bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GridFree: a python package of imageanalysis for interactive grain counting and measuring
Authors: Hu Yang , Zhang Zhiwu 
Published: May 2021

AbstractGrain characteristics, including kernel length, kernel width, and thousand kernel weight, are critical component traits for grain yield. Manual measurements and counting are expensive, forming the bottleneck for dissecting these traits’ genetic architectures toward ultimate yield improvement. High-throughput phenotyping methods have been developed by analyzing images of kernels. However, segmenting kernels from the image background and noise artifacts or from other kernels positioned in close proximity remain as challenges. In this study, we developed a software package, named GridFree, to overcome these challenges. GridFree uses an unsupervised machine learning approach, K-Means, to segment kernels from the background by using principal component analysis on both raw image channels and their color indices. GridFree incorporates users’ experiences as a dynamic criterion to set thresholds for a divide-and-combine strategy that effectively segments adjacent kernels. When adjacent multiple kernels are incorrectly segmented as a single object, they form an outlier on the distribution plot of kernel area, length, and width. GridFree uses the dynamic threshold settings for splitting and merging. In addition to counting, GridFree measures kernel length, width, and area with the option of scaling with a reference object. Evaluations against existing software programs demonstrated that GridFree had the smallest error on counting seeds for multiple crop species. GridFree was implemented in Python with a friendly graphical user interface to allow users to easily visualize the outcomes and make decisions, which ultimately eliminates time-consuming and repetitive manual labor. GridFree is freely available at the GridFree website (https://zzlab.net/GridFree).
Third-Party Credit Guarantees and the Cost of Debt: Evidence from Corporate Loans
Authors: Beyhaghi Mehdi 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Using a comprehensive dataset collected by the Federal Reserve, I find that over one-third of corporate loans issued by US banks are fully guaranteed by legal entities separate from borrowing firms. Using an empirical strategy that accounts for time-varying firm and lender effects, I find that the existence of a third-party credit guarantee is negatively related to loan risk, loan rate, and loan delinquency. Third-party credit guarantees alleviate the effect of collateral constraints in credit market. Firms (particularly smaller firms) that experience a negative shock to their asset values are less likely to use collateral and more likely to use credit guarantees in new borrowings.
Phylogenomic Insights into the Origin of Primary Plastids
Authors: Irisarri Iker , Strassert Jürgen F H , Burki Fabien 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe origin of plastids was a major evolutionary event that paved the way for an astonishing diversification of photosynthetic eukaryotes. Plastids originated by endosymbiosis between a heterotrophic eukaryotic host and cyanobacteria, presumably in a common ancestor of the primary photosynthetic eukaryotes (Archaeplastida). A single origin of primary plastids is well supported by plastid evidence but not by nuclear phylogenomic analyses, which have consistently failed to recover the monophyly of Archaeplastida hosts. Importantly, plastid monophyly and nonmonophyletic hosts could be explained under scenarios of independent or serial eukaryote-to-eukaryote endosymbioses. Here, we assessed the strength of the signal for the monophyly of Archaeplastida hosts in four available phylogenomic data sets. The effect of phylogenetic methodology, data quality, alignment trimming strategy, gene and taxon sampling, and the presence of outlier genes were investigated. Our analyses revealed a lack of support for host monophyly in the shorter individual data sets. However, when analyzed together under rigorous data curation and complex mixture models, the combined nuclear data sets supported the monophyly of primary photosynthetic eukaryotes (Archaeplastida) and recovered a putative association with plastid-lacking Picozoa. This study represents an important step toward better understanding deep eukaryotic evolution and the origin of plastids. [Archaeplastida; Bayesian; chloroplast; maximum likelihood; mixture model; ortholog; outlier loci; paralog; protist.]
The Strange Survival of ‘Embedded Liberalism’: National Economic Management and Globalization in Britain from 1944
Authors: Tomlinson Jim 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This article examines the fate of national economic management in Britain in the face of the growing economic international interdependence, which initially grew in the context of the ‘Bretton Woods institutions’, and continued apace up until the crisis of 2007–8. It frames the argument with the concept of ‘Embedded Liberalism’, which allows to examine in detail the evolution of key elements of the Bretton Woods settlement, their subsequent development, and how far these shifts led to a ‘race to the bottom’ in national policies. On the basis of arguments about the continuing viability of national economic management, it questions how far we should accept a story of ‘the short life of social democracy’ as a wholly accurate account of Britain since the 1970s.
Patient With Very High Opioid Tolerance Enrolled in Opioid Agonist Treatment: A Case Report
Authors: Wilson Patty , Lim Ron 
Published: May 2021

