bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Angiocardiographic Interpretation in Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: WHITTEMORE RUTH 
Published: December 2021

This monograph on angiocardiography is one of the series, American Lectures in Pediatrics. The dissertation is divided into two parts, the first on general considerations, and the second on the diagnosis of specific anomalies.
The section on general considerations gives much useful information. In the introduction, some interesting historical background is presented followed by a discussion on technique and equipment. Here in the preliminary considerations, it is wisely stressed that the need for angiocardiography or aortography in each individual patient should be a group decision of the entire diagnostic team, and that the information to be obtained from the procedure should be thoroughly evaluated.
TREATMENT OF MEASLES ENCEPHALITIS WITH ADRENAL STEROIDS
Authors: Allen John E. 
Published: December 2021

Ten cases of measles encephalitis treated with large doses of adrenal steroids are presented. Apparent complete recovery occurred in all 10 cases. In most of the cases clinical improvement was dramatic and prompt. There was no evidence of untoward reaction from the use of steroids combined with prophylactic antibiotic therapy. The results in this series are further substantiated by the report of Appelbaum and Abler who reported the recovery of 16 out of 17 patients with adrenocorticotropin.
It is to be emphasized that measles encephalitis is an extremely variable disease and that only prolonged experience with one form of therapy by different investigators and clinicians can determine the final efficacy of the treatment. Ten cases are not a great number from which to draw a definite conclusion in this disease, however, the results were so convincing to us that we felt an early publication of this information worthwhile in the hope that further trials will be undertaken by other groups. From our experience we recommend the treatment of measles encephalitis with steroid therapy as outlined.
NOTE ON THE REPAIR OF CLEFT LIP AT THE TWELFTH HOUR AFTER BIRTH
Authors: Thoroughgood William C. , Fischer Carl C. 
Published: December 2021

It is proposed that repair of cleft lip be undertaken during the first day of life. The advantages and disadvantages of such a procedure are discussed and the advantage of local anesthesia in repairing cleft lip is emphasized.
A report of the results in 12 patients is given.
EDUCATION
Authors: Kanof Abram 
Published: December 2021

More than half of American medical schools teach rehabilitation as part of the pediatric curriculum.
There is great variability in the quality and quantity of such teaching.
Three typical syllabuses are reproduced: One stresses the psychologic and parental aspects of rehabilitation in childhood; one stresses the physician's attitude and training requirements in this field; and one purports to be a short, practical introduction to rehabilitation together with a demonstration of its applicability to the care of children.
Bone Structure and Metabolism
Authors: PONSETI I. V. 
Published: December 2021

Under the auspices of the Ciba Foundation 28 leading scientists met in London in July, 1955, to present papers and discuss current problems dealing with the structure and metabolism of bone. The proceedings of these meetings are compiled in a "Ciba Foundation Symposium." There were many important presentations.
Arne Engstrom applied his methods of quantitative roentgen microscopy to osseous tissues. The slowly mineralized structures in bone tissue are in a state of very rapid cxchange with body fluids and act as an effective ion-exchange column.
STERILIZATION AND PRESERVATION OF FORMULAS FOR INFANTS
Authors: Silver Henry K. 
Published: December 2021

The "terminal" method of heating is the safest means of preparing artificial milk feedings for infants.
There is no practical method of processing formula so that sterility is assured in every bottle. Certain organisms (particularly spore-forming bacteria) may survive regardless of the method used.
Any departure from the usually recommended procedure for formula prepartion may be attended by the risk that the formula will become grossly contaminated. The term "terminal sterilization" as applied to the usual home method of preparation is a misnomer, since formulas may or may not be sterile even after "terminal" heating.
The "aseptic" method of preparing formula, although theoretically safe if performed correctly, has the hazard that breaks in technique may occur and pathogenic contamination may result.
Keeping terminally-heated formula at room or incubator temperatures for more than 6 hours may result in gross contamination of the formula by bacteria which were dormant in the milk-mixture.
Although it is common practice in the home to prepare the required formula every day, the present experiments indicate that terminally-heated formula which is prepared with clean equipment, and then cooled and refrigerated immediately thereafter is bacteriologically safe for at least 2 or 3 days. A new supply of formula need not be made daily.
DIFFERENCE IN COLOR OF HEMATURIA IN THE NEPHROTIC SYNDROME AND GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
Authors: Heymann Walter , Rothenberg Michael B. , Gilkey Carolyn , Lewis Mildred 
Published: December 2021

