bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Does Wearing a Facecover Influence the Eye Movement Pattern in Times of COVID-19?
Authors: Frank Konstantin , Schuster Luca , Alfertshofer Michael , Baumbach Sebastian Felix , Herterich Viktoria , Giunta Riccardo E , Moellhoff Nicholas , Braig David , Ehrl Denis , Cotofana Sebastian 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Since the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic facecovers have become a common sight. The effect of facecovers on the gaze when looking at faces has not yet been assessed.

Objectives
The aim of the present study was to investigate any potential differences in eye movement pattern in observers exposed to images showing a face without and with a facecover to identify if there is truly a change of gaze when identifying (masked) facial features.

Methods
The eye movement of 64 study participants (28 males and 36 females) with a mean [standard deviation] age of 31.84 [9.0] years was analyzed in this cross-sectional observational study. Eye movement analysis was conducted based on positional changes of eye features within an x- and y-coordinate system while two images (face without/with facecover) were displayed for 8 seconds.

Results
The results of this study revealed that the sequence of focusing on facial regions was not altered when wearing a facecover and followed the sequence: perioral, nose, periorbital. Wearing a facecover significantly increased the time spent focusing on the periorbital region and also increased the number of repeated eye fixations during the 8-second visual stimulus presentation. No statistically significant differences were observed between male and female participants in their eye movement pattern across all investigated variables (P &gt; 0.433).

Conclusions
The altered eye movement pattern caused by wearing facecoverings that this study has revealed suggests that, during the COVID-19 pandemic, aesthetic practitioners might consider developing marketing and treatment strategies that principally target the periorbital area.
PRISM: recovering cell-type-specific expression profiles from individual composite RNA-seq samples
Authors: Häkkinen Antti , Zhang Kaiyang , Alkodsi Amjad , Andersson Noora , Erkan Erdogan Pekcan , Dai Jun , Kaipio Katja , Lamminen Tarja , Mansuri Naziha , Huhtinen Kaisa , Vähärautio Anna , Carpén Olli , Hynninen Johanna , Hietanen Sakari , Lehtonen Rainer , Hautaniemi Sampsa 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Motivation
A major challenge in analyzing cancer patient transcriptomes is that the tumors are inherently heterogeneous and evolving. We analyzed 214 bulk RNA samples of a longitudinal, prospective ovarian cancer cohort and found that the sample composition changes systematically due to chemotherapy and between the anatomical sites, preventing direct comparison of treatment-naive and treated samples.

Results
To overcome this, we developed PRISM, a latent statistical framework to simultaneously extract the sample composition and cell-type-specific whole-transcriptome profiles adapted to each individual sample. Our results indicate that the PRISM-derived composition-free transcriptomic profiles and signatures derived from them predict the patient response better than the composite raw bulk data. We validated our findings in independent ovarian cancer and melanoma cohorts, and verified that PRISM accurately estimates the composition and cell-type-specific expression through whole-genome sequencing and RNA in situ hybridization experiments.

