bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of the proteolytic enzyme papain in routine platelet serology
Authors: Lown J.A.G. , Dale B.J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The use of proteolytic enzymes is well established in red cell serology. These enzymes modify some antigen structures and remove sialic acid from the red cell membrane. Enzyme-sensitive structures have also been identified on the platelet membrane. The effect of papain, a proteolytic enzyme used widely in red cell serology, on the detection of various platelet alloantibodies was examined to determine its usefulness in platelet serology. Antisera with the specificities anti-HPA-la, -2b, -3a, -4a, -5a, -5b, and -Naka were examined. HLA antibodies were also included. All sera were tested by a solid-phase red cell adherence technique in parallel with untreated platelets (UP) and platelets treated with papain (PP) for 15 minutes at 37°C. The reactivity of anti-HPA-2b was eliminated and that of anti-HPA-3a was either eliminated or almost eliminated with PP. Antisera specific for the other alloantigens tested reacted similarly or more strongly with PP compared with UP. These findings were confirmed by flow cytometry. The reactivity of HLA antibodies with PP was generally enhanced. Inactivation by papain of platelet alloantigens in the HPA-2 and HPA-3 systems, but not in other systems, may assist in resolving mixtures of platelet alloantibodies. Also, detection of weak antibodies of other specificities may be enhanced. The use of PP may be a simple and useful serologic tool for investigating platelet alloantibodies.
Immunohematology
1995;11:140–142.
Development of a flow cytometric test for the detection of D-positive fetal cells after fetomaternal hemorrhage and a survey of the prevalence in D-negative women
Authors: Nelson M. , Popp H. , Horky K. , Forsyth C. , Gibson J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A sensitive test for the presence of D-positive fetal red blood cells (RBCs) in the maternal circulation of D-negative women has been developed. It was used to investigate the possibility that the occasional failure in preventing alloimmunization might be due to the administration of inadequate amounts of prophylactic anti-D Rh immune globulin. The standard dose in Australia contains 125μg of antibody, and can suppress immunization by an estimated 6 mL of packed D-positive RBCs. A fetomaternal hemorrhage (FMH) of this volume is detectable in the maternal circulation as approximately 0.25 percent of the total RBCs. Our test utilizes a commercially available human monoclonal IgG anti-D that has been biotinylated and used with a dye-conjugated streptavidin. Flow cytometry is used to quantitate fluorescing D-positive RBCs. To date, 2,288 tests have been performed on blood samples from D-negative women attending local antenatal clinics or at the time of delivery. Evidence for an FMH has been obtained in six cases (0.26%). In one case, the FMH was only 0.1 percent, and in another (confirmed by the Kleihauer-Betke method), fetal cells constituted only 0.2 percent. Additional Rh immune globulin was not given to these patients. In the other four cases, the D-positive fetal cells were estimated to be 0.7, 0.5, 0.5, and 0.4 percent, and additional prophylactic Rh immune globulin was administered. Although the prevalence of FMH is low, screening D-negative women at risk of alloimmunization has proved to be simple, fast, and inexpensive.
Application of the Inverness Blood Grouping System for semiautomated ABO and D testing of patients’ samples
Authors: Mintz P.D. , Anderson G. , Barrasso C. , Sorenson E. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We evaluated the performance of the Inverness Blood Grouping System (IBG Systems, Inc., Laytonsville, MD) for the ABO and D red cell grouping of patients’ samples. The IBG System is a semiautomated microplate device for blood grouping and antibody detection. We tested 2,051 samples using the IBG System and by manual grouping techniques. In no instance did the IBG System give a final ABO interpretation different from the final manual technique. For three samples, the IBG System’s ABO interpretation was different from the manual interpretation. An error in interpretation by the technologist performing the manual testing was responsible for the discrepancies. The IBG System identified one sample as D-positive that was grouped as D-negative by manual testing. The patient’s sample had been previously grouped manually as a weak D. All other D results were in agreement. The IBG System provided ABO interpretations without technologist’s intervention on 1,765 (86.1%) of the samples. In 153 (7.5%) of the samples, a single, equivocal reaction required visual inspection, but no repeat testing was necessary. In 133 (6.5%) of the samples, either repeat testing or reliance on only the manual results was required for final ABO group interpretation. The IBG System is a reliable and efficient alternative to manual techniques for ABO and D grouping of patients’ samples.
State association–sponsored program for SBB candidates
