bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Occurrence of Natural Gas in Cenozoic Rocks in California
Authors: Crawford F. D. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A total of 675 billion cu ft of natural gas was produced in California during 1964, approximately 57 per cent of which was wet gas from 182 fields in all of the major oil-producing basins of the state; 43 per cent was dry gas from 93 fields, primarily in the Sacramento and northern San Joaquin Valleys (Fig. 1). Accumulations are found in a variety of structural and stratigraphic traps. Cumulative production to the end of 1964 was 20.7 trillion cu ft, four-fifths of which was wet gas. Reserves were estimated at approximately 10 trillion cu ft.
Outstanding among the state's gas fields are Kettleman Hills, in the San Joaquin Valley, with a cumulative production of 2.59 trillion cu ft of wet gas; and Rio Vista, a dry gas field in the Sacramento Valley, which has produced 2.26 trillion cu ft. Other fields with cumulative production exceeding 1 trillion cu ft are Ventura in the Ventura basin and Long Beach in the Los Angeles basin.
C. Introduction to Geology of Gas Occurrence in Sacramento Valley
Authors: Reedy R. D. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Bounded by the Sierra Nevada on the east, the Coast Range on the west, the large northeast- trending Stockton fault on the south and the Klamath Mountains on the north, the Sacramento Valley provides a unique natural laboratory for locating natural gas reserves. The current total reserve estimate for the valley is more than 7 trillion cu ft, a figure which is being revised upward constantly because of the high success ratio of drilling operations. Dry gas is found in rocks of Pliocene, Eocene, and Late Cretaceous ages, which constitute a maximum stratigraphic thickness of more than 50,000 ft near the south-central valley or Rio Vista portion of the basin.
The mode of entrapment of gas is extremely varied within the valley; however, it is generally true that most purely structural traps are in the southern Rio Vista part of the basin. Faulting and domal closure within this thick Eocene blanket-type sequence have trapped nearly two- thirds of -the known reserves. Northward in the “Colusa sub-basin,” trapping is more complex because of extreme irregularity in Upper Cretaceous F Zone sandstone distribution. This stratigraphic unit and associated minor structural features liave been the target of much exploratory activity in the past. Recent exploratory activity has been directed toward deeper drilling in search of Cretaceous accumulations in the Rio Vista part of the basin.
B. Natural Gas in Eel River Basin, Humboldt County, California
Authors: Ogle Burdette A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
California's northernmost large onshore part of the offshore Pacific Coast Tertiary basin is the Eel River basin. The main part of the basin, in the Eel River Valley area, contains approximately 12,000 ft of Tertiary and Quaternary sedimentary rock ranging in age from late Miocene to late Pleistocene and Recent. Folding and thrust faulting in mid-Pleistocene time formed the present major structure of the basin, the Eel River syncline, with anticlinal folds on the north and south limbs and thrust faults on the northeast and east. Later warping along these structural axes continues; many of the structures can be defined by topographical expression. Upper Pliocene sandstone (Rio Dell Formation of the Wildcat Group) is productive in two fields, Tompkins Hill, discovered in 1937, and Table Bluff, discovered in 1960. Gas also has been found in lower Pliocene sandstone (Eel River Formation of the Wildcat Group) at Grizzly Bluff. Gas is trapped in an anticlinal fold at Tompkins Hill, but part of the trapping is stratigraphic. At Table Bluff, lenticular sandstone bodies form stratigraphic traps on an anticline with uncertain westerly closure. Trapping at Grizzly Bluff is not completely understood; it is probably stratigraphic on a,n anticlinal fold.
North Park, Colorado—An Oil and Gas Province
Authors: Oburn Richard C. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
North Park is the northernmost of two topographic basins that constitute a single intermontane structural basin in north-central Colorado. Petroleum exploration began there in 1912 with a test of one of the many folds apparent at the surface in the area. To date four commercial oil and gas fields have been developed in the northeast quadrant of the park. The predominant structural trend is west of north and is the result of a couple produced during Laramide orogeny. Later deformation in the late Miocene or early Pliocene was a result of north-south-oriented stresses. The first recorded deposition in North Park began in the Late Permian. This sedimentation was the beginning of a long sequence of marine and epicontinental deposition. Several excellent pay zones are found in the Mesozoic beds, especially those of Early Cretaceous age. Future discoveries in this small but petroliferous basin depend upon more detailed structural and stratigraphic studies.
