bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in Urbanization and Urban Heat Island Effect in Dhaka City
Authors: Uddin A S M Shanawaz , Khan Najeebullah , I Abu Reza Md. Towfiqul , Kamruzzaman Mohammad , Shahid Shamsuddin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Urbanization changes the local environment, resulting in urban heat island (UHI) effect and deteriorating human life quality. Knowledge of urban environments and temperature changes is important to outline the urban planning process for mitigation of UHI effect. The study aimed to assess the changes in urban areas and UHI effects in Dhaka city, Bangladesh from 2001to 2017, using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) daily day- and nighttime land surface temperature (LST) data from 2001to 2017. The expansion of the city was calculated using the city clustering algorithm (CCA). The temperature of the identified urbanized area was analyzed and compared with the adjacent regions. The changes in urban temperature were estimated using non-parametric statistical methods. The results showed that the Dhaka city area has grown by 19.12% and its inhabitants by 76.65% during 2001–2017. Urban expansion and dense settlements caused an increase in average temperature in some areas of Dhaka city nearly 3°C compared to that at its boundary. The day and night temperatures at Dhaka city's warmest location were nearly 7 and 5ºC, respectively, more than the coolest point outside the city. The city's annual average day- and nighttime temperature was increasing at a rate of 0.03° and 0.023°C/year over the period 2001–2017. The rising temperature would increase the UHI effect in the future, which combined with high humidity, may cause a significant increase in public health risk in the city if mitigation practices are not followed.
Bayesian Model Identification Through Harmonic Balance Method For Hysteresis Prediction in Bolted Joints
Authors: Miguel Luccas Pereira , Teloli Rafael de Oliveira , Silva Samuel da 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Hysteresis is a nonlinear dissipative phenomenon present in many structures, such as those assembled by bolted joints. However, the approaches for identification are still limited in the literature due to their complexity. Additionally, there are also uncertainties held in bolted structures caused to fluctuations in tightening torque and pressure distribution along the contact surface. Thus, this paper yields a methodology for identifying a stochastic Bouc-Wen model for bolted joints based on the harmonic balance method. Unfortunately, some challenges are encountered when applying conventional series approximation to hysteresis, caused mainly by non-smooth behavior, which induces abrupt transitions between different motion regimes. In this work, previous adaptations were made to split the hysteresis loop in smooth paths and then use a piecewise harmonic balance approach. In this way, it was possible to deal with a deterministic Identification problem based on minimizing the error between the Fourier amplitudes of an experimental signal and those obtained through harmonic balance applying the Cross-Entropy optimization method. So, the results were extended to a stochastic model by applying the Bayesian paradigm, in which the maximized likelihood function was also based on the harmonic balance amplitudes. This methodology was demonstrated to identify Bouc-Wen parameters capable of predicting hysteresis in the BERT benchmark, composed of two aluminum beams jointed by a bolted joint in a cantilever boundary condition. Evaluating the results in the time and frequency domain and the nonlinear behavior through the hysteresis loop, it can be concluded that the method was able to identify an accurate stochastic Bouc-Wen model in predicting the dynamics of bolted structures even taking into account the probable uncertainties of the system.
Fluid migrations and volcanic earthquakes from depolarized ambient noise
Authors: Petrosino Simona , De Siena Luca 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Ambient noise polarizes inside low-velocity fault zones, yet the spatial and temporal resolution of polarized noise on gas-bearing fluids migrating through stressed volcanic systems is unknown. Pressurized fluids increase stress and lead to volcanic earthquakes; imaging their location in real time would be a giant leap toward forecasting eruptions and monitoring volcanic unrest. Here, we show that depolarized noise detects fluid injections and migrations leading to earthquakes inside the laterally-stressed hydrothermal systems of Campi Flegrei caldera (Southern Italy). A polarized transfer structure connects the deforming centre of the caldera to open hydrothermal vents and extensional caldera-bounding faults during periods of low seismic release. Fluids depolarize the transfer structure and pressurize the hydrothermal system, building up stress before earthquakes and migrating after seismic sequences. During sequences, fluid migration pathways connect the location of the last eruption (Monte Nuovo, 1538AD) with the part of the eastern caldera trapped between transfer and extensional structures. After recent intense seismicity (December 2019-April 2020), the transfer structure appears sealed while fluids stored in the east caldera have moved further east. Depolarized noise has the potential to monitor fluid migrations and earthquakes at stressed volcanoes quasi-instantaneously and with minimum processing.
