah suatau wilayah layak atau tiak untuk dijadikan sebagai kawasan ekowisata. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghitung indeks kesesuaian kawasan untuk pengembangan ekowisata mangrove. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode survey yaitu melakukan pengamatan langsung terhadap kondisi biofisik mangrove. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian potensi biofisik ekowisata mangrove yang ada di Kuri Caddi pada stasiun I termasuk dalam kategori S2 yaitu sesuai dengan presentase 77%, stasiun II dan III termasuk dalam kategori S1 yaitu sangat sesuai dengan presentase 86%. Dengan demikian disimpulkan bahwa potensi biofisik dari ekosistem mangrove sudah layak dan mendukung untuk dilakukan kegiatan ekowisata mangrove di Dusun Kuri Caddi Kabupaten Maros.
El divino sordo
Authors: Martínez Pérez José Antonio 
Published: December 2021

Ludwig van Beethoven, uno de los más grandes compositores de todos los tiempos, marcó un antes y un después en el arte de la música considerándosele como la figura central de la transición entre el clasicismo musical del siglo XVIII y el romanticismo del siglo XIX. Su sordera todavía se mueve en el terreno de las hipótesis y sigue siendo materia de debate.
Utilidad de la gammagrafía de captación tiroidea en enfermedad tiroidea no maligna.
Authors: Mola Reyes Laura 
Published: December 2021

Introducción: La gammagrafía tiroidea es una prueba ampliamente utilizada para evaluar la estructura y el funcionamiento de la glándula tiroides.Objetivo: Evaluar la utilidad de la gammagrafía de captación tiroidea en las consultas de Endocrinología y Nutrición del Hospital Central de la Defensa Gómez Ulla.Materiales y métodos: Observacional retrospectivo. Se incluyeron las exploraciones de captación tiroidea realizadas durante el período de un año, de enero a diciembre de 2019, en el Hospital Central de la Defensa Gómez Ulla de Madrid. Se recogieron datos epidemiológicos de las historias clínicas sobre función tiroidea, anticuerpos contra el receptor de TSH (TSI), diagnóstico final y manejo del paciente. Análisis con Stata versión 16: Frecuencia absoluta y relativa, y prueba de Chi-cuadrado.
Resultados: Obtuvimos un total de 91 pacientes que tenían exploración con gammagrafía tiroidea. La gran mayoría mujeres (71%) versus 29% de los pacientes varones. La media de edad: 63 (SD 17.99) años.El 79% de los pacientes tenían TSH suprimida. Y la mayoría de los pacientes que fueron derivados para exploración gammagráfica tenían hipertiroidismo subclínico: 34 (37%), seguidos de enfermedad de Graves (EG): 22 (24%) e hipertiroidismo primario con autoinmunidad negativa: 9 (10%).Con respecto a los hallazgos gammagráficos, el 43% de los pacientes tenían un bocio tóxico difuso por EG; 25% glándula tiroidea normal; 13% adenomas tóxicos; 9% nódulo frío; 4% ausencia de captación del radiotrazador en el parénquima tiroideo, hallazgos que podrían estar relacionados con un bloqueo tiroideo secundario al tratamiento con amiodarona, administración reciente de contraste yodado, tiroiditis subaguda; y el resto tenía otros diagnósticos, bocio multinodular (3%), bocio nodular con tendencia autonómica (3%).El 70% de los pacientes tenían TSI negativos vs 28% con TSI positivos, en el 2% restante no disponíamos de este dato. En aquellos con TSI positivo, la gammagrafía no agregó información significativa para esclarecer el diagnóstico o manejo. Sin embargo, en los que los TSI resultaron negativos, la prueba de captación tiroidea modificó el diagnóstico inicial en un 70% aunque la diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa ( P=0.199)Conclusiones:
La indicación clínica más común de la gammagrafía en nuestro ambiente es para evaluar el hipertiroidismo subclínico. Nuestros resultados muestran que la gammagrafía de captación tiroidea puede ser útil en pacientes con hipertiroidismo con TSI negativos. Los médicos deben evaluar cada caso de forma individual para determinar si la exploración de captación alterará significativamente el diagnóstico o el tratamiento del paciente.
