bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design for Disassembly due to Maintenance and Recycling
Authors: Kljajin Milan L. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
It is a fact that the products of today are not designed for easy dismantling or disassembly. Integrated design, certain fastening and assembly principles and surface coatings, for example, can make it very difficult to disassemble the product and to separate materials into non contaminated groups. Hereafter environmental concerns are requiring that disassembly for maintenance and recycling be considered during product design — in fact, total life cycle costs for a product are becoming an essential part of simultaneous engineering. As conclusion this paper gives a short discussion of development course of design for disassembly (DFD).
Shape-Generation Method Using Curvature Entropy
Authors: Ujiie Yoshiki , Matsuoka Yoshiyuki 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Curvature entropy can express “complexity” characteristics in a simple curve profile. A shape-generation method using curvature entropy and genetic algorithm is described. Application of this method to the design of an automobile side view showed that curvature entropy can express characteristics in a curve profile at the product level. A design-support system using curvature entropy is thus feasible.
Trimming: A Fast, Efficient Method for Improving Manufacturing Processes
Authors: Waldman Michael , Litvin Simon , Lyubomirskiy Alex 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the Trimming Technique™, an alternative to standard methods for improving manufacturing processes. The basic goal of this method is to reduce the number of necessary manufacturing operations by eliminating carefully selected operations. The functions of the eliminated operations are then redistributed among the remaining operations. The Trimming Technique™ includes function analysis of the manufacturing process and iterative procedures for eliminating operations according to sets of conditions that are specific to each type of operation. The Technique is implemented in TechOptimizer™, a computer-aided invention software package developed by Invention Machine Corporation. The application of the Trimming Technique is demonstrated by a specific example — a process for the manufacture of crystalline soap.
Micromechanical Behavior and Optical Characteristics of a Free-Standing Polymer Waveguide
Authors: Choi Moo-Jin , Seo Kyoung-Sun , Jin Young-Hyun , Cho Young-Ho 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents an experimental characterization of the microoptomechanical behavior of a mechanically deflected free-standing polymer waveguide. We evaluate the total optical loss of the mechanically deflected waveguide, considering propagation loss, input/output coupling loss and mechanical bending loss. For the experimental evaluation of the total optical loss, we design and fabricate three different sets of waveguide structures: the straight waveguides for propagation and coupling loss measurement; the curved waveguides for curvature loss measurement; the suspended waveguides for mechanical bending loss measurement. From the straight waveguides, we have measured the propagation loss of 5.4±1.1dB/cm and the coupling loss of 5.3±2.4dB, respectively. We have measured the curvature loss of ±4dB/rad for the curved waveguides having the radius of curvature in the range of 200–2,000μm. From the waveguide bending test, we have measured the elastic limit and the failure strength of the polymer waveguide as 5±1MPa and 23±8MPa, respectively. We also find that the mechanical bending loss is rapidly increased to 12–25dB for the waveguide deflection beyond the elastic region. The rapid increase of the mechanical bending loss in the large deflection region is due to the abrupt change of propagation angles as well as the mechanical defect generated in the waveguides.
Air Damping Evaluation for Laterally Driven Electrostatic Repulsive-Force Microactuators
Authors: Lee Ki Bang , Cho Young-Ho 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents theoretical and experimental study on the quality-factor of the laterally driven electrostatic repulsive-force microactuator, driven by a lateral repulsive-force generated by the asymmetry of planar electric field. The quality-factor of the repulsive-force microactuator using a creeping flow model of the ambient air is evaluated. By fitting the simulation results of damping force, we evaluate the dimensionless damping force, thereby obtaining an analytical damping force in the form of F = μαUL, where μ, α, U and L denote the air viscosity, the dimensionless damping force, the velocity and the characteristic length of the movable electrodes. The measured quality-factor increases from 12 to 13 for the bias voltage increased from 60V to 140V. The theoretical quality-factor estimated from the creeping flow model increases from 14.9 to 18.7. Characteristics of quality-factor of the repulsive-force microactuator have been discussed and compared with those of the conventional attractive-force microactuator.
Flow Monitoring in Microdialysis Systems for Continuous Sampling
Authors: Ernst Herbert , Jachimowicz Artur , Urban Gerald 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Continuous in vivo sampling of medically relevant substances using the microdialysis method requires the most exact possible knowledge about the involved perfusate flow. As this flow is typically in the range of few microliters per hour a flow sensor with a resolution of less than 1 microliter per hour is required. This paper will present such a sensor based on a calorimetrical measurement. The described principle of operation allows not only the flow measurement itself but also an additional detection of the involved fluids thermal characteristics, allowing the compensation of important interferents in this and similar micro fluidic applications, e.g. gas enclosures.
MEMS Challenge: Can This Technology Catch the Internet Lightwave?
