bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sulfur chemistry in the atmospheres of warm and hot Jupiters
Authors: Hobbs Richard , Rimmer Paul B , Shorttle Oliver , Madhusudhan Nikku 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
We present and validate a new network of atmospheric thermochemical and photochemical sulfur reactions. We use a 1D chemical kinetics model to investigate these reactions as part of a broader HCNO chemical network in a series of hot and warm Jupiters. We find that temperatures approaching $1400\, \mathrm{K}$ are favourable for the production of H2S and HS around $\mathrm{10^{-3}\, bar}$ at mixing ratios of around 10−5, an atmospheric level where detection by transit spectroscopy may be possible. At $\mathrm{10^{-3}\, bar}$ and at lower temperatures, down to $1000\, \mathrm{K}$, mixing ratios of S2 can be up to 10−5, at the expense of H2S and HS, which are depleted down to a mixing ratio of 10−7. We also investigate how the inclusion of sulfur can manifest in an atmosphere indirectly, by its effect on the abundance of non-sulfur-bearing species. We find that in a model of the atmosphere of HD 209458 b, the inclusion of sulfur can lower the abundance of NH3, CH4, and HCN by up to two orders of magnitude around $\mathrm{10^{-3}\, bar}$. In the atmosphere of the warm Jupiter 51 Eri b, we additionally find the inclusion of sulfur depletes the peak abundance of CO2 by a factor of 5, qualitatively consistent with prior models. We note that many of the reactions used in the network have poorly determined rate constants, especially at higher temperatures. To obtain an accurate idea of the impact of sulfur chemistry in hot and warm Jupiter atmospheres, experimental measurements of these reaction rates must take place.
Transmission spectroscopy with VLT FORS2: a featureless spectrum for the low-density transiting exoplanet WASP-88b
Authors: Spyratos Petros , Nikolov Nikolay , Southworth John , Constantinou Savvas , Madhusudhan Nikku , Carter Aarynn L , de Mooij Ernst J W , Fortney Jonathan J , Gibson Neale P , Goyal Jayesh M , Helling Christiane , Mayne Nathan J , Mikal-Evans Thomas 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
We present ground-based optical transmission spectroscopy of the low-density hot Jupiter WASP-88b covering the wavelength range of 4413−8333  Å with the FOcal Reducer Spectrograph (FORS2) on the Very Large Telescope. The FORS2 white light curves exhibit a significant time-correlated noise that we model using a Gaussian process and remove as a wavelength-independent component from the spectroscopic light curves. We analyse complementary photometric observations from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite and refine the system properties and ephemeris. We find a featureless transmission spectrum with increased absorption towards shorter wavelengths. We perform an atmospheric retrieval analysis with the aura code, finding tentative evidence for haze in the upper atmospheric layers and a lower likelihood for a dense cloud deck. While our retrieval analysis results point towards clouds and hazes, further evidence is needed to definitively reject a clear-sky scenario.
The paternal toolbox for embryo development and health
Authors: Tarozzi Nicoletta , Nadalini Marco , Coticchio Giovanni , Zacà Carlotta , Lagalla Cristina , Borini Andrea 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe sperm is essential for reconstitution of embryonic diploidy and highly specialized developmental functions. Immediately after gamete fusion, the sperm-borne PLC-zeta triggers activation, generating intracellular free Ca2+ oscillations. Mutations in the PLC-zeta encoding gene are associated with the absence of this factor in mature sperm and inability to achieve fertilization. Sperm play also a role in the greater game of the choreography of fertilization. In the human, the sperm centrioles are introduced into the oocyte environment with gamete fusion. They interact with the oocyte cytoskeletal apparatus to form a functional pair of centrosomes and ultimately regulate pronuclear juxtaposition in preparation for the first cleavage. As a consequence, the fidelity of chromosome segregation during the first cell divisions depends on the function of sperm centrioles. Sperm DNA integrity is essential for embryo development and health. Damaged DNA does not impact on the sperm fertilization ability following ICSI. However, detrimental effects emerge at pre- and post-implantation stages. Sperm-specific epigenetic factors also play an active role in the regulation of embryonic development, as shown by correlations between reduced embryo morphological quality and incorrect chromatin packaging during spermiogenesis or abnormal methylation of sperm CpG islands. This functional landscape demonstrates that the contribution of the sperm to development goes far beyond its well-established role in fertilization. Clinical studies confirm this view and indicate sperm function as a crucial aspect of research to increase the efficacy of assisted reproduction treatments.
The phase separation-dependent FUS interactome reveals nuclear and cytoplasmic function of liquid–liquid phase separation
