bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continuous in situ measurements of water stable isotopes in soils, tree trunk and root xylem: Field approval
Authors: Kühnhammer Kathrin , Dahlmann Adrian , Iraheta Alberto , Gerchow Malkin , Birkel Christian , Marshall John D. , Beyer Matthias 
Published: December 2021

RationaleNew methods to measure stable isotopes of soil and tree water directly in the field enable us to increase the temporal resolution of obtained data and advance our knowledge on the dynamics of soil and plant water fluxes. Only few field applications exist. However, these are needed to further improve novel methods and hence exploit their full potential.MethodsWe tested the borehole equilibration method in the field and collected in situ and destructive samples of stable isotopes of soil, trunk and root xylem water over a 2.5‐month experiment in a tropical dry forest under natural abundance conditions and following labelled irrigation. Water from destructive samples was extracted using cryogenic vacuum extraction. Isotope ratios were determined with IRIS instruments using cavity ring‐down spectroscopy both in the field and in the laboratory.ResultsIn general, timelines of both methods agreed well for both soil and xylem samples. Irrigation labelled with heavy hydrogen isotopes clearly impacted the isotope composition of soil water and one of the two studied tree species. Inter‐method deviations increased in consequence of labelling, which revealed their different capabilities to cover spatial and temporal heterogeneities.ConclusionsWe applied the novel borehole equilibration method in a remote field location. Our experiment reinforced the potential of this in situ method for measuring xylem water isotopes in both tree trunks and roots and confirmed the reliability of gas permeable soil probes. However, in situ xylem measurements should be further developed to reduce the uncertainty within the range of natural abundance and hence enable their full potential.
Distributed consensus tracking control for nonlinear multiagent systems with state delays and unknown control coefficients
Authors: Wang Wenting , Xiang Zhengrong 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this article, the distributed consensus tracking problem is investigated for a group of heterogeneous nonlinear multiagent systems (MASs). The dynamic of each follower is subject to multiple time‐varying state delays and unknown non‐identical control coefficients. Most existing results for MASs with unknown non‐identical control coefficients are on the condition that only the specific Nussbaum‐type function can be used. This constraint is removed by employing the enhanced Nussbaum functions. Some appropriate Lyapunov–Krasovskii functionals are constructed to compensate the delayed nonlinear functions. By applying the finite‐time command filters to backstepping technique, a novel distributed adaptive consensus tracking control law is developed, which is independent of multiple state delays. It is proved that each follower's output can track the leader. Finally, the validness of the proposed control algorithm is illustrated by two simulation examples.
Effective colonisation by a bacterial synthetic community promotes plant growth and alters soil microbial community
Authors: Liu Hongwei , Qiu Zhiguang , Ye Jun , Verma Jay Prakash , Li Jiayu , Singh Brajesh K. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIntroductionPlant‐associated microorganisms are widely explored for their use as bioinoculants in agriculture. However, the rate and ability of introduced microbes to colonise and interact with indigenous soil microbiomes are largely unknown.Materials & MethodsIn this study, we constructed a bacterial synthetic community (SynCom) using eight plant‐growth‐promoting bacteria isolated from the wheat (Triticum aestivum) rhizosphere, including three Bacillus spp., two Acinebacter spp., an Enterobacter sp., a Xanthomonas sp. and a Burkholderia sp., which all showed multiple plant growth‐promoting effects including indole‐3‐acetic acid and ammonia production and fungal pathogen suppression. We inoculated this SynCom in a soil with reduced microbial diversity, and investigated the ability of the SynCom to colonise wheat plants, and interact with soil microbes in the presence or absence of a soil‐borne pathogen Fusarium pseudograminearum (Fp).ResultsWe found that SynCom significantly increased the wheat plant growth, root development and biomass production. Fp load in soil was significantly reduced and plant survival rates increased following the SynCom inoculation. Soil microbial community structure was altered by the SynCom, and noticeably, relative abundance of Pseudomonas spp. was induced in the soil.ConclusionThis study provides novel evidence that colonisation of a beneficial SynCom promotes plant growth and alters soil microbial community.
