bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temperature‐dependent effects of house fly proto‐Y chromosomes on gene expression could be responsible for fitness differences that maintain polygenic sex determination
Authors: Adhikari Kiran , Son Jae Hak , Rensink Anna H. , Jaweria Jaweria , Bopp Daniel , Beukeboom Leo W. , Meisel Richard P. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSex determination, the developmental process by which sexually dimorphic phenotypes are established, evolves fast. Evolutionary turnover in a sex determination pathway may occur via selection on alleles that are genetically linked to a new master sex determining locus on a newly formed proto‐sex chromosome. Species with polygenic sex determination, in which master regulatory genes are found on multiple different proto‐sex chromosomes, are informative models to study the evolution of sex determination and sex chromosomes. House flies are such a model system, with male determining loci possible on all six chromosomes and a female‐determiner on one of the chromosomes as well. The two most common male‐determining proto‐Y chromosomes form latitudinal clines on multiple continents, suggesting that temperature variation is an important selection pressure responsible for maintaining polygenic sex determination in this species. Temperature‐dependent fitness effects could be manifested through temperature‐dependent gene expression differences across proto‐Y chromosome genotypes. These gene expression differences may be the result of cis regulatory variants that affect the expression of genes on the proto‐sex chromosomes, or trans effects of the proto‐Y chromosomes on genes elswhere in the genome. We used RNA‐seq to identify genes whose expression depends on proto‐Y chromosome genotype and temperature in adult male house flies. We found no evidence for ecologically meaningful temperature‐dependent expression differences of sex determining genes between male genotypes, but we were probably not sampling an appropriate developmental time‐point to identify such effects. In contrast, we identified many other genes whose expression depends on the interaction between proto‐Y chromosome genotype and temperature, including genes that encode proteins involved in reproduction, metabolism, lifespan, stress response, and immunity. Notably, genes with genotype‐by‐temperature interactions on expression were not enriched on the proto‐sex chromosomes. Moreover, there was no evidence that temperature‐dependent expression is driven by chromosome‐wide cis‐regulatory divergence between the proto‐Y and proto‐X alleles. Therefore, if temperature‐dependent gene expression is responsible for differences in phenotypes and fitness of proto‐Y genotypes across house fly populations, these effects are driven by a small number of temperature‐dependent alleles on the proto‐Y chromosomes that may have trans effects on the expression of genes on other chromosomes.
Respect, cognitive capacity, and profound disability
Authors: Vorhaus John 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAccording to one prominent form of moral individualism, how an individual is to be treated is determined, not by considering her group membership, but by considering her own particular characteristics. On this view, so this paper argues, it is not possible to provide an account of why people with profound cognitive disabilities are owed respect. This conclusion is not new, but it has been challenged by writers who are sympathetic to the recommended emphasis. The paper aims to show that the conclusion cannot be avoided, and to look at what is to be learned from an approach that leads us to this point. It suggests that any account of why profoundly disabled people are owed respect will have to supplement discussion of their particular capacities with a normative account of their humanity.
Problems for factive accounts of assertion
Authors: Rosenkranz Sven 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe knowledge account of assertion construes assertion as subject to constitutive norms. In its standard version, it combines a wide scope obligation not to assert p without knowing p, with narrow scope principles specifying conditions under which it is permissible to assert p, where the notions of obligation and permission are duals and behave uniformly for variable p. It is argued that, given natural assumptions about the logic of ‘ought’, the account proves incoherent. The argument generalizes to accounts that substitute other factive notions for knowledge. A recent non‐standard version of the knowledge account employs proposition‐relative norms and circumvents the problem. However, it still leads to intolerable combinations of verdicts. Again, the problem arises because knowledge is factive, and it generalizes to other factive notions. It is shown that non‐factive accounts face none of the diagnosed difficulties and can do much of the explanatory work that the knowledge account is alleged to do.
Arabidopsis cryptochrome 1 undergoes COP1 and LRBs‐dependent degradation in response to high blue light
Authors: Miao Langxi , Zhao Jiachen , Yang Guangqiong , Xu Peng , Cao Xiaoli , Du Shasha , Xu Feng , Jiang Lu , Zhang Shilong , Wei Xuxu , Liu Yao , Chen Huiru , Mao Zhilei , Guo Tongtong , Kou Shuang , Wang Wenxiu , Yang Hong‐Quan 
Published: August 2021

Summary

Arabidopsis cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) is an important blue light photoreceptor that promotes photomorphogenesis under blue light. The blue light photoreceptors CRY2 and phototropin 1, and the red/far‐red light photoreceptors phytochromes B and A undergo degradation in response to blue and red light, respectively. This study investigated whether and how CRY1 might undergo degradation in response to high‐intensity blue light (HBL).

