bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of different geometrical dimensions of convectors on the heat transfer from panel radiators
Authors: Calisir Tamer , Baskaya Senol 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIncrease in total heat output of panel radiators could play an important role in domestic energy saving, where convectors (convection fins) play a key role. Hence, it is important to obtain the best possible design of convectors, in order to increase the heat output of panel radiators. In this sense, a numerical study has been performed to show the effects of different geometrical dimensions of convectors on the heat transfer used in domestic panel radiators, to obtain the highest possible total heat output. Firstly, simulation data were verified by analytical results, and afterwards, parametric studies were performed for a single convector mounted on a constant temperature wall, and the natural convective heat transfer has been modelled. The effects of convector height, convector sheet thickness, convector trapezoidal height, distance between opposing convectors, convector tip width, vertical location of convector and cut-off ratio have been considered. The results showed that the heat transfer increases with the increase in convector thickness and height. However, the consumed sheet metal material amount increases as well. From a manufacturing point of view, this should be considered at the same time. On the other hand, with the increase in trapezoidal height, the heat transfer increases, and above a certain value the heat transfer decreases. The heat transfer increases with the distance of opposing convectors and becomes almost constant above a certain value. The results of the present study could guide in the change of the internal design of panel radiators with convectors, in order to increase the heat transfer and reduce material costs.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Non-State-Based Grievance Mechanisms in Providing Access to Remedy for Rightsholders: A Case Study of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil
Authors: WIELGA Mark , HARRISON James 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis article explores different approaches to assessing the effectiveness of non-state-based non-judicial grievance mechanisms (NSBGMs) in achieving access to remedy for rightsholders. It queries the approach that has been widely adopted as a result of the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs), which focuses on the procedural aspects of grievance mechanisms. Rather, it stresses the importance of analysing the outcomes of cases for rightsholders. This article tests this hypothesis by undertaking comprehensive empirical research into the complaint mechanism of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO). RSPO is found to perform well when judged according to the UNGPs’ effectiveness criteria. However, it performs poorly when individual cases are assessed to ascertain the outcomes that are achieved for rightsholders. The article therefore argues for the importance of equivalent scrutiny of outcomes in relation to other NSBGMs and provides an approach and accompanying methodology that can be utilized for that purpose.
Towards establishing no observed adverse effect levels (NOAEL) for different sources of dietary phosphorus in feline adult diets: results from a 7-month feeding study
Authors: Coltherd Jennifer C. , Alexander Janet E. , Pink Claire , Rawlings John , Elliott Jonathan , Haydock Richard , Carvell-Miller Laura J. , Biourge Vincent C. , Molina Luis , Butterwick Richard , Logan Darren W. , Watson Phillip , Bakke Anne Marie 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHigh dietary phosphorus (P), particularly soluble salts, may contribute to chronic kidney disease development in cats. The aim of the present study was to assess the safety of P supplied at 1 g/1000 kcal (4184kJ) from a highly soluble P salt in P-rich dry format feline diets. Seventy-five healthy adult cats (n25/group) were fed either a low P control (1·4 g/1000 kcal [4184kJ]; Ca:P ratio 0·97) or one of two test diets with 4 g/1000 kcal (4184 kJ); Ca:P 1·04 or 5 g/1000 kcal (4184kJ); Ca:P 1·27, both incorporating 1 g/1000 kcal (4184 kJ) sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) – for a period of 30 weeks in a randomised parallel-group study. Health markers in blood and urine, glomerular filtration rate, renal ultrasound and bone density were assessed at baseline and at regular time points. At the end of the test period, responses following transition to a commercial diet (total P – 2·34 g/1000 kcal [4184kJ], Ca:P 1·3) for a 4-week washout period were also assessed. No adverse effects on general, kidney or bone (skeletal) function and health were observed. P and Ca balance, some serum biochemistry parameters and regulatory hormones were increased in cats fed test diets from week 2 onwards (P≤ 0·05). Data from the washout period suggest that increased serum creatinine and urea values observed in the two test diet groups were influenced by dietary differences during the test period, and not indicative of changes in renal function. The present data suggest no observed adverse effect level for feline diets containing 1 g P/1000 kcal (4184 kJ) from STPP and total P level of up to 5 g/1000 kcal (4184 kJ) when fed for 30 weeks.
