bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Description of a training protocol to improve research reproducibility for dignity therapy: an interview-based intervention
Authors: Schoppee Tasha M. , Scarton Lisa , Bluck Susan , Yao Yingwei , Keenan Gail , Handzo George , Chochinov Harvey M. , Fitchett George , Emanuel Linda L. , Wilkie Diana J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundDignity Therapy (DT) has been implemented over the past 20 years, but a detailed training protocol is not available to facilitate consistency of its implementation. Consistent training positively impacts intervention reproducibility.ObjectiveThe objective of this article is to describe a detailed method for DT therapist training.MethodChochinov's DT training seminars included preparatory reading of the DT textbook, in-person training, and practice interview sessions. Building on this training plan, we added feedback on practice and actual interview sessions, a tracking form to guide the process, a written training manual with an annotated model DT transcript, and quarterly support sessions. Using this training method, 18 DT therapists were trained across 6 sites.ResultsThe DT experts’ verbal and written feedback on the practice and actual sessions encouraged the trainees to provide additional attention to eight components: (1) initial framing (i.e., clarifying and organizing of the patient's own goals for creating the legacy document), (2) verifying the patient's understanding of DT, (3) gathering the patient's biographical information, (4) using probing questions, (5) exploring the patient's story thread, (6) refocusing toward the legacy document creation, (7) inviting the patient's expression of meaningful messages, and (8) general DT processes. Evident from the ongoing individual trainee mentoring was achievement and maintenance of adherence to the DT protocol.DiscussionThe DT training protocol is a process to enable consistency in the training process, across waves of trainees, toward the goal of maintaining DT implementation consistency. This training protocol will enable future DT researchers and clinicians to consistently train therapists across various disciplines and locales. Furthermore, we anticipate that this training protocol could be generalizable as a roadmap for implementers of other life review and palliative care interview-based interventions.
Knightian uncertainty in non-market institutional settings: the case of democracy and nonprofit civil society
Authors: Burns Scott , Manish G. P. , Nair Malavika 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe implications of Knightian uncertainty are frequently discussed in the context of market-based institutional settings. Given money prices, entrepreneurs can engage in calculative action, in conjunction with ‘judgment’, to guide decision-making and bring about a coordination of production plans with consumer preferences. However, if the existence of Knightian uncertainty isubiquitous and applies to all human action, then what are its implications in non-market institutional settings? This paper explores questions related to the implications of Knightian uncertainty for two important non-market institutional settings: democratic government and the nonprofit or philanthropic sector, where there is an explicit lack of monetary calculation, yet nonprofit and political entrepreneurs still must use ‘judgment’ to deal with Knightian uncertainty. For instance, what are the implications of private property and privatized cost in the case of nonprofitsversusthe absence of private property and socialized cost in the case of democracy, in the presence of Knightian uncertainty? Which group of ‘consumers’ is likely to have their preferences satisfied when it comes to nonprofits (benefactors or beneficiaries) and democratic government (voters or lobbyists)? The paper, thus, points to the importance of further research on the implications of Knightian uncertainty in the hard case of non-market institutional settings.
Freedom of speech within political parties
Authors: Bhatia Udit , Wolkenstein Fabio 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe expulsion of party members for the expression of dissent is a common practice in democratic states around the world, which can have momentous consequences for individual parties and the political system at large. In this article, we address the question of whether limitations on party members’ free speech can be defended on normative grounds. Drawing on a conception of parties that sees them as broader membership organisations that allow citizens to exercise political agency in a unique fashion, as well as on insights from the broader normative-theoretical literature on organisations, we build a strong presumptive case that interference with party members’ political freedoms is normatively problematic. Exploring numerous weighty arguments in favour of limiting freedom of speech within parties, we find that none of them provides a knock-down argument against our case. The argument we advance has important implications for contemporary theoretical debates about parties and partisanship, and for the regulation of parties’ internal affairs more generally.
