bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stages of Old French Phonetic Changes Observed in Modern Spanish
Authors: Delattre Pierre 
Published: January 2021

Old French, until the end of the Gallo-Roman period, was physiologically characterized by articulatory laxness to a high degree. This laxness of articulation chiefly manifested itself by intensifying certain syllables while weakening others, and by producing diphthongs and affricates out of strongly situated sounds while others tended to disappear or remained as they were. During the ninth century, physiological characteristics of precisely opposite nature started to appear, and French gradually gained in tenseness until it became about what it is today: the tensest of known languages. We reject here the theory proposed by W. von Wartburg concerning the effects of Germanic invasions on early Old French changes. “Le provençal s’étendait autrefois jusqu’à une ligne qui allait depuis l'embouchure de la Loire jusqu'aux Vosges méridionales. Cette ligne coïncide assez exactement avec une limite ethnique et politique qui s’était formée vers 500, grâce aux invasions germaniques.” And we accept the opposite views which attribute the early Old French laxness to the Celtic substratum and only the tenseness of a later period to the Germanic superstratum. They are well exposed by Dauzat:A partir du IXe siècle, de nouvelles directives s'accusent très nettement dans le langage. Sans doute, nombre d‘évolutions en cours continuent leur développement. Mais des tendances très différentes apparaissent, en contraste complet avec celles qu'on a observées auparavant.“ ”A ce moment (842), la fusion des races (Gallo-Romains et Francs) est faite, comme le montre, dans le domaine juridique, la territorialité des coutumes (expression de la féodalité nouvellement constituée) qui se substitute, au Xe siècle, à la personnalité des lois. Les conséquences phonétiques de cette fusion apparaissent très importantes: ce n'est pas un hasard si notamment le cycle des palatalisations consonantiques (que le latin primitif et classique ignorait et qui s'ouvre dès le IIIe siècle) se clôt avec l‘époque carolingienne pour faire place à des tendances toutes différentes.
A Jester at the Grail Castle in Wolfram's Parzival?
Authors: Weigand Hermann J. 
Published: January 2021

The fifth book of Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parzival tells the story of Parzival's visit to the Grail Castle, where he beholds the Grail and its attendant mysteries and fails to ask the question which would have restored the stricken king to health and made Parzival the guardian of the most sacred and precious object this side of Paradise. Parzival's reception by the King is preceded by an episode of twenty-two lines that, taken at face value, is entirely out of keeping with the atmosphere of the situation about to be witnessed and with the interpretation of its elements in a much later part of the story. Not only every modern reader feels it to be off key, but the scribe of one of the manuscipts—G—also presumably found it offensive in its context and left it out. The episode runs as follows:Parzival has been courteously received by the Fisher-King's domestics. He has been disarmed and allowed to wash, his beauty has been admired, he has been given a costly mantle to wear, and he has been complimented on his knightly bearing. At that moment a messenger enters and with peremptory gestures and a voice shaking as though with anger summons the guest to appear before his master. Parzival suspects foul play: his sword is not in sight. He clenches his fist so that the blood spurts from under his nails. The attendants forestall an act of violence by explaining: Sir, this man is a privileged prankster, for all that we are sad. Pray, restrain yourself and don't be angry. He only meant to announce that the Fisher is ready to receive you. Parzival is then conducted into the great hall.
Diderot Devant la Magie de Rembrandt
Authors: May Gita 
Published: January 2021

