bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do People Like Mandatory Rules? The Choice Between Disclosures, Defaults, and Mandatory Rules in Supplier‐Customer Relationships
Authors: Katz Ori , Zamir Eyal 
Published: June 2021

In recent years, numerous empirical studies have examined the prevailing attitudes toward nudges, but hardly any have examined the prevailing attitudes toward mandatory rules. To fill this gap, this article describes five studies (N = 3,103)—mostly preregistered studies conducted with representative samples of the U.S. population—which tested people's attitudes toward mandatory rules in contractual settings. We found that in supplier‐customer relationships, people tend to rate mandatory rules as more desirable than disclosure duties and default rules. People's judgments in this regard depend on the relative effectiveness of the various types of rules in protecting customer's interests and their expected impact on the price, but there is considerable support for mandatory rules even if they are only slightly or moderately more effective than the alternatives, and even when they entail some price increase. People tend to believe that mandatory rules in this sphere enhance customers' freedom of contract—which may explain why these judgments are not correlated with people's ideological inclinations (liberal or conservative).
Large bank shareholders and terms of bank loans during the global financial crisis
Authors: Álvarez‐Botas Celia , Fernández‐Méndez Carlos , González Víctor M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis paper analyzes the influence of large bank shareholders on the terms of bank loans for a sample of 12,045 loans to 3,290 borrowers from 45 countries over the period 2004–2013. We investigate the effects of bank control over bank loan terms during the global financial crisis, regardless of whether the bank shareholder is a lender or not. In line with a monitoring effect, the results suggest that firms with bank shareholders that are non‐lenders borrowed at lower interest rates and longer maturities during the period of crisis. However, borrowers paid higher spreads and were offered shorter maturities when they borrowed from banks that are also shareholders. This effect is consistent with banks obtaining private benefits as large shareholders as a consequence of the informational hold‐up problems affecting borrowers.
Memory for public events in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: The role of hippocampus and ventro‐medial prefrontal cortex
Authors: Serra Laura , De simone Maria Stefania , Fadda Lucia , Perri Roberta , Caltagirone Carlo , Bozzali Marco , Carlesimo Giovanni A. 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundCurrent theories assume that retrograde memory deficits for semantic information in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) are temporally graded and partially sparing most remote memories. Moreover, these models assume a prevalent role of the hippocampus in early phases of memory consolidation and of the prefrontal mesial neocortical areas in permanent consolidation of traces.PurposeTo explore the relationship between hippocampus and memory accuracy for the most recent public events and between the ventro‐medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and memory accuracy irrespective of the memory age, we investigated in aMCI patients the retrograde memory for public events and its relationship with grey matter volume reductions in the hippocampus and vmPFC.Methods18 aMCI patients and 13 healthy subjects (HS) underwent a modified version of the Famous Events questionnaire (FEq) to assess their memory performance for public events. Patients underwent 3T‐MRI scanning to assess correlations between FEq’s scores and grey matter volumes.ResultsaMCI showed significantly reduced performances on FEq compared to HS in the recollection of most recent events, while no significant difference was observed for more remote memories, thus demonstrating a temporal gradient. Moreover, hippocampal volumes predicted accuracy scores for most recent, but not older, public events. Finally, an area in the subcallosal portion of the vmPFC, corresponding to BA32, predicted accuracy scores on FEq irrespective of the period examined.ConclusionsPathological changes in a neural circuit linking hippocampal to medial prefrontal cortical regions are responsible for impaired recollection of retrograde memories in aMCI.
Integrating and differentiating personality and psychopathology: A psychodynamic perspective
Authors: Luyten Patrick , Fonagy Peter 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSeveral strands of research converge to suggest that personality and psychopathology can be integrated in the form of a hierarchical model of individual differences. The notion that personality and psychopathology are intrinsically linked has a long tradition within psychodynamic approaches. In this article, we first summarize empirical evidence supporting two related key assumptions of psychodynamic approaches to personality and psychology: that a developmental, person‐centered approach is needed to complement a static, disorder‐centered approach in the conceptualization and treatment of psychopathology; and that personality and psychopathology are best conceptualized as dynamic attempts at adaptation. Research in each of these areas supports the notion that personality and psychopathology are difficult to separate and may be moderated by severity (i.e., general psychopathology) such that increasing levels of severity result in increased intrinsic coupling between the two. We then discuss these findings in the context of a newly emerging social‐communicative approach to human development that suggests that personality and psychopathology are better conceptualized in terms of a disorder of social communication, and that the purported rigidity and stability typically attributed to them are largely explained by the stability of the environmental mechanisms that underpin them, rather than by stable intrapersonal traits. The implications of these new views for the future of the science of personality and psychopathology, and for treatment strategies, are discussed.
The association between facets of conscientiousness and performance‐based and informant‐rated cognition, affect, and activities in older adults
Authors: Sutin Angelina R. , Aschwanden Damaris , Stephan Yannick , Terracciano Antonio 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo identify facets of conscientiousness associated with objective cognitive performance, informant‐rated cognitive decline, and informant‐rated affect and activities implicated in cognitive health.MethodHealth and Retirement Study participants (N = 2,516) reported on their personality, completed a comprehensive cognitive assessment, and had knowledgeable informants report on their cognition, affect, and activities.ResultsIndustriousness and responsibility were associated with better cognitive performance; order was associated with less informant‐rated cognitive decline. The facets were also associated with more positive affect, less negative affect, greater engagement in cognitive activities and activities outside the house, and less engagement in passive activities, as rated by a knowledgeable informant. Informant‐rated engagement in cognitive activities mediated the association between self‐reported responsibility and objective cognitive performance.ConclusionsTendencies toward achievement and accountability were associated with healthier cognitive performance and daily profiles that support cognitive health, whereas organization was associated with cognition as reported by a knowledgeable informant. The differential pattern of correlates is informative for the theoretical processes that link distinct facets of conscientiousness to healthier cognitive aging.
Clinical characteristics and risk factors for mortality in children with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteraemia: A retrospective review at a paediatric tertiary centre
Authors: Kishimoto Kenji , Kasai Masashi , Kawamura Noriko , Otake Shogo , Hasegawa Daiichiro , Kosaka Yoshiyuki 
Published: June 2021