Authors: Reber Stefan , Jutzi Daniel , Lindsay Helen , Devoy Anny , Mechtersheimer Jonas , Levone Brunno Rocha , Domanski Michal , Bentmann Eva , Dormann Dorothee , Mühlemann Oliver , Barabino Silvia M L , Ruepp Marc-David 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) of proteins and RNAs has emerged as the driving force underlying the formation of membrane-less organelles. Such biomolecular condensates have various biological functions and have been linked to disease. The protein Fused in Sarcoma (FUS) undergoes LLPS and mutations in FUS have been causally linked to the motor neuron disease Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS-FUS). LLPS followed by aggregation of cytoplasmic FUS has been proposed to be a crucial disease mechanism. However, it is currently unclear how LLPS impacts the behaviour of FUS in cells, e.g. its interactome. Hence, we developed a method allowing for the purification of LLPS FUS-containing droplets from cell lysates. We observe substantial alterations in the interactome, depending on its biophysical state. While non-LLPS FUS interacts mainly with factors involved in pre-mRNA processing, LLPS FUS predominantly binds to proteins involved in chromatin remodelling and DNA damage repair. Interestingly, also mitochondrial factors are strongly enriched with LLPS FUS, providing a potential explanation for the observed changes in mitochondrial gene expression in mouse models of ALS-FUS. In summary, we present a methodology to investigate the interactomes of phase separating proteins and provide evidence that LLPS shapes the FUS interactome with implications for function and disease.
The impact of machine learning on UK financial services
Authors: Buchanan Bonnie G , Wright Danika 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMachine learning is an increasingly key influence on the financial services industry. In this paper, we review the roles and impact of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) on the UK financial services industry. We survey the current AI/ML landscape in the UK. ML has had a considerable impact in the areas of fraud and compliance, credit scoring, financial distress prediction, robo-advising and algorithmic trading. We examine these applications using UK examples. We also review the importance of regulation and governance in ML applications to financial services. Finally, we assess the performance of ML during the Covid-19 pandemic and conclude with directions for future research.
Regularized Brascamp–lieb Inequalities and an Application
Authors: Maldague Dominique 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe present a certain regularized version of Brascamp–Lieb inequalities studied by Bennett, Carbery, Christ and Tao. Using the induction-on-scales method of Guth, these regularized inequalities lead to a generalization of the multilinear Kakeya inequality.
Corruption and Firms
Authors: Colonnelli Emanuele , Prem Mounu 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We estimate the causal real economic effects of a randomized anti-corruption crackdown on local governments in Brazil using rich micro-data on corruption and firms. After anti-corruption audits, municipalities experience an increase in the number of firms concentrated in sectors most dependent on government relationships and public procurement. Through the estimation of geographic spillovers and additional tests, we show that audits operate via both a direct detection effect as well as through indirect deterrence channels. Politically connected firms suffer after the audits. Our estimates indicate the anti-corruption program generates significant local multipliers which are consistent with the presence of a large corruption tax on government-dependent firms.
The Extensive Margin of Aggregate Consumption Demand
Authors: Michelacci Claudio , Paciello Luigi , Pozzi Andrea 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
About half of the change in U.S. non-durable consumption expenditure is due to changes in the products entering households’ consumption basket (the extensive margin). Changes in the basket are driven by fluctuations in the rate at which households add products; removals fluctuate little. These patterns reflect that, in response to income increases, households adopt consumer products already available in the market. Household adoption amplifies the effects of fiscal transfers on consumption by more than 30%. Cyclical household adoption of products also implies that inflation measures based on a representative household consuming all varieties available in the market underestimate true household-level inflation by as much as 1% per year over the Great Recession in the consumption categories covered by our data.
EFFECTIVE DOSE COEFFICIENTS FOR RADON AND PROGENY: A REVIEW OF ICRP AND UNSCEAR VALUES
Authors: Marsh James W , Tomášek Ladislav , Laurier Dominique , Harrison John D 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) publishes guidance on protection against radon exposure in homes and workplaces. ICRP Publication 137 recommends a dose coefficient of 3 mSv per mJ h m−3 (~10 mSv WLM−1) to be used in most circumstances of radon exposure, for workers in buildings and in underground mines. Recently, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) reviewed radon epidemiology and dosimetry and concluded that its established dose coefficient of 1.6 mSv per mJ h m−3 (5.7 mSv WLM−1) should be retained for use in its comparisons of radiation exposures from different sources in a population. This paper explains and compares the reviews of the scientific evidence from UNSCEAR and ICRP. It is shown that the UNSCEAR and ICRP reviews are consistent and support the use of the ICRP reference dose coefficients for radiation protection purposes. It is concluded that the ICRP dose coefficient should be used to calculate doses to workers.
Phenotypic Spectrum of Peters Anomaly: Implications for Management
Authors: Elbaz Uri , Ali Asim , Strungaru Hermina , Mireskandari Kamiar 
Published: June 2021

