bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A ball fight, the law of mass action and the Le Chatelier Principle – a sustainable analogy to teach the dynamic equilibrium. Invitation to discussion and further development
Authors: von Borstel Gregor , Böhm Andreas 
Published: June 2021

AbstractVorgestellt wird eine weitreichende Analogie als hilfreiche Verknüpfung von makroskopischer und mathematisch‐symbolischer Betrachtungsebene. Die modellhafte Darstellung der Bälleschlacht im Kinderzimmer ist mehrfach erfolgreich in Unterrichtsreihen zur Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit sowie zur Einstellung, Störung und Veränderung von Gleichgewichten eingesetzt worden, um den Lernenden ein vernetztes Verständnis über alle drei Betrachtungsebenen nach Johnstone zu ermöglichen. Gerne möchten wir eine Diskussion und Weiterentwicklung anregen und stellen alle Materialien dazu unter CC‐BY‐SA 4.0 zur Verfügung.
Utilizing Zebrafish Embryos to Reveal Disruptions in Dorsoventral Patterning
Authors: Dasgupta Subham , Cheng Vanessa , Volz David C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDorsoventral (DV) patterning is a key landmark of embryonic development that is primarily regulated by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. Disruption of DV patterning can result in downstream effects on cell specification and organogenesis. Zebrafish embryos have been extensively used to understand signaling pathways that regulate DV patterning because zebrafish embryos develop ex utero and, in contrast to mammalian embryos, which develop in utero, can be observed in real time using brightfield and fluorescence microscopy. Embryos with disrupted DV patterning are either dorsalized or ventralized, with lack of development of head or trunk/tail structures, respectively. Although these phenotypes are typically accompanied by effects on BMP signaling, exceptions exist where some drugs or environmental chemicals can disrupt DV patterning in the absence of effects on BMP signaling. Therefore, assessments of DV patterning should be accompanied by BMP signaling–specific readouts to confirm the role of BMP disruption. Here, we describe an exposure paradigm and steps for phenotyping zebrafish embryos for two types of DV defects, dorsalization and ventralization, with a range of severities. In addition, we describe a strategy for whole‐mount immunohistochemistry of zebrafish embryos with an antibody specific for phospho‐SMAD 1/5/9 (pSMAD 1/5/9), as disruption in pSMAD 1/5/9 localization is indicative of an effect on BMP signaling. Taken together, these protocols describe an initial strategy for evaluating DV patterning defects under various experimental conditions and confirming BMP‐mediated DV patterning disruptions, which can be followed by additional studies that aim to uncover mechanisms leading to these adverse phenotypes. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.This article was corrected on 2 August 2022. See the end of the full text for details.Basic Protocol 1: Phenotyping for dorsalization and ventralizationBasic Protocol 2: Whole‐mount immunohistochemistry with antibody to phospho‐SMAD 1/5/9
A Stable High‐Capacity Lithium‐Ion Battery Using a Biomass‐Derived Sulfur‐Carbon Cathode and Lithiated Silicon Anode
Authors: Marangon Vittorio , Hernández‐Rentero Celia , Olivares‐Marín Mara , Gómez‐Serrano Vicente , Caballero Álvaro , Morales Julián , Hassoun Jusef 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA full lithium‐ion‐sulfur cell with a remarkable cycle life was achieved by combining an environmentally sustainable biomass‐derived sulfur‐carbon cathode and a pre‐lithiated silicon oxide anode. X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry of the cathode evidenced the disordered nature of the carbon matrix in which sulfur was uniformly distributed with a weight content as high as 75 %, while scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed the micrometric morphology of the composite. The sulfur‐carbon electrode in the lithium half‐cell exhibited a maximum capacity higher than 1200 mAh gS−1, reversible electrochemical process, limited electrode/electrolyte interphase resistance, and a rate capability up to C/2. The material showed a capacity decay of about 40 % with respect to the steady‐state value over 100 cycles, likely due to the reaction with the lithium metal of dissolved polysulfides or impurities including P detected in the carbon precursor. Therefore, the replacement of the lithium metal with a less challenging anode was suggested, and the sulfur‐carbon composite was subsequently investigated in the full lithium‐ion‐sulfur battery employing a Li‐alloying silicon oxide anode. The full‐cell revealed an initial capacity as high as 1200 mAh gS−1, a retention increased to more than 79 % for 100 galvanostatic cycles, and 56 % over 500 cycles. The data reported herein well indicated the reliability of energy storage devices with extended cycle life employing high‐energy, green, and safe electrode materials.
