bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
More Venezuelans in Trinidad in the 21st century
Authors: Herbert Chinyere 
Published: November 2021

AbstractVenezuelan 'asylum seekers' arriving at the coast of Trinidad enter a new reality and become a part of a world of politics and processing like most migrants do. By no fault of their own, they embody local and global tensions concerning migration policies, border control, government authority, and international human rights and protection. This paper raises questions about the complex status and identity of Venezuelan migrants in Trinidad who came seeking asylum in recent years. The results demonstrate that internationally accepted “refugee” and “asylum seeker” categorization is highly unstable in the present context due to the core economic issues underlying forced migration. In line with previous anthropological research, the study highlights the ways in which labels do not encapsulate the local and global causes underlying forced migration and displacement. While international law is well-meaning, there remains a lot to be desired in the long-term protection of displaced people. There are also geographic and economic limits of small islands to absorb large numbers of displaced persons which, to date, has not been recognized by international human rights organizations.
Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of collected mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from Northcentral Nigeria using mitochondrial COI and ribosomal IGS gene regions
Authors: Iyiola Oluyinka A. , Kamaldeen-Ibrahim Aishat T. , Shaibu Rahmat D. , Shittu Olalere , Fadipe Temitope O. , Adelaja Olukayode J. , Tijani Muyideen K. , Afolabi Hajarat A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background
Mosquitoes are important vectors of disease-causing organisms such as filarial worms, malaria parasites, and arboviruses endemic to sub-Saharan Africa including Nigeria. Malaria is a disease caused by a plasmodium parasite, transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes and is no doubt a public health concern. There is limited information on the genetic diversity of mosquitoes in Nigeria. This is necessary because information about the genetic diversity of mosquitoes is a very important step towards vector control and management with the aim to mitigate or eliminate burden resulting from malaria and other diseases caused by mosquitoes. In the present study, we investigated the genetic variability and relatedness of mosquitoes based on the DNA sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and ribosomal intergenic non-coding spacer gene regions (IGS). Mosquitoes were collected from five different states in Northcentral Nigeria, they were morphologically identified using standard keys and genomic DNA was extracted. The specific regions of interests were amplified, and the PCR products were then sequenced.

Results
PCR was able to successfully amplify the expected amplicon sizes of COI and IGS sequences (710 and 169) base pairs, respectively. For COI sequence, pairwise genetic distance between mosquito species ranged from 0.00 to 0.17 in the COI sequences. The pairwise genetic distance among Culex, Aedes and Anopheles species in the IGS sequences ranged from 0.000 to 0.118. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit showed that there was genetic diversity amongst the different mosquito species sampled. It effectively showed marked differences between Culicine and Anopheline mosquitoes.

Conclusions
The ribosomal IGS primers used for this study only amplified Anopheles spp. However, it revealed that there is diversity among the Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis samples collected. This study concludes that the mitochondrial COI and ribosomal IGS gene regions are reliable markers for mosquito genetic diversity study and will surely yield a reliable result for molecular diversity assessment of mosquito species.
A neurologist’s rhombencephalitis after comirnaty vaccination. A change of perspective
Authors: Walter Alexander , Kraemer Markus 
Published: November 2021

AbstractRhombencephalitis is an orphan disease of multiple causes that may manifest with facial palsy, limb ataxia and reduced consciousness. Up to now it is described after COVID-19 infection and in this (personal) case was found up to 8 weeks after Comirnaty vaccination. So far, we do not fully understand the pathophysiological characteristics of encephalitis associated with SARS-CoV-2. In rare cases, vaccination may cause an immunological reaction and delayed inflammation, the consequences of which we have not yet deciphered. Rhombencephalitis should be considered as a rare potential mRNA-associated vaccination side effect.
DRAINMOD-P: A Model for Simulating Phosphorus Dynamics and Transport in Drained Agricultural Lands: II. Model Testing
Authors: Askar Manal H. , Youssef Mohamed A. , Hesterberg Dean L. , King Kevin W. , Amoozegar Aziz , Skaggs R. Wayne , Chescheir George M , Ghane Ehsan 
Published: November 2021

