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Authors: Pilecki Konstanty 
Published: January 2021

Urodziła się 9 stycznia (wg nowego stylu) 1906 roku w Moskwie. Była najstarszym dzieckiem Alfreda Elifasa Poziemskiego i Lidii z Łobanosów, trockich Karaimów wówczas od niedawna zamieszkałych w Moskwie.
Dawne czasy w opowieści Sergiusza Rudkowskiego
Authors: Sulimowicz Anna 
Published: January 2021

W numerach 8. i 9. „Karaj Awazy”, które ukazały się w latach 1935 i 1936, Sergiusz Rudkowski (1873–1944) zamieścił opowieść o „dawnym Łucku”, czyli o życiu łuckich Karaimów z czasów, o których opowiadał mu jego ojciec, Zachar (1838–1914).
Aby mowa ojców nie poszła w zapomnienie
Authors: Dubiński Adam J. 
Published: January 2021

Z problemem spadku liczby Karaimów władających językiem przodków nasza społeczność boryka się od dziesięcioleci, ba, wręcz od wieków – niektóre teksty sygnalizujące ten problem powstały już ponad sto lat temu. Główny powód tej sytuacji to rozproszenie (wskutek wojen światowych i wymuszonych nimi migracji) naszej społeczności, zawsze mało licznej, lecz żyjącej niegdyś w zwartych skupiskach. To ono najbardziej przyspieszyło językową asymilację Karaimów.
Antibiotic Sensitivity and Resistance Patterns of Salmonella Typhi in Rajshahi Medical College Hospital
Authors: Haque Md Azizul , Sharmin Laila Shamima , Alam KM Faisal , Hoque Md Mohimanul , Miah M Morsed Zaman , Alam Md Shah 
Published: January 2021

Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, collectively known as enteric fever, is caused by Salmonella enterica subspecies serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A, B and C. Despite this declining global trend, enteric fever is still considered to be a major public health hazard in Bangladesh and other developing countries due to poor sanitation, inadequate food safety measures and poor personal hygiene. In Bangladesh, the incidence of typhoid fever was reported to be 200 episodes per 100,000 person-years during 2003–2004. Multidrug-resistant (resistance to the first-line antimicrobials ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, and chloramphenicol) strains of S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi are on the rise globally and even cases of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) typhoid cases resistant to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, third generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones are being reported from many corners of the world. This descriptive, observational study was carried out in Rajshahi Medical College Hospital Hospital, Rajshahi, Bangladesh from July 2017 to June 2019. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of total 76 cases of enteric fever due to Salmonella Typhi were studied. Blood culture was carried out by BACT ALERT-3D, Automated blood culture analyzer from BioMeriuex SA, France Patented FAN Plus method. Based on the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the organism was categorized as sensitive, intermediate, and resistant against the respective antibiotics as per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) criteria. We are reporting antibiotic sensitivity and resistant patterns of S. Typhi documented in Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, a large tertiary care hospital in Northern Bangladesh.
TAJ 2020; 33(2): 10-14
Proportion of Obesity and Presence of Risk Factors in Obese Children in Primary Schools in Rajshahi City
Authors: Begum Fardoushi , Sayed Abu , Sharmin Laila Shamima , Sultana Nigar , Uddin Md Belal , Haque Md Sanaul 
Published: January 2021