Dans ses salons et essais critiques, Diderot établit volontiers des comparaisons entre les tableaux de contemporains qu'il se propose d‘évaluer et les chefs-d‘œuvre des grands maîtres du passé qui avaient traité des thèmes similaires. Et ces fécondes confrontations iconographiques entre les écoles et les styles les plus divers font partie intégrante de ses méthodes critiques.Parmi les noms de peintres fameux qui reviennent sous la plume du Philosophe, il en est un qui, bien que moins fréquemment évoqué qu'un Raphaël ou un Rubens, réapparaît cependant dans des contextes extrêmement significatifs. En effet, devant les toiles et gravures de Rembrandt, Diderot a été amené à formuler quelques-unes de ses observations les plus pénétrantes. L'art de ce peintre—si éloigné de la vision idéalisée des statuaires antiques et des Italiens de la Renaissance, ainsi que de la verve joyeuse d'un Rubens et du fini précieux, du réalisme minutieux de la plupart des Hollandais—l'a forcé pour ainsi dire à remettre en question nombre de notions sur des aspects importants de la peinture. Nous verrons que, malgré les grands changements de style qui ont renouvelé et quelquefois bouleversé les arts plastiques depuis l'époque où Diderot rédigeait ses Salons, ces problèmes esthétiques sont toujours actuels et concernent le praticien aussi bien que l'amateur éclairé. D'autre part, la manière dont le plus génial des salonniers du dix-huitième siècle a vu, senti et compris le style si original et anti-académique de Rembrandt est révélatrice, dans une large mesure, des tendances, des goûts etdes partis-pris de son temps.
The “Abstruser Themes” of Browning's Fifine at The Fair
Authors: Watkins Charlotte Crawford 
Published: January 2021

Fifine at the fair is not altogether such a poem as Bishop Blougram's Apology, Caliban upon Setebos, Mr. Sludge, “The Medium,” or Prince Hohenstiel-Schwangau. Of Browning's recorded statements of his intentions in Fifine, none is more revealing than his remark, preserved in Domett's Diary, that it was “the most metaphysical and boldest” poem he had written since Sordello. The adjective metaphysical characterizes the method of the poem as well as its themes, certain of which were a resumption, more than thirty years later, of the philosophical preoccupations of the earlier work.To a greater degree than in the other monologues, the casuistry of Fifine at the Fair is a detail of the dramatic situation into which the monologue is set. The epigraph which Browning placed before the poem, a fragment of a scene from Molière's Don Juan, provides an analogue for the comedy which occasions the long discursive argument. In Molière's scene, Donna Elvira reproaches Don Juan for his faithlessness and sarcastically supplies him with a defense, an avowal of deathless devotion to her. Fifine at the Fair is its unnamed hero's rationalization to his wife, Elvire, of his interest in Fifine, a gypsy dancer whom they see at the Fair, and the main line of his defense is that proposed by Donna Elvira in the epigraph. Almost from the beginning of the poem, however, the defense strains against its dramatic limits, as the speakerdigresses on truth and error, good and evil, art and nature, to develop a relativistic philosophy of human knowledge, of moral principle, and of artistic judgment—“abstruser themes” he calls them midway in the poem, recognizing his own shift in emphasis. His philosophy of relativism, with its underlying sensationalism, provides justification for his interest in Fifine, and the sophistry of his special pleading for the truth of opinions that are convenient to his will is an extension of the hypocrisy of his avowals to Elvire. The monologuist develops both his philosophic themes and his account of the situation which gives rise to them in a highly metaphoric language which is wholly unlike the dialectical arguments of Browning's more typical casuists.
EXPLORING INNOVATION MODES OF RUSSIAN INDUSTRIAL COMPANIES
Authors: Linder N. V. 
Published: January 2021

In paper the empirical assessment of formation of innovative modes is presented to the industries. Relevance of research is caused by need of development of new tools of the analysis and stimulation of innovative development as industrial companies and national economy as a whole.Research objective – an assessment of the factors influencing innovative behavior of the company and allocation of innovative modes in the industry. Authors for the analysis of factors have used a method of the regression analysis of 627 Russian industrial companies given questioning, for allocation of innovative modes the clustering method is used with the help to – averages. In research factors are analysed: investments of the companies in researches and development, orientation to grocery and technological innovations, orientation to marketing innovations and creation of value, orientation to organizational and administrative innovations. Results of research show that in the Russian industrial sector it is possible to allocate innovative modes: “simulators”, “founders of valuable innovations”, “effective producers”, “technological innovators”, “radical innovators”. The “maturity levels” are developed for the allocated innovative modes depending on characteristics: opportunities the company independently to develop new products (services); improvement existing products, managements of researches and development, including coordination with external developers in network projects, strategic alliances, digital innovative platforms; generation and identification of new ideas; implementation of selection of ideas on the basis of the principles of compliance of strategy and their further development; identifications of new enterprise opportunities (studying of changes of environment and branch market, assessment of influence and identification of threats); providing a susceptibility to new technologies, a transfer of technologies; ensuring rationalization of system of production and management and commercial processes; improvement of operating technological processes; commercial use of objects of intellectual property. It is shown that the companies of higher level of an innovative mode make a bigger contribution to gross domestic product, create more workplaces and provide higher level of a salary, therefore development of the mechanism of stimulation of transition of the companies to more advanced level of an innovative mode is necessary.
La obra de Elsa Morante en la prensa española = Elsa Morante's oeuvre in the Spanish press
Authors: Mennella Mara 
Published: January 2021

