bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cationic Zinc Hydride Catalyzed Carbon Dioxide Reduction to Formate: Deciphering Elementary Reactions, Isolation of Intermediates, and Computational Investigations
Authors: Chambenahalli Raju , Bhargav R. M. , McCabe Karl N. , Andrews Alex P. , Ritter Florian , Okuda Jun , Maron Laurent , Venugopal Ajay 
Published: January 2021

AbstractZinc has been an element of choice for carbon dioxide reduction in recent years. Zinc compounds have been showcased as catalysts for carbon dioxide hydrosilylation and hydroboration. The extent of carbon dioxide reduction can depend on various factors, including electrophilicity at the zinc center and the denticity of the ancillary ligands. In a few cases, the addition of Lewis acids to zinc hydride catalysts markedly influences carbon dioxide reduction. These factors have been investigated by exploring elementary reactions of carbon dioxide hydrosilylation and hydroboration by using cationic zinc hydrides bearing tetradentate tris[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine and tridentate N,N,N′,N′′,N′′‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine in the presence of triphenylborane and tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane.
Identification of Photoexcited Electron Relaxation in a Cobalt Phosphide Modified Carbon Nitride Photocatalyst
Authors: Pei Guang Xian , Dzade Nelson Y. , Zhang Yue , Hofmann Jan P. , de Leeuw Nora H. , Weckhuysen Bert M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTransition metal phosphides have been recognized as efficient co‐catalysts to boost the activity of semiconductor photocatalysts. However, a rigorous and quantitative understanding is still to be developed about how transition metal phosphides influence photoexcited electron dynamics. Here, we present a nanosecond time‐resolved transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) study of the photoexcited electron dynamics in carbon nitrides (g‐C3N4) before and after Co and/or P modifications. Our spectroscopic study showed that Co or P lowered the initial electron density, whereas they promoted the photoexcited electron relaxation of g‐C3N4, with their half‐life times (t50%) of 2.5 and 1.8 ns, respectively. The formation of a CoP co‐catalyst compound promoted the electron relaxation (t50%=2.8 ns) without significantly lowering the charge separation efficiency. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were undertaken to explore the underlying fundamental reasons and they further predicted that CoP, compared to Co or P modification, better facilitates photoexcited electron transfer from g‐C3N4 to reactants.
Added sugar intake during pregnancy: Fetal behavior, birth outcomes, and placental DNA methylation
Authors: Trumpff Caroline , Sturm Gabriel , Picard Martin , Foss Sophie , Lee Seonjoo , Feng Tianshu , Cardenas Andrès , McCormack Clare , Champagne Frances A. , Monk Catherine 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPregnancy is a critical time for the effects of environmental factors on children's development. The effect of added sugar intake on fetal development and pregnancy outcomes remains understudied despite increasing dietary intake in the United States. This study investigated the effect of added sugar on fetal programming by examining the association between maternal added sugar consumption, fetal movement, birth outcomes, and placental DNA methylation. Further, primary human fibroblasts were cultured under normal or high glucose conditions to assess the effect of high glucose exposure on cells' DNA methylation. We found that higher added sugar intake across pregnancy was associated with reduced 3rd‐trimester fetal movement (p < .05) and shorter gestation (p < .01). Our sample size was not powered to detect the alteration of individual placental CpG with genome‐wide significance. However, a secondary analysis suggested that added sugar consumption was associated with differential methylation of functionally related gene families across pregnancy. Consistent with this, high glucose exposure in primary cultured human fibroblasts altered the methylation of 17% of all CpGs, providing converging evidence for an effect of sugar on DNA methylation. Our results suggest that diets high in added sugar during pregnancy may have implications for offspring health via prenatal programming effects measurable before birth.