A Novel Method for Estimating the Ambient Medium Density Around Distant Radio Sources from Their Observed Radio Spectra
Authors: Wójtowicz Anna , Stawarz Łukasz , Machalski Jerzy , Ostorero Luisa 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The dynamical evolution and radiative properties of luminous radio galaxies and quasars of the FR II type, are well understood. As a result, through the use of detailed modeling of the observed radio emission of such sources, one can estimate various physical parameters of the systems, including the density of the ambient medium into which the radio structure evolves. This, however, requires rather comprehensive observational information, i.e., sampling the broadband radio continua of the targets at several frequencies, and imaging their radio structures with high resolution. Such observations are, on the other hand, not always available, especially for high-redshift objects. Here, we analyze the best-fit values of the source physical parameters, derived from extensive modeling of the largest currently available sample of FR II radio sources, for which good-quality multiwavelength radio flux measurements could be collected. In the analyzed data set, we notice a significant and nonobvious correlation between the spectral index of the nonthermal radio emission continuum, and density of the ambient medium. We derive the corresponding correlation parameters, and quantify the intrinsic scatter by means of Bayesian analysis. We propose that the discovered correlation could be used as a cosmological tool to estimate the density of ambient medium for large samples of distant radio galaxies. Our method does not require any detailed modeling of individual sources, and relies on limited observational information, namely, the slope of the radio continuum between the rest-frame frequencies 0.4 and 5 GHz, possibly combined with the total linear size of the radio structure.
Is There Any Linkage between Interstellar Aldehyde and Alcohol?
Authors: Mondal Suman Kumar , Gorai Prasanta , Sil Milan , Ghosh Rana , Etim Emmanuel E. , Chakrabarti Sandip K. , Shimonishi Takashi , Nakatani Naoki , Furuya Kenji , Tan Jonathan C. , Das Ankan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
It is speculated that there might be some linkage between interstellar aldehydes and their corresponding alcohols. Here an observational study and astrochemical modeling are coupled together to illustrate the connection between them. The ALMA cycle 4 data of a hot molecular core, G10.47+0.03, are utilized for this study. Various aldehydes (acetaldehyde, propanal, and glycolaldehyde), alcohols (methanol and ethylene glycol), and a ketone (acetone) are identified in this source. The excitation temperatures and column densities of these species were derived via the rotation diagram method assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium conditions. An extensive investigation is carried out to understand the formation of these species. Six pairs of aldehyde–alcohol are considered for this study: (i) methanal and methanol, (ii) ethanal and ethanol, (iii) propanal and 1-propanol, (iv) propenal and allyl alcohol, (v) propynal and propargyl alcohol, and (vi) glycolaldehyde and ethylene glycol. One pair of ketone–alcohol (acetone and isopropanol) and ketene–alcohol (ethenone and vinyl alcohol) are also considered. Two successive hydrogenation reactions in the ice phase are examined to form these alcohols from aldehydes, ketone, and ketene, respectively. Quantum chemical methods are extensively executed to review the ice-phase formation route and the kinetics of these species. Based on the obtained kinetic data, astrochemical modeling is employed to derive the abundances of these aldehydes, alcohols, ketone, and ketene in this source. It is seen that our model could successfully explain the observed abundances of various species in this hot molecular core.
