bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monetary policy and the time-dimension of firms’ financing structure
Authors: Vuillemey Guillaume 
Published: March 2021

We offer a sketch of an Austrian theory of corporate finance by studying the structure of firms’ liabilities both on an unhampered market and through a monetary policy-induced business cycle. Building on recent contributions on the time-structure of savings, we show that booms are characterized by increased leverage and higher levels of maturity mismatches for firms. Such fragilities are to be corrected during busts.
Key words: Business Cycles, Corporate Finance, Austrian Economics.
JEL Classification: B53, E32, G30.
Resumen: En este trabajo ofrecemos un esbozo de una teoría austriaca de las finanzas corporativas mediante el estudio de la estructura del pasivo de las empresas, tanto en un contexto de mercado libre puro, como de ciclo económico inducido por la política monetaria. Basándonos en recientes con-tribuciones sobre la estructura temporal de los ahorros, mostramos que los periodos de auge están caracterizados por un aumento del apalancamiento y mayores niveles de descalce de plazos de las empresas. Tales fragilidades deben corregirse durante las recesiones.
Palabras clave: Ciclo Económico, Finanzas Corporativas, Economía Austriaca.
Clasificación JEL: B53, E32, G30.
Carta contra-argumentativa al Freebanking con reserva fraccionaria
Authors: Ravier Leonardo 
Published: March 2021

Hace tiempo que tengo un debate público pendiente sobre este tema con uno de los miembros defensores del freebanking con re-serva fraccionaria del Instituto Juan de Mariana. El hecho de no haberlo tenido hasta ahora, se ha debido a la poca disponibilidad de tiempo según prioridades en las que estoy inmerso.
Sin embargo, te detallo a continuación, y en base exclusiva a los documentos que aportas, mi contra-argumentación (basada principalmente en las ya explicadas, y poco entendidas, teorías de M. Rothbard - J. Huerta de Soto) con añadidos personales a la razón fundamental de porqué la exigencia del coeficiente de caja del 100% es una obligación que debe respetarse, así como se debe respetar la propiedad privada sin excepción dentro del marco de nuestra defensa por la libertad.
Esta afirmación es incorrecta. Sin entrar en los detalles histó-ricos (que mostrarían más bien lo contrario, que hasta el siglo pasado la jurisprudencia europea seguía manteniendo, de algu-na manera, la idea del coeficiente de caja del 100%), dado que no creo que hagan falta para defender lo que yo entiendo como uno más de los tantos derechos naturales, propios de la razón, y de la coherencia lógica del hombre que entiende la libertad como má-xima de vida; decir que uno es «libre de ofrecer absolutamente lo que quiera» es una generalización inapropiada. Estoy seguro en que estarás conmigo en que yo no puedo ofrecer en el merca-do la casa de mi vecino, el corazón de mi vecina, o el dinero de un tercero, porque dichas «ofertas» implicarían la violación del derecho natural y racional de la propiedad privada. Por tanto, no todo es susceptible de ser ofrecido en el mercado. Sino más bien, solo aquello que le es a uno propio. Y es importante hacer esta distinción, porque cuando hablamos de bienes conocidos (sean órganos de un cuerpo, inmuebles, alimentos, etc..) la so-ciedad, en general, es muy consciente de cuándo y cómo se violan dichos derechos de propiedad. Pero cuando hablamos del bien de intercambio, el consenso ya no es tan claro, básicamen-te por la ignorancia reinante respecto de la naturaleza de dicho bien (términos económicos) y ámbito jurídico del mismo (térmi-nos legales).
The subsistence fund in Ludwig von Mises’s explanation of the business cycle
Authors: Braun Eduard 
Published: March 2021

