bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parenchyma underlies the interspecific variation of xylem hydraulics and carbon storage across 15 woody species on a subtropical island in Japan
Authors: Kawai Kiyosada , Minagi Kanji , Nakamura Tomomi , Saiki Shin-Taro , Yazaki Kenichi , Ishida Atsushi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractParenchyma is an important component of the secondary xylem. It has multiple functions and its fraction is known to vary substantially across angiosperm species. However, the physiological significance of this variation is not yet fully understood. Here, we examined how different types of parenchyma (ray parenchyma [RP], axial parenchyma [AP] and AP in direct contact with vessels [APV]) are coordinated with three essential xylem functions: water conduction, storage of non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) and mechanical support. Using branch sapwood of 15 co-occurring drought-adapted woody species from the subtropical Bonin Islands, Japan, we quantified 10 xylem anatomical traits and examined their linkages to hydraulic properties, storage of soluble sugars and starch and sapwood density. The fractions of APV and AP in the xylem transverse sections were positively correlated with the percentage loss of conductivity in the native condition, whereas that of RP was negatively correlated with the maximum conductivity across species. Axial and ray parenchyma fractions were positively associated with concentrations of starch and NSC. The fraction of parenchyma was independent of sapwood density, regardless of parenchyma type. We also identified a negative relationship between hydraulic conductivity and NSC storage and sapwood density, mirroring the negative relationship between the fractions of parenchyma and vessels. These results suggest that parenchyma fraction underlies species variation in xylem hydraulic and carbon use strategies, wherein xylem with a high fraction of AP may adopt an embolism repair strategy through an increased starch storage with low cavitation resistance.
Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis of Cryptosporidiosis among Children with Acute Gastroenteritis at a Tertiary Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
Authors: Wahed Mohammad Ashraf Abdel , Shehab Yasmine Elsayed Abdelrahman , Abou-Seri Hanan Mahmoud , Awad Yosra Mohamed Mohsen 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Most studies on gastroenteritis have focused on viral and bacterial infections, while gastroenteritis where intestinal protozoan parasites may have played a role has not been well studied. This study was therefore, designed to assess the frequency and several potential risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection among children suffering from acute gastroenteritis and presented to a tertiary hospital in Cairo, Egypt. Effectiveness of modified Ziehl–Neelsen (MZN) and nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) for Cryptosporidium detection were evaluated as well.

Methods
A cross-sectional study was performed during the period from July 2018 to December 2018, where 100 human diarrheic stool samples were collected from children aged 3 months up to 12 years old presented to Ain Shams University Pediatrics Hospital, Cairo, Egypt with acute gastroenteritis. Demographic and clinical data were obtained from the participants. Initial parasite screening was done using the MZN staining method, and microscopically examined for Cryptosporidium infection, while genotyping was based on molecular diagnostic assays using nPCR and sequencing for selected samples.

Results
The overall frequency of Cryptosporidium infection was 5% using light microscopy, while 19% of samples were positive by nPCR. Cryptosporidium hominis was the only detected genotype. Clinical picture among cases were not significant in comparison to patients with other causes of gastroenteritis.

Conclusion
Cryptosporidium infection is more common below 5 years of age; however, clinical data are not enough for suspicion of infection. Nucleic acid-based methods are more sensitive and specific despite the high cost in developing countries. However, real estimation of Cryptosporidium disease burden is of an outmost importance to achieve prevention and detection of the Cryptosporidium species genetic diversity.
Lay summary
Cryptosporidium is a protozoan, which causes gastroenteritis in humans. It is most common below 5 years of age; however, diarrhea and vomiting characteristics are not different from other causes of gastroenteritis. General diagnostic methods are inadequate for detection of these infections. Nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) and sequencing are accurate methods for pathogen detection and species verification. Our study included 100 Egyptian children with acute gastroenteritis. The overall frequency of Cryptosporidium infection was 5% using light microscopy, while 19% of samples were positive by nPCR. The clinical picture of the children presenting with this disease was not significantly different from those presenting with gastroenteritis due to other causes. This emphasizes the importance of proper diagnosis to know the true burden of the disease.
Applicant Preferences for Virtual Interviews: Insights from the 2020–21 Integrated Plastic Surgery Application Cycle
Authors: Hemal Kshipra , Sarac Benjamin A. , Boyd Carter J. , Runyan Christopher M. , Gosman Amanda A. , Janis Jeffrey E. 
Published: July 2021

Background:
The COVID-19 pandemic created an unprecedented residency application cycle that required the use of virtual interviews. The inaugural class of applicants participating in virtual interviews were surveyed concerning their preferences and suggestions for future application cycles.

