bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rock mass deterioration model of bank slope based on high-precision 3D multiperiod point clouds in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China
Authors: Yan Guoqiang , Huang Bolin , Qin Zhen , Dai Zhenwei , Zhang Quan 
Published: September 2021

Karst bank slopes are widely developed in the Three Gorges Reservoir area. Potential bank slope instability caused by the deterioration of rock masses has aroused considerable attention. This paper describes an attempt to use high-precision 3D laser scanning point cloud technology to reveal the deterioration law of a rock mass from a meso-/macroscale perspective and to preliminarily establish the relationship between the characteristics of the rock mass deterioration and 3D point cloud response. The main conclusions are as follows. The point cloud response characteristics of rock mass deterioration can be divided into three types: crack manifestation–extension, collapse-block falling, and translation-rotation. The crack manifestation–extension type can be further subdivided into three subcategories: crack extension, crack widening and crack deepening. These three subclasses of point cloud response characteristics of crack manifestation–extension all exhibit strip-like erosion-induced extensions, but the deformation forms and locations are slightly different. The point cloud response of collapse-block falling shows irregular sheet erosion. The point cloud response characteristics of translational rotation are similar, but associated erosion deformation often presents regular isosurface deformation characteristics. The C2C and M3C2 algorithms are used to calculate the deterioration and deformation, and the difference between recording points at the same location is small, except where the local normal vector

