bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Re-emergence of “Missing Women” in China
Authors: Bulte Erwin , Hsieh Chih-Sheng , Tu Qin , Wang Ruixin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEmpirical evidence suggests that close to 100 million women are “missing” worldwide. We revisit the empirical evidence for China, the country with the most missing women. Nearly ten million girls born in the 1980s and 1990s who were “missing” according to earlier census data can be found again in the 2010 population census. We discuss two possible explanations for the re-emergence of these formerly missing girls: the delayed registration of girls owing to economic reasons, and the response to amendments to the Chinese Statistics Law in 2009 and policy changes in the 2010 population census. Using the most recent statistics, we document patterns of the underreporting of women over time and across regions as well as explore the basic determinants of underreporting of women. Important policy challenges remain. For the unregistered children, the lack of access to public services will increase their vulnerability and adversely affect their quality of life.
Sun, Sand and Submachine Guns: Tourism in a Militarized Xinjiang, China
Authors: Fayard Gregory 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn recent years, domestic tourism into the Xinjiang region of China has grown rapidly. Government officials view tourism as a source of both economic capital and social stability, presenting a normalcy that makes it attractive for investment. There are two paradoxes to Xinjiang tourism. According to most literature, a massive military presence should deter tourists, but numbers have continued to grow in the militarized Xinjiang region. Second, the cultural “otherness” of Xinjiang is a big draw to the region, yet this culture is being suppressed by state policies to contain Islam. Using a dataset of Han Chinese travel diaries, I look at how narrated tourist experiences of Xinjiang justify policing, how ethnic boundaries are reinforced by practices in both transportation and personal interaction, and how state policies influence Chinese travellers’ views on the authenticity of their experience. While bodily assurances of security substantiate political legitimacy, tourists resist the bureaucratic management of sites, allowing for critiques focused almost exclusively on aesthetic taste.
Estimating filling pressures in paediatric heart transplant recipients using echocardiographic parameters and B-type natriuretic peptide
Authors: Wisotzkey Bethany L. , Haileselassie Bereketeab , Jorgensen Neal , Albers Erin L. , Kemna Mariksa S. , Soriano Brian D. , Bhat Aarti H. , Kronmal Richard A. , Bouccek Robert J. , Law Yuk M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackground:Longitudinal evaluation of allograft diastolic function in paediatric heart transplant recipients is important for early detection of acute rejection, cardiac allograft vasculopathy, and graft dysfunction. Mean diastolic right atrial and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures obtained at catheterisation are the reference standards for assessment. Echocardiography is non-invasive and more suitable for serial surveillance, but individual parameters have lacked accuracy. This study aimed to identify covariates of post-transplant mean right atrial and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures, including B-type natriuretic peptide and certain echocardiographic parameters.Methods:A retrospective review of 143 scheduled cardiac catheterisations and echocardiograms from 56 paediatric recipients transplanted from 2007 to 2011 was performed. Samples with rejection were excluded. Univariate and multivariate linear regression models using backward selection were applied to a database consisting of B-type natriuretic peptide, haemodynamic, and echocardiographic data.Results:Ln B-type natriuretic peptide, heart rate z-score, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension z-score, mitral E/e’, and percent interventricular septal thickening in systole were independently associated with mean right atrial pressure. Ln B-type natriuretic peptide, heart rate z-score, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension z-score, left ventricular mass (observed/predicted), and mitral E/e’ were independently associated with mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. Covariates of B-type natriuretic peptide included mean pulmonary artery and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures, height, haemoglobin, fractional shortening, percent interventricular septal thickening in systole, and pulmonary vascular resistance index.Conclusions:B-type natriuretic peptide and echocardiographic indices of diastolic function were independently related to post-transplant mean right atrial and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures in paediatric heart transplant recipients without rejection.
