bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Management of Metastatic Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer in Elderly
Authors: Sheth Hardik , Kumar Prashant , Limaye Sewanti 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThere is limited data on management of metastatic nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in the elderly population due to lack of representation of this subset in clinical trials. The projected representation of elderly population of patients globally is expected to rise significantly in the years to come. It is imperative to understand the specific challenges and opportunities in management of elderly with NSCLC. Even in the elderly, the medical management of advanced NSCLC begins with driver mutation testing on lung biopsy. Once the patient is classified as driver mutation positive or negative, they can either be treated with a single-agent-targeted therapy or with immunotherapy and chemotherapy or after programmed death ligand 1 (PDL-1) assessment, with immunotherapy alone. After starting the appropriate therapy, the disease needs to be monitored at every 3 months with reassessment scans. Treatment in elderly should be designed as per their functional and not chronological age, and geriatric assessment scales should be utilized wherever possible to understand the functional age of the patient.
Cancer Treatment–Induced Bone Loss and Role of Denosumab in Nonmetastatic Prostate Cancer: A Narrative Review
Authors: Dabkara Deepak 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBone loss is an important complication of prostate cancer and its associated treatments, especially androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT). There is a 5 to 10 times increased loss of bone mineral density (BMD) in men receiving ADT with yearly 4 to 13% BMD loss. The risk of fracture increases yearly by 5 to 8% with ADT. ADT associated bone loss of 10 to 15% of BMD doubles the risk of fractures. Hence, BMD evaluation through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and evaluation of individual fracture risk assessed before initiating ADT. The use of vitamin D, calcium, bisphosphonates, and denosumab has shown improved bone health in men with prostate cancer receiving ADT. Denosumab 60 mg is approved to increase bone mass in men at high risk for fractures receiving ADT for nonmetastatic prostate cancer. Denosumab has shown improvement of 5.6% BMD at 2 years in nonmetastatic prostate cancer patients, with significant improvements seen at the total hip, femoral neck, and distal third of the radius. Denosumab has shown a 62% decreased incidence of new vertebral fractures at 36 months. Furthermore, denosumab delays the onset of bone metastases in high-risk nonmetastatic prostate cancer patients. Denosumab can be preferred over other bone modifying agents owing to several advantages, such as subcutaneous administration and no requirement of hospitalization, no dose modifications in renal impairment and less incidence of acute phase anaphylactic reactions. We review the available evidence of denosumab for managing bone loss in nonmetastatic prostate cancer patients. The relevant articles used in this narrative review were obtained through general search on google and PubMed using the key terms “non-metastatic prostate cancer,” “denosumab,” “bone loss,” “bone mineral density,” “fracture,” “CTIBL,” and “chemotherapy induced bone loss.”
Transient Abnormal Myelopoiesis with a Novel GATA1 Mutation in a Child with Down Syndrome: A Case Report and Brief Review
Authors: Ramachandran Mohanaraj , Srinivasan Prasanth , Meena Jagdish Prasad , Gupta Aditya Kumar , Prasad Tanya , Seth Rachna 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTransient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM) is a unique entity seen in children with Down syndrome (DS) with 10 to 20% risk of developing myeloid leukemia in the first 5 years of life. We report a 2 months old male infant with DS detected to have hyperleukocytosis on routine preoperative workup for cyanotic congenital heart disease. Peripheral blood and bone marrow aspiration showed blasts, and next-generation sequencing detected a novel GATA1 mutation, and a diagnosis of TAM was confirmed in this child. This mutation has not been reported in TAM in the literature earlier to the best of our knowledge.
Should Vasopressors Be Started Early in Septic Shock?
Authors: Cioccari Luca , Jakob Stephan M. , Takala Jukka 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSepsis can influence blood volume, its distribution, vascular tone, and cardiac function. Persistent hypotension or the need for vasopressors after volume resuscitation is part of the definition of septic shock. Since increased positive fluid balance has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality in sepsis, timing of vasopressors in the treatment of septic shock seems crucial. However, conclusive evidence on timing and sequence of interventions with the goal to restore tissue perfusion is lacking. The aim of this narrative review is to depict the pathophysiology of hypotension in sepsis, evaluate how common interventions to treat hypotension interfere with physiology, and to give a resume of the results from clinical studies focusing on targets and timing of vasopressor in sepsis. The majority of studies comparing early versus late administration of vasopressors in septic shock are rather small, single-center, and retrospective. The range of “early” is between 1 and 12 hours. The available studies suggest a mean arterial pressure of 60 to 65 mm Hg as a threshold for increased risk of morbidity and mortality, whereas higher blood pressure targets do not seem to add further benefits. The data, albeit mostly from observational studies, speak for combining vasopressors with fluids rather “early” in the treatment of septic shock (within a 0–3-hour window). Nevertheless, the optimal resuscitation strategy should take into account the source of infection, the pathophysiology, the time and clinical course preceding the diagnosis of sepsis, and also comorbidities and sepsis-induced organ dysfunction.
Frequency of Type-1 Berrettini's Connection in a Neurophysiology Laboratory
Authors: Duarte Juan M. , Rolón Juan I. , Bertotti Alicia B. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objective This study aims to estimate the frequency of Berrettini's ulnar-median nerves communication in a neurophysiology laboratory.

