bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pragmatic information in constructions
Authors: Kuzai Einat 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDespite recent advances in Construction Pragmatics, a systematic way for delimiting coded pragmatic information has yet to be offered. This squib provides a step in establishing such an account by assessing what kind of pragmatic information speakers generalize from various usage-events. Drawing on findings from Conversation Analysis, I propose a distinction between pragmatic functions as speakers’ actions, and interactional patterns as discourse-information sequences. A synchronic examination of the Hebrew multifunctional discourse marker′at/a yode′a/′at(′know.prs.m/f.sg′) demonstrates the consistent use of the construction in an interactional pattern across numerous usage-events. A qualitative diachronic analysis of′at/a yode′a/′atsuggests that speakers may associate forms with interactional patterns rather than with functions. This preliminary evidence provides support for the generalization of interactional patterns.
Semantics and pragmatics in Construction Grammar
Authors: Leclercq Benoît 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis squib provides a theoretical discussion on the use of the termssemanticsandpragmaticsin Construction Grammar. In the literature, the difference between semantics and pragmatics is often conceptualized either in terms of conventionality or in terms of truth-conditionality (Huang 2014, 299). It will be shown that, even though constructionists claim that there is no semantics–pragmatics distinction, both these underlying concepts are central to the study of constructions. Therefore, the aim is twofold. First, in keeping withCappelle (2017), it will be argued that constructionists should make more explicit the distinction between the two types of (encoded) meaning. Second, it will be shown that constructionists need to be more terminologically consistent and agree on how to use the termssemanticsandpragmatics. FollowingDepraetere (2019), I will argue that the termssemanticsandpragmaticsare most explanatory when defined in truth-conditional terms. In this way, finer-grained understanding of the meaning of constructions can be achieved.
Strong resultative constructions in Romance between usage and norm
Authors: Romagno Domenica 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe presence of strong resultative constructions in Romance languages is largely debated. In this paper, we provide evidence of strong resultative constructions with adjectival predicate in Italo-Romance. Data from Southern Italian varieties spoken in the area of Cosenza, in Northern Calabria, are discussed. The usage and distribution of two types of adjectival resultative are accounted for in relation to both structural and functional properties, and sociolinguistic variables.
Delineating extravagance
Authors: Ungerer Tobias , Hartmann Stefan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
While the concept of extravagance, used to describe speakers’ use of imaginative and noticeable language, has seen a surge
in popularity in recent constructionist work, researchers have not yet converged on a set of common criteria for identifying extravagant
expressions. In this paper, we discuss a variety of existing definitions and combine them into five main characteristics of extravagant
language. We then present the results of a small-scale pilot rating study in which speakers judged extravagant sentences and their
non-extravagant paraphrases. Our findings suggest that different constructions vary in their degree of perceived extravagance, and that
certain features (e.g. stylistic salience) apply to most extravagant examples while the role of other factors (e.g. the speaker’s emotional
involvement) may be restricted to a subset of extravagant patterns. We conclude with some open questions concerning the further demarcation
and operationalisation of the concept of extravagance.
Cognitive reality of constructions as a theoretical and methodological challenge in historical
linguistics
Authors: Zehentner Eva 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This squib discusses empirical challenges incurred by assuming cognitive reality as a defining feature of
constructions and the constructional network, as done in most usage-based, cognitive construction grammar approaches.
Specifically, it zooms in on the methodological challenges in identifying cognitively plausible constructions in historical data,
in particular when taking a highly exploratory, bottom-up approach with very little pre-selection or pre-analysis. I illustrate
this issue with the example of a current project on PPs in the history of English, and the various functions these have in
combination with verbs (from prototypical adjuncts to complements). I argue that the constraints of historical data make it
necessary to find different, new ways to determine which abstractions and distinctions are likely to have been represented in
minds of historical language users, and to furthermore identify changes in constructional networks over time.
Postharvest handling, grading and sorting.
Authors: Morgan Lynette 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Postharvest handling systems move produce from the grower to the consumer with minimal losses in quality and quantity providing a uniform, year round supply of fresh fruits and vegetables. The postharvest handling phase includes all stages of processing immediately following harvest and is characterised by various methods of pre-cooling, washing, cleaning, trimming, sorting, grading and packing. Postharvest handling and sorting has been in practice for as long as plants have been consumed by man. The earliest forms of handling systems would have simply involved dividing fruits, vegetables, grains, nuts and other produce into those which were fully ripe and/or damaged and require immediate consumption and those which could be put aside and stored for future use. Removal of rotten and inedible plant material immediately postharvest would have been carried out with the objective of preventing contamination of any produce to be stored, further ripened or processed by drying. Washing, cleaning and trimming are the postharvest operations which have been in use the longest. For much of agricultural history, fresh fruits and vegetables were harvested and consumed within a short time frame, thus the requirement for extensive grading, packaging, cooling and transportation was minimal. However, since the 1940s there has been a shift from consumers buying mostly fresh seasonal locally grown produce, to a vast international trade in a wide range of horticultural commodities. Some, such as apples and kiwifruit, may be stored for up to a year at a time before sale and consumption. This shift in produce handling has meant an increased reliance on postharvest handling systems to grade, sort, treat, classify and store produce in the correct way to standardise sizes, colours and maturity levels in order to maximise storage life and quality. Produce is often transported over large distances, passing through many handling systems before sale. Thus, attention to sanitation and food safety has become an increasing concern in the postharvest industry. Modern packhouses incorporate many standards and procedures to ensure produce is of the highest compositional and safety quality for consumers. The use of strict guidelines for packhouse and field food handling systems, GAP process (good agricultural practices), correct storage, grading out of reject product and classification into maturity levels have all assisted with this.
Decision support systems for horticulture.
Authors: Shabir Mir , Padma T. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Decision Support Systems (DSSs) are interactive computer-based information systems or subsystems intended to help decision makers use information and communication technologies, data, knowledge and/or models to solve complex and ill-structured management problems and to choose the best alternative solution in terms of economics, social impact and environmental issues (Manos et al., 2010). These systems are specifically being designed to address complex tasks involving multiple disciplines, enabling mimicking of the necessary requirements of fruit crops with respect to biotic and abiotic characteristics so that the optimum objectives specified by the user are obtained. They alter production systems, enhance management skills and reduce cost of production by applying modelling, simulations, specialized algorithms, calculation models, optimization and artificial intelligence techniques.
Pruning and training.
