bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fruit Tree Identification Based on Multi-source Remote Sensing Image Data—Taking Pomegranate Tree as an Example
Authors: Liang Fang , Yang Weifang , Xing Dongxing 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In recent years, the development of remote sensing technology systems with medium-high spatial, temporal and spectral resolution is very fast. Remote sensing technology has been widely used in the extraction of feature elements and has achieved good results. If we could identify tree species accurately use remote sensing technology, it will be convenient and efficient to obtain the area of single fruit planting in the investigation of large-scale and multi-variety agricultural products. Then providing guidance for the planning of fruit tree and avoiding expanding planting area blindly according to price trends to bring planting economic benefits. At present, the tree species structure in the fruit growing area is complex, and it is difficult to accurately distinguish a single tree species. The existing extraction method to pomegranate cultivation area is poor effective. Therefore, based on the multi-source remote sensing image and field data, we should preprocess the remote sensing image firstly, then we do the band difference, ratio analysis, spectral index calculation spectral index change tracking, image composite and identification methods co-processing. In the last step we analyse the differences of NDVI values and spectral characteristics of remote sensing images of different tree species in different periods, then we can recognize and extract the pomegranate in fruit tree planting area. The results of the experiment indicate that the method can effectively extract the distribution information of pomegranate trees in complex areas where planting information is available. Thus it can be extended to other crop identification research, which can provide a good reference for the development of precision agriculture and intelligent agriculture management.
Spatio-temporal Variation of Net Primary Productivity of Farmland Ecosystem in Central Yunnan Plateau
Authors: He Yunling , Yan Wenbo , Deng Fuying , Qu Xinxing 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Based on MODIS data and CASA (Camegie Ames Stanford Approach) model to estimate the net primary productivity (NPP) of farmland ecosystem in the Central Yunnan Plateau from 1982 to 2019, the spatial autocorrelation method and Sen’ s trend analysis were used to analyze the spatial-temporal variation characteristics of farmland NPP and the influence of climate factors for the last 38 years. The results indicated: The annual NPP of farmland varied from 772.43 to 993.72 g C/(m2⋅a) during 1982 - 2019, with the total mean value of 897.50 g C/(m2⋅a), which had the decrease trend during 1982 - 2000 but showed the increase fluctuation from 2001 to 2019. The total values of NPP tended to stabilize during 1982 - 2019. As for the spatial distribution, the farmland NPP in the southwest low-altitude areas were relatively high (>1500 g C/(m2⋅a)), whereas the farmland NPP in the northeast high-altitude regions had the lower values, especially in Kunming and urbans in central Yunnan (<200 g C/(m2⋅a). From the variation trend, the farmland NPP significantly increased in 31.7% of the agricultural area in the Central Yunnan Plateau, with no obvious change and significant decrease in 37.1% and 31.2%, which was observed for obvious increase tendency in the northeast area. The significant positive relationships were observed for 30.0%, 28.2% and 73.0% of mean pixel NPP with precipitation, temperature and SPEI drought index respectively, which indicated that the farmland ecosystem was largely influenced by drought to a certain extent.
Study on the Effects of Low Molecular Organic Acids on the Availability and Morphology of Phosphorus in Calcite Soils
Authors: Fu Wenjie , Wan Yazhen 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Improving the availability of phosphate fertilizer in the soil can significantly improve the yield and quality of crops, which is related to China’s food security. In the present study, malonic acid, a low molecular weight organic acid, was used as a synergist and monoammonium phosphate. The results showed that the availability of phosphorus increased by 12.02% compared with monophosphate. By analyzing the morphology and correlation of inorganic phosphorus in the soil, it was found that the conversion rate of Ca2-P to CA8-P slowed down. Therefore, the addition of malonic acid can improve the availability of phosphate fertilizer in calcareous soil.
