bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photography as a Wartime Service to Family and Nation in Nazi-occupied Europe
Authors: Keresztes Julie R 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Photography’s significance for German soldiers and their families during the Second World War is especially apparent when it is seen as a social practice rather than simply a series of images. As this article demonstrates, photography was critical for maintaining wartime sociability between war and home fronts, a function that Nazi state officials, military leaders and businesspeople promoted years before the war began. With the encouragement of the Nazi regime, deployed soldiers and their families understood exchanging photographs and compiling photo albums as more than mere acts of personal communication; they were a patriotic duty. This article explores how photography functioned as a wartime service to family and nation by focusing on the photograph collection of one member of Reserve Order Police Battalion 131, who between 1940 and 1942 sent his wife hundreds of photographs for their family albums. The policeman’s concerted emphasis on family and comradeship through his photography embodies what so many other German soldiers and civilians found appealing about wartime photography: as a communal practice, it allowed them to protect and honour the values of family, comradeship and community, which had taken on new significance during the Third Reich and would be tested during the Second World War.
Racial/Ethnic and Educational Disparities in the Impact of Diabetes on Population Health Among the U.S.-Born Population
Authors: Zang Emma , Lynch Scott M , Liu Chen , Lu Nancy , Banas Julia 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Objectives
This study examines total life expectancies (TLEs) for both healthy and diabetic U.S.-born populations and 2 measures capturing quality of life: (a) the proportion of remaining life to be spent without either other chronic conditions or activities of daily living disabilities (ADLs) and (b) the proportion of remaining life to be spent with ADLs for U.S.-born diabetic populations by race/ethnicity and educational attainment.

Methods
Using the 1998–2014 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (n = 16,983), we apply a Bayesian multistate life table method to calculate these quantities from the constructed life tables.

Results
TLE at age 50 is shorter for diabetic individuals than healthy individuals, for non-Hispanic Blacks than members of other racial/ethnic groups, and for less-educated individuals. Gaps in TLE at age 50 between healthy and diabetic populations range from 6.3 to 8.8 years across sex–race combinations and from 5.6 to 9.2 years across sex–education combinations. Among the diabetic population, those with at least a college degree on average have a higher proportion of remaining life to be spent without either other chronic conditions or ADLs. Hispanics and those without a college degree have a particularly high proportion of remaining life to be spent with ADLs. Although diabetic women on average live longer than men, their quality of life tends to be lower.

Discussion
The impact of diabetes on population health varies across racial/ethnic and educational groups. The findings support targeted interventions for vulnerable groups, such as people of color, women, and less-educated individuals.
Astrocytic NMDA Receptors in the Basolateral Amygdala Contribute to Facilitation of Fear Extinction
Authors: Shelkar Gajanan P , Liu Jinxu , Dravid Shashank M 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
Enhancement of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor function using glycine-site agonist D-cycloserine is known to facilitate fear extinction, providing a means to augment cognitive behavioral therapy in anxiety disorders. A novel class of glycine-site agonists has recently been identified, and we have found that the prototype, AICP, is more effective than D-cycloserine in modulating neuronal function.

Methods
Using novel glycine-site agonist AICP, local infusion studies, and genetic models, we elucidated the role of GluN2C-containing receptors in fear extinction.

Results
We tested the effect of intracerebroventricular injection of AICP on fear extinction and found a robust facilitation of fear extinction. This effect was dependent on GluN2C subunit, consistent with superagonist action of AICP at GluN2C-containing receptors. Local infusion studies in wild-type and GluN2C knockout mice suggested that AICP produces its effect via GluN2C-containing receptors in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Furthermore, consistent with astrocytic expression of GluN2C subunit in the amygdala, we found that AICP did not facilitate fear extinction in mice with conditional deletion of obligatory GluN1 subunit from astrocytes. Importantly, chemogenetic activation of astrocytes in the basolateral amygdala facilitated fear extinction. Acutely, AICP was found to facilitate excitatory neurotransmission in the BLA via presynaptic GluN2C-dependent mechanism. Immunohistochemical studies suggest that AICP-mediated facilitation of fear extinction involves synaptic insertion of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptor GluA1 subunit.

