bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Materials and Schemes of Multimodal Reconfigurable Micro/Nanomachines and Robots: Review and Perspective
Authors: Joh Hyungmok , Fan Donglei Emma 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMechanically programmable, reconfigurable micro/nanoscale materials that can dynamically change their mechanical properties or behaviors, or morph into distinct assemblies or swarms in response to stimuli have greatly piqued the interest of the science community due to their unprecedented potentials in both fundamental research and technological applications. To date, a variety of designs of hard and soft materials, as well as actuation schemes based on mechanisms including chemical reactions and magnetic, acoustic, optical, and electric stimuli, have been reported. Herein, state‐of‐the‐art micro/nanostructures and operation schemes for multimodal reconfigurable micro/nanomachines and swarms, as well as potential new materials and working principles, challenges, and future perspectives are discussed.
Efficient Investigation of High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells Based on Shadow‐Mask Kits with Uniform Patterning and Antishadowing Capabilities
Authors: Liu Kong , Wu Yulin , Li Chao , Sun Yang , Li Qicong , Yang Cheng , Jia Xiaohao , Islam Md. Rasidul , Wang Zhijie , Qu Shengchun , Wang Zhanguo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn recent years, there has been increased research and rapid development in perovskite solar cells. Uniformity, repeatability, and reliability of electrode patterns formed by shadow‐mask technologies are factors that play an important role in efficient experimental studies for achieving high‐throughput samples and high‐performance devices. In this study, some new principles of mask design are investigated to overcome the drawbacks of conventional mask. High precision patterns are obtained by fabricating shadow‐masks with stainless steel plates via a photochemical etching process. An assembly concept design is proposed for shadow‐mask kits to improve versatility and avoid edge chamfer. The highly accurate active area and precise replication of the aperture patterns are obtained by improving the alignment between the samples and the mask patterns. The perovskite solar cell arrays are fabricated on a single substrate and a uniform performance is achieved due to the balanced distribution of electrodes. Thin shadow‐masks with smooth surfaces are employed to diminish the shadowing effect and a power conversion efficiency of 20.85% with a high fill factor of 81.6% is obtained in an inverted perovskite solar cell. The versatility and high quality of our shadow‐mask kits can further promote research in the area of thin‐film and photovoltaic technologies.
Ultralow‐Loss Etchless Lithium Niobate Integrated Photonics at Near‐Visible Wavelengths
Authors: Yu Yue , Yu Zejie , Wang Lai , Sun Xiankai 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLithium niobate is considered as the “silicon of photonics” because of its many excellent optical properties as well as a wide transparency window covering the visible to mid‐infrared wavelength range. Here, by using the principle of bound states in the continuum, lithium niobate integrated photonics at near‐visible wavelengths with an etchless fabrication process is developed, which achieves a minimal propagation loss of 1.8 dB cm−1 in straight waveguides at the wavelength of ≈771 nm and a maximal intrinsic Q factor of 1.1 × 106 in disk microcavities at ≈765 nm. Typical integrated photonic components including Mach–Zehnder interferometers and multimode directional couplers are also demonstrated. Based on the experimental results, a convenient scheme of second‐harmonic generation is proposed for converting light in the fundamental TE‐polarized mode at a telecom wavelength into the second‐order TM‐polarized mode at a near‐visible wavelength. The demonstrated etchless lithium niobate integrated photonic platform can support both passive and active optical devices and systems on a chip for various visible‐light applications including optical imaging, nonlinear optics, and quantum information processing.
