bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aggressive Pituitary Adenoma Not Fulfilling the New High-Risk Criteria with Progression after 18-Year Stable Clinical Course: Case Report
Authors: Kawaguchi Tomohiro , Ogawa Yoshikazu , Watanabe Mika , Tominaga Teiji 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background The World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the endocrine organs was revised in 2017. The term atypical adenoma is no longer recommended, and tumors with rapid growth, radiologic invasion, and high Ki-67 labeling index are defined as high-risk adenomas. In this article, we present the case of an aggressive pituitary adenoma not fulfilling the new high-risk criteria with extraordinary rapid progression after very long stable disease, and discuss the remaining problem of the new criteria in terms of a complicated balance between pathologic findings and clinical features.
Case Description A 67-year-old man was admitted with sellar tumor. Serum prolactin concentration was high at 4,552.2 ng/mL. Transsphenoidal surgery achieved subtotal removal. Histologic diagnosis was lactotroph cell adenoma, and Ki-67 labeling index was 2.6%. Postoperatively, magnetic resonance imaging revealed no evidence of tumor regrowth, but terguride or cabergoline administration was continued for slight hyperprolactinemia. Second surgery was performed 18 years after initial surgery because the tumor showed extraordinary rapid regrowth and hyperprolactinemia of 969 ng/mL. Histologic diagnosis was lactotroph cell adenoma with Ki-67 labeling index of 28.9% and positive immunoreactivity for p53. This case could be diagnosed as a high-risk adenoma from the beginning of treatment based on the WHO 2017 criteria, but the clinical course was unusually long and the indication of aggressive adjuvant therapy after initial surgery remained unsolved.
Conclusion Pathologic confirmation for the present definition would be expected to assess the cutoff between typical adenomas and aggressive tumors.
Putting the Pieces Back Together: Optimizing Function and Appearance after Orbital Surgery
Authors: Cockerham Kimberly , Laplant Jacquelyn 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Objectives To describe medical and surgical options and techniques for functional and aesthetic abnormalities after orbital surgery and multidisciplinary approaches that include the orbit.
Design A review of current management options in outpatient clinics and ambulatory surgery centers with selected illustrative cases. The rationale for choosing specific medical and surgical interventions will be discussed with a focus on eyelid malposition and double vision.
Setting Outpatient clinics and ambulatory surgery centers.
Participants Patients with eyelid, orbital, eye muscle, and scalp contour abnormalities as a result of medical and surgical interventions for brain and/or orbital tumors.
Main Outcome Measures Descriptive outcomes.
Results A variety of medical and surgical options are available to optimize eyelid, orbit, extraocular muscle, and scalp structure and function.
3D Printing for Complex Cranial Surgery Education: Technical Overview and Preliminary Validation Study
Authors: Graffeo Christopher S , Perry Avital , Carlstrom Lucas P , Peris-Celda Maria , Alexander Amy , Dickens Hunter J , Holroyd Michael J , Driscoll Colin L W , Link Michael J , Morris Jonathan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background 3D printing—also known as additive manufacturing—has a wide range of applications. Reproduction of low-cost, high-fidelity, disease- or patient-specific models presents a key developmental area in simulation and education research for complex cranial surgery.
Methods Using cadaveric dissections as source materials, skull base models were created, printed, and tested for educational value in teaching complex cranial approaches. In this pilot study, assessments were made on the value of 3D printed models demonstrating the retrosigmoid and posterior petrosectomy approaches. Models were assessed and tested in a small cohort of neurosurgery resident subjects (n = 3) using a series of 10 radiographic and 2 printed case examples, with efficacy determined via agreement survey and approach selection accuracy.
Results All subjects indicated agreement or strong agreement for all study endpoints that 3D printed models provided significant improvements in understanding of neuroanatomic relationships and principles of approach selection, as compared to 2D dissections or patient cross-sectional imaging alone. Models were not superior to in-person hands-on teaching. Mean approach selection accuracy was 90% (±13%) for 10 imaging-based cases, or 92% (±7%) overall. Trainees strongly agreed that approach decision-making was enhanced by adjunctive use of 3D models for both radiographic and printed cases.
Conclusion 3D printed models incorporating skull base approaches and/or pathologies provide a compelling addition to the complex cranial education armamentarium. Based on our preliminary analysis, 3D printed models offer substantial potential for pedagogical value as dissection guides, adjuncts to preoperative study and case preparation, or tools for approach selection training and evaluation.
Keyhole Endoscopic-Assisted Transcervical Approach to the Upper and Middle Retrostyloid Parapharyngeal Space: An Anatomic Feasibility Study
