bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
İpek Yolu’nda İnanç Turizminin Geliştirilmesi: Özbekistan Örneği
Authors: AVCI Muharrem , NORBAEV Sherzod 
Published: June 2021

Bu araştırmanın amacı; küresel ilk tarihi ticaret yolu olan İpek Yolu’nun,21.Yüzyılda uluslararası turizmin yeni destinasyonu olarak ele alınması düşüncesinin UNWTO tarafından 1994’te turizme açılma projeleri çerçevesinde Özbekistan’da ki durumunun değerlendirilmesi ve bu ülkede ki alternatif turizm kapsamında İnanç turizmi potansiyelinin incelenmesidir.
Çalışma; Türkiye’den Özbekistan’a, Özbekistan’dan Türkiye’ye İpek yolunda inanç turizmi hareketliliğinin geliştirilebilmesi hususunu kapsamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, nitel araştırma modeli kullanılmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, 20 kişi Özbekistan’ı ziyaret etmiş, 20 kişi Özbekistan’ı hiç görmemiş ve 20 kişi de Özbekistan’da yaşayan bireylere yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formları dağıtılmış ancak üç gruptan 10’ar adet olmak üzere ,toplam 30 form uygulanabilmiştir.
Bulgular ve sonuca gelince; Orta Asya’dan geçen, Avrupa ve Asya arasında ticari bir köprü olan İpek Yolu; Çin’den başlayıp, Türkiye ve Akdeniz aracılığı ile Avrupa’ya kadar uzanan tarihi ve dünyaca ünlü bir ticaret yoludur. İpek Yolu, UNESCO tarafından 22 Haziran 2014 tarihinde kabul edilen bir Dünya Mirasıdır. Büyük İpek Yolu’nun neredeyse 20.000 kilometresi, Türklerin yerleşmiş olduğu bölgeyi kapsamaktadır. Uluslararası ticaretin ana damarı sayılan İpek Yolu’nun önemli bir hattı; Bizans ile Çin’i bir araya getiren büyük ticaret yolu, en canlı dönemlerinde Türklerin gözetiminde bulunmuştur.

Orta Asya coğrafyasının kalbi olan Özbekistan, tarihi Büyük İpek Yolu güzergâhında bulunmaktadır. Özbekistan, egemenliğini kazanmasından sonra turizm sektörünün geliştirilmesi açısından ciddi bir gayret sarf etmektedir. Türk ve İslam mimarisinin en nadir eserlerine ev sahipliği yapan Özbekistan, son yıllarda inanç turizminin de yeni merkezlerinden biri haline gelmiştir. Özbekistan, dünyadaki en fazla tarihi esere sahip olan ilk on ülke arasındadır.
Özbekistan’da tarihin izlerinin görülebileceği 4000 fazla eser bulunmaktadır. Doğal ve kültürel turistik varlıkların zenginliği açısından turizmin gelişimi için en uygun bölgedir. Ancak turizmde her geçen yıl gelişmekte olan bir ülke olmasına rağmen, dünya turizm pazarından yeterli düzeyde pay alamamaktadır. Bu ülkede dış turizmin gelişebilmesi için uygulanması gereken stratejilerden biri de halkın turizm konusunda bilinçlendirilmesidir. Halkta turizm bilincinin geliştirilmesi, hizmet kalitesinin yükseltilmesi, otel sayılarının arttırılması ve Özbekistan’daki tarihi ve kültürel mirasların korunması, tanıtımının yapılması ile dünya turizmindeki payı artabilecektir.
Production and Characterization of Biodiesel from Avocado Peel Oils using Experimental Analysis (ANOVA)
Authors: Bullo Tafere Aga , Fana Feyissa Bekele 
Published: June 2021

The crisis of energy due to the increasing awareness of the depletion of fossil fuel resources, biodiesel is an alternative energy source and promising potential energy that grows rapidly, due to its high contribution to the environment friendly, renewable, non-toxicity, biodegradability, essentially sulfur-free, and as a strategical source of renewable energy in substitution to diesel oil and contributes a minimal amount of net greenhouse gases. In this study, the extracted oil used for biodiesel production from waste avocado peel was investigated in a laboratory approach. Experimental results evaluate the major optimum process parameters for base-catalyzed transesterification on biodiesel yield as well as its properties. The most important variables affecting methyl ester yield during the transesterification reaction are the molar ratio of alcohol to oil and the reaction temperature. A 95.2% FAME conversion was obtained using a methanol/oil ratio of 6:1, 1.21g NaOH, reaction time 67.5 min, and 60 0C reaction temperature. Important properties of (characterization) produced biodiesel are, (pHof 7.8, specific gravity of 0.88, density at 15 0C, kg/m3, the kinematic viscosity of biodiesel was found to be 4.22 m 2·s −1 at 40 0C, the flashpoint was 161 0C and Cetane number of 49 are well-matched the relevant international standards for biodiesel quality produced. This result shows that the oil obtained from avocado peel can be used for biodiesel production as an alternative fuel as compared to those of ASTM and EN standards.
Hemşirelik Öğrencilerinin Akademik Başarısı ile Stres ve Bilişsel Esneklik İlişkisinin Belirlenmesi
Authors: UYSAL Neşe , ÜNAL TOPRAK Filiz 
Published: June 2021

