bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Single‐cell transcriptomes of mouse bladder urothelium uncover novel cell type markers and urothelial differentiation characteristics
Authors: Li Yan , Liu Yaxiao , Gao Zhengdong , Zhang Lekai , Chen Lipeng , Wu Zonglong , Liu Qinggang , Wang Shuai , Zhou Nan , Chai Toby C. , Shi Benkang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectivesMuch of the information to date in terms of subtypes and function of bladder urothelial cells were derived from anatomical location or by the expression of a small number of marker genes. To have a comprehensive map of the cellular anatomy of bladder urothelial cells, we performed single‐cell RNA sequencing to thoroughly characterize mouse bladder urothelium.Materials and methodsA total of 18,917 single cells from mouse bladder urothelium were analysed by unbiased single‐cell RNA sequencing. The expression of the novel cell marker was confirmed by immunofluorescence using urinary tract infection models.ResultsUnsupervised clustering analysis identified 8 transcriptionally distinct cell subpopulations from mouse bladder urothelial cells. We discovered a novel type of bladder urothelial cells marked by Plxna4 that may be involved with host response and wound healing. We also found a group of basal‐like cells labelled by ASPM that could be the progenitor cells of adult bladder urothelium. ASPM+ urothelial cells are significantly increased after injury by UPEC. In addition, specific transcription factors were found to be associated with urothelial cell differentiation. At the last, a number of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome–regulating genes were found differentially expressed among different urothelial cell subpopulations.ConclusionsOur study provides a comprehensive characterization of bladder urothelial cells, which is fundamental to understanding the biology of bladder urothelium and associated bladder disease.
Discordance between immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry C4d staining and outcomes following heart transplantation
Authors: Fujino Takeo , Kumai Yuto , Yang Benjamin , Kalantari Sara , Rodgers Daniel , Henriksen Kammi , Chang Anthony , Husain Aliya , Kim Gene , Sayer Gabriel , Uriel Nir 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundCapillary deposition of C4d is an important marker of antibody‐mediated rejection (AMR) following heart transplantation (HT). There are two immunopathologic assay methods for detecting C4d: frozen‐tissue immunofluorescence (IF) and paraffin immunohistochemistry (IHC). The clinical significance of discrepancy between the results of IF and IHC has not been understood.Methods and resultsWe reviewed 2187 biopsies from 142 HT recipients who had biopsies with assessment of both IF and IHC staining. Among them, 103 (73%) patients had negative IF and IHC C4d staining (Negative Group) and 32 (23%) patients had positive IF but negative IHC staining (Discordant Group). At the time of positive biopsy, 6 (19%) Discordant patients had graft dysfunction, compared to 5 (5%) Negative patients (p = .022). Cumulative incidence of cellular rejection at 1 year was comparable (31% vs. 29%, p = .46); however, cumulative incidence of AMR was significantly higher in the Discordant group (21% vs. 4%, p = .004). Overall 1‐year survival was comparable (90% vs. 96%, p = .24); however, freedom from heart failure (HF) was significantly lower in the Discordant group (70% vs. 96%, p < .001).ConclusionThe Discordant group showed higher rates of graft dysfunction, AMR and HF admission than the Negative group.
Filaggrin expression via immunohistochemistry in basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Vanderbeck Kaitlin , Orr Christine E. , Parvinnejad Nikoo , Wang Tao , Bradshaw Scott , Wang Ami , Asai Yuka 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundFilaggrin is a protein integral to the structure and function of the epidermis. Filaggrin (FLG) loss‐of‐function (LOF) mutations are common and increase the risk of developing atopic dermatitis (AD) and ichthyosis vulgaris (IV). Epidemiologic data suggest a link between skin cancer and AD. We examined if FLG staining pattern can be used to characterize cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), basal cell carcinomas (BCC), and reactive squamous epithelium.MethodsTissue microarrays (TMAs) were created from 196 cases of formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) SCC and 144 BCC cases. TMAs and sections of reactive squamous epithelium were stained with optimized anti‐FLG antibody and evaluated for FLG expression (normal, abnormal, or negative).ResultsFLG was absent in poorly differentiated (PD) compared to well‐differentiated (WD) SCC (P < .0001) and moderately‐differentiated (MD) (P = .0231) SCC, and in MD compared to WD SCC (P = .0099). Abnormal staining was significantly increased in PD compared to WD cases (P = .0039) and in MD compared to WD cases (P = .0006). Most BCC did not exhibit FLG expression (P < .05). Reactive squamous epithelium demonstrated normal, but exaggerated FLG expression.ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate the differences in FLG expression patterns in types of keratinocyte carcinomas and their mimickers.
