bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and factors associated with advance health directives in frail older inpatients
Authors: O'Leary James J. , Reid Natasha , Hubbard Ruth E. , Peel Nancye M. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundAdvance health directives (AHD) can be used to explore and document patient preferences for treatment and are therefore an important aspect of care planning.AimsTo investigate the prevalence and factors associated with AHD among older inpatients.MethodsThis retrospective study included 6449 patients, aged ≥65 years referred for specialist geriatric consultation between 2007 and 2018 in Queensland, Australia. The interRAI‐Acute Care Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment tool was used to calculate a frailty index (FI), range 0–1, based on 52 possible deficits, and categorised into intervals of 0.1 for analysis. FI was also grouped according to previously reported cut points: fit (FI ≤0.25), moderately frail (FI >0.25–0.4), frail (FI >0.4–0.6) and severely frail (FI >0.6).ResultsAn AHD was present in 1032 (16.0%) of 6449 patients. Those with an AHD were significantly frailer than those without an AHD (mean FI 0.52 vs 0.45; P < 0.001). Higher frailty (odds ratio (OR): 1.34 (1.27–1.40)), older age (OR: 1.04 (1.03–1.05)), living in an institution (OR: 1.33 (1.01–1.73)) and recent hospitalisation (OR: 1.42 (1.23–1.62)) were significantly associated with higher prevalence of AHD. Prevalence of AHD increased over time, from 7.6% (n = 66) in 2008 to 35.4% (n = 99) in 2017.ConclusionsThe presence of AHD is associated with sociodemographic factors, as well as higher frailty levels. Prevalence of AHD among inpatients has increased over the past decade but remains modest.
Treatment and outcomes of multidrug‐resistant tuberculosis in Auckland, 1995–2018
Authors: Cutfield Tim , Mowlem Lydia , Paynter Jennifer , Christmas Timothy , Harrison Adrian , Lewis Christopher , Newton Sandra , Nisbet Mitzi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundNew Zealand has a low burden of tuberculosis; however, multidrug‐resistant tuberculosis (MDR‐TB) still represents a challenge for clinicians. This is the first description of clinical aspects of MDR‐TB in New Zealand.AimsTo evaluate the treatment and outcomes of patients with MDR‐TB disease in Auckland. Secondary aims were to review the incidence and clinical characteristics of MDR‐TB disease.MethodsClinical data were obtained for patients treated for MDR‐TB at Auckland District Health Board (ADHB).ResultsThere were 60 patients nationally with MDR‐TB between 1989 and 2018; 41 (69%) of 60 patients received care at ADHB. Pulmonary infection was present in 36 (88%) of 41 patients, with 19 (46%) of 41 patients with smear‐positive sputum (smear 1–2+ in 6/41, 15%; smear 3–4+ in 13/41, 32%). The median duration of treatment was 22 months (range 7.5–26) for 18 (44%) of 41 patients who completed MDR‐TB treatment by August 2018. The median duration of amikacin treatment was 6 months (range 2–12) for the 23 (61%) of 38 patients in whom these data were available. All 38 patients who received treatment for MDR‐TB experienced adverse effects, most commonly gastrointestinal (66%), neurological (50%), ototoxicity (47%) and psychiatric (37%). Complications of intravenous access were experienced by 10 (27%) of 37 patients. Of the 19 (46%) of 41 patients who completed treatment, 18 (95%) achieved cure. There was one case who had recurrence because of inadequate treatment, and one case who had spontaneous resolution without treatment. Seventeen (41%) patients left Auckland prior to completion of treatment, mostly to return to their country of origin (15/17, 88%).ConclusionMDR‐TB is uncommon in New Zealand. Treatment is frequently associated with adverse events; however, rates of cure for people completing treatment in New Zealand are high.