Amaç: Bu çalışma, hemşirelik öğrencilerinde bilişsel esneklik ve stresin akademik başarı ile ilişkisini incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır.
Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı çalışma olarak yürütülen bu araştırmanın örneklemini iki üniversitenin hemşirelik bölümü 3. ve 4. sınıf düzeyindeki 212 öğrenci oluşturmuştur. Araştırma verileri online ortamda, Tanıtıcı Bilgi Formu, Hemşirelik Öğrencileri Algılanan Stres Ölçeği ve Bilişsel Esneklik Ölçeği kullanılarak toplanmıştır.
Bulgular: Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin ödevler ve iş yükünden kaynaklanan stres puan ortalamaları, öğretim elemanı ve hemşirelerden kaynaklanan stres puan ortalamaları ve toplam algılanan stres ölçeği puan ortalamalarının akademik başarı düzeylerine göre anlamlı farklılık gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Bilişsel esneklik ölçeği puan ortalamalarının akademik başarı düzeylerine göre anlamlı farklılık gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Öğrencilerin ödevler ve iş yükünden kaynaklanan stres (r = -0.189; p = 0.006), ortamdan kaynaklanan stres (r = -0.176; p = 0.010), akranlar ve günlük yaşamdan kaynaklanan stres (r = -0.179; p = 0.019) puanları ile bilişsel esneklik ortalama puanları arasında negatif yönde ve anlamlı ilişki olduğu saptanmıştır.
Sonuç: Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin akademik başarı düzeylerinin stres ve bilişsel esneklik düzeylerinden etkilendiği saptanmıştır. Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin streslerini azaltmaya yönelik destekleyici bir öğrenme ortamı hazırlanması ve öğrenmeyi motive ederek akademik başarılarının desteklenmesi önerilmektedir.
The Orbit and Nature of the Semidetached Stellar Companion of the Sgr A* Supermassive Black Hole
Authors: Leibowitz Elia 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In three previous papers I showed that the series of the midpoints of the times of all the X-ray flares of Sgr A* that have been detected so far harbor a statistical trend termed pacemaker regularity. This means that X-ray flares are detected more frequently around time points that are a subset of a periodic grid on the time axis of period P

