bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is the Anthropause a useful symbol and metaphor for raising environmental awareness and promoting reform?
Authors: Young Nathan , Kadykalo Andrew N , Beaudoin Christine , Hackenburg Diana M , Cooke Steven J 
Published: July 2021

SummaryLockdowns associated with the COVID-19 pandemic temporarily restricted human activity and removed people from many places of work and recreation. The resulting ‘Anthropause’ generated much media and research interest and has become an important storyline in the public history of the pandemic. As an ecological event, the Anthropause is fleeting and unlikely to alter the long-term human impact on the planet. But the Anthropause is also a cultural symbol whose effects may be more enduring. Will the Anthropause inspire people and governments to mobilize for meaningful reform, or does it present a misleading and too-comforting portrayal of resilient nature and wildlife that could ultimately discourage action? While it is too early to gauge the impact of the Anthropause on human behaviour and politics, we use existing research on environmental symbols and metaphors to identify factors that may influence long-term behavioural and political responses to this globally significant period of time.
Rapid growth of the Bar-headed Goose Anser indicus wintering population in Tibet, China: 1991–2017
Authors: BISHOP MARY ANNE , LIU DONGPING , ZHANG GUOGANG , TSAMCHU DROLMA , YANG LE , QIAN FAWEN , LI FENGSHAN 
Published: July 2021

Summary
Four of China’s six wintering populations of “grey” geese Anser spp. declined during the last decade. In contrast, the Bar-headed Goose A. indicus wintering population in China’s Tibet Autonomous Region more than doubled. During six surveys in Tibet over a 27-year period (1991/92 to 2017/18 winters) we documented an annual growth rate of 6.8% in the Bar-headed Goose population – an increase from approximately 10,100 to 68,100 birds. We propose that in addition to the cessation of hunting, the population growth of Bar-headed Goose is being driven by changes in agricultural land use patterns in Tibet, the establishment of protected areas on the wintering and breeding grounds, and the impacts of climate change across the Tibetan Plateau. Consistent with this hypothesis, the sown area of winter wheat in Tibet has increased and geese have shifted from primarily feeding in crop stubble to planted winter wheat fields. We also found that the most rapid population growth coincided with a 1998 climate regime shift across the Tibetan Plateau resulting in warmer temperatures, an increase in net precipitation, the appearance of new lakes and changes in the water levels and surface area of historical lakes. We suggest that warmer temperatures and high-quality forage on the south-central Tibet wintering grounds may be enhancing over-winter survival, while on the breeding grounds the expansion of lakes and wet meadows is augmenting breeding and brood-rearing habitat.
‘Two Roads Diverged in [Soft]wood’ Targeted Dumping, Differential Pricing Methodology, and Zeroing: US – Canada Anti-Dumping in Softwood Lumber
Authors: Beaulieu Eugene , Whittaker Janet 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe United States and Canada have a long-standing series of disputes over softwood lumber that until now have focused on alleged subsidies and countervailing duties (CVDs). The United States changed things up this time around and the US Department of Commerce (USDOC) found dumping after applying the Differential Pricing Methodology to softwood lumber from Canada. The panel found that the USDOC erroneously aggregated export price differences when applying the differential pricing methodology (DPM), but departed from the WTO Appellate Body's previous ruling in US–Washing Machines regarding the use of zeroing and the inclusion of differential prices under Article 2.4.2 of the Anti-Dumping Agreement. To date, the United States and Canada have not been able to resolve the long-standing softwood lumber dispute, and this time the focus shifts from subsidies and countervailing duties to anti-dumping duties. It remains to be seen what happens in this specific dispute on appeal – if, and when, the WTO Appellate Body starts to function again. It will also be interesting to see whether this panel decision encourages parties to argue for, and future panels to permit departures from, Appellate Body rulings with which they disagree.
