bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Split in Boko Haram and Its Impact for the Lake Chad Basin Region
Authors: Denisova T. S. , Kostelyanets S. V. 
Published: April 2021

The Islamist group Boko Haram (BH) was founded in the early 2000s and in less than two decades has transformed from a “Nigerian” movement into a regional one. Tactical, strategic and ideological differences between the leaders of BH have repeatedly led to its splits into separate factions; the most serious occurred in 2016, when the group split into the Islamic State in West Africa Province and Jamaatu Ahl-is-Sunna Lidda’Awati Wal-Jihad, the latter being still referred to as “Boko Haram” for convenience.The present paper examines the reasons for the splits in BH, the goals and military tactics of the two factions, and the prospects for the development of the security situation in the region of the Lake Chad basin (LCB), where armed conflict is fueled by large-scale poverty, socio-economic and political marginalization, and ineffectiveness of local authorities against the background of intertribal tensions and massive migration.The LCB has now become a huge human reservoir for jihadist recruitment. The situation in the region is further complicated by the fact that a significant portion of the population supports the Islamists, while the majority of locals are targeted by them and seek to leave their homes.The authors note that the division of BH into separate factions has made it more difficult for the LCB armed forces to conduct anti-terrorist operations, and for the LCB governments to negotiate cease fires or retrieve hostages, although, simultaneously, the split has led to a certain decline in the level of violence and to the weakening of the influence of the Islamists on the socio-economic development in the region.
Image Transformation of Frederick Chiluba, Ex-President of Zambia (Attitude to Former Presidents in African Countries)
Authors: Prokopenko L. Ya. 
Published: April 2021

The article analyzes the transformation of the political image of Frederick Chiluba, President of the Republic of Zambia in 1991-2001. As a representative of a new formation of African leaders in the era of the continent’s transition from authoritarianism to political pluralism, he was an ambiguous figure. His role in the return of the multi-party system in the country and in the liberalization of the national economy is discussed. It is stressed that within the framework of the existing political culture this politician was not immune to inevitable mistakes. However, the style and methods of Chilubas leadership (persecution of his predecessor, manipulation using the ethnic factor in order to retain power, ignoring criticism of the opposition and allies) periodically led to tension in the internal situation in the country and negatively affected his political image and the image of the government in general.In 1990-2000s the negative impact of tensions between Zambian politicians who held the presidency at different times on the stability of the country was clearly manifested. The persecution of ex-President Chiluba charged with corruption demonstrated the authorities’ policy to combat this social evil, but it was ambiguously perceived and interpreted by the society and by analysts. It is noted that for all the mistakes and shortcomings of Chilubas ten-year rule, it is necessary to recognize his merits in creating the economic base of Zambia and in proclaiming it a Christian country, which was practically forgotten after his death.The article shows the gradual rehabilitation of Chilubas memory, in which all living ex-presidents and the current Head of State take part. The experience of Zambia shows that under African realities, former presidents enjoy honors and certain privileges, provided they do not participate actively in politics and do not enter into open conflicts with their successors.
Encopresis y Diagnóstico tardío de la enfermedad de Hirschsprung, en niño de 7 años
Authors: Avalos Gabriela Avalos Zurita , Guevara Katherine María Guevara Suárez , Mier Jorge Alberto Mier Jiménez 
Published: April 2021

Resumen
Introducción: La encopresis es la incontinencia fecal repetitiva y espontánea en mayores de 4 años, relacionada con estreñimiento crónico y disfunción de la eliminación del producto fecal, debido a anomalías neurológicas como la ausencia de neuronas entéricas en el colon en la enfermedad de Hirschsprung; a causa de la impactación fecal, el intestino grueso, aumenta tanto de tamaño como de longitud, llamándose Dólico megacolon. El objetivo es presentar el caso clínico de un niño en etapa escolar con encopresis.
