bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparative analysis of the burden of lip and oral cavity cancers in the Indian subcontinent
Authors: Mathunny Manju Mariam Stephen , Sivakumar Ramakrishnan , Padmakumar Sreenivasan Kamalamma 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Introduction:
Lip and oral cavity cancers are among the top 10 cancer causes and mortality globally. Some countries in the Indian subcontinent bear a disproportionately higher burden of lip and oral cavity cancers. Detailed analysis of lip and oral cavity cancers in the Indian subcontinent using all available data is important for effective policy planning. This paper aims to summarise the total burden of lip and oral cavity cancer and compare it across countries within the Indian subcontinent.

Materials and Methods:
Data from the Global Cancer Observatory (GCO) and Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study were extracted to analyse cancer incidence, prevalence, mortality and cancer risk before reaching 74 years. Furthermore, summary estimates of years of life lost (YLL), years lived with disability (YLDs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to lip and oral cavity cancers were extracted from the GBD database. The data of individual countries within the Indian subcontinent were used for comparison.

Results:
The estimated number of deaths from lip and oral cavity cancers for 2019 was 90732 in the Indian subcontinent. The Indian subcontinent accounted for 45.3% of the deaths attributable to lip and oral cavity cancers. The incidence of lip and oral cavity cancers in the Indian subcontinent ranged from 3.18 per 100,000 population in Maldives to 12.76 per 100,000 population in Pakistan. The incidence rate of lip and oral cavity cancer in India was 7.54 per 100,000 population. However, due to the population size, India accounted for 104837 incident cases of lip and oral cavity cancers annually. The estimated number of prevalent and incident cases of lip and oral cavity cancers from the Indian subcontinent in 2019 was 0.46 million (30% of overall cases globally) and 0.15 million (39% of incident cases globally), respectively. The Indian subcontinent also accounted for 50% of the DALYs attributable to lip and oral cavity cancers worldwide.

Discussion and Conclusion:
The Indian subcontinent accounts for disproportionately higher cases and deaths due to lip and oral cavity cancers than other regions. It calls for urgent policy action to prevent the disease spread, early diagnosis and optimal management of lip and oral cavity cancers in the Indian subcontinent.
Hybrid peripheral nerve sheath tumours – A Review
Authors: Chaturvedi Himani T. , Chaturvedi Chandrashekher 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Hybrid peripheral nerve sheath tumours (PNSTs) are mainly benign, which represent combined areas of neurofibroma, schwannoma, and perineurioma in various combinations and pose challenges to the surgeon and the pathologist. They are relatively new in pathology and were first published in the fourth edition of World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of Soft tissue and Bone in 2013. They are mainly dermal or subcutaneous, and the most common variant of hybrid nerve sheath tumour is perineurioma-schwannoma. The combination of neurofibroma/schwannoma usually has an increased frequency with neurofibromatosis (NF) type 1 or 2 and schwannomatosis. In contrast, neurofibroma/perineurioma, mainly associated with NF1, are rare. Diagnosis is established by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Hence, they embark diagnostic challenge and demand extreme vigilance and caution. However, the molecular pathogenesis, recurrence rates, and risk of malignant transformation of hybrid PNST remain poorly understood. A novel CHD7-VGLL3 fusion gene in a hybrid schwannoma-perineurioma and recurrent ERBB2 mutations in a subset of hybrid neurofibroma/schwannomas were identified. We have tried, via this article, to represent a brief update on hybrid nerve sheath tumours.
The concept of dysplasia in the lining of odontogenic keratocyst: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Pandiar Deepak , Krishnan Reshma Poothakulath 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is an uncommon developmental cyst with a high recurrence rate. Epithelial dysplasia is a rarely recognized phenomenon in OKCs, with only a few acceptable cases reported in the literature. The exact pathogenesis of dysplastic changes in epithelial lining is difficult to explain, in the absence of molecular analyses. Here, we report a rare case of maxillary OKC with multiple cystic compartments displaying epithelial dysplasia in a 62-year-old man with immunohistochemical analyses and a comprehensive review of the literature. It may be prudent to believe that the aggressive behaviour in the epithelial lining of OKC is an inherent property of all OKCs, which is only dictated by the epithelium but is also determined by the stromal cells of the cyst wall; the dysplastic changes, however, could be resultant to chronic inflammatory reaction and inflammation-mediated carcinogenesis mechanism. It is recommended that the dysplastic features in the epithelial lining of all odontogenic cysts must be addressed in all pathology reports along with close clinical follow-up.
Anti-biofilm effect of clove oil against Candida albicans: A systematic review
Authors: Sangeeta J Palaskar , Aishwarya O Balsaraf , Omkar D Balsaraf , Madhura N Bhave 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In recent years, Candida albicans has emerged as a significant opportunistic pathogen, causing various infections, particularly in immunocompromised geriatric individuals. One of the major hindrances in managing Candida infections lies in its potential to develop and survive in biofilms, which demonstrate resistance to conventional antifungal therapies, thereby complicating treatment strategies. While clove oil has shown promising results as a potential antifungal agent, its specific anti-biofilm effects against Candida albicans biofilms remain relatively underexplored. Therefore, there is a need for a comprehensive review to evaluate the existing literature on the anti-biofilm properties of clove oil and its mechanisms of action against Candida albicans biofilms. Such a review will provide valuable insights into the potential therapeutic applications of clove oil in combating biofilm-associated Candida infections. This review will enable us to infer and understand the potential effects of clove oil against Candida albicans. This systematic review aims to determine the anti-biofilm efficacy of clove oil against Candida albicans. This systematic review was registered in ‘PROSPERO’ (CRD42024524134) and followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The literature searches used Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct databases. All original studies published in English from 2004 to 2023 were included. From 37 studies found online, only four were reviewed. Results showed that clove oil had significant anti-biofilm activity when assessed against Candida albicans. Our systematic review provides insights into clove oil’s potential as a therapeutic agent against Candida albicans biofilms. Clove oil also represents a promising avenue for future research and development in managing Candida biofilms.
The oral-lung microbiome dysbiosis: Unravelling its role in implications for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) pathogenesis
Authors: Mithradas Nimisha , Sudhakar Uma , Shanmugapriya K , Jeddy Nadeem , Ram Shankar 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Background:
The impact of the oral flora on the composition of the microbiome in the lungs is substantial in both healthy and diseased conditions, contributing significantly to its intricacy. There is mounting evidence from microbiological research that suggests a major ecological relationship between periodontitis, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and oral microecosystems. An association has been established between respiratory diseases and disruptions in the symbiotic equilibrium of the oral microbiome. This study aims to explore the intricate connections between oral health and lung microflora, particularly about the pathogenesis of COPD, and to highlight the implications for future research and clinical practice.