Authors: Gilleo Ken 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The pundits of the money world tell us to be a “dotcom” or enable them for excitement and rewards. Traffic on the Internet Highway is certainly stepping up the pace as “slow” electrons make way for ultimate-speed photons creating major hardware opportunities. The “Copper Road” has become the “Glass Super Highway” as long-haul terrestrial and underwater communications links move up to Advanced Photonics.
Nothing can be faster than light, but more important, no other medium can offer wider bandwidth when wave-multiplexing strategies are used. Photonics, employing dense wave division multiplexing (DWDM) can carry the equivalent of 12,000 encyclopedias or 5-million phone calls on a single fiber. Recent advances in photonics hardware, including higher-powered lasers, more efficient amplifiers and cleaner optical fiber are enabling incredible bandwidth for the Internet and general communications services. But how do we route a light beam?
The long-haul segments of the Internet, now mostly fiberoptics, have been converting modulated light to electronic signals, routing with conventional electronic hardware and then re-converting back to light. Yes, O-E-O (Opto-electro-opto) works, but with cost and time-delay penalties. The communications industry has decreed that the double conversion process must go, but what technology will be the replacement?
Enter optical MEMS, or MOEMS (micro-opto-electro-mechanical systems). The MOEMS switch/router approach was endorsed by the Internet carrier and hardware industry that paid billions of dollars in 2000 to acquire MEMS companies, some that had not even shipped a product. But what are the issues and are there competing technologies that could win?
Micro-mirror technology is at the top of the popularity chart right now. Can MOEMS mirror routers solve cost problems and can they even switch at the rates demanded. What is the ideal mirror switch strategy: binary “off/on” or point-to-light pipe arrays? What about other MEMS approaches such as micro-bubble fluid beam refraction that appears to offer a much simpler construction? Maybe the mechanical devices are only an interim destined to obsolescence by a future solid state optics switch. The optical switch, powered totally by photons, is already in the lab and could be the final answer.
This paper will survey MOEMS inside the Internet to seek answers to the billion dollar questions. The focus will be on micro-mirrors and their packaging issues both inside and out. We will deal with selecting the ideal optical MEMS package and choosing the right atmosphere control. Certain in-package contaminants are death to mirrors, but they can be controlled even if generated after the package is sealed. So tune in to find out if MEMS can catch the WAVE!
Magnetically Actuated Microplatform Scanners for Intravascular Ultrasound Imaging
Authors: Chang Carl W. , Lum Paul , Muller Richard S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We have fabricated a magnetically actuated microplatform scanner for use in a catheter-based intravascular ultrasound imaging (IVU) system. The torsional microplatform is fabricated from low stress silicon nitride with electroplated-Ni stripes for the magnetic material. Experiments with the microplatform have shown it capable of positioning an attached ultrasonic source (350 by 350 by 400 μm3 with a mass of 150 μg) through a total scan angle of 90°. The devices were evaluated in both air and immersed in deionized water. An IVU system based on this microplatform promises lower cost and greater flexibility than are provided by present state-of-the-art mechanically driven IVU systems.
Paradigm Shift in Engineering Design Precipitated by the Advent of Miniaturized Systems
Authors: Nakayama Wataru 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The issues involved in the design of miniaturized systems are reviewed. In several respects the design of miniaturized systems requires departure from traditional engineering design. The design has to cope with a host of uncertainties simultaneously. The sources of uncertainties are all associated with reduced physical size of components and systems. A methodology is proposed in that the knowledge base is developed well in advance of actual design work, and a fast-to-use design code is made ready by the time the design work starts. For the knowledge base development conventional numerical simulation tools are applied to ‘template models’.
From Supply Chain to Value Chain Management: Life Cycle Engineering Will Bring a Virtual Man Into Life
Authors: Fukuda Shuichi 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper discusses that supply chain management will evolve toward value chain management and these value chains are not fixed through their product life cycles, but will change because the future products will change their functions by adapting to the changing situations. Up until now, we have been discussing hardware product realization, based upon our traditional concept that their functions remain fixed all through their life cycles. But if we look at software products, they are constantly customized and kept up to date. In other words, their functions are growing even after they are delivered to the customer. If such concepts as CALS, Rapid Prototyping, etc can be integrated into this concept and merged into one, then we would be able to realize value chain management in this sense.
From Organization-Based Toward Individuals-Based Engineers: Current Reforms in Japan
Authors: Ohashi Hideo 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Torrent of globalization forced us to reform our once renowned Japanese style management system that featured lifetime employment and seniority-based payment. The direction of the reform is definitely from organization-based toward individuals-based society.
