bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postnatal exposure to ambient temperature and rapid weight gain among infants delivered at term gestations: a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Dionicio López Carlos Francisco , Alterman Neora , Calderon‐Margalit Ronit , Hauzer Michael , Kloog Itai , Raz Raanan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe global prevalence of childhood obesity has risen dramatically recently. Previous studies found an association between rapid infant weight gain and childhood overweight. Evidence suggests that exposure to high ambient air temperatures during prenatal life and during adulthood is associated with birthweight and obesity respectively.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to examine whether exposure to high ambient temperatures during infancy is associated with rapid infant weight gain in Israel.MethodsThis is a population‐based historical cohort study using data from the Israeli national public network of maternal and child health clinics between 2008 and 2013. We assessed exposure to ambient temperature in the first year of life using a high‐resolution hybrid spatio‐temporal model and calculated annual mean and minimum temperatures for each infant based on daily mean and minimum temperatures at the community clinic location. We defined rapid infant weight gain as a World Health Organization weight z‐score difference >0.67 between birthweight and weight at age one year. We estimated these associations using log‐linear and general additive models and adjusted for population group, district, maternal age, parental education, parity, sex, gestational age, birthweight, calendar year and calendar month of birth.ResultsThe study population included 217,310 singleton‐term infants. Adjusted models demonstrated a positive association between ambient temperature exposure and rapid infant weight gain. Compared to the third quintile of minimum temperature, infants exposed to the first and second quintile had an adjusted relative risk of 0.98 (95% CI 0.96, 1.00) and 0.97 (95% CI 0.95, 0.98), respectively, while those exposed to the fourth and fifth quintiles had an adjusted relative risk of 1.06 (95% CI 1.04, 1.07) and 1.02 (95% CI 1.00, 1.04) respectively. The associations with mean temperature were similar but slightly weaker.ConclusionsExposure to higher ambient temperatures, of emerging importance in the climate change era, is associated with rapid infant weight gain in Israel. Future studies should use additional exposure, covariate, and outcome data to analyse the nature and the source of this association in more detail.
Extreme heat and its association with social disparities in the risk of spontaneous preterm birth
Authors: Cushing Lara , Morello‐Frosch Rachel , Hubbard Alan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundClimate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of heatwaves. Prior studies associate high temperature with preterm birth.ObjectivesWe tested the hypotheses that acute exposure to extreme heat was associated with higher risk of live spontaneous preterm birth (≥20 and <37 completed weeks), and that risks were higher among people of colour and neighbourhoods with heat‐trapping landcover or concentrated racialised economic disadvantage.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of people giving birth between 2007 and 2011 in Harris County, Texas (Houston metropolitan area) (n = 198,013). Exposures were daily ambient apparent temperature (ATmax in 5°C increments) and dry‐bulb temperatures (Tmax and Tmin >historical [1971–2000] summertime 99th percentile) up to a week prior for each day of pregnancy. Survival analysis controlled for individual‐level risk factors, secular and seasonal trends. We considered race/ethnicity, heat‐trapping neighbourhood landcover and Index of Concentration at the Extremes as effect modifiers.ResultsThe frequency of preterm birth was 10.3%. A quarter (26.8%) of people were exposed to ATmax ≥40°C, and 22.8% were exposed to Tmax and Tmin >99th percentile while at risk. The preterm birth rate among the exposed was 8.9%. In multivariable models, the risk of preterm birth was 15% higher following extremely hot days (hazard ratio [HR] 1.15 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01, 1.30) for ATmax ≥40°C vs. <20°C; HR 1.15 (95% CI 1.02, 1.28) for Tmax and Tmin >99th percentile). Censoring at earlier gestational ages suggested stronger associations earlier in pregnancy. The risk difference associated with extreme heat was higher in neighbourhoods of concentrated racialised economic disadvantage.ConclusionsAmbient heat was associated with spontaneous preterm birth, with stronger associations earlier in pregnancy and in racially and economically disadvantaged neighbourhoods, suggesting climate change may worsen existing social inequities in preterm birth rates.
