bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A narrative review of therapies for scalp dermatomyositis
Authors: Kolla Avani M. , Liu Lynn , Shaw Katharina , Shapiro Jerry , Femia Alisa , Lo Sicco Kristen 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCutaneous involvement of the scalp is a common manifestation of dermatomyositis (DM), occurring in up to 82% of adults with DM. Scalp DM predominantly affects women and is characterized by dermatitis, alopecia, pruritus, and/or burning. While cutaneous DM negatively impacts quality‐of‐life, scalp symptoms in particular are often severe, debilitating, and recalcitrant to standard DM therapies. Currently, there is a paucity of guidelines to inform management of scalp symptoms in patients with cutaneous DM. In this narrative review, we summarize the treatments utilized to manage scalp DM and highlight potential areas for future research. We identified eight studies that reported on 27 treatments focused on cutaneous DM and described outcomes on scalp symptoms. A majority of the treatments were standard therapies for cutaneous DM and resulted in no or minimal improvement in scalp symptoms. Five therapies did result in complete resolution of scalp symptoms and were recommended as potential areas of future research. These included low‐dose naltrexone and platelet‐rich plasma, as well as two frequent and one less common therapy for cutaneous DM respectively: intravenous immunoglobulin, rituximab, and apremilast. Though the literature was not systematically assessed in this review, these findings illustrate not only that strategies for refractory scalp DM are lacking, but also that those demonstrating potential efficacy are limited by low levels of evidence. Additional studies, especially randomized controlled trials, are needed to better inform management of scalp DM.
Debulking followed by intralesional 5‐fluorouracil for the treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and keratoacanthoma: A retrospective analysis
Authors: Hamad Judy , Jolly Puneet S. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDebulking followed by intralesional 5‐fluorouracil (deb‐IL5FU) is a nonsurgical modality which has been used to treat skin cancer anecdotally for many years. There are few in depth studies examining this technique and success rate of intralesional 5‐fluorouracil (IL5FU) for the treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). To evaluate the response rate of deb‐IL5FU for the treatment of cSCC and to determine which patient factors were associated with tumor clearance or treatment failure. A retrospective chart analysis of patients with the diagnosis of cSCC or keratoacanthoma (KA) and subsequent deb‐IL5FU treatment. Sixty‐one patients with a total of 315 tumors (cSCC and KA), were treated using deb‐IL5FU. The overall tumor clearance rate was 89%. This was highest for well‐differentiated SCC, SCC, KA‐type SCC, and KA. Tumors on the trunk and extremities showed high clearance rates while tumors on the scalp/face/neck/ears showed lower clearance rates. Immunocompetent patients cleared more tumors compared to immunocompromised patients. Limitations included the retrospective nature of this analysis as well as a small sample size. Treatment of cSCC and KA with deb‐IL5FU demonstrated high tumor clearance rates. Lower rates of clearance were seen in males, immunosuppressed patients, tumors located on the scalp and face/neck/ears.
Intensity patterns at the peaks of brain activity in fMRI and PET are highly correlated with neural models of spatial integration
Authors: Sadoun Amirouche , Chauhan Tushar , Zhang Yi Fan , Gallois Yohan , Marx Mathieu , Deguine Olivier , Barone Pascal , Strelnikov Kuzma 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSpatial integration during the brain's cognitive activity prompts changes in energy used by different neuroglial populations. Nevertheless, the organisation of such integration in 3D ‐brain activity remains undescribed from a quantitative standpoint. In response, we applied a cross‐correlation between brain activity and integrative models, which yielded a deeper understanding of information integration in functional brain mapping. We analysed four datasets obtained via fundamentally different neuroimaging techniques (functional magnetic resonance imaging [fMRI] and positron emission tomography [PET]) and found that models of spatial integration with an increasing input to each step of integration were significantly more correlated with brain activity than models with a constant input to each step of integration. In addition, marking the voxels with the maximal correlation, we found exceptionally high intersubject consistency with the initial brain activity at the peaks. Our method demonstrated for the first time that the network of peaks of brain activity is organised strictly according to the models of spatial integration independent of neuroimaging techniques. The highest correlation with models integrating an increasing at each step input suggests that brain activity reflects a network of integrative processes where the results of integration in some neuroglial populations serve as an input to other neuroglial populations.
