bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimal dynamic risk sharing under the time‐consistent mean‐variance criterion
Authors: Chen Lv , Landriault David , Li Bin , Li Danping 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we consider a dynamic Pareto optimal risk‐sharing problem under the time‐consistent mean‐variance criterion. A group of n insurers is assumed to share an exogenous risk whose dynamics is modeled by a Lévy process. By solving the extended Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation using the Lagrange multiplier method, an explicit form of the time‐consistent equilibrium risk‐bearing strategy for each insurer is obtained. We show that equilibrium risk‐bearing strategies are mixtures of two common risk‐sharing arrangements, namely, the proportional and stop‐loss strategies. Their explicit forms allow us to thoroughly examine the analytic properties of the equilibrium risk‐bearing strategies. We later consider two extensions to the original model by introducing a set of financial investment opportunities and allowing for insurers' ambiguity towards the exogenous risk distribution. We again explicitly solve for the equilibrium risk‐bearing strategies and further examine the impact of the extension component (investment or ambiguity) on these strategies. Finally, we consider an application of our results in the classical risk‐sharing problem of a pure exchange economy.
Evaluating the O‐Cr‐Mo isotope signatures in various meteorites representing core–mantle–crust fragments: Implications for partially differentiated planetesimal(s) accreted in the early outer solar system
Authors: Ali Arshad , Jabeen Iffat 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe Allende, Eagle Station pallasites (ESP), some ungrouped achondrites (UA), and ungrouped irons (UI) represent different types of meteorites; these are traditionally distinguished as chondrule‐bearing chondrite, chondrule‐free stony irons, stones, and irons, respectively. Oxygen isotopic compositions of meteorites have long been used as a robust tool to identify the parent bodies of these extraterrestrial materials. We revisited the δ18O‐∆17O, along with ε54Cr and ε92Mo, of these meteorites and established a genetic link that possibly suggests that undifferentiated carbonaceous chondrites and their differentiated counterparts belong to a common reservoir. We observed that the differentiated counterparts of Allende CV3 including ESP, ungrouped achondrites, and ungrouped irons collectively provide the oxygen isotope trends comparable to those of the Y&R and the PCM lines, and are likely to represent the primitive isotope reservoirs in the solar nebula. ε54Cr and ε92Mo data of these meteorite types support their oxygen isotope trends. The idea of a common partially differentiated parent body also lends support from natural remnant magnetization in the CV chondrites and Eagle Station olivine. Furthermore, ∆17O‐ε54Cr data suggest that these meteorites originated from carbonaceous planetesimal(s) accreted at different heliocentric distances in the solar nebula in the outer solar system. As proposed earlier, these bodies remained separated from the inner solar system due to formation of Jupiter. Taken together, we propose that the ungrouped irons, ESP, and ungrouped achondrites could possibly represent the differentiated sections, such as core, core–mantle, and mantle of a planetesimal(s), respectively, with the Allende CV3 representing an undifferentiated chondritic crust.
Population structure in a continuously distributed coastal marine species, the harbor porpoise, based on microhaplotypes derived from poor‐quality samples
Authors: Morin Phillip A. , Forester Brenna R. , Forney Karin A. , Crossman Carla A. , Hancock‐Hanser Brittany L. , Robertson Kelly M. , Barrett‐Lennard Lance G. , Baird Robin W. , Calambokidis John , Gearin Pat , Hanson M. Bradley , Schumacher Cassie , Harkins Timothy , Fontaine Michael C. , Taylor Barbara L. , Parsons Kim M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHarbor porpoise in the North Pacific are found in coastal waters from southern California to Japan, but population structure is poorly known outside of a few local areas. We used multiplexed amplicon sequencing of 292 loci and genotyped clusters of single nucleotide polymoirphisms as microhaplotypes (N = 271 samples) in addition to mitochondrial (mtDNA) sequence data (N = 413 samples) to examine the genetic structure from samples collected along the Pacific coast and inland waterways from California to southern British Columbia. We confirmed an overall pattern of strong isolation‐by‐distance, suggesting that individual dispersal is restricted. We also found evidence of regions where genetic differences are larger than expected based on geographical distance alone, implying current or historical barriers to gene flow. In particular, the southernmost population in California is genetically distinct (FST = 0.02 [microhaplotypes]; 0.31 [mtDNA]), with both reduced genetic variability and high frequency of an otherwise rare mtDNA haplotype. At the northern end of our study range, we found significant genetic differentiation of samples from the Strait of Georgia, previously identified as a potential biogeographical boundary or secondary contact zone between harbor porpoise populations. Association of microhaplotypes with remotely sensed environmental variables indicated potential local adaptation, especially at the southern end of the species’ range. These results inform conservation and management for this nearshore species, illustrate the value of genomic methods for detecting patterns of genetic structure within a continuously distributed marine species, and highlight the power of microhaplotype genotyping for detecting genetic structure in harbor porpoises despite reliance on poor‐quality samples.
