bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Power of Sequence
Authors: Jaeger Christopher Brett , Trueblood Jennifer S. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Researchers have documented numerous cognitive biases that are difficult to reconcile with rational choice theory. But is there a more general set of decision-making rules that might account for these cognitive biases and ‘rational’ decisions alike? Psychologists in search of such rules have developed a theory of quantum decision making. This chapter introduces quantum decision making to a legal audience, explains its intellectual origins, and identifies some contexts in which it provides useful tools for legal theorists. Using the example of a juror evaluating a criminal case, the chapter illustrates how quantum decision making explains and predicts phenomena that are difficult to reconcile with other theories of choice. More generally, quantum decision making highlights the importance of sequence in shaping judgments and decisions—and thus, its importance in law’s choice architecture.
Introduction
Authors: Murphy Gretchen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Beginning with a discussion of partisan politics in Catharine Sedgwick’s juvenile letters and her autobiographical fiction, the introduction makes a case for considering five prominent New England women authors (Sedgwick, Judith Sargent Murray, Sally Sayward Wood, Lydia Sigourney, and Harriet Beecher Stowe) as profoundly influenced by and invested in a Federalist understanding of religion in a republic. This investment, which treats Protestant Christianity as a force necessary for public morality in democratic life, shaped their writing careers and forms an unacknowledged contribution to political and religious debates about church and state in the early republic and nineteenth century. Situating this argument as a contribution to scholarship in literary studies, postsecular studies, and political history, the introduction explains contributions to each area.
The Basic Conception of Doxa at Work
Authors: Moss Jessica 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
If doxa’s defining object is what seems, then the Basic Conception of doxa will be cognition of what seems. This chapter argues that this conception can do the work of explaining the various features Plato attributes to doxa, with a focus on the most controversial: the restriction of doxa to the perceptible realm of Becoming. I argue that on Plato’s view Becoming seems, and so we have doxa of it, while Being does not seem, and so we have no doxa of it. I address the philosophical objections to this claim by showing that Plato can nonetheless account for thoughts about Forms which fall short of epistêmê, by appealing to a third, “in between” category in his epistemology: dianoia (“thought”). I then address the apparent textual evidence for Forms seeming, and for doxa of Forms, arguing that it can be accommodated.
Epistemology in the Earlier Dialogues
Authors: Moss Jessica 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The objects-based epistemology I have attributed to Plato in the Republic and other dialogues depends on a robust metaphysical distinction between ontologically privileged Beings and ontologically inferior seemings, and so we should not expect to see this kind of epistemological view in the absence of a full-blown Two Worlds metaphysics. Nonetheless, the Socratic dialogues and Meno take it as basic principles that epistêmê is primarily or specially of Being, and that there is a widespread inferior cognitive condition which fails to get at Being. Arguably they do not embrace Distinct Objects, but this is precisely what we should expect given their metaphysical differences from the Two Worlds dialogues. In sum, Plato’s views in the earlier dialogues are such that when he comes to develop a more developed epistemology, along with a more inflated metaphysics, the Basic Conceptions of doxa and epistêmê are the natural conceptions for him to adopt.
Introduction
Authors: Balaguer Mark 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 provides a synopsis of the entire book. Roughly speaking, the book does two things. First, it introduces a novel kind of non-factualist view and argues that we should endorse views of this kind in connection with a wide class of metaphysical questions—most notably, the question of whether there are any abstract objects and the question of whether there are any composite objects. Second, the book explains how these non-factualist views fit into a general anti-metaphysical view called neo-positivism, and it explains how we could argue that neo-positivism is true. Neo-positivism is (roughly) the view that every metaphysical question decomposes into subquestions, and in connection with each of these subquestions, we can endorse one of the following three anti-metaphysical views: non-factualism, or scientism, or metaphysically innocent modal-truth-ism. Non-factualism about a question Q is the view that there’s no fact of the matter about the answer to Q. Scientism about Q is (roughly) the view that Q is an ordinary empirical-scientific question about some aspect of physical reality, and Q can’t be settled with an a priori philosophical argument. And metaphysically innocent modal-truth-ism about Q is (roughly) the view that Q asks about the truth value of a modal sentence that’s metaphysically innocent in the sense that it doesn’t say anything about reality and, if it’s true, isn’t made true by reality.
