bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The More, the Merrier? Multiple Myoglobin Genes in Fish Species, Especially in Gray Bichir (Polypterus senegalus) and Reedfish (Erpetoichthys calabaricus)
Authors: Helfenrath Kathrin , Sauer Markus , Kamga Michelle , Wisniewsky Michelle , Burmester Thorsten , Fabrizius Andrej 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The members of the globin superfamily are a classical model system to investigate gene evolution and their fates as well as the diversity of protein function. One of the best-known globins is myoglobin (Mb), which is mainly expressed in heart muscle and transports oxygen from the sarcolemma to the mitochondria. Most vertebrates harbor a single copy of the myoglobin gene, but some fish species have multiple myoglobin genes. Phylogenetic analyses indicate an independent emergence of multiple myoglobin genes, whereby the origin is mostly the last common ancestor of each order. By analyzing different transcriptome data sets, we found at least 15 multiple myoglobin genes in the polypterid gray bichir (Polypterus senegalus) and reedfish (Erpetoichthys calabaricus). In reedfish, the myoglobin genes are expressed in a broad range of tissues but show very different expression values. In contrast, the Mb genes of the gray bichir show a rather scattered expression pattern; only a few Mb genes were found expressed in the analyzed tissues. Both, gray bichir and reedfish possess lungs which enable them to inhabit shallow and swampy waters throughout tropical Africa with frequently fluctuating and low oxygen concentrations. The myoglobin repertoire probably reflects the molecular adaptation to these conditions. The sequence divergence, the substitution rate, and the different expression pattern of multiple myoglobin genes in gray bichir and reedfish imply different functions, probably through sub- and neofunctionalization during evolution.
Generation of an Isogenic Collection of Yeast Actin Mutants and Identification of Three Interrelated Phenotypes
Authors: Whitacre Johanna L , Davis Dana A , Toenjes Kurt A , Brower Sharon M , Adams Alison E M 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A large collection of yeast actin mutations has been previously isolated and used in numerous studies of actin cytoskeletal function. However, the various mutations have been in congenic, rather than isogenic, backgrounds, making it difficult to compare the subtle phenotypes that are characteristic of these mutants. We have therefore placed 27 mutations in an isogenic background. We used a subset of these mutants to compare the degree to which different actin alleles are defective in sporulation, endocytosis, and growth on NaCl-containing media. We found that the three phenotypes are highly correlated. The correlations are specific and not merely a reflection of general growth defects, because the phenotypes are not correlated with growth rates under normal conditions. Significantly, those actin mutants exhibiting the most severe phenotypes in all three processes have altered residues that cluster to a small region of the actin crystal structure previously defined as the fimbrin (Sac6p)-binding site. We examined the relationship between endocytosis and growth on salt and found that shifting wild-type or actin mutant cells to high salt reduces the rate of α-factor internalization. These results suggest that actin mutants may be unable to grow on salt because of additive endocytic defects (due to mutation and salt).
Complex Organization of Promoter and Enhancer Elements Regulate the Tissue- and Developmental Stage-Specific Expression of the Drosophila melanogaster Gld Gene
Authors: Keplinger Brian L , Guo Xinmei , Quine Jonathan , Feng Yue , Cavener Douglas R 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Drosophila melanogaster Gld gene has multiple and diverse developmental and physiological functions. We report herein that interactions among proximal promoter elements and a cluster of intronically located enhancers and silencers specify the complex regulation of Gld that underlies its diverse functions. Gld expression in nonreproductive tissues is largely determined by proximal promoter elements with the exception of the embryonic labium where Gld is activated by an enhancer within the first intron. A nuclear protein, GPAL, has been identified that binds the Gpal elements in the proximal promoter region. Regulation of Gld in the reproductive organs is particularly complex, involving interactions among the Gpal proximal promoter elements, a unique TATA box, three distinct enhancer types, and one or more silencer elements. The three somatic reproductive organ enhancers each activate expression in male and female pairs of reproductive organs. One of these pairs, the male ejaculatory duct and female oviduct, are known to be developmentally homologous. We report evidence that the other two pairs of organs are developmentally homologous as well. A comprehensive model to explain the full developmental regulation of Gld and its evolution is presented.
