bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and risk factors for vitamin D deficiency in long‐term childhood cancer survivors
Authors: Bhandari Rusha , Teh Jennifer Berano , Herrera Claudia , Echevarria Meagan , Lindenfeld Lanie , Wong F. Lennie , Wilson Karla , Armenian Saro H. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundChildhood cancer survivors (CCS) have increased risk of developing chronic health conditions, including musculoskeletal disorders. Little is known regarding vitamin D deficiency (VDD, <20 ng/ml) and its association with bone mineral density (BMD) in long‐term CCS. We evaluated the prevalence and risk factors for VDD in a large, diverse population of long‐term CCS, and examined the association between VDD and BMD in patients who underwent guideline‐recommended dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) screening.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study included 446 consecutive CCS seen from March 2018 to September 2020. Univariate analyses examined associations between CCS demographics, socioeconomic status, and treatment exposures and VDD. Multivariable logistic regressions identified factors associated with odds of VDD and reduced BMD.ResultsMedian age at evaluation was 27.5 years (range 7–67 years); median time from completing therapy was 14.2 years (range 2–65 years). Fifty percent were female, and 45% were Hispanic. Twenty‐four percent had VDD. In multivariable analysis, overweight and obese BMI were associated with VDD (overweight: OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.03–3.07, p = 0.04; obese: OR 2.40, 95% CI 1.39–4.13, p < 0.01; reference: normal/underweight), as was Hispanic or black race/ethnicity (OR 2.40, 95% CI 1.41–4.09, p < 0.01; reference: non‐Hispanic white). In the 118 CCS with DXA results, VDD was independently associated with reduced BMD (OR 3.58, 95%CI 1.33–9.59, p = 0.01).ConclusionsCCS have a high prevalence of VDD. High BMI and Hispanic or black race/ethnicity were associated with VDD. Survivors with VDD had a greater than threefold risk of reduced BMD. Risk‐based screening may facilitate timely interventions to mitigate VDD and improve BMD in CCS.
Prescribed drugs in 27 000 individuals after diagnosis of colorectal cancer: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Engeland Anders , Ghaderi Sara , dos‐Santos‐Silva Isabel , Furu Kari , Hjellvik Vidar , Kvåle Rune , Bjørge Tone 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe prevalence of prescribed drugs in survivors of colorectal cancer (CRC) was evaluated.MethodsData from the Cancer Registry of Norway were linked to the Norwegian Prescription Database for a study population of 3.52 million individuals. Prevalence ratios (PRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of prescribed drugs in CRC‐survivors compared to the cancer‐free population, were estimated by log‐binomial regression, adjusting for age and education.ResultsAlmost 27 000 individuals, aged 20 to 84, were diagnosed with CRC during 2005 to 2014. The first year after diagnosis, the prevalence of prescribed drugs was higher in CRC‐survivors compared with the cancer‐free population, especially drugs for anxiety and tension, and steroid‐responsive conditions. PRs for several drugs, especially drugs used for mental and behavioural disorders, decreased with time since diagnosis. The prevalence of drugs used for anxiety and tension was elevated 10 years after diagnosis; PRs the first year after diagnosis were 20 (95% CI: 18‐22) in males and 17 (16‐18) in females. Ten years after diagnosis PRs were 5.0 (3.1‐7.9) and 2.0 (1.0‐3.8), respectively. In absolute numbers, the largest increase, compared to the cancer‐free population, was in drugs used for gastric acid disorders and pain. The prevalence of neuromodulatory drugs was higher in CRC‐survivors.ConclusionsThe prevalence of several drugs was higher in CRC‐survivors than in the cancer‐free population 10 years after diagnosis. The largest absolute excess in prevalence was for gastric acid disorder and pain medications, while the relative prevalence of drugs used for anxiety and tension was high in CRC‐survivors. Long persisting neuropathia was indicated.
