bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE ENERGY METABOLISM IN INFANTS WITH GROWTH FAILURE DUE TO MATERNAL DEPRIVATION, UNDERNUTRITION, OR CAUSES UNKNOWN
Authors: Krieger Ingeborg 
Published: December 2021

The energy metabolism of 37 infants with growth failure and malnutrition was investigated, by use of the insensible loss of weight (IL) as the index of metabolic rate. The IL was measured 4 to 6 (standard IL) and 12 hours (basal IL) after a regular meal, while asleep. Twenty infants were tested repeatedly throughout the recovery period. Control values for the IL, obtained in 27 normal infants, agreed well with established norms for IL and for basal metabolic rate, calculated from oxygen consumption.
The initial standard and basal IL of the infants with growth failure fell between the regression lines on height of normal controls representing ±3 SE., but were above normal when related to body weight. The basal IL remained essentially within this range throughout the recovery period. By contrast, the standard IL rose upon realimentation with a high caloric diet sufficient to cause weight gain and declined during periods of weight loss or no weight gain. This rise, representing postprandial heat production in excess of basal (EHP), was greater than normal (up to 96%) for a period following realimentation. Peak values for EHP showed a near linear correlation with the average daily protein intake. This correlation appeared to be induced by the supply of sufficient calories, since the EHP was in a low range on admission and upon recovery regardless of the average daily protein intake. EHP did not correlate with the protein content of the meal given prior to measurement of the standard IL; therefore, factors other than those generally implicated in the specific dynamic action of food seem to be operative.
Your Child Is a Person: A Psychological Approach to Parenthood Without Guilt
Authors: BULLARD DEXTER M. 
Published: December 2021

This well written, small volume about the care, behavior, and development of children is addressed to parents, teachers, and pediatricians. It is a non-technical account of child-rearing practices derived from one of the outstanding longitudinal studies of child development conducted in the United States during the past 20 years.
I found the book pleasing in many ways. Foremost, and a central theme of this work, is the authors' demonstration of the role temperament plays in children's development.
NUTRITION, GROWTH AND NEUROINTEGRATIVE DEVELOPMENT: AN EXPERIMENTAL AND ECOLOGIC STUDY
Authors: Cravioto Joaquin , DeLicardie Elsa R. , Birch Herbert G. 
Published: December 2021

IN THIS MONOGRAPH we report the results of an experimental and ecologic study concerned with estimating some of the effects which malnutrition in early childhood may have upon neurointegrative functioning. In particular, we have been concerned with the association between malnutrition early in childhood and intersensory organization in children during the school years. A study of these relationships has derived from a concern with the possibility that inadequate food intake, particularly as represented by protein-calorie malnutrition, affects not only stature and weight, but also the capacity to learn. If this is indeed the case, then the significance of the observable and dramatic consequences of malnutrition for physical stature may be but one visible sign of functionally, perhaps, far more important non-visible handicapping.
Findings on the effects which malnutrition has on the central nervous system suggest strongly that protein deficiency may result in structural lesions of the nervous system. Animals experimentally deprived are persistently delayed in achieving simple developmental landmarks, appear to be less adequate in environmental responsiveness and slower in learning as well as poorer in the retention of that which has been learned than normal controls. Considering the animal experiments and the findings in humans as a unit, one is led to be concerned with what in an ecologic sense could be called a "spiral" effect. A low level of adaptive capacity, ignorance, social custom, infection, or environmental paucity of foodstuffs appear to result in malnutrition which may produce a large pool of individuals who come to function in suboptimal ways.
THE EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC IONS ON THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF INFANTS
Authors: Palti Yoram , Nour Elchanan De , Abrahamov Abraham 
Published: December 2021

