bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An evaluation of healthcare utilization and clinical charges in children and adults with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Perkins Ryan C. , Shah Mahek , Sawicki Gregory S. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundPrior studies have estimated healthcare costs for cystic fibrosis (CF) of $8000–$131,000, but do not account for impacts of CF modulator therapy. This study aims to assess utilization patterns and cost of CF care in a center in the United States.MethodsCare utilization patterns and costs at a large pediatric‐adult CF center were examined from November 2017 to November 2018. Subjects were stratified by age and cost (excluding pharmacy costs) were calculated based on hospital‐derived utilization charges.ResultsA total of 166 patients were reviewed with mean clinical charges of $28,755. Lower lung function ($23,032 normal lung function, $62,293 moderate reduction, $186,786 severe reduction; p = .05), hospitalizations ($85,452 yes, $6362 no; p = .0001), Pseudomonas positive culture ($48,660 positive, $22,013 negative, p = .0001), and CF‐related diabetes ($161,892 CFRD, $22,153 no CFRD; p = .001) were associated with increased charges. Patients utilizing Ivacaftor had lower charges compared to lumacaftor–ivacaftor ($6633 vs. $33,039; p = .05) and tezacaftor–ivacaftor ($6633 vs. $64,434; p = .002).ConclusionOur study characterized utilization and care charges among a CF cohort. Lower lung function, hospitalizations, and CFRD were associated with increased charges.
Measures of ventilation heterogeneity mapped with hyperpolarized helium‐3 MRI demonstrate a T2‐high phenotype in asthma
Authors: Gerald Teague W. , Mata Jaime , Qing Kun , Tustison Nicholas J. , Mugler John P. , Meyer Craig H. , de Lange Eduard E , Shim Yun M. , Wavell Kristin , Altes Talissa A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundHyperpolarized gas with helium (HHe‐3) MR (magnetic resonance) is a noninvasive imaging method which maps and quantifies regions of ventilation heterogeneity (VH) in the lung. VH is an important feature of asthma, but little is known as to how VH informs patient phenotypes.PurposeTo determine if VH indicators quantified by HHe‐3 MR imaging (MRI) predict phenotypic characteristics and map to regions of inflammation in children with problematic wheeze or asthma.MethodsSixty children with poorly‐controlled wheeze or asthma underwent HHe‐3 MRI, including 22 with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). The HHe‐3 signal intensity defined four ventilation compartments. The non‐ventilated and hypoventilated compartments divided by the total lung volume defined a VH index (VHI %).ResultsChildren with VHI % in the upper quartile had significantly greater airflow limitation, bronchodilator responsiveness, blood eosinophils, expired nitric oxide (FeNO), and BAL eosinophilic or neutrophilic granulocyte patterns compared to children with VHI % in the lower quartile. Lavage return from hypoventilated bronchial segments had greater eosinophil % than from ventilated segments.ConclusionIn children with asthma, greater VHI % as measured by HHe‐3 MRI identifies a severe phenotype with higher type 2 inflammatory markers, and maps to regions of lung eosinophilia. Listed on ClinicalTrials. gov (NCT02577497).
Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine in pregnant sheep after intravenous injection
Authors: Hakomäki Henriikka , Kokki Hannu , Lehtonen Marko , Ranta Veli‐Pekka , Räsänen Juha , Voipio Hanna‐Marja , Kokki Merja 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBuprenorphine is a semi‐synthetic opioid, widely used in the maintenance treatment for opioid‐dependent pregnant women. Limited data exist on the pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine in pregnancy. We conducted a pharmacokinetic study to determine the pharmacokinetics of intravenous buprenorphine in pregnant sheep. Fourteen pregnant sheep in late gestation received 10 µg/kg of buprenorphine as an intravenous bolus injection. Plasma samples were collected up to 48 h after administration. Buprenorphine and its metabolite, norbuprenorphine, were quantified from plasma using a LC/MS/MS method, with lower limits of quantification of 0.01 µg/L and 0.04 µg/L for buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine, respectively. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using noncompartmental analysis. The pharmacokinetic parameters, median (minimum−maximum), were Cmax 4.31 µg/L (1.93–15.5), AUCinf 2.89 h*µg/L (1.72–40.2), CL 3.39 L/h/kg (0.25–6.02), terminal t½ 1.75 h (1.07–31.0), Vss 8.04 L/kg (1.05–49.3). Norbuprenorphine was undetected in all plasma samples. The median clearance in pregnant sheep was higher than previously reported for nonpregnant sheep and human (male) subjects. Our sensitive analytical method was able to detect long terminal half‐lives for six subjects, and a wide between‐subject variability in the study population.Significance statement: Buprenorphine is widely used for the treatment of opioid use disorder in pregnancy. However, limited data exist on the pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine during pregnancy. As this type of study cannot be done in humans due to ethical reasons, we conducted a study in pregnant sheep. This study provides pharmacokinetic data on buprenorphine in pregnant sheep and helps us to understand the pharmacokinetics of the drug in humans.
