bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COMPARISON BETWEEN SNAKEBITES IN CHILDREN AND ADULTS
Authors: Parrish Henry M. , Goldner John C. , Silberg Stanley L. 
Published: December 2021

This study is based on the hospital records of 1,538 people bitten by poisonous snakes during 1958 and 1959 in 10 selected states having high snakebite rates. Of these, 792 were less than 20 years of age and 746 were 20 or more years of age.
Snakebite rates were highest among children 5-19 years of age. Males had higher rates than females and whites had higher rates than non-whites. Children were not found to have excessively high case-fatality rates.
Ninety-five percent of the snakebites happened from April through October. Ninety-seven percent of the bites were inflicted on the extremities: 34% on the upper extremities and 63% on the lower extremities.
For 1,078 cases where antivenin was administered there were three deaths—a case-fatality rate of 0.28%. These patients received insufficient doses of antivenin. In 460 cases where there was no antivenin given there were 12 deaths—a case-fatality rate of 2.61%. These differences were statistically significant. The actual doses of antivenin which produced these results are listed.
THE PULMONARY SYNDROME OF WILSON AND MIKITY
Authors: Swyer Paul R. , Delivoria-Papadopoulos Maria , Levison Henry , Reilly Bernard J. , Balis John U. 
Published: December 2021

Eight examples of the Wilson-Mikity Syndrome are reported, 2 of whom died at 127 and 145 days of age respectively. The radiology of the condition is relatively specific and gives strong grounds for suspicion of the diagnosis when taken in the clinical context. Gross, histological, and electron microscopic examinations reveal areas of normality, emphysema, and immaturity. The electron microscope additionally shows areas where the alveolar wall thickening is due to the presence of smooth muscle, reticulin, and collagen.
The most likely etiology is a disorder in postnatal alveolar development related to premature birth and functional use of an immature lung.
There are changes in lung mechanics with decreased compliance and increased non-elastic resistance to airflow mainly in expiration. The mechanical work of breathing is increased. There is a respiratory acidosis in spite of an increased minute volume. Arterial oxygen desaturation is common, increased by crying and only partially relieved by oxygen. Large R → L shunts have been demonstrated which are probably intrapulmonary.
PHYSICAL GROWTH IN MENTAL DEFECTIVES
Authors: Mosier H. David , Grossman Herbert J. , Dingman Harvey F. 
Published: December 2021

A cross-sectional survey of ten physical measures was carried out on 2,472 institutionalized mentally defective patients. This report gives the results in the Caucasian segment numbering 2,027. The means and standard deviations for each measure are shown by sex, age, I.Q. level, and diagnostic category. Body weight, crown-heel height, symphysis-heel height, biacromial diameter, and bicristal diameter had smaller dimensions than normal in both sexes and the degree of impairment related to the degree of I.Q. deficit. No differences among diagnostic categories in degrees of stunting were noted with the exception of Mongolism in which stunting was greater than in the other categories. Shortening of the lower extremities accounted for this difference. In contrast, the measurements of the width of the shoulder and pelvic girdles and length of the spine showed in mongolism no differences from the remaining diagnostic categories.
The literature on growth effects of experimental brain lesions was reviewed. These reports indicate that various known physiologic mechanisms may be involved especially after certain hypothalamic and amygdaloid lesions. Further work is needed to elucidate the effect of brain lesions on the growth-hormone mechanism.
On the basis of the experiments with brain lesions and observations in the human, it is concluded that the way in which brain injury produces stunted growth in the human is unclear. Further work will be needed on genetic, nutritional, neurophysiological, and endocrine aspects of physical growth before this mechanism can be defined.
A COMPARISON OF SR90 COMPONENT OF HUMAN AND COWS' MILK
Authors: Straub Conrad P. , Murthy Gopala K. 
Published: December 2021

