bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Going carless in different urban fabrics: socio-demographics of household car ownership
Authors: Karjalainen L. E. , Tiitu M. , Lyytimäki J. , Helminen V. , Tapio P. , Tuominen A. , Vasankari T. , Lehtimäki J. , Paloniemi R. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDiverse physical features of urban areas alongside socio-demographic characteristics affect car ownership, and hence the daily mobility choices. As a case of sustainable mobility, we explore how various urban environments and socio-demographics associate with the spatial and social distribution of household car ownership and carlessness in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area, Finland. Three urban fabrics characterizing the study area are established based on the transportation mode (walking, public transportation, or automobile) the physical urban environment primarily supports. The national level Monitoring System of Spatial Structure and Urban Form database, and the National Travel Survey (2016) are utilized to further include spatial and socio-demographic variables into our analysis across these fabrics. Our results show that households with and without cars differ in terms of residential distance to the city center, neighborhood density, house type, and socio-demographic profiles. Single pensioners and students are most likely to be carless, whereas families represent the opposite. Within the carless households the differences are also evident between different groups. For the more affluent households residing in dense and well-connected areas, and mostly possessing driver’s licenses, carlessness is presumably a choice. Contrarily, many other carless households represent the less affluent often located in the more distant, low-density, and less accessible areas, while also possessing less driver’s licenses, making carlessness more of a constraint, as the local urban fabric does not support such lifestyle. Consequently, carless households should be increasingly recognized as a focus group in sustainable urban planning in terms of identifiable best practices and potential vulnerability.
Excessive greenhouse gas emissions from wastewater treatment plants by using the chemical oxygen demand standard
Authors: Lv Zongqing , Shan Xiaoyu , Xiao Xilin , Cai Ruanhong , Zhang Yao , Jiao Nianzhi 
Published: November 2021

AbstractChemical oxygen demand (COD) is widely used as an organic pollution indicator in wastewater treatment plants. Large amounts of organic matter are removed during treatment processes to meet environmental standards, and consequently, substantial greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as methane (CH4) are released. However, the COD indicator covers a great amount of refractory organic matter that is not a pollutant and could be a potential carbon sink. Here, we collected and analysed COD data from 86 worldwide municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and applied a model published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to estimate the emission of CH4 due to recalcitrant organic compound processing in China’s municipal wastewater treatment systems Our results showed that the average contribution of refractory COD to total COD removal was 55% in 86 WWTPs. The amount of CH4 released from the treatment of recalcitrant organic matter in 2018 could have been as high as 38.22 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent, which amounts to the annual carbon sequestered by China’s wetlands. This suggests that the use of COD as an indicator for organic pollution is undue and needs to be revised to reduce the emission of GHG. In fact, leaving nontoxic recalcitrant organic matter in the wastewater may create a significant carbon sink and will save energy during the treatment process, aiming at carbon neutrality in the wastewater treatment industry.
How will our knowledge of short gamma-ray bursts affect the distance measurement of binary neutron stars?
Authors: Du Minghui , Xu Lixin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractGravitational waves from binary neutron stars associated with short gamma-ray bursts have drawn considerable attention due to their prospect in cosmology. For such events, the sky locations of sources can be pinpointed with techniques such as identifying the host galaxies. However, the cosmological applications of these events still suffer from the problem of degeneracy between luminosity distance and inclination angle. To address this issue, a technique was proposed in previous study, i.e., using the collimation property of short gamma-ray bursts. Based on the observations, we assume that the cosine of inclination follows a Gaussian distribution, which may act as a prior in the Bayes analysis to break the degeneracy. This paper investigates the effects of different Gaussian priors and detector configurations on distance measurement and cosmological research. We first derive a simplified Fisher information matrix for demonstration, and then conduct quantitative analyses via simulation. By varying the number of third-generation detectors and the scale of prior, we generate four catalogs of 1000 events. It is shown that, in the same detecting period, a network of detectors can recognize more and farther events than a single detector. Besides, adopting tighter prior and employing multiple detectors both decrease the error of luminosity distance. Also considered is the performance of a widely adopted formula in the error budget, which turns out to be a conservative choice in each case. As for cosmological applications, for the ΛCDM model, 500, 200, 600, and 300 events are required for the four configurations to achieve 1% H0 accuracy. With all 1000 events in each catalog, H0 and Ωm can be constrained to (0.66%, 0.37%, 0.76%, 0.49%), and (0.010, 0.006, 0.013, 0.010), respectively. The results of the Gaussian process also show that the gravitational wave standard siren can serve as a probe of cosmology at high redshifts.
