bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Positive deviance for promoting dual-method contraceptive use among women in Uganda: a cluster randomised controlled trial
Authors: Kosugi Hodaka , Shibanuma Akira , Kiriya Junko , Ong Ken Ing Cherng , Mucunguzi Stephen , Muzoora Conrad , Jimba Masamine 
Published: August 2021

ObjectiveTo examine the effects of a positive deviance intervention on dual-method contraceptive use among married or in-union women.DesignOpen-label cluster randomised controlled trial.Setting20 health facilities in Mbarara District, Uganda.Participants960 married or in-union women aged 18–49 years using a non-barrier modern contraceptive method.InterventionsA combination of clinic-based and telephone-based counselling and a 1-day participatory workshop, which were developed based on a preliminary qualitative study of women practising dual-method contraception.Primary outcome measureDual-method contraceptive use at the last sexual intercourse and its consistent use in the 2 months prior to each follow-up. These outcomes were measured based on participants’ self-reports, and the effect of intervention was assessed using a mixed-effects logistic regression model.ResultsMore women in the intervention group used dual-method contraception at the last sexual intercourse at 2 months (adjusted OR (AOR)=4.12; 95% CI 2.02 to 8.39) and 8 months (AOR=2.16; 95% CI 1.06 to 4.41) than in the control group. At 4 and 6 months, however, the proportion of dual-method contraceptive users was not significantly different between the two groups. Its consistent use was more prevalent in the intervention group than in the control group at 2 months (AOR=14.53; 95% CI 3.63 to 58.13), and this intervention effect lasted throughout the follow-up period.ConclusionsThe positive deviance intervention increased dual-method contraceptive use among women, and could be effective at reducing the dual risk of unintended pregnancies and HIV infections. This study demonstrated that the intervention targeting only women can change behaviours of couples to practise dual-method contraception. Because women using non-barrier modern contraceptives may be more reachable than men, interventions targeting such women should be recommended.Trial registration numberUMIN000037065.
Effect of interventions for the well-being, satisfaction and flourishing of general practitioners—a systematic review
Authors: Naehrig Diana , Schokman Aaron , Hughes Jessica Kate , Epstein Ronald , Hickie Ian B , Glozier Nick 
Published: August 2021

ObjectivesClinician well-being has been recognised as an important pillar of healthcare. However, research mainly addresses mitigating the negative aspects of stress or burnout, rather than enabling positive aspects. With the added strain of a pandemic, identifying how best to maintain and support the well-being, satisfaction and flourishing of general practitioners (GPs) is now more important than ever.DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesWe searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, CINAHL and Scopus from 2000 to 2020.Study selectionIntervention studies with more than 50% GPs in the sample evaluating self-reported well-being, satisfaction and related positive outcomes were included. The Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool was applied.ResultsWe retrieved 14 792 records, 94 studies underwent full-text review. We included 19 studies in total. Six randomised controlled trials, three non-randomised, controlled trials, eight non-controlled studies of individual or organisational interventions with a total of 1141 participants. There were two quasi-experimental articles evaluating health system policy change. Quantitative and qualitative positive outcomes were extracted and analysed. Individual mindfulness interventions were the most common (k=9) with medium to large within-group (0.37–1.05) and between-group (0.5–1.5) effect sizes for mindfulness outcomes, and small-to-medium effect sizes for other positive outcomes including resilience, compassion and empathy. Studies assessing other intervention foci or other positive outcomes (including well-being, satisfaction) were of limited size and quality.ConclusionsThere is remarkably little evidence on how to improve GPs well-being beyond using mindfulness interventions, particularly for interventions addressing organisational or system factors. This was further undermined by inconsistent reporting, and overall high risk of bias. We need to conduct research in this space with the same rigour with which we approach clinical intervention studies in patients.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020164699.Funding sourceDr Diana Naehrig is funded through the Raymond Seidler PhD scholarship.
Hallux valgus orthosis characteristics and effectiveness: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Authors: Kwan Mei-Ying , Yick Kit-Lun , Yip Joanne , Tse Chi-Yung 
Published: August 2021

