bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimisation of root traits to provide enhanced ecosystem services in agricultural systems: A focus on cover crops
Authors: Griffiths Marcus , Delory Benjamin M. , Jawahir Vanessica , Wong Kong M. , Bagnall G. Cody , Dowd Tyler G. , Nusinow Dmitri A. , Miller Allison J. , Topp Christopher N. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractRoots are the interface between the plant and the soil and play a central role in multiple ecosystem processes. With intensification of agricultural practices, rhizosphere processes are being disrupted and are causing degradation of the physical, chemical and biotic properties of soil. However, cover crops, a group of plants that provide ecosystem services, can be utilised during fallow periods or used as an intercrop to restore soil health. The effectiveness of ecosystem services provided by cover crops varies widely as very little breeding has occurred in these species. Improvement of ecosystem service performance is rarely considered as a breeding trait due to the complexities and challenges of belowground evaluation. Advancements in root phenotyping and genetic tools are critical in accelerating ecosystem service improvement in cover crops. In this study, we provide an overview of the range of belowground ecosystem services provided by cover crop roots: (1) soil structural remediation, (2) capture of soil resources and (3) maintenance of the rhizosphere and building of organic matter content. Based on the ecosystem services described, we outline current and promising phenotyping technologies and breeding strategies in cover crops that can enhance agricultural sustainability through improvement of root traits.
Bayesian Estimation and Comparison of Conditional Moment Models
Authors: Chib Siddhartha , Shin Minchul , Simoni Anna 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe consider the Bayesian analysis of models in which the unknown distribution of the outcomes is specified up to a set of conditional moment restrictions. The non-parametric exponentially tilted empirical likelihood function is constructed to satisfy a sequence of unconditional moments based on an increasing (in sample size) vector of approximating functions (such as tensor splines based on the splines of each conditioning variable). For any given sample size, results are robust to the number of expanded moments. We derive Bernstein–von Mises theorems for the behaviour of the posterior distribution under both correct and incorrect specification of the conditional moments, subject to growth rate conditions (slower under misspecification) on the number of approximating functions. A large-sample theory for comparing different conditional moment models is also developed. The central result is that the marginal likelihood criterion selects the model that is less misspecified. We also introduce sparsity-based model search for high-dimensional conditioning variables, and provide efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo computations for high-dimensional parameters. Along with clarifying examples, the framework is illustrated with real data applications to risk-factor determination in finance, and causal inference under conditional ignorability.
The RNA‐binding protein RBP45D of Arabidopsis promotes transgene silencing and flowering time
Authors: Wang Liangsheng , Xu Duorong , Scharf Kristin , Frank Wolfgang , Leister Dario , Kleine Tatjana 
Published: December 2021

SUMMARYRNA‐directed DNA methylation (RdDM) helps to defend plants against invasive nucleic acids. In the canonical form of RdDM, 24‐nt small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are produced by DICER‐LIKE 3 (DCL3). The siRNAs are loaded onto ARGONAUTE (AGO) proteins leading ultimately to de novo DNA methylation. Here, we introduce the Arabidopsis thaliana prors1 (LUC) transgenic system, in which 24‐nt siRNAs are generated to silence the promoter‐LUC construct. A forward genetic screen performed with this system identified, besides known components of RdDM (NRPD2A, RDR2, AGO4 and AGO6), the RNA‐binding protein RBP45D. RBP45D is involved in CHH (where H is A, C or T) DNA methylation, and maintains siRNA production originating from the LUC transgene. RBP45D is localized to the nucleus, where it is associated with small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). RNA‐Seq analysis showed that in CRISPR/Cas‐mediated rbp‐ko lines FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) mRNA levels are upregulated and several loci differentially spliced, among them FLM. In consequence, loss of RBP45D delays flowering, presumably mediated by the release of FLC levels and/or alternative splicing of FLM. Moreover, because levels and processing of transcripts of known RdDM genes are not altered in rbp‐ko lines, RBP45D should have a more direct function in transgene silencing, probably independent of the canonical RdDM pathway. We suggest that RBP45D facilitates siRNA production by stabilizing either the precursor RNA or the slicer protein. Alternatively, RBP45D could be involved in chromatin modifications, participate in retention of Pol IV transcripts and/or in Pol V‐dependent lncRNA retention in chromatin to enable their scaffold function.