Authors: Eguiluz-Melendez Aldo , Torres-Bayona Sergio , Vega María Belen , Hernández-Hernández Vanessa , Wang Erik W. , Snyderman Carl H. , Gardner Paul A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to describe the anatomical nuances, feasibility, limitations, and surgical exposure of the parapharyngeal space (PPS) through a novel minimally invasive keyhole endoscopic-assisted transcervical approach (MIKET).
Design Descriptive cadaveric study.
Setting Microscopic and endoscopic high-quality images were taken comparing the MIKET approach with a conventional combined transmastoid infralabyrinthine transcervical approach.
Participants Five colored latex-injected specimens (10 sides).
Main Outcome Measures Qualitative anatomical descriptions in four surgical stages; quantitative and semiquantitative evaluation of relevant landmarks.
Results A 5 cm long inverted hockey stick incision was designed to access a corridor posterior to the parotid gland after independent mobilization of nuchal and cervical muscles to expose the retrostyloid PPS. The digastric branch of the facial nerve, which runs 16.5 mm over the anteromedial part of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle before piercing the parotid fascia, was used as a landmark to identify the main trunk of the facial nerve. MIKET corridor was superior to the crossing of the accessory nerve over the internal jugular vein within 17.3 mm from the jugular process. Further exposure of the occipital condyle, vertebral artery, and the jugular bulb was achieved.
Conclusion The novel MIKET approach provides in the cadaver straightforward access to the upper and middle retrostyloid PPS through a natural corridor without injuring important neurovascular structures. Our work sets the anatomical nuances and limitations that should guide future clinical studies to prove its efficacy and safety either as a stand-alone procedure or as an adjunct to other approaches, such as the endonasal endoscopic approach.
Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament
Authors: Lynch Thomas B. , Chahla Jorge , Nuelle Clayton W. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPosterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries are often encountered in the setting of other knee pathology and sometimes in isolation. A thorough understanding of the native PCL anatomy is crucial in the successful treatment of these injuries. The PCL consists of two independent bundles that function in a codominant relationship to perform the primary role of resisting posterior tibial translation relative to the femur. A secondary role of the PCL is to provide rotatory stability. The anterolateral (AL) bundle has a more vertical orientation when compared with the posteromedial (PM) bundle. The AL bundle has a more anterior origin than the PM bundle on the lateral wall of the medial femoral condyle. The tibial insertion of AL bundle on the PCL facet is medial and anterior to the PM bundle. The AL and PM bundles are 12-mm apart at the center of the femoral origins, while the tibial insertions are more tightly grouped. The different spatial orientation of the two bundles and large distance between the femoral centers is responsible for the codominance of the PCL bundles. The AL bundle is the dominant restraint to posterior tibial translation throughout midrange flexion, while the PM bundle is the primary restraint in extension and deep flexion. Biomechanical testing has shown independent reconstruction of the two bundles that better reproduces native knee biomechanics, while significant differences in clinical outcomes remain to be seen. Stress X-rays may play an important role in clinical decision-making process for operative versus nonoperative management of isolated PCL injuries. Strong understanding of PCL anatomy and biomechanics can aid surgical management.
How does internal governance affect banks’ financial stability? Empirical evidence from Egypt
Authors: Marie Mohamed , Kamel Hany , Elbendary Israa 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis paper investigates whether internal governance mechanisms were associated with the financial stability of Egyptian banks over the period 2010–2019. To this end, a GMM regression analysis was employed using 252 firm-year observations. The results, in general, indicate that the level of banks’ financial stability is positively associated with board size, board meetings, and board gender. In contrast, the results show that board education and the ownership of shares by directors are negatively associated with banks’ financial stability. More interestingly, our results demonstrate that higher financial stability is significantly associated with lower board independence, the presence of CEO duality, and fewer audit committee meetings. These striking results can be attributed to the argument that the presence of independent directors on the board may reduce the CEO’s willingness to share information with board members, causing a high level of uncertainty in the decision-making process, which ultimately leads to a reduction in the financial stability of their bank.
Oviposition-promoting pars intercerebralis neurons showperiod-dependent photoperiodic changes in their firing activity in the bean bug
Authors: Hasebe Masaharu , Shiga Sakiko 
Published: February 2021

