bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Critical Design Parameters in Design and Efficacy of Upper‐Room UVC254 Luminaire Systems: Part I: Overview of Major Parameters and Relationships†
Authors: Jensen Paul Arthur 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDuring the current SARS‐CoV‐2 and tuberculosis global pandemics, public health and infection prevention and control professionals wrestle with cost‐effective means to control airborne transmission. One technology recommended by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization for lowering indoor concentration of these and other microorganisms and viruses is upper‐room ultraviolet 254 nm (UVC254) systems. Applying both a material balance as well as some nondimensional parameters developed by Rudnick and First, the impact of several critical parameters and their effect on the fraction of microorganisms surviving UVC254 exposure was evaluated. Vertical airspeed showed a large impact at velocities <0.05 m s−1 but a lesser effect at velocities >0.05 m s−1. In addition, the efficacy of any upper‐room UVC system is influenced greatly by the mean room fluence rate as opposed to a simple volume‐ or area‐based dosing criteria. An alternative UVC254 dosing strategy was developed based on the fluence rate as a function of the UVC254 luminaire output (W) and the square root of the product of the room volume and the ceiling height.
Should the Non‐Classical Logician be Embarrassed?*
Authors: Rosenblatt Lucas 
Published: March 2021

AbstractNon‐classical logicians do not typically reject classically valid logical principles across the board. In fact, they sometimes suggest that their preferred logic recovers classical reasoning in most circumstances. This idea has come to be known in the literature as ‘classical recapture’. Recently, classical logicians have raised various doubts about it. The main problem is said to be that no rigorous explanation has been given of how is it exactly that classical logic can be recovered. The goal of the paper is to address this problem. First, I discuss a number of different ways to characterize the idea of classical recapture and I examine how far it can be pushed. Secondly, I argue that a palatable form of classical recapture is given by the thought that classical logic can be retained for statements that are grounded (in Kripke's sense). To substantiate this view I provide a formal fixed‐point semantics for a language containing a predicate standing for the concept of groundedness and I address a couple of objections that have been deployed against the claim that classical recapture can aid the non‐classical logician's cause.
Place‐based Identity and Framing in Local Environmental Politics
Authors: Daneri Daniel R. , Krasny Marianne E. , Stedman Richard C. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFraming has long been a central construct in scholarship on the role of rhetoric and discourse in the policy process. Research on policy framing and identity thus far has neglected the role of place‐based identity, focusing instead on identity constructs such as race, class, gender, and ethnicity. Through a mixed methods analysis of transcripts of City Council meetings in Philadelphia from 2007 to 2017, we analyze how policy makers, local interest groups, and national/regional interest groups employ place‐based framing to define, explain, and propose solutions to environmental problems. We contrast local place‐based frames with more abstract global frames that center arguments for policy change on the national or global implications of environmental problems. Our results reveal that place‐based framing is a dominant mode of discourse in Philadelphia environmental policy discussions and that actors may employ frames strategically so as to appeal to place‐based identities and to further political goals.
How trade affects pandemics? Evidence from severe acute respiratory syndromes in 2003
Authors: Lin Faqin , Wang Xiaosong , Zhou Mohan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis paper investigates whether the rapid expansion of international trade after China's WTO entry in 2001 promotes the spread of severe acute respiratory syndromes (SARS) in 2003. Examining the relationship is helpful to distinguish the hidden costs of trade openness. This paper uses Frankel and Romer (1999, The American Economic Review, 89, 379) framework to construct the geography‐based instruments by applying province‐country gravity relation for causal identification. Utilising cross‐section data of SARS cases of 31 provinces in China, our two‐stage least squares regression results show that international trade accelerates the spread of SARS. Cross‐country evidence also suggests the causal relation. In addition, we find that the people's inter‐provincial mobility driven by trade expansion drives the spread of epidemic diseases.
