bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental Enrichment Mitigates Age-Related Metabolic Decline and Lewis Lung Carcinoma Growth in Aged Female Mice
Authors: Queen Nicholas J. , Deng Hong , Huang Wei , Mo Xiaokui , Wilkins Ryan K. , Zhu Tao , Wu Xiaoyu , Cao Lei 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Aging is a complex physiological process that leads to the progressive decline of metabolic and immune function, among other biological mechanisms. As global life expectancy increases, it is important to understand determinants of healthy aging—including environmental and genetic factors—and thus slow the onset or progression of age-related disease. Environmental enrichment (EE) is a housing environment wherein laboratory animals engage with complex physical and social stimulation. EE is a prime model to understand environmental influences on aging dynamics, as it confers an antiobesity and anticancer phenotype that has been implicated in healthy aging and health span extension. Although EE is frequently used to study malignancies in young mice, fewer studies characterize EE-cancer outcomes in older mice. Here, we used young (3-month-old) and aged (14-month-old) female C57BL/6 mice to determine whether EE would be able to mitigate age-related deficiencies in metabolic function and thus alter Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) growth. Overall, EE improved metabolic function, resulting in reduced fat mass, increased lean mass, and improved glycemic processing; many of these effects were stronger in the aged cohort than in the young cohort, indicating an age-driven effect on metabolic responses. In the aged-EE cohort, subcutaneously implanted LLC tumor growth was inhibited and tumors exhibited alterations in various markers of apoptosis, proliferation, angiogenesis, inflammation, and malignancy. These results validate EE as an anticancer model in aged mice and underscore the importance of understanding environmental influences on cancer malignancy in aged populations.

Prevention Relevance:
Environmental enrichment (EE) serves as a model of complex physical and social stimulation. This study validates EE as an anticancer intervention paradigm in aged mice and underscores the importance of understanding environmental influences on cancer malignancy in aged populations.
PSO_PI Controller of Robotic Grinding Force Servo System
Authors: Attiya Adnan Jabbar , Wenyu Yang , Shneen Salam Waley 
Published: September 2021

When an industrial robot is used to grind a curved surface ,as marine propeller surface, contact force and feed movement must controlled together at the similar time in order that the grinding tool would machine the work-piece, with required force, at the right position in right posture. A passive wrist system is advanced, in this paper, to conform the shape of the machining propeller by altering its posture along with the surface. Grinding force is controlled under a simple new PSO-PI controller at a steady value in the normal direction of the mentioned machining point by multi-point machining, while the grinding tool moving along the curved surface of the propeller. It means that the model of the passive wrist system and the surroundings could be used in force controlling when robots grind marine propeller surface by a grinding tool with multi-point machining. PSO_PI controller policy is being assembled and compared with a PI controller to obtain a controller that provides grinding with higher quality. The compared controllers have been optimized together with the parameters of the Two-Phase Hybrid Stepping Motor. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) method was selected from several methods to optimize of Proportional-Integral controller parameters in order to give better performance with improved step response for robotic grinding force servo system and overshoot are reduced. This control method was simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Security in Wireless sensor network: Approaches and Issues
Authors: Anwar Raja Waseem , Bakhtiari Majid , Zainal Anazida , Qureshi Kashif Naseer 
Published: September 2021

Wireless sensor network is a tremendous emerging technology provides communication services for environmental monitoring and target tracking for mass public and military. With increasing of this smart network popularity sensor network faced various challenges and threats. The inclusion of wireless sensor nodes also incurs different types of security threats in network. Mostly networks are using shared key approaches to make less communication overhead, but still network compromise with replay impersonation and compromise attacks. The existing proposed schemes are not fully addressed other network resources such as energy and speed, etc. The intent of this paper is to provide a comprehensive security requirement, detail about security attacks in network and discuss the existing security schemes.
Cost Analysis of Hybrid Restructuration for Distribution System to Improve Voltage and Minimize Losses
Authors: Flaih Firas M.F , Xiangning Lin , M. Dawoud Samir , R. Almallah Mohammed 
Published: September 2021

