bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
52 Ovarian Follicular Profiling of High- and Low-immunocrit Gilts on Postnatal Day 14
Authors: Lynnes Brianna M , Cushman Robert A , Miles Jeremy R , Oliver William T , Bartol Frank F , Bagnell Carol A , Lents Clay A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Colostrum intake by neonatal piglets can be measured using the immunoglobulin immunocrit assay (iCrit). Lactocrine effects occur when maternally derived, milk-borne bioactive factors are transferred to the neonatal circulation with consumption of colostrum during nursing and affect development of somatic tissues, which can have long-term consequences in adulthood. Lactocrine deficiency, indicated by low neonatal iCrit, altered uterine gene expression and reduced fecundity in adult, neonatally lactocrine-deficient gilts. Litter size in pigs is dependent on both ovarian and uterine function. It was hypothesized that lactocrine deficiency affects development of ovarian follicles in gilts. The objective was to determine the number of primordial, primary, and secondary follicles in ovaries of gilts with high (12% ± 0.5; n = 10) or low (1.9% ± 0.4; n = 10) iCrit, determined on postnatal day (PND) 1 after birth. Paired high- and low-iCrit gilts were chosen from the same litters (birth weight; 3.1 ± 0.2 lbs). On PND 14, ovaries were collected and histological sections prepared (3 sections per animal; 30–150 µm apart). Ovarian follicles in each section were staged and the number of follicles in each category were quantified and subjected to ANOVA. Total number of ovarian follicles did not differ with iCrit (P = 0.55; 1,370.6 ± 147.8 follicles per section). The proportion of primordial, primary, and secondary follicles was 89.6 ± 1.15%, 7.7 ± 0.87%, 2.7 ± 0.51%, respectively. The number of primordial (P = 0.55), primary (P = 0.64), and secondary (P = 0.93) follicles did not differ with iCrit. Results indicate that ovarian follicular development of neonatal gilts is not sensitive to immunocrit status. Although lactocrine deficiency did not influence the ovarian follicular profile at PND 14, it remains unknown whether lactocrine programming alters ovarian follicular dynamics in neonatally lactocrine-deficient adults. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
PSIII-5 Delaying Weaning Age of Lambs Grazing Chicory (Cichorium Intybus) Increases Body Weight
Authors: Campbell Braden J , McCutcheon Jefferson S , Fluharty Francis L , Parker Anthony J 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Two common challenges in forage-based lamb production systems is the restriction of net energy from grass-based pastures and the production losses associated with parasitic infection. The inclusion of nutrient rich forage in the diet and delaying lamb weaning age has shown to improve lamb growth rates in some systems. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of grazing chicory (Cichorium intybus) and delayed weaning on the growth and health of young pasture-raised lambs. We hypothesized that improving the quality of available forage and delaying weaning would increase the body weight and parasite resilience of lambs. A total of 18 cross-bred ewes and 36 cross-bred lambs (25.2 ± 0.5 kg) were stratified by weight, sex, and randomly assigned to one of two weaning treatments: lambs weaned at 60 days of age (weaned) and lambs remained with their dam and weaned at 120 days of age (delayed weaned). Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS. Lamb body weight and indices of parasitism were measured every 14 days. There was a treatment × day effect for body weight as delayed weaned lambs were heavier on days 28, 42, and 56 compared with the body weight of weaned lambs (P &lt; 0.02). In addition, there was a treatment × day effect for average daily gain (ADG) whereas delayed weaned lambs demonstrated greater ADG on days 14, 28, 42, and 56 compared with the ADG of weaned lambs (P &lt; 0.02). In monitoring lamb health, there was a treatment × day effect as weaned lambs had a greater packed cell volume (PCV) on day 14 compared with the PCV of delayed weaned lambs (P &lt; 0.03). Conversely, on day 56, weaned lambs had a lower PCV compared with the PCV of delayed wean lambs (P &lt; 0.004). Delayed weaning has shown to be beneficial in improving lamb growth; however, in this instance, delayed weaning demonstrated variable responses in supporting lamb health while grazing on improved pastures.
