bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation of etching time on formation of porous silicon on p-type Si (111) using electrochemical anodization method
Authors: Sehati  , Wijayanti S , Suryana R 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Porous silicon (PSi) has been formed on p-type Si (111) substrates using electrochemical anodization method. Silicon surfaces were anodized in HF (40%) dan ethanol (96%) solution with a ratio of 1:1. Anodization time was varied at 6, 8, 10 and 12 min with current density was maintained constant at 80 mA/cm2. Platinum foil was as a cathode while silicon was as an anode with a distance of 5 cm. The optical reflectance of the sample was determined using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer and surface morphology was observed using AFM. AFM’s images could determine the depth, width and roughness of PSi. The reflectance of PSi on Si (111) decreased with increasing the etching time. It indicated that many photons were trapped inside the porous. AFM images confirmed that the depth, the width, and the roughness of PSi increased with the increasing of the etching time. It is considered that the etching direction worked in the vertical and horizontal ways.
Natural magnetite characterization from beach sand prepared by using planetary ball milling
Authors: Jalil Zulkarnain , Novita Sari Eva , Ismail Ismail , Muhammad  , Nizar Machmud M. , Handoko Erfan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper, the mineral composition and magnetic behavior of nano magnetite (Fe3O4) extracted from beach were studied. The beach sand was collected from the Gampong Dayah coastal area, Banda Aceh and prepared by mechanical alloying method. The mineral compositions were investigated by XRD and XRF analysis tests. The XRF test showed that the sand mostly contain Fe3O4 in association with other isomorphous impurities, such as SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3 and some others minor minerals in varying proportions. Compare to XRD results, it was consistent with XRF, the phase compositions are mainly magnetite (Fe3O4). The XRD revealed that magnetite is the major mineral components in the Syiah Kuala sand. The electron microscope (SEM) identification showed the fine crystalline structure and the main morphology was micro-crystalline or agglomerate forms. The magnetic properties of the samples after milling showed there has been increasing in coercivity (Hc) and remanent (Br), while magnetic saturation (Ms) was decreased.
The effect of addition of vegetable waste on microbial fuel cell performance
Authors: Mulyono T , Misto  , Nasifatul S M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In the past few years the fuel cell has become the centre of attention of the scientific community for the possibility of converting organic waste into electricity directly through redox reactions with the help of bacteria or enzymes. The purpose of this study was to determine the value of MFC performance due to the influence of adding vegetable waste. The soil media used is obtained from agricultural areas. The system used in the MFC is a single chamber of a vessel with a volume of 500 mL. The types of electrodes used are carbon fibres with anode thickness of 0.5 cm and cathode 1.0 cm, as well as anode diameter of 8.0 cm and cathode 8.5 cm. Vegetable wastes were given 5 mg / L each in the MFC single chamber. The results showed that the highest power was generated from a microbial fuel cell with spinach vegetable waste. The power produced is 250 mW (49 mW/cm2). The incubation period for MFC can reach 30 days. Variation of the second rinse with a concentration of 499 ppm will have a pH value having a pretty good linear correlation of 0.9536 to the more electric power generated. The power produced by the MFC 6 series circuit is 1.00 mW, while the power generated by the parallel series is 0.831mW.
