bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predisposing Variations in Fear-Related Brain Networks Prospectively Predict Fearful Feelings during the 2019 Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic
Authors: Feng Pan , Chen Zhiyi , Becker Benjamin , Liu Xiqin , Zhou Feng , He Qinghua , Qiu Jiang , Lei Xu , Chen Hong , Feng Tingyong 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a surge in mental distress and fear-related disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Fear-related disorders are characterized by dysregulations in fear and the associated neural pathways. In the present study, we examined whether individual variations in the fear neural connectome can predict fear-related symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using machine learning algorithms and back-propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) deep learning algorithms, we demonstrated that the intrinsic neural connectome before the COVID-19 pandemic could predict who would develop high fear-related symptoms at the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in China (Accuracy rate = 75.00%, Sensitivity rate = 65.83%, Specificity rate = 84.17%). More importantly, prediction models could accurately predict the level of fear-related symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic by using the prepandemic connectome state, in which the functional connectivity of lvmPFC (left ventromedial prefrontal cortex)—rdlPFC (right dorsolateral), rdACC (right dorsal anterior cingulate cortex)—left insula, lAMY (left amygdala)—lHip (left hippocampus) and lAMY—lsgACC (left subgenual cingulate cortex) was contributed to the robust prediction. The current study capitalized on prepandemic data of the neural connectome of fear to predict participants who would develop high fear-related symptoms in COVID-19 pandemic, suggesting that individual variations in the intrinsic organization of the fear circuits represent a neurofunctional marker that renders subjects vulnerable to experience high levels of fear during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Synapses from the Motor Cortex and a High-Order Thalamic Nucleus are Spatially Clustered in Proximity to Each Other in the Distal Tuft Dendrites of Mouse Somatosensory Cortex
Authors: Kim Nari , Bahn Sangkyu , Choi Joon Ho , Kim Jinseop S , Rah Jong-Cheol 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus (POm) and vibrissal primary motor cortex (vM1) convey essential information to the barrel cortex (S1BF) regarding whisker position and movement. Therefore, understanding the relative spatial relationship of these two inputs is a critical prerequisite for acquiring insights into how S1BF synthesizes information to interpret the location of an object. Using array tomography, we identified the locations of synapses from vM1 and POm on distal tuft dendrites of L5 pyramidal neurons where the two inputs are combined. Synapses from vM1 and POm did not show a significant branchlet preference and impinged on the same set of dendritic branchlets. Within dendritic branches, on the other hand, the two inputs formed robust spatial clusters of their own type. Furthermore, we also observed POm clusters in proximity to vM1 clusters. This work constitutes the first detailed description of the relative distribution of synapses from POm and vM1, which is crucial to elucidate the synaptic integration of whisker-based sensory information.
Factors Associated With Hearing Aid Use Among Medicare Beneficiaries
Authors: Assi Lama , Reed Nicholas S , Nieman Carrie L , Willink Amber 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background and Objectives
In the United States, up to two-thirds of older adults have hearing loss. Untreated hearing loss can have significant health outcomes, yet less than 20% of adults with hearing loss use hearing aids. In this study, we examined potential factors associated with hearing aid use, including detailed measures of health status, access to care, patient engagement, and technology use, in a nationally representative sample of Medicare beneficiaries.

Research Design and Methods
Cross-sectional study using the 2017 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey. Participants with self-reported hearing loss were included. The primary outcome was hearing aid use. Factors potentially associated with hearing aid use included: sociodemographics, health determinants, access to care, patient activation, and technology access/use.

Results
Overall, 5,146 participants were included. Of them, 27% reported using hearing aids. In a multivariable logistic regression model, predisposing factors associated with greater odds of hearing aid use included older age, identifying as a man, identifying as White, having completed college, having 3 or more chronic conditions, having dementia, not having trouble seeing, not having limitations in activities of daily living, having moderate relative to low information-seeking scores, and having a personal computer at home (range of odds ratios [ORs]: 1.22–4.46). Enabling factors associated with greater odds of hearing aid use included higher income, living alone relative to living with family members other than a spouse, and having a usual source of care (range of ORs: 1.43–1.54).

Discussion and Implications
In addition to addressing previously identified factors associated with hearing aid use, improving access to health care, technology, and information about hearing aids may improve the uptake of hearing aids. These findings help further inform our understanding on how to address low treatment levels of hearing loss in the community by identifying new populations to target and potentially modifiable risk factors for hearing aid use.
