bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dealing with the day‐to‐day: Harnessing school climate to address the effects of student victimization on academic performance
Authors: Cuellar Matthew J. , Coyle Samantha , Weinreb Karly S. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractResearch suggests that parents and principals perceive school shootings as one of the leading threats to school safety and among the most likely hazardous events that would affect safety at school. However, exposure to nonfatal victimization, such as fighting, threats, theft, vandalism, bullying, hate crimes, and gang activity, has become far more common in today's schools. Using data from students in eight schools across one urban school district in the northeast United States, this study examines within‐school differences in the relationships among student‐level indicators of victimization, school climate, and academic outcomes, with an exploratory focus on interactions of school climate with victimization in predicting different academic outcomes. Results suggest student victimization was negatively associated with school connectedness (Engagement). However, students who reported feeling more connected to their school had significantly higher attendance rates, reported less victimization, and improved academic performance. Results also indicated that students' connectedness impacted the relationship between victimization and academic performance; the association between victimization and academic performance was positive for students who felt less connected to their school, and negative for students who reported more connection to their school. Findings are discussed within the context of promoting student access to, and engagement in, targeted behavioral supports and interventions.
Metal adsorption properties of multi‐functional PAMAM dendrimer based gels
Authors: Baskın Dilgeş , Yılmaz Özge , Islam Muhammad Nazrul , Tülü Metin , Koyuncu İkbal , Eren Tarik 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMetal adsorption studies are getting important and there are many functional adsorbents developed recently. Here, we report the synthesis of multifunctional PAMAM G2 (polyamidoamine) possessing methacryl, amine, hydroxyl and phosphonate groups used in free radical curing gel formulations. UV curable gel is conducted in the presence of acrylamide, bisacrylamide, and polyethylene glycol diacrylate. Adsorption study of the resulting novel sorbents (gels) are carried out with a series of metals. Through a comprehensive study, structure–property relationship of the series gels is conducted by using different amount of amine, hydroxyl, and/or phosphonate ester groups on the PAMAM G2. Selected metals are Cr3+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Ag+, and Cd2+ within a series of hard, intermediate, and soft ionic species. Adsorption study is carried out in pure water environment at neutral pH. Metal ions removal percentages and adsorption capacities of gel adsorbents are calculated by using atomic absorption spectroscopy. There is relationship between the overall functional groups presence in gel formulation and swelling densities for removing the metal ions. Introducing dendrimer into the gel formulation enhanced the metal ions adsorption against to Bare GEL formulation which do not possess dendrimer units. Consequently, the maximum removal efficiency has been obtained for Cr3+ and Fe3+.
The socioeconomic burden of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
Authors: Blokhuis Anna M. , Deenen Johanna C. W. , Voermans Nicol C. , van Engelen Baziel G. M. , Kievit Wietske , Groothuis Jan T. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundPromising genetic therapies are being investigated in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). However, the current cost of illness is largely unknown.ObjectiveThis study aimed at determining the socioeconomic burden of FSHD.MethodsAdult patients with FSHD from the Dutch FSHD registry were invited to complete a questionnaire on medical consumption, work productivity and health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) using the EQ-5D-5L.Associated costs were calculated from a societal perspective. A generalized linear model was fitted to the data to investigate whether level of mobility was related to annual costs of illness.Results172 patients with FSHD completed the questionnaire (response rate 65%).The per-patient annual direct medical costs of FSHD were estimated at €12,077, direct non-medical costs at €9179 and indirect costs at €5066, adding up to a total cost of illness of €26,322 per patient per year. The direct costs of illness were €21,256, approximately five times higher than the mean per-capita health expenditures in the Netherlands. Major cost-driving factors were formal home care and informal care. A decreased level of mobility was associated with higher direct costs of illness. HR-QoL was significantly reduced in patients with FSHD with a median health utility value of 0.63.ConclusionsWe show that FSHD is associated with substantial direct and indirect socioeconomic costs as well as a reduction in HR-QoL. These findings are important for health care decision makers and aids in allocation of research funds and evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of novel therapies.
