bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why are geographical indications unevenly distributed over Europe?
Authors: Joosse Sofie , Olders Pepijn , Boonstra Wiebren J. 
Published: October 2021

PurposeThrough geographical indications, the European Union aims to stimulate economies, especially in lagging rural regions, and to help consumers recognise and locate quality products from specific regions. The highly uneven distribution of geographical indications, and with that the unequal benefits of this policy, have been identified and discussed in the scientific literature on food and rural development.Design/methodology/approachUsing a statistical analysis of the distribution of geographical indications, the paper tests the validity of several theoretical explanations that are offered in the literature for the uneven spatial distribution.FindingsFrom this assessment, the paper concludes, amongst others, that common single-cause explanations for the uneven distribution of labels in Europe have weak explanatory value. Rather, the uneven distribution is based on a complex set of causes, with different effects at national and regional level. Moreover, the findings highlight that in contrast to its aim, the policy does not seem to benefit especially lagging rural regions.Originality/valueThe analysis of the uneven distribution of labels in Europe offered here suggests that a distinction should be drawn between the mechanisms resulting in regional food products versus the mechanisms resulting in regional food labels, such as geographical indications.
Predictors of subjective career success amongst women employees: moderating role of perceived organizational support and marital status
Authors: Agrawal Swati , Singh Sonali 
Published: October 2021

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between subjective career success (SCS) and proactive career behavior as well as family support, with a focus on women professionals in India. The study also investigates the moderating role of perceived organizational support and marital status on these relationships.Design/methodology/approachThe sample consists of 363 women professionals working in the information technology-enabled services industry in India. The study is cross-sectional in design.FindingsFindings from this study posit the positive moderating role of perceived organizational support on the relationship between proactive career behavior and SCS and on the relationship between family support and SCS. As a moderator, marital status has a positive impact on the relationship between proactive career behavior and SCS but has a negative impact on the relationship between family support and SCS.Practical implicationsThe results from this study will help organizations understand the predictors of career success of women employees. Another practical implication is that this study establishes knowledge of perceived organizational support, a controllable organizational factor as a moderator in positively influencing the success of women’s careers. Leaders and managers can, therefore, use organizational factors to facilitate the success of women employees.Originality/valueThis study is perhaps the first to examine the relationship between antecedents of career success for women professionals in the context of India.
Large US bank takeovers in 2008: performance and implications
Authors: Song Guoxiang 
Published: October 2021

PurposeBecause systemically important banks' takeovers in the US were expected to contain the 2008 global financial crisis (GFC) but were found to have imposed large cost on shareholders, this paper examines the effectiveness of these acquisitions during the GFC and investigates what went wrong with the market for corporate control of large banks.Design/methodology/approachThis paper presents a model of the disciplinary takeover based on the efficient market hypothesis which provides appropriate measures for it to examine the financial performance of acquiring banks after takeover.FindingsThe results indicate that the takeover market for large banks was ineffective in two aspects: the market did not distinguish strong banks from weak banks before the crisis and acquirers performed worse after takeover. Such ineffectiveness reflects the fundamental deficiencies of large bank takeovers arising from some key distinguishing characteristics of large banks.Research limitations/implicationsThe sample size of systemically important banks' takeovers is small so large-sample standard statistical inferences cannot be used.Practical implicationsThe deficiencies of large bank takeovers need to be rectified in order to aid in resolving future crises.Originality/valueThis paper provides rare and detailed insight based on case studies of large US bank takeovers during the GFC.
Supply chain agility in third-party logistics providers: its relationship with institutional and cultural geographical traits in a developing country
Authors: Tukamuhabwa Benjamin R. , Mutebi Henry , Kwagala Rebecca 
Published: October 2021

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between geographical traits consisting of institutional traits and cultural traits, and supply chain agility in third-party logistics providers.Design/methodology/approachA theoretical model was developed and assessed through a structured questionnaire survey using cross-sectional data from 170 third-party logistics providers registered in Uganda. To validate the suggested model, data were analysed using exploratory factor analysis, correlations and regressions.FindingsCorrelation results revealed that all institutional and cultural geographical traits in the model, i.e. infrastructural frameworks, regulatory frameworks, organisational culture and national culture are positively and significantly associated with supply chain agility. However, a further analysis using regression revealed that regulatory framework and organisational culture are the only significant predictors of supply chain agility and together, all the four traits account for 28.1% variance in supply chain agility.Research limitations/implicationsThis study applies the institutional theoretical framework to provide an empirical understanding of the role of institutional and cultural factors in supply chain management practice. Furthermore, it confirms and expands on the existing theories about supply chain agility.Practical implicationsThe findings provide firm ground for managerial decisions regarding emphasis on external factors in building firms' supply chain agility. Managers should scan the macro-environment and make conscious firm decisions regarding institutions and culture in certain geographical locations. The host countries should also be aware of their role in building firms' supply chain agility.Originality/valueDistinctive from the literature on antecedents of supply chain agility, which predominantly focuses on the firm and supply chain capabilities, this study utilises the paradigm of institutional fit to empirically show how managers in a developing country wishing to build supply chain agility should not only focus on their supply chains and internal operations, but go beyond and consider geographical traits when making firm location and/or operational decisions for certain geographical contexts in order to achieve fit.
Fraudulent loans and the United States paycheck protection program
Authors: Bailey Cristina , Brody Richard , Sokolowski Matias 
Published: October 2021

