bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analyzing decision records from committees
Authors: Marbach Moritz 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn the absence of a complete voting record, decision records are an important data source to analyze committee decision-making in various institutions. Despite the ubiquity of decision records, we know surprisingly little about how to analyze them. This paper highlights the costs in terms of bias, inefficiency, or inestimable effects when using decision instead of voting records and introduces a Bayesian structural model for the analysis of decision-record data. I construct an exact likelihood function that can be tailored to many institutional contexts, discuss identification, and present a Gibbs sampler on the data-augmented posterior density. I illustrate the application of the model using data from US state supreme court abortion decisions and UN Security Council deployment decisions.
A new look on the morphometric characteristics of Congridae leptocephali from the southern Adriatic Sea
Authors: Mandić M. , Leonori I. , De Felice A. , Gvozdenović S. , Pešić A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAnguillid leptocephali of three Congridae species (Conger conger,Ariosoma balearicumandGnathophis mistax) were caught as bycatch of pelagic trawls during acoustic surveys targeting small pelagic fish species in the southern Adriatic Sea, carried out under the framework of the Italian MEDIAS project (western side) and its extension in the ambit of the FAO AdriaMed project (eastern side). Results refer to the findings of Congridae leptocephali during surveys conducted in 2011, 2014, 2015 and 2016. A total of 25 specimens were caught and analysed (morphological features and pigmentation patterns). Leptocephali ofConger congerwere found in the range of 8.4–13.1 cm total length (TL) (between 50 and 132 m depth),Ariosoma balearicumfrom 9.7–12.2 cm TL (between 50 and 128 m depth) and forGnathophis mystaxin the range from 6.4–11.7 cm TL (between 40 and 79 m depth). The results indicate that the southern Adriatic Pit could be the spawning area of these species in the Adriatic Sea. Present data represent a contribution to existing knowledge about the ecology of leptocephali from the Congridae family in the southern Adriatic Sea, and also indicate the existence of differences in morphometric parameters between different areas, that is, the possibility of the existence of new geographic lines within the genusAriosomain the Adriatic Sea.
Worship: bowing down in the service of God
Authors: Levi Avital Hazony 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPhilosophers commonly assume that worship is a universal attitude. Two major approaches see worship as a sui generis attitude or as the specific attitude of respect. This article criticizes the universal assumption and defines worship as a ritual that shapes a person in acquiring the attitude considered appropriate in relating to a superior such as God. Religions differ in their rituals of worship because they disagree on what this appropriate attitude is. This claim is demonstrated by distinguishing the Hebrew Bible's form of worship as bowing down. Biblical worship is shown to be political, forming the worshipper into a loyal servant of God as king. This form of worship is argued to be fundamentally ethical because it teaches that the individual's relationship with God supervenes on human relationships.
Doing, Allowing, and Occasionalism
Authors: Şen Sümer 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn ‘God, evil, and occasionalism’ Matthew Shea and C.P. Ragland appeal to the Doctrine of Doing and Allowing to argue against Alvin Plantinga that occasionalism is morally worse than conservationism. In this article I critically examine their argument and conclude that it fails because it contains an equivocation or is unwarranted. I also offer a case against their position by, first, arguing that on none of three prominent accounts of doing and allowing God merely allows suffering.Second, I develop the ‘Epistemological-Equivalence Argument’ in order to show that even if we grant such a distinction for God's acts, they would be morally on a par.
