bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE CAUSES FOR LOW SPINAL FLUID SUGAR IN BACTERIAL MENINGITIS: ANOTHER LOOK
Authors: Menkes John H. 
Published: December 2021

One of the most characteristic abnormalities of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in patients with bacterial and tuberculous meningitis is a decrease in its glucose content. This finding, first observed by Lichtheim, was initially attributed to utilization of glucose by the bacteria growing in the fluid This explanation, as many subsequent ones, has been abandoned in the light of conflicting experimental evidence, and at present the mechanisms inducing a low CSF sugar are enigmatic. Recent publications bearing on this problem prompt a review of the factors involved in lowering cerebrospinal fluid sugar.
Goldring and Harford found that the utilization of glucose by concentrations of pneumococci equal to or higher than those usually seen in meningitis was too small to be measured and could, therefore, not affect the spinal fluid sugar in the face of a normal mechanism for its replenishment.
CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISTRESS IN THE PREMATURE INFANT
Authors: Hodgman Joan E. , Mikity Victor G. , Tatter Dorothy , Cleland Robert S. 
Published: December 2021

Thirty-four premature infants with Wilson-Mikity syndrome were seen during a 7-year period. Insidious onset of mild respiratory symptoms usually began after the first week of life. These symptoms became increasingly severe and reached maximum intensity from 4 to 8 weeks later. One quarter of the infants died during this stage. In survivors, the respiratory symptoms cleared slowly over the next months and completely disappeared in all but one infant by 2 years of age.
The chest radiograph was consistent and distinctive. Diffuse, streaky infiltrate with small cystic areas appeared during the first stage and progressed as the clinical symptoms increased. The second stage was characterized by basilar hyperaeration with residual strands in the upper lobes. These changes slowly cleared as the clinical symptoms disappeared.
Eleven lung biopsies were performed, and all 12 infants who died were autopsied. The pathologic picture progressed from an early, immature pattern through areas of hyperinflation and collapse in the first stage, to diffuse overinflation during the second stage. Two infants had pulmonary fibrosis.
We consider the most likely pathogenesis of the syndrome to be an abnormal air distribution with a disturbance in ventilation/perfusion ratios secondary to characteristics of the immature lung.
Comprehensive Care of an 8-year-old Boy Following Traumatic Amputation of the Glans Penis
Authors: Vincent H. Bartlett , Rothenberg Michael B. 
Published: December 2021

We have presented a case of a child severely traumatized, both physically and emotionally. We feel that this and similarly difficult cases are well within the field of competent, comprehensive care that the pediatrician can provide. By means both of his proximity to the problems and in most cases by his familiarity with the psychological makeup of the patient, he is in the best position not only to initiate but to carry through prophylactic psychiatric care. The goals of minimizing both the trauma of hospitalization and long-term psychiatric sequelae can best be met by the pediatrician who can, in a non-threatening and in a non-pressuring manner, first listen to and then talk with the child and outline the thoughts and feelings that might occur in children similarly incapacitated.
The child's ability to communicate can be facilitated by using a three-step process including the "third person technique" and the "option play" which have been outlined. Finally, it is our impression that the pediatrician often underestimates his ability to assume the role of primary physician, who is responsible for the total care of the child.
CALORIE REQUIREMENTS FOR WEIGHT GAIN IN INFANTS WITH GROWTH FAILURE DUE TO MATERNAL DEPRIVATION, UNDERNUTRITION, AND CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
Authors: Krieger Ingeborg , Chen You C. 
Published: December 2021

