bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suitable Material Selection for Large Size Cylindrical Gears*
Authors: Fuchs D. , Güntner C. , Tobie T. , Stahl K. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Globalization and international supply chains constantly challenge gear- and steel manufacturers. In the case of large gear units in particular, expensive alloy contents have a direct impact on the material price. Steels with lower alloy contents and therefore cheaper steels are therefore becoming the focus of attention in order to further improve competitiveness. This article therefore compares two materials with different alloying elements and contents and thus different hardenability behaviour. For this purpose, extensive material characterizations as well as pulsator tests were carried out on case-hardened large gears. The aim of these tests was to determine the tooth root load-bearing capacity of the two material variants. Finally, the results are compared, discussed and recommendations for industrial application are derived, taking into account the hardenability of large gears. ◼
Plasma Nitriding Mechanisms of Low-Density Sintered Metal Products
Authors: Roliński E. , Woods M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The mechanism of plasma nitriding include the formation of various active species generating nitrogen atoms reacting with the metal. Which species prevail in supplying nitrogen depends on nitriding conditions as well as the nature of the treated metal. Plasma nitriding of low-density powder metal (PM) products results in a formation of the layers whose thicknesses may depend on the gas pressure used for the process. Higher pressure can cause locally deeper penetration of the surface by active nitrogen species formed from ammonia compounds generated by the plasma. While a low processing pressure reduces this effect significantly. The formation mechanism of a locally thicker layer relies on the presence of open porosities in the surface as they can be penetrated by the ammonia species generated by the plasma. The same porosities cannot be penetrated by the ions of nitrogen formed at the same time since their mean free life is much shorter than that of ammonia species. ◼
Application of the piecewise constant method in nonlinear dynamics of drill string
Authors: Tian Jialin , Wang Jie , Zhou Yi , Yang Lin , Fan Changyue , Wei Lai 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Aiming at the current development of drilling technology and the deepening of oil and gas exploration, we focus on better studying the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of the drill string under complex working conditions and knowing the real movement of the drill string during drilling. This paper firstly combines the actual situation of the well to establish the dynamic model of the horizontal drill string, and analyzes the dynamic characteristics, giving the expression of the force of each part of the model. Secondly, it introduces the piecewise constant method (simply known as PT method), and gives the solution equation. Then according to the basic parameters, the axial vibration displacement and vibration velocity at the test points are solved by the PT method and the Runge–Kutta method, respectively, and the phase diagram, the Poincare map, and the spectrogram are obtained. The results obtained by the two methods are compared and analyzed. Finally, the relevant experimental tests are carried out. It shows that the results of the dynamic model of the horizontal drill string are basically consistent with the results obtained by the actual test, which verifies the validity of the dynamic model and the correctness of the calculated results. When solving the drill string nonlinear dynamics, the results of the PT method is closer to the theoretical solution than that of the Runge–Kutta method with the same order and time step. And the PT method is better than the Runge–Kutta method with the same order in smoothness and continuity in solving the drill string nonlinear dynamics.
Fractional Kirchhoff-type problems with exponential growth without the Ambrosetti–Rabinowitz condition
Authors: Pei Ruichang 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The main aim of this paper is to investigate the existence of nontrivial solutions for a class of fractional Kirchhoff-type problems with right-hand side nonlinearity which is subcritical or critical exponential growth (subcritical polynomial growth) at infinity. However, it need not satisfy the Ambrosetti–Rabinowitz (AR) condition. Some existence results of nontrivial solutions are established via Mountain Pass Theorem combined with the fractional Moser–Trudinger inequality.
