bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex, Knowledge, and Attitude of Stroke Survivors Attending Bebe Herbal Center on Risk Factors before and after Stroke
Authors: Nwoha Polycarp U. , Okoro Florence O. , Nwoha Emmanuel C. , Chukwu Fidelia N. , Nwoha Chidinma O. , Ogoko Nkeiru C. , Nwoha Peace N. , Idaguko Chika A. , Obi Augustine U. , Agwu Ezenna M. , Ayoola Iyanu O. , Osonwa Sunday O. , Okpara Ifeoma H. 
Published: April 2021

Objective. The objective of this study was to investigate the extent stroke survivors who attended an herbal center knew of stroke risk factors and whether significant sex differences existed. Study Design. This was a cross-sectional study conducted from January to June 2018 at Bebe Herbal Center, and it involved two well-trained assistants who interviewed 149 first-time stroke survivors after consent and ethical approval were obtained. The survivors self-reported their knowledge, attitude, and beliefs on risk factors before and after stroke. Statistical Analyses. Means of continuous variables were compared using Student’s unpaired

t

-test, while categorical variables between males and the females were analyzed using Pearson’s chi-square test.

P
<
0.05

was taken as significant. Results. Mean age of men (

64.81
±
1.24

yrs

) was significantly higher than that of women (

61.39
±
1.42

yrs

) (

F
=
0.096

,

t
=
1.79

,

df
=
147

;

P
<
0.05

). More men than women were 60 years and above while more women than men were below 60 years. Pearson’s chi-square test showed significant association of sex with education (

χ

2

=
12.31

;

df
=
3

,

P
<
0.006

), occupation (

χ

2

=
23.65

;

df
=
4

,

P
<
0.001

), alcohol intake (

χ

2

=
24.23

;

df
=
1

;

P
<
0.001

), and smoking (

χ

2

=
9.823

;

df
=
1

;

