bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling future climate
Authors: Maslin Mark 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
‘Modelling future climate’ examines the modelling of future global climate. There is a whole hierarchy of climate models, from relatively simple box models to extremely complex three-dimensional general circulation models (GCMs). Each has a role in examining and furthering the understanding of the global climate system. At the heart of the climate models is the carbon cycle, central to estimating what happens to anthropogenic carbon dioxide and methane emissions. The biggest unknown in the models is the estimation of future human global GHG emissions. It is worth noting here the shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) and representative concentration pathways (RCPs), a set of narratives and driving forces that model the possible shape of the global economy and global emissions in the future. The latest IPCC projections on future global temperature, precipitation, and sea level based on the different SSPs make for interesting reading.
Climate change impacts
Authors: Maslin Mark 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
‘Climate change impacts’ assesses the potential impacts of climate change and how these alter in scale and intensity with increasing warming by breaking down the potential impacts into sectors: extreme heat and droughts, storms and floods, agriculture, ocean acidification, biodiversity, and human health. Policy-makers should identify what dangerous climate change is. We need a realistic target concerning the degree of climate change with which we can cope. Fortunately, the societal coping range is flexible and can change with the shifting baseline and the more frequent extreme events—as long as there is strong climate science to provide clear guidance on what sort of changes are going to occur.
Politics of climate change
Authors: Maslin Mark 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
‘Politics of climate change’ begins by looking at the history of the climate change negotiations, considering key milestones such as the Kyoto Protocol, the Copenhagen Accord, and the Paris Agreement. At the Paris climate meeting in 2015, world leaders agreed that global temperature increase should be kept below 2°C, with an aspirational target of 1.5°C. Despite this agreement, global carbon emissions have continued to rise every year. There are potential flaws in the approach of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). We should note the various carbon trading schemes and the UN’s REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) programme, which has been subsequently refined as REDD+. What needs to be achieved politically if climate change is to be mitigated?
Association of Monocytes to High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio With Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components
Authors: Wang Ting-jun , Cai Xiao-qi , Gong Jin , Xie Qun-fang , Xu Guo-yan , Xie Liang-di 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
To investigate the association of monocytes to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (MHR) with metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components.

Methods
A cross-sectional clinical study was conducted from February 2018 to January 2019 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University. A total of 890 inpatients or outpatients aged 30–79 years old were enrolled, and their clinical data were collected. MS and its components were defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NECP-ATPIII) diagnostic criteria. Spearman correlation and logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the association of MHR with MS and its components. A receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of MHR for MS.

Results
The monocyte counts and MHR were significantly higher in subjects with MS than those without MS (P &lt; 0.001). The percentage of subjects carrying 3 or more MS components increased with the increment of MHR tertiles (13.7%, 32.7%, and 44.6%, P &lt; 0.001). MHR was correlated with multiple metabolic components, including body mass index, waist circumstance, visceral fat content, total cholesterol, triglyceride, fasting plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, and systolic blood pressure (all P &lt; 0.001). Logistic regression analyses showed that MHR was independently associated with MS after adjusting for age, gender, multiple metabolic components, and the use of antihypertensive and antihyperglycemic medications. Compared with the lowest tertile of MHR, the risk of MS increased by 2.386 and 3.233 times in moderate (P = 0.010) and highest (P = 0.001) tertiles, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses indicated that the best cutoff value of MHR was 6.59 × 105/mg for the diagnosis of MS, with a sensitivity of 75.2% and a specificity of 52.7%.

Conclusions
Elevated MHR is associated with an increased risk of MS and the accumulation of its components.
The Relationship Between Carotid Artery Structural Abnormality and Stiffness in Patients With Prehypertension
Authors: Zhang Ling-yu , Li Jian-hua , Shen Yi-hua , Xu Guo-yan , Han Ying , Xie Liang-di 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
To investigate the difference of carotid structural abnormality and stiffness, and the relationship between carotid structural abnormality and stiffness in prehypertensive and normotensive subjects.

