bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution of metabolic scaling among the tetrapod: effect of phylogeny, the geologic time of class formation, and uniformity of species within a class
Authors: GAVRILOV Valery M. , GOLUBEVA Tatiana B. , BUSHUEV Andrey V. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe metabolic scaling in the animal has been discussed for over 90 years, but no consensus has been reached. Our analysis of 2126 species of vertebrates reveals a significant allometric exponent heterogeneity. We show that classes of terrestrial vertebrates exhibit the evolution of metabolic scaling. Both the allometric coefficient “a” and the allometric exponent “b” change naturally, but differently depending on the geological time of group formation. The allometric coefficient “a” shows the measure of the evolutionary development of systems that forms resting metabolism in animals. Endothermic classes, such as birds and mammals, have a metabolic rate that is in an order of magnitude higher than that in ectothermic classes, including amphibians and reptiles. In the terrestrial vertebrate phylogeny, we find that the metabolic scaling is characterized by 3 main allometric exponent values:b= 3/4 (mammals),b> 3/4 (ectotherms, such as amphibians and reptiles), andb< 3/4 (birds). The heterogeneity of the allometric exponent is a natural phenomenon associated with the general evolution of vertebrates. The scaling factor decreases depending on both the external design and the size (birds vs mammals) of the animal. The metabolic rate and uniformity of species within a class increase as the geological start date of formation of the class approaches the present time. The higher the mass‐specific standard metabolic rate in the class, the slower metabolic rate grows with increasing body size in this class. Our results lay the groundwork for further exploration of the evolutionary and ecological aspects of the development of metabolic scaling in animals.
A comprehensive group‐based cognitive behavioural treatment for blood‐injection‐injury phobia
Authors: Mason Elizabeth C. , Gaston Jonathan E. , Pestell Carmela F. , Page Andrew C. 
Published: November 2021

ObjectivesA key feature of blood‐injection‐injury (BII) phobia is activation of disgust responses, in addition to fear. Yet, standard treatments have largely neglected addressing disgust responses. The disorder is further complicated by fainting in 75% of sufferers. Moreover, treatments have been traditionally delivered in an individual format, which may not be as efficient as group treatment. The aim of this study was to develop a group‐based programme for BII phobia, with components targeting fear, disgust, and fainting, to determine feasibility and effectiveness of such an intervention.MethodsParticipants took part in an 8‐session, group‐based Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) programme for BII phobia (N = 40). The key outcome measure was the Multidimensional Blood/Injury Phobia Inventory, which assesses a range of phobic stimuli and responses (including fear, disgust, and fainting).ResultsThere were significant improvements, with large effect sizes, across symptoms over the course of treatment. Participants with higher disgust sensitivity reported higher pre‐treatment symptom severity and greater life interference than those with lower disgust scores. Despite this, neither pre‐treatment disgust sensitivity nor fainting history impacted on treatment response. For the first time, however, we showed that greater reductions in disgust to BII stimuli were associated with greater overall symptom reductions, highlighting the importance of disgust in the treatment of this disorder, and potentially others.ConclusionDespite the heterogeneous nature of BII phobia, this group‐based, modified CBT intervention was effective in reducing a variety of phobic responses, including fear, disgust, and fainting.Practitioner points

Disgust is a key maintaining factor in blood‐injection‐injury phobia, which clinicians should consider in their assessment and treatment of this disorder. There is little in the existing literature to guide clinicians in this regard.

This study examined a novel group treatment for blood‐injection‐injury phobia which included strategies to target disgust, in addition to traditional CBT strategies to address fear and fainting.

The treatment was feasible and acceptable. Symptoms of fear, disgust, and fainting reduced significantly over treatment.

