bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Questions Can Be Referred?
Authors: Broberg Morten , Fenger Niels 
Published: May 2021

AbstractChapter 4 examines which questions can be referred for a preliminary ruling. The European Court of Justice has jurisdiction to give preliminary rulings on the interpretation of the Treaties, and on the validity and interpretation of acts of the institutions, bodies, offices, or agencies of the Union. It does not have jurisdiction to rule on the interpretation or validity of international law or national laws, and it is prevented from giving a binding ruling on the facts that are put before a national court. Chapter 4 explains the reference to ‘the Treaties’ as well as the meanings of ‘acts’, ‘institutions, bodies, offices or agencies’, and ‘validity’. This examination includes police and judicial cooperation, common foreign and security policy, the Euratom Treaty and the ECSC Treaty, and it includes preliminary references concerning international agreements. The chapter also examines the extent to which the Court of Justice can give its opinion on the facts or the content of national law in connection with a reference for a preliminary ruling or on questions that concern circumstances that arise before a Member State’s accession to the European Union or where the preliminary ruling is rendered after a Member State’s withdrawal from the Union (eg Brexit).
When Are National Courts Obliged to Refer Questions?
Authors: Broberg Morten , Fenger Niels 
Published: May 2021

AbstractChapter 6 defines when a national court must make a preliminary reference. In principle, a national court whose decision cannot be appealed against (a court of last instance) is obligated to make a reference for a preliminary ruling if the main proceedings give rise to a question about the interpretation or validity of EU law. The chapter analyses when a national court is regarded as being a court of last instance and it analyses when a court of last instance is exempt from the obligation to make a reference. Particular focus is upon the acte éclairé and acte clair doctrines. Chapter 6 also examines when national courts, other than those of last instance, have a duty to make a reference. The chapter also considers the legal consequences of a national court failing to comply with its obligation to make a reference; in this respect it considers the question of how a failure to make a preliminary reference may affect the validity of a national judgment, the duty to reopen the case file, the obligation to pay damages, the possibility that the Commission will initiate infringement proceedings, and the possibility that such failure will constitute an infringement of the European Convention on Human Rights.
Dorothea Schlegel and the Challenges of Female Authorship and Identity
Authors: Sassen Brigitte 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, I explore the particular social, religious, and gender pressures faced by eighteenth-century women authors by considering these pressures within the context of three stages of the life of Dorothea Schlegel (born Brendel Mendelssohn): first, in her early life and first marriage, secondly, in her emergence as an intellectual and author during the years in Jena with Friedrich Schlegel and the early Romantics, and thirdly, in her post-Jena years when she was active as a translator and story-teller. The chapter looks at the reasons for her dissatisfaction with her first marriage and considers how women intellectuals and writers were viewed in the eighteenth century.
Is She Not an Unusual Woman? Say More
Authors: Moland Lydia L. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Germaine de Staël and Lydia Maria Child were both among the most well-known female intellectuals of their times and places: Staël in eighteenth-century Europe, Child in the nineteenth-century United States. Both women were influential in spreading the ideas of eighteenth-century German philosophy, and both used philosophical ideas to articulate their insights on the progress of history and the moral potential of art. Both also used their philosophical skills to address the moral crisis of slavery and to articulate the burden of being an unusual woman. As Staël’s first American biographer, Child helped extend Staël’s ideas beyond Europe and into the United States. Comparing their philosophical views provides us with an echo of women’s involvement in eighteenth-century German philosophy in the tumultuous American nineteenth century.
Ordinary randomness
Authors: Stoltzfus Arlin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractChapter 2 addresses how well the biological process of mutation is described by some of the ordinary meanings of “chance“ or “randomness“ in science: lack of purpose or foresight, uniformity (homogeneity), stochasticity, indeterminacy, unpredictability, spontaneity, and independence (chance). Ordinary mutations exhibit various kinds of heterogeneity (nonuniformity), e.g., by genomic position, or by cell-cycle state. The occurrence of mutations is affected by various conditions inside the cell, e.g., the spectrum of replication errors is shaped by the composition of DNA precursor pools. Many of the processes that lead to mutation are spontaneous in the sense of emerging internally, but some processes reflect external effects such as radiation or uptake of foreign DNA. Though most of the processes that lead to mutations are “macroscopic,” some processes (e.g., damage caused by radioactive decay or electromagnetic radiation) implicate quantum indeterminacy.