The potential of utilizing Provitamin A‐biofortified maize in producing mutwiwa, a Zimbabwean traditional fermented food
Authors: Chawafambira Armistice , Nyoni Qhubekani , Mkungunugwa Tafadzwa 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBiofortification interventions have the potential to combat micronutrient deficiencies, such as vitamin A deficiency (VAD), which is prevalent in Zimbabwe. The poor acceptability of provitamin A (PVA)‐biofortified maize is still a challenge that exists in Zimbabwe. This study investigated the effect of replacing white maize (WM) with PVA‐biofortified maize on the nutritional composition of mutwiwa, a Zimbabwean traditional food, and its microbiological safety. Chemical and microbiological tests were conducted using AOAC standard methods. Total carotene content was 12.78 µg/g dry weight (DW) in PVA‐biofortified maize and 1.52 µg/g DW in WM. The proximate composition of PVA‐biofortified mutwiwa (PVABM) was 5.2, 28.6, 2.1, 62.2, and 2.0 g/100 g wet basis (w.b) for protein, carbohydrates fiber, moisture, and ash, respectively. Total soluble solids, β‐carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin A contents were 3.6 oBrix, 110 µg/100 g, 0.54 mg/100 g, and 9 µg REA/100 g, respectively. Lysine, phenylalanine, and histidine contents were 0.71, 1.15, and 0.56 g/100 g w.b, respectively. Iron, calcium, phosphorus, and zinc content were 7.8, 60.5, 410.8, and 60 mg/100 g w.b, respectively. Mesophilic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, coliforms, yeast, and molds were all <1 Log CFU/ml. The nutritional, amino acid and mineral contents were significantly different (p < .05). In conclusion, the results of this study were satisfying and recommend the processing of PVA‐biofortified maize as a potential strategy to combat VAD and mineral malnutrition in Zimbabwe and other regions in Sub‐Saharan Africa.
It is hard to forget what comes around: Time‐lagged effects of employers' non‐fulfillment of psychological contract
Authors: Estreder Yolanda , Tomás Inés , Ramos José , Gracia Francisco J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPsychological contract (PC) has received great theoretical and research interest in the framework of the employment relationship. Although current research has described its consequences using several different perspectives, less attention has been placed on examining how PC develops. The current time‐lagged study tests a model that incorporates three social exchange indicators: employer contract fulfillment, PC violation, and organizational justice. Using a two‐wave survey data from 203 Spanish workers, we test a serial multiple mediation model that identifies the mechanism to explain the reciprocal exchange between the individual and the organization. The results provide evidence that employer contract fulfillment influences employees' contribution in return over time through the sense of PC violation and perceptions of organizational justice.
Usage of In Vitro Metabolism Data for Drug‐Drug Interaction in Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Analysis Submissions to the US Food and Drug Administration
Authors: Lee Jieon , Yang Yuching , Zhang Xinyuan , Fan Jianghong , Grimstein Manuela , Zhu Hao , Wang Yaning 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe key parameters necessary to predict drug‐drug interactions (DDIs) are intrinsic clearance (CLint) and fractional contribution of the metabolizing enzyme toward total metabolism (fm). Herein, we summarize the accumulated knowledge from 53 approved new drug applications submitted to the Office of Clinical Pharmacology, US Food and Drug Administration, from 2016 to 2018 that contained physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models to understand how in vitro data are used in PBPK models to assess drug metabolism and predict DDIs. For evaluation of CLint and fm, 29 and 20 new drug applications were included for evaluation, respectively. For CLint, 86.2% of the PBPK models used modified values based on in vivo data with modifications ranging from –82.5% to 2752.5%. For fm, 45.0% of the models used modified values with modifications ranging from –28% to 178.6%. When values for CLint were used from in vitro testing without modification, the model resulted in up to a 14.3‐fold overprediction of the area under the concentration‐time curve of the substrate. When values for fm from in vitro testing were used directly, the model resulted in up to a 2.9‐fold underprediction of its DDI magnitude with an inducer, and up to a 1.7‐fold overprediction of its DDI magnitude with an inhibitor. Our analyses suggested that the in vitro system usually provides a reasonable estimation of fm when the drug metabolism by a given CYP pathway is more than 70% of the total clearance. In vitro experiments provide important information about basic PK properties of new drugs and can serve as a starting point for building a PBPK model. However, key PBPK parameters such as CLint and fm still need to be optimized based on in vivo data.