Heat Transfer Enhancement of Impingement Cooling by Different Crossflow Diverters
Authors: He Juan , Deng Qinghua , Xiao Kun , Feng Zhenping 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Impingement cooling can effectively disperse local heat load, but its downstream heat transfer is always reduced due to crossflow effect. In this study, the flow and heat transfer characteristics of impingement cooling with semi-circular (SC), semi-rectangular (SR), semi-diamond (SD), and semi-four-pointed star (SFS) crossflow diverters are compared over the ReD ranging from 3,500 to 14,000 by solving three dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations with SST k–ω turbulence model. It is found that the arrangement of crossflow diverters changes the distribution of local jet Reynolds number (ReD,j/ReD) and reduces the mass velocity ratio of downstream crossflow to jet (Gcf/Gj), so the impingement heat transfer is enhanced significantly. However, friction loss also increases. Overall evaluation reveals that all crossflow diverters can improve the comprehensive heat transfer performance parameter (Φ), and the maximum increases of Φ are 11.0%, 14.3%, 12.2%, and 14.7% for SC, SR, SD, and SFS cases, respectively. It is noted that the Nusselt number of heated SFS-shaped diverter surface is also the highest. Besides, the influences of streamwise location (L) and thickness (t) of SFS-shaped diverter are also investigated. Results show that when the L increases from 2D to 3D, the heat transfer and friction loss change slightly; when the L increases from 3D to 4D, the heat transfer decreases sharply, and friction loss increases seriously. As for the t, it has almost no effect on the flow field and heat transfer.
Haptic Rendering of Surface-to-Surface Sculpted Model Interaction
Authors: Nelson Donald D. , Johnson David E. , Cohen Elaine 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Previous work in haptics surface tracing for virtual prototyping and surface design applications has used a point model for virtual finger-surface interaction. We extend this tracing method for surface-to-surface interactions. A straightforward extension of the point-surface formulation to surface-surface can yield extraneous, undesirable solutions, although we rework the formulation to yield more satisfactory solutions. Additionally, we derive an alternative novel velocity formulation for use in a surface-surface tracing paradigm that exhibits additional stability beyond the Newton methods. Both methods require evaluating the surface point and first and second surface partial derivatives for both surfaces, an efficient kilohertz rate computation. These methods are integrated into a three step tracking process that uses a global minimum distance method, the local Newton formulation, and the new velocity formulation.
An Architecture for Haptic Control of Media
Authors: MacLean Karon E. , Snibbe Scott S. , Shaw Robert S. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Most haptic interfaces are designed with a desire to produce simultaneous perception across multiple senses, with haptic behaviors that complement the task at hand. However, software architectures for haptic interfaces often distribute a virtual model and tasks among multiple processes and CPUs. This functional segregation can reduce the quality of haptic experience, by hiding important details of the dynamic model and reducing the communication bandwidth between the haptic controller and the application.
We present a means of closely coordinating a haptic interface with a virtual model, application content and other sensory displays. Our architecture features the ability to customize haptic behavior at a low level, in the dynamic relations among control parameters. Furthermore, we have located significant application control within the haptic process in order to facilitate effective bidirectional communication.
We describe some applications for haptically manipulating dynamic media; and propose extensions to our architecture for increased generality, decreased code size and high-level programmability for efficient application development.
