bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Salivary Diffuse Infiltrative Lymphocytosis Syndrome in West Africa
Authors: McArthur Carole P. , Subtil-DeOliveira Antonio , Palmer Dennis , Fiorella Russell M. , Gustafson Steven , Tira Daniel , Miranda Roberto N. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjective.—To determine the prevalence of diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome (DILS) in the minor salivary glands of 30 African Cameroonian adults with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).Design.—Salivary gland tissue was analyzed using a modified classification system that was developed to aid the diagnosis of Sjögren syndrome. The advantages and disadvantages of this approach are discussed.Materials and Methods.—Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, hematoxylin-eosin–stained biopsy sections were prepared for 30 patients with AIDS, 26 healthy individuals who declined human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing, and 4 seronegative healthy controls. Tissues were immunostained for CD4/CD8+ lymphocytes and cytomegalovirus (CMV), and transmission electron microscopy was performed to locate viral particles. Patients were tested for HIV-1 and HIV-2 by the HIV/Chek System 3 or CAMSTIX-HIV-1 and HIV-2 assay.Results.—Severe salivary ductal atypia (96%) was the feature most strongly associated with AIDS, and the lymphocytic focus score was the second histologic feature most strongly correlated with AIDS. Forty-eight percent of patients with HIV-1 infection had more than 1 lymphocytic focus in a minor salivary gland. These lymphocytes were primarily CD8+. We report, to the best of our knowledge, the first case of multinucleated salivary duct epithelial cells in minor salivary glands also containing enveloped virus particles. All cases were negative for CMV.Conclusions.—The prevalence of DILS in West Africans with AIDS appears higher than the prevalence reported in whites from the United States and Europe and in blacks from the United States, a group that has been reported to have a greater incidence of DILS than whites. This discrepancy may be related to differences in patient selection criteria. The determination of lymphocytic focus score, as used in the diagnosis of Sjögren syndrome, with the adjunct of ductal atypia is useful for assessing DILS. The impact of patient selection, drug therapy, and parasites on salivary gland pathology is discussed.
Placental Lesions Associated With Cerebral Palsy and Neurologic Impairment Following Term Birth
Authors: Redline Raymond W. , O'Riordan Mary Ann 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjective.—The aim of this study was to determine the association of placental findings with cerebral palsy and related forms of neurologic impairment (NI) following birth at ≥37 weeks gestation (term).Design.—In a retrospective comparison, placentas from 40 term infants with NI ascertained on the basis of clinicopathologic review for medicolegal consultation were compared with placentas from 176 consecutive meconium-stained term infants at low risk for NI.Results.—After stratification for severity, 9 lesions were significantly increased in placentas from infants with NI: 5 lesions generally considered to occur within days of the time of labor and delivery (meconium-associated vascular necrosis, severe fetal chorioamnionitis, chorionic vessel thrombi, increased nucleated red blood cells, and findings consistent with abruptio placenta) and 4 lesions generally believed to have their onset long before labor and delivery (diffuse chronic villitis, extensive avascular villi, diffuse chorioamnionic hemosiderosis, and perivillous fibrin). Findings independently associated with NI by logistic regression in this descriptive study were severe fetal chorioamnionitis (odds ratio [OR], 13.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2–144); extensive avascular villi (OR, 9.0; 95% CI, 1.6–51); and diffuse chorioamnionic hemosiderosis (OR, 74.8; 95% CI, 6.3–894). The risk of NI increased as a function of the number of lesions present (OR, 10.1; 95% CI, 5.1–20 for each additional lesion), particularly when lesions generally considered to occur near the time of labor and those believed to occur well before labor were found in the same placenta (OR, 94.2; 95% CI, 11.9–747).Conclusions.—These findings suggest that placental pathology can contribute to an understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to NI at term.
Utility of Flow Cytometry Immunophenotyping for the Diagnosis and Classification of Lymphoma in Community Hospital Clinical Needle Aspiration/Biopsies
Authors: Siebert James D. , Weeks Lori M. , List Larry W. , Kugler John W. , Knost James A. , Fishkin Paul A. S. , Goergen Mark H. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Context.—Flow cytometry immunophenotyping (FC) of needle aspiration/biopsy (NAB) samples has been reported to be useful for the diagnosis and classification of lymphoma in university and cancer center–based settings. Nevertheless, there is no agreement on the utility of these methods.
