bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low PEEP Mechanical Ventilation and PaO2/FiO2 Ratio Evolution in COVID-19 Patients
Authors: Ceruti Samuele , Roncador Marco , Saporito Andrea , Biggiogero Maira , Glotta Andrea , Maida Pier Andrea , Urso Patrizia , Bona Giovanni , Garzoni Christian , Mauri Romano , Borgeat Alain 
Published: July 2021

AbstractInvasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) is the standard treatment in critically ill COVID-19 patients with acute severe respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). When IMV setting is extremely aggressive, especially through the application of high positive-end-expiratory respiration (PEEP) values, lung damage can occur. Until today, in COVID-19 patients, two types of ARDS were identified (L- and H-type); for the L-type, a lower PEEP strategy was supposed to be preferred, but data are still missing. The aim of this study was to evaluate if a clinical management with lower PEEP values in critically ill L-type COVID-19 patients was safe and efficient in comparison to usual standard of care. A retrospective analysis was conducted on consecutive patients with COVID-19 ARDS admitted to the ICU and treated with IMV. Patients were treated with a lower PEEP strategy adapted to BMI: PEEP 10 cmH2O if BMI < 30 kg m−2, PEEP 12 cmH2O if BMI 30–50 kg m−2, PEEP 15 cmH2O if BMI > 50 kg m−2. Primary endpoint was the PaO2/FiO2 ratio evolution during the first 3 IMV days; secondary endpoints were to analyze ICU length of stay (LOS) and IMV length. From March 2 to January 15, 2021, 79 patients underwent IMV. Average applied PEEP was 11 ± 2.9 cmH2O for BMI < 30 kg m−2 and 16 ± 3.18 cmH2O for BMI > 30 kg m−2. During the first 24 h of IMV, patients’ PaO2/FiO2 ratio presented an improvement (p<0.001; CI 99%) that continued daily up to 72 h (p<0.001; CI 99%). Median ICU LOS was 15 days (10–28); median duration of IMV was 12 days (8–26). The ICU mortality rate was 31.6%. Lower PEEP strategy treatment in L-type COVID-19 ARDS resulted in a PaO2/FiO2 ratio persistent daily improvement during the first 72 h of IMV. A lower PEEP strategy could be beneficial in the first phase of ARDS in critically ill COVID-19 patients.
Fertility sparing endometriosis surgery: A review
Authors: Quevedo Amira , Pasic Resad , Connor Alexandria , Chamseddine Petra 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundEndometriosis is a chronic inflammatory condition involving endometrial-like tissue outside of the uterus. There are no medical management options available to improve fertility in patients with known endometriosis prior to conception. Specifically, the fertility sparing surgical techniques used to manage endometriomas and colorectal endometriosis are controversial prior to natural conception and implementing assisted reproductive technology.MethodsA literature search, including PubMed and the Cochrane Library, was performed from November 2020 to February 2021 and articles in English that addressed endometriosis associated infertility and surgical treatments were included. Our review provides a comprehensive evidence-based evaluation of fertility sparing endometriosis surgery.ResultsThe pathogenesis of endometriosis and its role in infertility is poorly understood and complex. The management of patients with painful endometriomas continues to be excision, whereas small asymptomatic endometriomas require an individualized approach. Colorectal endometriosis excision improves pregnancy rates in retrospective and prospective cohort studies. However, randomized control trials are still needed to confirm these findings and their functional risks must be carefully discussed with the patient.ConclusionsSurgical excision of endometriosis improves fertility in patients with symptomatic disease. Further research with randomized controlled trials is needed to determine if surgery is mandatory prior to implementing assisted reproductive technologies in those patients with asymptomatic endometriosis and infertility.
Of lice and men: Charles Darwin, Henry Denny and the evidence for the human races as varieties or species
Authors: Radick Gregory , Steadman Mark 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCharles Darwin never doubted the common ancestry of the human races. But he was open-minded about whether the races might nevertheless be so different from each other that they ought to be classified not as varieties of one species but as distinct species. He pondered this varieties-or-species question on and off for decades, from his time aboard theBeaglethrough to the publication of theDescent of Man. A constant throughout was his concern with something that he first learned on theBeaglevoyage and that, on the face of it, seemed to favour the species ranking: the different races, he was told, play host to distinct species of lice. This paper reconstructs the long run of Darwin's reflections and interactions on race, lice and history, using his extended correspondence with Henry Denny – curator of the scientific collections of the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society, and Britain's leading expert in the natural history of lice – as a window onto the social world whose imprint is everywhere in the pages of theDescent.
