bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drawing with SAT: four methods and A tool for producing railway infrastructure schematics
Authors: Luteberget Bjørnar , Johansen Christian 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Schematic drawings showing railway tracks and equipment are commonly used
to visualize railway operations and to communicate system specifications and
construction blueprints. Recent advances in on-line collaboration and modeling
tools have raised the expectations for quickly making changes to models,
resulting in frequent changes to layouts, text, and/or symbols in schematic
drawings. Automating the creation of high-quality schematic views from
geographical and topological models can help engineers produce and update
drawings efficiently. This paper introduces four methods for automatically producing
schematic railway drawings
with increasing level of quality and control
over the result. The final method, implemented in the open-source tool that we have developed,
can use any combination of the following optimization criteria, which can have
different priorities in different use cases: width and height of the drawing,
the diagonal line lengths, and the number of bends. We show how to encode schematic railway drawings as an optimization
problem over Boolean and numerical domains, using combinations of unary number
encoding, lazy difference constraints, and numerical optimization into an
incremental SAT formulation. We compare drawings resulting from each of the four methods, applied to
models of real-world engineering projects and existing railway infrastructure.
We also show how to add symbols and labels to the track plan, which is
important for the usefulness of the final outputs. Since the proposed tool is
customizable and efficiently produces high-quality drawings from railML 2.x
models, it can be used (as it is or extended) both as an integrated module in
an industrial design tool like RailCOMPLETE, or by researchers for
visualization purposes.
Gender differences in examination behavior of 4th grade medical students
Authors: Pavo Noemi , Niedermaier Thomas , Seitz Stefanie , Jäger Harald , Strametz-Juranek Jeanette , Rieder Anita , Anvari-Pirsch Anahit 
Published: October 2021

Summary
Background
Computer-assisted teaching is becoming increasingly more important to acquire new knowledge and skills in medical curricula. The consequence of gender-characteristic personality traits on academic performance in e‑learning examinations are difficult to forecast. This study investigated gender-related differences in examination behavior among undergraduate medical students taking a web-based quiz.

Methods
A total of 1315 4th grade medical students at the Medical University of Vienna completing the compulsory online moodle-based ECG quiz 2017/2018 were enrolled into this observational study. Individual data of examination behavior and quiz results as well as results of the final annual exam were extracted. Students were grouped into 10 strata according to academic performance. Variables between both sexes were compared using a nonparametrical test. Examination variables were correlated to performance.

Results
Of the total study population 686 (52%) were female and 629 (48%) were male. The time until the first attempt and number of attempts performed was comparable between both sexes, however female students spent more time on the first attempt compared to their male colleagues (1592 sec [Q1–Q3: 999–2536] vs 1405 sec [Q1–Q3: 828–2395], p = 0.002), suggesting a higher self-discipline and risk-aversity. There was no difference regarding quiz scores or final ECG examination scores between female and male students (p = 0.869 and p = 0.396). Students who accessed the quiz earlier and less time spent for the first attempt tended to perform better at the final examination (rs = 0.20, p < 0.001 and rs = −0.15, p < 0.001).