Telemedical percussion: objectifying a fundamental clinical examination technique for telemedicine
Authors: Krumpholz Roman , Fuchtmann Jonas , Berlet Maximilian , Hangleiter Annika , Ostler Daniel , Feussner Hubertus , Wilhelm Dirk 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPurposeWhile demand for telemedicine is increasing, patients are currently restricted to tele-consultation for the most part. Fundamental diagnostics like the percussion still require the in person expertize of a physician. To meet today’s challenges, a transformation of the manual percussion into a standardized, digital version, ready for telemedical execution is required.MethodsIn conjunction with a comprehensive telemedical diagnostic system, in which patients can get examined by aremote-physician, a series of three robotic end-effectors for mechanical percussion were developed. Comprising a motor, a magnetic and a pneumatic-based version, the devices strike a pleximeter to perform the percussion. Emitted sounds were captured using a microphone-equipped stethoscope. The 84 recordings were further integrated into a survey in order to classify lung and non-lung samples.ResultsThe study with 21 participants comprised physicians, medical students and non-medical-related raters in equal parts. With 71.4% correctly classified samples, the ventral motorized device prevailed. While the result is significantly better compared to a manual or pneumatic percussion in this very setup, it only has a small edge over the magnetic devices. In addition, for all ventral versions non-lung regions were rather correctly identified than lung regions.ConclusionThe overall setup proves the feasibility of a telemedical percussion. Despite the fact, that produced sounds differ compared to today’s manual technique, the study shows that a standardized mechanical percussion has the potential to improve the gold standard’s accuracy. While further extensive medical evaluation is yet to come, the system paves the way for future uncompromised remote examinations.
Epidemiology of Brain and Other CNS Tumors
Authors: Ostrom Quinn T. , Francis Stephen S. , Barnholtz-Sloan Jill S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Purpose of Review
Brain and other central nervous system (CNS) tumors, while rare, cause significant morbidity and mortality across all ages. This article summarizes the current state of the knowledge on the epidemiology of brain and other CNS tumors.

Recent Findings
For childhood and adolescent brain and other CNS tumors, high birth weight, non-chromosomal structural birth defects and higher socioeconomic position were shown to be risk factors. For adults, increased leukocyte telomere length, proportion of European ancestry, higher socioeconomic position, and HLA haplotypes increase risk of malignant brain tumors, while immune factors decrease risk.

Summary
Although no risk factor accounting for a large proportion of brain and other CNS tumors has been discovered, the use of high throughput “omics” approaches and improved detection/measurement of environmental exposures will help us refine our current understanding of these factors and discover novel risk factors for this disease.
The Molecular Neuroimaging of Tremor
Authors: Pasquini Jacopo , Ceravolo Roberto 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Purpose of Review
Tremor is a hyperkinetic movement disorder most commonly encountered in essential tremor (ET) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). The purpose of this review is to summarize molecular neuroimaging studies with major implications on pathophysiological and clinical features of tremor.

Recent Findings
Oscillatory brain activity responsible for tremor manifestation is thought to originate in a cerebello-thalamo-cortical network. Molecular neuroimaging has helped clarify metabolic aspects and neurotransmitter influences on the main tremor network. In ET, recent positron emission tomography (PET) studies are built on previous knowledge and highlighted the possibility of investigating metabolic brain changes after treatments, in the attempt to establish therapeutic biomarkers. In PD, molecular neuroimaging has advanced the knowledge of non-dopaminergic determinants of tremor, providing insights into serotonergic and noradrenergic contributions.

Summary
Recent advances have greatly extended the knowledge of tremor pathophysiology and it is now necessary to translate such knowledge in more efficacious treatments for this symptom.
