bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance of lymph node cytopathology in diagnosis and characterization of lymphoma in dogs
Authors: Martini Valeria , Marano Giuseppe , Aresu Luca , Bonfanti Ugo , Boracchi Patrizia , Caniatti Mario , Cian Francesco , Gambini Matteo , Marconato Laura , Masserdotti Carlo , Nicoletti Arturo , Riondato Fulvio , Roccabianca Paola , Stefanello Damiano , Teske Erik , Comazzi Stefano 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundCytopathology is a minimally invasive and convenient diagnostic procedure, often used as a substitute for histopathology to diagnose and characterize lymphoma in dogs.ObjectivesAssess the diagnostic performance of cytopathology in diagnosing lymphoma and its histopathological subtypes in dogs.AnimalsOne‐hundred and sixty‐one lymph node samples from 139 dogs with enlarged peripheral lymph nodes.MethodsBased only on cytopathology, 6 examiners independently provided the following interpretations on each sample: (a) lymphoma vs nonlymphoma; (b) grade and phenotype; and (c) World Health Organization (WHO) histopathological subtype. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) findings were used as reference standards to evaluate diagnostic performance of cytopathology. Clinical, clinicopathologic, and imaging data also were considered in the definitive diagnosis.ResultsClassification accuracy for lymphoma consistently was >80% for all examiners, whereas it was >60% for low grade T‐cell lymphomas, >30% for high grade B‐cell lymphomas, >20% for high grade T‐cell lymphomas, and <40% for low grade B‐cell lymphomas. Interobserver agreement evaluated by kappa scores was 0.55 and 0.32 for identification of lymphoma cases, and of grade plus immunophenotype, respectively.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceCytopathology may result in accurate diagnosis of lymphoma, but accuracy decreases when further characterization is needed. Cytopathology represents a fundamental aid in identifying lymphoma and can be used as a screening test to predict grade and phenotype. However, these results must be confirmed using other ancillary techniques, including flow cytometry, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry (IHC).
Consistent genetic divergence observed among pelagic Sargassum morphotypes in the western North Atlantic
Authors: Dibner Skye , Martin Lindsay , Thibaut Thierry , Aurelle Didier , Blanfuné Aurélie , Whittaker Kerry , Cooney Laura , Schell Jeffrey M. , Goodwin Deborah S. , Siuda Amy N. S. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSargassum natans and Sargassum fluitans are uniquely holopelagic macroalgae, providing open ocean nursery and foraging habitat for commercially and ecologically important species. Recent basin‐wide changes in pelagic Sargassum diversity and distribution have manifested in proliferation of a previously rare morphotype, Sargassum natans VIII, to rival biomass levels of historically dominant S. natans I and S. fluitans III. Precise genetic identification of these morphotypes can improve accuracy and interpretation of ecological studies as well as clarify evolutionary history and population connectivity. For 139 field samples collected from the subtropical and tropical North Atlantic, three mitochondrial genes (cox3, nad6, and mt16S rRNA) were used to examine genetic divergence among the three common pelagic Sargassum morphotypes. These gene sequences successfully differentiated among morphotypes regardless of geographic origin, confirming in situ morphology‐based identifications. Sargassum natans I and S. natans VIII exhibited divergence consistent with that between the S. natans‐complex and S. fluitans III. Phylogenetic analysis of these samples also indicated evolutionary divergence between Sargassum morphologies. The genetic divergence among morphotypes, compared with benthic Sargassum species, suggested that taxonomic reclassification of the three most common pelagic morphotypes may be warranted.
