bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of surgical training on early and long-term outcomes after isolated aortic valve surgery
Authors: Dimagli Arnaldo , Sinha Shubhra , Benedetto Umberto , Caputo Massimo , Angelini Gianni D 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Patients presenting with more comorbidities, requiring more complex cardiac surgical procedures and an increase in public scrutiny are impacting on training programme because of the perceived risk of worse outcomes. Hence, we aimed to provide evidence that trainees as the first operator can achieve comparable results to consultants when performing isolated surgical aortic valve replacement.

METHODS
From 1996 to 2017, 2919 patients underwent surgical aortic valve replacement at the Bristol Heart Institute, operated on by either a consultant (n = 2220) or a trainee (n = 870) as the first operator. Propensity score matching was used to adjust for imbalance in the baseline characteristics of the 2 groups.

RESULTS
Over a 21-year period, the proportion of trainee cases dropped from 41.5% to 25.9%. No differences in the rates and risk of in-hospital mortality, new cerebrovascular accidents, re-exploration for bleeding, deep sternal wound infection and length of stay were found between patients operated on in the 2 groups. Also, there was a comparable risk of late death between the 2 groups (HR 0.88; 95% CI 0.73–1.06; P = 0.27) and this was present regardless of trainees career level and patients surgical risk based on the EuroSCORE. Finally, we showed an increase in patients risk profile in the latest year but, this was not associated with the worst outcomes when trainees performed the operation.

CONCLUSIONS
Surgical aortic valve replacement is a safe and reproducible technique and regardless of the patient’s risk profile, and no differences in the outcomes between trainees and consultant cases were found.
Species interactions drive the spread of ampicillin resistance in human-associated gut microbiota
Authors: O’Brien Siobhán , Baumgartner Michael , Hall Alex R 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background and objectives
Slowing the spread of antimicrobial resistance is urgent if we are to continue treating infectious diseases successfully. There is increasing evidence microbial interactions between and within species are significant drivers of resistance. On one hand, cross-protection by resistant genotypes can shelter susceptible microbes from the adverse effects of antibiotics, reducing the advantage of resistance. On the other hand, antibiotic-mediated killing of susceptible genotypes can alleviate competition and allow resistant strains to thrive (competitive release). Here, by observing interactions both within and between species in microbial communities sampled from humans, we investigate the potential role for cross-protection and competitive release in driving the spread of ampicillin resistance in the ubiquitous gut commensal and opportunistic pathogen Escherichia coli.

Methodology
Using anaerobic gut microcosms comprising E.coli embedded within gut microbiota sampled from humans, we tested for cross-protection and competitive release both within and between species in response to the clinically important beta-lactam antibiotic ampicillin.

Results
While cross-protection gave an advantage to antibiotic-susceptible E.coli in standard laboratory conditions (well-mixed LB medium), competitive release instead drove the spread of antibiotic-resistant E.coli in gut microcosms (ampicillin boosted growth of resistant bacteria in the presence of susceptible strains).

Conclusions and implications
Competition between resistant strains and other members of the gut microbiota can restrict the spread of ampicillin resistance. If antibiotic therapy alleviates competition with resident microbes by killing susceptible strains, as here, microbiota-based interventions that restore competition could be a key for slowing the spread of resistance.

