bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Location of death and hospice use in children with cancer varies by type of health insurance
Authors: Johnston Emily E. , Davis Elizabeth S. , Bhatia Smita , Kenzik Kelly 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundDisparities in end‐of‐life (EOL) care for children with cancer remain understudied. We addressed this gap by examining patterns of EOL care, with a focus on location of death and hospice utilization.MethodsWe used MarketScan – a nationally representative dataset with Medicaid and commercial claims to conduct a retrospective observational study of children with cancer who died between 2011 and 2017 at age ≤21 years. We examined rates of (a) home death, (b) hospice utilization, (c) and medically intense interventions in the last 30 days (e.g., intubation).ResultsOf the 1492 children in the cohort, 44% had Medicaid and 56% commercial insurance; 71% carried a solid tumor diagnosis, and 37% were between the ages of 15 and 21 years at the time of death. Forty percent died at home; children with Medicaid were less likely to die at home (relative risk [RR] = 0.82, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.73–0.92; reference: commercial). Forty‐five percent enrolled in hospice, for a median of 2 days. Hospice enrollment rates did not vary with insurance. However, children with Medicaid spent less time enrolled (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.17–0.27). Among children with Medicaid, Black children were less likely to die at home (RR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.52–0.92) and enroll on hospice (RR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.55–0.91) than non‐Hispanic White children. Medically intense interventions did not vary with insurance or race.ConclusionOnly 40% of children with cancer die at home, and the duration of hospice enrollment is short. EOL care varies significantly with insurance. It is imperative that we determine if these patterns and disparities represent EOL preferences, provider biases, or differences in quality or availability of hospice.
Chemotherapy‐induced thrombocytopenia in Ewing sarcoma: Implications and potential for romiplostim supportive care
Authors: Merjaneh Nawal , Young Jennifer , Mangoli Avani , Olsen Mallery , Setty Bhuvana , Lane Adam , Nagarajan Rajaram , Pressey Joseph G. , Turpin Brian 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundMaintaining dose‐dense, interval‐compressed chemotherapy improves survival in patients with Ewing sarcoma but is limited by myelosuppression. Romiplostim is a thrombopoietin receptor agonist that may be useful in the treatment of chemotherapy‐induced thrombocytopenia (CIT).MethodsPatients aged between 3 and 33 years with Ewing sarcoma from 2010 to 2020 were reviewed. CIT was defined as a failure to achieve 75,000 platelets per microliter by day 21 after the start of any chemotherapy cycle. Fisher's exact test was used for univariate analysis and Pearson's correlation coefficient was used for the association between continuous variables.ResultsTwenty‐seven out of 42 patients (64%) developed isolated CIT, delaying one to four chemotherapy cycles per patient. CIT occurred during consolidation therapy in 24/27(88.9%) and with ifosfamide/etoposide cycles in 24/27 (88.9%). Univariate analysis failed to identify risk factors for CIT. The use of radiation approached significance (p‐value = .056). Ten patients received romiplostim. The median starting dose was 3 μg/kg (range 1–5). Doses were escalated weekly by 1–2 to 4–10 μg/kg and continued throughout chemotherapy. A higher romiplostim dose was associated with a higher change in average platelet counts from baseline, r = .73 (p = .04). No romiplostim‐related adverse events were identified aside from mild headache.ConclusionsCIT is the primary reason for the inability to maintain treatment intensity in Ewing sarcoma. The concurrent use of romiplostim with chemotherapy was safe and feasible, and efficacy was associated with higher romiplostim doses.
Comments on “Essential work of fracture analysis for surface modified carbon fiber/polypropylene composites with different interfacial adhesion” [Polymer Composites 41 (9) (2020): 3541–3551]
Authors: Rajaee Pouya , Ashenai Ghasemi Faramarz , Fasihi Mohammad 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this paper, some comments on the study “Essential work of fracture analysis for surface modified carbon fiber/polypropylene composites with different interfacial adhesion” Polymer Composites 41 (9) (2020): 3541–3551, have been discussed. The comments are mostly concentrated on the technique utilized for the assessment of the parameters of fracture toughness. The essential work of fracture (EWF) approach was employed for all the samples to characterize the fracture manner, while it appears that some of the samples did not meet the prerequisites of the EWF method. These prerequisites are as follows: the ligament length must be completely yielded before the onset of crack propagation, self‐similarity between load–displacement curves is a requirement, and fracture must occur under plane stress conditions. Therefore, the information, data, and results obtained by the authors are questionable.
