bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the effects of hypodontia on the morphology of craniofacial structures
Authors: Yelmer Zeynep Aybike , Akbulut Sibel 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe study aimed to investigate the effects of hypodontia on the sagittal and vertical dimensions of the jaws, dentition and the related soft tissue.Materials and MethodsThe hypodontia group included 111 patients whose growth was completed with one or more congenitally missing teeth (CMT). Sixty additional patients with skeletal and dental class I relationship, without CMT, and who completed growth, were included as the control group. The hypodontia group was divided into three subgroups according to the intermaxillary (maxillary or mandibular) location, intramaxillary (anterior or posterior) location and the severity of hypodontia (mild: 1‐2 CMT or moderate: 3‐6 CMT). Twenty‐three measurements were performed on lateral cephalograms of the patients. The one‐way and Kruskal‐Wallis Analysis of Variance tests were used for the statistical analysis. The false discovery‐rate analysis was applied for the multiple comparison adjustment.ResultsNo significant difference was found in the skeletal measurements between all hypodontia subgroups and the control (P > .05). Upper incisors were found to be retroclined in the anterior hypodontia group. The upper lip was found to be protruded in the mandibulary hypodontia group compared to the control (P < .05).ConclusionThe mild‐to‐moderate hypodontia did not produce a significant skeletal effect. However, hypodontia can affect the incisors, especially when CMT is in the anterior region. Besides, the effects of severe hypodontia could not be evaluated due to the insufficient number of oligodontia patients.
Novel ventilation techniques in children
Authors: Dos Santos Rocha André , Habre Walid , Albu Gergely 
Published: November 2021