Availabilityand implementation
https://bitbucket.org/anthakki/prism.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Hacking for good: Leveraging HackerOne data to develop an economic model of Bug Bounties
Authors: Sridhar Kiran , Ng Ming 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We ran a study of bug bounties, programs where gig economy security researchers are compensated for pinpointing and explaining vulnerabilities in company code bases. Bug bounty advocates have argued that they are a cost-effective means for companies of all types to shore up their security posture. Our research—which analyzes a large, proprietary dataset and which leverages instrumental variables to eliminate potential sources of endogeneity—provides empirical support for this assertion. Security researchers have a price elasticity of supply of between 0.1 and 0.2 at the median, indicating that they are largely motivated by non-pecuniary factors; a company is still able to derive utility from bug bounties even if they have a limited ability to pay security researchers. Moreover, a company’s revenue and brand profile do not have an economically significant impact on the number of valid security vulnerabilities reports its program receives. However, we found that companies in the finance, retail, and healthcare sectors are notified of fewer valid vulnerabilities, ceteris paribus, than companies in other sectors, though these estimates are not statistically significant at the 5% level. We also found no evidence that new companies joining the HackerOne platform dampen the number of reports that firms receive. Finally, we find that programs receive fewer valid reports as they grow older and bugs become harder to find. This negative age effect may be dampened if the program increases the code base available for hacking.
Restraint under conditions of uncertainty: Why the United States tolerates cyberattacks
Authors: Kaminska Monica 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The United States struggles to impose meaningful costs for destructive or disruptive cyber operations. This article argues that the United States' restrained responses stem from a desire to avoid risk in an inherently uncertain operational environment. The societal desire for risk avoidance is the prism through which policymakers address the cyber domain and deliberate responses to attacks. The article shows that two particular operational characteristics of cyberspace—its complex adaptiveness and the ease of proliferation—combine to increase the risk of misattribution and the risk of unintended effects, including collateral damage, inadvertent escalation and blowback. These characteristics present a particular obstacle for risk societies such as the United States in the application of meaningful punishments. In addition to establishing the roots of US restraint, the article traces the application of risk management practices, including preventive action, increasing resilience and consequence management, from the Obama administration to the Trump administration. The analysis reveals that risk management has underpinned the overall US approach to the cyber domain.
The Effects of Vegetation Type on Oedaleus decorus asiaticus (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Oviposition and Hatching Success
Authors: Li Hongmei , Zhang Yan , Wang Guangjun , Lowry Alyssa , Huang Wenjiang , Dong Yingying , Shang Suqin , Luke Belinda 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Oedaleus decorus asiaticus (Bei-Bienko, 1941) has been regarded as one of the most dominant locusts in the northern grassland, the adjacent area of agriculture and animal farmland, in China. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of vegetation type on the oviposition behavior of this pest in an open field and the hatching success of the offspring in the following year. The results showed that vegetation type did have a significant effect on whether any egg pods were laid by O. d. asiaticus. Once the females laid eggs, vegetation type and cage number had a significant effect on the number of egg pods laid. The highest number of egg pods was found in the Cleistogenes squarrosa treatment, followed by Stipa krylovii and then Leymus chinensis, while the Artemisia frigida treatment contained the lowest number of egg pods. The O. d. asiaticus eggs laid in S. krylovii and C. squarrosa treatments had a significantly higher hatching success rate (over 53%) than the other two grasses (below 40%). In short, habitats with C. squarrosa and S. krylovii grasses are likely to be preferred by ovipositing females, thus population monitoring efforts of O. d. asiaticus should focus on these habitats.
Outbreak of SARS-CoV-2: challenge for diagnosis and medical management in patients with left ventricular assist device: a case series
Authors: Dan Pan , Birgit Frotscher , Matei Mathieu , Vuillemin Veronique , Ottenin Helene , Maureira Pablo-Juan , Vanhuyse Fabrice 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exposes vulnerable patients to high risk of mortality. Patients with left ventricular assist device (LVAD) usually have symptoms such as cough, fever, and shortness of breath because of their cardiac condition and comorbidity, therefore these related symptoms challenge the correct diagnosis in time within the COVID-19 pandemic.

Case summary
We report two case studies of patients with LVAD in whom COVID-19 related symptoms were overlapped by their cardiac status and comorbidities. In the first case, the patient was admitted for suspicion of COVID-19 due to cough and shortness of breath for 1 month. The blood test evocated a high index of suspicion of COVID-19. The nasopharyngeal test for COVID-19 performed on admission and at Day 2 was inconclusive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but the test obtained on Day 3 of admission was positive, whereas computed tomography confirmed the diagnosis of COVID-19. This patient developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and nasal epistaxis within 48 h during hospitalization. The ARDS was treated by non-invasive ventilation and probabilistic antibiotics for 3 days and resulted significant improvement. The nasal epistaxis due to international normalized ratio increase was treated by nasal packing and vitamin K antagonist was switched to parenteral heparin infusion. The patient was kept hospitalized for 1 month for further supportive treatment. In the second case, the patient was admitted for recurrent anaemia due to melaena, the patient was tested for COVID-19 because of new-onset symptoms of cough and rhinorrhoea. The first nasopharyngeal test was positive, and sudden increase of anticoagulation status was noted in the setting of gastrointestinal bleeding. The anticoagulation status was controlled by parenteral heparin infusion, and the melaena was disappeared at Day 3. The moderate dyspnoea of the patient was quickly improved with nasal oxygen delivery for 4 days. The patient was discharged at Day 5.