Principles of Gas Occurrence, San Juan Basin
Authors: Silver Caswell 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Gas in the San Juan basin is present over a large area which, in gross, occupies a structural basin but has a homoclinal position with respect to individual sandstone lenses. The fluids of the principal Cretaceous producing units of the San Juan basin are now in a dynamic state, with flow from areas of higher outcrop to lower outcrop. The potentiometric surface of each principal gas-producing zone contains a potentiometric sink coincident with the oil and gas accumulations. The sinks are difficult to explain, but appear to result from the prior presence of oil and gas accumulations whose volume and pressure have been modified by leakage. This mechanism may be the fundamental geologic explanation for pressure sinks in potentiometric surfaces elsewhere.
There is no clear stratigraphic record of the former presence of sedimentary rocks younger than the San Jose Formation of Eocene age in the area of the gas deposits. Gas accumulation, if related to compaction, must therefore have occurred before late Eocene time, and the development of dynamic conditions of fluid flow similar to the present pattern must have begun in or after the late Eocene. The structural positions of the gas deposits are not indicative of accumulation under hydrodynamic conditions. The combined evidence of geologic history, structural position, and salinity indicate normal gravitational accumulation in updip porous wedges or isolated, wholly shale-contained stratigraphic accumulation in discrete lenses under compaction. The writer believes the accumulation of gas predates development of the present basin structure.
The paucity of oil in direct association with the gas and the lack of asphaltic outcrops suggest that the areas and volumes of the original gas accumulations were much larger than those of present deposits, which are only remnants of original accumulations. Although the Pictured Cliffs, Cliff House, Gallup, and Dakota strata have discernible lenticularity which would preserve the gas deposits under present hydrodynamic conditions, there is no such readily discernible stratigraphic control of the largest accumulation of all in the Point Lookout Sandstone.
The nature and gross volume of the San Juan basin gas deposits indicate that under unusual and perfect conditions of source, expulsion, entrapment, and preservation the volume of gas generated by 1 cu mi of source beds can be nearly 5-10 billion cu ft.
Opelika Field, Henderson County, Texas
Authors: Brogdon D. R. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Opelika field, in northeastern Henderson County, was discovered in 1937. The principal producing formation is the Rodessa (Lower Cretaceous). The accumulation is trapped in a faulted domal anticline ; there is minor stratigraphic trapping. Gas-recycling operations were begun in 1941.
Natural Gas in Post-Paleozoic Rocks of Mississippi
Authors: Beebe B. W. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The first production of hydrocarbons from post-Paleozoic rocks in Mississippi resulted from the discovery of the Jackson gas field in 1930. Production was from the “Jackson gas rock," a local reef facies, in the upper part of the Selma Group of Late Cretaceous age. The field now is depleted after having produced more than 117 billion cu ft of gas, and is used for gas storage. Since the discovery of the Jackson gas field, nonassociated-gas production has been established from Tertiary Wilcox, Cockfield, and Sparta; Upper and Lower Cretaceous; and Upper Jurassic strata. By far the most important production has been from the Upper Cretaceous sandstones of the Eutaw and Tuscaloosa. Dissolved or associated gas is produced from many oil wells in Mississippi. However, 70-80 per cent of all the gas produced in Mississippi from post-Paleozoic reservoirs in the past 10 years was nonassociated. Many of the nonassociated-gas fields also produce condensate in varied quantities.
In 1964, Mississippi ranked eighth among the states in estimated proved reserves, and ninth in net production of natural gas. Over the past 10 years, Mississippi has shown a net decrease of 88,233 Mcf in estimated proved recoverable reserves.