Materials and Methods:
Subgingival Plaque samples were collected from a total of 120 participants with 30 healthy Control (H group),30 Periodontitis with no COPD (P group), 30 COPD with periodontally healthy (COPD) and 30 individuals with COPD and Periodontitis (COPD+ P). All participants underwent evaluation of periodontal measurements like Pocket Depth (PD), Clinical loss of Attachment (CAL), Gingival Index (GI), and Plaque Index (PI) Bacterial DNA was extracted and quantified using Real-time polymerase chain reaction. Using the One-dimensional Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and post-analysis test for multiple comparisons, the mean values of all the clinical parameters were analyzed among the four participant groups. Using the Pearson Correlation coefficient, the parameters were correlated.

Results:
Statistical relevant relation was shown among Probing Depth (PD), Clinical Loss of Attachment (CAL), Plaque Index (PI) and Gingival Index (GI) in the COPD+P group. Increased prevalence of Pa (Pseudomonas aeroginosa) seen among P group and COPD+P. A substantial inverse relationship was seen between the absolute levels of Pa, CAL, PI, and lung function measures (Fev1, Fev1/FVC).

Conclusion:
The importance of maintaining dental health in the prevention and treatment of respiratory disorders is highlighted by the relationships that exist between the oral microecosystem, oral hygiene, and respiratory pathologies. There is substantial potential to decrease the occurrence of respiratory illnesses by practicing good oral care and strategically managing the balance of the oral microbial flora. Therefore, future research efforts should prioritize the characterization of the precise impact of the oral microbiota on pulmonary health and use this knowledge towards developing innovative preventive and treatment measures targeted at combating respiratory infections and related diseases.
Mitosis – predicting primary tumour and metastatic lymph node behaviour and beyond in OSCC – A pilot study
Authors: Makarla Soumya , Bavle Radhika M. , Topajiche Satyajit 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Background and Objectives:
In the evaluation of oral cancer, mitotic index/mitotic figures are of paramount importance in histopathology. The number of mitoses in tumour cells is directly proportional to the activity of the tumour cells. In this novel study, we evaluated the status of the mitotic figures found in the metastatic deposit of the lymph nodes in addition to the primary tumour. A great deal of significance is given to this parameter in the evaluation of progress of the primary tumours in a state of distant metastasis. Therefore, we propose to analyse the lymph node mitotic index (LMI) in metastatic deposits and its relation to the primary tumour by assessing the relation between primary: LN mitosis ratio (PLMR). This also can provide an insight into the concept of understanding the dynamic state of lymph node deposits in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

Materials and Methods:
A total of 510 lymph nodes from 17 cases of surgically treated OSCC were analysed, of which 40 lymph nodes were found to be positive. These 40 lymph nodes were examined histopathologically for the presence of mitotic figures in ten randomly selected fields (x400) and compared to the mitotic activity of the primary tumour by two observers independently, along with other histopathological features. LMI and PLMR were further determined for these cases.

