bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth genes are implicated in the evolutionary divergence of sympatric piscivorous and insectivorous rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Grummer Jared A. , Whitlock Michael C. , Schulte Patricia M. , Taylor Eric B. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Identifying ecologically significant phenotypic traits and the genomic mechanisms that underly them are crucial steps in understanding traits associated with population divergence. We used genome-wide data to identify genomic regions associated with key traits that distinguish two ecomorphs of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)—insectivores and piscivores—that coexist for the non-breeding portion of the year in Kootenay Lake, southeastern British Columbia. “Gerrards” are large-bodied, rapidly growing piscivores with high metabolic rates that spawn north of Kootenay Lake in the Lardeau River, in contrast to the insectivorous populations that are on average smaller in body size, with lower growth and metabolic rates, mainly forage on aquatic insects, and spawn in tributaries immediately surrounding Kootenay Lake. We used pool-seq data representing ~ 60% of the genome and 80 fish per population to assess the level of genomic divergence between ecomorphs and to identify and interrogate loci that may play functional or selective roles in their divergence.

Results
Genomic divergence was high between sympatric insectivores and piscivores ($$F_{\text{ST}}$$

F
ST

= 0.188), and in fact higher than between insectivorous populations from Kootenay Lake and the Blackwater River ($$F_{\text{ST}}$$

F
ST

= 0.159) that are > 500 km apart. A window-based $$F_{\text{ST}}$$

F
ST

analysis did not reveal “islands” of genomic differentiation; however, the window with highest $$F_{\text{ST}}$$

F
ST

estimate did include a gene associated with insulin secretion. Although we explored the use of the “Local score” approach to identify genomic outlier regions, this method was ultimately not used because simulations revealed a high false discovery rate (~ 20%). Gene ontology (GO) analysis identified several growth processes as enriched in genes occurring in the ~ 200 most divergent genomic windows, indicating many loci of small effect involved in growth and growth-related metabolic processes are associated with the divergence of these ecomorphs.

Conclusion
Our results reveal a high degree of genomic differentiation between piscivorous and insectivorous populations and indicate that the large body piscivorous phenotype is likely not due to one or a few loci of large effect. Rather, the piscivore phenotype may be controlled by several loci of small effect, thus highlighting the power of whole-genome resequencing in identifying genomic regions underlying population-level phenotypic divergences.
Effectiveness of medication in cluster headache
Authors: Drescher Johannes , Khouri Andreas , Amann Tina Katharina , Gaul Charly , Kropp Peter , Siebenhaar Yannic , Scheidt Jörg 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
The aim of this work is to analyze the reports on cluster headache attacks collected online in the citizen science project CLUE with respect to the effectiveness of drugs taken during the attacks. The collection of data within the framework of citizen science projects opens up the possibility of investigating the effectiveness of acute medication on the basis of a large number of individual attacks instead of a simple survey of patients.

Methods
Data from 8369 cluster headache attacks, containing information about acute medication taken and the assessment of its effect, were collected from 133 participants using an online platform and a smartphone app. Chi-square tests were used to investigate whether the effect of the three recommended acute drugs differs when distinguishing between participants with chronic or episodic cluster headache. Furthermore, it was investigated whether there are differences between smokers and non-smokers in the assessment of the effect of the acute medication.

Results
Our participants rated the effectiveness of sumatriptan 6 mg s.c. as significantly better than oxygen and zolmitriptan nasal spray. Oxygen is considered to be significantly better in episodic versus chronic cluster headache, and sumatriptan is considered to be significantly better in chronic versus episodic cluster headache. Smokers rate the effect of oxygen as significantly better than non-smokers.

