bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fasting and postprandial plasma glucose contribution to glycated haemoglobin and time in range in people with type 2 diabetes on basal and bolus insulin therapy: Results from a pooled analysis of insulin lispro clinical trials
Authors: Liao Birong , Chen Yun , Chigutsa Farai , Piras de Oliveira Carolina 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimsTo investigate the interrelations between glycaemic metrics of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), postprandial glucose (PPG), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), and percentage of time in target range 3.9 to 10.0 mmol/L (%TIR) in patients on insulin therapy.Materials and methodsA pooled analysis was conducted using datasets extracted from an integrated database of insulin lispro clinical trials (Eli Lilly and Company). Studies in patients with type 2 diabetes on basal‐bolus or basal‐plus insulin therapy, and with ≥7‐point self‐monitored blood glucose profiles were included in the analysis. A multivariate regression model was used to quantify the contribution of FPG and PPG change to the change in HbA1c and %TIR. In addition, a linear regression model was used to describe the relationship between %TIR and HbA1c.ResultsFive studies encompassing 1572 patients met the criteria for inclusion. On average, a 1‐mmol/L change in FPG was associated with 2.7 mmol/mol (0.25%) change in HbA1c (range 2.0 to 2.8 mmol/mol [0.18%–0.26%]; all P <0.0001), and a 1‐mmol/L change in PPG with 1.8 mmol/mol (0.16%) change in HbA1c (range 1.2 to 2.1 mmol/mol [0.11%–0.19%]; all P <0.01). Furthermore, a 1‐mmol/L reduction in FPG and PPG was associated with an increase in TIR of 6.5% (range 5.8%–9.2%) and 5.3% (range 4.1%–8.7%), respectively, all P <0.0001. A decrease in HbA1c of 10.9 mmol/mol (1%) corresponded with an increase in TIR of 8.3%, on average.ConclusionsIn patients with type 2 diabetes on basal‐bolus or basal‐plus insulin therapy, management of both FPG and PPG is important for achievement of HbA1c and TIR goals.
Death and taxes: Does taxation matter for firm survival?
Authors: Cevik Serhan , Miryugin Fedor 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis paper investigates the impact of taxation on firm survival, using hazard models and a large‐scale panel dataset on over 4 million nonfinancial firms from 21 countries over the period 1995–2015. We find ample evidence that a lower level of effective marginal tax rate improves firms' survival chances. This result is not only statistically but also economically important and remains robust when we partition the sample into country subgroups. The effect of taxation on firms' survival probability is found to exhibit a nonlinear pattern and be stronger in developing countries than advanced economies. These findings have important policy implications for the design of corporate tax systems. The challenge is not simply reducing the statutory tax rate, but to level the playing field for all firms by rationalizing differentiated tax treatments across sectors, asset types, and sources of financing.
Methylene blue and ascorbate interfere with the accurate determination of the kinetic properties of IDO2
Authors: Yuasa Hajime J. , Stocker Roland 
Published: March 2021

Indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenases (IDOs) catalyze the oxidative cleavage of L‐tryptophan (Trp) to N‐formylkynurenine. Two IDOs, IDO1 and IDO2, are present in vertebrates. IDO1 is a high‐affinity Trp‐degrading enzyme involved in several physiological processes. By comparison, IDO2 generally has been reported to have low affinity (high Km‐value) for Trp, and the enzyme's in vivo function remains unclear. Using IDOs from different species, we show that compared with ferrous‐oxy (Fe2+–O2) IDO1, Fe2+–O2 IDO2 is substantially more stable and engages in multiple turnovers of the reaction in the absence of a reductant. Without reductant, Fe2+–O2 IDO2 showed Km‐values in the range of 80–356 μM, that is, values substantially lower than reported previously and close to the physiological concentrations of Trp. Methylene blue and ascorbate (Asc), used commonly as the reducing system for IDO activity determination, significantly affected the enzymatic activity of IDO2: In combination, the two reductants increased the apparent Km‐ and kcat‐values 8‐ to 117‐fold and 2‐fold, respectively. Asc alone both activated and inhibited IDO2 by acting as a source of electrons and as a weak competitive inhibitor, respectively. In addition, ferric (Fe3+) IDO1 and IDO2 exhibited weak dioxygenase activity, similar to tryptophan 2,3‐dioxygenase. Our results shed new light in the enzymatic activity of IDO2, and they support the view that this isoform of IDO also participates in the metabolism of Trp in vivo.