Cyclotron-based rhenium-186 production using proton beam of up to 50 MeV
Authors: Kambali I 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Rhenium-186 (186Re) radioisotope has been suggested for palliative radiotherapy of bone metastic cancer patients and radiosynovectomy in nuclear medicine. Currently 186Re has been mostly produced using neutron activation in nuclear reactors, whereas cyclotron-based production has not been well explored. In this paper, we theoretically propose cyclotron-based proton beams of up to 50 MeV for 186Re production. By Employing the TALYS 2017 codes, we calculated nuclear cross-section for (p, n) nuclear reaction and then buit Matlab codes for the End-of-Bombardment (EOB) yield calculations of 186W(p, n)186Re nuclear reaction while the predicted impurities were calculated for (p, 2n), (p, np), (p,α) and (p, d) nuclear reactions respectively. The TALYS calculated cross-sections indicated that the threshold energy for 186W(p, n)186Re nuclear reaction is 8 MeV. The maximum calculated EOB yield for 186W(p, n)186Re reaction at 50 MeV was 93.64 kBq/µAh which agreed with experimental data published elsewhere. The threshold energies for the (p,2n), (p, np), (p,α) and (p, d) were 7.58, 7.23, 2.0 and 4.99 MeV respectively. In addition, two radionuclides, i.e. 185W and 183mRe as well as two stable isotopes, i.e. 185Re and 184W were predicted to be the main impurities in the 186Re production. This study can be used as a reference for future 186Re production when proton beams of up to 50 MeV are employed.
Electric Field Investigation for Ag Nanosquare Blood Cancer Sensor with Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) Simulation
Authors: Farahdina U , Zulfa V Z , Firdhaus M , Endarko E , Rubiyanto A , Nasori N 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Blood carrying more leukocytes can induce differences in electrical and magnetic properties. This work describes the effect of leukocyte concentration on the distribution of electric fields. The finite difference time domain approach of electric field distribution using normal blood and leukocyte has been analyzed. The electric field in the blood and leukocytes have the same peak at a wavelength of 400nm. Ag nanosquare with dimensions of 350×350nm2 in blood and leukocyte medium has a different maximum electric field of 7.35 × 10−7V/m with a peak wavelength difference of 0.22nm. The results of this work are beneficial to expected and provide an interpretation of blood cancer detection using an Ag nanosquare arrays sensor.
Supersymmetric solutions of D-dimensional dirac equation for woods-saxon potential in minimal length formalism
Authors: Suparmi A , Akbar J , Cari C 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe obtain the energy eigenvalues and radial wave functions of the D-Dimensional Dirac equation in the case of spin symmetry for Woods-Saxon potential in minimal length formalism. The radial part of the D-Dimensional Dirac equation is solved by applied the supersymmetric quantum mechanics method using the Pekeris approximation to deal with the centrifugal term. The behavior of bound-state energy eigenvalues versus dimension and also quantum number is discussed for various minimal length parameters.
Research on risk prevention and control strategy of power grid CPS system based on intrusion tolerance
Authors: Li Zhanjun , Hu Bo , Lu Tianqi , Wei Yuxi , Zhao Qingqi , Duan Zhiyuan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper, an information-physical risk prevention and control framework based on intrusion tolerance technology is proposed, which is a multi-stage in-depth defense system for the risk interaction mechanism and evolution process in the power information-physical fusion system, the aim of this paper is to improve the survivability of the system under attack and minimize the loss caused by the risk through multi-phase defense strategy. At the same time, according to the phase characteristics of risk propagation in CPS, a safe operation state transition model considering intrusion tolerance is established. In order to contain the critical failure events in the risk evolution process of the information-physics fusion system, according to the risk development characteristics of the information-physics system under attack, this paper presents a self-organized critical state identification method, which integrates the characteristics of physical network power flow and information network traffic flow, in order to identify the critical nides that make CPS system enter the self-organized critical state under network attack. Finally, according to the characteristics of CPS dependent network structure and the self-organized critical characteristics of risk evolution, the protection strategies of strengthening the protection of key nodes, adjusting the coupling state of dependent edges and adding autonomous nodes are formulated, by considering the decision-making model of risk prevention and control strategy in the game of attack and defense, the current defense resources are reasonably allocated.
