bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Machining characteristics, wear and corrosion behavior of AZ91 magnesium alloy ‐ fly ash composites produced by friction stir processing
Authors: Patle H. , Sunil B.R. , Dumpala R. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn the present work, fine grained AZ91 magnesium alloy – fly ash composite has been successfully fabricated by friction stir processing. Microhardness measurements show marginally higher hardness with uniform distribution compared with the base material. No significant difference in the mean cutting force was observed during drilling of the base metal and the composite. However, lower cutting forces were recorded in the sub‐surface region of the composites. Interestingly, decreased corrosion resistance was noticed for the composite compared with the base material. Lower mass loss has been observed for the composite during reciprocating wear experiments. The results strongly suggest that the surface composite of AZ91 magnesium alloy – fly ash exhibits better mechanical and wear properties. However, decreased corrosion resistance is a significant observation that warns the applicability of these composites in corroding environment.
Magnetic resonance parameter mapping using model‐guided self‐supervised deep learning
Authors: Liu Fang , Kijowski Richard , El Fakhri Georges , Feng Li 
Published: January 2021

PurposeTo develop a model‐guided self‐supervised deep learning MRI reconstruction framework called reference‐free latent map extraction (RELAX) for rapid quantitative MR parameter mapping.MethodsTwo physical models are incorporated for network training in RELAX, including the inherent MR imaging model and a quantitative model that is used to fit parameters in quantitative MRI. By enforcing these physical model constraints, RELAX eliminates the need for full sampled reference data sets that are required in standard supervised learning. Meanwhile, RELAX also enables direct reconstruction of corresponding MR parameter maps from undersampled k‐space. Generic sparsity constraints used in conventional iterative reconstruction, such as the total variation constraint, can be additionally included in the RELAX framework to improve reconstruction quality. The performance of RELAX was tested for accelerated T1 and T2 mapping in both simulated and actually acquired MRI data sets and was compared with supervised learning and conventional constrained reconstruction for suppressing noise and/or undersampling‐induced artifacts.ResultsIn the simulated data sets, RELAX generated good T1/T2 maps in the presence of noise and/or undersampling artifacts, comparable to artifact/noise‐free ground truth. The inclusion of a spatial total variation constraint helps improve image quality. For the in vivo T1/T2 mapping data sets, RELAX achieved superior reconstruction quality compared with conventional iterative reconstruction, and similar reconstruction performance to supervised deep learning reconstruction.ConclusionThis work has demonstrated the initial feasibility of rapid quantitative MR parameter mapping based on self‐supervised deep learning. The RELAX framework may also be further extended to other quantitative MRI applications by incorporating corresponding quantitative imaging models.
Theoretical Analysis of the Heterocyclic [4+2] Cycloaddition Between Pyridinium Ion and Enol Ether
Authors: Nakahara Masataka , Hanaya Kengo , Sugai Takeshi , Higashibayashi Shuhei 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDearomative heterocyclic [4+2] cycloaddition between the N‐(2,4‐dinitrophenyl)pyridinium ion of nicotinamide and an enol ether was analyzed by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The calculation revealed that the reaction undergoes stepwise bond formation rather than occurring in a concerted manner. The experimental products were found to be both kinetically and thermodynamically favored. The calculated transition states and intermediate suggested that the high diastereoselectivity is derived from the electrostatic interaction between the 2‐nitro group of the pyridinium ion and the hydrogen of the enol ether.
