bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptive neural network asymptotic tracking control for a class of stochastic nonlinear systems with unknown control gains and full state constraints
Authors: Su Wei , Niu Ben , Wang Huanqing , Qi Wenhai 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis article addresses the issue of adaptive intelligent asymptotic tracking control for a class of stochastic nonlinear systems with unknown control gains and full state constraints. Unlike the existing systems in the literature in which the prior knowledge of the control gains is available for the controller design, the salient feature of our considered system is that the control gains are allowed to be unknown but have a positive sign. By introducing an auxiliary virtual controller and employing the new properties of Numbness functions, the major technique difficulty arising from the unknown control gains is overcome. At the same time, the‐type barrier Lyapunov functions are introduced to prevent the violation of the state constraints. What's more, neural networks' universal online approximation ability and gain suppression inequality technology are combined in the frame of adaptive backstepping design, so that a new control method is proposed, which cannot only realize the asymptotic tracking control in probability, but also meet the requirement of the full state constraints imposed on the system. In the end, the simulation results for a practical example demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control method.
Alternating Current Electrolysis as Efficient Tool for the Direct Electrochemical Oxidation of Hydroxamic Acids for Acyl Nitroso Diels–Alder Reactions
Authors: Fährmann Jan , Hilt Gerhard 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe acyl nitroso Diels–Alder reaction of 1,3‐dienes with electrochemically oxidised hydroxamic acids is described. By using alternating current electrolysis, their typical electro‐induced decomposition could be suppressed in favour of the 1,2‐oxazine cycloaddition products. The reaction was optimised using Design of Experiments (DoE) and a sensitivity test was conducted. A mixture of triethylamine/hexafluoroisopropanol served as supporting electrolyte in dichloromethane, thus giving products of high purity after evaporation of the volatiles without further purification. The optimised reaction conditions were applied to various 1,3‐dienes and hydroxamic acids, giving up to 96 % isolated yield.
Simultaneous Chiral Resolution of Two Racemic Compounds by Preferential Cocrystallization**
Authors: Zhou Fuli , Shemchuk Oleksii , Charpentier Maxime D. , Matheys Chloé , Collard Laurent , ter Horst Joop H. , Leyssens Tom 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe tap into an unexplored area of preferential crystallization, being the first to develop simultaneous chiral resolution of two racemic compounds by preferential cocrystallization. We highlight how the two racemic compounds RS‐mandelic acid (MAN) and RS‐etiracetam (ETI) can be combined together as enantiospecific R‐MAN⋅R‐ETI and S‐MAN⋅S‐ETI cocrystals forming a stable conglomerate system and subsequently develop a cyclic preferential crystallization allowing to simultaneous resolve both compounds. The developed process leads to excellent enantiopurity both for etiracetam (ee>98 %) and mandelic acid (ee≈95 %) enantiomers.
Highly efficient dye‐sensitized solar cells: A comparative study with two different system of solvent‐free binary room‐temperature ionic liquid‐based electrolytes
Authors: Syawal Hilmi , Farhana Nur Khuzaimah , Goh Zhi Ling , Bashir Shahid , Saidi Norshahirah Mohamad , Rachagan Elizer , Ramesh Subramaniam , Kasi Ramesh 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this work, novel redox electrolytes based on poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) were prepared using binary ionic liquid 1‐methyl‐3‐propylimidazolium iodide (MPII) with 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EMIMTFSI) or 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIMBF4) to reduce the high viscosity of MPII. The addition of low viscosity ionic liquids is to overcome the low mass transportation of redox mediator faced by the single ionic liquid. Therefore, different ratios of ionic liquids were added, and their effect on the electrical properties of the ionic liquid‐based gel polymer electrolytes (GPE) was observed. It was confirmed that all the system dominant by ions rather than electron. The binary ionic liquid system containing 37.5 wt.% of BMIMBF4 showed the highest ionic conductivity of 24.2 mS cm−1. Fourier‐transform infrared and X‐ray diffraction studies confirmed that complexation occurred between all materials. The combination of two alkyl side chain length has enhanced the efficiency of the DSSC with short‐circuit current density (JSC) of 26.81 mA cm−1, open‐circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.67 V, fill factor of 44.5% and photovoltaic conversion efficiency (η) of 7.8%. This work has provided valuable insight for further stability of binary ionic liquid‐based GPE compared to single ionic liquid electrolytes.