Observations and Simulations of Dropout Events and Flux Decays in October 2013: Comparing MEO Equatorial With LEO Polar Orbit
Authors: Pierrard Viviane , Ripoll Jean‐Francois , Cunningham Gregory , Botek Edith , Santolik Ondrej , Thaller Scott , Kurth William S. , Cosmides Mélanie 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe compare ESA PROBA‐V observations of electron flux at LEO with those from the NASA Van Allen Probes mostly at MEO for October 2013. Dropouts are visible at all energy during four storms from both satellites. Equatorially trapped electron fluxes are higher than at LEO by 102 (<1 MeV) to 105 (>2.5 MeV). We observe a quite isotropic structure of the outer belt during quiet times, contrary to the inner belt, and pitch angle dependence of high energy injection. We find a very good overlap of the outer belt at MEO and LEO at ∼0.5 MeV. We use test‐particle simulations of the energetic electrons trapped in the terrestrial magnetic field to study the outer radiation belt electron flux changes during geomagnetic storms. We show that the Dst (Disturbance storm time) effect during the main phase of a geomagnetic storm results in a betatron mechanism causing outward radial drift and a deceleration of the electrons. This outward drift motion is energy independent, pitch angle‐dependent, and represents a significant distance (∼1 L‐shell at L = 5 for moderate storms). At fixed L‐shell, this causes a decay of the LEO precipitating flux (adiabatic outward motion), followed by a return to the normal state (adiabatic inward motion) during main and recovery phases. Dst effect, associated with magnetopause shadowing and radial diffusion can explain the main characteristics of outer radiation belt electron dropouts in October 2013. We also use Fokker‐Planck simulations with event‐driven diffusion coefficients at high temporal resolution, to distinguish instantaneous loss from the gradual scattering that depopulates the slot region and the outer belt after storms. Simulations reproduce the slot formation and the gradual loss in the outer belt. The typical energy dependence of these losses leads to the absence of scattering for relativistic and ultra‐relativistic electrons in the outer belt, oppositely to dropouts.
A General Algorithm for the Linear and Quadratic Gradients of Physical Quantities Based on 10 or More Point Measurements
Authors: Shen Chao , Zhou Yufei , Ma Yonghui , Wang Xiaogang , Pu Zuyin , Dunlop M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA novel algorithm for estimating both the linear and quadratic gradients of physical quantities based on multiple spacecraft observations using the least squares method is put forward. Using 10 or more spacecraft constellation measurements as input, this new algorithm can yield both the linear and quadratic gradients at the barycenter of the constellation. Iterations were used in the algorithm. Tests on cylindrical flux ropes, dipole magnetic field, and modeled geomagnetospheric field were carried out. The results of these tests indicate that the linear gradient obtained is of second‐order accuracy, while the quadratic gradient is of first‐order accuracy. The test on the modeled geomagnetospheric field showed that, the greater the number of spacecraft in the constellation, the greater the accuracy of the quadratic gradient calculated. However, the accuracy of the linear gradient obtained was independent of the number of spacecraft. The feasibility, reliability, and accuracy of this algorithm have been successfully verified. This algorithm could find wide applications in the design of future multiple spacecraft missions as well as in the analysis of multiple‐point measurement data.
