bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Congenital cutaneous neurofibromas in neurofibromatosis type 1: Clinicopathological features in early infancy
Authors: García‐Martínez Francisco Javier , Azorín Daniel , Duat‐Rodríguez Anna , Hernández‐Martín Ángela 
Published: January 2021

SummaryBackground and objectiveClinicopathological features of cutaneous neurofibromas presenting as large irregularly shaped congenital café‐au‐lait macules (CALM) in Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) patients have not been well characterized. We aimed to analyze the histopathological findings of large “atypical” CALM in children with NF1.Patients and MethodsIn this retrospective observational study we analyzed histopathological and immunostaining features of 21 biopsy specimens from 18 large hyperpigmented macules with irregular borders with or without hypertrichosis present during the first months of life in NF1 diagnosed children.ResultsOf the 21 biopsies, ten showed a diffuse neurofibroma pattern and four exhibited characteristics of plexiform neurofibroma (PNF). In twelve specimens we observed groups of fusiform cells arranged linearly mimicking a small caliber nerve trunk with abnormal morphology. Repeated biopsies from two of these lesions performed at different ages showed transformation to a plexiform pattern. An increased interstitial cellularity was observed in 17 samples that was more evident around eccrine glands in 16 or accompanying hair follicles and vascular structures in twelve samples. All these cells had immunoreactivity for S100‐protein, CD68 and were Melan‐A positive in 15 samples.ConclusionClinicopathological findings of congenital cutaneous neurofibromas provide early diagnostic clues of NF1 with high relevance for monitoring of these patients.
The distribution of a group of keystone species is not associated with anthropogenic habitat disturbance
Authors: Fitzpatrick Benjamin R. , Baltensweiler Andri , Düggelin Christoph , Fraefel Marielle , Freitag Anne , Vandegehuchte Martijn L. , Wermelinger Beat , Risch Anita C. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAimRed wood ants (Formica rufa group) mitigate invertebrate pest outbreaks, alter invertebrate communities, and contribute to nutrient cycling. The IUCN lists these insects as near threatened. We investigated whether disturbances of Red Wood Ant (RWA) forest habitats related to recreation, infrastructure, and forest management were associated with RWA occurrence. We also investigated the habitat associations of this group.LocationSwitzerland.MethodsWe trained random forest models to predict RWA occurrence using data from 6,341 plots distributed throughout Swiss forests. Our explanatory variables included descriptions of vegetation, terrain, climate and human disturbance of the forest. A model trained using all of these variables (Model 1) was compared to another trained using all of these variables except those describing human disturbance (Model 2). We compared the abilities of these models to differentiate between RWA presences and absences using areas under receiver operator curves (AUC). The nature of the associations between the probability of RWA occurrence predicted by Model 1 and the explanatory variables that made the greatest contributions to the AUC of this model were investigated using individual conditional expectation plots.ResultsNo significant difference in AUC was detected between Models 1 and 2. RWA occurrence was positively associated with elevation, conifers, canopy gaps, ground cover vegetation and solar insolation while negatively associated with air temperature and a soil wetness index.Main conclusionsThe distribution of RWA within Swiss forests appeared unassociated with the human disturbances we investigated. To conserve RWA in Switzerland, we recommend the conservation of forests with high proportions of conifers, particularly those at high elevations. We also recommend forest management that promotes ground cover vegetation and open canopy structures. The negative associations between RWA occurrence and temperatures raise concerns for the prospects of RWA in the context of predicted climate warming.
Early intervention for children with/at risk of developmental coordination disorder: a scoping review
Authors: Zwicker Jill G , Lee Emily J 
Published: January 2021

