bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinicopathological Significance of Nestin Expression as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Marker in Brain Gliomas, Independent of IDH Mutation
Authors: Woo Chang Gok 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background: Nestin, a type VI intermediate filament, is expressed in neuroepithelial cells during embryogenesis and has been expressed in various human tumors. Recent studies have reported that expression is associated with poor prognosis in brain tumors, but the results are inconclusive. In this study, we evaluated usefulness of Nestin expression using immunohistochemistry as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for IDH mutation and the new World Health Organization (WHO) classification.Methods: To investigate Nestin expression, immunohistochemistry was performed on 92 adult brain gliomas using tissue microarrays. We further analyzed the clinical characteristics and survival outcomes according to Nestin expression and examined its correlation with another glioma biomarker, IDH mutation.Results: Sixty patients (65.2%) were Nestin-positive (weak and strong). Nestin expression and intensity were significantly correlated with age, location, diagnosis, and IDH mutations. Old age and high-grade gliomas showed a higher frequency and stronger intensity of Nestin expression than those of young age and with low-grade gliomas (p<0.001). Gliomas with IDH mutations that are located in the frontal lobe showed no expression or had weak positivity. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that Nestin expression (weak, hazard ratio [HR] 5.39, p=0.036; strong, HR 8.43, p=0.007) and IDH wildtype (HR 7.63; p=.001) were significant independent prognostic factors. Moreover, patients with tumors expressing Nestin showed shorter survival (p<0.001).Conclusions: Nestin expression exhibits high intensity in high-grade gliomas and is a useful diagnostic marker. High expression and level of Nestin were significantly correlated with worse survival and was considered a significant marker of poor prognosis in new WHO classification, independent of IDH mutation.
Low Abundance Members of the Gut Microbiome are Potent Drivers of Immune Cell Education.
Authors: Han Geongoo , Luong Hien , Vaishnava Shipra 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background: One of the main goals of microbiome research is to identify bacterial members that significantly affect host phenotypes and understand their contributions to disease pathogenesis. Studies identifying bacterial members that dictate host phenotype have focused mainly on the dominant members, and the role of low abundance microbes in determining host phenotypes and pathogenesis of diseases remains unexplored. In this study, we compared the gut bacterial community of mice with wide-ranging microbial exposure to determine if low abundance bacteria vary based on microbial exposure or remain consistent.Results: We noted that similar to the high abundance bacterial community, a core community of low abundance bacteria made up a significant portion of the gut microbiome irrespective of microbial exposure. To determine the effect of low abundance bacteria on community structure and host gene expression, we devised a microbiome dilution strategy to “delete” out low abundance bacteria and engrafted the diluted microbiomes into germ-free mice. Our approach successfully excluded low abundance bacteria from small and large intestinal bacterial communities and induced global changes in microbial community structure and composition in the large intestine. Gene expression analysis of intestinal tissue revealed that loss of low abundance bacteria resulted in a drastic reduction in expression of multiple genes involved MHC class II antigen presentation pathway and T-cell cytokine production in the small intestine. The effect of low abundance bacteria on MHC class II expression was found specific to the intestinal epithelium at an early timepoint post-colonization and correlated with bacteria belonging to the family Erysipelotrichaceae. Conclusions: We conclude that low abundance bacteria have a significantly higher immuno-stimulatory effect compared to dominant bacteria and are thus potent drivers of early immune education in the gut. Therefore, characterizing immune interaction of low abundance bacteria with the host will offer greater insight into the intestinal immune landscape and disease pathogenesis.Keywords: Gut microbiome, Low abundance bacteria, Immune education, MHC class II, Erysipelotrichaceae
Genetic Variation in Released Gametes Produces Genetic Diversity in the Offspring of the Broadcast Spawning Coral Acropora Tenuis
Authors: Kitanobo Seiya , Toshino Sho , Morita Masaya 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
All coral species in the genus Acropora are broadcast-spawning hermaphrodites. Fertilization in the ocean requires sufficient numbers of gametes from conspecifics and the contact time for fertilization is thought to be limited by the rapid diffusion of sperm. Many studies have reported a positive correlation between sperm concentration and fertilization success, but it is not clear how released gametes are fertilized in nature (in situ) and how genetic diversity arises at a fertilization event. To elucidate this, we analyzed the changes in sperm concentration in situ after spawning and genotyped sperm and fertilized eggs from seawater using seven microsatellite (MS) markers. This showed that the sperm concentration in situ was suboptimal (<106 sperm/mL), but most of the eggs were fertilized. MS genotyping showed that the alleles of released sperm were diverse and those alleles also appeared in the fertilized eggs. In addition, the MS fragment peak height in released sperm, which presumable reflects the allele frequency of the sperm, was positively correlated with the allele frequencies of the fertilized eggs. Collectively, the genetic diversity of colonies with high fecundity dictates the genetic diversity of their descendants.
The Status of Metabolic Control in Patients With Diabetes Attending Primary Care Clinics in Madinah, Saudi Arabia