Spatially explicit analysis identifies significant potential for bioenergy with carbon capture and storage in China
Authors: Xing Xiaofan , Wang Rong , Bauer Nico , Ciais Philippe , Cao Junji , Chen Jianmin , Tang Xu , Wang Lin , Yang Xin , Boucher Olivier , Goll Daniel , Peñuelas Josep , Janssens Ivan A. , Balkanski Yves , Clark James , Ma Jianmin , Pan Bo , Zhang Shicheng , Ye Xingnan , Wang Yutao , Li Qing , Luo Gang , Shen Guofeng , Li Wei , Yang Yechen , Xu Siqing 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAs China ramped-up coal power capacities rapidly while CO2 emissions need to decline, these capacities would turn into stranded assets. To deal with this risk, a promising option is to retrofit these capacities to co-fire with biomass and eventually upgrade to CCS operation (BECCS), but the feasibility is debated with respect to negative impacts on broader sustainability issues. Here we present a data-rich spatially explicit approach to estimate the marginal cost curve for decarbonizing the power sector in China with BECCS. We identify a potential of 222 GW of power capacities in 2836 counties generated by co-firing 0.9 Gt of biomass from the same county, with half being agricultural residues. Our spatially explicit method helps to reduce uncertainty in the economic costs and emissions of BECCS, identify the best opportunities for bioenergy and show the limitations by logistical challenges to achieve carbon neutrality in the power sector with large-scale BECCS in China.
Reduced adaptation of glutamatergic stress response is associated with pessimistic expectations in depression
Authors: Cooper Jessica A. , Nuutinen Makiah R. , Lawlor Victoria M. , DeVries Brittany A. M. , Barrick Elyssa M. , Hossein Shabnam , Cole Daniel J. , Leonard Chelsea V. , Hahn Evan C. , Teer Andrew P. , Shields Grant S. , Slavich George M. , Ongur Dost , Jensen J. Eric , Du Fei , Pizzagalli Diego A. , Treadway Michael T. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractStress is a significant risk factor for the development of major depressive disorder (MDD), yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Preclinically, adaptive and maladaptive stress-induced changes in glutamatergic function have been observed in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Here, we examine stress-induced changes in human mPFC glutamate using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in two healthy control samples and a third sample of unmedicated participants with MDD who completed the Maastricht acute stress task, and one sample of healthy control participants who completed a no-stress control manipulation. In healthy controls, we find that the magnitude of mPFC glutamate response to the acute stressor decreases as individual levels of perceived stress increase. This adaptative glutamate response is absent in individuals with MDD and is associated with pessimistic expectations during a 1-month follow-up period. Together, this work shows evidence for glutamatergic adaptation to stress that is significantly disrupted in MDD.
Feature-specific reaction times reveal a semanticisation of memories over time and with repeated remembering
Authors: Lifanov Julia , Linde-Domingo Juan , Wimber Maria 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMemories are thought to undergo an episodic-to-semantic transformation in the course of their consolidation. We here test if repeated recall induces a similar semanticisation, and if the resulting qualitative changes in memories can be measured using simple feature-specific reaction time probes. Participants studied associations between verbs and object images, and then repeatedly recalled the objects when cued with the verb, immediately and after a two-day delay. Reaction times during immediate recall demonstrate that conceptual features are accessed faster than perceptual features. Consistent with a semanticisation process, this perceptual-conceptual gap significantly increases across the delay. A significantly smaller perceptual-conceptual gap is found in the delayed recall data of a control group who repeatedly studied the verb-object pairings on the first day, instead of actively recalling them. Our findings suggest that wake recall and offline consolidation interact to transform memories over time, strengthening meaningful semantic information over perceptual detail.
Superconductivity emerging from a stripe charge order in IrTe2 nanoflakes
Authors: Park Sungyu , Kim So Young , Kim Hyoung Kug , Kim Min Jeong , Kim Taeho , Kim Hoon , Choi Gyu Seung , Won C. J. , Kim Sooran , Kim Kyoo , Talantsev Evgeny F. , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Cheong Sang-Wook , Kim B. J. , Yeom H. W. , Kim Jonghwan , Kim Tae-Hwan , Kim Jun Sung 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSuperconductivity in the vicinity of a competing electronic order often manifests itself with a superconducting dome, centered at a presumed quantum critical point in the phase diagram. This common feature, found in many unconventional superconductors, has supported a prevalent scenario in which fluctuations or partial melting of a parent order are essential for inducing or enhancing superconductivity. Here we present a contrary example, found in IrTe2 nanoflakes of which the superconducting dome is identified well inside the parent stripe charge ordering phase in the thickness-dependent phase diagram. The coexisting stripe charge order in IrTe2 nanoflakes significantly increases the out-of-plane coherence length and the coupling strength of superconductivity, in contrast to the doped bulk IrTe2. These findings clarify that the inherent instabilities of the parent stripe phase are sufficient to induce superconductivity in IrTe2 without its complete or partial melting. Our study highlights the thickness control as an effective means to unveil intrinsic phase diagrams of correlated van der Waals materials.