Discussion
COVID-19 specific symptoms are challenging to distinguish in patients with LVADs, although radiological evidence can be beneficial in the COVID-19 diagnosis. We also observed the need for precise anticoagulation control to avoid bleeding or thrombotic events in these patients.
Diagnostic approach to a cardiac mass: a case report of misdiagnosed cardiac synovial sarcoma
Authors: Ouarrak Safia , El Ouali Zakaria , Elkebir Asmaa , Moumna Kawthar , Karkouri Mehdi , Azzouzi Leila , Habbal Rachida 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Cardiac synovial sarcoma (CSS) is an extremely rare malignant tumour with a poor prognosis. We report the case of a 31-year-old woman who presented with a CSS in the right atrium and was initially misdiagnosed with a tuberculoma. The aim of this article is to focus on the importance of having broad differential diagnoses including rare entities.

Case summary
A 31-year-old White woman, with a close contact with a relative having pulmonary tuberculosis, presented to the emergency unit with severe dyspnoea. Chest radiography and echocardiography showed a large pericardial effusion with a mass in the right atrium. Pericardiocentesis removed bloody exudative fluid with adenosine desaminase at 17 UI/L and no malignant cells in the cytological study. Cardiac magnetic resonance revealed a tuberculoma of the right atrium. Intraoperatively, the mass was only biopsied because of the local invasion. Histological study concluded to a CSS. The patient died 3 days later.

Discussion
This case highlights the importance of having broad differential diagnoses including rare entities. Histology was the key investigation for the diagnosis of CSS which has no clinical nor laboratory or imaging pathognomonic signs.
Risk analysis for early mortality in emergency acute type A aortic dissection surgery: experience of Tokyo Acute Aortic Super-network
Authors: Yamasaki Manabu , Yoshino Hideaki , Kunihara Takashi , Akutsu Koichi , Shimokawa Tomoki , Ogino Hitoshi , Kawata Mitsuhiro , Takahashi Toshiyuki , Usui Michio , Watanabe Kazuhiro , Masuhara Hiroshi , Yamamoto Takeshi , Nagao Ken , Takayama Morimasa 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
We investigated the various pre- and postoperative complications related to early (30-day) mortality after open surgery for acute type A aortic dissection.

METHODS
Data from the Tokyo Acute Aortic Super-network database spanning January 2015 to December 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Pre- and postoperative factors related to early postoperative mortality were assessed in 1504 of 2058 (73.0%) consecutive patients [age: 66.6 (SD: 13.5) years, male: 52.9%] who underwent acute type A aortic dissection repair.

RESULTS
The early mortality rate following surgical repair was 8.9%. According to multivariable analysis, male sex [odds ratio (OR) 1.670, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.063–2.624, P = 0.026], use of percutaneous circulatory assist devices (n = 116, 7.7%) including extracorporeal membrane oxygenators or intra-aortic balloon pumps (OR 4.857, 95% CI 2.867–8.228, P &lt; 0.001), shock (n = 162, 10.8%) (OR 3.06, 95% CI 1.741–5.387, P &lt; 0.001), cardiopulmonary arrest (n = 41, 2.7%) (OR 7.534, 95% CI 3.407–16.661, P &lt; 0.001), coronary ischaemia (n = 36, 2.3%) (OR 2.583, 95% CI 1.042–6.404, P = 0.041) and cerebral ischaemia (n = 59, 3.9%) (OR 2.904, 95% CI 1.347–6.261, P = 0.007) were independent preoperative risk factors for early mortality, while cardiac tamponade (n = 34, 2.3%) (OR 10.282, 95% CI 4.640–22.785, P &lt; 0.001), cerebral ischaemia (n = 80, 5.3%) (OR 2.409, 95% CI 1.179–4.923, P = 0.016) and mesenteric ischaemia (n = 15, 1.0%) (OR 44.763, 95% CI 13.027–153.808, P &lt; 0.001) were independent postoperative risk factors.