Selective experimental parameters for preparative TREF of propylene‐ethylene random copolymers: Limiting undercooling of PP
Authors: Chitta Rajesh , Steenbakkers Rieky , Tacx Jacques , Meppelder Anika 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTemperature rising elution fractionation (TREF) is a highly valuable and widely used tool for chemical composition separation of semicrystalline polyolefins. However, TREF operational conditions should be carefully selected due to their high impact on separation quality. This is especially true for polypropylene (PP)‐based polymers due to their slow crystallizing nature and defect distribution, which can further complicate the fractionation. In order to more fully understand this behavior, a systematic investigation was designed to determine the influence of support and cooling rate on preparative TREF of PP random copolymers. Possible measures to limit undercooling of PP and thus preventing so called co‐elution of different microstructures in TREF were demonstrated using glass beads as support during fractionation and cooling rate of 0.02°C/min. Support presence during fractionation acted as a nucleating agent to limit the elution of long isotactic chains in the low temperature fractions. Slow cooling rate along with support presence further improved the separation quality by giving the polymer chains enough time to overcome the undercooling.
The best of both worlds: Combining lineage‐specific and universal bait sets in target‐enrichment hybridization reactions
Authors: Hendriks Kasper P. , Mandáková Terezie , Hay Nikolai M. , Ly Elfy , Hooft van Huysduynen Alex , Tamrakar Rubin , Thomas Shawn K. , Toro‐Núñez Oscar , Pires J. Chris , Nikolov Lachezar A. , Koch Marcus A. , Windham Michael D. , Lysak Martin A. , Forest Félix , Mummenhoff Klaus , Baker William J. , Lens Frederic , Bailey C. Donovan 
Published: July 2021

PremiseResearchers adopting target‐enrichment approaches often struggle with the decision of whether to use universal or lineage‐specific probe sets. To circumvent this quandary, we investigate the efficacy of a simultaneous enrichment by combining universal probes and lineage‐specific probes in a single hybridization reaction, to benefit from the qualities of both probe sets with little added cost or effort.Methods and ResultsUsing 26 Brassicaceae libraries and standard enrichment protocols, we compare results from three independent data sets. A large average fraction of reads mapping to the Angiosperms353 (24–31%) and Brassicaceae (35–59%) targets resulted in a sizable reconstruction of loci for each target set (x̄ ≥ 70%).ConclusionsHigh levels of enrichment and locus reconstruction for the two target sets demonstrate that the sampling of genomic regions can be easily extended through the combination of probe sets in single enrichment reactions. We hope that these findings will facilitate the production of expanded data sets that answer individual research questions and simultaneously allow wider applications by the research community as a whole.
Historical abundance and distributions of Salpa thompsoni hot spots in the Southern Ocean and projections for further ocean warming
Authors: Słomska Angelika Wanda , Panasiuk Anna , Weydmann‐Zwolicka Agata , Wawrzynek‐Borejko Justyna , Konik Marta , Siegel Volker 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

In contrast to Antarctic krill Euphausia superba, Antarctic salps (Salpa thompsoni) respond positively to warmer water temperatures and have the ability to create massive blooms under favourable conditions. Therefore, they can compete with krill for primary production. Over the last three decades, significant variability in S. thompsoni occurrence has been observed as a response to the environmental fluctuations of the Southern Ocean ecosystem (e.g. changes in sea surface temperature and ice‐cover shrinkage around the cold Antarctic waters).
This study presents historical abundance data of salps from the south‐west Atlantic Sector of the Southern Ocean, covering a time span of 26 years. These data allow tracking of fluctuations in Antarctic salp abundance and their distribution with bottom depth, temperature, and ice conditions, aiming to reveal salp hot spots and to predict the future range of S. thompsoni distribution with upcoming climate warming in the next 50 years.