Skills mismatch and the migration paradox of Israeli life scientists
Authors: Cohen Nir , Eyal Nurit 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe paper examines the nexus between skills mismatch, educational/industrial policies, and brain circulation in Israel. Focusing on the field of life sciences (LS), it argues that migratory movements of highly educated Israelis are fueled by vertical (inadequate level) and horizontal (inadequate type) skills mismatches. It shows that whereas many so‐called bio‐brains migrate due to being underqualified (lacking postdoctoral training), their return is often delayed or prevented altogether due to shortage of academic positions and the incompatibility between their fields of (academic) specialisation and the (industrial) jobs available in the country's small LS industry. Drawing on primary and secondary qualitative data, the paper analyses the structural forces and agentic articulations behind this migration paradox, which sees departing bio‐scientists who are underqualified for academic positions becoming (potential) returnees who are largely overqualified and inappropriately trained for industrial jobs. The paper concludes by highlighting potential avenues for research on the links between skills mismatch and international mobility.
Highly Enhanced Light–Matter Interaction in MXene Quantum Dots–Monolayer WS2 Heterostructure
Authors: Neupane Guru Prakash , Wang Bowen , Tebyetekerwa Mike , Nguyen Hieu T. , Taheri Mahdiar , Liu Boqing , Nauman Mudassar , Basnet Rabin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSince the Ti3C2 was discovered in 2011, the family of MXenes has attracted much attention. MXenes offer great potential in the tuning of many fundamental properties by the synthesis of new structures. The synthesis methods of MXene mainly require steps including immersing a MAX phase in hydrofluoric acid (HF) and processing at high temperatures. However, the HF may be hard to acquire in many countries and processing at high temperatures may cause risk issues. In this article, a simple and cost‐effective synthesis of Ti3C2Tx quantum dots (QDs) via chemical solution method that follows the long‐time magnetic stirring process‐initiated etching of Al atoms from commercial Ti3AlC2 powder at room temperature is introduced. With WS2 monolayer sitting over the MXenes QD arrays, a higher level of photoluminescence (PL) enhancement is found in the heterostructure with increasing laser power at room temperature and a few novel quasi‐particles species in the heterostructure at −190 °C. The observations show that the possible plasmonic behavior initiated by QD arrays and the suspension state of WS2 may coplay the roles to trigger multiple quasi‐particles species. This study can be an important benchmark for the extensive understanding of quasi‐particles species, and their dynamics.
Spawning Intervals, Timing, and Riverine Habitat Use of Adult Atlantic Sturgeon in the Hudson River
Authors: Breece M. W. , Higgs A. L. , Fox D. A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe Hudson River currently supports the largest population of Atlantic Sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus in the United States despite currently supporting less than 1% of historic abundance. Federally listed as endangered throughout much of their range, Atlantic Sturgeon are still impacted by multiple threats, resulting in habitat destruction or direct mortality that has inhibited the rebuilding of populations despite more than 20 years without direct fishing pressure. To assist in management and reduction in anthropogenic impacts to adult Atlantic Sturgeon in the Hudson River, we have examined sex‐specific patterns related to spawning. Utilizing hundreds of adult Atlantic Sturgeon telemetered along the Atlantic coast and an extensive passive acoustic array from 2010 to 2016, we were able to estimate arrival, departure, and duration of occupancy for four segments of the Hudson River for male, female, and unknown‐sex individuals. Male Atlantic Sturgeon arrived above river kilometer (RKM; RKM 0 = Battery Park, New York) 100 at an average date of May 27, 12 d prior to females on June 8. While there were only a few significant differences in the timing of departure, the average date from RKM 100 was July 11 for males, June 29 for females, and July 23 for unknown‐sex individuals, as such occupancy was significantly longer for male Atlantic Sturgeon. This study shows that female Atlantic Sturgeon often spawned in consecutive years and had much shorter mean intervals between spawning appearances (females 1.66 years, males 1.28 years) than the historical literature suggests. While the timing of spawning is consistent with the historic record, we provide a timeline with finer resolution and much greater detail for adults in the Hudson River, as well as update the historic estimate of spawning return rates. Conservation measures to reduce direct impacts to spawning habitat and mature Atlantic Sturgeon would likely provide the most benefit if conducted between mid‐May through the end of July.