Conclusions
Despite some methodological limitations, web-based data collection is able to support findings from clinical trials in a real world setting about effectiveness of acute cluster headache treatment in several situations.
Integrative overview of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and their possible applications in COVID-19 prophylaxis and treatment
Authors: Valdez-Cruz Norma A. , García-Hernández Enrique , Espitia Clara , Cobos-Marín Laura , Altamirano Claudia , Bando-Campos Carlos G. , Cofas-Vargas Luis F. , Coronado-Aceves Enrique W. , González-Hernández Ricardo A. , Hernández-Peralta Pablo , Juárez-López Daniel , Ortega-Portilla Paola A. , Restrepo-Pineda Sara , Zelada-Cordero Patricio , Trujillo-Roldán Mauricio A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSARS-CoV-2 is a novel β-coronavirus that caused the COVID-19 pandemic disease, which spread rapidly, infecting more than 134 million people, and killing almost 2.9 million thus far. Based on the urgent need for therapeutic and prophylactic strategies, the identification and characterization of antibodies has been accelerated, since they have been fundamental in treating other viral diseases. Here, we summarized in an integrative manner the present understanding of the immune response and physiopathology caused by SARS-CoV-2, including the activation of the humoral immune response in SARS-CoV-2 infection and therefore, the synthesis of antibodies. Furthermore, we also discussed about the antibodies that can be generated in COVID-19 convalescent sera and their associated clinical studies, including a detailed characterization of a variety of human antibodies and identification of antibodies from other sources, which have powerful neutralizing capacities. Accordingly, the development of effective treatments to mitigate COVID-19 is expected. Finally, we reviewed the challenges faced in producing potential therapeutic antibodies and nanobodies by cell factories at an industrial level while ensuring their quality, efficacy, and safety.
Left ventricular free wall rupture as a result of delayed presentation of an inferior ST-elevation myocardial infarction due to fear of COVID-19: case report
Authors: Nasr George H. , Glovaci Diana , Mikhail Andrew , Sinfield Steven , Chen Kevin , Patel Hardikkumar , Johl Michael , Chakravarthy Bharath , Singh Siddharth , Sagebin Fabio , El-Farra Ailin Barseghian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Left ventricular free wall rupture (LVFWR) is a rare complication after myocardial infarction and usually occurs 1 to 4 days after the infarct. Over the past decade, the overall incidence of LVFWR has decreased given the advancements in reperfusion therapies. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a significant delay in hospital presentation of patients suffering myocardial infarctions, leading to a higher incidence of mechanical complications from myocardial infarctions such as LVFWR.

Case presentation
We present a case in which a patient suffered a LVFWR as a mechanical complication from myocardial infarction due to delay in seeking care over fear of contracting COVID-19 from the medical setting. The patient had been having chest pain for a few days but refused to seek medical care due to fear of contracting COVID-19 from within the medical setting. He eventually suffered a cardiac arrest at home from a massive inferior myocardial infarction and found to be in cardiac tamponade from a left ventricular perforation. He was emergently taken to the operating room to attempt to repair the rupture but he ultimately expired on the operating table.

Conclusions
The occurrence of LVFWR has been on a more significant rise over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic as patients delay seeking care over fear of contracting COVID-19 from within the medical setting. Clinicians should consider mechanical complications of MI when patients present as an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, as delay in seeking care is often the exacerbating factor.
A poor prognostic metastatic nongestational choriocarcinoma of the ovary: a case report and the literature review
Authors: Nishino Kimihiro , Yamamoto Eiko , Ikeda Yoshiki , Niimi Kaoru , Yamamoto Toshimichi , Kajiyama Hiroaki 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Pure ovarian choriocarcinoma can be gestational or nongestational in origin. Nongestational pure ovarian choriocarcinoma is extremely rare and the prognosis is thought to be worse than that of the gestational type in patients with metastatic disease. We present a case of metastatic pure ovarian choriocarcinoma with poor prognosis in which the origin was identified as nongestational by DNA short tandem repeat (STR) analysis.

