bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of silicon in the development of complex crystal shapes in coccolithophores
Authors: Langer Gerald , Taylor Alison R. , Walker Charlotte E. , Meyer Erin M. , Ben Joseph Oz , Gal Assaf , Harper Glenn M. , Probert Ian , Brownlee Colin , Wheeler Glen L. 
Published: January 2021

SummaryThe development of calcification by the coccolithophores had a profound impact on ocean carbon cycling, but the evolutionary steps leading to the formation of these complex biomineralized structures are not clear. Heterococcoliths consisting of intricately shaped calcite crystals are formed intracellularly by the diploid life cycle phase. Holococcoliths consisting of simple rhombic crystals can be produced by the haploid life cycle stage but are thought to be formed extracellularly, representing an independent evolutionary origin of calcification.We use advanced microscopy techniques to determine the nature of coccolith formation and complex crystal formation in coccolithophore life cycle stages.We find that holococcoliths are formed in intracellular compartments in a similar manner to heterococcoliths. However, we show that silicon is not required for holococcolith formation and that the requirement for silicon in certain coccolithophore species relates specifically to the process of crystal morphogenesis in heterococcoliths.We therefore propose an evolutionary scheme in which the lower complexity holococcoliths represent an ancestral form of calcification in coccolithophores. The subsequent recruitment of a silicon‐dependent mechanism for crystal morphogenesis in the diploid life cycle stage led to the emergence of the intricately shaped heterococcoliths, enabling the formation of the elaborate coccospheres that underpin the ecological success of coccolithophores.
Falls, fractures, and areal bone mineral density in older adults with sarcopenic obesity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Gandham Anoohya , Mesinovic Jakub , Jansons Paul , Zengin Ayse , Bonham Maxine P. , Ebeling Peter R. , Scott David 
Published: January 2021

SummarySarcopenia and obesity are common conditions in older adults that may have differing effects on falls and fracture risk. This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to determine whether older adults with sarcopenic obesity have increased risk of falls and fractures or lower bone mass compared with older adults with sarcopenia, obesity, or neither condition. Twenty‐six studies (n = 37,124) were included in the systematic review and 17 (n = 31,540) were included in the meta‐analysis. Older adults with sarcopenic obesity had lower femoral neck areal bone mineral density (aBMD) compared with those with obesity alone but had higher femoral neck aBMD compared with counterparts with sarcopenia alone (both P < 0.05). Older adults with sarcopenic obesity had higher nonvertebral fracture rates (incidence rate ratio: 1.88; 95% confidence intervals: 1.09, 3.23; based on two studies), compared with those with sarcopenia alone, and also had higher falls risk compared with controls (risk ratio: 1.30; 95% confidence intervals: 1.10, 1.54) and obesity alone (risk ratio: 1.17; 95% confidence intervals: 1.01, 1.36). In conclusion, this systematic review and meta‐analysis has demonstrated that older adults with sarcopenic obesity are at increased risk of adverse musculoskeletal outcomes compared with individuals with obesity, sarcopenia, or neither condition. These data support the need for developing interventions to improve bone health and physical function in this population.
The impact of financial development on energy consumption in Nigeria
Authors: Ozdeser Huseyin , Somoye Oluwatoyin Abidemi , Seraj Mehdi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis research evaluates the impact of financial development on energy consumption in Nigeria within the study period 1960–2019. Energy consumption in this study consists of fossil fuel energy consumption (FFEC) and renewable energy consumption (REEC). The ARDL bounds testing approach is used to determine whether a long‐run relationship exists among the variables. The findings showed evidence of a short‐run relationship. However, there was no long‐run relationship. In terms of FFEC, the study outcomes showed that financial development has a significant and negative impact on FFEC when domestic credit provided by the financial sector (DCPF) variable is used. However, the impact is not significant when the market capitalisation of listed domestic companies (MCAP) variable is used. Based on the Wald test, financial development variables at different lags jointly influence FFEC. For REEC, the results show that financial development significantly and positively impacts REEC at the 10% level of significance when the DCPF variable is used. However, it is insignificant when the MCAP variable is used. Using the Wald test, financial development variables at different lags jointly influence REEC. On the other hand, GDP is found to have a negative relationship with FFEC, but a positive relationship with REEC.