Process of cytoplasm elimination during spermiogenesis in Octopus tankahkeei: Polarized development of the spermatid and discarding of the residual body
Authors: Gao Xinming , Du Chen , Zheng Xuebin , Zhu Junquan , Jin Shan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe elimination of the spermatid cytoplasm during spermiogenesis enables the sperm to acquire a streamlined architecture, which allows for unhindered swimming. While this process has been well described in vertebrates, it has rarely been reported in invertebrates. In this study, we observed the process of cytoplasm elimination during spermiogenesis in Octopus tankahkeei (Mollusca, Cephalopoda) using light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and immunofluorescence. In the early spermatid, the cell is circular, and the nucleus is centrally located. With spermatid development, the cell becomes polarized. The nucleus gradually elongates and moves toward the end of the cell where the tail is forming. As a result, the cytoplasm moves past the nucleus at the anterior region of the future sperm head (the foreside of the acrosome). Following this, during the late stage of spermiogenesis, the cytoplasm condenses and collects on the foreside of the acrosome until finally the residual body is discarded from the top of the sperm head. This represents a distinct directionality for the development of cytoplasmic polarity and discarding of residual body compared with that reported for vertebrates (in which the cytoplasm of the elongating spermatids is polarized toward the caudal region). The fact that the cytoplasm also becomes concentrated suggests that water pumps may be involved in the elimination of water from the cytoplasm before the residual body is discarded. Furthermore, we found that microtubules, forming a manchette‐like structure, are involved not only in reshaping of the nucleus but also in the transport of mitochondria and vesicles to the foreside of the acrosome, subsequently allowing them to be discarded with the residual body. This study broadens our understanding of the development of polarization and elimination of cytoplasm from spermatids in animals.
World‐wide tracking of major SARS‐CoV‐2 genome haplotypes in sequences of June 1 to November 15, 2020 and discovery of rapid expansion of a new haplotype
Authors: Safari Iman , InanlooRahatloo Kolsoum , Elahi Elahe 
Published: January 2021

AbstractEarlier, 13 haplotype groups defined by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) genome sequence variations were identified in 2790 sequences available in March 2020. Also, 23403A>G that causes p. Asp614Gly in the spike protein and is one of the defining variations of the haplotype group H1, was becoming increasingly prevalent. As a follow‐up, 74922 SARS‐CoV‐2 sequences retrieved from individuals infected in June 1 to November 15 were analyzed. Consistent with the reports on 23403A>G, H1 haplotype frequency increased world‐wide; among August to November sequences, only 0.3% were associated with non‐H1 haplotypes. This finding prompted assessment of H1 sub‐haplotypes among the sequences of the later stage of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. The distribution of the sub‐haplotypes differed in different regions, but 98.4% of the sequences were associated with five H1 sub‐haplotypes. One of these had not been previously observed and had emerged in Europe by June 2020. The most important finding of the present study is identification of this new sub‐haplotype (H1r) and finding evidence that suggest it may have a high potential for expansion. Its frequency had reached 10%–90% in various countries/territories of Europe by the end of September. The new sub‐haplotype is defined by seven sequence variations, one of which causes Ala222Val in the spike protein.
Part 2. Review and meta‐analysis of studies on modulation of longitudinal bone growth and growth plate activity: A micro‐scale perspective
Authors: D'Andrea Christian R. , Alfraihat Ausilah , Singh Anita , Anari Jason B. , Cahill Patrick J. , Schaer Thomas , Snyder Brian D. , Elliott Dawn , Balasubramanian Sriram 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMacro‐scale changes in longitudinal bone growth resulting from mechanical loading were shown in Part 1 of this review to depend on load magnitude, anatomical location, and species. While no significant effect on longitudinal growth was observed by varying frequency and amplitude of cyclic loading, such variations, in addition to loading duration and species, were shown to affect the morphology, viability, and gene and protein expression within the growth plate. Intermittent compression regimens were shown to preserve or increase growth plate height while stimulating increased chondrocyte presence in the hypertrophic zone relative to persistent and static loading regimens. Gene and protein expressions related to matrix synthesis and degradation, as well as regulation of chondrocyte apoptosis were shown to exhibit magnitude‐, frequency‐, and duration‐dependent responses to loading regimen. Chondrocyte viability was shown to be largely preserved within physiological bounds of magnitude, frequency, amplitude, and duration. Persistent static loading was shown to be associated with overall growth plate height in tension only, reducing it in compression, while affecting growth plate zone heights differently across species and encouraging mineralization relative to intermittent cyclic loading. Lateral loading of the growth plate, as well as microfluidic approaches are relatively understudied, and age, anatomical location, and species effects within these approaches are undefined. Understanding the micro‐scale effects of varied loading regimes can assist in the development of growth modulation methods and device designs optimized for growth plate viability preservation or mineralization stimulation based on patient age and anatomical location.