Methods
A total of 581 participants (270 with prehypertension, 311 normotensive control subjects) from the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University were enrolled from January 2017 to March 2019. Body height/weight, resting heart rate, and blood pressure were recorded. Blood biochemical indexes and carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity were determined, and carotid ultrasonography was performed. Carotid intima–media thickness ≥1.0 mm and carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity ≥10.0 m/s were defined as carotid structural abnormality and arterial stiffness, respectively.

Results
The percentage of patients with carotid structural abnormality (60.7% vs. 51.4%), carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity [(8.78 ± 1.48) vs. (7.92 ± 1.30) m/s], and the percentage of patients with arterial stiffness (13.7% vs. 5.8%) were increased in the prehypertension group compared with the control group (all P &lt; 0.05). In the prehypertension group, the percentage of patients with arterial stiffness in the abnormal carotid structure subgroup (n = 164) was higher than that in the normal carotid structure subgroup (n = 106) (20.1% vs. 3.8%, χ2 = 14.551, P &lt; 0.001). Furthermore, carotid structural abnormality, age, diabetes mellitus, resting heart rate, systolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, and hypoglycemic therapy were all correlated with arterial stiffness (all P &lt; 0.05). After adjusting for other cardiovascular risk factors, multiple logistic regression analysis showed that carotid structural abnormality, age, diabetes mellitus, and resting heart rate were independently correlated with arterial stiffness, and patients with carotid structural abnormality had 5.25-fold higher risk of arterial stiffness than those with a normal carotid arterial structure (odds ratio = 5.250, 95% confidence interval 1.580–17.448, P = 0.007). However, in the normotensive group, no such relationships were observed between carotid artery structural abnormality and stiffness.

Conclusions
In prehypertensives but not normotensives, carotid artery structural abnormalities and stiffness are common, and independently correlated.
Analysis of Nipple-Areola Complex Localization Using Male Cadavers: Considerations for Gender-Affirming Surgery
Authors: Moorefield Amanda K , Stock Anna , Rose-Reneau Zak , Singh Pratima K , Azari Zubeen , Wright Barth W , Singhal Virender 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundMasculinizing chest reconstruction is the most common gender-affirming surgery in transgender males. Despite the current literature’s acknowledgment of the vital role that proper placement of the nipple-areola complex (NAC) plays in a masculine chest contour, there is still much debate regarding the best anatomical landmarks to achieve the desired result.ObjectivesThe primary aim of this study is to determine which landmarks for NAC placement can be applied across diverse body types and aid surgeons in creating a masculine chest.MethodsTwenty-five formaldehyde-embalmed male cadavers were analyzed by conducting various measurements of the NAC, nipple, and surrounding bony and muscular landmarks to identify the most consistent landmarks for proper NAC placement. Linear regression analyses were run to determine how the distance between nipple to respective landmarks varied based on antemortem body mass index (BMI), height, weight, and age.ResultsThe measurements for the inferior and lateral