bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The extension problem for fractional Sobolev spaces with a partial vanishing trace condition
Authors: Bechtel Sebastian 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe construct whole-space extensions of functions in a fractional Sobolev space of order $$s\in (0,1)$$

s
∈
(
0
,
1
)

and integrability $$p\in (0,\infty )$$

p
∈
(
0
,
∞
)

on an open set O which vanish in a suitable sense on a portion D of the boundary $${{\,\mathrm{\partial \!}\,}}O$$

∂

O

of O. The set O is supposed to satisfy the so-called interior thickness condition in$${{\,\mathrm{\partial \!}\,}}O {\setminus } D$$

∂

O
\
D

, which is much weaker than the global interior thickness condition. The proof works by means of a reduction to the case $$D=\emptyset $$

D
=
∅

using a geometric construction.
30 Jahre Deutsche Einheit: Errungenschaften und verbliebene Unterschiede in der Mortalitätsentwicklung nach Alter und Todesursachen
Authors: Grigoriev Pavel , Pechholdová Markéta , Mühlichen Michael , Scholz Rembrandt D. , Klüsener Sebastian 
Published: March 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Durch die deutsche Teilung wurden 2 kulturell sehr ähnliche Bevölkerungen sehr unterschiedlichen sozioökonomischen Bedingungen ausgesetzt, die sich nach 1989 wieder anglichen. Der Einfluss von Gesundheitsversorgung und Lebensumständen auf Sterblichkeitsunterschiede kann besser erfasst werden, wenn kulturelle Erklärungen weitgehend ausgeblendet werden können.

Ziel der Arbeit
Die Arbeit wertet harmonisierte Todesursachendaten erstmals detailliert nach Alter aus. Hierdurch kann aufgezeigt werden, welche Alter bzw. Geburtsjahrgänge besonders stark durch die deutsche Teilung und Wiedervereinigung in ihrer Mortalität beeinflusst wurden und auf welche Todesursachen dies zurückzuführen ist.

Material und Methoden
Die deutschen Todesursachenstatistiken wurden einem international standardisierten Harmonisierungsverfahren unterzogen, um Unterschieden und Brüchen in der Todesursachencodierung Rechnung zu tragen. Die Daten wurden mit Dekompositionsmethoden analysiert.

Ergebnisse
In den 1980er-Jahren stiegen die Ost-West-Unterschiede stark an, da Westdeutschland gerade in höheren Altern deutlich höhere Rückgänge bei der kardiovaskulären Mortalität erzielen konnte. Nach 1989 konnte Ostdeutschland in vielen Bereichen zum Westen aufholen. Dies gilt besonders für ältere Personen und Frauen, während gerade bei den stark von der ostdeutschen Transformationskrise betroffenen männlichen Geburtsjahrgängen (1950–1970) noch heute Ost-West-Unterschiede sichtbar sind.

Diskussion
Die geringere Lebenserwartung der ostdeutschen Bevölkerung Ende der 1980er-Jahre war primär durch Rückstände bei der kardiovaskulären Revolution bedingt. Die noch heute bestehenden Unterschiede sind eher Spätfolgen der ostdeutschen Transformationskrise als direkte Spätfolgen der Teilung.
Incidence and outcomes of perioperative myocardial infarction/injury diagnosed by high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I
Authors: Gualandro Danielle M. , Puelacher Christian , Lurati Buse Giovanna , Glarner Noemi , Cardozo Francisco A. , Vogt Ronja , Hidvegi Reka , Strunz Celia , Bolliger Daniel , Gueckel Johanna , Yu Pai C. , Liffert Marcel , Arslani Ketina , Prepoudis Alexandra , Calderaro Daniela , Hammerer-Lercher Angelika , Lampart Andreas , Steiner Luzius A. , Schären Stefan , Kindler Christoph , Guerke Lorenz , Osswald Stefan , Devereaux P. J. , Caramelli Bruno , Mueller Christian ,   for the BASEL-PMI Investigators, Marbot Stella , Strebel Ivo , Genini Alessandro , Rentsch Katharina , Boeddinghaus Jasper , Nestelberger Thomas , Wild Karin , Zimmermann Tobias , Duarte Alberto J. S. , Buser Andreas , de Luccia Nelson , Koechlin Luca , Wussler Desiree , Walter Joan , Widmer Velina , Freese Michael , Lopez-Ayala Pedro , Twerenbold Raphael , Badertscher Patrick , Seeberger Esther , Wolff Thomas , Mujagic Edin , Mehrkens Arne , Dinort Julia , Fahrni Gregor , Jeger Raban , Kaiser Christoph , Matheus Mariana , Pastana Adriana F. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
Perioperative myocardial infarction/injury (PMI) diagnosed by high-sensitivity troponin (hs-cTn) T is frequent and a prognostically important complication of non-cardiac surgery. We aimed to evaluate the incidence and outcome of PMI diagnosed using hs-cTnI, and compare it to PMI diagnosed using hs-cTnT.

