bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ON CORPORAL PUNISHMENT OF CHILDREN IN ENGLAND (1880)
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

The annotation cited below concerning corporal punishment may strike modern readers as excessively cruel. In the mid-nineteenth century, however, few would have been offended by the use of a birch-rod in disciplining children.
No one who has had much to do with children can doubt that punishment is necessary to their proper discipline, or that sometimes it needs to be administered with considerable severity. The sentimental theory that children can be trained and taught "wholly by kindness" generally issues in a practice which is the converse of the principle laid down by Hamlet—"I must be cruel to be kind." There are, however, certain forms of punishment which compare most unfavourably with the old-fashioned birch, and ought to be discouraged, if not interdicted. We have repeatedly pointed out the evils and injuries likely to result from the boxing of ears and the smacking of faces. These "methods" should be summarily repressed by those who are the masters of school-masters and school-mistresses. Cases which have recently occurred have too forcibly illustrated the truth and need of our many warnings, Nevertheless, punishments of this class are still daily inflicted, and until some hard lessons have been taught the pedagogues who resort to this stupid mode of stimulating the dull intellect, there will be consequences of which the few that come to public knowledge are probably a small percentage. The practice of keeping children without their proper food, of locking them in dark closets, or even of placing them in solitary confinement in light rooms, cannot be defended, because they are injurious to body or mind. The imposition of tasks is a shortsighted policy, seeing that it makes learning a terror, whereas it ought to be a delight. Can no disciplinarian devise a suitable discipline for youth"? Until that discovery is made, it would be better to fall back on the old birch, properly and moderately applied. It made the flesh smart, but it broke no bones; and few, if any, of its so-called victims failed to profit by its occasional administration.
MEDICARE'S MONEY PIT
Authors: M. R. J. 
Published: December 2021

Medicare, which was advertised in 1965 as a modest program to protect senior citizens from bankruptcy, has become the federal budget's $100 billion money pit . . .
Within 15 years Medicare outlays will equal those for defense or Social Security. Only seven years after that, Medicare spending will equal that for Social Security and defense combined . . .
. . . as Senator Ellender understood, who won't take a check when someone else is writing it? Medicare taxes the young to care for the old, but it offers the old no incentive to think about, much less restrain, the cost of their care. The elderly we know hardly want to burden their grandchildren, yet Medicare's socialist incentives are encouraging them to do just that.
Report of the Task Force on Circumcision
Authors:   AAP TASK FORCE ON CIRCUMCISION
Published: December 2021

Properly performed newborn circumcision prevents phimosis, paraphimosis, and balanoposthitis and has been shown to decrease the incidence of cancer of the penis among US men. It may result in a decreased incidence of urinary tract infection. However, in the absence of well-designed prospective studies, conclusions regarding the relationship of urinary tract infection to circumcision are tentative. An increased incidence of cancer of the cervix has been found in sexual partners of uncircumcised men infected with human papillomavirus. Evidence concerning the association of sexually transmitted diseases and circumcision is conflicting.
Newborn circumcision is a rapid and generally safe procedure when performed by an experienced operator. It is an elective procedure to be performed only if an infant is stable and healthy. Infants respond to the procedure with transient behavioral and physiologic changes.
Local anesthesia (dorsal penile nerve block) may reduce the observed physiologic response to newborn circumcision. It also has its own inherent risks. However, reports of extensive experience or follow-up with the technique in newborns are lacking.
Newborn circumcision has potential medical benefits and advantages as well as disadvantages and risks. When circumcision is being considered, the benefits and risks should be explained to the parents and informed consent obtained.
Exericise and the Asthmatic Child
Authors:   Section on Allergy and Immunology,   Section on Diseases of the Chest
Published: December 2021

