bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tau in Alzheimer’s Disease: Pathological Alterations and an Attractive Therapeutic Target
Authors: Gu Jian-lan , Liu Fei 
Published: January 2021

SummaryAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease with two major hallmarks: extracellular amyloid plaques made of amyloid-β (Aβ) and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau. The number of NFTs correlates positively with the severity of dementia in AD patients. However, there is still no efficient therapy available for AD treatment and prevention so far. A deeper understanding of AD pathogenesis has identified novel strategies for the generation of specific therapies over the past few decades. Several studies have suggested that the prion-like seeding and spreading of tau pathology in the brain may be a key driver of AD. Tau protein is considered as a promising candidate target for the development of therapeutic interventions due to its considerable pathological role in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders. Abnormal tau hyperphosphorylation plays a detrimental pathological role, eventually leading to neurodegeneration. In the present review, we describe the recent research progresses in the pathological mechanisms of tau protein in AD and briefly discuss tau-based therapeutic strategies.
A Comprehensive Review of Group Activity Recognition in Videos
Authors: Wu Li-Fang , Wang Qi , Jian Meng , Qiao Yu , Zhao Bo-Xuan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHuman group activity recognition (GAR) has attracted significant attention from computer vision researchers due to its wide practical applications in security surveillance, social role understanding and sports video analysis. In this paper, we give a comprehensive overview of the advances in group activity recognition in videos during the past 20 years. First, we provide a summary and comparison of 11 GAR video datasets in this field. Second, we survey the group activity recognition methods, including those based on handcrafted features and those based on deep learning networks. For better understanding of the pros and cons of these methods, we compare various models from the past to the present. Finally, we outline several challenging issues and possible directions for future research. From this comprehensive literature review, readers can obtain an overview of progress in group activity recognition for future studies.
Ex vivo Bone Models and Their Potential in Preclinical Evaluation
Authors: Cramer E. E. A. , Ito K. , Hofmann S. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPurpose of ReviewNovel therapies for damaged and diseased bone are being developed in a preclinical testing process consisting of in vitro cell experiments followed by in vivo animal studies. The in vitro results are often not representative of the results observed in vivo. This could be caused by the complexity of the natural bone environment that is missing in vitro.Ex vivo bone explant cultures provide a model in which cells are preserved in their native three-dimensional environment. Herein, it is aimed to review the current status of bone explant culture models in relation to their potential in complementing the preclinical evaluation process with specific attention paid to the incorporation of mechanical loading within ex vivo culture systems.Recent FindingsBone explant cultures are often performed with physiologically less relevant bone, immature bone, and explants derived from rodents, which complicates translatability into clinical practice. Mature bone explants encounter difficulties with maintaining viability, especially in static culture. The integration of mechanical stimuli was able to extend the lifespan of explants and to induce new bone formation.SummaryBone explant cultures provide unique platforms for bone research and mechanical loading was demonstrated to be an important component in achieving osteogenesis ex vivo. However, more research is needed to establish a representative, reliable, and reproducible bone explant culture system that includes both components of bone remodeling, i.e., formation and resorption, in order to bridge the gap between in vitro and in vivo research in preclinical testing.
The “Social Brain,” Reciprocity, and Social Network Segregation along Ethnic Boundaries
Authors: Windzio Michael 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHow does segregation along ethnic boundaries emerge in social networks? Human evolution resulted in highly social beings, capable of prosociality, mindreading, and self-control, which are important aspects of the “social brain.” Our neurophysiologically “wired” social cognition implies different cognitive goal frames. In line with recent developments in behavioral theory, the present study defines network ties as episodes of social exchange. This dynamic definition can account for shifts in goal frames during an exchange episode: whereas deliberate choice and hedonic or gain goals drive the initiation of a tie, given the opportunity structure, the normative goal frame activates a strong dynamic effect of reciprocity, which limits actors’ choice set and appears as “self-organization” at the network level. Longitudinal analyses of 18 birthday party networks comprising 501 students support the definition of network ties as exchange episodes, as well as the relevance of humans’ inherent tendency to reciprocate. However, reciprocation is much stronger in dyads of the same ethnicity than in dyads of different ethnicities. Network segregation along ethnic boundaries results from deliberate decisions during the initiation of an episode, but also from different commitments to reciprocity during the ongoing exchange process, depending on intra or interethnic dyadic constellations.
