bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and Engineering of Hypoxia and Acidic pH Dual‐Stimuli‐Responsive Intelligent Fluorescent Nanoprobe for Precise Tumor Imaging
Authors: Chen Shiya , Chen Mingjian , Yang Jinfeng , Zeng Xianqing , Zhou Yibo , Yang Sheng , Yang Ronghua , Yuan Quan , Zheng Jing 
Published: June 2021

AbstractStimulus‐responsive fluorescence imaging modality shows great promise for detection of tumor due to the advantages of high sensitivity, simplicity and noninvasiveness. However, some non‐cancer regions including nodules and inflammation may also exhibit a stimulus‐related characteristic, which cause the problem of nonspecific responsiveness and then cause “false positive” results for tumor recognition. Herein, hypoxia and acidic pH, two typical features strongly associated with tumor invasion, progression and metastasis in tumor microenvironment (TME), are chosen as dual stimuli to fabricate “dual lock‐and‐key” fluorescent nanoprobe for highly specific and precise imaging of tumor cells. Mesoporous silica coated gold nanorods (AuNR@mSiO2) are employed as nanocarrier and nanoquencher to load the pH‐sensitive fluorescent reporter (Rho‐TP). Azobenzene (azo) which can be reduced to amines by the highly expressed azoreductase under hypoxic conditions, is elected as the effective gatekeeper for AuNR@mSiO2 by forming complex with β‐cyclodextrin polymer via host‐guest interaction (azo/β‐CDP). By elaborately combining the hypoxia‐responsive gatekeeper and pH‐responsive fluorescent signal reporter into one nanoprobe, sensitive and specific imaging of tumor cells can be realized. The fabricated dual lock‐and‐key fluorescent nanoprobe successfully further apply in tumor‐bearing mice model, which indicate potential of early diagnosis and assessment of cancer treatment.
Cr‐Doped CoP Nanorod Arrays as High‐Performance Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Catalysts at High Current Density
Authors: Zhang Lipeng , Zhang Juntao , Fang Jinjie , Wang Xin‐Yu , Yin Likun , Zhu Wei , Zhuang Zhongbin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDeveloping highly efficient, low‐cost electrocatalysts with long‐time stability at high current density working conditions for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) remains a great challenge for the large‐scale commercialization of hydrogen production from water electrolysis. Herein, the Cr‐doped CoP nanorod arrays on carbon cloth (Cr‐CoP‐NR/CC) is reported as high performance HER catalysts with overpotentials of 38 and 209 mV at the HER current densities of 10 and 500 mA cm−2, respectively, outperforming the performance of the commercial Pt/C at high current density. And its HER performance shows almost no loss after 20 h working at 500 mA cm−2. The high performance is attributed to the Cr doping, which optimizes the hydrogen binding energy of CoP and prevents its oxidation. The nanorod array structure helps the escaping of the generated hydrogen gas, which is suitable for working at high current density. The obtained Cr‐CoP‐NR/CC catalyst shows the potential to replace the costly Pt‐based HER catalysts in the water electrolyzer.
Physicochemical, Structural Properties and In Vitro Digestibility of A‐ and B‐type Granules Isolated from Green Wheat and Mature Wheat Starch
Authors: Zhang Kangyi , Zhao Di , Huang Qingrong , Huang Jihong , Wen Qingyu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this study, the compositions, structural properties, and digestive characteristics of green wheat starch (GWS) and its isolated A‐ and B‐type starch granules are analyzed and compared with their mature wheat starch (MWS) counterparts. The proportion of small granules in GWS is higher than that in MWS, as revealed by the particle size distribution curves. The scanning electron microscopy of GWS shows agglomeration of more granules in the presence of B‐type starch. The predicted glycemic index (pGI) ranged from 76.20 to 86.35 for different types of starch, and the lowest and highest pGIs are obtained from B‐type granule in GWS and B‐type granule in MWS, respectively. According to the analysis of differential scanning calorimetry, GWS and its A‐ and B‐starch granules demonstrates higher gelatinization temperatures (To, Tp, and Tc) and enthalpy than those of their MWS counterparts. The X‐ray diffraction pattern reveals the A‐type pattern of crystalline starch for all the starch samples, where the crystallinity index of GWS is higher than that of MWS, which is consistent with the higher relative content of double helices determined by nuclear magnetic resonance.