Conclusion
These results identify a unique role of astrocytic NMDA receptors composed of GluN2C subunit in extinction of conditioned fear memory and demonstrate that further development of recently identified superagonists of GluN2C-containing receptors may have utility for anxiety disorders.
Augmented saddle-point formulation of the steady-state Stefan–Maxwell diffusion problem
Authors: Van-Brunt Alexander , Farrell Patrick E , Monroe Charles W 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We investigate structure-preserving finite element discretizations of the steady-state Stefan–Maxwell diffusion problem, which governs mass transport within a phase consisting of multiple species. An approach inspired by augmented Lagrangian methods allows us to construct a symmetric positive definite augmented Onsager transport matrix, which in turn leads to an effective numerical algorithm. We prove inf-sup conditions for the continuous and discrete linearized systems and obtain error estimates for a phase consisting of an arbitrary number of species. The discretization preserves the thermodynamically fundamental Gibbs–Duhem equation to machine precision independent of mesh size. The results are illustrated with numerical examples, including an application to modelling the diffusion of oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapour and nitrogen in the lungs.
The Almost Optimal Multilinear Restriction Estimate for Hypersurfaces with Curvature: The Case ofn-1Hypersurfaces in ℝn
Authors: Bejenaru Ioan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we establish the optimal multilinear restriction estimate for $n-1$ hypersurfaces with some curvature, where $n$ is the dimension of the underlying space. The result is sharp up to the end point and the role of curvature is made precise in terms of the shape operator.
Risk factors for therapeutic failure in the management of post-operative peritonitis: a post hoc analysis of the DURAPOP trial
Authors: Montravers Philippe , Esposito-Farèse Marina , Lasocki Sigismond , Grall Nathalie , Veber Benoit , Eloy Philippine , Seguin Philippe , Weiss Emmanuel , Dupont Herve ,   the DURAPOP trial group, Montravers Philippe , Bronchard Regis , Desmard Mathieu , Dupont Herve , Levrard Melanie , Mahjoub Yazine , Lasocki Sigismond , Gergaud Soizic , Gaillard Thomas , Plantefeve Gaetan , Pajot Olivier , Blasco Gilles , Samain Emmanuel , Besch Guillaume , Pily-Floury Sebastien , Paugam Catherine , Pease Sebastien , Abback Paer , Girard Claude , Payen Jean-Francois , Herault Marie-Christine , Jaber Sami , Jung Boris , Delay Jean-Marc , Gally Josette , Meistelman Claude , Perrier Jean-François , Asehnoune Karim , Cinotti Raphael , Tesniere Antoine , Mignon Alexandre , Lescot Thomas , Belhadj-Tahar Nouria , Beaussier Marc , Lepape Alain , Piriou Vincent , Wallet Florent , Tassin Candice , Cousson Joel , Raclot Pascal , Floch Thierry , Seguin Philippe , Launey Yoann , Veber Benoit , Gouin Philippe , Clavier Thomas , Auboyer Christian , Collanges Olivier , Georger Jean-François 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
Therapeutic failure is a frequent issue in the management of post-operative peritonitis.

Objectives
A post hoc analysis of the prospective, multicentre DURAPOP trial analysed the risk factors for failures in post-operative peritonitis following adequate source control and empirical antibiotic therapy in critically ill patients.

Patients and methods
Overall failures assessed post-operatively between Day 8 and Day 45 were defined as a composite of death and/or surgical and/or microbiological failures. Risk factors for failures were assessed using logistic regression analyses.

