bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toddler milk perceptions and purchases: the role of Latino ethnicity
Authors: Duffy Emily W , Taillie Lindsey Smith , Richter Ana Paula C , Higgins Isabella CA , Harris Jennifer L , Hall Marissa G 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectives:Toddler milk (i.e. a nutrient-fortified milk-based drink marketed for children 12–36 months old) is increasingly being marketed in the USA despite not being recommended for young children. There is evidence of targeted toddler milk marketing to Latinos in the USA. This study aimed to explore toddler milk perceptions and behaviours among Latino and non-Latino parents.Design:An online survey assessed toddler milk perceptions, behaviours and interpretations of nutrition-related claims. Multivariable logistic and linear regression explored socio-demographic correlates of parent reported past purchases and perceived healthfulness.Setting:Online.Participants:National convenience sample of 1078 US parents of children aged 2–12 years (48 % Latino).Results:About half of parents (51 %) had previously purchased toddler milk and few (11 %) perceived toddler milk as unhealthy. Latino parents were more likely to have purchased toddler milk than non-Latino parents (P< 0·001), but there were no differences in perceived product healthfulness (P= 0·47). Compared to parents born in the USA, parents living in the USA 10 years or less were more likely to have purchased toddler milk (P< 0·001) and perceive toddler milk as healthier (P= 0·002). Open-ended interpretations of claims were primarily positive, suggesting ‘health halo’ effects.Conclusions:Common misperceptions about toddler milk healthfulness suggest stronger labelling regulations are needed. Greater reported purchases by Latino parents and recent immigrants warrant further investigation.
Maternal hepatitis B or C carrier status and long-term risk for offspring neurological morbidity: a population-based cohort study
Authors: Yoles Israel , Sheiner Eyal , Abu-Freha Naim , Wainstock Tamar 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHepatitis B and hepatitis C (HBV/HCV) are important global public health concerns. We aimed to evaluate the association between maternal HBV/HCV carrier status and long-term offspring neurological hospitalisations. A population-based cohort analysis compared the risk for long-term childhood neurological hospitalisations in offspring born to HBV/HCV carrier vs. non-carrier mothers in a large tertiary medical centre between 1991 and 2014. Childhood neurological diseases, such as cerebral palsy, movement disorders or developmental disorders, were pre-defined based on ICD-9 codes as recorded in hospital medical files. Offspring with congenital malformations and multiple gestations were excluded from the study. A Kaplan–Meier survival curve was constructed to compare cumulative neurological hospitalisations over time, and a Cox proportional hazards model was used to control for confounders. During the study period (1991–2014), 243,682 newborns met the inclusion criteria, and 777 (0.3%) newborns were born to HBV/HCV mothers. The median follow-up was 10.51 years (0–18 years). The offspring from HBV/HCV mothers had higher incidence of neurological hospitalisations (4.5 vs. 3.1%, hazard ratio (HR) = 1.91, 95% CI 1.37–2.67). Similarly, the cumulative incidence of neurological hospitalisations was higher in children born to HBV/HCV carrier mothers (Kaplan–Meier survival curve log-rank test p < 0.001). The increased risk remained significant in a Cox proportional hazards model, which adjusted for gestational age, mode of delivery and pregnancy complications (adjusted HR = 1.40, 1.01–1.95, p = 0.049). We conclude that maternal HBV or HCV carrier status is an independent risk factor for the long-term neurological hospitalisation of offspring regardless of gestational age and other adverse perinatal outcomes.
