bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coherent curvature radiation: maximum luminosity and high-energy emission
Authors: Cooper A J , Wijers R A M J 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
High brightness temperature radio transients such as pulsars and fast radio bursts (FRBs) require the coherent radiation of particles. The antenna class of coherent radiation models require a large number of charged particles radiating in phase, therefore the particles must be spatially confined and have well-aligned velocities. Given these necessary conditions, we look at the magnetic field induced by the currents associated with coherently emitting accelerated particles and consider the interaction between the radiating particles and the induced magnetic field. We find a maximum luminosity of coherent curvature radiation that depends on source parameters such as surface magnetic field and neutron star spin period. We find that coherent radio emission across all luminosities can be explained by coherent curvature radiation and suggest it could be universally responsible for both FRBs and extreme galactic sources. Using the Crab Pulsar as an example, we constrain the emission parameters and origin of the most extreme nanoshots to within 60 km of the pulsar surface assuming coherent curvature radiation. In agreement with recent observations, we also predict simultaneous X-ray emission from small-scale particle gyration due to the induced field.
The RNA binding protein Quaking represses splicing of the Fibronectin EDA exon and downregulates the interferon response
Authors: Liao Kuo-Chieh , Chuo Vanessa , Fagg W Samuel , Modahl Cassandra M , Widen Steven , Garcia-Blanco Mariano A 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Quaking (QKI) controls RNA metabolism in many biological processes including innate immunity, where its roles remain incompletely understood. To illuminate these roles, we performed genome scale transcriptome profiling in QKI knockout cells with or without poly(I:C) transfection, a double-stranded RNA analog that mimics viral infection. Analysis of RNA-sequencing data shows that QKI knockout upregulates genes induced by interferons, suggesting that QKI is an immune suppressor. Furthermore, differential splicing analysis shows that QKI primarily controls cassette exons, and among these events, we noted that QKI silences splicing of the extra domain A (EDA) exon in fibronectin (FN1) transcripts. QKI knockout results in elevated production and secretion of FN1-EDA protein, which is a known activator of interferons. Consistent with an upregulation of the interferon response in QKI knockout cells, our results show reduced production of dengue virus-2 and Japanese encephalitis virus in these cells. In conclusion, we demonstrate that QKI downregulates the interferon system and attenuates the antiviral state.
Insights into the dual functions of AcrIF14 during the inhibition of type I-F CRISPR–Cas surveillance complex
Authors: Liu Xi , Zhang Laixing , Xiu Yu , Gao Teng , Huang Ling , Xie Yongchao , Yang Lingguang , Wang Wenhe , Wang Peiyi , Zhang Yi , Yang Maojun , Feng Yue 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
CRISPR–Cas systems are bacterial adaptive immune systems, and phages counteract these systems using many approaches such as producing anti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins. Here, we report the structures of both AcrIF14 and its complex with the crRNA-guided surveillance (Csy) complex. Our study demonstrates that apart from interacting with the Csy complex to block the hybridization of target DNA to the crRNA, AcrIF14 also endows the Csy complex with the ability to interact with non-sequence-specific dsDNA as AcrIF9 does. Further structural studies of the Csy–AcrIF14–dsDNA complex and biochemical studies uncover that the PAM recognition loop of the Cas8f subunit of the Csy complex and electropositive patches within the N-terminal domain of AcrIF14 are essential for the non-sequence-specific dsDNA binding to the Csy–AcrIF14 complex, which is different from the mechanism of AcrIF9. Our findings highlight the prevalence of Acr-induced non-specific DNA binding and shed light on future studies into the mechanisms of such Acr proteins.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the benefits of a gluten-free diet and/or casein-free diet for children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Quan Liuliu , Xu Xinjie , Cui Yonghong , Han Heze , Hendren Robert L , Zhao Lidan , You Xin 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Context
It has been suggested that a gluten-free and casein-free (GFCF) diet may alleviate the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and facilitate neurodevelopment of children with ASD. Studies to date have been inconclusive.

Objective
This study aimed to evaluate (through quantitative meta-analysis) the efficacy and safety of a GFCF diet for children with ASD. To our knowledge, this is the first time such an analysis has been carried out.

Data Sources
Eight electronic databases were searched, from the establishment of each database up to March 27, 2020: PubMed, Web of Science, Embase (Ovid), PsycINFO (Ovid), Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP databases.

Data Extraction
Two authors independently performed the data extraction and risk-of-bias assessment.

Data Analysis
A quantitative meta-analysis was performed with standard procedures by using Stata SE 15 software. Within the total of 8 studies, with 297 participants, 5 studies reported significant reductions in stereotypical behaviors [standard mean difference (SMD) = –0.41, 95% confidence interval (CI): –0.68 to –0.15], and 3 studies reported improvements in cognition (SMD = –0.46, 95% CI: –0.91 to –0.01) following GFCF dietary intervention . No statistically significant changes were observed in other symptomatic categories (all P &gt; 0.05).

