bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Rulers in the Winding Up of the Old Norse Religion
Authors: Sundqvist Olof 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
It is a common opinion in research that the Scandinavians changed religion during the second half of the Viking Age, that is, ca. 950–1050/1100 CE. During this period, Christianity replaced the Old Norse religion. When describing this transition in recent studies, the concept “Christianization” is often applied. To a large extent this historiography focuses on the outcome of the encounter, namely the description of early Medieval Christianity and the new Christian society. The purpose and aims of the present study are to concentrate more exclusively on the Old Norse religion during this period of change and to analyze the questions of how and why it disappeared. A special focus is placed on the native kings. These kings played a most active role in winding up the indigenous tradition that previously formed their lives. It seems as if they used some deliberate methods during this process. When designing their strategies they focused on the religious leadership as well as the ritual system. These seem to have been the aspects of the indigenous religion of which they had direct control, and at the same time, were central for the modus operandi of the old religion. Most of all, it seems as if these Christian kings were pragmatists. Since they could not affect the traditional worldview and prevent people from telling the mythical narratives about the old gods, they turned to such aims that they were able to achieve.
Gray matter volume differences between transgender men and cisgender women: A voxel-based morphometry study
Authors: Fukao Taku , Ohi Kazutaka , Shioiri Toshiki 
Published: March 2021

Objective: Gender dysphoria (GD) is characterized by distress due to inconsistency between gender identity and biological sex. Individuals with GD often desire to be the other gender, which is called transgender. Although altered brain volumes in transgender people, particularly transgender women, have been reported, the particular brain regions have been inconsistent among studies. This study aimed to investigate neuroanatomical differences in transgender men without physical interventions. Method: T1-weighted magnetic resonance images (MRIs) were acquired in 21 transgender men and 21 cisgender women matched for biological sex and age. Whole-brain comparisons using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) were performed to identify gray matter volume (GMV) differences between transgender men and cisgender women. Results: Transgender men showed greater GMV in the right posterior cingulate gyrus ( PFWE-corr = 3.06×10-6) and the left occipital pole ( PFWE-corr = 0.017) and lower GMV in the left middle temporal gyrus ( PFWE-corr = 0.017) than cisgender women. Even after including serum sex hormone levels as covariates, the posterior cingulate gyrus was still significant ( PFWE-corr < 0.05). In contrast, the occipital pole and the middle temporal gyrus were not significant after controlling for the sex hormone levels ( PFWE-corr > 0.05), especially affected by testosterone but not estradiol. Conclusion: These findings suggest that transgender men have altered brain structure. We suggest that larger posterior midline structures may contribute to sensitivity to self-referential processing through altered visual perception in transgender people.
Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Labour Supply, Wages and Gross Value Added in India
Authors: Estupinan Xavier , Gupta Sargam , Sharma Mohit , Birla Bharti 
Published: March 2021

This article estimates the first-order supply shock through labour supply reduction associated with the containment measures taken by the Government of India to control COVID-19 spread. We provide the estimates for Lockdown 1.0 and Lockdown 2.0, from 25 March to 3 May 2020, when india had the highest stringency measures in the world. To get an extensive impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the labour market, we carry out an in-depth analysis of labour supply shocks by employment status, industry level and occupation. The workers impacted are those who work in a non-essential industry and are not able to work from home. To identify jobs that cannot be done from home, we use a novel approach and construct an occupation-based Remote Labour Index (RLI) for India. Using the PLFS (2017–2018) we find that 116.18 million (25% of the total employed) and 78.93 million (17% of total employed) workers were affected during Lockdown 1.0 and Lockdown 2.0, respectively. The expected monthly wage and income loss to workers is estimated to be Rs. 864.5 billion (2017–2018 prices). Further, the reduction of Gross Value Added (2012–2012 prices) is estimated at 14% compared to a no-COVID scenario. JEL Classification Codes: E01, J21, J22, J24, J33, J38
Eliciting the educational needs and priorities of home care workers on end-of-life care for patients with heart failure using nominal group technique
Authors: Baik Dawon , Leung Peggy B , Sterling Madeline R , Russell David , Jordan Lizeyka , Silva Ariel F , Masterson Creber Ruth M 
Published: March 2021

