bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Systems Approach to Understanding Community Power in the Debate over Confederate Monuments
Authors: Gåddie Keith , Evans Jocelyn J. 
Published: April 2021

ObjectiveWe explore the role of local institutions, public architecture, and Confederate memorialization to institutionalize racialized public spaces.MethodApplying an Eastonian model in an American political development framework, data on government development, postbellum county creation, courthouse construction, and Confederate memorialization are examined for 161 Georgia counties.ResultsCommemorative landscapes, courthouse design, courthouse ground memorials, and other local memorialization reinforce a “Lost Cause” narrative.ConclusionsAmerican apartheid policies were translated from culture to policy to the built environment. They remain as echoes of spatial strategies of white supremacy, facilitated by hyperlocalism in government control. The result was a facially neutral, fundamentally unequal public space perpetuated in a dynamic system where marginalized voices and their feedback are diminished and then muted in the political environment.
Policy Innovativeness and Sexual Freedom
Authors: Bose Feler 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe policy innovation literature does not mention any systemic analysis of sexual freedom laws. Sexual freedom, since the sexual revolution of the 1960s, has been increasing over the past few decades in the United States at the state level and hence is an appropriate area to study in terms of innovativeness. Data collected from 1960 to 2010 show that variables such as Ideology, Income, Religious and Racial fractionalization are important for sexual freedom innovation. In this article, I also innovate in how I calculate the sexual freedom innovativeness score that was necessitated because of the way sexual freedom laws were coded.
Determination of Effective Drag Forces and Torques for Jam Release During Drilling and Workover Operations in Directional Wells
Authors: Ding Yanan , Wang Haiwen , Yang Daoyong 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Excessive frictions in directional wells lead to various downhole problems such as pipe stuck that requires frequent workover operations, during which it is very challenging to accurately determine the effective drag (axial) forces and torques for releasing a jam at a stuck position due to the complex downhole situations. In this study, mathematical models have been formulated, validated, and applied to accurately determine such forces and torques in directional wells by taking the frictions caused by string-stiffness into account. The stiffness-based contact (normal) force is correlated with the deflection of a string segment by treating the bending segment as a simple beam that has both continuous and point contacts with the wellbore wall. Subsequently, the conventional soft-string model proposed by Johancsik et al. in 1984 is modified through coupling such a contact-force term into the original equations. Both the original soft-string model and the modified model are employed to perform the force and torque calculations for two field wells, based on which the effect of string-stiffness and the associated sensitivities are analyzed. Comparing the modified model with the conventional model, it has been found from their field applications that effective drag forces and torques for releasing a jam at a stuck point can be determined with an averaged relative deviation of 23.35% and 37.59%, respectively, indicating a considerable effect of string-stiffness that cannot be neglected for an accurate and efficient operation of jam release.
Effects of COVID-19 Lockdown and a Subsequent Retraining Period on Elite Athletes’ Workload, Performance, and Autonomic Responses: A Case Series
Authors: Valenzuela Pedro L. , Rivas Fernando , Sánchez-Martínez Guillermo 
Published: April 2021

Purpose: To describe the effects of COVID-19 lockdown and a subsequent retraining on the training workloads, autonomic responses, and performance of a group of elite athletes. Methods: The training workloads and heart rate variability (assessed through the log-transformed root mean square of successive R–R intervals) of 7 elite badminton players were registered daily during 4 weeks of normal training (baseline), 7 to 10 weeks of lockdown, and 6 to 8 weeks of retraining. Physical performance was assessed at baseline and after each phase by means of a countermovement jump and the estimated squat 1-repetition maximum. Results: A reduction in training workloads was observed in all participants during the lockdown (−63.7%), which was accompanied by a reduced heart rate variability in all but one participant (−2.0%). A significant reduction was also observed for countermovement jump (−6.5%) and 1-repetition maximum performance (−11.5%), which decreased in all but one participant after the lockdown. However, after the retraining phase, all measures returned to similar values to those found at baseline. At the individual level, there were divergent responses, as exemplified by one athlete who attenuated the reduction in training workloads and increased her performance during the lockdown and another one who markedly reduced his workload and performance, and got injured during the retraining phase. Conclusions: Although there seems to be a large interindividual variability, COVID-19 lockdown is likely to impose negative consequences on elite athletes, but these detrimental effects might be avoided by attenuating reductions in training workloads and seem to be overall recovered after 6 to 8 weeks of retraining.
Factors associated with testing positive for syphilis among MSM who present as sexual contacts of syphilis from a clinic-based population
Authors: Richardson Daniel , Pickering Alice , Nichols Kayleigh , Buss Zoe , Trotman Daniel , Fitzpatrick Colin , Williams Deborah 
Published: April 2021

