bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of Craniectomy Versus Craniotomy via the Retrosigmoid Approach in Decreasing the Incidence of Postoperative Headache
Authors: Sezer Can , Gokten Murat , Sezer Aykut , Gezgin İnan , Binboga Ali Burak , Onay Mehmet 
Published: September 2021

Background
Postoperative headache is a major complaint after retrosigmoid surgery. Postoperative headache affects a patient's quality of life. Craniotomy may have a role in the prevention of such headaches. We aimed to evaluate the role of craniectomy versus craniotomy via the retrosigmoid approach in reducing the incidence of postoperative headaches.

Materials and methods
Patients who underwent surgery between January 2012 and December 2018 were retrospectively assessed and were classified into the craniectomy and craniotomy groups. Clinical data, such as those on age, sex, type of surgery, surgical repair technique, development of infection, postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak, postoperative meningitis, size of the bone flap, and wound infection, were collected. The severity of headache in all patients was clinically assessed using the Catalano grading system.

Results
Overall, 95 patients underwent microsurgery via the retrosigmoid approach. Of these, 48 were men and 47 were women. In total, 34 patients underwent craniectomy, and 61 patients underwent craniotomy. On discharge, postoperative headache was observed in 47% (16 of 34) and 21% (13 of 61) of patients who underwent craniectomy and craniotomy, respectively (P = .01). The incidence of headache decreased at follow-up. At 12 months after surgery, 15% of patients in the craniectomy group (5/34) and 2% of patients in the craniotomy group (2/61) experienced headache (P = 0.01). Of the 61 patients in the craniotomy group, 2 (2%) had less severe headache at 12 months of follow-up.

Conclusion
The severity of headache after surgery and on discharge significantly decreased in patients who underwent craniotomy than in those who underwent craniectomy.
DFT Study on the Reaction Mechanism of Cyclization of 2-Hydroxy Chalcone Catalyzed by Bronsted Acid with M06-2X Functional
Authors: Hildayani Suci Zulaikha , Martoprawiro Muhamad Abdulkadir , Syah Yana Maolana 
Published: September 2021

Flavanones are one of the flavonoid group that has wide variety of applications such as a precursors in drug discovery. In the laboratory, flavanone is often synthesized from chalcone compounds. The conversion of chalcone to flavanone can be catalyzed by bronsted acid. The reaction mechanism for this process is proposed through the Michael addition reaction, however, the energetic details and the rate determining step for this reaction is not certainly known. This research aimed to investigate the reaction mechanism for chalcone-flavanone conversion with the present of bronsted acid as catalyst and also studied the effect of the solvent on the reaction energy profile with computational method. In this study, the modeling of the reaction mechanism for the said reaction was carried out using the DFT computational method with M06-2X functional. The computation was done both in the gas phase and in present of the solvent effect using the PCM models. The results showed that the mechanism of chalcone-flavanone conversion occurred in three steps which are protonation, cyclization, and then tautomerization. Based on these calculations, the rate determining step was the tautomerization reaction, which exhibited the same results with or without the solvent effects. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Nontoxic electron collimators
Authors: Breitkreutz Dylan Yamabe , Skinner Lawrie , Lo Stephanie , Yu Amy 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPurposeThe goal of this work was to develop and test nontoxic electron collimation technologies for clinical use.MethodsTwo novel technologies were investigated: tungsten‐silicone composite and 3D printed electron cutouts. Transmission, dose uniformity, and profiles were measured for the tungsten‐silicone. Surface dose, relative dose output, and field size were measured for the 3D printed cutouts and compared with the standard cerrobend cutouts in current clinical use. Quality assurance tests including mass measurements, Megavoltage (MV) imaging, and drop testing were developed for the 3D printed cutouts as a guide to safe clinical implementation.ResultsDose profiles of the flexible tungsten‐silicone skin shields had an 80–20 penumbra values of 2–3 mm compared to 7–8 mm for cerrobend. In MV transmission image measurements of the tungsten‐silicone, 80% of the pixels had a transmission value within 2% of the mean. An ∼90% reduction in electron intensity was measured for 6 MeV and a 6.4 mm thickness of tungsten‐silicone and 12.7 mm thickness for 16 MeV. The maximum difference in 3D printed cutout versus cerrobend output, surface dose, and full width at half‐maximum (FWHM) was 1.7%, 1.2%, and 1.5%, respectively, for the 10 cm × 10 cm cutouts.ConclusionsBoth flexible tungsten‐silicone and 3D printed cutouts were found to be feasible for clinical use. The flexible tungsten‐silicone was of adequate density, flexibility, and uniformity to serve as skin shields for electron therapy. The 3D printed cutouts were dosimetrically equivalent to standard cerrobend cutouts and were robust enough for handling in the clinical environment.