Purpose:
The aim of this study was to characterize the wide phenotypic spectrum of Peters anomaly and to suggest a management algorithm based on disease phenotype.

Methods:
The charts of all children diagnosed with Peters anomaly between January 2000 and December 2013 were reviewed retrospectively. Anterior segment color photographs, anterior segment optical coherence tomography, and ultrasound biomicroscopy images were used to phenotype disease severity and to guide management. Disease severity was categorized to Peters anomaly type I and II according to lens involvement. Peters anomaly type I and II were further categorized from mild to severe disease according to the size and location of corneal opacity. Associated systemic findings were also documented.

Results:
Eighty eyes of 54 patients with Peters anomaly were identified, of which 28 (51.9%) had unilateral disease. Peters anomaly type I was present in 40 patients (57 eyes, 71.2%) and Peters anomaly type II in 14 patients (23 eyes, 28.8%). Nine eyes (11.3%) had phenotypic features that required observation only, 24 eyes (30%) were amenable to pupillary dilation, 43 eyes (53.8%) with large, dense central opacity required penetrating keratoplasty, and 4 eyes (5.0%) had no intervention because of very poor prognostic features. Associated systemic abnormalities occurred frequently in Peters anomaly (n = 20, 37.0%), with congenital heart defect being the most common morbidity (n = 10, 18.5%).

Conclusions:
Peters anomaly presents with a variable phenotype ranging from minimal peripheral corneal opacity to extensive iris and lens adhesions with dense central corneal opacity detrimental to vision. Management can be standardized and guided by an algorithm based on phenotypic severity. Systemic abnormalities should be ruled out, regardless of the severity of Peters anomaly.
Atypical Corneal Phenotype in Patients With Trachoma and Secondary Amyloidosis
Authors: Gupta Noopur , Yadav Saumya , Solomon Anthony W. , Jain Shubhi , Kashyap Seema , Vanathi Murugesan , Tandon Radhika 
Published: June 2021

Purpose:
To report clinical presentation, in vivo confocal microscopic features, and corneal phenotype in patients with trachomatous keratopathy (TK) and secondary amyloidosis.

Methods:
Histopathological records of all patients undergoing keratoplasty at the Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences over a 3-year period were scanned retrospectively for a diagnosis of TK and amyloidosis. Demographic profile and details of preoperative comprehensive ophthalmic assessment were extracted. The histopathology was freshly reviewed.

