bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The cost-effectiveness of common strategies for the prevention of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in universities
Authors: Zafari Zafar , Goldman Lee , Kovrizhkin Katia , Muennig Peter Alexander 
Published: September 2021

BackgroundMost universities that re-open in the United States (US) for in-person instruction have implemented the Centers for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC) guidelines. The value of additional interventions to prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is unclear. We calculated the cost-effectiveness and cases averted of each intervention in combination with implementing the CDC guidelines.MethodsWe built a decision-analytic model to examine the cost-effectiveness of interventions to re-open universities. The interventions included implementing the CDC guidelines alone and in combination with 1) a symptom-checking mobile application, 2) university-provided standardized, high filtration masks, 3) thermal cameras for temperature screening, 4) one-time entry (‘gateway’) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing, and 5) weekly PCR testing. We also modeled a package of interventions (‘package intervention’) that combines the CDC guidelines with using the symptom-checking mobile application, standardized masks, gateway PCR testing, and weekly PCR testing. The direct and indirect costs were calculated in 2020 US dollars. We also provided an online interface that allows the user to change model parameters.ResultsAll interventions averted cases of COVID-19. When the prevalence of actively infectious cases reached 0.1%, providing standardized, high filtration masks saved money and improved health relative to implementing the CDC guidelines alone and in combination with using the symptom-checking mobile application, thermal cameras, and gateway testing. Compared with standardized masks, weekly PCR testing cost $9.27 million (95% Credible Interval [CrI]: cost-saving-$77.36 million)/QALY gained. Compared with weekly PCR testing, the ‘package’ intervention cost $137,877 (95% CrI: $3,108-$19.11 million)/QALY gained. At both a prevalence of 1% and 2%, the ‘package’ intervention saved money and improved health compared to all the other interventions.ConclusionsAll interventions were effective at averting infection from COVID-19. However, when the prevalence of actively infectious cases in the community was low, only standardized, high filtration masks clearly provided value.
Outcome measures used in trials on gait rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis: A systematic literature review
Authors: Santisteban L. , Teremetz M. , Irazusta J. , Lindberg P. G. , Rodriguez-Larrad A. 
Published: September 2021

Background
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is associated with impaired gait and a growing number of clinical trials have investigated efficacy of various interventions. Choice of outcome measures is crucial in determining efficiency of interventions. However, it remains unclear whether there is consensus on which outcome measures to use in gait intervention studies in MS.

Objective
We aimed to identify the commonly selected outcome measures in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on gait rehabilitation interventions in people with MS. Additional aims were to identify which of the domains of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) are the most studied and to characterize how outcome measures are combined and adapted to MS severity.

Methods
Pubmed, Cochrane Central, Embase and Scopus databases were searched for RCT studies on gait interventions in people living with MS according to PRISMA guidelines.

Results
In 46 RCTs, we identified 69 different outcome measures. The most used outcome measures were 6-minute walking test and the Timed Up and Go test, used in 37% of the analyzed studies. They were followed by gait spatiotemporal parameters (35%) most often used to inform on gait speed, cadence, and step length. Fatigue was measured in 39% of studies. Participation was assessed in 50% of studies, albeit with a wide variety of scales. Only 39% of studies included measures covering all ICF levels, and Participation measures were rarely combined with gait spatiotemporal parameters (only two studies).

Conclusions
Selection of outcome measures remains heterogenous in RCTs on gait rehabilitation interventions in MS. However, there is a growing consensus on the need for quantitative gait spatiotemporal parameter measures combined with clinical assessments of gait, balance, and mobility in RCTs on gait interventions in MS. Future RCTs should incorporate measures of fatigue and measures from Participation domain of ICF to provide comprehensive evaluation of trial efficacy across all levels of functioning.
Integrating additional factors into the TNM staging for cutaneous melanoma by machine learning
Authors: Yang Charles Q. , Wang Huan , Liu Zhenqiu , Hueman Matthew T. , Bhaskaran Aadya , Henson Donald E. , Sheng Li , Chen Dechang 
Published: September 2021

Background
Integrating additional factors into the TNM staging system is needed for more accurate risk classification and survival prediction for patients with cutaneous melanoma. In the present study, we introduce machine learning as a novel tool that incorporates additional prognostic factors to improve the current TNM staging system.

