bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constantine’s Radiate Statue and the Founding of Constantinople
Authors: Angelova Diliana 
Published: October 2021

This essay challenges the idea that Constantine’s radiate statue on his Constantinopolitan column assimilated the Christian emperor to the pagan deity Apollo Sol, the Radiant Sun. Iconographic analysis of Roman coinage allows us to understand the imperial crown of rays as an attribute of Divus Augustus, Augustus the God. I argue that from Nero through Constantine, the last Roman emperor to use the corona radiata in his portraiture, the radiate crown signified the theomorphic assimilation of the reigning emperor to Divus Augustus. Every man who wore it claimed to be “the Divine Augustus of the Present Age.” The corona radiata was thus at once a religious and an imperial symbol that signified the continuity of the “Augustan line.” My analysis of imperial coinage affirms this conclusion in demonstrating that its uses were independent of the emperor’s personal patron deity, including Sol.
These proposals have important repercussions for understanding Constantine’s faith. The religious compromise that the Christian Constantine entered in agreeing to a radiate portrait concerned imperial legitimation. Though a devout believer, the emperor still chose to remain the Divine Augustus in his new city, as that concession signaled something important that he could not communicate otherwise: his new city’s identity vis-à-vis Rome.
Cardiovascular risk profile in growth hormone-treated adults with craniopharyngioma compared to non-functioning pituitary adenoma: a national cohort study
Authors: Verweij Tim , Slagboom Tessa N A , van Varsseveld Nadège C , van der Lely Aart-Jan , Drent Madeleine L , van Bunderen Christa C 
Published: October 2021

Context
Cardiovascular (CV) risk profile might differ between growth hormone-treated patients with craniopharyngioma and non-functioning pituitary adenoma (NFPA), since patients with craniopharyngioma more frequently suffer from hypothalamic metabolic disruption.

Objective
The aim of this study is to investigate the CV risk profile in adult patients with craniopharyngioma compared to NFPA before and after treatment with growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy due to severe GH deficiency.

Design
A sub-analysis of the Dutch National Registry of Growth Hormone Treatment in Adults was performed, in which we compared 291 patients with craniopharyngioma to 778 patients with NFPA. CV risk profile and morbidity were evaluated at baseline and during long-term follow-up within and between both groups.

Results
At baseline, patients with craniopharyngioma demonstrated higher BMI than patients with NFPA, and men with craniopharyngioma showed greater waist circumference and lower HDL compared to men with NFPA. During follow-up, BMI, as well as diastolic blood pressure among patients using antihypertensive drugs, deteriorated in the craniopharyngioma group compared to the NFPA group. Lipid profile improved similarly in both groups over time. No differences were found between groups in the occurrence of diabetes mellitus, cerebrovascular accidents, CV disease, or overall mortality.

Conclusion
This study suggests that overall CV risk profile is worse in craniopharyngioma patients with GH deficiency compared to patients with NFPA. During GH replacement therapy, patients with craniopharyngioma demonstrated an increase in BMI over time, where BMI remained stable in patients with NFPA. Also, diastolic blood pressure did not improve with antihypertensive drugs in craniopharyngioma patients as seen in patients with NFPA.
relato europeo y el relato de la Transición. Comparativas y convergencias en ambas narrativas
Authors: Benayas Sánchez David 
Published: October 2021

El relato siempre ha sido una parte importante de toda historia. Europa, como entidad política, ha desarrollado a lo largo del tiempo una robusta narrativa, a través de la cual ha intentado generar en los europeos un sentimiento de identidad y pertenencia. La narrativa nacional española, por su parte, desde 1975, ha buscado relacionar los valores de su naciente democracia con los del resto de Europa; producto de una serie de anhelos históricos. Hoy día, parece que esa narrativa está entrando en crisis de forma paralela al relato europeo y es, en estos momentos, cuando todo lo que nuestra historia pareció olvidar, comienza a salir a flote.
Explanatory Diagnoses Following Hospitalization for a Brief Resolved Unexplained Event
Authors: Bochner Risa , Tieder Joel S. , Sullivan Erin , Hall Matt , Stephans Allayne , Mittal Manoj K , Singh Nidhi , Delaney Atima , Harper Beth , Shastri Nirav , Hochreiter Daniela , Neuman Mark I. ,   BRIEF RESOLVED UNEXPLAINED EVENT RESEARCH AND QUALITY IMPROVEMENT NETWORK
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVESMost young infants presenting to the emergency department (ED) with a brief resolved unexplained event (BRUE) are hospitalized. We sought to determine the rate of explanatory diagnosis after hospitalization for a BRUE.METHODSThis was a multicenter retrospective cohort study of infants hospitalized with a BRUE after an ED visit between October 1, 2015, and September 30, 2018. We included infants without an explanatory diagnosis at admission. We determined the proportion of patients with an explanatory diagnosis at the time of hospital discharge and whether diagnostic testing, consultation, or observed events occurring during hospitalization were associated with identification of an explanatory diagnosis.RESULTSAmong 980 infants hospitalized after an ED visit for a BRUE without an explanatory diagnosis at admission, 363 (37.0%) had an explanatory diagnosis identified during hospitalization. In 805 (82.1%) infants, diagnostic testing, specialty consultations, and observed events did not contribute to an explanatory diagnosis, and, in 175 (17.9%) infants, they contributed to the explanatory diagnosis (7.0%, 10.0%, and 7.0%, respectively). A total of 15 infants had a serious diagnosis (4.1% of explanatory diagnoses; 1.5% of all infants hospitalized with a BRUE), the most common being seizure and infantile spasms, occurring in 4 patients.CONCLUSIONSMost infants hospitalized with a BRUE did not receive an explanation during the hospitalization, and a majority of diagnoses were benign or self-limited conditions. More research is needed to identify which infants with a BRUE are most likely to benefit from hospitalization for determining the etiology of the event.
Impacto socio-económico, político y ambiental de los asentamientos humanos en la periferia de la ciudad
Authors: Paz-Montes Luisa Stella , Chacon Gloria Nury , Solano-Becerra Eduardo 
Published: October 2021