The Storymaker Wheel: An investigation into how teachers and pupils can use a counter‐culture assessment tool to evaluate creative writing in the classroom
Authors: Elliott Jenny , Southern Alex 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis paper outlines the processes of creating a ‘Storymaker Wheel’, a creativity evaluation tool conceptualised with input from a children's book author, a children's book illustrator, academics and teachers, for teachers and pupils to use to support and develop their creative writing. It documents the ways in which teachers and pupils engaged with the Wheel in three schools in England: a primary pupil referral unit, a primary school and a secondary school. Interviews with teachers and pupils about the Storymaker Wheel, and classroom observations of the Wheel in use, expose some challenges of teaching creative writing within the current English educational context, which we discuss.
Multidecadal effects of fire in a grassland biodiversity hotspot: Does pyrodiversity enhance plant diversity?
Authors: Gordijn Paul J. , O'Connor Timothy G. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractNative grasslands have been vastly transformed with the expansion of human activities. Applied fire regimes offer conservation‐based management an opportunity to enhance remaining grassland biodiversity and secure its persistence into the future. Fire regimes have complex interactions with abiotic and biotic ecosystem components that influence environmental heterogeneity and biodiversity. We examined the pyrodiversity–biodiversity hypothesis, which suggests that more species are supported where pyrodiversity, that is, the level of environmental heterogeneity associated with different fire regimes, is greater. A mesocosm‐type field experiment, maintained for 38 yr, was used to determine the response of plant diversity to 1‐, 2‐, 5‐ and 12‐yr fire‐return interval treatments, with early‐dormant, middormant and early–growing season burns. Our sampling regime was designed to assess the influence of fire treatments and combinations thereof, over spatial scale, on plant diversity. Pyrodiversity was maximized where fire regime diversity, simulated by varying the size of patches with different fire treatments, was greatest. Species richness was predicted to be reduced at short and long extremes of fire‐return interval, as suggested by the intermediate‐disturbance hypothesis. The influence of fire treatments on alpha and beta diversity, and plant functional groups, were tested using multivariate and Bayesian models. Multilevel models of plant height and growth form, with fire‐return interval, reflected the strong indirect influence of fire‐return interval on sward structure and the plant environment. The pyrodiversity–biodiversity and intermediate‐disturbance hypotheses were only partially supported and depended on the plant group and spatial scale of assessment. Although both frequent and infrequent burns made important contributions to overall species richness, richness peaked where 20–40% of the area was protected from frequent fires. The larger contribution of frequent burning to diversity was due to an interaction with scale and forb turnover over the trial area. Extremes in fire‐return intervals reduced forb richness, supporting the predictions of the intermediate‐disturbance hypothesis. Spring burns had a weak negative influence on forb alpha diversity, but only at small scales. For a meaningful contribution of management to plant diversity, traditional fixed biennial burns need to be supplemented with smaller patches burned with longer fire‐return intervals, and extremes in fire‐return intervals avoided.
