bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling and Validating Analytic Relations for Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness of Fabrics with Conductive Yarns
Authors: Razvan Radulescu Ion , Surdu Lilioara , Visileanu Emilia , Morari Cristian , Costea Marian 
Published: February 2021

Electromagnetic (EM) radiation may be harmful for human’s health and for functioning of electronic equipment. The field of Electromagnetic Compatibility approaches various solutions to tackle this problem, while shielding of the radiation is one of the main solutions. Since the development of spinning technology for producing conductive yarns for fabrics, textile electromagnetic shields have become a valuable alternative to metallic shields. Their main advantages are given by the flexibility, the low weight and the good mechanical resistance, as well as by the possibility to precisely design the shield. The scientific literature includes several analytic relations for estimating the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMSE), in case of woven fabrics with conductive yarns, which may be modeled as a grid of electric conductors. This book chapter tackles three different analytic models for estimating EMSE, which are useful to predict this functionality in the design phase of fabrics. The analytic relations are subsequently comparatively validated by EMSE measurements via TEM cell equipment of two woven fabrics with conductive yarns out of stainless steel and silver with a grid of 4 mm. Results of validated analytic relations are used for the approach of designing textile shields with regard to final application requirements.
Why Al-B4C Metal Matrix Composites? A Review
Authors: F. Ibrahim Mohamed , R. Ammar Hany , M. Samuel Agnes , S. Soliman Mahmoud , Songmene Victor , H. Samuel Fawzy 
Published: February 2021

The Al-B4C metal matrix composite (MMC) is characterized by its ability to absorb neutrons which makes it the most suitable shielding material for nuclear reactors. The present work was performed on two series of Al-B4C metal matrix composites made using a powder injection apparatus. In one series, commercially pure aluminum (A5) served as the matrix. For the second set, 6063 alloy was used. In all cases the volume fraction of B4C reinforcement particles (grit size 400 mesh, purity 99.5%) was approximately 15%. The volume fraction of the injected B4C particles was determined using a computer driven image analyzer. Measured amounts of Ti, Zr, and Ti + Zr, were added to the molten composites of both series. Microstructural characterization was carried out employing a field emission scanning electron microscope operating at 20 kV and equipped with an electron dispersive x-ray spectroscopic system (EDS). The same technique was applied to characterize the fracture behavior of the tested composites. Mechanical properties of these composites were investigated using impact testing, and ambient and high temperature tensile testing methods. Almost 1000 impact and tensile samples were tested following different heat treatments. The obtained results from these investigations are reported in this Chapter.
Vertigo moulinsiana (Dupuy, 1849) et Vertigo angustior Jeffreys, 1830 en Sarthe : bilan de deux années d’étude
Authors: GERBER Rémi , NOËL Franck , MARIOT Romain 
Published: February 2021

Une étude de trois ans, de 2017 à 2019, a été menée en Sarthe par le Centre permanent d’Initiatives pour l’Environnement (CPIE) Vallées de la Sarthe et du Loir sur la famille des Vertiginidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) et plus spécifiquement sur Vertigo moulinsiana (Dupuy, 1849) et Vertigo angustior Jeffreys, 1830. Cette étude a pour objectifs d’améliorer la connaissance de leur répartition et de leur écologie et de sensibiliser les acteurs locaux : naturalistes et gestionnaires. Nous présentons ici les principaux résultats des deux premières années d’études consacrées à l’inventaire de Vertigo moulinsiana et Vertigo angustior. La sélection des sites à inventorier est réalisée en deux étapes. D’abord le choix d’une zone d’étude, bassin versant ou site Natura 2000, puis celui des stations à prospecter à partir des cartographies existantes ou par photo-interprétation. Ce sont finalement 524 stations qui ont été prospectées sur deux ans. Quarante-neuf stations abritent V. moulinsiana, sept Vertigo angustior et neuf contiennent les deux espèces. Leur répartition dans le département de la Sarthe est très hétérogène. La vallée des Cartes abrite la grande majorité des stations à Vertigo angustior et de nombreuses localités de Vertigo moulinsiana, les deux espèces pouvant être répertoriées au sein du même site. Vertigo moulinsiana est retrouvé ponctuellement sur d’autres bassins versants comme ceux de la Fare et du Tripoulin.
