bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inferior T cell immunogenicity of a Plasmodium berghei model liver stage antigen expressed throughout pre‐erythrocytic maturation
Authors: Gibbins Matthew P. , Müller Katja , Matuschewski Kai , Silvie Olivier , Hafalla Julius Clemence R. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSporozoite antigens are the basis of a number of malaria vaccines being tested, but the contribution of antigens expressed during subsequent liver stage development to pre‐erythrocytic stage immunity is poorly understood. We previously showed that, following immunisation with radiation attenuated sporozoites (RAS), a model epitope embedded in a sporozoite surface protein elicited robust CD8+ T cell responses, whilst the same epitope in a liver stage antigen induced inferior responses. Since RAS arrest early in their development in host hepatocytes, we hypothesised that extending parasite maturation in the liver could considerably improve the epitope‐specific CD8+ T cell response. Here, we employed a late liver stage arrested parasite model, azithromycin prophylaxis alongside live sporozoites, to increase expression of the model epitope until full liver stage maturation. Strikingly, this alternative immunisation strategy, which has been shown to elicit superior protection, failed to improve the resulting epitope‐specific CD8+ T cell responses. Our findings support the notion that liver stage antigens are poorly immunogenic and provide additional caution about prioritising antigens for vaccine development based solely on immunogenicity.
Interactions of gall‐formers and leaf‐chewers on a tropical tree fern: evidence for non‐repulsion and co‐occurrence between insect guilds
Authors: de Farias R. P. , da Costa L. E. N. , de Arruda E. C. P. , de Oliveira A. F. M. , Cornelissen T. , Mehltreter K. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Host plant selection by herbivores is driven by a complex array of cues, including leaf traits and previous leaf damage. Herbivore‐associated cues to host selection at the plant and leaf scale aid understanding of mechanisms responsible for host preference that might translate into increased performance, as well as processes structuring herbivore populations mediated by interactions. We investigated how changes induced by a galling insect in the tropical fern Cyathea phalerata act as repellent or attractant cues for sawfly feeding and the effects of leaf size on herbivory levels.

We recorded gall abundance, damage by chewers, leaf size, plant nutritional quality, phenolic concentration and leaf anatomical traits between galled and non‐galled leaf samples.

Galled samples contained less N, higher levels of phenolics and higher C/N ratio. However, leaf‐chewing damage did not differ between galled and non‐galled leaves. The gall structure was avoided by chewers, as it had high concentrations of phenolics, lignification and suberization. Larger leaves sustained higher gall abundance, but leaf size did not have a significant effect on chewer damage. A co‐occurrence index calculated for both guilds indicated that galls and chewers exhibited a distribution that did not differ from random, reinforcing that the two guilds on C. phalerata do not show patterns of repulsion such as those maintained by interspecific competition.

Sawflies dismissing chemical cues indicate that the increase in phenolics caused by galling insects does not generate increased protection of the galled pinnules. Our results highlight ferns as key resources for herbivores and as a potential plant group to study new research avenues on plant–insect interactions.
Forest understorey plant responses to long‐term experimental warming, light and nitrogen addition
Authors: Govaert S. , Vangansbeke P. , Blondeel H. , De Lombaerde E. , Verheyen K. , De Frenne P. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractClimate change, eutrophication and intensified forest management are affecting forest understorey plants, a major component of forest biodiversity. The main impacts of these drivers have often been studied, but we lack a good understanding of how key understorey species are affected by potential interactive effects of these drivers and which species drive community changes.Here we assessed the responses of 15 species occurring in the understorey of a deciduous temperate forest to experimental warming, light addition and enhanced nitrogen inputs in permanent plots surveyed for 9 years. We analysed vegetation cover and key functional traits (plant height, specific leaf area and reproductive traits) at the species level and identified the species driving community change with principal response curves (PRC).Light addition and warming, and to a lesser extent also nitrogen addition, had profound effects on cover and functional traits. Many species showed directional change over time, and this change can either be strengthened or weakened by treatments, indicating the importance of long‐term monitoring. Against expectations, we observed few interactions between treatments. Species responses to treatments were related to ecological strategies (generalistsversusforest specialist). Generalists, such asRubus fruticosus, benefitted from the warming and light treatments and outcompeted forest specialists.This might ultimately lead to biotic homogenization. Since the treatment effects of light and warming were additive, keeping the canopy closed will only mitigate, but not stop, the effects of global warming on the forest understorey plants.