Background: Home care workers, as paid caregivers, assist with many aspects of home-based heart failure care. However, most home care workers do not receive systematic training on end-of-life care for heart failure patients. Aim: To elicit the educational needs and priorities of home care workers caring for community- dwelling adults with heart failure at the end-of-life. Design: Nominal group technique involving a semi-quantitative structured group process and point rating system was used to designate the importance of priorities elicited from home care workers. Individual responses to the question, “ If you have ever cared for a heart failure patient who was dying (or receiving end-of-life care on hospice), what are some of the challenges you faced?”, were aggregated into categories using directed content analysis methods. Setting/Participants: Forty-one home care workers were recruited from a non-profit training and education organization in New York City. Results: Individual responses to the question were aggregated into five categories: (1) how to cope and grieve; (2) assisting patients with behavior changes, (3) supporting patients to improve their quality of life, (4) assisting patients with physical symptom management, and (5) symptom recognition and assessment. Conclusions: Our findings confirm the need for the formal development and evaluation of an educational program for home care workers to improve the care of heart failure patients at the end-of-life. There is also a need for research on integrating home care workers into the interprofessional healthcare team to support optimal health outcomes for patients with heart failure.
Concussion History and Balance Performance in Adolescent Rugby Union Players
Authors: Matthews Mark , Johnston William , Bleakley Chris M. , Davies Richard J. , Rankin Alan T. , Webb Michael , Caulfield Brian C. , Archbold H.A.P. 
Published: March 2021

Background: Sports-related concussion is a worldwide problem. There is a concern that an initial concussion can cause prolonged subclinical disturbances to sensorimotor function that increase the risk of subsequent injury. The primary aim of this study was to examine whether a history of sports-related concussion has effects on static and dynamic balance performance in adolescent rugby players. Hypothesis: Dynamic balance would be worse in players with a history of concussion compared with those with no history of concussion. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Male adolescent rugby players aged 14 to 18 years from 5 schools were recruited before the start of the 2018-2019 playing season. Participants completed questionnaires and physical tests, including dynamic Y balance and single-leg static balance (eyes closed) tests, while performing single and dual tasks. Dynamic balance was assessed using inertial sensor instrumentation. Dependent variables were normalized reach distance and the sample entropy (SEn) of the 3 axes ( x, y, and z). Results: Of the 195 participants, 100 reported a history of concussion. Those with a history of concussion demonstrated higher SEn in all directions, with highest values during anterior (standardized mean difference [SMD], 0.4; 95% CI, 0.0-0.7; P = .027) and posteromedial (SMD, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.2-0.9; P = .004) reach directions compared with those with no history. There was no difference between groups (concussion history vs control) in traditional Y balance reach distances in the anterior or posteromedial directions or single-leg static balance during both single- ( P = .47) and dual-task ( P = .67) conditions. Conclusion: Adolescent rugby union athletes with a history of concussion had poorer dynamic balance during performance tasks compared with healthy controls. Static single-leg balance tests, either single or dual task, may not be sensitive enough to detect sensorimotor deficits in those with a history of concussion.
Prophylaxis of macular edema after cataract surgery in diabetic patients, topical Nepafenac versus intravitreal Ranibizumab
Authors: Howaidy Ahmed , Eldaly Zeiad H , Anis Mohamed , Othman Tageldin M 
Published: March 2021

Purpose: To compare effect of topical Nepafenac versus intravitreal Ranibizumab on macular thickness after cataract surgery in diabetic patients with no preoperative macular edema. Patients and methods: A prospective randomized controlled study recruited diabetic patients with visually significant cataract and no diabetic macular edema (DME). Patient underwent uncomplicated phacoemulsification with IOL implantation and were randomly assigned to receive post-operative topical Nepafenac, intra-operative intravitreal Ranibizumab, or no prophylactic treatment. Changes in subfoveal and perifoveal macular thickness were assessed by SD-OCT. Results: The mean central macular thickness showed a significant increase in all study groups 1 week and 1 month postoperative when compared to baseline. At 3 months postoperative, there was a significant difference between Nepafenac and Control group ( p = 0.017), Ranibizumab and Control groups ( p = 0.009) with no significant difference between Nepafenac and Ranibizumab group ( p = 0.545) regarding CMT. Comparable results could be detected as regarding peri-foveal macular thickness changes. Concerning BCVA, there was a significant difference between topical Nepafenac/control ( p = 0.001) and intravitreal Ranibizumab/control ( p = 0.004) at 1-week visit. No significant difference in BCVA was observed between Nepafenac and Ranibizumab group throughout the whole study period. In postoperative visits, cystoid macular edema occurred in three patients (7.9%) in Nepafenac group, one patient (2.7%) in Ranibizumab group, and seven patients (17.07%) in control group. Conclusion: Both postoperative topical Nepafenac and intra-operative intra-vitreal Ranibizumab are effective adjunctive to phacoemulsification in diabetic patients for prophylaxis of macular edema.
Proteomic analysis reveals rotator cuff injury caused by oxidative stress
Authors: Yuan Tao , Qian Hong , Yu Xin , Meng Jia , Lai Cheng-Teng , Jiang Hui , Zhao Jian-Ning , Bao Ni-Rong 
Published: March 2021

