bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paradigmatic
Authors: Geary Adam M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
When we bring together trans and HIV/AIDS, what are we trying to know, and what are we trying to do with that knowledge? In this essay the author argues that antiblack racism is the nexus for critically thinking the epidemiology of trans and HIV/AIDS, not simply black trans people's disparate suffering. Antiblackness has been paradigmatic and fundamental to the structural relations of domination and violence that have organized both group vulnerability to exposure to HIV and the ecologies of human susceptibility to illness and disease through which HIV has dispersed historically. Thus, within the public-health surveillance category “transgender,” racial disparities in HIV prevalence and incidence rates point toward the true paradigm for thinking HIV/AIDS as an epidemic and the enfoldment of trans people within it.
Kiyan Williams
Authors: Gossett Che , Hayward Eva 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The following is an interview conducted by Che Gossett and Eva Hayward with Kiyan Williams, multidisciplinary artist and assistant professor at Virginia Commonwealth University. William's visual art—sculpture and video—on blackness and ecology, dirt and displacement, brings Black trans poetics, aesthetics, and politics to bear on questions of the afterlife of slavery and plantation geographies. Their work also engages Black trans archives and historicity. Here they discuss their work Reflections on Marlon Riggs, Jesse Harris, Black trans archives, their works Meditations on the Making of America and Trash and Treasure, and their engagement with various artistic mediums.
Pose and HIV/AIDS
Authors: Stamm Laura 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This article examines how the television series Pose (2018–) represents queer and trans people of color living with HIV/AIDS at the height of the crisis in 1987. While the series portrays an important part of transgender history, it also positions the AIDS crisis as something that is done and part of America's past. Despite the fact that rates of HIV infection remain at epidemic rates for trans women of color, Pose, like many other mainstream media representations, suggests that the AIDS crisis ended in 1995. The series brings trans women of color's experiences to a record number of viewers, but that representation comes with a certain cost—the cost of historicization.
COVID-19 – exploring the implications of long-term condition type and extent of multimorbidity on years of life lost: a modelling study
Authors: Hanlon Peter , Chadwick Fergus , Shah Anoop , Wood Rachael , Minton Jon , McCartney Gerry , Fischbacher Colin , Mair Frances S. , Husmeier Dirk , Matthiopoulos Jason , McAllister David A. 
Published: March 2021

Background: COVID-19 is responsible for increasing deaths globally. As most people dying with COVID-19 are older with underlying long-term conditions (LTCs), some speculate that YLL are low. We aim to estimate YLL attributable to COVID-19, before and after adjustment for number/type of LTCs, using the limited data available early in the pandemic. Methods: We first estimated YLL from COVID-19 using WHO life tables, based on published age/sex data from COVID-19 deaths in Italy. We then used aggregate data on number/type of LTCs in a Bayesian model to estimate likely combinations of LTCs among people dying with COVID-19. We used routine UK healthcare data from Scotland and Wales to estimate life expectancy based on age/sex/these combinations of LTCs using Gompertz models from which we then estimate YLL. Results: Using the standard WHO life tables, YLL per COVID-19 death was 14 for men and 12 for women. After adjustment for number and type of LTCs, the mean YLL was slightly lower, but remained high (11.6 and 9.4 years for men and women, respectively). The number and type of LTCs led to wide variability in the estimated YLL at a given age (e.g. at ≥80 years, YLL was >10 years for people with 0 LTCs, and <3 years for people with ≥6). Conclusions: Deaths from COVID-19 represent a substantial burden in terms of per-person YLL, more than a decade, even after adjusting for the typical number and type of LTCs found in people dying of COVID-19. The extent of multimorbidity heavily influences the estimated YLL at a given age. More comprehensive and standardised collection of data (including LTC type, severity, and potential confounders such as socioeconomic-deprivation and care-home status) is needed to optimise YLL estimates for specific populations, and to understand the global burden of COVID-19, and guide policy-making and interventions.
Multirow Intersection Cuts Based on the Infinity Norm
Authors: Xavier Álinson S. , Fukasawa Ricardo , Poirrier Laurent 
Published: March 2021

