bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wrestling with Light
Authors: Dakin James T. 
Published: November 2021

This book presents a chronology of the science and technology of light and focuses on the phenomena and joy of discovery rather than mathematical theories and derivations. The book presents an easy-to-read guide to the integration of science and engineering, and combines it with the history of discoveries, inventions, and applications involving light phenomena.
Wrestling with Light: History, Science and Applications features:A chronological approach to the study of lightThe combination of scientific principles and commercial product developmentInteresting historical details about the disruption of the lighting industry caused by globalization and changes in technology
Researchers, graduate, and undergraduate students in optics and physics will find this an inspiring resource. Those fascinated by light or professionals considering careers related to light will find this an interesting overview.
Invasive Japanese foraminifera in a south-west Australian estuary
Authors: Tremblin Clément M. , Holzmann Maria , Parker Justin H. , Sadekov Aleksey , Haig David W. 
Published: November 2021

An invasive foraminiferan is recorded for the first time in an Australian estuary. Trochammina hadai, originally described as endemic from Japan and subsequently found to be alien in coastal waters of California and Brazil, has been identified in estuarine sediment in the vicinity of Bunbury Port in Western Australia. Species determination is based on morphological, molecular and ecological similarities to the Japanese type. The species has not been recorded in other estuaries in Australia. Bunbury Port is a major exporter of woodchip to Japan and the introduction of T. hadai may have come from ballast water out of shallow-draught woodchip vessels. Small sediment samples of estuarine mud obtained at water depths of ~5 m contain abundant T. hadai (on average ~0.4 mm in adult diameter) that are easily recognised in microscopic view of the sediment surface by their bright reddish-brown colour. The collection of sediment samples from the estuarine floor and ballast water, and the examination of these for foraminifers, may provide a useful indicator in estuaries for the possible presence of other exotic species, particularly in the vicinity of ports.
Distributional conformal prediction
Authors: Chernozhukov Victor , Wüthrich Kaspar , Zhu Yinchu 
Published: November 2021

Significance
Prediction problems are important in many contexts. Examples include cross-sectional prediction, time series forecasting, counterfactual prediction and synthetic controls, and individual treatment effect prediction. We develop a prediction method that works in conjunction with many powerful classical methods (e.g., conventional quantile regression) as well as modern high-dimensional methods for estimating conditional distributions (e.g., quantile neural networks). Unlike many existing prediction approaches, our method is valid conditional on the observed predictors and efficient under some conditions. Importantly, our method is also robust; it exhibits unconditional coverage guarantees under model misspecification, under overfitting, and with time series data.
Nonlinear nanoelectrodynamics of a Weyl metal
Authors: Shao Yinming , Jing Ran , Chae Sang Hoon , Wang Chong , Sun Zhiyuan , Emmanouilidou Eve , Xu Suheng , Halbertal Dorri , Li Baichang , Rajendran Anjaly , Ruta Francesco L. , Xiong Lin , Dong Yinan , McLeod Alexander S. , Sunku Sai S. , Hone James C. , Moore Joel , Orenstein Joe , Analytis James G. , Millis Andrew J. , Ni Ni , Xiao Di , Basov D. N. 
Published: November 2021

Significance
Nonlinear optics in topological semimetals is a burgeoning field of research with an expanding list of new materials but limited choice of probes. We devised, modeled, and implemented an approach for investigating nonlinear optics at the nanoscale with a metallic tip. Far-field nonlinear optics are diffraction-limited and probe the in-plane response only. Our tip-based approach circumvents the diffraction limit and provides strong field enhancement for both in-plane and out-of-plane fields. We therefore gain access to complete nonlinear tensors including components not attainable before. One immediate application of our approach is the separation of surface state and bulk nonlinear responses in Weyl semimetals. Applying near-field probes to topological semimetals constitutes a new paradigm of research on nanoscale nonlinearity.
Linguistic territoriality in Switzerland
Authors: Burckhardt Till 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis article argues that the linguistic territoriality principle cannot be considered as a general guideline for the design of language policy but rather as a tool to find the right balance between linguistic freedom and linguistic peace under given circumstances. The article traces the origin and evolution of language policy principles during the drafting process of the new constitutional article in its three official language versions. The Swiss language regime is embedded in an institutional system of executive federalism in which mostly monolingual cantons and municipalities are in charge of implementing nearly all public policy. This significantly reduces the relevance of the inconsistency between a formally personalistic multilingual federal language regime and linguistic territoriality deriving from cantonal language regimes. The point of the new federal regulation is to provide room for manoeuvre for cantonal policymakers to adopt legislation based on linguistic territoriality. The relevant constitutional article recognises that territorial language policies can be implemented to ensure linguistic peace. At the same time, the personality principle may be adopted to protect autochthonous linguistic minorities.
