bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new method using the Forward Backward technique with Contra Harmonic mean formula
Authors: Jasim Mahmood D. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe introduce a new method for solving Initial Value Problems (IVPs) in Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs), by making a mixing between the Forward (Predictor) – Backward (Corrector) technique and used it in the Contra Harmonic mean formula, this new method give us a parallelism in numerical calculations and it is more accurate than the old classical Runge – Kutta formula of the same order.
Human Dynamic Behavior: Reconstruction Trajectories Using CDRs
Authors: Behadili Suhad Faisal , Mohammed Ali Israa Abdulqasim 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Investigating the human mobility patterns is a highly interesting field in the 21th century, and it takes vast attention from multi-disciplinary scientists in physics, economic, social, computer, engineering…etc. depending on the concept that relates between human mobility patterns and their communications. Hence, the necessity for a rich repository of data has emerged. Therefore, the most powerful solution is the usage of GSM network data, which gives millions of Call Details Records gained from urban regions. However, the available data still have shortcomings, because it gives only the indication of spatio-temporal data at only the moment of mobile communication activities. In this chapter, Gama platform development environment of constructing spatially multi agent simulation is used for modeling and simulating the individual reconstructed trajectories. As a result, the individual trajectories revealed the human daily life patterns.
Embedded System Improvement for Monitoring and Measuring Fuel Consumption System Automatically over Public IP
Authors: Al-Chalabi Sadeem Marouf M. , Al-Dhahiri Khalid Ahmed , Al-Chalabi Atheer Marouf M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
As usual, researches and knowledge are constantly evolving; these built prompts to more studies and researches in order to achieve the closest state of optimization. According to our previous (Reference 5). This proposal improves the algorithms by calibrate the flowmeter sensors (YF-S201) separately in order to reduce the manufacture error rate. In addition, a laser sensor (TF mini Lidar) were used instead of an ultrasonic sensor to measure the fuel volume of the main tank. In addition, four voltage sensors (AC type) and three clamp meters (model SCT- 013) were added to the system to indicate the electric in real-time. All these sensors are connected and controlled by two MEGA Arduino Microcontrollers and the information has been stored into the database that could be downloaded and displayed locally or remotely via internet as a Graphical User Interface (GUI) using Public IP.
This proposal found that the error rate of calculating the fuel consumed in the generator is (3.8%), this is more accurate by (90%) than previous one. The fuel in the main tank noticed that the accuracy is increased by (3.1%), as well; it produced more security for fuel from leakage or pilfering. The abnormal behaver of generator can be reached immediately by monitoring the voltage and ampere on real-time mode.
Tr-Rationally Closed Submodules and RCLS-Modules
Authors: Abd Al-Majeed Zahraa Moaed , Nayef Mahdi Saleh 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
: In this paper, we introduce two concepts. Firstly, the, concept of Tr-rationally closed,a sub module H is called Tr-rationally closed if W/H is Tr-torsion free. And second, the concept of Rcls-module, W is called Rcls-module if every Tr-rationally closed sub module in W is a direct summand. Several properties about these two concepts have been given. In addition, we discussed these notions with other related concepts.
Design and Implementation of 1.28 Tbps DWDM based RoF system with External Modulation and Dispersion Compensation Fiber
Authors: Mohsen D E , Hammadi A M , Alaskary A J 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The improvement of 5G networks started in 2019 and is commonly accepted to bring changes not restricted to individuals’ day-by-day life. The interconnection between the nodes of 5G network is realized through the utilization of optical transceiver modules and optical fibers. The most interesting part in the 5G communication network is the communication between the Central Office (CO) and the Base Station (BS), which has been widely investigated by several researchers to enhance and optimize such network performance. As a result, in this paper we demonstrate, design and implemented a) based on Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM Radio over Fiber (RoF) system and by using the software of Optisystem 17.1 version. Such system is considered a 32X40 Gbps of data transmission for higher speed transmission system towards the Tera bit per second (Tbps) communication. The channels of 1, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28 and 32 were selected as samples for the investigation. The performance analysis would be based on the parameters of the eye diagram, (Quality Factor) Q-factor and Min Bit Error Rate (BER) and for distances of 60, 120 and 180 km respectively. Analyzing results indicate a higher performance system toward the 1.28 Tbps of data rate transmission.
Wireless Optimization Algorithm for Multi-floor AP deployment using binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO)
Authors: Naif Omar S. , Mohammed Imad J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Optimizing the Access Point (AP) deployment is of great importance in wireless applications owing the requirement to provide efficient and cost-effective communication. Highly targeted by many researchers and academic industries, Quality of Service (QOS) is an important primary parameter and objective in mind along with AP placement and overall publishing cost. This study proposes and investigates a multi-level optimization algorithm based on Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO). It aims to an optimal multi-floor AP placement with effective coverage that makes it more capable of supporting QOS and cost effectiveness. Five pairs (coverage, AP placement) of weights, signal thresholds, and Received Signal Strength (RSS) measurements simulated with Wireless Insite (WI) software were considered to work in conjunction with the proposed optimization algorithm. Additionally, the AP deployment results obtained from WI and optimization will be compared with the simulation results of the current AP diffusion within the target building. These comparisons will be based on the most important RSS parameters, path loss (PL) and interference. The comparison results showed a significant improvement in RSS and path loss values of (-11.55) dBm and (11.55) dBm. While the interferences are decreased by (7.87 %). Furthermore, the result of performance analysis showed that the proposed algorithm outperforms the current AP deployment by 39.23% in coverage ratio.
T-Small Quasi-Dedekind modules
Authors: Dheyab Anfal Hasan , Kadhim Suad Naji , Hussain Mukdad Qaess 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Let Q be a left Module over a ring with identity ℝ. In this paper, we introduced the concept of T-small Quasi-Dedekind Modules as follows, An R-module Q is T-small quasi-Dedekind Module if,