Internalization of body shape ideals and body dissatisfaction: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Paterna Adrian , Alcaraz‐Ibáñez Manuel , Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz Matthew , Sicilia Álvaro 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe present meta‐analysis summarizes existing evidence on the relationship between the internalization of body shape ideals (IBSI) and body dissatisfaction.MethodPooled effect sizes (r) were computed using a random‐effects model. The robustness of the results was examined using influence analyses. Potential predictors of effect heterogeneity were examined using subgroup analysis and univariable/multivariable meta‐regressions. Publication bias was examined using the three‐parameter selection model (3PSM).ResultsA total of 141 effect‐sizes from 78 studies (N = 39,491) were retrieved. Results revealed medium (r = .25; muscular/athletic‐ideal internalization) to very large (r = .43, general attractiveness‐ideal internalization; and r = .45, thin‐ideal internalization) relationships, all these being largely similar in male and female individuals.DiscussionIBSI and body dissatisfaction were strongly linked: (a) in younger individuals (general attractiveness‐ideal internalization); (b) when IBSI was operationalized in terms of endorsement rather than mere awareness of appearance ideals; (c) in studies of lower methodological quality (muscular/athletic‐ideal internalization); and (d) when IBSI was assessed using instruments involving social comparisons. Given the largely cross‐sectional nature of data included in this meta‐analysis, further testing in prospective and experimental studies is needed to confirm hypotheses about causality of observed associations. Such findings would have impact for prevention and intervention studies.
Damselfly eggs alter their development rate in the presence of an invasive alien cue but not a native predator cue
Authors: Antoł Andrzej , Sniegula Szymon 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBiological invasions are a serious problem in natural ecosystems. Local species that are potential prey of invasive alien predators can be threatened by their inability to recognize invasive predator cues. Such an inability of prey to recognize the presence of the predator supports the naïve prey hypothesis. We exposed eggs of a damselfly, Ischnura elegans, to four treatments: water with no predator cue (control), water with a native predator cue (perch), water with an invasive alien predator cue (spinycheek crayfish) that is present in the damselfly sampling site, and water with an invasive alien predator cue (signal crayfish) that is absent in the damselfly sampling site but is expected to invade it. We measured egg development time, mortality between ovipositing and hatching, and hatching synchrony. Eggs took longer to develop in the signal crayfish group (however, in this group, we also observed high green algae growth), and there was a trend of shorter egg development time in the spinycheek crayfish group than in the control group. There was no difference in egg development time between the perch and the control group. Neither egg mortality nor hatching synchrony differed between groups. We suggest that egg response to signal crayfish could be a general stress reaction to an unfamiliar cue or an artifact due to algae development in this group. The egg response to the spinycheek crayfish cue could be caused by the predation of crayfish on damselfly eggs in nature. The lack of egg response to the perch cue could be caused by perch predation on damselfly larvae rather than on eggs. Such differences in egg responses to alternative predator cues can have important implications for understanding how this group of insects responds to biological invasions, starting from the egg stage.
Fitness comparison of Plutella xylostella on original and marginal hosts using age‐stage, two‐sex life tables
Authors: Yang Fei‐Ying , Chen Jun‐Hui , Ruan Qian‐Qian , Wang Bei‐Bei , Jiao Lu , Qiao Qing‐Xuan , He Wei‐Yi , You Min‐Sheng 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, is an important agricultural pest that severely damages cruciferous vegetables. Although previously considered a threat only to Brassica species, P. xylostella has been observed to feed on noncruciferous vegetables. Here, we established a population of P. xylostella on the pea Pisum sativum (PxP population). We compared this PxP population's performance on the pea host plant to a population (PxR) reared on the original host plant radish (Raphanus sativus) for several generations using an age‐stage, two‐sex life table and analyzed the correlations between different fitness parameters. In the 1st generation of the PxP population, survival rate of immature stage was 17%, while the survival rate of PxR was 68%; the duration of the 4th larval instar (5.30 d) and mortality (25%) of this generation were significantly longer (2.8 d) and higher (1%) than that of PxR, respectively (both p < .001). Upon long‐term acclimation, the PxP fitness improved significantly, especially that the survival rate of immature stages increased to approximately 60% in the 15th, 30th, and 45th generations. However, PxP feeding on pea exhibited poorer fitness with longer larval developmental time, shorter total life span, lighter pupa, and lower fecundity in different generations compared with PxP feeding on radish. PxP feeding on pea also showed a significantly lower intrinsic rate of increase (r), net reproduction rate (R0), finite increase rate (λ), and longer mean generation time (T) than PxP feeding on radish in all generations tested. Significant positive correlations were observed between pupal weight and female fecundity in pea‐fed populations, and between female longevity and female fecundity in pea‐fed and radish‐fed populations. Our findings suggest that P. xylostella adaptation to pea does not improve overall fitness compared with the original host radish, making pea a marginal host for P. xylostella.
