bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Co-infection of Fasciola and Dicrocoelium in gall-bladder of cows butchered in Ibadan abattoir, Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Oyebamiji D.A. , Sodeeq F.O.D. , Datti P.E. , Hassan A.A. 
Published: April 2021

Fascioliasis and Dicrocoeliasis are significant helminthic diseases of ruminants, especially livestock. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, intensity and co-infection rate of Fasciola and Dicrocoelium species inside livestock butchered in Ibadan abattoir, Oyo State, Nigeria. 2100 gall-bladders were collected from the and inward substances macroscopically examined for adults and egg parasite prevalence. Adult parasites examined macroscopically while the bile sedimentation technique was used in determining the presence of parasite ova and the eggs were examined under the microscope. Data were analysed using statistical tools and the association between variables were done using t-test, and oneway Anova was used to compare the means of variables. Both adults and eggs of F. gigantica and D. hospes were recovered from the samples with the overall prevalence being 76.0%. Only 25 (25.0%) samples had a single infection of F. gigantica and 20 (20.0%) had D. hospes. Mixed infection was observed in 31.1% of the examined samples. The overall prevalence of each parasite revealed 56.0% and 50.0% for F. gigantica and D. hospes, respectively. The overall intensity (mean) of eggs was 1126 (11.26±20.08) eggs per 2ml of bile. The intensity of F. gigantica recorded 1010 (10.09±17.50) and D. hospes recorded 116 (1.22±2.46) eggs per 2ml of bile. This study gives the current state of rearing animals amid existing government efforts to improve animal productivity and reduction in economic loss. Cattle deworming should be practised regularly. Furthermore, the improved method should be employed for the determination of the current status of Fasciola in co-infection withDicrocoelium and other helminth parasites of cattle in Oyo State.
Keywords: Co-infection; Amosun abattoir; Gall-bladder; Cattle slaughtered; D. hospes
Effects of drug treatments on Worm burden and enzyme levels in Schistosoma haematobium infected laboratory Animals
Authors: Eberemu N.C. , Edelduok E.G. , Nnodim N.N. 
Published: April 2021

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of drug treatments and enzymes level on the worm burden in an experimental Schistosoma haematobium infected guinea pig. Eggs of S. haematobium were collected from the urine of infected persons and hatched into miracidia. Fresh water Snail species Bulinus truncatus were exposed to miracidia and allowed for five weeks to establish infection and develop to cercaria. Guinea pigs were exposed to S. haematobium cercaraie by subcutaneous injection. The infected guinea pigs were divided into four groups, designated as 7, 28, 90 days post infection and controls. The guinea pigs were treated singly and in combination with different doses of Praziquantel (PZQ), Artemether (ART) and Artequine (ARQ). The efficacy of the different drugs on worm burden were assessed. Blood samples were collected from the guinea pigs before and after treatment for determination of Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST). Result showed that treatment with higher doses of PZQ/ART (100/200mg/kg) and PZQ/ARQ (100/200mg/kg) resulted in total worm reduction rate of 58 and a percentage efficacy of 98.3%. ARQ (300 mg/kg) had the highest percentage efficacy of 89.8% amongst the single drugs used with respect to higher doses. There were observed alteration in the levels of the enzymes after S. haematobium infection. The serum level of ALP, AST and ALT after infection generally decreased. There were various activities in the level of ALPAST and ALT after treatment with different drug regimen at different stages of S. haematobium infection. ARQ alone and in combination with PZQ had anti schistosomal effect and could be promising in controlling schistosomiasis.
Keywords: S. haematobium, Guinea Pigs, Liver functioning enzymes, Worm burden
Parasites on Vegetables Sold at Masaka Market, Karu, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
Authors: Adogo L.Y. , Yakubu H.D. , Maikenti J.I. 
Published: April 2021