Meaningful professional activities from family medicine practitioners’ perspectives: a study from Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al-Ghamdi Sameer , Alajmi Mansour , Batais Mohammed Ali , Al-Zahrani Jamaan , Aldossari Khaled K. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackground:Family medicine practitioners (FMP) take care of a varied range of patients with undifferentiated conditions over a lifetime. Although it was incepted in Saudi Arabia in 1980, limited data exists on FMP. This paper explores what family physicians deem relevant.Methods:A cross-sectional survey was conducted among FMP in Saudi Arabia in 2018–2019 who responded to an online questionnaire that listed 20 activities usually done by FMP asking them to rate their meaningfulness on a 5-point Likert Scale, and select the top 3 they would like to spend the most and the least time on. Chi-square statistics were used to compare preference for time spent on these six activities by participant characteristicsResults:Of the 415 survey participants, the majority were male (246) and had a Bachelor’s degree (176). The management of risk conditions, follow-up of chronic illnesses and running preventive health clinics were listed as most meaningful. The majority wished to spend more time on managing health risks, handling daily common complaints and follow-up of chronic illnesses and less time on terminal care activities (46.8%), emergency care (32.3%) and addiction medicine (23.4%). Bachelor’s degree holders wished to spend more time on emergency care compared to Diploma, Board-certified and Fellowship holders (63%, 21%, 10% and 5%, respectively;P= 0.01).Conclusions:The activities preferred by FMP align with prevailing disease epidemiology. Variations in preferences of ‘managing emergencies’ reflect the varied format of training. Training of FMP should be standardized and further studies investigate reasons for specific preferences.
Doppler Shifted Alpha Transmitter Signals in the Conjugate Hemisphere: DEMETER Spacecraft Observations and Raytracing Modeling
Authors: Němec F. , Santolík O. , Parrot M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAlpha navigation transmitters are very low frequency (VLF) transmitters operating at mid‐latitudes, which use a specific discrete radiation pattern at three distinct frequencies (11.9, 12.6, and 14.9 kHz). The transmitters are located in the northern hemisphere, but the radiated signals propagate through the magnetosphere to the conjugate hemisphere, where they are detectable by low‐altitude spacecraft. We present an analysis of such signals detected by the Detection of Electro‐Magnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions spacecraft at an altitude of about 660 km. It is found that, due to a Doppler shift, the observed signal frequencies can be at times rather different than the radiated frequencies. This indicates wave propagation at large wave normal angles (close to the resonance cone). Simultaneous observations of the same signal with different Doppler shifts reveal three distinct ways of signal propagation: (i) ducted propagation, (ii) unducted propagation, and (iii) propagation interpreted as only partially ducted. A raytracing analysis is employed to obtain typical wave trajectories corresponding to the individual ways of signal propagation and respective Doppler shifts. A reasonable agreement between the observed and calculated Doppler shifts is obtained. Our results demonstrate the peculiarities of VLF signal propagation throughout the magnetosphere and the possibility of using Doppler shifts to estimate wave normal angles.
Development of a Trans‐Dimensional Fault Slip Inversion for Geodetic Data
Authors: Tomita Fumiaki , Iinuma Takeshi , Agata Ryoichiro , Hori Takane 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGeodetic fault slip inversions have generally been performed by employing a least squares method with a spatially uniform smoothing constraint. However, this conventional method has various problems: difficulty in strictly estimating non‐negative solutions, assumption that unknowns follow the Gaussian distributions, unsuitability for expressing spatially non‐uniform slip distributions, and high calculation cost for optimizing many hyper‐parameters. Here, we have developed a trans‐dimensional geodetic slip inversion method using the reversible‐jump Markov chain Monte Carlo (rj‐MCMC) technique to overcome these problems. Because sub‐fault locations were parameterized by the Voronoi partition and were optimized in our approach, we can estimate a slip distribution without the need for spatially uniform smoothing constraints. Moreover, we introduced scaling factors for observational errors. We applied the method to the synthetic data and the actual geodetic observational data associated with the 2011 Tohoku‐oki earthquake and found that the method successfully reproduced the target slip distributions including a spatially non‐uniform slip distribution. The method provided posterior probability distributions with the unknowns, which can express a non‐Gaussian distribution such as large slip with low probability. The estimated scaling factors properly adjusted the initial observational errors and provided a reasonable slip distribution. Additionally, we found that checkerboard resolution tests were useful to consider sensitivity of the observational data for performing the rj‐MCMC method. It is concluded that the developed method is a powerful technique to solve the problems of the conventional inversion method and to flexibly express fault‐slip distributions considering the complicated uncertainties.