On the acquisition of potential verbs and conjugation types of verbs in Japanese
Authors: Takahashi Hideya 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
It is well-known that children whose native language is Japanese first begin vocalizing potential verbs at about the age of 2 years and continue to utter ungrammatical forms which are not used in adults’ speech as well as correct ones until approximately at the age of 5 years when their acquisition of potential verbs completes, with virtually no erroneous uses observed. Interestingly enough, the process of the acquisition of potential verbs proceeds in a manner parallel with that of causative/inchoative alternation. In this study, based on children’s natural speech data reported in previous research, we argue that the approach put forth in Fuji, Hashimoto, and Murasugi (2008a. “A VP-shell analysis for the undergeneration and the overgeneration in the acquisition of Japanese causatives and potentials.” Nanzan Linguistics 4: 21–41; 2008b. “VP-shell analysis for the acquisition of Japanese potentials.” Nanzan Linguistics: Special Issue 3(2): 65–102) is not empirically valid in that it cannot correctly predict changes in morphological patterns of potential verbs uttered by children along the period of language acquisition. Moreover, in the course of our discussion, it is shown that the acquisition process of the potential morpheme e by children can be identified as that of (in)transitive morpheme e which forms the class of mono-grade vowel-ending verbs.
Transition metal compounds as solar selective material
Authors: Patil Ramchandra G. , Yerudkar Aditi N. , Joglekar Amruta R. , Panse Sudhir V. , Dalvi Vishwanath H. , Shankarling Ganapati S. , Deshpande Vineeta D. , Nayak Arun K. , Joshi Jyeshtharaj B. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Concentration solar power (CSP) systems convert solar radiation to heat and use heat engines to convert the heat to electricity. The solar receiver over which the solar radiation is concentrated and converted to heat is the most important part of the CSP. To attain maximum efficiency, the receiver in the CSP systems needs to be coated with an efficient selective solar absorber coating. In recent years, a lot of research has been focused on solar selective coatings. This has resulted in the synthesis of novel coatings that have high thermal and chemical stability, long term durability, and excellent solar selectivity making them suitable for solar thermal applications. This report reviews various solar selective coatings based on transition metals and their compounds. Various failure mechanisms are discussed in detail along with suggested prevention methods. Several thermal stability and durability tests are reported with their benefits and limitations. The effect of long-term durability on the levelized cost of coating is also discussed. Finally, we list some excellent systems and explore different ways of improving the thermal stability for SSCs, thus providing a reference for the design and optimization of new SSCs.
Study on the Interaction of Cationic Gemini Surfactant with Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose
Authors: Zhu Zheng , Lu Xiaohao , Lin Liangliang , Xu Hujun , Gao Haiyan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In the present study, the interaction of the anionic polymer sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) with the two cationic gemini surfactant (C12-(EO)-E-C12 and C12-(EO)2-E-C12) has been investigated by surface tension and turbidity measurements. The co-adsorption of the polymer and the surfactants as well as the formation of highly surface-active polymer-surfactant complex was observed. By inserting the surface tension data into the Gibbs equation it could be shown that the surface layers of the mixed solutions have a multi-level adsorption structure. Comparing the critical adsorption concentration (C1), the critical saturation concentration (C2) and the critical micelle formation concentration (C3) of mixtures with different concentrations, it can be seen that all variables increase with the increase in polymer concentration. In addition, the inorganic salt (NaBr) greatly influences the C1, C2 and C3. The salt effects depend on the competition between the salt-enhancing effect and the salt-shielding effect.
Preparation of a Gemini Surfactant from Mixed Fatty Acid and its Use in Cosmetics
Authors: Datir Kirti , Shinde Harshada , Pratap Amit P. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Among the surfactants, dimeric surfactants represent a niche group with multifunctional properties. In this work a modified gemini surfactant was synthesized using symmetrical fatty acids. Due to the spacers used to combine the two symmetrical monomers, the synthesized gemini surfactant is cationic. The structure of the compound was confirmed with 1H-NMR. The most advantageous property of the gemini surfactant is that it has a lower surface tension, i. e. less than 35 mNm–1 at 25°C, compared to monomeric surfactants. The surface tension was determined with a Kyowa tensiometer. The CMC (critical micelle formation concentration) was calculated according to the pyrene method and detected by UV spectroscopy at 25°C. The very low CMC is another market advantage of the gemini surfactant. Hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity of the synthesized compound were checked by the emulsification method. The ability of the synthesized gemini surfactant to wet and foam and the emulsification index at different pH values were tested. Based on the results, the gemini surfactant was used in formulations for hair and skin care. Conditioners and creams were prepared with the synthesized compound and the properties were analyzed at different concentrations of the gemini surfactant in the respective formulation.
