bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DEPILATED (dep), A MUTANT GENE THAT AFFECTS THE COAT OF THE MOUSE AND ACTS IN THE EPIDERMIS
Authors: Mayer Thomas C , Kleiman Norman J , Green Margaret C 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Depilated is a recessive mutation on Chromosome 4 in the position b-1.93±0.51- dep-3.45±0.68.-Pt. It causes severe abnormalities of hair structure. The site of action of dep was investigated by the method of dermal-epidermal recombination. Skins from 14-day mutant and normal mouse embryos were separated into dermal and epidermal components, recombined, and grown in histocompatible mouse testes for 20 days. The recombinations made were +/+ epidermis with +/+ dermis, +/+ epidermis with dep/dep dermis, dep/dep epidermis with +/+ dermis and dep/dep epidermis with dep/dep dermis. Grafts that contained mutant epidermis as one of the components produced hairs that were similar to those found in depilated mice. There was no observable effect of the dermis on hair types produced in this experiment.
GLUCOSAMINE RESISTANCE IN YEAST. I. A PRELIMINARY GENETIC ANALYSIS
Authors: Ball A J S , Wong D K , Elliott J J 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Mutants of the yeast Saccaromyces cerevisiae which can grow on glycerol medium in the presence of 0.05% D (+) glucosamine have been isolated. Genetic analysis of 13 of these glucosamine resistant (GR) mutants demonstrated two modes of inheritance. One group of mutants (GR 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10) gave results characteristic of non-Mendelian inheritance and it is suggested that these mutants represent one or more new mitochondial loci. Four of the remaining mutants showed clear-cut Mendelian inheritance. These mutants fell into two complementation groups and subsequent mapping experiments demonstrated that two independent loci, gay 1 and gay 2, unlinked to each other or to the centromeres of chromosomes I, II, IV, VIII or IX, were responsible for conferring glucosamine resistance in these mutants.
MEIOTIC ORIGIN OF TRIPLOIDY IN THE FROG DETECTED BY GENETIC ANALYSIS OF ENZYME POLYMORPHISMS
Authors: Wright David A , Huang Chun-Ping , Chuoke Barbara D 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A female frog heterozygous at two unlinked loci, specifying electrophoretic forms of mannosephosphate isomerase (MPI) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) was crossed to male frogs homozygous for different alleles at each locus. In the offspring approximately ten percent proved to be triploid according to nucleolar and chromosome counts of tail tip cells. Most of these triploids had both maternal alleles at the MDH and MPI loci suggesting that the first meiotic division was repressed. Others seemed to represent a repressed second meiotic division and one animal, a pentaploid, could only have resulted from inhibition of both meiotic divisions of the egg. Densitometer tracings of starch gels stained for 6 phosphogluconate and isocitrate dehydrogenases, expected to be heterozygous in a particular cross, demonstrated that the triploids had twice as much maternal as paternal gene product for each locus, similar to patterns found in triploids produced by nuclear transplantation.
ALLOSOMAL AND AUTOSOMAL CONTROL OF SEX RATIO IN PHH AND PHL MICE
Authors: Weir J A 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
When male mice from inbred PHH (sex ratio.535) and PHL (.435) are mated to females of various inbred lines, the sex ratio follows the male parent. The sex ratios from litters sired by reciprocal cross F1 males (letting A represent a set of autosomes) are 0.510 from AH/AL, XL/YH and 0.469 from AH/AL, XH/YL. The difference is statistically significant but only half the difference between pure strains. The paternal effect, presumably due to the Y, persists in progeny of the two kinds of F2 males. In backcrosses to the female parent, resulting finally in AH/AH, XH/YL and AL/AL, XL/YH, and in out-crosses, the effect of the Y chromosome does not persist, indicating that neither the Y alone, nor the autosomes alone, will cause the sex ratio to depart significantly from equality of sexes. When pairs of males in all possible combinations were presented with C57BL/6 females mating success gave the following ranking: AH ∙ YL, AL ∙ YL, AH ∙ YH, AL ∙ YH. The combination of autosomes from PHH and Y-chromosome from PHL seems to confer the greatest competitive advantage.
