bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combined adaptive robust Kalman filter algorithm
Authors: Lin Xu , Li Wei , Li Shaoda , Ye Jiang , Yao Chaolong , He Zhijie 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The precise positioning of dynamic and static objects such as vehicles and pedestrians is a key technology. A global navigation satellite system signal is the primary signal source required to achieve precise positioning, and the optimal estimation method used in precise positioning is Kalman filtering (KF). Standard KF can only achieve optimal estimation results under the conditions that the mathematical model has been determined and the noise characteristics are known. However, when there are measurement outliers and prior noise information deviations, the accuracy of KF cannot be guaranteed. To effectively solve the above problems, a combined adaptive robust Kalman filter (CARKF) algorithm is proposed. First, the influence of measurement outliers on KF accuracy is resisted using the robust Kalman filter method. Then, the influence of an anomalous innovation on its autocorrelation sequence and cross-correlation sequence is resisted by the robust estimator for correlated observations based on the IGGIII method, to ensure the correct estimation of the correlation function sequence of the filtered innovation statistics. Finally, the autocovariance least-squares method is used to eliminate the coupling effect between noise covariances and accurately estimate the unknown noise covariance information. Moreover, an iterative strategy is adopted to eliminate the effect of errors caused by prior noise covariance deviations. The results of the three experiments show that the CARKF method can not only effectively resist the influence of measurement outliers on filtering accuracy and noise covariance valuation but also overcome the influence of errors caused by prior noise deviations and accurately simultaneously estimate two kinds of unknown noise covariance information.
Nonlinear feedback algorithm for tearing-mode magnetic control in tokamak
Authors: Ivanov N V , Kakurin A M 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Results of calculations and analysis of the tearing-mode evolution under the effect of resonant magnetic perturbation produced by a nonlinear feedback system in rotating tokamak plasma are presented. The TEAR-code used for calculations is based on the visco-resistive magnetohydrodynamic approximation that gives coupled diffusion-type equations for the magnetic flux perturbation and for the plasma rotation velocities in toroidal and poloidal directions. The code is supplemented by a computational unit simulating the nonlinear algorithm of the feedback system. The feedback gain and phase shift are automatically regulated in real time. The gain depends on the tearing-mode amplitude. At high feedback input signals, the gain does not exceed some finite value to reduce technical requirements for the feedback actuator and to mitigate the phase instability. In the process of the tearing-mode suppression, the gain gradually increases to provide the mode control under reduction of feedback input signal and rise of the intrinsic tearing-mode stability index. Besides that, the real-time control of the feedback phase shift is provided to additionally mitigate the phase instability. According to simulation, the used nonlinear characteristics of the feedback algorithm improve the efficiency of the tearing-mode suppression.
Characteristics of neutron emission profile from neutral beam heated plasmas of the Large Helical Device at various magnetic field strengths
Authors: Ogawa K , Isobe M , Sugiyama S , Spong D A , Sangaroon S , Seki R , Nuga H , Yamaguchi H , Kamio S , Fujiwara Y , Kobayashi M I , Jo J , Osakabe M 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The neutron emission profile of deuterium plasma in the Large Helical Device was measured with a multi-sightline vertical neutron camera under various magnetic field strength conditions. It was found that the line-integrated neutron emission profile shifts outward in the co-neutral beam (NB) case and inward in the counter NB case. Here, co- and counter directions correspond to enhance and reduce the poloidal magnetic field directions, respectively. The shift becomes more significant when the magnetic field decreased in strength. The experimentally obtained neutron emission profile was compared with the orbit-following models simulated through the DELTA5D code. The calculated neutron emission profiles vary according to the magnetic field strength because of the change of beam ion orbit and the slowing down due to the plasma parameter changes. Although a relatively narrow profile was obtained in the calculations at the inboard side for the co-NB case in the relatively low field condition, the profiles obtained through calculation and experiment were almost qualitatively aligned.
