bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification and functional characterization of two bamboo FD gene homologs having contrasting effects on shoot growth and flowering
Authors: Dutta Smritikana , Deb Anwesha , Biswas Prasun , Chakraborty Sukanya , Guha Suman , Mitra Devrani , Geist Birgit , Schäffner Anton R. , Das Malay 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBamboos, member of the family Poaceae, represent many interesting features with respect to their fast and extended vegetative growth, unusual, yet divergent flowering time across species, and impact of sudden, large scale flowering on forest ecology. However, not many studies have been conducted at the molecular level to characterize important genes that regulate vegetative and flowering habit in bamboo. In this study, two bamboo FD genes, BtFD1 and BtFD2, which are members of the florigen activation complex (FAC) have been identified by sequence and phylogenetic analyses. Sequence comparisons identified one important amino acid, which was located in the DNA-binding basic region and was altered between BtFD1 and BtFD2 (Ala146 of BtFD1 vs. Leu100 of BtFD2). Electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed that this alteration had resulted into ten times higher binding efficiency of BtFD1 than BtFD2 to its target ACGT motif present at the promoter of the APETALA1 gene. Expression analyses in different tissues and seasons indicated the involvement of BtFD1 in flower and vegetative development, while BtFD2 was very lowly expressed throughout all the tissues and conditions studied. Finally, a tenfold increase of the AtAP1 transcript level by p35S::BtFD1 Arabidopsis plants compared to wild type confirms a positively regulatory role of BtFD1 towards flowering. However, constitutive expression of BtFD1 had led to dwarfisms and apparent reduction in the length of flowering stalk and numbers of flowers/plant, whereas no visible phenotype was observed for BtFD2 overexpression. This signifies that timely expression of BtFD1 may be critical to perform its programmed developmental role in planta.
A reporting and analysis framework for structured evaluation of COVID-19 clinical and imaging data
Authors: Salg Gabriel Alexander , Ganten Maria-Katharina , Bucher Andreas Michael , Kenngott Hannes Goetz , Fink Matthias Alexander , Seibold Constantin , Fischbach Ricarda Elisabeth , Schlamp Kai , Velandia Carlos Alberto , Fervers Philipp , Doellinger Felix , Luger Anna , Afat Saif , Merle Uta , Diener Markus K. , Pereira Philippe L. , Penzkofer Tobias , Persigehl Thorsten , Othman Ahmed , Heußel Claus Peter , Baumhauer Matthias , Widmann Gerlig , Stathopoulos Konstantinos , Hamm Bernd , Vogl Thomas J. , Nikolaou Konstantin , Kauczor Hans-Ulrich , Kleesiek Jens 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has worldwide individual and socioeconomic consequences. Chest computed tomography has been found to support diagnostics and disease monitoring. A standardized approach to generate, collect, analyze, and share clinical and imaging information in the highest quality possible is urgently needed. We developed systematic, computer-assisted and context-guided electronic data capture on the FDA-approved mint LesionTM software platform to enable cloud-based data collection and real-time analysis. The acquisition and annotation include radiological findings and radiomics performed directly on primary imaging data together with information from the patient history and clinical data. As proof of concept, anonymized data of 283 patients with either suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection from eight European medical centers were aggregated in data analysis dashboards. Aggregated data were compared to key findings of landmark research literature. This concept has been chosen for use in the national COVID-19 response of the radiological departments of all university hospitals in Germany.
The impact of locomotion on the brain evolution of squirrels and close relatives
Authors: Bertrand Ornella C. , Püschel Hans P. , Schwab Julia A. , Silcox Mary T. , Brusatte Stephen L. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHow do brain size and proportions relate to ecology and evolutionary history? Here, we use virtual endocasts from 38 extinct and extant rodent species spanning 50+ million years of evolution to assess the impact of locomotion, body mass, and phylogeny on the size of the brain, olfactory bulbs, petrosal lobules, and neocortex. We find that body mass and phylogeny are highly correlated with relative brain and brain component size, and that locomotion strongly influences brain, petrosal lobule, and neocortical sizes. Notably, species living in trees have greater relative overall brain, petrosal lobule, and neocortical sizes compared to other locomotor categories, especially fossorial taxa. Across millions of years of Eocene-Recent environmental change, arboreality played a major role in the early evolution of squirrels and closely related aplodontiids, promoting the expansion of the neocortex and petrosal lobules. Fossoriality in aplodontiids had an opposing effect by reducing the need for large brains.
