bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of the Clinical, Viral, Pathologic, and Immunologic Features of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) Diseases
Authors: Barth Rolf F. , Buja L. Maximillian , Barth Alison L. , Carpenter David E. , Parwani Anil V. 
Published: July 2021

Context.—The purpose of this review was to compare 3 coronavirus diseases, including severe acute respiratory syndrome, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 viruses, respectively.Objective.—To cover the following topics: clinical considerations, viral characteristics, pathology, immune response, pathogenesis, and the prognosis associated with each coronavirus disease in humans.Data Sources.—Clinically, flu-like symptoms are usual at the time of presentation for all 3 diseases, but these vary from asymptomatic to severe multisystem involvement. The pathology associated with symptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome and COVID-19 has been well described, the most prominent of which is diffuse alveolar damage. The immune response to each of these viruses is highly complex and includes both humoral and cellular components that can have a significant impact on prognosis. In severe cases of COVID-19, a dysregulated innate host immune system can initiate a hyperinflammatory syndrome dominated by endothelial dysfunction that can lead to a hypercoagulable state with microthrombi, resulting in a systemic microvascular and macrovascular disease.Conclusions.—The severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome epidemics have been limited, involving approximately 8000 and 2500 individuals, respectively. In contrast, COVID-19 has resulted in a worldwide pandemic with more than 177 million cases and 3.9 million deaths as of June 15, 2021, and fatality rates ranging from less than 0.1% to approximately 10% depending upon the country. Ending on a positive note, the development of a number of vaccines, at least 6 of which now are in clinical use, should mitigate and eventually control the devastating COVID-19 pandemic.
Réseaux d’alliances entre féministes québécoises : une relecture de la notion de « triangle de velours »
Authors: Lamoureux Diane , Mayer Stéphanie 
Published: July 2021

Cet article a pour objectif d’évaluer la portée descriptive de la notion de « triangle de velours » pour comprendre la réussite de certaines collaborations féministes avec l’État québécois. La notion de triangle de velours a été élaborée par Alison Woodward en 2003 avec la volonté de rendre compte des alliances établies entre les féministes de la base, les expertes universitaires et les féministes dans les appareils d’État afin d’incorporer les luttes pour l’égalité dans les politiques publiques. Cette notion sera mise à profit dans le contexte québécois pour rendre compte de la complexité et de l’étendue des alliances parmi les féministes dans cadre des luttes pour la liberté d’avortement et l’équité salariale. Les matériaux principaux de notre analyse sont des entretiens semi-dirigés portant sur les récits de féministes militantes engagées dans ces luttes au Québec.
Le peuple instituant et les nouveaux mouvements sociaux : actualité de la théorie du sujet politique de Cornelius Castoriadis
Authors: Tranchant Thibault 
Published: July 2021

Cet article présente la théorie castoriadienne du sujet politique et la rapporte à son contexte politique d’énonciation, à savoir l’essor des « nouveaux mouvements sociaux » (NMS) à partir des années 1960. La thèse défendue par l’auteur est que la figure castoriadienne du sujet politique comme « peuple instituant » permet de jeter un regard nouveau sur les NMS. D’un côté, elle permet de les décrire en explicitant leur raison commune comme créativité institutionnelle. D’un autre côté, elle permet d’apprécier normativement l’ambiguïté suscitée par leur recentrement historique autour de la revendication de droits subjectifs égalitaires. Les deux premiers temps de l’article sont consacrés au commentaire de la figure castoriadienne du « peuple instituant », que l’auteur prend soin de distinguer du « peuple constituant », tandis que la troisième partie de l’article la rapporte aux NMS dans une perspective à la fois descriptive, critique et normative.
