bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic Biochemistry
Authors: MAY CHARLES D. 
Published: December 2021

This is a courageous book. It demands something of the student. The author has that rare maturity which leads him to arrange the text to involve the student in an active process of learning rather than egotistically exploiting him with a show of erudition that leaves the student passively impressed and unchallenged.
The essentials of important biochemical systems are clearly outlined, in a somewhat original manner, so as to enable one to understand the biochemistry behind diagnostic procedures.
EXPERIENCES WITH THE MANAGEMENT OF PLEXIFORM NEUROFIBROMA
Authors: Minor Charles L. , Koop C. Everett 
Published: December 2021

Plexiform neurofibroma is a relatively uncommon manifestation of diffuse neurofibromatosis and is characterized by its unique gross appearance. Because of its tendency to involve peripheral nerves centripetally it must be vigorously treated surgically to prevent damage to vital areas, notably the brain and spinal cord, although the tumor is basically benign.
We have presented our experience with 11 children who had this disease, demonstrating that despite the propensity for the growth to crop up in several areas it can be eradicated locally, and the patient may have no further trouble for a long time.
We believe that resectable lesions should be removed even though this may require repeated operations over a period of several years.
CLINICAL CONFERENCE
Authors: Schulman Irving 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Schulman: The patient I would like to discuss this afternoon demonstrates a problem which is quite common in pediatric practice, namely that of severe and recurrent epistaxis.
The patient is a 9-year-old boy who had manifested repeated episodes of epistaxis since the age of 2 years. The nosebleeds occurred most commonly during the night and more frequently during the winter than the summer months. They usually were not associated with trauma although, on occasion, they did follow sneezing. They seemed to occur more frequently when the child had a concurrent upper respiratory infection. In most instances the nosebleeds stopped spontaneously after a few minutes, but on at least three occasions they were so profuse as to require hospital attention and nasal packing.
At the age of 3 years, the child was seen by a physician who informed the mother that something was wrong with the child's platelets and that transfusions would be required each time the child had a nosebleed. During the subsequent 2 years the child was admitted to the hospital for transfusion on several occasions. When the child was 4 years of age the mother sought further advice from a hematologist and the patient was completely evaluated from the standpoint of hemorrhagic disease. No abnormality was found. However, the first physician insisted that a platelet defect was present and informed the mother that transfusions were still required with each nosebleed in order to prevent exsanguinating hemorrhage. Oven the succeeding 5-year period the child received numerous transfusions of whole blood, and in recent years with fresh frozen plasma. The nosebleeds had not increased in number or frequency during this period and the child was otherwise clinically well. Two weeks ago the child was brought to the Children's Memorial Hospital for further study.
The past history disclosed no evidence of a bleeding tendency apart from the nosebleeds. Specifically there had been no easy bruising, no bleeding following circumcision, or eruption of the teeth, and no development of hematomata after the usual immunization injections. Complete family history was likewise negative for any evidence of an abnormal tendency to bleed.
EXAMINATION OF THE URINE IN PYELONEPHRITIS
Authors: RUBIN MITCHELL I. 
Published: December 2021

INFECTIONS of the urinary tract are second only to infections of the respiratory tract in frequency and, therefore, represent a very common pediatric problem. In most instances the infection involves the kidney substance (pyelonephritis). In recurrent or chronic infections, usually superimposed on a congenital anatomic defect, functional damage often results. Because of the serious consequences of untreated urinary infection, early diagnosis is imperative, particularly so where there is an associated urinary tract anomaly and where infection tends to persist.
Localizing clinical signs of infection in the urinary tract are too commonly absent to be relied on for a diagnosis, and pyuria, the usual indication of infection in the urinary tract, may be absent in the presence of infection. To date, the most reliable indication of infection in the urinary tract is obtained by finding bacteria in the urine in significant numbers.
ABDOMINAL EPILEPSY IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: Schade George H. , Gofman Helen 
Published: December 2021

