bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing objective wakefulness and vigilance tests to on‐the‐road driving performance in narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia
Authors: Bijlenga Denise , Urbanus Bram , van der Sluiszen Nick N. J. J. M. , Overeem Sebastiaan , Ramaekers Jan G. , Vermeeren Annemiek , Lammers Gert Jan 
Published: November 2021

SummaryPatients with narcolepsy or idiopathic hypersomnia (IH) are at increased risk of driving accidents. Both excessive daytime sleepiness, i.e. unwanted sleep episodes during the day, and disturbed vigilance are core features of these disorders. We tested on‐the‐road driving performance of patients with narcolepsy or IH coming in for a routine driving fitness evaluation and examined: (1) correlations between driving performance and the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT), Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) and Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) as objective tests; (2) the predictive power of the MWT and SART for increased risk of impaired driving; (3) the best set of objective predictors for increased risk of impaired driving. Participants were 44 patients (aged 18–75 years) with narcolepsy type 1 (NT1), type 2 (NT2) or IH. They completed the MWT, SART, PVT, a subjective sleepiness questionnaire, and a standardised on‐the‐road driving test. The standard deviation of the lateral position (SDLP) was used as outcome measure of driving performance. The MWT had low correlation with the SDLP (ρ = −0.41 to −0.49,p < 0.01). The SART and PVT had low correlations with SDLP (ρ = 0.30 andρ = 0.39, respectively, bothp < 0.05). The predictive power of MWT for an increased risk of impaired driving was significant, but low (area under the curve = 0.273,p = 0.012), and non‐significant for SART. We conclude that in our present group, none of the tests had adequate ability to predict impaired driving, questioning their use for clinical driving fitness evaluation in narcolepsy and IH. Real‐time monitoring of sleepiness while driving seems more promising in these patients.
Anterior Selective Lumbar Fusion Saving More Distal Fusion Segments Compared with Posterior Approach in the Treatment of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis with Lenke Type 5: A Cohort Study with More Than 8‐Year Follow‐up
Authors: Wang Zhi‐wei , Shen Yuan‐qing , Wu Yan , Li Jun , Liu Zhen , Xu Jian‐kun , Chen Qi‐xin , Chen Wei‐shan , Chen Lin‐wei , Zhang Ning , Li Fang‐cai 
Published: November 2021

ObjectiveTo investigate whether anterior selective fusion (ASF) could save more distal fusion segments compared with posterior approach in the treatment of Lenke type 5 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with long term follow‐up.MethodsA retrospective cohort study. From 2008 to 2011, 22 AIS girls with Lenke type 5 who underwent ASF or posterior selective fusion (PSF) with more than 8‐year follow‐up, were extracted from the database. 13 girls in the ASF group had an average age of 14.3 ± 1.3 years and Risser sign of 3.3 ± 1.1; 9 PSF girls had an average age of 16.2 ± 3.6 years and Risser sign of 3.8 ± 1.5. The radiographic outcome was compared between groups preoperatively, 6‐month postoperatively, 8‐year postoperatively and at last follow‐up (>8 years).ResultsThe average follow‐up duration was 8.7 ± 0.4 (ASF) and 8.8 ± 0.5 (PSF) years, respectively. There was no significant difference at baseline in age, Risser sign and preoperative curve pattern in the coronal and sagittal plane between the groups (P > 0.05). The ASF group had significantly shorter fusion segments (5.1 ± 0.6 vs. 7.0 ± 1.3) and decreased upper instrumented vertebra (UIV) (T11 ± 0.8 vs. T10 ± 0.8) than the PSF (P < 0.05); while no significant difference was found in the lower instrumented vertebra (LIV) and distal reserved segments (P > 0.05), which suggested that ASF could shorten the fusion segments by lowering UIV. The distal compensatory curve in the ASF group (9.0° ± 3.9°) was significantly larger than in the PSF group (3.3° ± 2.4°, P = 0.003), despite of no significant difference in the incidence of coronal imbalance (P > 0.05), indicating that both two approaches could obtain satisfactory correction in the coronal plane. In the sagittal plane, PSF patients had significantly larger lumbar lordosis (LL, 59.1° ± 10.5°), thoracic kyphosis (TK, 37.2° ± 13.3°) and proximal junctional angle (PJA, 13.3° ± 6.1°) at the last follow‐up than the ASF (LL: 43.4° ± 9.4°; TK: 20.7° ± 8.4°; PJA: 4.7° ± 3.4°; P < 0.05), but without significant difference in proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) and sagittal vertical axis (SVA) (P > 0.05). After controlling for age, Risser sign, and radiographic parameters related to the primary curve pattern, shorter fusion segments and more distal reserved segments still remained significant in the ASF group with greater Risser sign (P < 0.05). No major intra‐ or post‐operative complications occurred.ConclusionsBoth ASF and PSF could obtain satisfactory coronal and sagittal correction for Lenke 5 AIS; compared with PSF, ASF could shorten the fusion segments by lowering UIV, and save more distal fusion segments only in patients with greater skeletal maturity.
