bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PRESUMABLE VARIANTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF FORTIFIED SETTLEMENTS OF THE DNIEPER-DON FOREST-STEPPE IN THE SCYTHIAN AGE
Authors: Kriutchenko O. O. 
Published: November 2021

The intensive constructing of fortified settlements has turned the Dnieper-Don forest-steppe into a huge building site since the second half of the 6th century BCE. Mass development of fortifications has begun. Despite the local features related with topography and the availability of building materials, it is possible to distinguish some common vectors.
The hillforts are traditionally perceived by researchers as static structures that have «frozen» in their original forms. Recent archaeological researches on the Tsyrkuny, Bilsk and Mokhnach hillforts in the Forest-Steppe, confirmed by the series of planographic observations on the other sites, allow us to classify some features of the development of fortified settlements.
On the one hand, hillforts are formed on the basis of the unfortified settlements. Another part was initially built as fortification. Simple forms of defensive structures and poorly saturated cultural layer are the characteristic features of the fortifications of so-called «shelter-fortresses». The review of the sources allowed us to say that these sites are hillforts which, for some unknown reasons, were not settled down, capturing the first stage of the existence of fortifications, and their specific cultural layer cannot be the evidence of their belonging to certain cultural and economic type.
The series of cross-sections of fortifications indicated the traces of restructuring and repairing of individual defensive lines throughout the entire period of their use. There are examples of expanding the area of the hillfort due to constructing of the new defensive structure as an extension of the main line or the creation of the fortification on the next cape that could be united by the common rampart. Also are known the examples of the special reduction of the area of hillfort. Similar situation is observed at the last stage of the Bilsk archaeological complex.
In the Late Scythian period, a new type of monuments appeared on the territory of the Dnieper-Don Forest-Steppe, fortifications consisting of the acropolis (central fortified part) and large household yard.
The current research allows to critically evaluate the popular models of classifications and the validity of their application for historical reconstructions.
THE NUTRITION OF THE SUBCARPATHIAN POPULATION IN THE 3rd—4th centuries
Authors: Vakulenko L. V. 
Published: November 2021

The issue of the sources and nature of nutrition of ancient population is undoubtedly important to reproduce the general picture of its life. Archaeologists learn about this, analyzing the remains of foodstuffs or equipment, which have been found during the excavation of sites and may indicate the manufacture or usage of such products.
The Subcarpathian territory in the 3rd—4th centuries was inhabited by the tribes of the Carpathian Barrows Culture. The agricultural nature of the economy of this population was determined after the discovery and research of the settlements. Long time this archaeological culture was known only by its burial sites.
Naturally, the basis of nutrition of the ancient farmer population was the cereals. In particular, the complex of granaries with charred grain, discovered at the settlement near Pylypy village, indicates the wide range of cultivated cereals, among which the preference was given to the barley, millet, oats. Apparently, the Subcarpathian people in the 3rd—4th centuries used for nutrition mainly the products of retreatment of these cereals. It is interested that, according to ethnographic data, before the appearance of corn and potatoes just the barley, millet and oats were the basis of the daily food of the Carpathian Ukrainians. Even in nineteenth century traditional unleavened bread has been baked of oatmeal. The population was engaged in animal husbandry, kept the cows, horses, sheep, goats, pigs, and poultry. The bones of these animals and birds were occurred in the materials of settlements and burials. The usage of dairy products is evidenced by the findings of jugs, mugs and clay «colanders» for making cottage cheese. The dishes cooked of lamb, pork, poultry as well the eggs were placed in the burial as funeral food. Population Subcarpathian Barrows Culture not use meat of horse as food. The presence of burnt horse bones in the barrows was of sacred significance. Horses in burials were escort animals to the afterlife.
Archaeological finds of hunting weapons and fishing tackle give reasons to believe that additional meals were the game and fish. Naturally, the ancient population also fed by mushrooms, berries, honey of wild bees, herbs.
BUSHEVE AND PISCHANA — HILL-FORTS OF POROSSYA DEFENSIVE LINE. TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY AND STRATIGRAPHIC RESEARCHES
Authors: Manigda O. V. , Borysov A. V. , Belenko M. M. , Pichkur Ye. V. 
Published: November 2021

