bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Legal justifications for gender parity on the bench of the International Court of Justice: An argument for evolutive interpretation of Article 9 of the ICJ Statute
Authors: Corsi Jessica Lynn 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe UN General Assembly and the UN Security Council should amend their rules of procedure to create gender parity on the bench of the International Court of Justice. Only 3.7 per cent of all judges on the ICJ have been women. The UN Charter, ICJ Statute, and long-standing practice of the Court underscore the importance of representation, but the focus has been on geographical representation. Using the law of international organizations, combined with the law of treaty interpretation and international human rights law, this article argues that Article 9 of the ICJ Statute should be interpreted to include a requirement of gender parity. Established practice, subsequent practice, and the UN’s multi-decade gender parity in staffing policy establish an evolutive interpretation of what is required to fulfil equality at the UN and the ICJ. The nomination and election procedures for ICJ judges are sufficiently flexible to facilitate this interpretation.
Transmembrane H+fluxes and the regulation of neural induction inXenopus laevis
Authors: Leung Ho Chi , Leclerc Catherine , Moreau Marc , Shipley Alan M. , Miller Andrew L. , Webb Sarah E. 
Published: September 2021

SummaryIt has previously been reported that inex vivoplanar explants prepared fromXenopus laevisembryos, the intracellular pH (pHi) increases in cells of the dorsal ectoderm from stage 10.5 to 11.5 (i.e. 11–12.5 hpf). It was proposed that such increases (potentially due to H+being extruded, sequestered, or buffered in some manner), play a role in regulating neural induction. Here, we used an extracellular ion-selective electrode to non-invasively measure H+fluxes at eight locations around the equatorial circumference of intactX. laevisembryos between stages 9–12 (˜7–13.25 hpf). We showed that at stages 9–11, there was a small H+efflux recorded from all the measuring positions. At stage 12 there was a small, but significant, increase in the efflux of H+from most locations, but the efflux from the dorsal side of the embryo was significantly greater than from the other positions. Embryos were also treated from stages 9–12 with bafilomycin A1, to block the activity of the ATP-driven H+pump. By stage 22 (24 hpf), these embryos displayed retarded development, arresting before the end of gastrulation and therefore did not display the usual anterior and neural structures, which were observed in the solvent-control embryos. In addition, expression of the early neural gene,Zic3, was absent in treated embryos compared with the solvent controls. Together, our newin vivodata corroborated and extended the earlier explant-derived report describing changes in pHithat were suggested to play a role during neural induction inX. laevisembryos.
Food environments and the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: analysis of changes observed in 2020
Authors: Mendes Larissa Loures , Canella Daniela Silva , Araújo Melissa Luciana de , Jardim Mariana Zogbi , Cardoso Letícia de Oliveira , Pessoa Milene Cristine 
Published: September 2021

AbstractEvidence of changes caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in food security and nutrition conditions, as well as in different food environments, has called researchers’ attention to substantial changes taking place in individuals’ dietary habits. The aim of this study is to present and address changes that have already happened in food environments, during the first COVID-19 pandemic year, in a middle-income country. Multiple changes were observed and had direct impact on the population, among them, worsened health and nutrition indicators and advanced dietary inequalities, as well as on its food profile in different life cycles, if one takes into consideration aspects such as food availability, financial access and dietary quality.
Morphology of the Io Plasma Torus From Juno Radio Occultations
Authors: Moirano A. , Gomez Casajus L. , Zannoni M. , Durante D. , Tortora P. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe jovian moon Io disperses about 1 ton/s of material in the planetary magnetosphere, mainly by sublimation of SO2 from the surface and by its intense volcanic activity. The ejected material supplies the plasma cloud surrounding Jupiter known as Io Plasma Torus (IPT). The radio communication between Juno and the Earth DSN station crosses the IPT near the closest approach. Being a dispersive medium, the IPT introduces a path delay in the signal, which can be analyzed to retrieve the density distribution of electrons. We used radio tracking data from the first 25 orbits to investigate the morphology of the IPT and its variability. We adopted a static and axisymmetric model for the electron density and we updated it including temporal and longitudinal variability. We found that our best fit model must include both variabilities, even though on average the morphology of the IPT agrees with previous analyses. Our results suggest that the density of the outer region of the IPT fluctuates over 50% the average value over a typical time scale of about 420 days.
