bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clitoris Tourniquet Syndrome
Authors: Press Shirley , Schachner Lawrence , Paul Philip 
Published: December 2021

Reports have appeared in the literature describing strangulation of an appendage.1-8 The appendages described have included the finger,1 the toes,1-4 the penis,1,5-7 and in one previous report, the clitoris.8 This is a report of a patient with clitoral strangulation who was seen recently in a pediatric emergency room.
CASE REPORT
An 8-year-old girl was seen at the Pediatric Walk-in Clinic of Jackson Memorial Hospital (University of Miami, School of Medicine) with the chief complaint of severe pain in the genital area. She was afebrile, well nourished, and in good general health. Both the patient and her mother denied trauma to the genital area.
Surfactant for Hyaline Membrane Disease
Authors: Fujiwara Tetsuro , Adams Forrest H. 
Published: December 2021

Since it has been demonstrated that hyaline membrane disease (HMD) is due to a relative deficiency of lung surfactant,1,2 one possible approach to the treatment or prevention of HMD in premature infants might be the introduction of surfactant into the lungs. Thus far, attempts at aerosolization of either synthetic surfactant (dipalmitoyl lecithin [DPL]) or natural surfactant into the lungs of patients or animals have failed to produce convincing benefits.3-5 On the other hand, direct instillation of a solution of natural surfactant into the trachea seems to produce striking results.
Enhörning et al6 were the first to show that tracheal deposition of natural surfactant into premature rabbit fetuses before the first breath enhanced air intake and improved the pressure-volume relationships of the lungs; it also increased their survival time.7
Level II Neonatal Units
Authors: Brann Alfred W. , Hall Robert T. , Harper Rita G. , Maisels M. Jeffrey , Poland Ronald L. , Rhodes Philip G. , Sunshine Philip , Whittinghill John A. , Allen James R. , Alper Milton H. , Cassady George , Cefalo Robert C. , Hasselmeyer Eileen , Heerens Robert E. , Hey Dennis 
Published: December 2021

The concept of a regionalized system encompassing three broadly defined levels of neonatal care is now well recognized and increasingly practiced in the United States. The American Academy of Pediatrics has described, in some detail, a system of classifying nurseries as Levels I, II, or III, based on the type of care they are capable of providing for the newborn infant.1
There has been little question about the composition of care in Level I or Level III units, but the committee recognizes that there is considerable diversity of opinion about the definition of Level II units and the functions these units should perform. The concept of the Level II neonatal unit has, in general, been supported by most pediatricians and neonatologists; however, there is little factual information available about Level II units, how they function, and how they contribute to perinatal outcome.
The committee sent 300 questionnaires to the directors of all neonatal training programs, to the Chairmen of all Academy Chapters, and to 70 other practicing pediatricians. Responses were received from 114 Level III centers, 46 Level II centers, and 7 Level I hospitals. The responses came from 45 states and five Canadian provinces.
According to the responses and the thoughtful comments received, the functions of Level II units are of considerable interest and concern to many pediatricians; but, obviously, it is impossible to suggest universal solutions for all regions which will cover all possible occurrences.
The committee has considered all the opinions expressed and the information available regarding the functioning of Level II units and makes the following recommendations:
Current Status of Infant Stimulation or Enrichment Programs for Children with Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Denhoff Eric 
Published: December 2021

