bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rare earth nitrides and their applications in magnetic tunnel junctions
Authors:   , Ullstad Felicia 
Published: December 2021

<p>In this thesis, we investigate the rare earth nitrides, a family of materials containing many intrinsic ferromagnetic semiconductors, with a particular focus on GdN and SmN.We investigate the rare earth nitride formation reaction, explore some properties of GdN and SmN, and finally manufacture and measure magnetic tunnel junctions which incorporate rare earth nitrides. The investigations of the reaction and properties of the materials are used to improve and understand the magnetic tunnel junctions. All samples and devices are grown at room temperature, giving polycrystalline rare earth nitride films. We show that a rare earth surface can catalytically break theN2 molecule at ambient temperature and low pressures. We follow the nitrogen reacting with the rare earth to form a rare earth nitride in real time via conductance measurements. By comparing the N2 cracking, reaction, and diffusion at both a RE and a REN surface we propose a pressure range in which the nitrogen content in SmN can be manipulated and conclude that the nitrogen in the top monolayers in a SmN film is mobile. In the investigation of GdN and SmN, we find that the conductivity of SmN follows the same behaviour as GdN when changing the N2 pressure during deposition. We follow the conductance change in SmN during deposition and propose a minimum thickness for room temperature deposited SmN films for consistent conductivity measurements. We report structural and magnetic changes in GdN which has been exposed to N-ions. We also present data on materials making ohmic contact to both GdN and SmN. Finally, we report the manufacturing and investigation of magnetic tunnel junctions using GdN and SmN electrodes with a GaN tunnel barrier. A new pattern design produces 20 devices, in a single deposition, which show consistent behaviour and expands on previous work on this topic. The main focus of the investigation is the J-V characteristics of the magnetic tunnel junctions which shows clear non-linear behaviour arising from tunnelling through the GaN. A Simmons fit to the J-V characteristics yields a barrier height of 0:8 eV and barrier thicknesses close to experimentally determined thicknesses. The J-V characteristics are investigated with changing temperature and changing applied magnetic field to investigate the effect of the ferromagnetism of the GdN and SmN electrodes. The tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) of the devices show two contributions, a low-temperature TMR contribution and a 50K TMR contribution, and the maximum TMR for all devices are between 100% to 600%. The devices can withstand current densities up to 4000A/cm² and voltages up to 5V which is promising for a wide range of future applications.</p>
Legal Parentage “By Design”: Reimagining Birth Certificates in Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors:   , Ballantyne Ruth 
Published: December 2021

<p>This thesis highlights two significant flaws in birth certification and legal parentage regimes in Aotearoa New Zealand that negatively impact children conceived and raised in an array of diverse family structures. First, birth certificates currently reflect a child’s legal parentage, excluding any reference to a child’s genetic or gestational origins. This thesis draws on social constructionist conceptions of the self and narrative identity theory, alongside Māori understandings of aspects of whakapapa, to demonstrate that birth certificates should incorporate more information about a child’s origins, and that a failure to do so can have negative consequences for a child’s identity development. To rectify these informational deficits, this thesis argues for the reform of birth certification in Aotearoa New Zealand. It demonstrates the nature and potential of these reforms through the creation of a prototype birth certificate for all children that incorporates their genetic, gestational, and legal parentage. Second, this thesis claims that the current model of legal parentage, which permits a child to have a maximum of two legally recognised parents at any given time, does not reflect the lives of children who are intentionally brought into the world and raised by more than two individuals. Rather, it embodies historic understandings of legal parentage that privilege traditional heterosexual western forms of reproduction, and fails to account for the realities of assisted human reproduction and modern-day family formation. Expanding the operation of legal parentage to incorporate all of a child’s parental figures (and including them on the child’s birth certificate from the outset) would provide greater legal protection for children born into multi-parent families, in line with that currently enjoyed by children with one or two legal parents. Therefore, this thesis develops an intentional model of legal parentage accommodating more than two legal parents where a child is conceived by assisted human reproduction in specified circumstances. Reimagining birth certificates and legal parentage as proposed in this thesis would better reflect the social and narrative realities of identity formation, especially for children, whereby who they become is greatly shaped by the individuals in their lives and their experiences in the world. It would also better meet our obligations under the United Nations Convention of the Rights of the Child, as well as possibly affording greater respect to Māori conceptions of identity, which is of fundamental importance given the classification of whakapapa as a taonga guaranteed protection under Te Tiriti o Waitangi. The expansion of legal parentage beyond the two-parent paradigm would also provide greater legal protection to children in Aotearoa New Zealand, arguably making this area of family law consistent with a legal framework that is otherwise well attuned to recognising the diversity and complexity of family relationships.</p>
If Walls Could Speak: Designing a satellite creative campus through a combination of adaptive reuse strategies and artistic manoeuvres generated from music video to enhance a repurposed building’s identity
Authors:   , Taylor Morgan 
Published: December 2021