Methods
We prospectively included 2455 patients at high cardiovascular risk undergoing 3111 non-cardiac surgeries, for whom hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT concentrations were measured before surgery and on postoperative days 1 and 2. PMI was defined as a composite of perioperative myocardial infarction (PMIInfarct) and perioperative myocardial injury (PMIInjury), according to the Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction. All-cause mortality was the primary endpoint.

Results
Using hs-cTnI, the incidence of overall PMI was 9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 8–10%), including PMIInfarct 2.6% (95% CI 2.0–3.2) and PMIInjury 6.1% (95% CI 5.3–6.9%), which was lower versus using hs-cTnT: overall PMI 15% (95% CI 14–16%), PMIInfarct 3.7% (95% CI 3.0–4.4) and PMIInjury 11.3% (95% CI 10.2–12.4%). All-cause mortality occurred in 52 (2%) patients within 30 days and 217 (9%) within 1 year. Using hs-cTnI, both PMIInfarct and PMIInjury were independent predictors of 30-day all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 2.5 [95% CI 1.1–6.0], and aHR 2.8 [95% CI 1.4–5.5], respectively) and, 1-year all-cause mortality (aHR 2.0 [95% CI 1.2–3.3], and aHR 1.8 [95% CI 1.2–2.7], respectively). Overall, the prognostic impact of PMI diagnosed by hs-cTnI was comparable to the prognostic impact of PMI using hs-cTnT.

Conclusions
Using hs-cTnI, PMI is less common versus using hs-cTnT. Using hs-cTnI, both PMIInfarct and PMIInjury remain independent predictors of 30-day and 1-year mortality.

Graphic abstract
Applying urban climate model in prediction mode—evaluation of MUKLIMO_3 model performance for Austrian cities based on the summer period of 2019
Authors: Hollósi Brigitta , Žuvela-Aloise Maja , Oswald Sandro , Kainz Astrid , Schöner Wolfgang 
Published: March 2021

AbstractExtreme heat events are natural hazards affecting many regions of the world. This study uses an example of the six largest cities in Austria to demonstrate the potential of urban climate model simulations applied in prediction mode providing detailed information on thermal conditions. For this purpose, the urban climate model MUKLIMO_3 of the German Meteorological Service (DWD) coupled with the hydrostatic numerical weather prediction model, ALARO, is used to simulate the development of the urban heat island (UHI) in Austrian cities for the summer period of 2019 with a horizontal resolution of 100 m. In addition to the evaluation of UHI predicting skills, other relevant variables, such as humidity and wind characteristics on hourly basis, are also analysed in this paper. Model evaluation confirmed that the MUKLIMO_3 microscale model had the capacity to simulate the main thermal spatiotemporal patterns in urban areas; however, a strong dependence on the input data from the mesoscale model was found. Our results showed large benefit in prediction of maximum air temperatures in urban areas, while the relative humidity predictions of MUKLIMO_3 appear to be much less plausible and show large variety of model prediction skills. Urban climate model simulations using real atmospheric conditions can facilitate better quantification and understanding of day-to-day intra-urban variations in microclimate as well as provide a basis for evaluation of the microclimate prediction skills of mesoscale numerical models with urban extensions.
Consequences of land-use change and the wildfire disaster of 2017 for the central Chilean biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Braun Andreas Ch. , Faßnacht Fabian , Valencia Diego , Sepulveda Maximiliano 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCentral Chile is an important biodiversity hotspot in Latin America. Biodiversity hotspots are characterised by a high number of endemic species cooccurring with a high level of anthropogenic pressure. In central Chile, the pressure is caused by land-use change, in which near-natural primary and secondary forests are replaced and fragmented by commercial pine and eucalyptus plantations. Large forest fires are another factor that can potentially endanger biodiversity. Usually, environmental hazards, such as wildfires, are part of the regular environmental dynamic and not considered a threat to biodiversity. Nonetheless, this situation may change if land-use change and altered wildfire regimes coerce. Land-use change pressure may destroy landscape integrity in terms of habitat loss and fragmentation, while wildfires may destroy the last remnants of native forests. This study aims to understand the joint effects of land-use change and a catastrophic wildfire on habitat loss and habitat fragmentation of local plant species richness hotspots in central Chile. To achieve this, we apply a combination of ecological fieldwork, remote sensing, and geoprocessing to estimate the spread and spatial patterns of biodiverse habitats under current and past land-use conditions and how these habitats were altered by land-use change and by a single large wildfire event. We show that land-use change has exceeded the wildfire’s impacts on diverse habitats. Despite the fact that the impact of the wildfire was comparably small here, wildfire may coerce with land-use change regarding pressure on biodiversity hotspots. Our findings can be used to develop restoration concepts, targeting on an increase of habitat diversity within currently fire-cleared areas and evaluate their benefits for plant species richness conservation.
An empirical investigation of the benefit of increasing the temporal resolution of task-evoked fMRI data with multi-band imaging
Authors: Darányi Virág , Hermann Petra , Homolya István , Vidnyánszky Zoltán , Nagy Zoltan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Objective
There is a tendency for reducing TR in MRI experiments with multi-band imaging. We empirically investigate its benefit for the group-level statistical outcome in task-evoked fMRI.

