bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rupture directivity and slip distribution for the Ms 6.8 earthquake of 6 April 1992, Offshore British Columbia: An application of the empirical Green's function method using surface waves
Authors: Cassidy John F. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
On 6 April 1992 at 13:55 UT, an earthquake of Ms = 6.8 occurred along the Revere-Dellwood-Wilson (RDW) fault, in the triple-junction region at the northern end of the Cascadia subduction zone. This was the first significant event in this region recorded by modern digital broadband seismic networks, thus providing the first opportunity to examine the rupture process of a major earthquake along this young oceanic transform fault. In this article, an empirical Green's Function technique is applied to regional and teleseismic surface waves to estimate the rupture directivity, the extent of rupture, and the slip distribution along the Revere-Dellwood-Wilson fault associated with this earthquake. The 20-sec low-pass-filtered relative source time functions (RSTF's) are single pulses with an azimuthal variation in the pulse width. This suggests that the rupture propagated to the NW (315° ± 20°), along the Revere-Dellwood-Wilson fault (striking 326°). Higher frequency RSTF's reveal two discrete subevents. The clear azimuthal variation in the time separation of these subevents requires that relative to the first subevent, the second is located 13 to 20 km in the direction 345° ± 20°. Using the RSTF at HRV (perpendicular to the rupture direction), a total rupture length of 35 km is estimated, with the bulk of the slip concentrated in a 20-km-long segment of the RDW fault to the northwest of the epicenter. Two peaks are observed in the estimated slip distribution, with maximum values of 1.8 and 1.1 m, respectively. The rupture model derived from this analysis is similar to that obtained from the analysis of body waves and is consistent with the results of aftershock studies. The latter indicate a paucity of aftershock activity (and low moment release) in the 20-km-long segment of the RDW fault to the NW of the epicenter. A distinct peak in aftershock activity 30 to 40 km to the NW of the epicenter likely represents the termination of rupture. The good agreement between the results of this study, the rupture model estimated from body-wave analysis, and the aftershock distribution bode well for the application of the empirical Green's function method using surface waves. It suggests that this method could be applied to large, historic earthquakes in this region, for which regional and teleseismic surface waves are often the most reliable data set.
A high-frequency magnitude scale
Authors: Atkinson Gail M. , Hanks Thomas C. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A high-frequency magnitude scale (m) is proposed: m=2log⁡a˜hf+3, where ãhf is the high-frequency level of the Fourier amplitude spectrum of acceleration in cm/sec (average or random horizontal component), at a hypocentral or closest fault distance of 10 km. m can be determined from either instrumental data or the felt area of an earthquake.
The definition of m has been arranged such that m = M (moment magnitude) for events of “average” stress drop, in both eastern North America (ENA) and California. m provides a measure of the stress drop if M is also known. The observed relationship between m and M indicates that the average stress drop is about 150 bars for ENA earthquakes, and about 70 bars for California earthquakes. The variability of stress drop is much larger in ENA than in California.
The chief justification for the m scale is its utility in the interpretation of the large preinstrumental earthquakes that are so important to seismic hazard estimation in eastern North America. For such events, m can be determined more reliably than can M or mN (Nuttli magnitude), and forms a much better basis for estimating high-frequency ground motions. When used as a pair, m and M provide a good index of ground motion over the entire engineering frequency band. If both of these magnitudes can be defined for an earthquake then a ground-motion model, such as the stochastic model, can be used to obtain reliable estimates of response spectra and peak ground motions.
