bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Migration and tolerance shape host behaviour and response to parasite infection
Authors: Kim Dongmin , Shaw Allison K. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Numerous theoretical models have demonstrated that migration, a seasonal animal movement behaviour, can minimize the risks and costs of parasite infection. Past work on migration–infection interactions assumes migration is the only strategy available to organisms for dealing with the parasite infection, that is they migrate to a different environment to recover or escape from infection. Thus, migration is similar to the non‐spatial strategy of resistance, where hosts prevent infection or kill parasites once infected. However, an alternative defence strategy is to tolerate the infection and experience a lower cost to the infection. To our knowledge, no studies have examined how migration can change based on combining two host strategies (migration and tolerance) for dealing with parasites.

In this paper, we aim to understand how both parasite transmission and infection tolerance can influence the host's migratory behaviour.

We constructed a model that incorporates two host strategies (migration and tolerance) to understand whether allowing for tolerance affects the proportion of the population that migrates at equilibrium in response to infection.

We show that the benefits of tolerance can either decrease or increase the host's migration. Also, if the benefit of migration is great, then individuals are more likely to migrate regardless of the presence of tolerance. Finally, we find that the transmission rate of parasite infection can either decrease or increase the tolerant host's migration, depending on the cost of migration.

These findings highlight that adopting two defence strategies is not always beneficial to the hosts. Instead, a single strategy is often better, depending on the costs and benefits of the strategies and infection pressures. Our work further suggests that multiple host‐defence strategies as a potential explanation for the evolution of migration to minimize the parasite infection. Moreover, migration can also affect the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of parasite–host interactions.
Narrative reconstruction of mental illness as a work‐stress‐induced disorder: Processes, consequences and implications
Authors: Shimizu Hiroto 
Published: May 2021

AbstractStress‐induced mental illnesses have become the focus of increasing international attention, particularly in Japan since the 1990s, where judiciary cases and welfare‐state initiatives established causal links between work stress and mental illness. However, how individuals retrospectively construct this causality remains a marginal topic in the literature. This ethnographic article explores the ways in which male workers seeking compensation for their condition (depression and adjustment disorder) reconstruct aetiology narratives and to what avail. This paper demonstrates two themes: (1) how objectivising stress (related to specific formats of worker compensation), no‐faulting (dispensing with individual blame to view stress as pervasive in the workplace) and negotiating blame (seeking explanation in terms of individual psychology) construct a case, and (2) how narrative reconstruction functions as both a barrier to recovery and way of working towards recovery and collective function. It is argued that the narrative reconstructions of workers, who become unwell and seek recognition, suggest uncertain self‐victimisation despite the broader understanding of mental illness in contemporary Japan. The findings imply the heuristic potential of relativising causality and treating analytical dichotomies, including causality–narrative, victimhood–agency and fact–fiction, not as contradictory alternatives, but as different analysis levels, to better understand ambiguous illness narratives.
A rapid MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry‐based method for colistin susceptibility testing in Escherichia coli
Authors: Li Jiaping , Huang Yonglu , Hu Yanyan , Sun Qiaoling , Cai Jiachang , Zhou Hongwei , Gu Danxia , Chen Gongxiang , Wang Yang , Zhang Rong 
Published: May 2021