Eleven grossly bloody urines were obtained from seven children with nephrosis; the color was bright red in nine and red with a brownish tinge in two. The supernate was yellow in 10 of the urines and slightly brownish in one. The sedimentation rate of the urinary sediment was slow. Seventy to ninety-six per cent of the erythrocytes were well preserved, with an average of 84%.
Thirty bloody urines were obtained from 24 children with acute nephritis and two with chronic nephritis; the color of 21 specimens was brown and of 4 was red. The supernate was brownish in 18 and yellow in 11. The sediment settled readily. The number of well preserved erythrocytes varied from less than 10% to 80%, with an average of 46%.
The conversion of hemoglobin from a red to a brownish pigment takes place in any acid urine whether obtained from a normal subject or from one with nephritis or nephrosis. The difference in color of hematuria of the nephritic and nephrotic subject lies in different rates of erythrocyte destruction, probably indicating differences in the intraglomerular lesions leading to hematuria in nephritis and in the nephrotic syndrome.
A practical implication of the described difference between the hematuria in nephritis and nephrosis is that a bright red urine suggests the nephrotic syndrome as an underlying disease, whereas a brown color points toward a nephritic renal disorder.
INCIDENCE AND PATHOGENESIS OF NEONATAL CANDIDIASIS
Authors: Kozinn Philip J. , Taschdjian Claire L. , Wiener Harry 
Published: December 2021

Differences in the day of discharge, the size of the sample and methods of diagnosis largely account for the considerable variations in reports regarding the incidence of oral thrush at various institutions.
Factors commonly listed as contributory to oral thrush, such as debility, prematurity, and so forth, were not found to be operative in the series of cases studied. Preceding antibiotic therapy did not raise the incidence of neonatal oral thrush. The lack of resistance of the newborn infant to Candida albicans infection of the mucous membranes appears to be due to intrinsic defects in immunity which are not as yet understood.
Maternal vaginal candidiasis appears to be the primary source of neonatal candidiasis. The latter is most effectively prevented by adequate mycologic screening and therapy of the expectant mother.
Infants infected at birth harbor Candida albicans for several days before they develop clinical evidence of oral or cutaneous candidiasis. In view of these findings a reevaluation of public health measures for the prevention and spread of oral thrush in nurseries appears desirable.
PHENYLPYRUVIC OLIGOPHRENIA
Authors: Meister Alton 
Published: December 2021

PHENYLPYRUVIC OLIGOPHRENIA is an inherited disease characterized by mental deficiency and urinary excretion of phenylpyruvic acid. Patients with this disorder are unable to carry out a particular enzymatic step in the metabolism of phenylalanine; this reaction is the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine:[see equation in source pdf].
These individuals therefore appear to be human mutants, analogous to mutants such as those which have been induced in Neurospora crassa and Escherichia coli. However, in contrast to the enzymatic defect in certain mutant microorganisms, which is often recognizable in terms of a specific nutritional requirement, the metabolic block in phenylpyruvic oligophrenia is associated with a relatively complex picture.
Phenyipyruvic oligophrenia is a recessive trait; it has been estimated that the gene is carried by approximately 0.5 to 1% of the population. Although most patients with this disease exhibit markedly reduced mental capacity, a few show only moderate retardation. A high percentage of patients with phenylketonuria have fair skin, blue eyes and blond hair. About 25% of patients with phenylpyruvic oligophrenia have experienced seizures, and many of these patients have been reported to show abnormal electroencephalograms. Several necropsies have revealed evidence of abnormal myelination; on the other hand, other postmortem studies have been described as essentially negative.
Patients with phenylpyruvic oligophrenia may excrete as much as 1 to 2 gm each of phenylpyruvic acid and phenyllactic acid per day; these compounds are not usually detectable in normal urine (Fig. 1). Urinary excretion of phenylalanine, normally no more than about 30 mg/day, may be as high as 1 gm/day in phenylpyruvic oligophrenia.
CONCENTRATIONS OF ACTIVE ISONIAZID IN SERUM AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID OF PATIENTS WITH TUBERCULOSIS TREATED WITH ISONIAZID
Authors: Lanier Virginia S. , Russell William F. , Heaton Angeline , Robinson Arthur 
Published: December 2021

