bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ascriptive Characteristics and Perceptions of Impropriety in the Rule of Law: Race, Gender, and Public Assessments of Whether Judges Can Be Impartial
Authors: Ono Yoshikuni , Zilis Michael A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPerceptions of procedural fairness influence the legitimacy of the law and because procedures are mutable, reforming them can buttress support for the rule of law. Yet legal authorities have recently faced a distinct challenge: accusations of impropriety based on theirascriptivecharacteristics (e.g., gender, ethnicity). We study the effect of these traits in the context of the U.S. legal system, focusing on the conditions under which citizens perceive female and minority judges as exhibiting impropriety and how this compares with perceptions of their white and male counterparts. We find that Americans use a judge's race and gender to make inferences about which groups the judge favors, whether she is inherently biased, and whether she should recuse. Notably, we find drastically different evaluations of female and Hispanic judges among the political right and left.
Modelling columnarity of pyramidal cells in the human cerebral cortex
Authors: Christoffersen Andreas Dyreborg , M⊘ller Jesper , Christensen Heidi S⊘gaard 
Published: May 2021

SummaryFor modelling the location of pyramidal cells in the human cerebral cortex, we suggest a hierarchical point process in that exhibits anisotropy in the form of cylinders extending along the z‐axis. The model consists first of a generalised shot noise Cox process for the xy‐coordinates, providing cylindrical clusters, and next of a Markov random field model for the z‐coordinates conditioned on the xy‐coordinates, providing either repulsion, aggregation or both within specified areas of interaction. Several cases of these hierarchical point processes are fitted to two pyramidal cell data sets, and of these a final model allowing for both repulsion and attraction between the points seem adequate. We discuss how the final model relates to the so‐called minicolumn hypothesis in neuroscience.
Improving health‐related quality of life in glaucoma during 11 years and its association with vision loss and treatment of the disease
Authors: Purola Petri K.M. , Nättinen Janika E. , Parkkari Minna M. , Ojamo Matti U.I. , Koskinen Seppo V.P. , Rissanen Harri A. , Sainio Päivi R.J. , Uusitalo Hannu M.T. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the impact of glaucoma on health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) and mental health in the ageing population of Finland.MethodsAltogether 7380 and 5774 Finnish individuals aged 30 years and older with known eye disease status were studied in 2000 and 2011, respectively, in two population‐based surveys, including an 11‐year follow‐up of 4683 participants. Data on HRQoL (EQ‐5D‐3L, 15D), depression (BDI), psychological distress (GHQ‐12) and eye disease diagnoses were obtained from self‐reported assessments. Information on glaucoma was complemented with the medication, diagnosis and eye surgery data obtained from the Finnish Health Registries. Distance visual acuity was assessed using the Snellen eye chart test. In logistic regression analyses, data were corrected for age, gender and the most common comorbidities.ResultsGlaucoma patients with verified diagnosis (n = 192 in 2000, n = 202 in 2011) and individuals with self‐suspected glaucoma (n = 100 in 2000, n = 41 in 2011) showed a significant decrease in their HRQoL. Glaucoma was also associated with worsened overall mental health based on BDI and GHQ‐12 results. Visual impairment associated with glaucoma is the major determinant of the reduced HRQoL and mental health. Neither glaucoma medication nor glaucoma surgery affected these parameters. The impact of glaucoma on HRQoL and mental health diminished between 2000 and 2011 in a cross‐sectional setting. The newly diagnosed glaucoma during the 11‐year follow‐up had a minimal effect on them.ConclusionGlaucoma patients show reduced HRQoL and mental health, which is associated with vision loss regardless of the awareness or treatment of the disease. However, this effect seems to be diminishing over time, and the newly diagnosed glaucoma did not show a significant effect on either HRQoL or mental health.
