bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accommodating platform work as a new form of work in Dutch social security law: New work, same rules?
Authors: Montebovi Saskia 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn the Netherlands, the social security rights of platform workers have still not been formally defined. At present, the level of social security protection accorded to all workers is derived directly from the labour law qualification. In the continuing absence in the Netherlands of specific legislation for platform workers, specifically as regards labour law and social security law, the existing legislation is steering. This means that the platform worker is either included using the status of employee with the corresponding extensive protection package, or the status of self‐employed with limited social protection. For the majority of platform workers, this second option is applied to date. Nevertheless, recent developments point to possible improvements in the social security position of platform workers in the Netherlands.
Metabolic network is related to surgical outcome in temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis: A brain FDG‐PET study
Authors: Cho Kyoo Ho , Park Kang Min , Lee Ho‐Joon , Cho Hojin , Lee Dong Ah , Heo Kyoung , Kim Sung Eun 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTBackground and PurposeThe aim of this study was to investigate differences in metabolic networks based on preoperative fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)‐positron emission tomography (PET) in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) between patients with complete seizure‐free (SF) and those with noncomplete seizure‐free (non‐SF) after anterior temporal lobectomy.MethodsThis study was retrospectively performed at a tertiary hospital. We recruited pathologically confirmed 75 TLE patients with HS who underwent preoperative FDG‐PET. All patients underwent a standard anterior temporal lobectomy. The surgical outcome was evaluated at least 12 months after surgery, and we divided the subjects into patients with SF (International League Against Epilepsy [ILAE] class I) and those with non‐SF (ILAE class II‐VI). We evaluated the metabolic network using graph theoretical analysis based on FDG‐PET. We investigated the differences in network measures between the two groups.ResultsOf the 75 TLE patients with HS, 32 patients (42.6%) had SF, whereas 43 patients (57.3%) had non‐SF. There were significant differences in global metabolic networks according to surgical outcomes. The patients with SF had a lower assortative coefficient than those with non‐SF (–0.020 vs. –0.009, p = .044). We also found widespread regional differences in local metabolic networks according to surgical outcomes.ConclusionOur study demonstrates significant differences in preoperative metabolic networks based on FDG‐PET in TLE patients with HS according to surgical outcomes. This work introduces a metabolic network based on FDG‐PET and can be used as a potential tool for predicting surgical outcome in TLE patients with HS.
Comparison of biochemical response during antiviral treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection
Authors: Kim Si Ho , Cho Eun Ju , Jang Boo‐ok , Lee Kyunghan , Choi Jae Kyun , Choi Gwang Hyeon , Lee Jeong‐Hoon , Yu Su Jong , Kim Yoon Jun , Lee Yun Bin , Yoon Jeong‐Hwan , Kim Jin‐Wook , Jeong Sook‐Hyang , Jang Eun Sun 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackground & AimsThis multicenter cohort study aimed to compare the real‐world biochemical response rates during tenofovir alafenamide (TAF), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), and entecavir (ETV) treatment in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection patients.MethodsOverall, 1282 treatment‐naïve patients with CHB who commenced TAF (n = 270), TDF (n = 617), or ETV (n = 395) were analysed for biochemical response rates during the antiviral treatment using a time‐dependent Cox proportional hazard model after the inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW).ResultsPatients treated with ETV were older (55.1 ± 11.5 years) than TAF or TDF (P < .0001). ETV was more frequently prescribed to patients with diabetes mellitus (DM, P = .003), hypertension (P < .0001), chronic kidney disease (P < .0001), and negative e‐antigen (P < .0001). Cumulative biochemical response rate was independently lower in patients with radiologic fatty liver (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.61‐0.94) and obese patients without DM (HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.68‐0.98) according to multivariable Cox analyses based on time‐dependent variables after IPTW for age, sex, liver cirrhosis, baseline e‐antigen, ALT, and HBV DNA levels. ETV treated patients (HR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.13‐1.68) showed higher biochemical response rates compared with TAF‐ or TDF‐treated patients after adjusting for similar parameters.ConclusionsIn real‐world practice, ETV was preferable for older, hepatitis B e‐antigen negative patients with underlying comorbidities. Biochemical responses in patients treated with ETV, TAF, and TDF were significantly affected by metabolic factors such as fatty liver, obesity, and DM. However, the mechanism behind the higher biochemical response rate in patients treated with ETV should be investigated further.
Infrared Experimental Investigations of the Effects of Direct Water Injection in an Optical Engine
Authors: Farhat Amer , Kim Taewon , Lai Ming-Chia , Jansons Marcis , Yu Xin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The effects of water injection (WI) on combustion characteristics were investigated in an optically accessible light-duty engine retrofitted with a side-mounted water injector. The main objective was to study the effect of water injection on autoignition and subsequent combustion process in compression ignition (CI) engines. Numerical zero-dimensional simulations were first performed to separate the thermal from the kinetic effects of water on the ignition delay and maximum temperature reached by a reacting mixture. Then, experimental investigations were performed at different intake temperatures and levels of thermal stratification achieved via direct water injection. Combustion analysis was performed on cylinder pressure data to study the effect of water injection on the overall combustion process. Infrared (IR) imaging was performed to provide insight to how water injection and the resulting water distributions affect thermal stratification, autoignition, and combustion characteristics. A new method in quantifying the water distributions is suggested. The results show that the overall level of stratification is sensitive to water injection timing and pressure, where increased water injection pressures and advanced injection timings result in more homogenous distributions. Moreover, water injection was found to affect the location of ignition kernels and the local presence of water suppressed ignition. The level of water stratification was also observed to affect the combustion process, where more homogenous distributions lost their ability to influence ignition locations. Finally, the infrared images showed high levels of residual water left over from prior water-injected cycles, suggesting that hardware configurations and injection strategies must be optimized to avoid wall wetting for stable engine operation.
Effects of Active Preconditioning With Local and Systemic Hypoxia on Submaximal Cycling
Authors: Girard Olivier , Leuenberger Romain , Willis Sarah J. , Borrani Fabio , Millet Grégoire P. 
Published: October 2021