Transport Infrastructure and Regional Integration in the Middle East
Authors: El‐Anis Imad 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe soft aspects of the infrastructure of regionalism in the Middle East have previously been studied, while the impact of the region’s hard infrastructure, in particular transport infrastructure, has received little attention. This paper contributes to the study of regionalism in the Middle East by investigating the relationship between hard infrastructure and economic integration. It analyzes whether the state of domestic and cross‐border transport infrastructure in the region promotes regional trade. This is done by addressing the following sub‐questions: 1) What is the condition of domestic and cross‐border transport infrastructure in the Middle East? And 2) What is the relationship between domestic and cross‐border transport infrastructure and regional trade in the Middle East? These questions are answered by examining Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, and Turkey as representative samples of the broader region. It is argued that regionalism relies on the development of domestic and cross‐border transport infrastructure and where the latter is limited, regionalism cannot deepen. The study concludes that domestic and cross‐border transport infrastructure performance is weak in several of the countries studied and that this weakness hinders regional economic integration regardless of the level of the region’s soft infrastructure.
Pulmonary infection secondary to Blastobotrys raffinosifermentans in a cystic fibrosis patient: Review of the literature
Authors: Al‐Obaidi Mohanad , Badali Hamid , Cañete‐Gibas Connie , Patterson Hoja P. , Wiederhold Nathan P. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe genus Blastobotrys consists of at least 20 species. Disease in humans has been reported with B adeninivorans, B raffinosifermentans, B proliferans and B serpentis, mostly in immunocompromised patients and those with cystic fibrosis.ObjectiveWe report a lung infection secondary to B raffinosifermentans in a cystic fibrosis patient successfully treated with isavuconazole and review the literature of invasive infections caused this genus. We also evaluated clinical isolates in our laboratory for species identification and antifungal susceptibility.MethodsPhylogenetic analysis was performed on a collection of 22 Blastobotrys isolates in our reference laboratory, and antifungal susceptibility patterns were determined for nine clinically available antifungals against 19 of these isolates.ResultsBy phylogenetic analysis, 21 of the 22 isolates in our collection were identified as B raffinosifermentans and only 1 as B adeninivorans. Most were cultured from the respiratory tract, although others were recovered from other sources, including CSF and blood. Isavuconazole, caspofungin and micafungin demonstrated the most potent in vitro activity, followed by amphotericin B. In contrast, fluconazole demonstrated poor activity. The patient in this case responded to isavuconazole treatment for breakthrough infection due to B raffinosifermentans that was cultured from pleural fluid while on posaconazole prophylaxis post–bilateral lung transplantation for cystic fibrosis.ConclusionsBlastobotrys species are rare causes of infections in humans and primarily occur in immunocompromised hosts. In our collection, the majority of isolates were identified as B raffinosifermentans. To our knowledge, this is the first report of successful treatment of such an infection with isavuconazole.
Governing families that care for a sick relative: the contributions of Donzelot’s theory for nursing
Authors: Paradis‐Gagné Etienne , Holmes Dave 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAccording to the literature, the family is now considered to be the most important resource for the care and support of a sick family member. Families are being increasingly invited and trained to play a utilitarian role, not just as family caregivers, but as healthcare agents. Healthcare institutions, based on neoliberal health policies, are encouraging them to perform increasingly complex and professionalized tasks. The burden associated with this expanded healthcare function, however, is significant (fatigue, emotional distress and exhaustion). The aim of this article was to present French sociologist Jacques Donzelot's theoretical perspective on governing through the family. According to Donzelot, such a government is exercised through various power techniques, including the instrumentalization of the family role and the transfer to families of the responsibility for health care. This author describes how healthcare institutions call on the family to perform hospital and biomedical practices within the home. A spin‐off of neoliberalism, the practices of governing through families specifically target women, who are considered to be the pillar of the family. Donzelot's perspective is very relevant to nursing, but is still rarely mobilized in the discipline. His critical perspective allows for a re‐reading of relations of power and mechanisms of surveillance and control of families, issues that are often overlooked in nursing research.