La investigación proporciona los resultados del Impacto socioeconómico, político y ambiental de los asentamientos humanos en la periferia de la ciudad de Cúcuta. La investigación tuvo un enfoque mixto, porque se utilizó el método descriptivo y el estudio de campo, permitiendo obtener información primaria de los sujetos mediante encuestas estructuradas aplicadas en la localidad respectiva y consulta a fuentes secundarias. La población corresponde a las familias que están ubicadas en la periferia de la ciudad de Cúcuta, se utilizó el muestreo no probabilístico bajo la técnica de muestreo aleatorio, permitiendo seleccionar 200 familias que cumplen las características y condiciones del estudio. Se evidenció una comunidad con características vulnerables generalizada por falencias de estructuración de vivienda y alto índice de asentamiento humando trayendo como consecuencia abandono o deficiente atención por parte del Estado, la ausencia total de servicios públicos como saneamiento básico, debido a las precarias condiciones en las que habitan la inmensa mayoría de los individuos que allí residen. La totalidad de los núcleos familiares están conformados por madres solteras cabezas de familia con uno o tres hijos, que se desempeñan como trabajadoras independientes, su nivel de educación es básico y le permite trabajar en empleos de oficios varios. El servicio de salud, es deficiente, no existe seguridad social integral. Por último, se constató que los miembros de las familias no cuentan con las condiciones habitacionales adecuadas, ya que la gran mayoría de estos poseen un solo cuarto donde realizan diversas actividades.
The role of antibiotics in the management of the polyol pathway: An In Vitro and In Silico approach Poliol yolunun antibiyotikler yoluyla kontrolü: Bir in vitro ve in siliko yaklaşım
Authors: KILINÇ Namık , BEYDEMİR Şükrü 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Increased activity of aldose reductase (AR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) are the major causes of diabetic complications. Thus, inhibition of these two enzymes is vital in preventing diabetic complications. As the synthesis of new and effective AR and SDH enzyme inhibitors is quite difficult, we have investigated the inhibition effects of antibiotics, which are already widely used in medicine, on AR and SDH enzymes. AR and SDH enzymes were purified from bovine kidney, in vitro effects of antibiotics on enzymes were determined, and molecular docking simulations were carried out to understand inhibition mechanisms. The antibiotics ampicillin and amikacin inhibited both AR and SDH enzymes at very low concentrations. The best inhibitors for AR were found to be ceftriaxone, tylosin, and metronidazole with IC50 values of 28.75 µM, 49.28 µM and 58.42 µM, respectively. The best inhibitors for SDH were seen to be amikacin, ampicillin, and ceftazidime with IC50 values of 2.4 mM, 2.62 mM, and 3.76 mM, respectively. The results of inhibition and docking studies showed that antibiotics are highly effective on these enzymes. The results obtained can be used as a reference for synthesizing better inhibitors in future studies.
Öz
Aldoz redüktaz (AR) ve sorbitol dehidrogenazın (SDH) artan aktivitesi, diyabetik komplikasyonların başlıca nedenleridir. Bu nedenle, bu iki enzimin inhibisyonu, diyabetik komplikasyonların önlenmesinde hayati önem taşımaktadır. Çalışmamızda, yeni ve etkili AR ve SDH enzim inhibitörlerinin sentezi oldukça zor olduğundan, halihazırda tıpta yaygın olarak kullanılan antibiyotiklerin AR ve SDH enzimleri üzerindeki inhibisyon etkileri araştırılmıştır. AR ve SDH enzimleri sığır böbreğinden saflaştırılmış, antibiyotiklerin enzimler üzerindeki in vitro etkileri belirlenmiş ve inhibisyon mekanizmalarının aydınlatılması amacıyla moleküler docking simülasyonları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ampisilin ve amikasin antibiyotikleri hem AR hem de SDH enzimlerini çok düşük konsantrasyonlarda inhibe etmiştir. AR için en iyi inhibitörlerin sırasıyla 28.75 µM, 49.28 µM ve 58.42 µM IC50 değerleri ile seftriakson, tylosin ve metronidazol antibiyotikleri olduğu bulunmuştur. En iyi SDH inhibitörlerinin sırasıyla 2,4 mM, 2,62 mM ve 3,76 mM IC50 değerleri ile amikasin, ampisilin ve seftazidim olduğu görülmüştür. İnhibisyon ve docking çalışmalarının sonuçları, antibiyotiklerin bu enzimler üzerinde oldukça etkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, gelecekteki çalışmalarda daha iyi inhibitörlerin sentezlenmesi için referans olarak kullanılabileceği düşünülmektedir.
Systematic review of temporal trends of congenital syphilis in Brazil
Authors: Madureira Maicon , Guerra Paulo Henrique  de Araújo , Finco Charles Junior , Helou Thais Nascimento , Barbato Paulo Roberto 
Published: October 2021