CONCLUSIONS
Not only critical preoperative conditions but also postoperative cardiac tamponade and vital organ ischaemia are risk factors for early mortality after acute type A aortic dissection repair.
Drosophila MOV10 regulates the termination of midgut regeneration
Authors: Takemura Masahiko , Bowden Nanako , Lu Yi-Si , Nakato Eriko , O’Connor Michael B , Nakato Hiroshi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The molecular mechanisms by which stem cell proliferation is precisely controlled during the course of regeneration are poorly understood. Namely, how a damaged tissue senses when to terminate the regeneration process, inactivates stem cell mitotic activity, and organizes ECM integrity remain fundamental unanswered questions. The Drosophila midgut intestinal stem cell (ISC) offers an excellent model system to study the molecular basis for stem cell inactivation. Here, we show that a novel gene, CG6967 or dMOV10, is induced at the termination stage of midgut regeneration, and shows an inhibitory effect on ISC proliferation. dMOV10 encodes a putative component of the microRNA (miRNA) gene silencing complex (miRISC). Our data, along with previous studies on the mammalian MOV10, suggest that dMOV10 is not a core member of miRISC, but modulates miRISC activity as an additional component. Further analyses identified direct target mRNAs of dMOV10-containing miRISC, including Daughter against Dpp (Dad), a known inhibitor of BMP/TGF-β signaling. We show that RNAi knockdown of Dad significantly impaired ISC division during regeneration. We also identified six miRNAs that are induced at the termination stage and their potential target transcripts. One of these miRNAs, mir-1, is required for proper termination of ISC division at the end of regeneration. We propose that miRNA-mediated gene regulation contributes to the precise control of Drosophila midgut regeneration.
Bayesian modeling of skewed X inactivation in genetically diverse mice identifies a novel Xce allele associated with copy number changes
Authors: Sun Kathie Y , Oreper Daniel , Schoenrock Sarah A , McMullan Rachel , Giusti-Rodríguez Paola , Zhabotynsky Vasyl , Miller Darla R , Tarantino Lisa M , Pardo-Manuel de Villena Fernando , Valdar William 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Female mammals are functional mosaics of their parental X-linked gene expression due to X chromosome inactivation (XCI). This process inactivates one copy of the X chromosome in each cell during embryogenesis and that state is maintained clonally through mitosis. In mice, the choice of which parental X chromosome remains active is determined by the X chromosome controlling element (Xce), which has been mapped to a 176-kb candidate interval. A series of functional Xce alleles has been characterized or inferred for classical inbred strains based on biased, or skewed, inactivation of the parental X chromosomes in crosses between strains. To further explore the function structure basis and location of the Xce, we measured allele-specific expression of X-linked genes in a large population of F1 females generated from Collaborative Cross (CC) strains. Using published sequence data and applying a Bayesian “Pólya urn” model of XCI skew, we report two major findings. First, inter-individual variability in XCI suggests mouse epiblasts contain on average 20–30 cells contributing to brain. Second, CC founder strain NOD/ShiLtJ has a novel and unique functional allele, Xceg, that is the weakest in the Xce allelic series. Despite phylogenetic analysis confirming that NOD/ShiLtJ carries a haplotype almost identical to the well-characterized C57BL/6J (Xceb), we observed unexpected patterns of XCI skewing in females carrying the NOD/ShiLtJ haplotype within the Xce. Copy number variation is common at the Xce locus and we conclude that the observed allelic series is a product of independent and recurring duplications shared between weak Xce alleles.
Lint, a transmembrane serine protease, regulates growth and metabolism in Drosophila
Authors: Pathak Himani , Vijaykumar Maya Ananthakrishnan , Tanari Abdul Basith , Sarkar Sohela , Varghese Jishy 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Insulin signaling in Drosophila has a significant role in regulating growth, metabolism, fecundity, stress response, and longevity. The molecular mechanism by which insulin signaling regulates these vital processes is dependent on the nutrient status and oxygen availability of the organism. In a genetic screen to identify novel genes that regulate Drosophila insulin signaling, we discovered lumens interrupted (lint), a gene that has previously been shown to act in tracheal development. The knockdown of lint gene expression using a Dilp2Gal4 driver which expresses in the neuronal insulin producing cells (IPCs), led to defects in systemic insulin signaling, metabolic status and growth. However, our analysis of lint knockdown phenotypes revealed that downregulation of lint in the trachea and not IPCs was responsible for the growth phenotypes, as the Gal4 driver is also expressed in the tracheal system. We found various tracheal terminal branch defects, including reduction in the length as well as number of branches in the lint knockdown background. Our study reveals that substantial effects of lint downregulation arose because of tracheal defects, which induced tissue hypoxia, altered systemic insulin/TOR signaling, and resulted in effects on developmental growth regulation.
A Biomarker-based Biological Age in UK Biobank: Composition and Prediction of Mortality and Hospital Admissions
Authors: Chan Mei Sum , Arnold Matthew , Offer Alison , Hammami Imen , Mafham Marion , Armitage Jane , Perera Rafael , Parish Sarah 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Chronological age is the strongest risk factor for most chronic diseases. Developing a biomarker-based age and understanding its most important contributing biomarkers may shed light on the effects of age on later-life health and inform opportunities for disease prevention.