∀

w

∈
E
n

d
R

(
Q
)
,

w
≠
0

then Ker w ≪T Q. Also, we illustrate it by examples and give basic properties.
Evaluation of Entrance Surface Air Kerma in Patients During PA Chest Radiography Using CALDose Program in Al Najaf Governorate Hospitals
Authors: Ali Mraity Hussien Abid , Al Aseebee Mustafa Kadhum 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Due to its value in providing diagnostic information, large Figure of chest X-rays conducted everywhere. This therefore necessitate assessing patients’ dose to avoid any potential harm. This work is aimed at evaluating the Entrance Surface Air Kerma (ESAK) for adult patients undergoing chest radiographic examination (posterior - anterior (PA)) in Al Najaf (Iraq). The ESAK were evaluated for 186 patients utilizing CALDose program. The tube output measurements were carried out using Rad-Check dosimeter. Patient demographic data was also recorded (height and weight). Nine X-ray units were considered in this research (i.e. Al-Furat hospital (AFH), Al Sajad General Hospital (ASGH), Al-Hakeem hospital (AHH), Al-Zahra hospital (AZH), Al-Sadder hospital (ASH), Al Hydria General Hospital (AHGH), Middle Euphrates cancer center (MECC), Al Manzrah General Hospitals (AMGH) and Al Mishkhab Hospital (AMH)). The resulted data revealed that the ESAK for the considered hospitals AFH, ASH, ASGH, AHH, AZH, AHGH, MECC, AMGH and AMH are 0.67, 0.069, 0.59, 0.05, 0.79, 0.76, 0.48, 0.21 and 0.18, respectively with an overall average of 0.425 ± (0.299) mGy. In AZH, the ESAK was generally higher than those of other X-ray units of this study. Finally, performing a regular quality control (QC) checking with dose audit is largely advised
Introducing two Mathematical Models using Data Functional Approximation to Determine the Shadow Angles and Lengths in North of Baghdad City
Authors: Salman N M , Al-Zuky A A , Mohamad Haidar J , Kafi S H , Al-Saleh A H 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this study, two models are presented to estimate a shadow angle and length of an object located outdoor during daytime. A stick, with 50 cm length and diameter 1 cm, used to measure the shadow angle and length from 9 am to 3 pm for 1st, 11th, 12th, 21st, 22nd, and 31st of August, 1st, 11th, 12th, 21st, 22nd, and 30th of September, 11th, 12th, 25th, 26th, and 31st of October, 8th, 16th, 17th, 25th, 26th, and 30th of November, 1st, 16th, 17th, 22nd, and 23rd December 2019. The introduced model’s results, for shadow angles and shadow lengths, show good agreement with the real data. The Normalize mean square error (NMSE) criterion used to measure the quality matching between the real and modeled data. The highest value of NMSE between the real and result shadow angles and shadow length from model is 0.006% and 0.003% respectively.
The Effect of Non-Thermal Plasma on the Topographical and Optical Constants of Cd Doped ZnO Thin Films
Authors: Mishjil Khudheir A , Abdulsada Ali H , Rashid Hayfa G , Murbat Hamid H , Habubi Nadir F 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Nanostructured ZnO and Cd doped ZnO were deposited employing spray pyrolysis technique. Atomic force microscope and double beam spectrophotometer were utilized to study the influence of non-thermal plasma on topographical and some optical constants. AFM results indicate that the average diameter was 43.4-68.81 nm before exposure and their values was slightly influenced by exposure to plasma to be 42.74-69.25 nm and all the result indicate the deposited films have a nanostructure. Surface roughness Ra and root mean square roughness Rrms were in the ambit of (2.09-5.3 nm), (2.43-6.12 nm) before exposure to plasma, while their values were in the ambit of (2.09-5.3 nm),(2.58-10.3 nm) after the influence of plasma. Optical constants such as absorbance was increased with the increment of Cd content, the same trend was noticed after exposure to non thermal plasma. High absorbance was seen near 400 nm. Whereas extinction coefficient,refractive index show a decrement with the increment of Cd content before and after exposure to plasma. Reflectance also offers the same trend of the above optical constants, a comparatively low reflectance is shown for the pure ZnO thin films before and after exposure Finally, all the studied parameters were influenced by plasma exposure.