Conclusions
Gender-related differences in examination behavior already described for nononline based examinations are similarly observable in e‑learning. For this test, gender-immanent traits seem not to twist final examination results and impact academic performance.
Effects of polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, polyurethane, high-density polyethylene, and polystyrene microplastic on Nelumbo nucifera (Lotus) in water and sediment
Authors: Esterhuizen Maranda , Kim Young Jun 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPlastic waste is recognised as hazardous, with the risk increasing as the polymers break down in nature to secondary microplastics or even nanoplastics. The number of studies reporting on the prevalence of microplastic in every perceivable niche and bioavailable to biota is dramatically increasing. Knowledge of the ecotoxicology of microplastic is advancing as well; however, information regarding plants, specifically aquatic macrophytes, is still lacking. The present study aimed to gain more information on the ecotoxicological effects of six different polymer types as 4 mm microplastic on the morphology (germination and growth) and the physiology (catalase and glutathione S-transferase activity) of the rooted aquatic macrophyte, Nelumbo nucifera. The role of sediment was also considered by conducting all exposure both in a sediment-containing and sediment-free exposure system. Polyvinyl chloride and polyurethane exposures caused the highest inhibition of germination and growth compared to the control. However, the presence of sediment significantly decreased the adverse effects. Catalase activity was increased with exposure to polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane, and polystyrene, both in the presence and absence of sediment but more so in the sediment-free system. Glutathione S-transferase activity was significantly increased with exposure to polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, and polyethylene terephthalate in the sediment-free system and exposure to polyethylene terephthalate and polyurethane in the absence of sediment. There was no clear correlation between the morphological and physiological effects observed. Further studies are required to understand the underlying toxicity mechanism of microplastics.
Mathematical Modeling of the Early Stage of Clogging of the SEN During Continuous Casting of Ti-ULC Steel
Authors: Barati Hadi , Wu Menghuai , Michelic Susanne , Ilie Sergiu , Kharicha Abdellah , Ludwig Andreas , Kang Youn-Bae 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The clogging of the submerged entry nozzle (SEN) during the continuous casting of steel can be divided into two stages: the “early stage,” when the initial layer of the clog covers the SEN refractory surface owing to chemical reactions, and the “late stage,” when the clog layer continues to grow because of the deposition of non-metallic inclusions (NMIs). In this paper, a mathematical formulation is proposed for the build-up of the initial oxide. The chemical reaction mechanism is based on the work of Lee and Kang (Lee et al. in ISIJ Int 58:1257–1266, 2018): a reaction among SEN refractory constituents produces CO gas, which can re-oxidize the steel melt and consequently form an oxide layer on the SEN surface. The proposed formulation was further incorporated as a sub-model in a transient clogging model, which was previously developed by the current authors to track the late stage of clogging. The thermodynamics and kinetics of CO production, depending on the local pressure and temperature, must be considered for the sub-model of early-stage clogging. Test simulations based on a section of an actual industrial SEN were conducted, and it was verified that the clogging phenomenon is related to the SEN refractory, the chemical reaction with the steel melt, the local temperature and pressure, and the transport of NMIs by the turbulent melt flow in the SEN. The model was qualitatively validated through laboratory experiments. The uncertainty of some parameters that govern the reaction kinetics and permeability of the oxide layer is discussed.
Scaling up of cluster beam deposition technology for catalysis application
Authors: Sanzone Giuseppe , Yin Jinlong , Sun Hailin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMany research works have demonstrated that the combination of atomically precise cluster deposition and theoretical calculations is able to address fundamental aspects of size-effects, cluster-support interactions, and reaction mechanisms of cluster materials. Although the wet chemistry method has been widely used to synthesize nanoparticles, the gas-phase synthesis and size-selected strategy was the only method to prepare supported metal clusters with precise numbers of atoms for a long time. However, the low throughput of the physical synthesis method has severely constrained its wider adoption for catalysis applications. In this review, we introduce the latest progress on three types of cluster source which have the most promising potential for scale-up, including sputtering gas aggregation source, pulsed microplasma cluster source, and matrix assembly cluster source. While the sputtering gas aggregation source is leading ahead with a production rate of ∼20 mg·h−1, the pulsed microplasma source has the smallest physical dimensions which makes it possible to compact multiple such devices into a small volume for multiplied production rate. The matrix assembly source has the shortest development history, but already show an impressive deposition rate of ~10 mg·h−1. At the end of the review, the possible routes for further throughput scale-up are envisaged.
What have we known so far about microplastics in drinking water treatment? A timely review
Authors: Xue Jinkai , Samaei Seyed Hesam-Aldin , Chen Jianfei , Doucet Ariana , Ng Kelvin Tsun Wai 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMicroplastics (MPs) have been widely detected in drinking water sources and tap water, raising the concern of the effectiveness of drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in protecting the public from exposure to MPs through drinking water. We collected and analyzed the available research articles up to August 2021 on MPs in drinking water treatment (DWT), including laboratory- and full-scale studies. This article summarizes the major MP compositions (materials, sizes, shapes, and concentrations) in drinking water sources, and critically reviews the removal efficiency and impacts of MPs in various drinking water treatment processes. The discussed drinking water treatment processes include coagulation-flocculation (CF), membrane filtration, sand filtration, and granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration. Current DWT processes that are purposed for particle removal are generally effective in reducing MPs in water. Various influential factors to MP removal are discussed, such as coagulant type and dose, MP material, shape and size, and water quality. It is anticipated that better MP removal can be achieved by optimizing the treatment conditions. Moreover, the article framed the major challenges and future research directions on MPs and nanoplastics (NPs) in DWT.
Vulnerable Jugendliche in sich verändernden Risikoumgebungen
Authors: Sowa Frank , Fahnøe Kristian , Roy Alastair , Farrier Alan , Heinrich Marco , Kronbæk Mette 
Published: October 2021