Dengue Fever Mimicking Plasma Cell Leukemia
Authors: Gawoski John M. , Ooi Winnie W. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractExtreme plasmacytosis in peripheral blood is a rare finding most often associated with plasma cell leukemia but rarely with other malignancies, infectious diseases, or drug reactions. We report the case of a 40-year-old man who was a US expatriate working and traveling in East Asia. He presented with complaints of fever, myalgia, headache, vomiting, and diarrhea of 3 days' duration. An initial evaluation revealed elevated liver function tests, thrombocytopenia (68 × 103/μL), and a white blood cell count of 5.8 × 103/μL with 19% plasma cells (1100/μL), 9% abnormal plasmacytoid lymphocytes (520/μL), 37% polymorphonuclear leukocytes, 3% band forms, 27% lymphocytes, 4% monocytes, and 1% eosinophils. An extensive evaluation was performed, including infectious disease serologies, a bone marrow biopsy, and flow cytometry. During the course of 3 days, his symptoms and hematologic findings improved dramatically. Serologic results were reactive for dengue (immunoglobulin M [IgM] positive, reciprocal IgG titer, 655 360), consistent with a secondary infection of unknown serotype. He remains well 4 years later. To our knowledge, plasmacytosis to this degree has not been described in dengue fever, but atypical lymphocytosis is common. In patients from dengue-endemic areas, even extreme plasmacytosis should be assessed to determine whether it is transient and related to an acute illness before proceeding to an extensive evaluation.
Intranodal Palisaded Myofibroblastoma With Overexpression of Cyclin D1
Authors: Kleist Britta , Poetsch Micaela , Schmoll Juergen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Intranodal palisaded myofibroblastoma (IPM) is a rare benign spindle-cell tumor of lymph nodes with myofibroblastic/smooth muscle differentiation. We present another case of IPM that confirms the myofibroblastic differentiation of the tumor cells and identifies the so-called amianthoid fibers as collagen deposits by immunohistochemical and ultrastructural techniques. Because IPM shares histomorphologic characteristics with an inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor that has been associated with a virus-induced alteration of cell cycle regulation, the diagnostic approach was extended in this case. We were able to demonstrate cyclin D1 overexpression but could detect neither amplification of the CCND1 gene nor allelic loss at chromosomes 9p22-21 and 13q (surrounding the genes p16 and Rb, respectively). Furthermore, no evidence of human herpesvirus-8 or Epstein-Barr virus infection could be found by polymerase chain reaction or immunostaining. Nevertheless, our results point to the cell cycle regulatory genes as a factor in the pathogenesis of IPM.
The Role of Molecular Biology and Nucleic Acid Technology in the Study of Human Infection and Epidemiology
Authors: Zaidi Najam , Konstantinou Konstantinos , Zervos Marcus 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjective.—In this review, we will focus on recent molecular typing methods that can be applied to different pathogens and assess their values and limitations.Background.—Resistant subgroups within a species of pathogenic organisms often emerge as dominant strains under the selective pressures of antibiotics, vaccinations, and new health care practices. The emergence of resistant organisms has added to the burden and cost of health care–related infections. Pathogens derived from a common ancestry are often difficult to distinguish by conventional methods, and the practice of clinical microbiology and infectious disease epidemiology must adapt to this problem.Discussion.—Conventional strain typing methods provide a limited means of distinguishing epidemic from endemic or sporadic isolates of pathogens. Nucleic acid–based methods complement conventional and serologic methods of organism isolation and typing. Often, these genomic methods offer more discrimination and details than the phenotype-based conventional methods.Results and Conclusion.—Highly sensitive molecular techniques are capable of detecting single base pair substitutions and resolving the mechanism of underlying complex variation.
Application of Rapid-Cycle Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction for Diagnostic Testing in the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory
Authors: Cockerill Franklin R. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—Rapid-cycle real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology combines rapid thermocycling with real-time fluorescent probe detection of amplified target nucleic acids.