Evaluation of pharyngeal swallowing pressure using high-resolution manometry during transoral surgery for oropharyngeal cancer
Authors: Fujiwara K , Koyama S , Taira K , Kawamoto K , Fukuhara T , Takeuchi H 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundTransoral robotic surgery is frequently described, driven by the desire to offer a less morbid alternative to chemoradiation. However, the objective evaluation of post-operative function has rarely been reported. Therefore, high-resolution manometry was used in this study to evaluate the impact of changes in peri-operative swallowing function on pharyngeal pressure events.MethodsTen patients with various stages of oropharyngeal cancer underwent transoral surgery. High-resolution manometry and videofluoroscopic swallow studies were performed before surgery and two months afterwards. The following parameters were obtained: velopharyngeal and mesopharyngeal post-deglutitive upper oesophageal sphincter pressures, velo-meso-hypopharyngeal contractile integral, upper oesophageal sphincter relaxation pressure, and pharyngeal velocity.ResultsThere was no significant difference in pharyngeal pressure or contractile integral pre- versus post-operatively. However, pharyngeal velocity was significantly higher post-operatively than pre-operatively.ConclusionHigh-resolution manometry showed that transoral surgery in patients without pre-operative dysphagia preserved pharyngeal constriction. However, transoral surgery might produce scar formation in the pharynx, which could lead to narrowing of the pharynx.
Effects of habitat structure on the mollusc assemblage in Mussismilia corals: evaluation of the influence of different coral growth morphology
Authors: Nogueira M. M. , Neves E. , Johnsson R. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHabitat structure increases richness and abundance of species in many environments by providing easy access to resources and refuge from predators. In coral reefs, corals are habitat for many organisms and differences in their morphologies may act as variation in habitat structure for associated fauna. In the present study, we investigate whether there are differences in the richness and abundance of molluscs associated with three species of Mussismilia corals exhibiting different growth morphologies, in two different reef areas of the Bahia state. Mussismilia harttii has a meandroid pattern, M. hispida is a massive coral, M. braziliensis also has a massive growth pattern with crevices at the corallum base. Coral characteristics were measured in the laboratory. Significant differences were identified for richness among coral species – higher values were reported in colonies of M. harttii and no significant statistical differences were observed between M. braziliensis and M. hispida. Considering the density of associated molluscs, the same pattern was found. The results are in accordance with previous studies and indicate the importance of M. harttii as a key habitat to maintain a richer and more abundant associated fauna. The internal volume of interpolypal space is an important factor influencing the richness and density of associated species.
Refugee Policy as Border Governance: Refugee return, peacebuilding, and Myanmar's politics of transition
Authors: McCONNACHIE KIRSTEN 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRefugees have been largely overlooked in analyses of Myanmar's transition, apparently considered peripheral to more prominent topics such as negotiation with armed groups, economic reform, and political elections. By analysing approaches to return and repatriation in three distinct contexts—refugees in camps in Thailand, Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh, and Chin refugees in Malaysia and India—this article shows that proposals for the return and repatriation of refugees are a form of ‘border governance' (that is, governance in, of, and through borders). This operates at three scales: (1) global border control by keeping refugees in their region of origin or returning them to their country of origin, (2) national border control by reinforcing boundaries between Myanmar and its surrounding states, and (3) the governance of political transition by reinforcing the Myanmar government’s narrative of peacebuilding by recasting continuing conflict as conditions suitable for refugee return. Premature promotion of repatriation has a number of harmful outcomes for refugee communities: encouraging the withdrawal of international aid, escalating fear and uncertainty, and political bolstering of a Bamar-dominated government and military vis-a-vis ethnic minority groups. This analysis supports a broader understanding of repatriation and its consequences, recognising that the promotion of refugee return can have significant political implications that are apparent even before mass returns have been carried out and which may reverberate far into the future.
Representability and autoequivalence groups
Authors: CHEN XIAO–WU 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFor a finite dimensional algebra A, the bounded homotopy category of projective A-modules and the bounded derived category of A-modules are dual to each other via certain categories of locally-finite cohomological functors. We prove that the duality gives rise to a 2-categorical duality between certain strict 2-categories involving bounded homotopy categories and bounded derived categories, respectively. We apply the 2-categorical duality to the study of triangle autoequivalence groups.
Youth wildlife preferences and species-based conservation priorities in a low-income biodiversity hotspot region
Authors: Liles Michael J , Peterson M Nils , Stevenson Kathryn T , Peterson Markus J 
Published: February 2021

SummaryPublic preferences for wildlife protection can dictate the success or failure of conservation interventions. However, little research has focused on wildlife preferences among youth or how youth prioritize species-based conservation. We conducted a study of youth between 7 and 20 years old (n = 128) at five local schools situated near critical hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) nesting beaches in El Salvador to determine their wildlife preferences and how they prioritize species for conservation based on five attributes: endemism; use for hunting and fishing; rapid decline in population size; presence around their home; and ecological significance. These Salvadoran youth showed preferences for native over non-native species and tended to rank rapid population decline as the most important attribute for prioritizing wildlife for protection, followed by use for hunting and fishing. Participants in local environmental education activities placed greater importance on species in rapid decline than non-participants, who considered endemism as most important. Overall, these findings reveal how environmental education may successfully promote increased prioritization of imperilled species among youth. Economic payments for conserving hawksbill turtles may link the two top reasons that Salvadoran youth provided for protecting species by compensating for the reduced hunting required to facilitate population stabilization.