ZusammenfassungDieses Projekt stellt die Frage, wie die COVID-19-Pandemie Prozesse der sozialen Inklusion und Exklusion von wohnungslosen Jugendlichen beeinflusst. Anhand von drei internationalen Fallstudien soll das Verständnis dafür verbessert werden, wie Pandemien die Risiken und die zugänglichen wohlfahrtsstaatlichen Ressourcen für junge Menschen mit Wohnungslosigkeitserfahrung prägen. Das Wissen, das in dieser vergleichenden Studie entwickelt wird, kann dazu beitragen, die Art und Weise zu verbessern, wie Organisationen der Wohnungslosenhilfe auf neue, veränderte oder verstärkte Probleme und Bedürfnisse von jungen wohnungslosen Menschen reagieren.
The structure of a highly decelerated axisymmetric turbulent boundary layer
Authors: Balantrapu N. Agastya , Hickling Christopher , Alexander W. Nathan , Devenport William 
Published: October 2021

Experiments were performed over a body of revolution at a length-based Reynolds number of 1.9 million. While the lateral curvature parameters are moderate (

$\delta /r_s < 2, r_s^+>500$

, where

$\delta$

is the boundary layer thickness and r
s
is the radius of curvature), the pressure gradient is increasingly adverse (

$\beta _{C} \in [5 \text {--} 18]$

where

$\beta_{C}$

is Clauser’s pressure gradient parameter), representative of vehicle-relevant conditions. The mean flow in the outer regions of this fully attached boundary layer displays some properties of a free-shear layer, with the mean-velocity and turbulence intensity profiles attaining self-similarity with the ‘embedded shear layer’ scaling (Schatzman & Thomas, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 815, 2017, pp. 592–642). Spectral analysis of the streamwise turbulence revealed that, as the mean flow decelerates, the large-scale motions energize across the boundary layer, growing proportionally with the boundary layer thickness. When scaled with the shear layer parameters, the distribution of the energy in the low-frequency region is approximately self-similar, emphasizing the role of the embedded shear layer in the large-scale motions. The correlation structure of the boundary layer is discussed at length to supply information towards the development of turbulence and aeroacoustic models. One major finding is that the estimation of integral turbulence length scales from single-point measurements, via Taylor's hypothesis, requires significant corrections to the convection velocity in the inner 50 % of the boundary layer. The apparent convection velocity (estimated from the ratio of integral length scale to the time scale), is approximately 40 % greater than the local mean velocity, suggesting the turbulence is convected much faster than previously thought. Closer to the wall even higher corrections are required.
Toward Complete, Candid, and Unbiased International Consensus Statements on Concussion in Sport
Authors: Casper Stephen T. , Bachynski Kathleen E. , Buckland Michael E. , Comrie Don , Gandy Sam , Gates Judith , Goldberg Daniel S. , Henne Kathryn , Hind Karen , Morrison Daniel , Ortega Francisco , Pearce Alan J. , Philpott-Jones Sean , Sandel Elizabeth , Tatos Ted , Tucker Sally , Finkel Adam M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractFive international consensus statements on concussion in sports have been published. This commentary argues that there is a strong need for a new approach to them that foregrounds public health expertise and patient-centered guidance. Doing so will help players, parents and practitioners keep perspective about these potentially life-altering injuries especially when they recur.
Telehealth to Address Health Disparities: Potential, Pitfalls, and Paths Ahead
Authors: Simon David A. , Shachar Carmel 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTelehealth has the potential to address health disparities, but not without deliberate choices about how to implement it. To support vulnerable patients, health policy leaders must pursue creative solutions such as public-private partnerships, broadband infrastructure, and value-based payment. Without these initiatives or others like them, health disparities are likely to persist despite telehealth’s tantalizing potential.
