An integrated rural health system baseline assessment of COVID-19 preparedness in Siaya Kenya
Authors: Kaseje Neema , Kaseje Dan , Oruenjo Kennedy , Odhiambo Penina Ocholla , Kaseje Margaret , Achola Stephen , Tanner Marcel , Haines Andrew 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveOur aim was to assess Siaya county COVID-19 preparedness at community and health facility levels and measure baseline household prevalences of fever and cough.DesignThere was retrospective and prospective data collection using standard tools. We determined the prevalence of fever and cough in households. We evaluated household knowledge about COVID-19 prevention and adherence to preventive measures. We evaluated the presence of a workforce, essential infrastructure and equipment needed for COVID-19 case management, and the availability of essential maternal and child health services in health facilities.SettingSiaya in rural Western KenyaParticipantshouseholds and health facilities in SiayaResultsWe visited 19’474 households and assessed 152 facilities. The prevalences of fever and cough ranged from 1.4% to 4.3% and 0.2 to 0.8% respectively; 97% and 98% of households had not received a guest from nor travelled outside Siaya respectively; 97% knew about frequent handwashing, 66% knew about keeping distance, and 80% knew about wearing a mask; 63% washed their hands countless times; 53% remained home; and 74% used a mask when out in public. The health facility assessment showed: 93.6% were dispensaries and health centers; 90.4% had nurses; 40.5% had oxygen capacity; 13.5% had pulse oximeters; and 2 ventilators were available; 94.2% of facilities did not have COVID-19 testing kits; 94% and 91% of facilities continued to provide antenatal care and immunization services respectively. Health care worker training in COVID-19 had been planned.ConclusionsHousehold prevalence of fever and cough was low suggesting Siaya had not entered the active community transmission phase in June 2020. Our assessment revealed a need for training in COVID-19 case management, and a need for basic equipment and supplies including pulse oximeters and oxygen. Future interventions should address these gaps.Strengths and limitationsThis study provides an example of how to successfully carry out an integrated rural health system baseline assessment of COVID-19 preparedness; an approach that would be useful for any country experiencing COVID-19 with a significant rural population.Some of our data were retrospective in nature and therefore vulnerable to multiple sources of bias including: recall bias and misclassification.Clinical Trial registrationClinicaltrials.govNCT04501458 5/8/2020ProtocolThe full protocol has been accepted for publication: Kaseje N, Kaseje D, Oruenjo K, Milambo J and Kaseje M: Engaging community health workers, technology, and youth in the COVID-19 response with concurrent critical care capacity building: A protocol for an integrated community and health system intervention to reduce mortality related to COVID-19 infection in Western Kenya. Wellcome Open Research.Ethical review approvalsreceived from the University of Nairobi Ethics Review Committee and Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital Ethics Review Committee (approval number IERC/JOOTR/219/20)