Quantifying the ecosystem service of non‐native weed seed predation in traditional terraced paddy fields
Authors: Ichihara Minoru , Maruyama Keisuke , Yamashita Masayuki , Sawada Hitoshi , Inagaki Hidehiro , Asai Motoaki 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWeed seed predation is an important ecosystem service in paddy areas. To conserve and sustainably utilize this service, it is necessary to quantify the seed predation and reveal the relative contributions of seed predators. In this study, we quantified the extent of postdispersal seed predation of Lolium multiflorum Lam., a non‐native invasive grass weed, on levees of terraced paddy fields located in a traditional cultural landscape (satoyama landscape) of Japan. We investigated the temporal variability in seed predation of L. multiflorum during summer after the seed shed, and estimated the total seed loss due to predation on the levees of terraced paddy fields for 2 years. Furthermore, the relative contribution of invertebrates and vertebrates to the seed predation was estimated based on exclosures. The total seed loss due to predation during 4 months (from late June to late October) was consistently high (>99%) in both years (the maximum proportion of seed predation per 2 weeks = 80.0–86.7%). The seed predators were likely to be mainly invertebrates such as crickets and ground beetles. This study revealed that the seed predation intensity was consistently high and can be an important depletion factor for the seedbanks of weeds such as L. multiflorum on the levees of terraced paddy fields. The high intensity of seed predation by invertebrates might suppress the invasion and population expansion of L. multiflorum on the levees of terraced paddy fields.
Investigation of Damage in Unidirectional Ceramic Matrix Composites Using a Cohesive-Shear-Lag Model
Authors: Yang B. , Mall S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The present study develops a cohesive-shear-lag model to analyze the cycling stress-strain behavior of unidirectional fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites. The model, as a modification to a classical shear-lag model, takes into account matrix cracking, partial interfacial debonding, and partial breakage of fibers. The statistical nature of partial breakage of fibers is modeled by using a cohesive force law. The validity of the model is demonstrated by investigating stress-strain hysteresis loops of a unidirectional fiber-reinforced ceramic-glass matrix composite, SiC/1723. This example demonstrates the capability of the proposed model to characterize damage and deformation mechanisms of ceramic matrix composites under tension-tension cycling loading. The dominant progressive damage mechanism with cycling in this case is shown to be accumulation of fibers breakage, accompanied by increase in interfacial debonding and smoothening of frictional debonded interface.
High-Strain-Rate Failure of a Porous Heterogeneous Composite: Balsa Wood
Authors: Vural M. , Ravichandran G. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The compression behavior of a naturally occurring porous and heterogeneous biocomposite, balsa wood, along the grain direction is investigated at strain rates 10−3 to 104 s−1. Specimens with different densities, ranging from 55 to 380 kg/m3, were loaded by a modified Kolsky (split Hopkinson) pressure bar apparatus at varying high strain rates and by a screw-driven testing machine at quasi-static strain rates. The mechanical response of balsa wood is documented and the variation of compressive strength, crushing stress and densification strain as a function of density and strain rate is presented. Results show that characteristics of mechanical response for balsa wood are significantly affected by the strain rate and density.
