bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Distortion of the Aorta on the Blood Flow and Its Significance on the Localization of High Wall Shear Stress Region
Authors: Mori Daisuke , Liu Hao , Yamaguchi Takami 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The aorta is the largest artery in the body. It consists of the ascending aorta that leaves the left ventricle, the aortic arch where it curves about 180°, and the descending aorta. Three prominent branches to the head and upper limbs leave the aortic arch. In addition to this complex configuration, it was recently pointed out that the centerline of the aortic arch does not lie in a plane, and has a three dimensional (3D) distortion. This distortion induces very strong deviation of the 3D structure of the blood flow from that usually assumed to occur in flows in simple curved pipes (Caro et al. 1996). This 3D flow structure is thought to be responsible for some serious aortic diseases, including aortic aneurysms. It has been reported that the flow in a real human aorta is not the well-known twin vortex-type symmetrical secondary flow that is well established theoretically and experimentally for a simple curved pipe. Kilner et al. (1993) observed a single helical and retrograde secondary flow pattern by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
The Effects of Implantation Techniques on Platelet Activation in a Mechanical Heart Valve: A Numerical Study
Authors: Li Yanmei , Bluestein Danny 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A numerical simulation of pulsatile turbulent flow was conducted past a St. Jude Medical MHV in the aortic position, to study the effects of valve implantation technique on the thromboembolic potential of the valve. The effects of valve orientation and the suturing technique employed were examined in terms of the thromboembolic potential of the valve. It was demonstrated that the combination of a valve that is not aligned with the axis of the blood flow and subannularly sutured pledgets, produced accelerating jet flow through the valve orifices and a wider wake of periodic shed vortices in the valve’s leaflets wake. Platelets paths that exposed the platelets to the highest shear levels led them to entrapment within the shed vortices, indicating an increased risk of cardioembolism via the potential free emboli formation in the wake.
Bioengineered Muscle Implants
Authors: Bowlin G. L. , Wise Barbara , Terracio L. , Simpson D. G. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Fundamental research has defined many of the mechanistic events that mediate congenital malformations and the pathological disease processes that alter cardiac structure and function. Despite these efforts, there are a limited number of clinical treatment options available for many of these conditions. In many cases, even for disease processes that cause focal defects in the ventricular wall, the only viable treatment is the complete replacement of the damaged organ by transplant. Unfortunately, the supply of cardiac tissue that is available for transplant therapy remains chronically, and critically, short of demand. The reconstruction of a specific domain of dysfunctional ventricular tissue with a cell-based therapy is a potential avenue of treatment. One of the most direct strategies in this type of treatment regime is the injection of a suspension of fetal or neonatal cardiac myocytes into the injured domain. In small animal models, two limitations have become apparent with this strategy. First, differentiated myocytes do not undergo migration when they are injected into scar tissue and as a result they tend to remain concentrated in the vicinity of the injection site. Second, the myocytes that survive in the injection site are not well integrated into the healthy tissue and contract at rates that are independent of the surrounding myocardium. The long-term objective of this project is to circumvent the limitations of injection therapy by fabricating a cardiac muscle prosthesis that mimics the three dimensional architecture of the intact heart.
Biomechanical Problems With Contact Pressure Distribution in the Knee Joint After Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Giachetti R. S. , Amirouche F. M. , Aram L. A. , Gonzalez M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The most critical aspect to the life of Total Knee Arthroplasty is the surgical fit. This project’s goal is to use a 3-D Finite Element Model of the TKA modified knee and create dynamic pressure profiles across the condylar surfaces. Then validate the results through experimental data so that it can be used to fit TKAs.
The ANSYS™ model currently contains 10,000 elements and represents the whole tibial piece including the femoral component surface. Loading of the model is restricted to the condylar surface and the bottom of the piece is constrained to zero displacement. The experimental aspect of the project consists of a cadaver leg fitted with the prosthesis and is able to record real time pressure across the condyles as a function of time and joint angle.
This study validates previous work and also generates new pressure data indicative of normal flexion-extension motion in the TKA modified joint. This enables the exact alignment of the joint, thus creating a perfect fit and eliminating premature failure of TKAs.
Role of Hard Tissue Inelastic Properties in the Damage Behavior of Trabecular Bone
Authors: Yeh Oscar C. , Keaveny Tony M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Relatively little is known about the inelastic properties of trabecular hard tissue. In cortical tissue, age-related changes in mechanical properties were primarily observed in the postyield regime [1, 2]. Most notably, the ultimate strain was found to decrease by 9% per decade [1]. If similar changes in inelastic properties exist in trabecular tissue, there could be implications for the damage behavior of trabecular bone at the whole specimen “apparent” level. Understanding the role of these inelastic properties may help researchers identify which properties of trabecular tissue are vital to characterize and may improve understanding of age-related increases in skeletal fragility.
