bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ELISpot assay and prediction of organ transplant rejection
Authors: Girmanova Eva , Hruba Petra , Viklicky Ondrej , Slavcev Antonij 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe ELISpot assay is a sensitive technique applied to assess cytokine‐producing memory/effector T cells and human leukocyte antigens (HLA)‐specific IgG‐producing B cells. Besides the fact that the method is laborious and is difficult to standardise between laboratories, it may provide valuable information on the immune response of recipients before and after organ transplantation. In this article, we briefly review the recent literature and discuss the clinical significance of the ELISpot assay in predicting the risk and incidence of allograft rejection and survival.
Child and parent preferences for the appearance of dentists with respect to personal protective equipment in paediatric dentistry
Authors: Arslan Ipek , Aydinoglu Sema 
Published: December 2021

AbsractBackgroundPersonal protective equipment (PPE) gained particular importance during the COVID‐19 pandemic.AimTo assess child and parent preferences for dentists' appearance concerning their PPE and to determine the relationship between the child and parent preferences.DesignA total of 250 children aged 6–12 years and their parents were enrolled in the study. Standardized pictures with different sexes, attires, eye protectors, hair protectors, masks, and gloves were shown to children and their parents separately, and they were asked to choose their preferences. The dental anxiety of the children and their parents was determined using the MCDASf and MDAS, respectively. Decayed, missing, and filled tooth (DMFT) indices were employed for the children.ResultsChildren and parents preferred a dentist of the same sex as themselves (p < .05). Anxious children preferred cartoon‐printed attire, and children with low anxiety mostly preferred white coats (p = .001). Children who preferred colored coats had higher DMFT (p < .001). Statistically significant differences were found in the attire and glove preferences between children and parents (p < .001).ConclusionsThe production of white and child‐friendly fluid‐resistant disposable gowns should be considered. PPE with colored or cartoon print was preferred under the influence of factors that could positively affect anxiety.
Combined electromechanical dynamic fracture behavior of lead zirconate titanate (PZT)
Authors: Mendoza Isabella , Drury Daniel , Koumlis Stylianos , Ivy Jacob , Brennecka Geoff , Lamberson Leslie 
Published: December 2021

AbstractCoupon specimens of poled and depoled lead zirconate titanate (PZT) are examined under combined stress wave and electric loading conditions. Mode‐I crack initiation and fracture behavior is examined using ultrahigh‐speed imaging and two‐dimensional digital image correlation. The dynamic critical stress intensity factor () is extracted using measured displacement fields ahead of the impulsively loaded crack tip, and compared between poled and depoled plates that were either under no electric field, positive 0.46 kV/mm electric field, or negative 0.46 kV/mm electric field. Poled specimens had a poling direction and applied electric field direction normal to the crack front. The addition of an electric field resulted in a crack‐enhancing effect, where the dynamic fracture toughness of poled specimens under 0.46 kV/mm was almost half that of samples with no electric field. Depoled samples experienced almost no change in dynamic fracture toughness with the addition of an electric field.
Bcl‐2 hijacks the arsenic trioxide resistance in SH‐SY5Y cells
Authors: Wang Jinling , Peng Xiaohui , Yang Daowei , Guo Mengyu , Xu Xiao , Yin Fengyue , Wang Yu , Huang Jiaqing , Zhan Linghui , Qi Zhongquan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAresenic trioxide (ATO) is proven to be active against leukaemia cells by inducing apoptosis and differentiation. Even though ATO could effectively induce remissions of leukaemia cells, the drug resistance was observed occasionally. To further dissect the mechanism of ATO resistance, we selected the ATO‐resistant SH‐SY5Y cells and found that Bcl‐2 controlled the sensitivity of ATO in SH‐SY5Y cells. We report that necroptosis, autophagy, NF‐ƘB and MAPK signalling pathway are not involved in ATO‐induced apoptosis. Moreover, the ATO‐resistant cells showed distinct mitochondrial morphology compared with that of ATO‐sensitive cells. Intriguingly, nude mice‐bearing ATO‐sensitive cells derived xenograft tumours are more sensitive to ATO treatment compared with that of ATO‐resistant cells. These data demonstrate that cancer cells can acquire the ATO‐resistance ability by increasing the Bcl‐2 expression.