The correlation between calorie intake and weight gain was analyzed in 31 patients with growth failure who were 5 to 36 months old. The BMR and that portion of the total daily calorie intake which is responsible for weight gain ("residual calories") was calculated, using a fixed estimate for muscular activity and calorie losses. The BMR per weight predicted from height was similar to normal controls. The correlations between residual calories and gram weight gain, and between total calories per predicted weight and weight gain per predicted weight were good (p &lt; .01). Total calories per gram weight gain followed a log-log regression on weight gain (gram/day/kilogram predicted weight) when normal standard values were used (r = .999). This relationship was examined in the patients with growth failure (r = .971). The slopes and height of the slopes were similar.
It is concluded that calorie requirements were predictable, because the BMR and the calorie cost of weight gain were predictable. Calorie losses and muscular activity apparently did not vary significantly in this patient sample. Calorie requirements were roughly comparable to those of normal infants when predicted weight was used as reference standard, because the BMR predicted weight was normal and other expenditures apparently did not differ significantly from those to be expected of well children of the same age.
INCIDENCE OF HIGH BLOOD LEAD LEVELS IN CHICAGO CHILDREN
Authors: Blanksma Lorry A. , Sachs Henrietta K. , Murray Edward F. , O'Connell Morgn J. 
Published: December 2021

The Chicago Board of Health in October 1986 began a mass-screening program using a blood lead test to detect lead poisoning in children. Atomic absorption spectroscopy made it possible to screen 5,000 specimens in 1 month, and to test a total of 68,744 children in 2 years.
The incidence of high blood lead values was variable and seasonal it was lowest in November through January and highest in June. Control children exhibited the same seasonal variation in lead levels as did the children at-risk for lead poisoning.
As a result of this program, 1,154 children were treated with chelates for lead poisoning in 1967 and 1968 at the Lead Poisoning Clinic, and the incidence of high blood lead levels among children living in the same areas declined from 8.5% in 1967 to 3.8% in 1968.
Vitamin K Deficiency After the Newborn Period
Authors: Goldman Herbert I. , Amadio Peter 
Published: December 2021

Sixty infants, 1 to 18 months of age, with diarrhea, were treated with a skimmed milk diet and succinylfathiazole. Thirty received supplemental vitamin K1 and had oral vitamin K intakes, expressed as K1 activity, of 16.1 to 36.3 µg/kg/day. Hypoprothrombinemia was not observed. Thirty did not receive supplementation and had intakes, similarly expressed, of 9.2 to 29.5 µg/kg/day. A single episode of hypoprothrombinemia was recorded on an intake of 9.8 µg/kg/day.
In a group of 15 infants with clinical bleeding episodes due to vitamin K deficiency, the oral vitamin K intakes, expressed as K1 activity, were 0.0 to 8.4 µg/kg/day.
These data suggest that, in infants who have diarrhea and/or are receiving antimicrobials, there exists a risk of vitamin K deficiency if the dietary intake contains less than the approximate equivalent of 10 µg/kg/day of vitamin K1 activity.
REVIEW OF PURPOSE, SCOPE, AND FUNCTION
Authors: Fried Ralph I. , Baratz Merrill A. , Cermak Ethel G. , Feiertag Richard B. , Lewis Donald , Seidel Henry M. , Work Henry H. , Chenoweth Alice D. 
Published: December 2021

At its meeting May 8-9, 1969, the Committee on Adoptions accepted the directive of the Executive Board which created the new Council on Child Health, consisting of the Committees on Adoptions, Infant and Preschool Child, Children with Handicaps, School Health, and Youth.
The Committee on Adoptions unanimously agreed that it is important it retain its autonomy and continue to function as a standing committee of the Academy. The Committee concurs that the following facts justify this conclusion:
1. Out-of-wedlock births are currently showing a relative and absolute increase. Since these births are a major source of babies for adoption and until this situation is reversed, adoption will remain a major pediatric consideration.
2. As the social structure of our nation undergoes evolutionary change, new questions arise in adoptions, such as the value of placement of interracial children in Caucasian homes. The Committee must help the Academy resolve these questions.
3. Adoption procedures are undergoing major changes and improvements, catalyzed by the work of the Committee in conjunction with adoption agencies.
4. Guides for the pediatric care of the adopted child will he established by the Committee.
5. Important areas of research in adoptions are not concluded, such as the etiology and incidence of severe emotional problems in adopted children.
6. Much of the work of the Committee is concerned with behavioral pediatrics-one of the most important areas in the future of pediatrics.
7. One function of the Committee should be the continuing revision of the manual on adoptions.
8. The Committee should address itself to the many issues that are involved in abortions, family life education, and contraception.
COMPETITIVE ATHLETICS FOR CHILDREN OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL AGE
Authors:   American Academy of Pediatrics,   Committee on the Medical Aspects of Sports, American Medical Association,   The American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation,   The Society of State Directors of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation
Published: December 2021

