bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Puzzle of Militia Containment in Civil War
Authors: Bolte Brandon 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn most contemporary civil wars, governments collude with non-state militias as part of their counterinsurgent strategy. However, governments also restrict the capabilities of their militia allies despite the adverse consequences this may have on their overall counterinsurgent capabilities. Why do governments contain their militia allies while also fighting a rebellion? I argue that variation in militia containment during a civil war is the outcome of a bargaining process over future bargaining power between security or profit-seeking militias and states with time-inconsistent preferences. Strong states and states facing weak rebellions cannot credibly commit to not suppressing their militias, and militias with sufficient capabilities to act independently cannot credibly commit to not betraying the state. States with limited political reach and those facing strong rebellions, however, must retain militia support, which opens a “window of opportunity” for militias to augment their independent capabilities and future bargaining power. Using new data on pro-government militia containment and case illustrations of the Janjaweed in Sudan and Civil Defense Patrols in Guatemala, I find evidence consistent with these claims. Future work must continue to incorporate the agency of militias when studying armed politics, since these bargaining interactions constitute a fundamental yet undertheorized characteristic of war-torn states.
An optimization model of tugboat operation for conveying a large surface vessel
Authors: Lee Seung-Min , Lee Jong Hyeok , Roh Myung-Il , Kim Ki-Su , Ham Seung-Ho , Lee Hye-Won 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In general, tugboats are used to convey many kinds of surface vessels, including unactuated vessels, such as barge ships and offshore structures. This requires an adequate model for tugboat operation to precisely take into account surge, sway, and yaw motions. We present an optimization method of tugboat operation for conveying a large surface vessel in the shipyard. An optimization problem that includes the interactions between the vessel and the tugboats is mathematically formulated. The procedure to solve this problem is composed of three steps. The desired control input, which should act on the vessel to track the desired path in the presence of environmental disturbances, is calculated every control interval. Second, the optimization problem is solved by using an optimization algorithm to find the thrust force and tug force direction for each tugboat. Finally, based on the three-degrees of freedom (DOF) horizontal model, the position and velocity of the vessel in the next step are calculated. There are three advantages to this study. First, the proposed method considers the thrust force and the direction of the tugboats at the same time, and the number of tugboats can also be changed. Second, it is possible to control the tugboats through realistic time intervals. Finally, the practical external force is considered in the application. The proposed method is applied to the conveying of a mega floating crane, one of the large surface vessels, in various environmental conditions, such as waves, winds, and currents, and the applicability of the method was evaluated.
Structure and biosynthesis of deoxy-polyamine in Xenorhabdus bovienii
Authors: Wenski Sebastian L , Berghaus Natalie , Keller Nadine , Bode Helge B 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Polyamine moieties have been described as part of the fabclavine and zeamine family of natural products. While the corresponding biosynthetic gene clusters have been found in many different proteobacteria, a unique BGC was identified in the entomopathogenic bacterium Xenorhabdus bovienii. Mass spectrometric analysis of a X. bovienii mutant strain revealed a new deoxy-polyamine. The corresponding biosynthesis includes two additional reductive steps, initiated by an additional dehydratase (DH) domain, which was not found in any other Xenorhabdus strain. Moreover, this DH domain could be successfully integrated into homologous biosynthesis pathways, leading to the formation of other deoxy-polyamines. Additional heterologous production experiments revealed that the DH domain could act in cis as well as in trans.
Testing the role of environmental effects on the initial mass function of low-mass stars
Authors: Damian Belinda , Jose Jessy , Samal Manash R , Moraux Estelle , Das Swagat R , Patra Sudeshna 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