Background: The highest prevalence rates of childhood obesity have been observed in developed countries, however, its prevalence is increasing in developing countries as well. Early detection of obesity and identification of risk factors are the key to successful prevention of obesity.
Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the proportion of obesity and presence of risk factors in obese children in primary schools of Rajshahi city.
Methodology: This cross sectional study included total 225 children chosen from different primary schools of Rajshahi city during the school year 2016-2017. Data collection tool used for the study was an interview schedule and this predesigned questionnaire. The main outcome measures were obesity and risk factors prevalent in the obese school children. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 20 and ‘Chi square’ test was applied for the test of significance.
Result: Among the total 225 respondent, 121 (53.8%) were male, while 104 (46.2%) were females, with a mean age of 7.9 ±1.1 years. The mean and standard deviation of anthropometric measurement were weight 22.7±5.3 kg, height 120±8.1 cm and BMI 15.5±2.1 kg/m. Out of 225 participants, 2.7% (total 6) were overweight, 5.3% (total 12 students) were obese, 83.6% (total 188 students) were normal weight and 8.4% (total 19 students) were underweight. The rate of obesity was highest at the age of 8-9 years (10.7%) and overweight were highest at the age of 9-10 years (5.5%). Playing, biking regularly was strongly associated with fewer incidence of overweight and obesity (p value -.001). Faulty dietary habit, having more fast food, chocolate, sugary juice lead to a higher BMI and more fresh fruit and vegetables had lower BMI (p value .001).
Conclusion: This study shows that childhood obesity is on rise in our country. Addressing the problem at its earliest could be achieved through identifying high risk groups and planning early intervention. Effective interventions and preventive strategies should be instituted at local and national level to reduce the incidence and comorbidities associated with obesity.
TAJ 2020; 33(2): 39-45
Association of Dyslipidemia with Uterine Fibroid: A Case Control Study
Authors: Afruza Shahzadi , Hossain AKM Azad , Jahan Jesmin , Sharmin Asma , Naznin Halima , Md Shameem - 
Published: January 2021

Background & objective: Uterine fibroid (UF) is the most common gynaecological neoplasm. Despite the major public health impact of UF, little is known about their association. Some studies focused on the similarities between the common biological mechanisms underlying the development of UF and atherosclerotic plaques. So, it is possible to hypothesize that same atherogenic risk factors, such as dyslipidemia may play a role in UF pathogenesis. This study was carried out to investigate the lipid profile in patients with UF and to analyze the association of dyslipidemia with UF.
Materials & Methods: This case-control study was carried out in the outpatient and inpatient Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, BSMMU, Shahbag, Dhaka over a period of 12 months between March 2017 to February 2018. Participants were 100 in number and aged between 18 and 45 years. Cases consisted of 50 women with uterine fibroids diagnosed by ultrasonography attending the outpatient and inpatient department of obstetrics and gynaecology, BSMMU, having no previous hormonal treatment. A similar number of age matched women without UF visiting the same gynaecological outpatient clinic for routine reasons were recruited as controls. Women who were postmenopausal, pregnant, diagnosed cases of malignant diseases, diagnosed cases of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease, CLD and CKD and women undergoing hormonal therapy were excluded from the study. Fasting lipid profiles were determined in blood samples taken from each participant. Atherogenic index was also calculated. Chi-square test was used for testing statistical significance. Statistical significance was set at p < 0⋅05.
Results: Women with UF were found to have significantly higher levels of serum TC, TG and significantly lower level of HDL-C compared to the controls (p<0.05). The mean atherogenic index was 4.30±1.41 in case group and 2.86±0.97 in control group. The difference was statistically significant (p<0.05) between two groups.
Conclusion: There is an association between dyslipidemia and UF. Women with UF have higher atherogenic index compared to women without UF.
TAJ 2020; 33(2): 100-106
Effects of Cocaine on Human Glial-Derived Extracellular Vesicles
Authors: Kumar Sanjay , Matthews Qiana L. , Sims Brian 
Published: January 2021

