bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An LC‐MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of 11 components of Xian‐Xiong‐Gu‐Kang in the plasma of osteoarthritic rats and pharmacokinetic analysis
Authors: Li Junfeng , Chen Wenjun , Wang Yahong , Yin Hua 
Published: June 2021

AbstractXian‐Xiong‐Gu‐Kang is composed of Epimedium brevicornu, Ligusticum chuanxiong, Radix clematidis, Cinnamomum cassia, and Fructus xanthii. It is used to treat numbness and pain of limbs. In this study, we developed a method to simultaneously quantify 11 components of Xian‐Xiong‐Gu‐Kang (icarrin, epimedin A, epimedin B, epimedin C, icariside II, chlorogenic acid, ligustilide, senkyunolide A, senkyunolide I, ferulic acid, and cinnamic acid) in rat plasma using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry. Chromatographic separation was performed on an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column using gradient elution with a mobile phase comprising acetonitrile and 0.05% (v/v) formic acid aqueous solution. Mass spectrometry detection was performed using positive and negative electrospray ionization in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. The calibration curves of the 11 constituents were linear, with correlation coefficients > 0.99. The intra‐ and interday accuracy and precision values were within ±15.0%. The extraction recoveries of the 11 constituents and two internal standards were between 66.05 and 105.40%, and the matrix effects were between 86.74 and 112.86%. Using this method, the pharmacokinetic features of the 11 constituents were elucidated in the plasma of osteoarthritic rats after oral administration of the Xian‐Xiong‐Gu‐Kang extract.
Strategic multiple criteria group decision‐making model for continuous auditing system
Authors: Shiue William , Liu Jau Yang , Li Zong Ying 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe increasing attention to continuous auditing in practice has demonstrated its significance as an important field of scholarly inquiry. This research takes the two well‐known continuous auditing systems, embedded audit module (EAM) and monitoring and control layer (MCL), to explore the key factors of successfully implementing a continuous auditing system. This study proposes a hybrid multiple criteria group decision‐making (MCGDM) model, which employs decision‐making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) and analytic network process (ANP) to determine the influential direction and criterion weight of continuous auditing system. We then use zero–one goal programming (ZOGP) to suggest the optimal allocation of the limited resources within the firm for the continuous auditing system. Finally, we present an empirical case to demonstrate the applicability of our proposed model. The proposed model guides business managers and executives to make proper judgment under dynamic market and technological environment.
First online X‐ray fluorescence characterization of liquid‐liquid extraction in microfluidics
Authors: Maurice Ange A. , Theisen Johannes , Rai Varun , Olivier Fabien , El Maangar Asmae , Duhamet Jean , Zemb Thomas , Gabriel Jean‐Christophe P. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLiquid‐liquid extraction is a complex chemical purification process, which is associated with many thermodynamic and kinetic values. This makes its application in the recycling industry difficult, as it deals with waste streams that have highly variable compositions. In this regard, modelling an extraction process using microfluidics proves to be a useful approach to allow rapid adaptation to such composition changes, if development can be shown to be more accurate, faster, and safer than the classical batch approach with separate analysis. Here, the first automated microfluidic tool integrated with online X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) is reported to study liquid‐liquid extraction processes by enabling metal concentration quantification. The measurement is automated and performed for both aqueous and organic phases to improve accuracy. Overall, this fully automated approach shows that: (i) Thermodynamic and kinetic values associated with these processes can rapidly and efficiently be obtained simultaneously (in less than 13 hours with a resulting liquid use of less than 20 mL). (ii) Numerical simulations are consistent with the experimental data and provide rare insights regarding the respective contributions to the overall kinetic of the extraction system.