Physiological Response of Vitis Amurensis Rupr. Seedlings to Drought Stress and Re-watering
Authors: Wang Mingjie , Liang Wenwei , Fan Lili , Lu Huiling , Lv Yunbo , Zhou Shuang , Zhang Lili , Ma Xiao 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In order to study drought resistance in Vitis amurensis Rupr. seedling and to provide some theoretical bases for water management in Vitis amurensis Rupr. production, using potted ‘Beta’ tissue culture seedlings as materials, effects of natural drought stress for different durations and re-watering treatment on physiological indexes of leaves. The results showed that drought stress can cause cells dehydration of Vitis amurensis Rupr., and this reaction intensifies with time. Especially after 20 d drought stress re-watering, the relative water content of leaves has no obvious change compared with drought treatment, that is, it has caused loss to cell membrane, while the effect of short- and medium-term drought (5 d, 10 d) is relatively small. The content of proline and soluble sugar increased first and then decreased with the extension of drought stress time, and the osmotic regulator increased relatively steadily in the short time (5 d, 10 d), which indicated that it could maintain metabolic balance through its own osmotic regulation. The accumulation of proline and soluble sugar decreased under prolonged stress (20 d), the accumulation of proline and soluble sugar was significantly higher than the control, which still had some protective effect on the cells. Under short drought stress, the activity SOD, POD, CAT grape increased steadily, but with the prolongation of stress time, the activity of the three protective enzymes varied greatly. The SOD activity reached a peak d stress 15, and the POD, CAT activity reached a peak in 20. After re-watering, the three protective enzyme activities of Vitis amurensis Rupr. decreased, and after 10 d of stress, the protective enzyme activity of re-watering could be restored to the control level. It shows that the grape has a certain ability to recover after drought. To sum up, this study suggests that Vitis amurensis Rupr. seedlings can withstand 10 d of drought stress because of their high osmotic regulation and antioxidant capacity to maintain normal physiological metabolism.
Learning human insight by cooperative AI: Shannon-Neumann measure
Authors: Siregar Edouard 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A conceptually sound solution to a complex real-world challenge, is built on a solid foundation of key insights, gained by posing ‘good’ questions, at the ‘right’ times/places. If the foundation is weak, due to insufficient human insight, the resulting, conceptually flawed solution, can be very costly or impossible to correct downstream. The response to the global 2020 pandemic, by countries using just-in-time supply/production chains and fragmented health-care systems, are striking examples. Here, Artificial intelligence (AI) tools to help human insight, are of significant value. We present a computational measure of insight gains, which a cooperative AI agent can compute, by having a specific internal framework, and by observing how a human behaves. This measure enables a cooperative AI to maximally boost human insight, during an iterated questioning process—a solid foundation for solving complex open-ended challenges. It is an AI-Human insight bridge, built on Shannon entropy and von Neumann utility. Our next paper will addresses how this measure and its associated strategy, reduce a hard cooperative inverse reinforcement learning game, to simple Q-Learning, proven to converge to a near-optimal policy.
Feasibility of modifying the hospital environment to reduce the length of amnesia after traumatic brain injury: a pilot randomized controlled trial
Authors: Lannin Natasha A , Galea Claire , Coulter Megan , Gruen Russell , Jolliffe Laura , Ownsworth Tamara , Schmidt Julia , Unsworth Carolyn 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Reorientation programmes have been an important component of neurotrauma rehabilitation for adults who suffer from post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) after traumatic brain injury (TBI); however, research testing the efficacy of acute programmes is limited.