A Toroidal‐Fano‐Resonant Metasurface with Optimal Cross‐Polarization Efficiency and Switchable Nonlinearity in the Near‐Infrared
Authors: Hassanfiroozi Amir , Huang Po‐Sheng , Huang Shih‐Hsiu , Lin Kuang‐I , Lin Yu‐Tsung , Chien Chien‐Feng , Shi Yuzhi , Lee Wen‐Jen , Wu Pin Chieh 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe recent progress in plasmonic metasurfaces gives rise to an intense evolution of controlling light properties such as phase, amplitude, polarization, and frequency. In this work, a new paradigm is established to control the light properties centered on low‐loss toroidal multipoles with high field enhancement in contrast to most of the previous plasmonic metasurfaces that are optimized through electric and magnetic multipolar resonances. Through a proof‐of‐concept demonstration, a linear cross‐polarization conversion efficiency reaching 22.9%, remarked as the optimal value that can exist in a single‐layer plasmonic metasurface in the near‐infrared spectrum, is experimentally realized. A polarization‐insensitive toroidal response, that previously was accessible only in isotropic high‐index metasurfaces, is also observed. Furthermore, a giant anisotropic (polarization‐sensitive) generation of the second‐harmonic frequency is demonstrated with the proposed polarization‐independent toroidal metasurface that provides different levels of electric energy storage within the metasurface. These findings open a new path for keeping low‐efficiency plasmonic components on track when one engineers a metasurface based on the toroidal multipole family.
Photon Recycling in Semiconductor Thin Films and Devices
Authors: Cheng Zhongkai , O'Carroll Deirdre M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPhoton recycling (PR) plays an important role in the study of semiconductor materials and impacts the properties of their optoelectronic applications. However, PR has not been investigated comprehensively and it has not been demonstrated experimentally in many different kinds of semiconductor materials and devices. In this review paper, first, the authors introduce the background of PR and describe how this phenomenon was originally identified in semiconductors. Then, the theory and modelling of PR is reviewed and some of the important parameters that are used to quantify PR are highlighted. Next, a variety of the methods used to achieve and characterize PR in materials and devices are discussed. Examples of how the performance parameters of different types of optoelectronic devices are affected by PR are described. Finally, a summary of the roles of PR in semiconductor materials and devices and an outlook on how PR can be used to solve existing problems and challenges in the field of optoelectronics are provided. From this review, it is apparent that PR can have a positive impact on optoelectronic device performance, and that further in‐depth theoretical and experimental studies are needed to rigorously demonstrate the advantages and importance of PR.
Polyimide‐Based Flexible Plasma Sheet and Surface Ionization Waves Propagation
Authors: Sun Yuhao , Zhang Bo , Wang Chenxu , Zhang Guanjun 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSurface discharges on flexible substrates are attracting attention for their unique capability to generate large‐scale non‐thermal plasma and potential adaptability to complex objects in many fields, like biomedical inactivation and material processing. Two fundamental issues are manufacture of stable flexible plasma sources and mechanism of multiple surface ionization waves (SIWs) propagation on curved gas‐solid interfaces. A polyimide‐based flexible plasma sheet is realized through printed circuit board with a non‐exposed electrode structure for discharge and the propagation properties of SIWs along its surface are investigated by experiments and simulations. Results show that SIWs start near the high‐voltage electrodes, and develop to the ground electrodes in a symmetrical petal pattern shaped by the potential gradient. The counter‐propagating SIWs merge above the ground electrodes, as the electrons’ distribution converts from filament channel to a diffuse spatial distribution. Furthermore, bending the flexible sheet can change the charge density above the surface of polyimide, thus affects the space electron number density and electron temperature, but does not influence the overall appearance of SIWs propagation. This work will not only help to understand the surface process of ionization waves, but also benefit further researches on the application of flexible‐material‐based plasma source.
Iodine‐Catalyzed or ‐Mediated Reactions in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Samanta Subhadeep , Mondal Shovan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTransition metal‐catalyzed reactions are the heart of modern organic synthetic chemistry. In most cases, the synthesis of target molecules involved at least one or more transition metals such as palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, platinum, iridium, rhenium, cobalt, copper, iron, etc. But these transition metals are costly, toxic, and sometimes very difficult to separate from the target product. Instead of transition metals, molecular iodine or iodide salts have drawn the attention of modern organic synthetic chemists over a few decades due to their inexpensiveness, tolerance, and environmentally benign nature. So molecular iodine or iodide catalyzed reactions are highly efficient, atom‐economical, easy to control, eco‐ friendly protocol rather than transition metal‐catalyzed reactions. But many iodine‐catalyzed or mediated reactions, toxic solvents like tetrahydrofuran (THF), 1,4 dioxane, dimethylacetamide (DMA), dimethylformamide (DMF), benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, nitrobenzene, n‐hexane, etc. are used which is a major concern in terms of environmental issues. Therefore, our present endeavour focuses on the recent developments (mainly in the period 2005–2020) of the iodine‐catalyzed or iodine‐mediated various reactions like oxidative additions, condensation reactions, C−C, C−N, C−O, C−S cross‐couplings etc. consciously performed in an aqueous medium to avoid environmental hazardous, which is a thrust area to the young researchers.