Strong and tough, pH sensible, interpenetrating network hydrogels based on gelatin and poly(methacrylic acid)
Authors: Ugrinovic Vukasin , Panic Vesna , Spasojevic Pavle , Seslija Sanja , Bozic Bojan , Petrovic Rada , Janackovic Djordje , Veljovic Djordje 
Published: December 2021

AbstractHydrogels are promising materials for biomedical applications due to highly hydrated, porous, permeable structure with possibility to accommodate living cells, drugs, or bioactive factors. In this paper, we reported poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA)/gelatin IPN hydrogels, synthesized by free‐radical polymerization, with adjustable mechanical, structural, physicochemical, and biological characteristics. The influence of methacrylic acid (MAA), gelatin, and cross‐linker in the precursor solution on hydrogels properties was investigated. The increasing concentration of MAA, gelatin, and cross‐linker led to better mechanical properties, lower porosity, and water content. The compressive mechanical properties of hydrogels were significantly better in comparison to a single‐network PMAA hydrogel, while the obtained compressive strength values up to 16 MPa were comparable with tough hydrogels. The increasing concentration of MAA and cross‐linker reduced fatigue resistance and degradability, while the increase in gelatin content acted in the opposite way. Swelling tests in different pH conditions demonstrated strong pH‐sensibility of the hydrogels, which was more pronounced as MAA concentration was higher, and gelatin and cross‐linker concentrations were lower. In addition, the hydrogels strongly promoted the proliferation of human periodontal ligament stem cells and MRC‐5 cells as assayed by MTT assay.
Importance of atmospheric aerosol pollutants on the degradation of Al2O3 encapsulated Al‐doped zinc oxide window layers in solar cells
Authors: Zhang Shan‐Ting , Maltseva Alina , Herting Gunilla , Guillemoles Jean‐François , Schneider Nathanaelle , Odnevall Inger , Volovitch Polina 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAtmospheric aerosol pollutants are considered for the first time for the durability evaluation of non‐metallic photovoltaic materials on the example of pristine and Al2O3‐encapsulated Al‐doped zinc oxide (AZO) window layers. The AZO samples were exposed to a varied temperature and humidity cycle, completed or not by a daily deposition of (NH4)2SO4 or NaCl aerosols, typical pollutants in rural and marine environments, respectively. The samples exposed with and without the pollutants were compared after 1 and 2 weeks of the test. Optical transmittance and conductivity significantly degraded only for the samples exposed with the pollutants. Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy evidenced localized dissolution of the AZO film and chemical modification of the Al2O3 encapsulation. The most severe degradation was caused by (NH4)2SO4, which was attributed to the high stability of soluble [Zn (NH3)42+] complexes. The Al2O3 encapsulation improved chemical and physical stability of AZO in the presence of (NH4)2SO4 but not in the presence of NaCl. The latter can be explained by pitting corrosion of Al2O3. Optical transmission curves are coherent with the AZO layer thinning in the presence of NaCl and very localized AZO dissolution (most likely grain boundary etching) in the presence of (NH4)2SO4. The enhanced degradation of encapsulated AZO in the presence of atmospheric aerosol pollutants suggests that they cannot be neglected in the evaluation of barrier protection capacities of novel encapsulates and, more generally, in the outdoor durability assessment of novel photovoltaic materials and devices.