Effect of different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on Cadmium absorption of Sedum aizoon L
Authors: Peng Sihan , Ma Yaoqing , Zhong Yufeng , Xia Tianqi , He Zhongqun 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of different arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on Cadmium (Cd) uptake of Sedum aizoon L.. Under Cd stress, five AM fungi (GMA, GM, GV, BEG167, BEG168) were inoculated to Sedum aizoon L. at 10 mg⋅kg−1 Cd concentration, and the growth, physiological indexes and Cd accumulation of Sedum aizoon L. under different treatments were measured. The results showed that: GMA fungi significantly increased the growth and biomass of Sedum aizoon L.; GMA and GM fungi significantly increased the proline content of Sedum aizoon L.; GMA and BEG168 fungi significantly reduced the Cd content of roots, stems and leaves. Therefore, under the Cd stress, inoculating GMA fungi can not only significantly improve the growth, biomass, but also significantly reduce the content of Cd in various parts of Sedum aizoon L., which has a certain value in practical production.
Analysis on Electromagnetic Environment from 750 kV Transformer Substation in Gansu Power Network
Authors: Gao Shigang , Chang Guohua , Chen Honggang , Li Wei 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In order to understand the influence of 750 kV power transmission and transformation project on electromagnetic radiation of surrounding environment, the data of electric field intensity, magnetic field intensity and noise from 750 kV substation equipment transmission and transformation system in some areas of Gansu Province were monitored and analyzed. The results showed that the areas near circuit breaker, switch and reactance in the power transmission system were the main areas producing high electric field intensity. The electric field intensity near the circuit breaker is the highest in substation equipment, with the average value of 12.40 ± 1.25 kV/m, while the main noise producing area is near the reactor. The study could provide scientific basis for environmental assessment and prevention of ultrahigh voltage power transmission projects.
Study on upgrading and engineering design of leachate treatment facilities in a landfill in Beijing
Authors: Ke Li , Lu Yan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper systematically introduces the technical route and engineering design practice of upgrading and reconstruction of a landfill leachate treatment station in Beijing. The Water balance tank+ Two-stage A/O external MBR+ Nanofiltration+ Reverse osmosis process is adopted to realize that the effluent quality of landfill leachate treatment meets the requirements of B emission limits in Table 1 of Beijing local standard DB11/307-2013, which can provide reference for engineering design and research on the selection of technical route for upgrading landfill leachate treatment.
Research progress on treatment technology of waste incineration fly ash
Authors: Liu Zhe , Ren Xiaohan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Incineration is an important way of garbage disposal. The fly ash is a kind of hazardous waste, which is rich in heavy metals, dioxins and other harmful substances. At present, the main treatment and disposal technologies of fly ash include stabilization and solidification, chemical treatment, safe landfill and resource treatment. At present, the main treatment technologies have their own advantages and disadvantages. This paper summarizes the treatment and disposal methods of fly ash based on the research status at home and abroad. Among them, resource-based treatment is the main research direction in the future. It is urgent to study clean and efficient treatment technology suitable for China.
Design of Yunnan Province Soil Environmental Quality Monitoring and Analysis Platform Based on WebGIS
Authors: Xu Wenjie , Liang Hong , Luo Wei , Kang Xiaolin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The state and government departments will produce a large amount of soil survey data in the process of soil environmental pollution investigation. The format of soil data has diversified and multi-scale spatial characteristics. Due to the lack of a unified soil environmental pollution management platform in Yunnan Province, the storage of soil survey data is disorderly and messy. The data cannot be well-informed and scientifically analyzed, resulting in the inability to provide accurate and comprehensive soil environmental quality for all levels of government management data. In order to effectively solve this problem, taking soil heavy metal pollution survey sampling points in Yunnan Province as an example, this paper uses web geographic information systems (GIS) technology to design a set of soil environmental monitoring and analysis platforms that describe data sources, data collection, data analysis and visualization. The platform has established a scientific and rigorous data analysis method, which can uniformly convert and store historically scattered data and conduct unified management and analysis of survey data.