We demonstrated that CRY1 is ubiquitinated and degraded through the 26S proteasome pathway in response to HBL. We found that the E3 ubiquitin ligase constitutive photomorphogenic 1 (COP1) is involved in mediating HBL‐induced ubiquitination and degradation of CRY1. We also found that the E3 ubiquitin ligases LRBs physically interact with CRY1 and are also involved in mediating CRY1 ubiquitination and degradation in response to HBL.

We further demonstrated that blue‐light inhibitor of cryptochromes 1 interacts with CRY1 in a blue‐light‐dependent manner to inhibit CRY1 dimerization/oligomerization, leading to the repression of HBL‐induced degradation of CRY1.

Our findings indicate that the regulation of CRY1 stability in HBL is coordinated by COP1 and LRBs, which provides a mechanism by which CRY1 attenuates its own signaling and optimizes photomorphogenesis under HBL.
The Impact of Uncertainty Shocks: Evidence from Geopolitical Swings on the Korean Peninsula*
Authors: Ha Jongrim , Lee Seohyun , So Inhwan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractUsing a novel set of instrumental variables in a structural VAR framework, we investigate the economic impact of uncertainty shocks from geopolitical swings on the Korean Peninsula over 2003–17. We construct robust instrumental variables for these shocks based on high‐frequency changes in financial asset returns and their volatilities around the geopolitical events. The empirical results suggest that heightened geopolitical uncertainty has negative impacts on macroeconomic outcomes in South Korea. We provide evidence that financial and capital markets play a key role in the transmission of geopolitical uncertainty shocks.
A proof of concept pilot trial of probiotics in symptomatic oral lichen planus (CABRIO)
Authors: Marlina Erni , Goodman Richard N. , Mercadante Valeria , Shephard Martina , McMillan Roddy , Hodgson Tim , Leeson Rachel , Porter Stephen , Barber Julie A. , Fedele Stefano , Smith Andrew M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo preliminary evaluate the clinical effects of probiotics in individuals with symptomatic oral lichen planus and the possible mechanisms of action.Subjects and MethodsA group of 30 individuals with symptomatic oral lichen planus were recruited in a randomised double‐blind parallel group controlled (1:1) proof‐of‐concept pilot trial of probiotic VSL#3 vs placebo. Efficacy outcomes included changes in pain numeric rating scale, oral disease severity score and the chronic oral mucosal disease questionnaire. Adverse effects, home diary and withdrawals were assessed as feasibility outcomes. Mechanistic outcomes included changes in salivary and serum levels of CXCL10 and IFN‐γ and in oral microbial composition.ResultsThe probiotic VSL#3 was safe and well tolerated. We observed no statistically significant change in pain, disease activity, quality of life, serum/salivary CXCL10 or oral microbial composition with respect to placebo. Salivary IFN‐γ levels demonstrate a trend for a reduced level in the active group (p = 0.082) after 30 days of probiotic consumption.ConclusionsThe present proof‐of‐concept study provides some weak not convincing indication of biological and clinical effects of probiotic VSL#3 in individuals with painful oral lichen planus. Further research in this field is needed, with the current study providing useful information to the design of future clinical trials.
A validated finite element model to reproduce Helmholtz’s theory of accommodation: a powerful tool to investigate presbyopia
Authors: Cabeza‐Gil Iulen , Grasa Jorge , Calvo Begoña 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPurposeTo reproduce human in vivo accommodation numerically. For that purpose, a finite element model specific for a 29‐year‐old subject was designed. Once the proposed numerical model was validated, the decrease in accommodative amplitude with age was simulated according to data available in the literature.MethodsIn contrast with previous studies, the non‐accommodated eye condition was the reference configuration. Consequently, two aspects were specifically highlighted: contraction of the ciliary muscle, which was simulated by a continuum electro‐mechanical model and incorporation of initial lens capsule stresses, which allowed the lens to become accommodated after releasing the resting zonular tension.ResultsThe morphological changes and contraction of the ciliary muscle were calibrated accurately according to the experimental data from the literature. All dynamic optical and biometric lens measurements validated the model. With the proposed numerical model, presbyopia was successfully simulated.ConclusionsThe most widespread theory of accommodation, proposed by Helmholtz, was simulated accurately. Assuming the same initial stresses in the lens capsule over time, stiffening of the lens nucleus is the main cause of presbyopia.
Oral microbiome shifts during pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes: Hormonal and Immunologic changes at play
Authors: Ye Changchang , Kapila Yvonne 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBecause of hormonal and immunologic changes, there are significant changes in the oral microbiome that emerge during pregnancy. Recent evidence further suggests that there is an association between the presence of periodontal disease and a pregnancy‐associated oral dysbiosis. Although this oral dysbiosis and pathogenic periodontal bacteria are considered to be associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, it is still not clear how an oral dysbiosis during pregnancy can modulate oral diseases and birth outcomes. To develop preventive or therapeutic interventions, it is critical to understand the oral microbiome changes that emerge during pregnancy and their association with adverse pregnancy outcomes. In the present review, we summarize the current literature on normal changes in the oral microbiome that occur during pregnancy; the pathogenic changes in the oral microbiome believed to occur in association with adverse pregnancy outcomes; and the association between the placental microbiome and the oral microbiome.