Most of the known natural gas accumulations in Mississippi are controlled structurally, but this control is modified by changes in character of the producing reservoirs and some accumulations are in combination structural-stratigraphic traps. Most of the known local structural features are the result of salt movement, although shallow salt diapirs have not afforded significant production of either oil or gas in Mississippi. All of the major gas-producing fields in Mississippi are at least 10 years old, and there have been no large significant gas discoveries since Maxie field was found in 1952. The future supply of natural gas in Mississippi, therefore, will depend on success in location of gas- bearing stratigraphic traps and additional structures in the Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary, and on deep exploration of Lower Cretaceous and Jurassic strata. The lowermost Cretaceous and Jurassic have been explored only partially because of depth and high costs of exploration and development. Production has been established from these strata in several wells. Most of the Upper Jurassic gas, particularly from the Smackover, is reported to contain large quantities of hydrogen sulfide and inert gases.
Natural Gas in North Dakota
Authors: Anderson Sidney B. , Eastwood William P. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Almost all natural gas produced in North Dakota is casinghead gas from oil pools in the Madison Group along the Nesson anticline and from pools in Burke County. Relatively minor quantities of dry gas are produced from the gas fields of the North Dakota part of the Cedar Creek anticline. Only the natural gas from these areas is used commercially; the casinghead gas from other areas in North Dakota is flared.
There is a large volume of nitrogen gas in the Minnelusa Formation in the central part of the Nesson anticline, and nitrogen is produced with a heavy crude from the Heath Formation pools in the southwestern part of the state.
There are underground storage facilities in the Montana part of the Cedar Creek gas field and storage caverns in salt beds near Williston and Lignite, North Dakota. Gas production in North Dakota is less than demand and gas must be imported.
Natural Gas in Texas Part of Marietta Syncline, Cooke and Grayson Counties, Texas
Authors: Barker D. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The area of the Marietta syncline in Cooke and Grayson Counties, Texas, appears to have the greatest potential for future gas production in North Texas. Extensive exploration for gas in this area began in 1951, although it long had been important for oil production. Both oil and gas accumulations are controlled mainly by structure.
Solution gas is the main type of gas produced, but production of nonassociated gas is expected to increase. Solution-gas production is mostly from sandstones of Pennsylvanian (Des Moines and Atoka) age. Important gas-distillate reserves have been discovered in the Oil Creek Formation of Ordovician age, and the Ellenburger also yields some gas distillate. The Oil Creek and Ellenburger should receive further exploration. The multiple-pay section in this area is the deepest and thickest in North Texas.
Carter-Knox Gas Field, Oklahoma
Authors: Reedy Harold J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Carter-Knox gas field is in the southeastern end of the Anadarko basin in southeastern Grady County and northeastern Stephens County, Oklahoma. It produces oil with associated gas from rocks of the Permian System, and from the Hoxbar, Deese, and Springer Groups. A significant gas reserve was discovered in 1956 by deeper drilling which first tested the pre-Pennsylvanian formations. Gas- condensate production is from the Simpson Group, and the Bromide Formation is the most important zone. The Permian strata form an elongate, faulted anticline with shallow dips. The Pennsylvanian strata are eroded deeply beneath the Permian unconformity and form a very steeply dipping, faulted anticline. The pre-Pennsylvanian structure is an anticline parallel with the shallower features but approximately 1 mi west. The Carter-Knox gas field covers an area of approximately 11 sq mi, 1 mi wide and 11 mi long. First full-scale gas deliveries began on December 17, 1959, with approximately 32 million cu ft of gas a day. Gas production previously had been limited to local sales on a temporary contract of 2-10 million cu ft of gas a day. As of January 1, 1960, the Carter-Knox gas field had produced 878,314 bbls of condensate with 6,710,778,000 cu ft of gas.
Factors determining cognitive, motor and language scores in low birth weight infants from North India
Authors: Upadhyay Ravi Prakash , Taneja Sunita , Ranjitkar Suman , Mazumder Sarmila , Bhandari Nita , Dua Tarun , Shrestha Laxman , Strand Tor A. 
Published: May 2021