Authors: Judd W.J. , Eisenbrey L. , Weaver M. , Back M. , Cisco S. , Deters J.M. , Gray J.M. , Hamilton J. , Hartrick M.B. , Morrison M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Concern about the closure of the only Specialist in Blood Banking (SBB) School in the State of Michigan prompted the Michigan Association of Blood Banks (MABB) to develop and administer a comprehensive series of lectures to meet the needs of technologists seeking SBB certification via the experiential route. The program consisted of more than 60 1 ½-hour lectures covering all aspects of blood banking (genetics, coagulation, immunology, blood group serology, blood collection and administration, and transfusion medicine) except infectious disease testing and management issues. The latter were presented during two free-standing one-day seminars (for which a fee was charged for those not registered for the lecture series). Educational techniques were covered in a self-study module. Two lectures were presented one morning each week from March through December, with no presentations during July. Lecturers were local volunteer experts, and detailed learning objectives were established for each topic. Each registrant was charged a nominal fee ($100 for MABB members; $150 for nonmembers). There were 32 registrants for the lecture series, with additional registrants for the seminars. Total revenue was $5,100, and expenses amounted to approximately $2,400, mostly for faculty honoraria and catering for the two seminars. The popularity of our program reflects the need for alternatives to formal SBB schools.
Immunohematology
1994;10:95–98.
A survey of management of blood donations with unexpected red cell antibodies
Authors: Simpson M. , Julleis J. , Kakaiya R. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A survey of 19 large blood centers, each with an average annual collection of 158,889 units, was conducted to identify current practices of management of red cell units that contain unexpected red cell antibodies. The routine antibody identification, distribution, and charge for such units varied widely among the 19 centers. In addition, although use of these units was low, costs were considerable. This survey can serve as a basis for other studies to arrive at cost-effective ways to manage such units.
Immunohematology
1994;10:99–101.
Autoimmune hemolysis following transfusion: a mimicking autoanti-D in a D– patient with alloanti-D
Authors: Dzik W. , Blank J. , Lutz P. , Hirose T.G. , Lomas C. , Moulds M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
An 80-year-old group O, D– (rr) female with anti-C, -D, -E, and -Fya received four units of crossmatch-compatible red blood cells (RBCs). The direct antiglobulin test (DAT) was negative. Two weeks later, jaundice, dark urine, a 16% drop in hematocrit (Hct), a 20% reticulocyte count, and absent haptoglobin occurred. During the next month, her DAT was positive with anti-IgG and -C3d. Acid eluates, which repeatedly showed anti-D specificity, were nonreactive with enzyme-treated D– RBCs. Adsorption with D– RBCs reduced reactivity. An eluate from the adsorbing D– RBCs was nonreactive with D+ RBCs. These findings suggest an autoantibody mimicking alloanti-D. The patient was treated with prednisone and was transfused with group O, D– (rr), K–, Fy(a–) RBCs. Four months later, the Hct was stable. One year later, the DAT remained positive and the eluate demonstrated a panagglutinin.
Immunohematology
1994; 10:117–119.
Case report: IgG1 Rh antibodies causing moderate hemolytic disease of the newborn
Authors: Kugele F. , Carney M. , Oliver C. , Hollander J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A gravida 3, para 1, 32-year-old black female presented at 27 weeks gestation for routine prenatal serologic tests. She typed as group A, D positive, category DIII mosaic. IgG1 anti-D, -hrB, and -E were identified in her serum. Ultrasound revealed an apparently normal fetus with no evidence of hydrops or ascites. Amniocentesis, performed at 30, 33, and 35 weeks, showed some evidence of hemolysis that did not increase over time. At 36 weeks of gestation, she delivered a full-term infant who was group A, D positive, E negative, with a 3+ direct antiglobulin test. The eluate revealed anti-D and -hrB. Treatment of the hemolytic disease of the newborn included phototherapy, intravenous fluids, and transfusion of 60 mL of mother’s deglycerolized red blood cells.
Immunohematology
1994;10:124–126.
First example of Rh:–32,–46 red cell phenotype
Authors: Storry J.R. , Gorman M. , Maddox N.I. , Toy E. , Issitt P.D. , Mallory D. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The red cells of a white male blood donor typed as Rh:–1, –2, –3,w4,w5,6,–17,w19,–31,–32,–34, and –46. Although the donor has no history of transfusion, his serum contains an alloantibody that is weakly reactive with most red blood cells (RBCs) tested. Only Rhnull and D–– RBCs are nonreactive. Reactivity is enhanced with ficin- or papain-treated RBCs and is unaffected by AET or DTT treatment of the RBCs. Previously described Rh:–46 RBCs have been of deletion types D––, D••, and Rhnull or Rh:32. In three multitransfused patients, the Rh46 antigen was temporarily suppressed and the phenotype eventually reverted to normal. This is the first report of RBCs of the Rh:–32,–46 phenotype that are not of a rare Rh deletion or Rhnull type. In addition, the Rh:w5,w19,–31,–34 phenotype is rarely found in whites.
Immunohematology