Objectives.—To review and compare the method of rapid-cycle real-time PCR to conventional PCR methods. To describe the application of rapid-cycle real-time PCR for diagnostic testing in the microbiology laboratory.
Data Selection.—Information is presented from published literature as well as from personal experience at the Mayo Clinical Microbiology Laboratory (Rochester, Minn).
Conclusions.—Compared to conventional PCR methods, rapid-cycle real-time PCR diagnostics are much faster and easier to perform, and, because both PCR and probe detection occur in the same reaction vessel, the possibility of amplified product (amplicon) contamination is lessened. Furthermore, compared to conventional culture-based or direct antigen detection methods, rapid-cycle real-time PCR assays are frequently more sensitive and much more rapid techniques for detecting or quantifying microorganisms in human samples and for identifying genes or mutations in pathogens associated with antimicrobial resistance.
Epithelioid Sarcoma: New Insights Based on an Extended Immunohistochemical Analysis
Authors: Laskin William B. , Miettinen Markku 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—Epithelioid sarcoma has a distinctive epithelioid phenotype and characteristically exhibits immunohistochemical reactivity for epithelial markers (keratins and epithelial membrane antigen) and mesenchymal markers (most notably vimentin and CD34). Antibodies to certain keratin subunits and other novel antigens now available to surgical pathologists have not been tested on a large number of cases.
Objective.—To assist in the differential diagnosis of epithelioid sarcoma and to help elucidate its histogenesis through an expanded immunohistochemical profile.
Design.—Immunohistochemical testing with diverse antibodies was performed on 95 archived epithelioid sarcomas including 73 classic and 22 histologically variant subtypes retrieved from the files of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.
Results.—Immunohistochemical reactivity (number positive/number of cases tested [percent positive], frequency of staining) included keratin 14 (31/64 [48%], variable), gamma-catenin (35/74 [47%], variable), keratin 5/6 (10/33 [30%], focal), calretinin (8/40 [20%], focal), keratin 20 (11/71 [15%], focal), p63 (3/20 [15%], focal), whereas 9 invasive cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas showed strong p63 positivity, epithelial-specific antigen (10/74 [14%], variable), CD117/Kit (5/37 [14%], focal), keratin 15 (3/23 [13%], rare cell), mesothelin (2/64 [3%], rare cell), and CD10 (1/41 [2%], rare cell). No reactivity was observed for keratins 2, 5, and 10.
Conclusions.—Diagnostically, p63 and keratin 5/6 distinguish cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (positive) from epithelioid sarcoma (usually negative). No single immunomarker was able to distinguish the main 4 histologic subtypes of epithelioid sarcoma, indicating that they are all histogenetically related lesions. The limited expression of specific keratin subtypes used in our study supports the notion that epithelioid sarcoma is a mesenchymal neoplasm capable of partial epithelial transformation.
Adjunctive Human Papillomavirus Testing in the 2-Year Follow-up of Women With Low-Grade Cervical Cytologic Abnormalities: A Randomized Trial and Economic Evaluation
Authors: Lytwyn Alice , Sellors John W. , Mahony James B. , Daya Dean , Chapman William , Howard Michelle , Roth Paula , Lorincz Attila T. , Gafni Amiran , Walter Stephen D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—Although human papillomavirus (HPV) testing may aid in managing low-grade abnormality on screening cervical cytology, patient compliance with repeat testing programs requires consideration.
Objectives.—To determine effectiveness and costs of repeated Papanicolaou (Pap) test and oncogenic HPV testing for detecting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 or 3.
Design.—We conducted a randomized controlled trial of combined Pap test and cervical HPV testing by Hybrid Capture 1 test compared with Pap test alone; tests were performed every 6 months for up to 2 years. The study end point was colposcopic examination performed on all women at 2 years, or earlier if an HPV test was positive or if a Pap test showed high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion.
Setting.—Sixty-six community family practices.
Participants.—Two hundred fifty-seven women with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion on screening cervical cytology.
Main Outcome Measures.—Detection of histologically confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 or 3, fully allocated costs, and loss to follow-up.