Elsa Morante ha sido una escritora clave en el desarrollo de la literatura contemporánea en Italia, pero en España no se apreció como autora hasta después de su muerte. En este estudio se analizan los artículos publicados en varios periódicos, sobre todo La Vanguardia Española y el ABC, entre 1948 y 2018 para determinar la trayectoria de las traducciones de la autora en España y los cambios en su recepción. Elsa Morante has been a key writer in the development of contemporary literature in Italy, but in Spain she was not appreciated as an author until after her death. This study analyzes the articles published in several newspapers, La Vanguardia Española and ABC mainly, between 1948 and 2018 to determine the trajectory of the author's translations in Spain and the changes in her reception.
Le Horla, de Maupassant: el terror de la locura o la locura del terror = Le Horla, by Maupassant: the fear of insanity or the insanity of fear
Authors: Sánchez-Verdejo Pérez Francisco Javier , López Muñoz Francisco 
Published: January 2021

Le Horla nos presenta el diario del narrador para deleite del lector y desesperación de ambos. Los detalles aparentemente insignificantes, el entorno familiar transformado en ominoso, el dramatismo que aumenta con la lectura… todo ello conduce al lector y al protagonista a un sentimiento extremo y magistral de angustia. Frente al inicio casi bucólico, la historia nos lleva rápidamente al mundo de los fenómenos irracionales que desatan el miedo, el terror y la desesperación del protagonista; y el nuestro. Una presencia invisible le roba la energía, se sienta sobre su pecho, le atormenta. ¿Es una criatura desconocida? ¿Se se trata de la locura? ¿Es un vampiro psíquico? Maupassant escribió esta breve pero intensa y magistral narración, ofreciéndonos una entidad amenazante, una presencia que trasciende lo extraño.In Le Horla, Guy de Maupassant introduces us a narrator who provides us with his diary to the delight of the reader and despair of both. The seemingly insignificant details intended to surprise the reader, the family environment that becomes ominous, the drama that increases with reading ... all this leads the reader and the protagonist to a feeling of extreme anxiety, as few authors have known to handle masterfully. Faced with the almost bucolic beginning, the story takes us quickly to the world of irrational phenomena that unleash the fear, anguish and despair of the protagonist; and ours. An invisible presence steals his energy, sits on his chest and torments him. Is it an unknown creature? Is it madness? Is it a psychic vampire? Maupassant wrote this brief but intense and masterful narration, offering us a threatening entity, a presence that transcends the strange.
status of agricultural financing by commercial banks in Zimbabwe
Authors: Chigunhah Blessing Ropafadzo , Svotwa Ezekia , Mabvure Tendai J. , Munyoro Gerald , Chikazhe Lovemore 
Published: January 2021