Lay Summary
Slowing the spread of global antibiotic resistance is an urgent task. In this paper, we ask how interactions between microbial species drive the spread of resistance. We show that antibiotic killing of susceptible microbes can free up resources for resistant microbes and allow them to thrive. Therefore, we should consider microbes in light of their social interactions to understand the spread of resistance.
Seven Types of Translation: Translation Tables
Authors: Atkins Tim 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article and accompanying table provide an overview and catalogue of a large number of experimental translation methods that have been used by avantgarde poets. Poetic/experimental translation as defined and explored herein is a form of translation in which the aesthetic and execution of the translator is as important as that of the perceived intention of the original writer. The article’s seven-section table gives a definition of each method, and gives examples and expositions of a range of particular poets' work. The table of translation methods recognizes and explores the fact that of all forms of writing, poetry concerns itself with the ‘how it is said’ more than any other. The table outlines many different methods of translation, looking at how meaning, rhyme, sound, form, constraint, or style can be translated by the experimental writer when translating one or more source texts. These individual, intellectual, and aesthetic choices made by a wide range of poets are collated and detailed in seven discrete-yet-overlapping areas.
Reading and surviving the harsh conditions in desert biological soil crust: the cyanobacterial viewpoint
Authors: Xu Hai-Feng , Raanan Hagai , Dai Guo-Zheng , Oren Nadav , Berkowicz Simon , Murik Omer , Kaplan Aaron , Qiu Bao-Sheng 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Biological soil crusts (BSCs) are found in drylands, cover ∼12% of the Earth's surface in arid and semi-arid lands and their destruction is considered an important promoter of desertification. These crusts are formed by the adhesion of soil particles to polysaccharides excreted mostly by filamentous cyanobacteria, which are the pioneers and main primary producers in BSCs. Desert BSCs survive in one of the harshest environments on Earth, and are exposed to daily fluctuations of extreme conditions. The cyanobacteria inhabiting these habitats must precisely read the changing conditions and predict, for example, the forthcoming desiccation. Moreover, they evolved a comprehensive regulation of multiple adaptation strategies to enhance their stress tolerance. Here, we focus on what distinguishes cyanobacteria able to revive after dehydration from those that cannot. While important progress has been made in our understanding of physiological, biochemical and omics aspects, clarification of the sensing, signal transduction and responses enabling desiccation tolerance are just emerging. We plot the trajectory of current research and open questions ranging from general strategies and regulatory adaptations in the hydration/desiccation cycle, to recent advances in our understanding of photosynthetic adaptation. The acquired knowledge provides new insights to mitigate desertification and improve plant productivity under drought conditions.
Multi-modal data collection for measuring health, behavior, and living environment of large-scale participant cohorts
Authors: Wu Congyu , Fritz Hagen , Bastami Sepehr , Maestre Juan P , Thomaz Edison , Julien Christine , Castelli Darla M , de Barbaro Kaya , Bearman Sarah Kate , Harari Gabriella M , Cameron Craddock R , Kinney Kerry A , Gosling Samuel D , Schnyer David M , Nagy Zoltan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
As mobile technologies become ever more sensor-rich, portable, and ubiquitous, data captured by smart devices are lending rich insights into users’ daily lives with unprecedented comprehensiveness and ecological validity. A number of human-subject studies have been conducted to examine the use of mobile sensing to uncover individual behavioral patterns and health outcomes, yet minimal attention has been placed on measuring living environments together with other human-centered sensing data. Moreover, the participant sample size in most existing studies falls well below a few hundred, leaving questions open about the reliability of findings on the relations between mobile sensing signals and human outcomes.

Results
To address these limitations, we developed a home environment sensor kit for continuous indoor air quality tracking and deployed it in conjunction with smartphones, Fitbits, and ecological momentary assessments in a cohort study of up to 1,584 college student participants per data type for 3 weeks. We propose a conceptual framework that systematically organizes human-centric data modalities by their temporal coverage and spatial freedom. Then we report our study procedure, technologies and methods deployed, and descriptive statistics of the collected data that reflect the participants’ mood, sleep, behavior, and living environment.

Conclusions
We were able to collect from a large participant cohort satisfactorily complete multi-modal sensing and survey data in terms of both data continuity and participant adherence. Our novel data and conceptual development provide important guidance for data collection and hypothesis generation in future human-centered sensing studies.
Turkey's changing engagement with the global South
Authors: Levaggi Ariel González , Donelli Federico 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Over the past fifteen years, Turkey has tried to achieve the status of global actor. Enhancing ties with the global South has been one policy to achieve this objective. The article aims to analyse the changing trajectory of Ankara's approach towards a non-traditional orientation of its foreign policy, the southern dimension, by focusing on the determinants of the Justice and Development Party's (AKP) foreign policy in the last decade. The key argument is that the southern orientation of Turkish foreign policy has lost its constructive and developmental direction due to the complex interactions between the regional crisis in Turkey's neighborhood and domestic democratic backsliding, coupled with Erdogan's executive centralization, especially after the failed coup of 2016. As a major finding, the agenda securitization and the increased personalization of Turkey's domestic and international agenda have polluted an attractive foreign policy, even in non-priority regional areas.
The Fundamental Gap of Horoconvex Domains in ℍn
Authors: Nguyen Xuan Hien , Stancu Alina , Wei Guofang 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We show that, for horoconvex domains in the hyperbolic space, the product of their fundamental gap with the square of their diameter has no positive lower bound. The result follows from the study of the fundamental gap of geodesic balls as the radius goes to infinity. In the process, we improve the lower bound for the first eigenvalue of balls in hyperbolic space.
Implementation of an Extraction-Free COVID Real-Time PCR Workflow in a Pediatric Hospital Setting
Authors: Dumm Rebekah E , Elkan Michael , Fink Jeffrey , Richard-Greenblatt Melissa , Obstfeld Amrom E , Harris Rebecca M 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
This study outlines the development, implementation, and impact of a laboratory-developed, extraction-free real-time PCR assay as the primary diagnostic test for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in a pediatric hospital.

Methods
Clinical specimens from both upper and lower respiratory tract sources were validated, including nasopharyngeal aspirates, nasopharyngeal swabs, anterior nares swabs, and tracheal aspirates (n = 333 clinical samples). Testing volumes and laboratory turnaround times were then compared before and after implementation to investigate effects of the workflow changes.