Relationships between role stress, professional identity, and burnout among contemporary school counselors
Authors: Maor Rotem , Hemi Alla 
Published: April 2021

AbstractContinuous exposure to stress has psychological and physiological consequences for employees, especially for mental health professionals whose professions are known as demanding and stressful. The current study focuses on the relationship between role stress and burnout in the contemporary school counselors' role. We also aimed to examine whether professional identity might serve as a protective mechanism against burnout. School counselors (N = 205, 96% female, mean age = 43.03) currently practicing in the Israeli education system filled out questionnaires assessing their perceived role stress, burnout, and professional identity. Results indicated that school counselors perceived noncounseling role stressors as more stressful than counseling role stressors. Noncounseling role stressors contributed to burnout more than counseling role stressors. Professional identity was negatively correlated with burnout. Last, professional identity moderated the relationship between role stress and burnout. Findings highlight the negative impact of noncounseling stressors on burnout and the importance of professional identity as a protective factor against burnout among school counselors.
The fitness advantages of bistrifluron resistance related to chitin synthase A in Spodoptera litura (Fab.) (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)
Authors: Gong Changwei , Wang Xuegui , Huang Qian , Zhang Jinyue , Zhang Yuming , Zhan Xiaoxu , Zhang Shuirong , Hasnain Ali , Ruan Yanwei , Shen Litao 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDSpodoptera litura is one of the major agricultural pests in China, and it has developed serious resistance to many traditional chemical insecticides. In the present study, the bistrifluron‐resistant (Bis‐SEL) strain accompanied by a higher oviposition, 113.8‐fold RR compared to the bistrifluron‐susceptible (Bis‐UNSEL) strain, was obtained by bidirectional screening. A comparison of their gonad coefficiency and genes related to oviposition or resistance was used to elucidate the resurgence mechanism.RESULTSThe ovarian index, oviposition, and potential egg production in the Bis‐SEL strain of female adults were significantly higher than those in the Bis‐UNSEL strain, and the length of ovariole in the Bis‐SEL strain was also significantly elongated. The protein contents of vitellogenin (Vg) and vitellogenin receptor (VgR) in the Bis‐UNSEL strain were lower than those in the Bis‐SEL strain, consistent with their gene expressions levels, and there was a significantly positive linear correlation between Vg and VgR protein contents, further confirming that resistant strains have high reproductive fitness. Moreover, the chitin synthase A in the Bis‐SEL strain was clearly up‐regulated, and a mutation (H866Y) near the QRRRW in the catalytic domain caused a rise in the hydrogen bond between UDP‐GlcNAc and chitin synthase, and its chitin content was higher than that in the Bis‐UNSEL strain. Nevertheless, the sensitivity of the Bis‐SEL strain to bistrifluron was significantly recovered when it was knocked down though RNA interference.CONCLUSIONThe fitness advantages of bistrifluron resistance may be related to the up‐regulation and mution of chitin synthase A. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Market and contractor factors affecting rapid acquisition strategies
Authors: Etemadi Amir , Kamp John 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Department of Defense (DoD) is experimenting with acquisition strategies intended to deliver new capabilities in cycle times of 2 to 5 years. These are executed in a market of few sellers, limited procurement quantities, and constrained budgets. Defense contractors respond by developing, producing, and supporting products.This research analyzed selected publicly‐released acquisition program data from 2007 to 2018. Quantitative methods identified significant factors and analyzed how acquisition strategy decisions and market conditions are related to these factors.Outcomes important to the government such as shorter cycle times are shown to be statistically associated with early government strategy decisions such as agile software development, and intentional use of commercial technology. Defense contractor responses within this market are related to government programmatic factors and not to reduced cycle times.
Trade and Growth
Authors: Cilliers Jakkie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCilliers starts by exploring the modern history of international trade and the importance of trade to economic growth and global cooperation. The chapter then provides an overview of Africa’s trading partners, the need for greater regional integration in the continent and the challenges to achieving intra-regional cooperation. It examines the need to improve the quality of governance, bridge the infrastructure deficit and eventually focus on a manufacturing-led growth path. Reducing both tariff and non-tariff barriers could facilitate the successful implementation of African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), induce economic growth, increase per capita incomes and reduce poverty. A penultimate section models the potential impact of the AfCFTA on growth, poverty reduction and increased average incomes.