Microbiologic assay for antimicrobially active isoniazid was performed on the serum of 57 children with tuberculosis. Comparisons were made with similar assays of serum from 344 adult tuberculous patients. Regardless of the basis for calculating equivalent dosage, the relative proportion of children and adults who were rapid inactivators of isoniazid was roughly the same.
Six hours after administration of isoniazid the concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid were equal to or greater than those of the serum.
The value of determining the concentrations of isoniazid in serum for individualization of dosage in children was discussed.
AMINONUCLEOSIDE NEPHROSIS IN RATS
Authors: Wilson S. G. F. , Hackel Donald B. , Horwood Sargent , Nash Gerald , Heymann Walter 
Published: December 2021

The nephrotic syndrome produced in rats by administration of the aminonucleoside of Puromycin® appears after a latent period which can be shortened or lengthened by increasing or reducing the daily dose. Young rats which survive the initial course lose their proteinuria, but some relapse after 3 to 4 months. Upon re-administration of the nucleoside a chronic disease can be induced which causes death in 3 to 8 months from renal failure. Older rats given a single intravenous injection develop a chronic disease with a natural history the details of which are still not known.
It is unlikely that the pathogenesis is based on an antigen-antibody reaction, since ACTH, cortisone and inhibition of antibody formation by x-radiation fail to prevent the disease.
The nucleoside fails to produce a similar disease in dogs, rabbits, guinea pigs, and mice. Both 3-amino-3-deoxy-D-ribose, and and 6-dimethyl aminopurine, which in combination form the nucleoside, are inactive in producing renal disease individually. It is possible that dogs, rabbits, guinea pigs and mice are able to break down this compound while rats cannot.
ROLE OF COPPER IN INFANT NUTRITION
Authors: LAHEY M. E. 
Published: December 2021

INTEREST in the role of copper in nutrition was first stimulated by observations indicating that this trace element in addition to iron was necessary for alleviation of the milk anemia occurring in weanling rats. While the counterpart of this deficiency state in the human infant has long been sought, proof of its existence is lacking.
Renewed interest in this problem has recently been aroused by the description of infants exhibiting microcytic hypochromic anemia, hypocupremia and hypoferremia, which manifestations are characteristic of copper deficiency in swine. The human subjects have, however, exhibited edema and hypoproteinemia, features not previously described in copper-deficient animals. It has been suggested by some that the subjects are copper deficient, by others that the basic defect involves the metabolism of protein. Indeed, there is evidence that both concepts may be correct and that two separate entities may be represented.
CYSTIC FIBROSIS OF THE PANCREAS: INTESTINAL ABSORPTION OF FAT AND FATTY ACID LABELED WITH I131
Authors: Reemtsma Keith , di Sant'Agnese Paul A. , Malm James R. , Barker Harold G. 
Published: December 2021

Comparative studies of intestinal absorption utilizing test meals of I131-labeled neutral fat and fatty acid, administered on different occasions to the same individual, were performed in 10 patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas and in 13 control children. The results are compared with those previously obtained and reported in various groups of adults. Two of the patients with cystic fibrosis had normal tryptic activity in the duodenal aspirate.
The experimental data in the two patients with cystic fibrosis and normal tryptic activity of the duodenal contents are presented, but no conclusions are drawn therefrom. This series will have to be expanded before theories regarding underlying disturbances can be advanced.
All of the eight patients with cystic fibrosis and pancreatic achylia showed impairment of intestinal absorption of neutral fat, and to a lesser extent, of fatty acid. While the former result was expected, the impaired absorption of fatty acids was not, and is at variance with results in adults with acquired pancreatic deficiency. The hypothesis is advanced that an intestinal factor other than lack of pancreatic enzymes may be partially responsible for the defect in absorption in cystic fibrosis of the pancreas.
SALMONELLOSIS IN A PREMATURE NURSERY UNACCOMPANIED BY DIARRHEAL DISEASE
Authors: Watt James , Wegman Myron E. , Brown O. Wharton , Schliessmann D. J. , Maupin Elizabeth , Hemphill Emmarie C. 
Published: December 2021

