bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the July Effect on Bronchoscopies in Teaching Hospitals Across the United States
Authors: Pescatore Jay , Asemota Iriagbonse , Davis William , Pinzon Viviana R. , Khamooshi Parnia , Rivera Mavi , Liao Hung-I 
Published: November 2021

Background:
The July effect is the perceived notion that at the start of each academic year there is an increase in medical complications as the novice physician begins their new respective roles. Our study evaluated complication rates in the beginning versus end of the academic year with regards to bronchoscopy.

Methods:
This is a retrospective cohort study using the 2016 and 2017 Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Patients in the database that underwent bronchoscopy at teaching hospitals were determined using ICD-10 procedure codes. Our outcomes included length of hospital stay and several bronchoscope complications. We compared our outcomes in the first quarter of the academic year (July, August, and September) to the last quarter (April, May, and June). Multivariable logistic and linear regression analysis were used accordingly to adjust for confounders.

Results:
There was a total of 189,720 admission for bronchoscopy. Of these hospitalization 89,020 bronchoscopies were done in first academic Quarter (Q1) while 100,700 bronchoscopies were done in fourth academic Quarter (Q4) in 2016 to 2017 academic year. After adjusting for confounders, there was no difference in any postprocedural complications between Q1 and Q4 or length of stay.

Conclusion:
Within the limitation of the national data set provided, there appears to be similar procedural complication rates for patients admitted Q1 compared with Q4 of the academic year in respect to bronchoscopy, signaling the possibility of lack of the July effect. Prospective studies with improved data granularity is needed to further verify the absence or presence of the July effect regarding bronchoscopy.
Week 2 Adalimumab Levels Predict Short-term Clinical Remission in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Buffone Elisa , Gupta Shaan , Al Ibrahim Bashaar , Marshall John K. , Halder Smita , Tse Frances , Albashir Siwar , Morgan David , Lumb Barry , Armstrong David , Narula Neeraj 
Published: November 2021

Background and Goals:
The role of early proactive therapeutic drug level monitoring for anti–tumor necrosis factor therapies is unclear. We aimed to determine whether a week 2 serum trough level in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) using adalimumab may predict clinical outcomes.

Materials and Methods:
This was a retrospective study of consecutive IBD patients with a week 2 serum adalimumab level available. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was conducted to determine an optimal week 2 threshold level for adalimumab. Patients above the threshold were compared for the primary outcome of week 12 clinical remission (CR) and the secondary outcome of short-term endoscopic healing. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between week 2 adalimumab level and CR.

Results:
Forty-six patients had a week 2 adalimumab level performed. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis suggested an optimal adalimumab level of 11.9 mcg/mL based on the area under the curve. Patients with week 2 adalimumab levels >11.9 mcg/mL had higher odds of week 12 CR than those with levels below or equal to this threshold (odds ratio=3.34, 95% confidence interval: 1.01-12.11, P=0.04). Other covariates were not found to have a significant association with the primary outcome. The rate of short-term endoscopic healing was numerically higher in patients with adalimumab week 2 levels above 11.9 mcg/mL; however, was not statistically significant (71.4% vs. 28.5%, P=0.11).

Conclusions:
Serum adalimumab levels at week 2 appears to be a predictor of short-term CR. Further research should explore whether patients with a week 2 adalimumab level equal to or below 11.9 mcg/mL benefit from early dose optimization.
Screening tool for identification of hip fractures in the prehospital setting
Authors: Gillette Danielle M. , Cheng Olivia , Wilson Alghin , Mantero Rogerio , Chisholm Douglas , Feldman Michael 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Objectives:
This study aims to develop a screening tool that will help first responders identify patients with proximal femur fractures, commonly referred to as hip fractures, on site and direct these patients to hospitals with orthopaedic surgery services.

Study Design:
Prospective survey.

Methods:
Literature and expert opinion defined parameters for the Collingwood Hip Fracture Rule (CHFR) which predict a patient's likelihood of hip fracture. The study population included adults presenting to Collingwood General and Marine Hospital with lower extremity injuries between December 1, 2019 and March 10, 2020. Excluded patients had previous hip replacement, previous hip fracture on the side of the injury, or a high energy mechanism of injury. Patients were assessed with the CHFR before receiving x-ray imaging. The parameters were scored based on their predictive powers and analyzed by a receiver operating characteristic curve.