Background:
Fentanyl and fentanyl analogs have invaded the street-sourced opioid market in North America which has resulted in an unprecedented number of unintentional opioid overdoses. Existing guidelines to treat opioid use disorder are based on evidence that was developed when heroin was the primary street-sourced opioid and proposed dosages of opioid agonist treatments are increasingly inadequate to address patients with high opioid tolerances.

Case Summary:
The authors examine one case study of a patient with an extremely high opioid tolerance and review how responsive dose adjustments outside of the recognized maximum doses allowed for meaningful functional outcomes.

Discussion:
This case demonstrates how patient-centered dose responses with a focus on functional outcomes supersede existing opioids agonist treatment dosing ranges, especially in the context of a patient with a higher than typical opioid tolerance.
Sociodemographic Correlates of Substance Use in a Sample of Egyptian Female University Students
Authors: El-Ghonemy Soheir H. , El-Din Mohamed H. , Mowafy Ahmed , Hasan Haytham , El Ghamry Reem H. 
Published: May 2021

Objectives:
The aim was to find out the prevalence of psychoactive substance use among female students in Ain Shams University, Cairo, and to investigate associations between substance use and some selected sociodemographic factors.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 600 female students in their final year of college was recruited from six faculties of Ain Shams University; 3 practical faculties (medicine, dentistry, pharmacy) and 3 theoretical faculties (commerce, arts, law), 100 students from each. They completed the Structured Questionnaire for the Detection of Drug Intake and the Assessment of Sociodemographic Data which is a self-administered questionnaire used for the detection of substance use among university students.

Results:
The most commonly used substance was illicit drugs (9.8%), followed by tobacco (9%). Tobacco smoking was more prevalent between faculty of arts students and tobacco and cannabis use were more prevalent among theoretical faculties students. Being from Cairo, high family income, high daily pocket money, interneting as the main leisure time activity, and having friends or close relatives with substance use were positively associated with substance use among female university students.

Conclusion:
Illicit drugs were the most common substance used among female university students in Egypt. Substance use was influenced by sociodemographic factors; faculty, form of study, residence and living arrangement, parental education, income, leisure time activities, and having friends or relatives with substance use.
Patient outcomes after direct capsular closure following hip arthroscopy: a systematic review
Authors: Morris Jesse H. , Kirven James C. , DiBartola Alex C. , Vasileff William K. 
Published: May 2021

Background:
Management of the hip capsule after arthroscopy remains controversial, with proponents of capsule repair arguing that this minimizes instability and restores native hip biomechanics.

Methods:
A systematic review was conducted. PubMed and EmBase were queried for outcomes related to hip arthroscopy. Exclusion criteria included: technique guides, editorials, reviews, biomechanical studies, case reports, studies without full text available, those without patient reported outcomes, and those that focused on high-risk-patient populations. Outcomes and measures of efficacy were collected and analyzed.

Results:
Six studies met all inclusion criteria, with 1428 patients overall. The majority of patients were female (63%) with mean age of 34.7 yr. Patients who were included underwent capsule repair as a standard of care. At average follow-up of 34 mo, weighted hip outcome scores activities of daily living scores improved from 66.2 preoperatively to 87.4 postoperatively, hip outcome scores sport improved from 43.4 to 75.3, and modified Harris Hip Score improved from 58.7 to 81.4. There was 80% patient satisfaction postoperatively. At last follow-up, there was a 5.0% revision arthroscopy rate, with pain as the most commonly cited indication. Lysis of adhesions was the most commonly performed procedure at revision.

