bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunitarianism: defence and sacrifice in the politics of Covid-19
Authors: Ajana Btihaj 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAs witnessed over the last year, immunity emerged as one of most highly debated topics in the current Covid-19 pandemic. Countries around the globe have been debating whether herd immunity or lockdown is the best response, as the race continues for the development and rollout of effective vaccines against coronavirus and as the economic costs of implementing strict containment measures are weighed against public health costs. What became evident all the more is that immunity is precisely what bridges between biological life and political life in the current climate, be it in terms of the contentious notion of herd immunity, the geopolitical struggle for vaccines, or the possible emergence of “Covid-elite”, i.e. holders of so-called “immunity passports”. Immunity, as such, is certainly not only a matter of science and biology alone, but is inherently political in the way that pandemics themselves are often highly politicised. Drawing on the work of Roberto Esposito and other literature from the field of biopolitics and immunology, this paper provides a critical examination of the concept of immunity in light of the recent events, highlighting the intersections between the politics of defence and the politics of sacrifice which animate governments’ immunitary responses to the Covid-19 pandemic. The paper ends with a discussion on the forms of solidarity and local initiatives that have been mobilised during the current pandemic and their potential for an affirmative form of biopolitics. Overall, the main aim of this paper is to provide a critical cultural and philosophical analysis of Covid-19 debates and responses and a nuanced account on the biopolitical effects of the current pandemic, highlighting the paradoxical nature of immunity which straddles at once negative practices of defence and sacrifice as well as affirmative forms of community and solidarity beyond state apparatuses.
Using Composite Phenotypes to Reveal Hidden Physiological Heterogeneity in High-Altitude Acclimatization in a Chinese Han Longitudinal Cohort
Authors: Li Yi , Ma Yanyun , Wang Kun , Zhang Menghan , Wang Yi , Liu Xiaoyu , Hao Meng , Yin Xianhong , Liang Meng , Zhang Hui , Wang Xiaofeng , Chen Xingdong , Zhang Yao , Duan Wenyuan , Kang Longli , Qiao Bin , Wang Jiucun , Jin Li 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAltitude acclimatization is a human physiological process of adjusting to the decreased oxygen availability. Since several physiological processes are involved and their correlations are complicated, the analyses of single traits are insufficient in revealing the complex mechanism of high-altitude acclimatization. In this study, we examined these physiological responses as the composite phenotypes that are represented by a linear combination of physiological traits. We developed a strategy that combines both spectral clustering and partial least squares path modeling (PLSPM) to define composite phenotypes based on a cohort study of 883 Chinese Han males. In addition, we captured 14 composite phenotypes from 28 physiological traits of high-altitude acclimatization. Using these composite phenotypes, we applied k-means clustering to reveal hidden population physiological heterogeneity in high-altitude acclimatization. Furthermore, we employed multivariate linear regression to systematically model (Models 1 and 2) oxygen saturation (SpO2) changes in high-altitude acclimatization and evaluated model fitness performance. Composite phenotypes based on Model 2 fit better than single trait-based Model 1 in all measurement indices. This new strategy of using composite phenotypes may be potentially employed as a general strategy for complex traits research such as genetic loci discovery and analyses of phenomics.
The Ultrafast and Accurate Mapping Algorithm FANSe3: Mapping a Human Whole-Genome Sequencing Dataset Within 30 Minutes
Authors: Zhang Gong , Zhang Yongjian , Jin Jingjie 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAligning billions of reads generated by the next-generation sequencing (NGS) to reference sequences, termed “mapping”, is the time-consuming and computationally-intensive process in most NGS applications. A Fast, accurate and robust mapping algorithm is highly needed. Therefore, we developed the FANSe3 mapping algorithm, which can map a 30 × human whole-genome sequencing (WGS) dataset within 30 min, a 50 × human whole exome sequencing (WES) dataset within 30 s, and a typical mRNA-seq dataset within seconds in a single-server node without the need for any hardware acceleration feature. Like its predecessor FANSe2, the error rate of FANSe3 can be kept as low as 10–9 in most cases, this is more robust than the Burrows–Wheeler transform-based algorithms. Error allowance hardly affected the identification of a driver somatic mutation in clinically relevant WGS data and provided robust gene expression profiles regardless of the parameter settings and sequencer used. The novel algorithm, designed for high-performance cloud-computing after infrastructures, will break the bottleneck of speed and accuracy in NGS data analysis and promote NGS applications in various fields. The FANSe3 algorithm can be downloaded from the website: http://www.chi-biotech.com/fanse3/.