Case presentation
A nulliparous woman in her thirties with metastatic choriocarcinoma was referred to our hospital after initial treatment proved unsuccessful. Two months earlier, she had undergone brain tumor resection and histological examination confirmed choriocarcinoma. Serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) concentration at initial diagnosis was 5030 IU/L. Two cycles of a combination chemotherapy regimen of methotrexate, etoposide, and actinomycin-D (MEA therapy), which is commonly used for gestational choriocarcinoma, was administered. However, the disease could not be controlled. Imaging modalities at presentation revealed tumor present in the left ovary and left lung, but not in the uterus, which led us think that the choriocarcinoma was nongestational. Bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (BEP therapy) which is commonly used for nongestational choriocarcinoma (malignant germ cell tumor) and surgical resection of the uterus, bilateral ovaries, and an affected part of the left lung led to the nadir level of hCG, but the tumor relapsed and levels of hCG again increased. To investigate the origin of choriocarcinoma, we performed DNA STR analysis of tumor cells and oral mucosal cells. Analysis revealed the origin of the choriocarcinoma as nongestational, as the genotype of tumor cells entirely corresponded with that of oral mucosal cells. BEP therapy and chemotherapy regimens administered for nongestational choriocarcinoma and gestational choriocarcinoma proved ineffective, and the patient died 21 months after diagnosis of metastatic choriocarcinoma.

Conclusion
Metastaic nongestational pure choriocarcinoma of ovary is an extremely rare and an aggressive disease, frequently resulting in poor outcome.
Optimization of SPME–GC–MS and characterization of floral scents from Aquilegia japonica and A. amurensis flowers
Authors: Wang Hua-Ying , Zhang Wei , Dong Jian-Hua , Wu Hao , Wang Yuan-Hong , Xiao Hong-Xing 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
The floral scents of plants play a key role in plant reproduction through the communication between plants and pollinators. Aquilegia as a model species for studying evolution, however, there have been few studies on the floral scents and relationships between floral scents and pollination for Aquilegia taxa.

Methods
In this study, three types of solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) fiber coatings (DVB/PDMS, CAR/PDMS, DVB/CAR/PDMS) were evaluated for their performance in extracting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from flowers of Aquilegia amurensis, which can contribute to the future studies of elucidating the role of floral scents in the pollination process.

Results
In total, 55 VOCs were identified, and among them, 50, 47 and 45 VOCs were extracted by the DVB/CAR/PDMS fiber, CAR/PDMS fiber and DVB/PDMS fibers, respectively. Only 30 VOCs were detected in A. japonica taxa. Furthermore, the relative contents of 8 VOCs were significant different (VIP > 1 and p < 0.05) between the A. amurensis and A. japonica.

Conclusions
The results can be applied in new studies of the relationships between the chemical composition of floral scents and the processes of attraction of pollinator. It may provide new ideas for rapid evolution and frequent interspecific hybridization of Aquilegia.
Introduction to the article by Harold Biswell: Prescribed Burning in Georgia and California Compared
Authors: Stephens Scott L. , van Wagtendonk Jan W. , Agee James K. , Wakimoto Ronald H. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHarold Biswell first learned about the benefits of prescribed fire in forest management when he was a Forest Service researcher in Georgia, USA. After he accepted a professorship in the School of Forestry at the University of California, Berkeley, USA, he was surprised to find out that prescribed fire was not an accepted practice in California. He set out to conduct a series of studies to explore the effects of prescribed fire in forests of California and compare those effects to those he observed in Georgia.
Pilot Study of Dacomitinib for Patients With Metastatic EGFR-Mutant Lung Cancers With Disease Progression After Initial Treatment With Osimertinib
Authors: Choudhury Noura J. , Makhnin Alex , Tobi Yosef Y. , Daly Robert M. , Preeshagul Isabel R. , Iqbal Afsheen N. , Ahn Linda S. , Hayes Sara A. , Heller Glenn , Kris Mark G. , Riely Gregory J. , Yu Helena A. 
Published: April 2021