Authors: ALFADHLI Eman Mohammed , SOBHY Ghada Mohamed , MASOUD Ruqaya Saleh , GADI Yaseera Ali , Surrati Amal Mohammed , SIDAHMED Laila Awad 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Comprehensive control of diabetes and its related comorbidities is essential to avoid diabetes complications and reduce diabetes care expenses. Nevertheless, several reports have uncovered the gap in diabetes management and confirmed the suboptimal glycemic control globally. This study aims to assess the metabolic control among patients with diabetes attending primary care clinics (PCCs) in Madinah, Saudi Arabia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted at 15 PCCS in Madinah, Saudi Arabia. Consecutive 692 adult diabetic patients who attended the clinics between January 2016 to December 2017 were included. The primary outcome measures were achieving blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipids goals. The achievement of adequate metabolic control followed the American diabetes association (ADA) guidelines. RESULT: Majority (98%) of the patients had type 2 diabetes (T2DM) with a mean age of 55.1±11.6 years and a mean diabetes duration of 11.02±7.8 years. The mean HbA1c was 8.39±1.7, and glycemic goals (HbA1C < 7%) were achieved in 15.7%. Achievement of LDL, triglyceride, and HDL goals were as follow; 46.4%. 53.3%, 70.8%, respectively. 66.3% of subjects achieved systolic blood pressure, and 88.7% achieved diastolic blood pressure goals. Younger age, longer diabetes duration, and higher LDL levels were associated with poor glycemic control. CONCLUSION: Glycemic control is inadequate among patients with diabetes following at the PCCs in Madinah, Saudi Arabia. A patient-centered approach and individualized management plan considering all risk factors are required.
Predictable Patterns and Their Corresponding Signal Sources of Midsummer Surface Air Temperature Over Eastern China in the ECMWF S2S Forecasts
Authors: Jia Zikang , Zheng Zhihai , Zhu Yufan , Zang Naihui , Feng Guolin , Huang Bicheng 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The maximum signal-to-noise empirical orthogonal function (MSN EOF) method is used to evaluate the midsummer 2-m air temperature (T2m) over Eastern China of subseasonal to seasonal scale forecast data in ECMWF model, and investigate the underlying mechanisms between temperature modes and predictable sources. The first predictable pattern mainly presents the dipole mode of positive value in the south and negative value in the north. The model captures the signal of the transition from preceding El Niño to La Niña and accompanying tropical Indian Ocean warm surface temperature. In the summer of transforming years, the West Pacific Subtropical High is stronger and westward, meanwhile the southwest monsoon strengthens, which are the main direct influence factors of the high pressure in the south and the more precipitation in the north. Compared with observations, although the model captures the relationship between the temperature mode and the previous sea surface temperature signal, it obscures the mediating role of the Western Pacific Subtropical High. The second predictable pattern is the warmer characteristic of the Yangtze River valley (YRV), and North Atlantic Oscillation which the atmospheric internal variability is the main signal. The wave train propagating from northwestern Russia to Northeast Asia is the main cause of the abnormal high pressure over YRV. The third mode is mainly the temperature trend item, and the spatial characteristics of observation and model are quite different. ECMWF model shows high forecasting skills in the three modes, and presents high (low) surface pressure in areas with high (lower) temperatures, reduced (increased) precipitation and increased (reduced) solar radiation, which proving the model simulates the potential mechanism of circulation anomalies affecting surface air temperature commendably.
Morphological Attributes Govern CO2 Reduction on Mesoporous Carbon Nanosphere with Embedded Axial Co-N5 Sites
Authors: Li Youzhi , Wei Bo , Li Zhongjian , Fan Lei , Jiang Qike , Lei Lecheng , Zhang Ruifeng , Lu Yingying 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Although single-atom catalysts (SACs) have been widely employed in the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR), the understanding regarding the effect of morphological attributes on catalytic performance are still lacking, which prevents the rational design of high-performance catalysts for electrochemical CO2RR. Here, we developed a novel catalyst with axial Co-N5 sites embedded on controllable mesoporous carbon nanosphere with different graded pore structures. Benefiting from the precise control of porosity, the influence of morphological attributes on catalytic performance was well revealed. In situ characterization combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that axial N-coordination induced local d-p orbitals coupling enhancement of Co with oxides and the optimal pore size of 27 nm promoted the interfacial bonding characteristics, which facilitate both the COOH* generation and CO desorption. Consequently, A superior selectivity of nearly 100% at -0.8 V vs. RHE and commercially relevant current densities of >150 mA cm−2 could be achieved, and a strikingly high turnover frequency of 1.136*104 h−1 at -1.0 V has been obtained, superior to the most of Co-based catalysts.
Improving Clinical Nurses’ Competency and Nursing Care Using the Research Process Model
Authors: Okubo Nobuko , Yokoyama Eriko , Honda Keiko , Takeda Kihoko , Sakai Hiromi , Ishii Rie , Miura Yuriko 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
Clinical nurses working in an acute neurosurgery ward and researchers conducted research using the research process model with the aim to improve nursing competency, nursing autonomy, work motivation, ethics, and actual nursing care content. The research clarified: (a) how clinical nurses in the neurosurgical ward changed and the process of improving nursing competence; (b) changes regarding clinical nurses’ patient care autonomy, work motivation, and ethics; (c) changes in nursing care (rate of medical restraint, rate of manual removal of faeces, etc.) and (d) changes in patients’ and families’ degree of nursing care satisfaction.