Transient Thermo-Acoustic Responses of Methane/Hydrogen Flames in a Pressurized Annular Combustor
Authors: Ahn Byeonguk , Indlekofer Thomas , Dawson James , Worth Nicholas 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The present article experimentally investigates the triggering and transient growth of azimuthal instabilities in a pressurized laboratory-scale annular combustor featuring 12 methane/hydrogen flames, as the equivalence ratio is ramped up and down. The ramping rate of equivalence ratio is varied to examine its effect on the transient thermo-acoustic response and the driving mechanisms, highlighting a number of previously unseen features. As the equivalence ratio is dynamically increased, all cases were observed to feature a distinct modal trajectory, during the onset of high-amplitude instabilities. Strongly spinning counterclockwise modes are first excited before a dynamic transition to strongly spinning clockwise modes occurs. Furthermore, the strength of the spinning mode (quantified through the spin ratio or nature angle) was shown to feature a local minima before the spinning mode stabilized in the system, which corresponds to an almost pure spinning state. Hysteresis behavior was observed in both the amplitude and nature of the mode, resulting in different thresholds for the onset and decay of the instability, depending on the time history of the combustor. Increasing the ramping rate was found to reduce the amount of hysteresis in the system. Furthermore, the high amplitude of the instability resulted in significant harmonic components. The behavior of the harmonics generally resembles the fundamental component, albeit with some notable exceptions.
Relative Effects of Velocity- and Mixture-Coupling in a Thermoacoustically Unstable, Partially Premixed Flame
Authors: Karmarkar Ashwini , Boxx Isaac , O'Connor Jacqueline 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Combustion instability, which is the result of a coupling between combustor acoustic modes and unsteady flame heat release rate, is a severely limiting factor in the operability and performance of modern gas turbine engines. This coupling can occur through different pathways, such as flow-field fluctuations or equivalence ratio fluctuations. In realistic combustor systems, there are complex hydrodynamic and thermo-chemical processes involved, which can lead to multiple coupling pathways. In order to understand and predict the mechanisms that govern the onset of combustion instability in real gas turbine engines, we consider the influences that each of these coupling pathways can have on the stability and dynamics of a partially premixed, swirl-stabilized flame. In this study, we use a model gas turbine combustor with two concentric swirling nozzles of air, separated by a ring of fuel injectors, operating at an elevated pressure of 5 bar. The flow split between the two streams is systematically varied to observe the impact on the flow and flame dynamics. High-speed stereoscopic particle image velocimetry, OH planar laser-induced fluorescence, and acetone planar laser-induced fluorescence are used to obtain information about the velocity field, flame, and fuel-flow behavior, respectively. Depending on the flow conditions, a thermoacoustic oscillation mode or a hydrodynamic mode, identified as the precessing vortex core, is present. The focus of this study is to characterize the mixture coupling processes in this partially premixed flame as well as the impact that the velocity oscillations have on mixture coupling. Our results show that, for this combustor system, changing the flow split between the two concentric nozzles can alter the dominant harmonic oscillation modes in the system, which can significantly impact the dispersion of fuel into air, thereby modulating the local equivalence ratio of the flame. This insight can be used to design instability control mechanisms in real gas turbine engines.
Balanced Energy/Time Optimal Defibrillation
Authors: Barbieri Enrique , Muzdeka Slobodanka 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The synthesis of a cardiac defibrillating pulse is cast as a standard optimal feedback control problem that minimizes a weighted measure of consumed energy and elapsed time to reach a nominal defibrillated state. The solution is developed for a general first-order system that includes the widely used parallel resistor/capacitor circuit and energy source as a special case. The novel optimal pulse comprises an exponentially ascending and a rectangular component; it is agile and energy conscious; and it therefore outperforms the waveforms developed thus far that minimize energy or time expenditures alone. Explicit time-domain expressions are derived which may be used for comparing against other commonly studied defibrillating functions. The analytic formulas and computer simulations may be useful to implement performance improvements in defibrillating devices.
Adapted Physical Education Teachers’ Job Satisfaction
Authors: Kim Minhyun , Santiago José A. , Woong Park Chan , Roper Emily A. 
Published: August 2021

