bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Japanese Trade Policy
Authors: Davis Christina L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines Japanese trade policy to explain how economic interests and domestic political institutions have supported the resilience of free trade policies in Japan. The mercantilist ideas and the reactive state model of past years have been replaced by strong support of free trade and Kantei diplomacy to lead in setting rules for the trade regime complex. Once dependent on the United States and mired in bilateral trade friction, Japan has emerged as an active supporter of engagement with China and the pursuit of free trade agreements, alongside continued commitment to the multilateral rules. Japanese-style trade adjustment and the slow path to liberalization served to balance economic efficiency with political stability as the government has supported narrow interests along with long-term trade strategies for economic growth.
Kōmeitō
Authors: Klein Axel , McLaughlin Levi 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter surveys the history, operation in coalition, support base, and key policies of Kōmeitō (the Clean Government Party). It begins with an overview of party typologies and argues that Kōmeitō is not easily placed in any comparative political science category. The chapter then delves into the party’s history, detailing its origins in 1964 as an outgrowth from Sōka Gakkai, an influential Japanese lay Buddhist organization. It discusses Kōmeitō’s increasing institutional disaggregation from Sōka Gakkai after its formal separation in 1970, its role in changing Japan’s political system in the 1990s, and its entrée into governmental coalition with the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) from 1999. The analysis extends to the present and draws on elections data, party publications, interviews with Kōmeitō politicians, ethnography within Sōka Gakkai, and other sources to track ways the party has relied on Gakkai vote-gatherers to secure a pivotal position within Japanese politics, even as its adherent supporters have become increasingly diverse and liable to critique the party their religion founded. It concludes by considering challenges Kōmeitō faces from within Sōka Gakkai, from the LDP, and from Japan’s demographic, political, and societal shifts.
The Coming of the Dingo
Authors: Balme Jane , O'Connor Sue 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The dingo, or native dog, arrived in Australia with people traveling on watercraft in the Late Holocene. By the time Europeans colonized the continent, dingoes were incorporated into the lives of Indigenous Australians, integrated into their kin systems and songlines, and used for a variety of purposes, including as companion animals, as guards, and as a biotechnology for hunting. Women, in particular, formed close bonds with dingoes, and they were widely used in women’s hunting. The incorporation of dingoes into Indigenous societies would therefore have had a significant impact on people’s lives. The greater contribution of meat to the diet would have allowed increased sedentism, improved fecundity, and therefore population growth. Such changes are hinted at in the archaeological record and indicate that more analysis of subsistence evidence could identify when and how the dingo–human relationship formed and how it varied in different environments across Australia.
The Early Republic and Santa Anna
Authors: Tenenbaum Barbara A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
When Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821, it inherited a declining silver economy, and an ever-expanding northern neighbor that already had begun its industrial revolution with an abundance of immigrants eager to seize the future. Mexico struggled to stay independent. When Spanish troops invaded in 1829 and in 1838 when French sailors seized the wealthy port of Veracruz, General Antonio López de Santa Anna defeated them and became a national hero even though he lost part of his leg battling the French. He could not defeat, however, the better-equipped volunteers from the north. By the conclusion of the Mexican-American War (1846–1848) and a subsequent land sale, Mexico had lost 55 percent of the territory it had possessed in the 1820s. Internally, Mexico limped along with an underfunded treasury and enormous debts. Although Santa Anna was the most successful of all Mexico’s generals, he was not the only one eager for power and glory. Generals and politicians wanted Mexico to protect the Church and the army as the colony had, or construct a more secular government with Church funds and a variety of state militias. Of course, women benefitted little from any of this. Until railroads were built in the 1880s, Mexico continued as a democratic republic funded by moneylenders risking their fortunes to support the government and perhaps make huge profits for themselves.
The Mexican Revolution
Authors: Ristow Colby 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Beginning in 1930, Frank Tannenbaum pioneered what came to be known as a populist (or post-revisionist) interpretation of the Mexican Revolution, arguing that the mass mobilization of the revolutionary decade (1910–1920) forced state builders and intellectuals to find a place in political life for the poor and indigenous of the periphery. Although not a wholesale reversal of the “effects of the Conquest” that Tannenbaum claimed it to be, this “new attitude toward the Indian” represented a national (if unevenly experienced) cultural revolution. More mosaic than monolith, this Revolution was not imposed by a unified state but negotiated in the conflict between high and low politics.