Neuronal underpinnings of cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder: A large data‐driven functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Zarp Petersen Jeff , Varo Cristina , Skovsen Cecilie F. , Ott Caroline V. , Kjærstad Hanne L. , Vieta Eduard , Harmer Catherine J. , Knudsen Gitte M. , Kessing Lars V. , Macoveanu Julian , Miskowiak Kamilla W. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectivesCognitive impairment occurs in approximately 50% of remitted patients with bipolar disorder (BD). However, there exists no treatment with replicated and robust efficacy on cognition in BD. This is partially due to limited insight into the neuronal underpinnings of cognitive impairment in these patients. This is the first study to investigate neuronal underpinnings of cognitive impairment in a large functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) dataset comparing neural activity patterns between distinct neurocognitive subgroups of partially or fully remitted patients with BD.MethodsPatients (n = 153) and healthy controls (HC) (n = 52) underwent neuropsychological assessment and fMRI, during which they performed a verbal N‐back working memory (WM) task. Based on hierarchical cluster analysis of neuropsychological test performance, patients were grouped into one of two neurocognitive subgroups (cognitively impaired, n = 91; cognitively normal compared to HC, n = 62) that were compared on WM‐related neural activity.ResultsCognitively impaired patients displayed WM‐related hypo‐activity in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and frontal and parietal regions within a cognitive control network (CCN) as well as hyper‐activity in the default mode network (DMN) compared to cognitively normal patients. In contrast, cognitively normal patients only exhibited hypo‐activity within a small cluster in the superior frontal gyrus relative to HC.ConclusionsCognitive impairment in BD seems to originate from a failure to recruit key regions in the CCN and to suppress task‐irrelevant DMN activity during cognitive performance. These results highlight modulation of aberrant dorsal prefrontal and DMN activity as a putative target for pro‐cognitive treatment in BD.
Regional subglacial quarrying and abrasion below hard‐bedded palaeo‐ice streams crossing the Shield–Palaeozoic boundary of central Canada: the importance of substrate control
Authors: Bukhari Syed , Eyles Nick , Sookhan Shane , Mulligan Riley , Paulen Roger , Krabbendam Maarten , Putkinen Niko 
Published: May 2021

Three‐dimensional surface visualization models derived from high‐resolution LiDAR data provide new information about the type and scale of erosional processes below Late Wisconsin palaeo‐ice streams traversing the boundary between Canadian Shield crystalline rocks with offlapping Palaeozoic limestones in central Ontario. The hard bed is directly analogous to that found below ice streams in East Antarctica and East Greenland and provides insight into the effects of abrupt changes in substrate type on subglacial processes. Erosion of hard crystalline Canadian Shield rock was largely ineffectual consisting of areal abrasion of rounded whalebacks and local lee side plucking. In contrast, fast flow over the strike of gently dipping well‐bedded and jointed Palaeozoic limestones cut large flow‐parallel grooves and ridges akin to mega‐scale glacial lineations reflecting intense abrasion below narrow streams of subglacial debris dominated by hard crystalline Shield clasts (erodents). Regionally extensive plucking of structurally weak, well‐jointed and bedded limestone produced large volumes of rubbly carbonate debris leaving a 25‐km‐wide belt of uncontrolled hummocky rubble terrain (long known as the Dummer Moraine in Southern Ontario) some 350 km long and locally as much as 10 m thick. Subglacial plucking and abrasion under fast flowing ice were highly effective in stripping limestone cover rocks from Precambrian basement, and over many glacial cycles, may have played a role in the location and excavation of numerous large and deep lake basins around the Shield–Palaeozoic boundary zone in North America.
Inhibition of hyperactivity of the dorsal raphe 5‐HTergic neurons ameliorates hippocampal seizure
Authors: Cheng Heming , Qi Yingbei , Lai Nanxi , Yang Lin , Xu Cenglin , Wang Shuang , Guo Yi , Chen Zhong , Wang Yi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimsEpilepsy, frequently comorbid with depression, easily develops drug resistance. Here, we investigated how dorsal raphe (DR) and its 5‐HTergic neurons are implicated in epilepsy.MethodsIn mouse hippocampal kindling model, using immunochemistry, calcium fiber photometry, and optogenetics, we investigated the causal role of DR 5‐HTergic neurons in seizure of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Further, deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the DR with different frequencies was applied to test its effect on hippocampal seizure and depressive‐like behavior.ResultsNumber of c‐fos+ neurons in the DR and calcium activities of DR 5‐HTergic neurons were both increased during kindling‐induced hippocampal seizures. Optogenetic inhibition, but not activation, of DR 5‐HTergic neurons conspicuously retarded seizure acquisition specially during the late period. For clinical translation, 1‐Hz‐specific, but not 20‐Hz or 100‐Hz, DBS of the DR retarded the acquisition of hippocampal seizure. This therapeutic effect may be mediated by the inhibition of DR 5‐HTergic neurons, as optogenetic activation of DR 5‐HTergic neurons reversed the anti‐seizure effects of 1‐Hz DR DBS. However, DBS treatment had no effect on depressive‐like behavior.ConclusionInhibition of hyperactivity of DR 5‐HTergic neuron may present promising anti‐seizure effect and the DR may be a potential DBS target for the therapy of TLE.