Results
Among the 236 analysed patients, overall failures were reported in 141 (59.7%) patients, including 30 (12.7%) deaths, 81 (34.3%) surgical and 95 (40.2%) microbiological failures. In the multivariate analysis, the risk factors associated with overall failures were documented piperacillin/tazobactam therapy [adjusted OR (aOR) 2.10; 95% CI 1.17–3.75] and renal replacement therapy on the day of reoperation (aOR 2.96; 95% CI 1.05–8.34). The risk factors for death were age (aOR 1.08 per year; 95% CI 1.03–1.12), renal replacement therapy on reoperation (aOR 3.95; 95% CI 1.36–11.49) and diabetes (OR 6.95; 95% CI 1.34–36.03). The risk factors associated with surgical failure were documented piperacillin/tazobactam therapy (aOR 1.99; 95% CI 1.13–3.51), peritoneal cultures containing Klebsiella spp. (aOR 2.45; 95% CI 1.02–5.88) and pancreatic source of infection (aOR 2.91; 95% CI 1.21–7.01). No specific risk factors were identified for microbiological failure.

Conclusions
Our data suggest a predominant role of comorbidities, the severity of post-operative peritonitis and possibly of documented piperacillin/tazobactam treatment on the occurrence of therapeutic failures, regardless of their type.
Association of Genetic Testing Results With Mortality Among Women With Breast Cancer or Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Kurian Allison W , Abrahamse Paul , Bondarenko Irina , Hamilton Ann S , Deapen Dennis , Gomez Scarlett L , Morrow Monica , Berek Jonathan S , Hofer Timothy P , Katz Steven J , Ward Kevin C 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
Breast cancer and ovarian cancer patients increasingly undergo germline genetic testing. However, little is known about cancer-specific mortality among carriers of a pathogenic variant (PV) in BRCA1/2 or other genes in a population-based setting.

Methods
Georgia and California Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) registry records were linked to clinical genetic testing results. Women were included who had stages I-IV breast cancer or ovarian cancer diagnosed in 2013-2017, received chemotherapy, and were linked to genetic testing results. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the association of genetic results with cancer-specific mortality.

Results
22 495 breast cancer and 4320 ovarian cancer patients were analyzed, with a median follow-up of 41 months. PVs were present in 12.7% of breast cancer patients with estrogen and/or progesterone receptor-positive, HER2-negative cancer, 9.8% with HER2-positive cancer, 16.8% with triple-negative breast cancer, and 17.2% with ovarian cancer. Among triple-negative breast cancer patients, cancer-specific mortality was lower with BRCA1 (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.49, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.35 to 0.69) and BRCA2 PVs (HR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.41 to 0.89), and equivalent with PVs in other genes (HR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.37 to 1.13), vs noncarriers. Among ovarian cancer patients, cancer-specific mortality was lower with PVs in BRCA2 (HR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.25 to 0.49) and genes other than BRCA1/2 (HR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.32 to 0.69). No PV was associated with higher cancer-specific mortality.

Conclusions
Among breast cancer and ovarian cancer patients treated with chemotherapy in the community, BRCA1/2 and other gene PV carriers had equivalent or lower short-term cancer-specific mortality than noncarriers. These results may reassure newly diagnosed patients, and longer follow-up is ongoing.
Assessing the relative role of climate and human activities on vegetation cover changes in the up–down stream of Danjiangkou, China
Authors: Liu Hai , Liu Feng , Yuan Hongmeng , Zheng Liang , Zhang Yuan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDanjiangkou Reservoir is water source of Middle Route Project of the South-to-North Water Diversion (SNWD) Project, research on the dynamic changes in vegetation cover and its influencing factors is of great significance for understanding the ecological environment of the water diversion area and formulating protection measures. In this study, the normalized difference in vegetation index (NDVI) was used to analyze the dynamic changes and influencing factors of vegetation in the upstream and downstream of Danjiangkou Dam from 1982 to 2018. The results showed that the NDVI exhibited an upward trend of 0.017 year−1 (P &lt; 0.05), and that the significantly increased area was located near the valley upstream of the dam, while the significantly decreased area was mainly distributed in the basin downstream of the dam and around the central city. The comprehensive contributions of climate and human activity factors to NDVI changes were 92.03% and 7.97%, respectively. The human activities in the upstream of the dam were mainly reflected in the ecological measures such as returning farmland to forest; the human activities at the downstream of the dam were mainly reflected in urban expansion, occupation of cultivated land and forest land by construction land.
Prospective cohort study using ultrasonography of Schistosoma haematobium–infected migrants
Authors: Tamarozzi Francesca , Ursini Tamara , Ronzoni Niccolò , Badona Monteiro Geraldo , Gobbi Federico G , Angheben Andrea , Richter Joachim , Buonfrate Dora , Bisoffi Zeno 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
Chronic infection with Schistosoma haematobium may lead to serious complications, including bladder carcinoma. Although it is recommended that only bladder masses not regressing within 6 months after praziquantel intake should be investigated invasively, cystoendoscopy is still often performed at diagnosis even in the absence of further signs of concern. No prospective study so far evaluated the evolution of bladder lesions after treatment in case of no risk of reinfection, which could inform case management.