Purpose
Despite lessons learned from prior disaster relief funding programs, billions of dollars in fraudulent loans were issued by the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) during the COVID-19 pandemic in the USA. The misuse of funds prevented business owners and their employees who are in true financial need from accessing program funds. The purpose of this paper is to identify techniques perpetrators used to obtain funds from the program illegally since its inception in March 2020 and concludes with suggestions on internal controls to reduce fraud occurrences in future relief packages.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors analyze 106 loan fraud cases reported by the US Department of Justice and compiled by the Project on Government Oversight to examine methods individuals used to illegally obtain funds from the program. The authors complement the data with lender characteristics from Call Reports and Business Insights. They further compare the fraud sample to the entire population of PPP loans, which is available on the US Small Business Administration website. The authors report descriptive statistics, correlations and multivariate regressions.

Findings
The authors find that most fraud cases falsify tax data to access program loans and inflate payroll numbers to obtain larger loan amounts. Applicants who sought large amounts applied using multiple companies and across multiple lenders, consistent with the use of multiple loans to avoid the scrutiny of a single large loan with a single lender. The authors find that cases with larger amounts relied on less regulated lenders, such as lending companies, rather than more regulated lenders.

Originality/value
The PPP is part of the largest ever US stimulus in which the private sector allocated funds. This study provides novel evidence of how fraudsters adapted to the program's rules to defraud the government.
Doing Business and capital flight: role of financial development
Authors: Mawutor John Kwaku Mensah , Gborse Freeman Christian , Sogah Ernest , Mensah Barbara Deladem 
Published: October 2021

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of financial development on the Doing Business and capital flight contagion. And further, this study determines the threshold beyond which financial development reduces capital flight.

Design/methodology/approach
A two-step system generalized methods of moment empirical model with linear interaction between Doing Business and financial development was estimated. This study used data on 26 countries over 12 years (2004–2015).

Findings
The main results indicated that, although Doing Business had a significant positive effect on capital flight, the interactive term had a significant adverse effect on capital flight. This outcome suggests that to reduce capital flight, a well-reformed and efficient business environment should be embedded with an efficient, stable and well-developed financial sector. In addition, the authors found only South Africa has a robust financial framework beyond the threshold of 0.383, whereas Congo, Rep., Rwanda, Malawi, Sierra Leone and Congo, Dem. Rep. had the weakest financial system and sector in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Research limitations/implications
This study recommends that policymakers should initiate policies that would enhance financial development.

Originality/value
This study’s main contributions are that the authors estimated the threshold beyond which financial development helps the business environment reduce the rate of capital flight. Further, the authors have shown that financial development is a catalyst to propel the deterioration powers of the business environment against capital flight. Also, the authors have estimated the long-run effect of the variables of interest on capital flight.
Bank capital, liquidity and risk in Ghana
Authors: Carsamer Emmanuel , Abbam Anthony , Queku Yaw N. 
Published: October 2021

Purpose
Capital, risk and liquidity are the vitality of the banking industry, which can improve the efficiency of banking and promote the efficiency of resource allocation. The purpose of this study is to examine how Basel III new liquidity ratios affect bank capital and risk adjustments and how banks respond to the new liquidity rules.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors adopted the system generalized method of moments (GMM) to examine how Basel III new liquidity ratios affect bank capital and risk adjustments and how banks respond to the new liquidity rules. Based on the call reports data from banks, GMM was used to test the hypotheses that new liquidity ratios affect bank capital and risk adjustments, as well as how banks respond to the regulation.

Findings
The results indicate banks targeted capital, risk and liquidity and simultaneously coordinate short-term adjustments in capital and risk. New liquidity measures enable banks to coordinate risk and liquidity decisions. Short-term adjustments in new liquidity rules inversely impact bank capital. Short-term adjustments in new liquidity rules inversely impact bank capital and capital adjustments adversely affect changes in the liquidity coverage ratio (LCR).