A complete family history as to the past seizures experienced by the patient or by members of his family may be revealing and helpful in establishing a diagnosis of abdominal epilepsy. In our study 19 of the 46 children revealed a past history of seizure state and 25 had experienced febrile seizures in infancy.
Detailed consideration of the type of pain, its site, and allied symptoms should be evaluated carefully. Disorientation during an episode of pain followed by exhaustion and sleep is suggestive of abdominal epilepsy.
Electroencephalography is usually helpful in supporting the clinical diagnosis of abdominal epilepsy.
Discussion with the child and his parents, when practical and possible, in regard to the diagnosis and therapy, is recommended. Clarification and definition of the regimen and of the condition are essential, as the term "epilepsy" still carries a stigma to the lay person. Consideration of the patient and parental feelings and attitudes leads to understanding, co-operation, and ultimate success in the control of symptoms.
Anesthesia for Infants and Children
Authors: RACKOW HERBERT 
Published: December 2021

This text is a welcome addition to the small number of books devoted exclusively to pediatric anesthesia. There have been many advances made in this field since Pediatric Anesthesia by Leigh and Belton (1948) and Stephen's monograph, Elements of Pediatric Anesthesia (1956), were published. Smith has collected much of this new information from widely distributed articles, organized it, and added from his own experience of many years at the Children's Medical Center, in Boston.
The book covers many aspects of pediatric anesthesia: basic science, patient preparation, general and special techniques, complications, mortality, etc.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE BACTERIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF NURSERY INFECTIONS
Authors: Hardyment A. F. , Wilson R. A. , Cockcroft W. , Johnson Betty 
Published: December 2021

THE STUDY of the control of skin infections of the newborn infants was started in the winter of 1948-49, when the incidence of pyoderma neonatorum in the nurseries of the Vancouver General Hospital reached a rate of 121 cases per 1000 live-births. At that time the nursery techniques were improved and there was a change from "dry" skin care to the application of 1% ammoniated mercury ointment. This did not prove to have a lasting beneficial effect. From January 1, 1948 until April 30, 1952, the incidence of pyoderma varied in a most unpredicted manner.
From May 1, 1952 until December 31, 1956, various methods of skin care were used experimentally to determine the effect of these on the pyoderma rate in the nurseries. During these observations, a study was made of various other aspects of the epidemiology of pyoderma neonatorum:
1. Studies of staphylococcal contamination of the environment.
a) Nasal carrier rate of infants, mothers, nurses and other personnel.
b) Nursery air.
c) The intact skin of normal infants versus infants with pyoderma.
d) Mothers' hands and bedding.
e) Nurses' hands and gowns.
f) Babies' tubs and bedding.
2. Identification by phage-typing and antibiotic resistance of the organisms isolated.
a) From pustules.
b) From nasal carriers.
3. Observation of the cytology of exudate from pustules (bacterial and nonbacterial).
THE NURSERIES
In the Women's Pavilion of the Vancouver General Hospital are six regular nurseries providing from 21.0 to 31.0 square feet per bassinet. The number of bassinets per nursery ranges from 12 to 22. The daily census shows that the per cent of occupancy ranges from 61 to 81.
A PHYSICAL SIGN USEFUL IN DIAGNOSIS OF ROSEOLA INFANTUM BEFORE THE RASH
Authors: Berliner Benjamin C. 
Published: December 2021