A Worldview
Authors: Balaguer Mark 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 10 briefly articulates the worldview that’s implied (or at least suggested) by the rest of the book. Very roughly, the idea is that neo-positivists can articulate their worldview with a counterfactual that says something roughly like the following: “If there had been a plenitudinous platonic realm (i.e., a plenitudinous realm of abstract objects like numbers and sets and propositions and so on), and if a certain kind of mereological universalism had been true (in particular, if there had existed a huge plurality of tiny mereological simples and unrestricted compositions of those simples, so that there were, e.g., simples arranged tablewise and catwise and moleculewise and so on, and there were also tables and cats and molecules and trout-turkeys and so on), then quantum mechanics would have been true, and evolution theory would have been true, and Zermelo-Frankel set theory would have been true, and so on.”
Introduction
Authors: Earlie Paul 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The Introduction outlines a number of issues central to Derrida’s thought and to his engagement with the legacy of psychoanalysis in particular. Using a series of lexemes developed throughout his work—including ‘origin’, ‘legacy’, ‘trace’, and ‘différance’—it shows how for Derrida, despite the fractious history of disputes over its significance, Freud’s legacy can never be reduced to a single, universalizable meaning. Against Lacan’s linguistic ‘return to Freud’, Derrida insists on the structural openness of Freud’s legacy to reinterpretation in new and unpredictable contexts. This openness calls us to a dual responsibility: towards the past traces that Freud has bequeathed to us and towards a future in which this legacy must be transformed. Existing commentaries on Freud’s significance for Derrida have not always taken the full measure of his account of legacy. What Derrida views as the possible-impossible structure of inheritance is developed in each of the book’s subsequent chapters, which explore the vicissitudes of Freud’s French reception, the role of spatiality within the psyche, the relationship between science and fiction, memory and the archive, and the politics of affect.
Conclusion
Authors: Earlie Paul 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The Conclusion addresses the shared impossibility of legacy in Freud and Derrida by exploring a number of key differences between psychoanalysis and deconstruction. For Freud, psychoanalysis is interminable because the work of understanding one’s past is always exposed to an unpredictability that haunts the calculating technique of the analyst. For different reasons, Derrida figures deconstruction as an endless task, though one not without implications for the interminability of psychoanalysis. In this vein, the Conclusion examines a term privileged by both Derrida and Freud: ‘resistance’. For Derrida, the irreducible resistance of Freud’s legacy to interpretation has consequences for how we should engage with this legacy, explored here with respect to Lacan’s contrapuntal inheritance of Freud. This resistance also has consequences, however, for how we should engage with Derrida’s work today and for ongoing debates over the linguistic-materialist legacy of deconstruction.
Failures of Complex Ecosystems
Authors: Rouse William B. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses failures in healthcare (AIDS and Opioids Epidemics), the economy (Great Depression and Recession), and the environment (Population and Climate). Multi-level analyses are used to provide comparisons across case studies. How these types of domains anticipate and manage failures are briefly reviewed. Surveilling versus controlling failures are contrasted. These insights are used to foreshadow later discussions of failure management.
Pasting Diagrams
Authors: Johnson Niles , Yau Donald 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, pasting diagrams are defined, and pasting theorems for 2-/bicategories are proved. Pasting is an essential reasoning tool in 2-dimensional category theory. Each pasting theorem says that a pasting diagram, in a 2-category or a bicategory, has a unique composite. String diagrams, which provide another way to visualize and manipulate pasting diagrams, are also discussed.
Bicategorical Limits and Nerves
Authors: Johnson Niles , Yau Donald 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis chapter focuses on bicategorical limits and nerves, which are the 2-/bicategorical analogues of (co)limits and nerves. The chapter proves that lax limits, lax bilimits, pseudo limits, and pseudo bilimits are unique up to an equivalence and an invertible modification. The chapter discusses 2-limits and 2-colimits, as well as the Duskin nerve and the 2-nerve, which are two different generalizations of the 1-categorical Grothendieck nerve. In each case, an explicit description of the simplices is provided.
