bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Access to Internet as a Human Right – Justification and Comparative Study
Authors: Mehrotra Abhinav 
Published: December 2021

This paper advances a human rights perspective to the understanding of internet access by viewing it through a comparative lens with reference to countries in Europe, and the USA, India, and China. The question that is explored is: does internet access warrant recognition as a stand-alone human right, or is it sufficient that access is so bound up with one or more existing rights that formal recognition is unnecessary? Through this paper an effort has been made to analyse whether having a right to internet access as a human right is possible and to argue for the need to recognise such a right given the importance such a right holds, as can be seen especially during the ongoing pandemic when every aspect of life has been shifted to the online mode.
Interwar and Contemporary Poland. A Comparison of the Protection of Minority Rights in the Second and in the Third Polish Republics
Authors: Witkowska-Chrzczonowicz Katarzyna 
Published: December 2021

This paper is devoted to the problem of the protection of minority rights in Poland in the interwar period in comparison with the contemporary situation. On the one hand, before the Second World War Poland was a very heterogeneous country, inhabited for generations by multiple and internally diverse religious, national, ethnic, or linguistic minorities. On the other hand, contemporary Poland is a country in which national and ethnic minorities constitute only a few percent of the population, and the proportion of such minorities in Poland compared to other European countries is one of the lowest in Europe. The duties of the Polish authorities towards national minorities were determined by internal legal acts: decrees of the Chief of State, and above all the March Constitution and national law, as well as many international legal acts, for instance such as the so-called Little Treaty of Versailles. The second part of the paper discusses the contemporary situation of the minorities in Poland, for instance the situation of the national and ethnic minorities and the situation of sexual minorities.
Low incidence of COVID-19 in a prospective cohort of patients with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma treated at a tertiary medical center during the 2020 pandemic
Authors: Fründt Thorben , Kuballa Lilith , Lütgehetman Marc , Nörz Dominik , Arend Hannes , Brehm Thomas T. , Schulze zur Wiesch Julian , Horvatits Thomas , Horvatits Karoline , Huber Samuel , Wege Henning , Kluwe Johannes 
Published: December 2021

Background and aims
Patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) are considered to be at increased risk for mortality when acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection and subsequently developing Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). During the COVID-19 pandemic, hospitals are regarded as sites with increased risk of infection. Therefore, patient contacts are often limited to urgent indications, which could negatively affect disease monitoring. However, data regarding actual infection rates in cirrhotic patients is limited. The aim of this prospective study was to assess the incidence of COVID-19 in patients with LC with/without hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with physical presentation at our University Medical Center.

Methods
Patients were enrolled between 1st April and 30th June 2020 at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany. Symptoms of upper airway infection at baseline and presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (IgG/IgM/IgA) were assessed at baseline and follow-up (FU) using an Electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay (Roche Elecsys). FU visits, including liver function test, clinical assessment and symptom questionnaire, were conducted after 6–8 weeks (FU-1) and 6 months (FU-2). Prior to inclusion of the first patient, obligatory face masks and personal distance were implemented as protective measures.

Results
A total of 150 patients were enrolled, 23% (n = 35) also had diagnosis of HCC (median age: 64 years, range: 19–86), 69% were male. Liver function according to Child-Pugh score (CPS) was: CPS A: 46% (n = 62); CPS B: 37% (n = 50); CPS C: 17% (n = 23). Clinical symptoms indicating upper airway infection were present in 53% (n = 77): shortness of breath (n = 40) and coughing (n = 28) were the most frequent. For the 150 patients enrolled, 284 outpatient visits were registered and 33 patients were admitted to the University Medical Center during the follow-up period. After a median of 52 days, n = 110 patients completed FU-1 and n = 72 completed FU-2 after a median of 6.1 months. Only in one patient, an 80-year-old man with stable liver function (CPS A) and advanced HCC, SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were detected at baseline and FU-1, while antibody testing was negative in the remaining patients at baseline, FU-1 and FU-2.

Conclusion
The incidence of COVID-19 at our tertiary medical center during the pandemic was low in LC and HCC patients, when simple protective measures were implemented. Therefore, a routine care for patients with chronic liver diseases does not increase the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and should be maintained with protective measures.
Three-dimensional evaluation of upper airway changes following rapid maxillary expansion: A retrospective comparison with propensity score matched controls
Authors: Aljawad Hussein , Lee Kyung-Min , Lim Hoi-Jeong 
Published: December 2021

