bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dosimetric comparison of intensity-modulated proton radiotherapy versus intensity-modulated photon-based radiotherapy for breast cancer
Authors: Lin Ruihe , Shan Jie , Yuan Taize , Qian Chaonan 
Published: August 2021

Purpose: This study aims to compare the dosimetric differences in intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) using pencil beam scanning technology and intensity-modulated photon-based radiotherapy (IMRT) in hypofractionated whole-breast irradiation (HF-WBI) and find out the more beneficial technique.
Methods and Materials: Eight breast cancer (BC) patients with pathological stage T1 ~ 2N0M0 were immobilized and underwent 4D-CT scanning used deep inspiration breath-hold (DIBH) technology. The IMPT and IMRT plans were designed for each patient. The IMPT plans used two en-face beam angles. IMRT plans were designed using the field in field technique. The optimization constraints of the two types of plans were identical. Prescription dose and regimen was 40.05 Gy (relative biological effect [RBE])/15 fx with a 10 Gy (RBE)/5 fx boost, five fractions a week. A dose of 95% of the target volume should not be less than the prescribed dose. The target coverage was evaluated using D1, D2, D50, D95, D98, and D99. The target dose distribution and conformity were evaluated using the Conformity index (CI) and the homogeneity index (HI). The Organs at risk (OARs) were evaluated using mean dose (Dmean) and maximum dose (Dmax). Ipsilateral Lung and Contralateral Lung were evaluated additionally using V5, V10, V20, V30.
Results: The mean dose (Dmean) of the Heart (P = 0.012), Ipsilateral Lung (P = 0.036), Contralateral Lung (P = 0.012), and Spinal Cord (P = 0.012) were significantly reduced in IMPT plans. The IMPT also showed a tendency to reduce the V20 (P = 0.05) and V30 (P = 0.05) of the Ipsilateral Lung. But there was no significant difference in target coverage, homogeneity, and conformity between the IMRT and IMPT plans.
Conclusion: Compared to IMRT, the IMPT using pencil beam scanning technology can spare OARs without compromising target coverage in BC patients undergoing HF-WBI, which potentially reduce the incidence of radiation-related adverse effects and thus may positively impact long-term survival.
A Nonhybrid Model of Transitioning Pediatric to Adult Critical Care during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Surge: A Single Unit Experience
Authors: Holliday Kathryn , Horner Rebecca , Ramesh Pavanasam , Bebbington Mark B. , Kanaris Constantinos 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTo accommodate the unprecedented demand for critical care beds during the first surge of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the United Kingdom, hospitals had to adapt, restructure, and collaborate to provide the best possible care for the pediatric and adult populations. This single-center experience outlines the considerations our hospital took into account when planning for this restructure and the steps taken to ensure a successful execution of the task. Cross-specialty collaboration between the pediatric and adult critical care teams adopted a unique approach to care for only critically ill COVID-19 positive adult patients in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), transferring out critically unwell children at an early stage before the adult intensive care unit (AICU) became overwhelmed (nonhybrid model). This was designed to be in a staggered fashion, before allowing the AICU to overflow. This approach enabled the adult critical care team to support pediatric colleagues in learning the nuances of looking after critically ill adults prior to the service being saturated by the predicted supersurge. The success of the operation hinged on two things. First, PICU staff continuing to work in a familiar environment with their usual clinical team and second, the gradual and controlled admission of adult patients into PICU before the peak in demand for critical care beds. This design helped protect staff morale and build confidence in their new clinical role. The overall case fatality of invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 in our hospital during the first surge was 32%, which is lower than the global average of 45%. This serves as evidence that this nonhybrid model is safe and sustainable.