Background and aims: Rotator cuff tendinopathy is common and is related to pain and dysfunction. However, the pathological mechanism of rotator cuff injury and shoulder pain is unclear. Objective: to investigate the pathological mechanism of rotator cuff injury and shoulder pain, and screen out the marker proteins related to rotator cuff injury by proteomics. Methods: Subacromial synovium specimens were collected from patients undergoing shoulder arthroscopic surgery. The experimental group were patients with rotator cuff repair surgery, and the control group were patients with habitual dislocation of the shoulder joint. Pathological examination was performed, and then followed by non-labeled quantitative proteomic detection. Finally, from analysis of the biological information of the samples, specific proteins related to rotator cuff injury and shoulder pain were deduced by functional analysis of differential proteins. Results: All the patients in experimental groups were representative. A large number of adipocytes and inflammatory cells were found in the pathological sections of the experimental group; the proteomics analysis screen identified 80 proteins with significant differences, and the analysis of protein function revealed that S100A11 ( p = 0.011), PLIN4 ( p = 0.017), HYOU1 ( p = 0.002) and CLIC1 ( p = 0.007) were closely related to oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. Conclusion: Rotator cuff injury is closely related to oxidative stress and chronic inflammatory response, and the results suggest that the expression of S100A11, PLIN4, HYOU1 and CLIC1 in the synovium of rotator cuff injury provides a new marker for the study of its pathological mechanism.
Methods to disinfect and decontaminate SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review of in vitro studies
Authors: Kwok Chun Shing , Dashti Mustafa , Tafuro Jacopo , Nasiri Mojtaba , Muntean Elena-Andra , Wong Nicholas , Kemp Timothy , Hills George , Mallen Christian D. 
Published: March 2021

Background: Cleaning is a major control component for outbreaks of infection. However, for the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, there is limited specific guidance regarding the proper disinfection methods that should be used. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of the literature on cleaning, disinfection or decontamination methods in the prevention of SARS-CoV-2. Results: A total of 27 studies were included, reporting a variety of methods with which the effectiveness of interventions were assessed. Virus was inoculated onto different types of material including masks, nasopharyngeal swabs, serum, laboratory plates and simulated saliva, tears or nasal fluid and then interventions were applied in an attempt to eliminate the virus including chemical, ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation, and heat and humidity. At body temperature (37°C) there is evidence that the virus will not be detectable after 2 days but this can be reduced to non-detection at 30 min at 56°C, 15 min at 65°C and 2 min at 98°C. Different experimental methods testing UV light have shown that it can inactivate the virus. Light of 254–365 nm has been used, including simulated sunlight. Many chemical agents including bleach, hand sanitiser, hand wash, soap, ethanol, isopropanol, guandinium thiocynate/t-octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol, formaldehyde, povidone-iodine, 0.05% chlorhexidine, 0.1% benzalkonium chloride, acidic electrolysed water, Clyraguard copper iodine complex and hydrogen peroxide vapour have been shown to disinfect SARS-CoV-2. Conclusions: Heating, UV light irradiation and chemicals can be used to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 but there is insufficient evidence to support one measure over others in clinical practice.
Higher Education for International Students in China: A Review of Policy From 1978 to 2020
Authors: Zhang (张玉婷) Yuting , Liao (廖钰) Yu 
Published: March 2021

Purpose: By reviewing policies on higher education for international students, this article aims to investigate the change of social–historical context, policy issue, and policy solution and provide implications for policymaking. Design/Approach/Methods: The study used qualitative text analysis. One hundred and twelve policy papers were collected from the PKULAW database and the Ministry of Education official website. Deductive categories were constructed under themes like social–historical context, policy issue, and policy solution separately. Findings: Four stages have emerged from the text analysis. The policy focus witnessed a shift from openness to expansion and then to quality. The policies made by the central government changed a lot accordingly. China is increasingly active in higher education internationalization and eager to make the education for international students an attractive brand with high quality. To realize this target, policies should be made based on different types of international students. Additionally, it is necessary that policies provide detailed guidance and accelerate capacity building in all majors. Originality/Value: This study contributes to existing knowledge of higher education for international students in China by providing qualitative policy text analysis, and the insights gained from this study may be of assistance to policymaking in the future.
Relationship of Patellofemoral Angles and Tibiofemoral Rotational Angles With Jumper’s Knee in Professional Dancers: An MRI Analysis
Authors: Aksu Neslihan , Atansay Vefa , Karalök Işık , Aksu Taner , Kara Ayhan Nedim , Hamzaoglu Azmi 
Published: March 2021

