bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preventing Alzheimer's disease within reach by 2025: Targeted‐risk‐AD‐prevention (TRAP) strategy
Authors: Vitali Francesca , Branigan Gregory L. , Brinton Roberta Diaz 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIntroductionAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that currently affects 6.2 million people in the United States and is projected to impact 152 million worldwide in 2050 with no effective disease‐modifying therapeutic or cure. In 2011 as part of the National Alzheimer's Project Act, the National Plan to Address Alzheimer's Disease was signed into law which proposed to effectively prevent AD by 2025, which is rapidly approaching. The preclinical phase of AD can begin 20 years prior to diagnosis, which provides an extended window for preventive measures that would exert a transformative impact on incidence and prevalence of AD.MethodsA novel combination of text‐mining and natural language processing strategies to identify (1) AD risk factors, (2) therapeutics that can target risk factor pathways, and (3) studies supporting therapeutics in the PubMed database was conducted. To classify the literature relevant to AD preventive strategies, a relevance score (RS) based on STRING (search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins) score for protein–protein interactions and a confidence score (CS) on Bayesian inference were developed. To address mechanism of action, network analysis of protein targets for effective drugs was conducted. Collectively, the analytic approach, referred to as a targeted‐risk‐AD‐prevention (TRAP) strategy, led to a ranked list of candidate therapeutics to reduce AD risk.ResultsBased on TRAP mining of 9625 publications, 364 AD risk factors were identified. Based on risk factor indications, 629 Food and Drug Administration‐approved drugs were identified. Computation of ranking scores enabled identification of 46 relevant high confidence (RS & CS > 0.7) drugs associated with reduced AD risk. Within these candidate therapeutics, 16 had more than one clinical study supporting AD risk reduction. Top‐ranked therapeutics with high confidence emerged within lipid‐lowering, anti‐inflammatory, hormone, and metabolic‐related drug classes.DiscussionOutcomes of our novel bioinformatic strategy support therapeutic targeting of biological mechanisms and pathways underlying relevant AD risk factors with high confidence. Early interventions that target pathways associated with increased risk of AD have the potential to support the goal of effectively preventing AD by 2025.
Interactive Read‐Alouds as Translanguaging Spaces
Authors: Han Mihyun , Van Duinen Deborah Vriend , Weng Angela 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn this Teaching Tips article, we discuss our efforts to create and utilize translanguaging interactive read‐aloud videos as part of a community‐wide reading program focused on the reading and discussing of a shared book. Offering translanguaging spaces for bilingual readers in area elementary classrooms and the community, these videos were designed to help readers develop their literacy skills by encouraging them to engage with the chosen book's content by drawing on their full linguistic repertoires. After introducing our project, we outline the translanguaging theoretical framework guiding our read‐aloud videos and offer suggestions for teachers interested in exploring ways to create translanguaging spaces in their classrooms.
Expected‐value bias in mid‐trimester preterm birth screening
Authors: Aiartzaguena A. , Del Campo A. , Melchor I. , Gutiérrez J. , Melchor J. C. , Burgos J. 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACTObjectivesCervical length (CL) measurement ≤ 25 mm on mid‐trimester ultrasound scan is a known risk factor for preterm birth, for which vaginal progesterone is recommended. The aims of this study were to evaluate whether CL measurement is affected by observer bias and to assess the impact on short cervix prevalence of masking CL measurement during routine mid‐trimester ultrasound scan.MethodsThis was a flash study designed for a 2‐month period (October and November 2018) at Cruces University Hospital (Bizkaia, Spain), in which all CL measurements from routine mid‐trimester scans were masked. During the study period, there was no modification of the routine screening method, and women with a short cervix were prescribed 200 mg vaginal progesterone daily as per usual. The control group included women examined in a 2‐month period (April and May 2018) prior to the study, in which CL measurements were taken as usual by a non‐blinded operator. The primary outcome was the prevalence of short cervix in each group.ResultsA total of 983 CL measurements were analyzed, including 457 in the blinded group and 526 in the control group. The prevalence of short cervix was 2.7% in the non‐blinded group and 5.5% in the blinded group (P = 0.024). We identified a statistically significant difference in the incidence of CL of 24–25 mm between the two groups, with a lower prevalence in the non‐blinded vs blinded group (0.6% vs 2.4%; P < 0.005). Moreover, the distribution of CL values was normal in the blinded group, in contrast to the non‐blinded group, which was characterized by skewed distribution of CL values.ConclusionsExpected‐value bias exists and should be taken into account when measuring CL in mid‐trimester preterm birth screening. Blinding has demonstrated to be an effective strategy to improve the performance of CL screening in clinical practice. © 2021 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Targeting steroid hormone receptors for anti‐cancer therapy—A review on small molecules and nanotherapeutic approaches