Algae: A natural active material for biomedical applications
Authors: Zhong Danni , Du Zhen , Zhou Min 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTremendous opportunities exist for biomaterials in biomedical applications. Microalgae, as a kind of natural resources, have been recently used as novel biological materials, and have attracted a great deal of interest in this field. The unique morphological characteristics and easily functionalized surfaces of microalgae allow the attachment of diagnostic or therapeutic agents on their surface, making them promising candidates for the construction of novel biochemical probes, drug carriers or biomedical scaffolds. As a natural photosynthetic system with rich autofluorescent pigments, algae can improve local oxygen concentration by in situ oxygen production and perform biomedical imaging (fluorescence imaging and photoacoustic imaging), which have been widely studied in the diagnosis and therapies of hypoxia‐associated diseases such as solid tumors and wounds. This review offers a summary of the biological properties of microalgae as well as their recent developments in diagnostic and therapeutic applications in bioanalysis, tissue engineering, hypoxia‐associated tumor therapy and wound healing. This naturally abundant, low cost and biocompatible material offers algae‐based agents an exceptional potential for commercial and clinical practice.
Optimal Energy Portfolios in the Electricity Sector: Trade-Offs and Interplay Between Different Flexibility Options
Authors: Schreiber Steffi , Zöphel Christoph , Möst Dominik 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe expansion of renewable energy sources (RES) and the electrification of demand side sectors raise the need for power system flexibility. The following model-based analysis illustrates the complexity of the European energy system transformation with pathways regarding the RES expansion, sector coupling, and different levels of flexibility provision. Differences occur concerning the optimal mix of flexibility options between the moderate and ambitious climate target scenarios. Dispatchable back-up capacities are necessary, also in presence of high RES shares. Here, CO2 prices influence the role of low-carbon technologies. Due to cross-sectoral interactions, energy storages have a limited value. For the ambitious scenarios, the emission reductions come close to the Green Deal targets of the European Commission, while levelized costs of electricity increase moderately compared to the less ambitious scenario.
Optimal Energy Portfolios in the Heating Sector and Flexibility Potentials of Combined-Heat-Power Plants and District Heating Systems
Authors: Raczyński Maciej , Wyrwa Artur , Pluta Marcin , Suwała Wojciech 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis chapter examines the role of centralized district heating (DH) systems in context of energy system flexibility and decarbonization. The analysis is performed by applying the model TIMES-Heat-EU. Capacity expansion and operation of the district heating generation units is mainly driven by the evolution of the district heating demand, which varies between the REFLEX scenarios. In all scenarios fuel and technology switches toward bioenergy and natural gas leading to CO2 emission reduction. Since the total amount of energy produced (both heat and electricity) is the highest in the High-RES centralized scenario, the corresponding CO2 emissions for district heating are the highest as well. The CO2 emissions can be reduced by ⁓60% in 2050 compared to 2015. Furthermore, the role of thermal energy storage and power-to-heat technologies is examined.
Unintended Environmental Impacts at Local and Global Scale—Trade-Offs of a Low-Carbon Electricity System
Authors: Fuss Maryegli , Xu Lei 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe focus on expanding the sector coupling and binding the electricity system and end-user sectors like the transport and industry bring attention to environmental trade-offs. Otherwise, unintended environmental impacts could potentially impede the transformation process. Given that, this paper aims to identify and discuss environmental burdens that should require government attention. For that, the approach of coupling Life Cycle Assessment with the electricity market model (ELTRAMOD) is presented. Results show that the large impact on land use occupation as a regional issue requires attention due to diversified permitting mechanisms and eligibility criteria for solar fields among European member states. Metal and ozone depletion bring the challenge that transformation processes need attention on global limits related to finite resources and fugitive losses of anthropogenic substances.