Effects of elevated CO2 concentration and nitrogen addition on foliar phosphorus fractions of Mikania micranatha and Chromolaena odorata under low phosphorus availability
Authors: Zhang Lingling , Luo Xianzhen , Lambers Hans , Zhang Guihua , Liu Nan , Zang Xiaowei , Xiao Meijuan , Wen Dazhi 
Published: September 2021

AbstractInvasive plants rapidly spread in habitats with low soil phosphorus (P) availability and have triggered a sharp decline in the diversity of native species. However, no studies have explored how widespread invasive species acclimate to low soil P availability via changing foliar P fractions, especially under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([CO2]) and nitrogen (N) deposition. Here, an open‐top chamber experiment was conducted to explore the effect of nutrient addition and elevated [CO2] on leaf traits and foliar functional P fractions (i.e., Pi, metabolite P, lipid P, nucleic acid P, and residual P) of two aggressive invasive species (Mikania micranatha and Chromolaena odorata). We found that foliar N/P ratios were more than 20, and P addition significantly increased plant biomass. Both results indicated P‐limited plant growth at our studied site. Elevated [CO2], N and N + P addition greatly increased plant biomass, photosynthetic rates, and photosynthetic P‐use efficiency (PPUE) in invasive species, but PPUE decreased with increasing P addition. Nitrogen addition slightly decreased the concentration of leaf total P, decreased foliar residual P, but increased metabolite P concentrations in invasive species. Similar changes in foliar P fractions were found under N + P addition. Phosphorus addition increased foliar P concentrations, which was strongly correlated with an increase in metabolite P concentrations in invasive species. Elevated [CO2] alleviated these effects and increased PPUE. The present results suggest that future elevated [CO2] and N deposition allow the invasive species to acclimate to low soil P availability and support their successful invasion by greatly reducing P allocation to non‐metabolite foliar P fractions (i.e., nucleic acid P and residual P) to meet their demand of metabolite P for photosynthesis and exhibit a high PPUE.
Passive and active suicidal ideation among left‐behind children in rural China: An evaluation of intrapersonal and interpersonal vulnerability and resilience
Authors: Liu Richard T. , Lawrence Hannah R. , Burke Taylor A. , Sanzari Christina M. , Levin Rachel Y. , Maitlin Carly , Paszek Claudia , Zhu Xiangru 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveAlthough theoretical conceptualizations of suicide hold that passive and active suicidal ideation are etiologically distinct, existing research observing this distinction is modest, with most prior studies focusing exclusively on active ideation. Understanding processes associated with passive ideation is clinically important insofar as passive ideation may precede active ideation, and thus serve as an earlier intervention target prior to potential onset of suicidal behavior. We aimed to evaluate intrapersonal and interpersonal vulnerability and resilience factors for passive ideation and differentiating passive from active ideation.MethodLeft‐behind adolescents in rural China (n = 371) were assessed for passive and active ideation, depressive symptoms, rumination, grit, peer support, and peer victimization.ResultsOverall, 15.9% of the sample endorsed passive ideation without active ideation, and 17.8% endorsed active ideation. In multivariate analyses, rumination and grit differentiated left‐behind children with passive ideation from those with no ideation. Depressive symptom severity predicted active ideation among adolescents with passive ideation.ConclusionsThe current findings suggest that rumination and grit may characterize passive ideation. Although passive and active ideation may differ modestly in vulnerability and resilience factors, depressive symptoms may be important to monitor among those with passive ideation and have not yet experience active ideation.