Background: Jumper’s knee is a type of tendinopathy affecting the distal insertion of the quadriceps tendon (25% of cases) or the patellar tendon. It has been shown that frontal-plane measurements, such as genu valgum, genu varum, an increased quadriceps angle, a protuberant tibial tuberosity, patella alta, and short hamstring muscles, may be related to jumper’s knee. Purpose: To investigate the effects of tibiofemoral rotational angles and patellofemoral (PF) angles on the development of jumper’s knee in professional folk dancers. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: We examined 26 dancers (16 male, 10 female) with knee pain using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), for a total of 32 knees. Of the knees, 21 with quadriceps tendinopathy (QT) and 7 with patellar tendinopathy (PT) were detected. Using MRI scans, we measured PF angles (PF sulcus angle, lateral PF angle, patellar tilt angle, lateral trochlear inclination angle, lateral patellar tilt angle, and PF congruence angle) and tibiofemoral rotational angles (condylar twist angle, posterior condylar angle, femoral Insall angle, tibial Insall angle, posterior tibiofemoral angle, and angle between the Whiteside line and posterior femoral condylar line) and noted specifics such as patella alta, patella baja, and the Wiberg classification of the patellar shape between the patients with versus without QT and between patients with versus without PT to understand if there was any relationship with tendinopathy. Results: No statistically significant difference was observed in age, sex, patella alta, or the Wiberg classification between the QT groups (with vs without) and between the PT groups (with vs without) ( P > .05). Having QT was found to be significantly associated with the PF sulcus angle ( P = .009), and having PT was found to be significantly associated with the femoral Insall angle ( P = .029). Conclusion: Jumper’s knee was found to be associated with anatomic variations of the PF sulcus angle and rotation of the patellar tendon in relation to the femur (femoral Insall angle) on axial MRI scans in professional dancers. Unlike those of other athletes, dancers’ knees are exposed more to external rotation forces because of turnout, and this can be the cause of jumper’s knee.
The Covid Impact to Public Healthcare Utilization Among Urban Low-Income Subsidized Community in Klang Valley Malaysia
Authors: Yunus Sharifah Zawani Syed Ahmad , Puteh Sharifa Ezat Wan , Ali Adliah Mhd , Daud Faiz 
Published: March 2021

Background: Appropriate level of healthcare utilization is one of the aims in translating health system inputs into improving the outcome of population health. Healthcare utilization services in Malaysia remains relatively low as compared to the rate in most high-income countries and some gaps exist across socioeconomic status. After the financial handouts deemed Household Living Aid (HLA) to low-income earners, Malaysia has recently implemented a financial health protection scheme toward for low-income group known as PeKa B40 to improve their access for healthcare services. This study aims to determine the healthcare utilization among the low-income population living in urban Klang Valley, and to explore the relationship between healthcare utilization with the demographic characteristics of this population. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study using face to face structured questionnaire. All 447 respondents included were low-income earners enrolled in the HLA. Chi-square analysis and multiple logistic regression were used to examine association between the risk factors and healthcare utilization. Results: The response rate was 93.5%. The healthcare utilization among the respondents during the partial lockdown period was 19.5% and 33.1% during the recovery lockdown period. Enrollment in the PeKa B40 scheme among the 7.6% respondents was not associated with healthcare utilization. After controlling for the variables, those aged 60 years and above [AOR: 1.87; 95% (CI): (1.07; 3.27)], self-rated poor health status [AOR: 2.16; 95% (CI): (1.07; 4.34)], having NCDs [AOR: 4.21; 95% (CI): (2.23; 7.94)], and being hospitalized in the past 12 months [AOR: 3.54; 95% (CI): (1.46; 8.62)], were more likely to utilize healthcare services as compared to their counterparts. Conclusion: The results from this study is valuable for policy recommendations to improve on the coverage of the PeKa B40 scheme and healthcare access for the low-income population especially during the pandemic.
Labour market polarisation revisited: evidence from Austrian vacancy data
Authors: Zilian Laura S. , Zilian Stella S. , Jäger Georg 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRecent research suggests that new technologies are important drivers of empirically observed labour market polarisation. Many analyses in the field of economics are conducted to evaluate the changing share of employment in low-skill, medium-skill and high-skill occupations over time. This occupation-based approach, however, may neglect the relevance of specific skills and skill bundles, which potentially can be used to explain the observable patterns of labour market polarisation. This paper adds to the literature in two ways: First, we present the results of an analysis of data on job vacancies rather than the currently employed and, second, we derive occupation-defining skills using network analysis tools. The analysis and tool usage allowed us to investigate polarisation patterns in Austrian vacancy data from 2007 to 2017 and identify changes in the skills demanded in job vacancies in Austria. In contrast to most previous research, we find no evidence for polarisation, but rather a trend towards upskilling.