1994; 10:130–133.
Antibiotic resistance and antibiotic-resistance genes of Pseudomonas spp. and Escherichia coli isolated from untreated hospital wastewater
Authors: Baghal Asghari Farzaneh , Dehghani Mohammad Hadi , Dehghanzadeh Reza , Farajzadeh Davoud , Yaghmaeian Kamyar , Mahvi Amir Hossein , Rajabi Akbar 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Hospitals are considered an important factor in the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs) and antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs). The purpose of this research was to characterize the microbial populations in hospital wastewater and investigated the prevalence of β-lactamase, SulІ and QnrS resistance genes. In the first step, culture method was used to isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. In the next step, accurate identification of isolated bacteria was carried out using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, then the resistance of the bacteria at different concentrations of antibiotics (8–128 μg/mL) was examined. Finally the ARGs were detected using the PCR method. The averages of heterotrophic plate count (HPC) and ARB concentration in wastewater samples were 1.8 × 108 and 4.3 × 106 CFU/100 mL, respectively. The highest resistance rates were found for sulfamethoxazole and the highest resistance rates in the β-lactamase group were for ceftazidime, while highest sensitivity was for gentamicin and there was no isolate that was sensitive to the studied antibiotics. SulІ and QnrS were the highest and lowest abundance of all ARGs in samples respectively and blaSHV was the highest β-lactam resistance gene. Our results indicated an increase in the resistance of identified bacteria to several antibiotics. So it can be concluded that numerous antibiotic-resistant pathogens and vast numbers of ARGs exist in the human body so that their release from hospitals without effective treatment can cause many dangers to the environment and human health.
Evaluation of residual antimicrobial activity and acute toxicity during the degradation of gatifloxacin by ozonation
Authors: Caianelo Marlon , Rodrigues-Silva Caio , Maniero Milena Guedes , Diniz Vinicius , Spina Mylena , Guimarães José Roberto 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The concerns regarding the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plants have increased in the last decades. Gatifloxacin (GAT), the fourth generation of fluoroquinolones, has been widely used to treat both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and has a limited metabolization. The present study aimed to evaluate ozonation as a technique to degrade GAT. An exchange A UHPLC-MS/MS by an UHPLC-MS/MS method was used to quantify the residual of GAT and to assess its degradation products. The removal efficiency was higher under alkaline conditions (pH = 10), reaching up to 99% of GAT after 4 min. It was also observed that the first ozone attack on the GAT molecule was through the carboxylic group. In contrast, under acid conditions (pH = 3), the ozone attack was first to the piperazinyl ring. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated using Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis as test organisms, and it was observed that the residual activity reduced most under alkaline conditions. In contrast, the best condition to remove the residual toxicity evaluated for the marine bacteria V. fischeri was the acidic one. Due to this, ozonation seemed to be an exciting process to remove GAT in aqueous media.
Particle balance and return loops for microplastics in a tertiary-level wastewater treatment plant
Authors: Salmi Pauliina , Ryymin Kalle , Karjalainen Anna K. , Mikola Anna , Uurasjärvi Emilia , Talvitie Julia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) from households, stormwater, and various industries are transported to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), where a high proportion of them are captured before discharging their residuals to watersheds. Although recent studies have indicated that the removed MPs are mainly retained in wastewater sludge, sludge treatment processes have gained less attention in MP research than water streams at primary, secondary, and tertiary treatments. In this study, we sampled 12 different process steps in a tertiary-level municipal WWTP in central Finland. Our results showed that, compared to the plant influent load, three times more MPs circulated via reject water from the sludge centrifugation back to the beginning of the treatment process. Fibrous MPs were especially abundant in the dewatered sludge, whereas fragment-like MPs were observed in an aqueous stream. We concluded that, compared to the tertiary effluent, sludge treatment is the major exit route for MPs into the environment, but sludge treatment is also a return loop to the beginning of the process. Our sampling campaign also demonstrated that WWTPs with varying hydraulic conditions (such as the one studied here) benefit from disc filter-based tertiary treatments in MP removal.
Virtual Screening Attributes Male Biased COVID-19 Mortality to Predicted Antiviral Activity of Female Sex Hormones
Authors: Yahya Galal , Mansour Basem , Keuper Kristina , Shaldam Moataz , El-Baz Ahmed M. 
Published: May 2021