A Computationally Efficient Hybrid Framework for Polarimetric Calibration of Quad‐Pol SAR Data
Authors: Maiti Abhisek , Kumar Shashi , Tolpekin Valentyn , Agarwal Shefali 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPolarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PolSAR) calibration is an essential preprocessing step that must be performed to ensure that the data quality is adequate. This, in turn, helps to minimize the propagation of errors in any further data processing or information extraction. Crosstalk and channel imbalance are two major distortions found to be present in the uncalibrated polarimetric SAR data. The PolSAR calibration mainly aims to reduce these two distortions revealing the true scattering pattern of the targets. In this regard, Quegan's algorithm and Ainsworth algorithm are two widely used algorithms for the PolSAR calibration. In this study, the accuracy and efficiency of these two algorithms have been thoroughly compared using suitable metrics. It has been shown that the Ainsworth algorithm performs better than Quegan's in terms of accuracy at the cost of poor computational efficiency. The data quality metrics also highlight the better calibration accuracy of the Ainsworth algorithm. The issue of higher computational complexity has been effectively addressed by coupling both of these algorithms. Evidently, the computational cost has been reduced in the case of the proposed algorithm. The polarization orientation angle (POA) shift is another distortion caused by the topographic variations present in the target scene. Therefore, correction of POA shift has been incorporated in this research by coupling it with the PolSAR calibration. Subsequently, the improvement in the scattering has been observed. In essence, the proposed algorithm coupled with the correction of POA shift rectifies the major polarimetric distortions with adequate accuracy and computational efficiency.
Deformation Behavior and Inferred Seismic Properties of Tonalitic Migmatites at the Time of Pre‐melting, Partial Melting, and Post‐Solidification
Authors: Shao Yilun , Piazolo Sandra , Liu Yongjiang , Lee Amicia L. , Jin Wei , Li Weimin , Liang Chenyue , Wen Quanbo 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAs seismic data from the lower crust becomes more readily available, it is important to link seismic properties to the ongoing processes within lower crustal evolution. This includes high temperature, pre‐ and post‐migmatization solid state deformation as well as melt‐present deformation. We selected two tonalitic migmatites with variable former melt content (one metatexite and one diatexite) from the lower crustal Daqingshan area, northern North China Craton to assess the link between seismic properties and rock structure and rheology. Field observation along with microstructural features suggest that the characteristics of hornblende and plagioclase within the residuum of the metatexite can be used to derive information on the pre‐melt deformation. Residuum's plagioclase CPO (crystallographic preferred orientations) is consistent with high temperature dislocation creep as the main deformation mechanism; similarly, hornblende shows a strong CPO related to dislocation creep. During syn‐melt (melt present) conditions, phenocrysts of plagioclase in the metatexite's neosome and K‐feldspar and peritectic hornblende in the diatexite's neosome are present. The rheology of the rock was dominated by melt; hence is inferred to follow Newtonian flow. After melt crystallization deformation is minor but again dominated by dislocation creep. The seismic properties (seismic velocity, anisotropy, Vp/Vs ratio, etc.) for pre‐ and post‐melt have similar values expected values for solid mafic rocks, whilst the syn‐melt seismic velocities are generally lower and Vp/Vs ratios and seismic anisotropies are higher.
Measurements of Iceberg Melt Rates Using High‐Resolution GPS and Iceberg Surface Scans
Authors: Schild Kristin M. , Sutherland David A. , Elosegui Pedro , Duncan Daniel 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIncreasing freshwater input to the subpolar North Atlantic through iceberg melting can influence fjord‐scale to basin‐scale ocean circulation. However, the magnitude, timing, and distribution of this freshwater have been challenging to quantify due to minimal direct observations of subsurface iceberg geometry and melt rates. Here we present novel in situ methods capturing iceberg change at high‐temporal and ‐spatial resolution using four high‐precision GPS units deployed on two large icebergs (>500 m length). In combination with measurements of surface and subsurface geometry, we calculate iceberg melt rates between 0.10 and 0.27 m/d over the 9‐day survey. These melt rates are lower than those proposed in previous studies, likely due to using individual subsurface iceberg geometries in calculations. In combining these new measurements of iceberg geometry and melt rate with the broad spatial coverage of remote sensing, we can better predict the impact of increasing freshwater injection from the Greenland Ice Sheet.