Methods:
A survey was distributed to 349 individuals who applied for an integrated plastic surgery residency position at three institutions during the 2020–21 application cycle. Responses were analyzed to determine the most popular attributes of virtual interviews.

Results:
Response rate was 44%. Eighty-six percent of applicants valued having time to consider their interview offers before scheduling; however, nearly one-third felt the instructions provided by programs lacked clarity and did not abide by the American Council of Academic Plastic Surgeons guidelines. Eighty-two percent of applicants valued having a preinterview social, and most preferred smaller breakout rooms organized by themes. A short interview day (less than three hours) was associated with less applicant familiarity with the program, its people, and its location when compared with medium (three to seven hours) and long (more than seven hours) interview days (P < 0.001 for all). Eighty percent of applicants preferred an interview day where they were placed into interview rooms by a program coordinator.

Conclusions:
The virtual interview format can be optimized in many ways to benefit both applicants and programs. The data presented in this article provide suggestions for future iterations of virtual interviews.
Adverse events associated with femtosecond laser–assisted cataract surgery reported to the MAUDE database
Authors: Koenig Lisa R. , Duong Andrew T. , Yuan Melissa , Van Tassel Sarah H. 
Published: July 2021

Purpose:
To report real-world complications associated with femtosecond laser–assisted cataract surgery (FLACS).

Setting:
Deidentified database.

Design:
Retrospective review.

Methods:
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) database was culled for adverse events involving ophthalmic femtosecond laser during cataract surgery from January 2010 to January 2020. Reports in which the narrative description was inadequate to determine the nature of the complication were excluded. Each report was reviewed for complications, which were subsequently assigned to a complication category as determined by these authors. The number of events per year was determined and compared.

Results:
Between January 2010 and January 2020, the MAUDE database search yielded 2927 reports involving femtosecond laser, of which 1927 met inclusion criteria and were included for analysis. These reports revealed 2704 complications: 1115 capsule tears (41.2%), 329 of which required vitrectomy, 372 instances of suction loss, 321 other capsulotomy-related complications, and 432 corneal or incisional complications. Rare complications included 54 reports of miosis, 16 reports of endophthalmitis, and 4 reports of toxic anterior segment syndrome. The number of events in the MAUDE database increased year over year between 2011 and 2017, peaking in 2017 at 303 events.

Conclusions:
By drawing on real-world data in the MAUDE database, this study identified the complications of greatest importance in clinical practice. Surgeons should be aware of the spectrum of possible complications to best prepare for all potential outcomes and to effectively counsel patients.
Suboptimal Dosing of β-Blockers in Chronic Heart Failure
Authors: McGinlay Melanie , Straw Sam , Byrom-Goulthorp Rowenna , Relton Samuel D. , Gierula John , Cubbon Richard M. , Kearney Mark T. , Witte Klaus K. 
Published: July 2021

Background
The evidence base for the benefits of β-blockers in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) suggests that higher doses are associated with better outcomes.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to report the proportion of patients receiving optimized doses of β-blockers, outcomes, and factors associated with suboptimal dosing.

Methods
This was a prospective cohort study of 390 patients with HFrEF undergoing clinical and echocardiography assessment at baseline and at 1 year.

Results
Two hundred thirty-seven patients (61%) were receiving optimized doses (≥5-mg/d bisoprolol equivalent), 72 (18%) could not be up-titrated (because of heart rate < 60 beats/min or systolic blood pressure <100 mm Hg), and the remaining 81 (21%) should have been. Survival was similarly reduced in those who could not and should have been receiving 5 mg/d or greater, and patient factors did not explain the failure to attain optimized dosing.

