bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Case C‐24/19 (A and others): How to ensure effet utile of the Strategic Environmental Assessment Directive?
Authors: Porzeżyńska Magdalena 
Published: December 2021

AbstractOn 25 June 2020, the Court of Justice of the European Union (EU) gave its judgement in the case A and others, which is of significant importance for carrying out Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEAs). This case presented the Court with an opportunity to reconsider its approach to the interpretation of the notion of ‘plans and programmes’, which are subject to an SEA obligation under EU law. Moreover, in the judgement, the Court explains whether and to what extent national courts may maintain national plans and programmes adopted in breach of the obligation to carry out an SEA. This case note considers how the Court reached its position and evaluates the arguments supporting its view and formulates findings resulting from this analysis. Especially, the contribution concludes with reflections on whether and how the Court reconciled the principles of effectiveness and primacy of EU law on the one hand and the need to protect the environment on the other.
Precise Yet Uncertain: Broadening Understandings of Uncertainty and Policy in the BPA Controversy
Authors: Lemus Dafne , Kovacic Zora 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most studied and most controversial chemicals used by the food packaging industry, because of its endocrine disruptive properties. Part of the controversy is due to the uncertainty that surrounds the effects of BPA on the endocrine system. Uncertainty includes data gaps, methodological hurdles, incompatibilities between toxicology and endocrinology‐based approaches, and so on. In this article, we analyze how uncertainty has been conceptualized and treated. We focus on the European Food Safety Authority assessments of BPA, and study how exposure and hazard assessments have evolved over time, how uncertainty has been analyzed, and how the agency responded to controversies. Results show that in the attempt to reduce knowledge gaps, assessments have become progressively larger, including more references, evidence, and effects. There is a tendency toward greater precisions and specification of results, and toward protocolization of all processes included in the assessment (from literature review, to uncertainty assessments, and public consultation). Yet, the uncertainty has not diminished following the increase in evidence. We argue that the strategy used to reduce uncertainty within risk assessment, namely including more variables, studies, data, and methods, amplifies the uncertainty linked to indeterminacy (as more results increase the fragmentation of the knowledge base due to the open‐ended nature of complex issues) and ambiguity (as complexity gives way to multiple nonequivalent interpretations of results). For this reason, it is important to consider different types of uncertainty and how these uncertainties interact with each other.
Spatial Modeling of Maritime Risk Using Machine Learning
Authors: Rawson Andrew , Brito Mario , Sabeur Zoheir 
Published: December 2021

AbstractManaging navigational safety is a key responsibility of coastal states. Predicting and measuring these risks has a high complexity due to their infrequent occurrence, multitude of causes, and large study areas. As a result, maritime risk models are generally limited in scale to small regions, generalized across diverse environments, or rely on the use of expert judgement. Therefore, such an approach has limited scalability and may incorrectly characterize the risk. Within this article a novel method for undertaking spatial modeling of maritime risk is proposed through machine learning. This enables navigational safety to be characterized while leveraging the significant volumes of relevant data available. The method comprises two key components: aggregation of historical accident data, vessel traffic, and other exploratory features into a spatial grid; and the implementation of several classification algorithms that predicts annual accident occurrence for various vessel types. This approach is applied to characterize the risk of collisions and groundings in the United Kingdom. The results vary between hazard types and vessel types but show remarkable capability at characterizing maritime risk, with accuracies and area under curve scores in excess of 90% in most implementations. Furthermore, the ensemble tree‐based algorithms of XGBoost and Random Forest consistently outperformed other machine learning algorithms that were tested. The resultant potential risk maps provide decisionmakers with actionable intelligence in order to target risk mitigation measures in regions with the greatest requirement.
Delegating pollution permits*
Authors: Kundu Tapas , Nilssen Tore 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe discuss the decision to delegate the regulation of pollution through sales of permits to a biased expert in a situation where the polluting firm has private information about its technology. We consider, in particular, constrained delegation where the government puts restrictions on the amount of pollution that the expert can sell permits for. We find that, in general, delegation is more likely if the firm is low‐cost. This is not in line with the so‐called uncertainty principle, which states that there is more delegation the more uncertainty the government faces.