Introduction into a large premature nursery of six apparently normal infants, who were later found to be infected with S. tennessee, led to epidemic spread of the infection over a 4-month period. No infant was ill at any time.
Original source of the infection could not be determined. Feedings, contact with other patients, and infected animals could be eliminated as modes of spread. Rectal-swab cultures of nurses and attendants were all negative.
Infection of air was demonstrated and positive cultures were obtained from bedside tables and recently changed cribs.
A positive culture was obtained from hands of one nurse immediately after washing. Evidence was found that increase in spread was associated with decrease in amount of nursing care. It is inferred that defective nursing techniques, particularly handwashing, was the chief mode of spread.
Poisoning of a Physician's Child by "Medical Samples"
Authors: GRIBETZ DONALD 
Published: December 2021

The following case report, although of interest from the diagnostic point of view, may be of far greater importance to physicians personally and their families. It is being presented as a warning to doctors who may carelessly misplace "medical samples" in their homes.
A 21-month-ld female child, daughter of a physician, while taking an afternoon stroll with her parents, suddenly "tripped" and fell to the sidewalk. When picked up, she staggered repeatedly and was unable to regain normal balance.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF PREMATURELY BORN CHILDREN WITH BIRTH WEIGHTS OR MINIMAL POSTNATAL WEIGHTS OF 1,000 GRAMS OR LESS
Authors: Dann Margaret , Levine S. Z. , New Elizabeth V. 
Published: December 2021

Seventy-three children, prematurely born, with birth or minimum weights of 1,000 gm or less, of 116 discharged alive from the Premature Nursery of the New York Hospital from 1940 through 1952, were examined between 1950 and 1957. Historic and social data, and findings on physical and psychometric examinations were evaluated.
With rare exceptions, physical health was good, with a marked paucity of neurologic defects.
They exhibited a tendency to catch up in height to normal standards for chronologic age, but often not until after 4 years of age.
The incidence of eye defects, especially strabismus and myopia, was high.
Intelligence quotients showed a wide range (59 to 142); the average I.Q., 94, was significantly below the I.Q. of 107 found in 34 full-term sibling controls. Twelve of the seventy-three prematurely born children had I.Q.'s below 80; among the 43 of similar birth weight but not available for examination, 19 were known to be mentally retarded and 5 of these were in institutions.
A number of variables, including birth weight, sex, race, and socio-economic status, were analyzed to see whether they bore any relationship to the outcome in terms of I.Q. A significantly higher proportion of the children with I.Q.'s above 100 was found among families of higher socio-economic rating. A suggestive advantage of girls over boys and of white over non-white patients was noted, though the latter is probably secondary to socio-economic factors.
A very high incidence of serious maternal complications existed and might well have influenced the outcome, but within the group no relationship was found between lower I.Q. and complications of pregnancy and delivery, with the possible exception of toxemia and cesarean section. There was no greater incidence of low I.Q. in patients with visual handicaps than in the total group.
STUDIES ON PHYSIOLOGIC HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA OF NEGRO AND WHITE PREMATURE INFANTS
Authors: Holman Gerald H. 
Published: December 2021

