bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Baseline cardiometabolic profiles and SARS-CoV-2 infection in the UK Biobank
Authors: Scalsky Ryan J. , Chen Yi-Ju , Desai Karan , O’Connell Jeffery R. , Perry James A. , Hong Charles C. 
Published: April 2021

Background
SARS-CoV-2 is a rapidly spreading coronavirus responsible for the Covid-19 pandemic, which is characterized by severe respiratory infection. Many factors have been identified as risk factors for SARS-CoV-2, with much early attention being paid to body mass index (BMI), which is a well-known cardiometabolic risk factor.

Objective
This study seeks to examine the impact of additional baseline cardiometabolic risk factors including high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I), Apolipoprotein B (ApoB), triglycerides, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and diabetes on the odds of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 in UK Biobank (UKB) study participants.

Methods
We examined the effect of BMI, lipid profiles, diabetes and alcohol intake on the odds of testing positive for SARS-Cov-2 among 9,005 UKB participants tested for SARS-CoV-2 from March 16 through July 14, 2020. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were computed using logistic regression adjusted for age, sex and ancestry.

Results
Higher BMI, Type II diabetes and HbA1c were associated with increased SARS-CoV-2 odds (p < 0.05) while HDL-C and ApoA-I were associated with decreased odds (p < 0.001). Though the effect of BMI, Type II diabetes and HbA1c were eliminated when HDL-C was controlled, the effect of HDL-C remained significant when BMI was controlled for. LDL-C, ApoB and triglyceride levels were not found to be significantly associated with increased odds.

Conclusion
Elevated HDL-C and ApoA-I levels were associated with reduced odds of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2, while higher BMI, type II diabetes and HbA1c were associated with increased odds. The effects of BMI, type II diabetes and HbA1c levels were no longer significant after controlling for HDL-C, suggesting that these effects may be mediated in part through regulation of HDL-C levels. In summary, our study suggests that baseline HDL-C level may be useful for stratifying SARS-CoV-2 infection risk and corroborates the emerging picture that HDL-C may confer protection against sepsis in general and SARS-CoV-2 in particular.
Artificial intelligence for the classification of fractures around the knee in adults according to the 2018 AO/OTA classification system
Authors: Lind Anna , Akbarian Ehsan , Olsson Simon , Nåsell Hans , Sköldenberg Olof , Razavian Ali Sharif , Gordon Max 
Published: April 2021

Background
Fractures around the knee joint are inherently complex in terms of treatment; complication rates are high, and they are difficult to diagnose on a plain radiograph. An automated way of classifying radiographic images could improve diagnostic accuracy and would enable production of uniformly classified records of fractures to be used in researching treatment strategies for different fracture types. Recently deep learning, a form of artificial intelligence (AI), has shown promising results for interpreting radiographs. In this study, we aim to evaluate how well an AI can classify knee fractures according to the detailed 2018 AO-OTA fracture classification system.

Methods
We selected 6003 radiograph exams taken at Danderyd University Hospital between the years 2002–2016, and manually categorized them according to the AO/OTA classification system and by custom classifiers. We then trained a ResNet-based neural network on this data. We evaluated the performance against a test set of 600 exams. Two senior orthopedic surgeons had reviewed these exams independently where we settled exams with disagreement through a consensus session.

Results
We captured a total of 49 nested fracture classes. Weighted mean AUC was 0.87 for proximal tibia fractures, 0.89 for patella fractures and 0.89 for distal femur fractures. Almost ¾ of AUC estimates were above 0.8, out of which more than half reached an AUC of 0.9 or above indicating excellent performance.

Conclusion
Our study shows that neural networks can be used not only for fracture identification but also for more detailed classification of fractures around the knee joint.
Prevalence and risk factors of hypertension among adults: A community based study in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Authors: Asemu Meseret Molla , Yalew Alemayehu Worku , Kabeta Negussie Deyessa , Mekonnen Desalew 
Published: April 2021

Background
In all areas of the World Health Organization, the prevalence of hypertension was highest in Africa. High blood pressure is a significant risk factor for coronary and ischemic diseases, as well as hemorrhagic stroke. However, there were scarce data concerning the magnitude and risk factors of hypertension. Thus, this study aimed to identify the prevalence and associated factors of hypertension among adults in Addis Ababa city.