Materials and Methods A total of 358 hands belonging to patients, both sexes, median age of 58 years, was studied. Antidromic sensory nerve conduction studies of the ulnar nerves, registered in digits III and IV were performed in search of the ulnar-median communication. A Berrettini's percentage was calculated in each communication: [(amplitude SAP digit III/amplitude SAP digit IV) × 100].

Results Ulnar-median nerves communication (Berrettini's branch) was found in 37 hands (10.95%), with a female gender predominance. Bilaterality percentage was low (1.78%). Most communications encountered had a Berretini's percentage between 11 and 50%. Some of them exceeded 100%.

Conclusions Electromyographers should routinely search for this nerve communication, especially in those patients undergoing carpal tunnel syndrome or Dupuytren's contracture surgeries.
Planning for science: China’s “grand experiment” and global implications
Authors: Sun Yutao , Cao Cong 
Published: September 2021

AbstractChina’s rising capability in science, technology and innovation to a certain extent has to do with “a grand experiment” that started 15 years ago when the Chinese government released the National Medium and Long-Term Plan for the Development of Science and Technology (2006–2020) (MLP). MLP launched the indigenous innovation strategy and set goals to turn China into an innovation-oriented country. The junction when the old MLP phased out and a new MLP (2021–2035) will soon be introduced holds greater historical and practical significance for the Chinese and international scientific communities to make sense of planning for science. This paper reviews the progress achieved in implementing the MLP, analyzes the daunting challenges facing China to become an innovation-oriented nation, discusses the implications of planning science for the Chinese and international scientific communities, and speculates on what might be included in the new MLP.
VEMPs
Authors: Manzari Leonardo , Curthoys Ian S. 
Published: September 2021

Objective
New tests of otolithic function use air conducted sound (ACS) and bone conducted vibration (BCV) as otolithic stimuli. These stimuli generate vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs) from tensed neck muscles or extraocular muscles which differentiate utricular and saccular function in each labyrinth.

Methods
New anatomical and physiological results show why these are valid otolithic stimuli: that within each otolithic macula there are effectively two co-existing sensing systems – that in addition to the classical response of some otolith afferents to low frequency linear accelerations like tilts and translations by what is called the sustained system, other afferent neurons from a specialized band of receptors in each macula are activated by ACS and BCV (the transient system). These afferents are activated and synchronized (phase-locked) to every cycle of an ACS or BCV stimulus up to frequencies above 1000 Hz. In each otolithic macula these two systems are subserved by neurons with very different anatomical structure and physiological characteristics arising from different regions of the maculae because there is unique specialization of receptors in different regions – the maculae are not uniform homogenous receptor structures. Otolithic afferents with regular resting ischarge, originating mainly from type II receptors in the extrastriolar region constitute the low frequency sustained system, whereas afferents with irregular resting activity originating mainly from type I receptors at the striola constitute the high frequency transient system and it is the transient system which is activated by ACS and BCV and so is responsible for VEMPs.

Results
Reduced or absent function of one otolithic macula results in asymmetric VEMP responses to bilaterally equal ACS or BCV stimuli.