Competitive sports organized by school or other community agencies are now played so universally in all parts of the country by children 13 years of age and younger that the above organizations wish to suggest positive and realistic guidelines to govern participation.
Children of this age are not miniature adults; they are boys and girls in the process of maturation into adults. They seek and can profit from suitable play opportunities, but the benefits are not automatic. High quality supervision and a broad range of physical education activities, including sports adapted to the needs and capacities of growing children, are required for full realization of benefits.
A variety of competitive sports, appropriately a part of a sound physical education program, has the advantage of directing funds, facilities, instruction, and leadership toward all children in the school system or community. Such a program avoids providing a narrow sports experience for children or one directed only to the physically gifted, the well developed, the skillful, or the precocious child.
The problems involved are sufficiently significant and variable to warrant each community's having a local committee representing education, recreational, and medical specialists. Decisions about all school or community athletic programs may then be made in terms of local interest and needs, adequate supervision, and assurance of proper safeguards. Such decisions about athletic programs for children of elementary school age should embody local consideration of the following:
1. Proper physical conditioning.
2. Conduct of the sport: (a) competent teaching and supervision with regard for the relative hazards of each particular sport; (b) modification of rules, game equipment and facilities to suit the maturity level of the participants; (c) qualified officials.
Admission to an Adolescent Ward
Authors: Schowalter John E. , Lord Ruth D. 
Published: December 2021

Admission reactions of younger children to the hospital are ivell described, but little has been published about experiences on adolescent units.
METHOD In order to determine adolescents' reactions to hospitalization, 200 semi—structured interviews were conducted: 100 with patients on the Ward for Older Children and 100 with their parents. Age is the only criterion for a patient's admission to the ward. Niale as well as female, private as well as non—private, and surgical as well as medical patients are together On the same floor. The median length of stay is 5 days. The 100 patients studied were randomly selected and included 55 girls and 45 boys.
Complications of Umbilical Vessel Catheterization: Peritoneal Perforation
Authors: Van Leeuwen G. , Patney M. 
Published: December 2021

Umbilical artery catheterization has been performed for approximately 6 years for diagnostic and investigative studies, and more recently for intravascular fluid therapy. We recently encountered a complication—perforation of the peritoneum—which illustrates another potential danger of this procedure.
CASE REPORT Baby Y., a 1,590 gm female infant, was delivered in a community hospital. She was delivered with membranes intact but aspirated amniotic fluid containing meconium when the membranes were removed.
At 20 minutes of age examination revealed marked intercostal retractions, a respiratory rate of 60 per minute, and cyanosis. Roentgenograms of the chest showed a fine reticular pattern. An umbilical vein catheter was inserted, but blood could not be aspirated.
THE INCIDENCE OF CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, HERPES SIMPLEX, RUBELLA, AND TOXOPLASMA ANTIBODIES IN MICROCEPHALIC, MENTALLY RETARDED, AND NORMOCEPHALIC CHILDREN
Authors: Baron John , Youngblood Leona , Siewers Christiane M. F. , Medearis Donald N. 
Published: December 2021

The cause of most microcephaly is unknown. Hanshaw's observation that 44% of microcephalics had cytomegalovirus (CMV) complement fixing (CF) antibody (Ab) suggested that inapparent congenital CMV (and other) infections might be a significant cause. Accordingly, sera from non-institutionalized microcephalic, mentally retarded normocephalic, and normal children were tested for cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus (HSV) complement fixing, rubella hemagglutination inhibition (HI), and toxoplasma dye test antibodies in an effort to determine whether there was a significant association between infection with these agents and microcephaly or mental retardation.
Eight of 62 (13%) microcephalic children who were from 5 months to 5 years of age had titers of CMV CF Ab equal to or greater than 1:10. Four of 26 (15%) mentally retarded normocephalic children were seropositive to CMV, and two of 44 (5%) normal normocephalic children were seropositive. These differences are not statistically significant. In the age range 5 months to 5 years, 9 of 62 (15%) microcephalic, 9 of 26 (15%) normocephalic mentally retarded, and 4 of 44 (9%) normal normocephalic children were seropositive to HSV CF Ab. In the group 5 months to 5 years old tested for rubella HI Ab, 11 or 61 (18%) microcephalic, 2 of 25 (8%) normocephalic mentally retarded, and 6 of 38 (16%) normal normocephalic children were found to be seropositive. Three of 61 (5%) microcephalic, 2 of 26 (8%) mentally retarded normocephalic, and 3 of 42 (7%) normal normocephalic children from 5 months to 5 years had Ab to toxoplasma. There was no statistically significant association of evidence of infection with these three organisms and microcephaly. The authors speculate that inapparent congenital CMV infection can cause microcephaly and mental retardation without microcephaly, but that this infection causes only a small proportion of these conditions.
THE BURIAL CLUBS: OR HOW TO TURN SICK CHILDREN TO ACCOUNT
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

