bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Number in the Mental Lexicon
Authors: Schiller Niels O. , Verdonschot Rinus 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis chapter discusses the representation and processing of grammatical number in language comprehension and production. Grammatical number is regarded as a syntactic feature stored with a word's lemma, i.e. the syntactic word, in the mental lexicon. The chapter discusses the representation of grammatical number in the mental lexicon and how this feature is selected. Comparisons to other grammatical features, such as grammatical gender, are also made. Moreover, the chapter reviews experimental work both in the area of language comprehension and language production to shed light on the processing of grammatical number in human cognition. The chapter closes with a report on recent experimental work conducted on Konso, a Cushitic language spoken in the south of Ethiopia. In Konso, the number feature interacts with the gender feature. Data from picture-naming experiments demonstrate that so-called plural gender should be interpreted as a gender feature rather than as a number feature.
Nominal Number Morphology
Authors: Cabredo Hofherr Patricia 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the variation observed across nominal number systems cross-linguistically. The morphological realization of number varies with respect to the range of number values marked and the range of nouns that take number marking in a given language. However, the study of nominal number morphology is further complicated by the intricate interactions of morphology with syntax and semantics. On the syntactic side, nominal number morphology interacts with definiteness marking and syntactic role. On the semantic side, certain types of nominal number marking impose semantically specific readings on the nominals contrasting with other types of nominal number marking that allow inclusive plural readings in certain semantic contexts. The study of number-neutral reference has to examine the semantic effects arising from morphological, syntactic, and semantic sources separately.
The Syntax of Number Markers
Authors: Wiltschko Martina 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis chapter explores the syntactic significance of number marking based on distributional, formal, and interpretive properties and its parameters of variation. On the basis of these properties, various syntactic analyses of number marking are evaluated. The hypothesis that number marking is hosted in a functional category NumP is introduced and it is shown that it can account for some, but crucially not all, of the properties of number marking. However, the assumption that number marking associates with a functional category, does not imply that it will associate with the same functional category across all languages, nor that it will associate in the same way. Diagnostics are provided to identify where and how on the nominal spine a given number marker associates.
Family and Place
Authors: Seshagiri Urmila 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
How can we understand Virginia Woolf’s life and art through the idea of ‘home’? This chapter answers the question by tracing the multiple places Woolf called home over the course of her life. From a Kensington childhood to final years spent with Leonard Woolf in Richmond, from her famously defiant young adulthood in Bloomsbury to her sister Vanessa Bell’s artistic retreat in Sussex, Woolf’s movements between homes shaped her maturing aesthetic philosophies. As the daughter of Leslie and Julia Stephen, Woolf experienced Englishness itself through a sense of simultaneous belonging and exile. She consistently framed citizenship and national identity as feminist problems because ‘if one is a woman one is often surprised by a sudden splitting off of consciousness, say in walking down Whitehall, when from being the natural inheritor of that civilization, she becomes, on the contrary, alien and critical’ (ARO 96). My essay illuminates the vitality of ‘home’ – physical as well as conceptual – in Woolf’s literature, feminism, and politics.
Time
Authors: Matz Jesse 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Orlando and other texts express Woolf’s interest in subjective ‘time in the mind’, an interest she shared with other modernists who challenged chronological norms, but Woolf explored other forms of time as well. Some align her work with the theories of Henri Bergson, Mikhail Bakhtin, and Mary Sturt, and this variety—the way Woolf developed forms of time across her career as a writer—tracks with the phenomenological hermeneutics of Paul Ricoeur. His Time and Narrative explains the dialectical pattern according to which Woolf perpetually found new ways for time and narrative to shape each other, culminating in novels that thematize this reciprocal relationship between the art of narrative and possibilities for temporal engagement. Woolf’s early fiction breaks with linear chronology, starting a series of virtuoso performances of temporal poiesis.
Narrative Ethics
Authors: Utell Janine 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers an orientation to Woolf’s narrative ethics, as well as readings informed by those perspectives and attending to questions of intimacy, alterity, and failed sociality. These resistant readings of Woolf’s ethics, taking into account the novelist’s rejection of normativity, her feminism, and her ambivalence around queer sexuality, find that Woolf is concerned with attempting to define ‘the good life’ while also feeling that flourishing is elusive, even impossible, for those on the margins. Mrs Dalloway and The Years are taken as focus texts, demonstrating how we might read Woolf’s narratives—and her feminism—via postmodern ethics and affect theory. Significantly, a focus on narrative ethics illuminates reading Woolf’s queer sexualities. Across her career, Woolf’s innovations in the representation of character, everyday experience, and the failure of community have implications for ethical thinking and reading.
