bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vivo behaviors of highly flexible paper consisting of ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires
Authors: Kashiwada Hajime , Shimizu Yoshinaka , Sano Yuya , Yamauchi Kensuke , Guang Hong , Kumamoto Hiroyuki , Unuma Hidero , Zhu Ying‐Jie 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis study was conducted in order to investigate biological compatibility of a thin and flexible hydroxyapatite (HAP) paper which consists of ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires. Circular‐shaped cranial bone defects with a diameter of 8.8 mm were prepared to expose the dura maters in Wistar rats. The similar‐sized, circular‐shaped HAP paper was placed at the bottom of the bone defects. After 2, 4, and 8 weeks, the rats were sacrificed, and the experimental sections were examined by micro‐CT scanning and histological observation. The HAP paper covered with fibrous tissues showed no inflammatory cell infiltration, and their thicknesses decreased over time. Tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase‐positive osteoclast‐like cells were induced around the edges of the HAP paper along with the exfoliation of the HAP paper. The newly‐formed bones were observed in the bone‐defected areas, either with a direct contact with the HAP paper or through thin fibrous tissues. The HAP paper‐induced osteoblast differentiation was confirmed since the alkaline phosphatase activities were detected on the surfaces of the HAP paper. These results indicated that the HAP paper may induce osteogenesis without causing any harmful effects. The highly flexible HAP paper can contribute to further development of bone regenerative therapy.
How does perceived residential environment quality influence life satisfaction? Evidence from urban China
Authors: Zhou Kui , Tan Jing , Watanabe Kojiro 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAgainst the background of fast‐paced aging and urbanization in China, the current study proposed a “Residential environment—Emotional health‐Life satisfaction” framework to investigate the associations among perceived residential environment quality (PREQ), positive affect (PA), social trust (ST), and life satisfaction (LS) of old adults. Data used were from a nationwide survey and covered 3825 people aged 60 years or older living in urban communities. The partial least squares‐structural equation modeling approach was adopted to verify hypotheses. The results found that (1) PREQ, PA, and ST were positively correlated with LS; (2) ST mediated the relationship between PREQ and LS; and (3) people who are men, living without children, high environmental perception, and with a workout habit were more sensitively to PREQ. These findings indicate that improving the residential environment helps to promote the mental health of the Chinese urban elderly, which may have some implications for establishing an age‐friendly community.
Dual‐composite drag‐reduction surface based on the multilayered structure and mechanical properties of tuna skin
Authors: Chen Dengke , Cui Xianxian , Chen Huawei 
Published: March 2021

AbstractEnergy efficiency and friction reduction have attracted considerable research attention. To design low drag surfaces, researchers derived inspiration from nature on various types of drag reduction methods with exceptional functional surfaces, such as fish skin that possesses low friction. Fishes with high‐performance swimming possess a range of physiological and mechanical adaptations that are of considerable interest to physiologists, ecologists, and engineers. Although tuna is a fast‐swimming ocean‐based predator, most people focus their attention on its nutritional value. In this study, the multilayered structures and mechanical properties of tuna skin are first analyzed, and then the drag‐reduction effect of the bionic fish‐scale and dual‐composite surfaces are studied based on the computational fluid dynamics method. The results indicate that tuna skin is composed of five layers, with the fish scale covered by a flexible epidermis layer. According to the uniaxial tension results, the modulus and tensile strength of the epidermis are obtained as 1.17 and 20 MPa, respectively. The nanoindentation results show that the modulus and hardness of the outer surface of the fish scale are larger than that of the inner surface, while those of the dry state are larger than those of the hydrated state. The simulation results show that both the bionic fish‐scale and dual‐composite surfaces display drag reduction, with the maximum drag‐reduction rate of 25.7% achieved by the bionic dual‐composite surface. These findings can offer a reference for in‐depth performance analysis of the hydrodynamics of tuna and provide new sources of inspiration for drag reduction and antifouling.