When generating multirow intersection cuts for mixed-integer linear optimization problems, an important practical question is deciding which intersection cuts to use. Even when restricted to cuts that are facet defining for the corner relaxation, the number of potential candidates is still very large, especially for instances of large size. In this paper, we introduce a subset of intersection cuts based on the infinity norm that is very small, works for relaxations having arbitrary number of rows and, unlike many subclasses studied in the literature, takes into account the entire data from the simplex tableau. We describe an algorithm for generating these inequalities and run extensive computational experiments in order to evaluate their practical effectiveness in real-world instances. We conclude that this subset of inequalities yields, in terms of gap closure, around 50% of the benefits of using all valid inequalities for the corner relaxation simultaneously, but at a small fraction of the computational cost, and with a very small number of cuts. Summary of Contribution: Cutting planes are one of the most important techniques used by modern mixed-integer linear programming solvers when solving a variety of challenging operations research problems. The paper advances the state of the art on general-purpose multirow intersection cuts by proposing a practical and computationally friendly method to generate them.
The cost-effectiveness of computer navigation in primary total knee replacement: a scoping review
Authors: Trieu Jason , Schilling Chris , Dowsey Michelle M. , Choong Peter F. 
Published: March 2021

Despite additional costs associated with the use of computer navigation technology in total knee replacement (TKR), its impact on quality-adjusted life years following surgery has not been demonstrated. Cost-effectiveness evaluations require a balanced assessment of both quality and cost metrics. This review sought to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of computer navigation, identify barriers to translation, and suggest directions for further investigation. A systematic search of the Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Registry, PubMed, and Embase was undertaken. Cost-effectiveness analyses of computer navigation in primary total knee replacement were identified. Only primary studies of cost-effectiveness analyses published in the English language from the year 2000 onwards were included. Studies that reported secondary data were excluded from the analysis. Four publications met the inclusion criteria. Estimated gains in quality-adjusted life years attributed to reductions in revision surgery were 0.0148 to 0.0164 over 10 years, and 0.0192 (95% CI –0.002 to 0.0473) over 15 years. Cost estimates ranged from 952 kr (US $90, 2020) per case at 250 TKRs/year, to $1,920 US per case at 25 TKRs/year. The estimated probability of meeting local cost-effectiveness thresholds was 54% in the United States and 92% in the United Kingdom. These data were not available for Norway. The cost-effectiveness of computer navigation in current practice settings remains uncertain, with the use of this technology associated with marginal increased quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) at additional cost. Existing analyses demonstrated a number of limitations which restrict the potential for translation to practice and policy settings. Further research evaluating the impact of computer navigation on QALYs following primary TKR is required to inform contemporary cost-effectiveness evaluations. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2021;6:173-180. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.200073
The case for an academic discipline of medical device science
Authors: Lübbeke Anne , Smith James A. , Prieto-Alhambra Daniel , Carr Andrew J. 
Published: March 2021

Medical devices are a very important but largely under-recognized and fragmented component of healthcare. The limited regulation of the past and the lack of systematic rigorous evaluation of devices leading to numerous high-profile failures will now be replaced by stricter legal requirements and more transparent evaluation processes. This constitutes an unprecedented opportunity, but it also uncovers urgent needs in landscaping, methodology development, and independent comprehensive assessment of device risks and benefits for individual patients and society, especially in the context of increasingly complex devices. We argue that an academic discipline of ‘medical device science’ is well placed to lead and coordinate the efforts necessary to achieve much needed improvement in the medical device sector. Orthopaedics and traumatology could contribute and benefit considerably as one of the medical specialties with the highest use of medical devices. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2021;6:160-163. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.200094
Litigations in trauma and orthopaedic surgery: analysis and outcomes of medicolegal claims during the last 10 years in the United Kingdom National Health Service
Authors: Majeed Haroon 
Published: March 2021