Venoms for all occasions: The functional toxin profiles of different anatomical regions in sea anemones are related to their ecological function
Authors: Ashwood Lauren M. , Undheim Eivind A. B. , Madio Bruno , Hamilton Brett R. , Daly Marymegan , Hurwood David A. , King Glenn F. , Prentis Peter J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe phylum Cnidaria is the oldest extant venomous group and is defined by the presence of nematocysts, specialized organelles responsible for venom production and delivery. Although toxin peptides and the cells housing nematocysts are distributed across the entire animal, nematocyte and venom profiles have been shown to differ across morphological structures in actiniarians. In this study, we explore the relationship between patterns of toxin expression and the ecological roles of discrete anatomical structures in Telmatactis stephensoni. Specifically, using a combination of proteomic and transcriptomic approaches, we examined whether there is a direct correlation between the functional similarity of regions and the similarity of their associated toxin expression profiles. We report that the regionalization of toxin production is consistent with the partitioning of the ecological roles of venom across envenomating structures, and that three major functional regions are present in T. stephensoni: tentacles, epidermis and gastrodermis. Additionally, we find that most structures that serve similar functions not only have comparable putative toxin profiles but also similar nematocyst types. There was no overlap in the putative toxins identified using proteomics and transcriptomics, but the expression patterns of specific milked venom peptides were conserved across RNA‐sequencing and mass spectrometry imaging data sets. Furthermore, based on our data, it appears that acontia of T. stephensoni may be transcriptionally inactive and only mature nematocysts are present in the distal portions of the threads. Overall, we find that the venom profile of different anatomical regions in sea anemones varies according to its ecological functions.
Understanding parasite–brain microvascular interactions with engineered 3D blood–brain barrier models
Authors: Long Rory K. M. , Piatti Livia , Korbmacher François , Bernabeu Maria 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMicrobial interactions with the blood–brain barrier (BBB) can be highly pathogenic and are still not well understood. Among these, parasites present complex interactions with the brain microvasculature that are difficult to decipher using experimental animal models or reductionist 2D in vitro cultures. Novel 3D engineered blood–brain barrier models hold great promise to overcome limitations in traditional research approaches. These models better mimic the intricate 3D architecture of the brain microvasculature and recapitulate several aspects of BBB properties, physiology, and function. Moreover, they provide improved control over biophysical and biochemical experimental parameters and are compatible with advanced imaging and molecular biology techniques. Here, we review design considerations and methodologies utilized to successfully engineer BBB microvessels. Finally, we highlight the advantages and limitations of existing engineered models and propose applications to study parasite interactions with the BBB, including mechanisms of barrier disruption.
Xanthomonas transcriptome inside cauliflower hydathodes reveals bacterial virulence strategies and physiological adaptations at early infection stages
Authors: Luneau Julien S. , Cerutti Aude , Roux Brice , Carrère Sébastien , Jardinaud Marie‐Françoise , Gaillac Antoine , Gris Carine , Lauber Emmanuelle , Berthomé Richard , Arlat Matthieu , Boulanger Alice , Noël Laurent D. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractXanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is a seed‐transmitted vascular pathogen causing black rot disease on cultivated and wild Brassicaceae. Xcc enters the plant tissues preferentially via hydathodes, which are organs localized at leaf margins. To decipher both physiological and virulence strategies deployed by Xcc during early stages of infection, the transcriptomic profile of Xcc was analysed 3 days after entry into cauliflower hydathodes. Despite the absence of visible plant tissue alterations and despite a biotrophic lifestyle, 18% of Xcc genes were differentially expressed, including a striking repression of chemotaxis and motility functions. The Xcc full repertoire of virulence factors had not yet been activated but the expression of the HrpG regulon composed of 95 genes, including genes coding for the type III secretion machinery important for suppression of plant immunity, was induced. The expression of genes involved in metabolic adaptations such as catabolism of plant compounds, transport functions, sulphur and phosphate metabolism was upregulated while limited stress responses were observed 3 days postinfection. We confirmed experimentally that high‐affinity phosphate transport is needed for bacterial fitness inside hydathodes. This analysis provides information about the nutritional and stress status of bacteria during the early biotrophic infection stages and helps to decipher the adaptive strategy of Xcc to the hydathode environment.