Bowel Wall Visualization Using MR Enterography in Relationship to Bowel Lumen Contents and Patient Demographics
Authors: Zhang Ting Ting , Chang Wei‐Chou , Wang Zhen Jane , Sun Derek C. , Ohliger Michael A. , Yeh Benjamin M. 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundMR enterography (MRE) is generally performed without bowel preparation, but the frequency and extent by which bowel contents affect bowel wall visualization are poorly described in the literature.PurposeTo evaluate MRE bowel wall visualization quality relative to bowel lumen contents and patient demographics.Study TypeRetrospective, single‐center.PopulationOne hundred and four consecutive patients (mean age 29 years, range 5–76 years) without prior bowel resection who had undergone MRE.Field Strength/Sequence3 T (N = 87) or 1.5 T (N = 17)/T2‐weighted single‐shot spin echo (T2WI) and fat‐saturated T1‐weighted gradient echo (T1WI) without and with gadolinium.AssessmentFor the proximal and distal jejunum and ileum and colon, three readers independently categorized bowel lumen signal (water = bright T2 dark T1, T1‐bright, or air = dark T2 and T1 signal) and scored distension (0 = poor, 1 = moderate, 2 = well) and wall enhancement (0 = unclear, 1 = perceptible, 2 = clear) based upon gadolinium enhanced T1WI for the 104 MRE exams). The bowel visualization score was the sum of the wall enhancement and distension scores and was considered adequate if ≥3.Statistical TestsWilcoxon signed‐rank test.ResultsThe bowel lumen content was water signal in 93% (97/104 scans), 92% (95/104), 98% (102/104), and 93% (92/104) of the proximal and distal jejunum and proximal and distal ileum, respectively, but only in 12.5% (13/104) of the colon. There was adequate bowel visualization of 53.8%, 77.8%, 84.6%, 90.4% of the proximal and distal jejunum and proximal and distal ileum, respectively, but only 19.2% of the colon. In children (age < 18 years), the visualization score of the ileum was lower when the adjacent colon contained air (2.4 ± 0.97) compared to water (3.75 ± 0.29, P < 0.05) or T1‐bright material (3.21 ± 0.82, P < 0.05).Data ConclusionWithout bowel preparation, colon wall visualization was often unsatisfactory at MRE, and air‐filled colon also degraded small bowel visualization, particularly in children.Level of Evidence4Technical EfficacyStage 1
Fluid Needs in the Older Adult Receiving Tube Feedings
Authors: Lord Linda M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFluid imbalance can occur quickly in older adults and in others who cannot express thirst or are in a setting where fluid status is not closely monitored. In tube‐fed individuals receiving inadequate calories, severe malnutrition may occur in weeks to months, but improper water intake may lead to critical fluid imbalances in a matter of days. Simplistic equations frequently used to determine fluid needs in adults include milliliters per kilogram of body weight and milliliters per energy (kilocalories) consumed or per energy (kilocalories) need and variations of the Holliday‐Segar formula. None of these fluid‐requirement equations have been validated through evidenced‐based science, and research investigations have revealed that they can grossly overestimate or underestimate fluid needs in the older adult. Clinicians need guidance to better estimate initial fluid needs for the older adult receiving tube feedings and to provide proper close monitoring afterward to avert preventable fluid imbalance–related hospital readmissions, morbidities, and mortalities in this patient population.
Impact modification of fiber reinforced polypropylene composites with flexible poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers
Authors: Várdai Róbert , Lummerstorfer Thomas , Pretschuh Claudia , Jerabek Michael , Gahleitner Markus , Faludi Gábor , Móczó János , Pukánszky Béla 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPolypropylene (PP) hybrid composites were prepared by the combination of traditional reinforcements (wood, glass, carbon) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers. Interfacial adhesion was improved by the use of maleated PP (MAPP). The composites contained 20 wt% of the traditional reinforcement and the amount of PET fiber changed from 0 to 40 wt% in them. Tensile and impact testing were complemented by acoustic emission testing and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to follow deformation and failure processes. The results obtained proved that the impact strength of hybrid PP composites can be improved in the presence of all stiff fibers and not only wood as shown earlier. Approximately the same impact resistance can be achieved in all composites, which depends on the amount of PET fiber used; an impact strength as large as 15 kJ m−2 can be obtained with the approach. The large impact resistance is the result of the local deformation processes initiated by the polymeric fiber. Irrespectively of the strength of interfacial adhesion, the main local process is the debonding and/or pullout of the PET fibers, which facilitates also the plastic deformation of the matrix polymer. Other properties depend on the type of the reinforcement and on interfacial adhesion. The application of carbon fibers results in composites with large stiffness, while at good adhesion the strength of glass fiber reinforced composites is the largest. The proper selection of components, composition and interfacial adhesion allows the adjustment of overall composite properties in a relatively wide range. © 2021 The Authors. Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Industrial Chemistry.