Addressing Climate Change through International Human Rights Law: From (Extra)Territoriality to Common Concern of Humankind
Authors: Bellinkx Vincent , Casalin Deborah , Erdem Türkelli Gamze , Scholtz Werner , Vandenhole Wouter 
Published: June 2021

AbstractInternational human rights law (IHRL) offers potential responses to the consequences of climate change. However, the focus of IHRL on territorial jurisdiction and the causation-based allocation of obligations does not match the global nature of climate change impacts and their indirect causation. The primary aim of this article is to respond to the jurisdictional challenge of IHRL in the context of climate change, including its indirect, slow-onset consequences such as climate change migration. It does so by suggesting a departure from (extra)territoriality and an embrace of global international cooperation obligations in IHRL. The notion of common concern of humankind (CCH) in international environmental law offers conceptual inspiration for the manner in which burden sharing between states may facilitate international cooperation in response to global problems. Such a reconfiguration of the jurisdictional tenets of IHRL is central to enabling a meaningful human rights response to the harmful consequences of climate change.
Solar Energetic Proton Access to the Inner Magnetosphere During the September 7–8, 2017 Event
Authors: Li Zhao , Engel Miles , Hudson Mary , Kress Brian , Patel Maulik , Qin Murong , Selesnick Richard 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe access of solar energetic protons into the inner magnetosphere on September 7–8, 2017 is investigated by following reversed proton trajectories to compute the proton cutoff energy using the Dartmouth geomagnetic cutoff code (Kress et al., 2010, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009sw000488). The cutoff energies for protons coming from the west and east direction, the minimum and maximum cutoff energy respectively, are calculated every 5 min along the orbit of Van Allen Probes using TS07 and the Lyon‐Fedder‐Mobarry (LFM) MHD magnetic field model. The result shows that the cutoff energy increases significantly as the radial distance decreases, and that the cutoff energy decreases with the building up of the ring current during magnetic storms. Solar wind dynamic pressure also affects cutoff suppression (Kress et al., 2004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gl018599). The LFM‐RCM model shows stronger suppression of cutoff energy than TS07 during strong solar wind driving conditions. The simulation result is compared with proton flux measurements, showing consistent variation of the cutoff location during the September 7–8, 2017 geomagnetic storm.
On the Cause of the Post‐Sunset Nocturnal OI 630 nm Airglow Enhancement Over Low‐Latitude Thermosphere
Authors: Saha Sovan , Pallamraju Duggirala , Pant Tarun K. , Chakrabarti Supriya 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAirglow emissions serve as good tracers of the altitudinal regions at which they originate. OI 630 nm (red line) nocturnal emissions originate from around 250 km altitude. A total of 142 nights of data corresponding to the months of January, February, and March in the years 2013, 2014, and 2016, obtained from Mt. Abu (24.6°N, 72.7°E, 16°N Mag), Gurushikhar, India, a low‐latitude location, are investigated. These are compared with the column integrated emission rates calculated using, as inputs, the measured electron density profiles obtained from a digisonde from Ahmedabad (AMD, 23.0°N, 72.6°E, 15°N Mag), India. Following the expected monotonic decrement in the emissions after sunset, an enhancement is observed on several nights that peaks at around 20–21 local time (LT). The cause for this enhancement has been investigated in detail and it is found that the neutral winds, as obtained using digisondes at two locations, show almost a very good correlation between a poleward directed wind or cessation of equatorward wind over AMD and the observed airglow emission enhancement in the post‐sunset time. Further, the percentage enhancement in emissions also shows a decrease in magnitudes from January to March which has a broad similarity to the decrease in the model climatological meridional wind magnitudes in the same duration. Based on the data spanning over different years, it is inferred that, during geomagnetic quiet periods, almost all of the nocturnal variability in OI 630 nm emissions is due to the variations in the neutral wind.