Communicating future climate projections of precipitation change
Authors: Daron Joseph , Lorenz Susanne , Taylor Andrea , Dessai Suraje 
Published: May 2021

AbstractUnderstanding how precipitation may change in the future is important for guiding climate change adaptation. Climate models are the primary tools for providing information on future precipitation change, though communicating and interpreting results of different model simulations is challenging. Using an online survey, completed by producers and users of climate model information, we compare and evaluate interpretations of different approaches used to summarise and visualise future climate projections. Results reveal large differences in interpretations of precipitation change arising from choices made in summarising and visualising the data. Respondents interpret significantly smaller ranges of future precipitation change when provided with the multi-model ensemble mean or percentile information, which are commonly used to summarise climate model projections, compared to information about the full ensemble. The ensemble mean is found to be particularly misleading, even when used with information to show model agreement in the sign of change. We conclude that these approaches can lead to distorted interpretations which may impact on adaptation policy and decision-making. To help improve the interpretation and use of climate projections in decision-making, regular testing of visualisations and sustained engagement with target audiences is required to determine the most effective and appropriate visualisation approaches.
Growth forms and life-history strategies predict the occurrence of aquatic macrophytes in relation to environmental factors in a shallow peat lake complex
Authors: Temmink Ralph J. M. , Dorenbosch Martijn , Lamers Leon P. M. , Smolders Alfons J. P. , Rip Winnie , Lengkeek Wouter , Didderen Karin , Fivash Gregory S. , Bouma Tjeerd J. , van der Heide Tjisse 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAquatic ecosystems provide vital services, and macrophytes play a critical role in their functioning. Conceptual models indicate that in shallow lakes, plants with different growth strategies are expected to inhabit contrasting habitats. For shallow peat lakes, characterized by incohesive sediments, roles of growth forms, life-history strategies and environmental factors in determining the occurrence of aquatic vegetation remain unknown. In a field survey, we sampled 64 points in a peat lake complex and related macrophyte occurrence to growth forms (floating-leaved rooted and submerged), life-history strategies for overwintering (turions, seeds, rhizomes) and environmental factors (water depth, fetch, and porewater nutrients). Our survey showed that macrophyte occurrence relates to water depth, wind-fetch, and nutrients, and depends on growth form and life-history strategies. Specifically, rooted floating-leaved macrophytes occur at lower wind-fetch/shallower waters. Submerged macrophytes occur from low to greater wind-fetch/water depth, depending on life-history strategies; macrophytes with rhizomes occur at greater wind-fetch/depth relative to species that overwinter with seeds or turions. We conclude that growth form and life-history strategies for overwintering predict macrophytes occurrence regarding environmental factors in peat lakes. Therefore, we propose an adapted model for macrophyte occurrence for such lakes. Altogether, these results may aid in species-selection to revegetate peat lakes depending on its environment.
On the Construction of Bootstrap Confidence Intervals for Estimating the Correlation Between Two Time Series Not Sampled on Identical Time Points
Authors: Trottini Mario , Vigo Isabel , Vargas-Alemañy Juan A. , García-García David , Fernández José 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTwo important issues characterize the design of bootstrap methods to construct confidence intervals for the correlation between two time series sampled (unevenly or evenly spaced) on different time points: (i) ordinary block bootstrap methods that produce bootstrap samples have been designed for time series that are coeval (i.e., sampled on identical time points) and must be adapted; (ii) the sample Pearson correlation coefficient cannot be readily applied, and the construction of the bootstrap confidence intervals must rely on alternative estimators that unfortunately do not have the same asymptotic properties. In this paper it is argued that existing proposals provide an unsatisfactory solution to issue (i) and ignore issue (ii). This results in procedures with poor coverage whose limitations and potential applications are not well understood. As a first step to address these issues, a modification of the bootstrap procedure underlying existing methods is proposed, and the asymptotic properties of the estimator of the correlation are investigated. It is established that the estimator converges to a weighted average of the cross-correlation function in a neighborhood of zero. This implies a change in perspective when interpreting the results of the confidence intervals based on this estimator. Specifically, it is argued that with the proposed modification of the bootstrap, the existing methods have the potential to provide a useful lower bound for the absolute correlation in the non-coeval case and, in some special cases, confidence intervals with approximately the correct coverage. The limitations and implications of the results presented are demonstrated with a simulation study. The extension of the proposed methodology to the problem of estimating the cross-correlation function is straightforward and is illustrated with a real data example. Related applications include the estimation of the autocorrelation function and the periodogram of a time series.