Good Governance, Democracy and Development
Authors: Cilliers Jakkie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, Cilliers explores how democracy has swept across the globe to become the dominant form of governance. Africa, too, has become increasingly democratic, but often in name only: regular elections are often façades for corrupt, autocratic regimes. Cilliers explains how, in fact, competitive politics in poorly developed countries with weak political institutions may actually hinder development. However, public support for democracy has surged in Africa and it is critical that African countries protect and advance the strides they have made towards substantive democratic governance. The Fourth Wave scenario laid out in this chapter demonstrates how a more democratic Africa would impact on development.
Africa’s Current Path
Authors: Cilliers Jakkie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCilliers provides a summary and analysis of Africa’s development history since the 1980s including the impact of the Brundtland Commission report that culminated in the Millennium Development Goals and, in 2015, the Sustainable Development Goals. Other key matters covered in the chapter are the impact of the various structural adjustment programmes, Africa’s growing dependence upon commodities, the continents rapid democratisation and slow pace of urbanisation. The chapter concludes with a summary of key characteristics of Africa’s likely future—the Current Path forecast to 2040—that includes a forecast of economic size, demographics, income and poverty levels. The chapter serves as essential backdrop to the struggle for development that is examined across different sectors in subsequent chapters.
Poverty, Inequality and Growth
Authors: Cilliers Jakkie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCilliers first explores the progress that has been made globally in poverty reduction in a historical context and then the relationship between inequality and growth. He concludes that Africa will miss goal 1 of the Sustainable Development Goals on the elimination of extreme poverty by 2030 by a substantial margin. The chapter uses three income measures of extreme poverty for low, lower-middle and upper-middle countries to frame the current situation in Africa and then discusses and forecasts the impact of social grants on poverty alleviation. A final section presents the results of a scenario, Social Grants for Africa, and compares the results with the poverty forecast in the Current Path.
A Vision for Resilient Urban Futures
Authors: McPhearson Timon , Iwaniec David M. , Hamstead Zoé A. , Berbés-Blázquez Marta , Cook Elizabeth M. , Muñoz-Erickson Tischa A. , Mannetti Lelani , Grimm Nancy 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA fundamental systems approach is essential to advancing our understanding of how to address critical challenges caused by the intersection of urbanization and climate change. The social–ecological–technological systems (SETS) conceptual framework brings forward a systems perspective that considers the reality of cities as complex systems and provides a baseline for developing a science of, and practice for, cities. Given the urgency of issues we collectively face to improve livability, justice, sustainability, and resilience in cities, bringing a systems approach to resilience planning and policymaking is critical, as is development of positive visions and scenarios that can provide more realistic and systemic solutions. We provide a vision for more resilient urban futures that learns from coproduced scenario development work in nine US and Latin American cities in the URExSRN. We find that developing an urban systems science that can provide actionable knowledge for decision-making is an emerging, and much needed, transdisciplinary research agenda. It will require true boundary-crossing to bring the knowledge, skills, tools, and ideas together in ways that can help achieve the normative goals and visions we have for our shared urban future.
Producing and Communicating Flood Risk: A Knowledge System Analysis of FEMA Flood Maps in New York City
Authors: Hobbins Robert , Muñoz-Erickson Tischa A. , Miller Clark 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe burgeoning development of coastal cities coupled with increasing exposure to sea level rise and extreme weather events has exacerbated the vulnerability of coastal communities and infrastructure to floods. In order to make good flood risk reduction and resilience decisions, cities are interested in gaining better insights into what are perceived to be the “real” risks of floods. However, what counts as a good estimate of such risks is constructed through the design of a knowledge system that ratifies certain ideas and methods over others. We refer to knowledge systems as the organizational practices and routines that produce, validate and review, communicate, and use knowledge relevant to policy and decision-making. In this chapter, we conduct a knowledge system analysis of FEMA’s Flood Insurance Rate Maps in New York City. In 2012, Superstorm Sandy exposed in the national spotlight the shortcomings of how we calculate, map, and use knowledge about flood risk. Through this case study, we hope to demonstrate the value of knowledge systems analysis as a method to stress-test and identify the weaknesses of a knowledge system that warrant attention, as well as to inform potential methods ofupgrading or redesigning that system in support of building resilient cities.