This paper presents the results of topographic survey, analysis of topography, current state of sites and gives an example of stratigraphic reconstruction of fortifications based on ground drilling. The main steps of the methodology of topographic survey and stratigraphic researches are highlighted.
The closest hillforts to the Sukholisy one were documented by specialists of the Architectural and Archaeological Expedition of Institute of Archaeology during the campagne of 2020. The purpose of these works was to document the current state of sites and to prepare information for the conservation documentary.
Busheve hillfort is similar to the Sukholisy one by its construction type and belongs to the early hillforts in the defensive line of Ros River area (Porossia). The study of this site is important for understanding the initial stage of the Old Rus settlement structure of Central Porossia region.
Due to the stratigraphic research the cross-section of Busheve and Pishchana hillforts was reconstructed. Analyzing the information obtained from the ground drilling it is possible to make some conclusions for Busheve hillfort: 1) the defensive constructions of this hillfort were built in the river floodplain around a large dune; 2) the moat is traced only on one side; 3) drills 16—18 probably indicates the presence of archaeological layers appeared before the hillfort constructions.
Conclusions by the results of drilling for Pishchana hillfort are the following: 1) the moat was made by deepening of the natural ravine; 2) the defensive wall has the traces of repair; 3) drill 11 found that on the edge of the hillfort the fortifications of World War II period were bult.
The number of large-scale plans of Busheve and Pishchana hillforts were made with all the necessary descriptions and measurements with designation the constructions of the hillforts; stratigraphic researches; current state of hillforts; areas damaged by human activities. They are made for the preparation of conservation documentary.
DATING AND CULTURAL IDENTITY OF THE MILTY BARROW CEMETERY (MIADZIEL DISTRICT MINSK REGION)
Authors: Plavinski M. A. 
Published: November 2021

The barrow cemetery Milty consists of two groups — Milty I and II. The research of the cemetery was carried out in 1992—1993 by archaeological expedition of the historical faculty of the Belarusian State University under the head of V. N. Rabcevič and A. M. Plavinski. In 1992, 5 barrows in group Milty I were investigated, in 1993 — 2 barrows in group Milty II.
An analysis of the grave goods and rituals of the investigated burials suggests that the barrows in groups I and II of Milty cemetery can be dated to the second half of the 10th — first half of the 11th century, or somewhat more broadly, from the 10th to the first half of the 11th century. They belong to the final stage of the existence of the culture of the Smolensk-Polatsk Long Barrows culture on the western border of its area. At this time, glass beads, jewelry and household items of Old Rusian types appeared in noticeable quantities in the burials of the western regions of the settlement of the population of the Smolensk-Polatsk Long Barrows culture.
In barrow 10 of group I, an inhumation burial was found. Such a burial in the necropolis of the Smolensk-Polatsk Long Barrows culture could have been performed not earlier than the end of the 10th — early 11th centuries and, obviously, may be associated with the beginning of the spread of the Christian burial tradition in the Belarusian Dzvina and adjacent territories. Accordingly, chronologically, it is one of the latest in the necropolis. Individual inhumations in the cemeteries of the culture of the Smolensk-Polatsk Long Barrows culture were repeatedly revealed in the western microregions of the distribution of monuments of this ethnocultural community and mark the final stage of the functioning of its necropolises.
THE JEWELRY MOLD FROM KHODOSIVKA SETTLEMENT OF THE VOLYNTSEVO CULTURE
Authors: Komar O. V. 
Published: November 2021

Casting molds for making small ornaments of lead or tin alloys were found in different parts of the East Europe in the areas of various archaeological cultures. This simple technology and simple shapes of products were in use by many peoples since 3rd till 10th century and perhaps even earlier. Lead castings and stone molds for their manufacture attracted the attention of researchers of Early Slavic archaeology since discovery of the Velyki Budky hoard (1981) and Bernashivka workshop (1990).
The obvious problem was the chronological and geographic lacuna between the Slavic Bernashivka type ornaments (6th—7th centuries) and ornaments of the Kamno-Rхuge type (8th—10th centuries) from the Eastern Baltic region. Several versions explaining the similarity of finds from the northern and southern areas have been proposed: common substrate, population migrations, imitation of some fashion etc. In recent years two molds for some ornaments of the Kamno-Rхuge type have been discovered at the Romny culture hillforts (Sverdlovske 1, Vorkhol II), which demonstrated the lasting of the tradition in the south until the 10th century.
A problem of the upper limit for existence of the Bernashivka type ornaments can be clarified using the mold find from Khodosivka settlement. The mold was discovered by expedition of E. O. Petrovska in 1976 during a survey along the left edge of the Gley ravine (Kozakiv ravine) near the Khodosivka hillfort. It was found in remaining part of a pit dwelling in context with fragments of hand-made and wheel-made pots of the Volyntsevo culture. The object dates back to the second half of the 8th century — early 9th cen-tury.
Negatives of ornaments are carved on both sides of the mold. A diamond-shaped patch carved on the main side. On the reverse side the negatives of round plaques are carved and probably loops for attaching the same plaques. There is also circular decoration presents, probably, of a circular pendant. The closest analogies to such decorations were found in the Bernashivka workshop, and also at the molds from the Lower Danube region. Products from the Khodosivka mold look quite archaic and simple in comparing to gold and silver jewelry from hoards of the Volyntsevo culture. Such production was undoubtedly the part of nonprofessional home craft.
TO THE ORIGIN OF THE GRIVNA
Authors: Kozubovskyi G. A. 
Published: November 2021