Chitosan‐Based Materials as Edible Coating of Cheese: A Review
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad Waheed , Riaz Tahreem , Yasmin Iqra , Leghari Ali Ahmad , Amin Sabahat , Bilal Muhammad , Qi Xianghui 
Published: June 2021

AbstractChitosan is the deacetylated form of chitin, a natural anti‐microbial compound, used in several commercial foods, agriculture, environment, cosmetics, and medicines. However, it has poor mechanical strength, water vapor penetrability, and high molecular weight which can be overcome by blending it with other polymers. The usage of chitosan in the edible coating of cheese is gaining more interest because cheese is a nutrient‐rich dairy food and vulnerable to microbial, chemical, biochemical, and physical spoilage. Various types of cheeses have been tested previously with chitosan coatings to prolong its shelf life. Several cheese coatings made by the combination of chitosan with alginate, starch, gelatin, and essential oils with their potential benefits are discussed here. This review provides knowledge about the health benefits of chitosan along with its antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. It is concluded that a blend of chitosan with other biopolymers (polyamides, gelatin, poly (acrylic acid), and cellulose) may act as an innovative coating and packaging material with antibacterial properties, good water resistance, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and good thermal properties, as well as non‐toxicity. However, further research is still required to expand the applications of chitosan in food coatings and packaging areas.
Anodic Olefin Coupling Reactions: Elucidating Radical Cation Mechanisms and the Interplay between Cyclization and Second Oxidation Steps
Authors: Medcalf Zach , Moeller Kevin D. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAnodic olefin coupling reactions generate new bonds and ring skeletons through a net two electron process that reverses the polarity of a known, electron‐rich functional group. While much of the early work on the mechanism of these reactions focused on the initial oxidation and cyclization steps of the process, the second oxidation step also plays a central role in determining the success of the reaction. Evidence supporting this observation is presented, along with evidence that optimization of this second oxidation step is not enough to pull a poor cyclization to the desired product. Successful cyclization reactions require optimization of both processes.
Nucleophilic Neutralization of Organophosphates: Lack of Selectivity or Plenty of Versatility?
Authors: Silva Valmir B. , Campos Renan B. , Pavez Paulina , Medeiros Michelle , Orth Elisa S. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractNeutralization of organophosphates is an issue of public health and safety, involving agrochemicals and chemical warfare. A promising approach is the nucleophilic neutralization, scope of this review, which focuses on the molecular nucleophiles: hydroxide, imidazole derivatives, alpha nucleophiles, amines and other nucleophiles. A reactivity mapping is given correlating the pathways and reaction efficiency with structural dependence of the nucleophile (basicity) and the organophosphate (electrophilic centers, P=O/P=S shift, leaving and non‐leaving group). Reactions extremely unfavorable (>20 years) can be reduced to seconds with various nucleophiles, some which are catalytic. Although there is no universal nucleophile, a lack of selectivity in some cases accounts for plenty of versatility in other reactions. The ideal neutralization requires a solid mechanistic understanding, together with balancing factors such as milder conditions, fast process, selectivity and less toxic products.