Indonesia’s Cigarette Culture Wars: Contesting Tobacco Regulations in the Postcolony
Authors: Welker Marina 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis article juxtaposes representations of Indonesia’s tobacco control as temporally backwards with a counter-discourse defending its clove-laced cigarettes—called kretek—as a form of distinctive cultural heritage. These opposing discourses, which I characterize as public health evolutionism and commodity nationalism, structure clashes over Indonesian tobacco regulations. Public health evolutionism can take the form of voyeuristic, exoticizing, and Othering representations, but it can also be used to argue for more equitable access to global tobacco control knowledge and practices. Commodity nationalists insist that the kretek industry should be a source of pride rather than shame, depicting tobacco control as a neocolonial plot to destroy an indigenous industry that benefits small farmers, factory workers, and home industries. This subaltern emphasis obscures the fact that a few large companies dominate the industry, which is increasingly foreign-owned and mechanizing to increase production while reducing employment. The cigarette industry takes advantage of both discourses by marketing supposedly safer products to consumers alarmed by public health messaging, while also promoting the cigarettes-as-national-heritage narrative and undermining regulations. The stakes of these debates are high in the world’s second largest cigarette market, with over three hundred billion sticks smoked each year and more than two hundred thousand tobacco-related deaths.
Intercropping with Chinese leek decreasedMeloidogyne javanicapopulation and shifted microbial community structure in Sacha Inchi plantation
Authors: Nie C. R. , Feng Y. , Cheng X. H. , Cai Z. Q. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe root-knot nematode,Meloidogyne javanica, is a major problem for the production of Sacha Inchi plants. We examined the effects of strip intercropping of Sacha Inchi/Chinese leek of 3–4 years on the seasonal dynamics of plant and soil traits in tropical China. Results indicated that in the intercropping system, a partially temporal divergence of belowground resource acquisition via niche separation occurred throughout the growing seasons, besides a complete spatially-separated plant height between the two crops. Compared with Sacha Inchi monoculture, the increased seed yield per unit area in the intercropping system was mainly attributed to the higher plant survival rate, rather than the enhanced plant traits of healthy plants. Intercropping greatly suppressedM. javanicapopulations only in the wet season, compared with monoculture; which may be associated with the combined effects of the direct allelopathy and indigenous microbe induced-suppressiveness. Intercropping did not affect microbial richness andα-diversity in the rhizosphere, except for the decreased fungal richness. Both bacterial and fungal composition and structure were diverged between monoculturev.intercropping system. The relative abundances of the dominant bacterial genera (Bacillus,Gaiellales,Lactococcus,MassiliaandLysobacter, etc.) differed significantly between the two cropping systems. For fungi, intercropping decreased the relative abundances ofFusariumandGibberella, but increased those ofNectriaceae_unclassified,Chaetomiaceae,HumicolaandMortierella. Overall, Sacha Inchi/Chinese leek intercropping suppressedM. javanicapopulations and shifted microbial compositions (especially decreased pathogen-containingFusarium). The increased yield and economic returns in this intercropping system provide valid information for the effective agricultural management.
Female wanted for the world's rarest turtle: prioritizing areas where Rafetus swinhoei may persist in the wild
