bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Characterization of Dental Implant Due to Biomechanical Loading
Authors: Chuan Tan Sau , Ibrahim I. , Tan Jin Qian 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The presence of dental implant has totally altered the force transfer from crown to the surrounding bone and the oral mechanical environment. This leads to abnormal bone remodelling. The high stiffness of the implant decreased the physiologic loading of the surrounding bone. This situation is described as stress shielding. Stress shielding is the common cause of failure in the fixture of dental implant. There are various implant geometries that have different impacts on the stress shielding effect. The aim of this study is to analyse the effects of implant length to stress shielding by using finite element method. 3 different lengths of dental implant models (6mm, 8mm and 10mm) are drawn using ANSYS APDL 2019 and a shear force of 30N is applied to the implant to examine the stress distribution of the implant and surrounding bone. Stress transfer parameter (STP) is computed and compared for each dental implant. This study found that by increasing the length of the dental implant, the maximum Von Mises stress decreases. The stress shielding effect also decreases when the length of dental implant increases.
Conceptual Design of a Bike Towing Trailer with Smart Towing Trailer
Authors: Cherd Teoh Vil , Hamzah Nor Hazadura , Poh Wong Kah , Muhamad Rapi Muhamad Haikal , Aziri Muhammad Syukri , Shahrom Mohd Fildza , Ahmed Kasheh Ahmed Mohammad , Sheng Heah Cai 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The roads in the rural places are narrow and bumpy. Hence, big vehicle such as a car, truck, and lorry have no access to the narrow roads. Therefore, most of the villagers choose light vehicles such as bicycles and motorcycles as the primary transportation method to deliver goods using a towing trailer. The towing trailer found in the many of the rural areas are very traditional and inconvenient. This paper focuses on the conceptual design of a smart bike towing trailer equipped with the multipurpose towing based on customer requirements. A total of 5 conceptual design is produced. The Pugh selection chart and weighted decision matrix is used and it is found that the conceptual concept 4 has the best design. A 3D detailed modelling of the concept 4 is developed for future testing and analysis of the design prior to fabrication.
Design and Experimental Implementation of a Passive Dynamic Vibration Absorber to Attenuate Broadband Vibration
Authors: Chai C S , Ko Y H 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The challenge of designing an effective vibration absorber for any mechanical or mechatronic system is formidable. A good vibration absorber must provide broadband vibration reduction yet still keep in lightweight and size to minimize space requirements and maximize equipment accessibility. Broadband vibration is usually attenuated by using an active or semi-active vibration absorber. However, these methods are relatively costly and complicated compared with a passive vibration absorber. Moreover, passive vibration absorber often limited to narrowband frequency reduction since, in the past, it is usually tuned to the targeted frequency or optimum damping and optimum tuning ratio. This paper demonstrated that a passive vibration absorber could be implemented to reduce the broadband vibration of a system, considering the effect of the parameter of passive vibration absorber, the location attachment of the absorber, and the targeted mode shape. The result shows that a properly tuned passive vibration absorber can reduce the root mean square amplitude vibration by 60.91%, covering the first four vibration modes (0 to 300Hz).
Effect of Mg Doping Concentration on Structural, Morphology, and Optical Properties of Electrodeposited Cu2O Layer
Authors: Nisha Razalli N , Zamzuri M , Mahyiddin M , Marina M , Rozie Nani A , Izaki M 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe present work shows the effect of magnesium doping on structural, morphology and optical properties of Cu2O layer prepared by electrodeposition method. The magnesium concentrations for doping on Cu2O layers were 0.1 ~ 0.3 M of Mg(OH)2. The structural, morphology, and optical properties of Cu2O layer were characterized by using Field Emission Scanning Electron (FESEM), Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and X-ray Diffractometry (XRD) respectively. The variation of magnesium concentration shows significant impact and effect on the Cu2O layer properties. The fabrication of doped Cu2O layers reached up to 0.3 M dopant concentration, resulting in morphology changes. The grain size increase within among dopant concentration, however it become smaller and compact after doped with 0.3 M. In structural properties, XRD results show the peaks assigned for (111) of Cu2O, (002) of CuO, and (200) of MgO, and the crystallite size for undoped until 0.2 M increased from 417.8 to 527.5 Å compatible with an observation by FESEM and optical absorption for 0.2 M.