Authors: Mahadik Namita , Bhattacharya Dwaipayan , Padmanabhan Akshaya , Sakhare Kalyani , Narayan Kumar Pranav , Banerjee Rajkumar 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe steroid hormone receptors (SHRs) among nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) are steroid ligand‐dependent transcription factors that play important roles in the regulation of transcription of genes promoted via hormone responsive elements in our genome. Aberrant expression patterns and context‐specific regulation of these receptors in cancer, have been routinely reported by multiple research groups. These gave an window of opportunity to target those receptors in the context of developing novel, targeted anticancer therapeutics. Besides the development of a plethora of SHR‐targeting synthetic ligands and the availability of their natural, hormonal ligands, development of many SHR‐targeted, anticancer nano‐delivery systems and theranostics, especially based on small molecules, have been reported. It is intriguing to realize that these cytoplasmic receptors have become a hot target for cancer selective delivery. This is in spite of the fact that these receptors do not fall in the category of conventional, targetable cell surface bound or transmembrane receptors that enjoy over‐expression status. Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is one such exciting SHR that in spite of it being expressed ubiquitously in all cells, we discovered it to behave differently in cancer cells, thus making it a truly druggable target for treating cancer. This review selectively accumulates the knowledge generated in the field of SHR‐targeting as a major focus for cancer treatment with various anticancer small molecules and nanotherapeutics on progesterone receptor, mineralocorticoid receptor, and androgen receptor while selectively emphasizing on GR and estrogen receptor. This review also briefly highlights lipid‐modification strategy to convert ligands into SHR‐targeted cancer nanotherapeutics.This article is categorized under:
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease
Biology‐Inspired Nanomaterials > Lipid‐Based Structures
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies
Wissensgenese 2.0: Social-Media-Analysen
Authors: Säugling Carolin 
Published: September 2021

ZusammenfassungKapitel 3 erweitert den theoretischen Bezugsrahmen dieser Studie im Hinblick auf deren Fragestellung und Untersuchungsgegenstand noch einmal, wobei Social-Media-Analysen in diese als innovative Methode der organisationalen Wissensgenese eingeführt werden. Zunächst fällt der Blick auf soziale Medien und das Web 2.0 als bedeutsame Phänomene der Digitalisierung. Es folgt eine Vorstellung der Computational Social Sciences beziehungsweise der Digital Humanities, die sich als neue Disziplinen mit der Wissensgenese 2.0 beschäftigen. Daraufhin geht es sowohl um methodologische Besonderheiten als auch ethische Aspekte, welche mit Social-Media-Analysen einhergehen, deren Methodik dann noch gesondert betrachtet wird. Da sich inzwischen mehrere wissenschaftliche Disziplinen mit der Methode der Social-Media-Analysen auseinandersetzen, wird auch deren Perspektiven ein gewisser Raum gewährt. Ein Überblick über die verschiedenen Einsatzgebiete von Social-Media-Analysen sowie ein Einblick in deren Nutzung innerhalb der Marktforschung schließt das Kapitel ab.
Introduction
Authors: Beeres Robert , Klomp Jeroen , Timmermans Job , Bertrand Robert , Voetelink Joop 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis year’s volume of the Netherlands Annual Review of Military Studies (NL ARMS) offers an interdisciplinary view on the domain of Compliance and Integrity in International Military Trade (CIIMT), integrating defence economics, international law, arms export control frameworks and policies, information management, organizational sciences and ethics. Although in academia, and from an interdisciplinary perspective, CIIMT constitutes a novel research domain, across private and public defence-related sectors, the subject evokes high levels of attention and interest, instigating a need for critical thinking, reflection and creativity to address ensuing multi-faceted issues and problems. From 2017, the Faculty of Military Sciences (FMS) at the Netherlands Defence Academy (NLDA) has offered an in-house MSc programme on CIIMT, which, by integrating practice-based and scientific-based knowledge, aims to contribute to this need. The NL ARMS 2021 comprises, amongst others, contributions from students and lecturers partaking in this programme.
Case: Sharing Parts and Services Among NATO Members
Authors: Türkalp Semra , Dekkers Bastiaan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractNATO’s goals require close cooperation of Member States on operational readiness, interoperability of their systems, material supplies, transfer of technology and joint R&D projects. A common approach on the application and implementation of arms export controls, however, is largely lacking. This chapter questions the absence of application and implementation of arms export controls in the context of the material logistical support and services provided by the NATO Support and Procurement Agency (NSPA). Three root causes of deviant behaviour of the Member States with the arms export controls are identified and analysed: (1) fragmentation of the arms export control laws and regulations; (2) a lack of leadership commitment and organisational culture of compliance; and (3) a combination of external and internal pressures leads to a forced prioritization of operational readiness above compliance. Next, a response is formulated to effectively counter deviant behaviour such as non-compliance with arms export controls by implementing a mixture of soft and hard controls. We advise the NSPA to create a culture of compliance within the NATO Partnership Program’s community based on ethical values and virtues. This requires social consensus, leadership commitment and a common agreement on and formalization of the basic rules of export control.