P
<
0.001

). The commonest risk factor suffered was hypertension (73.1%), followed by alcohol intake (59.1%), smoking (31.5%), and diabetes mellitus (26.7%); these affected men more than women. Male survivors unaware of their hypertensive status were more likely to have stroke than females, and age had a significant effect on the likelihood of developing a stroke; the same was occupation. Conclusions. These survivors suffered mainly from hypertension, triggered by psychosocial problems and diabetes mellitus; their stroke seemed fueled by unrecognized hypertension, unrecognized diabetes mellitus, ignorance of hyperlipidemia, and wide-scale belief in witchcraft as risk factor. Awareness programs in the third world should take these observations into consideration.
Neural Correlates of Hand–Object Congruency Effects during Action Planning
Authors: Zhang Zuo , Zeidman Peter , Nelissen Natalie , Filippini Nicola , Diedrichsen Jörn , Bracci Stefania , Friston Karl , Rounis Elisabeth 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSelecting hand actions to manipulate an object is affected both by perceptual factors and by action goals. Affordances may contribute to “stimulus–response” congruency effects driven by habitual actions to an object. In previous studies, we have demonstrated an influence of the congruency between hand and object orientations on response times when reaching to turn an object, such as a cup. In this study, we investigated how the representation of hand postures triggered by planning to turn a cup was influenced by this congruency effect, in an fMRI scanning environment. Healthy participants were asked to reach and turn a real cup that was placed in front of them either in an upright orientation or upside–down. They were instructed to use a hand orientation that was either congruent or incongruent with the cup orientation. As expected, the motor responses were faster when the hand and cup orientations were congruent. There was increased activity in a network of brain regions involving object-directed actions during action planning, which included bilateral primary and extrastriate visual, medial, and superior temporal areas, as well as superior parietal, primary motor, and premotor areas in the left hemisphere. Specific activation of the dorsal premotor cortex was associated with hand–object orientation congruency during planning and prior to any action taking place. Activity in that area and its connectivity with the lateral occipito-temporal cortex increased when planning incongruent (goal-directed) actions. The increased activity in premotor areas in trials where the orientation of the hand was incongruent to that of the object suggests a role in eliciting competing representations specified by hand postures in lateral occipito-temporal cortex.
Development Modernity in India, an Incomplete Project: From Nehru to Modi
Authors: Tripathy Jyotirmaya 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Modernity as a set of attitudes based on reason, or as the cultivation of scientific temper, was informed by the imperative of development in a postcolonial state like India. Alongside the rise of democracy, there was the pressing need for removing poverty and ensuring fulfilment of basic needs for the common people. It is in this sphere of addressing poverty and underdevelopment that India became modern in a very material and substantive sense. The paper makes a case for an understanding of modernity that is deeply rooted in the material needs of the people and traces this impulse of development modernity from the time of India’s first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru till the present government led by Narendra Modi. While doing so, it problematises Nehru’s and Modi’s statist understanding of development and brings them to conversation to understand the continuing promise of modernity predicated on development. In the process both Nehru and Modi are interpreted vis-à-vis the times they lived in as well as their responses to what constituted India’s core values, their relationship with modernity and development’s place in it.
Matrimony of Discordant: Developmental State and Ethnic Federalism in Ethiopia, 2001–2018
Authors: Bitew Birhanu 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Since the coming of Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (eprdf) into power, Ethiopia has oscillated with the trial of different economic models. In 2001, the regime adopted developmental state model along with ethnic federalism while abandoning liberalism. Taking these facts into account, this paper assesses the tension and compatibility between developmental state and ethnic federalism. The findings of this paper reveal that there are no problems associated with the developmental state in terms of rhetorical points of view. It can improve development if the governments strictly observe and implement the pillars that the developmental state needs to have. However, the marriage between developmental state and ethnic federalism incurs the possibility of the non-enforcement of the main pillars of the developmental state. The nature of the developmental state and the way Ethiopia’s federal system structured is incompatible, which I call such a relation the ‘matrimony of discordant’.
International Investment Law and Non-Communicable Diseases Prevention
Authors: Garde Amandine , Zrilič Jure 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
It is increasingly acknowledged that non-communicable diseases (NCDs) create immense human and economic costs, disproportionately affecting developing countries. This article, which serves as an introduction to this Special Issue on international investment law and NCD prevention, outlines the international framework for the prevention of NCDs, noting the more advanced development of tobacco control policies compared to policies relating to other NCD risk factors, such as unhealthy diets and alcohol consumption. Drawing on the Philip Morris v Uruguay case, the article explains how international investment law and NCD prevention interact and the problems this interaction may raise for States willing to adopt robust NCD prevention strategies involving the regulation of the tobacco, alcohol and food industries. It concludes by introducing other contributions in this Special Issue and by highlighting the need to build legal expertise in this area.
A New Approach to Arabic Tense Form-Content Mismatch in Four Translations of the Qurʾan
Authors: El-Zawawy Amr M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The tense systems in English and Arabic are markedly similar, but one striking feature makes the two-part ways: Arabic boasts the capacity of expressing the past and the future in forms that are not tallied with what English does. Arabic and English can express the future and the past in the present form. Yet Arabic, especially Qurʾanic Arabic, has the singular capacity for expressing the future in past form and the past in present form. The mismatch in the Arabic tense system in the English translation of the Qurʾan is given due attention in the present paper, and a new approach is presented to address this significant problem. The four translations selected are Arberry’s, Yusuf Ali’s, Pickthall’s and Asad’s. A model is proposed to analyze significant selections of such mismatches, based on graphical representations of TOC, TOE and linking form. The study concludes that the most inconsistent translation is Pickthall’s, while Arberry’s is the most consistent of all. It also reveals that although Asad is not fully proficient in English like Arberry, he succeeds in clearing the hurdle of translating tense form-content mismatch most of the time.
تحفيز العصب الرأسي العاشر بين الطرق الطبية الطبيعية والقرآن والسنة النبوية والممارسات الإسلامية
Authors: Al-Alami Zina M. , Ahmad Adawi Alladein Mohammad 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Vagus nerve (the tenth cranial nerve), is responsible for several vital physiological conditions and several motor and sensory actions in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Because of its importance, scientists usually stimulate it electrically in certain medical conditions, or naturally for the wellbeing of individuals. The aim of this study is to compare between the natural ways that stimulate the vagus nerve, that were suggested by anatomists, physiologists and medical doctors, and between what it is mentioned in the Quran and Sunnah and practiced by Muslims. The study found that many of the documented natural practices that stimulate the vagus nerve are actually mentioned in the Quran or Sunnah. We concluded that some natural methods of vagus nerve stimulation are mentioned in many Islamic textual sources and Islamic practices.
On the Formation of Tropopause Folds and Constituent Gradient Enhancement Near Westerly Jets
Authors: Hitchman Matthew H. , Rowe Shellie M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe role of differential advection in creating tropopause folds and strong constituent gradients near midlatitude westerly jets is investigated using the University of Wisconsin Non-hydrostatic Modeling System (UWNMS). Dynamical structures are compared with aircraft observations through a fold and subpolar jet (SPJ) during RF04 of the Stratosphere-Troposphere Analyses of Regional Transport (START08) campaign. The observed distribution of water vapor and ozone during RF04 provides evidence of rapid transport in the SPJ, enhancing constituent gradients above relative to below the intrusion. The creation of a tropopause fold by quasi-isentropic differential advection on the upstream side of the trough is described. This fold was created by a southward jet streak in the SPJ, where upper tropospheric air displaced the tropopause eastward in the 6-10 km layer, thereby overlying stratospheric air in the 3-6 km layer. The subsequent superposition of the subtropical and subpolar jets is also shown to result from quasi-isentropic differential advection.The occurrence of low values of ozone, water vapor, and potential vorticity on the equatorward side of the SPJ can be explained by convective transport of low-ozone air from the boundary layer, dehydration in the updraft, and detrainment of inertially-unstable air in the outflow layer. An example of rapid juxtaposition with stratospheric air in the jet core is shown for RF01. The net effect of upstream convective events is suggested as a fundamental cause of the strong constituent gradients observed in midlatitude jets. Idealized diagrams illustrate the role of differential advection in creating tropopause folds and constituent gradient enhancement.
Moral distress in nurses caring for patients with Covid-19
Authors: Silverman Henry J , Kheirbek Raya Elfadel , Moscou-Jackson Gyasi , Day Jenni 
Published: April 2021