Forty-one experiments with positive and negative atmospheric ions were performed on 19 children, of whom 13 were suffering from asthmatic (spastic) bronchitis. The results of these experiments indicate that the atmospheric ions have the following effects.
Negative ions
1. Shorter duration of the spastic attack as compared with duration of the attack in children receiving the conventional therapeutic treatment.
2. Reduction of tachypnea in cases of spastic bronchitis and bronchopneumonia.
3. Termination of spastic attacks induced by positive ionization.
4. The effect of negative ions on respiratory spasticity usually becomes obvious about 8 hours after the beginning of the ionization.
5. When the negative ionization is stopped, a moderate rebound of spasticity and tachypnea was noticed in several cases.
Positive ions
1. Induce spastic attacks in normal infants.
2. Cancel the therapeutic effects of negative ions on patients with spastic bronchitis.
3. Cause tachypnea in infants.
4. On the average, the effects of these ions on respiratory spasticity becomes evident about 10 hours after the beginning of ionization.
INFLUENCE OF ACIDEMIA ON LEFT VENTRICULAR FUNCTION IN THE NEWBORN LAMB
Authors: Talner Norman S. , Gardner Thomas H. , Downing S. Evans 
Published: December 2021

The performance of the left ventricle in 20 newborn lambs was examined in a preparation which allowed precise control of aortic pressure, cardiac output, heart rate, and temperature.
Reduction of arterial pH from a normal range (7.35 to 7.5) to severe acidemia (6.8 to 7.0) by hydrochloric or lactic acid infusion resulted in no significant impairment of left ventricular function.
Prolonged acidemia (over 2 hours) failed to produce a reduction in left ventricular stroke volume or mean ejection rate for a given left ventricular end-diastolic pressure.
Responsiveness of the left ventricle of the lamb to catecholamine stimulation was not diminished over the pH range 7.5 to 6.8.
Under conditions of these investigations the apparent resistance of the myocardium of the newborn lamb, as well as the adult cat, to wide variations in pH may reflect a buffering capacity of cardiac muscle which would allow minimal change in intracellular pH, even though extracellular pH may indicate the presence of severe metabolic acidosis.
THE DIENCEPHALIC SYNDROME OF EARLY INFANCY DUE TO SILENT BRAIN TUMOR: WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TREATMENT
Authors: Bain Harry W. , Darte John M. M. , Keith William S. , Kruyff Evert 
Published: December 2021

Three patients with typical "diencephalic syndrome" have been described. The clinical observation of an emaciated and pale, but remarkably bright, cheerful, and active infant with a normal or increased appetite and food intake should suggest the diagnosis. Physical findings are conspicuous by their absence, although mild nystagmus, tremor, or ataxia may occasionally be present. An elevated total eosinophil count and an elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein are important, though not invariable, features. Metopirone test coupled with ACTH-adrenal stimulation test indicate markedly reduced pituitary reserve. Diagnosis is confirmed by pneumoencephalography and biopsy.
It is likely that with increasing knowledge, the clinical spectrum of this syndrome will be broadened, and one might expect to find, on occasions, anorexia rather than increased appetite, lassitude rather than hyperactivity, irritability rather than euphoria, obesity rather than emaciation, and different combinations of all of these features.
The results of therapy with beam-directed cobalt irradiation are encouraging.
Ethics and Placebos
Authors: BAILIT IRVING WILLIAM 
Published: December 2021

The following resolution was adopted by the New England Society of Allergy, primarily through the efforts of Dr. Lewis Webb Hill.
The Placebo in Clinical Investigation
The double blind study when carried out with honesty and with consideration for patients is surely a legitimate and valuable procedure in clinical research. If employed in ways other than this, it does not come within the best traditions of the generally accepted doctor-patient relationship.
The patient's understanding of the placebo is the gist of the whole matter.
ANTIBODY RESPONSES OF YOUNG INFANTS TO NATURALLY OCCURRING VIRAL INFECTIONS
Authors: Moffet Hugh L. , Cramblett Henry G. 
Published: December 2021

A fourfold rise in neutralizing antibodies was demonstrated for 45% of infants 1 through 6 months of age compared to 63% of older children or adults from whom an adenovirus or an enterovirus was recovered. This difference appeared to be related to severity of illness rather than to age, as there was no significant difference between young infants and older patients when only clinically severe illnesses were analyzed. The isolation of virus from more than one specimen increased the probability of a significant response in either age group.
Infants with minor symptoms had a low frequency of significant fourfold antibody responses after virus isolation, but this was not significantly different from older children with minor symptoms. Failure to develop an increase in antibody titer could not be related to the presence of maternal antibodies.
THE MENTALLY RETARDED ADOLESCENT
Authors: Hammar S. L. , Barnard K. E. 
Published: December 2021