AbstractExtraordinary progress has been made during the past few decades in the development of anesthesia machines and ventilation techniques. With unprecedented precision and performance, modern machines for pediatric anesthesia can deliver appropriate mechanical ventilation for children and infants of all sizes and with ongoing respiratory diseases, ensuring very small volume delivery and compensating for circuit compliance. Along with highly accurate monitoring of the delivered ventilation, modern ventilators for pediatric anesthesia also have a broad choice of ventilation modalities, including synchronized and assisted ventilation modes, which were initially conceived for ventilation weaning in the intensive care setting. Despite these technical advances, there is still room for improvement in pediatric mechanical ventilation. There is a growing effort to minimize the harm of intraoperative mechanical ventilation of children by adopting the protective ventilation strategies that were previously employed only for prolonged mechanical ventilation. More than ever, the pediatric anesthesiologist should now recognize that positive‐pressure ventilation is potentially a harmful procedure, even in healthy children, as it can contribute to both ventilator‐induced lung injury and ventilator‐induced diaphragmatic dysfunction. Therefore, careful choice of the ventilation modality and its parameters is of paramount importance to optimize gas exchange and to protect the lungs from injury during general anesthesia. The present report reviews the novel ventilation techniques used for children, discussing the advantages and pitfalls of the ventilation modalities available in modern anesthesia machines, as well as innovative ventilation modes currently under development or research. Several innovative strategies and devices are discussed. These novel modalities are likely to become part of the armamentarium of the pediatric anesthesiologist in the near future and are particularly relevant for challenging ventilation scenarios.
Hydrogen sulphide signalling in plant response to abiotic stress
Authors: Zhao R. , Yin K. , Chen S. 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACTThroughout their whole life cycle, higher plants are often exposed to diverse environmental stresses, such as drought, salinity, heavy metals and extreme temperatures. In response to such stress, plant cells initiate signalling transduction, resulting in downstream responses, such as specific gene transcription and protein expression. Accumulating evidence has revealed that hydrogen sulphide (H2S) serves as a signalling molecule in plant acclimation to stressful conditions. More important, H2S interacts with other signalling molecules and phytohormones, contributing to transcriptional regulation and post‐translational modification. Overall, the H2S‐mediated signalling pathway and its interaction with other signals remains elusive. Here, we describe the role of the H2S signalling network in regulating physiological and molecular processes under various abiotic stresses.
Type of self‐talk matters: Its effects on perceived exertion, cardiorespiratory, and cortisol responses during an iso‐metabolic endurance exercise
Authors: Basset Fabien A. , Kelly Liam P. , Hohl Rodrigo , Kaushal Navin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSelf‐talk is an effective mental training technique that has been shown to facilitate or debilitate an athlete's performance, depending on its valence. Although the effects of self‐talk have been supported by observing change in sport performance, little is known about how self‐talk can induce physiological changes. Specifically, it is important to understand if the type of self‐talk (positive, neutral, or negative) and can influence stress‐related parameters, such as perceived exertion, cardiorespiratory, and cortisol responses. The study's objective was therefore to investigate the top‐down effect of positive and negative self‐talk compared to a dissociative activity during an iso‐metabolic running exercise on autonomic regulation of cardiorespiratory function. Twenty‐nine well‐trained male runners [38 ± 13 years, 177 ± 7 cm and 73 ± 7 kg] volunteered to participate in a randomized‐group design study that included a negative self‐talk (NST), a positive self‐talk, and a dissociative group (DG). First, participants underwent an incremental running test on a treadmill to determine the maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max). Next, participants received a mental training session on self‐talk and created three positive and three negative self‐talk statements. Finally, participants underwent a 60‐min steady‐state running exercise on a treadmill at 70% of V̇O2max, during which they were cued at 20‐, 35‐, and 50‐min with their personal self‐created positive or negative self‐talk statements while the DG listened to a documentary. Cardiorespiratory parameters and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded throughout the 60‐min endurance exercise. In addition, salivary cortisol samples were obtained at waking and after treatment. Although oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, RPE, and heart rate significantly changed overtime during the 60‐min steady‐state running exercise, no significant main treatment effect was found. However, RPE scores, minute ventilation, breathing frequency, and salivary cortisol were significantly higher in the NST group compared to the two other groups. These data suggest that NST [emotion‐induced stress, as reflected by elevated cortisol] altered the breathing frequency response. In conclusion, manipulating self‐talk alters hormonal response patterns, modulates cardiorespiratory function, and influences perceived exertion.
Factors controlling the geometry of travertine mounds: Insights from Heinitang (China)
Authors: Luo Lianchao , Wen Huaguo , Brogi Andrea , Capezzuoli Enrico 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTravertine mounds are common spring‐constructed landforms with highly variable geometries, but factors controlling their development have not yet been fully understood. To investigate processes linked with their lateral and vertical growth, this study investigated travertine mounds at Heinitang (China) and compared them with typical mounds around the world. Calcium concentration variation modelling and height evaluation of travertine mounds were also performed. The lateral extent of travertine mounds was found to be mainly controlled by Ca2+ and concentrations and water discharge: relatively small metre‐scale mounds, like those from Heinitang, are largely the products of Ca2+‐deficiency (<150 mg L−1, commonly <100 mg L−1) or ‐deficiency (<500 mg L−1) springs with low discharges (<0.1 L s−1), whereas springs with higher Ca2+ and concentrations and discharges give rise to the formation of wider mounds. Additional factors affecting mound lateral development include infiltration, evaporation, micro‐organisms, water cooling, CO2 degassing and flow paths. Height of travertine mounds cannot be simply considered to represent the piezometric surface, because the vertical growth of travertine mounds is also influenced by the water table change triggered by tectonic pulses and climate fluctuations, and the closing of conduits induced by self‐sealing. The extinction of travertine mounds at Heinitang is, for example, probably caused by the water table lowering triggered by earthquakes or climate drying after 4 kyr bp. These findings offer new inputs for the better understanding of factors controlling travertine mound development and might assist in the reconstruction of fluid properties, hydrodynamics, tectonics and climate fluctuations in fossil geothermal systems with travertine mounds.
Reflective Judgment and Radical Evil in Kant’sReligion
Authors: Stoner Samuel A. , Wilford Paul T. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis article argues that, on Kant’s account, the claim that an individual is radically evil depends on a reflective judgment that treats all the choices this individual makes as if they were determined by a single supreme maxim. Subsequently, it shows that Kant’s proof of the universality of radical evil is a transcendental argument, which establishes that the human experience of moral life as a constant struggle is only possible for a person whose choices are determined by a single supreme maxim if that person’s supreme maxim is evil. It concludes that the concept of radical evil is a regulative principle, which explains how radical evil is consistent with human freedom.
Patterns of gene expression in pollen of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) indicate downregulation as a feature of thermotolerance
Authors: Masoomi‐Aladizgeh Farhad , McKay Matthew J. , Asar Yasmin , Haynes Paul A. , Atwell Brian J. 
Published: November 2021