Results.—Combined Pap test and HPV testing detected 11 (100%) of 11 cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2/3, whereas Pap test alone detected 7 (63.6%) of these 11 cases (P = .14); corresponding specificities were 39 (46.4%) of 84 and 45 (71.4%) of 63 (P = .005). The cost-effectiveness ratio was Can $4456 per additional case of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Sixty-nine (26.8%) of the 257 women (24.6% combined group vs 29.1% Pap test only group, P = .41) defaulted from testing or from colposcopy when referred with an abnormal result.
Conclusions.—Combined testing was more costly but may detect more cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2/3 than Pap test alone. However, poor adherence limits usefulness of a management strategy that requires repeated follow-up.
Cardiac Sarcoidosis: Cytokine Patterns in the Course of the Disease
Authors: Schoppet Michael , Pankuweit Sabine , Maisch Bernhard 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a chronic systemic disease of unknown etiology, which is characterized by noncaseating epitheloid granulomas usually in multiple organs. Here we describe changes in cytokine mRNA expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and changes of cytokine protein levels in plasma over a time course of 12 months in a patient with sarcoidosis confined to the heart as diagnosed by endomyocardial biopsy. Mitogen-stimulated PBMCs exhibited a more TH1 cytokine profile at onset of symptoms before immunosuppressive therapy was initiated, with a change to a TH0 response in the course of the disease as evidenced by multiplex-polymerase chain reaction. In plasma, high levels of interleukin-6 could be detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system, with rapid decline correlating with immunosuppression and improving clinical course. These changes may point to a role of TH1 and TH2 cytokines in the pathogenesis and the healing process of cardiac sarcoidosis.
Schnabel Cavernous Degeneration: A Vascular Change of the Aging Eye
Authors: Giarelli Luigi , Falconieri Giovanni , Cameron J. Douglas , Pheley Alfred M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—Schnabel cavernous degeneration is a histologic finding originally attributed to glaucoma; however, its cause and significance have been controversial.
Objective.—To determine the basic cause of the formation of cavernous spaces in the proximal optic nerve and its clinical significance.
Methods.—A retrospective analysis of 4500 autopsy eyes processed for histologic evaluation between 1967 and 1991.
Results.—Ninety-three (2.1% of eyes examined) cases of Schnabel cavernous optic atrophy were identified. The majority of the eyes were from women (81%). The mean age of the entire group was 88 years (reference range, 54–103 years). Severe vascular anomalies were present in 75% of the individuals. Cavernous degeneration was unilateral in 82% of the cases. Loss of ganglion cells and nerve fiber layer consistent with glaucoma was found in 23.7% of the individuals. Clinical information was available for 15 individuals (16%). Half of them were thought to have some clinical optic nerve damage; in the remainder, no specific optic disc abnormalities were noted. Histologic findings of arteriolosclerosis in the optic nerve circulation were common. The prevalence of glaucoma was low.
Conclusions.—Schnabel cavernous optic atrophy appears to be a unilateral condition of elderly women with systemic vascular disease and few characteristic ocular features. Our data indicate that a chronic vascular occlusive disease of the proximal optic nerve is more involved in cavernous atrophic pathogenesis than is a sustained increase of intraocular pressure.
Virtual Microscopy as a Tool for Proficiency Testing in Cytopathology: A Model Using Multiple Digital Images of Papanicolaou Tests
Authors: Marchevsky Alberto M. , Wan Yan , Thomas Premi , Krishnan Lalita , Evans-Simon Helen , Haber Helene 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background.—Modern digital cameras can acquire images from cytologic slides at sufficient resolution to allow for digital enlargement and scrolling on a video monitor, allowing for the simulation of microscopy using a computer.
Objective.—The purpose of this study was to develop a tool for proficiency testing in cytopathology using multiple digital images of Papanicolaou tests.
Methods.—Nine images were photographed from each of 10 Papanicolaou tests at ×100 optical magnification, 3400 × 2300-pixel resolution, using a light microscope and a digital camera. All images from each case were tiled in a single canvas with Photoshop 4.0 software. Two cytopathologists and 3 cytotechnologists interpreted these “virtual slides” using a computer and graded diagnostic codes (PAP program, College of American Pathologists). Subjects were retested a year later using the glass slides from the same cases and routine microscopy. Both test results, by diagnostic code, were compared with the McNemar test of symmetry.
