bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal hydrological loading in the Great Lakes region detected by GNSS: a comparison with hydrological models
Authors: Xue Liang , Fu Yuning , Martens Hilary R 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARY
Crustal deformation caused by hydrological processes has long been detected using space geodetic techniques, yet questions remain about the relative contributions of surface water and groundwater to the geodetic signals in different regions. Here, we investigate forward models of elastic loading deformation caused by a variety of water-storage changes within the Great Lakes region, including fluctuations in lake-water volume, soil moisture and snow load. We use lake-level data from the Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, soil-moisture content from the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS), snow load from the Snow Data Assimilation System (SNODAS) and background hydrological load at the global scale from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). We compare the modelled surface deformation with estimates of hydrological loading deformation inferred from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements. We find that seasonal deformation measured by GNSS is dominated by regional-scale hydrological loading based on strong correlations with the modelled loading displacements. The mean correlation coefficient for the study network is 0.56. The correlation coefficients vary spatially within the study region and exceed 0.9 at some stations near to the Great Lakes. We assess the relative contribution of each individual hydrological component to the total integrated hydrological load. We find that soil moisture consistently explains the largest percentage (27–69 per cent) of the total vertical loading deformation for 87 per cent of GNSS stations in the Great Lakes region. Snow loading and soil moisture contribute relatively equally in the northern reaches of the study area (e.g. Canadian shield, northern Superior basin). Lake loading accounts for about 10–25 per cent of the total loading signal in the immediate vicinity of the lakes. We also investigate the sensitivities of the surface loading displacements to three different Earth models, including two with lateral variations in structure. The structural variations considered here have limited impact (&lt;0.2 mm) on the predicted hydrological loading displacements and could be neglected at the current level of observational precision.
Countering Biased Judgments of Individuals Who Display Autism-Characteristic Behavior in Forensic Settings
Authors: Logos Katie , Brewer Neil , Young Robyn L 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
According to expectancy violations theory, displays of behavior considered “unusual” during an interaction will trigger scrutiny of an individual. Such scrutiny may be detrimental in forensic contexts, where deception detection is emphasized. Autistic individuals, in particular, may be scrutinized unfavorably given unusual nonverbal behavior associated with the condition. Across two experiments using between-subjects’ designs, participants (overall N = 3,342) watched a scripted police-suspect interrogation, randomized to view the suspect display autism-related behaviors or none of those behaviors. Autistic behavior biased evaluations of deception and guilt as a function of violating individual behavioral expectations, regardless of whether decisive or ambiguous evidence framed the suspect as guilty or innocent. Promisingly, however, providing an autism information card attenuated such evaluations. Our research extends expectancy violations theory, advances understanding of determinants of forensic judgments, highlights important applied implications for nonverbal behavior displays in the justice system and recommends methods to protect against bias.
Evolution of media frames about e-cigarettes from 2004 to 2019: a content analysis of newspapers in China
Authors: Lyu Joanne Chen , Wang Di , Mao Zhifei , Ling Pamela M 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study conducted a content analysis of 639 news articles about e-cigarettes in China from 2004–2019 to examine longitudinal changes in media frames and media tones about e-cigarettes in Chinese newspapers. Results indicated that policy frame was the most frequently used frame, followed by human impact frame, information frame, and uncertainty frame. Dividing the time period of 2004–2019 into four phases (i.e., 2004–2006, 2007–2010, 2011–2017 and 2018–2019), the study found that the frequency of the information frame significantly decreased over time, while the policy frame and uncertainty frame significantly increased, with the policy frame being the dominant frame in recent years. In contrast, the use of the economic frame and morality frame fluctuated, both reaching peaks in the phase of 2007–2010 and decreasing in the most recent phase. Overall, the tone of the large majority of news articles was unfavorable, and the turning point occurred in the phase of 2007–2010 when the percentage of news articles with negative tone exceeded those with positive tone for the first time. Framing of e-cigarette news articles in China demonstrated the pivotal role of policy makers in defining the e-cigarette issue, and the influence of the international public health community, as an important and reliable information source, on defining the health risk of e-cigarettes, which has implication for not only e-cigarette control, but tobacco control in China in general.
Female–Female Reproductive Suppression: Impacts on Signals and Behavior
Authors: Freeman Angela R 
Published: April 2021

