bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fitorremediación en aguas residuales sin tratamiento previo. Caso: Tierra Negra, Boyacá
Authors: Araque Niño Iván Darío , Britto Aponte Monica Carolina , Cuellar Rodríguez Luz Angela , Perico Granados Néstor Rafael 
Published: March 2021

a investigación se llevó a través de un proceso de fitorremediación, empleando buchón de agua (Eichhornia crassipes), en el tratamiento de aguas residuales de tipo domésticas, industriales e institucionales, generadas por la población del sector Tierra Negra, jurisdicción del municipio de Ventaquemada, vertidas a la quebrada La Pinocha. Se diseñó el proceso de fitorremediación, con cuatro piscinas de flujo horizontal, recubiertas con plástico negro para evitar la infiltración y contaminación del suelo. Las plantas macrófitas flotantes, buchones de agua (Eichhornia crassipes), empleadas en el proceso, se extrajeron de las piscinas de enfriamiento de la Termoeléctrica de Paipa. La investigación fue cuantitativa, descriptiva, experimental y explicativa. En la primera fase se establecieron los tipos de metales presentes en la planta, la materia orgánica y se hizo la caracterización física y química. Igualmente, se llevó a cabo la caracterización biológica de microorganismos patógenos que están presentes en el agua residual, antes y después del proceso de fitorremediación. Al respecto, se llevaron a cabo los ensayos de laboratorio de absorción atómica de metales pesados, tanto en el agua residual como en la planta buchón de agua. Así mismo, se hizo un monitoreo in situ los días lunes, miércoles y viernes durante cinco semanas para medir los parámetros físicos como Ph, conductividad y turbidez del agua en las cuatro piscinas. Con base en los resultados obtenidos en los análisis respectivos se concluyó que la eficiencia del proceso de fitorremediación, usando la planta denominada buchón de agua, en el tratamiento de aguas residuales, fue de más del 71% en las poblaciones de unidades formadoras de colonias (UFC). De la misma manera, sustentado con éste y los otros análisis se concluye que los humedales artificiales son útiles para sitios en donde no existen plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales o para complementar dicho proceso.
Polymorphism of genes associated with infectious lung diseases in Northern Asian populations and in patients with community-acquired pneumonia
Authors: Mikhailova S. V. , Shcherbakova L. V. , Logvinenko N. I. , Logvinenko I. I. , Voevoda M. I. 
Published: March 2021

The innate Iнн\mmune system is the first to respond to invading pathogens. It is responsible for invader recognition, immune-cell recruitment, adaptive-immunity activation, and regulation of inflammation intensity. Previously, two single-nucleotide polymorphisms of innate-immunity genes – rs5743708 (Arg753Gln) of the TLR2 gene and rs8177374 (Ser180Leu) of the TIRAP gene – have been shown to be associated with both pneumonia and tuberculosis in humans, but the data are contradictory among different ethnic groups. It has also been reported that rs10902158 at the PKP3-SIGGIR-TMEM16J genetic locus belongs to a haplotype race-specifically associated with tuberculosis. Meanwhile, a gradient of its frequency is observed in Asia. The aim of this work was to assess the effect of selection for the genotypes of the above-mentioned SNPs on the gene pools of populations living in harsh climatic conditions that contribute to the development of infectious lung diseases. We estimated the prevalence of these variants in white and Asian (Chukchis and Yakuts) population samples from Northern Asia and among patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Carriage of the rs5743708 A allele was found to predispose to severe CAP (odds ratio 2.77, p = 0.021), whereas the GG/CT genotype of rs5743708/rs8177374 proved to be protective against it (odds ratio 0.478, p = 0.022) in white patients. No association of rs10902158 with CAP (total or severe) was found among whites. Stratification of CAP by causative pathogen may help eliminate the current discrepancies between different studies. No significant difference in rs5743708 or rs8177374 was found between adolescent and long-lived white samples. Carriage of the alleles studied is probably not associated with predisposition to longevity among whites in Siberia. Both white and Asian populations studied were different from Western European and East Asian populations in the variants’ prevalence. The frequency of the rs8177374 T (Ser180Leu) variant was significantly higher in the Chukchi sample (p = 0, χ2 = 63.22) relative to the East Asian populations. This result may confirm the hypothesis about the selection of this allele in the course of human migration into areas with unfavorable climatic conditions.
PENETAPAN `ILLAT AL-HUKM MELALUI AL-MANÂTH DALAM QIYÂS
Authors: Ali Sabri Fahruddin 
Published: March 2021

