bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An epidemiological surveillance of hand foot and mouth disease in paediatric patients and in community: A Singapore retrospective cohort study, 2013–2018
Authors: Min Nyo , Ong Yasmin Hui Binn , Han Alvin X. , Ho Si Xian , Yen Emmerie Wong Phaik , Ban Kenneth Hon Kim , Maurer-Stroh Sebastian , Chong Chia Yin , Chu Justin Jang Hann 
Published: February 2021

Background
While hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is primarily self-resolving—soaring incidence rate of symptomatic HFMD effectuates economic burden in the Asia-Pacific region. Singapore has seen a conspicuous rise in the number of HFMD cases from 2010s. Here, we aims to identify the serology and genotypes responsible for such outbreaks in hospitals and childcare facilities.

Methods
We studied symptomatic paediatric HFMD cases from 2013 to 2018 in Singapore. Surveillance for subclinical enterovirus infections was also performed in childcares at the same time period.

Results
Genotyping 101 symptomatic HFMD samples revealed CV-A6 as the major etiological agent for recent outbreaks. We detected infections with CV-A6 (41.0%), EV-A71 (7%), CV-A16 (3.0%), coxsackievirus A2, CV-A2 (1.0%) and coxsackievirus A10, CV-A10 (1.0%). Phylogenetic analysis of local CV-A6 strains revealed a high level of heterogeneity compared against others worldwide, dissimilar to other HFMD causative enteroviruses for which the dominant strains and genotypes are highly region specific. We detected sub-clinical enterovirus infections in childcare centres; 17.1% (n = 245) tested positive for enterovirus in saliva, without HFMD indicative symptoms at the point of sample collection.

Conclusions
CV-A6 remained as the dominant HFMD causative strain in Singapore. Silent subclinical enteroviral infections were detected and warrant further investigations.
COVID-19 ICU and mechanical ventilation patient characteristics and outcomes—A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Chang Raymond , Elhusseiny Khaled Mossad , Yeh Yu-Chang , Sun Wei-Zen 
Published: February 2021

Background
Insight into COVID-19 intensive care unit (ICU) patient characteristics, rates and risks of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and associated outcomes as well as any regional discrepancies is critical in this pandemic for individual case management and overall resource planning.

Methods and findings
Electronic searches were performed for reports through May 1 2020 and reports on COVID-19 ICU admissions and outcomes were included using predefined search terms. Relevant data was subsequently extracted and pooled using fixed or random effects meta-analysis depending on heterogeneity. Study quality was assessed by the NIH tool and heterogeneity was assessed by I2 and Q tests. Baseline patient characteristics, ICU and IMV outcomes were pooled and meta-analyzed. Pooled odds ratios (pOR) were calculated for clinical features against ICU, IMV mortality. Subgroup analysis was carried out based on patient regions. A total of twenty-eight studies comprising 12,437 COVID-19 ICU admissions from seven countries were meta-analyzed. Pooled ICU admission rate was 21% [95% CI 0.12–0.34] and 69% of cases needed IMV [95% CI 0.61–0.75]. ICU and IMV mortality were 28.3% [95% CI 0.25–0.32], 43% [95% CI 0.29–0.58] and ICU, IMV duration was 7.78 [95% CI 6.99–8.63] and 10.12 [95% CI 7.08–13.16] days respectively. Besides confirming the significance of comorbidities and clinical findings of COVID-19 previously reported, we found the major correlates with ICU mortality were IMV [pOR 16.46, 95% CI 4.37–61.96], acute kidney injury (AKI) [pOR 12.47, 95% CI 1.52–102.7], and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [pOR 6.52, 95% CI 2.66–16.01]. Subgroup analyses confirm significant regional discrepancies in outcomes.

Conclusions
This is a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of COVID-19 ICU and IMV cases and associated outcomes. The significant association of AKI, ARDS and IMV with mortality has implications for ICU resource planning for AKI and ARDS as well as suggesting the need for further research into optimal ventilation strategies for COVID-19 patients in the ICU setting. Regional differences in outcome implies a need to develop region specific protocols for ventilatory support as well as overall treatment.
The temporal nature of social context: Insights from the daily lives of patients with HIV
Authors: Fix Gemmae M. , Dryden Eileen M. , Boudreau Jacqueline , Kressin Nancy R. , Gifford Allen L. , Bokhour Barbara G. 
Published: February 2021

Background
Patients’ life contexts are increasingly recognized as important, as evidenced by growing attention to the Social Determinants of Health (SDoH). This attention may be particularly valuable for patients with complex needs, like those with HIV, who are more likely to experience age-related comorbidities, mental health or substance use issues. Understanding patient perceptions of their life context can advance SDoH approaches.