Changes in disgust symptoms were associated with overall symptom changes, however a control group is needed to determine the effects of individual treatment components and to make more robust conclusions about the benefits of this enhanced approach.
Critically engaging vulnerability: Rethinking oral health with vulnerabilized populations
Authors: Macdonald Mary Ellen , Muirhead Vanessa , Doughty Janine , Freeman Ruth 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis paper is the third in a series of narrative reviews challenging core concepts in oral health research and practice. Our series started with a framework for Inclusion Oral Health. Our second review explored one component of this framework, looking at how intersectionality adds important complexity to oral public health. This current manuscript drills into a second component of Inclusion Oral Health, exploring how labels can lead to ‘othering’ thereby misrepresenting populations and (re)producing harms. Specifically, we address a common oral public health label: vulnerable populations. This term is commonly used descriptively: an adjective (vulnerable) is used to modify a noun (population). What this descriptor conceals is the ‘how,’ ‘why,’ and ‘therefore’ that leads to and from vulnerability: How and why is a population made vulnerable; to what are they vulnerable; what makes them ‘at risk,’ and to what are they ‘at risk’? In concealing these questions, we argue our conventional approach unwittingly does harm. Vulnerability is a term that implies a population has inherent characteristics that make them vulnerable; further, it casts populations as discrete, homogenous entities, thereby misrepresenting the complexities that people live. In so doing, this label can eclipse the strengths, agency and power of individuals and populations to care for themselves and each other. Regarding oral public health, the convention of vulnerability averts our research gaze away from social processes that produce vulnerability to instead focus on the downstream product, the vulnerable population. This paper theorizes vulnerability for oral public health, critically engaging its production and reproduction. Drawing from critical public health literature and disability studies, we advance a critique of vulnerability to make explicit hidden assumptions and their harmful outcomes. We propose solutions for research and practice, including co‐engagement and co‐production with peoples who have been vulnerabilized. In so doing, this paper moves forward the potential for oral public health to advance research and practice that engages complexity in our work with vulnerabilized populations.
Invasive species increase biodiversity and, therefore, services: An argument of equivocations
Authors: Lean Christopher Hunter 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSome critics of invasion biology have argued the invasion of ecosystems by nonindigenous species can create more valuable ecosystems. They consider invaded communities as more valuable because they potentially produce more ecosystem services. To establish that the introduction of nonindigenous species creates more valuable ecosystems, they defend that value is provisioned by ecosystem services. These services are derived from ecosystem productivity, the production and cycling of resources. Ecosystem productivity is a result of biodiversity, which is understood as local species richness. Invasive species increase local species richness and, therefore, increase the conservation value of local ecosystems. These views are disseminating to the public via a series of popular science books. Conservationists must respond to these views, and I outline a method of rejecting such arguments against controlling invasive species. Ecological systems are valuable for more than local productivity and biodiversity is not accurately described by a local species count.
Implementing “ethical space”: An exploratory study of Indigenous‐conservation partnerships
Authors: Nikolakis William , Hotte Ngaio 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAn “ethical space” approach is conceptualized as one way to balance asymmetrical power and respectfully engage diverse worldviews in Indigenous‐conservation partnerships. However, published literature offers little insight into how ethical space is implemented in practice. Using a literature review and interviews, we identify two key traits and two sub‐traits of creating ethical space: engagement, and the two sub‐traits of dialogic processes and principles, and the trait of introspection and reflection. Engagement involves interactions between Indigenous peoples and conservation organizations, often through dialogic processes to build learning and trust. Principle‐based engagement must focus on empowering Indigenous ownership over conservation work. Creating a space for introspection and reflection can deconstruct colonial hierarchies and unequal power dynamics and allow Indigenous‐led approaches to take root.
Effects of drying and simulated flooding on soil phosphorus dynamics from two contrasting UK grassland soils
Authors: Khan Sidra U. , Hooda Peter S. , Blackwell Martin S. A. , Busquets Rosa 
Published: November 2021