In vitro efficacy of a 0.2% polyhexamethylene biguanide‐impregnated gauze dressing against pathogenic bacterial isolates found in horses
Authors: Noll Charlene V. , Kilcoyne Isabelle , Nieto Jorge E. , Thio Timothy , Byrne Barbara A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the ability of 0.2% polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB)‐impregnated gauze to inhibit the growth of bacteria isolated from equine infected sites.Study DesignIn vitro study.MethodsNine bacterial isolates were obtained from cultures submitted from equine patients presenting with penetrating injuries of the hoof (n = 4), septic osteitis (n = 1), synovial sepsis (n = 1), wounds (n = 2), and incisional infection following laparotomy (n = 1). Two standardized strains were also included. A standard inoculum of each isolate was placed on 12 Muller–Hinton agar plates. Squares (2.5 cm × 2.5 cm) of 0.2% PHMB‐impregnated (n = 6) and nonimpregnated control gauze (n = 6) were placed on inoculated agar plates. Bacterial growth under each gauze square was assessed after a 24‐h incubation period and areas of inhibition were measured to a standardized scale, using image‐processing software. Mean ± SD growth inhibition (%) using 0.2% PHMB‐impregnated gauze was compared to the nonimpregnated gauze for each isolate using Student's t test (p < .05).ResultsThe 0.2% PMHB‐impregnated gauze inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus spp. (n = 4) by 33%–83.1% and that of Escherichia coli spp. (n = 4) by 6.5%–37%. There was no inhibition of growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa or either Enterococcus spp.ConclusionThe 0.2% PHMB‐impregnated dressing tested here inhibited the growth of staphylococcal and E. coli isolates, but the magnitude of inhibition varied between strains.Clinical RelevanceThese results justify in vivo studies to evaluate the ability of the dressing to reduce the bacterial growth of common equine bacterial pathogens in clinical practice.
Marine Climate Projections Toward the End of the Twenty-First Century in the North Atlantic
Authors: Bernardino M. , Gonçalves M. , Guedes Soares C. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
An improved understanding of the present and future marine climatology is necessary for numerous activities, such as the operation of offshore structures, optimization of ship routes, and evaluation of wave energy resources. To produce global wave information, the WAVEWATCH III wave model was forced with wind and ice-cover data from an RCP8.5 EC-Earth system integration for two 30-year time slices. The first covering the periods from 1980 to 2009 represents the present climate, and the second, covering the periods from 2070 to 2099, represents the climate at the end of the twenty-first century. Descriptive empirical statistics of wind and wave parameters are obtained for different 30-year time slices, for the North Atlantic Ocean. Regarding wind, magnitude and direction will be used. For wave, significant wave height of the total sea, mean wave period, peak period, mean wave direction, and energy will be investigated. Changes from present to future climate are evaluated, regarding both mean and extreme events. Maps of these empirical statistics are presented. The long-term monthly joint distribution of significant wave heights and peak periods is generated. Changes from present to future climate are assessed, comparing the empirical statistics between time slices.
Power Profiling, Workload Characteristics, and Race Performance of U23 and Professional Cyclists During the Multistage Race Tour of the Alps
Authors: Leo Peter , Spragg James , Mujika Iñigo , Giorgi Andrea , Lorang Dan , Simon Dieter , Lawley Justin S. 
Published: March 2021

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the power profile, internal and external workloads, and racing performance between U23 and professional cyclists and between varying rider types across 2 editions of a professional multistage race. Methods: Nine U23 cyclists from a Union Cycliste Internationale “Continental Team” (age 20.8 [0.9] y; body mass 71.2 [6.3] kg) and 8 professional cyclists (28.1 [3.2] y; 63.0 [4.6] kg) participated in this study. Rider types were defined as all-rounders, general classification (GC) riders, and domestiques. Data were collected during 2 editions of a 5-day professional multistage race and split into the following 4 categories: power profile, external and internal workloads, and race performance. Results: The professional group, including domestiques and GC riders, recorded higher relative power profile values after certain amounts of total work (1000–3000 kJ) than the U23 group or all-rounders (P ≤ .001–.049). No significant differences were found for external workload measures between U23 and professional cyclists, nor among rider types. Internal workloads were higher in U23 cyclists and all-rounders (P ≤ .001–.043) compared with professionals, domestiques, and GC riders, respectively. The power profile significantly predicted percentage general classification and Union Cycliste Internationale points (R2 = .90–.99), whereas external and internal workloads did not. Conclusion: These findings reveal that the power profile represents a practical tool to discriminate between professionals and U23 cyclists as well as rider types. The power profile after 1000 to 3000 kJ of total work could be used by practitioners to evaluate the readiness of U23 cyclists to move into the professional ranks, as well as differentiate between rider types.
