bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Surface Finishing on Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of Friction Stir Welded Joints For Dissimilar Aluminum Alloys (AA2024-T3 with AA6061-T6)
Authors: Hassan Khairia Salman , Abbass Muna Khethier , Mohammed Mohsin Talib 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The aim of this work is to study the possibility of joining two plates from aluminum alloys, AA2024-T3 with AA6061-T6, using friction stir welding (FSW) technique. In this study, the plates were prepared by cutting with dimensions (100 x 50 x 5) mm by CNC milling machine with cutting speed of 1200 rpm and variable feeding speed of (25, 30, 35 & 40 mm/min). The FSW was operated by a vertical milling machine at a rotary speed of 930 rpm and linear welding speed of 30 mm/min to obtain welding joints of dissimilar plates. Microstructure, surface roughness and micro-hardness were examined. Corrosion test was also carried out by electrochemical methods for all specimens in 3.5wt % NaCl solution, and the corrosion rate was calculated by Tafel extrapolation method. The obtained results demonstrated that the feeding speed has a significant effect in decreasing the corrosion rate comparing with the base metal due to the plastic deformation that occurs at high feed speed. The decrease in surface roughness provided more connected between the two contact surfaces that contributed in the refinement of the microstructure. The sample welded at feed speed 40 mm/min offered the optimum results.
Modeling and Simulation of an Electromechanical Brake System
Authors: Mohammed Farag Mahel , Mohammed Jamal A.-K. , Faisl Haider 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The effect of brake pad wear on the electromechanical disc brake system response using MATLAB/Simulink software was investigated in this paper. The analysis of the pad wear involves building thermal model and electromechanical brake model, and calculating the required braking force at a constant and variable coefficient of friction between the pad and disc. A comparison between the electromechanical brake responses without wear and during wear at a constant and variable coefficient of friction was carried out. The results show that the coefficient of friction has a major role in calculating the required braking force, and cumulated wear during breaking. The required braking force starts higher in the case of using a variable coefficient of friction by about 0.06%. The variable coefficient of friction presents higher wear than the constant coefficient of friction by about 30%.
Adaptive control system to producing a novel spun parts in sheet metal spinning process
Authors: Saleh Ammar Mahdi , Abd Assel H , Bedan Aqeel S 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The problem in Sheet metal spinning is limited to an axisymmetric part. This research aims to design and build a flexible mechanism by a combination of mechanical with the electrical system to achieve the forming of polygon spun parts with a different number of sides without using a specific mandrel. This system based on developing a synchronous spinning machine, in which the rotational motion and feeding of the tradition lathe machine were measured and control to maintain the speed synchronization with the trajectory of the forming tool rollers (a special tool of forming), where this tool controlled by the electrical motors. The speed of the electric motor controlled by variable frequency drives VFD, pulse-controlled, and software. The machine can be applied to produce several shapes by changing pulse-controlled inside software code, which means that’s the machine is much more flexible than any other way. In this survey three spun parts (triangle, square and hexagonal) cross-section parts were produced, and aluminum alloy sheets (1050) of circular shape with 1.5 mm in thickness and 150 mm diameter will be used in this process. Finally, the output from this process will compare with a CAD model to examine the process validity by comparing the dimensional accuracy. The result shows that the average dimensional accuracy error for the triangle, rectangular, and hexagonal spun parts are 14.15, 6.47, and 3.78 respectively which consider an acceptable percentage in the spinning process.
Cyclic Voltammetric Studies of Micro and Nano Paracetamol Using Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube and Graphene
Authors: Kareem Zahraa Naji , Radhi Muhammed Mizher , Moosa Ahmed Ali 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and graphene (MWCNT/GCE), (graphene/GCE) to study the electrochemical behaviour of paracetamol using cyclic voltammetric technique at different paracetamol particles size (186μm, 4-9μm, 45nm) in a 10 ml solution of (1M) KCl and (0.1mM) paracetamol at scan rate (0.1 V/s). The results of cyclic voltammogram showed the anodic current peaks of paracetamol increases with decrease particle size. Also, the solubility is enhancement with decreasing particle size. MWCNT/GCE is a good biosensor with high electrochemical sensitivity for paracetamol than graphene/GCE.