Energy Conversion Within Current Sheets in the Earth's Quasi‐Parallel Magnetosheath
Authors: Schwartz Steven J. , Kucharek Harald , Farrugia Charles J. , Trattner Karlheinz , Gingell Imogen , Ergun Robert E. , Strangeway Robert , Gershman Daniel 
Published: January 2021

AbstractShock waves in collisionless plasmas rely on kinetic processes to convert the primary incident bulk flow energy into thermal energy. That conversion is initiated within a thin transition layer but may continue well into the downstream region. At the Earth's bow shock, the region downstream of shock locations where the interplanetary magnetic field is nearly parallel to the shock normal is highly turbulent. We study the distribution of thin current events in this magnetosheath. Quantification of the energy dissipation rate made by the Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft shows that these isolated intense currents are distributed uniformly throughout the magnetosheath and convert a significant fraction (5%–11%) of the energy flux incident at the bow shock.
Marine Vertical Gravity Gradients Reveal the Global Distribution and Tectonic Significance of “Seesaw” Ridge Propagation
Authors: Harper Hugh , Tozer Brook , Sandwell David T. , Hey Richard N. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe segmentation of mid‐ocean ridges is a defining characteristic of seafloor spreading, yet some tectonic processes operating at segment boundaries remain poorly understood. Here, we analyze new satellite‐derived vertical gravity gradient (VGG) data, which reveal an abundance of off‐axis seafloor features that are oblique to ridges and transform faults and thus reflect the occurrence of ridge propagation at some segment boundaries. However, unlike many propagating ridges, these features commonly reverse direction leaving W‐shaped signatures in the seafloor which we refer to as “seesaw propagators” (SSPs). Using the VGG, we have documented these globally and find that: (1) SSPs are ubiquitous on seafloor that formed at half spreading rates between 10 and 40 mm year−1 and their total length is about 1/3 that of fracture zones. (2) The lithospheric age offset across SSPs (0–2.5 Ma) is less than transform faults (2–10 Ma), which likely reflects a rheological threshold, whereby only young and weak lithosphere allows for “non‐rigid” SSP behavior. (3) Isostatic modeling of well‐surveyed SSPs confirms that they formed on young and thin (3 km) lithosphere. (4) The directional changes of SSPs in both time and space appear largely uncorrelated and cannot be explained by previous regional‐scale models invoked to explain unidirectional ridge propagation and thus require a different driving force.
Observed Water Exchange Between the South China Sea and Java Sea Through Karimata Strait
Authors: Xu T. F. , Wei Z. X. , Susanto R. D. , Li S. J. , Wang Y. G. , Wang Y. , Xu X. Q. , Agustiadi T. , Trenggono M. , Sulistyo B. , Setiawan A. , Kuswardani A. , Fang G. H. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractVolume, heat and freshwater transports from the South China Sea (SCS) to the Java Sea through the Karimata Strait are estimated based on direct measurements of current, temperature, salinity, and satellite observations. Subject to strong seasonal variability, the volume, heat, freshwater transports are −1.98 ± 0.23 Sv (1 Sv = 106 m3/s), −209.68 ± 15.19 TW (1 TW = 1012 W), −99.87 ± 15.11 mSv (1 mSv = 10‐3 Sv) in boreal winter, and 0.47 ± 0.20 Sv, 61.06 ± 15.46 TW, 31.67 ± 8.76 mSv in boreal summer, respectively (negative transport defined from SCS to Java Sea). The annual mean volume, heat and freshwater transports are −0.78 ± 0.12 Sv, −77.31 ± 4.99 TW, and −30.87 ± 6.15 mSv, respectively. The freshwater transport through Karimata Strait is as large as 42% of rainfall input to the entire Indonesian seas in boreal winter, thereby modulating the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) through the “freshwater plug” effect in the Makassar Strait. The interannual variability of the transports is not significantly correlated to the Indian Ocean Dipole and El Niño‐Southern Oscillation. There is a significant decreasing trend of volume and heat transports from the SCS to Java Sea over the period of 1997–2015, with a reduction of 0.26 Sv and 15 TW, respectively. The freshwater transport decreases 12.29 mSv by 2016 compared with that in 2009, equivalent to 33.2%–49.72% of the annual mean freshwater transport during 2009–2016. This decreasing trend would play contradictory roles in the decadal trend of ITF transport by building a “freshwater plug” in the southern Makassar Strait and a ‘buoyant plume’ in the Indo‐Australian Basin, respectively.