Presentación del caso: Niño de 7 años, acude por incontinencia fecal repetitiva y espontánea asociada a estreñimiento crónico, es diagnosticado por medio de biopsia de la línea pectínea, se reporta presencia de 1-2 células ganglionares y es tratado por enfermedad de Hirschprung. El manejo clínico con dieta blanda, polietilenglicol, agua de zen e irrigaciones rectales, con adherencia deficiente; posteriormente, se realiza exéresis de colon descendente, sigma y recto con técnica de Georgeson, en el postquirúrgico se realizan dilataciones con Hegar 18 y se administra metronidazol 220mg/VO/STAT por complicación postquirúrgica. Tras el manejo clínico y quirúrgico el paciente mejora evacuando 5 veces al día.
Conclusión: Se concluye que el tratamiento quirúrgico fue exitoso, sin embargo, el paciente no acude a los controles postquirúrgicos; presentándose nuevamente al servicio, por complicaciones como fisuras anales y rectorragia.
Caso clínico: larva migrans cutánea
Authors: Sánchez Redrobán José , Salazar Carpio Jonathan 
Published: April 2021

La Larva Migrans Cutánea (LMC) es una infección cutánea, autolimitada, provocada principalmente por la especie de helmintos Ancylostoma, el cual produce una infección accidental al ser humano en zonas tropicales. Las enfermedades producidas por helmintos y que son trasmitidas a través del suelo afectan mundialmente a aproximadamente más de dos mil millones de personas (1). El diagnóstico es básicamente clínico y epidemiológico. Los autores presentan un caso clínico pediátrico en Nueva Loja - Sucumbíos (Amazonia Ecuatoriana) y realizan una revisión acerca de esta patología infecciosa
AS MUDANÇAS NO COMÉRCIO EXTERIOR BRASILEIRO SOBRE MEDICAMENTOS E PRODUTOS MÉDICO- HOSPITALARES DURANTE A COVID-19
Authors: Sartori Rafael Leite , Bastos Thamires Mota , Dos Santos Leandro Colevati 
Published: April 2021

Essa monografia contém informações referente as medidas aplicadas pelo governo brasileiro, no âmbito do comércio exterior, durante o primeiro semestre da emergência internacional da covid-19.
Para a elaboração do estudo foi indispensável destrinchar os princípios tributários, como o princípio da legaligade, da igualdade, da capacidade contributiva, da anterioridade e da seletividade tributária, assim como, seus elementos fundamentais, sendo eles fato gerador, hipótese de incidência, base de cálculo e alíquota. Os principais insumos utilizados para o combate ao vírus no país também foram mencionados, como o uso do fármaco dexametasoma e importações de kits para traqueostomia e máscaras laríngeas, que foram produtos de destaque nas compras internacionais durante o início da pandemia. Ao final, é apresentada uma tabela que destaca quais medidas adotadas foram liberalizantes e quais foram restritivas. As medidas restritivas, são em suma, restringindo a exportação de produtos hospitalares, analisando o beneficiamento proporcionado por tais providências tomadas pelo governo brasileiro.
Identification and pharmacokinetics of saponins in Rhizoma Anemarrhenae after oral administration to rats by HPLC-Q-TOF/MS and HPLC-MS/MS
Authors: Wang Hai-Qiao , Lan Fen , Zhang Yi-Han , Xia Jin-Er , Gong Xiao-Mei , Liu Min 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Rhizoma Anemarrhenae is a well-known herbal medicine with saponins as its commonly regarded major bioactive components. It is essential to classify the properties of saponins which are associated with their toxicity and efficacy. In this study, 25 compounds were identified by HPLC-Q-TOF/MS in the extract of Rhizoma Anemarrhenae and 8 saponins were detected in rat plasma by HPLC-MS/MS after oral administration of this extract. These were neomangiferin, mangiferin, timosaponin E1, timosaponin E, timosaponin B-II, timosaponin B-III, timosaponin A-III and timosaponin A-I. A sensitive and accurate HPLC-MS/MS method was developed and successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of the abovementioned eight saponins after oral administration of the Rhizoma Anemarrhenae extract to rats. The method validation, including specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, recovery, matrix effect and robustness, met the requirements of the intended use. The pharmacokinetic parameter, T
max value, ranged from 2 to 8 h for these eight saponins whereas their elimination half-life (t
1/2) ranged from 4.06 to 9.77 h, indicating slow excretion. The plasma concentrations of these eight saponins were all very low, indicating a relatively low oral bioavailability. All these results provide support for further clinical studies.
