bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A kiosk survey of perception, attitudes and knowledge (PAK) of Australians concerning microbes, antibiotics, probiotics and hygiene
Authors: DeSalle Rob , Wikins Jared , Kennett Rod 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIssues addressedTo obtain a baseline of public perception, attitudes and knowledge (PAK) of Australians about microbes, antibiotics and hygiene like hand washing and use of probiotics.MethodsUsing a kiosk‐based survey method at the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), we remotely assayed PAK of Australians through their interaction with the kiosk. The surveys we used had five and seven multiple answer questions and were analysed using standard comparative approaches. We also made comparisons based on gender and on age group for many of the questions.ResultsOur analyses indicate that there is a lack of general understanding of the role of microbes in everyday life among Australians. In addition, we detected some basic misunderstandings about antibiotics. While 80% of the respondents identified penicillin as an antibiotic, up to 30% of the respondents wrongly identified aspirin, Tylenol, valium and Benadryl as antibiotics. We also detected a general lack of knowledge about hand washing hygiene and probiotic use.ConclusionsOur results from around 700 Australian respondents can serve as a baseline for further PAK assessment of Australians. PAK of Australians with respect to microbes and hand washing hygiene is poor therefore public education is needed. This study should stimulate a better roadmap for public education about microbes, antibiotics, probiotics and hygiene.So what?With the recent spread of SARS‐Cov2 and the ensuing Covid19 pandemic and the continuing rise in antimicrobial resistance, the need for assessment PAK of microbes and infectious disease has become acute.
Finite element Soret Dufour effects on an unsteady MHD heat and mass transfer flow past an accelerated inclined vertical plate
Authors: Bejawada Shankar Goud , Yanala Dharmendar Reddy 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe present study is focused on the Soret and Dufour effects on magnetohydrodynamics unsteady fluid flow over an accelerated inclined vertical plate with thermal radiation and heat source. Solution of the nondimensional governing differential equations are worked out by the efficient Galerkin finite element method. The influence of several relevant flow parameters on velocity, temperature, and concentration distributions, as well as the numerical results, are studied and graphically displayed. The nondimensional skin friction and the rate of heat and mass transfer parameters are presented in the Tables 1‐3 below. Raising the Soret number results in growing concentrations, but the converse is true for the Schmidt number. Skin friction reduces when Soret and Dufour numbers increase. The present simulations apply to the processing of magnetic materials in the chemical and metallurgical industries.
Analysis of multilayer convective flow of a hybrid nanofluid in porous medium sandwiched between the layers of nanofluid
Authors: Manjunatha S. , Puneeth V. , Anandika Rajeev , Gireesha B. J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAgBr acts as a good sensitizer for titanium oxide, hence TiO2–AgBr nanoparticles exhibit high photocatalytic activity which helps decompose methyl orange under visible light irradiation. Methyl orange is a chemical compound that is hard to degrade and has high stability. It is photoreactive and can capture photons from the sun and is highly used as a light harvester in solar cells, hence, it is used in solar applications. In view of this, the present article deals with the analysis of heat transfer in a multilayer flow of two immiscible nanofluids in a vertical channel that finds application in the fields of solar reactors, electronic cooling, and so on. The mathematical model involving the effect of thermal radiation and the presence of heat source is in the form of a system of ordinary differential equations. This system of equations is simplified using the differential transform method‐Padé approximant and the resulting equations are solved algebraically. It is observed that the temperature of the coolant does not reach its saturation point faster due to the presence of different base fluids that differ in their thermal conductivity. This helps in maintaining the optimum temperature of the system.