Preparation and biological activities of anti-HER2 monoclonal antibodies with multibranched complex-typeN-glycans
Authors: Takashima Shou , Kurogochi Masaki , Tsukimura Wataru , Mori Masako , Osumi Kenji , Sugawara Shu-ichi , Amano Junko , Mizuno Mamoru , Takada Yoshio , Matsuda Akio 
Published: June 2021

AbstractImmunoglobulin G (IgG) has a conserved N-glycosylation site at Asn297 in the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region. Previous studies have shown that N-glycosylation of this site is a critical mediator of the antibody’s effector functions, such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. While the N-glycan structures attached to the IgG-Fc region are generally heterogenous, IgGs engineered to be homogenously glycosylated with functional N-glycans may improve the efficacy of antibodies. The major glycoforms of the N-glycans on the IgG-Fc region are bi-antennary complex-type N-glycans, while multibranched complex-type N-glycans are not typically found. However, IgGs with tri-antennary complex-type N-glycans have been generated using the N-glycan remodeling technique, suggesting that more branched N-glycans might be artificially attached. At present, little is known about the properties of these IgGs. In this study, IgGs with multibranched N-glycans on the Fc region were prepared by using a combination of the glycosynthase/oxazoline substrate-based N-glycan remodeling technique and successive reactions with glycosyltransferases. Among the IgGs produced by these methods, the largest N-glycan attached was a bisecting N-acetylglucosamine containing a sialylated penta-antennary structure. Concerning the Fc-mediated effector functions, the majority of IgGs with tri- and tetra-antennary N-glycans on their Fc region showed properties similar to IgGs with ordinary bi-antennary N-glycans.
Growth performance and gut health of Escherichia coli–challenged weaned pigs fed canola meal-containing diet
Authors: Hong Jinsu , Ariyibi Samuel , Antony Linto , Scaria Joy , Dilberger-Lawson Steven , Francis David , Woyengo Tofuko Awori 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of including canola meal (CM) in diets for weaning pigs challenged with a F18 strain of Escherichia coli on growth performance and gut health. A total of 36 individually housed weaned pigs (initial body weight [BW] = 6.22 kg) were randomly allotted to one of the three diets (12 pigs/diet). The three diets were corn–soybean meal (SBM)-based basal diet (control diet) and the basal diet with 0.3% zinc oxide, 0.2% chlortetracycline, and 0.2% tiamulin (antibiotic diet) or with 20% CM diet. The diets were fed in two phases: Phase 1: days 0 to 7 and Phase 2: days 7 to 20. All pigs were given an oral dose of 2 × 109 CFU of F18 strain of E. coli on day 7. Fecal score was assessed daily throughout the trial. Dietary antibiotics increased (P &lt; 0.05) overall average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) compared by 48% and 47%, respectively. Dietary CM increased (P &lt; 0.05) overall ADG and ADFI by 22% and 23%, respectively; but the ADG and ADFI values for CM-containing diet did not reach those for the antibiotics-containing diet. Dietary antibiotics reduced (P &lt; 0.05) fecal score; however, dietary CM unaffected fecal score. Dietary antibiotics decreased (P &lt; 0.05) liver weight per unit live BW by 16% at day 20, whereas dietary CM did not affect liver weight per unit live BW (29.2 vs. 28.6). Also, dietary antibiotics increased (P &lt; 0.05) serum triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine levels for day 14, whereas dietary CM did not affect the serum level of these hormones. Dietary antibiotics reduced (P &lt; 0.05) the number white blood cells and neutrophils by 38% and 43% at day 20, respectively, whereas dietary CM tended to reduce (P = 0.09) the number white blood cells by 19% at day 20. The number white blood cells for CM diet tended to be greater (P &lt; 0.10) than that for antibiotics diet. The dietary antibiotics decreased (P &lt; 0.05) the concentration of individual volatile fatty acids and hence of total volatile fatty acid in cecum by 61% at day 20, whereas dietary CM decreased (P &lt; 0.05) cecal butyric acid concentration by 61% and tended to reduce (P &lt; 0.10) total volatile fatty acid concentration by 30% at day 20. In conclusion, the dietary inclusion of 20% CM improved ADG and tended to reduce white blood cell counts. Thus, inclusion of CM in antibiotics-free corn-SBM-based diets for weaned pigs that are challenged with F18 strain of E. coli can result in their improved performance partly through a reduction of the inflammatory response.
