bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Propagation of the Amazonian Medicinal Plant Guayusa (Ilex Guayusa) and Effects of Light in the Growth and Development of this Shade Tolerant Plant
Authors: Carvalho Sofia D. , Ortega Mayra , Orellana Miguel , Rodríguez Michelle , Folta Kevin M. , Torres Maria 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Guayusa ( Ilex guayusa ) is an endemic plant from the Amazon with potential medicinal applications. Indigenous people are familiar with such applications and use guayusa based on ancestral knowledge. There is a growing interest in guayusa-based products in urban areas of Ecuador and internationally. The supply cannot meet the demand. Currently, traditional practices are used for guayusa growth and the potential use of the protected forest is foreseen. This work describes a protocol for the in vitro propagation of guayusa, a sustainable solution to generate high quality plants in reduced space. Stakes obtained from stems were used as explants. Chemical sterilization with ethanol and sodium hypochlorite resulted in 100% surface-sterilized stakes. The growth medium mWPM resulted in favorable outcomes regarding shoot development and elongation, as well as rooting. Supplementation with activated charcoal resulted in reduced browning during the elongation phase. The majority of shoots were able to develop roots spontaneously. Medium supplementation with the auxin indole-3-butyric acid, IBA, may be considered when rooting does not occur spontaneously. Acclimatization was performed in soil. The protocol was tested under different light spectra, revealing that guayusa growth is affected by light quality. The photobiology of this shade tolerant plant requires further characterization, but the data uncovered a potential role for green and far-red light in root development.
Ruanmailing Oral Liquid Inhibit Atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- Mice by Regulation of TGF-β1/SMAD4 Signaling Pathway
Authors: Wu Tianmin , Huang Xuanbin , Chen Jinshui , Xue Wenjuan , Fan Liufang , Xie Wenyan , Huang Youzhen 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
BackgroundTo investigate the effect of Ruanmailing oral liquid on atherosclerosis and TGF-β1/SMAD4 signaling pathway in ApoE knockout mice induced by high-fat diet. MethodsForty ApoE-/- mice were randomly divided into 5 groups, and mice fed with standard diets were the control group. ApoE-/- mice high-fat diet induced atherosclerotic phenotype. After grouping and treatment, they were divided into high-fat feeding model group, low-dose and high-dose of Ruanmailing groups (1.75, 4.55 ml/kg/d), Lipitor Group (3.0 mg/kg/d). After 12 weeks of administration, blood was collected from the mice orbit to determine the levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C, and the pathological changes of thoracic aorta atherosclerosis were observed. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the concentration of serum TGF-β1, and RT-PCR and Western Blot were used to detect the expression of SMAD4 and GATA2 in the thoracic aorta of ApoE-/- mice in each group. ResultsCompared with the high-fat model group, the serum lipids level of each administration group were reduced (P<0.01 or P<0.05), and the ratio of plaque area to luminal area (W/L) was significantly reduced (P<0.05), and pathological examination indicated atherosclerotic lesions in thoracic aorta of ApoE-/- mice were alleviated, and the high-dose Ruanmailing group had the most significant anti-atherosclerotic effect. ConclusionsRuanmailing oral liquid has an anti-atherosclerotic effect, and its mechanism may be related to the intervention of GATA2 in the TGF-β1/SMAD4 signaling pathway to reduce the differentiation and proliferation of arterial smooth muscle cells.