BackgroundThe aim of this study is to evaluate upper airway changes three-dimensionally following rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and compare the changes with matched controls.Materials and methodsSeventeen patients (mean age 12.6 ± 1.8 years) with maxillary transverse deficiency were treated with RME. Using the propensity score matching method, 17 patients (mean age 12.3 ± 1.5 years) were selected from a non-RME control group of 33. Case-control matching was performed based on 5 covariates: age, gender, CBCT scan interval, sagittal skeletal pattern, and tongue posture. Airway volumes of nasopharynx andoropharynxand minimum cross-sectional areas (MCA) of oropharynx were measured and compared between the case and control groups in CBCT scan images.ResultsIn the case group, significant increases from before to after RME were found in all measurements except MCA of the retroglossal segment of oropharynx. Before treatment, there were no significant differences between case group and control group. While comparing the case group with the control group after treatment showed overall greater increases in the case group. In particular, MCA of retropalatal segment showed statistically significant differences.ConclusionThe results of this study indicate that RME causes an increase in upper airway dimensions.
“To obey or not to obey” - Medical students’ response towards professional dilemmas in a hierarchical and collectivist culture
Authors: Soemantri Diantha , Greviana Nadia , Findyartini Ardi , Azzahra Tiara Berliana , Suryoadji Kemal Akbar , Mustika Rita , Felaza Estivana 
Published: December 2021

BackgroundClinical clerkship programme in medical schools were developed to provide students with direct interactions with patients and observe clinical teachers in practice. However, professional dilemmas are prone to occur due to the nature of experiential learning. Several studies across different cultures showed that medical students responded differently towards professional dilemma.AimsThis study aims to explore how medical students respond to professional dilemmas occurred during their clinical clerkships and to what extent culture influences the responses.MethodA qualitative descriptive approach was used in this study. We conducted four focus group discussions with final year medical students who were selected using maximum variety sampling method. Thematic analysis was conducted following the transcription of the focus groups.ResultsWe identified the impact of dilemmas on students’ emotions and concerns, students’ responses towards professional dilemmas, and factors affecting responses to dilemmas in clinical clerkship, which confirmed that cultures played roles in how students responded towards professional dilemmas.ConclusionThis study has identified that culture, to some extent, influenced the way students responded to professional dilemmas. Therefore, it is paramount to develop a conducive and culturally sensitive educational environment and students’ ability to learn from professional dilemma experienced in the workplace for developing their professional identity.
Proposing Feminist Intepretation of The Qur'an and Affirmative Policy to Suport Women Leadership In Indonesian State Islamic Higher Education
Authors: Nurmila Nina 
Published: December 2021

