bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Minicell‐based fungal RNAi delivery for sustainable crop protection
Authors: Islam Md Tabibul , Davis Zachery , Chen Lisa , Englaender Jacob , Zomorodi Sepehr , Frank Joseph , Bartlett Kira , Somers Elisabeth , Carballo Sergio M. , Kester Mark , Shakeel Ameer , Pourtaheri Payam , Sherif Sherif M. 
Published: February 2021

SummarySpray‐induced gene silencing (SIGS) using topical dsRNA applications has risen as a promising, target‐specific, and environmentally friendly disease management strategy against phytopathogenic fungi. However, dsRNA stability, efficacy, and scalability are still the main constraints facing SIGS broader application. Here we show that Escherichia coli‐derived anucleated minicells can be utilized as a cost‐effective, scalable platform for dsRNA production and encapsulation. We demonstrated that minicell‐encapsulated dsRNA (ME‐dsRNA) was shielded from RNase degradation and stabilized on strawberry surfaces, allowing dsRNA persistence in field‐like conditions. ME‐dsRNAs targeting chitin synthase class III (Chs3a, Chs3b) and DICER‐like proteins (DCL1 and DCL2) genes of Botryotinia fuckeliana selectively knocked‐down the target genes and led to significant fungal growth inhibition in vitro. We also observed a compensatory relationship between DCL1 and DCL2 gene transcripts, where the silencing of one gene upregulated the expression of the other. Contrary to naked‐dsRNAs, ME‐dsRNAs halted disease progression in strawberries for 12 days under greenhouse conditions. These results elucidate the potential of ME‐dsRNAs to enable the commercial application of RNAi‐based, species‐specific biocontrols comparable in efficacy to conventional synthetics. ME‐dsRNAs offer a platform that can readily be translated to large‐scale production and deployed in open‐field applications to control grey mould in strawberries.
The Persona of the Wolffian Philosopher in Early Eighteenth‐Century Germany
Authors: Rydberg Andreas 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis article contributes to the scholarly discussion of identity formation and persona by focusing on the expulsion of the German philosopher Christian Wolff from Prussia in 1723, and on the wave of printed propaganda that surrounded the event. In these writings the Wolffian philosopher was depicted as a diligent practitioner in the service of the Prussian state and as a sage in the Socratic tradition. In this interpretation the tension between socio‐political reality and claims on sagehood is used to complicate the scholarly analysis of what it meant to be and live as a philosopher in the early modern period.
Clinical impact of post‐progression survival on overall survival in patients receiving nivolumab monotherapy as a second‐line treatment for advanced non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Imai Hisao , Yamaguchi Ou , Mori Keita , Hashimoto Kosuke , Akagami Tomoe , Shinomiya Shun , Miura Yu , Shiono Ayako , Mouri Atsuto , Kaira Kyoichi , Kobayashi Kunihiko , Kagamu Hiroshi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe effect of second‐line treatment on overall survival (OS) may be affected by subsequent treatment in patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); however, in such patients, the correlation between post‐progression survival (PPS) and OS is unclear. Our study assessed the correlation of progression‐free survival (PFS) and PPS with OS, using individual patient data, in advanced NSCLC patients who were treated with second‐line nivolumab monotherapy,MethodsBetween January 2016 and March 2019, we evaluated 92 NSCLC patients who received second‐line nivolumab treatment after first‐line platinum‐based combination chemotherapy. Using individual patient data, the correlations of PFS and PPS with OS were examined.ResultsLinear regression and Spearman rank correlation analysis demonstrated that PPS was strongly correlated with OS (r= 0.85,p < 0.05,R2= 0.75), while PFS was moderately correlated with OS (r= 0.65,p < 0.05,R2= 0.42). Performance status at the beginning of second‐line treatment, immune checkpoint inhibitor rechallenge, and the number of treatment regimens used post‐progression, after the second‐line treatment significantly correlated with PPS (p < 0.05). In advanced NSCLC patients who underwent second‐line treatment with nivolumab, in comparison to PFS, there was a stronger correlation between PPS and OS.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that subsequent treatment for disease progression after a second‐line nivolumab treatment had a significant impact on OS.
