bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and Patterns of Polysubstance Use (Tobacco and Other Substances) and Associated Factors: A Cross-Sectional Analysis in a High-Risk Cohort for Oral Cancer in Varanasi, India, With a Special Focus on Young Emerging Adults
Authors: Shruti Tulika , Sharma Priyanka , Khanna Divya , Ranjan Sudhir , Khan Aqusa , Gurushanth Keerthi , Singh Arjun Gurmeet , Mishra Aseem , Shetty Anupama , Birur Praveen , Chaturvedi Pankaj 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Introduction
The dearth of population-based data on polysubstance use, especially in young emerging adults, presents a critical gap in understanding public health challenges, particularly in rural India, where tobacco use and oral cancer are prevalent. This study addresses this gap by investigating the prevalence and patterns of substance use, with a focus on young emerging adults (18–29 years) within a high-risk cohort for oral cancer in Varanasi, India.

Aims and Methods
The study involved a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from 10 101 participants within a high-risk cohort in rural settings of the Varanasi district between December 2020 and June 2023. This region has high rates of tobacco use and oral cancer. Polysubstance use was defined as the lifetime concurrent use of two or more substances for at least a year. The study examined the prevalence of any substance use, polysubstance use, and associated sociodemographic factors. Univariable and multivariable analyses were employed to identify significant predictors.

Results
The prevalence of any substance use in the study population was 55.7%. Tobacco use was most prevalent (94.3%), followed by areca nut (44.8%), alcohol (6.6%), and cannabis (0.8%). Among young emerging adult substance users, the prevalence of polysubstance use was 42.6%. Predictors of polysubstance use included age, male gender, employment status, and income.

Conclusions
This study offers vital insights into substance use among rural Indian communities, particularly among young adults who are at a critical juncture in their lives. The findings underscore the urgent need for evidence-based strategies to address this region’s multifaceted public health challenge of polysubstance use.

Implications
Literature is scarce on population-based data for the prevalence and pattern of polysubstance (tobacco and other substances) use in India, both for the young and adult population. We studied the prevalence and pattern of substance use in a predominantly rural district of India, which reportedly has the second-highest burden of oral cancer among all Indian population-based cancer registries. We found that more than half (55.7%) of the study population used at least one substance; among them, nearly half (42.4%) used two or more substances. Tobacco use was the most prevalent form (94.3%), followed by areca nut use (44.8%), alcohol (6.6%), and cannabis (0.8%). Polysubstance use was prevalent among young emerging adult substance users. Age, male gender, employment, and income were predictors of polysubstance use. Distinct sociocultural factors shaping substance use in India necessitate research.
Prevalence and Multiple-Level Determinants of Smoking Among Women in the Workforce in China
Authors: Lin Hao , Liu Changping , Sun Yuying , Liu Yihua , Zhang Lanchao , Zhang Chengqian , Ji Ying , Cao Wangnan , Chang Chun 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Introduction
To describe the prevalence of smoking among Chinese women in the workforce and to investigate its potential associated factors from a multilevel perspective.

Aims and Methods
The study was based on data collected from the “Asia Best Workplace” program in 2021. We obtained a sample of 6260 women in the workforce and collected the data using a self-administered questionnaire, including occupational characteristics, utilization of workplace health services, and mental health status. We employed univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to examine the associations between interested variables and the smoking status of women in the workforce.

Results
The prevalence of smoking among Chinese women in the workforce was 3.4%. After controlling for potential confounders, factors that were associated with smoking included field sales personnel (adjusted odds ratio, AOR = 3.45, 95% confidence interval, CI: 2.29–5.18, reference: white collar), mixed shift workers (AOR = 2.42, 95% CI: 1.66–3.53), working overtime every day (AOR = 2.27, 95% CI: 1.38–3.74, reference: no overtime work), having depressive (AOR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.07–1.13) or anxiety symptoms (AOR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.13–1.39), and daily exposure to secondhand smoke (AOR = 12.54, 95% CI: 8.70–18.05). Women with access to infirmaries (AOR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.18–0.81) and fitness facilities (AOR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.38–0.96) were less likely to smoke.