Contract-Boundary-Spanning Governance Initiatives in the International Defense Supply Chain of the F-35 Program
Authors: De Schryver Tom , Demmink Gert 
Published: September 2021

AbstractInternational cooperation in the American-led F-35 program inherently triggers national security concerns. Consequently, the multiple exports in the supply chain are subject to intricate licensing and export controls. Drawing on insights from governance and contract theory we introduce a theoretical lens that highlights some important trade compliance challenges in supply chain networks. In this chapter, contract-boundary-spanning governance mechanisms are defined as increasingly sophisticated hard or soft governance mechanisms in the private law sphere that can be deployed by any public or private stakeholder to govern international supply chains. We find contract-boundary-spanning governance initiatives by state and private stakeholders in the defense supply chain of the F-35 program. At the same time, we argue that while serious efforts have been made by various state actors and legislators to reduce the burden in trade compliance requirements in the F-35 program, the industry is still facing a considerable number of compliance challenges. We argue that more contract-boundary-spanning initiatives by the private parties in defense supply chain network are needed if these challenges are to be successfully overcome.
Effectiveness of Arms Control: The Case of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Bogers Marion , Beeres Robert , Smetsers Koen 
Published: September 2021

AbstractUsing a four-level dashboard, this chapter offers a quantitative and a qualitative analysis of the effectiveness of an arms embargo against Saudi Arabia. The chapter elaborates on the question as to how political, security and economic motives have impacted the (un)willingness of major arms selling states to join the arms embargo against Saudi Arabia.
Developing an Adequate Internal Compliance Program for the Royal Netherlands Air Force Command
Authors: Bertrand Robert , van Riet Hans 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter examines how an adequate Internal Compliance Program (ICP) for the Royal Netherlands Airforce (RNLAF) was developed. In order to create an adequate ICP, it is essential to determine which legal and other aspects should be incorporated in the ICP framework. To deduct these relevant aspects of the environment the RNLAF operates in, a Political, Economic, Social, Technological and Legal (PESTL) analysis is used. Furthermore, the different ICP frameworks are compared in order to make a combination of them to create the most adequate ICP for the RNLAF. We conclude that this should be a combination of mainly US ICP Frameworks as of the fact that the RNLAF is mostly US orientated. The COSO model as an internationally widely used best practice framework is the core. The combination of the PESTL analysis, the legal framework and the chosen ICP frameworks together result in an 11 pillars ICP, which we consider is the most adequate ICP for the RNLAF. Leading principle in combining all the aforementioned elements, is that the ICP has to be tailored to its organizations’ characteristics (e.g. nature of items, size of the organization, national, regional and global footprint). We understand that there is no one-size-fits-all approach, but one needs to design an ICP that specifically fits the given organizational structure, its size and daily operations.
Arms Exports and Export Control of the Dutch Republic 1585–1621
Authors: de Jong Michiel 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe Dutch Republic underwent a process of state formation, accelerated economic growth and military reforms during the Eighty Years War. In particular between 1585 and 1621, Dutch merchant-entrepreneurs built up a burgeoning arms industry and sector of arms exports. These exports required a system of passports, still an under-researched theme in current literature, organized by the States-General and admiralties in order to support exports to neutral and allied states, but to forestall these did not fall into enemy hands. In particular, the system of passports shows how merchants, acting as intermediaries between allies and the States-General and the admiralties, could meet the volatile demand of war materials. As a result, the supply side of the export market was oligopolistic, but the composition of the group of oligopolists varied depending on the region and the prevailing market conditions in question. From this study it can be concluded that the system of export control had only a limited effectiveness regarding the creative arms exports to Spanish Habsburg destinations, due to divergent central and local interests. However, the major part of the Dutch arms exports flowed to allies such as France, Venice, Sweden and the German protestant states. Dutch merchants provided them with batches of strategic materials and total package-deals of armaments for entire army and navy units. From 1621, the States-General supported these transactions by supplying war materials from the state arsenals fostering timely and largescale deliveries, meeting volatile demand conditions.
Economics of Arms Trade: What Do We Know?
Authors: van Lieshout Jan , Beeres Robert 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTaking an economic perspective, and underpinned by a literature review, this chapter analyses the development of explicit sets of relationships between dependent and independent variables in the international arms trade from 1995 onwards. We distinguish five main categories within the markets of military and dual-use goods and services, comprising weapons of mass destruction, major weapon systems, small arms and light weapons, dual-use goods, and services. Per category, papers are ordered by research type and methodology. Based on our findings thus far, the final section of the chapter offers a research agenda for further studies.
