bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imprints of Gravitational Millilensing on the Light Curve of Gamma-Ray Bursts
Authors: Kalantari Zeinab , Ibrahim Alaa , Reza Rahimi Tabar Mohammad , Rahvar Sohrab 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this work, we search for signatures of gravitational millilensing in gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) in which the source−lens−observer geometry produces two images that manifest in the GRB light curve as superimposed peaks with identical temporal variability (or echoes), separated by the time delay between the two images. According to the sensitivity of our detection method, we consider millilensing events due to point-mass lenses in the range of 105 − 107
M
⊙ at lens redshift about half that of the GRB, with a time delay on the order of 10 s. Current GRB observatories are capable of resolving and constraining this lensing scenario if the above conditions are met. We investigated the Fermi/GBM GRB archive from the year 2008 to 2020 using the autocorrelation technique and found one millilensed GRB candidate out of 2137 GRBs searched, which we use to estimate the optical depth of millilensed GRBs by performing a Monte Carlo simulation to find the efficiency of our detection method. Considering a point-mass model for the gravitational lens, where the lens is a supermassive black hole, we show that the density parameter of black holes (ΩBH) with mass ≈ 106
M
⊙ is about 0.007 ± 0.004. Our result is one order of magnitude larger compared to previous work in the lower mass range of 102 − 103
M
⊙, which gave a density parameter ΩBH ≈ 5 × 10−4, and recent work in the mass range of 102 − 107
M
⊙, which reported ΩBH ≈ 4.6 × 10−4. The mass fraction of black holes in this mass range to the total mass of the universe would be f = ΩBH/Ω
M
≈ 0.027 ± 0.016.
Properties of the C ii 1334 Å Line in Coronal Hole and Quiet Sun as Observed by IRIS
Authors: Upendran Vishal , Tripathi Durgesh 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCoronal holes (CHs) have subdued intensity and net blueshifts when compared to the quiet Sun (QS) at coronal temperatures. At transition region temperatures, such differences are obtained for regions with identical absolute photospheric magnetic flux density (∣B∣). In this work, we use spectroscopic measurements of the Cii1334 Å line from the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph, formed at chromospheric temperatures, to investigate the intensity, Doppler shift, line width, skew, and excess kurtosis variations with ∣B∣. We find the intensity, Doppler shift, and linewidths to increase with ∣B∣ for CHs and QS. The CHs show deficit in intensity and excess total widths over QS for regions with identical ∣B∣. For pixels with only upflows, CHs show excess upflows over QS, while for pixels with only downflows, CHs show excess downflows over QS that cease to exist at ∣B∣ ≤ 40. Finally, the spectral profiles are found to be more skewed and flatter than a Gaussian, with no difference between CHs and QS. These results are important in understanding the heating of the atmosphere in CH and QS, including solar wind formation, and provide further constraints on the modeling of the solar atmosphere.
Understanding the Initiation of the M2.4 Flare on 2017 July 14
Authors: Jing Ju , Inoue Satoshi , Lee Jeongwoo , Li Qin , Nita Gelu M. , Xu Yan , Liu Chang , Gary Dale E. , Wang Haimin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We present both the observation and the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulation of the M2.4 flare (SOL2017-07-14T02:09) of NOAA active region (AR) 12665 with a goal to identify its initiation mechanism. The observation by the Atmospheric Image Assembly (AIA) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) shows that the major topology of the AR is a sigmoidal configuration associated with a filament/flux rope. A persistent emerging magnetic flux and the rotation of the sunspot in the core region were observed with Magnetic Imager (HMI) on board the SDO on the timescale of hours before and during the flare, which may provide free magnetic energy needed for the flare/coronal mass ejection (CME). A high-lying coronal loop is seen moving outward in AIA EUV passbands, which is immediately followed by the impulsive phase of the flare. We perform an MHD simulation using the potential magnetic field extrapolated from the measured pre-flare photospheric magnetic field as initial conditions and adopting the observed sunspot rotation and flux emergence as the driving boundary conditions. In our simulation, a sigmoidal magnetic structure and an overlying magnetic flux rope (MFR) form as a response to the imposed sunspot rotation, and the MFR rises to erupt like a CME. These simulation results in good agreement with the observation suggest that the formation of the MFR due to the sunspot rotation and the resulting torus and kink instabilities were essential to the initiation of this flare and the associated coronal mass ejection.
Evidence of X-Ray Plateaus Driven by the Magnetar Spindown Winds in Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows
Authors: Hou Shu-Jin , Du Shuang , Liu Tong , Mu Hui-Jun , Xu Ren-Xin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The central engine of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) remains an open and cutting-edge topic in the era of multimessenger astrophysics. X-ray plateaus appear in some GRB afterglows, which are widely considered to originate from the spindown of magnetars. According to the stable magnetar scenario of GRBs, an X-ray plateau and a decay phase ∼t
−2 should appear in X-ray afterglows. Meanwhile, the “normal” X-ray afterglow is produced by the external shock from a GRB fireball. We analyze the Neil Gehrels Swift GRB data, then find three gold samples that have an X-ray plateau and a decay phase ∼t
−2 superimposed on the jet-driven normal component. Based on these features of the lightcurves, we argue that the magnetars should be the central engines of these three GRBs. Future joint multimessenger observations might further test this possibility, which can then be beneficial to constrain GRB physics.
Protective Potential of Ginseng and/or Coenzyme Q10 on Doxorubicin-induced Testicular and Hepatic Toxicity in Rats
Authors: Khodir Suzan , Alafify Aliaa , Omar Essam , Al-Gholam Marwa 
Published: November 2021