Grounded in occupational socialization theory, the authors examined adapted physical education (APE) teachers’ job satisfaction. Twelve (nine female and three male) APE teachers who had 3–43 years of teaching experience participated in the study. A semistructured interview was employed. The interviews focused on the participants’ roles and responsibilities. The following questions guided this study: (a) What social agents positively impact APE teachers’ job satisfaction? (b) what APE teachers’ roles and responsibilities are related to job satisfaction? and (c) what type of working conditions are linked to APE teachers’ job satisfaction? Thematic analysis was employed to analyze the data. The following four themes emerged from the analysis: (a) support from administrators, physical education teachers, and colleagues; (b) relevant and meaningful professional development; (c) itinerant working conditions; and (d) seeing students’ progress and achievement. The results of this study provide several implications to enhance APE teachers’ job satisfaction.
The Association Between Objectively Measured Vision Impairment and Self-Reported Physical Activity Among 34,129 Adults Aged ≥50 Years in Six Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Smith Lee , Pardhan Shahina , Gorely Trish , Barnett Yvonne , Jacob Louis , López-Sánchez Guillermo F. , Tully Mark A. , Veronese Nicola , Shin Jae Il , Koyanagi Ai 
Published: August 2021

The authors investigated the association between vision impairment and physical activity among older adults from low- and middle-income countries. Visual acuity was measured using the tumbling ElogMAR chart, and vision impairment was defined as visual acuity worse than 6/18 (0.48 logMAR) in the better seeing eye. Physical activity was assessed by the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression and meta-analysis were conducted to assess associations. The sample included 34,129 individuals aged 50–114 years (mean [SD] age 62.4 [16.0] years; 47.9% male). After adjustment for confounders, near vision impairment was not significantly associated with low physical activity, but far vision impairment showed a significant association (odds ratio = 1.32; 95% confidence interval [1.17, 1.49], I2 = 0.0%). Far vision impairment was dose-dependently associated with low physical activity (e.g., severe [<6/10] vs. no [≥6/12] far vision impairment; odds ratio = 1.80; 95% confidence interval [1.03, 3.15]). Interventions to address low levels of physical activity in the visually impaired in low- and middle-income countries should target those with far vision impairment.
Deep learning-based carotid plaque vulnerability classification with multicentre contrast-enhanced ultrasound video: a comparative diagnostic study
Authors: Guang Yang , He Wen , Ning Bin , Zhang Hongxia , Yin Chen , Zhao Mingchang , Nie Fang , Huang Pintong , Zhang Rui-Fang , Yong Qiang , Guo Yanli , Yuan Jianjun , Wang Yicheng , Yuan Lijun , Ruan Litao , Yu Tengfei , Song Haiman , Zhang Yukang 
Published: August 2021

