bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficient Waste Management Models for Smart Cities: A Case Study
Authors: Reji Kumar K. , Satheesh E.N. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Waste management is a matter of the greatest concern in the modern world. We do not have an efficient waste management system in India. Developing a comprehensive network of waste management is the biggest challenge that we are facing today. Research on smart cities brings together the advances in the field of science and technology to ensure sustainable development of cities ensuring a healthy, wealthy, and peaceful life for all. In this paper, we discuss a mathematical modelling method that can effectively be implemented to build a network of waste management in which human being, organizations, institutions, and government agencies play their role. We discuss the waste management system of Thiruvananthapuram, the capital city of Kerala, as an example. We show that the waste management system of the city is not and sufficient and efficient. We also give suggestions to improve the system.
Design and evaluation of hybrid SHE+STT-MTJ/CMOS full adder based on LIM architecture
Authors: Barla Prashanth , Joshi Vinod Kumar , Bhat Somashekara 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This work aimed at developing a full adder using hybrid magnetic tunnel junction/complementary metal oxide semiconductor (MTJ/CMOS) based on the logic-in-memory architecture (LIM). LIM has emerged as the most promising alternative to the standard von-Neumann architecture in the impeding post-CMOS era. Performance of the hybrid full adder is evaluated in terms of power, delay, power delay product (PDP), and device count. These results are compared with the existing double pass transistor logic-based clocked CMOS (DPTL-C2MOS) full adder. Further, Monte-Carlo simulations on both variants of full adders were conducted to study their performance. Simulation results reveal that the hybrid full adder is superior to the DPTL-C2MOS full adder and can be used in low power and high throughput computing systems in the near future.
Ring-Based Quantum Network with Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and Quantum Digital Signature (QDS)
Authors: Ceylan Osman , Yilmaz Ihsan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Quantum technological developments offers a great promise for implementing secure quantum internet. In this study, we propose a ring topology-based quantum network with QKD and QDS for the quantum internet. The combination of QKD and QDS allows both the detection of the intruder and the increase in security in the network. The proposed network has been demonstrated to work by being implemented in the SQUANCH network simulator [1].
Low-compute facial expression recognition using fiducial feature-sets
Authors: Divekar A.V. , Gharpure D.C. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Facial Expression Recognition is an exciting area of affective computing. As mobile and embedded devices become increasingly ubiquitous, exploration of low-compute approaches for facial expression recognition is essential. Facial landmark points are fiducial features that are used to localize and represent salient regions of the face, such as eyes, nose and lips. Any facial expression can be expressed as an activation of facial muscles in specific parts of the face, thereby affecting the locations of the facial landmark points in those parts. This relationship can be captured concretely by deriving appropriate feature-sets from these points. In this paper, an approach for deriving three types of feature-sets from a set of facial landmark points detected on a face is discussed. Such feature-sets are derived for three standard facial expression recognition datasets with labelled expression classes. The derived features-sets are used as inputs for training computationally light machine-learning classifiers, yielding encouraging classification accuracy. These results are presented and discussed with both quantitative and qualitative observations.
UWB dual notch implementation using folded bi-section stepped impedance resonator
Authors: George Thomas , Lethakumary B , Abdul Hakeem M A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This paper proposes a method for dual notch implementation in ultra wideband (UWB) using a simple stepped impedance resonator (SIR). The impedance ratio and electrical length ratio of a bi-section stepped impedance resonator (BSIR) are optimized to have the transmission zeros in the UWB. The high impedance section is folded producing multipath leading to the formation of notches. Transmission zero frequencies are at which the differential phase becomes equal to 180°. Simulations are carried out using ANSOFT HFSS and are fabricated using conventional FR4 PCB board. Prototype developed is tested and the obtained results are used to validate the simulations. Designed filter can be transformed into bandpass filter (BPF) in UWB by enhancing the widths of lower and upper rejection bands.
Comparison of D-Vine and R-Vine Techniques for Virtual Network Embedding Problem
Authors: Satish Preksha , Lingraj Deeksha , Anjan Kumar S , Keerthan Kumar T G 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In Network virtualization, Virtual Network Embedding(VNE) is the process of mapping virtual nodes and links of a virtual network request(VNR) on a substrate network to fulfill the demands of the request. Embedding virtual network requests helps in achieving network virtualization efficiently. This paper presents Vineyard, a set of VN embedding algorithms namely D-Vine and R-Vine, to introduce a finer correlation between the node mapping and link mapping phases. Deterministic Virtual Network Embedding(D-Vine) algorithm is used to embed virtual nodes on to substrate network based on the capacity constraint when it is not satisfied the system takes the Randomised Virtual Network Embedding(R-Vine) algorithm to map the nodes based on location constraint. Subsequently, after the nodes are embedded the link mapping phase is done based on the distance constraint. A window-based virtual embedding algorithm(W-Vine) is also introduced to evaluate the effect of lookahead in Virtual Network Embedding. After the mapping of multiple virtual network requests, analysis is done to compare the node and CPU utilization in both the algorithms and the variations are conserved.
Patient and Caregiver Experiences of Participating in Parkinson’s Disease Clinical Trials: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Studies
Authors: Gorzynska Olivia , McGoohan Katie , Velayudhan Latha 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Older people experience multiple barriers to enrolment in clinical trials. Caregivers play an important role in supporting patients with Parkinson’s disease. Understanding the experiences of patients and caregivers who participate in trials is important to inform the design of future studies and identify problems with recruitment and retention.