A randomized, placebo‐controlled clinical development program exploring the use of litoxetine for treating urinary incontinence
Authors: Dmochowski Roger R. , Haab Francois , Robinson Dudley 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAimsTo investigate the safety and efficacy of litoxetine, a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, in treating urinary incontinence (UI) and mixed urinary incontinence (MUI).MethodsTwo randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trials (RCT1 and RCT2) were conducted. RCT1, which included 196 women aged 18–75 with MUI randomized 1:1:1:1 to receive 10, 20, or 40 mg litoxetine or placebo orally twice daily (BID) for 12 weeks, investigated the efficacy (including changes in patient reported outcomes) and safety of litoxetine compared to placebo. RCT2, which included 82 men and women aged 18–70 with any UI type randomly assigned 2:1 to receive 30 mg litoxetine or placebo orally BID for 8 weeks including a 2 week dose titration period, investigated the safety (including psychiatric safety) and efficacy of litoxetine compared to placebo. Efficacy was measured as the change in number of incontinence episodes per week and assessed using an analysis of covariance with missing data imputed by Predictive Mean Matching. Safety was assessed by adverse events (AEs) and physical examinations and analyzed using descriptive statistics.ResultsThe 30‐mg and placebo groups in RCT2 showed no difference in frequency of AEs, and litoxetine reduced the number of incontinence episodes per week compared to placebo. Although RCT1 suffered an unexpectedly high placebo response, and therefore did not meet the primary efficacy endpoint, 71% of participants receiving 40 mg litoxetine reported a clinically meaningful improvement in the King's Health Questionnaire.ConclusionsLitoxetine may be a safe, effective and well‐tolerated treatment for patients with UI.
Synthesis of a bio‐based piperazine phytate flame retardant for epoxy resin with improved flame retardancy and smoke suppression
Authors: Huang Zhenyu , Wang Zhengzhou 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPiperazine phytate (PIPT), a bio‐based nitrogen‐phosphorus containing flame retardant, was feasibly synthesized by the reaction of piperazine (PI) with phytic acid (PA) in ethanol. The structure and chemical composition of PIPT were systematically characterized by NMR, FTIR, XRD, TEM and EDX. Epoxy resin (EP) composites with PIPT were prepared by utilizing 4, 4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane as a curing agent. The flame retardancy, mechanical performances and thermal decomposition of the EP composites were studied. The results show that the EP composite containing 15 wt% PIPT (sample EP/15PIPT) passes UL‐94 V0 rating with a limiting oxygen index reaching 35.5%. The cone calorimetric tests results demonstrate the peak heat release rate and total smoke release of EP/15PIPT are about 51.4% and 44.9% reduced than which of pure EP, respectively. The morphology of residual char reveals that the EP/ PIPT composites can form good and compact char during the combustion. In comparison with pure EP, the mechanical performances of the EP/PIPT composites decrease slightly as PIPT content increases.
Thermoplastic polyurethane/multiwalled carbon nanotubes nanocomposites: Effect of nanoparticle content, shear, and thermal processing
Authors: Farzaneh Arman , Rostami Amir , Nazockdast Hossein 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this study, nanocomposites of thermoplastic polyurethane and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with varying nanofiller content (ranging from 0 wt% to 1 wt%) were prepared via the melt compounding method. Moreover, the influence of shear field and thermal processing on electrical conductivity has been evaluated. The evaluation of the phase separation degree revealed that with the increase in the nanofiller content from 0% to 0.4%, the phase separation degree increased by 25%. However, a further increase in the nanoparticle content slightly decreased the phase separation degree. Moreover, by increasing the nanofiller content up to 0.4%, the melting temperature and the melting enthalpy of the soft phase as well as the melting temperature of the hard phase increased. With the increase in the nanofiller content to 0.4%, a 3D network of MWCNTs was developed, corroborating the formation of an electrically conductive nanocomposite. The conductivity increased 3750‐fold in the quenched and 5000‐fold in the annealed samples with the increase in the nanofiller content from 0.2% to 1%. In general, the annealed nanocomposites featured lower conductivity than the quenched ones. The effect of the shear on conductivity was nanofiller content‐dependent. Exposure to shear below and above the percolation threshold decreased and increased the electrical conductivity, respectively.