Airway obstruction often develops in children with asthma after physical exertion. This exerciseinduced bronchoconstriction on asthma is not limited to children with asthma but also occurs in children with allergic rhinitis without clinically necognizable asthma. Typically, 5 to 8 minutes of vigorous exercise is sufficient to make the child short of breath, and symptoms of coughing, chest tightness, and wheezing begin shortly afterward. Chest pain, shortness of breath, and/on chest tightness may be the only complaints. Usually, within ½ to 1 hour, the episode subsides spontaneously. Some children appear to also have a delayed (4 to 12 hours) response to exercise, with the same symptoms that were present immediately after exercise.
The severity of such an attack of exercise-induced asthma depends on many factors. Children with poorly controlled asthma may have increased airway obstruction with trivial exercise such as walking or climbing a flight of stairs. The severity of obstruction at the onset of exercise may contribute as well, because an attack that begins with partially obstructed airways may end with more obstructed airways. The cold, dry ambient air significantly increases obstruction, as do many industrial pollutants, particularly sulfur dioxide. Both reactivity and obstruction may worsen with or after a viral infection on with allergen exposure, so that an asthmatic child's response to exercise may vary dramatically from day to day.
The exercise itself is an important variable but is individualized. Strenuous exercise increases the severity of the asthma and a short, intense effort may induce exercise-induced asthma as well as a longer, less intense effort.
Amenorrhea in Adolescent Athletes
Authors:   COMMITTEE ON SPORTS MEDICINE
Published: December 2021

A minority of female athletes participating in ballet, gymnastics, distance running, rowing, and cycling, as well as other sports activities, occasionally experience menstrual and associated physiologic changes. Women competing in the sports of ballet and gymnastics have been reported to have a particularly increased incidence of primary and secondary amenorrhea, decreased bone density, stress fractures, and symptoms of anorexia nervosa. Results of several studies have indicated decreased levels of circulating estrogen as well as other metabolic changes.
Research designed to determine the etiology of the amenorrhea and the associated changes has shown mixed results.
Low body fat cannot be linked in a causative fashion to hormonal changes or decreased levels of circulating estrogen. Early studies linking minimum body fat and menarche, as well as maintenance of regular menstrual cycles, have not been replicated. However, measurement of percentage of body fat may be helpful in assessing the nutritional status of athletes.
Ballet and gymnastics are perceived by some to be activities that are stressful psychologically. Although stress has been shown to cause amenorrhea, studies to date have not demonstrated the presence of significantly increased levels compared with agematched girls not participating in ballet and gymnastics.
Some authors have postulated that tall, thin athletes who may be genetically at risk for delayed maturation are naturally attracted to these sports. Some of the delays may relate to preselection. However, no evidence currently exists proving a definite relationship between preselection and the physiologic changes in these athletes.
There is an increased emphasis by athletes, coaches, judges, and spectators on a slender physique for female gymnasts and ballet dancers.
In Reply: Supplemental Security Income Benefits for Children
Authors: FOX HARRIETFE B. 
Published: December 2021

Mr Stein's letter speaks to a serious access problem because SSI eligibility in most states guarantees disabled children not only financial assistance but Medicaid coverage as well. Having recently completed a federally funded study of disabled children's access to SSI and Medicaid benefits, I am well aware of the various obstacles to these children's eligibility.
Federal law establishes that children who suffer from a physical or mental impairment equal in severity to one that would prevent an adult from working are to be considered disabled for purposes of SSI eligibility.
Mortality Rates
Authors: BABSON S. GORHAM 
Published: December 2021

We are fortunate to receive Myron Wegman's annual summary of vital statistics in the December issue of Pediatrics. This valuable information is not readily available to the pediatrician.
I am somewhat discomforted by the emphasis continually made by health authorities and lay press on the United States' unfavorable international position in its infant mortality rate of 10.4 per 1000 live-born infants—now 19th in relation to other advanced countries for 1986. However, eight of these countries have less than 100 000 births each year, and most of them have relative ethnic homogeneity.
"CRACK" NEONATES AND THEIR MOTHERS
Authors: Student  
Published: December 2021

