bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An efficient image encryption scheme based on fractal Tromino and Chebyshev polynomial
Authors: Khan Majid , Alanazi Ammar S. , Khan Lal Said , Hussain Iqtadar 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe security of digital content during transmission and storage through insecure communication links and databases is a challenging issue in today's world. In this article, an encryption scheme based on fractal Tromino and Chebyshev polynomial-based generated chaotic matrix is presented. The scheme fulfills the most fundamental aspect of encryption that is diffusion and confusion. For confusion highly non-linear, pre-defined S-boxes are used. The proposed scheme has been tested using state-of-the-art key performance indicators including differential analysis, statistical analysis. Information entropy analysis, mean square error, and NIST-based randomness analysis. The encrypted images have the highest practically achievable entropy of 7.999 and the time analysis shows that the proposed system is suitable for real-time implementation. The rest of the results indicates that the proposed cryptosystem possesses high immunity toward various attacks. The security analysis compared with the existing scheme shows the strength of the suggested scheme.
Das Verhältnis von Nichtregierungsorganisationen und privaten Unternehmen in der globalen Umwelt‑, Menschenrechts- und Sicherheitspolitik
Authors: Hickmann Thomas , Prem Berenike 
Published: July 2021

ZusammenfassungIn der Literatur herrscht weitgehend Einigkeit, dass sich das Verhältnis vonNichtregierungsorganisationen(NGOs) und privaten Unternehmen in den vergangenen Jahren erweitert hat. Dennoch sind vergleichende Studien zur Interaktion zwischen beiden Akteursgruppen über verschiedene Politikfelder hinweg bislang selten. Gemeinsame Strukturen und Trends bleiben somit unterbeleuchtet. Der vorliegende Aufsatz untersucht daher das Verhältnis von NGOs und dem Unternehmenssektor in der globalen Umwelt‑, Menschenrechts- und Sicherheitspolitik. Die Analyse zeigt, dass einige Entwicklungen politikfeldspezifisch sind. So fällt der Protest von NGOs gegenüber der privaten Sicherheitsbranche relativ zahm aus. Zugleich beobachten wir einen politikfeldübergreifenden Trend, der sich in einer graduellen Funktionserweiterung von NGOs im Bemühen um normkonformes Unternehmenshandeln äußert. NGOs agieren dabei zunehmend als Ko-Regulierer, indem sie mit Unternehmensvertreter*innen in Multi-Stakeholder-Initiativen gemeinsame Regeln erarbeiten, deren Einhaltung überwachen und für deren Umsetzung sorgen. Unsere Analyse mündet in der These, dass dieser Wandel durch die Diffusion eines globalen Skripts begriffen werden kann, das die Einbindung privatwirtschaftlicher Akteure zur Lösung globaler Probleme vorsieht.
Einsatz von Maschinellem Lernen für die Vorhersage von Stress am Beispiel der Logistik
Authors: Foot Hermann , Mättig Benedikt , Fiolka Michael , Grylewicz Tim , ten Hompel Michael , Kretschmer Veronika 
Published: July 2021