PSII-22 The Effects of Lactobacillus Fermentum on Sow and Litter Performance
Authors: Knapp Josh K , Winkel Shana M , Bartenslager Alison , Trenhaile-Grannemann Melanie D , San Andres Joice V , Nguyen Khang , Wittler J’Nan , Kinstler Sydney , Fernando Samodha , Miller Phillip , Burkey Thomas 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The use of probiotics may be an effective strategy in sustainable pig production. The objective of this experiment was to examine the effects of Lactobacillus fermentum LfQi6 (LF) on sow and litter performance. First parity, gestating sows (UNL Resource Population Rep x DNA Genetics Duroc; n = 28) were allotted one of two treatment groups. Treatment groups consisted of a control group (CTL) fed a standard gestation and lactation diet for the duration of the study, while the experimental group was fed CTL supplemented with 10^10 CFU LF per day from d 80 of gestation through lactation. Individual piglet body weights (BW) were recorded weekly. LF sows tended to enter the farrowing crates lighter than the control sows (209.93 vs 200.91kg; P = 0.0794). LF sows had a smaller loin eye area when compared to CTL sows (6.24 vs 5.86 cm2; P = 0.0374) when entering the farrowing crates. However, LF sows tended to lose less loin area per day when in the crate (0.025 vs 0.012 cm2/d; P = 0.078); resulting with there being no difference in loin area when the sows left the farrowing crates. Piglet BW tended to be greater at weaning for the sows fed the LF (5.37 vs 5.66 kg, P = 0.0528). The mean piglet BW were 1.25,1.33; 2.37,2.44; 4.08,4.22; and 5.37,5.66 at d 0, 7, 14, 21; respectively for CTL and LF. Sows fed the LF had fewer pigs born alive per litter (16.09 vs 14.12; P &lt; 0.05) when compared to the sows fed the control diet. However, piglet mortality tended to be decreased for LF compared to CTL (3 vs 1.76; P = 0.0645). Results suggest that supplementation with Lactobacillus fermentum LfQi6 may provide some benefits with respect to sow and litter performance.
PSII-19 Effect of a Sensory Additive on Sow Feed Intake During Lactation
Authors: Tsai Tsung Cheng Cheng , Davis Nathan , Bass Benjamin , Tedo Gemma , Morais Sofia , Maxwell Charles V 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Sow feed intake during lactation is crucial to the maintenance of sow body condition, milk production, and litter performance. Loss of body weight or condition during this time could compromise future reproductive performance. Two groups (n = 52 total) of breeding age gilts and sows were used to evaluate whether a sensory additive would improve intake during the lactation period. Gilts/Sows were weighed, and back fat depth was measured, at 110 d of gestation prior to entering the lactation room, and again at weaning. The sows were sorted by parity and then allotted by BW at d 110 to Control or 0.075% sensory additive (Luctamax® SowVive, Lucta S.A., Barcelona, Spain). Experimental lactation diets were offered upon entry to the lactation room and fed through weaning. During this time feed was weighed back every three days. Gilts/sows were fed 2.72 kg/head/day until farrowing, and sows were placed on full feed 24 hours post-farrowing and allowed to eat ad libitum. Data was analyzed using the PROC MIXED of SAS as an RCBD with treatment as the fixed effect and group as a random effect. During lactation sows on the sensory additive diet showed an increase in intake during days 10 to 21 when compared to sows on the control diet (Table 1). Although it was not significantly different, sows fed sensory additive had numerically heavier weaning BW (239.4 vs 236.2 kg, P = 0.42) and increased litter weight gain (51.96 vs 48.69 kg, P = 0.24) compared to control fed sows. However, backfat thickness change during lactation did not differ between control and sensory additive fed sows (-4.74 vs -5.81 mm, P = 0.65). In conclusion, in the current study lactation diets supplemented with a sensory additive stimulated sow appetite during the lactation period.