The Shinawatra siblings: Ethnic heroes and the rise of Lanna nationalism
Authors: Selway Joel Sawat 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn 2014, banners hung across Thailand's northern region called for a separate Lanna state. This rise in consciousness of a Lanna political identity stems from rumors that Thaksin—former prime minister and from the Lanna region—is the reincarnation of past Northern kings. The ethnic pride derived from these connections added to feelings of ethnic persecution as the conservative Bangkok elite attacked and lampooned Thaksin regarding these rumors and, indirectly, Lanna culture. While neither Thaksin nor his sister Yingluck have used explicit nationalist rhetoric, their political fates—both were ejected in military coups—have increasingly been interpreted in nationalist terms. I combine qualitative evidence from Thai newspapers, magazines, social media accounts, blogs, etc. that trace this development with 2015 survey data from Chiangmai, Lanna's capital. The survey shows that 40% of respondents consider the Shinawatra siblings as the most important ethnoregional figures, past or present, and this correlates with strength of Lanna identity.
Food intake rather than blood glucose levels affects the pharmacokinetic profile of insulin aspart in pigs
Authors: Gradel Anna Katrina Jógvansdóttir , Kildegaard Jonas , Porsgaard Trine , Lykkesfeldt Jens , Refsgaard Hanne Hoffman Frølund 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn humans, food intake and glucose infusion have been reported to increase subcutaneous blood flow. Since local blood flow influences the rate of insulin absorption from the subcutaneous tissue, we hypothesised that an increase in blood glucose levels—occurring as the result of glucose infusion or food intake—could modulate the pharmacokinetic properties of subcutaneously administered insulin. The pharmacokinetic profile of insulin aspart was assessed in 29 domestic pigs that were examined in a fed and fasted state or included in hyperinsulinaemic clamp studies of 4 vs. 10 mmol/L glucose prior to subcutaneous (30 nmol) or intravenous (0.1 nmol/kg) insulin administration. Results showed that food intake compared to fasting accelerated absorption and decreased clearance of insulin aspart (P < 0.05). Furthermore, higher c‐peptide but also glucagon levels were observed in fed compared to fasted pigs (P < 0.05). The pharmacokinetic profile of insulin aspart did not differ between pigs clamped at 4 vs. 10 mmol/L glucose. Hence, food intake rather than blood glucose levels within normal range modulates the pharmacokinetic properties of insulin aspart upon subcutaneous and intravenous administration in pigs.
Altered immune cell profiles and impaired CD4 T‐cell activation in single and multi‐food allergic adolescents
Authors: Neeland Melanie R. , Andorf Sandra , Dang Thanh D. , McWilliam Vicki L. , Perrett Kirsten P. , Koplin Jennifer J. , Saffery Richard 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundApproximately 5% of adolescents have a food allergy, with peanut and tree nut allergies the most common. Having two or more food allergies in adolescence also doubles the risk of any adverse food reaction, and is associated with increased dietary and social burden. Investigations of immune function in persistently food allergic children are rare.ObjectiveIn the present study, we aimed to investigate the immune mechanisms that underlie food allergy in adolescence.MethodsWe used high‐dimensional flow cytometry, unsupervised computational analysis and functional studies to comprehensively phenotype a range of non‐antigen‐specific immune parameters in a group of well‐characterized adolescents with clinically defined single peanut allergy, multi‐food allergy and aged‐matched non‐food allergic controls.ResultsWe show that food allergic adolescents have higher circulating proportions of dendritic cells (p = .0084, FDR‐adjustedp = .087, median in no FA: 0.63% live cells, in FA: 0.93%), and higher frequency of activated, memory‐like Tregs relative to non‐food allergic adolescents (p = .011, FDR‐adjustedp = .087, median in no FA: 0.49% live cells, in FA: 0.65%). Cytokine profiling revealed that CD3/CD28 stimulated naïve CD4 T cells from food allergic adolescents produced less IL‐6 (p = .0020, FDR‐adjustedp = .018, median log2 fold change [stimulated/unstimulated] in no FA: 3.03, in FA: 1.92) and TNFα (p = .0044, FDR‐adjustedp = .020, median in no FA: 9.16, in FA: 8.64) and may secrete less IFNγ (p = .035, FDR‐adjustedp = .11, median in no FA: 6.29, in FA: 5.67) than naïve CD4 T cells from non‐food allergic controls. No differences between clinical groups were observed for LPS‐stimulated monocyte secretion of cytokines.ConclusionsThese results have important implications for understanding the evolution of the immune response in food allergy throughout childhood, revealing that dendritic cell and T‐cell signatures previously identified in early life may persist through to adolescence.