Reliability Estimation of a Component exposed to k Stresses for Gompertz-Frechet distribution
Authors: Jabr Sarah A. , Karam Nada S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this paper, the reliability of the stress-strength model is derived for probability p (max (Y1,Y2,…, >,Yk) < X ) of a component having its strength X exposed to k independent stresses (Y-1,Y2,…,Yk) and also as a special case k=2. when X and Y1,Y2,…,Yk flowing Gompertz-Fréchet distribution with unknown shape parameters θ,λ and known parameters α,β,γ. Different methods used to estimate reliability R and Gompertz-Fréchet distribution parameters which are Maximum Likelihood, Least square, Weighted Least square, Regression and Ranked set sampling methods, and the comparison between these estimators by simulation study based on mean square error criteria (MSE). The comparison confirms that the performance of the maximum likelihood estimator works better than the other estimators.
Bayesian Estimation of Stress-Strength P(T < X < Z) for Dagum Distribution
Authors: Attia Ali Mutair , Sabah Karam Nada 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this paper, the reliability formula is derived for the stress-strength model of the probability P(T < X < Z) for a component’s strength X falling between two stresses T and Z, based on Dagum Distribution with unknown parameter β and known and common parameters λ and δ. Bayesian estimation is discussed to estimate the reliability under complete data by using Gamma prior based on two loss function (weighted and quadratic loss functions), and the comparison between these estimators based on a simulation study using mean square error criteria (MSE) for each of the small, medium and large samples. The most important conclusion is that this comparison confirms that the performance of the estimator according to the weighted loss function works better for the most experiments studied.
Properties and Biomedical Applications of Hydrothermal method Synthesized of Vanadium Oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Altimime Saif , Mohammed Sundus Q. , Hassoni Majid H. , Abd Ahmed N. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Vanadium oxide thin films were successfully prepared hydrothermally and deposited on a substrate using the drop casting method. Analytical techniques such as XRD, AFM, (SEM) analyses, Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis), PL, and FTIR measurements were used to confirm the characterization of the prepared vanadium oxide NPs. The XRD measurements show that the VO2 thin film was polycrystalline, with a (monoclinic) phase and crystallite size calculated using Scherrer’s equation, as well as dislocation density and microstrain. The optical properties show that the energy gap (4.49) eV, and depending on PL, a single sharp emission peak was found at location 350 nm (3.54 eV). The Antibacterial activity of the vanadium oxide nanoparticles were investigated, with inhibition zone Escherichia coli (17) mm, Staphylococcus aureus 20 mm, Bacillus subtilis 18 mm, and Klebsiella pneumonia 19 mm and Candida isolates 15 mm. The study confirms that the prepared VO2 samples can be used as an antibacterial agent. The results suggest that proper tuning can make them a good antimicrobial agent.
An Evolutionary Algorithm for Task scheduling Problem in the Cloud-Fog environment