Pancreatic islet reserve in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Flatt Anneliese J. S. , Greenbaum Carla J. , Shaw James A. M. , Rickels Michael R. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractType 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by pancreatic islet β cell loss and dysfunction resulting in insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia. During a presymptomatic phase of established β cell autoimmunity, β cell loss may first be evident through assessment of β cell secretory capacity, a measure of functional β cell mass. Reduction in pancreatic islet β cell reserve eventually manifests as impaired first‐phase insulin response to glucose and abnormal glucose tolerance, which progresses until the functional capacity for β cell secretion can no longer meet the demand for insulin to control glycemia. A functional β cell mass of ∼25% of normal may be required to avoid symptomatic T1D but is already associated with dysregulated glucagon secretion. With symptomatic T1D, stimulated C‐peptide levels >0.60 ng/mL (0.200 pmol/mL) indicate the presence of clinically meaningful residual β cell function for contributing to glycemic control, although even higher residual C‐peptide appears necessary for evidencing glucose‐dependent islet β and α cell function that may contribute to maintaining (near)normal glycemia. β cell replacement by islet transplantation can restore a physiologic reserve capacity for insulin secretion, confirming thresholds for functional β cell mass required for independence from insulin therapy.
Twenty years of pediatric diabetes surveillance: what do we know and why it matters
Authors: Dabelea Dana , Sauder Katherine A. , Jensen Elizabeth T. , Mottl Amy K. , Huang Alyssa , Pihoker Catherine , Hamman Richard F. , Lawrence Jean , Dolan Lawrence M. , Agostino Ralph D’ , Wagenknecht Lynne , Mayer‐Davis Elizabeth J. , Marcovina Santica M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSEARCH for Diabetes in Youth (SEARCH) was initiated in 2000 as a multicenter study to address major gaps in the understanding of childhood diabetes in the United States. An active registry of youth diagnosed with diabetes at age <20 years since 2002 assessed prevalence, annual incidence, and trends by age, race/ethnicity, sex, and diabetes type. An observational cohort nested within the population‐based registry was established to assess the natural history and risk factors for acute and chronic diabetes‐related complications, as well as the quality of care and quality of life of children and adolescents with diabetes from diagnosis into young adulthood. SEARCH findings have contributed to a better understanding of the complex and heterogeneous nature of youth‐onset diabetes. Continued surveillance of the burden and risk of type 1 and type 2 diabetes is important to track and monitor incidence and prevalence within the population. SEARCH reported evidence of early diabetes complications highlighting that continuing the long‐term follow‐up of youth with diabetes is necessary to further our understanding of its natural history and to develop the most appropriate approaches to primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of diabetes and its complications. This review summarizes two decades of research and suggests avenues for further work.
Empirical Evidence on the Dynamics of Investment Under Uncertainty in the U.S.*
Authors: Haque Qazi , Magnusson Leandro M. , Tomioka Kazuki 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe study the time‐varying effects of financial uncertainty shocks in the United States using a vector autoregression with drifting parameters and stochastic volatilities. We find negative effects of financial uncertainty shocks on real activity with both consumption and investment growth declining significantly and comoving along the entire sample. These effects remained fairly stable in the post‐WWII period but the negative response of investment growth became more pronounced during the Zero Lower Bound episode. Our findings lend empirical support to theoretical frameworks that can successfully capture this macroeconomic comovement following an uncertainty shock. Remarkably, we find a limited role for financial uncertainty shocks during the Great Recession.
Physiology of weight regain: Lessons from the classic Minnesota Starvation Experiment on human body composition regulation
Authors: Dulloo Abdul G. 
Published: February 2021

SummarySince its publication in 1950, the Biology of Human Starvation, which describes the classic longitudinal Minnesota Experiment of semistarvation and refeeding in healthy young men, has been the undisputed source of scientific reference about the impact of long‐term food deprivation on human physiology and behavior. It has been a guide in developing famine and refugee relief programs for international agencies, in exploring the effects of food deprivation on the cognitive and social functioning of those with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, and in gaining insights into metabolic adaptations that undermine obesity therapy and cachexia rehabilitation. In more recent decades, the application of a systems approach to the analysis of its data on longitudinal changes in body composition, basal metabolic rate, and food intake during the 24 weeks of semistarvation and 20 weeks of refeeding has provided rare insights into the multitude of control systems that govern the regulation of body composition during weight regain. These have underscored an internal (autoregulatory) control of lean–fat partitioning (highly sensitive to initial adiposity), which operates during weight loss and weight regain and revealed the existence of feedback loops between changes in body composition and the control of food intake and adaptive thermogenesis for the purpose of accelerating the recovery of fat mass and fat‐free mass. This paper highlights the general features and design of this grueling experiment of simulated famine that has allowed the unmasking of fundamental control systems in human body composition autoregulation. The integration of its outcomes constitutes the “famine reactions” that drive the normal physiology of weight regain and obesity relapse and provides a mechanistic “autoregulation‐based” explanation of how dieting and weight cycling, transition to sedentarity, or developmental programming may predispose to obesity. It also provides a system physiology framework for research toward elucidating proteinstatic and adipostatic mechanisms that control hunger–appetite and adaptive thermogenesis, with major implications for a better understanding (and management) of cachexia, obesity, and cardiometabolic diseases.
