bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growing-rod implantation improves nutrition status of early-onset scoliosis patients: a case series study of minimum 3-year follow-up
Authors: Li Xingye , Li Zheng , Lin Youxi , Tan Haining , Chen Chong , Shen Jianxiong 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
Early onset scoliosis (EOS) may cause malnutrition in affected patients. Growing-rod treatment has been an effective protocol for treating EOS. The objective of this study is to demonstrate whether growing-rod treatment improves nutritional status of EOS patients.

Methods
Fifty-two EOS patients who had dual growing-rod surgery was enrolled. The minimum follow-up was 3-years. Their body weights were normalized based on the data of two National Population Census of China. Z-scores were used to indicate the standard deviation from the median body weight-for-age.

Results
The median follow-up time was 6 years. Preoperatively, the prevalence of malnutrition (Z < − 2) was 21.2%, and reduced to 9.6% at the end of the follow-up. Preoperatively, the average Z-score was − 0.94, and it increased to − 0.65 at the latest follow-up (p < 0.05). Patients with preoperative Z-score below − 1 had more significant increase of Z-scores (− 2.15 vs − 1.26, p < 0.001). A significant negative correlation between the change of Z-score and the preoperative Z-score (correlation coefficient − 0.65, p < 0.001).

Conclusions
The growing rod surgery and lengthening procedures significantly improves the nutrition status of EOS patients. The body weight gains are more significant in patients with lower body weights.
Towards robust and replicable sex differences in the intrinsic brain function of autism
Authors: Floris Dorothea L. , Filho José O. A. , Lai Meng-Chuan , Giavasis Steve , Oldehinkel Marianne , Mennes Maarten , Charman Tony , Tillmann Julian , Dumas Guillaume , Ecker Christine , Dell’Acqua Flavio , Banaschewski Tobias , Moessnang Carolin , Baron-Cohen Simon , Durston Sarah , Loth Eva , Murphy Declan G. M. , Buitelaar Jan K. , Beckmann Christian F. , Milham Michael P. , Di Martino Adriana 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
Marked sex differences in autism prevalence accentuate the need to understand the role of biological sex-related factors in autism. Efforts to unravel sex differences in the brain organization of autism have, however, been challenged by the limited availability of female data.

Methods
We addressed this gap by using a large sample of males and females with autism and neurotypical (NT) control individuals (ABIDE; Autism: 362 males, 82 females; NT: 409 males, 166 females; 7–18 years). Discovery analyses examined main effects of diagnosis, sex and their interaction across five resting-state fMRI (R-fMRI) metrics (voxel-level Z > 3.1, cluster-level P < 0.01, gaussian random field corrected). Secondary analyses assessed the robustness of the results to different pre-processing approaches and their replicability in two independent samples: the EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project (LEAP) and the Gender Explorations of Neurogenetics and Development to Advance Autism Research.

Results
Discovery analyses in ABIDE revealed significant main effects of diagnosis and sex across the intrinsic functional connectivity of the posterior cingulate cortex, regional homogeneity and voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) in several cortical regions, largely converging in the default network midline. Sex-by-diagnosis interactions were confined to the dorsolateral occipital cortex, with reduced VMHC in females with autism. All findings were robust to different pre-processing steps. Replicability in independent samples varied by R-fMRI measures and effects with the targeted sex-by-diagnosis interaction being replicated in the larger of the two replication samples—EU-AIMS LEAP.

Limitations
Given the lack of a priori harmonization among the discovery and replication datasets available to date, sample-related variation remained and may have affected replicability.