I WISH to call attention to a physical sign, hitherto unremarked as far as I am aware, which is often useful in the preeruptive diagnosis of roseola infantum.
It has been my observation that early in the course of roseola, there develops a characteristics facies brought about by the presence of palpebral edema. As a matter of fact, it is often sufficiently evident to evoke comment from the parents, who will describe the child as having "heavy eyelids," or a "droopy" or "sleepy" appearance.
This facies makes itself evident early in the course of the disease, sometimes on the first day, rarely later than the third. It is unrelated to the degree of temperature elevation. It is unaccompanied by conjunctivitis, tearing or other evidence of ocular pathology. Periorbital edema is absent; the swelling is confined to the eyelids themselves. In most instances it disappears about 24 hours after the appearance of the rash.
One rarely will see a child with roseola who does not display this characteristic appearance. On the other hand, there is a small group of children, representing about 10% of instances, where unexplained palpebral edema occurs without evidence of roseola infantum. Most of these latter instances occur in the summer months.
The accompanying photographs of patients with roseola infantum illustrate this appearance (Fig. 1).
On the "Gray Syndrome" and Chloramphenicol Toxicity
Authors: GEME JOSEPH ST. 
Published: December 2021

Some time ago North American pediatricians were introduced to the term "gray syndrome." This comprised abdominal distention, pallid cyanosis and vasomotor collapse, and was observed to appear within 2 to 3 days after institution of chloramphenicol therapy in newborn infants. This entity was not seen in neonates administered chloramphenicol in doses less than 50 mg/kg/24 hours. The alarming nature of this problem seems to have been corroborated by similar observations from several medical centers.
These afflicted infants were administered chloramphenicol as well as other antibiotics because of premature rupture of uterine membranes in most instances.
ACTIVITY OF GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE IN ERYTHROCYTES OF PATIENTS WITH VARIOUS ABNORMAL HEMOGLOBINS
Authors: Naylor Jean , Rosenthal Ira , Grossman Aaron , Schulman Irving , Hsia David Yi-Yung 
Published: December 2021

In 99 patients with sickle cell anemia and 100 normal Negro children, the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in erythrocytes was determined.
Hemoglobinopathies may be combined with reduced activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the erythrocytes.
The two defects are inherited independently.
The incidence of the enzymatic defect in the erythrocytes of those with sickle cell anemia in this series does not differ from that of a similar Negro population having normal hemoglobin.
There appears to be no significant effect of the enzymatic defect in the erythrocytes on the clinical course of patients with sickle cell anemia or survival times of their erythrocytes.
Patients with sickle cell anemia and with normal stability of the glutathione in the erythrocytes have significantly higher levels of G6PD than controls or patients with sickle cell trait.
GLYCOGEN IN ERYTHROCYTES OF PATIENTS WITH GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE
Authors: Sidbury James B. , Cornblath Marvin , Fisher Jean , House Evelyn 
Published: December 2021

The erythrocyte glycogen concentration has been determined in 63 normal persons and 18 patients with glycogen storage disease. Erythrocyte glycogen from normal patients and from those with glycogenosis has been isolated and characterized by beta-amylase degradation and the iodine spectrum.
By these techniques patients with Type III glycogenosis could be distinguished both by the concentration of glycogen in the erythrocyte and characterization of the glycogen. One patient with amylo-1,4→1,6-transglucosidase deficiency (Type IV) was found to have a normal concentration of glycogen in the erythrocytes but the glycogen from the cellular elements of the blood was shown to be abnormal, being amylopectin-like in structure. The concentration of glycogen in the erythrocytes of Types I and II glycogenosis was found to be within the normal range.
The etiologic diagnosis can be made in approximately 50% of the patients with glycogenosis by assay of the concentration and characterization of erythrocyte glycogen, thereby obviating the necessity for biopsy. The erythrocyte glycogen in Type III glycogenosis offers another parameter which may be followed in evaluating the response of the patient to therapy.
ARGENTAFFIN CELL TUMORS (CARCINOIDS) OF THE APPENDIX IN CHILDREN
Authors: Oeconomopoulos Chris T. 
Published: December 2021