Conclusion
The current meta-analysis showed that a GFCF diet can reduce stereotypical behaviors and improve the cognition of children with ASD. Though most of the included studies were single-blind, the benefits of a GFCF diet that have been indicated are promising. Additional studies on a larger scale are warranted.

Systematic Review Registration
PROSPERO registration no. CRD42020177619.
Pink pressure: beetroot (Beta vulgaris rubra) as a possible novel medical therapy for chronic kidney disease
Authors: Moreira Laís de Souza Gouveia , Fanton Susane , Cardozo Ludmila , Borges Natalia A , Combet Emilie , Shiels Paul G , Stenvinkel Peter , Mafra Denise 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) manifests with systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and gut dysbiosis, resulting in metabolic disorders and elevated rates of cardiovascular disease–associated death. These all correlate with a high economic cost to healthcare systems. Growing evidence indicates that diet is an indispensable ally in the prevention and management of CKD and its complications. In this context, the root vegetable beetroot (Beta vulgaris rubra) deserves special attention because it is a source of several bioactive compounds, such as nitrate, betaine, and betalain, and has shown beneficial effects in CKD, including reduction of blood pressure, anti-inflammatory effects, and antioxidant actions by scavenging radical oxidative species, as observed in preclinical studies. Beetroot consumption as a possible therapeutic strategy to improve the clinical treatment of patients with CKD and future directions for clinical studies are addressed in this narrative review.
Wage growth and inflation in Europe: a puzzle?
Authors:   By, Boranova Vizhdan , Huidrom Raju , Nowak Sylwia , Topalova Petia , Tulin Volodymyr , Varghese Richard 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In many European countries, prior to the pandemic, wages rose faster than productivity, yet consumer price pressures remained subdued. This is puzzling as theory suggests that inflation would pick up with a rise in wage growth that exceeds productivity growth. To shed light on this puzzle, we analyze the transmission of wage shocks to core inflation for a sample of 27 European countries over the period 1995Q1–2019Q1. More importantly, we assess how the transmission depends on a set of factors. We find that historically wage growth has led to higher inflation but the impact has weakened since the global financial crisis. Our analysis shows that the passthrough from wage growth to inflation is significantly lower in periods of subdued inflation and inflation expectations, greater competitive pressures, and robust corporate profitability.
Entangled Emancipations
Authors: Hillis Faith 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores how the revolutionary utopias that unfolded in the Russian colonies influenced their European host societies. It argues that Russians became omnipresent—as both actors and symbols—in European discussions about the meaning of freedom. They played crucial roles in the discourse about refugees and asylum, in the creation of a new international left, and in the struggles for women’s rights and against empire. However, discussions about Russian radicalism also raised new concerns about the dangers of cross-border revolutionary networks and the threats that Russians posed to the very core values that Europeans had developed in dialogue with Russians.
Émigré Dystopias
Authors: Hillis Faith 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the collapse of émigré utopias in the 1890s and 1900s. Beginning in the 1870s, small groups of tsarist apologists active abroad—both Russians and Europeans—mobilized to change continental society’s generally positive views of Russians. By the 1880s, the Russian secret police, or Okhrana, joined this effort, engaging in informal public relations campaigns as well as violent provocations intended to divide émigrés and to undermine their reputations. By about 1890, these campaigns had succeeded in transforming the discrete concerns that had emerged about Russian exiles in Europe into a cohesive narrative that portrayed the Russians as terrorists, criminals, and moral reprobates. The ensuing wave of hostility directed at exiles led to the rapid unraveling of émigré rights across the continent.
“The Party of Extreme Opposition”
Authors: Hillis Faith 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the ways in which Bolshevism was shaped by the émigré milieu. On the one hand, the chapter treats Lenin’s new movement as a response to the failures of émigré politics. On the other hand, the early Bolsheviks continued the august émigré tradition of living the revolution and depended on the unique space of the colonies as well as the encounters that they generated to define their new revolutionary program. Although the emergence of Bolshevism infused émigré society with new energy, it also intensified its discontents. The Bolsheviks’ polemical stance on the so-called Jewish question proved particularly destructive.
Epilogue
Authors: Hillis Faith 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This short epilogue traces the fate of one-time émigrés after 1921–22. Those who refused to submit to the Bolsheviks, including many prominent members of the Bund and the Menshevik party, spent the rest of their lives in distant exile or chose to return to Europe. Others accommodated themselves to the party’s will. Yet even as the Bolsheviks became ascendant, the émigré experience haunted the party. This chapter argues that Stalin’s hostility toward the original Old Bolsheviks—almost of all of whom, unlike him, had spent substantial time in exile—was at least in part informed by his suspicion of the strong bonds they had developed overseas.