INFORMATION on the concentrations of specific radionuclides in human milk as well as in cows' milk is needed to understand potential exposure to radiation of infants consuming these milks. Considerable data are available on radionuclide concentrations in cows' milk, but similar data for human milk are meager. To obtain data on radionuclide concentrations in human milk, samples of human milk were obtained from Denver, Colorado (July 9, 1959, through February, 1961), and Chicago, Illinois (December 21, 1959, through August, 1961). The Denver samples represented pooled human milk collected postpartum, while those from Chicago represented human milk from individual donors contributing to a milk bank. For comparison, samples of cows' milk corresponding to that consumed by the donors participating in the Chicago program were collected (November, 1960, through August, 1961). In turn, these samples were compared with samples collected monthly from the rawmilk network serving a portion of the Chicago milkshed.
Samples were analyzed for calcium, potassium, strontium-90, and cesium-137, and the results are summarized in Tables I and II. As shown in Table I, the concentrations of strontium-90 and calcium in human milk samples from Denver and Chicago are similar, the mean geometric values being 0.62 and 0.56 picocurie of strontium-90 per liter (pc/1), and 0.24 and 0.25 gm of calcium per liter (gm/1), respectively. A comparison of the strontium-90 and the calcium concentrations of cows' milk with those of human milk from Chicago indicates that the concentration of strontium-90 in human milk is smaller by an order of magnitude, and that of calcium by a factor of approximately 5.
THE EFFECTS OF POSTNATAL CIRCULATORY ADJUSTMENTS IN CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
Authors: Rudolph Abraham M. 
Published: December 2021

The hemodynamic and clinical features of congenital heart disease are dynamic. They are closely related to the normal maturational changes in the small pulmonary blood vessels, which, in turn, are influenced by the presence of certain congenital anomalies.
The role of left atrial and pulmonary venous hypertension, possibly with associated hypoxia, in maintaining an elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, has been considered; and the relationship between cardiac failure, left atrial pressure elevation, and pulmonary hypertension, discussed.
Evidence has been presented demonstrating the importance of normal sympathetic nervous system activity and of catecholamine release, in the adaptation of the circulation to a large volume overload associated with left-to-right shunt.
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT: THE UNDESCENDED TESTICLE
Authors: Bongiovanni Alfred M. 
Published: December 2021

THE QUESTION of the management of cryptonchidism remains vexing and controversial. Perhaps the major argument centers on the ideal age for treatment and the outcome to be anticipated. So much has been written from the single viewpoint of an individual clinical experience that the varying conclusions attest mainly to the disagreement among authorities. Indeed, it is not at present possible to arrive at a single plan of action which will provide ideal results in the majority of cases. With any plan the outcome will depend also to some extent upon surgical skill and practice.
It has long been regarded as injurious to the human testis to remain above the scrotum. Yet, in certain species the testes do not descend until well after birth and in some seasonal breeders the morphologic and functional states of the gonads vary from intra-abdominal to scrotal position without deleterious effects. In man the testes generally descend between the eighth to ninth fetal month. However, it is recognized that a variable number of newborn male infants—estimated between 1 and 10%, and higher in prematures—have undescended testes which, in more than half the cases, subsequently migrate to their normal position, usually within the first year of life. There is no reason to suspect damage to these organs when descent occurs in early life, and realization of this justifies dismissal of any consideration of treatment during early infancy. Thus, in certain infants with cryptonchidism, the testes will descend spontaneously. It has also been stated that spontaneous descent will occur in a smaller number of instances after the first year of life and even up to the time of puberty.
BIRTH WEIGHT, GESTATIONAL AGE, AND PREGNANCY OUTCOME, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO HIGH BIRTH WEIGHT-LOW GESTATIONAL AGE INFANT
Authors: Battaglia Frederick C. , Frazier Todd M. , Hellegers Andre E. 
Published: December 2021

The distribution of birth weights at various gestational ages are presented for all single births occurring in Baltimore City in 1959, 1960, and 1961. These data are presented as pregnancy distributions or percentile curves for comparison with data of several other studies. In general, the frequency distribution of birth weights at any given gestational age spans a wide weight range.
The neonatal, fetal, and perinatal mortality rates for various cell groups are presented. There is striking agreement between these data and those of a similar study from New York City. The clinical implications of these mortality rates and percentile curves are discussed.
FAMILIAL DYSAUTONOMIA DIFFERENTIATED FROM RELATED DISORDERS
Authors: Riley Conrad M. , Moore Richard H. 
Published: December 2021

