bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reactivity in social scientific experiments: what is it and how is it different (and worse) than a Placebo effect?
Authors: Jiménez-Buedo María 
Published: April 2021

AbstractReactivity, or the phenomenon by which subjects tend to modify their behavior in virtue of their being studied upon, is often cited as one of the most important difficulties involved in social scientific experiments, and yet, there is to date a persistent conceptual muddle when dealing with the many dimensions of reactivity. This paper offers a conceptual framework for reactivity that draws on an interventionist approach to causality. The framework allows us to offer an unambiguous definition of reactivity and distinguishes it from placebo effects. Further, it allows us to distinguish between benign and malignant forms of the phenomenon, depending on whether reactivity constitutes a danger to the validity of the causal inferences drawn from experimental data.
Characterizing devolatilized wood pellets for fluidized bed applications
Authors: Jarolin Kolja , Wang Shen , Dymala Timo , Song Tao , Heinrich Stefan , Shen Laihong , Dosta Maksym 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe investigated devolatilized wood pellets to characterize their mechanical behavior and their microstructure. The work’s aim is to increase the understanding and modeling capabilities for the application in fluidized bed gasification as a sustainable alternative to generate synthesis gas. Our experiments showed that devolatilized wood pellets are a stable but highly porous and fragile structure. Computed tomographic images of the same pellets before and after devolatilization showed that the existing pore network in raw conditions characterizes the final structure. Along with the pores, the reaction rate likely increases and the pores massively enlarge, and internal cavities are formed. The resulting pore network dominates the mechanical behavior and leads to micro fragmentations already at low static loads or slow dynamic impacts. This results in the creation of fines or breakage already at low impact velocities. For fluidized bed devolatilization, the large-scale open pore network of the biochar pellets allows the penetration of bed material into the pellet leading to an estimated increase in the pellet’s mass of up to 45%. However, an increase in pore size caused by the penetration was not apparent. Due to the pellet’s porous structure, breakage and attrition induced by mechanical stresses are likely to be as or even more important than primary fragmentation caused by the devolatilization process itself in a reactor.
Effects of Regular Physical Activity on the Immune System, Vaccination and Risk of Community-Acquired Infectious Disease in the General Population: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Chastin Sebastien F. M. , Abaraogu Ukachukwu , Bourgois Jan G. , Dall Philippa M. , Darnborough Jennifer , Duncan Elaine , Dumortier Jasmien , Pavón David Jiménez , McParland Joanna , Roberts Nicola J. , Hamer Mark 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Regular physical activity is the prime modality for the prevention of numerous non-communicable diseases and has also been advocated for resilience against COVID-19 and other infectious diseases. However, there is currently no systematic and quantitative evidence synthesis of the association between physical activity and the strength of the immune system.

Objective
To examine the association between habitual physical activity and (1) the risk of community-acquired infectious disease, (2) laboratory‐assessed immune parameters, and (3) immune response to vaccination.

Methods
We conducted a systemic review and meta-analysis according to PRISMA guidelines. We searched seven databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and SportDiscus) up to April 2020 for randomised controlled trials and prospective observational studies were included if they compared groups of adults with different levels of physical activity and reported immune system cell count, the concentration of antibody, risk of clinically diagnosed infections, risk of hospitalisation and mortality due to infectious disease. Studies involving elite athletes were excluded. The quality of the selected studies was critically examined following the Cochrane guidelines using ROB2 and ROBINS_E. Data were pooled using an inverse variance random-effects model.

Results
Higher level of habitual physical activity is associated with a 31% risk reduction (hazard ratio 0.69, 95% CI 0.61–0.78, 6 studies, N = 557,487 individuals) of community-acquired infectious disease and 37% risk reduction (hazard ratio 0.64, 95% CI 0.59–0.70, 4 studies, N = 422,813 individuals) of infectious disease mortality. Physical activity interventions resulted in increased CD4 cell counts (32 cells/µL, 95% CI 7–56 cells/µL, 24 studies, N = 1112 individuals) and salivary immunoglobulin IgA concentration (standardised mean difference 0.756, 95% CI 0.146–1.365, 7 studies, N = 435 individuals) and decreased neutrophil counts (704 cells/µL, 95% CI 68–1340, 6 studies, N = 704 individuals) compared to controls. Antibody concentration after vaccination is higher with an adjunct physical activity programme (standardised mean difference 0.142, 95% CI 0.021–0.262, 6 studies, N = 497 individuals).

Conclusion
Regular, moderate to vigorous physical activity is associated with reduced risk of community-acquired infectious diseases and infectious disease mortality, enhances the first line of defence of the immune system, and increases the potency of vaccination.