Realistic exposure of the fungicide bixafen in soil and its toxicity and risk to natural earthworm populations after multiyear use in cereal
Authors: Ernst Gregor , Agert Jutta , Heinemann Oliver , Hellpointner Eduard , Gladbach Anja 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
A comprehensive multiyear monitoring program was conducted to assess the exposure, effects, and long-term risk of the fungicide bixafen to earthworms in cereal fields. The realistic exposure of bixafen in soil was assessed at 10 representative field sites in Germany after a period of up to 8 years of use with five different products containing bixafen, followed by annual measurements from 2017 to 2019. The measured exposure concentrations were compared with modeled predicted environmental concentrations in soil (PECsoil) that are derived in the context of the European risk assessment of plant protection products. It was shown that the model assumptions, in particular the kinetic parameters describing the background accumulation, provided a conservative description of the observed residue data. This demonstrates that the exposure modeling tools are adequate for use in soil risk assessment. Laboratory and field ecotoxicological studies were performed to provide a comprehensive risk assessment on the long-term use of bixafen-based fungicides in cereals. While a laboratory reproduction study with the earthworm Eisenia fetida indicated a potential risk at the Tier 1 risk assessment for the end-use product Skyway XPro®, a 2.5-year field study showed no unacceptable long-term effects on natural earthworm populations. The exposure in this study exceeded the maximum recommended field rate of Skyway XPro® by a factor of 3 and the maximum measured bixafen concentrations from exposure monitoring study by a factor of 5.2. Hence, an acceptable long-term risk of bixafen-based cereal fungicides is concluded for earthworms. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:734–747. © 2021 Bayer AG. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
KEY POINTS
The model assumptions for estimating the bixafen exposure in soil, in particular the kinetic parameters describing the background accumulation, provided a conservative description of the observed residue data in the exposure monitoring. A 2.5 year earthworm field study showed no unacceptable long-term effects on natural earthworm populations up to three times the recommended field application rate of the end-use product Skyway XPro® or 5.2 times the maximum measured bixafen concentrations from the exposure monitoring. An acceptable long-term risk of bixafen-based cereal fungicides is concluded for earthworms.
Early life physical activity and risk of ovarian cancer in adulthood
Authors: Wang Tianyi , Jake‐Schoffman Danielle E. , Townsend Mary K. , Vinci Christine , Willett Walter C. , Tworoger Shelley S. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEmerging data suggest that exposures in early life may affect ovarian development and contribute to ovarian cancer risk. We evaluated the association between early life physical activity and risk of ovarian cancer in adulthood in two large prospective cohorts, the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and NHSII. In total, analyses included 28 232 NHS participants (followed from 2004 to 2016) and 56 553 NHSII participants (followed from 1997 to 2017). Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for risk of ovarian cancer overall and by early life body mass index (BMI). Neither physical activity at ages 12‐13, 14‐17 or 18‐22 years nor average physical activity across these three periods was associated with ovarian cancer risk overall (≥78 vs <24 MET‐h/wk, HRs = 1.34, 1.21, 1.08 and 1.24, respectively), or by categories of early life BMI (Pheterogeneity ≥ .44). No association was observed with the risk of high‐grade serous or poorly differentiated tumors or postmenopausal ovarian cancer. Overall, early life physical activity was not clearly related to ovarian cancer risk during adulthood.
Epidemiology, genetics and treatment of multiple myeloma and precursor diseases
Authors: Hemminki Kari , Försti Asta , Houlston Richard , Sud Amit 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMultiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy caused by the clonal expansion of plasma cells. The incidence of MM worldwide is increasing with greater than 140 000 people being diagnosed with MM per year. Whereas 5‐year survival after a diagnosis of MM has improved from 28% in 1975 to 56% in 2012, the disease remains essentially incurable. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of MM including its epidemiology, genetics and biology. We will also provide an overview of MM management that has led to improvements in survival, including recent changes to diagnosis and therapies. Areas of unmet need include the management of patients with high‐risk MM, those with reduced performance status and those refractory to standard therapies. Ongoing research into the biology and early detection of MM as well as the development of novel therapies, such as immunotherapies, has the potential to influence MM practice in the future.