Introduction: Although doxorubicin (DOX) is a successful cancer chemotherapeutic, side effects limit the clinical utility of DOX-based therapy, including male infertility and hepatotoxicity.
Objective: To evaluate the testicular and hepatoprotective effect of ginseng and/or coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in rats exposed to DOX and the possible underlying mechanisms.
Materials and Methods: Fifty adult male albino rats were divided into (10/group), control, DOX group, DOX/Gin group, DOX/CoQ10 group and DOX/Gin+CoQ10 group. Serum testosterone, serum liver enzymes, fasting serum cholesterol and triglyceride (TG), tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), tissue superoxide dismutase (SOD), serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), serum interleukin 6, serum interleukin 10, nuclear factor E2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) gene expression in liver and testis and organ indices were measured. Histopathological and immunohistochemical assessments of apoptotic marker kaspase3 in testis and liver were also performed.
Results DOX-induced toxicity is associated with a significant decrease in serum testosterone, testis and liver index values, testicular and hepatic SOD, testicular and hepatic Nrf2 gene expression and serum interleukin 10. However, there was a significant increase in serum liver enzymes, serum cholesterol and TG, testicular and hepatic MDA, serum TNF-α and serum interleukin 6 when compared with the control group. The combination of ginseng and CoQ10 resulted in significant improvement of DOX-induced changes when compared with other treated groups.
Conclusion: Ginseng and CoQ10 have valuable therapeutic effects on DOX-induced testicular and hepatic toxicity via up-regulation of Nrf2 gene expression, inhibition of apoptosis, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypolipidemic effects.
Nanoparticle-Induced Airway Eosinophilia Is Independent of ILC2 Signaling but Associated With Sex Differences in Macrophage Phenotype Development
Authors: Ray Jessica L , Shaw Pam K , Postma Britten , Beamer Celine A , Holian Andrij 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The majority of lung diseases occur with a sex bias in terms of prevalence and/or severity. Previous studies demonstrated that, compared with males, female mice develop greater eosinophilic inflammation in the airways after multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) exposure. However, the mechanism by which this sex bias occurs is unknown. Two immune cells that could account for the sex bias are type II innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and alveolar macrophages (AMs). In order to determine which immune cell type was responsible for MWCNT-induced airway eosinophil recruitment and subsequent sex differences in inflammation and disease, male and female C57BL/6 mice were exposed to MWCNTs (2 mg/kg) via oropharyngeal aspiration, and the respiratory immune response was assessed 7 d later. Greater eosinophilia and eotaxin 2 levels were observed in MWCNT-treated females and corresponded with greater changes in airway hyperresponsiveness than those in MWCNT-treated males. In MWCNT-treated females, there was a significant increase in the frequency of ILC2s within the lungs compared with control animals. However, depletion of ILC2s via α-CD90.2 administration did not decrease eosinophil recruitment 24 h and 7 d after MWCNT exposure. AMs isolated from control and MWCNT-treated animals demonstrated that M2a macrophage phenotype gene expression, ex vivo cytokine production, and activation of (p)STAT6 were upregulated to a significantly greater degree in MWCNT-treated females than in males. Our findings suggest that sex differences in AM phenotype development, not ILC2 signaling, are responsible for the observed female bias in eosinophilic inflammation after MWCNT inhalation.
Misery of Living with Parthenium Dermatitis
Authors: Agarwal Shail , Saini Shivani , Kumar Ramesh , Vijay Atul 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Parthenium dermatitis is caused by friable plant extracts of Parthenium hysterophorus and related species. Approximately 40% of cases of plant dermatitis in India are contributed by this single species.