Finite Element Modeling of Penetrating Traumatic Brain Injuries
Authors: Pintar Frank A. , Kumaresan Srirangam , Stemper Brian , Yoganandan Narayan , Gennarelli Thomas A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Recent advances in the treatment of penetrating gunshot wounds to the head have saved lives. These advances are largely reported using retrospective analysis of patients with recommendations for treatment. Biomechanical quantification of intracranial deformation/stress distribution associated with the type of weapon (e.g., projectile geometry) will advance clinical understanding of the mechanics of penetrating wounds. The present study was designed to delineate the biomechanical behavior of the human head under penetrating impact of two different projectile geometries using a nonlinear, three-dimensional finite element model. The human head model included the skull and brain. The qualitative comparison of the model output with each type of projectile during various time steps indicates that the deformation/stress progresses as the projectile penetrates the tissue. There is also a distinct difference in the patterns of displacement for each type of projectile. The present study is a first step in the study of the biomechanics of penetrating traumatic brain injuries.
Comparative Testing of Commercial, Modified and Non-Automotive Seat Backs
Authors: Muzzy William H. , Khadilkar Anil V. , Yeager Robin , Laviano Claude W. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A series of comparison tests was conducted on several automotive seats to find the range of forces required to fail them when a load was applied to the seat back at the upper cross member. A simple calculation for each seat was performed to compare the moment (or amount of rotating force at the seat back pivot point) that was required for the seat back to fail. In addition, two of the seat designs were reinforced to increase the seat back moment. This was done to assess the requirements necessary to strengthen the seat back’s resistance to failure when an occupant loaded it in a rear line of force crash.
Effect of Cortical and Cancellous Bone Anisotropy on Peri-Implant Stresses and Strains in the Posterior Mandible
Authors: O’Mahony Aisling M. , Williams John L. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We computed the bone-implant interface stresses for a bullet-shaped dental implant in the human mandible under combined vertical and horizontal loading. We also calculated the principal strains in the bone surrounding the implant. Two cases were compared: One in which the bone was considered to have isotropic elastic constants and the other in which transverse isotropy was assumed. Anisotropy increased the peak stresses and strains around both the implant-cancellous and implant-cortical bone interfaces.
Modulus of Toughness Measurements of Urinary Calculi
Authors: Wang Shyh-Jen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Objective: To improve the efficacy of ESWL treatment, it is desirable to identify the physical properties of urinary calculi that could offer direct correlation with their fragilities during ESWL and thus could be used to guide treatment procedures for more effective stone fragmentation.
Method: The 30 stone specimens removed surgically were compressed by an axial testing system to measure the compressive strength and trace the stress-strain curve. Image analysis software SigmaScan (Jandel Co.) was used to calculate the area under the stress-strain curve, the modulus of toughness, for each stone.
Result: The values of compressive strength measured were similar to those reported by other researchers. The modulus of toughness of urinary calculi correlates with the stone fragility during ESWL clinically.
Conclusion: The modulus of toughness could be an index to evaluate the physical property of urinary calculi that could be used to guide treatment procedures for more effective stone fragmentation.
Modeling of Composite With Meso-Localized Damage Accounting for Local Stress Distribution
Authors: Wu Yadong , Nakagaki Michihiko 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The existing constitutive models of composite were usually built on the relation between the phase-average stress and strain, as treated in monolithic materials. In the present work, however, it was found that the averaged characteristic of the phase material, in which the plastic damage occurs, is quite different from that of the monolithic material. And the morphology of the non-uniform local properties remarkably gives effects on the global property of the composite. In order to model the local phenomenon in composite, a statistical distribution function was proposed to describe the local stress and the local plasticity. Furthermore by applying Localized Rigidity Method (LRM), which was proposed by the authors, a mixture law to estimate the percentage of the local plastic damage regions is developed. A numerical calculation was performed to investigate the nonlinear phenomena of the composite with the meso-localized plasticity, and the high performance of the present model was verified.