One method of legal istinbâth agreed upon by the ushul fiqh scholars is al-qiyâs. In al-qiyâs was appeared some serious problems dealing with the search for al-'illat. Al-'illat as one of the obligation of al-qiyâs occupies the most important position, so that the method of al-qiyâs can be applied in the future correctly, and will give legal decision correctly. In searching for al-'illat, the ushul fiqh scholars use logic of linguistic typically in the search for truth, the other hand they also must be able to impulse, imagination, and creativity in decide on a case, and they are no longer so glued rigidly to the al-qath'iyyah al-dalâlah. One way to look for al-'illat is al-manâth, which divided into three parts, namely tanqîh al-manâth, tahqîq al-manâth, and takhrîj al-manâth. Searching for the truth of qiyâs method stresses on logical translation that sometimes mix with intuition, imagination and creativity. Therefore, qiyâs can go down to the law problems related to the people’s attitude deeper. While al-manath is one of the methods to look for al-illat where the ulama ushul fiqh draw their intuition, imagination, and creations to solve some problems, and they are not too stiff to qath’î theoremsCopyright (c) 2015 by Al-Ihkam. All right reserved DOI : 10.19105/al-ihkam.v10i1.587
Korupsi Dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam dan Strategi Pemberantasannya
Authors: Siroj Malthuf 
Published: March 2021

Corruption is an extraordinary crime because of its negative impact on the aspects of community life. People who have been infected by this deadly virus would die slowly but surely. This crime has a tremendous potential to cause misery, destitution and suffering of many people, especially the lower class people who do not have access to the power and economy; those who would have their rights only if they were given by the state. Corruption is a modern term whose synonym could not be found in the Islamic legal literature. However, by recognizing the elements contained, the term in Islamic criminal law is closely related to theft (sariqah), bribery (risywah), embezzlement of property (ghulul) and robbery (hirabah) with different legal sanctions. Corruption occurs because of many factors such as materialistic-consumerism lifestyle, costly political system, weak leadership, lack of religious and ethical education, social and legal systems that support corrupt behaviors. To eradicate corruption, repressive ways can be done through the penal system as well as preventive efforts through non penal system.
Kapasitas Nabi Muhammad dalam Hadits-Hadits Hukuman Mati bagi Pelaku Riddah (Perspektif Mahmûd Syaltût)
Authors: Wahyudi Arif 
Published: March 2021