Allusion and Metaphor
Authors: de Gay Jane 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates that Woolf’s allusive practice involved transforming and interrogating texts rather than invoking the authority of earlier texts or their scholarly interpretations. It shows how Woolf’s allusions are often supported by metaphors that draw attention to the longevity of past literature that is essential to the act of allusion. These include organic metaphors such as the growth of seeds, plants, and flowers; familial metaphors of conception, birth, and reproduction; and the ethereal metaphor of haunting. The chapter examines how Woolf uses allusion and metaphor to articulate relationships with the literary past in A Room of One’s Own and in her representation of characters who are female writers in Night and Day, Orlando, and Between the Acts.
Biography and Autobiography
Authors: Marcus Laura 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the centrality of biography and autobiography to Woolf’s reading and writing life, and to her cultural milieu, in which experiments in life-writing were a crucial aspect of the modernist reaction against the Victorian era. It examines Woolf’s deep engagement in her fiction with life-writing forms, from the bildungsroman of The Voyage Out to the play with conventional biographical forms of Jacob’s Room, Orlando, The Waves, and Flush and the autobiographical foundations of To the Lighthouse. It also examines her biography of Roger Fry, and her own experiment in memoir-writing, the posthumously published ‘A Sketch of the Past’, in the context of concerns with the nature of memory, identity, and sexuality.
Woolf’s Feminism
Authors: Brown Stephanie J. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The fullness of Woolf’s engagement with early-twentieth-century feminism has at times been overshadowed by the prominence given A Room of One’s Own, and by longstanding archival obstacles to accessing her extensive work in periodicals. This chapter aims to offer an overview of Woolf’s engagement with British feminism during her lifetime, and to promote a richer conversation about how Woolf’s fiction, journalism, and essays, as well as A Room and Three Guineas, reflect a sustained engagement with, contributions to, and wariness of the feminist concerns of her day. Her responses to women’s suffrage, worker’s rights, the legal status of married women, education, political power, economic parity, and pacifism were unified by her consistent endeavors to draw attention to patriarchy as structuring public perceptions of ‘women’s issues’. (125)
War and Peace
Authors: Pong Beryl 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the intertwining of modernist time philosophy with the recurring theme of global war in Woolf’s oeuvre. Looking at a range of texts—including Jacob’s Room, Mrs Dalloway, Three Guineas, The Years, and Between the Acts—it examines how Woolf’s work developed in relation to the major geopolitical events that preoccupied her pacifist activism and informed her temporal innovations. It argues for the need to temporalize her relationship to what Martin Hägglund calls chronolibido—the investment in temporal finitude rather than temporal transcendence—which has to be understood both philosophically as well as politically, to understand how her desire to hold on to a life essentially mortal took shape in the context of seemingly unending war in the early twentieth century.
Work
Authors: Wilson Mary 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Relationships with domestic servants were among the longest-lasting and most complicated of Virginia Woolf’s life. For Woolf, domestic spaces are not private but shared, bringing women of different classes into intimate and sometimes uncomfortable proximity. Woolf’s life also spans a time of significant changes in the institution of domestic service in Britain, changes that affect Woolf’s own experience of domesticity and shape her writing. This chapter explores the intertwined contexts of domesticity and class in Woolf’s life and her writing, showing the contradictions and complexities in her thinking over time and across genres. As Alison Light has shown, Woolf’s attitude towards domestic workers often reflected ingrained class prejudices; feminist critics may be disturbed at how often servants mark the limits of Woolf’s imagination. Yet Woolf’s writing also demonstrates a career-long effort to think through the ‘servant problem’, an effort that shapes her aesthetic, her feminism, and her domestic life.
Traditions and Transformations
Authors: Marler Regina 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Modernist, feminist, experimental: the terms we now most associate with Virginia Woolf all presuppose a break with conventions and a rejection of the status quo in art and power relations. Yet all her life, Virginia Woolf kept returning in memory to her childhood home, to the crowded Victorian family in which she was raised, where boys went to the best schools that Sir Leslie Stephen could afford, and girls, however clever or gifted, were shaped for charitable work, for motherhood, for marriage to prominent men. This obsessive turning back is a kind of pained nostalgia: a lament, a grievance, a comfort—and the engine of even her most avant-garde work. This chapter explores the traditions and assumptions of that potent childhood world, in part through the prism of three conservative female role models her mother, Julia Stephen, chose for her daughters: Mrs. Humphry Ward, Octavia Hill, and Florence Nightingale.
