bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endemic parasitic infections in donors and recipients of stem cell and solid organ transplants: focus on strongyloidiasis and Chagas disease
Authors: Galeano Sebastian , Prieto Jimena 
Published: June 2021

Purpose of review
The aim of the article is to review recent recommendations on the management of Strongyloidiasis and Chagas disease (ChD) in the context of stem-cell or solid-organ transplantation.

Recent findings
An update on laboratory screening, detection of acute disease or reactivation and recommended preventive or therapeutic options in the transplant recipients and donors is presented. Recent epidemiological data showing new estimates on the worldwide burden of both diseases and changes in the classical distribution around the globe should increase awareness and will impact the evaluation and management of transplant recipients and donors in endemic and nonendemic regions.

Summary
Strongyloidiasis and ChD are potentially life threatening if unnoticed in the context of stem-cell or solid-organ transplantation and should be considered in endemic and nonendemic areas. Effective strategies for detection, monitoring, prevention and management are available for both diseases.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Around Metal at 1.5 Tesla
Authors: Germann Christoph , Nanz Daniel , Sutter Reto 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
During the last decade, metal artifact reduction in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been an area of intensive research and substantial improvement. The demand for an excellent diagnostic MRI scan quality of tissues around metal implants is closely linked to the steadily increasing number of joint arthroplasty (especially knee and hip arthroplasties) and spinal stabilization procedures. Its unmatched soft tissue contrast and cross-sectional nature make MRI a valuable tool in early detection of frequently encountered postoperative complications, such as periprosthetic infection, material wear–induced synovitis, osteolysis, or damage of the soft tissues. However, metal-induced artifacts remain a constant challenge. Successful artifact reduction plays an important role in the diagnostic workup of patients with painful/dysfunctional arthroplasties and helps to improve patient outcome. The artifact severity depends both on the implant and the acquisition technique. The implant's material, in particular its magnetic susceptibility and electrical conductivity, its size, geometry, and orientation in the MRI magnet are critical. On the acquisition side, the magnetic field strength, the employed imaging pulse sequence, and several acquisition parameters can be optimized. As a rule of thumb, the choice of a 1.5-T over a 3.0-T magnet, a fast spin-echo sequence over a spin-echo or gradient-echo sequence, a high receive bandwidth, a small voxel size, and short tau inversion recovery–based fat suppression can mitigate the impact of metal artifacts on diagnostic image quality. However, successful imaging of large orthopedic implants (eg, arthroplasties) often requires further optimized artifact reduction methods, such as slice encoding for metal artifact correction or multiacquisition variable–resonance image combination. With these tools, MRI at 1.5 T is now widely considered the modality of choice for the clinical evaluation of patients with metal implants.
Whole-body Composition Profiling Using a Deep Learning Algorithm
Authors: Huber Florian A. , Chaitanya Krishna , Gross Nico , Chinnareddy Sunand Reddy , Gross Felix , Konukoglu Ender , Guggenberger Roman 
Published: June 2021

Objectives
To develop, test, and validate a body composition profiling algorithm for automated segmentation of body compartments in whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (wbMRI) and to investigate the influence of different acquisition parameters on performance and robustness.

Materials and Methods
A segmentation algorithm for subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue (SCAT and VAT) and total muscle mass (TMM) was designed using a deep learning U-net architecture convolutional neuronal network. Twenty clinical wbMRI scans were manually segmented and used as training, validation, and test datasets. Segmentation performance was then tested on different data, including different magnetic resonance imaging protocols and scanners with and without use of contrast media. Test-retest reliability on 2 consecutive scans of 16 healthy volunteers each as well as impact of parameters slice thickness, matrix resolution, and different coil settings were investigated. Sorensen-Dice coefficient (DSC) was used to measure the algorithms' performance with manual segmentations as reference standards. Test-retest reliability and parameter effects were investigated comparing respective compartment volumes. Abdominal volumes were compared with published normative values.