ObjectivesThere has been a significant increase in syphilis in men who have sex with men (MSM) in the UK over the past 20 years. Partner notification strategies have increased the number of MSM attending STI clinics as sexual contacts of syphilis. Current guidelines suggest testing and consideration of presumptive antimicrobial treatment. Syphilis treatment with benzathine penicillin requires clinic resources, is painful and is associated with complications. It is important we consider strategies to rationalise presumptive antimicrobial use and promote antimicrobial stewardship.MethodsWe aimed to determine if there are any factors associated with having syphilis among MSM attending as sexual contacts of syphilis in a cross-sectional study. We examined the clinical records of MSM attending as sexual contacts of syphilis from January to December 2019.ResultsOf the 6613 MSM who attended for STI testing, 142 of 6613 (2.1%) presented as sexual contacts of syphilis. The median age was 40 years (IQR=31–51), 43 of 142 (30%) were HIV positive, 38 of 142 (27%) had been diagnosed and treated for syphilis in the past, and 11 of 142 (8%) presented with symptoms (possible lesions of primary or secondary syphilis). Thirteen (9%, 95% CI=4.4 to 13.9) tested positive for syphilis on the day of presentation. MSM who were symptomatic (genital ulcer or body rash), HIV positive or had a history of syphilis were significantly more likely to test positive for syphilis (OR=51.88, 95% CI: 3.01 to 893.14, p=0.007).ConclusionsWe have shown that in our clinic-based population of MSM who presented as sexual contacts of syphilis, the factors associated with testing positive for syphilis were: having HIV, having a history of syphilis or presenting with symptoms (possible lesions of primary or secondary syphilis). These factors could be used to rationalise antibiotic treatment among MSM presenting as sexual contacts of syphilis. Further research is needed to validate this finding in other populations of MSM and people affected by syphilis.
A scoping review of exercise referral schemes involving qualified exercise professionals in primary health care
Authors: O’Brien Myles W. , Bray Nick W. , Kivell Matthew J. , Fowles Jonathon R. 
Published: April 2021

Qualified exercise professionals (QEPs) have the training, knowledge, and scope of practice to effectively provide physical activity counselling, prescribe exercise, and deliver exercise programming to patients with or without chronic diseases. Healthcare providers identify an interest in referring patients to QEPs; however, the impact of exercise referral schemes (ERS) involving QEPs on patients’ physical health is unclear. A scoping review regarding the available evidence of ERS involving healthcare provider referrals to QEPs was performed. A literature search was conducted in 6 databases (initially: n = 6011 articles), yielding n = 23 articles examining QEP delivered physical activity counselling (n = 7), QEP supervised exercise training (n = 4), or some combination (n = 12). Although studies were heterogeneous in methods, procedures, and populations, ERSs increased patients’ subjective physical activity levels. Few studies incorporated objective physical activity measures (n = 5/23), and almost half measured aerobic fitness (n = 11/23). ERS involving a QEP that includes activity counselling and/or exercise programming/training report favourable impacts on patients’ subjectively measured physical activity and objectively measured aerobic fitness. Based on the existing literature on the topic, this scoping review provides recommendations for designing and evaluating ERS with QEPs that include: objective measures, long-term follow-up, QEP qualifications, and the cost-effectiveness of ERS. Novelty: ERS involving QEPs report increased patients’ perceived physical activity level and may improve patients’ cardiorespiratory fitness. Promoting the collaboration of QEPs with other healthcare providers can enhance patients’ physical fitness and health. This scoping review provides recommendations for the design and evaluation of ERS involving QEPs.
Genetic diversity maintained in comparison of captive-propagated and wild populations of Lampsilis fasciola and Ptychobranchus fasciolaris (Bivalvia: Unionidae)1
Authors: VanTassel Nichelle M. , Morris Todd J. , Wilson Christopher G. , Zanatta David T. 
Published: April 2021