SignificanceAnimals adapt to seasonal changes by photoperiodic modulation of their physiology and behavior. It is widely recognized that circadian clock systems underlie photoperiodic regulation. However, the importance of clock genes in photoperiodic responses at the cellular level is poorly understood. In this study, we focused on the insect neuroendocrine center, pars intercerebralis (PI), which is known to be homologous to the vertebrate hypothalamus. A combination of electrophysiological and genetic analyses revealed that oviposition-promoting PI neurons showed photoperiodic responses dependent on the clock geneperiod. This report shows the significance of a clock gene in cellular photoperiodic responses. The present analyses are a good model for revealing clock-gene-dependent photoperiodic responses at the cellular level.
Plasma propagation in a single bead DBD reactor at different dielectric constants: insights from fluid modelling
Authors: Wang Weizong , Butterworth Tom , Bogaerts Annemie 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Packed bed dielectric barrier discharge (PB-DBD) plasma reactors are very promising for various plasma catalysis applications, but the exact mechanisms of plasma–catalyst interaction are far from understood, because the plasma discharge and catalyst/packing properties are mutually dependent. To better understand the effect of packing dielectric material on the electrical plasma properties, we study here a single bead DBD plasma reactor operating in dry air, with beads of different dielectric constant and for different applied voltages, by means of fluid modelling validated by optical imaging experiments. Our study reveals that the plasma in the single bead DBD reactor can manifest itself in two different modalities, i.e. (a) polar discharges at the bead poles in contact with the electrodes, and (b) a streamer discharge caused by surface ionization waves, which bridges the gas gap. Beads with high dielectric constant result in localised electric field enhancement and hence yield a reduction of the applied voltage required for plasma production. At low applied voltage, the discharge appears as polar discharges between the bead and the electrodes, and upon higher voltage it undergoes a transition into a bridging streamer discharge. The transition voltage to the streamer mode rises for beads with higher dielectric constant. These observations are important for plasma catalysis applications. A higher dielectric constant yields a higher electric field and thus higher average electron energy and density, giving rise to more reactive species, but it also yields a confined discharge near the contact points of packing beads, limiting the interaction area between the catalyst and the active plasma species. In addition, our model reveals that the dielectric bead behaves as a capacitor and traps charges, which can explain the significant occurrence of partial discharging in PB-DBDs and non-parallelogram shaped Lissajous plots. Hence, equivalent circuit modelling of PB-DBDs should take into account the role of packing beads in charge trapping as a capacitor.
Role of flexural phonons in carrier mobility of two-dimensional semiconductors: free standing vs on substrate
Authors: Zhang Chenmu , Cheng Long , Liu Yuanyue 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor is a promising material for future electronics. It is believed that the flexural phonon (FP) induced scattering plays an important role in the room-temperature carrier mobility, and the substrate can significantly affect such scattering. Here we develop an ‘implicit’ substrate model, which allows us to effectively quantify different effects of the substrate on the FP scattering. In conjunction with the first-principles calculations, we study the intrinsic mobilities of the holes in Sb and electrons in MoS2 as representative examples for 2D semiconductors. We find that the FP scattering is not dominant and is weaker than other scatterings such as that induced by longitudinal acoustic (LA) phonon. This is due to the significantly smaller electron–phonon-coupling (EPC) matrix elements for the FP compared with that for the LA phonon in the free-standing case; although the substrate enhances the FP EPC, it suppresses the FP population, making the FP scattering still weaker than the LA scattering. Our work improves the fundamental understanding of the role of FP and its interaction with the substrate in carrier mobility, and provides a computational model to study the substrate effects.