Methods
Participants were a purposive sample of 12 (50%) ward nurses from a neurosurgery ward in a 500-bed hospital that had emergency care. Qualitative and quantitative data were from descriptions of the research process model and interviews, with the use of professional autonomy scale, work motivation scale, ethical behaviour scale, implementation rates of medical restraints and manual removal of faeces to inpatients, and by changes in nursing care and patient satisfaction. Data were collected before, during and at the completion of research. Analyses for quantitative data was done by unpaired t-test and ANOVA, and thematic analysis for qualitative data. Significance was set at (p < 0.05).

Results
Professional autonomy scores gradually increased after the start of research and were significantly higher at the midpoint. The ethical behaviour scores gradually increased from the starting point, but there was no significant difference. The work motivation scores gradually increased and had significantly increased at the end of the study period compared to the starting point. The rate of medical restraints on patients significantly decreased in the end compared to the beginning, while the rate of manual removal of faeces significantly decreased at the midpoint and in the end compared to the starting point. Families complained about nurses’ response and care during the three-year period prior to the start of the research, but a year after the start of this research, no complaints were observed. The nurses improved nursing competence from Stage 1 : realization of individual nursing care anew; Stage 2: collaborating with various medical professionals; Stage 3: pursuit of specialized nursing; and Stage 4: promote competence of leadership and team building ability for all nurses. The research process model in this study improved nursing competency of the nurses participating in the study.

Conclusion
Going through the four stages, the clinical nurses working in the acute neurosurgery ward were able to improve their actual nursing care and increased their nursing competency.
Huntington’s Disease: A Nursing Perspective
Authors: Samperi Sarah V , Kwong Peter , McGill Terence , Tsui David S 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the HTT gene. The motor, cognitive and psychiatric features of HD are progressive and complex, requiring specialised care by medical, nursing and allied health care professionals. This paper discusses the role of the HD nurse as a valuable resource to assess, provide, facilitate and educate on the specialised needs of those living with HD.
Assessment of rainfall trend and variability of semi-arid regions of Upper and Middle Godavari basin, India
Authors: Aher Madhura Chetan , Yadav S. M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Study of rainfall pattern and trend in the long term is essential from climatic change and socioeconomic perspectives. In the present study, monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall of semi-arid regions (Madhya Maharashtra, Marahwada and Vidarbha) of the Godavari basin is evaluated for the period of 1871–2016. The innovative trend analysis (ITA), Mann–Kendall test (MK) and Sen's slope estimator methods are used to check gradual change. A significant increasing or decreasing trend is not detected in the seasonal and annual rainfall series for any of the regions. The rainfall variability index indicates Madhya Maharashtra has received normal rainfall for 40% of the time, Marathwada for 36% of the time and Vidarbha region for 41% of the time. Very dry and very wet conditions are experienced by all three regions for 15% of the time. The spatial and temporal variation in the seasonal and annual rainfall is not significant in these regions. The results obtained from the study will be useful for water resource management of the Godavari basin.
Wogonin and Alleviation of Hyperglycemia via Inhibition of DAG
Mediated PKC Expression. A Brief Insight
Authors: Khan Shahzad 
Published: October 2021