Who Uses the EU's Free Trade Agreements? A Transaction-Level Analysis of the EU–South Korea FTA
Authors: Kasteng Jonas , Kokko Ari , Tingvall Patrik 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe tariff preferences in FTAs do not apply automatically to all imports. Instead, importers can request to use the tariff preferences, but must then show that the imported goods fulfil the formal requirements (e.g. rules of origin) of the FTA. This is costly, which is a likely reason why tariff preferences are not always used. This research note examines preference utilization under the FTA between the EU and South Korea, which was formally ratified in 2015 (but had been provisionally applied from 2011). We use firm and transaction level data for Swedish imports from South Korea during November 2016 to answer the question ‘Who uses the EU's FTAs?’ With information on firm size, product category, import mode (direct imports or customs warehousing), preference margin, potential duty savings, and transaction size, we provide a detailed picture of when firms choose to utilize the tariff preferences. The results suggest that the differences across importers are not primarily related to firm size, as is sometimes suggested in extant literature. We also find that it is the size of the import transaction rather than the size of the preference margin that determines preference utilization.
Comparison of Self-Differentiation and Identity Statuses in Twins and Nontwins
Authors: Amani Malahat , Shariatipour Arefeh 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFormation of identity and differentiation is crucial in the development process of adolescents and young people. Despite many studies on identity status and self-differentiation in adolescence and early adulthood stages, this issue has been less examined among twins. This study was conducted to compare self-differentiation and identity statuses in twins and nontwins. The sample of the study consisted of 128 identical twins, 176 nonidentical twins and 170 nontwins aged from 13 to 30 years and living in Mashhad in Iran, who completed the Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status and Self-Differentiation questionnaires. The results showed that the self-differentiation of identical and nonidentical twins was significantly higher than nontwins. The results also showed that level of Foreclosure identity, Moratorium identity and Achieved identity was similar among identical twins, nonidentical twins and nontwins, but significantly different in terms of Diffusion identity. Further, the results showed that twins younger than 18 years had scores higher than nontwins and twins over 18 years in terms of Diffusion identity. Findings revealed that females were significantly lower than males for Moratorium identity. The adolescence period and co-twins may be the reason for the high levels of Diffusion identity and self-differentiation. Also, it seems that identity development and differentiation are related to emotional and cognitive development.
Shelf Seas Baroclinic Energy Loss: Pycnocline Mixing and Bottom Boundary Layer Dissipation
Authors: Inall Mark E. , Toberman Matthew , Polton Jeff A. , Palmer Matthew R. , Green J. A. Mattias , Rippeth Tom P. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObservations of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate () from a range of historical shelf seas data sets are viewed from the perspective of their forcing and dissipation mechanisms: barotropic to baroclinic tidal energy conversion, and pycnocline and bottom boundary layer (BBL) dissipation. The observations are placed in their geographical context using a high resolution numerical model (NEMO AMM60) in order to compute relevant maps of the forcing (conversion). We analyze, in total, 18 shear microstructure surveys undertaken over a 17 year period from 1996 to 2013 on the North West European shelf, consisting of 3,717 vertical profiles of shear microstructure: 2,013 from free falling profilers and 1,704 from underwater gliders. A robust positive relationship is found between model‐derived barotropic to baroclinic conversion, and observed pycnocline integrated . A fitted power law relationship of approximately one‐third is found, giving a simple new parameterization. We discuss reasons for this apparent power law and where the “missing” dissipation may be occurring. We conclude that internal wave related dissipation in the bottom boundary layer provides a robust explanation and is consistent with a commonly used fine‐scale pycnocline dissipation parameterization.