Optimization of Extraction Process for Total Flavonoids of Lycium Barbarum by Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Na An , Lihui Wang 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
To optimize the Soxhlet extraction technology for total flavonoids of lycium barbarum by response surface methodology (RSM). Methods: On the base of single factor experiments, liquid to solid ratio, particle size and extraction time were selected as the main factors, with the extraction capacity as the response values, RSM was used to optimize the Soxhlet extraction process. Results: Optimal parameters were as follows: the particle size was 70 meshes. liquid to solid ratio was 17.59 ml/g, extraction time was 2.47hours. Under these conditions, the extraction capacity was 14.57 mg/g on average, and the experimental values agreed with the predicted values. Conclusion: This optimized extraction technology for total flavonoids of lycium barbarum is stable, feasible and reasonable, and with high accuracy, which could could guide the applications of production.
Multistage Acid-fracturing Increases the Dolomite Production in High Temperature Deep Horizontal Well
Authors: Che Mingguang , Wang Yonghui , Zhou Changlin , Wang Meng , Liu Fei , Fu Haifeng , Dong Kai 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Sinian dolomite reservoirs in Southwest Oil and Gas Field, China, are characterized by HTHP, high stress, low porosity and permeability, large thickness, and presence of natural fractures and holes. Highly deviated well multistage acid fracturing can help expand the contacting area between wellbore and reservoir, thereby increasing the well production. Through experiments, acid fracturing simulations, staging optimization and field applications, some conclusions were obtained. Large-scale physical modelling experiments and numerical simulations show that, given the high horizontal stress difference, presence of natural fractures, can induce a complex fractures networks. The acid systems with different viscosities, such as self-generating acid, gelled acid and diverting acid, are optimized to, in conjunction with highrate injection and temporary diverting, improve the stimulated reservoir volume and conductivity of acid-fractures in the dolomite reservoirs. The combination of mechanical packers and sliding sleeves facilitate the effective isolation of HTHP dolomite reservoir. The positions of the sliding sleeves are designed according to the high-quality reservoir intervals determined by logging interpretation. The lateral of deviated well is 480m-970m long and stimulated by acid fracturing in 3-6 stages. The post-fracturing tracer testing proves the effectiveness of isolation. This technology was applied for 6 wells, with a daily gas production of (21–110) × 104m3/d after acid fracturing. It provides a new method to increase the production of highly deviated wells or horizontal wells in deep carbonate reservoirs.
Risk Analysis and Emergency Response to Marine Oil Spill Environmental Pollution
Authors: Chenhao Jin , Yupeng Xu 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The offshore petroleum industry operates in a harsh environment, which poses a great safety risk and accident rescue difficulty. With the increasing volume of world offshore oil transportation and the vigorous development of the offshore oil exploration and development business, the number of marine oil spill accidents has increased significantly, which will cause huge pollution to the marine ecological environment and also attract widespread attention from the media and the public. This paper mainly analyzes the risk of marine oil spill pollution accidents in terms of causes, characteristics and hazards, and proposes specific measures and accident prevention and emergency disposal plans in accordance with relevant standards.
Degradation of metronidazole simulated water by nanosecond pulsed DBD plasma
Authors: Fan Yangyang , Cheng Jiushan , Chen Qiang 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this work, nanosecond pulsed dielectric barrier discharge (nsp-DBD) plasma was used to degrade metronidazole simulated water under Air gas. The effects of initial concentrations, pulse peak voltages and air flow rates on metronidazole degradation were investigated, respectively. The role of hydroxyl radical in the metronidazole degradation was emphasized. The variations of solution pH value and conductivity during the discharge process were measured. Experimental results show that nsp-DBD plasma can effectively degrade metronidazole simulated water. When the initial concentration was 100 mg/L, the pluse peak voltage was 15 kV, and the air flow rate was 3 L/min, the degradation efficiency and energy yield of metronidazole were 92% and 1.83g/kWh, respectively, after 25 min treatment. The mineralization rate reached 39% after 60 min of treatment. The scavenger experiment proved that the hydroxyl radical was the main active species in metronidazole degradation. The solution pH was significantly reduced, and the conductivity was greatly increased after plasma treatment, which were corresponded to the formation of NO3
−, NO2
− and intermediate products in the degradation process.