Methods
Three visual fMRI data sets were collected from 17 healthy adult participants. Multi-band acquisition helped vary the TR (2000/1000/410 ms, respectively). Because these data sets capture different temporal aspects of the haemodynamic response (HRF), we tested several HRF models. We computed a composite descriptive statistic, H, from β’s of each first-level model fit and carried it to the group-level analysis. The number of activated voxels and the t value of the group-level analysis as well as a goodness-of-fit measure were used as surrogate markers of data quality for comparison.

Results
Increasing the temporal sampling rate did not provide a universal improvement in the group-level statistical outcome. Rather, both the voxel-wise and ROI-averaged group-level results varied widely with anatomical location, choice of HRF and the setting of the TR. Correspondingly, the goodness-of-fit of HRFs became worse with increasing the sampling frequency.

Conclusion
Rather than universally increasing the temporal sampling rate in cognitive fMRI experiments, these results advocate the performance of a pilot study for the specific ROIs of interest to identify the appropriate temporal sampling rate for the acquisition and the correspondingly suitable HRF for the analysis of the data.
Measurement and interpretation of unary supercritical gas adsorption isotherms in micro-mesoporous solids
Authors: Pini Ronny , Ansari Humera , Hwang Junyoung 
Published: March 2021

AbstractGas adsorption at high pressures in porous solids is commonly quantified in terms of the excess amount adsorbed. Despite the wide spectrum of adsorbent morphologies available, the analysis of excess adsorption isotherms has mostly focused on microporous materials and the role of mesoporosity remains largely unexplored. Here, we present supercritical CO2 adsorption isotherms measured at $$T=308$$