Comprehensive characterization of naturally occurring antioxidants from the twigs of mulberry (Morus alba) using on‐line high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with chemical detection and high‐resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Thomas Pannakal Steve , Eilstein Joan , Prasad Arpita , Ekhar Prashant , Shetty Sanketh , Peng Zhengang , Bordier Eric , Boudah Samia , Paillat Lionel , Marrot Laurent , Garnier Laurence , Pavan Laurent , Roy Nita 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroductionThe mulberry tree (Morus alba L.) is a prolific source of biologically active compounds. There is considerable growing interest in probing M. alba twigs as a source of disruptive antioxidant lead candidates for cosmetic skin care product development.ObjectiveAn integrated approach using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with either chemical detection (CD) or high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was applied to the hydroalcoholic extract of M. alba to detect and identify lead antioxidant compounds, respectively.Material and methodsThe twigs were weighed, powdered and homogenized using a mill and the extract was prepared using 70% aqueous ethanol. The antioxidant metabolites were detected with HPLC coupled with CD (based on the ORAC assay) and their structural identification was carried out using a Q‐Exactive Orbitrap MS instrument.ResultsUsing this approach, 13 peaks were detected as overall contributors to the antioxidant activity of M. alba, i.e. mulberrosides (A & E), oxyresveratrol & its derivatives, moracin & its derivatives and a dihydroxy‐octadecadienoic acid, which together accounted for >90% of the antioxidant activity, highlighting the effectiveness of the integrated approach based on HPLC‐CD and HPLC‐HRMS. Additionally, a (3,4‐dimethoxyphenyl‐1‐O‐β‐D‐apiofuranosyl‐(1″ → 6′)‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside was also discovered for the first time from the twig extract and is presented here.ConclusionTo our knowledge, this is the first report from M. alba twigs using HPLC‐CD and HPLC‐HRMS that identifies key compounds responsible for the antioxidant property of this native Chinese medicinal plant.
Opportunities in Quantum Reservoir Computing and Extreme Learning Machines
Authors: Mujal Pere , Martínez‐Peña Rodrigo , Nokkala Johannes , García‐Beni Jorge , Giorgi Gian Luca , Soriano Miguel C. , Zambrini Roberta 
Published: June 2021

AbstractQuantum reservoir computing and quantum extreme learning machines are two emerging approaches that have demonstrated their potential both in classical and quantum machine learning tasks. They exploit the quantumness of physical systems combined with an easy training strategy, achieving an excellent performance. The increasing interest in these unconventional computing approaches is fueled by the availability of diverse quantum platforms suitable for implementation and the theoretical progresses in the study of complex quantum systems. In this review article, recent proposals and first experiments displaying a broad range of possibilities are reviewed when quantum inputs, quantum physical substrates and quantum tasks are considered. The main focus is the performance of these approaches, on the advantages with respect to classical counterparts and opportunities.
A legislative framework for environmental flow implementation: 30‐years operation in Japan
Authors: Shinozaki Yui , Shirakawa Naoki 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe Japanese environmental flow (e‐flow) concept and framework are outlined in the current study. We first review the natural and historical background related to the establishment and implementation of the e‐flow framework in Japan. We then summarize the national guidelines used to assess e‐flows. Finally, we discuss a river for which the guidelines have been applied to set e‐flow requirements. It is legally mandated that flows be established to maintain the riverine environments of class A rivers managed by the national government. These correspond to e‐flows, which are referred to as maintenance flows in Japan. A Guideline established in 1997 provides detailed instructions on how to assess e‐flows, and the e‐flow framework has been implemented for 100 class A rivers according to the guidelines. E‐flow objectives in Japan are intended to benefit ecosystems through the protection of river habitats and fisheries and the protection and maintenance of water quality, groundwater levels, riverine scenery, and navigable waterways. E‐flow objectives also address cultural and social needs, such as the prevention of salt damage and estuary clogging, and the protection of wooden infrastructure management facilities. Although Japanese rivers are characterized by large fluctuations and sudden peaks in flow, there has been little discussion about e‐flow evaluation methods that take flow variability into consideration. This is because dams on Japanese river basins control only a small percentage of total runoff volume. This is one reason why the guidelines for setting e‐flows focus only on the minimum flows required to prevent extreme low‐flow conditions.