Observations and Results:
The mitotic index was significantly higher in the metastatic deposits than in the primary tumour (P = 0.004). A higher percentage of abnormal mitoses was observed in metastatic lymph nodes, but no statistical significance (P = 0.27) was found when compared with primary tumour. Statistically significant correlation (P = 0.001) was observed between abnormal mitoses (%) and presence of ECS as well as size of the metastatic deposits. The LMI ratio showed a high mitotic rate in close to 80% of the cases. PLMR showed 58–60% cases with mitotically more active lymph nodes.

Interpretation and Conclusion:
This study is the first of its kind, which examines a level further than the nature of the primary tumour. Mitotic index/numbers in lymph nodes (LMI) might be considered an important parameter to evaluate the disease spread, revealing the nature of transiently indolent and mitotically active metastatic lymph nodes. The PLMR adds a further dimension on the lymph node’s dynamic status in the progression of the disease.
Effect of varying tobacco habits on salivary flow rate, pH and taste perception
Authors: Gupta Pearl , Dave Aparna , Saluja Pulin , Arora Manpreet 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Background:
Smoking and smokeless form of tobacco consumption is highly prevalent among the adult population worldwide. Tobacco use has an adverse effect on oral health. It may contribute to an impaired salivary flow rate and influence salivary pH and taste perception.

Aim:
To evaluate the effects of tobacco on salivary flow rate, salivary pH and taste perception.

Objective:
To evaluate salivary flow rate, pH and taste perception in tobacco chewers and tobacco smokers.

Materials and Method:
Sixty subjects were selected from the patients attending Dental OPD. Group A included 20 subjects who has the habit of chewing tobacco for a minimum period of 5 years. Group B included 20 subjects who has the habit of smoking tobacco for at least a period of 5 years. Group C included 20 healthy individuals who did not have habit of chewing or smoking tobacco, and they formed the control group.

Results:
On comparing salivary pH between tobacco chewers (Group A) and control group (Group C), it was observed that there was not much difference in salivary pH between the groups. The mean value of Group A (tobacco chewers) of salivary pH was calculated as 7.59 with 0.70 SD. For the control group (Group C), the mean value was obtained as 7.42 with 0.96 standard deviation. The independent t-test was applied, and the result was nonsignificant. Similarly, when SFR was evaluated, it was observed that the mean value for SFR of Group A was 1.75 with 0.71 SD, and for the control group, it was 1.51. There was no significant difference in pH between Group A and Group B. A significant reduction in taste perception was observed in smokers as compared to nonsmokers (P < 0.05). Smokers rated the intensity of all taste solutions lower than the nonsmokers.

Conclusion:
Frequent tobacco use impacts oral health, often unknown to the users. This study found altered perception of bitter taste in tobacco users. However, salivary pH and SFR showed minimal variation.
Immunomodulatory effects of Triphala and its constituents in oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral precancer
Authors: Dineshkumar Thayalan , Anandan Nirmala , Rajkumar Krishnan , Nandhakumar Indumathi 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma shows increased occurrence in those who consume tobacco products, alcohol, betel quid, and areca nut, and is also considered to occur due to genetic alteration. Though there are numerous advancements in treatment, survival remains a question with late diagnosis. Hence, there are continuous inventions of new drugs. The introduction of Ayurveda in the therapy has paved the way for the longevity of the patients affected. One such introduction is the use of Triphala. The current study aims to review the anti-oxidant, anti-proliferative, anti-microbial, and apoptotic action of Triphala and thus evaluate the anti-cancer action of Triphala. A literature search was done, in various electronic databases and the data were extracted according to the predefined criteria. Original studies of 19 reports were included in the analysis. Nineteen (six studies with Triphala combination) In vitro/In vivo studies were included in this systematic review. The included study showed that Triphala effectively modulates the immune system. The effects included were anti-oxidative, immune modulation, anti-proliferative, tumor suppression, apoptotic effect, reversal of precancerous lesion, and anti-microbial action. The analyses also showed that there is no side effect of Triphala up to the recommended dosage. Triphala, is a nourishing supplement that is well-known in Ayurveda for its capacity to restore healthy tissues and promote aging gracefully through its properties such as anti-oxidant, ant-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic apoptotic, and immune-modulatory properties. Hence, Triphala can be a promising drug in the prevention and treatment of oral cancer.
ENDOGLIN (CD105): A marker of tumour vasculature for assessment of malignant potential of oral submucous fibrosis
Authors: Shetty Subraj , Pereira Treville , Tamgadge Sandhya , Kale Sandeep , Kamat Pooja , Kumar Sourab 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Background:

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a precancerous condition associated with the use of betel/areca nut in various forms. It is characterized by restricted mouth opening, tongue protrusion and cheek rigidity. Oral submucous fibrosis, is primarily prevalent among the people of the Indian subcontinent and it has been reported that about one third of the OSMF patients develop squamous cell carcinoma.