Methods
Adult African migrants with active S. haematobium infection, as assessed by positive urine PCR or microscopy for eggs in urine or bladder biopsy, underwent urinary tract ultrasound at enrolment and at 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after praziquantel treatment. Patients in advanced pregnancy or with known Schistosoma-unrelated chronic pathology of the urinary tract were excluded.

Results
Twenty-one patients, aged 18–29 years, participated in the study; ten (47.6%) had bladder masses on ultrasound. Follow-up ≥6 months was completed by 16 (76.2%) patients; ≥12 months by 14 (66.7%) and 24 months by 11 (52.4%). All patients with bladder lesions on enrolment completed a follow-up of ≥6 months. Lesions resolved completely by 6 months in all cases and no new development/re-appearance was observed.

Conclusions
This is the first prospective, long-term follow-up study with ultrasound of patients with urinary schistosomiasis outside endemic areas. Mucosal masses in young patients regressed after treatment without recurrence, supporting the recommendation that invasive procedures should be avoided unless lesions or other symptoms/signs of concern persist for &gt; 6 months. Further studies should assess the evolution of bladder lesions after treatment in larger populations, including older age groups, and, ideally, with parallel assessment of other biomarkers of urinary pathology and of residual S. haematobium active infection.
Unintended health and societal consequences of international travel measures during the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review
Authors: Klinger Carmen , Burns Jacob , Movsisyan Ani , Biallas Renke , Norris Susan L , Rabe Julia E , Stratil Jan M , Voss Stephan , Wabnitz Katharina , Rehfuess Eva A , Verboom Ben ,   the CEOsys Consortium
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackground/ObjectiveInternational travel measures to contain the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic represent a relatively intrusive form of non-pharmaceutical intervention. To inform decision-making on the (re)implementation, adaptation, relaxation or suspension of such measures, it is essential to not only assess their effectiveness but also their unintended effects.MethodsThis scoping review maps existing empirical studies on the unintended consequences, both predicted and unforeseen, and beneficial or harmful, of international travel measures. We searched multiple health, non-health and COVID-19-specific databases. The evidence was charted in a map in relation to the study design, intervention and outcome categories identified and discussed narratively.ResultsTwenty-three studies met our inclusion criteria—nine quasi-experimental, two observational, two mathematical modelling, six qualitative and four mixed-methods studies. Studies addressed different population groups across various countries worldwide. Seven studies provided information on unintended consequences of the closure of national borders, six looked at international travel restrictions and three investigated mandatory quarantine of international travellers. No studies looked at entry and/or exit screening at national borders exclusively, however six studies considered this intervention in combination with other international travel measures. In total, 11 studies assessed various combinations of the aforementioned interventions. The outcomes were mostly referred to by the authors as harmful. Fifteen studies identified a variety of economic consequences, six reported on aspects related to quality of life, well-being, and mental health and five on social consequences. One study each provided information on equity, equality, and the fair distribution of benefits and burdens, environmental consequences and health system consequences.ConclusionThis scoping review represents the first step towards a systematic assessment of the unintended benefits and harms of international travel measures during COVID-19. The key research gaps identified might be filled with targeted primary research, as well as the additional consideration of gray literature and non-empirical studies.
The impact of binaries on the evolution of star clusters from turbulent molecular clouds
Authors: Torniamenti Stefano , Ballone Alessandro , Mapelli Michela , Gaspari Nicola , Di Carlo Ugo N , Rastello Sara , Giacobbo Nicola , Pasquato Mario 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