The problem of variation
Authors: Stoltzfus Arlin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractChapter 7 maps out a broad framework for considering the problem of variation in evolution. Under the neo-Darwinian view that variation merely plays the role of supplying random infinitesimal raw materials, with no dispositional influence on the course of evolution, a substantive theory of form and its variation is not required to specify a complete theory of evolution. This view has been breaking down from the moment it was proposed, and is now seriously challenged by results from evo-devo, comparative genomics, molecular evolution, and quantitative genetics. For instance, the multivariate generalization of quantitative genetics indicates that selection cannot possibly act as an independent governing force. Replacing a theory of variation as fuel with a theory of variation as a dispositional factor will require, at minimum, an understanding of tendencies of variation (source laws), and an understanding of how those tendencies affect evolution (consequence laws).
Climbing Mount Probable
Authors: Stoltzfus Arlin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractChapter 8 provides the formal basis to recognize biases in the introduction of variation as a cause of evolutionary biases. The shifting-gene-frequencies theory of the Modern Synthesis posits a “buffet” view in which evolution is merely a process of shifting the frequencies of pre-existing alleles, without new mutations. Within this theory, mutation is represented like selection or drift, as a “force” that shifts frequencies. Yet, within a broader conception of evolution, a second kind of causal process is required: an introduction process that can shift a frequency upwards from 0, which selection and drift cannot do. Abstract models demonstrate the influence of biases in the introduction process in one-step and multi-step adaptive walks. Such biases do not require mutation biases per se, but may arise from effects of development, and from the differential accessibility of alternative forms in abstract possibility-spaces.
The Poets of Rapallo
Authors: Arrington Lauren 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Why did poets from the United States, Britain, and Ireland gather in a small town in Italy during the early years of Mussolini’s regime? These writers were—or became—some of the most famous poets of the twentieth century. What brought them together, and what did they hope to achieve? The Poets of Rapallo is about the conversations, collaborations, and disagreements among Ezra and Dorothy Pound, W.B. and George Yeats, Richard Aldington and Brigit Patmore, Thomas MacGreevy, Louis Zukofsky, and Basil Bunting. Drawing on their correspondence, diaries, drafts of poems, sketches and photographs, this book shows how the backdrop of the Italian fascist regime is essential to their writing about their home countries and their ideas about modern art and poetry. It also explores their interconnectedness as poets and shows how these connections were erased as their work was polished for publication. Focusing on the years between 1928 and 1935, when Pound and Yeats hosted an array of visiting writers, this book shows how the literary culture of Rapallo forged the lifelong friendships of Richard Aldington and Thomas MacGreevy—both veterans of the First World War—and of Louis Zukofsky and Basil Bunting, who imagined a new kind of “democratic” poetry for the twentieth century. In the wake of the Second World War, these four poets all downplayed their relationship to Ezra Pound and avoided discussing how important Rapallo was to their development as poets. But how did these “democratic” poets respond to the fascist context in which they worked during their time in Rapallo? The Poets of Rapallo discusses their collaboration with Pound, their awareness of the rising tide of fascism, and even—in some cases—their complicity in the activities of the fascist regime. The Poets of Rapallo charts the new direction for modernist writing that these writers imagined, and in the process, it exposes the dark underbelly of some of the most lauded poetry in the English language.
Shell-Shocked Walt Whitmans
Authors: Arrington Lauren 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 begins with a dinner party at which W.B. and George Yeats, Richard Aldington, and Brigit Patmore were present. Closely reading Aldington’s poetry as well as his novel, Death of a Hero (much of which was written in Rapallo), this chapter considers Yeats’s attitude to the postwar poets whom he derided as “shell-shocked Walt Whitmans.” The chapter also looks at connections between Aldington’s poem The Eaten Heart and Pound’s The Spirit of Romance, and their surprising relationship to W.B. Yeats’s poem “Parnell’s Funeral.” The chapter concludes with Yeats’s address of “war poetry” in The Oxford Book of Modern Verse and his inclusion there of another of Rapallo’s visitors: Siegfried Sassoon.
Primavera 1928
Authors: Arrington Lauren 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins by examining the periodical culture of the Rapallo poets: Ezra Pound’s magazine The Exile and the literary supplement to Il Mare. It considers the machismo that Pound cultivated in these magazines and how his ideas about masculinity relate to the masculine public sphere encouraged by the fascist state. It looks closely at Bunting’s contributions to Il Mare’s literary supplement. The chapter concludes by addressing the anthologies that Pound produced and the collaboration of Bunting and Zukofsky on the post-Rapallo Workers Anthology, considering the pedagogical aims of these projects and their political implications.
Making Living History
Authors: Arrington Lauren 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the reading and reception of Oswald Spengler’s Decline of the West among the Rapallo poets. It shows how Spengler’s ideas resonated in W.B. and George Yeats’s A Vision, and—less obviously—in Dorothy Pound’s ideas about the capacity of aesthetic form to manifest a metaphysical idea. The chapter looks at Yeats’s essays for Dublin Magazine about the roles of state-sponsored institutions and Dorothy Pound’s attention to fascist architecture in her letters and drawings, showing how their work was responding to the large-scale cultural projects of the regime.