Motor Control Exercises Compared to Strengthening Exercises for Upper- and Lower-Extremity Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Lafrance Simon , Ouellet Philippe , Alaoui Reda , Roy Jean-Sébastien , Lewis Jeremy , Christiansen David Høyrup , Dubois Blaise , Langevin Pierre , Desmeules François 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this review was to compare the efficacy of motor control exercises (MCEs) to strengthening exercises for adults with upper- or lower-extremity musculoskeletal disorders (MSKDs).MethodsElectronic searches were conducted up to April 2020 in Medline, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, and CINAHL. Randomized controlled trials were identified on the efficacy of MCEs compared to strengthening exercises for adults with upper- or lower-extremity MSKDs. Data were extracted with a standardized form that documented the study characteristics and results. For pain and disability outcomes, pooled mean differences (MDs) and standardized mean differences (SMDs) were calculated using random-effects inverse variance models.ResultsTwenty-one randomized controlled trials (n = 1244 participants) were included. Based on moderate-quality evidence, MCEs lead to greater pain (MD = −0.41 out of 10 points; 95% CI = −0.72 to −0.10; n = 626) and disability reductions (SMD = −0.28; 95% CI = −0.43 to −0.13; n = 713) when compared to strengthening exercises in the short term; these differences are not clinically important. When excluding trials on osteoarthritis (OA) participants and evaluating only the trials involving participants with rotator cuff–related shoulder pain, shoulder instability, hip-related groin pain, or patellofemoral pain syndrome, there is moderate quality evidence that MCEs lead to greater pain (MD = −0.74 out of 10 points; 95% CI = −1.22 to −0.26; n = 293) and disability reductions (SMD = −0.40; 95% CI = −0.61 to −0.19; n = 354) than strengthening exercises in the short term; these differences might be clinically important.ConclusionsMCEs lead to statistically greater pain and disability reductions when compared to strengthening exercises among adults with MSKDs in the short term, but these effects might be clinically important only in conditions that do not involve OA. Inclusion of new trials might modify these conclusions.ImpactThese results suggest that MCEs could be prioritized over strengthening exercises for adults with the included non-OA MSKDs; however, results are unclear for OA disorders.
Prevention and planning as important factors in ensuring public health in the Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: De Vero Mark Kelvin B , Gozum Ivan Efreaim A , Melad Aristothel M 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A recent correspondence discussed that in trying times, technology can help be applied toward epidemiology to benefit communities by building a basic surveillance system. This suggested development in Honduras can be utilized in the Philippines to improve the State’s handling of health emergencies. With this, this paper accentuates the importance of prevention and planning to ensure public health in the Philippines, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Legal Deposit, Literary Value, and Rejected Books at the 1818 Select Committee on the Copyright Acts
Authors: Field Hannah 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
While copyright libraries now routinely present themselves as exemplars of assiduous preservation, in line with the long duration of their legal deposit privileges, the history of these libraries is also a history of discrimination, sifting, and rejection—especially up until the early nineteenth century. This article uses the 1818 Select Committee on the Copyright Acts to examine how the theory and practice of legal deposit entail a (shifting) calibration of the catholic and the selective. I focus on two sets of documents. The first is the minutes of the select committee, where I trace the different modes of literary value put forward by library representatives. In particular, I consider the difficulty librarians face when asked to comment on individual texts (rather than the principle of deposit). The second group of documents comprises parliamentary returns from the Bodleian Library and the Cambridge University Library listing deposit items that these libraries rejected between 1814 and 1817. I have traced many of the roughly 500 texts listed and present strategies drawn from the computational humanities for exploring the different authors, genres, and forms represented. In conclusion, I propose that legal deposit can generate negative bibliographies—lists of the works not to be preserved in certain libraries—that allow book historians to investigate canon formation in terms of rejection, relegation, and indifference, rather than elevation and appreciation.
Do people with rheumatoid arthritis maintain their physical activity level at treatment onset over the first year of methotrexate therapy?
Authors: Gwinnutt James M , Alsafar Husain , Hyrich Kimme L , Lunt Mark , Barton Anne , Verstappen Suzanne M M ,   the RAMS co-investigators
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To describe how many people with RA reduce their baseline physical activity level over the first year of MTX treatment, and which factors predict this.

Methods
Data came from the Rheumatoid Arthritis Medication Study (RAMS), a prospective cohort of people with early RA starting MTX. Participants reported demographics and completed questionnaires at baseline, and 6 and 12 months, including reporting the number of days per week they performed ≥20 min of physical activity, coded as none, low (1–3 days) or high (4–7 days). The physical activity levels of participants over 12 months are described. Predictors of stopping physical activity were assessed using multivariable logistic regression.

Results
In total, 1468 participants were included [median (interquartile range) age 60 (50, 69) years; 957 (65.2%) women]. At baseline, the physical activity levels of the people with RA were: none = 408 (27.8%), low = 518 (35.3%) and high = 542 (36.9%). Eighty percent of participants maintained some physical activity or began physical activity between assessments (baseline to 6 months = 79.3%, 6 months to 12 months = 80.7%). In total, 24.1% of participants reduced physical activity and 11.3% of participants stopped performing physical activity between baseline and 6 months (6 months to 12 months: 22.6% and 10.2%, respectively). Baseline smoking, higher disability and greater socioeconomic deprivation were associated with stopping physical activity.