PATTERNS OF MOLECULAR VARIATION. II. ASSOCIATIONS OF ELECTROPHORETIC MOBILITY AND LARVAL SUBSTRATE WITHIN SPECIES OF THE DROSOPHILA MULLERI COMPLEX
Authors: Richardson R H , Smouse Peter E , Richardson Martha E 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Electromorphic variation among populations of Drosophila mojavensis, D. arizonensis and D. longicornis was examined for seven genetic loci. The average electrophoretic mobility for a population was used as the metric. D. mojavensis and D. arizonensis use larval substrates in different parts of their geographic ranges, while D. longicornis is more narrowly restricted to different species of the cactus Opuntia in different localities. There is marked electromorphic variation among populations of either D. mojavensis or D. arizonensis, and the bulk of this variation is accounted for by differences in laval substrate. There is somewhat less variation among populations of D. longicornis, and only a moderate portion of this is accounted for by larval substrate differences. There appears to be an association between the taxonomic diversity of the larval substrates and the electromorphic diversity of the Drosophila populations utilizing those substrates. Evidence is reviewed that suggests physiological mechanisms for these possibly adaptive associations.
A MORPHOGENETIC FATE MAP CONSTRUCTED FROM HABROBRACON JUGLANDIS GYNANDROMORPHS
Authors: Petters Robert M 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A morphogenetic fate map is presented for the parasitic wasp, Habrobracon juglandis. Twenty adult cuticular structures of 1211 haploid-diploid gynandromorphs were placed on the fate map using the sturtoid calculation. The overall shape and organization of the Habrobracon fate map are similar to those of the Drosophila fate map, both of which approximate the shape of an insect embryo but show structures arranged in a manner resembling the adult body plan. Independent samples of gynandromorphs yield similar maps.
EFFECTS ON SPERM MORPHOLOGY BY ALLELES AT THE PINK-EYED DILUTION LOCUS IN MICE
Authors: Wolfe H Glenn , Erickson Robert P , Schmidt Linda C 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Sperm head morphology was analyzed in all genotypic combinations for alleles dark pink-eye (pd) and p-sterile alleles, p 6H, pbs (p-black-eyed sterile) and p 25H. Three of these, p 6H, pbs and p 25H, were radiation induced; homozygotes and heterozygotes of these three alleles are male sterile, whereas pd/— genotypes are fertile. Sperm heads were examined by light microscopy and assigned to one of five classes: A. normal and near-normal, B. triangulate and oblate, C. spatulate, D. elongate, and E. filamentous. Males of each sterile genotype had grossly abnormal sperm and each sterile genotype differed from all other sterile genotypes and from fertile genotypes in at least one class, except p 6H/p 6H compared to pbs/pbs.
Frequency distribution profiles (1) revealed a complex pattern of allelic interaction and do not support a deletion-complementation hypothesis, (2) do not show simple bimodality, which might suggest post-meiotic (haploid) gene expression, and (3) together with unpublished breeding data, show that p 25H is not a remutation of p 6H.
HETEROSIS OR NEUTRALITY?
Authors: Watterson G A 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Various statistics have been proposed on an ad hoc basis to test whether alleles at a locus are selectively neutral. By considering population models in which selection operates, this paper shows that the population homozygosity is a powerful test statistic for testing departures from neutrality, in the direction of heterozygote advantage or disadvantage. The sample homozygosity plays a similar role when only sample data are available. Some numerical examples are included, showing the application of the test.—An analysis is made of the effect of heterosis on such quantities as the expected number of alleles in the population or sample, the effective number of alleles, the expected homozygosity, and on the population and sample allele frequency distributions generally.
ISOLATION OF SPONTANEOUSLY DERIVED MUTANTS OF CAULOBACTER CRESCENTUS
Authors: Johnson Reid C , Ely Bert 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Caulobacter crescentus has a penicillinase which precludes the use of penicillin for mutant enrichment. However, two other antibiotics, fosfomycin and D-cycloserine, can be used to enrich for C. crescentus mutants. In enrichment procedures for C. crescentus auxotrophs, spontaneously derived mutants occur at a frequency of 5–10% among the survivors of an enrichment procedure. Consequently, large numbers of mutants are readily obtained without any need for mutagenesis. These mutants are heterogeneous both with regard to the type of mutation and to the nutritional requirement. A similar procedure has been used to isolate temperature-sensitive mutants.