The present study was aimed to retrieve and analyse the temporal trends of
congenital syphilis (CS) in Brazil, as well as to list its main associated factors. Methods: In
August 2019 a systematic review was developed in four electronic databases (Lilacs, Pubmed,
Scielo and Web of Science) and in manual searches on reference lists. It was established that
the synthesis of this review would be composed by ecological studies with CS temporal trends

in the Brazilian territory, regardless of the population characteristics and data
representativeness. More specifically, it was also established that the prevalence of CS of the
first and last year of the time series would be presented in the descriptive synthesis. Results:
Of the 2,157 initial studies, 14 adequately met the inclusion criteria and composed the
synthesis. Twelve (85.7%) of these studies showed increases in time trends, with particular
emphasis on the two nationwide studies, which showed positive trends between 2003–2008
(0.4) and 2010–2015 (3.7). Associations were found between CS and socioeconomic and
ethnic factors, especially in the groups of women with low income, low education, brown /
black skin colour and who had untreated partners. Conclusion: most of the available research
showed an increase in the temporal trends of CS, highlighting that these data were observed at
the national, state and municipal levels. Since mothers socioeconomic and ethnic factors are
associated with higher CS frequencies, efforts are needed to increase the coverage of the
Unified Health System to vulnerable women.
Covid-19 and prisons: Reflection on human rights and public health
Authors: Ornell Felipe Rech , Halpern Silvia Chwartzmann , Scherer Juliana Nichterwitz , Stock Barbara Sordi , Camatta Marcio Wagner , Dotta Renata Maria , Dalbosco Carla , Von Diemen Lisia , Kessler Felix Henrique Paim 
Published: October 2021

Background: The epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a challenging public health problem. The identification of risk groups is essential for the establishment of prevention, screening, containment and treatment strategies. In Brazil, overcrowding and unsanitary conditions in prisons have been a problem for a long time that facilitates infection diseases.
Objective: To reflect on the vulnerability of the prison population to COVID-19 and the implications of possible outbreaks in public health
Method: Theoretical-reflective study.
Results: The prison population has a high clinical vulnerability to contamination by COVID-19. This is aggravated by the structural conditions of prisons, which increases the spread of diseases, especially respiratory conditions, and hinders the establishment of preventive measures. The health care strategies of this population are still insufficient.
Conclusion: Outbreaks of COVID-19 in prisons affect prisoners, staff and family members, and could lead the health system to an unprecedented collapse. Strategies to reduce the impact of COVID-19 in prisons and its impact on public health are urgent. Priority health measures, contingency protocols and coordinated actions between the health and justice sectors must be implemented in order to minimize the spread of the virus in this vulnerable and invisible population.
Advanced Driver-Assistance System with Traffic Sign Recognition for Safe and Efficient Driving
Authors: Gunasekara Sithmini , Gunarathna Dilshan , Dissanayake Maheshi 
Published: October 2021

Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS) coupled with traffic sign recognition could lead to safer driving environments. This study presents a sophisticated, yet robust and accurate traffic sign detection system using computer vision and ML, for ADAS. Unavailability of large local traffic sign datasets and the unbalances of traffic sign distribution are the key bottlenecks of this research. Hence, we choose to work with support vector machines (SVM) with a custom-built unbalance dataset, to build a lightweight model with excellent classification accuracy. The SVM model delivered optimum performance with the radial basis kernel, C=10, and gamma=0.0001. In the proposed method, same priority was given to processing time (testing time) and accuracy, as traffic sign identification is time critical. The final accuracy obtained was 87% (with confidence interval 84%-90%) with a processing time of 0.64s (with confidence interval of 0.57s-0.67s) for correct detection at testing, which emphasizes the effectiveness of the proposed method.
The Legal Nature of Public Service Disputes concerning the Legality of Imposition of Disciplinary Sanctions
Authors: Leshchina E. L. 
Published: October 2021