X
= 0.1032 day = 149 minutes. The series of the times of detection of the peaks of near-IR (NIR) flares of the object are also regulated by a pacemaker, with a period of P
IR = 0.028 day = 41 minutes. Here, I show that the series of the midpoints of the times of recorded NIR flares are also regulated by a pacemaker of the period P
IRM = 0.039 day = 56 minutes. The two pacemakers found in the previous papers were interpreted as signals of a star that revolves around the black hole of Sgr A* in orbit with a mean radius of ∼3.2 Schwarzschild radii of the black hole, here corrected to ∼3.13. The finding of the period of the third pacemaker is consistent with the suggested revolving star model. Here, I present the specific orbit of the star as well as a plausible description of its sidereal rotation. The model also implies that the star has an unusual internal structure. I show that the discovery of the GRAVITY Collaboration of the motion of hotspots at distances from the black hole that are of the order of very few Schwarzschild radii of it may well be understood within the context of the revolving star model.
What Makes Quadruply Lensed Quasars Quadruple?
Authors: Luhtaru Richard , Schechter Paul L. , de Soto Kaylee M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Among known strongly lensed quasar systems, ∼25% have gravitational potentials sufficiently flat (and sources sufficiently well aligned) to produce four images rather than two. The projected flattening of the lensing galaxy and tides from neighboring galaxies both contribute to the potential’s quadrupole. Witt’s hyperbola and Wynne’s ellipse permit determination of the overall quadrupole from the positions of the quasar images. The position of the lensing galaxy resolves the distinct contributions of intrinsic ellipticity and tidal shear to that quadrupole. Among 31 quadruply lensed quasars systems with statistically significant decompositions, 15 are either reliably (2σ) or provisionally (1σ) shear-dominated and 11 are either reliably or provisionally ellipticity-dominated. For the remaining eight, the two effects make roughly equal contributions to the combined cross section (newly derived here) for quadruple lensing. This observational result is strongly at variance with the ellipticity-dominated forecast of Oguri & Marshall.
The ACTIONFINDER: An Unsupervised Deep Learning Algorithm for Calculating Actions and the Acceleration Field from a Set of Orbit Segments
Authors: Ibata Rodrigo , Diakogiannis Foivos I. , Famaey Benoit , Monari Giacomo 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We introduce the ACTIONFINDER, a deep learning algorithm designed to transform a sample of phase-space measurements along orbits in a static potential into action and angle coordinates. The algorithm finds the mapping from positions and velocities to actions and angles in an unsupervised way, by using the fact that points along the same orbit have identical actions. Here we present the workings of the method and test it on simple axisymmetric models, comparing the derived actions to those generated with the Torus Mapping technique. We show that it recovers the torus actions for halo-type orbits in a realistic model of the Milky Way to ∼0.6% accuracy with as few as 1024 input phase-space measurements. These actions are much better conserved along orbits than those estimated with the Stäckel fudge. In our case, the reciprocal mapping from actions and angles to positions and velocities can also be learned. One of the advantages of the ACTIONFINDER is that it does not require the underlying potential to be known in advance—indeed it is designed to return the acceleration field. We expect the algorithm to be useful for analyzing the properties of dynamical systems in numerical simulations. However, our ultimate goal with this effort will be to apply it to real stellar streams to recover the Galactic acceleration field in a way that is relatively agnostic about the underlying dark matter properties or the behavior of gravity.
The 450 Day X-Ray Monitoring of the Changing-look AGN 1ES 1927+654
Authors: Ricci C. , Loewenstein M. , Kara E. , Remillard R. , Trakhtenbrot B. , Arcavi I. , Gendreau K. C. , Arzoumanian Z. , Fabian A. C. , Li R. , Ho L. C. , MacLeod C. L. , Cackett E. , Altamirano D. , Gandhi P. , Kosec P. , Pasham D. , Steiner J. , Chan C.-H. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
1ES 1927+654 is a nearby active galactic nucleus (AGN) that underwent a changing-look event in early 2018, developing prominent broad Balmer lines that were absent in previous observations. We have followed up this object in the X-rays with an ongoing campaign that started in 2018 May and that includes 265 NICER (for a total of 678 ks) and 14 Swift/XRT (26 ks) observations, as well as three simultaneous XMM-Newton/NuSTAR (158/169 ks) exposures. In the X-rays, 1ES 1927+654 shows a behavior unlike any previously known AGN. The source is extremely variable both in spectral shape and flux and does not show any correlation between X-ray and UV flux on timescales of hours or weeks/months. After the outburst, the power-law component almost completely disappeared, and the source showed an extremely soft continuum dominated by a blackbody component. The temperature of the blackbody increases with the luminosity, going from kT ∼ 80 eV (for a 0.3–2 keV luminosity of L
0.3−2 ∼ 1041.5 erg s−1) to ∼200 eV (for L
0.3−2 ∼ 1044 erg s−1). The spectra show evidence of ionized outflows and of a prominent feature at ∼1 keV, which can be reproduced by a broad emission line. The unique characteristics of 1ES 1927+654 in the X-ray band suggest that it belongs to a new type of changing-look AGN. Future X-ray surveys might detect several more objects with similar properties.
Intercultural Communication and our Understanding of Language
Authors: Kecskes Istvan 
Published: June 2021

Prendre en compte la recherche en communication interculturelle est nécessaire lorsqu’il s’agit de définir le langage, d’en cerner sa nature et son fonctionnement. Les théories linguistiques et pragmatiques sont en général issues de l’analyse d’une L1 et partent du principe que l’usage du langage repose sur l’existence de points communs partagés par les utilisateurs d’une langue. Ces conventions de langue et d’usage constituent un terrain commun sur lequel se construit une communication fondée sur l’intention et la coopération. Cependant, ce terrain commun est limité dans la communication interculturelle ; il paraît alors nécessaire de réexaminer la question de la formulation et de l’interprétation des énoncés produits par les locuteurs. Trois aspects importants de cette question sont examinés : la définition du langage, la réévaluation du rôle du contexte et une approche renouvelée du processus de créativité linguistique.
Paralytic Strabismus in Turkish Children Examined at Three Tertiary Care Services: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Usta Gulsah , Karaca Umut , Keskinbora Hıdır Kadircan , Gonen Tansu 
Published: June 2021

Purpose:
To assess the etiology and distribution of pediatric ocular motor nerve palsy manifesting as paralytic strabismus.