Experimental Investigation of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Performance based on Alumina and Copper Oxide Working Nanofluids
Authors: Hussien Fawziea M. , Faraj Johain J. , Hamad Ahmed J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The heat transfer performance of heat exchanger is greatly depending on the thermal conductivity and heat transfer capacity of the working fluid. One of the important methods to improve the thermal conductivity of the heat transfer fluid is by adding nano particles of materials with high thermal conductivity. In the present study, an experimental work was conducted to investigate the performance enhancement of double pipe heat exchanger using Alumina (Al2O3) and Copper oxide (CuO) nano particles mixed with engine oil as a working fluid. The thermal performance of heat exchanger was investigated at particles concentrations 0.05% and 0.1% of Al2O3 and CuO nano particles to determine the most effective factors on heat transfer enhancement. The results revealed that, the enhancement percentage in Nusselt number (Nu) for nanofluid at 0.05% particles concentration compared to pure oil was 9% and 6% for CuO and Al2O3 nanofluids respectively. While at 0.1% concentration, the enhancement percentage in Nu was about 17% and 15% for CuO and Al2O3 nanofluids respectively. The enhancement percentage in value of overall heat transfer coefficient for CuO nanofluid was 6.5% compared to Al2O3 nanofluid at 0.1% concentration. The enhancement percentage in the heat exchanger effectiveness was about 12% for CuO nanofluid compared with that for Al2O3 at 0.1% concentration. Adding the CuO and Al2O3 nano particles has improved the thermal conductivity of base fluid (oil) and led to a significant enhancement in heat transfer rate and thermal performance of the heat exchanger.
Study the Effects of Titanium Dioxide nano particles reinforcement on the mechanical properties of Aluminum Alloys composite
Authors: Al-Jaafari Mamoon A. A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Aluminum alloy6061 and 6082 was used as base material to the Aluminum matrix nano composites (AMNC ) and different Titanium Dioxide(TiO2) nano particles reinforcement wt. % of Ti(0.5, 1.0, 1.5and 2.0), the size of Titania reinforced material particles is 10 Nano meter, were been fabricated by using stir casting method. The effects of added nano particles on the mechanical properties of MMNC been studded. It was observed that the nanomaterial reinforcement led to high improvement in ultimate strength (σu), yield stress (σy), hardness (BHN) and ductility. The maximum improvement in ultimate strength, yield stress and BHN hardness was observed at 1.5 wt % TiO2 for Aluminum alloy6061 and 6082 while the maximum value of Elongation % was obtained at 0.5 wt. % TiO2 nano reinforcement for both Aluminum alloy6061 and 6082.
Effect of thickness and type of substrate on optical properties of chromium oxide thin film prepared by sputtering magnetron
Authors: Khalaf Mohammed K. , Abed Al-Kader Dawood S. , Salh Jassim Mohammed 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The study here submits the impact of the thin-film thickness of chromium on its optical characteristics. All the films of chromium oxide were deposited on quartz and glass substrates via sputtering magnetron. The optical characteristics for a thin film was established out of measurements of transmitting. The spectrum of absorbance and transmittance have been recorded as a function of wavelength between (300-1100 nm) in order to study the Energy gap of permitted direct transition, extinction coefficient and refractive index. The improvement of the crystallization of the coatings / thin film has been discussed depending on substrate which are glass and quartz temperature. Under the experimental conditions; for temperature about (20-150) °C, the films consist of clear well-crystallized (Cr2O3).
Measurement of Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Level by UWB Transceiver in Diabetic Patient Type-1-
Authors: Al-Iraqi Entisar Younis , Fayadh Rashid Ali 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Diabetes is a silent killer and a rapidly increasing global epidemic worldwide. The change in healthy diabetes diet and life-style is only therapy as no permanent treatment. The measuring of the amount of Blood Glucose Level (BGL) continuously is important for diabetes management. In general terms, two types of diabetes can be identified as Type-1- and Type-2-. Type-1- is the most dangerous type and affects (5-10 percent) of the diabetic population; they have to inject or pump insulin themselves. The common method of measuring is glucometer which the sample of blood is taken by clipping patient’s finger and analysis this sample. This invasive method is painful and discomfort for the patient. This article presents a microwave sensor with frequency falls in the range of Ultra-wideband (UWB) spectrum to determine blood glucose level non-invasively (i, e. without giving any sample of blood). Ultra-wideband technology for the Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is an important technology due to its advantages in sensing and communication for biomedical applications. The proposed system consists of a piece of microwave resonator that can be placed on the arm of the patient. Then, the first frequency resonance of the sensor is modifying because of many changes are calculated in dielectric blood permittivity and frequency value transferred from the sensor. Relationship between the frequency response and the changing in blood permittivity is observed. This may result in a measurement phase in which the Blood Glucose Level present has a relation with the frequency response value of the sensor. This system showed a clear and accurate outcome. Besides, it is easy to use by patient himself in any time with multiple use without exchanging any part of it, and safe because no taking any drop of blood just put the sensor in touch with patient’s skin without pains, and low cost compared with other methods that measure the glucose level.