The RavA/VemR two‐component system plays vital regulatory roles in the motility and virulence of Xanthomonas campestris
Authors: Lin Maojuan , Wu Kejian , Zhan Zhaohong , Mi Duo , Xia Yingying , Niu Xiaolei , Feng Shipeng , Chen Yinhua , He Chaozu , Tao Jun , Li Chunxia 
Published: November 2021

AbstractXanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) can cause black rot in cruciferous plants worldwide. Two‐component systems (TCSs) are key for bacterial adaptation to various environments, including hosts. VemR is a TCS response regulator and crucial for Xcc motility and virulence. Here, we report that RavA is the cognate histidine kinase (HK) of VemR and elucidate the signalling pathway by which VemR regulates Xcc motility and virulence. Genetic analysis showed that VemR is epistatic to RavA. Using bacterial two‐hybrid experiments and pull‐down and phosphorylation assays, we found that RavA can interact with and phosphorylate VemR, suggesting that RavA is the cognate HK of VemR. In addition, we found that RpoN2 and FleQ are epistatic to VemR in regulating bacterial motility and virulence. In vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that VemR interacts with FleQ but not with RpoN2. RavA/VemR regulates the expression of the flagellin‐encoding gene fliC by activating the transcription of the rpoN2‐vemR‐fleQ and flhF‐fleN‐fliA operons. In summary, our data show that the RavA/VemR TCS regulates FleQ activity and thus influences the expression of motility‐related genes, thereby affecting Xcc motility and virulence. The identification of this novel signalling pathway will deepen our understanding of Xcc–plant interactions.
Invasive fungal infections in acute and chronic liver impairment: A systematic review
Authors: Lahmer Tobias , Peçanha‐Pietrobom Paula M. , Schmid Roland M. , Colombo Arnaldo Lopes 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPatients with acute and chronic liver impairment are susceptible to invasive fungal infections such as candidemia and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis as a result of cirrhosis‐associated immune dysfunction, humoral immunodeficiency, cell‐mediated dysfunction and systemic inflammation. Besides classical risk factors for invasive fungal infection, acute‐on‐chronic liver failure, corticosteroid use, gastrointestinal bleeding, and prophylactic use of antibiotics are all additional conditions which are related to the potential development of fungal infections. Therefore, high‐risk patients should be carefully followed by microbiological surveillance including cultures but also by imaging and fungal biomarkers for providing early diagnosis. Echinocandins are still the mainstay and first line antifungal therapy in cases of invasive candidiasis. Due to concerns of liver toxicity and in cases of renal impairment liposomal amphotericin B is a suitable alternative to voriconazole in patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Although, data of isavucoanzole and posaconazole use in those patients are also promising more specific studies in the subgroup of patients with liver impairment are needed. Especially, due to the late diagnosis and multiple organ dysfunction usually present in patients with liver impairment morbidity and mortality rates remain high. Based on the broad spectrum of diverse reports with varying content and quality and in some cases lack of evidence we performed a systematic review on this topic.