Methods:
The authors retrospectively examined the medical files of patients younger than 18 years who were suspected to have strabismus between January 1999 and June 2012 in three Turkish clinics and followed up for at least 6 months. Patients with paralytic strabismus were stratified according to age, sex, affected cranial nerve, and etiology (congenital, traumatic, neoplastic, post-viral, vascular, undetermined, or other), and compared the proportions between groups.

Results:
Paralytic strabismus was observed in 33 of 1,263 patients (2.6%), with a mean age of 5.9 ± 4.4 years (range: 6 months to 16 years). Seventeen patients (51.5%) were boys and 16 (48.5%) were girls. Twelve patients (36.4%) had congenital paralytic strabismus, and 21 patients (63.6%) had acquired strabismus. The most prevalent cause of acquired paralytic strabismus was trauma in 11 patients (52.4%), undetermined in 6 patients (28.6%), post-viral cranial nerve paralysis in 3 patients (14.3%), and a history of hydrocephalus in 1 patient (9.1%). The fourth cranial nerve was the most frequently affected (45.5% [15 of 33]), followed by the sixth (39.4% [13 of 33]) and the third (15.2% [5 of 33]).

Conclusions:
Evaluating the incidence and etiology of paralytic strabismus in children in a clinical setting may improve disease management and reduce unnecessary invasive examinations. This study will assist clinicians in understanding the clinic-based distribution of pediatric paralytic strabismus.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2021;58(5):282–286.]
Prevalence of Ocular Surface Disease Symptoms in High School Students in Monterrey, Mexico
Authors: Garza-León Manuel , López-Chavez Everardo , De La Parra-Colín Paola 
Published: June 2021

Purpose:
To determine the prevalence of dry eye disease symptoms and contact lens wear in Mexican high school students.

Methods:
A cross-sectional association study included a group of high school students who were selected from a random sampling of classrooms. The authors used the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire as a surrogate measure for dry eye disease symptoms, and contact lens wear was also investigated.

Results:

Seven hundred fifty-nine students with a mean age of 16.12 ± 0.96 years were surveyed and 55.7% of the students were girls (423 of 759). The average OSDI score was 25.11 ± 20.61 points. Girls had higher scores (28.25 ± 21.48 points) than boys (21.14 ± 18.74 points), and the difference was statistically significant (
P
< .001). Forty-three students (6.1%) wore contact lenses and had higher OSDI scores (34.26 ± 23.13 and 24.51 ± 20.31 points, respectively) and the difference was also statistically significant (
P
= .002).

Conclusions:
Symptoms of mild and moderate dry eye disease are prevalent in high school students and, as reported in previous studies, girls are more affected than boys.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2021;58(5):287–291.]
Efecto de la cantidad de ZrO 2 sobre las propiedades mecánicas de los compuestos de aluminio reforzados con ZrO 2 producidos por la técnica de infiltración al vacío
Authors: Pul Muharrem 
Published: June 2021

