bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Presynaptic endoplasmic reticulum regulates short-term plasticity in hippocampal synapses
Authors: Singh Nishant , Bartol Thomas , Levine Herbert , Sejnowski Terrence , Nadkarni Suhita 
Published: February 2021

AbstractShort-term plasticity preserves a brief history of synaptic activity that is communicated to the postsynaptic neuron. This is primarily regulated by a calcium signal initiated by voltage dependent calcium channels in the presynaptic terminal. Imaging studies of CA3-CA1 synapses reveal the presence of another source of calcium, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in all presynaptic terminals. However, the precise role of the ER in modifying STP remains unexplored. We performed in-silico experiments in synaptic geometries based on reconstructions of the rat CA3-CA1 synapses to investigate the contribution of ER. Our model predicts that presynaptic ER is critical in generating the observed short-term plasticity profile of CA3-CA1 synapses and allows synapses with low release probability to operate more reliably. Blocking the ER lowers facilitation in a manner similar to what has been previously characterized in animal models of Alzheimer’s disease and underscores the important role played by presynaptic stores in normal function.
An experimental study of focused very high energy electron beams for radiotherapy
Authors: Kokurewicz Karolina , Brunetti Enrico , Curcio Alessandro , Gamba Davide , Garolfi Luca , Gilardi Antonio , Senes Eugenio , Sjobak Kyrre Ness , Farabolini Wilfrid , Corsini Roberto , Jaroszynski Dino Anthony 
Published: February 2021

AbstractVery high energy electron (VHEE) beams have been proposed as an alternative radiotherapy modality to megavoltage photons; they penetrate deeply without significant scattering in inhomogeneous tissue because of their high relativistic inertia. However, the depth dose distribution of a single, collimated VHEE beam is quasi-uniform, which can lead to healthy tissue being overexposed. This can be largely overcome by focusing the VHEE beam to a small spot. Here, we present experiments to demonstrate focusing as a means of concentrating dose into small volumetric elements inside a target. We find good agreement between measured dose distributions and Monte Carlo simulations. Focused radiation beams could be used to precisely target tumours or hypoxic regions of a tumour, which would enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy. The development of new accelerator technologies may provide future compact systems for delivering these focused beams to tumours, a concept that can also be extended to X-rays and hadrons.
Co-producing urban knowledge in Angola and Mozambique: towards meeting SDG 11
Authors: Croese Sylvia , Dominique Massamba , Raimundo Inês Macamo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe need to make cities in Africa more inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable (Sustainable Development Goal 11) is undisputed as rapid urban growth rates are set to make the African region a key hub in the global transition to a predominantly urban world. This perspective presents findings from a research project conducted in the cities of Luanda, Angola and Maputo, Mozambique, which used citizen science to generate data on selected indicators of the urban Sustainable Development Goal and use this data to inform more inclusive, sustainable and participatory urban planning and policymaking. Based on the research, we argue that meeting SDG 11 will ultimately depend on the spaces and mechanisms for knowledge co-production and sharing that are produced in the process.
Conceptual frameworks facilitate integration for transdisciplinary urban science
Authors: Zhou Weiqi , Pickett S. T. A. , McPhearson Timon 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThere are urgent calls for developing a comprehensive and globally-relevant urban science that emphasizes convergence among disciplines and practice. Advancing theory and conceptual frameworks is critical to developing a new urban systems science. We synthesize five frameworks that address features identified in calls for global urban science. The frameworks address the overarching urban conditions of complexity, diffuseness, connectivity, and diversity of cities across the globe. The frameworks also help evaluate how a project or study may advance sustainability. The metacity concept, a spatially scalable representation of mosaic change in urban systems, demonstrates how the frameworks apply to increasingly extensive, spatially heterogeneous, and dynamic urban regions. The metacity concept helps avoid static and isolated plans and management approaches and provides a conceptual foundation for an interdisciplinary urban systems science. The frameworks suggest a practical checklist that may help interventions, strategies, and research better align with goals for transforming urban systems toward sustainability.