M1 muscarinic receptor activation decreases alcohol consumption via a reduction in consummatory behavior
Authors: Walker Leigh C. , Campbell Erin J. , Huckstep Kate L. , Chen Nicola A. , Langmead Christopher J. , Lawrence Andrew J. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMuscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) have been shown to mediate alcohol consumption and seeking. Both M4 and M5 mAChRs have been highlighted as potential novel treatment targets for alcohol use disorders (AUD). Similarly, M1 mAChRs are expressed throughout reward circuitry, and their signaling has been implicated in cocaine consumption. However, whether the same effects are seen for alcohol consumption, or whether natural reward intake is inadvertently impacted is still unknown. To determine the role of M1 mAChRs in alcohol consumption, we tested operant self‐administration of alcohol under both fixed ratio (FR3) and progressive ratio (PR3‐4) schedules. Enhancing M1 mAChR signaling (via the M1 PAM‐Agonist PF‐06767832, 1 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced operant alcohol consumption on a fixed schedule but had no effect on motivation to acquire alcohol. To determine whether these actions were specific to alcohol, we examined the effects of M1 enhancement on natural reward (sucrose) self‐administration. Systemic administration of PF‐06767832 (1 mg/kg, i.p.) also reduced operant sucrose self‐administration, suggesting the actions of the M1 receptor may be non‐selective across drug and natural rewards. Finally, to understand whether this reduction extended to natural consummatory behaviors, we assessed home cage standard chow and water consumption. M1 enhancement via systemic PF‐06767832 administration reduced food and water consumption. Together our results suggest the M1 PAM‐agonist, PF‐06767832, non‐specifically reduces consummatory behaviors that are not associated with motivational strength for the reward. These data highlight the need to further characterize M1 agonists, PAMs, and PAM‐agonists, which may have varying degrees of utility in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders including AUD.
Cardioprotective effects of alpha‐mangostin on doxorubicin‐induced cardiotoxicity in rats
Authors: Eisvand Farhad , Imenshahidi Mohsen , Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar Mahboobeh , Tabatabaei Yazdi Seyed Abbas , Rameshrad Maryam , Razavi Bibi Marjan , Hosseinzadeh Hossein 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe main adverse effect of doxorubicin is cardiotoxicity. Oxidative stress and apoptosis induction have been suggested as mechanisms involved in its cardiotoxicity. In this study, cardioprotective effects of alpha‐mangostin against doxorubicin‐induced cardiotoxicity have been investigated in rats. Forty‐two rats were divided as follows: Control, doxorubicin (2 mg/kg every 48 hr), alpha‐mangostin (200 mg/kg), alpha‐mangostin (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) + doxorubicin (2 mg/kg every 48 hr), and vitamin E (200 IU/kg) + doxorubicin (2 mg/kg every 48 hr). Alpha‐mangostin was administered by gavage for 19 days, while doxorubicin (12 days) and vitamin E (19 days) were injected intraperitoneally. Doxorubicin decreased heart rate, increased electrocardiogram signal components duration and reduced systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure, and caused histological damage in the heart of rats. Doxorubicin decreased heart weight and heart/body weight ratio, as well as elevated creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme and lactate dehydrogenase. Doxorubicin increased malondialdehyde, inflammatory biomarkers, and caspases 3 and 9 and decreased reduced glutathione content in heart tissue but co‐administration of alpha‐mangostin (100 mg/kg) restored all doxorubicin toxic effects. Results show that alpha‐mangostin has protective effects against doxorubicin‐induced cardiotoxicity by antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects that may ameliorate doxorubicin cardiotoxicity in human chemotherapy without reduction in its anticancer effect.
Analysis of tendon tension and hysteresis by tendon twisting and development of anti‐twist tendon mechanism of robotic surgical instruments
Authors: Kong Dukyoo , Yang Un‐Je , Kim Chang‐Kyun , Ahn Jeongdo , Kwon Dong‐Soo 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundControl of the joints of robotic surgical instruments is difficult owing to hysteresis, and tendon twisting due to axial rotation of surgical tools also causes hysteresis. Therefore, a new mechanism is needed to prevent tendon twisting.MethodsTendon tension and hysteresis change were analysed by observing the movement of the joint depending on whether the tendons twisted for the same input signal. An anti‐twist tendon mechanism to prevent twisting was developed. A 3‐mm needle driver applied with the proposed mechanism was manufactured.ResultsThe anti‐twist mechanism makes no tension change because of twisting or friction between the tendon and the system, that is, the operating performance was the same regardless of rotation.ConclusionThe proposed mechanism has been verified and can be applied to small surgical instruments 3 mm in size. These findings can be applied in the development of instruments for precise surgeries such as microsurgery.