Results showed the highest salp density in shallow shelf waters with ice cover and low temperatures between 1 and −1°C. In the studied area, S. thompsoni hot spots were located mostly around Elephant Island, but also the islands around Brensfield and Gerlache Straits, as well as to the south near the Bellingshausen Sea. Inferences made of future salp distribution suggest that the range of S. thompsoni will move southwards, enlarging their habitat area by nearly 500,000 km2, which may have significant implications on the whole Antarctic food web. The information presented herein may be used for Antarctic ecosystem management, protection, and conservation.
1H 0707‐495: An AGN is dimming its X‐ray light
Authors: Boller Thomas 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe report on one of the first science observations obtained during the Calibration and Verification phase of extended ROentgen Survey with an Imaging Telescope Array (eROSITA) aboard the Spectrum‐Roentgen‐Gamma (SRG) mission on the famous Narrow‐Line Seyfert 1 Galaxy 1H 0707‐495. 1H 0707‐495 is a highly variable AGN, with a complex, steep X‐ray spectrum, which has been the subject of intense studies with XMM‐Newton in the past. During the eROSITA observations, 1H 0707‐495 showed a dramatic flux drop in about 1 day. The source is brightest at the beginning of the observations, with rapid fluctuations in count rate, followed by a subsequent decline in count rate going down close to the background level. The mean amplitude variability is a factor of 58, with a 1 error confidence interval with factors between 31 and 235. Similar, large‐amplitude count‐rate changes are deduced from the XMM‐Newton EPIC‐pn and MOS2 light curves. The energy band up to only 0.8 keV is dominating the amplitude variability, followed by a sudden drop in variability above 0.8 keV. Such extreme ultrasoft and large‐amplitude flux variability in active galactic nuclei has not been detected with other X‐ray observations so far. A physical explanation for the timing and spectral properties is a combination of strong relativistic effects close to the black hole and absorption by an ionized partial coverer. From the high‐ to the low‐flux state, the partial coverer is obscuring an increasing part of the emitted X‐ray radiation. Ionized outflowing absorbers are more transparent in the soft X‐rays than neutral absorbers and thus show leakage effects in the soft X‐rays, explaining the ultrasoft light curve.
Melatonin inhibits embryonic rat H9c2 cells growth through induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest via PI3K‐AKT signaling pathway
Authors: Zhao Anda , Zhao Kena , Xia Yuanqing , Lyu Jiajun , Chen Yiting , Li Shenghui 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundOur recent epidemiological study revealed that maternal sleep during the periconceptional period should be involved in the risk of congenital heart disease (CHD) in offspring. Melatonin, a sleep related hormone, has been suggested to play a crucial role in embryonic development based on the emerging evidence. In this study, we set out to assess the effect of melatonin on the embryonic cardiac cell growth and to explore the underlying mechanisms.MethodsWe observed the effect of different gradient doses of melatonin as 10, 100, or 1,000 μM on cell proliferation in H9c2 embryonic rat cardiac cells. Furthermore, flow cytometry was applied to evaluate the impact on apoptosis and cell cycle. RNA‐seq was conducted to screen the changes in expression of mRNA and signaling pathways. Quantitative Real‐Time‐PCR (qRT‐PCR) was then conducted to validate the results.ResultsIt was observed that melatonin could inhibit H9c2 cell growth, at the doses of 100 and 1,000 μM, but not at 10 μM. Moreover, melatonin ranged from 100 to 1,000 μM could instigate cell cycle arrest at G1 phase and simulate apoptosis, in a dose‐dependent manner. In addition, melatonin was found to down‐regulate the expression of a number of genes, which are related to heart development (SPARC, IFITM3, TNNT2, LOX), and PI3K‐Akt signaling pathway activation (FN1, HSP90B1, THBS1, MFGE8, and CLU).ConclusionsOur findings suggested that high level of melatonin could be capable of inhibiting growth through the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest via PI3K‐AKT signaling pathway, thereby interfering with embryonic heart development. Considering this study is based on H9c2 embryonic rat cardiac cells, future additional studies using human embryonic cardiac cell are warranted.