Apocalypse now: Australian bushfires and the future of urban settlements
Authors: Norman Barbara , Newman Peter , Steffen Will 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe apocalyptic Australian bushfires have challenged the way we plan settlements. What is the future for small urban settlements within fire-vulnerable forests and bushland? Could they create a new model for rural settlements with wider lessons for development in big cities? This paper draws together observations of the 2019/20 bushfire size, intensity and destructiveness and links the fires to the global nature of the climate crisis and an earlier case study that accurately predicted the fire impacts in southeast coastal Australia. The findings are set out in two scenarios suggesting that the fires can lead to a new model for climate resilient development that can flow into larger centres with multiple benefits.
Radical changes are needed for transformations to a good Anthropocene
Authors: McPhearson Timon , M. Raymond Christopher , Gulsrud Natalie , Albert Christian , Coles Neil , Fagerholm Nora , Nagatsu Michiru , Olafsson Anton Stahl , Soininen Niko , Vierikko Kati 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe scale, pace, and intensity of human activity on the planet demands radical departures from the status quo to remain within planetary boundaries and achieve sustainability. The steering arms of society including embedded financial, legal, political, and governance systems must be radically realigned and recognize the connectivity among social, ecological, and technological domains of urban systems to deliver more just, equitable, sustainable, and resilient futures. We present five key principles requiring fundamental cognitive, behavioral, and cultural shifts including rethinking growth, rethinking efficiency, rethinking the state, rethinking the commons, and rethinking justice needed together to radically transform neighborhoods, cities, and regions.
Recycled calcium carbonate is an efficient oxidation agent under deep upper mantle conditions
Authors: Tao Renbiao , Fei Yingwei 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObservations of high ferric iron content in diamond garnet inclusions and mantle plume melts suggest a highly heterogeneous distribution of ferric iron in the mantle. Recycling of oxidized materials such as carbonates from Earth’s surface by subduction could explain the observed variations. Here we present high-pressure high-temperature multi-anvil experiments to determine the redox reactions between calcium-, magnesium-, or iron-carbonate and ferrous iron-bearing silicate mineral (garnet or fayalite) at conditions representative of subduction zones with intermediate thermal structures. We show that both garnet and fayalite can be oxidized to ferric iron-rich garnets accompanied by reduction of calcium carbonate to form graphite. The ferric iron content in the synthetic garnets increases with increasing pressure, and is correlated with the Ca content in the garnets. We suggest that recycled sedimentary calcium carbonate could influence the evolution of the mantle oxidation state by efficiently increasing the ferric iron content in the deep upper mantle.
Success of coastal wetlands restoration is driven by sediment availability
Authors: Liu Zezheng , Fagherazzi Sergio , Cui Baoshan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractShorelines and their ecosystems are endangered by sea-level rise. Nature-based coastal protection is becoming a global strategy to enhance coastal resilience through the cost-effective creation, restoration and sustainable use of coastal wetlands. However, the resilience to sea-level rise of coastal wetlands created under Nature-based Solution has been assessed largely on a regional scale. Here we assess, using a meta-analysis, the difference in accretion, elevation, and sediment deposition rates between natural and restored coastal wetlands across the world. Our results show that restored coastal wetlands can trap more sediment and that the effectiveness of these restoration projects is primarily driven by sediment availability, not by wetland elevation, tidal range, local rates of sea-level rise, and significant wave height. Our results suggest that Nature-based Solutions can mitigate coastal wetland vulnerability to sea-level rise, but are effective only in coastal locations where abundant sediment supply is available.