Review of the thermoelectric properties of layered oxides and chalcogenides
Authors: Romanenko A I , Chebanova G E , Chen Tingting , Su Wenbin , Wang Hongchao 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The current state of investigation on thermoelectric properties of layered chalcogenides and oxides is considered. The relationship between the quasi-two-dimensionality of electronic transport properties and thermoelectric properties is confirmed. A decrease in the dimension of electron transport from three-dimensional to quasi-two-dimensional in materials with a layered structure increases the thermopower with a slight change in electrical conductivity. The bismuth tellurides, bismuth selenides and its alloys are currently one of the outstanding state of the art bulk thermoelectric materials with layered structure. Layered transition metal dichalcogenides MX2 (M is a transition metal, X is a chalcogen) are efficient thermoelectric materials at higher temperatures (500–800 K). In these materials, an increase in thermoelectric properties associated with the two-dimensionalization of electron transport is also observed. Layered monochalcogenides MX (M = Sn, Pb, Ge; X = S, Se, Te) are also a promising class of thermoelectric materials. In SnSe single crystals,

Z
T
∼
2.6

is obtained at 923 K due to the very low thermal conductivity along the b axis (0.23 W (m K)−1 at 973 K). Layered chalcogenides CuCrX2 (X = S, Se, Te) containing magnetic Cr atoms are effective thermoelectrics at higher temperatures (up to 800 K) due to the presence of phonon glass–electron crystal state led to a significant decrease in thermal conductivity at high temperatures. Magnetic atoms in CuCrX2 compounds lead to the presence of magnetic phase transitions affecting their thermoelectric properties. Interest in oxide-based thermoelectric materials has significantly increased due to their stability in air and higher temperatures for maximum efficiency. The most promising thermoelectric oxide materials Ca3Co4O9, Na
x
CoO2, Bi2Ca2Co2O
x
, and CaCo2O4 have a layered structure and contain magnetic Co atoms leading to magnetic ordering and influence on thermoelectric properties. The presence of phase transitions affects the thermoelectric parameters of thermoelectrics and the thermoelectric figure of merit ZT.
Exploring metastable states in UO2 using hybrid functionals and dynamical mean field theory
Authors: Ratcliff Laura E , Genovese Luigi , Park Hyowon , Littlewood Peter B , Lopez-Bezanilla Alejandro 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A detailed exploration of the f-atomic orbital occupancy space for UO2 is performed using a first principles approach based on density functional theory (DFT), employing a full hybrid functional within a systematic basis set. Specifically, the PBE0 functional is combined with an occupancy biasing scheme implemented in a wavelet-based algorithm which is adapted to large supercells. The results are compared with previous DFT + U calculations reported in the literature, while dynamical mean field theory is also performed to provide a further base for comparison. This work shows that the computational complexity of the energy landscape of a correlated f-electron oxide is much richer than has previously been demonstrated. The resulting calculations provide evidence of the existence of multiple previously unexplored metastable electronic states of UO2, including those with energies which are lower than previously reported ground states.
An adaptive multiple time domain synchronous averaging method and its application in vibration signal feature enhancement
Authors: Yin Na , Meng Zong , Guan Yang , Fan Fengjie 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The time domain synchronous averaging (TSA) method is a typical time domain signal denoising method, which is widely used in the state detection of rotating machinery. In order to solve the difficult problem of extracting vibration signal features from strong interference, an adaptive multiple time domain synchronous averaging method based on signal period is proposed in this paper. In view of the blindness and randomness of period selection in the TSA method, a new evaluation index of periodic impulse characteristics is proposed. In this method, the signal is resampled then the iteration stop threshold is set, and then the calculation period of interest is determined by two cycle screening. Finally, reconstructed signals with enhanced features are obtained by copying and stitching. Experimental results show that the proposed method is robust and superior in the feature detection of rolling bearing vibration signals.
Medical image segmentation with generative adversarial semi-supervised network
Authors: Li Chuchen , Liu Huafeng 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Recent medical image segmentation methods heavily rely on large-scale training data and high-quality annotations. However, these resources are hard to obtain due to the limitation of medical images and professional annotators. How to utilize limited annotations and maintain the performance is an essential yet challenging problem. In this paper, we try to tackle this problem in a self-learning manner by proposing a generative adversarial semi-supervised network. We use limited annotated images as main supervision signals, and the unlabeled images are manipulated as extra auxiliary information to improve the performance. More specifically, we modulate a segmentation network as a generator to produce pseudo labels for unlabeled images. To make the generator robust, we train an uncertainty discriminator with generative adversarial learning to determine the reliability of the pseudo labels. To further ensure dependability, we apply feature mapping loss to obtain statistic distribution consistency between the generated labels and the real labels. Then the verified pseudo labels are used to optimize the generator in a self-learning manner. We validate the effectiveness of the proposed method on right ventricle dataset, Sunnybrook dataset, STACOM, ISIC dataset, and Kaggle lung dataset. We obtain 0.8402–0.9121, 0.8103–0.9094, 0.9435–0.9724, 0.8635–0.886, and 0.9697–0.9885 dice coefficient with 1/8 to 1/2 proportion of densely annotated labels, respectively. The improvements are up to 28.6 points higher than the corresponding fully supervised baseline.