Establishment of an RI for the urine ammonia‐to‐creatinine ratio in dogs
Authors: Adrianowycz Sarah E. , Castro Rebeca A. , Specht Andrew J. , Harris Autumn N. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundAmmonia is produced and excreted by the kidney, contributing to systemic acid‐base homeostasis through the production of bicarbonate. Disorders of acid‐base balance can lead to many clinical problems and measuring ammonia excretion helps in determining if the kidneys are responding to acid‐base challenges appropriately. Reference intervals are integral to clinical decision‐making, and there is no current RI for the urine ammonia‐to‐creatinine ratio (UACR) in dogs.ObjectiveThis study aimed to generate an RI for the UACR in healthy adult dogs.MethodsThe study used adult, client‐owned dogs that were presented to the University of Florida Primary Care and Dentistry service (n = 60). Physical examinations were performed and serum chemistry and urinalysis samples were obtained. Urine ammonia and creatinine concentrations were determined. Dogs were excluded if there were significant abnormalities in either their urinalysis or serum chemistry results. The RI for the UACR was calculated according to the recommendation of the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology. Data were evaluated for correlation with serum bicarbonate, weight, age, and sex.ResultsThe RIs for the UACR were 0.16‐23.69 with 90% confidence intervals for the lower and upper limits of (0.13‐1.17) and (20.50‐23.75), respectively. No significant impact of age, sex, or weight was found. There was no discernable relationship between serum bicarbonate and UACR.ConclusionsEstablishing an RI for UACR in healthy adult dogs will allow for further studies to determine if alterations are observed during specific disease states.
Fault Management Architecture Based on a Digital Twin Approach
Authors: Vesely Ladislav , Fernandez Erik , Kapat Jayanta , Ghouse Jaffer H. , Bhattacharyya Debangsu , Ruscher Christopher J. , Rolling A. J. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractFault management of systems is a key component in mission/operation success of each system or technology. Fault management can be implemented into various different applications, power generation, industrial processing, aviation and transportation, and electrical grids with combinations of renewable energy sources. As the complexity of the overall system design increases, reliance on just pure physics-based or pure data-based modeling is shown to be deficient in the accuracy of fault management. This work shows the potential of a combination of digital twin and a fault management algorithm. The algorithm is designed to be robust, accurate, reliable, and fast; it is based on both physics and data-based model modeling. The algorithm compares physical and data-based approaches to provide the most reliable fault management solution, through a digital twin. The fault management algorithm is designed to use physics-based model validated on real/synthetic data (data-based model).
An Experimental Study on Efficient Demulsification for Produced Emulsion in Alkaline/Surfactant/Polymer Flooding
Authors: Song Yang , Xu Yunfei , Wang Zhihua 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Tertiary oil recovery technologies, for example, alkaline/surfactant/polymer (ASP) flooding, can enhance oil recovery as an important oil displacement technology noteworthy in the present oilfields. However, it is the fact that the produced emulsion droplets have strong electronegativity, which will lead to the destabilization of electric field and affect the dehydration effect in the process of electric dehydration. This article innovatively proposed an efficient demulsification scheme, which uses polyaluminum chloride (PAC) as a chemical regulator to control electric field destabilization through the charge neutralization mechanism and then introduces demulsifier to promote oil–water separation. Furthermore, the dehydration temperature, power supply mode, and electric field parameters are optimized so as to achieve superior dehydration effect of ASP flooding produced liquid. The results indicate that PAC as a chemical regulator by exerting charge neutralization and electrostatic adsorption mechanism could reduce the electronegativity of the emulsified system, decrease the peak current of dehydration, shorten the duration of peak current of dehydration, improve the response performance of the electric field, and increase dehydration rate in the ASP flooding dehydration process. When the demulsifier dosage is 100–120 mg/l, using the composite separation process with the dehydration temperature of 45–50 °C for the thermochemical separation stage and 60 °C in the electrochemical dehydration stage and AC–DC composite electric field or pulse electric field can achieve better dehydration effect. The investigations in this study will provide support and basis for the efficient treatment of ASP flooding produced emulsion.
Acute Blood Pressure Response to High- and Moderate-Speed Resistance Exercise in Older Adults With Hypertension
Authors: Machado Carlos Leonardo Figueiredo , Radaelli Régis , Brusco Clarissa Muller , Cadore Eduardo Lusa , Wilhelm Eurico N. , Pinto Ronei Silveira 
Published: December 2021

An increase in blood pressure (BP) occurs during resistance exercise; attention to this response may be necessary in older individuals with hypertension. We compared the BP responses following high- (HSRE) and moderate-speed resistance exercise (MSRE) (4 × 8 repetitions at 60% one-repetition maximum) and control protocol in 15 older adults with hypertension. HSRE and MSRE increased systolic BP (SBP) by the end of each set compared with preexercise and control protocol. Immediately after the fourth set, a higher SBP was observed in MSRE than HSRE (147 ± 14 vs. 141 ± 12 mmHg; p = .01). Taking an exploratory analysis of the individual response, we observed that MSRE resulted in greater mean changes and number of SBP exposures to values ≥150 mmHg (22-fold) than HSRE (10-fold). Diastolic BP increased (p < .05) with exercise, but only MSRE increased compared with the control condition (p < .05). HSRE may be an alternative for individuals in which SBP peak should be avoided.
Shoulder Strength and Upper Body Field Performance Tests in Young Female Handball and Volleyball Athletes: Are There Differences Between Sports?
