bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corrosion of rail tracks and their protection
Authors: Xu Weichen , Zhang Binbin , Deng Yu , Wang Zhengquan , Jiang Quantong , Yang Lihui , Zhang Jie 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Rapid development of railway industry makes safety increasingly important. Wear, contact-impact, fatigue and corrosion are important factors initiating rail track degradation from the beginning, while corrosion attracts far less attention than other issues. Direct corrosion cost due to railway corrosion in China was 18.88 billion RMB, so corrosion definitely deserves more attention. This work has reviewed studies focussing exclusively on rail corrosion, including corrosion forms, protection and detection technologies. General corrosion on large rail surface is not limiting, while crevice corrosion between rail and liner, resulting in thinning of rail foot, is regarded significant but overlooked. Moreover, reciprocating micro-motion between rail foot and liner mechanically assists the ongoing of crevice corrosion. However, it was mentioned in very few reports and not investigated extensively. Coating and surface modification may be applied for mitigation of rail track corrosion. The weakness of coating is poor mechanical properties, while surface modification, including thermal spraying and laser cladding, may be a better way. Development of novel steel is another effective method, but loss of mechanical properties becomes obstacles for practical applications. Ultrasonic and infrared have been applied for detection, while more advanced technologies are promising. Suggestions are made on specific research topics in this field.
Mother and child with osteogenesis imperfecta type III. Pregnancy management, delivery, and outcome
Authors: Hüner Beate , Handke-Vesely Annette , Lato Krisztian , Korzoum Andrea , Janni Wolfgang , Reister Frank 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectivesThanks to the advances of modern medicine it has become possible to reach a fertile age even in the case of serious illnesses, enabling those patients to realize their desire to have children. This is also the case with the extremely heterogeneous, often autosomal dominantly inherited osteogenesis imperfecta. Due to a disruption in collagen synthesis those patients are faced with multiple fractures, spinal deformities and a decrease in pulmonary capacity throughout the course of their lives, depending on the subtype and severity of the disease. Obstetricians as well as anesthetists face major interdisciplinary challenges in the case of a pregnancy in those patients because of pregnancy-associated risks like uterine rupture, preterm birth and postpartum hemorrhage as well as risks associated with the nature of osteogenesis imperfecta itself, like bone fractures, spinal deformities and decreased mobility in the course of the progressing pregnancy. Mode of delivery should be planned individually in order to minimize maternal morbidity and mortality. In cases in which the fetus is as well affected by the disease, this aspect must be taken into consideration when it comes to supervision of pregnancy and planning of the birth mode.Case presentationWe report the case of a woman with osteogenesis imperfecta type III who spontaneously conceived a pregnancy with a fetus who was also affected by the genetic disease. This constellation has up to now been reported by only few sources and requires supervision by an experienced perinatal center.ConclusionsOsteogenesis imperfecta is not an exclusion diagnosis for family planning and a successful delivery. Nevertheless, depending on the form of the disease, mother and child can be severely affected by the disturbed collagen synthesis. Each patient has to be individually advised and cared for with the specific risks due to the type of Osteogenesis imperfecta. In the case of type III, due to extreme scoliosis, pelvic deformity and small growth, only a primary cesarean section can be performed.
Nach einer erneuten Lektüre: Max Horkheimer,Die Sehnsucht nach dem ganz Anderen
Authors: Nagl-Docekal Herta 
Published: January 2021