African Responses to COVID-19: The Reckoning of Agency?
Authors: Patterson Amy S. , Balogun Emmanuel 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAlthough the COVID-19 pandemic had claimed over one million lives globally by late 2020, Africa had avoided a massive outbreak. Patterson and Balogun analyze pandemic responses by the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention and various states collaborating with civil society. They argue that responses display forms of agency rooted in contextually relevant expertise, pan-African solidarity, and lessons learned about health messaging and community mobilization from previous health crises. Yet collaboration has not always been harmonious, as actors have adopted various approaches in their interactions with global health institutions and civil society partnerships, and they have actively debated the use of traditional medicine as a COVID-19 treatment.
STRONG COLORINGS OVER PARTITIONS
Authors: CHEN-MERTENS WILLIAM , KOJMAN MENACHEM , STEPRĀNS JURIS 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA strong coloring on a cardinal$\kappa $is a function$f:[\kappa ]^2\to \kappa $such that for every$A\subseteq \kappa $of full size$\kappa $, every color$\unicode{x3b3} <\kappa $is attained by$f\restriction [A]^2$. The symbol$$ \begin{align*} \kappa\nrightarrow[\kappa]^2_{\kappa} \end{align*} $$asserts the existence of a strong coloring on$\kappa $.We introduce the symbol$$ \begin{align*} \kappa\nrightarrow_p[\kappa]^2_{\kappa} \end{align*} $$which asserts the existence of a coloring$f:[\kappa ]^2\to \kappa $which isstrong over a partition$p:[\kappa ]^2\to \theta $. A coloringfis strong overpif for every$A\in [\kappa ]^{\kappa }$there is$i<\theta $so that for every color$\unicode{x3b3} <\kappa $is attained by$f\restriction ([A]^2\cap p^{-1}(i))$.We prove that whenever$\kappa \nrightarrow [\kappa ]^2_{\kappa }$holds, also$\kappa \nrightarrow _p[\kappa ]^2_{\kappa }$holds for an arbitrary finite partitionp. Similarly, arbitrary finitep-s can be added to stronger symbols which hold in any model of ZFC. If$\kappa ^{\theta }=\kappa $, then$\kappa \nrightarrow _p[\kappa ]^2_{\kappa }$and stronger symbols, like$\operatorname {Pr}_1(\kappa ,\kappa ,\kappa ,\chi )_p$or$\operatorname {Pr}_0(\kappa ,\kappa ,\kappa ,\aleph _0)_p$, also hold for an arbitrary partitionpto$\theta $parts.The symbols$$ \begin{gather*} \aleph_1\nrightarrow_p[\aleph_1]^2_{\aleph_1},\;\;\; \aleph_1\nrightarrow_p[\aleph_1\circledast \aleph_1]^2_{\aleph_1},\;\;\; \aleph_0\circledast\aleph_1\nrightarrow_p[1\circledast\aleph_1]^2_{\aleph_1}, \\ \operatorname{Pr}_1(\aleph_1,\aleph_1,\aleph_1,\aleph_0)_p,\;\;\;\text{ and } \;\;\; \operatorname{Pr}_0(\aleph_1,\aleph_1,\aleph_1,\aleph_0)_p \end{gather*} $$hold for an arbitrary countable partitionpunder the Continuum Hypothesis and are independent over ZFC$+ \neg $CH.
The Judicial Construction of Older Consumers’ Rights: A Qualitative Case-Law Analysis
Authors: Segal Michal , Mor Sagit , Doron Israel (Issi) 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCourts conceptualize and construct the phenomenon of consumer rights violations against older people in different ways. This qualitative analysis of court decisions explores the meanings that Israeli courts have attributed to the fact that the victim was an older consumer. Specific objectives include determining whether existing consumer protections for older consumers are effective, how the relevant provisions of consumer protection law are expressed in application of case law, and how courts structure the issue in their rulings. Analysis has revealed a tension between two judicial approaches: assumption of older consumers as inherently vulnerable and meriting special-class protection, versus application of general consumer protection law attending to actual plaintiffs’ or defendants’ characteristics. Critical reading of the judgments leads to construction and suggestion of a tiered approach to adjudicating consumer protection cases that protects the vulnerable older consumer without falling into a trap of unwarranted ageism.
