bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE "VERNIX MEMBRANE"
Authors: MILLER HERBERT C. , HAMILTON TOM R. 
Published: December 2021

The clinical records of 79 stillborn and live-born infants were correlated with the postmortem findings in their lungs.
Evidence of aspiration was found chiefly in the lungs of full term stillborn infants in the form of large numbers of blue-staining cornified epithelial cells together with large amounts of fat in the terminal air spaces.
Hyaline-like membranes were found in the terminal air spaces in greatest numbers in the lungs of live-born premature infants in whom there was no history of any maternal complication of pregnancy or labor.
It is suggested that the hyaline-like membranes may not be composed of aspirated vernix and amniotic sac contents but probably represent a reaction to an injury to the epithelium of the air spaces, especially the bronchioles and alveolar ducts.
The nature of the etiologic agent remains doubtful, but the similarity of these membranes to those found in older individuals dying of pandemic influenza and with rheumatic pneumonitis suggests that intrauterine inflammatory reaction may be a factor. The relationship to congenital alveolar dysplasia has been discussed.
It is suggested that the hyaline-like material is phagocytized by polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mononuclear cells. The presence of these phagocytes in the alveoli and bronchi in association with hyaline-like material is one of the chief forms of pneumonia in the newborn infant.
HUMAN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS IN SASKATCHEWAN IN 1947
Authors: GAREAU URBAN J. 
Published: December 2021

Eight cases of infants with human equine encephalomyelitis confirmed by neutralization tests have been presented, six having recovered completely and two left with residua, one mentally deficient.
Because six months later two additional patients who had abnormal mentality of an obscure nature, a suggestive clinical history and a positive neutralization test were considered to have had human equine encephalomyelitis in this epidemic, it would appear advisable to check the blood of all children with abnormal mentality of an obscure nature against the virus equine encephalomyelitis.
EFFECT OF AGE, SEX, AND CYSTIC FIBROSIS ON THE SODIUM AND POTASSIUM CONTENT OF HUMAN SWEAT
Authors: Lobeck Charles C. , Huebner Dorothy 
Published: December 2021

The following observations were made on collections of sweat from 197 subjects without evidence of disease related to cystic fibrosis of the pancreas after production of localized sweating on the forearm by a standard pilocarpine iontophoresis procedure: 1. Sodium concentrations averaged less than 20 meq/l in children under 11 years of age, while in adults the average concentration rose to 45 meq/l. Sodium concentrations were less variable in children than in adults. Age variation in sodium concentration did not depend upon variation in the rate of sweating. 2. The average potassium concentration in all children and adult females was 11 meq/l. It was lower, 7 meq/l, in adult males. 3. Other sex differences, observed only in adults, were the higher rates of sweating and slightly higher sodium concentrations found in males. 4. Rates of sweating measured in children under 1 year of age were considerably more variable than those induced in older children or adults.
Comparison of these data with observations from 34 children with cystic fibrosis revealed the following facts: 1. Children with this disease always had higher sodium concentrations than pre-pubertal control subjects. Twenty-nine per cent of adult control subjects had concentrations within the cystic fibrosis range. 2. Children with cystic fibrosis had a higher average potassium concentration, 15.0 meq/l, than control children. 3. No sex differences were observed within this group, and the same increased variability in rates of sweating induced in control infants was noted in infants with the disease.
Observations on 53 parents and 18 siblings of the children with cystic fibrosis did not reveal any differences from control subjects of the same age. It was concluded that age, sex, and the presence of cystic fibrosis have a profound effect on the composition of sweat obtained after pilocarpine iontophoresis.
PERCUTANEOUS RENAL BIOPSY IN CHILDREN
Authors: Dodge W. F. , Daeschner C. W. , Brennan J. C. , Rosenberg H. S. , Travis L. B. , Hopps H. C. 
Published: December 2021