Authors: Pham Thong Van , Le Duc Olivier , Bordes Cédric , Leprince Benjamin , Ducotterd Charlotte , Zuklin Tomas , Quang Vinh Luu , Dinh Duc Ha , Luiselli Luca 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe Yangtze giant softshell turtle Rafetus swinhoei is the rarest turtle species, with just two individuals known to be surviving, one male in a zoo in China and one individual recently identified as a female in the wild in Viet Nam. As the species is on the brink of extinction, it is an urgent priority to search for additional individuals in the wild, and for areas where it may still be present. Here, we analysed areas where the species may still occur, identified through interview surveys in Viet Nam. In addition, we introduced a novel system for evaluating the potential for occurrence of this rare and elusive freshwater turtle, using a conservation priority index. This index was based on three recorded variables: (1) probability of the species' presence based on interviews with local fishers, (2) degree of habitat alteration, and (3) fishing intensity, with the latter two based on experts’ evaluation of the sites where the species could potentially be present. There were at least 13 independent, reliable sightings in the 2010s, seven of which were in 2018–2019, indicating that R. swinhoei potentially persists in the wild. Although the species was confirmed at only one site, there are at least three more sites where it is likely to be present, and 13 sites of conservation interest. We provide a description of all sites where the species is potentially present, and a summary of relevant interviews. The Da River system has the highest number of recent sightings. We recommend that a research and conservation project be initiated urgently, and outline how such a project could be implemented.
Metformin improves the therapeutic efficacy of low-dose albendazole against experimental alveolar echinococcosis
Authors: Loos Julia A. , Coccimiglio Magalí , Nicolao María Celeste , Rodrigues Christian Rodriguez , Cumino Andrea C. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAlveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a severe disease caused by Echinococcus multilocularis. Its chemotherapeutic treatment is based on benzimidazoles, which are rarely curative and cause several adverse effects. Therefore, it is necessary to develop alternative and safer chemotherapeutic strategies against AE. It has previously been shown that metformin (Met) exhibits considerable in vivo activity on an early-infection model of AE when administered at 50 mg kg−1 day−1 for 8 weeks. Here, the challenge is heightened by a 2-fold increase in parasite inoculum or by starting the treatment 6 weeks post-infection. In both cases, only the combination of Met (100 mg kg−1 day−1) together with a sub-optimal dose of albendazole (ABZ) (5 mg kg−1 day−1) led to a significant reduction in parasite weight compared to the untreated group. Coincidentally, drug combination showed the highest level of damage in E. multilocularis metacestodes. Likewise, Met alone or combined with ABZ led to a decrease in parasite glucose availability, which was evidenced as a lower intracystic glucose concentration. Therefore, the results demonstrate that combination therapy with Met and ABZ offers an alternative to improve the efficacy and reduce the toxicity of the high-dose ABZ monotherapy currently employed.
Bicuspid aortic valve and anomalous right coronary artery from the opposite coronary sinus
Authors: Giusti Giuliano , Villano Mariantonia , Pozzi Marco 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe report on a patient with bicuspid aortic valve and anomalous right coronary artery from the opposite sinus without evidence of intramural course. Different authors support the universal presence of intramural course in patients with origin of the right coronary artery from the opposite sinus of Valsalva in normal heart. The occurrence of both bicuspid aortic valve and the absence of intramural course may not be accidental. This might suggest a developmental interaction between bicuspid aortic valve and anomalous coronary artery. Large observational study including characterisation by intravascular ultrasonography in patients with bicuspid aortic valve and anomalous coronary is needed.