SummaryColistin is recognized as a last‐resort treatment option against multi‐drug resistant bacteria including carbapenem‐resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). However, the plasmid‐mediated colistin‐resistance gene mcr‐1 has been reported globally resulting in an increase of colistin‐resistant bacteria. A quick and accurate method for determining the pathogen resistance of colistin is therefore crucial in the clinic. Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS) is a potential tool forto be applied for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. We compared the growth of Escherichia coli strains in the presence or absence of colistin. Automated analyses of the spectra were performed with a prototype software tool written with package R. Three mcr‐1‐positive and six mcr‐1‐negative E. coli were used for establishing the model to obtain the optimal incubation time, the breakpoint concentration of colistin and cut‐off of the relative growth (RG) value. The distinction between susceptible and resistant strains was already noticeable after 2 h of incubation. The best separation between the susceptible and resistant strains was achieved at a concentration of 4 µg ml‐1 and a relative growth cut‐off value of 0.6. Application of the model for the analysis of 128 E. coli isolates, a sensitivity of 97.4% and a specificity of 88.2% were achieved compared with colistin MIC results. The rapid MALDI‐TOF MS‐based method approach is simple to set‐up, uses a short incubation time, and had excellent outcomes with respect to sensitivity and specificity for colistin sensitivity testing in Escherichia coli.
Metabolic proxy for cephalopods: Stable carbon isotope values recorded in different biogenic carbonates
Authors: Chung Ming‐Tsung , Chen Ching‐Yi , Shiao Jen‐Chieh , Shirai Kotaro , Wang Chia‐Hui 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Measuring the metabolic rate of marine animals in their natural environment is challenging, impeding our understanding of their physiological ecology. Recently, a novel metabolic proxy, namely the δ13C values of biogenic carbonates (otoliths), was experimentally validated in teleost fishes. Cephalopods possess several types of biogenic carbonates, such as statolith, cuttlebone and other internal and external shells, which are all potential metabolic recorders, but few have been evaluated.

To test the feasibility of the δ13C metabolic proxy in cephalopods, we conducted a temperature‐controlled experiment with the pharaoh cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis to assess whether the proportion of metabolically derived carbon (Cresp) incorporated into statoliths and cuttlebones increases with metabolism in a warm environment. Moreover, we conducted multiple‐species analysis using the published δ13C values of various biogenic carbonates to evaluate the consistency of the proxy among cephalopod species and between cephalopods and teleost fishes.

In the temperature‐controlled laboratory experiment, Cresp values calculated from statoliths and cuttlebones increased with an increase in environmental temperature. Cresp values did not differ between statoliths and cuttlebones. Moreover, the Cresp values of cephalopod biogenic carbonates had a similar range to those of fish otoliths and were correlated with metabolism‐related factors, such as ambient temperature, body mass, ontogeny and functional behaviours, strengthening the feasibility of their use.

The δ13C metabolic proxy reflects the total energy use in the natural environment, and it can be transformed into the oxygen consumption rate for a broader comparison with other species and for further evaluation with current theories related to metabolic ecology. However, experimental validation is highly recommended because the relationship between the oxygen consumption rate and Cresp values derived from biogenic carbonates of cephalopods might be structure‐ and species‐specific. Our study revealed that the newly developed metabolic proxy provides a valuable alternative approach to study ecophysiology in cephalopods, and further development might broaden its applicability.