Calibrating Electrostatic Deflection of Charged Particle Sensors Using Ambient Plasma Measurements
Authors: Barrie Alexander C. , Schiff Conrad , Gershman Daniel J. , Giles Barbara L. , Rand David 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAs space‐based charged particle measurement pushes the technical envelope, resolution, both spatially and temporally, is ever improving. As such, the knowledge of the associated error must also improve. We present a method for correlating data collected from multiple sensors at different times in order to estimate the pointing error of each sensor. The method is demonstrated using flight data from the Dual Ion Spectrometer suite, part of the Fast Plasma Investigation on the NASA's Magnetospheric Multiscale mission. By looking at signals with sharp features in the direction of spacecraft spin, the relative error in look direction between sensors can be estimated with sub‐degree precision, roughly 20 times better than the native resolution in the azimuthal (spin) direction. These sharp features appear in nature often enough that a sufficiently large sample size can be identified, using an automated filter of routine science data, to calibrate the system, or post correct measured data. The relative pointing error can then be trended over time to monitor the evolution/aging of the measurement system. These data inform calibration/correction methods, should the error grow to a point where science quality is adversely affected.
Data‐Driven Basis Functions for SuperDARN Ionospheric Plasma Flow Characterization and Prediction
Authors: Shore R. M. , Freeman M. P. , Chisham G. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe archive of plasma velocity measurements from the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) provides a rich data set for the investigation of magnetosphere‐ionosphere‐thermosphere coupling. However, systematic gaps in this archive exist in space, time, and radar look‐direction. These gaps are generally infilled using climatological averages, spatially smoothed models, or a priori relationships determined from solar wind drivers. We describe a new technique for infilling the data gaps in the SuperDARN archive which requires no external information and is based solely on the SuperDARN measurements. We also avoid the use of climatological averaging or spatial smoothing when computing the infill. In this regard, our approach captures the true variability in the SuperDARN measurements. Our technique is based on data‐interpolating Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis. This method discovers from the SuperDARN data a series of dynamical modes of plasma velocity variation. We compute the modes of a sample month of northern hemisphere winter data, and investigate these in terms of solar wind driving. We find that the By component of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) dominates the variability of the plasma velocity. The IMF Bz component is the dominant driver for the background mean field, and a series of non‐leading modes, which describe the two‐cell convection variability, and the substorm. We recommend our new technique for reanalysis investigations of polar‐scale plasma drift phenomena, particularly those with rapid temporal fluctuations and an indirect relationship to the solar wind.
Probing the Magnetosheath Boundaries Using Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) Orbital Encounters
Authors: Hart S. T. , Dayeh M. A. , Reisenfeld D. B. , Janzen P. H. , McComas D. J. , Allegrini F. , Fuselier S. A. , Ogasawara K. , Szalay J. R. , Funsten H. O. , Petrinec S. M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractInside the magnetosheath, the IBEX‐Hi energetic neutral atom (ENA) imager measures a distinct background count rate that is more than 10 times the typical heliospheric ENA emissions observed when IBEX is outside the magnetosheath. The source of this enhancement is magnetosheath ions of solar wind (SW) origin that deflect around the Earth's magnetopause (MP), scatter and neutralize from the anti‐sunward part of the IBEX‐Hi sunshade, and continue into the instrument as neutral atoms, behaving indistinguishably from ENAs emitted from distant plasma sources. While this background pollutes observations of outer heliospheric ENAs, it provides a clear signature of IBEX crossings over the magnetospheric boundaries. In this study, we investigate IBEX encounters with the magnetosheath boundaries using ∼8 yr of orbital data, and we determine the MP and bow shock (BS) locations derived from this background signal. We find 280 BS crossings from XGSE ∼ 11 Re to XGSE ∼ −36 Re and 241 MP crossings from XGSE ∼ 6 Re to XGSE ∼ −48 Re. We compare IBEX BS and MP crossing locations to those from IMP‐8, Geotail, Cluster, Magion‐4, ISEE, and Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission, and we find that IBEX crossing locations overlap with the BS and MP locations inferred from these other data sets. In this paper, we demonstrate how IBEX can be used to identify magnetosheath crossings, and extend boundary observations well past the terminator, thus further constraining future models of magnetosheath boundaries. Furthermore, we use the IBEX data set to show observational evidence of near‐Earth magnetotail squeezing during periods of strong interplanetary magnetic field By.