Positive Futures
Authors: Iwaniec David M. , Berbés-Blázquez Marta , Cook Elizabeth M. , Grimm Nancy B. , Mannetti Lelani M. , McPhearson Timon , Muñoz-Erickson Tischa A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe describe the rationale and framework for developing scenarios of positive urban futures. The scenario framework is conducted in participatory workshop settings and composed of three distinct scenario approaches that are used to (1) explore potential outcomes of existing planning goals (strategic scenarios), (2) articulate visions that address pressing resilience challenges (adaptive scenarios), and (3) envision radical departures from the status quo in the pursuit of sustainability and equity (transformative scenarios). A series of creative and analytical processes are used to engage the community in imagining, articulating, and scrutinizing visions and pathways of positive futures. The approach offers an alternative and complement to traditional forecasting techniques by applying inspirational stories to resilience research and practice.
The Architecture of Arguments in Global Social Governance: Examining Populations and Discourses of International Organizations in Social Policies
Authors: Niemann Dennis , Martens Kerstin , Kaasch Alexandra 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAs this chapter is the introduction to the book, it lays out in broad strokes the knowledge about the purposes, functions and characteristics of International Organizations (IOs) in general, and their involvement in social policy issues in particular. It then sets out some basic conceptualizations for studying IOs in global social governance before specifying the framework applied for exploring populations and discourses of IOs in global social policies. Complementing liberal and constructivist IR theories, the volume uses organizational ecology and soft governance approaches as heuristic frames for the analyses of different architectures of IO global social governance. ‘Populations’ are identified as the dominant as well as regional IOs active in a specific social policy issue; the concept of ‘discourse’ is understood as the strategic way in which individuals or collective actors frame ideas, and not as a structural understanding of how certain meanings influence behavior.
Characterizing Global Health Governance by International Organizations: Is There an Ante- and Post-COVID-19 Architecture?
Authors: Kaasch Alexandra 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe focus of this chapter is on global social policy actors and their ideas on health care systems. The specific position and constellation of key IOs are illustrated by a mapping and characterization of four central IOs (WHO, World Bank, ILO, OECD). The main ideas on health care systems of these four IOs are presented in relation to each other, taking into account discourses between them. That is then taken further to characterize the global health governance architecture based on contestational and collaborative relationships between IOs. Based on that, the chapter discusses the (preliminary) implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for altering that architecture.
Disability as a ‘New’ Global Social Theme: The Role of International Organizations in an Expanding Global Policy Field
Authors: Schuster Johannes , Kolleck Nina 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDisability as a global social policy issue has gained increasing importance during recent decades, partly due to a shift in conceptualization from a medical to a social perspective on disability. This new relevance has led to the emergence of a global organizational field around the topic, with a high involvement of International Organizations (IOs). In order to investigate the population of IOs in the field, this chapter identifies influential actors, relates them to the main discourses, and maps their relations. It can be seen that agencies of the United Nations have become the key actors in promoting the rights-based social perspective and the monitoring of the implementation of disability rights. In contrast, the World Health Organization is still the leading organization in the provision of medical classification systems. Overall, it can be noted that the organizational field leaves space for IOs to influence the direction of global and national disability policy.