Most of massive stars form in binary or higher order systems in clumpy, substructured clusters. In the very first phases of their life, these stars are expected to interact with the surrounding environment, before being released to the field when the cluster is tidally disrupted by the host galaxy. We present a set of N-body simulations to describe the evolution of young stellar clusters and their binary content in the first phases of their life. To do this, we have developed a method that generates realistic initial conditions for binary stars in star clusters from hydrodynamical simulations. We considered different evolutionary cases to quantify the impact of binary and stellar evolution. Also, we compared their evolution to that of King and fractal models with different length-scales. Our results indicate that the global expansion of the cluster from hydrodynamical simulations is initially balanced by the subclump motion and accelerates when a monolithic shape is reached, as in a post-core collapse evolution. Compared to the spherical initial conditions, the ratio of the 50 per cent to 10 per cent Lagrangian radius shows a very distinctive trend, explained by the formation of a hot core of massive stars triggered by the high initial degree of mass segregation. As for its binary population, each cluster shows a self-regulating behaviour by creating interacting binaries with binding energies of the order of its energy scales. Also, in the absence of original binaries, the dynamically formed binaries display a mass-dependent binary fraction, spontaneously reproducing the trend of the observed binary fraction.
New insight into the formation mechanism of the energetic particle reservoirs in the heliosphere
Authors: He H-Q 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
The concept of energetic particle reservoirs, essentially based on the assumption of the presence of outer reflecting boundaries/magnetic mirrors or diffusion barriers (deterministic) rather than on the effect of particle diffusive propagation (stochastic) in magnetic turbulence, has been used for decades to describe the space-extended decay phases of energetic particle events within the fields of space physics, solar physics, and plasma physics. Using five-dimensional time-dependent Fokker–Planck transport equation simulations, in this work, we demonstrate that the so-called particle reservoirs are naturally explained and quantitatively reproduced by diffusion processes in turbulent magnetic fields, without invoking the hypothesis of reflecting boundaries. Our results strongly suggest that the so-called reservoir (based on deterministic structure) should be renamed ‘flood’ (based on stochastic diffusion), which symbolizes an authentic shift in thinking and in pragmatic rationale for the studies of energetic particles and relevant plasma phenomena in heliophysics and in astrophysics.
PHROG: families of prokaryotic virus proteins clustered using remote homology
Authors: Terzian Paul , Olo Ndela Eric , Galiez Clovis , Lossouarn Julien , Pérez Bucio Rubén Enrique , Mom Robin , Toussaint Ariane , Petit Marie-Agnès , Enault François 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Viruses are abundant, diverse and ancestral biological entities. Their diversity is high, both in terms of the number of different protein families encountered and in the sequence heterogeneity of each protein family. The recent increase in sequenced viral genomes constitutes a great opportunity to gain new insights into this diversity and consequently urges the development of annotation resources to help functional and comparative analysis. Here, we introduce PHROG (Prokaryotic Virus Remote Homologous Groups), a library of viral protein families generated using a new clustering approach based on remote homology detection by HMM profile-profile comparisons. Considering 17 473 reference (pro)viruses of prokaryotes, 868 340 of the total 938 864 proteins were grouped into 38 880 clusters that proved to be a 2-fold deeper clustering than using a classical strategy based on BLAST-like similarity searches, and yet to remain homogeneous. Manual inspection of similarities to various reference sequence databases led to the annotation of 5108 clusters (containing 50.6 % of the total protein dataset) with 705 different annotation terms, included in 9 functional categories, specifically designed for viruses. Hopefully, PHROG will be a useful tool to better annotate future prokaryotic viral sequences thus helping the scientific community to better understand the evolution and ecology of these entities.