Examining the Capacity of Hurricane Matthew (2016) in Spawning Halo/Sprite‐Producible Lightning Strokes During Its Lifetime
Authors: Huang Anjing , Yang Jing , Cummer Steven A. , Lyu Fanchao , Liu Ningyu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis paper evaluated the overall capability of a hurricane in posing the electromagnetic impact on the high‐altitude atmosphere. Oceanic thunderstorms are more efficient in producing negative polarity cloud‐to‐ground (CG) strokes with large impulse charge moment changes (iCMCs) than continental thunderstorms. As the strongest oceanic thunderstorms, hurricanes’ capability to produce transient luminous events is desired to be examined. Here, we investigated the halo/sprite production of hurricane Matthew (2016) by examining the iCMCs of lightning detected by the World‐Wide Lightning Location Network hour by hour at nighttime, based on the ultra‐low frequency (ULF) magnetic field of the lightning strokes. Matthew was likely an active halo/sprite producer and produced more than 1,000 halo/sprite producible strokes (H/S strokes) with iCMCs exceeding the threshold (200 C km) for producing halo/sprite. The peak of H/S strokes in the outer rainband lags about one day behind the maximum hurricane strength. Additionally, the absence of positive sprite‐producible strokes in the inner core (0–100 km) of Matthew may be attributed to the spiral warm cloud feature, although many negative halos could be produced instead because 112 halo/sprite producible strokes were identified here with 89% being negative. In contrast, the outer rainband exhibits some features of the trailing stratiform region of continental mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) and has been a favorable region of halo/sprite production. Overall, the inner core of Matthew and probably also that of other hurricanes bear the features that make the oceanic thunderstorms a proficient producer of negative halos but not sprites.
Performance of non-invasive fibrosis scores in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with and without morbid obesity
Authors: Drolz Andreas , Wolter Stefan , Wehmeyer Malte H. , Piecha Felix , Horvatits Thomas , Schulze zur Wiesch Julian , Lohse Ansgar W. , Mann Oliver , Kluwe Johannes 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background
Non-invasive scores, such as the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Fibrosis Score (NFS), are increasingly used for liver fibrosis assessment in patients with NAFLD. The aim of this study was to assess the applicability and reliability of non-invasive fibrosis scores in NAFLD patients with and without morbid obesity.

Methods
Three hundred sixty-eight patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD identified between January 2012 and December 2015 were studied; 225 with morbid obesity (biopsy obtained during bariatric surgery) and 143 patients without (termed as “conventional”).

Results
Median age was 47 years, 57% were female. Median body mass index (BMI) was 42.9 kg/m2 with significant differences between our conventional and morbidly obese patients (BMI 29.0 vs. 50.8 kg/m2, p < 0.001). Overall, 42% displayed mild/moderate and 16% advanced liver fibrosis (stage III/IV). All tested scores were significantly linked to fibrosis stage (p < 0.001 for all). FIB-4 (AUROC 0.904), APRI (AUROC 0.848), and NFS (AUROC 0.750) were identified as potent predictors of advanced fibrosis, although NFS overestimated fibrosis stage in morbid obesity. Limiting BMI to a maximum of 40 kg/m2 improved NFS’ overall performance (AUROC 0.838). FIB-4 > 1.0 indicated high probability of advanced fibrosis (OR = 29.1). FIB-4 predicted advanced fibrosis independently from age, sex, BMI, and presence of morbid obesity.

Conclusions
Our data suggest that FIB-4 score is an accurate predictor of advanced fibrosis in NAFLD throughout all BMI stages. Without adjustment, NFS tends to overestimate fibrosis in morbidly obese NAFLD patients. This problem may be solved by implementation of an upper BMI limit (for NFS) or adjustment of diagnostic thresholds.