Temperature and humidity sensor based on MEMS technology
Authors: Zhao Dongyan , Wang Yubo , Shao Jin , Zhang Peng , Chen Yanning , Fu Zhen , Wang Shuaipeng , Zhao Wenlong , Zhou Zhimei , Yuan Yuandong , Fu Dengyuan , Zhu Yinfang 
Published: August 2021

This work presents a monolithically integrated temperature and humidity sensor based on microelectromechanical systems technology. The temperature sensor working on the “bi-metallic” effect has the advantages of wide temperature range, high sensitivity, and fast detection. The humidity sensor has a polyimide parallel plate capacitive structure with the microporous array on the upper electrode designed for high sensitivity and fast response. Numerical analysis and COMSOL simulation showed that the temperature detection sensitivity is 0.2 mV/°C in the range of 193–393 K and humidity sensitivity is 0.405 pF/% relative humidity (RH) with the response time of 34 s in the humidity range of 0%–100% RH. The integrated temperature and humidity sensor has the advantages of small dimension, wide detection range, high precision, and fast response.
Structure and tunneling magneto-dielectric properties of Co–SrF2 nano-granular thin films
Authors: Wang Cheng , Cao Yang , Kobayashi Nobukiyo , Ohnuma Shigehiro , Masumoto Hiroshi 
Published: August 2021

Nano-granular thin films with a new composition designed to enhance the tunneling magneto-dielectric (TMD) effect of Co–SrF2 were successfully deposited using the co-sputtering method. This study explored the influence of the crystallinity of the matrix material on nano-granular structures. Cobalt contents were controlled from 0 to 19 at. % by changing the power of the cobalt cathode from 0 to 205 W. The structures in which the Co granules (Φ 3–4 nm) were homogeneously dispersed in the crystallized SrF2 matrix were clearly observed by transmission electron microscopy and its diffraction patterns. The dielectric constant of the Co19–(SrF2)81 thin film peaked at the giant value of 648 and the saturation magnetization peaked at 3.1 kG, but this material still exhibited a TMD response Δε′/ε′0 of 1.0%. For the Co16–(SrF2)84 thin film, the TMD response peaked at 3.5%, which is higher than previously reported. This study confirmed that increased matrix crystallinity can enhance the TMD response. It also provides motivation for other microstructure improvements.
Oculo-retinal dynamics can explain the perception of minimal recognizable configurations
Authors: Gruber Liron Zipora , Ullman Shimon , Ahissar Ehud 
Published: August 2021

Significance
Humans move their eyes continuously to scan their environment. Yet, the role of eye movements in object recognition is not known. In this work, we recorded eye movements of participants attempting to recognize images that are just above and below the threshold of human recognition. To assess the contribution of retinal dynamics, we modeled the activation patterns resulting from the continuous interactions of eye movements with the viewed image. We then trained a classifier to differentiate recognized from unrecognized trials. We show that recognition could be classified only when the continuous interactions between eye movements and the image were used. We suggest that vision is mediated by continuous interactions between eye movements and the environment, resulting in dynamic oculo-retinal coding.
Dynamic localization of a helper NLR at the plant–pathogen interface underpins pathogen recognition
Authors: Duggan Cian , Moratto Eleonora , Savage Zachary , Hamilton Eranthika , Adachi Hiroaki , Wu Chih-Hang , Leary Alexandre Y. , Tumtas Yasin , Rothery Stephen M. , Maqbool Abbas , Nohut Seda , Martin Toby Ross , Kamoun Sophien , Bozkurt Tolga Osman 
Published: August 2021

Significance
Plant NLRs function as intracellular immune sensors of pathogen virulence factors known as effectors. In the resting state, NLRs localize to subcellular sites where the effectors they sense operate. However, the extent to which NLRs alter their subcellular distribution during infection remains elusive. We describe dynamic changes in spatiotemporal localization of an NLR protein in infected plant cells. Specifically, the NLR protein accumulates at the newly synthesized plant–pathogen interface membrane, where the corresponding effectors are deployed. Following immune recognition, the activated receptor reorganizes to form punctate structures that target the cell periphery. We propose that NLRs are not necessarily stationary receptors but instead may spread to other cellular membranes from the primary site of activation to boost immune responses.
Synergistic dispersal of plant pathogen spores by jumping-droplet condensation and wind
Authors: Mukherjee Ranit , Gruszewski Hope A. , Bilyeu Landon T. , Schmale David G. , Boreyko Jonathan B. 