Human ACE2 receptor polymorphisms and altered susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Suryamohan Kushal , Diwanji Devan , Stawiski Eric W. , Gupta Ravi , Miersch Shane , Liu Jiang , Chen Chao , Jiang Ying-Ping , Fellouse Frederic A. , Sathirapongsasuti J. Fah , Albers Patrick K. , Deepak Tanneeru , Saberianfar Reza , Ratan Aakrosh , Washburn Gavin , Mis Monika , Santhosh Devi , Somasekar Sneha , Hiranjith G. H. , Vargas Derek , Mohan Sangeetha , Phalke Sameer , Kuriakose Boney , Antony Aju , Ustav Jr Mart , Schuster Stephan C. , Sidhu Sachdev , Junutula Jagath R. , Jura Natalia , Seshagiri Somasekar 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCOVID-19 is a respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2. The viral spike (S) protein engages the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor to invade host cells with ~10–15-fold higher affinity compared to SARS-CoV S-protein, making it highly infectious. Here, we assessed if ACE2 polymorphisms can alter host susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 by affecting this interaction. We analyzed over 290,000 samples representing >400 population groups from public genomic datasets and identified multiple ACE2 protein-altering variants. Using reported structural data, we identified natural ACE2 variants that could potentially affect virus–host interaction and thereby alter host susceptibility. These include variants S19P, I21V, E23K, K26R, T27A, N64K, T92I, Q102P and H378R that were predicted to increase susceptibility, while variants K31R, N33I, H34R, E35K, E37K, D38V, Y50F, N51S, M62V, K68E, F72V, Y83H, G326E, G352V, D355N, Q388L and D509Y were predicted to be protective variants that show decreased binding to S-protein. Using biochemical assays, we confirmed that K31R and E37K had decreased affinity, and K26R and T92I variants showed increased affinity for S-protein when compared to wildtype ACE2. Consistent with this, soluble ACE2 K26R and T92I were more effective in blocking entry of S-protein pseudotyped virus suggesting that ACE2 variants can modulate susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2.
The climate sensitivity of northern Greenland fjords is amplified through sea-ice damming
Authors: Stranne Christian , Nilsson Johan , Ulfsbo Adam , O’Regan Matt , Coxall Helen K. , Meire Lorenz , Muchowski Julia , Mayer Larry A. , Brüchert Volker , Fredriksson Jonas , Thornton Brett , Chawarski Julek , West Gabriel , Weidner Elizabeth , Jakobsson Martin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRecord-high air temperatures were observed over Greenland in the summer of 2019 and melting of the northern Greenland Ice Sheet was particularly extensive. Here we show, through direct measurements, that near surface ocean temperatures in Sherard Osborn Fjord, northern Greenland, reached 4 °C in August 2019, while in the neighboring Petermann Fjord, they never exceeded 0 °C. We show that this disparity in temperature between the two fjords occurred because thick multi-year sea ice at the entrance of Sherard Osborn Fjord trapped the surface waters inside the fjord, which led to the formation of a warm and fresh surface layer. These results suggest that the presence of multi-year sea ice increases the sensitivity of Greenland fjords abutting the Arctic Ocean to climate warming, with potential consequences for the long-term stability of the northern sector of the Greenland Ice Sheet.
Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Alkylation of Polyfluoroarenes through C–F Bond Cleavage
Authors: Xiong Tao , Zhang Qian , Zhang Qian 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe polyfluoroarenes are a subgroup of organofluorines that are widely utilized in both medicinal chemistry and materials science. We briefly summarize recent advances in the synthesis of these important compounds, with particular attention to our recent CuH-catalyzed defluorinative alkylation of polyfluoroarenes with alkenes in a highly site-selective C–F bond-cleavage fashion.1	Introduction2	Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Alkylation through Selective C–F Bond Cleavage3	CuH-Catalyzed Defluorinative Alkylation of Polyfluoroarenes with Alkenes4	Summary and Outlook
A Concise Synthesis of 24,25-Dihydro-6-epi-Monanchosterol A
Authors: Schmalz Hans-Günther , Taspinar Ömer , Stojadinovic Vladimir Kjartan , Neudörfl Jörg-Martin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe report the first synthetic entry to a steroid with an unusual bicyclo[4.3.1]dec-3-en-10-one A/B ring substructure as a close structural analogue of the anti-inflammatory monanchosterols. Under optimized conditions, regioselective cis-dihydroxylation of the Δ5-double bond of 7-dehydrocholesterol and subsequent Criegee oxidation yields the corresponding 5,6-seco-steroid as a pure Z-isomer which upon treatment with K2CO3 in MeOH diastereoselectively affords 24,25-dihydro-6-epi-monanchosterol A through intramolecular aldol addition (cyclization). The developed three-step sequence proceeds in 17% overall yield without the need of any protecting group. The title compound was characterized by X-ray crystallography.
Additions to Racemates: A Strategy for Developing Asymmetric Cross-Coupling Reactions
Authors: Fletcher Stephen P. , Goetzke F. Wieland 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this Account, the authors describe their progress in developing catalytic asymmetric C(sp3)–C(sp3) and C(sp3)–C(sp2) cross-coupling reactions. Whereas most catalytic enantioselective transformations rely on prochiral or meso starting materials, strategies that use racemic starting materials are rare. Key features of these reactions are efficient mechanisms for deracemization. Here, the authors present copper-catalyzed alkylation and rhodium-catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura-type arylation reactions, their underlying mechanisms, and their applications in complex-molecule syntheses.
Alloplastic or Autologous? Bone Chips versus PEEK Cage for Lumbar Interbody Fusion in Degenerative Spondylolisthesis
Authors: Koehler Stefan , Held Christopher , Stetter Christian , Westermaier Thomas 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Introduction This study was conducted to compare bone-filled intervertebral cages with autologous bone chips for instrumented lumbar interbody fusion in patients with spinal stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis.
Methods Surgery consisted of posterior instrumentation and decompression, diskectomy, and intervertebral fusion using a polyetheretherketone (PEEK) cage surrounded and filled with spongious bone chips (group 1, n = 57) or spongious bone chips alone (group 2, n = 37). The choice of method was left to the discretion of the surgeon. Postoperative results were prospectively evaluated using a standardized protocol. Radiological assessment included fusion rates and vertebral height, while clinical assessment included the visual analog scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI).
Results In group 1, a mean of 1.38 ± 0.64 segments were fused. In group 2, a mean of 1.58 ± 0.65 segments were fused. In both groups, the VAS for back pain and leg pain and the ODI improved without significant differences between the two groups. Osseous fusion was documented by computerized tomography in 73% in group 1 and 89% in group 2 after a mean of 18 months. The loss of height was 2.8 ± 4.0% in group 1 and 2.4 ± 5.2% in group 2.
Conclusion Regardless of whether a PEEK cage filled with spongious bone chips or spongious bone chips alone were used for lumbar interbody fusion, clinical parameters improved significantly after surgery. There were no significant differences in the rate of bony fusion and loss of height between the two groups. The results of this nonrandomized cohort study indicate that the implantation of autologous spongious bone chips harvested during the decompression procedure is a useful and cheap alternative to an intervertebral cage in patients with degenerative pseudospondylolisthesis.