Objective
This study aimed to determine if it is feasible to provide a standardized environmental reorientation programme to adults suffering from PTA after TBI in an acute care hospital setting, and whether it is likely to be beneficial.

Methods
We conducted a randomized controlled trial with concealed allocation and intention-to-treat analysis. A total of 40 participants suffering from PTA after TBI were included. The control group received usual care; the experimental group received usual care plus a standardized orientation programme inclusive of environmental cues. The primary outcome measure was time to emergence from PTA measured by the Westmead PTA Scale, assessed daily from hospital admission or on regaining consciousness.

Results
Adherence to the orientation programme was high, and there were no study-related adverse responses to the environmental orientation programme. Although there were no statistically significant between-group differences in time to emergence, the median time to emergence was shorter for those who received the standardized reorientation programme (9.0 (6.4–11.6) versus 13.0 (4.5–21.5) days). Multivariate analysis showed that the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) at scene (P = 0.041) and GCS at arrival at hospital (P = 0.0001) were significant factors contributing to the longer length of PTA.

Conclusion
Providing an orientation programme in acute care is feasible for adults suffering from PTA after TBI. A future efficacy trial would require 216 participants to detect a between-group difference of 5 days with an alpha of 0.05 and a power of 80%.
Property, Analogy and Variety
Authors: McFarlane Ben , Douglas Simon 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
How should a court respond if a party argues that, because her right to an intangible asset is a property right, the defendant is under a strict duty not to interfere with that intangible asset? Our view is that such a conclusion does not follow from the premise, and the argument is really one that the party’s right deserves protection as it is sufficiently analogous to a right to a tangible asset.
Neurons in the Nonhuman Primate Amygdala and Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex Signal Aversive Memory Formation under Sedation
Authors: Samuel Nir , Kahana Eilat , Taub Aryeh , Reitich-Stolero Tamar , Paz Rony , Raz Aeyal 
Published: March 2021

Background
Anesthetics aim to prevent memory of unpleasant experiences. The amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex participate in forging emotional and valence-driven memory formation. It was hypothesized that this circuitry maintains its role under sedation.

Methods
Two nonhuman primates underwent aversive tone–odor conditioning under sedative states induced by ketamine or midazolam (1 to 8 and 0.1 to 0.8 mg/kg, respectively). The primary outcome was behavioral and neural evidence suggesting memory formation. This study simultaneously measured conditioned inspiratory changes and changes in firing rate of single neurons in the amygdala and the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in response to an expected aversive olfactory stimulus appearing during acquisition and tested their retention after recovery.

Results
Aversive memory formation occurred in 26 of 59 sessions under anesthetics (16 of 29 and 10 of 30, 5 of 30 and 21 of 29 for midazolam and ketamine at low and high doses, respectively). Single-neuron responses in the amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex were positively correlated between acquisition and retention (amygdala, n = 101, r = 0.51, P < 0.001; dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, n = 121, r = 0.32, P < 0.001). Neural responses during acquisition under anesthetics were stronger in sessions exhibiting memory formation than those that did not (amygdala median response ratio, 0.52 versus 0.33, n = 101, P = 0.021; dorsal anterior cingulate cortex median response ratio, 0.48 versus 0.32, n = 121, P = 0.012). The change in firing rate of amygdala neurons during acquisition was correlated with the size of stimuli-conditioned inspiratory response during retention (n = 101, r = 0.22 P = 0.026). Thus, amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex responses during acquisition under anesthetics predicted retention. Respiratory unconditioned responses to the aversive odor anesthetics did not differ from saline controls.

Conclusions
These results suggest that the amygdala–dorsal anterior cingulate cortex circuit maintains its role in acquisition and maintenance of aversive memories in nonhuman primates under sedation with ketamine and midazolam and that the stimulus valence is sufficient to drive memory formation.