Non-smooth Dynamics Emerging from Predator-driven Discontinuous Prey Dispersal
Authors: Bhattacharyya Joydeb , Chattopadhyay Joydev 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In ecology, the refuge protection of the prey plays a significant role in the dynamics of the interactions between prey and predator. In this paper, we investigate the dynamics of a non-smooth prey-predator mathematical model characterized by density-dependent intermittent refuge protection of the prey. The model assumes the population density of the predator as an index for the prey to decide on when to avail or discontinue refuge protection, representing the level of apprehension of the prey by the predators. We apply Filippov's regularization approach to study the model and obtain the sliding segment of the system. We obtain the criterion for the existence of the regular or virtual equilibria, boundary equilibrium, tangent points, and pseudo-equilibria of the Filippov system. The conditions for the visibility (or invisibility) of the tangent points are derived. We investigate the regular or virtual equilibrium bifurcation, boundary-node bifurcation and pseudo-saddle-node bifurcation. Further, we examine the effects of dispersal delay on the Filippov system associated with prey vigilance in identifying the predator population density. We observe that the hysteresis in the Filippov system produces stable limit cycles around the predator population density threshold in some bounded region in the phase plane. Moreover, we find that the level of apprehension and vigilance of the prey play a significant role in their refuge-dispersion dynamics.
Symmetry Collapse due to the Presence of Worm-Aromaticity in Ge244-
Authors: Xu Hong-Lei , Tkachenko Nikolay , Muñoz-Castro Alvaro , Boldyrev Alexander , Sun Zhong-Ming 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this work, we synthesized and isolated a continuous 24-atom cluster Ge244−, which was characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, showing an elongated worm-like structural characteristic. Theoretical analysis reveals that electron delocalization plays a vital role in the formation and stabilization of the prolate cluster. In contrast with carbon atoms, 4s orbitals of Ge-atoms do not easily hybridize with 4p orbitals and s-type lone-pairs could be localized with high occupancy. Thus, there are not enough electrons to form a stable symmetrical fullerene-like structure such as C24 fullerene. Three aromatic units with two [Ge9] and one [Ge6] species, connected by classical 2c-2e Ge-Ge σ-bonds, have been aligned together forming three independent shielding cones (worm-aromaticity) and eventually caused a collapse of the global symmetry of the prolate cluster.
Externalizing Your Eating Disorder: A Qualitative Interview Study
Authors: Voswinkel Marthe Marie-Hélène , Rijkers Cleo , Delden Johannes J.M. van , Elburg Annemarie A. van 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric disorder with an ego-syntonic nature, causing many patients to perceive their AN as part of their personal identity. Therefore, an important part of treatment is the externalization of the eating disorder, in order to help patients to perceive AN as an external influence. Studies on patient experiences of externalization in treatment for AN are sadly missing. The aims of this study were to investigate, first, patients’ perspectives on the relation between identity and anorexia nervosa (AN) and second, their experiences of an externalizing approach during treatment. Method:, A qualitative interview study was conducted including fourteen patients with AN in either Family Based Treatment, the Maudsley Model for Anorexia Nervosa Treatment for Adults, Specialist Supportive Clinical Management-Severe Enduring or Cognitive Behavioural Therapy-Enhanced. Results: There are important differences in participants’ perceptions on how AN is related to identity. AN was perceived as part of identity, as alien or as a different side of the self. Patients’ experiences towards an externalizing approach were ambivalent. Externalization was considered helpful, whilst also evoking a negative response. Participants reported feeling as if all their behaviour was referred to as part of AN, which elicited feelings of not being taken seriously or being wrongfully accused of being dishonest. Conclusions: First, there is considerable variation in the perceived relation between AN and identity. Second, an externalizing approach within treatment may lead to so called epistemic injustice. Awareness of these two facts is of importance for clinicians and the therapeutic relationship because that will help them to refrain from actions that can be perceived as epistemic injustice.