SUMMARYReproductive performance in plants is impaired as maximum temperatures consistently approach 40°C. However, the timing of heatwaves critically affects their impact. We studied the molecular responses during pollen maturation in cotton to investigate the vulnerability to high temperature. Tetrads (TEs), uninucleate and binucleate microspores, and mature pollen were subjected to SWATH‐MS and RNA‐seq analyses after exposure to 38/28°C (day/night) for 5 days. The results indicated that molecular signatures were downregulated progressively in response to heat during pollen development. This was even more evident in leaves, where three‐quarters of differentially changed proteins decreased in abundance during heat. Functional analysis showed that translation of genes increased in TEs after exposure to heat; however, the reverse pattern was observed in mature pollen and leaves. For example, proteins involved in transport were highly abundant in TEs whereas in later stages of pollen formation and leaves, heat suppressed synthesis of proteins involved in cell‐to‐cell communication. Moreover, a large number of heat shock proteins were identified in heat‐affected TEs, but these proteins were less abundant in mature pollen and leaves. We speculate that the sensitivity of TE cells to heat is related to high rates of translation targeted to pathways that might not be essential for thermotolerance. Molecular signatures during stages of pollen development after heatwaves could provide markers for future genetic improvement.
Metabolic design in a mammalian model of extreme metabolism, the North American least shrew (Cryptotis parva)
Authors: Chung Dillon J. , Madison Grey P. , Aponte Angel M. , Singh Komudi , Li Yuesheng , Pirooznia Mehdi , Bleck Christopher K. E. , Darmani Nissar A. , Balaban Robert S. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMitochondrial adaptations are fundamental to differentiated function and energetic homeostasis in mammalian cells. But the mechanisms that underlie these relationships remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated organ‐specific mitochondrial morphology, connectivity and protein composition in a model of extreme mammalian metabolism, the least shrew (Cryptotis parva). This was achieved through a combination of high‐resolution 3D focused ion beam electron microscopy imaging and tandem mass tag mass spectrometry proteomics. We demonstrate that liver and kidney mitochondrial content are equivalent to the heart, permitting assessment of mitochondrial adaptations in different organs with similar metabolic demand. Muscle mitochondrial networks (cardiac and skeletal) are extensive, with a high incidence of nanotunnels – which collectively support the metabolism of large muscle cells. Mitochondrial networks were not detected in the liver and kidney as individual mitochondria are localized with sites of ATP consumption. This configuration is not observed in striated muscle, likely due to a homogeneous ATPase distribution and the structural requirements of contraction. These results demonstrate distinct, fundamental mitochondrial structural adaptations for similar metabolic demand that are dependent on the topology of energy utilization process in a mammalian model of extreme metabolism.imageKey pointsLeast shrews were studied to explore the relationship between metabolic function, mitochondrial morphology and protein content in different tissues.Liver and kidney mitochondrial content and enzymatic activity approaches that of the heart, indicating similar metabolic demand among tissues that contribute to basal and maximum metabolism. This allows an examination of mitochondrial structure and composition in tissues with similar maximum metabolic demands.Mitochondrial networks only occur in striated muscle. In contrast, the liver and kidney maintain individual mitochondria with limited reticulation.Muscle mitochondrial reticulation is the result of dense ATPase activity and cell‐spanning myofibrils which require networking for adequate metabolic support. In contrast, liver and kidney ATPase activity is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and basolateral membrane, respectively, generating a locally balanced energy conversion and utilization.Mitochondrial morphology is not driven by maximum metabolic demand, but by the cytosolic distribution of energy‐utilizing systems set by the functions of the tissue.
Time-averaging axion-like interacting scalar fields models
Authors: Chakraborty Saikat , González Esteban , Leon Genly , Wang Bin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we study a cosmological model inspired in the axionic matter with two canonical scalar fields $$\phi _1$$