Abstract“What we call meaning is bound to vanish”: Under this heading, an interview with Max Horkheimer was published in Der Spiegel (Jan 5, 1970). Revisiting this interview, the article focuses on Horkheimer’s thesis that human beings share the “longing that the injustice which characterizes the world must not be the final word”. It examines the extent to which Horkheimer’s notion of the “desire for the totally other” may be inspired by Kant’s claim that religion is grounded in the “need of practical reason”. A further topic of discussion is Horkheimer’s critical assessment concerning current tendencies toward a “total administration of the world” that may ultimately “reduce thinking to the level of industrial processes”. Relating this critique to Kant’s reflections on the “unbelief of reason (Vernunftunglaube)”, which is based on “the maxim of reason’s independence of its own need”, the article raises the question of Horkheimer’s significance today: What relevance does Horkheimer’s method of casting doubt on any “politics that is not based on theology, metaphysics and, of course, morality” have for today’s discourse on such matters? In this context a brief glance is cast at Jürgen Habermas’s post-metaphysical reading of Horkheimer’s “negative theology”.Die Forschung zu diesem Beitrag wurde durch das Russian Academic Excellence Project at the Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University (Aleksandra Nevskogo Street 14, 236016 Kaliningrad, Russische Föderation) unterstützt.
Influences of liquefied lignin content on the properties of waterborne polyurethane prepared with different chain extenders
Authors: Lee Wen-Jau , Hu Ming-Shan , Yu Chao-Yun , Chen Yi-Chun 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Waterborne polyurethane resins (WPUs) were prepared from polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMG) and PTMG/polyhydric alcohol liquefied lignin (LL) with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), and ethylenediamine (EDA) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD) were used as chain extenders. The effects of LL and the kind of chain extender on the properties of the WPU suspensions and dried films were studied. WPU suspensions prepared with PTMG/LL as the polyol had higher viscosity and larger average particle dimension than those with PTMG alone. WPU films prepared with EDA as the chain extender had higher tensile strength with less tensile deformation. LL can enhance the stiffness of WPU films, but the breaking deformation decreases. Dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) results showed that the main effect of LL was reduced thermal activity of the soft segment. Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) results showed WPU films prepared with EDA as the chain extender had better heat-resistance than those with 1,4-BD.
Hsa-miR-186-5p regulates TGFβ signaling pathway through expression suppression of SMAD6 and SMAD7 genes in colorectal cancer
Authors: Bayat Zahra , Ghaemi Zahra , Behmanesh Mehrdad , Soltani Bahram M. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
TGFβ signaling is a known pathway to be involved in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression and miRNAs play crucial roles by regulating different components of this pathway. Hence, finding the link between miRNAs and the pathway could be beneficial for CRC therapy. Array data indicated that miR-186-5p is a differentially expressed miRNA in colorectal Tumor/Normal tissues and bioinformatics tools predicted SMAD6/7 (inhibitory SMADs) as bona fide targets of this miRNA. Here, we intended to investigate the regulatory effect of the miR-186-5p expression on TGFβ signaling in CRC. Firstly, the miR-186-5p overexpression in HCT116 cells resulted in a significant reduction of SMAD6/7 expression, measured through RT-qPCR. Then, the direct interactions of miR-186-5p with SMAD6/7 3′UTRs were supported through dual luciferase assay. Furthermore, miR-186-5p overexpression suppressed proliferation, cell viability, and migration while, it increased apoptosis in CRC cells, assessed by cell cycle, MTT, scratch and Annexin V/PI apoptosis assays. Consistently, miR-186-5p overexpression resulted in reduced CyclinD1 protein using western blot, and also resulted in increased P21 and decreased c-Myc expression. Overall, these results introduced miR-186-5p as a cell cycle suppressor through downregulation of SMAD6/7 expression. Thus, miR-186-5p might be served as a novel tumor suppressive biomarker and therapeutic target in CRC treatment.
The method of envelopes to concisely calculate semiparametric efficient scores under parametric restrictions
Authors: Frangakis Constantine E. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
When addressing semiparametric problems with parametric restrictions (assumptions on the distribution), the efficient score (ES) of a parameter is often important for generating useful estimates. However, usual derivation of ES, although conceptually simple, is often lengthy and with many steps that do not help in understanding why its final form arises. This drawback often casts onto semiparametric estimation a mantle that can turn away otherwise able doctoral students or researchers. Here we show that many ESs can be obtained as a one-step derivation after we characterize those features (envelopes) of the unrestricted problem that are constrained in the restricted problem. We demonstrate our arguments in three problems with known ES but whose usual derivations are lengthy. We show that the envelope-based derivation is dramatically explanatory and compact, needing essentially two lines where the standard approach needs 10 or more pages. This suggests that the envelope method can add useful intuition and exegesis to both teaching and research of semiparametric estimation.
Gas–liquid mass transfer using advanced optical probe in a mimicked FT slurry bubble column
Authors: Han Lu , Kamalanathan Premkumar , Al-Dahhan Muthanna H. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Gas-liquid volumetric liquid-phase mass transfer coefficient (k