Parametric Investigation on Different Bone Densities to avoid Thermal Necrosis during Bone Drilling Process
Authors: Islam Md Ashequl , Kamarrudin Nur Saifullah , Suhaimi M.F.F. , Daud Ruslizam , Ibrahim Ishak , Mat Fauziah 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Bone drilling is a universal surgical procedure commonly used for internal fracture fixation, implant placement, or reconstructive surgery in orthopedics and dentistry. The increased temperature during such treatment increases the risk of thermal penetration of the bone, which may delay healing or compromise the fixation’s integrity. Thus, avoiding penetration during bone drilling is critical to ensuring the implant’s stability, which needs surgical drills with an optimized design. Bovine femur and mandible bones are chosen as the work material since human bones are not available, and they are the closest animal bone to human bone in terms of properties. In the present study, the Taguchi fractional factorial approach was used to determine the best design of surgical drills by comparing the drilling properties (i.e., signal-to-noise ratio and temperature rise). The control factors (spindle speed, drill bit diameter, drill site depth, and their levels) were arranged in an L9 orthogonal array. Drilling experiments were done using nine experimental drills with three repetitions. The findings of this study indicate that the ideal values of the surgical drill’s three parameters combination (S1D1Di2) and their percentage contribution are dependent on the drilling levels of the parameters. However, the result shows that the spindle speed has the highest temperature effect among other parameters in both (femur and mandible) bones.
Design and Analysis of Various Thermoplastic for Optimized Ankle Foot Orthosis
Authors: Khan S F , Radzmi I 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
An ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) is the brace that provides the assist and support to the patient with dorsiflexor weakness. However, standard AFO does not provide comfortable fit and is quite heavy for the user. The main objective of this study is redesign the standard AFO based on topology optimization to overcome the problems caused by the standardized AFO. With the computer-aided design (CAD), the AFO is designed based on parameters from the actual size of the adult leg. The thickness and the trim lines were also considered during the design the 3D model. The AFO was simulated with different materials and thicknesses to determine the effect on stress and deflection. Three different thicknesses of AFO; 3mm, 4mm, and 5mm and three different materials; polypropylene (PP), high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polylactide (PLA) were used in the simulation. Shape optimization technique is used to optimize the material usage in the design of the AFO in order to reduce materials cost and weight. The optimized AFO was compared to the original AFO in terms of strength and flexibility. The 3mm and 4mm average displacement increase to approximately from 23% to 24% to all type of materials during foot flat and heel rise. 4mm model maximum stress decrease by 27% during heel strike, 22% during foot flat, and 20% during heel rise. The weight reduction from the initial AFO model to the optimization AFO model for both 3mm and 4mm thickness is 26% weight reduction and for 5mm thickness, is a 19%.
Validation of an Experimental Setup to Study the Behaviour of a Free-Falling Particle in Viscous Fluid
Authors: Sofwan Mohamad M , Mackenzie Dover C , Sefiane K 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
A sphere falling in a fluid under the influence of gravity will accelerate until the buoyancy and drag forces balanced the gravitational force. During this steady-state, the falling velocity become constant and known as the terminal velocity. The purpose of this work is to describe the experimental setup aimed at studying the behaviour of free-falling particle in incompressible viscous fluid. The terminal velocity of a free falling sphere in incompressible fluid was captured experimentally and validated using analytical empirical model. The preset investigation is a preliminary study designed to validate the reliability of the built experimental rig. The experimental work is done by undertaking experiments in water with free-falling stainless steel spheres of different diameters, varying between 4 mm and 7 mm. The spheres are released just above the water free surface at the centre of the column and recorded by a high speed camera. The results from the experiments agreed well with theoretical solution. Therefore, the reliability of the build experimental setup was proved. Hence, it can be used to conduct experiments involving more complicated particle shape and fluids.