Objectives
We sought to understand how aging patients with HIV think about their life context and explored if and how their reported context was documented in their electronic medical records (EMRs).

Design
We combined life story interviews and EMR data to understand the health-related daily life experiences of patients with HIV. Patients over 50 were recruited from two US Department of Veterans Affairs HIV clinics. Narrative analysis was used to organize data by life events and health-related metrics.

Key results
EMRs of 15 participants documented an average of 19 diagnoses and 10 medications but generally failed to include social contexts salient to patients. In interviews, HIV was discussed primarily in response to direct interviewer questions. Instead, participants raised past trauma, current social engagement, and concern about future health with varying salience. This led us to organize the narratives temporally according to past-, present-, or future-orientation. “Past-focused” narratives dwelled on unresolved experiences with social institutions like the school system, military or marriage. “Present-focused” narratives emphasized daily life challenges, like social isolation. “Future-focused” narratives were dominated by concerns that aging would limit activities.

Conclusions
A temporally informed understanding of patients’ life circumstances that are the foundation of their individualized SDoH could better focus care plans by addressing contextual concerns salient to patients. Trust-building may be a critical first step in caring for past-focused patients. Present-focused patients may benefit from support groups. Future-focused patients may desire discussing long term care options.
Oxolipidomics profile in major depressive disorder: Comparing remitters and non-remitters to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment
Authors: Stirton Hannah , Meek Benjamin P. , Edel Andrea L. , Solati Zahra , Surendran Arun , Aukema Harold , Modirrousta Mandana , Ravandi Amir 
Published: February 2021

Background
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation [rTMS] is increasingly being used to treat Major Depressive Disorder [MDD]. Given that not all patients respond to rTMS, it would be clinically useful to have reliable biomarkers that predict treatment response. Oxidized phosphatidylcholine [OxPC] and some oxylipins are important plasma biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation. Not only is depression associated with oxidative stress, but rTMS has been shown to have anti-oxidative effects.

Objectives
To investigate whether plasma oxolipidomics profiles could predict treatment response in patients with treatment resistant MDD.

Methods
Fourty-eight patients undergoing rTMS treatment for MDD were recruited along with nine healthy control subjects. Plasma OxPCs and oxylipins were extracted and analyzed through high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Patients with a Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score [Ham-D] ≤7 post-treatment were defined as having entered remission.

Results
Fifty-seven OxPC and 32 oxylipin species were identified in our subjects. MDD patients who entered remission following rTMS had significantly higher pre-rTMS levels of total and fragmented OxPCs compared to non-remitters and controls [one-way ANOVA, p<0.05]. However, no significant changes in OxPC levels were found as a result of rTMS, regardless of treatment response [p>0.05]. No differences in plasma oxylipins were found between remitters and non-remitters at baseline.