L

a) was studied in a slurry bubble column at the conditions mimicking Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. To avoid the hydrodynamic disturbances due to the gas switching, oxygen enriched air dynamic absorption method was used. Influence of reactor models (CSTR, ADM and RCFD) on the volumetric mass transfer coefficient was investigated. Effect of operating pressure, superficial gas velocity and solids loading were investigated. From the reactor models investigated, it is recommended to use ADM model for k

L

a study. If the CSTR model is used, applicability of the model should be checked. With increase in the superficial gas velocity and operating pressure, volumetric liquid-phase mass transfer coefficient increases, while it decreases with the solids loading corroborating with the literature.
Energy management of a microgrid using demand response strategy including renewable uncertainties
Authors: Dayalan Suchitra , Rathinam Rajarajeswari 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Microgrid is an effective means of integrating multiple energy sources of distributed energy to improve the economy, stability and security of the energy systems. A typical microgrid consists of Renewable Energy Source (RES), Controllable Thermal Units (CTU), Energy Storage System (ESS), interruptible and uninterruptible loads. From the perspective of the generation, the microgrid should be operated at the minimum operating cost, whereas from the perspective of demand, the energy cost imposed on the consumer should be minimum. The main key in controlling the relationship of microgrid with the utility grid is managing the demand. An Energy Management System (EMS) is required to have real time control over the demand and the Distributed Energy Resources (DER). Demand Side Management (DSM) assesses the actual demand in the microgrid to integrate different energy resources distributed within the grid. With these motivations towards the operation of a microgrid and also to achieve the objective of minimizing the total expected operating cost, the DER schedules are optimized for meeting the loads. Demand Response (DR) a part of DSM is integrated with MG islanded mode operation by using Time of Use (TOU) and Real Time Pricing (RTP) procedures. Both TOU and RTP are used for shifting the controllable loads. RES is used for generator side cost reduction and load shifting using DR performs the load side control by reducing the peak to average ratio. Four different cases with and without the PV, wind uncertainties and ESS are analyzed with Demand Response and Unitcommittment (DRUC) strategy. The Strawberry (SBY) algorithm is used for obtaining the minimum operating cost and to achieve better energy management of the Microgrid.
A comparative study of the speed control of an IM–based flywheel energy storage system using PI–DTC and RFOC strategies
Authors: Mansour Mohamed , Bendoukha Samir , Barhoumi Nabil , Mimouni Mohamed F 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This paper examines the modeling and speed–based control of an IM–based flywheel energy storage system (FESS) for integration with a variable wind generation system (VSWG) feeding an online isolated load at the DC bus level. Two traditional control strategies are considered for the FESS, rotor flux oriented control (RFOC) and direct torque control (DTC). Instead of controlling the IM torque directly, the proposed schemes control the measured speed of the FESS–IM to follow a reference value estimated from the required power compensation. Matlab/Simulink simulations show that the tracking performance of the two controllers is comparable.
Effects of amount of added water on red yeast rice production using Korean soft rice variety “Hangaru”
Authors: Oh Hyun Ah , Kim Min Young , Lee Yoon Jeong , Lee Junsoo , Jeong Heon Sang 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We aimed to develop an efficient process for producing red yeast rice (RYR) with different rice cultivars (Samkwang: used for cooking and Hangaru: used for processing) and amounts of added water (0–100%). Our analyses showed that Hangaru rice had a round starchy form with 18.62% amylose content, and Samkwang rice exhibited an angular starchy form with 15.29% amylose content. The in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis ratio was higher for Hangaru RYR (20.92–24.28%) than for Samakwang RYR (10.97–15.91%) with different amounts of water added. Hangaru RYR showed the highest color value with 60% added water; however, Samkwang RYR highest color value was at 40% added water. The total content of monacolin K was the highest (749.34 mg/kg) for Hangaru RYR treated with 60% added water. These results suggest that Hangaru rice supplemented with 60% water is the most suitable for producing RYR.
Subnormality and residuals for saturated formations: A generalization of Schenkman’s theorem
Authors: Aivazidis Stefanos , Safonova Inna N. , Skiba Alexander N. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Let G be a finite group, and let