Method
A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from June to October 2018 in Addis Ababa city. Participants aged 18 years and older recruited using a multi-stage random sampling technique. Data were collected by face-to-face interview technique. All three WHO STEPS instruments were applied. Additionally, participants’ weight, height, waist, hip, and blood pressure (BP) were measured according to standard procedures.
Multiple logistic regressions were used and Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were also calculated to identify associated factors.

Results
In this study, a total of 3560 participants were included.The median age was 32 years (IQR 25, 45). More than half (57.3%) of the respondents were females. Almost all (96.2%) of participants consumed vegetables and or fruits less than five times per day. Eight hundred and sixty-five (24.3%) of respondents were overweight, while 287 (8.1%) were obese. One thousand forty-one 29.24% (95% CI: 27.75–30.74) were hypertensive, of whom two-thirds (61.95%) did not know that they had hypertension.
Factors significantly associated with hypertension were age 30–49 and ≥50 years (AOR = 2.79, 95% CI: 1.39–5.56) and (AOR = 8.23, 95% CI: 4.09–16.55) respectively, being male (AOR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.18–2.99), consumed vegetables less than or equal to 3 days per week (AOR = 2.44, 95% CI: 1.21–4.93), obesity (AOR = 2.05, 95%CI: 1.13–3.71), abdominal obesity (AOR = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.10–2.64) and high triglyceride level (AOR = 2.06, 95% CI: 1.38–3.07).

Conclusion
In Addis Ababa, around one in three adults are hypertensive. With a large proportion, unaware of their condition. We recommend integrating regular community-based screening programs as integral parts of the health promotion and disease prevention strategies. Lifestyle interventions shall target the modifiable risk factors associated with hypertension, such as weight loss and increased vegetable consumption.
Machine learning methods to predict mechanical ventilation and mortality in patients with COVID-19
Authors: Yu Limin , Halalau Alexandra , Dalal Bhavinkumar , Abbas Amr E. , Ivascu Felicia , Amin Mitual , Nair Girish B. 
Published: April 2021

Background
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected millions of people across the globe. It is associated with a high mortality rate and has created a global crisis by straining medical resources worldwide.

Objectives
To develop and validate machine-learning models for prediction of mechanical ventilation (MV) for patients presenting to emergency room and for prediction of in-hospital mortality once a patient is admitted.

Methods
Two cohorts were used for the two different aims. 1980 COVID-19 patients were enrolled for the aim of prediction ofMV. 1036 patients’ data, including demographics, past smoking and drinking history, past medical history and vital signs at emergency room (ER), laboratory values, and treatments were collected for training and 674 patients were enrolled for validation using XGBoost algorithm. For the second aim to predict in-hospital mortality, 3491 hospitalized patients via ER were enrolled. CatBoost, a new gradient-boosting algorithm was applied for training and validation of the cohort.

Results
Older age, higher temperature, increased respiratory rate (RR) and a lower oxygen saturation (SpO2) from the first set of vital signs were associated with an increased risk of MV amongst the 1980 patients in the ER. The model had a high accuracy of 86.2% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 87.8%. While, patients who required MV, had a higher RR, Body mass index (BMI) and longer length of stay in the hospital were the major features associated with in-hospital mortality. The second model had a high accuracy of 80% with NPV of 81.6%.

Conclusion
Machine learning models using XGBoost and catBoost algorithms can predict need for mechanical ventilation and mortality with a very high accuracy in COVID-19 patients.
Reducing unnecessary antibiotic prescription through implementation of a clinical guideline on self-limiting respiratory tract infections
Authors: Sánchez Xavier , Orrico María , Morillo Toa , Manzano Andrea , Jimbo Ruth , Armijos Luciana 
Published: April 2021

Background
Clinical guidelines (CG) are used to reduce variability in practice when the scientific evidence is sparse or when multiple therapies are available. The development and implementation of evidence-based CG is intended to organize and provide the best available evidence to support clinical decision making in order to improve quality of care. Upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) are the leading cause of misuse of antibiotics and a CG may reduce the unnecessary antibiotic prescription.

Methods
The aim of this quasi-experimental, before-after study was to analyze the short- and long-term effects of the implementation of a CG to decrease the rate of antibiotic prescription in URTI cases in the emergency department of a third level private hospital in Quito, Ecuador. The study included 444 patients with a main diagnosis of URTI. They were distributed in three groups: a baseline cohort 2011 (n = 114), a first post-implementation cohort 2011 (n = 114), and a later post-implementation cohort 2018 (n = 216). The implementation strategy consisted of five key steps: acceptance of the need for implementation of the CG, dissemination of the CG, an educational campaign, constant feedback, and sustainability of the strategy through continuous training.