Methods and findings
Cancer-specific survival data for cutaneous melanoma with at least a 5 years follow-up were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program of the National Cancer Institute and split into the training set (40,781 cases) and validation set (5,390 cases). Five factors were studied: the primary tumor (T), regional lymph nodes (N), distant metastasis (M), age (A), and sex (S). The Ensemble Algorithm for Clustering Cancer Data (EACCD) was applied to the training set to generate prognostic groups. Utilizing only T, N, and M, a basic prognostic system was built where patients were stratified into 10 prognostic groups with well-separated survival curves, similar to 10 AJCC stages. These 10 groups had a significantly higher accuracy in survival prediction than 10 stages (C-index = 0.7682 vs 0.7643; increase in C-index = 0.0039, 95% CI = (0.0032, 0.0047); p-value = 7.2×10−23). Nevertheless, a positive association remained between the EACCD grouping and the AJCC staging (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient = 0.8316; p-value = 4.5×10−13). With additional information from A and S, a more advanced prognostic system was established using the training data that stratified patients into 10 groups and further improved the prediction accuracy (C-index = 0.7865 vs 0.7643; increase in C-index = 0.0222, 95% CI = (0.0191, 0.0254); p-value = 8.8×10−43). Both internal validation using the training set and temporal validation using the validation set showed good stratification and a high predictive accuracy of the prognostic systems.

Conclusions
The EACCD allows additional factors to be integrated into the TNM to create a prognostic system that improves patient stratification and survival prediction for cutaneous melanoma. This integration separates favorable from unfavorable clinical outcomes for patients and improves both cohort selection for clinical trials and treatment management.
Air pollution exposure in relation to guard duty at Tidworth Camp: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Niba Rawlings Ngwa , Ambe Akwah Emmanuela , Ngongalah Lem 
Published: September 2021

Background
Air pollution is the largest environmental health risk in the United Kingdom, and an issue of concern amongst outdoor workers. Road transport is a major source producing the largest amount of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) (as a secondary pollutant). Hundreds of vehicles enter and exit the Tidworth Camp’s main gate daily, potentially producing these pollutants. However, the air pollution exposure experienced by personnel on guard duty is unknown. This study aimed to determine and compare background NO2 and O3 levels experienced by personnel on guard duty.

Methods
Cross-sectional data was collected using a static sampling technic on randomly selected days of the week. Data analysis was done using IBM-SPSS-26 and a p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results
The background concentration of NO2 and O3 pollutants were within recommended limits. There was no significant difference between mean morning and afternoon exposure levels for both pollutants. However, NO2 and O3 levels were significantly higher during weekdays compared to weekends (M = -0.022, SD = 0.007, t(6) = -8.672, p <0.0001 and M = -0.016, SD = 0.008, t(6) = -5.040, p = 0.002 respectively). Both pollutants showed no significant differences in exposure levels when only weekdays were compared. NO2 levels showed a weak positive correlation during weekdays (r = 0.04) and a strong positive correlation during weekends (r = 0.96). O3 levels had a positive correlation on both weekdays and weekends; however, levels on Monday showed a negative correlation (r = -0.55). Linear regression analysis showed that outside temperature was a significant predictor of O3 levels (p = 0.026).

Conclusion
Personnel on guard duty experienced higher pollution levels during weekdays compared to weekends; however, air pollution levels for both pollutants were within recommended limits. Further studies are recommended over hotter months using a personal sampling technic to measure personal air pollution exposure levels in order to minimise any health and safety risks.
»Un dernier éclair de poésie sur les cercles ténébreux«
Authors: Ullrich Mareike 
Published: September 2021

Riassunto
Nella novella Les Nuits d’octobre di Gérard de Nerval, una passeggiata nella Parigi notturna è attraversata da numerosi riferimenti alla Divina Commedia di Dante. Se altri hanno già interpretato tali riferimenti come satirici o come segni di una crisi personale, il presente contributo propone di leggere la passeggiata attraverso l’inferno come un’allegoria del viaggio dello scrittore verso il realismo – un progetto che viene messo alla prova nel corso del racconto, ma che si dimostra illusorio e alla fine fallisce.
Dada Dante
Authors: Kasper Judith 
Published: September 2021

Riassunto
Il contributo indaga le modalità con le quali il poeta russo Ossip Mandelstam, nel suo saggio Conversazione su Dante del 1933, si avvicina alla Commedia di Dante e soprattutto alla materia di essa, cioè alla sua qualità linguistica e sonora. Il suo approccio poetico ed esaltato si rivela uno strumento filologico atipico, ricordando a tratti l’eccitazione filologica del romantico Friedrich Schlegel. Il contributo cerca di mostrare in quale misura tale approccio è particolarmente efficace per analizzare la Commedia da un punto di vista poetico, avvicinandola alla poesia dell’avanguardia dell’inizio del ventesimo secolo.
»Die Hölle ist das Unbewusste des Menschen von heute«
Authors: Ott Christine 
Published: September 2021