Tattoos – more than just colored skin? Searching for tattoo allergens
Authors: Weiß Katharina T. , Schreiver Ines , Siewert Katherina , Luch Andreas , Haslböck Birgit , Berneburg Mark , Bäumler Wolfgang 
Published: May 2021

SummaryDuring tattooing, a high amount of ink is injected into the skin. Tattoo inks contain numerous substances such as the coloring pigments, impurities, solvents, emulsifiers, and preservatives. Black amorphous carbon particles (carbon black), white titanium dioxide, azo or polycyclic pigments create all varieties of color shades in the visible spectrum. Some ingredients of tattoo inks might be hazardous and allergenic chemicals of unknown potential.In Germany, about 20 % of the general population is tattooed and related adverse reactions are increasingly reported. Since tattoo needles inevitably harm the skin, microorganisms can enter the wound and may cause infections. Non‐allergic inflammatory reactions (for example cutaneous granuloma and pseudolymphoma) as well as allergic reactions may emerge during or after wound healing. Especially with allergies occurring after weeks, months or years, it remains difficult to identify the specific ingredient(s) that trigger the reaction.This review summarizes possible adverse effects related to tattooing with a focus on the development of tattoo‐mediated allergies. To date, relevant allergens were only identified in rare cases. Here we present established methods and discuss current experimental approaches to identify culprit allergens in tattoo inks – via testing of the patient and in vitro approaches.
Representing agents, patients, goals and instruments in causative events: A cross‐linguistic investigation of early language and cognition
Authors: Ünal Ercenur , Richards Catherine , Trueswell John C. , Papafragou Anna 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAlthough it is widely assumed that the linguistic description of events is based on a structured representation of event components at the perceptual/conceptual level, little empirical work has tested this assumption directly. Here, we test the connection between language and perception/cognition cross‐linguistically, focusing on the relative salience of causative event components in language and cognition. We draw on evidence from preschoolers speaking English or Turkish. In a picture description task, Turkish‐speaking 3‐5‐year‐olds mentioned Agents less than their English‐speaking peers (Turkish allows subject drop); furthermore, both language groups mentioned Patients more frequently than Goals, and Instruments less frequently than either Patients or Goals. In a change blindness task, both language groups were equally accurate at detecting changes to Agents (despite surface differences in Agent mentions). The remaining components also behaved similarly: both language groups were less accurate in detecting changes to Instruments than either Patients or Goals (even though Turkish‐speaking preschoolers were less accurate overall than their English‐speaking peers). To our knowledge, this is the first study offering evidence for a strong—even though not strict—homology between linguistic and conceptual event roles in young learners cross‐linguistically.
