bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Skyscrapers Are Standard: An Overview
Authors: Behrens Stefan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
‘Skyscrapers Are Standard: An Overview’ provides a detailed outline of the upcoming proof that a skyscraper is homeomorphic to the standard 2-handle, relative to the attaching region. Since the proof is technically challenging, this chapter serves to introduce the key ideas without cumbersome notation. The key points to keep in mind during the proof are enumerated. Briefly, the proof consists of finding a common subset, called the design, of both the given skyscraper and the standard 2-handle. This is accomplished by studying the vertical boundaries of skyscrapers. Next, one would wish to show that the decompositions of the skyscraper and the 2-handle, arising from the connected components of the complements of the common subset, shrink. The decompositions have to be modified to achieve this.
Skyscrapers Are Standard: The Details
Authors: Behrens Stefan , Kasprowski Daniel , Powell Mark , Ray Arunima 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
‘Skyscrapers Are Standard: The Details’ provides a thorough and detailed proof that every skyscraper is homeomorphic to the standard 2-handle, relative to the attaching region. Results from decomposition space theory established in Part I and the constructive results from Part II are combined. The idea is to construct a subset of a skyscraper called the design, define an embedding of this subset into the standard 2-handle, and then consider the decomposition spaces obtained by quotienting out the connected components of the complement of this common subset. It is shown that the decomposition spaces are homeomorphic, and that both quotient maps are approximable by homeomorphisms. This chapter also shows that everything can be done fixing a neighbourhood of the attaching region. It is then deduced that skyscrapers are standard, as desired.
Dangerous Gifts
Authors: Ozavci Ozan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
From Napoleon Bonaparte’s invasion of Egypt in 1798 to the foreign interventions in the ongoing civil wars in Syria, Yemen, and Libya today, global empires or the so-called Great Powers have long assumed the responsibility of bringing security to the Middle East. The past two centuries have witnessed their numerous military occupations to ‘liberate’, ‘secure’, and ‘educate’ local populations. Consulting fresh primary sources collected from some thirty archives in the Middle East, Russia, the United States, and Western Europe, Dangerous Gifts revisits the late eighteenth- and nineteenth-century origins of these imperial security practices. It questions how it all began. Why did Great Power interventions in the Ottoman Levant tend to result in further turmoil and civil wars? Why has the region been embroiled in a paradox—an ever-increasing demand for security despite the increasing supply—ever since? It embeds this highly pertinent genealogical history into an innovative and captivating narrative around the Eastern Question, freeing the latter from the monopoly of Great Power politics, and also foregrounding the experience and agency of the Levantine actors: the gradual yet still forceful opening up of the latter’s economies to global free trade, the asymmetrical implementation of international law from their perspective, and the secondary importance attached to their threat perceptions in a world where political and economic decisions were ultimately made through the filter of global imperial interests.
Introduction
Authors: Ozavci Ozan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The Introductory chapter discusses the overarching question of the book: how did it all begin? Since when did the self-defined Great Powers of the nineteenth century––Austria, Britain, France, Prussia, and Russia––come to assume responsibility for providing security in the Levant. Why? The Introduction traces the answer of these questions to the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and maintains that Great Power interventions in the nineteenth-century Levant need to be considered not only in reference to their immediate causes, theatres, and implications. It is essential to take into account the continuity that European and Levantine actors saw in regional affairs from the late eighteenth century through until at least the mid-nineteenth. There is a need to foreground the persistent patterns or cultures of security within which violence was generated and sustained, and how the quest for security acted as an organizing principle of international relations. It also discusses the importance of considering these interventions in the fabric of the Eastern Question. It invites the readers to view the latter not only as a European question, as the existing literature has us believe, but also as an Ottoman question, whereby the agency of the Ottoman ministers and other local actors was more central than has been documented.
The Circle of Justice and the Napoleonic Wars
Authors: Ozavci Ozan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
How was the French invasion of Egypt in 1798 received in Istanbul? What implications and repercussions did it have for the wider Ottoman world? After an overview of the changing nature of Ottoman diplomacy in the late eighteenth century and the Ottoman conceptions of security at the time, this chapter addresses these questions. It details Sultan Selim III’s attempts to secure his empire from European aggressions during the Napoleonic wars while at the same time looking to reform his bureaucracy and military by means of an ambitious programme that would revive ‘the circle of justice’—an underlying philosophy of Ottoman governance. The chapter displays how the realization of one goal was actually dependent on the attainment of the other, and how Selim III’s quest for security cost him first his throne, and then his life.