Background
Children born with low birth weight (LBW) tend to have lower neurodevelopmental scores compared to term normal birth weight children. It is important to determine factors that influence neurodevelopment in these low birth weight children especially in the first 2–3 years of life that represents a period of substantial brain development.

Methods
This secondary data analysis was conducted using data from LBW infants enrolled soon after birth in an individually randomized controlled trial (RCT) and followed up till end of 1st year. Neurodevelopmental assessment was done at 12 months of corrected age by trained psychologists using Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development 3rd edition (Bayley-III). Factors influencing cognitive, motor and language scores were determined using multivariable linear regression model.

Results
Linear growth (i.e., length for age z score, LAZ) [cognitive: Standardized ẞ-coefficient = 2.19, 95% CI; 1.29, 3.10; motor: 2.41, 95% CI; 1.59, 3.23; language: 1.37, 95% CI; 0.70, 2.04], stimulation at home [cognitive: 0.21, 95% CI; 0.15, 0.27; motor: 0.12, 95% CI; 0.07, 0.17; language: 0.21, 95% CI; 0.16, 0.25] and number of diarrhoeal episodes [cognitive: -2.87, 95% CI; -4.34, -1.39; motor: -2.62, 95% CI; -3.93, -1.29; language: -2.25, 95% CI; -3.32, -1.17] influenced the composite scores in all three domains i.e., cognitive, language and motor. While increase in LAZ score and stimulation led to increase in composite scores; an increase in number of diarrhoeal episodes was associated with decrease in scores. Weight for height z scores (WHZ) were associated with motor and language but not with cognitive scores. Additionally, a negative association of birth order with cognitive and language scores was noted.

Conclusions
The findings indicate the possible importance of promoting nutrition and preventing diarrhoea as well as ensuring optimal stimulation and nurturance at home for enhancing child development in LBW infants.
Neoadjuvant radiotherapy for locoregional Siewert type II gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma: A propensity scores matching analysis
Authors: Zhou Yuan , Tian MengXiang , Güngör Cenap , Wang Dan 
Published: May 2021

Objective
To analyze the effect of neoadjuvant radiotherapy (nRT) on prognosis in patients with locoregional Siewert type II gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (GEA).

Method
All patients pathologically diagnosed as Siewert type II GEA between 2004 and 2015 were retrieved from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and Final Results (SEER) database. We analyzed the impact of different treatment regimens on the prognosis in each stage. Survival analysis was performed by Kaplan-Meier (K-M) method. Multivariate Cox model and propensity score matching was further used to verify the results.

Results
4,160 patients were included in this study. The efficacy of nRT was superior to that of adjuvant radiotherapy (aRT) (p = 0.048), which was the same as that of surgery combined with chemotherapy (p = 0.836), but inferior to the overall survival (OS) of surgical treatment alone (p<0.001) in T1-2N0M0 patients. Patients receiving nRT had distinctly better survival than those receiving surgical treatment alone (p = 0.008), but had similar survival compared with patients treated with aRT (p = 0.989) or surgery combined with chemotherapy (p = 0.205) in the T3N0/T1-3N+M0 subgroup. The efficacy of nRT is clearly stronger than that of surgical therapy alone (p<0.001), surgery combined with chemotherapy (p<0.001), and aRT (p = 0.008) in patients with T4 stage. The survival analysis results were consistent before and after propensity score matching.

Conclusion
In these carefully selected patients, the present study made the following recommendations: nRT can improve the prognosis of patients with T3N0M0/T1-3N+M0 and T4 Siewert type II GEA, and it seems to be a better treatment for T4 patients. Surgery alone seems to be sufficient, and nRT is not conducive to prolonging the survival of Siewert II GEA patients with T1-2N0M0 stage. Of course, further prospective trials are needed to verify this conclusion.
Dictatorship and the Electoral Vote: Francoism and the Portuguese New State Regime in Comparative Perspective, 1945-1975, Carlos Domper Lasús (2020)
Authors: Pinheiro Teresa 
Published: May 2021