Generational identities: Historical and literary perspectives
Authors: Kingstone Helen 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDiscussions of generational identities need to take into account their long and non‐linear history. Our present focus on intergenerational inequity Baby‐Boomers vs. Millennials disregards the much more complex history of this social identity. This paper by a historian and literary scholar teases apart (1) the diachronic and synchronic meanings of ‘generation’, (2) the difference between ‘a generation in itself’ from ‘a generation for itself’ that has a social identity, and (3) generational identities that are claimed from within or ascribed from without. This paper places the question of how generational change takes place into historical context, showing that while generational identities came to focused attention during the First World War, they arguably began a century earlier, in the upheavals of the French Revolution and worldwide Napoleonic Wars. Nineteenth‐century intellectual movements were often generation‐conscious, though these identities did not translate across the social spectrum. The paper emphasises the intersectional nature of any generational taxonomy in relation to class, gender, race and national context, drawing brief examples from independence‐era Jamaica, post‐Soviet Russia, and mid‐twentieth‐century UK and USA. A final section highlights the value of ‘intergenerational’ approaches over those that emphasize a ‘generation gap’.
SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody responses in solid organ transplant recipients
Authors: Zervou Fainareti N. , Ali Nicole M. , Neumann Henry J. , Madan Rebecca Pellett , Mehta Sapna A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAntibody responses among immunocompromised solid organ transplant recipients (SOT) infected with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) may be diminished compared to the general population and have not been fully characterized. We conducted a cohort study at our transplant center to investigate the rate of seroconversion for SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG antibodies among SOT recipients who were diagnosed with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) and underwent serum SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing. The 61 patients who were included in the final analysis underwent initial SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG testing at a median of 62 days (Interquartile range 55.0–75.0) from symptom onset. Note that, 51 of 61 patients (83.6%) had positive SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG results, whereas 10 (16.4%) had negative IgG results. Six (60%) out of 10 seronegative patients underwent serial IgG testing and remained seronegative up to 17 weeks post‐diagnosis. Use of belatacept in maintenance immunosuppression was significantly associated with negative IgG antibodies to SARS‐CoV‐2 both in univariate and multivariate analyses (Odds ratio 0.04, p = .01). In conclusion, the majority of organ transplant recipients with COVID‐19 in our study developed SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies. Further longitudinal studies of the durability and immunologic role of these IgG responses and the factors associated with lack of seroconversion are needed.
Cytochrome P450‐catalyzed biosynthesis of furanoditerpenoids in the bioenergy crop switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.)
Authors: Muchlinski Andrew , Jia Meirong , Tiedge Kira , Fell Jason S. , Pelot Kyle A. , Chew Lisl , Davisson Danielle , Chen Yuxuan , Siegel Justin , Lovell John T. , Zerbe Philipp 
Published: September 2021

SUMMARYSpecialized diterpenoid metabolites are important mediators of plant–environment interactions in monocot crops. To understand metabolite functions in plant environmental adaptation that ultimately can enable crop improvement strategies, a deeper knowledge of the underlying species‐specific biosynthetic pathways is required. Here, we report the genomics‐enabled discovery of five cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP71Z25–CYP71Z29) that form previously unknown furanoditerpenoids in the monocot bioenergy crop Panicum virgatum (switchgrass). Combinatorial pathway reconstruction showed that CYP71Z25–CYP71Z29 catalyze furan ring addition directly to primary diterpene alcohol intermediates derived from distinct class II diterpene synthase products. Transcriptional co‐expression patterns and the presence of select diterpenoids in switchgrass roots support the occurrence of P450‐derived furanoditerpenoids in planta. Integrating molecular dynamics, structural analysis and targeted mutagenesis identified active site determinants that contribute to the distinct catalytic specificities underlying the broad substrate promiscuity of CYP71Z25–CYP71Z29 for native and non‐native diterpenoids.