Temperament moderates the effects of early deprivation on infant attention
Authors: Ertekin Zeynep , Gunnar Megan R. , Berument Sibel K. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractInstitutional care has been shown to increase the risk of attention problems in children, but some children are more sensitive to their environment, both for better and for worse. With this in mind, the current study examined the moderating role of temperament (falling reactivity) between early adversity and attention skills. Six‐ to 15‐month‐old infants residing in institutions (n = 63) and infants reared by their biological families from low socioeconomic environments (n = 59) were recruited. The infants’ attention skills were measured by calculating the length of time they spent looking at toys. The infants’ temperaments were measured by a subscale of the Infant Behavior Questionnaire (falling reactivity/rate of recovery from distress). The findings were in line with the differential susceptibility theory. Compared to infants with high levels of falling reactivity, infants with lower levels of falling reactivity had better attention skills if they were in a family group, but they had lower attention skills if they were residing in institutions. The attention skills of the infants who had higher scores for falling reactivity did not appear to be affected by the adverse environment.
Status differentials and framing in the implementation of IT‐enabled task migration strategies
Authors: Brooks Jade Wendy , Ravishankar M. N. , Oshri Ilan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn globally distributed environments, gaps exist between an organisational‐level decision to migrate IT‐enabled tasks and the actual execution of strategy since a high‐level consensus does not always specify the precise sequencing and pacing of task migration in detail. This absence of operational‐level detailing can trigger status‐led enactments of power. Drawing on a qualitative case study of a distributed finance function in a global logistics firm, this paper explores how high‐status business units (BU) frame their task migration actions and contrasts it with how a low‐status support unit frames and accounts for the actions of high‐status BUs. The findings show how high‐status BUs frame their own actions as protecting, supporting and monitoring the migrated tasks while the low‐status support unit frames the same set of actions as resisting, interfering and hypercriticizing. Theoretically, the paper suggests that during the implementation of task migration strategies, frames deployed by a low‐status unit considers its weaker position of power and serves to neutralise conflict with the more powerful, higher‐status unit.
Ultrastructure of extracorporeal secretions of four sessile species of Rotifera (Gnesiotrocha), with observations on the chemistry of the gelatinous tube
Authors: Yang Hui , Hochberg Rick , Walsh Elizabeth J. , Wallace Robert L. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSecretion of an extracorporeal hydrogel is a common defensive strategy employed by many aquatic invertebrates including several species of sessile rotifers. Here, we provide a comparative study of the ultrastructure of the gelatinous secretions of four species of Superorder Gnesiotrocha (Monogononta): Conochilus unicornis, Collotheca ferox, Stephanoceros fimbriatus, and Stephanoceros millsii. Additionally, we use differential staining and enzyme degradation assays to explore the chemistry of the gelatinous tube of S. fimbriatus. At least three types of secretions are produced by these four species: an external gelatinous tube, a thick glycocalyx, and an adhesive peduncle. These three different secretions all have a fibrous appearance, but each has different electron densities, fiber thicknesses, and glandular origins. The gel tube, which is likely secreted by pedal glands, has a highly hydrated framework of mesh‐like fibers with thick internal and external laminae that differ slightly among species. Chemical staining suggests that the gel tube is composed of glycoproteins with a high content of sulfonic groups and limited or no obvious lipids or cationic proteins. This tube is resistant to chemical and enzymatic digestion. The proteinaceous glycocalyx is secreted by the syncytial integument and has various densities and thicknesses among species. The peduncle is an adhesive attachment that connects a rotifer's foot to a substratum, or, in some species, to conspecifics as part of a colony. The secretion is highly electron dense and contains membrane‐bound vesicles; it appears to be derived from a different set of pedal glands than the hydrogel tube. The different chemistries and anatomical origins of the three gelatinous secretions suggest an independent evolutionary history for each.