Results.—The 5 test subjects provided 42 and 50 correct diagnostic codes by “virtual microscopy” and light microscopy, respectively. No significant asymmetry in results obtained by virtual microscopy and light microscopy was encountered with the McNemar test of symmetry. All test answers were correctly classified by selection series, using both virtual microscopy and light microscopy, and the responses would have been graded as 100% by current PAP program scoring guidelines. This suggests that virtual microscopy could be used for proficiency testing purposes.
Conclusions.—A simple virtual microscopy method designed to challenge participants to locate and diagnose cells of interest was effective for the administration of standardized proficiency tests. Virtual microscopy methods that rely on single-plane images to locate and diagnose cells of interest could provide effective proficiency testing tools prior to the development of more computationally intensive systems that represent an entire Papanicolaou test at multiple focal planes.
Mammaglobin Expression in Lymph Nodes Is an Important Marker of Metastatic Breast Carcinoma
Authors: Han Jae-Ho , Kang Yup , Shin Ha-Chul , Kim Hyun-Soo , Kang Young-Mo , Kim Young-Bae , Oh Seung-Yeon 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—Organ specificity is a desirable property of a tumor marker, especially in metastatic adenocarcinomas of unknown primary origin. Mammaglobin, a mammary-specific member of the uteroglobin family, is known to be overexpressed in human breast cancer.
Objective.—We investigated mammaglobin A expression in metastatic carcinomas of lymph nodes from the breast and various other organs and its usefulness in identifying metastatic carcinoma of the breast. For comparative purposes, we also investigated BRST-1 and BRST-2 expression.
Design.—We produced recombinant mammaglobin and polyclonal antimammaglobin antibodies. Mammaglobin expression was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining using a tissue microarray and by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction in 210 carcinomas, including those of the breast (n = 70), lung (n = 30), stomach (n = 30), colorectum (n = 25), hepatobiliary tract (n = 20), urinary tract (n = 10), thyroid gland (n = 10), ovary and endometrium (n = 10), and salivary gland (n = 5).
Results.—Mammaglobin expression was observed in 59 cases (84.3%) of breast cancer and in 21 cases (15.0%) of nonbreast cancer. The BRST-1 and BRST-2 expression rates were 75.7% and 44.3% in breast cancer and 26.4% and 2.1% in nonbreast cancer, respectively. Mammaglobin is superior to BRST-1 for both specificity and sensitivity and is superior to BRST-2 for sensitivity.
Conclusion.—Our data suggest that mammaglobin is one of the first relatively mammary-specific and mammary-sensitive markers. Mammaglobin and BRST-2 appear to represent useful markers for breast cancer and should be used as a component of panels evaluating tumors of unknown primary sites.
Congenital Anerythremic Erythroleukemia Presenting as Hepatic Failure
Authors: Lazure Thierry , Beauchamp Anne , Croisille Laure , Ferlicot Sophie , Feneux Danielle , Fabre Monique 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We report an atypical case of congenital erythroleukemia in a child born with hepatosplenomegaly and abnormal liver tests. The initial peripheral blood cell count showed anemia and hyperleukocytosis with erythroblastosis that disappeared 1 week later. During the next 5 weeks, no blasts were found in the blood, and less than 5% were found on 2 successive bone marrow aspirates. The infant died of hepatic failure. The suspected diagnosis on a premortem liver biopsy was confirmed by an autopsy that showed a blastic infiltration in many organs. These cells expressed only erythroid markers glycophorin A and C. Rearrangement of the myeloid lymphoid leukemia gene was not found by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The main differential diagnoses include metabolic diseases, Langerhans histiocytosis, Pepper syndrome, transient myeloproliferative disorder, and leukemoid reactions. Although some of these can be excluded by the pathologist, others require a multidisciplinary confrontation: clinical, biologic, genetic, and pathologic examinations.