The etiology of persistent glomerulonephritis is the source of much controversy. This debate has centered principally upon the role of typical acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis in the production of chronic glomerulonephritis. In adults, there appears to be convincing evidence that acute nephritis may frequently progress to "chronic diffuse proliferative post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis." Our experience in children suggests that a similar progression may occur; however, our data do not permit speculation as to the frequency of this occurrence.
The histopathologic glomerular changes in post-streptococcal acute glomerulonephritis follow a fairly definite pattern with passage of time from onset. Biopsy specimens obtained during the first 3 to 4 months after onset show glomerular cell proliferation, inflammatory cell exudation, and stalk edema. These changes may on occasion be focally accentuated in some glomeruli. In addition, an occasional patient's biopsy specimen may demonstrate the presence of capillary necrosis and hemorrhage in the early weeks after onset, and later fibroblastic crescents, adhesions, and fibrillar tuft scars.
In biopsy specimens obtained after 4 to 5 months, in those patients in whom there is clearing of urinary abnormalities, proliferation, exudation, and tuft edema is absent. At this time there is noted, instead, principally fibrillar axial stalk scars and, in an occasional specimen, fibrous tuft scars, fibroepithelial crescents or adhesions. These axial scars are believed to be static rather than progressive. Persistence of the proliferation at this time, however, in association with the usual changes, is probably indicative that this patient's disease will progress to "chronic diffuse post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.'
Our experience also suggests that another etiologically separate form of chronic nephritis can be histologically distinguished from the nonspecific chronic nephritides. This is anaphybactoid nephritis, in which there appears to be a characteristic combination of two pathologic changes. These are: a variable severity of the histologic lesion from one glomerulus to the next in the same specimen, and the focal nature of the glomerular changes.
PEDIATRIC RESEARCH AND PEDIATRIC PUBLICATION
Authors: WALLACE WILLIAM M. 
Published: December 2021

A part of the function of Pediatrics was epitomized by President Kennedy in his recent Health Message:
We must take steps to accelerate the flow of scientific communication. The accumulation of knowledge is of little avail if it is not brought within reach of those who can use it. Faster and more complete communication from scientist to scientist is needed, so that research efforts reinforce and complement each other: from researcher to practicing physician, so that new knowledge can save lives as swiftly as possible; and from the health profession to the public, so that people may act to protect their own health.
IRON NEEDS IN INFANCY
Authors: SCHULMAN IRVING 
Published: December 2021

IN THIS ISSUE is an important paper by Beal et al., representing years of careful observation of healthy infants and children. The data, describing and documenting the progress of 59 children in their natural habitat, are unique in their completeness and derivation. The specific concern with iron nutrition is timely, in view of increasing commercial pressure for inclusion of additional iron in the diet of infants.
While it is apparent that the subjects of the study, a "selected group of middle class children ... under the care of private physicians . . . [and having] intelligent, trained parents" cannot be regarded as representative of the general population, it is apropos that attention be directed to these children since it is likely that in just such groups iron supplementation is prescribed most promiscuously.
Hazards of Radioactive Fallout
Authors: CHUSID EMANUEL 
Published: December 2021

I was disappointed with the response of the Committee on Environmental Hazards to my letter (Pediatrics, 29:850, 1962) and with the tenor of the Committee's report, in the same issue (Pediatrics, 29:845, 1962) on the hazards of radioactive fallout. These were, I am sure, meant to be reassuring, but in view of the information which is available to us, such reassurance is disturbing.
It is my opinion, contrary to the spirit of the Committee's response, that there is reason to believe that there is a definite morbidity and mortality related to fallout products of testing, and that there is genetic damage from this source.
TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS WITH A LOCALIZED ANGIOMATOUS MALFORMATION IN THE ILEUM AND EXCESSIVE ALBUMIN LOSS INTO THE LOWER INTESTINAL TRACT
Authors: Engström N. , Ljungqvist A. , Persson B. , Wetterfors J. 
Published: December 2021