Prologue I
Authors: Marsden George M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Prologue I, God and Buckley at Yale (1951); Prologue II, Henry Sloan Coffin’s Yale (1897); Prologue III, Yale Embattled: Noah Porter versus William Graham Sumner (1880). Three historical vignettes in reverse historical order suggest changing stages regarding how Christianity might be related to a modern university. William F. Buckley’s God and Man at Yale (1951) challenged the university’s claims to be Christian. Defenders of Yale dismissed any anti-Christian influences in the curriculum as matters of academic freedom and pointed to the extracurricular religious influences at the university. When William Sloan Coffin (’97), who chaired a special committee to answer Buckley, was a student, a broad character-oriented Protestantism held a respected place among Yale students and faculty. Going back to 1880, though, it was no longer possible for the Yale President to insist on Christian teaching, as President Noah Porter discovered in his efforts to restrict the teachings of Social Darwinist William Graham Sumner. Despite the imminent disappearance of explicit Christian influences in public culture, it was possible with the broadened definition of religion to see the situation as the spread of religious enlightenment.
The Burden of Christendom
Authors: Marsden George M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The Founding of Harvard was a first order of business in Puritan Massachusetts. The Puritans had inherited not only the university tradition from Christendom, but also a strong emphasis, as part of their heritage from John Calvin, on educated clergy and educated lay leadership. Harvard College was designed to serve both church and state. It adopted the standard classic university curriculum, supplemented by theological training and Christian worship. William Ames, who had hoped to come to Massachusetts, proposed alternatives that would have better integrated theology with more secular learning, such as treating both metaphysics and ethics as subdisciplines of theology in the arts curriculum and removing Aristotle from these parts of the curriculum while retaining Plato.
Two Kinds of Sectarianism
Authors: Marsden George M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In the era of the early republic, Thomas Jefferson at the University of Virginia headed the leading effort to promote nonsectarian higher education, freed from religious control. Throughout the colonies the Presbyterians, representing in alliance with New Englanders the Reformed heritage, had become the principal rivals in establishing colleges. They pointed out that Jefferson’s views were not neutral, but just a different sort of sectarianism. That led to conflicts, especially in the South, where Jefferson’s ally, Thomas Cooper, was eventually removed from the presidency of the University of South Carolina. Within a generation of Jefferson’s death, rather than steadily liberalize as he had imagined, most American colleges were under more traditionalist Protestant influence. In 1845 Presbyterian William H. McGuffey became Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Virginia.
The John the Baptist of the German University Ideal
Authors: Marsden George M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Henry P. Tappan, president of the University of Michigan, was, in the era before the Civil War, the leading advocate of the new German ideal for the modern university. While the Whig ideal was built on Enlightenment principles of common sense and fixed truths, the more progressive nineteenth-century thought was shaped by romantic ideals of progress. While Tappan had a strong evangelical pedigree, he was strongly against sectarianism at Michigan. He believed that what distinguished a university from a lower school was great scholars and their research. Although he did not entirely transform Michigan before his abrupt dismissal in 1863, he did make it into a leading university and recruited some leading scholars.
The Christian Legacy in the Age of Science
Authors: Marsden George M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The era after the Civil War saw growing efforts to turn the old-style colleges into modern universities. Particularly important was the scientific ideal, not only promoting science and technology but also promoting scientific standards as the model for most of academic thought. Andrew Dixon White, who with the financial backing of Ezra Cornell founded Cornell University, was a leading proponent of the idea that Darwinism provided scientific justification for freeing academic thought from traditional Christian theology–related restrictions. White faced criticism that his Cornell University was “godless.” However, he still recommended a broadly Christian moral purpose for the modern universities.
The Obstacles to a Christian Presence
Authors: Marsden George M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
By the 1920s and 1930s those concerned with keeping a Christian presence faced many challenges. One solution was for mainline Protestant denominations to strengthen their student ministries, especially on state university campuses. One approach was to sponsor “Bible chairs” in which qualified professors taught courses on the Bible or Christian religious themes for credit. By 1940 virtually all church-related schools and most state universities had departments of religion. These were liberal Protestant institutions and emphasized scientific and literary study of religion. Despite these efforts higher education was rapidly growing in many other areas, so religion remained peripheral to most of their activities. As compensation this was an era of building huge chapels. Student religious life declined; the YMCA and YWCA in particular declined as did evangelical religious interests. Chapel requirements largely disappeared. The dominant liberal Protestants emphasized teaching character and becoming good citizens grounded in the broadly Christian tradition.
