bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crack formation and measurement in concrete with carbon fiber-reinforced composites under bending test
Authors: Vashpanov Yuriy , Park Jong Gun , Podousova Tatyana , Heo Gwang Hee , Son Jung Young 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The certified test equipment of the MTDI Inc. Materials Testing System under bending test was using for cracking in concrete with carbon fiber-reinforced composites. The concrete samples included microfibers 6 and 12 mm long with a total volume fraction of fibers from 0.5 to 2.0%. To record the results of the experiment, a high-speed video camera was used, since with an increase in the value of the load, cracking and then destruction of the sample can occur at any moment, which is unpredictable when using different samples. This significantly increases the accuracy of determining the moment of crack formation and describing the geometric dimensions of cracks depending on the load. Optical non-contact methods of the measurements and image processing is used for determining the geometric dimensions of cracks in specimen. For concrete containing carbon fibers 6 mm long, with an increase in load and volume fractions ν cracking occurs at loads that are 1.67 times lower than in specimens with 12 mm filaments. Concretes with 12 mm long carbon fibers had a higher time for crack formations (the load increased linearly with time on Bending jig of the Materials Testing System), which slightly increases by 1.13 times with increasing parameter ν from 0.5 to 2.0%. Cracks in concrete in both cases are observed at practically the same load magnitudes at values of ν =2%.
Models of co-evolution of structural elements of building composites
Authors: Vyrovoy V , Sukhanov V , Ielkin A , Sukhanova S 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
It is shown that construction material changes its properties as a result of operational loads action. There are situations when construction leaves its working state with satisfactory material characteristics. This is due to the process of formation and development of cracks as structural elements. The article proposes to analyze history of the development process, which makes it possible to study mechanisms of its flow and to determine factors of process control. The analysis of the studies carried out on the effect of prescriptional and technological factors on the properties of materials and products, the phenomena of self-organization and the role of cracks in materials and products showed that the emergence of critical events cannot be foreseen when assessing properties accepted by averaged characteristics. The construction is considered to be a complex self-organizing system. This determined the work aim: to justify the choice of dynamic models, allowing to determine the structure elements, interaction of which ensures functional state of the structure. The qualitative method of verbal description of the structure of systems with the use of cognitive approaches was laid in basis of adopted methodology. Conservative, metastable and active elements are distinguished in the construction-system. It is emphasized that the active history of the system is determined by active elements, to which cracks refer to. Cracks are considered as some necessary structural elements, present at all scale levels. It is shown that the formation of cracks-systems, treated as parasitic systems, terminates the end of construction-system development and the beginning of parasite system development. Completion of crack-system life cycle removes the construction-system from its working state. To get constructions with a given set of structural elements, a creative community of materials and designers is needed, which will create a common terminology dictionary for both specializations.
A Comprehensive Overview of Technologies for Species and Habitat Monitoring and Conservation
Authors: Lahoz-Monfort José J , Magrath Michael J L 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The range of technologies currently used in biodiversity conservation is staggering, with innovative uses often adopted from other disciplines and being trialed in the field. We provide the first comprehensive overview of the current (2020) landscape of conservation technology, encompassing technologies for monitoring wildlife and habitats, as well as for on-the-ground conservation management (e.g., fighting illegal activities). We cover both established technologies (routinely deployed in conservation, backed by substantial field experience and scientific literature) and novel technologies or technology applications (typically at trial stage, only recently used in conservation), providing examples of conservation applications for both types. We describe technologies that deploy sensors that are fixed or portable, attached to vehicles (terrestrial, aquatic, or airborne) or to animals (biologging), complemented with a section on wildlife tracking. The last two sections cover actuators and computing (including web platforms, algorithms, and artificial intelligence).
Optimization of sugar production from Durian seeds via alkaline hydrolysis for second-generation bioethanol production
Authors: Chriswardana Theofany Harley , Mulyaningsih Yheni , Mulyaningsih Yhana , Bahar Aditiya Harjon , Riayatsyah Teuku Meurah Indra 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
As one way to eliminate the issues found in the preceding generation, feedstock exploration in second-generation bioethanol production remains an issue, especially for a tropical country such as Indonesia. From exotic fruit by-products, durian holds a promising perspective that rests on its abundance, superb carbohydrate content and limited usage until now. This work presents the first-ever utilization of durian seeds for sugar production under optimized conditions through alkaline hydrolysis. A simple form of sugar was extracted by varying four parameters, namely substrate loading, NaOH concentration, hydrolysis time and hydrolysis temperature. Response surface methodology based on the Box-Behnken design was employed to outline the most optimum parameter values. Analysis of variance revealed that the quadratic model fit the data appropriately with the order of significance as substrate loading &gt; hydrolysis time &gt; NaOH concentration &gt; hydrolysis temperature. The optimized conditions for reducing sugar yield, as high as 2.140 g/L, corresponded to &lt;50 g/L substrate loading, 0.522 M NaOH, 60 minutes of hydrolysis time and 80oC hydrolysis temperature. The possible ethanol content of 1.094 g/L was also expected under optimized conditions, demonstrating great potential in second-generation bioethanol production.
Second-generation bioethanol production from a non-edible feedstock (durian seeds) is optimized by varying key parameters in the alkaline hydrolysis process, showing high yields of fermentable sugars.
Comparison of the Immunogenicity of Cell Culture-Based and Recombinant Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccines to Conventional Egg-Based Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccines Among Healthcare Personnel Aged 18–64 Years: A Randomized Open-Label Trial
Authors: Dawood Fatimah S , Naleway Allison L , Flannery Brendan , Levine Min Z , Murthy Kempapura , Sambhara Suryaprakash , Gangappa Shivaprakash , Edwards Laura , Ball Sarah , Grant Lauren , Belongia Edward , Bounds Kelsey , Cao Weiping , Gross F Liaini , Groom Holly , Fry Alicia M , Rentz Hunt Danielle , Jeddy Zuha , Mishina Margarita , Kim Sara S , Wesley Meredith G , Spencer Sarah , Thompson Mark G , Gaglani Manjusha 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
RIV4 and cell-culture based inactivated influenza vaccine (ccIIV4) have not been compared to egg-based IIV4 in healthcare personnel, a population with frequent influenza vaccination that may blunt vaccine immune responses over time. We conducted a randomized trial among healthcare personnel (HCP) aged 18–64 years to compare humoral immune responses to ccIIV4 and RIV4 to IIV4.