Source parameters of aftershocks of the 1991 Costa Rica and 1992 Cape Mendocino, California, earthquakes from inversion of local amplitude ratios and broadband waveforms
Authors: Schwartz Susan Y. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSource parameters of aftershocks of the 22 April 1991 (MW = 7.7) Costa Rica and the 25 April 1992 (MW = 7.1) Cape Mendocino, California, earthquakes are determined using a grid search inversion of P, SH, and SV amplitude ratios recorded by sparse local networks of three-component broadband and short-period stations. The inversion procedure consists of computing synthetic seismograms for three fundamental fault orientations for all source-receiver pairs over a range of source depths; calculating the complex envelopes of the observed and synthetic seismograms to determine peak amplitudes of P, SH, and SV waves; combining the fundamental fault amplitudes for all possible values of strike, dip, and rake, at 10° increments; and determining the best fault orientation and depth as the one that yields the smallest misfit between observed and synthetic P/SH, P/SV, and SV/SH amplitude ratios. The ambiguity in the sense of motion on the nodal planes, arising due to the use of amplitude ratios, is resolved by examining P-wave polarities. The sensitivity of source parameters to uncertainties in earthquake location and crustal structure is explored. For events with good station coverage, focal mechanism determinations are stable for a wide range of assumed values of crustal structure, earthquake location, and depth. Source parameters for many of the largest events (M &gt; 3.4) are also determined by inversion of broadband displacement waveforms using a similar grid-search technique. Comparable results were obtained using both broadband waveforms and amplitude ratios. Focal mechanism solutions for 20 aftershocks of the Costa Rica earthquake reveal a complicated faulting geometry, indicating active thrust, normal, and strike-slip faults in the back-arc of Costa Rica. The 1992 Cape Mendocino earthquake occurred at the intersection of the North American, Gorda, and Pacific plates. While the mainshock was associated with underthrusting of the Gorda plate beneath the North American plate, fault plane solutions for 70% of the 38 largest aftershocks indicate that these events result from either motion between the Gorda and Pacific plates or from internal deformation within the Gorda plate.
Inadvertent changes in magnitude reported in earthquake catalogs: Their evaluation through b-value estimates
Authors: Zúñiga F. Ramón , Wyss Max 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A simple procedure is presented for analyzing magnitudes and seismicity rates reported in earthquake catalogs in order to discriminate between inadvertently introduced changes in magnitude and real seismicity changes. We assume that the rate and the frequency-magnitude relation of the independent background seismicity do not change with time. Observed differences in the frequency-magnitude relation (a and b values) between data from two periods are modeled as due to a transformation of the magnitude scale. The transformation equation is found by a least-squares-fitting process based on the seismicity data for earthquakes large enough to be reported completely and by comparing the linear relation of one period to the other. For smaller events, an additional factor accounting for increased (decreased) detection is allowed. This fitting technique is tested on a data set from Parkfield for which two types of magnitudes, amplitude and duration, were computed for each earthquake. We found that the b-value fitting technique yielded virtually the same result as a linear regression assuming the same errors in the two magnitudes. The technique is also applied to interpret the nature of reporting rate changes in a local (Guerrero, Mexico) and a regional (Italy) earthquake catalog. In Guerrero, a magnitude change in 1991.37 can be modeled about equally well by Mnew = Mold + 0.5 or by Mnew = 1.02 Mold + 0.38, but residuals with the latter transformation are smaller. In Italy, a magnitude change in 1980.21 cannot be modeled satisfactorily by a simple magnitude shift but is well described by a compression of the magnitude scale given by Mnew = 0.67 Mold + 1.03.
The proposed b-slope fitting method provides a means to interpret quantitatively, and in some cases correct for, artificial reporting rate changes in earthquake catalogs.
Testing a model of earthquake nucleation
Authors: Abercrombie Rachel E. , Agnew Duncan C. , Wyatt Frank K. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Some laboratory models of slip find that a critical amount (or velocity) of slow slip is required over a nucleation patch before dynamic failure begins. Typically, such patch sizes, when extrapolated to earthquakes, have been thought to be very small and the precursory slip undetectable. Ohnaka (1992, 1993) has proposed a model in which foreshocks delineate a growing zone of quasi-static slip that nucleates the dynamic rupture and suggests that it could be large enough (∼10 km across) to be detectable and thus useful for short-term earthquake prediction. The 1992 Landers earthquake (M 7.3) had a distinctive foreshock sequence and initiated only 70 km from the strain meters at the Piñon Flat Observatory (PFO). We use this earthquake to investigate the validity and usefulness of Ohnaka's model. The accurate relocations of Dodge et al. (1995) show that the foreshock zone can be interpreted as expanding from an area of 800 m (along strike) by 900 m (in depth), to 2000 by 3200 m in the 6.5 hr before the mainshock. We have calculated the deformation signals expected both at PFO and 20 km from the foreshock zone, assuming either constant slip or constant stress drop on a circular patch expanding at 5 cm/sec over 6.5 hr. We find the slips or stress drops would have to have been implausibly high (meters or kilobars) to have been detectable on the strain meters at PFO. Slightly better limits are possible only 20 km from the source. Even though the distance from Landers to PFO is small compared with the average spacing of strain meters in California, we are unable to prove or disprove Ohnaka's model of earthquake nucleation. This suggests that even if the model is valid, it will not be useful for short-term prediction.
