bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A homogenization‐based state‐dependent model for gap‐graded granular materials with fine‐dominated structure
Authors: Shi X. S. , Zhao Jidong , Gao Yufeng 
Published: January 2021

AbstractGap‐graded granular soils are common natural soils composed of cohesionless granular matrix and rock aggregates. Since they are widely used as construction materials worldwide, their deformation behavior is crucial for the design of civil infrastructures. There have been rare constitutive models reported for gap‐graded granular soils in the literature. This study presents a homogenization‐based state‐dependent model within the elastoplastic framework. The model features a homogenization equation with a structure parameter and a novel state‐dependent dilatancy function to describe the behavior of granular matrix. Simulations of the model reveals that the initial stiffness and peak shear strength of gap‐graded soils rely on both the coarse fraction and the initial density of granular matrix. The structure parameter is related to the internal structure of gap‐graded soils, and it varies with the particle shape, and particle size distribution of rock aggregates. A higher value of the structure parameter indicates a more distinct coarse fraction effect of rock aggregates, that is, higher initial stiffness, higher peak shear strength, and higher residual shear strength. For a given coarse fraction, the critical states can be well fitted by a straight line through the origin, and the critical state strength parameter Mm increases with the rising rock fraction. A practical method is further proposed for the critical state line of gap‐graded granular soils in e‐p′ compression plane. The proposed model is validated by using experimental data from the literature, including the soils with various densities of sand matrix, different particle size, and particle size distribution of rock aggregates. Comparison between measured data and model predictions indicates that the proposed model can well reproduce the stress‐strain relationship and volumetric deformation behavior of sand‐gravel mixtures and soil‐rock mixtures.
Minimizing the probability of absolute ruin under the mean‐variance premium principle
Authors: Han Xia , Liang Zhibin , Yuen Kam C. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this article, we assume that the insurer can purchase per‐loss reinsurance and invest its surplus in a financial market consisting of a risk‐free asset and a risky asset. It is also assumed that the investment amount of the risky asset is capped at a fixed level and that short‐selling is prohibited. Our objective is to minimize the probability of absolute ruin, and the reinsurance premium is computed according to the mean‐variance premium principle, that is, a combination of the expected‐value and variance premium principles. By solving the corresponding Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation, we derive explicit expressions for the S‐shaped minimum absolute ruin function and its associated optimal reinsurance‐investment strategy. We further study the same optimization problem for a slightly modified version of absolute ruin, and the corresponding optimal results are obtained as well. To gain insights into the optimal problems, we investigate the reason for the S‐shaped value function and discover that the constraint on investment control can result in the kink of minimum absolute ruin function. Finally, some properties and numerical examples are presented to show the impact of model parameters on the optimal results.
A reevaluation of human capital accumulation and economic growth in OECD
Authors: Ogbeifun Lawrence , Shobande Olatunji Abdul 
Published: January 2021

Over the last three decades, the renewed interest in key drivers of economic growth in OECD countries has been the central discourse. The argument is whether physical or human capital matters for the economic growth in these countries. This study contributes to the ongoing debate by exploring the connection between human capital accumulation and economic growth between 1986 and 2018 for a panel of 24 OECD countries. The empirical evidence is based on the fixed effect and two‐stage lease squares (2SLS). The result indicates that growth does not converge between countries. Further evidence shows that human capital, the savings rate, and the openness of trade play a vital role in OECD countries' economic growth. On the contrary, the findings show that life expectancy and inflation have adverse effects on growth. Thus, the study recommends the urgent need for intervention programs tailored toward improving research and development combined with investment in the well‐being of the people and the effective utilization of human capital to promote growth while mitigating inflationary pressure. Highlights
The study flashlight on the link between human capital accumulation and economic growth
It highlights various issues surrounding the gaps in Solow model.
The evidenced is based on Pooled OLS, G2SLS, and FE‐IV regression.
Our results indicate that human capital accumulation (education and health) has a positive and significant relationship with economic growth.