Methods
During the 2018–2019 season, participants were randomized to receive ccIIV4, RIV4, or IIV4 and had serum samples collected prevaccination, 1 and 6 months postvaccination. Serum samples were tested by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) for influenza A/H1N1, B/Yamagata, and B/Victoria and microneutralization (MN) for A/H3N2 against cell-grown vaccine reference viruses. Primary outcomes at 1 month were seroconversion rate (SCR), geometric mean titers (GMT), GMT ratio, and mean fold rise (MFR) in the intention-to-treat population.

Results
In total, 727 participants were included (283 ccIIV4, 202 RIV4, and 242 IIV4). At 1 month, responses to ccIIV4 were similar to IIV4 by SCR, GMT, GMT ratio, and MFR. RIV4 induced higher SCRs, GMTs, and MFRs than IIV4 against A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B/Yamagata. The GMT ratio of RIV4 to egg-based vaccines was 1.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–1.9) for A/H1N1, 3.0 (95% CI: 2.4–3.7) for A/H3N2, 1.1 (95% CI: .9–1.4) for B/Yamagata, and 1.1 (95% CI: .9–1.3) for B/Victoria. At 6 months, ccIIV4 recipients had similar GMTs to IIV4, whereas RIV4 recipients had higher GMTs against A/H3N2 and B/Yamagata.

Conclusions
RIV4 resulted in improved antibody responses by HI and MN compared to egg-based vaccines against 3 of 4 cell-grown vaccine strains 1 month postvaccination, suggesting a possible additional benefit from RIV4.