High nerve density in breast cancer is associated with poor patient outcome
Authors: Li Dong , Hu Li Na , La Ting , Wei Li Yuan , Zhang Xiao Jun , Zhang Zhen Hua , Xing Jun , Wang Li , Zheng Si Min , Li Ruo Qi , Zhu Qin , Thorne Rick F. , Hondermarck Hubert , Li Li , Zhang Xu Dong , Gao Jin Nan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background: Active crosstalk between the nervous system and breast cancer cells as well as other cell types within the tumour microenvironment has been experimentally demonstrated in vitro and in animal models. However, low frequencies of peripheral nerve presence in human breast cancers reported in previous studies (~30% of cases) potentially negate a major role of the nervous system in breast cancer development and progression. This study aimed to better define the incidence of nerves within human breast cancers and to delineate associations with clinicopathological features.Methods: Immunohistochemical staining was conducted in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded breast cancer tissue sections using antibodies against the pan-neuronal markers protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5) and growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43), and the sympathetic nerve-specific marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Nerve trunks (comprised of many nerve fibres/axons) and isolated nerve fibres (positively stained cells with or without typical morphology of axons outside definable nerve trunks) were quantitated. The chi-squared test was used to determine the associations between nerve trunk or isolated nerve fibre counts and clinicopathological parameters. The Log-rank test was used to compare differences in patient progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). A multivariate analysis was performed according to the Cox Proportional Hazards Model to assess independent prognostic factors.Results: Nerve trunks and isolated nerve fibres were detected in 75% and 77% of breast cancers, respectively. The overall frequency of peripheral nerves in breast cancers was 85%, a markedly higher proportion than reported previously. Of note, most nerves present in breast cancers were of the sympathetic origin (positive for TH). While high density of nerve trunks or isolated nerve fibres was associated with poor PFS and OS of patients, high nerve trunk density appeared also to predict poor patient PFS independently of lymph node metastasis. Conclusions: Innervation of breast cancers is a common event correlated with poor patient outcomes. These findings support the notion that the nervous system plays an active role in breast cancer pathogenesis.
Increasing incidence of rotator cuff surgery: A nationwide registry study in Chile
Authors: Vidal Catalina , Lira María J , de Marinis Rodrigo , Liendo Rodrigo , Contreras Julio J 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background The rotator cuff surgery (RCS) incidence is rising rapidly in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia. Despite this, multiple factors limit patients’ access to surgery. In Latin America, barriers to orthopedic surgery have been largely ignored. The purpose of this study was to calculate the rate of RCS in Chile between 2008 and 2018, investigating possible associated factors to access such as age, sex, and the healthcare system.Methods An ecological study was carried out with nationwide data obtained from the Database of Hospital Discharges of the Department of Statistics. All Chilean inhabitants aged 25 years or more were included. We used the ICD-10 codes M751, M754, and S460. The annual incidence rate of surgeries and the incidence rate for the period studied per 100,000 inhabitants were calculated. Data were analyzed stratified by age, sex, year of study, and the healthcare system. Negative binomial regression was used to compare. Statistical analyzes were performed with Stata v.14 software.Results 39,366 RCSs were performed, with a total rate for the period of 32.36 per 105 inhabitants. The annual rate of surgeries from 2008 to 2018 increased from 24.55 to 49.11 per 105/year. When adjusting for year, an annual increase in surgery rates of 8.19% (95% CI 6.7–9.6) and 101% growth between 2008 and 2018 (95% CI 90–109%, p < 0.001) was observed. When comparing the global rates according to the healthcare system, the public system corresponds to 21.3 per 105 and the private system to 72 per 105, the latter being 3.4-times higher (95% CI 2.7–4.4; p < 0.001).Conclusion RCS rates are increasing in Chile concordantly with previous reports of other western countries. The most important factor associated with RCS rate found was the patients’ healthcare system, with higher rates observed for the private sector.