eDNA‐based detection of a vulnerable crocodile newt (Tylototriton uyenoi) to influence government policy and raise public awareness
Authors: Osathanunkul Maslin , Minamoto Toshifumi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAimAlthough at least five Tylototriton species were recorded in Thailand, only Tylototriton verrucosus is registered as a protected species under the Wildlife Preservation and Protection Act in Thailand. Populations of T. uyenoi are now severely declining, caused by anthropogenic activities. As intense human pressure is having profound effects on the diminishment in T. uyenoi populations, a conservation plan is needed. Information such as the abundance and distribution of a species is necessary. Yet, current established survey methods are either time‐consuming or labour‐intensive. Here, eDNA‐based detection was developed for tracking the presence of the T. uyenoi.LocationThailand.MethodsWe target the surveillance of T. uyenoi using eDNA. Primers and a probe specific to T. uyenoi were designed and tested for their specificity and sensitivity. Water samples were collected once a month from August to January at three sites in Doi Suthep and at three extra sites within the range of the species. Three hundred ml samples of water were collected and filtered. Environmental DNA was extracted and then subjected to qPCR assay in an attempt to detect T. uyenoi.ResultsThe qPCR assay was found to be species‐specific to T. uyenoi. Both PCR and qPCR did not result in any positive detection of three congeners or other non‐target species. The LOD and the LOQ of the assay were determined by an analysis of the standard curve, and it was found that the LOD and the LOQ were 7.99 and 9.0 copies per reaction, respectively. Environmental DNA was detected in water samples from all sites where T. uyenoi has been known to occur, but detection varied among sites and sampling times. In addition, low amounts of eDNA were detected in three sites with unknown occupancy of newts, but within the species’ range.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that eDNA survey is a powerful tool for tracking T. uyenoi throughout the year regardless of the sampling site conditions. Similar to other amphibians, T. uyenoi is severely declining due to anthropogenic factors. In order to have an effective conservation plan, knowledge of a species’ distribution is needed. To our knowledge, this was the first study that used eDNA to track the crocodile newt in Thailand.
Cerebral visual impairment‐related vision problems in primary school children: a cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Williams Cathy , Pease Anna , Warnes Penny , Harrison Sean , Pilon Florine , Hyvarinen Lea , West Stephanie , Self Jay , Ferris John ,   CVI Prevalence Study Group
Published: February 2021

AimTo estimate how many children in mainstream primary schools have cerebral visual impairment (CVI)‐related vision problems and to investigate whether some indicators might be useful as red flags, if they were associated with increased risk for these problems.MethodWe conducted a survey of primary school children aged 5 to 11 years, using whether they were getting extra educational help and/or teacher‐ and parent‐reported behaviour questionnaires to identify children at risk for CVI. These and a random 5% sample were assessed for CVI‐related vision problems. We compared the usefulness of potential red flags using likelihood ratios.ResultsWe received questionnaires on 2298 mainstream‐educated children and examined 248 children (152 [61%] males, 96 females [39%]; mean age 8y 1mo, SD 20mo, range 5y 6mo–11y 8mo). We identified 78 out of 248 children (31.5% of those examined, 3.4% of the total sample), who had at least one CVI‐related vision problem. The majority (88%) were identified by one or more red flag but none were strongly predictive. Fewer than one in five children with any CVI‐related vision problem had reduced visual acuity.InterpretationChildren with CVI‐related vision problems were more prevalent than has been appreciated. Assessment of at‐risk children may be useful so that opportunities to improve outcomes for children with CVI‐related vision problems are not missed.What this paper adds

A minimum of three percent of primary school children had at least one cerebral visual impairment (CVI)‐related vision problem.

Fifteen percent of children with at least one CVI‐related vision problem had reduced visual acuity.

Seventy‐nine percent of children with CVI‐related vision problems were already receiving extra educational help.

Impact scores (indicating possible behavioural or developmental difficulties) from parents were more predictive than those from teachers.