An infant presented with serious hypoproteinemia, intestinal edema, and polycystic kidneys. Test results on the liver, pancreas, suprarenal glands, and kidneys were normal, as were the fat and carbohydrate resorption. The hypoproteinemia was first considered to be idiopathic, but intravenous injection of I131-labelled albumin disclosed an enormous leakage of albumin in the lower part of the intestinal tract. The general condition was not influenced by steroids or human growth hormones, but large quantities of albumin supplied parenterally had a temporary effect.
The child died at 11 months, after the development of obscure neurologic symptoms. At autopsy, changes typical of the tuberous sclerosis complex were found. The extracerebral manifestations were cystic fibroangiomatous renal tumors, with polycystic changes of the "adult type" in the kidneys and a submucosal hemangioma of the distal ileum. The latter in all probability constituted the site of albumin leakage.
SEAT BELTS IN THE PREVENTION OF AUTOMOBILE INJURIES
Authors:   COMMITTEE ON ACCIDENT PREVENTION
Published: December 2021

PHYSICIANS, by virtue of their access to and understanding of new scientific knowledge in the field of health, are usually leaders in the adoption of proven advances in prevention of disease and injury. Recent data on the use and promotion of automobile seat belts by members of the American Academy of Pediatrics are a good case in point, but illustrate also that, even among the well-informed, further information is needed.
In 1960 the Committee on Accident Prevention surveyed Academy members on the availability and use of seat belts in their own family cars through a questionnaire which accompanied the February News Letter. Approximately one-third responded. Of these, 33% had safety belts in their family cars (Table I), 6 to 10 times as many as reported from studies of the general public. However, only one-half of those with belts used them routinely. Even more surprising, only 38% of members with seat belts recommended them to the families of their patients, and this was identical to the percentage of members without seat belts who made similar recommendations!
In 1961, on the strong advice of physicians and others, American automobile manufacturers agreed to include seat belt attachments as standard equipment on most cars, and several state legislatures, including California and New York, made such attachments mandatory for the sale of all new cars. The facts that convinced the manufacturers and legislators still need full dissemination before seat belts will actually be widely used. The American Medical Association, the National Safety Council, the United States Public Health Service, and others are currently sponsoring a nationwide advertising campaign to bring these facts to the people.
A NOTE ON HOSPITALISM
Authors: Rothman Phillip E. 
Published: December 2021

IT IS GENERALLY agreed that infants and children deprived of a normal home life and placed in badly-supervised orphanages and residential nurseries may show certain changes in behavior as the result of emotional deprivation and absence of sensorial and social stimuli. With the aid of commonly used tests, it has been possible to demonstrate a statistically significant retardation in development which varies with the age, length of stay, degree of isolation of the children, the number of personnel taking care of them, and the emotional attitude of these persons. The changes that occur involve language, social adjustment neuromuscular development, and, in some instances, acquired attitudes that are said to persist into adult life. If the children are returned to a good home in the care of a capable and affectionate parent or substitute, the obvious changes usually disappear and retesting shows rapid progress in development. This disorder has been named "hospitalism" or "hospitalismus." The purpose of this communication is to suggest that similar disturbances in children observed in modern teaching hospitals may be due to causes that differ from those formerly responsible.
Following World War II, hospitalism was studied intensively, and a complete history is contained in Bowlby's report. The risks of emotional trauma in connection with hospitalization of children were emphasized by Bakwin, Spence, Wallgren, and others. Finally pressure from various groups interested in child psychology plus public enthusiasm forced the medical profession, to some extent, to include in the routine of the best pediatric centers certain measures designed to prevent emotional disturbances in the hospitalized child.
Children's Radiographic Technique
Authors: SILVERMAN FREDERIC N. 
Published: December 2021

The second edition of this book is of approximately the same size as the publication of 11 years ago, but it can be used more easily because of an expanded table of contents and an improved format. A section on protection from radiation has been added. Several of the techniques have been modified and some newer techniques are included. Expansion of the section on instructions to the technician, which can improve any examination, is a welcome addition.
Pediatric radiology departments usually have their own special routines and variations, but even for them the description of techniques used at the Children's Hospital of Boston will be useful.
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON NUTRITION
Authors:   COMMITTEE ON NUTRITION
Published: December 2021