Optimal Control of a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine
Authors: Kolmanovsky I. , van Nieuwstadt M. , Sun J. , Gilbert E. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper addresses a problem of optimizing the operation of a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine equipped with a Three Way Catalyst (TWC) and a Lean NOx Trap (LNT). This engine can be operated significantly lean of stoichiometry. Lean operation results in reduced pumping losses and improved fuel economy. During lean operation the LNT is used to trap the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) that constitute a regulated pollutant. As the LNT loading with NOx increases, its trapping efficiency decreases. The trap can be purged of the stored NOx by operating the engine at slightly rich of stoichiometry conditions. A trade-off has to be found between fuel economy, which deteriorates with longer purge time, and NOx reduction. It is shown how this problem can be cast in the setting of optimal control and solved numerically.
A New Approach for Canceling Turning Motion in the Locomotion Interface, ATLAS
Authors: Noma Haruo , Miyasato Tsutomu 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We are concerned with communication media, especially media for daily communication. Let’s consider the case when people want to chat. For example, when we travel alone in a foreign country or when we see an impressive painting alone, we may want to enjoy the feeling with our family. We have introduced “Tel-E-Merge” as new communication system for “I wish you were here” [1]. We coined the term Tel-E-Merge to have a double meaning, Tele-Merge and Tel-Emerge, which will make it possible to merge a remotely located person, the tele-visitor, into a tele-inviter’s space through VR systems.
Smooth and Time-Optimal Trajectory Planning for Industrial Manipulators Along Specified Paths
Authors: Constantinescu D. , Croft E. A. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a method for determining smooth and time-optimal path-constrained trajectories for robotic manipulators. The desired smoothness of the trajectory is imposed through limits on the actuator jerks. The third derivative of the path parameter with respect to time, the pseudo-jerk, is the controlled input. The limits on the actuator torques translate into state-dependent limits on the pseudo-acceleration. The time-optimal control objective is cast as an optimization problem by using cubic splines to parameterize the state space trajectory. The optimization problem is solved using the flexible tolerance method.
Sensor Fusion for Noninvasive Continuous Monitoring of Pulsating Blood Pressure Based on an Arterial Hemodynamic Model
Authors: Yang Boo-Ho , Zhang Yi , Asada Haruhiko H. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a new approach to noninvasive, continuous monitoring of arterial blood pressure for advanced cardiovascular diagnoses. Most of the current noninvasive, continuous blood pressure measurement devices are mechanically intrusive and, therefore, cannot be used for long-term ambulatory monitoring. This new approach requires only simple, noninvasive monitoring devices such as finger photo plethysmographs and an electrical impedance plethysmograph (EIP) to monitor the dynamic behavior of the arterial blood flow. In this approach, measured signals from these noninvasive sensors on an arterial segment are integrated to estimate the blood pressure based on a hemodynamic model using a Kalman filter. It is shown that the internal variables such as the arterial blood pressure of the arterial segment can be estimated based on the measurements even though the observability condition of the system may not be met. Simulation results indicate that the approach can generate an accurate estimation of the arterial blood pressure in real-time even from noisy sensor signals.
Multiple Fault Diagnosis as Applied to Automated Vehicle Control
Authors: Howell Adam S. , Hedrick J. Karl 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper addresses the problem of detecting multiple faults for the longitudinal control system of an automated vehicle. An existing fault diagnostic system which can isolate all single faults is extended to the diagnosis of multiple faults via improved residual processing in the form of fuzzy logic. The new diagnostic system is shown to correctly detect and isolate all single and multiple faults in a subset of the automated vehicle control system components.
The Interdisciplinary Center for Advanced Propulsion at Michigan Technological University
Authors: Abata Duane L. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper describes the newly formed Interdisciplinary Center for Advanced Propulsion (referred to as ICAP) at Michigan Technological University. ICAP is a United States Department of Energy Center of Excellence funded under the GATE program. The underlying goal of Center is to provide multi-disciplinary engineering training for graduate students in the area of internal combustion engines, specifically in direct injection compression ignition engines. This facility will work closely with other Department of Energy Centers of Excellence in an effort to improve the education of future scientists and engineers who will, in turn, help ensure U.S. competitiveness in the automotive industry of the future as well as reduce our growing dependency on imported petroleum.