Published: August 2021

Significance
Some fungal diseases spread within and among crops via the aerial dispersal of microscopic spores. Existing studies have characterized the liberation and dispersal of spores via wind and/or rain splash. Here, we show that dew droplets spontaneously jumping from superhydrophobic wheat leaves can disperse adhered spores, even in the complete absence of rain or strong winds. We found that the jumping-droplet effect results in short-range spore dispersal in the absence of wind. Long-range dispersal was possible when jumped droplets became suspended in a gentle wind, which is a synergistic effect as the wind alone was unable to dislodge dry spores. Finally, we show that proactive measures, such as applying a fungicide to suppress jumping-droplet condensation, can prevent dew-induced disease spread.
A recombinant herpes virus expressing influenza hemagglutinin confers protection and induces antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
Authors: Kaugars Katherine , Dardick Joseph , de Oliveira Anna Paula , Weiss Kayla A. , Lukose Regy , Kim John , Leung Lawrence , Rajagopalan Saranathan , Wolin Sydney , Akabas Leor , Knipe David M. , Bajic Goran , Jacobs William R. 
Published: August 2021

Significance
Despite decades of research, we lack an effective vaccine against influenza, a deadly virus that costs the United States nearly $90 billion annually. Current strategies do not translate into highly protective immunity against circulating and novel influenza strains. Here, we demonstrate that a herpes simplex viral (HSV) vector expressing hemagglutinin can be used to elicit a protective response against influenza. The efficacy of this vector is not abrogated by preexisting immunity to HSV, protects against lethal HSV challenge, and elicits highly functional FcγRIV-binding antibodies that can activate immune cell effector function. Expanding the use of ΔgD-2 as a viral vector in general could generate vaccines that are highly protective, quickly synthesized, and simultaneously effective against multiple pathogens.
Who did what to whom, and what did we already know?
Authors: Ionin Tania , Goldshtein Maria , Luchkina Tatiana , Styrina Sofya 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper reports on an experimental investigation of what second language (L2) learners and heritage speakers of
Russian know about the relationship between word order and information structure in Russian. The participants completed a bimodal
acceptability judgment task, rating the acceptability of SVO and OVS word orders in narrow-focus contexts, under neutral prosody.
Heritage speakers behaved like the control group of baseline speakers, preferring SVO order in answer to object questions, and OVS
order in answer to subject questions. In contrast, L2 learners preferred SVO order regardless of the context. While the heritage
speaker group was more proficient than the L2 group, proficiency alone cannot account for differences in performance:
specifically, with regard to acceptance of OVS order for subject narrow focus, heritage speakers improved with proficiency, but L2
learners did not. It is proposed that heritage speakers have an advantage in this domain due to early age of acquisition (cf.
Montrul, 2008). This finding is consistent with prior literature on narrow focus
with heritage speakers of other languages, and suggests that this phenomenon is not particularly vulnerable in heritage
languages.
The role of existing language knowledge in bilingual and multilingual toddlers’ repetition of cross-linguistic and language-specific nonwords
Authors: Verhagen Josje , Andringa Sible 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Previous studies have shown that bilingual children typically score more poorly on nonword repetition (NWR) tasks than monolingual peers, which has been attributed to bilinguals’ lower proficiency in the language that the NWR task is based on. To enable fairer assessments of bilingual children, Cross-Linguistic NWR tasks (CL-NWR tasks) have been developed that are based on the linguistic properties of many languages. The aim of this study is to investigate whether young children’s performance on a CL-NWR is less dependent on existing knowledge of a specific language than performance on a Language-Specific (Dutch-based) NWR (LS-NWR). Bilingual and multilingual two- and three-year-olds (N = 216) completed a CL-NWR and LS-NWR, as well as a Dutch receptive vocabulary task. Parents reported the number of languages children spoke other than Dutch. Results of linear mixed-effect regressions showed that Dutch vocabulary scores related to performance on the CL-NWR task less strongly than to performance on the LS-NWR task. The number of non-Dutch languages spoken did not differentially relate to performance on the two tasks. These findings indicate that CL-NWR tasks – at least as used here – allow for more language-neutral NWR assessments within linguistically diverse samples, already at toddler age.