ANALYSIS OF THE NEGATIVE COMPLEMENTATION OF ABRUPTEX ALLELES IN GYNANDROMORPHS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: Portin Petter 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Certain Abruptex alleles in the Notch pseudoallelic series of Drosophila melanogaster show strong negative complementation. Heterozygous combinations of some viable alleles are lethal. As a lethal system this is unique. Analysis of this type of allelic interaction in gynandromorphs suggests that the lethal focus has a fate-map site in the anterior part of the fly, probably close to the central part of the thorax. In addition to the lethal effect, negative interaction of the alleles can also be seen in the morphogenesis of wings and chaetae of thorax and head. At this morphological level, the negative interaction of the alleles appears to be autonomous.
EXPERIMENTAL POPULATION GENETICS OF MEIOTIC DRIVE SYSTEMS I. PSEUDO-Y CHROMOSOMAL DRIVE AS A MEANS OF ELIMINATING CAGE POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: Lyttle Terrence W 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The experimental population genetics of Y-chromosome drive in Drosophila melanogaster is approximated by studying the behavior of T(Y;2),SD lines. These exhibit "pseudo-Y" drive through the effective coupling of the Y chromosome to the second chromosome meiotic drive locus, Segregation distorter (SD). T(Y;2),SD males consequently produce only male offspring. When such lines are allowed to compete against structurally normal SD + flies in population cages, T(Y;2),SD males increase in frequency according to the dynamics of a simple haploid selection model until the cage population is eliminated as a result of a deficiency in the number of adult females. Cage population extinction generally occurs within about seven generations.—Several conclusions can be drawn from these competition cage studies:
(1) Fitness estimates for the T(Y;2),SD lines (relative to SD +) are generally in the range of 2–4, and these values are corroborated by independent estimates derived from studies of migration-selection equilibrium.
(2) Fitness estimates are unaffected by cage replication, sample time, or the starting frequency of T(Y;2),SD males, indicating that data from diverse cages can be legitimately pooled to give an overall fitness estimate.
(3) Partitioning of the T(Y;2),SD fitnesses into components of viability, fertility, and frequency of alternate segregation (Y + SD from X + SD +) suggests that most of the T(Y;2),SD advantage derives from the latter two components. Improvements in the system might involve increasing both the viability and the alternate segregation to increase the total fitness.
While pseudo-Y drive operates quite effectively against laboratory stocks, it is less successful in eliminating wild-type populations which are already segregating for suppressors of SD action. This observation suggests that further studies into the origin and rate of accumulation of suppressors of meiotic drive are needed before an overall assessment can be made of the potential of Y-chromosome drive as a tool for population control.
ESTIMATION OF THE NUMBER OF SEX ALLELES AND QUEEN MATINGS FROM DIPLOID MALE FREQUENCIES IN A POPULATION OF APIS MELLIFERA
Authors: Adams Julian , Rothman Edward D , Kerr Warwick E , Paulino Zila L 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The distribution of diploid males in a population of Apis mellifera was obtained by direct examination of the sexual phenotypes of the larvae. Using these data, estimates are derived for the number of sex alleles and the number of matings undergone by the queen. The number of sex alleles is estimated to be 18.9. The estimate is larger than previous ones, which have ranged between 10 and 12. However, the increase in the number of sex alleles can be explained by the large effective population number for our data. The best estimator of the number of matings by a queen is a maximum likelihood type that assumes a prior distribution on the number of matings. For the data presented here, this estimate is 17.3. This estimate is compared to others in the literature obtained by different approaches.