Utility of environmental DNA analysis for effective monitoring of invasive fish species in reservoirs
Authors: Jo Toshiaki , Ikeda Saki , Fukuoka Arisa , Inagawa Takashi , Okitsu Jiro , Katano Izumi , Doi Hideyuki , Nakai Katsuki , Ichiyanagi Hidetaka , Minamoto Toshifumi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDam‐mediated biological invasions are a serious problem all over the world. Once established in reservoirs, the invasive species have catastrophic impacts on the river ecosystems downstream, and thus, rapid monitoring of invasive species is an urgent issue for the effective removal of them and the conservation management of native ecosystems. Here, we verified the utility of environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis as a tool to effectively monitor three invasive fish species (bluegill, largemouth bass, and smallmouth bass) in reservoirs using multiplex real‐time PCR. First, to determine the optimal sampling location and season to detect eDNA from these species, we analyzed the eDNA in water samples from shore and offshore sites in three reservoirs all year around. We found that eDNA detection rates either did not differ between sampling locations or were higher for shore than offshore sites. In addition, eDNA detection rates were higher in spring (breeding season of target species) and/or summer than winter. Second, we extensively surveyed the distribution of the three species in 30 reservoirs in Japan using eDNA analysis. Consequently, a single eDNA‐based surveillance in summer allowed to match approximately 90% of the presence/absence of the invasive fish species known from 27 yr of administrative capture‐based surveillances. Given these results, we recommend collecting the replicated water samples from shore sites in summer or the breeding season for the effective detection of invasive fish eDNA in reservoirs. Our eDNA assays with multiplex real‐time PCR enable the rapid and sensitive monitoring of invasive fish distribution in reservoirs.
How do noncompetent hosts cause dilution of parasitism? Testing hypotheses for native and invasive mosquitoes
Authors: McIntire Kristina M. , Chappell Kasie M. , Juliano Steven A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractParasite dilution occurs in varied systems, via multiple potential mechanisms. We used laboratory manipulation and field surveys to test for invader‐induced parasite dilution via two specific mechanisms: host–host competition and encounter reduction. In the laboratory, single Aedes triseriatus larvae were exposed to one of eight combinations of: parasitic Ascogregarina barretti, +/−1 cohabiting Aedes albopictus larva during parasite exposure, and +/−1 cohabiting A. albopictus larva after infectious parasite removal. Larval infection intensity (predicted to decrease via dilution by encounter reduction) was not significantly affected by A. albopictus. Adult infection prevalence and intensity (predicted to decrease via dilution by host–host competition) were significantly greater with A. albopictus, suggesting parasite amplification by interspecific competition, an effect potentially mediated by competition increasing A. triseriatus development time. In the field, we tested for effects of potential dilution host abundances on prevalence and abundance of A. barretti in A. triseriatus larvae. Piecewise path analysis yielded no evidence of host–host competition impacting parasitism in the field, but instead indicated a significant direct negative effect of Aedes spp. abundance on parasite abundance in A. triseriatus, which is consistent with dilution via encounter reduction in the field, but only in tree holes, not in man‐made containers. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that a noncompetent invader can alter the native host–parasite relationship, but our laboratory and field data yield differing results. This difference is likely due to laboratory experiment testing for per capita effects of dilution hosts on parasitism, but field analysis testing for effects of dilution host abundance on parasitism. Individually, host–host competition with the invader amplifies, rather than dilutes, parasite success. In contrast, our path analysis is consistent with the hypothesis that dilution of parasitism results from increased abundance of noncompetent hosts in the field.
