bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘They're like little police’: Australian parents' perceptions of their children's awareness of drinking during COVID‐19
Authors: Cook Megan , Kuntsche Sandra , Pennay Amy 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntroductionAs a result of COVID‐19 and associated lockdown restrictions, children may have been exposed to more home‐based alcohol consumption and parents' drinking practices. This paper explores Australian parents' perceptions of their children's awareness of drinking and their reflections on the impact of COVID‐19 on children's exposure and acquisition of alcohol‐related knowledge.MethodsIn‐depth interviews were undertaken with 30 parents and carers of children aged four to 12 years from across Australia. Participants described their family lives, the role of alcohol, any changes in alcohol and family dynamics experienced because of COVID‐19 and their children's exposure and knowledge of alcohol before and during their experience of COVID‐19. Using social learning theory as a guiding framework, transcripts were analysed to identify relevant themes.ResultsPre‐COVID‐19 children were commonly thought to be aware of behavioural changes owing to alcohol consumption, made associations between people, beverages and activities and recognised boundaries around consumption. COVID‐19 was suggested to have impacted the environments in which children were exposed and the types of modelling and practices they were exposed to. It was more common for participants to describe COVID‐19 affecting other children's learning and knowledge of alcohol, rather than their own.Discussion and ConclusionsParticipants were mindful of children's knowledge and the role they played in modelling consumption practices prior to and during the COVID‐19 lockdowns. There may be scope to use the insights provided here to support parents in modelling approaches and engaging with children about alcohol in ways that challenge or disrupt its prominence or acceptability.
Trait‐based projections of climate change effects on global biome distributions
Authors: Boonman Coline C.F. , Huijbregts Mark A.J. , Benítez‐López Ana , Schipper Aafke M. , Thuiller Wilfried , Santini Luca 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAimClimate change will likely modify the global distribution of biomes, but the magnitude of change is debated. Here, we followed a trait‐based, statistical approach to model the influence of climate change on the global distribution of biomes.LocationGlobal.MethodsWe predicted the global distribution of plant community mean specific leaf area (SLA), height and wood density as a function of climate and soil characteristics using an ensemble of statistical models. Then, we predicted the probability of occurrence of biomes as a function of the three traits with a classification model. Finally, we projected changes in plant community mean traits and corresponding changes in biome distributions to 2070 for low (RCP 2.6; +1.2°C) and extreme (RCP 8.5; +3.5°C) future climate change scenarios.ResultsWe estimated that under the low climate change scenario (sub)tropical biomes will expand (forest by 18%–22%, grassland by 9%–14% and xeric shrubland by 5%–8%), whereas tundra and temperate broadleaved and mixed forests contract by 30%–34% and 16%–21%, respectively. Our results also indicate that over 70%–75% of the current distribution of temperate broadleaved and mixed forests and temperate grasslands is projected to shift northwards. These changes become amplified under the extreme climate change scenario in which tundra is projected to lose more than half of its current extent.Main conclusionsOur results indicate considerable imminent alterations in the global distribution of biomes, with possibly major consequences for life on Earth. The level of accuracy of our model given the limited input data and the insights on how trait–environment relationships can influence biome distributions suggest that trait‐based correlative approaches are a promising tool to forecast vegetation change and to provide an independent, complementary line of evidence next to process‐based vegetation models.
Subtle alterations of the physical environment can nudge young children to cheat less
Authors: Zhao Li , Zheng Yi , Compton Brian J. , Qin Wen , Sun Wenjin , Fang Fang , Fu Genyue , Heyman Gail D. , Lee Kang 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCheating is a common human behavior but few studies have examined its emergence during early childhood. In three preregistered studies, a challenging math test was administered to 5‐ to 6‐year‐old children (total N = 500; 255 girls). An answer key was present as children completed the test, but they were instructed to not peek at it. In Study 1, many children cheated, but manipulations that reduced the answer key's accessibility in terms of proximity and visibility led to less cheating. Two follow‐up studies showed that the answer key's visibility played a more significant role than its proximity. These findings suggest that subtle and seemingly insignificant alterations of the physical environment can effectively nudge young children away from acting dishonestly.