Six‐month respiratory outcomes and exercise capacity of COVID‐19 acute respiratory failure patients treated with continuous positive airway pressure
Authors: Damanti Sarah , Ramirez Giuseppe Alvise , Bozzolo Enrica Paola , Rovere‐Querini Patrizia , De Lorenzo Rebecca , Magnaghi Cristiano , Scotti Raffaella , Di Lucca Giuseppe , Marinosci Alessandro , Strada Silvia , Di Terlizzi Gaetano , Vitali Giordano , Martinenghi Sabina , Compagnone Nicola , Landoni Giovanni , Tresoldi Moreno 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundCOVID‐19 long‐term sequelae are ill‐defined since only a few studies have explored the long‐term consequences of this disease so far.AimsTo evaluate the 6‐month respiratory outcome and exercise capacity of COVID‐19 acute respiratory failure (ARF) patients treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) during the first wave of the ongoing COVID‐19 pandemic.MethodsA retrospective observational study included COVID‐19 patients with ARF. Interventions included CPAP during hospitalisation and 6‐month follow up. Frailty assessment was carried out through frailty index (FI), pO2/FiO2 during hospitalisation and at follow up, respiratory parameters, 6‐min walking test (6MWT) and the modified British Medical Research Council (mMRC) and Borg scale at follow up.ResultsMore than half of the patients had no dyspnoea according to the mMRC scale. Lower in‐hospital pO2/FiO2 correlated with higher Borg scale levels after 6MWT (ρ 0.27; P 0.04) at the follow‐up visit. FI was positively correlated with length of hospitalisation (ρ 0.3; P 0.03) and negatively with the 6MWT distance walked (ρ −0.36; P 0.004).ConclusionsRobust and frail patients with COVID‐19 ARF treated with CPAP outside the intensive care unit setting had good respiratory parameters and exercise capacity at 6‐month follow up, although more severe patients had slightly poorer respiratory performance compared with patients with higher PaO2/FiO2 and lower FI.
Anything goes? Exploring the limits of employment law in UK hospitality and catering
Authors: Ioannou Gregoris , Dukes Ruth 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThrough a case study of the UK hospitality and catering sector, this article explores the limits of employment law as a means of protecting workers from ill or unfair treatment. Finding microbreaches of the law to be common practice in the sector—akin to industry norms or ‘custom and practice’—it considers the routinisation of these microbreaches as an instance of conflict between formal legal rules and social norms. The conflict is problematic because it means that workers are less likely to perceive breach of their legal rights as an injustice worthy of challenge. The industry norms observed have been formed under the influence of an asymmetrical distribution of information and power, including organisational control over the labour process. If employment law is to be made effective, a realignment of legal rules with social norms is needed and, at the same time, the correction of this asymmetry.
DEA cross‐efficiency ranking method considering satisfaction and consensus degree
Authors: Wu Dongdong , Wang Yuhong , Liu Yong , Wu Jie 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCross‐efficiency evaluation in data envelopment analysis is an effective way to rank decision‐making units (DMUs). However, different cross‐efficiency evaluation models derived from different perspectives generate different cross‐efficiency rankings. The information resulting from the various perspectives may be valuable and should not be ignored. In this paper, we propose an innovative composite method for ranking DMUs by calculating the Shannon entropy of the obtained cross‐efficiency scores derived from the perspectives of satisfaction and consensus. Also, we adopt grey incidence analysis to compare the rankings of different cross‐efficiency models. The calculation procedure using Shannon entropy and grey incidence analysis is illustrated on an example to generate the composite ranking result and compare it to other cross‐efficiency model rankings. The cross‐efficiency ranking using both satisfaction and consensus information provides a new comprehensive perspective in group evaluation. A practical example is used to show that the cross‐efficiency results obtained from the composite perspective of satisfaction and consensus should be widely accepted in practical decision‐making.
