bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interactive Virtual Tools for Manipulating NURBS Surfaces in a Virtual Environment
Authors: Perles Brian P. , Vance Judy M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Virtual prototyping is the process of evaluating digital versions of designs without building physical mockups. Industry is increasingly turning to virtual prototyping in an effort to reduce design time and costs. The ability to evaluate various design configurations early in the design process using digital models allows for more opportunity to optimize the product design and explore alternate design configurations at a lower product design cost. This paper describes the development of virtual tools which give the designer the ability to take virtual prototyping one step further by allowing interactive modification to the virtual surfaces while in the virtual environment.
Virtual prototypes are created directly from computer aided design (CAD) data. Non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS) have become the industry standard for representation of free-form curves and surfaces (Piegl, 1991). The contribution of the work presented here is in the development of virtual tools which are used to operate directly on the CAD data and change the shape of the NURBS surfaces in a virtual environment. The virtual tools can be dragged along or pushed into the surface in real-time to change its shape. The surface normal at an arbitrary point can be manipulated in three-dimensional (3D) space. Constraint-based surface manipulation is used to obtain multiple point direct manipulation of NURBS surfaces, which is not currently available in other VR CAD programs.
VPAVE: An Interactive Tool for Validating Assembly Components in Virtual Environment Using Finite Element Simulation
Authors: Deviprasad T. , Kesavadas T. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Assembly is a geometric problem and its success depends on the quality of the mating parts. Design for Assembly (DFA) takes care of the issues such as part handling, insertion and mating, and other features that make assembly an easier and cost effective task. Practical considerations like part deformation during manufacturing, wear and tear of machines and jigs, and other constraints like cost and technical limitations contribute significantly to dimensional and form errors. These factors are usually not accounted for during the DFA, as the data is not as yet available. This results in improper assembly and part rejection at a later stage. One approach of solving this problem is to develop a virtual prototype, which captures the real manufacturing variables by modeling the process impact on the assembled components. The work presented here tries to look at a few issues concerning validation of the virtual prototype (VP) of a manufactured component before assembly.
A Virtual Prototype Assembly Validation Environment dubbed VPAVE was developed to test virtual prototypes of manufactured component in a Virtual Environment for assembly process. We have demonstrated by an example that the VPAVE based validation during DFA can prevent difficulties that may arise during the actual assembly process due to the influence of the production process of the components.
A Case Study: Web Enabled Virtual Reality Robotics Training System
Authors: Teh Tuan Ann , Goh Yuan Sheng Victor 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Virtual Reality Robotics Training System is the use of desk-top Virtual Reality (VR) system for preparing a user to operate on a real robotics system. The computer system presents the user with a view of a virtual robotics system. The virtual world replicates actions of the actual robotics system. The view will be a 3D scene and a user can immerse in this virtual world by wearing a Head Mounted Display. As the user of system, he can move around a virtual robotics system through the use of foot switches, go to a particular view of the system and operate or control it just like the real machine. A virtual teach pendant will appear and the machine can be operated individually by activating the contact buttons of the pendant using a trackball. All sound normally heard in the operation of the actual system is replicated so that the user would be able to tell both visually as well as aurally if the actions are correct. With Internet fast moving towards full 3D multimedia, interactive platform, it is possible to link the virtual world to the real physical system and place the virtual world on the Internet so that user can control, operate, and manipulate the physical system remotely. This paper investigates the possibility of using such a virtual training system without having to invest on an actual system but achieving the same training effectiveness as the actual system. It also describes how the training system could be remotely operated using Virtual Reality technology through a platform independent, Internet enabled graphical user interface with real time video feedback. Possible applications of this case study include tele-control of robot in hazardous environments, remote diagnosis of manufacturing systems, tele-manufacturing and high value-added training.
A Generic Template for Collaborative Product Development
Authors: Zhang Jiyu , Chen Jie , EL-Mounayri Hazim 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A generic template system is presented in this paper. The template, which is basically a management system and an integration platform, adopts virtual prototyping, cross-functional teaming and information integration to improve the performance of product development life cycle. The architecture and working principles of the template are discussed. This architecture provides a collaborative environment for product development aiming at integrating people, process and data in the complete product development cycle. Also, a new integration strategy, that adopts PDM as its universal integration platform, is proposed and realized. This strategy reduces the requirements of integrating a software module (or “a virtual model”) into the template to only the development of the interface between this module and the PDM. In addition, the generic template contains methods and mechanisms to create and maintain virtual prototyping models for different engineering products and engineering systems that involve mechanical as well as electrical components (e.g. a power train). Currently, the template includes sufficient models to accurately and reliably model, simulate and evaluate complete engineering systems. Some of these models do not exist in the current state-of-the-art commercial CAD/CAE/CAM/PDM systems.