Diurnal Cycles of Near‐Surface Currents Across the Tropical Pacific
Authors: Masich Jessica , Kessler William S. , Cronin Meghan F. , Grissom Karen R. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSolar radiative heat and wind‐forced momentum can be trapped at the surface and transmitted into the ocean interior via a daily descending shear layer that mixes heat and momentum downwards. Here, we characterize the extent of this mechanism across the tropical Pacific via seven mooring deployments spanning the eastern and western tropical Pacific and the Inter‐Tropical and South Pacific Convergence Zones. We find a wide range of diurnal cycles in temperature and velocity, from very weak cycles trapped in the upper 10 m to strong cycles that reach as deep as 60 m. These deeper diurnal cycles appear where the strong background shear above the equatorial undercurrent in the eastern equatorial Pacific helps destabilize the fluid, setting up a persistent state of marginal instability. At the sites located in these marginally unstable regions, we find a linear relationship between wind speed and the depth and strength of the diurnal cycle in velocity.
Seismostratigraphic and Geomorphic Evidence for the Glacial History of the Northwestern Chukchi Margin, Arctic Ocean
Authors: Kim Sookwan , Polyak Leonid , Joe Young Jin , Niessen Frank , Kim Hyoung Jun , Choi Yeonjin , Kang Seung‐Goo , Hong Jong Kuk , Nam Seung‐Il , Jin Young Keun 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHigh‐resolution seafloor mapping provides insights into the dynamics of past ice sheets/ice shelves on high‐latitude continental margins. Geological/geophysical studies in the Arctic Ocean suggest widespread Pleistocene ice grounding on the Chukchi–East Siberian continental margin. However, flow directions, timing, and behavior of these ice masses are not yet clear due to insufficient data. We present a combined seismostratigraphic and morphobathymetric analysis of the Chukchi Rise off the northwestern Chukchi margin using the densely acquired subbottom profiler (SBP) and multibeam echosounder (MBES) data. Comparison with deeper airgun seismic records shows that the SBP data cover most of the glaciogenic stratigraphy possibly spanning ca. 0.5–1 Ma. Based on the stratigraphic distribution and geometry of acoustically transparent glaciogenic diamictons, the lateral and vertical extent of southern‐sourced grounded ice became smaller over time. The older deposits are abundant as debris lobes on the slope contributing to a large trough mouth fan, whereas younger grounding‐zone wedges are found at shallower depths. MBES data show two sets of mega‐scale lineations indicating at least two fast ice‐streaming events of different ages. Contour‐parallel recessional morainic ridges mark a stepwise retreat of the grounded ice margin, likely controlled by rising sea levels during deglaciation(s). The different inferred advance and retreat directions of the southern‐sourced ice reflect complex geomorphic settings. The overall picture shows that the Chukchi Rise was an area where different ice streams had complex interactions. In addition to glaciogenic deposits, we identify a number of related or preceding seabed features including mounds, gullies/channels, and sediment waves.
Vegetation History and Precipitation Changes in the NE Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau: A 7,900‐years Pollen Record From Caodalian Lake
Authors: Lv Feiya , Chen Jianhui , Zhou Aifeng , Cao Xianyong , Zhang Xu , Wang Zhenqian , Wu Duo , Chen Xuemei , Yan Jingjing , Wang Haipeng , Dong Guanghui , Xu Qinghai , Huang Xiaozhong , Chen Fahu 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe northeastern Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau is strongly influenced by the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM), the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) and the westerlies. However, how these various circulation systems interacted in the region during the Holocene, and the nature of the associated environmental impacts, are unclear and even controversial. Here we present a high‐resolution pollen record from Caodalian Lake since 7.9 ka (1 ka = 1,000 cal yr BP), which is used to reconstruct the regional vegetation history and climatic changes. In addition, we use a novel procedure for pollen‐based quantitative paleoclimatic reconstruction to characterize the evolution of precipitation at Caodalian Lake and nearby Qinghai Lake. The results suggest that mean annual precipitation (Pann) is the most significant factor controlling the fossil pollen record at both sites, and the Pann reconstructions are well correlated with each other (r = 0.72, p < 0.001). A synthesis of the Pann records from the two sites indicates that the precipitation in the region began to increase before 10 ka, reached a maximum during 10–5 ka, and gradually decreased thereafter. We propose that the pattern of precipitation evolution in the Qinghai Lake basin resulted from the combined effects of the ISM and EASM, with a precipitation maximum of 10–7 ka for the ISM and 7–5 ka for the EASM; both systems contributed to the regional precipitation maximum during 10–5 ka. Our well‐dated and unambiguous Pann record also provides the opportunity to reconcile paleoenvironmental reconstructions derived from different paleoenvironmental proxies from the Qinghai Lake basin.
