bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Colonizations cause diversification of host preferences: A mechanism explaining increased generalization at range boundaries expanding under climate change
Authors: Singer Michael C. , Parmesan Camille 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAs species' poleward range limits expand under climate change, generalists are expected to be better colonists than specialists, extending their ranges faster. This effect of specialization on range shifts has been shown, but so has the reverse cause–effect: in a global meta‐analysis of butterfly diets, it was range expansions themselves that caused increases in population‐level diet breadth. What could drive this unexpected process? We provide a novel behavioral mechanism by showing that, in a butterfly with extensive ecotypic variation, Edith's checkerspot, diet breadths increased after colonization events as diversification of individual host preferences pulled novel hosts into population diets. Subsequently, populations that persisted reverted toward monophagy. We draw together three lines of evidence from long‐term studies of 15 independently evolving populations. First, direct observations showed a significant increase in specialization across decades: in recent censuses, eight populations used fewer host genera than in the 1980s while none used more. Second, behavioral preference‐testing experiments showed that extinctions and recolonizations at two sites were followed, at first by diversification of heritable preference ranks and increases in diet breadth, and subsequently by homogenization of preferences and contractions of diet breadth. Third, we found a significant negative association in the 1980s between population‐level diet breadth and genetic diversity. Populations with fewer mtDNA haplotypes had broader diets, extending to 3–4 host genera, while those with higher haplotype diversity were more specialized. We infer that diet breadth had increased in younger, recently colonized populations. Preference diversification after colonization events, whether caused by (cryptic) host shifts or by release of cryptic genetic variation after population bottlenecks, provides a mechanism for known effects of range shifts on diet specialization. Our results explain how colonizations at expanding range margins have increased population‐level diet breadths, and predict that increasing specialization should accompany population persistence as current range edges become range interiors.
Health‐promoting behaviour during the COVID‐19 pandemic among Saudi Adults: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Ashgar Rnda Ibrahim 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimsTo evaluate health‐promoting behaviour among Saudi adults in the Jazan region during the COVID‐19 pandemic.DesignCross‐sectional study design.MethodsSaudi adults (N= 305) completed an online survey from 23 April to 5 July 2020. The survey comprised demographic/social factors, COVID‐19 pandemic‐related factors and the Health‐Promoting Lifestyle Profile‐II.ResultsOn average, participants reported participating in health‐promoting behaviour ‘sometimes’. Only years of education was associated with participation in health‐promoting behaviour generally. Nutritional behaviours were positively correlated with sex, age and having a job before and/or after the pandemic and negatively correlated with the number of people in the household. Interpersonal relationships increased with age and years of education. Interpersonal relationships and stress management decreased among those who reported that the pandemic had negatively affected their income.ConclusionOur results indicated that COVID‐19 factors are associated with Saudi adults' adoption of health‐promoting behaviour.
Development and validation of an instrument to measure scope of practice in school nurses
Authors: White Krista A. , Davis Diane , Maughan Erin D. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimsThe aim of the study was to develop and psychometrically test a new instrument to measure the scope of school nursing practice.DesignMethodological study.MethodsData were collected in Spring 2018. Frontline school nurses in the United States (N = 3099) completed the 39‐item Scope of School Nursing Practice Tool (SSNPT) with two domains (current practice and importance to practice). One half of sample data (N1 = 1521) were used for exploratory factor analysis, item analysis, Cronbach's alpha, and Spearman–Brown to estimate validity and reliability of the instrument. Sample data from the other half (N2 = 1578) were retained for future analysis.ResultsFactor analysis resulted in a stable four‐dimension solution: (A) Using the Nursing Process; (B) Applying Evidence to Improve Practice; (C) Connecting with Community; and (D) Leveraging the School and Family Team, accounting for 50.48% (current practice) and 53.31% (importance to practice) of total variance. Cronbach's alpha and Spearman–Brown ranged from .73 to .90 and .73 to .92, respectively. Item–total correlations ranged from .36 to .82.ConclusionInitial psychometric properties indicate the new SSNPT is valid and reliable to assess the scope of practice of frontline school nurses.ImpactSchool nurses play a key role in population health and frequently serve as the sole provider of healthcare in schools worldwide. However, variability in school nursing practice affects the health, safety and educational outcomes of children and youth. No instrument exists that measures the scope of practice of school nurses. Frontline school nurses can use the SSNPT to assess practice, school nurse administrators can use the tool for resource utilization and school nurse researchers can use the tool to examine school nursing practices’ impact on student/community health and academic outcomes. The SSNPT may provide a template for others who wish to examine specialty nursing scope of practice.
Effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions for smokers with chronic diseases: A systematic review
Authors: Ho Laurie Long Kwan , Li William Ho Cheung , Cheung Ankie Tan , Xia Wei 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimsTo systematically summarize seminal studies on the design and effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions targeted at patients with chronic diseases through a critical appraisal of the literature.DesignA systematic review.Data SourcesThis review included literature identified through a search of six databases up to June 2020.Review MethodsThis review was conducted according to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. The literature search was limited to English‐language articles on the effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions for smokers who were aged ≥18 years and diagnosed with chronic diseases. Data were extracted using the Cochrane Data collection form for intervention reviews of randomized controlled trials and non‐randomized controlled trials. The articles were subjected to a quality assessment.ResultsTen relevant articles were identified. The designs of the interventions were highly heterogeneous, and only six articles reported a significant increase in smoking abstinence among patients with chronic diseases. In the target population, an intervention delivered by healthcare professionals on an intensive schedule was shown to more effectively induce smoking cessation, compared with minimal counselling. However, methodological flaws were identified in most of the included studies.ConclusionThe findings of this review suggest that additional efforts are needed to design smoking cessation interventions for patients with chronic diseases and that further examination of the effectiveness and feasibility of these interventions is warranted.Impact
What problem did the study address?