The evolution of Darwinian sexualities
Authors: Milam Erika Lorraine 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCharles Darwin'sDescent of Manwas suffused with questions of courtship, mating and sex. Following in his footsteps, biologists throughout the twentieth century interrogated the sexual behaviour of humans and animals. This paper charts the fate of evolutionary theories of sexuality to argue that – despite legal and social gains of the past century – when biologists used sexual selection as a tool for theorizing the evolution of homosexual behaviour (which happened only rarely), the effect of their theories was to continuously reinscribe normative heterosexuality. If, at the end of the nineteenth century, certain sex theorists viewed homosexuality as a marker of intermediate sex, by the late twentieth a new generation of evolutionary theorists idealized gay men as hyper-masculine biological males whose sexual behaviours were uncompromised by the necessity of accommodating women's sexual preferences. In both cases, normative assumptions about gender were interwoven with those about sexuality. By the twenty-first century, animal exemplars were again mobilized alongside data gathered about human sexual practices in defence of gay rights, but this time by creating the opportunity for naturalization without recourse to biological determinism.
Validation of Ice Cloud Microphysical Properties Retrieval Using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo Algorithm
Authors: Ding Xia , Huang Xingyou , Wang Haitao , Shen Yanqiu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm has been used for retrieving ice cloud microphysical properties in this paper. The retrieval data include effective radius (re), ice water content (IWC), number density (N0), and distribution width parameter (w).First we examine the algorithm feasibility using simulated W‐band radar reflectivity. The retrievals locate in a solution space around the exact results. Two methods are applied to produce a unique solution with maximum likelihood function, that is, the mean value of all acceptable sets of parameters in the chain and the first convergence sample. The results of the second method have a better performance compared with that of the first method. The algorithm has better performance when one particle size distribution (PSD) parameter is known than that when three PSD parameters are unknown.Then we apply the algorithm for CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) observations. Four habits, including column, plate, bullet rosette and sphere, are considered to analyze the influence on the retrieval accuracy. The averaged deviation ofres andIWCs obtained from MCMC algorithm among different habit assumptions has a maximum of about 10% and 5%, respectively. It appears clearly that the MCMC algorithm retrieval for short hexagonal column (HEXS) are the closest to that of the official products (2B‐CWC‐RO), while thick hexagonal plate (HEXF) has the largest bias. Retrievedre,IWC,N0, andwfrom radar reflectivity are in reasonable agreement with 2B‐CWC‐RO product, which indicate that the MCMC algorithm can produce reliable cloud properties from radar observations.
Capability of Existing Drought Indices in Reflecting Agricultural Drought in China
Authors: Zhao Zhe , Wang Kaicun 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA variety of drought indices have been constructed to monitor agricultural drought using ground‐based observations and satellite data. The drought indices focus on diverse aspects of agricultural drought and may have diverse applicability in different regions. We calculated seven popular drought indices and evaluated their performances on monitoring agricultural drought in the main agricultural regions of China (i.e., Northeast China, the North China Plain, the middle‐and‐lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and the Sichuan Basin). The independent assessment data used here included three aspects: soil moisture, vegetation photosynthesis (i.e., sun‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence, SIF), and crop yield. Results show that drought indices with one‐month time scale are more sensitive to topsoil moisture than drought indices with longer time scales. Drought indices based on regular meteorological data (DImet) and synthesized drought indices (DIsyn) show better performances on capturing drought impacts on the SIF than other drought indices. DIsyn is more appropriate for predicting drought impact on crop yield than other drought indices. In addition, drought impact on vegetation photosynthesis and crop yield is lessened in humid or irrigated regions. Our study sheds light on agricultural drought researches in the future.
