bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integral form of the cylindrical perfect conductors solution for the dual‐probe heat‐pulse method
Authors: Kluitenberg Gerard J. , Knight John H. , Kamai Tamir 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe dual‐probe heat‐pulse (DPHP) method is useful for measuring soil thermal properties. Measurements are made with a sensor that has two parallel rods: one for introducing a pulse of heat and one for measuring change in temperature. Thermal properties are obtained by fitting a solution to the temperature data. The cylindrical perfect conductors solution of Knight et al. (https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2011.0112) allows for accurate determination of those properties because it accounts for the finite radius and finite heat capacity of the rods. In this note, we show how their solution can be written in integral form. Specifically, we rearrange their Laplace‐domain solution and perform contour integration in the complex plane to express their solution as the integral of a real function over the positive real axis. This form of their solution is easier to evaluate and thus improves its accessibility for routine use in determining thermal properties with the DPHP method.
Influence of N‐Butyldithiocarbamic Acid Content on the Properties of Sb2S3 Sensitized TiO2 Nanorod Arrays and Photovoltaic Performance of the Corresponding Solar Cells
Authors: Ying Chao , Guo Fuling , Cui Xi , Sun Xun , Shi Chengwu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this paper, Sb2S3‐sensitized TiO2 nanorod arrays are successfully prepared by the spin‐coated and then pyrolysis (denoted as spin‐pyrolysis) of Sb2S3 precursor solution in N‐Butyldithiocarbamic acid‐ethanol (Sb‐BDCA complex solution). The influence of precursor solution content with different mole ratios of N‐Butyldithiocarbamic acid to Sb3+ (6, 8 and 10, denoted as BDCA‐6, BDCA‐8 and BDCA‐10, respectively) on the crystalline phase, optical absorption and microstructure of the Sb2S3‐sensitized TiO2 nanorod arrays have been investigated systematically. By adjusting the BDCA to Sb3+ mole ratios, the superior preferred orientation of the (211) plane for Sb2S3 was obtained. The results revealed that the Sb2S3‐sensitized TiO2 nanorod arrays for BDCA‐8 showed the best conductivity and the corresponding solar cell achieved the best PCE of 5.43 % with the open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.53 V, short‐circuit photocurrent density (Jsc) of 17.19 mA cm−2 and fill factor (FF) of 59.21 %. After the Sb2S3 sensitized TiO2 nanorod array was modified by lauric acid, the PCE of the corresponding solar cells increased from 5.43 % to 5.77 %.
Efficient and Direct Selenocyanation of Ketene Dithioacetals Using Malononitrile‐SeO2 Under Transition‐Metal‐Free Conditions
Authors: Rai Vishakha , Sorabad Ganesh S. , Maddani Mahagundappa R. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe first selenocyanation of ketene dithioacetals is achieved by using selenium dioxide and malononitrile under mild reaction conditions. The major highlights of this method are an easy set‐up, excellent yields, metal free conditions and the use of odorless and inexpensive selenium reagents. Selenocyanated products are successfully transformed into selenated alkenes and nitrogen containing heterocyclic molecules which would be potential candidates with some desired pharmacological activities.
Synthesis of 2‐Pyrazolines from Hydrazines: Mechanisms Explained
Authors: Vahedpour Teymour , Hamzeh‐Mivehroud Maryam , Hemmati Salar , Dastmalchi Siavoush 
Published: July 2021