Von der Wurzel ins Labor: Meerrettichperoxidase produziert in E. coli
Authors: Ebner Julian , Humer Diana , Spadiut Oliver 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe enzyme Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) is omnipresent in modern biotechnology. Although promising for therapeutic purposes, no suitable production process for this enzyme has been available until now. Medical applications require the enzyme to be highly pure, homogenous and well-defined. We have developed an efficient production process for recombinant HRP from Escherichia coli inclusion bodies. With this strategy we are able to provide active, highly pure and non-glycosylated enzyme at competitive yields.
Räuberische Pilze mit Anwendungspotenzial
Authors: Wernet Valentin , Wernet Nicole , Fischer Reinhard 
Published: November 2021

AbstractNematode-trapping fungi, such as Duddingtonia flagrans, are fascinating carnivorous microorganisms. In a nutrient-rich environment they live as saprotrophs, but if nutrients are scarce and in the presence of nematodes, they can switch to a predatory lifestyle. The switch is characterized by the formation of complex, adhesive trap structures. The interaction requires a sophisticated interspecies communication with pheromones, secondary metabolites, and virulence factors.
Der Ausbau der deutschen Stromnetze: Kohärente Parteienideologie oder Sollbruchstelle entlang lokaler Interessen?
Authors: Fink Simon , Teichgräber Hendrik , Wehling Mareike 
Published: November 2021

ZusammenfassungDer Ausbau der Stromtrassen ist ein zentrales Element der deutschen Energiewende. Die Forschung weiß aber noch wenig darüber, inwieweit dieses Politikfeld durch Parteiendifferenz strukturiert wird. Insbesondere über die lokale Ebene gibt es noch wenig Forschung. Der Beitrag formuliert zwei Hypothesen. Der ersten Hypothese zufolge sind lokale Parteipositionen zum Stromnetzausbau die selben Positionen wie die Positionen der Landesverbände. Die zweite Hypothese vermutet, dass durch unterschiedliche Betroffenheit lokale parteipolitische Akteure von den Positionen ihrer Landesverbände abweichen. Ein Vergleich von zwölf niedersächsischen Landkreisen unterstützt Hypothese 2. Parteipolitische Akteure in Landkreisen, die vom Stromexport profitieren, betonen systematisch die positiven Aspekte des Stromnetzausbaus und verschweigen kritische Aspekte. Bei Akteuren in reinen Transit-Landkreisen ist es umgekehrt. Der Beitrag zeigt daher, dass Parteiendifferenz in der Umweltpolitik in hohem Maße kontextabhängig ist. Auf lokaler Ebene – die für die Umsetzung von Umweltpolitik bedeutsam ist – können Parteipräferenzen systematisch von den Präferenzen höherer Ebenen abweichen.
Consensus statement on the epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention, and management of cow's milk protein allergy in the Middle East: a modified Delphi-based study
Authors: El-Hodhod Moustafa A. , El-Shabrawi Mortada H. F. , AlBadi Ahmed , Hussein Ahmed , Almehaidib Ali , Nasrallah Basil , AlBassam Ebtsam Mohammed , El Feghali Hala , Isa Hasan M. , Al Saraf Khaled , Sokhn Maroun , Adeli Mehdi , Al-Sawi Najwa Mohammed Mousa , Hage Pierre , Al-Hammadi Suleiman 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed to develop an expert consensus regarding the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA) in the Middle East.MethodsA three-step modified Delphi method was utilized to develop the consensus. Fifteen specialized pediatricians participated in the development of this consensus. Each statement was considered a consensus if it achieved an agreement level of ≥ 80%.ResultsThe experts agreed that the double-blind placebo-controlled oral challenge test (OCT) should be performed for 2–4 weeks using an amino acid formula (AAF) in formula-fed infants or children with suspected CMPA. Formula-fed infants with confirmed CMPA should be offered a therapeutic formula. The panel stated that an extensively hydrolyzed formula (eHF) is indicated in the absence of red flag signs. At the same time, the AAF is offered for infants with red flag signs, such as severe anaphylactic reactions. The panel agreed that infants on an eHF with resolved symptoms within 2–4 weeks should continue the eHF with particular attention to the growth and nutritional status. On the other hand, an AAF should be considered for infants with persistent symptoms; the AAF should be continued if the symptoms resolve within 2–4 weeks, with particular attention to the growth and nutritional status. In cases with no symptomatic improvements after the introduction of an AAF, other measures should be followed. The panel developed a management algorithm, which achieved an agreement level of 90.9%.ConclusionThis consensus document combined the best available evidence and clinical experience to optimize the management of CMPA in the Middle East.