Structure and nature of ice XIX
Authors: Salzmann Christoph G. , Loveday John S. , Rosu-Finsen Alexander , Bull Craig L. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIce is a material of fundamental importance for a wide range of scientific disciplines including physics, chemistry, and biology, as well as space and materials science. A well-known feature of its phase diagram is that high-temperature phases of ice with orientational disorder of the hydrogen-bonded water molecules undergo phase transitions to their ordered counterparts upon cooling. Here, we present an example where this trend is broken. Instead, hydrochloric-acid-doped ice VI undergoes an alternative type of phase transition upon cooling at high pressure as the orientationally disordered ice remains disordered but undergoes structural distortions. As seen with in-situ neutron diffraction, the resulting phase of ice, ice XIX, forms through a Pbcn-type distortion which includes the tilting and squishing of hexameric clusters. This type of phase transition may provide an explanation for previously observed ferroelectric signatures in dielectric spectroscopy of ice VI and could be relevant for other icy materials.
Masked graph modeling for molecule generation
Authors: Mahmood Omar , Mansimov Elman , Bonneau Richard , Cho Kyunghyun 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDe novo, in-silico design of molecules is a challenging problem with applications in drug discovery and material design. We introduce a masked graph model, which learns a distribution over graphs by capturing conditional distributions over unobserved nodes (atoms) and edges (bonds) given observed ones. We train and then sample from our model by iteratively masking and replacing different parts of initialized graphs. We evaluate our approach on the QM9 and ChEMBL datasets using the GuacaMol distribution-learning benchmark. We find that validity, KL-divergence and Fréchet ChemNet Distance scores are anti-correlated with novelty, and that we can trade off between these metrics more effectively than existing models. On distributional metrics, our model outperforms previously proposed graph-based approaches and is competitive with SMILES-based approaches. Finally, we show our model generates molecules with desired values of specified properties while maintaining physiochemical similarity to the training distribution.
Distinctive genetic structure and selection patterns in Plasmodium vivax from South Asia and East Africa
Authors: Benavente Ernest Diez , Manko Emilia , Phelan Jody , Campos Monica , Nolder Debbie , Fernandez Diana , Velez-Tobon Gabriel , Castaño Alberto Tobón , Dombrowski Jamille G. , Marinho Claudio R. F. , Aguiar Anna Caroline C. , Pereira Dhelio Batista , Sriprawat Kanlaya , Nosten Francois , Moon Robert , Sutherland Colin J. , Campino Susana , Clark Taane G. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDespite the high burden of Plasmodium vivax malaria in South Asian countries, the genetic diversity of circulating parasite populations is not well described. Determinants of antimalarial drug susceptibility for P. vivax in the region have not been characterised. Our genomic analysis of global P. vivax (n = 558) establishes South Asian isolates (n = 92) as a distinct subpopulation, which shares ancestry with some East African and South East Asian parasites. Signals of positive selection are linked to drug resistance-associated loci including pvkelch10, pvmrp1, pvdhfr and pvdhps, and two loci linked to P. vivax invasion of reticulocytes, pvrbp1a and pvrbp1b. Significant identity-by-descent was found in extended chromosome regions common to P. vivax from India and Ethiopia, including the pvdbp gene associated with Duffy blood group binding. Our investigation provides new understanding of global P. vivax population structure and genomic diversity, and genetic evidence of recent directional selection in this important human pathogen.