The establishment of engineering profession is the key issue of this reform. Multilateral efforts, for example, foundation of accreditation body for engineering education, revision of Professional Engineers Law, introduction of integrated CPD system, are ongoing. Engineering societies are essential contributors for the design and implementation of such systems.
Development of an Intermediate Degree of Freedom Vehicle Dynamics Model for Optimal Design Studies
Authors: Lowndes Erik M. , David J. W. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Today’s race teams spend a significant amount of time and money performing on-track testing of their vehicles in order to determine the best possible suspension configuration for a particular racing venue. The use of computer simulation coupled with optimal design techniques presents the opportunity to significantly reduce the amount of on-track testing required. Many of the existing vehicle simulation codes are not suitable for application to the optimal design problem, either because they incorporate too much detail and run too slowly, or because they lack sufficient detail.
A new model that bridges the gap between these two existing classes of models and is suitable for performing optimal design has been developed. The vehicle model is fully three dimensional and nonlinear. A driver control algorithm was developed that is capable of driving the car near it’s handling limits. An attempt was made to optimize the suspension setup for the NCSU Legends race car.
An Integrated Approach to Evaluate the Cycle Time in Injection Molding
Authors: Gao D. M. , Bushko W. C. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The cycle time prediction is considered as a critical issue in injection molding. It relates directly to the production rate and the part quality. It is commonly defined as the time duration between the start of the injection and the ejection of the part. When the cycle time exceeds the desired range, the production rate will be compromised. In some cases, due to excessively increased friction force, the part may be subject to severe failure such as breakage during ejection. Another possible situation is that the ejector pins can be damaged because the friction force exceeds the maximum ejection force that the machine can provide through the ejectors. If the part is ejected too early, only a thin layer of polymer is solidified and the ejection may cause the part to be deformed permanently which generally leads to surface defects. For most injection molders, the cycle time is estimated through molding trials, which is very costly and time consuming. In the case of testing a new material, it is even more difficult to determine a proper cycle time ranger due to the lack of knowledge on the material behavior.
Optimal Design for Injection Molding Process Using Design of Experiments and Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Park K. , Ahn J. H. , Choi S. R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The present work concerns optimal design for the injection molding process of a deflection yoke (coil separator). The optimal design for the injection molding process is developed using design of experiments and finite element analysis. Two design of experiments approaches are applied such as: the design of experiment for mold design and the design of experiments for determination of process parameters. Finite element analyses have been carried out as a design of experiments for mold design: runner system and cooling channel. In order to determine optimal process parameters, experiments have been performed for various process conditions with the design of experiments scheduling.
Process Design for Optimal Mold Cooling
Authors: Ambady Prasanth , Fan Bingfeng , Hatch David , Kazmer David 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Process control has been recognized as an important means of improving the performance and consistency of thermoplastic parts. However, no single control strategy or process design has been universally accepted, and molding systems continue to produce defective components during production. The capability of the injection molding process is limited by the thermal and flow dynamics of the heated polymer melt.
This paper develops a fundamental approach to process design for optimal mold cooling. Specifically, a viscoelastic constitutive model is utilized with process and quality models to develop theoretical and feasible limits for mold cooling. The analysis drives the development of a composite thermal structure consisting of 1) a thin layer with high density and specific heat, 2) a thin layer with low thermal conductivity, and 3) a conventional mold base with high thermal diffusivity. When pre-heated via gas convection, the resulting process enables isothermal mold-filling and improved polymer solidification. Numerical results indicate that the proposed system will reduce residual stress by 30% compared to conventional molding for equivalent cycle times.
Effect of Impact Velocity and Impactor Mass on the Low Velocity Impact Response of Liquid Molding Vinyl Ester-350 Resin and Fiber-Reinforced Plaques
Authors: Motuku M. , Vaidya U. K. , Janowski G. M. , Basappa G. , Jeelani S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The influence of test conditions on the low velocity impact (LVI) response and damage evolution in neat resin plaques was investigated and documented. Specifically, the effect of impactor mass, velocity, and corresponding impact energy on the LVI response and damage evolution in unreinforced DERAKANE vinyl ester 411-350-resin system was studied. An instrumented drop weigh test machine was used to conduct the low velocity impact tests. The room temperature response of the material to impact loading and damage evolution was investigated using the impact load histories, impact plots and fractography analysis. This study is built upon previous work by the authors on LVI of neat resin systems, particularly those that have emerged as a new class of resins in liquid molding process. The study was motivated by the need for data and understanding of the failure characteristics of the individual constituents of a composite material such as in modeling of damage propagation and failure criteria analysis.
For constant impact velocity, the time-to-maximum load (tm), total impact duration (tt), and the energy-to-maximum load to total energy absorbed (Em/Et) ratio increased, and energy absorbed after peak load (Ep) decreased with the mass of the impactor. For constant impactor mass, the time-to-maximum load and total impact duration decreased, the Em/Et ratio remained fairly the same, and energy absorbed after peak load increased with velocity; i.e., the impact velocity and mass had opposing effects on the time-to-maximum load, the total impact duration, Em/Et and energy absorbed after peak load.