A Novel Comprehensive Quantitative Method for Various Geological Disaster Evaluations in Underground Engineering: Multidimensional Finite Interval Cloud Model (MFICM)
Authors: Wu Tianhua , Gao Yongtao , Zhou Yu , Sun Hao 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The risk prediction of geological disasters exhibits extreme uncertainty and complexity due to the random distribution of evaluation indexes within a finite interval. To improve the accuracy of disaster prediction results, a new evaluation method is in this study suggested to perform a risk evaluation of geological disasters based on multidimensional finite interval cloud model (MFICM) and combination weighting. The MFICM with a transformation between qualitative concept and quantitative data depicts uncertainties and actual distribution features of indexes in the finite interval. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and principal component analysis (PCA) are adopted to determine the subjective and objective weights of evaluation indexes, respectively, and the combination weight is calculated by a linear method to reduce the influence of subjective factors. The numerical characteristic parameters of each indexes belonging to various risk levels are first calculated based on established evaluation index system. Subsequently, a multi-dimensional finite interval cloud is generated from a forward cloud generator using MATLAB software. Finally, the comprehensive certainty degrees relative to different levels for each sample are determined combined with combination weight, which achieves a mapping of uncertainty between semantic variables and index values. The proposed method is applied to engineering cases regarding three geological disasters, i.e., water inrush, rock burst and collapse. The obtained results with accuracy and results comparison with reference methods show that the MFICM is verified to be practical and universal for the risk evaluation of geological disasters, which improves and enriches the theoretical framework of geotechnical engineering disaster risk evaluation.
In Vitro Evaluation of Dermanyssus Gallinae Response to Products in Aqueous Suspension
Authors: Sulzbach Angelica , Mallmann Daniele , Silva Flávio Renato , Ferla Noeli Juarez , Silva Guilherme Liberato da , Johann Liana 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Dermanyssus gallinae are hematophagous mites that pose a serious sanitary problem in the Brazilian laying poultry industry. Its control is typically performed with acaricides, either in powder or liquid form. However, the intensive use of these products has led populations of this species to develop resistance. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the response of D. gallinae eggs and adults to products in aqueous suspension as per the commercial indication and registered at the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Supply. The study used four different acaricides (Product 1- Cypermethrin, Chlorpyrifos, and Piperonyl Butoxide; Product 2 - Alkyl-benzyl-dimethyl ammonium chloride, glutaraldehyde, deltamethrin; Product 3 – Dichlorvos; Product 4 – Fluralaner) tested in vitro using the contact method. Distilled water was used in the control group. There was difference between eggs and adults in each treatment (p < 0.05, except for control); products had higher efficacy against adult forms. This result might be directly related to frequent D. gallinae reinfestations in poultry houses.
The Real-Life Efficacy And Safety of Osimertinib In Pretreated Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients With T790M Mutation: A Turkish Oncology Group Study
Authors: Hizal Mutlu , Bilgin Burak , Paksoy Nail , Açıkgöz Özgür , Sezer Ahmet , Gürbüz Mustafa , Ak Naziye , Yücel Şebnem , Ayhan Murat , Erol Cihan , Demirkıran Aykut , Mandel Nil Molinas , Shbair Abdallah , Gökmen İvo , Başoğlu Tuğba , Paydaş Semra , Demiray Atike Gökçen , İriağaç Yakup , Şakalar Teoman , Zeynelgil Esra , Tatlı Ali Murat , Bahçeci Aykut , Güven Deniz Can , Caner Burcu , Can Alper , Gülmez Ahmet , Karakaş Yusuf , Yalçın Bülent , Demirkazık Ahmet , Bilici Ahmet , Aydıner Adnan , Yumuk Perran Fulden , Şendur Mehmet Ali Nahit 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Introduction: Osimertinib, an irreversible third-generation EGFR-TKI, is the standard of care for second-line treatment of T790M-mutant advanced NSCLC patients whose progressed after first-line EGFR-TKI therapy. In this multicenter study, we aimed to determine the real-life efficacy and safety of Osimertinib in pretreated advanced NSCLC patients with T790M mutation.Materials and Methods: This retrospective trial included advanced T790M-mutant pretreated NSCLC patients who received Osimertinib from 24 different centers in Turkey. Primary endpoint was time-to-treatment discontinuation (TTD). Secondary endpoints were objective response rate (ORR), overall survival (OS), and safety.Results: Of 163 patients 68.7% had EGFR exon 19 deletion and 22.7% had exon 21 L858R mutation. Osimertinib was given as second-line treatment in 96 patients (58.9%) and third-line in 48 patients (29.4%). After median of 13 months disease follow-up, median TTD was 21.6 months with an 82.2% ORR. Estimated median OS was 32.1 months. Grade 3-4 adverse events were seen in 11.7% of the patients. Conclusion: Osimertinib is a highly effective option in second or third-line treatment of NSCLC patients with T790M mutation, with a favorable safety profile.