The call for democratic restoration through armed revolution liberated a multitude of disparate political groups that had previously been controlled through the political system, particularly the rural masses, and brought them into the political sphere in distinctly undemocratic terms, through violent direct action. Rather than a unified movement with a clearly defined political program, popular mobilization during the revolutionary decade (1910–1920)—characterized by localized and disparate revolts only nominally bound to a national program—represented a cultural awakening and a broad, collective demand for class and often ethnic inclusion. The collapse of the state in 1914 forced revolutionary state-builders to recognize this demand and negotiate pacts with collectively organized and identified local and regional groups of rebels. In so doing, the revolutionary state constructed a national imaginary capable of integrated Mexico’s indigenous heritage.
From Black Consciousness to Consciousness of Blackness
Authors: Mangcu Xolela 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This essay argues for a revision of Black Consciousness philosophy to make it more consistent with the requirements of South Africa’s constitutional democracy and relevant to the aspirations of young people in South Africa and the Global South. The philosophy was founded within an oppressive racist society, and while it defined blackness in terms of the legal oppression of Black people, those conditions no longer exist in South Africa. On the contrary, the South African constitution adopted both the inclusive view of Black people as Africans, Indians, and Coloureds, and expressly forbids racial or other forms of discrimination. The new political and constitutional setting thus demands a new articulation of blackness as a set of historical values that emanate from the experience of oppression. These values were expressed by Black intellectuals during self-reliant development and struggles against racism and can form the basis for reshaping racial identities in the Global South.
Research That Engages Community and Patient Partners
Authors: Anderson Emily E. , Spellecy Ryan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter will review ethical issues relevant to various approaches to engaging different stakeholder communities in biomedical, public health, and social science research. The chapter will provide a history of community and patient stakeholder engagement in research, explicate the ethical basis for engaging communities in research, provide an overview of the unique ethical issues and challenges that arise in academic–community partnerships, and outline the obligations of academic and community partners as well as best practices for ensuring protection of research participants in community-engaged research. To illustrate these issues, examples will be provided from across a variety of approaches, disciplines, and settings.
Psychiatric Research Ethics
Authors: Sisti Dominic , Smith William R. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Psychiatric research often poses special ethical concerns. This chapter first provides historical context, including scandals that stoked public concern about psychiatric research and led to the promulgation of canonical documents and bioethics scholarship, and then explores issues related to the decision-making capacity and safety of participants—including the use of placebos and washout periods, the design of suicide prevention studies, and research in emergency psychiatry. The chapter then describes how shifting models of psychiatric nosology have precipitated conflicts in the determination of research priorities. Finally, the chapter attends to emerging issues related to research in psychedelic psychiatry and the use of artificial intelligence and social media by investigators.
The Ethics of Pediatric Research
Authors: Shah Seema K. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter will provide an overview of the major ethical issues arising in the context of research with children, in both clinical and social science research. In addition to addressing ongoing debates and controversies, it will include timely examples, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cure research in children and pediatric research on vaccines to address the COVID-19 pandemic. The history, current standards, controversies, and recent developments related to pediatric research will be addressed in six sections: 1) when to start research in children; 2) acceptable risk–benefit ratios; 3) interpretation of minimal risk; 4) justification for non-beneficial research; 5) informed consent, assent, and dissent; and 6) emerging issues. The chapter will close by pointing to future areas of potential controversy and continued growth in pediatric research ethics.
Independent Review, Data Safety Monitoring, and Research Oversight
Authors: Schonfeld Toby L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Independent review, data monitoring, and general oversight of human subjects research provide systematic mechanisms for ensuring that investigators implement best practices to minimize risks, maximize benefits, and ensure justice in the conduct of research. This chapter describes how successful partnerships between research teams and oversight groups have focused on the shared goals and commitments of the research enterprise and how each constitutive piece combines with structure, function, and purpose to facilitate the conduct of ethical research. The author argues that collaborative work toward ensuring not just fidelity to rules and regulations but also attention to the underlying ethical foundations for these mechanisms will foster meaningful conversations about how to ensure high-quality research that places the safety of human subjects at its core.
Zen Therapy
Authors: Brazier David 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the application of Buddhism as psychotherapy. Buddhism is primarily a religion or Dharma that has inspired the arts, social life, architecture, and foundational aspects of the cultures where it has become established. In considering it as psychotherapy, this chapter similarly applies principles and images springing from its religious root. Buddhism is also a transmitted living tradition, passing from master to disciple. This chapter examines that crucial mind-changing relationship, considering it as a medium of psychotherapy, and goes on to work through fundamental elements of Buddhist theory, substantially derived from meditation experience, showing their application to consoling, resolving, and liberating the troubled mind. It shows how meditation provides an amplifying and deepening dimension to this process of mental change.