Testing eye movements and fields with distraction increased the numbers of children classed as having impairments.
Young adults with type 1 diabetes and their experiences with diabetes follow‐up and participation in the DiaPROM pilot trial: A qualitative study
Authors: Hernar Ingvild , Graue Marit , Strandberg Ragnhild B. , Lie Silje S. , Sigurdardottir Arun K. , Richards David A. , Kolltveit Beate‐Christin H. , Haugstvedt Anne 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAimTo explore young adults' experiences of outpatient follow‐up appointments, completing electronic Patient‐Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs), and using the Problem Areas In Diabetes (PAID) scale during the Diabetes Patient‐Reported Outcome Measures (DiaPROM) pilot trial.MethodsWe performed a qualitative study among 19 young adults (aged 22–39 years) with type 1 diabetes who participated in the pilot trial. Between February and June 2019, we conducted individual, semi‐structured telephone interviews with participants from the intervention and control arms. We analysed the data using thematic analysis.ResultsOur analyses generated three themes, each with two subthemes: (1) Follow‐up with limitations; (i) Marginal dialogue about everyday challenges, (ii) Value of supportive relationships and continuity, indicate that previous follow‐up had been experienced as challenging and insufficient. (2) New insights and raised awareness; (i) More life‐oriented insights, (ii) Moving out of the comfort zone, suggest mostly positive experiences with completing questionnaires and discussing the PAID scores. (3) Addressing problem areas with an open mind; (i) Need for elaboration, (ii) Preparedness for dialogue, indicate that both openness and explanations were vital in the follow‐up.ConclusionsParticipants characterised the previous follow‐up as challenging and insufficient. They described completing and using the PAID as somewhat uncomfortable yet worthwhile. Our findings also suggest that by utilising diabetes distress data alongside health and biomedical outcomes, consultations became more attuned to the young adults' wishes and needs, mainly because the dialogue was more focused and direct. Hence, the PAID has the potential to facilitate person‐centredness and improve patient–provider relationships.
Characteristics of repeat non‐attenders at Diabetes Eye Screening Wales, a national community‐based diabetes‐related retinopathy screening service, during 2003‐2018
Authors: Thomas Rebecca L. , Cheung Wai‐Yee , Rafferty James M. , Luzio Stephen D. , Akbari Ashley , Owens David R. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAimsTo understand factors associated with repeat non‐attendance at screening for diabetes‐related retinopathy.MethodsRetrospective observational study using anonymised data from Diabetic Eye Screening Wales for people with a full history of screening invitations and attendances was linked with primary and secondary care records held in the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage Databank. Repeat non‐attendance was defined as no record of attendance during any 36‐month period despite three cycles of annual screening invitations. The associations between repeat non‐attendance and potential risk factors were examined using multivariable logistic regression analysis, stratified according to type 1 and type 2 diabetes.ResultsA total of 18% with type 1 diabetes (1146/6513) and 8% with type 2 diabetes (12,475/156,525) were repeat non‐attenders. Participants attending their very first appointment were least likely to become repeat non‐attenders [odds ratio (95% confidence interval)]: type 1 diabetes: 0.12 (0.09, 0.17) and type 2 diabetes: 0.08 (0.07, 0.09). For both types of diabetes, those of a younger age, living in areas of higher deprivation and subject to multiple house moves were at greater risk of becoming repeat non‐attenders.Conclusion/interpretationA more tailored approach is needed for the younger population, those living in areas of higher deprivation and/or undergoing multiple residential relocation and to ensure attendance at their initial appointment to minimise future repeat non‐attendance.