Conceptual design for smart organic waste recycling system
Authors: Tan Wee Choon , Aik Lim Eng , Hin Teoh Thean , Jye Wong Yau , Jamaludin Ahmat Zaki , Nai’man Nordin Muhamad Nur , Taib Siti Sarah , Suraya Sufi , Choon Tan Poh 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Composting can reduce the disposition of food waste, but it is a complex and time-consuming process. In order to shorten the processing time of composting, designing a machine that can provide the optimum condition for the decomposition of food material is needed. This paper presents the development of conceptual design for a smart organic waste recycling system. Customer requirements is identified and translated as engineering characteristics. A total of 5 conceptual design is generated. From the Pugh selection chart and weighted decision matrix, the conceptual concept 1 is selected.
Dynamic mechanical analysis of graphene nanoplatelets/glass reinforced epoxy composite
Authors: Ahmad M.A.A. , Ridzuan M.J.M. , Abdul Majid M.S. , Cheng E.M. , Sulaiman M.H. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a study on dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs)/glass reinforced epoxy composite. The composite was fabricated by a hand lay-up technique followed by vacuum bagging technique. GNPs weight fraction was 0.5 and 1.5 wt.% for a fixed glass fibre fraction. The test was carried out in terms of storage modulus (E’), loss modulus (E”), and tan δ. The result indicates that 1.5 wt.% GNPs/glass reinforced epoxy composite obtain the maximum value of the dynamic mechanical properties due to the incorporation of GNPs nanofiller. The improved dynamic mechanical properties were related to better interfacial interaction of the nanofiller with the epoxy matrix. The glass transition temperature (Tg) value for 0.5 and 1.5 wt.% GNPs/glass were 62.84 and 66.01 °C, respectively.
Thermal Conductivity of Copper Matrix Composites Reinforced with Multi-wall Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Shaari N S , Ismail M H , Jumahat A , Zainudin M , Manap M F A , Shaari N 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCarbon nanotubes (CNTs) reinforced with metal matrix composites (MMCs) have attracted an increasing interest due to their promising properties. One of the challenges in metal matrix-CNTs composites research is producing a uniform dispersion of CNTs. A poor dispersion of CNTs within the matrix, attributed to strong CNTs entanglement caused by Van der Waals forces. In this study, Cu/CNTs composites have been successfully fabricated by the powder metallurgy (PM) route. The thermal conductivity of Cu/CNTs composites showed that the thermal conductivity decreased after the incorporation of CNTs. The analysis revealed that the interfacial thermal resistance between the Cu matrix and CNTs plays a significant role in determining the thermal conductivity performances. Besides, the influences of porosity and distribution of CNTs also affected the thermal conductivity results.
An Experimental Investigation on Surface Quality of CFRP after Milling in Cutting Fluid Environment
Authors: Mustafa Aisyah Madihah , Ahd Suhaimi Ahmad Basyir , Shahruddin Najlah Sakinah , Abdul Halim Nor Farah Huda 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) are becoming more widely used in replacing metallic component as it offers better strength-to-weight ratio compared to steel while having high corrosive resistance. Although CFRP have always been manufactured near to net-shape, secondary machining process is still required to achieve the final dimension. Machining can cause CFRP to experience surface defects such as delamination, fiber pull-out and smeared matrix which lead to part rejection. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of cutting parameters on the surface roughness and its quality. In this investigation, cutting speeds of 132, 151 and 170 m/min with constant feed rate of 1800 mm/min were applied during end milling of CFRP using uncoated tungsten carbide end mill tool in cutting fluid condition. It was observed that high cutting speed (170 m/min) produced 45.3% lower Ra than lower cutting speed (132 m/min) after machining for 6500 mm cutting distance. The occurrence of thermally degraded resin on the machined surface was apparent at higher cutting distance between 3000 to 6500 mm. Also, it was observed that the smearing of thermally degraded resin was more obvious on higher cutting speed when compared at 132 m/min cutting speed suggesting that at higher cutting speed more heat generated that resulted in increasing the cutting temperature. Fiber pull-out was also found on the machined surface and the cavity formation changes with increasing of cutting distance resulting in relatively larger cavity.
