bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radial variations in xylem sap flux in a temperate red pine plantation forest
Authors: Bodo Alanna V. , Arain M. Altaf 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Scaling sap flux measurements to whole-tree water use or stand-level transpiration is often done using measurements conducted at a single point in the sapwood of the tree and has the potential to cause significant errors. Previous studies have shown that much of this uncertainty is related to (i) measurement of sapwood area and (ii) variations in sap flow at different depths within the tree sapwood.

Results
This study measured sap flux density at three depth intervals in the sapwood of 88-year-old red pine (Pinus resinosa) trees to more accurately estimate water-use at the tree- and stand-level in a plantation forest near Lake Erie in Southern Ontario, Canada. Results showed that most of the water transport (65%) occurred in the outermost sapwood, while only 26% and 9% of water was transported in the middle and innermost depths of sapwood, respectively.

Conclusions
These results suggest that failing to consider radial variations in sap flux density within trees can lead to an overestimation of transpiration by as much as 81%, which may cause large uncertainties in water budgets at the ecosystem and catchment scale. This study will help to improve our understanding of water use dynamics and reduce uncertainties in sap flow measurements in the temperate pine forest ecosystems in the Great Lakes region and help in protecting these forests in the face of climate change.
Mitochondrial metabolism as a target for acute myeloid leukemia treatment
Authors: Panina Svetlana B. , Pei Jingqi , Kirienko Natalia V. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAcute myeloid leukemias (AML) are a group of aggressive hematologic malignancies resulting from acquired genetic mutations in hematopoietic stem cells that affect patients of all ages. Despite decades of research, standard chemotherapy still remains ineffective for some AML subtypes and is often inappropriate for older patients or those with comorbidities. Recently, a number of studies have identified unique mitochondrial alterations that lead to metabolic vulnerabilities in AML cells that may present viable treatment targets. These include mtDNA, dependency on oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial metabolism, and pro-survival signaling, as well as reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondrial dynamics. Moreover, some mitochondria-targeting chemotherapeutics and their combinations with other compounds have been FDA-approved for AML treatment. Here, we review recent studies that illuminate the effects of drugs and synergistic drug combinations that target diverse biomolecules and metabolic pathways related to mitochondria and their promise in experimental studies, clinical trials, and existing chemotherapeutic regimens.
Bayesian negative binomial logit hurdle and zero-inflated model for characterizing smoking intensity
Authors: Workie Mekuanint Simeneh , Azene Abebaw Gedef 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSmoking invariably has environmental, social, economic and health consequences in Ethiopia. Reducing and quitting cigarette smoking improves individual health and increases available household funds for education, food and better economic productivity. Therefore, this study aimed to apply the Bayesian negative binomial logit hurdle and zero-inflated model to determine associated factors of the number of cigarette smokers per day using the smoking intensity data of 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey. The survey was a community-based cross-sectional study conducted from January 18 to June 27, 2016. The survey used two stage stratified sampling design. Bayesian analysis of Negative Binomial Logit Hurdle and Zero-inflated models which incorporate both overdispersion and excess zeros and carry out estimation using Markov Chain Monte Carlo techniques. About 94.2% of them never cigarettes smoked per day and the data were found to have excess zeros and overdispersion. Therefore, after considering both the zero counts and the enduring overdispersion, according to the AIC and Vuong tests, the Zero-inflated Negative Binomial and Negative Binomial Logit Hurdle model best fit to the data. The finding Bayesian estimation technique is more robust and precisely due to that it is more popular data analysis method. Furthermore; using Bayesian Zero-inflation and Zero hurdle model the variable: age, residence, education level, internet use, wealth index, marital status, chewed chat, occupation, the media were the most statistically significant determinate factors on the smoking intensity.
Observation of the long-period monotonic seismic waves of the November 11, 2018, Mayotte event by Iranian broadband seismic stations
Authors: Sadeghi Hossein , Suzuki Sadaomi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOn November 11, 2018, an event generating long-lasting, monotonic long-period surface waves was observed by seismographs around the world. This event occurred at around 09:28 UTC east of the Mayotte Island, in the Indian Ocean off the coast of East Africa. This event is unusual due to the absence of body waves in the seismograms and no feeling of earth shaking by people locally. The purpose of this study is to investigate this unusual event using the waveforms recorded by 26 stations of the Iranian National Broadband Seismic Network. The stations are located at epicentral distances ranging from 4542 to 5772 km north-northeast of the event’s epicenter. The arrival of monochromatic long-period signals is visible around 10 UTC in the recordings of all the stations and the signals lasted for more than 30 min. Frequency analysis of the seismograms shows a clear peak at 0.064 Hz (15.6 s/cycle). The maximum amplitude of the transverse components is less than a half of the radial components. This is in agreement with the theoretical radiation pattern of Rayleigh and Love waves at a frequency of 0.06 Hz for a vertical compensated linear vector dipole source mechanism. The average apparent phase velocities were calculated as 3.31 and 2.97 km/s, in the transverse and radial directions, corresponding, respectively, to Love and Rayleigh waves in the frequency range of 0.05–0.07 Hz. A surface wave magnitude of Ms 5.07 ± 0.22 was estimated. Just before the monochromatic signal arrives, there is some dispersion in the surface waves. This observation may suggest a regular earthquake of Ms 4.3 ± 0.11 that triggered the November 11, 2018, event. The difference between the arrival times of the recorded surface waves of the two events is estimated to be less than 31 s, and most likely of ~ 7 s only.
First reference on reproductive biology of Butis koilomatodon in Mekong Delta, Vietnam
Authors: Dinh Quang M. , Lam Tran T. H. , Nguyen Ton H. D. , Nguyen Thanh M. , Nguyen Tien T. K. , Nguyen Nam T. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
The key to fishery management is knowing the appropriate reproductive strategies of the targeted fish. For most gobiid species, the iteroparous pattern is dominant compared to semelparity. Albeit Butis koilomatodon plays an important role in the Mekong Delta’s food supply, its reproductive biological data have not been known. Hence, this study was conducted to provide new fundamental knowledge of reproductive traits of Butis koilomatodon in the Mekong Delta.