First Report on the Complexation of Uranyl Ion with Two Diglycolamide Ligands in a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid: Optical Spectroscopy and Calorimetric Studies
Authors: Ansari Seraj A. , Dumpala Rama Mohana R. , Mohapatra Prasanta K. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe complexation of UO22+ with N,N,N′,N′‐tetraoctyl diglycolamide (TODGA) and N,N,N′,N′‐tetra‐2‐ethylhexyl diglycolamide (T2EHDGA) was investigated in ionic liquid using UV−vis absorption spectrophotometry and isothermal titration calorimetry. Spectrophotometric titration suggested the formation of two successive complexes, [UO2L]2+ and [UO2L2]2+ where L=TODGA or T2EHDGA. The formation constant values obtained in ionic liquid medium were several orders of magnitude higher than those observed with the analogous DGA ligands in aqueous medium. The stability constant (logβ) for UO22+/TODGA complex was at least an order of magnitude higher than those observed for UO22+/T2EHDGA complex. The speciation of UO22+/DGA complex obtained by spectrophotometric titration was in conformity with those observed in biphasic solvent extraction. Energetically the UO22+/DGA complexation was mainly driven by negative enthalpy and large positive entropy changes as a result of the release of entire water molecules from the solvation sphere of the hydrated UO22+ ions. The results from this work gave an insight understanding of the complexation behaviour of UO22+ ions with DGA ligands in ionic liquid. It is anticipated that such understanding will give valuable information for understanding the extraction behavior of uranyl ions by DGA ligands in ionic liquid.
Synthesis, Characterization and Photovoltaic Properties of Electron‐Accepting (11‐Oxoanthra[2,1‐b]thiophen‐6‐ylidene)dipropanedinitrile‐Based Molecules
Authors: Baranov Denis S. , Nevostruev Danil A. , Kazantsev Maxim S. , Zinoviev Vladimir A. , Zelentsova Ekaterina A. , Dmitriev Alexey A. , Gritsan Nina P. , Tsentalovich Yuri P. , Kotova Maria , Düreth Johannes , Sperlich Andreas , Dyakonov Vladimir , Kulik Leonid V. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTwo acceptor small molecules consisting of 2‐(11‐oxoanthra[2,1‐b]thiophen‐6‐ylidene)dipropanedinitrile frameworks connected by a bis(thiophen‐2‐ylethynyl)arene bridge were synthesized by the two‐step sequence of Sonogashira cross‐coupling and Knoevenagel condensation in order to investigate their performance as non‐fullerene acceptors in organic solar cells. Optical, electrochemical and photovoltaic properties of new 2,2′‐[2,2′‐(5,5′‐(arenediyl)bis(ethyne‐2,1‐diyl)bis(thien‐5,2‐diyl))bis(11‐oxoanthra[2,1‐b]thiophen‐6‐ylidene)]dipropanedinitriles and previously studied analogs of 2,2′‐[2,2′‐arenediylbis(11‐oxoanthra[1,2‐b]thiophene‐6‐ylidene)]dipropanedinitriles were compared to assess the effect of introducing ethynylthiophene units between the arene linker and the 2‐(11‐oxoanthrathiophen‐6‐ylidene)propanedinitrile units. Despite the proper energy level alignment and morphology, composites of the newly synthesized compounds with the PBDB‐T donor polymer demonstrate a moderate PCE of 0.54 %. The small value of the short circuit current as compared to composites with fullerene acceptors is probably due to the low electron mobility in the newly synthesized compounds. The low electron mobility, in turn, is probably cause by the LUMO localization at the edge units of the acceptor‐type molecules, in contrast to the almost uniform LUMO delocalization over the whole π‐conjugated system for high‐performing non‐fullerene acceptors such as ITIC.
Scope and Limitations of Barbituric and Thiobarbituric Amino Acid Derivatives as Protecting Groups for Solid‐Phase Peptide Synthesis: Towards a Green Protecting Group
Authors: Ramkisson Shaveer , Al‐Rasheed Hessa H. , Dahlous Kholood A. , De La Torre Beatriz G. , El‐Faham Ayman , Albericio Fernando 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDMB (Dimethylbarbituric) and DETB (Diethylthiobarbituric) are both barbituric and thiobarbituric acid derivatives respectively, that forms enamines with the Nα amine of amino acids. These compounds were found to be stable crystalline solids and show stability in the standard acidic and basic conditions used for solid‐phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) strategies. These protecting groups are cleaved by a mild solution of 2 % hydrazine hydrate in DMF and 2 % hydroxylamine in DMF, both at short reaction times. Their use in SPPS showed that DMB‐protected amino acids allow the preparation of peptides and therefore could be an alternative to the Fmoc strategy currently used. A further advantage of these protecting groups is that their preparation does not involve the concourse of phosgene derivatives and therefore they could be considered greener protecting groups than the carbamate‐based one.