N
→

changes greatly or the point cloud is sparse, where there are large differences. Based on 3D point clouds, the deterioration rate formula
D
e
=
n
/
N
for a rock mass is proposed for the first time, where
n
is the number of degraded and deformed point clouds, and
N
is the total number of point clouds in the test area. According to the deterioration rates
D
e
corresponding to different deformation thresholds, the deterioration degree and state of a rock mass can be described and judged.
The cessation of contact calls does not provoke or modulate alarm behaviour in a social passerine
Authors: Meaux Estelle , He Chao , Qin Luying , Goodale Eben 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Vocalizations that signal predation risk such as alarm calls provide crucial information for the survival of group-living individuals. However, alarm calling may attract the predator’s attention and, to avoid this cost, animals can opt for alternative strategies to indicate danger, such as ‘adaptive silence’, which is the cessation of vocalizations. We investigate here whether abrupt contact call cessation would provoke alarm responses, or would reinforce the signal given by an alarm call. In an aviary setting, we conducted playback experiments with a group-living passerine, the Swinhoe’s white-eye, Zosterops simplex. We found that birds did not respond to a sudden call cessation, nor did they have a stronger response to alarm calls followed by silence than to alarm calls followed by contact calls. Confirming previous work investigating contact call rate, it appears that in this species contact calls encode information about social factors but not environmental conditions.
Distribution of lacustrine plankton crustaceans and biogeographic patterns of biodiversity in Chile
Authors: Rivera Reinaldo , Pinochet Javier , De los Ríos-Escalante Patricio , Hernández Cristián E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The pattern of species richness and its potential causes are fundamental knowledge for an adequate management of biodiversity. In the present study, based on georeferenced lacustrine zooplankton, we evaluated the general species richness pattern and its relationship with hydrographic zonation, assessing four hypotheses: (1) the Rapoport latitudinal effect; (2) geometric restrictions as hard limits to geographical dispersion; (3) nestedness as a measure of the historical dynamics of extinction-colonization; and (4) environmental variables, as a measurement of the habitat as a recent ecological factor. Our results show a heterogeneous species richness pattern, with maxima located between 32-34°S, showing a general decrease towards higher latitudes. However, this pattern does not relate to the Rapoport latitudinal effect or the geometric restrictions. Instead, the pattern is associated with historical extinction-colonization dynamics between the waterbodies and ecological factors such as landscape, water, and energy availability that determine the number of species that these waterbodies can currently support.
Redescription of Naricolax sphyraenae Izawa, 2020 (Copepoda, Cyclopoida, Bomolochidae), with a correctional description of copepodid IV of the species
Authors: Izawa Kunihiko 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
As in the original description of Naricolax sphyraenae Izawa, 2020, copepodid IV female of the species was described based on a wrong judgement of the sex, the species is redescribed and both sexes of copepodid IV of the species are correctively described, while additionally copepodid V male of the species is described for the first time, based on specimens newly collected from the original host, Sphyraena pinguis Günther, 1874 (Pisces, Sphyraenidae) from Japan.
‘With or Without You’: Why Italy Should Incorporate Crimes Against Humanity and Genocide Into Its National Legal System
Authors: Prosperi Luigi 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
By ratifying the Genocide Convention, Italy undertook an obligation to enact legislation ‘to provide effective penalties for persons guilty of genocide’. Accordingly, in 1967 the legislator incorporated the offences enumerated in the convention into the domestic legal system. As it was under no such obligation with regard to crimes against humanity, Italy has not criminalized them. Two major legal issues arise from this decision. First, Italy may be unable to execute cooperation requests submitted by the International Criminal Court, and thus breach an international obligation. Furthermore, domestic authorities can only charge suspects with ‘corresponding’ ordinary offences, which are subject to statutes of limitations. Both issues are addressed in the Draft Convention on Crimes Against Humanity adopted by the International Law Commission, whose provisions require States Parties to enact legislation to ensure that under domestic criminal law such crimes constitute offences and are not subject to a statute of limitations.
Not such a Retrospective: On the Implementation of the International Anti-Corruption Obligations in Italy
Authors: Borlini Leonardo 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The past thirty years have seen unprecedented international initiatives aimed at combatting corrupt practices. The net effect of such initiatives is that today there exists a sort of “hyper norm” repudiating corruption that transcends national boundaries. Over the same period, Italy has ratified and implemented within its legal system five international anti-corruption treaties, and amended its domestic legislation on different occasions. However, despite considerable efforts, corruption remains a serious challenge in the country. This article examines the main achievements and shortcomings of the implementation of the aforementioned conventions in Italy in light of the outcomes of the monitoring procedures established by the same treaties.
The Criminalization of War Crimes in Italy and the Shortcomings of the Domestic Legal Framework
Authors: Bartolini Giulio 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The Italian domestic legal framework related to war crimes is characterised by several shortcomings. It is still largely centred on the provisions present in the 1941 wartime military criminal code, which have not been subjected to substantial legal restyling, regardless of the explicit and implicit obligations of domestic criminalization inferred from treaties ratified by Italy. Only in 2001–2002, at the time of Italian military operations in Afghanistan, were certain amendments to this code introduced, in order to partly adapt its content to current rules of international humanitarian law and international criminal law. However, such solutions have not brought about effective harmonization and were drafted within an incoherent legal framework, made even more complex by subsequent reforms addressing military missions abroad, thus resulting in the current unsatisfactory scenario which would require substantive reforms.
Has Italy Finally Implemented its International Obligations Concerning the Punishment of Torture?
Authors: Gianelli Alessandra 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Almost 30 years after acceding to the Convention against Torture, in 2017 Italy introduced the crime of torture into its penal code. There was great debate as to whether the new provisions were in line with the country’s international obligations. The first interpretations of these rules by the highest criminal court draw heavily on international notions, in particular on the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights. The result is that, while the wording of the provisions remains questionable, their application tends to be consistent with (at least some) international rules.
The Appellate Court’s Reformatory Powers in ECtHR Case Law – between the Efficiency of the Procedure and the Guarantees of the Fair Trial in Criminal Proceedings
Authors: Fingas Maciej 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Appeal proceedings in criminal cases are regulated in various ways by European legislators. The ECtHR case law does not impose any particular model of appeal proceedings; however, Article 6 is applicable to appeal proceedings and the manner of its application is contingent on the specific features of the proceedings in question. One of the key problems in this respect is the way the issue of the reformatory powers of appellate courts is regulated. This article seeks to reconstruct the rules worked out in the Strasbourg Court’s case law pertaining to this matter, as well as to formulate proposals as regards applying the principle of immediacy in appeal proceedings and the issue of the appellate court’s differing assessment of facts established by the court of first instance. The possible developments of case law in this area are also discussed.
How Do Female and Male Characters Speak in the Japanese Translation of English Crime Novels?
Authors: Okamoto Shigeko 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The repertoire of linguistic expressions that index sociopragmatic meanings differs considerably from language to language. This difference becomes particularly noticeable when one language is translated into another. As an example, this study examines dialogs in the Japanese translations of two English crime novels to see how the translator deals with normatively gendered morphological forms in Japanese for which no corresponding forms exist in English. The analysis shows that although the same imperative, declarative, and interrogative forms are used for female and male characters in the English originals, in the translations, gendered forms are used not simply based on the gender of the characters but on the interaction of gender with other social variables, in particular class and age. The results and their theoretical implications are discussed, employing the notions of indirect indexing, double-voiced discourse, and cultural filter.
Non-response to psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder: A systematic review
Authors: Woodbridge Jane , Townsend Michelle , Reis Samantha , Singh Saniya , Grenyer Brin FS 
Published: September 2021