ObjectiveThe treatment effect of orthoses for hallux valgus (HV) is unclear with little interventional studies, the design involves multiple complex factors, and therefore a systematic analysis with meta-analysis is necessary. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to determine whether current foot orthoses are effective in treating HV.DesignSystematic review with meta-analysis.Data sourcesElectronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Cinahl and Medline) are searched up to February 2020.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesInterventional studies with content focus on HV orthosis design and any of the outcomes related to effectiveness for treating HV are included. The standardised mean differences are calculated. The risk of bias in included studies is assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration’s risk of bias tools.ResultsIn total, 2066 articles are identified. Among them, nine are selected and quality rated, and data are extracted and closely examined. A meta-analysis is conducted, where appropriate. The main causes of potential bias are missing outcome data and outcome measurement error. The results show that orthosis with a toe separator has the best effect of correcting the HV angle (standardised mean difference: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.189 to 0.803).ConclusionThe orthoses design with a toe separator or an element that allows for the foot anatomic alignment is critical for reducing the HV angle and relieving foot pain. The results contribute to a better selection of treatment for patients.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021260403.
General practitioners’ (GPs) understanding and views on breast density in Australia: a qualitative interview study
Authors: Nickel Brooke , Dolan Hankiz , Carter Stacy , Houssami Nehmat , Brennan Meagan , Hersch Jolyn , Kaderbhai Alia , McCaffery Kirsten 
Published: August 2021

ObjectivesTo understand general practitioners’ (GPs’) awareness and knowledge of mammographic breast density (BD) and their perspectives around information and potential notification of BD for women.DesignQualitative study using semistructured telephone interviews. Interviews were audiorecorded, transcribed and analysed using framework analysis.SettingAustralia.ParticipantsAustralian GPs (n=30).ResultsGPs had limited knowledge of BD and little experience discussing BD with women. There were mixed views on notification of BD with some GPs believing this information would help informed decision making about breast health and that women have the right to know any information about their bodies. While others were concerned about causing unnecessary anxiety and were worried about the uncertainty about what to advise women to do with this information, particularly in relation to supplemental breast screening. The need for an equitable system where all women are either notified or not, and also provided with publicly funded supplemental screening was raised by GPs. Overall, there was high interest in education, training and support around the topic of BD.ConclusionsAustralian GPs require education, support and evidence-based guidelines to have discussions with women with dense breasts and help manage their risk, especially if widespread notification is to be introduced in population-based screening programmes.
10-year trend of tooth loss and associated factors in a Japanese population-based longitudinal study
Authors: Furuta Michiko , Takeuchi Kenji , Takeshita Toru , Shibata Yukie , Suma Shino , Kageyama Shinya , Asakawa Mikari , Hata Jun , Yoshida Daigo , Shimazaki Yoshihiro , Ninomiya Toshiharu , Yamashita Yoshihisa 
Published: August 2021

ObjectivesWe examined the trend in the number of missing teeth in a Japanese community over a 10-year period and the potential associated explanatory factors.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingA population-based study conducted in 2007, 2012 and 2017 in Japan (Hisayama Study).ParticipantsResidents of a Japanese community aged 40–79 years undergoing dental examination in 2007 (n=2665), 2012 (n=2325) and 2017 (n=2285).Outcome measuresThe number of missing teeth, periodontal condition, dental caries experience, dental plaque index and oral health behaviours were evaluated each year. The longitudinal analysis of variation in these factors were assessed using mixed models.ResultsThe age-adjusted and sex-adjusted mean number of missing teeth decreased with time (6.80 in 2007, 6.01 in 2012 and 4.99 in 2017). The mean clinical attachment level (CAL), prevalence of periodontitis and dental plaque index decreased over the study period, while dental caries experience slightly increased. The level of oral health behaviour increased over time. Poisson mixed models showed that changes in mean CAL and dental caries experience were positively associated with the change in the number of missing teeth over time. Linear mixed models showed that changes in dental plaque index and no regular dental visit were positively associated with changes in mean CAL.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that a decreasing trend regarding the number of missing teeth in Japan might be associated with improvements in the periodontal condition due to changes in oral hygiene level and oral health behaviour.
Exposure to persistent organic pollutants and thyroid cancer risk: a study protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Zhang Yu Xue , Liu Yu Peng , Miao Su Sheng , Liu Xiao Dong , Ma Shu Mei , Qu Zhang Yi 
Published: August 2021

IntroductionThe thyroid cancer incidence has been increasing all over the world. However, the aetiology of thyroid cancer remains unclear. A growing body of evidence suggested exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) may play a role in the initiation of thyroid cancer, but the results are generally inconsistent across studies. This review aims to synthesise the evidence for the health effects of POPs on the risk of thyroid cancer.Methods and analysisThis protocol was reported in accordance to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA) statements. A comprehensive search, including electronic database search (eg, PubMed, Embase, ProQuest and CNKI), website search and manual search, will be performed to identify all eligible studies. The Population, Exposure, Comparator and Outcome framework was used to clarify the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale will be used to assess the quality of included studies. Maximally adjusted effect estimates from individual studies will be summarised with random-effect models in a conservative manner.I2statistics and Q-tests will be used to test the heterogeneity across studies. We will perform extensive sensitivity analyses, such as confounding risk ratio (confounding), E-value, fixed-effect models, excluding the most relatively weighted study, including only the high-quality studies and many predesigned subgroup analyses, etc. The findings will be reported in accordance to the PRISMA guidelines.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required in this systematic review of published literatures. The results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at relevant conferences.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020181343.
Estimation of the economic burden of COVID-19 using disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and productivity losses in Kerala, India: a model-based analysis
Authors: John Denny , Narassima M S , Menon Jaideep , Rajesh Jammy Guru , Banerjee Amitava 
Published: August 2021