Tema tulisan ini bukan hal yang baru dalam kajian keislaman, tapi permasalahan terkait dengannnya selalu saja terulang di tengah masyarakat sehingga penulis merasa kajian tentang hal ini masih diperlukan, namun tentu dengan Analisa yang berbeda. Terdapat hal yang ingin penulis dalami: 1) Gambaran hadits-hadits tentang hukman mati bagi pelaku riddah?; 2) Konstruksi hukum hadits-hadits tentang hukuman mati bagi pelaku riddah, ditinjau dari kapasitas Nabi saw., saat menyabdakan, dalam perspektif Mahmud Syaltut?Hasil penelitian ini: 1. Hadits-hadits tentang hukuman mati secara umum berkualitas shahih dan diriwayatkan dengan banyak jalur sanad. Hadits-haditnya pun dari sisi lain dapat dibagi menjadi dua macam: Pertama: Hadits qauli yang berisi tentang sabda Nabi saw. "Barangsiapa yang berpindah agama maka bunuhlah". Ada pula beberapa riwayat dengan tambahan lafad "Meninggalkan agama dan berpisah dari jamaah muslimin". Kedua: hadits-hadits fi`li dari Nabi saw. tentang beberapa orang murtad yang dibunuh karena kemurtadannya disertai dengan permusuhan dan tindak kriminal. Ada pula beberapa riwayat fi`li dari sahabat yang menghukum mati beberapa orang murtad berdasarkan pemahaman mereka terhadap hadits Qauli. Namun untuk memudahkan maka pengelompokan hadits-haditsnya dilakukan dengan melihat tema haditsnya untuk memudahkan dalam menganalisa. 2. Dengan berbagai analisa disimpulkan bahwa rasulullah saw. berkapasitas sebagai seorang imam ketika menyabdakanhadits-hadits tentang hukuman mati bagi pelaku riddah. Maka hukumannya merupakan ta`zir yang berlaku temporer tergantung situasi dan kondisi, jika dipandang oleh imam riddah membahayakan negara dan akidah kaum muslim, ia berhak untuk menghukum dengan hukuman paling berat, seperti yang dilakukan Ali bin Abi Thalib menghukum dengan cara yang paling keras yaitu membakar.
Eksistensi Fatwa Majelis Ulama Indonesia dalam Perspektif Negara Hukum Pancasila
Authors: Suhartono Slamet 
Published: March 2021

Berdasarkan Pasal 1 angka 2, Pasal 7 ayat (1) dan Pasal 8 ayat (1) UU 12/2011, fatwa MUI bukan peraturan perundang-undangan, karena tidak dibuat oleh badan/atau lembaga yang berwenang dan tidak memiliki kekuatan mengikat umum. Namun, fatwa MUI merupakan sumber hukum materiil. Untuk menjadi hukum positif, maka fatwa MUI harus dipositivisasi oleh negara melalui peraturan perundang-undangan. Sebagai sumber hukum materiil, Fatwa MUI dapat dijadikan sebagai rujukan pembentukan peraturan perundang-undangan, bahkan menjadi rujukan wajib. Pasal 26 ayat (3) UU 21/2008 mewajibkan Peraturan Bank Indonesia menuangkan fatwa MUI tentang prinsip syariah, Pasal 25 UU 19/2008 mewajibkan Menteri Keuangan untuk meminta fatwa MUI sebagai dasar penerbitan SBSN, dan Pasal II angka 1 huruf a UU 1/2011 menjadikan fatwa MUI sebagai dasar atau acuan bagi penyelenggaraan kontrak derivatif syariah. Dengan demikian, fatwa MUI seolah-olah mengikat dalam hal dikeluarkan berdasarkan perintah dari peraturan perundang-undangan.
The Violation on Women’s Rights in the Unilateral Divorce in Sasak Community From A Feminist Legal Theory
Authors: Nimah Zulfatun 
Published: March 2021

For giving legal protection to both of husband and wife, Indonesian Marriage Act 1/1974 regulate that a divorce should be done in the court. However, until recently there are many Sasak men still divorced their wives by unilateral statement only, not through trial process in the court. From a feminist legal theory perspective, the practice of unilateral divorce was susceptible to violate women’s right because empirically the living law in the community is generally formulated by male figures, using man perspective and aim for perpetuate men power. This research aims to describe and analyse the forms of violation of the rights of Sasak women who was unilaterally divorced by her husband. This research is a type of empirical legal research using qualitative approach. Primary data is taken from the subject of research, by in-depth interview technique and non-participatory observation. The result of research shows that there are four types of violation on women’s rights who are divorced by their husband, namely: a) not getting mut’ah (competation of divorce) and basic necessity during `iddah; b) not getting the settlement for mahr; c) not getting the share of community property; and d) not having certain marital status. Base on this result, it is very important to conduct a legal literacy program for Sasak community for make them not divorce unilaterally anymore.
HUKUM MEMANFAATKAN HARTA HASIL MAKSIAT BERDASARKAN KAJIAN FIQH MAQȂSHID YÛSUF AL-QARADHȂWI
Authors: Busyro Busyro 
Published: March 2021