Results
Algorithm performance measured by DSC was 0.93 (SCAT) to 0.77 (VAT) using the test dataset. Dependent from the respective compartment, similar or slightly reduced performance was seen for other scanners and scan protocols (DSC ranging from 0.69–0.72 for VAT to 0.83–0.91 for SCAT). No significant differences in body composition profiling was seen on repetitive volunteer scans (P = 0.88–1) or after variation of protocol parameters (P = 0.07–1).

Conclusions
Body composition profiling from wbMRI by using a deep learning–based convolutional neuronal network algorithm for automated segmentation of body compartments is generally possible. First results indicate that robust and reproducible segmentations equally accurate to a manual expert may be expected also for a range of different acquisition parameters.
Assessment of Lung Reaeration at 2 Levels of Positive End-expiratory Pressure in Patients With Early and Late COVID-19-related Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Smit Marry R. , Beenen Ludo F.M. , Valk Christel M.A. , de Boer Milou M. , Scheerder Maeke J. , Annema Jouke T. , Paulus Frederique , Horn Janneke , Vlaar Alexander P.J. , Kooij Fabian O. , Hollmann Markus W. , Schultz Marcus J. , Bos Lieuwe D.J. 
Published: June 2021

Purpose:
Patients with novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) frequently develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and need invasive ventilation. The potential to reaerate consolidated lung tissue in COVID-19-related ARDS is heavily debated. This study assessed the potential to reaerate lung consolidations in patients with COVID-19-related ARDS under invasive ventilation.

Materials and Methods:
This was a retrospective analysis of patients with COVID-19-related ARDS who underwent chest computed tomography (CT) at low positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and after a recruitment maneuver at high PEEP of 20 cm H2O. Lung reaeration, volume, and weight were calculated using both CT scans. CT scans were performed after intubation and start of ventilation (early CT), or after several days of intensive care unit admission (late CT).

Results:
Twenty-eight patients were analyzed. The median percentages of reaerated and nonaerated lung tissue were 19% [interquartile range, IQR: 10 to 33] and 11% [IQR: 4 to 15] for patients with early and late CT scans, respectively (P=0.049). End-expiratory lung volume showed a median increase of 663 mL [IQR: 483 to 865] and 574 mL [IQR: 292 to 670] after recruitment for patients with early and late CT scans, respectively (P=0.43). The median decrease in lung weight attributed to nonaerated lung tissue was 229 g [IQR: 165 to 376] and 171 g [IQR: 81 to 229] after recruitment for patients with early and late CT scans, respectively (P=0.16).

Conclusions:
The majority of patients with COVID-19-related ARDS undergoing invasive ventilation had substantial reaeration of lung consolidations after recruitment and ventilation at high PEEP. Higher PEEP can be considered in patients with reaerated lung consolidations when accompanied by improvement in compliance and gas exchange.
The Role for Simulation in Professional Identity Formation in Medical Students
Authors: Feldman Moshe , Edwards Cherie , Wong Alice , Randolph Jessica , Woleben Christopher , Nguyen Andrew , Grossman Catherine 
Published: June 2021

Introduction
Authentic clinical experiences and reflection are critical for medical student professional identity formation (PIF). Individualized learning plans and competency-based education accelerate time to graduation, thus creating more demand for students to gain PIF experiences early in medical education. This pilot study investigated student professional identity experiences related to participation in a clinical simulation during the first week of medical school.

Methods
All first-year medical students at an academic health center participated in a clinically relevant simulation-based orientation to medical school (SOMS). Participants completed evaluation surveys measuring PIF-related experiences during the SOMS.

Results
All participants completed the survey (N = 186). Students agreed that the SOMS helped them feel what it is like to be a doctor (90%) and transition to the role of student-physician (91%). Student comments about the SOMS-reflected PIF-related processes, such as building a sense of a community of practice among their peers in their roles as a healthcare team. Students also valued the opportunity to engage in reflection about their roles as student-physicians.