This study analyses the outcomes of litigation claims in trauma and orthopaedic surgery between 2008/2009 and 2018/2019. Utilizing a formal request to the NHS Resolution under the Freedom of Information Act, the data related to claims against orthopaedic surgery were obtained. A total of 8548 claims were analysed and re-grouped to perform a meaningful analysis for the type of claims and the type of injuries. The total pay-out cost for the settled claims was over £1.2 billion. The most common types of claims were related to mismanagement (39.0%), diagnostic issues (17.6%), perioperative issues (15.9%) and alleged incompetence (10.2%). The most common primary causes for claims were patients’ dissatisfaction (52.2%), damage to the limbs (19.0%) and neurological injuries (9.2%). The highest amounts of damages paid out were related to patients’ dissatisfaction (37.7%), burns and bruising (31.0%), neurological injuries (24.5%) and damage to the limbs (22.3%). The number of claims and the pay-out cost were found to be steadily increasing; however, there was a slightly declining trend observed during the last two years. The cost of litigation continues to have a significant financial impact on the NHS. The recent declining trend is encouraging; however, surgeons need to take consistent diligent steps to avoid preventable causes that lead to litigation claims. The proposed change in the coding system of claims in the NHS Resolution will not only help to formulate a clear classification system but will also improve the learning from previous experience. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2021;6:152-159. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.200100
Extensor mechanism failure in total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Ng Jimmy , Balcells-Nolla Pau , James Peter J. , Bloch Benjamin V. 
Published: March 2021

Extensor mechanism failure in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) can present as quadriceps tendon rupture, patella fracture or patella tendon rupture. Component malrotation, excessive joint line elevation and previous lateral release are some of the risk factors contributing to extensor mechanism failure in TKA. Partial quadriceps tendon rupture and undisplaced patella fracture with intact extensor mechanism function can be treated conservatively. Extensor mechanism failure in TKA with disruption of the extensor mechanism function should be treated operatively as it is associated with poor function and extensor lag. It is recommended that acute repair of patella or quadriceps tendon rupture are augmented due to the high risk of re-rupture. Chronic ruptures of the extensor mechanism must be reconstructed as repair has a high failure rate. Reconstruction can be performed using autograft, allograft or synthetic graft.Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2021;6:181-188. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.200119
Clinical frailty and its effect on the septuagenarian population after emergency laparotomy
Authors: Alder L , Mercer SJ , Carter NC , Toh SK , Knight BC 
Published: March 2021

Introduction The UK has an ageing population with an increased prevalence of frailty in the over 70s. Emergency laparotomy for acute intra-abdominal pathology is increasingly offered to this population. This can challenge decision making and information given to patients should not only be based on mortality outcomes but on relative expected quality of life and change to frailty syndromes. Materials and methods This was a single site National Emergency Laparotomy Audit (NELA)-based retrospective cohort audit for consecutive cases in the septuagenarian population assessing mortality, length of stay outcome and subjective postoperative functioning. Follow-up was conducted between one and two years postoperatively to determine this. Results Some 153 patients were identified throughout the single site NELA database. Median age was 79 years with a ratio of 1.7 men to women. Median rate of all-cause mortality was 35.3% at the median follow-up of 19 months. Median time from admission to death was 120 days. Of those who had died by the time of follow-up, significant preoperative indicators included clinical frailty scale (p < 0.0001), preoperative P-POSSUM (mortality). At follow-up, 35% responded to a quality of life follow-up. This revealed a decline in mid-term physical functioning, lower energy, higher fatigue and reduction in social functioning. There was also an increase in pre- and postoperative clinical frailty scale score. Conclusion In the septuagenarian-plus population it is important to consider not only risk stratification with mortality scoring (P-POSSUM or NELA-adjusted risk), but to take into account frailty. Postoperative rehabilitation and careful recovery is paramount. Where possible, during the counselling and consent for emergency laparotomy, significant postoperative long-term deterioration in physical, emotional and social function should be considered.
Solution-processed WS2 and its doping in PEDOT:PSS for tailoring hole injection in near ultraviolet organic light-emitting diodes
Authors: Wang Honghang , Li Dongliang , Yuan Yongfang , Chi Feng , Liu Liming , Wang Lihui , Lu Zongliu , Lin Zhidong , Zhang Xiaowen 
Published: March 2021