Conclusions:
Available evidence was promising in regard to the function and durability of capsule closure when utilized on a routine basis. In this situation, revisions and conversion rates to total hip arthroplasty were very low with significant improvements in patient-reported outcomes. However, our data could not definitively support the claim that routine capsule closure leads to improved outcomes compared with leaving the capsulotomy unrepaired.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
Evaluation of systemic estrogen for preventing urinary tract infections in postmenopausal women
Authors: Fox Kate A. , Lokken Erica M. , Reed Susan D. , Rahn David D. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Importance:
Current guidelines for postmenopausal recurrent urinary tract infection (rUTI) prevention recommend the use of vaginal topical estrogen products but not systemic estrogens. Studies show that vaginal estrogen decreases the risk of rUTI, but evidence against use of systemic estrogen is less convincing.

Objective:
We performed a comprehensive literature review to evaluate the effect of systemic estrogen on UTI occurrence among postmenopausal women.

Evidence Review:
MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, and CINAHL were searched for manuscripts published in English between January 1990 and July 2020. The search terms were “urinary tract infection” and “estrogen.” Inclusion criteria were studies of postmenopausal women who received systemic estrogen therapy (any regimen) that reported UTI frequency during any follow-up period. Case studies, commentaries, and reviews were excluded. A priori specifications of seven study criteria were set representing the ideal study for assessing efficacy of systemic estrogen for rUTI prevention and were used to evaluate each included study.

Findings:
Searches identified 281 results, and after deduplication and review, 8 studies met inclusion criteria: 4 randomized controlled trials, 1 secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial, 1 prospective cohort study, 1 case-control study, and 1 cross-sectional study. Of the eight included studies, only two enrolled postmenopausal women with a rUTI diagnosis, four had sufficient sample size to detect a clinically meaningful difference between systemic estrogen versus placebo, two used dosage regimens anticipated to achieve a therapeutic effect, and three assessed UTI rates for an adequate duration of 6 months or more (the standard minimum duration of time needed to make a diagnosis of rUTI). Overall, none of the studies met all predefined criteria for the ideal study to assess the efficacy of systemic estrogen for rUTI prevention.

Conclusions and Relevance:
UTIs will continue to be a significant cause of morbidity and hospitalizations in postmenopausal women unless more research is done to better understand the role of estrogen on UTI rates. The evidence arguing use (or abandonment) of systemic estrogen for the prevention of rUTI is based on few studies with substantial methodologic limitations; there is significant room for improvement.
Coronary artery disease in patients with cancer: challenges and opportunities for improvement
Authors: Carrillo-Estrada Montserrat , Bobrowski David , Carrasco Rodrigo , Nadler Michelle B. , Kalra Sanjog , Thavendiranathan Paaladinesh , Abdel-Qadir Husam 
Published: May 2021

Purpose of review
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a common comorbidity in patients with cancer. We review shared risk factors between the two diseases and cancer treatments that increase the risk of CAD. We also discuss outcomes and management considerations of patients with cancer who develop CAD.

Recent findings
Several traditional and novel risk factors promote the development of both CAD and cancer. Several cancer treatments further increase the risk of CAD. The presence of cancer is associated with a higher burden of comorbidities and thrombocytopenia, which predisposes patients to higher bleeding risks. Patients with cancer who develop acute coronary syndromes are less likely to receive timely revascularization or appropriate medical therapy, despite evidence showing that receipt of these interventions is associated with substantial benefit. Accordingly, a cancer diagnosis is associated with worse outcomes in patients with CAD. The risk-benefit balance of revascularization is becoming more favorable due to the improving prognosis of many cancers and safer revascularization strategies, including shorter requirements for dual antiplatelet therapy after revascularization.

Summary
Several factors increase the complexity of managing CAD in patients with cancer. A multidisciplinary approach is recommended to guide treatment decisions in this high-risk and growing patient group.
What's trending: a review of social media in ophthalmology
Authors: Men Mauranda , Fung Simon S.M. , Tsui Edmund 
Published: May 2021

Purpose of review
With social media use continuing to increase in popularity, ophthalmologists use social media daily for interactions with patients, colleagues, and the academic community.