AimTo summarize current evidence for early identification and motor‐based intervention for children aged 5 years and younger of age with/at risk of developmental coordination disorder (DCD).MethodUsing scoping review methodology, we independently screened over 11 000 articles and selected those that met inclusion criteria.ResultsOf the 103 included articles, 78 articles were related to early identification and are summarized in a companion article. Twenty‐two articles focused on early intervention, with an additional three articles covering both early identification and intervention. Most intervention studies were at a low level of evidence, but provide encouraging evidence that early intervention is beneficial for young children with/at risk of DCD. Direct intervention can be provided to whole classes, small groups, or individuals according to a tiers of service delivery model. Educating and building the capacity of parents and early childhood educators are also key elements of early intervention.InterpretationEvidence for early intervention for children with/at risk of DCD is emerging with promising results. Further studies are needed to determine best practice for early intervention and whether intervening early can prevent the negative developmental trajectory and secondary psychosocial consequences associated with DCD.
Muscle‐tendon unit in children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Lieber Richard L , Theologis Tim 
Published: January 2021

Muscle‐tendon unit surgery for correction of deformities and movement dysfunction in children with cerebral palsy (CP) is fairly complicated. An understanding of basic muscle‐tendon unit properties and their adaptation to both CP and surgery are important to develop advances in this field. In this review, we provide information to therapists, surgeons, and scientists regarding the short‐ and long‐term adaptations of the muscle‐tendon unit. Surgical releases, lengthening, and transpositions are discussed, as are some of the tissue, cellular, and molecular adaptations.
What this paper adds

Muscle strength, tone, and control must be considered in surgical interventions for cerebral palsy (CP).

Muscle‐tendon unit lengthening causes significant and lasting weakness requiring prolonged rehabilitation.

Sarcomere length increases in CP muscle may be one of the underlying causes of muscle weakness.

