bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding the Potential for Protecting and Improving Brainability
Authors: Alessi Charles , Chambers Larry W. , Gray Muir 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
By putting into practice the advice in this book (based on evidence from systematic reviews, along with the authors’ collective experience), people would not only avoid dementia but they would also keep their brains healthier, their minds sharper, and would develop fewer diseases, be less disabled, be more independent and active, be less likely to have to go into a care home, and they would feel better. Don’t worry about your genes. Instead, fight back against the modern environment by reducing the impact of stress, sleeping better, becoming more active, stopping smoking, and rebalancing your diet. We need a new approach to increase our Brainability—understanding and accepting ageing, getting and keeping fitter, reducing the impact of disease, and thinking more positively. Based on this way of looking at living longer we have developed the Triple Whammy Brainability Programme—keep your brain tissue healthy, increase the blood supply to the brain, and increase the ability of your mind to interact with people and ideas.
Communicating Through Code
Authors: Nolan Deborah , Stoudt Sara 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses how to write code in order to communicate ideas about a data analysis. In particular, the chapter describes how to: write pseudocode to give a high-level explanation of a programing task; adopt coding conventions and principles so that code is readable, well documented, and easily understood by others; and use technology tools to make sharing code easier.
Organizing the Story
Authors: Nolan Deborah , Stoudt Sara 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses how to map out results in a storyboard before starting to write about findings. In particular, the chapter discusses the process of choosing what material is most relevant to our argument, determining the order in which to present our findings, and finding the narrative that will be compelling to a reader. An example of the storyboard process is provided using hospital data on drug-related, emergency-department visits.
The vital connections
Authors: Abbott Malcolm , Cohen Bruce 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this chapter attention is directed at the communications sector (telecommunications and post). This sector was one of the first to be reformed starting with the creation of the Australian Postal Commission and Telecommunications Commission in 1975. The role of technological change in driving the reform process in the case of telecommunications is examined, along with the role of industrial relations concerns and the commitment of universal service obligations in the case of post. The extent of public ownership in the communications sector is also considered, including the decisions to initial sell off Australia’s telecommunications company, Telstra, and then later to reinvest in the National Broadband Network (NBN), as well as the decision to maintain Australia Post as a government business enterprise.
Origins of Equity
Authors: Titi Catharine 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Equitable considerations have been present in human societies for unfathomable aeons. From ancient Greece and Rome to modern times, through ecclesiastical law and the medieval English Chancery, equity has introduced considerations of fairness in legal thought and has helped mitigate the harshness of draconian laws. What is considered equitable has varied over time, with the equitable innovations of the past typically becoming the hard law of today. The purpose of the chapter is to show equity’s continuity in time and across legal systems, as a stepping stone to the argument presented later in the book that equity is a source of international law. The chapter explains that the distinct ways in which we make sense of equity owe something to its historical evolution in our respective legal systems. Ultimately, the chapter highlights equity’s journey from municipal legal systems to international law.
Equity, Compensation, and Costs
Authors: Titi Catharine 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Just as equitable considerations can inform a court or tribunal’s decision in the early phases of the adjudicatory process, so equity may have a role to play in fixing the amount of compensation, in allocating costs, and in deciding whether to grant security for costs. The chapter proceeds in two parts. First, it considers equity in the reasoning of international courts and tribunals leading to the award of compensation. Second, it studies the role of equity in decisions relating to costs in investment arbitration – notably in decisions on the apportionment of costs between the disputing parties and on security for costs, a provisional measure in whose application equitable considerations are noticeably prominent.
Conclusion
Authors: Titi Catharine 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The book’s concluding chapter summarises its main findings and arguments. The book has tried to make sense of the legal concept of equity as it operates in the international law of the 21st century, setting it on a new basis and dealing with some common misconceptions about it. The thrust of its argument is that equity is a legal concept and a source of international law whose reach stretches beyond what has previously been conceded. Equity contributes to the development of international law and, as international law grows, the value of equity grows with it. By definition circumstance-specific, equity must remain flexible in order to fulfil its function qua justice. As time goes by, equity will still inform new international law and it will continue to be relevant, as an imperative of law as justice that international courts and tribunals are bound to apply.