Purpose: The authors compared the effects of active preconditioning with local and systemic hypoxia during submaximal cycling. Methods: On separate visits, 14 active participants completed 4 trials. Each visit was composed of 1 preconditioning phase followed, after 40 minutes of rest, by 3 × 6-minute cycling bouts (intensity = 85% of critical power; rest = 6 min). The preconditioning phase consisted of 4 × 5-minute cycling bouts at 1.5 W·kg−1 (rest = 5 min) in 4 conditions: control (no occlusion and normoxia), blood flow restriction (60% of total occlusion), HYP (systemic hypoxia; inspired fraction of oxygen = 13.6%), and blood flow restriction + HYP (local and systemic hypoxia combined). Results: During the preconditioning phase, there were main effects of both systemic (all P < .014) and local hypoxia (all P ≤ .001) on heart rate, arterial oxygen saturation, leg discomfort, difficulty of breathing, and blood lactate concentration. Cardiorespiratory variables, gross efficiency, energy cost, and energy expenditure during the last minute of 6-minute cycling bouts did not differ between conditions (all P > .105). Conclusion: Local and systemic hypoxic stimuli, or a combination of both, during active preconditioning did not improve physiological responses such as cycling efficiency during subsequent submaximal cycling.
Diet and Body Fat
Authors: Mendel Lafayette B. , Anderson William E. 
Published: October 2021