The consumption of fresh vegetables serves as source of important nutrients in the body; however, parasitic infection from the consumption of raw fruits and vegetables is on the increase. This study aimed at identifying the parasitic contamination of Vegetables sold at Masaka market New Karu, Nasarawa State. A total of 240 samples of vegetables were examined by sedimentation concentration after washing using normal saline. The overall prevalence of parasitic contamination was 52.5%. Fluted pumpkin (93.3%) was the most contaminated vegetable while cucumber and apple (16.7%) were the least contaminated vegetables (P>0.05). Strongyloides stercoralis(28.9%) was the most frequently detected parasite followed by Taenia spp (18.8%), Entamoeba coli (17.2%), Hookworm (13.3%), Entamoeba histolytica (8.6%), Ascaris lumbricoides (7.8%) and Toxocara spp (5.5%) was the least detected parasite. The parasitic contamination of different vegetables shows that Tomatoes and Lettuce had the highest poly-parasitic contamination of four species of parasites, whereas Apple and Cucumber had the least poly-parasitic contamination of one parasite. Strongyloides stercoralis had the highest infestation (37.5%) of the water samples used to refresh the vegetables. Vegetables that were washed before display for selling was significantly associated with reduced parasitic contamination (P>0.05). Vegetables are potential sources of transmission for intestinal parasites in the study area, hence, proper washing of fruits and cooking of vegetables is required to reduce parasitic infections.
Keywords: Vegetables, Parasitic contamination, Masaka, Karu, Nasarawa
Prevalence of Concomitant Infection of Intestinal Helminthiasis with Malaria Parasitaemia in a typical Nigeria Suburban Areas.
Authors: Achukwu N.O. , Enweani I.B. , Aniobi C.C. , Isiofia P.O. , Ogbonna U.S.A. 
Published: April 2021

Helminthic infestation and malaria parasitaemia, separately or co- joined, can be present, in a host and still be asymptomatic. It is, therefore, crucial to assess the extent of co-infestation among individuals, particularly children who are most prone to parasitic infestations. Blood and Stool samples were collected from 557 pupils who were examined for intestinal helminths, malaria parasitaemia and anaemia. Formal acetate concentration method was used to analyse the stool specimens after which positive ones were further processed using Stolls method of counting helminths egg to determine the number of parasite per gram of stool. Thick film was used for malaria parasite test and malaria parasite density was calculated for the positive samples while anaemia was screened using cyanmethaemoglobin method. There were 235(42.2%) pupils co-infested with intestinal helminths and malaria parasitaemia Co-infestation of Ascaris lumbricoides and malaria parasitaemia 91(16.3%), and co-infection with hookworm and malaria parasitaemia 72(13.0%) had the highest prevalence. The percentage of pupils co-infested and anaemic were 130(23.3%) and is statistically significant (p > 0.05) across the communities. There was a negative correlation between haemoglobin concentrations (the indicator of anaemia), helminthic count with malaria parasite density count. This study revealed that intestinal helminths and malaria parasitaemia have a resurgence and concomitant infestation which constitutes a public menace. Co-infection increased the risk associated with anaemia and intensify the burden in Nigerian children.
Keywords: Co-infestation, malaria parasitaemia, intestinal helminthiasis, anaemia, pupils
Phytochemical Screening and Larvicidal Assessment of Bellyache Bush (Jatropha gossypiifolia) Leaf Extracts Against Culex quinquefasciatus Larvae
Authors: Buduwara J.H. , Adiel T. , Sami R. , Tafem M.L. 
Published: April 2021

The development of resistance by Culex mosquitoes to synthetic insecticides has necessitated the continued search for alternative ones from plants. This study screened the preliminary qualitative phytochemicals and assessed the larvicidal efficacy of extracts of J. gossypiifolia leaf against third and fourth stage Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. The J. gossypiifolia was screened for the presence of phytochemicals using standard methods. After twenty-four (24) hours post exposure of both third and fourth stage C. quinquefasciatus larvae against different concentrations, (2.0mg/ml, 4.0mg/ml, 6.0mg/ml, 8.0mg/ml and 10 mg/ml) of various extracts. It showed that larval mortality increases significantly (p<0.05) with increase in extracts concentration. Acetone leaf extract showed highest mortality at 10mg/ml with 85% third stage Culex larvae mortality, followed by ethanolic leaf extract. However, least mortality was observed in n-Hexane leaf extract with 15% larval mortality against fourth stage Culex larvae. Low LC and LC values (3.715mg/ml and 12.490mg/ml) were noticed in 50 90 acetone leaf extract of J. gossypiifolia. The study observed that the highest LC and LC values (9.104mg/ml and 50 90 22.877mg/ml) were noticed in hexane leaf extracts. Conclusively, acetone leaf extract of J. gossypiifolia can be harnessed to control Culex larvae. However, there is a need to ascertain the quantities of bioactive components of J. gossypiifolia and its toxicity to non-target organisms.
Keywords: Jatropha gossypiifolia, Phytochemicals, Culex larvae
Mortality and Inhibitory Effects of Aqueous and Methanolic Extracts of Artemisia annua L. on Biomphalaria pfeifferi (Krauss) and Shedding of Cercariae
Authors: Ado I.M. , Ali Z.A. , Dogara M.M. , Abdullahi K. , Luka S.A , Nock H.I. , Ndams I.S. , Madara A.A. 
Published: April 2021

