bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of surface ruptures by hanging-wall extension over a thrust ramp along the Ragged Mountain fault, Katalla, Alaska, USA: Applications of high-resolution three-dimensional terrain models
Authors: Heinlein Sarah N. , Pavlis Terry L. , Bruhn Ronald L. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHigh-resolution three-dimensional terrain models are used to evaluate the Ragged Mountain fault kinematics (Katalla, Alaska, USA). Previous studies have produced contradictory interpretations of the fault’s kinematics because surface ruptures along the fault are primarily steeply dipping, uphill-facing normal fault scarps. In this paper, we evaluate the hypothesis that these uphill-facing scarps represent extension above a buried thrust ramp. Detailed geomorphic mapping along the fault, using 20-cm-resolution aerial imagery draped onto a 1-m-resolution lidar (light detection and ranging) elevation model, was used to produce multiple topographic profiles. These profiles illustrate scarp geometries and prominent convex-upward topographic surfaces, indicating significant disturbance by active tectonics. A theoretical model is developed for fault-parallel flow over a thrust ramp that shows the geometric relationships between thrust displacement, upper-plate extension, and ramp dip. An important prediction of the model for this study is that the magnitude of upper-plate extension is comparable to, or greater than, the thrust displacement for ramps with dips greater than ∼45°. This model is used to analyze profile shapes and surface displacements in Move software (Midland Valley Ltd.). Analyses of scarp heights allow estimates of hanging-wall extension, which we then use to estimate slip on the underlying thrust via the model. Assuming a low-angle (30°) uniformly dipping thrust and simple longitudinal extension via normal faulting, variations in extension along the fault would require a slip gradient from ∼8 m in the north to ∼22 m in the south. However, the same north-south variation in extension with a constant slip of 8–10 m may infer an increase in fault dip from ∼30° in the north to ∼60° in the south. This model prediction has broader implications for active-fault studies. Because the model quantifies relationships between hanging-wall extension, fault slip, and fault dip, it is possible to invert for fault slip in blind thrust ramps where hanging-wall extension is the primary surface manifestation. This study, together with results from the St. Elias Erosion and Tectonics Project (STEEP), clarifies the role of the Ragged Mountain fault as a contractional structure within a broadly sinistral shear system in the western syntaxis of the St. Elias orogeny.
Gestational age at birth and child special educational needs: a UK representative birth cohort study
Authors: Alterman Neora , Johnson Samantha , Carson Claire , Petrou Stavros , Rivero-Arias Oliver , Kurinczuk Jennifer J , Macfarlane Alison , Boyle Elaine , Quigley Maria A 
Published: January 2021

ObjectiveTo examine the association between gestational age at birth across the entire gestational age spectrum and special educational needs (SENs) in UK children at 11 years of age.MethodsThe Millennium Cohort Study is a nationally representative longitudinal sample of children born in the UK during 2000–2002. Information about the child’s birth, health and sociodemographic factors was collected when children were 9 months old. Information about presence and reasons for SEN was collected from parents at age 11. Adjusted relative risks (aRRs) were estimated using modified Poisson regression, accounting for confounders.ResultsThe sample included 12 081 children with data at both time points. The overall prevalence of SEN was 11.2%, and it was inversely associated with gestational age. Among children born <32 weeks of gestation, the prevalence of SEN was 27.4%, three times higher than among those born at 40 weeks (aRR=2.89; 95% CI 2.02 to 4.13). Children born early term (37–38 weeks) were also at increased risk for SEN (aRR=1.33; 95% CI 1.11 to 1.59); this was the same when the analysis was restricted to births after labour with spontaneous onset. Birth before full term was more strongly associated with having a formal statement of SEN or SEN for multiple reasons.ConclusionChildren born at earlier gestational ages are more likely to experience SEN, have more complex SEN and require support in multiple facets of learning. This association was observed even among children born early-term and when labour began spontaneously.
Global incidence and mortality of neonatal sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Fleischmann Carolin , Reichert Felix , Cassini Alessandro , Horner Rosa , Harder Thomas , Markwart Robby , Tröndle Marc , Savova Yoanna , Kissoon Niranjan , Schlattmann Peter , Reinhart Konrad , Allegranzi Benedetta , Eckmanns Tim 
Published: January 2021