Conclusions
The prevalence of smoking among Chinese women in the workforce was low. Smoking cessation programs for women in the workforce may benefit from taking into account the nature of their work, whether there were night shifts and overtime working.

Implications
Smoking takes a huge toll on women, and women in the workforce face additional health challenges. Little is known about the specific factors associated with smoking among women in the workforce. Women who were field sales personnel, managers, working night or irregular shifts, and frequent overtime workers should be considered vulnerable subpopulations for smoking. Providing accessible workplace health services and resources is associated with a lower likelihood of smoking. Smoking cessation programs may consider the specific occupational and workplace factors that influence smoking behavior in this population, as well as address mental health needs.
Modification on Thermal Motion in Geant4 for Neutron Capture Simulation in Gadolinium Loaded Water
Authors: Hino Y , Abe K , Asaka R , Han S , Harada M , Ishitsuka M , Ito H , Izumiyama S , Kanemura Y , Koshio Y , Nakanishi F , Sekiya H , Yano T 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Neutron tagging is a fundamental technique for electron anti-neutrino detection via the inverse beta decay channel. A reported discrepancy in neutron detection efficiency between observational data and simulation predictions prompted an investigation into neutron capture modeling in Geant4. The study revealed that an overestimation of the thermal motion of hydrogen atoms in Geant4 impacts the fraction of captured nuclei. By manually modifying the Geant4 implementation, the simulation results align with calculations based on evaluated nuclear data and show good agreement with observables derived from the SK-Gd data.
Incapacity planning under Swiss law in cross-border contexts
Authors: Weiss Kinga M , Börlin Lia 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Incapacity planning in cross-border cases involves navigating non-harmonized legal frameworks. This analysis centers on the recognition and enforcement of ‘powers of representation’ under and outside the scope of the 2000 Hague Convention on the International Protection of Adults (2000 HCCH) in cross-border situations. A case study illustrates the complexities encountered when Swiss incapacity planning needs to be internationalized, particularly in relation to a non-contracting state, such as the United States.
Enhancing renal protection against cadmium toxicity: the role of herbal active ingredients
Authors: Safari Maleki Ahmad , Hayes A Wallace , Karimi Gholamreza 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Background
Rapid industrialization globally has led to a notable increase in the production and utilization of metals, including cadmium (Cd), consequently escalating global metal pollution worldwide. Cd, characterized as a persistent environmental contaminant, poses significant health risks, particularly impacting human health, notably the functionality of the kidneys. The profound effects of Cd stem primarily from its limited excretion capabilities and extended half-life within the human body. Mechanisms underlying its toxicity encompass generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), disrupting calcium-signaling pathways and impairing cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms. This review focuses on the protective effects of various herbal active ingredients against Cd-induced nephrotoxicity.

Aim
This study aims to investigate the mechanisms of action of herbal active ingredients, including ant-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic pathways, to elucidate potential therapeutic strategies for reducing nephrotoxicity caused by Cd exposure.

Methods
A comprehensive search of scientific databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar, used relevant keywords to identify studies published up to October 2024.

Results
Research illustrates that herbal active ingredients protect against Cd nephrotoxicity by reducing oxidative stress, enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity, inhibiting inflammation, preventing apoptosis, alleviating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, enhancing autophagy and improving mitochondrial function in the kidney.

Conclusion
The present study indicates that an extensive understanding of the protective effects of herbal active ingredients holds promise for the development of innovative approaches to safeguard human health and environmental integrity against the detrimental effects of Cd exposure.
A Life Course Approach to Cardiovascular Disease Prevention
Authors: Hayman Laura L. , Braun Lynne T. , Muchira James M. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
During the past 3 decades, life course socio-ecological frameworks have received considerable attention from clinical and public health professionals; developmental, social, and behavioral scientists; and scholars. Substantial evidence underscores the importance of a life course approach to prevention of cardiovascular (CV) disease and the promotion of optimal CV health. This article provides an overview of evidence on early origins and progression of CV disease (CVD) processes across the life course of individuals from diverse populations. Emphasis is placed on the evidence-based guidelines designed to prevent CVD and promote CV health with recommendations for implementation by CV health professionals and directions for future research in global CVD prevention.
Perceptions Among Mental Health Professionals Regarding the Intrusiveness of Coercive Measures
Authors: Birkeland Søren , Gildberg Frederik Alkier , Tingleff Ellen Boldrup , Pedersen Martin Locht , Lindekilde Camilla , Morsø Lars , Bogh Søren Bie 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACT

Background
Although hotly disputed, coercive measures are widely used in mental health services globally. In Denmark, to ensure the rights of patients, special psychiatric legislation that emphasizes the imperative to always use the least intrusive intervention has been implemented. This raises the question of which coercive measures are perceived as being less intrusive than others.

Aim
The aim of this study was to investigate the perceptions of Danish mental health professionals regarding the intrusiveness of various coercive measures used in mental health settings.

Methods
We conducted a web-based survey among 132 mental health professionals (response rate: 22%). The participants rated the intrusiveness of different coercive measures using the visual analog scale (VAS).

Results
Mental health professionals perceived mechanical restraint as being the most intrusive coercive intervention (belt and strap fixation received a VAS rating of 92 out of 100). Conversely, body searches and observation were perceived as being among the least intrusive measures, with VAS ratings of 35 and 50, respectively. Participants with different professional backgrounds, including general and forensic mental health workers, tended to perceive the coercive measures included in this study as being equally intrusive.

Conclusion
The participating mental health professionals generally perceived belt fixation as a highly intrusive measure, whereas seclusion, which is currently illegal under Danish law, was considered less intrusive. Because of the small sample size in this study, caution should be exercised when drawing conclusions based on the findings. Nevertheless, the study may add to how the principle of using the least intrusive measure is interpreted.
Fostering Informed Consent and Shared Decision-Making in Maternity Nursing With the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Penner Sara Bickweat , Mercado Nicholas R. , Bernstein Samantha , Erickson Elise , DuBois Melissa Anne , Dreisbach Caitlin 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI), defined as algorithms built to reproduce human behavior, has various applications in health care such as risk prediction, medical image classification, text analysis, and complex disease diagnosis. Due to the increasing availability and volume of data, especially from electronic health records, AI technology is expanding into all fields of nursing and medicine. As the health care system moves toward automation and computationally driven clinical decision-making, nurses play a vital role in bridging the gap between the technological output, the patient, and the health care team. We explore the nurses' role in translating AI-generated output to patients and identify considerations for ensuring informed consent and shared decision-making throughout the process. A brief review of AI technology and informed consent, an identification of power dynamics that underly informed consent, and descriptions of the role of the nurse in various relationships such as nurse–AI, nurse–patient, and patient–AI are covered. Ultimately, nurses and physicians bear the responsibility of upholding and safeguarding the right to informed choice, as it is a fundamental aspect of safe and ethical patient-centered health care.
Antithrombin and Activated Protein C in Pediatric Sepsis: Prospective Observational Study of Outcome
Authors: Xoay Tran Dang , Tuan Ta Anh , Ha Nguyen Thi , Quan Thieu Quang , Duyen Nguyen Thi , My Tran Thi Kieu 
Published: December 2024

Objectives:
To assess antithrombin and activated protein C (aPC) levels in relation to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and severe outcomes in pediatric sepsis.

Design:
Prospective, observational study conducted between April 2023 and October 2024. Coagulation profiles including conventional coagulation, antithrombin activity, and aPC were obtained at PICU admission.

Setting:
PICU in the Vietnam National Children’s Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam.