Highlight: This is the first systematic review to investigate non-response to psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder. Background: Psychotherapy is the recommended treatment for borderline personality disorder. While systematic reviews have demonstrated the effectiveness of psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder, effect sizes remain small and influenced by bias. Furthermore, the proportion of people who do not respond to treatment is seldom reported or analysed. Objective: To obtain an informed estimate of the proportion of people who do not respond to psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder. Methods: Systematic searches of five databases, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO and the Cochrane Library, occurred in November 2020. Inclusion criteria: participants diagnosed with borderline personality disorder, treated with psychotherapy and data reporting either (a) the proportion of the sample that experienced ‘reliable change’ or (b) the percentage of sample that no longer met criteria for borderline personality disorder at conclusion of therapy. Exclusion criteria: studies published prior to 1980 or not in English. Of the 19,517 studies identified, 28 met inclusion criteria. Results: Twenty-eight studies were included in the review comprising a total of 2436 participants. Average treatment duration was 11 months using well-known evidence-based approaches. Approximately half did not respond to treatment; M = 48.80% (SD = 22.77). Limitations: Data regarding within sample variability and non-response are seldom reported. Methods of reporting data on dosage and comorbidities were highly divergent which precluded the ability to conduct predictive analyses. Other limitations include lack of sensitivity analysis, and studies published in English only. Conclusion: Results of this review suggest that a large proportion of people are not responding to psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder and that factors relating to non-response are both elusive and inconsistently reported. Novel, tailored or enhanced interventions are needed to improve outcomes for individuals not responding to current established treatments.
Alveolar–arterial partial pressure difference as an early predictor for patients with acute paraquat poisoning
Authors: Chen Yu-Quan , Lin Yu-Qiang , Jiang Wen-Zhong , Yang Zhi-Qian , Pan Jing , Liu Wei-Wei , Liu Yi-Min 
Published: September 2021

Objective Paraquat (PQ) is associated with high mortality rates in acute poisoning. This study aimed to determine the importance of the alveolar–arterial partial pressure difference (A-aDo2) in the expected consequences of acute PQ poisoning. Methods Patients who were hospitalized for PQ poisoning in 2018 were enrolled in this retrospective study. A-aDo2 data were collected. Multivariate analysis was performed using binary logistic regression to determine whether A-aDo2 is an independent risk factor for mortality from PQ. Results A total of 352 cases were analyzed. The mean PQ dose was 36.84 ± 50.30 mL (0.3–500 mL). There were 185 survivors and 167 non-survivors. The mean A-aDo2 was not significantly correlated between survivors and non-survivors on day 1. However, there were significant differences in A-aDo2 between survivors and non-survivors on days 3, 7, 14, and 21. Increased A-aDo2 values were correlated with an increased mortality rate. The mean A-aDo2 on day 14 showed the most significant difference between survivors and non-survivors. Conclusion Our study suggests that A-aDo2 plays an important role as a reference index, which could be a useful predictor in assessing acute PQ poisoning, especially on the 14th day after onset of poisoning.
Health care practitioners’ confidence assessing lupus-related rashes in patients of color
Authors: Kannuthurai Vijay , Murray Jacob , Chen Ling , Baker Elizabeth A , Zickuhr Lisa 
Published: September 2021

Background: Patients with skin of color (P-SOC) are disproportionately burdened by lupus and often have worse disease outcomes than white patients. This is partly because educational materials underrepresent P-SOC, thereby promoting unconscious bias and clinical deficiencies among practitioners. Purpose: We sought to measure providers' confidence in diagnosing the cutaneous manifestations of lupus (i.e., lupus-related rashes) in P-SOC and to assess which factors influenced their confidence. Research Design: We created and distributed a survey that gathered information about participants' personal characteristics, clinical specialty, training, and current practice as well as measuring their confidence assessing lupus-related rashes in various skin tones. Study Sample: Practitioners from the fields of rheumatology, dermatology, and internal medicine in the greater St. Louis area (Missouri, USA) participated in the survey. Analysis: We compared practitioners' mean confidence levels assessing lupus-related rashes in patients with fair skin and P-SOC with a linear mixed effects model and used univariate and multivariate linear regression models to determine if the aforementioned factors correlated with confidence. Results: Participants' mean confidence in diagnosing lupus-related rashes in P-SOC was significantly lower than assessing such findings in patients with fair skin ( p = .009). Several factors correlated with confidence level at a univariate level; however, the multivariate model revealed experience as the only factor significantly associated with confidence ( p = .001). Conclusions: Providers report significantly less confidence assessing lupus-related rashes in P-SOC than in patients with fair skin. Our analysis demonstrates that experience positively correlates with confidence and suggests that interventions which enhance practitioners' exposure to and experience with these rashes in P-SOC can improve clinical confidence as well as patient outcomes.
Vegan Men’s Food and Health Practices: A Recipe for a More Health-Conscious Masculinity?
Authors: Aavik Kadri , Velgan Marta 
Published: September 2021