Ultra‐Wideband SAR Tomography on Asteroids
Authors: Gassot Oriane , Herique Alain , Fa Wenzhe , Du Jun , Kofman Wlodek 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOur knowledge of the internal structure of asteroids is currently indirect and relies on inferences from remote sensing observations of surfaces. However, it is fundamental for understanding small bodies' history and for planetary defense missions. Radar observation of asteroids is the most mature technique available to characterize their inner structure, and Synthetic Aperture Radar Tomography (TomoSAR) allows 3D imaging of their interior. However, as the geometry of observation of small asteroids is complex, and TomoSAR studies have always been performed in the Earth observation geometry, its results in a small body geometry must be simulated to assess the methods' performances. We adopt here two different tomography algorithms and evaluate their performances in our geometry by assessing the resolution and the difference between the scatterer's position and its retrieved position. The first method, the Frequency Domain Back Projection (FDBP) is based on correcting the Fourier transform of the received signal by a phase function built from the geometry. While it can provide a good resolution, a bias remains in the imaged scatterer's position. Meanwhile, Compressive Sensing (CS) relies on the hypothesis that few scatterers lie in the same direction from the subsurface. Its application in the small body geometry is studied, which results in a slightly impoverished resolution but an improved localization of the scatterer.
The Effectiveness of Global Constructed Shallow Waterbody Design Guidelines to Limit Harmful Algal Blooms
Authors: Liu S. , Johnson F. , Tamburic B. , Crosbie N. D. , Glamore W. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractConstructed shallow waterbodies are often designed and built to limit harmful algal blooms in urban regions. Efforts to reduce algal bloom occurrence in these waterbodies have largely focused on waterbody design, catchment criteria and onsite engineering options. However, many constructed shallow waterbodies that comply with design guidelines still experience harmful algal blooms. Identifying the knowledge gaps in current guidelines and examining their recommended design criteria can improve their effectiveness to reduce algal outbreaks. Here, we reviewed 66 global guidelines and identified common design criteria. The use of a ‘one size fits all' empirical approach and dated literature are common issues associated with the design criteria recommended. Further, only approximately one third of the guidelines that were analyzed directly mentioned harmful algal bloom‐related design criteria. To test the validity of these design values in a real‐world setting, the suitability of design factors in limiting harmful algal blooms was assessed by analyzing 222 shallow waterbodies monitored over a 9 year period in southeastern Australia. The site analysis indicated that macrophyte area to surface area ratio, shoreline development index, and fetch are the three most influential single design factors associated with harmful algal bloom reduction. The analyses highlighted the ineffectiveness of the existing design criteria globally, with blooms occurring even though some waterbodies were designed in accordance with recommended parameters. The analysis suggested that understanding interactions between multiple design factors may be a useful approach, for example, when considering the macrophyte area to surface area ratio in combination with the shoreline development index.
Multi‐Proxy, Multi‐Season Streamflow Reconstruction With Mass Balance Adjustment
Authors: Nguyen Hung T. T. , Galelli Stefano , Xu Chenxi , Buckley Brendan M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDespite having offered important hydroclimatic insights, streamflow reconstructions still see limited use in water resources operations, because annual reconstructions are not suitable for decisions at finer time scales. The few attempts toward sub‐annual reconstructions have relied on statistical disaggregation, which uses none or little proxy information. Here, we develop a novel framework that optimizes proxy combinations to simultaneously produce seasonal and annual reconstructions. Importantly, the framework ensures that total seasonal flow matches annual flow closely. This mass balance criterion is necessary to avoid misguiding water management decisions, such as the allocation of water rights or dam release decisions. Using the framework, and leveraging a multi‐species network of ring width and cellulose O in Southeast Asia, we reconstruct seasonal and annual inflow to Thailand's largest reservoir. The reconstructions are statistically skillful. Furthermore, they preserve the mass balance well: the differences are mostly within 10% of the mean annual flow. As a result, the reconstructions provide more reliable estimates of the seasonal and annual surface water availability. This work is one step closer toward operational usability of streamflow reconstruction in water resources management.