A single layer of plain-weave S2-glass fabric was incorporated in some of the unreinforced plaques in order to analyze the influence of reinforcement on the impact response and damage evolution. Insertion of a fabric layer aided in containment of the damage within the bounds of the specimen and to isolate the failure characteristics, which enabled further analysis of the impact response and damage evolution.
Design to Evaluation: Desktop CAE for Injection Molding
Authors: Hu Junqiao 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
CAE tools for injection molding have been dramatically improved in the past several years. Prior to this period, advanced simulations provided a wealth of information about a part and mold design. A common complaint was that too much time was required to perform an advanced simulation. This is the part of reason for the rise in popularity of desktop CAE tools, which provide fast, useful results for those who wish to improve quality, increase profitability and eliminate inefficiencies in critical product and mold design. This paper discusses recently developed desktop CAE technology which greatly reduces the time required to run advanced simulations and quickly evaluates material selection, mold filling, part design, and runner balancing issues, and also optimizes cycle time and generates engineering reports.
The Use of Advanced Aluminum Alloys for Enhanced Productivity in Plastic Injection Molding
Authors: Nerone Jim , Ramani Karthik 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
New aluminum alloys, QC-7® and QE-7®, have thermal conductivities four times greater than traditional tool steels, and have significantly increased strength and hardness compared to traditional aluminum materials. Molds were constructed of P-20 tool steel and QE-7® aluminum and were used to provide experimental data regarding thermal mold characteristic and confirm injection molding simulation predictions using C-Mold®. The relationships between cooling time reduction (using aluminum alloys) and polymer type, cooling channel depth, part wall thickness, and coolant temperature were explored both experimentally and using simulation software. It was shown that the potential reduction in cooling time varied from 5% to 25%. The most significant percentage improvements were observed in parts with part wall thickness of 0.05″ to 0.10″ and in molds with cooling channels at a depth ratio (D/d) of 2.0. The thermal pulses in the steel mold 0.10″ from the surface were approximately 63% larger than in aluminum mold.
Free-Free Vibration Extraction From Available Vibration Data
Authors: Yi Thomas T. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a procedure for identifying the free-free vibration data of a structure from the available vibration data of the same structure with boundary conditions. For a structure in a mechanical system, depending upon the dynamic formulation used, we may need a set of free-free modal data or a set of constrained modal data. If a finite element model of the structure is available, its vibration data can be obtained analytically under any desired boundary conditions. However, if a finite element model is not available, the vibration data may be determined experimentally. Since experimentally measured vibration data are obtained for a structure supported by some form of boundary conditions, we may need to determine its free-free vibration data. The aim of this study is to extract, based on experimentally obtained vibration data, the necessary free-free frequencies and the associated modes for structures to be used in dynamic formulations. The available vibration data may be obtained for a structure supported either by springs or by fixed boundary conditions. Furthermore, the available modes may be either a complete set; i.e., as many modes as the number of degrees of freedom of the associated FE model is available, or it can be an incomplete set.
Flow Boiling Heat Transfer With Binary and Ternary Mixtures in Microfin Tubes
Authors: Inoue Norihiro , Goto Masao , Kandlikar Satish G. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
An experimental setup was designed and fabricated to test the flow boiling heat transfer performance of microfin tubes. Five microfin tubes were tested with pure refrigerants. Two tubes were selected for further testing with binary and ternary refrigerant mixtures. This paper reports the data for these two microfin tubes employing R22, R410A (mixture of 50% by weight of R32 and 50% of R125) and R407C (ternary mixture of 23 wt. % R32, 25 wt. % R125, and 52 wt. % R134a). A correlation scheme is presented for the heat transfer coefficient of mixtures in microfin tubes. In general, it is observed that the heat transfer performance of binary mixture R410A in microfin tubes is similar to pure R22; however, the performance of the ternary mixture R407C is lower than that with pure R22.
Plate-Fin Surface Optimisation Using Direct-Sizing
Authors: Smith Eric M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The direct-sizing of heat exchangers applies to that class of heat exchanger in which the local geometry of the core is the same everywhere. Many of our best performing exchangers possess this property. Previous papers discussing this topic were published by Smith (1994, 1997a). Optimisation of rectangular offset strip-fin (ROSF) surfaces involves varying plate spacing b, cell pitch c, and strip-length x in a logical manner. The Manglik and Bergles correlations for flow-friction and heat transfer of ROSF surfaces permits such optimisation.
The design procedure which follows applies to a two-stream contraflow exchanger assuming perfect gases.