Results
The results of this study show a 42.90% of antibiotic prescription rate before the CG implementation. After the implementation of the CG, the prescription rate of antibiotics was significantly reduced by 24.5% (42.9% vs 18.4%, p<0.0001) and the appropriate antibiotic prescription rate was significantly increased by 44.2% (22.4% vs 66.6%, p<0.0001) in the first post-implementation cohort 2011. There was not a significant difference in antibiotic prescription rate and appropriate antibiotic prescription rate between two post-implementation cohorts: 18.4% vs 25.9% (p = 0.125) and 66.6% vs 50% (p = 0.191), respectively.

Conclusions
The implementation of CGs decreases the rate of antibiotic prescription in URTI cases. The results are remarkable after early implementation, but the effect persists over time. The emphasis must shift from guideline development to strategy implementation.
Comparison between magnetic resonance and ultrasound-derived indicators of hepatic steatosis in a pooled NAFLD cohort
Authors: Beyer Cayden , Hutton Chloe , Andersson Anneli , Imajo Kento , Nakajima Atsushi , Kiker Dustin , Banerjee Rajarshi , Dennis Andrea 
Published: April 2021

Background & aims
MRI-based proton density fat fraction (PDFF) and the ultrasound-derived controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) are non-invasive techniques for quantifying liver fat, which can be used to assess steatosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This study compared both of these techniques to histopathological graded steatosis for the assessment of fat levels in a large pooled NAFLD cohort.

Methods
This retrospective study pooled N = 581 participants from two suspected NAFLD cohorts (mean age (SD) 56 (12.7), 60% females). Steatosis was graded according to NASH-CRN criteria. Liver fat was measured non-invasively using PDFF (with Liver MultiScan’s Iterative Decomposition of water and fat with Echo Asymmetry and Least-squares estimation method, LMS-IDEAL, Perspectum, Oxford) and CAP (FibroScan, Echosens, France), and their diagnostic performances were compared.

Results
LMS-IDEAL and CAP detected steatosis grade ≥ 1 with AUROCs of 1.00 (95% CI, 0.99–1.0) and 0.95 (95% CI, 0.91–0.99), respectively. LMS-IDEAL was superior to CAP for detecting steatosis grade ≥ 2 with AUROCs of 0.77 (95% CI, 0.73–0.82] and 0.60 (95% CI, 0.55–0.65), respectively. Similarly, LMS-IDEAL outperformed CAP for detecting steatosis grade ≥ 3 with AUROCs of 0.81 (95% CI, 0.76–0.87) and 0.63 (95% CI, 0.56–0.70), respectively.

Conclusion
LMS-IDEAL was able to diagnose individuals accurately across the spectrum of histological steatosis grades. CAP performed well in identifying individuals with lower levels of fat (steatosis grade ≥1); however, its diagnostic performance was inferior to LMS-IDEAL for higher levels of fat (steatosis grades ≥2 and ≥3).

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03551522); https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03551522. UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN000026145); https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000026145.
A IMPORTÂNCIA DA EDUCAÇÃO PARA OS PORTADORES DE NECESSIDADES ESPECIAIS
Authors: Nogueira Mário Lúcio de Lima 
Published: April 2021

Este trabalho pretende trazer Ã reflexão o sentido que a Educação
tem para os portadores de necessidades especiais tendo como foco
principal a formação do caráter destes indivíduos, bem como a
formação de atitudes e a compreensão de mundo e de sua inserção nele. Estas reflexões nos levam a entender a Educação Especial como sendo a busca de práticas pedagógicas que respondam à diversidade do alunado no contexto da escola para todos, oferecendo respostas educacionais centradas no processo de construção da cidadania de todos os alunos, especiais ou não.
SABERES E PODERES: PROPOSIÇÕES E PROVOCAÇÕES A PARTIR DA INFÂNCIA, DA ESCOLA E DA FORM AÇÃO DOCENTE
Authors: Leite César Donizetti Pereira 
Published: April 2021

