bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A community context for aggression? Multi‐species audience effects on territorial aggression in two species of Paridae
Authors: Bai Jin , Freeberg Todd M. , Lucas Jeffrey R. , Sieving Kathryn E. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Territorial aggression in birds is widely observed and is commonly linked to sex, age, body size, physiology, seasonal cues, food resource, urbanization, and a variety of social contexts including conspecific audience effects. However, little is known about the heterospecific audience effects on territorial aggression.

Here, we address an emerging idea that heterospecific audience effects may be pervasive influences in the social lives of free‐living birds. We tested the hypothesis that the composition, number, and relative body size of heterospecific audiences observing an aggressive contest will influence the response probability and intensity of aggression displayed.

We subjected two Paridae species, tufted titmouse (TUTI, Baeolophus bicolor) and Carolina chickadee (CACH, Poecile carolinensis), to playbacks of aggressive calls during a breeding season in north‐central Florida. At widely spaced playback sites (N = 134) in woodland habitats, we characterized the makeup of heterospecific audiences, aggression type (intra vs. interspecific territoriality), local population density, and various environmental factors (tree density, wind speed, and noise level) that are likely to influence territorial aggression.

We found that the presence of heterospecific audiences increased TUTI aggression levels and that both parids were more likely to respond to playback stimuli when their audiences had higher heterospecific diversity (more heterospecific individuals and species). We also found TUTI were more likely to respond when CACH were present but not vice versa.

In conclusion, we found evidence that heterospecific audiences significantly influenced the metrics of territorial aggression of free‐living animals and we suggest that the definition of audience effects on the behavior of free‐living animals be expanded to incorporate heterospecific audiences.
Genomic inbreeding and population structure of northern pike (Esox lucius) in Xinjiang, China
Authors: Luan Peixian , Huo Tangbin , Ma Bo , Song Dan , Zhang Xiaofeng , Hu Guo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNorthern pike (Esox lucius) was widely distributed in the high latitudes of the northern hemisphere. In China, northern pike was originally distributed only in the upper reaches of the Irtysh River in Xinjiang and has appeared in many water bodies outside the Irtysh River Basin in Northern Xinjiang. A total of four populations were collected from north to south in Xinjiang, including Irtysh River (RIR), Ulungu Lake (LUL), a small lake nearby Ulungu River (LJD), and Bosten Lake (LBO). We estimated population genomic parameters, performed gene flow analysis, and estimated the effective population size of each population. The proportion of individuals with high inbreeding coefficient (F ≥ 0.0625) accounted for 36.4% (44/121) of all sequenced individuals, approximately 4.5% (1/22) in LUL, 25.9% (7/27) in LBO, 42.9% (18/42) in RIR, and 60% (18/30) in LJD. RIR had the highest mean of genomic relatedness (coancestry coefficient = 0.025 ± 0.040, IBD = 0.036 ± 0.078). Gene flow results showed that the population spreading was from RIR into two branches, one was LBO, and the other continued to split into LUL and LJD, and migration signal from LBO to LUL was detected. Our results suggested that the extinction risk of northern pike was very low in Xinjiang of China, and the controlled capture fishery of northern pike could be developed reasonably.
Recovery of riverine fish assemblages after anthropogenic disturbances
Authors: Rohr Jessica M. , Meiners Scott J. , Thomas Trent D. , Colombo Robert E. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDisturbances within many communities are common, but the recovery of riverine fish assemblages from anthropogenic fish kills is often not well documented. Quantification of fish community recovery is needed to assess how rapidly or whether recovery occurs without mitigation. To address this need, we evaluated the temporal dynamics of six streams located in central Illinois, including systems impacted by fish kills and an undisturbed reference system. We found species richness and the index of biotic integrity experienced dramatic shifts within the first year after the disturbance event, while fish density varied less within most streams. Interestingly, local extinctions following a kill event were not limited to only rare species, with some dominant components of the local community also lost. Some impacted streams experienced small compositional changes, similar to those within the reference system, while other streams experienced large and continued compositional shifts following disturbance. The rate of compositional change decreased significantly with time since disturbance in all locations, especially within the first year. Most metrics of recovery reached a level of relative stasis three years after the disturbance event. Based on this, we recommend disturbed streams should be monitored for at least three years to fully document recovery dynamics and to determine whether active restoration efforts are warranted. Streams which do not recover during this time frame will likely require direct intervention to achieve recovery. Our results also highlight the importance of regular stream monitoring to document a stream's baseline composition and dynamics if a disturbance were to occur.