Materials and Methods:
This was a cross-sectional, observational study conducted in the Department of Dermatology of Jhalawar Medical College. Ninety-nine consecutive patch test positive parthenium dermatitis human subjects of age more than 16 and either sex were included. The study period was 11 months between September 2019 and August 2020. Sociodemographic, clinical profile parthenium dermatitis severity score (PDSS) and Dermatology life quality index (DLQI) were obtained from each patient. Correlation between PDSS and DLQI was obtained using Pearson's two-tailed coefficients.

Results:
Our study included 62 men and 37 women (1.67:1). The mean age was 51 ± 10.27 years. Mean duration of disease was 8.47 ± 4.45 years, and mean PDSS was 57.25 ± 17.65, mean DLQI was 17.14 ± 5.56. ABCD with CAD was the most common clinical subtype (45.45%). A significant positive correlation was observed between PDSS and DLQI.

Conclusion:
In this study, a significant impairment in quality of life (QoL) was observed in patients with higher score of PDSS and increasing duration, emphasizing that the disease needs specialized care including multiple indoor admission at the time of flare-up of disease.
A Clinicoepidemiological Study of Psychiatric Co-Morbidity in Hansen's Disease
Authors: Rani Ritu , Tegta Gita R. , Verma Ghanshyam K. , Sharma Dinesh D. , Gupta Mudita , Negi Ajeet 
Published: November 2021

Introduction:
Leprosy is a chronic disease caused by mycobacterium leprae. Chronicity of the disease leads to various psychiatric co-morbidities, which are often undiagnosed and untreated. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the frequency and nature of psychiatric co-morbidity in patients of Hansen's disease.

Materials and Methods:
Seventy confirmed cases of Hansen's disease between the ages of 18 and 60 years attending the department of dermatology of Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Shimla were evaluated for various manifestations of Hansen's disease and screened for psychiatric co-morbidity using GHQ-12 and diagnosed using ICD-10 checklist. Severity of depression and anxiety was assessed with HAM-D and HAM-A scales, respectively.

Results:
The prevalence of psychiatric co-morbidity was found in 27.14% of enrolled patients. Depression was most prevalent in (20%) mental disorder; followed by anxiety disorder (7.14%). Moderate depressive episode was the commonest seen in 11.42% patients whereas 5.71% patients had mild depression. Generalized anxiety disorder was seen in 1.42% whereas 5.71% patients had mixed anxiety disorder. Patients with higher education status, positive family history of leprosy, lepromatous leprosy, and hand deformities were significantly associated with higher psychiatric co-morbidity.

