bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Robinson Benedict S. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the largest historical, theoretical, and methodological claims of Passion’s Fictions: that in the early modern period a rhetoric of the passions destabilized a received faculty psychology, only to be itself absorbed into new natural histories of the passions; that the concept of passion in the early modern period was crucially shaped by rhetoric, with its account of passion as a situated, worlded, object-oriented mode of cognition; that the rhetoric of the passions centered on an account of narrative as a mode of the knowledge of the passions in their world-bound particularity; that rhetoric also shaped emerging forms of literary production, from Shakespeare’s drama to the rise of the novel; and that literary studies needs to attend to the active role of its own material in the history of the psychology of the passions. The chapter also situates the arguments made in Passion’s Fictions with respect to a series of related areas of inquiry: the history of emotion; affect theory; cognitive cultural studies; the history of philosophy; and the history of science. Overall, it aims to show the intimate links between literature and the sciences of soul and mind through the whole period from 1500 to 1800, and it makes the case that literary history is a crucial territory for investigating changing ways of thinking about the passions, not just in the rarefied space of philosophical and scientific debate but also in broader areas of discourse and culture.
The Accidents of the Soul
Authors: Robinson Benedict S. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
“The Accidents of the Soul” asks which disciplines were seen to provide a knowledge of the passions in the early modern period, and how that map of the disciplines changed over time. It opens by noting the relatively minor position the passions held in a received philosophical “science of the soul,” itself divided between physics and metaphysics. As “accidents of the soul”—that is, contingent qualitative alterations in the soul—the passions lay at the margins of philosophical knowledge: they were seen as subject to too much particularity and contingency to belong to what one author called “certaine science.” They belonged instead to the “low” sciences, the practical sciences, fields that study human actions and that therefore were seen to produce a merely probable knowledge of particulars: fields like rhetoric, politics, poetics, ethics. The passions also belonged to medicine insofar as diagnostic medicine was understood as an art: in medicine, “accidents” are symptoms and the phrase “accidents of the soul” belongs to medical discourse insofar as it takes account of the particularities of the passions as part of a regimen of health. The chapter situates the seventeenth-century treatises on the passions in relation to various kinds of discourse on the passions all seen as promoting forms of probable knowledge on the model of medical diagnostics: physiology and “characterology,” most notably. It ends with a reading of Shakespeare’s Othello as a text that probes the limits—and the dangers—of this probable knowledge of the passions.
The Rhetoric of the Passions
Authors: Robinson Benedict S. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In the Advancement of Learning, Francis Bacon complains that there was no adequate science of the passions: in the place where the passions should be discussed—ethics—they were generally handled only in summary or inadequate ways; the most extensive and particularized accounts of the passions belong to poetry and history as they are informed by rhetoric; but neither poetry, history, nor rhetoric turned their observations into the basis of systematic investigations. This chapter describes the rhetoric of the passions, tracing it to works by Aristotle, Cicero, and Quintilian, textbooks like the progymnasmata—basic exercises in rhetoric—and early modern literary theory. The chapter argues that the heart of this rhetoric of the passions lies in an account of narrative as an instrument of the knowledge of the passions in their particularity, producing what Bacon calls “active and ample descriptions and observations.” The chapter uses that rhetoric of the passions as a lens for interpreting the early modern treatises on the passions as well as Montaigne’s essays. Finally, it reads Milton’s Paradise Lost as a serious confrontation with narrative as an instrument of the knowledge of the passions. Milton forges his poetry into an instrument for investigating minute fluctuations of affective experience as they drive conversational exchanges; but he also raises questions about the implications of that narrative mode of understanding for his theological principles of absolute freedom and responsibility.