Regulation of the microsomal proteome by salicylic acid and deficiency of phosphatidylinositol‐4‐kinases β1 and β2 in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Junková Petra , Neubergerová Michaela , Kalachova Tetiana , Valentová Olga , Janda Martin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPhosphatidylinositol‐4‐kinases β1 and β2 (PI4Kβ1/PI4Kβ2), which are responsible for phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol to phosphatidylinositol‐4‐phosphate, have important roles in plant vesicular trafficking. Moreover, PI4Kβ1/PI4Kβ2 negatively regulates biosynthesis of phytohormone salicylic acid (SA), a key player in plant immune responses. The study focused on the effect of PI4Kβ1/PI4Kβ2 deficiency and SA level on the proteome of microsomal fraction. For that purpose we used four Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes: wild type; double mutant with impaired function of PI4Kβ1/PI4Kβ2 (pi4kβ1/pi4kβ2) exhibiting high SA level; sid2 mutant with impaired SA biosynthesis depending on the isochorismate synthase 1 and triple mutant sid2/pi4kβ1/pi4kβ2. We identified 1797 proteins whose levels were changed between genotypes. We showed that increased SA concentration affected the levels of 473 proteins. This includes typical SA pathway markers but also points to connections between SA pathway and clathrin‐independent endocytosis (flotillins) and exocytosis/protein secretion (syntaxins, tetraspanin) to be investigated in future. In contrast to SA, the absence of PI4Kβ1/PI4Kβ2 itself affected only 27 proteins. Among them we identified CERK1, a receptor for chitin. Although PI4Kβ1/PI4Kβ2 deficiency itself did not have a substantial impact on the proteome of the microsomal fraction, our data clearly show that it enhances proteome changes when SA pathway is modulated in parallel.
Predicting models of depression or complicated grief among bereaved family members of patients with cancer
Authors: Aoyama Maho , Miyashita Mitsunori , Masukawa Kento , Morita Tatsuya , Kizawa Yoshiyuki , Tsuneto Satoru , Shima Yasuo , Akechi Tatsuo 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo derive and validate a risk scoring system for predicting major depressive disorder (MDD) and complicated grief (CG) among bereaved family members of patients with cancer that is feasible for clinical use.MethodsWe conducted a secondary analysis of two cross‐sectional nationwide bereavement surveys in Japan. From a total of 17,312 bereaved family members of patients with cancer, 8618 and 8619 were randomly assigned to a derivation and a validation group. The Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ‐9) and the Brief Grief Questionnaire (BGQ) were used to assess MDD (PHQ‐9 score ≥ 10) and CG (BGQ score ≥ 8), respectively. We compared five models with potential predictive variables that could be easily obtained in daily practice and were included in the bereavement survey (i.e., sociodemographic data).ResultsThe model which included variables such as the families' physical/mental health status and preparedness toward bereavement, in addition to their sociodemographic data, was considered modest for predicting the risk of both MDD and CG. The areas around the curve for MDD and CG were 0.74 (95% CI: 0.73–0.76) and 0.74 (95% CI: 0.72–0.75) and 0.78 (95% CI: 0.76–0.79) and 0.77 (95% CI: 0.76–0.79) in the derivation and validation groups, respectively.ConclusionsWe developed a clinical risk score for predicting MDD and CG among bereaved family members of patients with cancer. However, further research is needed for external validation and assessment regarding its implementation in actual practice.
Early predictions of response and survival from a tumor dynamics model in patients with recurrent, metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma treated with immunotherapy
Authors: González‐García Ignacio , Pierre Vadryn , Dubois Vincent F. S. , Morsli Nassim , Spencer Stuart , Baverel Paul G. , Moore Helen 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe developed and evaluated a method for making early predictions of best overall response (BOR) and overall survival at 6 months (OS6) in patients with cancer treated with immunotherapy. This method combines machine learning with modeling of longitudinal tumor size data. We applied our method to data from durvalumab‐exposed patients with recurrent/metastatic head and neck cancer. A fivefold cross‐validation was used for model selection. Independent trial data, with various degrees of data truncation, were used for model validation. Mean classification error rates (90% confidence intervals [CIs]) from cross‐validation were 5.99% (90% CI 2.98%–7.50%) for BOR and 19.8% (90% CI 15.8%–39.3%) for OS6. During model validation, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves was preserved for BOR (0.97, 0.97, and 0.94) and OS6 (0.85, 0.84, and 0.82) at 24, 18, and 12 weeks, respectively. These results suggest our method predicts trial outcomes accurately from early data and could be used to aid drug development.
