bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defining and Reporting on Critical Values in Genetics: A Laboratory Survey
Authors: Goh Elaine S , Stavropoulos Dimitrios J , Adeli Khosrow 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Although an obvious critical value in metabolic genetics would be ammonia, it is more challenging to define critical values in molecular genetics and cytogenetics. The objective of this study was to survey genetic laboratories in Ontario, Canada, to determine whether different centers considered similar results as critical and thus potentially deserving of a different reporting process.

Methods
An online 11-question survey was emailed to Ontario laboratory directors, and the results were analyzed.

Results
The response rate was 82% (9/11). Cytogenetics and molecular genetics services were each provided by 7 of the 9 centers, with 3 centers providing biochemical/metabolic genetics services and 1 providing maternal marker serum screening services. The case type (e.g., prenatal, newborn, or expedited by the ordering physician) was one factor. Quantitative fluorescence PCR for autosomal aneuploidy, pathogenic variants in both prenatal and postnatal settings, and oncological results were considered critical cytogenetics results. Pathogenic prenatal cases, indeterminate results, and unexpected results were considered more critical for molecular genetics. Critical results were more likely to prompt a telephone call or email to the ordering physician.

Conclusion
Ontario genetics laboratories tended to have similar reporting processes for critical results. Both the types of cases and the pathogenicity of the result define what values are considered critical.
Global value chains, private governance and multiple end-markets: insights from Kenyan leather
Authors: Pasquali Giovanni , Alford Matthew 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article analyses how the private governance of global value chains (GVCs) varies across multiple end-markets. This is explored through a two-stage mixed-methods analysis of Kenya’s participation in leather value chains serving Europe, China, India and the COMESA region. We first draw on transaction-level customs data to analyse private governance in terms of the stability of buyer–supplier interactions and presence of intermediaries. We then interrogate these results through supplier interviews. Our article highlights the combined role of product specifications and trust in shaping private governance, and heterogeneity of GVCs across the global North and South, as well as within the South. It further questions commonly held assumptions that lower quality products (generally characterising Southern end-markets) are necessarily governed by market-based coordination mechanisms. We therefore challenge links established in the GVC literature between product standards and private governance.
Emerging Adults’ Adherence to Preventative Health Guidelines in Response to COVID-19
Authors: Feldman Estée C H , Balistreri Kathryn A , Lampert Sara , Durkin Lindsay K , Bugno Lindsey T , Davies W Hobart , Greenley Rachel Neff 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Objective
To examine rates of emerging adults’ (EA) adherence to preventative health behavior recommendations during early months of the COVID-19 pandemic and to investigate demographic (i.e., gender, years of education, socioeconomic status, school enrollment status, and living situation) and exposure and impact-related correlates of adherence.

Methods
Participants were 273 [M (SD) age = 22 (2.1) years, 55% female, 32% from minoritized groups] EA completed an online survey of adherence to 11 preventative health behaviors recommended by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) during summer 2020. Participants rated adherence via a visual analog scale. Participants also reported demographic information and completed the COVID-19 Exposure and Family Impact Adolescent and Young Adult Version (CEFIS-AYA).

Results
Median levels of adherence to preventative recommendations ranged from 66% to 100%. Highest adherence levels (Mdn &gt; 90%) were reported for quarantining if exposed to COVID-19; covering mouth when sneezing; avoiding the elderly/those at high risk; and avoiding large gatherings. Median adherence was &lt;80% for mask wearing; maintaining a 6-foot distance; avoiding in-person visits with romantic partners or friends; and disinfecting surfaces. Female gender was the only variable significantly associated with overall adherence, and it explained 4% of the variance.

