bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The legal conundrum over regulation of access and benefit sharing obligations in digital sequence information over genetic resources‐assessing indian position
Authors: Kharb Deepa 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe agenda of Digital Sequence Information (DSI) on genetic resources was taken up for international debate at the 14th Conference of Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD hereinafter) in 2018. The issue is of great significance to governments of the member countries as the new use of sequence information is replacing the existing practice of physical access to plants, animals, and so forth. It is everting the traditional approaches to access and benefit sharing (ABS hereinafter) under the CBD and encouraging bio‐piracy as the legal framework is not versed with the realities of technical advance. This legal conundrum and free‐for‐all access to sequence information is highly beneficial for user countries and the biotechnology industry which supports the open access model citing benefits related to climate change, public health, and food security. The current COVID‐19 pandemic related research has given strength to their argument that restriction of access would hamper research and development for the benefit of mankind as the sequence details of the virus has been made available under the public domain. On the other hand, source countries contend that allowing free access to sequence information of genetic resources without prior informed consent and mutually agreed terms as per the CBD and Nagoya Protocol (NP hereinafter) will be counterproductive to the interests of the indigenous people and local communities that foster and preserve biodiversity in their jurisdictions. The paper analyses the issues and arguments related to DSI and explore the possibility and prospects of the application of the ABS under CBD‐NP framework to DSI.
Blame, Damnation, and Evolved Dispositions: A Dilemma
Authors: Pedersen Daniel J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractNatural scientists have offered reasons to think that some vile human acts have evolutionary explanations. Christians would describe some of these acts as sins, and indeed as sins potentially worthy of damnation. However, I argue that, on the supposition that such sins have evolutionary causes, the agents who commit these sins are not justly damnable for the acts in question. This is because the justice of damnation minimally depends on two criteria: 1) that sinful acts are properly voluntary; and 2) that asymmetrical fault between sinners and God holds for said acts. Because, on the assumption that dispositions to sin have evolved, one or both of these criteria cannot be sustained, theologians face a choice. They must either affirm the evolutionary origins of some sinful acts and deny damnation in the relevant cases, or, if they wish to affirm damnation in all relevant cases, they must deny that there are evolved dispositions to sin. Whichever way it is resolved, the dilemma is serious and concrete. Because it is serious, it requires careful attention from all theologians, not only theology‐and‐science specialists. Because it is concrete, it cannot be dissolved with methodological strategies alone.
Regional anesthesia in pediatric patients with preexisting neurological disease
Authors: Cung Stephanie , Ritz Matthew L. , Masaracchia Melissa M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPreexisting neurological disease in pediatric patients presents unique challenges to the anesthesiologist. In‐depth knowledge of the disease processes and awareness of sequalae that uniquely influence the risks and benefits of anesthetics are needed to make informed decisions. Because these vulnerable populations are often susceptible to perioperative airway or cardiopulmonary complications, the use of regional anesthesia can be advantageous. However, these clinical conditions already involve compromised neural tissue and, as such, create additional concern that regional anesthesia may result in new or worsened deficits. The following discussion is not intended to be a full review of each disease process, but rather provides a concise, yet thorough, discussion of the available literature on regional anesthesia in the more common, but still rare, pediatric neurological disorders. We aim to provide a framework for pediatric anesthesiologists to reengage in a healthy discussion about the risks and benefits of utilizing regional anesthesia in this vulnerable population.
Nitric oxide (NO) and salicylic acid (SA): A framework for their relationship in plant development under abiotic stress
Authors: Prakash V. , Singh V. P. , Tripathi D. K. , Sharma S. , Corpas F. J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe free radical nitric oxide (NO) and the phenolic phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) are signal molecules which exert key functions at biochemical and physiological levels. Abiotic stresses, especially in early plant development, impose the biggest threats to agricultural systems and crop yield. These stresses impair plant growth and subsequently cause a reduction in root development, affecting nutrient uptake and crop productivity. The molecules NO and SA have been identified as robust tools for efficiently mitigating the negative effects of abiotic stress in plants. SA is engaged in an array of tasks under adverse environmental situations. The function of NO depends on its cellular concentration; at a low level, it acts as a signal molecule, while at a high level, it triggers nitro‐oxidative stress. The crosstalk between NO and SA involving different signalling molecules and regulatory factors modulate plant function during stressful situations. Crosstalk between these two signalling molecules induces plant tolerance to abiotic stress and needs further investigation. This review aims to highlight signalling aspects of NO and SA in higher plants and critically discusses the roles of these two molecules in alleviating abiotic stress.