ASPEN plus simulation of liquid–liquid equilibria data for the extraction of aromatics from waste tyre pyrolysis gasoline using organic and deep eutectic solvents: a comparative study
Authors: Usman Mohammed Awwalu , Fagoroye Olumide Kayode , Ajayi Toluwalase Olufunmilayo , Kehinde Abiola John 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWaste tyre pyrolysis gasoline (WTPG) contain significant amount of aromatics such as benzene, toluene and xylenes (BTX) and thus provide a good source for these value-added chemicals. Separation of aromatics from aliphatic media as obtained in WTPG and naphtha is done commercially by solvent extraction using volatile organic solvents such as sulfolane (SUF), dimethylformamide (DMF) and diethylene glycol (DEG). The high cost of this state-of-the art separation method and environmental consideration have necessitated search for non-volatile and green solvent such as deep eutectic solvent (DES). This study intends to conduct a comparative evaluation of the performance of five solvents (SUF, DMF, DEG, and two DESs) for the extraction of BTX from WTPG. The two DESs are choline chloride/ethylene glycol (DES1) and choline chloride/glycerol (DES2) in molar ratios 1:2. An ASPEN plus simulation was carried out to generate liquid–liquid equilibria (LLE) data for the pseudo-ternary systems {WTPG + BTX + solvent (SUF/DMF/DEG/DES)}. Performance evaluation was based on selectivity (S) and solute (BTX) distribution coefficient (D). The propriety of the simulation protocol was validated using literature data. The results revealed the following maximum values of selectivity and distribution coefficients for the solvents: DES2 (S = 378.283, D = 0.656); DES1 (S = 77.364, D = 1.423); SUF (S = 55.371, D = 0.756); DMF (S = 25.336, D = 0.786) and DEG (S = 17.531, D = 0.793). The DESs therefore performed better than the organic solvents and can suitably replace same in the extraction of BTX from waste tyre pyrolysis gasoline.
Prenatal Sonographic and MRI Assessment of Early Fetal Neck Immature Teratoma
Authors: Kapoor Aakriti , Kapoor Apurva , Kapoor Ravi , Kapoor Aakaar , Kapoor Sunita 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe report a case of a pregnancy involving a fetal neck mass which was diagnosed at 19 weeks of gestation. Three dimensional ultrasound provided detailed additional information about the extent of the lesion and the areas of involvement. Color Doppler revealed intense vascularity within the lesion, with both arterial and venous flow. Fetal MRI revealed the exact extent of the lesion along with deep seated structures involved. Diffusion weighted images revealed restricted diffusion with low ADC values suggesting a mitotic etiology. The patient along with her husband decided to abort the fetus. An infantogram of the abortus was taken. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry was performed. The final diagnosis was immature teratoma.
On the Deformation Tensor Regularity for the Navier–Stokes Equations in Lorentz Spaces
Authors: Huang Shiguo , Ji Xiang 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the regularity criteria in terms of the middle eigenvalue of the deformation (strain) tensor$$\mathcal {D}(u)$$D(u)to the 3D Navier–Stokes equations in Lorentz spaces. It is shown that a Leray–Hopf weak solution is regular on (0, T] provided that the norm$$\Vert \lambda _{2}^{+}\Vert _{L^{p,\infty }(0,T; L ^{q,\infty }(\mathbb {R}^{3}))} $$‖λ2+‖Lp,∞(0,T;Lq,∞(R3))with$$ {2}/{p}+{3}/{q}=2$$2/p+3/q=2$$( {3}/{2}<q\le \infty )$$(3/2<q≤∞)is small. This generalizes the corresponding works of Neustupa–Penel and Miller.
Quantitative linkage between global value chains’ backward participation and logistics performance in the host country: a structural gravity model analysis of emerging ASEAN economies
Authors: Taguchi Hiroyuki , Thet Mon Soe 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis article addresses issues on the degree of participation in global value chains (GVCs) for emerging economies in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The main research question is whether there is a linkage between GVC backward participation, that is, vertical trade defined as the foreign value embedded in exports and logistics performance as a component of service links in the host country. The major contributions of this study are the usage of the UNCTAD-Eora Global Value Chain Database for describing vertical trade and the application of a “structural” gravity model setting for the specification of estimated equations. The statistical observations demonstrate that GVC backward participation in emerging ASEAN economies made substantial progress during the 1990s with per capita GDP growth, and a large gap occurred in the degree of GVC backward participation between forerunners and latecomers in the ASEAN economies. Empirical estimation can also identify a quantitative linkage between GVC backward participation and logistics performance in the host country.
Empirical models for estimating the global solar radiation of Jubail Industrial City, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Mujabar Sheik , Chintaginjala Venkateswara Rao 
Published: January 2021