Fitness Determinants of Repeated High-Intensity Effort Ability in Elite Rugby Union Players
Authors: Vachon Adrien , Berryman Nicolas , Mujika Iñigo , Paquet Jean-Baptiste , Bosquet Laurent 
Published: March 2021

Purpose: To investigate the relationship between physical fitness and repeated high-intensity effort (RHIE) ability in elite rugby union players, depending on playing position. Method: Thirty-nine players underwent a fitness testing battery composed of a body composition assessment, upper-body strength (1-repetition maximum bench press and 1-repetition maximum bench row), lower-body strength (6-repetition maximum back squat), and power (countermovement jump, countermovement jump with arms, and 20-m sprint), as well as aerobic fitness (Bronco test) and RHIE tests over a 1-week period. Pearson linear correlations were used to quantify relationships between fitness tests and the RHIE performance outcomes (total sprint time [TST] and percentage decrement [%D]). Thereafter, a stepwise multiple regression model was used to verify the influence of physical fitness measures on RHIE ability. Results: TST was strongly to very strongly associated to body fat (BF, r = .82, P < .01), the 20-m sprint (r = .86, P < .01), countermovement jump (r = −.72, P < .01), and Bronco test (r = .90, P < .01). These fitness outcomes were related to %D, with moderate to strong associations (.82 > ∣r∣ > .54, P < .01). By playing position, similar associations were observed in forwards, but RHIE ability was only related to the 20-m sprint in backs (r = .53, P < .05). The RHIE performance model equations were TST = 13.69 + 0.01 × BF + 0.08 × Bronco + 10.20 × 20 m and %D = −14.34 + 0.11 × BF +0.18 × Bronco − 9.92 × 20 m. These models explain 88.8% and 68.2% of the variance, respectively. Conclusion: Body composition, lower-body power, and aerobic fitness were highly related with RHIE ability. However, backs expressed a different profile than forwards, suggesting that further research with larger sample sizes is needed to better understand the fitness determinants of backs’ RHIE ability.
Effects of Caffeine on Performance During High- and Long-Jump Competitions
Authors: Santos-Mariano Ana C. , Tomazini Fabiano , Rodacki Cintia , Bertuzzi Romulo , De-Oliveira Fernando , Lima-Silva Adriano E. 
Published: March 2021

Purpose: To investigate the effects of caffeine (CAF) on performance during high- and long-jump competitions. Methods: Using a crossover and double-blind design, 6 well-trained high jumpers and 6 well-trained long jumpers performed a simulation of a high- and long-jump competition 60 minutes after ingesting a capsule containing either 5 mg·kg−1 body mass of anhydrous CAF or a placebo. The high jumps were video recorded for kinematic analysis. The velocity during the approach run of the long jump was also monitored using photocells. Results: CAF improved jump performance (ie, the highest bar height overlap increased by 5.1% [2.3%], P = .008), as well as enhancing the height displacement of the central body mass (+1.3% [1.7%], P = .004) compared with the placebo. CAF had no ergogenic effect on jump distance (P = .722); however, CAF increased the velocity during the last 10 m of the long jump (P = .019), and the percentage of “foul jumps” was higher than that expected by chance in the CAF group (80.5% [12.5%], χ2 = 13.44, P < .001) but not in the cellulose condition (58.3% [22.9%], χ2 = 1.48, P = .224). Conclusion: CAF ingestion (5 mg·kg−1 body mass) improves high-jump performance but seems to negatively influence technical aspects during the approach run of the long jump, resulting in no improvement in long-jump performance. Thus, CAF can be useful for jumpers, but the specificity of the jump competition must be taken into account.