A Preliminary Study of Left Atrial Function and Left Atrial Stiffness in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Normotensive Patients Without Symptomatic Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Huang Liping , Zhu Xiangming , Hu Guobing , Zhang Xia , Li Guojie , Pang Bo 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between left atrial function and left atrial stiffness in type 2 diabetic patients.Methods: A total of 41 healthy subjects (controls) and 39 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2 patients) were enrolled in this study. The left atrial volume index was measured by biplanar Simpson method. The early and late diastolic velocities (e'and a') were measured by tissue Doppler in lateral and septal boeder of the mitral annulus. Lateral and septal myocardial velocities were averaged. E/eʹ ratio was computed.The peak atrial longitudinal strain (PALS) was analyzed by tow-dimensional speckle tracking imaging (2D-STI) technique.The ratio of E/e ' to PALS was used as an indicator of LASI.Results:The maximum volume (LAVImax), minimum volume (LAVImin) and pre-contraction volume (LAVIpre) of the left atrium in DM2 patients were significantly higher than those in the control groups, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The difference between PALS decrease and LASI increase was statistically significant (P<0.05).PALS and LASI were statistically correlated with three phase volume index of left atrial and E/e'ratio. LASI was superior to PALS and left atrial volume index in diagnosing diabetic normotensive patients without symptomatic cardiovascular disease.Conclusion: Compared with the controls, PALS decreased and LASI increased in DM2. PALS and LASI were significantly correlated with left atrial volume and E/e’. LASI showed the highest diagnostic efficacy in the diagnosis of diabetes. PALS and LASI can be used as indicators for early evaluation of left atrial function in patients with DM2.Trial registration number:+86-17856931224;date of registration:May 3,2021
Characterization Of Age-Related Immune Features After Autologous NK Cell Infusion
Authors: Tang Xiaofeng , Deng Biaolong , Zang Aiping , He Xiaowen , Zhou Ye , Wang Daimeng , Li Dan , Zhang Xuhua , Liu Ye , Xu Yonghua , Chen Jingjing , Zheng Weijie , Zhang Luding , Gao Constance , Yang Huanfeng , Li Bin , Wang Xueqi 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Objective: To analyze the characterization of age-related immune features after autologous NK cell infusion.Background: Aging is a progressive loss of physiological function, accompanied with a functional decline of immune system, especially in T cell responses, which consequently leads to the increase of infections and cancers. However, understanding of immune ageing on body health is currently lacking. Methods: In this study, we originally checked whether the administration of autologous NK cells would affect T cell senescence and exhaustion in healthy human beings with middle ages. Also, we detected whether NK cells infusion would affect senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP)-related factors level. Results: Results showed that senescent T cells including CD28-, CD57+, CD28-CD57+ and CD28-KLRG1+ subsets decreased significantly in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells following once infusion of autologous NK cells. In addition, PD-1+ and TIM-3+ population within CD4+ and CD8+ T cells also dramatically declined after the infusion. Changes were continuously observed in senescent and exhausted T cell in 4 weeks after the intervention. Meanwhile, we found out that several key senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP)-related factors including IL-6, IL-8, IL-1α, IL-17, MIP-1α, ΜΙP-1β, MMP1 were significantly decreased after NK cell infusion. Moreover, gender did not influence the effects reducing extent caused by NK cell infusion, and whether the cells were frozen or fresh influenced several immune indexes. Conclusion: Our findings imply that immune aging is a reversible process in healthy human beings and autologous NK cell administration can be introduced to alleviate the aging.
Coverage, Determinants of Use and Repurposing of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets Two Years After a Mass Distribution in Lihir Islands, Papua New Guinea: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Martínez Pere Millat , Gabong Rebecca , Balanza Núria , Luana Sakaia , Sanz Sergi , Raulo Silvia , Elizah Arthur , Wali Chilaka , Paivu Benjamin , Dalmas Julian , Tabie Samson , Karl Stephan , Laman Moses , Pomat William , Mitjà Oriol , Baro Bàrbara , Bassat Quique 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background: Universal coverage with long-lasting insecticidal treated nets (LLINs) is an essential component of malaria control programs. Three-yearly mass distribution of LLINs in Papua New Guinea (PNG) has been successful in reducing infection transmission since 2009, but malaria prevalence ramped up from 2015 onwards. Although LLIN universal coverage is mostly achieved during these campaigns, it may not be related with net use over time. We evaluated coverage, uses given to LLINs and non-compliance of this strategy.Methods: A knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) cross-sectional study was conducted in Lihir Islands, PNG, 2 to 2.5 years after the last LLIN mass distribution campaign. Data on bed net ownership, use and maintenance behaviour was collected using a household questionnaire administered by trained community volunteers. Logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with owning at least one LLIN and sleeping under a LLIN the previous night. Results: Among 2,694 households surveyed, 27.4% (95% CI: 25.8-29.2) owned at least one LLIN and 8.7% (95% CI: 7.6-9.8) had an adequate LLIN coverage (at least one LLIN for every two people). Out of 13,595 individuals in the surveyed households, 13.6% (95% CI: 13.0-14.2) reported having slept under a LLIN the preceding night. Determinants for sleeping under LLIN included living in a household with adequate LLIN coverage [adjusted OR (aOR) = 5.82 (95% CI: 3.23-10.49)], household heads knowledge about LLINs [aOR = 16.44 (95% CI: 8.29-32.58)], and female gender [aOR = 1.92 (95% CI: 1.53-2.40)] (all p-values <0.001). LLIN use decreased with older age [aOR = 0.29 (95% CI: 0.21-0.40) for ≥15 year-olds, aOR = 0.38 (95% CI: 0.27-0.55) for 5-14 year-olds] compared to <5 year-olds (p-value <0.001). Knowledge on the use of LLIN was good in 37.0% of the household heads. Repurposed nets were reported serving as fishing nets (30.4%), fruits and seedlings protection (26.6%), covering up food (19.0%) and bedlinen (11.5%). Conclusions: Two years after mass distribution, LLIN coverage and use in Lihir Islands is extremely low. Three yearly distribution campaigns may not suffice to maintain an acceptable LLIN coverage unless knowledge on maintenance and use is promoted trough educational campaigns.
Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) and Obesity Among Iranian Adults: Yazd Health Study-TAMYZ and Shahedieh Cohort Study
Authors: khorasani sahar sarkhosh , Mozaffari-Khosravi Hassan , Mirzaei Masoud , Nadjarzadeh Azadeh , Hosseinzadeh Mahdieh 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Objectives: Established data revealed a relationship between obesity and increasing the risk of mortality and morbidity of chronic diseases. There are conflicting data regarding the association between adherence of Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) and obesity. Therefore, this study intends to investigate this relationship among a large sample of Iranian adults.Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on the data collected by two prospective studies executed in urban and suburb parts; in the urban population: TAghzieh Mardom-e-Yazd (Yazd Nutrition Study) (TAMYZ), which was conducted on Yazd Health Study participants, and in the suburb region: Shahedieh cohort study. Final analysis was performed by 10693 individuals; Shahedieh (n=3943) and YaHS (n=6750). Dietary intake was evaluated by using a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). In all participants, anthropometric indices including body mass index were measured. The DASH score was considered utilizing gender-specific quintiles of DASH items. To evaluate the relationship of DASH diet and obesity, multivariate logistic regression analysis was used.Results: By adjusting confounders, participants in highest quintiles of DASH dietary patterns compared to the lowest have lower odds of obesity in suburb area (OR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.63, 0.96), in urban (OR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.52, 0.99), and in whole population of both studies (OR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.63, 0.90). Besides, more compliance of women to this diet in urban (OR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.48, 0.85) and population of both studies (OR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.62, 0.96) were associated with reduced odds of central obesity. However, in suburb study, no significant relationship was observed between adherence to DASH diet and odds of central obesity.Conclusions: DASH dietary pattern could decrease odds of obesity in both urban and suburb area, and central obesity in urban area only. Further prospective studies are needed for causal conclusion.
Adaptation is cost-effective to offset rising river flood risk in Europe
Authors: Dottori Francesco , Mentaschi Lorenzo , Bianchi Alessandra , Alfieri Lorenzo , Feyen Luc 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
River flooding in Europe could rise to unprecedented levels due to global warming and continued development in flood-prone areas. Here we appraise the potential of four key adaptation strategies to mitigate flood risk across Europe based on detailed flood risk modelling and cost-benefit analysis. We find that reducing flood peaks using retention areas is economically the most attractive option. In a scenario without climate mitigation, they can lower projected flood losses in Europe by the end of the century from 42 to 7.5 €billion/year and population exposed by 81%, or achieve a risk level comparable to today. This would require an investment of 2.9 €billion/year over 2020-2100, with a return of 4€ for each 1€ invested. The risk-reduction potential of economically-optimised strengthening of dykes is somewhat lower with 71% for a comparable annual investment. These measures avoid floods to happen and their cost-effectiveness increases with the level of global warming. Implementing building-based flood proofing measures and relocating people and assets are less cost-effective but can reduce impacts in localized areas.
The Spectrum of Epstein-Barr Virus Infections of the Central Nervous System After Organ Transplantation
Authors: Ridha Mohamed , Jones Dylan G. , Lerner David P. , Vytopil Michal , Voetsch Barbara , Burns Joseph D. , Ramineni Anil , Raibagkar Pooja 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
BackgroundEpstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related neurologic complications have a diverse presentation in transplant recipients, creating diagnostic and therapeutic challenges for clinicians. In this case series, we report unique manifestations of EBV related neurologic complications following solid organ transplant and highlight pitfalls in management. Case Presentations:A retrospective search of the electronic medical record of all patients from January 2015 and December 2020 who underwent solid organ transplantation and had central nervous system complications as determined by ICD-10 codes were included. Three patients with unique manifestation of EBV-related neurologic complications after liver transplantation were identified. The first was a 52-year-old man with a live-donor liver transplant 11 years prior for Budd-Chiari syndrome presented with several weeks of headache and found to have several lesion on brain MRI who was diagnosed with primary central nervous system post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. The second patient was a 63-year-old man with a deceased-donor liver transplant 16 years prior for alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency who was found to have a stroke and was diagnosed with EBV encephalitis with vasculitis. The final patient was a 75-year-old woman with a deceased-donor liver transplant six years prior for primary biliary cirrhosis who presented with four months of gait instability and was diagnosed with EBV myelitis. A review of the literature was performed to supplement description of the different diseases. ConclusionsEBV-related central nervous infection in post-transplant patients can manifest in a variety of neurologic syndromes, which can be challenging to diagnose. Careful correlation of clinical, pathologic, and radiologic findings and a high index of suspicion are crucial in identification and appropriate management.