bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organizational Learning
Authors: Crossan Mary , Vera Dusya , Pathak Seemantini 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Strategy scholars and practitioners can tap into the deep reservoir of organizational learning (OL) research to address: how is OL uniquely positioned to contribute to the advancement of strategic management? Elevating OL in strategy research has never been more important, given the grand challenges facing our world, requiring strategy to extend beyond organizations to society. This chapter addresses the underutilization of OL in strategy and offers two important areas to leverage: (1) exploration, exploitation, and ambidexterity; and (2) the processes of OL as they relate to strategic renewal and agility, including multilevel theorizing. The chapter also underscores the importance of OL for emerging frontiers at the interface between the human and nonhuman aspects of OL and strategy, including artificial intelligence. The context of strategy has been consistently described as being dynamic, ambiguous, uncertain, and complex, elevating the role of the agent and the quality of judgment and wisdom required within the domain of strategy.
Strategic Decision-Making and Organizational Actors
Authors: Reger Rhonda K. , Pfarrer Michael D. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews the broad contours and major contributions of the sociocognitive perspective in strategic management, with a focus on the current state of research and fruitful future research directions. The sociocognitive perspective examines how strategic actors (both internal and external to the organization) perceive, interpret, and react to create an organization’s actions, performance, and other outcomes. Early work in this tradition generally studied the cognitive end of the sociocognitive perspective by focusing on managerial cognition and biases, while recent work also focuses on the social end of the perspective by employing communications and related theories as well as considering a wider range of actors. This chapter recommends three promising directions for future research: (1) communication-based research on organizational actors; (2) alternative rationalities, especially those that focus on imagination, creativity, and vision; and (3) social media and the digital revolution’s effect on the strategic management process.
Strategic Change and Renewal
Authors: Huy Quy N. , Mack Daniel Z. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Strategic change and renewal represent central concerns in strategic management. Despite many works on this topic, the body of knowledge remains fragmented. This chapter’s review of the literature suggests that research tends to focus narrowly on particular phases of strategic change, specific change actors in the change process, and specific theoretical lenses. The chapter highlights some important yet underexplored areas for future research. Finally, the chapter argues how a more integrative approach could provide more textured insights and a deeper understanding of strategic change and renewal.
Strategic Human Capital: Fit for the Future
Authors: Coff Russell , Rickley Marketa 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Human capital—the knowledge, skills, and abilities embedded in employees—represents critical microfoundations for organizational success. This chapter identifies shifting assumptions and recent advances in the field’s understanding of how human capital contributes to competitive advantage. The chapter is organized around two major research streams: human capital specificity and assortative matching between workers and firms. The text briefly outlines the evolution of each stream, articulating key cumulative insights regarding human capital selection, compensation, and mobility, and highlighting areas of consensus and disagreement. The major emphasis is on unresolved issues and future opportunities for strategic human capital research.
Extending the Microfoundations of Capability Development and Utilization: The Role of Agentic Technology and Identity-Based Community
Authors: Sirmon David G. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Scholars often simplify the treatment of capability development and utilization by focusing on individual-, process-, or structural-level factors independently. However, by following a microfoundation perspective to the treatment of capabilities this chapter endeavors to consider these levels collectively. In doing so, the chapter connects well-known managerial processes, such as resource orchestration, with novel yet increasing salient factors of agentic technologies (which act as another individual-level factor that constrains, complements, or substitutes for human agency) and identity-based community (which acts as another structural-level factor that conditionally provides the firm resources to promote its ideology-centric utility function). The integration of these three factors within the microfoundation literature promotes the investigation of research questions relevant to contemporary organizations. The chapter contextualizes potential questions in each section, including separate treatments of each factor as well as their collective consideration.
Critical Factors Affecting Strategy in the Future
Authors: Puranam Phanish 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Several trends at work, amplified by the COVID-19 pandemic, are likely to shape the agenda of research in strategic management going forward. These include the growing importance of the “four D’s”- deglobalization, digitalization, diversity and durability (sustainability). This chapter overviews the critical issues that are a result of these trends that are likely to play an important role in the future of the field. It also outlines a few research topics that arise from the impact of these trends on the strategic management field, with the proviso that the topics discussed are by no means a complete list.