Interannual Variability in Summertime Sea Fog Over the Northern Yellow Sea and Its Association With the Local Sea Surface Temperature
Authors: Liu Jing‐Wu , Sun Yue , Yang Liu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe Yellow Sea (YS) experiences heavy advection fog during boreal summer, which seriously affects marine transport and harbor activities. Using a set of long‐term observations, the present study reveals the interannual variability in the YS fog during its core season (May‐June‐July, MJJ). The spaceborne lidar supports that a station‐based index represents the fog over the northern YS in a seasonal mean sense. The composite soundings according to the YS fog index show that the temperature difference is evident within the boundary layer and becomes indistinguishable in the free atmosphere. This implies that the driver of the MJJ YS fog originates from the bottom boundary of the fog layer. Regression analyses of sea surface temperature (SST) and air‐sea fluxes show that the local SST strongly modulates the northern YS fog at interannual scale. The fog during foggier years features a significant decrease in specific humidity, suggesting that the colder sea surface facilitates fog occurrence through strong turbulent cooling. This study identifies the local SST as a key driver of the interannual variation in the northern YS fog during the core season and provides predictive values by linking the YS fog to the preceding SST.
Contrasting Responses of Local Climate to the Perturbation of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Winds Linked to Land‐Atmosphere Interactions
Authors: Wei Jiangfeng , Liu Yimeng , Chen Haishan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is an interface through which the land surface influences the atmosphere and is crucial to land‐atmosphere (L‐A) interactions. Winds are an important element of the ABL, but their role in L‐A interactions is still partly unclear. Here, we use regional climate model experiments to investigate the impact of ABL winds on intraseasonal climate variabilities in East Asia. Two ensemble experiments were performed: one is a control ensemble, and the other is a perturbed ensemble, in which the ABL winds are shuffled from corresponding ensemble members of the control ensemble to produce a random perturbation of ABL winds. We found that the climates of the ensemble members become less similar in humid southern China, but generally more similar in semiarid northern China/Mongolia (NCM), especially for the mean values of several variables. The weather in southern China strongly responds to ABL winds and becomes less similar after perturbation. In NCM, however, the strong L‐A positive feedbacks, which involve wind field change in response to land surface changes and tend to cause large weather and climate anomalies, are weakened by the ABL wind perturbations. Thus, the inter‐member divergences of related variables, including surface temperature, sensible heat flux, soil moisture, and to some extent precipitation, are smaller and their time series are more similar. Clearly, the different L‐A interactions in these two regions are the main reason for the contrasting responses of local climate to the ABL wind perturbations.
SST Changes in the Indian Sector of the Southern Ocean and Their Teleconnection With the Indian Monsoon During the Last Glacial Period
Authors: Kumar Vikash , Tiwari Manish , Prakash Prince , Mohan Rahul , Thamban Meloth 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe last glacial period was marked by interhemispheric coupling of abrupt climate changes in the northern and the southern high latitude regions through the “bipolar seesaw” mechanism. However, the spatial footprint of the bipolar seesaw in the mid‐latitude Indian sector of the Southern Ocean and its likely transmission into the tropical region is not well understood. Here, we have reconstructed the first multi‐centennial record of past SST variability in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean spanning parts of MIS‐3, the last deglaciation, and the early to mid‐Holocene period using Mg/Ca of G. bulloides. We find that SST increased by around 4°C between the last glacial period and the early Holocene at the study site. Using this paleotemperature reconstruction and an independently available paleo‐simulation, we show that the mid‐latitude climate evolution in the Indian sector had signatures of both local‐scale changes and those emanating from the coupled bipolar influence. We further show that most of the millennial variance in Indian monsoon records during the period was linked to mid‐latitude SST variability in the Indian sector.
Constraining the Spatial Distribution of Tritium in Groundwater Across South Africa
Authors: van Rooyen J. D. , Watson A. P. , Palcsu L. , Miller J. A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTritium (3H) has become synonymous with modern groundwater and is used in a myriad of applications, ranging from sustainability investigations to contaminant transport and groundwater vulnerability. This study uses measured 3H groundwater activities from 722 sample locations across South Africa to construct a 3H groundwater distribution surface. Environmental covariables are tested using geostatistical analysis to constrain external controls on 3H variability, namely: (a) depth to groundwater, (b) distance from the ocean, and (c) summer versus winter rainfall proportion. The inclusion of covariables in the “fit” of residual variograms improved prediction variance significantly yet does not mitigate issues with sample density. The distribution of 3H in groundwater agrees well to expected controls, with proximal (<100 km) coastal regions, winter rainfall zones, and greater depth to groundwater predicted to have lower 3H activities. Conversely, inland localities with shallower depth to groundwater and/or summer rainfall are predicted to have elevated 3H activities. Some 3H high and low anomalies cannot be explained by known phenomena and may simply be regions of variable recharge and/or longer isolated groundwater flow paths. Regions that receive modern groundwater recharge are more vulnerable to climate change as well as modern pollution. Less actively recharged groundwater may be more resilient to climate change yet represents a potentially nonrenewable resource for abstraction in South Africa. The application of 3H distributions in the assessment of hydrological resilience is pertinent to effective groundwater management studies.