This review evaluated the effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions targeted at patients with chronic diseases.

What were the main findings?

An intervention with an intensive schedule that was delivered by healthcare professionals was shown to more effectively induce smoking cessation in patients with chronic diseases, compared with minimal counselling.

More attention and resources should be directed towards smokers with no intention to quit, especially those with chronic diseases.

There is an urgent need for generic smoking cessation interventions that use novel approaches to address the unique needs of this population and to integrate such evidence‐based interventions into routine care.

Where and on whom will the research have impact?

The findings of this review may guide nurses, who play a prominent role in raising the issue of smoking cessation with patients, to design appropriate smoking cessation interventions for patients with chronic diseases.

The resulting improvements in patients’ health would not only benefit patients themselves but also reduce the burden of chronic diseases on healthcare systems.
STED nanoscopy – A novel way to image the pore space of geological materials
Authors: Hellmuth Karl‐Heinz , Sammaljärvi Juuso , Siitari‐Kauppi Marja , Robinet Jean‐Charles , Sardini Paul 
Published: April 2021

SummarySTED nanoscopy (Stimulated Emission Depletion). which can resolve details far below the diffraction barrier has been applied hitherto preferentially to life sciences. The method is however also ideal for the investigation of geological matrices containing transparent minerals, an application tested here, to our knowledge, for the first time. The measurements on altered granitic rock and sedimentary clay rock, both containing very fine‐grained phases, were conducted successfully. The STED fluorophore was dissolved in C‐14‐labelled methylmethacrylate (C‐14‐MMA) monomer which was polymerised within the rock matrix, thereby labelling the pore space in the geomaterials. Double labelling provided by the C‐14‐labelled MMA enables autoradiography and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), providing necessary complementary information for characterisation and quantification of porosity distributions and mineral and structure identification. Promising perspectives for further investigations of geological matrices by using different fluorophores and the optimisation of measuring procedures or even higher resolution are discussed. The combination of these different methods enlarges the observation scale of porosity from nanometre to centimetre scale.
Towards better out‐of‐hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A survey of nurses
Authors: Noureddine Samar , Avedissian Tamar , Khatib Nina , Irani Joanna 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo examine the knowledge, attitude and practice of nurses in Lebanon regarding out‐of‐hospital resuscitation, compare hospital nurses to those who work in community settings on the variables of interest, determine the nurses’ willingness to attempt resuscitation in the community and identify predictors of their willingness.BackgroundOnly 5.5% of victims survive out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest in Lebanon. There is no national guideline for cardiopulmonary resuscitation nor a policy for nurses’ training in resuscitation in Lebanon for neither in‐hospital nor out‐of‐hospital settings. However, some hospitals have their own policies.MethodsA cross‐sectional descriptive design was used with a cluster sample of 692 working nurses. A 28‐item questionnaire developed for this study was mailed to the nurses. Data were analysed with correlational and multivariable regression analyses. The STROBE checklist for observational studies was used in reporting this study.ResultsMost nurses received cardiopulmonary resuscitation training, but 19.8% did not renew their certification in the past two years, because of limited training centres and lack of time. Only one third of the sample knew the first step to be taken in an arrest, yet 