Sustainability Strategy
Authors: Barnett Michael L. , Henriques Irene , Husted Bryan W. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The planet and our society are on unsustainable footing. Many firms do more harm than good in helping to bring about environmental, social, and economic sustainability. This chapter offers guidance on how firms can make the urgently needed strategic shift to sustainability. The chapter begins by defining sustainability strategy and reviewing the literature on this topic. Much of the current literature views sustainability strategy as a plan to sustain and increase firm performance, subject to constraints imposed by the natural environment. However, to help bring about sustainability, firms must treat their environments not as something to be strategically buffered from, but as parts of a vulnerable system that they have an active and critical role in sustaining. We outline four sustainability strategies—calculative, cooperative, concerned, and co-creative—and suggest future research directions to aid firms in shifting from firm-centric solutions toward strategies that sustain the vulnerable social-ecological system.
What Would the Field of Strategic Management Look Like if it Took the Stakeholder Perspective Seriously?
Authors: Barney Jay B. , Mackey Alison 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers how core strategic management theories (resource-based theory, positioning theory and the theory of the firm) could be impacted by incorporating stakeholder considerations. Resource-based theory would need to adopt a model of profit appropriation in which stakeholders in addition to shareholders would have residual claims on a firm’s profits. Positioning theory’s traditional focus on threats would broaden to a focus on stakeholder-generated opportunities for profit generation. And stakeholder logic brings into question the importance of a theory of the firm for strategic management theory. These ideas (and others) are explored in this chapter as well as the implications for strategic management topics such as corporate diversification, mergers and acquisitions, and corporate governance. Last, the chapter briefly considers some broader implications for other fields of scholarship that use and apply strategic management theories to develop applications and explain phenomena of interest in their own respective fields.
Business Model Innovation Strategy
Authors: Amit Raphael , Zott Christoph 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter develops the concept of business model innovation (BMI) strategy, which refers to the choices made by entrepreneurial leaders of incumbents and start-ups, in for-profit and not-for-profit or hybrid organizations, with respect to (1) the design of a new system of activities; (2) the processes, including their antecedents, by which the new activity system is created and implemented; and (3) the management and ongoing adaptation of the new activity system to ensure coherence (i.e., internal, external, and strategic fit) with the objective of sustaining and improving the focal organization’s competitive advantage. This chapter postulates that a BMI perspective has become a prerequisite for transformative innovation, and that entrepreneurial leaders of all firms need a BMI strategy. We also relate BMI strategy to digital platforms and point out distinct capabilities that managers need to hone in this context. Throughout the chapter, numerous important research opportunities in BMI strategy are articulated.
Networks with Theory
Authors: Fuhse Jan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Social networks should be conceptualized as patterns of meaning. These arise over the course of communication and structure it in turn. This builds on (1) the interplay of social networks and meaning as laid out in relational sociology around Harrison White, and (2) Niklas Luhmann’s theory of communication. The combination offers a coherent theory of social networks in strong connection to empirical research on social networks. This contrasts with other approaches in relational sociology like pragmatist approaches and actor–network theory. The resulting theory is considered a “perspective” that allows seeing social structures from a particular angle and that systematizes empirical research as well as informing it.
Networks, Relationships, and Meaning
Authors: Fuhse Jan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Social networks are imbued with meaning. They consist of patterns of expectations about the behavior between particular actors. These expectations arise in the process of communication between the actors involved, drawing on social categories and relationship models from the wider cultural context. This reduces the uncertainty inherent in communication. Communication is patterned by opportunity structures (foci-of-activity) like schools, neighborhoods, and workplaces, and effectively guided by these expectations. Communication builds on relationship frames like “love,” “friendship,” and “patronage” to define relationships. These frames entail expectations about the behavior in the tie, about the kinds of actors typically involved in them (by social categories), and about the coupling of ties in network structures: Friendships connect transitively to cliques, patronage links in pyramids, and romantic love remains dyadic and exclusive. Network ties are also coupled through their simultaneous activation in situations with multiple actors, and through the construction of individual identities.
Ethnic Categories and Cultural Differences
Authors: Fuhse Jan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Ethnic categories and cultural differences are rooted in the structure of social networks. The segregation of migrant groups in networks of personal relationships determines the extent to which cultural differences can be bridged and the salience of ethnic categories in multicultural societies. In line with relational sociology around Harrison White, the chapter develops a theoretical account of interethnic relations that examines the interplay of network patterns and meaning (categories and cultural differences). It draws on diverse theoretical strands from symbolic interactionism and social anthropology to Norbert Elias’s configurational sociology. This combination leads to conjectures about the ethnic pattering of networks and sociocultural constellations that resonate with empirical research from the sociology of migration.