To the present day the circulation credit theory of the business cycle is one of the central themes in Austrian Economics. Its principle examination object is the artificial expansion of circulation credit and the influence the latter has on the economic system. In this paper it is argued that Ludwig von Mises, the originator of this theory, did not expound his theory homogenously. Whereas he stressed the role of the subsistence fund in the original version, he substituted it by other concepts in later publications. It will be shown that, at least in this respect, the original version in Theorie des Geldes und der Umlaufsmittel is more consistent than the later ones, even than the elaborated exposition that can be found in Mises’s most important work, Human Action.
Key words: Austrian Theory of the Business Cycle, Ludwig von Mises, Sub - sistence Fund, History of Economic Thought.
JEL Classification: B13, B31, E32.
Resumen: Hasta hoy, la teoría del crédito circulatorio de los ciclos económi - cos ha sido uno de los temas centrales en la Economía Austriaca. Su objeto principal de investigación es la expansión artificial del crédito circulatorio y su influencia en el sistema económico. En este artículo se objeta que Ludwig von Mises, el autor que planteó de dicha teoría, no la expone de forma ho - mogénea. Mientras que en la versión original acentuó el papel del fondo de subsistencia, sustituyó este concepto por otros en publicaciones posteriores. Se mostrará que, por lo menos en lo que se refiere a esta relación, la versión original en Theorie des Geldes und der Umlaufmittel es más coherente que las posteriores, incluso más consistente que la elaborada exposición de sa-rrollada en su obra más importante, La Acción Humana.
Palabras clave: La Teoría Austriaca del Ciclo Económico, Ludwig von Mises, Historia del Pensamiento Económico, Fondo de Subsistencia.
Clasificación JEL: B13, B31, E32.
Un breve comentario sobre la disfunción de la articulación sacroilíaca
Authors: Almirón Marcos 
Published: March 2021

La articulación sacroilíaca es una estructura anatómica dentro del complejo lumbar, cuya disfunción está asociada a dolor de espalda baja. Una vez establecido el diagnóstico de disfunción de la articulación sacroilíaca, un tratamiento específico puede producir resultados satisfactorios. En este comentario se presentan brevemente aspectos relativos al examen físico y al abordaje terapéutico de pacientes con este diagnóstico.
Palabras clave: Articulación sacroilíaca; Dolor de espalda baja; Examen físico; Tratamiento.
Enfermedad arterial periférica en pacientes de un Servicio de Clínica Médica en Paraguay
Authors: Real Raúl Emilio , Real-Aparicio Nicolás Emilio , Santander Andrés Esteban , Giménez Luis , Leguizamón Hubert , Acosta María Eugenia 
Published: March 2021

Introducción: la enfermedad arterial periférica es una afección frecuente en adultos mayores. Se acrecienta con la presencia de comorbilidades. Puede ser detectada por la medición de la presión arterial en los cuatro miembros y el cálculo del índice tobillo-brazo. Objetivos: determinar la frecuencia de enfermedad arterial periférica detectada por el índice tobillo-brazo, los síntomas de claudicación intermitente de miembros y la presencia de comorbilidades. Metodología: estudio observacional descriptivo prospectivo de corte transversal realizado en 62 pacientes mayores de 40 años internados en el Servicio de Clínica Médica del Hospital Nacional (Itauguá, Paraguay) en el 2016. Se determinó la presión arterial en los cuatro miembros con un tensiómetro digital y se registró la presencia de comorbilidades. El índice tobillo-brazo derecho se calculó por el cociente de la presión arterial sistólica del tobillo derecho dividido la presión arterial sistólica más elevada de cualquier brazo y de forma similar para el índice tobillo-brazo izquierdo. Se consideró índice tobillo-brazo compatible con enfermedad arterial periférica todo valor ? 0,9. Resultados: en la muestra predominó el sexo masculino (52%) y la edad media fue 54 ± 9 años. Las comorbilidades más frecuentes fueron hipertensión arterial (48%), tabaquismo (32%) y diabetes mellitus (26%). Se detectó enfermedad arterial periférica en 9,6%. La mayoría de los afectados se encontraban en el grado I de la clasificación de Fontaine (asintomáticos). Discusión: la frecuencia de enfermedad arterial periférica fue 9,6%. Sólo un paciente era sintomático. Las comorbilidades más frecuentes fueron la hipertensión arterial y el tabaquismo. La determinación de la presión arterial en los cuatro miembros permite detectar una enfermedad asintomática, potencialmente grave.
Palabras clave: Enfermedad arterial periférica; Índice tobillo-brazo; Hipertensión arterial; Diabetes mellitus. Tabaquismo
Characteristics of the gut microbiome in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes
Authors: Zhang Zewen , Tian Tian , Chen Zhen , Liu Lirong , Luo Tao , Dai Jianghong 
Published: March 2021

Background
Gut microbiome has recently been identified as a new potential risk factor in addition to well-known diabetes risk factors. The aim of this study was to analyze the differences in the composition of gut microbiome in prediabetes(PreDM), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and non-diabetic controls.

Methods
A total of 180 participants were recruited for this study: 60 with T2DM, 60 with PreDM and 60 non-diabetics (control group). Fecal samples were collected from the participants and genomic DNA was extracted. The composition and diversity of gut microbiome were investigated in fecal DNA samples using Illumina sequencing of the V3∼V4 regions of 16sRNA.