Activation of Alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Reduce Chronic Pain-Induced Depression-Like Behaviors Via WNT/β-Catenin Pathway
Authors: Chen Yongmei , Gong Xingrui , Wen Wen , Cai Meihua , Zhang Mazhong 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chronic pain frequently leads to depression and microglia-related inflammation is the common mechanism for chronic pain and depression. Activation of alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine (α7 nAch) receptor suppresses microglia-related inflammation. Thus, we evaluated the activation of α7 nAch receptors on chronic pain-induced depression-like behaviors and explored the potential mechanisms.Methods: Male Wistar rats that received spared nerve injury (SNI) and complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) into the unilateral ankle articular cavity received Open field, sucrose preference, and pain behavior tests. The effect of intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of α7 nAch receptor agonist PHA and α7 nAch receptor antagonist on depression-like behaviors and cytokines expression was examined. Cytokines were measured in the brain using Enzyme-linked immune absorbent assay.Results: SNI surgery and CFA injection induced depression-like behaviors, and ICV injection of PHA reduced that depression-like behaviors. SNI surgery and CFA injection skewed the medial prefrontal cortex, basolateral amygdala, and ventral hippocampus to a pro-inflammatory response and ICV injection of PHA shift brain from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory response in that sites. The anti-depressive effect and anti-inflammatory effect of PHA were reversed by WNT/β-catenin inhibitor. Conclusions: Activation of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors reduce chronic pain-induced depression-like behaviors, the mechanisms may be attributed to the activation of WNT/β-catenin pathway and suppression of brain inflammation.
Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies and Factors Associated with Seropositivity at the University of Salamanca: The DIANCUSAL Study
Authors: Belen Vicente Santiago , Josue Pendones , Francisco Adserias , Hernandez Gonzalez , Rodriguez Miguel , Villardon Jose Luis Vicente , Burgillo Javier , Andaluz Javier Lopez , Oterino Jose Angel Martin , Criado Francisco Garcia , Barbero Fausto , Morales Ana , Galindo Purificación , Gonzalez Rogelio , Belhassen Moncef , Muro Antonio , Muñoz Juan Luis 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background: Systematic screening for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 is a crucial tool for surveillance of the COVID-19 pandemic. The University of Salamanca (USAL) in Spain designed a project called “DIANCUSAL” (Diagnosis of New Coronavirus, COVID-19, in University of Salamanca) to measure antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 among its ~34,000 students and academic staff, as the influence of the university community in the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in the city of Salamanca and neighbouring towns hosting USAL campuses could be substantial. Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among USAL students, professors and staff and to evaluate the demographic, academic, clinical and lifestyle and behavioural factors related to seropositivity. Methodology: The DIANCUSAL study is an ongoing university population-based cross-sectional study, with the work described herein conducted from July-October 2020. All USAL students, professors, and staff were invited to complete an anonymized questionnaire. Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was detected and quantified by using chemiluminescent assays for IgG and IgM. Principal findings: A total of 8197 (24.71%) participants were included. The mean age was 31.4 (14.5 SD) years, and 66.0% of the participants were female. The seroprevalence was 8.25% overall, and was highest for students from the education campus (12.5%) and professors from the biomedical campus (12.6%), with significant differences among faculties (p = 0.006). Based on the questionnaire, loss of smell and fever were the symptoms most strongly associated with seropositivity, and 22.6% of seropositive participants were asymptomatic. Social distancing was the most effective hygiene measure (p= 0.0007). There were significant differences in seroprevalence between participants with and without household exposure to SARS-CoV-2 (p=0.0000), but not between students who lived in private homes and those who lived in dormitories. IgG antibodies decreased over time in the participants with confirmed self-reported COVID-19 diagnoses. Conclusions: The analysis revealed an overall 8.25% seroprevalence at the end of October 2020, with a higher seroprevalence in students than in staff. Thus, there is no need for tailored measures for the USAL community as the official average seroprevalence in the area was similar (7.8% at 22nd June and 12.4 at 15th November of 2020. Instead, USAL members should comply with public health measures.