BackgroundMicroglia are important myeloid cells present in the brain parenchyma that serve a surveillance function in the central nervous system. Microglial cell activation results in neuroinflammation that, when prolonged, can disrupt immune homeostasis and neurogenesis. Activated microglia-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) may be involved in the propagation of inflammatory responses and modulation of cell-to-cell communication. However, a complete understanding of how EVs are regulated by drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, is still lacking.FindingsCocaine exposure reduced human microglial cell (HMC3) viability, decreased expression of CD63 and dectin-1 in HMC3-derived EVs, and increased expression of the apoptotic marker histone H2A.x in HMC3-derived EVs.ConclusionCocaine impacts HMC3 cell viability and specific EV protein expression, which could disrupt cellular signaling and cell-to-cell communication.
Assessing Mental Health of Women Living in Karachi During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Asim Shabnam Shamim , Ghani Samrah , Ahmed Maheen , Asim Anushae , Qureshi Afzal Fatima Karim 
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Women are more susceptible to mental health disorders and have been reported to experience higher levels of depression and anxiety during previous large-scale disease outbreaks. Stressful events like the COVID-19 pandemic can add extra burdens to women's already multifaceted lives. Keeping the gender implications of COVID-19 in mind can assist health care workers to offer more effective management. In our study, we aimed to assess the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of women in Karachi, Pakistan and investigate the possible risk factors.Methods: An online questionnaire was distributed to women on social media platforms in the month of June 2020. The questionnaire had two self-assessment scales, Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) scale which measures the symptoms of depression and General Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale which measures anxiety.Results: Three hundred and ninety three individuals completed the questionnaire with the mean age calculated to be 27.6 ± 11.7 years. Age, education, marital status, number of children, financial issues, employment status, smoking, comorbidities and mental illnesses were significantly associated with participants' mean anxiety and depression scores. The depression scores were generally higher compared to anxiety scores in each category. As the age increased, their scores decreased, with women aged 18–30 having a significantly higher mean depression and anxiety scores compared to women who were above 50. Severe anxiety was identified in 21.9% women and severe depression was noted in 17.8% women. A frightening number of 148 (37.7%) was found of women who had self-destructive thoughts at one time or another. Out of these women, surprisingly 97 (65.5%) individuals were not previously diagnosed with any mental illnesses.Discussion: This study supports the existing literature regarding the disturbed psychological state of women close to the peak of the covid-19 pandemic. We noted increased percentage of depressive women as compared to studies conducted before the covid-19 era. This raises concern especially with our thought provoking finding of self-harm or suicidal thoughts among women. Most of our female population is also seen to be anxious. This study highlights the importance for help and support groups of mental health to effectively reach women during this period of social isolation.
Down-Regulation of Colonic ACE2 Expression in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease Responding to Anti-TNF Therapy: Implications for COVID-19
Authors: Li Xiao-Zhi , Qiu Yun , Jeffery Louisa , Liu Fen , Feng Rui , He Jin-Shen , Tan Jin-Yu , Ye Zi-Yin , Lin Si-Nan , Ghosh Subrata , Iacucci Marietta , Chen Min-Hu , Mao Ren 
Published: January 2021

Background and Aims: Angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) is the key molecule for understanding the pathophysiology of COVID-19. The risk of COVID-19 and impact of immunosuppressive treatment on disease course in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remain controversial. We aimed to determine the change of intestinal ACE2 expression before and after biologics treatment including anti-tumor necrosis factor α (anti-TNFα), anti-integrin, and anti-interleukin (IL)12/23 in IBD patients.Methods: We analyzed the ACE2 expression through the public database of paired intestinal biopsies from IBD patients before and after biologic therapy. Change of ACE2 RNA and protein expression were validated in two independent cohorts (Birmingham cohort and Guangzhou cohort). The correlation between ACE2 expression and disease activity was also analyzed.Results: Mining information from the GEO database showed that compared with healthy control, intestinal ACE2 expression was downregulated in ileum of CD patients, while upregulated in colon of both CD and UC patients. Colonic ACE2 RNA expression was decreased significantly in patients responding to anti-TNFα but not anti-integrin and anti-IL12/23, which was validated in the Birmingham cohort. Using the Guangzhou cohort including 53 patients matched by pre- and post-anti-TNFα therapy, colonic ACE2 protein expression was significantly downregulated after anti-TNFα treatment in responders (P &lt; 0.001) rather than non-responders. Colonic ACE2 expression was significantly higher in patients with severe histologically active disease compared with those with moderate (P &lt; 0.0001) and mild (P = 0.0002) histologically active disease.Conclusion: Intestinal inflammation influences the expression of intestinal ACE2 in IBD patients, with different alterations in the ileum and colon. Colonic ACE2 expression was downregulated after anti-TNFα therapy in IBD patients responding to treatment. This might provide new clues regarding the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the potential benefit of sustaining anti-TNFα treatment in patients with IBD.
The Role of Serum Metabolomics in Distinguishing Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyp Phenotypes
Authors: Xie Shaobing , Zhang Hua , Liu Yongzhen , Gao Kelei , Zhang Junyi , Fan Ruohao , Xie Shumin , Xie Zhihai , Wang Fengjun , Jiang Weihong 
Published: January 2021

Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by different clinical features and treatment responsiveness. This study aimed to compare the serum metabolomics profiles between eosinophilic CRSwNP (eCRSwNP) and non-eosinophilic CRSwNP (neCRSwNP) and healthy controls (HC) and explore objective biomarkers for distinguishing eCRSwNP before surgery.Methods: Serum samples were collected from 33 neCRSwNP patients, 37 eCRSwNP patients, and 29 HC. Serum metabolomics profiles were investigated by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry.Results: The analysis results revealed that neCRSwNP, eCRSwNP, and HC exhibited distinctive metabolite signatures. In addition, eCRSwNP could be distinguished from neCRSwNP referring to their serum metabolic profiles, and the top ten different metabolites were citrulline, choline, linoleic acid, adenosine, glycocholic acid, L-serine, triethanolamine, 4-guanidinobutyric acid, methylmalonic acid, and L-methionine, which were related to several most important pathways including arginine and proline metabolism; glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; linoleic acid metabolism; and purine metabolism. Among these distinctive metabolites, citrulline, linoleic acid, adenosine, and 4-guanidinobutyric acid showed good predictabilities, and the serum levels of citrulline, linoleic acid, and adenosine were significantly correlated with tissue eosinophil (T-EOS) percentage and T-EOS count.Conclusion: eCRSwNP patients exhibited discriminative serum metabolic signatures in comparison with neCRSwNP patients and HC. These results suggested that metabolomics profiles contributed to understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of CRSwNP and distinguishing its phenotypes
RETRACTED: Identification of an Immunologic Signature of Lung Adenocarcinomas Based on Genome-Wide Immune Expression Profiles
Authors: Ling Bo , Ye Guangbin , Zhao Qiuhua , Jiang Yan , Liang Lingling , Tang Qianli 
Published: January 2021

Background: Lung cancer is one of the most common types of cancer, and it has a poor prognosis. It is urgent to identify prognostic biomarkers to guide therapy.Methods: The immune gene expression profiles for patients with lung adenocarcinomas (LUADs) were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). The relationships between the expression of 45 immune checkpoint genes (ICGs) and prognosis were analyzed. Additionally, the correlations between the expression of 45 biomarkers and immunotherapy biomarkers, including tumor mutation burden (TMB), mismatch repair defects, neoantigens, and others, were identified. Ultimately, prognostic ICGs were combined to determine immune subgroups, and the prognostic differences between these subgroups were identified in LUAD.Results: A total of 11 and nine ICGs closely related to prognosis were obtained from the GEO and TCGA databases, respectively. CD200R1 expression had a significant negative correlation with TMB and neoantigens. CD200R1 showed a significant positive correlation with CD8A, CD68, and GZMB, indicating that it may cause the disordered expression of adaptive immune resistance pathway genes. Multivariable Cox regression was used to construct a signature composed of four prognostic ICGs (IDO1, CD274, CTLA4, and CD200R1): Risk Score = −0.002*IDO1+0.031*CD274−0.069*CTLA4−0.517*CD200R1. The median Risk Score was used to classify the samples for the high- and low-risk groups. We observed significant differences between groups in the training, testing, and external validation cohorts.Conclusion: Our research provides a method of integrating ICG expression profiles and clinical prognosis information to predict lung cancer prognosis, which will provide a unique reference for gene immunotherapy for LUAD.
Machine Learning-Based Identification of Suicidal Risk in Patients With Schizophrenia Using Multi-Level Resting-State fMRI Features
Authors: Bohaterewicz Bartosz , Sobczak Anna M. , Podolak Igor , Wójcik Bartosz , Mȩtel Dagmara , Chrobak Adrian A. , Fa̧frowicz Magdalena , Siwek Marcin , Dudek Dominika , Marek Tadeusz 
Published: January 2021