Authors: Saccol Michele Forgiarini , Zanca Gisele Garcia , Machado Rafaela Oliveira , Teixeira Lilian Pinto , Löbell Rose , Cools Ann , Mota Carlos Bolli 
Published: December 2021

Context: Volleyball and handball players have usually been studied collectively as “overhead athletes,” since throwing present similarities in the proximal to distal movement sequencing and upper limb joints ranges of motion. However, each sport presents specificities in the objectives when accelerating the ball and a variety of possible throwing techniques. Therefore, it is expected there may be differences in the shoulder and upper body physical performance between sports. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine if there are differences in shoulder muscle strength and upper body field performance tests between volleyball and handball athletes. Design: Cross-sectional. Methods: Ninety-nine volleyball and handball female athletes aged between 13 and 20 years were evaluated for isometric shoulder abductor and rotator strength (handheld dynamometer) and upper body field performance tests: Y Balance Test—Upper Quarter, modified Closed Kinetic Chain Upper-Extremity Stability Test, and unilateral and bilateral Seated Medicine Ball Throw. Results: Handball athletes presented greater shoulder internal rotation strength (between-group difference: 2.84; effect size 0.70), higher medial (between-group difference: 9.54; effect size 0.90), superolateral (between-group differences: 8.9; effect size 0.68), and composite scores (between-group difference 5.7; effect size 0.75) of the Y Balance Test—Upper Quarter and higher unilateral (between-group difference: 41.92; effect size 0.91) and bilateral (between-group difference: 46.11; effect size 0.83) Seated Medicine Ball Throw performance. Groups were not different for Closed Kinetic Chain Upper-Extremity Stability Test, external rotation, and abduction isometric strength. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that young female handball athletes present greater internal rotator strength and better performance in Y Balance Test—Upper Quarter and Seated Medicine Ball Throw compared to volleyball players. These differences may be related to the different demands required in the throwing movements performed in each sport and should be considered when assessing these populations.
GJ 367b: A dense, ultrashort-period sub-Earth planet transiting a nearby red dwarf star
Authors: Lam Kristine W. F. , Csizmadia Szilárd , Astudillo-Defru Nicola , Bonfils Xavier , Gandolfi Davide , Padovan Sebastiano , Esposito Massimiliano , Hellier Coel , Hirano Teruyuki , Livingston John , Murgas Felipe , Smith Alexis M. S. , Collins Karen A. , Mathur Savita , Garcia Rafael A. , Howell Steve B. , Santos Nuno C. , Dai Fei , Ricker George R. , Vanderspek Roland , Latham David W. , Seager Sara , Winn Joshua N. , Jenkins Jon M. , Albrecht Simon , Almenara Jose M. , Artigau Etienne , Barragán Oscar , Bouchy François , Cabrera Juan , Charbonneau David , Chaturvedi Priyanka , Chaushev Alexander , Christiansen Jessie L. , Cochran William D. , De Meideiros José R. , Delfosse Xavier , Díaz Rodrigo F. , Doyon René , Eigmüller Philipp , Figueira Pedro , Forveille Thierry , Fridlund Malcolm , Gaisné Guillaume , Goffo Elisa , Georgieva Iskra , Grziwa Sascha , Guenther Eike , Hatzes Artie P. , Johnson Marshall C. , Kabáth Petr , Knudstrup Emil , Korth Judith , Lewin Pablo , Lissauer Jack J. , Lovis Christophe , Luque Rafael , Melo Claudio , Morgan Edward H. , Morris Robert , Mayor Michel , Narita Norio , Osborne Hannah L. M. , Palle Enric , Pepe Francesco , Persson Carina M. , Quinn Samuel N. , Rauer Heike , Redfield Seth , Schlieder Joshua E. , Ségransan Damien , Serrano Luisa M. , Smith Jeffrey C. , Šubjak Ján , Twicken Joseph D. , Udry Stéphane , Van Eylen Vincent , Vezie Michael 
Published: December 2021

A nearby iron-rich sub-Earth planetThe mass and radius of an exoplanet determine its mean density, which provides information about the possible interior structure. Lamet al. have identified a planet on a 7.7-hour orbit around a nearby red dwarf star. The authors determined the planet’s radius from the transit, then used radial velocity observations to measure the mass. They found a sub-Earth–sized planet with a density almost equivalent to pure iron. Its high surface temperature is close to the vaporization point of iron, suggesting that it is the iron core of a planet that has lost its outer mantle. —KTS
Geology of Central Park, Manhattan, New York City, USA: New geochemical insights
Authors: Jaret* Steven J. , Tailby Nicholas D. , Hammond Keiji G. , Rasbury E. Troy , Wooton Kathleen , Ebel Denton S. , DiPadova E. , Smith Riley , Yuan Victoria , Jaffe Noa , Smith Lisa M. , Spaeth Lynsey 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Here we present an overview of the geology of the Manhattan Prong and a specific guide for field stops in northern Central Park. This guide is intended to provide a brief introduction to these complex rocks for researchers, undergraduate students, and teachers. Given the easy access to Central Park and numerous schools and institutions nearby, these outcrops provide ideal teaching outcrops for students of all levels. We also present new geochemical and isotopic results for the Manhattan and Hartland Schists. Previous work has focused primarily on field mapping, structural relationships, or infrastructure-related mapping, whereas our new geochemistry data allow for more detailed discussions of provenance and overall tectonic history of these rocks. Our results suggest that all of the rocks in northern Central Park (regardless of mapped unit) are derived from Laurentia.
