bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of gut microbiota in people with obesity
Authors: Duan Mengmeng , Wang Yuezhu , Zhang Qiang , Zou Rong , Guo Min , Zheng Huajun 
Published: August 2021

Background
Obesity is the cause of cardiovascular diseases and other diseases, leading to increased medical costs, and causing a great burden to individuals, families and society. The prevalence of obesity is increasing and has become a global health problem. There is growing evidence that gut microbiota plays an important role in obesity. In this article, we revealed the differences in the gut microbiota between 21 people with obesity and 21 control subjects, and predicted the functional potential changes by 16S rRNA sequencing of the fecal bacteria of the subjects.

Methods
The raw sequencing data of 21 healthy Beijing volunteers was downloaded from Microbial Genome Database System. Microbial 16S rRNA genes of 21 adults with obesity were sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq instrument and analyzed by using bioinformatics and statistical methods.

Results
The diversity of gut microbiota in people with obesity decreased significantly. There were significant differences in gut microbiota between the Obesity and Control group at different levels. At the phylum level, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Fusobacteria are significantly different between the Obesity and Control group. In people with obesity, the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes decreased significantly. At the genus level, there were significant differences among the 16 major genera, of which four genera Prevotella, Megamonas, Fusobacterium and Blautia increased significantly in people with obesity, while the remaining 12 genera, Faecalibacterium, Lachnospiracea_incertae_sedis, Gemmiger and Clostridium XlVa, etc. decreased significantly. At the species level, nine species including Bacteroides uniformis and Prevotella copri had significant differences. Compared with the control group, subjects with obesity were abnormalities in 57 pathways, mainly in Carbohydrate metabolism and Lipid metabolism.

Conclusions
Overall, our study revealed differences in the gut microbiota between people with obesity and control subjects, providing novel target for the treatment of individuals with obesity.
Effect of electroencephalography-guided anesthesia on neurocognitive disorders in elderly patients undergoing major non-cardiac surgery: A trial protocol The POEGEA trial (POncd Elderly GEneral Anesthesia)
Authors: Morisson Louis , Laferrière-Langlois Pascal , Carrier François Martin , Pagé Gabrielle , Godbout Cédric , Fortier Louis-Philippe , Ogez David , Létourneau Geneviève , Jarry Stéphanie , Denault André , Fortier Annik , Guertin Marie-Claude , Verdonck Olivier , Richebé Philippe 
Published: August 2021

Introduction
The number of elderly patients undergoing major surgery is rapidly increasing. They are particularly at risk of developing postoperative neurocognitive disorders (NCD). Earlier studies suggested that processed electroencephalographic (EEG) monitors may reduce the incidence of postoperative NCD. However, none of these studies controlled for intraoperative nociception levels or personalized blood pressure targets. Their results remain unclear if the reduction in the incidence of postoperative NCD relates to avoidance of any electroencephalographic pattern suggesting excessive anesthesia depth.

Objective
The objective of this trial is to investigate–in patients ≥ 70 years old undergoing major non-cardiac surgery–the effect of EEG-guided anesthesia on postoperative NCD while controlling for intraoperative nociception, personalized blood pressure targets, and using detailed information provided by the EEG monitor (including burst suppression ratio, density spectral array, and raw EEG waveform).

Material and methods
This prospective, randomized, controlled trial will be conducted in a single Canadian university hospital. Patients ≥ 70 years old undergoing elective major non-cardiac surgery will be included in the trial. The administration of sevoflurane will be adjusted to maintain a BIS index value between 40 and 60, to keep a Suppression Ratio (SR) at 0%, to keep a direct EEG display without any suppression time and a spectrogram with most of the EEG wave frequency within the alpha, theta, and delta frequencies in the EEG-guided group. In the control group, sevoflurane will be administered to achieve an age-adjusted minimum alveolar concentration of [0.8–1.2]. In both groups, a nociception monitor will guide intraoperative opioid administration, individual blood pressure targets will be used, and cerebral oximetry used to tailor intraoperative hemodynamic management. The primary endpoint will be the incidence of NCD at postoperative day 1, as evaluated by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Secondary endpoints will include the incidence of postoperative NCD at different time points and the evaluation of cognitive trajectories up to 90 days after surgery among EEG-guided and control groups.