In the star-formation process, the vital impact of environmental factors such as feedback from massive stars and stellar density on the form of the initial mass function (IMF) at the low-mass end is yet to be understood. Hence a systematic highly sensitive observational analysis of a sample of regions under diverse environmental conditions is essential. We analyse the IMF of eight young clusters (&lt;5 Myr), namely IC 1848-West, IC 1848-East, NGC 1893, NGC 2244, NGC 2362, NGC 6611, Stock 8, and Cygnus OB2, which are located at the Galactocentric distance (Rg) range ∼6–12 kpc along with the nearby cluster IC 348 using deep near-IR photometry and Gaia DR2. These clusters are embedded in massive stellar environments of radiation strength $\log(L_\mathrm{FUV}/\mathrm{L}_{\odot })\, \sim 2.6$–6.8, $\log(L_\mathrm{EUV})\, \sim$ 42.2–50.85 photon s−1, with stellar density in the range of ∼170–1220 star pc−2. After structural analysis and field decontamination we obtain an unbiased uniformly sensitive sample of pre-main-sequence members of the clusters down to the brown-dwarf regime. The lognormal fit to the IMF of nine clusters gives the mean characteristic mass (mc) and σ of 0.32 ± 0.02 M⊙ and 0.47 ± 0.02, respectively. We compare the IMF with that of low- and high-mass clusters across the Milky Way. We also check for any systematic variation with respect to the radiation field strength and the stellar density as well with Rg. We conclude that there is no strong evidence for an environmental effect in the underlying form of the IMF of these clusters.
Impact of obesity and SARS-CoV-2 infection: implications for host defence - a living review
Authors: Richter Felix Clemens , Alrubayyi Aljawharah , Teijeira Crespo Alicia ,   The Oxford-Cardiff COVID-19 Literature Consortium, Hulin-Curtis Sarah 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The role of obesity in the pathophysiology of respiratory virus infections has become particularly apparent during the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, where obese patients are twice as likely to suffer from severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) than healthy weight individuals. Obesity results in disruption of systemic lipid metabolism promoting a state of chronic low-grade inflammation. However, it remains unclear how these underlying metabolic and cellular processes promote severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Emerging data in SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A virus (IAV) infections show that viruses can further subvert the host’s altered lipid metabolism and exploit obesity-induced alterations in immune cell metabolism and function to promote chronic inflammation and viral propagation. In this review, we outline the systemic metabolic and immune alterations underlying obesity and discuss how these baseline alterations impact the immune response and disease pathophysiology. A better understanding of the immunometabolic landscape of obese patients may aid better therapies and future vaccine design.
Confining potential under the gauge field condensation in the SU(2) Yang–Mills theory
Authors: Sawayanagi Hirohumi 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
$Q\bar{Q}$ potential is studied in the SU(2) gauge theory. Based on the nonlinear gauge of the Curci–Ferrari type, the possibility of a gluon condensation $\langle A_{\mu}^+A_{\mu}^-\rangle$ in a low-energy region has been considered at the one-loop level. Instead of the magnetic monopole condensation, this condensation makes classical gluons massive, and can yield a linear potential. We show that this potential consists of the Coulomb plus linear part and an additional part. Comparing with the Cornell potential, we study this confining potential in detail, and find that the potential has two implicit scales: $r_c$ and $\tilde{R}_0$. The meanings of these scales are clarified. We also show that the Cornell potential that fits well to this confining potential is obtained by taking these scales into account.
Respecting freedom in the absence of compassion: realistic behavior by public officials for the COVID-19 vaccination program
Authors: Cordero Dalmacito A 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The virtue of compassion is a valid antidote to lighten the burden of negative effects brought by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, real-life situations can attest that this is not always the kind of behavior for some people since the current situation is considered as ‘survival of the fittest.’ In its absence, the respect of freedom by public officials to every citizen is a great substitute most especially in the implementation of the government’s vaccination program. This behavior actualizes every person’s plan of protection without being pressured. This right needs to be provided and not taken away by the government.
Case Series Comparing Physical Therapy International Clinical Education Experiences in a Developed and Developing Country and Measuring Against Professional Standards and Guidelines
Authors: Erdman Ellen , Black Jill 
Published: January 2021