Temporal rank of clinical characteristics and prognosis of anti‐N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor encephalitis
Authors: Yang Runnan , Ge Fenfen , Jiang Jingwen , Wang Yue , Wan Mengtong , Zhang Wei 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectivesEarly recognition and intervention of patients with the anti‐N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis are important to achieve a better prognosis. The study aims to summarize the real‐world perspectives of anti‐NMDAR encephalitis patients in China via electronic medical records (EMRs).MethodsUsing EMRs of patients from 2013 to 2019 from West China Hospital in China, a retrospective research was conducted to demonstrate the temporary rank of clinical characteristics and disease prognosis of anti‐NMDAR encephalitis. The modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores were used to divide the anti‐NMDAR‐encephalitis into two groups (poor prognosis vs. good prognosis). Chi‐square test and logistic regression were used to analyze factors associated with prognosis.ResultsHere, 78 patients were included. The most common clinical characteristics are cognitive dysfunction (86.0%) and thought disorder (86.0%). Cognitive dysfunction, thought disorder, and seizures tended to appear soon after prodrome symptoms. Logistics analysis results showed that cognitive dysfunction (OR = 4.48, 95% CI = 1.09–18.47), the score of (GCS ≤ 8) (OR = 4.52, 95% CI = 1.18–17.32), positive antibodies in serum (OR = 4.89, 95% CI = 1.19–20.13) and delay immunotherapy (OR = 4.76, 95% CI = 1.79–12.60) were risk factors of poor clinical outcomes.ConclusionsThere are two peaks in the development of autoimmune encephalitis (AE). The first peak is cognitive dysfunction, and the second peak is autonomic dysfunction. Cognitive dysfunction and GCS score ≤8 at admission, antibodies positive in serum, and delay immunotherapy were risk factors for a poor prognosis at discharge.
Constructing a Compelling Case: Nurses' Experiences of Communicating Abuse and Neglect
Authors: Lines Lauren Elizabeth , Hutton Alison , Grant Julian Maree 
Published: July 2021

Child abuse and neglect is a complex problem that needs to be addressed through a multidisciplinary approach. Nurses internationally have frequent contact with children and are ideally placed to respond to children experiencing abuse and neglect. Nurses' roles can include reporting abuse to child protection services (CPS). This paper reports on one aspect of the findings of a qualitative study exploring Australian nurses' perceptions and experiences of keeping children safe from abuse. Specifically, this paper reports on the theme relating to nurses' experiences of communicating their concerns to CPS and the family when reporting abuse and neglect. This qualitative study was underpinned by social constructionism, with data collected through semi‐structured interviews with 21 nurses working with children in Australia. Key findings reported are: (1) being heard; (2) [feeling] disappointed, discouraged and disenfranchised; and (3) managing tensions between engagement and reporting. Nurses at times perceived that they were not taken seriously by CPS and felt powerless to enact change for children. Nurses subsequently had to decide how, and if, to discuss their report with families to mitigate negative reactions and maintain engagement. This study highlights the need for more effective multidisciplinary collaboration between nurses and CPS to promote change for children affected by abuse in Australia.‘This paper reports on… nurses' experiences of communicating their concerns to CPS and the family’Key Practitioner Messages

Nurses often perceived that they were not taken seriously by CPS and felt powerless to make a difference for children.
Nurses experienced a tension between openly discussing their intention to report with families and minimising negative reactions such as disengagement and mistrust.
This study highlights the need for greater collaboration between CPS and nurses to promote shared understanding and effective action to promote the wellbeing of children experiencing abuse and neglect.
Antiparasitic Properties of Propolis Extracts and Their Compounds
Authors: de L. Paula Lucas A. , Cândido Ana C. B. B. , Santos Mario F. C. , Caffrey Conor R. , Bastos Jairo K. , Ambrósio Sérgio R. , Magalhães Lizandra G. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPropolis is a bee product that has been used in medicine since ancient times. Although its anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumor, and immunomodulatory activities have been investigated, its anti‐parasitic properties remain poorly explored, especially regarding helminths. This review surveys the results obtained with propolis around the world against human parasites. Regarding protozoa, studies carried out with the protozoaTrypanosomaspp. andLeishmaniaspp. have demonstrated promising results in vitro and in vivo. However, there are fewer studies forPlasmodiumspp., the etiological agent of malaria and less so for helminths, particularly forFasciolaspp. andSchistosomaspp. Despite the favorable in vitro results with propolis, helminth assays need to be further investigated. However, propolis has shown itself to be an excellent natural product for parasitology, thus opening new paths and approaches in its activity against protozoa and helminths.