The search for bioactive plants which can be used as non-conventional anthelmintics has received considerable attention in recent times because of the increasing, worldwide development of resistance to synthetic anthelminthes worm populations. However, scientific evidence to validate the use of raw plants materials remain limited. This study evaluated the mortality and inhibitory effects of the crude aqueous and methanolic extract of Artemisia annua L. against the shedding of cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni from Biomphalaria pfeifferi. The phytochemical screening of the plant was done using standard procedure, after which the mortality effects of the plant extracts and effects on the shedding of cercariae from B. pfeifferi snails were assessed for 24 hour of exposure. Methanolic extract with the highest concentration of 1.77mg/µL had an inhibitory effect of 63.06±1.84 while the least concentration with 0.12mg/µL had 22.41±2.17 inhibitory effect. For the aqueous extract, the highest concentration with 2.73mg/µL had an inhibitory effect of 55.75±1.94 while the least concentration of 0.23mg/µL had 21.80±1.45. Inhibitory effect of cercariae in the snail vector was concentration dependent, and there was significance difference (P<0.05) between the treatment mean when compared with the control group. This study has shown that this plant material has some inhibitory effect on the shedding of of S. mansoni cercariae and toxicityeffect on the B. pfeifferisnails, and can therefore be used for the control of the disease causing agent as well as the vector.
Keywords: Artemisia annua, Inhibitory effects, cercariae, Biomphalaria pfeifferi
Assessment of Dog Owners’ Knowledge on Dog Rabies Vaccination in Rural Communities in Ogun State, Nigeria
Authors: Awoyomi O.J. , Bankole N.O. , Kehinde O.O. , Adebowale O.O. 
Published: April 2021

A cross sectional study was designed to assess knowledge of dog owners towards dog rabies vaccination in rural communities in Odeda local government area of Ogun State. A structured questionnaire was administered to 268 dog owners. The questionnaire sought information on demographic characteristics of the dog owners, their association with dogs, and knowledge about dog rabies vaccine. Data obtained were analyzed using chi square and logistic regression with p value set at ≤ 0.05. Dog rabies vaccination coverage in the study area was 4.9%. Most of the respondents (67.2%) were not aware of dog rabies vaccine. Only 3% of the dog owners had good knowledge about rabies vaccination. Socio-economic factors that had significant association with knowledge level were age, occupation, educational level and marital status of the respondents. There was also significant association between age, religion, occupation, educational level, awareness on dog rabies vaccination, knowledge about dog rabies vaccination, danger posed by non vaccinated dogs to the public and other animals and the intention of dog owners to vaccinate their dogs against rabies. One hundred and eighty seven respondents (70%) declared their intention to vaccinate their dogs, although 82% affirmed willingness to pay for vaccination of their dogs against rabies; however the average amount indicated was only ₦200.00 ($0.57). In conclusion, it is free vaccination of dogs against rabies with an aggressive mass orientation on responsible dog ownership and enlightenment on fatality of clinical rabies through the mass media that can significantly alter the vaccination coverage in the studied community
Key words: Rabies, vaccination, dogs, rural communities, intention
Incursion of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) Serotype O East Africa Topotype -3 (O/EA-3) in Nigeria
Authors: Ularamu H.G. , Ibu J.O. , Abenga J.N. , Lazarus D.D. , Wungak Y.S. , Ehizibolo D.O. , Shamaki D. , Adah M.I. 
Published: April 2021