Conclusions
Many patients with HFrEF are not receiving optimal dosing of β-blockers, and in around half, there was no clear contraindication in terms of heart rate or blood pressure.
Ketorolac Is Safe and Associated With Lower Rate of Post-Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Pancreatitis in Children With Pancreatic Duct Manipulation
Authors: Mark Jacob A. , Kramer Robert E. 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT

Objectives:
Use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis (PEP) prevention in pediatrics is not well studied. Because of difficulty in accurately dosing indomethacin suppositories in pediatric patients, our center has used intravenous ketorolac for PEP prevention and present data on its safety and associated PEP rates.

Methods:
Prospective monitoring of PEP for all patients who underwent ERCP at a pediatric tertiary care center from July 2010 to June 2018. Retrospective review of patient and procedural factors and severity of PEP. Routine use of ketorolac for PEP prevention began in 2014.

Results:
Two hundred and ninety-eight ERCPs were analyzed. One hundred and sixty-six patients received intraprocedural ketorolac and 132 did not. One patient had post-ERCP bleeding and bleeding rates were not significantly different between ketorolac and non-ketorolac groups (0.6% vs 0%, P = 1). Overall rates of PEP were not significantly different between the ketorolac and no ketorolac group (9% vs 13%, P = 0.29); however, for high-risk pediatric patients with injection of contrast into and/or cannulation of the pancreatic duct, the rates of PEP were significantly lower for patients who received ketorolac (11% vs 25%, P = 0.035).

Conclusions:
Pediatric patients undergoing ERCP with manipulation of the pancreatic duct are high risk for PEP, and ketorolac was associated with a lower rate of PEP in these patients. Ketorolac was well tolerated without a higher rate of bleeding after ERCP. These results are the first to provide evidence showing an association with intraprocedural NSAID use and lower rates of PEP in select pediatric patients.
First Performance Evaluation of an Artificial Intelligence-Based Computer-Aided Detection System for Pulmonary Nodule Evaluation in Dual-Source Photon-Counting Detector CT at Different Low-Dose Levels
Authors: Jungblut Lisa , Blüthgen Christian , Polacin Malgorzata , Messerli Michael , Schmidt Bernhard , Euler Andre , Alkadhi Hatem , Frauenfelder Thomas , Martini Katharina 
Published: July 2021

Objective
The aim of this study was to evaluate the image quality (IQ) and performance of an artificial intelligence (AI)-based computer-aided detection (CAD) system in photon-counting detector computed tomography (PCD-CT) for pulmonary nodule evaluation at different low-dose levels.

Materials and Methods
An anthropomorphic chest-phantom containing 14 pulmonary nodules of different sizes (range, 3–12 mm) was imaged on a PCD-CT and on a conventional energy-integrating detector CT (EID-CT). Scans were performed with each of the 3 vendor-specific scanning modes (QuantumPlus [Q+], Quantum [Q], and High Resolution [HR]) at decreasing matched radiation dose levels (volume computed tomography dose index ranging from 1.79 to 0.31 mGy) by adapting IQ levels from 30 to 5. Image noise was measured manually in the chest wall at 8 different locations. Subjective IQ was evaluated by 2 readers in consensus. Nodule detection and volumetry were performed using a commercially available AI-CAD system.

Results
Subjective IQ was superior in PCD-CT compared with EID-CT (P < 0.001), and objective image noise was similar in the Q+ and Q-mode (P > 0.05) and superior in the HR-mode (PCD 55.8 ± 11.7 HU vs EID 74.8 ± 5.4 HU; P = 0.01). High resolution showed the lowest image noise values among PCD modes (P = 0.01). Overall, the AI-CAD system delivered comparable results for lung nodule detection and volumetry between PCD- and dose-matched EID-CT (P = 0.08–1.00), with a mean sensitivity of 95% for PCD-CT and of 86% for dose-matched EID-CT in the lowest evaluated dose level (IQ5). Q+ and Q-mode showed higher false-positive rates than EID-CT at lower-dose levels (IQ10 and IQ5). The HR-mode showed a sensitivity of 100% with a false-positive rate of 1 even at the lowest evaluated dose level (IQ5; CDTIvol, 0.41 mGy).

