bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical Assessment of Seven Ventilation Systems for Social Residential Buildings based on Indoor Air Quality and Energy Consumption
Authors: Sérafin Guillaume , Abadie Marc O. , Joubert Patrice 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This work presents a modelling approach for evaluating ventilation systems for their ability to provide good indoor air quality in dwellings. Infiltration and ventilation rates are defined by the conventional French 3CL-DPE standard. The case study is a two-bedroom apartment with a shared or separate kitchen and living room. Three natural ventilation options and four mechanical ventilation systems are compared with respect to exposure to PM2.5, NO2 and formaldehyde. Pollutant concentration levels are assessed in each room based on a scenario of daily occupancy, average annual outdoor concentrations and internal sources. The daily exposure of the occupants to the targeted substances allows the comparison of ventilation systems on the basis of the ULR-QAI index developed at LaSIE laboratory from La Rochelle University. For this case study, it results that controlled mechanical systems are much more efficient than natural ventilation systems, especially in the case of an open-plan kitchen.
Development of a Natural Soil Depressurization System Sizing Tool
Authors: Abadie Marc , Romani Zaid , Burlot Michel , Nicolle Jérôme , Peigné Pierre , Druette Lionel , Collignan Bernard , Allard Francis 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a summary of the main developments and results achieved in the frame-work of the French research project called EVAL-SDS. This project aims to analyse the performance of Natural, i.e. without use of fan for extraction, Soil Depressurization Systems (NSDS) to protect the built indoor environment from soil gaseous pollutant (Radon, Volatile Organic Compounds…). In this paper, the aeraulic performance of NSDS is studied i.e. its capacity to extract air from the ground to protect building’s occupants. To this end, we first performed measurements of airflow rates extracted by a NSDS integrated in a test-house during one year. Those data include various weather conditions (stack effect, wind) for several key parameters (wind extractor type, slab air permeability and basement pressure). Then, a dedicated calculation tool has been developed and validated against the experimental results. This numerical model has been used to evaluate the NSDS performance in France for different building heights and ventilation systems. The results show that NSDS succeed in creating a negative pressure under the building slab most of the time and that the extracted airflow rates can be enhanced by better design of wind extractor, association with mechanical insufflating ventilation system and thermal transfer from the building during the heating season.
Modelling mean radiant temperature in outdoor environments: contrasting the approaches of different simulation tools
Authors: Badino E , Ferrara M , Shtrepi L , Fabrizio E , Astolfi A , Serra V 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Global warming and increasing urbanization are expected to threaten public health in cities, by increasing the heat stress perceived by the inhabitants. Outdoor thermal comfort conditions are influenced by the material and the geometric features of the surrounding urban fabric at both the urban and building scales. In built environments, performance-aware design choices related to street paving or building façade can enhance outdoor thermal comfort in their surroundings. Reliable estimations of outdoor thermal comfort conditions are required to evaluate and control the micro-bioclimatic influences of different design choices. The mean radiant temperature is the physical variable that has the greatest influence on outdoor thermal comfort conditions during summertime. Since its calculation is complex, the available simulation tools employ different approaches and assumptions to estimate it, and potential users need to be aware of their capabilities and simplifications. This research compares the calculation procedures and assumptions of different performance simulation tools (i.e. ENVI-met, TRNSYS, Ladybug/Honeybee, CitySim, and SOLENE-microclimat) to predict the mean radiant temperature in outdoor spaces, based on the available information in the scientific literature. Their ability to account for different radiative components in both the longwave and shortwave spectra is summarized, and practical information regarding the degree of interoperability with the modelling environments and the level of geometrical detail of the virtual model supported by the tools is provided. This work aims to help potential users in the selection of the most appropriate performance tool, based on the requirement of their projects.
The hygrothermal assessment of cement-ash-based mortar
Authors: Krejcirikova Barbora , Rode Carsten , Wargocki Pawel , Kolarik Jakub , Peuhkuri Ruut 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Cement is the second most consumed substance by weight in the world, after water. The growing demand for reduced emissions of CO2 urges the cement industry to find materials with a low CO2 footprint, which calls for cement substitution. An assumption of the study has been that sewage sludge ash (SSA), an industrial by-product, can be applied as a potential cement substitute in cement-based materials without compromising material performance. The study investigated the effect of partial replacement of cement by SSA in mortar on hygrothermal properties of mortar. Two sewage sludge ashes originated from wastewater treatment plants located in the Greater Copenhagen area, Denmark. SSAs consisted of larger particles compared to cement particles; thus cement-ash-based mortar resulted in more porous structures compared to cement-based mortar. The higher porosity was responsible for a decrease of the thermal conductivity of the mortar. Significant differences were recognized in sorption isotherms of individual components, i.e. cement and ashes. However, their effect on the sorption isotherms of the mortars was minor.