Prostaglandin E2 induced cardiac hypertrophy through EP2 receptor‐dependent activation of β‐catenin in 5/6 nephrectomy rats
Authors: Wang Yaqiong , Zhang Ting , Cao Xuesen , Zou Jianzhou , Ding Xiaoqiang , Shen Bo , Lv Wenlv 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimsProstaglandin E2 (PGE2) is involved in the development of cardiac hypertrophy. However, whether PGE2 regulates the chronic kidney disease‐associated cardiac hypertrophy and the tentative mechanism remains to be elucidated.Methods and resultsWe explored the effect of PGE2 receptor inhibitors on cardiac hypertrophy in vitro and in a 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6NT) rat model using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, immunohistochemical staining, and immunofluorescence staining assays. The result showed that EP2 and EP4 receptors were both up‐regulated in the PGE2‐treated cardiomyocyte cells. PGE2 treatment enhanced active β‐catenin (non‐phosphorylated) signalling through mediating EP2 and EP4 receptors. Interestingly, inhibition of EP2 receptor suppressed PGE2‐induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis‐related proteins in vitro. In the 5/6NT rat model, the increased secretion PGE2 was identified in the 5/6NT rat model for 2 weeks (P = 0.0251). EP2 receptor inhibitor administration significantly improved the cardiac function and fibrosis in 5/6NT rats.ConclusionsOur study demonstrated that inhibition of EP2 receptor could improve PGE2‐induced cardiac hypertrophy in 5/6NT rats. The exploration of these mechanisms may contribute to the optimization of therapy in chronic kidney disease accompanied cardiac hypertrophy in clinic.
Opioids: A ‘crisis’ of too much or not enough – or simply how rich you are and where you live?
Authors: Miyachi Takashi , Ozaki Akihiko , Saito Hiroaki , Sawano Toyoaki , Tanimoto Tetsuya , Crump Andy 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe ‘Opioid Crisis’, which originated in Western countries, has been misrepresented and is misinforming the global public. For 20 years, since the advent of the synthetic opioids, 25,000 Americans, on average, have died annually from opioid‐related overdoses. The United States produces and consumes by far the greatest amounts of opioids. National regulations introduced to curb overdoses and restrict opioid availability have condemned many Americans, such as cancer patients or those in need of palliative care, to a life of extreme pain due to lack of access to adequate pain management. As is often the case, US‐driven laws have informed and guided international regulations. Worldwide, 83% of countries have low or non‐existent access to opioids for pain relief. Over 25 million people are at the end‐of‐life stage, with eight million people dying annually in unnecessary pain and distress. Ineffectively controlled pain is a global public health issue blighting the lives of billions of people worldwide with immeasurable human and socioeconomic costs. International conventions regulate the trade and use of controlled medications, including many opioids. The goal is to balance widespread access to optimal forms of pain management with restrictions to govern the use and prevent the misuse of controlled substances. Those conventions are failing to meet their goals. International guidelines to inform national legislation have been compromised and withdrawn, thanks to undue interference from US‐based opioid manufacturers. The new goal must be to ensure equitable access, for all, to opioids and ensure that optimal pain management becomes a central component of Universal Health Coverage.SignificanceThe opioid crisis is, more accurately, a multicomponent global crisis and one that is not fully apparent or well understood. Regulations of the wealthy and powerful to control a surfeit of opioids, which encourages misuse, cannot be allowed to govern legislation in the majority of countries worldwide where citizens have little or no access to opioids to reduce pain and suffering. International conventions must be revised to ensure an optimal balance that allows access to opioids for all those who need them.
CHPG enhances BDNF and myelination in cuprizone‐treated mice through astrocytic metabotropic glutamate receptor 5
Authors: Saitta Kyle S. , Lercher Lauren D. , Sainato Danielle M. , Patel Ashish , Huang Yangyang , McAuliffe Geoffrey , Dreyfus Cheryl F. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIt is well recognized that astrocytes can produce factors known to affect the myelination process. One such factor, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), can enhance the differentiation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells following a demyelinating lesion. Our previous work indicated that enhancing astrocyte‐derived BDNF via injection of a general agonist of Group I/II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) into the lesion increased myelin proteins in the cuprizone model of demyelination after 4 hr. To determine if this observation has potential therapeutic significance, we now use a more specific mGluR agonist, 2‐chloro‐5‐hydroxyphenylglycine (CHPG), which binds to mGluR5, to examine effects on myelination through the clinically relevant approach of a peripheral injection. In initial studies, intraperitoneal injection of CHPG resulted in an increase in myelin proteins within the lesioned corpus callosum. These effects were blocked when either BDNF or the CHPG receptor, mGluR5, was deleted from glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)+ astrocytes or when the BDNF receptor, tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), was deleted from proteolipid protein (PLP)+ oligodendrocytes. Moreover, injection of CHPG over 2 weeks not only elevated BDNF and myelin proteins, but also enhanced myelination and reversed behavioral deficits. Interestingly, effects on myelin and myelin proteins were not seen in the control animals, indicating that a lesion is critical in eliciting effects. Taken together, the data suggest that the mGluR agonist CHPG may be a potential therapeutic strategy for treating demyelinating diseases and that it works by enhancing the release of BDNF from astrocytes.