Ground glass and fibrotic change in children with surfactant protein C dysfunction mutations
Authors: DeBoer Emily M. , Liptzin Deborah R. , Humphries Stephen M. , Lynch David A. , Robison Kyle , Galambos Csaba , Dishop Megan K. , Deterding Robin R. , Weinman Jason P. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIntroductionTherapeutics exist to treat fibrotic lung disease in adults, but these have not been investigated in children. Defining biomarkers for pediatric fibrotic lung disease in children is crucial for clinical trials. Children with surfactant protein C (SFTPC) dysfunction mutations develop fibrotic lung disease over time. We evaluated chest computed tomography (CT) changes over time in children with SFTPC dysfunction mutations.MethodsWe performed an institutional review board‐approved retrospective review of children with SFTPC dysfunction mutations. We collected demographic and clinical information. Chest CT scans were evaluated using visual and computerized scores. Chest CT scores and pulmonary function tests were reviewed.ResultsEleven children were included. All children presented in infancy and four children suffered from respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. Those who performed pulmonary function tests had stable forced vital capacities over time by percent predicted, but increased forced vital capacity in liters. CT findings evolved over time in most patients with earlier CT scans demonstrating ground glass opacities and later CT scans with more fibrotic features. In a pilot analysis, data‐driven textural analysis software identified fibrotic features in children with SFTPC dysfunction that increased over time and correlated with visual CT scores.DiscussionWe describe 11 children with SFTPC dysfunction mutations. Increases in forced vital capacity over time suggest that these children experience lung growth and that therapeutic intervention may maximize lung growth. Ground glass opacities are the primary early imaging findings while fibrotic features dominate later. CT findings suggest the development of and increases in fibrotic features that may serve as potential biomarkers for antifibrotic therapeutic trials.
Biological and environmental factors as sources of variation in nocturnal behavior of giraffe
Authors: Burger Anna Lena , Hartig Johannes , Dierkes Paul W. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractUpon a drastic decline of the giraffe population in the wild, conservation efforts and therefore the role of zoos have become more important than ever. With their unique opportunities, zoos provide excellent conditions to study animal behavior, expanding the knowledge about the giraffe's behavior repertoire and their ability to adapt. This study therefore examined the nocturnal behavior of 63 giraffe living in 13 different EAZA zoos across Germany and the Netherlands. Giraffe were observed and videos recorded via infrared sensitive cameras during the winter seasons 2015–2018. The observation period spanned nightly from 17:00 to 7:00. Thus, 198 nights, with a total of 2772 h were recorded and analyzed. Linear mixed models were then used to assess potential biological and environmental factors influencing behavior during the dark phase. Results show that individual variables such as age, subspecies and motherhood determined nocturnal activity and sleep behavior most. Among the variables studied, husbandry conditions and environmental factors complying with EAZA standards had no influence on the giraffe's nocturnal behavior. By combining nocturnal activity analyses and an assessment of potential influencing factors, our findings present a holistic approach to a better understanding of captive giraffe behavior and allow for management implications.
Innovation in Data Visualisation for Public Policy Making
Authors: Raineri Paolo , Molinari Francesco 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this contribution, we propose a reflection on the potential of data visualisation technologies for (informed) public policy making in a growingly complex and fast changing landscape—epitomized by the situation created after the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic. Based on the results of an online survey of more than 50 data scientists from all over the world, we highlight five application areas seeing the biggest needs for innovation according to the domain specialists. Our main argument is that we are facing a transformation of the business cases supporting the adoption and implementation of data visualisation methods and tools in government, which the conventional view of the value of Business Intelligence does not capture in full. Such evolution can drive a new wave of innovations that preserve (or restore) the human brain’s centrality in a decision making environment that is increasingly dominated—for good and bad—by artificial intelligence. Citizen science, design thinking, and accountability are mentioned as triggers of civic engagement and participation that can bring a community of “knowledge intermediaries” into the daily discussion on data supported policy making.