Protocol registration
The original protocol was prospectively registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020178825).
Erosion-Corrosion Mechanisms of Engineering Steels in Different NaCl Concentrations
Authors: Brownlie F. , Hodgkiess T. , Pearson A. , Galloway A. M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study utilises a recently developed, enhanced approach to assess detailed aspects of the corrosive wear behaviour of different steel grades in aqueous slurries containing three NaCl concentrations (0.05%NaCl, 3.5%NaCl and 10%NaCl). Erosion-corrosion testing was conducted using a slurry impingement test rig and damage was quantified using volume loss, potentiodynamic polarisation scans and surface topography. Single- and segmented specimens were adopted to yield the contribution of the degradation mechanisms in the two hydrodynamic zones (directly impinged and surrounding area). The overall material losses from the two zones of the stainless steels were observed to increase with increasing salinity. However, the overall material loss for the low-alloy steel was found to increase from 0.05%NaCl to 3.5%NaCl, before reducing when the salinity was further increased to 10%NaCl. Changes in salinity were observed to have the most effect on the corrosion-enhanced mechanical damage mechanism. The in-house developed technique demonstrated good linkage between single samples and the outer area damage region. However, it also showed that the use of single samples can be less successful when assessing highly turbulent (directly impinged) damage regions.
Optimal coordination and service level of the supply chain in the sharing economy: the perspective of social responsibility
Authors: Guo Jie , Guo Yanli 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe sharing economy has changed people’s lives. These changes have accelerated the pace of life and improved the quality of life, but have also had some negative effects. For example, in China, in the supply chain of the takeout delivery platform, the service deliverer often violates traffic rules to shorten the delivery time. This phenomenon has aroused widespread concern in society. From the perspective of sustainable operation of platform enterprises and reducing social risks, this issue is worthy of in-depth study. First, this study analyses the optimal decision-making about pricing and service efforts, then discusses the supply chain coordination mechanism under a revenue-sharing contract, and finds that the platform’s service level is related to the efforts of deliverers and the elasticity of demand/service. However, under a traditional revenue-sharing contract, the economic returns are not enough to motivate deliverers to avoid violations of traffic regulations; When the increase of cost caused by the improvement of service level is not fully covered by the revenue sharing from the platform, they have a strong incentive to break the rules even if the optimal coordination can be achieved in the supply chain. Second, this study reconstructs the revenue-sharing contract by adding social responsibility to the objective function of the platform enterprises and designs contingent rewards to regulate behaviours of service deliverers. The results indicate that when the contingent reward factor reaches a certain level, the optimal effort of the service deliverers is constrained within a reasonable range, which can to some extent reduce the occurrence of illegal behaviour. Our findings offer fresh insights on coordination of supply chain in the sharing economy, identify new direction for future research on CSR, and provide managers of platform enterprises with suggestions for regulating the behaviour of partners and balance the economic and social benefits.
A deep learning-based computer-aided diagnosis method of X-ray images for bone age assessment
Authors: Li Shaowei , Liu Bowen , Li Shulian , Zhu Xinyu , Yan Yang , Zhang Dongxu 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBone age assessment using hand-wrist X-ray images is fundamental when diagnosing growth disorders of a child or providing a more patient-specific treatment. However, as clinical procedures are a subjective assessment, the accuracy depends highly on the doctor’s experience. Motivated by this, a deep learning-based computer-aided diagnosis method was proposed for performing bone age assessment. Inspired by clinical approaches and aimed to reduce expensive manual annotations, informative regions localization based on a complete unsupervised learning method was firstly performed and an image-processing pipeline was proposed. Subsequently, an image model with pre-trained weights as a backbone was utilized to enhance the reliability of prediction. The prediction head was implemented by a Multiple Layer Perceptron with one hidden layer. In compliance with clinical studies, gender information was an additional input to the prediction head by embedded into the feature vector calculated from the backbone model. After the experimental comparison study, the best results showed a mean absolute error of 6.2 months on the public RSNA dataset and 5.1 months on the additional dataset using MobileNetV3 as the backbone.
Design of a consensus-based geriatric assessment tailored for older chronic kidney disease patients: results of a pragmatic approach
Authors: Voorend Carlijn G. N. , Joosten Hanneke , Berkhout-Byrne Noeleen C. , Diepenbroek Adry , Franssen Casper F. M. , Bos Willem Jan W. , Van Buren Marjolijn , Mooijaart Simon P. ,   the POLDER investigators, van Alphen Arjan , Berkhout-Byrne Noeleen , van Breda Fenna , van Buren Marjolijn , Boom Henk , Bos Willem Jan , Diepenbroek Adry , Emmelot-Vonk Marielle , Franssen Casper , Gaillard Carlo A. J. M. , Groeneweg Nel , Hoekstra Bettie , Hommes Nienke , Hoornaar Francoise , Joosten Hanneke , Lagró Joep , Litjens Elisabeth , Molenaar Femke , Mooijaart Simon P. , Neradova Aegida , Peters Mike , Veldman Wilma , Voorend Carlijn , Westerbos Lidwien , Westerman - van der Wijden Carlijne , Wierdsma Judith , Hemmelder M. , Homan van der Heide J. J. , Prantl K. , Rabelink A. J. , de Rooij S. , Stehouwer C. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Unidentified cognitive decline and other geriatric impairments are prevalent in older patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). Despite guideline recommendation of geriatric evaluation, routine geriatric assessment is not common in these patients. While high burden of vascular disease and existing pre-dialysis care pathways mandate a tailored geriatric assessment, no consensus exists on which instruments are most suitable in this population to identify geriatric impairments. Therefore, the aim of this study was to propose a geriatric assessment, based on multidisciplinary consensus, to routinely identify major geriatric impairments in older people with advanced CKD.