Dynamic Crush Test of Subcomponent Composite Front Frame Rails
Authors: Brimhall Thomas , Mariam Hasetetsion G. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Testing of components is a usual method to evaluate structures, joining methods, and materials prior to full scale testing. Ambient temperature dynamic crush testing was performed on steel and composite sub-component front frame rails to compare the energy absorption and evaluate crush behavior. The sub-component composite frame rails were fabricated from two parts, an upper and lower, and bonded using three adhesives: Ashland polyurethane, Lord epoxy, and 3M epoxy. Prior to the dynamic test of the rails, single lap shear coupon tests were performed at ambient temperature and elevated temperature, 135°C, to evaluate relative bond strength of these adhesives. Testing was performed at elevated temperature because adhesives used for structural bonding in automotive, specifically under-hood, applications can be subjected to elevated temperatures. All three adhesives tested showed reduced bond strength at elevated temperatures. At room temperature, the Ashland urethane and Lord epoxy adhesives were observed to have comparable higher bond strength with the composite-to-composite lap shear coupons compared to the 3M epoxy. However, the crush failure mode for the composite tubes was confined to the substrate and the mean crush load was independent of the adhesive used for fabrication.
Progressive crushing of the rail specimens was observed for all specimens tested. The amount of energy absorbed and crush mode for each rail design depended on its structural and material characteristics. The steel specimen absorbed energy by localized buckling in an accordion crush mode. The composite specimens absorbed energy by fracturing the composite matrix, delamination, fracture of the reinforcement fibers, and friction between the fracture and crushing surfaces. The crushing process of the steel rail was initiated by fabricated corrugations in the rail comers at the front, or impact, end of the rail. The composite rail crush event was initiated with an aluminum plug trigger designed to cause the composite rail to split at the comers with fracture of the composite matrix and delamination of the composite plies. Glass fibers were observed to fracture primarily at the tube corners. Fiber fracture elsewhere was infrequent. Close examination of the bonded joint fracture surface showed extensive fiber tear-out indicating that the failure was in the composite, not the adhesive. Mean crush load for the steel rail was 60% higher than the average mean load for the composite rails. The peak load for the steel rail was 71% higher than the average peak load for the composite rails. Specific energy absorption (SEA) of the steel rail was calculated to be 6.34 kJ/kgm compared with an average of 10.5 kJ/kgm for the composite rails.
Optimal Design of an Inflatable Knee Bolster Using Genetic Algorithms
Authors: Fu Yan , Yang R. J. , Yeh Isheng 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
An inflatable knee bolster (IKB) is an inflatable airbag cushion deployed in the knee area in conjunction with the frontal airbags to reduce the potential lower-leg injuries. It is conceivable that an IKB can reduce the femur loads. However, its effects on the occupant head and chest injuries and its interaction with the other components of the occupant restraint system are unknown. The goal of this study is to evaluate the potential application of an inflatable knee bolster to improve the occupant safety performance, such as the U.S. new car assessment program (NCAP) star rating. An efficient genetic algorithm method is developed for solving this type of large-scaled, combinatorial, and discrete optimization problems. Genetic algorithm works simultaneously on a population of solution strings according to the survivor of the fitness and provides a population of solutions, which gives more flexibility for engineering implementation and produces a potential global optimal design. The results demonstrate that the genetic algorithm is a useful and applicable tool to optimize design configurations for large-scaled occupant simulation problems.