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Brazil’s marine protected areas fail to meet global conservation goals
Authors: Vilar C. C. , Joyeux J.‐C. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractReducing species extinctions and expanding protected areas are key goals of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). To meet these goals, nations should assure a minimum protection of all ecoregions (Target 11) and preserve the most threatened species (Target 12). While the total extent of marine protected areas (MPAs) in Brazil has increased sharply, little is known about MPAs’ capacity in representing the country´s commitments for global conservation goals. Here, we evaluated how well the current system of MPAs represents the geographic range of 118 threatened marine vertebrate species and the eight marine ecoregions in Brazil. We also investigated where unprotected or poorly protected species are concentrated, and whether existing MPAs are prioritizing the species most at risk. Results revealed that half of marine ecoregions have <10% of their area under protection, and therefore that Brazil has failed to meet CBD Aichi Target 11. About 3% of the threatened marine vertebrates remain completely unprotected by MPAs, and most (88.1%) species have less than 10% of their ranges covered by no‐take MPAs. Moreover, coverage provided by MPAs is strongly biased toward species under low threat levels. Our mapping of current conservation gaps highlights where establishing new MPAs could improve the protection of imperilled species and contribute to achieve global conservation goals.
The histone methyltransferase G9a mediates stress‐regulated alcohol drinking
Authors: Anderson Ethan M. , Lopez Marcelo F. , Kastner Abigail , Mulholland Patrick J. , Becker Howard C. , Cowan Christopher W. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe epigenetic enzyme G9a is a histone methyltransferase that dimethylates lysine 9 on histone H3 (H3K9me2), and in the adult nucleus accumbens (NAc), G9a regulates multiple behaviors associated with substance use disorder. We show here that chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) exposure in male mice reduced both G9a and H3K9me2 levels in the adult NAc, but not dorsal striatum. Viral‐mediated reduction of G9a in the NAc had no effects on baseline volitional ethanol drinking or escalated alcohol drinking produced by CIE exposure; however, NAc G9a was required for stress‐regulated changes in ethanol drinking, including potentiated alcohol drinking produced by activation of the kappa‐opioid receptor. In addition, we observed that chronic systemic administration of a G9a inhibitor, UNC0642, also blocked stress‐potentiated alcohol drinking. Together, our findings suggest that chronic alcohol use, similar to other abused substances, produces a NAc‐selective reduction in G9a levels that serves to limit stress‐regulated alcohol drinking. Moreover, our findings suggest that pharmacological inhibition of G9a might provide a novel therapeutic approach to treat stress‐induced alcohol drinking, which is a major trigger of relapse in individuals suffering from AUD.
An analysis of the demographic history of the risk allele R4810K in RNF213 of moyamoya disease
Authors: Koganebuchi Kae , Sato Kimitoshi , Fujii Kiyotaka , Kumabe Toshihiro , Haneji Kuniaki , Toma Takashi , Ishida Hajime , Joh Keiichiro , Soejima Hidenobu , Mano Shuhei , Ogawa Motoyuki , Oota Hiroki 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundRing finger protein 213 (RNF213) is a susceptibility gene of moyamoya disease (MMD). A previous case–control study and a family analysis demonstrated a strong association of the East Asian‐specific variant, R4810K (rs112735431), with MMD. Our aim is to uncover evolutionary history of R4810K in East Asian populations.MethodsThe RNF213 locus of 24 MMD patients in Japan were sequenced using targeted‐capture sequencing. Based on the sequence data, we conducted population genetic analysis and estimated the age of R4810K using coalescent simulation.ResultsThe diversity of the RNF213 gene was higher in Africans than non‐Africans, which can be explained by bottleneck effect of the out‐of‐Africa migration. Coalescent simulation showed that the risk variant was born in East Asia 14,500–5100 years ago and came to the Japanese archipelago afterward, probably in the period when the known migration based on archaeological evidences occurred.ConclusionsAlthough clinical data show that the symptoms varies, all sequences harboring the risk allele are almost identical with a small number of exceptions, suggesting the MMD phenotypes are unaffected by the variants of this gene and rather would be more affected by environmental factors.
Time‐dependent changes in placental mRNA expression after delivery due to delayed specimen collection
Authors: Freedman Alexa A. , Smart Britney P. , Keenan‐Devlin Lauren S. , Romero Janedelie , Franklin Andrew , Borders Ann , Ernst Linda M. , Miller Gregory E. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractProblemCurrent scientific guidelines recommend collecting placental specimens within two hours of delivery for gene expression analysis. However, collecting samples in a narrow time window is a challenge in the dynamic and unpredictable clinical setting, so delays in placental specimen collection are possible. The purpose of our analysis was to investigate temporal changes in placental gene expression by longitudinally sampling placentas over a 24 h period.Method of StudyEight placentas from individuals with uncomplicated, term pregnancies delivered by scheduled cesarean section were collected and sampled following the placental delivery and again at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 24 h post‐delivery. At each time point, biopsies of chorionic villous tissue were taken from 3 cotyledons to account for intra‐placental heterogeneity. The 3 biopsies from each time point were pooled prior to RNA extraction. Expression of 382 mRNA transcripts was quantified using the NanoString nCounter System. Fold change values were calculated for each time point relative to delivery, and a fold change threshold of 1.25 was used to determine a meaningful change from delivery.ResultsBased on a fold change threshold of 1.25, 84.3% of transcripts were stable for at least 1 h, 80.2% were stable for at least two hours, and 20.6% of transcripts were stable through the collection at 24 h.ConclusionOur results suggest that for some mRNA transcripts, expression changes as time to sample collection increases. We have developed a Web application to allow investigators to explore transcripts relevant to their research interests and to set appropriate thresholds to aid in determining whether placentas with delayed sample collection can be included in analyses (https://placentaexpression.foundationsofhealth.org/).
Recommendations for standards of monitoring during anaesthesia and recovery 2021
Authors: Klein A. A. , Meek T. , Allcock E. , Cook T. M. , Mincher N. , Morris C. , Nimmo A. F. , Pandit J. J. , Pawa A. , Rodney G. , Sheraton T. , Young P. 
Published: May 2021