Stability of rigid body motion through an extended intermediate axis theorem: application to rockfall simulation
Authors: Leine Remco I. , Capobianco Giuseppe , Bartelt Perry , Christen Marc , Caviezel Andrin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe stability properties of a freely rotating rigid body are governed by the intermediate axis theorem, i.e., rotation around the major and minor principal axes is stable whereas rotation around the intermediate axis is unstable. The stability of the principal axes is of importance for the prediction of rockfall. Current numerical schemes for 3D rockfall simulation, however, are not able to correctly represent these stability properties. In this paper an extended intermediate axis theorem is presented, which not only involves the angular momentum equations but also the orientation of the body, and we prove the theorem using Lyapunov’s direct method. Based on the stability proof, we present a novel scheme which respects the stability properties of a freely rotating body and which can be incorporated in numerical schemes for the simulation of rigid bodies with frictional unilateral constraints. In particular, we show how this scheme is incorporated in an existing 3D rockfall simulation code. Simulations results reveal that the stability properties of rotating rocks play an essential role in the run-out length and lateral spreading of rocks.
The geometry of equations of motion: particles in equivalent universes
Authors: Honein Theresa E. , O’Reilly Oliver M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe equations of motion for the simplest non-holonomically constrained system of particles are formulated using six methods: Newton–Euler, Lagrange, Maggi, Gibbs–Appell, Kane, and Boltzmann–Hamel. The challenging tasks of exploring and explaining the relationships and equivalences between these formulations is accomplished by constructing a single representative particle for the system of particles. The single particle is constrained to move on a configuration manifold. The explicit construction of sets of tangent vectors to the manifold and their relation to the forces acting on the single particle are used to provide several helpful geometric interpretations of the relationships between the formulations. These interpretations can also be extended to help understand the relationships between different formulations of the equations of motion for more complex systems, including systems of rigid bodies and particles.
Combined in vivo muscle mass, muscle protein synthesis and muscle protein breakdown measurement: a ‘Combined Oral Stable Isotope Assessment of Muscle (COSIAM)’ approach
Authors: Cegielski Jessica , Wilkinson Daniel J. , Brook Matthew S. , Boereboom Catherine , Phillips Bethan E. , Gladman John F. R. , Smith Kenneth , Atherton Philip J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOptimising approaches for measuring skeletal muscle mass and turnover that are widely applicable, minimally invasive and cost effective is crucial in furthering research into sarcopenia and cachexia. Traditional approaches for measurement of muscle protein turnover require infusion of expensive, sterile, isotopically labelled tracers which limits the applicability of these approaches in certain populations (e.g. clinical, frail elderly). To concurrently quantify skeletal muscle mass and muscle protein turnover i.e. muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown (MPB), in elderly human volunteers using stable-isotope labelled tracers i.e. Methyl-[D3]-creatine (D3-Cr), deuterium oxide (D2O), and Methyl-[D3]-3-methylhistidine (D3-3MH), to measure muscle mass, MPS and MPB, respectively. We recruited 10 older males (71 ± 4 y, BMI: 25 ± 4 kg.m2, mean ± SD) into a 4-day study, with DXA and consumption of D2O and D3-Cr tracers on day 1. D3-3MH was consumed on day 3, 24 h prior to returning to the lab. From urine, saliva and blood samples, and a single muscle biopsy (vastus lateralis), we determined muscle mass, MPS and MPB. D3-Cr derived muscle mass was positively correlated to appendicular fat-free mass (AFFM) estimated by DXA (r = 0.69, P = 0.027). Rates of cumulative myofibrillar MPS over 3 days were 0.072%/h (95% CI, 0.064 to 0.081%/h). Whole-body MPB over 6 h was 0.052 (95% CI, 0.038 to 0.067). These rates were similar to previous literature. We demonstrate the potential for D3-Cr to be used alongside D2O and D3-3MH for concurrent measurement of muscle mass, MPS, and MPB using a minimally invasive design, applicable for clinical and frail populations.