Accounting for Rapallo
Authors: Arrington Lauren 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The outbreak and aftermath of the Second World War meant that Ezra Pound’s political allegiances became undeniable, and writers who had been in Rapallo felt compelled to account for their proximity to Pound and their presence in Italy during Mussolini’s regime. This chapter interrogates the way that the poets of Rapallo represented Pound and Rapallo’s importance to their development, and it challenges critics’ convenient acceptance of these narratives. This chapter places particular importance on the lives of George Yeats, Dorothy Pound, and Brigit Patmore, challenging Virginia Woolf’s idea of the “totalitarian man” by showing the multifarious political alignments of Rapallo’s women.
Fallenness and Flourishing
Authors: Hudson Hud 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This book opens with defenses of the philosophy of pessimism, first on secular grounds and then again on distinctively Christian grounds with reference to the fallenness of human beings. It then details traditional Christian reasons for optimism with which this philosophy of pessimism can be qualified. Yet even among those who accept the general religious worldview underlying this optimism, many nevertheless willfully resist the efforts required to cooperate with God and instead pursue happiness and well-being (or flourishing) on their own power. On the assumption that we can acquire knowledge in such matters, arguments are presented in favor of objective-list theories of well-being and the Psychic Affirmation theory of happiness, and the question—“How are people faring in this quest for self-achieved happiness and well-being?”—is critically investigated. The unfortunate result is that nearly everywhere people are failing. The causes of failure, it is argued, are found in the noetic effects of sin—especially in inordinate self-love and self-deception, but also in insufficient self-love—and such failure manifests both in widespread unhappiness and in that most misunderstood of the seven deadly sins, sloth. After a literary tour designed to reveal the many different ways that sloth can damage a life, a constructive proposal for responding to this predicament featuring the virtue of obedience is articulated and defended. This virtue is analyzed, illustrated, located in a new theory of well-being, and recommended to the reader.
Libido Sentiendi, Libido Sciendi, Libido Dominandi
Authors: Hudson Hud 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers a report from the front lines where the battle for self-achieved happiness and well-being (or flourishing) is decidedly not going well. After counter-reports of success from those in the field are examined, secular reasons are offered for thinking that these reports are very likely to be unreliable and so lack the power to trump the mountain of evidence for the view that there are precious few who flourish when drawing only on the resources of their own willpower, creativity, and ingenuity. But it’s not due to lack of trying; people want desperately to enjoy happiness and well-being. The real causes of failure, it is argued, are found in the noetic effects of sin—particularly in inordinate self-love and self-deception, but also (especially in those who have been further harmed and humiliated by relentless and systemic oppression) in insufficient self-love and the lack of safety, resources, and opportunities. The tale to be told is not merely a chronicle of failed bids at happiness and well-being ultimately grounded in our shared condition of sin; it is also a tale of the unhappiness that visits so many of those who fall into this pattern of failure. This portion of the story will be informed and structured by the seven capital vices (also known as the seven deadly sins), and it will culminate in a sustained examination and exploration of the sin of sloth.
The Masks of Sloth
Authors: Hudson Hud 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
One peculiarity of the theses defended in the foregoing chapters is that they diagnose a condition which predicts that the diagnosis will be resisted by those it accurately describes. Literature provides artistic illustrations as accompaniments to philosophical texts which can capture one’s attention in ways academic prose might not. In particular, literature can elicit many of the same emotional experiences that arise in everyday life and can mimic the chaotic and multi-dimensional reality of interpersonal interaction. Consequently, the reader can be deeply engaged by way of imaginative immersion into a richly nuanced narrative, subjective reactions to which provide brand new experiential data with which to theorize. This chapter offers a literary tour of the different masks of sloth in the hopes of rendering the reader receptive to the diagnosis of the preceding three chapters, which, thus illustrated, may seem less foreign than it might otherwise appear. As a result, sloth will be seen to be a misfortune with many faces. Under its onerous influence, one can race from boredom into mindless diversions, or convince oneself that the world is at bottom absurd, or languish in melancholy, or give oneself over to evil, or abdicate one’s agency and be ruled by chance, or play the aesthete and frantically pursue the diminishing pleasures of sensual novelty, or attempt to explain one’s misfortune by appeal to some invented offensive or indifferent feature of God’s, or despair over a perceived spiritual deformity in oneself rooted in guilt or shame.