Conclusion
Many people with early RA were not performing physical activity when starting MTX, or stopped performing physical activity over the first year of treatment. These people may require interventions to stay active. These interventions need to be mindful of socioeconomic barriers to physical activity participation.
Silent or Inaudible? Male Survivor Stories in Bosnia–Herzegovina
Authors: Touquet Heleen 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis article develops a new conceptual framework to understand silence and silencing with regard to conflict-related sexual violence against men. Based on fieldwork data from Bosnia–Herzegovina, it argues that rather than the silence of victims, the problem is that survivor testimonies are coopted and entextualized, and that male vulnerabilities remain inaudible. This process reinforces ignorance about male-directed sexual violence and helps to maintain the dominant view that masculinity and vulnerability are mutually exclusive. To illustrate the point, it examines two spaces where male survivors have told their stories in Bosnia–Herzegovina: the courts and the detainee associations.
Should We Delay the Second COVID-19 Vaccine Dose in Order to Optimize Rollout? A Mathematical Perspective
Authors: Berkane Soulaimane , Harizi Intissar , Tayebi Abdelhamid , Silverman Michael S. , Stranges Saverio 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectivesWith vaccination shortage persisting in many countries, adopting an optimal vaccination program is of crucial importance. Given the slow pace of vaccination campaigns globally, a very relevant and burning public health question is whether it is better to delay the second COVID-19 vaccine shot until all priority group people have received at least one shot. Currently, many countries are looking to administer a third dose (booster shot), which raises the question of how to distribute the available daily doses to maximize the effectively vaccinated population.MethodsWe formulate a generalized optimization problem with a total of vaccine doses, that have to be optimally distributed between n different sub-populations, where sub-population ui represents people receiving the i-th dose of the vaccine with efficacy αi. The particular case where n = 2 is solved first, followed by the general case of n dose regimen.ResultsIn the case of a two dose regimen, if the efficacy of the second dose is less than (or equal to) twice the efficacy of the first dose, the optimal strategy to maximize the number of effectively vaccinated people is to delay the second vaccine as much as possible. Otherwise, the optimal strategy would consist of administering the second dose as quickly as possible. In the general case, the optimal vaccination strategy would be to administer the k−th dose corresponding to the index providing the maximum inter-dose efficacy difference (αi − αi−1) for all possible values of i ∈ {1, …, n}, with α0 = 0.ConclusionOur results suggest that although extending the interval between doses beyond 12 weeks was likely optimal earlier in the pandemic, the reduced single dose efficacy of vaccines against the delta variant make this approach no longer viable.
Endothelial cells elicit a pro-inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 without productive viral infection
Authors: Schimmel Lilian , Chew Keng Yih , Stocks Claudia , Yordanov Teodor , Essebier Patricia , Kulasinghe Arutha , Monkman James , Miggiolaro Anna Flavia Ribeiro dos Santos , Cooper Caroline , de Noronha Lucia , Lagendijk Anne K. , Schroder Kate , Labzin Larisa I. , Gordon Emma J. , Short Kirsty R. 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTObjectivesThrombotic and microvascular complications are frequently seen in deceased COVID-19 patients. However, whether this is caused by direct viral infection of the endothelium or inflammation-induced endothelial activation remains highly contentious.MethodsHere, we use patient autopsy samples, primary human endothelial cells and anin vitromodel of the pulmonary epithelial-endothelial cell barrier to show that primary human endothelial cells express very low levels the SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 and the protease TMPRSS2.ResultsAccordingly, endothelial cells can only be infected when SARS-CoV-2 is present at very high concentrations. However, this is not a productive infection (i.e. no infectious virus is produced) and viral entry induces an inflammatory response. We also show that SARS-CoV-2 does not infect endothelial cells in 3D vessels under flow conditions. We further demonstrate that in a co-culture model endothelial cells are not infected with SARS-CoV-2. They do however sense and respond to infection in the adjacent epithelial cells, increasing ICAM-1 expression and releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines.ConclusionsTaken together, these data suggest thatin vivo, endothelial cells are unlikely to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 and that infection is only likely to occur if the adjacent pulmonary epithelium is denuded (basolateral infection) or a high viral load is present in the blood (apical infection). In such a scenario, whilst SARS-CoV-2 infection of the endothelium can occur, it does not contribute to viral amplification. However, endothelial cells are still likely to play a key role in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis by sensing adjacent infection and mounting a pro-inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2.