Coal pit lakes in abandoned mining areas in León (NW Spain): characteristics and geoecological significance
Authors: Redondo-Vega J. M. , Melón-Nava A. , Peña-Pérez S. A. , Santos-González J. , Gómez-Villar A. , González-Gutiérrez R. B. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMining activity introduces severe changes in landscapes and, subsequently, in land uses. One of the most singular changes is the existence of pit lakes, which occur in active and, more frequently, abandoned mines. Pit lakes are produced by water table interception when open-pit mines deepen. Their characteristics are highly variable, depending on the type of mine, the environment or the climate. In León province there is a long tradition of coal mining that dates back to the nineteenth century, and hundreds of open pits from the 1970s to 2018 have been opened, producing permanent landscape changes. This work analyses the main parameters, including morphological measurements, depth and pH values obtained from aerial photos and field work, of 76 coal pit lakes more than 30 m in length. The vast majority of these pit lakes were unknown until now and were not included in inventories or maps. The data obtained provide baseline knowledge that will allow, in the future, potential uses (storage of water for various uses, recreational use, wildlife habitat, and geological heritage sites) for these pit lakes and establish their importance as a new geoecological environment.
Evaluation of surface water quality using water quality indices (WQIs) in Lake Sukhna, Chandigarh, India
Authors: Maansi  , Jindal Rajinder , Wats Meenu 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTo assess the surface water quality of Sukhna Lake, 13 physico-chemical parameters like temperature, pH, transparency, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, total dissolved salts, chloride, total Aalkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, nitrate and phosphate were investigated on monthly basis for a period of two year (July 2016–June 2018) by using standard procedures. The results were compared with the values or ranges mentioned by standard organizations (WHO and BIS) for assessing the water quality and these revealed that the lake water was turbid and under DO distress. Various water quality indices like water quality index (WQI), Canadian Council Ministry of Environment (CCME)-WQI and comprehensive pollution index (CPI) were used to assess the water quality status in the Sukhna Lake. The range of WQI (59.74–83.49) indicated that the water quality status of the lake belonged to good category while those of CCME-WQI (52.4–81.61) revealed that water quality fallen from marginal to good category and those of CPI (0.4–0.7) indicated fair state of water in the lake. Overall the water quality in Sukhna Lake has been found deteriorated during second year in comparison the first year during the study time.
A 3D geological model of a structurally complex relationships of sedimentary Facies and Petrophysical Parameters for the late Miocene Mount Messenger Formation in the Kaimiro-Ngatoro field, Taranaki Basin, New Zealand
Authors: Thota Surya Tejasvi , Islam Md Aminul , Shalaby Mohamed Ragab 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe present study investigates the reservoir characteristics of the Mount Messenger Formation of Kaimiro-Ngatoro Field which was deposited in deep-water environment. A 3D seismic dataset, core data and well data from the Kaimiro-Ngatoro Field were utilized to identify lithofacies, sedimentary structures, stratigraphic units, depositional environments and to construct 3D geological models. Five different lithologies of sandstone, sandy siltstone, siltstone, claystone and mudstone are identified from core photographs, and also Bouma sequence divisions are also observed. Based on log character Mount Messenger Formation is divided into two stratigraphic units slope fans and basin floor fans; core analysis suggests that basin floor fans show better reservoir qualities compared to slope fan deposits. Seismic interpretation indicates 2 horizons and 11 faults, majority of faults have throw less than 10 m, and most of the faults have high angle dips of 70–80°. The Kaimiro and Ngatoro Fields are separated by a major Inglewood fault. Variance attribute helped to interpret faults, and other seismic attributes such as root-mean-square amplitude, envelope and generalized spectral decomposition also helped to detect hydrocarbons. The lithofacies model was constructed by using sequential simulation indicator algorithm, and the petrophysical models were constructed using sequential Gaussian simulation algorithm. The petrophysical parameters determined from the models comprised of  up to ≥ 25% porosity, permeability up to around 600mD, hydrocarbon saturation up to 60%, net to gross varies from 0 to 100%, majority of shale volumes are around 15–20%, the study interval mostly consists of macropores with some megapores and 4 hydraulic flow units. This study best characterizes the deep-water turbidite reservoir in New Zealand.