Primary cutaneousSMARCB1‐deficient carcinoma
Authors: Hui Yiang , Cotzia Paolo , Rana Satshil , Kezlarian Brie E. , Lin Oscar , Hollmann Travis J. , Dogan Snjezana 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundSMARCB1‐deficient malignancies can arise in various sites. We describe a novel primary SMARCB1‐deficient carcinoma of skin (SDCS) and characterizeSMARCB1mutations in non‐melanoma skin cancers (NMSC).MethodsCases underwent immunophenotyping and targeted exome sequencing (MSK‐IMPACT) assay interrogating somatic mutations in 468 cancer‐related genes. The MSK‐IMPACT database from 2014 to 2020 encompassing 55, 000 cases was searched for NMSC withSMARCB1mutations.ResultsSDCS arose on the scalp of an 18‐year‐old woman showing homozygousSMARCB1deletion with aLATS2G963E variant. Another case arose on the temple of a 76‐year‐old man harboring aSMARCB1W206* mutation associated with loss of heterozygosity (LOH), 59 concurrent mutations, and a UV mutation signature (UV‐MS). Both tumors exhibited INI1 loss, positive CK5/6, p40, p63, and claudin‐4 with negative CD34. Of 378 NMSC cases, including 370 carcinomas, 7SMARCB1‐mutated tumors were identified: 3 squamous cell, 3 Merkel cell, and one basal cell carcinoma. Six showed UV‐MS. Five INI1‐interrogated cases retained protein expression suggesting they were SMARCB1‐proficient.ConclusionsSDCS can be clinically aggressive, harborSMARCB1homozygous deletions or truncatingSMARCB1mutations associated with LOH, and can occur with or without UV‐MS. Overall,SMARCB1mutations in NMSC are rare with most being of undetermined significance and associated with retained INI1 and UV‐MS.
Laboratory federalism with public funds sharing
Authors: Ania Ana B. , Wagener Andreas 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLaboratory federalism hypothesizes that decentralization fosters innovation and learning in multijurisdictional systems, conducing to good policies. We discuss this using evolutionary stability, focusing in this paper on public funds sharing. In a model of rich‐to‐poor redistribution with labor mobility, where policy choices based on relative success lead to drastic welfare erosion, suitably designed sharing schemes can restore efficiency. Their necessary properties are the same as in a Nash equilibrium, showing they are a powerful corrective device for different modes of government interaction. Two drawbacks appear: reduced accuracy due to large multiplicity and a tendency to overly reward inefficiently high redistribution.
Urbanization correlates with altered growth and reduced survival of a small‐bodied, imperilled freshwater fish
Authors: Burbank Jacob , Drake D. Andrew R. , Power Michael 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLife‐history and other vital rate information is important for effective species conservation by informing demographic trends and aspects of population viability. However, species‐specific information is lacking for many small‐bodied freshwater fishes, which can make it difficult to relate demographic trends to threats or recovery actions. Silver Shiner (Notropis photogenis), a small‐bodied species listed as Threatened under Canada'sSpecies at Risk Act, lacks well‐informed age and vital rate information. We aged 254 Silver Shiner using opercular and otolith structures and determined that Silver Shiner is short‐lived, with a probable maximum age of 4. Three years of field collections (2017–2019) were used to parameterize growth models and to estimate adult (age 1–3+) mortality rates. Silver Shiner captured in urban reaches exhibited altered growth and higher mortality compared to non‐urban reaches, indicating that urbanization may have demographic impacts on the species. Results highlight the importance of detailed age and vital rate information for assessing threats and informing effective conservation approaches for imperilled fishes. Furthermore, the potential negative impact of urbanization on the growth and survival of this species highlights the urgency of better understanding the influence of urbanization on small‐bodied freshwater fishes in general.