An Upper Cretaceous paleodrainage system on the Coastal Plain unconformity of Alabama-Georgia
Authors: Barineau* Clinton , Ortega-Ariza* Diana 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Rocks of the Upper Cretaceous Tuscaloosa Formation (Cenomanian) and Eutaw Formation (Santonian) in southwestern Georgia and southeastern Alabama record an interval of fluvial and nearshore marine deposition. In the vicinity of Columbus, Georgia, basal units of the Tuscaloosa Formation consist of a residual paleosol built on crystalline rocks of the Appalachian Piedmont covered by conglomeratic sandstones deposited in braided stream systems flowing across the mid-Cenomanian Coastal Plain unconformity. The unconformity, which separates Cretaceous detrital rocks from underlying metamorphic rocks and residual paleosols built on those metamorphic rocks, lies primarily within the Tuscaloosa Formation in this region and is marked at the modern surface by the geomorphic Fall Line. Mapping of the unconformity across the region reveals areas of significant paleorelief associated with a number of distinct paleovalleys incised into the mid-Cenomanian surface. The most distinct of these lie immediately east of the Alabama-Georgia state line, within 15 km of the modern Lower Chattahoochee River Valley. Spatially, these distinct paleovalleys lie immediately north of a Santonian estuarine environment recorded in the Eutaw Formation, disconformably above the Tuscaloosa Formation. Collectively, paleo-valleys in the mid-Cenomanian surface, the fluvial nature of the Tuscaloosa Formation in southwestern Georgia and southeastern Alabama, and the estuarine environment in the younger Eutaw Formation suggest a persistent (~10 m.y.) paleodrainage system that may be a forerunner to the modern Chattahoochee River.
The COVID-19 pandemic and healthcare systems in Africa: a scoping review of preparedness, impact and response
Authors: Tessema Gizachew A , Kinfu Yohannes , Dachew Berihun Assefa , Tesema Azeb Gebresilassie , Assefa Yibeltal , Alene Kefyalew Addis , Aregay Atsede Fantahun , Ayalew Mohammed Biset , Bezabhe Woldesellassie M , Bali Ayele Geleto , Dadi Abel Fekadu , Duko Bereket , Erku Daniel , Gebrekidan Kahsu , Gebremariam Kidane Tadesse , Gebremichael Lemlem Gebremedhin , Gebreyohannes Eyob Alemayehu , Gelaw Yalemzewod Assefa , Gesesew Hailay Abrha , Kibret Getiye Dejenu , Leshargie Cheru Tesema , Meazew Maereg Wagnew , Mekonnen Alemayehu , Mirkuzie Alemnesh H. , Mohammed Hassen , Tekle Dejen Yemane , Tesfay Fisaha Haile 
Published: December 2021

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has overwhelmed health systems in both developed and developing nations alike. Africa has one of the weakest health systems globally, but there is limited evidence on how the region is prepared for, impacted by and responded to the pandemic.MethodsWe conducted a scoping review of PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL to search peer-reviewed articles and Google, Google Scholar and preprint sites for grey literature. The scoping review captured studies on either preparedness or impacts or responses associated with COVID-19 or covering one or more of the three topics and guided by Arksey and O’Malley’s methodological framework. The extracted information was documented following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension checklist for scoping reviews. Finally, the resulting data were thematically analysed.ResultsTwenty-two eligible studies, of which 6 reported on health system preparedness, 19 described the impacts of COVID-19 on access to general and essential health services and 7 focused on responses taken by the healthcare systems were included. The main setbacks in health system preparation included lack of available health services needed for the pandemic, inadequate resources and equipment, and limited testing ability and surge capacity for COVID-19. Reduced flow of patients and missing scheduled appointments were among the most common impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Health system responses identified in this review included the availability of telephone consultations, re-purposing of available services and establishment of isolation centres, and provisions of COVID-19 guidelines in some settings.ConclusionsThe health systems in Africa were inadequately prepared for the pandemic, and its impact was substantial. Responses were slow and did not match the magnitude of the problem. Interventions that will improve and strengthen health system resilience and financing through local, national and global engagement should be prioritised.