1. A tabulation of "essential" and helpful criteria for the diagnosis of familial dysautonomia is presented. The importance of accurate diagnosis is stressed.
2. Two cases where the diagnosis of familial dysautonomia was strongly suggested but was not justified are presented by way of contrast to the typical syndrome.
3. Current literature offering new observations of a pharmacological, physiological and anatomical nature is reviewed. Some of these appear to offer important new diagnostic criteria as well as bases for hypotheses for the pathogenesis of the disorder.
4. An attempt to synthesize the various findings is made. It is apparent that the basic functional defect has not yet been identified, though a humoral anomaly, very possibly enzymatic, still seems a reasonable interpretation of the underlying cause of the physiological abnormalities reported.
INFLUENCE OF PENICILLINASE-PRODUCING STAPHYLOCOCCI ON THE ERADICATION OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI FROM THE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT BY PENICILLIN TREATMENT
Authors: Quie Paul G. , Pierce Howard C. , Wannamaker Lewis W. 
Published: December 2021

Penicillinase-producing strains of S. aureus were isolated from the upper respiratory tract of 28% of a group of children presenting with signs or symptoms of respiratory illness and group A streptococci on cultures from the pharynx or anterior nares. Although group A streptococci were found in 10% of the children 14 to 30 days after penicillin treatment, no correlation was found between the presence of penicillinase-producing S. aureus initially or at follow-up and re-isolation of group A streptococci.
There was no suggestion from these studies that antibiotic therapy aimed at penicillin-resistant staphylococci would be of any greater value than intramuscular benzathine penicillin G for the treatment of patients with group A streptococci in the upper respiratory tract.
SMALLPOX VACCINATION: WHEN AND WHOM TO VACCINATE
Authors: Coriell Lewis L. 
Published: December 2021

THERE has been a recent increase in inquiries concerning the present practice of smallpox vaccination in the United States. This can be traced in part to the excellent studies of Dr. Henry Kempe who has made many contributions to knowledge of smallpox and vaccination and has called attention to the question—Is the risk of smallpox in the United States today sufficient to warrant the risk of the complications of smallpox vaccination? It is pertinent to examine the salient facts.
THE BACKGROUND
Before the days of widespread vaccination, smallpox was epidemic in most parts of the world, with a morbidity rate of 25% and a case fatality rate of 20 to 80%, averaging 50% for variola major. Successful vaccination was introduced over 160 years ago, but the disease still persists. In the past 12 years, reported cases in the world have fallen from 500,000 to 100,000; but it is certain that many cases are not reported. Smallpox is gone from North America, Europe, Russia, and Oceania but may be reintroduced by air travelers from endemic areas much more easily than in the past when intercontinental travel time was usually longer than the incubation period of smallpox. For example, smallpox was introduced into 18 countries by travelers in the year 1956. In 1962 there were 24 deaths among 60 cases stemming from imported cases in the United Kingdom. In Europe in 1963 five cases were imported and caused a total of 140 secondary cases with 11 deaths in Sweden, Poland, Germany, Hungary, and Switzerland.
Mental Retardation: A Family Study
Authors: KOCH RICHARD 
Published: December 2021

This is a monumental study of the relatives of 289 persons who lived at Faribault Minnesota State Colony for the Retarded during the years 1911 to 1918. Information about 82,217 persons is analyzed in this volume—each retardate averaged 25 years of residential care within the institution. The original study was developed in 1910 and was reopened in 1949 by the present investigators.
I find it difficult to assess the value of this book for pediatricians. It is undoubtedly a very meaningful report for geneticists, but I would not recommend its purchase by the practicing pediatrician.
CHEMORECEPTOR REFLEXES IN THE NEWBORN INFANT: EFFECT OF COOLING ON THE RESPONSE TO HYPOXIA
Authors: Ceruti Eliana 
Published: December 2021