Elevated efficiency of C3 photosynthesis in bamboo grasses: A possible consequence of enhanced refixation of photorespired CO2
Authors: Peixoto Murilo M. , Sage Tammy L. , Busch Florian A. , Pacheco Haryel D. N. , Moraes Moemy G. , Portes Tomás A. , Almeida Rogério A. , Graciano‐Ribeiro Dalva , Sage Rowan F. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBamboos are productive grasses that currently yield a high‐quality wood and potentially an abundance of lignocellulose for bioenergy. All are C3 grasses of warm habitats, where they are prone to significant photorespiratory inhibition and competitive suppression by C4 grasses. Here, we investigate whether three bamboo species from the Brazilian Cerrado (Dendrocalamus asper, Guadua angustifolia, and Guadua magna) exhibit unique adaptations that suppress photorespiratory costs and enhance photosynthetic efficiency. We evaluated photosynthetic efficiency of the bamboos and rice (Oryza sativa) by measuring C*, the CO2 compensation point in the absence of mitochondrial respiration. At 25℃, C* averaged 2.81 Pa in each of the bamboo species, which is closer to a C2 plant (2.71 Pa) than the C3 plant rice (3.31 Pa). Assuming a chloroplast CO2 concentration of 200 µmol mol−1, this represents an 18% lower cost of apparent photorespiration in bamboo than rice. Light and transmission electronic microscopy of the bamboo leaves exhibited few organelles in the bundle and mestome sheath cells, and mesophyll (M) cells are deeply lobed with 99% of the cell periphery adjacent to intercellular air space covered by chloroplast and stromules. The chloroplast layer in bamboo M cells is thick, with mitochondria adjacent to or engulfed by chloroplasts. This arrangement slows CO2 efflux and facilitates refixation of photorespired CO2, which could explain the low C* in the bamboos. The bamboos also had higher water use efficiency than rice, which may reflect efficient refixation of photorespired CO2.
Porous structures printed by fused deposition of granules processed from a novel polyamide/alumina‐based system
Authors: Hung Hung Yuk Ming X. , Talou Mariano H. , Camerucci María A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAlumina ceramic porous structures were shaped by the fused deposition of alumina/polyamide 612 composite granules using an FDM 3D printer with a modified extruder to process granulated powder instead of a filament. The composite granules were prepared via thermally induced phase separation (TIPS). Firstly, in order to determine the proportion of polymer/solvent to be used in the TIPS process, different volume fractions of PA612 in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were studied (0.01 to 0.20), and the granules obtained were characterized by SEM, DSC, and Raman spectroscopy. Secondly, the addition of different ceramic loadings to the PA612/DMSO solution was studied with the aim of determining the amount to be used for preparing the composite granules by TIPS. In particular, the effect of the alumina content on the morphology and size of the obtained composite granules was studied. In addition, rheological properties (oscillatory and rotational tests) of the feed materials were studied. Finally, the printing conditions, including the nozzle temperature and nozzle diameter, and the extrusion process, were optimized in order to obtain porous structures with good quality. Alumina porous structures were successfully printed, debinded, and sintered. Adequate bonding between layers was achieved, and no defects at interfaces were detected.
Recognition of foreign qualifications in Germany: Selectivity and power in re‐making professionals
Authors: Sommer Ilka 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis article conceptualizes ‘qualification’ as a transnationally negotiated social construct of this period. Those moving from the global South to industrialized countries often experience downgraded institutionalized cultural capital. Taking Germany as an empirical case and drawing upon Bourdieu's concepts of social fields and symbolic violence, this article empirically reconstructs the rating practices of foreign professional qualifications and reflects the implicit assumptions. The results reveal a social field of title struggles structured by somewhat trustful relations to the rated educating states, a stress field of liberal and protectionist market interests, and a spiral of institutionalized delegation of responsibility. Recent reforms in recognition law opened the door for highly demanded qualifications while simultaneously closing it for many. The article reflects on the social mechanisms behind this selectivity based on qualitative interviews with administrative practitioners.
Reliability and agreement of instrumental skin barrier measurements in clinical pressure ulcer prevention research
Authors: Kottner Jan , Blume‐Peytavi Ulrike 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn skin and wound research the instrumental measurement of skin function is established. Despite the widespread use, empirical evidence about measurement errors is widely lacking. The aim of this study was to measure reliability and agreement of skin temperature, transepidermal water loss, epidermal hydration, and erythema at the heel and sacral skin. Four experienced researchers performed skin measurements in 15 subjects. Lowest reliability was observed for transepidermal water loss at the sacral skin (ICC (1) 0.46 (95% CI 0.00‐0.78)) and highest for skin temperature at the heel skin (ICC (1) 0.99 (95% CI 0.99‐1.00)). Lowest Standard Errors of Measurement were calculated for skin temperature measurements at the heels (0.11°C) and highest for erythema measurements at the sacral skin (26.7 arbitrary units). There was a clear association between variability of estimates and reliability coefficients. Single measurements of skin temperature, stratum corneum, and epidermal hydration at the sacral and heel skin areas can be used in clinical research and practice. Means of at least two measurements should be used for estimating transepidermal water loss and erythema. Evidence is needed to inform researchers about relative and absolute measurement errors of commonly applied instruments and measurements in skin and wound research.