Development of advanced multifunctional façade systems: Thermo-acoustic modelling and performance
Authors: Fantucci Stefano , Favoino Fabio , Fenoglio Elisa , Serra Valentina , Perino Marco , Shtrepi Louena , Bivanti Marta , Astolfi Arianna 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The development of lightweight and multifunctional curtain wall systems, which integrate different technological solutions, is aimed at achieving increasingly higher requirements related to energy efficiency as well as indoor environmental quality in non-residential buildings. On one hand lightweight and thin façade elements present several advantages (such as construction time, space, and transportation savings, less weight on primary structure etc.), while facing the challenge of guaranteeing the required thermal and acoustic performance and achieving legislative compliance on the other. In the framework of the Horizon 2020 Project Powerskin+ a new concept of multifunctional façade, which combines high performance insulation, energy harvesting, heating system, and latent heat storage capabilities is under development. Within the design process of the different sub-modules (opaque and transparent), performance calculations are carried out by means of existing simulation tools, or ad-hoc developed models for more complex systems. In this study, the authors present the main steps required to accelerate the simulation-based design process and the future thermal and acoustic optimization of the novel lightweight and multifunctional façade element.
Trent Brick Panel: innovative envelope system designed according latest UK national fire and energy performance regulations
Authors: Calabrò E , Peron F , Meggers F J 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In November 2018, following the Grenfell Tower tragedy in London, the Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government (MHCLG) introduced an amendment to the Building Regulations 2010, which outlined stricter rules banning the use of combustible materials defined by the new Building Regulation 7(2). This change had a significant impact since early 2019, on the materials and systems that can be used in the construction sector. In 2020, the global pandemic caused by the diffusion of the COVID-19 virus represented a new challenge for the industry, with implications on programme certainty, material procurement, workforce management, moving towards offsite manufacture. The development of the Trent Brick Panel is set against this historical and social context. The envelope prototype is the opportunity for innovation that follows the turn of events. The offsite manufacturing of glass-reinforced concrete panel, mimicking several finishes, is the result of a design investigation carried out with the market-leading actors: developers, main contractors, subcontractors, engineering consultancies, architects, local authorities and warranty providers. The research aims to give an overview of the design principles, sequence and buildability study, assessed weathering performance according to CWCT Sequence B test and fire performance.
The use of an internal airtight membrane in CLT external wall in terms of hygrothermal performance
Authors: Kukk V. , Kers J. , Kalamees T. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This study focused on the dry-out capacity of the vapor-permeable CLT (cross-laminated timber) external wall and the impact of using an internal airtight membrane. The results of the work were obtained first from the field measurements, after which the simulation model was created and validated, and the hygrothermal performance of the wall was analyzed by a stochastic approach. The results of this showed that the CLT dries out quickly and safely in a wall assembly with a high water vapor permeability, even with the large range of initial CLT MC (13-25%). When an additional airtight layer with high vapor diffusion resistance (Sd of 244 m) is added between the insulation and the CLT, the dry-out capacity of the CLT decreases significantly and there is a high probability of mold growth on the CLT surface. The risk of mold growth can be prevented when the vapor resistance (Sd) of the airtight layer is reduced to 1.5 m in a case where initial CLT MC is up to 25% and in a case where initial MC is up to 20%, the vapor resistance of an airtight layer must be reduced to 3 m.
Experimental study of hygrothermal conditions in a wooden room for numerical comparisons
Authors: Legros C , Piot A , Woloszyn M , Pailha M 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The use of hygroscopic materials indoors has a significant impact on the hygrothermal balance of a room air. It affects both the temperature and the relative humidity. Numerical tools still lack of accuracy in predicting these parameters and some discrepancies are observed between their predictions and experimental measurements. It may be caused by the model itself or by incorrect inputs data (materials properties, occupancy schedule, ventilation rate, etc…) Therefore, an experimental study has been carried out at the room scale under real climate to obtain an experimental dataset as a basis for numerical comparisons. The hygrothermal parameters of the room air have been measured for different loads while all the inputs (heat and moisture generation, air exchange and materials properties) have been properly quantified. This article presents the experimental setup and some of the experimental data obtained.
Investigation of the transport properties for saline water in porous materials - Modeling of the permeability coefficient for saline water-
Authors: Sakai K , Takatori N , Ogura D , Wakiya S , Abuku M 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Salt weathering is a major concern for cultural heritages such as ruins and tombs, and desalination by poulticing is an interesting potential method to efficiently remove contaminating salt. Predicting the degree of achievable desalination is very important. However, many existing models used to consider saline water transport in porous materials have been developed based on the theory of pure water. To understand saline water flow in porous materials, we determined the saline water permeability of a tuff stone by the falling-head method. We found that the permeability of the tuff stone was affected by factors other than the density and dynamic viscosity of the saline water.
