bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Depression, Anxiety, Stress and Workplace Stressors among Nurses in Tertiary Health Care Settings
Authors: Kaushik Akshiti , Ravikiran SR , Suprasanna K , Nayak Malathi G. , Baliga Kiran , Acharya Sahana Devadasa 
Published: April 2021

Background:
Chronic job stress adversely impacts both mental health of nurses and patient care. There is paucity of data regarding workplace stressors and negative emotions among nurses.

Aims:
To assess depression, anxiety and stress among nurses and analyse their association with workplace stressors.

Settings and Design:
A hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted in two tertiary care hospitals.

Methods and Material:
Four hundred and thirty one nurses completed nurses rated depression, Anxiety and Stress instrument (DASS-21) and a questionnaire probing perceived workplace stressors on a 4 point Likert scale . The stressors across subgroups of workareas were compared.

Satistical Analysis:
Association between stress, anxiety or depression and workplace stressors were analysed using binary logistic regression.

Results:
50.8% of nurses had stress; 74% had anxiety; 70.8% had depression. 79.1% had at least one of them. Stressed, anxious or depressed nurses were more concerned about lack of job satisfaction and conflicts with supervisors. Work-place stressors varied with work areas: private hospital, no job satisfaction, conflicts with doctors and patients; government hospital, acquiring infectious diseases; ICUs, inadequate salary; non-ICUs, odour and sounds in workplace and conflicts with patients.

Conclusions:
Prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress was high. Workplace stressors varied across different working areas. Interventions need are to be tailored accordingly.
Evaluation of Analgesic Efficacy of Caudal Bupivacaine with Clonidine Versus Bupivacaine alone in Pediatric Laparoscopic Surgery
Authors: Kumar Lakshmi , Nair Mahesh Chandran , Divakar Kalesh , Vijayakumar Meenakshi , Varghese Rekha , Rajan Sunil 
Published: April 2021

Background:
Caudal local anesthetics with and without additives are increasingly being used for pain management in children. The primary objective of the present study was to compare intraoperative fentanyl consumption in pediatric patients undergoing laparoscopic surgeries under general anesthesia with supplemental caudal analgesia with and without addition of clonidine. The secondary outcomes were comparison of intraoperative and postoperative hemodynamic changes, postoperative pain, and postoperative analgesic requirements.

Materials and Methods:
In this prospective randomized trial, 32 children aged 6 months to 6 years were recruited. Group B received 2 mg/kg bupivacaine in 1.25 ml/kg, while Group BC received 2 mg/kg bupivacaine with 1 µg/kg clonidine in 1.25 ml/kg as caudal medication after induction of general anesthesia. Chi-square test, independent sample t-test, and Mann–Whitney U-test were used as applicable.

Results:
Intraoperative use of fentanyl and percentage of patients who required additional fentanyl intraoperatively and postoperatively were comparable in both groups. Intraoperative heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were comparable in both groups most of the time. HR was significantly higher in Group B at 1 h intraoperatively with significantly higher SBP at 10 min after caudal. Postoperative HR and SBP were comparable in both groups. Group B had significantly higher MAP in the immediate postoperative period. Postoperative pain as assessed by FLACC (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability) scale was comparable between groups with the exception of it being lesser in Group B at 8 h postoperatively.

Conclusion:
Clonidine 1 µg/kg added to caudal bupivacaine did not improve analgesia in comparison to bupivacaine alone in children undergoing laparoscopic surgery.
Viral Hepatitis C Infection Among Injecting Drug Users and their Partners in Manipur
Authors: Karam Romeo Singh , Singh Thangjam Dhabali , Akoijam Brogen Singh , Rajkumar Nalinikanta 
Published: April 2021

Background:
People who inject drugs (PWID) are the key population at risk of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. In this study, HCV infection among PWID was carried out with the objective of determining the proportion of hepatitis C antibody-positive individuals in the state of Manipur, in Manipur, a small northeastern state of India.

Aims:
The present study aims to establish prevalence data of hepatitis C antibody among population in the state of Manipur, India. The study was conducted from July to December 2018 in the nine districts of state of Manipur. Blood samples were collected for HCV testing; along with this, we conducted awareness sessions during camps. Pre- and post-tests were done using a questionnaire. A total of 2219 participants are PWID and their spouses were enrolled.