Transcendental Illusion
Authors: Proops Ian 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the nature of logical, empirical, and transcendental illusion. It goes into depth on the following topics: Kant’s account of the sources of transcendental illusion, his illustrative example of the construction of polysyllogisms and the lessons he draws from this example, his two accounts of how transcendental illusion leads to dogmatism and error, and his argument for the universality of transcendental illusion. The author partly agrees with, and partly takes issue with, Michelle Grier’s justly influential account of Kant’s views on transcendental illusion and metaphysical error. What is correct in this account is its insistence on maintaining a sharp distinction between transcendental illusion and dogmatic metaphysical error; what is mistaken is its account of the fallacy that constitutes the first paralogism.
The Second Paralogism
Authors: Proops Ian 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines Kant’s discussion of the second paralogism, focusing on the changes in his diagnosis between the two editions. It begins by isolating the contribution made to the argument by a certain sub-argument known as the ‘Achilles’. It then argues that Kant switches from presenting the paralogism, in the A-edition, as a valid argument (with one unknown premise), which aims to establish the ‘simplicity’ of the soul (in the sense of its being one thing as opposed to many) to presenting it, in the B-edition, as an invalid argument, with known premises, which aims to establish the soul’s individual substantiality (its being one substance). He makes this change because he comes to doubt his own earlier claim that an assumption supporting the minor premise, the so-called ‘nervus probandi’, cannot be known to be true. The chapter seeks to explain this change of mind.
The Third Paralogism
Authors: Proops Ian 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyses the third paralogism of ‘personality’ (or, equivalently, of ‘personhood’), situating the paralogistic argument in its Wolffian context. The chapter contends that Kant treats personality as an epistemic state. It offers accounts of Kant’s envisaged ‘practical use’ of the concept of a person and of his conception of what immortality would have to consist in if there were to be such a state. It scrutinizes in detail Kant’s criticisms of the separate arguments of Moses Mendelssohn and of David Fordyce for the immortality of the soul. Finally, it examines Kant’s sympathetic adaptation of Fordyce’s argument to his own, rather less ambitious, purposes—namely, the justification, or, more accurately, production and stabilization, of a ‘doctrinal belief’ in an afterlife. It offers an evaluation of the argument when it is so construed.
The Third Antinomy Resolved
Authors: Proops Ian 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the resolution of the third antinomy. Kant argues that the thesis and antithesis are (roughly speaking) sub-contraries rather than contradictories. However, the sense in which he maintains that the thesis and antithesis ‘can both be true’ is delicate. He holds that the truth of neither claim excludes the truth of the other; but this is compatible with necessary falsehood of the thesis, which affirms the existence of human freedom. Importantly, Kant does not take himself to show on theoretical grounds that freedom is even logically possible. The chapter also discusses: Kant’s conceptions of intelligible causality and of empirical and intelligible character; moral responsibility; moral growth; the rationality of blame; Kant’s criticisms of Leibniz’s compatibilism; the third antinomy as an indirect argument for Transcendental Idealism; and the first-Critique’s version of a moral argument for freedom. Kant emerges as a ‘soft determinist’ of a highly unusual stripe.
The First Critique on the Physico-Theological Argument
Authors: Proops Ian 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines Kant’s criticisms of physico-theology as they are developed in the first Critique and in his pre-critcal work, The Only Possible Basis for a Demonstration of the Existence of God. By ‘physico-theology’ Kant means the project of arguing from the (apparent) fact that the world contains end-directed or ‘purposive’ natural features and arrangements to the existence of God conceived of as an all-powerful, perfectly wise, and benevolent creator—an ‘Author of Nature’, who brings the world into existence through His wisdom and free choice. Kant’s attitude to this project is complex: while he rejects physico-theology in its traditional, crude form (the so-called ‘ordinary’ physico-theology), he nonetheless endorses a more sophisticated, ‘revised’ physico-theology. However, the argument he defends aims to produce, not knowledge, but only a justified ‘doctrinal belief’ in a wise and great (but not perfect) creator of matter ex nihilo: a creator-god with a small ‘g’.