Self‐Healable Fluorinated Copolymers Governed by Dipolar Interactions
Authors: Wang Siyang , Urban Marek W. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAlthough dipolar forces between copolymer chains are relatively weak, they result in ubiquitous inter‐ and/or intramolecular interactions which are particularly critical in achieving the mechanical integrity of polymeric materials. In this study, a route is developed to obtain self‐healable properties in thermoplastic copolymers that rely on noncovalent dipolar interactions present in essentially all macromolecules and particularly fluorine‐containing copolymers. The combination of dipolar interactions between C─F and C═O bonds as well as CH2/CH3 entities facilitates self‐healing without external intervention. The presence of dipole‐dipole, dipole‐induced dipole, and induced‐dipole induced dipole interactions leads to a viscoelastic response that controls macroscopic autonomous multicycle self‐healing of fluorinated copolymers under ambient conditions. Energetically favorable dipolar forces attributed to monomer sequence and monomer molar ratios induces desirable copolymer tacticities, enabling entropic energy recovery stored during mechanical damage. The use of dipolar forces instead of chemical or physical modifications not only eliminates additional alternations enabling multiple damage‐repair cycles but also provides further opportunity for designing self‐healable commodity thermoplastics. These materials may offer numerous applications, ranging from the use in electronics, ion batteries, H2 fuel dispense hoses to self‐healable pet toys, packaging, paints and coatings, and many others.
Refining murine heterotopic heart transplantation: A model to study ischemia and reperfusion injury in donation after circulatory death hearts
Authors: Quader Mohammed , Cholyway Renee , Wickramaratne Niluka , Akande Oluwatoyin , Mangino Martin , Mezzaroma Eleonora , Mauro Adolfo G. , Chen Qun , Kantlis Alexander , Toldo Stefano 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHeart transplantation is a lifesaving procedure, which is limited by the availability of donor hearts. Using hearts from donors after circulatory death, which have sustained global ischemia, requires thorough studies on reliable and reproducible models that developing researchers may not have mastered. By combining the most recent literature and our recommendations based on observations and trials and errors, the methods here detail a sound in vivo heterotopic heart transplantation model for rats in which protective interventions on the ischemic heart can be studied, and thus allowing the scientific community to advance organ preservation research. Knowledge gathered from reproducible animal models allow for successful translation to clinical studies.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Correlates of Multiple Sclerosis Immunopathological Patterns
Authors: Metz Imke , Gavrilova Ralitza H. , Weigand Stephen D. , Frischer Josa M. , Popescu Bogdan F. , Guo Yong , Gloth Mareike , Tobin William Oliver , Zalewski Nicholas L. , Lassmann Hans , Tillema Jan M. , Erickson Bradley J. , Parisi Joseph E. , Becker Stephanie , König Fatima B. , Brück Wolfgang , Lucchinetti Claudia F. 
Published: July 2021

ObjectiveHistology reveals that early active multiple sclerosis lesions can be classified into 3 main interindividually heterogeneous but intraindividually stable immunopathological patterns of active demyelination (patterns I–III). In patterns I and II, a T‐cell‐ and macrophage‐associated demyelination is suggested, with pattern II only showing signs of a humoral immune response. Pattern III is characterized by inflammatory lesions with an oligodendrocyte degeneration. Patterns suggest pathogenic heterogeneity, and we postulated that they have distinct magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) correlates that may serve as biomarkers.MethodsWe evaluated in an international collaborative retrospective cohort study the MRI lesion characteristics of 789 conventional prebiopsy and follow‐up MRIs in relation to their histopathologically classified immunopathological patterns (n = 161 subjects) and lesion edge features (n = 112).ResultsA strong association of a ringlike enhancement and a hypointense T2‐weighted (T2w) rim with patterns I and II, but not pattern III, was observed. Only a fraction of pattern III patients showed a ringlike enhancement, and this was always atypical. Ringlike enhancement and T2w rims colocalized, and ringlike enhancement showed a strong association with macrophage rims as shown by histology. A strong concordance of MRI lesion characteristics, meaning that different lesions showed the same features, was found when comparing biopsied and nonbiopsied lesions at a given time point, indicating lesion homogeneity within individual patients.InterpretationWe provide robust evidence that MRI characteristics reflect specific morphological features of multiple sclerosis immunopatterns and that ringlike enhancement and T2w hypointense rims might serve as a valuable noninvasive biomarker to differentiate pathological patterns of demyelination. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:440–454
Random Effects in Magnetobiology and a Way to Summarize Them
Authors: Binhi Vladimir N. 