Comparative analysis of extracellular proteomes reveals putative effectors of the boxwood blight pathogens, Calonectria henricotiae and C. pseudonaviculata
Authors: Yang Xiao , McMahon Michael B. , Ramachandran Sowmya R. , Garrett Wesley M. , LeBlanc Nicholas , Crouch Jo Anne , Shishkoff Nina , Luster Douglas G. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Calonectria henricotiae (Che) and C. pseudonaviculata (Cps) are destructive fungal pathogens causing boxwood blight, a persistent threat to horticultural production, landscape industries, established gardens, and native ecosystems. Although extracellular proteins including effectors produced by fungal pathogens are known to play a fundamental role in pathogenesis, the composition of Che and Cps extracellular proteins has not been examined. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and bioinformatics prediction tools, 630 extracellular proteins and 251 cell membrane proteins of Che and Cps were identified in the classical secretion pathway in the present study. In the non-classical secretion pathway, 79 extracellular proteins were identified. The cohort of proteins belonged to 364 OrthoMCL clusters, with the majority (62%) present in both species, and a subset unique to Che (19%) and Cps (20%). These extracellular proteins were predicted to play important roles in cell structure, regulation, metabolism, and pathogenesis. A total of 124 proteins were identified as putative effectors. Many of them are orthologs of proteins with documented roles in suppressing host defense and facilitating infection processes in other pathosystems, such as SnodProt1-like proteins in the OrthoMCL cluster OG5_152723 and PhiA-like cell wall proteins in the cluster OG5_155754. This exploratory study provides a repository of secreted proteins and putative effectors that can provide insights into the virulence mechanisms of the boxwood blight pathogens.
Inflammatory effect of Bothropstoxin-I from Bothrops jararacussu venom mediated by NLRP3 inflammasome involves ATP and P2X7 receptor
Authors: Ranéia e Silva Priscila Andrade , de Lima Dhêmerson Souza , Mesquita Luiz João Paulo , Câmara Niels Olsen Saraiva , Alves-Filho José Carlos Farias , Pontillo Alessandra , Bortoluci Karina Ramalho , Faquim-Mauro Eliana L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Muscle tissue damage is one of the local effects described in bothropic envenomations. Bothropstoxin-I (BthTX-I), from Bothrops jararacussu venom, is a K49-phospholipase A2 (PLA2) that induces a massive muscle tissue injury, and, consequently, local inflammatory reaction. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a sensor that triggers inflammation by activating caspase 1 and releasing interleukin (IL)-1β and/or inducing pyroptotic cell death in response to tissue damage. We, therefore, aimed to address activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by BthTX-I-associated injury and the mechanism involved in this process. Intramuscular injection of BthTX-I results in infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages in gastrocnemius muscle, which is reduced in NLRP3- and Caspase-1-deficient mice. The in vitro IL-1β production induced by BthTX-I in peritoneal macrophages (PMs) requires caspase 1/11, ASC and NLRP3 and is dependent on adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP)-induced K+ efflux and P2X7 receptor (P2X7R). BthTX-I induces a dramatic release of ATP from C2C12 myotubes, therefore representing the major mechanism for P2X7R-dependent inflammasome activation in macrophages. A similar result was obtained when human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDMs) were treated with BthTX-I. These findings demonstrated the inflammatory effect of BthTX-I on muscle tissue, pointing out a role for the ATP released by damaged cells for the NLRP3 activation on macrophages, contributing to the understanding of the microenvironment of the tissue damage of the Bothrops envenomation.