Modern Resistance to Orthodox Medical Domination
Authors: Grossman Lewis A. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines how, as the popularity of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has risen since the 1970s, American law—once thoroughly dominated by the orthodox medical establishment—has accommodated this growth. To an underappreciated degree, CAM advocates have persuaded legislators and regulators to make American law more hospitable to unorthodox treatments. The chapter explores this phenomenon at both the federal and state levels. It then turns to the philosophically and organizationally related modern movements resisting orthodox medical compulsion. It does so first by discussing the modern antivaccination movement and then by considering the medical freedom activism that surged during the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020—activism that bore striking resemblances to the Progressive-Era battle against “state medicine.”
The Right to Be Covered
Authors: Grossman Lewis A. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the paradoxical assertion of freedom of therapeutic choice in the context of reimbursed health care. Cries of “rationing!” and “death panel!” are directed at every suggestion of a limitation on government insurance coverage. This chapter traces the history of the notion of a “right to be reimbursed” for one’s therapeutic choices since the 1930s. It explores the persistent public insistence on “a right to choose one’s doctor” in insurance plans. It describes the history of drug formularies and patients’ resistance to them. The chapter focuses most intensively on the controversy surrounding the FDA’s November 2011 withdrawal of provisional approval of Avastin for the treatment of breast cancer. Conservatives and patient groups used the language of rights to attack this decision even though it did not remove the drug from the market; the protesters’ real fear was that insurance plans would stop reimbursing patients for this use.
Nightmare in Dallas—The Ebola Case
Authors: Saks Michael J. , Landsman Stephan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
“Nightmare in Dallas—The Ebola Case” examines the Ebola-caused death of Thomas Eric Duncan in 2014. That case provides a paradigm of medical error in American hospitals. Mr. Duncan was the victim of a string of errors involving the use of vital information for treatment and ill-considered treatment initiatives. When confronted, the hospital tried first to deny its mistakes and then tried to blame various components of its staff and its electronic health records system before finally accepting responsibility—albeit as part of a media-attuned crisis management campaign. Only the harsh and unrelenting glare of media attention led to the admission of error. Traditional legal mechanisms of redress offered little help.
Injury Incidence
Authors: Saks Michael J. , Landsman Stephan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
“Injury Incidence: Scope of the Problem” reviews the major empirical research on iatrogenic harm. Hospital-records studies find about 3% to 4% of patients suffer adverse events, about a third of which are attributable to negligence, equating to 250,000 or more deaths per year. These deaths and injuries are disaggregated into those attributable to treatment, infection, medication, and diagnosis. As research designs expand beyond medical records, and as settings extend beyond hospitals, the total increases. Direct-observation studies find about 10 times as many injurious adverse events. Methods involving more complex information-technology (Global Trigger) also find about 10 times as many. Adding to that, available data suggest that about as many adverse events occur outside of hospitals as inside. Finally, the chapter looks beyond inadvertent harms to intentional unnecessary treatment, much of which is understood as supply-sensitive care. These consume about 30% of healthcare expenditures.
Error Reporting
Authors: Saks Michael J. , Landsman Stephan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
“Error Reporting: A Flawed Panacea” examines the Institute of Medicine’s (IOM) proposed solution to the challenge of medical error—the reporting of medical errors in both public and nonpublic information systems. The IOM was attracted to reporting as a solution because of its limited cost and the success of the Aviation Safety Reporting System in the commercial aviation industry. What the IOM failed to recognize was the healthcare industry’s resistance to any sort of reporting, what some have referred to as a conspiracy of silence. Reporting has been thwarted in mechanisms ranging from the mortality and morbidity conferences to the statutorily required National Practitioner Data Bank intended to keep track of physician missteps of various kinds.
Incentives—Good, Bad, and Perverse
Authors: Saks Michael J. , Landsman Stephan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
“Incentives—Good, Bad, and Perverse” has the goal of describing various innovative incentive-altering policies that could increase safety. The chapter begins by explaining some basics of economic influences on behavior (including perverse incentives) as well as the complicating influences of behavioral economics. Applications of these principles can alter the structure and contingencies of incentives and disincentives, and the choice architecture facing individuals and organizations, to improve the business case for investment in safety. The authors describe market-oriented reforms, Pigouvian taxation, denial of payment programs (of which three have already been instituted: for never-events, hospital-acquired conditions, and excess readmissions), enterprise liability, and enterprise insurance.