Review of: Dictatorship and the Electoral Vote: Francoism and the Portuguese New State Regime in Comparative Perspective, 1945-1975, Carlos Domper Lasús (2020)
Eastbourne: Sussex Academic Press, 267 pp.,
ISBN 978-1-84519-987-6, h/bk, £75.00
Sozialismus und Zionismus
Authors: Müller Hans-Harald 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Arnold Zweig and Walter A. Berendsohn, who were in correspondence with each other between 1909 and 1968, continuously sought to convert the other to their beliefs. Around 1910 Zweig wanted to convert Berendsohn to Zionism as coined by Buber, while his views changed after his exile in Palestine, when he tried to win Berendsohn over to communism. Berendsohn, for his part, wanted to convince Zweig of social democracy around 1910, but after traveling Palestine in the 1950s tried to convince Zweig of Zionism. Viewed retrospectively, both appear as idealistic German intellectuals whose eagerness to reform society in 1910 led them in very different directions due to their individual experiences especially in and after the Second World War.
Juden auf der Oberen Donau: Transport und Verkehr im Österreich des frühen 18. Jahrhunderts
Authors: Rauscher Peter 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The toll registers of Aschach in Upper Austria covering the period from 1627 to 1775 are an outstanding series of sources for the history of transport and trade in the early modern Upper Danube basin. At the Aschach toll station each vessel shipping up- and downstream the Danube as the most important traffic route in the Upper-German and Austrian area had to pay dues. The information comprised in the toll registers enables us to reconstruct the movement of goods and people between the Austrian Danube region and its neighbouring countries. This study analyzes the significances of the Upper Danube as a traffic route for Jews in the 1st half of the 18th century. Especially the Viennese Court Jews used the waterway for the supply of the Imperial army in Hungary with provisions and other military goods. They also received foodstuff, beverages and other consumer products via the Danube. Jewish traders, especially from Prague, used the Danube for their frequent journeys to the fairs in Linz, whereas other Jewish travelers on their way to Vienna or even further frequently embarked on vessels in Regensburg.
Can Targeted Child Benefits Affect Fertility? Evidence from a Natural Experiment
Authors: Lyssiotou Panayiota 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper contributes to the literature on whether targeted cash child benefits can affect fertility and, specifically, induce families to have more than two children. We exploit the introduction of a monthly non-means tested cash child benefit paid only to families with at least four children. We apply a quasi experimental methodology since the reform is expected to have increased births offourthchild relative to births ofthirdchild or higher than four. We find robust evidence that the reform increased significantly the treated family’s probability to have a (fourth) child by about 5% and had no effect on births greater than four. In the post reform period, the control group’s probability to have a (third) child was not significantly different than before the reform. In particular, the finding that the probability of birth among parities greater than four was not affected by the reform supports that what we are estimating is a response of the targeted family to the introduction of the child benefit and not a change in the fertility preferences of families with many children. Other changes (besides the reform) had a negative effect on the probability to have a child that was reversed only for the birth offourthchild among treated families due to the economic incentives created by the reform.
Characterizing Jacobians via the KP equation and via flexes and degenerate trisecants to the Kummer variety: An algebro-geometric approach
Authors: Arbarello Enrico , Codogni Giulio , Pareschi Giuseppe 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We give completely algebro-geometric proofs of a theorem by T. Shiota, and of a theorem by I. Krichever, characterizing Jacobians of algebraic curves among all
irreducible principally polarized abelian varieties. Shiota’s characterization is given in terms of the KP equation. Krichever’s characterization is given in terms of trisecant lines to the Kummer variety.
Here we treat the case of flexes and degenerate trisecants.
The basic tool we use is a theorem we prove asserting that the base locus
of the linear system associated to an effective line bundle on an abelian variety is reduced.
This result
allows us to remove all the extra assumptions that were introduced in the theorems by the first author,
C. De Concini, G.Marini, and O. Debarre, in order to achieve algebro-geometric proofs of the results
above.
Conceptual metaphor and media bias: a critical metaphor analysis of British and American mainstream media reports on the Hong Kong riots
Authors: Ji Xuan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This article makes a comparative analysis of the use of metaphors in the Hong Kong riot reports by British and American mainstream media. The analysis reveals the conceptualization process of events and finds that the use of metaphors is mainly concentrated in the war domain, the flare domain, and the natural forces domain.