Symmetric Dichotomy Based Inverse Dynamics of a High-Speed Flexible Beam
Authors: Wang Guoli , Li Youfu , Xu Weiliang 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The symmetric acausal/causal dichotomy based model is developed for the internal dynamics of a high-speed flexible beam, and the resultant modeling redundancy is revealed. The efficient scheme of computing the bounded input-state trajectories is proposed to relieve the redundant computational burden of the time-domain inverse dynamic solutions, and its implication to trajectory planning is also investigated.
A Three Revolute Cobot Using CVTs in Parallel
Authors: Moore Carl A. , Peshkin Michael A. , Colgate J. Edward 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Cobots are capable of producing virtual surfaces of high quality, using mechanical transmission elements as their basic element in place of conventional motors. Most cobots built to date have used steerable wheels as their transmission elements. We describe how continuously variable transmissions (CVTs) can be used in this capacity for a cobot with revolute joints.
The design of an “arm-like” cobot with a three-dimensional workspace is described. This cobot can implement virtual surfaces and other effects in a spherical workspace approximately 1.5 meters in diameter. Novel elements of this cobot include the use of a power wheel that couples three CVTs that are connected in parallel.
Process Monitoring and Control System to Avoid Thermal Damage in Grinding
Authors: Tönshoff H. K. , Mandrysch T. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The international competition demands a continuous improvement of the process in quality and productivity and at the same time a reduction of costs of the product. An important step to reach this target is to increase the degree of automation. Changing into highly automated and simple-operated production processes, requires a secure process-controlling. With a reproducible use of measuring devices the certainty of a high workpiece quality lasts.
For realising this reliable process controlling, a qualified system for process monitoring which uses adapted sensors and control strategies is necessary. To acquire automatically all the quality parameters relevant for ground parts as exact and fast as possible and non-destructive as well, a so-called flexible measurement cell was developed.
All parameters measured by the flexible measurement cell are used to build up a control system for the grinding process of rotational symmetrical workpieces. For the first time the possibility to control a grinding process by using the subsurface characteristic as a command variable is offered. This system is independent of the grinding wheel specification. Tests have proven the efficiency by the application of CBN as well as corundum.
The demand for a quality control and documentation beside the development of tough processes will be very important to process monitoring. For this reason a prototype system acting with an automatic control has been developed.
Transient Response of Laminated Plates Subject to Close Proximity Explosions
Authors: Coggin John M. , Chock Jeffrey M. K. , Kapania Rakesh K. , Johnson Eric R. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We study the transient response of simply supported composite plates subject to close proximity explosions. Many studies are currently availiable in which the blast load is applied uniformly across the plate; and is described by step, N-pulse, or Friedlander equations. The novel aspect considered here is the case for which the blast pressure is due to a close proximity explosion, and is therefore taken to be both spatially and temporally varying. Two methods for calculating blast pressures are developed for arbitrary blast size and distance. A FORTAN program is described that automates the application of an arbitrary blast load to a generic finite element mesh. Modal superposition and NASTRAN solution procedures are verified for several load types and stacking sequences. Results are obtained within the framework of classical and first order plate theories for a variety of parameters including; stacking sequence, blast size, blast distance, and blast calculation method.
Non-Circular Cylindrical Shells of Mid-Plane Asymmetric Construction Subjected to an Internal Pressure
Authors: Chen Zhaohui , Vinson Jack R. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In future large cargo transport aircraft, such as the Global Range Transport proposed in the New World Vistas program of the United States Air Force, it is likely that the fuselage cross-section will be non-circular. For efficient cargo space, the fuselage cross-section being investigated is that of a rectangle with rounded corners. In order to minimize the resulting bending stresses, sandwich construction is being investigated, and in particular a mid-plane asymmetric construction is being studied to utilize bending-stretching coupling to minimize these bending stresses still further in the sandwich construction. The bending-stretching coupling can be introduced by using sandwich faces of different thickness and/or different materials and/or different fiber orientation of the composite material.