Authors: Abdulredha Mohammed Najm , Attea Bara’a A. , Jabir Adnan Jumaa 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The rapid and enormous growth of the Internet of Things, as well as its widespread adoption, has resulted in the production of massive quantities of data that must be processed and sent to the cloud, but the delay in processing the data and the time it takes to send it to the cloud has resulted in the emergence of fog, a new generation of cloud in which the fog serves as an extension of cloud services at the edge of the network, reducing latency and traffic. The distribution of computational resources to minimize makespan and running costs is one of the disadvantages of fog computing. This paper provides a new approach for improving the task scheduling problem in a Cloud-Fog environment in terms of execution time(makespan) and operating costs for Bag-of-Tasks applications. A task scheduling evolutionary algorithm has been proposed. A single custom representation of the problem and a uniform intersection are built for the proposed algorithm. Furthermore, the individual initialization and perturbation operators (crossover and mutation) were created to resolve the inapplicability of any solution found or reached by the proposed evolutionary algorithm. The proposed ETS (Evolutionary Task Scheduling algorithm) algorithm was evaluated on 11 datasets of varying size in a number of tasks. The ETS outperformed the Bee Life (BLA), Modified Particle Swarm (MPSO), and RR algorithms in terms of Makespan and operating costs, according to the results of the experiments.
Machine Learning Challenges for IoT Device Fingerprints Identification
Authors: Ferman Vian Adnan , Ali Tawfeeq Mohammed 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The dramatic growth of Internet of Things (IoT) devices in recent years increases the IoT networks’ vulnerabilities and introduces new challenges among machine learning (ML) algorithms to detect the networked devices. The creation of a Device Fingerprint (DFP) may depend on extracting the network traffic features related to the device except for the identities assigned to it. In this paper, Device Fingerprints for 20 IoT devices are created by extracting 30 features during startup operation. Wireshark Network Protocol Analyzer is used to collect network traffic of 8 home IoT devices, meanwhile the traffics of the remaining devices are taken from the captures_IoT-Sentinel publicly available dataset. Four supervised machine learning algorithms were applied and tested to detect authorized devices and isolate unknown devices, namely: Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree (DT), Ensemble Random Forest (RF), and Gradient Boosting Classifier (GBC). Random Forest model and Gradient Boosting Classifier both showed better results of about 98.8% as an average of overall accuracy with less difference comparing with the accuracy of Decision Tree. Voting classifier was applied using the three estimators that resulted in high accuracy (DT, RF, and GBC) and achieving 99.5% as an average of overall accuracy.
Temperature dependence of electrical and optical characteristics of InAsP laser diode
Authors: Karomi Ivan B. , Kassim Yasir Y. , Salih Hisham A. , Al-Ghamdi Mohammed S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this article, we report experimental investigations on the current-voltage (I-V) and the current-power (I-P) characteristics of 3mm cavity length InAsP/GaAs QD laser diode emitting at 773nm over a wide temperature range of 150-400 K. The results of the (I-V-T) measurements showed a decrease in the turn-on-voltage of the sample by (-3.52 mV/K) as well as a decrease in the dynamic resistance by (-4.9 mΩ/K). Conversely, the (I-P-T) measurements strongly exhibited the temperature dependence of the threshold current density above 300 K, whilst the characteristic temperature (T0) of the laser diode was calculated to be between 250 - 370 K as (To= 70.4 K). Moreover, the external deferential quantum efficiency (