HighlightsDRAINMOD-P was tested using a dataset from a drained field with desiccation cracks.Surface and subsurface phosphorus losses were mainly in the particulate form.Surface runoff was a major pathway for phosphorus loss in this field.The model performance in predicting edge-of-field phosphorus loss is promising.Abstract. The recently developed phosphorus (P) model DRAINMOD-P was tested using a four-year dataset from a subsurface-drained field in northwest Ohio with significant potential for desiccation cracking or preferential flow. The model satisfactorily predicted subsurface drainage discharge, with a monthly Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.59 and index of agreement (IOA) of 0.89. Lack of annual water budget closure was reported and was likely caused by uncertainty in measured surface runoff and/or modeling approaches representing macropore flow. More than 80% of predicted surface and subsurface P losses were in the particulate form. Surface runoff was the major pathway for P loss, contributing 78% of predicted total P (TP) load. On average, predicted macropore flow represented about 15% of drainage discharge and contributed 21% of DRP loss via subsurface drains. The performance of DRAINMOD-P in predicting monthly dissolved reactive P and TP losses through subsurface drains can be rated as poor (NSE = 0.33 and IOA = 0.60) and very good (NSE = 0.81 and IOA = 0.95), respectively. DRAINMOD-P demonstrated potential for simulating P fate and transport in drained cropland. More testing is needed to further examine newly incorporated hydrological and biogeochemical components of the model. Keywords: Agricultural drainage, Edge-of-field phosphorus load, Macropore flow, Phosphorus model, Sediment yield, Water quality modeling.
Epidemiology and Social Determinants of Global Health as the Basis for Education and Research
Authors: Laraque Fabienne , Uwemedimo Omolara Thomas 
Published: November 2021

This chapter describes the importance of using standard data for decision-making at local and national levels on reportable diseases and conditions of public health significance. In addition, the chapter will provide an overview of the use of data to monitor interventions and detect outbreaks and emerging conditions. Lastly, this chapter will cover the importance of data, data sources, key indicators of childhood health, the role of millennium and sustainable goals, and training needs.
In all health care settings, whether population based or institution specific, the importance of effective use of data for planning and monitoring cannot be overstated. Implementing interventions and programs, even those that are evidence based, without the benefit of a local needs assessment and continuous data monitoring may not succeed due to erroneous targeting and inability to monitor progress. To ensure that public health and clinical programs are targeted to the setting and population in which they will be implemented, standard data collection and analysis is critical. The use of standard indicators allows for comparison across countries or regions.
Global Health Education Faculty Competencies
Authors: Kurbasic Mirzada Pasic 
Published: November 2021

In high-income countries, global health has emerged as a core component of medical education across most medical disciplines. Approximately two-thirds of US pediatric residency programs offer the opportunity to complete short-term global health electives in low- and middle-income countries,1 and about one-fifth of residents pursue such an elective.
Internal medicine, emergency medicine, and pediatrics now all offer formal fellowship opportunities in international (ie, global) health. Global health opportunities among Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education–accredited pediatric subspecialty fellowship programs are limited but increasing, as noted by its online report.2 Global health has become a branch of science supporting institutionalized education. A rapidly expanding experience indicates that effective global health education should train students to understand global health statuses, to investigate global and local health issues with a global perspective, and to devise interventions to deal with these issues.3
Child Development: The Next Global Health Frontier
Authors: Elansary Mei , Peacock-Chambers Elizabeth , Zuckerman Barry S. 
Published: November 2021

Recent improvements in child health have led to substantial decreases in child mortality globally.1 While progress is still needed, especially in regions afflicted by conflict and political instability,2 the next step is to promote young children’s development and early learning so they can remain healthy, take advantage of growing educational opportunities, and contribute to their communities’ economic growth. Every year, approximately 249 million children, mainly from low- and middle- income countries, fail to reach their developmental potential in the context of poverty and related health, nutrition, and social factors.3 Recessions and climate change additionally contribute to loss of developmental potential globally.4–7
While principles of early childhood development are universal, a global perspective must consider exposure to extreme poverty and high prevalence of infectious diseases, cultural context, and availability and type of resources. This chapter will describe biological and social factors that influence brain development and early learning and resilience, their cultural context, and examples of successful child development interventions globally. We also provide recommendations to rapidly accelerate the promotion of early childhood development globally with key strategies, including an emphasis on universal prevention programs rather than universal screening, multigenerational models that emphasize universal support for parents and targeted support for high-risk populations, integration of child development programs into child health and nutrition efforts, and use of technology.
AM:STARs: Adolescent Contraception: Basics and Beyond
Authors:   American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Adolescent Health
Published: November 2021