Drift Orbit Bifurcations and Cross‐Field Transport in the Outer Radiation Belt: Global MHD and Integrated Test‐Particle Simulations
Authors: Desai R. T. , Eastwood J. P. , Horne R. B. , Allison H. J. , Allanson O. , Watt C. E. J. , Eggington J. W. B. , Glauert S. A. , Meredith N. P. , Archer M. O. , Staples F. A. , Mejnertsen L. , Tong J. K. , Chittenden J. P. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractEnergetic particle fluxes in the outer magnetosphere present a significant challenge to modeling efforts as they can vary by orders of magnitude in response to solar wind driving conditions. In this study, we demonstrate the ability to propagate test particles through global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations to a high level of precision and use this to map the cross‐field radial transport associated with relativistic electrons undergoing drift orbit bifurcations (DOBs). The simulations predict DOBs primarily occur within an Earth radius of the magnetopause loss cone and appear significantly different for southward and northward interplanetary magnetic field orientations. The changes to the second invariant are shown to manifest as a dropout in particle fluxes with pitch angles close to and indicate DOBs are a cause of butterfly pitch angle distributions within the night‐time sector. The convective electric field, not included in previous DOB studies, is found to have a significant effect on the resultant long‐term transport, and losses to the magnetopause and atmosphere are identified as a potential method for incorporating DOBs within Fokker‐Planck transport models.
COVID-19 vaccination and unemployment risk: lessons from the Italian crisis
Authors: Pieroni Valentina , Facchini Angelo , Riccaboni Massimo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis paper analyzes the impact of mobility contraction on employee furlough and excess deaths in Italy during the COVID-19 crisis. Our approach exploits rainfall patterns across Italian administrative regions as a source of exogenous variation in human mobility to pinpoint the causal effect of mobility restrictions on excess deaths and furlough workers. Results confirm that the first countrywide lockdown has effectively curtailed the COVID-19 epidemics restricting it mainly to the northern part of the country, with the drawback of a countrywide increase in unemployment risk. Our analysis points out that a mobility contraction of 1% leads to a mortality reduction of 0.6%, but it induces an increase of 10% in Wage Guarantee Funds allowed hours. We discuss return-to-work policies and prioritizing policies for administering COVID-19 vaccines in the most advanced stage of a vaccination campaign when the healthy active population is left to be vaccinated.
Mothers’ cafeteria diet induced sex-specific changes in fat content, metabolic profiles, and inflammation outcomes in rat offspring
Authors: Matuszewska Julia , Zalewski Tomasz , Klimaszyk Adam , Ziarniak Kamil , Jurga Stefan , Chmurzynska Agata , Sliwowska Joanna H. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract“Western diet” containing high concentrations of sugar and fat consumed during pregnancy contributes to development of obesity and diabetes type 2 in offspring. To mimic effects of this diet in animals, a cafeteria (CAF) diet is used. We hypothesized that CAF diet given to rats before, and during pregnancy and lactation differently influences fat content, metabolic and inflammation profiles in offspring. Females were exposed to CAF or control diets before pregnancy, during pregnancy and lactation. At postnatal day 25 (PND 25), body composition, fat contents were measured, and blood was collected for assessment of metabolic and inflammation profiles. We have found that CAF diet lead to sex-specific alterations in offspring. At PND25, CAF offspring had: (1) higher percentage of fat content, and were lighter; (2) sex-specific differences in levels of glucose; (3) higher levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α); (4) sex-specific differences in concentration of IL-6 and TNF-α, with an increase in CAF females; (5) higher level of IL-10 in both sexes, with a more pronounced increase in females. We concluded that maternal CAF diet affects fat content, metabolic profiles, and inflammation parameters in offspring. Above effects are sex-specific, with female offspring being more susceptible to the diet.