Thermal Electron Behavior in Obliquely Propagating Whistler Waves: MMS Observations in the Solar Wind
Authors: Liu Z.‐Y. , Wang B. , Zong Q.‐G. , Yao S. T. , Pollock C. J. , Le G. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDetermining how electrons behave in whistler waves is fundamental for understanding whistler waves’ role in space electron energization. Here, we report a whistler wave‐electron interaction case observed by Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft in the solar wind. The observations suggest whistler waves can effectively trap/bunch thermal electrons. In the direction perpendicular to the background magnetic fields, thermal electrons are bunched by and rotate with wave perpendicular fields, manifesting as repeated inclined stripes in rhythm with the waves on electron gyrophase‐time spectrograms. On the other hand, in the parallel direction, thermal electrons are trapped by wave parallel electric fields, resulting in trapping islands around wave parallel potential maxima. Here, the boundaries of these trapping islands are displayed as V‐shaped structures of large phase space density on electron pitch angle‐time spectrograms, since the waves propagate along electron density gradient. The observations presented here well demonstrate whistler waves’ capability of modulating electron phase space trajectories.
New Insights Into Potassic Intraplate Volcanism in Northeast China From Joint Tomography of Ambient Noise and Teleseismic Surface Waves
Authors: Chen Ying , Ai Yinshuang , Jiang Mingming , Yang Yingjie , Lei Jianshe 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWudalianchi volcano is one of the youngest volcanic groups among the Cenozoic intraplate volcanoes in Northeast China and is notable for its potassium‐rich basalts. With newly deployed dense broadband seismic stations, we construct a high‐resolution 3‐D S‐wave velocity model of Wudalianchi volcano and its adjacent region, including the Keluo and Erkeshan volcanoes, using ambient noise and teleseismic surface wave tomography. We find a prominent channel‐like low‐velocity body that extends from the Moho to a depth of 100 km directly beneath the Wudalianchi, Erkeshan, and Keluo (WEK) volcanoes. This low‐velocity anomaly suggests that these three volcanoes may be derived from the same mantle magmatic source. Our model also shows that the prominent low‐velocity anomaly is associated with the pervasive low‐velocity anomalies at a depth of 100–200 km, which is interpreted as the asthenosphere. We further find that the lithosphere beneath the WEK volcanoes thickens abruptly from ∼80 to ∼110 km. Combining our results with those of other geophysical studies, we propose a geodynamic scenario for WEK intraplate volcanism. When the background asthenospheric flow in Northeast China encounters sharp changes in lithosphere thickness beneath the WEK volcanoes, it produces locally turbulent flow, promotes asthenospheric upwelling, and finally forms volcanoes.
Summer Mean and Extreme Precipitation Over the Mid‐Atlantic Region: Climatological Characteristics and Contributions From Different Precipitation Types
Authors: Li Jianfeng , Qian Yun , Leung L. Ruby , Feng Zhe 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBased on a long‐term observational data set from the tracking of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs), isolated deep convection (IDC), and tropical cyclones (TCs), we examine the climatological characteristics of summer (June–August) mean and extreme precipitation during 2004–2017 and their respective contributions from MCS, IDC, TC, and non‐convective (NC) systems and the local versus remote influence of MCS and IDC over the Mid‐Atlantic region (MAR). On average, MCS, IDC, TC, and NC contribute 22%, 29%, 4%, and 45% to the total summer mean precipitation in the region. While MCS and TC precipitation primarily occurs in the coastal areas east of the Appalachian Mountains, IDC precipitation is more concentrated in the southern MAR and near the mountain windward slopes. Each summer, ∼41 MCSs with an average lifetime of 19.6 h influence the MAR, with 80% initiated outside and traveling on average 10 h before their centroids enter the region. Around 13 MCSs initiated in the Great Plains and Midwest propagate across the Appalachian Mountains and contribute 20%–40% to MCS precipitation in the central Mid‐Atlantic coastal areas each summer. In contrast, ∼2000 IDC events with an average lifetime of 2.0 h influence the MAR each summer, and 77% are initiated locally. MCS, IDC, TC, and NC contribute 31% (30%), 26% (31%), 17% (7%), and 26% (32%) to the top 1% (5%) extreme daily precipitation, respectively. Considering extreme hourly precipitation, however, the IDC contributions increase to 41% (top 1%) and 38% (top 5%) due to the frequent occurrence and large intensity of IDC precipitation.