The cases of 44 adolescents referred to the University of Washington Adolescent Clinic for evaluation of actual or suspected mental retardation were reviewed. The concerns presented by the parents regarding their teenager's behavior often differed from the problems identified by the professional staff and the school personnel. This difference was particularly significant with respect to problems relating to dependency and immaturity. While parents were usually more anxious about sexual behavior and aggressiveness, professional workers frequently viewed immaturity, lack of self-help skills, and unfulfilled training potential as the major problems needing attention. This discrepancy often made parent-professional communication and planning difficult.
An increasing amount of attention must be devoted to the retarded adolescent, if his maximum potential is to be realized and if he is to become a productive member of the community. The retardate needs appropriate sex education, guidance regarding his behavior, and assistance with his educational placement and vocational training. The problems presented by most retarded adolescents are too complex for families to handle without professional assistance. Therefore, the physician must be willing to assume a continuing responsibility in planning for the retarded individual.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF AMNIOTIC FLUID VISCOSITY TO RESPIRATORY DISTRESS IN LAMBS
Authors: Moss Arthur J. , Rettori Ovidio , Simmons Norman S. 
Published: December 2021

The viscosity of amniotic fluid was measured in 52 ewes and the results correlated with the postnatal course of the lambs delivered by cesarean section. Viscosity was not related to length of gestation or to the immediate prepartum condition of the ewe, but a definite relationship was found between amniotic fluid viscosity (AFV) and the postnatal course of the fetus. Of 22 lambs considered viable, 9 failed to survive. In 10 of the 13 survivors, AFV was less than 1.6; whereas in the nonsurvivors, AFV varied between 1.6 and 4.4. All of the nonsurvivors experienced respiratory difficulty associated with copious amounts of extremely viscous secretions in the mouth and oropharynx.
The substance responsible for the high AFV was a mucoprotein and was detectable in all samples with a viscosity of 1.24 or more but in none with a viscosity below 1.24. The data suggest the possibility that fetal distress may induce qualitative or quantitative alterations of fetal mucous secretions in utero which subsequently could impede lung expansion at birth.
The Child's Right to Die at Home
Authors: DAVOLI ENRICO , EVERS JOSEPH C. 
Published: December 2021

If circumstances permit, we believe that the terminally ill and incurable child should be given the right to die at home. The child's disease, the physical and emotional strength of the parents, the number of children in the family, and the economic situation of the family must certainly be considered. There are some parents who could not face the problem at home and we do not feel that they should be forced to do so.
Quite recently we had the sad experience of treating a 4½-year-old boy with neuroblastoma.
Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia; Pentamidine Therapy
Authors: PATTERSON JOSEPH H. 
Published: December 2021

Since acceptance of our report on "Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia and Altered Host Resistance: Treatment of One Patient With Pentamidine Isethionate" (Pediatrics, 38:388, 1966), the child has expired and additional information has become available from the postmortem examination.
In February 1966, Patient 3 (K.C.) was readmitted to Egleston Hospital because of refractory diarrhea.
A third course of pentamidine isethionate was instituted 1 week after admission and continued for 14 days. Extensive studies for an infectious agent or metabolic basis were not revealing.
Pediatricians and Day-Care
Authors: WHITE PARK J. 
Published: December 2021

When the Editor waxes out-going and invites comment, I take it that he wants specifics from us ordinary, wayfaring pediatricians.
Day-care obviously involves two groups, one small, the other large: (1) those who can pay (2) those who can't.
Day-Care for the Better-Off
With current trends, this classification is automatically both financial and geographic. The better-off are mainly suburbanites. They have fled the Inner Cities. Children in this group require day-care because some mothers must, or think they must, (a) express themselves by getting part or full-time jobs; (b) get such jobs to help pay for luxuries-become necessities, like big cars, houses, etc.; (c) seek regular activity (in occupations for which they may well have been trained) outside the home because they feel—understandably—that regular escape from child-attrition will enable them to perform the most difficult of all tasks, that of motherhood, more expertly and cheerfully.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: JONES J. ALBRIGHT 
Published: December 2021