<p>Current situation in Iraq had led to extensive blackouts which needs an expansion in generation capacity. On the other hand the government has reduced the budget allocated for energy resource development and it seems this situation will sustain for the coming years. So the fulfilment of the load demand is the biggest challenge for the ministry of electricity with limited budget. In this paper the authors have proposed a method to reduce the power losses and therefore improve the voltage profile for low voltage (LV) distribution system that results in reduction of blackouts. The method involves the repositioning of the distribution transformer (DTR) from the existing location and the replacement of the overhead conductor cross section area for an existing low voltage distribution system (LVDS). This method has been applied to a 20-node low voltage radial distribution network in the general directorate of north distribution electricity (GDNDE), Iraq, where voltage profile and losses are unsatisfactory. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method also in terms of the economic feasibility. It is observed that the system average voltage profile is improved by 15%, tail end voltage enhanced by 19.7% and losses are reduced by 78% for existing the LVDS.</p>
De Novo Germline and Somatic Variants Convergently Promote Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Simplex Brain Arteriovenous Malformation
Authors: Li Hao , Nam Yoonhee , Huo Ran , Fu Weilun , Jiang Biaobin , Zhou Qiuxia , Song Dong , Yang Yingxi , Jiao Yuming , Weng Jiancong , Yan Zihan , Di Lin , Li Jie , Wang Jie , Xu Hongyuan , Wang Shuo , Zhao Jizong , Wen Zilong , Wang Jiguang , Cao Yong 
Published: September 2021

Rationale:
Brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) are abnormal entanglement of blood vessels in brain, with direct connections from arteries to veins, lacking functional capillary bed. Although several somatic mutations were reported, the molecular mechanism and genetic disposition of bAVM remain poorly understood.

Objective:
We aim to identify transcriptional anomalies and critical functional pathways in bAVM lesions and explore their association with key de novo germline and somatic variants in bAVM patients.

Methods and Results:

We established a comprehensive bAVM dataset from 269 patients, by performing single-cell sequencing of 17 bAVM lesions, whole-exome sequencing of germline DNA from 60 case-unaffected-parental trios, and genomic/transcriptomic sequencing of 231 bAVM lesions. We found abnormal expression of endothelial and mesenchymal markers in bAVM at both bulk and single-cell level, which was validated by flow cytometric analysis and immunofluorescence staining, suggesting an involvement of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) process in AVM (arteriovenous-malformation). Using data from the 60 trios, we identified nonsynonymous de novo germline mutations affecting 46 genes, including
EXPH5
(detected in 2 independent cases), and vessel-related genes, such as
EPAS1
and
ENG
. Interestingly, knockdown of
epas1
in zebrafish embryo showed AVM-like phenotype exclusively in brain. Subsequent computational and experimental analyses demonstrated that expression of genes affected by de novo germline mutations was enriched in vascular cell types and was involved in EndMT-relevant behaviors including cell migration, angiogenesis, and cell marker transition. Moreover, we detected somatic
KRAS
mutations in 129 of 179 (72%) cases and showed that
KRAS
mutations were associated with bleeding as the first symptom (
P
=0.0072). Following experimental studies demonstrated that
KRAS
mutations independently regulated EndMT features, consolidating the involvement of EndMT in this disease. Lastly, we showed that lovastatin reversed EndMT features in vitro and ex vivo.