Analytical Solutions for Confined and Unconfined Coastal Interface Flow by the Hodograph Method
Authors: Anderson Erik I. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe present an analytical solution describing steady, two‐dimensional groundwater flow in the vertical plane in an unconfined, coastal aquifer of finite depth. An interface separates flowing freshwater from stagnant seawater. The boundary conditions along both the phreatic surface and the interface are treated exactly by the use of the hodograph method and conformal mapping. Explicit expressions for the distance of the toe from the coast, and the distance of the tip from the coast, are presented as asymptotic expansions about small gradients valid for isotropic and vertically anisotropic aquifers. A new, and simpler form of the solution to the classical problem of confined interface flow is obtained as a limiting case of the unconfined solution. Both new solutions avoid the problem of crowding, which occurs in the existing solutions for confined interface flow, and is commonly encountered in conformal mappings of elongated domains. A comparison of the tip and toe locations is made for the unconfined and confined cases; the results compare favorably for typical values of seawater density. The exact equation for the toe length as a function of the gradient, truncated after two terms, provides a simple, accurate, and invertible expression for estimating the freshwater discharge to the coast based on field observations of the toe length.
Stable epidermal electronic device with strain isolation induced by in situ Joule heating
Authors: Wang Zihao , Lu Qifeng , Xia Yizhang , Feng Simin , Shi Yixiang , Wang Shuqi , Yang Xianqing , Zhao Yangyong , Sun Fuqin , Li Tie , Zhang Ting 
Published: July 2021

AbstractEpidermal electronics play increasingly important roles in human-machine interfaces. However, their efficient fabrication while maintaining device stability and reliability remains an unresolved challenge. Here, a facile in situ Joule heating method is proposed for fabricating stable epidermal electronics on a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) substrate. Benefitting from the precise control of heating locations, the crystallization and enhanced rigidity of PVA are restricted to desired areas, leading to strain isolation of the active regions. As a result, the electronic device can be conformably attached to skin while showing negligible degradation in device performance during deformation. Based on this method, a flexible surface electromyography (sEMG) sensor with outstanding stability and highly comfortable wearability is demonstrated, showing high accuracy (91.83%) for human hand gesture recognition. These results imply that the fabrication method proposed in this research is a facile and reliable approach for the fabrication of epidermal electronics.
Targeting mTOR signaling overcomes acquired resistance to combined BRAF and MEK inhibition in BRAF-mutant melanoma
Authors: Wang Beike , Zhang Wei , Zhang Gao , Kwong Lawrence , Lu Hezhe , Tan Jiufeng , Sadek Norah , Xiao Min , Zhang Jie , Labrie Marilyne , Randell Sergio , Beroard Aurelie , Sugarman Eric , Rebecca Vito W. , Wei Zhi , Lu Yiling , Mills Gordon B. , Field Jeffrey , Villanueva Jessie , Xu Xiaowei , Herlyn Meenhard , Guo Wei 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTargeting MAPK pathway using a combination of BRAF and MEK inhibitors is an efficient strategy to treat melanoma harboring BRAF-mutation. The development of acquired resistance is inevitable due to the signaling pathway rewiring. Combining western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and reverse phase protein array (RPPA), we aim to understanding the role of the mTORC1 signaling pathway, a center node of intracellular signaling network, in mediating drug resistance of BRAF-mutant melanoma to the combination of BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi) and MEK inhibitor (MEKi) therapy. The mTORC1 signaling pathway is initially suppressed by BRAFi and MEKi combination in melanoma but rebounds overtime after tumors acquire resistance to the combination therapy (CR) as assayed in cultured cells and PDX models. In vitro experiments showed that a subset of CR melanoma cells was sensitive to mTORC1 inhibition. The mTOR inhibitors, rapamycin and NVP-BEZ235, induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in CR cell lines. As a proof-of-principle, we demonstrated that rapamycin and NVP-BEZ235 treatment reduced tumor growth in CR xenograft models. Mechanistically, AKT or ERK contributes to the activation of mTORC1 in CR cells, depending on PTEN status of these cells. Our study reveals that mTOR activation is essential for drug resistance of melanoma to MAPK inhibitors, and provides insight into the rewiring of the signaling networks in CR melanoma.