Research limitations/implications
The primary results revealed that Ghanaian banks simultaneously coordinate and target capital, risk exposure and liquidity level. Also, capital adjustments positively influence risk adjustments and vice versa while bidirectional negative coordination exists between bank capital and risk on one hand and liquidity on the other hand. Short-term adjustments in new liquidity rule inversely impact bank capital and capital adjustments adversely affect changes in the LCR. The findings partially confirm the theoretical predictions of Repullo (2005) regarding the negative links between capital, risk and liquidity but the authors have higher capital induces higher risk.

Practical implications
Banks should balance off their targeted risk and liquidity in order not to sacrifice capital accumulation for liquidity.

Originality/value
This research offers new contributions in the research of bank management of capital and liquidity toward banks during a financial crisis from a theoretical perspective and trust management from an applicative perspective.
Decoding VC exit returns: the Indian experience
Authors: Dominic James , Gopalaswamy Arun Kumar 
Published: October 2021

PurposeThis paper aims to analyse the effect of the investment duration, the overall market condition and the industry to which the investee firm belongs on exit returns realised by venture capital (VC) firms invested in Indian market, using hierarchical regression models.Design/methodology/approachThe study examines the relationship that exist among the variables of interest by analysing all the 210 exits that happened in the Indian VC market over the period 2004–2017 by using analytical tools such as moving averages, hierarchical regressions and pooled ordinary least squares regression.FindingsExit return has an approximate U-shaped relationship with investment duration, and the turning point in the convex relationship happens around seven to eight years after investment. Returns are weakly related to the market condition, discarding the market timing hypothesis. Relationship patterns are found to be generally unvarying during the time period under study.Research limitations/implicationsThe results indicate VC funds in the Indian market tend to exit in a brief time span and gain substantial returns from the immediate exits beyond, which returns start dipping. This points to the illiquidity of the Indian VC market wherein the exits from “lemons” are quite tricky, which make them remain invested for longer durations and eroding the value substantially in the process. VC funds may make rational investment/exit decisions in the Indian market capitalising this knowledge.Originality/valueThis study empirically connects the value creating factors in a VC process to the established theories about the early stage investments and analyse the applicability and relevance of those theories in a market with high growth potential like India.
Thiamidol® in moderate‐to‐severe melasma: 24‐week, randomized, double‐blind, vehicle‐controlled clinical study with subsequent regression phase
Authors: Roggenkamp Dennis , Sammain Adel , Fürstenau Manuela , Kausch Martina , Passeron Thierry , Kolbe Ludger 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThiamidol® was the most potent inhibitor of human tyrosinase out of 50 000 screened substances. In vivo, it was well tolerated and improved melasma significantly. This was the first 24‐week, randomized, double‐blind, vehicle‐controlled, cosmetic clinical study to assess the efficacy and tolerability of thiamidol in moderate‐to‐severe melasma of phototype III–V subjects with subsequent regression phase. Females allocated to verum (n = 23), applied daily Dual Serum followed either by Day Care SPF30 in the morning or by Night Care in the evening, all containing Thiamidol. The vehicle group (25 females) followed the same skin care routine using the corresponding vehicle formulations. Subjects came back for a follow‐up visit 13–20 weeks after treatment (regression phase). Assessments included clinical photography, Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI), skin lightness, quality of life, and tolerability. Baseline demographics and hyperpigmentation were well balanced across the treatment groups. Clinical photography and MASI improved with Thiamidol significantly versus baseline (p < 0.001) and vehicle (p < 0.001–0.043) at all time points up to treatment end. At follow‐up, the MASI was still significantly lower than at baseline but similar for verum and vehicle. Skin lightness and quality of life improved significantly versus baseline without significant differences between verum and vehicle. This study demonstrated that Thiamidol is well tolerated and superior in improving melasma compared to baseline and vehicle over a treatment period of 24 weeks.
Nutrient enrichment increases invertebrate herbivory and pathogen damage in grasslands
Authors: Ebeling Anne , Strauss Alex T. , Adler Peter B. , Arnillas Carlos A. , Barrio Isabel C. , Biederman Lori A. , Borer Elizabeth T. , Bugalho Miguel N. , Caldeira Maria C. , Cadotte Marc W. , Daleo Pedro , Eisenhauer Nico , Eskelinen Anu , Fay Philip A. , Firn Jennifer , Graff Pamela , Hagenah Nicole , Haider Sylvia , Komatsu Kimberly J. , McCulley Rebecca L. , Mitchell Charles E. , Moore Joslin L. , Pascual Jesus , Peri Pablo L. , Power Sally A. , Prober Suzanne M. , Risch Anita C. , Roscher Christiane , Sankaran Mahesh , Seabloom Eric W. , Schielzeth Holger , Schütz Martin , Speziale Karina L. , Tedder Michelle , Virtanen Risto , Blumenthal Dana M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Plant damage by invertebrate herbivores and pathogens influences the dynamics of grassland ecosystems, but anthropogenic changes in nitrogen and phosphorus availability can modify these relationships.