Deriving Experience Curves and Implementing Technological Learning in Energy System Models
Authors: Louwen Atse , Junginger Martin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTechnological learning encompasses a variety of mechanisms by which technologies improve and decrease in costs. Experience curves are commonly used to analyze and explicitly quantify technological learning. This chapter presents the history and basic methodology of experience curves, and discusses the implementation of experience curves in energy system and sectoral energy models. Several key results of the REFLEX project with respect to state-of-the-art experience curves, and the implementation of experience curves in the REFLEX Energy Modeling System are highlighted. Finally, a set of key lessons learned in the REFLEX project are presented, discussing both methodological issues of experience curves as well as key issues with regard to the implementation of experience curves in different types of energy system and sectoral energy models.
Electric Vehicle Market Diffusion in Main Non–European Markets
Authors: Seddig Katrin , Jochem Patrick , Fichtner Wolf 
Published: February 2021

AbstractElectric vehicles (i.e., battery and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles) are seen as one promising technology toward a sustainable transport system as they have the potential to reduce CO2 emissions. The forecast of their market penetration depends on various factors including the cost development of key components such as the electric battery. This chapter focuses on the impact of experience curves on the battery costs, and consequently on the electric vehicles’ market penetration, which is simulated by coupling two system dynamics transport models: ASTRA, representing Europe, and TE3, representing key non-European car markets. The results of the TE3 model show that the consideration of global endogenous learning curves has an impact on the battery costs and therefore, the development of the electric vehicle stock (“feedback loop”).
Disruptive Demand Side Technologies: Market Shares and Impact on Flexibility in a Decentralized World
Authors: Heitel Stephanie , Klingler Anna-Lena , Herbst Andrea , Fermi Francesca 
Published: February 2021

AbstractElectricity demand is expected to increase strongly as electrification and the use of hydrogen are promising decarbonization options for the demand side sectors transport and industry. In a decentralized system with volatile renewable energy sources, flexibility potentials will play an important role for secure and cost-efficient electricity supply. On the demand side, decentralized PV-battery systems and electric vehicles as well as hydrogen production by electrolyzers could provide the necessary flexibility. Energy demand over time is calculated based on assumed and simulated market shares of these and other low-emission technologies. Impacts on the system and residual load are analyzed, with a focus on the contribution of load shifting as a demand-side measure. Results indicate that load shifting can contribute significantly to integrate RES electricity.
Color/kinematics duality in AdS4
Authors: Armstrong Connor , Lipstein Arthur E. , Mei Jiajie 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In flat space, the color/kinematics duality states that perturbative Yang-Mills amplitudes can be written in such a way that kinematic numerators obey the same Jacobi relations as their color factors. This remarkable duality implies BCJ relations for Yang-Mills amplitudes and underlies the double copy to gravitational amplitudes. In this paper, we find analogous relations for Yang-Mills amplitudes in AdS4. In particular we show that the kinematic numerators of 4-point Yang-Mills amplitudes computed via Witten diagrams in momentum space enjoy a generalised gauge symmetry which can be used to enforce the kinematic Jacobi relation away from the flat space limit, and we derive deformed BCJ relations which reduce to the standard ones in the flat space limit. We illustrate these results using compact new expressions for 4-point Yang-Mills amplitudes in AdS4 and their kinematic numerators in terms of spinors. We also spell out the relation to 3d conformal correlators in momentum space, and speculate on the double copy to graviton amplitudes in AdS4.
Asymptotic Expansion for Neural Network Operators of the Kantorovich Type and High Order of Approximation
Authors: Cantarini Marco , Costarelli Danilo , Vinti Gianluca 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we study the rate of pointwise approximation for the neural network operators of the Kantorovich type. This result is obtained proving a certain asymptotic expansion for the above operators and then by establishing a Voronovskaja type formula. A central role in the above resuts is played by the truncated algebraic moments of the density functions generated by suitable sigmoidal functions. Furthermore, to improve the rate of convergence, we consider finite linear combinations of the above neural network type operators, and also in the latter case, we obtain a Voronovskaja type theorem. Finally, concrete examples of sigmoidal activation functions have been deeply discussed, together with the case of rectified linear unit (ReLu) activation function, very used in connection with deep neural networks.