Occurrence of Ionospheric Equatorial Ionization Anomaly at 840 km Height Observed by the DMSP Satellites at Solar Maximum Dusk
Authors: Li Jiacheng , Chen Yiding , Liu Libo , Le Huijun , Zhang Ruilong , Huang He , Li Wenbo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAlthough it is accepted that the electron density double peaks of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) generally merge into a single‐peak with increasing altitude and thus the signature of EIA becomes inconspicuous in the higher topside ionosphere, it is still unclear that to what altitudes the double‐peak structure can extend. In this study, we used measurements of the DMSP F12‐F15 satellites at ∼840 km altitude to examine EIA occurrence rate (EOR) in the dusk sector during solar maximum years 2000–2002 by checking latitudinal profiles of the ion density orbit by orbit. The EIA can still be observed at DMSP heights, and the EOR can reach 30% at specific longitudes at dusk side in equinox seasons. The EOR behaves wave‐like longitude structure that depends on seasons. Moreover, the irregularity occurrence rate shows similar longitudinal and seasonal variations with EOR, and the local time evolutions of them show that the former peaks earlier than the latter. The observations of equatorial verticalE × Bplasma drifts indicated that the prereversal enhancement (PRE) of eastward electric field plays a significant role in the formation of the equatorial ionization anomaly at an altitude of 840 km just after sunset, but the occurrence of the equatorial ionization anomaly at this altitude dose not precisely represent the characteristics of the prereversal enhancement of eastward electric field.
Seismo‐Tectonic Model for the Southern Pre‐Rif Border (Northern Morocco): Insights From Morphochronology
Authors: Agharroud Kamal , Siame Lionel L. , Ben Moussa Abdelkhalak , Bellier Olivier , Guillou Valéry , Fleury Jules , El Kharim Younes 
Published: April 2021

AbstractLocated at the southern boundary of the Alpine chain in Morocco, the deformation front of the Southern Rif Mountains is a region of moderate tectonic activity, which makes it a good natural laboratory to understand whether, and how, low compressional strains are located on specific structures. Along the ≈80 km‐long left‐lateral, transpressive and reverse fault zone that runs at the toe of the Pre‐Rif Ridges, an analysis of high‐resolution digital topography provides new geomorphic lines of evidence supporting Quaternary activity along, 20 km‐long fault segments. The fault zone can be divided into the Meknès and the Fès segments, which are constrained at depth by reactivated, NE‐trending basement faults, delimitating paleo‐grabens associated with the Late Triassic‐Jurassic opening of the Atlantic Ocean. For selected sites, we used in situ‐produced36Cl,10Be, and26Al and high‐resolution topography to infer the timing of abandonment of fluvial markers, which suggest incision rates on the order of 0.6–2 mm/yr. Given their lengths, scaling laws suggest that the identified fault segments should root at about 7–12 km‐depth, possibly reactivating former basement normal faults and making them potential seismogenic sources capable of generating Mw6+ earthquakes, with return times of the order of several hundreds of years. Our new morphochronological data set confirms that the Southern Rif deformation front is a key structure that may have accommodated most of the lateral extrusion of the Rif between the Nubia and Iberia tectonic plates.
Developing normalization schemes for data isolated distributed deep learning
Authors: Zhou Yujue , He Ligang , Yang Shuang‐Hua 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDistributed deep learning is an important and indispensable direction in the field of deep learning research. Earlier research has proposed many algorithms or techniques on accelerating distributed neural network training. This study discusses a new distributed training scenario, namely data isolated distributed deep learning. Specifically, each node has its own local data and cannot be shared for some reasons. However, in order to ensure the generalization of the model, the goal is to train a global model that required learning all the data, not just based on data from a local node. At this time, distributed training with data isolation is needed. An obvious challenge for distributed deep learning in this scenario is that the distribution of training data used by each node could be highly imbalanced because of data isolation. This brings difficulty to the normalization process in neural network training, because the traditional batch normalization (BN) method will fail under this kind of data imbalanced scenario. At this time, distributed training with data isolation is needed. Aiming at such data isolation scenarios, this study proposes a comprehensive data isolation deep learning scheme. Specifically, synchronous stochastic gradient descent algorithm is used for data exchange during training, and provides several normalization approaches to the problem of BN failure caused by data imbalance. Experimental results show the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed data isolated distributed deep learning scheme.