Background.
With a growing vision for globalization and internationalization in higher education, a number of Commission on the Accreditation of Physical Therapy Education (CAPTE)–accredited physical therapist education programs across the United States have begun to routinely place their students at international sites for one of their full-time clinical education experiences in both developed and developing countries. The purpose of this article is to compare and contrast the physical therapy international clinical education experience in both the developed and developing country and compare the experiences to professional standards and guidelines.

Case Description.
This case series describes the experience of 9 physical therapy students in an 8- to 10-week, full-time, international, clinical education experience. Four were placed in the developed country of Italy, and 5 were placed in the developing country of Belize. All students participated in preclinical preparation and experienced cultural immersion for the 8–10 weeks that they participated in the full-time clinical education experience.

Outcomes.
Evaluative materials consisted of a student weekly questionnaire, an electronic student journal, a Clinical Site Evaluation Form, and comments/ratings from the student's self-assessment on the American Physical Therapy Association's Clinical Performance Instrument. Analysis of the data demonstrated that the participants were experiencing a depth and breadth of clinical experiences commensurate with CAPTE criteria in both the developed and developing settings. Both settings afforded learning experiences in cross-cultural communication and cultural considerations with the developing country posing more cross-cultural practice challenges than the developed country.

Discussion and Conclusions.
Comparison of the data with a proposed model and guidelines for optimizing international clinical education experiences demonstrated alignment in both the developed and developing country experiences. Both international clinical education experiences met CAPTE standards and other professional standards and proved to be a broadening experience for the participants.
Nausea and Vomiting in 2021
Authors: Heckroth Matthew , Luckett Robert T. , Moser Chris , Parajuli Dipendra , Abell Thomas L. 
Published: January 2021

Goal:A comprehensive review of treatments for nausea and vomiting (N/V).Background:N/V are common symptoms encountered in medicine. While most cases of acute N/V related to a specific cause can be straightforward to manage, other cases of acute N/V such as chemotherapy-induced N/V and especially chronic unexplained N/V can be difficult to control, leading to a significant decline in the patient’s quality of life and increased cost of medical care from repeated hospitalizations.Study:Traditional management has relied on pharmacotherapy which may be inadequate in a certain proportion of these patients. Many of the medications used in the management of N/V have significant side effect profiles making the need for new and improved interventions of great importance.Results:This review covers a broad review of the pathophysiology of N/V, pharmacotherapy, including safety concerns and controversies with established pharmaceuticals, newer immunotherapies, bioelectrical neuromodulation (including gastric electrical stimulation), behavioral and surgical therapies, and complementary medicine.Conclusion:On the basis of emerging understandings of the pathophysiology of N/V, improved therapies are becoming available.
Specialized Emergency Department Assessment and Multidisciplinary Intervention After Discharge Improve Management of Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Authors: Goren Idan , Barkan Revital , Biron Irit A. , Leibovitzh Haim , Golan Maya A. , Eran Hagar B. , Snir Yifat , Broitman Yelena , Konikoff Tom , Amir-Barak Hadar , Yafee Hadar , Adani Edna , Shiber Shachaf , Steiner Hadas , Drescher Michael J. , Dotan Iris , Yanai Henit 
Published: January 2021

Goal:
The aim was to assess proactive specialized inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) emergency department (ED) consultation and multidisciplinary IBD team (IBD-MDT) intervention on IBD-related patient outcomes after discharge.

Background:
Despite advances in patient care, IBD-related ED visits have increased and substantially contribute to the IBD burden.

Methods:
Consecutive patients with IBD (below 50 y) who visited the ED during November 2017 to April 2018 (intervention group) were compared with patients with IBD that visited the same ED during 2014 to 2017 (standard-care group). The primary outcomes were hospitalization and ED revisits at 30, 90, and 180 days.