Kruppel-like factor 15 induces the development of mature hepatocyte-like cells from hepatoblasts
Authors: Anzai Kazuya , Tsuruya Kota , Ida Kinuyo , Kagawa Tatehiro , Inagaki Yutaka , Kamiya Akihide 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe liver is an important metabolic organ that controls homeostasis in the body. Moreover, it functions as a hematopoietic organ, while its metabolic function is low during development. Hepatocytes, which are parenchymal cells of the liver, acquire various metabolic functions by the maturation of hepatic progenitor cells during the fetal period; however, this molecular mechanism is still unclear. In this study, Kruppel-like factor 15 (KLF15) was identified as a new regulator of hepatic maturation through a comprehensive analysis of the expression of transcriptional regulators in mouse fetal and adult hepatocytes. KLF15 is a transcription factor whose expression in the liver increases from the embryonic stage throughout the developmental process. KLF15 induced the overexpression of liver function genes in mouse embryonic hepatocytes. Furthermore, we found that the expression of KLF15 could also induce the expression of liver function genes in hepatoblasts derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Moreover, KLF15 increased the promoter activity of tyrosine aminotransferase, a liver function gene. KLF15 also suppressed the proliferation of hepatoblasts. These results suggest that KLF15 induces hepatic maturation through the transcriptional activation of target genes and cell cycle control.
Effect of liraglutide on expression of inflammatory genes in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Zobel Emilie H. , Ripa Rasmus S. , von Scholten Bernt J. , Rotbain Curovic Viktor , Kjaer Andreas , Hansen Tine W. , Rossing Peter , Størling Joachim 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAnti-inflammatory effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) treatment in T2D may contribute to the cardiovascular benefits observed with GLP-1 RAs in outcome studies. We investigated if the GLP-1 RA liraglutide exerts anti-inflammatory effects through modulation of inflammatory gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). From 54 participants of a double-blinded trial where individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) were randomized to liraglutide (1.8 mg/day) or placebo for 26 weeks, a sub-study was performed in which PBMCs were extracted from fresh blood at study start and at end-of-treatment. The expression of selected inflammatory genes in PBMCs were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Moreover, the expression of the GLP-1 receptor (GLP1R) was examined in a subset (n = 40) of the PBMC samples. The human monocytic cell line THP-1 was used for in vitro GLP-1 exposure experiments. The expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFA) (p = 0.004) and interleukin-1β (IL1B) was downregulated (p = 0.046) in the liraglutide-treated group (n = 31), and unchanged in the placebo group (n = 21, p ≥ 0.11), with no significant differences between the two groups (p ≥ 0.67). The expression of interferon-γ (IFNG) and cluster of differentiation 163 (CD163) were upregulated in both groups (p ≤ 0.006) with no differences between groups (p ≥ 0.47). C–C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 (CCL5) was upregulated in the liraglutide-treated group (p = 0.002) and unchanged in the placebo group (p = 0.14), with no significant difference between groups (p = 0.36). Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1) was unchanged in both groups (p ≥ 0.43). GLP1R expression in the PBMCs was undetectable. In vitro experiments showed no effect of GLP-1 treatment on inflammatory gene expression in THP-1 cells. GLP1R expression in THP-1 cells was not detectable. In summary, we observed a discrete modulatory effect of liraglutide on the expression of inflammatory genes in PBMCs. The lack of evidence for GLP1R expression in PBMCs and THP-1 cells suggests that possible effects of liraglutide on the PBMCs’ gene expression are most likely indirect. Further investigations are needed to establish the anti-inflammatory potential of GLP-1 RAs.
Deep learning to ternary hash codes by continuation
Authors: Chen Mingrui , Li Weiyu , Lu Weizhi 
Published: September 2021

AbstractRecently, ithas been observed that ‐ternary codes, which are simply generated from deep features by hard thresholding, tend to outperform ‐binary codes in image retrieval. To obtain better ternary codes, the authors for the first time propose to jointly learn the features with the codes by appending a smoothed function to the networks. During training, the function could evolve into a non‐smoothed ternary function by a continuation method, and then generate ternary codes. The method circumvents the difficulty of directly training discrete functions and reduces the quantization errors of ternary codes. Experiments show that the proposed joint learning indeed could produce better ternary codes. For the first time, the authors propose to generate ternary hash codes by jointly learning the codes with deep features via a continuation method. Experiments show that the proposed method outperforms existing methods.