Results
A total of 1314 individuals (903 males and 411 females) were monthly collected by bottom gill nets from July 2019 to June 2020 at six sampling sites along estuarial and coastal regions, from Tra Vinh to Ca Mau provinces, southern of Vietnam. pH and salinity of these six sampling sites are 7.72–7.93 pH and 11.17–26.17‰, respectively. The pH varies with sites, but not seasons; whereas a reverse case is found in salinity. Different types of oocytes are found in histological specimens of ovaries prove that B. koilomatodon is a multi-spawner. The gonadosomatic index value, together with the monthly presence of mature ovaries reveal that this species spawns throughout the year. The length at first mature male Butis koilomatodon (5.1–8.6 cm) is higher than that of females (4.8–6.7 cm), except in Hoa Binh and Dong Hai. Batch fecundity (3085 to 32,087 eggs/female) increases with fish weight (1.48–12.30 g) and length (4.8–9.0 cm) due to high determination values (r2 > 0.6).

Conclusion
Knowledge of reproductive traits gained from this study was a reference source for future studies and helped manage this species’ resources.
Systematic review of three-dimensional printing for simulation training of interventional radiology trainees
Authors: Tenewitz Chase , Le Rebecca T. , Hernandez Mauricio , Baig Saif , Meyer Travis E. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Rationale and objectives
Three-dimensional (3D) printing has been utilized as a means of producing high-quality simulation models for trainees in procedure-intensive or surgical subspecialties. However, less is known about its role for trainee education within interventional radiology (IR). Thus, the purpose of this review was to assess the state of current literature regarding the use of 3D printed simulation models in IR procedural simulation experiences.

Materials and methods
A literature query was conducted through April 2020 for articles discussing three-dimensional printing for simulations in PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, and the Cochrane library databases using key terms relating to 3D printing, radiology, simulation, training, and interventional radiology.