Conclusions:
Our results suggest the convergent role of de novo germline mutations and somatic mutations in regulating EndMT in bAVM and provided a potential therapeutic option.
Outcomes of Echocardiography‐Detected Rheumatic Heart Disease: Validating a Simplified Score in Cohorts From Different Countries
Authors: Nascimento Bruno R. , Nunes Maria Carmo P. , Lima Emily M. , Sanyahumbi Amy E. , Wilson Nigel , Tilton Elizabeth , Rémond Marc G. W. , Maguire Graeme P. , Ribeiro Antonio Luiz P. , Kazembe Peter N. , Sable Craig , Beaton Andrea Z. , Reese Alison T , Beaton Andrea Z , Ribeiro Antonio Luiz P. , Rezende Breno D. F , Nascimento Bruno R , Fraga Clara L , Sable Craig , Ferreira‐Filho Domingos Sávio G. , Macedo Frederico V. B , Franco Juliane , Oliveira Kaciane K. B , Santos Luiza P. A , Barbosa Márcia M , Nunes Maria Carmo P. , Rocha Rodrigo T. L , Faria Sanny Cristina C. 
Published: September 2021

Background
The natural history of latent rheumatic heart disease (RHD) detected by echocardiography remains unclear. We aimed to assess the accuracy of a simplified score based on the 2012 World Heart Federation criteria in predicting mid‐term RHD echocardiography outcomes in children from 4 different countries.

Methods and Results

Patient‐level baseline and follow‐up data of children with latent RHD from 4 countries (Australia, n=62; Brazil, n=197; Malawi, n=40; New Zealand, n=94) were combined. A simplified echocardiographic scoring system previously developed from Brazilian and Ugandan cohorts, consisting of 5 point‐based variables with respective weights, was applied: mitral valveanterior leaflet thickening (weight=3), excessive leaflet tip motion (3), regurgitation jet length ≥2 cm (6), aortic valve focal thickening (4), and any regurgitation (5). Unfavorable outcome was defined as worsening diagnostic category, persistent definite RHD or development/worsening of valve regurgitation/stenosis. The score model was updated using methods for recalibration. 393 patients (314 borderline, 79 definite RHD) with median follow‐up of 36 (interquartile range, 25–48) months were included. Median age was 14 (interquartile range, 11–16) years and secondary prophylaxis was prescribed to 16%. The echocardiographic score model applied to this external population showed significant association with unfavorable outcome (hazard ratio, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.04–1.16;
P
=0.001). Unfavorable outcome rates in low (≤5 points), intermediate (6–9), and high‐risk (≥10) children at 3‐year follow‐up were 14.3%, 20.8%, and 38.5% respectively (
P
<0.001). The updated score model showed good performance in predicting unfavorable outcome.

Conclusions
The echocardiographic score model for predicting RHD outcome was updated and validated for different latent RHD populations. It has potential utility in the clinical and screening setting for risk stratification of latent RHD.
Increased Blood Pressure Variability and the Risk of Probable Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Post Hoc Analysis of the SPRINT MIND Trial
Authors: de Havenon Adam , Anadani Mohammad , Prabhakaran Shyam , Wong Ka‐Ho , Yaghi Shadi , Rost Natalia 
Published: September 2021

Background
Increased systolic blood pressure variability (BPV) is associated with stroke, cardiovascular disease, and dementia and mild cognitive impairment. However, prior studies assessing the relationship between BPV and dementia or mild cognitive impairment had infrequent measurement of blood pressure or suboptimal blood pressure control.

Methods and Results

We performed a post hoc analysis of the SPRINT (Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial) MIND (Memory and Cognition in Decreased Hypertension) trial. The primary outcome was probable dementia during follow‐up. We defined our exposure period, during which blood pressures were collected, as the first 600 days of the trial, and outcomes were ascertained during the subsequent follow‐up. BPV was measured as tertiles of systolic blood pressure standard deviation. We fit Cox proportional hazards models to our outcome. We included 8379 patients. The mean follow‐up was 3.2±1.4 years, during which 316 (3.8%) patients developed dementia. The mean number of blood pressure measurements was 7.8, and in the tertiles of BPV, the SD was 6.3±1.6, 10.3±1.1, and 16.3±3.6 mm Hg, respectively. The rate of dementia was 2.4%, 3.6%, and 5.4% by ascending tertile, respectively (
P
<0.001). In the Cox models, compared with the lowest tertile of BPV, the highest tertile of BPV increased the risk of dementia in both unadjusted (hazard ratio [HR], 2.36; 95% CI, 1.77–3.15) and adjusted (HR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.25–2.28) models.