The article is devoted to the problems of the Old Slavonic grivna. The word is present in all Slavonic languages and associates with decoration, weight and monetary unit. Many researchers link word a grivna as derived from animal mane. Study of the Persian, Caucasian and some other East writings and archeological sources of the 1st millennium BC to the 1st millennium AD (T. Nцldeke, H. Hьbscmann, J. Harmatta, A. Manandyan, W. Hinz, A. Bivar, H. Martirosyan and other) has allowed to select many variant off this word, how corn measure and land measure. This measure is fixed in Old Persian, Middle Persian, Armenian, Georgian, Parthian, Arabic and other languages (grb, grbn, grϊβa, griv, grїw, garib, jarib and other). Grb (graβi, basket) is present in Aramaic-Egyptian document and is dated near 310 BC. How corn measure, the word was wide-spread in the Achemenid and Sasanian Empire. Attested as Armenian corn measure in the Anania Sirakaci, 7th century (9.782 kg, 1.5 modius, a unit of measurement), links with garw-o-y, barley. However, in Greek version inscription of Љāpur I (240—271), the word can be correspond to 9.32 litres (A. Bivar). Griv as corn measure is fixed on Caucasus in the end of the 1st millennium — beginning of 2st millennium AD. Special attention is spared to geographical terminology, in East Europe word griva are spread for mountain territory and area of land. Obviously, griv-modius how a corn measure preceded to grivna-decoration, to grivna-weight and to grivna-monetary unit in the Slavonic territories. The Eastern Europe in the end of 1st millennium BC and the 1st millennium AD was a territory of agrarian economy, and corn measure defined all others: capacity, length and square, weight measures and monetary units.
GRAVES OF THE SCYTHIAN AMAZONS: TYPOLOGY AND DESIGN FEATURES
Authors: Fialko O. Ye. 
Published: November 2021

Types of burial structures are one of the most reliable ethno-differentiating criterion. They are commonly due to local natural and economic factors that were accepted by the newcomer population along with main characteristics of their own ritual.
As for the shape, the graves of Scythian warriors are arbitrarily divided into 11 types with options, which in general make up three main groups: simple pits and more intricate variable chamber constructions such as undercut and catacombs.
303 graves of women with weapons from 267 barrows are known in the territory of European Scythia. More than half of them (55 %) have not been looted. By territorial principle they can be divided into five main groups: 1) Lower Dnipro steppe (or Steppe); 2) Crimea Foothills; 3) Danube-Dnister steppes (or Transnistria); 4) Forest Steppe Dnipro area (or Forest Steppe); 5) Don region (Steppe and partly Forest Steppe).
In total, among graves of the Amazons of European Scythia the undercut (alcove) graves are the most represented — 104, inferior to them are catacombs — 99 and pit graves — 80, undefined — 20. However, the indicators for some groups differ significantly.
We can mention the following design features of the graves: ground steps and hollow in the bottom of entrance pit, separation of entrance to dromos or chamber etc.
Some specific features are also present in the arrangement of internal space of the graves (nishes, wall and ceiling design, floor decoration, arrangement of a funeral bed etc.).
So, burial complexes of the female warriors correspond to Scythian regulations, that is, the design of ground and underground elements does not stand out in the burial ground. Here, we are dealing only with regional features typical for community members who lived there.
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XXITH CENTURY: «REDISCOVERY» OF THE CULTURAL COMPLEX PRECUCUTENI-CUCUTENI-TRYPILLIA
Authors: Videiko M. Yu. 
Published: November 2021