The current situation with respect to vitamin E is quite comparable to that which prevailed in 1959 when the Food and Drug Administration declared vitamin E essential for man but noted that diets in this country are amply supplied with the vitamin. On the basis of currently available evidence, the Committee concludes that premature and full-term infants receiving human milk on formulas of cow milk do not require supplementary administration of vitamin E except, possibly, when dietary intake of fat is markedly reduced, as is sometimes practiced in feeding premature infants.
It seems desirable to provide dietary supplements of vitamin E to patients with prolonged steatorrhea from any cause. Relatively large doses may be required to maintain normal plasma concentrations.
Abnormal Urinary Findings Following Administration of Achromycin V
Authors: EHRLICH LEONARD I. , STEIN HOWARD S. 
Published: December 2021

An unusual reaction to Achromycin V (tetracycline hydrochloride buffered with citric acid; Lederle) has occurred that we feel should be brought to the attention of the medical profession. It concerns abnormal urinary findings associated with the classic symptoms of diabetes. A brief history of our case follows.
The patient was a 13-year-old boy who had been well until the present illness, except for asthma which has been fairly well controlled with hyposensitization. Two days prior to the present illness he developed a respiratory infection for which he was given Achromycin V.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: METCOFF JACK 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Chamberlain is an experienced pediatric surgeon with an extensive practical knowledge of surgical treatment in children. In his commentary on my Commentary on Burn Therapy (Pediatrics, 29:861, 1962) he takes issue with a previous paper by my colleagues and myself (New Engl. J. Med., 265:101, 1961). In that paper each of the arguments was based upon data gained from direct observation and measurement, with the exception of the accumulation of edema fluid in the burned area.
While Dr. Chamberlain apparently does not like the words "some theoretical estimates" to assess the quantity of edema fluid, even the "theoretical estimate" was based upon the measured skin water content in normal children, as well as that in experimental animals, with the calculated differences based upon the relative accumulation of fluid in the skin and subcutaneous area during frank edema (Pediatrics, 20:105, 1957) as well as the specific accumulation of fluid in tissues burned to varying degrees and by flame and scald techniques in experimental animals (Fox & Lasker: Surg. Gynec. Abst., 112:274, 1961; Fox & Baer, Amer. J. Physiol., 151:1947).
FUNCTIONAL CLOSURE OF BLADDER EXSTROPHY
Authors: Landau Stanley J. , Lattimer John K. 
Published: December 2021

IN 1955, a program of functional closure for bladder exstrophy was initiated on the Pediatric Urological Service of Babies Hospital in New York. The experience with functional closure on this Service has now grown to more than 50 cases, and the length of follow-up has exceeded 3 years in enough cases to warrant an interim evaluation of the operative procedure and results. This review is part of a continuing study of functional closure of the exstrophied bladder. Earlier results have been reported previously. Close follow-up has been maintained on these patients in an effort to answer many questions. For example, is functional closure of the exstrophied bladder compatible with preservation of normal renal function and architecture? Is the achievement of urinary continence possible with this operation? Can a satisfactory cosmetic result be expected? The information collected in the quest of the answers to these questions forms the basis for this report.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Fifty patients with exstrophy of the bladder treated by functional closure were studied (see Appendix). Thirty-four were males, and 16 were females. All of the cases, with one exception, were patients with complete bladder exstrophy. The one patient with incomplete exstrophy presented with epispadias and exstrophy of the lower portion of the bladder. Forty-two patients were "virgin" cases operated upon by various resident and attending urologists of the Staff. Eight patients were operated upon elsewhere and have been subsequently followed and/or operated upon further at our clinic, or were referred to us for a second attempt at closure.
The Influence of Prednisone on the Mantoux Reaction in Children
Authors: SCHICK BELA , DOLGIN JOSEPH 
Published: December 2021