PSII-17 Phosphorus Release Values in Growing Pigs Fed Increments of Optiphos Plus Phytase in Pelleted Diets
Authors: Crenshaw Tom D , Haas Caley R , Hansen Megan , Capdeville Mariola Grez , Booth Jeff , Sparks Chris 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The efficacy of phytase (Pase) from OptiPhos Plus G (Huvepharma, Peachtree City, GA) was compared to inorganic phosphorus (iP) supplements to assess phosphorus equivalency. In 6 replicate 28-d trials, 288 crossbred F2 (Duroc X LR X LW) pigs (20.0 kg, 6 pigs/pen, 48 pens) were randomly assigned to 1 of 8 diets. Pig sex was balanced within pens. Basal corn-soybean meal diets, formulated to exceed nutrient requirements except for Ca and P, supplied 1.30% lysine from the same amounts of all ingredients. Sand was used to balance variable amounts of monocalcium phosphate and limestone. Diets supplied either 0.061, 0.156, or 0.241% iP from monocalcium phosphate or increments of 250, 500, 750, 1,000 and 1,500 FTU/kg from Pase. All diets were pelleted (160°F, 2.5 tons/hr). The modified pellet durability index averaged 92.8% and 88.7% for all diets in each of 2 mixes. Non-linear growth responses to increments of iP and Pase were detected (P &lt; 0.05). Using nonlinear regression models, maximum gain was calculated at 0.23% iP and 1144 FTU/kg Pase (equivalent to 0.31% available P or 0.38% STTD P). Likewise, from non-linear responses (P &lt; 0.05), maximum response in whole-body bone mineral content (WBBMC) from analysis of dual energy x-ray absorptiometry scans were calculated at 1227 FTU/kg Pase. The maximum Pase response for WBBMC was below expectations and raised concerns for potential Ca limitations in diets at higher Pase supplements. Only linear WBBMC responses (P &lt; 0.001) to iP levels were detected. Responses across iP and Pase treatments for femur bone mineral content reflected the same conclusions as responses to WBBMC. As growth responses to iP and Pase diets were non-linear, simple conversions of phytase activity to phosphorus release was not straight-forward. However, non-linear equations can predict economic values of target levels as a function of ingredient costs.
PSII-12 Effects of Available Space in Pens and Homeopathic Product Supplement Consisting of Botanicals and Mineral mixture on the Performance and Production Traits of Finishing Pigs
Authors: Upadhaya Santi Devi , Palanisamy Thanapal , Park Hyun Ju , Kim Inho , Jung Hong Ik 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A total of 144 mixed sex pigs [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] with an initial average body weight (BW) of 52 kg were used in a 11-week trial in a 2 × 2 factorial design with the following factors: space allocations [3pigs/pen vs 5 pigs/pen] and 0 or 0.2% homeopathic product supplementation to evaluate growth performance, nutrient digestibility, meat quality and stress related hormones. The homeopathic product supplementation resulted in an increased (P &lt; 0.05) BW at week 11, average daily gain (ADG) during days 42–63 and 64–77. In addition, an increase (P &lt; 0.05) in ADG and average daily feed intake (ADFI) during overall experiment period and an increase (P &lt; 0.05) in apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM) at day 77 were observed in pigs receiving homeopathic product. A trend in increase (P=0.088) in serum cortisol concentration during day 42 and increase (P &gt; 0.05) during day 77 was observed in pigs with less space allocation. However, supplementing the diet with homeopathic product reduced cortisol concentrations during day 42 (P &lt; 0.05) and day 77 (P = 0.084) respectively suggesting the effectiveness of homeopathic product in reducing the stress caused by less space allocation.