Conclusion
VEMPs provide evidence of unilateral and bilateral otolithic loss and even more remarkably, evidence of the status of each saccular and each utricular macula separately.
Expeditionary research of electrical processes on a high mountain plateau taking into account aerosols and humidity
Authors: Petrova G G , Panchishkina I N , Petrov A I , Chkhetiani O G 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The work continues the analysis of the results of complex expeditionary measurements in the surface atmosphere, some of which have recently been published. It uses data from expeditions of the Laboratory of Geophysical Research of the Faculty of Physics of the Southern Federal University at research stations of the Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences: 2017 at the Tsimlyansk Research Station in the steppe zone, 2018 and 2019 at the Kislovodsk alpine station located on the Shadzhatmaz plateau, 2.100 m above sea level. With the help of regression analysis, empirical relationships of the electric potential gradient near the earth’s surface and the concentration of aerosols with a diameter of more than 0.1 μm were obtained for four measurement periods. The investigated dependence has a linear character. Judging by the results obtained, the space charge of aerosols for the arid steppe zone is negative. For the Shadzhatmaz plateau, the results indicate the presence of a positive space charge in the atmosphere under high humidity conditions. The discovered facts are considered as a consequence of the differences in the physicochemical properties of aerosol particles under different conditions. Proceeding from the results of measurements at the alpine station, regression analysis revealed a close relationship between the concentration of aerosols and relative humidity for different size ranges of particles, which is well approximated by an exponential function.
Analysis of the spatial-temporal distribution of lightning discharges in the North Caucasus
Authors: Shapovalov V A , Adzhieva A A , Mashukov I Kh , Tumgoeva H A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The organization of lightning protection measures is based on information about the nature of the distribution of lightning discharges, their number and the current value in the region of the location of the protection objects. Therefore, the most relevant direction of the study is to clarify the existing recommendations in the field of lightning protection. In the article, based on the data of long-term measurements of the LS 8000 lightning direction finding system located in the North Caucasus, the analysis of the registration of lightning parameters is carried out. The revealed regularities of the distribution of lightning discharges over the territory in different periods of the year are the basis for the approximation equations developed by the authors, which are used to describe the space-time density of lightning. Maps of the distribution of the number of lightning discharges per square kilometer obtained from the initial data and constructed according to the developed equations are presented, and the relevance of the results obtained is evaluated.
Trends in the development of technical means on weather modification of clouds and supercooled fog
Authors: Petrunin A M , Dvoeglazov S M , Platonov N A , Antonov S V 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The modern state and prospects of further development of technical means on weather modification for anti-hail works, works on regulation of atmospheric precipitation and for dissipation of supercooled fog are considered. The characteristics of anti-hail systems, ground-based aerosol generators and their control systems, aircraft means for firing pyrotechnic cartridges and controlling the operation of generators, as well as means for dispersing supercooled fog included in the «List of technical means on weather modification (WM) used by specialized organizations of WM on meteorological and other geophysical processes» are analyzed. Recommendations are given for further improvement and implementation of developed technical means in the practice of works on WM activity.
Assessment of the lightning discharge energy depending on the height of the territory above sea level for Western Siberia
Authors: Karanina S Yu , Karanin A V , Kocheeva N A , Belikova M Yu 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe work presents the data analysis of the energy of lightning discharges recorded by WWLLN on the territory of Western Siberia. A comparison of the discharge energy distributions in four altitude zones has been performed. Altitude zones are divided into the following conditional categories: lowlands (up to 300 m above sea level), low mountains (from 300 to 1000 m above sea level), middle mountains (from 1000 to 2000 m above sea level) and high mountains (more than 2000 m above sea level). Territories with an altitude of less than 2000m above sea level are characterized by the presence of thunderstorm foci with an increased density of discharges. At altitudes over 2000m above sea level, the discharge density is minimal. The energy of 90% of the discharges for lowlands and low mountains does not exceed 10 kJ. A greater number of discharges with energies above 10 kJ are noted in the middle and high mountains. The greatest increase in the energy of lightning discharges is observed for heights over 2000 m above sea level.
Prospects for using mobile launching sites in hail suppression operations
Authors: Alita S L 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The paper describes the reasons underlying the development of the concept of mobile launching sites for hail suppression operations. The main disadvantages of using fixed launching sites in hail protection network at the present time are enumerated. Possible variants of the method of using mobile launching sites are proposed. The main tactical and technical characteristics of the mobile launching site are given.