AbstrakHarta merupakan kebutuhan setiap orang yang di dalam Islam mesti didapatkan sesuai dengan aturan-aturan yang benar. Menurut Yûsuf al-Qaradhâwî apabila seseorang sudah terlanjur mendapatkan harta dengan cara maksiat, maka yang bersangkutan tidak boleh memanfaatkan harta itu untuk dirinya, sebaliknya harta itu boleh dipergunakan untuk kepentingan umum. Pemikiran hukum ini beranjak dari adanya pertentangan antara konsep larangan memanfaatkan harta haram secara dharûriyah dan konsep larangan menyia-nyiakan harta yang juga berada dalam tingkat dharûriyah. Dengan pendekatan fiqh maqâshid al-Qaradhâwî menyimpulkan bahwa pertentangan antara dua dharûriyah yang berhubungan dengan pemanfaatan harta harus diprioritaskan kepada mafsadah yang lebih kecil dan maslahah yang lebih besar. Sehingga dengan demikian harta hasil maksiat tidak boleh dimanfaatkan oleh si pelaku maksiat karena menimbulkan mafsadah yang lebih besar pada dirinya dan tidak ada celah maslahah yang didapatkannya. Sebaliknya harta itu boleh dimanfaatkan untuk kepentingan umum, karena terhindar dari mafsadah dan menghasilkan maslahah. Kata Kunci: Harta, maslahah, mafsadah, dharûriyah, fiqh maqâshid Abstract Wealth is the need of everyone. In Islam, wealth must be obtained in accordance with the right rules. According to Yûsuf al-Qaradhâwî, if a person has already acquired property by means of immoral, then the concerned must not use the property for himself, otherwise the property may be used for public purposes. This legal thinking moved from the contradiction between the concept of prohibition of harnessing haram possessions by dharuriyah and the concept of prohibition of wasting the wealth which also are in the level of dharuriyah. Using fiqh approach maqashid al-Qaradhâwî concluded that the contradiction between two dharuriyah thinks associated with the use of property should be prioritized to smaller mafsadah and bigger maslahah. Thus the treasure of immoral results should not be exploited by the perpetrators of immoral because it leads to a bigger mafsadah on him and no gap maslahah he got. Instead the treasure may be utilized for the public interest, because avoid mafsadah and produce maslahah. Key word: Wealth, maslahah, mafsadah, dharuriyah, fiqh maqashid
ORISINALITAS HUKUM ISLAM (Meretas Kontroversi Seputar Kelahiran Hukum Islam)
Authors: Umar Muntaha 
Published: March 2021

Salah satu problem yang masih menjadi perdebatan di kalangan ahli hukum Islam adalah masalah kelahiran hukum Islam. Masalah tersebut telah memecah para ahli tersebut ke dalam dua kubu yang bertentangan. Kubupertama berpendapat bahwa hukum Islam merupakan produksi para qadhi pada masa Bani Umayah. Argumentasiyang disuguhkan adalah bahwa Nabi Muhammad bukanlah seorang ahli hukum dan memang tidak meminati bidang ini. Sebaliknya, kubu kedua berpendapat bahwa hukum Islam sesungguhnya lahir pada masa Nabi Muhaammad dan bahkan diformulasikan sendiri olehnya. Perdebatan antara kedua kubu inilah yang hendak diperlihatkan dalam artikel ini disertai argumentasi yang mendasari kubu masing-masing dan kritik yang dilancarkan oleh keduanya.
KEWENANGAN HAKIM UNTUK MENILAI ALAT BUKTI DALAM HUKUM ACARA PERDATA
Authors: Susylawati Eka 
Published: March 2021