The influence of two wildfires and biological control agents on the population dynamics of Melaleuca quinquenervia in a seasonally inundated wetland
Authors: Tipping Philip W. , Martin Melissa R. , Foley Jeremiah R. , Pierce Ryan M. , Gettys Lyn A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe potential of Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake to reinvade cleared areas was evaluated over a 13-yr period that included two wildfires and the introduction of biological control agents. The first wildfire occurred in 1998 and was followed by a mean of 591.5 recruited seedlings m−2. Recruits from that fire were cleared 7 yr later in July 2005 for a second experiment to evaluate seedling recruitment into cleared areas. Seed rain, seedling recruitment and mortality, and sapling growth rates were measured in four plots located around individual large reproductive trees. A second natural wildfire in 2007 burned through those plots, leading to increases in seed rain followed by a pulse in recruitment of 21.04 seedlings m−2, 96.5% fewer than after the 1998 fire. Recruits in half of the plots around each tree were then treated with regular applications of an insecticide to restrict herbivory by biological control agents, while herbivory was not restricted in the other half. There was no difference in seedling mortality between treatments 1,083 d post-fire (2007) with 96.6% seedling mortality in the unrestricted herbivory treatment and 89.4% mortality in the restricted herbivory treatment. Recruits subjected to the restricted herbivory treatment grew taller than those in the unrestricted herbivory treatment, 101.3 cm versus 37.4 cm. Many of the recruits were attacked by the biological control agents, which slowed their growth. Although solitary M. quinquenervia trees retain some capacity to reinvade areas under specific circumstances, there was a downward trend in their overall invasiveness at this site, with progressively smaller recruitment cohorts due to biological control agents. Land managers should prioritize removing large reproductive trees over treating recently recruited populations, which can be left for many years for the biological control agents to suppress before any additional treatment would be needed.
Pursuing Frugal Innovation for Sustainability at the Grassroots Level
Authors: Hossain Mokter , Levänen Jarkko , Wierenga Marleen 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTFirms are often criticized for their reluctance to embrace sustainability in their business strategies. Frugal innovation is a recent concept that represents a new way for firms to serve underserved customers in developing countries while also promoting sustainability. Based on three cases of frugal innovation at the grassroots level in India, this article demonstrates how frugal innovation presents a promising way to tackle some of today's pressing societal problems with new business models. We use a range of parameters for economic, social, and environmental sustainability to strengthen the case for frugal innovation. This article attempts to inspire scholars to consider frugal innovation further in their future research endeavors and encourage firms to integrate it into their existing business models.
Helminth parasites of shags (Phalacrocoracidae) from the Otago region of southern New Zealand
Authors: Presswell B. , Bennett J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA total of 61 specimens representing five species of shag – Auckland Island shagLeucocarbo colensoi, little pied shagMicrocarbo melanoleucos brevirostris, black shagPhalacrocorax carbo novaehollandiae, Otago shagLeucocarbo chalconotusand spotted shagPhalacrocorax punctatus– from the coast around Otago, South Island, New Zealand, were examined for helminths. A total of 18 helminth species was found: six nematodes (Anisakis pegreffi,Contracaecum rudolphiiE,Baruscapillariasp.,Cosmocephalus jaenschi,Ingliseria cirrohamata,Desmidocercella australis), four trematodes (Apatemonsp. ‘jamiesoni’,Cardiocephaloides ovicorpus,Apophallussp., Microphallidae gen. sp.), four cestodes (Microsomacanthus cormoranti,Microsomacanthussp.,Paradilepis urceina,Tetrabothriussp.) and four acanthocephalans (Andracantha leucocarboi,A.sigma,Corynosoma hannae,Profilicollis novaezelandensis). Descriptions are provided for females ofC.jaenschiandD.australis, which were previously undescribed. The data include 20 new host records and seven new locality records. New 18S ribosomal DNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS1 and ITS2) DNA sequences have been provided where specimen conditions permitted. These data add considerably to our sparse knowledge of helminths in New Zealand shags, and provide a baseline for observations of change in the future.