A Brief Review on Key Role of Perovskite Oxides as Catalyst
Authors: Yadav Pinky , Yadav Sangeeta , Atri Shalu , Tomar Ravi 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe research work conducted mainly on the reduction reaction of NOx, the oxidation reaction of CO, and hydrocarbons, electro‐catalysis of oxygen in alkaline medium, and photocatalytic water splitting has proved excellent catalytic behavior of perovskite oxides.[16–23] Although only a few reports published usages of the perovskite oxides as catalysts for the organic transformation such as catalytic hydrogenation, Ullmann, Sonogashira reactions, and Suzuki couplings.[24–26] Yoon et al. have prepared K2CO3 based LaMn1‐xCuxO3 perovskite oxide as a potential catalyst and discussed their mechanistic aspects in various reactions occurring at room temperature.[27] Recently, Wu and Ajayan group has demonstrated the relationship between stoichiometry and activity of pure and B‐site substituted layered perovskite oxide in the decomposition reaction of isopropanol by considering Sr2Sn1‐xRuxO4 (0≤x≤1) as catalyst.[28] In this scenario, present work aims to summarize the contribution of perovskite oxides as catalyst in numerous organic syntheses and catalysis, photocatalysis, and electrocatalysis reactions.
A Convenient Synthesis of Polysubstituted Coumarin‐pyrrolo[2,1‐a]isoquinoline‐1‐carbaldehydes from Isoquinoline, 2‐Bromoacetophenones and Coumarin‐β‐chlorovinyl Aldehydes
Authors: Alizadeh Abdolali , Rostampoor Azar 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this research, a simple and efficient strategy for the straightforward synthesis of polysubstituted coumarin‐pyrrolo[2,1‐a]isoquinoline‐1‐carbaldehydes is presented by a sequential three‐component reaction of isoquinoline, 2‐bromoacetophenones and 3‐chloro‐3‐(2‐oxo‐2H‐chromen‐3‐yl)acrylaldehydes as readily available starting materials, which includes base‐mediated 1,4‐addition or [3+2] cycloaddition/intramolecular cyclization/formation two C−C bonds/aromatization tandem reaction under air. In this method, chemoselective cascade process, easily accessible starting materials, energy conserving (short reaction times at room temperature), simplicity of product purification (the products can be purified by washing with EtOH), excellent yields (75–88 %), metal‐free catalyst, green and mild conditions in one‐pot are important highlighted advantages of this protocol.
Ultrastable Zinc Anode by Simultaneously Manipulating Solvation Sheath and Inducing Oriented Deposition with PEG Stability Promoter
Authors: Cao Ziyi , Zhu Xiaodong , Gao Shangpeng , Xu Dongxiao , Wang Zengyao , Ye Zhuolin , Wang Lipeng , Chen Bin , Li Lei , Ye Mingxin , Shen Jianfeng 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAqueous zinc‐ion batteries are a low‐cost and safe energy storage system, but suffer from detrimental side reactions and Zn dendrites due to the strong interactions between Zn2+ and water molecules in the electrolytes, and random Zn2+ deposition on the anode surface. Here, an electrolyte involving a dual‐functional additive of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to bypass these issues is reported. The electrolyte can not only tailor the solvation sheath of Zn2+ but also enable favorably oriented deposition of Zn2+ on the anode surface. The dendrite‐free Zn anode in Zn//Zn cells is obtained with high Columbic efficiency (98.8%) and long cycling lifespan (1500 h), six times longer than that of electrolyte without PEG at 0.25 mA cm−2. What is more, the excellent cycling stability of the prepared batteries (Zn//V2O5·1.6 H2O) suggests that the developed tailoring strategy may propel a promising pathway for stabilizing Zn metal anodes.
A Dual Photoelectrode Photoassisted Fe–Air Battery: The Photo‐Electrocatalysis Mechanism Accounting for the Improved Oxygen Evolution Reaction and Oxygen Reduction Reaction of Air Electrodes
Authors: Qian Bingzhi , Zhang Yu , Hou Xing , Bu Degang , Zhang Kai , Lan Yalin , Li Yuewen , Li Shuo , Ma Tianyi , Song Xi‐Ming 
Published: December 2021

AbstractEffective utilization of solar energy in battery systems is a promising solution to achieve sustainable and green development. In this work, a photoassisted Fe–air battery (PFAB) with two photoelectrodes of ZnO–TiO2 heterostructure and polyterthiophene (pTTh)‐coated CuO (pTTh–CuO) grown on fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO) is proposed. The band structure of semiconductors and the charge‐transfer mechanism of heterostructure are studied. The electrochemical results show that the photogenerated electrons and holes play key roles in reducing the oxygen evolution reaction (OER)/oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) overpotential in the discharging and charging processes, respectively. The short‐circuit current density, the open‐circuit voltage, and the maximum power output of the PFAB can reach 34.28 mA cm−2, 1.15 V, and 5.69 mW cm−2 upon illumination, respectively. The photoassisted Fe–air battery exhibits a low charge voltage of 0.64 V for ZnO–TiO2 as photoelectrode and a discharge voltage of 1.38 V for pTTh–CuO as a photoelectrode at 0.1 mA cm−2.