Effect of Lateral Crural Procedures on Nasal Wall Stability and Tip Aesthetics in Rhinoplasty
Authors: Abdelwahab Mohamed , Patel Priyesh , Kandathil Cherian K. , Wadhwa Harsh , Most Sam P. 
Published: January 2021

Objectives/HypothesisTo evaluate the lateral nasal wall stability, nasal function, and cosmesis when creating an aesthetically pleasing nasal tip subunit utilizing lateral crus (LC) altering procedures.Study designRetrospective cohort.MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, cosmetic rhinoplasty patients undergoing LC procedures with available lateral wall insufficiency (LWI) scores were included. An LWI grading system was used to evaluate internal (zone 1) and external (zone 2) nasal valves objectively. Secondarily, Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) Score, Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Standardized Cosmesis and Health Nasal Outcomes Survey (SCHNOS) results were evaluated. Based on the LC intervention, the cohort was divided into six groups: lateral cural strut graft (LCSG), mini‐LCSG, lateral crural overlay (LCO) with and without additional support, cephalic trimming, and cephalic turn‐in flaps.ResultsSubjects undergoing LCO with and without support, LCSG, and mini‐LCSG showed significant improvement in zone 1 LWI (P = .042, P = .041, P < .001, and P < .001, respectively), while cephalic trimming and turn‐in/hinged flaps had no effect. Subjects undergoing LCO with support and LCSG showed significant improvement in zone 2 LWI (P = .022, P = .004), while LCO without support, mini‐LCSG, cephalic trimming, and turn‐in flaps showed no effect on LWI. The SCHNOS‐C and VAS‐C showed significant improvement in all subgroups (P < .05) when comparing pre‐ to postoperative values. Alar‐spanning sutures did not significantly change zone 1 scores but did conceal zone 2 improvements in LCSG and LCO with support groups.ConclusionsSelected LC procedures are robust techniques for improving tip cosmesis independently without compromising nasal lateral wall stability. Some LC procedures can improve nasal valves patency in tip surgery. Laryngoscope, 131:E1830–E1837, 2021
Drug Delivery Systems‐Based Dendrimers and Polymer Micelles for Nuclear Diagnosis and Therapy
Authors: Aranda‐Lara Liliana , García Blanca Eli Ocampo , Isaac‐Olivé Keila , Ferro‐Flores Guillermina , Meléndez‐Alafort Laura , Morales‐Avila Enrique 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPolymeric nanoparticles encompass micelles and dendrimers. They are used for improving or controlling the action of the loaded therapy or imaging agent, including radionuclides. Some radionuclides possess properties appropriate for simultaneous imaging and therapy of a disease and are therefore called theranostic. The diversity in core materials and surface modification, as well as radiolabeling strategies, offers multiples possibilities for preparing polymeric nanoparticles using radionuclides. The present review describes different strategies in the preparation of such nanoparticles and their applications in nuclear nanomedicine.
What is effective transfinite recursion in reverse mathematics?
Authors: Freund Anton 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn the context of reverse mathematics, effective transfinite recursion refers to a principle that allows us to construct sequences of sets by recursion along arbitrary well orders, provided that each set is ‐definable relative to the previous stages of the recursion. It is known that this principle is provable in . In the present note, we argue that a common formulation of effective transfinite recursion is too restrictive. We then propose a more liberal formulation, which appears very natural and is still provable in .