AbstractFlooding is known to mobilise soil phosphorus (P). However, it is still not clear how climate change‐driven extended periods of soil drying followed by flooding will affect soil‐P dynamics. We tested the hypothesis under laboratory conditions that soil antecedent conditions (moist/dry) determine the amount of P mobilised upon flooding. A series of controlled laboratory experiments were carried out by flooding samples of two contrasting soils (a Dystric Cambisol [Crediton series] and a Stagni‐Vertic Cambisol [Hallsworth series]), which had each been either dried (40°C for 10 days) or kept at field moisture conditions (25% moisture content). Flooding was simulated by maintaining a 10‐cm water column depth in mesocosms. Periodically collected water samples were analysed for dissolved reactive P (DRP), total dissolved P (TDP) and dissolved unreactive P (DUP). The onset of flooding significantly (p < 0.001) increased dissolved concentrations of all forms of P. The release of TDP coincided with a reduction in redox potential, suggesting reductive dissolution of P bearing iron/manganese (Fe/Mn) minerals as indicated by a significant positive correlation between TDP and dissolved Fe (r = 0.430, p < 0.001) and TDP and dissolved Mn (r = 0.622, p < 0.001). Flooding of the dried soils caused a significantly greater increase in the dissolved P concentrations of all forms of P relative to their moist‐flooded counterparts. This could be due to a combination of factors which are associated with soil drying and flooding. The Crediton dry‐flooded soils released higher concentrations of DRP upon flooding (e.g. 0.14 mg P L−1 on day 1 after flooding) perhaps due to its higher concentrations of water‐ and NaHCO3‐extractable P than the Hallsworth dry‐flooded (HDF) soil (0.03 mg P L−1 on day 1 after flooding). However, most of the P in the water column of the dry‐flooded soils was unreactive, with the HDF soil releasing higher concentrations of DUP, likely due to its higher organic matter and microbial biomass P contents. The results suggest that flooding of dried soils has greater potential to enhance mobilisation of soil‐P than flooding of moist soils and thus has potential implications for soil fertility and surface water quality.Highlights
Flooding significantly increased dissolved concentrations of all forms of P.
Dried soils released much greater P than their moist counterparts upon flooding.
Increased amounts of P in the floodwater coincided with reductions in redox potential and biomass P.
Soil with greater amount of biomass‐P and organic matter released greater amounts of dissolved unreactive P.
Neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease tremor‐dominant subtype: A mimicker of essential tremor
Authors: Yang Dehao , Cen Zhidong , Wang Lebo , Chen Xinhui , Liu Peng , Wang Haotian , Ouyang Zhiyuan , Chen You , Zhang Fan , Xie Fei , Wang Bo , Wu Sheng , Yin Houmin , Jiang Biao , Wang Zhiping , Ji Junfeng , Luo Wei 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackground and purposeThe GGC repeat expansion in the NOTCH2NLC gene has been identified as the genetic cause of neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID). Recently, this repeat expansion was also reported to be associated with essential tremor (ET). However, some patients with this repeat expansion, initially diagnosed with ET, were eventually diagnosed with NIID. Therefore, controversy remains regarding the clinical diagnosis of these expansion‐positive patients presenting with tremor‐dominant symptoms. This study aimed to clarify the clinical phenotype in tremor‐dominant patients who have the GGC repeat expansion in the NOTCH2NLC gene.MethodsWe screened for pathogenic GGC repeat expansions in 602 patients initially diagnosed with ET and systematically re‐evaluated the clinical features of the expansion‐positive probands and their family members.ResultsPathogenic GGC repeat expansion in the NOTCH2NLC gene was detected in 10 probands (1.66%). Seven of these probands were re‐evaluated and found to have systemic areflexia, cognitive impairment, and abnormal nerve conduction, which prompted a change of diagnosis from ET to NIID. Three of the probands had typical hyperintensity in the corticomedullary junction on diffusion‐weighted imaging. Intranuclear inclusions were detected in all four probands who underwent skin biopsy.ConclusionsThe NIID tremor‐dominant subtype can be easily misdiagnosed as ET. We should take NIID into account for differential diagnosis of ET. Systemic areflexia could be an important clinical clue suggesting that cranial magnetic resonance imaging examination, or even further genetic testing and skin biopsy examination, should be used to confirm the diagnosis of NIID.
The emergence of innovations through the encounter of knowledges in “the local”. How fresh action emerges in networks
Authors: Clemens Iris 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn the contribution, first the concept of development and its interrelations with education is critically discussed. This leads to reflexions on the dysfunctionality of these educational concepts in certain so called non‐western contexts in the majority world (also called global south). Instead of following the concept of development, the conditions, under which creativity and innovations can emerge in local contexts, are discussed from a network theory or relational perspective. As a basis, the emergence of knowledge in general is explained shortly, including also in line with the interest of the special issue in locality thoughts on indigenous knowledge. This approach is bringing together thoughts on localities, networks, and the emergence of knowledge with perspectives on conditions of possibilities for the emergence of innovations and creativity. I am using tools from the network theory to describe and analyse these relations and processes in detail. For the analysis, I will use an example from a Nigerian classroom.
Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation in thymic epithelial cells*
Authors: Martinez‐Ruíz Gustavo Ulises , Morales‐Sánchez Abigail , Bhandoola Avinash 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe thymus is required for the development of both adaptive and innate‐like T cell subsets. There is keen interest in manipulating thymic function for therapeutic purposes in circumstances of autoimmunity, immunodeficiency, and for purposes of immunotherapy. Within the thymus, thymic epithelial cells play essential roles in directing T cell development. Several transcription factors are known to be essential for thymic epithelial cell development and function, and a few transcription factors have been studied in considerable detail. However, the role of many other transcription factors is less well understood. Further, it is likely that roles exist for other transcription factors not yet known to be important in thymic epithelial cells. Recent progress in understanding of thymic epithelial cell heterogeneity has provided some new insight into transcriptional requirements in subtypes of thymic epithelial cells. However, it is unknown whether progenitors of thymic epithelial cells exist in the adult thymus, and consequently, developmental relationships linking putative precursors with differentiated cell types are poorly understood. While we do not presently possess a clear understanding of stage‐specific requirements for transcription factors in thymic epithelial cells, new single‐cell transcriptomic and epigenomic technologies should enable rapid progress in this field. Here, we review our current knowledge of transcription factors involved in the development, maintenance, and function of thymic epithelial cells, and the mechanisms by which they act.
Effect of pressurization on the fracture toughness of borosilicate glasses
Authors: Lee Kuo‐Hao , Yang Yongjian , Ding Linfeng , Ziebarth Benedikt , Mauro John C. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn this study, hot‐compression is applied to two multicomponent borosilicate glasses, Borofloat33 (Boro33) and N‐BK7, using molecular dynamics simulations. The effects of pressure on elastic properties, surface energy, and fracture toughness (are investigated. It is found that the impact onis mainly dominated by the change of Young's modulus under pressure, which is proportional to the relative change in density. Between the two glasses under investigation,can be improved more effectively by the hot‐compression process for Boro33, due to its higher concentration of 3‐coordinated boron (B3), which facilitates densification via B3to B4conversion under compression.
A physically based thermo‐elastoplastic constitutive model for braided CMCs‐SiC at ultra‐high temperature
Authors: Chen Yanfei , Ai Shigang , Wang Pan , Fang Daining 
Published: November 2021