Results
Compared to magnetic-bead extraction platforms, extraction-free real-time PCR demonstrated ≥95% positive agreement and ≥97% negative agreement across all tested sources. Implementation of this workflow reduced laboratory turnaround time from an average of 8.8 (+/−5.5) h to 3.6 (+/−1.3) h despite increasing testing volumes (from 1515 to 4884 tests per week over the reported period of testing).

Conclusions
The extraction-free workflow reduced extraction reagent cost for SARS-CoV-2 testing by 97%, shortened sample handling time, and significantly alleviated supply chain scarcities due to the elimination of specialized extraction reagents for routine testing. Overall, this assay is a viable option for laboratories to increase efficiency and navigate reagent shortages for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic testing.
When an Arab State Entered into International Refugee Instruments: Behind the Scenes of Egypt’s Accession to the 1951 Refugee Convention
Authors: Fujibayashi Hirotaka 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis article explores why Egypt, unlike the majority of Arab states in the Middle East, decided to accede to the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (1951 Convention) in 1981. Drawing on both primary and secondary source information, this article investigates the process of relevant negotiations between the Egyptian state and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The article’s historical analysis finds that Egypt’s major foreign policy reforms in the late 1970s became a key trigger for the country’s growing rapport with the UNHCR and the regime of the 1951 Convention. Yet, it is also argued that the UNHCR and pro-Western foreign ministry officials of Egypt played a pivotal role in leading to the successful outcome. Expanding on the state’s foreign policy rationale, this article provides useful insights into the conditions under which a previously reluctant state, like Egypt, could eventually become a party to the 1951 Convention.
Multi-Project Assessments of Sample Quality in Cross-National Surveys: The Role of Weights in Applying External and Internal Measures of Sample Bias
Authors: Jabkowski Piotr , Cichocki Piotr , Kołczyńska Marta 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis paper examines existing methods of evaluating sample quality, showing that their practical utility and applicability to large-scale cross-project comparisons depends on whether they require auxiliary individual-level data. Among those methods that do not demand any such additional data, we differentiate between two approaches that rely on (i) external criteria, that is, comparisons of sample estimates to benchmarks derived from external population statistics, and (ii) internal criteria, that is, comparisons of subsample estimates to a theoretically derived aprioristic value. Our analyses demonstrate the advantages and limitations of both approaches based on an evaluation of 1,125 national surveys carried out in Europe between 2002 and 2016 within four survey projects: the Eurobarometer, European Quality of Life Survey, European Social Survey, and International Social Survey Programme. We show that the prevailing absence of design weights in cross-national survey datasets severely limits the applicability of external criteria evaluations. In contrast, using internal criteria without any weights proves acceptable because incorporating design weights in calculations of internal sample quality has only minor consequences for estimates of sample bias. Furthermore, applying internal criteria, we find that around 75 percent of samples in the four analyzed projects are not significantly biased. We also identify surveys with extremely high sample bias and investigate its potential sources. The paper concludes with recommendations regarding future research, which are directed at secondary data users, as well as producers of cross-national surveys.
Feminist Engagements with the History of Philosophy
Authors: Witt Charlotte 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Feminist engagement with the Western philosophical canon is not a recent development; indeed, it stretches back at least to the Renaissance in the work of early feminist thinkers like the poet and philosopher Lucrezia Marinella. In The Nobility and Excellence of Women and the Defects and Vices of Men, Marinella uses an Aristotelian framework of bodily temperatures to argue for the superiority of women—a deeply ironic strategy of appropriation given Aristotle’s explicit and well-known views on the inferiority of the female animal. Still, the appropriation of canonical philosophers for use in feminist theorizing is an important strand in feminist engagement with the philosophical canon. And our knowledge of the existence of philosophers like Lucrezia Marinella exemplifies another facet of feminist engagement with the philosophical canon, namely the ongoing transformation of the history of Western philosophy to include the presence and voices of women philosophers. Other feminist historians of philosophy focus on uncovering and criticizing the sexism or misogyny in the thought of canonical philosophers like Aristotle and Kant (and many others). Finally, the proliferation of feminist engagements with the history of philosophy, and the questions that they raise about how contemporary philosophy is related to its past, has inspired reflection by feminist historians on the nature and methods of their discipline.
Latina/x Feminist Philosophy
Authors: Pitts Andrea J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis chapter offers an account of central issues and themes in Latina/x feminist philosophy, as well as reflection on important contributions and future directions to the field and Themes discussed in the chapter include identity and the self, embodiment, ambivalence, multiplicity, and the relationship between Latin American and US Latinx philosophies. The chapter explains that much of the work among Latina/x feminist scholars strives to analyze the complicated dynamics among communities of color, including coalitional work among Black, Indigenous, Asian, Arab, and Latin American women.
Native and Indigenous Feminisms and Philosophies