A Turbulent History
Authors: Reames Donald V. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractLarge solar energetic-particle (SEP) events are clearly associated in time with eruptive phenomena on the Sun, but how? When large SEP events were first observed, flares were the only visible candidate, and diffusion theory was stretched to explain how the particles could spread through space, as widely as observed. The observation of coronal mass ejections (CMEs), and the wide, fast shock waves they can drive, provided better candidates later. Then small events were found with 1000-fold enhancements in 3He/4He that required a different kind of source—should we reconsider flares, or their open-field cousins, solar jets? The 3He-rich events were soon associated with the electron beams that produce type III radio bursts. It seems the radio astronomers knew of both SEP sources all along. Sometimes the distinction between the sources is blurred when shocks reaccelerate residual 3He-rich impulsive suprathermal ions. Eventually, however, we would even begin to measure the source-plasma temperature that helps to better distinguish the SEP sources.
High Energies and Radiation Effects
Authors: Reames Donald V. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this chapter we characterize the high-energy spectra of protons that can penetrate shielding and determine the radiation dose to humans and equipment in space. High-energy spectral breaks or “knees”, seen in all large SEP events, determine the contribution of highly penetrating protons. The streaming limit, discussed earlier, places an upper bound on particle fluences early in events and the radial variation of intensities is important for near-solar and deep-space missions. The streaming limit is a strong function of radial distance from the Sun. We also consider requirements for a radiation storm shelter for deep space, a mission to Mars, suitability of exoplanets for life, and radiation-induced chemistry of the upper atmosphere of Earth.
Measurements of SEPs
Authors: Reames Donald V. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThose who study solar energetic particles (SEPs) should be aware of the basic types of experiments that have contributed most of the observations studied in this book, and especially the tradeoff of their strengths and weaknesses, and how they fail. However, this is not a comprehensive review, only an introduction. We focus on dE/dx vs. E instruments that are the workhorses of SEP studies, and also study time-of-flight vs. E instruments that dominate precision measurements below 1 MeV amu−1. Single-detector instruments and high-energy techniques are discussed briefly as are supplementary data and CME lists.
Element Abundances and FIP: SEPs, Corona, and Solar Wind
Authors: Reames Donald V. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe have used abundance measurements to identify the sources and the physical processes of acceleration and transport of SEPs. Here we study energetic particles themselves as samples of the solar corona that is their origin, distinguishing the corona from the photosphere and the SEPs from the solar wind. Theoretically, differences in the first ionization potential “FIP effect” may distinguish closed- and open-field regions at the base of the corona, which may also distinguish SEPs from the solar wind. There is not a single coronal FIP effect, but two patterns, maybe three. Are there variations? What about He?
Hydrogen Abundances and Shock Waves
Authors: Reames Donald V. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHow well do protons fit into the abundance patterns of the other elements? Protons have Q = 1 and A/Q = 1 at all temperatures of interest. When does their relative abundance fit on the power law in A/Q defined by the elements with A/Q > 2? For small “pure” impulsive events, protons fit well, but for larger CME-associated impulsive events, where shock waves boost the intensities, protons are enhanced a factor of order ten by addition of seed protons from the ambient plasma. During most large gradual SEP events with strong shock waves, protons again fit the power law, but with weaker or quasi-perpendicular shock waves, dominated by residual impulsive seed particle abundances at high Z, again protons are enhanced. Proton enhancements occur when moderately weak shock waves happen to sample a two-component seed population with dominant protons from the ambient coronal plasma and impulsive suprathermal ions at high Z; thus proton-enhanced events are a surprising new signature of shock acceleration in jets. A/Q measures the rigidity dependence of both acceleration and transport but does not help us distinguish the two. Energy-spectral indices and abundances are correlated for most gradual events but not when impulsive ions are present; thus we end with powerful new correlations that probe both acceleration and transport.