Mesenchymal stem cells for lysosomal storage and polyglutamine disorders: Possible shared mechanisms
Authors: Oliveira Miranda Catarina 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundMesenchymal stem cells' (MSC) therapeutic potential has been investigated for the treatment of several neurodegenerative diseases. The fact these cells can mediate a beneficial effect in different neurodegenerative contexts strengthens their competence to target diverse mechanisms. On the other hand, distinct disorders may share similar mechanisms despite having singular neuropathological characteristics.MethodsWe have previously shown that MSC can be beneficial for two disorders, one belonging to the groups of Lysosomal Storage Disorders (LSDs) – the Krabbe Disease or Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy, and the other to the family of Polyglutamine diseases (PolyQs) – the Machado‐Joseph Disease or Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. We gave also input into disease characterization since neuropathology and MSC's effects are intrinsically associated. This review aims at describing MSC's multimode of action in these disorders while emphasizing to possible mechanistic alterations they must share due to the accumulation of cellular toxic products.ResultsLysosomal storage disorders and PolyQs have different aetiology and associated symptoms, but both result from the accumulation of undegradable products inside neuronal cells due to inefficient clearance by the endosomal/lysosomal pathway. Moreover, numerous cellular mechanisms that become compromised latter are also shared by these two disease groups.ConclusionsHere, we emphasize MSC's effect in improving proteostasis and autophagy cycling turnover, neuronal survival, synaptic activity and axonal transport. LSDs and PolyQs, though rare in their predominance, collectively affect many people and require our utmost dedication and efforts to get successful therapies due to their tremendous impact on patient s' lives and society.
Fundamental and specialized questions on host race formation and speciation – an introduction
Authors: Leung Kelley , Beukeboom Leo W. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractHost race formation and speciation are at the core of the enormous insect diversification. Insect–host relationships can take many forms, ranging from parasitic to mutualistic. Despite its long history of study, many questions remain about host race formation and speciation. They are addressed in eight original papers of this special issue, including two review‐type articles. In line with the scope of Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, they include both fundamental and applied studies. They reveal that host race formation and speciation can take many forms and that they are still active topics of entomological research.
Artificial selection of stable rhizosphere microbiota leads to heritable plant phenotype changes
Authors: Jacquiod Samuel , Spor Aymé , Wei Shaodong , Munkager Victoria , Bru David , Sørensen Søren J. , Salon Christophe , Philippot Laurent , Blouin Manuel 
Published: November 2021

AbstractArtificial selection of microbiota opens new avenues for improving plants. However, reported results lack consistency. We hypothesised that the success in artificial selection of microbiota depends on the stabilisation of community structure. In a ten‐generation experiment involving 1,800 plants, we selected rhizosphere microbiota ofBrachypodium distachyonassociated with high or low leaf greenness, a proxy of plant performance. The microbiota structure showed strong fluctuations during an initial transitory phase, with no detectable leaf greenness heritability. After five generations, the microbiota structure stabilised, concomitantly with heritability in leaf greenness. Selection, initially ineffective, did successfully alter the selected property as intended, especially for high selection. We show a remarkable correlation between the variability in plant traits and selected microbiota structures, revealing two distinct sub‐communities associated with high or low leaf greenness, whose abundance was significantly steered by directional selection. Understanding microbiota structure stabilisation will improve the reliability of artificial microbiota selection.