Image‐guided volumetric‐modulated arc therapy of total body irradiation: An efficient workflow from simulation to delivery
Authors: Guo Bingqi , Sheen Cherian , Murphy Erin , Magnelli Anthony , Lu Lan , Cho YoungBin , Qi Peng , Majhail Navneet S , Xia Ping 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIntroductionUsing multi‐isocenter volumetric‐modulated arc therapy (VMAT) for total body irradiation (TBI) may improve dose uniformity and vulnerable tissue protection compared with classical whole‐body field technique. Two drawbacks limit its application: (1) VMAT‐TBI planning is time consuming; (2) VMAT‐TBI plans are sensitive to patient positioning uncertainties due to beam matching. This study presents a robust planning technique with image‐guided delivery to improve dose delivery accuracy. In addition, a streamlined sim‐to‐treat workflow with automatic scripts is proposed to reduce planning time.MaterialsTwenty‐five patients were included in this study. Patients were scanned in supine head‐first and feet‐first directions. An automatic workflow was used to (1) create a whole‐body CT by registering two CT scans, (2) contour lungs, kidneys, and planning target volume (PTV), (3) divide PTV into multiple sub‐targets for planning, and (4) place isocenters. Treatment planning included feathered AP/PA beams for legs/feet and VMAT for the body. VMAT‐TBI was evaluated for plan quality, planning/delivery time, and setup accuracy using image guidance.ResultsVMAT‐TBI planning time can be reduced to a day with automatic scripts. Treatment time took around an hour per fraction. VMAT‐TBI improved dose coverage (PTV V100 increased from 76.8 ± 10.5 to 88.5 ± 2.6; p < 0.001) and reduced lung dose (lung mean dose reduced from 10.8 ± 0.7 Gy to 9.4 ± 0.8 Gy, p < 0.001) compared with classic AP/PA technique.ConclusionA VMAT‐TBI sim‐to‐treat workflow with robust planning and image‐guided delivery was proposed. VMAT‐TBI improved the plan quality compared with classical whole‐body field techniques.
Understanding the Role of Grain Boundaries on Charge‐Carrier and Ion Transport in Cs2AgBiBr6 Thin Films
Authors: Li Zewei , Senanayak Satyaprasad P. , Dai Linjie , Kusch Gunnar , Shivanna Ravichandran , Zhang Youcheng , Pradhan Dipika , Ye Junzhi , Huang Yi‐Teng , Sirringhaus Henning , Oliver Rachel A. , Greenham Neil C. , Friend Richard H. , Hoye Robert L. Z. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHalide double perovskites have gained significant attention, owing to their composition of low‐toxicity elements, stability in air, and recent demonstrations of long charge‐carrier lifetimes that can exceed 1 µs. In particular, Cs2AgBiBr6 is the subject of many investigations in photovoltaic devices. However, the efficiencies of solar cells based on this double perovskite are still far from the theoretical efficiency limit of the material. Here, the role of grain size on the optoelectronic properties of Cs2AgBiBr6 thin films is investigated. It is shown through cathodoluminescence measurements that grain boundaries are the dominant nonradiative recombination sites. It also demonstrates through field‐effect transistor and temperature‐dependent transient current measurements that grain boundaries act as the main channels for ion transport. Interestingly, a positive correlation between carrier mobility and temperature is found, which resembles the hopping mechanism often seen in organic semiconductors. These findings explain the discrepancy between the long diffusion lengths >1 µm found in Cs2AgBiBr6 single crystals versus the limited performance achieved in their thin film counterparts. This work shows that mitigating the impact of grain boundaries will be critical for these double perovskite thin films to reach the performance achievable based on their intrinsic single‐crystal properties.