Probabilistic Modeling of Fatigue Crack Growth in Ti-6Al-4V
Authors: Soboyejo W. O. , Soboyejo A. B. O. , Shen W. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the results of a combined experimental and analytical study of the probabilistic nature of fatigue crack growth in Ti-6Al-4V. A simple experimental fracture mechanics is presented for obtaining statistical fatigue crack growth parameters from one or two fatigue tests. The experimental studies of long fatigue crack growth show that the variabilities in the long fatigue crack growth rate and the Paris coefficient are well described by the log-normal distribution. The variabilities in the Paris exponent are also shown to be well characterized by a Weibull distribution. The measured statistical distributions are incorporated into a probabilistic fracture mechanics framework for the estimation of material reliability. The implications of the results are also discussed for the probabilistic analysis of fatigue crack growth in engineering components and structures.
Damage Tolerance in Biomedical Implants: Cardiac Valves and Endovascular Stents
Authors: Ritchie R. O. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The human heat rate is roughly 40 million beats per year. To prosthetic implants such as mechanical heart valves and endovascular stents, this means that they must endure almost 109 fatigue cycles during the patient’s lifetime. To prevent premature mechanical failures of such devices, which inevitably lead to patient fatalities, considerations of damage-tolerant design and life-prediction methodologies represent a preferred approach. In this presentation, a damage-tolerant approach to life prediction and “quality control” for both metallic and ceramic heart valve prostheses is presented, based on the notion that the useful life of the device is governed by the time for incipient defects in the material to propagate, by stress corrosion or more critically fatigue, to failure. Based on these analyses, the relative benefits of metallic (Co-Cr, Ti-6Al-4V) vs. ceramic (pyrolytic carbon) valves are discussed. Finally, analogous considerations are presented for endovascular stents, particularly those processed by laser cutting of the superelastic Ni-Ti alloy Nitinol. Again, the relative benefits of Nitinol vs. more traditional metallic implant materials (stainless steel, Co-Cr, titanium, titanium alloys) are discussed.
The Effects of High Temperature Exposure on the Durability of Thermal Barrier Coatings
Authors: Yanar N. M. , Stiger M. J. , Pettit F. S. , Meier G. H. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Yttria-stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) coatings deposited by electron beam physical vapor deposition on platinum aluminide and NiCoCrAlY bond coats on single crystal superalloy substrates have been oxidized at temperatures between 1000 and 1200°C in air. The cyclic oxidation lives of the systems with platinum aluminide bond coats were substantially longer than those with NiCoCrAlY bond coats. The thermally grown oxide (TGO) that develops between the bond coat and the TBC during oxidation, as well as the bond coat and the TBC adjacent to the TGO, have been examined in detail using optical metallography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM). The YSZ is observed to undergo significant amounts of sintering. The TGO grows by the inward diffusion of oxygen and the outward diffusion of aluminum. In some cases, the outward growth component incorporates some of the TBC into the TGO. The depletion of aluminum results in phase changes in the bond coats. Failure of the TBCs occurs after fixed amounts of oxidation which result in increasing amounts of elastic energy being stored in the TGO and YSZ as well as degradation of the TGO-bond coat interface. The fracture path changed as a function of exposure time and temperature with larger amounts of separation occurring at the TGO/BC interface for higher temperatures and longer exposures in dry air. Failure can be accelerated in the presence of water vapor, particularly if spinel formation is induced. Fracture occurs primarily in the oxides, in this case. The fracture surface for systems with platinum aluminide bond coats often contains precipitates, which are rich in refractory metals. These features do not appear to be prevalent with NiCoCrAlY bond coats.
Suspected acute rheumatic fever in a young man in England
Authors: Wilson Zak Michael , Craster Katie 
Published: November 2021

A 24-year-old fit and well Caucasian man was referred to acute hospital via his General Practitioner with chest pain, palpitations, shortness of breath and an antecedent sore throat. Investigations revealed pericardial and pleural effusions, pericardial thickening on MRI, mild mitral regurgitation on echocardiogram and a raised Antistreptolysin O (ASO) titre.He was treated as acute rheumatic fever (ARF) with a prolonged course of penicillin, supportive therapy with bisoprolol and colchicine with lansoprazole cover. The patient made a full recovery and subsequent cardiac MRI showed resolution of all changes.