Results:
Fifteen patients (29 eyes) with TK and atypical corneal involvement due to amyloid deposition were identified. Herbert's pits and upper palpebral conjunctival scarring were present in all cases. Central or total diffuse corneal scarring was present involving the anterior stroma in 5 (31%) and the full thickness of the cornea in 11 (69%) of the eyes. Eight (73%) of 11 patients with deep stromal amyloid deposits revealed bilateral, discrete, blue-white opacities at the level of deep stroma and Descemet membrane (DM). Endothelial cells were atrophic and flattened with gutta formation. Confoscans revealed hyperreflective, needle-shaped crystalline deposits of extracellular amyloid at various depths of the corneal stroma up to DM. All host corneal buttons demonstrated Congo red–positive amyloid deposits on histopathological examination.

Conclusions:
We describe a distinct form of TK unlike the usual presentation of dense, leucomatous, vascularized corneal scarring in trachoma. We believe that amyloid deposits in DM and the corneal endothelium have not previously been reported in patients with trachoma.
Decision-Making in Adult Cranial Vault Reconstruction
Authors: Brichacek Michal , Antonyshyn Oleh , Edwards Glenn , Mainprize James G. , da Costa Leo 
Published: June 2021

Learning Objectives:After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Define and classify different types of cranial defects 2. Compare both autologous and alloplastic options for reconstruction 3. Develop an optimal approach for cranial vault reconstruction in various clinical scenarios.Summary:Defects of the cranium result from various causes, including traumatic loss, neurosurgical intervention, skull tumors, and infection. Cranial vault reconstruction aims to restore both the structural integrity and surface morphology of the skull. To ensure a successful outcome, the choice of appropriate cranioplasty reconstruction will vary primarily based on the cause, location, and size of the defect. Other relevant factors that must be considered include adequacy of soft-tissue coverage, presence of infection, and previous or planned radiation therapy. This article presents an algorithm for the reconstruction of various cranial defects using both autologous and alloplastic techniques, with a comparison of their advantages and disadvantages.
Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Imaging with Lymphoscintigraphy Improves the Accuracy of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Melanoma
Authors: Knackstedt Rebecca , Gastman Brian R. 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Despite advances in melanoma management, there remains room for improvement in the accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy. The authors analyzed a prospective cohort of patients with primary cutaneous melanoma who underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy with lymphoscintigraphy and indocyanine green fluorescence to evaluate the quality and accuracy of this technique.

Methods:
Consecutive primary cutaneous melanoma patients who underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy with radioisotope lymphoscintigraphy and indocyanine green fluorescence from 2012 to 2018 were prospectively enrolled. Analysis was performed of melanoma characteristics, means of identifying sentinel lymph nodes, sentinel lymph node status, and recurrence.

Results:
Five hundred ninety-four melanomas and 1827 nodes were analyzed; 1556 nodes (85.2 percent) were identified by radioactivity/fluorescence, 255 (14 percent) by radioactivity only, and 16 (0.9 percent) with indocyanine green only. There were 163 positive sentinel nodes. One hundred forty-seven (90.2 percent) were identified by radioactivity/fluorescence, 13 (8 percent) by radioactivity only, and three (0.6 percent) with fluorescence only. Of the 128 patients with a positive biopsy, eight patients’ (6.3 percent) nodes were identified by radioactivity only and four (3.4 percent) with fluorescence only. There were 128 patients with a positive biopsy, 454 with a negative biopsy, and 12 patients who had a negative biopsy with subsequent nodal recurrence. Mean follow-up was 2.8 years.

Conclusions:
In the study of the largest cohort of patients with primary cutaneous melanoma who underwent a sentinel lymph node biopsy with radioisotope lymphoscintigraphy and indocyanine green–based technology, the quality and accuracy of this technique are demonstrated. This has important implications for melanoma patients, as the adoption of this approach with subsequent accurate staging, adjuvant workup, and treatment may improve survival outcomes.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Diagnostic, II.
Nasal Reconstruction after Mohs Cancer Resection: Lessons Learned from 2553 Consecutive Cases
Authors: Halani Sameer H. , Ma Connie , Pierce Joshua , Sanniec Kyle , Thornton James F. 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Nasal defects following Mohs resection are a reconstructive challenge, demanding aesthetic and functional considerations. Many reconstructive modalities are available, each with varying utility and efficacy. The goal of this study was to provide an algorithmic approach to nasal reconstruction and illustrate lessons learned from decades of reconstructing Mohs defects.