What Kills Humans
Authors: Howard Gary C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Humans do not simply die; something goes wrong. Trauma and disease (extrinsic factors) kill many, but others die from the effects of aging (intrinsic factors). As humans have evolved and gained greater control of their environment, the things that kill us have changed. In the distant past, injuries, traumatic death, and infectious diseases killed most early humans. In the present, we succumb more and more to the diseases of plenty and aging (e.g., obesity, diabetes, heart disease, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer). What really kills humans, and how exactly does it happen? Natural causes are a common answer, but that really begs the question: exactly what is natural causes?
Death of Cells
Authors: Howard Gary C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Many cells have a normal life span, after which they simply wear out, die, and are discarded. These include skin cells, the cells that line the intestines, and blood cells. When things go wrong, cells in other organs die, but the entire organism does not necessarily die. For example, cell death in the brain or heart is serious because those organs have only a limited ability to regenerate. Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease involve a breakdown of the neuronal network and loss of specific neurons. Death shapes individual organisms during development. The best-known example is in insects. Caterpillars undergo metamorphosis to become butterflies. Under certain disease conditions, cells “commit suicide” by turning on pathways that lead to death. Those mechanisms include apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis, and necroptosis. In recent years, there has been considerable research into ways that these pathways might be manipulated therapeutically.
Programmed Cell Death in Humans
Authors: Howard Gary C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The controlled death of specific cells is critical to human development. To develop from an embryo to an adult, specific cells must live, and others must die. Examples include our immune system, which must be refined by killing off immune cells that release antibodies that would attack our own tissues. Our fingers and toes would remain connected to each other by soft tissue without programmed cell death. In addition, certain cells are subject to a great deal of wear. They are killed off so that they can be replaced by new cells. Finally, programmed cell death (i.e., apoptosis, necrosis, and pyroptosis) is also an important defense against illness.
Death Is More than Dying
Authors: Howard Gary C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Death is intimately intertwined with life. Death evolved with life some 3.5 billion years ago. Now more than 7 billion people live on Earth. All of us—indeed, every living organism on Earth—are the products of 3.5 billion years of evolution. We survived five major die-offs and countless smaller ones, in addition to the daily battles to remain alive. Somehow, we were always the smartest, quickest, strongest, or maybe just luckiest. More amazingly, in that time, life even learned how to harness death to help with reproduction and development and to defend against diseases. Programmed cell death is used to spread seeds, allow fruit to drop, extract nutrients from leaves before they change colors in the fall, and countless other actions. Importantly, it also helps to ensure that our immune system attacks only invaders and not our own tissues.
Introduction
Authors: Lindow John 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The title, Old Norse Mythology recognizes the fact that the mythology in question is recorded almost exclusively in the manuscripts of Old Norse literary tradition—that is, in manuscripts primarily from thirteenth-century Iceland. Since Iceland had converted to Christianity in the year 1000CE, the scribes who recorded the myths were Christians, and the myths can hardly have been sacred in their eyes. Nevertheless, there were mythographers such as Snorri Sturluson, who composed Edda, a handbook of poetics that includes a synopsis of the mythology, and such as the anonymous redactor of what we now call the Poetic Edda, a collection of mythic and heroic poems, and myths are displaced into history in the Gesta Danorum by Saxo Grammaticus. This chapter discusses the progression from the oral mythology of the Viking Age (c. 800-1100) to the written mythology of the Middle Ages.
The Analects: A Guide
Authors: Cline Erin M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The Analects (Lunyu) is not only a collection of the teachings of Kongzi (Confucius) that describes how to follow the Way; it is a sacred text. This book examines why we ought to regard the Analects as a sacred text and what it means to do so. It explores what distinguishes sacred texts from other texts, and explores the history of the Analects and how it has been regarded in the Chinese tradition and in East Asia more broadly, from its composition and compilation to the evolution of its enduring status and influence. It also examines the content of the Analects concerning the sacred, including rituals, Tian (“Heaven”), de (“moral power”), different kinds of spirits, and its presentation of Kongzi not just as a teacher but also as an exemplar. It argues that we find a deep concern in the Analects with things we might call sacred, spiritual, or religious, but that are part of our everyday lives. All of these things, together, offer good reasons to study the Analects as a sacred text.