Semantic parafoveal processing in natural reading: Insight from fixation‐related potentials & eye movements
Authors: Antúnez Martín , Milligan Sara , Hernández‐Cabrera Juan Andrés , Barber Horacio A. , Schotter Elizabeth R. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPrior research suggests that we may access the meaning of parafoveal words during reading. We explored how semantic‐plausibility parafoveal processing takes place in natural reading through the co‐registration of eye movements (EM) and fixation‐related potentials (FRPs), using the boundary paradigm. We replicated previous evidence of semantic parafoveal processing from highly controlled reading situations, extending their findings to more ecologically valid reading scenarios. Additionally, and exploring the time‐course of plausibility preview effects, we found distinct but complementary evidence from EM and FRPs measures. FRPs measures, showing a different trend than EM evidence, revealed that plausibility preview effects may be long‐lasting. We highlight the importance of a co‐registration set‐up in ecologically valid scenarios to disentangle the mechanisms related to semantic‐plausibility parafoveal processing.
The impact of learning new meaning on the previously learned meaning of L2 ambiguous words: The role of semantic similarity
Authors: Zhang Yuanyue , Yang Xuefeng , Liang Lijuan , Chen Baoguo 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPrevious study has found that previously learned meaning affects the learning of new meaning for known second language (L2) words. However, it is not clear whether learning a new meaning also affects the previously learned meaning and whether this effect is modulated by the semantic similarity between them. The current study aimed to explore this issue using event‐related potential technique. A word learning task was used, in which Chinese‐English bilinguals were required to learn a new meaning that was semantically related or unrelated to the previously learned meaning of familiar L2 words and judge the semantic relatedness between the trained word and a probe word in the same trial. The results showed that both the N400 and late‐positive component (LPC) amplitudes for probe words in the unrelated new meaning condition were significantly different from the unlearned condition, which suggests learning new meaning interferes with accessing the previously learned meaning. Moreover, significantly less positive LPC was found in the unrelated new meaning condition relative to the related new meaning condition, showing a mediation of semantic similarity in the perturbation effect. We conclude that learning L2 new meaning has a backward interference effect on accessing the previously learned meaning and this effect is modulated by semantic similarity. These findings provide supporting evidence for the interaction mechanism of learning the multiple meanings of L2 ambiguous words.
Lake level controls the recurrence of giant stromatolite facies
Authors: Ingalls Miquela , Fetrow Anne C. , Snell Kathryn E. , Frantz Carie M. , Trower Elizabeth J. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractStromatolites have often served as a diagnostic carbonate facies for deep‐time palaeoclimatic and geobiological studies because they may form under favourable environmental conditions for microbially mediated carbonate production. ‘Giant’ (<5 m) stromatolites occur in the Laney Member of the Eocene Green River Formation in the Vermillion Creek section of the Sand Wash Basin (north‐west Colorado, USA). Giant stromatolite growth was hypothesized to have been promoted by both availability of large substrates as nucleation sites and physicochemical factors, including increased calcium carbonate mineral saturation states due to the generally warmer Eocene climate and a dynamic period in Lake Gosiute’s hydrological balance. Depositional horizons of giant stromatolites were observed at two distinct stratigraphic levels, which demonstrated that the formation of the giant morphotype was not a unique occurrence, and provided an opportunity to examine both onset and cessation of stromatolite development. Coincident increases in carbonate clumped isotope‐derived temperatures, the carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of lake water (δ18Ow), carbonate mineral saturation states (Ω) estimated by ooid size, and salinity estimated by ostracod assemblages demonstrated that formation of giant stromatolites was facilitated by lake level drawdown. Decreased lake levels: (i) promoted carbonate precipitation; and (ii) positioned benthic microbial communities within the photic zone. Field and petrographic analyses revealed that the giants preserved micritic laminations, ‘trapped and bound’ grains, and aragonite fans, interpreted as reflecting contributions from both microbially mediated and abiotic carbonate mineral precipitation. Field and microscopic sedimentological and stable isotope data indicated that giant stromatolite growth ceased as a result of subaerial exposure of mounds during lake level lows. Although microbial mediation of carbonate chemistry was seemingly important for initiation of stromatolite growth, this work demonstrated that stromatolite macromorphology was dominantly controlled by availability of large substrates, lake level and resultant solute chemistry, i.e. increased Ω.