SummaryThis guideline updates and replaces the 5th edition of the Standards of Monitoring published in 2015. The aim of this document is to provide guidance on the minimum standards for monitoring of any patient undergoing anaesthesia or sedation under the care of an anaesthetist. The recommendations are primarily aimed at anaesthetists practising in the UK and Ireland, but it is recognised that these guidelines may also be of use in other areas of the world. Minimum standards for monitoring patients during anaesthesia and in the recovery phase are included. There is also guidance on monitoring patients undergoing sedation and during transfer. There are new sections specifically discussing capnography, sedation and regional anaesthesia. In addition, the indications for processed electroencephalogram and neuromuscular monitoring have been updated.
Navigating inconsistent preferences: A multimethod approach to making informed decisions
Authors: Martin David M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis study presents a decision‐analytic framework for prioritizing conservation strategies. The framework is based on combining direct and indirect preference‐elicitation methods and analyzing inconsistencies between the methods. A case study with The Nature Conservancy's Chesapeake Bay (The United States) agriculture team is presented. Participants evaluated six strategies to engage with agribusinesses, farmers, and farm landowners and increase adoption of nutrient and soil conservation and stream and wetland restoration activities. Impact, feasibility, and risk criteria and performance measures were developed to compare the strategies. Participants individually evaluated the strategies using a multimethod approach. One method included direct ranking based on an intuitive assessment of the strategies. The second method included indirect ranking based on swing weighting and multicriteria analysis. Some participants made adjustments to reduce inconsistencies between the methods. Results show that final rankings were more consistent than initial rankings. Inconsistencies can be reduced by understanding potential bias in the direct method and clarifying assumptions in the indirect method. This study provides evidence that a multimethod approach can deliver useful insights to inform decisions.
Ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration of ovarian masses: Assessment of diagnostic accuracy and risk stratification using a categorical reporting system
Authors: Gupta Parikshaa , Velamala Pavani , Gupta Nalini , Suri Vanita , Lal Anupam , Rohilla Manish , Dey Pranab , Srinivasan Radhika , Rajwanshi Arvind 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIntroductionThe present study was undertaken to assess the accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and cell‐block immunocytochemistry, and to estimate the risk of malignancy, using a categorical reporting system, in the diagnosis of ovarian masses.MethodsThis was a 5‐year retrospective study of FNAs of ovarian masses. The cytological diagnoses were categorised as inadequate, non‐neoplastic, benign neoplasms, indeterminate for malignancy, suspicious for malignancy and malignant neoplasms. The cytology was correlated with the corresponding histopathology to assess the diagnostic accuracy and risk of malignancy associated with each diagnostic category.ResultsOf a total of 66 703 FNAs performed during the study period, 580 (0.9%) were performed on ovarian masses. Of these, 40 (6.9%) were reported as non‐neoplastic; 76 (13.1%) as benign neoplasms; 14 (2.4%) as indeterminate for malignancy, 48 (8.3%) as suspicious for malignancy, 337 (58.1%) as malignant neoplasms and 65 (11.2%) as inadequate for interpretation. Immunocytochemistry (ICC) was performed on 99 (17%) aspirates. Subsequent histopathology was available in 208 (35.8%) cases. On cyto‐histopathological correlation, 183 (88%) were concordant and 25 (12%) were discordant. The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and diagnostic accuracy for diagnosing ovarian malignancy were 88.4%, 85.7%, 96.8%, 60.0% and 88% respectively. Risk of malignancy for each category was 80%, 0%, 4.5%, 66.7%, 88.5% and 98.5% respectively.ConclusionsUltrasound‐guided FNAC has high specificity and diagnostic accuracy for preoperative diagnosis of ovarian malignancies and hence is a valid diagnostic procedure in certain clinical situations. Reporting using a categorical system imparts uniformity and also provides the clinicians with an associated risk of malignancy to guide further management.