The Theorem of Minimum Potential Energy is employed to investigate the subject problem. In this study, the lateral deflection that is assumed, a separable solution, employs the results of previous investigations: for the axial function, the lateral deflection of the analytical solution for a circular cylindrical shell with various boundary conditions subjected to an internal pressure is used; for the circumferential component of the lateral displacement, the series solution used previously by the authors for a ring solution of the same circumferential shape and loading is used.
The magnitude and location of the maximum stresses in each face for each material system is then determined, and the maximum deflection is also found. Thus, the mechanics of the elastic behavior of this elastic thin walled shell subjected to this loading is adequately described. Some example problems are discussed, and various material systems and geometries are compared.
Level of Detail and Multi-Resolution Modeling Techniques for Virtual Design and Prototyping
Authors: Pan Zhigeng , Zhou Kun , Cheng Chiyi , Zhang Mingmin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Reconciling scene realism with interactivity has emerged as one of the most important areas in making virtual reality feasible for large-scale CAD data sets consisting of several millions of primitives. Level of detail (LoD) and multi-resolution modeling techniques in virtual reality can be used to speedup the process of virtual design and virtual prototyping. In this paper we present an automatic LoD generation and rendering algorithm which is suitable for CAD models and propose a new multi-resolution representation scheme called MRM (multi-resolution model), which can support efficient extraction of fixed resolution and variable resolution for multiple objects in the same scene. MRM scheme supports unified selective simplifications and selective refinements over the mesh. Furthermore, LoD and multi-resolution models may be used to support real-time geometric transmission in collaborative virtual design and prototyping.
Modeling of Contact/Impact Problems in Gear Systems Dynamics
Authors: Demkowicz Leszek , Bajer Andrzej 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A discretization scheme for contact/impact problems related to the modeling of gears is proposed. The problem is first discretized in time and then a variational formulation for the resulted one step problem is developed. A Finite Element discretization completes the discretization process. The scheme is reinterpretation of the general Simo-Laursen-Chavla algorithm in the contest of rigid body motion superimposed with small elastic deformation; it conserves precisely linear momentum and total energy, and approximately the angular momentum.
The discretization method is illustrated with two numerical examples: the standard 1D impact problem for an elastic rod, and a 2D model problem of an elastic wheel bouncing within a constraining box.
Experimental Study of the Acoustic Cavity Resonance in Automobile Tire Dynamic Response
Authors: Subler Molly J. , Keltie Richard F. , Tsihlas Dimitri 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A series of tests were conducted to measure the dynamic stiffness transfer functions between the wheel center of a rim-mounted tire and the contact patch. Of particular interest was the interaction between the tire acoustic cavity mode and the modes of the tire/rim system. By varying the concentration of helium gas within the tire, it was possible to sweep the acoustic resonance through a group of rim/tire resonances. These results showed that there is relatively weak interaction between the cavity modes and the tire/rim modes. It was found that the resonance frequency of the cavity shifts downward with increasing tire load, and that only the z-direction dynamic stiffness is affected by load. Changes in inflation pressure were found to have no effect on the cavity resonance frequency, and increases in inflation pressure led to significant changes only in the x-direction dynamic stiffness. A simple analytical model of a coupled structural/acoustic system was found to produce results similar to those observed in the tire testing.
Parabolic Representations of Scattering Green’s Functions
Authors: Barbone Paul E. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We derive a one-way wave equation representation of the “free space” Green’s function for an inhomogeneous medium. Our representation results from an asymptotic expansion in inverse powers of the wavenumber. Our representation takes account of losses due to scattering in all directions, even though only one-way operators are used.