Closing Reflections
Authors: Proops Ian 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this concluding chapter the main lessons of the book are reviewed, and some further problems for Kant raised. The chapter reflects once again on Kant’s confession that he had found it necessary to deny knowledge in order to make room for faith, offering a deeper explanation of this claim than was given in the introduction. It then considers the consequences of his having regarded Transcendental Realism as not just false, but rather logically impossible. It asks whether such a view can be reconciled—given Kant’s views on contradiction—with the supposed contentfulness of transcendental illusion or with Transcendental Idealism itself. It raises a problem for Kant’s account of metaphysical error as arising from transcendental illusion. Finally, it evaluates Kant’s claim to have offered an exhaustive critique of speculative metaphysics, arguing that this is unfortunately not the case.
A new photometric study of B[e] stars in the infrared
Authors: Chen Pei-Sheng , Liu Jie-Ying , Shan Hong-Guang 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We have collected almost all B[e] stars (120 stars in total) listed in the literature up to the present time. We have then photometrically studied their infrared properties by using data from IRAS, WISE, and 2MASS. From several two-color diagrams we found that infrared radiation for the majority of B[e] stars shows a power law distribution from dusty/gaseous circumstellar disks in the 1–60 μm region. We also found that, possibly due to the influence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and silicate emissions, some B[e] stars have a blackbody distribution in the 3–12 μm region, and due to the influence of clouds/nebulae nearby some B[e] stars also show blackbody distributions in the IRAS wavelengths. Furthermore, we compared infrared properties between B[e] stars and Be stars, and between B[e] stars and HAeBe stars. We show that the infrared excess of B[e] stars is much larger than for Be stars in the 1–25 μm region, while both B[e] and HAeBe stars have similar infrared color properties in the 1–25 μm region.
Under siege: virus control in plant meristems and progeny
Authors: Bradamante Gabriele , Mittelsten Scheid Ortrun , Incarbone Marco 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In the arms race between plants and viruses, two frontiers have been utilized for decades to combat viral infections in agriculture. First, many pathogenic viruses are excluded from plant meristems, which allows the regeneration of virus-free plant material by tissue culture. Second, vertical transmission of viruses to the host progeny is often inefficient, thereby reducing the danger of viral transmission through seeds. Numerous reports point to the existence of tightly linked meristematic and transgenerational antiviral barriers that remain poorly understood. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that exclude viruses from plant stem cells and progeny. We also discuss the evidence connecting viral invasion of meristematic cells and the ability of plants to recover from acute infections. Research spanning decades performed on a variety of virus/host combinations has made clear that, beside morphological barriers, RNA interference (RNAi) plays a crucial role in preventing—or allowing—meristem invasion and vertical transmission. How a virus interacts with plant RNAi pathways in the meristem has profound effects on its symptomatology, persistence, replication rates, and, ultimately, entry into the host progeny.
Innate Immune and Neuronal Genetic Markers Are Highly Predictive of Postoperative Pain and Morphine Patient-Controlled Analgesia Requirements in Indian but Not Chinese or Malay Hysterectomy Patients
Authors: Barratt Daniel T , Sia Alex T , Tan Ene-Choo , Somogyi Andrew A 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectivePain severity and opioid requirements in the postoperative period show substantial and clinically significant inter-patient variation due mainly to factors such as age, surgery type, and duration. Genetic factors have not been adequately assessed except for the neuronal OPRM1 rs1799971 and COMT rs4680, whereas the contribution of innate immune signaling pathway genetics has seldom been investigated.SettingHospital surgical ward.SubjectsWomen (107 Indian, 184 Malay, and 750 Han Chinese) undergoing total hysterectomy surgery.MethodsMorphine consumption, preoperative pain, and postoperative pain were evaluated in relation to genetic variability comprising 19 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 14 genes involved in glial activation, inflammatory signaling, and neuronal regulation, plus OPRM1 (1 SNP) and COMT (3 SNPs).ResultsPre- and postoperative pain and age were associated with increased and decreased morphine consumption, respectively. In Chinese patients, only 8% of the variability in consumption could be explained by these nongenetic and genetic (BDNF, IL1B, IL6R, CRP, OPRM1, COMT, MYD88) factors. However, in Indian patients, 41% of morphine consumption variability could be explained by age (explaining &lt;3%) and variants in OPRM1 rs1799971, CRP rs2794521, TLR4 rs4986790, IL2 rs2069762, COMT rs4818, TGFB1 rs1800469, and IL6R rs8192284 without controlling for postoperative pain.ConclusionsThis is the highest known value reported for genetic contributions (38%) to morphine use in the acute postoperative pain setting. Our findings highlight the need to incorporate both genetic and nongenetic factors and consider ethnicity-dependent and nonadditive genotypic models in the assessment of factors that contribute to variability in opioid use.