AMSTARs: Adolescent Contraception: Basics and Beyond highlights the fundamental aspects of contraception with an overview of contraceptive methods and epidemiology, provides up-to-date guidance on medical eligibility criteria, and reviews critical policy advances supporting contraceptive access.
https://shop.aap.org/amstarsadolescent-contraception-basics-and-beyond-paperback/
Weapon Involvement in the Victimization of Children
Authors: Mitchell Kimberly J. , Hamby Sherry L. , Turner Heather A. , Shattuck Anne , Jones Lisa M. 
Published: November 2021

OBJECTIVE
To report the prevalence of weapons involved in the victimization of youth with particular emphasis on weapons with a “high lethality risk” and how such exposure fits into the broader victimization and life experiences of children and adolescents.

METHODS
Data were collected as part of the Second National Survey of Children’s Exposure to Violence, a nationally representative telephone survey of youth ages 2 to 17 years and caregivers (N = 4114) conducted in 2011.

RESULTS
Estimates from the Second National Survey of Children’s Exposure to Violence indicate that almost 14 million youth, ages 2–17, in the United States have been exposed to violence involving a weapon in their lifetimes as witnesses or victims, or &gt;1 in 5 children in this age group. More than 2 million youth in the United States (1 in 33) have been directly assaulted in incidents where the high lethality risk weapons of guns and knives were used. Differences were noted between victimizations involving higher and lower lethality risk weapons as well as between any weapon involvement versus none. Poly-victims, youth with 7 or more victimization types, were particularly likely to experience victimization with any weapon, as well as victimization with a highly lethal weapon compared with nonpoly-victims.

CONCLUSIONS
Findings add to the field’s broadening conceptualization of youth victimization highlighting the potentially highly consequential risk factor of weapon exposure as a component of victimization experiences on the mental health of youth. Further work on improving gun safety practices and taking steps to reduce children’s exposure to weapon-involved violence is warranted to reduce this problem.
Schedules for Pneumococcal Vaccination of Preterm Infants: An RCT
Authors: Kent Alison , Ladhani Shamez N. , Andrews Nick J. , Scorrer Tim , Pollard Andrew J. , Clarke Paul , Hughes Stephen M. , Heal Carrie , Menson Esse , Chang John , Satodia Prakash , Collinson Andrew C. , Faust Saul N. , Goldblatt David , Miller Elizabeth , Heath Paul T. 
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
Premature infants have a higher risk of invasive pneumococcal disease and are more likely to have lower vaccine responses compared with term infants. Increasingly, immunization schedules are including a reduced, 2-dose, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine priming schedule. Our goal was to assess the immunogenicity of 3 commonly used 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) priming schedules in premature infants and their response to a 12-month booster dose.

METHODS
Premature infants (&lt;35 weeks’ gestation) were randomized to receive PCV13 at 2 and 4 months (reduced schedule); 2, 3, and 4 months (accelerated schedule); or 2, 4, and 6 months (extended schedule). All infants received a 12-month PCV13 booster. Serotype-specific pneumococcal immunoglobulin G (IgG) for PCV13 serotypes was measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 1 month after the primary and booster vaccinations.

RESULTS
A total of 210 infants (median birth gestation, 29+6 weeks; range, 23+2–34+6 weeks) were included. After the primary vaccination, 75% (95% confidence interval [CI], 62–85), 88% (95% CI, 76–95), and 97% (95% CI, 87–99) of participants had protective antibody concentrations for at least one-half the PCV13 serotypes for the reduced, accelerated, and extended schedules, respectively. After the booster vaccination, participants receiving the extended schedule had significantly lower (P &lt; .05) geometric mean concentrations compared with reduced (for 9 of 13 serotypes) and accelerated (for 4 of 13 serotypes) schedules, but nearly all participations, regardless of schedule or serotype, had seroprotective IgG concentrations.