Results:
The study included 101 patients (mean age 66.3 years), and 25.7% had a hip fracture confirmed on imaging. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value helped score each parameter. Factors receiving 1 point are: age 65 to 79 years, female, mechanical fall, unable to weight-bear, knee pain. Factors receiving 2 points are: bruising at greater trochanter, age >80 years. Factors receiving 3 points are: pain with hip rotation, leg shortened and externally rotated. Score is the summation of all the factors’ points. The receiver operating characteristic curve (0.953; P value < .0001) demonstrated scores of 7 had sensitivity:specificity of 84.6%:94.7%.

Conclusion:
The CHFR screening tool score of 7 can be used by first responders in the prehospital setting to identify patients who sustain a hip fracture and make appropriate triage decisions. This will improve patient outcomes and decrease institutional costs.
A Peer-Led, Artificial Intelligence–Augmented Social Network Intervention to Prevent HIV Among Youth Experiencing Homelessness
Authors: Rice Eric , Wilder Bryan , Onasch-Vera Laura , DiGuiseppi Graham , Petering Robin , Hill Chyna , Yadav Amulya , Lee Sung-Jae , Tambe Milind 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Youth experiencing homelessness (YEH) are at elevated risk of HIV/AIDS and disproportionately identify as racial, ethnic, sexual, and gender minorities. We developed a new peer change agent (PCA) HIV prevention intervention with 3 arms: (1) an arm using an artificial intelligence (AI) planning algorithm to select PCAs; (2) a popularity arm, the standard PCA approach, operationalized as highest degree centrality (DC); and (3) an observation-only comparison group.

Setting:
A total of 713 YEH were recruited from 3 drop-in centers in Los Angeles, CA.

Methods:
Youth consented and completed a baseline survey that collected self-reported data on HIV knowledge, condom use, and social network information. A quasi-experimental pretest/posttest design was used; 472 youth (66.5% retention at 1 month postbaseline) and 415 youth (58.5% retention at 3 months postbaseline) completed follow-up. In each intervention arm (AI and DC), 20% of youth was selected as PCAs and attended a 4-hour initial training, followed by 7 weeks of half-hour follow-up sessions. Youth disseminated messages promoting HIV knowledge and condom use.

Results:
Using generalized estimating equation models, there was a significant reduction over time (P < 0.001) and a significant time by AI arm interaction (P < 0.001) for condomless anal sex act. There was a significant increase in HIV knowledge over time among PCAs in DC and AI arms.

Conclusions:
PCA models that promote HIV knowledge and condom use are efficacious for YEH. Youth are able to serve as a bridge between interventionists and their community. Interventionists should consider working with computer scientists to solve implementation problems.
Expanding the Pie–Differentiated PrEP Delivery Models to Improve PrEP Uptake in the San Francisco Bay Area
Authors: Wilson Erin C. , Turner Caitlin M. , Sanz-Rodriguez Christina , Arayasirikul Sean , Gagliano Jayne , Woods Tiffany , Palafox Erika , Halfin Janet , Martinez Lorena , Makoni Bessa , Eskman Zebediah , Lin Royce , Rodriguez Esteban , Rapues Jenna , Pardo Seth , Liu Albert 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake among trans people to date has been low. Recommendations implemented in San Francisco to offer PrEP with feminizing hormones have not led to improvement of PrEP uptake in trans communities. New delivery models may be needed. The aim of this study was to examine whether a PrEP-only clinic was more likely to serve trans people at highest risk of HIV than trans-affirming primary care clinics.

Methods:
Participants were recruited between 2017 and 2019 as part of a PrEP demonstration project in the San Francisco Bay Area. Survey data including sociodemographics, HIV-related risk behavior, barriers to PrEP, and self-reported PrEP adherence were collected at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months for all participants. Bivariable Poisson regression models were used to examine differences between participants in the primary care clinics and PrEP-only clinic delivered to participants.