Paper and carbon ink enabled low-cost, eco-friendly, flexible, multifunctional pressure and humidity sensors
Authors: Duan Zaihua , Jiang Yadong , Huang Qi , Wang Si , Wang Yang , Pan Hong , Zhao Qiuni , Xie Guangzhong , Du Xiaosong , Tai Huiling 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
For a long time, the daily paper and carbon ink have been used for writing and painting. With the development of the electronic technology, they are expected to play new roles in electronic devices. Herein, combining the unique characteristics of the paper (rough surface, hydrophilicity) and carbon ink (conductivity), this work rationally proposed two low-cost, eco-friendly, flexible, multifunctional pressure and humidity sensors. The results show that as-fabricated paper-based (PB) pressure sensor has a good sensitivity of 0.614 kPa−1 in the pressure range of 0–6 kPa. The PB humidity sensor has a large response of ∼2120 (current ratio at 91.5% relative humidity (RH) and 0% RH). The PB pressure sensor is proven to be useful for multiple pressure related contact detections, and the PB humidity sensor can be used for many humidity related non-contact detections. Interestingly, combining the different detecting modes of pressure and humidity sensors, some same detecting functions (e.g. switch, respiratory frequency and speech recognition) are realized from contact to non-contact using PB pressure and humidity sensors, which greatly enhance the wearable comfort. Compared with previous reports, this work demonstrates a much simpler approach without expensive raw materials, toxic reagents and high temperature treatment to achieve outstanding sensing performances of the multifunctional pressure and humidity sensors.
Tuning ensemble-averaged cargo run length via fractional change in mean kinesin number
Authors: Wilson John O , Zaragoza Arturo D , Xu Jing 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The number of motors carrying cargos in biological cells is not well-defined, instead varying from cargo to cargo about a statistical mean. Predictive understanding of motility in cells therefore requires quantitative insights into mixed ensembles of cargos. Toward this goal, here we employed Monte Carlo simulations to investigate statistical ensembles of cargos carried by a Poisson-distributed number of motors. Focusing on the key microtubule-based motor kinesin-1, our simulations utilized experimentally determined single-kinesin characteristics and alterations in kinesin’s on- and off-rates caused by cellular factors and/or physical load. We found that a fractional increase in mean kinesin number enhances the ensemble-averaged cargo run length and amplifies run-length sensitivity to changes in single-kinesin on-rate and off-rate. These tuning effects can be further enhanced as solution viscosity increases over the range reported for cells. Together, our data indicate that the physiological range of kinesin number sensitively tunes the motility of mixed cargo populations. These effects have rich implications for quantitative and predictive understanding of cellular motility and its regulation.
A simple method for implanting free-floating microdevices into the nervous tissue
Authors: Khalifa Adam , Eisape Adebayo , Coughlin Brian , Cash Sydney 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Objective. Free-floating implantable neural interfaces are an emerging powerful paradigm for mapping and modulation of brain activity. Minuscule wirelessly-powered devices have the potential to provide minimally-invasive interactions with neurons in chronic research and medical applications. However, these devices face a seemingly simple problem—how can they be placed into nervous tissue rapidly, efficiently and in an essentially arbitrary location? Approach. We introduce a novel injection tool and describe a controlled injection approach that minimizes damage to the tissue. Main results. To validate the needle injectable tool and the presented delivery approach, we evaluate the spatial precision and rotational alignment of the microdevices injected into agarose, brain, and sciatic nerve with the aid of tissue clearing and MRI imaging. In this research, we limited the number of injections into the brain to four per rat as we are using microdevices that are designed for an adult head size on a rat model. We then present immunohistology data to assess the damage caused by the needle. Significance. By virtue of its simplicity, the proposed injection method can be used to inject microdevices of all sizes and shapes and will do so in a fast, minimally-invasive, and cost-effective manner. As a result, the introduced technique can be broadly used to accelerate the validation of these next-generation types of electrodes in animal models.