Endoglin (CD-105) is a hypoxia induced protein and a potential marker for activated endothelial cells which signify tumorigenic neoangiogenesis.

Aim:
To determine expression of CD105 and study relation of neoangiogenesis with the clinical staging and histopathological grading of oral submucous fibrosis.

Material and Method:
Immunohistochemical expression of CD105 was evaluated on forty nine (49) paraffin-embedded tissue sections of diagnosed cases of OSF and seven (7) control samples of healthy volunteers.

Results:
There were 13 cases in Stage A, 11 cases in Stage B, 13 cases in Stage C, and 12 cases in Stage D. There were 4 cases in Grade 1 (Very early), 19 cases in Grade 2 (Early), 19 cases in Grade 3 (Moderately advance) and 7 cases in Grade 4 (Advance).

Conclusion:
The present study was first immunohistochemical study to demonstrate MVD, MVP and MVAP with CD105 expression in OSMF cases. However, well-designed studies with larger sample size is required to validate CD105 as a reliable biomarker for malignant transformation in future research.
Estimation and Correlation of Clinical Significance of Lipoprotein (a) as a Risk Factor of Atherosclerotic Vascular Events in Elderly: A 1-year Cross-sectional Study in KLE’s Dr. Prabhakar Kore Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Belagavi
Authors: Maladkar Yashoda Tushar , Kothiwale Veerappa Annasaheb 
Published: December 2024

Introduction:
Lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) was identified as a variant of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) 40 years ago. Lp(a) consists of one LDL particle containing apoB-100 and one molecule of a large, highly polymorphic glycoprotein known as apo (a). The study aimed to evaluate and correlate the clinical significance of Lp(a) as a risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular events in the elderly population.

Materials and Methods:
This cross-sectional study was conducted among patients admitted in a tertiary care hospital for for 1 year. One hundred and forty-two study participants included in the study were divided into two groups atherosclerotic vascular event group (2 subgroups: Cardiovascular atherosclerotic vascular event subgroup and neurological atherosclerotic vascular event subgroup) and no atherosclerotic vascular event group. Detailed history, examination, and parameters such as serum Lp(a), serum high-density lipoproteins, LDL, total cholesterol, triglycerides, glycated hemoglobin, and creatinine were tested.

Results:
Among 142 study participants in the study, majority of study participants were male (n = 96, 67.6%). The mean age was 71.63 years. High Lp(a) levels were noted in 51.41% of study participants. High Lp(a) levels were seen in 56% of study participants in the cardiovascular atherosclerotic vascular event subgroup, 43.33% of study participants in the neurological atherosclerotic vascular event subgroup and 51.61% in no atherosclerotic vascular event group.

Conclusion:
Our study concludes that Lp(a) may not be used to infer any clinical significance, nor may it have any role to play as a risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular events in the elderly (age >65 years).
Evaluation of Effective Bond Strength of Composite Resin to Etched Dentin after Dentin Pretreatment: An In-vitro Study
Authors: Bilal Muhammed , Pasha Shiraz , Nair Arathi S. 
Published: December 2024

Aims:
The aims of the study were to compare the deproteinizing effect of sodium hypochlorite, doxycycline, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and chitosan on effective shear bond strength of bonded composite resin to etched dentin.

Materials and Methods:
Forty extracted human maxillary premolars were taken, which were placed in a metal mold with acrylic resin. Teeth were divided into four groups according to the deproteinizing agents used, which are 5% NaOCl, 2% doxycycline, 17% EDTA, and 1% chitosan. Occlusal reduction of 1 mm below the dentin–enamel junction was done. Dentin deproteinizing agents were applied for 60 s and blot dried after acid etching. A universal dentin bonding agent was brushed and light cured. Cylindrical molds with composite resin were placed on the bonded surface and light cured. The shear bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 1.3 mm/min.

Statistical Analysis Used:
The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows, Version 22.0. released in 2013. Armonk, NY, USA: IBM Corp. was used to perform statistical analyses. One-way ANOVA test followed by Tukey’s Post hoc test was used to compare the mean shear bond strength between different groups.

Results:
Deproteinizing agent chitosan showed more bond strength compared to the other three agents used. Two percent doxycycline showed better shear bond strength followed by 5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA which had the least value for shear bond strength.

Conclusions:
Within the limitations of the present study, deproteinizing agents, when used after acid etching the dentin, can increase the bond strength. Chitosan showed to have a better deproteinizing effect compared to other agents used in the study.