Conclusions
Atypical cross-hemispheric interactions are neurobiologically relevant to autism. They likely result from the combination of sex-dependent and sex-independent factors with a differential effect across functional cortical networks. Systematic assessments of the factors contributing to replicability are needed and necessitate coordinated large-scale data collection across studies.
Stem cells and COVID-19: are the human amniotic cells a new hope for therapies against the SARS-CoV-2 virus?
Authors: Riedel Rodrigo N. , Pérez-Pérez Antonio , Sánchez-Margalet Víctor , Varone Cecilia L. , Maymó Julieta L. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA new coronavirus respiratory disease (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, surprised the entire world, producing social, economic, and health problems. The COVID-19 triggers a lung infection with a multiple proinflammatory cytokine storm in severe patients. Without effective and safe treatments, COVID-19 has killed thousands of people, becoming a pandemic. Stem cells have been suggested as a therapy for lung-related diseases. In particular, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been successfully tested in some clinical trials in patients with COVID-19. The encouraging results positioned MSCs as a possible cell therapy for COVID-19. The amniotic membrane from the human placenta at term is a valuable stem cell source, including human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs) and human mesenchymal stromal cells (hAMSCs). Interestingly, amnion cells have immunoregulatory, regenerative, and anti-inflammatory properties. Moreover, hAECs and hAMSCs have been used both in preclinical studies and in clinical trials against respiratory diseases. They have reduced the inflammatory response and restored the pulmonary tissue architecture in lung injury in vivo models. Here, we review the existing data about the stem cells use for COVID-19 treatment, including the ongoing clinical trials. We also consider the non-cellular therapies that are being applied. Finally, we discuss the human amniotic membrane cells use in patients who suffer from immune/inflammatory lung diseases and hypothesize their possible use as a successful treatment against COVID-19.
Extraction of bioactive compounds from Psidium guajava leaves and its utilization in preparation of jellies
Authors: Sampath Kumar N. S. , Sarbon Norizah Mhd , Rana Sandeep Singh , Chintagunta Anjani Devi , Prathibha S. , Ingilala Satheesh Kumar , Jeevan Kumar S. P. , Sai Anvesh B. , Dirisala Vijaya Ramu 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPsidium guajava L. (guava) is predominantly grown throughout the world and known for its medicinal properties in treating various diseases and disorders. The present work focuses on aqueous extraction of bioactive compounds from the guava leaf and its utilization in the formulation of jelly to improve the public health. The guava leaf extract has been used in the preparation of jelly with pectin (1.5 g), sugar (28 g) and lemon juice (2 mL). The prepared guava leaf extract jelly (GJ) and the control jelly (CJ, without extract) were subjected to proximate, nutritional and textural analyses besides determination of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. GJ was found to contain carbohydrate (45.78 g/100 g), protein (3.0 g/100 g), vitamin C (6.15 mg/100 g), vitamin B3 (2.90 mg/100 g) and energy (120.6 kcal). Further, the texture analysis of CJ and GJ indicated that both the jellies showed similar properties emphasizing that the addition of guava leaf extract does not bring any change in the texture properties of jelly. GJ exhibited antimicrobial activity against various bacteria ranging from 11.4 to 13.6 mm. Similarly, GJ showed antioxidant activity of 42.38% against DPPH radical and 33.45% against hydroxyl radical. Mass spectroscopic analysis of aqueous extract confirmed the presence of esculin, quercetin, gallocatechin, 3-sinapoylquinic acid, gallic acid, citric acid and ellagic acid which are responsible for antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.
Anesthetic considerations for cesarean delivery in a parturient with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: a case report
Authors: Kamimura Yuji , Nakanishi Toshiyuki , (Boku)Sato Aiji , Kako Eisuke , Tanaka Motoshi , Sobue Kazuya 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), also known as Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome, is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by mucocutaneous telangiectasia and arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). There are some anesthetic considerations for cesarean delivery in a parturient with HHT.

Case presentation
A 27-year-old parturient with pulmonary hemorrhage was admitted to our tertiary perinatal center. She was first diagnosed with HHT and a cesarean delivery using spinal anesthesia at 37 weeks of gestation was initially planned. However, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 32 weeks of gestation revealed spinal AVM ranging from the thoracic to the lumbar levels. Thus, elective cesarean delivery under general anesthesia was planned. The parturient had an uneventful perioperative course.

