bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impressionism and Post-Impressionism
Authors: Katz Tamar 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Virginia Woolf’s work responds not only to her extensive reading of literature, but also to debates about visual art circulating within her intellectual circle: her friend Roger Fry introduced ‘Post-Impressionism’ to England; her sister Vanessa Bell and Bell’s lover Duncan Grant were both painters. From early stories like ‘Kew Gardens’ through major novels like To the Lighthouse, Woolf conceived the task of fiction in terms that address the premises of Impressionist painting and literature and Post-Impressionist painting. Her 1925 essay ‘Modern Fiction’ influentially argues that new fiction must register how the mind really apprehends the world: as ‘impressions—trivial, fantastic, evanescent, or engraved with the sharpness of steel … an incessant shower of innumerable atoms’. Her fiction raises questions about abstraction and form that are central to Post-Impressionist painting. This chapter provides readers with the context to see how Woolf’s writing shares aesthetic questions with contemporary art.
Modern Woolfian Fiction
Authors: Robinson Roxana 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Virginia Woolf radically transformed the novel of manners, a form defined by a domestic setting, limited emotional range, and the centrality of social codes. Woolf expanded this to include the whole range of human experience, partly through the use of shifting interior voices who meditate on art, marriage, grief, love, ambition, empire, gender, and the sea. With one long beautiful narrative sweep, Woolf turned the novel of manners into a novel of ideas. This expansion has had a profound effect on subsequent novelists such as Ian McEwan, Rachel Cusk, Michael Cunningham, Zadie Smith, Tessa Hadley, and the author of this chapter. These writers have used domestic settings and interior voices to write about the whole of life, laying claim to Woolf’s powerful and elastic new form, the novel-of-both-manners-and-ideas. This chapter examines works by these writers to show how Woolf’s luminous prose and deep empathy, her intellectual control and literary potency, continue to illuminate and vivify the contemporary novel.
Private Writings
Authors: Pollentier Caroline 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines Virginia Woolf’s private writings as ethical and political technologies of privacy. In the light of Michel Foucault’s ethics of self-writing, Woolf’s notebooks, letters, and diaries are read as various ‘techniques of living’ rehearsing an elusive tension between immediacy and self-consciousness. The chapter considers in turn the archival impulse of her notebooks, the pragmatics of intimacy at work in her letters, and the aesthetics of daily life outlined in her diaries. Through these daily ‘notes’, Woolf configured various acts of self-making ranging from social critique to psychological immunity. She was also keenly aware of the extent to which her daily ‘scribbling’ or ‘scratching’ was becoming increasingly entangled with new technologies of recording and communication. By relating these archaic media to the social rise of ‘the very private’ in modernity, Woolf mobilized her private writings as untimely techniques of resistance, generating founding, if vulnerable, forms of micro-power.
Woolfian Afterlives
Authors: Smith Laura 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores Virginia Woolf’s catalysing role for artists working in non-verbal media, including the visual arts, music, dance, and design. An analysis of Woolf’s impact beyond the medium of her writing allows for a trans-historic and international study of her legacy, charting her influence from, for example, landscape painting in Cornwall to Japanese Butoh; and from North American opera to the Ballet Russes. The chapter will trace many of the vital and fluid connections between Woolf, her contemporaries, and those whose work she has inspired. In the visual arts, case studies include: Sara Barker, Vanessa Bell, Dora Carrington, Judy Chicago, Aleana Egan, Rebecca Horn, Laura Owens, and Patti Smith. The music of Edith Sitwell, Ethel Smyth, Dominick Argento, Indigo Girls, The Smiths, and Patrick Wolf is discussed alongside dance by Lydia Lopokova, Wayne McGregor, and Setsuko Yamada.
The Changing Nature of Irish International Development Policy
Authors: Walsh Paul , Whelan Ciara 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Ireland’s involvement in international development has become a significant aspect of its foreign economic policy. Its engagement has moved from priorities that were largely domestically determined in the early 1970s and based on bilateral relationships between Ireland as donor and the recipient programme countries, toward priorities and involvements within a multilateral policy framework. This has come about through Ireland’s increasing engagement with international organizations, particularly the UN and the EU. However as the boundaries blur between Overseas Development Aid (ODA) policy and shared global goals, such as addressing climate breakdown and mitigating the scale of international distributive inequality, this can lead to tensions within countries about the implications of international commitments for the priorities at play in domestic politics. This is evident where Ireland’s ODA-driven commitments in the international field are in tension with domestic policy priorities, but also where tension arises in the area of national economic development policy.