Abstract2‐Pyrazoline core is a very interesting five‐membered heterocycle, which has been explored in recent years due to its vast applications as the core structure of bioactive and industrial agents. Based on literature studies, versatile synthetic approaches have been employed for the preparation of 2‐pyrazolines, among them the reaction between hydrazines and α,β‐unsaturated enones as the most used method. In this review article, different methods for the synthesis of 2‐pyrazolines using hydrazine derivatives were classified and presented. Initially, numerous catalytic methods for the preparation of 2‐pyrazolines from hydrazines and α,β‐unsaturated enones are reviewed and various aspects of these methods discussed including catalyst efficiency, catalyst recovery, green chemistry, cost‐effectiveness, scope of the method, enantioselectivity, and yield. In addition, reactions between hydrazines and other reagents in multicomponent and two‐component reactions, developed recently, are discussed. Finally, some of the important applications of 2‐pyrazolines are summarized.
NBS‐Promoted C−H Amination of Enaminones for the Synthesis of N‐Heterocycle Substituted Enaminones**
Authors: Duan Xiyan , Li Huimin , Li Weinan , Wang Junqi , Liu Ning 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA NBS‐promoted C−H amination of enaminones has been developed with a variety of N‐heterocycles. This methodology is highly practical as it employs inexpensive and simple NBS promotor under aerobic conditions without the additions of any transition metal catalyst. The transformation proceeds by the initial bromination of enaminones and the subsequent intermolecular substitution with N‐nucleophile to form C−N bond.
The Lightest 2D Nanomaterial: Freestanding Ultrathin Li Nanosheets by In Situ Nanoscale Electrochemistry
Authors: Sun Muhua , Stolte Nore , Wang Jianlin , Wei Jiake , Chen Pan , Xu Zhi , Wang Wenlong , Pan Ding , Bai Xuedong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAs the lightest solid element and also the simplest metal, lithium (Li) is one of the best representations of quasi‐free electron model in both bulk form and the reduced dimensions. Herein, the controlled growth of 2D ultrathin Li nanosheets is demonstrated by utilizing an in situ electrochemical platform built inside transmission electron microscope (TEM). The as‐grown freestanding 2D Li nanosheets have strong structure‐anisotropy with large lateral dimensions up to several hundreds of nanometers and thickness limited to just a few nanometers. The nanoscale dynamics of nanosheets growth are unraveled by in situ TEM imaging in real‐time. Further density‐functional theory calculations indicate that oxygen molecules play an important role in directing the anisotropic 2D growth of Li nanosheets through controlling the growth kinetics by their facet‐specific capping. The plasmonic optical properties of the as‐grown Li nanosheets are probed by cathodoluminescence spectroscopy equipped within TEM, and a broadband visible emission is observed that contains contributions of both in‐plane and out‐of‐plane plasmon resonance modes.
Cu,Zn Dopants Boost Electron Transfer of Carbon Dots for Antioxidation
Authors: Xue Sheng , Zhang Tingwei , Wang Xiaokai , Zhang Qinhua , Huang Siyang , Zhang Liwei , Zhang Liyu , Zhu Wenjie , Wang Yin , Wu Mingbo , Zhao Qingshan , Li Peifeng , Wu Wenting 
Published: July 2021