Conclusions
HHT should be considered as a differential diagnosis when parturients develop pulmonary hemorrhage. In a cesarean delivery of parturients with HHT, spinal MRI during pregnancy can help in deciding the anesthetic procedure to be used.
Health financing for universal health coverage in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review
Authors: Ifeagwu Susan C. , Yang Justin C. , Parkes-Ratanshi Rosalind , Brayne Carol 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundUniversal health coverage (UHC) embedded within the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, is defined by the World Health Organization as all individuals having access to required health services, of sufficient quality, without suffering financial hardship. Effective strategies for financing healthcare are critical in achieving this goal yet remain a challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This systematic review aims to determine reported health financing mechanisms in SSA within the published literature and summarize potential learnings.MethodsA systematic review was conducted aligned with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) reporting guidelines. On 19 to 30 July 2019, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Global Health Database, the Cochrane Library, Scopus and JSTOR were searched for literature published from 2005. Studies describing health financing approaches for UHC in SSA were included. Evidence was synthesised in form of a table and thematic analysis.ResultsOf all records, 39 papers were selected for inclusion. Among the included studies, most studies were conducted in Kenya (n = 7), followed by SSA as a whole (n = 6) and Nigeria (n = 5). More than two thirds of the selected studies reported the importance of equitable national health insurance schemes for UHC. The results indicate that a majority of health care revenue in SSA is from direct out-of-pocket payments. Another common financing mechanism was donor funding, which was reported by most of the studies. The average quality score of all studies was 81.6%, indicating a high appraisal score. The interrater reliability Cohen’s kappa score, κ=0.43 (p = 0.002), which showed a moderate level of agreement.ConclusionsAppropriate health financing strategies that safeguard financial risk protection underpin sustainable health services and the attainment of UHC. It is evident from the review that innovative health financing strategies in SSA are needed. Some limitations of this review include potentially skewed interpretations due to publication bias and a higher frequency of publications included from two countries in SSA. Establishing evidence-based and multi-sectoral strategies tailored to country contexts remains imperative.
The hidden dangers of staying home: a London trauma unit experience of lockdown during the COVID-19 virus pandemic
Authors: Oliver-Welsh L , Richardson C , Ward DA 
Published: March 2021

Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in reconfiguration of the NHS. Elective services were stopped and trauma services focused on decreasing patient–clinician interactions and managing injuries nonoperatively wherever possible. The everyday life of the general public changed dramatically with the introduction of a national lockdown to prevent the spread of COVID-19. This paper looks at the experience of a South West London trauma unit. Materials and methods All patients reviewed in fracture clinic and by the orthopaedic on-call team between 23 March to 23 April 2020 were included. Data on the mechanism of injury and whether this was a usual activity, the injury sustained and its management were collected. Results A total of 167 trauma injuries were seen, compared with 735 new patients with injuries in the previous month. The number of trauma operations completed decreased by 38%; 55% of injuries occurred inside the home and 44% outside the home during daily exercise. Some 31% of injuries were secondary to a new activity taken up during lockdown. Three open fractures and two polytrauma cases were seen that would have normally been managed at the local major trauma centre. Conclusion Overall, both the number of injuries seen and trauma operations completed during the enforced lockdown decreased. This is probably due to a change in the way the general public are living their lives, and the reconfigurations within the NHS in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This is an interesting time within trauma and orthopaedic departments, as they continue to adapt to the changing injuries and working environment.
Mid-infrared supercontinuum generation of 1.14  W in a fluoroindate fiber pumped by a fast gain-switched and mode-locked thulium-doped fiber laser system
Authors: Swiderski Jacek , Grzes Pawel , Michalska Maria 
Published: March 2021

We report the generation of a spectrally flat supercontinuum in a fluoroindate (

I
n
F

3

) fiber with a maximum time-averaged output power of 1.14 W and a spectrum extended to 4.75 µm. The pump source was a fast gain-switched and semiconductor saturable absorber mirror mode-locked thulium Tm-doped fiber laser followed by a cascade of two Tm-doped fiber amplifiers. The repetition rates of the gain-switched pulses and mode-locked sub-pulses were 50 kHz and 111 MHz, respectively, whereas the duration of sub-pulses recorded within a gain-switched pulse envelope was