Correlation between nasal mucosal temperature change and the perception of nasal patency: a literature review
Authors: Tjahjono R , Singh N 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe mechanism of nasal airflow sensation is poorly understood. This study aimed to examine the role of nasal mucosal temperature change in the subjective perception of nasal patency and the methods by which it can be quantified.MethodMedline and PubMed database searches were performed to retrieve literature relevant to the topic.ResultsThe primary mechanism producing the sensation of nasal patency is thought to be the activation of transient receptor potential melastatin family member 8 (‘TRPM8’), a thermoreceptor that is activated by nasal mucosal cooling. Computational fluid dynamics studies have demonstrated that increased airflow and heat flux are correlated with better patient-reported outcome measure scores. Similarly, physical measurements of the nasal cavity using temperature probes have shown a correlation between lower nasal mucosal temperatures and better patient-reported outcome measure scores.ConclusionNasal mucosal temperature change may be correlated with the perception of improved nasal patency. Future research should quantify the impact of mucosal cooling on the perception of nasal airway obstruction.
Management of ENT emergencies during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic
Authors: Stansfield J , Dobbs S , Harrison R , Lee K , Sharma S , Okour K , Agrawal S , Miah M S 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundCoronavirus disease 2019 imposed dramatic changes on ENT service delivery. Pre-pandemic, such changes would have been considered potentially unsafe. This study outlines the impact of lockdown on the incidence and management of ENT emergencies at a large UK centre.MethodsAfter modification of pre-pandemic guidelines, ENT emergency referrals data during the UK lockdown were prospectively captured. A comparative analysis was performed with retrospective data from a corresponding period in 2019.ResultsAn overall reduction (p< 0.001) in emergency referrals (n= 119) and admissions (n= 18) occurred during the lockdown period compared to the 2019 period (432 referrals and 290 admissions). Specifically, there were reduced admission rates for epistaxis (p< 0.0001) and tonsillar infection (p< 0.005) in the lockdown period. During lockdown, 90 per cent of patients requiring non-dissolvable nasal packing were managed as out-patients.ConclusionsCoronavirus disease 2019 compelled modifications to pre-pandemic ENT guidelines. The enforced changes to emergency care appear to be safe and successfully adopted. Arguably, the measures have both economic and patient-related implications post-coronavirus disease 2019 and during future similar pandemics and lockdowns.
Description and phylogenetic relationships of a new genus of Planoceridae (Polycladida, Acotylea) from Shimoda, Japan
Authors: Oya Yuki , Kajihara Hiroshi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe establish a new genus of planocerid polyclad,Heteroplanoceragen. nov., based on a new species,H. katoisp. nov., collected at a depth of 245 m off the coast of the Izu Peninsula, West Pacific, Japan.Heteroplanoceragen. nov. is distinguished from other planocerid genera by the following characteristics: (i) a pair of nuchal tentacles, (ii) a muscular bulb, (iii) a pair of spermiducal bulbs (instead of a seminal vesicle), (iv) a free prostatic vesicle, (v) a pair of accessory organs with teeth, (vi) a Lang's vesicle, and (vii) the lack of a bursa copulatrix. We provide a partial sequence of the cytochromecoxidase subunit I (COI) gene (712 bp) as a DNA barcode of the new species. Furthermore, we estimate the phylogenetic position ofHeteroplanoceragen. nov. among Planoceridae based on partial sequences of COI and 16S, 18S, and 28S ribosomal DNA. Based on our findings, we discuss the evolution and function of the (i) vaginal cuticularized structure and (ii) accessory organs among planocerid flatworms.