Consumer Culture
Authors: Sheehan Elizabeth M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter shows how consumer culture shapes the content, form, and reception of Virginia Woolf’s feminist modernism, including the methods of analysis used by scholars. As critics note, Woolf’s life coincided with key developments in consumer culture, which are examined and reproduced in her work. Woolf’s experimental techniques in such novels as Mrs Dalloway and Orlando, for example, reflect the particular conceptions and experiences of time and space generated by consumer culture. Orlando depicts history as a series of fashions and suggests that fashion’s repetitions accompany cycles of war and empire-building. In doing so, Orlando anticipates its reappearance as an inspiration for twenty-first century fashion. It also prompts scholars to consider how methods of literary periodization and historicism reproduce the logic of consumer culture. Reading Woolf in relation to consumer culture, then, involves addressing how and why her work continues to be consumed.
Disability, Illness, and Pain
Authors: Outka Elizabeth 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter investigates Woolf’s contradictory attitudes towards bodies outside what Rosemarie Garland-Thomson terms ‘the normate’. Woolf evinces a profound understanding of bodies experiencing illness or mental health issues, but she often displays callous, deeply normate reactions to bodies with structural or cognitive differences. Critics have noted these contradictions, typically using a medical humanities frame for assessing her treatment of illness and mental health, and a disability studies frame for assessing her treatment of structural and cognitive impairments. These separate frames are vital, yet their separation may also elide how Woolf uses certain forms of illness and disability to make other forms less visible. Drawing on her diary, the essays ‘On Being Ill’ and ‘Street Haunting’, and Mrs Dalloway, the chapter explores how Woolf’s attitudes reveal inherent tensions surrounding definitions of illness and disability and argues that we need a composite, multi-modal approach to evaluate her treatment of non-normate bodies.
The Academy and Publishing
Authors: Neverow Vara 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter surveys Woolf’s posthumous career. Initially, Woolf’s reception was mixed at best. Her own friend, E.M. Forster, spoke of her feminism in a disparaging fashion, and she was seen as an elitist highbrow. However, by the early 1970s, Woolf was on the rise. Her work was integrated into academia, and Quentin Bell’s biography of his aunt and the steady publication of Woolf’s letters and diaries buttressed Woolf’s reception. Jane Marcus’s scholarship shaped American academia. Brenda R. Silver’s 1999 Virginia Woolf Icon on Woolf’s status in popular culture and dedicated publications such as the Virginia Woolf Miscellany (1973–present), Woolf Studies Annual (2005–present), and the annual conferences and selected essays on Woolf (1991–present) furthered Woolf’s status. Edited and annotated editions of Woolf’s work (including those from Shakespeare Head Press and Cambridge University Press) have brought Woolf fully into focus as a major modernist and feminist. This chapter explores these trends in Woolf’s evolving critical and cultural reception.
Magic Realism and Experimental Fiction
Authors: Lojo-Rodríguez Laura Mª 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In 1934, Argentinian editor and writer Victoria Ocampo commissioned Jorge Luis Borges the translations of Virginia Woolf’s A Room of One’s Own and Orlando, to be published in 1935 and 1937, respectively, under the auspices of the intellectual circle ‘Sur’ (‘South’). These translations would inspire generations of writers, appealed by Woolf’s subversive strategies to trespass physical and psychological boundaries, and by her innovative conception of time, history, and gender, which anticipated what came to be later known as ‘magic realism’. This essay explores the ways in which Woolf’s influence affects the construction of alternative ontological realms that both coexist with and transcend identifiable historical sites in the work of Jorge Luis Borges, Gabriel García Márquez, William Faulkner, Toni Morrison, Michèle Roberts, and Jeanette Winterson. The chapter further examines the different strategies these writers use to unsettle received assumptions pertaining to history and to propose alternative rewritings of it in Woolf’s wake.
Virginia Woolf in the Canon of Women’s Literature Narrative Futures of The Feminist Novel
Authors: Krouse Tonya 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Virginia Woolf’s novels have historically been regarded as exceptional for their nuanced characterization, particularly of women, and as foundationally influential to women writers after 1945. This chapter investigates the feminist underpinnings of Woolf’s portrayals of female characters in order to trace Woolf’s ongoing legacy in the feminist writing of today’s women authors. Focusing on three archetypes—the Angel, the Artist, and the Girl—the chapter evaluates Woolf’s techniques for female characterization alongside those deployed by women writers including Margaret Atwood, Zadie Smith, Doris Lessing, Claire Messud, Fatima Mernissi, and Jenni Fagan. These comparative readings show the ways in which Woolf’s fiction inspires contemporary women writers to explore relationships between women and gives them a map for creating complex narratives of affiliation to encompass women’s physical, emotional, and intellectual lives.