Gene Flow Among Populations of the Malaria Vector, Anopheles gambiae, in Mali, West Africa
Authors: Taylor Charles , Touré Yeya T , Carnahan John , Norris Douglas E , Dolo Guimogo , Traoré Sekou F , Edillo Frances E , Lanzaro Gregory C 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The population structure of the Anopheles gambiae complex is unusual, with several sibling species often occupying a single area and, in one of these species, An. gambiae sensu stricto, as many as three “chromosomal forms” occurring together. The chromosomal forms are thought to be intermediate between populations and species, distinguishable by patterns of chromosome gene arrangements. The extent of reproductive isolation among these forms has been debated. To better characterize this structure we measured effective population size, Ne, and migration rates, m, or their product by both direct and indirect means. Gene flow among villages within each chromosomal form was found to be large (Nem &gt; 40), was intermediate between chromosomal forms (Nem ≈ 3–30), and was low between species (Nem ≈ 0.17–1.3). A recently developed means for distinguishing among certain of the forms using PCR indicated rates of gene flow consistent with those observed using the other genetic markers.
Sensory Impairment and the Odds of Adverse Consequences of Unmet Needs for Care Among Older Adults
Authors: Pittman Corinne , Nieman Carrie L , Reed Nicholas S , Swenor Bonnielin K , Willink Amber 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Vision and hearing impairments are highly prevalent conditions among older adults, and well-established links exist between sensory impairment and household, mobility, and self-care activity limitations. However, studies examining the impact of unmet long-term services and supports (LTSS) needs have not considered the role of vision and hearing impairment on the risk of experiencing adverse consequences, including wetting or soiling oneself.

Method
Using Rounds 1 and 5 of the National Health and Aging Trends Study, a nationally representative survey of Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older, we examine the association of vision and hearing impairment on the odds of experiencing an adverse consequence while accounting for other sociodemographic and health status factors.

Results
Among a weighted population of 49,770,947 community-living older adults with limitations in household, mobility, or self-care activities, 20.1% (95% CI: 19.2–21.0) experienced an adverse consequence as a result of unmet LTSS needs. In the fully adjusted regression, individuals with vision or hearing impairment had 96% (odds ratio [OR]: 1.96; 95% CI: 1.64–2.34) and 43% increased odds (OR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.24–1.65), respectively, of experiencing any adverse consequence. Hearing impairment was associated with higher odds of household or self-care adverse consequences, while vision impairment was associated with higher odds of mobility or self-care adverse consequences.

Discussion
Sensory impairment may increase the risk for adverse consequences for older adults with unmet LTSS needs. Activities that support older adults living safely in the community should consider the role of sensory impairment and how to address the unique needs of those with hearing or vision impairment.
Higher-order Hamilton–Jacobi perturbation theory for anisotropic heterogeneous media: transformation between Cartesian and ray-centred coordinates
Authors: Iversen Einar , Ursin Bjørn , Saksala Teemu , Ilmavirta Joonas , de Hoop Maarten V 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARY
Within the field of seismic modelling in anisotropic media, dynamic ray tracing is a powerful technique for computation of amplitude and phase properties of the high-frequency Green’s function. Dynamic ray tracing is based on solving a system of Hamilton–Jacobi perturbation equations, which may be expressed in different 3-D coordinate systems. We consider two particular coordinate systems; a Cartesian coordinate system with a fixed origin and a curvilinear ray-centred coordinate system associated with a reference ray. For each system we form the corresponding 6-D phase spaces, which encapsulate six degrees of freedom in the variation of position and momentum. The formulation of (conventional) dynamic ray tracing in ray-centred coordinates is based on specific knowledge of the first-order transformation between Cartesian and ray-centred phase-space perturbations. Such transformation can also be used for defining initial conditions for dynamic ray tracing in Cartesian coordinates and for obtaining the coefficients involved in two-point traveltime extrapolation. As a step towards extending dynamic ray tracing in ray-centred coordinates to higher orders we establish detailed information about the higher-order properties of the transformation between the Cartesian and ray-centred phase-space perturbations. By numerical examples, we (1) visualize the validity limits of the ray-centred coordinate system, (2) demonstrate the transformation of higher-order derivatives of traveltime from Cartesian to ray-centred coordinates and (3) address the stability of function value and derivatives of volumetric parameters in a higher-order representation of the subsurface model.