Developmental Language Disorder and Uninhibited Primitive Reflexes in Young Children
Authors: Matuszkiewicz Maria , Gałkowski Tadeusz 
Published: February 2021

PurposeDevelopmental language disorder (DLD) is a developmental disorder where children fail to acquire language in the absence of a clear cause. Many studies have reported general motor deficits in children with DLD, but no studies have uncovered a cure. The purpose of our study is to better understand the underlying motor deficits in DLD, starting from uninhibited primary reflexes—which are the most basic stage of motor development. Knowledge of this motor–language relationship should lead to earlier and more targeted interventions in young children with DLD.MethodChildren with DLD (n= 75, age range: 4–10 years) and 99 age-matched typically developing (TD) children completed a nonword repetition test to assess DLD and six other tests to assess primitive reflexes.ResultsChildren with DLD demonstrated higher levels of persistent primitive reflexes compared to TD children. As the scores for neuromotor immaturity increased, nonword repetition test scores decreased (r= −.44,p< .01). Results indicated that TD children exhibited lower neuromotor immaturity (M= 7.63,SD= 3.75) compared to children with DLD (M= 13.51,SD= 4.47). All primitive reflexes (the Moro reflex, the symmetrical tonic neck reflex in flexion and in extension, the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex, the tonic labyrinthine reflex, and the Galant reflex) turned out to be statistically significantly different for the TD and DLD groups (p< .001). We also observed some differences between sexes.ConclusionsChildren with impaired language development underwent slower neuromotor development. However, further research is needed to determine whether motor intervention programs that inhibit primitive reflexes are helpful for children with DLD.
Effects of Parents' Mealtime Conversation Techniques for Preschool Children With Hearing Loss Who Use Listening and Spoken Language
Authors: Smolen Elaine R. , Wang Ye , Hartman Maria C. , Lee Young-Sun 
Published: February 2021

Purpose
This mixed-methods study aimed to examine the conversation techniques used by parents of young children with hearing loss (HL) during dinnertime at home. Parents' usage rates of open- and closed-ended language elicitation, reformulation, imitation, directives, and explicit vocabulary instruction were examined in relation to children's receptive vocabulary and basic-concepts skills.

Method
Twenty-minute dinnertime segments were extracted from naturalistic, daylong recordings of 37 preschoolers with HL who used listening and spoken language. The segments were hand-coded for parents' use of conversation techniques. Children's receptive vocabulary and basic concepts were assessed using standardized measures.

Results
Parents' use of conversation techniques varied widely, with closed-ended elicitation and directives used most frequently during dinner. Explicit vocabulary instruction was correlated with general receptive vocabulary and basic-concepts skills. Thematic analysis of the conversations revealed common themes, including concrete topics and sibling speakers. In addition, parents who used many techniques often introduced abstract conversation topics; electronic media was present in all conversations with few techniques.

Conclusions
Parents of preschoolers with HL may benefit from specific coaching to elicit language and introduce new vocabulary during home routines. These techniques may help develop their children's receptive language.
Human motion intention recognition based on EMG signal and angle signal
Authors: Sun Baixin , Cheng Guang , Dai Quanmin , Chen Tianlin , Liu Weifeng , Xu Xiaorong 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAs the traditional single biological signal or physical signal is not good at predicting the angle value of the knee joint, the innovative fusion of biological signals and physical signals is used to analyze the movement posture of the lower limbs. In order to solve the problem of human movement intention recognition, a wearable is designed. The signal‐acquisition experiment platform uses muscle electrical signals and joint angle signals as motion data. After the signals are processed, the KNN algorithm is used to identify the four gait motion modes of the human body to walk naturally, climb stairs, descend stairs, and cross obstacles. The test results show that it is feasible to use the KNN algorithm to analyze the strength of the active and passive muscles of the knee joint movement according to different thigh lift heights, and to predict the knee joint angle value when the human body goes up and down the stairs. The comprehensive prediction accuracy rate reaches 91.45%.
Personal‐specific gait recognition based on latent orthogonal feature space
Authors: Zhou Quan , Shan Jianhua , Fang Bin , Zhang Shixin , Sun Fuchun , Ding Wenlong , Wang Chengyin , Zhang Qin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractExoskeleton has been applied in the field of medical rehabilitation and assistance. However, there are still some problems in the interaction between human and exoskeleton, such as time delay, the existence of certain constraints on the human body, and the movement in time is hard to follow. A human motion pattern recognition model based on the long short‐term memory (LSTM) is proposed, which can recognise the state of the human body. Meanwhile, the orthogonalisation method is integrated to make personal‐specific disentangling, and it can effectively improve the generalisation ability of different groups of people, so as to improve the effective follower ability of the exoskeleton. Compared with some other traditional methods, this model has better performance and stronger generalisation ability, which has certain significance in the field of exoskeleton algorithm.