I wish to make a brief comment on the letters from Drs. Nathan and Crook.
A "child-proof container cap" is a most welcome invention and could prevent many cases of poisoning in children. But I am quite certain it will be a long time before enough force can be brought to bear on container manufacturers to adopt such a cap.
As Dr. Crook points out, if home builders and cabinet makers would install proper locks of the combination type, drugs, etc. could be kept out of little hands.
CREATINE PHOSPHOKINASE ACTIVITY IN SERUM OF NEWBORN INFANTS AS AN INDICATOR OF FETAL TRAUMA DURING BIRTH
Authors: Rudolph Nathan , Gross Ruth T. 
Published: December 2021

Serial studies have demonstrated a frequent rise in the activity of the enzyme creatine kinase in the serum of newborn infants following delivery. The rise in activity is independent of the maternal enzyme level.
Considerable elevations in serum creatine kinase activity, noted especially at 24 hours of age, have been found in a number of infants delivered as breech presentations, following secondary uterine inertia with oxytocin stimulation, and following emergency Cesarean section after a trial of labor. Muscle damage sustained by the infant during the birth process is suggested as a likely cause for the increase in neonatal serum enzyme activity.
SEPTIC ARTHRITIS IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN: A REVIEW OF 117 CASES
Authors: Nelson John D. , Koontz Wayne C. 
Published: December 2021

A review of 117 cases of septic arthritis in infants and children revealed that the concept of staphylococci and streptococci as the major etiologic organisms should be modified to stress the frequency of Hemophilus influenzae in the 6-month to 2-year age bracket and to emphasize the variety of bacteria that must be anticipated in individual cases.
Suggestions are made for increasing the frequency of bacteriologic diagnoses and for initiating the antibiotic therapy of patients with septic arthritis based upon age groups and observations of bacterial stains of joint fluid.
Maladies Osseuses Constitutionnelles
Authors: NEUHAUSER EDWARD B. D. 
Published: December 2021

This monograph on constitutional diseases of bone is based on a series of lectures given under the auspices of the College of Medicine of the Hospitals of Paris at the Hôpital Bretonneau. This monograph of approximately 100 pages of text and numerous excellent illustrations is written in French, but at the end of each chapter there is a brief résumé in English.
The first chapter is a short but excellent summary on the structure and physiology of bone.
THE UNMET NEEDS OF CHILDREN
Authors: STEWART WILLIAM H. 
Published: December 2021

IT IS a real pleasure for me to be discussing pediatrics with pediatricians. More than any other group, you share my educational background and my earliest dedication as a physician. And, although my period of actual pediatric practice was rather brief, I feel that I share with you a basic orientation and a store of common experiences.
Reading through some of the recent periodical literature in our field, I have been impressed with a growing sense of professional restlessness. One article used the phrase "unhappy pediatrician syndrome"—partly but not entirely in jest.
I confess that I am not altogether unhappy with this kind of unhappiness.
THE PERPETUATION OF HEMOPHILIA BY MUTATION
Authors: Strauss Herbert S. 
Published: December 2021

Sporadic cases of hemophilia, constituting approximately one third of all patients with hemophilia A and one fifth of patients with hemophilia B, have been ascribed to mutations or ignorance of the family history. Previous descriptions have not noted a preponderance of severe cases in the sporadic group. In our families sporadic occurrence was strikingly associated with severe disease. In 94 families with hemophilia A a single case per kinship occurred in 36 of 60 families with severe disease, and in only 2 of 34 families with non-severe disease. Similarly, 4 sporadic cases, all of them severe, occurred among 17 families with hemophilia B.
The distribution of Factor VIII levels in mothers and maternal grandmothers of sporadic cases of severe hemophilia A was compared to that in groups of confirmed female carriers and normal women. From this comparison it was concluded that in the majority of these families the hemophilic gene arose by recent mutation. On the basis of the frequency of hemophilia in the newborn population and the frequency of de novo cases the mutation rates for hemophilia A and B were estimated as slightly less than 4.2X10-5 and 0.46X10-5, respectively. Results were comparable to figures obtained on the basis of the reduced reproductive fitness of affected males. Due to a lower reproductive fitness in severe disease, a greater mutation rate is expected to balance the loss of genes for hemophilia. This is reflected in the preponderance of severe over non-severe disease among the de novo cases.
The results of this study underscore the importance of both personal and family history in the detection of the disease.
ACUTE RESPIRATORY ILLNESS ASSOCIATED WITH COXSACKIE B4 VIRUS IN CHILDREN
Authors: Ray C. George , Plexico Kathryn L. , Wenner Herbert A. , Chin Tom D. Y. 
Published: December 2021