Using a globally distributed experiment, we describe leaf damage on 153 plant taxa from 27 grasslands worldwide, under ambient conditions and with experimentally elevated nitrogen and phosphorus.

Invertebrate damage significantly increased with nitrogen addition, especially in grasses and non‐leguminous forbs. Pathogen damage increased with nitrogen in grasses and legumes but not forbs. Effects of phosphorus were generally weaker. Damage was higher in grasslands with more precipitation, but climatic conditions did not change effects of nutrients on leaf damage. On average, invertebrate damage was relatively higher on legumes and pathogen damage was relatively higher on grasses. Community‐weighted mean damage reflected these functional group patterns, with no effects of N on community‐weighted pathogen damage (due to opposing responses of grasses and forbs) but stronger effects of N on community‐weighted invertebrate damage (due to consistent responses of grasses and forbs).

Synthesis. As human‐induced inputs of nitrogen and phosphorus continue to increase, understanding their impacts on invertebrate and pathogen damage becomes increasingly important. Our results demonstrate that eutrophication frequently increases plant damage and that damage increases with precipitation across a wide array of grasslands. Invertebrate and pathogen damage in grasslands is likely to increase in the future, with potential consequences for plant, invertebrate and pathogen communities, as well as the transfer of energy and nutrients across trophic levels.
Accounting for waste management: a study of the reporting practices of the top listed Indian companies
Authors: Adler Ralph , Mansi Mansi , Pandey Rakesh 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis study examines the extent to which India’s leading 30 companies disclose information about the solid and liquid wastes they produce. Guided by a 35‐item waste disclosure index, companies' 2012–2018 annual reports, sustainability reports and business responsibility reports were content analysed. Although a significant increase in reporting occurred, especially following the Indian government’s national waste management campaign in 2014, this increase proceeds from a very low starting point. Over 85 percent of the companies provide limited disclosures. The study’s waste disclosure index should prove valuable to researchers and policymakers wishing to measure firms' waste disclosures at and across points in time.
Parental socioeconomic status and asthma in children: Using a population‐based cohort and family design
Authors: Caffrey Osvald Emma , Gong Tong , Lundholm Cecilia , Larsson Henrik , BK Brew , Almqvist Catarina 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe observed association between the parental socioeconomic status (SES, measured as education/income) and asthma or wheezing in offspring may be explained by confounding of unmeasured factors (shared genes and family environment). We aimed to study the association between parental SES and asthma/wheeze using cousin comparison.MethodData were collected on individuals born in Sweden 2001–2013. Parental SES (education and income) was gathered from Statistics Sweden. Asthma/wheeze was identified using national health registers. The association between parental SES at birth and incident asthma/wheeze was estimated using Cox regression also comparing differently exposed cousins. The association between parental SES at 5 years and current asthma was estimated using logistic regression.ResultsIncluded were 955,371 individuals. Mothers with compulsory school only (lowest education group) compared with those with further education (highest education group) was associated with incident asthma/wheeze below 1 year of age HRadj = 1.45 (1.38–1.52) and over 1 year of age HRadj = 1.17 (1.13–1.20). The corresponding estimates for the lowest income group were HRadj = 1.61 (1.54–1.69) and HRadj = 0.94 (0.92–0.97), respectively. In maternal cousin comparisons, the associations for asthma/wheeze over 1 year of age was HRadj = 1.21 (1.05–1.40) for compulsory school only and HRadj = 0.94 (0.84–1.07) for the lowest income group. The ORadj for current asthma at 5 years was 1.05 (1.00–1.11) for mother's compulsory school only and 0.98 (0.94–1.02) for mother's lowest income group. Results for estimates were similar for father's SES.ConclusionWe confirm an association between low parental SES (measured as education) and asthma/wheeze. Cousin comparison suggests that this association is not wholly due to confounding of unknown familial factors, therefore supporting a causal relationship. The relationship between parental income and asthma/wheeze is less clear. This study is important for understanding risk factors for asthma/wheeze and for future prevention strategies. Further research is warranted to investigate the possible mechanisms for association between parental education and asthma/wheeze.