Endometrial cancer in Lynch syndrome
Authors: Zhao Shuangshuang , Chen Lingli , Zang Yuqin , Liu Wenlu , Liu Shiqi , Teng Fei , Xue Fengxia , Wang Yingmei 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLynch syndrome (LS) is an autosomal dominant inherited disease caused by germline pathogenic variants (PVs) in mismatch repair (MMR) genes. LS‐associated endometrial cancer (LS‐EC) is the most common extraintestinal sentinel cancer caused by germline PVs in MMR genes, including MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2. The clinicopathologic features of LS‐EC include early age of onset, lower body mass index (BMI), endometrioid carcinoma and lower uterine segment involvement. There has been significant progress in screening, diagnosis, surveillance, prevention and treatment of LS‐EC. Many studies support universal screening for LS among patients with EC. Screening mainly involves a combination of traditional clinical criteria and molecular techniques, including MMR‐immunohistochemistry (MMR‐IHC), microsatellite instability (MSI) testing, MLH1 promoter methylation testing and gene sequencing. The effectiveness of endometrial biopsy and transvaginal ultrasound (TVS) for clinical monitoring of asymptomatic women with LS are uncertain yet. Preventive strategies include hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo‐oophorectomy (BSO) as well as chemoprophylaxis using exogenous progestin or aspirin. Recent research has revealed the benefits of immunotherapy for LS‐EC. The NCCN guidelines recommend pembrolizumab and nivolumab for treating patients with advanced or recurrent microsatellite instability‐high (MSI‐H)/mismatch repair‐deficient (dMMR) EC.
Resource stratified guidelines for cancer: Are they all the same? Interguideline concordance for systemic treatment recommendations
Authors: Wilson Brooke E. , Elliott Mitchell J. , Pearson Sallie‐Anne , Amir Eitan , Barton Michael B. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA number of organizations are producing resource stratified guidelines (RSGs) for cancer. Despite using similar definitions of resource levels, systemic treatment recommendations often differ between organizations. We systematically searched for RSGs focusing on solid tumors. We qualitatively compared the methods used to generate guidelines using the AGREE‐II appraisal tool. We extracted systemic treatment recommendations and assessed interguideline concordance using the Gwet AC1 coefficient, stratified by resource level, treatment setting and cancer type. We identified 69 RSGs cancer covering 15 solid tumors produced by four organizations. Despite using common resource‐level definitions (Basic, Core/Limited, Enhanced and Maximal), recommendations differed between organizations. Concordance for chemotherapy recommendations was poor in Basic (58.3%, Gwet 0.20), fair in Core (58.3%, Gwet 0.32) and excellent in Enhanced (92.4%, Gwet 0.92) and Maximal settings (95.4%, Gwet 0.95). Concordance rates for endocrine therapy were good in Basic (80% Gwet 0.61), and excellent in Core (90%, Gwet 0.87), Enhanced (90%, Gwet 0.89) and Maximal settings (90%, Gwet 0.89). There was moderate to excellent concordance in targeted therapy recommendations across all resource levels. Differences in recommendations appeared driven by different opinions among the chosen panel of experts regarding what is resource appropriate. Overall, we found that countries looking to base treatment and health‐policy on RSGs will find conflicting information depending on which guidelines are used, particularly for chemotherapy in Basic and Core settings. Improved transparency regarding the methods used to determine the value of a therapy for a given resource level is needed.