Conclusions
Simulation experiences can be used as a trigger for self-reflection to assist in medical student professional identity development as early as the first weeks of medical school. Simulation exercises may improve PIF and could further enhance medical student PIF by adding them longitudinally into the curriculum.
Cross-reactive antibodies after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination
Authors: Grobben Marloes , van der Straten Karlijn , Brouwer Philip J.M. , Brinkkemper Mitch , Maisonnasse Pauline , Dereuddre-Bosquet Nathalie , Burger Judith A. , Poniman Meliawati , Oomen Melissa , Eggink Dirk , Bijl Tom P.L. , van Willigen Hugo D.G. , Wynberg Elke , Verkaik Bas J. , Figaroa Orlane J.A. , de Vries Peter J. , Boertien Tessel M. , Grand Roger Le , de Jong Menno D. , Prins Maria , Chung Amy W. , de Bree Godelieve J. , Sanders Rogier W. , van Gils Marit J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCurrent SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are losing efficacy against emerging variants and may not protect against future novel coronavirus outbreaks, emphasizing the need for more broadly protective vaccines. To inform the development of a pan-coronavirus vaccine, we investigated the presence and specificity of cross-reactive antibodies against the spike (S) proteins of human coronaviruses (hCoV) after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. We found an 11 to 123-fold increase in antibodies binding to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV as well as a 2 to 4-fold difference in antibodies binding to seasonal hCoVs in COVID-19 convalescent sera compared to pre-pandemic healthy donors, with the S2 subdomain of the S protein being the main target for cross-reactivity. In addition, we detected cross-reactive antibodies to all hCoV S proteins after SARS-CoV-2 S protein immunization in macaques, with higher responses for hCoV more closely related to SARS-CoV-2. These findings support the feasibility of and provide guidance for development of a pan-coronavirus vaccine.
Evaluation of the INDICAID™ COVID-19 Rapid Antigen Test in symptomatic populations and asymptomatic community testing
Authors: Chiu Ricky Y. T. , Kojima Noah , Mosley Garrett Lee , Cheng Kwok Kin , Pereira David Y. , Brobeck Matthew , Chan Tsun Leung , Zee Jonpaul Sze-Tsing , Kittur Harsha , Chung Tenny Cheuk-Yiu , Tsang Eric , Maran Kajal , Yung Raymond Wai-Hung , Leung Alex Chin-Pang , Siu Ryan Ho-Ping , Ng Jessica Pui-Ling , Choi Tsz Hei , Fung Mei Wai , Chan Wai Sing , Lam Ho Yin , Lee Koon Hung , Parkin Sean , Chao Felix C. , Ho Stephen Ka-Nung , Marshak Daniel R. , Ma Edmond Shiu-Kwan , Klausner Jeffrey D. 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundAs the COVID-19 pandemic continues to cause substantial morbidity and mortality, there is an increased need for rapid, accessible assays for SARS-CoV-2 detection.MethodsHere we present a clinical evaluation and real-world implementation of the INDICAID™ COVID-19 Rapid Antigen Test (INDICAID™ Rapid Test). A multi-site clinical evaluation of the INDICAID™ Rapid Test using prospectively collected samples from symptomatic subjects was performed. The INDICAID™ Rapid Test was then implemented at COVID-19 outbreak screening centers in Hong Kong to screen individuals for COVID-19 to prioritize confirmatory RT-PCR testing among asymptomatic populations.ResultsThe clinical evaluation in symptomatic patient populations demonstrated a positive percent agreement and negative percent agreement of 