Construction of internally stacked Cu2O:CuO layers in Cu2O:CuO/Gr/ZnO heterojunctions for solar cells applications
Authors: Marina M , Nisha Razalli N , Zamzuri M , Zainal S. , Rozie Nani A , Mohamad F. , Izaki M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The present work shows the construction of CuO grains on the electrodeposited Cu2O layer through annealing method and the photovoltaic effect of Cu2O:CuO/ZnO heterojunctions with graphene buffer layer is also discussed. The annealing temperature of Cu2O layer is varied from 100 to 300 °C. The graphene monolayer was deposited by chemical vapor deposition method. The morphology, structural and electrical properties of Cu2O layer were characterized by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray Diffractometry (XRD) and I-V measurement, respectively. The Cu2O grains size increase as the annealing temperature increased and the CuO grains could be observed at 300°C. The graphene monolayer was successfully inserted in between Cu2O:CuO/ZnO heterojunction. The Cu2O:CuO/Gr/ZnO heterojunction shows high electrical rectification with threshold voltage of 0.5 V.
Numerical investigation of the effect of bluff body bluntness factor on the wake-vortex pattern
Authors: Foon Lee Lye , Khamaruddin M. H. A. , Showkat Ali S. A. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The research is concerned with the flow pattern and vortex shedding around a blunt trailing edge bluff body. The aim is to investigate the effect of the bluntness factor of the trailing edge on the fluid-flow for various aerodynamic purposes. This study is performed by using the blunt trailing edge plates with various thickness values ranging from 0.025 mm to 60 mm. Large Eddy Simulation (LES) turbulence model from ANSYS Fluent software is used to carry out the numerical simulation. The results show that the vortex formation range for the smallest bluntness thickness are relatively smaller than that of the larger bluntness thickness ratio. Generally, the intensity of the vortex street becomes stronger as the thickness of the plate increases, except for the blunt thickness of 10 mm due to the effect of the vortex eye location and the formation length. The influence of the bluntness thickness of the trailing edge has been identified as an important parameter to avert the drag issue associated with the blunt bodies. The most important aspect of this article is that the current study has unravelled that the vortex shedding occurs at the ratio below the known critical value. Further investigations are needed to better understand the underlying physics associated with the vortex shedding from various bluntness thickness.
Review analysis on laminar separation bubble at low Reynolds numbers
Authors: Benny Thompson EJ , Gunasekaran M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The importance of drag reduction with separation bubble become necessary study on air and ground vehicles, gas turbines, etc. and therefore their presence will play a major role in this context. Normally laminar separation bubble found to exist on the suction side of low-pressure turbine and this phenomenon can be reduced by vortex generators. In this review paper some findings show that the rate at which the decrease in lift coefficient because of the formation of laminar separation bubble is less compared to the increase in the drag coefficient, and at higher angles of attack separation bubble burst found to cause stalling of aerofoil. This paper further discusses how the length of the separation bubble is independent of the angle of attack even though the laminar region of the separation bubble found to extend. Further we report the impact of varying the angle of attack on the characteristics of the laminar separation bubble and how blowing and suction control mechanism suppresses the separation bubble.