Recent developments in engineering protein–protein interactions using phage display
Authors: Liang Chen T , Roscow Olivia M A , Zhang Wei 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTargeted inhibition of misregulated protein–protein interactions (PPIs) has been a promising area of investigation in drug discovery and development for human diseases. However, many constraints remain, including shallow binding surfaces and dynamic conformation changes upon interaction. A particularly challenging aspect is the undesirable off-target effects caused by inherent structural similarity among the protein families. To tackle this problem, phage display has been used to engineer PPIs for high-specificity binders with improved binding affinity and greatly reduced undesirable interactions with closely related proteins. Although general steps of phage display are standardized, library design is highly variable depending on experimental contexts. Here in this review, we examined recent advances in the structure-based combinatorial library design and the advantages and limitations of different approaches. The strategies described here can be explored for other protein–protein interactions and aid in designing new libraries or improving on previous libraries.
Protein engineering for natural product biosynthesis and synthetic biology applications
Authors: Calzini Miles A , Malico Alexandra A , Mitchler Melissa M , Williams Gavin J 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
As protein engineering grows more salient, many strategies have emerged to alter protein structure and function, with the goal of redesigning and optimizing natural product biosynthesis. Computational tools, including machine learning and molecular dynamics simulations, have enabled the rational mutagenesis of key catalytic residues for enhanced or altered biocatalysis. Semi-rational, directed evolution and microenvironment engineering strategies have optimized catalysis for native substrates and increased enzyme promiscuity beyond the scope of traditional rational approaches. These advances are made possible using novel high-throughput screens, including designer protein-based biosensors with engineered ligand specificity. Herein, we detail the most recent of these advances, focusing on polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides and isoprenoids, including their native biosynthetic logic to provide clarity for future applications of these technologies for natural product synthetic biology.
A dignified death: management of dead bodies during COVID-19
Authors: Corpuz Jeff Clyde G 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The emergence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has caused unprecedented challenge to manage the bodies of the dead. The disposal of the dead becomes a challenge as there is a shortage of coffins, and crematoriums are overwhelmed. A recent correspondence published in the Journal of Public Health highlighted the importance of performing the last rites in a time of COVID-19 pandemic. This paper argues that the bodies of those who have died because of COVID-19 should be treated with respect and dignity.
Odds stacked against workers: datafied gamification on Chinese and American food delivery platforms
Authors: van Doorn Niels , Chen Julie Yujie 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article presents a cross-national comparative study examining how American and Chinese platform companies approach the gamification of on-demand food delivery. The study, based on ethnographic fieldwork in New York City and Beijing, shows how couriers in these cities negotiate the gamified app-based systems designed to convince them to log in and keep working. We argue that such systems are not only a salient form of ‘algorithmic management’—as has been argued before—but also demonstrate the central importance of datafication within the organizational strategies of food delivery companies operating under conditions of financialized platform capitalism. Indeed, the deeply financialized nature of the on-demand food delivery industry creates conditions in which companies experiment with data-driven gamification techniques in an effort to manipulate their flexible labor supply in an agile and cost-effective way—to thereby elicit higher productivity and meet expectations of investors and shareholders. Our comparative analysis challenges assumptions of a universal mode of gamification and highlights the differences between such situated techniques and their impacts on workers, identifying two distinct design approaches that we term ‘Deal or No Deal’ in New York and ‘Grab-and-Stack’ in Beijing.