Heading for a long time the department of archeology of the Eneolithic-Bronze Age, Vitalii Otroshchenko joined the issues related to the study of Trypillia culture. He has repeatedly participated in specialized scientific conferences, at which he repeatedly touched upon the study of Trypillia culture, criticizing myth-making and myth-makers who speculate on the basis of archaeology in general and Trypillia culture in particular. During this time, the staff of the department conducted a significant amount of archaeological research, published a large number of articles and monographs on the study of Trypillia culture.
Application in the first decades of the XXI century, modern geophysical equipment and satellite imagery have led to another «rediscovery» of the world of ancient farmers with previously unknown to archaeologists details. New types of buildings, public buildings, traces of handicrafts, fortifications, planning and structure of settlements, histories of their construction — this is an approximate list of discoveries that not only changed the perception of ancient farmers, but also open new, exciting research horizons for decades to come. This review is devoted to the results of almost a decade of geophysical mapping of Cucuteni-Trypillia settlements in Romania, Moldova and Ukraine and consideration of their consequences.
Archaeologists have not only expanded and refined their understanding of settlement planning, the number of buildings, and their size. A number of objects have been discovered that were previously little known or unknown to researchers. These are large public buildings and pottery kilns of previously unknown design. Also new was the fact that there were fortifications around large settlements, as well as the spread of fortifications in most small settlements.
Due to the wide geography of research, which covered the territories of Romania, Moldova, Ukraine (including regions where magnetic imaging had not been conducted before), as well as a significant chronological range of monuments on which work was carried out, it became possible to compare settlement structures as in time and space. More accurate information on the number of buildings in the settlements made it possible to increase the probability of the results of paleodemographic and paleoeconomic calculations, in particular, to offer a new vision of the probable population of Trypillia protocities.
Due to the opening of fortifications, a large number of large public buildings and craft complexes, new grounds for conclusions about the early processes of urbanization based on the settlements of the cultural complex Cucuteni-Trypillia, as part of the world of farmers of ancient Europe in V—IV millennium BC.
Implementasi Kerangka Kerja Zachman dalam Perancangan Arsitektur Sistem Informasi dan Teknologi Informasi Perusahaan
Authors: Wijaya Muksin 
Published: November 2021

Membangun arsitektur sistem informasi perusahaan adalah salah satu hal penting dari sekian perencanaan strategis perusahaan yang perlu dipertimbangkan oleh perusahaan, terutama implementasi pada perusahaan yang siap berkembang. Pada perusahaan yang siap berkembang, penyederhanaan proses bisnis penting dilakukan agar dapat diselaraskan dengan keadaan dan kondisi perusahaan, dan untuk itu perlu suatu kerangka kerja yang dapat diterapkan untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut. Kerangka kerja perusahaan yang dimaksud adalah sebagai kerangka kerja yang memberikan arahan berbagai aturan dan standar serta tatanan tertentu dalam membantu perusahaan dalam menemukan hal-hal yang sesuai dan pas untuk diimplementasikan sebagai bagian dari strategi pengembangan perusahaan.
Dari sekian model kerangka kerja yang ada, diantaranya terdapat model kerangka kerja Zachman (Zachman Framework) yang dapat menjadi alternatif untuk dipakai dalam upaya perusahaan untuk menyusun strategi bisnisnya, kerangka kerja ini terdiri atas langkahlangkah yang sistematis, mudah dipahami dan dapat pula dijadikan sebagai kendali bagi perusahaan dalam mengembangkan lebih lanjut strategi bisnisnya.
Penggunaan Molagen untuk Meningkatkan Produksi dan Kadar Kurkumin Tanaman Kunyit (Curcuma domestica val)
Authors: Bata Agustinus Maru , Hamzah Amir 
Published: November 2021

Perbaikan produktivitas tanah untuk meningkatkan produksi kunyit dan kadar kurkumin dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai cara. Salah satunya adalah penggunaan sabut kelapa dan pupuk nitrogen. Penggunaan sabut kelapa dalam bentuk cair diyakini mampu meningkatkan kadar kalium dalam tanah. Begitu juga ketersediaan nitrogen yang cukup akan mampu meningkatkan pertumbuhan tanaman sehingga kadar kurkumin akan meningkat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan dosis Molagen yang tepat untuk pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman kunyit, serta kadar kurkumin. Kadar kurkumin dianalisis dengan spektrometer. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di kelurahan Tlogomas kota Malang pada ketinggian ± 450 m dpl. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan dua faktor dan tiga ulangan. Faktor pertama dosis Molagen (M) : M0 = Kontrol (tanpa Molagen), M1 = Molagen 100 ml/tanaman, M2 = Molagen 200 ml/tanaman, M3 = Molagen 300 ml/tanaman, M4 = Molagen 500 ml/tanaman. Faktor kedua, dosis pupuk Urea (U) : U1 = Dosis Urea 100 kg/ha, U2 = Dosis Urea 200 kg/ha, U3 = Dosis Urea 300 kg/ha. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa penggunaan Molagen dan berbagai dosis urea mampu meningkatkan pertumbuhan tinggi tanaman, luas daun, berat brangkasan dan bobot rimpang. Kadar kurkumin yang diperoleh rata-rata antara 2,2 – 2,7%.
Evaluasi Metode Seleksi Populasi F3 Tanaman Kedelai Berdasarkan Heritabilitas dan Kemajuan Seleksi
Authors: Meriaty Meriaty , Sihaloho Arvita Netti , Purba Tioner , Simarmata Marulam 
Published: November 2021