Results:
The intervention group (45 patients, mean age 32.43±8.6 y, 57.8% male) and the standard-care group (237 patients) had comparable baseline characteristics, including age, sex, and IBD type, and similar rates of hospital admissions from the ED (46.7% vs. 38.8%, P=0.32). The intervention group more frequently underwent computed tomography (40% vs. 8%, P<0.001) and surgical interventions (13.3% vs. 0.8%, P<0.001) within the same hospital admission, compared with the standard-care group. In the intervention group, 24 patients were discharged from the ED, of whom 17 patients visited the IBD clinic (median 5 d postdischarge) and the majority were referred to ambulatory IBD-MDT services (dietitian: 46.7%, psychologist: 6.7%, advanced endoscopist: 8.9%, and proctology services: 6.7%). The intervention group had significantly fewer ED revisits than the standard-care group (30 d: 4.4% vs. 19.8%, P=0.013; 90 d: 4.4% vs. 35.9%, P<0.001; 180 d: 6.7% vs. 43%, P<0.001).

Conclusion:
Proactive specialized ED assessments and IBD-MDT interventions after a hospital discharge were preferable; they significantly reduced the ED revisit rate for at least 6 months.
Effectiveness of Water Jelly Ingestion for Both Rehabilitation and Prevention of Aspiration Pneumonia in Elderly Patients With Moderate to Severe Dysphagia
Authors: Morita Atsushi , Horiuchi Akira , Horiuchi Ichitaro , Takada Hidetoshi 
Published: January 2021

Background and Aims:
We evaluated the effectiveness of water jelly ingestion for both rehabilitation and the prevention of aspiration pneumonia in a retrospective analysis of elderly patients with moderate to severe dysphagia.

Patients and Methods:
Study 1: consecutive patients with borderline ingestion in an endoscopic swallowing evaluation were enrolled (n=36, 18 men and 18 women: mean age 82±9 y) and categorized into a group with water jelly (50 to 100 mL) ingestion training 3×/day or an untrained control group. Their food intake levels were then compared using a Food Intake Level Scale. Study 2: consecutive patients who were hospitalized because of aspiration pneumonia were enrolled (n=64, 35 men and 29 women: mean age 81±9 y) and categorized into a group with cyclic ingestion of water jelly immediately after each meal or a control group. The incidence of aspiration pneumonia that was newly developed during hospitalization was compared between the groups.

Results:
In study 1, 36 patients with a Hyodo-Komagane score of 8 were enrolled. Three of the 12 (25%) patients who underwent water jelly ingestion training were able to eat a pureed diet (level 5, 2 patients; level 6, 1 patient) while none of the 24 patients (0%) who did not undergo this training were able to eat any form of diet (levels 5 and 6, no patients) (P=0.011). In study 2, 64 patients were enrolled. No newly developed aspiration pneumonia was observed in the 34 patients (0%) who received cyclic water jelly ingestion, whereas 17% (5/30) of patients not receiving water jelly after meals newly developed aspiration pneumonia during hospitalization (P=0.031).

Conclusions:
Water jelly ingestion was effective for both rehabilitation and the prevention of aspiration pneumonia in elderly patients with moderate to severe dysphagia.
Digital Navigation Improves No-Show Rates and Bowel Preparation Quality for Patients Undergoing Colonoscopy
Authors: Solonowicz Olga , Stier Matthew , Kim Karen , Kupfer Sonia , Tapper Elliot , Sengupta Neil 
Published: January 2021

Objectives:
Because of high historical no-show rates and poor bowel preparation quality in our unit, we sought to evaluate whether text message navigation for patients scheduled for colonoscopy would reduce no-show rates and improve bowel preparation quality compared with usual care.

Methods:
We performed a randomized controlled quality improvement study from April to August 2019 in an urban academic endoscopy unit. All patients scheduled for colonoscopy were randomly assigned to a control group that received usual care (paper instructions/nursing precalls) or to the intervention group that received usual care plus the text message program [short message service (SMS)]. The program provided timed-release instructions on dietary modifications and bowel preparation before colonoscopy. The primary outcome was no-shows. Secondary outcomes were no-show/same-day cancellations, no-show/cancellations within 7 days of the procedure, and bowel preparation quality.