Human Rights and Gender
Authors: Hoewer Melanie 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
What explains the disconnect between two images of the Irish state: the champion for gender human rights in matters of foreign affairs, and laggard on these rights internally? Is there a disconnect, or are these two sides of the same coin? Hailed internationally for its progressive promotion of the women, peace and security framework, policymaking at the national level reinforces multidimensional experiences of inequality for those most powerless in Irish society. A more nuanced, intersectional understanding of human rights and equality is central to understanding this ambivalent approach of the Irish state. This chapter explores the roots of Ireland’s position on gender rights and assesses Ireland’s role as champion for gendered human rights in the international sphere. Reviewing existing contrasts and contradictions, it provides a discussion of reasons and possible remedies for addressing these, and an explanation of what this may indicate about the Irish polity and its global self-perception.
The Political Economy of Work and Welfare
Authors: Collins Micheál L. , Murphy Mary P. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The political economy of Irish work and welfare has dramatically changed over recent decades. Since the 1980s, Ireland has experienced two periods of high unemployment followed by two periods of full employment. Alongside this, we see considerable shifts in both the sectoral composition of the workforce and in the institutional architecture underpinning the labour market. Focusing on the last decade, this chapter contextualizes the Irish labour market in the Irish growth model, highlighting issues including occupational upgrading, low pay, gender composition, and migration. The chapter then explores links between this employment structure and Ireland’s changing welfare regime. It considers recent institutional changes, as the welfare regime shifted to a work-first form of activation, and the long-term sustainability of the social protection system. The chapter concludes by highlighting what we see as the core challenges for the political economy of work and welfare in Ireland.
Independents and the Party System
Authors: Weeks Liam 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The presence of independents in the Irish political system is unusual from a comparative perspective. Sometimes seen as an idiosyncratic phenomenon, they are analysed in terms of their relation to the party system, and categorized in a manner similar to that applied to party families. Why independents do not form parties is analysed from an institutional and behavioural perspective, showing that there are a number of incentives for political entrepreneurs to remain as independents rather than transition to a new party. The nature of support for independents is assessed through a populist lens, considering if independents take the place of populist parties in the electoral marketplace. It is found that independents have more in common with left-wing progressives than right-wing nativists. The final section examines the role of independents in the government formation process, showing that the levels of stability and output are not as low as might be expected.
Republicanism and Public Affairs
Authors: Honohan Iseult 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Although Irish republicanism is often elided with separatist nationalism, broader republican ideals of freedom, self-government, and the common good have also been prominent in Irish political discourse. This chapter examines the relationship of Irish republican thinking with the wider historical republican tradition and its contemporary expressions, and it assesses the impact of those ideals in Irish politics. In the state’s first century national freedom coexisted with extensive relationships of domination. Self-government was constrained within narrow institutional forms. The common good was defined in communitarian and authoritarian terms, and was often obscured by sectional interests. Extensive social and political changes that have taken place more recently have been in a mainly liberal direction, with less emphasis on republican ideals. Yet republican ideals have a continuing relevance for the wider concerns faced by contemporary Irish society.
Ireland’s Deliberative Mini-Publics
Authors: Farrell David M. , Suiter Jane , Harris Clodagh , Cunningham Kevin 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Democratic crisis is a hot topic in political science at present, and for understandable reasons. But what is often missed in much of the commentary about democracies in peril is the fact that democracies can and do innovate. This chapter deals with one important case of such democratic innovation—the Irish deliberative mini-publics. We start with a discussion of the origins and design of the Irish cases. We then employ the Suiter and Reuchamps (2016) framework to analyse their democratic legitimacy in terms of input (the recruitment process), throughput, (the quality of the deliberative process), and output (the mini-public’s impact in terms of the uptake of its recommendations and acceptance of the process). The Irish processes are powerful real-world examples of the potential systemization of deliberation, showing how deliberative mini-publics can successfully supplement representative and direct forms of democracy.
Ireland in a European Context
Authors: Laffan Brigid 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The primary focus of this chapter is the European context of Irish politics. Since its foundation, the Irish state has struggled to anchor itself in a supportive external environment, particularly relating to modernization and economic development. Like other geographically peripheral and economically dependent states, Ireland was in search of an anchor to support its development and was a test case of how a poor peripheral state would fare in Europe’s competitive market environment. In the forty-five years since accession, the EU has offered an anchor to the Irish state and political system, but one that has not always been secure. The chapter analyses three dimensions of Ireland in a European context, namely, the EU as anchor for economic development, as a shaper of geopolitics, and as a moulder of state identity. The chapter concludes with a reflection on repositioning Ireland in the EU in the context of Brexit.