Characteristics of DNA polymerase I from an extreme thermophile, Thermus scotoductus strain K1
Authors: Saghatelyan Ani , Panosyan Hovik , Trchounian Armen , Birkeland Nils‐Kåre 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSeveral native and engineered heat‐stable DNA polymerases from a variety of sources are used as powerful tools in different molecular techniques, including polymerase chain reaction, medical diagnostics, DNA sequencing, biological diversity assessments, and in vitro mutagenesis. The DNA polymerase from the extreme thermophile, Thermus scotoductus strain K1, (TsK1) was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and characterized. This enzyme belongs to a distinct phylogenetic clade, different from the commonly used DNA polymerase I enzymes, including those from Thermus aquaticus and Thermus thermophilus. The enzyme demonstrated an optimal temperature and pH value of 72–74°C and 9.0, respectively, and could efficiently amplify 2.5 kb DNA products. TsK1 DNA polymerase did not require additional K+ ions but it did need Mg2+ at 3–5 mM for optimal activity. It was stable for at least 1 h at 80°C, and its half‐life at 88 and 95°C was 30 and 15 min, respectively. Analysis of the mutation frequency in the amplified products demonstrated that the base insertion fidelity for this enzyme was significantly better than that of Taq DNA polymerase. These results suggest that TsK1 DNA polymerase could be useful in various molecular applications, including high‐temperature DNA polymerization.
Western Diet Aggravated Carbon Tetrachloride‐Induced Chronic Liver Injury by Disturbing Gut Microbiota and Bile Acid Metabolism
Authors: Yang Liya , Li Yating , Wang Shuting , Bian Xiaoyuan , Jiang Xianwan , Wu Jingjing , Wang Kaicen , Wang Qiangqiang , Xia Jiafeng , Jiang Shiman , Zhuge Aoxiang , Yuan Yin , Li Shenjie , Li Lanjuan 
Published: January 2021

ScopeThe high‐fat, high‐sucrose, and low‐fiber Western diet (WD) is popular in many countries and affects the onset and progression of many diseases. This study is aimed to explore the influence of the WD on chronic liver disease (CLD) and its possible mechanism.Methods and resultsC57BL/6 mice are given a control diet (CD) or WD and CLD is induced by intraperitoneally injecting carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) twice a week for 8 weeks. The WD aggravated CCL4‐induced chronic liver injury, as evidenced by increased serum transaminase levels, worsened hepatic inflammatory response, and fibrosis. Gut microbiota is disturbed in mice treated with CCL4+WD (WC group), manifested as the accumulation of Fusobacteria, Streptococcaceae, Streptococcus, Fusobacterium, and Prevotella and the depletion of Firmicutes, Lachnospiraceae, and Roseburia. Additionally, increased hepatic taurocholic acid in the WC group activated sphingosine‐1‐phosphate receptor 2, which is positively correlated with hepatic fibrosis and inflammation parameters. Mice in the WC group have higher fecal primary bile acid (BA) levels and lower fecal secondary/primary BA ratios. Serum FGF15 levels are also elevated in the WC group, which is positively correlated with hepatic inflammation.ConclusionWD accelerates the progression of CLD which is associated with changes in the gut microbiota and BA metabolism.
Single cell temperature probed by Eu+3 doped TiO2 nanoparticles luminescence
Authors: Garvas Maja , Acosta Selene , Urbančič Iztok , Koklič Tilen , Štrancar Janez , Nunes Luiz A. O. , Guttmann Peter , Umek Polona , Bittencourt Carla 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTemperature is a critical parameter in biology, affecting the speed of reactions that occur in living systems. Nevertheless, measuring temperature with subcellular resolution (micrometric scale) and reliability remains a challenge to overcome. In this perspective, luminescence nanothermometry is a non‐contact technique which aims to measure temperature with a sub‐micrometric spatial resolution through the use of nanomaterials whose luminescence is affected solely by changes in temperature. Here, TiO2 nanoparticles doped with Eu+3 ions (Eu+3‐TiO2) are used for sensing temperature differences within single living cells. XRD, XPS, SEM, TEM and NEXAFS analysis allow the determination of the physicochemical characteristics of the Eu+3‐TiO2 nanoparticles and, the variation of the luminescence intensity of the Eu+3‐TiO2 nanoparticles with their temperature is investigated. The successful internalization of Eu+3‐TiO2 nanoparticles in different types of cells is observed. The luminescence of nanoparticles internalized in L929 fibroblast cells is measured when the system is heated in a biological relevant temperature range. Making use of an appropriate calibration curve the temperature variation inside the cells is determined with sensitivity of 0.5 K per 1% of luminosity change when heated.