Methods
A pragmatic approach was chosen, which included focus groups, literature review, inventory of current practices, an expert consensus meeting, and pilot testing. In preparation of the consensus meeting, we composed a project team and an expert panel (n = 33), drafted selection criteria for the selection of instruments, and assessed potential instruments for the geriatric assessment.

Results
Selection criteria related to general geriatric domains, clinical relevance, feasibility, and duration of the assessment. The consensus-assessment contains instruments in functional, cognitive, psychological, somatic, patient preferences, nutritional status, and social domains. Administration of (seven) patient questionnaires and (ten) professional-administered instruments, by nurse (practitioners), takes estimated 20 and 40 min, respectively. Results are discussed in a multidisciplinary meeting including at least nephrology and geriatric expertise, informing nephrology treatment decisions, and follow-up interventions among which comprehensive geriatric assessment.

Conclusion
This first multidisciplinary consensus on nephrology-tailored geriatric assessment intent to benefit clinical care and enhance research comparability for older patients with advanced CKD.
Design thinking and computational thinking: a dual process model for addressing design problems
Authors: Kelly Nick , Gero John S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis paper proposes a relationship between design thinking and computational thinking. It describes design thinking and computational thinking as two prominent ways of understanding how people address design problems. It suggests that, currently, each of design thinking and computational thinking is defined and theorized in isolation from the other. A two-dimensional ontological space of the ways that people think in addressing problems is proposed, based on the orientation of the thinker towards problem and solution generality/specificity. Placement of design thinking and computational thinking within this space and discussion of their relationship leads to the suggestion of a dual process model for addressing design problems. It suggests that, in this model, design thinking and computational thinking are processes that are ontological mirror images of each other, and are the two processes by which thinkers address problems. Thinkers can move fluently between the two. The paper makes a contribution towards the theoretical foundations of design thinking and proposes questions about how design thinking and computational thinking might be both investigated and taught as constituent parts of a dual process.
Earned Citizenship
Authors: Joppke Christian 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis paper argues that conceptualizing Western state citizenship from the vantage point of advancing liberalism is insufficient. Instead, recently restrictive trends may be summarized under the umbrella of earned citizenship. Conceived of as privilege not right, this is a citizenship that is simultaneously more difficult to get and easier to lose, and it inheres elements of neoliberalism and of nationalism in tandem. One could even call it an instance of neoliberal nationalism, which is neither ethnic nor civic but including on the basis of merit and desert. The rise of earned citizenship is a convergent trend across Western Europe and the classic immigrant nations of North America and Australia.
Honor Among Thieves: Understanding Rhetorical and Material Cooperation Among Violent Nonstate Actors
Authors: Blair Christopher W. , Chenoweth Erica , Horowitz Michael C. , Perkoski Evan , Potter Philip B.K. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCooperation among militant organizations contributes to capability but also presents security risks. This is particularly the case when organizations face substantial repression from the state. As a consequence, for cooperation to emerge and persist when it is most valuable, militant groups must have means of committing to cooperation even when the incentives to defect are high. We posit that shared ideology plays this role by providing community monitoring, authority structures, trust, and transnational networks. We test this theory using new, expansive, time-series data on relationships between militant organizations from 1950 to 2016, which we introduce here. We find that when groups share an ideology, and especially a religion, they are more likely to sustain material cooperation in the face of state repression. These findings contextualize and expand upon research demonstrating that connections between violent nonstate actors strongly shape their tactical and strategic behavior.
Do External Threats Unite or Divide? Security Crises, Rivalries, and Polarization in American Foreign Policy