Ion transit effects on sheath dynamics in the intermediate radio-frequency regime: excitations of ion-acoustic waves and solitons
Authors: Shihab M , Elbadawy A , El-Siragy N M , Afify M S 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Capacitively coupled plasma is investigated kinetically utilizing the particle-in-cell technique. The argon (Ar) plasma is generated via two radio frequencies. The plasma bulk density increases by increasing the voltage amplitude of the high frequency (⩾13.56 MHz), which is much greater than the ion plasma frequency. The intermediate radio frequencies (≈1 MHz), which are comparable to the ion plasma frequency, cause a considerable broadening of the ion energy distribution, i.e. ions gain energies higher and lower than the time-averaged energy. The good agreement between published experimental results and our theoretical calculations via the ensemble-in-spacetime model confirms the modulation of ions around time-averaged values. Intermediate frequencies allow ions to partially respond to the instantaneous electric field. The response of ions to the instantaneous electric field is investigated semi-analytically. The dispersion relation of the plasma sheath and bulk are derived. Stable ion acoustic modes are found. Ion-acoustic modes have two different velocities and carry energy from the sheath edge to the electrode. In addition, intermediate frequencies excite solitons in the plasma sheath. The results may help to explain the ion density, flux, and energy modulation, and, consequently, the broadening of the ion energy distribution.
Quantum simulation of molecules without fermionic encoding of the wave function
Authors: Mazziotti David A , Smart Scott E , Mazziotti Alexander R 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Molecular simulations generally require fermionic encoding in which fermion statistics are encoded into the qubit representation of the wave function. Recent calculations suggest that fermionic encoding of the wave function can be bypassed, leading to more efficient quantum computations. Here we show that the two-electron reduced density matrix (2-RDM) can be expressed as a unique functional of the unencoded N-qubit-particle wave function without approximation, and hence, the energy can be expressed as a functional of the 2-RDM without fermionic encoding of the wave function. In contrast to current hardware-efficient methods, the derived functional has a unique, one-to-one (and onto) mapping between the qubit-particle wave functions and 2-RDMs, which avoids the over-parametrization that can lead to optimization difficulties such as barren plateaus. An application to computing the ground-state energy and 2-RDM of H4 is presented.
Actively Q-switched Nd:YLF laser emitting at 908 nm
Authors: Zhang Jiale , Ma Jian , Lu Tingting , Zhu Xiaolei 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
An actively Q-switched quasi-three-level Nd:YLF laser emitting at 908 nm, for the first time to our knowledge, was demonstrated. A RTP double-crystal scheme was used to realize electro-optical Q-switcher, and a L-shaped cavity structure was designed to suppress parasitic oscillation at 1047 nm. An 806 nm laser diode was used as the pump source with about 480 μs pulse width. With 46.4 mJ pump pulse energy input at repetition rate of 100 Hz, maximum output pulse energies of 0.84 mJ and 0.73 mJ were obtained with output transmissions of 6.5% and 11%, respectively. The corresponding peak pulse powers were up to 14.3 kW and 12.1 kW, and the output pulse widths were 58.6 ns and 60.3 ns. The central laser wavelengths were both at 908.3 nm with spectral bandwidth of over 0.7 nm.
Nonlinear burn control in ITER using adaptive allocation of actuators with uncertain dynamics
Authors: Graber V. , Schuster E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
ITER will be the first tokamak to sustain a fusion-producing, or burning, plasma. If the plasma temperature were to inadvertently rise in this burning regime, the positive correlation between temperature and the fusion reaction rate would establish a destabilizing positive feedback loop. Careful regulation of the plasma’s temperature and density, or burn control, is required to prevent these potentially reactor-damaging thermal excursions, neutralize disturbances and improve performance. In this work, a Lyapunov-based burn controller is designed using a full zero-dimensional nonlinear model. An adaptive estimator manages destabilizing uncertainties in the plasma confinement properties and the particle recycling conditions (caused by plasma–wall interactions). The controller regulates the plasma density with requests for deuterium and tritium particle injections. In ITER-like plasmas, the fusion-born alpha particles will primarily heat the plasma electrons, resulting in different electron and ion temperatures in the core. By considering separate response models for the electron and ion energies, the proposed controller can independently regulate the electron and ion temperatures by requesting that different amounts of auxiliary power be delivered to the electrons and ions. These two commands for a specific control effort (electron and ion heating) are sent to an actuator allocation module that optimally maps them to the heating actuators available to ITER: an electron cyclotron heating system (20 MW), an ion cyclotron heating system (20 MW), and two neutral beam injectors (16.5 MW each). Two different actuator allocators are presented in this work. The first actuator allocator finds the optimal mapping by solving a convex quadratic program that includes actuator saturation and rate limits. It is nonadaptive and assumes that the mapping between the commanded control efforts and the allocated actuators (i.e. the effector model) contains no uncertainties. The second actuator allocation module has an adaptive estimator to handle uncertainties in the effector model. This uncertainty includes actuator efficiencies, the fractions of neutral beam heating that are deposited into the plasma electrons and ions, and the tritium concentration of the fueling pellets. Furthermore, the adaptive allocator considers actuator dynamics (actuation lag) that contain uncertainty. This adaptive allocation algorithm is more computationally efficient than the aforementioned nonadaptive allocator because it is computed using dynamic update laws so that finding the solution to a static optimization problem is not required at every time step. A simulation study assesses the performance of the proposed adaptive burn controller augmented with each of the actuator allocation modules.