Objective.—To further define the utility of adjunctive FC of clinical NAB for the diagnosis and classification of lymphoma, and to determine if this approach is practicable in a routine clinical practice setting.
Setting.—A community-based hospital.
Methods.—Clinical NABs were submitted for adjunctive FC between June 1996 and September 1999 if initial smears were suspicious for lymphoma. Smears and cell block or needle core tissues were routinely processed and paraffin-section immunostains were performed if indicated. The final diagnosis was determined by correlating clinical and pathologic data, and the revised European-American classification criteria were used to subtype lymphomas.
Results.—Needle aspiration/biopsies from 60 different patients were submitted for FC. Final diagnoses were lymphoma (n = 38), other neoplasm (n = 15), benign (n = 6), or insufficient (n = 1). For 38 lymphomas (20 primary, 18 recurrent), patients ranged in age from 32 to 86 years (mean, 62 years); samples were obtained from the retroperitoneum (n = 11), lymph node (n = 9), abdomen (n = 8), mediastinum (n = 6), or other site (n = 4); and lymphoma subtypes were indolent B-cell (n = 20; 2 small lymphocytic, 14 follicle center, 4 not subtyped), aggressive B-cell (n = 14; 3 mantle cell, 10 large cell, 1 not subtyped), B-cell not further specified (n = 2), or Hodgkin disease (n = 2). For the diagnosis of these lymphomas, FC was necessary in 20 cases, useful in 14 cases, not useful in 2 cases, and misleading in 2 cases. Thirty-two of 36 lymphoma patients with follow-up data received antitumor therapy based on the results of NAB plus FC.
Conclusions.—Adjunctive FC of NABs is potentially practicable in a community hospital, is necessary or useful for the diagnosis and subtyping of most B-cell lymphomas, and can help direct lymphoma therapy. Repeated NAB or surgical biopsy is necessary for diagnosis or treatment in some cases.
Cholesterol Granulomas of the Lungs Associated With Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia and Thrombocytopenia in Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Fischer Edgar G. , Marek John M. , Morris Amy , Nashelsky Marcus B. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Cholesterol granulomas unrelated to endogenous lipoid pneumonia, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, or cholesterol pneumonia are a rare finding during pneumectomy or autopsy. They have been occasionally reported in association with pulmonary hypertension. We report a case where these lesions were associated with long-standing pulmonary hypertension and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia. Plexiform lesions were present in the pulmonary vasculature secondary to pulmonary hypertension, causing hemolysis and thrombocytopenia. We suggest that destruction of red blood cells and platelets could provide membrane lipids that are taken up by phagocytic cells, which promotes the formation of these cholesterol deposits.
Papillary Glioneuronal Tumor
Authors: Prayson Richard A. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Tumors of mixed glioneuronal type are well recognized in the central nervous system. The most common examples of these lesions include gangliogliomas and dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors. Recently, unusual examples of these lesions have been described, including the papillary glioneuronal tumor. This report describes a histologically similar–appearing lesion arising in the left parieto-occipital lobe of an 18-year-old man who presented with headaches and difficulties with vision. Imaging studies noted a large cystic neoplasm marked by a peripheral rim of enhancement. The patient underwent gross total resection of the tumor, which histologically was marked by a mixture of glial (glial fibrillary acidic protein–positive) and neural (synaptophysin-positive) components. Architecturally, the tumor was notable for a focal pseudopapillary pattern. Papillae were lined by predominantly glial cells, with intervening areas occupied by neurally differentiated cells. Mitotic activity, vascular proliferation, and necrosis were not noted. A MIB-1 labeling index of 1.1% was seen. p53 immunoreactivity was not observed. This report adds further evidence supporting the existence of this unusual mixed glioneuronal tumor of the central nervous system.