Serial determinations of the concentration of bilirubin in the plasma were obtained with 39 premature infants commencing with cord blood in 18 cases. The group consisted of 25 Negro infants and 14 white infants. Concentrations in the plasma were followed until the level fell below 2 mg/100 ml.
The hyperbilirubinemia exhibited by these prematures appeared to be due to so-called "physiologic processes" as all procedures to establish other causes were uniformly negative.
A definite inverse relationship between the degree of bilirubinemia and the maturity of the infant was shown in both white and Negro infants. Statistical significance was demonstrated when the mean peak concentrations of bilirubin in the plasma of the least mature infants were compared with those of the most mature infants, within each racial group.
There was a statistically significant difference between the concentrations of bilirubin in the plasma reached in the two racial groups in the most immature infants. The concentrations were lower in the Negro group. A similar trend was present in the more mature infants, but this was not statistically significant. These findings agree with the fact that the Negro infant is a more mature baby than a white child of the same weight. They also lend support to the thesis that the degree of bilirubinemia is a reflection of the functional maturity of the infant.
The possible causes of physiologic hyperbilirubinemia in full-term and premature infants were discussed. Several fields for experimental research are still unexplored. The role of the excretory capacity of the liver, particularly the functional activity of glucuronyl transferase, appears to be preeminent in the etiology of neonatal bilirubinemia. The sudden changes in the dynamics of hepatic blood flow which occur at birth may account, in part at least, for the hepatic immaturity.
That the premature infant can develop kernicterus in the presence of hyperbilirubinemia without evidence of isoimmunization is becoming more generally accepted. The incidence of kernicterus in this hospital and in this study is quite low. The possible role of racial groups and administration of vitamin K in this regard was discussed.
The bulk of the evidence indicates that premature infants exhibit jaundice and hyperbilirubinemia more frequently and to a greater degree than is reported in full-term infants.
The duration of this hyperbilirubinemia is related to fetal maturity, persisting longer in the most immature infants.
Because of the variability of concentrations of bilirubin in the plasma of premature infants, and because of the multitude of factors that play a possible role in determining the ultimate concentration of bilirubin, routine exchange transfusion for elevated concentrations of bilirubin does not seem warranted. The critical level over which exchange transfusion should be done cannot be stated on the basis of any available data.
Diabetes as a Way of Life
Authors: CHUTE A. L. 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Danowski has named his book Diabetes as a Way of Life very well. In addition to describing the manifestations of this disorder and accepted treatment procedures, he has pointed out the many ways in which the diabetic can meet successfully the problems presented in daily living.
The descriptions are clear and concise and the book is easy to read. Although it is factual and points out the problems, it is optimistic in its approach.
Dr. Danowski is obviously a "middle of the roader" in regard to dietary management and the control of glycemia.
Rehabilitation: A Community Challenge
Authors: BLUESTONE SEYMOUR S. 
Published: December 2021

This volume collates knowledge accumulated, mainly during the past decade, by the many individuals and groups concerned with the provision of rehabilitation services. As one of the outstanding among these individuals, the author can speak authoritatively on the wide range of subjects covered. The book is well documented with references and is supplemented by an extensive classified bibliography.
Intended "to form a source of reference and guidance for all those interested in (rehabilitation), particularly those at the planning level of community activity," the book should be of even wider interest as a significant contribution to the basic understanding of rehabilitation by all thinking people.
OBITUARY
Authors: CHRISTOPHERSON E. H. 
Published: December 2021

Henry F. Helmholz, M.D., of Rochester, Minnesota, ninth President of the American Academy of Pediatrics (1938-39) passed away at Rochester, Minnesota, on the evening of August 18, 1958. Dr. Helmholz would have been 76 years old on August 24.
Born in Chicago, he attended the University of Wisconsin and graduated from Johns Hopkins Medical School in 1906. Following a fellowship in pathology Dr. Helmholz studied pediatrics at the Universities of Berlin, Breslau and Vienna from 1907 to 1909. He returned to Chicago to marry Isabel C. Lindsay and to begin the practice of pediatrics. From 1909 to 1920 Henry Helmholz practiced in Chicago, but in 1921 accepted an appointment as Head of the Section of Pediatrics at the Mayo Clinic.
CYSTIC DISEASE OF THE LIVER AND KIDNEY
Authors: Lathrop Donald B. 
Published: December 2021

The subject of cystic disease of the liver and kidneys has been reviewed.
A family has been studied in which at least four and probably six of seven children of normal parents have been affected by the disease, as shown by clinical study and biopsy, liver function and biopsy, and by pyelograms made after intravenous injection of radio-opaque material.
The prognosis of the condition usually depends upon the amount of renal involvement. In the patients studied here, however, the disease process in the liver has assumed even greater clinical importance, since two children have developed severe portal hypertension.