Perspectives on Inclusion: Close Encounters of the Creative Kind
Authors: Woolhouse Clare , Hastings Charlotte , Hallett Fiona 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article considers what might be learnt about inclusion as a concept and practice from sharing visual research data within a public art exhibition and associated workshops. The catalyst for the exhibition and workshops stemmed from a project that involved children and young people creating visual images that they felt represented inclusion or exclusion. The project was designed to explore, and rethink, concepts around educational and social inclusion. The images the children created were ‘artified’ to anonymise them and formed the central material for an exhibition held at Tate Liverpool in June 2018. The exhibition was designed to facilitate active engagement from individuals of all ages within the community so that their ‘voices’, perspectives and experiences might be acknowledged and shared in respectful ways. The underpinning idea behind this was to display research data as art and generate further data by undertaking ‘research through art’. The article will detail how a range of multimodal methods were utilised to invite a more tactile and emotional engagement from visitors to enhance their experience and encourage them to move beyond passive viewing and participate in a more visceral and embodied engagement. The approaches utilised within the exhibition are explored to illuminate how a more active multimodal engagement within educational and public spaces might be encouraged. The article concludes with a discussion around how using public spaces can lead to reinterpreting the ways in which we understand inclusion and marginalisation within society.
Expanding from the Small Screen – Arts Practice for Affective Digital Presence
Authors: Matthews Miranda 
Published: May 2021

AbstractResponding to conditions of lockdown and social distancing since March 2020, the Centre for Arts and Learning (CAL) at Goldsmiths is researching how arts practice and creative processes can sustain an affective presence in digital learning environments. In this article I discuss our research into how artist educators and students have adapted to the necessity for online learning, including the difficulties of doing so. I refer to a posthumanist, Deleuzian theoretical map that connects with the different collaborative, practice research assemblages we are working with this year. In discussion is a project for engaging with artists and creatives and their learning developments since March 2020 called Finding Comfort within Discomfort. Participants speak for themselves from Instagram and Linktree. The CAL online recorded events with myself and Francis Gilbert; Heather Barnett and Sarah Christie; Jane Prophet; Kimberley Foster, Karl Foster and Victoria Mitchell are referred to as ‘cultural texts’ in hybrid digital/material/embodied arts practice. This research observes ways of expressing emotive release, expanding embodiment from the small screen, and making connections with others that can be adaptive to their different cultural, localised situations. The research seeks to further transferable, affective creative processes.
Niche evolution reveals disparate signatures of speciation in the ‘great speciator’ (white‐eyes, Aves: Zosterops)
Authors: Engler Jan O. , Lawrie Yvonne , Cabral Juliano S. , Lens Luc , Martínez‐Meyer Enrique 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimRecent breakthroughs in environmental niche models (ENMs) have substantially improved our insights in niche evolution. Assuming that closely related taxa have similar niches (i.e. niche conservatism), the combination of ENMs with phylogenetic information allows the reconstruction of ancestral niches. This reconstruction helps to identify the underlying speciation processes leading to diversification (i.e. ecological speciation under niche divergence and mutation‐order speciation under niche conservatism). Here, we studied the niche evolution in white‐eyes (the so‐called ‘great speciator’) to understand their extraordinarily fast diversification rate, wide distribution and rather conserved phenotypes. In a broader perspective, unravelling niche evolution in white‐eyes can shed light on how different niche properties such as climate, habitat or trophic level may contribute to diversification.LocationAsian‐Pacific and Afrotropics.TaxonWhite‐eyes (Aves, genus: Zosterops).MethodsWe selected 10 wide‐ranging taxa that are equally distributed across the genus’ range and phylogeny. We studied niche evolution for a series of thermal and precipitation‐related niche axes separately. We used a time‐calibrated phylogeny encompassing the study taxa and estimated ancestral environmental niches in geographic and environmental niche spaces.ResultsWe found that niche evolution in Zosterops is primarily driven by ecological speciation. Thermal niches, in particular, are characterized by a higher level of conservatism, as compared to precipitation‐related niche axes. The fact that the youngest species diverged strongest stands in stark contrast to expectations stemming from niche conservatism.Main conclusionsContrasting evolutionary patterns in different niche axes suggest different underlying evolutionary pressures. Hence, future studies on niche evolution should take possible disparities between niche axes into account.