The Right to Information
Authors: Vrabec Helena U. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 addresses the right to information, the cornerstone of the system of control rights under the GDPR and the ePrivacy Directive. The types of information that are likely to provide data subjects the most relevant information about data processing in the context of the data-driven economy are analysed more thoroughly, e.g., the information about the legal basis for data processing, the information about the sources of data, and the details on automated decision-making. The chapter investigates the right to explanation and icons which seem to offer a new, promising option to exercise more control over modern data flows. In the ePrivacy area, the right to information plays an increasingly important role in regulating the use of cookies and similar tracking technologies. The chapter acknowledges that, despite some novel steps in the GDPR, entitlements that the law affords are undermined due to three groups of factors: psychological, technological, and economic.
The Right to Be Forgotten
Authors: Vrabec Helena U. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 explores the theoretical, normative, and practical aspects of the right to be forgotten (erasure) as set out in Article 17 of the GDPR along with some related mechanisms that also facilitate online ‘forgetting’. It is argued that control is the underlying notion of the right, closely related to both data subjects’ privacy and their autonomy. After providing a summary of the relevant case law which preceded the GDPR, the chapter thoroughly analyses Article 17 which lays out the current version of the right to erasure along with implementation details and exceptions. The chapter also lists a few technical and other measures that can be used as alternatives for the right to erasure in new (AI) environments.
Migrant Consciousness and Catholic Confessional Identity Texts
Authors: Ó hAnnracháin Tadhg 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter 8 argues that migrants and exiles played a critical role in the elaboration of notions of Catholic identity in Ireland. It concentrates in particular on three authors from the early seventeenth-century—Peter Lombard, David Rothe, and Philip O’Sullivan Beare—who helped develop the notion that the Irish population was inherently Catholic and inscribed this idea in a particular delineation of history in which St Patrick and medieval Irish saints figured prominently. Close analysis of these texts reveal the profound influence of exilic experience on the writing of these various authors, and the ideas which they put forward came to exert an enduring influence on the self-understanding of Irish Catholics.
The Impact of Mobility on the Imagination of Protestant Identity
Authors: Ó hAnnracháin Tadhg 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter 9 argues that practically the entire corpus of Irish Protestant writing of the seventeenth century is susceptible to a reading as migrant literature. It offers a series of brief case studies of particular authors and texts to demonstrate the ubiquity of migrant experience in shaping this literary production. The chapter concentrates in particular on Sir John Temple’s The Irish Rebellion, arguing that this became the ur-text of Protestant identity in Ireland, and highlights the manner in which this book gave an enduring voice to the displaced refugees of the 1641 rebellion. Other authors discussed include Andrew Stewart the Presbyterian historian, John Vesey, and his portrayal of John Bramhall, Sir James Ware, and James Ussher.
Conclusion
Authors: Ó hAnnracháin Tadhg 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The Conclusion of this book argues that on a whole series of levels, different types of mobility proved profoundly influential in shaping the evolution of Ireland’s different confessional communities and identities. It also discusses the limitation of Irish source material in some respects, and the potential applicability of the theme of mobility to other areas of Europe and the world.
Selection
Authors: Levinthal Daniel A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Firms receive profits and losses, while individuals and initiatives generally only receive awards as mediated by an organization’s accounting system and reward structure. In that sense, a firm can be considered to be a credit assignment mechanism. Three basic challenges are considered: the problem of diversity of selection criteria, the challenge of the timing of selection relative to developmental processes, and the issue of units of aggregation and selection. Selection inevitably must be made on the basis of various imperfect indicators of broader objectives. The diversity of these selection criteria is argued to be an under-appreciated facet of diversity as prior work has tended to focus attention on the degree of diversity of underlying initiatives and activities. Further, it is recognized that the environment, or contexts, in which the organization operates, is itself an object of selection, which in turn influences the feedback processes the organization experiences.
Predicting Clinical Improvement for Patients With Low Back Pain: Keeping It Simple for Patients Seeking Physical Therapy Care
Authors: Brennan Gerard P , Snow Gregory L , Minick Kate I , Hunter Stephen J 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objective
This study sought to develop and validate an original prediction formula that estimated the probability of success for patients with low back pain (LBP) to achieve a minimal clinically important difference (MCID) on the Modified Low Back Disability Questionnaire (MDQ).