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an endemic transboundary animal disease that affects livestock health across most of sub-Saharan Africa. Since the first official report of FMD in Nigeria in 1924, serotypes O, A, SAT 1 and SAT 2 have been documented within the country. Molecular epidemiology has been used to trace the origin of FMD outbreaks in the case of animal movement, inter-species transmissions and trans-continental introductions. Phylogenetic analyses of VP1 nucleotide sequences of the twelve isolates (n=12) provide evidence for the presence of type O/EAST AFRICA 3 (EA-3) in Nigeria. The epidemiological situation of FMD in Nigeria and other West African countries is further complicated by the emergence of the O/EA-3 lineage that is causing new outbreaks in the region in addition to the West Africa (WA) topotype that has been known to be in circulation in Nigeria and other parts of West African and Central African regions. These recent development in west and central Africa, indicates the dynamic and complex nature of FMD epidemiology in the region and this is not un-connected to the nomadism in the region. In addition the un-restricted animal movement across the porous border in the region in search of pasture and water for their animal has contributed to the spread of diseases across the region. From the results the phylogenetic analysis of the O/EA-3 has close identity and was closely related to O/EA-3 from the 2009 outbreak in Sudan. Therefore, based on these findings a sustained surveillance is required to yet understand the epidemiology of FMD in West and Central Africa that will inform the type of vaccine and target areas in other to control the disease. The need to restrict animal movement across the border should be put in place and where necessary all animals that must move from one point to another must have proper evidence of vaccine certification before it should be allow access into the area. Finally for effective FMD control, regional vaccination and surveillance should be advocated and it should be backed by law. The need to have FMD vaccination at national as well as regional FMD control policy is strongly advocate for effective FMD control in Nigeria and across the regions.
Key words: Topotype, West African; FMD and Nigeria
Endocrine, Reproductive, Neurophysiologic and Extraneous Activities of Estrogen in Vertebrates
Authors: Nwankudu O.N. 
Published: April 2021

Estrogens are reproductive hormones synthesized in the gonads of both male and female vertebrates. This review is geared towards uncovering some endocrine, reproductive, neurophysiologic and extraneous activities of estrogen in vertebrates. The three most common naturally occurring estrogens are: Estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3). In primates, estradiol is the most potent and predominant estrogen during reproductive years. Estrogens are synthesized primarily in the female ovaries and in small quantities in the male testes and the adrenal glands, brain, and fat of both sexes. Estrogens are steroid hormones. The adipose tissues are considered to be the major source of circulating estrogen after the gonads in both men and women. In essence, the presence of aromatase expression in a local tissue confirms extra-gonadal estrogen synthesis. In reproduction, estrogen promote secondary sexual characteristics in females and regulates maturation of sperm (spermiogenesis) in males. Neurophysiologically, estrogen promote glutamate activity in the central nervous system, facilitates dopaminergic neurotransmission but blocks gammaaminobutyric acid. Extraneously, estrogen decrease serum cholesterol and osteoporosis especially in menopausal females. However, acute estrogen droppostpartum leads to depressed mood experienced by most post parturient females. In this review, it is observed that, while serum estrogen decreases with age in females, in male it increases with age due to the extraneous synthesis of estrogen especially in the adipose tissue.
Keywords: Estrogen, Female, Aromatase, Male, adipose tissue
Chromatographic Analysis and In Vitro Cytotoxic Properties of Different Root Extracts of Hermannia geniculata Eckl. & Zeyh on Vero, HepG2 And RAW 264.7 Macrophage
Authors: Adeniran L.A. , Ashafa A.O.T. 
Published: April 2021

Hermannia geniculata is widely used in the management of several illnesses in South African traditional medicine. Chromatographic analysis, in vitro cytotoxicity, and biological activities of secondary metabolites present in Hermannia geniculata root extracts were investigated. Vero monkey kidney cells, human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells, and RAW 264.7 macrophage cell lines were used to determine the cytotoxicity of the extracts using MTT assay. The capabilities of the plant extracts to inhibit 5-lipoxygenase enzyme activities, the overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) following lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages by the ethanol extract was evaluated. Results showed selective toxicity of the extracts with LC50 values of Vero cells ranging from (0.40-0.57 mg/mL) while the LC50 value of HepG2 cells varies between (0.016-0.136 mg/mL). The selectivity indexes (SI) were recorded (31.87, 18.87, 33.33, and 13.52) for ethanol, hydro-ethanol, decoction, and aqueous extracts respectively. The ethanol extract inhibited NO production in a concentration-dependent manner showing a decrease of 82% at a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL. Its LC50 value (3.64 mg/mL) is lower and significantly different (p<0.05) compared to quercetin (standard) with an LC50 (8.28 mg/mL). Similarly, the ethanol extract is a potent inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase enzyme with the lowest IC50 value of 0.14 mg/mL which is significantly different (p<0.05) from other extracts and indomethacin (standard). The GC-MS chromatograms of the ethanol extract revealed five principal compounds that have been reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antifungal properties. This result indicated that Hermannia geniculata root extracts is not toxic to Vero and RAW 264.7 macrophage cell lines and toxic to HepG2 cell lines used in this experiment, it may also possesses antiiflammatory and antiploriferative activities which could be exploited in the development of new, safer, and efficacious drugs.
Keywords: Cytotoxicity; Nitric oxide; 5-lipoxygenase; Hermannia geniculata, Antioxidant GCMS.
Psychological Capital and Organizational Citizenship Behavior among Staff Nurses
Authors: Elsayed Samah M. , Badran Fawzia M. M. , Adam Shimaa S. 
Published: April 2021