Export Control Regimes—Present-Day Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: de Bruin Esmée 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe system of export control regimes is an important instrument to prevent the proliferation of both weapons of mass destruction and conventional weapons. However, this system faces several structural and recent challenges. The regimes are informal, and consequently, their measures are non-binding upon states. Second, the regimes consist of a selective group of countries, excluding some dominant arms exporters. New technology is rapidly changing the military field, and it is difficult for the export control regimes to keep up with these developments. Further, most of the regimes were designed when states were the most important international actors while currently legitimate and illegitimate non-state actors play an ever-increasing role for export controls. In addition, it is unclear how the regimes will advance with the multipolar world order of the twenty-first century. All new developments could lead to the proliferation of weapons, making efforts to prevent proliferation more relevant than ever. There are several opportunities to reform and strengthen the export control regimes. Cooperation could help the regimes to remain relevant. The sharing of good practices can help the regimes to find the least disruptive and effective non-proliferation measures. Setting up a paradigm-based regime instead of a weapon-based regime may be more suitable for the future. In addition, a revision of the decision-making process would help the regimes to respond swiftly to developments in the field.
International Export Control Law—Mapping the Field
Authors: Voetelink Joop 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTraditionally, the control of the export of arms and other military material is a national concern that flows from the principle of state sovereignty. As international public law developed, national rules and regulations were increasingly affected by a growing body of international law. Together, these rules and laws constitute an emerging subdiscipline of law impacting the international trade in military and dual-use goods, technology, and software and can be referred to as export control law. This chapter explores various well-established disciplines of public international law that form the constituent parts of international export control law.
Exploring the Multifaceted Relationship of Compliance and Integrity—The Case of the Defence Industry
Authors: Timmermans Job 
Published: September 2021

AbstractOver the years, compliance has come to be closely associated with integrity. Originally, compliance foremost had been understood as abiding by (financial) law and regulation as a prerequisite to pursuing an organization’s operational goals. In response to societal developments and corruption scandals this perspective gradually has shifted. Despite the increased importance and consecutive academic attention of the seemingly self-evident relationship between compliance and integrity, a dedicated analysis of this relationship is still lacking. Such an analysis not only will increase our theoretical understanding of the underlying concepts and how they evoke each other, but practically its insights may also help to increase the effectiveness of managing compliance and integrity within organizations. This contribution, therefore, conducts a conceptual analysis into the relationship between compliance and integrity. First, the meaning of compliance and integrity as individual concepts is discussed, followed by a comparison of the two concepts. The commonalities and differences that come to the fore then act as a stepping stone to unpack the various ways the concepts of compliance and integrity invoke each other. Based on this discussion a basic analytic framework is drawn up that summarizes the different valuations of the relationship between compliance and integrity. To illustrate their practical relevance, the different valuations depicted by the framework are illustrated with an example drawn from the defence industry. It concludes by discussing the implications of the analysis and suggesting some possible routes for further research.
Do Sanctions Cause Economic Growth Collapses?
Authors: Splinter Melody , Klomp Jeroen 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter explores whether economic sanctions are able to trigger sudden economic growth collapses. The primarily aim of economic sanctions is to cause a political or behavioural change by imposing serious restrictions on important economic activities undertaken by the target country. In particular, the basic idea is that sanctions cause a large adverse and sudden shock to the target’s economy. It assumes that when this shock is severe enough, the target country is more willing to cooperate. The findings reported in this chapter clearly demonstrate that economic sanctions have a significant positive effect on the likelihood of a growth deceleration in the first three years after the first threat signals or actual imposition. It turns out that not all sanctions are equally successful in creating a sudden economic shock. In particular, trade sanctions, multilateral sanctions, and sanctions aimed at the business sector are the most harmful for the economy of the target country.
Does Legal Origin Matter for Arms Control Treaty Ratification?
Authors: Klomp Jeroen , Beeres Robert 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter examines whether the legal origin of a country influences the likelihood of ratification of multilateral international treaties concerning arms control. We theorize that ratification of an arms control treaty signals a country’s intention to avoid arms races and wars. We know only little about the variation in the ratification of such agreements. One possible element that may explain this variation is the legal origin or tradition of a country. Since treaties are legally binding agreements between two or more states and/or international governmental organizations, they cannot be adapted to local needs and circumstances. Treaties are therefore generally an uneasy fit with the gradual, organic evolution of law that is essential in the common-law system. By contrast, the civil-law tradition neatly distinguishes between legally binding obligations and non-binding guidelines or directives. Consequently, civil-law countries are expected to be more likely to ratify treaties than common-law countries. The empirical results clearly confirm this expectation. In particular, civil-law countries have ratified about nine percent more treaties than common-law countries.