Published: July 2021

In magnetobiology, it is difficult to reproduce the nonspecific (not associated with specialized receptors) biological effects of weak magnetic fields. This means that some important characteristic of the data may be missed in standard statistical processing, where the set of measurements to be averaged belongs to the same population so that the contribution of fluctuations decreases according to the Central Limit Theorem. It has been shown that a series of measurements of a nonspecific magnetic effect contains not only the usual scatter of data around the mean but also a significant random component in the mean itself. This random component indicates that measurements belong to different statistical populations, which requires special processing. This component, otherwise called heterogeneity, is an additional characteristic that is typically overlooked, and which reduces reproducibility. The current method for studying and summarizing highly heterogeneous data is the random‐effect meta‐analysis of absolute values, i.e., of magnitudes, rather than the values themselves. However, this estimator—the average of absolute values—has a significant positive bias when it comes to the small effects that are characteristic of magnetobiology. To solve this problem, an improved estimator based on the folded normal distribution that gives several times less bias is proposed. We used this improved estimator to analyze the nonspecific effect of the hypomagnetic field in the Stroop test in 40 subjects and found a statistically significant meta‐effect with a standardized average of magnitudes of about 0.1. It has been shown that the proposed approach can also be applied to a single study. © 2021 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
Three‐level hybrid modeling for systematic optimization of biocatalytic synthesis: α‐glucosyl glycerol production by enzymatic trans‐glycosylation from sucrose
Authors: Sigg Alexander , Klimacek Mario , Nidetzky Bernd 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMechanism‐based kinetic models are rigorous tools to analyze enzymatic reactions, but their extension to actual conditions of the biocatalytic synthesis can be difficult. Here, we demonstrate (mechanistic‐empirical) hybrid modeling for systematic optimization of the sucrose phosphorylase‐catalyzed glycosylation of glycerol from sucrose, to synthesize the cosmetic ingredient α‐glucosyl glycerol (GG). The empirical model part was developed to capture nonspecific effects of high sucrose concentrations (up to 1.5 M) on microscopic steps of the enzymatic trans‐glycosylation mechanism. Based on verified predictions of the enzyme performance under initial rate conditions (Level 1), the hybrid model was expanded by microscopic terms of the reverse reaction to account for the full‐time course of GG synthesis (Level 2). Lastly (Level 3), the application of the hybrid model for comprehensive window‐of‐operation analysis and constrained optimization of the GG production (~250 g/L) was demonstrated. Using two candidate sucrose phosphorylases (from Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Bifidobacterium adolescentis), we reveal the hybrid model as a powerful tool of “process decision making” to guide rational selection of the best‐suited enzyme catalyst. Our study exemplifies a closing of the gap between enzyme kinetic models considered for mechanistic research and applicable in technologically relevant reaction conditions; and it highlights the important benefit thus realizable for biocatalytic process development.
Direct Fluorination Strategy for the Synthesis of Fluorine‐18 Labeled Oligopeptide—[18F]ApoPep‐7
Authors: Oh Keumrok , Chi Dae Yoon 
Published: July 2021

Knowing the extent to which apoptosis occurs will allow us to better understand physiological changes in cells. ApoPep‐1, an oligopeptide with the structure of CQRPPR, is known to be a substance capable of measuring apoptosis well. A method for synthesizing ApoPep‐1 derivative containing fluorine‐18 was studied. The development of a method for labeling fluorine‐18 fluorine on oligopeptide without denaturation of oligopeptide was applied to ApoPep‐1. A derivative of ApoPep‐1, a stable precursor 5 having trimethylammonium nicotinamide functional group was synthesized. The precursor 5 can be labeled at 40–60 °C without denaturing the oligopeptide to provide a new derivative, ApoPep‐7 (1). Upon radiofluorination of the precursor 5 at 60 °C with large initial activity (11.2 GBq), [18F]ApoPep‐7 ([18F]1) was obtained in a yield of 31% (nondecay corrected, isolated, total preparation time 65 min).