𝔉

{\mathfrak{F}}

be a hereditary saturated formation.
We denote by

𝐙
𝔉

⁢

(
G
)

{\mathbf{Z}_{\mathfrak{F}}(G)}

the product of all normal subgroups N of G such that every chief factor

H
/
K

{H/K}

of G below N is

𝔉

{\mathfrak{F}}

-central in G, that is,

(

H
/
K

)

⋊

(

G
/

𝐂
G

⁢

(

H
/
K

)

)

∈
𝔉

{(H/K)\rtimes(G/\mathbf{C}_{G}(H/K))\in\mathfrak{F}}

.
A subgroup

A
⩽
G

{A\leqslant G}

is said to be

𝔉

{\mathfrak{F}}

-subnormal in the sense of Kegel, or
K-

𝔉

{\mathfrak{F}}

-subnormal in G, if there is a subgroup chain

A
=

A
0

⩽

A
1

⩽
⋯
⩽

A
n

=
G

{A=A_{0}\leqslant A_{1}\leqslant\cdots\leqslant A_{n}=G}

such that either

A

i
-
1

⁢
⊴
⁢

A
i

{A_{i-1}\trianglelefteq A_{i}}

or

A
i

/

(

A

i
-
1

)

A
i

∈
𝔉

{A_{i}/(A_{i-1})_{A_{i}}\in\mathfrak{F}}

for all

i
=

1
,
…
,
n

{i=1,\ldots,n}

.
In this paper, we prove the following generalization of Schenkman’s theorem on the centraliser of the nilpotent residual of a subnormal subgroup:
Let

F

{\mathfrak{F}}

be a hereditary saturated formation containing all nilpotent groups, and let S be a K-

F

{\mathfrak{F}}

-subnormal subgroup of G.
If

Z
F

⁢

(
E
)

=
1

{\mathbf{Z}_{\mathfrak{F}}(E)=1}

for every subgroup E of G such that

S
⩽
E

{S\leqslant E}

, then

C
G

⁢

(
D
)