Numerical Prediction of Noise Radiated From a Panel Subjected to Boundary Layer Excitation
Authors: Allen Michael , Vlahopoulos Nickolas 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this paper an algorithm is developed for combining finite element analysis and boundary element techniques in order to compute the noise radiated from a panel subjected to boundary layer excitation. The excitation is presented in terms of the auto and cross power spectral densities of the fluctuating wall pressure. The structural finite element model for the panel is divided into a number of sub-panels. A uniform fluctuating pressure is applied as excitation on each sub-panel separately. The corresponding vibration is computed, and is utilized as excitation for an acoustic boundary element analysis. The acoustic response is computed at any data recovery point of interest. The relationships between the acoustic response and the pressure excitation applied at each particular sub-panel constitute a set of transfer functions. They are combined with the spectral densities of the excitation for computing the noise generated from the vibration of the panel subjected to the boundary layer excitation. The development presented in this paper has the potential of computing wind noise in automotive applications, or boundary layer noise in aircraft applications.
Acoustic Computations Using Incompressible, Inviscid CFD Results as Input
Authors: Grace Sheryl M. , Curtis Caroline K. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper presents preliminary results from an acoustic post processor for incompressible, viscous computations. The method is applied to the two-dimensional problem of grazing flow past a cavity. A research RANS code is used to obtain the incompressible flow field quantities. Subsequently, the acoustic calculation is performed using a second-order finite-difference scheme. The method is shown to be a viable strategy for obtaining predictions for the acoustic field associated with a viscous, subsonic flow.
Investigation of Centrifugal Blower Noise
Authors: Banks Christopher L. , Wu Sean F. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the results of an ongoing investigation of noise radiation from centrifugal blowers used in passenger vehicles. The semi-empirical formulation previously derived by the authors (1998) for predicting noise spectra of centrifugal blowers running in a free field is extended to centrifugal blowers installed in a HVAC scroll housing. Because of the presence of the scroll and cutoff, the flow fields are different from those in a free field. Accordingly, the noise generation mechanisms become much more difficult to analyze and model. The previous model assumed a monopole type sound radiation pattern, and predicted the broadband component of the noise spectra well. This model is extended to include the contributions of both monopole and directional dipole sound radiation. It is this complex radiation that is characteristic of a centrifugal blower situated inside a scroll housing with a cutoff. Comparisons of the calculated and measured noise spectra were demonstrated, and good agreements were obtained in all cases.
Design Considerations for Flow Noise in Automotive Air Handling Systems
Authors: Warner David W. , Humbad Niranjan G. , Alzahabi Basem , Porada Robert A. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Noise from automotive air handling systems is an important issue for driver and passenger comfort. This study was undertaken to quantify the flow noise from the blower and remaining system, and to develop an analytical predictive model for airflow noise. Tests were conducted on four different vehicle Air Handling Systems (AHS) comprised of blower, heat exchangers, ducts and panel registers. Flow and noise data were measured. Test results suggest that overall noise is dominated by blower noise. A predictive model for airflow noise was developed. This model suggests system pressure drop (Δp) and system airflow (q) being dominant parameters in the noise predictions. The noise variation scales as flow velocity to the power 5.75. The developed model for flow noise can be very useful in the design process to estimate noise levels for new systems from CFD/CAE analyses.
Experimental Measurement of Compressional Damping in an Elastic-Viscoelastic-Elastic Sandwich Beam
Authors: Sisemore Carl L. , Smaili Ahmad A. , Darvennes Corinne M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This article presents the results of an experimental investigation into the compressional vibration in an elastic-viscoelastic-elastic three-layer sandwich beam. The fundamental assumption of most of the current mathematical models is that shear deformation results in the largest energy losses for damping while compressional damping is negligible. In this experiment the relative displacements of the base beam and the constraining layer were measured directly to determine the amount of compression in the viscoelastic core. The experiment showed a maximum difference of 25% between the base beam and constraining layer motions. This suggests that neglecting compressional damping in the mathematical model is an erroneous assumption under most circumstances.
Confinement Efficiency of FRP Wrapping on Concrete
Authors: Wu Hwai-Chung 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A high fiber modulus is often believed to be the key element of a successful Fiber Reinforced Plastics (FRP) wrap for strengthening concrete structures. This demand for high fiber modulus, together with durability concern, lead to the choice of carbon, as used in many retrofitting applications. In this paper, such concept will be examined from a micromechanical consideration by taking account of mechanical interaction between FRP sheet and concrete. Concrete failure is initiated by wing crack propagation under compressive loads. An explicit relationship of the amount of confining pressure and FRP configuration (fiber type, architecture, and orientation), taking the interaction into account, is of critical importance for FRP performance optimization. The mechanical interaction dominates the composite behavior from the first bent-over point to the peak load in a load/displacement curve. The detailed interaction under compression is described, and unique insights obtained from the model are discussed in this paper.