Methods:
A retrospective review was conducted of consecutive patients who underwent nasal reconstruction after Mohs excision from 2003 to 2019 performed by the senior author (J.F.T.). Data were collected and analyzed regarding patient and clinical demographics, defect characteristics, reconstructive modality used, revisions, and complications.

Results:
A total of 2553 cases were identified, among which 1550 (1375 patients) were analyzed. Defects most commonly affected the nasal ala (48.1 percent); 74.8 percent were skin-only. Full-thickness skin-grafts were the most common reconstructive method (36.2 percent); 24.4 percent of patients underwent forehead flaps and 17.0 percent underwent nasolabial flaps. The overall complication rate was 11.6 percent (n = 181), with poor wound healing being most common. Age older than 75 years, defects larger than 2 cm2, and active smoking were associated with increased complication rates.

Conclusions:
Nasal reconstruction can be divided based on anatomical location, and an algorithmic approach facilitates excellent results. Although local flaps may be suitable for some patients, they are not always the most aesthetic option. The versatility and low risk-to-benefit profile of the forehead flap make it a suitable option for elderly patients. Although reconstruction is still safe to be performed without discontinuation of anticoagulation, older age, smoking, and large defect size are predictors of complications.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, IV.
Respective Roles of Craniosynostosis and Syndromic Influences on Cranial Fossa Development
Authors: Lu Xiaona , Forte Antonio Jorge , Wilson Alexander T. , Park Kitae Eric , Allam Omar , Alperovich Michael , Steinbacher Derek M. , Alonso Nivaldo , Persing John A. 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Little is known about the detailed growth of the cranial fossae, even though they provide an important structural connection between the cranial vault and the facial skeleton. This study details the morphologic development of isolated cranial vault synostosis and associated syndromes on cranial fossa development.

Methods:
A total of 125 computed tomographic scans were included (nonsyndromic bicoronal synostosis, n = 36; Apert syndrome associated with bicoronal synostosis, n = 24; Crouzon syndrome associated with bicoronal synostosis, n = 11; and controls, n = 54). Three-dimensional analyses were produced using Materialise software.

Results:
The regional anterior and middle cranial fossae volumes of nonsyndromic bicoronal synostosis are characterized by significant increases of 43 percent (p < 0.001) and 60 percent (p < 0.001), respectively, and normal posterior cranial fossa volume. The cranial fossae depths of nonsyndromic bicoronal synostosis were increased, by 37, 42, and 21 percent (all p < 0.001) for anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae, respectively, accompanying the shortened cranial fossae lengths. The volume and morphology of all cranial fossae in Apert syndrome nearly paralleled nonsyndromic bicoronal synostosis. However, Crouzon syndrome had reduced depths of cranial fossae, and more restricted fossa volumes than both Apert syndrome and nonsyndromic bicoronal synostosis.

Conclusions:
Cranial vault suture synostosis is likely to be more influential on cranial fossae development than other associated influences (genetic, morphologic) in Apert and Crouzon syndromes. Isolated Apert syndrome pathogenesis is associated with an elongation of the anterior cranial fossa length in infants, whereas in Crouzon syndrome, there is a tendency to reduce cranial fossa depth, suggesting individual adaptability in cranial fossae development related to vault synostosis.
Lateral Domal Translocation and Medial Crural Transection: A Reliable Method for Nasal Tip Deprojection
Authors: Cochran C. Spencer , Afrooz Paul N. 
Published: June 2021

Summary:
Nasal tip deprojection is a common goal in rhinoplasty. Several techniques have been described, many of which require destructive techniques that compromise the intrinsic integrity and morphology of the lateral crura. Through lateral translocation of the domes and shortening of the medial crura, nasal tip deprojection can be achieved without disrupting the integrity of the lateral crura. The domes are recreated lateral to the intrinsic domes with a standard transdomal suture, and excess length of the middle and medial crura is managed through transection and shortening of the medial crura. This technique preserves the morphology of the nasal base without altering the position of the medial crural footplates. Deprojection of 4 to 5 mm can be readily achieved with this technique.