85.3% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 75.6% - 91.6%) and 94.9% (95% CI: 91.6% - 96.9%), respectively, when compared to laboratory-based RT-PCR testing. When used during outbreak testing of 22,994 asymptomatic patients, the INDICAID™ Rapid Test demonstrated a positive percent agreement of 84.2% (95% CI: 69.6% - 92.6%) and a negative percent agreement of 99.9% (95% CI: 99.9% - 100%) compared to laboratory-based RT-PCR testing. When incorporated in a testing algorithm, the INDICAID™ Rapid Test reduced time to confirmatory positive result from an average 10.85 hours (standard RT-PCR only) to 0.84 hours, depending on the algorithm.ConclusionThe INDICAID™ Rapid Test has excellent performance when compared to laboratory-based RT-PCR testing, and when used in tandem with RT-PCR, reduces the time to confirmatory positive result.SummaryIn clinical evaluations, the INDICAID™ COVID-19 Rapid Antigen Test demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity in symptomatic and asymptomatic patient populations. When used in tandem with RT-PCR testing, the INDICAID™ Rapid Test expedited confirmatory results and may help reduce SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks.
Rapid, Near Point-of-Care Assay for HLA-B*57:01 Genotype Associated with Severe Hypersensitivity Reaction to Abacavir
Authors: Wallner Jackson J. , Beck Ingrid A. , Panpradist Nuttada , Ruth Parker S. , Valenzuela-Ponce Humberto , Soto-Nava Maribel , Ávila-Ríos Santiago , Lutz Barry R. , Frenkel Lisa M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor abacavir is commonly used to treat young children with HIV infection. Abacavir can trigger a severe hypersensitivity reaction in people who are homozygous or heterozygous for HLA-B*57:01. Testing for HLA-B*57:01 prior to abacavir initiation is standard-of-care in high-resource settings, but current tests are too costly for resource-limited settings. To address this gap, we developed an inexpensive, simple-to-use rapid assay to detect HLA-B*57:01.MethodsWe designed and optimized a multiplexed PCR to amplify HLA-B*57 subtypes and the human beta-globin gene. Subsequently, probes annealed to the amplicon and were ligated when specific for the HLA-B*57:01 allele. Ligated products were detected by immunocapture in a lateral flow strip. Cell lines with known HLA genotypes were used to optimize the assay. The assay was then evaluated by comparing the genotype of clinical specimens (n=60) enriched for individuals with HLA-B*57:01 by the new assay to that from sequencing.ResultsThe optimized multiplex PCR for B*57 and beta-globin resulted in a 40-minute, 35-cycle amplification, followed by a 20-minute ligation reaction and 15-minute detection step. Evaluation of the HLA-B*57:01 oligonucleotide ligation assay using clinical specimens had a sensitivity of 100% (n=27/27 typed as B*57:01) and specificity of 100% (n=33/33 typed as non-B*57:01) by visual interpretation of lateral flow strips.ConclusionsThis rapid and economical assay can accurately detect the presence of HLA-B*57:01 in clinical specimens. Use of this assay could expand access to HLA-B*57:01 genotyping and facilitate safe same-day initiation of abacavir-based treatment.
Prevalence of persistent symptoms in children during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from a household cohort study in England and Wales
Authors: Miller Faith , Nguyen Vincent , Navaratnam Annalan MD , Shrotri Madhumita , Kovar Jana , Hayward Andrew C , Fragaszy Ellen , Aldridge Robert W , Hardelid Pia 
Published: June 2021