Este estudio tiene como objetivo demostrar el efecto de la cantidad de ZrO2 en los materiales compuestos reforzados con ZrO2 basados en la aleación de aluminio 2024 obtenidos mediante la técnica de infiltración al vacío, con escasa información en la bibliografía. Se utilizó el ZrO2 como elemento de refuerzo en proporciones de 5%, 10%, 15% y 20%. Después del proceso de fabricación, se midió la densidad de los materiales compuestos y se investigó su microestructura mediante microscopía óptica y microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM). El estudio también se ocupó de la determinación de las propiedades mecánicas de los materiales compuestos obtenidos. Para ello, se realizaron mediciones de dureza y pruebas de resistencia a la rotura cruzada, así como pruebas de desgaste mediante abrasivo. El análisis de microestructura reveló que el elemento aditivo ZrO2 se distribuyó parcialmente de manera homogénea en la estructura compuesta y que la humectación entre Al 2024 y ZrO2 fue adecuada. El aumento de las cantidades de ZrO2 dio lugar a valores más altos de densidad, dureza y resistencia al desgaste. Sin embargo, la resistencia a la rotura cruzada disminuyó. En resumen, los resultados de este estudio revelaron que el refuerzo de ZrO2 mejoró las propiedades mecánicas de la aleación Al 2024.
Cell-Associated HIV Cross-Presentation by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Is Potentiated by Noncognate CD8+ T Cell Preactivation
Authors: Isnard Stéphane , Hatton Etienne X , Iannetta Marco , Guillerme Jean-Baptiste , Hosmalin Anne 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
IFN-γ secretion by Ag-specific T cells is known to be tightly regulated by engagement of the TCR. Human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) can cross-present Ags from apoptotic HIV-infected cells or tumor cells to CD8+ T cells. As pDC respond to HIV virions by maturing and secreting cytokines, we hypothesized that this might affect cross-presentation from HIV-infected cells. Purified blood DC were incubated with apoptotic HIV-infected H9 cells in the presence of saquinavir, after which the activation process of HIV-specific cloned CD8+ T cells was studied. IFN-γ secretion by HIV-specific T cells was stimulated by pDC and conventional DC (cDC1) more than by cDC2 and was strictly MHC class I restricted. Surprisingly, intracellular production of IFN-γ was only partly MHC class I restricted for pDC, indicating a noncognate CD8+ T cell activation. pDC, but not cDC, matured and secreted IFN-α in the presence of apoptotic H9HIV cells. A mixture of IFN-α, IFN-β, and TNF-α induced intracellular production of IFN-γ but not granzyme B, mimicking the noncognate mechanism. Neutralization of type I IFN signaling blocked noncognate intracellular production of IFN-γ. Moreover, cognate stimulation was required to induce IFN-γ secretion in addition to the cytokine mixture. Thus, IFN-γ secretion is tightly regulated by engagement of the TCR as expected, but in the context of virus-infected cells, pDC can trigger intracellular IFN-γ accumulation in CD8+ T cells, potentializing IFN-γ secretion once CD8+ T cells make cognate interactions. These findings may help manipulate type I IFN signaling to enhance specifically Ag-specific CD8+ T cell activation against chronic infections or tumors.
A Rapid Assay for SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies That Is Insensitive to Antiretroviral Drugs
Authors: Huang Deli , Tran Jenny Tuyet , Peng Linghang , Yang Linlin , Suhandynata Raymond T , Hoffman Melissa A , Zhao Fangzhu , Song Ge , He Wan-ting , Limbo Oliver , Callaghan Sean , Landais Elise , Andrabi Raiees , Sok Devin , Jardine Joseph G , Burton Dennis R , Voss James E , Fitzgerald Robert L , Nemazee David 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike pseudotyped virus (PSV) assays are widely used to measure neutralization titers of sera and of isolated neutralizing Abs (nAbs). PSV neutralization assays are safer than live virus neutralization assays and do not require access to biosafety level 3 laboratories. However, many PSV assays are nevertheless somewhat challenging and require at least 2 d to carry out. In this study, we report a rapid (&lt;30 min), sensitive, cell-free, off-the-shelf, and accurate assay for receptor binding domain nAb detection. Our proximity-based luciferase assay takes advantage of the fact that the most potent SARS-CoV-2 nAbs function by blocking the binding between SARS-CoV-2 and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. The method was validated using isolated nAbs and sera from spike-immunized animals and patients with coronavirus disease 2019. The method was particularly useful in patients with HIV taking antiretroviral therapies that interfere with the conventional PSV assay. The method provides a cost-effective and point-of-care alternative to evaluate the potency and breadth of the predominant SARS-CoV-2 nAbs elicited by infection or vaccines.
Hsa-miR-5581-3p and hsa-miR-542-3p target the F8 gene in hemophilia A without F8 mutations
Authors: Meng Feiying 
Published: June 2021

Objective: This study aims at uncovering the effects of microRNAs (miRNAs) on F8 gene and FVIII protein in hemophilia A (HA).
Methods: F8-targeting miRNAs were predicted by TargetScan, miRDB and starBase. MiRNAs predicted by at least two of the three databases were selected for further study, and their expressions in the blood of HA patients without F8 mutations and healthy controls were detected. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to verify the binding between hsa-miR-5581-3p/hsa-miR-542-3p and F8. The regulation of F8 by hsa-miR-5581-3p/hsa-miR-542-3p was investigated in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) that displayed endogenous expression of FVIII. qRT-PCR was used to detect the expressions of miRNAs and F8 gene, and Western blotting was conducted to measure the expression of FVIII protein.
Results: A total of 43 F8-targeting miRNAs were predicted by at least two of the three databases. Among these miRNAs, hsa-miR-5581-3p and hsa-miR-542-3p were highly expressed in the blood of HA patients and have not been reported in previous studies of HA. Both hsa-miR-5581-3p and hsa-miR-542-3p could bind the 3’UTR of F8 mRNA. Upregulation of hsa-miR-5581-3p or hsa-miR-542-3p suppressed the expressions of F8 mRNA and FVIII protein in HUVECs and LCL cells.
Conclusion: Hsa-miR-5581-3p and hsa-miR-542-3p target the F8 gene and suppress the expression of FVIII protein, which may contribute to the development of HA without F8 mutations.