ZusammenfassungStress und seine komplexen Wirkungen werden bereits seit Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts erforscht. Die vielfältigen psychischen und physischen Stressoren in der Arbeitswelt können in Summe zu Störungen des Organismus und zu Erkrankungen führen. Da die Ausprägung körperlicher und subjektiver Folgen von Stress individuell unterschiedlich ist, lassen sich keine absoluten Grenzwerte ermitteln. Zur Erforschung der systematischen Mustererkennung physiologischer und subjektiver Stressparameter sowie einer Stressvorhersage, werden in dem vorliegenden Beitrag Methoden des maschinellen Lernens (ML) eingesetzt. Als praktischer Anwendungsfall dient die Logistikbranche, in der Belastungsfaktoren häufig in der Tätigkeit und der Arbeitsorganisation begründet liegen. Ein Gestaltungselement bei der Prävention von Stress ist die Arbeitspause. Mit ML-Methoden wird untersucht, inwieweit Stress auf Basis physiologischer und subjektiver Parameter vorhergesagt werden kann, um Pausen individuell zu empfehlen. Im Beitrag wird der Zwischenstand einer Softwarelösung für ein dynamisches Pausenmanagement für die Logistik vorgestellt.Praktische Relevanz: Das Ziel der Softwarelösung „Dynamische Pause“ besteht darin, Stress in Folge mentaler und physischer Belastungsfaktoren in der Logistik präventiv vorzubeugen und die Beschäftigten auf lange Sicht gesund, zufrieden, arbeitsfähig und produktiv zu halten. Infolge individualisierter Erholungspausen als Gestaltungselement, können Unternehmen unterstützt werden, Personalressourcen entsprechend der dynamischen Anforderungen der Logistik flexibler einzusetzen.
Kinetic analysis of the partial synthesis of artemisinin: Photooxygenation to the intermediate hydroperoxide
Authors: Triemer S. , Schulze M. , Wriedt B. , Schenkendorf R. , Ziegenbalg D. , Krewer U. , Seidel-Morgenstern A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe price of the currently best available antimalarial treatment is driven in large part by the limited availability of its base drug compound artemisinin. One approach to reduce the artemisinin cost is to efficiently integrate the partial synthesis of artemisinin starting from its biological precursor dihydroartemisinic acid (DHAA) into the production process. The optimal design of such an integrated process is a complex task that is easier to solve through simulations studies and process modelling. In this article, we present a quantitative kinetic model for the photooxygenation of DHAA to an hydroperoxide, the essential initial step of the partial synthesis to artemisinin. The photooxygenation reactions were studied in a two-phase photo-flow reactor utilizing Taylor flow for enhanced mixing and fast gas-liquid mass transfer. A good agreement of the model and the experimental data was achieved for all combinations of photosensitizer concentration, photon flux, fluid velocity and both liquid and gas phase compositions. Deviations between simulated predictions and measurements for the amount of hydroperoxide formed are 7.1 % on average. Consequently, the identified and parameterized kinetic model is exploited to investigate different behaviors of the reactor under study. In a final step, the kinetic model is utilized to suggest attractive operating windows for future applications of the photooxygenation of DHAA exploiting reaction rates that are not affected by mass transfer limitations.
Frobenius splitting of Schubert varieties of semi-infinite flag manifolds
Authors: Kato Syu 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We exhibit basic algebro-geometric results on the formal model of semi-infinite flag varieties and its Schubert varieties over an algebraically closed field

${\mathbb K}$

of characteristic

$\neq 2$

from scratch. We show that the formal model of a semi-infinite flag variety admits a unique nice (ind-)scheme structure, its projective coordinate ring has a

$\mathbb {Z}$

-model and it admits a Frobenius splitting compatible with the boundaries and opposite cells in positive characteristic. This establishes the normality of the Schubert varieties of the quasi-map space with a fixed degree (instead of their limits proved in [K, Math. Ann. 371 no.2 (2018)]) when

$\mathsf {char}\, {\mathbb K} =0$

or

$\gg 0$

, and the higher-cohomology vanishing of their nef line bundles in arbitrary characteristic