Evidence of impaired naming in patients with hippocampal amnesia
Authors: Hilverman Caitlin , Duff Melissa C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObject naming involves accessing meaning and retrieving the associated word form from remote semantic memory. Historically, previously acquired semantic knowledge (i.e., remote semantic memory) was thought to be independent of the hippocampus via neocortical consolidation. This view is based on evidence demonstrating a dissociation in behavior in patients with hippocampal amnesia: amnesic patients are impaired in acquiring new vocabulary yet can name and define previously acquired words. More recently, the view that remote semantic memory is hippocampus‐independent has been challenged by the documentation of disruptions in aspects of remote semantic memory in patients with hippocampal amnesia, particularly in language use and depth of semantic knowledge. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that the hippocampus plays a long‐term role in remote semantic memory. We tested amnesic patients and demographically matched healthy comparison participants in an extensive naming task using photographic images of objects normalized for familiarity, object agreement, and visual complexity. Amnesic patients were less likely to correctly name objects than healthy comparison participants. Further, amnesic patients' performance worsened for words that were less familiar, more visually complex, and had less object agreement. These findings suggest that the hippocampus may play a long‐term role in semantic memory processes, rather than a time‐limited role in the initial acquisition of semantic information, and that hippocampal damage can disrupt object naming.
The Japanese self‐focused attention scale: Factor structure, internal consistency, convergent, and discriminant validity
Authors: Noda Shota , Okawa Sho , Shirotsuki Kentaro , Sasagawa Satoko , Bögels Susan M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveSelf‐focused attention is a maintaining factor for social anxiety disorder. It was shown that self‐focused attention correlates with trait mindfulness, but not with attention control. This study examined the reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the self‐focused attention (J‐SFA) scale.MethodStudents (N = 502) completed a set of questionnaires, measuring self‐focused attention, social anxiety symptoms, trait mindfulness, and attention control.ResultsA confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the J‐SFA scale has a bi‐factor structure. The Cronbach's α coefficient was high. Correlation analysis showed that each factor of the J‐SFA scale was significantly weakly to moderately correlated with social anxiety symptoms and trait mindfulness, and the J‐SFA scale's factors were significantly or non‐significantly very weakly correlated with attentional control functions.ConclusionThe findings indicate that the J‐SFA demonstrated satisfactory reliability and validity for our sample and provide impetus for future research into the measure for clinical and nonclinical samples in Japan.
Comparing the effects of emotional disclosure and peer helping writing on psychological distress among Chinese international students: The moderating role of rumination
Authors: Tsai William , Lee Christina S. , Monte Victoria 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectives:This study tested the effects of emotional disclosure writing and peer helping writing in reducing psychological distress among Chinese international students. This study also examined whether rumination and ambivalence over emotion expression moderated the effects of emotional disclosure and peer helping writing.Method:One hundred forty‐four Chinese international students were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: emotional disclosure, peer helping, or neutral control writing. Participants completed two 20‐min writing sessions and questionnaires at baseline, 2‐month follow‐up, and 4‐month follow‐up.Results:We found no significant differences across the three writing conditions in levels of psychological distress over time. However, rumination emerged as a significant moderator in both emotional disclosure and peer helping intervention conditions. High ruminators generally experienced significant reductions in depressive symptoms, whereas low ruminators experienced increased depressive symptoms.Conclusions:These findings demonstrate that the benefits of writing interventions may vary as a function of rumination.
Prevalence of delayed diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke in an acute care hospital: A single‐center cross‐sectional study in Japan
Authors: Takarada Chika , Komagamine Junpei , Mito Tsutomu 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundsGiven the short therapeutic window for evidence‐based therapies such as thrombolysis and endovascular treatment, it is important to immediately diagnose ischemic stroke. We investigated the prevalence of missed ischemic stroke diagnoses at initial contact and the proportion of potentially treatable patients without a delayed diagnosis.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted. A total of 408 consecutive patients hospitalized due to acute ischemic stroke were included. The primary outcome was a delayed diagnosis of ischemic stroke at initial contact. A diagnosis of stroke was judged to be delayed unless physicians made a diagnosis and initiated treatment for ischemic stroke during the initial contact. The secondary outcome was ischemic stroke with a missed therapeutic window for effective treatment due to delayed diagnosis.ResultsThe median patient age was 78 years old, and the median time from onset to presentation was nine hours. A diagnosis of stroke was deemed delayed in 49 (12.0%) patients. In the multivariable analysis, presentation 48 hours or more after stroke onset (OR 2.45) and the improvement of neurological symptoms prior to presentation (OR 3.11) were independently associated with delayed diagnosis of ischemic stroke. Opportunities for effective treatment were missed in 18 (36.7%) of the 49 delayed diagnosis cases, although no patients missed opportunities for thrombectomy due to delayed diagnosis.ConclusionsEven in the modern era, one out of every eight ischemic stroke cases was missed at the initial visit, and one‐third of missed stroke cases might be candidates for effective treatment without diagnostic delay.