Infant stimulation programs are organized programs of enrichment designed to provide developmentally appropriate activities to babies and toddlers who have or who are at risk for a variety of conditions that may interfere with their ability ultimately to have a full and productive life. Among these conditions are the sequelae of poverty, nutritional, sensory, and emotional deprivation, family instability, and developmental disability, any of which may interfere significantly with social and interpersonal relationships as well as cognitive, language, and motor performance.1-3 There are now a number of well-documented follow-up studies to show that early preschool stimulation programs for the baby from a low socioeconomic environment have both short-term and long-term benefits, providing that support systems are maintained during the school years.4,5 Further, there are studies which demonstrate short-term cognitive and long-term social improvement in babies genetically handicapped with Down syndrome,4 although contrary results have been reported recently.6
The Committee on Children with Handicaps of the American Academy of Pediatrics has requested this review of the historical background of infant stimulation programs and has sought to confirm that they accomplish their purpose of improving the overall outlook for children with developmental disabilities and those considered at high risk for them.
DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES
The 1979 Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act defines the term "developmental disability" as any severe, chronic disability of a person attributable to a mental or physical impairment or combination thereof, that is manifested before the age of 22 years, is likely to continue indefinitely, and will result in substantial limitation of function in three or more of the following areas: (1) self-care, (2) receptive and expressive language, (3) learning, (4) mobility, (5) self-direction, (6) capacity for independent living, (7) economic self-sufficiency, and (8) need for combinations and sequences of special, interdisciplinary or generic care, treatment, or other services which are of lifelong or extended duration and are individually planned or coordinated.
When Should One Discourage Breast-feeding
Authors: Berger Lawrence R. 
Published: December 2021

Breast-feeding has advantages in terms of psychosocial aspects, maternal considerations, and infant factors.1-3 Within these same broad areas, I want to address circumstances in which reservations about breast-feeding should be considered.
In terms of infant conditions, galactosemia is clearly an absolute contraindication to breast-feeding. Breast milk is a rich source of lactose, and the very survival of infants with galactosemia is dependent on their receiving a non-lactose-containing formula. Of course, galactosemia is a rare disorder, occurring in approximately 1:60,000 births.
Phenylketonuria is often mentioned as another contraindication to breast-feeding. Breast milk, however, has relatively low levels of phenylalanine; in fact, infants who are exclusively breast-fed may receive a phenylalanine intake near the amount recommended for treating phenylketonuria.4
Meconium Passage in Utero, Fetal Distress, and Gestational Age
Authors: Verma Ishawar C. , Parida Sailaja N. , Thomas Sosamma 
Published: December 2021

The article by Drs Matthews and Warshaw (Pediatrics 64:30, 1979) prompted us to analyze our data from an ongoing study of meconium staining, fetal outcome, and neonatal listeriosis. Our observations are given in the Table.
We have excluded breech presentations from the fetal distress group as these are commonly associated with meconium passage even in the absence of fetal distress.1
Thus, contrary to their observations, 3.24% of babies &lt;34 weeks gestational age passed meconium in utero.
Sunkissed Urine
Authors: Roseman Byron D. 
Published: December 2021

A 3-month-old infant had episodes of brightly pink-colored urine. She was delivered by cesarean section because of cephalopelvic disproportion. There were no perinatal difficulties until age 2 months when moderate torticollis became evident. By 3 months of age this had improved with stretching exercises. The mother indicated then that her exclusively breast-fed infant had been having transitory episodes, at least monthly, of decidedly pink urine.
The mother had an insight when she experienced difficulty in removing an orange-pink stain from a plastic glass from which she had drunk Sunkist orange soda.
Influenzae b Epiglottitis and Meningitis
Authors: Walker Stuart H. 
Published: December 2021

The report by Campbell et al1 extends the evidence that acute epiglottitis is pathogenetically different from other manifestations of bacteremic Haemophilus influenzae type b infection. Previously accumulated evidence indicating such a distinction includes.
1. Clinical Distinction. Epiglottitis almost never occurs in association with meningitis. Among the large number of cases of epiglottitis reported I can find but five instances2-6 in which a child with epiglottitis simultaneously or subsequently developed meningitis (and personally know of but one additional such case).
Was the Study ‘Contaminated?’
Authors: Altemeier William A. 
Published: December 2021

The article by Leib et al1 may have important implications. If, in fact, we can improve the premature infant's mental and motor development at age 6 months by enriching sensory experience through nurse orientation, we should consider widespread adoption of this practice, especially if further studies indicate the improvement persists beyond six months. This article, therefore, could have important widespread implications for the standard care of premature infants.
In the performance of behavioral research, it is important to be certain one is controlling all subjective variables because these can bias outcome to such an inordinate degree.
Dietary Chloride Deficiency
Authors: Blackman Patricia 
Published: December 2021