Authors: Morgan Lynette 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Manipulation of plant growth via pruning and training methods has been carried out for as long as crops have been cultivated by man. These methods serve to not only improve the aesthetic value of ornamental plants, but also to increase yields, optimise fruit quality and prolong the productive life of horticultural crops. Pruning involves the selective removal of a diverse range of plant tissue. Branches, stems, roots, buds, flowers, leaves and young fruitlets may all be pruned depending on the purpose, species and growth form of the crop this is applied to. Training methods for horticultural applications are primarily used to support the plant and the weight of produce as it develops. Training structurally alters plant form, to alter the shape, size and direction of plant growth, it also allows optimal light interception and air flow and for ease of access for harvesting and other operations.
Horticultural fertilizers.
Authors: Morgan Lynette 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Fertilizers are materials that provide the essential nutrient elements required for crop growth. The primary objective of applying fertilizers is to achieve an optimum plant response in terms of crop yield and quality, while at the same time minimising nutrient losses due to leaching and volatilisation. Fertilizers have become so important to plant growth that they are now responsible for approximately half of the world's crop production, supplying food, feed, fibre and fuel for a global population that is expected to reach 9 billion before the middle of the 21st century (Reetz, 2016).
Horticultural hygiene, sanitation and waste management.
Authors: Morgan Lynette 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Hygiene and sanitation are vital aspects of horticultural production that serve to protect consumers from foodborne illness and to prevent the spread of crop pests and diseases, while maintaining produce quality and shelf life. Growers have access to many tools and techniques to maintain high levels of sanitation and hygiene with most crops, and production systems that have specific guidelines which outline these processes. Control over sanitation and hygiene in horticultural systems begins with the early stages of crop establishment during propagation, and carries through to postharvest grading, packing and storage so that the entire production chain has a lowered risk of microbial or other contamination. A significant part of control over sanitation includes the safe and effective disposal of wastewater, organic material and other refuse created during crop production and processing. Reducing waste and optimising waste management provides an economic advantage to a horticultural operation, often lowering the cost of disposal; it also protects the environment. Excessive and uncontrolled waste that is disposed of using inappropriate methods poses a risk to staff and public health, and may contaminate soil, water, air and have an ongoing effect on wildlife and natural ecosystems.
Prediction and collection of protein–metabolite interactions
Authors: Zhao Tianyi , Liu Jinxin , Zeng Xi , Wang Wei , Li Sheng , Zang Tianyi , Peng Jiajie , Yang Yang 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Interactions between proteins and small molecule metabolites play vital roles in regulating protein functions and controlling various cellular processes. The activities of metabolic enzymes, transcription factors, transporters and membrane receptors can all be mediated through protein–metabolite interactions (PMIs). Compared with the rich knowledge of protein–protein interactions, little is known about PMIs. To the best of our knowledge, no existing database has been developed for collecting PMIs. The recent rapid development of large-scale mass spectrometry analysis of biomolecules has led to the discovery of large amounts of PMIs. Therefore, we developed the PMI-DB to provide a comprehensive and accurate resource of PMIs. A total of 49 785 entries were manually collected in the PMI-DB, corresponding to 23 small molecule metabolites, 9631 proteins and 4 species. Unlike other databases that only provide positive samples, the PMI-DB provides non-interaction between proteins and metabolites, which not only reduces the experimental cost for biological experimenters but also facilitates the construction of more accurate algorithms for researchers using machine learning. To show the convenience of the PMI-DB, we developed a deep learning-based method to predict PMIs in the PMI-DB and compared it with several methods. The experimental results show that the area under the curve and area under the precision-recall curve of our method are 0.88 and 0.95, respectively. Overall, the PMI-DB provides a user-friendly interface for browsing the biological functions of metabolites/proteins of interest, and experimental techniques for identifying PMIs in different species, which provides important support for furthering the understanding of cellular processes. The PMI-DB is freely accessible at http://easybioai.com/PMIDB.
The cosmological constant as a zero action boundary
Authors: Gaztañaga Enrique 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTThe cosmological constant Λ is usually interpreted as Dark Energy (DE) or modified gravity (MG). Here, we propose instead that Λ corresponds to a boundary term in the action of classical General Relativity. The action is zero for a perfect fluid solution and this fixes Λ to the average density ρ and pressure p inside a primordial causal boundary: Λ = 4πG &lt;ρ+3p &gt;. This explains both why the observed value of Λ is related to the matter density today and also why other contributions to Λ, such as DE or MG, do not produce cosmic expansion. Cosmic acceleration results from the repulsive boundary force that occurs when the expansion reaches the causal horizon. This universe is similar to the ΛCDM universe, except on the largest observable scales, where we expect departures from homogeneity/isotropy, such as CMB anomalies and variations in cosmological parameters indicated by recent observations.
Construction of a far-ultraviolet all-sky map from an incomplete survey: application of a deep learning algorithm
Authors: Jo Young-Soo , Choi Yeon-Ju , Kim Min-Gi , Woo Chang-Ho , Min Kyoung-Wook , Seon Kwang-Il 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
We constructed a far-ultraviolet (FUV) all-sky map based on observations from the Far Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (FIMS) aboard the Korean microsatellite Science and Technology SATellite-1. For the ${\sim}20{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the sky not covered by FIMS observations, predictions from a deep artificial neural network were used. Seven data sets were chosen for input parameters, including five all-sky maps of H α, E(B − V), N(H i), and two X-ray bands, with Galactic longitudes and latitudes. 70 ${{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the pixels of the observed FIMS data set were randomly selected for training as target parameters and the remaining 30 ${{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ were used for validation. A simple four-layer neural network architecture, which consisted of three convolution layers and a dense layer at the end, was adopted, with an individual activation function for each convolution layer; each convolution layer was followed by a dropout layer. The predicted FUV intensities exhibited good agreement with Galaxy Evolution Explorer observations made in a similar FUV wavelength band for high Galactic latitudes. As a sample application of the constructed map, a dust scattering simulation was conducted with model optical parameters and a Galactic dust model for a region that included observed and predicted pixels. Overall, FUV intensities in the observed and predicted regions were reproduced well.
Direct measurement of upward-going ultrahigh energy dark matter at the Pierre Auger Observatory
Authors: Xu Ye 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
It is assumed that two types of dark matter particles exist: superheavy dark matter particles (SHDM), the mass of which ∼ inflaton mass, and light fermion dark matter (DM) particles, which are the ultrahigh energy (UHE) products of the decay of SHDM. The Earth will be taken as a detector to search for the UHE DM particles directly. These upward-going particles, which pass through the Earth and air and interact with nuclei, can be detected by the fluorescence detectors (FD) of the Pierre Auger Observatory (Auger), via fluorescent photons due to the development of an extensive air shower. The numbers and fluxes of expected UHE DM particles are evaluated in the incoming energy range between 1 EeV and 1 ZeV with the different lifetimes of decay of SHDM and mass of Z′. According to the Auger data from 2008 to 2019, the upper limit for UHE DM fluxes is also estimated at 90% confidence limit with the FD of Auger. Finally, it is reasonable to make a conclusion that UHE DM particles could be directly detected in the energy range between O(1 EeV) and O(10 EeV) with the FD of Auger. This might prove whether SHDM particles exist in the Universe.
Why is there a paucity of clinical trials in Africa?
Authors: Taylor-Robinson S D , Spearman C W , Suliman A A A 
Published: January 2021