Objective
To systematically review and synthesize qualitative studies exploring the experiences of participating in clinical trials from the perspectives of patients with Parkinson’s disease and their caregivers.

Methods
Two reviewers independently searched the following databases: MEDLINE, Embase, PsycInfo, Cochrane, and CINAHL. The reference lists of all selected papers were screened for additional studies. Articles meeting predefined eligibility criteria were included in the synthesis. Methodological quality of each study was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) Qualitative Checklist. Included study findings were synthesized using the principles of thematic analysis.

Results
Eleven studies were included. Five key themes were identified: positive experiences of participating in research, assessment completion, motivators, enablers, and barriers. Positive experiences of participating in studies were linked to social interaction with other patients, building trust with the researchers, and expertise of the research team.

Conclusions
This review supports literature highlighting the important role of caregivers in supporting patients with Parkinson’s disease. Future studies are needed to further examine their perspectives on participating in research.
Seen by a Glance, But Not by a Stare—A Case Study of a Patient With Simultanagnosia
Authors: Morihara Keisuke , Higashiyama Yuichi , Asano Shiori , Matsunaga Yuki , Takahashi Keita , Miyake Ryoko , Tanaka Kenichi , Joki Hideto , Doi Hiroshi , Takeuchi Hideyuki , Tanaka Fumiaki 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objective
Simultanagnosia is a rare neuropsychological symptom characterized by difficulty recognizing global structures while preserving perception of local detail. The condition is classified into ventral and dorsal types. Clinical presentation of ventral simultanagnosia includes a reduced ability to recognize multiple visual stimuli rapidly, that is, part-by-part recognition. Here, we report a case of ventral simultanagnosia with a unique presentation; when short-duration visual stimuli were presented, the patient could perform global recognition by improving his part-by-part approach. To investigate the relationship between local and global perception bias and the duration of the present stimulus, we conducted a visual perception test using hierarchically organized Navon figures.

Methods/Results
The patient was a 62-year-old right-handed man who suffered from cerebral infarction in the right occipitotemporal lobe. He had no language dysfunction but exhibited left unilateral neglect, prosopagnosia, and ventral-type simultanagnosia. We conducted a visual perception test using the Navon figures and control figures as a visual stimulus. We randomly presented the figures for intervals of 0.2 or 20 s and let the patient report all the letters (global and/or local element) that he recognized. Global elements of the Navon letter were recognized a rate of 0% and 78.3% at intervals of 20 and 0.2 s, respectively, indicating that shorter presentation made the part-by-part approach less likely to manifest.