Prevalence of Alcohol Consumption in Emergency department presentations (PACE) in Queensland, Australia, using alcohol biomarkers ethanol and phosphatidylethanol: an observational study protocol
Authors: Vuong Kim A , Manzanero Silvia , Ungerer Jacobus P J , Mitchell Gary , McWhinney Brett , Vallmuur Kirsten , Warren Jacelle , McCreanor Victoria , Howell Tegwen , Pollard Clifford , Schuetz Michael , Zournazi Anna , Cameron Cate M 
Published: November 2021

IntroductionAlcohol use in patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) is a significant problem in many countries. There is a need for valid and reliable surveillance of the prevalence of alcohol use in patients presenting to the ED, to provide a more complete picture of the risk factors and inform targeted public health interventions. This PACE study will use two biomarkers, blood ethanol and phosphatidylethanol (PEth), to determine the patterns, presence and level of alcohol use in patients presenting to an Australian ED.Methods and analysisThis is an observational prevalence study involving the secondary use of routinely collected blood samples from patients presenting to the Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital (RBWH) Emergency and Trauma Centre (ETC). Samples will be tested for acute and medium-term alcohol intake using the two biomarkers blood ethanol and PEth respectively, over one collection period of 10–12 days. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, means, SD, medians and IQRs, will be used to describe the prevalence, pattern and distribution of acute and medium-term alcohol intake in the study sample. The correlation between acute and medium-term alcohol intake levels will also be examined.Ethics and disseminationThis study has been approved by the RBWH Human Research Ethics Committee (reference, LNR/2019/QRBW/56859). Findings will be disseminated to key stakeholders such as RBWH ETC, Australasian College for Emergency Medicine, Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, Statewide Clinical Networks, and used to inform clinicians and hospital services. Findings will be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals and presentation at appropriate conferences.
Psychometric properties of the traditional Chinese version of the youth attitude to noise scale: a cross-sectional study in a large representative sample
Authors: Chen Ningjing , Fong Daniel Yee Tak , Li Sha , Wong Janet Yuen Ha 
Published: November 2021

ObjectivesThis study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the traditional Chinese version of the Youth Attitude to Noise Scale (YANS) in a large representative sample.DesignCross-sectional study.Setting15 secondary schools in Hong Kong, China.Participants2842 adolescents aged 12–20 years participated in this study between April and July 2016.MethodsThe standard forward–backward validation procedures were followed to obtain the traditional Chinese version of the YANS. Prior to the formal investigation, the YANS was evaluated by cognitive debriefing. The sample was randomly divided into two halves for exploratory factor analyses (EFAs) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs), respectively. The number of factors was determined by comparison data approach using EFAs, and the factor structure was confirmed by CFAs using the one-factor, four-factor and bifactor models. The scale’s internal reliability, dimensionality and measurement invariance across gender and age groups were also examined.ResultsEFAs (n=1338) showed that four factors were extracted, and CFAs (n=1337) demonstrated the bifactor model fitted better to the sample than the other models. Additionally, the traditional Chinese version of the YANS showed high reliability (ω=0.84), a general factor, scale multidimensionality, and gender and age invariance.ConclusionsThe findings of the current study indicate that the traditional Chinese version of the YANS is a feasible instrument to assess attitude to noise in Chinese adolescents, regardless of their gender and age. Given the presence of a general factor, the YANS is not merely multidimensional, and whether to use the total or subscale scores is recommended to rely on research objectives.
Infertility-related distress and clinical targets for psychotherapy: a qualitative study
Authors: Dube Loveness , Nkosi-Mafutha Nokuthula , Balsom Ashley A , Gordon Jennifer L 
Published: November 2021

ObjectivesAn estimated 30%–40% of women attending infertility tertiary care facilities experience clinically significant depression and anxiety. However, current psychological interventions for infertility are only modestly effective in this population. In this study, we aimed to identify the specific psychological components of infertility-related distress to assist in the development of a more targeted and effective therapeutic intervention. To our knowledge, this study is the first of its kind to include the views and opinions of mental health professionals who specialise in the field of infertility and the first to explore therapies currently used by mental health professionals.DesignA qualitative approach using semistructured individual interviews and focus group interviews with women who have experience with infertility and also mental health professionals specialising in the field of infertility. Thematic analysis was used to identify patterns and themes emerging from the data.ParticipantsTwenty-one women (aged 25–41 years) struggling to conceive for ≥12 months and 14 mental health professionals participated in semistructured interviews about the psychological challenges related to infertility.ResultsFive themes, each divided into subthemes, emerged from the data and these were developed into a model of infertility-related distress. These five themes are: (1) anxiety, (2) mood disturbance, (3) threat to self-esteem, identity and purpose, (4) deterioration of the couple and (5) weakened support network. In addition, therapeutic techniques used by mental health professionals were identified.ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest specific clinical targets that future interventions treating infertility-related distress should address.