Вплив професійної підготовки кадрів у господарстві автоматики та телекомунікацій щодо забезпечення перевізного процесу
Authors: Сотник В.О. , Бойник А.Б. 
Published: September 2021

У цій статті розглянуто проблему дефіциту кадрів основних професій у господарстві автоматики та телекомунікацій і його вплив на забезпечення безпеки руху поїздів. На основі аналізу чисельності контингенту масових професій, обсягу виконуваних робіт та продуктивності праці визначено вплив зменшення кількості працівників на якість технічного обслуговування пристроїв автоматики та зв’язку і забезпечення безпеки руху. Автори дійшли висновку, що зменшення чисельності працівників у господарстві автоматики та телекомунікацій на сьогоднішній день істотно не вплинуло на забезпечення безпеки руху поїздів. Проте невідповідність між розрахунковими показниками кількості працівників основних професій і їх плановими значеннями негативно впливає на роботу господарства. Ця проблема мало вивчена і потребує подальших досліджень.
Effect of Supplemental Chromium, Vitamin E and Selenium on Biochemical and Physiological Parameters of Holstein Friesian Calves under Heat Stress
Authors: Sultana J. Razia , Chandra A. Sarat , Ramana D.B.V. , Raghunandan T. , Prakash M. Gnana , Venkateswarlu M. 
Published: September 2021

Background: Heat stress has been a major concern in tropical, sub-tropical and arid areas affecting the performance of farm animals. Along with vitamin E and Selenium, chromium is gaining importance in combating heat stress. Methods: Twenty-four calves of 7- 8 months old with an average body weight of 172.79±4.39 kg were distributed randomly into four dietary treatment groups (T0, T1, T2 and T3). The calves of control group (T0) were fed on basal diet i.e. total mixed ration (TMR). The basal diet of T1, T2 and T3 on per kg DM basis were supplemented vitamin E (500 IU) + selenium (0.3 mg), chromium propionate (0.5 mg) and chromium propionate (0.5 mg) + vitamin E (500 IU) + selenium (0.3 mg), respectively. Ambient air temperature and humidity were measured for calculation of THI. Blood samples were collected fortnightly and the rectal temperature (RT), respiration rate (RR) and pulse rate (PR) of all the experimental animals were recorded twice daily to study the biochemical and physiological parameters. Result: Supplementation of chromium along with vitamin E and selenium decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) the cortisol levels and increased the albumin concentration. Chromium supplemented groups (T2 and T3) showed greater (P less than 0.05) increase in mean total protein concentration. A significant reduction in RT was observed in all the supplemented groups compared to control. Whereas, the PR and RR differed significantly in T3 group compared to control.