The role of religion in One Health. Lessons from the Hanuman langur (Semnopithecus entellus) and other human–non‐human primate interactions
Authors: Vijayaraghavan Gargi , Tate Vijay , Gadre Vishal , Trivedy Chetan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBeing revered as deities in some religions of the world, non‐human primates (NHPs) often share the same space as humans. Such coexistence and interactions with humans, especially around places of worship, have been known to cause significant changes to the behavior and diet of the NHPs in India. Moreover, the interface may also create an opportunity for zoonotic spillover, similar to the majority of newly emerging or re‐emerging infections that are found to originate from animal sources. These include the SARS COV‐2 virus responsible for the current COVID‐19 pandemic; a catastrophic “One Health” crisis; that has highlighted the interconnections between the health of humans, animals, and the environment. Religious beliefs could potentially influence perceptions, actions, and subsequent One Health outcomes resulting from human–animal interaction, which could impact human and animal welfare. Greater insight in this area could provide a better understanding of the complex relationships between humans and NHPs; that may play an important role in mitigating conflict as well as the spillover of zoonotic disease at the human–NHP interface.
A Zwitterionic Heterobimetallic Gold–Iron Complex Supported by Bis(N‐Heterocyclic Imine)Silyliumylidene
Authors: Hanusch Franziska , Munz Dominik , Sutter Jörg , Meyer Karsten , Inoue Shigeyoshi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe facile synthesis of the first bis‐N‐heterocyclic imine‐stabilized chlorosilyliumylidene 1 is reported. Remarkably, consecutive reaction of 1 with PPh3AuCl and K2Fe(CO)4 gives rise to the unique heterobimetallic complex 1,2‐(MesNHI)2‐C2H4‐ClSiAuFe(CO)4 (4). The overall neutral complex 4 bears an unusual linear Si−Au−Fe structure and a rare anagostic interaction between the d10‐configured gold atom and a CH bond of the mesityl ligand. According to the computational analysis and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, the formal Fe‐oxidation state remains at −II. Thus, the electronic structure of 4 is best described as an overall neutral—yet zwitterionic—heterobimetallic “Si(II)+‐Au(I)+‐Fe(‐II)2−”‐silyliumylidene complex, derived from double anion exchange. The computational analysis indicates strong hyperconjugative back donation from the gold(I) atom to the silyliumylidene ligand.
Synthesis of Multicompositional Onion‐like Nanoparticles via RAFT Emulsion Polymerization
Authors: Khan Murtaza , Guimarães Thiago R. , Kuchel Rhiannon P. , Moad Graeme , Perrier Sébastien , Zetterlund Per B. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSynthesis of multicompositional polymeric nanoparticles of diameters 100–150 nm comprising well‐defined multiblock copolymers reaching from the particle surface to the particle core was conducted using surfactant‐free aqueous macroRAFT emulsion polymerization. The imposed constraints on chain mobility as well as chemical incompatibility between the blocks result in microphase separation, leading to formation of an onion‐like multilayered particle morphology with individual layer thicknesses of approximately 20 nm. The approach provides considerable versatility in particle morphology design as the composition of individual layers as well as the number of layers can be tailored as desired, offering more complex particle design compared to approaches relying on self‐assembly of preformed diblock copolymers within particles. Microphase separation can occur in these systems under conditions where the corresponding bulk system would not theoretically result in microphase separation.