On the probabilistic degree of OR over the reals
Authors: Bhandari Siddharth , Harsha Prahladh , Molli Tulasimohan , Srinivasan Srikanth 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe study the probabilistic degree over of the OR function on n variables. For , the ‐error probabilistic degree of any Boolean function f : {0, 1}n → {0, 1} over is the smallest nonnegative integer d such that the following holds: there exists a distribution P of polynomials of degree at most d such that for all , we have . It is known from the works of Tarui (Theoret. Comput. Sci. 1993) and Beigel, Reingold, and Spielman (Proc. 6th CCC 1991), that the ‐error probabilistic degree of the OR function is at most . Our first observation is that this can be improved to which is better for small values of . In all known constructions of probabilistic polynomials for the OR function (including the above improvement), the polynomials P in the support of the distribution P have the following special structure: where each Li(x1, … , xn) is a linear form in the variables x1, … , xn, that is, the polynomial is a product of affine forms. We show that the ‐error probabilistic degree of OR when restricted to polynomials of the above form is , thus matching the above upper bound (up to poly‐logarithmic factors).
A new remarkably preserved fossil assassin bug (Insecta, Heteroptera, Reduviidae) from the Eocene Green River Formation of Colorado
Authors: Swanson Daniel R. , Heads Sam W. , Taylor Steven J. , Wang Yinan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe describe a new Eocene fossil assassin bug, Aphelicophontes danjuddi gen. et sp. nov. (Reduviidae: Harpactorinae), from the Green River Formation of Colorado. The specimens informing this description are extraordinarily preserved, particularly in the external and internal structures of the adult male genitalia. We discuss implications of the new species for the systematics and evolutionary history of the group, as well as the strength of phylogenetic signal in harpactorine genitalia.
IGFBPs mediate IGF-1's functions in retinal lamination and photoreceptor development during pluripotent stem cell differentiation to retinal organoids
Authors: Zerti Darin , Molina Marina Moya , Dorgau Birthe , Mearns Sarah , Bauer Roman , Al-Aama Jumana , Lako Majlinda 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Development of the retina is regulated by growth factors, such as insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 (IGF-1/2), which coordinate proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of the neuroepithelial precursors cells. In the circulation, IGF-1/2 are transported by the insulin growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) family members. IGFBPs can impact positively and negatively on IGF-1, by making it available or sequestering IGF-1 to or from its receptor. In this study, we investigated the expression of IGFBPs and their role in the generation of human retinal organoids from human pluripotent stem cells, showing a dynamic expression pattern suggestive of different IGFBPs being used in a stage-specific manner to mediate IGF-1 functions. Our data show that IGF-1 addition to culture media facilitated the generation of retinal organoids displaying the typical laminated structure and photoreceptor maturation. The organoids cultured in the absence of IGF-1, lacked the typical laminated structure at the early stages of differentiation and contained significantly less photoreceptors and more retinal ganglion cells at the later stages of differentiation, confirming the positive effects of IGF-1 on retinal lamination and photoreceptor development. The organoids cultured with the IGFBP inhibitor (NBI-31772) and IGF-1 showed lack of retinal lamination at the early stages of differentiation, an increased propensity to generate horizontal cells at mid-stages of differentiation and reduced photoreceptor development at the later stages of differentiation. Together these data suggest that IGFBPs enable IGF-1's role in retinal lamination and photoreceptor development in a stage-specific manner.
How User-Centered Design Supports Situation Awareness for Complex Interfaces
Authors: Oury Jacob D. , Ritter Frank E. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter moves the discussion of how to design an operation center down a level towards implementation. We present user-centered design (UCD) as a distinct design philosophy to replace user experience (UX) when designing systems like the Water Detection System (WDS). Just like any other component (e.g., electrical system, communications networks), the operator has safe operating conditions, expected error rates, and predictable performance, albeit with a more variable range for the associated metrics. However, analyzing the operator’s capabilities, like any other component in a large system, helps developers create reliable, effective systems that mitigate risks of system failure due to human error in integrated human–machine systems (e.g., air traffic control). With UCD as a design philosophy, we argue that situation awareness (SA) is an effective framework for developing successful UCD systems. SA is an established framework that describes operator performance via their ability to create and maintain a mental model of the information necessary to achieve their task. SA describes performance as a function of the operator’s ability to perceive useful information, comprehend its significance, and predict future system states. Alongside detailed explanations of UCD and SA, this chapter presents further guidance and examples demonstrating how to implement these concepts in real systems.