AimThe objective of this study was to describe clinical features and to assess the risk factors associated with mortality in Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteraemia in a tertiary Japanese paediatric care hospital.MethodsPatients diagnosed with P. aeruginosa bacteraemia at our hospital between 2007 and 2018 were analysed in a retrospective case series. Inadequate initial therapy for P. aeruginosa bacteraemia was defined as initial treatment without antipseudomonal antibiotics or an administration of antipseudomonal agent to which the causative strain was resistant. Bacteraemia‐related death was defined as all deaths occurring within 7 days after the onset of bacteraemia.ResultsOverall, 41 patients with 42 P. aeruginosa bacteraemia episodes were identified. The most common underlying condition was malignancy (27%), followed by congenital heart disease (20%) and preterm birth (17%). Among the 42 P. aeruginosa clinical isolates, 24% were resistant to at least one of the antipseudomonal agents and 10% were resistant to more than one agent. The susceptibility levels for piperacillin, fourth‐generation cephalosporins and ciprofloxacin were higher than that for carbapenems. Bacteraemia‐related death was observed in 43% of episodes. The 30‐day all‐cause mortality was 50% (standard error 8%). Neonates, intensive care, mechanical ventilation, afebrile episodes, septic shock, hypoxia, renal injury and inadequate initial therapy were associated with bacteraemia‐related death episodes.ConclusionsWe found that childhood P. aeruginosa bacteraemia is still a high mortality disease. Our results imply the importance of the identification of high‐risk patients and the establishment of adequate empirical antibiotic therapy.
Native plant species show evolutionary responses to invasion by Parthenium hysterophorus in an African savanna
Authors: Oduor Ayub M. O. 
Published: June 2021

Summary

Invasive plant species often competitively displace native plant species but some populations of native plant species can evolve adaptation to competition from invasive plants and persist in invaded habitats. However, studies are lacking that examine how variation in abiotic conditions in invaded landscapes may affect fitness of native plants that have adapted to compete with invasive plants.