A diagnostic delay of 10 years in the DanEoE cohort calls for focus on education ‐ a population‐based cross‐sectional study of incidence, diagnostic process and complications of eosinophilic oesophagitis in the North Denmark Region
Authors: Melgaard Dorte , Westmark Signe , Laurberg Peter Thaysen , Krarup Anne Lund 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn the North Denmark Region with a population of 580,000 the awareness of eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) increased after 2011 due to a regional biopsy guideline. However, very little was known of the incidence, diagnostic process, or complications of EoE in Denmark.ObjectiveThe objectives of the study were to establish a cohort of EoE patients and describe the incidence, diagnostic process, and complications of EoE.MethodsPatient files and histology reports for the 308 DanEoE cohort of patients with eosinophilia in the oesophagus in 2007–2017 identified by the histopathology registry were analyzed.ResultsThe incidence of EoE in the North Denmark Region increased to 5.5–8.7/100,000 after 2011, where the regional biopsy guideline was implemented. The diagnostic delay was 10 (12) years for the EoE population. There was an insufficient number of biopsies sampled in 40 % of the patients. At the diagnostic endoscopy, the macroscopic appearance of the oesophagus was often described as normal (24%), and infrequently having one or more macroscopic signs of EoE (43%). Food bolus obstruction was observed in 38%, and strictures in 7.5% of EoE patients. In 22.2% of EoE patient's treatment was not initiated at debut.ConclusionsThe EoE incidence was documented. The diagnostic process was analyzed and showed an unmet need for education among referring physicians and endoscopists: A diagnostic delay of a decade, infrequently noted macroscopic EoE changes and lack of treatment at the debut in one fifth. Strictures in the DanEoE cohort were rare whereas food bolus obstruction was frequent.
Defining the rate of, and factors influencing, radiographic progression of osteoarthritis of the canine hip joint
Authors: Enomoto Masataka , Baines Elizabeth A. , Roe Simon C. , Marcellin‐Little Denis J. , Lascelles B. Duncan X. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed to define the rate of progression of radiographic osteoarthritis (OA) of the canine hip joint and to describe factors affecting this progression.MethodsDogs that underwent unilateral total hip replacement (THR) were reviewed for the evaluation of radiographic appearance of the non‐operated hip joint over time. Standard extended ventrodorsal hip radiographs were taken preoperatively and postoperatively. All images were anonymized, randomized and scored using three different methods. The mean daily change between evaluations was calculated in each individual dog, and the effect of sex, age, body weight, open/closed status of the proximal femoral physis, preoperative severity of OA, time after surgery and their interactions, were investigated as potential influencing factors.ResultsAfter reviewing the medical records, 163 dogs (468 images) met the inclusion criteria. Consistent across the three scoring systems, radiographic progression of OA was greater in younger (open physis) and spayed female dogs. A subset of seven patients (4.3%) had a faster progression of OA and was considered outliers. No dog was rated as outlier by all three scoring systems.ConclusionThe rate of progression of radiographically assessed coxofemoral OA varies greatly, but is faster in younger, spayed female dogs. Unusually fast progression occasionally occurs.
The gravitino and the swampland
Authors: Cribiori Niccolò , Lüst Dieter , Scalisi Marco 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We propose a new swampland conjecture stating that the limit of vanishing gravitino mass corresponds to the massless limit of an infinite tower of states and to the consequent breakdown of the effective field theory. We test our proposal in large classes of models coming from compactification of string theory to four dimensions, where we identify the Kaluza-Klein nature of the tower of states becoming light. We point out a general relation between the gravitino mass and abelian gauge coupling in models with extended supersymmetry, which can survive also in examples with minimal supersymmetry. This allows us to connect our conjecture to other well established swampland conjectures, such as the weak gravity conjecture or the absence of global symmetries in quantum gravity. We discuss phenomenological implications of our conjecture in (quasi-)de Sitter backgrounds and extract a lower bound for the gravitino mass in terms of the Hubble parameter.
Dark matter candidates in a type-II radiative neutrino mass model
Authors: Lineros Roberto A. , Pierre Mathias 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We explore the connection between Dark Matter and neutrinos in a model inspired by radiative Type-II seessaw and scotogenic scenarios. In our model, we introduce new electroweakly charged states (scalars and a vector-like fermion) and impose a discrete ℤ2 symmetry. Neutrino masses are generated at the loop level and the lightest ℤ2-odd neutral particle is stable and it can play the role of a Dark Matter candidate. We perform a numerical analysis of the model showing that neutrino masses and flavour structure can be reproduced in addition to the correct dark matter density, with viable DM masses from 700 GeV to 30 TeV. We explore direct and indirect detection signatures and show interesting detection prospects by CTA, Darwin and KM3Net and highlight the complementarity between these observables.