Results:
Baseline survey data were collected from 153 participants. Those with a higher number of sexual partners were significantly more likely to use the PrEP-only clinic rather than the primary care clinics. Participants with higher perceived HIV risk and those who engaged in sex work were also more likely to use the PrEP-only clinic compared with the primary care clinic. Medical mistrust was higher at baseline among participants of the PrEP-only clinic. PrEP adherence was not significantly different by delivery model. Few participants identified PrEP barriers, such as interactions with feminizing hormones, to be determinants of PrEP uptake.

Conclusions:
A PrEP-only delivery model could improve PrEP uptake and may better meet the needs of trans people who could most benefit from PrEP.
Gray Matter Differentiation Between Two Subordinate Personality Traits of Extraversion: Enthusiasm and Assertiveness
Authors: Frisk Magnus , Kastrati Gránit , Rosén Jörgen , Månsson Kristoffer N. T. , Åhs Fredrik 
Published: November 2021

AbstractEnthusiasm and assertiveness are two subordinate personality traits of extraversion. These traits reflect different aspects of extroversion and have distinct implications on mental health. Whereas enthusiasm predicts satisfaction in life and positive relationships, assertiveness predicts psychological distress and reduced social support. The neural basis of these subordinate traits is not well understood. To investigate brain regions where enthusiasm and assertiveness have diverging relationship with morphology, enthusiasm and assertiveness were regressed to gray matter volume (GMV) across the whole brain in a sample of 301 healthy individuals. A significant interaction was found between enthusiasm and assertiveness in the left angular gyrus (t(296) = 4.18, family wise error corrected, FWE p = .001 (cluster-level); Cluster size = 880 voxels). Larger GMV in this area was associated with more enthusiasm and less assertiveness. Our study emphasizes the value of separating extraversion into its subordinate traits when investigating associations to neuroanatomy.
State-dependent modulation of activity in distinct layer 6 corticothalamic neurons in barrel cortex of awake mice
Authors: Dash Suryadeep , Autio Dawn M. , Crandall Shane R. 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACTLayer 6 corticothalamic (L6 CT) neurons are in a strategic position to control sensory input to the neocortex, yet we understand very little about their functions. Apart from studying their anatomical, physiological and synaptic properties, most recent efforts have focused on the activity-dependent influences CT cells can exert on thalamic and cortical neurons through causal optogenetic manipulations. However, few studies have attempted to study them during behavior. To address this gap, we performed juxtacellular recordings from optogenetically identified CT neurons in whisker-related primary somatosensory cortex (wS1) of awake, head-fixed mice (either sex) free to rest quietly or self-initiate bouts of whisking and locomotion. We found a rich diversity of response profiles exhibited by CT cells. Their spiking patterns were either modulated by whisking-related behavior (∼28%) or not (∼72%). Whisking-responsive neurons exhibited either increases, activated-type, or decreases in firing rates, suppressed-type, that aligned with whisking onset better than locomotion. We also encountered responsive neurons with preceding modulations in firing rate before whisking onset. Overall, whisking better explained these changes in rates than overall changes in arousal. Whisking-unresponsive CT cells were generally quiet, with many having low spontaneous firing rates, sparse-type, and others being completely silent. Remarkably, the sparse firing CT population preferentially spiked at the state transition point when pupil diameter constricted and the mouse entered quiet wakefulness. Thus, our results demonstrate that L6 CT cells in wS1 show diverse spiking patterns, perhaps subserving distinct functional roles related to precisely timed responses during complex behaviors and transitions between discrete waking states.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTLayer 6 corticothalamic neurons provide a massive input to the sensory thalamus and local connectivity within cortex, but their role in thalamocortical processing remains unclear due to difficulty accessing and isolating their activity. Although several recent optogenetic studies reveal that the net influence of corticothalamic actions, suppression versus enhancement, depends critically on the rate these neurons fire, the factors that influence their spiking are poorly understood, particularly during wakefulness. Using the well-established Ntsr1-Cre line to target this elusive population in the whisker somatosensory cortex of awake mice, we found that corticothalamic neurons show diverse state-related responses and modulations in firing rate. These results suggest separate corticothalamic populations can differentially influence thalamocortical excitability during rapid state transitions in awake, behaving animals.