Dalam melakukan pembuktian di muka pengadilan, pihak-pihak yang berperkara dapat mengemukakan fakta-fakta yang bisa dijadikan dasar untuk meneguhkan hak perdatanya, maupun untuk membantah hak perdata pihak lain. Dan fakta-fakta tersebut haruslah disertai dengan alat-alat bukti, yang telah ditentukan secara limitatif dalam HIR/R.Bg yakni bukti tulisan, saksi, persangkaan, pengakuan dan sumpah. Dalam melakukan pemeriksan hakim haruslah mengindahkan alat-alat bukti tersebut di atas. Namun walaupun hakim terikat kepada alat-alat bukti, hakim juga memiliki kebebasan untuk menilai alat-alat bukti yang diajukan di persidangan dalam rangka tercapainya putusan yang berkeadilan. Kebebasan hakim tersebut tersebut teramat penting, karena alat-alat bukti yang ada saat ini tidak mampu lagi memenuhi perkembangan masyarakat, khususnya dalam pembuktian hukum acara perdata
REKONTEKSTUALISASI PEMAKNAAN JIHÂD DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ISLÂM
Authors: Taufiqurrahman Taufiqurrahman 
Published: March 2021

Resonansi istilah maupun seruan jihâd sungguh terasa lebih “menggetarkan” nurani kaum Muslim, terlebih bagi pemeluk agama lain, daripada penggunaan kosakata lainnya yang bermakna serupa. Apalagi, jika istilah atau seruan itu diiringi dengan pekik-suara Allâhu Akbar!!! tiga kali, seolah-olah genderang perang-suci agama baru saja ditabuh dan pasukan mulai dikomando menuju the killing field. Tidak jarang, teriakan keras Allâhu Akbar pun diserupakan dengan kesiapan ber-jihâd, dalam arti berperang secara fisik melawan orang-orang yang “mempertontonkan” perilaku munkar, batil, kâfir, dan dhalim dalam segala bentuk, level, maupun konteksnya sesuai dengan klaim-persepsif kebenaran sepihak pada golongan tertentu. Dalam realitasnya, para pelaku aksi-aksi kekerasan seringkali menggunakan istilah jihâd sebagai dasar-pembenar atas tindakan yang beraneka motif. Persoalannya, apakah jihâd itu “berwajah” tunggal? Berlaku untuk semua konteks? Identik dengan kekerasan atau peperangan? Atau masih adakah ruang tersisa untuk memaknakannya kembali menurut ragam konteksnya sebagai perspektif baru yang mencerahkan dan membebaskan umat dari belenggu yang bernuansa kengerian
PENCARIAN DANA MASJID DI JALAN RAYA DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ISLÂM
Authors: Wardi Moch Cholid 
Published: March 2021

This article aims to describe the activity of street organizing donation (an activity of organizing a donation done on the street or highway) from Islamic law perspective. This activity arises a contradiction, there has been a side support it but another side that reject it. They argue to each other to defend their own opinion. As a result, an Islamic law perspective looks urgent to ensure whether that activity is legal. The Islamic law enforcement against the argue must regard some basic grounds including geographic, social-cultural, economic motives as well as certain vertical ones. Moreover, it has to anticipate its impact on Islamic society generally and the priority of advantages better than its mafsadat. In fact, street organizing donation could come up madlarah as it looks the act of begging that is forbidden in Islam, universally decrease Muslims dignity, unclear law of share on the money gained. Last but not least, the concept of mosque building is not categorized dlarûrah.
MULTI LEVEL MARKETING (MLM) CNI DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ISLÂM
Authors: Wahed Abd. 
Published: March 2021

The current development of business affair demands the Muslim thinkers to purpose a respond about how it should be from the view of Islamic economy. Commercial business with the leveling method which is known as Multi Level Marketing (MLM) like CNI appears elements of bay’, an Islamic economic system of buy and sell. However, a further study , using Islamic law establishment method, proves that there are obvious distinctions between the system of multi level marketing and Islamic economic system. This effects the differentiation of both systems in the perspective of Islamic law. Through the method of al-mashlahah , it is proved that Multi Level Marketing is greater in terms of its mafsadah than its usefulness. This argument leads to a conclusion that multi level marketing is considered illegal or haram.
DEKADENSI MORAL PEBISNIS
Authors: Sakinah Sakinah 
Published: March 2021