I tested whether invasion by Parthenium hysterophorus in Nairobi National Park – Kenya may have selected for native plant individuals with greater competitive ability than conspecific naïve natives in nutrient‐rich and mesic soil conditions. I compared vegetative growth and seed yields of invader‐experienced and conspecific naïve individuals of seven native species.

Invader‐experienced natives grew shorter than naïve natives regardless of growth conditions. Nevertheless, the two groups of native plants also exhibited treatment‐specific differences in competitive ability against P. hysterophorus. Invader‐experienced natives displayed plasticity in seed yield under drought treatment, while naïve natives did not. Moreover, drought treatment enhanced competitive effects of invader‐experienced natives on P. hysterophorus, while nutrient enrichment relaxed competitive effects of invader‐experienced natives on the invader.

The results suggest that P. hysterophorus may have selected for shorter native plant genotypes that also exhibit plasticity in competitive ability under drought conditions.
Beyond leaf habit: generalities in plant function across 97 tropical dry forest tree species
Authors: Vargas G. German , Brodribb Tim J. , Dupuy Juan M. , González‐M. Roy , Hulshof Catherine M. , Medvigy David , Allerton Tristan A. P. , Pizano Camila , Salgado‐Negret Beatriz , Schwartz Naomi B. , Van Bloem Skip J. , Waring Bonnie G. , Powers Jennifer S. 
Published: June 2021

Summary

Leaf habit has been hypothesized to define a linkage between the slow‐fast plant economic spectrum and the drought resistance‐avoidance trade‐off in tropical forests (‘slow‐safe vs fast‐risky’). However, variation in hydraulic traits as a function of leaf habit has rarely been explored for a large number of species.

We sampled leaf and branch functional traits of 97 tropical dry forest tree species from four sites to investigate whether patterns of trait variation varied consistently in relation to leaf habit along the ‘slow‐safe vs fast‐risky’ trade‐off.

Leaf habit explained from 0% to 43.69% of individual trait variation. We found that evergreen and semi‐deciduous species differed in their location along the multivariate trait ordination when compared to deciduous species. While deciduous species showed consistent trait values, evergreen species trait values varied as a function of the site. Last, trait values varied in relation to the proportion of deciduous species in the plant community.