Synopsis
Female–female reproductive suppression is evident in an array of mammals, including rodents, primates, and carnivores. By suppressing others, breeding females can benefit by reducing competition from other females and their offspring. There are neuroendocrinological changes during suppression which result in altered behavior, reproductive cycling, and communication. This review, which focuses on species in Rodentia, explores the current theoretical frameworks of female–female reproductive suppression, how female presence and rank impacts reproductive suppression, and some of the proposed mechanisms of suppression. Finally, the understudied role of olfactory communication in female–female reproductive suppression is discussed to identify current gaps in our understanding of this topic.
Forecasting the response of a recovered pinniped population to sustainable harvest strategies that reduce their impact as predators
Authors: Rossi Steven P , Cox Sean P , Hammill Mike O , den Heyer Cornelia E , Swain Douglas P , Mosnier Arnaud , Benoît Hugues P 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The recovery of marine mammal populations has led to increased predation on commercially valuable prey species, creating conflicts with fisheries and calls for predator control. Grey seals are important predators of Atlantic Cod and Winter Skate in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence (sGSL), and both species are likely to be extirpated unless grey seal presence in that ecosystem is strongly reduced. We aimed to identify harvest strategies that reduced grey seal presence in the sGSL to levels that favour fish recovery while maintaining grey seal conservation goals. We fit an integrated population model to grey seal abundance, reproductive and mark-recapture data, and projected future presence in the sGSL while varying the magnitude and age-composition of the annual commercial quota. We found that both removal and conservation targets could be met with annual quotas of 6000 seals if 50% of hunted seals were young of the year (YOY), though small amounts of overhunting reduced seal abundance below limit reference levels. Harvest strategies that targeted higher proportions of YOY were less likely to trigger conservation concerns, though these strategies required much larger quotas to achieve removal targets.
No causal associations between childhood family income and subsequent psychiatric disorders, substance misuse and violent crime arrests: a nationwide Finnish study of &gt;650 000 individuals and their siblings
Authors: Sariaslan Amir , Mikkonen Janne , Aaltonen Mikko , Hiilamo Heikki , Martikainen Pekka , Fazel Seena 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Childhood family income has been shown to be associated with later psychiatric disorders, substance misuse and violent crime, but the consistency, strength and causal nature of these associations remain unclear.

Methods
We conducted a nationwide cohort and co-sibling study of 650 680 individuals (426 886 siblings) born in Finland between 1986 and 1996 to re-examine these associations by accounting for unmeasured confounders shared between siblings. The participants were followed up from their 15th birthday until they either migrated, died, met criteria for the outcome of interest or reached the end of the study period (31 December 2017 or 31 December 2018 for substance misuse). The associations were adjusted for sex, birth year and birth order, and expressed as adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs). The outcomes included a diagnosis of a severe mental illness (schizophrenia-spectrum disorders or bipolar disorder), depression and anxiety. Substance misuse (e.g. medication prescription, hospitalization or death due to a substance use disorder or arrest for drug-related crime) and violent crime arrests were also examined. Stratified Cox regression models accounted for unmeasured confounders shared between differentially exposed siblings.

Results
For each $15 000 increase in family income at age 15 years, the risks of the outcomes were reduced by between 9% in severe mental illness (aHR = 0.91; 95% confidence interval: 0.90–0.92) and 23% in violent crime arrests (aHR = 0.77; 0.76–0.78). These associations were fully attenuated in the sibling-comparison models (aHR range: 0.99–1.00). Sensitivity analyses confirmed the latter findings.

Conclusions
Associations between childhood family income and subsequent risks for psychiatric disorders, substance misuse and violent crime arrest were not consistent with a causal interpretation.
Are operating room distractions, interruptions and disruptions associated with performance and patient safety? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Mcmullan Ryan D , Urwin Rachel , Gates Peter , Sunderland Neroli , Westbrook Johanna I 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Objective
The operating room is a complex environment in which distractions, interruptions and disruptions (DIDs) are frequent. Our aim was to synthesize research on the relationships between DIDs and (i) operative duration, (ii) team performance, (iii) individual performance and (iv) patient safety outcomes in order to better understand how interventions can be designed to mitigate the negative effects of DIDs.

Methods
Electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and PsycINFO) and reference lists were systematically searched. Included studies were required to report the quantitative outcomes of the association between DIDs and team performance, individual performance and patient safety. Two reviewers independently screened articles for inclusion, assessed study quality and extracted data. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed on a subset of studies reporting total operative time and DIDs.

Results
Twenty-seven studies were identified. The majority were prospective observational studies (n = 15) of moderate quality. DIDs were often defined, measured and interpreted differently in studies. DIDs were significantly associated with extended operative duration (n = 8), impaired team performance (n = 6), self-reported errors by colleagues (n = 1), surgical errors (n = 1), increased risk and incidence of surgical site infection (n = 4) and fewer patient safety checks (n = 1). A random-effects meta-analysis showed that the proportion of total operative time due to DIDs was 22.0% (95% confidence interval 15.7–29.9).