Frequency of Neighborhood Park Use Is Associated With Physical Activity Among Adults in Four US Cities
Authors: Hughey S. Morgan , Wende Marilyn E. , Stowe Ellen W. , Kaczynski Andrew T. , Schipperijn Jasper , Hipp J. Aaron 
Published: March 2021

Background: Neighborhood parks are recognized as important spaces for facilitating physical activity (PA); however, it remains unclear how the frequency of park use is associated with PA. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between minutes of moderate to vigorous PA and multiple park use indicators: (1) use of a neighborhood park, (2) unique number of neighborhood parks used, and (3) frequency of neighborhood park use. Methods: Adults were surveyed from 4 US cities (Brooklyn, NY; Greenville County, SC; Raleigh, NC; and Seattle, WA). Using a map-based survey platform, participants indicated all neighborhood parks they used and the frequency of use in the past 30 days. Participants self-reported their weekly moderate to vigorous PA. Quantile regression was used to examine associations between PA and park use indicators. Results: Of all respondents (N = 360), 60% indicated visiting a neighborhood park in the past 30 days, with an average of about 13 total neighborhood park visits (SD = 17.5). Significant, positive associations were found between moderate to vigorous PA and both unique neighborhood park visits and total number of neighborhood parks visits. Conclusions: Frequency of park visitation is associated with PA among US adults. Ensuring equitable and safe access to neighborhood parks has the potential for population-level PA health benefits.
Low-δ18O A-type granites in SW China: Evidence for the interaction between the subducted Paleotethyan slab and the Emeishan mantle plume
Authors: Xu Jian , Xia Xiao-Ping , Wang Qiang , Spencer Christopher J. , He Bin , Lai Chun-Kit 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe mechanisms and processes by which subducted slab interacted with mantle plume remain controversial, as direct observation of such interaction is difficult to impossible. Compositional heterogeneity of large igneous provinces (LIPs) additionally makes plume-slab interaction hard to detect. Oxygen isotopes are sensitive enough to trace the source of magmas. Here we provide evidence for plume-slab interaction mainly based on in situ zircon Hf-O isotope analyses, as well as whole-rock elemental and Sr-Nd-Hf isotope analyses, on the Late Permian and Early Triassic A-type granites on the margin of the Emeishan LIP in SW China. These granites show typical A-type geochemical characters, such as high total alkali (7.93–9.68 wt%) and field strength element (HFSE, e.g., Zr and Nb) contents, and high FeOT/(FeOT+MgO) (0.87–0.98) and Ga/Al (3.67–5.06) values. The Late Permian (ca. 259 Ma) and Early Triassic (ca. 248 Ma) granites show high Nb/Th (&gt;3.0) and low Y/Nb (&lt;1.2) and Yb/Ta (&lt;2.0) ratios similar to the oceanic island basalts and have near-zero εNd(t) (−0.83 to −0.13 and −0.15 to +0.16, respectively) and depleted εHf(t) (+2.71 to +3.39 and +2.62 to +3.55, respectively). In situ zircon O-Hf analyses yielded anomalously low δ18O (0.2–2.0‰ and 3.2–4.8‰, respectively) and positive εHf(t) (1.6–7.0 and 3.9–8.8, respectively), suggesting varying proportions of hydrothermally altered oceanic crust in their source region. Our results imply that significant amounts of altered Paleotethyan oceanic crust have been subducted in the upper mantle beneath the western South China Block. The nearby rising Emeishan mantle plume may have rapidly entrained and incorporated these oceanic crustal materials to the shallow mantle so that their low-δ18O isotope feature was preserved. Subsequent decompression-related partial melting of this hybrid source formed parental rocks of the low-δ18O A-type granites. Our findings also suggest that LIPs could obtain their compositional (especially oxygen isotope) diversity through the interaction between the subducting slab and rising mantle plume.
Can parents believe websites’ information about methylphenidate’s side effects?
Authors: Arsac England Tom , Tuthill David 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundAttention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common behavioural disorders, affecting around 5% of the global population. Methylphenidate is recommended as the first-line drug treatment for ADHD for children over the age of 5 in the UK. It can have many side effects and it is important that families are well informed. Other than their healthcare professionals and friends, the major information source for families is the internet.AimsTo evaluate the validity of online information regarding the adverse effects of methylphenidate.MethodsSide-effects of methylphenidate hydrochloride listed in the British National Formulary for Children (BNFC) were taken as the ‘gold standard’ and compared with online websites for accuracy. The first 10 websites found on each of nine different search engines were used as comparators.ResultsFrom the 90 hits, 10 top hits found in each of 9 search engines, 25 unique websites were identified. A quarter (six sites; 24%) documented only side-effects that all appeared in the BNFC. Three quarters (19 websites; 76%) had at least one side-effect that did not appear in the BNFC; with six websites documenting more than five side-effects not found in the BNFC.ConclusionsMethylphenidate’s frequent use makes it important that the general public are provided with accurate, reliable and easily accessible information. Most websites have dependable quality information on side effects, but several seem to list excessive side-effects.