Background:
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a newly emerged pandemic leading to a
state of international alert and leaving millions of infections and thousands of deaths all over the world.
Analysis of statistics and epidemiological data for the pandemic outcome pinpointed a puzzling influence
of human sex on the heterogeneous outcome of COVID-19, where hospital admissions and mortality were
higher among males than females. Two theories explained the observed male-biased COVID-19 mortality
based on either dosage of immunoregulatory genes coded in X- chromosomes, or on the abundance of the
angiotensin-converting enzyme two (ACE2) receptors in males than females.

Objective:
In our study, we propose a third scenario through virtual screening of direct antiviral effects of
sex hormones.

Materials and Methods:
Updated screening statistics from 47 countries displaying sex-disaggregated data
on COVID-19 were employed and visualized in the form of heatmaps depicting sex difference effects on
statistics of cases and deaths. Molecular docking and binding simulations of investigated sex steroids
against COVID-19 specific proteins were investigated.

Results:
Analysis of COVID-19 sex-disaggregated data confirmed that male-biased mortality and
computer-aided docking found unexpected female sex hormones biased binding against key targets
implicated in the life cycle of COVID-19 compared to the male sex hormone testosterone. Other
investigated steroids showed promising docking scores, while the male sex hormone exhibited the lowest
affinity.

Conclusion:
Female sex hormones virtually exhibit direct anti-COVID-19 effect, the proposed antiviral
effect of sex hormones should be considered to explain the outcomes of mortality. Moreover, the
fluctuation of sex hormones influences sex and personal derived-differential response to COVID-19
infection.
Use of Smartphone Apps for Improving Physical Function Capacity in Cardiac Patient Rehabilitation: Systematic Review
Authors: Tuttle Katherine , Kelemen Arpad , Liang Yulan 
Published: May 2021

Background
Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is an evidence-based approach for preventing secondary cardiac events. Smartphone apps are starting to be used in CR to give patients real-time feedback on their health, connect them remotely with their medical team, and allow them to perform their rehabilitation at home. The use of smartphone apps is becoming omnipresent and has real potential in impacting patients in need of CR.