The Power of Identity in Hybrid Peacebuilding: Buddhist Monks in Post-Conflict Cambodia
Authors: Umeyama Sophie Shiori , Brehm Will 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter connects the concept of identity to mid-space actors involved in hybrid peacebuilding. The power of identity draws attention to the process of framing and othering as important factors contributing to successful bridge-building across diverse actors during hybrid peacebuilding. Buddhist monks in post-conflict Cambodia are exemplar. How and why monks both succeeded and failed in their role as bridge-builders will be evaluated. Identity frames and networks of mid-space actors predisposes them to excel in particular fields and fail in others. The concept of identity is therefore an important way to explain why and how a mid-space actor may transform from being a bridge-builder into a spoiler during the process of hybrid peacebuilding.
Organisation von Rechtsprechung am Reichskammergericht
Authors: Schwarting Rena 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungAufbauend auf der komprimierten Illustration der gesellschaftlichen Strukturen, an denen sich die Rechtskommunikation vor der Gründung des RKG orientierte, und der Begründung für die These einer originären Organisationsbildung folgt nachstehend die historisch-empirische Untersuchung der Organisationsförmigkeit des RKG. Im Zentrum stehen dabei ausgewählte Situationsdefinitionen, Rollenauffassungen und Regeln, die Hinweise auf die Ausbildung formaler und informaler Verhaltenserwartungen sowie deren Trennung gegenüber den gesellschaftlichen Erwartungsstrukturen geben.
Urban Health and Wellbeing
Authors: Sabel Clive E. , Amegbor Prince M. , Zhang Zhaoxi , Chen Tzu-Hsin Karen , Poulsen Maria B. , Hertel Ole , Sigsgaard Torben , Horsdal Henriette T. , Pedersen Carsten B. , Khan Jibran 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter explores how the Internet of Things and the utilization of cutting-edge information technology are shaping global research and discourse on the health and wellbeing of urban populations. The chapter begins with a review of smart cities and health and then delves into the types of data available to researchers. The chapter then discusses innovative methods and techniques, such as machine learning, personalized sensing, and tracking, that researchers use to examine the health and wellbeing of urban populations. The applications of these data, methods, and techniques are then illustrated taking examples from BERTHA (Big Data Centre for Environment and Health) based at Aarhus University, Denmark. The chapter concludes with a discussion on issues of ethics, privacy, and confidentiality surrounding the use of sensitive and personalized data and tracking or sensing individuals across time and urban space.
Underground Utilities Imaging and Diagnosis
Authors: Lai Wallace Wai-Lok 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe invisible and congested world of underground utilities (UU) is an indispensable mystery to the general public because their existence is invisible until problems happen. Their growth aligns with the continuous development of cities and the ever-increasing demand for energy and quality of life. To satisfy a variety of modern requirements like emergency or routine repair, safe dig and excavation, monitoring, maintenance, and upscaling of the network, two basic tasks are always required. They are mapping and imaging (where?), and diagnosis (how healthy?). This chapter gives a review of the current state of the art of these two core topics, and their levels of expected survey accuracy, and looks forward to future trends of research and development (Sects. 24.1 and 24.2). From the point of view of physics, a large range of survey technologies is central to imaging and diagnosis, having originated from electromagnetic- and acoustic-based near-surface geophysical and nondestructive testing methods. To date, survey technologies have been further extended by multi-disciplinary task forces in various disciplines (Sect. 24.3). First, it involves sending and retrieving mechanical robots to survey the internal confined spaces of utilities using careful system control and seamless communication electronics. Secondly, the captured data and signals of various kinds are positioned, processed, and in the future, pattern-recognized with a database to robustly trace the location and diagnose the conditions of any particular type of utilities. Thirdly, such a pattern-recognized database of various types of defects can be regarded as a learning process through repeated validation in the laboratory, simulation, and ground-truthing in the field. This chapter is concluded by briefly introducing the human-factor or psychological and cognitive biases, which are in most cases neglected in any imaging and diagnostic work (Sect. 24.4). In short, the very challenging nature and large demand for utility imaging and diagnostics have been gradually evolving from the traditional visual inspection to a new era of multi-disciplinary surveying and engineering professions and even towards the psychological part of human–machine interaction.