Solution-processed ethanol tungsten disulfide and its doping in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (

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) for tailoring hole injection in near ultraviolet organic light-emitting diodes (NUV OLEDs) are investigated in detail. Raman spectrum, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, x-ray/ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, and impedance spectroscopy measurements show that

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and its composites have superior film morphology and exceptional electronic properties. Using 2-(4-biphenyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole as the emitter and

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as the hole injection layer, the NUV OLED produces short-wavelength emission peaking at 404 nm and full-width at half-maximum of 53 nm. The device also gives maximum radiance of

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and external quantum efficiency of 2.1%, which are superior to counterparts using

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, UV-ozone-treated

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, and PEDOT:PSS. The hole injection ability is enhanced by using

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, UV-ozone-treated

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, PEDOT:PSS, and

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in this order. The robust hole injection contributes to carrier balance and accounts for high device performance of the fabricated NUV OLEDs. Our results pave an alternative approach for advancing OLEDs and accelerating

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applications.
Burden of soil-transmitted helminth infection in pregnant refugees and migrants on the Thailand-Myanmar border: Results from a retrospective cohort
Authors: Brummaier Tobias , Tun Nay Win , Min Aung Myat , Gilder Mary Ellen , Archasuksan Laypaw , Proux Stephane , Kiestra Douwe , Charunwatthana Prakaykaew , Utzinger Jürg , Paris Daniel H. , Nacher Mathieu , Simpson Julie A. , Nosten Francois , McGready Rose 
Published: March 2021

Background
Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are widespread in tropical and subtropical regions. While many STH infections are asymptomatic, vulnerable populations such as pregnant women face repercussions such as aggravation of maternal anaemia. However, data on prevalence and the effect of STH infections in pregnancy are limited. The aim of this analysis was to describe the burden of STH infections within and between populations of pregnant women from a local refugee camp to a mobile migrant population, and to explore possible associations between STH infection and pregnancy outcomes.

Methodology
This is a retrospective review of records from pregnant refugee and migrant women who attended Shoklo Malaria Research Unit antenatal care (ANC) clinics along the Thailand-Myanmar border between July 2013 and December 2017. Inclusion was based on provision of a stool sample during routine antenatal screening. A semi-quantitative formalin concentration method was employed for examination of faecal samples. The associations between STH mono-infections and maternal anaemia and pregnancy outcomes (i.e., miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm birth, and small for gestational age) were estimated using regression analysis.

Principal findings
Overall, 12,742 pregnant women were included, of whom 2,702 (21.2%) had a confirmed infection with either Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, Trichuris trichiura, or a combination of these. The occurrence of STH infections in the refugee population (30.8%; 1,246/4,041) was higher than in the migrant population (16.7%; 1,456/8,701). A. lumbricoides was the predominant STH species in refugees and hookworm in migrants. A. lumbricoides and hookworm infection were associated with maternal anaemia at the first ANC consultation with adjusted odds ratios of 1.37 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–1.72) and 1.65 (95% CI 1.19–2.24), respectively. Pregnant women with A. lumbricoides infection were less likely to miscarry when compared to women with negative stool samples (adjusted hazard ratio 0.63, 95% CI 0.48–0.84). STH infections were not significantly associated with stillbirth, preterm birth or being born too small for gestational age. One in five pregnant women in this cohort had STH infection. Association of STH infection with maternal anaemia, in particular in the event of late ANC enrolment, underlines the importance of early detection and treatment of STH infection. A potential protective effect of A. lumbricoides infection on miscarriage needs confirmation in prospective studies.
Drug-induced Parkinsonism: A strong predictor of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Jeong Sohyun , Cho Hyemin , Kim Yun Joong , Ma Hyeo-Il , Jang Sunmee 
Published: March 2021

Background
Although Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (IPD) develops in considerable patients with drug-induced Parkinsonism (DIP), the association hasn’t been well defined. We aimed to evaluate the underlying association and risk factors of DIP and IPD.