1. The effect of brief exposures to warm and cool environments on the newborn infant's response to hypoxia was studied in 14 healthy full-term infants.
2. In all infants studied in a cool environment minute ventilation was significantly higher while breathing 21% O2.
3. During the first week of life, hypoxia (12% O2) induced a transient hyperventilation in babies studied in a warm environment. This response was not seen when the infants were in a cool environment.
The ventilatory response was the same even when the PACOACO2 was maintained constant and elevated.
A decrease in ventilation and return to control levels after 21% O2 was reinstituted, occurred at both thermal environments.
4. PACOACO2 decreased during hypoxia, at both ambient temperatures.
5. Heart rate increased significantly during hypoxia and was not affected by the environmental temperature or age.
6. The ventilatory response to 3% CO2 inhalation was unaffected by temperature or age.
7. After the first week of life, a sustained hyperventilation during hypoxia occurred at both ambient temperatures.
A SALMONELLA NEWPORT OUTBREAK IN A PREMATURE NURSERY WITH A ONE-YEAR FOLLOW-UP
Authors: Abroms I. F. , Cochran W. D. , Holmes L. B. , Marsh E. B. , Moore J. W. 
Published: December 2021

Gastroenteritis due to S. newport occurred in 11 premature infants. Meningitis due to this organism developed in a twelfth infant after an incubation period of 1 month. Oral ampicillin (following parenteral penicillin G and kanamycin) was clinically effective as specific therapy in all 11 cases of gastroenteritis, but there was a recurrence of the organism in the stools of 9 of 11 infants during or after ampicillin therapy. No toxicity with ampicillin was found.
At 2 months after the start of the disease 6 of 11 infants had positive stool cultures. Of the 10 followed for 1 year, 4 had positive cultures at 8 months and 1 at 12 months.
Reproductive Rates in Families of Children with Idiopathic Mental Retardation
Authors: BACOLA ELENI 
Published: December 2021

Analysis was made of pregnancy records in families of 28 normal and 28 mentally retarded children. The pregnancy records of mothers, maternal aunts, and grandmothers of the retarded population were compared to the records of the normal population.
There were no significant differences in the mean reproductive rates between the retarded and control groups.
DROWNING AND THE TREATMENT OF NON-FATAL SUBMERSION
Authors: Imburg Jerome , Hartney Thomas C. 
Published: December 2021

Animal studies have shown that fluid enters the body via the lungs in sea-water and fresh-water drowning. In fresh-water drowning in dogs, there is marked and rapid hemodilution with death due to ventricular fibrillation in about 4 minutes. In sea-water drowning in dogs, there is hemoconcentration; the blood water is lost into the sea water in the lungs with bradycardia and death due to asystole in 6 to 8 minutes.
Studies of human drowning victims show similar, but less striking, changes in hemodynamics. In human non-fatal submersion the problems are usually those produced by impaired pulmonary function and central nervous system damage due to hypoxia. Hemodilution and ventricular fibrillation have not been documented in human nonfatal submersion.
Therapeutic measures may be divided into those of an immediate urgent nature to be employed at the accident scene: expired air resuscitation, which should be started on reaching the unconscious victim in the water, and external cardiac massage, when indicated.
Later measures to be instituted in the hospital include: cardiac resuscitation, intermittent positive-pressure breathing, hypothermia, tracheostomy and tracheal tiolet, oxygen therapy, antibiotics, steroids, and intravenous fluids to correct defects in blood elements (hemoglobin, electrolytes, pH). Later, pulmonary function should be studied for impairment due to alveolar damage and fibrosis. Permanent neurologic sequellae may develop.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: GREEN D. M. 
Published: December 2021

This letter is in answer to yours relative to our product, Congespirin.
By law, recommendations as to the indications for use of a drug, its dosage, and the precautions to be observed, are the primary responsibility of the manufacturer. It is the function of the Food and Drug Administration to determine that the drug is safe and effective under these conditions.
The indications, dosage, and cautions for Congespirin were reviewed extensively with the Food and Drug Administration prior to marketing.
Diets for Sick Children
Authors: GERRARD J. W. 
Published: December 2021