Background: Moral distress occurs when constraints prevent healthcare providers from acting in accordance with their core moral values to provide good patient care. The experience of moral distress in nurses might be magnified during the current Covid-19 pandemic. Objective: To explore causes of moral distress in nurses caring for Covid-19 patients and identify strategies to enhance their moral resiliency. Research design: A qualitative study using a qualitative content analysis of focus group discussions and in-depth interviews. We purposively sampled 31 nurses caring for Covid-19 patients in the acute care units within large academic medical systems in Maryland and New York City during April to June 2020. Ethical considerations: We obtained approval from the Institutional Review Board at the University of Maryland, Baltimore. Results: We identified themes and sub-themes representative of major causes of moral distress in nurses caring Covid-19 patients. These included (a) lack of knowledge and uncertainty regarding how to treat a new illness; (b) being overwhelmed by the depth and breadth of the Covid-19 illness; (c) fear of exposure to the virus leading to suboptimal care; (d) adopting a team model of nursing care that caused intra-professional tensions and miscommunications; (e) policies to reduce viral transmission (visitation policy and PPE policy) that prevented nurses to assume their caring role; (f) practicing within crisis standards of care; and (g) dealing with medical resource scarcity. Participants discussed their coping mechanisms and suggested future strategies. Discussion/Conclusion: Our study affirms new causes of moral distress related to the Covid-19 pandemic. Institutions need to develop a supportive ethical climate that can restore nurses’ moral resiliency. Such a climate should include non-hierarchical interdisciplinary spaces where all providers can meet together as moral peers to discuss their experiences.
Genome-wide identification and transcriptional characterization of DNA methyltransferases conferring temperature-sensitive male sterility in wheat
Authors: Li Dan , Feng Bian-E , Liu Yong-Jie , Gong Jie , Tang Yi-Miao , Zhang Li-Ping , Pang Bin-Shuang , Sun Ren-Wei , Zhang Feng-Ting , Chen Zhao-Bo , Wang Yong-Bo , Chen Xian-Chao , Wang Ai-Ping , Zhao Chang-Ping , Gao Shi-Qing 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
DNA methyltransferase (DMT) genes contribute to plant stress responses and development by de novo establishment and subsequent maintenance of DNA methylation during replication. The photoperiod and/or temperature-sensitive genic male sterile (P/TGMS) lines play an important role in hybrid seed production of wheat. However, only a few studies have reported on the effect of DMT genes on temperature-sensitive male sterility of wheat. Although DMT genes have been investigated in some plant species, the identification and analysis of DMT genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) based on genome-wide levels have not been reported.

Results
In this study, a detailed overview of phylogeny of 52 wheat DMT (TaDMT) genes was presented. Homoeolog retention for TaDMT genes was significantly above the average retention rate for whole-wheat genes, indicating the functional importance of many DMT homoeologs. We found that the strikingly high number of TaDMT genes resulted mainly from the significant expansion of the TaDRM subfamily. Intriguingly, all 5 paralogs belonged to the wheat DRM subfamily, and we speculated that tandem duplications might play a crucial role in the TaDRM subfamily expansion. Through the transcriptional analysis of TaDMT genes in a TGMS line BS366 and its hybrids with the other six fertile lines under sterile and fertile conditions, we concluded that TaCMT-D2, TaMET1-B1, and TaDRM-U6 might be involved in male sterility in BS366. Furthermore, a correlation analysis showed that TaMET1-B1 might negatively regulate the expression of TaRAFTIN1A, an important gene for pollen development, so we speculated regarding an epigenetic regulatory mechanism underlying the male sterility of BS366 via the interaction between TaMET1-B1 and TaRAFTIN1A.