BackgroundSome studies suggest that as much as 40% of all causes of death in a group of patients with schizophrenia can be attributed to suicides and compared with the general population, patients with schizophrenia have an 8.5-fold greater suicide risk (SR). There is a vital need for accurate and reliable methods to predict the SR among patients with schizophrenia based on biological measures. However, it is unknown whether the suicidal risk in schizophrenia can be related to alterations in spontaneous brain activity, or if the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) measures can be used alongside machine learning (ML) algorithms in order to identify patients with SR.MethodsFifty-nine participants including patients with schizophrenia with and without SR as well as age and gender-matched healthy underwent 13 min resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Both static and dynamic indexes of the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF), the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF), regional homogeneity as well as functional connectivity (FC) were calculated and used as an input for five machine learning algorithms: Gradient boosting (GB), LASSO, Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest and Support Vector Machine.ResultsAll groups revealed different intra-network functional connectivity in ventral DMN and anterior SN. The best performance was reached for the LASSO applied to FC with an accuracy of 70% and AUROC of 0.76 (p&lt; 0.05). Significant classification ability was also reached for GB and LR using fALFF and ALFF measures.ConclusionOur findings suggest that SR in schizophrenia can be seen on the level of DMN and SN functional connectivity alterations. ML algorithms were able to significantly differentiate SR patients. Our results could be useful in developing neuromarkers of SR in schizophrenia based on non-invasive rsfMRI.
Healthcare Professionals’ Knowledge of Pharmacogenetics and Attitudes Towards Antimicrobial Utilization in Zambia: Implications for a Precision Medicine Approach to Reducing Antimicrobial Resistance
Authors: Mufwambi Webrod , Stingl Julia , Masimirembwa Collen , Manasa Justen , Nhachi Charles , Stadler Nadina , Mwila Chiluba , Kalungia Aubrey Chichonyi , Mukosha Moses , Mutiti Chenai S. , Kamoto Alfred , Kaonga Patrick , Godman Brian , Munkombwe Derick 
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Sub-Saharan Africa and other low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have the highest rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) driven by high rates of antimicrobial utilization. This is a concern as AMR appreciably increases morbidity, mortality and costs. Pharmacogenetics (PGx) and precision medicine are emerging approaches to combat AMR. Consequently, as a first step there is a need to assess AMR knowledge and attitudes, and knowledge of PGx, among healthcare professionals and use the findings to guide future interventions.Methodology: We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 304 healthcare professionals at tertiary hospitals in Lusaka, Zambia. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to analyze relationships among latent variables.Results: Overall correctness of answers concerning AMR among healthcare professionals was 60.4% (7/11). Knowledge of pharmacogenetics was low (38%). SEM showed that high AMR knowledge score correlated with a positive attitude toward combating AMR (p &lt; 0.001). Pharmacists had relatively higher AMR knowledge scores (mean = 7.67, SD = 1.1), whereas nurses had lower scores (mean = 5.57, SD = 1.9). A minority of respondents [31.5% (n = 95)] indicated that poor access to local antibiogram data promoted AMR, with the majority [56.5% (n = 190)] responding that poor adherence to prescribed antimicrobials can lead to AMR. Pharmacists had the highest scores for attitude (mean = 5.60, SD = 1.6) whereas nurses had the lowest scores (mean = 4.02, SD = 1.4).Conclusion: AMR knowledge and attitudes, as well as knowledge on PGx among healthcare professionals in Zambia, is sub-optimal and has the potential to affect the uptake of precision medicine approaches to reduce AMR rates. Educational and positive behavioral change interventions are required to address this and in future, we will be seeking to introduce these to improve the use of antimicrobials.