Slippery damper of an overlay for arresting and manipulating droplets on nonwetting surfaces
Authors: Han Xing , Li Wei , Zhao Haibo , Li Jiaqian , Tang Xin , Wang Liqiu 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn diverse processes, such as fertilization, insecticides, and cooling, liquid delivery is compromised by the super-repellency of receiving surfaces, including super-hydro-/omni-phobic and superheated types, a consequence of intercalated air pockets or vapor cushions that promote droplet rebounds as floating mass-spring systems. By simply overlaying impacting droplets with a tiny amount of lubricant (less than 0.1 vol% of the droplet), their interfacial properties are modified in such a way that damper-roller support is attached to the mass-spring system. The overlayers suppress the out-of-plane rebounds by slowing the departing droplets through viscous dissipation and sustain the droplets’ in-plane mobility through self-lubrication, a preferential state for scenarios such as shedding of liquid in spray cooling and repositioning of droplets in printing. The footprint of our method can be made to be minimal, circumventing surface contamination and toxification. Our method enables multifunctional and dynamic control of droplets that impact different types of nonwetting surfaces.
Giant enhancement of THz-frequency optical nonlinearity by phonon polariton in ionic crystals
Authors: Lu Yao , Zhang Qi , Wu Qiang , Chen Zhigang , Liu Xueming , Xu Jingjun 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe field of nonlinear optics has grown substantially in past decades, leading to tremendous progress in fundamental research and revolutionized applications. Traditionally, the optical nonlinearity for a light wave at frequencies beyond near-infrared is observed with very high peak intensity, as in most materials only the electronic nonlinearity dominates while ionic contribution is negligible. However, it was shown that the ionic contribution to nonlinearity can be much larger than the electronic one in microwave experiments. In the terahertz (THz) regime, phonon polariton may assist to substantially trigger the ionic nonlinearity of the crystals, so as to enhance even more the nonlinear optical susceptibility. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a giant second-order optical nonlinearity at THz frequency, orders of magnitude higher than that in the visible and microwave regimes. Different from previous work, the phonon-light coupling is achieved under a phase-matching setting, and the dynamic process of nonlinear THz generation is directly observed in a thin-film waveguide using a time-resolved imaging technique. Furthermore, a nonlinear modification to the Huang equations is proposed to explain the observed nonlinearity enhancement. This work brings about an effective approach to achieve high nonlinearity in ionic crystals, promising for applications in THz nonlinear technologies.
Architecture of the Sema3A/PlexinA4/Neuropilin tripartite complex
Authors: Lu Defen , Shang Guijun , He Xiaojing , Bai Xiao-chen , Zhang Xuewu 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSecreted class 3 semaphorins (Sema3s) form tripartite complexes with the plexin receptor and neuropilin coreceptor, which are both transmembrane proteins that together mediate semaphorin signal for neuronal axon guidance and other processes. Despite extensive investigations, the overall architecture of and the molecular interactions in the Sema3/plexin/neuropilin complex are incompletely understood. Here we present the cryo-EM structure of a near intact extracellular region complex of Sema3A, PlexinA4 and Neuropilin 1 (Nrp1) at 3.7 Å resolution. The structure shows a large symmetric 2:2:2 assembly in which each subunit makes multiple interactions with others. The two PlexinA4 molecules in the complex do not interact directly, but their membrane proximal regions are close to each other and poised to promote the formation of the intracellular active dimer for signaling. The structure reveals a previously unknown interface between the a2b1b2 module in Nrp1 and the Sema domain of Sema3A. This interaction places the a2b1b2 module at the top of the complex, far away from the plasma membrane where the transmembrane regions of Nrp1 and PlexinA4 embed. As a result, the region following the a2b1b2 module in Nrp1 must span a large distance to allow the connection to the transmembrane region, suggesting an essential role for the long non-conserved linkers and the MAM domain in neuropilin in the semaphorin/plexin/neuropilin complex.