The Aristotelian understanding of intellectual vice: Its significance for contemporary vice epistemology
Authors: Kotsonis Alkis 
Published: September 2021

AbstractContemporary scholars working in vice epistemology attribute a motivational approach to the Aristotelian understanding of intellectual vice. My aim in this article is to show that this is not an accurate interpretation of the Aristotelian position. Toward this end, I discuss Aristotle's account of the intellectual virtues of (a) intelligence and (b) comprehension as well as their corresponding vices. In opposition to the claims of several contemporary vice epistemologists, I show that Aristotle had an obstructivist view of vice that focused on their consequences. I argue that this realization can be of significant import to contemporary vice epistemology.
Addition of sorptive mineral phases to soils decreases short‐term organic matter decomposition by reducing microbial access to substrates
Authors: Nuñez Jonathan , Moinet Gabriel Y. K. , Graham Scott L. , Turnbull Matthew H. , Grelet Gwen‐Aëlle , Whitehead David 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThere is increasing evidence that the accessibility of soil organic matter (SOM) to microbial decomposers is more important than chemical recalcitrance for regulating SOM stability. We show that the rapid reduction in SOM decomposition following the addition of sorptive mineral phases to soils in laboratory conditions leads to decreased accessibility of SOM to microbial decomposers due to the formation of organo‐mineral complexes. We manipulated SOM accessibility in a short‐term microcosm experiment by adding different proportions of a sorptive mineral material derived from an aluminium‐rich allophanic soil to a constant mass of soil to determine the effects on SOM decomposition after 1, 4 and 8 days. The decrease in SOM decomposition with increasing proportion of added sorptive mineral phase occurred within 1 day and did not change further at 4 and 8 days. In a second experiment, we added three proportions of the sorptive mineral phases (0%, 15% and 50%) to three soils with different carbon (C) concentrations and measured rates of SOM decomposition, changes in water extractable C, the formation of organo‐mineral complexes inferred from pyrophosphate‐extractable aluminium, and the natural abundance 13C isotopic composition of CO2 derived from SOM decomposition. We confirmed that the proportional decreases in SOM decomposition with increasing organo‐mineral complexes and decreasing microbial access to SOM was the same for the three soils, suggesting that the effects are independent of soil C concentration and pH. We also showed that the short‐term reductions in SOM accessibility led to microbial decomposition of more 13C enriched substrates, suggesting preferential stabilisation of plant‐derived (13C depleted) substrates. Our study demonstrated that SOM accessibility and decomposition could be reduced rapidly and proportionally to the amount of added sorptive mineral phases resulting from increased organo‐mineral interactions irrespective of the initial soil organic carbon concentration.Highlights
Addition of sorptive mineral phases reduced short‐term soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition by the same proportion for three soils.
Relatively 13C depleted SOM was preferentially adsorbed onto the mineral phases.
The reduction in SOM decomposition was attributed to reduced microbial access due to increased organo‐mineral interactions.
The effects occurred rapidly and proportionally to the amount of added sorptive mineral phases.