O tema Â“Infância, Escola e Formação DocenteÂ”, sugere uma
infinidade de percursos, caminhos e sendas pelos quais podemos
circular. Este texto indicará a possibilidade de andar nos
descaminhos das tramas e dos enredos que constituem as idéias
de Educação e de Escola, bem como de Infância e de Formação
Docente. Para tanto, partiremos de uma concepção etimológica
de Â‘disciplinaÂ’, procurando pensar este conceito naquilo que o
define enquanto um campo de Â‘saberÂ’ e de Â‘poderÂ’, para então
apontar uma reflexão sobre as possibilidades de um saber a respeito
da Educação. Buscaremos no cinema, na literatura e nas artes
plásticas possibilidades que indiquem estas tramas de sentidos no
campo das práticas educativas.
UN TENTATIVO DI ESPLORAZIONE DEI MOLTEPLICI NESSI DELLE NOZIONI ARISTOTELICHE DI GIUSTIZIA E INGIUSTIZIA, VIZIO E VIRTÃ™, TRA PIANO ETICO E PIANO GIURIDICO
Authors: Fermani Arianna 
Published: April 2021

Este artigo objetiva descobrir a multiplicidade de conexões entre
justiça e virtude e entre injustiça e vício, bem como demonstrar
como apenas o aceite da polivalência destas noções e a extrema
adaptabilidade da relação entre elas permitem a co-existência nãocontradit
ória da diferença e mesmo afirmações contrárias no
interior do texto de Aristóteles. Por exemplo, é apenas usando todos
os sentidos da noção de justiça que podemos entender como a
afirmação segunda a qual o mesmo ato injusto, sob uma certa
perspectiva, é vício, enquanto sob outra não é vício, é possível. Um
complexo cenário, sublinhado pelo Estagirita, extremamante rico
de articulações internas (que devem ser respeitadas contra cada
tentativa de redução), que se torna ainda mais complicado pelo
contínuo jogo de transposições e de comparações entre ética e
legitimidade legal estabelecidas pelo Filósofo.
Development and application of load profiles for thermal qualification testing of receptacle automotive connectors
Authors: Friedlein Matthias , Gräf Daniel , Stegner Jonas , Franke Jörg 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Receptacle contacts often are a weak spot of the reliability in electronic systems. During the application phase of the lifecycle, especially in the automotive wiring harness, connectors experience severe loads such as temperature changes. During qualification testing, accelerated tests simulate these thermal stresses. Yet, only the damage mechanisms relevant for service life must be triggered. However, the increasing complexity of electronic components and wiring harnesses demands a continuous adaptation of test strategies. Therefore, this study develops and applies application-oriented load profiles for thermal qualification testing of connectors. Experiments include load profiles inspired by seasonal changes and daily car usage. The tests are carried out on a relative movement test bench as well as in a thermal cycling testing chamber. Contact resistance progression curves, the surface roughness of the contacts, and the area of the stressed contact zones assist in evaluating the effectiveness of the load profiles. All contacts tested during relative movement experiments show no change in contact resistance. The thermal cycling load profile however results in a significant rise in contact resistance. Additionally, the roughness values show varying damages on the contacts due to the different load profiles.
Doubly-filled COMPs in Alpine varieties
Authors: Schallert Oliver , Bidese Ermenegildo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractViolations of the Doubly-filled COMP filter (DFCs), most notably in the context of embedded questions, can be observed in Germanic, Romance, and even Slavic varieties in the Alpine regions. Using the direct survey technique, we examine DFC-phenomena in several dialects of Southern Bavarian (including language islands) and the adjacent Italian regions (Venetian, Friulian, etc.) in order to check for relevant similarities as well as differences. Whereas there is some indication for a structural parallelism between Germanic and Romance in terms of the wh-items involved, both language groups are set apart when it comes to DFCs in root sentences.
Kooperation und Konkurrenz
Authors: Patel Kiran Klaus 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Der Autor untersucht, wie die Europäische Union (EU) zur zentralen Akteurin der Wissenschafts- und Forschungspolitik auf europäischer Ebene werden konnte. Die Ausgangsthese hierfür lautet, dass es den Vorläuferorganisationen der heutigen EU bei ihrer Gründung in den 1950er Jahren keineswegs in die Wiege gelegt war, einmal eine derartige herausragende Rolle zu spielen. Die Europäischen Gemeinschaften waren vielmehr in diesem Bereich ein Spätankömmling auf einer Bühne, auf der sich bereits andere Internationale Organisationen tummelten – ganz abgesehen von den Akteuren auf lokaler, nationaler oder globaler Ebene. Vor diesem Hintergrund beschreibt der Beitrag die wesentlichen Entwicklungsschritte und analysiert Stationen sowie die Gründe für den Bedeutungsgewinn der EU auf diesem Politikfeld.
Macrostructural Changes of the Acoustic Radiation in Humans with Hearing Loss and Tinnitus Revealed with Fixel-Based Analysis
Authors: Koops Elouise A. , Haykal Shereif , van Dijk Pim 
Published: April 2021