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Normal Tissue Complication Probability (NTCP) prediction model for osteoradionecrosis of the mandible in head and neck cancer patients following radiotherapy: Large-scale observational cohort
Authors: van Dijk Lisanne V. , Abusaif Abdelrahman A. , Rigert Jillian , Naser Mohamed A. , Hutcheson Katherine A. , Lai Stephen Y. , Fuller Clifton D. , Mohamed Abdallah S. R. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackground and purposeOsteoradionecrosis (ORN) of the mandible represents a severe, debilitating complication of radiation therapy (RT) for head and neck cancer (HNC). At present, no Normal Tissue Complication Probability (NTCP) models for risk of ORN exist. The aim of this study was to develop a multivariable clinical/dose-based NTCP model for the prediction of ORN any grade (ORNI-IV) and Grade IV (ORNIV) following radiotherapy (± chemotherapy) in HNC patients.MethodsIncluded HNC patients were treated with (chemo-)radiotherapy between 2005 and 2015. Mandible bone radiation dose-volume parameters, and clinical variables (i.e. age, sex, tumor site, pre-RT dental extractions, chemotherapy history, post-operative RT and smoking status), were considered as potential predictors. The patient cohort was randomly divided into a training (70%) and independent test (30%) cohort. Bootstrapped forward variable selection was performed in the training cohort to select the predictors for the NTCP models. Final NTCP model(s) were validated on the holdback test subset.ResultsOf 1259 included HNC patients, 13.7% (n=173 patients) developed any grade ORN (ORNII-IV primary endpoint) and 5% (n=65) ORNIV (secondary endpoint). All dose and volume parameters of the mandible bone were significantly associated with the development of ORN in univariable models. Multivariable analyses identified D30% and pre-RT dental extraction as independent predictors for both ORNI-IV and ORNIV best-performing NTCP models with an AUC of 0.78 (AUCvalidation=0.75) and 0.81 (AUCvalidation=0.82), respectively.ConclusionThis study presented NTCP models – based on mandible bone D30% and pre-RT dental extraction – that predict ORNI-IV and ORNIV (i.e. needing invasive surgical intervention) following HNC radiotherapy. Our results suggest that less than 30% of the mandible should receive a dose of 35Gy or more for an ORNI-IV risk lower than 5%. These NTCP models can improve ORN prevention and management by identifying patients at risk of ORN.
Serological reconstruction of COVID-19 epidemics through analysis of antibody kinetics to SARS-CoV-2 proteins
Authors: Pelleau Stéphane , Woudenberg Tom , Rosado Jason , Donnadieu Françoise , Garcia Laura , Obadia Thomas , Gardais Soazic , Elgharbawy Yasmine , Velay Aurelie , Gonzalez Maria , Nizou Jacques Yves , Khelil Nizar , Zannis Konstantinos , Cockram Charlotte , Hélène Merkling Sarah , Meola Annalisa , Kerneis Solen , Terrier Benjamin , de Seze Jerome , Planas Delphine , Schwartz Olivier , Dejardin François , Petres Stéphane , von Platen Cassandre , Arowas Laurence , de Facci Louise Perrin , Duffy Darragh , Cheallaigh Clíona Ní , Conlon Niall , Townsend Liam , Auerswald Heidi , Backovic Marija , Hoen Bruno , Fontanet Arnaud , Mueller Ivo , Fafi-Kremer Samira , Bruel Timothée , White Michael 
Published: March 2021

AbstractInfection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) induces a complex antibody response that varies by orders of magnitude between individuals and over time. Waning antibody levels lead to reduced sensitivity of serological diagnostic tests over time. This undermines the utility of serological surveillance as the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic progresses into its second year. Here we develop a multiplex serological test for measuring antibodies of three isotypes (IgG, IgM, IgA) to five SARS-CoV-2 antigens (Spike (S), receptor binding domain (RBD), Nucleocapsid (N), Spike subunit 2, Membrane-Envelope fusion) and the Spike proteins of four seasonal coronaviruses. We measure antibody responses in several cohorts of French and Irish hospitalized patients and healthcare workers followed for up to eleven months after symptom onset. The data are analysed with a mathematical model of antibody kinetics to quantify the duration of antibody responses accounting for inter-individual variation. One year after symptoms, we estimate that 36% (95% range: 11%, 94%) of anti-S IgG remains, 31% (9%, 89%) anti-RBD IgG remains, and 7% (1%, 31%) anti-N IgG remains. Antibodies of the IgM isotype waned more rapidly, with 9% (2%, 32%) anti-RBD IgM remaining after one year. Antibodies of the IgA isotype also waned rapidly, with 10% (3%, 38%) anti-RBD IgA remaining after one year. Quantitative measurements of antibody responses were used to train machine learning algorithms for classification of previous infection and estimation of time since infection. The resulting diagnostic test classified previous infections with 99% specificity and 98% (95% confidence interval: 94%, 99%) sensitivity, with no evidence for declining sensitivity over the time scale considered. The diagnostic test also provided accurate classification of time since infection into intervals of 0 – 3 months, 3 – 6 months, and 6 – 12 months. Finally, we present a computational method for serological reconstruction of past SARS-CoV-2 transmission using the data from this test when applied to samples from a single cross-sectional sero-prevalence survey.
A common TMPRSS2 variant protects against severe COVID-19
Authors: David Alessia , Parkinson Nicholas , Peacock Thomas P , Pairo-Castineira Erola , Khanna Tarun , Cobat Aurelie , Tenesa Albert , Sancho-Shimizu Vanessa ,   GenOMICC Investigators,   ISARIC4C Investigators, Casanova Jean-Laurent , Abel Laurent , Barclay Wendy S. , Baillie J. Kenneth , Sternberg Michael JE 
Published: March 2021