Economic impact of digital dermatitis, foot rot, and bovine respiratory disease in feedlot cattle
Authors: Cortes Julian Alberto , Hendrick Steve , Janzen Eugene , Pajor Ed A , Orsel Karin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Digital dermatitis (DD) has emerged in North American feedlots, although production and economic impacts are not fully understood. Objectives of this study were to: (1) estimate the economic impact of a single case of DD, foot rot (FR), and bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in feedlot cattle and (2) determine its impact on average daily gain (ADG). Feedlot cattle health and production records were available from two feedlots for a 3-yr interval. The dataset consisted of 77,115 animal records, with 19.3% (14,900) diagnosed with a disease. Diseased animals were categorized into five groups: DD, FR, BRD, other diseases (OT), and two or more diseases (TM), with a treatment cumulative incidence of 6.0%, 59.1%, 10.7%, 12.7%, and 11.5%, respectively. FR was the disease with the highest cumulative incidence in both heifers and steers (58.8% and 59.6%, respectively). Of all fall-placed cattle diagnosed with any disease, 48.1% of the cases were FR. DD affected the partial budget in five out of the eight groups of cattle, with the highest impact of DD seen in grass yearling heifers and grass yearling steers: $-98 and $-96 CAD, respectively, relative to their healthier counterparts. Healthy cattle had a significantly higher ADG when compared with DD cattle in five of the eight categories, ranging from 0.11 kg/d in winter-placed heifers to 0.17 kg/d in fall-placed steers. In the economic analysis, it was concluded that on an individual animal basis, BRD was the most impactful of all analyzed diseases, whereas DD was second, marking the importance of controlling and mitigating this foot condition. Identifying differential effects of diseases on a partial budget analysis and ADG of the types of cattle stratified by sex enables feedlot producers to focus control and mitigation strategies on specific groups.
Using the behavior change wheel to develop text messages to promote diet and physical activity adherence following a diabetes prevention program
Authors: MacPherson Megan M , Cranston Kaela D , Locke Sean R , Bourne Jessica E , Jung Mary E 
Published: May 2021

Lay Summary
Making changes to one’s physical activity and diet can reduce future risk of developing type 2 diabetes. That being said, making life-long changes to complex behaviors such as diet or physical activity is easier said than done. Text messages can be used to improve long-term diet and physical activity changes; however, it can be difficult to identify what should be said in a text message to nudge those behaviors. To improve utility and reduce cost of sending unnecessary messages, theory should be used in developing text messaging content. The current study used the Behavior Change Wheel to develop a library of text messages that can be used to improve diet and physical activity in individuals who have taken part in an effective community-based diabetes prevention program. The Behavior Change Wheel guides researchers to develop real-world interventions based on evidence and theory. Overall, we created a library of 124 theory-based messages which can be further tested following a diabetes prevention program.
Rapid testing of gut permeability using oral fluorescein and confocal laser endomicroscopy in Zambian adults
Authors: Mbuki Reuben , Chileya Sandra , Thompson Alex J , Kelly Paul , Kayamba Violet 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
Dual sugar testing for gut permeability is time-consuming and complex. We explored the utility of fluorescein as a simple and inexpensive alternative method.

Methods
We used a confocal laser endomicroscopy probe placed at the fingertip of participants who had ingested sodium fluorescein to measure the fluorescence at various time points.

Results
In 10 patients with diarrhoea, but not in 10 controls, fluorescence was detected quickly. By 6 min fluorescence was detected in all diarrhoea patients but only 1 control (p=0.0004). After 15 min there was no difference between the groups.

Conclusions
This simple oral fluorescein test may be useful to study gut permeability in low-resource settings.