Results
There were significant differences in the number of bacteria among patients with PreDM and T2DM and the control group. Compared with the control group, Proteobacteria bacteria were significantly higher in the PreDM group (P = 0.006). On the genus level, Compared with the control group, the relative abundance of Prevotella and Alloprevotella was significantly higher in the T2DM group (P = 0.016, P = 0.018), and the relative abundance of Paraprevotella in T2DM and PreDM groups was lower than that in the control group (P = 0.011, P = 0.045). Compared with the PreDM group and the control group, the relative abundance of Bacteroides in the T2DM group was significantly lower (P = 0.019, P = 0.002).

Conclusions
The present study found significant differences in the gut microbiome between PreDM, T2DM and non-diabetic individuals, specifically at the genus level, suggesting that early intervention in PreDM patients could have implications for gut flora transitioning to T2DM. In addition, these results may be valuable for developing strategies to control T2DM by modifying the gut microbiome.
Effectiveness of Solvent Extraction on Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities from Fresh and Dried Wheatgrass
Authors: Ove Towkir Ahmed , Khatun Anwara Akter , Saifullah Said Bin , Ahmed Maruf 
Published: March 2021

Aims: This study was intended to investigate and quantify the phytochemicals and the antioxidant activities of fresh and powdered wheatgrass.
Study Design: The experiment was performed by solvent extraction technique for determining the phytochemicals of wheatgrass samples.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Food engineering laboratory in Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh between June 2018 and December 2018.
Methodology: Fresh and powdered wheatgrass were used for the experiment. Methanol and ethanol solutions were separately utilized, in an attempt to assume the efficient solvent for extraction. UV-Vis spectrophotometric methods were employed in general throughout the study. Total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), DPPH scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the total chlorophyll contents of both solvent extracts were analyzed.
Results: Phytochemicals and antioxidant activity were found lower in both solvent extracts of powdered wheatgrass than fresh leaves. Phenolic content and Chlorophyll were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in fresh samples (extracts). Due to heating, a significant decrease was observed in the DPPH radical scavenging activity of powdered extracts. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in methanolic extracts than in ethanolic extracts. No significant (P > 0.05) difference was observed in total flavonoids contents.
Conclusion: These findings endorsed that both solvents demonstrate competitive potentials to extract bioactive compounds from wheatgrass and its derivatives and hence can be chosen specifically according to the components.
Salipiger
Authors: Wang Tao , Wirth Joseph S. , Whitman William B. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Sa.li.pi'ger. L. masc. n.
sal
salt; L. masc. adj.
piger
lazy; N.L. masc. n.
Salipiger
lazy halophile.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodobacterales / Rhodobacteraceae / Salipiger

Gram‐negative‐staining, obligately aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, non‐spore‐forming, catalase‐ and oxidase‐positive rods, or ovoid morphology. Optimal growth typically occurs between 25 and 38°C, 2 and 11% (w/v) NaCl, and pH 6 and 8.5. Generally capable of utilizing a large variety of organic carbon compounds. Some species are capable of chemolithoheterotrophic growth with thiosulfate. The major fatty acid is C
18:1
ω7
c
or summed feature 8 (C
18:1
ω7
c
and/or C
18:1
ω6
c
). The major quinone is ubiquinone 10 (Q‐10). Species have been isolated globally from saline environments including seawater, marine sediments, tidal flats, and hypersaline soil. Members of the family
Rhodobacteraceae
. The type species is
Salipiger mucosus
.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 64.3–67.4.