Evidence for functional G-coupled protein receptors 43 and 120 in subcutaneous and intramuscular adipose tissue of Angus crossbred steers
Authors: Westbrook Lindsay , Johnson Bradley J , Gang Gyoungok , Toyonaga Kentaro , Hwang Jinhee , Chung Kiyong , Smith Stephen B 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We conducted 3 independent experiments to demonstrate functional G-coupled protein receptor 43 (GPR43) and GPR120 in bovine intramuscular (i.m.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) adipose tissues. We hypothesized that media volatile fatty acids and long-chain fatty acids would affect cAMP-activated protein kinase-alpha (AMPKα) protein expression and cAMP concentrations differently in i.m. and s.c. adipose tissue. Experiment 1: oleic acid (18:1n-9) decreased phosphorylated AMPKα protein (p-AMPKα) and the p-AMPKα/AMPKα protein ratio in i.m. preadipocytes, increased the p-AMPKα/AMPKα protein ratio in bovine satellite cells, and had no effect in s.c. preadipocytes. Experment 2: ex vivo explants from the 5th to 8th longissimus thoracic rib muscle section of Angus crossbred steers were cultured 48 hr in media containing 0.25 µM ciglitizone, 5 mM glucose, and 5 mM acetate, in the absence or the presence of 100 µM oleic acid. Oleic acid increased acetate incorporation into fatty acids and GPR43 gene expression in i.m. adipose tissue (P &lt; 0.05), but oleic acid had no effect on fatty acid synthesis or GPR43 expression in s.c. adipose tissue. Experiment 3: fresh s.c. and i.m. adipose tissue from the 5th to 8th longissimus thoracic rib muscle section of Angus crossbred steers was transferred immediately to 6-well culture plates containing 3 mL of KHB/Hepes/5 mM glucose. Samples were preincubated with 0.5 mM theophylline plus 10 μM forskolin for 30 min, after which increasing concentrations of acetate or propionate (0, 10−3, 10−2.3, and 10−3 M) in the absence or the presence of 100 μM oleic acid or 100 µM palmitic acid (16:0) were added to the incubation media. Acetate had no effect on forskolin-stimulated cAMP production in s.c. adipose tissue but decreased cAMP in i.m. adipose tissue (P &lt; 0.05); this indicates a functional GPR43 receptor in i.m. adipose tissue. The combination of 10−2 M acetate and oleic acid decrease cAMP production in s.c. adipose tissue, consistent with GPR120 receptor activity, but oleic acid and palmitic acid attenuated the depression of cAMP production caused by acetate in i.m. adipose tissue. Palmitic acid depressed cAMP production in s.c. adipose tissue, and increased cAMP production in i.m. adipose tissue (P &lt; 0.05). Propionate had no effect on cAMP production in s.c. or i.m. adipose tissue. These results provide evidence for functional GPR43 receptors in i.m. adipose tissue and GPR120 receptors in s.c. adipose tissue, both of which would suppress lipolysis.
Inclusion of dicopper oxide instead of copper sulfate in diets for growing–finishing pigs results in greater final body weight and bone mineralization, but reduced accumulation of copper in the liver
Authors: Blavi Laia , Solà David , Monteiro Alessandra , Pérez J Francisco , Stein Hans H 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that inclusion of Cu oxide (Cu2O) in diets for growing–finishing pigs improves body weight (BW) and bone mineralization, and reduces accumulation of Cu in the liver compared with pigs fed diets containing Cu sulfate (CuSO4). Two hundred growing pigs (initial BW: 11.5 ± 0.98 kg) were allotted to a randomized complete block design with 2 blocks of 100 pigs, 5 dietary treatments, 5 pigs per pen, and a total of 8 pens per treatment. Treatments included the negative control (NC) diet that contained 20 mg Cu/kg, and 4 diets in which 125 or 250 mg Cu/kg from CuSO4 or Cu2O were added to the NC diet. The experiment was divided into 4 phases and concluded when pigs reached market weight. Pig weights were recorded on day 1 and at the end of each phase and feed provisions were recorded throughout the experiment. On the last day of phases 1 and 4, 1 pig per pen was sacrificed to obtain samples of liver and spleen tissue, and the right metacarpal was collected. Results indicated that pigs fed diets containing 250 mg Cu/kg from CuSO4 had greater BW at the end of phases 1 and 2 than pigs fed NC diets. Pigs fed diets containing 250 mg Cu/kg from Cu2O had greater (P &lt; 0.05) BW at the end of phases 1, 2, 3, and 4 compared with pigs fed NC diets, and these pigs also had greater BW at the end of phases 3 and 4 than pigs fed all other diets. Pigs fed the diets with 250 mg Cu/kg tended to have greater (P &lt; 0.10) feed intake than pigs fed the NC diet at the end of phase 2, and for the overall experimental period, pigs fed diets containing 250 mg Cu/kg from Cu2O had greater (P &lt; 0.05) feed intake than pigs on all other treatments. However, no differences in gain:feed ratio were observed among treatments. Copper accumulation in liver and spleen increased with Cu dose, but at the end of phase 1, pigs fed 250 mg Cu/kg from CuSO4 had greater (P &lt; 0.05) Cu concentration in liver and spleen than pigs fed 250 mg Cu/kg from Cu2O. Pigs fed diets containing 250 mg Cu/kg from Cu2O had greater (P &lt; 0.05) quantities of bone ash and greater (P &lt; 0.05) concentrations of Ca, P, and Cu in bone ash than pigs fed NC diets or the 2 diets containing CuSO4, but Zn concentration in bone ash was less (P &lt; 0.05) in pigs fed diets containing 250 mg Cu/kg from Cu2O. To conclude, supplementing diets for growing pigs with Cu2O improves growth performance and bone mineralization with less Cu accumulation in liver compared with pigs fed diets containing CuSO4.