Results:
Male: female ratio was 1885/334. Majorities of the participants were from 25 to 44 years of age. Forty-three per cent were positive in the screening. Ukhrul district has the highest HCV positive closely followed by Churachandpur district. About 13.5% of participants with known human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status were positive of HCV.

Conclusions:
HCV infection in PWID in Manipur, Northeast of India, is 43%, most of them are young and co-infection with HIV is seen in 13.5%.
Fast Fourier Transform Transformed, Electroencephalography Correlates of Introduction to Meditation and Transcendence Shift in Novices
Authors: Singh Yogesh , Sharma Ratna 
Published: April 2021

Objectives:
The objectives of the study were to explore the fast Fourier transformation (FFT)-transformed individual alpha frequency (IAF)-based electroencephalographic (EEG) correlates of introduction to a special type of meditation, and transcendence shift in meditation novices.

Methods:
The study was conducted on 34 healthy male student volunteers. The participants were introduced to 15 min of a special type of meditation under the supervision of an expert. EEG was recorded from 19 scalp locations according to the 10–20 international system of electrode placement. To overcome the problems of the fixed band system, IAF-based band method was adopted. The outcome measures were FFT-transformed absolute powers (APs) in the six bands at 19 electrode positions. These outcome measures were analysed for early, middle and late phases (5 min each) of the meditation and compared with the relaxed eyes-closed mental state as the control in the same participants.

Results:
The special type of meditation showed a trend of decrease in AP over increasing electrodes' positions in theta, lower 1 alpha and lower 2 alpha with progression. However, power in the beta band was consistently decreased, while upper alpha (except in C3) and gamma-band power remained unchanged throughout the meditation.

Conclusions:
Introduction to a special type of meditation has distinct EEG correlates and resembles a deeper relaxed focus of attention and partial transcendence as compared to the simple relaxation with eyes-closed-state in the novice's participants.
Occurrence of Anti-Rickettsia spp. Antibodies in Hospitalized Patients with Undifferentiated Febrile Illness in the Southern Region of Kazakhstan
Authors: Turebekov Nurkeldi , Abdiyeva Karlygash , Yegemberdiyeva Ravilya , Kuznetsov Andrey , Dmitrovskiy Andrey , Yeraliyeva Lyazzat , Shapiyeva Zhanna , Batyrbayeva Dinara , Tukhanova Nur , Shin Anna , Musralina Lyazzat , Hoelscher Michael , Froeschl Guenter , Dobler Gerhard , Freimueller Klaus , Wagner Edith , Frey Stefan , Essbauer Sandra 
Published: April 2021