Clinical Trials Registration
NCT03722589.
The Effect of Buprenorphine on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Viral Suppression
Authors: Kim Jongyeon , Lesko Catherine R , Fojo Anthony T , Keruly Jeanne C , Moore Richard D , Chander Geetanjali , Lau Bryan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
Opioid use is prevalent among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; PLWH) and adversely affects HIV outcomes. We assessed the effect of buprenorphine (BUP) initiation on subsequent HIV viral loads.

Methods
We identified PLWH from the Johns Hopkins HIV Clinical Cohort who initiated BUP between 2002 and 2017. Poisson regression with robust variance was used to estimate the prevalence of viral suppression (&lt;200 copies/mL) before and after BUP initiation. We matched individuals who initiated BUP with controls based on viral load measurement dates and used prior event rate ratio (PERR) methods to estimate the effect of BUP initiation on viral suppression. PERR methods account for unmeasured confounders.

Results
We identified 279 PLWH who initiated BUP. After BUP initiation, PLWH were more likely to be virally suppressed (prevalence ratio [PR], 1.19; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03–1.37). After matching PLWH who initiated BUP to controls and accounting for measured and unmeasured confounders, BUP initiation increased viral suppression for both those on antiretroviral therapy (ART) at baseline (PERR PR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.00–1.18) and those not on ART at baseline (PR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.10–1.61).

Conclusions
Our results indicate that the initiation of BUP results in an increase in the probability of being virally suppressed after accounting for both measured and unmeasured confounders. Persons with opioid use disorder should initiate BUP to not only treat substance use but also to increase viral suppression allowing for treatment as prevention.
Hypernatraemia and low eGFR at hospitalization in COVID-19 patients: a deadly combination
Authors: Longhitano Elisa , Nardi Chiara , Calabrese Vincenzo , Messina Roberta , Mazzeo Giuliana , Venanzi Rullo Emmanuele , Ceccarelli Manuela , Chatrenet Antoine , Saulnier Patrick , Torreggiani Massimo , Nunnari Giuseppe , Piccoli Giorgina Barbara , Santoro Domenico 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a profound impact on the general population and the burden of pre-existing comorbidities has heavily affected the outcome of the infection. Hyponatraemia has been frequently described. Conversely, hypernatraemia has rarely been described in COVID-19.MethodsThe studied cohort encompasses all COVID-19 patients consecutively admitted to the Messina Hospital, Italy, during the first wave of the epidemic. Since healthcare structures were not overwhelmed at that time, indications for hospitalization were homogeneous throughout the study period. Serum sodium levels, kidney function [estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)], demographic and clinical characteristics were recorded at admission. Correlation between mortality, sodium and eGFR was evaluated by survival curves and univariate and multivariate regression models.ResultsBaseline biochemical and clinical data at the time of admission were available for 115 COVID-19-confirmed patients. The median age at admission was 73 years (48% men), with a median Charlson Comorbidity Index of 4. A total of 23.5% of patients presented with a sodium level ≥146 mmol/L, while 7.8% had sodium &lt;135 mmol/L. Hypernatraemic patients were older, with higher comorbidity. Age, hypernatraemia and reduced eGFR were associated with increased mortality in both univariate and multivariate regression models (P &lt; 0.001). The combination of hypernatraemia and reduced renal function at admission had an odds ratio of 47.67 (95% confidence interval 10.08–225.43) of dying compared with patients with an eGFR ≥60 mL/min and sodium &lt;145 mmol/L.ConclusionsOur study suggests that the association between hypernatraemia and reduced eGFR at referral is a highly relevant prognostic marker for death during hospitalization. The role of this association should be further tested in larger, multicentre cohorts.
Poetry and Journalism Revisited: Toward an Affective Dimension of Journalism Culture
Authors: Parks Perry 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article seeks to reconcile disparate conceptions of thinking and feeling in journalism by foregrounding an affective dimension of news epistemology through the example of journalistic poetry. Drawing from Archibald MacLeish’s classic 20th-century lecture linking knowledge and the imagination, and locating Postema and Deuze’s continuum of journalism and the arts within Hanitzsch’s broader framework of journalism culture, I explore the generative spectrum in which certain kinds of journalism are best performed as poetry, and certain kinds of poetry are simply affective journalism by another name. The argument draws on historical, cultural, and literary scholarship to define the relationship between poetry and journalism, review historical uses of poetry in newspapers, show how poetry developed as a boundary object that “objective” news has defined itself against, and present four mini-case studies of poetry doing journalistic work in the 21st century.
The perspective of Canadian health care professionals on abortion service during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Ennis Madeleine , Wahl Kate , Jeong Dahn , Knight Kira , Renner Regina , Munro Sarah , Dunn Sheila , Guilbert Edith , Norman Wendy V 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
The COVID-19 pandemic and pandemic response created novel challenges for abortion services. Canada was uniquely positioned to transition to telemedicine because internationally common restrictions on abortion medication were removed before the pandemic.