<p>In many examples of adaptive reuse, the original identity of a work of architecture becomes lost or obscured when the new interior program is no longer represented by the meaning inherent in the exterior facades. This design research investigation explores how active incorporation of memory into an architectural design concept can enable a repurposed building to tell a meaningful story over time. Most contemporary architectural design relating to adaptive reuse does not take advantage of this important opportunity. This thesis looks at a site that is currently home to NIWA, the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research facility, at Greta Point, on Evans Bay outside of Wellington. This research site and the surrounding area have many layers of history and inherent narrative associated with it, making this a strong site for this adaptive reuse design research experiment. This thesis argues that new architecture and old architecture in adaptive reuse projects can maintain strong meaningful identities while co-existing in harmony with one another and their new programmes. one principal goal of this investigation is to avoid facadism where an original facade becomes a meaningless mask for what is happening inside a repurposed building. This thesis investigates how this can be achieved by: analysing contemporary narrative, memory-based music videos to explore how the application of similar techniques might enable adaptive reuse projects to enhance a building’s identity; investigating how these design techniques can help provide meaningful identity to the architectural components while establishing relationships between old and new, inside and outside; enhancing the greater history and narrative of the site; and by adding meaning to the conflicting grids that may have arisen over time in relation to the wider history of the site.</p>
Bring Back the Bach
Authors:   , Woolley Isabella 
Published: December 2021

<p>The historic informal architecture of New Zealand’s coastline is precise; it’s small, modest, individual, and ultimately exhibits the concept that less, is more. This architectural heritage is the bach. It’s an icon on the New Zealand coastlines. These occasionally occupied dwellings hold a nostalgic feeling to many Kiwi’s. Baches typically sit lightly on the land, and are careful to not outshine the beautiful environment that attracted its occupants to its site. Through the effects of privatization and subdivision, parts of New Zealand’s coastline have been overdeveloped, which has dramatically affected and diminished the coastal environment. The contemporary holiday home is typically a more expensive, large, suburban house, unsympathetic to its landscape. This change in coastal architecture and settlement patterns is making the coastline inaccessible for many. As the old Kiwi bach is being redeveloped and replaced, New Zealand architecture is losing part of its identity. We are ruining that pristine environment that attracted us to the coastline in the beginning. This research looks towards coastal environments in the northern area of the North Island of New Zealand. Kawau Island serves as the testing ground for the design research, with a historic and hypothetical subdivision as the setting. The design tests the research at varying scales; how the land can be subdivided, how the land can be occupied, and how the buildings can be designed, to collectively and individually have less impact on the environment. The purpose of this research is to find how we can design more sustainably for our inhabitation of the coast of New Zealand. If we still want to inhabit the coastline, how can this happen in a more mindful way? We inhabit the coast to enjoy that environment, so we need to build with the least impact so that it can be retained and enjoyed. An understanding of building with low-impact to the environment is at the forefront of this research, to ensure that there is minimal impact throughout both construction, and occupation. Building with minimal impact was investigated through theoretical sustainability principles, precedents and design testing. This impact is interpreted through several different aspects of the development; the way that the development is owned and operated, the siting and clustering of buildings within the land, the tectonics and constructions of individual dwellings, and the way that this development connects on a larger scale with the island.</p>
Urban Riverscapes: Reconnecting Urban Environments With the River Landscape
Authors:   , Fairgray Elle 
Published: December 2021