Texture-Based Optimization of Crystal Plasticity Parameters: Application to Zinc and Its Alloy
Authors: Frydrych Karol , Jarzębska Anna , Virupakshi Saketh , Kowalczyk-Gajewska Katarzyna , Bieda Magdalena , Chulist Robert , Skorupska Monika , Schell Norbert , Sztwiertnia Krzysztof 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Evolutionary algorithms have become an extensively used tool for identification of crystal plasticity parameters of hexagonal close packed metals and alloys. However, the fitness functions were usually built using the experimentally measured stress–strain curves. Here, the fitness function is built by means of numerical comparison of the simulated and experimental textures. Namely, the normalized texture difference index is minimized. The evolutionary algorithm with the newly developed fitness function is tested by performing crystal plasticity parameter optimization for both pure zinc and zinc-magnesium alloy. These materials are promising candidates for bioabsorbable implants due to good biocompatibility and optimal corrosion rate. Although their mechanical properties in the as-cast state do not fulfill the requirements, they can be increased by means of hydrostatic extrusion. The developed modeling approach enabled acquisition of the crystal plasticity parameters and analysis of the active deformation mechanisms in zinc and zinc-magnesium alloy subjected to hydrostatic extrusion. It was shown that although slip systems are the main deformation carrier, compressive twinning plays an important role in texture evolution. However, the texture is also partially affected by dynamic recrystallization which is not considered within the developed framework.
Cardiac complications during the active phase of COVID-19: review of the current evidence
Authors: Ramadan Mohammad Said , Bertolino Lorenzo , Marrazzo Tommaso , Florio Maria Teresa , Durante-Mangoni Emanuele ,   The Monaldi Hospital Cardiovascular Infection Study Group, Durante-Mangoni Emanuele , Iossa Domenico , Bertolino Lorenzo , Ursi Maria Paola , D’Amico Fabiana , Karruli Arta , Ramadan Mohammad , Andini Roberto , Zampino Rosa , Bernardo Mariano , Ruocco Giuseppe , Dialetto Giovanni , Covino Franco Enrico , Manduca Sabrina , Corte Alessandro Della , De Feo Marisa , De Vivo Stefano , De Rimini Maria Luisa , Galdieri Nicola 
Published: May 2021

AbstractGrowing reports since the beginning of the pandemic and till date describe increased rates of cardiac complications (CC) in the active phase of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). CC commonly observed include myocarditis/myocardial injury, arrhythmias and heart failure, with an incidence reaching about a quarter of hospitalized patients in some reports. The increased incidence of CC raise questions about the possible heightened susceptibility of patients with cardiac disease to develop severe COVID-19, and whether the virus itself is involved in the pathogenesis of CC. The wide array of CC seems to stem from multiple mechanisms, including the ability of the virus to directly enter cardiomyocytes, and to indirectly damage the heart through systemic hyperinflammatory and hypercoagulable states, endothelial injury of the coronary arteries and hypoxemia. The induced CC seem to dramatically impact the prognosis of COVID-19, with some studies suggesting over 50% mortality rates with myocardial damage, up from ~ 5% overall mortality of COVID-19 alone. Thus, it is particularly important to investigate the relation between COVID-19 and heart disease, given the major effect on morbidity and mortality, aiming at early detection and improving patient care and outcomes. In this article, we review the growing body of published data on the topic to provide the reader with a comprehensive and robust description of the available evidence and its implication for clinical practice.