Age-related hearing loss is the most prevalent sensory impairment in the older adult population and is related to noise-induced damage or age-related deterioration of the peripheral auditory system. Hearing loss may affect the central auditory pathway in the brain, which is a continuation of the peripheral auditory system located in the ear. A debilitating symptom that frequently co-occurs with hearing loss is tinnitus. Strikingly, investigations into the impact of acquired hearing loss, with and without tinnitus, on the human central auditory pathway are sparse. This study used diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) to investigate changes in the largest central auditory tract, the acoustic radiation, related to hearing loss and tinnitus. Participants with hearing loss, with and without tinnitus, and a control group were included. Both conventional diffusion tensor analysis and higher-order fixel-based analysis were applied. The fixel-based analysis was used as a novel framework providing insight into the axonal density and macrostructural morphologic changes of the acoustic radiation in hearing loss and tinnitus. The results show tinnitus-related atrophy of the left acoustic radiation near the medial geniculate body. This finding may reflect a decrease in myelination of the auditory pathway, instigated by more profound peripheral deafferentation or reflecting a preexisting marker of tinnitus vulnerability. Furthermore, age was negatively correlated with the axonal density in the bilateral acoustic radiation. This loss of fiber density with age may contribute to poorer speech understanding observed in older adults.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAge-related hearing loss is the most prevalent sensory impairment in the older adult population. Older individuals are subject to the cumulative effects of aging and noise exposure on the auditory system. A debilitating symptom that frequently co-occurs with hearing loss is tinnitus: the perception of a phantom sound. In this large DWI-study, we provide evidence that in hearing loss, the additional presence of tinnitus is related to degradation of the acoustic radiation. Additionally, older age was related to axonal loss in the acoustic radiation. It appears that older adults have the aggravating circumstances of age, hearing loss, and tinnitus on central auditory processing, which may partly be because of the observed deterioration of the acoustic radiation with age.
РОЗВИТОК ІНКЛЮЗИВНОЇ ОСВІТИ НА ПРИКАРПАТТІ
Authors: Matveievа Nataliia 
Published: April 2021

На сучасному етапі актуалізуємо проблеми інклюзивної освіти, що ґрунтуються на визнанні прав і свобод людини й, зокрема, з порушеннями розвитку. Філософський аспект інклюзії передбачає улаштування гуманного суспільства у цілому та толерантного інклюзивного середовища, зокрема, у навчальному закладі. У статті проаналізовано найбільш актуальні проблеми сьогодення, що торкаються означених питань. Здійснено порівняльний аналіз розвитку інклюзивного процесу на території України, виокремлено регіони, що перебувають у зоні так званого «ризику» щодо упровадження та подальшого розвитку інклюзивного навчання; забезпечення дітей шкільного віку з різними нозологіями якісними освітнімипослугами; створення для них оптимальних умов соціалізації, навчання, виховання та розвитку. Так, з-поміж низки регіонів найбільш проблемними визнано гірські, що пояснюємо специфікою та віддаленістю розташування, неналежним забезпеченням педагогічними та медичними фахівцями, низьким рівнем обізнаності населення про інклюзію тощо. Pозкрито основні шляхи упровадження інклюзії на Прикарпатті, продемонстровано статистику, яка підтверджує позитивні зміни у її розвитку. Акцентовано увагу на особливостях упровадження інклюзивного навчання у закладах Івано-Франківської області та міста; охарактеризовано його функціонально-змістові складові на основі аналізу результатів діяльності навчальних закладів дошкільної, початкової та середньої ланки; наведено позитивні досягнення та прогалини у контексті означеного. Bиокремлено мету, завдання та напрями розвитку інклюзивної інфраструктури обласного центру. Вивчено, узагальнено та розкрито характеристики практичної роботи педагогів навчальних закладів на шляху створення інклюзивного середовища; опрацьовано та проаналізовано статистичні дані щодо включення осіб з особливими освітніми потребами у масові освітні заклади; встановлено основні прогалини та упущення даного.