University - National Laboratory Collaboration on MEMS Design Education
Authors: Kilani Mohammad I. , Galambos Paul C. , Haik Yousef S. , Chen Ching-Jen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The paper describes the FAMU-FSU College of Engineering approach in educating graduate students in MEMS technology. The approach is based on a collaboration project between the Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University - Florida State University College of Engineering (FAMU-FSU COE) and Sandia National Laboratories (SNL). The project aims at developing a line of electrostatically and magnetically actuated surface micromachined pumps. The paper describes our experience in this collaboration program and illustrates the educational aspects of SNL MEMS design tools. The paper also describes the micropump designs developed in the first phase of the project. The pumps are being fabricated at this time. Results related to performance will be presented at a later time. However, an overview of the work to be done in the next phase is also presented.
Theoretical Analysis of the Strength of Internal Gear Drive With Zero-Tooth-Difference
Authors: Wang Shijie , Hong Guang 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this paper we apply internal gear drive pair, with zero-tooth-difference, in the coupling mechanism to connect the output shaft of reducer and the rotor of pump in the submerged-motor-driven PC pumping system for oil production. Because there are dual modifications along radial and tangential direction for the cut of gear teeth, the gear-tooth thickness will be reduced and thus the strength of the teeth will be weakened evidently. At present, there is no theoretical criteria for the strength verification suitable for such mechanism design. The new calculating formulae for contacting stress of tooth surface and bending stress of tooth-root were established in this paper just for this reason, which not only provide the strength verifying criteria for gear-tooth but can also be regarded as the theoretical basis for the design of internal gear drive mechanism with zero-tooth-difference.
Failure Mode Analysis of Rolling Element Bearings
Authors: Sehgal Rakesh , Gandhi O. P. , Angra S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A procedure based on digraph modeling and matrix approach is suggested for failure mode analysis of rolling element bearings. A Bearing Failure Mode Digraph (BFMDj for a failure mode of the rolling element bearing is defined, which considers contributing cause events and their interrelations. The digraph is analyzed using connection and reachability matrices. A Bearing Failure Mode Connection Matrix (BFMCM) is obtained for the Bearing Failure Mode Digraph and a Bearing Failure Mode Reachability Matrix (BFMRM) is derived from it, which helps in identifying the stage relationship among various cause events, and evaluates the importance of the cause events for the failure mode. It therefore provides directions for appropriate action for minimization of the failure mode thus leading to improvement in reliability of the rolling element bearing. The methodology is developed considering the failure mode - bearing seizure and is illustrated by considering the failure mode - excessive noise.
Intuitive Intelligent Sensor Fusion With Highly Autonomous Sensors
Authors: Yuan Jane Xiaojing , Figueroa Fernando 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The objective of sensor fusion is to synergistically combine different sources of sensory information into one representational format to provide more complete and precise interpretation of the system. A generic sensor fusion framework based on a highly autonomous sensor (HAS) model is presented. The framework provides freedom to choose different data fusion methods and combine them together to achieve better performance. In the context of HAS’s, this paper describes a hierarchical decentralized sensor-fusion approach based on a qualitative theory to interpret measurements, and on qualitative procedures to reason and make decisions based on the measurement interpretations. In this manner, heuristic fusion methods are applied at a high-qualitative level as well as at a numerical level when necessary. This approach implements intuitive (effective) methods to monitor, diagnose, and compensate processes/systems and their sensors.
Development of a System for Monitoring Tool Wear Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques
Authors: Silva Rui. G. , Wilcox Steven J. , Reuben Robert L. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The main objective of the work reported here was to develop an intelligent condition monitoring system able to detect when a cutting tool was worn out. To accomplish this objective the use of a hybrid intelligent system, based on an expert system and two neural networks was investigated. The neural networks were employed to process data from sensors and the classifications made by the neural networks were combined with information from the knowledge base to obtain an estimate of the wear state of the tool by the expert system.
The novelty of this work is mainly associated with the configuration of the developed system. The combination of sensor-based information and inference rules, results in an on-line system that can learn from experience and update the knowledge base pertaining to information associated with different cutting conditions. The neural networks resolved the problem of interpreting the complex sensor inputs while the expert system, by keeping track of previous success, estimated which of the two neural networks was more reliable. Mis-classifications were filtered out through the use of a rough but approximate estimator, Taylor’s tool life model. The system’s modular structure would make it easy to update as required for different machines and/or processes. The use of Taylor’s tool life model, although weak as a tool life estimator, proved to be crucial in achieving higher performance levels. The application of the Self Organizing Map to tool wear monitoring proved to be slightly more reliable then the Adaptive Resonance Theory neural network although overall the system made reliable, accurate estimates of the tool wear.