Religion can be supportive or discriminative toward women depending on how we interpret religion. When religion is interpreted from patriarchal lenses, it tends to be discriminative toward women, such as in the case of women leadership. This paper will challenge the existing mainstream patriarchal interpretation of the Qur’an on women leadership by offering new feminist interpretation of the Qur’an which is friendly to women and suggesting affirmative policy to increase the number of women leaders in State Islamic Higher Education (Perguruan Tinggi Keagamaan Islam Negeri/PTKIN). This paper uses feminist methodology by using interview and literature studies as methods of data collection. This study shows that leadership in PTKIN is still dominated by men due to the strong patriarchal culture. There are only seven female rectors out of 58 PTKIN in Indonesia. Based on this finding, the new interpretation of the Qur’an which is friendly to women needs to be promoted and the existing gender-neutral policy on the selection of rector in PTKIN needs to be revised into affirmative policy to allow more rooms for women’s leadership to achieve Planet 50-50 by 2030. [Agama itu bisa bersifat mendukung atau diskriminatif terhadap perempuan tergantung pada bagaimana kita menafsirkan agama, misalnya dalam hal kepemimpinan perempuan. Artikel ini akan mengkritisi penafsiran Al-Qur’an tentang kepemimpinan perempuan yang ada yang pada umumnya bersifat patriarki dengan menawarkan penafsiran feminis yang baru tentang Al-Qur’an, yang ramah terhadap perempuan, dan dengan menyarankan adanya kebijakan afirmatif untuk meningkatkan jumlah pemimpin perempuan di Perguruan Tinggi Keagamaan Islam Negeri (PTKIN). Artikel ini menggunakan metodologi feminis dengan menggunakan wawancara dan studi literatur sebagai metode pencari data. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kepemimpinan di PTKIN masih didominasi oleh laki-laki karena masih kuatnya budaya patriarki. Hanya ada tujuh rector perempuan pada 58 PTKIN di Indonesia. Berdasarkan penemuan ini, penafsiran baru tentang Al-Qur’an yang ramah terhadap perempuan perlu dipromosikan dan kebijkan yang netral gender yang ada sekarang ini tentang seleksi rector di PTKIN perlu direvisi menjadi kebijakan afirmatif untuk memberikan ruang yang lebih luas bagi kepemimpinan perempuan, agar dapat mencapai Planet 50-50 pada tahun 2030.]
Inter-individual variation in the migratory behaviour of a generalist seabird, the herring gull (Larus smithsoniansus), from the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Baak Julia E. , Mallory Mark L. , Anderson Christine M. , Auger-Méthé Marie , Macdonald Christie A. , Janssen Michael H. , Gilchrist H. Grant , Provencher Jennifer F. , Gutowsky Sarah E. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The Arctic is warming three times faster than the rest of the globe, causing rapid transformational changes in Arctic ecosystems. As these changes increase, understanding seabird movements will be important for predicting how they respond to climate change, and thus how we plan for conservation. Moreover, as most Arctic-breeding seabirds only spend the breeding season in the Arctic, climate change may also affect them through habitat changes in their non-breeding range. We used Global Location Sensors (GLS) to provide new insights on the movement of Arctic-breeding herring gulls (Larus smithsoniansus) in North America. We tracked gulls that wintered in the Gulf of Mexico (n = 7) or the Great Lakes (n = 1), and found that migratory routes and stopover sites varied between individuals, and between southbound and northbound migration. This inter-individual variation suggests that herring gulls, as a generalist species, can make use of an array of regions during migration, but may be more susceptible to climate change impacts in their overwintering locations than during migration. However, due to our limited sample size, future, multi-year studies are recommended to better understand the impacts of climate change on this Arctic-breeding seabird.
Increasing the efficiency of randomized trial estimates via linear adjustment for a prognostic score
Authors: Schuler Alejandro , Walsh David , Hall Diana , Walsh Jon , Fisher Charles 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Estimating causal effects from randomized experiments is central to clinical research. Reducing the statistical uncertainty in these analyses is an important objective for statisticians. Registries, prior trials, and health records constitute a growing compendium of historical data on patients under standard-of-care that may be exploitable to this end. However, most methods for historical borrowing achieve reductions in variance by sacrificing strict type-I error rate control. Here, we propose a use of historical data that exploits linear covariate adjustment to improve the efficiency of trial analyses without incurring bias. Specifically, we train a prognostic model on the historical data, then estimate the treatment effect using a linear regression while adjusting for the trial subjects’ predicted outcomes (their prognostic scores). We prove that, under certain conditions, this prognostic covariate adjustment procedure attains the minimum variance possible among a large class of estimators. When those conditions are not met, prognostic covariate adjustment is still more efficient than raw covariate adjustment and the gain in efficiency is proportional to a measure of the predictive accuracy of the prognostic model above and beyond the linear relationship with the raw covariates. We demonstrate the approach using simulations and a reanalysis of an Alzheimer’s disease clinical trial and observe meaningful reductions in mean-squared error and the estimated variance. Lastly, we provide a simplified formula for asymptotic variance that enables power calculations that account for these gains. Sample size reductions between 10% and 30% are attainable when using prognostic models that explain a clinically realistic percentage of the outcome variance.
Adverse perinatal outcomes of chlamydia infections: an ongoing challenge
Authors: Eliner Yael , Gulersen Moti , Grunebaum Amos , Lenchner Erez , Bar-El Liron , Chervenak Frank A. , Bornstein Eran 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objectives

Chlamydia trachomatis is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases in the world, but there are limited data on its impact on perinatal outcomes. Our objective was to investigate the association between chlamydia infections and adverse perinatal outcomes.

Methods
This is a retrospective analysis of the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention natality live birth database for the years 2016–2019. The rates of adverse perinatal outcomes were compared between patients with a chlamydia infection during pregnancy and patients without such infection, using Pearson’s chi-square test with the Bonferroni adjustment. A multivariate logistic regression was then used to adjust outcomes for potential confounders.

Results
Chlamydia infections were associated with small, but statistically significant, increased odds of preterm birth (<37 weeks), early preterm birth (<32 weeks), low birthweight (<2,500 g), congenital anomalies, low 5-min Apgar score (<7), neonatal intensive care unit admission, immediate neonatal ventilation, prolonged (>6 h) neonatal ventilation, and neonatal antibiotic treatment for suspected sepsis.