Determining T and B Cell development by TREC/KREC analysis in primary immunodeficiency patients and healthy controls
Authors: Şentürk Gizem , Ng Yuk Yin , Eltan Sevgi Bilgiç , Başer Dilek , Ogulur Ismail , Altındirek Didem , Fırtına Sinem , Yılmaz Hülya , Kocamış Burcu , Kıykım Ayça , Camcıoğlu Yıldız , Ar Muhlis Cem , Sudutan Tuğçe , Beken Serdar , Temel Şehime G. , Alanay Yasemin , Karakoc‐Aydiner Elif , Barış Safa , Özen Ahmet , Özbek Uğur , Sayitoğlu Müge , Hatırnaz Ng Özden 
Published: December 2021

AbstractT cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) and kappa‐deleting excision circles (KRECs) are DNA fragments potentially indicative of T and B cell development, respectively. Recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) are a subset of peripheral cells that may also represent thymic function. Here, we investigated TREC/KREC copy numbers by quantitative real‐time PCR in the peripheral blood of patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs, n = 145) and that of healthy controls (HCs, n = 86) and assessed the correlation between RTEs and TREC copy numbers. We found that TREC copy numbers were significantly lower in children and adults with PIDs (P < .0001 and P < .002, respectively) as compared with their respective age‐matched HCs. A moderate correlation was observed between TREC copies and RTE numbers among children with PID (r = .5114, P < .01), whereas no significant correlation was detected between RTE values and TREC content in the HCs (r = .0205, P = .9208). Additionally, we determined TREC and KREC copy numbers in DNA isolated from the Guthrie cards of 200 newborns and showed that this method is applicable to DNA isolated from both peripheral blood samples and dried blood spots, with the two sample types showing comparable TREC and KREC values. We further showed that RTE values are not always reliable markers of T cell output. Although additional confirmatory studies with larger cohorts are needed, our results provide thresholds for TREC/KREC copy numbers for different age groups.
Explaining differences in one teacher’s instruction across multiple tracked fifth‐grade classes
Authors: Webel Corey , Conner Kimberly A. , Sheffel Christina 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this article, we describe the case of “Keri,” a fifth‐grade teacher who had completed an Elementary Mathematics Specialist (EMS) certification program. Drawn from a larger study investigating the knowledge, beliefs, and practices of EMSs, Keri's case was unique in that she was teaching mathematics to four classes in a departmentalized structure, where students were placed into different classes according to perceived mathematics ability. Observations from the larger study revealed that Keri's instructional practices did not align with her reported beliefs and knowledge. To explore this deviation, we conducted a case study where we observed Keri's instruction across multiple classes and used interviews to explore reasons for Keri's instructional decisions in terms of her perceived professional obligations. We found that Keri did employ practices that were aligned with her reported beliefs and knowledge such as pressing students for mathematical justifications, but only in her “higher ability” classes. Interview data suggested that Keri's decisions were driven by a strong obligation to individual students, overriding other obligations. We describe implications of these findings, including the limitations of teacher assessments and surveys as proxies for teaching quality, and discuss recommendations for approaches to teacher development that account for teachers’ perceived obligations.