Understanding the Gender and Partisan Dynamics of Abortion Voting in the House of Representatives
Authors: Rolfes-Haase Kelly L. , Swers Michele L. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAnalyzing votes on abortion-related legislation from the 103rd (1993–94) to the 115th (2017–18) Congresses, we find that both gender and party influence members’ voting behavior. Among Republicans, women are more likely than men to oppose pro-life initiatives, although the impact of gender attenuates over time. Among Democrats, apparent gender differences in voting behavior are explained by the nature of the districts they represent. We also find that the type of abortion issue impacts the influence of gender. Republican women are more likely than Republican men to defect on policies that highlight women's autonomy, such as on bills related to contraception, while Democratic men are more likely than Democratic women to support legislation related to abortion bans. These gender differences reflect a complex dynamic of members’ responsiveness to public opinion on specific issues and party efforts to influence that opinion in ways that favor perceptions of party issue expertise.
Psychological Adjustment in Spain during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Positive and Negative Mental Health Outcomes in the General Population
Authors: Valiente Carmen , Contreras Alba , Peinado Vanesa , Trucharte Almudena , Martínez Antón P. , Vázquez Carmelo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn the midst of the COVID–19 epidemic, Spain was one of the countries with the highest number of infections and a high mortality rate. The threat of the virus and consequences of the pandemic have a discernible impact on the mental health of citizens. This study aims to (a) evaluate the levels of anxiety, depression and well-being in a large Spanish sample during the confinement, (b) identify potential predictor variables associated to experiencing both clinical levels of distress and well-being in a sample of 2,122 Spanish people. By using descriptive analyses and logistic regression results revealed high rates of depression, anxiety and well-being. Specifically, our findings revealed that high levels of anxiety about COVID–19, increased substance use and loneliness as the strongest predictors of distress, while gross annual incomes and loneliness were strongest predictors of well-being. Finding of the present study provide a better insight about psychological adjustment to a pandemic and allows us to identify which population groups are at risk of experiencing higher levels of distress and which factors contribute to greater well-being, which could help in the treatments and prevention in similar stressful and traumatic situations.
Self-Affirmation and Identity-Driven Political Behavior
Authors: Lyons Benjamin A. , Farhart Christina E. , Hall Michael P. , Kotcher John , Levendusky Matthew , Miller Joanne M. , Nyhan Brendan , Raimi Kaitlin T. , Reifler Jason , Saunders Kyle L. , Skytte Rasmus , Zhao Xiaoquan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPsychological attachment to political parties can bias people’s attitudes, beliefs, and group evaluations. Studies from psychology suggest that self-affirmation theory may ameliorate this problem in the domain of politics on a variety of outcome measures. We report a series of studies conducted by separate research teams that examine whether a self-affirmation intervention affects a variety of outcomes, including political or policy attitudes, factual beliefs, conspiracy beliefs, affective polarization, and evaluations of news sources. The different research teams use a variety of self-affirmation interventions, research designs, and outcomes. Despite these differences, the research teams consistently find that self-affirmation treatments have little effect. These findings suggest considerable caution is warranted for researchers who wish to apply the self-affirmation framework to studies that investigate political attitudes and beliefs. By presenting the “null results” of separate research teams, we hope to spark a discussion about whether and how the self-affirmation paradigm should be applied to political topics.
Characteristics of Substorm‐Onset‐Related and Nonsubstorm Earthward Fast Flows and Associated Magnetic Flux Transport: THEMIS Observations
Authors: Li Jinxing , Chu Xiangning , Bortnik Jacob , Weygand James , Wang Chih‐Ping , Liu Jiang , McPherron Robert , Kellerman Adam 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSubstorms are closely associated with fast flows; however, many fast flows are not associated with substorm onsets and only lead to a localized, transient, and weak response in the magnetosphere and ionosphere. This study uses the midlatitude positive bay index to identify substorms. A case study investigates the magnetospheric and ionospheric responses to substorm‐onset‐related fast flows and nonsubstorm fast flows using observations from the THEMIS spacecraft and ionospheric currents. Statistics based on THEMIS observations made over 11 years show that substorm‐onset‐related fast flows are more likely to penetrate closer to the Earth and spread over a wider range of MLTs compared to nonsubstorm fast flows. The substorm‐onset‐related fast flow durations are slightly longer than nonsubstorm fast flow on average, and there is no significant difference between their peak velocity probability distributions. However, substorm‐onset‐related fast flows are statistically shown to be accompanied by substantially larger Bz increases that persist for longer periods of time, and hence result in 80% larger earthward‐directed magnetic flux transport rates.