Antioxidant and antihyperglycemic activities of Scorzonera cinerea radical leaves in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats
Authors: Temiz Mehmet Ali 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Scorzonera species are used for treating various diseases. They are consumed raw, especially in the spring, and have nutritious and dietetic values. This study evaluated the antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of ethanolic extracts of Scorzonera cinerea (Sc) radical leaves in diabetes mellitus. Five random groups of Wistar rats (n = 8) were created – control, diabetic, acarbose, Sc-Dried, and Sc-Frozen. Phenolic profiles of extracts were determined by HPLC. Free radical scavenging capacity was measured using DPPH and ABTS tests. The inhibitory effects of Sc extracts on α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities were also evaluated. Moreover, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) activities, glutathione (GSH) concentration, malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS) were analyzed in the liver tissues. While dried Scorzonera extract was more effective in α-amylase inhibitory activity, frozen Scorzonera extract was more effective in α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Sc-Dried and Sc-Frozen extracts lowered blood glucose and HbA1c levels, they also increased insulin. Although liver MDA and TOS were significantly increased in the diabetic group, their values were significantly lower in the Sc-Dried- and Sc-Frozen-treated groups. GSH, TAS, and anti-oxidant enzyme activities decreased in the diabetic group, but Sc-Dried and Sc-Frozen supplements significantly enhanced liver antioxidant values. In conclusion, S. cinerea treatment exerts potential hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects in diabetes. Thus, it can be considered as a candidate dietary supplement for health benefits in diabetes.
NTRU Over Galois Rings
Authors: Sever Mehmet , Özdemir Ahmet Şükrü 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
As a cryptosystem, Nth Truncated Polynomial Ring (NTRU) is established on the fast and easy calculation. Improving the security is aimed by enlarging a ring where the processes execute and enhancing the number of a private key and a public key. In this study, NTRU takes over the Galois rings and is analysed by adding a new private key.
On Balancing and Lucas-balancing Quaternions
Authors: Patel Bijan Kumar , Ray Prasanta Kumar 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The aim of this article is to investigate two new classes of quaternions, namely, balancing and Lucas-balancing quaternions that are based on balancing and Lucas-balancing numbers, respectively. Further, some identities including Binet’s formulas, summation formulas, Catalan’s identity, etc. concerning these quaternions are also established.
Occurrence of mental disorders in nonspecific inflammatory bowel diseases: a primary or secondary problem in relation to the biological therapy used?
Authors: Olesiak Mateusz , Stelmach Ewa 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Introduction: Nonspecific inflammatory bowel diseases include Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (CU – colitis ulcerosa), which are chronic diseases characterized by periods of exacerbation and remission. Extraintestinal complications caused by the disease and the applied treatment, mainly steroid therapy, constitute a predisposition to infections and mental disorders such as depressive disorders with apathy, slowness of movement or agitation, and even manic syndromes.

Aim and method: The aim of this study was to review the literature on the occurrence of primary and secondary mental disorders in the course of inflammatory bowel diseases. The literature in the Google Scholar database was reviewed using the following keywords: colitis ulcerosa, Crohn disease, depression, mental disorders, inflammatory bowel disease. The time descriptors 2011-2021 were also used.

Conclusions: The review of epidemiological studies shows that the most common mental disorders in nonspecific inflammatory bowel diseases are anxiety and depression disorders. The effect of steroid therapy on the development of mental disorders is equally significant. Most of the available empirical data relating to corticosteroids confirm the correlation between the drugs and depressive symptoms, and other psychiatric effects, including mania and psychosis.

Summary: As with most chronic diseases, the prevalence of anxiety and depression disorders is higher in nonspecific inflammatory bowel diseases than in the general population.