Study registration
NCT04825847 on ClinicalTrials.gov.
Impact of physical distancing policy on reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 globally: Perspective from government’s response and residents’ compliance
Authors: Chung Ping-Chen , Chan Ta-Chien 
Published: August 2021

Background
COVID-19 was declared a public health emergency by the World Health Organization (WHO) in January 2020. Various physical distancing interventions were introduced to flatten the epidemic curve and reduce the disease burden. We evaluated the impacts of policy stringency and residents’ compliance on time-varying reproduction number in 17 countries.

Methods
Data were from WHO reports of local transmission (February 28 to April 8, 2020) in Australia, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, the UK, US and Vietnam. Earlier local transmission data where available from press releases were added for Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan starting January 28, 2020. COVID-19 policy responses were from the Oxford Covid-19 Government Response Tracker with 17 indicators. Changes in people’s behaviors were from Google’s COVID-19 community mobility reports and Apple Maps’ mobility trends reports. We estimated the daily time-varying reproduction number (Rt) by country. 0-, 7- and 14-day lagged effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions and changes in human mobility on Rt were estimated by linear mixed-effects models.

Results
Rt initially surged rapidly, then declined gradually depending on policy stringency. The highest mean policy stringency scores were for Italy (69.97) and South Korea (61.00). Variations in stringency scores were higher in Europe, the US and Australia than in Asia. The human mobility reduction was greater in countries with strict policies (median stringency score > = 50). In terms of immediate (0-day lag) effects, Rt reductions were found for workplace-closure, limited-gathering, and stay-at-home policies. At a 7-day lag, Rt reductions were found for workplace closure, restrictions on gatherings, stay-at-home requirements, international travel controls, contact tracing and reducing walking around. At a 14-day lag, Rt reductions were found for restrictions on gatherings, less visiting and staying in parks, and reduced walking around.

Conclusion
The findings show physical distancing policies and residents’ compliance can slow transmission, with the lag-to-effect time varying by policy.
Internationalization of Higher Education for Development: Blackness and Postcolonial Solidarity in Africa-Brazil Relations, Susanne Ress (2019)
Authors: de Azevedo Leonardo Francisco 
Published: August 2021

Review of: Internationalization of Higher Education for Development: Blackness and Postcolonial Solidarity in Africa-Brazil Relations, Susanne Ress (2019)
London: Bloomsbury Academic, 208 pp.,
ISBN 978-1-35004-546-0, h/bk, £90
Predictive Model for Soil Shrinkage Characteristic Curve of High Plastic Soils
Authors: Gupt C. B. , Prakash A. , Hazra B. , Sreedeep S. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Soil shrinkage characteristic curve (SSCC) is the relationship between gravimetric water content (w) and void ratio for a soil drying under zero external stress. It is mandatory for determining the soil-water characteristic curve and modeling water transport in high plastic soils, which exhibit significant volume change. The knowledge of SSCC is required for calculating the degree of saturation or volumetric water content from the known w. However, the measurement of SSCC is extremely tedious and time consuming, particularly for highly plastic clays like bentonite. Therefore, this study attempts to develop a predictive model for SSCC of highly plastic soils based on easily measurable index property, plasticity index (PI). Four bentonites and nine bentonite–fly ash mixes were used to encompass soils with a wide range of PI. The results were used to study the influence of plasticity characteristics on SSCC. The key parameters of SSCC; minimum void ratio, water content at air entry (wAE) and the shrinkage limit (wS) was effectively correlated with PI. The measured SSCCs were quantified using the Fredlund, Wilson, and Fredlund (2002) model, and equations were proposed to estimate the model parameters using PI. The efficacy of the proposed model was demonstrated using an independent data set of bentonite and its mixes with fly ash as well as data from the literature. It was found that the proposed model can predict the SSCC of highly plastic soils with reasonable accuracy.
Numerical Simulation Analysis of Real-Time High-Temperature Impact Test Technique of Rock Materials
Authors: Liu Shi , Xu Jinyu , Wang Haoyu 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The exploration of the high-temperature and high-strain-rate mechanical properties of rock materials has consistently been an important goal in the field of rock dynamics. Consequently, high-temperature split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test technology has been a focal point and difficulty in the research of related fields, and there remain many problems to be solved. This paper puts forward a self-developed, high-temperature SHPB device and introduces the composition and working principles of a high-temperature impact loading test system for rock materials. A set of test operation rules for the independent heating, high-temperature compensation, and synchronous assembly of test pieces is established. Via Ansys/LS-DYNA software, the characteristics of stress wave propagation in the bar and its temperature field distribution are analyzed, and the controllability of the specimen and temperature of the bar end, as well as the effectiveness of the high-temperature loading test technology, are demonstrated.
Use of Complete Blood Cell Count Components to Screen for Hereditary Spherocytosis in Neonates
Authors: Weiss Nicole M. , Kuzniewicz Michael W. , Shimano Kristin A. , Walsh Eileen M. , Newman Thomas B. 
Published: August 2021