Results
We identified a scarcity of published sources, 4 total articles, that appraised the use of three-dimensional printing for simulation training in IR. While trainee feedback is generally supportive of the use of three-dimensional printing within the field, current applications utilizing 3D printed models are heterogeneous, reflecting a lack of best practices standards in the realm of medical education.

Conclusions
Presently available literature endorses the use of three-dimensional printing within interventional radiology as a teaching tool. Literature documenting the benefits of 3D printed models for IR simulation has the potential to expand within the field, as it offers a straightforward, sustainable, and reproducible means for hands-on training that ought to be standardized.
Patient-reported outcomes in breast cancer FDA drug labels and review documents
Authors: Hong Kyungwan , Majercak Kayleigh R. , Villalonga-Olives Ester , Perfetto Eleanor M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundPatient-reported outcomes (PROs) can provide valuable information about drug benefit-risk tradeoffs from the patient perspective and are particularly important to patients with breast cancer due to its symptoms and adverse events from breast cancer treatments. The United States Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA) has acknowledged PROs as important approval endpoints used in clinical trials of cancer drugs. However, previous studies found that PROs are rarely mentioned in cancer drug labels, a widely used and trusted source of information about drugs. Our objectives were to compare PRO data reported in FDA labeling versus FDA medical review documents for breast cancer drugs approved in the U.S. between 2000 and 2019 to identify possible causes for PRO-data labeling exclusions.MethodsWe included new molecular entities (NMEs) and biologic license applications (BLAs) initially approved for breast cancer treatment by the FDA between 1/1/2000 and 12/31/2019. Product labeling and FDA medical review documents were collected from the FDA-Approved Drugs database (Drugs@FDA). From these resources, details on PRO measures used in trials, design of trials using PRO measures, PRO-endpoint status, analytical methods, and FDA reviewer comments regarding PRO measurement were extracted.ResultsOf 633 FDA-approved drugs, 13 were indicated for breast cancer treatment; none of their prescribing information contained information about PROs. However, 11 of 13 (85%) included PRO measures and endpoint information in FDA medical review documents. PRO measures were used in 14 different clinical trials, and FDA reviewers’ comments regarding PRO measurement were related to lack of meaningfulness and clinical significance, lack of content validity, and inadequate analytical methods.ConclusionsDespite the importance of PROs to patients with breast cancer, PRO measures were only described in FDA medical review documents of breast cancer drugs, but not in drug product labeling. Therefore, it appears that PRO data are often collected in breast cancer trials, but have not been methodologically acceptable to FDA reviewers. Collaborative efforts between the FDA and industry are warranted to increase the number of breast cancer drug applications with appropriate use of PRO measures and endpoints.
Outcomes and issues of 12 chordomas treated in a single center
Authors: Karampouga Maria , Tsetsos Fotis , Sakellariou Pavlos , Baltas Ioannis 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundChordomas stem from notochordal vestiges and rank as low-grade bone malignancies although fraught with high risk of recurrence. This study assesses the clinical outcomes of twelve chordoma cases treated in our clinic, in an effort to shed light on the often under-represented pool of results deriving from non-referral centers.MethodsWe reviewed the clinicopathological traits of all chordoma patients registered in our center since 1991. Major endpoints were overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) estimated using the Kaplan–Meier and Nelson–Aalen methods.ResultsTwelve patients, aged on average 47.9 years, were treated for primary or recurrent disease. Seven had chordomas originating in the cranium, 5 in the spine, including a bifocal tumor, and the mean time lapse between the beginning of symptoms and diagnosis was 15.4 months, marked by dull ache. Subtotal resection was achieved in 5 cases, incomplete in 5, while in 2, only biopsy was accomplished. Conformal radiotherapy was administered to 5 and stereotactic radiosurgery to 2 in the setting of recurrence. Protons were used once and targeted agents induced no clinical response in 3 patients. Median OS and PFS were 36 and 12 months, respectively, with the best outlook linked to maximal resection, spinal location, and good preoperative functional status. In all, 6 patients died of chordoma, 4 are alive, and 1 was lost. Relapse was the rule for most cases, except 2, and pulmonary metastases were ascertained in 1.ConclusionsOur cases were typical of chordomas, implying that inadequate surgical margins and successive recurrence are negative determinants of prognosis and that interinstitutional cooperation counterbalances shortages in non-referral institutes.
Assessment the role of tranexamic acid in prevention of postpartum hemorrhage
Authors: Fahmy Nevein Gerges , Eskandar Fahmy Saad Latif , Khalil Walid Albasuony Mohammed Ahmed , Sobhy Mohammed Ibrahim Ibrahim , Amin Amin Mohammed Al Ansary 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality and morbidity worldwide. It is believed that hemostatic imbalance secondary to release of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and subsequent hyperfibrinolysis plays a major role in PPH pathogenesis. Antifibrinolytic drugs such as tranexamic acid (TXA) are widely used in hemorrhagic conditions associated with hyperfibrinolysis. TXA reduced maternal death due to PPH and its use as a part of PPH treatment is recommended, and in recent years, a number of trials have investigated the efficacy of prophylactic use of TXA in reducing the incidence and the severity of PPH.
The study is aiming to assess the efficacy of tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss throughout and after the lower segment cesarean section and reducing the risk of postpartum hemorrhage.