A self-amplifying mRNA COVID-19 vaccine drives potent and broad immune responses at low doses that protects non-human primates against SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Rappaport Amy R. , Hong Sue-Jean , Scallan Ciaran D. , Gitlin Leonid , Akoopie Arvin , Boucher Gregory R. , Egorova Milana , Espinosa J. Aaron , Fidanza Mario , Kachura Melissa A. , Shen Annie , Sivko Gloria , Van Abbema Anne , Veres Robert L. , Jooss Karin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to spread globally, highlighting the urgent need for safe and effective vaccines that could be rapidly mobilized to immunize large populations. We report the preclinical development of a self-amplifying mRNA (SAM) vaccine encoding a prefusion stabilized severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike glycoprotein and demonstrate potent cellular and humoral immune responses at low doses in mice and rhesus macaques. The homologous prime-boost vaccination regimen of SAM at 3, 10 and 30 μg induced potent neutralizing antibody titers in rhesus macaques following two SAM vaccinations at all dose levels, with the 10 μg dose generating geometric mean titers (GMT) 48-fold greater than the GMT of a panel of SARS-CoV-2 convalescent human sera. Spike-specific T cell responses were observed at all dose levels. SAM vaccination provided protective efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 challenge as both a homologous prime-boost and as a single boost following ChAd prime, demonstrating reduction of viral replication in both the upper and lower airways. Protection was most effective with a SAM prime-boost vaccination regimen at 10 and 30 μg and with a ChAd/SAM heterologous prime-boost regimen. The SAM vaccine is currently being evaluated in clinical trials as both a homologous prime-boost regimen at low doses and as a boost following heterologous prime.
RB1 loss overrides PARP inhibitor sensitivity driven by RNASEH2B loss in prostate cancer
Authors: Miao Chenkui , Tsujino Takuya , Takai Tomoaki , Gui Fu , Tsutsumi Takeshi , Sztupinszki Zsofia , Szallasi Zoltan , Mouw Kent W. , Zou Lee , Kibel Adam S. , Jia Li 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCurrent targeted cancer therapies are largely guided by mutations of a single gene, which overlooks concurrent genomic alterations. Here, we show that RNASEH2B, RB1, and BRCA2, three closely located genes on chromosome 13q, are frequently deleted in prostate cancer individually or jointly. Loss of RNASEH2B confers cancer cells sensitivity to poly(ADP–ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition due to impaired ribonucleotide excision repair and PARP trapping. When co-deleted with RB1, however, cells lose their sensitivity, in part, through E2F1-induced BRCA2 expression, thereby enhancing homologous recombination repair capacity. Nevertheless, loss of BRCA2 re-sensitizes RNASEH2B/RB1 co-deleted cells to PARP inhibition. Our results may explain some of the disparate clinical results from PARP inhibition due to interaction between multiple genomic alterations and support a comprehensive genomic testing to determine who may benefit from PARP inhibition. Finally, we show that ATR inhibition can disrupt E2F1-induced BRCA2 expression and overcome PARP inhibitor resistance caused by RB1 loss.
Minimal in-school SARS-CoV-2 transmission with strict mitigation protocols at two independent schools in Nashville, TN
Authors: Peetluk Lauren S. , Rebeiro Peter F. , Edwards Kathryn M. , Banerjee Ritu , Mallal Simon A. , Aronoff David M. , Lipworth Loren , Katz Sophie E. 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDThe COVID-19 pandemic has greatly impacted school operations. To better understand the role of schools in COVID-19 transmission, we evaluated infections at two independent schools in Nashville, TN during the 2020-2021 school year.METHODSThe cumulative incidence of COVID-19 within each school, age group, and exposure setting were estimated and compared to local incidence. Primary attack rates were estimated among students quarantined for in-school close contact.RESULTSAmong 1401 students who attended school during the study period, 98 cases of COVID-19 were reported, corresponding to cumulative incidence of 7.0% (95% confidence interval (CI): 5.7-8.5). Most cases were linked to household (58%) or community (31%) transmission, with few linked to in-school transmission (11%). Overall, 619 students were quarantined, corresponding to >5000 person-days of missed school, among whom only 5 tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 during quarantine (primary attack rate: 0.8%, 95% CI: 0.3, 1.9). Weekly case rates at school were not correlated with community transmission.CONCLUSIONThese results suggest that transmission of COVID-19 in schools is minimal when strict mitigation measures are used, even during periods of extensive community transmission. Strict quarantine of contacts may lead to unnecessary missed school days with minimal benefit to in-school transmission.
TIR domains of plant immune receptors are 2′,3′-cAMP/cGMP synthetases mediating cell death
Authors: Yu Dongli , Song Wen , Tan Eddie Yong Jun , Liu Li , Cao Yu , Jirschitzka Jan , Li Ertong , Logemann Elke , Xu Chenrui , Huang Shijia , Jia Aolin , Chang Xiaoyu , Han Zhifu , Wu Bin , Schulze-Lefert Paul , Chai Jijie 
Published: November 2021