Effects of financial status on major depressive disorder and complicated grief among bereaved family members of patients with cancer
Authors: Aoyama Maho , Sakaguchi Yukihiro , Igarashi Naoko , Morita Tatsuya , Shima Yasuo , Miyashita Mitsunori 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo examine current financial status, changes before and after bereavement, and their effects on possible major depressive disorder (MDD) and complicated grief (CG) among bereaved family members of patients with cancer.MethodsWe conducted a nationwide cross‐sectional questionnaire survey on 787 bereaved family members of patients with cancer in 71 palliative care institutions in Japan from May to July 2016. The survey assessed perceived level of concern regarding current financial status and whether it changed after bereavement. We also collected information on demographic factors and assessed the possible MDD and CG using the Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 and Brief Grief Questionnaire, respectively. We then conducted bivariate analysis to examine the relationship between these factors and financial status.ResultsA total of 491 (62%) questionnaires were returned. The majority of the participants (n = 382, 78%) reported having no or mild concerns about their livelihood, whereas 19% (n = 95) had moderate to severe concerns. Regarding the change in financial status after bereavement, 7% (n = 35) reported improvement, 28% (n = 131) reported worsening, and 65% (n = 308) reported no change. The prevalences of possible MDD and CG were 22% (n = 108) and 9% (n = 41), respectively, and were significantly lower among participants with less concern regarding their livelihood and whose financial status had not changed after bereavement (both p < 0.05).ConclusionsAbout one‐fifth of the bereaved family members reported financial difficulties to some extent; these were significantly associated with MDD and CG. These findings provide evidence of the need for psychosocial support including financial consultation for bereaved family members.
Recent thermokarst evolution in the Italian Central Alps
Authors: Guglielmin Mauro , Ponti Stefano , Forte Emanuele , Cannone Nicoletta 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThermokarst depressions are widespread phenomena due to permafrost degradation in the Arctic, whereas only few are known from mountain permafrost of the mid‐latitudes. In the Italian Central Alps, close to the Stelvio Pass (2,763 m above sea level), a ski run was built in 1987. Since 1981, statistically significant air warming has been recorded, especially during summer (+0.65°C per decade). Permafrost temperature recorded at the nearby Share Stelvio Borehole between 1990 and 2011 exhibited a rapid increase (> 0.8°C per decade) and an active‐layer thickening (7 cm/year). Between the years 1999 and 2003, some thermokarst depressions started to develop, initially in the lower part of the ski run and then extending to higher elevations. The depressions increased in number, size, and depth with time. Since ski‐run construction, the area remained free of vegetation until early 2000, when vegetation colonization started, showing a coupling with the onset of thermokarst development and summer warming. Vegetation changes accelerated with the ingress of pioneer and early‐successional as well as of late‐successional species. Moreover, the ingress of shrub species (Salix spp.) typical of lower elevation belts (subalpine and even montane) was dated to 2004. All the observed features show a rapid and coupled response of the abiotic and biotic components of this ecosystem to climate warming. Our data also confirm the similarity of the observed responses and dynamics of the alpine tundra with the Arctic tundra with regard to both permafrost and vegetation.
Nanostructures Composed of Dual Plasmonic Materials Exhibiting High Thermal Stability and SERS Enhancement
Authors: Wang Le , Wang Shengyan , Mei Lin , Sun Jie , Shi Feng , Zhang Nan , Jiang Ruibin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAs one kind of alternative to conventional metals, titanium nitride offers many advantages in the rapidly growing fields of plasmonics and metamaterials. However, the development of TiNx‐based plasmonics is severally limited by the difficulty in the preparation. Herein, a facial approach is developed for the preparation of Au@TiNx core‐shell nanostructures. The synthesis starts with colloidal Au nanospheres, followed by the growth of amorphous TiO2 shells. The obtained Au@a‐TiO2 nanostructures convert into Au@TiNx through nitridation at high temperature in ammonia atmosphere. The prepared Au@TiNx nanostructures have strong plasmonic scatting in the visible region and strong field enhancement at the surface of nanostructures. Au@TiNx nanostructures also exhibit a relatively large enhancement for Raman scattering. The developed preparation method can produce TiNx nanostructures with relatively uniform size and thus will be very helpful to the development of TiNx‐base plasmonics.