The Four Cosmic Tidal Web Elements from the β-skeleton
Authors: Suárez-Pérez John F. , Camargo Yeimy , Li Xiao-Dong , Forero-Romero Jaime E. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Precise cosmic web classification of observed galaxies in massive spectroscopic surveys can be either highly uncertain or computationally expensive. As an alternative, we explore a fast Machine Learning-based approach to infer the underlying dark matter tidal cosmic web environment of a galaxy distribution from its β-skeleton graph. We develop and test our methodology using the cosmological magnetohydrodynamic simulation Illustris-TNG at z = 0. We explore three different tree-based machine-learning algorithms to find that a random forest classifier can best use graph-based features to classify a galaxy as belonging to a peak, filament, or sheet as defined by the T-Web classification algorithm. The best match between the galaxies and the dark matter T-Web corresponds to a density field smoothed over scales of 2 Mpc, a threshold over the eigenvalues of the dimensionless tidal tensor of λ
th = 0.0, and galaxy number densities around 8 × 10−3 Mpc−3. This methodology results on a weighted F1 score of 0.728 and a global accuracy of 74%. More extensive tests that take into account light-cone effects and redshift space distortions are left for future work. We make one of our highest ranking random forest models available on a public repository for future reference and reuse.
Simulations of Helical Inflationary Magnetogenesis and Gravitational Waves
Authors: Brandenburg Axel , He Yutong , Sharma Ramkishor 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Using numerical simulations of helical inflationary magnetogenesis in a low reheating temperature scenario, we show that the magnetic energy spectrum is strongly peaked at a particular wavenumber that depends on the reheating temperature. Gravitational waves (GWs) are produced at frequencies between 3 nHz and 50 mHz for reheating temperatures between 150 MeV and 3 × 105 GeV, respectively. At and below the peak frequency, the stress spectrum is always found to be that of white noise. This implies a linear increase of GW energy per logarithmic wavenumber interval, instead of a cubic one. Both in the helical and nonhelical cases, the GW spectrum is followed by a sharp drop for frequencies above the respective peak frequency. In this magnetogenesis scenario, the presence of a helical term extends the peak of the GW spectrum and therefore also the position of the aforementioned drop toward larger frequencies compared to the case without helicity. This might make a difference in it being detectable with space interferometers. The efficiency of GW production is found to be almost the same as in the nonhelical case, and independent of the reheating temperature, provided the electromagnetic energy at the end of reheating is fixed to be a certain fraction of the radiation energy density. Also, contrary to the case without helicity, the electric energy is now less than the magnetic energy during reheating. The fractional circular polarization is found to be nearly 100% in a certain range below the peak frequency range.
Feedback from γ Cassiopeiae: Large Expanding Cavity, Accelerating Cometary Globules, and Peculiar X-Ray Emission
Authors: Chen Xuepeng , Guo Weihua , Sun Li , Feng Jiangchen , Su Yang , Sun Yan , Zhang Shaobo , Zhou Xin , Yan Qing-Zeng , Fang Min , Yang Ji 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We present wide-field multiwavelength observations of γ Cassiopeiae (or γ Cas for short) in order to study its feedback toward the interstellar environment. A large expanding cavity is discovered toward γ Cas in the neutral hydrogen (H i) images at a systemic velocity of about −10 km s−1. The measured dimension of the cavity is roughly 2.°0 × 1.°4 (or 6.0 pc × 4.2 pc at a distance of 168 pc), while the expansion velocity is ∼5.0 ± 0.5 km s−1. The CO observations reveal systematic velocity gradients in IC 63 (∼20 km s−1 pc−1) and IC 59 (∼30 km s−1 pc−1), two cometary globules illuminated by γ Cas, proving fast acceleration of the globules under stellar radiation pressure. The gas kinematics indicate that the cavity is opened by strong stellar wind, which has high potential to lead to the peculiar X-ray emission observed in γ Cas. Our result favors a new scenario that emphasizes the roles of stellar wind and binarity in the X-ray emission of the γ Cas stars.