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
The neonatal hereditary spherocytosis (HS) index, defined as the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration divided by the mean corpuscular volume, has been proposed as a screening tool for HS in neonates. In a population of mostly white infants, an HS Index &gt;0.36 was 97% sensitive and &gt;99% specific. We evaluated the utility of the HS Index among a more racially and ethnically diverse population and determined if its discrimination varies with total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels.

METHODS
Infants born at ≥35 weeks’ gestation at 15 Kaiser Permanente Northern California hospitals from 1995 to 2015 were eligible (N = 670 272). Erythrocyte indices from the first complete blood count drawn at ≤7 days and TSB levels drawn at ≤30 days were obtained. Diagnoses of HS were confirmed via chart review.

RESULTS
HS was confirmed in 79 infants, 1.2 per 10 000. HS was more common among infants of white and “other” race or ethnicity and among those with higher peak TSB levels. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the HS Index was 0.84 (95% confidence interval 0.78–0.90). Likelihood ratios ranged from 10.1 for an HS Index ≥0.380 to 0.1 for an HS Index &lt;0.310. Dichotomized at 0.36, the HS Index was 56% sensitive and 93% specific. Discrimination of the HS Index appeared best among infants with TSB levels &lt;10 mg/dL.

CONCLUSIONS
The HS Index, when obtained from a CBC drawn within the first week after birth, had only modest ability to alter the probability of HS.
How Human Decision-making Biases Influence Health Outcomes in Patient Care
Authors: Sibbel Rainer , Huber Angelina 
Published: August 2021

Purpose: Medical treatments and medical decision making are mostly human based and therefore in risk of being influenced by cognitive biases. The potential impact could lead to bad medical outcome, unnecessary harm or even death. The aim of this comprehensive literature study is to analyse the evidence whether healthcare professionals are biased, which biases are most relevant in medicine and how these biases may be reduced.
Approach/Findings: The results of the comprehensive literature based meta-analysis confirm on the one hand that several biases are relevant in the medical decision and treatment process. On the other hand, the study shows that the empirical evidence on the impact of cognitive biases on clinical outcome is scarce for most biases and that further research is necessary in this field.
Value/Practical Implications: Nevertheless, it is important to determine the extent to which biases in healthcare professionals translate into negative clinical outcomes such as misdiagnosis, delayed diagnosis, or mistreatment. Only this way, the importance of incorporating debiasing strategies into the clinical setting, and which biases to focus on, can be properly assessed.
Research Limitations/Future Research: Though recent literature puts great emphasis on cognitive debiasing strategies, there are still very few approaches that have proven to be efficient. Due to the increasing degree of specialization in medicine, the relevance of the different biases varies.
Paper type: Theoretical.
Consumer Orientation and Competitor Awareness on Firm Performance in the Bottled Water Industry
Authors: Ichoroh James 
Published: August 2021