Bone Tumor Suppression in Rabbits by Hyperthermia below the Clinical Safety Limit Using Aligned Magnetic Bone Cement
Authors: Yu Xiang , Gao Shan , Wu Di'an , Li Zhengrui , Mi Yan , Yang Tianyu , Sun Fan , Wang Lichen , Liu Ruoshui , He Shuli , Ge Qinggang , Lv Yang , Xu Andy (Yuanguang) , Zeng Hao 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDemonstrating highly efficient alternating current (AC) magnetic field heating of nanoparticles in physiological environments under clinically safe field parameters has remained a great challenge, hindering clinical applications of magnetic hyperthermia. In this work, exceptionally high loss power of magnetic bone cement under the clinical safety limit of AC field parameters, incorporating direct current field‐aligned soft magnetic Zn0.3Fe2.7O4 nanoparticles with low concentration, is reported. Under an AC field of 4 kA m−1 at 430 kHz, the aligned bone cement with 0.2 wt% nanoparticles achieves a temperature increase of 30 °C in 180 s. This amounts to a specific loss power value of 327 W and an intrinsic loss power of 47 nHm2 kg−1, which is enhanced by 50‐fold compared to randomly oriented samples. The high‐performance magnetic bone cement allows for the demonstration of effective hyperthermia suppression of tumor growth in the bone marrow cavity of New Zealand White Rabbits subjected to rapid cooling due to blood circulation, and significant enhancement of survival rate.
High‐Sensitivity Infrared Photoelectric Detection Based on WS2/Si Structure Tuned by Ferroelectrics
Authors: Zheng Diyuan , Dong Xinyuan , Lu Jing , Niu Yiru , Wang Hui 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAs one of the typical transition‐metal dichalcogenides with distinct optical and electrical properties, WS2 exhibits tremendous potential for optoelectronic devices. However, its inherent band gap range limits the application in the infrared region. To overcome this draw‐back and improve the sensitivity, P(VDF‐CTFE) is used as a ferroelectric gate to control the states of WS2/Si junctions and achieve an enhanced infrared photodetection. The polarization electric field not only broadens the range of absorption wavelength (405–1550 nm) but also greatly promotes the sensitivity of lateral photovoltaic effect (LPE) (from 198.6 to 503.2 mV mm−1). This phenomenon is attributed to the reduction of WS2 band gap and the change of potential barrier at the interface of the junction. Meanwhile, the response speed is improved significantly due to the increase of carrier initial kinetic energy. This new scheme for ferroelectric tuned LPE opens up a way to realize high‐sensitivity, ultrafast, and stable infrared photodetection.
Regulating Steric Hindrance in Redox‐Active Porous Organic Frameworks Achieves Enhanced Sodium Storage Performance
Authors: Shan Yilin , He Yanyan , Yang Na , Zhu Xiang , Liu Honglai , Jiang Hao , Li Chunzhong 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe development of novel redox‐active polymers for sustainable sodium ion batteries (SIBs) has captured growing attention, but battery performance has been significantly limited by poor reversible specific capacities, where the majority of aromatic C6‐benzene linkages are redox inactive. Here, a simple, yet efficient approach to improve sodium (Na) storage on these C6‐benzene rings within a porous polymeric framework by rationally regulating their steric hindrance is reported. Decreasing intrinsic hindrance affords a significant improvement in redox reaction kinetics within the porous architecture, thereby facilitating the acceptance of Na ions on these functionalized benzene rings and boosting the SIB performance. As a result, the modulate porous framework exhibits an exceptional battery capacity of 376 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at 1.0 A g−1, which is ≈1.5 times larger than that of the pristine framework. Furthermore, the performance can reach as high as 510 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, comparable to that of the best‐performing polymeric electrodes. The simple modulation approach not only enables Na storage modulation on functionalized C6‐benzene rings, but also simultaneously provides a means to extend the understanding of the structure‐property relationship and facilitate new possibilities for organic SIBs.