Conclusions
Following guidelines related to social distancing practices may be particularly challenging for EA, possibly because of unique developmental needs of this group, and males may be at greater risk for non-adherence to CDC recommendations. Therefore, public health messaging and adherence intervention development should be designed with males and social distancing practices in mind.
Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase MAZZA mediates developmental processes with CLAVATA1 family receptors in Arabidopsis
Authors: Blümke Patrick , Schlegel Jenia , Gonzalez-Ferrer Carmen , Becher Sabine , Pinto Karine Gustavo , Monaghan Jacqueline , Simon Rüdiger 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The receptor-like kinases (RLKs) CLAVATA1 (CLV1) and BARELY ANY MERISTEMs (BAM1–BAM3) form the CLV1 family (CLV1f), which perceives peptides of the CLV3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (ESR)-related (CLE) family within various signaling pathways of Arabidopsis thaliana. CLE peptide signaling, which is required for meristem size control, vascular development, and pathogen responses, involves the formation of receptor complexes at the plasma membrane. These complexes comprise RLKs and co-receptors in varying compositions depending on the signaling context, and regulate expression of target genes, such as WUSCHEL (WUS). How the CLE signal is transmitted intracellularly after perception at the plasma membrane is not known in detail. Here, we found that the membrane-associated receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK) MAZZA (MAZ) and additional members of the Pti1-like protein family interact in vivo with CLV1f receptors. MAZ, which is widely expressed throughout the plant, localizes to the plasma membrane via post-translational palmitoylation, potentially enabling stimulus-triggered protein re-localization. We identified a role for a CLV1–MAZ signaling module during stomatal and root development, and redundancy could potentially mask other phenotypes of maz mutants. We propose that MAZ, and related RLCKs, mediate CLV1f signaling in a variety of developmental contexts, paving the way towards understanding the intracellular processes after CLE peptide perception.
The demographic determinants of inter-provincial migration declines in Canada: A decomposition analysis
Authors: White Nathaniel , Haan Michael 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This article studies the link between observed demographic changes and Canadian inter-provincial migration declines. Alongside recent changes in age composition, educational attainment, marital trends, and immigration, Canadian internal migration has widely been in decline. In this context, our project investigates the demographic determinants of Canadian provincial migration and the correlation between Canada’s socio-demographic shifts and the decline of inter-provincial migration. To do so, our analysis consists of two identical multivariate logistic regressions and an econometric decomposition using the data of the 1991 and 2016 Canadian Census Public Use Microdata Files. The dependent variable is inter-provincial migration, and the focal independent variables are age, educational attainment, marital status, immigrant status, and province of residence five years ago. By investigating how these determinants are associated with migration, we develop a greater understanding of how demographics predict inter-provincial migration in Canada, and how these demographics have changed and affected the overall decline in inter-provincial migration. In a broad sense, we examine the continuity of contemporary demographic trends in their relation to Canadian macro-economic human capital distribution. Through our investigation, we conclude that while compositional changes have some impact, it is a shift in the effects of these changes that largely explains the decline in Canadian inter-provincial migration.
Expanding Opportunities: An Evaluation of Uniformed Services University’s Premedical Program for Enlisted Service Members
Authors: Green Althea , Konopasky Abigail , Dong Ting , Saguil Aaron , Torre Dario , Durning Steven J 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Medical school leaders are seeking strategies to increase the diversity of their student populations. Post-baccalaureate premedical (PBPM) programs are one such pipeline that has supported diversity in medicine. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Uniformed Services University’s (USU’s) PBPM program (the Enlisted to Medical Degree Preparatory Program, EMDP2) to determine how well it prepares its learners for the School of Medicine (SOM).

Materials and Methods
The National Board of Medical Examiners Clinical Science Subject Examination scores of EMDP2 learners from the SOM classes of 2020–2023 were compared to those of four similarly sized cohorts of their peers that varied by age and prior military service.

Results
We found that the performance of program graduates was comparable to their peers who followed more traditional and other alternative preparatory paths.