General considerations for online teaching practices in bioinformatics in the time of COVID‐19
Authors: Arenas Miguel 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic is promoting online education. In this concern, not only online teaching of wet laboratory practices is being challenging, but also online teaching of practices in bioinformatics. Here, I discuss the problematic of online teaching practices in bioinformatics and provide fundamental guidelines, especially oriented for beginner educators, that can help in the time of the pandemic.
The perception of counselling services through the lens of college faculty in China
Authors: Li Chi‐Sing , Henriksen Richard C. , Lin Yu‐Fen , Brown Timothy 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCounselling has become a growing profession in many countries around the world and is now viewed as an international profession. Gaining insights into the perceptions of college professors on counselling has been an ongoing challenge. With the high number of international students, particularly those from China, the purpose of this study was to describe the perceptions of professional counselling held by Chinese professors in China. The authors identified six themes that made up the essence of the Chinese faculty's perceptions of professional counselling: roles of college counsellors in China; common challenges that brought Chinese college students to counselling; Chinese professors’ expectations of college counsellors; training and requirements of college counsellors; credentials and experience of counsellor supervisors; and future development of college counselling in China. The results led the authors to note that research focused on the intersections of specific cultures and the basic foundations of counselling is needed so that counselling becomes a more relevant means to improving mental health around the world.
Multilevel Chirality Transfer from Amino Acid Derivatives to Circularly Polarized Luminescence‐Active Nanoparticles in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Chen Yuan , Sun Baobao , Feng Haohui , Wang Ranran , Cheng Ming , Wang Peng , Zhou Zhiping , Jiang Juli , Wang Leyong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractChirality at different levels is widely observed in nature, but the clue to connect it all together, and the way chirality transfers among different levels are still obscure. Herein, al‐/d‐lysine‐based self‐assembly system was constructed, in which two‐step chirality transfer among three different levels was observed in aqueous solution. The chirality originated from the point chirality of amino acid derivativesl‐/d‐PyLys hydrochloride, and was transferred to the planar conformational chirality of water‐soluble pillar[5]arenepR‐/pS‐WP5. Then, with the aid ofpR‐/pS‐WP5, nanoparticles were formed that exhibited L‐/R‐handed circularly polarized luminescence with a dissymmetry factor of up to ±0.001, arising from pyrene chiral excimers. This multilevel chirality transfer not only provides a perspective to trace potential clues, and to pursue certain ways by which the chirality transfers, but also offers a strategy to create controllable CPL emission in aqueous media.
Acid retardation for deeper stimulation—Revisiting the chemistry and evaluation methods
Authors: Chang Frank F. , Cairns Amy J. , Sayed Mohammed A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAcid fracturing treatment in upstream oil and gas production is done to extend the connectivity of the wellbore deep into the reservoir. This is achieved through a dissolution process using acid in conjunction with hydraulic fracturing. A key to success is to impart favourable reaction kinetics between the acid and rock matrix. If the reaction proceeds too rapidly, it results in large voids in the near‐wellbore area but insufficient dissolution in the reservoir. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is ubiquitous in the petroleum industry for acidizing applications due to its high dissolving capacity towards carbonate minerals, soluble reaction products, and low cost. Its corrosive nature coupled with rapid reaction kinetics have forced the industry to search for mechanisms to address these limitations. The concepts for slowing down reaction rate centre around (1) reducing mass transfer of hydrogen ions, H+; (2) limiting H+ ion dissociation; and (3) altering the wetting property of the rock surface. Reaction kinetics data is critical to guiding the selection of the suitable acid formulations for acid fracturing process. They are commonly measured in the lab using instruments such as a rotating disk reactor, flow cells, and diffusion cell. Though routinely applied, these experimental methods, including their setups and procedures, are rarely questioned. The experimental artefacts can lead to wrong conclusions. Deeper understanding of the fundamental assumptions behind the apparatus design and test procedures is critical. This paper discusses the chemistries employed in acid retardation, and more importantly the attention needed when extending the experimental data to field treatment.