Zeolite‐Tailored Active Site Proximity for the Efficient Production of Pentanoic Biofuels
Authors: He Jiang , Wu Zhijie , Gu Qingqing , Liu Yuanshuai , Chu Shengqi , Chen Shaohua , Zhang Yafeng , Yang Bing , Chen Tiehong , Wang Aiqin , Weckhuysen Bert M. , Zhang Tao , Luo Wenhao 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBiofuel production can alleviate reliance on fossil resources and thus carbon dioxide emission. Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) refers collectively to a series of important biorefinery processes to produce biofuels. Here, well‐dispersed and ultra‐small Ru metal nanoclusters (ca. 1 nm), confined within the micropores of zeolite Y, provide the required active site intimacy, which significantly boosts the chemoselectivity towards the production of pentanoic biofuels in the direct, one‐pot HDO of neat ethyl levulinate. Crucial for improving catalyst stability is the addition of La, which upholds the confined proximity by preventing zeolite lattice deconstruction during catalysis. We have established and extended an understanding of the “intimacy criterion” in catalytic biomass valorization. These findings bring new understanding of HDO reactions over confined proximity sites, leading to potential application for pentanoic biofuels in biomass conversion.
Interfacial Linkage and Carbon Encapsulation Enable Full Solution‐Printed Perovskite Photovoltaics with Prolonged Lifespan
Authors: Tian Tian , Zhong Jun‐Xing , Yang Meifang , Feng Wenhuai , Zhang Chengxi , Zhang Wenjing , Abdi Yaser. , Wang Lianzhou , Lei Bing‐Xin , Wu Wu‐Qiang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSimplified perovskite solar cells (PSCs) were fabricated with the perovskite layer sandwiched and encapsulated between carbon‐based electron transport layer (ETL) and counter electrode (CE) by a fully blade‐coated process. A self‐assembled monolayer of amphiphilic silane (AS) molecules on transparent conducting oxide (TCO) substrate appeals to the fullerene ETL deposition and preserves its integrity against the solvent damage. The AS serves as a “molecular glue” to strengthen the adhesion toughness at the TCO/ETL interface via robust chemical interaction and bonding, facilitating the interfacial charge extraction, increasing PCEs by 77 % and reducing hysteresis. A PCE of 18.64 % was achieved for the fully printed devices, one of the highest reported for carbon‐based PSCs. AS‐assisted interfacial linkage and carbon‐material‐assisted self‐encapsulation enhance the stability of the PSCs, which did not experience performance degradation when stored at ambient conditions for over 3000 h.
Einzelpartikel‐Nanoelektrochemie für die Untersuchung der Aktivität der elektrokatalytischen Sauerstoffentwicklungsreaktion an Co3O4 Nanowürfeln
Authors: Quast Thomas , Varhade Swapnil , Saddeler Sascha , Chen Yen‐Ting , Andronescu Corina , Schulz Stephan , Schuhmann Wolfgang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCo3O4‐Nanowürfel werden hinsichtlich ihrer intrinsischen elektrokatalytischen Aktivität gegenüber der Sauerstoffevolutionsreaktion (OER) mittels Single‐Entity‐Elektrochemie untersucht. Die elektrochemische Rasterzellmikroskopie (SECCM) liefert Daten über die elektrokatalytische OER‐Aktivität von mehreren einzelnen Bereichen der Oberfläche, die genau einen Co3O4‐Nanowürfel bei einer vergleichsweisen großen Zahl solcher Einzelpartikelmessungen mit ausreichender statistischer Reproduzierbarkeit untersuchen. Messungen von einzelnen Co3O4‐Nanowürfeln auf Nanoelektroden ermöglichen einen beschleunigten Stresstest durch die OER unter stark alkalischen Bedingungen mit Stromdichten von bis zu 5.5 A cm−2, und erlauben die Bestimmung von TOF‐Werten von bis zu 2.8×104 s−1 bei 1.92 V vs. RHE für Oberflächen‐Co‐Atome eines einzelnen kubischen Nanopartikels. Die Realisierung solch hoher Stromdichten in Kombination mit der Transmissions‐Elektronenmikroskopie an identischer Stelle ermöglicht die Visualisierung der Bildung einer Oxy(hydroxid)‐Oberflächenschicht während der Elektrokatalyse. Die Kombination zweier unabhängiger Single‐Entity‐Elektrochemie‐Verfahren bildet die Grundlage für die Aufklärung der Struktur‐Aktivitäts‐Beziehungen einzelner Elektrokatalysator‐Nanopartikel mit gut definierter Oberflächenstruktur.