Purpose: To assess the Influence of strategic positioning indicators namely customer orientation and competitor awareness on firm performance in the bottled water Industry, with sector standards as a moderating variable.
Design/Method/Approach: This study adopted a quantitative methodology and cross-sectional explanatory study design of which a sample of 424 licensed bottled water firms were randomly selected. Structured questionnaires were distributed to the managers and a factor analysis was used to reduce the number of variables and establish the underlying constructs, while the analysis of moments of structures was applied to develop theory.
Findings: It was found that there exists a positive and significant relationship among consumer orientation and competitor awareness on firm performance. The moderating effect of water sector standards on consumer orientation and firm performance was found to be statistically significant and operates fully or in part as a mediating variable in predicting the influence of competitor awareness on firm performance.
Theoretical Implication: This study concluded that to enhance firms’ performance measured in terms of growth, there is need to manage and sustain consumers’ needs based on gender and age preferences, buying behavior as well as conducting market analysis and have internal capability to retaliate.
Originality/Value: This study will not only add value to the existing body of knowledge in strategic management, but will also address the application of strategic position to improve firm performance.
Research Limitations/Future Research: Since the study was quantitative, there was risk of omitted variable and nonresponse bias, limited access to performance data and lack of previous research on the subject. Future research should extend to other categories of firms which have diverse decision processes and purchase intentions amongst consumers.
Paper type: Empirical
Інвазійні чужорідні патогени як загроза глобальному біорізноманіттю
Authors: Matsiakh Iryna 
Published: August 2021

Охарактеризовано особливості шляхів проникнення інвазійних патогенів і показано приклади масових пошкоджень лісів внаслідок поширення адвентивних збудників хвороб. Встановлено, що основною причиною поширення інвазійних патогенів є широкомасштабна торгівля декоративними рослинами для потреб озеленення. Вказано на причини, які призводять до пошкоджень деревних порід і подальшої суттєвої трансформації лісових екосистем під впливом інвазійних патогенів. Підкреслено недостатній рівень уваги з боку лісопатологів, науковців, практиків лісового господарства до проблеми поширення адвентивних збудників хвороб. Недостатньо уніфікованою та розробленою є термінологія щодо інвазій різних таксонів патогенних організмів. Подано характеристику основних термінів щодо інвазій та інвазійних організмів.
Охарактеризовано особливості фаз, які проходить організм, щоб набути статусу інвазійності та чинники, які сприяють успішному встановленню інвазійних патогенів на локальних, регіональних і континентальних рівнях. Переважна більшість інтродукцій лісових інвазійних видів є ненавмисними, наприклад, морфологічними структурами патогенів (спори, міцелій) які не вдається виявити під час імпорту рослин, або на упакуванні тощо.
В Україні не існує законодавчої бази, яка б регулювала на державному рівні проникнення чужорідних інвазійних видів рослин. На сьогодні діє тільки Закон України "Про карантин рослин" який містить списки: 1) карантинних організмів, відсутніх в Україні; 2) карантинних організмів, обмежено поширених в Україні; 3) регульованих некарантинних шкідливих організмів.
Глобальні зміни клімату суттєво впливають на успішність впровадження інвазійних організмів, стимулюють їх поширення і розповсюдження, а також ослаблюють рослин-господарів, що є сприятливою передумовою поширення адвентивних видів на нових територіях.
Стан і структура пралісів Українських Карпат за результатами моніторингу
Authors: Shparyk Yuriy , Losyuk Vasyl , Plyha Andrii 
Published: August 2021