AbstractEmpirical models provide precise and cost-effective information on solar energy assessment. The main objective of this work is to create and examine some regression models (linear, quadratic and logarithmic), for the estimation of the monthly global solar radiation potential in the Jubail Industrial City of Saudi Arabia. The industrial city has more solar energy potential, and the global horizontal irradiance is ranging from 4000 to 7000 Wh/m2/day. In order to initiate the green energy development in the city, site-specific hybrid models, which includes the ambient temperature, sunshine hours and relative humidity have been developed. Precise equation for the three proposed models is built up and examined for the industrial city. All the three empirical models provide good results. The statistical error estimation of the developed models reveals that the estimated and measured values appear exceptionally great and deliver similar outcomes. The values of the correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination of the quadratic model are 0.939 and 0.925, respectively, which are the highest among the three models. The mean absolute percentage error of the quadratic model is only 6.17%, and the other statistical errors are also comparatively low for the quadratic model. Therefore, the quadratic model gives an improved approximation on the estimation of solar energy parameters in which the errors between the measured and calculated values are smaller. Thus, the present regression models provide valuable data on the solar strength probable in the industrial city, and the data could be used for future energy planning.
Efficient microwave-assisted extraction of salidroside from Rhodiola crenulata
Authors: Liu Rui , Guo Chen , Feng Mei , Liu Chun-Zhao 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA rapid microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method was established to extract commercially important salidroside from dry plant materials of Rhodiola crenulata. Several parameters such as extraction time, solid/liquid ratio, extraction temperature and solvent concentration were investigated for efficient salidroside extraction. The estimated maximum salidroside extraction ratio based on parameter optimization using response surface methodology (RSM) reached 2.17% (w/w) in 20 min at optimum conditions of 90 °C, 60% aqueous ethanol and solid to liquid ratio of 2 g/100 mL, which was confirmed to the experimental data. Compared with ultrasonic assistant extraction method (UAE) and heat reflux extraction method (HRE), MAE was the most efficient and effective method in the extraction of salidroside from the dry plant materials. The mechanism on the extraction enhancement using MAE was elucidated further using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and light microscope.
Incidence of catastrophic healthcare expenditure and its main determinants in Mexican households caring for a person with a mental disorder
Authors: Diaz-Castro Lina , Cabello-Rangel Héctor , Pineda-Antúnez Carlos , Pérez de León Alejandra 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
There are few studies on the impact of out-of-pocket mental health care expenditures and sociodemographic factors on the probability of Mexican households to incur catastrophic healthcare expenditures (CHE).

Objective
The goal of the present study was to estimate the incidence of CHE and its main determinants among the households of persons with mental disorders (MD) in Mexico.