Role of Savings and Internal Lending Communities (SILCs) in improving household wealth and financial preparedness for birth in rural Zambia
Authors: Lee HaEun , Maffioli Elisa M , Veliz Philip T , Munro-Kramer Michelle L , Phiri Tenford K , Sakala Isaac , Kaunda Jameson , Chiboola Nchimunya M , Lori Jody R 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Savings and Internal Lending Communities (SILCs) are a type of informal microfinance mechanism adapted in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) to improve financial resources for poor and rural communities. Although SILCs are often paired with other health and non-health-related interventions, few studies have examined SILCs in the context of maternal health. This study examined the association between SILC participation, household wealth and financial preparedness for birth. The study also examined the association between sex and financial preparedness for birth. A secondary analysis was conducted on individual survey data collected from SILC participants in two rural districts of Zambia between October 2017 and February 2018. A convenience sample of 600 participants (Lundazi: n = 297; Mansa: n = 303) was analysed. Descriptive analyses were run to examine SILC participation and household wealth. Multiple binary logistic regression models were fit to assess the unadjusted and adjusted relationship between (1) SILC participation and household wealth, (2) SILC participation and financial preparedness for birth and (3) sex and financial preparedness for birth. The results show that SILC participation led to an average increase of 7.32 items of the 13 household wealth items. SILC participants who had their most recent childbirth after joining SILCs were more likely to be financially prepared for birth [adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 2.99; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.70-5.26; P &lt; 0.001] than participants who had their most recent childbirth before joining SILCs. Females were more likely to be financially prepared for birth than males if they had their most recent birth before joining an SILC (AOR: 1.79; 95% CI: 1.16-2.66; P &lt; 0.01). SILC participation is shown to increase household wealth and financial preparedness for birth for both men and women. SILCs are a promising intervention that can help poor and rural populations by increasing financial resources and financially preparing parents for birth.
Ghosts of war: China’s relations with Portugal in the post-war period, 1945–9
Authors: Lopes Helena F S 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This article investigates the ways in which the legacies of the Second World War shaped Sino-Portuguese relations during the final years of Nationalist rule in mainland China. It argues that Portugal’s wartime neutrality exacerbated the ambiguities of its centuries-old presence in China and that these ambiguities were decisive in shaping political and diplomatic manoeuvring in the post-war period. As a victorious power China sought to affirm its sovereignty when dealing with Portugal on issues such as the handling of Japanese property, the extradition of suspects of war crimes and collaboration, and the abolition of extraterritoriality. Disagreements over these reflected both countries’ attempts to assert sovereignty through the ability to serve justice.
HLA Zygosity Increases Risk of Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Liu Zhiwei , Huang Chih-Jen , Huang Yu-Han , Pan Mei-Hung , Lee Mei-Hsuan , Yu Kelly J , Pfeiffer Ruth M , Viard Mathias , Yuki Yuko , Gao Xiaojiang , Carrington Mary , Chen Chien-Jen , Hildesheim Allan , Yang Hwai-I ,   REVEAL-HBV Study Group
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Diversity in the HLA genes might be associated with disease outcomes—the heterozygote advantage hypothesis. We tested this hypothesis in relation to hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Methods
We utilized DNA from &gt; 10 000 Taiwanese individuals with current or past HBV infection to examine the association between HLA diversity and critical natural history steps in the progression from HBV infection to HCC. Individuals were classified as homozygotes at a given locus when imputed to carry the same 4-digit allele for the 2 HLA alleles at that locus.

Results
Increase in number of homozygous HLA class II loci was associated with an increased risk of chronic HBV infection (Ptrend = 1.18 × 10–7). Among chronic HBV carriers, increase in number of homozygous HLA class II loci was also associated with an increased risk of HBV-associated HCC (Ptrend = .031). For individual HLA loci, HLA-DQB1 homozygosity was significantly associated with HCC risk (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.40; 95% confidence interval, 1.06–1.84). We also found that zygosity affects risk of HCC through its ability to affect viral control.

Conclusions
Homozygosity at HLA class II loci, particularly HLA-DQB1, is associated with a higher risk of HBV-associated HCC.
Normalizing Vision: The Representation and Use of Spectacles and Eyeglasses in Victorian Britain
Authors: Almond Gemma 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This study explores the representation and use of Victorian visual aids, specifically focusing on how the design of spectacle and eyeglass frames shaped ideas of the ‘normal’ and ‘abnormal’ body. It contributes to our understanding of assistive technologies in the Victorian period by showcasing the usefulness of material evidence for exploring how an object was produced and perceived. By placing visual aids in their medical and cultural context for the first time, it will show how the study of spectacle and eyeglass frames develops our understanding of Victorian society more broadly. Contemporaries drew upon industrialization, increasing education, and the proliferation of print to explain a rise in refractive vision ‘errors’. Through exploring the design of three spectacle frames from the London Science Museum’s collections, this study will show how the representations and manufacture of visual aids transformed in response to these wider changes. The material evidence, as well as contemporary newspapers, periodicals, and medical texts, reveal that visual aids evolved from an unusual to a more mainstream device. It argues that visual aids are a unique assistive technology, one that is able to inform our understanding of how Victorians measured the body and constructed ideas of ‘normalcy’ and ‘abnormalcy’.