PURPOSE Patients with EGFR-mutant lung cancer have no approved targeted therapies after disease progression on first-line osimertinib, a third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). Preclinical studies suggest that tumors with both EGFR-sensitizing alteration and acquired second-site EGFR resistance alterations after treatment with osimertinib retain sensitivity to second-generation EGFR TKIs. We hypothesized that dacomitinib, a pan-human epidermal growth factor receptor TKI, may be effective in this setting. METHODS In this phase II study, patients who had progressed on first-line osimertinib were treated with dacomitinib 45 mg orally daily until disease progression or intolerability. The primary end point was objective response rate. RESULTS We enrolled 12 patients. Two partial responses were documented (17% objective response rate; 95% CI, 5 to 45). The median progression-free survival was 1.8 months (95% CI, 1.6 to not reached). One patient with an original sensitizing EGFR G719A mutation and one patient without molecular testing available had partial responses, whereas 0 of the 3 patients with second-site acquired EGFR resistance mutations (two C797S and one G724S) met the response criteria. The patient with EGFR G719A has an ongoing response at 17 months, which exceeds prior time on osimertinib (11 months). CONCLUSION In the first trial evaluating a second-generation EGFR TKI after first-line third-generation osimertinib, we found that dacomitinib after disease progression on osimertinib has limited benefit.
The Biological Basis of Sexual Behaviour in Amphibia. IV
Authors: Shapiro H. A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The absence of the nares in either the male or the female South African clawed toad, or simultaneously in both partners of injected pairs of animals does not interfere in any way with the correct orientation of the male in the adoption of the normal lumbar embrace during coupling. The mating reflex occurred spontaneously in Rana temporaria at the time of the breeding season under captive conditions in 70 per cent, of the animals observed. This reflex was completely inhibited in pairs of animals which had the anterior lobes of their pituitaries removed before the breeding season in both the males and the females (23 pairs); in the males only (10 pairs); or in the females only (10 pairs). Oviposition did not occur regularly in the control animals which mated in the laboratory. The eggs laid were not always fertilized. Fertilized eggs were not viable for more than 2 or 3 days. Removal of the gonads in both the males and the females (28 pairs of Rana) before the breeding season completely inhibited the mating reflex in these animals during the breeding season. Injection of active anterior pituitary extracts into South African clawed toads previously hypophysectomized (anterior lobe alone or both lobes) elicited the normal mating reflex after the normal post-injection interval. Injection of these extracts into gonadectomized clawed toads, or toads with gonadal hypofunction, failed to elicit the mating reflex. Evidence is considered in support of the hypothesis that the pituitary-gonadal relation involved in the act of mating is a hormonal one.
Electrical Transients in the Cell-Volume Response to Cyclic Amp of the Tsetse Fly Malpighian Tubule
Authors: Isaacson Leon C. , Nicolson Susan W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Using cyclic AMP to stimulate perfused tsetse fly Malpighian tubules bathed in SO42− Ringer frequently causes an immediate but transient peak in transtubular potential (Vt), before stabilisation of Vt at an increased value. These transients were investigated by monitoring the associated changes in cable properties and current–voltage (I/V) relationships. Tubules were perfused and bathed in either Cl− Ringer or SO42− Ringer (containing 8 mmol l−1 Cl−). Tubules bathed in Cl− Ringer showed a transient swelling of the cells on exposure to cyclic AMP. Cable analysis confirmed the visually observed narrowing of the tubular lumen and revealed transient increases in core resistance (Rc) and transtubular resistance (Rt). As the cells returned to their initial volume, the lumen became distended, and Rc and Rt fell below their initial levels. These changes were accompanied by an increase, and a subsequent decrease, in the slope of the I/V plot. None of the above changes was apparent in SO42− Ringer, other than a fall in Rt and in the slope of the I/V plot. The results suggest that, in Cl− Ringer, cyclic AMP induces swelling of the tubular cells by promoting increased basolateral solute (and water) entry and that the subsequent rapid return to normal cell volume, with a concomitant progressive increase in the rate of tubular secretion, reflects the operation of a specific cell-volume regulatory mechanism of transepithelial transport. The cyclic-AMP-induced peak that occurs in Vt in SO42− Ringer appears to be primarily due to a transient overshoot in the fall in series resistance (i.e. an increase in basolateral Na+ conductance), accompanied by a proportionately lesser increase in shunt resistance.
Faecal Firing in a Skipper Caterpillar is Pressure-Driven
Authors: Caveney Stanley , McLean Heather , Surry David 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Many leaf-rolling caterpillars have a rigid anal comb attached to the lower surface of the anal plate (or shield) situated above the anus. This comb is widely assumed to be a lever used to ‘flick’ away frass pellets. An alternative mechanism to explain pellet discharge is proposed on the basis of observations on the caterpillar of the skipper Calpodes ethlius. The model proposes that the underside of the anal plate serves as a blood-pressure-driven surface for the ejection of faecal pellets. Rather than acting as a lever, the anal comb serves as a latch to prevent the premature distortion of the lower wall of the anal plate until the anal haemocoel compartment is fully pressurized. The anal comb is swung into position during pellet extrusion by retractor muscles attached at its base and held in place by a catch formed by a blood-swollen torus of everted rectal wall. As the caterpillar raises the blood pressure in its anal compartment by contracting its anal prolegs, the comb eventually slips over the toral catch. This causes the underside of the anal plate to move rapidly backwards as the blood pressure is released, projecting the pellet resting against it through the air. Simulation suggests that a local blood pressure of at least 10 kPa (75 mmHg) would be required to accelerate the lower surface of the anal plate outwards at a rate fast enough to discharge a 10 mg pellet at an observed mean velocity of 1.3 m s−1.
Performance of Pak Universities in Global Science
Authors: Meo Sultan Ayoub , Jawaid Shaukat Ali 
Published: April 2021

doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.4.4603
How to cite this:Meo SA, Jawaid SA. Performance of Pak Universities in Global Science. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(4):927-930. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.4.4603
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
A protocol to assess the risk of dementia among patients with coronary artery diseases using CAIDE score
Authors: Omi Fardina Rahman , Barua Lingkan , Banik Palash Chandra , Faruque Mithila 
Published: April 2021

Introduction: The impact of coronary artery disease (CAD) on the later development of dementia is not well studied globally. Therefore, this study aims to determine the long-term risk of dementia using a mobile application-based tool in addition to elucidating the contributing factors among CAD patients. Protocol: This cross-sectional study collected data from 285 stable CAD patients admitted to the “Ibrahim Cardiac Hospital and Research Institute” for coronary revascularization from August 2019 to July 2020. The patients were recruited using a convenient sampling technique due to economic and logistical issues. Data were collected through a face-to-face interview using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire. Physical parameters (blood pressure and anthropometry) were measured while maintaining the adequate privacy of the patients. The biochemical parameters analyzed by the hospital lab were also collected. The next phase of this study involves the use of a mobile application that uses the Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging, and Incidence of Dementia (CAIDE) dementia risk score, to determine the risk factors associated with dementia. In addition, a descriptive statistical and inferential analysis will also be performed to determine the key contributing risk factors linked to the development of dementia. Ethics and dissemination: The study has been reviewed and approved by the Ethical Review Committee of Bangladesh University of Health Sciences. The results will be actively disseminated through peer-reviewed journals, conference presentations, social media, online news portal, the internet, and various community/stakeholder engagement activities. Conclusion: As a baseline study of the country, this study will fill a key knowledge gap in the pathway to the development of better interventions for dementia in Bangladesh. Outcomes from this study will also help with raising awareness on the association of mental health-related issues with cardiovascular diseases so that an improved cardiac rehabilitation program can be implemented in Bangladesh.