T
=
308

K in the pressure range $$p=0.02{-}21$$

p
=
0.02
-
21

MPa on three adsorbents with distinct fractions of microporosity, $$\phi_2$$

ϕ
2

, namely a microporous metal-organic framework ($$\phi_2=70$$

ϕ
2

=
70

%), a micro-mesoporous zeolite ($$\phi_2=38$$

ϕ
2

=
38

%) and a mesoporous carbon ($$\phi_2<0.1$$

ϕ
2

<
0.1

%). The results are compared systematically in terms of excess and net adsorption relative to two distinct reference states–the space filled with gas in the presence/absence of adsorbent–that are defined from two separate experiments using helium as the probing gas. We discuss the inherent difficulties in extracting from the supercritical adsorption isotherms quantitative information on the properties of the adsorbed phase (its density or volume), because of the nonuniform distribution of the latter within and across the different classes of pore sizes. Yet, the data clearly reveal pore-size dependent adsorption behaviour, which can be used to identify characteristic types of isotherm and to complement the information obtained using the more traditional textural analysis by physisorption.
A phenomenological investigation of patients’ experiences during direct observation in residency: busting the myth of the fly on the wall
Authors: Rietmeijer Chris B. T. , Deves Mark , van Esch Suzanne C. M. , van der Horst Henriëtte E. , Blankenstein Annette H. , Veen Mario , Scheele Fedde , Teunissen Pim W. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDirect observation (DO) of residents by supervisors is a highly recommended educational tool in postgraduate medical education, yet its uptake is poor. Residents and supervisors report various reasons for not engaging in DO. Some of these relate to their interaction with patients during DO. We do not know the patient perspectives on these interactions, nor, more broadly, what it is like to be a patient in a DO situation. Understanding the patient perspective may lead to a more complete understanding of the dynamics in DO situations, which may benefit patient wellbeing and improve the use of DO as an educational tool. We conducted a phenomenological interview study to investigate the experience of being a patient in a DO situation. Our analysis included multiple rounds of coding and identifying themes, and a final phase of phenomenological reduction to arrive at the essential elements of the experience. Constant reflexivity was at the heart of this process. Our results provide a new perspective on the role of the supervisor in DO situations. Patients were willing to address the resident, but sought moments of contact with, and some participation by, the supervisor. Consequently, conceptions of DO in which the supervisor thinks she is a fly on the wall rather than a part of the interaction, should be critically reviewed. To that end, we propose the concept of participative direct observation in workplace learning, which also acknowledges the observer’s role as participant. Embracing this concept may benefit both patients’ wellbeing and residents’ learning.
Eribulin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer patients stratified by homologous recombination deficiency status: a multicenter randomized phase II clinical trial
Authors: Masuda Norikazu , Bando Hiroko , Yamanaka Takashi , Kadoya Takayuki , Takahashi Masato , Nagai Shigenori E. , Ohtani Shoichiro , Aruga Tomoyuki , Suzuki Eiji , Kikawa Yuichiro , Yasojima Hiroyuki , Kasai Hiroi , Ishiguro Hiroshi , Kawabata Hidetaka , Morita Satoshi , Haga Hironori , Kataoka Tatsuki R. , Uozumi Ryuji , Ohno Shinji , Toi Masakazu 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Purpose
To investigate clinical usefulness of eribulin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients.

Methods
Patients in group A (aged < 65 years with homologous recombination deficiency, HRD, score ≥ 42, or those at any age with germline BRCA mutation, gBRCAm) were randomized to 4 cycles of paclitaxel plus carboplatin (group A1) or eribulin plus carboplatin (group A2), followed by 4 cycles of anthracycline. Patients in group B (aged < 65 years with HRD score < 42, or aged ≥ 65 years without gBRCAm) were randomized to 6 cycles of eribulin plus cyclophosphamide (group B1) or eribulin plus capecitabine (group B2); non-responders to the first 4 cycles of the eribulin-based therapy received anthracycline. Primary endpoint was pCR rate (ypT0-is, ypN0; centrally confirmed). Main secondary endpoint was safety.

Results
The full analysis set comprised 99 patients. The pCR rate was 65% (90% CI, 46%–81%) and 45% (27%–65%) in groups A1 and A2, respectively, and 19% (8%–35%) in both groups B1 and B2. No major difference was seen in secondary endpoints, but peripheral neuropathy incidence was 74% in group A1, whereas it was 32%, 22%, and 26% in groups A2, B1, and B2, respectively.