Results
The amount of blood loss was significantly lower in the study group than the control group (416.12±89.95 and 688.68±134.77 respectively). Also the 24-h postoperative hemoglobin was significantly higher in the study group (11.66±0.79 mg/dl) compared to the control group (10.53±1.07mg/dl), and the 24-h postoperative hematocrit value was significantly higher in the study group (34.99±2.40) compared to control (31.62±3.22).

Conclusion
Prophylactic administration of tranexamic acid reduces intraoperative and postoperative bleeding in cesarean section and the incidence of postpartum hemorrhage.
How artificial intelligence can help us ‘Choose Wisely’
Authors: Mehta Nishila , Born Karen , Fine Benjamin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe overuse of low value medical tests and treatments drives costs and patient harm. Efforts to address overuse, such as Choosing Wisely campaigns, typically rely on passive implementation strategies- a form of low reliability system change. Embedding guidelines into clinical decision support (CDS) software is a higher leverage approach to provide ordering suggestions through an interface embedded within the clinical workflow. Growth in computing power is increasingly enabling artificial intelligence (AI) to augment such decision making tools. This article offers a roadmap of opportunities for AI-enabled CDS to reduce overuse, which are presented according to a patient’s journey of care.
Biochemical differences between nano- and normal formulation of tamoxifen and other natural bioactive materials ameliorate breast cancer in experimental rats
Authors: Ezzat Afaf , Abdelhamid Abdou Osman , El Awady Mostafa K. , Dawood Reham M. , Mohammed Dina Mostafa 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Human breast cancer is the most prevalent malignancy in women all-over the world. The aim is to look further into the effectiveness of the nanoformulation of tamoxifen and even certain bioactive compounds (yeast, isoflavone, and silymarin) and their impacts on diminishing the breast cancer progression. A single medication dosage of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) was administered intragastrically by fifty-four female Sprague–Dawley rats. After fourteen days of DMBA admission, the procedure protocol actually started out. At long last, all of the experimental findings assessed, tabulated, and statistically analyzed.

Results
In contrast to the normal groups, a substantial elevation in apoptosis and lipid peroxide was observed in all nanogroups.

Conclusion
The best biochemical outcome and beneficial factors which elevate the occurrence and activation of the apoptosis process have been demonstrated by nanotamoxifen.
Adolescent and adult laryngotracheal stenosis: a review
Authors: Klopper Gerhard Johan , Adeniyi Oladele Vincent , Stephenson Kate 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
The larynx has multiple composite functions which include phonation, airway protection, and sensory control of respiration. Stenosis of the larynx and trachea were first recorded by O’Dwyer in 1885 and by Colles in 1886, respectively. Initially, the aetiology of laryngotracheal stenosis was predominantly infective. Currently, the leading cause is iatrogenic injury to the laryngotracheal complex secondary to prolonged ventilation in an intensive care unit.