Role of Magnesium Salts in Coal De-Ashing by Flotation
Authors: Gamal Rawya , Edress Nader A.A. , Abuhasel Khaled A. , El-Midany Ayman A. , El-Mofty Salah E. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The most frequently investigated salts in coal flotation are chlorides. However, seawater contains additional salts such as sulfates. In coal flotation, magnesium chlorides showed the best results in terms of higher yield and lower ash content compared to the other magnesium salts studied. Therefore, two magnesium salts were tested in this investigation, namely magnesium chloride and magnesium sulfate. The effect of the magnesium salts as well as the optimization of coal flotation were investigated by statistical design of experiments in terms of pulp density, particle size, conditioning time and different dosages of MgCl2 and MgSO4. The flotation results obtained by statistical design show that the ash content was lowest at 8.2% when a mixture of 2 kg/t MgSO4 and 2 kg/t MgCl2 has been used, with pulp density 20%, particle size 400 lm and conditioning time 15 min. The particle size plays an important role in reducing the ash content when the conditioning time has been extended and pulp density has been reduced. The strong interaction between the salts hinders the reduction of the ash content to less than 8.2%.
Effect of ZnO nanoparticles on optical textures and image analysis properties of 7O.O5 liquid crystalline compound
Authors: Srilekha Gandu , Pardhasaradhi Pokkunuri , Madhav Boddapati Taraka Phani , Nanchara Rao Manepalli Ramakrishna 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The systematic studies are carried out on liquid crystalline N-(p-n-heptyloxybenzylidene)-p-n-pentyloxy aniline (7O.O5) pure compound and with dispersion of ZnO nanoparticles in 1 wt% respectively. The phase transition studies of the pure and LC nanocomposite are carried out using Polarizing Optical Microscope (POM) attached with hot stage along with digital camera and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is used to measure enthalpy and transition temperature values. Further the presence of ZnO nano particles in 7O.O5 is determined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis. It is identified that due to dispersion of nano particles SmG phase is Quenched and nematic thermal range is increased. To enhance the captured textural images, an algorithm that uses tuned intensification operators have been proposed in this article. Statistical parameters for enhanced output images are calculated and compared with existing algorithms such as Adaptive Gamma Correction (AGC) and Discrete Wavelet Transform – Singular Value Decomposition (DWT-SVD) to understand the effectiveness of proposed algorithm. Further, optical parameters have been computed to understand the thermo optical nature of liquid crystalline compounds.
Fluorine analogs of dicamba and tricamba herbicides; synthesis and their pesticidal activity
Authors: Huras Bogumiła , Zakrzewski Jerzy , Żelechowski Krzysztof , Kiełczewska Anna , Krawczyk Maria , Hupko Jarosław , Jaszczuk Katarzyna 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Fluorine analogs of the dicamba and tricamba herbicides were synthesized. Their herbicide activities were compared with the activities of the pattern herbicides dicamba and tricamba.
Cachexia and sarcopenia at oncological patients: diagnostics and treatment tactics
Authors: Khoroshilov I. E. 
Published: February 2021

Background. The features of malnutrition are revealed at 3085% of oncological patients.
Aims. To represent present knowledges on causes and mechanisms of development, clinical features and treatment of cachexia and sarcopenia at oncological patients, including nutritional support and target pharmacotherapy.