Nodal charging demand forecast of EVs considering drivers’ psychological bearing ability based on NMC‐MCS
Authors: Ma Qiao , Tong Xiangqian , Huang Jingjing , Wang Peng , Li Junhuai 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWidespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) would significantly increase the electrical load demand in power distribution networks. Most previous studies investigated EV charging demand based on drivers’ trip habits, but the impact of psychological bearing ability (PBA) about the range anxiety on EV drivers’ charging decision are ignored. Here a novel forecast method considering drivers’ PBA for predicting nodal charging demand of EVs is proposed. The charging decision model considering PBA is established based on an improved Richards model, and the spatial‐temporal dynamics model is established based on the non‐homogeneous Markov chain (NMC) and random trip chain. Meanwhile, the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) is adopted to avoid the disaster of dimensionality in large scale EVs charging problem. The proposed method is illustrated by an actual system integrated traffic network and power grid. The simulation results demonstrate that drivers’ PBA will significantly affect the charging decision, then changes the spatial‐temporal distribution of charging power demand. The conclusion is that the drivers with lower PBA have a higher charging demand, and the impact of drivers’ PBA on charging power has a close relation with the initial battery level (IBL) of EVs.
55 Monate nach regionaler Chemotherapie eines fortgeschrittenen
Zungengrundkarzinoms: Anhaltende Komplettremission bei
unbeeinträchtigter Lebensqualität
Authors: Aigner Karl R. 
Published: September 2021

ZusammenfassungEin 47-jähriger Patient mit einem die mediane Linie überschreitenden
Zungengrundkarzinom im Stadium IVA wurde mit insgesamt drei Zyklen intraarterieller
Chemotherapie über die linke und rechte A. carotis behandelt. Zur
Toxizitätsprophylaxe wurde jeweils eine Chemofiltration im venösen
Rückfluss aus dem Tumorareal durchgeführt. Die initial erschwerte
orale Nahrungsaufnahme als auch Schmerzen im Stadium 3, waren zum Zeitpunkt der
zweiten Therapie nahezu und zu Beginn der dritten Therapie völlig
verschwunden. Der Tumor ist seit 55 Monaten in Komplettremission und der Patient
völlig beschwerdefrei. Das Prinzip der gesteigerten Tumortoxizität
der intraarteriellen Chemotherapie beruht auf der hohen Zytostatikaaufnahme bei der
ersten Passage durch die Tumorgefäße.
Überblick zur Supportivtherapie für Patienten mit
Kopf-Hals-Tumoren
Authors: Büntzel Jens , Micke Oliver , Glatzel Michael , Kisters Klaus , Mücke Ralph ,   für den
                    Arbeitskreis „Spurenelemente und Elektrolyte in der Onkologie“
                    (AKTE)
Published: September 2021

Zusammenfassung
Fragestellung Es sollen die spezifischen Aspekte der Supportivtherapie bei
Kopf-Hals-Karzinomen zusammengestellt werden.
Methode Darstellung der Symptome entsprechend des Zeitverlaufs der
Behandlung. Supportive Therapieansätze entsprechend der S3-Leitlinie und
Ansätze aus der Komplementärmedizin werden zugeordnet.
Ergebnisse Die Patienten erleben Funktionsverluste durch ihre Krankheit
und die erfahrene Therapie. Im Vordergrund stehen dabei die
Beeinträchtigungen der Stimme und Sprache sowie der Nahrungsaufnahme.
Ästhetische Probleme, weitere Sinnesverluste (Riechen, Schmecken,
Hören) und Komorbiditäten (insbesondere im psychiatrischen
Bereich) prägen den Alltag unserer Patienten.
Schlussfolgerung Der multimodalen Behandlung eines fortgeschrittenen
Kopf-Hals-Tumors muss eine multiprofessionelle Supportivmedizin entgegengesetzt
werden, die für diese Patienten oft lebenslang notwendig ist.
Mental Health in der Covid-19-Pandemie – Beobachtungen unter
Kopf-Hals-Tumorpatienten
Authors: Büntzel Jens , Vitek Petr , Micke Oliver , Walter Stefanie , Büssing Arndt 
Published: September 2021

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Hintergrund In Krisenzeiten wie der Covid-19-Pandemie hat das individuelle
Coping für jeden Tumorpatienten eine besondere Bedeutung zur
Bewältigung ihrer spezifischen Belastungen.
Material und Methode Wir haben in zwei Projekten Daten zu Mental Health
für Patienten mit Kopf-Hals-Karzinomen erfasst: WHO-5, SpREUK,
Distress-Thermometer zu Belastung. Vor der Pandemie inkludierten wir 113
Patienten, während des 1. Lockdowns 84 Patienten und während des
2. Lockdowns 86 Patienten.
Ergebnisse Wir sehen während des 1. Lockdowns im Trend eine
Abnahme der allgemeinen Krankheitslast gegenüber der Zeit vor Covid-19.