Authors: Welch Shay 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the intersection of Native American philosophy and feminist philosophy. It discusses the central themes and issues in Native American feminism; the epistemological, metaphysical, ethical, and political commitments that inform knowing and living in Native communities; and views about mainstream feminism. In addition, the chapter reflects on future directions of Native American philosophy generally and with respect to women’s issues specifically. Section one includes some core philosophical assumptions of the Native American worldview(s), which serve as the basis for Native American philosophy and about/from which Native and Native-ally philosophers theorize. The second section identifies the various camps of woman-centered Native theorizing: tribalism, womanism, and feminism. The third section explores the ways in which Native American philosophy intersects with feminist philosophy.
Metaphysics
Authors: Mikkola Mari 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis chapter introduces some central issues and themes in feminist philosophical engagements with metaphysics. It provides an outline of what feminist metaphysics typically deals with and how to understand what this putative sub-discipline of metaphysics aims to achieve. One issue that has been increasingly discussed is whether feminist and “mainstream” metaphysics are compatible. The paper considers this question and examines whether one prominent strand of contemporary analytic metaphysics, Frank Jackson’s “serious metaphysics,” undermines feminist metaphysics. In so doing, the paper first presents in more detail themes central to feminist metaphysics. Next it outlines Jackson’s view. Finally, the paper will consider the compatibility of feminist and “serious” metaphysics, concluding that feminist metaphysics both is and is not compatible with Jackson’s metaphysics, depending on how we understand his project. Nevertheless, the paper suggests that this may not be because feminist metaphysicians are misguided in some sense; rather, issues internal to Jackson’s view generate the gap.
Continental Feminist Ethics
Authors: Gilson Erinn 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers an account of central issues and themes in continental feminist philosophical engagements with ethics. It considers how continental feminist ethics is an extension and deepening of certain threads of critical and constructive work in feminist ethics in general by exploring two overarching themes: the intersection of ethics and politics through the operation of norms and normalization, and the ethical significance of how subjects are formed. Four related ethical concepts—embodiment, vulnerability, relationality, and alterity—characterize the more profound conditions and processes of subject formation. The chapter suggests that, overall, continental feminist ethicists share the insight that embodied existence is ambiguous and contends that the most promising future for continental feminist thinking about ethics lies in critical analysis of actual specific practices.
On Feminist Temporalities
Authors: Hodge Joanna 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This entry inserts feminist critiques of traditions of thinking time and temporality into major strands of philosophy to reveal underlying connections from this critique to themes discussed in materialist and postcolonial philosophy. The Greek contrast between chronos, time as date, and kairos, time as turning point, as transmitted, splits philosophy into physics and ethics, natural philosophy and politics, which for feminist purposes must be reunited around a single account of time, and temporality, history and materiality. Analyses of differential embodiment, pregnancy and sterility, disability and chronic illness, reveals difference where oversimplified phenomenologies of the body seek a single unified body in question. The same holds for time and history, as this account of feminist temporalities seeks to show. A philosophical fixation with death, as opposed to analysing births, helps keep in place a one size fits all approach to bodies, deaths and time, which feminist critique seeks to disrupt.
Feminism and Epistemic Injustice
Authors: Medina José 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis chapter offers an account of central issues and themes in feminist philosophical work on injustice that is distinctly epistemic. The first part of the chapter focuses on the contributions that classic feminist theorists have made to the conceptualization of issues of epistemic injustice long before such name was available, focusing especially on the writings of feminists of color from the seventeenth century onward (Sojourner Truth, Maria Stewart, Gloria Anzaldúa, Audre Lorde, etc.). The second half of the chapter focuses on the contributions to recent discussions of epistemic injustice by contemporary feminist scholars, especially Lorraine Code, Kristie Dotson, and Miranda Fricker. The chapter highlights the ways in which the feminist paradigms of intersectionality and standpoint theory have shaped analyses of epistemic injustice and epistemic resistance against injustice, elaborating the key notions of epistemic agency, epistemic responsibility and epistemic advocacy.
Epistemic Oppression, Ignorance, and Resistance
Authors: Pohlhaus Gaile 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis chapter offers an account of how feminist philosophers have understood the function of ignorance, in terms of epistemic oppression and epistemic resistance, with particular attention to how different forms of ignorance operate in relation to epistemic agency and epistemic autonomy. It analyzes three ways in which ignorance has been conceived in relation to epistemic oppression and resistance: ignorance as absence of knowledge, ignorance as active ignoring, and the use of ignorance as resistance to oppression. In addition, this chapter questions whether the frame of ignorance continues to be helpful for resisting epistemic oppression and considers an alternative frame for tracking the infringements on epistemic agency and autonomy highlighted in the literature on ignorance.