Fine‐scale population fragmentation of a grassland butterfly Plebejus argyrognomon inhabiting agricultural field margin and riverbank in rural landscapes
Authors: Miyashita Tadashi , Matsui Fuga , Deto Hidenori , Imai Tatsuya , Kondo Natsuko I. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractEvaluating the spatial genetic structure of rare species is important because it could provide information on the degree of habitat fragmentation and effective population size that are necessary for conservation planning. We examined the genetic structure of the grassland butterfly Plebejus argyrognomon that has severely declined in recent decades using single nucleotide polymorphisms obtained by the MIG‐seq method. The study region was in the southern Ina Basin located in central Japan, where P. argyrognomon inhabits grasslands in agricultural field margin as well as in riverbank. We found a positive association between genetic and geographic distances, but the pattern was nonlinear, with little change in genetic distance above 12 km. The genetic differentiation was considerable, as demonstrated by FST and Structure. Moreover, genetic diversity was positively associated with habitat connectivity index, suggesting severe genetic drift in isolated populations. Comparing two habitat types, the genetic structure tended to be similar among agricultural field margin populations while dissimilar among riverbank populations, suggesting frequent gene flow in the former. Coupled with the presence of many habitat patches in agricultural field margin, we consider that agricultural field margin populations in the northern part of the study sites appear valuable to ensure long‐term persistence of the regional P. argyrognomon population.
“I don't have much of a choice”: Low‐income single mothers' COVID‐19 school and care decisions
Authors: Radey Melissa , Langenderfer‐Magruder Lisa , Brown Speights Joedrecka 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis study used a preferences and constraints framework to understand mothers' decision‐making processes around childcare and schooling during the COVID‐19 pandemic and how socioeconomic context contribute to these decisions.BackgroundDespite potential long‐standing consequences of school decision making during the COVID‐19 pandemic, we know little about how parents consider childcare and education options during these times. And, these decisions are particularly important for single mothers in resource‐scarce environments whose children benefit disproportionately from appropriate care and education.MethodThis study used qualitative data gathered from semistructured interviews with low‐income, single mothers (N = 34).ResultsApproximately half of mothers selected home‐based care while the other half selected site‐based care. Findings suggest that mothers made decisions largely on the basis of constraints—safety or financial need. Given high levels of fear and system mistrust, Black mothers more commonly selected home‐based care than White mothers.ConclusionThe COVID‐19 pandemic seems to exacerbate the restricted childcare calculus of low‐income mothers.ImplicationsPartnering with communities and disseminating accurate information, particularly in Black communities, is critical for establishing trust and positioning low‐income single mothers to make current care and education decisions, as well as future decisions, such as vaccination decisions.
Disturbance frequency, intensity and forest structure modulate cyclone‐induced changes in mangrove forest canopy cover
Authors: Peereman Jonathan , Hogan J. Aaron , Lin Teng‐Chiu 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAimTropical cyclones are large‐scale disturbances that can shape the structure and dynamics of mangrove forests. Although tropical cyclone activity overlaps extensively with the latitudinal distribution of mangrove forests, the relationships between cyclone intensity and frequency and mangrove forest canopy damage and recovery are not understood at the global scale. Using remote sensing data, we examined how mangrove forest structure, climate and cyclone characteristics influence canopy cover loss and recovery dynamics.LocationGlobal tropics.Time period2000–2020.Major taxa studiedMangrove trees.MethodsUsing two satellite‐derived vegetation indices (the enhanced vegetation index and the normalized difference infrared index) from 86 cyclones affecting 56 mangrove sites across the globe, we quantified mangrove canopy loss in relationship to cyclones. Using linear regression and variance decomposition, we identified and ranked significant predictors of cyclone‐induced canopy loss and recovery.ResultsThree‐quarters of the studied cyclone disturbances resulted in canopy damage. Stands exposed to high wind speeds and those close to the cyclone paths were more severely damaged, whereas lower damage magnitudes were found in sites with greater past cyclone frequency. Canopy damage was greater in tall mangrove stands but decreased with higher aboveground biomass. The distance from the cyclone path and maximum wind speed were the most important factors, representing > 50% of the explained variation in cyclone damage. There was considerable variation in canopy damage among cyclones, but rates of recovery were similar across all mangrove sites, with the main predictor of recovery time being the degree of canopy loss.Main conclusionsOur results suggest that the resistance of mangrove canopy cover to cyclone disturbance is variably tuned to the cyclone regime and vegetation characteristics, but resilience is inherent to the magnitude of canopy damage because the rate of forest canopy recovery appears to be consistent globally.