Evaluation of serum magnesium differences in hypertensive crises and control patients: A randomly matched case‐control study
Authors: Onor IfeanyiChukwu O. , Johnston Emily K. , Little Nicole G. , Hill Lashira M. , Lawal Oluwabunmi E. , Payne Casey J. , Coleman Mallory R. , Huynh Carolkim H. , Bilbe Sarah E. , Ayyad Ahlam A. , Jones Kabrea J. , Kinnard Jasmine D. , Dastoori Rosanna , Rolland Devinn K. , Miller Amanda S. , Beyl Robbie A. , Gillard Christopher J. , Okogbaa John I. , Sarpong Daniel F. , Hadgu Rim M. , Borghol Amne , Okpechi Samuel C. , Naljayan Mihran V. , Sanne Shane E. , Guillory Shane G. ,   CardioRenal Research Group (CRRG)
Published: May 2021

AbstractAlthough the role of magnesium in blood pressure has been well studied among hypertensive patients, no study has explored the role of magnesium in hypertensive crises. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the differences in serum magnesium levels between hypertensive crises patients and matched controls (age‐, sex‐, race‐, and diabetes‐matched) in a 1:1 random match. This study is a single‐center, retrospective, chart review, case‐control study of patients with hypertensive crises (case group) and patients without hypertensive crises (control group). Patients were included in the case group if they were 18 years of age or older with hypertensive crises and have a documented magnesium level. The control group patients were required to be 18 years of age or older, have no diagnosis of hypertensive crises, and have a documented magnesium level. The primary outcome of the study was to compare the mean serum magnesium in patients with hypertensive crises versus patients without hypertensive crises. Three hundred and fifty‐eight patients were included in the study: 179 patients in both the case group and control group. The primary outcome results showed that serum magnesium concentration was not significantly different between the case group (1.89 ± 0.29 mg/dl) and control group (1.90 ± 0.31 mg/dl) (p = .787). This study found no significant difference in serum magnesium levels in patients with hypertensive crises compared to a random matched control group. Larger observational or experimental studies may be useful to evaluate the effect of magnesium on blood pressure in hypertensive crises.
Synthesis and radioprotective effects of novel hybrid compounds containing edaravone analogue and 3‐n‐butylphthalide ring‐opening derivatives
Authors: Li Xuejiao , Wang Xinxin , Miao Longfei , Liu Yahong , Lin Xiaona , Guo Yuying , Yuan Renbin , Tian Hongqi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAs the potential risk of radiation exposure is increasing, radioprotectors studies are gaining importance. In this study, novel hybrid compounds containing edaravone analogue and 3‐n‐butylphthalide ring‐opening derivatives were synthesized, and their radioprotective effects were evaluated. Among these, compound 10a displayed the highest radioprotective activity in IEC‐6 and HFL‐1 cells. Its oral administration increased the survival rates of irradiated mice and alleviated total body irradiation (TBI)‐induced hematopoietic damage by mitigating myelosuppression and improving hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell frequencies. Furthermore, 10a treatment prevented abdominal irradiation (ABI)‐induced structural damage to the small intestine. Experiment results demonstrated that 10a increased the number of Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells, lysozyme+ Paneth cells and Ki67+ transient amplifying cells, and reduced apoptosis of the intestinal epithelium cells in irradiated mice. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that the radioprotective activity of 10a is associated to the reduction of oxidative stress and the inhibition of DNA damage. Furthermore, compound 10a downregulated the expressions of p53, Bax, caspase‐9 and caspase‐3, and upregulated the expression of Bcl‐2, suggesting that it could prevent irradiation‐induced intestinal damage through the p53‐dependent apoptotic pathway. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that 10a is beneficial for the prevention of radiation damage and has the potential to be a radioprotector.