AbstractEnzyme‐mimicking nanomaterials for antioxidative therapy is a promising star to treat more than 200 diseases or control their progressions through scavenging excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as O2•− and H2O2. However, they can inversely produce stronger ROS (e.g., •OH) under many disease conditions (e.g., low pH for myocardial ischemia). Herein, a biocompatible ‐Cu‐O‐Zn‐ bimetallic covalent doped carbon dots (CuZn‐CDs) processing both catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase activities are reported, mainly because of their abundant electrons and the excellent electron transfer abilities. In addition, Cu dopant helps to balance the positive charge at Zn dopant resulting from low pH, enabling CuZn‐CDs to still process CAT ability rather than peroxidase ability. Benefiting from it, CuZn‐CDs exhibit sufficient in vitro ROS scavenging ability and cardiomyocyte protective effect against ROS‐induced damage. In vivo results further demonstrate that CuZn‐CDs can protect the heart from ischemia‐reperfusion injury. In addition to antioxidative therapy, the rapid renal clearance and low toxicity properties of CuZn‐CDs in animal model reveal high biocompatibility which will facilitate clinical use.
Escaping the voluntary constraints of “tyre‐track” taxonomy
Authors: Bateman Richard M. , DiMichele William A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAlthough conceptual whole‐plants are occasionally reconstructed, disarticulation means that palaeobotanical taxonomy remains primarily the preserve of fragmented organ‐species, each bearing a Linnaean binomial. Thus, a “natural” taxon that would in any neobotanical classification bear a single valid binomial (any other epithets automatically being deemed synonyms) typically is a chimera, consisting of several binomials that are not only valid but also arguably essential, each representing a different organ of the original plant. The situation is further complicated by the fact that each organ can also carry multiple valid binomials that refer to contrasting preservation states, most commonly either adpression or permineralisation. Thus, a fossil plant is obliged to carry the heavy burden of not one but two or more parallel taxonomies. The two opposing logical approaches to clarifying this complex situation are (1) to coin additional formal names for organ‐species that are found in multiple modes of preservation but at present are named in only one mode, or (2) to attempt to gradually rationalise parallel preservational taxonomies through detailed character comparison, giving priority to whichever preservational mode typically offers a stronger suite of morphological characters and therefore the greater probability of approaching the biological reality necessary for meaningful evolutionary and ecological interpretation. We illustrate our preference for Option 2 using Palaeozoic rhizomorphic lycopsid genera in general and our antagonism to the recently erected permineralisation stem‐genus “Dimicheleodendron” in particular.
Pincers with diverse donors and their interconversion: application to Ni(II)
Authors: Cabelof Alyssa C. , Carta Veronica , Chen Chun‐Hsing , Pink Maren , Caulton Kenneth G. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA pincer ligand composed of a pyridine with ortho positions substituted by a bulky phosphine arm and a pyrazole arm (PNNH) is installed on nickel(II) to yield the diamagnetic planar complex [(PNNH)NiCl]Cl. The chloride anion can be replaced by BPh4− by a metathesis. The acidic pyrazole proton can be removed with LiN(SiMe3)2 to yield the square planar neutral molecule (PNN−)NiCl. The coordinated chloride can be metathetically replaced by azide to yield diamagnetic (PNN−)Ni(N3). To evaluate changing the phosphine donor for a phosphine sulfide, the corresponding pincer ligand SPNNH was synthesized and installed on NiBr2. The reduced steric bulk from the more distant phosphorous keeps both halides coordinated in the paramagnetic molecular species (SPNNH)NiBr2. Several attempts to dehydrobrominate this species result in synthesis and characterization of two unexpected products. One effort revealed that the electrophilic character of P(V) leaves the phosphorus atom in (SPNNH)NiBr2 vulnerable to nucleophilic attack, resulting in a P/C cleavage product which was characterized.
Epidemiology of firearm injuries in Sweden
Authors: Nyberger Karolina , Caragounis Eva-Corina , Djerf Pauline , Wahlgren Carl-Magnus 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Gun violence is a global health problem. Population-based research on firearm-related injuries has been relatively limited considering the burden of disease. The aim of this study was to analyze nationwide epidemiological trends of firearm injuries.

Methods
This is a retrospective nationwide epidemiological study including all patients with firearm injuries from the Swedish Trauma Registry (SweTrau) during the period 2011 and 2019. Registry data were merged with data from the Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention and the Swedish Police Authority.

Results
There were 1010 patients admitted with firearm injuries, 96.6% men and 3.4% women, median age 26.0 years [IQR 22.0–36.3]. The overall number of firearm injuries increased on a yearly basis (P < 0.001). The most common anatomical injury location was lower extremity (29.7%) followed by upper extremity (13.8%), abdomen (13.8%), and chest (12.5%). The head was the most severely injured body region with a median abbreviated injury scale (AIS) of 5 [IQR 3.2–5]. Vascular injuries were mainly located to the lower extremity (42%; 74/175). Majority of patients (51.3%) had more than one anatomic injury location. The median hospital length of stay was 3 days [IQR 2–8]. 154 patients (15.2%) died within 24 h of admission. The 30-day and 90-day mortality was 16.7% (169/1010) and 17.5% (177/1010), respectively. There was an association between 24-h mortality and emergency department systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg [OR 30.3, 95% CI 16.1–56.9] as well as the following injuries with AIS ≥ 3; head [OR 11.8, 95% CI 7.5–18.5], chest [OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.3–4.1], and upper extremity [OR 3.6, CI 1.3–10.1].