From Cohesion to Contagion? Populist Radical Right Contestation of EU Enlargement
Authors: Bélanger Marie‐Ève , Wunsch Natasha 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe rise of populist radical right parties (PRRPs) in a growing number of European Union (EU) member states and inside the European Parliament (EP) has triggered concern over their ability to drive further contestation of European integration. Using EU enlargement as a test case, we analyse an original dataset of over 2′700 hand‐coded statements from the last three EP mandates (2004–19) to trace the emergence of an increasingly coherent, oppositional discourse by PRRPs towards a further widening of the EU. We show that PRRPs contribute to a generalized hardening of opposition towards enlargement, but fail to impose their identity‐focused framing upon other parliamentary actors. Instead, we suggest that mainstream party groups accommodate PRRPs' essentialist discourse by shifting from technical, conditionality‐based reasoning towards more political arguments articulated around human rights and democracy. Our findings feed into debates about the transnational cooperation of PRRPs and the political impact of Euroscepticism.
The Real Interest Rate Channel Is Structural in Contemporary New‐Keynesian Models: A Note
Authors: BRAULT JOSHUA , KHAN HASHMAT 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe monetary transmission mechanism in a New‐Keynesian model with contemporary features is put to scrutiny. In contrast to Rupert and Sustek (2019), we find that the real interest rate channel is structural when the model contains empirically realistic frictions on the flow of investment. A monetary contraction (expansion) is always followed by an increase (decrease) in the real interest rate. The monetary transmission mechanism indeed operates through the real interest rate channel in this class of models.
Rethinking the significance of surgery for uterine cervical cancer
Authors: Shimada Muneaki , Tsuji Keita , Shigeta Shogo , Nagai Tomoyuki , Watanabe Zen , Tokunaga Hideki , Kigawa Junzo , Yaegashi Nobuo 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundTreatment strategies based on histological subtypes are unestablished.AimsRethinking the significance of surgery for uterine cervical cancer.MethodsUsing the database of cervical cancer stages IB–IIB with extensive hysterectomy (Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics [FIGO] 2008) established by the Japanese Gynecologic Oncology Group network, we conducted a clinicopathological study of cervical cancer cases reclassified according to the FIGO 2018 staging. In stage IB (FIGO 2018) cervical cancer patients, there was no significant difference in treatment outcome according to histological type, but in stages IIA, IIB, and IIIC1 (FIGO 2018), the treatment outcome of nonsquamous cell carcinoma was significantly worse than that of squamous cell carcinoma. Considering post‐treatment health care, it is important to consider ovarian preservation in young patients with cervical cancer, up to stage IIA (FIGO 2018) for squamous cell carcinoma and stage IB1 (FIGO 2018) for nonsquamous cell carcinoma, after careful evaluation of clinicopathological factors before surgery.DiscussionLocally advanced adenocarcinoma of the cervix is a rare and refractory cancer that has been shown to have low radiosensitivity, and its treatment outcome is still unsatisfactory. A new therapeutic strategy involving multidisciplinary treatment in combination with perioperative chemotherapy at a facility that can provide highly curative surgical treatment is desired.ConclusionMinimally invasive surgery is being introduced for the treatment of early‐stage cervical cancer. However, the number of eligible cases should be expanded in a phased manner, based on an objective evaluation of surgical outcomes at the facilities. Omics analysis may be useful to develop a new treatment for human papillomavirus nonrelated cervical cancer, represented by gastric mucinous carcinoma.