Vibration Characteristics of the Automotive Rearview Mirror
Authors: Song Fuyin , Ayorinde Emmanuel O. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Vibration performance is a critical factor in the design of automotive rearview mirrors. Because of the complexities involved in the structure of the rearview mirror, its mounting location on the vehicle and its operational conditions, design optimization from finite element analysis is a necessary procedure in order to obtain good vibration response and reduce costs. This paper summarizes the results for design optimization and material selection from finite element analysis (FEA) conclusions. The finite element analysis results indicated that design optimization is very important in the final performance of part vibration and deformation. For design innovations that reduce parts count, decrease costs, and preserve or improve product quality, it may be a critical factor to utilize higher performance composites in place of more traditional materials. Several materials are studied with regard to their properties and dynamic performances. The results could help to achieve cost reduction in part design and to obtain design optimization for current and future programs.
Vibration Response of Golf Clubs With Steel and Composite Shafts
Authors: Barpanda Dev , Nori Chandrasekhar , Mantena P. Raju 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In a previous paper (Barpanda and Mantena, 1998), the dynamic response of three commercially available hockey sticks with wooden, aluminum and graphite shafts was characterized using a combined modal analysis and vibration response approach. The extension of this technique to golf clubs with steel and graphite shafts is reported here. Using an instrumented impact hammer, a complete modal survey is initially conducted on the golf clubs to study their dynamic behavior. A comparative study of the modal parameters (natural frequency, damping and mode shapes) of the golf clubs provides valuable information for design optimization. The contour and associated vector plots of the mode shapes are very useful for generating node (zero displacement) lines on the club-head surface. A two-accelerometer technique was then used to perform vibration response tests on the impact surface. Linear and angular vibration level maps were plotted for identifying ‘sweet spot regions’ on the impact surface. These tests yield quasi-quantitative information regarding the level of vibrations felt by a player due to simultaneous linear and angular motion of the shaft and club-head. The mapping also serves as an effective tool for determining the relative merits of steel and graphite shafted club heads based on their vibration performance. Results of modal analysis and vibration response tests indicate that the golf club with a graphite shaft had a larger sweet spot zone enclosing the area of maximum node line density compared to the club with a steel shaft. The combined strategy of using both modal analysis and vibration response measurements provides a better understanding of the dynamic response of golf clubs made with different materials.
Self-Repairing Approaches for Resin Infused Composites Subjected to Low Velocity Impact
Authors: Motuku Molefi , Janowski Gregg M. , Vaidya Uday K. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Low velocity impact response (LVIR) of glass reinforced polymer composites (GRPCs), which have the potential to self repair both micro- and macro-damage, has been investigated. This class of materials falls under the category of passive smart polymer composites. The self-repairing mechanism is achieved through the incorporation of hollow fibers in addition to the normal solid reinforcing fibers. The hollow fibers store the damage-repairing solution or chemicals that are released into the matrix or damaged zone upon fiber failure. Plain-weave S-2 glass fabric reinforcement, DERAKANE vinyl ester 411-C50 and EPON-862 epoxy resin systems were considered for this study. Different tubing materials were investigated for potential use for storing the repairing chemicals instead of the actual hollow repair-fibers and included borosilicate glass micro-capillary pipets, flint glass Pasteur pipets, copper tubing and aluminum tubing. Composite panels were fabricated by using vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process. The present investigation addressed fabrication of self-repairing composite panels, the processing quality, selection of storage material for the repairing solution and, release and transportation of repairing solution.
Simulation of Assembly and Operation of Pre-Stressed, Heat-Shrinkable Structural Composite Connectors
Authors: Gibson Ronald F. , Baxi Jvalit K. , Stoll Frederick , Bettinger David , Johnson Vincent 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper describes the finite element numerical simulation of the mechanical behavior of a pre-stressed, heat-shrinkable, fiber reinforced polymer composite connector during assembly and operation. A multi-step finite element analysis has been developed to simulate the stresses and deformations developed due to prestressing and heat-shrinking during assembly. Then the viscoelastic creep during storage of the connector was modeled and compared with measured creep in order to estimate the practical storage life of the connector. Finally, the mechanical behavior of the joint during operation was simulated by the use of four point bending tests, and again the predictions from the multi-step finite element analysis were compared with measurements.