Ethiopian Christians on the margins: Symbolic blackness in Filippino Lippi's Adoration of the Magi and Miracle of St Philip
Authors: Nelson Jonathan K. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractNew identifications of prominent but overlooked black figures in two major works by Filippino Lippi enrich our understanding of how Africans were seen in late Quattrocento Florence. The African in the Adoration of the Magi, neither king nor attendant, represents the first gentiles who accepted Christ, as discussed in St Augustine’s Epiphany sermons. The black man in the Miracle of St Philip fresco, in the Strozzi Chapel of Santa Maria Novella, represents (or alludes to) the Ethiopian eunuch baptised by St Philip. These and other Florentine paintings from the 1490s, by various artists, shows black Africans as recent or future Christian converts. This hitherto unnoticed phenomenon reflects an increased awareness of Ethiopian Christians, who visited Italy repeatedly in the Quattrocento. Many Italians saw these African coreligionists as different from themselves: both insiders and outsiders. Filippino used various visual strategies to express both inclusion and alterity. Specifically, he depicts both black figures on the margins, both literally and symbolically: they stand at the edge of the miracle scenes.
Around Logical Perfection
Authors: Cruz Morales John A. , Villaveces Andrés , Zilber Boris 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this article we present a notion of “logical perfection”. We first describe through examples a notion oflogical perfectionextracted from the contemporary logical concept of categoricity. Categoricity (in power) has become in the past half century a main driver of ideas in model theory, both mathematically (stability theory may be regarded as a way of approximating categoricity) and philosophically. In the past two decades, categoricity notions have started to overlap with more classical notions of robustness and smoothness. These have been crucial in various parts of mathematics since the nineteenth century. We postulate and present the category of logical perfection. We draw on various notions of perfection from mathematics of the 19th and 20th centuries and then trace the relation to the concept of categoricity in power as a logical notion of what a “mathematically perfect” structure is.
Optimization or Bayesian Strategy? Performance of the Bhattacharyya Distance in Different Algorithms of Stochastic Model Updating
Authors: Bi Sifeng , Beer Michael , Zhang Jingrui , Yang Lechang , He Kui 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The Bhattacharyya distance has been developed as a comprehensive uncertainty quantification metric by capturing multiple uncertainty sources from both numerical predictions and experimental measurements. This work pursues a further investigation of the performance of the Bhattacharyya distance in different methodologies for stochastic model updating, and thus to prove the universality of the Bhattacharyya distance in various currently popular updating procedures. The first procedure is the Bayesian model updating where the Bhattacharyya distance is utilized to define an approximate likelihood function and the transitional Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm is employed to obtain the posterior distribution of the parameters. In the second updating procedure, the Bhattacharyya distance is utilized to construct the objective function of an optimization problem. The objective function is defined as the Bhattacharyya distance between the samples of numerical prediction and the samples of the target data. The comparison study is performed on a four degrees-of-freedom mass-spring system. A challenging task is raised in this example by assigning different distributions to the parameters with imprecise distribution coefficients. This requires the stochastic updating procedure to calibrate not the parameters themselves, but their distribution properties. The second example employs the GARTEUR SM-AG19 benchmark structure to demonstrate the feasibility of the Bhattacharyya distance in the presence of practical experiment uncertainty raising from measuring techniques, equipment, and subjective randomness. The results demonstrate the Bhattacharyya distance as a comprehensive and universal uncertainty quantification metric in stochastic model updating.
Serviceability Assessment of Footbridges Via Improved Interval Analysis
Authors: Santoro Roberta , Sofi Alba , Tubino Federica 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper studies the propagation of uncertainties on serviceability assessment of footbridges in unrestricted traffic condition based on a nondeterministic approach. Multipedestrian loading is modeled as a stationary Gaussian random process through the equivalent spectral model which yields analytical expressions of the spectral moments of the footbridge dynamic response. The uncertain pedestrian-induced loading parameters and structural dynamic properties are modeled as interval variables. An approximate analytical procedure, based on the improved interval analysis, is introduced as an efficient alternative to classical optimization in order to propagate interval uncertainties. The presented procedure allows us to derive closed-form expressions of the bounds of the spectral moments of the response, as well as of the expected value and cumulative distribution function of the maximum footbridge acceleration. Two strategies are proposed to assess footbridges' serviceability. The first one leads to the definition of a range of comfort classes. The second strategy enables us to estimate an interval of probability of reaching at least a suitable comfort level.