Summary
Disproportionately few clinical trials are undertaken on the African continent, in part due to lingering neocolonial attitudes in the Global North which keep research activity primarily in developing countries, while being skeptical of the abilities of those in the Global South to undertake organized clinical studies. In the era of the COVID-19 pandemic, applicable research and clinical trials should be undertaken in relevant populations in order to extrapolate to a population level. This is all the more important in Africa, which has a rich genetic diversity. We suggest that a lack of organized research ethics committees across the continent and a deficiency of appropriate training are responsible in part for the reluctance of clinical trial organizers in the developed countries of the Global North to engage with medical leadership in Africa. We consider ways of alleviating this problem, including suggesting a pan-continental surveillance of ethics committee agendas and of training, either through the auspices of the African Union or the World Health Organization. In addition, medical leadership in African nations must be encouraged to take ownership of their medical ethics agendas to facilitate decent international clinical trial participation for the good of the continent as a whole.
Usitatibacter rugosus gen. nov., sp. nov. and Usitatibacter palustris sp. nov., novel members of Usitatibacteraceae fam. nov. within the order Nitrosomonadales isolated from soil
Authors: Vieira Selma , Huber Katharina J. , Neumann-Schaal Meina , Geppert Alicia , Luckner Manja , Wanner Gerhard , Overmann Jörg 
Published: January 2021