Incidence trends and risk factors of lung cancer in never smokers: Pooled analyses of seven cohorts
Authors: Rissanen Emilia , Heikkinen Sanna , Seppä Karri , Ryynänen Heidi , Eriksson Johan G. , Härkänen Tommi , Jousilahti Pekka , Knekt Paul , Koskinen Seppo , Männistö Satu , Rahkonen Ossi , Rissanen Harri , Malila Nea , Laaksonen Maarit A , Pitkäniemi Janne ,   METCA Study Group
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe trends in incidence of lung cancer in never smokers are unclear as well as the significance of risk factors. We studied time trends in the incidence and risk factors of lung cancer in never smokers in Finland in a large, pooled cohort. We pooled data from seven Finnish health cohorts from the period between 1972 and 2015 with 106 193 never smokers. The harmonised risk factors included education, alcohol consumption, physical activity, height and BMI. We retrieved incident lung cancers from the nation‐wide Finnish Cancer Registry. We estimated average annual percent change (AAPC) and the effects of risk factors on cause‐specific hazard ratios (HRs) of lung cancer using Poisson regression. We detected 47 lung cancers in never smoking men (n = 31 859) and 155 in never smoking women (n = 74 334). The AAPC of lung cancer incidence was −3.30% (95% confidence interval [CI]: −5.68% to −0.88%, P = .009) in never smoking men and 0.00% (95% CI: −1.57% to 1.60%, P = .996) in never smoking women. Of the five studied risk factors only greater height in women had a statistically significant increased risk of lung cancer (multivariate HR = 1.84, 95%CI: 1.08 to 3.12). It is plausible that tobacco control measures focused on working places have reduced passive smoking among men more than among women, which could explain the declining trend in lung cancer incidence in never smoker men but not in never smoker women. As tobacco control measures have not been targeted to domestic environments, it is likely that women's exposure to passive smoking has continued longer.
Implementation and providers' views of a pharmacist clinician on an inpatient infectious diseases consult service at an academic medical center
Authors: Cabanilla Maria Gabriela , Anselmo Lisa M. , Sosa Nestor R. , Ryan Keenan L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIntroductionWith the ongoing physician shortage in the field of infectious diseases (ID), innovative models to care are needed to satisfy health care requirements, especially as we face the growing demand of the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. In New Mexico, Pharmacist Clinicians (PhC) are uniquely fitted to aid ID physicians through additional training and licensing that allows for a collaborative practice model.ObjectivesThe primary objective of this study is to describe the integration of a PhC with a rounding ID attending, utilizing an innovative practice model at an academic medical center, and report providers' views as related to this new position.MethodsThis was a survey study directed toward primary treating teams and ID attendings, conducted after six months of the creation of the PhC position. One survey was designed specifically for primary treating teams and another survey for ID attendings only. Primary team providers were identified through a log kept by the PhC for every patient intervention. All providers were contacted via e‐mail using the REDCap system to evaluate the PhC's communication and ID knowledge by answering three to five multiple choice questions. A quantitative method was used for data analysis.ResultsSixty‐one (56.5%) providers responded to the surveys. Overall, primary team respondents gave a positive valuation of the position. ID attendings also generally approved of the position and had a similar view to that of the primary teams. The PhC was found to be effective by 92.5% of respondents. The lowest scoring area was the physical exam. There was no significant difference when comparing responses between primary teams and ID attendings.ConclusionAn inpatient pharmacist clinician is able to manage complex ID patients to the satisfaction of both ID physicians and members of the primary treating teams in an academic medical center.
Development and validation of a flexible DNA extraction (PAN) method for liquid biopsy of multiple sample types
Authors: Chen Xiao‐Xia , Chen Wei , Liu Yi‐Long , Lin Can‐Xiang , Li Mengmeng , Chen Wen‐Jie , Xie Shang‐Hang , Lin Dong‐Feng , Cao Su‐Mei 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundLiquid biopsy is gaining increasing popularity in cancer screening and diagnosis. However, there is no relatively mature DNA isolation method or commercial kit available that is compatible with different LB sample types. This study developed a PAN‐sample DNA isolation method (PAN method) for liquid biopsy samples.MethodsThe PAN method has two key steps, including biosample‐specific pretreatments for various LB sample types and high concentration guanidine thiocyanate buffer for lysis and denaturation procedure. Subsequently, the performance of PAN method was validated by a series of molecular analyses.ResultsThe PAN method was used to isolate DNA from multiple sample types related to LB, including plasma, serum, saliva, nasopharyngeal swab, and stool. All purified DNA products showed good quality and high quantity. Comparison of KRAS mutation analysis using DNA purified using PAN method versus QIAamp methods showed similar efficiency. Epstein‐Barr virus DNA was detected via Q‐PCR using DNA purified from serum, plasma, nasopharyngeal swab, and saliva samples collected from nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. Similarly, methylation sequencing of swab and saliva samples revealed good coverage of target region and high methylation of HLA‐DPB1 gene. Finally, 16S rDNA gene sequencing of saliva, swab, and stool samples successfully defines the relative abundance of microbial communities.ConclusionsThis study developed and validated a PAN‐sample DNA isolation method that can be used for different LB samples, which can be applied to molecular epidemiological research and other areas.