Enhanced Specific Heat of Molten Salt Nano-Eutectic Via Nanostructural Change
Authors: Tiznobaik Hani , Pournorouz Zahra , Seo Joohyun , Mostafavi Amirhossein , Shin Donghyun 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this study, the specific heat of molten salt nano-eutectic (Li2CO3-K2CO3 doped with SiO2 nanoparticles) was theoretically and computationally investigated. The effective specific heat of a nano-eutectic can be significantly enhanced by the formation of needlelike nanostructures by salt eutectic. To investigate the effect of the formed nanostructure, its specific heat was theoretically calculated by a theoretical model. The mass fraction of the formed nanostructure was estimated by matlab. The theoretical prediction made a good agreement with the measured specific heat values from the literature with an error less than 3%. Additional verification of the proposed model was performed by a Molecular Dynamics simulation study. The simulated specific heat of pure molten salt eutectic made a good agreement with the literature value (1.6 kJ/kg °C with an error less than 1.7%). The simulated specific heat of nano-eutectic was 2.017 kJ/kg °C. The error between the theoretical prediction and the simulation is only 3.4% and the value made a good agreement with the experiment (1.9% max. error). The result shows that the enhanced specific heat of a nano-eutectic can be explained by the contribution of the formed nanostructures.
The Effects of Upstream Wall Roughness on the Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of Flow Separations Induced by a Forward-Facing Step
Authors: Kumahor Sedem , Fang Xingjun , Tachie Mark F. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Separating and reattaching turbulent flows induced by a forward-facing step submerged in thick oncoming turbulent boundary layers (TBL) developed over smooth and rough upstream walls were investigated using time-resolved particle image velocimetry. The examined upstream walls resulted in smooth, transitionally rough, and fully rough wall conditions. The upstream boundary layer thicknesses were 4.3 and 6.7 times the step height in the smooth and rough wall cases, respectively. The Reynolds number based on the step height and freestream velocity was 7800. The effects of upstream wall roughness on the mean flow characteristics, Reynolds stresses defined in both Cartesian and curvilinear coordinate systems, as well as the unsteadiness of the turbulent separation bubbles were critically examined. The results show that upstream wall roughness increases the boundary layer thickness and turbulence intensity and consequently, promotes early mean flow reattachment over the step. Distinct regions of significantly elevated vertical Reynolds normal stress and Reynolds shear stress were observed upstream of the step in the fully rough wall case compared to the smooth wall case. Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and the reverse flow area over the step were employed to investigate the unsteadiness of the separation bubbles. The first POD mode coefficient and the reverse flow area over the step were strongly correlated and exhibited the same dominant frequency.
Development of a Phase-Field Method for Phase Change Simulations Using a Conservative Allen–Cahn Equation
Authors: Tamura Akinori , Katono Kenichi 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Two-phase flows including a phase change such as liquid–vapor flows play an important role in many industrial applications. A deeper understanding of the phase change phenomena is required to improve the performance and safety of nuclear power plants. For this purpose, we developed a phase change simulation method based on the phase-field method (PFM). The low computational efficiency of the conventional PFM based on the Cahn–Hilliard equation is an obstacle in practical simulations. To resolve this problem, we presented a new PFM based on the conservative Allen–Cahn equation including a phase change model. The wettability also needs to be considered in the phase change simulation. When we apply the conventional wetting boundary condition to the conservative Allen–Cahn equation, there is a problem that the mass of each phase is not conserved on the boundary. To resolve this issue, we developed the mass correction method which enables mass conservation in the wetting boundary. The proposed PFM was validated in benchmark problems. The results agreed well with the theoretical solution and other simulation results, and we confirmed that this PFM is applicable to the two-phase flow simulation including the phase change. We also investigated the computational efficiency of the PFM. In a comparison with the conventional PFM, we found that our proposed PFM was more than 100 times faster. Since computational efficiency is an important factor in practical simulations, the proposed PFM will be preferable in many industrial simulations.
Design of Condensation Heat Transfer Experiment to Evaluate Scaling Distortion in Small Modular Reactor Safety Analysis
Authors: Bhowmik Palash K. , Schlegel J. P. , Kalra V. , Mills C. , Usman S. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Designing a novel scaled modular test facility as a part of an experiment for condensation heat transfer (CHT) in small modular reactors (SMRs) is the main focus of this study. This facility will provide data to evaluate models' scalability for predicting heat transfer in the passive containment cooling system (PCCS) of SMR. The nuclear industry recognizes SMRs as future candidates for clean, economic, and safe energy generation. However, licensing requires proper evaluation of the safety systems such as PCCS. The knowledge gap from the literature review showed a lack of high-resolution experimental data for scaling of PCCS and validation of computational fluid dynamics tools. In addition, the presently available test data are inconsistent due to unscaled geometric and varying physics conditions. These inconsistencies lead to inadequate test data benchmarking. To fill this research gap, this study developed three scaled (different diameters) condensing test sections with annular cooling for scale testing and analysis. This facility considered saturated steam as the working fluid with noncondensable gases like nitrogen and helium in different mass fractions. This facility also used a precooler unit for inlet steam conditioning and a postcooler unit for condensate cooling. The high fidelity sensors, instruments, and data acquisition systems are installed and calibrated. Finally, facility safety analysis and shakedown tests are performed.