Bringing the Adult Guardianship Regime in Line with the UNCRPD: The Chinese Experience
Authors: Cheung Daisy 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This article examines the Chinese experience with adult guardianship, focusing in particular on the regimes in Hong Kong and China. As jurisdictions in which the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (‘UNCRPD’) applies, a key question is whether the adult guardianship regimes in these jurisdictions can be considered compliant with the principles of the UNCRPD, specifically those in Article 12. The adult guardianship regimes in both jurisdictions are in essence substitute decision-making regimes and are therefore not consistent with the interpretation of Article 12 by the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, or what is described as the ‘strong interpretation’ in this article. The question remains, however, as to whether they might be nonetheless considered compliant with what is described in this article as the ‘weak interpretation’. This article explores supported decision-making, the concept of capacity and the existence and sufficiency of safeguards in each of the two regimes, concluding that neither regime can be considered compliant even using the weak interpretation of Article 12. Reflections on the way forward are discussed.
Modelling H2 and its effects on star formation using a joint implementation of gadget-3 and KROME
Authors: Sillero Emanuel , Tissera Patricia B , Lambas Diego G , Bovino Stefano , Schleicher Dominik R , Grassi Tommaso , Bruzual Gustavo , Charlot Stéphane 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We present p-gadget3-k, an updated version of gadget-3, that incorporates the chemistry package krome. p-gadget3-k follows the hydrodynamical and chemical evolution of cosmic structures, incorporating the chemistry and cooling of H2 and metal cooling in non-equilibrium. We performed different runs of the same ICs to assess the impact of various physical parameters and prescriptions, namely gas metallicity, molecular hydrogen formation on dust, star formation recipes including or not H2 dependence, and the effects of numerical resolution. We find that the characteristics of the simulated systems, both globally and at kpc-scales, are in good agreement with several observable properties of molecular gas in star-forming galaxies. The surface density profiles of star formation rate (SFR) and H2 are found to vary with the clumping factor and resolution. In agreement with previous results, the chemical enrichment of the gas component is found to be a key ingredient to model the formation and distribution of H2 as a function of gas density and temperature. A star formation algorithm that takes into account the H2 fraction together with a treatment for the local stellar radiation field improves the agreement with observed H2 abundances over a wide range of gas densities and with the molecular Kennicutt–Schmidt law, implying a more realistic modelling of the star formation process.
The slow rise and recovery of the 2019 Crab pulsar glitch
Authors: Shaw B , Keith M J , Lyne A G , Mickaliger M B , Stappers B W , Turner J D , Weltevrede P 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We present updated measurements of the Crab pulsar glitch of 2019 July 23 using a data set of pulse arrival times spanning ∼5 months. On MJD 58687, the pulsar underwent its seventh largest glitch observed to date, characterized by an instantaneous spin-up of ∼1 μHz. Following the glitch, the pulsar’s rotation frequency relaxed exponentially towards pre-glitch values over a time-scale of approximately 1 week, resulting in a permanent frequency increment of ∼0.5 μHz. Due to our semicontinuous monitoring of the Crab pulsar, we were able to partially resolve a fraction of the total spin-up. This delayed spin-up occurred exponentially over a time-scale of ∼18 h. This is the sixth Crab pulsar glitch for which part of the initial rise was resolved in time and this phenomenon has not been observed in any other glitching pulsars, offering a unique opportunity to study the microphysical processes governing interactions between the neutron star interior and the crust.
Time consciousness: the missing link in theories of consciousness
Authors: Kent Lachlan , Wittmann Marc 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThere are plenty of issues to be solved in order for researchers to agree on a neural model of consciousness. Here we emphasize an often under-represented aspect in the debate: time consciousness. Consciousness and the present moment both extend in time. Experience flows through a succession of moments and progresses from future predictions, to present experiences, to past memories. However, a brief review finds that many dominant theories of consciousness only refer to brief, static, and discrete “functional moments” of time. Very few refer to more extended, dynamic, and continuous time, which is associated with conscious experience (cf. the “experienced moment”). This confusion between short and discrete versus long and continuous is, we argue, one of the core issues in theories of consciousness. Given the lack of work dedicated to time consciousness, its study could test novel predictions of rival theories of consciousness. It may be that different theories of consciousness are compatible/complementary if the different aspects of time are taken into account. Or, if it turns out that no existing theory can fully accommodate time consciousness, then perhaps it has something new to add. Regardless of outcome, the crucial step is to make subjective time a central object of study.