We compared the genetic diversity and structure of wild versus captive-propagated at-risk species of freshwater mussels in Canada, Lampsilis fasciola (wavy-rayed lampmussel; WRL) and Ptychobranchus fasciolaris (kidneyshell; KS), using microsatellite-generated genotypes. No significant differences were detected using Kruskal–Wallis tests that compared the genetic diversity metrics of wild and captive-propagated WRL (from 12 mothers) and KS (from seven mothers). After effective population size (Ne) was estimated, considerable overlap was found in the estimated Ne between wild and captive populations of both species. Pairwise FST and Dest values among wild WRL, hatchery-raised WRL juveniles, and across different time periods (2008–2018) were generally low (FST = 0.007–0.043, Dest = 0.005–0.282). Pairwise FST and Dest for KS were not significant and low (0.012, 0.017). When comparing captive-reared offspring with the wild population, STRUCTURE analysis revealed strong support for a single genetic population. With at least seven females contributing to brood stock, genetic diversity was maintained. Further research is needed to assess the male contribution to each glochidial brood as well as the variability of genetic diversity in individual glochidial broods.
Quantum many-body effects on Rydberg excitons in cuprous oxide
Authors: Semkat D. , Fehske H. , Stolz H. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe investigate quantum many-body effects on Rydberg excitons in cuprous oxide induced by the surrounding electron-hole plasma. Line shifts and widths are calculated by full diagonalisation of the plasma Hamiltonian and compared to results in first order perturbation theory, and the oscillator strength of the exciton lines is analysed.
Estimation of rheological parameters for unstained living cells
Authors: Lonhus Kirill , Rychtáriková Renata , Ghaznavi Ali , Štys Dalibor 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn video-records, objects moving in intracellular regions are often hardly detectable and identifiable. To squeeze the information on the intracellular flows, we propose an automatic method of reconstruction of intracellular flow velocity fields based only on a recorded video of an unstained cell. The basis of the method is detection of speeded-up robust features (SURF) and assembling them into trajectories. Two components of motion—direct and Brownian—are separated by an original method based on minimum covariance estimation. The Brownian component gives a spatially resolved diffusion coefficient. The directed component yields a velocity field, and after fitting the vorticity equation, estimation of the spatially distributed effective viscosity. The method was applied to videos of a human osteoblast and a hepatocyte. The obtained parameters are in agreement with the literature data.
Cathodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Acute Ischemic Stroke: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Pruvost-Robieux Estelle , Benzakoun Joseph , Turc Guillaume , Marchi Angela , Mancusi Rossella Letizia , Lamy Catherine , Domigo Valérie , Oppenheim Catherine , Calvet David , Baron Jean-Claude , Mas Jean-Louis , Gavaret Martine 
Published: April 2021

Background and Purpose:
In acute stroke, preventing infarct growth until complete recanalization occurs is a promising approach as an adjunct to reperfusion therapies to reduce infarct size and improve outcome. In rodent models, cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (C-tDCS) decreases peri-infarct depolarizations and reduces infarct volume. We hypothesized that C-tDCS would nonpharmacologically reduce infarct growth in hyperacute middle cerebral artery territory stroke patients receiving reperfusion therapy.