What affects the performance of POD for the simulation of heat transfer through building component?
Authors: Hou Tianfeng , Roels Staf , Janssen Hans 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The capability of the proper orthogonal decomposition for the simulation of heat transfer in building components is investigated via three applications: linear heat transfer (not coupled to mass transfer), mildly non-linear heat transfer (coupled to air and moisture transfer (hygroscopic)) and highly non-linear heat transfer (coupled to moisture transfer (capillary)). It is shown that increasing non-linearity leads to an increasing number of required construction modes. To further investigate the reason for this degrading performance of POD, the singular values’ decay progress from the different training snapshots is addressed in this paper. The results confirm that a fast decay of the singular values implies a high interrelation of the snapshots and a better performance of the POD method.
Community cooling infrastructure from waste heat among diverse building types in Rourkela Steel Township, India
Authors: Sen R , Teitelbaum E , Meggers F 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Urban building energy modeling is an important field in the current decade due to the rising rate of urbanization, specifically in developing countries. The UN environment is promoting urban level space cooling approaches in the upcoming smart cities of India. Rourkela is a tier-2 steel township included within the ‘smart city’ mission in India and houses one of the largest Steel Plants of India, classified under Koppen Aw tropical climate zone. However it experiences extreme heat stress in the dry summer season before the onset of monsoons. The given study proposes an alternative cooling scenario utilizing waste heat from the rolling mill with which cooling in the range of 700-900 tons of nearly zero energy cooling can be made available in the surrounding areas, otherwise catered by an energy intensive cooling system reporting a COP of 2.45. This study can be further expanded to provide cooling to the nearby residential communities keeping the steel plant area as center point for community cooling infrastructure provision.
Impact of the type, orientation, and temperature of solar panels on observed efficiency in Latvian climate conditions
Authors: Heincis D , Telicko J , Jakovics A 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
As solar panel technologies become more and more popular and are increasingly used in nearly zero-energy building solutions, one must make sure that the panels are able to achieve performance indicators similar to those determined by manufacturers under standard testing in real-world conditions. To determine the efficiency of poly- and monocrystalline panels, depending on their spatial orientation and other parameters, a set of test panels was installed in Riga, Latvia in 2018 for long-term monitoring of their power output. This article summarizes the results for the first two years. In the autumn of the second year of monitoring, temperature sensors were installed on the solar panels to study the effects of temperature on panel’s efficiency. The data show that the panel’s spatial positioning is a crucial element affecting the amount of energy produced, although the type of panels and climate conditions are also important.
Comparative field tests of an electrochromic shading device - thermal and visual comfort
Authors: Nocente A , Oksavik O , Gullbrekken L , Grynning S 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Electrochromic devices (EC), or Smart Windows, are amongst the most promising technologies to increase users’ wellbeing in buildings. A comparative test of EC windows performance was realised in the ZEB Test Cell Laboratory in Trondheim, Norway. Two identical rooms were used for the comparative tests. One of the rooms was equipped with EC devices. The other room was equipped with a traditional insulated glazing unit (IGU) with external solar shading device. Three automatic control strategies were tested in this experiment. The EC device demonstrated a good impact on the thermal and visual comfort when compared to a traditional IGU without moveable shading and a traditional IGU with an external screen.
The e-SAFE energy and seismic renovation solutions for the European building stock: main features and requirements
Authors: Evola G , Margani G , Costanzo V , Tardo C , Marino E M , Semprini G , Tomasi R , Halmdienst C , Voortman B 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In the framework of the ongoing four-year EU-funded innovation project called e-SAFE (“Energy and seismic affordable renovation solutions”), several solutions for the energy and seismic deep renovation of reinforced concrete (RC) framed buildings in the European countries are going to be developed and demonstrated. These solutions address both the energy performance of the building envelope and the heating and cooling of the indoor spaces, and aim to be prefabricated, customizable, low-disruptive and sustainable in order to boost the decarbonisation of the largely inefficient European building stock. This paper presents the main features of the e-SAFE solutions and the results of a preliminary analysis to verify their effectiveness and compliance with European legislation and standards. The outcomes will be useful for the design and demonstration stage, by identifying issues that need to be tackled.