Black digital outer spaces: Constellations of relation and care on Twitter
Authors: Okoye Victoria Ogoegbunam 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn this short contribution, I witness the underrepresentation of Black PhD students and scholars in the UK academy, and I reflect on my use of Twitter to build a constellation of connections to Black PhD researchers, academics, and activists to think with and learn with. I write this in the form of a tweet thread, a method of scholarly writing that I learned from Black activists, students, and academics on Twitter, and I use this space to mention meaningful learnings from individuals in my own constellation of connections.
Transition to Turbulence Downstream of a Stenosis for Whole Blood and a Newtonian Analog Under Steady Flow Conditions
Authors: Costa Rayanne Pinto , Simplice Talla Nwotchouang Blaise , Yao Junyao , Biswas Dipankar , Casey David , McKenzie Ruel , Steinman David A. , Loth Francis 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBlood, a multiphase fluid comprised of plasma, blood cells, and platelets, is known to exhibit a shear-thinning behavior at low shear rates and near-Newtonian behavior at higher shear rates. However, less is known about the impact of its multiphase nature on the transition to turbulence. In this study, we experimentally determined the critical Reynolds number at which the flow began to transition to turbulence downstream of eccentric stenosis for whole porcine blood and a Newtonian blood analog (water-glycerin mixture). Velocity profiles for both fluids were measured under steady-state flow conditions using an ultrasound Doppler probe placed 12 diameters downstream of eccentric stenosis. Velocity was recorded at 21 locations along the diameter at 11 different flow rates. Normalized turbulent kinetic energy was used to determine the critical Reynolds number for each fluid. Blood rheology was measured before and after each experiment. Tests were conducted on five samples of each fluid inside a temperature-controlled in vitro flow system. The viscosity at a shear rate of 1000 s−1 was used to define the Reynolds number for each fluid. The mean critical Reynolds numbers for blood and water-glycerin were 470 ± 27.5 and 395 ± 10, respectively, indicating a ∼19% delay in transition to turbulence for whole blood compared to the Newtonian fluid. This finding is consistent with a previous report for steady flow in a straight pipe, suggesting some aspect of blood rheology may serve to suppress, or at least delay, the onset of turbulence in vivo.
Building a Trustworthy Product-Level Shape-Performance Integrated Digital Twin With Multifidelity Surrogate Model
Authors: Wang Shuo , Lai Xiaonan , He Xiwang , Qiu Yiming , Song Xueguan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Digital twin has the potential for increasing production, achieving real-time monitor, and realizing predictive maintenance by establishing a real-time high-fidelity mapping between the physical entity and its digital model. However, the high accuracy and instantaneousness requirements of digital twins have hindered their applications in practical engineering. This article presents a universal framework to fulfill the requirements and to build an accurate and trustworthy digital twin by integrating numerical simulations, sensor data, multifidelity surrogate (MFS) models, and visualization techniques. In practical engineering, the number of sensors available to measure quantities of interest is often limited, and complementary simulations are necessary to compute these quantities. The simulation results are generally more comprehensive but not as accurate as the sensor data. Therefore, the proposed framework combines the benefits of both simulation results and sensor data by using an MFS model based on moving least squares (MLS), named MLS-based multifidelity surrogate (MFS-MLS). The MFS-MLS was developed as an essential part to calibrate the continuous field of the simulation by limited sensor data to obtain accurate results for the digital twin. Then, single-fidelity surrogate models are built on the whole domain using the calibrated results of the MFS-MLS as training samples and sensor data as inputs to predict and visualize the quantities of interest in real time. In addition, the framework was validated by a truss test case, and the results demonstrate that the proposed framework has the potential to be an effective tool to build accurate and trustworthy digital twins.