Maternal Exposure and Neonatal Effects of Drugs of Abuse
Authors: Barry Jessica M. , Birnbaum Angela K. , Jasin Lisa R. , Sherwin Catherine M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe public health crisis of pregnant women being exposed to drugs of abuse and of its impact on their unborn children continues to grow at an alarming rate globally. The state of pregnancy is unique, with physiological changes that can lead to changes in the way drugs are handled by the body in both pharmacokinetics and response. These changes place the pregnant woman, fetus, and newborn infant at risk, as many of these drugs can cross the placenta and into breast milk. The substances most commonly linked to harmful effects include alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, stimulants, and opioids. The pharmacological and toxicological changes caused by in utero exposure or breastfeeding exposure are difficult to study, and the full extent of the mechanisms involved are not fully understood. However, these changes can significantly affect the risks of substance abuse and influence optimal treatment of pregnant women with a substance use disorder. In addition, newborns who were exposed to drugs of abuse in utero can experience withdrawal syndromes. Pharmacological management in infants is used to guide and treat withdrawal symptoms, with the goal being to improve the infant's sleep, eating, and comfort. Several barriers may prevent pregnant women from seeking help for substance use, including stigma and interactions with the legal system. Understanding changes in pharmacology, including pharmacokinetic changes that happen during pregnancy, is essential for anticipating the extent of maternal exposure and neonatal adverse effects.
Prenatal diagnosis of type A fetal interrupted aortic arch by four‐dimensional echocardiography with HD‐flow STIC: A case report
Authors: Yang Shui‐hua , He Gui‐dan , Li Xin‐yan , Wei Hong‐wei 
Published: August 2021

AbstractInterrupted aortic arch (IAA) is a rare complex congenital heart disease characterized by interrupted continuity between ascending aorta and descending aorta. Prenatal diagnosis of IAA by echocardiography is not uncommonly reported despite its rarity. However, employing four‐dimensional ultrasound HD‐flow imaging and spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) in diagnosis of this condition has seldom been reported. We report a case of fetal IAA prenatally diagnosed by two‐dimensional echocardiography and HD‐flow STIC.
Parasite worm antigens instruct macrophages to release immunoregulatory extracellular vesicles
Authors: Zakeri Amin , Whitehead Bradley J. , Stensballe Allan , de Korne Clarize , Williams Andrew R. , Everts Bart , Nejsum Peter 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEmerging evidence suggests that immune cells not only communicate with each other through cytokines, chemokines, and cell surface receptors, but also by releasing small membranous structures known as extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs carry a variety of different molecules that can be taken up by recipient cells. Parasitic worms are well known for their immunomodulatory properties, but whether they can affect immune responses by altering EV‐driven communication between host immune cells remains unclear. Here we provide evidence that stimulation of bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMDMs) with soluble products of Trichuris suis (TSPs), leads to the release of EVs with anti‐inflammatory properties. Specifically, we found that EVs from TSP‐pulsed BMDMs, but not those from unstimulated BMDMs can suppress TNFα and IL‐6 release in LPS‐stimulated BMDMs and BMDCs. However, no polarization toward M1 or M2 was observed in macrophages exposed to EVs. Moreover, EVs enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the exposed BMDMs, which was associated with a deregulated redox homeostasis as revealed by pathway analysis of transcriptomic data. Proteomic analysis identified cytochrome p450 (CYP450) as a potential source of ROS in EVs from TSP‐pulsed BMDMs. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of CYP450 activity could suppress ROS production in those BMDMs. In summary, we find that TSPs can modulate immune responses not only via direct interactions but also indirectly by eliciting the release of EVs from BMDMs that exert anti‐inflammatory effects on recipient cells.