Optimal Path Planning and Torque Minimization via Genetic Algorithm Applied to Cooperating Robotic Manipulators
Authors: Garg Devendra P. , Kumar Manish 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the formulation and application of a genetic algorithm based strategy for the determination of an optimal trajectory for a multiple robotic configuration. First, the motivation for multiple robot control and the current state-of-art in the field of cooperating robots are briefly given. This is followed by a discussion of energy minimization techniques in the context of robotics, and finally, the principles of using genetic algorithms as an optimization tool are included. The initial and final position of the end effector are specified. Two cases, one of a single manipulator, and the other of two cooperating manipulators carrying a common payload illustrate the approach proposed. The genetic algorithm identifies the optimal trajectory based on minimum joint torque requirements. The minimization of a suitably defined performance index involving joint torques implies that the trajectory thus obtained requires the least amount of torque.
A First Principle Engine Model for Up-Front Design: Bearing Models and Example Results
Authors: Ma Zheng-Dong , Perkins N. C. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The design of new engine concepts requires an engineering tool that can quickly estimate noise, vibration and durability metrics at the very onset of the engine design cycle. In (Ma et al., 2000), we presented an engine modeling template (EMT) to support up-front engine design. The engine models generated from the EMT use the minimum set of generalized coordinates to represent engine dynamics. This is achieved by employing a pre-selected set of relative coordinates. The resulting engine model is cast as a (minimum) set of ordinary differential equations in lieu of the differential-algebraic equations that result from using commercial multibody dynamics codes. The resulting models then enjoy greater computational efficiency.
In (Ma et al., 2000), we formulate the equations of motion for the engine and its major components. The objective of this paper is to review the numerical results obtained from sample engine designs and to discuss several tradeoffs between model accuracy and efficiency. Attention focuses on the trade-offs resulting from several bearing models, including linear and nonlinear spring-damper bearing models, and hydrodynamic bearing models based on the Reynolds equation. Results computed using these bearing models are critically compared.
Further Results on Adaptive Compression Braking Control for Heavy-Duty Vehicles
Authors: Druzhinina Maria , Stefanopoulou Anna , Moklegaard Lasse 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this paper we present further results on adaptive compression braking control for a Class-8 heavy duty vehicle with the objective to achieve good and consistent vehicle speed tracking performance during large variation in vehicle mass (payload) and road grade. In our previous work the adaptive controller performance was tested in simulations on a reduced order nonlinear vehicle/engine model. In this paper, we include several modifications to deal with actuator saturation and unmodeled dynamics. The final version of the controller is successfully evaluated on a high order crankangle model. Good tracking performance during braking as well as estimation properties of the algorithm for vehicle mass and road grade are confirmed. Moreover, the stability and response properties of the overall scheme are rigorously analyzed.
Quiet Seating Control Design of an Electromagnetic Engine Valve Actuator
Authors: Tai Chun , Tsao Tsu-Chin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The control of engine valve seating velocity has been identified to be crucial for the application of an electromagnetic valve (EMV) actuator for camless variable valve timing engine operations. Analysis shows that the EMV actuator becomes unstable when the engine valve is hold steady close to the seating position. As such, valve motion under open loop control is sensitive to disturbances and suffers poor repeatability. Therefore, closed-loop control is required to achieve desirable quiet-seating performance consistently.
A linear plant model was constructed based on a gray-box approach that combines mathematical modeling and system identification. A controller was developed with H∞ loop-shaping method to stabilize the EMV actuator. The performance of this control design is demonstrated by experimental results. “Seating velocity” and “seating tail-length” are defined and used to evaluate the control system performance.