Objective
We sought to characterize the experiences of abortion health care professionals in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact of the pandemic response on abortion services.

Methods
We conducted a sequential mixed methods study between July 2020 and January 2021. We invited physicians, nurse practitioners and administrators to participate in a cross-sectional survey containing an open-ended question about the impact of the pandemic response on abortion care. We employed an inductive codebook thematic analysis, which informed the development of a second, primarily quantitative survey.

Results
Our initial survey had 307 respondents and our second had 78. Fifty-three percent were family physicians. Our first survey found respondents considered abortion access essential. We identified three key topicss: access to abortion care was often maintained despite pandemic-related challenges (e.g. difficulty obtaining tests, additional costs); change of practice to low-touch medication abortion care and provider perceptions of patient experience, including shifting demand, telemedicine acceptability and increased rural access. The second survey indicated uptake of telemedicine medication abortion among 89% of participants except in Quebec, where regulations meant procedures were nearly exclusively surgical. Restrictions did not delay care according to 76% of participants.

Conclusions
Canadian health care professionals report their facilities deemed abortion an essential service. Provinces and territories, except Quebec, described a robust pandemic transition to telemedicine to ensure access to services.

Podcast
An accompanying podcast is available in the Supplementary Data, in which the authors Dr Madeleine Ennis and Kate Wahl discuss their research on how family planning care and access to abortion services have changed during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Deaths, Disparities, and Cumulative (Dis)Advantage: How Social Inequities Produce an Impairment Paradox in Later Life
Authors: Jackson Heide , Engelman Michal 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundResearch on health across the life course consistently documents widening racial and socioeconomic disparities from childhood through adulthood, followed by stabilization or convergence in later life. This pattern appears to contradict expectations set by cumulative (dis)advantage (CAD) theory. Informed by the punctuated equilibrium perspective, we examine the relationship between midlife health and subsequent health change and mortality and consider the impact of earlier socioeconomic exposures on observed disparities.MethodsUsing the Health and Retirement Study, we characterize the functional impairment histories of a nationally representative sample of 8464 older adults between 1994 and 2016. We employ nonparametric and discrete outcome multinomial logistic regression to examine the competing risks of mortality, health change, and attrition.ResultsExposures to disadvantages are associated with poorer functional health in midlife and mortality. However, a higher number of functional limitations in midlife is negatively associated with the accumulation of subsequent limitations for White men and women and for Black women. The impact of educational attainment, occupation, wealth, and marriage on later-life health differs across race and gender groups.ConclusionsObserved stability or convergence in later-life functional health disparities is not a departure from the dynamics posited by CAD, but rather a result of the differential impact of racial and socioeconomic inequities on mortality and health at older ages. Higher exposure to disadvantages and a lower protective impact of advantageous exposures lead to higher mortality among Black Americans, a pattern which masks persistent health inequities later in life.
What Cut-Point in Gait Speed Best Discriminates Community-Dwelling Older Adults With Mobility Complaints From Those Without? A Pooled Analysis From the Sarcopenia Definitions and Outcomes Consortium
Authors: Cawthon Peggy M , Patel Sheena M , Kritchevsky Stephen B , Newman Anne B , Santanasto Adam , Kiel Douglas P , Travison Thomas G , Lane Nancy , Cummings Steven R , Orwoll Eric S , Duchowny Kate A , Kwok Timothy , Hirani Vasant , Schousboe John , Karlsson Magnus K , Mellström Dan , Ohlsson Claes , Ljunggren Östen , Xue Qian-Li , Shardell Michelle , Jordan Joanne M , Pencina Karol M , Fielding Roger A , Magaziner Jay , Correa-de-Araujo Rosaly , Bhasin Shalender , Manini Todd M 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
Cut-points to define slow walking speed have largely been derived from expert opinion.