RETRACTED: Design and fabrication of solar water distillation with conventional solar still
Authors: Prabu D , Giriprasath A , Viknesh S 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The project of design and fabrication in “solar water distillation” is producing pure water from solar energy is of great importance the world over, our work is production of clean water effectively from saline water with utilization of solar still can produce sufficient amount of pure water from saline water. The solar energy is given as input which evaporates the sea water. The evaporated water gets condensed in above internal glass surface. The condensed water gets collected in a container and the collected water is noted down as output reading. In this conventional solar still with an extra addition of a phase changing material releases heat when there is no solar energy the heat released by this phase changing material evaporates the saline water when there is no sunlight to improve the productivity of the solar still during sunset condition also the still gives better performance with phase changing material (pcm). The comparatively cheap and compact system depends on non-conventional energy. The inspiration of the venture is restricted to accessibility of clean water assets of sullied water accessible for expected change in to compact water.
Prediction of Drag Coefficient of a Base Bleed Artillery Projectile at Supersonic Mach number
Authors: Siva Krishna Reddy D , Sah Prashant Kumar , Sharma Ashish 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
An artillery projectile in flight produces aerodynamic drag in base region known as base drag. By injecting hot gases into the base region at low speed, base drag can be reduced. The reduction in base drag significantly increases the range of the projectile. In the present work. Numerical simulations over 155 mm artillery projectiles are performed with and without base bleed. The free stream Mach number is 2.26. Simulations are performed with commercial CFD package, ANSYS-FLUENT. The numerical method is based on density-based algorithm and K-ω SST turbulence model was chosen for calculation of turbulent stresses. Computations are performed for Angle of Attack (AOA) for 0° and 10°. The predicted drag coefficient for AOA=0° is validated with experimental data. The hot gases are injected at a Mach number and pressure of 2.26 and 101325 respectively. With the base bleed, 14.4% reduction in drag coefficient for AOA=0° is observed. The effect of base bleed on flow field and surface pressure is analyzed and presented in the paper.
Production and Performance of Biodiesel from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate
Authors: Rajesh K , Devan P K , Srinath Maruthi M , Vignesh N P , Vigneshvar S , Sethu V 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Nowadays exhaustion of fossil fuel, increasing fuel price and the scarcity of petroleum products exist. It promotes the interest in the growth of alternative sources for petroleum-based fuel. Biodiesel is renewable fuel obtained from vegetable oil, animal fats and algae. The biodiesel from palm oil has been considered as the most merging alternate fuel used for transportation. The esterification and transesterification process is employed to extract biodiesel from PFAD due to high FFA content. In the esterification process, 2% of H2SO4 as an acidic catalyst with 12:1 molar ratio at 60°C temperature for 60 min was used as process parameters. In the transesterification process 0.5% KOH, 8:1 molar ratio is mixed at 60°C for 60 min. The properties of oil such as density, viscosity, flash point, fire point, etc., have been analysed. The biodiesel is blended with standard diesel and tested in DI diesel engine for its performance and emissions. The performance of test fuel is plotted for the various blends of biodiesel at the different loading conditions. The performance attributes such as brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, have been calculated and compared with the diesel. Brake Thermal Efficiency comparatively low for biodiesel and it blends due to lower calorific value. The emission attributes such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon and smoke are found to decrease with an increase in the blending ratio of biodiesel. The NOx is found to increase for biodiesel and its blends compared to diesel due to better combustion.
Influence of nano additives with cashew nut shell bio-oil in CI diesel engine
Authors: Thanigaivelan V , Singh Sahil Kumar , Rajhans Shashank Shekhar , Jagtap Aniket Satish 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Biodiesel is a unique diverse fuel source that aims to enhance the worth of fossil fuels and the endurance and hygiene of diesel engines. This cuts requirement on overseas fuels and decreases greenhouse gas productions because of closed carbon chain. The increased nitrogen oxide emissions and their irreconcilability with cold weather environments and the many advantages of biodiesel such as regular fuel filters, fuel reservoirs and fuel fuels for engine components are outweighed. The growth and the inclusion of nanoparticles for fuel additives have another potential to overcome the shortcomings. Cashews are high in tropical biomass surplus used to generate energy such as cerium oxide. Cobalt oxide and aluminums oxide can increase the property of non-additive CNSL and reduce deficiencies.