Tamoxifen and oxidative stress: an overlooked connection
Authors: Ahmed Nermin S. , Samec Marek , Liskova Alena , Kubatka Peter , Saso Luciano 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTamoxifen is the gold standard drug for the treatment of breast cancer in pre and post-menopausal women. Its journey from a failing contraceptive to a blockbuster is an example of pharmaceutical innovation challenges. Tamoxifen has a wide range of pharmacological activities; a drug that was initially thought to work via a simple Estrogen receptor (ER) mechanism was proven to mediate its activity through several non-ER mechanisms. Here in we review the previous literature describing ER and non-ER targets of tamoxifen, we highlighted the overlooked connection between tamoxifen, tamoxifen apoptotic effects and oxidative stress.
Optimal parameters for fiber Bragg gratings for sensing applications: a spectral study
Authors: Shekar P. V. Raja , Latha D. Madhavi , Kumari Kusum , Pisipati V. G. K. M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The spectral characteristics viz. reflectivity, bandwidth, and sidelobes’ intensity for uniform and apodized (Gaussian, hyperbolic tangent, apod1, sine, and raised sine) fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) were studied as a function of grating length and index modulation. The optimal grating length and index modulation to obtain maximum reflectivity and minimum sidelobes were determined, as needed for sensing applications. The impact of various apodization profiles on the spectral response has also been assessed. The results indicate that out of the apodization profiles considered for the study, sine, Gaussian, and raised sine profiles offer the desired output.

Article highlights

The reflectivity (of main peak) and sidelobes’ intensity increase with grating length and index modulation.

The bandwidth decreases with grating length and increases with index modulation.

The ideal grating length and index modulation were found to be 5 mm and 0.0008 respectively to obtain maximum reflectivity and minimum intensity for sidelobes.

Sine, Gaussian, and raised sine profiles are the best suitable apodization profiles among those considered.
Local Earthquake Tomography in the Tjörnes Fracture Zone (North Iceland)
Authors: Abril C. , Tryggvason A. , Gudmundsson Ó. , Steffen R. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLocal earthquake tomography has been carried out in the Tjörnes Fracture Zone. This transform region connects the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge to the Northern Volcanic Zone in Iceland in a mostly offshore area. The challenge to record seismic information in this area was the motivation for the North ICeland Experiment (NICE). Fourteen ocean‐bottom seismometers and eleven on‐land stations were installed in the project and operated simultaneously with the permanent Icelandic seismic network (SIL) during summer 2004. Data from the experiment were used to estimate P‐ and S‐wave crustal velocities. Also, the gravity anomaly was derived for comparison with the tomographic results. Upper‐crustal velocities are found to be relatively low in the offshore region. In particular, low velocities are mapped along the Húsavík‐Flatey Fault, where a more confined negative gravity anomaly and a sedimentary basin are found. Low velocities are also mapped along the Grímsey Oblique Rift and in a zone connecting these two main lineaments. The northern half of the aseismic Grímsey Shoal appears as a fast anomaly. Furthermore, localized high‐velocity anomalies are found beneath northern Tröllaskagi and Flateyjarskagi Peninsulas, where bedrock dates from Upper and Middle Miocene (10–15 Ma). Regions of low Vp/Vs ratios are mapped at depth along the main lineaments. Low velocities along the lineaments are interpreted as due to fracturing extending into the middle crust, while high velocities in the upper crust beneath Tertiary formations are associated with relic volcanoes. Low Vp/Vs variations along the lineaments are interpreted as due to the presence of supercritical fluids.