Rats first fed soybean oil and peanut oil diets, then subjected to the process of fat depletion through selective starvation, involving 23 to 27 per cent. loss in body weight, before being fed a "hardening" diet, yielded "harder" fats-fats of lower iodine number values-than the fats of rats which were not starved before being fed the carbohydrate-rich diet. In other words, through the process of starvation, the "soft" oily fat produced on diets containing soybean or peanut oils is very largely removed, thereby permitting the deposit of a "hard" fat. To obtain a fat of equal "hardness" from rats which were not subjected to the starvation treatment would have required a much longer period of feeding of the diet rich in starch than was found necessary with rats after first being starved.
The growth of recovery made by the rats of the starved lots was made on a low food intake. With the starved rats first fed peanut oil, the food intake of the carbohydrate-rich diet was less than with the non-starved group.
Experience Of the Coronary Care Unit at the Royal Naval Hospital, Haslar. October 1971 – December 1972
Authors: Ramsay L. E. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe coronary care unit at RNH Haslar is described, the management of patients outlined, and the results of treatment of 98 consecutive cases of acute myocardial infarction over a fifteen month period reported. As regards characteristics of the patients, extent and site of myocardial infarction, incidence of complications, mortality and causes of death, the results are generally comparable to those of large published series. The incidence of venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism and supraventricular arrhythmias was perhaps higher than reported experience, and consequently some changes in management are suggested.There is little hope in the foreseeable future of a substantial reduction in mortality from myocardial failure, complete heart block, or by preventing late sudden deaths. Effective treatment of ventricular fibrillation, and possibly its prevention, remain the cornerstones of coronary care, and undoubtedly reduce the hospital mortality of acute myocardial infarction. It is essential that a member of staff competent to defibrillate immediately is present in the unit at all times.It is concluded that a purpose-built coronary care unit, sophisticated monitoring or alarm systems, and highly trained staff are not essential to provide effective coronary care.
Respiratory Heat Loss and other Thermal Problems of Deep Diving
Authors: Hanson R. de G. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn deep diving, heat loss from the body is very great and the respiratory component increases enormously due to the physical properties of the oxy-helium breathing mixtures. Keeping the diver warm is not only a problem when he is in the water, but also when he is in the diving bell and, to a lesser extent, in the living quarters. These problems are discussed and it is shown that failure of the heating system could rapidly produce serious effects.
The Use and Abuse of Topical Corticosteroids
Authors: Catterall M. D. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA rationalised approach to topical corticosteroid therapy is presented. Factors which influence the choice of preparation are considered, based upon the concept of ’rank order ’, for both halogenated and non-halogenated steroids. Practical considerations, including choice of base, polythene occlusion and tachyphylaxis are discussed and local and systemic side effects considered in detail.
Blood Loss during Abdominal Hysterectomy
Authors: Lambert B. E. , Logan D. A. , Sharkey A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe blood loss was calculated during 85 abdominal hysterectomies. It increased with the patient’s age and weight and the duration of surgery. The loss was least in those patients operated on in the second week after a menstrual period. Only 12 per cent of patients required a blood transfusion during operation.
Impact of the gut microecology on Campylobacter presence revealed by comparisons of the gut microbiota from chickens raised on litter or in individual cages
Authors: Yan Wei , Zhou Qianqian , Yuan Zhongyang , Fu Liang , Wen Chaoliang , Yang Ning , Sun Congjiao 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Poultry is the major reservoir of Campylobacter that contributes to human campylobacteriosis and threatens food safety. Litter contact has been linked to Campylobacter colonization, but the gut microecological impact underlying this link remains not fully clear. Here, we sought to investigate the impact of the gut microecology on the presence of Campylobacter by examining the microbiota in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ceca, and feces from chickens raised on commercial litter and in individual cages at 0–57 days of age.

Results
Through litter contact, the presence of Campylobacter was found to benefit from microecological competition among Lactobacillus, Helicobacter, and genera that are halotolerant and aerobic or facultatively anaerobic in the upper intestine, such as Corynebacterium and Brachybacterium. The presence was also promoted by the increased abundance in obligate anaerobic fermentation microbes, especially members of the orders Clostridiales and Bacteroidales. The longitudinal analysis supported the vertical or pseudo-vertical transmission but suggested that colonization might occur immensely at 7–28 days of age. We observed a host genetic effect on the gut microecology, which might lead to increased heterogeneity of the microecological impact on Campylobacter colonization.

Conclusions
The findings advance the understanding of the gut microecological impact on Campylobacter presence in the chicken gut under conditions of litter contact and suggest that manipulations of the gut microecology, as well as the microbes identified in the Campylobacter association networks, might be important for the development of intervention strategies.
The association between social support and antenatal depressive and anxiety symptoms among Australian women
Authors: Bedaso Asres , Adams Jon , Peng Wenbo , Sibbritt David 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Antenatal depression and antenatal anxiety adversely affect several obstetric and foetal outcomes, and increase the rate of postnatal mental illness. Thus, to tackle these challenges the need for social support during pregnancy is vital. However, an extensive literature search failed to show a published study on the relationship between domains of social support and antenatal depressive, as well as antenatal anxiety symptoms in Australia. This study examined the association between domains of social support and antenatal depressive and anxiety symptoms among Australian women.

Methods
The current study used data obtained from the 1973–78 cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health (ALSWH), focusing upon women who reported being pregnant (n = 493). Depression and anxiety were assessed using the 10 item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D-10) scale, and the 9-item Goldberg Anxiety and Depression scale (GADS) respectively. The 19 item-Medical Outcomes Study Social Support index (MOSS) was used to assess social support. A logistic regression model was used to examine the associations between domains of social support and antenatal depressive and anxiety symptoms after adjusting for potential confounders.

Result
The current study found 24.7 and 20.9% of pregnant women screened positive for depressive and anxiety symptoms respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, our study found that the odds of antenatal depressive symptoms was about four and threefold higher among pregnant women who reported low emotional/informational support (AOR = 4.75; 95% CI: 1.45, 15.66; p = 0.010) and low social support (overall support) (AOR = 3.26; 95%CI: 1.05, 10.10, p = 0.040) respectively compared with their counterpart. In addition, the odds of antenatal anxiety symptoms was seven times higher among pregnant women who reported low affectionate support/positive social interaction (AOR = 7.43; 95%CI: 1.75, 31.55; p = 0.006).