Enhanced Interfragmentary Stability and Improved Clinical Prognosis With Off-axis Screw Technique in the Treatment of Vertical Femoral Neck Fractures of Nongeriatric Patients
Authors: Jiang Dajun , Zhan Shi , Cai Qianying , Hu Hai , Jia Weitao 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background: The optimal internal fixation strategy for vertical femoral neck fractures (VFNFs) in nongeriatric patients remains uncertain. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical prognoses and underlying mechanical characteristics of the novel off-axis screw technique with dynamic hip screw (DHS) and traditional three parallel screws. Methods: This study included a clinical investigation and a patient-specific finite element analysis (FEA). In the clinical investigation, VFNF patients were grouped by fixation type: (1) three parallel screws (G-TRI); (2) augmentation with an off-axis screw (G-ALP); and (3) DHS with an anti-rotational screw (G-DHS). Fixation failures (non-union, femoral neck shortening (FNS), varus deformation, screw cut-out) and avascular necrosis (AVN) of the three types were compared. In the FEA, twenty-four fixation models with the three fixation types were created based on the data of eight healthy volunteers. Models were assessed under walking conditions. Stiffness, interfragmentary motion (IFM), and implant stress were evaluated. Results: In the clinical investigation, fixation failure rate was significantly (p<0.05) lower in G-ALP (18.5%) than in G-DHS (37.5%) and G-TRI (39.3%). No significant difference of AVN was observed among three fixation groups. In the FEA, stiffness and implant stress in G-DHS models was significantly (p<0.05) higher, and the IFM of G-ALP was significantly (p<0.05) lower among the groups. Conclusions: Among fixation types for VFNFs, the off-axis screw technique exhibited a better interfragmentary stability (lowest IFM), and lower fixation failure rate (especially, FNS). Analyzing interfragmentary stability in biomechanical experiments is more consistent with clinical prognosis than construct stability for VFNFs, suggesting that internal fixations should aim for this outcome.
Correlation of Respiratory Aerosols with Metabolic Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Kappelt Niklas , Russell Hugo S. , Kwiatkowski Szymon , Afshari Alireza , Johnson Matthew S. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Respiratory Aerosols from breathing and talking have found wide acceptance as a transmission route for viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Previous studies have found particles with diameters ranging from 10 nm to 145 µm, exhibited from different regions in the respiratory system. We present the first chamber study, in which respiratory aerosols have been simultaneously measured with carbon dioxide (CO2) to establish the correlation between the two concentrations. CO2 concentrations are easily available through low-cost sensors and could be used to estimate viral exposure through this correlation, whereas source-specific aerosol measurements are complicated and not possible with low cost sensors. The increase in both PM10 and CO2 was linear over ten minutes in a 2 m3 chamber for all participants, suggesting a strong correlation. On average, talking released more particles than breathing, with 14,600 ± 16,800 min-1 (one-σ standard deviation) and 6,210 ± 5,630 min-1 on average, respectively, while CO2 increased with 139 ± 33 ppm min-1 during talking and 143 ± 29 ppm min-1 during breathing. Assuming a typical viral load of 7 × 106 RNA copies per ml of oral fluid, ten minutes of talking and breathing are estimated to produce 7 and 16 suspended RNA copies, respectively, correlating to a CO2 concentration of around 1.800 ppm in a 2 m3 chamber. This provides a strong argument for keeping indoor spaces well ventilated and shows how CO2 concentrations, measured with low-cost sensors, could be used as a proxy for viral exposure.