ϕ
1

and $$\phi _2$$

ϕ
2

interacting through a term added to its potential. Introducing novel dynamical variables, and a dimensionless time variable, the resulting dynamical system is studied. The main difficulties arising in the standard dynamical systems approach, where expansion normalized dynamical variables are usually adopted, are due to the oscillations entering the nonlinear system through the Klein–Gordon (KG) equations. This motivates the analysis of the oscillations using methods from the theory of averaging nonlinear dynamical systems. We prove that time-dependent systems, and their corresponding time-averaged versions, have the same late-time dynamics. Then, we study the time-averaged system using standard techniques of dynamical systems. We present numerical simulations as evidence of such behavior.
Kantowski–Sachs Tsallis holographic dark energy model with sign-changeable interaction
Authors: Sobhanbabu Y. , Vijaya Santhi M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn this work devoted to the investigation of the Tsallis holographic dark energy (IR cut-off is Hubble radius) in homogeneous and anisotropic Kantowski–Sachs Universe within the frame-work of Saez–Ballester scalar tensor theory of gravitation. We have constructed non-interacting and interacting Tsallis holographic dark energy models by solving the field equations using the relationship between the metric potentials. This relation leads to a viable deceleration parameter model which exhibits a transition of the Universe from deceleration to acceleration. In interacting case, we focus on sign-changeable interaction between Tsallis holographic dark energy and dark matter. The dynamical parameters like equation of state parameter, energy densities of Tsallis holographic dark energy and dark matter, deceleration parameter, and statefinder parameters of the models are explained through graphical representation. And also, we discussed the stability analysis of the our models.
Energy conditions in f(P) gravity
Authors: Bhattacharjee Snehasish 
Published: November 2021

[Formula: see text] gravity is a novel extension of Einsteinian cubic gravity in which the Ricci scalar in the action is replaced by a function of the curvature invariant [Formula: see text] which represents the contractions of the Riemann tensor at the cubic order [C. Erices, E. Papantonopoulos and E. N. Saridakis, Phys. Rev. D 99 (2019) 123527]. This work is concentrated on bounding some [Formula: see text] gravity models using the concept of energy conditions where the functional forms of [Formula: see text] are represented as (a) [Formula: see text] and (b) [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the sole model parameter. Energy conditions are interesting linear relationships between pressure and density and have been extensively employed to derive interesting results in Einstein’s gravity, and are also an excellent tool to impose constraints on any cosmological model. To place the bounds, we ensured that the energy density must remain positive, the pressure must remain negative, and the equation of state parameter must attain a value close to [Formula: see text] to make sure that the bounds respect the accelerated expansion of the universe and are also in harmony with the latest observational data. We report that for both the models, suitable parameter spaces exist which satisfy the aforementioned conditions, and therefore, posit the [Formula: see text] theory of gravity to be a promising modified theory of gravitation.
A Positive Answer for 3IM+1CM Problem with a General Difference Polynomial
Authors: Xu Huicai , Kang Shugui , Zhang Qingcai 
Published: November 2021

In this paper, the 3IM+1CM theorem with a general difference polynomial

L

z
,
f

will be established by using new methods and technologies. Note that the obtained result is valid when the sum of the coefficient of