Heilige und die Urologie
Authors: Schwarzburger Marie-Isabelle , Moll Friedrich H. , Söhner Felicitas 
Published: February 2021

ZusammenfassungZu den diversen frühneuzeitlichen Heilungsangeboten gehörte auch die Hagiotherapie, die für den Bereich der Urologie, insbesondere bei Harnsteinleiden oder den seuchenartig auftretenden Geschlechtskrankheiten, in den verschiedenen deutschen Regionen eine wichtige Rolle einnahm. Noch heute werden besonders in katholischen Gegenden weltweit der Hl. Liborius oder der Hl. Rochus neben dem Hl. Apollinaris oder dem Hl. Dionysius durchaus erinnert.
Equivalent tumor detection for early and late FAPI-46 PET acquisition
Authors: Ferdinandus J. , Kessler L. , Hirmas N. , Trajkovic-Arsic M. , Hamacher R. , Umutlu L. , Nader M. , Zarrad F. , Weber M. , Fendler W. P. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Introduction
Positron emission tomography (PET) using small ligands of the fibroblast activation protein (FAP) was recently introduced. However, optimal uptake time has not been defined yet. Here, we systematically compare early (~ 10 min p.i.) and late (~ 60 min p.i.) FAPI-46 imaging in patients with various types of cancer.

Methods
This is a retrospective single-institutional study. Imaging was performed at the Essen University Hospital, Germany. A total of 69 patients who underwent dual time-point imaging for either restaging (n = 52, 75%) or staging (n = 17, 25%) of cancer were included. Patients underwent PET with two acquisitions: early (mean 11 min, SD 4) and late (mean 66 min, SD 9). Mean injected activity was 148 MBq (SD 33).

Results
In total, 400 lesions were detected in 69 patients. Two of 400 (0.5%) lesions were only seen in early time-point imaging but not in late time-point imaging. On a per-patient level, there was no significant difference between SUVmax of hottest tumor lesions (Wilcoxon: P = 0.73). Organ uptake demonstrated significant early to late decrease in SUVmean (average ∆SUVmean: − 0.48, − 0.14, − 0.27 for gluteus, liver, and mediastinum, respectively; Wilcoxon: P < 0.001). On a per-lesion basis, a slight increase of SUVmax was observed (average ∆SUVmax: + 0.4, Wilcoxon: P = 0.03).

Conclusion
In conclusion, early (~ 10 min p.i.) versus late (~ 60 min p.i.) FAPI-46 imaging resulted in equivalent lesion uptake and tumor detection. For improved feasibility and scan volume, we implement early FAPI-46 PET in future clinical and research protocols.
Kaposi sarcoma in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: a case-based review
Authors: Tiong Benedict K. , Singh Arun S. , Sarantopoulos G. Peter , Kermani Tanaz A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAnti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV) are systemic necrotizing vasculitides associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Given the immunosuppression used to manage these conditions, it is important for clinicians to recognize complications, especially infectious ones, which may arise during treatment. Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a lymphoangioproliferative neoplasm caused by human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8). Its cutaneous manifestations can mimic vasculitis. We describe a 77-year-old man with microscopic polyangiitis with pulmonary-renal syndrome treated with prednisone and intravenous cyclophosphamide who developed KS (HHV-8 positive) after 2 months of treatment. Cyclophosphamide was discontinued and prednisone gradually lowered with improvement and clinical stabilization of KS lesions. This comprehensive review includes all published cases of KS in patients with AAV, with a goal to summarize potential risk factors including the clinical characteristics of vasculitis, treatment and outcomes of patients with this rare complication of immunosuppressive therapy. We also expanded our literature review to KS in other forms of systemic vasculitis. Our case-based review emphasizes the importance of considering infectious complications of immunosuppressive therapy, especially glucocorticoids, and highlights the rare association of KS in systemic vasculitis.