Major urinary protein excreted in rodent hindpaw sweat
Authors: Poitras Trevor , Piragasam Ramanaguru Siva , Joy Twinkle , Jackson Jesse , Chandrasekhar Ambika , Fahlman Richard , Zochodne Douglas W. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAlternative roles for sweat production beyond thermoregulation, considered less frequently, include chemical signaling. We identified the presence of a well‐established rodent urinary pheromone, major urinary protein (MUP) in sweat ductules of the footpad dermal skin of mice. A hindpaw sweat proteomic analysis in hindpaw sweat samples collected in rats and generated by unmyelinated axon activation, identified seven lipocalin family members including MUP and 19 additional unique proteins. Behavioural responses to sniffing male mouse foot protein lysates suggested avoidance in a subset of male mice, but were not definitive. Rodent hindpaw sweat glands secrete a repertoire of proteins that include MUPs known to have roles in olfactory communication.
Technological and analytical advancements in intergroup contact research
Authors: O'Donnell Alexander W. , Friehs Maria‐Therese , Bracegirdle Chloe , Zúñiga Claudia , Watt Susan Ellen , Barlow Fiona Kate 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe prolific expansion of intergroup contact research has established that intergroup interactions are tightly linked to social integration. In this review, recent technological and statistical innovations with the potential to advance this body of research are presented. First, concerns over the validity of longitudinal models are discussed before innovative analytical techniques are introduced that explore change over time. Next, intensive repeated measure designs, such as experience sampling approaches, are introduced as opportunities to investigate the day‐to‐day lives of individuals. Virtual reality technology is then presented as another means to examine naturalistic contact experiences in the laboratory, offering researchers an unrivaled capacity to induce uncommon contact experiences. Finally, we propose that additional sources of contextual data, such as competing media messages, could extend these models in innovative ways by accounting for the time and place surrounding intergroup contact. Similarly, longitudinal social network analysis can provide additional contextual information by considering the broader network environment in which contact occurs. We describe these innovations with the intention of spurring future research that will advance our understanding of how intergroup contact can be used to improve our societies. Thus, we conclude with a discussion on how to bridge divides between researchers and practitioners.
Intergroup contact research in the 21st century: Lessons learned and forward progress if we remain open
Authors: Paolini Stefania , White Fiona A. , Tropp Linda R. , Turner Rhiannon N. , Page‐Gould Elizabeth , Barlow Fiona K. , Gómez Ángel 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis article presents the 2021 JSI special issue on intergroup contact, which we designed to offer a fresh outlook on a rapidly expanding literature on the antecedents, dynamics, and consequences of interactions between members of opposing groups in society—or intergroup contact. We start by discussing the results of a bibliographic search of intergroup contact research between 1937 and 2021 and organizing our analysis around two distinct phases of this research, as they are demarcated in volume and quality by Pettigrew and Tropp's landmark meta‐analysis in 2006. We then turn our attention to an overview of the 12 review and commentary articles contributing to the special issue, which reflect advancements in themes, methodologies, and analytics of the last 15 years of research. We argue that this second generation of research has effectively addressed influential and legitimate critiques of the literature and, as a result, led to a more complex and nuanced understanding of intergroup contact that can now be readily harnessed by social cohesion practitioners and policy makers to increase the efficacy of contact‐based interventions in society. We conclude by calling on a third generation of research on intergroup contact that fully harnesses diversity of ideas, peoples, and minds and keeps in close check unproductive dynamics that stifle scientific progress, and pose a threat to healthy and safe research communities. Together with the 50 diverse contributors of this special issue, we commit to making the intergroup contact research community, like the topic of intergroup contact itself, diverse and inclusive.