ObjectivesFrom the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, clinical practice and research globally have centred on the prevention of transmission and treatment of the disease. The pandemic has had a huge impact on the economy and stressed healthcare systems worldwide. The present study estimates disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), years of potential productive life lost (YPPLL) and cost of productivity lost (CPL) due to premature mortality and absenteeism secondary to COVID-19 in the state of Kerala, India.SettingDetails on sociodemographics, incidence, death, quarantine, recovery time, etc were derived from public sources and the Collective for Open Data Distribution-Keralam. The working proportion for 5-year age–gender cohorts and the corresponding life expectancy were obtained from the 2011 Census of India.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe impact of the disease was computed through model-based analysis on various age–gender cohorts. Sensitivity analysis was conducted by adjusting six variables across 21 scenarios. We present two estimates, one until 15 November 2020 and later updated to 10 June 2021.ResultsSeverity of infection and mortality were higher among the older cohorts, with men being more susceptible than women in most subgroups. DALYs for males and females were 15 954.5 and 8638.4 until 15 November 2020, and 83 853.0 and 56 628.3 until 10 June 2021. The corresponding YPPLL were 1323.57 and 612.31 until 15 November 2020, and 6993.04 and 3811.57 until 10 June 2021, and the CPL (premature mortality) were 263 780 579.94 and 41 836 001.82 until 15 November 2020, and 1 419 557 903.76 and 278 275 495.29 until 10 June 2021.ConclusionsMost of the COVID-19 burden was contributed by years of life lost. Losses due to YPPLL were reduced as the impact of COVID-19 infection was lesser among the productive cohorts. The CPL values for individuals aged 40–49 years old were the highest. These estimates provide the data necessary for policymakers to work on reducing the economic burden of COVID-19 in Kerala.
Income support programmes for the older adults in South Asia: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Rajwar Eti , Pundir Prachi , Parsekar Shradha S , Venkatesh Bhumika Tumkur , Vogt Tobias 
Published: August 2021

IntroductionSouth Asian countries are ageing and experiencing a rapid increase in proportion of the older population. Income support programmes are of central importance for the older adults as they may help to mitigate the poverty risks associated with ageing and losing the ability to generate income from labour. Evidence related to the income support programmes can help in understanding whether the programmes have been impactful. This scoping review will map the evidence (and gaps) related to income support programmes and create a base to identify the feasibility of future primary research and/or the scope of systematic reviews in the areas where evidence is available.Methods and analysisThe Joanna Briggs Institute scoping review methodology will be followed. Eligibility criteria for the scoping review will be based on the ‘PCC’ or the ‘Population–Concept–Context’ concept. Advanced search for the relevant articles will be conducted in MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase, Scopus, Campbell Collaboration, 3ie International Initiative for Impact Evaluation and Web of Science. Additional resources search will be conducted in important organisational websites. Findings of the scoping review will be summarised using descriptive information (frequencies and percentages) for the available evidence on concept (ie, income support programmes), population characteristics and other study variables.Ethics and disseminationThe review is based on data from available literature, hence an ethical approval is not necessary. With this review, we attempt to provide recommendations to the research community and the policymakers about the currently available evidence and the research required for income support of older adults in South Asia, so that resources can be directed towards addressing the same. We plan to disseminate the findings through presentation in international conference and publication in a peer-reviewed journal.Review registrationNot registered.
Stool specimen for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in adults: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Sultana Saima , Ansar Adnan , Saif-Ur-Rahman K M 
Published: August 2021