Prospective Associations Between Youth Assets and Truancy Within the Context of Family Structure
Authors: Sanchez Louisiana Montserrat , Oman Roy Frank , Lensch Taylor , Yang Yueran 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDThe purpose of this study was to examine the prospective associations between 17 individual, family, and community level youth assets and truancy among adolescents living in 1‐parent and 2‐parent households.METHODSFive waves of data were collected annually over a 4‐year period from a racially/ethnically diverse sample of adolescents (N = 722, 51.5% female, mean age = 14.1 years). Generalized linear mixed models were used to identify prospective associations between youth assets and truancy while stratifying by family structure and controlling sociodemographic characteristics.RESULTSFive of the 17 youth assets were significantly associated (p < .05) with reduced odds of truancy among adolescents living in 1‐parent households compared to 10 of 17 assets for adolescents living in 2‐parent households. The significant asset/truancy associations were stronger for adolescents living in 1‐parent households, whereas for adolescents living in 2‐parent households, more of the community assets were significantly protective (p < .05) from truancy.CONCLUSIONAssets that focus on supporting adolescents' future aspirations and expectations may reduce truancy among those living in 1‐parent households, whereas assets that promote community involvement and increased interaction with teachers and peers may protect adolescents living in 2‐parent households from truancy.
Social class across borders: Transnational elites in British ideological space
Authors: Sharma Devyani 
Published: December 2021

AbstractStudies of generational dialect change in diaspora communities have tended to find that local forces outweigh transnational ones: parent varieties are rejected as too saliently foreign, and transnational effects fade in later generations. Examining the speech of second‐generation British Asians, I document this initial shift away from the low status of Indian English, but also unexpected long‐distance adoption of Indian English more recently, in both ideology and routine use. Why choose a stigmatized variety 50 years on? To answer this, I revise the classic triangular class hierarchy of British dialects and model diasporic language‐ideological space as a meeting of two such systems. Young British Asians selectively adopt features of educated Indian English, a variety with increasing global status, at the apex of an Indian hierarchy. For some British Asians, this new exogenous form of symbolic capital is an alternative to the struggle for class mobility within the British system. These new cross‐border acts of affiliation empower formerly subordinated speakers, but also reinforce new hierarchies. In closing, I discuss current and historical parallels where a diasporic imaginary can feed local language change.
Contacts and contexts: Varying diasporic interactions and koineisation outcomes for Indian languages in South Africa
Authors: Mesthrie Rajend 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis paper focuses on (a) a period of forced and semi‐forced migration to newly established colonies under slavery and indenture in the era of European imperialism; and (b) a post‐independence period of economic migration involving voluntary movements of large numbers of individuals to those colonies. It will show that there is no one‐size‐fits‐all outcome regarding the linguistics of migration. Rather, the patterns of migration matter greatly. The paper describes past and ongoing research into five Indian languages of South Africa: Bhojpuri‐Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Konkani and Gujarati. The diaspora varieties that evolved over a 150‐year period fall into four sociohistoric types, chiefly involving the formation of koinés as against individual dialect persistence. Implicated in these differential outcomes are important input factors like (a) areas of recruitment and origin and their linguistic diversity, (b) patterns of migration, whether unilinear, circular or chain migration, (c) internal relations among migrants with other Indian groups and (d) varied power relations involving other South Africans. The paper also presents research on the relations and interactions between the older diasporas and new Indian migrants of the global era.