Demographics and long‐term outcomes of children with end‐stage kidney disease: A 20‐year territory‐wide study
Authors: Chan Eugene Yu Hin , Yap Desmond Yat Hin , Wong Wilfred Hing Sang , Ho Tsz Wai , Tong Pak Chiu , Lai Wai Ming , Chan Tak Mao , Ma Alison Lap Tak 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAimTo evaluate the demographics and long‐term patient outcomes of children with end‐stage kidney disease in Hong Kong.MethodsWe conducted a cohort study at the Paediatric Nephrology Centre, the designated site providing kidney replacement therapy (KRT) for children in Hong Kong. The clinical characteristics and outcomes of all children who initiated chronic KRT before 19 years, between 2001 and 2020, were analysed.ResultsOne hundred forty‐seven children (50% male) received KRT at a mean age of 11.4 ± 5.7 years. The incidence of ESKD was 6.28 per million age‐related population (pmarp). The leading cause of ESKD was congenital anomalies (33%). Ten children (7%) had pre‐emptive kidney transplants, 104 (71%) and 33 (22%) patients received automated peritoneal dialysis and haemodialysis as initial KRT. The incidence of ESKD increased over time, and were 4.38, 5.07, 6.15 and 9.17 pmarp during 2001–2005, 2006–2010, 2011–2015 and 2016–2020, respectively (p = .005). Ninty‐seven patients (66%) received kidney transplants and the median time to receive a kidney graft was 3.7 years (95% CI 3.1–4.3). Only 10 patients had pre‐emptive kidney transplants. The mortality rate was 9.1 deaths per 1000‐patient‐years (95%CI 4.6–16.2). The survival probabilities at 1‐, 5‐, 10‐ and 15‐year were 100%, 94.8% (95%CI 90.7–98.9%), 89.7% (95% CI 83.4%–95.9%), 87.1% (95% CI 79.3%–94.9%), respectively. Standardised mortality ratio was 54.5. 72% of deaths were due to infections. Young infants and those without kidney transplants were associated with worse survival (p < .01). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that dialysis was the only factor associated with significantly increased risk of death (HRadj 12.9, 95% CI 2.7–63.2, p = .002).ConclusionWe observed an increasing incidence of paediatric ESKD in Hong Kong with considerable waiting time to kidney transplant. Mortality risk is comparable to other developed countries and is highest among dialysis population. Efforts should be made to facilitate early access to paediatric kidney transplantation in Hong Kong.
Association of left ventricular hypertrophy and functional impairment with cardiovascular outcomes and mortality among patients with chronic kidney disease, results from theC‐STRIDEstudy
Authors: Wang Jinwei , Lv Jicheng , He Kevin , Wang Fang , Gao Bixia , Zhao Ming‐Hui , Zhang Luxia ,   The Chinese Cohort Study of Chronic Kidney Disease (C‐STRIDE)
Published: November 2021

AbstractAimLeft ventricular hypertrophy and impaired systolic and diastolic function are commonly seen in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), but relationships between the disorders and cardiovascular outcomes are not well established among the patients.MethodsTotally, 2020 patients with CKD Stages 1–4 were used in the analysis. Left ventricular hypertrophy was defined by left ventricular mass index >49.2 g/m2.7in men and > 46.7 g/m2.7in women. Incident heart failure, non‐heart failure cardiovascular events, and all‐cause mortality were recorded longitudinally. Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to evaluate the association between the echo parameters and the outcomes, with death treated as the competing risk event for the cardiovascular events.ResultsAfter a median follow‐up of 4.5 years, 53 heart failure, 76 non‐heart failure cardiovascular events and 82 deaths occurred. No overall association was found between left ventricular hypertrophy and subsequent heart failure, but the relationship was significant among patients with no diabetes with the multivariable adjusted hazard ratio of 3.66 (95% confidence interval: 1.42–9.46). Ejection fraction<55% was associated with both heart failure and non‐heart failure cardiovascular events with hazard ratios of 3.16 (1.28–7.77) and 2.76 (1.08–7.04), respectively. E/A ratio ≤ 0.75 was associated with non‐heart failure cardiovascular events [hazard ratio = 2.03 (1.09–3.80)], compared with E/A ratio of 0.76–1.49.ConclusionAssociations of reduced left ventricular ejection fraction with both heart failure and non‐heart failure cardiovascular events and of impaired left ventricular diastolic function with non‐heart failure cardiovascular events were validated in a Chinese cohort of CKD.
What keeps an island community COVID‐19 free in a global pandemic?
Authors: Oliver Pam , Lindsay Neil , Kearns Robin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe COVID pandemic has offered opportunities for islands and other relatively isolated communities to establish pandemic‐protection boundaries. A July 2020 survey of Waiheke Island residents sought views on how the island had remained COVID‐19 free, despite proximity to a city of 1.6 million (Auckland, NZ). Many attributed that status to ‘pure luck’ or a ‘moat’ effect. However, many also attributed freedom from COVID‐19 to reinforcing high‐level community cohesiveness and shared values. The Waiheke community's response can be seen as a microcosm of New Zealand as an island nation and an exemplar of a response to pandemic threats uniquely possible for small islands.