Moduli Stabilization with Non‐Geometric Fluxes — Comments on Tadpole Contributions and de‐Sitter Vacua
Authors: Plauschinn Erik 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe study moduli stabilization for type IIB orientifold compactifications on Calabi‐Yau three‐folds with (non‐)geometric fluxes. For this setting it is possible to stabilize all closed‐string moduli classically without the need for non‐perturbative contributions, and examples of stable de‐Sitter constructions can be found in the literature which violate a prominent swampland conjecture. In this paper we derive general properties of non‐geometric flux‐compactifications, we argue that the contribution of fluxes to the tadpole cancellation conditions should be similar to D‐branes (and not anti‐D‐branes), and we exclude supersymmetric Minkowski vacua for certain cases. We also reassess known stable de‐Sitter constructions with (non‐)geometric H‐, F‐, Q‐ and R‐fluxes and argue that these are not consistent in string theory.
An effective ‘push–pull’ control strategy for European tarnished plant bug, Lygus rugulipennis (Heteroptera: Miridae), in strawberry using synthetic semiochemicals
Authors: Fountain Michelle T , Deakin Greg , Farman Dudley , Hall David , Jay Chantelle , Shaw Bethan , Walker Adam 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDEuropean tarnished plant bug, Lygus rugulipennis (Heteroptera: Miridae), is a polyphagous pest damaging a range of arable and horticultural crops. Management is reliant upon chemical insecticides for control. These studies developed a synthetic semiochemical push–pull control strategy to reduce numbers of L. rugulipennis and subsequent fruit damage in UK strawberry crops. Using a series of small field experiments and testing in commercial strawberry crops we explored the efficacy of hexyl butyrate (HB) as the push element and female sex pheromone combined with phenylacetaldehyde as the pull element.RESULTSHB dispensers placed 1.0, 3.5, 5.0 and 7.0 m from all‐green Unitraps baited with L. rugulipennis female sex pheromone significantly reduced male catches by 99%, 54%, 44% and 20% compared with untreated control, respectively. Subsequently, in commercial crops, HB dispensers at 2‐m intervals along the crop row (the push) combined with a perimeter pull reduced numbers of adult and nymph L. rugulipennis by up to 80% in organic strawberry crops compared with the untreated control. Finally, the push–pull system halved fruit damage (8%) compared with untreated areas (16%) in conventional crops. In organic strawberry crops, 90% of untreated strawberries had some mirid damage compared with only 41–51% in push–pull‐treated areas.CONCLUSIONTo our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a push–pull approach using synthetic semiochemicals giving a significant reduction in crop damage by mirids and paves the way for non‐pesticide control of a range of mirid species on multiple crops.© 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Seed traits correlate with herbicide resistance in Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum)
Authors: Maity Aniruddha , Singh Vijay , Jessup Russell , Bagavathiannan Muthukumar 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDItalian ryegrass (Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum) is one of the major winter annual weeds worldwide. In this research, diversity for seed morpho‐physiological traits such as seed weight, seed size, awnedness, dormancy, speed of germination, and seed vigor among Italian ryegrass populations collected from the Texas Blacklands region were assessed, and potential association with herbicide resistance was investigated.RESULTSA high degree of diversity was observed among the populations for 100‐seed weight (125–256 mg), seed length (4.8–6.6 mm), awn length (0–6 mm), and total seedling length (9–14 cm at 21 days after seed germination). Inter‐population range for seed dormancy was higher in the freshly harvested seed (31–85%), which reduced to 18 to 62% at 9 months after harvest. Populations with high initial seed dormancy (> 70% dormancy) released dormancy at a faster rate than the low dormancy group (< 40%). Percent survival status to multiple postemergence herbicides was positively correlated with 100‐seed weight and fresh or initial seed dormancy.CONCLUSIONEarly emerging cohorts are easily controlled by pre‐plant tillage and preemergence herbicides, whereas late emerging cohorts (facilitated by seed dormancy) are exposed to postemergence herbicides wherein greater opportunities exist for resistance evolution, likely explaining the occurrence of high seed dormancy in Italian ryegrass populations resistant to postemergence herbicides. High seed weights can further allow seedling emergence from greater burial depth, thereby exposing more seedlings to postemergence herbicides and increasing the likelihood of resistance evolution. Results provide unique insights into the association between seed traits and herbicide resistance in this species.© 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Fitness studies of insecticide resistant strains: lessons learned and future directions