Labral reconstruction with polyurethane implant
Authors: Tey-Pons Marc , Capurro Bruno , Torres-Eguia Raúl , Marqués-López Fernando , Leon-García Alfonso , Marín-Peña Oliver 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Surgical treatment of labral injuries has shifted from debridement to preservation over the past decades. Primary repair and secondary augmentation or reconstruction techniques are aimed at restoring the labral seal and preserving or improving contact mechanics. Currently, the standard of care for non-repairable tears favours the use of auto- or allografts. As an alternative, we present our initial experience using a synthetic, off-the-shelf polyurethane scaffold for augmentation and reconstruction of segmental labral tissue loss or irreparable labral damage. Three patients aged 37–44 (two male, one female) with femoroacetabular impingement without associated dysplasia (Wiberg &gt; 25°) or osteoarthritis (Tönnis &lt;2) were included in this series. Labral reconstruction (one case) and augmentation (two cases) were performed using a synthetic polyurethane scaffold developed for meniscal substitution (Actifit®, Orteq Ltd, London, UK) and adapted to the hip. Clinical results were analysed with patient-reported outcomes (PROMs) using non-arthritic hip score (NAHS) and daily live activities hip outcome score (DLA HOS) and magnetic resonance images (MRI) at 2- and 4-year follow-up. Clinically improvement was seen in all PROMs at 4 years. The NAHS scores improved from 57.7 to 82.3 (50.9% improvement) and HOS from 59 to 79.3 (35.3% improvement). Last follow-up MRIs confirmed the presence of the scaffold; however, the scaffold signal was still hyperintense compared to native labrum. There was no shrinkage in any scaffold and no progression to hip osteoarthritis seen. Reconstruction or augmentation of segmental labral defects with a polyurethane scaffold may be an effective procedure. At 4 years after implantation, our small cases series resulted in improved hip joint function, reduced pain and scaffold preservation on follow-up imaging.
Sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol synthase 1 impairs glycolipid accumulation and photosynthesis in phosphate-deprived rice
Authors: Sun Yafei , Song Ke , Liu Lu , Sun Lijuan , Qin Qin , Jiang Tingting , Zhou Bin , Zhu Caihua , Xu Guohua , Sun Shubin , Xue Yong 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Phosphate (Pi)-starved crops utilize phospholipids as a source for internal Pi supply by replacing non-phosphorus glycolipids. In rice, sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol synthase 1 (OsSQD1) functions as a key enzyme in the first step to catalyze sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) formation. Here we study differential expression of OsSQD1 in response to Pi, nitrogen, potassium, and iron-deficiencies in rice. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay suggested that OsSQD1 is regulated by OsPHR2 (Phosphate Starvation Response2), a MYB (v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog) domain-containing transcription factor. The concentrations of different lipid species in ossqd1 knockout mutant demonstrated that OsSQD1 silencing increased the phospholipid content and altered fatty acid composition under Pi-deficiency. Moreover, OsSQD1 silencing reduces glycolipid accumulation under Pi-deficiency, and triggered the saturation of fatty acids in phospholipids and glycolipids treated with different Pi regimes. Relative amounts of transcripts related to phospholipid degradation and glycolipid synthesis were assessed to explore the mechanism by which OsSQD1 exerts an effect on lipid homeostasis under P-deficiency. Furthermore, OsSQD1 silencing inhibited photosynthesis, especially under Pi-deficient conditions, by down-regulating glycolipids in rice shoots. Taken together, our study reveals that OsSQD1 plays a key role in lipid homeostasis, especially glycolipid accumulation under Pi-deficiency, which results in the inhibition of photosynthesis.
Introduction
Authors: d'Aspremont Jean 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter depicts the discursive splendour of customary international law, which is portrayed as a splendid mechanism by virtue of the sophisticated discursive performances it enables and demands. It introduces the success and plausibility of any argument about customary international law in international legal thought and practice that commonly hinge on a myriad of discursive performances. It also sheds light on the discursive splendour of a legal doctrine that is too often perceived as miserably simple, plain, or malfunctioning doctrine. The chapter provides an overview of the discursive performances of customary international law, which are construed as responses to the formal requirement of ascertaining the constitutive elements of customary international law. It elaborates how the customary international law provides international law with a law-creative process that is not dependent of the adoption of a formal written instrument.
The Custom-making Moment
Authors: d'Aspremont Jean 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter zeroes in on the postulation of a moment in the past where the social reality actually engendered the norm as the discursive performance that is required for customary international law to be grounded in social reality. It discusses the grounding of customary international law in a social reality captured through practice and opinio juris that can only be upheld if there was a moment in the past where the practice and opinio juris of states have coalesced in a way that generates customary international law. It also argues that the actual moment where social reality has engendered a customary norm is never established or traced but is always presupposed. The chapter points out that the moment customary international law is made is located neither in time nor in space. It elaborates how customary international law is presupposed to have been made through actors' behaviours at some given point in the past and in a given place.
Self-confirmation
Authors: d'Aspremont Jean 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter talks about the move into self-confirmation as one of the most central discursive performances witnessed in arguments about customary international law. It explains that self-confirmation refers to the fact that testing the customary character of a rule entails an identity-check whereby the 'outside' world is interrogated according to a predetermined standard. It also mentions ascertaining practice and opinio juris amounts to a process of verifying a pre-existing representation of practice and opinio juris that is postulated by the rule whose customary status is being tested, demonstrated, or contested. The chapter considers self-confirmation as a common feature of modern thinking. It elaborates on the concrete implications of the self-confirmation at the heart of any argument about the customary status of international legal rules.