Conclusions
In a post hoc analysis of the SPRINT MIND trial, we found that higher BPV was associated with the development of probable dementia despite excellent blood pressure control. Additional research is needed to understand how to reduce BPV and if its reduction lowers the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia.
Diversity in citations to a single study: A citation context network analysis of how evidence from a prospective cohort study was cited
Authors: Leng Rhodri Ivor 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBetween its origin in the 1950s and its endorsement by a consensus conference in 1984, the diet–heart hypothesis was the subject of intense controversy. Paul et al. (1963) is a highly cited prospective cohort study that reported findings inconvenient for this hypothesis, reporting no association between diet and heart disease; however, many other findings were also reported. By citation context and network analysis of 343 citing papers, I show how Paul et al. was cited in the 20 years after its publication. Generally, different findings were cited by different communities focusing on different risk factors; these communities were established by either research foci title terms or via cluster membership as established via modularity maximization. The most frequently cited findings were the significant associations between heart disease and serum cholesterol (n = 85), blood pressure (n = 57), and coffee consumption (n = 54). The lack of association between diet and heart disease was cited in just 41 papers. Yet, no single empirical finding was referred to in more than 25% of the citing papers. This raises questions about the value of inferring impact from citation counts alone and raises problems for studies using such counts to measure citation bias.
Inevitable Influences: AI-Based Medical Devices at the Intersection of Medical Devices Regulation and the Proposal for AI Regulation
Authors: Palmieri Sofia , Walraet Paulien , Goffin Tom 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In recent years, the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the medical field has attracted increased attention. Due to their impressive advantages, AI systems offer excellent prospects for medical device manufacturers using these systems to upgrade their products. Such AI-based medical devices are already subject to partial regulation within the lines of Medical device regulation 745/2017. However, following the proposal for a regulation on artificial intelligence published by the European Commission, the regulatory landscape for these devices has partially changed. This article aims to clarify the influences that this regulatory intervention by the European Commission brings to the path towards the use and marketing of AI-based medical devices.
Predicting Rapid Changes in Evaporative Stress Index (ESI) and Soil Moisture Anomalies over the Continental United States.
Authors: Lorenz David J. , Otkin Jason A. , Zaitchik Benjamin , Hain Christopher , Anderson Martha C. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractProbabilistic forecasts ofchangesin soil moisture and an Evaporative Stress Index (ESI) on sub-seasonal time scales over the contiguous U.S. are developed. The forecasts use the current land surface conditions and numerical weather prediction forecasts from the Sub-seasonal to Seasonal (S2S) Prediction Project. Changes in soil moisture are quite predictable 8-14 days in advance with 50% or more of the variance explained over the majority of the contiguous U.S.; however, changes in ESI are significantly less predictable. A simple red noise model of predictability shows that the spatial variations in forecast skill are primarily a result of variations in the autocorrelation, or persistence, of the predicted variable, especially for the ESI. The difference in overall skill between soil moisture and ESI, on the other hand, is due to the greater soil moisture predictability by the numerical model forecasts. As the forecast lead time increases from 8-14 days to 15-28 days, however, the autocorrelation dominates the soil moisture and ESI differences as well. An analysis of modelled transpiration, and bare soil and canopy water evaporation contributions to total evaporation, suggests improvements to the ESI forecasts can be achieved by estimating the relative contributions of these components to the initial ESI state. The importance of probabilistic forecasts for reproducing the correct probability of anomaly intensification is also shown.
Full Vorticity Budget of the Arabian Sea from a 0.1° Ocean Model: Sverdrup Dynamics, Rossby Waves, and Nonlinear Eddy Effects
Authors: Wang He , McClean Julie L. , Talley Lynne D. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The Arabian Sea, influenced by the Indian monsoon, has many unique features, including its basin-scale seasonally reversing surface circulation and the Great Whirl, a seasonal anticyclonic system appearing during the southwest monsoon close to the western boundary. To establish a comprehensive dynamical picture of the Arabian Sea, we utilize numerical model output and design a full vorticity budget that includes a fully decomposed nonlinear term. The ocean general circulation model has 0.1° resolution and is mesoscale eddy-resolving in the region. In the western boundary current system, we highlight the role of nonlinear eddies in the life cycle of the Great Whirl. The nonlinear eddy term is of leading-order importance in this feature’s vorticity balance. Specifically, it contributes to the Great Whirl’s persistence in boreal fall after the weakening of the southwesterly winds. In the open ocean, Sverdrup dynamics and annual Rossby waves are found to dominate the vorticity balance; the latter is considered as a key factor in the formation of the Great Whirl and the seasonal reversal of the western boundary current. In addition, we discuss different forms of vertically integrated vorticity equations in the model and argue that the bottom pressure torque term can be interpreted analogously as friction in the western boundary and vortex stretching in the open ocean.
Facilitators and barriers to fitness bootcamp participation using the Behaviour Change Wheel
Authors: De Winter Leo , Gutman Leslie Morrison 
Published: September 2021