Assessment of the influence of anti-hail protection on environmental pollution on the example of open water bodies of the republic of Moldova
Authors: Gekkieva S O , Atabieva F A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Currently, the ecological situation makes it necessary to assess the consequences of any human activity associated with interference with the natural environment. In this regard, studies devoted to the study of the influence of long-term seeding of clouds on environmental pollution with reagents of active influences are relevant. It was found that during the periods of using lead iodide as a reagent, lead accumulated in open water bodies. In connection with the transition to ice-forming compositions based on silver iodide under active influences, the processes of self-purification from lead began to prevail in water bodies. When silver iodide was used in anti-hail work in the experimental area, no statistically significant phenomena of silver accumulation in water bodies were found.
Human nature
Authors: Harris James A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
‘Human nature’ looks at the theory of human nature developed by Hume in Books One and Two of A Treatise of Human Nature. In these books, Hume’s theory of nature is presented as an account of the faculty of understanding, of the passions, and of the relation between them. The biographical context for this theory of human nature is important here, in terms of the intellectual crisis that Hume went through in the early 1730s. Key influences on Hume’s theory of human nature included Pierre Bayle, Bernard Mandeville, and John Locke. Hume reformulated his theory of human nature in his later works. There are limitations of the theory as can be revealed in remarks made by Hume about racial difference.
Politics
Authors: Harris James A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
‘Politics’ examines Hume’s political thought as developed in Book Three of A Treatise of Human Nature, his essays, and The History of England. Hume wrote about his ideas on political obligation. Hume also engaged with 18th-century party politics and as a result, developed a self-consciously ‘moderate’ approach to the political questions of the day. Hume considered a number of economic topics in the Political Discourses and came up with a revisionary theory of money. Hume faced some stylistic challenges as he moved from philosophy to history. He then made a pessimistic turn in his thinking about politics in the final decade of his life.
Functional brain networks assessed with surface electroencephalography for predicting motor recovery in a neural guided intervention for chronic stroke
Authors: Sun Rui , Wong Wan-Wa , Wang Jing , Wang Xin , Tong Raymond K Y 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Predicting whether a chronic stroke patient is likely to benefit from a specific intervention can help patients establish reasonable expectations. It also provides the basis for candidates selecting for the intervention. Recent convergent evidence supports the value of network-based approach for understanding the relationship between dysfunctional neural activity and motor deficits after stroke. In this study, we applied resting-state brain connectivity networks to investigate intervention-specific predictive biomarkers of motor improvement in 22 chronic stroke participants who received either combined action observation with EEG-guided robot-hand training (Neural Guided-Action Observation Group, n = 12, age: 34–68 years) or robot-hand training without action observation and EEG guidance (non-Neural Guided-text group, n = 10, age: 42–57 years). The robot hand in Neural Guided-Action Observation training was activated only when significant mu suppression (8–12 Hz) was detected from participant's EEG signals in ipsilesional hemisphere while it was randomly activated in non-Neural Guided-text training. Only the Neural Guided-Action Observation group showed a significant long-term improvement in their upper-limb motor functions (p &lt; 0.5). In contrast, no significant training effect on the paretic motor functions was found in the non-Neural Guided-text group (p &gt; 0.5). The results of brain connectivity estimated via EEG coherence showed that the pre-training interhemispheric connectivity of delta, theta, alpha and contralesional connectivity of beta were motor improvement related in the Neural Guided-Action Observation group. They can not only differentiate participants with good and poor recovery (interhemispheric delta: p = 0.047, Hedges' g = 1.409; interhemispheric theta: p = 0.046, Hedges' g = 1.333; interhemispheric alpha: p = 0.038, Hedges' g = 1.536; contralesional beta: p = 0.027, Hedges' g = 1.613) but also significantly correlated with post-training intervention gains (interhemispheric delta: r = -0.901, p &lt; 0.05; interhemispheric theta: r = -0.702, p &lt; 0.05; interhemispheric alpha: r = -0.641, p &lt; 0.05; contralesional beta: r = -0.729, p &lt; 0.05). In contrast, no EEG coherence was significantly correlated with intervention gains in the non-Neural Guided-text group (all ps &gt; 0.05). Partial least square regression showed that the combination of pre-training interhemispheric and contralesional local connectivity could precisely predict intervention gains in the Neural Guided-Action Observation group with a strong correlation between predicted and observed intervention gains (r = 0.82) and between predicted and observed intervention outcomes (r = 0.90). In summary, EEG-based resting-state brain connectivity networks may serve clinical decision-making by offering an approach to predicting Neural Guided-Action Observation training-induced motor improvement.