Green giant—a tiny chloroplast genome with mighty power to produce high‐value proteins: history and phylogeny
Authors: Daniell Henry , Jin Shuangxia , Zhu Xin‐Guang , Gitzendanner Matthew A. , Soltis Douglas E. , Soltis Pamela S. 
Published: January 2021

SummaryFree‐living cyanobacteria were entrapped by eukaryotic cells ~2 billion years ago, ultimately giving rise to chloroplasts. After a century of debate, the presence of chloroplast DNA was demonstrated in the 1960s. The first chloroplast genomes were sequenced in the 1980s, followed by ~100 vegetable, fruit, cereal, beverage, oil and starch/sugar crop chloroplast genomes in the past three decades. Foreign genes were expressed in isolated chloroplasts or intact plant cells in the late 1980s and stably integrated into chloroplast genomes, with typically maternal inheritance shown in the 1990s. Since then, chloroplast genomes conferred the highest reported levels of tolerance or resistance to biotic or abiotic stress. Although launching products with agronomic traits in important crops using this concept has been elusive, commercial products developed include enzymes used in everyday life from processing fruit juice, to enhancing water absorption of cotton fibre or removal of stains as laundry detergents and in dye removal in the textile industry. Plastid genome sequences have revealed the framework of green plant phylogeny as well as the intricate history of plastid genome transfer events to other eukaryotes. Discordant historical signals among plastid genes suggest possible variable constraints across the plastome and further understanding and mitigation of these constraints may yield new opportunities for bioengineering. In this review, we trace the evolutionary history of chloroplasts, status of autonomy and recent advances in products developed for everyday use or those advanced to the clinic, including treatment of COVID‐19 patients and SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine.
Toxic erythema of chemotherapy affecting the ears of an infant: A case report
Authors: Tamazian Shant , Oboite Michelle , Larijani Mary , Oliver Brittany , Milbar Heather , Jen Melinda , Treat James R. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA 15‐month‐old boy presented with new onset symmetric erythema of the conchal bowls bilaterally in the setting of treatment with cytarabine. Findings were consistent with a diagnosis of toxic erythema of chemotherapy, an adverse effect of chemotherapy. In this report, we detail this uncommon manifestation in a young child along with a brief literature review of the background, pathophysiology, and treatment strategies of toxic erythema of chemotherapy to increase awareness of this presentation in pediatric populations.
Promoting safe sexual practices and sexual health maintenance in pediatric and young adult solid organ transplant recipients
Authors: Ardura Monica I. , Coscia Lisa A. , Meyers Melissa R. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe majority of Americans make their sexual debut during their adolescent years. Preventing pregnancy and STI during this period is vital to ensuring health and safety. As survival has improved after pediatric SOT, chronically immunosuppressed adolescents seek guidance in their medical home on matters of sexual health. Transplant practitioners often do not feel equipped to fully address these needs. This review serves as an introductory sexual preventive care resource for adolescent and young adult (AYA) SOT recipients. First, we review data on safety, efficacy, and use of contraceptive options currently available for transplant recipients with child‐bearing potential. Then, we suggest a personalized sexual health discussion focusing on the diagnosis and prevention of STIs in adolescent and young adult transplant recipients. Finally, we present recommendations for STI screening of asymptomatic patients, use of index of suspicion and diagnostic testing in symptomatic patients, and opportunities to optimize STI prevention strategies. Data compiled from studies of adult SOT recipients, general population studies, and published guidelines are often extrapolated for use, as limited data exist in AYA SOT recipients. This informational dearth underscores the need for future research to better characterize the unique needs of AYA SOT recipients.