Synthesis method comparison of compositionally complex rare earth‐based Ruddlesden–Poppern = 1 T′‐type cuprates
Authors: Musicó Brianna L. , Wright Quinton , Delzer Cordell , Ward T. Zac , Rawn Claudia J. , Mandrus David G. , Keppens Veerle 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe multicomponent approach has been successfully expanded to the Ruddlesden–Popper structure with the synthesis of two different high‐entropy cuprate compositions: (La0.2Nd0.2Gd0.2Tb0.2Dy0.2)2CuO4and (La0.2Pr0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2)2CuO4. The effect of synthesis method is explored using both solid‐state reaction and polymeric steric entrapment (PSE) methods. It is found that PSE leads to more randomly distributed cation species, providing an advantageous method of synthesis for the growing field of high entropy oxides. In situ high‐temperature x‐ray diffraction tracks the amorphous to crystalline phase transformation in (La0.2Nd0.2Gd0.2Tb0.2Dy0.2)2CuO4powder, synthesized using the PSE method. Using the High‐Temperature XRD data, a method for gaining information on the kinetic behavior is also applied. Magnetometry of both compositions indicates ferrimagnetic behavior at low temperatures.
Tuning the mechanical toughness of the metal nanoparticle‐implanted glass: The effect of nanoparticle growth conditions
Authors: Ono Madoka , Miyasaka Satoshi , Takato Yoichi , Urata Shingo , Hayashi Yasuo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRecently, a novel framework for toughening brittle oxide glass by implanting a soft secondary material using an electrofloat method was proposed. Softening of a glass surface owing to the presence of metal nanoparticles as a secondary material evidenced by experiments and partially supported by numerical simulations was found to be important in the increased toughness. However, only limited experimental conditions of the process of nanoparticle growth were explored in the aforementioned study. Thus, we further investigated the experimental conditions in this study to optimize the magnitude of the applied voltage, its duration time, and the temperature during the process. We found that the crack initiation load (CIL) and the indentation fracture toughness increase at the appropriate voltage and time duration, and at a temperature higher than 1000°C. From observational analysis, the size, density, and depth of the nanoparticle‐implanted layer are related to the toughness. In particular, when metal nanoparticles in a glass matrix are larger and denser up to half the total volume fraction, the mechanical toughness of the hybrid glass seems to get higher. Additionally, implantation of a softer metal, such as silver, was conducted to consider the dependence of secondary materials, and the silver nanoparticle‐implanted glass showed the highest toughness. In the course of the investigation of the toughening mechanism for the two different materials using nanoindentation technique, a clear evidence of increased plastic deformation was observed for Cu implantation, while a decrease in Young’s modulus was only seen for Ag implantation. Peridynamics simulation was performed to examine the effect of the toughening due to the composite glass surface layer with the different Young’s modulus. It is shown that the Young’s modulus of the composite has an optimal value to maximize the toughness.
Root causes of adverse drug events in hospitals and artificial intelligence capabilities for prevention
Authors: Gordo Cristina , Núñez‐Córdoba Jorge M. , Mateo Ricardo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAimsTo identify and prioritize the root causes of adverse drug events (ADEs) in hospitals and to assess the ability of artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities to prevent ADEs.DesignA mixed method design was used.MethodsA cross‐sectional study for hospitals in Spain was carried out between February and April 2019 to identify and prioritize the root causes of ADEs. A nominal group technique was also used to assess the ability of AI capabilities to prevent ADEs.ResultsThe main root cause of ADEs was a lack of adherence to safety protocols (64.8%), followed by identification errors (57.4%), and fragile and polymedicated patients (44.4%). An analysis of the AI capabilities to prevent the root causes of ADEs showed that identification and reading are two potentially useful capabilities.ConclusionIdentification error is one of the main root causes of drug adverse events and AI capabilities could potentially prevent drug adverse events.ImpactThis study highlights the role of AI capabilities in safely identifying both patients and drugs, which is a crucial part of the medication administration process, and how this can prevent ADEs in hospitals.