Trophic differences regulate grassland food webs: herbivores track food quality and predators select for habitat volume
Authors: Prather Rebecca M. , Welti Ellen A. R. , Kaspari Michael 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe impacts of altered biogeochemical cycles on ecological systems are likely to vary with trophic level. Predicting how these changes will affect ecological food webs is further complicated by human activities, which are simultaneously altering the availability of macronutrients like nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), and micronutrients such as sodium (Na). Here we contrast three hypotheses that predict how increasing nutrient availability will shape grassland food webs. We conducted a distributed factorial fertilization experiment (N and P crossed with NaCl) across four North American grasslands, quantifying the responses of aboveground plant biomass and volume, plant tissue and soil elemental concentrations, as well as the abundance of five arthropod functional groups. Fertilization with N and P increased plant biomass and foliar N and P concentrations in grasses but not forbs. Fertilization with Na had no effect on plant biomass but increased foliar Na concentrations. Consistent with the nutrient limitation hypothesis, we found strong evidence of nutrient limitation for insect herbivores across the four sites with sucking (phloem and xylem feeding) herbivores increasing in abundance with NP fertilization and chewing herbivores increasing in response to both Na and NP fertilization, and a trend for increased response of arthropods to lower plant nutrient availability. We found no evidence for an interaction of NaCl and NP on arthropod abundance as predicted by the serial colimitation hypothesis. Finally, consistent with the ecosystem size hypothesis, predator and parasitoid abundances increased with plant volume, but not fertilization. Our results suggest these functional group‐specific responses to changes in plant nutrients and structure are key to predicting the future of grassland food webs in an era with increasing use of N and P fertilizers, and increasing terrestrial inputs of Na from road salt, saline irrigation water, and aerosols due to rising sea levels.
Voltammetric Method for Determining Ferric Ions with Quercetin
Authors: Olgaç Nursel , Karakuş Erman , Şahin Yücel , Liv Lokman 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA novel, simple, rapid, inexpensive, highly sensitive voltammetric method developed for determining ferric ions with quercetin in water samples and iron supplements using a disposable bare pencil graphite electrode is described. The limit of detection and analytical ranges for the ferric ions were 3.6 nM and 17.9–716.0 nM, respectively. The results with the water samples were compared with those obtained from a potentiometric auto‐titration system, and the method's accuracy was tested using certified reference material. The complex stoichiometry and electrode reaction were also systematically investigated with UV‐visible spectrophotometry, 1H‐NMR spectroscopy and voltammetry.
HS‐GC‐IMS detection of volatile organic compounds in Acacia honey powders under vacuum belt drying at different temperatures
Authors: Feng Duo , Wang Jing , He Yue , Ji Xiao‐jiao , Tang Hui , Dong Yong‐mei , Yan Wen‐jie 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHoney is a commodity of great nutritional value, but deep‐processed honey products are uncommon. Herein, we used vacuum belt dryer to dry Acacia honey at 60°C, 70°C, and 80°C, prepared it into powder, and analyzed its volatile compound differences. We established HS‐GC‐IMS method to detect the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of these three Acacia honey powders (AHPs). In total, 77 peaks were detected, and 23 volatile compounds were identified, including eight aldehydes, six ketones, three furans, one alcohol, one phenol, one lactone, one ester, one acid, and one nitrile. Moreover, principal component analysis (PCA) and fingerprint similarity analysis based on the Euclidean distance distinguished the three heating temperature treatments. Clearly, it was concluded that there are significant differences in volatile substances at different tested temperatures, and when the AHP was incubated at 80°C, more volatile compounds were detected.