Riassunto
Viaggio terapeutico negli abissi del proprio inconscio e indagine tormentata sulla ›tragedia umana‹ del ventesimo secolo: Giorgio (György) Pressburger (1937 Budapest–2017 Trieste) pubblicò Nel regno oscuro (Bompiani 2008) come prima parte di una trilogia romanzesca che esibisce evidenti correspondenze strutturali e contenutistiche con la Commedia di Alighieri. La seconda e terza parte, Nella regione profonda e Nei boschi felici uscirono nel 2013 in un unico volume, intitolato Storia umana e inumana. Il contributo presente si propone di situare la modalità specifica con cui Pressburger recepisce Dante sullo sfondo dei concetti della ricezione creativa (»kreative Rezeption«, Peter Kuon), della rielaborazione (»Neubearbeitung«, Tabea Kretschmann) e della »Systemaktualisierung« (attualizzazione di un ›sistema‹ dantesco). Inoltre si propone di analizzare la strategia di autocommento messa in atto dall’autore nonché la riflessione, implicita nel testo, sul rapporto fra memoria individuale e culturale.
The ECB Under the Threat of Fiscal Dominance – The Individual Central Banker Dimension
Authors: Heinemann Friedrich , Kemper Jan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This paper examines the threat of fiscal dominance for central banks with a focus on the individual dimension. A general symptom of fiscal dominance is a feedback loop from sovereign debt developments to monetary policy decisions. Our theoretical reasoning clarifies under which assumptions the individual members in a federal central bank system should pay particular attention to their home regions’ public debt situation. We present empirical evidence for the existence of such a repercussion in the context of the ECB Council. Based on public statements regarding the Pandemic Emergency Purchase Programme (PEPP), we classify the governors of the euro area national central banks (NCB) and the ECB board members as “hawks”, “neutrals,” and “doves”. We correlate the resulting classification with their home countries’ debt level. The resulting pattern is consistent with what can be expected for a regime of fiscal dominance. Whereas the doves tend to come from high-debt countries, the average debt level of the hawks’ home countries is significantly lower. As expected, this pattern is even more pronounced for the NCB presidents than for board members.
Feasibility of multifunction calibration of H+-responsive glass electrodes in seawater (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Stoica Daniela , Anes Bárbara Velasco , Fisicaro Paola , Camões Maria Filomena 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Seawater pH values are of the highest relevance in marine chemistry studies, not only through being acidity indicators but also due to the control provided by H+(aq) over the various simultaneous equilibria occurring in seawater. Although the concept of

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0 is the standard molality, was introduced in 1910 and reaffirmed on successive occasions by relevant bodies, different conceptual definitions and alternative measurement procedures have been adopted and are in use by some, namely among oceanographers, often leading to confusion. This leads to major difficulties with the use of data, e.g., on what concerns comparison of results in space and time. Primary pH values, the highest quality level in terms of the metrological chain, have been assigned to primary reference pH buffer solutions of low ionic strength, by a primary method based on measurements of the Harned cell potential in association with the Nernst equation, as well as on the adoption of extra-thermodynamic model assumptions for electrolyte solutions. Although equivalent types of recommendations dealing with standards and procedures based on metrological traceability are still lacking for higher ionic strength media, as it is in the case of seawater, reference Tris–Tris·HCl buffer solutions in artificial seawater have been suggested for use in the calibration of pH meter systems. In this work, Tris–Tris·HCl buffer saline solutions of three different molality ratios mTris:mTris.HCl, m/mol kg−1 H2O, have been assigned reference values for free

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. Multi-point calibration of pH meters in terms of either pH or pHT is thus possible and supports measurement of their respective values under routine conditions at a high metrological level.
Real-life pseudo-passives: The usage and discourse functions of adjunct-based passive constructions
Authors: Podhorodecka Joanna 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The aim of this study is to examine the usage of adjunct-based prepositional passives of intransitive verbs. The occurrence of this highly atypical construction, referred to as the pseudo-passive, is motivated by a variety of factors related to its individual components as well as the discourse context. The pseudo-passive is first characterized in terms of its most characteristic verbs and prepositions. Then three main types of the construction are distinguished on the basis of their subject semantics and discourse function, which correlate with specific syntactic and semantic features observed in the data. The study relies on statistical tools for the analysis of the corpus data: collostructional analysis, multiple correspondence analysis and logistic regression.
Mass Treatment of Flooded Archival Materials by Gamma Radiation
Authors: Montanari Matteo , Pipponzi Sara , Livi Pietro , Prodi Antonio 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This work describes mass recovery processes of flooded archival materials at industrial scale. The presence of fungi on paper represents a threat to the integrity of the document because they degrade cellulose, one of the main components of paper. Gamma radiation treatments are investigated as mass disinfection agents for their high penetrating power, speed of treatment, and absence of risk due to chemical residuals. We compared two different recovery processes: thermal drying followed by gamma irradiation and gamma irradiation followed by thermal drying. Both these processes were conducted simultaneously on naturally contaminated archival items and on paper specimens artificially contaminated with test species. Efficacy was assessed by culture method and ATP assay, right after the treatments and after four years of storage at room temperature. Coupling gamma irradiation with a drying step with dry heat at 55–60 °C reduces the fungal loads on natural items up to levels close to the detection limits, and the reduction is maintained after four years. On artificial specimens, spore germination is completely inhibited, mycelia growth is also highly affected, but the melanised test species appear to be more resistant. A synergistic effect between gamma irradiation, water content, and thermal drying is highlighted in this paper.
Experiences with an educational program for patients with chronic widespread pain: a qualitative interview study
Authors: Goksör Clara , Mannerkorpi Kaisa , Bergenheim Anna 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Chronic widespread pain (CWP) is a common problem in primary health care, with a prevalence of 10–15%. An educational program called Pain School has been developed for use in primary health care, comprising four educational group sessions and 10 weeks of physical activity. The purpose of this study was to explore patients’ experiences with participating in an educational program that aims to increase their understanding of pain, self-efficacy, tools in daily life, and physical activity.