"This is very unfulfilling. You stay up nights with these babies trying to keep them alive, and you realize there's an unacceptable home situation they're going to, without a caring set of parents," said [a neonatologist].
The absence of maternal feeling among some crack users is chilling.
Recently, in the middle of the night [the neonatologist] was called into the hospital nursery to resuscitate a one-pound, three-ounce baby, 14 weeks premature, the offspring of a habitual crack user in her late teens.
"When I told the mother, (the baby) was critically ill, she said, `I was going to get an abortion, but I was too busy,' " said [the doctor].
"I said, `Do you want to touch your baby? Your baby is dying.' The only thing she said is, `What time is breakfast?' " The young woman vanished right after her meal.
In Reply: Growth of Children With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: NELSON RICHARD P. , REMPEL GINA , COLWELL SARAH O. 
Published: December 2021

Dr Haruda suggests that deficient somatic growth in children with severe cerebral palsy may be the consequence of "bilateral hemiatrophy." This concept is an attractive potential cause, but basic physiologic mechanisms remain elusive.
The validity of linear growth measurements in our study is at issue in Dr Fidone's correspondence. All measurements of children obtained in this study were performed by several trained staff of the cerebral palsy service at Gillette Children's Hospital. We acknowledge the difficulties in securing reliable measurement in children with skeletal deformity, but the large majority of children were young and did not have fixed contractures.
GERBER = BRISTOL MYERS = MEAD JOHNSON
Authors: L. J. F. 
Published: December 2021

For decades, the $1.6 billion infant formula industry in the U.S. has billed itself as the pediatric community's "helpful ally."
But now, aided by No. 2-ranked Bristol-Myers Co., Gerber Products Co. is staging an end-run around the physician's office to respond to what it sees as "mothers' growing influence and independence" in choosing formulas.
As expected, Gerber yesterday unveiled its Gerber Baby Formula at a news conference in New York. The formula . . . will be put on the market in September . . . Gerber will devote scant effort to wooing pediatricians, who have traditionally recommended infant formula to mothers.
Instead, the Fremont Mich.-based baby food maker is unleashing its 600-member sales force on supermarkets and is launching a multimillion dollar print and television campaign.
NATIONAL DAY OF PRAYER
Authors: Barness Lewis A. 
Published: December 2021

A national day of prayer has been recognized as a part of our country's heritage since it was declared by the Continental Congress in 1775.... Officially it is the first Thursday of every May; this year it falls on May 5.
We could trust the spirit of President Abraham Lincoln who, in despair, said, "I have been driven many times upon my knees by the overwhelming conviction that I had nowhere else to go."
This is the anxiety felt by 13-million American children who are "Poorest in a Land of Plenty," title given a film produced by the National Council of Churces, to be introduced on Mother's Day, May 14 (NBC, 1 pm). The NCC's statistics show that "One out of every five children in America is poor; among 20 industrialized nations the USA has the third highest infant mortality rate; among industrialized nations only the USA and South Africa fail to provide comprehensive health care for children and pregnant women.
Prenatal Diagnosis for Pediatricians
Authors:   Committee on Genetics
Published: December 2021

This statement is for the pediatrician who may be called upon to care for the child with a birth defect or genetic disorder. The involved family may wish to know and may benefit from methods that convert probability statements about recurrence risks into facts about the fetus. Many families will find knowledge and choice better than chance.
Rapid advances in technology have prompted the Committee on Genetics to retire the June 1980 statement and to prepare a new one. The purpose of this revised statement is to inform the pediatrician about the current status of antenatal diagnosis as it relates to genetic and family counseling in clinical practice.
The pediatrician may be called upon to help address questions about the natural history of the disorder under consideration and the possibility of intrauterine treatment. Prenatal diagnosis can give information that may improve the outcome of pregnancy and can be helpful to the obstetrician in the management of labor and delivery. The availability of prenatal diagnosis gives couples options they might not otherwise have, including termination of an affected pregnancy or preparation for the birth of an abnormal child. This enables many couples to have children, when without this information they would have chosen to be childless.
The techniques currently in use or under investigation for prenatal diagnosis include (1) fetal tissue sampling: amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, percutaneous umbilical blood sampling, precutaneous skin biopsy, and other organ biopsies; (2) fetal visualization: ultrasound, fetoscopy, magnetic resonance imaging, and radiography; and (3) maternal serum α-fetoprotein screening.
INDICATIONS FOR FETAL TISSUE SAMPLING
In Reply: Neonatal Prevalence of Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Antibodies in California
Authors: NICHOLAS STEPHEN W. , SONDHEIMER DIANE L. , WILLOUGHBY ANNE , HOFF RODNEY 
Published: December 2021