Type species:
Salipiger mucosus
Martínez‐Cánovas et al. 2004
VP
.
Cell Fragment Formation, Migration, and Force Exertion on Extracellular Mimicking Fiber Nanonets
Authors: Padhi Abinash , Danielsson Brooke E. , Alabduljabbar Deema S. , Wang Ji , Conway Daniel E. , Kapania Rakesh K. , Nain Amrinder S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCell fragments devoid of the nucleus play an essential role in intercellular communication. Mostly studied on flat 2D substrates, their origins and behavior in native fibrous environments remain unknown. Here, cytoplasmic fragments’ spontaneous formation and behavior in suspended extracellular matrices mimicking fiber architectures (parallel, crosshatch, and hexagonal) are described. After cleaving from the parent cell body, the fragments of diverse shapes on fibers migrate faster compared to 2D. Furthermore, while fragments in 2D are mostly circular, a higher number of rectangular and blob‐like shapes are formed on fibers, and, interestingly, each shape is capable of forming protrusive structures. Absent in 2D, fibers’ fragments display oscillatory migratory behavior with dramatic shape changes, sometimes remarkably sustained over long durations (>20 h). Immunostaining reveals paxillin distribution along fragment body‐fiber length, while Forster Resonance Energy Transfer imaging of vinculin reveals mechanical loading of fragment adhesions comparable to whole cell adhesions. Using nanonet force microscopy, the forces exerted by fragments are estimated, and peculiarly small area fragments can exert forces similar to larger fragments in a Rho‐associated kinase dependent manner. Overall, fragment dynamics on 2D substrates are insufficient to describe the mechanosensitivity of fragments to fibers, and the architecture of fiber networks can generate entirely new behaviors.
Colossal Barocaloric Effect by Large Latent Heat Produced by First‐Order Intersite‐Charge‐Transfer Transition
Authors: Kosugi Yoshihisa , Goto Masato , Tan Zhenhong , Fujita Asaya , Saito Takashi , Kamiyama Takashi , Chen Wei‐Tin , Chuang Yu‐Chun , Sheu Hwo‐Shuenn , Kan Daisuke , Shimakawa Yuichi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMaterials which show novel thermal properties can be used to make highly efficient and environmentally friendly energy systems for thermal energy storage and refrigeration through caloric effects. An A‐site‐ordered quadruple perovskite‐structure oxide, NdCu3Fe4O12, is found to release significant latent heat, 25.5 kJ kg−1 (157 J cc−1), at the intersite‐charge‐transfer transition temperature near room temperature. The transition is first‐order and accompanied by an unusual magnetic ordering and a large negative‐thermal‐expansion‐like volume change, and thus, it causes a large entropy change (84.2 J K−1 kg−1). The observed entropy change is comparable to the largest changes reported in inorganic solid materials, and more importantly, it is utilized through a colossal barocaloric effect. The adiabatic temperature change by applying 5.1 kbar pressure is estimated to reach 13.7 K, which means efficient refrigeration can be realized through this effect.
Printing Reconfigurable Bundles of Dielectric Elastomer Fibers
Authors: Chortos Alex , Mao Jie , Mueller Jochen , Hajiesmaili Ehsan , Lewis Jennifer A. , Clarke David R. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractActive soft materials that change shape on demand are of interest for a myriad of applications, including soft robotics, biomedical devices, and adaptive systems. Despite recent advances, the ability to rapidly design and fabricate active matter in complex, reconfigurable layouts remains challenging. Here, the 3D printing of core‐sheath‐shell dielectric elastomer fibers (DEF) and fiber bundles with programmable actuation is reported. Complex shape morphing responses are achieved by printing individually addressable fibers within 3D architectures, including vertical coils and fiber bundles. These DEF devices exhibit resonance frequencies up to 700 Hz and lifetimes exceeding 2.6 million cycles. The multimaterial, multicore‐shell 3D printing method opens new avenues for creating active soft matter with fast programable actuation.
Full‐Temperature All‐Solid‐State Ti3C2Tx/Aramid Fiber Supercapacitor with Optimal Balance of Capacitive Performance and Flexibility
Authors: Liu Qi , Zhao Anran , He Xuexia , Li Qi , Sun Jie , Lei Zhibin , Liu Zong‐Huai 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFull‐temperature all‐solid‐state flexible symmetrical fiber supercapacitors (FSCs) are assembled by using montmorillonite flake/polyvinyl alcohol organic hydrogel (F‐MMT/PVA OHGE) as the electrolyte and separator and Ti3C2Tx/ANF‐5% (T/A‐5) fiber as the electrode, in which T/A‐5 fiber is prepared by using delaminated Ti3C2Tx nanosheets as assembled units and 5% of aramid nanofiber (ANF) as the functional additive using a wet spinning method in a coagulated bath with 0.5 m FeCl2 solution. The T/A‐5 hybrid fiber exhibits a specific capacity of 807 F cm−3 in 3 m H2SO4 electrolyte, a superior mechanical strength of 104 MPa, and a high conductivity of 1025 S cm−1. The assembled F‐MMT/PVA OHGE T/A‐5 FSC not only shows a specific capacitance of 295 F cm−3 and a capacitance retention of 91% at a current density of 5 A cm−3 after 10 000 charging/discharging cycles, but also a maximum volumetric energy density of 26.2 mWh cm−3. Meanwhile, the assembled device displays good flexibility and excellent capacitance in a wide temperature range of −40 to 80 °C, the electrochemical performance of the FSC is maintained under varying degrees of bending. This study provides an effective strategy for designing and assembling of full‐temperature all‐solid‐state symmetrical flexible FSCs with the optimal balance of capacitive performance and flexibility.
Magneto‐Electrically Enhanced Intracellular Catalysis of FePt‐FeC Heterostructures for Chemodynamic Therapy
Authors: Zhang Huilin , Li Jinjin , Chen Yang , Wu Jiyue , Wang Kun , Chen Lijie , Wang Ya , Jiang Xingwu , Liu Yanyan , Wu Yelin , Jin Dayong , Bu Wenbo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIntracellular catalytic reactions can tailor tumor cell plasticity toward high‐efficiency treatments, but the application is hindered by the low efficiency of intracellular catalysis. Here, a magneto‐electronic approach is developed for efficient intracellular catalysis by inducing eddy currents of FePt‐FeC heterostructures in mild alternating magnetic fields (frequency of f = 96 kHz and amplitude of B ≤ 70 mT). Finite element simulation shows a high density of induced charges gathering at the interface of FePt‐FeC heterostructure in the alternating magnetic field. As a result, the concentration of an essential coenzyme—β‐nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide—in cancer cells is significantly reduced by the enhanced catalytic hydrogenation reaction of FePt‐FeC heterostructures under alternating magnetic stimulation, leading to over 80% of senescent cancer cells—a vulnerable phenotype that facilitates further treatment. It is further demonstrated that senescent cancer cells can be efficiently killed by the chemodynamic therapy based on the enhanced Fenton‐like reaction. By promoting intracellular catalytic reactions in tumors, this approach may enable precise catalytic tumor treatment.
Target Reprogramming Lysosomes of CD8+ T Cells by a Mineralized Metal–Organic Framework for Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Zhao Qin , Gong Zijian , Li Zhihao , Wang Jinyang , Zhang Jinglun , Zhao Zifan , Zhang Peng , Zheng Shihang , Miron Richard J. , Yuan Quan , Zhang Yufeng 
Published: March 2021