BackgroundNeonates are at major risk of sepsis, but data on neonatal sepsis incidence are scarce. We aimed to assess the incidence and mortality of neonatal sepsis worldwide.MethodsWe performed a systematic review and meta-analysis. 13 databases were searched for the period January 1979–May 2019, updating the search of a previous systematic review and extending it in order to increase data inputs from low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We included studies on the population-level neonatal sepsis incidence that used a clinical sepsis definition, such as the 2005 consensus definition, or relevant ICD codes. We performed a random-effects meta-analysis on neonatal sepsis incidence and mortality, stratified according to sepsis onset, birth weight, prematurity, study setting, WHO region and World Bank income level.ResultsThe search yielded 4737 publications, of which 26 were included. They accounted for 2 797 879 live births and 29 608 sepsis cases in 14 countries, most of which were middle-income countries. Random-effects estimator for neonatal sepsis incidence in the overall time frame was 2824 (95% CI 1892 to 4194) cases per 100 000 live births, of which an estimated 17.6% 9 (95% CI 10.3% to 28.6%) died. In the last decade (2009–2018), the incidence was 3930 (95% CI 1937 to 7812) per 100 000 live births based on four studies from LMICs. In the overall time frame, estimated incidence and mortality was higher in early-onset than late-onset neonatal sepsis cases. There was substantial between-study heterogeneity in all analyses. Studies were at moderate to high risk of bias.ConclusionNeonatal sepsis is common and often fatal. Its incidence remains unknown in most countries and existing studies show marked heterogeneity, indicating the need to increase the number of epidemiological studies, harmonise neonatal sepsis definitions and improve the quality of research in this field. This can help to design and implement targeted interventions, which are urgently needed to reduce the high incidence of neonatal sepsis worldwide.
Socioeconomic position and cardiovascular mortality in 63 million adults from Brazil
Authors: Mallinson Poppy Alice Carson , Luhar Shammi , Williamson Elizabeth , Barreto Mauricio L , Kinra Sanjay 
Published: January 2021

BackgroundIt has been suggested that cardiovascular disease exhibits a ‘social cross-over’, from greater risk in higher socioeconomic groups to lower socioeconomic groups, on economic development, but robust evidence is lacking. We used standardised data to compare the social inequalities in cardiovascular mortality across states at varying levels of economic development in Brazil.MethodsWe used national census and mortality data from 2010. We used age-adjusted multilevel Poisson regression to estimate the association between educational status and cardiovascular mortality by state-level economic development (assessed by quintiles of Human Development Index).ResultsIn 2010, there were 185 383 cardiovascular deaths among 62.5 million adults whose data were analysed. The age-adjusted cardiovascular mortality rate ratio for women with <8 years of education (compared with 8+ years) was 3.75 (95% CI 3.29 to 4.28) in the least developed one-fifth of states and 2.84 (95% CI 2.75 to 2.92) in the most developed one-fifth of states (p value for linear trend=0.002). Among men, corresponding rate ratios were 2.53 (95% CI 2.32 to 2.77) and 2.26 (95% CI 2.20 to 2.31), respectively (p value=0.258). Associations were similar across subtypes of cardiovascular disease (ischaemic heart disease and stroke) and robust to the size of geographical unit used for analysis.ConclusionsOur results do not support a ‘social crossover’ in cardiovascular mortality on economic development. Our analyses, based on a large standardised dataset from a country that is currently experiencing economic transition, provide strong evidence that low socioeconomic groups experience the highest risk of cardiovascular disease, irrespective of the stage of national economic development.
Savings of loss-of-life expectancy and lifetime medical costs from prevention of spinal cord injuries: analysis of nationwide data followed for 17 years
Authors: Lien Wei-Chih , Wang Wei-Ming , Wang Fuhmei , Wang Jung-Der 
Published: January 2021