Methods
A cross-sectional survey was conducted, including 387 households of persons with MD. The estimation of the CHE was obtained by the health expenditure distribution method. A Logistic Regression (LR) was used to identify the determinants of probability variation of CHE occurrence. Since we expected a proportion of CHE between 20% and 80%, we assume linearity in the probability function, therefore we additionally used an Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) model.

Results
In our sample, the incidence of CHE was 34.8%. The two mental illnesses most frequently associated with CHE were schizophrenia and hyperactive disorder (35.5% and 32.6% of CHE cases, respectively). The regression coefficients showed that for each unit (US$53.77) increase in income, the probability of CHE was reduced by 8.6%, while for each unit increase in hospitalization or medication expenditures, the probability of CHE increased by 12.9% or 19%, respectively. For each additional household member, the probability of CHE increased by 3%, and households with a male patient had a 7% greater probability of CHE.

Conclusion
Household income, household size, hospitalization and medication expenses, and sex of the patient were significant predictors of CHE for households caring for a person with MD.
Minimal impact of selective susceptibility reporting on the use of piperacillin-tazobactam for Escherichia coli and Klebsiella bacteremia
Authors: Zahlanie Yorgo , Hall Brenton C. , Wei Wenjing , Mang Norman S. , Ortwine Jessica K. , Anderson Shelby , Morgan Kristi , Guzman Tamara P. , Hynan Linda S. , Prokesch Bonnie C. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSelective cascade reporting of antibiotic susceptibilities did not have a significant impact on de-escalation from piperacillin-tazobactam (PT), duration of PT use, length of stay, or rates of acute kidney injury and Clostridioides difficile infection in patients with positive monomicrobial blood cultures with either Escherichia coli or Klebsiella spp.
Safety at Sea during the Industrial Revolution
Authors: Kelly Morgan , Ó Gráda Cormac , Solar Peter M. 
Published: January 2021

Shipping, central to the rise of the Atlantic economies, was an extremely hazardous activity. Between the 1780s and 1820s, a safety revolution occurred that saw shipping losses and insurance rates on oceanic routes almost halved thanks to steady improvements in shipbuilding and navigation. Copper sheathing, iron reinforcing, and flush decks were the major innovations in shipbuilding. Navigation improved, not through chronometers, which remained too expensive and unreliable for general use, but through radically improved charts, accessible manuals of basic navigational techniques, and improved shore-based navigational aids.“Curse thee, thou quadrant!” dashing it to the deck, “no longer will I guide my earthly way by thee; the level ship’s compass, and the level dead-reckoning, by log and by line; these shall conduct me, and show me my place on the sea.”Captain Ahab inMoby Dick,Ch. CXIII
Mechanical circulatory support in paediatric population
Authors: Melamed Naomi , Iddawela Sashini , Poole Grace Olivia Jane , Ajibade Ayomikun , Harky Amer 
Published: January 2021