Methods
Study participants (13 589 men and 5043 women aged ≥65years) had walking speed (m/s) measured over 4–6 m (mean ± SD: 1.20 ± 0.27 m/s in men and 0.94 ± 0.24 m/s in women.) Mobility limitation was defined as any self-reported difficulty with walking approximately 1/4 mile (prevalence: 12.6% men, 26.4% women). Sex-stratified classification and regression tree (CART) models with 10-fold cross-validation identified walking speed cut-points that optimally discriminated those who reported mobility limitation from those who did not.

Results
Among 5043 women, CART analysis identified 2 cut-points, classifying 4144 (82.2%) with walking speed ≥0.75 m/s, which we labeled as “fast”; 478 (9.5%) as “intermediate” (walking speed ≥0.62 m/s but &lt;0.75 m/s); and 421 (8.3%) as “slow” (walking speed &lt;0.62 m/s). Among 13 589 men, CART analysis identified 3 cut-points, classifying 10 001 (73.6%) with walking speed ≥1.00 m/s (“very fast”); 2901 (21.3%) as “fast” (walking speed ≥0.74 m/s but &lt;1.00 m/s); 497 (3.7%) as “intermediate” (walking speed ≥0.57 m/s but &lt;0.74 m/s); and 190 (1.4%) as “slow” (walking speed &lt;0.57 m/s). Prevalence of self-reported mobility limitation was lowest in the “fast” or “very fast” (11% for men and 19% for women) and highest in the “slow” (60.5% in men and 71.0% in women). Rounding the 2 slower cut-points to 0.60 m/s and 0.75 m/s reclassified very few participants.

Conclusions
Cut-points in walking speed of approximately 0.60 m/s and 0.75 m/s discriminate those with self-reported mobility limitation from those without.
Barriers to uptake of community-based health insurance in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review
Authors: Shewamene Zewdneh , Tiruneh Getachew , Abraha Atakelti , Reshad Abduljelil , Terefe Marta Minwyelet , Shimels Tariku , Lemlemu Eskedar , Tilahun Damitew , Wondimtekahu Adamu , Argaw Muluken , Anno Alemu , Abebe Firehiwot , Kiros Mizan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In the past two decades, community-based Health Insurance (CBHI) is expanding in most of sub-Saharan African countries with the aim of improving equitable access to health services for the informal sector population. However, population enrolment into CBHI and membership renewals thereafter remains stubbornly low. The purpose of this systematic review is to generate an evidence to better understand barriers to uptake of CBHI in sub-Saharan African countries. We systematically searched for relevant studies from databases: PubMed, Scopus, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PsychInfo, ProQest, Excerpta Medica dataBASE (EMBASE) and Africa-Wide Information. The search strategy combined detailed terms related to (i) CBHI, (ii) enrolment/renewal and (iii) sub-Saharan African countries. A narrative synthesis of findings was reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The protocol for this systematic review was registered with International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (ref: CRD42020183959). The database search identified 4055 potential references from which 15 articles reporting on 17 studies met the eligibility criteria. The findings revealed that barriers to uptake of CBHI in sub-Saharan Africa were multidimensional in nature. Lack of awareness about the importance of health insurance, socio-economic factors, health beliefs, lack of trust towards scheme management, poor quality of health services, perceived health status and limited health benefit entitlements were reported as barriers that affect enrolments into CBHI and membership renewals. The methodological quality of studies included in this review has been found to be mostly suboptimal. The overall findings of this systematic review identified major barriers of CBHI uptake in sub-Saharan African countries which may help policymakers to make evidence-informed decisions. Findings of this review also highlighted that further research with a robust methodological quality, depth and breadth is needed to help better understand the factors that limit CBHI uptake at individual, societal and structural levels in sub-Saharan Africa.