On the Relationship of the O(1D) 630.0 nm Dayglow Emission to the F10.7 cm Solar Flux and the Solar Zenith Angle
Authors: Shepherd Gordon G. , Cho Young‐Min 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII) Empirical Model, which provides the characteristics of the O(1D) 630.0 nm atomic oxygen dayglow emission from the upper atmosphere has been reviewed and updated. It now includes the Integrated Emission Rate, the peak Volume Emission Rate, the Altitude of that peak and the Full Width at Half Maximum as functions of the F10.7 cm Solar Radio Flux and the solar zenith angle (SZA). The model employs 98,617 WINDII observations obtained between the years 1992 and 1996, and the model and observations of the Integrated Emission Rate agree well with one another within 2 standard deviations of 588.7 Rayleigh (R) (106 photons cm−2 sec−1). It is also demonstrated that the impact of latitude, longitude and day of year, independently of their contribution to the SZA, is very small. The WINDII Empirical Model is also shown to agree with results from the TRANSCAR photochemical model. The dayglow is challenging to measure with ground‐based instruments, as the solar scattered light from the daytime sky must be accurately subtracted from the data. Ground‐based measurements of the integrated emission rate have been made by others, with good agreement for observations from Hyderabad during the 2015 summer and winter, but mixed agreement with measurements made over Boston in 2003. The latter results are reviewed and assessed.
Equation of State Measurements on Iron Near the Melting Curve at Planetary Core Conditions by Shock and Ramp Compressions
Authors: Grant S. C. , Ao T. , Seagle C. T. , Porwitzky A. J. , Davis J.‐P. , Cochrane K. R. , Dolan D. H. , Lin J.‐F. , Ditmire T. , Bernstein A. C. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe outer core of the Earth is composed primarily of liquid iron, and the inner core boundary is governed by the intersection of the melt line and the geotherm. While there are many studies on the thermodynamic equation of state for solid iron, the equation of state of liquid iron is relatively unexplored. We use dynamic compression to diagnose the high‐pressure liquid equation of state of iron by utilizing the shock‐ramp capability at Sandia National Laboratories’ Z‐Machine. This technique enables measurements of material states off the Hugoniot by initially shocking samples and subsequently driving a further, shockless compression. Planetary studies benefit greatly from isentropic, off‐Hugoniot experiments since they can cover pressure‐temperature (P‐T) conditions that are close to adiabatic profiles found in planetary interiors. We used this method to drive iron to P‐T conditions similar to those of the Earth’s outer‐inner core boundary, along an elevated‐temperature isentrope in the liquid from 275 GPa to 400 GPa. We derive the equation of state using a hybrid backward integration – forward Lagrangian technique on particle velocity traces to determine the pressure‐density history of the sample. Our results are in excellent agreement with SESAME 92141, a previously published equation of state table. With our data and previous experimental data on liquid iron we provide new information on the iron melting line and derive new parameters for a Vinet‐based equation of state. The table and our parameterized equation of state are applied to provide an updated means of modeling the pressure, mass, and density of liquid iron cores in exoplanetary interiors.
Greigite as an Indicator for Salinity and Sedimentation Rate Change: Evidence From the Yangtze River Delta, China
Authors: Chen Yinglu , Zhang Weiguo , Nian Xiaomei , Sun Qianli , Ge Can , Hutchinson Simon M. , Cheng Qinzi , Wang Feng , Chen Jin , Zhao Xuanqi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFerrimagnetic greigite (Fe3S4) is widespread in the sedimentary environment. Despite abundant reports of greigite occurrence in marine and lacustrine deposits, its formation mechanisms in deltaic deposits remain poorly studied. Here we investigate greigite in Holocene Yangtze River Delta deposits using granulometric, magnetic, and geochemical methods. The studied cores consist of tidal river, estuary, shallow marine, and delta facies in ascending order. The greigite‐bearing layers are found predominantly in the accreting tidal flat facies during the transgression stage and secondarily in the shallow marine facies during the regression stage of the delta's Holocene development. These sedimentary intervals have a higher total sulfur (TS) content and TS to total organic carbon ratios (TS/TOC) suggesting the accumulation of iron sulfides, including greigite, under reducing estuarine and shallow marine conditions. The greigite‐bearing layers in the tidal flat facies have lower Sr/Ba ratios, in comparison to the shallow marine facies, indicating a lower salinity environment. Supported by the dating results, it is suggested that the higher sedimentation rate of the tidal flat facies, caused by rapid sea‐level rise during the early Holocene, favors the formation and preservation of greigite. Our results indicate that the magnetic detection of greigite provides a simple and useful tool for inferring salinity and sedimentation rate changes, and hence better an understanding of the heterogeneity of depositional processes in Holocene delta environments.