Effect of intensive olfactory training for cognitive function in patients with dementia
Authors: Cha Hyegyeong , Kim Sisook , Kim Hansong , Kim Gaeyoung , Kwon Kyum‐Yil 
Published: November 2021

AimRecent evidence has revealed an association between neurodegenerative disorders and olfactory dysfunction. However, whether olfactory training can improve cognitive impairment in patients with dementia requires further study. The present study aimed to resolve this by developing an intensive olfactory training (IOT) protocol and assessing its impact on each of the cognitive domains in patients with dementia.MethodsPatients were prospectively recruited between June 2020 and September 2020. Baseline evaluations included demographic data, olfactory function test, depression scale and detailed cognitive function tests. Thirty‐four patients in the experimental group underwent IOT twice a day with a 40‐odor set for 15 days, while 31 individuals in the control group received conservative management. Follow‐up evaluations using the depression scale and detailed cognitive function tests were performed after IOT.ResultsBaseline characteristics were not different between the two groups. The IOT group showed significant improvements in depression, attention, memory and language functions, but not global cognition, frontal executive, or visuospatial functions compared with the control group.ConclusionThis study shows the ability of IOT to alleviate depression and improve some cognitive functions in patients with dementia. These results suggest that IOT may be an effective non‐pharmacological approach for improving the symptoms of dementia.Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; 22: 5–11.
Adverse events related to AtriCure EPi‐Sense Coagulation Device—Analysis of the FDA MAUDE database
Authors: Sheth Aakash R. , Al Yafeai Zaki , Dominic Paari 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntroductionThe AtriCure EPi‐Sense Device is used for the hybrid convergent procedure, an emerging treatment for persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) and long‐standing persistent AF. However, data on the AE related to the EPi‐Sense device are scarce.MethodsKeyword “EPI‐SENSE” was searched on the MAUDE database. There were 80 device reports from 2016 to 2020. After excluding reports when the device was not returned for evaluation, 79 device reports were included for final analysis.ResultsThe adverse events (AE) were broadly classified into 11 categories. The most common complications were pericardial effusion (25.3%), stroke (17.7%), and atrioesophageal fistula (AEF) (8.9%). Death was reported in 15 (19%) cases, 3 of which were due to pulmonary embolism, 6 due to AEF, 3 due to unknown cause, 1 due to sepsis, 2 due to events related to acute renal failure.DiscussionPericardial effusion is a common AE reported in patients with convergence procedures and is well documented in the CONVERGE trial. The convergent procedure is unique in that the epicardial ablations are performed on the posterior wall with the radiofrequency probe directed towards the heart and away from the esophagus which in theory should reduce esophageal injuries. Despite that, a high number of AEF were noticed. Finally, there were also some reports of saline perfusion malfunction which can lead to injuries due to overheating.ConclusionThis analysis of the AE related to the EPi‐Sense device highlights several major AE that are previously unreported.
Follow up from the Lebanese Heart Failure Snapshot: Reflection of geopolitical instability
Authors: Deek Hiba , Davidson Patricia M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundHeart failure has a great cost on the health care system. The readmission and mortality rates and their predictors are greatly affected by political and sociocultural unrests.AimsTo determine the readmission and mortality rates and their predictors in heart failure population in times of political and sociocultural unrests.DesignA cross‐sectional follow‐up with patients recruited for the Lebanese Heart Failure Snapshot was conducted over the month of June in 2019.MethodsPhone calls were conducted at 30–90 days, 6–12 months following hospital discharge for patient previously admitted to one of the study hospitals for heart failure exacerbation. Follow‐up data was conducted from July 2019 till May 2020.FindingsThe mean age of the 120 participants was 71 years with a mean ejection fraction of 41%. The 30–90 days, 6–12 months readmission rates were 20%, 56%, 75%, and 78%, respectively. Readmission predictors were non‐sinus rhythm and low diastolic blood pressure at admission. Mortality rates at 30–90 days, 6–12 months were 7%, 11%, 17%, and 28%, respectively. Low diastolic blood pressure and longer length of hospital stay were associated with mortality.ConclusionThe rapid changes in the country make it difficult to formulate an intervention plan. This was seen in the increased rates of readmission and the decreased rates of mortality. Rigorous research should be conducted at every phase of the sociocultural changes in developing countries that were hit by the COVID‐19 pandemic and had their economy largely affected.ImpactThe occurrences of the countries can greatly influence the outcomes of patients with heart failure. This is true in developing countries that were affected by the COVID‐19 pandemic socially, economically, and politically. Research should be done regularly to establish the effect of these changes on patients with heart failure. Nevertheless, nursing roles are the common denominator that should be adapted to all the changes and provided despite all challenges to assure improved outcomes. Such practices include discharge education tailored to the subjective needs of the patients and continuous, uninterrupted follow‐up despite of all the occurrences. These practices are likely to decrease adverse outcomes in patients with heart failure.