Conclusions
Our findings presented a detailed phylogenic overview of the DMT genes and could provide novel insights into the effects of DMT genes on TGMS wheat.
Lung-protective ventilation increases cerebral metabolism and non-inflammatory brain injury in porcine experimental sepsis
Authors: Nyberg Axel , Gremo Erik , Blixt Jonas , Sperber Jesper , Larsson Anders , Lipcsey Miklós , Pikwer Andreas , Castegren Markus 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Protective ventilation with lower tidal volumes reduces systemic and organ-specific inflammation. In sepsis-induced encephalopathy or acute brain injury the use of protective ventilation has not been widely investigated (experimentally or clinically). We hypothesized that protective ventilation would attenuate cerebral inflammation in a porcine endotoxemic sepsis model. The aim of the study was to study the effect of tidal volume on cerebral inflammatory response, cerebral metabolism and brain injury. Nine animals received protective mechanical ventilation with a tidal volume of 6 mL × kg−1 and nine animals were ventilated with a tidal volume of 10 mL × kg−1. During a 6-h experiment, the pigs received an endotoxin intravenous infusion of 0.25 µg × kg−1 × h−1. Systemic, superior sagittal sinus and jugular vein blood samples were analysed for inflammatory cytokines and S100B. Intracranial pressure, brain tissue oxygenation and brain microdialysis were sampled every hour.

Results
No differences in systemic or sagittal sinus levels of TNF-α or IL-6 were seen between the groups. The low tidal volume group had increased cerebral blood flow (p < 0.001) and cerebral oxygen delivery (p < 0.001), lower cerebral vascular resistance (p < 0.05), higher cerebral metabolic rate (p < 0.05) along with higher cerebral glucose consumption (p < 0.05) and lactate production (p < 0.05). Moreover, low tidal volume ventilation increased the levels of glutamate (p < 0.01), glycerol (p < 0.05) and showed a trend towards higher lactate to pyruvate ratio (p = 0.08) in cerebral microdialysate as well as higher levels of S-100B (p < 0.05) in jugular venous plasma compared with medium–high tidal volume ventilation.

Conclusions
Contrary to the hypothesis, protective ventilation did not affect inflammatory cytokines. The low tidal volume group had increased cerebral blood flow, cerebral oxygen delivery and cerebral metabolism together with increased levels of markers of brain injury compared with medium–high tidal volume ventilation.
The Selvester QRS score as an estimative of myocardial injury in acute chagasic patients from the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: do Nascimento Couceiro Katia , Ortiz Jessica Vanina , do Nascimento Correia Michael , da Silva e Silva Mônica Regina Hosannah , Brandão Alba Regina , da Silva Paula Rita Leite , Doria Susan Smith , Bestetti Reinaldo Bulgarelli , de Sousa Débora Raysa Teixeira , da Silva Junior Rubens Celso Andrade , das Graças Vale Barbosa Guerra Maria , Ferreira João Marcos Bemfica Barbosa , de Oliveira Guerra Jorge Augusto 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
In the Brazilian Amazon, a new epidemiological profile of Chagas disease transmission, the oral route, has been detected and cited as being responsible for the increase in acute cases in Brazil. The clinical evaluation of acute Chagas disease (ACD) has been a challenge since it can progress to a chronic phase with cardiac alterations, and the follow-up by modern diagnostic methods is very difficult due to the socio-geographical characteristics of the Brazilian Amazon. Thus, alternatives should be sought to alleviate this problem. We conducted a study to evaluate subjects with ACD using the 12-lead ECG QRS score (Selvester score) as an estimative of myocardial injury progression before and after ACD treatment.

Methods
The study included indigenous subjects from the Amazon region with ACD in clinical follow-up at the Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD) Chagas Disease outpatient clinic in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. The control group consisted of 31 healthy volunteers with no history of heart disease and no reactive serology for Chagas disease. Baseline ECG was performed in all subjects. The Selvester scoring method was performed according to the standardized guide (< 3 points: no myocardial injury,> 3: points × 3% = % of the predicted LV infarction).

Results
A total of 62 subjects were included, 31 as cases and 31 as controls. The mean follow-up of the case group was 17 months. The control group presented normal ECG. The case group presented 13 alterations before treatment and 11 after. Nineteen individuals presented scores > 3 points, 6 before and 13 after. In 19.36% of subjects, myocardial injury was found before treatment and in 41.94% after treatment.

Conclusion
This is the first study that uses the Selvester score (SS) to predict myocardial injury in subjects with ACD. The results of this study suggest the significant presence of myocardial injury from the beginning of treatment to the period post treatment of ACD, which demonstrates that the SS can be applied for stratification and follow-up of Chagas disease in the Amazon region.