PSII-18 Effect of L-trp Source and Standard Ileal Digestible (SID) Tryptophan to Lysine Ratio on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Tsai Tsung Cheng Cheng , Bottom kristopher , Coble Kyle , Gerhart Amanda J , Chewning Jeffrey , Maxwell Charles V , Davis Nathan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
To evaluate the different sources of L-Trp on growth performance, a total of 288 weaned pigs (PIC1050 x DNA600) were stratified by gender and BW, and assigned to 1 of 7 dietary treatments. Treatments were control (devoid of feed grade Trp to create SID Trp/Lys = 17), and L-Trp from (Ajinomoto CO., INC., TrpA vs Daesang CO., LTD., TrpD) was added to form SID Trp:Lys ratios of 19, 21, and 23. Chlortetracycline (Zoetis Inc. Parsippany-Troy Hills, NJ) was supplemented in phase 1 (6 d) &2 (9 d), and Mecadox (Philbro Animal Health Corp., Ridgefield Park, NJ) was added in phase 3 (10 d) while antibiotic free diets were fed in phase 4 (17 d). Individual pig BW and pen feed intake was measured at each phase to determine BW, ADG, ADFI and F:G ratio. Data were analyzed as Mixed procedure of SAS as RCBD. Orthogonal contrast was conducted to determine linear and quadratic response with SID Trp/Lys from 17 (control) to 23 for each source of L-Trp. Adding both sources of L-Trp had minimum impact on growth performance in phase 1–3. As in phase 4, a tendency and significant linear increase on ADG with increasing level of TrpA (P = 0.09) and TrpD (P = 0.04) was observed with the highest ADG in pigs fed TrpA19. Pigs fed increasing level of SID Trp/Lys from TrpA had a quadratic reduction on F:G ratio (P = 0.09). The results suggested that a Trp:Lys ratio over 17 may enhance growth performance and source of L-Trp may impact performance.
PSIII-10 The Effect of Sire Line on Grow-finish Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Meat Pricing Variables for Commercial Crossbred Pigs
Authors: Manu H , Fletcher M , Fang K , Junior Sudario Roberto Silva , Dunkelberger J , Boler D , Eggert J , Baidoo S K 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sire line on wean-to-finish performance, carcass characteristics, and meat pricing variables. Pigs used for this study were the progeny of a commercial Landrace x Large White female mated to one of the following sire lines: a purebred Duroc line (Line S1), or a synthetic (Line S2) or purebred Duroc line (Line S3) originating from a different genetic source. An equivalent number of pigs (n =144) were used per group, for 432 pigs placed on test. Average initial weights per line were 6.67 ± 0.24, 6.67 ± 0.24, and 6.60 ± 0.24 for lines S1, S2, and S3, respectively. At placement, 8 pigs were assigned to each pen (split sex) and blocked by line and initial BW, with 18 replicates per line. Data were analyzed at the pen level using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS, where the effects of line, sex, and line*sex were fitted as fixed effects and replicate was fitted as a random effect. Overall, piglets from line S2 (0.403 vs 0.381; P ≤ 0.0004) and line S3 (0.402 vs 0.381; P ≤ 0.001) had improved GF compared with piglets from line S1. The ADFI was greater in piglets from line S1 relative to piglets from line S2 (2.264 vs 2.117 kg; P ≤ 0.0001) and line S3 (2.264 vs 2.159 kg; P ≤ 0.004). The ADG, HCW, dressing yield, and loin depth were not different among treatment (P &gt; 1.00). Piglets from line S3 had greater percent lean (57.12 vs 56.29 %; P ≤ 0.0001) and better carcass grade premium ($7.07 vs 6.60; P ≤ 0.0291) relative to piglets from line S1. In conclusion, line S1 piglets had greatest ADFI, but line S2 pigs and line S3 piglets had better feed efficiency. Line S3 pigs were leaner and had better carcass grade premium.