Conclusions
This nationwide study shows an annual increase of firearm-related injuries and fatalities. Firearm injuries affect people of all ages but more frequently young males in major cities. One in six patients succumbed from their injuries within 30 days with most deaths occurring within 24 h of hospital admission. Given the impact of firearm-related injuries on society additional research on a national level is critical.
Plant sexual reproduction: perhaps the current plant two-sex model should be replaced with three- and four-sex models?
Authors: Meissner Scott T. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe two-sex model makes the assumption that there are only two sexual reproductive states: male and female. However, in land plants (embryophytes) the application of this model to the alternation of generations life cycle requires the subtle redefinition of several common terms related to sexual reproduction, which seems to obscure aspects of one or the other plant generation: For instance, the homosporous sporophytic plant is treated as being asexual, and the gametophytes of angiosperms treated like mere gametes. In contrast, the proposal is made that the sporophytes of homosporous plants are indeed sexual reproductive organisms, as are the gametophytes of heterosporous plants. This view requires the expansion of the number of sexual reproductive states we accept for these plant species; therefore, a three-sex model for homosporous plants and a four-sex model for heterosporous plants are described and then contrasted with the current two-sex model. These new models allow the use of sexual reproductive terms in a manner largely similar to that seen in animals, and may better accommodate the plant alternation of generations life cycle than does the current plant two-sex model. These new models may also help stimulate new lines of research, and examples of how they might alter our view of events in the flower, and may lead to new questions about sexual determination and differentiation, are presented. Thus it is suggested that land plant species have more than merely two sexual reproductive states and that recognition of this may promote our study and understanding of them.
Nutz- und Bedienbarkeit einer App zur Überwindung von Sprachbarrieren im Rettungsdienst
Authors: Müller Frank , Hummers Eva , Schulze Jennifer , Noack Eva Maria 
Published: July 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Im Rettungsdienst können, im Gegensatz zum stationären Setting, adäquate Dolmetscher häufig nicht ohne Weiteres hinzugezogen werden. Gleichzeitig erfordern Notfallsituationen aber eine rasche Anamnese und ein Assessment als Basis für jedes therapeutische Handeln.

Material und Methoden
Eine Smartphone-App, die auf 18 Sprachen eine basale Kommunikation mittels 600 fest eingesprochener unterschiedlicher Phrasen auf 20 Sprachen ermöglicht, wurde über 6 Monate in vier Rettungswachen pilotiert. Abschließend wurde die Nutzbarkeit der App durch das gesamte Rettungsdienstpersonal in einer Fragebogenstudie unter Verwendung des System Usability Scores und des AttrakDiff-Fragebogens bewertet.

Ergebnisse
Die Rücklaufquote betrug 48,5 % und n = 48 Fragebögen wurden ausgewertet. Das Durchschnittsalter der Befragten betrug 36 Jahre und fast zwei Drittel waren männlichen Geschlechts. Der System Usability Score zeigte im Median 67,5 Punkte, was eine grenzwertig gute Nutzbarkeit zeigte. Im AttrakDiff-Fragebogen zeigte sich die pragmatische Qualität mit durchschnittlich 0,69 (SD 0,86), die hedonische Qualität mit 0,59 (SD 0,58) und die Attraktivität (ATT) mit 0,64 Punkten (SD 0,83). Die Durchschnittswerte zeigen zufriedenstellende Werte jeweils oberhalb der neutral markierenden Grenze von 0. Auffällig zeigte sich, dass in wesentlichen Bewertungskriterien diejenigen Rettungsdienstkräfte, die angaben, die App bereits aktiv im Einsatz mit Patienten genutzt zu haben, die App signifikant besser einschätzten.