An outbreak of respiratory illness in a children's home, associated with Coxsackie B4 infection, occurred in the summer of 1964. The illness was mild, characterized primarily by mild to moderate pharyngitis, fever, and rhinorrhea. The duration of symptoms was 3 to 7 days. No pleurodynia, aseptic meningitis, or other syndromes frequently associated with Coxsackie B4 were noted.
An analysis of sera available from both before and after the outbreak showed that all children without preexisting antibody titers (&lt;1:8) had serological evidence of infection following the outbreak; one-third of the children with preexisting antibody titer (≥1:8) also showed evidence of reinfection. The ratio of subclinical to clinical infections was 3.4 to 1. The data also suggest that the presence of preexisting antibodies did not prevent the development of respiratory illness.
The high prevalence of Coxsackie B4 antibodies in this group and in other studies is noted and may be related to a broad clinical spectrum with a probable preponderance of minor illnesses and frequent inapparent infections.
BENIGN INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION IN CHILDREN
Authors: Rose Arthur , Matson Donald D. 
Published: December 2021

The clinical features of 23 cases of benign intracranial hypertension occurring in childhood have been reviewed. Eight cases followed minor bacterial or viral infections, four cases occurred in association with head or neck injury, four cases occurred with otitis media, and one case followed sudden cessation of corticosteroid treatment. There were no apparent associated clinical factors in the remaining six cases. Benign intracranial hypertension thus emerges as a clinical syndrome of varied etiology, generally with a short course, good prognosis, little tendency to recurrence, and only rarely requiring surgical intervention. Clinical evidence suggests that, in addition to otitis media, cerebral venous thrombosis may, in certain circumstances, follow head injury, trauma to the jugular vein, and thrombosis in the pterygoid venous plexus. Therefore, it is suggested that complete visualization of the venous cerebral circulation should be attempted in the investigation of patients with benign intracranial hypertension.
In view of the occurrence of the syndrome following gastroenteritis, upper respiratory tract infections, and chickenpox, diagnostic virological studies, including culture of cerebrospinal fluid, are of special interest. Other precipitating causes of this clinical syndrome are discussed. The occurrence of benign intracranial hypertension as an initial manifestation of two well defined endocrine abnormalities is described. It is possible in the future that systematic endocrine study of patients, particularly pre-pubertal females, will reveal other hormonal defects.
It appears probable that transient generalized cerebral edema of any type may be responsible for the occurrence of this syndrome. The elucidation of its pathophysiology will probably have to wait more accurate and safe methods of clinical measurement of intra- and extra-cellular fluid shifts within the brain, as well as more reliable understanding of cerebrospinal fluid and cerebral blood flow alterations.
URINARY CATECHOLAMINE EXCRETION BY HEALTHY CHILDREN
Authors: Voorhess Mary L. 
Published: December 2021

There is increase in the daily urinary excretion of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA) with age. The mean output in micrograms per 24 hours for various age groups is as follows: birth to 1 year-DA 60.9 (± 24.3), NE 10.6 (± 3.4), E 1.3 (± 1.2), VMA 569 (± 309); 1 through 5 years—DA 124.1 (± 40.7), NE (18.8 ± 7.0), E 3.2 (± 2.7), VMA 1348 (± 433); 6 through 15 years—DA 169.3 (± 72.6), NE 37.4 (± 16.6), E 4.8 (± 2.4), VMA 2373 (± 698); over 15 years—DA 249.1 (± 74.9), NE 50.7 (± 15.7), E 7.1 (± 3.3), VMA 3192 (± 699).
The studies suggest that the daily output of these compounds in the various age groups is similar when related to body surface area after infancy.