Bone and soft tissue sarcomas in cerebrospinal fluid and effusion: A 20‐year review at our institution
Authors: Sharma Anurag , Thangaiah Judith Jebastin , Shetty Sindhu , Policarpio‐Nicolas Maria Luisa C. 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundThe literature on bone and soft tissue sarcomas (BSTSs) involving effusions and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is very limited.MethodsA computerized search for fluid cytology with a sarcoma diagnosis from 2000 to 2020 was performed. All available cases, including the clinical follow‐up, were reviewed.ResultsA total of 57 fluids specimens from 36 BSTSs were identified (9 rhabdomyosarcomas, 6 angiosarcomas, 5 epithelioid hemangioendotheliomas, 3 dedifferentiated liposarcomas, 2 chondrosarcomas, 1 extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma, 3 Ewing sarcomas, 2 undifferentiated sarcomas, 3 osteosarcomas, 1 synovial sarcoma, and 1 hybrid low‐grade fibromyxoid sarcoma/sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma). There were 22 males and 14 females. The age range was 4 to 82 years (median, 45 years). Sites of involvement included pleural fluid (n = 38), peritoneal fluid (n = 14), and CSF (n = 5). Twenty‐four cytology cases were available for review. The cytologic features were nonspecific and ranged from dyshesive to clusters of round, epithelioid, pleomorphic, and occasionally spindle‐shaped malignant cells that could easily mimic other non‐BSTS malignant tumors. The diagnosis of BSTS was made by comparison with a prior specimen and/or ancillary studies (molecular or immunohistochemical stains). The prognosis was poor because 95% of the patients died of their disease.ConclusionsThe incidence of BSTS in fluid cytology is extremely rare, and it can have cytologic features similar to those of non‐BSTS malignancies. Although, in most cases, a comparison with a prior known BSTS specimen may suffice, the use of ancillary studies is extremely helpful in arriving at the correct diagnosis. However, in cases with no known prior malignancy, including BSTS in the differential diagnosis is prudent for preventing misdiagnosis.
Cognitive, language, and school performance in children and young adults treated for low‐grade astrocytoma in the posterior fossa in childhood
Authors: Kristiansen Ingela , Eklund Cristina , Strinnholm Margareta , Strömberg Bo , Törnhage Maria , Frisk Per 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundPilocytic astrocytoma is the most common brain tumour type in childhood located in the posterior fossa, and treated mainly with surgery. These tumours have low mortality, but knowledge concerning its long‐term outcome is sparse.AimThe aim of this study was to investigate whether children treated for pilocytic astrocytoma in the posterior fossa had late complications affecting cognition, language and learning.MethodsThis descriptive single‐centre study includes eight children and 12 adults treated as children for pilocytic astrocytoma in the posterior fossa, with a mean follow‐up time of 12.4 (range 5–19) years. Well‐established tests of intelligence, executive, language and academic function were used.ResultsIntelligence tests showed average results compared with norms. Five patients scored <−1 SD (70–84) and 3 low average (85–92) on full scale IQ. The patients scored average on subtests regarding executive function, except for significantly lower results in inhibition/switching (p = .004). In Rey complex figure test half of the patients scored below −1 SD. Language tests were normal except for significantly lower results in naming ability (p = .049) and in inference (p = .046).In academic tests, results were average, except for significantly lower results in reading speed (p = .024). Patients with learning difficulties performed worse in the tests.ConclusionsThe patients' functional outcome was favourable but, a not‐negligible part of the patients displayed neurocognitive difficulties as revealed by extensive neuro‐cognitive and academic testing. Thus, it is important to identify those in need of more thorough cognitive and pedagogic follow‐up programmes, including school interventions.