Cognition and Operator Performance
Authors: Oury Jacob D. , Ritter Frank E. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDeveloping systems that foster situation awareness in operators requires that stakeholders can make informed decisions about the design. These decisions must account for the operator’s underlying cognitive processes based on perception, comprehension, and projection of the system state. This chapter reviews the core cognitive processes responsible for monitoring and responding to changes in system state. Operators must perceive information before they can act in response, and the interface design affects operator accuracy and speed via known mechanisms (i.e., effects of color on visual search time). Perception of key information also relies on how the operator thinks during tasks, and certain design choices can support better attention control and detection of signals. After perceiving the information, operators also must comprehend and interpret the information. Design guidance and factors related to supporting comprehension are presented alongside explanations of how cognitive load and working memory affect the operator’s ability to develop and maintain a useful mental model of the system. This review of cognitive mechanisms gives designers a strong foundation to make informed decisions ranging from choosing an alarm color to assessing how much information should be on screen at once.
Conclusion and Final Comments
Authors: Oury Jacob D. , Ritter Frank E. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe foundational design philosophy of user-centered design (UCD) offers an ideal approach for systems engineers, programmers, designers, and any other stakeholder involved with the design of high-stakes systems with human operators. Furthermore, UCD, as presented here, is tailor-made to meet the unique needs of critical human–machine systems in systems like air traffic control towers, 911 call centers, or NASA’s Mission Control Center. Whenever the operator is a mission-critical component of the system, stakeholders must be able to make informed decisions during the design process, and this book provides the tools necessary to make those decisions.
Key Issues and Progress in Understanding Climate Risk in Africa
Authors: Vincent Katharine , Conway Declan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAdaptations and strategies to build resilience are needed to manage current impacts and will be increasingly vital as the world continues to warm. But making adaptation decisions can be complex, requiring careful consideration of multiple factors and perspectives, and balancing different priorities over different timescales. Society is embarking on a learning process that will continue for decades. This chapter and the book it introduces aim to contribute to this process. The book draws extensively from the Future Climate for Africa (FCFA) research programme that aimed to support adaptation and resilience in sub-Saharan Africa. In this chapter, we first briefly review the planning landscape for adaptation and building resilience and then consider how applications are changing the nature of climate information and the context of its use. This is followed by a review of the current status of climate information, particularly future projections for Africa and the enduring challenge that uncertainty represents to their active use. We then ask how we can improve the use of climate information for resilience building and adaptation and present an overview of the coming chapters. The demand for information and guidance on adaptation is continuing to grow, and is highlighting the need for new types and formats of data, and more innovative interactions with users to increase usability and application. Climate plays a dynamic role within complex, rapidly evolving social-ecological systems; this requires the climate science, resilience and adaptation communities to engage widely with other sectors and actors to make the agenda relevant and tractable for policy and practice.
Scale and isolation sensitivity of diphoton distributions at the LHC
Authors: Gehrmann Thomas , Glover Nigel , Huss Alexander , Whitehead James 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Precision measurements of diphoton distributions at the LHC display some tension with theory predictions, obtained at next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) in QCD. We revisit the theoretical uncertainties arising from the approximation of the experimental photon isolation by smooth-cone isolation, and from the choice of functional form for the renormalisation and factorisation scales. We find that the resulting variations are substantial overall, and enhanced in certain regions. We discuss the infrared sensitivity at the cone boundaries in cone-based isolation in related distributions. Finally, we compare predictions made with alternative choices of dynamical scale and isolation prescriptions to experimental data from ATLAS at 8 TeV, observing improved agreement. This contrasts with previous results, highlighting that scale choice and isolation prescription are potential sources of theoretical uncertainty that were previously underestimated.