Tagged-particle motion in quasi-confined colloidal hard-sphere liquids
Authors: Schrack Lukas , Petersen Charlotte F , Caraglio Michele , Jung Gerhard , Franosch Thomas 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We investigate the tagged-particle motion in a strongly interacting quasi-confined liquid using periodic boundary conditions along the confining direction. Within a mode-coupling theory of the glass transition we calculate the self-nonergodicity parameters and the self-intermediate scattering function and compare them with event-driven molecular dynamics simulations. We observe non-monotonic behavior for the in-plane mean-square displacement and further correlation functions which refer to higher mode indices encoding information about the perpendicular motion. The in-plane velocity-autocorrelation function reveals persistent anti-correlations with a negative algebraic power-law decay t
−2 at all packing fractions.
Measurement Albedo Coefficient For Land Cover (Lc) And Land Use (Lu), Using Remote Sensing Techniques, A Study Case: Fallujah City
Authors: Nasif Al Fahdawi Younis M , Mashee Al Ramahi Fouad K , Hamadi Alfalahi Ahmed S 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Albedo tests the total surface reflectance, offering plenty of useful details on the environment and a deeper understanding of the balance of environment features. Yet usually different sunlight wavelengths are not reflected equally, resulting in a variable surface color and variations in the absorption of certain wavelengths due to changes in the surfaces physical or chemical characteristics. Surface albedo differences can be measured using radiometers, or by using the general equation to extract the value of the albedo for surfaces if all the variables are available. Every space agency uses this equation according to its measured wavelengths. So, the general equation of the satellite landsat was chosen to extract the values of albedo. Surface whiteness is a modulus, and it represents a portion of the incident sunlight reflected by the surface of any feature, and the surface absorbs radiation that is not reflected. The study examined the effect of albedo on the climate of Fallujah and the thermal composition of that urban area. The study used a method that combines remote sensing and geographic information systems to achieve this. Basic samples representing the ten landmarks of Fallujah were taken, the coordinates of these points were measured, and simulated with the satellite images of Landsat 7 and 8 and the sensor (ETM +, OLI) to find the wavelengths of reflectance of these features. When applying the general equation, the albedo values were shown as follows (Buildings with a value of 0.19, Streets with a value of 0.20, Rivers and canals with a value of 0.16, Sand plains with a value of 0.16, River islands with a value of 0.16, Low density arable land with a value of 0.18, High density arable land with a value of 0.15, Gravel land and its value. 0.23, Industrial areas with a value of 0.20, Abandoned land and saline, a value of 0.21).
Study of Multiple Quantum Wire Hg0.8Cd0.2Te/CdTe Laser
Authors: Jassam M H 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The optoelectronic properties of Hg0.8Cd0.2Te/CdTe quantum wire laser are investigated, with emphasis on the effect of wire width (W) and barrier width (B) on the optical confinement factor (Г), the optical threshold gain (gth
) and the effect number of well (Nw
) on the confinement factor have been calculated. The laser operation system has been studied in the two cases; the number of well (2 and 3). It found that in our theoretical study, the values affect the work of a multiple laser system operating a number of well 2 was (W= 65nm, B = 40 nm), the value of optical confinement factor equals (Г= 0.055) and the amount of optical threshold gain was (gth
= 38 cm
−1). Further, the suitable values for multi quantum wire system is running a number of well 3 was (W= 42 nm, B = 60 nm), optical confinement factor equal to (Г= 0.048) and the threshold gain (gth
= 42 cm
−1). Theoretically, the principle of operation of a laser device depends on the resonator, the effective medium, and the stimulated emission of light radiation which is represented the important process in the work of device. It is found that the effect of optical confinement factor causes an increase in the reflectivity of laser beam in the cavity therefore decrease in the amount of optical threshold gain, noted that the amount of reflection was installed to study the change of other electronic characteristics of the multiple quantum wire.