61% knew the compression‐to‐breath ratio. Nurses who work in community settings had significantly less frequent training in resuscitation than hospital nurses. Most nurses were willing to resuscitate in the community. In deciding to perform out‐of‐hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation, the nurses were mostly influenced by their training, courage, recent practice, policy, fear of infection and hesitation to do mouth‐to‐mouth breathing. Receiving training, fear of being sued, religious beliefs, geographic location and believing in the importance of training laypeople in resuscitation predicted the nurses’ willingness to perform resuscitation in the community.ConclusionLebanon needs a national policy on cardiopulmonary resuscitation, regular training of all nurses and a Good Samaritan law.Relevance to clinical practiceThis study informs policy related to nurses’ training in out‐of‐hospital resuscitation.
Carbohydrates molecular structure profiles in relation to nutritional characteristics of newly developed low and normal tannin faba bean varieties in dairy cows analysed by using standard methods and the vibrational molecular spectroscopy (Ft/IR‐ATR)
Authors: Rodríguez‐Espinosa María E. , Guevara‐Oquendo Víctor H. , Yu Peiqiang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTo our knowledge, there was no study on interactive relationship between CHO molecular structure spectral profiles of newly developed cool‐season adapted faba bean and nutritional characteristics in ruminants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of genotypes and tannin levels on the physicochemical and nutritional characteristics of faba bean as an alternative protein and energy source for ruminants and its relation to CHO molecular structure spectral profiles using vibrational molecular spectroscopy (Ft/IR‐ATR). Eight genotypes with two tannin levels (low and normal) grown at three different locations in Saskatchewan (CDC crop research fields) were analysed. Chemical analyses were performed using AOAC standards and energy was evaluated using NRC standards. Rumen degradation kinetics were determined using in situ dairy trial. Intestinal digestion was analysed by a modified three‐step in vitro technique with 12 h pre‐rumen incubation in dairy cows. Molecular spectral study was performed using Ft/IR–ATR, and the molecular structural features were analysed at ca. 4000–800 cm−1 using the Spectra ManagerII. CHO‐related functional groups were analysed with OMNIC 7.3. The results showed low‐tannin faba bean (LT) presented a highly significant difference (p < 0.05) on rumen bypass starch (BSt) compared to normal tannin faba bean (NT). On the other hand, NT had more total tract digested starch (TDST) compared to LT. No significant differences (p > 0.10) were observed for total digestible nutrients (TDN1x), metabolizable protein (MP), feed milk value (FMV) or rumen undegraded crude protein (RUP). Results showed differences in physicochemical characteristics among faba bean varieties; however, the predicted production performance was not different within faba bean genotypes. These outcomes suggest that faba bean can be used as nutritive ingredient for dairy cattle without a significant genotype or tannin level effect on metabolic characteristics. Results from vibrational spectroscopic study showed a higher ATR‐Ft/IR absorbance (p < 0.05) in NT on inherent structural CHO (STCHO), total CHO (TCHO) area and peaks (H_1015, H_1076, H_1145), and cellulosic compounds (CEC) to total CHO (TCHO) ratio. Significant correlations could be found between CHO spectral profiles and metabolic characteristics of faba bean, which indicates that structural spectral features of faba bean could be used to predict metabolic characteristics in ruminants.