Highly Efficient Multi‐Resonance Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Material with a Narrow Full Width at Half‐Maximum of 0.14 eV
Authors: Liu Futong , Cheng Zhuang , Wan Liang , Feng Zijun , Liu Hui , Jin Haixu , Gao Lei , Lu Ping , Yang Wensheng 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMulti‐resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR‐TADF) material, which possesses the ability to achieve narrowband emission in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), is of significant importance for wide color gamut and high‐resolution display applications. To date, MR‐TADF material with narrow full width at half‐maximum (FWHM) below 0.14 eV still remains a great challenge. Herein, through peripheral protection of MR framework by phenyl derivatives, four efficient narrowband MR‐TADF emitters are successfully designed and synthesized. The introduction of peripheral phenyl‐based moieties via a single bond significantly suppresses the high‐frequency stretching vibrations and reduces the reorganization energies, accordingly deriving the resulting molecules with small FWMH values around 20 nm/0.11 eV and fast radiative decay rates exceeding 108 s−1. The corresponding green OLED based on TPh‐BN realizes excellent performance with the maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) up to 28.9% without utilizing any sensitizing host and a relatively narrow FWHM of 0.14 eV (28 nm), which is smaller than the reported green MR‐TADF molecules in current literatures. Especially, the devices show significantly reduced efficiency roll‐off and relatively long operational lifetimes among the sensitizer‐free MR‐TADF devices. These results clearly indicate the promise of this design strategy for highly efficient OLEDs with ultra‐high color purity.
The Ways of Science Through the Lens of the Woodward‐Hoffmann Rules. The Stories Begin[]**
Authors: Seeman Jeffrey I. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis is Paper 1 in a 27‐paper series on the history of the development of the Woodward‐Hoffmann rules, also known as the Principle of Conservation of Orbital Symmetry. In addition to presenting an outline of this series, this manuscript provides a short overview of the chemical problem eventually solved by the Woodward‐Hoffmann rules.
Tanshinone IIA inhibits Leu27IGF‐II‐induced insulin‐like growth factor receptor II signaling and myocardial apoptosis via estrogen receptor‐mediated Akt activation
Authors: Chou Shui Lian , Ramesh Samiraj , Kuo Chia‐Hua , Ali Ayaz , Ho Tsung‐Jung , Chang Ko Peng , Hsieh Dennis Jine‐Yuan , Kumar V. Bharath , Weng Yueh‐Shan , Kuo Wei‐Wen , Huang Chih‐Yang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDifferent stress condition stimulates the expression level of insulin‐like growth factor receptor II (IGF‐IIR) in cardiomyoblasts that lead to apoptosis. Tanshinone IIA (TSN), a pharmacologically active component from Danshen, has been shown cardioprotective effects against cardiac apoptosis induced by several stress conditions. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the cardioprotective effects of TSN IIA mediated through the estrogen receptor (ER) in order to inhibit the Leu27IGF‐II‐enhanced IGF‐IIR‐mediated cardiac apoptosis. The estrogenic activity of TSN IIA was examined after myocardial cells were pretreated with the ER antagonist, and inhibited the phospho‐inositide‐3 kinase (PI3K). Here, we found that TSN IIA significantly induced ER that phosphorylated Akt. Further, Akt activation considerably suppressed the Leu27IGF‐II induced IGF‐IIR expression level and the downstream effectors, including Gαq and calcineurin as well as mitochondrial dependent apoptosis proteins including Bad, cytochrome c, and active caspase‐3 that result in cardiac apoptosis resistance. However, the western blot analysis, JC‐1 staining, and terminal deoxynucleotide transferase‐mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay revealed that TSN IIA attenuated Leu27IGF‐II‐induced IGF‐IIR mediated cardiac apoptosis was reversed by an ER antagonist such as ICI 182780, and PI3K inhibition. All these findings demonstrate that TSN IIA exerts estrogenic activity, which can activate PI3K‐Akt pathway, and thereby inhibits Leu27IGFII induced IGF‐IIR mediated cardiac apoptosis. Thus, TSN IIA can be considered as an effective therapeutic strategy against IGF‐IIR signaling cascade to suppress cardiac apoptosis.