Anatomy and Aging of the Perioral Region
Authors: Morera Serna Eduardo , Serna Benbassat Marta , Terré Falcón Ramón , Murillo Martín Javier 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPerioral region, although severely impacted by facial aging, is often overlooked in texts on facial rejuvenation. Sun exposure, bone resorption, dynamic contraction of the sphincteric and nonsphincteric oral musculature, gravitational pull, histological changes of the skin, and unhealthy habits all take their toll in this area. Fine wrinkling on the lips, deep nasolabial and mentolabial folds, elongation and flattening of the upper lip, downturned corners of the mouth, marionette lines, diminished vermillion and upper teeth show and chin irregularities are the main signs of this process, raising great concern amongst patients and making the perioral region the most demanded area for facial rejuvenation treatment. A huge armamentarium of surgical and nonsurgical techniques, with or without complex technology, are available to tailor patient's specific needs, from chemodenervation and mild chemical peels to operations designed to restore the size and shape of the lips. In this article we perform a comprehensive review of the contemporary treatment of the aging perioral area, detailing the most common techniques and their nuances.
Consideration of signal to noise ratio for an imaging bolometer for ITER
Authors: Peterson Byron J. , Reichle Roger , Pandya Santosh , O’Mullane Martin G. , Mukai Kiyofumi 
Published: April 2021

An infrared imaging video bolometer (IRVB) is proposed for ITER having a tangential view of the entire ITER cross section. For the initial estimate of the signal level, a 840 m3 plasma is assumed to uniformly radiate 67.3 MW. A more detailed estimate of the signal strength is provided by synthetic images based on radiation data from SOLPS and SANCO models for the edge and core plasma, respectively. The Pt foil used as the radiation absorber would have the dimensions of 7 × 9 cm2 and a thickness of 16 μm that will stop 95% of the radiated power. Two different InSb based IR cameras having a sensitivity of 15 mK are considered for measuring the temperature rise of the foil due to the radiation. The first has 1280 × 1024 pixel2 and a frame rate of 105 fps. The second has 640 × 512 pixel2 and a frame rate of 1000 fps. The resulting IRVBs have 40 × 30 pixel2, 10 ms time resolution, and a signal to noise ratio (SNR) of 17 and 20 × 15 pixel2, 3 ms time resolution, and a SNR of 35, respectively. The synthetic image data give SNRs of 30 and 59, respectively.
Ultrafast extreme ultraviolet photoemission electron microscope
Authors: Zheng Wei , Jiang Pengzuo , Zhang Linfeng , Wang Yang , Sun Quan , Liu Yunquan , Gong Qihuang , Wu Chengyin 
Published: April 2021

Here, we report our newly built table-top ultrafast extreme ultraviolet (EUV) photoemission electron microscope. The coherent ultrafast EUV light is served by a single order harmonic, which is generated by the interaction between the intense 800-nm femtosecond laser and noble gases in the hollow core fiber. The required order of the harmonic is selected out by a single grating in the off-plane mount and focused on the sample in the ultrahigh vacuum chamber of the photoemission electron microscope. Using metal gold and copper samples, the spatial resolution is calibrated to be better than 50 nm and the energy resolution is calibrated to be better than 300 meV. This microscope provides an advanced tool for studying electron dynamics covering the full Brillouin zone of solid materials with ultrahigh time, space, and energy resolution.
Three-micrometer-diameter needle electrode with an amplifier for extracellular in vivo recordings
Authors: Kita Yuto , Tsuruhara Shuhei , Kubo Hiroshi , Yamashita Koji , Seikoba Yu , Idogawa Shinnosuke , Sawahata Hirohito , Yamagiwa Shota , Leong Xian Long Angela , Numano Rika , Koida Kowa , Kawano Takeshi 
Published: April 2021

Significance
Electrophysiology using microelectrodes has been used for understanding brain circuits, thereby making significant contributions to neuroscience. These electrodes should be miniaturized to <10 µm to reduce tissue damage; however, the small geometry of the electrodes causes degradation of the electrical properties. We overcome these limitations by using an assembly technique in which a <3-µm-diameter needle electrode with a length of 400 µm is stacked on an amplifier module. The needle electrode shows high electrical impedance and low signal-to-noise ratio in recordings; however, stacking the amplifier on the electrode improves these properties, as demonstrated by a neuronal recording using mice. Additionally, the device allows wireless recording via a Bluetooth module and implantation for chronic experiments.