<p>Water is a fundamental component of New Zealand’s landscape, culture, history and identity. It is moving, changing form, accumulating and dispersing, it is ever changing never in the same context twice. Rivers are a single representation of this process in which we experience water in the landscape. New Zealand has beautiful and intense water ways that pass through urban environments, yet due to the flood protection measures in place, they are disconnected from the urban environment. They are difficult to access and do not hold a presence in our growing urban environment which they once had significance in. Stopbanks are the most common form of river flood protection infrastructure in New Zealand. They treat the river as a static element without giving them the space to move, flood and meander. They create a physical barrier between the urban environment and river space and do not respond to the differences of rivers and urban environments. Growing urbanisation is increasing the pressure on stormwater infrastructure and growing the risk and effects of flooding. Increasing magnitude and frequency of rainfall events is only putting more pressure on flood protection infrastructure and stopbank infrastructure is crumbling under the pressure. Urban environments are requiring a larger level of flood protection that the traditional stopbank can provide. This thesis is an investigation into the role of stopbanks for flood protection in urban river spaces and their effect of the experiential and ecological experience of the river. This investigation, developed through an analysis of the Waiwhakaiho River in New Plymouth, the Waikanae River in Kapiti and the Waipoua River in the Waiarapa informs a redesign of flood protection measures in New Zealand medium sized towns to repair the disconnection of the urban environment to the river.</p>
Creating Ethical Markets or Marketing Ethics? A Critical Exploration of Ethical Value Networks in Chilean and Peruvian Viticulture and Oenology
Authors:   , Williams Peter 
Published: December 2021

<p>The global integration of agriculture has increasingly exposed rural groups in Latin America, and other regions of the Global South, to external economic forces. This integration, encouraged by neoliberal ideology, has in many ways exacerbated underdevelopment and peripherality of these regions. Small-scale farmers tend to disproportionately suffer from trade inequality and a range of negative social, economic, and environmental outcomes associated with the integration of agriculture. In response, consumers in the Global North have become more concerned about how food is being produced and to what standards, particularly when production takes place in the South. In part, this has driven the rise of what this research theorises as ethical value networks and linked product labels. Diverse networks and product labels based in social justice, sustainability, quality and origin have been promoted as alternative models to globalised agriculture. It is claimed that these alternative networks assist rural groups otherwise disadvantaged by neoliberal globalisation by facilitating access to higher-value ethical niche markets, while encouraging localised ethical forms of development. This research critically explores two examples of ethical value networks in South American viticulture. It examines the use of fair trade certifications in Chilean wine and the protected designation of origin mark on pisco from Peru. This research emphasises the importance of local social, economic, and political contexts in the formation and outcomes of ethical value networks. It argues that despite the potential of the two studied networks to encourage local social and community development, entrenched socio-economic inequalities in Chile and Peru have hindered the expected positive outcomes of these ethical value networks. Moreover, this thesis argues that the studied networks have in many ways worsened local rural inequalities by supporting industrial and newer producers while excluding the most vulnerable actors in the wine and pisco sectors. Therefore, although this thesis illustrates the potential capacities of ethical value networks in fostering local development outcomes through product labelling, it also reveals the main limitations of these networks as currently implemented.</p>
Global Illumination on a Mobile Phone: Scalable Real-time Global Illumination using Sparse Radiance Probes
Authors:   , Bennett Joseph 
Published: December 2021

<p>Real-time global illumination that scales from low to high-end hardware is important for interactive applications so they can reach wider audiences. To do this, the real-time lighting algorithm used needs to have varying performance characteristics. Sparse Radiance Probes (SRP) is a recent real-time global illumination algorithm that runs in under 5 ms per frame on a high-end Nvidia Titan X GPU. Its low per-frame timings suggest it could scale to low-end devices, but no prior work provides complete implementation details and evaluates its performance across devices with varying performance characteristics to prove this. Therefore, this thesis aims to fill this gap and determine if SRP is scalable across low to high-end devices. SRP is implemented with adjustable scaling parameters, and its performance is compared across three test devices. A low-end iPhone 7, a mid-range AMD Radeon 560 graphics card, and a high-end AMD RX Vega 56 graphics card. The implementation in this thesis ran above 60 FPS for simple scenes on the iPhone 7, and with a reasonable reduction in quality, it ran just above 30 FPS on more complex scenes like Crytek Sponza. These results show that SRP can scale to low-end devices. While the implementation in this thesis runs in real time, there are implementation optimisations that would make SRP run even faster across all the test devices without reducing quality.</p>
Investigation of the electron and thermal transport in rare-earth nitrides
Authors:   , Maity Tanmay 
Published: December 2021