Conclusions
We assumed that the simultanagnosia in this case was caused by failure to maintain the initially perceived global information for a long period of time during visual presentation, due to right occipitotemporal damage.
Habitat fragmentation induces rapid divergence of migratory and isolated sticklebacks
Authors: Ramesh Aparajitha , Groothuis Ton G G , Weissing Franz J , Nicolaus Marion 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe adaptive capacity of many organisms is seriously challenged by human-imposed environmental change, which currently happens at unprecedented rates and magnitudes. For migratory fish, habitat fragmentation is a major challenge that can compromise their survival and reproduction. Therefore, it is important to study if fish populations can adapt to such modifications of their habitat. Here, we study whether originally anadromous three-spined stickleback populations (Gasterosteus aculeatus; “migrants”) changed in behavior and morphology in response to human-induced isolation. We made use of a natural field-experiment, where the construction of pumping stations and sluices in the 1970s unintendedly created replicates of land-locked stickleback populations (“resident”) in the Netherlands. For two years, we systematically tested populations of residents and migrants for differences in morphology and behavioral traits (activity, aggressiveness, exploration, boldness, and shoaling) in lab-based assays. We detected differences between migrant and resident populations in virtually all phenotypic traits studied: compared with the ancestral migrants, residents were smaller in size, had fewer and smaller plates and were significantly more active, aggressive, exploratory and bolder, and shoaled less. Despite large ecological differences between 2018 and 2019, results were largely consistent across the two years. Our study shows that human-induced environmental change has led to the rapid and consistent morphological and behavioral divergence of stickleback populations in about 50 generations. Such changes may be adaptive but this remains to be tested.
The role of the X chromosome in infectious diseases
Authors: Hay Megan , Kumar Vinod , Ricaño-Ponce Isis 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMany infectious diseases in humans present with a sex bias. This bias arises from a combination of environmental factors, hormones and genetics. In this study, we review the contribution of the X chromosome to the genetic factor associated with infectious diseases. First, we give an overview of the X-linked genes that have been described in the context of infectious diseases and group them in four main pathways that seem to be dysregulated in infectious diseases: nuclear factor kappa-B, interleukin 2 and interferon γ cascade, toll-like receptors and programmed death ligand 1. Then, we review the infectious disease associations in existing genome-wide association studies (GWAS) from the GWAS Catalog and the Pan-UK Biobank, describing the main associations and their possible implications for the disease. Finally, we highlight the importance of including the X chromosome in GWAS analysis and the importance of sex-specific analysis.
Anxiety and Depression amongst African-Americans Living in Rural Black Belt Areas of Alabama: Use of Social Determinants of Health Framework
Authors: Lee Hee Yun , Lee Lewis H , Luo Yan , Penmetsa Praveena , Adanu Emmanuel Kofi , Li Xiaobing , Lidbe Abhay , Jones Steven 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The present study utilised the social determinants of health (SDH) framework to see whether indicators of the framework have an impact on anxiety and depression of people living in rural Black Belt communities in Alabama. Data from a convenient sample of 159 African-Americans aged 18 or older were from two sites in rural Alabama. The levels of anxiety and depression were measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ9). Multiple linear regression model was used to examine the association between SDH and anxiety and depression level of participants. The mean PHQ9 score of participants was 5.57 out of twenty-seven. Four SDH were significantly related to PHQ9 levels amongst participants: participants with higher food insecurity scores, higher transportation needs and higher threats to interpersonal safety tended to have higher scores in PHQ9. Moreover, health literacy levels were negatively associated with PHQ9 scores amongst participants. Our study highlights understanding SDH specifically for residents in rural communities that are socially and culturally isolated is important for developing preventive approaches that enhance access to mental health treatments. A comprehensive public health policy that incorporates our study findings is needed for the rural areas of the USA.
Cortical and subcortical pathological burden and neuronal loss in an autopsy series of FTLD-TDP-type C
Authors: Kawles Allegra , Nishihira Yasushi , Feldman Alex , Gill Nathan , Minogue Grace , Keszycki Rachel , Coventry Christina , Spencer Callen , Lilek Jaclyn , Ajroud Kaouther , Coppola Giovanni , Rademakers Rosa , Rogalski Emily , Weintraub Sandra , Zhang Hui , Flanagan Margaret E , Bigio Eileen H , Mesulam M -Marsel , Geula Changiz , Mao Qinwen , Gefen Tamar 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe TDP-43 type C pathological form of frontotemporal lobar degeneration is characterized by the presence of immunoreactive TDP-43 short and long dystrophic neurites, neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions, neuronal loss and gliosis and the absence of neuronal intranuclear inclusions. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration-TDP-type C cases are commonly associated with the semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia or behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia. Here, we provide detailed characterization of regional distributions of pathological TDP-43 and neuronal loss and gliosis in cortical and subcortical regions in 10 TDP-type C cases and investigate the relationship between inclusions and neuronal loss and gliosis. Specimens were obtained from the first 10 TDP-type C cases accessioned from the Northwestern Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center (semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia, n = 7; behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia, n = 3). A total of 42 cortical (majority bilateral) and subcortical regions were immunostained with a phosphorylated TDP-43 antibody and/or stained with haematoxylin–eosin. Regions were evaluated for atrophy, and for long dystrophic neurites, short dystrophic neurites, neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions, and neuronal loss and gliosis using a semiquantitative 5-point scale. We calculated a ‘neuron-to-inclusion’ score (TDP-type C mean score – neuronal loss and gliosis mean score) for each region per case to assess the relationship between TDP-type C inclusions and neuronal loss and gliosis. Primary progressive aphasia cases demonstrated leftward asymmetry of cortical atrophy consistent with the aphasic phenotype. We also observed abundant inclusions and neurodegeneration in both cortical and subcortical regions, with certain subcortical regions emerging as particularly vulnerable to dystrophic neurites (e.g. amygdala, caudate and putamen). Interestingly, linear mixed models showed that regions with lowest TDP-type C pathology had high neuronal dropout, and conversely, regions with abundant pathology displayed relatively preserved neuronal densities (P &lt; 0.05). This inverse relationship between the extent of TDP-positive inclusions and neuronal loss may reflect a process whereby inclusions disappear as their associated neurons are lost. Together, these findings offer insight into the putative substrates of neurodegeneration in unique dementia syndromes.
Brain regions that support accurate speech production after damage to Broca’s area
Authors: Lorca-Puls Diego L , Gajardo-Vidal Andrea ,   PLORAS Team, Oberhuber Marion , Prejawa Susan , Hope Thomas M H , Leff Alexander P , Green David W , Price Cathy J 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Broca’s area in the posterior half of the left inferior frontal gyrus has traditionally been considered an important node in the speech production network. Nevertheless, recovery of speech production has been reported, to different degrees, within a few months of damage to Broca’s area. Importantly, contemporary evidence suggests that, within Broca’s area, its posterior part (i.e. pars opercularis) plays a more prominent role in speech production than its anterior part (i.e. pars triangularis). In this study, we therefore investigated the brain activation patterns that underlie accurate speech production following stroke damage to the opercular part of Broca’s area. By combining functional MRI and 13 tasks that place varying demands on speech production, brain activation was compared in (i) seven patients of interest with damage to the opercular part of Broca’s area; (ii) 55 neurologically intact controls; and (iii) 28 patient controls with left-hemisphere damage that spared Broca’s area. When producing accurate overt speech responses, the patients with damage to the left pars opercularis activated a substantial portion of the normal bilaterally distributed system. Within this system, there was a lesion-site-dependent effect in a specific part of the right cerebellar Crus I where activation was significantly higher in the patients with damage to the left pars opercularis compared to both neurologically intact and patient controls. In addition, activation in the right pars opercularis was significantly higher in the patients with damage to the left pars opercularis relative to neurologically intact controls but not patient controls (after adjusting for differences in lesion size). By further examining how right Crus I and right pars opercularis responded across a range of conditions in the neurologically intact controls, we suggest that these regions play distinct roles in domain-general cognitive control. Finally, we show that enhanced activation in the right pars opercularis cannot be explained by release from an inhibitory relationship with the left pars opercularis (i.e. dis-inhibition) because right pars opercularis activation was positively related to left pars opercularis activation in neurologically intact controls. Our findings motivate and guide future studies to investigate (i) how exactly right Crus I and right pars opercularis support accurate speech production after damage to the opercular part of Broca’s area and (ii) whether non-invasive neurostimulation to one or both of these regions boosts speech production recovery after damage to the opercular part of Broca’s area.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Menopause Are Independently Associated With Lower Bone Mineral Density: Results From the Women’s Interagency HIV Study
Authors: Sharma Anjali , Hoover Donald R , Shi Qiuhu , Tien Phyllis C , Weber Kathleen M , Shah Jayesh G , Yin Michael T 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
We previously reported lower bone mineral density (BMD) among premenopausal women with HIV (WWH) compared to women without HIV (HIV−). Rate of bone loss may be even greater for WWH during the menopausal transition.