Conclusion
DIDs in surgery are associated with a range of negative outcomes. However, significant knowledge gaps exist about the mechanisms that underlie these relationships, as well as the potential clinical and non-clinical benefits that DIDs may deliver. Available evidence indicates that interventions to reduce the negative effects of DIDs are warranted, but current evidence is not sufficient to make recommendations about potentially useful interventions.
A cost-effectiveness analysis of the Chronic Disease Management Program in patients with hypertension in Korea
Authors: Kim Woorim , Lee Sang Ah , Chun Sung-Youn 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
The Chronic Disease Management Program (CDMP) of Korea has been introduced to improve care continuity in patients with hypertension and diabetes.

Objective
This study evaluated the cost effectiveness of the CDMP in patients with hypertension from the perspective of the healthcare payer.

Methods
A cost-effectiveness analysis was performed based on a Markov simulation model. The cost and effect of the CDMP versus usual care was compared in individuals aged 40 years or above. The two strategies were presumed to result in a difference in the incidence of myocardial infarction, stroke, and chronic kidney disease. The model was analyzed over the lifetime of the cohort. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated by dividing the difference in lifetime costs by the difference in lifetime effects (quality adjusted life years, QALYs) between the two strategies. Costs were expressed in Korean Won (KRW).

Results
The ICER value of the CDMP participation strategy was −5 761 088 KRW/QALY compared to usual care. Similar tendencies were found when limiting the population to only clinic users (−3 843 355 KRW/QALY) and national health examination participants (−5 595 185 KRW/QALY).

Conclusion
The CDMP was highly cost-effective in patients with hypertension aged 40 years or above. Implementing efficient policies that enhance care coordination and improve outcomes in patients with hypertension is important.
Economic Statecraft by Other Means: The Use and Abuse of Anti-Bribery Prosecution
Authors: Tomashevskiy Andrey 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) is frequently used by the US law enforcement authorities to prosecute both US and foreign firms for bribery in foreign host countries. Evidence increasingly shows that anti-bribery enforcement is associated with a reduction in foreign investment inflows to host countries associated with enforcement actions. The determinants of enforcement actions remain understudied, however. I argue that enforcement actions are often political in nature, operating as de-facto sanctions against targeted countries. FCPA prosecutions can thus be viewed as a tool of economic statecraft, designed to reduce foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows to targeted states and enforce US foreign policy objectives. Using data on FCPA enforcement actions along with data on UN voting patterns, alliances, and US foreign aid, I find that FCPA enforcement actions are more likely to target firms that bribe in host countries with foreign policy preferences that diverge from the United States. This paper is among the first to empirically study the determinants of anti-bribery enforcement and to explicitly consider the political nature of FCPA prosecutions. These findings have broad implication for political economy research on foreign investment, economic statecraft, and corruption.
Leader Influence in Role Selection Choices: Fulfilling Role Theory's Potential for Foreign Policy Analysis
Authors: Wehner Leslie E , Thies Cameron G 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWhile it has been well-documented when and how leaders matter in foreign policy, there is still no clear roadmap on how to connect and investigate the different possibilities that leadership studies offer for the benefit of role theory development. Thus, this article lays the foundation for a dialogue between role theory and leader-based approaches to foreign policy. We approach this as a “glass half full” as leaders are present in role theory, but not properly integrated in terms of theorization and methods to study their influence on the overall selection of roles. We present a range of possible ways to study the beliefs and personal characteristics of leaders and other motivational approaches that inform and shape their role selection process. A better integration of the individual level can give foreign policy scholars and practitioners a more complete picture of why governments decide to prioritize certain roles over others. Introducing a way forward in establishing a more robust connection between leaders and the roles of the state also provides scholars with a more complete toolkit to analyze and unpack agent–structure relations in foreign policy.
Development, implementation, and use of an “equity lens” integrated into an institutional quality scorecard
Authors: Connolly Mark , Selling Mary Kate , Cook Scott , Williams James S , Chin Marshall H , Umscheid Craig A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Few healthcare provider organizations systematically track their healthcare equity, and fewer enable direct interaction with such data by their employees. From May to August 2019, we enhanced the data architecture and reporting functionality of our existing institutional quality scorecard to allow direct comparisons of quality measure performance by gender, age, race, ethnicity, language, zip code, and payor. The Equity Lens was made available to over 4000 staff in September 2019 for 82 institutional quality measures. During the first 11 months, 235 unique individuals used the tool; users were most commonly from the quality and equity departments. Two early use cases evaluated hypertension control and readmissions by race, identifying potential inequities. This is the first description of an interactive equity lens integrated into an institutional quality scorecard made available to healthcare system employees. Early evidence suggests the tool is used and can inform quality improvement initiatives.
DoE and Risk-Based DMAIC Principle for Implementation of Enhanced Analytical Quality by Design Approach to Multipurpose-Chromatography Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Multiple Fixed-Dose Combination Products of Aspirin
Authors: Prajapati Pintu B , Jayswal Kajal V , Shah Shailesh A 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundNumerous RP-HPLC and HPTLC methods have been reported for estimation of fixed-dose combination (FDC) products of aspirin with anti-hypertensive and anti-lipidemic drugs. Each FDC of aspirin needs separate and dedicated chromatographic conditions for analyses. No chromatographic method has been reported for simultaneous estimation of FDC products of aspirin using a single chromatography condition.ObjectiveA multipurpose HPTLC method was developed for simultaneous estimation of some FDC products of aspirin using an enhanced analytical quality-by-design approach based on a design of experiment (DoE) and risk-based define, measure, analyse, improve and control (DMAIC) principle to save solvent, cost, and time of analysis.MethodThe risk-based DMAIC process was carried out with identification of potential method risk parameters and their assessment using risk priority number (RPN) ranking and filtering. The DoE-based DMAIC process was carried out by the implementation of fractional factorial and full factorial design.ResultsThe mobile phase composition and volume of modifier were found to be critical method risk parameters for resolution of all peaks. The developed method was found to be validated, and assay results of all FDC products of aspirin were found to be in good agreement with their respective labelled claim.ConclusionsThe developed method is found to be solvent, cost, and time saving and also fulfilled the analytical requirements of many reported chromatography methods. Hence, the developed method is a multipurpose chromatography for analysis of FDC products of aspirin.HighlightsDoE and risk-based DMAIC principle to development of the multipurpose-chromatography method. The developed method was applied for the estimation of eight different FDC products of aspirin.
Three Different Approaches Based on Derivative Ratio Spectra for Spectrophotometric Resolution of a Quaternary Mixture in Semisolid Dosage Form
Authors: Fahmy Nesma M , Hesham Khaled , Tawakkol Shereen M , AbdelAziz Lobna , Abdelrahman Mona H 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Recent incorporated spectrophotometer software supporting mathematical methods was considered as an optimum key for the resolution of multicomponent mixtures.