IntroductionTuberculosis (TB) continues to be a significant health burden, most commonly affecting the lungs and referred to as pulmonary TB (PTB). Diagnostic techniques of PTB primarily rely on expectorated sputum samples. However, the diagnostic yields are often hindered due to insufficient volume and quality of the sputum specimens. Moreover, some individuals are unable to provide sputum samples due to scanty sputum production or difficulty in coughing up and require an invasive procedure to obtain a respiratory sample, such as bronchoscopic or gastric aspiration. Thus, challenges in the acquisition of respiratory specimens warrant an alternate specimen. Therefore, this systematic review aims to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of a stool specimen for the diagnosis of PTB in adults.Methods and analysisWe will search MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), Web of Science and Cochrane database from inception to April 2021 using a comprehensive search strategy. Two reviewers will independently perform screening, data extraction and quality assessment. The risk of bias assessment and applicability of results of eligible studies will be performed using the Quality of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool. Bivariate random-effects models will be performed to calculate pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ratio and diagnostic odds ratio along with 95% CI of stool specimen for each reported diagnostic method against any of the reference standard test (ie, mycobacterial culture or smear microscopy or Xpert assay using respiratory specimens). Heterogeneity between studies will be assessed by I2statistics and Q statistic of the χ2test.Ethics and disseminationThe results will be disseminated through publishing in a peer-reviewed medical journal and public presentations in relevant national and international conferences. As this is a systematic review of publicly available data, ethics approval is not required.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021245203.
Soft photon radiation and entanglement
Authors: Irakleous Anastasios , Tomaras Theodore N. , Toumbas Nicolaos 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe study the entanglement between soft and hard particles produced in generic scattering processes in QED. The reduced density matrix for the hard particles, obtained via tracing over the entire spectrum of soft photons, is shown to have a large eigenvalue, which governs the behavior of the Renyi entropies and of the non-analytic part of the entanglement entropy at low orders in perturbation theory. The leading perturbative entanglement entropy is logarithmically IR divergent. The coefficient of the IR divergence exhibits certain universality properties, irrespectively of the dressing of the asymptotic charged particles and the detailed properties of the initial state. In a certain kinematical limit, the coefficient is proportional to the cusp anomalous dimension in QED. For Fock basis computations associated with two-electron scattering, we derive an exact expression for the large eigenvalue of the density matrix in terms of hard scattering amplitudes, which is valid at any finite order in perturbation theory. As a result, the IR logarithmic divergences appearing in the expressions for the Renyi and entanglement entropies persist at any finite order of the perturbative expansion. To all orders, however, the IR logarithmic divergences exponentiate, rendering the large eigenvalue of the density matrix IR finite. The all-orders Renyi entropies (per unit time, per particle flux), which are shown to be proportional to the total inclusive cross-section in the initial state, are also free of IR divergences. The entanglement entropy, on the other hand, retains non-analytic, logarithmic behavior with respect to the size of the box (which provides the IR cutoff) even to all orders in perturbation theory.
Improved blattoid insect and conchostracan zonation for the Late Carboniferous, Pennsylvanian, of Euramerica
Authors: Schneider Joerg W. , Scholze Frank , Ross Andrew J. , Blake Bascombe M. , Lucas Spencer G. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
For the biostratigraphy of mixed continental-marine and purely continental sections in the palaeotropical belt of Euramerica, 9 insect and 8 conchostracan zones are newly defined or improved. These zones encompass the time interval from the Early Pennsylvanian (middle Bashkirian) up into the early Permian (early Asselian) of the Euramercian biotic province. They are linked as much as possible to the marine Standard Global Chronostrigraphic Scale by common occurrences of insects and/or conchostracans with conodonts in mixed marine-continental sections as well as by the thus far available and reliable radioisotopic ages of associated volcanic rocks. This insect and conchostracan zonation is an alternative tool to the well-established macro-plant biostratigraphy of the Pennsylvanian. In contrast to the latter, only single specimens of insects or conchostracans, even if more rare than plant remains, allow biostratigraphic dating with a similar high temporal resolution.
Controls on sediment distribution in a volcanically-affected basin: insights from the Ethiopian Flood Basalt Province
Authors: Passey Simon R. , McLean Charlotte Elizabeth , Ayalew Dereje 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This study provides a comprehensive examination of the Oligocene–Miocene Ethiopian Flood Basalt Province (EFBP) within the Blue Nile (Abay) Basin (BNB), Ethiopia. Extensive logging through 29 new sections has enabled an updated stratigraphic account of the BNB to be elucidated and reveals the significance of intravolcanic sedimentary systems within the EFBP. Five sub- and intra-volcanic surfaces were modelled using spot heights to generate isopach maps that were used to constrain the thickness variations within the stratigraphy. Additionally, lineaments, Strahler stream segments and volcanic cones were mapped out from digital elevation models (SRTM DEM) and satellite data (ASTER and LANDSAT 8 imagery). These data were used in conjunction with the isopach maps to better understand the basinal controls on the distribution of intravolcanic sedimentary systems within the BNB. The study reveals how NNE and ESE/SE structural trends have influenced the distribution of volcanoes within the basin, which has in turn disrupted the distribution and lithofacies architecture of the volcanic sequences. The presence of intrabasinal ridges parallel to the major structural trends are also revealed, which formed relatively short-lived drainage divides. The implications of these intrabasinal highs on the composition and the reservoir potential of intravolcanic sedimentary successions are discussed.