Three cases of argentaffin cell tumors of the appendix in children are presented. The condition is rare in childhood.
The correct preoperative diagnosis of these tumors when located in the appendix has not been made. They appear to cause an obstructive appendicitis early in their course. This results in appendectomy and may account for lack of metastases in the reported cases.
The treatment of the appendiceal carcinoids consists of simple appendectomy and the prognosis is the same as for acute appendicitis.
TRANSMISSION OF POLIOVIRUSES
Authors: Wehrle Paul F. , Hagen Felicitas , Carbonaro Ory 
Published: December 2021

An attenuated poliovirus Type III strain (Leon 12a1b) was fed to six members of a summer recreational school program in a small community in the central part of New York. Transmission of this virus occurred to only 3 of 25 family contacts of these six children and to only 1 of 13 close school associates. In addition, five more casual school and neighborhood contacts became infected during the study period. Thus, only 9 of 100 family and school contacts of these school children became infected during a 5-week study period.
The results have been interpreted to suggest that the attenuated poliovirus Type III strain (Leon 12a1b) is less invasive in open populations than the natural polioviruses previously observed. It is likely that the increased prevalence of Coxsackie B2 and B3 infections and perhaps other enteroviruses may have had some effect on the spread of the attenuated polioviruses. However, it seems unlikely that these latter two factors could have explained the striking differences observed.
PEDIATRICS IN THE PAST
Authors: Vignec Alfred J. 
Published: December 2021

The New York Foundling Hospital, now located in a new, modern building (Fig. 1) has been in continuous operation for over 90 years. The New York Foundling Asylum, as it was originally known, opened its doors on October 11, 1869; it was the first institution in the United States devoted exclusively to the care of abandoned, neglected or dependent infants, regardless of race or creed. It preceded, by only 2 years, Chicago's Foundling Home, which was organized in 1871 by Dr. George Elias Shipman, a well-known New York physician who had migrated to Chicago.
The New York Foundling Asylum was founded by the Roman Catholic Order of the Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul; it had, as its primary objective, the reduction of the appalling rate of infanticide in New York City, most of these deaths being attributable to exposure. In the first year of operation, 61% of the infants admitted were in extremis. While it may be an exaggeration to say that the streets of New York were covered with dead and dying infants, it certainly would not be an exaggeration to say that it was commonplace. Indeed as late as 1892, according to Thomas Knox, 200 foundlings and 100 dead infants were found in New York City streets.
The first residence of the New York Foundling Asylum was a modest, 4-story brownstone building at 17 East 12th Street (Fig. 2). This building was situated on the north side of the street between Fifth Avenue and University Place—a site now occupied by the Aristocrat Garage. The adjoining building, No. 15, partially visible in the photograph, is still standing and in use.
PULMONARY VASCULAR ADJUSTMENTS IN THE NEONATAL PERIOD
Authors: Rudolph Abraham M. , Auld Peter A. M. , Golinko Richard J. , Paul Milton H. 
Published: December 2021

Pulmonary arterial or right ventricular pressures were measured repeatedly in 18 puppies and 2 goats, from 1 to 36 days of age; these pressures were measured with the use of indwelling catheters in unanesthetized animals.
In puppies the systolic pressure in the pulmonary circulation decreased rapidly to near adult levels in 5 to 10 days after birth, and then more slowly to adult levels by 5 to 6 weeks of age. In goats the pressures decreased more slowly, reaching near adult levels in about 12 to 14 days.
Acetylcholine produced a decrease in pulmonary arterial pressure in the puppy in the first 5 days of life, but an increase in pulmonary pressure after that time in the resting animal. In the hypoxic puppy, a reduction in pulmonary arterial pressure was induced by acetylcholine. These findings suggest that the pulmonary vessels in the young puppy are actively constricted but that relaxation occurs after the first few days of life.
SPECIAL ARTICLE
Authors: Rose John A. 
Published: December 2021