Abstract.Undifferentiated febrile illness still represents a demanding medical problem all over the world, but primarily in low- and middle-income countries. Scientific and clinical investigations related to undifferentiated febrile illness and rickettsial diseases in Kazakhstan are lacking. This study reflects the investigation of antibodies against spotted fever group (SFG) and typhus group (TG) rickettsiae in patients with undifferentiated febrile illness in the southern region of Kazakhstan (Almaty and Kyzylorda oblasts). Paired serum samples were gathered from 13 hospitals in these two oblasts and explored for the presence of IgM and IgG antibodies against typhus group and IgG antibodies against spotted fever group rickettsiae using ELISA. Patient’s questionnaires were statistically analyzed. In total, 802 inpatients from Almaty (N = 9) and Kyzylorda (N = 4) hospitals were included in this research. Based on ELISA results, 250 patients out of 802 (31.2%) from both oblasts had IgG antibodies against SFG rickettsiae. Results from 11 (1.4%) patients indicated acute infection with tick-borne rickettsiosis. Regarding TG rickettsiae (R. typhi), a past infection was detected in 248 (30.9%) febrile patients and acute infection in 22 (2.7%) patients in the two selected oblasts. The data indicated that SFG and TG rickettsioses are present in Kazakhstan. Kazakh physicians should be aware of these emerging diseases in both investigated oblasts because the occurrence of these diseases is not suspected during day-to-day clinical practice. The identification of rickettsial pathogens and implementation of modern laboratory methods for the diagnostics of rickettsioses are in need throughout Kazakhstan.
Inaccuracies in Google’s Health-Based Knowledge Panels Perpetuate Widespread Misconceptions Involving Infectious Disease Transmission
Authors: Haddow Andrew D. , Clarke Sarah C. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract.Google health-based Knowledge Panels were designed to provide users with high-quality basic medical information on a specific condition. However, any errors contained within Knowledge Panels could result in the widespread distribution of inaccurate health information. We explored the potential for inaccuracies to exist within Google’s health-based Knowledge Panels by focusing on a single well-studied pathogen, Ebola virus (EBOV). We then evaluated the accuracy of those transmission modes listed within the Google Ebola Knowledge Panel and investigated the pervasiveness of any misconceptions associated with inaccurate transmission modes among persons living in Africa. We found that the Google Ebola Knowledge Panel inaccurately listed insect bites or stings as modes of EBOV transmission. Our scoping review found 27 articles and reports that revealed that 9 of 11 countries where misconceptions regarding insect transmission of EBOV have been reported are locations of current (i.e., Democratic Republic of Congo and Guinea) or previous EBOV outbreaks. We found reports that up to 26.6% (155/582) of study respondents in Democratic Republic of Congo believed mosquito bite avoidance would prevent EBOV; in other locations of previous large-scale EBOV outbreaks (e.g., Guinea), up to 61.0% (304/498) of respondents believed insects were involved in EBOV transmission. Our findings highlight the potential for errors to exist within the health information contained in Google’s health-based Knowledge Panels. Such errors could perpetuate misconceptions or misinformation, leading to mistrust of health workers and aid agencies and in turn undermining public health education or outbreak response efforts.
Factors Influencing Road Traffic Delay: Drivers’ Perspectives And Loss Of Man-Hour Along Lagos-Abeokuta Expressway, Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Bako A.I. , Agunloye O.O. 
Published: April 2021

This study examined drivers’ perception of road traffic delay attributes and factors influencing road traffic delay with a view to assessing loss of man hours along Lagos-Abeokuta Expressway. This view translated to policy statements that can tremendously reduce the road traffic delay in the study area. Primary data were collected through questionnaire administration, traffic volume survey and direct field observation while the secondary data were obtained from past relevant journals, textbooks among others. The sample frame evolved from an average of 3 day traffic volume survey, which translated into 17,647 drivers between 7 am – 7 pm in the study area. The sample size was 117 (0.007%) as the purposive sampling technique was adopted. The frequency tables and likert scale outputs were adopted for data analyses. The study found that most drivers along this road were majorly (75.2%) young educated working adults while the trips made accounted for the concentration of work and after-work trips along this road. The study revealed that traffic delay along the road was largely due to indiscreet use of bus-stops, bad roads condition, drivers’ recklessness with DAI values of 4.70, 3.77 and 3.41 respectively using a 5 Point Likert Scale. This study established that a total of 2,920 ‘man-hours’ was lost annually on this road as the daily accumulated estimate for man hour loss was estimated as 8 hours per day. The strict enforcement and monitoring of proper usage of bus-stops and prompt rehabilitation of bad roads are needed among other recommendations.Key Words: Road Traffic Delay, Drivers’ Perspectives, Man-Hour Loss
Smoking Behavior Among School Students At Al-Doura/Al- Kurkh/Baghdad Year 2014
Authors: Humadi Abbas Fadhal 
Published: April 2021