The Chase in the Desert
Authors: Ozavci Ozan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
As the French expedition came to a disastrous end for France in 1801, a civil war broke out in Egypt. The strife in 1801–11 was not only an early example of the coalescing of global imperial struggles and local animosities, it was also one of the earliest instances of surrogate wars in the Levant. This chapter considers this civil war and its constitutive role in imperialism in the Levant—the imperialism of both British and French, and of both the Ottoman Empire and, in due course, an Albanian soldier in the name of Mehmed Ali. It details Mehmed Ali’s rise as the governor of Egypt in times of this civil war, and how the peculiar circumstances of violence in the 1800s would affect the later phases of the Eastern Question.
Beginnings
Authors: Ozavci Ozan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter portrays the pre-1840 history of Mount Lebanon. Using fresh archival sources, it discloses that, in contrast to the revisionist scholarship that attributes the sectarian violence in 1841, 1845, and 1860 to the Great Powers’ intervention in 1840 and the Tanzimat policies, sectarianism and class violence had already been in the making in Mount Lebanon before 1840. The chapter explains this by trailing the story of a leading feudal family, the Druze Jumblatts, in whose lands the Maronites and Druze had lived side by side in harmony for decades. It was in these very lands that internecine and inter-imperialized violence would erupt in the nineteenth century.
The Age of the Eastern Question
Authors: Ozavci Ozan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
What implications and effects did the 1840 intervention have in Mount Lebanon? What did it mean for the Ottoman Syrians, and particularly the Lebanese, whose lands became the centre of the conflict at the time? It was during the five-year period between the summers of 1840 and 1845 that Lebanon became part and parcel of the Eastern Question. The latter came to inform local realities as much as it was shaped by the agency of the Lebanese. And it fanned, even if it did not ignite, a series of civil wars in 1841, 1842, and 1845, and further legal and administrative interventions on the part of the Powers. This chapter details the processes through which Lebanon descended into this vicious cycle, and how violence was terminated at least temporarily in the age of the Eastern Question.
Introduction
Authors: Wilkinson Michael A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
&lt;Online Only&gt; This book recounts the transformation of Europe from the interwar era until the euro crisis, using the tools of constitutional analysis and critical theory. The central claim is twofold: post-war Europe is reconstituted in a manner combining political authoritarianism and economic liberalism, and this has produced an order which is now in a critical condition. Through a passive authoritarianism, inter-state sovereignty is reconfigured after World War II, state-society relations are depoliticized, and social relations transformed. Integration substitutes internationalism, technocracy replaces democracy, and economic freedom stands in for political freedom and class struggle. This transformation takes time to unfold, and it presents continuities as well as discontinuities. It is deepened by the neo-liberalism of the Maastricht era and the creation of Economic and Monetary Union, and yet countermovements then also emerge: geopolitically, in the return of the German question; domestically, in the challenges to the EU presented by constitutional courts, and informally, in the rise of anti-systemic political parties and movements. Struggles over sovereignty, democracy, and political freedom resurface, but are then more actively repressed through the authoritarian liberalism of the euro crisis phase. This leads now to an impasse. Anti-systemic politics return but remain uneasily within the EU, suggesting the post-war order of authoritarian liberalism is reaching its limits. As yet, however, there has been no definitive rupture.&lt;/Online Only&gt;
Epistemic Explanations
Authors: Sosa Ernest 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This book develops an improved virtue epistemology and uses it to explain several epistemic phenomena. Part i lays out a telic virtue epistemology that accommodates varieties of knowledge and understanding particularly pertinent to the humanities. Part ii develops an epistemology of suspension of judgment, by relating it to degrees of confidence and to inquiry. Part iii develops a substantially improved telic virtue epistemology by appeal to default assumptions important in domains of human performance generally, and in our intellectual lives as a special case. This reconfigures earlier virtue epistemology, which now seems a first approximation. This part also introduces a metaphysical hierarchy of epistemic categories and defends in particular a category of secure knowledge.
Diffraction integrals and the Kirchhoff approximation
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey 
Published: September 2021

Abstract“Diffraction integrals and the Kirchhoff approximation” gathers together theorems concerned with diffraction. The diffraction integral may be put into Dirichlet and Neumann forms. Back-diffraction is exactly zero (not relying on a Kirchhoff approximation or an obliquity factor). We discuss the limits on Kirchhoff's approximation, complementary apertures (Babinet's principle), the Fraunhofer limit, and the case of a long slit.