Нещодавні зміни у законодавстві щодо ведення лісового господарства в пралісах, квазіпралісах і природних лісах, а також постійне підвищення цікавості науковців і громадськості до лісівничих особливостей пралісових екосистем призвели до необхідності ідентифікації таких лісів та організації пралісових пам’яток природи на всій території України. Основну частину цих науково-дослідних і законотворчих робіт виконано в межах проектів ГС «Всесвітній фонд природи Україна», за даними яких вже ідентифіковано близько 100 тис. га таких лісів, але ці дані постійно оновлюються. З'ясовано, що в цих лісах з 11 головних деревних видів переважають два (бук лісовий – 58 та ялина європейська – 33%) і поширені ще два (сосна гірська – 5 та ялиця біла – 3%). Із великої кількості типів лісу (91 шт.) переважають волога чиста субучина (18%) і бучина (18%), волога чиста сусмеречина (13%), вологий смерековий субір (6%), волога буково-ялицева сусмеречина (6%) і волога смереково-ялицева субучина (5%).
Значне різноманіття типів лісу і типів деревостанів у пралісах, квазіпралісах і природних лісах, потреба в контролі за рівнем антропогенного втручання зумовили розроблення нової методики моніторингу пралісів на основі результатів їх наукових досліджень, затверджених методик моніторингу лісів та ідентифікації пралісів. Розроблену методику апробовано в 2020 р. на шести об’єктах в Українських Карпатах. Виявлено добрий стан таких лісостанів: найкращий в ялиновому пралісі, а найгірший – в ялиново-буково-ялицевому квазіпралісі, а також незначний антропогенний вплив на них (переважно інфраструктура і рекреація). Структура пралісів переважно складна і змінюється від умовно різновікового двоярусного букового квазіпралісу до різновікового чотириярусного кедрово-ялицево-ялинового пралісу.
Обґрунтовано потребу в щорічному моніторингу пралісів з наукових і созологічних позицій для контролю за їх розвитком та антропогенним втручанням у ці екосистеми.
الأخطاء فى تعليم مهارة الكلام وحلها عند اللغة المرحلية بالمستوى الفونيمات فوق القطعية للطلاب الفصل الثامن بمدرسة محمدية ٤ المتوسطة سورابايا
Authors: Suniyah Inti Fadah , Thohir Muhammad 
Published: August 2021

The difficulties in learning maharah kalam at the level of suprsegmental phonemes are found when students learn Arabic. Intonation errors, stress, and pausing. Therefore, this research was conducted to find out these mistakes and the solutions given by teacher in SMP Muhammadiyah 4 Surabaya. This research is a qualitative descriptive with the population of 8th grade student and the sampling is 8th grade C. Data collection techniques used in this research are using the method of observation, interview and questionnaire. Data analysis techniques used aredata reduction, data display, and data verification. The results showed: 1) errors in word stress were 49 errors; 2) errors in intonation were 30 errors; 3) errors at pauses were 55 errors. The solutions given by teacher with these mistakes were: 1) instructing students to repeat the dialogue to use the right intonation, stress, dan pause; 2) translating the text of theconversation and students writing the translation in their books, then the students will better understand the difference in meaning from the differences in intonation, stress, dan pause; 3) the teacher gives examples of the correct pronounciation of words according to the right intonation, stress, and pause.
الترجمة وأثرها فى حفظ الهوية
Authors: Al Hennawy Jehad Mohamad , Hajib Zainal Abidin , Fiqiyah Maskanatul 
Published: August 2021

Translation is involved in human’s activity and social development and it is an international communication tool between people of different languages and cultures. The Arabs have been aware of the art of translation since ancient times. The Qur'an has discussed on the fact that people are created differently in races, ethnics, languages and customs. Translations are not exclusive to a linguistic activity based on what is said, or what is written, it also includes a complex epistemic and linguistic work. Translations are effective in spreading cultures and civilisation. Arabic language is the identity of those people who express their culture, combine their ideas, which is the indication of a nation's progress and deterioration. Translation is a link in a chain that begins with knowledge acquisition in the first language and ends with culture, through the construction of the intellectual system and the strengthening of its individual and social identity. From the above statement, we are confident that translation plays a vital role in the process of adaptation between different nations and civilizations, as this is still the most sucessful way to integrate one civilisation with another and vice versa; This has played an effective role in the progress of nations, and creates dialogues between different ideas, working to bridge the gap between different civilisations and nations, and strive to expand ideology and develop identity whilst preserving it from deterioration.