Conclusion:
Patients suffering from Hansen's disease have significantly high prevalence of psychiatric co-morbidity complicating the Hansen's disease. High index of suspicion is required to diagnose and treat it.
Study of Latex Glove Associated Dermatoses Among Nurses in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Tomy Chitra , Joseph Bobby , Madhukara J. 
Published: November 2021

Introduction:
Natural rubber latex (NRL) is processed from Hevea brasiliensis trees. Allergic reactions to certain proteins in the latex manifest as immediate hypersensitivity reactions and allergic reactions to chemicals added to latex during processing manifest as allergic contact dermatitis. Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at increased risk of developing latex allergies. As little data is available from India, this study was directed toward identifying the prevalence of latex glove-related dermatoses among nurses and the factors leading to it.

Methodology:
This cross-sectional study was undertaken among nurses in a private tertiary care hospital.

Results:
A total of 700 nurses were included in the study. Symptoms of latex allergy were present in 74 (10.6%) of study subjects, out of which 69 (9.9%) had features of contact dermatitis. Patch test was done in 50 subjects and was positive in 12 (24%); among them, patch test antigens were positive in 9 (18%) and a positive result to glove piece was seen in 3 subjects.

Conclusions:
Latex allergy in India is a significant problem; though lesser compared to western countries, its prevalence necessitates the development of pre-employment protocols to avoid workplace morbidity.
Efficacy of Autologous Smashed Follicular Dermal Graft and Epidermal Cell Suspension in the Treatment of Chronic Nonhealing Trophic Ulcers in Hansen's Patients
Authors: Dheemant M. , Yadalla Harikishan Kumar , Raju Belliappa Pemmanda 
Published: November 2021

Context:
Plantar ulcers occur in patients with leprosy not because of the disease but because of its neuropathic effects on the skin on the feet. Neuropathy increases the risk of trauma to patients' feet, leading to the development of ulcers. With the introduction of new therapeutic regimens, leprosy can now be cured. However, complications of the disease, such as sensory loss, muscle palsy, absorption of extremities, and recurrent ulcers, still lead to substantial morbidity. This short article reviews the current management of leprosy plantar ulceration in such (nonhealing chronic ulcers) patients.

Aims:
To evaluate the efficacy of autologous smashed follicular dermal graft and epidermal cell suspension in the treatment of chronic nonhealing trophic ulcers in Hansen's patients.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 23 chronic nonhealing trophic ulcers were treated with autologous smashed follicular dermal graft and epidermal cell suspension. Ulcers were assessed based on the rate of ulcer size reduction every week till 12 weeks and then once a month till the sixth month.

Statistical Analysis:
Analysis was done using SPSS 26 software. Independent t-test was used and a P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:
Amongst the Hansen's patients who were released from treatment, all 23 (100%) ulcers had healed within the study period of six months, and all 23 (100%) ulcers had healed within 8 weeks.

Conclusion:
With this modified technique of combining autologous smashed follicular dermal graft with epidermal cell suspension, trophic ulcers heal faster with good results of reepithelialization of the ulcer bed.
Oral Isotretinoin Combined with Oral Terbinafine Versus Oral Terbinafine Alone to Treat Recurrent Dermatophytosis
Authors: Verma Kaushal K. , Senthilnathan Gridharan , Bhatia Saurabh , Xess Immaculata , Gupta Vishal , Dwivedi Sada Nand , Sahni Kanika 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Recurrent dermatophytosis is becoming arduous to treat. Recently, oral itraconazole with oral isotretinoin was successful in a patient suffering from recurrent dermatophytosis.

Objectives:
To evaluate if oral isotretinoin confers any added benefit over oral terbinafine in the treatment of recurrent dermatophytosis.

Materials and Methods:
This was an open-label randomized clinical trial including 100 adult patients with recurrent tinea cruris and/or tinea corporis randomized into two groups; Group A (oral isotretinoin 0.5 mg/kg/day and oral terbinafine 250 mg twice daily) and Group B (oral terbinafine 250 mg twice daily) for 4 weeks, and followed up for 3 months. Fungal culture and antifungal susceptibility testing against terbinafine, fluconazole, amphotericin B, itraconazole, and griseofulvin were performed.