Constraints on Hydraulic Anisotropy From Periodic Pumping Tests Using a Double‐Packer System
Authors: Cheng Y. , Renner J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPeriodic pumping tests are now being used to characterize subsurface hydraulic parameters owing to several advantages over conventional tests, for example, option of superposing periodic excitations on transients by the data processing in the frequency domain. We derive an analytical model of periodic pumping tests using a double‐packer system to isolate an injection interval in a borehole penetrating either a confined or unconfined anisotropic aquifer. The model, which is apt for injectivity analysis and axial interference analysis, was evaluated by comparing it to previously presented solutions of the hydraulic diffusion equation considering appropriate limits regarding interval length, storage capacity of the interval, and the aquifer specific yield. The axial interference analysis constrains the ratio of axial‐to‐radial hydraulic conductivity. Radial conductivity and specific storage are constrained by the injectivity analysis prescribing conductivity anisotropy ratios. The combination of the two analyses narrows down the range of estimated hydraulic properties. The application of our model to field data from a fault zone in crystalline rocks yields a subvertical conductivity at least 10 times greater than the horizontal value, which agrees qualitatively with the fault geometry. By proper choice of the pumping period, axial interference analysis can be used to not only assess the integrity of packers and their immediate surrounding but also to extend our understanding of subsurface features.
Innovative Pediatric Resident Training in Behavioral Health and Communication: Pilot Study Results
Authors: Herbst Rachel Becker , Burkhardt Mary Carol , Filigno Stephanie S. , Kerr Amy , Boat Thomas F. 
Published: January 2021

Objective: Pediatricians and pediatric residency program directors recognize that training on social-emotional and behavioral health in residency is not adequate preparation for future practice. Pediatric psychologists’ expertise in the behavioral dimensions of health and facilitating learners’ skill development can help meet these training gaps. We developed a novel resident training curriculum in pediatric primary care focused on knowledge and skill development in the key areas of behavioral health and effective communication. This study examined the curriculum’s feasibility, acceptability, and impact on residents’ skill development in addressing social-emotional and behavioral health concerns. Methods: Using a mixed-methods, quasi-experimental design, we explored the curriculum’s effectiveness by comparing subjective and objective measures completed by residents from the intervention clinic ( n = 32) and matched control clinic residents ( n = 32). Ten intervention clinic residents provided qualitative data about the curriculum’s impact. Results: Results indicated that the curriculum was feasible and acceptable. Intervention group residents reported greater knowledge and skills associated with behavioral health screening and surveillance than control group participants and demonstrated significant improvement in the communication skills. Conclusions: Our results highlight the role of pediatric psychologists as coleaders and collaborators within pediatric medical training programs to design and implement training curricula to improve the care and attention that behavioral health issues receive in the primary care setting. Implications for Impact Statement Pediatricians and residency program directors recognize that behavioral health and communication training in residency is insufficient. This mixed-methods, quasi-experimental study demonstrates how an innovative curriculum closes gaps, promotes skill development, and provides a foundation for future curricular development and evaluation.