Reducing the need for carbohydrate counting in type 1 diabetes using closed‐loop automated insulin delivery (artificial pancreas) and empagliflozin: A randomized, controlled, non‐inferiority, crossover pilot trial
Authors: Haidar Ahmad , Yale Jean‐Francois , Lovblom Leif Erik , Cardinez Nancy , Orszag Andrej , Falappa C. Marcelo , Gouchie‐Provencher Nikita , Tsoukas Michael A. , El Fathi Anas , Rene Jennifer , Eldelekli Devrim , Lanctôt Sebastien O. , Scarr Daniel , Perkins Bruce A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAimTo assess whether adding empagliflozin to closed‐loop automated insulin delivery could reduce the need for carbohydrate counting in type 1 diabetes (T1D) without worsening glucose control.Materials and MethodsIn an open‐label, crossover, non‐inferiority trial, 30 adult participants with T1D underwent outpatient automated insulin delivery interventions with three random sequences of prandial insulin strategy days: carbohydrate counting, simple meal announcement (no carbohydrate counting) and no meal announcement. During each sequence of prandial insulin strategies, participants were randomly assigned empagliflozin (25 mg/day) or not, and crossed over to the comparator. Mean glucose for carbohydrate counting without empagliflozin (control) was compared with no meal announcement with empagliflozin (in the primary non‐inferiority comparison) and simple meal announcement with empagliflozin (in the conditional primary non‐inferiority comparison).ResultsParticipants were aged 40 ± 15 years, had 27 ± 15 years diabetes duration and HbA1c of 7.6% ± 0.7% (59 ± 8 mmol/mol). The system with no meal announcement and empagliflozin was not non‐inferior (and thus reasonably considered inferior) to the control arm (mean glucose 10.0 ± 1.6 vs. 8.5 ± 1.5 mmol/L; non‐inferiority p = .94), while simple meal announcement and empagliflozin was non‐inferior (8.5 ± 1.4 mmol/L; non‐inferiority p = .003). Use of empagliflozin on the background of automated insulin delivery with carbohydrate counting was associated with lower mean glucose, corresponding to a 14% greater time in the target range. While no ketoacidosis was observed, mean fasting ketones levels were higher on empagliflozin (0.22 ± 0.18 vs. 0.13 ± 0.11 mmol/L; p < .001).ConclusionsEmpagliflozin added to automated insulin delivery has the potential to eliminate the need for carbohydrate counting and improves glycaemic control in conjunction with carbohydrate counting, but does not allow for the elimination of meal announcement.
Assessing the Powell policy review
Authors: Hetzel Robert 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTo understand both how it controls inflation and how it trades off inflation with its goal of maximum employment, the Federal Reserve System uses a Keynesian framework in which monetary policy moves the unemployment rate relative to a presumed full employment value, termed the NAIRU (non‐accelerating inflation rate of unemployment). Because it does not know the value of the NAIRU, it pursues an expansionary monetary policy until inflation rises. This policy risks reviving the inflationary monetary policy of the 1970s.
The fiscal and monetary response to COVID‐19: What the Great Depression has – and hasn't – taught us
Authors: Selgin George 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAlthough some regard the New Deal of the 1930s as exemplifying an aggressive fiscal and monetary response to a severe economic crisis, the US fiscal and monetary policy responses to the COVID‐19 crisis have actually been far more substantial – and, so far, much more effective in reviving aggregate spending. Although many fear that these responses, and the large‐scale increase in bank reserves especially, must eventually cause unwanted inflation, the concurrent sharp decline in money's velocity has thus far more than offset any inflationary effects of money growth, while forward bond prices reflect a general belief that inflation will remain below 2 per cent for at least another decade. Notwithstanding the growth of the Fed's balance sheet, Fed authorities can always check inflation by sufficiently raising the interest return on bank reserves. Nonetheless, recent developments have heightened the risk of ‘fiscal dominance’ of monetary policy at some point in the future.
Debt, deficits, and inflation
Authors: Capie Forrest , Wood Geoffrey 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis article sketches the theory of debt finance and cites historical evidence on the sustainability of debt. If it is accepted that the future should under the current circumstances of COVID‐19 help to alleviate the problems of the present, then debt finance is in principle appropriate. It need not lead to an explosive rise in the debt‐to‐GNP ratio. British history shows that the theory can work in practice. A satisfactory outcome, however, depends on government being reliable, honest, and competent. Trust is easily lost and hard to restore.