The politics of vaccine hesitancy in the United States
Authors: Cao Jian , Ramirez Christina M. , Alvarez R. Michael 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectiveWhy are Americans COVID‐19 vaccine hesitant? We test social science hypotheses for vaccine hesitancy, focusing on partisanship, trust in institutions, and social‐demographic characteristics of registered voters.MethodsWe use survey data from a representative sample of American registered voters collected in November 2020 to study vaccine hesitancy, and the reasons for vaccine hesitancy, at a point in time before the vaccine was available and hence show underlying responses based on beliefs and not on clinical trial data. We use multivariate logistic regression models to test hypotheses on vaccine hesitancy.ResultsWe find that consistently similar groups of people tend to be vaccine hesitant. Specifically, black voters, those between the ages of 45 and 64, female voters, voters without college degrees, voters not worried about the spread of COVID‐19, and voters who are concerned about government and the CDC's handling of the COVID‐19 pandemic, were vaccine hesitant. We also provide intriguing results showing the nuanced reasons that the vaccine hesitant provide.ConclusionsOur analysis allows us to establish important baseline information from a social science perspective on vaccine hesitancy at a crucial time, right before COVID‐19 vaccines were beginning to be made available to adult Americans. What emerges from our analysis is a nuanced perspective on vaccine hesitancy in the United States, from this important point in the history of the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Gender ‘Translation’ And Distributed Gender: Evidence From The Norwegian DP And Language Mixing*
Authors: Åfarli Tor Anders , Nygård Mari , Riksem Brita Ramsevik 
Published: December 2021

AbstractTaking as our point of departure an important distinction between gender as a semantic/conceptual property and gender as a formal morphological property, we argue, assuming a broadly Distributed Morphology/exoskeletal theoretical approach, that formal gender languages, for gender to be visible to the inflectional system, exploit a mechanism that translates semantic/conceptual gender into formal gender by valuing an unvalued formal gender feature. We propose that even though all formal gender features on the DP spine are initially unvalued, only the lowest locus of the unvalued gender feature is valued by the translation mechanism. Subsequent gender agreement is accomplished by probe – goal valuing. Next, we inquire about the exact locus of the lowest formal gender feature. We argue first that gender in the Norwegian DP is a formal feature on an already existing functional head. Then, based on Norwegian – English language mixing, we argue that the lowest locus of the formal gender feature may vary depending on the size of the non‐gender chunk mixed from English. In other words, there is no designated functional head where the lowest gender feature is always generated, and the formal unvalued gender feature at any functional head can in principle be the lowest formal gender feature.
Phospholipase Dε interacts with autophagy‐related protein 8 and promotes autophagy in Arabidopsis response to nitrogen deficiency
Authors: Yao Shuaibing , Peng Shuming , Wang Xuemin 
Published: December 2021

SUMMARYAutophagy delivers cellular cargoes for degradation and plays an important role in nutrient recycling under nutrient limitation. A critical component in autophagy is the lipidation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to autophagy‐related protein 8 (ATG8) to form ATG8‐PE. Here we show that phospholipase Dε (PLDε) in Arabidopsis cells interacts with ATG8 and hydrolyzes ATG8‐PE conjugates. In response to nitrogen deficiency, the transcript and protein levels of PLDε increase and additionally, an increasing amount of PLDε became associated with intracellular membranes compared with its primary plasma membrane association under sufficient nitrogen in Arabidopsis seedlings. PLDε‐knockout (KO) plants have a lower number, whereas PLDε‐overexpressing (OE) plants have a higher number of autophagosomes than that in wild‐type plants during nitrogen starvation. The level of ATG8‐PE is lower in PLDε‐KO, but higher in PLDε‐OE plants than in wild‐type plants. PLDε‐KO and PLDε‐OE Arabidopsis seedlings display accelerated and delayed leaf senescence, respectively, during nitrogen limitation. The results suggest that PLDε promotes autophagy in the plant response to nitrogen deficiency. The multifaceted effects of PLDε activity and interaction with ATG8 on autophagic processes are discussed.