Lebenszufriedenheit steigt, Copingstrategien wie Sinnsuche, Vertrauen und
Reflexion der eigenen Situation werden aktiviert. Im zweiten Lockdown lassen
diese Entwicklungen wieder nach, wobei insbesondere das per se nicht sehr
große religiöse Vertrauen geschwunden zu sein scheint.
Schlussfolgerung Tumorpatienten können Krisensituationen durch
Coping besser überwinden. Spiritual Care kann gezielt diese Copingmuster
unterstützen.
Mandragora: Koliken der Gallenblase und Kopfschmerzen
Authors: Hadulla Michael M. 
Published: September 2021

ZusammenfassungKasuistik einer 21-jährigen Patientin mit kolikartigen Bauchschmerzen,
Verspannungen und Kopfschmerzen. Die Modalitäten Besserung durch Essen
sowie Überstreckung und Bewegung führten zu dem Arzneimittelbild
Mandragora und zu einer nachfolgenden Restitutio ad Integrum.
Mundschleimhautentzündungen naturheilkundlich behandeln
– Erfahrungen aus der Praxis
Authors: Weis Nicole 
Published: September 2021

ZusammenfassungIn der supportiven Onkologie werden zunehmend Verfahren aus dem Bereich der
Naturheilkunde ergänzend eingesetzt, um Nebenwirkungen zu lindern.
Dieser Artikel beschreibt am Beispiel der oralen Mukositis, welche
naturheilkundlichen Therapien sich in der Praxis bewährt haben.
Intra-arterial Balloon Occlusion to Reduce Operative Bleeding for Placenta Previa Accreta Spectrum
Authors: Murayama Yoshihiko , Seki Hiroyuki , Takeda Satoru 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCesarean section for placenta previa accreta spectrum carries a significant risk of massive hemorrhage. Hence, it is necessary to understand the various hemostatic procedures, damage control surgery and resuscitation for massive hemorrhage, and systemic management against hypovolemic shock and coagulopathy. In cases of placenta previa with previous cesarean section, the operation should be performed in a tertiary medical facility with well-trained staff and blood availability for transfusion. Preoperative placement of an intra-arterial balloon occlusion catheter in the common iliac artery or aorta is useful for preventing massive hemorrhage.
10.24.1 Product Subclass 1: Pyrido[1,2-a]indoles and Related Benzo-Fused Ring Systems
Authors: Harris P. A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis review describes methods for the synthesis of pyrido[1,2-a]indoles, as well as the related benzo-fused ring systems indolo[1,2-a]quinolines, indolo[1,2-b]isoquinolines, indolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines, and indolo[1,2-f]phenanthridines. The most common routes to access these ring systems involve a variety of transition-metal-catalyzed cyclizations, but alternative approaches are also covered.
10.24.3 Product Subclass 3: Pyrimido[1,6-a]indoles and Related Benzo-Fused Ring Systems
Authors: Harris P. A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMethods for the synthesis of pyrimido[1,6-a]indoles, indolo[1,2-c]quinazolines, and the less-common pyrido[2′,1′:2,3]pyrimido[1,6-a]indol-5-ium ring systems are reviewed in this chapter. Indolo[1,2-c]quinazolines are the most represented in the literature, most often being accessed via cyclization of either 2-(2-aminoaryl)indoles or 2-(2-haloaryl)indoles, although a variety of additional approaches are described.
37.9 Product Class 9: 1,4-Dioxanes
Authors: Vashchenko B. V. , Grygorenko O. O. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, the synthesis of substituted 1,4-dioxanes and their saturated bridged, fused, and spirocyclic derivatives is discussed for the first time in Science of Synthesis. Partially unsaturated compounds, in particular benzo, 2-oxo, and related derivatives, are excluded from this review. Methods based on the construction of the 1,4-dioxane core, as well as on functionalization of the parent 1,4-dioxane and 2,3-dihydro-1,4-dioxine are presented.
3.3.4 Biocatalytic Oxidation of Alcohols: An Overview
Authors: Hollmann F. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter provides a representative, but non-exhaustive, overview of biocatalytic methods for the oxidation of alcohols to the corresponding carbonyl products. Enzymes represent an attractive alternative to established oxidation catalysts, especially if mild reaction conditions are needed or if regio- or stereoselectivity are desirable.