borders of the pectoralis major muscle (PMM) displayed the least amount of variance of all the anatomical landmarks studied. Additionally, there was no significant change in these pectoral measurements with varying BMI, height, weight, or age, indicating that these measurements are reliable landmarks for NAC placement across various body types. The average NAC placement in relation to the inferior and lateral borders of PMM was around 2.5 and 2.0 cm, respectively.ConclusionsOur cadaveric analysis indicates that aesthetically pleasing masculine chest results can be produced consistently across varying body types when adhering to a simple pectoral approach in NAC placement.
Sexual dimorphism in cranial shape and size in geomyoid rodents: multivariate and evolutionary perspectives
Authors: Calede Jonathan J M , Brown Andrew 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Geomyoid rodents provide a great study system for the analysis of sexual dimorphism. They are polygynic and many inhabit harsh arid environments thought to promote sexual dimorphism. In fact, there has been extensive work published on the sexual size dimorphism of individual populations and species within this rodent clade. However, little work has been undertaken to assess the evolutionary patterns and processes associated with this sexual dimorphism. We use multivariate analyses of cranial measurements in a phylogenetic framework to determine the distribution of size and shape dimorphism among geomyoids and test for Rensch’s rule. Our results suggest that sexual dimorphism is more common in geomyids than heteromyids, but it is not in fact universal. There is evidence for variation in sexual dimorphism across populations. Additionally, in many taxa, geographic variation appears to overwhelm existing sexual dimorphism. We find support for the repeated independent evolution of shape and size dimorphism across geomyoid taxa, but we do not find support for an association between size and shape dimorphism. There is no evidence for Rensch’s rule in geomyoids, whether at the superfamily or family level. Together, our findings suggest that there is no single explanation for the evolution of sexual dimorphism in geomyoids and that, instead, it is the product of numerous evolutionary events. Future studies incorporating phylogenetic relationships will be necessary to paint a more complete picture of the evolution of sexual dimorphism in geomyoids.
The Development and Initial Findings of A Study of a Prospective Adult Research Cohort with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (SPARC IBD)
Authors: Raffals Laura E , Saha Sumona , Bewtra Meenakshi , Norris Cecile , Dobes Angela , Heller Caren , O’Charoen Sirimon , Fehlmann Tara , Sweeney Sara , Weaver Alandra , Bishu Shrinivas , Cross Raymond , Dassopoulos Themistocles , Fischer Monika , Yarur Andres , Hudesman David , Parakkal Deepak , Duerr Richard , Caldera Freddy , Korzenik Joshua , Pekow Joel , Wells Katerina , Bohm Matthew , Perera Lilani , Kaur Manreet , Ciorba Matthew , Snapper Scott , Scoville Elizabeth A , Dalal Sushila , Wong Uni , Lewis James D 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
Clinical and molecular subcategories of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are needed to discover mechanisms of disease and predictors of response and disease relapse. We aimed to develop a study of a prospective adult research cohort with IBD (SPARC IBD) including longitudinal clinical and patient-reported data and biosamples.