Mitigating and adapting to climate change with a taxonomy of smart urban surfaces
Authors: Li Zekun , Loftness Vivian 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Rapid urbanization is replacing natural land with dark, impervious surfaces. This has led to dire urban consequences including rising temperatures and stormwater deluge, resulting in significantly higher energy costs, greater stormwater damage, and associated health and comfort impacts. These issues can be mitigated using smart surfaces, those with high reflectivity and permeability, which can achieve sustainable and regenerative cities. The current literature on the benefits of urban surfaces is very segmented, focusing on either one specific surface type or one property of surfaces. A smart surface taxonomy with correlated heat, and water metrics has been developed to fill this gap. A range of city surfaces in three broad categories - roofs, streets and sidewalks, and parking lots - have been identified with various levels of reflectivity, permeability. Through literature review, the taxonomy reveals surface temperatures that range from 29.7°C for a green roof to 74.3°C for a black roof. Also, the taxonomy reveals Rainfall retention potential ranging from 1.27 mm for impervious pavement to 86.4 mm for bioswales. The development of a smart surface taxonomy with quantified benefits for mitigating or adapting to climate change will be critical for decision-makers to make informed decisions on city surface choices.
BIPV/T for Arctic Residential Applications
Authors: Baril D , Athienitis A , Ge H 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This study aims to investigate the performance of an open loop air-based building integrated photovoltaic/thermal collector (BIPV/T) to preheat Energy Recovery Ventilator (ERV) supply air and to generate electrical energy. ERVs have proven successful in cold climates, but in the extreme cold of the arctic frequent frosting and defrosting cycles reduce their effectiveness and increase energy consumption. Thus, by integrating with BIPV/T, this problem can be reduced while also generating solar electricity. A finite difference model of the BIPV/T system integrated in a typical potential application was simulated in MATLAB using local weather data and fresh air requirements to obtain system outputs. BIPV/T parameters such as tilt angle, cavity width and height were varied, keeping in mind nominal lumber sizes and ease of construction for improved implementation for Arctic residential applications.
Dependence of measured specific air leakage rate (qE50) on envelope pressure differences and measurement position: a case study in an apartment building in winter conditions
Authors: Klõšeiko P , Arumägi E , Hallik J , Kalamees T 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Airtightness of the building envelope has become an important component in achieving ever stricter energy performance levels. However, airtightness measurements using blower door method are dependent on choices made by the specialist conducting the tests. One being the assessment of baseline pressure difference inside the building and position of the measurement equipment. Ideally, the test will be conducted without wind and stack effect which could disturb the envelope pressure measurements. Unfortunately, such conditions seldom exist, especially in colder climates. This increases the appeal of conducting apartment-wise measurements over whole-building measurements as it is far easier to comply with the ISO 9972. However, the apartment-wise method has a relatively random nature due to small share of actual building envelope. This paper investigates the effect of using different measurement positions and pressure levels on the airtightness measurement results. A 5-storey 15m tall residential building was used as a case study and measured as a whole and in select apartments. The results show that the variation caused by different choices of pressure levels, measurement positions etc caused relatively low variations and whole-building measurement should be preferred even if not all baseline and pressure level requirements are not met.
Global warming potential of the production phase based on the example of a hotel regarding two different construction variants
Authors: Engel Sarah M. , Walsdorf-Maul Manuela , Schneider Michael 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The construction industry has a major influence on man-made carbon dioxide emissions. Being sustainable also means reducing or neutralizing our carbon dioxide pollution in the future. This research and the corresponding work are therefore guided by the following question: Is it possible and useful to conduct life cycle assessments and at the same time analyze the environmental impact of the construction sector? In the context of this work, a life cycle assessment of a building is performed using the example of a hotel building. All construction elements of the thermal envelope are examined from an environmental point of view by considering the global warming potential of each part of the construction. The aim of the study is to draw conclusions about the parameters that are decisive for the construction of a hotel building from an ecological standpoint in the production phase. Based on the results of the study, we want to drive the development of a “future” energy performance certificate forward that graphically illustrates the evaluation of buildings under both aspects - energy efficiency (final energy) and sustainability (GWP - global warming potential).
How do occupants rate bedroom air quality?
Authors: Liao Chenxi , Fan Xiaojun , Bivolarova Mariya Petrova , Sekhar Chandra , Akimoto Mizuho , Laverge Jelle , Wargocki Pawel 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Poor air quality has been shown to reduce sleep quality. There is a limited number of studies reporting how occupants rate the air quality in their bedrooms. The present study sheds the light on this issue. It was conducted in actual bedrooms and asked occupants to rate air quality once awake in the morning using an online sleep diary. The study was done in Denmark during the heating season. 178 responses from 82 subjects were received. Nearly all respondents rated air quality as acceptable. 28% indicated that the air was stuffy. Measuring CO2 and description of bedrooms would help to explain these results. They are analysed at the moment and will be reported in the subsequent papers.