BackgroundThe objectives of this research were to determine the savings of loss-of-life expectancy (LE) and lifetime medical costs (LMC) from prevention of spinal cord injuries (SCI) in Taiwan.MethodsFrom the claims database of Taiwan National Health Insurance, we identified 6164 adult patients with newly diagnosed SCI with permanent functional disability from 2000 to 2015 and followed them until the end of 2016. We estimated survival function through the Kaplan-Meier method and extrapolated it to lifetime.ResultsFor the SCI cohort, the LE and loss-of-LE were 17.6 and 13.3 years, respectively, while those for SCI with coding of external causes (E-code) were 18.1 and 13.0 years, respectively. For the SCI cohort with E-code, the loss-of-LE of motor vehicle (MV)-related SCI was significantly higher than that of fall-related SCI. In young and middle-aged patients with SCI with E-code, the loss-of-LE of MV-related paraplegia was significantly higher than that of MV-related quadriplegia and fall-related SCI. With a 3% discount rate, the LMC for patients with SCI after diagnosis were US$82 772, while those for patients with SCI with E-code were US$81 473. The LMC and the cost per year for those living with quadriplegia were significantly higher than those for paraplegia in all age groups, possibly related to the higher frequencies of stroke, chronic lung disease and dementia.ConclusionsWe conclude that quadriplegia has a higher impact on medical costs than paraplegia, and MV-related SCI has a higher impact on loss-of-LE than fall-related SCI. We recommend comprehensive SCI prevention be established, including infrastructures of construction and transportation.
A Self-Adaptive Response Strategy for Dynamic Multiobjective
Evolutionary Optimization Based on Objective Space Decomposition
Authors: Liu Ruochen , Li Jianxia , Jin Yaochu , Jiao Licheng 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Dynamic multiobjective optimization deals with simultaneous optimization of multiple conflicting objectives that change over time. Several response strategies for dynamic optimization have been proposed, which do not work well for all types of environmental changes. In this article, we propose a new dynamic multiobjective evolutionary algorithm based on objective space decomposition, in which the maxi-min fitness function is adopted for selection and a self-adaptive response strategy integrating a number of different response strategies is designed to handle unknown environmental changes. The self-adaptive response strategy can adaptively select one of the strategies according to their contributions to the tracking performance in the previous environments. Experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm is competitive and promising for solving different DMOPs in the presence of unknown environmental changes. Meanwhile, the proposed algorithm is applied to solve the parameter tuning problem of a proportional integral derivative (PID) controller of a dynamic system, obtaining better control effect.
Whither Runneth the Lord’s Command?
Authors: Shnider Steven , Zalcman Lawrence 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The elegant antanaclasis in Psalm 147 involving the threefold use of the homograph דברו in vv. 15, 18, and 19 emphasizes a central message of the psalm: that God’s true delight is not in the glory of nature, but in the faithful obedience of those who fear Him and trust in His lovingkindness.
Vide Spinozam, or Burchard de Volder between Cartesianism and Heterodoxy
Authors: Strazzoni Andrea 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this article, I intervene in a long-standing debate over the alleged assumption and teaching of Spinozist ideas by the Dutch philosopher and scientist Burchard de Volder (1643–1709). I discuss De Volder’s position with respect to three main topics (necessitarianism, substance monism, and biblical interpretation), as well as the use his student Jacob Wittich made of De Volder’s ideas in Wittich’s highly controversial De natura Dei (1711). Eventually, I argue that De Volder was certainly a sympathizer of Spinoza, accepted necessitarianism, and considered Spinoza a reliable interpreter of Descartes in physics, even if he did not accept Spinoza’s monist metaphysics, nor his biblical hermeneutics.
The Prophetic Self-Fashioning of Conrad Grebel (ca. 1498–1526)
Authors: Lundeen Erik 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Previous studies on the emergence of Swiss Anabaptism focus on the confluence of religious, political, social, and economic factors as explanatory causes. This article, while not disputing such approaches, instead investigates the interpretive constructions that early Anabaptist leader Conrad Grebel applied to his own experiences. Using Stephen Greenblatt’s notion of self-fashioning, it analyzes Grebel’s extant correspondence to argue that Grebel progressively came to view himself as a persecuted prophet, an identity that fueled his resistance to Zwingli and his reforming zeal. The article closes by suggesting the implications of such an approach for future studies on Anabaptism and on prophecy in the Reformation more broadly.
The good, the bad and the creative
Authors: Stalmaszczyk Piotr 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The following text is a review of Wittgenstein and the Creativity of Language, edited by Sebastian Sunday Grève and Jakub Mácha (Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. ISBN 978-1-137-47253-3. xxi + 314 pages). Wittgenstein and the Creativity of Language is a collection of eleven essays investigating the creative potential of language within Wittgensteinian philosophy language. The essays are grouped into five sections, and cover a whole range of issues including language creativity, conceptions of art, ethics, metaphysics, but also Wittgenstein’s comments on Gödel’s proof, and Alfred Loos’s influence on Wittgenstein.
The iron chelator deferoxamine decreases myeloma cell survival
Authors: Yang Feifei , Wu Zhaoxian , Dai Dan , Zhang Lei , Zhang Xiuqun , Zhang Xuezhong , Xu Yanli 
Published: January 2021