Giant Nonlinear Optical Absorption of Ion‐Intercalated Tin Disulfide Associated with Abundant In‐Gap Defects
Authors: Diao Mengjuan , Li Hui , Gao Xiangyun , Hou Ruipeng , Cheng Qian , Yu Zhiyang , Huang Zhipeng , Zhang Chi 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHerein it is reported that electrochemical ion‐intercalation is a convenient and effective strategy toward materials with giant nonlinear optical (NLO) absorption. Alkali‐metal ions (i.e., Li+, Na+, K+) are electrochemically intercalated into SnS2 nanosheets. All ion‐intercalated samples exhibit remarkably enhanced optical nonlinearity compared with an untreated sample, and Li‐intercalated SnS2 (Li0.952SnII0.398SnIV0.563S2) possesses optimized strong NLO performance. Li0.952SnII0.398SnIV0.563S2 exhibits strong saturable absorption, and the corresponding nonlinear absorption coefficient (βeff) is ‐1.7 × 104 cm GW–1 for the laser excitation at 515 nm. Li0.952SnII0.398SnIV0.563S2 shows prominent reverse saturable absorption with the laser excitation at 800 nm (βeff: 2.8 × 104 cm GW–1) and 1030 nm (βeff: 1.4 × 104 cm GW–1). All βeff values are larger than most of the reported inorganic NLO materials at corresponding wavelengths. The optical limiting threshold of Li0.952SnII0.398SnIV0.563S2 is 8 × 10–4 J cm–2, two orders of magnitude smaller (better) than the bench‐mark composite (e.g., SWNT‐NH‐TPP). Ion intercalation introduces abundant in‐gap defects. The excitation of electrons in in‐gap states to conduction band intensifies the Pauli‐blocking effect and therefore promotes the saturable absorption under the 515 nm laser excitation, while the in‐gap defect states acting as effective excitation pathway facilitate excited‐state absorption for 800 and 1030 nm laser.
Advances in Encapsulation and Delivery Strategies for Islet Transplantation
Authors: Wu Siying , Wang Liying , Fang Yifen , Huang Hai , You Xinru , Wu Jun 
Published: September 2021

AbstractType 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic metabolic disease caused by the destruction of pancreatic β‐cells in response to autoimmune reactions. Shapiro et al. conducted novel islet transplantation with a glucocorticoid‐free immunosuppressive agent in 2000 and achieved great success; since then, islet transplantation has been increasingly regarded as a promising strategy for the curative treatment of T1DM. However, many unavoidable challenges, such as a lack of donors, poor revascularization, blood‐mediated inflammatory reactions, hypoxia, and side effects caused by immunosuppression have severely hindered the widespread application of islet transplantation in clinics. Biomaterial‐based encapsulation and delivery strategies are proposed for overcoming these obstacles, and have demonstrated remarkable improvements in islet transplantation outcomes. Herein, the major problems faced by islet transplantation are summarized and updated biomaterial‐based strategies for islet transplantation, including islet encapsulation across different scales, delivery of stem cell‐derived beta cells, co‐delivery of islets with accessory cells and immunomodulatory molecules are highlighted.
Electrode‐Induced Self‐Healed Monolayer MoS2 for High Performance Transistors and Phototransistors
Authors: Pak Sangyeon , Jang Seunghun , Kim Taehun , Lim Jungmoon , Hwang Jae Seok , Cho Yuljae , Chang Hyunju , Jang A‐Rang , Park Kyung‐Ho , Hong John , Cha SeungNam 
Published: September 2021

AbstractContact engineering for monolayered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) is considered to be of fundamental challenge for realizing high‐performance TMDCs‐based (opto) electronic devices. Here, an innovative concept is established for a device configuration with metallic copper monosulfide (CuS) electrodes that induces sulfur vacancy healing in the monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) channel. Excess sulfur adatoms from the metallic CuS electrodes are donated to heal sulfur vacancy defects in MoS2 that surprisingly improve the overall performance of its devices. The electrode‐induced self‐healing mechanism is demonstrated and analyzed systematically using various spectroscopic analyses, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and electrical measurements. Without any passivation layers, the self‐healed MoS2 (photo)transistor with the CuS contact electrodes show outstanding room temperature field effect mobility of 97.6 cm2 (Vs)−1, On/Off ratio > 108, low subthreshold swing of 120 mV per decade, high photoresponsivity of 1 × 104 A W−1, and detectivity of 1013 jones, which are the best among back‐gated transistors that employ 1L MoS2. Using ultrathin and flexible 2D CuS and MoS2, mechanically flexible photosensor is also demonstrated, which shows excellent durability under mechanical strain. These findings demonstrate a promising strategy in TMDCs or other 2D material for the development of high performance and functional devices including self‐healable sulfide electrodes.