Methods:
STICA (Cathodal Transcranial Direct Stimulation in Acute Middle Cerebral Artery Stroke) was a pilot single-center, double-blind, 2-arms 1:1 randomized trial evaluating the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of C-tDCS versus sham stimulation in patients eligible for recanalization therapies. Magnetic resonance imaging was obtained both on admission and 24 hours later. The primary end point was 24-hour infarct growth. Secondary outcomes were (1) National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score difference between day 7 and admission and (2) 3-month modified Rankin Scale score.

Results:

Forty-five patients were randomized. Median magnetic resonance imaging-to-C-tDCS start time was 45 minutes; C-tDCS was started before completion of recanalization procedure in all patients. The intervention proved feasible in all patients. No major adverse effects occurred in either group. There was no significant difference between active and sham groups for any end point. However, an apparent trend towards smaller infarct growth in the C-tDCS arm was observed in the whole group (unadjusted median difference [IC
95%
]: −2.2 mL [−12.2 to 1.5]) and in the prespecified subsamples with moderate-to-severe stroke and large vessel occlusion (−5.7 mL [−21.6 to 2.6] and −7.7 mL [−24.2 to 2.6], respectively).

Conclusions:
C-tDCS was feasible and well tolerated. No significant difference was found between the active and sham groups. However, the data suggest potential benefits of C-tDCS in patients with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of >10 or large vessel occlusion. Using the observed effect size and standard α=5% and β=20%, samples of 102 and 86, respectively, can be estimated for future trials in patients with these characteristics. Randomized trials particularly targeting these populations may be warranted.
Negotiating Assimilation and Hybridity
Authors: Hoon (云昌耀) Chang-Yau , Sahrifulhafiz Shawatriqah 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper explores the ways in which Bruneians who are born into a Chinese-Malay family define their identity, how the state classifies them in terms of “race,” how they negotiate their bicultural practices, and what challenges they face while growing up in the liminal space of inbetweenness. Considering the hegemonic force of assimilation enforced by various state apparatuses, the article critically discusses the ways in which Chinese-Malays negotiate the space between assimilation and hybridity. By examining the experience of between and betwixt among these biracial subjects, the article alludes to the different forces that define the boundaries of exclusion and inclusion, belonging and non-belonging in Brunei Darussalam.
Understanding Intraethnic Diversity
Authors: Wang (王斌) Bing , Zhou (周敏) Min 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper fills a scholarly gap in the understanding of intraethnic diversity by way of a case study of the formation of a Taiwanese American identity. Drawing on a review of the existing scholarly literature and data from systematic field observations, as well as secondary data including ethnic organizations’ mission statements and activity reports, we explore how internal and external processes intersect to drive the construction of a distinct Taiwanese American identity. The study focuses on addressing three interrelated questions: (1) How does Taiwanese immigration to the United States affect diasporic development? (2) What contributes to the formation of a Taiwanese American identity? (3) In what specific ways is the Taiwanese American identity sustained and promoted? We conceive of ethnic formation as an ethnopolitical process. We argue that this ethnopolitical process involves constant negotiation and action in multiple spaces beyond nation-state boundaries. We show that immigration dynamics and homeland politics interact to create diversified rather than homogenized patterns of diasporic development and ethnic identification. The lifting of martial law in 1987 and democratization in Taiwan since then have led to increased public support for Taiwanization and Taiwanese nationalism in Taiwan. Rising nationalism in the homeland has in turn invigorated efforts at constructing an ethnonational – Taiwanese American – identity in the diaspora through proactive disidentification from the Chinese American community and civic transnationalism. This ethnopolitical identity is re-affirmed through cultural reinvention, outreach and networking, and appropriation of Taiwan indigenous cultures and symbols. We conclude by discussing the complexity of diasporic development and identity formation.
Identification of the ZEB2 gene as a potential target for epilepsy therapy and the association between rs10496964 and ZEB2 expression
Authors: Wang Shitao , Wang Dan , Cai Xuemei , Wu Qian , Han Yanbing 
Published: April 2021