L

z
,
f

is equal to zero or not. Thus, the theorem with the condition that the sum of the coefficient of

L

z
,
f

is equal to zero is also a good extension for recent results. However, it is new for the case that the sum of the coefficient of

L

z
,
f

is not equal to zero. In fact, the main difficulty of proof is also from this case, which causes the traditional theorem invalid. On the other hand, it is more interesting that the nonconstant finite-order meromorphic function

f

can be exactly expressed for the case

f
≡
−
L

z
,
f

. Furthermore, the sharpness of our conditions and the existence of the main result are illustrated by examples. In particular, the main result is also valid for the discrete analytic functions.
Impact of Small-Scale Mining Activities on Physicochemical Properties of Soils in Dunkwa East Municipality of Ghana
Authors: Essandoh Paul K. , Takase Mohammed , Bryant Isaac Mbir 
Published: November 2021

The quality of soils in rehabilitated small-scale mined sites needs thorough investigation since a lot of changes do occur. The study assessed the impacts of small-scale mining activities on concentration and distribution of soil physicochemical properties and heavy metals. The soil samples were collected from 120 (50 m × 50 m) plots. The concentrations of soil physicochemical properties (Ca, Mg, Na, N, P, K, and OC and EC) varied significantly (

p

< 0.05) between unmined and mined soils. However, there were no statistically, significant differences (

p

< 0.05) observed in the concentrations of Cd, Hg, Pb, As, and Cu between the unmined and mined soils. Despite the generally poor (33.8%) soil quality in the study area, mining activities further reduced it by 24.2%. Soils from mined sites with unfilled/partially filled pits had higher levels of K, Mg, and Na. As mined sites fallow period increased, concentrations of OC and Cd increased, while Ca, Mg, pH, Cu, Pb, and As and value of EC decreased. The number of years that mined land remained fallow, and whether the pits were filled or unfilled during this period should be factored into the mined land rehabilitation processes.
The Political Representation Crisis in Central Africa
Authors: Eba Nguema Ismaelline 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The crisis of political representation in Central Africa is structural. It is intrinsically linked to the failure of democracy in the region. All states of Central Africa are states of law in which the people have a major role to play as the holders of national sovereignty. In fact, the presidential regime allows the president of the republic to concentrate all powers. At each constitutional revision, the chief executive affirms his supremacy over the nation. Such a situation combined with the absence of political alternation in Central Africa is leading to a rejection of political representation by an ever growing segment of the population.
Reconciliation without Justice: The State and the Invalidation of Victimhood in Post-colonial Zimbabwe, 1980–2017
Authors: Mashingaidze Terence M 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This article calls for the location of victimhood rather than political convenience at the centre of Zimbabwe’s peace-building matrix. From the attainment of independence in 1980 to the military assisted end of President Robert Mugabe’s rule in November 2017, Zimbabwe’s episodic cycles of violence were concluded through elite bargained amnesty ordinances, state mediated reconciliation pronouncements and clemency orders that unconditionally benefitted perpetrators at the expense of victims. The forgive-and-forget ethic central to these routine and fractional peace building measures, I argue, not only disregarded the rule of law but negated victimhood and rendered justice divisible. Victims of politically motivated violence could not secure redress through the courts of law against amnestied perpetrators as this would amount to double jeopardy. The government withheld prosecutorial justice against perpetrators and disregarded reparations for victims. Within the national legislative framework ordinary legislators could not move motions compelling the government to compensate survivors of violence because only the vice-presidents and ministers could move motions that had the consequence of either depleting state revenues or causing the imposition of additional taxes on citizens. Considering that ministers who had the prerogative to move such motions served in cabinet at the behest of their intractable president they could hardly embarrass or contradict their principal. Essentially, the Robert Mugabe led Zimbabwean government established legal firewalls for perpetrators of politically motivated violence which ipso facto invalidated the quest for justice by victims of the country’s ever recurring cycles of violence. This authoritarian legalism disregarded victimhood and emboldened human rights violators.