Thermoregulation dynamics in commercially reared colonies of the bumblebee Bombus terrestris
Authors: Wynants Enya , Lenaerts Nancy , Wäckers Felix , Van Oystaeyen Annette 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThermoregulation, that is, the active control of temperature, is key to ensure proper brood development in both wild and captive bumblebee nests. In this study, thermoregulation dynamics were assessed relative to colony age and ambient temperature using commercially reared Bombus terrestris L. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus) colonies. We observed a positive relationship between brood and nest temperatures in response to ambient temperature. Thermoregulation investment (by either brooding or fanning) was lowest at brood surface temperatures between 33 and 34 °C and ambient temperatures between 28 and 32 °C. Brood temperature was less stable and thermoregulation investment higher in younger colonies, especially at lower ambient temperatures. Furthermore, queens initiated colonies sooner and colonies developed faster when kept at an ambient temperature of 29 °C as compared to 24 °C. Our results suggest that ambient temperatures are ideally kept between 29 and 31 °C.
Genome‐wide association mapping identifies HvNIP2;2/HvLsi6 accounting for efficient boron transport in barley
Authors: Jia Zhongtao , Bienert Manuela Désirée , von Wirén Nicolaus , Bienert Gerd Patrick 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBoron (B) is an essential mineral element for plant growth, and the seed B pool of crops can be crucial when seedlings need to establish on low‐B soils. To date, it is poorly understood how B accumulation in grain crops is genetically controlled. Here, we assessed the genotypic variation of the B concentration in grains of a spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) association panel that represents broad genetic diversity. We found a large genetic variation of the grain B concentration and detected in total 23 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) using genome‐wide association mapping. HvNIP2;2/HvLsi6, encoding a potential B‐transporting membrane protein, mapped closely to a major‐effect QTL accounting for the largest proportion of grain B variation. Based on transport studies using heterologous expression systems and gene expression analysis, we demonstrate that HvNIP2;2/HvLsi6 represents a functional B channel and that expression variation in its transcript level associates with root and shoot B concentrations as well as with root dry mass formation under B‐deficient conditions.
Effect of types of breeding on embryo survival following first AI in lactating Holstein cows
Authors: Bakhtoo Abdolreza , Samadi Firooz , Dirandeh Essa , Colazo Marcos 
Published: January 2021

ContentsThe main objective was to investigate the effects of timed‐AI protocols versus AI following oestrus detection on circulating progesterone (P4) and embryo survival after first service in Holstein cows. Cycling status was determined by ultrasonography and by plasma P4 concentrations 14 and 26 days after calving, and only cows with a corpus luteum and/or P4 ≥ 1 ng/ml were used. Cows were randomly allocated to one of three types of breeding: DO (n = 80), received GnRH‐7d‐PGF2α‐3d‐GnRH and Ovsynch56 was initiated 7 days later; G7G (n = 70), received PGF2α‐2d‐GnRH and Ovsynch56 (GnRH‐7d‐PGF2α‐56h‐GnRH‐16h‐AI) was initiated 7 days later; or AI based on oestrus detection, EDAI (n = 60). Progesterone was also determined at AI and 8, 16, 18 and 20 days after AI; ISG15 and MX2 mRNA abundance were determined 16 days after AI. Mean plasma P4 at AI was greater in the EDAI group compared with DO and G7G groups, while after AI, P4 was greater in DO and G7G groups compared with EDAI group. However, the percentage of cows with a concentration of P4 < 0.8 ng/ml at AI did not differ among groups. Relative mRNA abundance of ISG15 and MX2 was greater in the DO and G7G groups compared to those in EDAI group. Pregnancy per AI 16, 32 and 60 days after AI was greater (p < .05) in cows in the DO group compared with those in EDAI group (47.5%, 38.8% and 36.3% vs. 30.0%, 21.7% and 15.0%). Pregnancy losses between 16 and 60 days after AI were greater (p < .05) in cows in the EDAI (50.0%) group compared to those subjected to DO (23.7%) or G7G (24.1%). In conclusion, the use of timed‐AI synchronization protocols resulted in greater circulating P4 concentrations post‐AI and greater embryo survival following first service in lactating Holstein cows.