We found that leaf habit describes the strategies that define drought avoidance and plant economics in tropical trees. However, leaf habit alone does not explain patterns of trait variation, which suggests quantifying site‐specific or species‐specific uncertainty in trait variation as the way forward.
Effects of the different administration frequencies of teriparatide (PTH [1‐34]) on new bone formation of expanded midpalatal sutures in rats: A histomorphometric and micro‐computed tomography analysis
Authors: Koca Cansu Gül , Sadry Sanaz , Asker Hasan , Çiçek Muhammet Fatih , Kösehasanoğulları Meryem , Kaya Gürkan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of 4 μg/kg teriparatide administered at intermittent and continuous frequencies on bone formation in the expanded midpalatal suture region using histomorphometric and micro‐computed tomography (micro‐Ct) analysis. Settings and sample population: In this study, 24 Sprague Dawley male rats were used.MethodsThe experimental animals were divided into 3 groups as follows: Group 1: only maxillary expansion, Group 2: maxillary expansion with continuous teriparatide administration (2 μg in the morning and 2 μg in the evening) and Group 3: maxillary expansion with intermittent teriparatide administration (daily 4 μg/kg). The expansion appliance was fixed to maxillary incisors of all animals within the 5‐day expansion period, followed by a 12‐day retention phase. Animals were sacrificed at the end of the retention period, and specimens were evaluated by micro‐Ct and histomorphometric analysis respectively.ResultsThe results of the histomorphometric analysis showed that Group 3 had the highest number of osteoblasts (1042 ± 90.76) (P < .01). In addition, the results of micro‐Ct analysis revealed that Group 3 had the highest bone volume/total volume (16% ± 0), bone mineral density (173.82 ± 2.6 mgHA/cm3) and least midpalatal suture width (0.13 ± 0.001 mm) (P < .01). Osteoblasts number and micro‐Ct analysis values of Group 2 were higher than those of Group 1 but no significant differences between them (P > .01).ConclusionIntermittently administered TP (4 μg/kg once a day) was seen to enhance bone formation and mineralization. In the future, it can be used in drug studies that will increase or stimulate bone formation as well as in the midpalatal suture area.
Automated landmarking for palatal shape analysis using geometric deep learning
Authors: Croquet Balder , Matthews Harold , Mertens Jules , Fan Yi , Nauwelaers Nele , Mahdi Soha , Hoskens Hanne , El Sergani Ahmed , Xu Tianmin , Vandermeulen Dirk , Bronstein Michael , Marazita Mary , Weinberg Seth , Claes Peter 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo develop and evaluate a geometric deep‐learning network to automatically place seven palatal landmarks on digitized maxillary dental casts.Settings and Sample PopulationThe sample comprised individuals with permanent dentition of various ethnicities. The network was trained from manual landmark annotations on 732 dental casts and evaluated on 104 dental casts.Materials and MethodsA geometric deep‐learning network was developed to hierarchically learn features from point‐clouds representing the 3D surface of each cast. These features predict the locations of seven palatal landmarks.ResultsRepeat‐measurement reliability was <0.3 mm for all landmarks on all casts. Accuracy is promising. The proportion of test subjects with errors less than 2 mm was between 0.93 and 0.68, depending on the landmark. Unusually shaped and large palates generate the highest errors. There was no evidence for a difference in mean palatal shape estimated from manual compared to the automatic landmarking. The automatic landmarking reduces sample variation around the mean and reduces measurements of palatal size.ConclusionsThe automatic landmarking method shows excellent repeatability and promising accuracy, which can streamline patient assessment and research studies. However, landmark indications should be subject to visual quality control.
Premature atrial complexes can predict atrial fibrillation in ischemic stroke patients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Tao Yirao , Xu Jing , Gong Xin , Sun Jingyi , Yang Donghui 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackground and PurposeSeveral studies have explored premature atrial complexes (PACs) as high‐risk factors for atrial fibrillation (AF) in ischemic stroke patients; however, the results were controversial. The aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to examine whether PACs can predict AF in ischemic stroke patients.MethodsWe comprehensively searched the published literature in PubMed, Embase, and Wiley‐Cochrane library databases from inception through August 18, 2020. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were analyzed by the fixed‐effect model or the random‐effect model based on heterogeneity.ResultsWe identified 12 eligible studies including 2340 stroke patients with a mean age of 65.9 years. PACs were highly associated with AF occurrence in stroke (pooled OR: 4.16, 95% CI: 3.06–5.65) and cryptogenic stroke patients (pooled OR: 3.72, 95% CI: 2.66–5.20). Subgroup analysis showed PAC presence and frequent PACs were correlated with stroke in AF patients (pooled OR: 3.72, 95% CI: 1.65–8.36 and pooled OR: 5.12, 95% CI: 3.12–8.41, respectively). Frequent PACs were identified as the risks for asymptomatic AF (OR: 6.18, 95% CI: 3.23–11.83) and future AF occurrence (OR: 3.71, 95% CI: 2.62–5.26) in stroke patients. The definition of frequent PACs was inconsistent, and was >70 beats/24 h based on Holter monitoring.ConclusionsPACs confer high risks for asymptomatic AF and future AF occurrence in stroke patients.
Eicosapentaenoic acid/arachidonic acid ratio in Japanese junior high school students
Authors: Takahashi Hiroshi , Sano Hironari , Hayashi Yuusaku , Nishimura Rimei 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundThis epidemiological study investigated the eicosapentaenoic acid/arachidonic acid ratio (EAR) and docosahexaenoic acid/ arachidonic acid ratio (DAR) in ninth‐graders in Japan.MethodsA total of 175 ninth‐grade children from Tsunan Town (115 boys and 60 girls) were enrolled in the study between 2015 and 2017. All participants were assessed during annual health checkups to determine their EAR and DAR. All data were compared between boys and girls using the Mann–Whitney test. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used to describe the strengths of correlations between the EAR, DAR, and relevant parameters.ResultsThe median (minimum, maximum) EAR and DAR of all participants were 0.13 (0.05, 0.46) and 0.47 (0.25, 0.84), respectively. There was no significant difference in the EAR between boys and girls at 0.12 (0.05, 0.46) and 0.13 (0.06, 0.27) (P = 0.375), respectively. The DAR was not significantly different (P = 0.125). There was a significant positive correlation between EAR and triglyceride, body mass index, and homeostasis model assessment but a significantly negative correlation with HbA1c (r = −0.209, P = 0.006). In contrast, there was no significant correlation between DAR and any parameters.ConclusionsThis is the first epidemiological study investigating the EAR using a population‐based cohort of Japanese adolescents. The EAR in boys/girls in Japan is 0.12 (0.05, 0.46)/0.13 (0.06, 0.27). The study results suggest that children with a healthy diet may generally have a lower average blood glucose level.
Pollination of the strongly scented Sarcoglottis acaulis (Orchidaceae) by male orchid bees: nectar as resource instead of perfume
Authors: Albuquerque N. S. L. , Milet‐Pinheiro P. , Cruz D. D. , Navarro D. M. A. F. , Machado I. C. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