Analysis of Polar Components in Potato Wide Vermicelli by GC-MS
Authors: Yue Bin , Wen Yijun , Chen Weidong , Yin Zhuoxin , Xing Jiarui 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In order to arouse the society’s attention to the ecological environment and food safety, the traditional food with rich nutrition - vermicelli was regarded the research object. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze the polar components of potato wide vermicelli. The results showed that twenty more polar organic matters were detected in potato wide vermicelli, containing saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acid and phthalate (PAEs). The content of unsaturated fatty acid on the surface of the wide vermicelli was higher than that on the inside. The phthalate only exists on the surface of the wide vermicelli. People should reduce the use of disposable plastic products to reduce the negative effects of plastics on human health and realize the healthy development of the human ecological environment.
Introduction of SOC estimation method
Authors: Ren Gaojian 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper introduces the definition of SOC estimation and analyzes the common estimation methods, including discharge experiment method, open circuit voltage method, internal resistance method, ampere hour method, linear model method, neural network algorithm and Kalman filter method. Through the comparison and analysis of various methods, it provides a scientific choice for the SOC estimation method of nickel hydrogen battery.
Study and Application of quickly putting into Production Technology without well killing in Shale Oil
Authors: Liu Panfeng , Wang Junheng , Fu Daqi , Guo Qun , Ren Shiju 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Low-producing shale oil wells are put into production after reservoir modification. But the dynamic fluid level drops significantly in the initial stage, which result in a reduction in sand carrying capacity and a significant reduction in pumping efficiency. It also results in a significant shortening of the pumping inspection cycle. After the checking pump operation with conventional killing well, wells were found that the capacity recovery period was long. And the period of operating under pressure was long and costly. Checking pump cost increased significantly. Based on the situation of low-producing shale oil wells in the DA oilfield, by optimizing the downhole temporary plugging of the tubular column and simulating the timing of down pump, a quickly put into production technology of rod pump in shale oil is proposed. The technology can achieve downhole temporary plugging fast before checking pump, and lift out or lower pump without killing well. The field application shows that this technology can reduce the contamination of tight reservoirs result by killing fluid and significantly shorten the production recovery cycle.
Analysis on the operation mechanism of spot mode adapting to the initial stage of China’s electricity spot market
Authors: Liu Dunnan , Zhang Tingting , Gao Yuan , Li Hua , Liu Mingguang , Jia Heping 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In the new round of power system reform, the construction of power market is the top priority. It is particularly important to design a reasonable power market construction path for the smooth transition from planned mode to market mode and finally achieve the target market mode. This paper makes a comparative analysis of the decentralized market and the centralized market, and further analyses its applicability and the necessity of medium and long-term contracts according to its characteristics. It proposes to coordinate the generation resources, grid structure and load resources within the jurisdiction of the power grid, and implement the decentralized power market mode for the parts that have the ability to achieve self-balance, that is, the physical execution of medium and long-term contracts; For some units with large deviation and without physical execution or for some period of time, the centralized power market mode is implemented. The specific mode division adopts the principle of adjusting measures to local conditions, and strives to realize the smooth transition of market construction.
Optimal Power Flow Preventive Control Considering Wind Farm Access
Authors: Chen Fan , Liu Zhiqing , Qiu Jifu , Lu Zhipeng , Chen Ming , Niu Qingda , Dong Xiaoming 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Renewable energy access will be an important trend in the development of the future power grid. In order to analyze the uncertainty brought by wind power access and improve the safety of the grid during steady-state operation, this paper models the uncertainty of wind power. An optimal power flow model considering the risk of power and voltage overruns is established. The model takes the optimal cost of power generation as the goal, takes into account the influence of transformer tap adjustment on system network parameters, and the constraint conditions take into account unit power and safety constraints, it is solved by the primal dual interior point method. The effectiveness of the model and algorithm proposed in this paper is verified by the IEEE14 test system.