Stability of negative feedback
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey 
Published: September 2021

Abstract“Stability of negative feedback” discusses the measures that must be taken to guarantee that a negative-feedback system is stable. Examples are given of frequency dependences using Bode and Nyquist plots. Safety margins are quantified by means of gain margins and phase margins; the desirability of a minimum-phase-lag network. A design procedure is formulated. There is discussion of Nyquist (conditional) stability, and how it may be achieved by judicious introduction of a non-linearity. A demonstration circuit shows that these measures can yield Nyquist stability with safety.
Spontaneous emission of radiation
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey 
Published: September 2021

Abstract“Spontaneous emission of radiation” calculates the rate of spontaneous electric-dipole emission of a photon by an excited atom or molecule. The calculation proceeds by using basic quantum mechanics (i.e. not using the short cuts of Chapter 19); it uses quantum electrodynamics but is not, on that account, particularly difficult. A 2p–1s transition in hydrogen is used as exemplar; the radiation is elliptically polarized. The spectral line profile (lineshape function) is approximately Lorentzian, but has a high-frequency cut-off, needed to prevent the power radiated from diverging. A radiation-induced frequency shift is negligible. The width of the line profile agrees with the Einstein A-coefficient. A high-frequency cut-off is shown to apply similarly in the derivation of Golden Rule Number Two.
Eternity Clauses in Democratic Constitutionalism
Authors: Suteu Silvia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This book makes a critical contribution to the growing literature on constitutional unamendability, as well as to the broader scholarship in the field of comparative constitutional change. It represents a unique analysis of unamendability in democratic constitutionalism that engages critically and systematically with its perils, offering a much-needed corrective to existing understandings of this phenomenon. This book takes seriously the democratic challenge that eternity clauses pose and argues that this goes beyond the old tension between constitutionalism and democracy. It adopts a contextual approach that allows for more nuanced understandings of constitutional amendment rules and substantive limits on amendments. It also looks beyond the usual suspects typically discussed in this literature and brings to the fore a variety of case studies from non-traditional jurisdictions. Together, these insights illuminate the prospects of unamendability fulfilling its main intended aim, that of protecting constitutional democracy.
Noise Processes in Discrete Communication Systems
Authors: Berber Stevan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on noise processes in discrete communication systems. The problem with white Gaussian noise process discretization is that a strict definition implies that the noise has theoretically infinite power. Thus, it would be impossible to generate discrete noise, because the sampling theorem requires that the sampled signal must be physically realizable, that is, the sampled noise needs to have a finite power. To overcome this problem, noise entropy is defined as an additional measure of noise properties, and a truncated Gaussian probability density function is used. Adding entropy and truncated density to the definition of the noise autocorrelation and power spectral density functions allows mathematical modelling of the discrete noise source for both baseband and bandpass noise generators and regenerators. Noise theory and noise generators are essential for a theoretical explanation of the operation of digital and discrete communications systems and their design, simulation, emulation, and testing.
Information Theory and Channel Coding
Authors: Berber Stevan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 9 presents the fundamentals of information theory and coding, which are required for understanding of the information measure, entropy and limits in signal transmission including the definition and derivative of the communication channel capacity. The coding theorem is separtelly presented. The chapter contains a part that defines the entropy of continuous and discrete Gaussian and uniform stochastic processes. The results of this unique analysis is essential to understand the notion of the continuous and discrete white Gaussian noise process. The block and convolutional codes, including hard decision Viterbi algorihthm are presented. The theory of iterative and turbo coding is presented in a form of a Project in the supplementary material, where several topics are defined and the related solutions are offered.
Continuous-Time Stochastic Processes
Authors: Berber Stevan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 19 contains the theory of continuous-time stochastic processes, including their mathematical presentation in the time and frequency domains. The typical processes, including Gaussian, white noise, binary, and harmonic processes, are presented. A comprehensive analysis of stationary and ergodic processes and linear-time-invariant systems with stochastic inputs is presented. The processes are analysed in terms of their autocorrelation functions and power spectral densities, which are related via the Wiener–Khintchine theorem. This chapter is important for understanding the theory of digital communication systems. The notation used in this chapter complies with the notation used in other chapters of the book, which makes the book self-sufficient. For readers who are not familiar with continuous-time stochastic processes, it is highly advisable to read this chapter and become familiar with its notation, due to its importance for understanding the content of Chapters 3 to 9.