AbstractT cell immunotherapy holds significant challenges in solid tumors, mainly due to the T cells’ low activation and the decreased synthesis–release of therapeutic proteins, including perforin and granzyme B, which are present in lysosomes. In this study, a lysosome‐targeting nanoparticle (LYS‐NP) is developed by way of a mineralized metal–organic framework (MOF) coupled with a lysosome‐targeting aptamer (CD63‐aptamer) to enhance the antitumor effect of T cells. The MOF synthesized from Zn2+ and dimethylimidazole has good protein encapsulation and acid sensitivity, and is thus an ideal lysosomal delivery vector. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is used to induce MOF mineralization, improve the composite material's stability in encapsulating therapeutic protein, and provide calcium ions with synergistic effects. Before mineralization, perforin and granzyme B—T cell‐needed therapeutic proteins for tumors—are preloaded with the MOF. Moreover, T cells are pretreated with processed tumor‐specific antigens to activate or produce memory before reprogramming the lysosomes, facilitating the T cell receptor (TCR) for release of the therapeutic proteins. Using T cells recombined by LYS‐NPs, a significant enhancement of breast cancer control is confirmed.
Au(111) Surface Contamination in Ambient Conditions: Unravelling the Dynamics of the Work Function in Air
Authors: Turetta Nicholas , Sedona Francesco , Liscio Andrea , Sambi Mauro , Samorì Paolo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractGold is an inert noble metal displaying superior chemical stability that renders it a suitable component for the manufacturing of electrodes for various types of devices. Despite being widely employed, the variation of gold surface properties occurring upon the material's exposure to ambient conditions have been often disregarded. While it is well‐known that the contamination of a metallic surface can have a dramatic impact on its properties, the process of contamination itself is poorly understood. Changes of the work function by fractions of an electron‐volt are commonly observed in gold surfaces that are processed at ambient laboratory conditions, but an exhaustive comprehension and control of this phenomenon are still lacking. Here, a multiscale characterization of Au(111) surfaces aiming to unravel the surface dynamics underlying the air contamination is presented. The visualization of the adventitious carbon contamination on Au(111) surface by atomic force microscopy is key to rationalize the mechanisms of surface reorganization ruling the change of Au work function between 5.25 and 4.75 eV by solely changing the storage conditions. Such a huge variation must be taken into account when optimizing the Au surface for both controlling its fundamental surface and interfacial physical processes, as well as its functional applications.