Methods
We established a cohort of adults with IBD from a geographically diverse sample of patients across the United States with standardized data and biosample collection methods and sample processing techniques. At enrollment and at time of lower endoscopy, patient-reported outcomes (PRO), clinical data, and endoscopy scoring indices are captured. Patient-reported outcomes are collected quarterly. The quality of clinical data entry after the first year of the study was assessed.

Results
Through January 2020, 3029 patients were enrolled in SPARC, of whom 66.1% have Crohn’s disease (CD), 32.2% have ulcerative colitis (UC), and 1.7% have IBD-unclassified. Among patients enrolled, 990 underwent colonoscopy. Remission rates were 63.9% in the CD group and 80.6% in the UC group. In the quality study of the cohort, there was 96% agreement on year of diagnosis and 97% agreement on IBD subtype. There was 91% overall agreement describing UC extent as left-sided vs extensive or pancolitis. The overall agreement for CD behavior was 83%.

Conclusion
The SPARC IBD is an ongoing large prospective cohort with longitudinal standardized collection of clinical data, biosamples, and PROs representing a unique resource aimed to drive discovery of clinical and molecular markers that will meet the needs of precision medicine in IBD.
Assessment of visceral organ growth in pigs from birth through 150 kg
Authors: Elefson Sarah K , Lu Ning , Chevalier Tyler , Dierking Shannon , Wang Ding , Monegue H James , Matthews Jamie C , Jang Young Dal , Chen Jun , Rentfrow Gregg K , Adedokun Sunday A , Lindemann Merlin D 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Visceral organs (VO) are essential for their role in the metabolism and distribution of consumed nutrients as well as other life functions in animals. Two experiments were conducted to assess the natural longitudinal changes that the VO undergo from birth through 150 kg body weight (BW). In Experiment 1, a total of 96 crossbred pigs were euthanized at birth (pre-suckle), d 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21 (weaning), 22, 23, 24, 26, 28, 42, 49, and 63 of age. In Experiment 2, a total of 48 crossbred pigs were euthanized at 30, 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 kg of BW. The absolute weight of VO, and the volume and length of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) were measured. In both experiments, the absolute weight of VO, GIT length, and their volume increased (linear, quadratic, and/or cubic, P &lt; 0.05) as BW and age increased. In Experiment 1, the relative weight of VO (liver, kidney, heart, and lung) decreased after initially increasing within the first week of life (linear, quadratic, and/or cubic, P &lt; 0.05), whereas the relative weight of all VO decreased as BW increased in Experiment 2 (linear and/or quadratic, P &lt; 0.05). The relative length of small intestine decreased and that of large intestine increased as age increased in Experiment 1 (linear and quadratic, P &lt; 0.05), whereas the relative length of the small and large intestine in Experiment 2 were relatively constant at 80% and 20% of the total length of the intestine, respectively. As age and BW increased, the relative volume of the large intestine to the total volume of the GIT increased (linear and/or quadratic, P &lt; 0.05), while the relative volume of the small intestine decreased (linear and/or quadratic, P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, results showed that both absolute and relative measurements (weight, volume, and length) of VO were dependent on the BW (age) of the pig.
Early signalling processes in roots play a crucial role in the differential salt tolerance in contrasting Chenopodium quinoa accessions
Authors: Bazihizina Nadia , Vita Federico , Balestrini Raffaella , Kiferle Claudia , Caparrotta Stefania , Ghignone Stefano , Atzori Giulia , Mancuso Stefano , Shabala Sergey 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Significant variation in epidermal bladder cell (EBC) density and salt tolerance (ST) exists amongst quinoa accessions, suggesting that salt sequestration in EBCs is not the only mechanism conferring ST in this halophyte. In order to reveal other traits that may operate in tandem with salt sequestration in EBCs and whether these additional tolerance mechanisms acted mainly at the root or shoot level, two quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) accessions with contrasting ST and EBC densities (Q30, low ST with high EBC density versus Q68, with high ST and low EBC density) were studied. The results indicate that responses in roots, rather than in shoots, contributed to the greater ST in the accession with low EBC density. In particular, the tolerant accession had improved root plasma membrane integrity and K+ retention in the mature root zone in response to salt. Furthermore, superior ST in the tolerant Q68 was associated with faster and root-specific H2O2 accumulation and reactive oxygen species-induced K+ and Ca2+ fluxes in the root apex within 30 min after NaCl application. This was found to be associated with the constitutive up-regulation of the membrane-localized receptor kinases regulatory protein FERONIA in the tolerant accession. Taken together, this study shows that differential root signalling events upon salt exposure are essential for the halophytic quinoa; the failure to do this limits quinoa adaptation to salinity, independently of salt sequestration in EBCs.