A simple and visible detection method for the rapid diagnosis of Ustilaginoidea virens in rice seeds by a loop‐mediated isothermal amplification assay
Authors: Wang Wei , Yin Hang , Huang Ning , Zhu Cuijing , Wang Yufei , Qi Xintong , Ma Lu , Fan Yunxin , Yu Yao , Zhang Hongsheng , Bao Yongmei 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRice false smut is an important rice seed‐borne disease caused by the fungus Ustilaginoidea virens. It is vital to develop assays for the detection and identification of U. virens in rice seeds. Here, we present a simple and visual detection method for the rapid diagnosis of U. virens in rice seeds based on a loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay. This LAMP assay was optimized using a set of six primers targeting a specific region of the APN1 (aminopeptidase N1) gene, which encodes a peptide‐terminated enzyme. Compared with the previously reported LAMP methods, a metal ion indicator dye hydroxy naphthol blue (HNB) was added to the prereaction solution in this study to reduce the contamination risks. Among the genomic DNA of 5 strains of U. virens and 13 other fungi, only the five tubes containing U. virens DNA showed a colour change from violet to sky blue. The sensitivity of the LAMP assay with the HNB dye was 100 pg of DNA, which was 10 times more sensitive than that of conventional PCR. This LAMP approach was also verified by testing rice seed samples, including infested seeds, and the U. virens in the rice seeds could be detected. These results indicate that this LAMP assay with a group of six primers targeting a specific region of the APN1 gene is a simple and visual detection method that can be applied for the rapid detection of U. virens in rice seeds.
A new mixed model of periodontitis‐induced preeclampsia: A pilot study
Authors: Mata Karina , Nobre Atila Vinícius Vitor , Felix Silva Pedro Henrique , Oliezer Rene Seabra , Fernandes Cleverson , Amaral Jefferson , Ramos Junia , Constante Gabriel Del‐Arco Marina , Messora Michel Reis , Tanus‐Santos José Eduardo , Gerlach Raquel Fernanda , Salvador Sergio Luiz 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectives/BackgroundRecent studies have shown that periodontal disease is strongly related to gestational complications such as preeclampsia (PE). PE is responsible for 42% of maternal deaths worldwide and kills approximately 76 000 women a year. In addition, children born under PE conditions are at increased risk of hospitalization due to metabolic disorders, epilepsy, and other complications. Numerous reviews and clinical studies on PE have been published, but the mechanisms underlying the relationship between periodontal disease and PE and the way periodontopathogens alter vascular response in pregnant women remain unclear.MethodsThis study aims to verify whether periodontal disease induces PE by using the association of two periodontitis (PD) models: ligature and oral Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) W83 inoculation in Wistar rats. At gestational day 5, the ligature was placed on each mandibular first molar, which was followed by daily oral P. gingivalis inoculation for 15 days. At gestational day 19, urine was collected, and invasive arterial pressure was measured. The animals were euthanized, and plasma and tissues were collected.ResultsAfter 15 days of the association of ligature and P. gingivalis inoculation, the animals presented the characteristic symptoms of PE: altered blood pressure, proteinuria, and change in litter size (number of pups) and pup weight when compared to the control group (p < .005). The PE animals also presented greater bone porosity, trabecular separation, and reduced bone volume in the hemimandibles, as well as altered inflammatory response. The level of cytokine IL‐6 was higher in the PE group than in the control group (p < .005).ConclusionThe association of two PD models effectively induced PE. To our knowledge, this is the first study on the oral use of P. gingivalis for PE induction. Our results support the importance of PD as a possible cause for PE development, opening an important new avenue to study cause and consequence relationships in inflammation and PE due to exposure to periodontal infection.
Shift work is associated with increased risk of COVID‐19: Findings from the UK Biobank cohort
Authors: Fatima Yaqoot , Bucks Romola S. , Mamun Abdullah A. , Skinner Isabelle , Rosenzweig Ivana , Leschziner Guy , Skinner Timothy C. 