Muonium Addition to aperi‐Trifluoromethylated 9‐Phosphaanthracene Producing a High‐Energy Paramagnetic π‐Conjugated Fused Heterocycle
Authors: Koshino Kota , Kojima Kenji M. , McKenzie Iain , Ito Shigekazu 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this communication, we report muon spin rotation/resonance (μSR) studies for understanding radical reactivity of 10‐mesityl‐1,8‐bis(trifluoromethyl)‐9‐phosphaanthracene. Transverse‐field muon spin rotation (TF‐μSR) and muon avoided level‐crossing resonance (μLCR) measurements successfully visualized a paramagnetic species produced by regioselective addition of muonium (Mu) to the skeletal phosphorus atom. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations for the P‐muoniation product suggested two possible isomers. Whereas the most stable isomer including the envelope‐type phosphorus heterocycle shows considerably different hyperfine coupling constants (hfcs) from those of the TF‐μSR and μLCR, the metastable structure accompanying the almost planar tricyclic π‐conjugated skeleton could simulate the experimentally determined hfcs. The metastable planar π‐conjugated paramagnetic tricyclic‐fused skeleton is promoted by the larger zero‐point energy due to the light muon (μ+), one ninth of the proton mass.
Halogen Bonded Chiral Emitters: Generation of Chiral Fractal Architecture with Amplified Circularly Polarized Luminescence
Authors: Zheng Shuyuan , Han Jianlei , Jin Xue , Ye Qiang , Zhou Jin , Duan Pengfei , Liu Minghua 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSelf‐assembled chiroptical materials have attracted considerable attention due to their great applications in wide fields. During the chiral self‐assembly, it remains unknown how achiral molecules can affect the assembly process and their final chiroptical performance. Herein, we report an achiral molecule directed chiral self‐assembly via halogen bonds, exhibiting not only an unprecedented chiral fractal architecture but also significantly amplified circularly polarized luminescence (CPL). Two axially chiral emitters with halogen bond sites co‐assemble with an achiral 1,4‐diiodotetrafluorobenzene (F4DIB) and well‐ordered chiral fractal structures with asymmetry amplification are obtained. The enhancement of the dissymmetry factors of the assemblies was up to 0.051 and 0.011, which was approximately 100 folds than those of the corresponding molecules. It was found that both the design of the chiral emitter and the highly directional halogen bond played an important role in hierarchically chirality transfer from chiral emitters to the micrometer scale chiral fractal morphology and amplified dissymmetry factors. We hope that this strategy can give a further insight into the fabrication of structurally unique featured highly efficient chiroptical materials.
Engineering Nanorobots for Tumor‐Targeting Drug Delivery: From Dynamic Control to Stimuli‐Responsive Strategy
Authors: Huang Lujia , Chen Fangmin , Lai Yi , Xu Zhiai , Yu Haijun 
Published: August 2021

AbstractNanotechnology has been widely applied to the fabrication of drug delivery systems in the past decades. Recently, with the progress made in microfabrication approaches, nanorobots are steadily becoming a promising means for tumor‐targeting drug delivery. In general, nanorobots can be divided into two categories: nanomotors and stimuli‐responsive nanorobots. Nanomotors are nanoscale systems with the ability to convert surrounding energies into mechanical motion, whereas stimuli‐responsive nanorobots are featured with activatable capacity in response to various endogenous and exogenous stimulations. In this minireview, the dynamic control of nanomotors and the rational design of stimuli‐responsive nanorobots are overviewed, with particular emphasis on their contribution to tumor‐targeting therapy. Moreover, challenges and perspectives associated with the future development of nanorobots are presented.
PhotocatalyzedE→ZContra‐thermodynamic Isomerization of Vinyl Boronates with Binaphthol
Authors: Brégent Thibaud , Bouillon Jean‐Philippe , Poisson Thomas 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe photocatalytic contra‐thermodynamicE→Zisomerization of vinyl boronates by using a binaphthol catalyst is disclosed. The reaction, based on the transient formation of a suitable chromophore with a BINOL derivative as the catalyst, allowed geometrical isomerization in good‐to‐excellentZ/Eratio and excellent‐to‐quantitative yields. The mechanism of thisE→Zcontra‐thermodynamic isomerization was studied, and the formation of a transient chromophore species is suggested.