Context: Psychological capital is among new study aspects of interest to researchers of human capital, organizational behavior and psychology. On the other hand, Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) has been a focused subject by researchers due to increasing empirical evidence of OCB's impact on individual and organizational performance. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between psychological capital and organizational citizenship behavior among staff nurses.
Methods: Design: A descriptive correlational design was used to conduct this study at Obstetrics and Gynecological Hospital on one hundred and nine nursing staff. Data collection tools include psychological capital Scale and organizational citizenship behavior scale. Results: The present study showed that the mean dimensions of self-efficacy 3.60±0.48 and optimism 3.25±0.45 had the highest and the lowest mean, respectively, of psychological capital. The results revealed that as for the dimensions of organizational citizenship behavior, the dimension of altruism (4.06±0. 62) while Civic virtue (civilized behavior had the lowest mean (3.80±0.52) and shows that the total mean score of organizational Citizenship Behavior were 3.91±0.41.
Conclusions: There is a highly statistically significant positive correlation between total staff nurses' perspectives regarding psychological capital and their total organizational citizenship behavior. The study recommended that hospital administrators should promote organizational citizenship behavior and, consequently, psychological capital by involving employees in decisions, consult with them, and intervention programs for nurses should be carried out to enhance their level of psychological capital.
Sevme Sanatı Olarak Felsefe
Authors: MOLACI Melike 
Published: April 2021

Bilgeliğin sözle değil eylemle edinildiğini düşünen Stoacılar, felsefeyi yaşama sanatı olarak tanımlarlar. Stoacı bilgenin doğaya uygun eylemleriyle bir sanat eserine dönüştürdüğü yaşamı, dingin ve çetin bir ruhu gerektirir. Yanılgılardan ve tutkulardan uzak bilgece yaşamın bir sanat eseri olarak düşünülmesi ilk bakışta mümkün görünmeyebilir. Günümüz ayrımlarıyla yaklaşıldığında Stoa felsefesinde estetik yaşantının özerk olmadığı ve estetiğin müstakil bir disiplin olarak kuramsallaştırılmadığı da rahatlıkla söylenebilir. Bununla birlikte güncel ayrımlar ve kavramlarla Antikçağ kuramlarına yaklaşmak, kestirme ve yanlış sonuçlara neden olabilir. Bu tehlikenin bertaraf edilebilmesi ve yaşama sanatının tam da Stoacıların iddia ettiği gibi estetik ve politik bir yaşama işaret ettiğinin temellendirilebilmesi için ilk kaynaklara, erken dönem Stoacı filozoflara dönülmelidir.
Estetik, etik ve politik bir yaşamın Stoacı yaşama sanatında içerildiği iddiasında olan bu çalışmada, felsefeyle yakından ilişkili olan “sevme sanatı”na odaklanılmaktadır. Çünkü Stoacı yaşama sanatı -halen rağbet görmesine rağmen-, çağdaş yazarların kapsamlı incelemelerine konu; özgün kuramlarına da ilham olan “eski” bir meseledir. Oysa tutkusuz bilgenin sevme sanatındaki ustalığı, oldukça dikkat çekici özellikleri açığa çıkarır ve çeşitli olanakları tartışmayı sağlar. Bu nedenle bu yazıda erken dönem Stoa felsefesinin sevme sanatı olarak adlandırdığı ilişki biçimi ile bu sanatın yetkinliği olan sevme erdemi ele alınmakta; bunlar aracılığıyla Stoacıların etik, estetik ve politik bir yaşamı bir arada nasıl düşünebildikleri incelenmektedir.