Virginia Woolf, Filmmaker
Authors: Shin Jacqueline 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the afterlives of Virginia Woolf, beginning with a general overview and then turning to Woolf’s legacy in film. Whereas a few filmmakers have attempted to adapt Woolf’s works with varying degrees of success, a handful of twenty-first-century filmmakers have moved towards alternative modes of engagement beyond adaptation. Mark Cousins, François Ozon, David Lowery, and Alex Garland, this chapter suggests, have embraced Woolf as an experimental filmmaker, as one of them. Her writing helps focalize the explorations of identity, loss, and survival in What Is This Film Called Love? (2012), Under the Sand (2000), A Ghost Story (2017), and Annihilation (2018). No longer are Woolf’s biography, her body, or even particular works at the forefront of her legacy; this chapter argues that in this eclectic group of films, Woolf and her writing are not only vaporized and reconfigured but also, problematically, domesticated and neutered.
Stream of Consciousness
Authors: Zhang Dora 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Few terms are more associated with the innovations of modernist fiction—and Virginia Woolf’s novels in particular—than ‘stream of consciousness’, yet the contours of the term often remain vague. This chapter argues that Woolf makes distinctive contributions to the genre that have been underrecognized both because of its gendered association with formlessness, and because stream of consciousness is often simply conflated with interior monologue, which she mostly did not use. Instead, Woolf’s contributions include her use of free indirect discourse to overcome the egotism of the first person, experiments with rendering collective streams of consciousness in Between the Acts, and finally, her use of analogies to evoke the feeling of thinking, which also illuminates unappreciated links to William James, the psychologist who coined the term together, Woolf’s strategies refute the charge of intense individualism that is often levied at stream-of-consciousness writing.
Gender Equality Politics
Authors: Galligan Yvonne 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the gender contract between women, society, and the state to identify continuities and changes in gender equality in Irish society since the 1970s. It examines attitudes to women in the home and the controversial public policy debates on abortion to illustrate shifts and stasis in this relationship. The chapter explores the slow evolution of gender equality as an institutional policy concern, supported by successive government commissions and given impetus by the feminist movement. These initiatives culminated in national gender equality plans linked to international commitments, along with targeted plans for specific areas such as violence against women, and women’s participation in political and public life. The chapter concludes that while strides towards gender equality have been made in social, economic, and political life over fifty years, there remain deep-seated attitudes resistant to women’s autonomy and equal citizenship. The gender contract continues to be a work in progress.
Judges and the Political Organs of State
Authors: Hickey Tom 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the record of the Irish Supreme Court in its constitutional policing of the two political ‘organs of State’. It outlines the basis upon which the judicial organ enjoys the authority to determine the limits of the powers of the Oireachtas and Government. It explores the various approaches taken by judges and courts in a selection of the main cases in the period 1970–2020. On the powers of Government—and the power of the judicial organ with respect to those powers—it considers the case of Crotty v An Taoiseach. As for the powers of the Oireachtas—and the judicial power in that context—the chapter looks at In re Haughey, Abbeylara and Angela Kerins. Overall, the analysis suggests that Irish judges have not been meek in their constitutional regulation of the political organs, although they have sought to limit their interventions to particular cases and contexts.
The Constitution, Politics, and Public Policy
Authors: Carolan Eoin 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The chapter examines how constitutional law affects the nature of Irish politics and public policy. How has the Constitution, and its interpretation by the courts, influenced the choices made by the Oireachtas and by the executive in their approach to, and implementation of, public policy? The chapter argues that looking to the outcome of constitutional litigation alone provides an incomplete account of the many ways in which constitutional law and culture influence political action. Positing a more complex relationship between the constitution-as-law and the constitution-as-politics, the chapter describes how the Constitution has shaped civic and political identity in Ireland; and imposed limits on what is perceived as ‘permissible’ public policy. The chapter also explores how these limits are influenced by non-judicial actors engaged in constitutional interpretation; by public, media, or professional perceptions of constitutional meaning; and by the effects of constitutional rights provisions on power relations and political bargaining.
Penal Culture in Ireland
Authors: O’Donnell Ian 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Ireland enjoys a level of imprisonment around half that of England and Wales and one-eighth that of the USA. However, this is not the result of structured policy choices. Several factors generally associated with penal severity are evident in that crime is (episodically) salient and lethal violence has risen, there is low trust in government, little evidence of deference to experts, and the principles of justice are seldom articulated. Countervailing forces are that the system remains highly discretionary, punishments are individualized, and key criminal justice personnel are unelected and thereby insulated from public sentiment. To add depth to this analysis of penal culture requires the addition of local factors, including a history of coercive confinement, the lack of an infrastructure for following through on political commitments, profound inertia, imitation (in legislative and policy terms), migration patterns, attitudes to state expenditure, and a clientelist political system.