Coadjoint representation of the BMS group on celestial Riemann surfaces
Authors: Barnich Glenn , Ruzziconi Romain 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe coadjoint representation of the BMS group in four dimensions is constructed in a formulation that covers both the sphere and the punctured plane. The structure constants are worked out for different choices of bases. The conserved current algebra of non-radiative asymptotically flat spacetimes is explicitly interpreted in these terms.
Hyperspectral imaging for prediction of surface roughness in laser powder bed fusion
Authors: Gerdes Niklas , Hoff Christian , Hermsdorf Jörg , Kaierle Stefan , Overmeyer Ludger 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis article discusses the relevance of in situ quality assurance in metal additive manufacturing for cost-efficient product qualification. It presents an approach for monitoring the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process using an area-scan hyperspectral camera to predict the surface roughness Rz with the help of a convolutional neural network. These investigations were carried out during LPBF processing of the magnesium alloy WE43 that, due to its bioresorbability and compatibility, holds significant potential for biomedical implants. A data acquisition and processing methodology has been set up to enable efficient management of the hyperspectral data. The hyperspectral images obtained from the process were labeled with the surface roughness Rz as determined by a confocal microscope. The data was used to train a convolutional neural network whose hyperparameters were optimized in a hyperparameter tuning process. The resulting network was able to predict the surface roughness within a mean absolute error (MAE) of 4.1 μm over samples from three different parameter sets. Since this is significantly smaller than the spread of the actual roughness measured (MAE = 14.3 μm), it indicates that the network identified features in the hyperspectral data linking to the roughness. These results provide the basis for future research aiming to link hyperspectral process images to further part properties relevant for quality assurance.
Influences of powder characteristics and recoating conditions on surface morphology of powder bed in metal additive manufacturing
Authors: Yuasa Kenya , Tagami Masaharu , Yonehara Makiko , Ikeshoji Toshi-Taka , Takeshita Koki , Aoki Hiroshi , Kyogoku Hideki 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMetal additive manufacturing technology requires a real-time monitoring and feedback control system to assure the quality of the final products. In particular, it is essential to reveal the phenomena of recoating and melting-solidification processes in laser powder bed fusion using a real-time monitoring system because they influence strongly the occurrence of defects. This study was conducted to elucidate the correlation among the powder characteristics, recoating conditions, and surface morphology of a powder bed in the recoating process to determine the relationship between the surface morphology of the powder bed and the final product quality. To this end, a surface morphology measurement system composed of a powder recoating test bench and a layer surface morphology measurement apparatus was first designed and fabricated. Then, it was used to quantify the surface morphology of the powder bed. Specifically, the influences of the different powder characteristics and the recoating parameters of the powder supply ratio and recoating speed on the surface morphology of the powder bed were investigated using various powders of Al-10Si-0.4Mg (AlSi10Mg) alloy and Inconel 718 (IN718) alloy. The surface morphology of the powder bed was measured as the value of 2σ at a resolution of 30 μm in height. It was found that the angle of repose and the basic flow energy of the bulk powder are promising parameters for evaluating the surface morphology. The surface morphology was significantly affected by the powder characteristics and recoating speed. The value of 2σ for the AlSi10Mg powder increased rapidly over a recoating speed of 50 mm/s for all powders. The value of 2σ for the irregularly shaped AlSi10Mg powder was approximately 19 μm, and the 2σ values for the other powders were approximately 17 μm at a recoating speed of 15 mm/s. However, at a recoating speed greater than 300 mm/s, the irregularly shaped powder exhibited better surface morphology than did the spherical powder. The recycling process deteriorated the flowability of the new powder. However, the surface morphology of the spherical recycled powder was similar to that of the spherical powder. Consequently, the correlation among the powder characteristics, recoating conditions, and surface morphology of the powder bed was revealed by employing the surface morphology measurement system. Quantification of the surface morphology of the powder bed using the monitoring system facilitates control of the recoating process to prevent the occurrence of defects.