Muscle satellite cells are decreased and epigenetically modified in a way that may limit muscle growth in CP.
For a high fat, high protein breakfast, preprandial administration of 125% of the insulin dose improves postprandial glycaemic excursions in people with type 1 diabetes using multiple daily injections: A cross‐over trial
Authors: Smith Tenele A. , Smart Carmel E. , Howley Peter P. , Lopez Prudence E. , King Bruce R 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTAimTo determine the glycaemic impact of an increased insulin dose, split insulin dose and regular insulin for a high fat, high protein breakfast in people with type 1 diabetes using multiple daily injections (≥4/day).MethodsIn this cross‐over trial, participants received the same high fat, high protein breakfast (carbohydrate:30 g, fat:40 g, protein:50 g) for 4 days. Four different insulin strategies were randomly allocated and tested; 100% of the insulin‐to‐carbohydrate ratio (ICR) given in a single dose using aspart insulin (100Asp), 125% ICR given in a single dose using aspart (125Asp) or regular insulin (125Reg) and 125% ICR given in a split dose using aspart insulin (100:25Asp). Insulin was given 0.25 hr pre‐meal and for 100:25Asp, also 1 hr post‐meal. Postprandial sensor glucose was measured for 5 hr.ResultsIn all, 24 children and adults were participated. The 5‐hr incremental area under the curves for 100Asp, 125Asp, 125Reg and 100:25Asp were 620 mmol/L.min [95% CI: 451,788], 341 mmol/L.min [169,512], 675 mmol/L.min [504,847] and 434 mmol/L.min [259,608], respectively. The 5‐hr incremental area under the curve for 125Asp was significantly lower than for 100Asp (p = 0.016) and for 125Reg (p = 0.002). There was one episode of hypoglycaemia in 125Reg.ConclusionsFor a high fat, high protein breakfast, giving 125% ICR preprandially, using aspart insulin significantly improved postprandial glycaemia without hypoglycaemia. There was no additional glycaemic benefit from giving insulin in a split dose (100:25%) or replacing aspart with regular insulin.
The effects of continuous glucose monitoring system on patient outcomes and associated costs in a real‐world setting
Authors: Triki Noa , Yekutiel Naama , Levi Lilly , Azuri Joseph 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAimsContinuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) technologies may alert unaware hypoglycaemia or near hypoglycaemia events. However, costs are a significant concern in general CGMS use. This study describes the real‐world effects of both clinical outcomes and associated costs in a major Health Maintenance Organization, 1 year following preauthorization of CGMS for each patient.MethodsCohort study. Type 1 diabetes patients who were preauthorized CGMS were identified, and their medical records during the year before preauthorization were compared to the following year. Data were collected for glucose control, medical services utilization and related costs.ResultsWe identified 524 eligible patients, 57% males. Adherence to CGMS use was improved by age. The proportion of patients reaching HbA1c < 7.5% (58 mmol/mol) increased in the high‐adherence group and decreased in the low‐adherence group. There were no significant changes in outpatient medical services utilization. However, there was a decrease in emergency room visit rates (30%–19%, p < 0.01) and hospitalization rates (22%–12%, p < 0.01) with the highest decrease among the high‐adherence group. Hospitalization duration also decreased. However, the total costs per patient were higher as CGMS adherence increased.ConclusionContinuous glucose monitoring system technologies have the potential of both improving blood glucose control and reducing inpatient utilization. However, CGMS technologies costs may put a significant burden on healthcare systems.
Inferior vena cava dilation predicts global cardiac dysfunction in acute respiratory distress syndrome: A strain echocardiographic study
Authors: Garcia‐Montilla Romel , Mukundan Srini , Heitner Stephen B. , Khan Akram 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPurposeLimited data exist on the utility of ultrasonographic evaluation of inferior vena cava (IVC) in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We studied the value of IVC diameter in assessing cardio‐circulatory performance in ARDS using strain echocardiography.Materials and MethodsRetrospective cross‐sectional analysis of Doppler echocardiograms of patients with moderate–severe ARDS was performed. Right ventricle (RV) parameters, IVC diameter, and left ventricle (LV) systolic and diastolic parameters were collected. RV free wall strain (RVFWS) and LV global longitudinal strain (LVGLS) were calculated.ResultsFifty‐one patients were dichotomized into two groups: with IVC > 2.1 cm (dilated) and with IVC ≤ 2.1 cm (nondilated). The dilated IVC group presented worse hypoxemic profile, hypotension, and poor perfusion markers. No significant associations with positive end‐expiratory pressure or lung mechanics were observed. Dilated IVC was associated with impaired RV function, high central venous pressure, elevated pulmonary artery pressure, and LV systolic and diastolic dysfunctions. Strongest predictors of a dilated IVC were RVFWS, LVGLS, and tissue Doppler mitral annular early diastolic velocity. Dilated IVC predicted a global cardiac dysfunction defined by strain echocardiography (GCDS) with high sensitivity and specificity.ConclusionsIn ARDS, strain echocardiography analyses demonstrated that a dilated IVC is associated with GCDS and impaired hemodynamics independent of lung mechanics. A dilated IVC should be considered a marker of circulatory distress, signaling the potential necessity for improved hemodynamic optimization.
Host plant selection and larval performance in the Neotropical butterfly Mechanitis polymnia casabranca
Authors: Carvalho Márcio Romero Marques , Vasconcellos‐Neto João 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe preference–performance hypothesis states that female insects oviposit on plants that result in optimal larval development. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the use of host plants of the genus Solanum by female butterflies of Mechanitis polymnia casabranca Haensch (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) and the performance of larvae reared on different species of Solanum. We performed field observations and oviposition experiments to evaluate the use of host plants. In the field, we recorded the abundance of host plants of the species Solanum robustum H. Wendl, Solanum mauritianum Scop., Solanum scuticum M. Nee, and Solanum paniculatum L. with and without oviposition by M. polymnia. In the oviposition experiment, we grew host plants representing common species in the field (S. mauritianum, S. robustum, and S. scuticum) in pots, with one plant per pot, which were then grouped in blocks of three plants, one of each species (n = 10 blocks). In the larval performance experiment, we reared larvae on leaves of one of three Solanum species and maintained them under controlled temperature and photoperiod conditions. We recorded the survival, larval development time, adult wing size, dry weight, and larval digestibility indices. In the field, females oviposited more frequently on S. robustum despite the greater abundance of S. mauritianum. In general, larvae reared on S. robustum or S. scuticum had highest larval performance. Larval mortality was higher in larvae reared on S. mauritianum (40.9%), followed by larvae reared on S. scuticum (7.5%) and S. robustum (6.8%). The adult wing size and dry weight were the highest in males and females originating from larvae reared on S. robustum. The results suggested a positive relationship between oviposition preference and larval performance in M. polymnia casabranca.
Sex differences in executive control: A systematic review of functional neuroimaging studies
Authors: Gaillard Alexandra , Fehring Daniel J. , Rossell Susan L. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe number of studies investigating sex differences in executive functions, particularly those using human functional neuroimaging techniques, has risen dramatically in the past decade. However, the influences of sex on executive function are still underexplored and poorly characterized. To address this, we conducted a systematic literature review of functional neuroimaging studies investigating sex differences in three prominent executive control domains of cognitive set‐shifting, performance monitoring, and response inhibition. PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were systematically searched. Following the application of exclusion criteria, 21 studies were included, with a total of 677 females and 686 males. Ten of these studies were fMRI and PET, eight were EEG, and three were NIRS. At present, there is evidence for sex differences in the neural networks underlying all tasks of executive control included in this review suggesting males and females engage different strategies depending on task demands. There was one task exception, the 2‐Back task, which showed no sex differences. Due to methodological variability and the involvement of multiple neural networks, a simple overarching statement with regard to gender differences during executive control cannot be provided. As such, we discuss limitations within the current literature and methodological considerations that should be employed in future research. Importantly, sex differences in neural mechanisms are present in the majority of tasks assessed, and thus should not be ignored in future research.PROSPERO registration information: CRD42019124772.
Model representation and quantitative analysis of pore three‐dimensional morphological structure based on soil computed tomography images
Authors: Han Qiaoling , Bai Hao , Liu Lei , Zhao Yandong , Zhao Yue 
Published: January 2021