Conclusion
Certain categories of OxPCs may be useful predictive biomarkers for response to rTMS treatment in MDD. Given that elevated oxidized lipids may indicate higher levels of oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain, patients with this phenotype of depression may be more receptive to rTMS treatment.
The impact of interventions applied in primary care to optimize the use of laboratory tests: a systematic review
Authors: Lillo Serena , Larsen Trine Rennebod , Pennerup Leif , Antonsen Steen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Laboratory tests are important tools in primary care, but their use is sometimes inappropriate. The aim of this review is to give an overview of interventions applied in primary care to optimize the use of laboratory tests. A search for studies was made in the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. We also extracted studies from two previous reviews published in 2015. Studies were included if they described application of an intervention aiming to optimize the use of laboratory tests. We also evaluated the overall risk of bias of the studies. We included 24 studies. The interventions were categorized as: education, feedback reports and computerized physician order entry (CPOE) strategies. Most of the studies were classified as medium or high risk of bias while only three studies were evaluated as low risk of bias. The majority of the studies aimed at reducing the number of tests, while four studies investigated interventions aiming to increase the use of specific tests. Despite the studies being heterogeneous, we made results comparable by transforming the results into weighted relative changes in number of tests when necessary. Education changed the number of tests consistently, and these results were supported by the low risk of bias of the papers. Feedback reports have mainly been applied in combination with education, while when used alone the effect was minimal. The use of CPOE strategies seem to produce a marked change in the number of test requests, however the studies were of medium or high risk of bias.
European Biological Variation Study (EuBIVAS): within- and between-subject biological variation estimates for serum thyroid biomarkers based on weekly samplings from 91 healthy participants
Authors: Bottani Michela , Aarsand Aasne K. , Banfi Giuseppe , Locatelli Massimo , Coşkun Abdurrahman , Díaz-Garzón Jorge , Fernandez-Calle Pilar , Sandberg Sverre , Ceriotti Ferruccio , Carobene Anna 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Thyroid biomarkers are fundamental for the diagnosis of thyroid disorders and for the monitoring and treatment of patients with these diseases. The knowledge of biological variation (BV) is important to define analytical performance specifications (APS) and reference change values (RCV). The aim of this study was to deliver BV estimates for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), thyroglobulin (TG), and calcitonin (CT).

Methods
Analyses were performed on serum samples obtained from the European Biological Variation Study population (91 healthy individuals from six European laboratories; 21–69 years) on the Roche Cobas e801 at the San Raffaele Hospital (Milan, Italy). All samples from each individual were evaluated in duplicate within a single run. The BV estimates with 95% CIs were obtained by CV-ANOVA, after analysis of variance homogeneity and outliers.

Results
The within-subject (CV
I
) BV estimates were for TSH 17.7%, FT3 5.0%, FT4 4.8%, TG 10.3, and CT 13.0%, all significantly lower than those reported in the literature. No significant differences were observed for BV estimates between men and women.

Conclusions
The availability of updated, in the case of CT not previously published, BV estimates for thyroid markers based on the large scale EuBIVAS study allows for refined APS and associated RCV applicable in the diagnosis and management of thyroid and related diseases.
Contribution to understanding synergistic effect of Punica granatum extract and potassium iodide as corrosion inhibitor of S355 steel
Authors: Khadiri Mohyeddine , Idouhli Rachid , Bennouna Mohammed A. , Aityoub Abdelaziz , Abouelfida Abdessalem , Benyaïch Abdelaziz 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The inhibition effectiveness of Punica granatum (also called Pomegranate) extract and the synergistic effect of potassium iodide (KI) against the degradation of mild steel in 1 M HCl was studied. Potentiodynamic polarization measurement (PDP) was used in order to investigate the performance of this compound. The presence of a mixture of iodide ions (KI) and inhibitor (PG) increased the degree of surface coverage. Also, the inhibition efficiency reaches 82% at 323 K when the concentration of P. granatum (PG) is 2 mg/L with 10 mM of KI. The synergistic effect between the inhibitor and KI could be explained by the reinforcement of the layer being adsorbed onto the steel surface. The adsorption of inhibitor onto the steel surface followed the Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Characterization techniques, such as scanning electronic microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X–ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), Raman, and ultra-violet-visible (UV-visible) spectroscopies, confirm the adsorption of inhibitor onto the surface morphology.
Intracellular signaling molecules of nerve tissue progenitors as pharmacological targets for treatment of ethanol-induced neurodegeneration
Authors: Zyuz’kov Gleb Nikolaevich , Miroshnichenko Larisa Arkad`evna , Simanina Elena Vladislavovna , Stavrova Larisa Alexandrovna , Polykova Tatyana Yur`evna 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Objectives
The development of approaches to the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases caused by alcohol abuse by targeted pharmacological regulation of intracellular signaling transduction of progenitor cells of nerve tissue is promising. We studied peculiarities of participation of NF-кB-, сАМР/РКА-, JAKs/STAT3-, ERK1/2-, p38-pathways in the regulation of neural stem cells (NSC) and neuronal-committed progenitors (NCP) in the simulation of ethanol-induced neurodegeneration in vitro and in vivo.