Selbstorganisation als Enabler der Digitalisierung
Authors: Odermatt Sandra , Postler Eric 
Published: March 2021

ZusammenfassungDie Arbeitswelt verändert sich. Unternehmen werden komplexer und neue Generationen von Arbeitnehmenden fordern neue Formen der Zusammenarbeit. Von dieser Entwicklung ist auch das Gesundheitswesen der Schweiz betroffen. Historisch gewachsene Hierarchien, wachsender Kosten- und Leistungsdruck sowie Fachkräftemangel zeigen dringenden Handlungsbedarf. Mittels Experteninterviews aus verschiedenen Branchen soll die grundsätzliche Eignung von Selbstorganisation untersucht werden und Handlungsempfehlungen für das Gesundheitswesen und das Schweizer Paraplegiker Zentrum abgeleitet werden. Selbstorganisation wird als Lösung vieler Führungsprobleme in Organisationen gesehen. Steigende Mitarbeiterzufriedenheit, höhere Produktivität und bessere Qualität durch kurze Entscheidungswege sowie geteilte Verantwortung sind nur einige davon. Grundsätzlich eignet sich Selbstorganisation für alle Organisationen, zentral ist jedoch die Schaffung eines gemeinsamen Verständnisses, Kulturwandel und ein neues Führungsverständnis.
Mit Nudging zu mehr Spenden auf Webseiten anregen
Authors: Keller Lukas , Harder Deane 
Published: March 2021

ZusammenfassungIn der Schweiz wurden im Jahr 2017 rund 1,85 Mrd. CHF an Nonprofitorganisationen (NPO) gespendet. Der Spendenmarkt ist gesättigt und durch die wachsende Anzahl an Stiftungen und Vereinen wächst der Wettbewerb weiter. Die NPOs müssen innovativ bleiben und das Fundraising weiterentwickeln, um langfristig überleben zu können. Eine Möglichkeit sind Onlinespenden, um Kosten zu sparen und eine größere Reichweite gegenüber herkömmlichen Medien zu erzielen. Um das Potenzial von Onlinespenden zu nutzen, werden in dieser Studie Soziale-Norm-Nudges zur Erhöhung der Spendenbereitschaft und Konversion auf Webseiten von NPO untersucht. Eine User-Gruppe bekam einen Nudge eingeblendet, eine Kontrollgruppe nicht. Anhand von Messwebapplikationen wie Google Analytics und Hotjar wurde das unterschiedliche Verhalten der beiden Gruppen aufgezeichnet. Statistisch wurde kein Einfluss der Nudges auf die Spendenbereitschaft oder Konversion festgestellt. Jedoch zeigten Heatmaps, wie das Klickverhalten und die Mausbewegungen der Webseitenbesucher waren. Daraus lässt sich ableiten, dass es durchaus Potenzial für Weiterentwicklungen gibt.
Die Haltung der Politik zu Digitalthemen mit Wirtschaftsbezug
Authors: Schwarz Daniel , Fivaz Jan , Neuroni Alessia 
Published: March 2021

ZusammenfassungDer Handlungsrahmen von Digital Business hängt wesentlich von den Haltungen der politischen Entscheidungsträger ab. Im Vorfeld der Schweizer Wahlen 2019 wurden sämtliche Kandidierende zu ihrer Einstellung gegenüber verschiedensten Aspekten der Digitalisierung befragt. Der Beitrag wertet gezielt digitalpolitische Fragen mit Wirtschaftsbezug aus. Auf diese Weise wird ein Bild des in der Schweizer Politik vorherrschenden Bewusstseins und der Einstellungen gegenüber den Herausforderungen der Digitalisierung in der Wirtschaft gezeichnet. Es wird aufgezeigt, dass bei Themen wie der Verstärkung von Umschulungsangeboten oder der Verankerung internationaler Leitlinien für den Einsatz von künstlicher Intelligenz unter den Parteien breiter Konsens besteht. Hingegen herrschen bei Fragen des Arbeitnehmerschutzes oder bei sozialpolitischen Forderungen wie derjenigen eines bedingungslosen Grundeinkommens Konfliktmuster vor, die aus der Alltagspolitik bekannt sind. Für eine politisch erfolgreiche Bewältigung der digitalen Transformation wird es letztlich entscheidend sein, dass die Sensibilisierung für das Thema in Politik und Öffentlichkeit weiter vorangetrieben wird.