Main body
Laryngotracheal stenosis is a complex and diverse disease. It poses a major challenge to the surgeon and can present as an airway emergency. Management typically demands the combined involvement of various disciplines including otorhinolaryngology, cardiothoracic surgery, anaesthesiology, interventional pulmonology, and radiology. Both the disease and its management can impact upon respiration, voice, and swallowing. The incidence of iatrogenic laryngotracheal stenosis has reflected the evolution of airway and intensive care whilst airway surgery has advanced concurrently over the past century. Correction of laryngotracheal stenosis requires expansion of the airway lumen; this is achieved by either endoscopic or open surgery. We review the relevant basic science, aetiopathogenesis, diagnosis, management, and treatment outcomes of LTS.

Conclusion
The choice of surgical procedure in the management of laryngotracheal stenosis is often dictated by the individual anatomy and function of the larynx and trachea, together with patient factors and available facilities. Regardless of how the surgeon chooses to approach these lesions, prevention of iatrogenic laryngotracheal damage remains of primary importance.
National Maintenance Cost for Precision Diagnostics Under the Verifying Accurate Leading-Edge In Vitro Clinical Test Development (VALID) Act of 2020
Authors: Huang Richard , Lasiter Laura , Bard Adam , Quinn Bruce , Young Christina , Salgado Roberto , Allen Jeff , Lennerz Jochen K. 
Published: April 2021

PURPOSE: The proposed legislation Verifying Accurate and Leading-edge In vitro clinical test Development (VALID) clarifies the US Food and Drug Administration's authority to regulate laboratory-developed tests. Many stakeholders have pointed out that the lack of direct US Food and Drug Administration oversight has led to erroneous results that have serious patient consequences—in particular for patients with cancer. Technology Certification is a key provision proposed in VALID to navigate the balance between safety, patient access, and innovation; however, the maintenance cost of the proposed framework after implementation is unclear. METHODS: On the basis of 2019 retrospective data from a laboratory-developed test–based cancer diagnostics laboratory, we expressed laboratory complexity by the number and complexity of assays and in vitro diagnostic technologies. We estimated the national health care cost increase by modeling three stringencies of complying with the Act. We performed sensitivity analysis of our regulatory stringency model taking into account number of patients tested, materials, submission cost, and labor using extra cost per patient as the output. RESULTS: We estimate the national health care cost increase to range from $33M US dollars (USD) to $1,110M USD or $0.21 USD to $0.70 USD per employed person in the United States. Sensitivity analysis demonstrates that regulatory stringency is the primary driver of extra cost per patient. Cancer testing does not reflect all areas of in vitro diagnostics affected by VALID; nonetheless, concrete cost models are paramount in informing the ongoing legislative negotiations. CONCLUSION: Our findings show the critical importance of clarity in the legislative language to ensure balance between VALID's goals of assuring high-quality test performance and the burden to laboratories and overall health care cost.
Surface growth on tree-like lattices and the upper critical dimension of the KPZ class
Authors: Oliveira Tiago J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Aiming to investigate the upper critical dimension, d

u
, of the KPZ class, in Saberi A. A., EPL, 103 (2013) 10005, some growth models were numerically analyzed using Cayley trees (CTs) as substrates, as a way to access their behavior in the infinite-dimensional limit, and some unexpected results were reported: logarithmic roughness scaling, differing for EW and KPZ models (indicating that even at

the KPZ nonlinearity is still relevant); beyond asymptotically rough EW surfaces above the upper critical dimension of the EW class. Motivated by these strange findings, I revisit these growth models here to show that such results are simple consequences of boundary effects, inherent to systems defined on CTs. In fact, I demonstrate that the anomalous boundary of the CT leads the growing surfaces to develop curved shapes, which explains the strange behaviors previously found for these systems, once the global “roughness” was analyzed for non-flat surfaces in the study above. Importantly, by measuring the height fluctuations at the central site of the CT, which can be seen as an approximation for the Bethe lattice, smooth surfaces are found for both EW and KPZ classes, consistently with the behavior expected for growing systems in dimensions

. Interesting features of the 1-point height fluctuations, such as the possibility of non-saturation in the steady state regime, are also discussed for substrates in general.