With regard to the article entitled "The Dietary Chloride Deficiency Syndrome" (Pediatrics 66:366, 1980), if the infants mentioned had been cared for by pediatricians who believe in early feeding of infants, the problem of dietary chloride deficiency would not have occurred. In addition to their formula the infants would be getting other foods and would be unlikely to develop such a deficiency.
Having lived through the problems of diarrhea due to oversterilization and breaking down of sugars in the formula, seizures in infants due to pynidoxine deficiency in the formula, and now chloride deficiency, it still seems to me that when the child is finishing off about 4 oz per feeding, solid food can be introduced.
Does a Vote of 118 to 1 Mean the USA Was Wrong?
Authors: Lucey Jerold F. 
Published: December 2021

Picture yourself, a doctor living in a Third World country frustrated by the failure of your efforts to change poverty, malnutrition, and poor sanitation. Little wonder that you would choose to attack rich foreign companies if you thought they contributed to your problems. You would also feel great if the whole world joined you in condemning such companies. When the turmoil had settled, however, and you realized that you may have been wrong, or at least lacked proper evidence, you might not feel so self-righteous.
The final vote in the World Health Organization was 118 to 1. The United States was the one! Does that mean that the United States was wrong?
STATEMENT ON TERMINOLOGY FROM THE NATIONAL SIDS FOUNDATION
Authors: Friedman Stanford B. , Bergman Abraham B. , Mandell Frederick , Vales-Dapena Marie A. , Connelly John P. , Merritt T Allen 
Published: December 2021

We are concerned about increasing usage of the terms ‘near-miss for SIDS’and ‘aborted SIDS’ which tend to create confusion about the relationship between apnea and the sudden infant death syndrome. The latter was defined in 1969 as the sudden, unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant. The role of apnea in the causation of these inexplicable deaths is currently the subject of intensive scientific investigation—and not yet fully clarified. Some infants who die suddenly and inexplicably may well represent instances of death due directly to episodes of not breathing. However, it is probable that there remain other as yet unidentified or unproven causes.
Therefore, we propose that the term ‘infantile apnea’ be used when appropriate, in place of ‘near-miss for SIDS’ or ‘aborted SIDS.’ Apnea has many causes, some known and some unknown.
ANTHONY TROLLOPE ON THE SUPERIORITY OF AMERICAN FREE SCHOOLS COMPARED TO THOSE IN ENGLAND (1862)
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Anthony Trollope (1815-1882) followed most of his English predecessors who wrote about their American travels in attributing the chief glory of our country to our provision for universal free education.
He wrote1:
The one thing in which, as far as my judgment goes, the people of the United States have excelled us Englishmen, so as to justify them in taking to themselves praise which we cannot take to ourselves or refuse to them, is the matter of education; and unrivalled population, wealth, and inteffigence have been the results; and with these, looking at the whole masses of the people, I think I am justified in saying, unrivalled comfort and happiness. It is not that you, my reader, to whom, in this matter of education, fortune and your parents have probably been bountiful, would have been more happy in New York than in London. It is not that I, who, at any rate, can read and write, have cause to wish that I had been an American. But it is this: if you and I can count up in a day all those on whom our eyes may rest, and learn the circumstances of their lives, we shall be driven to conclude that nine tenths of that number would have had a better life as Americans than they can have in their spheres as Englishmen.
If a man can forget his own miseries in his journeyings, and think of the people he comes to see rather than of himself, I think he will find himself driven to admit that education has made life for the million in the Northern States better than life for the million is with us.
Subgaleal Hematoma from Hair Combing
Authors: Falvo Cathey E. , San Filippo J. Anthony , Vartany Alexandre , Osborn Emilie H. S. 
Published: December 2021

We have seen two young black girls with massive subgaleal hematoma apparently caused by traction on their scalp during hair combing.
CASE REPORTS
Case 1
A 9-year-old girl was seen in the emergency room with the complaint of tender swelling of the entire scalp. Trauma was denied. The child wore her hair in rows of tight braids. There was fluctuant swelling of the entire scalp. No other stigmata of battering were found. Results of the following laboratory tests were normal: hemoglobin, hematocrit, prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT) and platelet count. Skull roentgenogram showed only soft tissue swelling. Aspiration produced 130 ml of nonclotting blood.
"VULTURE, INDEED!"
Authors: Pulver Nathaniel J. 
Published: December 2021