A Theoretical Framework for the Electrochemical Characterization of Anisotropic Micro‐Emulsions**
Authors: Tichter Tim , Borah Rohan , Nann Thomas 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMicro emulsions (MEs) offer an exceptionally broad spectrum of applications covering sensing, electrosynthesis, supercapacitors and redox‐flow batteries. Herein, we develop the theory for a sophisticated electrochemical characterizion of MEs with a spatially and time‐invariant anisotropy in the diffusion domain by means of cyclic voltammerty (CV). By introducing spatially dependent diffusion coefficients into Ficks' first law, we derive a modified diffusion equation to simulate any inherent anisotropy of the ME under investigation. Moreover, by formulating an extended second‐order homogeneous six‐member square scheme for a kinetically controlled two‐step two‐electron reaction we capture the intricate entanglement of chemical and electrochemical equilibria. Our theoretical concept is finally validated by experimental CV data for the ME based two‐step redox reaction of methyl‐viologen which paves the way for a quantitative electrochemical characterization MEs.
A modified acid system to enhance carbonate matrix acid stimulation: An experimental study
Authors: Zhu Ding , Hill Dan , Ugursal Assiya , Shuchart Chris , Purdy Clay , Weissenberger Markus , Uribe Julian 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn carbonate matrix acidizing, the critical design parameters are interstitial velocity and pore volume to breakthrough for wormhole propagation (vi, opt and PVBT,opt). Hydrochloric acid (HCl), the most commonly used acid in carbonate acidizing, sometimes shows low efficiency because the injection rate needed for optimal wormhole propagation is not attainable, especially for when long completion intervals, low permeability carbonates, or coiled tubing operations are involved. It also raises safety, corrosion, and environmental concerns. When conventional retarded acid systems are used to overcome these challenges, the efficiency of acid stimulation often suffers from low reaction rate. This study presents testing results of a modified acid system that has controlled reaction rate with favourable wormhole propagation characteristics, especially at low interstitial velocities. Due to the increased activation energy barriers utilized in these modified‐acid systems, it is possible to control the reaction rate of the hydrogen proton and optimize the wormholing effect based on the completion method and formation specifications. Laboratory linear core flooding experiments and acid jetting experiments were conducted to study the wormhole efficiency with the new acid systems. The experimental results showed clear advantages of the modified acid systems. The modified acids have similar or better wormhole efficiency parameters compared with HCl having comparable dissolving power. When combined with acid jetting, further improvement in wormhole growth in low permeability limestone is achieved. In addition to minimizing the hazardous exposure levels and corrosion rates compared with HCl, the new acid system provides the positive aspects of solubilizing ability, thus improving optimal wormhole conditions.
Diagnostic challenges and successful organ‐preserving therapy in a case of secretory carcinoma of minor salivary glands
Authors: Bill Ruben , Deschler Daniel G. , Pittet Mikael J. , Pai Sara I. , Sadow Peter M. , Park Jong Chul 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundSecretory carcinoma is a more recently described subtype of salivary gland carcinoma that may pose diagnostic challenges and frequently harbors NTRK fusions that may successfully be targeted by TRK inhibitors in advanced disease.CaseWe present the case of a female patient with secretory carcinoma arising in the base of tongue with persistent disease after debulking surgery and definitive chemoradiation. As an alternative to salvage surgery, which would have resulted in significant impairment of swallowing and speech function, a targeted therapy with the TRK‐inhibitor larotrectinib against an identified ETV6‐NTRK3 fusion product was initiated. Larotrectinib treatment has been well tolerated, resulted in durable complete response and the patient maintains good swallowing and speech function.ConclusionThe presented case underscores the importance of the accurate diagnosis of secretory carcinoma. It further highlights the impact of molecular testing as targeted therapies may play an important role in the management of advanced salivary gland cancers.