Methods
A retrospective cohort study using National Health Insurance Claims data in 2011–2016 was conducted. New-onset DIP patients in 2012 were selected and matched with active controls having diabetes mellitus at a 1:4 ratio by age, sex, and Charlson’s Comorbidity Index score. Comorbidity, causative drugs, and prescription days were evaluated as covariates.

Results
A total of 441 DIP were selected. During the 4-year follow up, 14 IPD events in the DM group but 62 events in the DIP group were observed (adjusted hazard ratio, HR: 18.88, 95% CI, 9.09–39.22, adjusting for comorbidities and causative drugs). IPD diagnosis in DIP was observed high in males compared to females (15.58/13.24%). The event was the most within the 1st year follow-up, mean days 453 (SD 413.36). Subgroup analysis in DIP showed calcium channel blocker (verapamil, diltiazem, and flunarizine) was significantly associated with increased IPD risk (HR: 2.24, 95% CI, 1.27–3.93).

Conclusion
Increased IPD in DIP patients might not be from the causal toxicity of antidopaminergic effects but from a trigger by the causative drugs on the DIP patients who already had subclinical IPD pathology. DIP can serve as a strong proxy for IPD incidence. Subjects who develop DIP should be monitored carefully for potential IPD incidence.
Estimation of change in pleural pressure in assisted and unassisted spontaneous breathing pediatric patients using fluctuation of central venous pressure: A preliminary study
Authors: Okuda Nao , Kyogoku Miyako , Inata Yu , Isaka Kanako , Moon Kazue , Hatachi Takeshi , Shimizu Yoshiyuki , Takeuchi Muneyuki 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundIt is important to evaluate the size of respiratory effort to prevent patient self-inflicted lung injury and ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction. Esophageal pressure (Pes) measurement is the gold standard for estimating respiratory effort, but it is complicated by technical issues. We previously reported that a change in pleural pressure (ΔPpl) could be estimated without measuring Pes using change in CVP (ΔCVP) that has been adjusted with a simple correction among mechanically ventilated, paralyzed pediatric patients. This study aimed to determine whether our method can be used to estimate ΔPpl in assisted and unassisted spontaneous breathing patients during mechanical ventilation.MethodsThe study included hemodynamically stable children (aged <18 years) who were mechanically ventilated, had spontaneous breathing, and had a central venous catheter and esophageal balloon catheter in place. We measured the change in Pes (ΔPes), ΔCVP, and ΔPpl that was calculated using a corrected ΔCVP (cΔCVP-derived ΔPpl) under three pressure support levels (10, 5, and 0 cmH2O). The cΔCVP-derived ΔPpl value was calculated as follows: cΔCVP-derived ΔPpl = k × ΔCVP, where k was the ratio of the change in airway pressure (ΔPaw) to the ΔCVP during airway occlusion test.ResultsOf the 14 patients enrolled in the study, 6 were excluded because correct positioning of the esophageal balloon could not be confirmed, leaving eight patients for analysis (mean age, 4.8 months). Three variables that reflected ΔPpl (ΔPes, ΔCVP, and cΔCVP-derived ΔPpl) were measured and yielded the following results: -6.7 ± 4.8, − -2.6 ± 1.4, and − -7.3 ± 4.5 cmH2O, respectively. The repeated measures correlation between cΔCVP-derived ΔPpl and ΔPes showed that cΔCVP-derived ΔPpl had good correlation with ΔPes (r = 0.84, p< 0.0001).ConclusionsΔPpl can be estimated reasonably accurately by ΔCVP using our method in assisted and unassisted spontaneous breathing children during mechanical ventilation.