Dalam upaya mendapatkan varietas unggul dibutuhkan metode seleksi yang tepat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan metode seleksi yang sesuai pada populasi F3. Penelitian dilaksanakan mulai Oktober sampai Desember 2020 di desa Raya Usang Kecamatan Dolok Masagal, kabupaten Simalungun. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Augmented. Setiap individu tanaman ditanam dalam baris sesuai metode seleksi (single seed descent, bulk dan pedigree). Tetua ditanam sebanyak tiga ulangan. Jarak tanam yang digunakan 20 x 30 cm. Karakter yang diamati adalah tinggi tanaman, umur berbunga, jumlah cabang, jumlah polong, bobot biji pertanaman dan bobot 100 biji. Data yang diamati untuk setiap individu tanaman dilakukan untuk mencari ragam genetik, kemajuan genetik harapan (KGH) dan nilai duga heritabilitas arti luas (h2). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metode seleksi single seed descent (SSD) menghasilkan nilai heritabilitas tinggi untuk karakter jumlah cabang dan bobot 100 biji sedangkan metode seleksi pedigree dan bulk menghasilkan nilai heritabilitas tinggi untuk karakter jumlah polong pertanaman dan bobot 100 biji. Metode seleksi SSD dan pedigree menghasilkan nilai kemajuan genetik harapan tinggi hanya untuk karakter jumlah polong pertanaman, sedangkan metode seleksi bulk menghasilkan nilai kemajuan genetik harapan tinggi untuk karakter jumlah cabang dan jumlah polong pertanaman. Metode seleksi bulk merupakan metode seleksi terbaik pada generasi awal (F3).
Identifikasi Kerusakan Pohon pada Hutan Tanaman Rakyat PIL, Kabupaten Bangka, Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung, Indonesia
Authors: Arwanda Elmo Rialdy , Safe'i Rahmat , Kaskoyo Hari , Herwanti Susni 
Published: November 2021

Hutan Tanaman Rakyat (HTR) merupakan hutan tanaman pada hutan produksi yang dibangun oleh kelompok masyarakat untuk meningkatkan potensi dan kualitas hutan produksi dengan menerapkan silvikultur dalam rangka menjamin kelestarian sumber daya hutan. Salah satu penyebab menurunnya kesehatan HTR adalah rusaknya pohon. Kerusakan pohon yang diabaikan akan menjadi ancaman serius dan mengakibatkan kematian pada pohon tersebut. Tujuan dilakukan penelitian untuk mengidentifikasi kerusakan pada pohon di area HTR Panca Indah Lestari menggunakan parameter kerusakan pohon. Adapun tahapan-tahapan dari penelitian ini, antara lain: penetapan jumlah klaster plot, pembuatan klaster plot, pengukuran kerusakan pohon di lokasi penelitian, dan identifikasi kerusakan yang telah diamati. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 217 individu dari 9 jenis pohon dengan intensitas 91% pohon yang terdapat kerusakan dan intensitas 9% pohon yang tidak terdapat kerusakan. Identifikasi kerusakan yang dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa terdapat enam lokasi kerusakan pohon yang terjadi dengan lokasi kerusakan terbanyak terjadi pada batang bagian bawah sebesar 54% (216 lokasi), dan terdapat delapan tipe kerusakan yang berlangsung dengan tipe kerusakan terbanyak ialah luka terbuka sebesar 45% (201 kerusakan), dan tingkatan keparahan sangat banyak berlangsung pada 10% sebesar 71%. Dengan demikian, hasil identifikasi kerusakan pohon menunjukkan perlu dilakukannya teknik pemeliharaan yang tepat pada tegakan hutan tanaman rakyat. Pemeliharaan ini dapat mengurangi kerusakan pohon yang terjadi sehingga kesehatan hutan tetap terjaga dan berkelanjutan.