∼

110

p
s

. This home-built pump laser system provided an output average power of 2.45 W at a central wavelength of 2 µm. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper on supercontinuum generation in an

I
n
F

3

fiber pumped by a fast gain-switched and mode-locked laser system. This approach is promising for further efficient continuum generation in the mid-infrared region.
First demonstration of an on-chip quadplexer for passive optical network systems
Authors: Liu Dajian , Zhang Long , Jiang Hexin , Dai Daoxin 
Published: March 2021

An on-chip quadplexer is proposed and demonstrated with four wavelength-channels of 1270, 1310, 1490, and 1577 nm. The present quadplexer consists of four cascaded filters based on multimode waveguide grating (MWG), which are composed of a two-mode (de)multiplexer and an MWG. For the fabricated quadplexer on silicon, all four wavelength channels have flat-top responses with low excess losses of

<
0.5

dB

as well as the desired bandwidths, which are about 16, 38, 19, and 6 nm, respectively. The cross-talk for both upstream channels and downstream channels is less than

−
24

dB

. Moreover, the data transmission of

10

Gb
/
s

of the present silicon quadplexer is also successfully demonstrated.
Encefalite Autoimune Anti-Nmda: Um Chamado Clínico na Oncologia / Anti-Nmda Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Clinical Call In Oncology
Authors: Correia Neto Cícero José , Pires Andrea Marques da Silva , Silva Igor Marcelo Castro e 
Published: March 2021

A encefalite com anticorpos anti-N-metil-D-aspartato (NMDA) surge, em sua grande maioria, em mulheres jovens, podendo estar associada ao teratoma do ovário e em homens, em menor número e com presença de tumores testiculares. O quadro clínico está associado a uma síndrome gripal, cursando, progressivamente, para alterações psiquiátricas, convulsões e hipoventilação central. O tratamento é interdisciplinar, envolvendo cirurgia e imunoterapia, constatando-se melhoria significativa em quase todos os doentes. Os autores apresentam uma revisão de literatura sobre a encefalite com anticorpos anti-NMDA
Reconstruction of a Space-Dependent Coefficient in a Linear Benjamin–Bona–Mahony Type Equation
Authors: Pipicano Felipe Alexander , Muñoz Grajales Juan Carlos , Sosa Anibal 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we consider the problem of reconstructing a space-dependent coefficient in a linear Benjamin–Bona–Mahony (BBM)-type equation from a single measurement of its solution at a given time.
We analyze the well-posedness of the forward initial-boundary value problem and characterize the inverse problem as a constrained optimization one.
Our objective consists on reconstructing the variable coefficient in the BBM equation by minimizing an appropriate regularized Tikhonov-type functional constrained by the BBM equation.
The well-posedness of the forward problem is studied and approximated numerically by combining a finite-element strategy for spatial discretization using the Python-FEniCS package, together with a second-order implicit scheme for time stepping.
The minimization process of the Tikhonov-regularization adopted is performed by using an iterative L-BFGS-B quasi-Newton algorithm as described for instance by Byrd et al. (1995) and Zhu et al. (1997).
Numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the robustness of the proposed method with noisy data.
The local stability and uniqueness of the solution to the constrained optimization problem for a fixed value of the regularization parameter are also proved and illustrated numerically.
Treatment options and current guidelines of care for pediatric type 2 diabetes patients: a narrative review
Authors: Molinari Antonia M. , Shubrook Jay H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Context
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) mellitus, which was once considered a disease affecting adults, is a growing problem among youths. Research now shows that T2D in youths is more progressive and associated with earlier onset of complications than adult-onset T2D.

Objectives
To update practicing clinical physicians on what is currently known about pediatric T2D and share current guidelines to care for these patients.

Methods
The authors conducted a literature review through the MEDLINE/PubMed, Google Scholar, and clinicaltrials.gov databases in July 2019 using the following search phrases: “youth-onset type 2 diabetes,” “pediatric type 2 diabetes,” “diabetes in youth,” and “FDA-approved pediatric diabetes medications.” Items published between 2010 and 2019 and written in English were included.