The need for stewardship of lands exposed by deglaciation from climate change
Authors: Zimmer Anaïs , Beach Timothy , Klein Julia A. , Recharte Bullard Jorge 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAlpine glaciers worldwide will lose most of their volume by the end of the 21st century, placing alpine ecosystems and human populations at risk. The new lands that emerge from retreating glaciers provide a host of challenges for ecological and human adaptation to climate change. In these novel proglacial landscapes, ecological succession and natural hazards interplay with local agriculture, hydroelectric production, mining activities, and tourism. Research has emphasized the importance of understanding adaptation around socio‐environmental systems, but regional and global management efforts that support local initiatives and connect novel proglacial landscapes to ecological, social, and cultural conservation opportunities are rare and nascent. The characteristics of these emerging lands reflect the nexus of alpine ecosystems with socio‐political histories. Often overlooked in glacial‐influenced systems are the interdependencies, feedbacks, and tradeoffs between these biophysical systems and local populations. There is no coordinated strategy to manage and anticipate these shifting dynamics, while affirming local practices and contexts. There is an opportunity to initiate a new conversation and co‐create a governance structure around these novel landscapes and develop a new framework suitable to the Anthropocene era. This article first synthesizes the rapid socio‐environmental changes that are occurring in proglacial landscapes. Second, we consider the need for integrating “bottom‐up” with “top‐down” approaches for the sustainable management of proglacial landscapes. Finally, we propose establishing a transdisciplinary initiative with policy‐related goals to further dialogues around the governance and sustainable management of proglacial landscapes. We call for increased cooperation between actors, sectors, and regions, favoring multiscale and integrated approaches.This article is categorized under:Climate, Ecology, and Conservation > Conservation Strategies
Equitable, effective, and feasible approaches for a prospective fossil fuel transition
Authors: Rempel Arthur , Gupta Joyeeta 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMost fossil fuel resources must remain unused to comply with the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. Scholars and policymakers debate which approaches should be undertaken to Leave Fossil Fuels Underground (LFFU). However, existing scholarship has not yet inventoried and evaluated the array of approaches to LFFU based on their effectiveness, equity, or feasibility. Hence, this review article asks: What lessons can we learn from reviewing scholarship on proposed approaches to leaving fossil fuels underground (LFFU)? We identify 28 unique LFFU approaches, of which only 12 are deemed environmentally effective (e.g., fossil fuel extraction taxes, bans and moratoria, and financial swaps); eight involve moderate‐to‐high (non‐)monetary costs, and only four are deemed entirely just and equitable. Of the 12 environmentally effective approaches: only three were deemed cost‐effective (regulating financial capital for fossil fuel projects, removing existing fossil fuel subsidies, and bans & moratoria); merely four were deemed equitable (asset write‐offs, retiring existing fossil infrastructure, pursuing court cases/litigation, and financial swaps); and all were deemed institutionally problematic in terms of their feasibility (six were challenging to implement as they threatened the vested interests of powerful stakeholder groups). Moreover, the reviewed scholarship draws heavily on empirical studies of how these LFFU approaches can be optimized in European, North American, and Chinese contexts; fewer studies have explored the effectiveness and fairness of LFFU approaches in the South and/or in a North–South context. Future research should particularly focus on North–South fossil fuel financial flows, which have received comparatively little attention.This article is categorized under:
The Carbon Economy and Climate Mitigation > Decarbonizing Energy and/or Reducing Demand
Reinterpreting the ATLAS bounds on heavy neutral leptons in a realistic neutrino oscillation model
Authors: Tastet J.-L. , Ruchayskiy O. , Timiryasov I. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Heavy neutral leptons (HNLs) are hypothetical particles, motivated in the first place by their ability to explain neutrino oscillations. Experimental searches for HNLs are typically conducted under the assumption of a single HNL mixing with a single neutrino flavor. However, the resulting exclusion limits may not directly constrain the corresponding mixing angles in realistic HNL models — those which can explain neutrino oscillations. The reinterpretation of the results of these experimental searches turns out to be a non-trivial task, that requires significant knowledge of the details of the experiment. In this work, we perform a reinterpretation of the latest ATLAS search for HNLs decaying promptly to a tri-lepton final state. We show that in a realistic model with two HNLs, the actual limits can vary by several orders of magnitude depending on the free parameters of the model. Marginalizing over the unknown model parameters leads to an exclusion limit on the total mixing angle which can be up to 3 orders of magnitude weaker than the limits reported in ref. [1]. This demonstrates that the reinterpretation of results from experimental searches is a necessary step to obtain meaningful limits on realistic models. We detail a few steps that can be taken by experimental collaborations in order to simplify the reuse of their results.