Reparative Changes and the False-Positive/False-Negative Papanicolaou Test
Authors: Colgan Terence J. , Woodhouse Sherry L. , Styer Patricia E. , Kennedy Mary , Davey Diane D. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Context.—Reparative changes can be a diagnostic challenge on Papanicolaou tests and must be distinguished from epithelial cell abnormalities. Both squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) and carcinoma may be underdiagnosed as repair. This study examines laboratory and cytologist performance in the diagnosis of repair.
Objectives.—To determine if laboratories and cytologists can consistently distinguish reparative changes from SIL and carcinoma and to document how often SIL and carcinoma are mistaken for repair in a standardized educational slide program.
Design.—Results for reparative changes, SIL, and carcinoma slides from the College of American Pathologists Interlaboratory Comparison Program in Cervicovaginal Cytology for 1998 were analyzed. Only results from validated referenced slide responses were used.
Results.—The concordancy rate for reparative-change slides, that is, any response of within normal limits or benign cellular changes, ranged from 91% to 94% for cytotechnologist, pathologist, and laboratory responses. False-negative rates for squamous carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, high-grade SIL, and low-grade SIL ranged from 0.47% to 5.41%; the proportion of false-negative diagnoses of reparative changes ranged from 24% to 62% of all discordant responses.
Conclusions.—Of all benign cellular changes and within normal limits categories in the Interlaboratory Comparison Program in Cervicovaginal Cytology, repair most often elicits a false-positive laboratory response. Underdiagnosing epithelial abnormalities as repair is also a source of false-negative Papanicolaou test results.
Loss of Membrane Expression of E-Cadherin in Leukemic Erythroblasts
Authors: Acs Geza , LiVolsi Virginia A. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Context.—The special societal relationships existing between various cell types in bone marrow suggests that there may be a link between the adhesive characteristics of hematopoietic cells and their maturation. Egress of the developing hematopoietic cells is also a highly regulated process governed by adhesive interactions. In leukemia, immature blasts are not retained within the marrow, suggesting a breakdown of adhesive mechanisms. Recent reports suggest that E-cadherin, an epithelial adhesion molecule, is expressed on erythroid precursors and megakaryocytes, but not on other hematopoietic marrow elements.
Objective.—To characterize the expression pattern of E-cadherin in normal and leukemic erythroid precursors by immunohistochemistry in paraffin-embedded tissue and bone marrow aspirate smears.
Methods.—Five normal bone marrow specimens from rib resections, 15 trephine bone marrow biopsy specimens, and 6 bone marrow aspirate smears from the iliac crest of patients with no known leukemia were selected. Fourteen bone marrow biopsy specimens from patients with erythroleukemia were also studied. Immunoperoxidase staining of paraffin-embedded tissue and air-dried aspirate smears for E-cadherin (1:200 dilution, HECD-1 clone) was performed using the avidin-biotin peroxidase technique.
Results.—In paraffin-embedded bone marrow biopsy and rib specimens and in air-dried bone marrow aspirate smears, strong membrane expression of E-cadherin was seen in the normal erythroid precursors in all cases. In contrast, no membrane expression of E-cadherin was present in any of the bone marrow biopsy specimens from patients with erythroleukemia.
Conclusions.—Immunohistochemical detection of membrane expression of E-cadherin may be a useful tool for identification of erythroid precursors. Cells of erythroleukemia lack membrane expression of E-cadherin, in contrast to their normal counterparts. Further studies are needed to define the potential role of E-cadherin in the maturation of erythroid precursors and to ascertain the significance of loss of membrane expression of E-cadherin in erythroleukemia.