Abstract:
Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of protein kinase enzymes that can phosphorylate
other proteins and influence their functions, such as signal transduction, cell survival, and death. Increased
diacylglycerol (DAG) concentrations, which are typically observed raised in hyperglycemic
situations such as diabetes mellitus, can also activate PKC enzymes (DM). On the other
hand, PKC isomers have been shown to play an essential role in diabetes and many hyperglycemic
complications, most importantly atherosclerosis and diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). As a result,
blocking PKC activation via DAG can prevent hyperglycemia and related consequences, such as
DCM. Wogonin is a herbal medicine which has anti-inflammatory properties, and investigations
show that it scavenge oxidative radicals, attenuate nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activity, inhibit
several essential cell cycle regulatory genes, block nitric oxide (NO) and suppress cyclooxygenase-
2 (COX-2). Furthermore, several investigations show that wogonin also attenuates diacylglycerol
DAG levels in diabetic mice. Since the DAG-PKC pathway is linked with hyperglycemia
and its complications, Wogonin-mediated DAG-PKC attenuation can help treat hyperglycemia and
its complications.
Chickpea Leaf Exudates: A Highly Efficient Natural Brønsted Acidic Medium for the Synthesis of Pyran-annulated Heterocycles
Authors: Mali Snehali R. , Shinde Sachinkumar K. , Patil Bhagyashree M. , Patil Rupesh C. , Patil Suresh S. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract:We reported Chickpea leaf exudates (CLEs) as a Brønsted acid, naturally available biodegradable, eco-friendly, and reusable reaction medium for highly efficient and facile one-pot synthesis of pyran-annulated heterocyclic systems, like 7-aryl-benzopyrano[4,3-b]benzopyran-6,8- diones,tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran, and dihydropyrano[c]chromenes scaffolds. The analogous products were obtained via tandem Knoevengel-Michael addition and cyclo condensation reaction in ethanol at room temperature with 90-96% yields in a short reaction time. Moreover, the reaction media containing Bronsted acids can be easily recovered and reused up to five times, slightly decreasing product yields.
Engaging the Private Sector for National Security
Authors: Gordon Robert 
Published: October 2021

On November 23, 2020, Robert Gordon presented on the topic of Engaging the Private Sector for National Security at the 2020 CASIS West Coast Security Conference. The presentation was followed by a moderated question and answer period. Key points of discussion included: federal level engagement with the private cybersecurity sector, the level of the cyber threat environment that the private sector is dealing with, and the requirement for a collaborative approach in the national security environment.
Characterizing Vaping Industry Political Influence and Mobilization on Facebook: Social Network Analysis
Authors: Haupt Michael Robert , Xu Qing , Yang Joshua , Cai Mingxiang , Mackey Tim K 
Published: October 2021

Background
In response to recent policy efforts to regulate tobacco and vaping products, the vaping industry has been aggressive in mobilizing opposition by using a network of manufacturers, trade associations, and tobacco user communities, and by appealing to the general public. One strategy the alternative tobacco industry uses to mobilize political action is coordinating on social media platforms, such as the social networking site Facebook. However, few studies have specifically assessed how platforms such as Facebook are used to influence public sentiment and attitudes towards tobacco control policy.

Objective
This study used social network analysis to examine how the alternative tobacco industry uses Facebook to mobilize online users to influence tobacco control policy outcomes with a focus on the state of California.

Methods
Data were collected from local and national alternative tobacco Facebook groups that had affiliations with activities in the state of California. Network ties were constructed based on users’ reactions to posts (eg, “like” and “love”) and comments to characterize political mobilization networks.

Results
Findings show that alternative tobacco industry employees were more likely to engage within these networks and that these employees were also more likely to be influential members (ie, be more active) in the network. Comparisons between subnetworks show that communication within the local alternative tobacco advocacy group network was less dense and more centralized in contrast to a national advocacy group that had overall higher levels of engagement among members. A timeline analysis found that a higher number of influential posts that disseminated widely across networks occurred during e-cigarette–related legislative events, suggesting strategic online engagement and increased mobilization of online activity for the purposes of influencing policy outcomes.

Conclusions
Results from this study provide important insights into how tobacco industry–related advocacy groups leverage the Facebook platform to mobilize their online constituents in an effort to influence public perceptions and coordinate to defeat tobacco control efforts at the local, state, and federal level. Study results reveal one part of a vast network of socially enabled alternative tobacco industry actors and constituents that use Facebook as a mobilization point to support goals of the alternative tobacco industry.