Stochastic gravity and turbulence
Authors: Waeber Sebastian , Yarom Amos 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We study the ensemble average of the thermal expectation value of an energy momentum tensor in the presence of a random external metric. In a holographic setup this quantity can be read off of the near boundary behavior of the metric in a stochastic theory of gravity. By numerically solving the associated Einstein equations and mapping the result to the dual boundary theory, we find that the non relativistic energy power spectrum exhibits a power law behavior as expected by the theory of Kolmogorov and Kraichnan.
Non-equilibrium dynamics of a scalar field with quantum backreaction
Authors: Kainulainen Kimmo , Koskivaara Olli 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We study the dynamical evolution of coupled one- and two-point functions of a scalar field in the 2PI framework at the Hartree approximation, including backreaction from out-of-equilibrium modes. We renormalize the 2PI equations of motion in an on-shell scheme in terms of physical parameters. We present the Hartree-resummed renormalized effective potential at finite temperature and critically discuss the role of the effective potential in a non-equilibrium system. We follow the decay and thermalization of a scalar field from an initial cold state with all energy stored in the potential, into a fully thermalized system with a finite temperature. We identify the non-perturbative processes of parametric resonance and spinodal instability taking place during the reheating stage. In particular we study the unstable modes in the region where the vacuum 1PI effective action becomes complex and show that such spinodal modes can have a dramatic effect on the evolution of the one-point function. Our methods can be easily adapted to simulate reheating at the end of inflation.
Low-energy probes of sterile neutrino transition magnetic moments
Authors: Miranda O. G. , Papoulias D. K. , Sanders O. , Tórtola M. , Valle J. W. F. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Sterile neutrinos with keV-MeV masses and non-zero transition magnetic moments can be probed through low-energy nuclear or electron recoil measurements. Here we determine the sensitivities of current and future searches, showing how they can probe a previously unexplored parameter region. Future coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CEνNS) or elastic neutrino-electron scattering (EνES) experiments using a monochromatic 51Cr source can fully probe the region indicated by the recent XENON1T excess.
A Multiplication Technique for the Factorization of Bivariate Quaternionic Polynomials
Authors: Lercher Johanna , Schröcker Hans-Peter 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe consider bivariate polynomials over the skew field of quaternions, where the indeterminates commute with all coefficients and with each other. We analyze existence ofunivariatefactorizations, that is, factorizations with univariate linear factors. A necessary condition for existence of univariate factorizations is factorization of the norm polynomial into a product of univariate polynomials. This condition is, however, not sufficient. Our central result states that univariate factorizations exist after multiplication with a suitable univariate real polynomial as long as the necessary factorization condition is fulfilled. We present an algorithm for computing this real polynomial and a corresponding univariate factorization. If a univariate factorization of the original polynomial exists, a suitable input of the algorithm produces a constant multiplication factor, thus giving ana posterioricondition for existence of univariate factorizations. Some factorizations obtained in this way are of interest in mechanism science. We present an example of a curious closed-loop mechanism with eight revolute joints.