Methods
Patients were 10 to 90 years old in this retrospective cohort study. Data were extracted from Intermountain Healthcare’s registry, Rehabilitation Outcomes Management System: 62,858 patients admitted to physical therapy from 2002 to 2013 formed the training dataset, and 15,128 patients admitted 2015 to 2016 formed the verification dataset. Predicted probability to achieve MCID was compared with the actual percentage who succeeded. Two models were developed: 6-point improvement and 30% improvement. MDQ assessed disability, and numeric pain score assessed pain intensity. Predictive models used restricted cubic splines on age, initial pain, and disability scores for non-linear effects. Sex, symptom duration, and payer type were included as indicator variables. Predicted chance of success was compared with the actual percentage of patients that succeeded. Relative change in R-squared was calculated to assess variable importance in predicting success. Odds ratios for duration of injury and payer were calculated.

Results
A positive trend was observed in both models between predicted and actual success achieved. Both “verification” models appear accurate and closely approximate the “training dataset.” Baseline MDQ score was the most important factor to predict a 6-point improvement. Payer type and injury duration were important factors to predict 30% improvement. Best odds to achieve an MCID was having a workers compensation insurance payer and seeking care within 14 days.

Conclusion
The 2 models demonstrated an accurate visualization of the chance of patients achieving significant improvement compared with the usual representation of the average rate of improvement for all patients.

Impact
Enhancing physical therapists’ understanding of the probability of a patient achieving significant clinical improvement can enhance decision-making processes and help physical therapists manage a patient’s care more effectively.
Mind the gaps: therapists’ experiences of managing symptomatic hypermobility in Scotland
Authors: Dockrell Dervil M , Berg Kathryn M , Ralston Stuart H 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objectives
The aim was to ascertain occupational therapist (OT) and physiotherapist (PT) experiences of managing hypermobility spectrum disorders (HSDs) and hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (hEDS) patients, specifically the training and confidence levels of therapists, use of evidence-based practice, accessibility of pain management and clinical psychology services, and perceived usefulness of a specialist centre in Scotland.

Methods
A mixed-method survey was distributed to Rheumatology OTs/PTs in Scotland. It included multiple choice and open text questions, which were analysed to reflect therapists’ experiences and perception of service need.

Results
We found that therapists in Scotland do have expertise in the management of HSD/hEDS patients; however, this expertise tends to be concentrated in secondary care, which makes it difficult for patients who are managed in primary care to access. The majority of respondents reported lack of access to external training (80%). There was difficulty in referral to pain management services (55%) and clinical psychology (28%) among adult therapists. Paediatric services provided considerably better access to these disciplines. Of note, the majority of respondents were in favour of a specialist centre in Scotland for the training and education of therapists (94.7%) and the diagnosis and management of complex HSD/hEDS patients (73.7%).