Multi-scale perturbation theory II:
Solutions and leading-order bispectrum in the ΛCDM universe
Authors: Gallagher Christopher S. , Clifton Timothy , Clarkson Chris 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Two-parameter perturbation theory (2PPT) is a framework designed to include the relativistic gravitational effects of small-scale nonlinear structures on the large-scale properties of the Universe. In this paper we use the 2PPT framework to calculate and study the bispectrum of matter in a spatially-flat ΛCDM cosmology. This is achieved by deploying Newtonian perturbation theory to model the gravitational fields of quasi-nonlinear structures, and then subsequently using them as source terms for the large-scale cosmological perturbations. We find that our approach reproduces some of the expected relativistic effects from second-order cosmological perturbation theory, but not all. This work therefore provides a first step in deploying a formalism that can simultaneously model the weak gravitational fields of both linear and nonlinear structures in a realistic model of the Universe.
African continental free trade area (AfCFTA): projected economic impact assessment under future warming in CMIP6
Authors: Arreyndip Nkongho Ayuketang 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Launched on 1 January 2021, the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) aims to bring together 1.3 billion people in a US$3.4 trillion economic bloc. The World Bank estimates that the AfCFTA could lift tens of millions of people out of poverty by 2035. Previous studies have shown that an increase in annual mean temperature can significantly affect economic growth. The AfCFTA economy will therefore be affected by future warming. However, without the AfCFTA, the impact of the increased annual average temperature on local economies could be severe, further depriving low-income African countries of economic recovery. To assess the damage to regional economic growth caused by future warming, trend analyses are conducted in the aggregated historical CFSR/NCEP and CMIP6 (GFDL-ESM4) climate projection data from 1979 to 2100 for different emission pathways over some major continental economic centres. The long-term impact of surface temperature increase on gross regional product (GRP) per capita growth rates are investigated by fitting CMIP6 daily and annual mean temperatures to a log-polynomial regression model. The results show that an increase in annual mean temperature will significantly affect the economic growth of low latitude and altitude regions compared to high latitude and altitude regions. Most emerging African economies and many member states of the African Union and AfCFTA are located in this low latitude zone. This makes the economies of the newly created AfCFTA very vulnerable to climate change. Several studies suggest that FTAs can help reduce the economic vulnerability of developing countries. The results presented here can contribute to better design and implementation of economic, trade and climate policies in the AfCFTA to mitigate the economic impacts of future warming.
The peppermint breath test benchmark for PTR-MS and SIFT-MS
Authors: Henderson Ben , Slingers Gitte , Pedrotti Michele , Pugliese Giovanni , Malásková Michaela , Bryant Luke , Lomonaco Tommaso , Ghimenti Silvia , Moreno Sergi , Cordell Rebecca , Harren Frans J M , Schubert Jochen , Mayhew Chris A , Wilde Michael , Di Francesco Fabio , Koppen Gudrun , Beauchamp Jonathan D , Cristescu Simona M 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
A major challenge for breath research is the lack of standardization in sampling and analysis. To address this, a test that utilizes a standardized intervention and a defined study protocol has been proposed to explore disparities in breath research across different analytical platforms and to provide benchmark values for comparison. Specifically, the Peppermint Experiment involves the targeted analysis in exhaled breath of volatile constituents of peppermint oil after ingestion of the encapsulated oil. Data from the Peppermint Experiment performed by proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) and selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) are presented and discussed herein, including the product ions associated with the key peppermint volatiles, namely limonene, α- and β-pinene, 1,8-cineole, menthol, menthone and menthofuran. The breath washout profiles of these compounds from 65 individuals were collected, comprising datasets from five PTR-MS and two SIFT-MS instruments. The washout profiles of these volatiles were evaluated by comparing the log-fold change over time of the product ion intensities associated with each volatile. Benchmark values were calculated from the lower 95% confidence interval of the linear time-to-washout regression analysis for all datasets combined. Benchmark washout values from PTR-MS analysis were 353 min for the sum of monoterpenes and 1,8-cineole (identical product ions), 173 min for menthol, 330 min for menthofuran, and 218 min for menthone; from SIFT-MS analysis values were 228 min for the sum of monoterpenes, 281 min for the sum of monoterpenes and 1,8-cineole, and 370 min for menthone plus 1,8-cineole. Large inter- and intra-dataset variations were observed, whereby the latter suggests that biological variability plays a key role in how the compounds are absorbed, metabolized and excreted from the body via breath. This variability seems large compared to the influence of sampling and analytical procedures, but further investigations are recommended to clarify the effects of these factors.