<p>Gadolinium nitride (GdN) and samarium nitride (SmN) have been widely studied to understand their ferromagnetic ordering and electronic structure, and for their promise in spintronics applications. This thesis presents experimental magnetotransport studies of GdN and SmN films in which experimental results have been compared with the existing band structure calculation. Three GdN films have been prepared in different conditions, among them two films are epitaxial quality and one film is polycrystalline in nature, and two films of SmN were also studied. Their magnetic properties were probed by SQUID magnetometry and they are found to be ferromagnetic. The transition temperature differs from sample to sample and this behaviour has been attributed to the presence of magnetic polarons that nucleate around nitrogen vacancies and give rise to an inhomogeneous ferromagnetic state. The charge transport results have been discussed for all GdN and SmN films. A full set of charge/heat transport results are obtained on only one epitaxial GdN. The difference of resistivity among these samples is noticeable. The Hall effect results show the presence of different carrier concentration with at most only weak temperature dependence. We also have noticed the presence of anomalous Hall effect in the paramagnetic region for a lower-concentration epitaxial GdN. The thermopower in both GdN and SmN was measured to provide further insight into the material’s electronic properties. In this thesis we present the first experimental investigation of the thermopower of epitaxial gadolinium nitride and samarium nitride films, measured using an experimental set-up designed for measuring the temperature dependent thermopower of thin films. Our result shows a negative thermopower for both GdN and SmN films and simple, though strong temperature dependence. At low temperatures we observe a peak near the ferromagnetic transition temperature in GdN. The results are interpreted in terms of the diffusion thermopower. Overall the results suggest that the nitrogen vacancy concentration controls the carrier concentration and plays a significant role towards the transport properties. We conclude that all films are either heavily, moderately or weakly doped semiconductors with a metallic characteristic.</p>
An Investigation of How Change in Dynamic Risk and Protective Factors Affects the Prediction of Imminent Criminal Recidivism
Authors:   , Davies Simon 
Published: December 2021

<p>Dynamic risk and protective factors are changeable, psychosocial variables associated with an increased or decreased likelihood of future criminal behaviour. These variables have an important role in correctional psychology. In particular, they are increasingly central to the management and supervision of individuals released from prison. The changeable nature of these variables means that, with frequent reassessment, the likelihood of recidivism can be monitored during the release period, and intervention can be more carefully targeted to an individual’s needs. However, research has yet to clearly demonstrate that reassessment of dynamic risk and protective factors can accurately track the likelihood of recidivism over time. Further, relatively little is known about how these variables change over time, and how change is associated with recidivism. This thesis set out to investigate whether reassessment of a dynamic risk assessment tool—the Dynamic Risk Assessment for Offender Re-entry (DRAOR; Serin, 2007; Serin, Mailloux, & Wilson, 2012)—would enhance the prediction of imminent recidivism among a large sample of high-risk men (n = 966) released from prison on parole in New Zealand. The analyses addressing this question were divided into three primary sections: 1) an investigation of whether a single proximal assessment was a more accurate predictor of imminent recidivism than a single baseline assessment completed shortly after release; 2) an investigation of whether a single proximal assessment was a more accurate predictor of recidivism than a series of aggregated measures across multiple time points, and; 3) an investigation of whether several different measures of intra-individual change demonstrated incremental predictive validity over the most proximal assessment. This approach represented a replication and extension of the framework set out by Lloyd (2015) in a recent thesis for testing whether reassessment of dynamic risk and protective factors enhances the prediction of imminent recidivism. Across all three sections, results provided consistent evidence that the most proximal assessment was the most accurate predictor of imminent recidivism. The most proximal assessment was a significantly more accurate predictor than a baseline assessment, and neither aggregation nor measures of intra-individual change clearly improved predictive accuracy. These results highlight the importance of reassessment for monitoring changes in the likelihood of recidivism over time and have important implications for community correctional agencies who are tasked with managing individuals released from prison, particularly those deemed to be the highest risk of recidivism. The results also have theoretical implications for the concepts of dynamic risk and protective factors and their role in the process leading to recidivism. A better understanding of the recidivism process should lead to intervention strategies that are more effective at reducing recidivism.</p>
Two U.S. elections: 1960 and 2000. A comparison of character
Authors:   , Power Simon 
Published: December 2021

<p>The United States presidential election in 2000 was one of the closest in history. In 1960, the winner of the popular vote in that presidential election won by the narrowest of margins. Forty years separated the two results, and both involved a sitting Vice President losing to a relative newcomer. This study sets out the backgrounds of each of the four presidential candidates who competed in 1960 and 2000 and aims to understand the character of each by examining the influences on their lives and the development of their defining character traits. The second aim is to understand the authentic nature of their character by applying several theoretical frameworks to each of them. The application of these theoretical models is done in the context of the outcomes of the 1960 and 2000 elections and, in particular, the losing candidates’ reactions to those results. It is at this most crucial moment that decision-making best reflects whether the candidate’s reaction is authentic in the context of his character development.</p>