Variability and Yield in h‐BN‐Based Memristive Circuits: The Role of Each Type of Defect
Authors: Shen Yaqing , Zheng Wenwen , Zhu Kaichen , Xiao Yiping , Wen Chao , Liu Yingwen , Jing Xu , Lanza Mario 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn the race of fabricating solid‐state nano/microelectronic devices using 2D layered materials (LMs), achieving high yield and low device‐to‐device variability are the two main challenges. Electronic devices that drive currents in‐plane and homogeneously along the 2D‐LMs (i.e., transistors, memtransistors) are strongly affected by local defects (i.e., grain boundaries, wrinkles, thickness fluctuations, polymer residues), as they create inhomogeneities and increase the device‐to‐device variability, resulting in a poor performance at the circuit level. Here, it is shown that memristors are insensitive to most types of defects in 2D‐LMs, even when fabricated in academic laboratories that do not meet industrial standards. The reason is that the currents produced in these devices, which flow out‐of‐plane across the 2D‐LM, are always driven locally by the most conductive locations. Consequently, it is concluded that it is much easier to fabricate 2D‐LMs‐based solid‐state nano/microelectronic circuits using memristors than using transistors or memtransistors, not only due to the inherent simpler fabrication process (i.e., less lithography steps) but also because the local defects do not degrade the yield and variability of memristors considerably.
Efficient Ion Sieving in Covalent Organic Framework Membranes with Sub‐2‐Nanometer Channels
Authors: Sheng Fangmeng , Wu Bin , Li Xingya , Xu Tingting , Shehzad Muhammad A. , Wang Xiuxia , Ge Liang , Wang Huanting , Xu Tongwen 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMembranes of sub‐2‐nanometer channels show high ion transport rates, but it remains a great challenge to design such membranes with desirable ion selectivities for ion separation applications. Here, covalent organic framework (COF) membranes with a channel size of ≈1.4 nm and abundant hydrogen bonding sites, exhibiting efficient ion sieving properties are demonstrated. The COF membranes have high monovalent cation permeation rates of 0.1–0.2 mol m−2 h−1 and extremely low multivalent cation permeabilities, leading to high monovalent over divalent ion selectivities for K+/Mg2+ of ≈765, Na+/Mg2+ of ≈680, and Li+/Mg2+ of ≈217. Experimental measurements and theoretical simulations reveal that the hydrogen bonding interaction between hydrated cations and the COF channel wall governs the high selectivity, and divalent cations transport through the channel needs to overcome higher energy barriers than monovalent cations. These findings provide an effective strategy for developing sub‐2‐nanometer sized membranes with specific interaction sites for high‐efficiency ionic separation.
A Fully Printed Flexible Sensor Sheet for Simultaneous Proximity–Pressure–Temperature Detection
Authors: Luo Huayu , Pang Gaoyang , Xu Kaichen , Ye Zhiqiu , Yang Huayong , Yang Geng 
Published: September 2021

AbstractFlexible multimodal sensors are an indispensable part of Internet of Things for human–machine interfaces, health monitoring, and soft robots. Despite tremendous research efforts dedicated to high sensitivity, flexibility, and multifunctionality, these merits are conventionally accompanied with sophisticated fabrications that hinder practical applications. Herein, a fully printed flexible trimodal sensor sheet containing 4 × 4 pressure sensor units, 2 × 2 temperature sensor units, and 1 proximity sensor unit is proposed. Its elaborate structure featured by a trifunctional bottom electrode layer effectively extends the functionality of this sensor sheet as well as maintains facile fabrication. The heterogeneous sensor units in this multifunctional device are rationally integrated to suppress crosstalk and mutual interference while keeping a compact configuration. Moreover, the integration of all functionalities enables a dual‐level detection capability, where proximity perception at the upper level can detect the event of interest to wake up temperature and pressure perceptions at the lower level. This provides a solution to free densely distributed sensor networks from a long‐term operation, thereby saving power consumption. The fully printable multimodal sensor sheet shows potentials for low‐cost macroscale flexible electronics.