Discovery of a strong 6.6 keV emission feature from EXO 1745−248 after the superburst in 2011 October
Authors: Iwakiri Wataru B , Serino Motoko , Mihara Tatehiro , Gu Liyi , Yamaguchi Hiroya , Shidatsu Megumi , Makishima Kazuo 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We discover an unidentified strong emission feature in the X-ray spectrum of EXO 1745−248 obtained by RXTE at 40 hr after the peak of a superburst. The structure was centered at 6.6 keV and significantly broadened with a large equivalent width of 4.3 keV, corresponding to a line photon flux of 4.7 × 10−3 ph cm−2 s−1. The 3–20 keV spectrum was reproduced successfully by a power-law continuum with narrow and broad (2.7 keV in full width at half maximum) Gaussian emission components. Alternatively, the feature can be described by four narrow Gaussians, centered at 5.5 keV, 6.5 keV, 7.5 keV, and 8.6 keV. Considering the strength and shape of the feature, it is unlikely to have originated from reflection of the continuum X-rays by some optically thick material, such as an accretion disk. Moreover, the intensity of the emission structure decreased significantly with an exponential time scale of 1 hr. The feature was not detected in an INTEGRAL observation performed 10 hr before the RXTE observation with a line flux upper limit of 1.5 × 10−3 ph cm−2 s−1. The observed emission structure is consistent with gravitationally redshifted charge exchange emission from Ti, Cr, Fe, and Co. We suggest that the emission results from a charge exchange interaction between a highly metal-enriched fall-back ionized burst wind and an accretion disk, at a distance of ∼60 km from the neutron star. If this interpretation is correct, the results provide new information on nuclear burning processes during thermonuclear X-ray bursts.
Public Management and Authentic Innovation
Authors: Frederickson H George 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis is the last of four Last Lectures delivered by George Frederickson before his death in 2020. In “Public Management and Authentic Innovation,” Frederickson draws on key studies to demythologize the claims around the origins and diffusion of innovation in the private and nonprofit sectors. He compares and contrasts the managed innovation model with a sustaining innovation model and provides provocative insights into the relevant contributions and limitations of rankings, awards and report cards; strategic planning; and the iron cage.
Affirmative Action, Mismatch, and Economic Mobility after California’s Proposition 209
Authors: Bleemer Zachary 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Proposition 209 banned race-based affirmative action at California public universities in 1998. Using a difference-in-differences research design and a newly constructed longitudinal database linking all 1994–2002 University of California applicants to their educational experiences and wages, I show that ending affirmative action caused underrepresented minority (URM) freshman applicants to cascade into lower-quality colleges. The “mismatch hypothesis” implies that this cascade would provide net educational benefits to URM applicants, but their degree attainment declined overall and in STEM fields, especially among less academically qualified applicants. URM applicants’ average wages in their twenties and thirties subsequently declined, driven by declines among Hispanic applicants. These declines are not explained by URM students' performance or persistence in STEM course sequences, which were unchanged after Prop 209. Ending affirmative action also deterred thousands of qualified URM students from applying to any UC campus. Complementary regression discontinuity and institutional value-added analyses suggest that affirmative action’s net educational and wage benefits for URM applicants exceed its net costs for on-the-margin white and Asian applicants.
Automated design and implementation of a NOR gate in Pseudomonas putida
Authors: Tas Huseyin , Grozinger Lewis , Goñi-Moreno Angel , de Lorenzo Victor 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Boolean NOR gates have been widely implemented in Escherichia coli as transcriptional regulatory devices for building complex genetic circuits. Yet, their portability to other bacterial hosts/chassis is generally hampered by frequent changes in the parameters of the INPUT/OUTPUT response functions brought about by new genetic and biochemical contexts. Here, we have used the circuit design tool CELLO for assembling a NOR gate in the soil bacterium and the metabolic engineering platform Pseudomonas putida with components tailored for E. coli. To this end, we capitalized on the functional parameters of 20 genetic inverters for each host and the resulting compatibility between NOT pairs. Moreover, we added to the gate library three inducible promoters that are specific to P. putida, thus expanding cross-platform assembly options. While the number of potential connectable inverters decreased drastically when moving the library from E. coli to P. putida, the CELLO software was still able to find an effective NOR gate in the new chassis. The automated generation of the corresponding DNA sequence and in vivo experimental verification accredited that some genetic modules initially optimized for E. coli can indeed be reused to deliver NOR logic in P. putida as well. Furthermore, the results highlight the value of creating host-specific collections of well-characterized regulatory inverters for the quick assembly of genetic circuits to meet complex specifications.