Design of circularly polarized planar leaky‐wave antenna using characteristic mode analysis
Authors: Barzegari Saeed , Forooraghi Keyvan , Abbasi Arand Bijan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn the present study, a characteristic mode analysis (CMA) is proposed for the first time to design a periodic leaky‐wave antenna (LWA). By applying CMA to the unit cell of a periodic travelling wave structure, the open stopband is suppressed and circular polarization (CP) radiation is achieved. Also, some parametric studies are added to clarify the design processes. Eventually, to optimize the design, the series and shunt analysis is applied to the unit cell of the periodic travelling wave structure. Based on the proposed analysis, a wideband CP long microstrip LWA (MLWA) is designed and simulated. The MLWA can sweep the main beam from around −30° to +10° continuously through broadside by sweeping the frequency from 7.5 to 12.25 GHz. The proposed structure is designed to have CP in the entire operating frequency. Eventually, the fabricated antenna showed excellent agreement between measured, modelled, and simulated results.
Diiiodine/Potassium Persulfate Mediated Synthesis of 1,2,3-Thiadiazoles from N-Tosylhydrazones and a Thiocyanate Salt as a Sulfur Source under Transition-Metal-Free Conditions
Authors: Sun Yadong , Abdukader Ablimit , Lu Yuhan , Liu Chenjiang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA highly efficient method for the synthesis of 1,2,3-thiadiazoles has been developed by utilizing readily available tosylhydrazones and ammonium thiocyanate with ecofriendly EtOH as the solvent at room temperature. The reaction shows a wide scope of substrates and good functional-group tolerance. This protocol can be scaled up to a gram level and can be applied to coupling reactions with 4-(4-bromophenyl)-1,2,3-thiadiazole as the substrate.
Change of wrist motion before and after fixation of the distal radioulnar joint and resection of the distal ulna in a cadaveric model
Authors: Suzuki Taku , Terasaka Yukinori , Tomoyuki Kato , Hagiwara Takeshi , Masuda Shusuke , Kimura Hiroo , Matsumura Noboru , Iwamoto Takuji 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Objective
Recent study suggests the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) plays a role in flexion and extension of the wrist. We examined the range of motion (ROM) of the wrist before and after DRUJ fixation and distal ulnar resection in a cadaveric model.

Methods
Twenty fresh cadaveric human wrists were transected and treated with two sequential interventions: (a) DRUJ fixation, and (b) distal ulnar resection. The angle of maximum flexion and extension of the wrist was measured before and after the procedures. Maximum force to the wrist was determined before the procedures using a digital pressure monitor.

Results
The mean maximum wrist flexion ROM was 84.2° before the procedures. The ROM decreased to 82.5° after DRUJ fixation, and significantly increased to 88.2° after subsequent resection of the distal ulna. The mean maximum wrist extension ROM before the procedures was 73.5°. The ROM decreased to 71.6° after DRUJ fixation, and significantly increased to 77.1° after subsequent resection of the distal ulna.

Conclusions
Motion of the wrist is affected by DRUJ. This study suggests that the DRUJ might contribute to the ROM in flexion and extension of the wrist.
Padé approximant approach to singular properties of quantum gases: the ideal cases
Authors: Tian Yuan-Hong , Li Wen-Du , Shen Yao , Dai Wu-Sheng 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we show how to recover the low-temperature and high-density information of ideal quantum gases from the high-temperature and low-density approximation by the Padé approximant. The virial expansion is a high-temperature and low-density expansion and in practice, often, only the first several virial coefficients can be obtained. For Bose gases, we determine the BEC phase transition from a truncated virial expansion. For Fermi gases, we recover the low-temperature and high-density result from the virial expansion.