In the age of the Anthropocene, questions of ecological sustainability, animal ethics, and human health are intimately entangled. From a gender perspective, compared to women, men’s diets tend to be less healthy and sustainable. This is linked to worse health outcomes for men. Therefore, alternative, more ethical ways of eating that have the potential to improve men’s health and well-being and simultaneously contribute to better public health and sustainability outcomes should be encouraged. Veganism addresses issues of food, health, climate change, and animal justice simultaneously. This article explores vegan men’s food practices in relation to health and well-being, drawing on qualitative interviews with 61 vegan men. The interview material was analyzed using the method of thematic analysis. Our findings suggest that becoming vegan encourages positive changes in men’s health behavior. This includes paying more attention to nutrition and taking better care of one’s health. Vegan men report experiencing better physical and mental well-being upon going vegan. Based on these findings, we argue that vegan men’s food and health practices contribute to the emergence of healthier masculinities, as vegan men help to challenge links between risky health behavior and masculinity.
The effect of carpal tunnel release on health-related quality of life of 2346 patients over a 5-year period
Authors: Postma Justin D. , Kemler Marius A. 
Published: September 2021

In this prospective cohort study, the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) from a societal perspective of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) patients was determined and compared with other diseases. In addition, the effect of carpal tunnel release (CTR) was analysed 6 weeks postoperatively with regard to mean EQ-5D index value improvement, side-effects of surgery and cost per quality adjusted life year (QALY) gained. We found a baseline mean EQ-5D index value of 0.75 (SD: 0.23), comparable with values seen in other disease like breast cancer, diabetes and asthma. Furthermore, we found that CTR improved HRQoL substantially 6 weeks postoperatively (mean + 0.12, SD: 0.22) and significantly reduced symptom reporting (mean −52%, SD: 53) with a cost per QALY gained of €396.05. In conclusion, CTS has a comparable impact on quality of life as compared with other diseases, and CTR has the potential to substantially improve patient’s HRQoL at a fairly modest cost. Level of evidence: III
Time in Therapeutic Range Using a Nomogram for Dose Adjustment of Warfarin in Patients on Hemodialysis With Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Defoe Kimberly , Wichart Jenny , Leung Kelvin 
Published: September 2021

Background: Patients treated with hemodialysis and prescribed warfarin typically have lower time in therapeutic range (TTR) compared to the general population. This may result in less benefit or increased risk of over anticoagulation in these patients. Objective: To assess effectiveness of use of an electronic nomogram for the management of warfarin therapy in patients treated with hemodialysis. Design: Retrospective chart review. Setting: Adult patients treated with hemodialysis. Patients: Patients on hemodialysis receiving warfarin for the management of atrial fibrillation (AF) with therapy managed by nursing led electronic nomogram. Measurements: Time in therapeutic range (as fraction and Rosendaal). Methods: Retrospective chart review over 1 year of international normalized ratio (INR) results was completed, and TTR was calculated. Comparison of patients with TTR greater than 60% to those less than 60% was completed using chi-square analysis. Results: Of 43 patients with warfarin therapy managed by the nomogram, the mean TTR was 55.2% (calculated by fraction method) or 61.2% (calculated by Rosendaal method). More than half of the patients (63.5%) had moderate to good control, defined as TTR greater than 60%. Female sex, liver disease, or history of substance use and more medication holds were associated with lower TTR. Limitations: Small sample size and retrospective nature of review. Conclusions: The results of this review supports the use of an electronic, nursing-led nomogram for the maintenance management of warfarin therapy in stable patients treated with hemodialysis, as use results in TTR greater than 60% for more than half of patients.