AbstractExtra-corporeal membrane oxygenation is a life-saving modality to support the cardiac and/or pulmonary system as a form of life support in resuscitation, post-cardiotomy, as a bridge to cardiac transplantation and in respiratory failure. Its use in the paediatric and neonatal population has proven incredibly useful. However, extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation is also associated with a greater rate of mortality and complications, particularly in those with co-morbidities. As a result, interventions such as ventricular assist devices have been trialled in these patients. In this review, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the current literature on extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiac support in the paediatric and neonatal population. We evaluate its effectiveness in comparison to other forms of mechanical circulatory support and focus on areas for future development.
Individual and joint effects of genetic polymorphisms in microRNA-machinery genes on congenital heart disease susceptibility
Authors: Borghini Andrea , Vecoli Cecilia , Mercuri Antonella , Turchi Stefano , Andreassi Maria Grazia 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSingle-nucleotide polymorphisms in miRNA-machinery genes may alter the biogenesis of miRNAs affecting disease susceptibility. In this case–control study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (DICER rs1057035, DROSHA rs10719, and XPO5 rs11077) and their combined effect in a genetic risk score model on congenital heart disease (CHD) risk. A total of 639 participants was recruited, including 125 patients with CHD (65 males; age 9.2 ± 10 years) and 514 healthy controls (289 males; age 15.8 ± 18 years). Genotyping of polymorphisms in miRNA-machinery genes was performed using a TaqMan®SNP genotyping assay. A genetic risk score was calculated by summing the number of risk alleles of selected single-nucleotide polymorphisms. There was a significantly increased risk of CHD in patients with XPO5 rs11077 CC genotype as compared to AC heterozygote and AA homozygote patients (ORadjusted = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.1–2.8; p = 0.018). A clear tendency to significance was also found for DROSHA rs10719 AA genotype and CHD risk for both codominant and recessive models (ORadjusted = 1.8; 95% CI: 0.91–3.8; p = 0.09 and ORadjusted = 1.9; 95% CI: 0.92–4; p = 0.08, respectively). The resulting genetic risk score predicted a 1.73 risk for CHD per risk allele (95% CI: 1.2–2.5; p = 0.002). Subjects in the top tertile of genetic risk score were estimated to have more than three-fold increased risk of CHD compared with those in the bottom tertile (ORadjusted = 3.52; 95% CI: 1.4–9; p = 0.009). Our findings show that the genetic variants in miRNA-machinery genes might participate in the development of CHD.
Exploring the Factor Structure of the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery in a Large Sample of 8-Year-Old Children in Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Neumann Denise , Peterson Elizabeth R. , Underwood Lisa , Morton Susan M.B. , Waldie Karen E. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjective:The objective of this study was to derive a factor structure of the measures of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Toolbox Cognition Battery (CB) that is representative of cognitive abilities in a large ethnically diverse cohort of 8-year-old children in Aotearoa New Zealand.Methods:Our sample comprised of 4298 8-year-old children from the Growing Up in New Zealand study. We conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis for the NIH Toolbox CB measures to discover the best-fitting factor structure in our sample. Measurement invariance of the identified model was tested across child’s gender, socio-economic status (SES), and ethnicity.Results:A three-dimensional factor structure was identified, with one factor of Crystallised Cognition (Reading and Vocabulary), and two distinguished factors of fluid cognition: Fluid Cognition I (Attention/Inhibitory Control, Processing Speed, and Cognitive Flexibility) and Fluid Cognition II (Working Memory, Episodic Memory). The results demonstrate excellent model fit, but reliability of the factors was low. Measurement invariance was confirmed for child’s gender. We found configural, but neither metric nor scalar, invariance across SES and the four major ethnic groups: European, Māori, Pacific Peoples, and Asian.Conclusion:Our findings show that, at the age of 8 years, fluid abilities are more strongly associated with one another than with crystallised abilities and that fluid abilities need to be further differentiated. This dimensional structure allows for comparisons across child’s gender, but evaluations across SES and ethnicity within the Aotearoa New Zealand context must be conducted with caution. We recommend using raw scores of the individual NIH Toolbox CB measures in future research.
Resilience to economic shrinking in an emerging economy: the role of social capabilities in Indonesia, 1950–2015
Authors: Andersson Martin , Axelsson Tobias , Palacio Andrés 
Published: January 2021

AbstractEconomic history has recently emphasised the impact of economic shrinking on long-term economic growth, but economic theories do not provide explanations for how and why some countries avoid economic shrinking. In this case study of institutional change in post-independence Indonesia, we examine how the country managed to reduce the frequency of shrinking during the authoritarian regime and beyond. We argue that the state's autonomy, measured by macroeconomic policymaking, and accountability, measured by food security, were two key social capabilities that enabled Indonesia to reduce the frequency of economic shrinking. During this period, the ‘doorstep conditions’ for the transition into a democracy and stable economic growth emerged. More specifically, Indonesia managed to diversify its revenue base and make public resources more available for the broader common good. Loosening the connection between macroeconomic policymaking and elites opened up greater opportunities for the emergence of private enterprises. However, to date, the country is still far from a full-fledged open access society.