Measuring an Off-center Detonation through Infrared Line Profiles: The Peculiar Type Ia Supernova SN 2020qxp/ASASSN-20jq
Authors: Hoeflich P. , Ashall C. , Bose S. , Baron E. , Stritzinger M. D. , Davis S. , Shahbandeh M. , Anand G. S. , Baade D. , Burns C. R. , Collins D. C. , Diamond T. R. , Fisher A. , Galbany L. , Hristov B. A. , Hsiao E. Y. , Phillips M. M. , Shappee B. , Suntzeff N. B. , Tucker M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We present and analyze a near-infrared (NIR) spectrum of the underluminous Type Ia supernova SN 2020qxp/ASASSN-20jq obtained with NIRES at the Keck Observatory, 191 days after B-band maximum. The spectrum is dominated by a number of broad emission features, including the [Fe ii] at 1.644 μm, which is highly asymmetric with a tilted top and a peak redshifted by ≈2000 km s−1. In comparison with 2D non-LTE synthetic spectra computed from 3D simulations of off-center delayed-detonation Chandrasekhar-mass (M
ch) white dwarf (WD) models, we find good agreement between the observed lines and the synthetic profiles, and are able to unravel the structure of the progenitor’s envelope. We find that the size and tilt of the [Fe ii] 1.644 μm profile (in velocity space) is an effective way to determine the location of an off-center delayed-detonation transition (DDT) and the viewing angle, and it requires a WD with a high central density of ∼4 × 109 g cm−3. We also tentatively identify a stable Ni feature around 1.9 μm characterized by a “pot-belly” profile that is slightly offset with respect to the kinematic center. In the case of SN 2020qxp/ASASSN-20jq, we estimate that the location of the DDT is ∼0.3M
WD off center, which gives rise to an asymmetric distribution of the underlying ejecta. We also demonstrate that low-luminosity and high-density WD SN Ia progenitors exhibit a very strong overlap of Ca and 56Ni in physical space. This results in the formation of a prevalent [Ca ii] 0.73 μm emission feature that is sensitive to asymmetry effects. Our findings are discussed within the context of alternative scenarios, including off-center C/O detonations in He-triggered sub-M
Ch WDs and the direct collision of two WDs. Snapshot programs with Gemini/Keck/Very Large Telescope (VLT)/ELT-class instruments and our spectropolarimetry program are complementary to mid-IR spectra by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).
Search for Continuous Gravitational-wave Signals in Pulsar Timing Residuals: A New Scalable Approach with Diffusive Nested Sampling
Authors: Songsheng Yu-Yang , Qian Yi-Qian , Li Yan-Rong , Du Pu , Chen Jie-Wen , Wang Yan , Mohanty Soumya D. , Wang Jian-Min 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Detecting continuous nanohertz gravitational waves (GWs) generated by individual close binaries of supermassive black holes (CB-SMBHs) is one of the primary objectives of pulsar timing arrays (PTAs). The detection sensitivity is slated to increase significantly as the number of well-timed millisecond pulsars will increase by more than an order of magnitude with the advent of next-generation radio telescopes. Currently, the Bayesian analysis pipeline using parallel tempering Markov Chain Monte Carlo has been applied in multiple studies for CB-SMBH searches, but it may be challenged by the high dimensionality of the parameter space for future large-scale PTAs. One solution is to reduce the dimensionality by maximizing or marginalizing over uninformative parameters semianalytically, but it is not clear whether this approach can be extended to more complex signal models without making overly simplified assumptions. Recently, the method of diffusive nested (DNest) sampling has shown capability in coping with high dimensionality and multimodality effectively in Bayesian analysis. In this paper, we apply DNest to search for continuous GWs in simulated pulsar timing residuals and find that it performs well in terms of accuracy, robustness, and efficiency for a PTA including

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pulsars. DNest also allows a simultaneous search of multiple sources elegantly, which demonstrates its scalability and general applicability. Our results show that it is convenient and also highly beneficial to include DNest in current toolboxes of PTA analysis.