AbstractUsing data from 4678 children participating in VirusWatch, a household cohort study, we estimated the prevalence of persistent symptoms lasting ≥4 weeks as 1.7%, and 4.6% in children with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Persistent symptom prevalence was higher in girls, teenagers and children with long-term conditions.
Changes in amygdalar functional connectivity following the water load symptom provocation task (WL-SPT) in youth with functional abdominal pain disorders
Authors: Cunningham Natoshia R , Averbuch Hadas Nahman , Lee Gregory R. , King Christopher , Coghill Robert C. 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTPediatric functional abdominal pain disorders (FAPD) are highly prevalent, difficult to diagnose and challenging to treat. The brain mechanisms supporting FAPD remain poorly understood. This investigation examined the neuromechanisms of FAPD during a well-tolerated visceral pain induction task, the water load symptom provocation task (WL-SPT). Youth between the ages of 11 and 17 years participated. Functional connectivity (FC) was examined via the Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) effect using the left and right amygdala (AMY) as seed regions. Relationships of the time courses within these seeds with voxels across the whole brain were evaluated. Arterial spin labeling (ASL) was used to assess regional brain activation by examining cerebral blood flow. Increased FC between the left AMY with regions associated with nociceptive processing (e.g., thalamus), and right AMY FC changes with areas associated with cognitive functioning (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and the default mode network (DMN; parietal lobe) were observed in youth with FAPD following the WL-SPT. These changes were related to changes in pain unpleasantness. AMY FC changes post WL-SPT were also related to changes in pain intensity. AMY FC with the DMN in youth with FAPD also differed from healthy controls. Global CBF changes were also noted between FAPD and controls, but no significant differences in grey matter were detected either between groups or during the WL-SPT in youth with FAPD. Findings confirm youth with FAPD have changes in brain connectivity that could support the development of biomarkers to enhance understanding of the mechanisms of pain and treatment response.
COVID Oximetry @home: evaluation of patient outcomes
Authors: Boniface Michael , Burns Daniel , Duckworth Chris , Ahmed Mazen , Duruiheoma Franklin , Armitage Htwe , Ratcliffe Naomi , Duffy John , O’Keeffe Caroline , Inada-Kim Matt 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundCOVID-19 has placed unprecedented demands on hospitals. A clinical service, COVID Oximetry @home (CO@h) was launched in November 2020 to support remote monitoring of COVID-19 patients in the community. Remote monitoring through CO@h aims to identify early patient deterioration and provide timely escalation for cases of silent hypoxia, while reducing the burden on secondary care.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective service evaluation of COVID-19 patients onboarded to CO@h from November 2020 to March 2021 in the North Hampshire (UK) community led service (a collaboration of 15 GP practices covering 230,000 people). We have compared outcomes for patients admitted to Basingstoke & North Hampshire Hospital who were CO@h patients (COVID-19 patients with home monitoring of SpO2 (n=115)), with non-CO@h patients (those directly admitted without being monitored by CO@h (n=633)). Crude and adjusted odds ratio analysis was performed to evaluate the effects of CO@h on patient outcomes of 30-day mortality, ICU admission and hospital length of stay greater than 3, 7, 14, and 28 days.ResultsAdjusted odds ratios for CO@h show an association with a reduction for several adverse patient outcome: 30-day hospital mortality (p<0.001 OR 0.21 95% CI 0.08-0.47), hospital length of stay larger than 3 days (p<0.05, OR 0.62 95% CI 0.39-1.00), 7 days (p<0.001 OR 0.35 95% CI 0.22-0.54), 14 days (p<0.001 OR 0.22 95% CI 0.11-0.41), and 28 days (p<0.05 OR 0.21 95% CI 0.05-0.59). No significant reduction ICU admission was observed (p>0.05 OR 0.43 95% CI 0.15-1.04). Within 30 days of hospital admission, there were no hospital readmissions for those on the CO@h service as opposed to 8.7% readmissions for those not on the service.ConclusionsWe have demonstrated a significant association between CO@h and better patient outcomes; most notably a reduction in the odds of hospital lengths of stays longer than 7, 14 and 28 days and 30-day hospital mortality.
Functional Rating Scales in Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Critical Appraisal of their Measurement Properties
Authors: Abrahao Agessandro , Phung Liane , Freitas Eliza , Borkhoff Cornelia M. , Zinman Lorne 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTTracking disease progression and treatment effect of spinal bulbar muscular atrophy, or Kennedy’s disease, is challenging given its slowly progressive nature. To achieve success in SBMA clinical trials, a reliable, responsive, and validated patient-reported motor function scale must capture progression of SBMA-specific motor dysfunction. Here, we conducted a systematic review, meta-analysis, and appraisal of core measurement properties of the SBMA functional rating scale (SBMAFRS). We established that the SBMAFRS has satisfactory internal consistency, inter-rater reliability, and construct validity for measuring progressive motor dysfunction over similar neurodegenerative motor function scales but inadequate sensitivity to change over time. Further development to validate and improve the SBMAFRS’ ability to capture longitudinal responsiveness in larger cohorts is warranted.
Analytical comparison of nine SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic tests for emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants
Authors: Bekliz Meriem , Adea Kenneth , Essaidi-Laziosi Manel , Sacks Jilian A , Escadafal Camille , Kaiser Laurent , Eckerle Isabella 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSeveral SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern/interest (VOC/VOI) emerged recently, with VOCs outcompeting earlier lineages on a global scale. To date, few data on routine diagnostic performance for VOC/VOIs are available. Here, we investigate the analytical performance of nine commercially available antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic tests (Ag-RDTs) for VOC B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1 and VOI P.2 with cultured SARS-CoV-2. Comparable or higher sensitivity was observed for VOC/VOI compared to a non-VOC/VOI early-pandemic virus for all Ag-RDTs.