Optimization of triple-alternating-gas (TAG) injection technique for enhanced oil recovery in tight oil reservoirs
Authors: Edouard Mvomo Ndzinga , Dong Pingchuan , Okere Chinedu J. , Nkok Luc Y. , Adoum Abakar Y. , muchiri Nguu D. , Xiaodong Gao , Jacques Fame N. , Prosper Samba K. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAfter single-gas (SG) injection operations in tight oil reservoirs, a significant amount of oil is still unrecovered. To increase productivity, several sequencing gas injection techniques have been utilized. Given the scarcity of research on multiple-gas alternating injection schemes, this study propose an optimized triple-alternating-gas (TAG) injection for improved oil recovery. The performance of the TAG process was demonstrated through numerical simulations and comparative analysis. First, a reservoir compositional model is developed to establish the properties and composition of the tight oil reservoir; then, a suitable combination for the SG, double alternating gas (DAG), and TAG was selected via a comparative simulation process. Second, the TAG process was optimized and the best case parameters were derived. Finally, based on the oil recovery factors and sweep efficiencies, a comparative simulation for SG, DAG, and TAG was performed and the mechanisms explained. The following findings were made: (1) The DAG and TAG provided a higher recovery factor than the SG injection and based on recovery factor and economic advantages, CO2 + CH4 + H2S was the best choice for the TAG process. (2) The results of the sensitivity analysis showed that the critical optimization factors for a TAG injection scheme are the injection and the production pressures. (3) After optimization, the recovery factor and sweep efficiency of the TAG injection scheme were the best. This study promotes the understanding of multiple-gas injection enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and serves as a guide to field design of gas EOR techniques.
A Smaller Pie with a Different Taste: The Evolution of the Western-European Religious Landscape (European Values Study, 1981–2017)
Authors: Tromp Paul , Pless Anna , Houtman Dick 
Published: November 2021

Background The thesis of religious decline, central to secularization theory, has become massively contested among social-scientific students of religion. Its critics observe not so much decline, but rather change in the religious landscape of Western Europe, in effect pointing out that the decline of Christianity's traditional institutional, doctrinal and ritual dimensions should not be mistaken for a decline of religion tout court. Purpose In this research note, we address this ongoing debate among sociologists of religion by studying whether traditional Christian religiosity has declined in Western Europe over the past four decades, and whether the same applies to religiosity more broadly conceived. Methods To examine these trends over time, we analyze data from the European Values Study (1981–2017) for nineteen Western-European countries. More specifically, we carry out multi-level linear- and multi-level logistic regression analyses. Results We demonstrate that both traditional Christian religiosity and religiosity more broadly conceived have declined, with the former declining at a much higher pace than the latter. We also find that those who continue to be religious and/or spiritual deviate increasingly from the traditional Christian model. Thus, when one does encounter religiosity, it is much more likely to be non-traditional religiosity than was true in the past. Conclusions and Implications We conclude that religion has declined, whether one understands it narrowly as traditional Christian religiosity, or more broadly. Even though new forms of religiosity and spirituality cannot compensate for the loss in traditional Christian religiosity, they do make up an increasing portion of the overall declining religious pie. Finally, we reflect on the limitations of the data from the European Values Study (1981–2017) and make an urgent call for better survey data, especially by including more suitable questions with which to measure types of religiosity and/or spirituality that deviate from the traditional Christian model.