THE INCREASING USE of the diagnosis, "schizophrenic reaction," in the severe emotional disturbances of childhood is an evolutionary phenomenon. It is, in part, accounted for by the trend toward incidence of severe emotional disturbance in children at younger ages during the past 2 decades, which has eventuated in the current general problem of increasing severity in childhood mental health.
Prior to the 1940's there was little demand for mental hospital beds for children, while today most of the states are engaged in construction of facilities for children, with no end to the demand in sight.
Prior to the 1940's it was not believed that emotional disorders of early childhood could be severe enough to be identified as psychosis. In 1939, Kanner described a new syndrome of psychotic disturbance in childhood which he called "infantile autism." From this period on, a number of independent workers reported cases of similar nature.
Kanner saw in the behavior of these children a quality that had been considered by Bleuler to be typical of schizophrenic reactions, in his now classic treatise published in 1911. Autism referred to the withdrawal of the schizophrenic from the world of human relationships and values into a self-created world. Kanner described two modes of behavior as typical: 1) alienation from social relationship with persons and 2) preference for sameness in the environment. In addition he cited the fact that the children manifested confusion between self and other; the child might call himself "you," or "lie," and his mother or other caretaker "me."
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON NUTRITION
Authors:   COMMITTEE ON NUTRITION
Published: December 2021

THE PRESENT REPORT concerns the nature and functions of natural vitamin K compounds and of some synthetic naphthoquinone derivatives, referred to as vitamin K analogues. The report emphasizes the use of these compounds in pediatrics, especially for prevention and treatment of hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. The demonstration that water-soluble analogues of vitamin K may be toxic for the newborn infant makes it imperative that these substances be used judiciously.
FUNCTIONS AND REQUIREMENT OF VITAMIN K
Table I provides information concerning characteristics, sources, available preparations and routes of administration of natural and synthetic compounds with vitamin K activity.
Functions
Vitamin K is required for synthesis of prothrombin and proconvertin (stable factor, factor VII), and it probably is involved also in synthesis of Stuart-Prower factor (factor X) and PTC (plasma thromboplastic factor, factor IX) since clotting defects due to deficiencies of these factors as well as to deficiencies of prothrombin and proconvertin occur in states of vitamin K deficiency.
Requirement and Usual Source of Supply
Available evidence indicates that vitamin K compounds cannot be synthesized by the animal organism. However, vitamin K1 is widely distributed in nature, being present in greatest concentrations in green leafy vegetables and in somewhat lesser concentrations in seeds, tubers and fruit. Although it has long been believed that bacterial synthesis of vitamin K2 in the intestine is another important source of the vitamin, recent studies with rats indicate that vitamin K2 formed in this manner is unavailable if coprophagy is prevented. Whether bacterial synthesis of vitamin K2 in the human intestine can contribute to satisfying the requirements for this vitamin is not known, and it is therefore uncertain whether suppression of growth of intestinal micro-organisms by prolonged oral administration of antibiotics or sulfonamides is of practical importance.
PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE
Authors: W. G. M. 
Published: December 2021

ALTHOUGH at the moment the health of older people holds the politico-medical spotlight, there are indications that the health of children may soon be in this limelight. In fact, President Kennedy and the new administration have already taken several important actions to center more attention on the health and welfare of children. In the months ahead the Academy may, I expect, face its greatest opportunity yet to fulfill its purpose as an organization dedicated to the welfare of children.
At the Executive Board meeting on April 7, 1961, the Board, in a prepared statement, approved the proposed National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and offered the co-operation of the Academy in developing a program of basic research in child health. On July 18, Senators Hill and Kerr introduced into the Senate bill S.2269, which provides for the development of this new research Institute. Copies of the Board's resolution were sent to the Senators, together with the offer to appear before the appropriate Congressional Committee, in support of the bill. We believe this proposed Institute should emphasize the concepts of "the whole child" and "prevention" in research programs. We have also urged that research conducted through the presently constituted National Institutes of Health have the benefit of planning and participation by staff trained or oriented in pediatrics. These are matters that for some time have had the attention of your Executive Board.
Your officers have also been co-operating with the White House in connection with the President's Physical Fitness Program.