Agricultural finance is indispensable for enhancing productive capacity in both small-scale and commercial farming. This study sought to establish the current status of agricultural financing by 12 registered and operational commercial banks in Zimbabwe in the year 2019. Questionnaires and interview guides were used to collect data. SPSS and NVivo were used for data analysis. All the commercial banks participated in agricultural financing with an average agricultural loan portfolio of 30%. However, their participation in agricultural lending is yet to reach the pre-land reform maximum of 91.3% attained in 1999. Land tenure and weather risks, as well as lack of collateral among farmers reduced the banks’ appetite for lending to the agricultural sector. The majority of the commercial banks offered value chain finance, invoice finance, overdraft facilities, and term loans to agricultural sector clients that mainly included; suppliers, medium-scale, and large-scale commercial farmers. The study established a mismatch in the demand and supply of loans in the medium to long term tenure range of 1 to more than 3 years. There was low demand for 1-3-year tenure loans according to the commercial banks, and a corresponding deficit in the supply of highly demanded longer-term loans of more than 3 years for capital expenditure (CAPEX). Therefore, government should aim to; stabilize currency; arrest hyperinflation; restore economic stability; address land tenure to ensure the bankability of the 99-year Lease; and create an environment that is conducive for investment in climate and weather resilience infrastructure. Local farmers should also invest in human and physical capital to improve their access to bank credit.
JEL Code: Q14
Búsquedas estéticas para el afecto y la desafección. La memoria de hijos de sobrevivientes y desaparecidos en Chile y Argentina
Authors: Gallardo Milena , Saban Karen 
Published: January 2021

Tomando como marco metodológico los estudios culturales de la memoria transgeneracional y el trauma, por un lado, así como los aportes teóricos sobre el afecto y las emociones, por otro, en este artículo se analizan y comparan una serie de novelas y de películas escritas y realizadas por novelistas y realizadores/as chilenos/as y argentinos/as en las que se reflexiona sobre el exilio, la desaparición forzada y la violencia perpetrada por las dictaduras del Cono Sur. En particular se indaga en el modo como se codifican los afectos en la producción literaria y audiovisual contemporánea de estos hijos e hijas de desaparecidos y de ex militantes. Se analizan para ello las relaciones de tensión, resignificación, diálogo y/o cuestionamiento en torno al papel de los padres y madres en la vida de esos hijos y su configuración en algunas obras ilustrativas. El análisis parte del relevamiento de los recursos compositivos y formales de dichos relatos para luego, en un nivel interpretativo, vincular estas decisiones estéticas con distintas estrategias que son utilizadas para lidiar con las complejas experiencias vividas en la infancia y con las relaciones con los progenitores. Finalmente, la interpretación conduce a identificar distintas elecciones estéticas y resoluciones posibles vinculadas con el mundo de lo afectivo para hacer memoria y construir un presente y una identidad.
Development of a Murine Model of Pyogenic Flexor Tenosynovitis
Authors: Qiu Bowen , Cobb Justin , Loiselle Alayna E. , Ketonis Constantinos 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis is a debilitating infection of the hand flexor tendon sheath with high morbidity despite standard treatments of empiric antibiotics with irrigation and debridement. In vivo studies in the available literature have used avian models, but these models are difficult to scale and maintain. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the plausibility of a murine model of pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis utilizing bioluminescence imaging and tissue analysis at harvest.

Methods:
A 2-μL inoculate of bioluminescent Xen29 Staphylococcus aureus or sterile phosphate-buffered saline solution (sPBS) was administered to the tendon sheath of 36 male C57BL/6J mice. The infectious course was monitored by bioluminescence imaging (BLI) via an in vivo imaging system, gross anatomic deformity, and weight change. The infected hind paws were harvested at 4 time points: 24 hours, 72 hours, 1 week, and 2 weeks for histological analysis using Alcian blue, hematoxylin, and Orange-G staining. Two-way analysis of variance with the Sidak multiple comparison test was used to assess differences in bioluminescence and weight at each time point.

Results:
The infected cohort displayed significantly elevated bioluminescence values, had reductions in weight, and exhibited swelling of the infected digit throughout the course of infection. By day 4, most infected mice saw a substantial decrease in BLI signal intensity; however, 2 infected mice exhibited persistent BLI intensity through day 14. Histological analysis of the infected cohort showed tissue disorganization and the presence of a cellular infiltrate in and around the flexor tendon sheath.

Conclusions:
A murine model of pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis is possible and can serve as an experimental platform for further investigation of the pathophysiology of pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis.