The preliminary data from the California survey of heelstick samples from newborns indicate a lower rate of HIV seroprevalence in childbearing women than was reported for Massachusetts and New York. It is also interesting that the rate for California female military recruits matches that of childbearing women.
The lower HIV seroprevalence rates in California women compared with East Coast states raises important questions about differing patterns of HIV transmission to women in the two areas. Regional stratification of the statewide rates, especially for inner-city neighborhoods, should provide relevant data for understanding these patterns.
NutraSweet Overdosage
Authors: BUTCHKO HARRIETT H. , STRATHMAN IRVIN 
Published: December 2021

This letter is prompted by a call from a pediatrician attending a child who had ingested 50 Equal tablets containing NutraSweet brand sweetener (aspartame). This physician expressed concern about treatment for this "overdose." Although aspartame is a food additive and not a drug, comprehensive information regarding aspartame is readily available in both Poisindex and Drugdex.
Aspartame is a dipeptide of aspartic acid and the methyl ester of phenylalanine. Extensive studies have shown that aspartame is metabolized to its constituent amino acids and methanol in the gastrointestinal tract, which are then absorbed and metabolized in the same way as when they are derived from common everyday foods.
TRENDS IN COCAINE ADDICTION
Authors: Student  
Published: December 2021

The National Institute on Drug Abuse estimates that two million to three million Americans abused cocaine in 1985. . .[A current] estimate is that at least three million Americans abuse the drug, and 40 percent of them use crack, the powerfully addictive, smokable form of cocaine.
"There has been a major decrease in use among the affluent and educated and a substantial increase in use by the young, poor and uneducated," [an expert said].
PARENTHOOD II
Authors: Student  
Published: December 2021

Growing numbers of middle-aged Americans whose children have grown up and gone off, or those who assumed they would soon have an empty nest, are leaving the porch light on for offspring who are returning home to stay well into their 20s and 30s. . . It's like Parenthood II.
Rising housing costs and beginning pay rates that have not gone up as fast as those of more experienced workers have been identified as two major causes of this trend. But recent research suggests an even more important explanation: Young Americans are in fact having difficulty growing up, many are spoiled by their parents' affluence and unwilling to go out on their own and settle for less.
BLOOD BANKS FACING HUNDREDS OF AIDS SUITS
Authors: L. J. F. 
Published: December 2021

Blood bank officials in the United States are sounding an alarm because they are facing hundreds of lawsuits from people stricken with AIDS after receiving transfusions.
Issue of Screening Test
The suits generally involve transfusions received before mid-1985, when blood banks started using a screening test that detects antibodies to the AIDS virus in the blood. The central legal issue involves negligence: before the screening test was entirely in place, were the blood banks negligent in their efforts to keep the virus out of the blood supply?
The blood banks. . . say the AIDS threat was not fully understood immediately and it was not always clear that the tests would be reliable. Moreover, they say it was often impractical to move more rapidly.
While the test has made the nation's blood supply much safer, Federal experts at the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta estimate that 12,000 people now living in the United States have been infected with the AIDS virus in blood transfusions. Of these, 2,170 adults and 177 children have developed AIDS so far.
MOTHER FIGHTS TO RUIN THE TASTE OF POISON
Authors: L. J. F. 
Published: December 2021