Neuroscience and Meditation
Authors: Purser Ronald E. , Lewis David J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In recent years a style of thought has emerged that privileges molecular biology, in the form of cognitive neuroscience, as the preferred or even only valid foundation for the scientific study of mind and mental life. Despite the lack of progress and honest positive prognosis, neuroscience has managed to create a false but pervasive sense of achievement and meaning that dominates debate not only in scientific circles, but also in the popular domain. This chapter examines how this has happened and spells out the limitations of this approach. It analyzes how neuroscience communications, including popular fMRI brain imaging, function as persuasive discursive formations giving rise to a popular conception that mind is simply a function of brain activity. The implications for meditation practice are considered using the example of Madhyamaka Buddhism. This analysis makes use of concepts developed in post-modernism, especially in the thought of Michel Foucault. Post-modernism has some parallels with and differences from Madhyamaka, and these are explored. It is arguable that the neuronal-self concept strengthens the sense of ultimate materiality of mind and self and thereby impedes meditative realization of emptiness.
Islam and Meditation
Authors: Kugle Scott 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In the Islamic tradition, diverse meditative practices expand on elements of the ritual prayer. Sufi Muslims explore their potential as independent practices to introspect, uncover the delusion of the ego, and purify the heart. There is no single term meaning “meditation.” Dhikr or remembrance consists of repeating phrases from Qurʾan or names of God. Focusing on God’s presence without words is called muraqaba or contemplation. More embodied practices use music or motion as meditative tools, known as samaʿ or ecstatic listening. Supplication, benediction, and recitation of litanies have meditative qualities. All these meditative practices have the single aim of waging the “greater jihad” against selfishness and egoistic delusion.
Aesthetics of Dance
Authors: Calvo-Merino Beatriz 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
How does the brain see and experience dance? Performing arts have captured the attention of empirical aesthetics and neuroaesthetics. In this chapter, the author reviews studies from cognitive neuroscience and experimental psychology that have contributed to our understanding of the brain mechanisms for dance perception. The author introduces the concept of sensorimotor aesthetics, the process whereby the observer evokes an internal simulation of the perceived action of a dance performance, during its emotional and aesthetic experience. The author proposes an embodied aesthetics framework, in which the perception of the dancer’s body, the dance movement, and the expressed emotion are significantly influenced by an observer’s prior experience. Finally, the author discusses potential avenues for enhancing interactions between the science and artistic communities in pursuit of a deeper understanding of the aesthetics of dance.
Rights and Social Inclusion
Authors: Goodale Mark 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAnthropological research played an important role in tracing the ethnographic contours of the rise and transformation of rights in the post-Cold War period. This chapter surveys some of the most important currents in the anthropology of rights as an enduring context for the wider field of anthropology and law. First, the chapter examines key developments in the anthropology of human rights, which served as a methodological and conceptual anchor for the post-Cold War anthropology of rights more generally. The chapter then turns to another category of rights with which anthropologists have been closely associated, both as researchers and as engaged scholars: Indigenous Peoples’ rights. Next, the chapter examines anthropological research that has revealed the importance of what might be called non-liberal categories of rights, that is, rights that are not based, historically or conceptually, in the development of liberal rights within the Western philosophical and political tradition. The chapter concludes by looking to the future: how will the anthropology of rights evolve in the coming years, both in preserving certain core concerns and in moving in new directions?
Love, Morality, and Alienation
Authors: Driver Julia 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Is love incompatible with morality? A popular criticism of standard moral theories such as consequentialist theories and Kantian ethics—any theory that holds that the reasons of morality are impartial—is that such theories cannot accommodate the reasons of love. Either the reasons of love are not moral reasons, yet outweigh moral reasons in many situations, or they are moral reasons that are partial, not impartial. Many moral theorists try to retain both impartiality and the special moral nature of partial reasons for close relationships by presenting approaches that justify partial norms on the basis of impartial reasons. These writers are divided on the issue of whether or not such approaches need to be self-effacing. For those who argue that the indirection need not be self-effacing, and that people should be able to step back and evaluate all of their normative commitments, a problem is raised by writers such as Susan Wolf who argue that even considering the possibility of violating a close relationship norm for the sake of morality is problematic to the relationship in question. This article challenges this view of Wolf’s, arguing that, in effect, we can provide justifications for “silencing” when it really is practically appropriate in standard moral theories that do not threaten good relationships.