Authors: Freeman Jamie C , Smith Letícia B , Silva Juan J , Fan Yinjun , Sun Haina , Scott Jeffrey G 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe evolution of insecticide resistance is generally thought to be associated with a fitness cost in the absence of insecticide exposure. However, it is not clear how these fitness costs manifest or how universal this phenomenon is. To investigate this, we conducted a literature review of publications that studied fitness costs of insecticide resistance, selected papers that met our criteria for scientific rigor, and analyzed each class of insecticides separately as well as in aggregate. The more than 170 publications on fitness costs of insecticide resistance show that in 60% of the experiments there is a cost to having resistance, particularly for measurements of reversion of resistance and reproduction. There were differences between classes of insecticides, with fitness costs seen less commonly for organochlorines. There was considerable variation in the experiments performed. We suggest that future papers will have maximum value to the community if they quantitatively determine resistance levels, identify the resistance mechanisms present (and the associated mutations), have replicated experiments, use related strains (optimally congenic with the resistance mutation introgressed into different genetic backgrounds) and measure fitness by multiple metrics. Studies on the fitness costs of insecticide resistance will continue to enlighten our understanding of the evolutionary process and provide valuable information for resistance management. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Distributed adaptive Nash equilibrium seeking and disturbance rejection for noncooperative games of high‐order nonlinear systems with input saturation and input delay
Authors: Ai Xiaolin , Wang Long 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis article aims to investigate Nash equilibrium seeking problems for noncooperative games played by high‐order nonlinear multiagent systems subject to input saturation, input delay, and external disturbances. Based on the gradient play technique, an adaptive Nash equilibrium seeking algorithm is designed in a distributed fashion via backstepping, where a fixed‐time sliding mode observer is used to tackle the problem of “explosion of terms.” In the proposed algorithm, an extended‐state observer and an adaptive distributed observer are included for state/disturbance estimates and information sharing, respectively. Detailed convergence results are presented by leveraging Lyapunov stability theory. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed approach is numerically verified through simulation results.
Ba3[Rh(OH)6]2 ⋅ H2O – a Precursor to Barium Oxorhodates with One‐dimensional Hydrogen Bonding Systems
Authors: Albrecht Ralf , Bretschneider Vincent , Doert Thomas , Ruck Michael 
Published: January 2021

AbstractOrange‐colored single‐crystals of barium hexahydroxo‐rhodate(III) monohydrate, Ba3[Rh(OH)6]2 ⋅ H2O, were synthesized in a PTFE‐lined autoclave at 200 °C starting from Ba(NO3)2, RhI3 and concentrated sodium hydroxide solution (water‐base ratio 4 : 1). Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction revealed the triclinic space group
(no. 2) with lattice parameters a=824.60(6) pm, b=852.78(5) pm, c=885.34(6) pm, α=94.294(3)°, β=92.422(3)°, γ=91.673(3)° at 100(1) K. The crystal structure consists of [Rh(OH)6]3− octahedra surrounded by barium cations and water molecules. Hydrogen bonds with a wide range of donor‐acceptor distances are located between hydroxide groups and water molecules to form one‐dimensional hydrogen bonding networks in c direction. Upon heating in air, Ba3[Rh(OH)6]2 ⋅ H2O decomposes first to “BaRhO3” with a superstructure of the hexagonal perovskite type, which undergoes a phase transition to the 2H hexagonal perovskite Ba9Rh8O24 above 900 °C.
Introduction: Relational Empires
Authors: Lahti Janne 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis anthology examines German and United States colonialism through their previously under examined shared and entangled histories in a global setting of empires. It grapples with and elaborates on the range, form, and intensity of connectedness between the two empires, seeing them as relational. It also sees that the German-US entanglements were not exceptional, but emblematic of an interconnected, competitive, and increasingly integrated worlds of empires.