Authors: Myrick Rachel 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA common explanation for the increasing polarization in contemporary American foreign policy is the absence of external threat. I identify two mechanisms through which threats could reduce polarization: by revealing information about an adversary that elicits a bipartisan response from policymakers (information mechanism) and by heightening the salience of national relative to partisan identity (identity mechanism). To evaluate the information mechanism, study 1 uses computational text analysis of congressional speeches to explore whether security threats reduce partisanship in attitudes toward foreign adversaries. To evaluate the identity mechanism, study 2 uses public opinion polls to assess whether threats reduce affective polarization among the public. Study 3 tests both mechanisms in a survey experiment that heightens a security threat from China. I find that the external threat hypothesis has limited ability to explain either polarization in US foreign policy or affective polarization among the American public. Instead, responses to external threats reflect the domestic political environment in which they are introduced. The findings cast doubt on predictions that new foreign threats will inherently create partisan unity.
Avian schistosome species in Danish freshwater lakes: relation to biotic and abiotic factors
Authors: Al-Jubury A. , Duan Y. , Kania P.W. , Tracz E.S. , Bygum A. , Jørgensen L.v.G. , Horák P. , Buchmann K. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Due to the increased prevalence of human infections with bird schistosome larvae (cercarial dermatitis) associated with bathing in Danish lakes, a nationwide survey of infected intermediate host snails was conducted in 2018–2020. Pulmonate snails (10,225 specimens) were collected from 39 freshwater lakes (in the four major geographic regions in Denmark) and subjected to shedding. Released schistosome cercariae were isolated and identified by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing whereby Trichobilharzia regenti, Trichobilharzia franki, Trichobilharzia szidati and Trichobilharzia anseri were recorded. Infections were primarily determined by biotic factors such as the presence of final host birds and intermediate host snails and water temperature was noted as an important abiotic parameter associated with the infection. No clear connection with other abiotic factors (conductivity, alkalinity, pH, nitrogen, phosphorous) was seen. The widespread occurrence of infected snails, when compared to previous investigations, suggests that climate changes at northern latitudes could be responsible for the increased risk of contracting cercarial dermatitis.
Mitochondrial genome of Rhabdosynochus viridisi (Monogenea: Diplectanidae), a parasite of Pacific white snook Centropomus viridis
Authors: Caña-Bozada V. , Llera-Herrera R. , Fajer-Ávila E.J. , Morales-Serna F.N. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We report the nearly complete mitochondrial genome of Rhabdosynochus viridisi – the first for this genus – achieved by combining shotgun sequencing of genomic and cDNA libraries prepared using low-input protocols. This integration of genomic information leads us to correct the annotation of the gene features. The mitochondrial genome consists of 13,863 bp. Annotation resulted in the identification of 12 protein-encoding genes, 22 tRNA genes and two rRNA genes. Three non-coding regions, delimited by three tRNAs, were found between the genes nad5 and cox3. A phylogenetic analysis grouped R. viridisi with three other species of diplectanid monogeneans for which mitochondrial genomes are available.
Refuting the myth of a ‘tsunami’ of mental ill-health in populations affected by COVID-19: evidence that response to the pandemic is heterogeneous, not homogeneous
Authors: Shevlin Mark , Butter Sarah , McBride Orla , Murphy Jamie , Gibson-Miller Jilly , Hartman Todd K. , Levita Liat , Mason Liam , Martinez Anton P. , McKay Ryan , Stocks Thomas V. A. , Bennett Kate , Hyland Philip , Bentall Richard P. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
The current study argues that population prevalence estimates for mental health disorders, or changes in mean scores over time, may not adequately reflect the heterogeneity in mental health response to the COVID-19 pandemic within the population.

Methods
The COVID-19 Psychological Research Consortium (C19PRC) Study is a longitudinal, nationally representative, online survey of UK adults. The current study analysed data from its first three waves of data collection: Wave 1 (March 2020, N = 2025), Wave 2 (April 2020, N = 1406) and Wave 3 (July 2020, N = 1166). Anxiety-depression was measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (a composite measure of the PHQ-9 and GAD-7) and COVID-19-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with the International Trauma Questionnaire. Changes in mental health outcomes were modelled across the three waves. Latent class growth analysis was used to identify subgroups of individuals with different trajectories of change in anxiety-depression and COVID-19 PTSD. Latent class membership was regressed on baseline characteristics.

Results
Overall prevalence of anxiety-depression remained stable, while COVID-19 PTSD reduced between Waves 2 and 3. Heterogeneity in mental health response was found, and hypothesised classes reflecting (i) stability, (ii) improvement and (iii) deterioration in mental health were identified. Psychological factors were most likely to differentiate the improving, deteriorating and high-stable classes from the low-stable mental health trajectories.

Conclusions
A low-stable profile characterised by little-to-no psychological distress (‘resilient’ class) was the most common trajectory for both anxiety-depression and COVID-19 PTSD. Monitoring these trajectories is necessary moving forward, in particular for the ~30% of individuals with increasing anxiety-depression levels.