Published: March 2021

SummaryDespite the strong evidence on circadian rhythm disruption in shift workers and consequent increased vulnerability for infection, longitudinal association between shift work and COVID‐19 infection is unexplored. In this study, data from UK Biobank participants who were tested for COVID‐19 infection (16 March to 7 September 2020) were used to explore the link between shift work and COVID‐19 infection. Using the baseline occupational information, participants were categorised as non‐shift workers, day shift workers, mixed shift workers and night shift workers. Multivariable regression models were used to assess the association between shift work and COVID‐19 infection. Among the 18,221 participants (9.4% positive cases), 11.2% were health workers, and 16.4% were involved in shift‐work‐based jobs. Ethnic minorities (18%) and people in night‐shift‐based jobs (18.1%) had a significantly higher prevalence of COVID‐19 infection than others. Adjusted logistics regression model suggest that, compared with their counterparts, people employed in a night‐shift‐based job were 1.85‐fold (95% CI: 1.42–2.41) more likely to have COVID‐19 infection. Sensitivity analysis focusing on people working in a non‐healthcare setting suggests that people in shift‐work‐based jobs had 1.81‐fold (95% CI: 1.04%–3.18%) higher odds of COVID‐19 infection than their counterparts. Shift workers, particularly night shift workers, irrespective of their occupational group, seem to be at high risk of COVID‐19 infection. If similar results are obtained from other studies, then it would mandate to revisit the criteria for defining high‐risk groups for COVID‐19 and implementing appropriate interventions to protect people in shift‐based jobs.
Masters of suspicion: A Bayesian decision model of motivated political reasoning
Authors: Rigoli Francesco 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMotivated reasoning occurs when judgements subserve motives that go beyond accuracy seeking. Substantial evidence indicates that motivated political reasoning is ubiquitous. This is hard to reconcile with computational theories (following Marr's terminology, theories describing the fundamental principles underlying a cognitive process) like Bayesian inference, because these rely on accuracy maximization. Hence, motivated political reasoning is often interpreted as violating computational principles. Here we propose a different view by offering a computational account of motivated political reasoning which relies on the notion of Bayesian decision (instead of Bayesian inference). The key idea is that utility maximization, and not accuracy maximization, drives political thinking. This implies that agents will tend to endorse judgements that serve their instrumental goals even when evidence in support is poor (though agents will still believe their judgements are the most accurate). In this framework, motivated political reasoning is not interpreted as violating computational principles, although its nature is now conceived as pragmatic (i.e., serving instrumental goals) rather than epistemic (i.e., seeking understanding). The paper presents a mathematical description of the theory and shows how this can help interpreting important phenomena in political psychology such contextual priming, stereotyping, and displaced aggression.
A pilot study comparing the pharmacokinetics of injectable cyanocobalamin and hydroxocobalamin associated with a trace mineral injection in cattle
Authors: Gonzalez‐Rivas Paula A. , Chambers Michael , Liu Jerry 
Published: March 2021

AbstractInjectable vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is traditionally used to prevent or treat vitamin B12 deficiencies in ruminants. Sheep and human studies have demonstrated the superiority of a single dose of hydroxocobalamin (OHB12) over cyanocobalamin (CNB12) in maintaining high levels of cobalamin in plasma and liver. However, limited data are available for cattle. The purpose of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of two forms of cobalamin—OHB12 and CNB12—as a single subcutaneous injection of 28 µg/kg BW at the same time of a trace mineral injection in six non‐cobalt/B12‐deficient Holstein‐Friesian steers. Plasma and liver samples were obtained to determine cobalamin concentration after treatment. Cyanocobalamin had lower retention in plasma and liver than OHB12 (p < .05). Cobalamin levels peaked in plasma by 8 h after treatment in both groups. However, OHB12 reached a higher peak compared to CNB12. Levels of cobalamin in plasma dropped closer to baseline levels 24 h after CNB12 treatment while OHB12 maintained higher concentrations. Hydroxocobalamin increased significantly hepatic concentration of cobalamin 28 days after treatment, while CNB12 did not increase liver levels relative to pre‐treatment (p < .05). These results confirm that a single subcutaneous OHB12 injection increases the level of cobalamin in the blood in the first 24 hours, and this increase is maintained in the liver for at least 28 days.