PSIV-8 Effect of Feeding Levucell SB® 10 Titan Advantage and YANG on Performance, Blood Parameters, and Fecal VFA of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Tran Huyen , Shields Michael , Arentson Roger , Weeden Terry , de Rodas Brenda 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A total of 496 weaned pigs (19 ± 1 d of age) were used in a 3-phase feeding program to evaluate effects of Levucell SB 10 Titan Advantage, a live yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii (LEV; Elanco) and a non-viable yeast product (YANG; Elanco) on performance, complete blood count (CBC), and fecal VFA of nursery pigs. Pigs were blocked by weaning BW and gender and allotted to 44 pens (11–12 pigs/pen) which was assigned to one of 4 dietary treatments (11 pens/treatment). The study was designed as 2 x 2 factorial with LEV and YANG. Pigs were fed to meet or exceed nutrient requirements (NRC, 2012). Blood (d 10 and 22) and fecal samples (d 22) were collected from one pig per pen for CBC and VFA analyses. During d 0–7, feeding LEV or YANG alone improved (P &lt; 0.05) G:F by 20% and 12%, respectively. There was a tendency of LEV*YANG interaction (P &lt; 0.10) where feeding LEV increased (P &lt; 0.05) BW and ADG compared to the control (CON). During d 0–14, feeding YANG with LEV reduced (P &lt; 0.05) BW, ADG, and G:F compared to feeding YANG or LEV alone. Pigs fed LEV had an improved G:F compared to pigs fed CON or YANG with LEV (P &lt; 0.05). During d 21–42, there was a tendency (P &lt; 0.10) for a LEV*YANG effect where pigs fed CON had a lower G:F compared to other treatments. Overall, feeding LEV alone increased (P &lt; 0.01) G:F (2.4%) and numerically increased final BW (0.60 kg) compared to CON. LEV tended to increase blood lymphocytes (P = 0.11) and increased platelets and platelet hematocrit (P &lt; 0.05) compared to CON. There were no differences in fecal VFA measures. The results of this study indicate that feeding LEV increased G:F of nursery pigs.
PSIV-14 Influence of Feed Grade Amino Acid Inclusion Level in Late Nursery and Grower Diets Fed to Pigs from 10 to 35 Kg
Authors: Williams Hadley , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Post Zach , Hastad Chad W , Haydon Keith 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A total of 912 pigs (PIC TR4 × (Fast LW × PIC L02)) were used in a 43-d trial to evaluate the influence of feed grade amino acid levels in late nursery and grower diets containing 30% dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth performance. Pigs were randomly assigned to pens (19 pigs per pen) and pens were randomly allotted in weight blocks to 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 12 pens per treatment. Treatment diets were fed in 2 phases from 10 to 19.5 kg and 19.5 to 35 kg with digestible lysine at 1.31 and 1.15%, respectively). Predetermined orthogonal contrasts were used to evaluate linear or quadratic effects based on percentage of digestible lysine from intact protein versus feed grade lysine. Dietary treatments contained low, medium, high, or very high levels of feed grade amino acids with L-lysine added at 0.25, 0.40, 0.55, and 0.70% of the diet, respectively, with all other amino acids added as needed to meet minimum ratios relative to lysine (60% Ile; 58% Met and Cys; 65% Thr; 19% Trp; 72% Val). Overall, from d 0 to 43, there was an increase (quadratic, P&lt; 0.020) in average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) with pigs fed increasing levels of feed grade amino acids having the greatest gain and feed intake at the medium and high inclusion of feed grade amino acids, respectively. For overall gain:feed (G:F), pigs fed the medium level of feed grade amino acids had improved G:F (P=0.002) compared to pigs fed the high and very high feed grade amino acids with the pigs fed the low feed grade amino acids intermediate. In summary, feeding pigs medium levels of feed grade amino acids resulted in increased ADG and G:F during the late nursery and grower period.