Combined analysis of gut microbiota, diet and PNPLA3 polymorphism in biopsy‐proven non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Lang Sonja , Martin Anna , Zhang Xinlian , Farowski Fedja , Wisplinghoff Hilmar , J.G.T. Vehreschild Maria , Krawczyk Marcin , Nowag Angela , Kretzschmar Anne , Scholz Claus , Kasper Philipp , Roderburg Christoph , Mohr Raphael , Lammert Frank , Tacke Frank , Schnabl Bernd , Goeser Tobias , Steffen Hans‐Michael , Demir Münevver 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackground and aimsNon‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global health burden. Risk factors for disease severity include older age, increased body mass index (BMI), diabetes, genetic variants, dietary factors and gut microbiota alterations. However, the interdependence of these factors and their individual impact on disease severity remain unknown.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study, we performed 16S gene sequencing using fecal samples, collected dietary intake, PNPLA3 gene variants and clinical and liver histology parameters in a well‐described cohort of 180 NAFLD patients. Principal component analyses were used for dimensionality reduction of dietary and microbiota data. Simple and multiple stepwise ordinal regression analyses were performed.ResultsComplete data were available for 57 NAFLD patients. In the simple regression analysis, features associated with the metabolic syndrome had the highest importance regarding liver disease severity. In the multiple regression analysis, BMI was the most important factor associated with the fibrosis stage (OR per kg/m2: 1.23, 95% CI 1.10‐1.37, P < .001). The PNPLA3 risk allele had the strongest association with the histological grade of steatosis (OR 5.32, 95% CI 1.56‐18.11, P = .007), followed by specific dietary patterns. Low abundances of Faecalibacterium, Bacteroides and Prevotella and high abundances of Gemmiger were associated with the degree of inflammation, ballooning and stages of fibrosis, even after taking other cofactors into account.ConclusionsBMI had the strongest association with histological fibrosis, but PNPLA3 gene variants, gut bacterial features and dietary factors were all associated with different histology features, which underscore the multifactorial pathogenesis of NAFLD.
Autoimmune hepatitis in patients aged 70 years or older: Disease characteristics, treatment response and outcome
Authors: Dalekos George N. , Azariadis Kalliopi , Lygoura Vasiliki , Arvaniti Pinelopi , Gampeta Stella , Gatselis Nikolaos K. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackground & AimsAutoimmune hepatitis (AIH) affects both sexes and all age groups. However, very few studies have focused specifically on the characteristics and outcome of AIH in patients aged 70 y or older.Methods25/234 patients with well‐established AIH and disease onset at ≥70‐y (median: 73‐y) were analysed and compared to the rest patients (median: 47 y). Treatment response was assessed in all patients from both groups who were eligible for treatment (n = 202).ResultsDisease presentation was mainly insidious in both groups (19/25, 76% vs. 134/209, 64.1%; P = .313). At diagnosis, older patients had lower alaninoaminotrasferase (101[433] vs. 199[441] IU/L, P < .05) but were more frequently cirrhotic (12/25, 48% vs. 57/209, 27.3%; P = .03). Importantly, similar rates of on‐treatment response (16/18, 89% vs. 154/184, 84%; P = .565), corticosteroid withdrawal (10/16, 62.5% vs. 113/154, 73.4%; P = .355) and complete withdrawal of immunosuppression (1/16, 6.3% vs. 40/154, 26%; P = .122) were achieved in both groups. Treatment‐related adverse events were evenly observed between groups (6/18, 33% vs. 54/184, 29%; P = .724). In treated patients, the age ≥70 y was only associated with the overall mortality (HR 8.3 [95% CI: 2.1‐36.4], P = .003), but not with the liver‐related mortality (HR 3.4 [95% CI: 0.4‐30.0], P = .268).ConclusionAIH should be seriously considered in patients ≥70 y with unexplained impaired liver function tests as the disease is not infrequent in this group and seems to bear an increased risk for advanced disease stage at diagnosis. However, if immunosuppression is started promptly, it seems as safe and effective as in younger patients.
Daily photoprotection to prevent photoaging