Computational analysis of sense-antisense chimeric transcripts reveals their potential regulatory features and the landscape of expression in human cells
Authors: Mukherjee Sumit , Detroja Rajesh , Balamurali Deepak , Matveishina Elena , Medvedeva Yulia A , Valencia Alfonso , Gorohovski Alessandro , Frenkel-Morgenstern Milana 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Many human genes are transcribed from both strands and produce sense-antisense gene pairs. Sense-antisense (SAS) chimeric transcripts are produced upon the coalescing of exons/introns from both sense and antisense transcripts of the same gene. SAS chimera was first reported in prostate cancer cells. Subsequently, numerous SAS chimeras have been reported in the ChiTaRS-2.1 database. However, the landscape of their expression in human cells and functional aspects are still unknown. We found that longer palindromic sequences are a unique feature of SAS chimeras. Structural analysis indicates that a long hairpin-like structure formed by many consecutive Watson-Crick base pairs appears because of these long palindromic sequences, which possibly play a similar role as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), interfering with gene expression. RNA–RNA interaction analysis suggested that SAS chimeras could significantly interact with their parental mRNAs, indicating their potential regulatory features. Here, 267 SAS chimeras were mapped in RNA-seq data from 16 healthy human tissues, revealing their expression in normal cells. Evolutionary analysis suggested the positive selection favoring sense-antisense fusions that significantly impacted the evolution of their function and structure. Overall, our study provides detailed insight into the expression landscape of SAS chimeras in human cells and identifies potential regulatory features.
The F-box E3 ubiquitin ligase BAF1 mediates the degradation of the brassinosteroid-activated transcription factor BES1 through selective autophagy in Arabidopsis
Authors: Wang Ping , Nolan Trevor M , Clark Natalie M , Jiang Hao , Montes-Serey Christian , Guo Hongqing , Bassham Diane C , Walley Justin W , Yin Yanhai 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBrassinosteroids (BRs) regulate plant growth, development, and stress responses by activating the core transcription factor BRI1-EMS-SUPPRESSOR1 (BES1), whose degradation occurs through the proteasome and autophagy pathways. The E3 ubiquitin ligase(s) that modify BES1 for autophagy-mediated degradation remain to be fully defined. Here, we identified an F-box family E3 ubiquitin ligase named BES1-ASSOCIATED F-BOX1 (BAF1) in Arabidopsis thaliana. BAF1 interacts with BES1 and mediates its ubiquitination and degradation. Our genetic data demonstrated that BAF1 inhibits BR signaling in a BES1-dependent manner. Moreover, BAF1 targets BES1 for autophagic degradation in a selective manner. BAF1-triggered selective autophagy of BES1 depends on the ubiquitin binding receptor DOMINANT SUPPRESSOR OF KAR2 (DSK2). Sucrose starvation-induced selective autophagy of BES1, but not bulk autophagy, was significantly compromised in baf1 mutant and BAF1-ΔF (BAF1 F-box decoy) overexpression plants, but clearly increased by BAF1 overexpression. The baf1 and BAF1-ΔF overexpression plants had increased BR-regulated growth but were sensitive to long-term sucrose starvation, while BAF1 overexpression plants had decreased BR-regulated growth but were highly tolerant of sucrose starvation. Our results not only established BAF1 as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets BES1 for degradation through selective autophagy pathway, but also revealed a mechanism for plants to reduce growth during sucrose starvation.
Immunocapture of dsRNA-bound proteins provides insight into Tobacco rattle virus replication complexes and reveals Arabidopsis DRB2 to be a wide-spectrum antiviral effector
Authors: Incarbone Marco , Clavel Marion , Monsion Baptiste , Kuhn Lauriane , Scheer Hélène , Vantard Émilie , Poignavent Vianney , Dunoyer Patrice , Genschik Pascal , Ritzenthaler Christophe 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Plant RNA viruses form organized membrane-bound replication complexes to replicate their genomes. This process requires virus- and host-encoded proteins and leads to the production of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) replication intermediates. Here, we describe the use of Arabidopsis thaliana expressing GFP-tagged dsRNA-binding protein (B2:GFP) to pull down dsRNA and associated proteins in planta upon infection with Tobacco rattle virus (TRV). Mass spectrometry analysis of the dsRNA-B2:GFP-bound proteins from infected plants revealed the presence of viral proteins and numerous host proteins. Among a selection of nine host candidate proteins, eight showed relocalization upon infection, and seven of these colocalized with B2-labeled TRV replication complexes. Infection of A. thaliana T-DNA mutant lines for eight such factors revealed that genetic knockout of dsRNA-BINDING PROTEIN 2 (DRB2) leads to increased TRV accumulation and DRB2 overexpression caused a decrease in the accumulation of four different plant RNA viruses, indicating that DRB2 has a potent and wide-ranging antiviral activity. We propose B2:GFP-mediated pull down of dsRNA to be a versatile method to explore virus replication complex proteomes and to discover key host virus replication factors. Given the universality of dsRNA, development of this tool holds great potential to investigate RNA viruses in other host organisms.