Methods

In vitro, the role of signaling molecules (NF-кB, сАМР, РКА, JAKs, STAT3, ERK1/2, p38) in realizing the growth potential of neural stem cells (NSC) and neuronal-committed progenitors (NCP) in ethanol-induced neurodegeneration modeled in vitro and in vivo was studied. To do this, the method of the pharmacological blockade with the use of selective inhibitors of individual signaling molecules was used.

Results
Several of fundamental differences in the role of certain intracellular signaling molecules (SM) in proliferation and specialization of NSC and NCP have been revealed. It has been shown that the effect of ethanol on progenitors is accompanied by the formation of a qualitatively new pattern of signaling pathways. Data have been obtained on the possibility of stimulation of nerve tissue regeneration in ethanol-induced neurodegeneration by NF-кB and STAT3 inhibitors. It has been found that the blockage of these SM stimulates NSC and NCP in conditions of ethanol intoxication and does not have a «negative» effect on the realization of the growth potential of intact progenitors (which will appear de novo during therapy).

Conclusions
The results may serve as a basis for the development of fundamentally new drugs to the treatment of alcoholic encephalopathy and other diseases of the central nervous system associated with alcohol abuse.
Systemdesign und Fehlerabschätzung der radio–akustischen Temperaturmessung
Authors: Exel Dominik , Zagar Bernhard 
Published: February 2021

ZusammenfassungBerührungslose Temperatur- und Strömungsgeschwindigkeitsmessung ist von enormer Wichtigkeit, sowohl in der Klimaforschung aber auch bei industriellen Anwendungen. Dabei ist es für die Optimierung der Systeme entscheidend, die zu erwartenden Messfehler abschätzen zu können. In diesem Beitrag wird eine dieser Methoden basierend auf dem radio-akustischen Prinzip (RASS) umfassend untersucht. Messsysteme nach dieser Methode nützen die akustisch-elektromagnetische Wechselwirkung um aus der lokal ermittelten Schallgeschwindigkeit auf die vorherrschende Gastemperatur, aber gegebenenfalls auch auf eine lokale wirkende Komponente der Strömungsgeschwindigkeit in Messrichtung zu schließen. Um das Ziel zu erreichen, das Messsystem in seiner Gesamtheit zu analysieren, wird zunächst die sogenannte RASS-Gleichung sowie die notwendige Kollokation der Quellen diskutiert. Anhand des Ausdrucks der Empfangsleistung wird gezeigt, welche Faktoren maßgeblich das Systemverhalten beeinflussen. Eine entsprechende Abstimmung der Schall- bzw. Radar–Wellenlängen und eine perfekte Kollokation deren Quellen sind essentiell für eine ausreichend genaue Schätzung der von der Temperatur abhängigen Doppler-Frequenz. Anschließend wird, nach Wissen der Autoren erstmalig anhand der Cramér-Rao Schranke ein optimales Systemdesign abgeleitet. Dabei zeigt sich, dass sich die Varianz der Temperaturschätzung verkehrt proportional zur 4. Potenz der Anzahl der wechselwirkenden Schallzyklen verhält. Weiters wird demonstriert, dass die Temperatur und die Strömungsgeschwindigkeit nicht unabhängig voneinander geschätzt werden können. Es wird in diesem Beitrag ein Aufbau präsentiert, der es erlaubt die Temperaturen mit einer Standardabweichung von etwa0,2°C0,2\hspace{0.1667em}^\circ \text{C}zu messen. Zur Demonstration wird eine Temperaturprofilmessung vorgestellt.
Dispute Resolution That Divides: The EU -USA Conflict on Investment -State Dispute Resolution
Authors: Glavanits Judit 
Published: February 2021