⩽
D

{\mathbf{C}_{G}(D)\leqslant D}

, where

D
=

S
F

{D=S^{\mathfrak{F}}}

is the

F

{\mathfrak{F}}

-residual of S.
A Bayesian marked spatial point processes model for basketball shot chart
Authors: Jiao Jieying , Hu Guanyu , Yan Jun 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The success rate of a basketball shot may be higher at locations where a player makes more shots. For a marked spatial point process, this means that the mark and the intensity are associated. We propose a Bayesian joint model for the mark and the intensity of marked point processes, where the intensity is incorporated in the mark model as a covariate. Inferences are done with a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. Two Bayesian model comparison criteria, the Deviance Information Criterion and the Logarithm of the Pseudo-Marginal Likelihood, were used to assess the model. The performances of the proposed methods were examined in extensive simulation studies. The proposed methods were applied to the shot charts of four players (Curry, Harden, Durant, and James) in the 2017–2018 regular season of the National Basketball Association to analyze their shot intensity in the field and the field goal percentage in detail. Application to the top 50 most frequent shooters in the season suggests that the field goal percentage and the shot intensity are positively associated for a majority of the players. The fitted parameters were used as inputs in a secondary analysis to cluster the players into different groups.
Small rodent communities (Muridae) in Gabonese savannas: species diversity and biogeographical affinities
Authors: Mboumba Jean-François , Hervé Maxime R. , Guyot Véronique , Ysnel Frederic 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The study contributes to the knowledge of species composition and biogeographical affinities of savannas rodent in Gabon. Unlike small rodents in Gabonese forests, there is little data on the diversity of small rodents in Gabonese savannas. The diversity and distribution of rodent murid communities was studied in four different types of savanna in Gabon: Coastal Basin (South-West), Lopé/Okanda (in the Center), Batéké Plateaux (Southeastern) and Ngougnié/ N’yanga (in the South). A total of 428 individuals representing six species were captured over 11,920 trap nights. Trap success was highly variable (2.2–6.9 %). The most abundant species were Mus minutoides (69%) followed by Lemniscomys striatus (21.5%). Indices of species richness varied from 2 to 5 and diversity (Shannon and Weaver) was low in the four savannas with the highest value at Ngougnié/N’yanga (H′ = 1.2). Species distributions show that Gabonese savanna small rodents conform to four distribution types, with one species known from Zambesian savannas exhibiting austral affinities (Pelomys campanae: occurs in three southern savannas). This new information provides important insight into the biogeography of small rodents at a local and regional level. Moreover, the correspondence analysis highlighted an influence of local ecological factors on population abundance.
On topological aspects of degree based entropy for two carbon nanosheets
Authors: Manzoor Shazia , Chu Yu-Ming , Siddiqui Muhammad Kamran , Ahmad Sarfraz 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe entropy-based procedures from the configuration of chemical graphs and multifaceted networks, several graph properties have been utilized. For computing, the organizational evidence of organic graphs and multifaceted networks, the graph entropies have converted the information-theoretic magnitudes. The graph entropy portion has attracted the research community due to its potential application in chemistry. In this paper, our input is to reconnoiter graph entropies constructed on innovative information function, which is the quantity of different degree vertices along with the quantity of edges between innumerable degree vertices.”In this study, we explore two dissimilar curricula of carbon nanosheets that composed by C4and C8denoted by T1C4C8(S)[m, n] and T2C4C8(R)[m, n]. Additionally, we calculate entropies of these configurations by creating a connection of degree-based topological indices with the advantage of evidence occupation.
Development of polymer composites and encapsulation technology for slow-release fertilizers
Authors: Abd El-Aziz Mahmoud Essam , Salama Dina M. , Morsi Samir M. M. , Youssef Ahmed M. , El-Sakhawy Mohamed 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The fertilizer manufacturing faces an ongoing challenge to develop its products to raise the effectiveness of their application, mainly of nitrogenous fertilizers, as well as to reduce any probable adverse ecological effect. In general, chemical fertilizers are very necessary for agricultural lands to provide the essential nutrients for plant growth, which are lost and leached into the surrounding environment during irrigation, which then leads to unwanted side effects, such as crop failure or increased losses to the environment. To solve this problem of nutrients being wasted, the most effective way is to use slow or controlled-release fertilizers (S/CRFs). The current review provides an insight vision into the methods used to save agricultural fertilizers from being wasted due to irrigation. The functional materials or physical techniques are used to maintain a steady release of nutrients. Fertilizers are encapsulated with various compounds based on synthetic or natural polymers to be used as SRFs. In this review paper, a comprehensive survey is presented on SRFs as an effective method in dealing with the problem of fertilizer wastage during irrigation. This review discusses the technology and applications of the latest research findings in this field.
A Multidimension Source Model for Generating Broadband Ground Motions with Deterministic 3D Numerical Simulations
Authors: Wang Xiang-Chao , Wang Jin-Ting , Zhang Lei , Li Shuai , Zhang Chu-Han 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTA multidimension source model for generating broadband ground motions with deterministic 3D numerical simulations is proposed in this article. In this model, the source is composed of several superimposed layers, and the total seismic moment is assigned to these layers in different proportions. Each layer exactly fills up the seismic fault and is uniformly divided into subsources with size decreased progressively to reflect different levels of rupture details. Hence, the proposed multidimension source model may consider the realistic rupture process of an earthquake, that is, the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of source parameters, and generate broadband ground motions. To verify this source model, the 1994 Northridge earthquake is simulated with four multidimension source models, based on different source inversion results. The amplitudes, durations, and spectral characteristics of the observed ground motions of the 1994 Northridge earthquake are respectably reproduced in a range of frequencies up to 5 Hz. In addition, a scenario earthquake is also simulated with four multidimension source models, with different synthetic rupture process. The simulated ground motions of the scenario earthquake are generally in good agreement with the Next Generation Attenuation-West 2 ground-motion prediction equations. This demonstrates that it is promising to simulate realistic broadband ground motions of strong earthquakes with a proper source description and realistic Earth models.