Conclusion
More research is needed urgently to evaluate the effectiveness of therapy interventions to underpin a national guideline in order that we can improve outcomes for HSD/hEDS patients. A specialist centre with expert and engaged clinicians would be a valuable asset in coordinating patient-focused research and conducting good-quality clinical trials.
Dietary energy level, feeder space, and group size on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing barrows and gilts
Authors: Smit Miranda N , Zhou Xun , Landero José L , Young Malachy G , Beltranena Eduardo 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
To benefit from feeding low net energy (NE) diets, growing-finishing pigs must be able to increase feed intake to compensate for lower caloric density, but this might be difficult in pens with a high stocking density. Access to the feeder, trough space, and(or) floor area may limit voluntary feed intake. The objective of this study was to clarify the relationships among dietary NE level, feeder space, group size, sex, and interactions in growing-finishing pigs. In a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design, 1,920 pigs (33 kg) housed in 96 fully slatted floor pens (6.1 × 2.4 m) with 2 or 3 feeder spaces, and 18 or 22 barrows or gilts per pen, were fed either low (9.2 MJ/kg) or high (9.85 MJ/kg) NE diets over 5 growth phases (Grower 1: day [d] 0 to 20, Grower 2: d 21 to 41, Grower 3: d 42 to 62, Finisher 1: d 63 to 80, Finisher 2: d 81 to slaughter). Pen body weight (BW) and average daily feed disappearance (ADFD) were measured for each growth phase, biweekly from the start of shipping and at slaughter. Warm carcasses were weighed and graded (Destron). For the entire trial, pigs fed low versus (vs.) high NE diets had 0.119 kg/d greater (P &lt; 0.001) ADFD, but 0.556 MJ/d lower (P &lt; 0.050) average daily caloric disappearance (ADCD), and 0.017 kg/kg lower (P &lt; 0.001) gain-to-feed (G:F). Pens with 18 vs. 22 pigs had 0.062 kg/d greater (P &lt; 0.001) ADFD, 0.730 MJ/d greater (P &lt; 0.010) ADCD, and 0.029 kg/d greater (P &lt; 0.001) average daily weight gain (ADWG). Pigs in pens with 3 vs. 2 feeding spaces had 0.051 kg/d greater (P &lt; 0.010) ADFD, 0.511 MJ/d greater (P = 0.050) ADCD but 0.004 kg/kg lower (P &lt; 0.050) G:F. Pigs fed low vs. high NE diets had 0.6 kg lower (P &lt; 0.050) carcass weight and 0.9 mm lower (P &lt; 0.050) loin depth. Pens with 18 vs. 22 pigs took 2.8 days less (P &lt; 0.001) to reach 130 kg slaughter BW. Pens with 18 vs. 22 pigs had a 0.4 %-point decrease (P &lt; 0.050) in dressing percentage. Feeding low vs. high NE diets reduced (P &lt; 0.001) feed cost by Can$21.87/tonne, $3.34/pig, $0.03/kg gain, and increased (P &lt; 0.05) gross income subtracting feed cost by $1.82/pig. Housing 18 vs. 22 pigs per pen increased (P &lt; 0.010) ISFC by $1.98 per pig. Lack of interactions between NE level, feeder space, and group size for ADFD indicate that low NE diets can be fed to pigs even if they have lower than recommended floor area allowance during part of the finishing phase.
Effects of narasin supplementation frequency on intake, ruminal fermentation parameters, and nutrient digestibility of Bos indicus Nellore steers fed with forage-based diets
Authors: Soares Letícia Carolina Bortolanza , Marques Rodrigo S , Vaz Pires Alexandre , Cruz Vinicius Alves , Limede Arnaldo Cintra , Maia Kauê dos Santos , Baggio Marcelo , Barroso José Paulo Roman , Biava Janaina Sokolovski , Maia Ferreira Evandro , Ferraz Jr Marcos Vinicius de Castro , Polizel Daniel Montanher 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate if the frequency of narasin supplementation impacts dry matter intake, ruminal fermentation parameters, and apparent digestibility of nutrient in Nellore (Bos indicus) steers fed forage-based diets. A total of 32 rumen-cannulated Nellore steers (initial body weight [BW] = 317 ± 27 kg; age =18 ± 1 mo) were assigned to individual pens in a randomized complete block design according to their initial shrunk BW. Within block, steers were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: 1) forage-based diet without the addition of narasin (CON; n = 8), 2) CON diet plus 13 ppm of narasin every 24 h (N24; n = 8), 3) CON diet plus 26 ppm of narasin every 48 hours (N48; n = 8), or 4) CON diet plus 39 ppm of narasin every 72 hours (N72; n = 8). The experimental period lasted 30 d, with 18 d for diet adaptation and 12 d for sample collection. The experimental diets contained 95% of Tifton-85 (Cynodon dactylon spp.) haylage and 5% ground corn used as a delivery vehicle for narasin. Ruminal fluid was obtained from d 25 to 30 at 6 h after feeding to determine ruminal fermentation parameters. Narasin supplementation frequency did not affect (P ≥ 0.22) nutrient intake and total tract apparent digestibility. Steers fed N24 and N48 had reduced (P = 0.02) ruminal acetate concentration compared with CON and N72. Daily supply of narasin increased (P = 0.01) the molar proportion of propionate compared with CON and N72, and it did not differ between N24 vs. N48, N48 vs. N72, and N72 vs. CON. Also, N48 steers had greater (P = 0.01) rumen propionate concentration compared with CON. The N24 treatment decreased the Ac:Prop (P = 0.01) and AcBut:Prop (P = 0.02) ratio compared with CON and N72, while N48 had reduced (P = 0.01) Ac:Prop and AcBut:Prop ratio when compared with CON steers. Steers fed N24 and N48 had greater (P = 0.04) ruminal short-chain fatty acids compared with CON, but it did not differ (P &gt; 0.11) between N24, N48, and N72. Supplementing narasin to steers fed forage-based diets decreased (P &lt; 0.01) ruminal ammonia concentration compared with CON steers regardless of supplementation frequency, being the least result observed for N24 steers. Collectively, narasin supplementation frequency affected fermentation parameters without altering the nutrient intake and total tract apparent digestibility. Hence, decreasing frequency of narasin supplementation to Nellore steers fed a forage-based diet did not reduce the capacity to modulate rumen fermentation parameters.
Symbols Are Special: An fMRI Adaptation Study of Symbolic, Nonsymbolic, and Non-Numerical Magnitude Processing in the Human Brain
Authors: Sokolowski H Moriah , Hawes Zachary , Peters Lien , Ansari Daniel 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
How are different formats of magnitudes represented in the human brain? We used functional magnetic resonance imaging adaptation to isolate representations of symbols, quantities, and physical size in 45 adults. Results indicate that the neural correlates supporting the passive processing of number symbols are largely dissociable from those supporting quantities and physical size, anatomically and representationally. Anatomically, passive processing of quantities and size correlate with activation in the right intraparietal sulcus, whereas symbolic number processing, compared with quantity processing, correlates with activation in the left inferior parietal lobule. Representationally, neural patterns of activation supporting symbols are dissimilar from neural activation patterns supporting quantity and size in the bilateral parietal lobes. These findings challenge the longstanding notion that the culturally acquired ability to conceptualize symbolic numbers is represented using entirely the same brain systems that support the evolutionarily ancient system used to process quantities. Moreover, these data reveal that regions that support numerical magnitude processing are also important for the processing of non-numerical magnitudes. This discovery compels future investigations of the neural consequences of acquiring knowledge of symbolic numbers.