Methods
A subpopulation of 141 254 individuals healthy at baseline were studied, from among 480 019 UK Biobank participants aged 40–70 recruited in 2006–2010, and followed up for 6–12 years via linked death and secondary care records. Principal components of 72 biomarkers measured at baseline were characterized and used to construct sex-specific composite biomarker ages using the Klemera Doubal method, which derived a weighted sum of biomarker principal components based on their linear associations with chronological age. Biomarker importance in the biomarker ages was assessed by the proportion of the variation in the biomarker ages that each explained. The proportions of the overall biomarker and chronological age effects on mortality and age-related hospital admissions explained by the biomarker ages were compared using likelihoods in Cox proportional hazard models.

Results
Reduced lung function, kidney function, reaction time, insulin-like growth factor 1, hand grip strength, and higher blood pressure were key contributors to the derived biomarker age in both men and women. The biomarker ages accounted for &gt;65% and &gt;84% of the apparent effect of age on mortality and hospital admissions for the healthy and whole populations, respectively, and significantly improved prediction of mortality (p &lt; .001) and hospital admissions (p &lt; 1 × 10−10) over chronological age alone.

Conclusions
This study suggests that a broader, multisystem approach to research and prevention of diseases of aging warrants consideration.
Measurement Invariance of Social Media Use in Younger and Older Adults and Links to Socioemotional Health
Authors: Sharifian Neika , Kraal A Zarina , Zaheed Afsara B , Sol Ketlyne , Morris Emily P , Zahodne Laura B 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Social media use has been linked to socioemotional health; however, less is known regarding whether these associations are moderated by age. Additionally, as the use of social media in older adult populations is rapidly increasing, there is a greater need for the investigation of psychometric properties of social media usage scales before determining age differences in the impact of social media on socioemotional health outcomes.

Research Design and Methods
Using an online adult life-span sample (n = 592), the current cross-sectional study tested the measurement invariance of the general social media usage subscale of the Media and Technology Usage and Attitudes Scale across younger (aged 19–54) versus older (aged 55–81) adults and whether age moderated associations between social media use and socioemotional health (depressive symptoms, self-esteem, and envy).

Results
Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that posting-related and checking-related items were noninvariant across age groups. In multigroup structural equation models accounting for differential item functioning, higher social media use was associated with more depressive symptoms in younger adults, but not in older adults. While higher social media use was associated with higher envy in both age groups, this association was stronger in younger adults.

Discussion and Implications
Findings suggest younger adults may be more susceptible to the detrimental effects of social media use on socioemotional health. Future directions regarding the measurement of social media use and the salience of social media use across the life span are discussed.