Social entrepreneurship in obesity prevention: A scoping review
Authors: Chia Audrey , Ong Junyu , Bundele Anjali , Lim Yee Wei 
Published: November 2021

SummaryWe conducted a scoping review of social ventures in obesity and developed a taxonomy of their interventions and business models. Sources included PubMed, Business Source Premier, ABI Inform, Factiva, Google, Facebook, Twitter, social entrepreneurship networks (Ashoka, Skoll, and Schwab), and social entrepreneurship competitions. Our review identified 512 social ventures in 32 countries; 93% originated from developed countries. Their areas of intervention included diet and nutrition, urban farming, physical activity, access to healthy food, and health literacy. They addressed factors beyond health such as education, affordability, employment, and the built and natural environments. To support their programs of work, social ventures developed various business models with multiple revenue or resource streams. Social ventures designed double‐duty interventions that were aligned with additional meaningful social or environmental objectives. This “bundling” of objectives allowed social ventures to appeal to a wider target audience. Most of the social ventures were initiated, supported, or sustained by local communities. Social ventures offer financially self‐sufficient approaches to obesity reduction and could potentially relieve the burden on healthcare systems. Policymakers should consider social entrepreneurs as partners in obesity prevention.
Variation in glucocorticoid sensitivity and the relation with obesity
Authors: Lengton Robin , Iyer Anand M. , van der Valk Eline S. , Hoogeveen Ellen K. , Meijer Onno C. , van der Voorn Bibian , van Rossum Elisabeth F. C. 
Published: November 2021

SummaryIncreasing evidence points to a relation between increased glucocorticoid (GC) exposure and weight gain. In support, long‐term cortisol measurements using hair analysis revealed that many individuals with obesity appear to have cortisol values in the high physiological range. The mechanisms behind this relationship need to be determined in order to develop targeted therapy to reach sustainable weight loss in these subgroups.The effect of GCs is not only determined by the plasma concentration of GCs but also by individual differences in GC sensitivity and the target tissue, which can be analyzed by functional GC assays. GC sensitivity is influenced by multiple genetic and acquired (e.g., disease‐related) factors, including intracellular GC availability, hormone binding affinity, and expression levels of the GC receptors and their isoforms, as well as factors involved in the modulation of gene transcription. Interindividual differences in GC sensitivity also play a role in the response to exogenous GCs, with respect to both therapeutic and adverse effects.Accordingly, in this review, we summarize current knowledge on mechanisms that influence GC sensitivity and their relationships with obesity and discuss personalized treatment options targeting the GC receptor.
Chlorhexidine mouthwash reduces the salivary viral load of SARS‐CoV‐2: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Costa Denis Damião , Brites Carlos , Vaz Sara Nunes , de Santana Daniele Souza , dos Santos Jean Nunes , Cury Patricia Ramos 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate on the salivary load of SARS‐CoV‐2.Materials and MethodsA randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial was performed on 100 participants positive for SARS‐CoV‐2. In the test group (n = 50), volunteers gargled with a mouthwash containing 15 ml of 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate for 1 min, while the control group (n = 50) used a placebo. Saliva samples were obtained before (baseline) and 5 and 60 min after using the solutions. Real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays (qRT‐PCR) were carried out and the cycle threshold (Ct) was computed. The chi‐square test and t‐test were used for group comparison (p ≤ 0.05).ResultsThe differences in Ct values between the 5‐min evaluation and baseline (test group: 2.19 ± 4.30; control: −0.40 ± 3.87, p = 0.002) and between 60 min and baseline (test group: 2.45 ± 3.88; control: 0.76 ± 4.41, p = 0.05) were significantly greater in the test group, revealing a reduction of viral load. Furthermore, there was a reduction in the load of SARS‐CoV‐2 in 72% of the volunteers using chlorhexidine versus 30% in the control group (p = 0.001).ConclusionsChlorhexidine gluconate (0.12%) was effective in reducing salivary SARS‐CoV‐2 load for at least 60 min.