Establishment and optimization of sensor fault identification model based on classification and regression tree and particle swarm optimization
Authors: Jiang Xie , Zhang Xin , Zhang Yuxiang 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The accuracy of structural state evaluation may be affected by the damaged piezoelectric sensors. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the sensor fault during monitoring. This paper proposes a method based on classification and regression tree (CART) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) to improve the efficiency of potential feature sets selection for sensor fault classification and build an identification model with the best performance. Firstly, the signal features of three structural changes and four sensor faults were extracted with five indexes. Then the decision trees (DT) for sensor fault classification were built based on different index combinations whose performances were then evaluated by the designed fitness function. Finally, PSO was used to optimize the searching for the best index combination. The results show that compared with the exhaustive method, adopting PSO for DT optimization can greatly simplify the search process. When the particle population is 5 and 10, the fitness converges to the optimal solution after only 6 and 4 iterations respectively. Although the DT with the best fitness is trained with only two indexes, its accuracy is higher than those trained with more indexes and the classification accuracy of 64 samples reaches 98.4% which shows the feasibility and practicability of the method.
Enhancing blue light absorption by Sm3+ Co-doing in Ca9Nd(PO4)7: Eu3+ for white light-emitting diodes
Authors: Zhao Jianwen , Dong Jun , Zhou Jian , Wang Linsheng 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
White light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) is widely concerned as the next-generation source of displays and lighting on account of many advantages. In this work, Sm3+ ions were introduced into Ca9Nd(PO4)7: Eu3+ (CNPO: Eu3+) red phosphors as a co-dopant to boost the blue-light excitation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data confirm the successful preparation of the materials. Rietveld refinements were employed to investigate the site occupation and lattice parameter variation. All obtained materials have showed red emission under blue light or near-ultraviolet light excitation. The photoluminescence (PL) emission spectra features both signals from the two dopants, and the introduction of Sm3+ could effectively boost the red-light emission and blue-light excitation. Theoretical simulations help evidence the capability of the CNPO materials as host matrix of luminescent centers. Finally, a blue LED chip-based WLED was assembled in demonstration of their potential applications. Compared to the controlling device made with Eu3+ single-doped samples, the co-doped one has stronger blue light excitation and red light emission that guarantees a high luminous efficacy of over 90 lm W−1. The device also shows a superb long-term stability under continuous working. All in all, the CNPO: Eu3+, Sm3+ phosphors have shown many promising aspects in blue chip-based WLED applications.
A novel synthesis of highly stable palladium nanoparticles and their application in the reduction of nitroaromatic compounds
Authors: Abdullah Fuad Othman , Behrouzi Leila , Kaboudin Babak 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Herein, a mild and efficient method for synthesis of highly stable palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) on Aristolochia Olivieri (AO) extract as a support and reducing agent is described. Investigation of catalytically activity of obtained catalyst (AO@PdNPs) was performed for the reduction of nitroaromatic compounds. Of note are the functional group tolerance, fast rate, and the ability to apply a scope of nitro compounds (up to 30). The synthesized catalyst was characterized with UV−visible spectra, FE-SEM, EDS, XRD, AAS, FT-IR, and TEM techniques. The corresponding amine product was obtained excellent to high yields. The catalytic activity of AO@ PdNPs for the hydrogenation of 4-methyl-2-nitroaniline and 4-methoxy-2-nitroaniline was pursued by UV-visible spectroscopy which presented excellent activity of catalyst.