BMI and atrial fibrillation recurrence post catheter ablation: A dose‐response meta‐analysis
Authors: Pranata Raymond , Henrina Joshua , Yonas Emir , Putra Iwan C. S. , Cahyadi Irvan , Lim Michael A. , Munawar Dian A. , Munawar Muhammad 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIntroductionThe evidence on the association between obesity and atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence was equivocal. We aimed to evaluate the dose‐response relationship between body mass index (BMI) and AF recurrence and adverse events.MethodsA systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Europe PMC, EBSCO, ProQuest and Cochrane Library. Obesity was defined as BMI ≥28 kg/m2. The primary outcome was AF recurrence, and the secondary outcome was adverse events. Adverse events were defined as procedure‐related complications and cardio‐cerebrovascular events.ResultsThere were a total of 52,771 patients from 20 studies. Obesity was associated with higher AF recurrence (Odds ratio [OR] 1.30 [95% confidence interval [CI] 1.16‐1.47],P < .001; I2: 72.7%) and similar rate of adverse events (OR 1.21 [95% CI 0.87‐1.67],P = .264; I2: 23.9%). Meta‐regression showed that the association varies by age (coefficient: −0.03,P = .024). Meta‐analysis of highest versus lowest BMI showed that the highest group had higher AF recurrence (OR 1.37 [95% CI 1.18‐1.58],P < .001; I2: 64.9%) and adverse events (OR 2.02 [95% CI 1.08‐3.76],P = .028; I2: 49.5%). The linear association analysis for AF recurrence was not significant (P = .544). The dose‐response relationship for BMI and AF recurrence was nonlinear (pnonlinearity < 0.001), the curve became steeper at 30‐35 kg/m2. For adverse events, an increase of 1% for every 1 kg/m2increase in BMI (OR 1.01 [95% CI 1.00‐1.02],P = .001), the relationship was nonlinear (pnonlinearity = 0.001).ConclusionObesity was associated with higher AF recurrence in patients undergoing catheter ablation. High BMI might be associated with a higher risk for adverse events.PROSPERO ID: CRD42020198787.
Procedure‐related bleeding risk in patients with cirrhosis and severe thrombocytopenia
Authors: Alvaro Domenico , Caporaso Nicola , Giannini Edoardo Giovanni , Iacobellis Angelo , Morelli Mariacristina , Toniutto Pierluigi , Violi Francesco ,   The PReBRiC (Procedure‐Related Bleeding Risk in Cirrhosis) group
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundGaps of knowledge still exist about the potential association between severe thrombocytopenia and increased risk of procedure‐associated bleeding in patients with liver disease.MethodsIn this narrative review, we aimed at examining the association between procedure‐related bleeding risk and platelet count in patients with cirrhosis and severe thrombocytopenia in various settings. We updated to 2020 a previously conducted literature search using MEDLINE/PubMed and EMBASE. The search string included clinical studies, adult patients with chronic liver disease and thrombocytopenia undergoing invasive procedures, any interventions and comparators, and haemorrhagic events of any severity as outcome.ResultsThe literature search identified 1276 unique publications, and 15 studies met the inclusion criteria and were analysed together with those identified by the previous search. Most of the new studies included in our analysis did not assess the association between post‐procedural bleeding risk and platelet count alone in patients with chronic liver disease. Furthermore, some results could have been biased by prophylactic platelet transfusions. A few studies found that severe thrombocytopenia may be predictive of bleeding following percutaneous liver biopsy, dental extractions, percutaneous ablation of liver tumours and endoscopic polypectomy.ConclusionsCurrently available literature cannot support definitive conclusions about the appropriate target platelet counts to improve the risk of bleeding in cirrhotic patients who underwent invasive procedures; moreover, it showed enormous variability in the use of prophylactic platelet transfusions.
Evolvability and evolutionary rescue
Authors: Feiner Nathalie , Brun‐Usan Miguel , Uller Tobias 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe survival prospects of threatened species or populations can sometimes be improved by adaptive change. Such evolutionary rescue is particularly relevant when the threat comes from changing environments, or when long‐term population persistence requires range expansion into new habitats. Conservation biologists are therefore often interested in whether or not populations or lineages show a disposition for adaptive evolution, that is, if they are evolvable. Here, we discuss four alternative perspectives that target different causes of evolvability and outline some of the key challenges those perspectives are designed to address. Standing genetic variation provides one familiar estimate of evolvability. Yet, the mere presence of genetic variation is often insufficient to predict if a population will adapt, or how it will adapt. The reason is that adaptive change not only depends on genetic variation, but also on the extent to which this genetic variation can be realized as adaptive phenotypic variation. This requires attention to developmental systems and how plasticity influences evolutionary potential. Finally, we discuss how a better understanding of the different factors that contribute to evolvability can be exploited in conservation practice.