The literature contains several references regarding the effects of steroid hormones on the tuberculin reaction. In most cases, the investigations were carried out on adults or animals. Only isolated references to work on children have been reported. Harris and Harris reported a suppression of the tuberculin reaction in rabbits and guinea pigs who were first given cortisone. These authors concluded : "The data presented here indicate that cortisone can suppress the manifestations of some of the reactions of hypersensitivity."
Cummings and Hudgins showed that the administration of cortisone to a group of guinea pigs sensitized to tuberculin with a heat-killed human strain of tubercle bacilli did not influence the passive transfer of tuberculin sensitivity.
CHYLOUS EFFUSIONS INTO THE INTESTINE IN A PATIENT WITH PROTEIN-LOSING GASTROENTEROPATHY
Authors: Stoelinga G. B. A. , Van Munster P. J. J. , Slooff J. P. 
Published: December 2021

A girl had been affected with steatorrhea, lymphopenia, and hypoproteinemic edema from her fifth year of life; this edema was mainly localized in the legs. The hypoproteinemia was found to be due to abnormal loss of serum proteins into the intestine. A chylous fluid was occasionally obtained on duodenal intubation. Albumin levels were found to range from 20 to 500 mg/100 ml in this fluid; a considerable loss of protein into the intestine therefore might undoubtedly have resulted. Serum albumin was shown to pass fairly rapidly into the intestinal lumen. Fatty acid analysis of the chyle obtained, showed only the presence of high molecular saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. No low-molecular saturated fatty acids were found.
It is suggested in the literature that the obstruction of chyliferous vessels may give rise to this clinical picture. In view of the localization of the edema and the family history, the present authors believe that there is a relationship between localized familial lymphedema (Milroy's disease) and protein-losing gastroenteropathy. The two conditions may be due to changes in the lymphatics, the localization of the changes determining which symptoms will appear. Treatment consisted in ordering a fat-free diet; this had a limited effect.
THE PHYSICIAN, THE BATTERED CHILD, AND THE LAW
Authors: Harper Fowler V. 
Published: December 2021

THE PROBLEM of physical and mental injuries inflicted on infants and small children has increasingly attracted the attention of physicians and welfare workers within the past few years. A bibliography prepared by the Children's Bureau in August of last year compiled a substantial number of scholarly articles in scientific journals dealing with abused children. Careful case studies reveal the seriousness of the problem, and several surveys, its extent. What informed persons have suspected and what many doctors and social workers have believed, has been demonstrated, viz., that parents too often are their children's worst enemies. It may be because one or more parent is psychotic, of extremely low intelligence, of uncontrollable temper, or was himself an abused child with serious psychiatric after-effects. The assumption that, generally, a child is "better off" in the home, surrounded by the loving care of his parents is no doubt sound enough, but the exceptions are sufficiently numerous to warrant more attention by appropriate agencies and professional individuals, public and private, than they have received.
The Children's Bureau held two conferences devoted to this matter during the year 1962. Participants included well-qualified pediatricians, social workers, psychiatrists, lawyers, judges, juvenile court staff personnel, administrative and professional hospital staff members, and others concerned with child health and welfare. There was general agreement that the physician is perhaps the first person who will obtain knowledge of a situation involving inflicted injuries on a child, that he should report his findings to an appropriate investigating authority for further action, and that state legislation is necessary to impose a legal obligation on the physician in this regard.
ROLE OF A SOCIAL WORKER IN A PRIVATE PRACTICE OF PEDIATRICS
Authors: Wishingrad Lester , Shulruff Joseph T. , Sklansky Alice 
Published: December 2021

Experience with the use of a part-time social worker in a private pediatric practice for one year is presented. The medical team, including a caseworker, with the physician as the manager, is acceptable in private practice. With the aid of a caseworker a fuller service may be rendered to the patient. The patients who have the best relationship with the pediatrician are most likely to benefit from this program.
Unlike many other aspects of pediatric practice, dealing seriously with emotional and social problems does not automatically produce dramatic results. Much work is required for rewarding success. With the aid of a well-trained, mature, social worker, the pediatrician does more counseling rather than less. Pediatric practice becomes more exciting and gratifying.