A method to acquire cross‐domain requirements based on Syntax Direct Technique
Authors: Liu Huaxiao , Zhang Mengxi , Liu Lei , Liu Zhou 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWith the rapid increase in the number of Apps, the requirement of users has also become extremely complex. Developers have to continuously acquire innovative requirements that provide the guideline for developing more competitive products. However, traditional methods to acquire requirements are not suitable for the App development due to the disadvantage that it cannot interact with users directly. Besides, some methods that use text and data analysis to acquire requirements automatically are hard to expand innovative products because they are often confined to the specific App or the same domain. Therefore, to attract more new users, developers try to find new portable inspiration from other domains for enriching the functions of the App. In this article, we propose a feature extraction method from the descriptions of Apps and use similarity matching to acquire cross‐domain requirements. Our experiments have verified that the Precision, the Recall, and the F‐measure are all as high as 80% of our feature extraction method. Besides, the requirements list we recommend also makes a good performance in terms of reusability with the average Reuse Rank of 59.33% and average Adjusted Functional Points of 7.49, the adaptability gets an average score of 3.3, and the average score of operability is 3.
A near comprehensive phylogenetic framework gives new insights toward a natural classification of the African genus Cyrtorchis (Angraecinae, Orchidaceae)
Authors: Azandi Laura N. , Droissart Vincent , Sonké Bonaventure , Simo‐Droissart Murielle , D'haijère Tania , Farminhão João N.M. , Verlynde Simon , Kaymak Esra , Stévart Tariq 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe genus Cyrtorchis is renowned for its conspicuous white, long‐spurred flowers, but also for its challenging problems of species delimitation due to the great morphological resemblance of their flowers. Based on a preliminary visual inspection of 1752 specimens, 27 morphogroups were defined including 6 unpublished taxa. Then, we used a representative sampling of 171 dried and alcohol‐preserved specimens representing 20 morphogroups to perform linear morphometrics through multivariate analyses on 43 morphological characters in order to confirm morphogroups delineation and identify their discriminant characters. Moreover, the monophyly of the two sections and of 21 morphological entities was tested through molecular analyses in order to produce a natural classification of the genus. DNA sequences from 69 Cyrtorchis specimens belonging to 15 published taxa (seven from C. sect. Homocolleticon, eight from C. sect. Cyrtorchis), six putative new Cyrtorchis taxa, as well as four taxa used as outgroups, were produced using one nuclear (nrITS‐1) and five plastid regions (matK, rps16, trnC‐petN intergenic spacer, trnL‐trnF intergenic spacer, ycf1), and were analyzed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches. We used this phylogenetic framework to infer the morphological character‐state evolution of six floral traits and assess their taxonomic value. Morphological analysis revealed two groups corresponding to the published sections. However, while molecular results recovered the monophyly of C. sect. Cyrtorchis, C. sect. Homocolleticon appears paraphyletic. Of the 21 morphologically defined taxa that were included in the molecular analyses, eight, namely C. aschersonii, C. henriquesiana, C. monteiroae, C. praetermissa, C. ringens, and three new taxa were proven monophyletic. The delimitation of the 19 remaining morphologically identified taxa was assessed using morphological approach only. The ancestral state reconstruction provided new insights into character‐state evolution in the genus by inferring the insertion point of the stipites at the rear third of the length of the viscidium as one of the main synapomorphic characters supporting the monophyly of the genus. Furthermore, viscidium structure, stipites shape, and the lateral lobes of the rostellum were found to be important to infer phylogenetic relationships within the genus.
Wealth and Desired Wealth
Authors: von Weizsäcker Carl Christian , Krämer Hagen M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWith increasing general prosperity, desired wealth increases faster than current consumption. There is thus a secular tendency for the “waiting period” Z to grow. This is already the case for demographic reasons that hold for the global population as a whole. The proportion of the global population living in absolute poverty is rapidly declining. A monetary system offering stable purchasing power represents an important contribution of society to facilitating adequate private provision for the future. The “savings triangle” is a highly simplified, but neat representation of these interrelationships. It offers a good approximation of the facts.