η
d

e
x
t

) decreases by (- 0.14%/K) from 190 to 300 K. The increases in

η
d

e
x
t

of above 300 K, was observed. This opens the door for further investigations in this material such as carrier distribution and gain measurements.
Exponential-Generalizing Uniform Distribution Using the Quantile Function (E-GUQD)
Authors: Hussein S. R. , Al-Kadim K. Ab 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Our study suggested a new distribution through the use of the cum. dis. function for the exp. dis., as well as the cum. dis. function for the uni. dis. in addition to the quantitative function of the unified generalization using the quantitative function. Therefore it is covered different mathematical and statistical properties .of this distribution.
Effect of ultrasonic technology on cellulase enzyme activity produced by local bacterial isolate
Authors: Atiya Soad A , Gatea Iman H , Abdulla Khalid J 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The research aimed to obtain new bacterial isolate producing cellulase enzyme, and ultrasonic effect on enzyme activity. Three bacterial isolates were isolated from different agricultural wastes samples. Their effectiveness in cellulolytic was detected by measurement of the clear zone diameter around bacterial growth. The enzyme was extracted after the growtht of local bacterial isolate which has highest enzyme activity. The enzyme was exposed to ultrasound intensity of 40 KH, low, medium and high power, and exposure time (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60) min, enzymatic activity was measured after each treatment compared with control. It was found at low level that an increase in the cellulase activity with increased ultrasonic exposure time, the higher activity at 60(min). The effect of ultrasonic treatment at mid-level, showed higher activity at 20 (min), while at high level the activity decrease with exposure time when compared with control. Protein concentration was estimated, there was no significant difference on protein content after ultrasonic treatment in samples at (10, 20, 30, 40) min while decrease in protein content in samples at (50, 60) min, compared with with control.
Characterization study of Optical Fiber Refractive Index Sensor Based on Fabry-Perot Interferometer
Authors: Abdul-Jabbar Nisreen , Kadhim Shehab A. , Naseef Intisar A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this work, an optical fiber refractive index sensor based on the Fabry-Perot interferometer technique is submitted. Single-mode fibers with different diameters (125, 60, and 50) μm were used. The chemical etching technique is used to reduce the fiber diameters. The sensor heads were immersed into liquids of different refractive indices. Two types of liquids were tested, salty and sugary liquids with different refractive indices. From the obtained results all the sensors have a high linearity and good wavelength and intensity sensitivity. For all tested sensors, the wavelength sensitivity was higher for sensors immersed in salty liquids. The sensitivity is 34338 pm/RIU for sensors with a diameter of 50 μm. The response of changing the intensity is also observed the higher intensity sensitivity is 1116.859 μW/RIU for sensors with a diameter of 125 μm immersed into sugary liquids.
Effect of mixed ZnO/CuO nanoparticles on the structural, morphological, and topographical properties
Authors: Al-Khezraji Aous A.R. , Abd Ali Hanan R. , Yousif Ali A. , Abed Husam R. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In the present work, pure and composite ZnO/CuO were effectively deposited by chemical spray pyrolysis. Structural, morphological, and topographical features have been well investigated and explained. XRD analysis showed a polycrystalline structure with hexagonal and monoclinic systems for ZnO and CuO, respectively. The crystal size that calculated from XRD patterns has decreased with the increase of CuO content, while the dislocation density and the micro strain have increased. These results lead to high defects in the structure of the nanocomposite which will be more efficient in a specific application. Moreover, the morphology of the samples was examined by FESEM and it was spherical-like shapes and has elevated points, whereas the EDX confirm the existence of the employed materials without any other undesired materials. The topography of the surface depicted a slightly rough surface which will be suitable for different nanoelectronics devices.
Modify of Electronic Properties for Carbon Nanoribbon due to Effect Different Donors and Acceptors
Authors: Moslem Rabab Abdulzahrah , Al Shareefi Nidhal Mohammed , Abbood Hamid Ibrahim 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
.Present work focuses on modify of the electronic properties of CNR by adding different donors and acceptors to the ribbon. The result showed the carbon nanoribbon structure has small energy gap, it less than 1 eV. The effect of adding donors and acceptors molecules to the ribbon leads to slightly decreasing the separation between valence and conduction band in the ribbon that dependent on the type of both donors and acceptors. The calculation of global quantum parameter the electronic softness for the CNR was increased due to adding the donors and acceptors molecules in the ribbon. Also, the charge was dragged towards the areas of high negativity in CNR2 and CNR3 due to presence nitrogen and oxygen atoms in these structures instead of symmetrical distribution for electronic charges in CNR due to periodically distribution of carbon atoms in the CNR1, this modify of the electronic properties of CNR and give it to play a significant role in many electronic applications in charge transfer with other surrounding species.