Objective An association between the rs10496964 polymorphism and the ZEB2 gene has not yet been reported, and the role of ZEB2 in epilepsy therapy is also unclear. The aims of this research were to evaluate the role of ZEB2 in the therapy of epilepsy and to explore the association between rs10496964 and ZEB2 expression. Methods We used the expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) dataset resource from the Brain eQTL Almanac to evaluate the association between rs10496964 and ZEB2 expression in human brain tissue. Pathway and process enrichment analysis, protein–protein interaction analysis, and PhosphoSitePlus® analysis were then performed to further evaluate the role of ZEB2 in the therapy of epilepsy. Results The rs10496964 polymorphism was found to regulate the expression of ZEB2 in human brain tissue. The ZEB2 protein interacts with the targets of approved antiepileptic drugs, and a post-translational acetylation modification of ZEB2 was associated with an epilepsy drug therapy. Conclusion Our findings suggest that ZEB2 may be involved in the therapy of epilepsy, and rs10496964 regulates ZEB2 expression in human brain tissue.
A rare cause of hydronephrosis: Leiomyoma of the ureter and a literature review
Authors: Kilic Furkan Umut , Micoogullari Uygar , Altinova Serkan 
Published: April 2021

Introduction: Leiomyomas of the genitourinary tract are rare and their manifestation in the ureter is even rarer. To our knowledge, only 14 cases of leiomyoma of the ureter have been reported worldwide since 1955, therefore this case will be 15th. Case presentation: We present a rare case of primary leiomyoma of the right ureter. Ureteroscopy did not show any abnormal findings in the ureteral mucosa. The primary leiomyoma was resected with distal ureterectomy and partial cystectomy that was followed with ureteroneocystostomy due to extraluminal mass that caused hydronephrosis and back pain. Conclusion: Although rare, we believe that leiomyoma should be considered in the differential diagnoses of well-circumscribed ureteral masses and kidney-sparing surgery should be performed.
Epidemiology of Concussion in the National Football League, 2015-2019
Authors: Mack Christina D. , Solomon Gary , Covassin Tracey , Theodore Nicholas , Cárdenas Javier , Sills Allen 
Published: April 2021

Background: Concussion in American football, and specifically the National Football League (NFL) is a major area of interest and key focus for injury prevention. Complete and accurate characterization of when, how, and to whom these injuries occur can facilitate injury reduction efforts. Existing studies of concussion in the NFL use publicly available data, potentially limiting data quality and the inferences that can be made. Hypothesis: Concussion incidence in the NFL decreased across the 2015-2019 seasons. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Methods: Concussion incidence, including counts, one-season risk, and rates per game and player-plays, among active NFL players from 2015 to 2019 is described by year, season, play type, and roster position. Results: A total 1302 concussions were identified from 2015 to 2019 among 1004 players. Of these, 80% occurred in NFL games. The average annual incidence of in-season game concussions changed over the study period, from 230.7 per season (2015-2017) to 177.0 per season (2018-2019); this represented a 23% decrease in game settings ( P < 0.01). Practice concussions fluctuated across the years of the study from 38 to 67 per season (average = 50.8/season). There were 70.6 concussions per 100 preseason games, which was slightly higher than the regular season rate per game of 61.7. Overall, there were 790 regular season game concussions across 4,657,243 player-plays and 114,428 player-games during the 5-year study. In regular season games, the majority of concussions were sustained on running and passing plays (n = 119/season), and the highest average rate per play occurred on kickoffs (0.69/100 plays). Defensive secondary (cornerbacks, safeties, and generic defensive backs) and offensive line incurred the most concussions, and the highest rates of concussion were among tight ends and wide receivers. Conclusion and Relevance: Concussions in the NFL are a key focus for player safety. Concussion reduction strategies were implemented before 2018, after which there was a sustained 2-year decrease in concussion incidence, providing a new benchmark from which to work toward further injury reduction.