The paper examines the concept of a public service dispute as a type of a legal conflict, as a protective legal relationship and a juridical procedural activity. The author analyzes the modern terminology of a public service dispute enshrined in the legislation regulating public service, identifies the shortcomings of legal definitions. The author establishes and describes the mechanisms for the consideration of public service disputes provided for by the legislation.The main approaches to the definition of a public service dispute are analyzed. The author has highlighted its features as a complex protective legal relationship. The author shows the erroneous identification by some researchers of labor and public service relations and approaches to their determination of the legal nature of public service disputes, including the legality of the application of disciplinary sanctions. It has been substantiated that the legal nature of public service disputes in the civil service system is primarily determined by the content of the relations that underlie their occurrence—public service legal relations—and not by the forms of their consideration, which allows the possibility of applying labor and civil procedural legislation to disputed legal relations.The author defines a public service dispute and an official conflict, describes the signs of a public service dispute on the legality of the imposition of a disciplinary sanction, qualifies the subject matter of the dispute under consideration—substantive legal requirements (disagreements) of the parties that act as an element of the connection between the substantive legal relationship between the parties to the dispute and the procedure applied for the dispute consideration. It has been substantiated that the public service dispute consideration concerning the legality of imposing a disciplinary sanction, termination of a public service contract constitutes a type of law enforcement procedural activity that has its own basis, subject matter, goals, elements, procedural forms and stages, types of decisions, which makes it possible to single out such disputes as one of the administrative proceedings included in the administrative process structure.
Organization of Geoparks in Russia and Peculiarities of their Legal Regime
Authors: Luneva E. V. 
Published: October 2021

The paper examines the features of the international status of "UNESCO Global Geopark" that are important for the development of Russian legislation regulating Geoparks. The criteria for the status of a “UNESCO Global Geopark” that affect the national legal regime of the Geopark include the criterion for the presence of geological objects with a protected status on its territory. The author has analyzed the references to national legislation contained in the criteria for UNESCO Global Geoparks. The paper highlights the differences between the UNESCO Global Geopark, the World Heritage Site and the Biosphere Reserve, analyzes the cases of overlaps between the Geopark concept and the concept of a World Heritage site or a biosphere reserve. Also, the author shows that the term Geopark is extremely rarely used in federal legislation (single strategic planning documents) in the context of the need arising in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to regulate the processes of creation and functioning of Geoparks. The author has proven the connection between the Russian legislation on Geoparks, regardless of the further fate of its development, with the legislation on specially protected natural areas.The author determines four possible types of organization and functioning of geoparks in Russia: 1) a geopark as a tourist and recreational zone; 2) a geopark without a legal regime for a tourist and recreational zone and without a legal regime for a specially protected natural area; 3) a geopark with a legal regime of a specially protected natural area in the form of a state paleontological, mineralogical or geological reserve; 4) a geopark as an independent category of a specially protected natural area approved by regional regulatory legal acts. The author specifically describes the legal regime of each type of the Geopark. The author makes suggestions and recommendations for the development of federal and regional legislation on Geoparks in Russia.
Alternative Methods of Dispute Resolution as a Measure to Reduce the Workload on Courts: A Comparative Legal Study (Part 2)
Authors: Posulikhina N. S. , Kozyreva A. B. 
Published: October 2021

The paper considers alternative methods of dispute resolution as a measure to reduce the workload on the courts. At present, the need to reduce the workload on courts is quite acute in Russia. According to the members of the European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ), a large workload on courts (and, accordingly, on judges) seriously affects the quality of justice and the timing of the consideration of cases. It should be noted that all judicial systems of the world without exception face this problem, but the statistics of the European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ) shows that over the past few years the burden on courts and judges has significantly decreased in the EU countries.The authors summarize that foreign judicial practice has successfully tested working tools to reduce the burden on courts, which the Russian judicial system may well borrow. However, these tools require gradual development and elaboration given all Russian legal realities. A sharp transition to alternative dispute resolution may negatively affect the quality of dispute resolution in Russia. If the legislator restricts the ability of citizens to consider disputes in courts (for example, by increasing court fees), but at the same time alternative dispute resolution methods will remain at a low level of legal and social development (citizens’ distrust, weak legislative elaboration, etc.), then citizens will completely lose the platform for legal dispute resolution. It is quite possible that we will return to the criminal experience of the economy of the 1990s.