Conclusions
The EMDP2 appears to prepare medical students on a par with their non-EMDP2 peers. The EMDP2 contributes to USU’s commitment to train physicians who represent the nation and its citizens by making medical education available to enlisted service members, a population that closely mirrors the diversity of the nation.
Pattern of Cumulative Treatment Hours on Pain Impact and PROMIS Outcomes
Authors: Li Hongjin , Flynn Diane M , Highland Krista B , Burke Larisa A , Mcquinn Honor M , Steffen Alana D , Doorenbos Ardith Z 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTIntroductionParticipation in interdisciplinary treatments is associated with improvement in pain intensity, physical function, and additional pain-related outcome domains. However, the effect of cumulative treatment hours on outcomes remains unknown among military patients. The present analysis examined the relationship between cumulative interdisciplinary treatment hours and pain management outcomes at a single interdisciplinary pain management center (IPMC).Materials and MethodsThis is a retrospective observational study of data previously collected as standard of care at the Madigan Army Medical Center, approved by the Institutional Review Board. We included patients who received treatment at the IPMC and completed at least two self-report assessment batteries: one at baseline and at least one between 90 and 180 days after baseline (n = 882). The primary outcome was pain impact. Secondary outcomes included fatigue, depression, anxiety, and sleep-related impairment.ResultsGeneralized additive models indicated that cumulative treatment hours were significantly associated with improvement in pain impact, fatigue, and depression. Patients who had higher baseline pain impact, who had mild or no depressive symptoms, and who were &gt;40 years of age had greater improvements in pain impact following treatment, relative to those with lower pain impact, moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms, and were 40 years of age or younger, respectively. Additional research is needed to elucidate the effect of different therapies and additional patient factors in understanding the “therapeutic dose” of interdisciplinary pain management.ConclusionsA higher number of cumulative treatment hours was associated with improvement of pain impact, fatigue, and depression among military personnel receiving interdisciplinary pain treatment. At least 30 hours of sustained interdisciplinary treatment appears to be the threshold for improvement in pain impact and related outcomes.
Injuries and Referral Patterns During Basic Combat Training: An Examination of Data From the Certified Athletic Trainer-Forward Program
Authors: Hirschhorn Rebecca M , Yeargin Susan W , Mensch James M , Dompier Thomas P 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Injuries sustained during basic combat training (BCT) result in large economic costs to the U.S. Army. The inclusion of athletic trainers (ATs) in other military branches has reduced Troop Medical Clinic (TMC) referrals. However, the inclusion of ATs during BCT has yet to be studied. The purpose of this study was to describe the frequency and nature of sick call visits during BCT and determine how the presence of an AT affects referrals to the TMC.

Materials and Methods
A prospective cohort study was conducted at the Fort Jackson Army Training Center for one calendar year. Soldiers in BCT, aged 18–42, who reported to sick call were included. Independent variables collected included: Soldier demographics (sex and age), visit reason, and provider impression. Training battalions were placed in three conditions: control (CON), full-time medic (FTM), and part-time athletic trainer (PAT). The dependent variable was disposition (referred or returned to duty [RTD]). Frequencies and proportions were calculated. Logistic regression compared conditions while considering the other independent variables. Return on investment was calculated.

Results
Fourteen thousand three hundred and four visits were documented. Most soldiers were female (n = 7,650; 53.5%) and under 20 years old (n = 5,328; 37.2%). Visits were most commonly due to physical injury (n = 7,926; 55.4%), injuries affecting the knee (n = 2,264; 15.8%) and chronic/overuse conditions (n = 2,031; 14.2%). By condition, the FTM and PAT conditions resulted in 1.303 (95%CI: 1.187, 1.430; P &lt; .001) and 1.219 (95%CI: 1.103, 1.348; P &lt; .001), or 30.3% and 21.9% higher, odds of being RTD compared to the CON condition, respectively. Return on investment was $23,363,596 overall and $2,423,306 for musculoskeletal-related cases.