Effects of urea‐treated oil palm frond on nutrient composition and in vitro rumen fermentation using goat rumen fluid
Authors: Saminathan Mookiah , Wan Mohamed Wan N. , Md Noh ‘Abidah , Ibrahim Nur A. , Fuat Muhammad A. , Kumari Ramiah Suriya , Jusoh Shokri , Mat Dian Noor L. H. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAmmoniation of oil palm frond (OPF) with non‐protein nitrogen (N) sources has been shown to improve the nutritional value and digestibility of OPF in ruminants. This study evaluated the effect of treating OPF without (control) or with different urea levels (1%–5%) on chemical composition and in vitro gas production, digestibility and fermentation properties using goat rumen fluids. The results showed that the treated OPF with urea (1%–5%) had significantly lower (p < 0.05) dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and ash contents than that of the control. The crude protein (CP) content of treated OPF increased (linear p < 0.05; quadratic p < 0.05) with increasing levels of urea inclusion (1%–5%), whereas the contents of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased. The CH4 (ml/500 mg DM incubated) production decreased (linear p < 0.05) with increasing levels of urea inclusion in treated OPF silage. However, in vitro DM and OM degradability were significantly (p < 0.05) increased by higher inclusion levels of urea (4% and 5%). OPF treated with 4% or 5% urea also revealed significantly (p < 0.05) higher total volatile fatty acids and ammonia‐N than the control and OPFs treated with 1%–3% urea. Ammoniation of OPF with urea improved its nutritional value and in vitro rumen fermentation profiles in goats. The impact was more pronounced for 4% or 5% urea‐treated OPF.
Rheological and tribological characterization of different commercial hazelnut‐based spreads
Authors: Principato Laura , Carullo Daniele , Duserm Garrido Guillermo , Bassani Andrea , Dordoni Roberta , Spigno Giorgia 
Published: December 2021

AbstractFive commercial hazelnut/cocoa spreads with different compositions were tested by rheology/tribology. The impact of each formulation on the structural/lubricant performances was investigated. Rotational/oscillatory rheology was chosen to assess material behavior during flow. Viscosity variation as a function of temperature and chamber geometry was evaluated. Oscillatory mode tests were carried out to obtain information on product viscoelasticity. Tribological analysis was performed at different temperatures aiming at simulating the chewing/swallowing process. All samples were categorized as pseudo‐plastic and viscoelastic materials, with the elastic component prevailing over the viscous one. Major differences were detected in terms of consistency index, depending on the total lipid content. Temperature increase enhanced spread fluidity with a decreasing viscosity according to the Arrhenius model (R2 > 0.942) and greater values of activation energy reflecting higher sensitivity to microstructural changes. An inverse relationship between Casson viscosity and sugar/fat ratio highlighted additional correlations between structural parameters and spread formulation. Tribological measurements at 25°C highlighted that, at the initial eating stage, the friction factor (0.112–0.262 at sliding velocity of 8 × 10−6 m/s) was strongly affected by either the amounts of solid fat or hazelnut percentage. Tribological data corroborated the theory for which tribology and rheology cover different domains.
Introduction to themed section on ‘Belonging to Syria. National identifications before and after 2011’
Authors: Bachleitner Kathrin , Matthiesen Toby 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe five papers in this themed section seek to explain national identifications with Syria using diverse methods and focusing on various state and societal actors before and after 2011. Each contribution engages with the distinction of national identities into their ‘ethnic/primordial’ and ‘civic/constructed’ elements and examines their meaning within Syria in different times and contexts. Since its independence in 1946, Syria experienced strong tensions between sub‐ and supra‐state identities and experimented with diverse territorial nationalisms in their pan‐Arab and specifically Syrian forms. Through a distinctive mix of ethnic Arab and civic ideological elements, they helped to forge unity among a multiplicity of ethnicities, tribes and sects living on the Syrian territory and thus were moulded in tandem with the interests of those in power.
Mediation, identity construction and legitimacy: Reimagining the Syrian nation through third‐party peacemaking
Authors: Clowry Sarah 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis article interrogates whether, and if so how, international mediation might shape the identities of the conflict parties. I examine stages I and II of the Geneva Peace Process, the early United Nations (UN)‐led efforts in relation to the Syrian civil war, by thematically analysing 31 semi‐structured interviews, 35 press conferences and 68 official documents. I argue that mediators and conflict parties can reimagine the identities of the conflict parties within, and in response to, mediation. Mediation may form a backdrop to processes of identity construction, while the very occurrence of mediation can provoke processes of identity construction. Within the case analysed, the Syrian opposition and members of the international community reconstructed a vision of the Syrian people, depicting the nation as being united by suffering. This, I contend, was driven by a perceived need to legitimise the peace process while the Syrian opposition was simultaneously painted in parallel hues in an attempt to legitimise their aspirations to govern.