The Plasmon Effects of AgNPs on Wave Guide Consisting of Polymers Mixed with Rhodamine Dyes
Authors: Suheil S A , Shnan N S , Mohammed Salman Qussay 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this research, the optical properties refractive index, absorption spectrum, and fluorescence spectrum of solutions of different concentrations have been studied in order to prepare thin films to obtain an efficient waveguide. A wave guide consisting of three layers has been prepared in which the middle layer has a relatively higher refractive index than the upper and lower layers. This optical wave guide was prepared by using different solutions of two concentrations of poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) & poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) polymers. Different concentrations of the rhodamine pigments RhB & Rh6G were prepared. It is added to the middle layer of the optical wave guide in order to raise its refractive index first and to obtain a laser profit. The practical results have proven that there are specific concentrations of polymers and dyes that can be used to obtain wave guides that have the ability to transmit and amplify the input signal and operate within certain wavelengths. The PVA + RhB(10-4M) model showed the best laser emission performance and the PVA + Rh6G (10-5M) model showed the best signal transmission performance. Finally, the plasmon effect is clearly appears when we added the AgNPs on our samples it’s effecting on threshold pumping and increase the efficiency of wave guide.
Electron Beam Profile Assessment of Linear Accelerator Using Startrack Quality Assurance Device
Authors: Sabbar Ahmed R , Abdullah Siham S , Alabedi Haydar H , Alazawy Nabaa M , Al-Musawi Mustafa J 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Electron beam therapy using linear accelerator done for patients with superficial cancerous tumors. Daily quality assurance is preferable to assess a good treatment for the patients. This study focuses on penumbra, flatness, and symmetry determination for four types of an electron beam using StarTrack 2D array for quality assurance. Eelectron beam with energies: 6MeV, 9MeV, 12 MeV, and 15MeV for both in-plane (x-axis) and cross-plane (y-axis) using Elekta synergy linac exposed to StarTrack 2D array readings during 16 weeks for testing the performance and stability of StarTrack. The testing protocol used is IEC.The beam profile estimation of variation, when compared with standard values of penumbra, flatness, and symmetry of electron beam energy at the time of commissioning, reveals that all had a variation but these variations are within the limits. It is concluded that StarTrack 2D array detector is favourable in the QA process. Their implementation is not only easy, but gives information about the beam’s temporal stability and is particularly suitable for beam steering mounting.
Statement of Study X-ray Generated in the Effect of Computerized Tomography Devices on Blood Samples
Authors: Ali Ahmed H , Abdulwahed Asmaa M , Khalid Alani Abd-Alrahman , Muhammed Albasher M , Noor A , Mustafa A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Studying the effect of X-ray emitted from the CT scanner devices on blood samples taken from a eleven persons between the ages of 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, and 40-60 years. The measurements were many of parameters of blood such as “WBC” White blood cell, “RBC” red blood cell, and “PLT” platelet count. It was noted that the parameters of blood properties that are exposed to X-rays are affected every time in a simple and within the normal range.
The Effect of Modulation Complexity Score (MCS) on the IMRT Treatment Planning Delivery Accuracy
Authors: Jubbier Omar N , Abdullah Siham S , Alabedi Haydar H , Alazawy Nabaa M , Al-Musawi Mustafa J 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is an effective treatment planning technique for various types of tumors such as head and neck (H&N) or pelvis. A complexity algorithm was invented to predict the deliverability and the accuracy for IMRT plans called the Modulation Complexity Score ranging from 0 to 1. The %GP is a metric depends on %DD /DTA to find the variation between the calculated dose from TPS and the measured dose from the phantom during the QA. This study is trying to assess the correlation between the MCS and planning verification outcome. Thirty-four patients treated with step and shoot IMRT technique for anatomical sites: H&N and pelvis. The planning process performed using Monaco 5.1 TPS then exported to Elekta Synergy linear accelerator. The phantom is used for the QA procedure is Octavius 4D-1500 with Verisoft 7.1 software analysis to evaluate the gamma passing rate for commonly used criteria 3%/3 mm at a 5% threshold. The MCS calculated using MATLAB 2019a. It results that the H&N plans are significantly more complex than the pelvis once with p-value 0.0192. The analysis shows a weak correlation between the MCS and MU for both treated sites. The complex H&N plans give a good value for %GP. Also, simpler pelvis plans obtain better global %GP results. Thus, modulation Complexity score can give a simple indication for pretreatment verifications of the IMRT plans for H&N and pelvis sites.