Methods
Pre-, peri- and postmenopausal women in the Women\'s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) underwent whole body DXA and central quantitative computed tomography to measure areal BMD (aBMD) and volumetric BMD (vBMD), respectively. Multivariable regression models with covariates associated with low aBMD (T score &lt; −1.0) in univariate analyses (P≤.05) and known risk factors for low BMD assessed contributions of HIV and menopausal stage to the prediction of aBMD.

Results
Compared to HIV− women, in unadjusted analyses, WWH had 5–9% lower aBMD at the lumbar spine (P=.001), femoral neck (P=.04), total hip (P=.003) and the ultradistal radius (P=.004), and higher osteoporosis prevalence (T score&lt;−2.5) at the ultradistal radius only (13.5% vs 0%, P=.0003). WWH also had lower vBMD at the spine and hip. In fully adjusted models, HIV independently predicted reduced aBMD at the lumbar spine, total hip, femoral neck, and ultradistal radius; menopausal stage remained a significant predictor of lumbar spine and ultradistal radius aBMD.

Conclusions
HIV infection and menopausal stage were independent predictors of lower BMD, and had an additive effect on lumbar spine and total hip BMD. Additional research is needed to better understand underlying mechanisms by which HIV impacts BMD as women age and transition through menopause, and develop strategies to mitigate osteoporosis and fracture risk in this growing population.