CONCLUSIONS
A reduced priming schedule of PCV13 resulted in higher post-booster IgG concentrations but lower post-primary concentrations. The optimum vaccine schedule for preterm infants will therefore depend on when they are most at risk for invasive pneumococcal disease.
Vaccine Education During Pregnancy and Timeliness of Infant Immunization
Authors: Veerasingam Priya , Grant Cameron C. , Chelimo Carol , Philipson Kathryn , Gilchrist Catherine A. , Berry Sarah , Carr Polly Atatoa , Camargo Carlos A. , Morton Susan 
Published: November 2021

OBJECTIVES
Pregnant women routinely receive information in support of or opposing infant immunization. We aimed to describe immunization information sources of future mothers’ and determine if receiving immunization information is associated with infant immunization timeliness.

METHODS
We analyzed data from a child cohort born 2009–2010 in New Zealand. Pregnant women (N = 6822) at a median gestation of 39 weeks described sources of information encouraging or discouraging infant immunization. Immunizations received by cohort infants were determined through linkage with the National Immunization Register (n = 6682 of 6853 [98%]). Independent associations of immunization information received with immunization timeliness were described by using adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

RESULTS
Immunization information sources were described by 6182 of 6822 (91%) women. Of these, 2416 (39%) received information encouraging immunization, 846 (14%) received discouraging information, and 565 (9%) received both encouraging and discouraging information. Compared with infants of women who received no immunization information (71% immunized on-time), infants of women who received discouraging information only (57% immunized on time, OR = 0.49, 95% CI 0.38–0.64) or encouraging and discouraging information (61% immunized on time, OR = 0.51, 95% CI 0.42–0.63) were at decreased odds of receiving all immunizations on time. Receipt of encouraging information only was not associated with infant immunization timeliness (73% immunized on time, OR = 1.00, 95% CI 0.87–1.15).

CONCLUSIONS
Receipt, during pregnancy, of information against immunization was associated with delayed infant immunization regardless of receipt of information supporting immunization. In contrast, receipt of encouraging information is not associated with infant immunization timeliness.
Duration of Breastfeeding and Risk of SIDS: An Individual Participant Data Meta-analysis
Authors: Thompson John M.D. , Tanabe Kawai , Moon Rachel Y. , Mitchell Edwin A. , McGarvey Cliona , Tappin David , Blair Peter S. , Hauck Fern R. 
Published: November 2021

CONTEXT
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is a leading cause of postneonatal infant mortality. Our previous meta-analyses showed that any breastfeeding is protective against SIDS with exclusive breastfeeding conferring a stronger effect. The duration of breastfeeding required to confer a protective effect is unknown.

OBJECTIVE
To assess the associations between breastfeeding duration and SIDS.

DATA SOURCES
Individual-level data from 8 case-control studies.

STUDY SELECTION
Case-control SIDS studies with breastfeeding data.

DATA EXTRACTION
Breastfeeding variables, demographic factors, and other potential confounders were identified. Individual-study and pooled analyses were performed.

RESULTS
A total of 2267 SIDS cases and 6837 control infants were included. In multivariable pooled analysis, breastfeeding for &lt;2 months was not protective (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.91, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.68–1.22). Any breastfeeding ≥2 months was protective, with greater protection seen with increased duration (2–4 months: aOR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.44– 0.82; 4–6 months: aOR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.26–0.63; and &gt;6 months: aOR: 0.36, 95% CI: 0.22– 0.61). Although exclusive breastfeeding for &lt;2 months was not protective (aOR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.59–1.14), longer periods were protective (2–4 months: aOR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.42–0.87; 4–6 months: aOR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.29–0.74).

LIMITATIONS
The variables collected in each study varied slightly, limiting our ability to include all studies in the analysis and control for all confounders.