$\neq 2$

. Some particular cases of these results play crucial roles in our proof [47] of a conjecture by Lam, Li, Mihalcea and Shimozono [60] that describes an isomorphism between affine and quantum K-groups of a flag manifold.
A high-protein diet containing inulin/oligofructose supports body weight gain associated with lower energy expenditure and carbohydrate oxidation, and alters faecal microbiota in C57BL/6 mice
Authors: Koch Franziska , Derno Michael , Langhammer Martina , Tuchscherer Armin , Hammon Harald M. , Mielenz Manfred , Metges Cornelia C. , Kuhla Björn 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPrebiotic supplements and high-protein (HP) diets reduce body weight and modulate intestinal microbiota. Our aim was to elucidate the combined effect of an inulin/oligofructose (FOS) and HP diet on body weight gain, energy metabolism and faecal microbiota. Forty male C57BL/6NCrl mice were fed a control (C) diet for 2 weeks and allocated to a C or HP (40 % protein) diet including no or 10 % inulin/FOS (C + I and HP + I) for 4 weeks. Inulin/FOS was added in place of starch and cellulose. Body weight, food intake, faecal energy and nitrogen were determined. Indirect calorimetry and faecal microbiota analysis were performed after 3 weeks on diets. Body weight gain of HP-fed mice was 36 % lower than HP + I- and C-fed mice (P< 0⋅05). Diet digestibility and food conversion efficiency were higher in HP + I- than HP-fed mice (P< 0⋅01), while food intake was comparable between groups. Total energy expenditure (heat production) was 25 % lower in HP + I- than in C-, HP- and C + I-fed mice (P< 0⋅001). Carbohydrate oxidation tended to be 24 % higher in HP- than in HP + I-fed mice (P< 0⋅05). Faecal nitrogen excretion was 31–45 % lower in C-, C + I- and HP + I- than in HP-fed mice (P< 0⋅05). FaecalBacteroides–PrevotellaDNA was 2⋅3-fold higher in C + I- and HP + I- relative to C-fed mice (P< 0⋅05), butClostridium leptumDNA abundances was 79 % lower in HP + I- than in HP-fed mice (P< 0⋅05). We suggest that the higher conversion efficiency of dietary energy of HP + I but not C + I-fed mice is caused by higher digestibility and lower heat production, resulting in increased body mass.
Nutritional status and high adherence to the Mediterranean diet in Colombian school children and teenagers during the COVID-19 pandemic according to sex
Authors: Morales Camacho William Javier , Osma Zambrano Sonia Esperanza , Morales Camacho María Alejandra , Herrera Contreras Angie Carolina , Rangel Acevedo Angela , Duarte Valencia Edgar Julián , Camargo Cárdenas Anamaria , Nocua Alarcón Laura Ximena , Ardila Munar Lizeth Carolina , Noguera Sánchez Ana Milena , Molina Díaz Jorge Mario 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic has generated a series of changes in the daily routines of people, including children and teenagers, in an unprecedented way, which constitutes a global challenge in public health. Social isolation has been a prophylactic measure to prevent the spread of the virus; however, it has generated negative impacts on the physical and emotional health of parents, caregivers, children and teenagers around the world. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of confinement caused by the COVID-19 pandemic at the level of nutritional status, dietary and behavioural patterns of elementary school children and teenagers in a small town of Colombia. Anthropometric parameters such as BMI Z-score, waist circumference and waist/height ratio were evaluated in 266 school children and teenagers. A questionnaire with socio-demographic, clinical and lifestyle characteristics and the KIDMED were applied to learn about nutritional aspects. A total of 102 students (38⋅3 %) were classified as having altered nutritional status, being 39 (14⋅7 %) classified as overweight and 36 (13⋅5 %) with obesity. The prevalence of high adherence to the Mediterranean diet was 12 %, 95 % CI (0⋅08, 0⋅16). Overweight was more prevalent in women (26/39, 66⋅7 %; P = 0⋅0439), and obesity was discreetly more frequent in men (19/36, 52⋅7 %; P = 0⋅7193). We observed a worrying nutritional, dietary and behavioural situation in the children and teenagers studied during the confinement associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. This unveils the need to establish strategies and/or public policies in our town that help to promote an adequate biopsychosocial development of the paediatric patient and their family group.
Stagnation of the Pensilungpa glacier, western Himalaya, India: causes and implications
Authors: Garg Purushottam Kumar , Garg Siddhi , Yousuf Bisma , Shukla Aparna , Kumar Vinit , Mehta Manish 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis study investigates stagnation conditions of the Pensilungpa glacier, western Himalaya. Multiple glacier parameters (length, area, debris extent and thickness, snowline altitude (SLA), velocity, downwasting and ice cliffs) were studied using field measurements (2016–18), high-resolution imagery from GoogleEarth (2013–17) and spaceborne Landsat, ASTER and SRTM data (1993–2017) to comprehend the glacier's current state. Results show a moderate decrease in length (6.62 ± 2.11 m a−1) and area (0.11 ± 0.03% a−1), a marked increase in SLA (~6 m a−1) and debris cover (2.86 ± 0.29% a−1) and a slowdown of ~50% during 1993–2016. Notable thinning of −0.88 ± 0.04 m a−1 was observed between 2000 and 2017 showing a similar trend as field measurements during 2016–17 (−0.88 m) and 2017–18 (−1.54 m). Further, results reveal a stagnation of the lower ablation zone (LAZ). Less mass supply and heterogeneous debris growth (6.67 ± 0.41% a−1) over the previous decade resulted in slowdown, margin insulation and slope-inversion, leading to stagnation. Stagnation of LAZ caused bulging in the dynamic upper ablation zone and favored the development of supraglacial ponds and ice cliffs. Ice cliffs have grown significantly (48% in number; 41% in area during 2013–17) and their back-wasting now dominates the ablation process.