Subjects:
PICU admissions, 1 month to 18 years old, with sepsis.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
One hundred thirty children (78 males; median age 7.5 mo) with mortality 23/130 (17.7%). The prevalence of overt DIC was 37 of 130 (28.5%). Nonsurvival at 28 days, compared with survival, was associated with hemorrhage and/or thrombosis at presentation, and higher number of dysfunctional organs, and overt DIC. Those with overt DIC, compared with not, had longer activated partial thromboplastin time, higher international normalized ratio and d-dimer, and lower antithrombin, and aPC. Activity of antithrombin and aPC correlated inversely with the Vasoactive-Inotropic Score in survivors (p = 0.002 and 0.009, respectively). Patients with a cutoff value for antithrombin less than 63.5% had a mortality risk with area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve 0.64, with sensitivity 0.51 and specificity 0.74, and positive predictive value 0.30. Regarding overt DIC, a cutoff value for antithrombin less than 55.5% had an AUROC 0.78, sensitivity 0.72 and specificity of 0.73, and positive predictive value 0.52.

Conclusions:
In this observational study of pediatric sepsis patients, first 24-hour coagulation data in those who did not-survive to 28 days, vs. survivors showed an associated prior lower level of antithrombin in nonsurvivors. Furthermore, using the outcome of overt DIC and nonovert DIC in the first 72 hours, we found that lower levels of antithrombin or aPC are each associated with overt DIC and nonovert DIC in pediatric sepsis. Further validation work is needed in larger case series of pediatric sepsis.
Outcomes of DCD Liver Transplant Using Sequential Normothermic Regional Perfusion and Normothermic Machine Perfusion or NRP Alone Versus Static Cold Storage
Authors: Croome Kristopher P. , Subramanian Vijay , Mathur Amit K. , Aqel Bashar , Mao Shennen A. , Clendenon Jacob N. , Perry Dana K. , Dhanireddy Kiran , Taner C. Burcin 
Published: December 2024

Background.
The availability of in situ normothermic regional perfusion (NRP) or ex situ normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) has revolutionized donation after circulatory death (DCD) liver transplant (LT). While some have suggested that NRP and NMP may represent competing technologies for DCD LT, there are many scenarios where these technologies can function in a complementary manner.

Methods.
Between January 2022 and March 2024, 83 DCD LTs were performed using NRP (62 NRP alone and 21 NRP + NMP) and were compared with 297 static cold storage (SCS) DCD LTs. NRP + NMP was used in scenarios with (1) long travel distances, (2) complicated transplant recipients, or (c) the need for additional liver graft recovery in “marginal” cases.

Results.
Ischemic cholangiopathy was lower in the NRP alone group (0%) and the NRP + NMP group (0%) compared with the SCS group (16.8; P < 0.001 and P = 0.04, respectively). In addition, early allograft dysfunction, number of packed red blood cells transfused, and acute kidney injury were lower in the NRP alone and NRP + NMP groups compared with the SCS group. Graft survival was higher in cases where NRP was used than in cases where SCS was used (P = 0.016). In all the cases where lactate remained elevated at the end of NRP (mean 8.2 ± 2.0), it ultimately normalized at the end of NMP (0.92 ± 0.56).

Conclusions.
The present study demonstrates lower rates of ischemic cholangiopathy and improved graft survival with NRP alone or NRP + NMP compared with SCS when using liver grafts from DCD donors. It also demonstrates that excellent outcomes can be achieved with sequential NRP + NMP in cases with prolonged travel distances, complicated recipients, or when there is a need for additional liver recovery in “marginal” cases.
Quantum retrodiction
Authors: Jeffers John , Oi Daniel K. L. , Brougham Thomas 
Published: December 2024

Quantum retrodiction, in which the state of a quantum system prior to a measurement is assigned based on the results of that measurement, has had a long history and has been used in quantum optics research for decades. Here we summarize the theory and point out some of the more interesting results, before applying the theory to state identification from multiple shots of an experiment. One surprising result is that we show that a photodetector with low quantum efficiency can discriminate between photonic states better than a detector with a higher efficiency.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘The quantum theory of light’.
Sir Rudolf Peierls and radiation pressure
Authors: Baxter C. 
Published: December 2024