Possibility of potential coalitions in gas exports from the Southern Corridor to Europe: a cooperative game theory framework
Authors: Jafarzadeh Amir , Shakeri Abbas , Ghasemi Abdolrasoul , Javan Afshin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe dependence of European gas imports on Russia has led European countries to consider different ways to compete with Russia. One of the most important of these is the Caspian and Middle East countries, which delivers gas to Turkey via the southern corridor and then to other European countries. The region's gas supplies are still in dispute. One of the main concerns of European countries is to choose the best option for gas supply for this project. Currently, not only Azerbaijan exports to Europe, but other countries are also interested in European countries due to concerns over its ability to continue exporting. Therefore, in addition to Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkmenistan and Iraq are among the main gas supply options in the region. In the present article, with the approach of cooperative game theory, different gas export coalitions from this region to Europe have been investigated and bargaining power of all countries has been obtained through Shapley solution. The results show that Turkey plays the most important role in the gas pipeline network as a transistor, because without this country no area would be able to export gas to Europe. It also appears that the pipelines could increase the bargaining power of one country, which could increase gas transmission capacity without the need for a country other than Turkey.
Family members' perceptions of older person discharge from emergency departments
Authors: Fry Margaret , Elliott Rosalind , Curtis Kate , Mei Joy , Fitzpatrick Lesley , Groth Rachel , Murphy Sandra , Jones Keryn , Hofman Catherine 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundPeople aged over 64 years account for approximately 20% of adult emergency presentations, with up to 60% of people discharged home from emergency departments (EDs). Many older people discharged home are supported by family.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to explore the family members’ perspectives of older people’s discharge from ED to inform new alternative or innovative models of care.MethodsThe design was a descriptive exploratory study. A convenience sample of family members was recruited from three EDs across Sydney, New South Wales. Telephone interviews were conducted over a six‐month period and data were analysed using statistics or thematic analysis.ResultsInterviews were conducted with 133 family members of whom the majority were female (n = 80, 60%) with a median age of 70 years (IQR 91–35). Over 87% of family members were satisfied with ED care and discharge processes that were provided to the older person. The majority (n = 129, 97%) of family members reported that they understood the treatment and perceived that the older person’s condition was well managed (n = 119, 86%). The majority (n = 114, 86%) of family members reported being informed of the medical diagnosis and were confident (87%, n = 115) to continue care of the older person at home. Three themes emerged from qualitative data: (a) a sense of time—moving through ED; (b) giving voice to the impact of clinician communication; and (c) the delivery of comfort and basic care.DiscussionFamily members reported that they were engaged in and satisfied with the older person’s ED treatment and discharge. However, family members suggested that there was opportunity to improve communication consistency for ED discharge and managing the wait.ConclusionClinicians need to engage with family members to optimise quality and safety. Clinicians need to understand that family members considered comfort and fundamentals of care to be an important dimension of the older person’s ED management plan.
An approach to define newborns´ sniffing position using an angle based on reproducible facial landmarks
Authors: Haase Bianca , Badinska Ana‐Maria , Poets Christian F. , Koos Bernd , Springer Laila 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe neutral or sniffing position is advised for mask ventilation in neonates to avoid airway obstruction. As definitions are manifold and often unspecific, we wanted to investigate the reliability and reproducibility of angle measurements based on facial landmarks that may be used in future clinical trials to determine a hypothetical head position with minimal airway obstruction during mask ventilation.MethodsIn a prospective single‐center observational study, 2D sagittal photographs of 24 near‐term and term infants were taken, with five raters marking facial landmarks to assess interobserver agreement of those landmarks and angle δ, defined as the angle between the line parallel to the lying surface and the line crossing Subnasale (Sn) and Porion’ (P’). Angle δ was assessed in sniffing (δsniff) and physiologic (δphys) head position, the former based on a published, yet poorly defined head position where the tip of the nose aligns to the ceiling with the head in a supine, relaxed mid‐position.ResultsInfants had a mean (SD) gestational age of 37.3 (2.3) weeks. Angle δ could be determined in all 48 images taken in either the sniffing or the physiological head position. Interobserver correlation coefficient was 98.6 for all measurements independent of head position. Angle δsniff was 90.5° (5.7) in the sniffing position.ConclusionsThis study provides a new measuring technique using an angle that is reproducible and reliable and may be used in future studies to correlate head position with airway obstruction.