PSIV-15 Influence of Particle Size of Enogen Feed Corn and Conventional Yellow Dent Corn on Lactating Sow Performance
Authors: Williams Hadley , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , Goodband Robert D , DeRouchey Joel M , Dritz Steve S , Wecker Haley , Calderon Hilda I 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A total of 107 sows (Line 241; DNA, Columbus, NE) across 4 batch farrowing groups were used to evaluate the effects of corn source and particle size on sow and litter performance. Treatments were arranged in a 2×2 factorial with main effects of corn source (Enogen® Feed corn (Syngenta Seeds, Downers Grove, IL) or conventional yellow dent corn) and ground corn particle size (600 or 900 µm). Sows were blocked by parity and BW upon arrival to the farrowing house. There were approximately 27 sows per treatment, sow was considered the experimental unit, dietary treatment was a fixed effect, and sow group and block were used as random effects. Main effects of corn source and particle size as well as their interactions were tested. From farrowing to weaning, there was a tendency for a source×particle size interaction (P=0.065) for sow BW change. Sows fed 900 µm Enogen Feed corn had decreased BW loss compared to sows fed other treatments which were similar in BW loss. There was a source×particle size interaction (P=0.048) for lactation ADFI with sows fed 900 µm conventional yellow dent corn having lower feed intake than the sows fed 600 µm conventional yellow dent corn, whereas sows fed 900 µm Enogen Feed corn had greater feed intake compared to the sows fed 600 µm Enogen Feed corn. There was a tendency for a particle size main effect (P&lt;0.10) for litter ADG (2,849 vs 2,635 g/d) and total litter gain (45.7 vs 42.3 kg), with sows fed corn ground to 600 µm having increased litter ADG and total litter gain compared to sows fed corn ground to 900 µm. In summary, there were few differences in sow or litter characteristics among corn sources. Reducing particle size of both corn sources tended to increase litter ADG and weaning weights.
PSIV-21 Impact of Increasing Standardized Ileal Digestible valine:lysine in Diets Containing 30% Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles on Early Grow-finish Pig Performance
Authors: Clizer David A , Samuel Ryan S , Cline Paul M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Minimal research has investigated the valine (Val) requirement in grow-finish pig diets, especially when diets contain dried distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS). Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) Val:lysine (Lys) requirement in diets containing 30% DDGS. A total of 2,430 pigs (39.4 ± 0.21 kg) were used in a 28-d trial (15 replicates per treatment). Pens were randomly allotted within block to one of six dietary treatments: 30% DDGS diets with a SID Val:Lys ratio of 60, 65, 70, 75, and 80% or a corn-soybean meal diet (CS). Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block, pair-wise comparisons and single degree of freedom orthogonal polynomials (DDGS diets only) were used to evaluate treatment responses, and pen was the experimental unit. Straight broken line (SBL) and quadratic broken line (QBL) regression analysis was used to estimate the SID Val requirement. Increasing SID Val:Lys up to 70% in 30% DDGS increased final BW, ADG and G:F (quadratic; P &lt; 0.001), while increasing SID Val:Lys up to 75% in DDGS diets increased ADFI (quadratic; P &lt; 0.001) Pigs fed CS had greater (P &lt; 0.032) ADG, G:F, and ADFI compared to diets containing 30% DDGS except for cumulative ADFI of pigs receiving diets with 75% SID Val:Lys (P = 0.167). The SBL analysis estimated SID Val:Lys requirement at 66.4, 65.4, and 68.0% for ADG, ADFI, and G:F of pigs from 39.4 to 52.9 kg of body weight (BW) and 66.8, 65.7, and 70.4% for the pigs between the BW of 52.9 and 66.4 kg. The QBL analysis revealed a similar SID Val:Leucine ratio of 52.2% for G:F in both periods. This data suggests a SID Val:Lys requirement of 66.6% in diets containing 30% DDGS for pigs between the BW of 39.4 to 66.4 kg. Increasing the SID Val:Lys ratio in 30% DDGS diets did not improve performance congruent to CS fed pigs.