Rural centralized residence and labor migration: Evidence from China
Authors: Liu Zhong , Zhou Zuanjiu 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe rural centralized residence (RCR), a policy that guides rural households to reside in centralized residential communities or central villages, has been widely implemented in China and other developing countries to promote rural development. RCR can effectively improve local public facilities and stimulate more local business opportunities, thus affecting the migration decisions of rural household members. Using a large household‐level survey data set from Sichuan province, China, we estimated the causal effects of RCR on rural labor migration via the instrumental variable approach while controlling for the within‐town contiguous‐villages group fixed effects. We found that on average the proportion of household members that are migrant workers decreases by 17.2 percentage points if households choose to embrace RCR. Additional analyses on the mechanisms indicate that RCR increases local employment opportunities, decreases search and transportation expenses for local jobs, and leads to increased satisfaction with local supporting facilities.
Rural e‐commerce in China: Spatial dynamics of Taobao Villages development in Zhejiang Province
Authors: Lin Juan , Li Han , Lin Mingshui , Li Chuhai 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe fast‐growing e‐commerce has dramatically changed the economic structure of China's rural area. As a unique example, Taobao Villages present a brand‐new model to adopt globalization's penetration to achieve rural–urban integration and rural revitalization for developing countries. This study analyzes the spatial trajectory and dynamics of the Taobao Villages development in Zhejiang Province during 2014–2020. We found that these villages were expanding toward the downtown areas of cities, which led to a new pattern of urban–rural division. By constructing panel regression models, we further found that orthodox location factors such as land cost, transportation, and agglomeration played a dominant role in villages' spatial expansion and growth. Regional factors like industrial foundation and labor were also important. These findings suggest that the Taobao Villages in Zhejiang have been upgraded from isolated workshops in rural areas to small manufacturers' clusters and further incorporated into the global urban economy. To better guide and coordinate the development of Taobao Villages, local governments might need to construct e‐commerce parks to achieve an agglomeration economy and industrial upgrading.
Rapid conservation evidence for the impact of sheep grazing on a threatened digger wasp
Authors: Batsleer Femke , Van Uytvanck Jan , Lamaire Johan , Maes Dirk , Bonte Dries 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Insect populations show strong temporal fluctuations in abundance. This renders classical monitoring studies extremely difficult to provide insights into specific management actions. For rare species of conservation concern, it is not an option to develop large scale experiments to assess and steer landscape‐level actions such as grazing management.
Bembix rostrata (Linnaeus, 1758) is a threatened digger wasp from coastal dunes and inland sandy regions occurring in a limited number of populations in NW Europe. Since coastal dunes are rapidly being encroached by bushes, grazing management (cattle, sheep, and horses) has been implemented to keep this biotope open.
In order to provide insights for local evidence based conservation, a BACI (before/after and control/impact) experiment was set up to assess the impact of sheep grazing on B. rostrata. We quantified the number of nests during 3 years at two grazed sites and a control‐site excluded from grazing. We additionally assessed grazing pressure.
The BACI design allowed us to directly adjust the current grazing management. The implemented sheep grazing reduced densities of B. rostrata, but did not lead to its local extinction. We discuss these findings in relation to the biology of the species.
Our efficient and effective experimental design allowed a fast assessment of the current grazing management and showed that spatially heterogeneous sheep grazing could be used as a management tool to ensure the conservation of the emblematic digger wasp B. rostrata.