AbstractComplex microstructure and multiple internal microcrack propagation of braided silicon carbide ceramic matrix composites (CMCs‐SiC) make their mechanical behavior remarkably nonlinear. Still, few models have been developed at ultra‐high temperature due to the challenge to incorporate detailed micromechanisms of nonlinearity into the formulation. Based on the observations of fracture morphologies of previous experiments of CMCs‐SiC under different stress states and current on‐axis tensile experiments of 2D C/SiC composites at ultra‐high temperature, some assumptions are proposed. Then, a physically based constitutive model at ultra‐high temperature is established within the thermo‐elastoplastic framework. The novelty of this model is that we proposed a thermal yield criterion, which considers the material orthotropy, tension‐compression asymmetry, unilateral crack closure effect, and temperature effect. The thermal hardening effect is a distinctive phenomenon for CMCs‐SiC in vacuum and is described using an improved Johnson–Cook model. The proposed model is implemented using a return mapping algorithm. The results show that the model predictions of stress–strain relationships agree well with experimental data at different stress states and different temperatures.
Fracture toughness enhancement via sub‐micro silver‐precipitation in silica glass fabricated by spark plasma sintering
Authors: Liu Lei , Shinozaki Kenji 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSub‐micro silver (Ag) precipitated in silica (SiO2) glass was prepared via spark plasma sintering (SPS), and the microstructure, mechanical properties, and thermal conductivity were investigated. The in situ formation of Ag sub‐micro particles through decomposition of silver nitrate (AgNO3) was homogeneously distributed within the SiO2 matrix. By precipitation of Ag particles, larger steady‐state creep deformation and plastic deformation were observed owing to the ductility of the Ag particles. Moreover, crack bridging and pull‐out of Ag particles were observed during crack propagation. As a result, the fracture toughness of SiO2 glass improved with increasing Ag content. The sample with 1.4 vol% Ag sintered at 1200°C showed the highest toughness value of 2.15 ± 0.2 MPa m1/2. Larger Ag particles in the samples sintered at higher temperatures tend to deform easily, resulting in larger ductility. In addition, incorporation of Ag particles improved thermal conductivity.
Branching crypts in inflammatory bowel disease revisited
Authors: Rubio Carlos A. , Schmidt Peter T. , Lang‐Schwarz Corinna , Vieth Michael 
Published: November 2021

AbstractHistologic sections from patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) usually exhibit crypts with architectural distortions and branching crypts. It has been postulated that crypt branching should be assessed only in well‐oriented, upright crypts. However, those crypts are mostly found in sections from colectomy specimens and colon mucosectomies. Sections from endoscopic biopsies are fortuitously cut in a horizontal plane, a procedure mostly revealing cross‐cut crypt rings. In endoscopic biopsies from UC patients we previously detected cross‐cut crypts heralding the crest domain of branching crypts. Recently, the scrutiny of biopsies from IBD patients revealed that branching‐crest domains concurred either with crypts in symmetric branching, typified by twin, amalgamating back‐to‐back isometrics crypt‐rings, or with crypts in asymmetric branching, characterized by ≥2 amalgamating anisometric crypt‐rings; both symmetric and asymmetric branching‐crest domains were encased by a thin muscularis mucosae. Quantitative studies in biopsies from Swedish and German patients with IBD showed that crypts in asymmetric branching outnumbered those in symmetric branching. Because crypt‐branching seldom occurs in the normal colon in adults and considering that colon crypts typically divide once or twice during a lifetime, the accruing of asymmetric branching crypts in IBD biopsies emerges as a significant histologic parameter. Although the biological significance of asymmetric crypt‐branching in IBD remains at present elusive, their occurrence deserves to be further investigated. The future policy will be to include in our pathologic reports, the number of crypts in asymmetric branching, in order to monitor their frequency in prospective surveillance biopsies in patients with IBD.