How, now, Dr. Callanan! Wouldst picture us as vultures? Hovering to "devour"
Would you pull the tubes The life-giving tubes? The "magic" of medicine?
Do we not wait with Hope that the magic of our gift will infuse Life?
Is not our craft God-given. Are we not frustrated that the tubes and wires do not always Fulfill our Hopes.
We could hover and circle and watch like manacled prisoners, but not like vultures.
Vultures await Death. Physicians anticipate Life. We do not profit from death as vultures do.
How, now, Dr. Callanan, If thou thinkest of thyself as a vulture, Do not include us!
SIR WILLIAM WILDE, ONE OF IRELAND'S GREATEST EYE AND EAR SURGEONS AND FATHER OF OSCAR WILDE, ON EYESTRAIN AS A CAUSE OF VISUAL IMPAIRMENT
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Sir William Wilde (1815-1876) is remembered today, if at all, as the father of Oscar Wilde. Largely forgotten is that he was not only a distinguished archeologist and statistician but also the dominant figure in otology and ophthalmology of the Dublin School of Medicine, which was at its peak during his lifetime.1
Like most of his ophthalmologic contemporaries he believed that eyestrain led to visual impairment.
He wrote2:
In these days of forced education on the one hand, when unhappy children are compelled, both by parents and teachers, to pore over books, often of very small type, for hours and hours together, with the head bent, the shoulders stooped, the abdomen compressed, and the legs often dangling in the air, in crowded, badly illuminated, and illventilated apartments;— when young ladies in the upper circles, and those girls in the middle ranks who are preparing to be governesses and teachers, are obliged to "practice" and read music for five and six hours a day;—when young gentlemen are induced, either by threats or emulation, to read for eight and ten hours a day, and in addition several hours of the night, under the glare of a strong gas light, in order to uphold the character of a school or master at the risk—often at the expense of sight and life—when on the other hand, unfortunate tradesmen are compelled by low wages, the high price of provisions, and scarcity of work, to support their almost starving families by working in dark, damp cellars and garrets for fourteen or sixteen hours a day;—and when poor seamstresses and milliners are necessitated by the fashionable luxuries of the upper classes to work for no less than eighteen hours out of the twenty-four;—and when we add to this the various factories and private trades which require the continuous application of the eye to minute objects, we wonder not that near-sightedness and impaired or altered vision should be now so common amongst us.
Speech Effect of Theophylline
Authors: McCarthy Michael M. 
Published: December 2021

Although symptoms of generalized central nervous system stimulation (eg, irritability, restlessness, and insomnia) are recognized side effects of oral theophylline therapy,1,2 I have recently encountered a patient who exhibits a single, isolated behavioral change while receiving theophylline. Review of pertinent literature reveals no similar reported cases.
This 4-year-old white boy developed asthma at age 17 months. Poor symptomatic control during the past six months has necessitated two hospitalizations and three short courses of oral corticosteroids.
Response to Rapid Volume Expansion During the Postnatal Period
Authors: Daniel Salha S. , James L. Stanley , Strauss Jose 
Published: December 2021

The relationship between V, CIN, and CPAH before and during diuresis as a result of infusion of D5W is shown in Figs 3 and 4; the relationship between V, osmolal clearance (COSM), and free water clearance (CH2O) is represented in Figs 5 and 6. The various clearances have been plotted against urine volume and compared with the regression lines for 17 infants (including seven in this paper) during the first three hours of life and prior to receiving an infusion.4 Despite a considerable scatter of data, there is no significant difference in the various correlations before and after infusion.
A small decrease in fractional water reabsorption was observed after infusion, but not during spontaneous diuresis. No change in fractional osmolal reabsorption was observed during either spontaneous or infusion diuresis (Tables 2 and 3).
In Table 4 the mean changes in the various measurements of renal function measured with infusion are compared with those occurring during spontaneous diuresis in the same infants. Again, except for the percentage of water reabsorbed after the infusion, there were no differences in the responses with the spontaneous diuresis compared to those observed after the infusion.
See Images in the PDF File
See Images in the PDF File
See Images in the PDF File
See Images in the PDF File
See Table in the PDF File
DISCUSSION
Newborn infants during the first four hours of life are capable of having a prompt diuresis in response to an infusion of isotonic glucose. This diuresis is accompanied by an increase in renal plasma flow (RPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
Asymptomatic Neonatal Familial Hypercalcemia
Authors: Orwoll Eric , Silbert John , McClung Michael 
Published: December 2021