The role of cystatin C in multiple myeloma
Authors: Zhang Jie , Jiang Yijing , Guo Dan , Liu Hai yan , Hong Lemin , Qi Jing , Huang Hongming 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIntroductionRenal insufficiency is one of the common complications in multiple myeloma (MM) and an independent factor indicating a poor prognosis. Cystatin C (Cys C) is considered to be expected to replace creatinine to calculate glomerular filtration rate due to its own characteristics. Gene expression analysis suggested that cystatin C is up‐regulated nearly 50‐fold in patients with multiple myeloma.MethodsTo further clarify the role of cystatin C in multiple myeloma, we retrospectively evaluated pretreatment cystatin C levels in 195 newly diagnosed patients through statistical analysis.ResultsThe elevation of serum cystatin C was positively related to the elevation of serum creatinine (P < .001), LDH (P = .006), β2‐microglobulin (P < .001), bone marrow plasma cell proportion (P = .005) and the reduction of hemoglobin levels (P < .001). Patients with serum cystatin C levels >1.6 mg/L had a significantly shorter progression‐free survival (PFS) or overall survival (OS) than patients with serum cystatin C levels <1.6 mg/L (median PFS: median unreached vs 16.7 months, P < .001; median OS: 68 months vs 42 months, P = .014). Although serum cystatin C is not an independent prognostic factor of OS and PFS in patients with multiple myeloma, serum cystatin C can be considered as a sensitive indicator to differentiate well OS and PFS in the group of ISS II patients.ConclusionSerum cystatin C is associated with tumor burden of multiple myeloma and cystatin C can further differentiate the prognosis of ISS II patients. More prospective studies are required to explore the role of serum cystatin C in multiple myeloma.
Cis‐regulatory elements of the cholinergic gene locus in the silkworm Bombyx mori
Authors: Banzai K. , Izumi S. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractGenes of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter are encoded in the same gene locus, called the cholinergic gene locus. They are essential in cholinergic neurons to maintain their functional phenotype. The genomic structure of the cholinergic gene locus is conserved among invertebrates to mammals. However, the cholinergic gene expression in a specific subset of neurons is unknown in insects except for Drosophila melanogaster. In this study, we analysed the upstream sequence of cholinergic gene locus in the silkworm Bombyx mori to identify specific cis‐regulatory regions. We found multiple enhancer regions that are localized within 1 kb upstream of the cholinergic gene locus. The combination of promoter assays using small deletions and bioinformatic analysis among insect species illuminates two conserved sequences in the cis‐regulatory region: TGACGTA and CCAAT, which are known as the cAMP response element and CAAT box, respectively. We found that dibutyryl‐cAMP, an analogue of cAMP, influences the expression of ChAT in B. mori. Tissue‐specific expression analysis of transcriptional factors identified potential candidates that control the cholinergic gene locus expression. Our investigation provides new insight into the regulation mechanism of cholinergic neuron‐specific gene machinery in this lepidopteran insect.
Cell‐intrinsic and ‐extrinsic roles of miRNAs in regulating T cell immunity
Authors: Cho Sunglim , Dong Jiayi , Lu Li‐Fan 
Published: September 2021

SummaryT cells are crucial to generate an effective response against numerous invading microbial pathogens and play a pivotal role in tumor surveillance and elimination. However, unwanted T cell activation can also lead to deleterious immune‐mediated inflammation and tissue damage. To ensure that an optimal T cell response can be established, each step, beginning from T cell development in the thymus to their activation and function in the periphery, is tightly regulated by many transcription factors and epigenetic regulators including microRNAs (miRNAs). Here, we first summarize recent progress in identifying major immune regulatory miRNAs in controlling the differentiation and function of distinct T cell subsets. Moreover, as emerging evidence has demonstrated that miRNAs can impact T cell immunity through targeting both immune‐ and non‐immune cell populations that T cells closely interact with, the T cell‐extrinsic role of miRNAs in regulating different aspects of T cell biology is also addressed. Finally, we discuss the complex nature of miRNA‐mediated control of T cell immunity and highlight important questions that remain to be further investigated.