Conclusions
Chlamydia infections during pregnancy are associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. These results call for increased education regarding the potential risks of pregnancies with a chlamydia infection, as well as for increased antenatal surveillance and post-natal pediatric assessment in these pregnancies.
Syntactic discontinuous reduplication with antonymic pairs: a case study from Italian
Authors: Masini Francesca , Mattiola Simone 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis article aims at giving a comprehensive account of a so far undescribed reduplicative pattern in Italian namedsyntactic discontinuous reduplication with antonymic pairs(SDRA). This pattern, characterized by the non-contiguous repetition of the same element within a larger fixed configuration defined by two spatial antonyms, can be schematized as <XiAdv1XiAdv2>, where Adv1and Adv2are antonyms (e.g.,di qua‘here’∼ di là‘there’). After describing its formal and functional properties, based on naturally occurring data extracted from theItalian Web 2016corpus, the SDRA is analyzed as an independent ‘construction’ in the Construction Grammar sense. This construction is claimed to convey a general value of ‘plurality’ and to have developed a polysemy network of daughter constructions expressing more specific functions such as ‘distributivity,’ ‘related variety,’ and ‘dispersion.’ In addition, we propose considering the SDRA a ‘multiple source construction,’ originating from the blending of two independent constructions: syntactic reduplication and irreversible binomials with antonymic adverbs. Finally, we discuss SDRA-like patterns in other typologically different languages (Russian, Modern Hebrew, Mandarin Chinese, German), pointing out similarities and differences, and paving the way to a more systematic study of discontinuous reduplication in a crosslinguistic perspective.
Probing higher order optical modes in all-dielectric nanodisk, -square, and -triangle by aperture type scanning near-field optical microscopy
Authors: Frolov Aleksandr Yu. , Van de Vondel Joris , Panov Vladimir I. , Van Dorpe Pol , Fedyanin Andrey A. , Moshchalkov Victor V. , Verellen Niels 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
All-dielectric nanoantennas, consisting of high refractive index semiconductor material, are drawing a great deal of attention in nanophotonics. Owing to their ability to manipulate efficiently the flow of light within sub-wavelength volumes, they have become the building blocks of a wide range of new photonic metamaterials and devices. The interaction of the antenna with light is largely governed by its size, geometry, and the symmetry of the multitude of optical cavity modes it supports. Already for simple antenna shapes, unraveling the full modal spectrum using conventional far-field techniques is nearly impossible due to the spatial and spectral overlap of the modes and their symmetry mismatch with incident radiation fields. This limitation can be circumvented by using localized excitation of the antenna. Here, we report on the experimental near-field probing of optical higher order cavity modes (CMs) and whispering gallery modes (WGMs) in amorphous silicon nanoantennas with simple, but fundamental, geometrical shapes of decreasing rotational symmetry: a disk, square, and triangle. Tapping into the near-field using an aperture type scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM) opens a window on a rich variety of optical patterns resulting from the local excitation of antenna modes of different order with even and odd parity. Numerical analysis of the antenna and SNOM probe interaction shows how the near-field patterns reveal the node positions of – and allows us to distinguish between – cavity and whispering gallery modes. As such, this study contributes to a richer and deeper characterization of the structure of light in confined nanosystems, and their impact on the structuring of the light fields they generate.
Advancing statistical learning and artificial intelligence in nanophotonics inverse design
Authors: Wang Qizhou , Makarenko Maksim , Burguete Lopez Arturo , Getman Fedor , Fratalocchi Andrea 
Published: December 2021

AbstractNanophotonics inverse design is a rapidly expanding research field whose goal is to focus users on defining complex, high-level optical functionalities while leveraging machines to search for the required material and geometry configurations in sub-wavelength structures. The journey of inverse design begins with traditional optimization tools such as topology optimization and heuristics methods, including simulated annealing, swarm optimization, and genetic algorithms. Recently, the blossoming of deep learning in various areas of data-driven science and engineering has begun to permeate nanophotonics inverse design intensely. This review discusses state-of-the-art optimizations methods, deep learning, and more recent hybrid techniques, analyzing the advantages, challenges, and perspectives of inverse design both as a science and an engineering.
Ending Christian Hegemony: Jean-Luc Nancy and the Ends of Eurocentric Thought
Authors: Dickinson Colby 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This essay addresses Jean-Luc Nancy’s “deconstruction of Christianity” and how what Christianity proclaims through enacting a deconstruction of itself brings an end to the western, hegemonic hold that Christian imperialism has perpetuated for centuries. Nancy, for his part, takes up the name of Christianity insofar as it is a religious phenomenon that signals a trajectory of thought in the West that must be discerned as providing an “exit from religion and of the expansion of the atheist world.” Since deconstructing the dominant narratives of the West means deconstructing the myth of a sovereign, autonomous deity whose reign, Nancy declares, has reached its end, Christianity utilizes its own kenotic narrative to point toward the end of religion and Eurocentrism at the same time.
Social Protection and Gender Inequality in Using Enabling Technology: An Analysis with the Framework of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Authors: Liu Suyu 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This article explores the relationship between social protection and gender gaps in using enabling technology with the perspective of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), as both are SDG Indicators. A cross-country comparative examination of 38 countries shows that gender disparity in mobile phone ownership is significantly and negatively correlated with the overall mobile phone owning rate and the proportion of females owning a mobile phone in a country. The coverage of social insurance programmes in a country has very weak and negative association with gender disparity in mobile phone ownership, and the correlation is statistically insignificant. The cross-country variations in mobile phone ownership are significant if gender is not considered. The results suggest that the social protection systems in these countries may not be gender-sensitive enough. A number of practical implications are provided based on the empirical evidence, and improvements in future studies are also suggested since this article is an initial output of a series of follow-up research in the author’s plan.