Detection, Isolation, and Diagnosis of PCG Diseases
Authors: Abed Wesam Samer , Fayadh Rashid Ali 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The phonocardiography signal (PCG) is an important part of reflecting the activities and activities of the main valves in the heart (Aortic valve, Pulmonic valve, Tricuspid valve, and Mitral valve). Where the heart is considered to be in mechanically part movement and as a result of blood flow through the valves with also the blockage and opening of the valves produce the sound of the heart (PCG). The doctor listens to this sound of PCG through a stethoscope and the diagnosis is made clinically, then the patient is referred to an echocardiogram to confirm the activities of the heart valves. The signals of PCG are analysed by passing through multi-resolution analysis (MRS) in the wavelet packet tree. The extracted information from WPT-Tree at the third level of decomposition is a tool for analysis. Finally, entropy value was calculated at a third level decomposition and diagnosis by the artificial neural network. The important advance that used max bit rate of 200 KHz and 24-bit resolution. In addition to the diagnosis of ten disease cases, work was done to diagnose heart disease in an normal and abnormal state. Where the maximum frequency rate is 94 KHz and is used multi tools and multi algorithms for analysis and classification.
Video Magnification Techniques: Medical Applications and Comparison of Methods
Authors: Mohsen Mohammed Sameer , Fakhri Ahmed Bashar , Ahmed Nibras Mahmood , Mahmood Mustafa F. , Mohammed Saleem Latteef 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The unassisted visual system cannot note minute temporal variations in video and image sequences. In many applications, these differences and small signals are highly informative. A new technique used to expose video variations by measuring and amplifying video variations over time in a fixed position (pixel) was used to Eulerian video magnification (EVM). The objective of the study is to investigate and evaluate different processes for the creation and testing of EVM techniques and video quality parameters for each one of those methods. This research employed four new methods; EVM, Riesz pyramid for fast phase-based video magnification (FPBM), phase-based video magnification (PBM), and Enhanced Eulerian video magnification (E2VM). The experimental findings compared with their output for certain enlargement methods; time and quality parameters of image. A new magnification method is required based on the study of the exiting methods, which takes account of noise elimination, video quality and time reduction.
Computer Vision for Jaundice Detection in Neonates Using Graphic User Interface
Authors: Hashim Warqaa , Al-Naji Ali , Al-Rayahi Izzat A. , Oudah Munir 
Published: July 2021

Title
Physiological jaundice occurs in the first week of life in newborns due to the increase in bilirubin level which in turn leads to yellowish discolouration of skin and sclera. Sever jaundice and toxic level of bilirubin can cause brain damage as bilirubin exists in the central nervous systems. Invasive blood sampling is the optimum method to measure bilirubin level; however, it is painful and stressful for the neonate, and it may cause blood loss and can lead to anaemia, especially when repeated blood tests are required. In addition, blood tests expose the infant to the risk of infections. Moreover, invasive tests are time-consuming as their results are not immediate. Due to all the problems mentioned earlier, this paper proposes a new system for jaundice detection that is based on skin colour analysis. The proposed system uses a digital camera as a colour based screening tool as it is affordable, objective, ubiquitous, and less painful to infants. Based on the analysis obtained from the captured images, jaundice was detected and estimated, opening the door for further case studies in medical applications, especially in diagnosis, monitoring patient’s health, and supplying active treatment.
Evaluation of the reasons of delay for construction projects under terrorism risk
Authors: Aljawad R H , Mahmood W , Razzooqee J R 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
One of the most common issues in the construction industry is the delay problem. The majority of the researchers have been focused to study the delay reasons in the implementation phase while few of them adopted to discuss the delay reasons for the early phases for the project planning and design phases. Therefore, this paper aims to study the reasons of the project delay in the planning and design phases as well as the implementation phase during the period of terrorism. A questionnaire included the delay reasons for the three phases that have been sent to the questioners of engineers who are working in the public and private Iraqi construction industry. The valid responses have been tested using Chi-Square Test to indicate the validity and reliability of the results and the relative importance index (RII) to show the average repetition of delay happening. The results showed that the main direct reason causes a delay in the planning phase is the unavailability of the fundamental data for the. Whereas, projects the design phase the analysis of the questionnaire results specified the owner’s financial issues was the significant delay reason. Moreover, the most effective delay’s reason in the implementation phase is the terrorist acts and cut off roads.
Compaction characteristics of natural cohesive subgrade soil stabilized with local sustainable materials
Authors: Al-Naje Farah Qais , Abed Alaa Hussain , Al-Taie Abbas J 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In traditional road construction, the most common source materials for roadbed layers are the borrow pits. During the construction process, the source’s materials, excavation, loading, and handling have been considered significant factors on total construction cost. Improving the geotechnical properties of the locally available source materials using the waste materials of the local industry (as additives) is helped in avoiding undesirable additional costs in the field construction. The present paper explains the results of an experimental study of compaction characteristics for subgrade material of districts of Baghdad, Iraq with two different types of local byproduct materials “cement dust and fly ash materials,”. The selected soil, cement dust, and fly ash mixtures were made ready for use in the laboratory, and the mixtures’ compaction properties were investigated. Both light and heavy manual compaction tests were carried out and compared. The effect of selected stabilizers on the compaction behavior of the subgrade soil was determined to obtain the optimal values of stabilizer materials. The finding of this paper indicates that the compaction characteristics and behavior of the subgrade soil greatly depend on the type of additives used. However, the subgrade stabilization with local byproduct materials is beneficial from economic and environmental points of view.