A Description of Predatory Publishing in South African Economics Departments
Authors: Kerr Andrew , de Jager Phillip 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPredatory publishers charge fees to authors for open access publishing but have limited peer review or other quality controls. In this paper, we use data from five of the most widely used predatory journals used by South African academics in Economic and Management sciences to show that predatory publications are widespread in Economics departments in South African universities. We also critique the Department of Higher Education and Training’s research publication subsidy system and highlight that several journals on the DHET accredited journal list, that South African academic economists publish in, are probable predatory journals. In improving the data on predatory publications in South African Economic and Management Sciences used by de Jager et al (2017), we show that approximately 50% of predatory publications by South African academic economists are authored by professors or associate professors, a finding which corroborates international evidence on predatory publications in Economics. Our paper is also a source of information on the quality of research produced by South African economics departments.
Characterization of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa‐specific alloantibodies induced by cross‐strain platelet immunization in mice
Authors: Bougie Daniel W. , Sutton Jessica , Aster Richard H. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundWe previously described a mouse model in which platelet immunization between selected strains leads to production of alloantibodies and severe autoimmune thrombocytopenia and mimics the human condition posttransfusion purpura (PTP). This report describes studies defining epitopes recognized by these alloantibodies.Study DesignHybridomas were produced from spleen cells of immunized mice. Glycoprotein (GP) targets of resulting monoclonal antibodies were characterized by immunoprecipitation using platelets from the immunizing strains. Antigens defined by single amino acid (AA) polymorphisms recognized by monoclonal antibodies were identified by mutagenizing target glycoproteins expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells and observing the effects on antibody binding.ResultsThree monoclonal antibodies (417.1, 417.3, 425.1) were produced that recognized GPIIb on immunizing platelets. Monoclonal antibodies 417.1 and 417.3 both required G111 and 425.1 required V37, located on the beta propeller domain of GPIIb, for binding to platelets from the immunizing strains C57 and PWK, respectively. Injection of 417.3 and 425.1 into mice caused platelet destruction only in mice with GPIIb containing the targeted AAs.ConclusionsFindings made provide evidence that alloantibodies produced by mice experiencing thrombocytopenia in a mouse model of PTP are specific for single AA polymorphisms that differ in GPIIb/IIIa integrin of the immunizing and immunized strains and therefore closely resemble the potent alloantibodies found in patients with PTP. The observations show that naturally occurring single AA differences in GPIIb/IIIa integrin of various mouse strains are highly immunogenic in the mouse strains studied and readily induce antibodies comparable to human platelet antigen–specific antibodies found in transfused and pregnant humans.
Sangre y ruido: archivos de violencia en la memoria corporal
Authors: Sánchez de Alba Hanner Iván 
Published: January 2021

El laboratorio iniciado dentro de la Maestría interdisciplinar en teatro y artes vivas de la Universidad nacional de Colombia, titulado Sangre y ruido, presenta al cuerpo, en su performatividad cotidiana, como archivo de violencias que se van desplegando con cada movimiento, con cada gesto, con cada signo que asume el simple estar-ahí de la carne animada mientras cuenta sin palabras todas sus memorias.
Mientras gesticula cada una de las memorias violentas que archivó durante su interacción con los estímulos sensoriales de los ambientes en los cuales se desarrolló, el cuerpo baraja para sí dos opciones: o encuentra en su propia expresividad líneas de fuga para escapar de tales cartografías sensibles y reinventar un lugar de enunciación propio, o, por el contrario, deja explotar su potencia en la dirección coactiva que tales violencias asumen dentro del imaginario colectivo, el cual las legitima a fuerza de repetición.
He ahí la pugna vital que permite ensamblar dicha experiencia estética expresada por el gesto Sangre y ruido con conceptos filosóficos contemporáneos que precisamente describen al cuerpo como instancia de resistencia política, relación que constituye el vector argumentativo de los presentes resultados de investigación y que acompasa en una misma tonalidad el nivel sensible propio del artista y el nivel teórico propio de la crítica, movilizando en el devenir discursivo mismo categorías tales como Perspectivismo (Nietzsche); biopolítica (Foucault), vida nuda (Antonio Negri) y erotismo (Bataille).