SummaryInfection with SARS-CoV-2 has a wide range of clinical presentations, from asymptomatic to life-threatening. Old age is the strongest factor associated with increased COVID19-related mortality, followed by sex and pre-existing conditions. The importance of genetic and immunological factors on COVID19 outcome is also starting to emerge, as demonstrated by population studies and the discovery of damaging variants in genes controlling type I IFN immunity and of autoantibodies that neutralize type I IFNs. The human protein transmembrane protease serine type 2 (TMPRSS2) plays a key role in SARS-CoV-2 infection, as it is required to activate the virus’ spike protein, facilitating entry into target cells. We focused on the only common TMPRSS2 non-synonymous variant predicted to be damaging (rs12329760), which has a minor allele frequency of ∼25% in the population. In a large population of SARS-CoV-2 positive patients, we show that this variant is associated with a reduced likelihood of developing severe COVID19 (OR 0.87, 95%CI:0.79-0.97, p=0.01). This association was stronger in homozygous individuals when compared to the general population (OR 0.65, 95%CI:0.50-0.84, p=1.3×10−3). We demonstrate in vitro that this variant, which causes the amino acid substitution valine to methionine, impacts the catalytic activity of TMPRSS2 and is less able to support SARS-CoV-2 spike-mediated entry into cells.TMPRSS2 rs12329760 is a common variant associated with a significantly decreased risk of severe COVID19. Further studies are needed to assess the expression of the TMPRSS2 across different age groups. Moreover, our results identify TMPRSS2 as a promising drug target, with a potential role for camostat mesilate, a drug approved for the treatment of chronic pancreatitis and postoperative reflux esophagitis, in the treatment of COVID19. Clinical trials are needed to confirm this.
A study of sociodemographic and clinical profiles of HIV-1 infected North Indian patients
Authors: Barik Sushanta Kumar , Tripathy Srikanth Prasad , Karunaianantham Ramesh , Pattabiraman Sathyamurthi , Yadav Virendra Singh , Singh Tej Pal , Tandon Rekha , Tomar Sheetal , Jena Srikanta , Patil Shripad A , Mohanty Keshar Kunja 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe aim of this study was to analyze the sociodemographic, clinical, immunologic, and risk factors of drug-resistant (>1000 copies/ml) and virologically suppressed (<1000 to <40 copies /ml to target not detected levels) patients at the ART center, Sarojini Naidu Medical College, Agra, North India. A total of 193 patients on first-line antiretroviral therapy were included those were recruited from December 2009 to November 2016. The patients included in this study had a CD4 cell count of ≤ 350 cubic/mm. The details of Demographic, clinical, and social factors were collected in a patient information leaflet and statistically analyzed. After viral load, two groups of patients were observed. The drug-resistant group (N=58) had a viral load ≥1000 copies/ml and virologically suppressed group (N=135) had a viral load <1000 copies/ml to target not detected level. A comparison statement result was presented in both groups of drug-resistant and virologically suppressed patients. Males were observed in the highest frequency (42, 72.41%). The heterosexual mode of transmission was predominant (40, 68.96%, and 98,72.59%). The highest number of married couples and illiterates in the two groups. Tuberculosis was observed in the highest numbers in the two groups. The analysis of socioeconomic factors of North Indian patients will be a concern issue in the demographic profiles of HIV-1 patients. The clinical features, analysis would help clinicians in further therapy implementation, monitoring CD4 and Viral load counts of North Indian patients.