Significant Seismic Risk Potential From Buried Faults Beneath Almaty City, Kazakhstan, Revealed From High‐Resolution Satellite DEMs
Authors: Amey Ruth M. J. , Elliott John R. , Hussain Ekbal , Walker Richard , Pagani Marco , Silva Vitor , Abdrakhmatov Kanatbek E. , Watson C. Scott 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMajor faults of the Tien Shan, Central Asia, have long repeat times, but fail in large (7+) earthquakes. In addition, there may be smaller, buried faults off the major faults which are not properly characterized or even recognized as active. These all pose hazard to cities along the mountain range front such as Almaty, Kazakhstan. Here, we explore the seismic hazard and risk for Almaty from specific earthquake scenarios. We run three historical‐based earthquake scenarios (1887 Verny7.3, 1889 Chilik8.0 and 1911 Chon‐Kemin8.0) on the current population and four hypothetical scenarios for near‐field faulting. By making high‐resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) from SPOT and Pleiades stereo optical satellite imagery, we identify fault splays near and under Almaty. We assess the feasibility of using DEMs to estimate city building heights, aiming to better constrain future exposure datasets. Both Pleiades and SPOT‐derived DEMs find accurate building heights of the majority of sampled buildings within error; Pleiades tri‐stereo estimates 80% of 15 building heights within one sigma and has the smallest average percentage difference to field‐measured heights (14%). A moderately sized6.5 earthquake rupture occurring on a blind thrust fault, under folding north of Almaty is the most damaging scenario explored here due to the modeled fault stretching under Almaty, with estimated 12,3005,000 completely damaged buildings, 4,1003,500 fatalities and an economic cost of 4,7002,700 Million US dollars (one sigma uncertainty). This highlights the importance of characterizing location, extent, geometry, and activity of small faults beneath cities.
On the Pre‐Magnetic Storm Signatures in NmF2 in Some Equatorial, Low‐ and Mid‐Latitude Stations
Authors: Joshua B. W. , Adeniyi J. O. , Amory‐Mazaudier C. , Adebiyi S. J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this paper, the ionospheric quiet‐time disturbances otherwise known as Pre‐Magnetic Storm Signatures (PMS) have been studied using the F2‐layer peak electron density (NmF2) data obtained from 12 Digisonde/ionosonde stations distributed across equatorial, low and mid‐latitudes. The datasets used spans the years 2010–2012. Results from this study reveals strong PMS in NmF2 with percentage deviations (ΔNmF2) ranging from −91% to 500% at the equatorial, low and mid‐latitudes, with maxima occurring at the equatorial region. Significant effects on the peak height of the F2‐layer (hmF2) were also observed, and they are correlated with the variations in NmF2 particularly at the equatorial station during the PMS. The duration of a PMS is found to be 12–48 h. Although, it was difficult to state clearly the connection between the PMS and the geomagnetic storm that usually follows within 24–48 h; but the NmF2 and hmF2 responses during the PMS were quite similar to those observed during geomagnetic storms. A slight increase in the Solar‐wind‐plasma speed (>20 km/s) was also observed during PMS. The PMS occur under a southward IMF‐Bz, moderate aurora activity (AE ranging from 114 to 560 nT) and quiet ring current (Dst >−10 nT). Therefore, it is pertinent to consider a certain threshold of the aurora indices (AE, AL, and AU) in addition to the Dst, ap, and Kp in the definition of a geomagnetically quiet day. This may eliminate the ambiguity in explaining the ionospheric variability that occurs few days before Sudden Storm Commencement (SSC).