Members of the metabolically diverse order

Nitrosomonadales

inhabit a wide range of environments. Two strains affiliated with this order were isolated from soils in Germany and characterized by a polyphasic approach. Cells of strains 0125_3T and Swamp67T are Gram-negative rods, non-motile, non-spore-forming, non-capsulated and divide by binary fission. They tested catalase-negative, but positive for cytochrome c-oxidase. Both strains form small white colonies on agar plates and grow aerobically and chemoorganotrophically on SSE/HD 1 : 10 medium, preferably utilizing organic acids and proteinaceous substrates. Strains 0125_3T and Swamp67T are mesophilic and grow optimally without NaCl addition at slightly alkaline conditions. Major fatty acids are C16 : 1
ω7c, C16 : 0 and C14 : 0. The major polar lipids are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidyglycerol. The predominant respiratory quinone is Q-8. The G+C content for 0125_3T and Swamp67T was 67 and 66.1 %, respectively. The 16S rRNA gene analysis indicated that the closest relatives (<91 % sequence similarity) of strain 0125_3T were

Nitrosospira multiformis

ATCC 25196T,

Methyloversatilis universalis

FAM5T and

Denitratisoma oestradiolicum

AcBE2-1T, while

Nitrosospira multiformis

ATCC 25196T,

Nitrosospira tenuis

Nv1T and

Nitrosospira lacus

APG3T were closest to strain Swamp67T. The two novel strains shared 97.4 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with one another and show low average nucleotide identity of their genomes (83.8 %). Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, genomic and phylogenetic analysis, we propose the two novel species Usitatibacter rugosus sp. nov (type strain 0125_3T=DSM 104443T=LMG 29998T=CECT 9241T) and Usitatibacter palustris sp. nov. (type strain Swamp67T=DSM 104440T=LMG 29997T=CECT 9242T) of the novel genus Usitatibacter gen. nov., within the novel family Usitatibacteraceae fam. nov.
Weighted individual‐resource networks in prey–predator systems: the role of prey availability on the emergence of modular structures
Authors: COSTA Andrea , ROMANO Antonio , ROSA Giacomo , SALVIDIO Sebastiano 
Published: January 2021

AbstractEcological networks, usually depicting interactions among species, have been recently down‐scaled to the individual level, permitting description of patterns of inter‐individual resource variation that are usually hindered at the species level. Optimal diet theory (ODT) models, applied to prey–predator systems, predict different patterns of nestedness and modularity in the network, depending on the available resources and intra‐specific competition. The effect of resource availability on the emergence of networks structures, and ODT framework, has not yet fully been clarified. Here, we analyzed the structural patterns of individual‐resource networks in 3 species of Mediterranean salamanders, in relation to changes in prey availability. We used weighted individual‐resource network metrics to interpret the observed patterns, according to 3 ODT models. We found significant nestedness recurring in our study system, indicating that both selective and opportunistic individuals occur in the same population. Prey diversity, rather than abundance, was apparently related to inter‐individual resource variation and promoted the emergence of significant modularity within all networks. The observed patterns of nestedness and modularity, together with the variation in resource diversity and intra‐specific competition, are in agreement with the distinct preferences model of ODT. These findings suggest that in the focal prey–predator systems, individuals were able to perceive changes in prey diversity and to exploit in different ways the variations in composition of available resources, shifting their diet assembly rules accordingly. Our findings also confirm that the use of weighted individual‐resource networks, in prey–predator systems, allows to disclose dynamics that are masked at the species or population level.