Discussion. Cancer cachexia it is necessary to install in case of weight loss on 10% and more from initial and body mass index in adults less than 17 kg/m2. To diagnose of sarcopenia and cachexia are used the bioelectrical impedance analysis, computer and the magnetic resonances tomography. To be treated and warning of sarcopenia and cachexia is used the nutritional support. The enteral nutrition is appointed, when the energy intakes with nutrition less than 60% from required during 12 weeks, or in the presence of sarcopenia or cachexia. Beyond that, the oncological patients are to get the target pharmacotherapy. For maintaining of muscle mass by the oncological of a patients it is recommended physical activity, exercise, this refers and to palliative patients.
Conclusion. Cachexia and sarcopenia are characteristic of most of the oncological patients. The development of these conditions can cause substantial increase of different complicating diseases and lethality. To prevent their may be in due time designated personalized nutritional support, including additional enteral nutrition and target pharmacometabolic therapy.
Psikanalitik Kuramın Sinemadaki Yansımaları: Aynadaki Ötekimiz ve Biz (Us, 2019)
Authors: SERTER S. Serhat 
Published: February 2021

Sigmund Freud, ruhsal arayış ve bozuklukların tedavisinde kullanılmaya başlanmış bir psikoterapi tekniği ve yöntemler bütünü olan psikanalizi tanımlayıp, tüm hayatı boyunca psikanalitik kuramı geliştirmeye yönelik çalışmalarını sürdürmüştür. Elbette psikanalitik kuram Freud’un yapılandırdığı şekli ile kalmamış; önemli isimler, kurama Freud’un görüşlerinden ayrışık, başkaca katkılar verecek alternatif varsayımlar üretmişlerdir. Psikanalitik kuramın salt ruhsal çözümleme ve iyileştirmeye yönelik kullanım sahası da zamanla daha kapsamlı hale gelmeye başlamıştır. Sanat eserleri de psikanalizin kullanım sahası içinde yer almış ve psikanalistler tarafından çözümlenmesi heyecan verici öğeler haline gelmişlerdir. Psikanalitik yöntemle sanat eserlerinin çözümlenmesi, başlangıçta eserin yaratıcısının psikanalizi çerçevesinde değerlendiriliyor iken, zamanla sanat eserini üreticinden ayrı olarak kimliklendirecek şekilde evrilmiştir. Birçok psikanalitik unsur barındırmasından dolayı sinema sanatı da psikanalistler için zamanla diğer sanat dallarından ayrılarak daha cazip hale gelmiştir.
Bu çalışmada Jordan Peele’in yönetmenliğini yaptığı Biz (Us, 2019) filminin içerdiği psikanalitik unsurlar; Jung’un psikanalitik bakış açısı çerçevesinde ve bilinçdışı, ego, gölge, persona, kolektif bilinçdışı, arketip gibi kavramlar dahilinde incelenmiştir. Film çözümlemesinde tutarlılık gözetilerek öncelikle Sigmund Freud olmak üzere psikanalist Jacques Lacan, Otto Rank, Alfred Adler ve Karl Abraham’ın da görüşlerine yer verilmiştir. Çalışmada Biz (Us, 2019) filminin açık içeriğinin altında yatan örtük anlam çıkarılmaya ve sinemasal bir özne olarak izleyicinin yeri ve bu izleyicinin kim olduğu soruları da yanıtlamaya çalışılmıştır. Sinema ve psikoloji alanlarını kapsayan bu çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmıştır.