Objective: Despite its importance for mental and physical health, many adults fail to meet current physical activity recommendations. Furthermore, most adults who begin a physical activity programme revert to being less active or even inactive within the first 6 months. Fitness bootcamps represent a potential intervention for improving physical activity in healthy adults. However, no study to date has examined the influences on long-term participation in fitness bootcamps, which is the first step to developing an effective intervention. Using the Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW) framework, this study identified the facilitators and barriers to long-term (1 year or more) fitness bootcamp participation, which were then linked to behaviour change techniques (BCTs) to facilitate intervention development. Design: Qualitative research design. Setting: Data collection occurred in England. Method: Interviews were conducted with 15 long-term fitness bootcamp participants. Results: Thematic analysis revealed 17 facilitators and 6 barriers to long-term fitness bootcamp participation. Participants highlighted the importance of facilitators such as convenience, being outdoors and enjoyment. The social environment, including having a positive instructor and supportive group members, was further noted as a key influence on participation. While long-term participants faced occasional barriers to their routine such as physical injury, bad weather and competing events, the impact of these could be minimised through appropriate BCTs such as ‘demonstration of the behaviour’ and ‘restructuring the social/physical environment’. Conclusion: Findings from this study highlight the importance of social and environmental factors to promoting long-term fitness bootcamp participation and the inclusion of social and physical environmental restructuring as key intervention components.
Simultaneous transepithelial topographic-guided laser and cross-linking to correct irregular astigmatism in a pediatric patient
Authors: Buzzonetti Luca , Petrocelli Gianni , Petroni Sergio , Valente Paola , Iarossi Giancarlo 
Published: September 2021

Purpose: To evaluate an original approach for treating corneal ectasia and irregular astigmatism secondary to penetrating trauma in a pediatric patient. Case report: An 11 year old patient had a penetrating trauma in right eye when he was two and the refractive error was +1.50 diopters sphere −6.00 diopters cylinder axis 95°. To correct irregular astigmatism, the patient underwent simultaneous transepithelial topographic-guided laser Central Corneal Remodeling (CCR) and Corneal Cross-linking (CXL) in the attempt to regularize corneal ectasia and to improve the quality of vision. Uncorrected and Corrected Distance Visual Acuity were measured using Efficacy and Safety indexes; objective and subjective qualities of vision were evaluated using respectively corneal morphological irregularity index and National Eye Institute Visual Function questionnaires. Conclusions: Twelve month follow up suggests that simultaneous CCR and CXL could be effective to improve the quality of vision and to halt the progression of post-traumatic ectasia in pediatric patients.