Single‐Column Validation of a Snow Subgrid Parameterization in the Rapid Update Cycle Land‐Surface Model (RUC LSM)
Authors: He Siwei , Smirnova Tatiana G. , Benjamin Stanley G. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSubgrid variability of snow is important in studying surface‐atmosphere interactions as it affects grid‐scale processes. However, this dynamic variability is currently not well‐represented in most land‐surface models (LSMs). A stochastic snow model using the Fokker‐Planck Equation (FPE) has been developed specifically for representing subgrid variability of snow. In this study, the FPE snow model was coupled into the Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) LSM, which provides lower boundary conditions for the operational NOAA Rapid Refresh and High‐Resolution Rapid Refresh weather prediction systems. This coupled land‐surface model with subgrid snow processes is named the RUC‐Stochastic Snow (SS) LSM. The performance of RUC‐SS LSM and RUC LSM is analyzed in detail in initial offline single‐column testing over two 13‐km 13‐km grid cells. The results show that RUC‐SS LSM has a much better capability in estimating snow cover fraction than RUC LSM, especially during the late part of the snow‐melting season. The simulated duration of the partially snow‐covered period at the snow‐melting stage is extended from a few days with RUC LSM to about one month with the RUC‐SS LSM, thus improving prediction of surface energy budget components. For example, the latent and sensible heat fluxes and skin temperature increase gradually in the RUC‐SS LSM during the transition from full coverage to snow‐free conditions. In contrast, this transition happens too quickly in RUC LSM, and the energy‐budget components change too abruptly. The results of RUC‐SS demonstrate its capability to account for subgrid variability of snow cover and show that considering subgrid variability of snow in LSMs is important for simulating surface‐atmosphere interactions.
Plasma extracellular vesicle delivery of miR-210-3p by targeting ATG7 to promote sepsis-induced acute lung injury by regulating autophagy and activating inflammation
Authors: Li Guang , Wang Bo , Ding Xiangchao , Zhang Xinghua , Tang Jian , Lin Huiqing 
Published: July 2021

AbstractExtracellular vesicles (EVs) can be used for intercellular communication by facilitating the transfer of miRNAs from one cell to a recipient cell. MicroRNA (miR)-210-3p is released into the blood during sepsis, inducing cytokine production and promoting leukocyte migration. Thus, the current study aimed to elucidate the role of plasma EVs in delivering miR-210-3p in sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI). Plasma EVs were isolated from septic patients, after which the expression of various inflammatory factors was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cell viability and apoptosis were measured via cell counting kit-8 and flow cytometry. Transendothelial resistance and fluorescein isothiocyanate fluorescence were used to measure endothelial cell permeability. Matrigel was used to examine the tubulogenesis of endothelial cells. The targeting relationship between miR-210-3p and ATG7 was assessed by dual-luciferase reporter assays. The expression of ATG7 and autophagy-related genes was determined to examine autophagic activation. A sepsis mouse model was established by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced surgery. The level of miR-210-3p was highly enriched in septic EVs. MiR-210-3p enhanced THP-1 macrophage inflammation, BEAS-2B cell apoptosis, and HLMVEC permeability while inhibiting angiogenesis and cellular activity. MiR-210-3p overexpression reduced ATG7 and LC3II/LC3I expression and increased P62 expression. Improvements in vascular density and autophagosome formation, increased ATG7 expression, and changes in the ratio of LC3II/LC3I were detected, as well as reduced P62 expression, in adenovirus-anti-miR-210-3p treated mice after CLP injury. Taken together, the key findings of the current study demonstrate that plasma EVs carrying miR-210-3p target ATG7 to regulate autophagy and inflammatory activation in a sepsis-induced ALI model.