Biomolecular Corona Associated with Nanostructures: The Potentially Disruptive Role of Raman Microscopy
Authors: Battaglini Matteo , Belenli Gümüş Melike , Ciofani Gianni 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWhen nanostructures and other materials are exposed to biological fluids, they are immediately covered by a layer of biological molecules, which is typically referred to as a “biomolecular corona” (BC). This represents the first component of a material that interacts with biological systems, so characterizing the composition and the dynamic evolution of BC is essential for predicting the interactions of materials and living organisms. This review provides an analysis of current BC characterization techniques, with particular attention to nanostructures involved in biomedical applications. The influence on cell–nanostructure interactions is assessed and the advantages and limitations of each technique are discussed and compared. An in‐depth analysis of Raman microscopy, a relatively unexploited tool with great potential in the characterization of BC, is then conducted. Raman microscopy can be used to analyze a vast amount of specimens without the need for staining, and can provide analysis on a spatial scale of hundreds of nanometers: it may thus represent a potentially disruptive tool for the characterization of BC, as it overcomes many of the limitations posed by current techniques.
Flexible and Extendable Honeycomb‐Shaped Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Effective Human Motion Energy Harvesting and Biomechanical Sensing
Authors: Yang Yun , Chen Liang , He Jian , Hou Xiaojuan , Qiao Xiaojun , Xiong Jijun , Chou Xiujian 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTriboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is an attractive approach to power wearable electronic devices by harvesting energy from the environment. To further improve the electricity generation efficiency, a honeycomb‐shaped triboelectric nanogenerator (H‐TENG) with high spatial density and extendibility for human kinetic energy harvesting and motion monitoring is proposed. The honeycomb structure enables the H‐TENG to extend and stack along the required direction when in restricted space, which consequently achieves enhancive space utilization and power density promotion. 3D‐printed thermoplastic polyurethane as the elastic shell endows the H‐TENG with robust mechanical flexibility, high deformation, and advantageous fatigue resistance. In the output experiment, H‐TENG exhibits excellent electricity generation performance, that the maximum open‐circuit voltage and power density can reach 1500 V and 10.79 W m−2. In addition, the H‐TENG can not only light 252 white light‐emitting diodes with tapping, power the electronic watch and pedometer with walking, but also can maintain the sustainable running of the electronic thermometer. Moreover, H‐TENG manifests an extraordinary sensible response to the elbow bending of different angles and can estimate the walking speed from the frequency, demonstrating the potential of H‐TENG both as the biomechanical sensor and energy harvester of human movement.
Lithium Oxide Superionic Conductors Inspired by Garnet and NASICON Structures
Authors: Xiao Yihan , Jun KyuJung , Wang Yan , Miara Lincoln J. , Tu Qingsong , Ceder Gerbrand 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe key component in lithium solid‐state batteries (SSBs) is the solid electrolyte composed of lithium superionic conductors (SICs). Lithium oxide SICs offer improved electrochemical and chemical stability compared with sulfides, and their recent advancements have largely been achieved using materials in the garnet‐ and NASICON (sodium superionic conductor)‐ structured families. In this work, using the ion‐conduction mechanisms in garnet and NASICON as inspiration, a common pattern of an “activated diffusion network” and three structural features that are beneficial for superionic conduction: a 3D percolation Li diffusion network, short distances between occupied Li sites, and the “homogeneity” of the transport path are identified. A high‐throughput computational screening is performed to search for new lithium oxide SICs that share these features. From this search, seven candidates are proposed exhibiting high room‐temperature ionic conductivity evaluated using ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Their structural frameworks including spinel, oxy‐argyrodite, sodalite, and LiM(SeO3)2 present new opportunities for enriching the structural families of lithium oxide SICs.
Lignin as a dry bonding system component in EPDM/microcrystalline cellulose composites
Authors: Kandil Heba , Youssef Ahmed M. , El Nashar Doaa E. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis study aims at using lignin in place of resorcinol in hexamethylene‐tetramine, resorcinol and hydrated silica (HRH) bonding system for ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM)/microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) composites. Various percentages of lignin (0%, 50%, 75%, and 100% with respect to resorcinol weight) were used. The rheometric, mechanical, thermo‐aging, swelling, and dielectric properties of the produced composites were investigated. It was found that the introduction of 50% of lignin produced composite with superior mechanical, thermo‐aging and swelling properties. Furthermore, the dielectric properties of the composites showed a significant enhancement with 100% of resorcinol replacement with lignin.