Conclusions
Injuries were common in BCT, particularly in females. Soldiers in both the PAT and FTM conditions were more likely to be RTD compared to those in the CON condition. Athletic trainers (ATs) are effective at reducing potentially unnecessary referrals, demonstrating their value as healthcare providers in the BCT environment. Understanding variables associated with recruit disposition may aid medics and ATs in the development of triage protocols and further reduction of potentially unnecessary soldier referrals. The Certified Athletic Trainer-Forward Program resulted in significant return on investment, further supporting the inclusion of ATs in BCT.
Preventing Surgical and Postpartum Hemorrhage in an Active Duty Patient With an Undiagnosed Coagulopathy at a Military Treatment Facility
Authors: Kopelman Zachary A , Villazana-Kretzer Diana , Yamasaki Meghan 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Factor VII (FVII) deficiency is a hereditary bleeding disorder that significantly increases the risk of hemorrhage during the intrapartum and postpartum periods as well as during surgery. Management often requires careful pre- and post-operative planning, a multi-disciplinary approach, and management at a tertiary center. Most cases in the literature utilized recombinant FVII for treatment. We present a case of a young active duty female who had an undiagnosed FVII deficiency that became apparent during her expedited delivery for fetal distress. Our patient was admitted for delivery while undergoing a work up for an abnormal coagulation panel. Given high suspicion for FVII deficiency, anticipated hemorrhage, and need for cesarean delivery, she was treated with blood products containing FVII. Two days after delivery her diagnosis was confirmed. Available literature discusses the management of known FVII deficiency in pregnancy; however, to the best of our knowledge, there are no cases of an unknown bleeding diathesis incidentally identified just before delivery and later diagnosed as FVII deficiency. This case highlights the appropriate management of an unknown coagulopathy, the significant challenges associated, and the incorporation of a multi-disciplinary team critical to reducing significant maternal morbidity.
Spherical accretion: Bondi, Michel, and rotating black holes
Authors: Aguayo-Ortiz Alejandro , Tejeda Emilio , Sarbach Olivier , López-Cámara Diego 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In this work, we revisit the steady-state, spherically symmetric gas accretion problem from the non-relativistic regime to the ultrarelativistic one. We first perform a detailed comparison between the Bondi and Michel models, and show how the mass accretion rate in the Michel solution approaches a constant value as the fluid temperature increases, whereas the corresponding Bondi value continually decreases, the difference between these two predicted values becoming arbitrarily large at ultrarelativistic temperatures. Additionally, we extend the Michel solution to the case of a fluid with an equation of state corresponding to a monoatomic, relativistic gas. Finally, using general relativistic hydrodynamic simulations, we study spherical accretion on to a rotating black hole, exploring the influence of the black hole spin on the mass accretion rate, the flow morphology and characteristics, and the sonic surface. The effect of the black hole spin becomes more significant as the gas temperature increases and as the adiabatic index γ stiffens. For an ideal gas in the ultrarelativistic limit (γ = 4/3), we find a reduction of 10 per cent in the mass accretion rate for a maximally rotating black hole compared to a non-rotating one, while this reduction is of up to 50 per cent for a stiff fluid (γ = 2).
I. The effect of symmetric and spatially varying equilibria and flow on MHD wave modes: slab geometry
Authors: Skirvin S J , Fedun V , Verth G 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Realistic theoretical models of magnetohydrodynamic wave propagation in the different solar magnetic configurations are required to explain observational results, allowing magnetoseismology to be conducted and provide more accurate information about local plasma properties. The numerical approach described in this paper allows a dispersion diagram to be obtained for any arbitrary symmetric magnetic slab model of solar atmospheric features. This proposed technique implements the shooting method to match necessary boundary conditions on continuity of displacement and total pressure of the waveguide. The algorithm also implements fundamental physical knowledge of the sausage and kink modes such that both can be investigated. The dispersion diagrams for a number of analytic cases that model magnetohydrodynamic waves in a magnetic slab were successfully reproduced. This work is then extended by considering density structuring modelled as a series of Gaussian profiles and a sinc(x) function. A further case study investigates properties of MHD wave modes in a coronal slab with a non-uniform background plasma flow, for which the governing equations are derived. It is found that the dispersive properties of slow body modes are more greatly altered than those of fast modes when any equilibrium inhomogeneity is increased, including background flow. The spatial structure of the eigenfunctions is also modified, introducing extra nodes and points of inflexion that may be of interest to observers.