HIF1α is a direct regulator of steroidogenesis in the adrenal gland
Authors: Watts Deepika , Stein Johanna , Meneses Ana , Bechmann Nicole , Neuwirth Ales , Kaden Denise , Krüger Anja , Sinha Anupam , Alexaki Vasileia Ismini , Luis Gustavo Perez-Rivas  , Kircher Stefan , Martinez Antoine , Theodoropoulou Marily , Eisenhofer Graeme , Peitzsch Mirko , El-Armouche Ali , Chavakis Triantafyllos , Wielockx Ben 
Published: January 2021

AbstractEndogenous steroid hormones, especially glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, derive from the adrenal cortex, and drastic or sustained changes in their circulatory levels affect multiple organ systems. Although hypoxia signaling in steroidogenesis has been suggested, knowledge on the true impact of the HIFs (Hypoxia-Inducible Factors) in the adrenocortical cells of vertebrates is scant. By creating a unique set of transgenic mouse lines, we reveal a prominent role for HIF1α in the synthesis of virtually all steroids in vivo. Specifically, mice deficient in HIF1α in adrenocortical cells displayed enhanced levels of enzymes responsible for steroidogenesis and a cognate increase in circulatory steroid levels. These changes resulted in cytokine alterations and changes in the profile of circulatory mature hematopoietic cells. Conversely, HIF1α overexpression resulted in the opposite phenotype of insufficient steroid production due to impaired transcription of necessary enzymes. Based on these results, we propose HIF1α to be a vital regulator of steroidogenesis as its modulation in adrenocortical cells dramatically impacts hormone synthesis with systemic consequences. In addition, these mice can have potential clinical significances as they may serve as essential tools to understand the pathophysiology of hormone modulations in a number of diseases associated with metabolic syndrome, auto-immunity or even cancer.
Geochemical signatures of mineralizing events in the Juomasuo Au–Co deposit, Kuusamo belt, northeastern Finland
Authors: Vasilopoulos Mikael , Molnár Ferenc , O’Brien Hugh , Lahaye Yann , Lefèbvre Marie , Richard Antonin , André-Mayer Anne-Sylvie , Ranta Jukka-Pekka , Talikka Matti 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe Juomasuo Au–Co deposit, currently classified as an orogenic gold deposit with atypical metal association, is located in the Paleoproterozoic Kuusamo belt in northeastern Finland. The volcano-sedimentary sequence that hosts the deposit was intensely altered, deformed, and metamorphosed to greenschist facies during the 1.93–1.76 Ga Svecofennian orogeny. In this study, we investigate the temporal relationship between Co and Au deposition and the relationship of metal enrichment with protolith composition and alteration mineralogy by utilizing lithogeochemical data and petrographic observations. We also investigate the nature of fluids involved in deposit formation based on sulfide trace element and sulfur isotope LA-ICP-MS data together with tourmaline mineral chemistry and boron isotopes. Classification of original protoliths was made on the basis of geochemically immobile elements; recognized lithologies are metasedimentary rocks, mafic, intermediate-composition, and felsic metavolcanic rocks, and an ultramafic sill. The composition of the host rocks does not control the type or intensity of mineralization. Sulfur isotope values (δ34S − 2.6 to + 7.1‰) and trace element data obtained for pyrite, chalcopyrite, and pyrrhotite indicate that the two geochemically distinct Au–Co and Co ore types formed from fluids of different compositions and origins. A reduced, metamorphic fluid was responsible for deposition of the pyrrhotite-dominant, Co-rich ore, whereas a relatively oxidized fluid deposited the pyrite-dominant Au–Co ore. The main alteration and mineralization stages at Juomasuo are as follows: (1) widespread albitization that predates both types of mineralization; (2) stage 1, Co-rich mineralization associated with chlorite (± biotite ± amphibole) alteration; (3) stage 2, Au–Co mineralization related to sericitization. Crystal-chemical compositions for tourmaline suggest the involvement of evaporite-related fluids in formation of the deposit; boron isotope data also allow for this conclusion. Results of our research indicate that the metal association in the Juomasuo Au–Co deposit was formed by spatially coincident and multiple hydrothermal processes.