Risk factors for bacterial infections in patients with moderate to severe COVID‐19: A case‐control study
Authors: Nasir Nosheen , Rehman Fazal , Omair Syed Furrukh 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAdverse outcomes in coronavirus infection disease‐19 (COVID‐19) patients are not always due to the direct effects of the viral infection, but often due to bacterial coinfection. However, the risk factors for such bacterial coinfection are hitherto unknown. A case‐control study was conducted to determine risk factors for bacterial infection in moderate to critical COVID‐19. Out of a total of 50 cases and 50 controls, the proportion of cases with severe/critical disease at presentation was 80% in cases compared to 30% in controls (p < 0.001). The predominant site was hospital‐acquired pneumonia (72%) and the majority were Gram‐negative organisms (82%). The overall mortality was 30%, with comparatively higher mortality among cases (42% vs. 18%; p = 0.009). There was no difference between procalcitonin levels in both groups (p = 0.883). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, significant independent association was found with severe/critical COVID‐19 at presentation (AOR: 4.42 times; 95% CI: 1.63–11.9) and use of steroids (AOR: 4.60; 95% CI: 1.24–17.05). Notably, 64% of controls were administered antibiotics despite the absence of bacterial coinfection or secondary infection. Risk factors for bacterial infections in moderate to critically ill patients with COVID‐19 include critical illness at presentation and use of steroids. There is widespread empiric antibiotic utilization in those without bacterial infection.
Prevalence and characteristics of starvation‐related malnutrition in a mid‐Atlantic healthcare system: A cohort study
Authors: Smith Luke O. , Vest Michael T. , Rovner Alisha J. , Shapero Mary , Suminski Richard R. , Trabulsi Jillian C. , Earthman Carrie P. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundMalnutrition in the hospital negatively impacts outcomes, including readmissions, mortality, and cost. Starvation‐related malnutrition (SRM) is a state of chronic undernutrition with little to no inflammation. Research on SRM within the hospital setting is lacking. Our objective was to determine the prevalence and characteristics of malnutrition within the hospital, focusing on characteristics associated with readmissions in those with SRM.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study analyzing characteristics of adult in patients with acute disease–related malnutrition (ADM) and chronic disease–related malnutrition (CDM) compared with patients with SRM. Prevalence of all malnutrition types was calculated as the total number of malnourished patients divided by the total number of hospital discharges. Analysis of variance with Tukey post hoc analysis was performed to determine differences between characteristics of patients with SRM and other forms of malnutrition.ResultsTotal prevalence of malnutrition was 2.8%. Of malnourished patients, 17.6%, 79.9%, and 2.5% had ADM, CDM, and SRM, respectively. Patients with SRM had lower body mass index (BMI) (P < .001) and higher rates of readmission (P = 0.046), infectious disease (P < .001), psychiatric disease (P < .001), and substance abuse (P < .001) than patients with ADM or CDM. Readmitted patients with SRM had lower BMI and higher rates of infection and drug abuse than those without readmission.ConclusionThe high incidence of comorbid substance abuse and mental illness in patients with SRM provide important targets for treatment that might reduce readmission and improve outcomes.
Preparative separation of two isomeric antimalaria alkaloids febrifugine and isofebrifugine from Dichroa febrifuga roots by countercurrent chromatography
Authors: Sheng Liu‐Qing , Ma Jia‐Lei 
Published: April 2021

Two antimalaria alkaloids, febrifugine and isofebrifugine, were successfully separated from total alkaloids of Dichroa febrifuga roots by one‐step preparative countercurrent chromatography with a selected biphasic solvent system. The selected biphasic solvent system was composed of chloroform: methanol: water (2:1:1, v/v) according to partition performance of the two target components. Selection of biphasic solvent system was conducted by high performance liquid chromatography combined with high performance thin layer chromatography, which greatly assisted the screening procedure for biphasic solvent system. Totally, 50 mg of total alkaloid was separated by one‐step preparative countercurrent chromatography, yielding 12 mg of febrifugine and 9 mg of isofebrifugine with more than 98.0% purity, respectively.