Nanoparticle T-cell engagers as a modular platform for cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Alhallak Kinan , Sun Jennifer , Wasden Katherine , Guenthner Nicole , O’Neal Julie , Muz Barbara , King Justin , Kohnen Daniel , Vij Ravi , Achilefu Samuel , DiPersio John F. , Azab Abdel Kareem 
Published: January 2021

AbstractT-cell-based immunotherapy, such as CAR-T cells and bispecific T-cell engagers (BiTEs), has shown promising clinical outcomes in many cancers; however, these therapies have significant limitations, such as poor pharmacokinetics and the ability to target only one antigen on the cancer cells. In multiclonal diseases, these therapies confer the development of antigen-less clones, causing tumor escape and relapse. In this study, we developed nanoparticle-based bispecific T-cell engagers (nanoBiTEs), which are liposomes decorated with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting T cells, and mAbs targeting the cancer antigen. We also developed a nanoparticle that targets multiple cancer antigens by conjugating multiple mAbs against multiple cancer antigens for T-cell engagement (nanoMuTEs). NanoBiTEs and nanoMuTEs have a long half-life of about 60 h, which enables once-a-week administration instead of continuous infusion, while maintaining efficacy in vitro and in vivo. NanoMuTEs targeting multiple cancer antigens showed greater efficacy in myeloma cells in vitro and in vivo, compared to nanoBiTEs targeting only one cancer antigen. Unlike nanoBiTEs, treatment with nanoMuTEs did not cause downregulation (or loss) of a single antigen, and prevented the development of antigen-less tumor escape. Our nanoparticle-based immuno-engaging technology provides a solution for the major limitations of current immunotherapy technologies.
A vacuum ultraviolet laser with a submicrometer spot for spatially resolved photoemission spectroscopy
Authors: Mao Yuanhao , Zhao Dong , Yan Shen , Zhang Hongjia , Li Juan , Han Kai , Xu Xiaojun , Guo Chuan , Yang Lexian , Zhang Chaofan , Huang Kun , Chen Yulin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractVacuum ultraviolet (VUV) lasers have demonstrated great potential as the light source for various spectroscopies, which, if they can be focused into a small beam spot, will not only allow investigation of mesoscopic materials and structures but also find application in the manufacture of nano-objects with excellent precision. In this work, we report the construction of a 177 nm VUV laser that can achieve a record-small (~0.76 μm) focal spot at a long focal length (~45 mm) by using a flat lens without spherical aberration. The size of the beam spot of this VUV laser was tested using a metal grating and exfoliated graphene flakes, and we demonstrated its application in a fluorescence spectroscopy study on pure and Tm3+-doped NaYF4 microcrystals, revealing a new emission band that cannot be observed in the traditional up-conversion process. In addition, this laser system would be an ideal light source for spatially and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy.
Functional connectivity during frustration: a preliminary study of predictive modeling of irritability in youth
Authors: Scheinost Dustin , Dadashkarimi Javid , Finn Emily S. , Wambach Caroline G. , MacGillivray Caroline , Roule Alexandra L. , Niendam Tara A. , Pine Daniel S. , Brotman Melissa A. , Leibenluft Ellen , Tseng Wan-Ling 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIrritability cuts across many pediatric disorders and is a common presenting complaint in child psychiatry; however, its neural mechanisms remain unclear. One core pathophysiological deficit of irritability is aberrant responses to frustrative nonreward. Here, we conducted a preliminary fMRI study to examine the ability of functional connectivity during frustrative nonreward to predict irritability in a transdiagnostic sample. This study included 69 youths (mean age = 14.55 years) with varying levels of irritability across diagnostic groups: disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (n = 20), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (n = 14), anxiety disorder (n = 12), and controls (n = 23). During fMRI, participants completed a frustrating cognitive flexibility task. Frustration was evoked by manipulating task difficulty such that, on trials requiring cognitive flexibility, “frustration” blocks had a 50% error rate and some rigged feedback, while “nonfrustration” blocks had a 10% error rate. Frustration and nonfrustration blocks were randomly interspersed. Child and parent reports of the affective reactivity index were used as dimensional measures of irritability. Connectome-based predictive modeling, a machine learning approach, with tenfold cross-validation was conducted to identify networks predicting irritability. Connectivity during frustration (but not nonfrustration) blocks predicted child-reported irritability (ρ = 0.24, root mean square error = 2.02, p = 0.03, permutation testing, 1000 iterations, one-tailed). Results were adjusted for age, sex, medications, motion, ADHD, and anxiety symptoms. The predictive networks of irritability were primarily within motor-sensory networks; among motor-sensory, subcortical, and salience networks; and between these networks and frontoparietal and medial frontal networks. This study provides preliminary evidence that individual differences in irritability may be associated with functional connectivity during frustration, a phenotype-relevant state.