ON THE HEIGHT AND RELATIONAL COMPLEXITY OF A FINITE PERMUTATION GROUP
Authors: GILL NICK , LODÀ BIANCA , SPIGA PABLO 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLet G be a permutation group on a set
$\Omega $
of size t. We say that
$\Lambda \subseteq \Omega $
is an independent set if its pointwise stabilizer is not equal to the pointwise stabilizer of any proper subset of
$\Lambda $
. We define the height of G to be the maximum size of an independent set, and we denote this quantity
$\textrm{H}(G)$
. In this paper, we study
$\textrm{H}(G)$
for the case when G is primitive. Our main result asserts that either
$\textrm{H}(G)< 9\log t$
or else G is in a particular well-studied family (the primitive large–base groups). An immediate corollary of this result is a characterization of primitive permutation groups with large relational complexity, the latter quantity being a statistic introduced by Cherlin in his study of the model theory of permutation groups. We also study
$\textrm{I}(G)$
, the maximum length of an irredundant base of G, in which case we prove that if G is primitive, then either
$\textrm{I}(G)<7\log t$
or else, again, G is in a particular family (which includes the primitive large–base groups as well as some others).
A Bayesian Alternative to Synthetic Control for Comparative Case Studies
Authors: Pang Xun , Liu Licheng , Xu Yiqing 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis paper proposes a Bayesian alternative to the synthetic control method for comparative case studies with a single or multiple treated units. We adopt a Bayesian posterior predictive approach to Rubin’s causal model, which allows researchers to make inferences about both individual and average treatment effects on treated observations based on the empirical posterior distributions of their counterfactuals. The prediction model we develop is a dynamic multilevel model with a latent factor term to correct biases induced by unit-specific time trends. It also considers heterogeneous and dynamic relationships between covariates and the outcome, thus improving precision of the causal estimates. To reduce model dependency, we adopt a Bayesian shrinkage method for model searching and factor selection. Monte Carlo exercises demonstrate that our method produces more precise causal estimates than existing approaches and achieves correct frequentist coverage rates even when sample sizes are small and rich heterogeneities are present in data. We illustrate the method with two empirical examples from political economy.
Justice for Millionaires?
Authors: Christensen James , Parr Tom , Axelsen David V. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn recent years, much public attention has been devoted to the existence of pay discrepancies between men and women at the upper end of the income scale. For example, there has been considerable discussion of the ‘Hollywood gender pay gap’. We can refer to such discrepancies as cases of millionaire inequality. These cases generate conflicting intuitions. On the one hand, the unequal remuneration involved looks like a troubling case of gender injustice. On the other, it’s natural to feel uneasy when confronted with the suggestion that multi-millionaires are somehow being paid inadequately. In this paper, we consider two arguments for rectifying millionaire inequality, clarifying their appeal but also identifying the obstacles that each will have to surmount in order to succeed.
Older Adults’ Perceptions of Frailty Language: A Scoping Review
Authors: Durepos Pamela , Sakamoto Mariko , Alsbury Kyla , Hewston Patricia , Borges Julia , Takaoka Alyson 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThere is growing interest in conceptualizing and diagnosing frailty. Less is understood, however, about older adults’ perceptions of the term “frail”, and the implications of being classified as “frail”. The purpose of this scoping review was to map the breadth of primary studies; and describe the meaning, perceptions, and perceived implications of frailty language amongst community-dwelling older adults. Eight studies were included in the review and three core themes were identified: (1) understanding frailty as inevitable age-related decline in multiple domains, (2) perceiving frailty as a generalizing label, and (3) perceiving impacts of language on health and health care utilization. Clinical practice recommendations for health care professionals working with individuals with frailty include: (1) maintaining a holistic view of frailty that extends beyond physical function to include psychosocial and environmental constructs, (2) using person-first language, and (3) using a strengths-based approach to discuss aspects of frailty.
Australian perspectives on spiritual care training in healthcare: A Delphi study