Objective This study evaluated serum ferritin (SF) levels and investigated their relationships with various clinical markers in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Furthermore, the effects and molecular mechanism of deferoxamine (DFO) in myeloma cells were studied. Methods Clinical data from 84 patients with MM were collected to evaluate SF content and its relationship with several important clinical parameters. MM1S and MM1R myeloma cells were chosen to investigate the effects of iron and DFO on cell survival and apoptosis. Results Increased SF levels were detected in newly diagnosed patients, especially those with stage III disease or the κ isotype. SF content was positively correlated with β2-microglobulin, interleukin-6, and lactate dehydrogenase expression. Furthermore, patients with progressive or relapsed disease had higher SF levels. Importantly, iron chelation with DFO efficiently inhibited myeloma cell survival and accelerated apoptosis by regulating apoptosis-related genes. Conclusions The importance of SF for MM was highlighted. Additionally, it is suggested that DFO may be a good therapeutic option for MM.
Facial Emotion Perceptual Tendency in Violent and Non-violent Offenders
Authors: Zeng Yun , Liu Xilin , Cheng Lehua 
Published: January 2021

All three authors share equal authorship in this paper. Emotion perception has a vital influence on social interaction. Previous studies discussed mainly the relationship between facial emotion perception and aggressive behavior from the perspective of hostile attributional bias and the impaired violence inhibition mechanism. The present study aims to provide new evidence of different emotion perception patterns between the violent and non-violent criminal samples through a new indicator of the facial emotion recognition test, Facial Emotion Perception Tendency (FEPT), calculated by counting the times a participant recognizes a set of emotional stimuli as a particular specific emotion, and to further examine the association between aggressive behaviors and FEPT. 101 violent and 171 non-violent offenders, as well as 81 non-offending control participants, were recruited to complete the emotion recognition task with morphed stimuli (Study 1). We further recruited 62 non-offending healthy male participants to finish the Buss -Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ) after the emotion recognition task in Study 2. Both non-violent and violent offenders were significantly lower in overall accuracy of emotion recognition and disgust FEPT, but higher in happy FEPT, than non-offending healthy controls. Non-violent offenders had significantly lower fear FEPT than violent offenders, and had higher anger FEPT than non-offending controls. The results also revealed that the level of physical aggression was positively correlated with fear FEPT, while negatively correlated with anger FEPT. The current study demonstrated that FEPT was associated with aggressive behavior and implies the importance of improving the emotion decoding ability of offenders. Also, the concept “FEPT” proposed in this study is of significance for further exploration of how individuals’ tendency to perceiving a particular emotion can be correlated with social behaviors.
Factors That Influence Quality of Life in People Experiencing Homelessness: A Systematic Mixed Studies Review
Authors: Flike Kimberlee , Aronowitz Teri 
Published: January 2021