Evolutionary genetic algorithm identifies IL2RB as a potential predictive biomarker for immune-checkpoint therapy in colorectal cancer
Authors: Alderdice Matthew , Craig Stephanie G , Humphries Matthew P , Gilmore Alan , Johnston Nicole , Bingham Victoria , Coyle Vicky , Senevirathne Seedevi , Longley Daniel B , Loughrey Maurice B , McQuaid Stephen , James Jacqueline A , Salto-Tellez Manuel , Lawler Mark , McArt Darragh G 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Identifying robust predictive biomarkers to stratify colorectal cancer (CRC) patients based on their response to immune-checkpoint therapy is an area of unmet clinical need. Our evolutionary algorithm Atlas Correlation Explorer (ACE) represents a novel approach for mining The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data for clinically relevant associations. We deployed ACE to identify candidate predictive biomarkers of response to immune-checkpoint therapy in CRC. We interrogated the colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) gene expression data across nine immune-checkpoints (PDL1, PDCD1, CTLA4, LAG3, TIM3, TIGIT, ICOS, IDO1 and BTLA). IL2RB was identified as the most common gene associated with immune-checkpoint genes in CRC. Using human/murine single-cell RNA-seq data, we demonstrated that IL2RB was expressed predominantly in a subset of T-cells associated with increased immune-checkpoint expression (P &lt; 0.0001). Confirmatory IL2RB immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis in a large MSI-H colon cancer tissue microarray (TMA; n = 115) revealed sensitive, specific staining of a subset of lymphocytes and a strong association with FOXP3+ lymphocytes (P &lt; 0.0001). IL2RB mRNA positively correlated with three previously-published gene signatures of response to immune-checkpoint therapy (P &lt; 0.0001). Our evolutionary algorithm has identified IL2RB to be extensively linked to immune-checkpoints in CRC; its expression should be investigated for clinical utility as a potential predictive biomarker for CRC patients receiving immune-checkpoint blockade.
Acute kidney injury is associated with subtle but quantifiable neurocognitive impairments
Authors: Vanderlinden Jessica A , Semrau Joanna S , Silver Samuel A , Holden Rachel M , Scott Stephen H , Boyd J Gordon 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with long-term morbidity and mortality. The effects of AKI on neurocognitive functioning remain unknown. Our objective was to quantify neurocognitive impairment after an episode of AKI.

Methods
Survivors of AKI were compared with age-matched controls, as well as a convenience sample of patients matched for cardiovascular risk factors with normal kidney function (active control group). Patients with AKI completed two assessments, while the active control group completed one assessment. The assessment included a standardized test: the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), and a robotic assessment: Kinarm.

Results
The cohort consisted of 21 patients with AKI, 16 of whom completed both assessments, and 21 active control patients. The majority of patients with AKI had Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes Stage 3 AKI (86%), 57% received dialysis and 43% recovered to ≤25% of their baseline serum creatinine by their first assessment. Compared with the RBANS, which detected little impairment, the Kinarm categorized patients as impaired in visuomotor (10/21, 48%), attention (10/20, 50%) and executive tasks (11/21, 52%) compared with healthy controls. Additionally, patients with AKI performed significantly worse in attention and visuomotor domains when compared with the active controls. Neurocognitive performance was generally not impacted by the need for dialysis or whether kidney function recovered.

Conclusions
Robotic technology identified quantifiable neurocognitive impairment in survivors of AKI. Deficits were noted particularly in attention, visuomotor and executive domains. Further investigation into the downstream health consequences of these neurocognitive impairments is warranted.
Conclusion
Authors: Korver-Glenn Elizabeth 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Conclusion returns to the book’s overarching question of how racism among housing market professionals contributes to persistent racial segregation. In addition to summarizing the findings from previous chapters, the Conclusion foregrounds housing consumers’ perspectives and experiences, showing that housing market professionals exert significant influence in shaping consumers’ options, decisions, and outcomes. The Conclusion also discusses the book’s contributions to existing racial segregation theory, namely the “big three” mechanisms of racial discrimination, racial residential preferences, and economic inequality. It concludes by highlighting the imperative to intervene in housing market racism and create equal housing opportunities for housing consumers and neighborhoods.