Towards the end of his life, Rudolf Peierls became interested in photon momentum and radiation pressure. He subsequently published a number of theoretical papers on the subject. Although the work of Peierls has neither been widely adopted nor developed, it did nevertheless have a provoking and fruitful effect on the radiation pressure research undertaken by Alan Gibson and Rodney Loudon at the University of Essex.
This article is part of the theme issue, ‘The quantum theory of light’.
Measurement with indefinite causal order and the Sagnac interferometer
Authors: Barnett S. M. , Croke S. , Franke-Arnold S. 
Published: December 2024

It has been shown that measurements involving indefinite causal order can be superior to those in which a sequence of operations occurs in a specified order. In optics, such measurements are realized naturally in a Sagnac interferometer. We show that such an arrangement can measure the solid angle (on the Poincaré sphere) enclosed by a sequence of unitary transformations of the polarization. This is the Pancharatnam–Berry phase. Extension from the classical or single-photon treatment to a fully quantized treatment allows the analysis of the interferometer for arbitrary quantum states of light.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘The quantum theory of light’.
Differential effects of aging, Alzheimer’s pathology, andAPOE4on longitudinal functional connectivity and episodic memory in older adults
Authors: Fischer Larissa , Adams Jenna N. , Molloy Eóin N. , Vockert Niklas , Tremblay-Mercier Jennifer , Remz Jordana , Binette Alexa Pichet , Villeneuve Sylvia ,   PREVENT-AD Research Group, Maass Anne 
Published: December 2024

AbstractINTRODUCTIONBoth aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) affect episodic memory networks. How this relates to region-specific early differences in functional connectivity (FC), however, remains unclear.METHODSWe assessed resting-state FC strength in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) - posteromedial cortex (PMC) - prefrontal network and cognition over two years in cognitively normal older adults from the PREVENT-AD cohort.RESULTSFC strength within PMC and between posterior hippocampus and inferomedial precuneus decreased in “normal” aging (amyloid- and tau-negative adults). Lower FC strength within PMC was associated with poorer longitudinal episodic memory performance. Increasing FC between anterior hippocampus and superior precuneus was related to higher baseline AD pathology. Higher FC strength was differentially associated with memory trajectories depending onAPOE4genotype.DISCUSSIONFindings suggest differential effects of aging and AD pathology on longitudinal FC. MTL-PMC hypoconnectivity was related to aging and cognitive decline. Furthermore, MTL-PMC hyperconnectivity was related to early AD pathology and cognitive decline inAPOE4carriers.Graphical abstract.A)“Normal aging” is characterized by a longitudinal decrease in functional connectivity.B)Cognitively unimpaired older adults with more Alzheimer’s pathology at baseline (measured via cerebrospinal fluid) exhibit a longitudinal increase in functional connectivity.
Dynamic Changes in Gene Expression Through Aging inDrosophila melanogasterHeads
Authors: Hanson Katherine M , Macdonald Stuart J 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTWork in many systems has shown large-scale changes in gene expression during aging. However, many studies employ just two, arbitrarily-chosen timepoints at which to measure expression, and can only observe an increase or a decrease in expression between “young” and “old” animals, failing to capture any dynamic, non-linear changes that occur throughout the aging process. We used RNA sequencing to measure expression in male head tissue at 15 timepoints through the lifespan of an inbredDrosophila melanogasterstrain. We detected >6,000 significant, age-related genes, nearly all of which have been seen in previous fly aging expression studies, and which include several known to harbor lifespan-altering mutations. We grouped our gene set into 28 clusters via their temporal expression change, observing a diversity of trajectories; some clusters show a linear change over time, while others show more complex, non-linear patterns. Notably, re-analysis of our dataset comparing the earliest and latest timepoints – mimicking a two-timepoint design – revealed fewer differentially-expressed genes (around 4,500). Additionally, those genes exhibiting complex expression trajectories in our multi-timepoint analysis were most impacted in this re-analysis; Their identification, and the inferred change in gene expression with age, was often dependent on the timepoints chosen. Informed by our trajectory-based clusters, we executed a series of gene enrichment analyses, identifying enriched functions/pathways in all clusters, including the commonly seen increase in stress- and immune-related gene expression with age. Finally, we developed a pair of accessible shiny apps to enable exploration of our differential expression and gene enrichment results.