On the Turbulent Reduction of Drifts for Solar Energetic Particles
Authors: van den Berg J. P. , Engelbrecht N. E. , Wijsen N. , Strauss R. D. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Particle drifts perpendicular to the background magnetic field have been proposed by some authors as an explanation for the very efficient perpendicular transport of solar energetic particles (SEPs). This process, however, competes with perpendicular diffusion caused by magnetic turbulence, which can also disrupt the drift patterns and reduce the magnitude of drift effects. The latter phenomenon is well known in cosmic-ray studies, but not yet considered in SEP models. Additionally, SEP models that do not include drifts, especially for electrons, use turbulent drift reduction as a justification of this omission, without critically evaluating or testing this assumption. This article presents the first theoretical step for a theory of drift suppression in SEP transport. This is done by deriving the turbulence-dependent drift reduction function with a pitch-angle dependence, as is applicable for anisotropic particle distributions, and by investigating to what extent drifts will be reduced in the inner heliosphere for realistic turbulence conditions and different pitch-angle dependencies of the perpendicular diffusion coefficient. The influence of the derived turbulent drift reduction factors on the transport of SEPs are tested, using a state-of-the-art SEP transport code, for several expressions of theoretically derived perpendicular diffusion coefficients. It is found, for realistic turbulence conditions in the inner heliosphere, that cross-field diffusion will have the largest influence on the perpendicular transport of SEPs, as opposed to particle drifts.
The Flattening Metallicity Gradient in the Milky Way’s Thin Disk
Authors: Vickers John J. , Shen Juntai , Li Zhao-Yu 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We calculate the ages, orbits and phase-space coordinates for a sample of ∼4 million LAMOST and Gaia stars. The ages are cross-matched and compared with values from two other popular age catalogs, which derive the ages using different methods. Of these ∼4 million stars, we select a sample of 1.3 million stars and investigate their radial metallicity gradients (as determined by orbital radii) as a function of their ages. This analysis is performed on various subsets of the data split by chemistry and orbital parameters. We find that commonly used selections for “thin disk” stars (such as low-α chemistry or vertically thin orbits) yield radial metallicity gradients that generally grow shallower for the oldest stars. We interpret this as a hallmark feature of radial migration (churning). Constraining our sample to very small orbital Z
max (the maximal height of a star’s integrated orbit) makes this trend most pronounced. A chemistry-based “thin disk” selection of α-poor stars displays the same trend, but to a lesser extent. Intriguingly, we find that “thick disk” selections in chemistry and Z
max reveal slightly positive radial metallicity gradients, which seem similar in magnitude at all ages. This may imply that the thick disk population is well mixed in age, but not in radius. This finding could help constrain conditions during the early epochs of Milky Way formation and shed light on processes such as the accretion and reaccretion of gases of different metallicities.
MHD and Ion Kinetic Waves in Field-aligned Flows Observed by Parker Solar Probe
Authors: Zhao L.-L. , Zank G. P. , He J. S. , Telloni D. , Adhikari L. , Nakanotani M. , Kasper J. C. , Bale S. D. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Parker Solar Probe (PSP) observed predominately Alfvénic fluctuations in the solar wind near the Sun where the magnetic field tends to be radially aligned. In this paper, two magnetic-field-aligned solar wind flow intervals during PSP’s first two orbits are analyzed. Observations of these intervals indicate strong signatures of parallel/antiparallel-propagating waves. We utilize multiple analysis techniques to extract the properties of the observed waves in both magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) and kinetic scales. At the MHD scale, outward-propagating Alfvén waves dominate both intervals, and outward-propagating fast magnetosonic waves present the second-largest contribution in the spectral energy density. At kinetic scales, we identify the circularly polarized plasma waves propagating near the proton gyrofrequency in both intervals. However, the sense of magnetic polarization in the spacecraft frame is observed to be opposite in the two intervals, although they both possess a sunward background magnetic field. The ion-scale plasma wave observed in the first interval can be either an inward-propagating ion cyclotron wave (ICW) or an outward-propagating fast-mode/whistler wave in the plasma frame, while in the second interval it can be explained as an outward ICW or inward fast-mode/whistler wave. The identification of the exact kinetic wave mode is more difficult to confirm owing to the limited plasma data resolution. The presence of ion-scale waves near the Sun suggests that ion cyclotron resonance may be one of the ubiquitous kinetic physical processes associated with small-scale magnetic fluctuations and kinetic instabilities in the inner heliosphere.