The Primacy of the Mental in the Explanation of Human Action
Authors: Buckareff Andrei A. , Zhu Jing 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The mentalistic orthodoxy about reason-explanations of action in the philosophy of mind has recently come under renewed attack. Julia Tanney is among those who have critiqued mentalism. The alternative account of the folk practice of giving reason-explanations of actions she has provided affords features of an agent’s external environment a privileged role in explaining the intentional behaviour of agents. The authors defend the mentalistic orthodoxy from Tanney’s criticisms, arguing that Tanney fails to provide a philosophically satisfying or psychologically realistic account of reason-explanation of action.
The influence of forest types on manganese content in soils
Authors: Michopoulos Panagiotis , Kostakis Marios , Thomaidis Nikolaos S. , Pasias Ioannis 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The concentrations of available and total Mn were determined in the soils of three different forest ecosystems, i.e. a maquis forest, a beech forest and fir one. The concentrations of total Mn in the deeper mineral horizons reflected the type of patent material, but in the surface layers, the more acidic soil (in the beech forest) had the higher concentrations. This was due to the high concentrations of Mn in the standing leaves and litterfall of beech trees, which brought about high litterfall fluxes of Mn in that forest. However, the concentrations of (DTPA) available Mn was significantly higher in the soil under beech only in the 0–10 cm layer, whereas the fast decomposition of organic matter in the Mediterranean zone resulted in higher concentrations of available Mn in the Ofh soil horizon of the maquis plot. The available Mn did not correlate with soil pH. These findings mean that high concentrations of available Mn do not always entail higher uptake. The soil pH played a predominant role for the high concentrations in the vegetation of the beech forest.
Do pheromone trapping always reflect Ips typographus (L.) population level? A study from the Tatra National Park in Poland
Authors: Grodzki Wojciech 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Pheromone traps are used for monitoring I. typographus populations in Norway spruce stands of the Tatra National Park (TPN) in Poland. The presented study is based on the set of pheromone traps of precisely known location (23) located in the whole area of the TPN and operated continuously in 2010–2019. The data on the captures of beetles were compared with two kinds of data concerning the mortality: the area covered by standing dead trees (airborne photographs) in the no-intervention zone, and the volume of trees infested by bark beetles processed in the active protection zone. No relationship was found between the mean numbers of beetles captured yearly in all pheromone traps in the whole TPN area and the volume of infested trees removed from the stands in the active protection zone. The captures in the two selected study areas were correlated with the area of spots with dead trees in the 500 m circle around the traps, however, this correlation is not statistically significant. There is no relation of captures to the volume of processed infested trees. The captures decreased in the growing seasons after the wind damage, and increased markedly after the drought started in 2015. The results of pheromone trapping are affected by several factors, as wind damage and defence potential of trees resulting from their physiological status. Pheromone traps represent valuable source of information about the bark beetle I. typographus population dynamics, although the collected data do not enable direct definition of its population level, especially in the protected areas with different and unstable (changed in 2017) approach to the protection of stands. As most of the information on beetles is captured in the first half of the growing season, the data collected till the end of July are sufficient for monitoring purposes; thus, the trapping should be reduced to the period May–July.
Forest shelter belts in organic agricultural landscape: structure of biodiversity and their ecological role
Authors: Lavrov Vitaliy , Miroshnyk Nataliіa , Grabovska Tatіana , Shupova Tatіana 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The aim of this article is to assess the structure of biodiversity of field protective forest shelter belts to determine the directions of increasing their reclamation and conservation potential in the organic agricultural landscape. Methods of comparative ecology (synecological approach, assessment of α-diversity), forestry, geobotany, ornithology and statistical analysis are used. Changes in species diversity of plants and birds in forest shelter belts around organic fields are characterized. It is established that plantations with developed undergrowth and under-storey are transformed due to the loss of up to 43.5% of trees, liquefaction of the edificatory tier. Transformer species with a wide phytocenotic range predominate in the tree stands. The grass tier is dominated by ruderants (36.5%) and adventive species (24.5%). The share (60%) of species with a mixed life strategy indicates changes in moisture conditions and soil trophism. A 2.4% of shade-loving plants and the presence of 14.7% nitrophils indicate an imbalance in the structure of forest shelter belts. Depletion of species composition, ecological and trophic structure of bird groups testify to the decrease in the capacity of forest shelter belts and their statio diversity, reduction of protective, environment-creating functions and other ecosystem services. In the three-tiered dense forest shelter belts with developed undergrowth and understorey, 10–27 species of birds nest. In general, avifauna is represented by 2 ecological groups (93.1% dendrophiles, 6.9% sclerophiles), divided into 5 types of nesting strategy (with a predominance of hollow-nests 37.0–53.3%), and 5 types of feeding (with a predominance of entomophagous 70.4–90.0%). Twenty-nine species have been identified on nesting, 27 of which are subject to protection at the level of international agreements. There are no adventive species, the index of synanthropization of avifauna is high – 0.85–1.0. For organic technologies to increase the potential of biological protection of fields from entomological pests by attracting insectivorous birds is relevant.