Penggunaan Ruang Publik Sebagai Tempat Berjualan Pedagang Pasar Tungging Cempaka Raya Kelurahan Telaga Biru Kota Banjarmasin
Authors: Sigit Ruswinarsih ,Rahmat Nur Muhammad Faisal 
Published: September 2021

Bagi pedagang pasar tungging Jalan Cempaka Raya, jalan sebagai ruang publik yang berfungsi sebagai ruang ekonomi yang dimiliki oleh berbagai individu yang terlibat didalamnya. Selain itu ruang publik memungkinkan interaksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: (1) Fungsi pasar tungging sebagai ruang publik bagi pedagang pasar tungging (2) Upaya aktor pasar tungging dalam menjaga eksistensi pasar tungging. Metode penelitian menggunakan metode kualitatif. Sumber data yang ditetapkan yaitu dengan purposive sampling dengan pedagang yang sudah lama berjualan di pasar tungging Jalan Cempaka Raya. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Analisis data hasil penelitian ini menggunakan reduksi data, penyajian data dan verifikasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa: (1) fungsi pasar tungging sebagai ruang publik adalah sebagai ruang yang menampung aktivitas berjualan pedagang pasar tungging. Sebagai sumber matapencaharian bagi pedagang pasar tungging. Serta pasar tungging berfungsi sebagai tempat terjadinya interaksi sosial. (2) Upaya aktor pasar tungging dalam menjaga eksistensi pasar tungging adalah dengan membayar uang keamanan. Menjaga keamanan dan kebersihan Menjalin hubungan baik antara pedagang dan pengelola pasar
Inserting a Drainage Strip into the Pre-tracheal Space to Treat Tension Pneumomediastinum: A Case-control Study
Authors: Liu Qianli , Li Xiaohui , Han Zhengzheng , Hong Chun 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background: Pneumomediastinum is an emergency pediatric disease. A severe tension pneumomediastinum can result in respiratory and circulatory dysfunction. However, few papers describe surgical methods to treat tension pneumomediastinum in a normative manner.Methods: We did a case-control study of 104 pediatric patients with tension pneumomediastinum and comorbid type II respiratory failure. Fifty-two patients were treated with a drainage strip being inserted into the pre-tracheal space while other 52 patients were treated without drainage. Arterial blood pO2 and pCO2 after 30 minutes and 12 hours of mechanical ventilation, chest radiography results after 12 hours of mechanical ventilation, and the length of stay in PICU of the two groups were analyzed by paired t-tests and Chi-square.Results: Chest radiography after 12 hours of mechanical ventilation showed that the pneumomediastinum basically disappeared in the surgery group but did not decrease significantly in the control group. The arterial blood pCO2 after 12 hours of mechanical ventilation and the length of stay in PICU were significantly lower in the surgery group than in the control group (p<0.001, p<0.001), while the arterial blood pO2 after 12 hours of mechanical ventilation was significantly higher in the surgery group than in the control group (p<0.001). There were no significant intergroup differences in other variables. No recurrence occurred in either group during 7–14 days after discharge, and all patients recovered.Conclusions: Our method for draining tension pneumomediastinum improved respiratory function and shortened the length of stay in PICU.Trial registration: ChiCTR2000039496. Date of registration: 2021/2/25 (retrospectively registered).
Preventive effect of cryotherapy on persistent chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy after completion of weekly paclitaxel therapy for breast cancer
Authors: Shigematsu Hideo , Kimura Yuri , Itagaki Tomoko , Yasui Daisuke 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
BackgroundChemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is an important adverse event of taxane-based chemotherapy, which can persist in a substantial proportion of patients for years. Cryotherapy therapy is shown to be effective in prevention of CIPN during chemotherapy, but its protective effect on persistent CIPN has not been reported. MethodsThis observational study was performed as an ancillary analysis of a randomized trial investigating the preventive effect of cryotherapy on weekly paclitaxel-induced CIPN in breast cancer patients (UMIN000034966). Eligible cases were evaluated for Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Neurotoxicity (FACT-NTX) score and Patient Neurotoxicity Questionnaire (PNQ) at more than one year after completion of weekly paclitaxel. ResultsThirty-eight cases were evaluated for persistent CIPN with a median 2.3 (1.3-3.1) years after completion of weekly paclitaxel. The incidence of a significant decrease in FACT-NTX scores was numerically lower in the cryotherapy group compared with the control group (15.8% vs. 36.8%, p = 0.13). There was also a lower grade of PNQ sensory (p = 0.02) and motor (p = 0.17) in the cryotherapy group compared with the control group. ConclusionIn breast cancer patients treated with weekly paclitaxel, cryotherapy resulted in a numerical decrease in the incidence of persistent CIPN after completion of weekly paclitaxel therapy.