Intra-specific leaf trait variability ofF. sylvatica,Q. petraeaandP. abiesin response to inter-specific competition and implications for forest functioning
Authors: Serrano-León Hernán , Nitschke Renate , Scherer-Lorenzen Michael , Forrester David I 
Published: August 2021

AbstractVariability in functional traits (FT) is increasingly used to understand the mechanisms behind tree species interactions and ecosystem functioning. In order to explore how FT differ due to interactions between tree species and its influence on stand productivity and other ecological processes, we examined the effects of tree species composition on the intra-specific variability of four widely measured FT: specific leaf area, leaf nitrogen content, leaf angle and stomatal conductance response to vapor pressure deficit. This study focused on three major central European tree species: European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), Sessile oak (Quercus petraea Liebl.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] H. Karst.). Each species was examined in monoculture and two-species mixtures in the 13-year-old tree biodiversity experiment BIOTREE-Kaltenborn. Trait distributions and linear mixed models were used to analyze the effect of species mixing, tree size and stand variables on the intra-specific FT variability. A significant effect of branch height on most traits and species indicated a vertical gradient of foliar trait frequently related to light availability. Beech and oak showed a high overall trait variability and sensitivity to species mixing and stand basal area, while the trait variability of spruce was limited. Greater shifts in trait distributions due to mixing were found in specific leaf area for oak and leaf nitrogen content for beech. Thus intra-specific variability of key leaf traits was already influenced at this young development stage by inter-specific interactions. Finally, we used the 3-PG (Physiological Processes Predicting Growth) process-based forest growth model to show that the measured intra-specific variability on single FT values could influence stand productivity, light absorption and transpiration, although the net effect depends on the considered trait and the species composition of the mixture. The results of this study will aid better understanding of the effects of inter-specific competition on intra-specific FT variability, which has implications for the parameterization of process-based forest growth models and our understanding of ecosystem functioning.
Age-Related Human Resource Management Policies and Practices: Antecedents, Outcomes, and Conceptualizations
Authors: Boehm Stephan A , Schröder Heike , Bal Matthijs 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDue to the demographic change in age, societies, firms, and individuals struggle with the need to postpone retirement while keeping up motivation, performance, and health throughout employees’ working life. Organizations, and specifically the Human Resource Management (HRM) practices they design and implement, take a central role in this process. Being influenced by macro-level trends such as new legislation, organizational HRM practices affect outcomes such as productivity and employability both at the firm and individual level of analysis. This editorial introduces the Special Issue on “Age-related Human Resource Management Policies and Practices” by conducting an interdisciplinary literature review. We offer an organizing framework that spans the macro-, meso-, and individual level and discusses major antecedents, boundary conditions, and outcomes of age-related HRM practices. Further, we propose a typology of HRM practices and discuss the role of individual HRM dimensions versus bundles of HRM practices in dealing with an aging and more age-diverse workforce. Building on these considerations, we introduce the eight articles included in this special issue. Finally, taking stock of our review and the new studies presented here, we deduct some recommendations for future research in the field of age-related HRM.
Loss of Nfat5 promotes lipid accumulation in vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: Kappert Lena , Ruzicka Philipp , Kutikhin Anton , De La Torre Carolina , Fischer Andreas , Hecker Markus , Arnold Caroline , Korff Thomas 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe nuclear factor of activated T‐cells 5 (NFAT5) is a transcriptional regulator of macrophage activation and T‐cell development, which controls stabilizing responses of cells to hypertonic and biomechanical stress. In this study, we detected NFAT5 in the media layer of arteries adjacent to human arteriosclerotic plaques and analyzed its role in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) known to contribute to arteriosclerosis through the uptake of lipids and transformation into foam cells. Exposure of both human and mouse VSMCs to cholesterol stimulated the nuclear translocation of NFAT5 and increased the expression of the ATP‐binding cassette transporter Abca1, required to regulate cholesterol efflux from cells. Loss of Nfat5 promoted cholesterol accumulation in these cells and inhibited the expression of genes involved in the management of oxidative stress or lipid handling, such as Sod1, Plin2, Fabp3, and Ppard. The functional relevance of these observations was subsequently investigated in mice fed a high‐fat diet upon induction of a smooth muscle cell‐specific genetic ablation of Nfat5 (Nfat5(SMC)−/−). Under these conditions, Nfat5(SMC)−/− but not Nfat5fl/fl mice developed small, focal lipid‐rich lesions in the aorta after 14 and 25 weeks, which were formed by intracellular lipid droplets deposited in the sub‐intimal VSMCs layer. While known for being activated by external stimuli, NFAT5 was found to mediate the expression of VSMC genes associated with the handling of lipids in response to a cholesterol‐rich environment. Failure of this protective function may promote the formation of lipid‐laden arterial VSMCs and pro‐atherogenic vascular responses.