Results:
Out of the 100 patients, 91 patients (44 in Group A and 47 in Group B) completed the trial. Complete cure was seen in 19/44 (43.18%) patients in Group A and 20/47 (42.55%) patients in Group B (P = 0.951). Recurrence occurred in 12/19 (63.1%) patients in Group A and 13/20 (65%) patients in Group B (P = 0.904). Cheilitis and dryness of lips were the most common adverse effects seen in 32/44 (72.73%) patients in Group A. A total of 50 cultures were grown. The commonest species isolated was Trichophyton interdigitale in 36 (72%) patients, having a mean minimum inhibitory concentration of 3.13 μg/mL for terbinafine. However, for itraconazole, it was 0.13 μg/mL, and varied minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were seen for fluconazole, griseofulvin, and amphotericin B.

Conclusion:
The addition of isotretinoin to terbinafine has no added benefit in treating patients with recurrent dermatophytosis.
Women in Dermatology Leadership
Authors: Bansal Anuva , Sarkar Rashmi 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Significant progress has been made in the representation of women at various fronts in dermatology. Nonetheless, women fall far behind their male counterparts when it comes to leadership roles as indicated by recent research data.

Materials and Methods:
This was a cross-sectional study amongst 180 dermatologists. Anonymous surveys were sent to 300 dermatologists across India, in March 2021, consisting of 14 questions, discussed and made by the two authors, the senior author having held leadership positions in dermatology.

Results:
Amongst the 180 respondents, 79% were female, and 21% were male. Significant attrition of women dermatologists in academic institutions, with increasing experience in the field was observed. A higher percentage of men had been in a leadership position as compared to women. (P > .05). The majority of the female respondents agreed that women had to struggle more than men to be accepted as leaders. (P < 0.05) Most women reduced their working hours to cater to household responsibilities, and almost 70% of the women agreed to having experienced burnout as a result of low job satisfaction or an absence of work-life balance (P < 0.05). More women agreed to having faced discrimination at the workplace (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
Gender-based gaps in dermatology leadership still exist with regard to the number of women occupying higher academic ranks. Possible solutions include gender sensitization, creating a room for equivalent leadership opportunities, mentorship and family support, which may help tip the balance in favor of gender parity in dermatology.
A Cross-Sectional Study of Nailfold Capillary Changes in Psoriasis
Authors: Santhosh Parvathy , Riyaz Najeeba , Bagde Pranaya , Binitha Manikoth P. , Sasidharanpillai Sarita 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Microcirculation in the skin of psoriasis patients significantly differs from unaffected individuals. Vascular changes precede skin lesions and occur even in nonlesional skin.

Aims:
The primary aim of this work was to study the nailfold capillary changes in psoriasis patients, and to compare it with that of controls. The secondary aim of this work was to compare the nailfold capillary changes in psoriasis patients with and without nail changes.

Methods:
A comparative cross-sectional study of 40 psoriasis patients and 40 age and sex-matched controls analyzed the capillaries of the proximal nailfold of all fingers using a dermoscope. The mean capillary loop density/mm, tortuous capillaries, capillary hemorrhages, and avascular areas were assessed.

Results:
The mean nailfold capillary loop density in psoriasis (6.98 ± 0.54 per mm) was significantly less than that in controls (8.01 ± 0.61 per mm) (P < 0.001). Avascular areas in the nailfold of psoriasis patients (55%) were significantly more than the same in controls (22.5%) (P = 0.003). Of 40 psoriasis patients, 26 had nail psoriasis. Of this, 19 (73%) had avascular areas (P = 0.002). No significant association of nailfold capillary density or avascular areas with disease duration or severity was noted. An increase in tortuous capillaries and nailfold hemorrhages noted in psoriasis was not significant.

Limitations:
Small sample size, not having participants with psoriatic arthropathy, and lack of information on capillary diameter and capillary changes in hyponychium were the limitations.

Conclusion:
The reduced mean capillary loop density, and higher frequency of avascular areas noted in cases compared to controls, points to a pathogenic role for microvascular damage in psoriasis. Whether the lack of association of these changes with disease duration and severity suggests the possibility of these being early disease markers for psoriasis, needs further analysis in larger prospective studies.