The pernicious practice of killing infants to collect the insurance on their lives is vividly described in an editorial in The Dublin Medical Press of December 4, 1844.1 The editorials published in this Journal were especially noted for their fervor to correct evil medical practices and also for their biting political satire, usually directed against England. The juxtaposition of the former and latter will be apparent in the editorial excerpts below:
In the last [London] Medical Gazette, we have again attention drawn to the horrible, the atrocious practice of destroying children for the purpose of obtaining money insured on their lives, or rather on their deaths. Our readers will scarcely believe us when we say it, but it seems there can be now no more doubt on the subject than there is that people were strangled by BURKE and HARE for the sake of their bodies to be sold for dissection. The plan is, to subscribe in the child's name to what is called a "burial club," a kind of "little go" insurance office, where for a penny a week a sum varying from £2 to £10is allowed on the child's death, and the same child may be entered into many clubs; so that the insurer or parent may receive as much as £5, £10, or £15 on the death of the insured infant, while the expense of interment is only about £3.A sum, as the writer says, "larger than the insurer in most cases ever previously possessd . . .
The Clapper-Dapper
Authors: Macfarlane David W. , Hanks Susan B. 
Published: December 2021

One of the problems frequently encountered with ambulatory spastic cerebral palsied children is their tendency to toe walk, due to tightness of the plantar flexors of the ankle. They often develop equinus deformities and, if asymmetrically affected, will bear as little weight as possible on the more involved leg.
Traditional modes of therapy used to counteract deformities have included passive stretching, braces, and surgery
Recently, we examined a child with moderately severe spastic quadriplegia for whom braces had been prescribed and surgery planned for heel-cord lengthening. This child resisted bracing with such vigor that his parents discontinued therapy.
[See pdf for the Figure]
Increased Reduction of Nitroblue Tetrazolium by Neutrophils of Newborn Infants
Authors: Humbert James R. , Kurtz Michael L. , Hathaway William E. 
Published: December 2021

The spontaneous reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) was found to be significantly elevated in phagocytes of normal newborn in fants in the absence of infection. This was evident using both a simple histochemical test and a more elalborate quantitative test for NBT reduction. During phagocytosis of latex particles, the expected rise in NBT reduction was significantly greater in neonatal phagocytes than in phagocytes of control subjects. The increased NBT reducing activity of neonatal neutrophils makes it impossible to use the NBT histochemical test for tile detection of bacterial infection in that age group. However, NBT-reduction tests can be used with profit in the neonatal period to diagnose chronic granulomatous disease when a positive family history warrants such an investigation.
[See pdf for the Figure]
HOPES FOR TOMORROW VERSUS REALITIES OF TODAY: THERAPY AND PROGNOSIS IN ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA OF CHILDHOOD
Authors: Holland James F. 
Published: December 2021