A Roundtable on Rupa Viswanath'sThe Pariah Problem: Caste, Religion, and the Social in Modern Indiaand the Study of Caste
Authors: PENNINGTON BRIAN K. , CHANDRA UDAY , RAMBERG LUCINDA , SHERINIAN ZOE , LEE JOEL , VISWANATH RUPA 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this roundtable discussion, five scholars of modern India with diverse methodological training examine aspects of Rupa Viswanath's 2014 book,The Pariah Problem: Caste, Religion, and the Social in Modern India, and assess its arguments and contributions. This book has made strong challenges to the scholarly consensus on the nature of caste in India, arguing that, in the Madras presidency under the British, caste functioned as a form of labour control of the lowest orders and, in this roundtable, she calls colonial Madras a ‘slave society’. The scholars included here examine that contention and the major subsidiary arguments on which it is based. Uday Chandra identifiesThe Pariah Problemwith a new social history of caste and Dalitness. Brian K. Pennington links the ‘religionization’ of caste that Viswanath identifies to the contemporary Hindu right's concerns for religious sentiment and authenticity. Lucinda Ramberg takes up Viswanath's account of the constitution of a public that excluded the Dalit to inquire further about the gendered nature of that public and the private realm it simultaneously generated. Zoe Sherinian calls attention to Viswanath's characterization of missionary opposition to social equality for Dalits and examines missionary and Dalit discourses that stand apart from those that Viswanath studied. Joel Lee extends some of Viswanath's claims about the Madras presidency by showing strong parallels to social practices in colonial North India. Finally, Viswanath's own response addresses the assessments of her colleagues.
Precision psychiatry: promise for the future or rehash of a fossilised foundation?
Authors: Köhne Annemarie C. J. , van Os Jim 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPrecision psychiatry is currently described as an approach that would bring significant advance to psychiatric clinical practice. Theaim of this article is to investigate Precision Psychiatry’s promise for the future; should we substantially invest in this new approach? Thearticle is based on a review of the literature and reports a conceptual analysis. A critical examination of Precision Psychiatry’s foundationsshows us that its fundaments are obsolete and flawed: we cannot reduce mental suffering to essences in biology. It is problematic to statethat biological processes hold and capture qualia and meaning, and in themselves and without context would hold and capture somethinglike abnormality. Despite its good efforts, precision psychiatry does not represent a sufficiently promising alternative to the phenotyping thatcomes with the current classification systems.
Blame Avoidance in China's Cadre Responsibility System
Authors: Li Jiayuan , Ni Xing , Wang Rui 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis article contends that prior research on the behaviour of Chinese local cadres pays limited attention to their motivation for avoiding blame. Using qualitative data from three field studies conducted in Guangdong province, the study focuses on blame avoidance in the cadre responsibility system, which is recognized as an important instrument for state capacity building. Our analysis uncovers three major discursive strategies used by grassroots cadres to manage blame either before or after it is apportioned: de-legitimating performance standards, re-attributing blame and transferring blame risk. We find that local cadres have a role as blame makers in shifting blame and accusations. This finding challenges the conventional view, which typically sees local officials as blame takers. The article concludes by elaborating on the wider implications of this finding and proposing avenues for future research.
Chinese perspectives on the ad bellum/in bello relationship and a cultural critique of the ad bellum/in bello separation in international humanitarian law
Authors: Liang Zhuo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe intriguing relationship between jus ad bellum and jus in bello has provoked perennial academic debates. This article examines this issue from Chinese perspectives and offers a cultural critique of the well-entrenched norm of the ad bellum/in bello separation in international humanitarian law. Based on its distinctive traditional perception of the world order and the meaning of war, China embraces a holistic understanding of the ad bellum/in bello relationship. This relationship is construed as essentially harmonized. The cardinal moral principle underpinning it is that a just war should be conducted in a just way. The ad bellum/in bello separation in international humanitarian law has a Western origin, and the rationale behind it intimates Western sensitivity to the European just war tradition in which jus in bello was parasitic on jus ad bellum. It is assumed that jus ad bellum and jus in bello are irreconcilably in conflict once they come into contact with one another. This assumption is followed by a widely-held belief that any attempt to reconnect the two concepts would bring nothing but the subordination of jus in bello to jus ad bellum as experienced in European just war and, consequently, the collapse of the former. Chinese perspectives nevertheless evidence that this conventional line of thinking, hampering scholars from thinking beyond the sealed ad bellum/in bello separation, is not sound. A proposal for a more constructive solution should be taken into consideration.