Background: Most adult smokers start smoking regularly some time before 18 years of age. Cigarette smoking is a major ‘preventable’ cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is well-known that smoking has hazardous effect on many systems like pulmonary and cardiovascular system.
Objectives: Study the prevalence of smoking among school pupils according to the mode of smoking, age, school grade, school environment and possible health risk associated with smoking. Type of the study: A cross-sectional study.
Methods: Study was conducted between 1st of March 2014 to 30th of May 2014 at Al-Doura/Al- Kurkh/Baghdad by using convenient sample, including all pupils from 6 schools. The schools were 2 secondary schools, 3 intermediate schools and 1 professional secondary school from second Al-Kurkh education directorate. A total of 1258 boy pupils were studied. An anonymous self-completion questionnaire was used. The questionnaire included 15 questions (3 open questions and 12 close questions) about sociodemographic information, smoking information, and possible health disorders associated with smoking. Results: The present study had shown that the prevalence of smoking habits both (12.1% cigarette and 2.3% shisha) increased with age, class grade, and broader school environment. Both cigarette and shisha smoking produce various health disorders among schools' pupils. The results indicate that dry cough more frequent among shisha smoking pupils which was statistically highly significant (P < 0.001).
Conclusions: Age, school grade of pupils and broader school environment play the major rule in the increasing prevalence of smoking among pupils, both cigarette and shisha smoking had hazardous effect on pupils' health.
My European Family
Authors: Bojs Karin 
Published: April 2021

The story of Europe and its people, told through its genetic legacy.
'An extraordinary book ... part travel narrative, part family history, part scientific study.' - Financial Times
Karin Bojs grew up in a small, broken family. At her mother's funeral she felt this more keenly than ever. As a science journalist she was eager to learn more about herself, her family and the interconnectedness of society. After all, we're all related. And in a sense, we are all family.
My European Familytells the story of Europe and its people through its genetic legacy, from the first wave of immigration to the present day, weaving in the latest archaeological findings. Karin goes deep in search of her genealogy; by having her DNA sequenced she was able to trace the path of her ancestors back through the Viking and Bronze ages to the Neolithic and beyond into prehistory, even back to a time when Neanderthals ran the European show. Travelling to dozens of countries to follow the story, she learns about early farmers in the Middle East and flute-playing cavemen in Germany and France, along with a whole host of other fascinating characters.
This book looks at genetics from a uniquely pan-European perspective, with the author meeting dozens of geneticists, historians and archaeologists in the course of her research. The genes of this seemingly ordinary modern European woman have a truly fascinating story to tell, and in many ways it is the true story of Europe. At a time when politics is pushing nations apart, this book shows that, ultimately, our genes will always bind us together.
Winner of the 2015 Swedish August Prize
La educación en las consideraciones sobre el gobierno de Polonia de Rousseau
Authors: Álvarez García Santiago 
Published: April 2021

El artículo ofrece un análisis pormenorizado de la educación del ciudadano propuesta en las Consideraciones sobre el gobierno de Polonia de Rousseau. Se destacan las principales incompatibilidades con la pedagogía defendida en el Emilio, así como sus consecuencias para la igualdad y la libertad en relación con la filosofía política defendida en el Contrato Social. Se concluye que el ciudadano que se forja en la educación polaca integrará al otro en sí mismo precisamente para reconocerlo en su desigualdad, lo que supone la imposibilidad empírica del modelo teórico del Contrato Social para Polonia.
Potential impact of aerosols on convective clouds revealed by Himawari-8 observations over different terrain types in eastern China
Authors: Chen Tianmeng , Li Zhanqing , Kahn Ralph A. , Zhao Chuanfeng , Rosenfeld Daniel , Guo Jianping , Han Wenchao , Chen Dandan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract. Convective clouds are common and play a major role in Earth's water cycle and energy balance; they may even develop into storms and cause severe
rainfall events. To understand the convective cloud development process, this study investigates the impact of aerosols on convective clouds by
considering the influence of both topography and diurnal variation in radiation. By combining texture analysis, clustering, and thresholding methods,
we identify all convective clouds in two warm seasons (May–September, 2016/17) in eastern China based on Himawari-8 Level 1 data. Having large
diurnally resolved cloud data together with surface meteorological and environmental measurements, we investigate convective cloud properties and
their variation, stratified by elevation and diurnal change. We then analyze the potential impact of aerosol on convective clouds under different
meteorological conditions and topographies. In general, convective clouds tend to occur preferentially under polluted conditions in the morning,
which reverses in the afternoon. Convective cloud fraction first increases then decreases with aerosol loading, which may contribute to this
phenomenon. Topography and diurnal meteorological variations may affect the strength of aerosol microphysical and radiative effects. Updraft is
always stronger along the windward slopes of mountains and plateaus, especially in northern China. The prevailing southerly wind near the foothills
of mountains and plateaus is likely to contribute to this windward strengthening of updraft and to bring more pollutant into the mountains, thereby
strengthening the microphysical effect, invigorating convective clouds. By comparison, over plain, aerosols decrease surface heating and suppress
convection by blocking solar radiation reaching the surface.
Background conditions for an urban greenhouse gas network in the Washington, DC, and Baltimore metropolitan region
Authors: Karion Anna , Lopez-Coto Israel , Gourdji Sharon M. , Mueller Kimberly , Ghosh Subhomoy , Callahan William , Stock Michael , DiGangi Elizabeth , Prinzivalli Steve , Whetstone James 
Published: April 2021