Authors: Jones Kate F. , Washington Jennifer , Kearney Matthew , Kissane David , Best Megan C. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe aim was to to establish core components of spiritual care training for healthcare professionals in Australia.MethodsThis study used the Delphi technique to undertake a consensus exercise with spiritual care experts in the field of healthcare. Participant opinion was sought on (i) the most important components of spiritual care training; (ii) preferred teaching methods; (iii) clinical scenarios to address in spiritual care training; and (iv) current spiritual assessment and referral procedures.ResultsOf the 107 participants who responded in the first round, 67 (62.6%) were female, 55 (51.4%) worked in pastoral care, and 84 (78.5%) selected Christian as their religious affiliation. The most highly ranked components of spiritual care training were “relationship between health and spirituality,” followed by “definitions of spirituality and spiritual care.” Consensus was not achieved on the item “comparative religions study/alternative spiritual beliefs.” Preferred teaching methods include case studies, group discussion, role-plays and/or simulated learning, videos of personal stories, and self-directed learning. The most highly ranked clinical scenario to be addressed in spiritual care training was “screening for spiritual concerns for any patient or resident.” When asked who should conduct an initial spiritual review with patients, consensus was achieved regarding all members of the healthcare team, with most nominating a chaplain or “whoever the patient feels comfortable with.” It was considered important for spiritual care training to address one's own spirituality and self-care. Consensus was not achieved on which spiritual care assessment tools to incorporate in training.Significance of resultsThis Delphi study revealed that spiritual care training for Australian healthcare professionals should emphasize the understanding of the role of spirituality and spiritual care in healthcare, include a range of delivery methods, and focus upon the incorporation of spiritual screening. Further work is required to identify how spiritual care screening should be conducted within an Australian healthcare setting.
Representation of Bi‐Directional Fluxes Between Groundwater and Surface Water in a Bucket‐Type Hydrological Model
Authors: Staudinger M. , Seibert J. , van Meerveld H. J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn most bucket‐type hydrological models, water can only flow from the groundwater to the stream and the flux is based on the groundwater storage. However, many catchments have losing stream sections, where streamflow recharges the groundwater. We developed a formulation to represent groundwater recharge by streamwater in a bucket‐type model and tested this formulation for the Panola Mountain Research Watershed to demonstrate its function and assess its performance. The upper reach of the Panola catchment is often dry and highly affected by flow from a bedrock outcrop; further downstream the stream is perennial. We simulated streamflow with the fully lumped version of a bucket‐type model and compared it to (a) a variant with sub‐catchments to more realistically represent the low storage and quick response from the bedrock outcrop and (b) a variant that also includes the bi‐directional exchange between the groundwater and the stream. For all three model variants, we compared simulated and observed streamflow and groundwater dynamics. Although the gain in overall model performance by including the bi‐directional exchange between the groundwater and the stream was small, the explicit representation of this exchange led to better streamflow simulations during drying‐down and wetting‐up periods. For Panola the fluxes along the stream appeared less important than subsurface drainage from the upper sub‐catchment to the downstream sub‐catchment. We recommend considering the bi‐directional fluxes between groundwater and the stream in bucket‐type hydrological models where these processes are important, and the focus of the simulations is on low flow conditions.
Observations of Short‐Period Ion‐Scale Current Sheet Flapping
Authors: Richard L. , Khotyaintsev Yu. V. , Graham D. B. , Sitnov M. I. , Le Contel O. , Lindqvist P.‐A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractKink‐like flapping motions of current sheets are commonly observed in the magnetotail. Such oscillations have periods of a few minutes down to a few seconds and they propagate toward the flanks of the plasma sheet. Here, we report a short‐period ( s) flapping event of a thin current sheet observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft in the dusk‐side plasma sheet following a fast Earthward plasma flow. We characterize the flapping structure using the multi‐spacecraft spatiotemporal derivative and timing methods, and we find that the wave‐like structure is propagating along the average current direction with a phase velocity comparable to the ion velocity. We show that the wavelength of the oscillating current sheet scales with its thickness as expected for a drift‐kink mode. The decoupling of the ion bulk motion from the electron bulk motion suggests that the current sheet is thin. We discuss the presence of the lower hybrid waves associated with gradients of density as a broadening process of the thin current sheet.