Prevalence and risk factors for chalazion in an older veteran population
Authors: Patel Sneh , Tohme Natalia , Gorrin Emmanuel , Kumar Naresh , Goldhagen Brian , Galor Anat 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundChalazia are common inflammatory eyelid lesions, but their epidemiology remains understudied. This retrospective case–control study examined the prevalence, risk factors and geographic distribution of chalazia in a large veteran population.MethodsData on all individuals seen at a Veterans Affairs (VA) clinic between October 2010 and October 2015 were extracted from the VA health database. Subjects were grouped based on International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) code for chalazion. Univariable logistic regression modelling was used to identify clinical and demographic factors associated with chalazion presence, followed by multivariable modelling to examine which factors predicted risk concomitantly. All cases were mapped across the continental US using geographic information systems modelling to examine how prevalence rates varied geographically.ResultsOverall, 208 720 of 3 453 944 (6.04%) subjects were diagnosed with chalazion during the study period. Prevalence was highest in coastal regions. The mean age of the population was 69.32±13.9 years and most patients were male (93.47%), white (77.13%) and non-Hispanic (93.72%). Factors associated with chalazion risk included smoking (OR=1.12, p<0.0005), conditions of the tear film (blepharitis (OR=4.84, p<0.0005), conjunctivitis (OR=2.78, p<0.0005), dry eye (OR=3.0, p<0.0005)), conditions affecting periocular skin (eyelid dermatitis (OR=2.95, p<0.0005), rosacea (OR=2.50, p<0.0005)), allergic conditions (history of allergies (OR=1.56, p<0.0005)) and systemic disorders (gastritis (OR=1.54, p<0.0005), irritable bowel syndrome (OR=1.45, p<0.0005), depression (OR=1.35, p<0.0005), anxiety (OR=1.31, p<0.0005)). These factors remained associated with chalazion risk when examined concomitantly.ConclusionPeriocular skin, eyelid margin and tear film abnormalities were most strongly associated with risk for chalazion. The impact of environmental conditions on risk for chalazion represents an area in need of further study.
Novel multidisciplinary hub-and-spoke tertiary service for the management of severe acute pancreatitis
Authors: Nayar Manu K , Bekkali Noor L H , Bourne David , Young Sophie , Leeds John S , Oppong Kofi W , Logue Jennifer L , Sen Gourab , French Jeremy J , Scott John , Cressey David , Pandanaboyana Sanjay , Charnley Richard M 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveSevere acute pancreatitis (SAP) is associated with high mortality (15%–30%). Current guidelines recommend these patients are best managed in a multidisciplinary team setting. This study reports experience in the management of SAP within the UK’s first reported hub-and-spoke pancreatitis network.DesignAll patients with SAP referred to the remote care pancreatitis network between 2015 and 2017 were prospectively entered onto a database by a dedicated pancreatitis specialist nurse. Baseline characteristics, aetiology, intensive care unit (ICU) stay, interventions, complications, mortality and follow-up were analysed.Results285 patients admitted with SAP to secondary care hospitals during the study period were discussed with the dedicated pancreatitis specialist nurse and referred to the regional service. 83/285 patients (29%; 37 male) were transferred to the specialist centre mainly for drainage of infected pancreatic fluid collections (PFC) in 95% (n=79) of patients. Among the patients transferred; 29 (35%) patients developed multiorgan failure with an inpatient mortality of 14% (n=12/83). The median follow-up was 18.2 months (IQR=11.25–35.51). Multivariate analysis showed that transferred patients had statistically significant longer overall hospital stay (p<0.001) but less ICU stay (p<0.012).ConclusionThis hub-and-spoke model facilitates the management of the majority of patients with SAP in secondary care setting. 29% warranted transfer to our tertiary centre, predominantly for endoscopic drainage of PFCs. An evidence-based approach with a low threshold for transfer to tertiary care centre can result in lower mortality for SAP and fewer days in ICU.