A New Approach to the Rayleigh–Taylor Instability
Authors: Gebhard Björn , Kolumbán József J. , Székelyhidi László 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this article we consider the inhomogeneous incompressible Euler equations describing two fluids with different constant densities under the influence of gravity as a differential inclusion. By considering the relaxation of the constitutive laws we formulate a general criterion for the existence of infinitely many weak solutions which reflect the turbulent mixing of the two fluids. Our criterion can be verified in the case that initially the fluids are at rest and separated by a flat interface with the heavier one being above the lighter one—the classical configuration giving rise to the Rayleigh–Taylor instability. We construct specific examples when the Atwood number is in the ultra high range, for which the zone in which the mixing occurs grows quadratically in time.
Deletion of Coagulation Factor IX Compromises Bone Mass and Strength: Murine Model of Hemophilia B (Christmas Disease)
Authors: Larson Emily A. , Larson Hillary J. , Taylor Jason A. , Klein Robert F. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOsteopenia and osteoporosis have increasingly become a recognized morbidity in those persons with hemophilia (PwH) receiving inadequate prophylactic clotting factor replacement. Animal models can control or eliminate genetic and environmental factors and allow for invasive testing not clinically permissible. Here, we describe the skeletal phenotype of juvenile and adult male mice with a genetically engineered deficiency in coagulation factor IX (FIX KO). Although the somatic growth of FIX KO mice matched that of their wild-type (WT) littermates at 10 and 20 weeks of age, the FIX KO mice displayed reduced bone mineral density (BMD), reduced cortical and cancellous bone mass, and diminished whole bone fracture resistance. These findings coupled with parallel observations in a murine model of hemophilia A (FVIII deficiency) point to an effector downstream of the coagulation cascade that is necessary for normal skeletal development. Further study of potential mechanisms underlying the bone disease observed in rare clotting factor deficiency syndromes may lead to new diagnostic and therapeutic insights for metabolic bone diseases in general.
How does artificial intelligence in radiology improve efficiency and health outcomes?
Authors: van Leeuwen Kicky G. , de Rooij Maarten , Schalekamp Steven , van Ginneken Bram , Rutten Matthieu J. C. M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSince the introduction of artificial intelligence (AI) in radiology, the promise has been that it will improve health care and reduce costs. Has AI been able to fulfill that promise? We describe six clinical objectives that can be supported by AI: a more efficient workflow, shortened reading time, a reduction of dose and contrast agents, earlier detection of disease, improved diagnostic accuracy and more personalized diagnostics. We provide examples of use cases including the available scientific evidence for its impact based on a hierarchical model of efficacy. We conclude that the market is still maturing and little is known about the contribution of AI to clinical practice. More real-world monitoring of AI in clinical practice is expected to aid in determining the value of AI and making informed decisions on development, procurement and reimbursement.
PSMA radioligand therapy for solid tumors other than prostate cancer: background, opportunities, challenges, and first clinical reports
Authors: Uijen M. J. M. , Derks Y. H. W. , Merkx R. I. J. , Schilham M. G. M. , Roosen J. , Privé B. M. , van Lith S. A. M. , van Herpen C. M. L. , Gotthardt M. , Heskamp S. , van Gemert W. A. M. , Nagarajah J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn the past decade, a growing body of literature has reported promising results for prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted radionuclide imaging and therapy in prostate cancer. First clinical studies evaluating the efficacy of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA radioligand therapy (PSMA-RLT) demonstrated favorable results in prostate cancer patients. [177Lu]Lu-PSMA is generally well tolerated due to its limited side effects. While PSMA is highly overexpressed in prostate cancer cells, varying degrees of PSMA expression have been reported in other malignancies as well, particularly in the tumor-associated neovasculature. Hence, it is anticipated that PSMA-RLT could be explored for other solid cancers. Here, we describe the current knowledge of PSMA expression in other solid cancers and define a perspective towards broader clinical implementation of PSMA-RLT. This review focuses specifically on salivary gland cancer, glioblastoma, thyroid cancer, renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, lung cancer, and breast cancer. An overview of the (pre)clinical data on PSMA immunohistochemistry and PSMA PET/CT imaging is provided and summarized. Furthermore, the first clinical reports of non-prostate cancer patients treated with PSMA-RLT are described.