miR‐222‐5p promotes dysfunction of human vascular smooth muscle cells by targeting RB1
Authors: Liu Yihang , Jiang Guopan , Lv Changzhi , Yang Chuang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundCoronary atherosclerosis (AS) is characterized by the formation of plaque in the vessel wall. The structural and functional changes of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) can promote plaque formation and induce plaque instability.ObjectiveTo investigate the functions and mechanism of miR‐222‐5p in VSMCs under the treatment of oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (ox‐LDL).MethodsmiR‐222‐5p expression in ox‐LDL‐treated VSMCs and the serum of Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) knockout mice was detected by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The viability and migration of VSMCs were detected by Cell Counting Kit‐8 and Transwell assays. Protein levels of proliferation and migration‐related factors were evaluated by western blotting. Luciferase reporter assays were performed to explore the binding between miR‐222‐5p and retinoblastoma susceptibility protein (RB1) gene in VSMCs. ApoE‐knockout mice were infected with the lentivirus inhibiting miR‐222‐5p expression to explore the effect of miR‐222‐5p on pathological changes. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, trichrome staining, and Oil Red O staining were conducted to determine the necrotic core area and atherosclerotic lesion size in the ascending aorta of ApoE‐knockout mice.ResultsWith the accumulation of ox‐LDL concentration and treatment time, miR‐222‐5p expression was gradually upregulated in VSMCs. Similarly, miR‐222‐5p expression was increased in the serum of ApoE‐knockout mice. miR‐222‐5p knockdown inhibited the proliferative and migratory abilities of ox‐LDL‐treated VSMCs, and the inhibitory effect on cellular behaviors was then significantly reversed by co‐knockdown of RB1. RB1 is a downstream target gene of miR‐222‐5p, and miR‐222‐5p bound with 3′‐untranslated region of RB1 in VSMCs. We further confirmed that miR‐222‐5p knockdown alleviated pathological changes and inhibited lipid deposition in the serum of ApoE‐knockout mice in vivo.ConclusionmiR‐222‐5p accelerates the dysfunction of VSMCs and promotes pathological changes and lipid deposition in ApoE‐knockout mice by targeting RB1. The study may provide novel therapeutic targets for AS.
Deformations of supergravity and supersymmetry anomalies
Authors: Fröb Markus B. , Imbimbo Camillo , Risso Nicolò 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We present a BRST analysis of supersymmetry anomalies of $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 supersymmetric quantum field theories with anomalous R symmetry. To this end, we consider the coupling of the matter theory to classical $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 new minimal supergravity. We point out that a supersymmetry anomaly cocycle associated to the U(1)R field does exist for this theory. It is non-trivial in the space of supergravity fields (and ghosts), but it becomes BRST-exact in the functional space that includes antifields. Equivalently, the U(1)R supersymmetry anomaly cocycle vanishes “on-shell”. It is therefore removable. However, to remove it — precisely because it is not trivial in the smaller space of fields — one needs to deform the supergravity BRST operator. This deformation is triggered, at first order in the anomaly coefficient, by a local operator S1 of ghost number 1. We give a cohomological characterization of S1 and compute it in full detail. At higher orders in the anomaly coefficient, we expect a priori that further deformations of the BRST rules are necessary.
One-loop structure of parton distribution for the gluon condensate and “zero modes”
Authors: Radyushkin Anatoly , Zhao Shuai 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We present results for one-loop corrections to the recently introduced “gluon condensate” PDF F(x). In particular, we give expression for the gg-part of its evolution kernel. To enforce strict compliance with the gauge invariance requirements, we have used on-shell states for external gluons, and have obtained identical results both in Feynman and light-cone gauges. No “zero mode” δ(x) terms were found for the twist-4 gluon PDF F(x). However a q2δ(x) term was found for the ξ = 0 GPD F(x, q2) at nonzero momentum transfer q. Overall, our results do not agree with the original attempt of one-loop calculations of F(x) for gluon states, which sets alarm warning for calculations that use matrix elements with virtual external gluons and for lattice renormalization procedures based on their results.
On Ulam Stability of a Generalized Delayed Differential Equation of Fractional Order
Authors: Brzdęk Janusz , Eghbali Nasrin , Kalvandi Vida 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe investigate Ulam stability of a general delayed differential equation of a fractional order. We provide formulas showing how to generate the exact solutions of the equation using functions that satisfy it only approximately. Namely, the approximate solution $$\phi $$
ϕ
generates the exact solution as a pointwise limit of the sequence $$\varLambda ^n\phi $$

Λ
n

ϕ

with some integral (possibly, nonlinear) operator $$\varLambda $$
Λ
. We estimate the speed of convergence and the distance between those approximate and exact solutions. Moreover, we provide some exemplary calculations, involving the Chebyshev and Bielecki norms and some semigauges, that could help to obtain reasonable outcomes for such estimations in some particular cases. The main tool is the Diaz–Margolis fixed point alternative.