Numerical Simulation of Container Breach and Airborne Release of Solids Due to Mechanical Insults
Authors: Louie David L. Y. , Le San , Gilkey Lindsay N. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Throughout U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) complexes, safety engineers employ the five-factor formula to calculate the source term (ST) that includes parameters of airborne release fraction (ARF), respirable fraction (RF) and damage ratio (DR). Limited experimental data on fragmentation of solids, such as ceramic pellets (i.e., PuO2), and container breach due to mechanical insults (i.e., drop and forklift impact), can be supplemented by modeling and simulation using high fidelity computational tools to estimate these parameters. This paper presents the use of Sandia National Laboratories' SIERRA solid mechanics (SM) finite element code to investigate the behavior of the widely utilized waste container (such as 7A Drum) subject to a range of free fall impact and puncture scenarios. The resulting behavior of the container is assessed, and the estimates are presented for bounding DRs from calculated breach areas for the various accident conditions considered. This paper also describes a novel multiscale constitutive model recently implemented in SIERRA/SM that simulates the fracture of brittle materials such as PuO2 and determines ARF during the fracture process. Comparisons are made between model predictions and simple bench-top experiments.
Simple Graphical Method for Detection of a Partial Blockage or Leak in a Single Pipeline
Authors: Kumar Prabhat , Mohapatra P. K. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Transient-based methods in the frequency domain are used for fault detection in pipes. However, the required measurements are performed with a large number of valve frequencies. Sometimes the number of frequencies in traditional frequency-domain methods can be in the hundreds. More runs are required with higher harmonics when the required number of frequencies is more. The current study aims to overcome this difficulty of requirement of higher number of frequencies. The location and the size of a single leak or a single discrete blockage are proposed to be predicted using two appropriately chosen low frequencies. isopressure frequency responses (IPFRs) are generated by performing numerical experiments with these two low frequencies enabling determination of the fault. The methodology is demonstrated through various numerical examples. The results show that the procedure is quite accurate, with a high level of agreement between the actual and the predicted fault parameters. The error in the result is of the order of the chosen discretization. An uncertainty analysis is performed to illustrate that the prediction error caused by the error in the measurements of the pressure frequency responses (PFRs) depends on the location and the size of the fault itself. The error in prediction results is analyzed in uncertainty analysis with 0.10%, 0.15%, and 0.20% error in the peak head measurement. For the same error in the PFR measurement, the fault lying in a thin density of the contours would lead to a higher error in the final solution.
A Comparative Study on Thermal-Hydraulic Performance of Different Non-Newtonian Nanofluids Through an Elliptical Annulus
Authors: Zainith Prabhakar , Mishra Niraj Kumar 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a numerical investigation on heat transfer and flow behavior for non-Newtonian nanofluids with different nanoparticles (Al2O3 and CuO) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with water as a base fluid. The analysis has been carried out in an elliptical tube. Power-law model is adopted to depict the non-Newtonian nature of nanofluid. The present study has been done with a range of nanosized particles 0–4% by volume, and the variation of Reynolds number is kept under the laminar condition. The physical model covers two concentric tubes used to create an annular space. The effects of volume fraction, particle type, and base fluid have been investigated at different Reynolds numbers numerically. Also, the effect of pressure and heat transfer coefficient on the flow behavior of non-Newtonian nanofluids is analyzed. The results concluded that Al2O3 particles showed 219% and CuO particles give 195% higher heat transfer coefficient as compared with pure water.
Temperature Elevation in the Human Eye Due To Intraocular Projection Prosthesis Device
Authors: Gongal Dipika , Thakur Siddhant , Panse Ashay , Stark John A. , Yu Charles Q. , Foster Craig D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Corneal opacity is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. Corneal transplantation and keratoprosthesis can restore vision but have limitations due to the shortage of donor corneas and complications due to infection. A proposed alternative treatment using an intraocular projection prosthesis device can treat corneal disease. In this study, we perform a transient thermal analysis of the bionic eye model to determine the power the device can produce without elevating the eye tissue temperature above the 2°C limit imposed by the international standard for implantable devices. A 3D finite element model, including blood perfusion and natural convection fluid flow of the eye, was created. The device was placed 1.95 mm from the iris, which experienced less than 2°C rise in the tissue temperature at a maximum power dissipation of LED at 100 mW and microdisplay at 25 mW.