Recent findings
The potential reach of social media is overwhelmingly encouraging, but academic organizations have much work to do in order to compete for viewership on social media platforms, and users need to remain vigilant of easily spread misinformation. Individual ophthalmology practices can tailor their social media presence to attract and educate patients. Using hashtags to supplement the experience of academic conferences has boosted engagement both of attendees and other interested parties. As an effective indicator of the popularity of different subjects in medicine, new studies are leveraging social media for epidemiological models. Finally, social media is emerging as a powerful tool for patient advocacy in ophthalmology.

Summary
The accessibility of social media uniquely positions it to educate patients, disseminate public eye health initiatives, and increase the reach of individual physicians. It is also able to enhance the academic experience of conferences, connecting new research colleagues, and is becoming the subject of epidemiologic studies itself. Whether using social media for patient education, research, clinical practice, or patient advocacy, ophthalmologists will find social media an increasingly important workplace contributor.
A Protocol for Imaging of Cochlear Implantation
Authors: Wong Stephanie J. , Strohl-Bryan Alexis M. , Crane Benjamin T. 
Published: May 2021

Objectives:
Correct electrode placement is a challenge of cochlear implant surgery, which occurs because electrode position cannot be directly visualized. This work aims to 1) develop a protocol for a practical, consistent, single view plain radiograph able to be used to confirm cochlear implantation, 2) confirm its usefulness on patients, and 3) confirm its usefulness for identifying misplaced electrodes in cadaveric ears.

Study Design:
Imaging procedure and quality improvement initiative.

Setting:
Tertiary academic hospital.

Patients:
Cadaveric ears, and patients undergoing cochlear implantation.

Intervention(s):
An intraoperative imaging protocol was developed specifying patient head position, machine position, and exposure setting. This was tested to confirm proper cochlear implantation in patients, including one revision case. This technique allowed the electrode placement to be reliably identified in patients of all ages. Its usefulness for identifying maligned electrodes (partial insertion, and insertion into the vestibule or hypotympanum) was confirmed using four cadaveric hemi-heads.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Ability to accurately identify correct or incorrect electrode insertion based on radiographic images.

Results:
After adjusting radiographic exposure to account for the embalming process of the cadaveric heads, this new protocol was confirmed to be able to identify incorrect placement. This was also successfully used to confirm proper placement of cochlear implants in patients.

Conclusions:
Following a standardized radiographic protocol for cochlear implantation is a quick and easy method for checking electrode position.
Supplemental Digital Content, http://links.lww.com/MAO/B253.
Radiologic Findings in Pediatric Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Authors: Tey Ching Siong , Kadom Nadja , Dedhia Kavita 
Published: May 2021

Objective:
Pediatric sudden sensorineural hearing loss (pSSNHL) is a rare phenomenon. There is currently no consensus on the role of imaging in the work-up for this patient population. We aim to evaluate the efficacy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and high-resolution computed tomography (CT) studies in determining the etiology of pSSNHL.

Study Design:
Retrospective case review.

Setting:
Tertiary Hospital and Ambulatory Otolaryngology Clinic.

Patients:
Patients ≤18 years of age with sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) and who had either MRI or CT imaging between January 2010 and May 2019 were included.

Intervention:
Diagnostic imaging.

Main Outcome Measures:
Clinical characteristics and radiology impressions.

Results:
A total of 11 patients were identified, and 10 had unilateral SSNHL. MRI was performed on all patients, five patients had additional CT imaging. Abnormal imaging findings relevant to SSNHL were observed in five patients (45.5%), which included enlarged endolymphatic duct and sac, labyrinthine ossification, apical petrositis, hypoplastic cochlear nerve, and arachnoid cyst in the internal auditory canal; one patient had unrelated findings (enlarged pituitary gland), all remaining imaging studies were normal.