A repeat positioning, scanning tunneling microscope based on a straight-push piezoelectric nanopositioner
Authors: Guo Wenjing , Wang Jihao , Xia Zhigang , Zhang Jingjing , Lu Qingyou 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we develop a repeat positioning, scanning tunneling microscope (STM), whose core component is a new straight-push piezoelectric nanopositioner. The special rigid frame structure and straight-push stepping method of this nanopositioner ensure that there is no lateral deviation while it is stepping. It has a smaller volume and a lower driving voltage than that of traditional piezoelectric nanopositioners with the same load capacity. The test results show that its threshold voltage is only 4 V. Additionally, when the driving signal frequency is constant, its step size and the amplitude of the driving signal show a linear relationship. Moreover, when the driving signal amplitude is constant, the velocity and driving signal frequency of the nanopositioner also show a linear relationship. In addition, the small STM (diameter less than 10 mm, length less than 50 mm) designed on the basis of this nanopositioner can work at full low-voltage. The STM’s high-resolution images and repeatable positioning performance are demonstrated in detail in this article. When the STM moves back and forth along the Z direction at a millimeter-scale distance, its positioning deviation in the same area of the sample is less than 30 nm. The capacity of the STM is very important for tracking and observing the different characteristics of some samples in different test conditions and is also significant for applications such as multi-tip collaborative work.
Ohmic contact formation for inkjet-printed nanoparticle copper inks on highly doped GaAs
Authors: Hayati-Roodbari Nastaran , Wheeldon Alexander , Hendler Carina , Fian Alexander , Trattnig Roman 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
GaAs compound-based electronics attracted significant interest due to unique properties of GaAs like high electron mobility, high saturated electron velocity and low sensitivity to heat. However, GaAs compound-based electronics demand a significant decrease in their manufacturing costs to be a good competitor in the commercial markets. In this context, copper-based nanoparticle (NP) inks represent one of the most cost-effective metal inks as a proper candidate to be deposited as contact grids on GaAs. In addition, Inkjet-printing, as a low-cost back-end of the line process, is a flexible manufacturing method to deposit copper NP ink on GaAs. These printed copper NP structures need to be uncapped and fused via a sintering method in order to become conductive and form an ohmic contact with low contact resistivity. The main challenge for uncapping a copper-based NP ink is its rapid oxidation potential. Laser sintering, as a fast uncapping method for NPs, reduces the oxidation of uncapped copper. The critical point to combine these two well-known industrial methods of inkjet printing and laser sintering is to adjust the printing features and laser sintering power in a way that as much copper as possible is uncapped resulting in minimum contact resistivity and high conductivity. In this research, copper ink contact grids were deposited on n-doped GaAs by inkjet-printing. The printed copper ink was converted to a copper grid via applying the optimized settings of a picosecond laser. As a result, an ohmic copper on GaAs contact with a low contact resistivity (8 mΩ cm2) was realized successfully.
Electrodeposition of (111)-oriented and nanotwin-doped nanocrystalline Cu with ultrahigh strength for 3D IC application
Authors: Zheng Zeyang , Huang Yu-Ting , Wang Zhenyu , Zhang Mingyang , Wang Wei-Ting , Chung Chih-Chun , Cherng Sheng-Jye , Tsai Ya-Hui , Li Po-Chien , Lu Zhouguang , Chen Chih-Ming , Feng Shien-Ping 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The mechanical performance of electroplated Cu plays a crucial role in next-generation Cu-to-Cu direct bonding for the three-dimension integrated circuit (3D IC). This work reports direct-current electroplated (111)-preferred and nanotwin-doped nanocrystalline Cu, of which strength is at the forefront performance compared with all reported electroplated Cu materials. Tension and compression tests are performed to present the ultrahigh ultimate strength of 977 MPa and 1158 MPa, respectively. The microstructure of nanoscale Cu grains with an average grain size around 61 nm greatly contributes to the ultrahigh strength as described by the grain refinement effect. A gap between the obtained yield strength and the Hall–Petch relationship indicates the presence of extra strengthening mechanisms. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analysis identify the highly (111) oriented texture and sporadic twins with optimum thicknesses, which can effectively impede intragranular dislocation movements, thus further advance the strength. Via filling capability and high throughput are also demonstrated in the patterned wafer plating. The combination of ultrahigh tensile/compressive strength, (111) preferred texture, superfilling capability and high throughput satisfies the critical requirement of Cu interconnects plating technology towards the industrial manufacturing in advanced 3D IC packaging application.
Perovskite random lasers: a tunable coherent light source for emerging applications
Authors: Kao Tsung Sheng , Hong Yu-Heng , Hong Kuo-Bin , Lu Tien-Chang 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Metal halide perovskites have attracted increasing attention due to their superior optical and electrical characteristics, flexible tunability, and easy fabrication processes. Apart from their unprecedented successes in photovoltaic devices, lasing action is the latest exploitation of the optoelectronic performance of perovskites. Among the substantial body of research on the configuration design and light emission quality of perovskite lasers, the random laser is a very interesting stimulated emission phenomenon with unique optical characteristics. In this review article, we first comprehensively overview the development of perovskite-based optoelectronic devices and then focus our discussion on random lasing performance. After an introduction to the historical development of versatile random lasers and perovskite random lasers, we summarize several synthesis methods and discuss their material configurations and stability in synthesized perovskite materials. Following this, a theoretical approach is provided to explain the random lasing mechanism in metal halide perovskites. Finally, we propose future applications of perovskite random lasers, presenting conclusions as well as future challenges, such as quality stability and toxicity reduction, of perovskite materials with regard to practical applications in this promising field.
Artificial intelligence supported single detector multi-energy proton radiography system
Authors: van der Heyden Brent , Cohilis Marie , Souris Kevin , de Freitas Nascimento Luana , Sterpin Edmond 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Proton radiography imaging was proposed as a promising technique to evaluate internal anatomical changes, to enable pre-treatment patient alignment, and most importantly, to optimize the patient specific CT number to stopping-power ratio conversion. The clinical implementation rate of proton radiography systems is still limited due to their complex bulky design, together with the persistent problem of (in)elastic nuclear interactions and multiple Coulomb scattering (i.e. range mixing). In this work, a compact multi-energy proton radiography system was proposed in combination with an artificial intelligence network architecture (ProtonDSE) to remove the persistent problem of proton scatter in proton radiography. A realistic Monte Carlo model of the Proteus®One accelerator was built at 200 and 220 MeV to isolate the scattered proton signal in 236 proton radiographies of 80 digital anthropomorphic phantoms. ProtonDSE was trained to predict the proton scatter distribution at two beam energies in a 60%/25%/15% scheme for training, testing, and validation. A calibration procedure was proposed to derive the water equivalent thickness image based on the detector dose response relationship at both beam energies. ProtonDSE network performance was evaluated with quantitative metrics that showed an overall mean absolute percentage error below 1.4% ± 0.4% in our test dataset. For one example patient, detector dose to WET conversions were performed based on the total dose (

I

Total

), the primary proton dose (

I

Primary

), and the ProtonDSE corrected detector dose (

I

Corrected

). The determined WET accuracy was compared with respect to the reference WET by idealistic raytracing in a manually delineated region-of-interest inside the brain. The error was determined 4.3% ± 4.1% for

WET

(

I

Total

)

,

2.2% ± 1.4% for

WET

(

I

Primary

)

,

and 2.5% ± 2.0% for

WET

(

I

Corrected

)

.