Life on the margins
Authors: Grene Nicholas 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The Congested Districts Board was set up in 1891 to ameliorate the living conditions of some of the poorest people in Ireland living on the western seaboard. A remarkable number of writers emerged from these areas to create first-hand accounts of life on the margins. The fiction of Patrick McGill, Seamus Ó Grianna, and Peadar O’Donnell graphically evokes the politics of poverty in Donegal. The romantic image of the Aran Islands, cultivated by Synge, is somewhat surprisingly echoed by the Irish language poet Máirtín Ó Direáin and the fiction writer Liam O’Flaherty, both of whom came from Aran. The life of fishing and farming just above subsistence level is graphically evoked in the Blasket Island autobiographers, Tomás O’Crohan, Maurice O’Sullivan, and Peig Sayers.
Seamus Heaney
Authors: Grene Nicholas 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Heaney left home for boarding-school at the age of twelve and was never to live again full-time on a farm, yet memories of his childhood experience in Mossbawn were to animate the poetry for the rest of his career. In the early poems of Death of a Naturalist, images of land and home grounded the poems in a resonant textured reality. From Wintering Out on, the exploration of language allowed him to drill down into historical formations figured in his local terrain, and to release a free play of meaning around places and things. A different imagination of landscape was required in the time of political violence from 1969, including the sombre elegies of Field Work. Seeing Things brought a new visionary dimension to his work, in which the figures and images of a long-gone past were re-created as a luminous recovered presence.
The Worldhood of Ethics
Authors: Swanton Christine 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the question what is the nature of the distinctively ethical mode of access to entities such that they have ethical being and there are ethical facts. In answering this question the chapter discusses the basic properties of ethical facts, the domain of the ethical, the nature of the ethical logos in relation to ethical orientation, the nature of reasons and relations of fittingness, the point and function of the thick evaluative concepts, and their relation to virtue and vice concepts. In the course of the latter discussion we show how the view proposed is naturalistic without being scientistic.
Thick Concept Centralism and Objectivity
Authors: Swanton Christine 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter defends the objectivity of ethics against Bernard Williams’ claim to the contrary. According to Williams, understandings of ethics through the thick concepts (such as patience, humility, justice) are relative to “insider perspectives.” A form of relativism threatens. This defence is illustrated by an interpretation of Nietzsche who transcends the insider perspective in his attack on “slave morality.” On the interpretation offered, Nietzsche can be read as an objectivist (suitably understood) about virtue and vice. Much vice in particular is, for example, expressive of resentment, psychoanalytically understood; is reactive and weak and in the service of a morality that is altruistic in a highly problematic sense. My interpretation of Nietzsche, I argue, has implications for the Williams’ critique. It allows for a way of transcending the “insider perspective” by appeal to the human sciences, an appeal that Nietzsche’s own form of naturalism in ethics itself makes.
The Place of Expert Intuition in Philosophy
Authors: Chudnoff Elijah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The Standard Picture of philosophical methodology includes the following claims: (A) Intuitive judgments form an epistemically distinctive kind; (B) Intuitive judgments play an epistemically privileged role in philosophical methodology; (C) If intuitive judgments play an epistemically privileged role in philosophical methodology, then their role is to be taken as given inputs into generally accepted forms of reasoning; (D) Philosophical methodology is reasonable. Negative experimental philosophers accept claims (A), (B), and (C), but challenge (D). This chapter develops a variant on the expertise defense of traditional philosophy. The defense hinges on denying (C) in the Standard Picture: philosophers do not treat their intuitions as data; they treat their intuitions as observations that can be improved through reasoning. The chapter explores both historical antecedents in the rationalist tradition, and descriptive accuracy with respect to current practice.
Economization of the Law Applicable to Fresh Water
Authors: Boisson de Chazournes Laurence 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Economic activities have long been associated with fresh water and legal rules have been developed to govern the use and exploitation of water as a potential source of profit in this context. The various economic utilizations of water range from navigation, irrigation, the generation of hydroelectric power, and its supply for industrial and domestic use. It is notable that the economic uses of water have evolved over time. A particular focus is placed on the contemporary regimes of international trade and investment law as they relate to fresh water in this chapter. Moreover, consideration is given to the international law relating to international transfers of bulk water, as well as the emerging practice of virtual water transfers.
Environmentalization of the Law Applicable to Fresh Water
Authors: Boisson de Chazournes Laurence 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines how international environmental law contributes to the protection and effective management of fresh water. There has been, over time, a growing awareness of the linkages between water and the environment. Principles and norms of international environmental law have emerged and are incorporated in many treaties dealing with transboundary water resources. Moreover, a number of multilateral environmental agreements are concerned with the protection of these water resources and their institutional mechanisms assist with implementation. International environmental law instruments and those instruments dealing with fresh water complement each other in enhancing the protection and management of fresh water overall.