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of deep learning-based detection and classification of carotid plaque (DL-DCCP) in carotid plaque contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS).Methods and analysisA prospective multicentre study was conducted to assess vulnerability in patients with carotid plaque. Data from 547 potentially eligible patients were prospectively enrolled from 10 hospitals, and 205 patients with CEUS video were finally enrolled for analysis. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used to evaluate the effectiveness of DL-DCCP and two experienced radiologists who manually examined the CEUS video (RA-CEUS) in diagnosing and classifying carotid plaque vulnerability. To evaluate the influence of dynamic video input on the performance of the algorithm, a state-of-the-art deep convolutional neural network (CNN) model for static images (Xception) was compared with DL-DCCP for both training and holdout validation cohorts.ResultsThe AUCs of DL-DCCP were significantly better than those of the experienced radiologists for both the training and holdout validation cohorts (training, DL-DCCP vs RA-CEUS, AUC: 0.85 vs 0.69, p<0.01; holdout validation, DL-DCCP vs RA-CEUS, AUC: 0.87 vs 0.66, p<0.01), that is, also better than the best deep CNN model Xception we had performed, for both the training and holdout validation cohorts (training, DL-DCCP vs Xception, AUC:0.85 vs 0.82, p<0.01; holdout validation, DL-DCCP vs Xception, AUC: 0.87 vs 0.77, p<0.01).ConclusionDL-DCCP shows better overall performance in assessing the vulnerability of carotid atherosclerotic plaques than RA-CEUS. Moreover, with a more powerful network structure and better utilisation of video information, DL-DCCP provided greater diagnostic accuracy than a state-of-the-art static CNN model.Trial registration numberChiCTR1900021846,
Translational deep phenotyping of deaths related to the COVID-19 pandemic: protocol for a prospective observational autopsy study
Authors: Henningsen Mikkel Jon , Khatam-Lashgari Apameh , Olsen Kristine Boisen , Jacobsen Christina , Brøchner Christian Beltoft , Banner Jytte 
Published: August 2021

IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic is an international emergency with an extreme socioeconomic impact and a high mortality and disease burden. The COVID-19 outbreak is neither fully understood nor fully pictured. Autopsy studies can help understand the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and has already resulted in better treatment of patients. Structured and systematic autopsy of COVID-19-related deaths will enhance the mapping of pathophysiological pathways, not possible in the living. Furthermore, it provides an opportunity to envision factors translationally for the purpose of disease prevention in this and future pandemics. This is the protocol for an autopsy study that offers an umbrella for deep and diverse investigations of COVID-19-related deaths, including a systematic investigation of ‘long’ COVID-19 by means of extensive and systematic tissue sampling.Methods and analysisA COVID-19-specific autopsy algorithm has been created to cover all cases undergoing clinical or forensic autopsy in Denmark. The algorithm describes advanced tissue sampling and a translational analytical follow-up for deep phenotyping. The translational approach covers registry data, postmortem imaging, gross autopsy findings, microscopic organ changes, postmortem toxicology, postmortem biochemical investigation, microbiological profiling and immunological status at the time of death, and future research projects covering genetics and epigenetics on an organ level.Ethics and disseminationThis study has been approved by the Regional Ethics Committee of the Region of Greater Copenhagen (No: H-20078436) and the Danish Data Protection Agency (No: 2002-54-1080). Next of kin gave informed consent to research. The study results will be published in peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberThis study is purely observational and, as such, does not meet the criteria of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors for clinical trials; thus, there is no need for registration in a database of research trials, such as clinical trials. To facilitate cooperation in research, provide transparency on case recruitment for publications to come and to avoid unnecessary duplicate work, we nevertheless wish to publish our protocol.