Objective
This paper provides critical examinations and summaries of existing research studies with an in-depth analysis of not only the individual studies but also the larger patterns that have emerged with smartphone apps in CR as well as their significance for practice change.

Methods
A systematic review was conducted through broad database searches that focused on evaluating randomized controlled trials, in compliance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) expectations. A total of 43 articles were evaluated, and 6 were chosen for this review. The dates of the articles ranged from 2014-2020, and the studies focused on the population of cardiac outpatients who needed CR after suffering a cardiac event, with interventions using a smartphone that incorporated the CR standards of the American Heart Association. The outcomes measured were directed at focusing on improved exercise function capacity, valued at a significance level of P<.05, for improved 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and peak oxygen uptake (PVO2) results.

Results
In the evaluated articles, the results were inconsistent for significant positive effects of CR smartphone apps on cardiac patients’ physical function capacity in terms of the 6MWT and PVO2 when using a smartphone app to aid in CR.

Conclusions
Because evidence in the literature suggests nonhomogeneous results for successful use of smartphone apps in CR, it is crucial to investigate the potential reasons for this inconsistency. An important observation from this systematic review is that smartphone apps used in CR have better clinical outcomes related to physical function capacity if the app automatically records information or provides real-time feedback to participants about their progress, compared to apps that only educate and encourage use while requiring the participant to manually log their CR activities. Additional factors to consider during these studies include the starting health of the patients, the sample sizes, and the specific components of CR that the smartphone apps are using. Overall, more clinical trials are needed that implement smartphone apps with these factors in mind, while placing stronger emphasis on using biosensing capabilities that can automatically log results and send them to providers on a real-time dashboard.
The Impact of Systematic Review Automation Tools on Methodological Quality and Time Taken to Complete Systematic Review Tasks: Case Study
Authors: Clark Justin , McFarlane Catherine , Cleo Gina , Ishikawa Ramos Christiane , Marshall Skye 
Published: May 2021

Background
Systematic reviews (SRs) are considered the highest level of evidence to answer research questions; however, they are time and resource intensive.

Objective
When comparing SR tasks done manually, using standard methods, versus those same SR tasks done using automated tools, (1) what is the difference in time to complete the SR task and (2) what is the impact on the error rate of the SR task?

Methods
A case study compared specific tasks done during the conduct of an SR on prebiotic, probiotic, and synbiotic supplementation in chronic kidney disease. Two participants (manual team) conducted the SR using current methods, comprising a total of 16 tasks. Another two participants (automation team) conducted the tasks where a systematic review automation (SRA) tool was available, comprising of a total of six tasks. The time taken and error rate of the six tasks that were completed by both teams were compared.

Results
The approximate time for the manual team to produce a draft of the background, methods, and results sections of the SR was 126 hours. For the six tasks in which times were compared, the manual team spent 2493 minutes (42 hours) on the tasks, compared to 708 minutes (12 hours) spent by the automation team. The manual team had a higher error rate in two of the six tasks—regarding Task 5: Run the systematic search, the manual team made eight errors versus three errors made by the automation team; regarding Task 12: Assess the risk of bias, 25 assessments differed from a reference standard for the manual team compared to 20 differences for the automation team. The manual team had a lower error rate in one of the six tasks—regarding Task 6: Deduplicate search results, the manual team removed one unique study and missed zero duplicates versus the automation team who removed two unique studies and missed seven duplicates. Error rates were similar for the two remaining compared tasks—regarding Task 7: Screen the titles and abstracts and Task 9: Screen the full text, zero relevant studies were excluded by both teams. One task could not be compared between groups—Task 8: Find the full text.

Conclusions
For the majority of SR tasks where an SRA tool was used, the time required to complete that task was reduced for novice researchers while methodological quality was maintained.