Although rare, primary hyperparathyroidism in infancy has been characterized as a universally severe, potentially lethal disorder. In the 18 reported cases,1-15 the clinical presentation has been one of moderate to severe hypercalcemia and failure to thrive, with anorexia, hypotonia, constipation, and bone disease. Nine of the eighteen cases resulted in death.2-5,7-9,11-13,15 No untreated infants have survived. Several authors4,8,11 have stressed the fatal outcome of untreated infantile hyperparathyroidism and have recommended early parathyroidectomy.
In marked contrast to previous descriptions of infantile hyperparathyroidism, we report hypercalcemia in a neonatal member of a kindred with familial hypercalcemia. In this infant hypercalcemia has thus far been unassociated with any apparent impairment of growth or development.
Hypervitaminosis A: A Case Report
Authors: James Melton B. , Leonard Joe C. , Fraser John J. , Stuemky John H. 
Published: December 2021

In his textbook, Pediatric X-Ray Diagnosis, Caffey1 makes the statement that "until the whole truth becomes available to the public, all authentic cases of Vitamin A poisoning be carefully recorded and widely published in the medical literature." Since Josephs2 first described this condition in children in 1944, more than 50 cases have appeared in the literature.3 The following case, initially viewed as a diagnostic dilemma, was subsequently recognized to have typical clinical, biochemical, and rediographic changes of hypervitaminosis A. In addition, bone scintigraphy demonstrated evidence of involvement in radiographically normal areas.
CASE REPORT
A 5-year-old, nonimmunized, white girl was diagnosed as having measles in late April 1980.
Congenital Rubella and Myxedema
Authors: AvRuskin Theodore W. , Brakin Mario , Juan Christina 
Published: December 2021

Thyroid disorders have been reported following congenital rubella: four cases of thyroiditis1-4 and two patients with thyrotoxicosis5,6 are known. We report a patient with childhood myxedema and congenital rubella, and indicate that myxedema may occur as a sequela to rubella. This combination of disorders should be added to thyroiditis,5 hypopituitarism7 and adrenal insufficiency4 in the spectrum of possible late diabetes mellitus complications of the congenital rubella syndrome. Patients with congenital rubella should be tested periodically for these endocrine deficiencies.
CASE REPORT
An 8[unknown]-year-old white girl was the product of a seven-month gestation complicated by maternal rubella in the first trimester. Birth weight was 1 kg.
MODERN CHILD'S VIEW
Authors: Swingle Hanes M. 
Published: December 2021

I recently gave my 18-month-old daughter and 3-year-old son lollipops. My son tasted his sister's orange lollipop and said, "Daddy, that comes from oranges."
"That's correct," I replied proudly.
He then licked his own grape lollipop, reflected for a moment, then exclaimed, "This one comes from Dimetapp!"
One might interpret this as a commentary on current pediatric practice.
A NATIONAL COLLECTION OF MATERIAL RELATED TO THE HISTORY OF PREMATURE-INFANT CARE
Authors: Davis Audrey B. 
Published: December 2021

An effort is under way to establish a collection of materials which will trace the development of perinatal-care technology in The National Museum of American History at Smithsonian Institution. Readers of Pediatrics are urged to cooperate in this national effort to locate materials of historical interest in back rooms of hospitals and in private collections.
The material of interest ranges from incubators (Lion-type used in incubator-baby exhibits to the present-day models), resuscitation and ventilating devices (delivery-room apparatus, Bloxom Air-Lock, rocking bed, respirators...), feeding items (gavage equipment, nasal spoons, indwelling tubes...), photographs, hospital records (statistical reports, examples of patient records...) and equipment used in landmark investigations (calorimetry, oxygen consumption...).