Abstract. As city governments take steps towards establishing emissions reduction
targets, the atmospheric research community is increasingly able to assist in tracking emissions reductions. Researchers have established systems for
observing atmospheric greenhouse gases in urban areas with the aim of
attributing greenhouse gas concentration enhancements (and thus emissions) to the region in question. However, to attribute enhancements to a particular
region, one must isolate the component of the observed concentration
attributable to fluxes inside the region by removing the background, which is
the component due to fluxes outside. In this study, we demonstrate methods to
construct several versions of a background for our carbon dioxide and methane
observing network in the Washington, DC, and Baltimore, MD, metropolitan region. Some of these versions rely on transport and flux models, while others are based on observations upwind of the domain. First, we evaluate the
backgrounds in a synthetic data framework, and then we evaluate against real observations from our urban network. We find that backgrounds based on upwind
observations capture the variability better than model-based backgrounds,
although care must be taken to avoid bias from biospheric carbon dioxide
fluxes near background stations in summer. Model-based backgrounds also
perform well when upwind fluxes can be modeled accurately. Our study evaluates
different background methods and provides guidance in determining background methodology that can impact the design of urban monitoring networks.
In-depth characterization of submicron particulate matter inter-annual variations at a street canyon site in northern Europe
Authors: Barreira Luis M. F. , Helin Aku , Aurela Minna , Teinilä Kimmo , Friman Milla , Kangas Leena , Niemi Jarkko V. , Portin Harri , Kousa Anu , Pirjola Liisa , Rönkkö Topi , Saarikoski Sanna , Timonen Hilkka 
Published: April 2021

Abstract. Atmospheric aerosols play an important role in air pollution. Aerosol particle chemical composition is highly variable depending on the season, hour
of the day, day of the week, meteorology, and location of the measurement site. Long measurement periods and highly time-resolved data are
required in order to achieve a statistically relevant amount of data for assessing those variations and evaluating pollution episodes. In this study, we
present continuous atmospheric PM1 (particulate matter < 1 µm) concentration and composition measurements at an urban
street canyon site located in Helsinki, Finland. The study was performed for 4.5 years (2015–2019) and involved highly time-resolved
measurements by taking advantage of a suite of online state-of-the-art instruments such as an aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM), a multi-angle
absorption photometer (MAAP), a differential mobility particle sizer (DMPS), and an Aethalometer (AE). PM1 consisted mostly of organics, with
mean mass concentrations of 2.89 µg m−3 (53 % of PM1) followed by inorganic species (1.56 µg m−3,
29 %) and equivalent black carbon (eBC, 0.97 µg m−3, 18 %). A trend analysis revealed a decrease in BC from fossil fuel
(BCFF), organics, and nitrate over the studied years. Clear seasonal and/or diurnal variations were found for the measured atmospheric
PM1 constituents. Particle number and mass size distributions over different seasons revealed the possible influence of secondary organic
aerosols (SOAs) during summer and the dominance of ultrafine traffic aerosols during winter. The seasonality of measured constituents also impacted the particle's coating and absorptive properties. The investigation of pollution episodes observed at the site showed that a large fraction of
aerosol particle mass was comprised of inorganic species during long-range transport, while during local episodes eBC and organics prevailed
together with elevated particle number concentration. Overall, the results increased knowledge of the variability of PM1 concentration and
composition in a Nordic traffic site and its implications on urban air quality. Considering the effects of PM mitigation policies in northern
Europe in the last decades, the results obtained in this study may be considered illustrative of probable future air quality challenges in
countries currently adopting similar environmental regulations.