Microstructure of IN738LC Fabricated Using Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Menon Nandana , Mahdi Tanjheel Hasan , Basak Amrita 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Nickel-base superalloys are extensively used in the production of gas turbine hot-section components as they offer exceptional creep strength and superior fatigue resistance at high temperatures. Such improved properties are due to the presence of precipitate-strengthening phases such as Ni3Ti or Ni3Al (γ′ phases) in the normally face-centered cubic (FCC) structure of the solidified nickel. Although this second phase is the main reason for the improvements in properties, the presence of such phases also results in increased processing difficulties as these alloys are prone to crack formation. In this work, specimens of IN738LC are fabricated on a Coherent Creator laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing (AM) equipment. Optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) are carried out to characterize the deposit region. Metallurgical continuity is achieved in the entire deposit region and the specimens do not show any warpage. However, the specimens show voids (e.g., pores and cracks) in the deposit region. The results show that the percentage void area decreases along the build height direction. The deposited IN738LC shows polycrystalline grains in the entire deposit region as confirmed by XRD and EBSD. The grain size also shows variations along the build direction. In summary, the results open opportunities for academic researchers and small-scale businesses in fabricating high-γ′ nickel-base superalloys on a desktop laser powder bed fusion AM equipment.
A New Experimental Approach for Heat Transfer Coefficient and Adiabatic Wall Temperature Measurements on a Nozzle Guide Vane With Inlet Temperature Distortions
Authors: Bacci Tommaso , Picchi Alessio , Facchini Bruno , Cubeda Simone 
Published: September 2021

AbstractModern gas turbines lean combustors allow to limit NOx pollutant emissions by controlling the flame temperature, while maintaining high turbine inlet temperatures. On the other hand, their adoption presents other challenges, especially concerning the combustor–turbine interaction. Turbine inlet conditions are generally characterized by severe temperature distortions and swirl degree, which, in turn, is responsible for very high turbulence intensities. Several past studies have focused on the description of the effects of these phenomena on the behavior of the high pressure stages of the turbine, both considering them as separated aspects, and, in very recent years, accounting for their combined impact. Nevertheless, very limited experimental results are available when it comes to evaluate the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) on the nozzle guide vane (NGV) external surface, since relevant temperature distortions present a severe challenge for the commonly adopted measurement techniques. The work presented in this paper was carried out on a non-reactive, annular, three-sector test rig, made by a combustor simulator and a NGV cascade. Making use of three real hardware burners of a Baker Hughes heavy-duty gas turbine, operated in similitude conditions, it can reproduce a representative swirling flow, with temperature distortions at the combustor–turbine interface plane. This test apparatus was exploited to develop an experimental approach to retrieve reliable HTC and adiabatic wall temperature distributions simultaneously, in order to overcome the known limitations imposed by temperature gradients on state-of-the-art methods for HTC calculation from transient tests. A non-cooled mockup of a NGV doublet, manufactured using low thermal diffusivity plastic material, was used for the tests, carried out using infra-red thermography with a transient approach. In the authors’ knowledge, this presents the first experimental attempt of measuring a NGV HTC in the presence of relevant temperature distortions and swirl.
A Comparison of Different Nanoparticles’ Effect on Fine Migration by Low Salinity Water Injection for Oil Recovery: Introducing an Optimum Condition
Authors: Madadizadeh Ali , Sadeghein Alireza , Riahi Siavash 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Today, enhance oil recovery (EOR) methods are attracting more attention to increase the petroleum production rate. Some EOR methods such as low salinity water flooding can increase the amount of fine migration and sand production in sandstone reservoirs which causes a reduction in permeability and inflict damages on to the reservoir and the production equipment. One of the methods to control fine migration is using nanotechnology. Nanoparticles (NPs) can reduce fine migration by various mechanisms such as reducing the zeta potential of fine particles’ surfaces. In this paper, three NPs including SiO2, MgO, and Al2O3’s effects on controlling fine migration and sand production were investigated in two scenarios of pre-flush and co-injection using sandpack as a porous media sample. When NPs are injected into the porous media sample, the outflow turbidity and zeta potential of particles decrease. Experiments showed that SiO2 has the best effect on controlling fine migration in comparison with other NPs and it could reduce fine migration 69% in pre-flush and 75% in co-injection. Also, MgO and Al2O3 decreased fine migration 65% and 33% in the pre-flush scenario and 49% and 13% in the co-injection scenario, respectively.