Impact of Rotational Speed on Turbocharger Compressor Surge Through Particle Image Velocimetry1
Authors: Banerjee Deb , Dehner Rick , Selamet Ahmet , Miazgowicz Keith 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Stereoscopic particle image velocimetry is used to characterize the variation of the turbocharger compressor inlet velocity field as a function of rotational speed, with an emphasis on surge. While the velocity magnitudes at choke or mild surge increased with rotational speed, the velocity profiles remained qualitatively similar. The variation in deep surge flow field with shaft speed, however, was more substantial. At 80 krpm, the overall flow field was comparable at different time instances (at different points on the surge cycle): the core flow near the duct center was always directed into the impeller, whereas reversed flow occupied an annular region near the periphery in nearly all time instances. However, at 140 krpm, while the negative flow rate (cross-sectional average flow is directed out of the inducer back into the inlet duct) portion of the surge cycle was still similar to the overall surge flow field at 80 krpm, over a substantial part of the positive flow rate (cross-sectional average flow is directed into the impeller) portion of the surge cycle, there was no sign of reversed flow within the visualization domain. As the rotational speed was increased, the surge loop (obtained by combining the particle image velocimetry (PIV) and pressure transducer data) extended over a wider portion of the compressor map with higher maximum (positive) and minimum (negative) flow rates, along with higher amplitude pressure fluctuations. The mean amplitude of mass flow rate and pressure ratio fluctuations at deep surge increased in nearly a quadratic fashion with rotational speed.
Bioconvection of a Radiating Hybrid Nanofluid Past a Thin Needle in the Presence of Heterogeneous–Homogeneous Chemical Reaction
Authors: Puneeth V. , Manjunatha S. , Makinde O. D. , Gireesha B. J. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The photocatalytic nature of TiO2 finds applications in medicinal field to kill cancer cells, bacteria, and viruses under mild ultraviolet illumination and the antibacterial characteristic of Ag makes the composition Ag−TiO2 applicable for various purposes. It can also be used in other engineering appliances and industries such as humidity sensor, coolants, and in footwear industry. Hence, this study deals with the analysis of the effects of magnetic field, thermal radiation, and quartic autocatalysis of heterogeneous–homogeneous reaction in an electrically conducting Ag−TiO2−H2O hybrid nanofluid. Furthermore, the gyrotactic microorganisms are used as active mixers to prevent agglomeration and sedimentation of TiO2 that occurs due to its hydrophobic nature. The mathematical model takes the form of partial differential equations with viscosity and thermal conductivity being the functions of volume fraction. These equations are converted to ordinary differential equations by using similarity transformation and are solved by RKF-45 method with the aid of shooting method. It is observed that the increase in the size of the needle enhances the overall performance of the hybrid nanofluid. Furthermore, the temperature of the hybrid nanofluid increases with the increase in volume fraction. It is observed that the friction produced by the Lorentz force increases the temperature of the nanofluid. It is further observed that the heterogeneous reaction parameter has more significant effect on the concentration of bulk fluid than the homogeneous reaction parameter.
Analysis of Nonlinear Modal Damping Due to Friction at Blade Roots in Mistuned Bladed Disks
Authors: Chen Junjie , Zang Chaoping , Zhou Biao , Petrov E. P. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
A method is proposed to analyze the modal damping in mistuned bladed-disk with root joints using large finite element models and the detailed description of frictional interactions at contact interfaces. The influence of mistuning on the dissipated energy for different blades on a bladed-disk and the modal damping factors for different vibration levels for any family of modes can be investigated. The dissipated energy and damping factors due to microslip are simulated by multitude of surface-to-surface elements modeling the friction contact interactions at root joints. The analysis is performed in the time domain, and an original reduction method is developed to obtain the results with acceptable computational times. The model reduction method allows the calculation of the modal damping of the mistuned assembly by evaluation of the energy dissipated at root joint of each individual blade using small parts of bladed disk sectors. The dependency of modal damping factor on blade mode shapes, engine-order excitation numbers, nodal diameter numbers, and vibration amplitudes is studied and the distributions of amplitude and dissipated energy on the mistuned bladed-disk are investigated using a realistic blade disk model.