CONCLUSIONS
Breastfeeding duration of at least 2 months was associated with half the risk of SIDS. Breastfeeding does not need to be exclusive to confer this protection.
Hepatosplenomegaly in liver cirrhosis is caused by reactive oxygen species formation, an increase in apoptosis and autophagy, and pronounced autoimmune reactions
Authors: Klimova E. M. , Drozdova L. A. , Lavinska O. V. , Bychenko E. A. , Kot Y. H. , Kordon T. I. 
Published: November 2021

Various factors of infectious and toxic genesis can lead to the liver cirrhosis, often accompanied by complications such as recurrent bleeding due to portal hypertension against the background of hepatosplenomegaly. Metabolic changes and disturbances in immunoreactivity occur in the liver and spleen. To substantiate the choice of personalized treatment tactics for patients with hepatosplenomegaly, we investigated individual metabolic predictors and immunopathological processes in patients with: liver cirrhosis and hepatitis B (HBV) and/or hepatitis C (HCV) viruses (I group, n = 52); with herpes viruses CMV (cytomegalovirus) and EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) (II group, n = 48), and with splenomegaly and frequent recurrent bleeding associated with hereditary enzymopathies (III group, n = 15). We used the methods of immunoturbidimetry; enzyme immunoassay; light, fluorescence and confocal microscopy. In group I (HBV/HCV), we revealed a decrease in the C4 component; a significant increase in the phagocytic index and phagocytic number, a reduced number of active phagocytes and the digestion index; a decrease in the IL-1β content and an increase in IL-18 and IL-6. In group II (CMV/EBV), we revealed a high activity of the C3 and a low activity of the C4 component against the background of a high level of ROS in neutrophils; the antineutrophil antibodies (ANCA) formation in 85.7% of patients (71.4% –perinuclear antibodies (pANCA) to myeloperoxidase; 14.3% – cytoplasmic antibodies (CANCA) to proteinase 3). Also, in group II, an increased level of pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-18 and anti-inflammatory IL-6 was detected. Changes in links of immunity in II group led to the formation of autoimmune reactions in 64.7% of patients, which was expressed in the development of a broad range of antinuclear antibodies ANA (11 specificities, including ANA to chromatin and chromatin-associated proteins, to proteins cytoskeleton, enzymes and enzyme complexes). In group III, we revealed a low absorption capacity of neutrophils, a high frequency of antineutrophil antibodies pANCA occurrence and cANCA (in 67.2% of the examined), and low concentration of TNF-α. The developed model of the stepwise change of immunological markers makes it possible to substantiate the choice of a complex targeted treatment, including antiviral and immunotropic therapy.
Peningkatan Produktivitas Usaha Budidaya Ikan Haruan Melalui Perbaikan Pengelolaan Kualitas Air
Authors: Sofia Leila Ariyani , Zain Muhammad Adnan , Firdaus Raihan 
Published: November 2021

PKM ini bertujuan untuk memberikan pengetahuan dan keterampilan pengelolaan kualitas air kepada kelompok mitra, serta mengukur kualitas air media ikan haruan. Metode kegiatan yang diterapkan terdiri dari (1) Penyuluhan dan diskusi materi teoritis, (2) Pelatihan dan pembimbingan, dan (3) Evaluasi kegiatan. Hasil pelaksanaan PKM menunjukkan bahwa terjadi Perubahan pengetahuan yang tertinggi adalah pada pengetahuan akan tujuan pengelolaan kolam dan kualitas air (82,5%), selanjutnya pengetahuan terhadap tahapan pengelolaan kolam di lahan rawa, tujuan pengeringan, cara pengeringan, dan cara pengisian air media/kolam pemeliharaan mengalami kenaikan dengan nilai berkisar 58%-66%. Sementara, pengetahuan pengapuran, pengetahuan pemupukan, praktik pengapuran, praktik pengeringan, dan praktik pemupukan kolam mengalami kenaikan masih di bawah rata-rata yaitu berkisar 40%-52%. Kualitas air kolam pemeliharaan ikan haruan di Pokdakan Ramania Besar masih dalam batas layak untuk budidaya ikan dengan pH air 5,0 dan kandungan ammonia 0,25 mg/l. Namun perlu diwaspadai kadar nitrat (12,5 mg/l) yang melebihi ambang batas. Karenanya diperlukan perlakuan terhadap kualitas air kolam pemeliharaan ikan haruan, antara lain penggunaan probiotik, penerapan biofilter ataupun pergantian air agar kualitas air tetap terjaga dan mendukung pertumbuhan ikan haruan.