Cloning and training collective intelligence with generative adversarial networks
Authors: Terziyan Vagan , Gavriushenko Mariia , Girka Anastasiia , Gontarenko Andrii , Kaikova Olena 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIndustry 4.0 and highly automated critical infrastructure can be seen as cyber‐physical‐social systems controlled by the Collective Intelligence. Such systems are essential for the functioning of the society and economy. On one hand, they have flexible infrastructure of heterogeneous systems and assets. On the other hand, they are social systems, which include collaborating humans and artificial decision makers. Such (human plus machine) resources must be pre‐trained to perform their mission with high efficiency. Both human and machine learning approaches must be bridged to enable such training. The importance of these systems requires the anticipation of the potential and previously unknown worst‐case scenarios during training. In this paper, we provide an adversarial training framework for the collective intelligence. We show how cognitive capabilities can be copied (“cloned”) from humans and trained as a (responsible) collective intelligence. We made some modifications to the Generative Adversarial Networks architectures and adapted them for the cloning and training tasks. We modified the Discriminator component to a so‐called “Turing Discriminator”, which includes one or several human and artificial discriminators working together. We also discussed the concept of cellular intelligence, where a person can act and collaborate in a group together with their own cognitive clones.
An interactive instance segmentation system with multi‐resolution convolutional neural networks
Authors: Sung Po‐Wei , Yang Wei‐Jong , Yang Jar‐Ferr , Chan Din‐Yuan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this paper, a fast interactive instance segmentation (IIS) system is proposed and it is composed of an effective heatmap generator, a multi‐resolution network (MRNet), and an adaptive threshold refiner to promptly and precisely predict the masks of the objects. The proposed heatmap generator after interaction clicks can help the MRNet to successfully learn the sensitive features for better prediction. Based on convolutional neural network models, the proposed MRNet backbone produces multiple features across multiple resolutions and can intrinsically predict the sharp contour of the object. After the probabilistic prediction achieved by the MRNet, the Otsu's threshold refiner is proposed to further remove some uncertain pixels in the predicted mask. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed IIS system can promptly predict sharp masks of the targeted objects with mIoU of 89.1% in PASCAL VOC 2012 [1] validation set. Compared to other existing interactive methods, the proposed system can effectively predict the segmentation mask with higher accuracy and less interaction efforts.
A tri‐attention enhanced graph convolutional network for skeleton‐based action recognition
Authors: Li Xingming , Zhai Wei , Cao Yang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSkeleton‐based action recognition has recently attracted a lot of research interests due to its advantage in computational efficiency. Some recent work building upon Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) has shown promising performance in this task by modelling intrinsic spatial correlations between skeleton joints. However, these methods only consider local properties of action sequences in the spatial‐temporal domain, and consequently, are limited in distinguishing complex actions with similar local movements. To address this problem, a novel tri‐attention module (TAM) is proposed to guide GCNs to perceive significant variations across local movements. Specifically, the devised TAM is implemented in three steps: i) A dimension permuting unit is proposed to characterise skeleton action sequences in three different domains: body poses, joint trajectories, and evolving projections. ii) A global statistical modelling unit is introduced to aggregate the first‐order and second‐order properties of global contexts to perceive the significant movement variations of each domain. iii) A fusion unit is presented to integrate the features of these three domains together and leverage as orientation for graph convolution at each layer. Through these three steps, significant‐variation frames, joints, and channels can be enhanced. We conduct extensive experiments on two large‐scale benchmark datasets, NTU RGB‐D and Kinetics‐Skeleton. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed TAM can be easily plugged into existing GCNs and achieve comparable performance with the state‐of‐the‐art methods.