Objective
Several spectrophotometric techniques are introduced for the determination of mixtures of tretinoin (TN), hydroquinone (HQ), and fluocinolone acetonide (FA), in the presence of the preservative methyl paraben (MP), without any separation procedure, taking into consideration the presence of two minor components and the severe overlap of their spectra.

Method
Constant multiplication coupled spectrum subtraction resolved the quaternary mixture into the zero-order absorption spectrum of TN alone and a severely overlapped, ternary mixture of HQ, FA, and MP. Three approaches based on the derivative ratio spectra were applied to resolve this ternary, severely overlapped mixture: derivative ratio-zero-crossing point method, factorized derivative ratio method, and double divisor derivative ratio method.

Results
The work was conducted over a concentration range of 1–10, 4–38, and 4–35 µg/mL, for TN, HQ, and FA, respectively. The results obtained were compared statistically to each other and to the official methods, showing no significant difference.

Conclusions
The proposed methods were successfully applied for the simultaneous determination of the three drugs in the presence of MP in synthetic mixtures and in their combined dosage form (Trimelasma® cream) with very good accuracy and precision.

Highlights
This was a comparative study between conventional and new methods for resolving ternary, severely overlapped mixtures. Mathematical manipulation steps and enrichment techniques aided accurate quantification of the minor components in mixtures.
Interspecific competition affects resource use by three cryptic freshwater species ofHyalellaSmith, 1874 (Amphipoda: Hyalellidae)
Authors: Mercer Arissa A , Cothran Rickey D 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSpecies that use the same resources present a paradox for understanding their coexistence. This is especially true for cryptic species because they are phenotypically similar. We examined how competition affects food-resource use in three cryptic species of Hyalella Smith, 1874, a freshwater-amphipod genus. We hypothesized that competitively inferior species would use high-quality algae patches when alone and competitively superior species would displace inferior species to low-quality patches. We compared use of foraging patches varying in algal content (i.e., quality) when species were alone or with another species. Our results showed that the competitively inferior species spent more time on the low-quality patch in the presence of the competitively superior species, but the behavior of the competitively superior species was independent of heterospecifics. This study provides insight into the role of interspecific competition in shaping resource use and patterns of coexistence in nature.