Using Stop Band Formation for Characterizing Interphase Properties of Composite Models Having Square Fiber Arrangements
Authors: Cai Liang-Wu 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The formation of stop bands over which waves cannot propagate through composites having square fiber arrangements has been observed in previous full-scale deterministic simulations. In this paper, characteristics of the cut-off frequency of the stop band are investigated via systematic full-scale simulations and related to the physical properties of the interphase in a three-phase composite model.
Integral Equations for Acoustic Scattering in a Viscous Fluid
Authors: Newmark Marc S. , Nagem Raymond J. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A set of integral equations is derived for acoustic scattering from arbitrarily shaped two-dimensional bodies in a viscous fluid medium. The integral equations are discretized for numerical computation, and computational results are given for scattering from a finite planar strip. Our results show that viscosity may produce significant effects near a sharp edge of a rigid scatterer, even in cases where viscosity has only a small influence on the remainder of the acoustic field.
A New Transverse Electromagnetic Microactuator Using the Radial Magnetic Field Guided by Symmetric Twin Magnets
Authors: Ryu Ji-Chul , Kang Tae Goo , Cho Young-Ho 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper presents an electromagnetic microactuator using the copper coil, electroplated on a p+-silicon diaphragm. The microactuator generates a vertical motion of the diaphragm using the radial components of the magnetic field on the coil plane. In order to guide and concentrate the magnetic field in the radial direction, we propose a new microactuator structure with twin magnets. The microactuator shows values of resonant frequency and quality factor in the ranges of 10.51±0.22kHz and 46.6±3.3, respectively. The twin magnet microactuator generates the maximum peak-to-peak amplitude of 4.4μm for the AC rms current of 26.8mA. showing 2.4 times larger amplitude than the single magnet microactuator.
Composition Dependent Magnetostrictive Properties of NiFe Thin Films
Authors: Rissing Lutz H. , Gatzen Hans H. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In a thin film microtransformcr with a magnetostrictive core, the amount of coupling between the two transformer coils depends on the strain the core is exposed to. Therefore, such a device lends itself to be used as a highly efficient strain gauge. This paper investigates the usefulness of “permalloy”, a NiFe alloy, as a magnetostrictive thin film core material. NiFe 81/19, a composition with a magnetostrictive coefficient close to zero, is widely in use in magnetic data recording. To find a NiFe composition with maximal magnetostriction, the nickel content of NiFe films (which containalso a small amount of Ta) was varied between 35% and 81%. The films were deposited by co-sputtering. As a result, the composition of choice for a magnetostrictive core material was NiFe 43/57.
Distributed Resource Allocation for Smart Matter Using Decentralized Analog Computation and Communication
Authors: Ng Chee We , Jackson Warren B. , Schuylenbergh Koenraad Van , Biegelsen David K. , Hogg Tad , Berlin Andrew A. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The use of analog circuits implementing market allocation for potential control and coordination of large numbers of MEMS actuators, controllers, and/or sensors is investigated. While theoretical work has shown that markets can allocate actuation or control in a robust, flexible, and distributed fashion, this paper demonstrates that analog hardware implementation of the markets is promising for actuation allocation. Like human markets, the analog circuit implementations are robust against changes in actuator function or failures. The market wire offers rapid communication and coordination among large numbers of agents.
Assembly and Testing of Surface Micromachined, Piezoresistive Polysilicon Pressure Sensors
Authors: Miller Todd F. , Monk David J. , O’Brien Gary , Eaton William P. , Smith James H. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Surface micromachining is becoming increasingly popular for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and a new application for this process technology is pressure sensors. Uncompensated surface micromachined piezoresistive pressure sensors were fabricated by Sandia National Labs (SNL). Motorola packaged and tested the sensors over pressure, temperature and in a typical circuit application for noise characteristics. A brief overview of surface micromachining related to pressure sensors is described in the report along with the packaging and testing techniques used. The electrical data found is presented in a comparative manner between the surface micromachined SNL piezoresistive polysilicon pressure sensor and a bulk micromachined Motorola piezoresistive single crystal silicon pressure sensor.
On the Modeling of the Wheatstone-Bridge Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor: A Finite-Element-Based Approach
Authors: Ghaddar Chahid K. , Gilbert John R. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this work we conduct a number of finite element simulations using the MEMCAD 5.0 system to evaluate the effect of various geometrical and process parameters on the Wheatstone bridge piezoresistive pressure sensor. In particular, results are presented for the following design parameters: the location of the resistors relative to the diaphragm edge; the angular orientation of the resistors; the planar dimensions of the resistors; and finally, the effects of dopant concentration profile and associated junction depth as computed by the limited-diffusion model.