Students’ Mathematical Communication Skills Based on Keirseys’ Personality Types of Idealist and Gender
Authors: Mulyastuti Indah Dwi , Budiyono Budiyono , Indriati Diari 
Published: February 2021

<span lang="EN-US">Learning in the 21st century can be defined as learning that provides 21st century skills, one of which is communication. Mathematics learning allows students to communicate mathematical ideas clearly. Different personality types can affect the way they communicate, and other activities in learning mathematics. This study aims to describe students' mathematical communication skills in terms of Keirsey personality types, namely Idealist and gender who have Idealist personalities. Descriptive qualitative research was used in this research and was carried out at Junior High School Negeri 1 Purwodadi in the 2019/2020 school year. The research was conducted on the subject of class VIII I with idealist personality type, then selected 1 female student and 1 male student using purposive sampling. The researcher is the main research instrument with the help of observation guidelines, questionnaires, tests of mathematical communication skills and then interviews. The data collection technique is a triangulation technique by comparing the answers to the mathematical communication skills test and interviews. Data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions are data analysis techniques used in this study. Female students with idealist personality types communicate better mathematically than male students with idealist personality types as shown in the results of this study. </span>
Repositioning the Independence of The Indonesian Waqf Board in the Development of National Waqf: A Critical Review of Law No. 41 of 2004 Concerning Waqf
Authors: Rimanto Rimanto , Zulhuda Sonny , Hermanto Agus 
Published: February 2021

Juridically, the laws and regulations have weakened the Indonesian Waqf Board (BWI) in the regulation of waqf, so that the set goals of the Indonesian Waqf Board have not fully achieved, including advancing and developing national waqf. The overlapping management and supervision of waqf by other institutions is suspected of causing BWI’s duties and authorities’ inadequacy. Besides, several crucial problems, including the Indonesian Waqf Board (BWI), have implications for the stagnation of BWI provisions’ implementation. These regulations have not been followed by the Indonesian Muslim community as a whole. What is interesting to examine is why the Indonesian Waqf Board is unable to function correctly? This study’s objective was to find ideal constructions about the position, duties, and authorities of BWI in advancing and developing national waqf. This study was a scientific evaluation with its qualitative-descriptive-analytical characteristics. The method used was qualitative analysis, and the results were presented descriptively. The pattern of reconstructing authority of the Indonesian Waqf Board (BWI) was a study of Law Number 41 of 2004 concerning Waqf so that articles were compiled to lead to a genuinely independent, credible, and robust board in the governance of the Republic of Indonesia. Besides, it is necessary to have accreditation for BWI so that its management’s standardization is credible.Secara yuridis peraturan perundang-undangan terdapat pelemahan terhadap kedudukan Badan Wakaf Indonesia (BWI) dalam pengaturan perwakafan, sehingga berdampak pada belum sepenuhnya tercapai tujuan Badan Wakaf Indonesia dibentuk, yaitu memajukan dan mengembangkan perwakafan nasional. Adanya timpangtindih pembinaan dan pengawasan wakaf oleh lembaga lain, diduga sebagai penyebab tidak maksimalnya tugas dan wewanang BWI. Selain itu, ada beberapa problematika yang krusial, tidak jelasnya status independensinya Badan Wakaf Indonesia (BWI) yang berimplikasi pada stagnansi pelaksanaan ketentuan BWI sehingga aturan tersebut belum diikuti oleh masyarakat Muslim Indonesia secara keseluruhan. Yang menarik untuk dikaji adalah mengapa Badan Wakaf Indonesia tidak dapat berfungsi sebagaimana mestinya? Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menemukan kontruksi edeal tentang kedudukan, tugas serta wewenang BWI dalam memajukan dan mengembangkan perwakafan nasional. Penelitian ini merupakan evaluasi ilmiah dengan sifatnya yakni kualitatif-deskriptif-analitis. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisa kualitatif, dan hasilnya disajikan secara deskriptif. Pola rekonstruksi toritas Badan Wakaf Indonesia (BWI) adalah penelitian terhadap Undang-Undang Nomor 41 Tahun 2004 Tentang Wakaf, sehingga tersusun pasal tentang BWI yang dapat menjadikan badan yang benar-benar independen, kridibel serta kuat dalam tata kelola pemerintahan Republik Indioonesia perlu adanya akreditasi terhadap BWI agar standarisasi pengelolaannya kredibel.