AbstractComputed tomography technology has contributed greatly to the visualization of soil internal structure. Complex topological structure and spatial distribution of pores have become a focal area for studying the spatiotemporal evolution of soil structure. This is significant for understanding soil functions and ecological processes. Image‐processing software, such as ImageJ and Image Pro‐Plus, is widely used to visualize and quantify soil pores. However, it does not account for the irregularity and heterogeneity of pore structure, leading to low segmentation accuracy and inaccurate description of pore morphology. Therefore, we used the simplified convolutional network (SCN) method to segment the pore structure and proposed a parallel thinning method to extract the pore skeleton structure. Thereafter, using three‐dimensional modelling and quantitative analysis, we initially examined the spatiotemporal evolution of soil pores during freeze–thaw cycles. Based on the custom rule model and soil pore real model, we evaluated the performance of the distance transform method and parallel thinning method in extracting the pore skeleton structure. The parallel thinning method more effectively described the topological characteristics of pores, and the pore skeleton model had better centrality, refinement and connectivity. Quantitative analysis of pore characteristics illustrates that, although freeze–thaw cycles can affect pore structure at different scales, they do not regularly affect pore macroporosity and the three‐dimensional fractal dimension. These results illustrate that the soil pore structure of the viscous layer is sensitive to freeze–thaw cycles and provides preliminary evidence that seasonal freeze–thaw cycles can cause a soil water retention effect and weaken resistance to erosion. This study presents a novel technique for examining soil function at the pore scale and a theoretical foundation for future research on soil structure and hydrology.Highlights
Freeze–thaw cycles have important effects on soil pore characteristics and thus on soil ecology.
We provide novel evidence of pore structural changes in response to freeze–thaw cycles.
Soil macropore skeleton was extracted using the parallel thinning method.
Seasonal freeze–thaw cycles reconfigured the soil macropore model.
Nitrogen and phosphorus co‐limit mineralization of labile carbon in deep subsoil
Authors: Peixoto Leanne , Elsgaard Lars , Rasmussen Jim , Olesen Jørgen E. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe growth of deep‐rooted crops has the potential to increase carbon deposition within deep subsoil layers, thereby contributing to climate change mitigation. Yet, the mechanisms of labile carbon stabilization in deep subsoils remain uncertain. Here we studied the effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur limitations on the microbial mineralization of added glucose and an artificial root exudate mixture (both spiked with 14C‐glucose) in intact soil samples from a deep subsoil (5–6 m) over a 10‐week incubation period, where the temporal respiration of CO2 and 14CO2 were quantified. We found that mineralization was co‐limited by nitrogen and phosphorus, but the cumulative amount of CO2 emitted was significantly larger from artificial root exudates than glucose, suggesting that the nitrogen carried in amino acids in root exudates (here, L‐arginine) was sufficient to overcome the nitrogen limitation in this subsoil.Highlights
Labile C substrates and nutrients from deep‐rooted crops may affect the potential for C sequestration in subsoil.
Deep subsoil was incubated with glucose and artificial root exudates amended with N, P, and S.
C mineralization was co‐limited by N and P, but less so in soil amended with glucose.
Amino acid derived‐N in exudates from deep‐rooted crops may alleviate the N limitation in deep subsoils.
The allometry of plant height explains species loss under nitrogen addition
Authors: Xiao Yao , Liu Xiang , Zhang Li , Song Zhiping , Zhou Shurong 
Published: January 2021