Conclusion:
In our cohort, we found a higher imaging yield on pSSNHL than what has been reported for adult populations, indicating that the use of imaging in the diagnostic work-up is especially important in children.
Association Between Gastroesophageal Flap Valve and Endoscopically Diagnosed Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease According to Lyon Consensus
Authors: Bao Yun , Chen Xiaosu , Xu Ying , Wang Yan , Lin Lin , Tang Yurong 
Published: May 2021

Background:
Lyon Consensus altered the previous understanding of endoscopic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and pointed out that only high-grade reflux esophagitis (RE) [Los Angeles (LA) grades C or D], Barrett’s esophagus or peptic stricturing were considered confirmatory evidence for GERD but low-grade RE (LA grades A or B) was regarded as suspected GERD. We aimed to summarize the possible relationship between gastroesophageal flap valve (GEFV) and endoscopic GERD according to Lyon Consensus using meta-analysis of studies done in Asia.

Materials and Methods:
Comprehensive searches of PubMed, WOS, Embase, SinoMed, and CNKI databases were completed to identify eligible studies published before September 22, 2019. A total of 237 articles have been reviewed and 2 reviewers independently evaluated the eligibility for inclusion, extracted, and analyzed the statistical data. The pooled risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were measured for the association. Random-effects models were used when observing significant heterogeneity.

Results:
A total of 15 studies were included and we found that abnormal GEFV (III and IV) could be associated with RE and the correlation become stronger as the grade increases (RE-A vs. controls—RR: 2.186, 95% CI: 1.560-3.064, P<0.001; RE-B vs. RE-A—RR: 1.268, 95% CI: 1.128-1.425, P<0.001; RE-C vs. RE-B—RR: 1.181, 95% CI: 1.000-1.395, P=0.049; RE-D vs. RE-C—RR: 1.471, 95% CI: 1.151-1.879, P=0.002). Both suspected GERD (RR: 2.400, 95% CI: 1.761-3.271, P<0.001) and endoscopic GERD (RR: 1.388, 95% CI: 1.127-1.711, P=0.002) were related to abnormal GEFV.

Conclusion:
Abnormal GEFV could provide useful information for reflux conditions, but it could not distinguish confirmatory GERD from low-grade RE under the upper endoscopy.
Treatment of Monteggia-like-lesion in a young patient
Authors: Santoso Agung R. B. , Huwae Thomas E. C. J. , Wijaya Anindita E. P. , Pribadi Alva , Cendikiawan Felix , Abduh Muhammad 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Introduction:
A Monteggia fracture was described initially as a fracture of the proximal third ulna and anterior dislocation of the proximal epiphysis radius.
[1]
In 1967, Bado discovered “true Monteggia lesions” and classified them into 4 groups.
[2]
He also used the term “equivalents” or “Monteggia-like-lesions” to describe specific injuries with similar radiographic patterns.
[3]
This type of fracture is rare and frequently associated with complications, poor functional results, and further operations.
[4]

Patient concerns:
A 16-year-old girl was admitted to our emergency department after a single motorcycle accident. Her main complaint was the pain and swollen of her left elbow. She was reluctant to move her arm due to pain.

Diagnosis:
Radiograph examination showed a displaced fracture of the left proximal third ulna accompanied by displacement of the left proximal radius. This fracture was similar to the Monteggia type III fracture except for proximal radial disruption that occurred laterally through a Salter-Harris type II fracture.

Interventions:
The patient underwent surgical debridement, and the forearm was immobilized using a backslap in a supine position and elbow flexion 90o. Open reduction and internal fixation were performed 5 days later. The ulna was reduced and stabilized first using a 3.5 mm one-third tubular plate (ORMED), and internal fixation of the radial epiphysis was done using a 1.6 mm miniplate (Prohealth).

Outcomes:
After 3 months, the patient showed improvement with the Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS) of 85. She did not complain of any pain and decreased strength. The patient regained 0 to 125o of elbow flexion and 0 to 165o of supination and pronation.

Conclusion:
Monteggia-like-lesion has many variations in physical and radiograph appearance. Careful evaluation of fracture pattern, identification of injury mechanism, and appropriate treatment planning based on Monteggia fracture treatment principles are mandatory to achieve the patient's best outcome.