Results
A total of 65 items were included after database review, including 44 articles, 10 FDA product inserts, six clinicaltrials.gov listings, three position statements/guideline documents, one website, and one FDA announcement.

Conclusions
There are very limited treatment options available to manage pediatric T2D. Prevention of pediatric T2D is paramount, which requires a high index of suspicion, routine screening of children and adolescents, and willingness to engage in family-based interventions for those at risk for prediabetes and T2D. Osteopathic physicians have a unique opportunity to help by applying the osteopathic principles to the whole person – including environmental, societal, and lifestyle factors – to help patients achieve their health and wellness goals.
Mentors’ experiences in an osteopathic medical student research program
Authors: Hamby Tyler , Bowman W. Paul , Wilson Don P. , Basha Riyaz 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Context
Medical students, especially at osteopathic medical schools, have limited research exposure. Systematic instruction in research, supervised by qualified mentors, could motivate osteopathic medical students to pursue research in their careers, thereby increasing the number of future clinician-scientists. Recruiting and retaining suitable research mentors are crucial to sustaining such programs, but this task is also particularly challenging for osteopathic medical schools.

Objectives
To assess mentors' experiences in a voluntary student-mentor medical research program.

Methods
An online survey was sent to 76 university- or hospital-based participants who previously mentored 219 medical students between 2014 and 2019. The questionnaire consisted of 13 items with responses in checklist, five-point Likert scale, and categorical multiple-choice formats, assessing motivation for participation, satisfaction with the program, and interest in future participation. Data were analyzed descriptively, and responses from mentors at the university and hospital were compared using univariate logistic and ordinal regression analyses.

Results
Among 70 (92.1%) mentors who responded to the survey, 61 (87.1%) reported being motivated by a desire to help medical students learn research. Forty-nine (70.0%) mentors indicated that furthering their own research productivity was a motivation, and hospital-based mentors were statistically significantly more likely to endorse this source of motivation (OR=2.02; 95% CI=1.18–3.45; p=0.01). Most respondents were satisfied with the quality of the students' work (59 [84.3%]) and with the program (59 [85.5%]). However, 46 (65.7%) suggested the program could be enhanced by requiring medical students to be physically present in the clinic or laboratory for a minimum amount of time. Importantly, most (58 [84.1%]) mentors reported that they would be interested in participating in future mentored research programs.

Conclusions
Mentors were motivated to participate in the voluntary research program for both altruistic and professional reasons. Since most mentors reported being satisfied with the program, it is likely they would participate in future mentored research programs. Our results suggest that mentors viewed this voluntary research program as mutually beneficial.
Ratios between circulating myeloid cells and lymphocytes are associated with mortality in severe COVID-19 patients
Authors: Ma Hui , Lim Xiong Chang , Yu Qihong , Li Yi , Li Yuechuan , Jia Wei 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Recent studies indicate that host immune responses are dysregulated with either myeloid cell compartment or lymphocyte composition being disturbed in COVID-19. This study aimed to assess the impact of SARS-CoV-2 viral infection on the composition of circulating immune cells in severe COVID-19 patients. In this retrospective single-center cohort, 71 out of 87 COVID-19 patients admitted to the intense care unit for oxygen treatment were included in this study. Demographics, clinical features, comorbidities, and laboratory findings were collected on admission. Out of the 71 patients, 5 died from COVID-19. Compared with survived patients, deceased patients showed higher blood cell counts of neutrophils and monocytes but lower cell counts of lymphocytes. Intriguingly, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and basophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (BLR) were markedly higher in deceased patients compared to survived patients. Furthermore, the lymphocyte counts were negatively correlated with D-dimer levels, while the ratios between myeloid cells and lymphocyte (NLR, MLR, and BLR) were positively correlated with D-dimer levels. Our findings revealed that the ratios between myeloid cells and lymphocytes were highly correlated with coagulation status and patient mortality in severe COVID-19.