Terrorism as Third Front
Authors: Terhoeven Petra 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWhich factors were responsible for the radicalization of the 1968 protest movement? Why did Germans and Italians develop such a fascination with the notion of guerilla warfare? And why were the terrorist organizations that developed there so long-lived? The reasons are partly to be found in unresolved problems of postfascist societies. New Left activists criticized the lack of domestic democracy and idealized the “anti-imperialist” fighters in the global south. But as this chapter shows, radicalization also developed through transnational interaction in the European public spheres, specifically through a mixture of solidarity and rivalry between the Red Army Faction and the Red Brigades. The history of German and Italian left-wing terrorisms was, therefore, closely connected by multiple symbolic ties from the first shootings to the final showdown of the kidnapping and murder of Hanns-Martin Schleyer during the German Autumn of 1977 and of Aldo Moro just a few months later.
DOSE CONVERSION COEFFICIENTS FROM MONOENERGETIC NEUTRONS COMPUTED WITH THE MCNP6.2 CODE IN THE VIP-MAN PHANTOM
Authors: McHale Stephen R , Walker Erin R 
Published: February 2021

AbstractComputational estimates of dosimetric quantities from external exposures to neutron fields are valuable to ongoing radiation protection studies that are of interest to US defense-focused organizations. Conversion coefficients for fluence-to-absorbed dose and fluence-to-effective dose were computed using version 6.2 of the Monte Carlo N-Particle® code (MCNP6.2) in the visible photographic man (VIP-Man) numerical model for 45 monoenergetic neutron fields between 10−9 and 20 MeV under six irradiation geometries. Comparisons to the formative VIP-Man study by Bozkurt et al. revealed excellent agreement. The mean relative difference between our VIP-Man/MCNP6.2-computed and the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) 116-published absorbed dose conversion coefficients in 14 organs and remainder tissues under all geometries was 4.7%, which is within ICRP-reported variations. The effective dose coefficients computed with VIP-Man/MCNP6.2 were strongly similar to ICRP 116 values in all geometries except for posterior–anterior, where the difference was attributed to shielding of anterior organs by the relatively fatty composition of the VIP-Man phantom.
“I Don’t Have Time to Be Sad”: Experiences and Perceptions of Sadness among Latina Mothers
Authors: Pineros-Leano María , Yao Laura , Simonovich Shannon D , Piñeros-Leaño Natalia , Huang Hsiang 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Maternal depression affects 10 percent to 17 percent of mothers in the United States. Women of color, particularly Latina women, may be at an elevated risk for adverse consequences of maternal depression. However, scant research addresses cultural experiences and perceptions of maternal depressive feelings. This study included interviews with 30 Latina immigrant mothers who were living in rural or small towns in the Midwest. Data were analyzed in Spanish using a thematic network approach. Authors identified three themes in relation to the experiences that Latina immigrant mothers described around sadness and depressive feelings: (1) normalization of feelings of sadness, (2) lack of social support that exacerbates feelings of isolation and sadness, and (3) traditional gender roles that compromise disclosure of feelings. The results from this study indicate that it is critical to increase support, provide culturally grounded discussions around mental health among Latina immigrant women, and continue these conversations beyond the perinatal period.
Coordinated variation in stem and leaf functional traits of temperate broadleaf tree species in the isohydric–anisohydric spectrum
Authors: Chen Zhicheng , Zhang Yongtao , Yuan Weijie , Zhu Shidan , Pan Ruihua , Wan Xianchong , Liu Shirong 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Stomatal regulation serves as an important strategy for plants to adapt to drought. However, the understanding of how complexes of plant-functional traits vary along the continuum from isohydry to anisohydry remains insufficient. In this study, we investigated a proxy of the degree of iso/anisohydry—the water potential at stomatal closure—and a series of functional traits of leaves and branches in 20 temperate broadleaf species planted in an arid limestone habitat in northern China. The results showed that the water potential at stomatal closure was significantly correlated with many functional traits. At the anisohydric end of the spectrum, species had a higher leaf carbon content and vein density, a greater stomatal length, a thicker lower leaf epidermis, higher embolism resistance, higher wood density, a greater Huber value, a greater ratio of fiber wall thickness to xylem lumen diameter, a larger proportion of total fiber wall area to xylem cross-sectional area, a lower water potential at the turgor loss point (TLP), a smaller relative water content at the TLP, a lower osmotic potential at full turgor and a smaller specific leaf area. It is concluded that a continuum of coordination and trade-offs among co-evolved anatomical and physiological traits gives rise to the spectrum from isohydry to anisohydry spanned by the 20 tree species, and the anisohydric species showed stronger stress resistance, with greater investment in stems and leaves than the isohydric species to maintain stomatal opening under drought conditions.