Tracking the ancestry of known and ‘ghost’ homeologous subgenomes in model grass Brachypodium polyploids
Authors: Sancho Rubén , Inda Luis A. , Díaz‐Pérez Antonio , Des Marais David L. , Gordon Sean , Vogel John P. , Lusinska Joanna , Hasterok Robert , Contreras‐Moreira Bruno , Catalán Pilar 
Published: December 2021

SUMMARYUnraveling the evolution of plant polyploids is a challenge when their diploid progenitor species are extinct or unknown or when genome sequences of known progenitors are unavailable. Existing subgenome identification methods cannot adequately infer the homeologous genomes that are present in the allopolyploids if they do not take into account the potential existence of unknown progenitors. We addressed this challenge in the widely distributed dysploid grass genus Brachypodium, which is a model genus for temperate cereals and biofuel grasses. We used a transcriptome‐based phylogeny and newly designed subgenome detection algorithms coupled with a comparative chromosome barcoding analysis. Our phylogenomic subgenome detection pipeline was validated in Triticum allopolyploids, which have known progenitor genomes, and then used to infer the identities of three subgenomes derived from extant diploid species and four subgenomes derived from unknown diploid progenitors (ghost subgenomes) in six Brachypodium polyploids (B. mexicanum, B. boissieri, B. retusum, B. phoenicoides, B. rupestre and B. hybridum), of which five contain undescribed homeologous subgenomes. The existence of the seven Brachypodium progenitor genomes in the polyploids was confirmed by their karyotypic barcode profiles. Comparative phylogenomics of nuclear versus plastid trees allowed us to formulate hypothetical homoploid hybridizations and allo‐ and autopolyploidization scenarios that could have generated the six Brachypodium polyploids.
Body mapping chart for estimation of percentage of body surface area in mesocephalic dogs
Authors: Henriksson Andrea , Kuo Kendon , Gerken Katherine , Cline Kelsey , Hespel Adrien‐Maxence , Cole Robert , Moon Rachel 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo create a chart for estimating body surface area (BSA) for use in canine burn victims, similar to the human Rule of Nines.DesignProspective study, from 2016 to 2017.SettingUniversity teaching hospital.AnimalsNine adult, medium‐sized, mesocephalic dogs (5 females, 4 males).InterventionsSedated dogs and fresh cadavers underwent full‐body computed tomography (CT) scans. A 3‐dimensional technique was used to calculate the surface area of specific body parts, as well as the surface area of the whole body. With the obtained measurements, a BSA chart was created.Measurements and Main ResultsEstimates for percent of total BSA obtained with CT images were as follows: head and abdomen 14%, respectively, neck and each of the thoracic limbs 9%, thorax 18%, pelvic limbs 11% each, and pelvis including the tail 5%. The most considerable differences between dogs and people in respect to the Rule of Nines chart were noticed in the head, the pelvic limbs, as well as in the groin region in people as compared with the pelvic/tail area in dogs. The surface areas of the front legs and thorax were the only body parts that corresponded with that of human body surfaces.ConclusionsA chart for estimating canine body surface was created. Given the diversity of dog breeds, sizes, and body conformation, our results cannot be generalized to all dogs. Studies of more diverse populations are warranted.
Physiological control of fetal heart rate variability during labour: implications and controversies
Authors: Tournier Alexane , Beacom Michael , Westgate Jenny A. , Bennet Laura , Garabedian Charles , Ugwumadu Austin , Gunn Alistair J. , Lear Christopher A. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe interpretation of fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns is the only available method to continuously monitor fetal well‐being during labour. One of the most important yet contentious aspects of the FHR pattern is changes in FHR variability (FHRV). Some clinical studies suggest that loss of FHRV during labour is a sign of fetal compromise so this is reflected in practice guidelines. Surprisingly, there is little systematic evidence to support this observation. In this review we methodically dissect the potential pathways controlling FHRV during labour‐like hypoxaemia. Before labour, FHRV is controlled by the combined activity of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, in part regulated by a complex interplay between fetal sleep state and behaviour. By contrast, preclinical studies using multiple autonomic blockades have now shown that sympathetic neural control of FHRV was potently suppressed between periods of labour‐like hypoxaemia, and thus, that the parasympathetic system is the sole neural regulator of FHRV once FHR decelerations are present during labour. We further discuss the pattern of changes in FHRV during progressive fetal compromise and highlight potential biochemical, behavioural and clinical factors that may regulate parasympathetic‐mediated FHRV during labour. Further studies are needed to investigate the regulators of parasympathetic activity to better understand the dynamic changes in FHRV and their true utility during labour.
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