Clinical Relevance:
This animal model can be utilized in elucidating the basic molecular and/or cellular mechanisms of pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis while simultaneously evaluating novel therapeutic strategies.
Incidence of Osteolysis and Aseptic Loosening Following Metal-on-Highly Cross-Linked Polyethylene Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Prock-Gibbs Hannah , Pumilia Cyrus Anthony , Meckmongkol Teerin , Lovejoy John , Mumith Aadil , Coathup Melanie 
Published: January 2021

Background:
This study compared the incidence of osteolysis, aseptic loosening, and revision following use of highly cross-linked polyethylene (HXLPE) or conventional polyethylene (CPE) at medium to long-term (>5 to 15 years) follow-up in primary total hip arthroplasty (THA). Incidences were quantified and compared with regard to age and method of implant fixation.

Methods:
Using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, 12 randomized controlled trials and 18 cohort studies were investigated for evidence-based outcomes following HXPLE and CPE use in 2,539 hips over a 5 to 15-year follow-up.

Results:
Lower rates of osteolysis, aseptic loosening, and implant revision were reported following use of HXLPE liners. Osteolysis was reduced from 25.4% with CPE to 4.05% with HXLPE in young patients, and from 29.7% to 6.6% in the older patient cohort. Similarities in osteolysis rates were observed when cemented (24.9% for CPE and 6.5% for HXLPE) and uncemented components (32.8% for CPE and 7.1% for HXLPE) were compared. No clear advantage in the type of HXLPE used was observed.

Conclusions:
Over a follow-up period of up to 15 years, when compared with CPE, use of HXLPE liners reduced the incidence of osteolysis, aseptic loosening, and implant revision, regardless of the fixation method and including in younger and potentially more active patients.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
NILAI MORAL DALAM NOVEL AL-AJNIḤAH AL-MUTAKASSIROH KARYA KAHLIL GIBRAN DAN MEMANG JODOH KARYA MARAH RUSLI
Authors: Sumariyanto Eko Adhi 
Published: January 2021

Al-Ajanihah Al-Mutakasirroh’s novel was written by Gibran Kahlil Gibran ( 1883 – 1931 ) a Lebanese-born literary writer. Various works have been published in various countries. One of them is the Al-Ajnihah Al-Mutakasirroh novel as an autobiograpical novel. This novel takes theme of a love story that fails when there is love for two human beings. Novel Memang Jodoh, by Marah Rusli ( 1889 – 1968 ) he is an Indonesian literary force at Balai Pustaka. Novel Memang Jodoh a match as an autobiographical novel of the author. This novel tells the story of love that happily interwoven. The method used is comparative descriptive method. Through this method teh date is first described and then compared. The approach used is the heuristic and hermeneutic approach, Michael Riffaterre to describe the role of moral values contained in the novel Al-Ajnihah Al-Mutakasiroh and Memang Jodoh. This study aims to determine the comparison of moral values contained in the novel. The results showed a dfiference between the characters who encourage the creation of moral values, the end of the love story in the novel and the causes of conflict in the novel.

Novel Al-Ajnihah Al-Mutakasirroh dikarang oleh Gibran Kahlil Gibran ( 1883-1931 ), seorang penulis karya sastra kelahiran Lebanon. Beragam karya nya telah diterbitkan kedalam berbagai negara. Salah satunya yakni novel Al-Ajnihah Al-Mutakasirroh sebagai novel otobiografi. Novel ini mengangkat tema kisah percintaan yang kandas dikala tumbuhnya cinta pada dua insani. Novel Memang Jodoh karya Marah Rusli ( 1889 – 1968 ) ia seorang sastrawan Indonesia angkatan Balai Pustaka. Novel Memang jodoh sebagai novel otobiografi dari pengarang. Novel ini bercerita tentang kisah cinta yang terjalin bahagia. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deksriptif komparatif. Melalui metode ini terlebih dahulu data dideskripsikan kemudian dibandingkan. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan heuristik dan hermeneutik, Michael Riffater untuk mendeskripsikan peranan nilai moral yang terdapat dalam novel Al-Ajnihah Al-Mutakasirroh dan Memang Jodoh. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui perbandingan Nilai Moral yang terdapat dalam novel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya perbedaan antara karakter tokoh yang mendorong terciptanya nilai moral, akhir dari kisah cinta dalam novel dan penyebab pertentangan dalam novel.