Business realm is a field that promise the doer a large profit. Even so, it is commonly recognized that most of business persons commit the dishonest and unfair actions. They are even careless of norm-ethic and business regulation to gain an utmost profit but provide smallest amount capital. This secular concept emerges counterfeit or fake such as unauthorized copying, reproduction, hiring, lending etc. The act of fake could be indentified in the following cases, counterfeiting cosmetic products, medical-traditional herbs mixing with white cement, illegal expiring food, gelatinized milk. These gives negative impact to the costumers economically and healthily. Then, this article is about to discuss the moral decadence of business person, Islamic view on business, business ethic, the essence of illegal transaction in order to avoid a prohibited syara’. It includes al-akl bi al-bâthil, ribâ, gharar , al-Quran terminologies, to explain an illegal business that it is an action ofstripping anyone else’s rights by consuming an authorized (haram)things.
PENEGAKAN HUKUM TERHADAP PELAKU USAHA KEGIATAN-KEGIATAN YANG DILARANG
Authors: Susylawati Eka 
Published: March 2021

The Law Number 5 of 19991 abaut Monopoly practice and unfair bussines competition is one legal refor claims. It is hoped to be able to regulate a good bussines to build a fair competition. Beside “forbidden commitments” form, the law also regulate “forbidden activities”. The kinds of forbidden activities are monopoly, monopsony, marketing segment control and conspiracy. In practice, the law enforcement cannot go smoothly because of multi interpretation definition of forbidden activities and bussiness competition control commission (KPPU). KPPU can only give administrative sanction. While the penal, civil law and appeal effort should be through the court. The other problem is related to the small number of KPPU members when compared to the number of bussinesses that must be controlled and spead through out Indonesia.
TOKOH DAN PENAFSIR BERPENGARUH DALAM KARYA TAFSIR MUHAMMAD ABDUH
Authors: Tamrin Tamrin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract: Muhammad Abduh is a influencing figure in religious field in the end of 19th and 20th century. He offered constructive ideas, especially in tafsîr field. The ideas is valued by some Muslim intelectual only as connecting from previously figure. Some influencing figures in Abduh’s tafsîr are Syaykh Darwisyi in Sufisme, Sayyid Jamâl al-Dîn al-Afghânî in Logic, Jurnalism, and Science. He also interested in Imâm al-Ghazâli’s essays, al-Zamakhsyâri’s Tafsîr al-Kasysyâf, Jalâl al-Dîn al-Suyūtī’s and Jalâl al-Dīn al-Mahallī’s Tafsîr Jalâlayn, Fakhr al-Râzi’s Tafsîr mafâtih al-Ghayb, al-Nasafī’s Madârik al-Tanzîl wa Haqâiq al-Ta'wîl, and al-Baydhâwi’s Anwâr al-Tanzîl wa Asrâr al-Ta'wîl. Key Words: Tafsîr, Abduh, al-Ghazâli, al-Nasafī, al-Baydhâwi, al-Zamakhsyâri, al-Thabari, dan Fakhr al-Râzi
PEMIKIRAN TAFSÎR MESIR MODERN J.J.G JANSEN (Telaah atas Karya J.J.G.Jansen The Interpretation of The Koran in Modern Egypt)
Authors: Abu Bakar Abu Bakar 
Published: March 2021

Abstract: Jansen is a researcher that classifies the work of interpretation (tafsîr) into: firstly, an interpretation adopting a modern science but not oppose against the holy Quran, it is called tafsîr al-‘ilmî. Secondly, an interpretation that is designed to help reader understand the holy Quran or philological interpretation (al-tafsîr al-lughawî). Thirdly, an interpretation dealing with the Muslim deed and it is called practical interpretation (tafsîr al-adabî al-ijtimâ’î). Jansen is about to display a short description that covers the answers of explanation inadequacy of the previous researchers’ studies. He mainly clarifies the history of interpretation and western studies on interpretation developing in Islamic world. As a matter of fact, Jansen’s view is majorly a kind of beginning critical of his attention on interpretation. He focuses the research object on the interpretation of Muhammad Abduh, then he compares it to the other intrepretations that are considered up to standard to be classified into his work of interpretation. Key Words: al-Qur’ân, tafsîr, dan Jansen