The inability of Drs. Stein, Ablin, Kushner and Zoger, in their Letter to the Editor1, to "see what good can come of exaggerating the effectiveness of current therapy" for childhood leukemia is not surprising. They imply that others have such distorted vision that they see castles where only hovels stand. The implication of Dr. Stein and his colleagues, were it true, would be damning. I believe that faulty logic, poor data, sketchy analysis, and embellished accounts in the popular press over which the interviewed exercises no editorial control led these correspondents to improper conclusions.
In the design of clinical investigations to explore potentially improved therapeutic approaches to acute lymphocytic leukemia, the Acute Leukemia Group B has structured from two to five regimens into concurrent comparisons on a multi-institutional level.
NEONATAL SEPARATION: THE MATERNAL SIDE OF INTERACTIONAL DEPRIVATION
Authors: Barnett Clicord R. , Leiderman P. Herbert , Grobstein Rose , Klaus Marshall 
Published: December 2021

Studies of maternal behavior in nonhuman mammals have suggested that the degree of interaction permitted between mother and infant in the postpartum period will influence later maternal attachment and infant development. The hypotheses raised by these studies can be explored with human mothers and infants through manipulation of care procedures of mothers and newborns in the immediate postpartum period.
A pilot study was conducted to determine the feasibility of changing premature care procedures in order to study the effects of interactional deprivation in the neonatal period on maternal attitudes and behavior. Forty-one mothers were permitted to enter the nursery and touch or handle their premature infants in incubators as early as the second day after birth. The feasibility of admitting mothers to the premature nursery without increasing the risk or occurrence of infection, or disrupting the organization of the care of the infants, was demonstrated.
We are now conducting a long-term study based on this pilot model to delineate the differences in commitment, feelings of competence, and behavior in the two differentially treated groups of mothers and to relate their behavior to the motor and mental development of the infants.
Letter To The Editor
Authors: Eaves Linda C. , Klonoff Harry , Dunn Henry G. 
Published: December 2021

We showed Professor Illingworth's letter to Dr. Eaves and her colleagues. They comment as follows:
We are glad to reply to Professor Illingworth's interesting comments on our paper "Developmental and Psychological Test Scores in Children of Low Birth Weight."
First, we cannot agree that "several of the Griffiths1 tests have no bearing on intelligence." Motor skills are included in the concept and measurement of intelligence, and Dr. Ruth Griffiths has found that correlations among the various Scales in her tests show well-knit results which she attributes to a strong common factor or ‘g’ (general intelligence).
Dyslexia (Continued)
Authors: Faigel Harris C. 
Published: December 2021

Snyder and Mortimer ask a number of questions about dyslexia which are difficult to answer. In the first place, dyslexia is not a single well defined entity, but includes a spectrum of severity of symptoms which control the age at which the condition becomes manifest, the degree of disability, the severity of the emotional trauma, and the prognosis.
I know a physician and a lawyer who have dyslexia. A number of my patients are currently in college or have recently graduated despite dyslexia. And four dyslexic fathers are college graduates in executive positions, one of them in the publishing business.
GLUCOSE TOLERANCE, INSULIN AND GROWTH HORMONE IN INFANTS OF GESTATIONAL DIABETIC MOTHERS
Authors: Cole Harold S. , Bilder Joan H. , Camerini-Davalos Rafael A. , Grimaldi Richard D. 
Published: December 2021

Twelve control and nine gestational diabetic mothers (GDM) and their infants were studied at birth. All GDM were obese. The criteria for selection of control mothers were a negative family history for diabetes, a normal oral glucose tolerance test, and the presence of obesity. The mean birth weights of the infants were not significantly different. All infants received a 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), completed within the first 24 hours of life. Glucose, serum immunoreactive insulin and growth hormone levels were determined.
The mean glucose values obtained at the time of delivery revealed no significant differences between the GDM and the control mothers or between the infants of gestational diabetic mothers (IGDM) and the normal control infants.
At birth, the mean seruni insulin levels of the GDM and the IGDM were both significantly higher than were their control GDM and IGDM.
The OGTT was performed between 0 and 21 hours after birth and after a 4-hour fast. The mean fasting blood glucose level of the IGDM was significantly lower than that of the control infants, p≤.02. However, during the OGTT, the normal control infants showed a disposal of glucose similar to the IGDM. No evidence of hyperinsulinemia was observed in either the control infants or the infants of gestational diabetic mothers.
The mean growth hormone values for the infants at the time of delivery revealed no significant differences between the two study groups. During the OGTT, the IGDM had significantly higher mean growth hormone values at both 60 and 120 minutes.