Numerator seagull and extended Symmetries of Feynman Integrals
Authors: Kol Barak , Schiller Amit , Shir Ruth 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe Symmetries of Feynman Integrals (SFI) method is extended for the first time to incorporate an irreducible numerator. This is done in the context of the so-called vacuum and propagator seagull diagrams, which have 3 and 2 loops, respectively, and both have a single irreducible numerator. For this purpose, an extended version of SFI (xSFI) is developed. For the seagull diagrams with general masses, the SFI equation system is found to extend by two additional equations. The first is a recursion equation in the numerator power, which has an alternative form as a differential equation for the generating function. The second equation applies only to the propagator seagull and does not involve the numerator. We solve the equation system in two cases: over the singular locus and in a certain 3 scale sector where we obtain novel closed-form evaluations and epsilon expansions, thereby extending previous results for the numerator-free case.
Exploring new physics with O(keV) electron recoils in direct detection experiments
Authors: Bloch Itay M. , Caputo Andrea , Essig Rouven , Redigolo Diego , Sholapurkar Mukul , Volansky Tomer 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Motivated by the recent XENON1T results, we explore various new physics models that can be discovered through searches for electron recoils in $$ \mathcal{O} $$
O
(keV)-threshold direct-detection experiments. First, we consider the absorption of axion-like particles, dark photons, and scalars, either as dark matter relics or being produced directly in the Sun. In the latter case, we find that keV mass bosons produced in the Sun provide an adequate fit to the data but are excluded by stellar cooling constraints. We address this tension by introducing a novel Chameleon-like axion model, which can explain the excess while evading the stellar bounds. We find that absorption of bosonic dark matter provides a viable explanation for the excess only if the dark matter is a dark photon or an axion. In the latter case, photophobic axion couplings are necessary to avoid X-ray constraints. Second, we analyze models of dark matter-electron scattering to determine which models might explain the excess. Standard scattering of dark matter with electrons is generically in conflict with data from lower-threshold experiments. Momentum-dependent interactions with a heavy mediator can fit the data with dark matter mass heavier than a GeV but are generically in tension with collider constraints. Next, we consider dark matter consisting of two (or more) states that have a small mass splitting. The exothermic (down)scattering of the heavier state to the lighter state can fit the data for keV mass splittings. Finally, we consider a subcomponent of dark matter that is accelerated by scattering off cosmic rays, finding that dark matter interacting though an $$ \mathcal{O} $$
O
(100 keV)-mass mediator can fit the data. The cross sections required in this scenario are, however, typically challenged by complementary probes of the light mediator. Throughout our study, we implement an unbinned Monte Carlo analysis and use an improved energy reconstruction of the XENON1T events.
Neutrino masses, vacuum stability and quantum gravity prediction for the mass of the top quark
Authors: Domènech Guillem , Goodsell Mark , Wetterich Christof 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
A general prediction from asymptotically safe quantum gravity is the approximate vanishing of all quartic scalar couplings at the UV fixed point beyond the Planck scale. A vanishing Higgs doublet quartic coupling near the Planck scale translates into a prediction for the ratio between the mass of the Higgs boson MH and the top quark Mt. If only the standard model particles contribute to the running of couplings below the Planck mass, the observed MH∼ 125 GeV results in the prediction for the top quark mass Mt∼ 171 GeV, in agreement with recent measurements. In this work, we study how the asymptotic safety prediction for the top quark mass is affected by possible physics at an intermediate scale. We investigate the effect of an SU(2) triplet scalar and right-handed neutrinos, needed to explain the tiny mass of left-handed neutrinos. For pure seesaw II, with no or very heavy right handed neutrinos, the top mass can increase to Mt ∼ 172.5 GeV for a triplet mass of M∆ ∼ 108GeV. Right handed neutrino masses at an intermediate scale increase the uncertainty of the predictions of Mt due to unknown Yukawa couplings of the right-handed neutrinos and a cubic interaction in the scalar potential. For an appropriate range of Yukawa couplings there is no longer an issue of vacuum stability.