Methods
Twelve women (age 25–72 years) with CWP were included in this qualitative interview study set in primary health care. Semi-structured individual interviews were held 10 weeks after the completion of the four educational group sessions. Data was analyzed through the established method of content analysis, and the results are presented as a theme with categories and subcategories.

Results
An overarching theme that described the participants’ experiences with the educational program was evolvement of skills and perspectives to master pain. This theme covered four categories: understanding one’s body and mind, experiencing the value of participation, applying strategies and ways of thinking, and evaluating and adding to one’s personal framework. Participation contributed to an increased understanding of one’s body and mind and to experiencing the individual and social value of participation. The participants applied new strategies and ways of thinking related to pain and physical activity. An evaluation of the relevance for the individual and the value of being in the group could reinforce or add to the participants’ personal framework.

Conclusions
The educational program Pain School that was used in this study appears to give knowledge and support for women with CWP in primary health care and provide them with applicable skills and perspectives to manage pain.
DNA Repair Inhibition Leads to Active Export of Repetitive Sequences to the Cytoplasm Triggering an Inflammatory Response
Authors: Song Xuan , Aw Jacqueline T. M. , Ma Fulin , Cheung Ming Fung , Leung Danny , Herrup Karl 
Published: September 2021

Adult-onset neurodegenerative diseases are often accompanied by evidence of a chronic inflammation that includes activation of microglial cells and altered levels of brain cytokines. Aspects of this response are likely secondary reactions to neurodegeneration, but for many illnesses the inflammation may itself be an early and even causative disease event. In such cases, the inflammation is referred to as “sterile” as it occurs in the absence of an actual bacterial or viral pathogen. A potent trigger of sterile inflammation in CNS microglia has been shown to be the presence of DNA in the cytoplasm (cytoDNA) induced either by direct DNA damage or by inhibited DNA repair. We have shown that cytoDNA comes from the cell nucleus as a result of insufficient DNA damage repair. Using wild-type andAtm-/-mouse microglia, we extend these observations here by showing that its genomic origins are not random, but rather are heavily biased toward transcriptionally inactive, intergenic regions, in particular repetitive elements and AT-rich sequences. Once released from the genome, in both males and females, we show that cytoDNA is actively exported to the cytoplasm by a CRM1-dependent mechanism. In the cytoplasm, it is degraded either by a cytosolic exonuclease, Trex1, or an autophagy pathway that ends with degradation in the lysosome. Blocking the accumulation of cytoDNA prevents the emergence of the sterile inflammation reaction. These findings offer new insights into the emergence of sterile inflammation and offer novel approaches that may be of use in combatting a wide range of neurodegenerative conditions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSterile inflammation describes a state where the defenses of the immune system are activated in the absence of a true pathogen. A potent trigger of this unorthodox response is the presence of DNA in the cytoplasm, which immune cells interpret as an invading virus or pathogen. We show that when DNA damage increases, fragments of the cell's own genome are actively exported to the cytoplasm where they are normally degraded. If this degradation is incomplete an immune reaction is triggered. Both age and stress increase DNA damage, and as age-related neurodegenerative diseases are frequently accompanied by a chronic low-level inflammation, strategies that reduce the induction of cytoplasmic DNA or speed its clearance become attractive therapeutic targets.
The Admissibility of an Audio Recording in Lithuanian Civil Procedure and Arbitration
Authors: Bartkus Jurgis 
Published: September 2021

This article analyzes the issues related to the admissibility of audio recordings in Lithuanian civil proceedings and arbitration. The study critically evaluates the statutory law, case law and legal doctrine related to the admissibility of audio recordings. The study reveals that the case law of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Lithuania on the admissibility of audio recordings has to be improved on the application of the criteria of admissibility of audio recordings and on the protection of privacy. Meanwhile in Lithuanian arbitration law, it is suggested to waive the arbitration court’s discretion to decide on the possible approaches to the admissibility of an illegally made audio recording and to follow the view that an illegally made audio recording is per se inadmissible.