Conclusions
Photon-counting detector CT was superior to dose-matched EID-CT in subjective IQ while showing comparable to lower objective image noise. Fully automatized AI-aided nodule detection and volumetry are feasible in PCD-CT, but attention has to be paid to false-positive findings.
Multiple sex chromosomes in teleost fishes from a cytogenetic perspective: state of the art and future challenges
Authors: Sember Alexandr , Nguyen Petr , Perez Manolo F. , Altmanová Marie , Ráb Petr , Cioffi Marcelo de Bello 
Published: July 2021

Despite decades of cytogenetic and genomic research of dynamic sex chromosome evolution in teleost fishes, multiple sex chromosomes have been largely neglected. In this review, we compiled available data on teleost multiple sex chromosomes, identified major trends in their evolution and suggest further trajectories in their investigation. In a compiled dataset of 440 verified records of fish sex chromosomes, we counted 75 multiple sex chromosome systems with 60 estimated independent origins. We showed that male-heterogametic systems created by Y-autosome fusion predominate and that multiple sex chromosomes are over-represented in the order Perciformes. We documented a striking difference in patterns of differentiation of sex chromosomes between male and female heterogamety and hypothesize that faster W sex chromosome differentiation may constrain sex chromosome turnover in female-heterogametic systems. We also found no significant association between the mechanism of multiple sex chromosome formation and percentage of uni-armed chromosomes in teleost karyotypes. Last but not least, we hypothesized that interaction between fish populations, which differ in their sex chromosomes, can drive the evolution of multiple sex chromosomes in fishes. This underlines the importance of broader inter-population sampling in studies of fish sex chromosomes.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part II)’.
Thermosensitive sex chromosome dosage compensation in ZZ/ZW softshell turtles,Apalone spinifera
Authors: Bista Basanta , Wu Zhiqiang , Literman Robert , Valenzuela Nicole 
Published: July 2021

Sex chromosome dosage compensation (SCDC) overcomes gene-dose imbalances that disturb transcriptional networks, as when ZW females or XY males are hemizygous for Z/X genes. Mounting data from non-model organisms reveal diverse SCDC mechanisms, yet their evolution remains obscure, because most informative lineages with variable sex chromosomes are unstudied. Here, we discovered SCDC in turtles and an unprecedented thermosensitive SCDC in eukaryotes. We contrasted RNA-seq expression of Z-genes, their autosomal orthologues, and control autosomal genes inApalone spinifera(ZZ/ZW) andChrysemys pictaturtles with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) (proxy for ancestral expression). This approach disentangled chromosomal context effects on Z-linked and autosomal expression, from lineage effects owing to selection or drift. EmbryonicApaloneSCDC is tissue- and age-dependent, regulated gene-by-gene, complete in females via Z-upregulation in both sexes (Type IV) but partial and environmentally plastic via Z-downregulation in males (accentuated at colder temperature), present in female hatchlings and a weakly suggestive in adult liver (Type I). Results indicate that embryonic SCDC evolved with/after sex chromosomes inApalone's family Tryonichidae, while co-opting Z-gene upregulation present in the TSD ancestor. Notably,Apalone's SCDC resembles pygmy snake's, and differs from the full-SCDC ofAnolislizards who share homologous sex chromosomes (XY), advancing our understanding of how XX/XY and ZZ/ZW systems compensate gene-dose imbalance.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part II)’.
Do male and female heterogamety really differ in expression regulation? Lack of global dosage balance in pygopodid geckos
Authors: Rovatsos Michail , Gamble Tony , Nielsen Stuart V. , Georges Arthur , Ezaz Tariq , Kratochvíl Lukáš 
Published: July 2021