Ischemic Colitis With Atypical Reactive Changes That Mimic Dysplasia (Pseudodysplasia)
Authors: Zhang Shengle , Ashraf Mubina , Schinella Roger 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjective.—To describe reactive or reparative but atypical epithelial changes that occur in ischemic colitis.Design.—Surgical pathology files were searched for the diagnosis “ischemia, bowel.” All cases were studied for reactive or reparative atypical changes. These were characterized and correlated with clinical information.Results.—Reactive atypical (pseudodysplastic) changes were found in 8 of 28 cases of ischemic bowel. The clinical history did not indicate ischemic colitis in 6 of 8 cases. In 3 cases, neutrophils in the lamina propria or acute cryptitis and crypt abscesses that suggested inflammatory bowel disease were noted.Conclusion.—Ischemic changes in the bowel may produce reactive epithelial changes with sufficient atypia to simulate dysplasia. These may be associated with histologic changes that simulate inflammatory bowel disease, specifically ulcerative colitis. Since in most cases even the clinician is not sure whether the patient has ischemia or inflammatory bowel disease and because histologic changes of the latter may occur in ischemic bowel, there is a danger that the atypical reactive ischemic changes could be interpreted as true dysplasia that occurs in inflammatory bowel disease.
Dendritic Interstitial and Myofibroblastic Cells at the Border of Salivary Gland Tumors
Authors: Soma Lori , LiVolsi Virginia A. , Baloch Zubair W. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Objective.—CD34-positive dendritic interstitial cells may be associated with the regulation of tumor growth. This association has been studied in various human neoplasms, especially skin tumors. In this study, we evaluated the distribution of dendritic interstitial cells and myofibroblastic cells at the tumor periphery of various benign and malignant salivary gland neoplasms.
Methods.—Forty-nine cases of salivary gland tumors were selected: 16 pleomorphic adenomas, 12 Warthin tumors, 8 polymorphous low-grade tumors, 5 adenoid cystic carcinomas, 6 acinic cell carcinomas, and 2 mucoepidermoid carcinomas. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed by using antibodies for CD34 (dendritic cells) and α-smooth muscle actin (myofibroblast) on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival tissue. Staining intensity was graded as marked (3+), moderate (2+), weak (1+), and absent (0).
Results.—Staining intensity for CD34 was 3+ in 24 (86%) of 28 benign tumors (pleomorphic adenomas and Warthin tumors) and 6 (29%) of 21 malignant tumors (polymorphous low-grade tumors, acinic cell carcinomas, adenoid cystic carcinomas, and mucoepidermoid carcinomas) and 2+ in 4 (19%) of 21 malignant tumors. None of the benign tumors displayed 2+ staining with CD34. Three (11%) of 28 benign and 11 (52%) of 21 of malignant tumors failed to stain with CD34. α-Smooth muscle actin staining was 3+ in 10 (36%) of 28 benign tumors and 6 (29%) of 21 malignant tumors, and 2+ in 11 (39%) of 28 benign and 2 (9%) of 21 malignant tumors. Five (18%) of 28 benign and 11 (52%) of 21 malignant tumors failed to stain with α-smooth muscle actin.
Conclusion.—We conclude that the dendritic interstitial cells and myofibroblastic cells may be associated with the regulation of tumor growth in salivary gland tumors.
“Congo” Red
Authors: Steensma David P. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Context.—Congo red is the essential histologic stain for demonstrating the presence of amyloidosis in fixed tissues. To the best of my knowledge, nothing has been written about why the stain is named “Congo.”
Objective.—To understand the etymology and history of the Congo red histologic stain.
Design.—Primary sources were consulted extensively, including 19th-century corporate documents, newspapers, legal briefs, patents, memoirs, and scientific papers.
Setting.—Sources were obtained from multiple university libraries and German corporate archives.
Results.—To Europeans in 1885, the word Congo evoked exotic images of far-off central Africa known as The Dark Continent. The African Congo was also a political flashpoint during the Age of Colonialism. “Congo” red was introduced in Berlin in 1885 as the first of the economically lucrative direct textile dyes. A patent on Congo red was filed by the AGFA Corporation of Berlin 3 weeks after the conclusion of the well-publicized Berlin West Africa Conference. During these important diplomatic talks, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck presided over a discussion of free trade issues in the Congo River basin. A challenge to AGFA's Congo red patent led to a precedent-setting decision in intellectual property law.
Conclusions.—The Congo red stain was named “Congo” for marketing purposes by a German textile dyestuff company in 1885, reflecting geopolitical current events of that time.
Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Prostate
Authors: Pins Michael R. , Campbell Steven C. , Laskin William B. , Steinbronn Karen , Dalton Daniel P. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We report 2 cases of solitary fibrous tumor of the prostate. Histologically, both tumors demonstrated a multipatterned architecture with varying degrees of collagenization and hemangiopericytoma-like foci, and both were composed of CD34-immunopositive spindled cells that insinuated themselves between strips of collagen. The tumor in case 1 was well circumscribed and showed minimal mitotic activity or pleomorphism, whereas the tumor in case 2 was more cellular, less collagenous, had a more diffuse growth pattern, and exhibited cytologic atypia and high mitotic activity. Prostatic solitary fibrous tumor must be distinguished from other spindle cell tumors reported to occur in the prostate. To our knowledge, these cases represent only the fifth and sixth reported cases of prostatic solitary fibrous tumor.
Ectopic Cervical Thymic Tissue
Authors: Tunkel D. E. , Erozan Y. S. , Weir E. G. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Cervical thymic masses are congenital lesions that result from aberrant thymic migration during embryogenesis. Although most of these masses are asymptomatic, they may cause debilitating symptoms secondary to encroachment on adjacent aerodigestive structures. Preoperative diagnosis of ectopic thymic tissue is rare; most cases are clinically misinterpreted as branchial cleft remnants or cystic hygromas. Definitive diagnosis has relied on histopathologic examination in nearly all reported cases. However, the invasiveness of open incisional or excisional biopsy carries the risk of surgical and anesthetic complications. Inadvertent surgical thymectomy may result in cell-mediated immune deficiencies in infants and young children. The utility of fine needle aspiration is gaining wider acceptance in the diagnostic evaluation of neck masses. We describe an infant with an asymptomatic cervical thymic mass diagnosed by fine needle aspiration.
Ectopic Prostate
Authors: Fulton Regan S. , Rouse Robert V. , Ranheim Erik A. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We report the unusual case of a 78-year-old man who presented with obstructive bowel symptoms and a 2.5-cm presacral mass. The mass was excised and found on pathologic examination to be ectopic prostate tissue complete with a muscular stroma. Review of the literature revealed a number of case reports describing variably sized fragments of ectopic prostate tissue involving a variety of organs, including spleen, uterine cervix, bowel wall, pericolic fat, anal submucosa, seminal vesicle, testis, and urinary bladder. However, to our knowledge, this case is unique in that it presented as a relatively large, isolated presacral mass causing functional bowel impairment. The ectopic location can be related to the normal embryonic development of the prostate, rectum, and bladder.
Primary Low-Grade B-Cell Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Type Arising in the Urinary Bladder
Authors: Al-Maghrabi Jaudah , Kamel-Reid Suzanne , Jewett Michael , Gospodarowicz Mary , Wells Woodrow , Banerjee Diponkar 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Context.—Primary lymphoma of the urinary bladder is rare. Only 84 cases have been reported in the English literature to date, and none of these cases has had molecular confirmation of clonal immunoglobulin gene rearrangement.
Objectives.—To review all cases with primary urinary bladder lymphoma in our records, to classify them using the REAL classification, to confirm their immunophenotype and genotype, and to determine their outcome.
Design.—We identified 4 cases of primary urinary bladder lymphoma in our medical records from a 30-year period. Immunohistochemical detection of immunoglobulin light chains and molecular analysis of immunoglobulin heavy-chain genes using the polymerase chain reaction were performed on paraffin-embedded material.
Results.—All patients were older than 60 years. The male-female ratio was 1:3. All patients had a history of chronic cystitis. Histologic features of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma with centrocyte-like cells, plasmacytoid B cells, or both were observed in all cases. Monoclonality of B cells was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry, polymerase chain reaction, or both methods in every case. All patients presented with stage IAE disease, were treated with radiotherapy alone, and have been in continuous complete remission for 2 to 13 years.
Conclusions.—Primary bladder lymphomas are usually of low-grade mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type. They are more common in females and are associated with a history of chronic cystitis. Lymphoepithelial lesions are seen only in association with areas of cystitis glandularis. B-cell clonality is readily demonstrable by immunohistochemistry and/or polymerase chain reaction analysis. Local radiotherapy appears to confer long-term control.