Effect of Thermal Annealing on the Electrical Properties and Gas Sensing for Pulsed Laser Deposition Cr2O3Thin Films
Authors: Kaleel Souad G , Suhail Mahdi H , Kamil Hawraa 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this study, a double frequency Nd: YAG deposited by Pulsed Laser Deposition (laser beam 1064 nm, 6 Hz repetition rate and 10 ns pulse duration) were used for a thin Cr2O3deposit on glass substrate. Many growth parameters have been considered to specify the optimum condition, namely substrate temperature at room temperature, oxygen pressure (2.8×10-4 mbar), laser energy (600) mJ and the number of laser shots was 500 pulses. The thickness was of about 160 nm and annealing temperature at (300, 400 and 500) °C. Using DC method, the conductivity and Hall coefficient of Cr2O3films were measured. The sensing properties of the p-type (Hall coefficient was positive) films for NO2gas have been studied, and the result revealed that the Cr2O3films have low sensitivity at room temperature, and it’s improved by increasing the annealing temperature to 500° C.
Optical and Morphology Properties of the Magnetite ( Fe3O4) Nanoparticles Prepared by Green Method
Authors: Abdallah Rusul M , Al-Haddad Raad M S 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMagnetite nanoparticles have been synthesized by a green method. For this process, ferricchloride hexahydrate, ferrouschloride tetrahydrate (2/1 molar ratio) solution was mixed with different amounts of carob leaves extract and NaOH solution was added to get pH(2, 5,8 and 11) heated for 30 min at (30,60,80 and 100) °C . In this report, a description was introduced for the synthesis of Fe304nanoparticles (NPs) in order to obtain the optimum (pH8 ,temperature and amount of extract) that have small particle size MNPs. The magnetite nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, through Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). In UV-Vis spectroscopy, the absorbance of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of magnetite nanoparticles synthesized with different parameters, were observed a single visible peak located in the range of (290-519) nm and it was related to spherical monodisperse, peak shifts to shorter wavelength (blue shift) with change parameter. FESEM images confirm the Fe304NPs synthesized with different parameters were spherical shaped and lower than 50 nanoscale. AFM images of magnetite nanoparticles with different parameter. It is observed that each nucleus magnetite Nanoparticles is spherical in geometry
Measurements of Electron Beam Dose Distributions in Perspex Block for Different Field Size
Authors: Sami Safa , Hameed Ban S , Alazawy Nabaa M , Al-Musawi Mustafa J 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The linear accelerator is used in radiotherapy to treat tumors whether it was benign or malignant. The megavoltage electron beam is used to treat superficial tumors that do not exceed 5cm depth. In this work the dose distribution before irradiating the patient to check whether the prescribed dose is matched with the irradiated dose to help the physicist to fix the errors or deviations if it is detected. The quality assurance (QA) measured of electron beam with energy 12 MeV at common different depths and field sizes using StarTrack 2D detector and to ensure that it does not exceed the recommended limits. The equipped QA device is a StarTrack 2D detector under the linear accelerator infinity from Elekta at 100 cm from source-to surface distance SSD. The tested energy 12 MeV at depths 0.5 cm and 1.5 cm for field sizes 6cm×6cm, 10cm×10 cm and 14cm×14cm as limits measured according to the International Electrotechnical Commissioning (IEC) protocols. Results show that the revealed an error in the output dose at 6cm×6cm and 10cm×10 cm field sizes for 1.5 cm depth but for 14cm×14cm field size at 0.5 cm depth, the dose found to be above the tolerance. Also it’s found that the output dose is highly reached to 1.5 cm depth than the 0.5 cm. Furthermore, all the rotation axis of the collimator are within the limits with a few noises in the signal at the inline and the crossline axis. We conclude that there was an error in the output does need to be recalibrated before irradiating the patients to electron beam therapy at 12 MeV to assure that the treatment is qualified and efficient.