Diskussion
Vor dem Hintergrund, dass es sich bei der untersuchten App um ein komplexes Arbeitswerkzeug handelt, werden die Nutzbarkeit und Attraktivität als insgesamt gut eingeschätzt, wobei in der Nutzung erfahrene Rettungskräfte diese noch positiver einschätzten. Dies könnte auf eine Art Schwellenangst hindeuten, einer bereits durch Sprach- und kulturelle Barrieren geprägten Rettungssituation mit einer ebenfalls recht komplexen Intervention zu begegnen.
Black’s model in a negative interest rate environment, with application to OTC derivatives
Authors: Bramante Riccardo , Dallago Gimmi , Facchinetti Silvia 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe most common application of Black’s formula is interest rate derivatives pricing. Black’s model, a variant of Black-Scholes option pricing model, was first introduced by Fischer Black in 1976. In recent market conditions, where global interest rates are at very low levels and in some markets are currently zero or negative, Black model—in its canonical form—fails to price interest rate options since positive interest rates are assumed in its formula. In this paper we propose a heuristic method that, without explicit assumptions about the forward rate generating process, extends the cumulative standard normal distribution domain to negative interest rates and allows Black’s model to work in the conventional way. Furthermore, we provide the derivations of the so called five Greek letters that enable finance professionals to evaluate the sensitivity of an option to various parameters. Along with the description of the methodology, we present an extensive simulation study and a comparison with the Normal model which is widely used in the negative environment option pricing problems.
Network pharmacology of triptolide in cancer cells: implications for transcription factor binding
Authors: Seo Ean-Jeong , Dawood Mona , Hult Annika K. , Olsson Martin L. , Efferth Thomas 
Published: July 2021

SummaryBackground Triptolide is an active natural product, which inhibits cell proliferation, induces cell apoptosis, suppresses tumor metastasis and improves the effect of other therapeutic treatments in several cancer cell lines by affecting multiple molecules and signaling pathways, such as caspases, heat-shock proteins, DNA damage and NF-ĸB. Purpose We investigated the effect of triptolide towards NF-ĸB and GATA1. Methods We used cell viability assay, compare and cluster analyses of microarray-based mRNA transcriptome-wide expression data, gene promoter binding motif analysis, molecular docking, Ingenuity pathway analysis, NF-ĸB reporter cell assay, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) of GATA1. Results Triptolide inhibited the growth of drug-sensitive (CCRF-CEM, U87.MG) and drug-resistant cell lines (CEM/ADR5000, U87.MGΔEGFR). Hierarchical cluster analysis showed six major clusters in dendrogram. The sensitive and resistant cell lines were statistically significant (p = 0.65 × 10–2) distributed. The binding motifs of NF-κB (Rel) and of GATA1 proteins were significantly enriched in regions of 25 kb upstream promoter of all genes. IPA showed the networks, biological functions, and canonical pathways influencing the activity of triptolide towards tumor cells. Interestingly, upstream analysis for the 40 genes identified by compare analysis revealed ZFPM1 (friend of GATA protein 1) as top transcription regulator. However, we did not observe any effect of triptolide to the binding of GATA1 in vitro. We confirmed that triptolide inhibited NF-κB activity, and it strongly bound to the pharmacophores of IκB kinase β and NF-κB in silico. Conclusion Triptolide showed promising inhibitory effect toward NF-κB, making it a potential candidate for targeting NF-κB.
Reviewing the Literature on Professional Development for Higher Education Tutors in the Work-From-Home Era: Is it Time to Reconsider the Integration of Social Media?
Authors: Acuyo Alejandro 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSet in the context of higher education, this paper focuses on professional development-related challenges faced by teachers and specifically how these difficulties have been exacerbated by the recent Work-From-Home policy. The study investigates how the integration of social media into educators’ professional development plans can support tutors in this new status quo and prepare them for similar situations in the future. A systematic review of literature, based on a methodological instrument called PRISMA, identified 28 relevant articles for detailed analysis from an initial pool of 65. This revealed that social media-enabled professional development should be promoted across universities. The benefits include social media’s potential to provide tutors with a bespoke experience, that is specific to their evolving needs. Also notable, is social media’s potential to clear physical and temporal hurdles, resulting in a significantly more extensive professional learning network. This leads to faculty who are likely to reap the benefits of networked learning, by using social media as the infrastructure through which to establish a higher volume of more geographically dispersed connections to like-minded individuals. Institutions will need to tackle hurdles, namely faculty resistance to using this novel platform, as well as the anxiety of participating in open online spaces. This should be addressed by pacing the integration of social media-enabled professional development and by blending it with the more established practice of face-to-face workshops. This hybrid model will provide time and support for sceptical teachers to make the transition towards the integration of social media into their PD.