Results:
A total of 1625 patients were randomized (SMS=833, control=792). No-show rates were significantly lower in the SMS group compared with the control group (8% vs. 14%; P<0.0001). Similar results were found for no-show/same-day cancellations (10% vs. 16%; P=0.0003), and no-show/cancellations within 7 days (18% vs. 26%; P=0.0008). There was no difference in adequate bowel preparation for all colonoscopies between the groups (89% vs. 87%; P=0.47). However, rates of adequate bowel preparation for screening/surveillance colonoscopies were significantly higher in SMS versus control groups (93% vs. 88%; P=0.04).

Conclusions:
Text message navigation for patients scheduled for colonoscopy improved the quality of colorectal cancer screening by decreasing no-show rates and increasing adequate bowel preparation rates in patients undergoing screening colonoscopy compared with usual care.
Psychosocial Problems in Relation to Spiritual Orientation and Religious Coping Among Oncology Muslim Patients
Authors: Harbali Sevil Masat , Koç Zeliha 
Published: January 2021

Background
Patients generally turn to religion and spirituality when coping with the diagnosis and treatment of chronic diseases.

Objective
The aim of this study was to assess psychosocial problems in relation to spiritual orientation and religious coping among Muslim oncology patients.

Methods
This cross-sectional, correlational study enrolled 406 oncology inpatient participants. Participants completed the Distress Thermometer, the Religious Coping Styles Scale, the Spiritual Orientation Scale, and the The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - General Quality of Life Scale.

Results
As the spiritual orientation levels of the participants increased, use of a positive religious coping strategy also increased and distress levels decreased. In addition, general perceived quality of health increased as spiritual orientation levels and positive religious coping strategy use increased. Participants reported using prayer, daily prayer attendance, offerings, and consulting religious experts to seek healing.

Conclusions
Oncology patients in Turkey experience increased spiritual orientation levels while coping with illness-related psychosocial problems and use positive religious coping methods.

Implications for Practice
The religious beliefs and spiritual orientations of Turkish oncology patients affect their cancer experience, their care, and their quality of life. Determining the religious and spiritual coping methods used by patients to cope with illness-related psychosocial problems may make it easier for nurses to plan patient-specific nursing care.
Ian Jackson's Sphincter Pharyngoplasty
Authors: Mittermiller Paul A. , Staffenberg David A. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) after cleft palate repair remains an intriguing problem for the cleft surgeon. While other options for the treatment of VPI, in many ways the sphincter pharyngoplasty has become a reliable and satisfying operation. When the applied to the properly selected patient, it rearranges the palatopharyngeus muscles to provide dynamic closure of the newly created central velopharngeal port. The dynamic action is particularly satisfying to the surgeon. The surgery evolved in part because of the dedication and creativity of Dr Ian Jackson who's description is closest to the design used today. In his memory we felt it fitting to review Dr Jackson's involvement with the surgery over the decades as well as include our own thoughts on the advantages of the procedure.
Impacted Lower Third Molar Under Inferior Alveolar Canal: Technical Strategy for Minimally Invasive Extraoral Surgical Approach
Authors: Laino Luigi , Mariani Pierluigi , Laino Gregorio , Cervino Gabriele , Cicciù Marco 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Ectopic lower third molar is an uncommon condition, and its etiology remains unclear. The main approach used for its surgical removal is the intraoral one, but there are cases in which this may not be the best option. When the lower third molar is located below the lower alveolar canal or when it is close to the lower edge of the jaw, the most recommended approach is the extraoral one. The critical issues related to the extraoral approach are the possibility of damaging anatomical structures such as marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve (craniofacial nerve VII), facial artery and vein, and submental artery. This complication can occur during incision and dissection of the superficial layers or during osteotomy with rotating instruments.
This paper reports a case of extraction of ectopic lower third molar using a minimally invasive extraoral approach combined with piezoelectric surgery in order to prevent intraoperative injury of anatomical structures.