Nursing students' experiences of moral uncertainty in the context of global health practicums
Authors: Greig Madeleine , Pesut Barbara , Marck Patricia , Burgess Michael 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMore students than ever are electing to take part in international practicums from health‐related disciplines. With the goal of better understanding the moral experiences and ethical implications of global health practicums (GHPs), the purpose of this Interpretive Descriptive study was to examine the moral uncertainty of nursing students from one university in Canada. Seventeen nurses who had participated in a GHP in their undergraduate nursing program participated in semi‐structured interviews. Data were analyzed inductively using constant comparative data analysis techniques, and a thematic account of participants' experiences was developed. Findings suggest that nursing students experienced considerable amounts of moral uncertainty during their GHP. Most often, participants' experiences of uncertainty stemmed from a misalignment between their expectations and reality, including encountering different approaches to healthcare, being situated in new cultural and clinical care environments, and grappling with how best to stay within one's scope of student professional practice. Participants inconsistently reflected on these experiences, which may present a missed opportunity for professional growth through the development of a heightened social consciousness. Educators can facilitate this process by implementing robust predeparture training for GHPs, clarifying program objectives, and providing clinical debriefing.
Class and Vulnerability to Debt in Rural India: A Statistical Overview*
Authors: Kandikuppa Sandeep 
Published: December 2021

AbstractRural indebtedness is a major development challenge confronting India. In 2018, scores of farmers protested rising household debt, and the popular coverage of the time asserted that farmers were under crushing debt. Combining data from the All‐India Debt and Investment Survey with other sources and using a class analysis, I interrogate this “crushing debt” narrative. Rural households, depending on the socioeconomic and contextual vulnerabilities that they experience, are indebted in different ways. The rural elite borrow more loans and have higher loan amounts, while asset‐poor households are more dependent on informal credit sources and also pay higher rates of interest. Households from the wage worker class are more likely to be over‐indebted relative to others. I further find that petty commodity producers bear less debt burden and are less likely to be over‐indebted relative to other classes. These findings underscore the fact that rural indebtedness is a nuanced problem that manifests in a multitude of ways across India.
Personal care assistants’ lived experience of working in the home setting with children and adults on mechanical ventilation
Authors: Alrø Anette Bjerregaard , Klitnæs Charlotte , Dreyer Pia 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundWorking as a personal care assistant (PCA) with children and adults on mechanical ventilation in a home setting may be complex and challenging due to the physical and mental working conditions.AimTo explore the lived experience of working as a (PCA) with patients, children and adults on mechanical ventilation in the home setting.Design and methodsA qualitative study using a phenomenological‐hermeneutic approach. Data collection involved semi‐structured individual interviews with 20 PCAs (n = 15 women and n = 5 men) in Denmark in 2020. Their work experience with patients on home mechanical ventilation ranged from 8 months to 25 years (median 8 years). The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research checklist was used as a guideline.FindingsFour main themes emerged from the structural analysis: Being a fly on the wall or part of the family, Always being in a state of readiness is exhausting, Being a team player and Mutual respect is key in the work relationship.ConclusionPCAs had to balance on a knife's edge when working with children and adults on mechanical ventilation in the home setting and try to strike a happy medium. Enduring the job required a proper physical and mental work environment, and thorough preparation, achieved not only through technical training, but also through learning how to be part of a professional relationship characterised by mutual respect and matched expectations.Relevance to clinical practiceThe findings provide clinical practice with important insights into how to inform, prepare and educate PCAs working with patients on mechanical ventilation in the home setting. Further research into home care education and training programmes with a patient‐ and family‐centred care approach is needed.