External validation of the modified LACE+, LACE+, and LACE scores to predict readmission or death after hospital discharge
Authors: Staples John A. , Wiksyk Bradley , Liu Guiping , Desai Sameer , van Walraven Carl , Sutherland Jason M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundUnplanned hospital readmissions are common adverse events. The LACE+ score has been used to identify patients at the highest risk of unplanned readmission or death, yet the external validity of this score remains uncertain.MethodsWe constructed a cohort of patients admitted to hospital between 1 October 2014 and 31 January 2017 using population‐based data from British Columbia (Canada). The primary outcome was a composite of urgent hospital readmission or death within 30 days of index discharge. The primary analysis sought to optimize clinical utility and international generalizability by focusing on the modified LACE+ (mLACE+) score, a variation of the LACE+ score which excludes the Case Mix Group score. Predictive performance was assessed using model calibration and discrimination.ResultsAmong 368,154 hospitalized individuals, 31,961 (8.7%) were urgently readmitted and 5428 (1.5%) died within 30 days of index discharge (crude composite risk of readmission or death, 9.95%). The mLACE+ score exhibited excellent calibration (calibration‐in‐the‐large and calibration slope no different than ideal) and adequate discrimination (c‐statistic, 0.681; 95%CI, 0.678 to 0.684). Higher risk dichotomized mLACE+ scores were only modestly associated with the primary outcome (positive likelihood ratio 1.95, 95%CI 1.93 to 1.97). Predictive performance of the mLACE+ score was similar to that of the LACE+ and LACE scores.ConclusionThe mLACE+, LACE+ and LACE scores predict hospital readmission with excellent calibration and adequate discrimination. These scores can be used to target interventions designed to prevent unplanned hospital readmission.
Miliolidium n. gen, a New Symbiodiniacean Genus Whose Members Associate with Soritid Foraminifera or Are Free‐Living
Authors: Pochon Xavier , LaJeunesse Todd C. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe dinoflagellate family Symbiodiniaceae comprises numerous divergent genera containing species whose ecologies range from endosymbiotic to free‐living. While many associate with invertebrates including corals, sea anemones, jellyfish, giant clams, and flatworms, others occur within the cytoplasm of large protists, most notably benthic foraminifera in the sub‐family Soritinae. Recent systematic revisions to the Symbiodiniaceae left out formal naming of some divergent lineages because each lacked a representative type species to erect new genus names. Here we provide genetic, morphological and ecological evidence to describe a new genus and species. Miliolidium n. gen. is closely related to the genus Durusdinium and contains several genetically divergent ecologically distinct lineages found in distant geographic locations indicating an Indo‐Pacific wide distribution. One of these, Miliolidium leei n. sp., is represented by an isolate cultured from Amphisorus sp. originally collected in the Gulf of Eilat, northern Red Sea. Its peripheral chloroplast extensions are uniquely petal‐ or lobe‐shaped, and cells possess a pyrenoid with three stalks connecting to chloroplasts, and without thylakoid intrusions. It is related to an isolate cultured from an azooxanthellate sponge from Palau and another that is commonly harbored by the soritid Marginopora vertebralis in shallow reef habitats from Guam. Research on Symbiodiniaceae diversity including free‐living species in benthic habitats and those mutualistic with soritid foraminifera remains extremely limited as does our knowledge of their diversity, physiology, biogeography, and ecology.
Development of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) application for detection and genotyping of RSIV‐type megalocytiviruses
Authors: Sakseepipad Channapha , Nozaki Reiko , Yoshii Keisuke , Fukuda Yutaka , Mizuno Kaori , Kawakami Hidemasa , Hirono Ikuo , Kondo Hidehiro 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRed sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) belonging to the genus Megalocytivirus of the family Iridoviridae is the cause of serious mass mortality of cultured marine fishes. RSIV‐type megalocytiviruses show extremely high nucleotide sequence identities. Thus, epidemiological studies on this virus are limited. This study developed two primer sets amplifying the regions possessing single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) to determine the relationships and divergence of RSIV‐type megalocytiviruses isolated from cultured marine fishes in Japan. The two regions were designed according to the genome sequences of the representative RSIV genotype II of megalocytivirus members in GenBank. The SNP 1 and 2 regions have sequences homologous to hypothetical protein ORF 24 and ORF 31, respectively, of RSIV (accession no. AP017456.1). By sequencing the regions, 53 polymorphic sites were identified. The phylogenetic analysis of 25 RSIV‐type megalocytivirus isolates, classified into RSIV cluster, was clustered into eight haplotypes (seven haplotypes from Oita, two haplotypes from Ehime, and one haplotype shared between Oita and Ehime). These findings suggested that SNP in the RSIV genome is a powerful application for the detection and identification of RSIV‐type megalocytiviruses.