Typical m. triceps surae morphology and architecture measurement from 0 to 18 years: A narrative review
Authors: Bell Matthew , Al Masruri Ghaliya , Fernandez Justin , Williams Sîan A. , Agur Anne M. , Stott Ngaire S. , Hajarizadeh Behzad , Mirjalili Ali 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe aim of this review was to report on the imaging modalities used to assess morphological and architectural properties of the m. triceps surae muscle in typically developing children, and the available reliability analyses. Scopus and MEDLINE (Pubmed) were searched systematically for all original articles published up to September 2020 measuring morphological and architectural properties of the m. triceps surae in typically developing children (18 years or under). Thirty eligible studies were included in this analysis, measuring fibre bundle length (FBL) (n = 11), pennation angle (PA) (n = 10), muscle volume (MV) (n = 16) and physiological cross‐sectional area (PCSA) (n = 4). Three primary imaging modalities were utilised to assess these architectural parameters in vivo: two‐dimensional ultrasound (2DUS; n = 12), three‐dimensional ultrasound (3DUS; n = 9) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; n = 6). The mean age of participants ranged from 1.4 years to 18 years old. There was an apparent increase in m. gastrocnemius medialis MV and pCSA with age; however, no trend was evident with FBL or PA. Analysis of correlations of muscle variables with age was limited by a lack of longitudinal data and methodological variations between studies affecting outcomes. Only five studies evaluated the reliability of the methods. Imaging methodologies such as MRI and US may provide valuable insight into the development of skeletal muscle from childhood to adulthood; however, variations in methodological approaches can significantly influence outcomes. Researchers wishing to develop a model of typical muscle development should carry out longitudinal architectural assessment of all muscles comprising the m. triceps surae utilising a consistent approach that minimises confounding errors.
Modeling time‐varying higher‐order conditional moments: A survey
Authors: Soltyk Sylvia J. , Chan Felix 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSince the introduction of the Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (ARCH) model, the literature on modeling the time‐varying second‐order conditional moment has become increasingly popular in the last four decades. Its popularity is partly due to its success in capturing volatility in financial time series, which is useful for modeling and predicting risk for financial assets. A natural extension of this is to model time variation in higher‐order conditional moments, such as the third and fourth moments, which are related to skewness and kurtosis (tail risk). This leads to an emerging literature on time‐varying higher‐order conditional moments in the last two decades. This paper outlines recent developments in modeling time‐varying higher‐order conditional moments in the economics and finance literature.Using the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) framework as a foundation, this paper provides an overview of the two most common approaches for modeling time‐varying higher‐order conditional moments: autoregressive conditional density (ARCD) and autoregressive conditional moment (ARCM). The discussion covers both the theoretical and empirical aspects of the literature. This includes the identification of the associated skewness–kurtosis domain by using the solutions to the classical moment problems, the structural and statistical properties of the models used to model the higher‐order conditional moments and the computational challenges in estimating these models. We also advocate the use of a maximum entropy density (MED) as an alternative method, which circumvents some of the issues prevalent in these common approaches.