Conclusion
A considerable proportion of pregnant Australian women had depressive symptoms and/or anxiety symptoms, which poses serious health concerns. Low emotional/informational support and low affectionate support/positive social interaction have a significant association with antenatal depressive and anxiety symptoms respectively. As such, targeted screening of expectant women for social support is essential.
Adverse childhood experiences and substance misuse in young people in India: results from the multisite cVEDA cohort
Authors: Fernandes G. S. , Spiers A. , Vaidya N. , Zhang Y. , Sharma E. , Holla B. , Heron J. , Hickman M. , Murthy P. , Chakrabarti A. , Basu D. , Subodh B. N. , Singh L. , Singh R. , Kalyanram K. , Kartik K. , Kumaran K. , Krishnaveni G. , Kuriyan R. , Kurpad S. , Barker G. J. , Bharath R. D. , Desrivieres S. , Purushottam M. , Orfanos D. P. , Toledano M. B. , Schumann G. , Benegal V. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) increases vulnerability to externalising disorders such as substance misuse. The study aims to determine the prevalence of ACEs and its association with substance misuse.

Methods
Data from the Consortium on Vulnerability to Externalising Disorders and Addictions (cVEDA) in India was used (n = 9010). ACEs were evaluated using the World Health Organisation (WHO) Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire whilst substance misuse was assessed using the WHO Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test. A random-effects, two-stage individual patient data meta-analysis explained the associations between ACEs and substance misuse with adjustments for confounders such as sex and family structure.

Results
1 in 2 participants reported child maltreatment ACEs and family level ACEs. Except for sexual abuse, males report more of every individual childhood adversity and are more likely to report misusing substances compared with females (87.3% vs. 12.7%). In adolescents, family level ACEs (adj OR 4.2, 95% CI 1.5–11.7) and collective level ACEs (adj OR 6.6, 95% CI 1.4–31.1) show associations with substance misuse whilst in young adults, child level ACEs such as maltreatment show similar strong associations (adj OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.1–3.5).

Conclusion
ACEs such as abuse and domestic violence are strongly associated with substance misuse, most commonly tobacco, in adolescent and young adult males in India. The results suggest enhancing current ACE resilience programmes and ‘trauma-informed’ approaches to tackling longer-term impact of ACEs in India.

Funding
Newton Bhabha Grant jointly funded by the Medical Research Council, UK (MR/N000390/1) and the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR/MRC-UK/3/M/2015-NCD-I).
Hydrogeogenic fluoride in groundwater and dental fluorosis in Thai agrarian communities: a prevalence survey and case–control study
Authors: Rojanaworarit Chanapong , Claudio Luz , Howteerakul Nopporn , Siramahamongkol Auamduan , Ngernthong Pattraravith , Kongtip Pornpimol , Woskie Susan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Dental fluorosis can be a disease of social inequity in access to safe drinking water. This dental public health issue becomes prominent in socially disadvantaged agrarian communities in fluoride endemic areas where the standard irrigation system is unavailable and groundwater containing natural fluoride is the major drinking water source. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in children and to evaluate its association with fluoride in groundwater in the aforementioned setting in Thailand.

Methods
A cross-sectional survey of 289 children in Nakhon Pathom Province was conducted in 2015. Children with very mild to severe fluorosis were regarded as ‘cases’ while their counterparts were ‘controls’ for a subsequent case–control study. Records of fluoride concentrations in groundwater used for household supply corresponding to resident and number of years by age of each child during 2008–2015 were retrieved. Other exposure variables were measured using a questionnaire. Prevalence ratio (PR), a measure indicating the relative effect of different levels of fluoride on dental fluorosis, was obtained from Poisson regression with robust standard error.

Result
There were 157 children with very mild to moderate dental fluorosis (54.3% prevalence). The univariable analysis revealed that the prevalence of dental fluorosis among children with fluoride concentrations in water sources of 0.7–1.49 (index category 1) and ≥ 1.5 ppm (index category 2) was 1.62 (95% CI; 0.78, 3.34) and 2.75 (95% CI; 1.42, 5.31) times the prevalence among those with fluoride < 0.7 ppm (referent category). After adjusting for all covariates, the adjusted prevalence ratios in both index categories were 1.64 (95% CI; 0.24, 11.24) and 2.85 (95% CI; 0.44, 18.52) which were close to their corresponding crude estimates. Since the magnitude of confounding, measured by (PRcrude–PRadjusted)/PRadjusted, were less than 10% for both index categories; this indicated the limited confounding effect of all covariates.

Conclusions
In fluoride endemic areas, groundwater containing natural fluoride utilized for household consumption resulted in high dental fluorosis prevalence, particularly in the groundwater with fluoride concentrations of ≥ 1.5 ppm.