Color classification of Earth-like planets with machine learning
Authors: Pham Dang , Kaltenegger Lisa 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Atmospheric characterization of directly imaged exoplanets is currently limited to Giant planets and Mini-Neptunes. However, upcoming ground-based Extremely Large Telescopes (ELTs) and space-based concepts such as Origins, HabEx, and LUVOIR are designed to characterize rocky exoplanets. But spectroscopy of Earth-like planets is time-intensive even for upcoming telescopes; therefore, initial photometry has been discussed as a promising avenue to faster classify and prioritize exoplanets. Thus, in this article we explore whether photometric flux – using the standard Johnson filters – can identify the existence of surface-life by analysing a grid of 318 780 reflection spectra of nominal terrestrial planets with 1 Earth radius, 1 Earth mass, and modern Earth atmospheres for varying surface compositions and cloud coverage. Because different kinds of biota change the reflection spectra, we assess the sensitivity of our results to six diverse biota samples including vegetation, representative of modern Earth, a biofilm as a way for microbes to survive extreme environments, and UV radiation resistant biota. We test the performance of several supervised machine-learning algorithms in classifying planets with biota for different signal-to-noise ratios: Machine-learning methods can detect the existence of biota using only the photometric flux of Earth-like planets’ reflected light with a balanced accuracy between 50 per cent and up to 75 per cent. These results assess the possibility that photometric flux could be used to initially identify biota on Earth-like planets and the trade-off between two critical results when classifying biota: false-positive and false-negative rates. Our spectra library is available online and can easily be used to test different filter combinations for upcoming missions and mission designs.
The theory of kinks – I. A semi-analytic model of velocity perturbations due to planet–disc interaction
Authors: Bollati Francesco , Lodato Giuseppe , Price Daniel J , Pinte Christophe 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A new technique to detect protoplanets is by observing the kinematics of the surrounding gas. Gravitational perturbations from a planet produce peculiar ‘kinks’ in channel maps of different gas species. In this paper, we show that such kinks can be reproduced using semi-analytic models for the velocity perturbation induced by a planet. In doing so we (i) confirm that the observed kinks are consistent with the planet-induced wake; (ii) show how to quantify the planet mass from the kink amplitude; in particular, we show that the kink amplitude scales with the square root of the planet mass for channels far from the planet velocity, steepening to linear as the channels approach the planet; and (iii) show how to extend the theory to include the effect of damping, which may be needed in order to have localized kinks.
Formation of Earth-sized planets within the Kepler-1647 system habitable zone
Authors: Barbosa G O , Winter O C , Amarante A , Macau E E N 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The Kepler-1647 is a binary system with two Sun-type stars (≈1.22 and ≈0.97 M⊙). It has the most massive circumbinary planet (≈1.52 MJup) with the longest orbital period (≈1107.6 d) detected by the Kepler probe and is located within the habitable zone (HZ) of the system. In this work, we investigated the ability to form and house an Earth-sized planet within its HZ. First, we computed the limits of its HZ and performed numerical stability tests within that region. We found that HZ has three subregions that show stability, one internal, one co-orbital, and external to the host planet Kepler-1647b. Within the limits of these three regions, we performed numerical simulations of planetary formation. In the regions inner and outer to the planet, we used two different density profiles to explore different conditions of formation. In the co-orbital region, we used eight different values of total disc mass. We showed that many resonances are located within regions causing much of the disc material to be ejected before a planet is formed. Thus, the system might have two asteroid belts with Kirkwood gaps, similar to the Solar system’s main belt of asteroids. The co-orbital region proved to be extremely sensitive, not allowing the planet formation, but showing that this binary system has the capacity to have Trojan bodies. Finally, we looked for regions of stability for an Earth-sized moon. We found that there is stability for a moon with this mass up to 0.4 Hill’s radius from the host planet.