Searching for a Soul
Authors: Marsden George M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The crisis for Christianity in the interwar years was intensified by the crisis in Western civilizations. Universities were to serve the needs of industrial society but also wanted to find meaning in the humanities and the best of the Western heritage. But critics like Carl Becker raised the question of whether humans could find meaning. Ruth Benedict was one who critiqued Western culture for its racism. John Dewey believed Americans could find a secular “common faith.” Chicago’s President Robert Maynard Hutchins presented in The Higher Education in America the most scathing critique. Humane education was undermined by dehumanizing scientific models and by business interests. These issues were sharply debated during the war years. Hutchins, Mortimer Adler, and some religious thinkers such as Pitirim Sorokin and Jacques Maritain argued for higher law either from either religion or metaphysics. John Dewey, Sidney Hook, and others argued for more pragmatic secular approaches.
The History and Growth of Judicial Review, Volume 2
Authors: Calabresi Steven Gow 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This second volume builds on the story of Volume I as to the origins and growth of judicial review in the key G-20 constitutional democracies, which include the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, Italy, India, Canada, Australia, South Korea, Brazil, South Africa, Indonesia, Mexico, and the European Union. In addition to discussing the judicial review systems of the major civil law countries in this Volume, I also discuss the birth and growth in power of the European Court of Justice and of the European Court of Human Rights, both of which hear cases ffrom common law as well as civil law countries. This Volume considers the four major theories that help to explain the origins of judicial review, which I discussed as to common law countries. Volume II identifies which theories of the origination and growth in power of judicial review apply best in the various countries discussed. Volume II considers not only what gives rise to judicial review originally, but also what leads to the growth of judicial power over time. My positive account of what causes the birth and growth of judicial review in so many very different countries over such a long period of time may have normative implications for those constitution writers who want a strong form of judicial review to come into being.
Why Do Good People Do Bad Things?
Authors: Brennan Jason , English William , Hasnas John , Jaworski Peter 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
People are evolved to be ethical animals, but also evolved not to be perfectly moral. We suffer from predictable moral failings. Managing for better behaviors requires us to diagnose why good people act badly so that we can form proper strategies for overcoming their foibles. Further, some might be skeptical that there can be a universal ethics and instead assume that ethics is culturally relative. This position, rather than promoting tolerance, requires us to accept absurd conclusions.
The Business of Business Is Business
Authors: Brennan Jason , English William , Hasnas John , Jaworski Peter 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
There is a division of labor in modern democratic societies. The main way businesses serve society is by producing products and services people want at prices they can afford to pay. A good business exercises corporate social responsibility simply by delivering its core service. There is a role for charitable giving and other causes, but having a well-crafted corporate social responsibility campaign is no substitute for ethics. Indeed, one of the dangers of the focus on corporate social responsibility is that business people might rationalize that unethical ways of making money are acceptable because the business later donates time or money to “good causes.” But ethics is primarily about how a business makes money, not what it does with the money it makes.
Why Aren’t We All Saints?
Authors: Brennan Jason , English William , Hasnas John , Jaworski Peter 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
People are complicated. Morality is part of what makes us human. We are not just social animals, but animals evolved to have some innate moral concerns. Why, then, do ordinary people sometimes act badly? The answer is: it’s complicated. It’s not as simple as “People are selfish.” Instead, it’s a mix of problems. Sometimes we face bad incentives and take the bait. Sometimes, the problem is that we are conformists who don’t know how to say “no” and don’t even realize saying “no” is an option. Sometimes, the problem is that we operate on auto-pilot; we are blissfully unaware anything morally significant is at stake. Sometimes, the problem is that we suffer from self-deception and so trick ourselves into taking shortcuts. Sometimes, the problem is that we have run out of willpower and we haven’t learned to sustain our moral stamina.
Addressing Moral Confusion
Authors: Brennan Jason , English William , Hasnas John , Jaworski Peter 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Business ethics primarily concerns how businesses conduct themselves and how they make their money. Sometimes businesspeople act badly because they suffer from moral confusion—that is, they are genuinely unsure what moral principles apply to their situation or how to apply them correctly. There are at least five major principles of business ethics which are inherent or built-in to the very idea of doing business. These include that personal responsibility is inalienable, that we must respect the autonomy of others, that coercion, discrimination, and deception are forbidden, and that contracts must be honored. Further, building these ethical principles into each stage of the strategic planning process helps to ensure that businesses act well.
Psychological Factors
Authors: Brennan Jason , English William , Hasnas John , Jaworski Peter 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
People are predominantly but not entirely selfish. However, they do generally have strong degrees of altruistic motivation in certain situations. Good management strategies must be careful not to crowd out intrinsic motivation—in which people do what things for their own sake—for extrinsic motivation—in which people are motivated primarily by rewards and punishments. It is important to structure work environments so that people find their work meaningful. Too much focus on extrinsic motivation can not only cause people to behave morally worse, but to perform worse in general.