Conclusions
In patients aged < 65 years with high HRD score or gBRCAm, weekly paclitaxel plus carboplatin and eribulin plus carboplatin followed by anthracycline resulted in a pCR rate of > 60% and > 40%, respectively, suggesting potential usefulness of patient stratification using HRD; pCR tended to be low in patients with HRD-negative tumors. Neurotoxicity was less frequent with the eribulin-based regimen. Trial registration:The study has been registered with the University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry (http://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index-j.htm) with unique trial number UMIN000023162. The Japan Breast Cancer Research Group trial number is JBCRG-22.
Gender-Related Variability in Information Processing of Disclosure Documents
Authors: Ceravolo M. G. , Farina V. , Fattobene L. , Leonelli L. , Raggetti G. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDisclosure is used worldwide as a tool to increase transparency and help investors to make their decisions, thus partially overcoming asymmetric information in financial markets. This research seeks to explore gender-related variability in visual attention allocation to the Key Investor Information Document, and in the evaluation of product financial attractiveness. The study exploits the eye-tracking methodology to collect neural data, responding to the call for considering new data sources. The analysis shows that men tend to dedicate more attention to the sectionsObjectivesandPast performancewhile women spend more time to scan the sectionsRisk-reward profileandCosts and charges; When evaluating product financial attractiveness, women tend to evaluate them as poorly financially attractive more often than men. Results reveal the existence of gender-related variability in the visual search strategy for relevant information, which, in turn, can impact on the phase of product evaluation. These findings highlight the professional responsibility of regulators and supervisors to monitor sellers and marketers’ behaviours when they interact with consumers. Moreover, this study could provide support to develop financial disclosure documents considering individual differences and ensuring that adequate attention is allocated by investors to all financial information sources, thus raising the level of investor protection. Eventually, the study stimulates innovations to be embedded in the world-wide ongoing regulatory developments that aim at increasing transparency requirements.
Coloring linear hypergraphs: the Erdős–Faber–Lovász conjecture and the Combinatorial Nullstellensatz
Authors: Janzer Oliver , Nagy Zoltán Lóránt 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe long-standing Erdős–Faber–Lovász conjecture states that every n-uniform linear hypergaph with n edges has a proper vertex-coloring using n colors. In this paper we propose an algebraic framework to the problem and formulate a corresponding stronger conjecture. Using the Combinatorial Nullstellensatz, we reduce the Erdős–Faber–Lovász conjecture to the existence of non-zero coefficients in certain polynomials. These coefficients are in turn related to the number of orientations with prescribed in-degree sequences of some auxiliary graphs. We prove the existence of certain orientations, which verifies a necessary condition for our algebraic approach to work.
Choosing Chemistry at Different Education and Career Stages: Chemists, Chemical Engineers, and Teachers
Authors: Shwartz Gabriella , Shav-Artza Or , Dori Yehudit Judy 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn response to the realization that qualified applicants’ choice of a career in chemistry is declining, we investigated the factors involved in chemistry and chemical education career choice. Building on the social cognitive theory (SCT) and the social cognitive career theory (SCCT), this research examines the personal, environmental, and behavioral factors influencing the chemistry-related profession choice of 55 chemists, 18 chemical engineers, and 72 chemistry teachers. Research participants also suggest ways to encourage students to major in chemistry during high school and pursue a chemistry-related career. Results showed that high school serves as a significant turning point of future career choices. Self-efficacy in the task-oriented and chemistry learning aspects are the driving forces of choosing a chemistry career. We also shed light on the importance of enhancing students’ choice in chemistry-related career via quality educational programs. The study contribution lies in examining all three aspects of career choice in the SCCT. We have applied this framework specifically in chemistry, but the identified factors can be applied to other STEM domains. Practically, we provide recommendations for different stakeholders on how to overcome the shortage of skilled chemistry professionals.
Predicates of personal taste: empirical data
Authors: Kneer Markus 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAccording to contextualism, the extension of claims of personal taste is dependent on the context of utterance. According to truth relativism, their extension depends on the context of assessment. On this view, when the taste preferences of a speaker change, so does the truth value of a previously uttered taste claim, and the speaker might be required to retract it. Both views make strong empirical assumptions, which are here put to the test in three experiments with over 740 participants. It turns out that the linguistic behaviour of ordinary English speakers is consistent with contextualist predictions and inconsistent with the predictions of the most widely discussed form of truth relativism advocated by John MacFarlane.
Counterpossibles, story prefix and trivialism
Authors: Sendłak Maciej 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to argue in favor of the view that some counterpossibles are false. This is done indirectly by showing that accepting the opposite view, i.e., one that ascribes truth to each and every counterpossible, results in the claim that every necessarily false theory has exactly the same consequences. Accordingly, it is shown that taking every counterpossible to be true not only undermines the value of debates over various alternative theories and their consequences, but also puts into question the very possibility of such debates. In order to explicate this thesis, the close bond between counterpossibles and the so-called story prefix (i.e., the sentential operator ‘According to fictionF,P’) is explored. A number of possible responses to this criticism are also presented, and it is argued that none of them address the main problem.