It is axiomatic that many pediatric diseases require dietary treatment, sometimes as the sole form of therapy, for example, in celiac disease and phenylketonuria, and sometimes as an adjunct, as in nephrosis and diabetes.
Diets for Sick Children gives very practical and careful guidance in the preparation of diets for all such children. The proprietary foods referred to in the text are those commonly available on the English market; its usefulness is, therefore, limited on this side of the Atlantic, but it should prove a useful addition to any pediatric dietetic department, and is recommended on this account.
Early Observations of Measles Enanthem
Authors: WARING JOSEPH IOOR 
Published: December 2021

The peculiar spots seen on the buccal mucosa which are accepted as diagnostic of measles in the pre-eruptive stage were brought into general recognition by Dr. Henry Koplik of New York, who published a full description of them in 1896. Koplik wrote then that William Osler in 1892 had spoken of "a distinct punctiform rash" in the mouth and that before that time Eduard Heinrich Henoch in 1882 had also noted the spots as punctate or stellate red lesions on the palate. Koplik noted too that French writers had lately described a bluish center in the buccal lesions.
Earlier pediatric texts had little to say of the enanthem. Condie's book of 1868 made no mention of an enanthem.
The Foetus and the New-born: Recent Rresearch
Authors: SMITH CLEMENT A. 
Published: December 2021

Is the British Medical Bulletin widely enough known in the United States? Most research laboratories and academic centers know it well. But every physician, anywhere, who hopes to keep up with current and clinically applicable developments in science should know about this three-times-yearly publication, as he should also know the brief and authoritative monthly Physiology and Pharmacology for Phyricians.
The high quality of the Bulletin is apparent in the names of the Editors for the January, 1966, issue, together with that of R. A. McCance, who contributed its Introduction.
Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyl Transferase Levels in the Newborn
Authors: KABACY GEORGE , HODGMAN JOAN E. , DONNELL GEORGE N. , SPEARS ROBERT L. 
Published: December 2021

The activity of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase was determined in red cells from mothers and their newborn infants. The newborn infants' enzyme activity in the cord blood and for 48 hours thereafter was the same as that of their mothers at delivery; both were significantly lower than normal controls.
By 1n6 months postpartum the enzyme activity of both mothers and infants had increased as compared to their values at delivery, but they were still below the control values.
The Editing of Advertising
Authors: STEEG CARL N. 
Published: December 2021

The very important and provocative letter by Dr. Eidelman in the January 1966 issue of Pediatrics prompts this further communication on the same subject.
As I scan the advertisements, Warner-Chilcott's persistent omission of the ingredients in Tedral becomes disquieting.
Admittedly to many of us Tedral has become a "household word," but surely this is no excuse for the absence of a notation concerning its makeup.
One hopes that Warner-Chilcott is not establishing a trend in pharmaceutical advertising and attempting to lull the reader into regarding the drug purely by its commercial name rather than by its generic chemistry.
NEONATAL MENINGITIS
Authors: Berman Peter H. , Banker Betty Q. 
Published: December 2021

The case histories of 29 infants in whom purulent meningitis developed during the first month of life were reviewed. There was a high incidence of maternal perinatal infections, and identical organisms were frequently isolated from both the mother and offspring. Gram-negative intestinal organisms were the most frequent etiologic agents. Because signs suggesting meningeal and nervous system involvement developed only late in the course of the illness, the diagnosis was frequently not made until the spinal fluid was examined. The course of the illness was usually fulminant; death occurred within 4 days from the onset of symptoms in the majority of infants. Of the five infants who recovered from the meningitis, four died from neurologic complications within a few months.
Postmortem examinations were performed on 25 infants. Although the inflammatory reaction was essentially limited to the spinal fluid pathways and their contents, a wide-spread, at times devastating, non-infectious encephalopathy occurred in every case.
Our observations emphasize the paucity and subtlety of the clinical manifestations of meningitis in the neonate and the remarkably high mortality that seems to be little influenced by standard methods of therapy. The pathological features of a meningitis in the newborn are similar to those in the more mature individuals, except for the sparsity of lymphocytes in the subacute stage of the meningeal reaction, the prominence of bacteria in the meningeal exudate long after appropriate antibiotics have been employed, and the high frequency of sequelae in the survivors. The sparsity and delay in appearance of lymphocytes and plasma cells in the inflammatory response may be an important factor in the inadequate defense of the newborn to this infection.