SUMMARY2′,3′-cAMP is a positional isomer of the well-established second messenger 3′,5′-cAMP, but little is known on the biology of this noncanonical cyclic nucleotide monophosphate (cNMP). Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains of nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors have NADase function necessary but insufficient to activate plant immune responses. Here we show that plant TIR proteins, besides being NADases, act as 2′,3′-cAMP/cGMP synthetases by hydrolyzing RNA/DNA. Structural data shows that a TIR domain adopts distinct oligomers with dual and exclusive enzymatic activity. Mutations specifically disrupting the synthetase activity abrogate TIR-mediated cell death inNicotiana benthamiana, supporting an important role for these cNMPs in TIR signaling. Furthermore, theArabidopsisnegative regulator of TIR-NLR signaling, NUDT7 displays 2′,3′-cAMP/cGMP but not 3′,5′-cAMP/cGMP phosphodiesterase activity and suppresses cell death activity of TIRs inN. benthamiana. Our study identifies a novel family of 2′,3′-cAMP/cGMP synthetase and establishes a role for the noncanonical cNMPs in plant immune responses.
Long wavelength light that improves aged mitochondrial function selectively increases cytokine expression in serum and the retina
Authors: Shinhmar Harpreet , Hogg Chris , Jeffery Glen 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAged mitochondrial function can be improved with long wavelength light exposure. This reduces cellular markers of inflammation and can improve system function from fly though to human. Here, we ask what impact 670nm light has on cytokine expression using a 40 cytokine array in blood serum and retina in C57Bl6 mice. There was a relatively uniform increase in cytokine expression between 3 and 12 months of age in serum and retina.670nm exposure was delivered daily for a week in 12 month old mice. This shifted patterns of cytokine expression in both serum and retina inducing a selective increase with some in serum increasing >5 fold. Changes in retina were smaller. In serum there were major increases in IL-7, 6, 13, 16 and 23, also in TNF-α and CXCL 9 and 10. In retina the increases were found mainly in some IL (interleukins) and CXCL’s (chemokines). A few cytokines were reduced by light exposure.Changes in serum cytokines implies that long wavelengths impacts systemically even to unexposed tissues deep in the body. In the context of wider literature, increased cytokine expression may be protective. However, their upregulation by light merits further analysis as cytokines upregulation can also be negative.
Fatigue damage in bending of reinforced concrete frames using non-destructive tests for dynamic strength of the cylinder
Authors: Milašinović Dragan D. , Landović Aleksandar , Goleš Danica 
Published: November 2021

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to contribute to the solution of the fatigue damage problem of reinforced concrete frames in bending.Design/methodology/approachThe problem of fatigue damage is formulated based on the rheological–dynamical analogy, including a scalar damage variable to address the reduction of stiffness in strain softening. The modal analysis is used by the finite element method for the determination of modal parameters and resonance stability of the selected frame cross-section. The objectivity of the presented method is verified by numerical examples, predicting the ductility in bending of the frame whose basic mechanical properties were obtained by non-destructive testing systems.FindingsThe modal analysis in the frame of the finite element method is suitable for the determination of modal parameters and resonance stability of the selected frame cross-section. It is recommended that the modulus of elasticity be determined by non-destructive methods, e.g. from the acoustic response.Originality/valueThe paper presents a novel method of solving the ductility in bending taking into account both the creep coefficient and the aging coefficient. The rheological-dynamical analogy (RDA) method uses the resonant method to find material properties. The characterization of the structural damping via the damping ratio is original and effective.