AbstractLight asymmetry, with a higher light acquisition per unit biomass for larger plants, has been proposed as a major mechanism of species loss after nitrogen addition. However, solid evidence for this has been scarce. We measured the allometric size‐height relationships of 25 plant species along a nitrogen addition gradient manipulated annually for eight years in a speciose alpine meadow and found that the positive relationship between species relative abundance and the height scaling exponent in natural conditions disappeared after nitrogen addition. Those species with lower height scaling exponents increased in relative abundance after nitrogen addition, thereby decreasing the community weighted mean and dispersion of the height scaling exponent and ultimately the species richness. Our results provided some unique evidence for light asymmetry induced species loss after nitrogen addition and a new insight from the perspective of allometric scaling to explain biodiversity maintenance in the face of global changes.
A model for interrogating the clinico‐radiological paradox in multiple sclerosis: Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
Authors: Nij Bijvank Jenny A. , Sánchez Aliaga Esther , Balk Lisanne J. , Coric Danko , Davagnanam Indran , Tan H. Stevie , Uitdehaag Bernard M. J. , van Rijn Laurentius J. , Petzold Axel 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackground and purposeThe clinico‐radiological paradox in multiple sclerosis (MS) is well recognized, relevant and yet poorly understood. The suitability of an in vivo model for the clinico‐radiological paradox was tested, using internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) and the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF).MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study lesions of the MLF were rated by an experienced MS neuroradiologist blinded to all other information. The presence of an INO was objectively determined by a validated infrared oculography protocol (DEMoNS). Clinical information, including the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire, was obtained.ResultsThis study included 202 patients with MS. The clinico‐radiological paradox occurred in 50 patients (25%). This consisted of 45 patients having an INO without an MLF lesion and five patients with an MLF lesion but without an INO. The visual function overall score was related to the presence of an INO (p = 0.016), but not to MLF lesions seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (p = 0.207). A consensus list of potential causes for the clinico‐radiological paradox was compiled and the MRI images were deposited in a repository.ConclusionThis study provides an objective and quantitative model to investigate the clinico‐radiological paradox. Our data suggest that pathology of the MLF is more frequently detected and more clinically relevant by infrared oculography than by MLF lesion rating on MRI.