Differentiation of sex chromosomes is thought to have evolved with cessation of recombination and subsequent loss of genes from the degenerated partner (Y and W) of sex chromosomes, which in turn leads to imbalance of gene dosage between sexes. Based on work with traditional model species, theory suggests that unequal gene copy numbers lead to the evolution of mechanisms to counter this imbalance. Dosage compensation, or at least achieving dosage balance in expression of sex-linked genes between sexes, has largely been documented in lineages with male heterogamety (XX/XY sex determination), while ZZ/ZW systems are assumed to be usually associated with the lack of chromosome-wide gene dose regulatory mechanisms. Here, we document that although the pygopodid geckos evolved male heterogamety with a degenerated Y chromosome 32–72 Ma, one species in particular, Burton's legless lizard (Lialis burtonis), does not possess dosage balance in the expression of genes in its X-specific region. We summarize studies on gene dose regulatory mechanisms in animals and conclude that there is in them no significant dichotomy between male and female heterogamety. We speculate that gene dose regulatory mechanisms are likely to be related to the general mechanisms of sex determination instead of type of heterogamety.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part II)’.
Sex chromosomes in meiotic, hemiclonal, clonal and polyploid hybrid vertebrates: along the ‘extended speciation continuum'
Authors: Stöck Matthias , Dedukh Dmitrij , Reifová Radka , Lamatsch Dunja K. , Starostová Zuzana , Janko Karel 
Published: July 2021

We review knowledge about the roles of sex chromosomes in vertebrate hybridization and speciation, exploring a gradient of divergences with increasing reproductive isolation (speciation continuum). Under early divergence, well-differentiated sex chromosomes in meiotic hybrids may cause Haldane-effects and introgress less easily than autosomes. Undifferentiated sex chromosomes are more susceptible to introgression and form multiple (or new) sex chromosome systems with hardly predictable dominance hierarchies. Under increased divergence, most vertebrates reach complete intrinsic reproductive isolation. Slightly earlier, some hybrids (linked in ‘the extended speciation continuum') exhibit aberrant gametogenesis, leading towards female clonality. This facilitates the evolution of various allodiploid and allopolyploid clonal (‘asexual’) hybrid vertebrates, where ‘asexuality' might be a form of intrinsic reproductive isolation. A comprehensive list of ‘asexual' hybrid vertebrates shows that they all evolved from parents with divergences that were greater than at the intraspecific level (K2P-distances of greater than 5–22% based on mtDNA). These ‘asexual' taxa inherited genetic sex determination by mostly undifferentiated sex chromosomes. Among the few known sex-determining systems in hybrid ‘asexuals', female heterogamety (ZW) occurred about twice as often as male heterogamety (XY). We hypothesize that pre-/meiotic aberrations in all-female ZW-hybrids present Haldane-effects promoting their evolution. Understanding the preconditions to produce various clonal or meiotic allopolyploids appears crucial for insights into the evolution of sex, ‘asexuality' and polyploidy.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part II)’.
Interaction between sex-determining genes from two species: clues fromXenopushybrids
Authors: Roco Álvaro S. , Ruiz-García Adrián , Bullejos Mónica 
Published: July 2021

Hybrids provide an interesting model to study the evolution of sex-determining genes and sex chromosome systems as they offer the opportunity to see how independently evolving sex-determining pathways interactin vivo. In this context, the genusXenopusrepresents a stimulating model, since species with non-homologous sex chromosomes and different sex-determining genes have been identified. In addition, the possibility of interspecies breeding is favoured in this group, which arose by alloploidization events, with species ploidy ranging from 2n= 2x= 20 inX. tropicalis(the only diploid representative of the genus) to 2n= 12x= 108 inX. ruwenzoriensis. To study how two sex-determining genes interactin vivo,X. laevis×X. tropicalis hybrids were produced. Gonadal differentiation in these hybrids revealed that thedm-wgene is dominant overX. tropicalismale-determining sex chromosomes (Y or Z), even though the Y chromosome is dominant inX. tropicalis(Y > W>Z). In the absence of thedm-wgene (the Z chromosome fromX. laevisis present), the W chromosome fromX. tropicalisis able to trigger ovarian development. Testicular differentiation will take place in the absence of W chromosomes from any of the parental species. The dominance/recessivity relationships between these sex-determining loci in the context of either parental genome remains unknown.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part II)’.