The Selah Study Protocol of Three Interventions to Manage Stress among Clergy: A Preference-based Randomized Waitlist-control Trial
Authors: Tice Logan C , Eagle David E. , Rash Joshua A. , Larkins Jessie S. , Labrecque Sofia M. , Platt Alyssa , Yao Jia , Proeschold-Bell Rae Jean 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Introduction: Like many helping professionals in emotional labor occupations, clergy experience high rates of mental and physical comorbidities. Regular stress management practices may reduce stress-related symptoms and morbidity, but more research is needed into what practices can be reliably included in busy lifestyles, and practiced at a high enough level to meaningfully reduce stress symptoms. Methods and analysis: The overall design is a preference-based randomized waitlist-control trial. United Methodist clergy in North Carolina will be eligible to participate. The intervention and waitlist-control groups will be recruited by email. The interventions offered are specifically targeted to clergy preference and include: Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, Daily Examen and stress inoculation training. Surveys will be conducted at 0, 12 and 24 weeks with heart rate data collected at 0 and 12 weeks. The primary outcomes for this study are self-reported symptoms of stress and heart rate at week 12 for each intervention compared to waitlist control; the secondary outcome is symptoms of anxiety comparing each intervention vs waitlist control. Ethics and dissemination: Ethical approval was obtained from the Duke University Campus IRB (2019-0238). Results will be made available to researchers, funders, and members of the clergy community.ClinicalTrials.gov trial registration number: NCT04625777.
Hospital Readmission in Patients With COVID-19
Authors: Rahimian Neda , Heidari Mahshid , Hashemi-Madani Nahid , Tavakoli Nader , Khamseh Moammad E 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objective: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the demand for hospital beds has exceeded substantially. Thus, we aimed to conduct this study to identify factors associated with the risk of readmission in order to introduce the best discharge plan for patients with high risk of hospital readmission. Method: This is a multicenter, case-control study included 1357 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 infection. Age-sex-matched case and control groups were paired at 1:2 ratios. COVID-19 readmission rate was assessed. Moreover, Logistic regression analysis was applied to determine the factors associated with readmission. Results: Of the 1357 patients, 99 (7.29%) subjects were readmitted. The most common cause of readmission was respiratory distress. The median (IQR) of the interval between hospital discharge and the second admission was 5 (2-16) days. Upon adjusting with the main risk factors, having at least one underlying disease and being treated with the corticosteroid (GC) were significantly associated with a higher rate of readmission (OR: 2.76, 95% CI :1.30- 5.87) and (OR:8.24, 95% CI :3.72- 18.22), respectively.Conclusion: Identification of Risk factors of COVID 19 readmission will improve resource utilization and patient care.
Higher Fruits and Vegetables and Less Red Meat Intake Lower Precocious Puberty Risk
Authors: Gu Qiuyun , Wu Youmei , Feng Zhuowei , Chai Yimeng , Hou Shan , Yu Zhiping , Shen Xiuhua 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background & aims: The role of dietary intake on precocious puberty remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between the amount and frequency of dietary intake and the risk of precocious puberty in Chinese girls. Methods: In this case-control study, we enrolled 185 precocious puberty girls and 185 age-matched controls.Their dietary intake was assessed through a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Their sociodemographic and lifestyle data were collected. The associations between dietary intake and risk of precocious puberty were assessed by conditional logistic regression models. Results: Despite a higher weight and height of girls in the case group than in the control group, there was no statistical difference in BMI between the two groups (P=0.077). After multivariate adjustment, consuming higher amount of red meat was associated with higher precocious puberty risk [≥50g/day vs. <25g/day: OR (95% CI) = 2.74 (1.25, 6.02), P = 0.0121]. Compared with fruit intake frequency <7 times/week, consuming higher frequency of fruit was associated with lower precocious puberty risk [7-10 times/week: OR (95%CI) = 0.36 (0.14, 0.91); ≥10 times/week: OR (95%CI)= 0.21 (0.05, 0.94); P for trend = 0.024]. Furthermore, compared with vegetables intake <112.5 g/day, higher amount of vegetables intake was associated with lower risk of precocious puberty [112.5-240g/day: OR (95%CI) = 0.31 (0.12, 0.77); ≥240.0g/day: OR (95%CI) = 0.25 (0.11, 0.59); P for trend = 0.002]. Conclusion: Consuming more fruits and vegetables and less red meat could potentially reduce the risk of precocious puberty in Chinese girls.