Intensification of heat exchange by an ultrasound source for milk pasteurization.
Authors: Biryukov D A , Mironov I S , Shvydkya A V 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The goal of this article is to investigate the effect of ultrasonic vibrations on the process of milk pasteurization. Ultrasound can potentially intensify heat transfer and reduce the formation of thermal sediment (soot deposit) on the walls of heat-exchange devices. The paper presents the results of experimental studies demonstrating the growth rate of thermal sediment on the wall of the heat-exchange apparatus and its amount in the volume of milk under the influence of ultrasonic vibrations and without it.
Investigation of water-air flows in nozzles
Authors: Chernykh A A , Sharapov A I , Arzamastsev A G , Shatskikh Y V 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The undoubted importance of these problems allows us to conclude that the research aimed at creating and using a simple model of the flow of a two-phase medium is relevant and of interest not only from a scientific, but also from a practical point of view. Two approaches to their description can be distinguished: the study of flows of two-phase media taking into account relaxation processes between phases with a microscopic description of the interaction between phases, or the study of flows of two-phase media with a macroscopic description of the medium in the form of a one-speed one-temperature continuum. However, sometimes, when calculating, it is possible to ignore the structural two-phase medium and consider the medium as a one-speed one-temperature continuum. This proposal allows us to calculate the averaged flow parameters of a two-phase medium, which is required for engineering calculations. In this paper, the calculation of the flow of the gas-drop flow in the Laval nozzle is given. The method is described, which is based on integral energy equations for two-phase dispersed currents. In the calculations, the two-phase flow is considered as a single-speed, single-temperature continuum. When modeling in the ANSYS Fluent software package, a package of Euler equations is used to compare with analytical results obtained from integral energy equations.
CFD modelling of the condensation, evaporation, coagulation and crystallization processes in the cooling tower emissions
Authors: Ershov M I , Tuponogov V G , Abaimov N A , Gorsky M A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The aim of the paper is to develop the CFD model for the environmental impact assessment of the cooling tower. The methods applied for this problem are the single-phase turbulent multispecies flow modelling with the DPM Lagrangian particle tracking. The simulations have been carried out in the steady state SIMPLE solver using the ANSYS Fluent software. User Defined Functions have been defined to enhance the accuracy and versatility of the modelling approach in terms of turbulence, fog formation, evaporation, coagulation and crystallization modelling. The Chalk Point cooling tower experiment, laboratory tests with freezing droplets and analytical correlations are used to verify the customized parts of the new CFD model. The arbitrary small-town geometry is used to demonstrate the simulation capabilities of the fog and drift deposition as well as the temperature and relative humidity values near ground and buildings. The results indicate that the new CFD model is able to predict the cooling tower plume parameters, icing and salt contamination risks as well as drift deposition.
Investigation of the direct-flow burners and nozzles arrangement at the direct-flow-vortex coal combustion in a furnace with solid slag removal
Authors: Fomenko M V , Prokhorov V B , Fomenko N E 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The paper presents results of the furnace aerodynamics investigation using direct-flow burners and air nozzles (DFBAN) with solid slag removal (SSR). The studies were performed using the computational fluid dynamics software ANSYS Fluent. The paper includes recommendations for the development of effective solid fuel combustion schemes with DFBAN, methods for researching and optimization of the combustion aerodynamics with the use of DFBAN, optimization criteria, initial data for the study. The scheme for burning Kuznetsk lean coal with the use of DFBAN and SSR was developed. Several series of calculations were performed for the developed scheme. In these calculations, the dependencies of the indicators of efficiency, furnace ecological safety and reliability on the nozzles and burners positions, which are located in the first zone of the scheme, were found. The first stage of the optimization of the developed scheme burning solid fuel with the SSR was made.