Evaluation of The Effect of Gradation on Mechanical properties of Stone Mastic Asphalt Mixtures
Authors: Tayh Sady Abd , Alghrery Haneen Saadi Jassim 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
For stone mastic asphalt (SMA) mixtures, the aggregate gradation is the significant requirement to achieve the best structural design. In this research, an attempt to evaluate the effect of nominal maximum aggregate size (NMAS) and gradation on SMA volumetric and mechanical properties. Samples for each mixture were designed and fabricated according to NAPA specifications. A total of 9 SMA mixtures with three NMASs, each with three different aggregate gradations, one asphalt binder (styrene butadiene styrene SBS) modified binder were studied. Volumetric analysis of specimens revealed that the voids in the mineral aggregate (VMA), and voids filled with asphalt (VFA) rise with a reduction in NMAS. SMA samples with higher NMAS have lower optimum asphalt than those of lower NMAS. From the laboratory study, SMA mixes fabricated utilizing the upper limit of gradation showed the highest mechanical properties in terms of Marshall Stability and indirect tensile strength. It was recorded also that the SMA mixtures with larger NMAS had higher ITS and Marshall stability contrasted to the others. This improvement could be because of the larger portion of coarse aggregate in the SMA mixture.
Functional flexibility as a criticism mechanism in contemporary architecture”
Authors: Almajidi Basim Hasan , Marqus Raneen Wisam , Mudhaffar Yacoub Ghada 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
With the beginning of the emergence of modernity, the concept of functional flexibility emerged from the perspective of the possibility of modification and fragmentation within the internal spaces exclusively by adopting the principle of the structural network in its projects. Adapting spaces to everything that is new today can match technological progress within the levels of form, mass and space, and thus architectural schools and government gave institutions the flexibility in the importance of evaluating and criticizing architectural designs in the stages of architecture and competitions. The mechanisms, objectives and results that have been implemented are still unclear, by adopting the goal of flexibility in architecture, as an organized characteristic that stems from the basis of thought that influences in one way or another the nature of the utilitarian relationship. To evaluate projects and find a better alternative, commensurate with time, to the space infrastructure capable of adapting to different conditions). Accordingly, a set of previous studies and examples were analyzed by adopting functional flexibility as a criticism mechanism, and a set of evaluation strategies and characteristics were identified, and the criteria used in such type of projects that need to be expanded in the future were determined. The tool has been tested in a range of projects. It is chosen for each level of flexibility (flexibility at the internal level without change or addition in the main building block, in addition to the building blocks with the intent of functional expansion and at the level of functional change used by the entire building). In addition to the influence of block shape (geometric, organic, crumbly blocks) with functional flexibility, to derive important recommendations for the designer and evaluator.
Benefit and Challenge of Integrating BIM With GIS In Iraqi Construction Projects
Authors: Yousif Asmaa N. , Burhan Abbas M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Building management has become more complicated because there has been a growing number of people and Documentation involved. As a result, there can be several different formats and forms of information that need to be gathered, exchanged and recorded throughout the building process. That makes the need to develop the work of BIM and GIS together is very importance, when geographic information system (GIS) provides external modeling for city (map, geographic Information… etc.) and building information modeling (BIM) is providing internal modeling (3d modeling, material properties and its quantities, etc. for building. Also, GIS is an important tool for combining both spatial data and non-spatial data of the construction project in one environment. So, this study aims to highlight on these important techniques to interest from their features in the construction projects, in this paper shows the integration between BIM and GIS and shows benefit, challenge and motivation factor for adoption these techniques in Iraqi project sector. From the point of view, GIS will complement BIM to create a systemic platform for building management.
Effect of sodium silicate on the unconfined compressive strength of sand dune
Authors: Emad Evan , Ahmed Mahmood D. , Sheikha Ammar A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Sand dunes are spread in multiple places in the world especially in a desert area as a result of economic development and construction processes, there was a need to study the behavior of sand dunes and make it suitable for construction. This paper aims to study the effect of adding sodium silicate on the cohesion strength of sand dune and its behavior. The results show that the cohesion strength increase as a percentage of sodium silicate increase (addition 8% Sodium silicate show the higher cohesion) and the cohesion between sand dune particles increase excepted when using 10% sodium silicate the cohesion began to decrease. However, the effect of curing time is significant and shows that as the curing time increases the cohesion strength of sand dune increases.