Background: An emerging category of morbidity in research among people experiencing homelessness (PEH) is quality of life (QoL). The Commission on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH) framework was used to explain the relationship between the resulting factors and their impact on QoL among PEH. Aims: The purpose of this systematic mixed studies review was to explore the factors that are associated with QoL among homeless individuals. Method: A systematic mixed studies review was conducted using CINAHL, Medline, PubMed, and SocIndex databases. Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods studies were included and synthesized employing results-based convergent synthesis design. Results: The initial search resulted in 757 studies with 55 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Thematic analysis revealed themes influencing QoL among PEH categorized by the CSDH determinants of structural, social cohesion and social capital, and intermediary determinants. Among these themes, higher social status, strong relationships, better reported physical and mental health, and a positive life outlook were associated with increased QoL. Social isolation, substance use, poorer life outlook, increased years spent homeless, and perceived quality of housing were associated with decreased QoL. Age, sex, and housing programs revealed inconsistent results on QoL. Conclusions: While the factors presented in this review indicate some consistent relationships with QoL in PEH, this review has shown QoL among this population is complex and multifactorial. Future research should focus on relationships between the CSDH determinants, particularly the psychosocial factors and the QoL priorities defined by PEH, and how they may influence QoL among PEH.
Prevalence of radiologically isolated syndrome in a pediatric population-based cohort: A longitudinal description of a rare diagnosis
Authors: de Mol CL , Bruijstens AL , Jansen PR , Dremmen MHG , Wong YYM , van der Lugt A , White TJH , Neuteboom RF 
Published: January 2021

Background: Radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) is typified by multiple sclerosis (MS)-like lesions on imaging, without clinical MS symptoms. The prevalence of pediatric RIS is largely unknown. Objective: The objective of the study is to provide an estimated RIS prevalence in a population-based cohort of children. Methods: We used data from the Generation R study to identify the childhood RIS prevalence. Results: In 5238 participants, only one RIS case was identified (prevalence: 0.02%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.00–0.11). During a 62-month follow-up, imaging examinations showed accrual of new focal demyelinating lesions; however, no clinical MS symptoms occurred. Conclusions: This study shows that the occurrence of RIS in children from the general population is rare.
Regulation in research ethics: a scarecrow for physicians?
Authors: Haaser T , Berdaï D , Marty S , Berger V , Augier E , L’Azou B , Avérous V , Saux MC 
Published: January 2021

Background Regulations on research ethics in France have evolved considerably over the past four years: the implementation of the Jardé law and of the General Data Protection Regulations have changed the landscape of research ethics for research involving or not involving human persons. In a context of creation of an Institutional Review Board at the University of Bordeaux, France, we sought to explore research ethics practices and perceptions in the medical community of our University Hospital. Methods A short questionnaire was sent to all physicians of the University Hospital of Bordeaux. The questionnaire included closed questions and main topics were: physicians’ education in research ethics, ethics practices concerning researches non implying human persons, and physicians’ perceptions about current regulations. Results 86 questionnaires were sent back (response rate: 24.2%). If a majority of physicians have validated Good Clinical Practices (GCPs) trainings (76%), there was a low rate of specific training on fundamental references in research ethics and a high proportion of responders do not consider themselves as educated in research ethics after completion of GCPs (56%). Regulations on research ethics have many implications on medical research, especially by inducing changes in protocols in order to alleviate ethical requirements (57%). Malpractices were acknowledged like false mention of positive opinion from an ethics committee (21%). If If a majority of responders considers regulations as a positive answer to research ethics, a large majority considers it as a constraint and a complexification of research process. For 58%, regulations in research ethics are perceived as a hindrance for research initiatives. Conclusion Because of their impact on research process, regulations seem to constitute a scarecrow for physicians. Lack of training, bad representations and questionable practices (or even malpractices) highlight the need to improve education and to propose concrete guidance for medical researchers.