Authors: Krutmann Jean , Schalka Sérgio , Watson Rachel Elizabeth Beatrice , Wei Liu , Morita Akimichi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundExtrinsic skin aging or photoaging was previously thought to be almost exclusively due to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. However, recent literature has described other contributing factors and clarification is thus required as to what extent and what type of daily photoprotection is needed to mitigate extrinsic skin aging.MethodsWe reviewed the existing scientific evidence on daily photoprotection, and specific requirements at the product level, to prevent extrinsic skin aging. We critically reviewed the existing evidence on potential ecological and toxicological risks which might be associated with daily photoprotection.ResultsEvidence shows that broad protection against the entire solar range of UVB, UVA, UVA1, visible light, and short infrared (IRA) is required to prevent extrinsic aging. Other exposome factors, such as air pollution and smoking, also contribute to skin aging. Daily broad‐spectrum sunscreen photoprotection should thus contain antioxidant ingredients for additional benefits against UV, IRA, and pollution‐induced oxidative stress as well as anti‐aging active ingredients to provide clinical benefits against skin aging signs, such as wrinkles and dark spots. Broad‐spectrum sunscreen containing pigments, such as iron oxide, may be required for melasma prevention. There is no conclusive clinical evidence that daily sunscreen use is unsafe or that it compromises vitamin D synthesis.ConclusionDaily use of broad‐spectrum sunscreen containing antioxidant and anti‐aging active ingredients can effectively reduce extrinsic aging.
Contourite depositional system after the exit of a strait: Case study from the late Miocene South Rifian Corridor, Morocco
Authors: de Weger Wouter , Hernández‐Molina Francisco Javier , Miguez‐Salas Olmo , de Castro Sandra , Bruno Miguel , Chiarella Domenico , Sierro Francisco Javier , Blackbourn Graham , Manar Mohamed Amine 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIdealized facies of bottom current deposits (contourites) have been established for fine‐grained contourite drifts in modern deep‐marine sedimentary environments. Their equivalent facies in the ancient record however are only scarcely recognized due to the weathered nature of most fine‐grained deposits in outcrop. Facies related to the erosional elements (i.e. contourite channels) of contourite depositional systems have not yet been properly established and related deposits in outcrop appear non‐existent. To better understand the sedimentary facies and facies sequences of contourites, the upper Miocene contourite depositional systems of the South Rifian Corridor (Morocco) is investigated. This contourite depositional system formed by the dense palaeo‐Mediterranean Outflow Water. Foraminifera assemblages were used for age‐constraints (7.51 to 7.35 Ma) and to determine the continental slope depositional domains. Nine sedimentary facies have been recognized based on lithology, grain‐size, sedimentary structures and biogenic structures. These facies were subsequently grouped into five facies associations related to the main interpreted depositional processes (hemipelagic settling, contour currents and gravity flows). The vertical sedimentary facies succession records the tectonically induced, southward migration of the contourite depositional systems and the intermittent behaviour of the palaeo‐Mediterranean Outflow Water, which is mainly driven by precession and millennial‐scale climate variations. Tides substantially modulated the palaeo‐Mediterranean Outflow Water on a sub‐annual scale. This work shows exceptional examples of muddy and sandy contourite deposits in outcrop by which a facies distribution model from the proximal continental slope, the contourite channel to its adjacent contourite drift, is proposed. This model serves as a reference for contourite recognition both in modern environments and the ancient record. Furthermore, by establishing the hydrodynamics of overflow behaviour a framework is provided that improves process‐based interpretation of deep‐water bottom current deposits.