Nutrition and immunity: lessons for COVID-19
Authors: Calder Philip C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe role of the immune system is to protect the individual against pathogenic organisms. Nutrition is one of multiple factors that determines the immune response and good nutrition is important in supporting the immune response. Immunity can be impaired in older people, particularly those who are frail, in those living with obesity, in those who are malnourished and in those with low intakes of micronutrients. The immune impairments associated with nutritional inadequacy increase susceptibility to infection and permit infections to become more severe, even fatal. The adverse impact of poor nutrition on the immune system, including its inflammatory component, may be one of the explanations for the higher risk of more severe outcomes from infection with SARS-CoV-2 seen in older people and in those living with obesity. Studies of individual micronutrients including vitamin D and zinc suggest roles in reducing severity of infection with SARS-CoV-2. Good nutrition is also important in promoting a diverse gut microbiota, which in turn supports the immune system. The importance of nutrition in supporting the immune response also applies to assuring robust responses to vaccination. There are many lessons from the study of nutrition and immunity that are relevant for the battle with SARS-CoV-2.
Quantitative breast density analysis to predict interval and node-positive cancers in pursuit of improved screening protocols: a case–control study
Authors: Burnside Elizabeth S. , Warren Lucy M. , Myles Jonathan , Wilkinson Louise S. , Wallis Matthew G. , Patel Mishal , Smith Robert A. , Young Kenneth C. , Massat Nathalie J. , Duffy Stephen W. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background
This study investigates whether quantitative breast density (BD) serves as an imaging biomarker for more intensive breast cancer screening by predicting interval, and node-positive cancers.

Methods
This case–control study of 1204 women aged 47–73 includes 599 cancer cases (302 screen-detected, 297 interval; 239 node-positive, 360 node-negative) and 605 controls. Automated BD software calculated fibroglandular volume (FGV), volumetric breast density (VBD) and density grade (DG). A radiologist assessed BD using a visual analogue scale (VAS) from 0 to 100. Logistic regression and area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) determined whether BD could predict mode of detection (screen-detected or interval); node-negative cancers; node-positive cancers, and all cancers vs. controls.

Results
FGV, VBD, VAS, and DG all discriminated interval cancers (all p < 0.01) from controls. Only FGV-quartile discriminated screen-detected cancers (p < 0.01). Based on AUC, FGV discriminated all cancer types better than VBD or VAS. FGV showed a significantly greater discrimination of interval cancers, AUC = 0.65, than of screen-detected cancers, AUC = 0.61 (p < 0.01) as did VBD (0.63 and 0.53, respectively, p < 0.001).

Conclusion
FGV, VBD, VAS and DG discriminate interval cancers from controls, reflecting some masking risk. Only FGV discriminates screen-detected cancers perhaps adding a unique component of breast cancer risk.
Novel circular RNA circSLIT2 facilitates the aerobic glycolysis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma via miR-510-5p/c-Myc/LDHA axis
Authors: Guan Hua , Luo Wei , Liu Yuping , Li Mingfei 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIncreasing evidence has indicated the great diagnostic and therapeutic potentials of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in human cancers. Although the biological roles of circRNAs in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) have been partially annotated, the potential regulatory mechanism of circRNAs in PDAC tumorigenesis remains poorly understood. Here, our study found that the novel circRNA circSLIT2 was significantly upregulated in PDAC tissues and cells. Clinically, ectopic high-expression of circSLIT2 was correlated with unfavorable prognosis of PDAC patients. Functional experiments demonstrated that circSLIT2 promoted the aerobic glycolysis and proliferation of PDAC cells in vitro, and circSLIT2 knockdown inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, circSLIT2 acted as miRNA sponge to target miR-510-5p/c-Myc axis. Furthermore, c-Myc bound with the promoter region of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) to activate the transcription. Collectively, present findings reveal that circSLIT2/miR-510-5p/c-Myc/LDHA axis participates in the aerobic glycolysis and carcinogenesis of PDAC, and may act as a promising therapeutic target.