Ye Cannot Serve God and Mammon
Authors: Hudson Hud 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This final chapter begins by articulating a particular conception of the virtue of obedience and detailing its four components—humility, restraint, response, and love—and by showing how they work together both to nurture an abiding and deeply seated pro-attitude towards uniting one’s will with God’s will and also to create and maintain a robust and stable set of dispositions aimed at succeeding in this aim. It then illustrates the virtue of obedience in action, discusses its relation to happiness, and remarks on the role of perseverance, the difficult mission of anyone who commits to acquiring and developing this virtue in life. A refinement to the objective-list theories of well-being (or flourishing) is then proposed, followed by a formulation and defense of a new objective-list theory that attempts to state the conditions of receptivity in a subject in addition to identifying the range of welfare goods in the world. The virtue of obedience, it is argued, is not only one among many welfare goods, but plays a unique role vis-à-vis the other goods on the list, insofar as it serves as the priming condition under which they can realize the full extent of their value in the subject in which they manifest. Finally, the most worrisome aspects of the views defended in this book are identified, sympathetically presented with force and fairness, and addressed.
Bridging the Gap? Naïve Realism and the Problem of Consciousness
Authors: Allen Keith 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHow should we decide between philosophical theories of perception? This paper addresses this question by considering the debate between naïve realists and their opponents, and in particular the claim that naïve realism provides a distinctive way of resolving the Problem of Consciousness. I argue that the naïve realist’s solution requires rejecting what many consider to be a ‘fixed point’ in theorizing about perception: a commitment to physicalism. In light of this, I consider different ways of understanding naïve realism and its motivation, suggesting that naïve realism might be best understood as a transcendental theory of perception.
The Tractability of the Debate on Relationalism
Authors: Locatelli Roberta 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe debate between relationalism and representationalism in the philosophy of perception seems to have come to a standstill where opponents radically disagree on methodological principles or fundamental assumptions. According to Fish (this volume) this is because, not unlike Kuhnian scientific paradigms, the debate displays some elements of incommensurability. This diagnosis makes advancing the debate impossible. I argue that what is hindering progress is not a clash of research programmes, but a series of misunderstandings that can be avoided by disentangling the different questions each theory is invested in and by making explicit the hidden assumptions at play in the debate. One such central assumption is what I call the Superficiality Constraint. This is the idea that the phenomenal character of experience is superficial with respect to introspection. I argue that we can make progress in the debate by assessing to what extent and at what cost relationalism can accommodate this constraint.
Neopragmatism and Philosophy of Perception
Authors: Gert Joshua 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Neopragmatism is an anti-metaphysical approach to philosophical problems. It addresses such problems by taking the focus off of metaphysics, and turning it onto language. That is, the neopragmatist seeks philosophically uncontentious explanations of the sort of talk that often gives rise to the sense that there is a deep philosophical puzzle to solve. In the domain of perception, reflection on apt ways of describing perceptual experiences have led to various metaphysically committing theories, including (i) sense data theory, (ii) representationalism, and (iii) naïve realism. This chapter uses neopragmatist techniques to undermine the case for the last of these. The attack is two-pronged. First, some of the metaphysical commitments of naïve realism are criticized. Second, neopragmatism is used to explain some of the ideas that were thought to lend naïve realism support. These include the idea that perceptual experience has a peculiar sort of openness or presentational character, and the related idea that such experience gives insight into the mind-independent character of the world. Beyond forming the basis for criticizing other views, neopragmatism also suggests a positive view of perception. This is a form of adverbialism that relies on the idea that our sensory states are information-bearing, but not, in any robust sense, representational.
Basics of Static Micromagnetism
Authors: Michels Andreas 
Published: May 2021

AbstractChapter 3 introduces the continuum expressions for the magnetic energy contributions, which are employed for describing the mesoscale magnetic microstructure of magnetic materials. It is then shown how the static equations of micromagnetics, the so-called Brown's equations, can be solved in the high-field regime and how the Fourier components of the magnetization are related to the magnetic SANS cross section.
Real-Space Analysis
Authors: Michels Andreas 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSpin-misalignment correlations in real space are the subject of this chapter. The correlation function and correlation length of the spin-misalignment SANS cross section are introduced, their properties are discussed within the context of micromagnetic theory, and selected experimental data on Nd-Fe-B-based permanent magnets and nanocrystalline elemental soft (Cobalt and Nickel) and hard (Gadolinium and Terbium) magnets are reviewed.
Micromagnetic Simulations
Authors: Michels Andreas 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this chapter we report the progress made in using full-scale micromagnetic simulations for the understanding of the fundamentals of magnetic SANS. These studies take into account the nonlinearity of Brown's static equations of micromagnetics. Prototypical sample microstructures, the implementation of the different energy contributions, and the state-of-the-art regarding simulations on multiphase nanocomposites and nanoparticle assemblies are discussed.