AbstractInvestment -state dispute resolution has been a hot topic recently, as we can observe a shift in the international trade agreements – both on the side of politics and economics. The European Union has started to negotiate several new trade agreements – some succeeded, some failed, and among the latter we find the TTIP with the USA. This article focuses on the neuralgic point of ISDS in the trade policy of the EU and the USA and summarizes the arguments for and against the ISDS mechanism reflecting also on the latest scientific literature and statistics.
Human breast milk, infant formula, and follow-up milks comparison by electronic tongue
Authors: Krpan M. , Major N. , Šatalić Z. , Hruškar M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHuman breast milk, infant formula, and follow-up milks were tested by a commercial electronic tongue (αAstree, Alpha MOS) with the aim to determine taste diversity, since it has been recently shown that infants exposed to different tastes early in life, develop different food preference at a later age. Human milk (36 samples) were obtained from 13 lactating women, while 12 samples of infant formula and 14 samples of follow-up milk were obtained from the Croatian market and opened prior to analysis. Human breast milk samples showed a much higher diversity than both infant formulae and follow-up milks. These results suggest that breast-fed infants are exposed to a broader sensory experience, while formula fed infants are exposed to less diverse taste. Future studies will probably answer how this influences later food choice, taste preferences, and consequently, risk of obesity and other chronic diseases.
Longer Achilles tendon moment arm results in better running economy
Authors: Kovács B. , Kóbor I. , Sebestyén Ö. , Tihanyi J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBased on the current literature, the link between Achilles tendon moment arm length and running economy is not well understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to further investigate the connection between Achilles tendon moment arm and running economy and the influence of Achilles tendon moment arm on the function of the plantarflexor muscle-tendon unit during running.Ten male competitive marathon runners volunteered for this study. The participants ran on a treadmill at two running speeds: 3 and 3.5 m s−1. During running the oxygen consumption, lower leg kinematics, electrical activity of plantar flexor muscles, and fascicle behavior of the lateral gastrocnemius were measured simultaneously. On the second occasion, an MRI scan of the right leg was taken and used to estimate the Achilles tendon moment arm length.There was a negative correlation between running economy and the body height normalized moment arm length at both selected speeds (r = −0.68, P = 0.014 and r = −0.70, P = 0.01). In addition, Achilles tendon moment arm length correlated with the amplitude of the ankle flexion at both speeds (r = −0.59, P = 0.03 and r = −0.60, P = 0.03) and with the electrical activity of the medial gastrocnemius muscle at 3 m s−1 speed (r = −0.62, P = 0.02). Our finding supports the concept that a longer moment arm could be beneficial for distance runners.
YÖNETİCİLERİN TOKSİK LİDERLİK DAVRANIŞLARININ ÖRGÜTSEL SİNİZM VE ÇALIŞAN SESSİZLİĞİ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ (KAMU SEKTÖRÜNE YÖNELİK BİR ARAŞTIRMA)
Authors: KAYA Naciye , TOKUR GÖNCÜ Filiz , ERARSLAN İlkay 
Published: February 2021

Günümüz örgütleri varlığını sürdürebilmek, ayakta kalabilmek, ilerlemek ve rekabet edebilmek için yetenekli çalışanlara ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Çünkü örgütler için en önemli faktör olan insan sermayesine olan yatırım kilit rol oynamaktadır. Bu bağlamda bir örgütün başarısı yöneticilerinin ve çalışanlarının başarısına bağlıdır. Yöneticilerin, çalışanların fikir ve önerilerine önem vermeleri ve onların kararlara katılımını sağlamları bir örgütün başarısı açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Aksi takdirde örgütler iş verimsizliği, düşük performans ve çalışan tatminsizliği ve sessizliği ile karşı karşıya kalabilmektedirler.
Bu çalışmada kamu sektörlerinde toksik liderlik davranışlarının örgütsel sinizm ve çalışan sessizliği üzerine etkilerini incelemek ve bu kavramlar arasındaki ilişkinin saptanması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda; İstanbul (Anadolu yakası) ilinde faaliyet gösteren kamu sektörü çalışanlarına kişisel bilgi formu, toksik liderlik ölçeği, örgütsel sinizm ve çalışan sessizliği ölçeğinden oluşan bir anket formu uygulanmıştır. Anket yöntemiyle elde edilen veriler, korelasyon analizi ve regresyon analizi vasıtasıyla değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, toksik liderlik, çalışan sessizliği ve örgütsel sinizm arasında anlamlı ilişkiler bulunduğu kabul edilmiştir. Bu noktada örgütlerin başarılı olabilmesi için toksik liderlik davranışlarının örgütsel sinizm ve çalışan sessizliği üzerine çok yönlü önemli etkilerinin olduğunu ve bu kavramların son yıllarda araştırmacıların ilgi odağı haline geldiğini yapılan araştırmalar göstermektedir. Ayrıca bu kavramlar örgütlerde başarı faktörünün önünde ciddi bir engel oluşturabilmektedir.
JEL Kodları: M54, D23, L2