T1/T2 ratio: A quantitative sensitive marker of brain tissue integrity in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Hannoun Salem , Kocevar Gabriel , Codjia Pekes , Barile Berardino , Cotton Francois , Durand‐Dubief Francoise , Sappey‐Marinier Dominique 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackground and PurposeThe aim of this study is to determine whether cerebral white matter (WM) microstructural damage, defined by decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) and increased axial (AD) and radial (RD) diffusivities, could be detected as accurately by measuring the T1/T2 ratio, in relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients compared to healthy control (HC) subjects.MethodsTwenty‐eight RRMS patients and 24 HC subjects were included in this study. Region‐based analysis based on the ICBM‐81 diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) atlas WM labels was performed to compare T1/T2 ratio to DTI values in normal‐appearing WM (NAWM) regions of interest. Lesions segmentation was also performed and compared to the HC global WM.ResultsA significant 19.65% decrease of T1/T2 ratio values was observed in NAWM regions of RRMS patients compared to HC. A significant 6.30% decrease of FA, as well as significant 4.76% and 10.27% increases of AD and RD, respectively, were observed in RRMS compared to the HC group in various NAWM regions. Compared to the global WM HC mask, lesions have significantly decreased T1/T2 ratio and FA and increased AD and RD (p < . 001).ConclusionsResults showed significant differences between RRMS and HC in both DTI and T1/T2 ratio measurements. T1/T2 ratio even demonstrated extensive WM abnormalities when compared to DTI, thereby highlighting the ratio's sensitivity to subtle differences in cerebral WM structural integrity using only conventional MRI sequences.
Prevalence of sudden cardiac death in dogs with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Borgeat Kieran , Pack Matthew , Harris Jo , Laver Alex , Seo Joonbum , Belachsen Omri , Hannabuss Joshua , Todd Julie , Ferasin Luca , Payne Jessie Rose 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundAtrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with increased risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in humans, independent of secondary risk factors such as thrombogenic disorders. In dogs, SCD is described in a number of heart diseases, but an association between AF and SCD is unreported.Hypothesis(a) A higher proportion of dogs with AF will experience SCD, and (b) SCD will be associated with complex ventricular arrhythmias.AnimalsOne‐hundred forty‐two dogs with AF, and 127 dogs without AF.MethodsRetrospective, multicenter, case‐control study. Dogs included in the AF group were compared to a control group of dogs in sinus rhythm, matched for echocardiographic diagnosis. Descriptive statistics were used to identify proportions of each group suffering SCD, compared using chi‐squared testing. Risk factors for SCD in dogs with AF were evaluated at the univariable and multivariable level using binary logistic regression. Significance was P < .05.ResultsA significantly higher proportion of dogs with AF suffered SCD than dogs in the control group (14.8% vs 5.5%; P = .01). Younger age at diagnosis, larger left atrial size, and a history of syncope all were independent predictors of SCD in dogs with AF (χ2, 16.3; P = .04).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceAtrial fibrillation was associated with a higher prevalence of SCD in dogs. A history of syncope may be a useful predictor of SCD risk.
Accessory pathway ablation during atrial fibrillation in Ebstein anomaly
Authors: Miyamoto Taro , Oginosawa Yasushi , Yagyu Keishiro , Yamagishi Yasunobu , Tsukahara Keita , Ohe Hisaharu , Kohno Ritsuko , Abe Haruhiko , Kataoka Masaharu 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAn 84‐year‐old woman with type B Wolff–Parkinson–White (WPW) with Ebstein anomaly was admitted with heart failure. She had rapid wide QRS tachycardia due to accessory pathway (AP) conduction associated with atrial fibrillation (AF). Since transesophageal echocardiography before catheter ablation showed a left atrial thrombus, ablation was performed using a 3D mapping system under AF. After marking the functional tricuspid anulus with intra‐cardiac echocardiography, 3D intra‐cardiac electrogram visualization (ripple map) during AF enabled clear identification of location of the AP. After ablation, there was no complication of cerebral infarction, and the heart failure improved.
The Explanatory Demands of Grounding in Law
Authors: Chilovi Samuele , Pavlakos George 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA new strategy in philosophy of law appeals to explanatory gap arguments to attack legal positivism. We argue that the strategy faces a dilemma, which derives from two available readings of the constraint it places on legal grounding. To this end, we elaborate the most promising ways of spelling out the epistemic constraints governing law‐determination and show that each of the arguments based on them has problems. Throughout the paper, we evaluate a number of explanatory requirements, ultimately with a view to shedding light on the explanatory nature of both grounding in general and legal grounding in particular.