The Neotropical orchid genus Sarcoglottis comprises ~40 species, which emit strong floral scents, presumably involved in pollinator attraction. Information on basic aspects of its natural history is scant, with the few studies available so far pointing to nectar‐seeking orchid bees as pollinators. Here, we investigated the reproductive biology of Sarcoglottis acaulis, addressing the ecological meaning of its floral scent.

In Atlantic Forest fragments of NE Brazil, we described the floral biology, determined the breeding system and recorded the pollinators of S. acaulis. Additionally, we chemically characterized its floral scent and assessed its role on pollinator attraction.

Although self‐compatible, S. acaulis depends on pollinators to boost fruit set. Male orchid bees of Eulaema atleticana and E. niveofasciata were the only recorded pollinators. They foraged for nectar only, in spite of the strong scent emitted by S. acaulis flowers. The floral scent is composed of six compounds, of which geraniol and nerol elicited electroantennographic responses in Eulaema bees. A synthetic mixture of these compounds attracted Eulaema bees in field assays but did not trigger the stereotyped scent‐gathering behaviour.

The floral scent of S. acaulis acts in signalling and nectar is the sole reward for pollinators. Despite the low pollinator frequency, S. acaulis shows a high fruit set (77%), particularly when compared to other orchids. Attributes such as pollinia that release small pollen loads, allowing a single pollinia‐carrying bee to pollinate several flowers, low amount of nectar, steady‐state flowering and traplining behaviour of pollinators, might act together to assure this outstanding fruit set.
Comparative analysis identifiesmicro‐RNAassociated with nutrient homeostasis, development and stress response inArabidopsis thalianaupon high Zn and metal hyperaccumulatorArabidopsis halleri
Authors: Fasani Elisa , DalCorso Giovanni , Zorzi Gianluca , Vitulo Nicola , Furini Antonella 
Published: June 2021

AbstractmiRNAs have been found to be key players in mineral homeostasis, both in the control of nutrient balance and in the response to toxic trace elements. However, the effect of Zn excess on miRNAs has not been elucidated; moreover, no data are present regarding miRNAs in hyperaccumulator species, where metal homeostasis is tightly regulated. Therefore, expression levels of mature miRNAs were measured by RNA‐Seq in Zn‐sensitiveArabidopsis thalianagrown in control conditions and upon high Zn, in soil and in Zn‐hyperaccumulatorArabidopsis hallerigrown in control conditions. Differential expression of notable miRNAs and their targets was confirmed by real‐time RT‐PCR. The comparison inA. thalianarevealed a small subset modulated upon Zn treatment that is associated with stress response and nutrient homeostasis. On the other hand, a more consistent group of miRNAs was differentially expressed inA. hallericompared withA. thaliana, reflecting inherent differences in nutritional requirements and response to stresses and plant growth and development. Overall, these results confirm the involvement of miRNAs in Zn homeostasis and support the hypothesis of distinct regulatory pathways in hyperaccumulator species.