First report of the white rotting fungus Sarcodontia crocea in Armenia
Authors: Gasparyan Arsen , Szczepkowski Andrzej 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Sarcodontia crocea (Schwein.) Kotl. is recorded for the first time from Armenia. The specimen has been collected from the old fallen branch of apple tree (Malus sp.) and known from the single locality, the private orchard at the Vahagni village, Lori province. Herein, the collected specimen, habitat and threats are briefly described. Further inclusion to the Red Data Book of Armenia is recommended.
In vitro plant regeneration of Christmas cactus (Schlumbergera truncata (Haw.) Moran) by indirect morphogenesis
Authors: Chornobrov Oksana , Bilous Svitlana 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Plants of Schlumbergera truncata (Haw.) Moran were obtained by indirect morphogenesis from the segment section of shoots in vitro, they were multiplied and rooted. Also were determined the effect of the lighting regime, the composition of the nutrient medium on the consistency and frequency of callus formation. The studies were conducted during 2016–2018. The mode of effective sterilization (more than 90%) of S. truncata plant explants using 0.1% HgCl2 for 7–8 min was established. Optimal conditions for the induction of callus formation in stem node segments of S. truncata plants (rate more than 90% and significant growth) were created on MS (Murashige and Skoog 1962) nutrient medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) and 0.3 mg/l NAA (1-naphthylacetic acid) under conditions of placement on the nutrient medium and doing a significant number of cuts on the explants. The light intensity of 2.0–3.0 klx, obtained by a callus of dense consistency of dark green pigmentation, when using the thermostat condition without illumination, the callus had loose consistency, dark yellow pigmentation. It is established that the influence of the lighting regime and the composition of the nutrient medium on the frequency of callus formation is statistically significant. The largest number of shoots was obtained on the MS medium with the addition of 2.0 mg/l of BA. At the same times, shoot proliferation and root induction in such numbers were observed on MS culture medium with the addition of 0.5 mg/l BA and 0.5 mg/l kinetin (multiplication factor – 8.8±0.6 per 60-day cultivation cycle).
Raw material of Besemah traditional house construction in Indonesia
Authors: Febryano Indra Gumay , Harum Oktarine Melly Aminah , Wulandari Christine , Hidayat Wahyu , Banuwa Irwan Sukri , Prasetia Hendra , Iswandaru Dian , Novriyanti Novriyanti , Duadji Noverman , Tresiana Novita , Zulfiani Dini , Ichsan Andi Chairil , Salampessy Messalina Lovinia 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The traditional house is one of the nature reserves that have the characteristics of various regions and must be protected and preserved. This research aimed to explain the species of wood used in the manufacture of traditional Besemah houses in the Pelang Kenidai Village, Central Dempo District, Pagaralam City, South Sumatra Province, Indonesia. The implemented methodology of this study was a qualitative approach alongside a case study method. The wood species used in the preservation of traditional Besemah houses (ghumah baghi) consisted of three species: mersawa (Anisoptera sp.), surian (Toona sureni Merr.) and rasamala (Altingia excelsa Noronha). The government is expected to support the preservation of traditional houses through policies on preserving traditional houses, rehabilitating forests and land, cultivating the species of wood used as raw materials for making traditional houses, providing alternative species of other wood as a substitute for these woods, developing culture-based tourism and supporting the community in preserving the culture they have.