The impact of changes to alcohol policy on patron drinking behaviours in Queensland
Authors: de Andrade Dominique , Coomber Kerri , Ferris Jason , PuljeviĆ Cheneal , Burn Michele , Vakidis Thea , Taylor Nicholas , Mayshak Richelle , Grant Kristy , Patafio Brittany , Miller Peter G. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIntroductionOn 1 July 2016, stage 1 of the Tackling Alcohol‐Fuelled Violence (TAFV) policy was introduced in Queensland, Australia and included restricted alcohol service to 03:00 in dedicated entertainment precincts (safe night precincts or SNPs). During stage 2 (from 1 February 2017), the number of extended trading permits (i.e. trading until 05:00) per venue were reduced; and during stage 3 (from 1 July 2017), networked identification scanners were mandated for late‐night venues. We aim to examine whether patron drinking behaviours in two key SNPs changed significantly following stages 2 and 3.MethodsThe study design was repeated cross‐sectional, with three data collection (policy) stages. Patrons street surveys were conducted in Fortitude Valley (n = 2066) and Cairns (n = 1021) SNPs between July 2016 and November 2018. Linear or negative binomial regressions were conducted to examine changes in three key outcomes: blood alcohol concentration (BAC) reading, proportion of pre‐drinkers and number of pre‐drinks.ResultsWe found no significant difference in BAC reading, proportion of pre‐drinkers or number of pre‐drinks at stages 2 and 3 of the policy compared to baseline in Fortitude Valley. In Cairns, we found significant reductions in patron BAC at stage 3 of the policy, and female BAC at stages 2 and 3 compared to baseline; while the proportion of females pre‐drinking significantly reduced by half in stage 2.Discussion and ConclusionsDespite evidence of some reductions in alcohol consumption, high levels of intoxication remain, suggesting harm reduction may be more difficult to achieve in these drinkers.
Missed, mistaken, stalled: Identifying components of delay to diagnosis in epilepsy
Authors: Alessi Natasha , Perucca Piero , McIntosh Anne M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA substantial proportion of individuals with newly diagnosed epilepsy report prior seizures, suggesting a missed opportunity for early epilepsy care and management. Consideration of the causes and outcomes of diagnostic delay is needed to address this issue. We aimed to review the literature pertaining to delay to diagnosis of epilepsy, describing the components, characteristics, and risk factors for delay. We undertook a systematic search of the literature for full‐length original research papers with a focus on diagnostic delay or seizures before diagnosis, published 1998–2020. Findings were collated, and a narrative review was undertaken. Seventeen papers met the inclusion criteria. Studies utilized two measures of diagnostic delay: seizures before diagnosis and/or a study‐defined time between first seizure and presentation/diagnosis. The proportion of patients with diagnostic delay ranged from 16% to 77%; 75% of studies reported 38% or more to be affected. Delays of 1 year or more were reported in 13%–16% of patients. Seizures prior to diagnosis were predominantly nonconvulsive, and usually more than one seizure was reported. Prior seizures were often missed or mistaken for symptoms of other conditions. Key delays in the progression to specialist review and diagnosis were (1) “decision delay” (the patient's decision to seek/not seek medical review), (2) “referral delay” (delay by primary care/emergency physician referring to specialist), and (3) “attendance delay” (delay in attending specialist review). There were few data available relevant to risk factors and virtually none relevant to outcomes of diagnostic delay. This review found that diagnostic delay consists of several components, and progression to diagnosis can stall at several points. There is limited information relating to most aspects of delay apart from prevalence and seizure types. Risk factors and outcomes may differ according to delay characteristics and for each of the key delays, and recommendations for future research include examining each before consideration of interventions is made.