Widespread decline in winds delayed autumn foliar senescence over high latitudes
Authors: Wu Chaoyang , Wang Jian , Ciais Philippe , Peñuelas Josep , Zhang Xiaoyang , Sonnentag Oliver , Tian Feng , Wang Xiaoyue , Wang Huanjiong , Liu Ronggao , Fu Yongshuo H. , Ge Quansheng 
Published: April 2021

Significance
Decline in winds over past decades were observed over high northern latitudes (>50°), yet its influence on the date of autumn leaf senescence (DFS) remains unknown. Using ground observations, flux measurements, and remote sensing imagery, here we show that decline in winds significantly extended DFS over high latitudes at a magnitude comparable with the temperature and precipitation effects. We found that decline in winds reduces evapotranspiration, causes fewer damaging effects, and also results in decreased cooling effect. Our results therefore are of great significance for carbon cycle modeling because an improved algorithm based on these findings projected overall widespread earlier DFS by the end of this century, contributing potentially to a positive feedback to climate.
An ABCC-type transporter endowing glyphosate resistance in plants
Authors: Pan Lang , Yu Qin , Wang Junzhi , Han Heping , Mao Lingfeng , Nyporko Alex , Maguza Anna , Fan Longjiang , Bai Lianyang , Powles Stephen 
Published: April 2021

Significance
Glyphosate is the world’s dominantly used herbicide to control weedy plant species in a wide range of situations, especially in global field crops of soybean, maize, canola, and cotton with genetically engineered glyphosate resistance. Persistent glyphosate selection has led to worldwide evolution of glyphosate-resistant weeds. Several biochemical and physiological mechanisms have been identified that endow glyphosate resistance. To be toxic to plants, glyphosate must be present in the cytoplasm, and thus mechanisms reducing the cytoplasmic glyphosate to a sublethal level could confer resistance. Here, we provide evidence of a plant ABC transporter (ABCC8) that likely serves as a plasma membrane glyphosate exporter, lowering the cytoplasmic glyphosate level and thereby endowing glyphosate resistance.
Against trivializing language description (and comparison)
Authors: Himmelmann Nikolaus P. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper argues that recent proposals to sharply distinguish between language description and comparison are
ill-conceived for two reasons. First, comparison is unavoidable and hence an integral part of description. Second, the proposals
for a strict separation are based on an unrealistic and anachronistic conception of descriptive categories, assuming that these
can be defined in purely distributional terms. Here it is shown that description and comparison make use of, and struggle with,
the same kind of empirical evidence; namely, crosslinguistically identifiable properties of grammatical formatives and
constructions. If descriptive categories and crosslinguistic comparative concepts did not share such properties, language
comparison would be devoid of empirical content. Hence claims that they are ontologically different do not stand up to further
scrutiny. In short, said recent proposals portray language description and comparison in too-simplistic terms. They ignore, or at
least downplay, most of the complexities involved in both descriptive and comparative projects, many of which in fact result from
the inseparability of description and comparison.
Pigs and Pork in Denmark: Meaning Change, Ideology, and Traditional Foods
Authors: Karrebæk Martha Sif 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article engages with contemporary meaning and meaning changes within the porcine semantic field in Denmark. More specifically, I argue that pork is acquiring the meaning of Danishness. Analytically, I focus on the relation between language usage in different settings and on how situational usage relates to nationwide, mediatized discourses. The porcine field lends itself readily to such analyses, as pork has been the center of much political and politicized attention over the past decade, and much of the discursive engagement with pork implies or expresses an ideological and moral stance. Interactional data come from field studies in a school, a fine-dining restaurant, and a fast-food restaurant. Media data are sampled from three relatively recent debates on Danish values.