A Feminist Appraisal of International Refugee Law
Authors: Anderson Adrienne , Foster Michelle 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter appraises the gendering of refugee law, examining both feminist scholarship on cases involving persecution of people for their non-conformity to stereotypical gender roles and wider questions related to refugee experiences. While there is an evident link between gender and sexual orientation/gender identity, it primarily focuses on the experiences of women. Due in large part to feminist advocacy and scholarship, the Refugee Convention now reflects gender concerns. However, the precise meaning and content of gender is arguably less understood, and the full implications of a gendered approach have not been implemented. Tracking both normative movement and physical/geographical movement of refugees, the chapter evaluates scholarship, policy, and law to assess whether refugee law has continued to interrogate and update its understanding of ‘gender’.
Regional Refugee Regimes
Authors: Arakaki Osamu , Song Lili 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The fives States and eight jurisdictions in East Asia are mostly densely populated and homogeneous, but are diverse in term of their political and legal systems, economic development and positions in relation to refugee movements. The region currently does not have its own regional arrangement relating to refugee protection or human rights. This chapter examines and compares aspects of the refugee protection system in East Asian States, focusing on China, Japan and South Korea, all of which are a party to the Refugee Convention and Protocol. It provides a brief history of refugee laws in these States, critically evaluates legal and policy measures they have taken to implement the Convention and Protocol and looks at the roles of the judiciary and civil society in refugee protection in these States. In conclusion, it outlines the areas of convergence and diversity of refugee protection system in these States as well as the implication of international refugee law in East Asia.
The Sharing of Responsibilities for the International Protection of Refugees
Authors: Garlick Madeline 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the principle and practice of responsibility-sharing amongst States, defined broadly as efforts to achieve a more equitable distribution of responsibilities to provide refugees with protection and solutions and of associated costs and benefits. It analyses the legal and conceptual underpinnings of the concept, its treatment in scholarship, and its increasing prominence in international declarations and discussions amongst States. The chapter also considers several initiatives at the international level, which have aimed to give it practical effect in contemporary refugee situations, including in Africa and the Americas, based on the Global Compact on Refugees. It further considers how this may provide a firmer normative and institutional basis for responsibility-sharing in the future.
There is increasing recognition that responsibility-sharing, involving more predictable, substantial, and systematic support to States hosting large refugee populations, is a necessary precondition to the continued effective functioning of the international protection system. The chapter maintains that, in addition to strengthened action by States, recognition is required of the role of other actors, including civil society and private entities, faith-based and other actors, as well as refugees themselves, whose engagement has potential further to strengthen responses to the needs of refugees, notably in large and protracted situations.
Extraterritorial Migration Control and Deterrence
Authors: Gammeltoft-Hansen Thomas , Tan Nikolas Feith 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Extraterritorial migration control represents a fundamental challenge to refugees’ ability to access asylum. The right to seek asylum, pivotal to the international protection of refugees, almost always requires that an asylum seeker reach a State’s territory to access protection. This chapter charts the emergence and evolution of different forms of extraterritorial migration control over the past three decades which render this access to protection increasingly dangerous and elusive. Equally, the chapter shows that international refugee law has not remained static in this period. From dynamic developments in the interpretation of key tenets of refugee law to the wider turn to international human rights law and litigation, refugee lawyers have consistently challenged restrictive developments in State practice. However, legal responses to extraterritorial migration control cannot stop here. This chapter sketches out a topographical approach to accountability, cutting across different legal regimes, different levels of national, transnational, regional, and international law, and different jurisdictions in both the Global North and the Global South, to confront the challenges thrown up by contemporary extraterritorial migration control and deterrence.
The Digital Transformation of Refugee Governance
Authors: Sandvik Kristin Bergtora 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter evaluates four selected issues arising from the digital transformation of refugee protection, in order to explore how this transformation shapes and challenges refugee law. It focuses on the following domains: UNHCR’s 2015 Data Protection Policy, a concept (legal identity), a platform (databases), and legal-bureaucratic processes (refugee status determination and resettlement procedures). Digital transformation generates new risks, in part because it is premised on a duty of refugee visibility. The chapter argues that international refugee law, conceptually and in practice, appears to be moving towards an idea of ‘algorithmic protection’. First, digitization and the integration of new technology create risks and harms that can compromise existing legal rights and procedural guarantees but also threaten the integrity of refugee protection in new ways. Secondly, algorithmic protection is a useful concept because the digital transformation of refugee protection means that the duty of visibility and acquiescence to become a data subject has become a requirement for being registered as a refugee, receiving aid (eg biometric banking), and having one’s claim for a durable solution processed.