On March 6, a mother in Oregon watched a public television report about British companies that were discouraging children from eating poisonous household products by lacing them with Bitrex, the world's bitterest flavoring agent.
The woman, Lynn Tylczak, who has two small children and lives in Albany, 60 miles south of Portland, began a letter-writing campaign that is focusing attention on poison prevention. She may also be speeding Bitrex's journey to supermarket shelves in products like detergents, nail-polish removers, rodenticides and antifreeze.
"Mrs. Tylczak has already achieved a certain victory by bringing national attention to this issue," said Linda Golodner, executive director of the National Consumers League in Washington. "She has shown that a single consumer can make a difference."
Now she is encouraging manufacturers to add Bitrex to their products by sharing with them letters of support that are sent to her group, the Poison-Proff Project (4384 S.E. Ermine Street, Albany, Ore. 97321).
`A Very Promising Area'
Consumer and safety organizations in the United States are beginning to notice. On May 5, the National Safety Council, a 13,000-member public-service organization, called on manufacturers to use Bitrex in all appropriate household products.
"Bitrex is the most bitter substance known to man," according to the Merck Index.
In 1982, some British companies began using Bitrex in household products to deter inquisitive children, but the practice did not grow until two years ago, when the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents endorsed its use.
OFF THE GROUND
Authors: L. J. F. 
Published: December 2021

In assessing most events, much can depend on your point of view. Consider this: The U.S. Air Force recently announced in a short news release that a Midgetman missile, under development since 1983 and making its first test flight, was "successfully launched" from Vandenberg Air Force Base on the central California coast.
"However," the release continued, "at approximately 70 seconds into the launch an anomaly occurred in stage II causing the range safety officer to initiate the command destruct sequence." Meaning: The missile blew up. That's successful?
Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Intracranial Hemorrhage: Cause or Association? Inferences From Surfactant Clinical Trials
Authors: LEVITON ALAN , VANMARTER LINDA , KUBAN KARL C. K. 
Published: December 2021

Among preterm newborns, those with respiratory distress syndrome are at increased risk of intracranial hemorrhage. Three hypotheses have been offered as explanation for this association.
In the biology hypothesis, respiratory distress syndrome in one way or another increases the risk of intracranial hemorrhage. Variations on this hypothesis incorporate specific adverse effects of respiratory distress, such as grunting (ie, increased intrathoracic pressure leads to increased cranial intravascular pressure), impaired cerebral blood flow, and acidosis.
In the second hypothesis, treatment of respiratory distress increases the risk of intracranial hemorrhage. For example, rapid infusion of buffer for treatment of acidosis was once thought to influence the risk of bleeding into the brain, although substantiation has not been provided.
TALE OF THREE CITIES
Authors: Student  
Published: December 2021

Hospitalization accounts for a large proportion of the expenditures for child health care, and differences in the rate of hospitalization may produce important variations in the cost of that care. We studied the rates of hospitalization in Boston, Rochester (N.Y.), and New Haven (Conn.) in 1982.
We assigned the risk of hospitalization in Rochester a score of 1.00. Boston children were hospitalized at more than twice the rate of Rochester children for most medical diagnostic categories (relative risk, 2.65; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.53 to 2.78), and the rate for the New Haven group was intermediate (relative risk, 1.80;95 percent confidence interval, 1.68 to 1.93).
MORE DEBATE AND MORE EVIDENCE NEEDED
Authors: Student  
Published: December 2021

Taking decisions about life sustaining treatment can be stressful for health professionals, whose training may have included little if any clinical ethics and health care law. House officers and nurses are often reported to be confused about what sort of care should be provided, and doctors' and patients' views of whether or not the patient should be resuscitated may conflict.
In view of our medical conservatism perhaps we need a wider debate about life sustaining protocols. Taking part should be not only actual and potential patients but also the many groups who staff hospitals. One difficulty is the lack of research into the processes and effects of life sustaining treatment and its withdrawal on all concerned. If institutional protocols catch on they should be evaluated even if they seem obviously beneficial.