Short‐term intensive insulin as induction and maintenance therapy for the preservation of beta‐cell function in early type 2 diabetes (RESET‐IT Main): A 2‐year randomized controlled trial
Authors: Retnakaran Ravi , Emery Alexandra , Ye Chang , Harris Stewart B. , Reichert Sonja M. , McInnes Natalia , Gerstein Hertzel C. , Thorpe Kevin E. , Kramer Caroline K. , Zinman Bernard 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimTo test the hypothesis that the addition of periodic courses of short‐term intensive insulin therapy (IIT) could enhance the effect of metformin (MET) maintenance therapy on preservation of beta‐cell function following induction IIT.MethodsIn this multicentre, randomized controlled trial, 108 adults with type 2 diabetes (median 1.3 years’ duration; HbA1c 6.6% ± 0.6%) were randomized to 3 weeks of induction IIT (glargine, lispro) followed by MET maintenance, either with or without periodic 2‐week courses of IIT every 3 months for 2 years. Beta‐cell function was assessed by the Insulin Secretion Sensitivity Index‐2 (ISSI‐2) at an oral glucose tolerance test every 3 months.ResultsIn both arms, induction IIT increased ISSI‐2, improved whole‐body insulin sensitivity and reduced hepatic insulin resistance (all P ≤ .0004). The primary outcome of baseline‐adjusted ISSI‐2 at 2 years was not improved by the addition of intermittent IIT (MET + IIT) and was slightly higher in the MET arm (baseline‐adjusted difference −35 [95% CI: −66, –3]), with three additional beta‐cell measures showing no significant differences. Baseline‐adjusted HbA1c at 2 years did not differ between MET and MET + IIT (6.3% ± 0.1% vs. 6.4% ± 0.1%, P = .46), with 32.6% of participants in each arm maintaining HbA1c of 6.0% or less at 2 years.ConclusionAlthough initial induction IIT induces metabolic improvement, subsequent repeat courses of IIT every 3 months do not further enhance the effect of MET maintenance therapy on beta‐cell function.
Effects of vegetarian versus Mediterranean diet on kidney function: Findings from the CARDIVEG study
Authors: Dinu Monica , Colombini Barbara , Pagliai Giuditta , Giangrandi Ilaria , Cesari Francesca , Gori Annamaria , Giusti Betti , Marcucci Rossella , Sofi Francesco 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of the present study was to assess the effects of a lacto‐ovo‐vegetarian diet (VD), compared to a Mediterranean diet (MD), on kidney function in a group of subjects with medium‐to‐low cardiovascular risk profile.MethodsWe analysed 107 subjects (82 women, 25 men; median age 52) who followed a VD (n = 54) and a MD (n = 53) for 3 months in the CARDIVEG study, a randomized, open, crossover trial that compared the effects of these 2 diets on cardiovascular disease risk.ResultsThe effect of the two diets on kidney function markers was evaluated by conducting a general linear model for repeated measurements adjusted for possible confounding factors such as age, sex, physical activity, alcohol, smoking, hypertension, LDL cholesterol, glucose and body weight change. A significant reduction in creatinine (−5.3%; P < .001), urea nitrogen levels (−9%; P = .001), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (−8.7%; P = .001) and BUN/creatinine ratio (−5.8%; P < .001), and an increase in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (+3.5%; P = .001) was observed during the VD period. On the contrary, no significant changes were noted in the MD group. Variations obtained in the two dietary interventions were significantly different (P < .0001) for creatinine levels, BUN/creatinine and eGFR, for which opposite trends were observed in the VD and MD groups.ConclusionsIn a selected group of subjects with medium‐to‐low cardiovascular risk profile, a 3 month VD period determined significant improvements in kidney function markers. Further trials are needed to confirm these results.
Locomotory responses to olfactory cues during host‐finding can inform environmental safety assessments of biological weed control agents
Authors: Fung Jessica M. , Nepal Karuna , Kafle Basu D. , Eigenbrode Sanford D. , Schwarzländer Mark 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn weed biological control programs, the safety assessment of an agent currently relies on no‐choice and choice feeding, development, and oviposition cage tests. However, confined conditions restrict insect behavior, potentially producing false positive host‐use results that can prematurely disqualify agents, reducing opportunities for successful weed biocontrol. To minimize risks of nontarget attack and maximize successful biocontrol outcomes, it is useful to investigate an agent’s pre‐contact responses to olfactory cues from target and nontarget plant species during host‐selection. Here, we tested how the locomotory behavior of the biocontrol agent Mogulones crucifer Pallas (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) differed when exposed to olfactory cues from its host, the invasive herbaceous Cynoglossum officinale L. (Boraginaceae), versus cues from closely related nontarget species. We used olfactometer behavioral assays, comparing M. crucifer responses to volatiles from C. officinale and nontarget plant species. We observed and measured the duration of resting and walking behaviors, as well as frequencies of arrestment or persisted resting, by M. crucifer in response to these odor sources. In total, 22 confamilial plant species were tested, including five species federally listed as threatened or endangered (T&E) in the USA. Mogulones crucifer consistently responded to C. officinale volatiles with greater duration of resting and frequencies of arrestment behavior compared to other plant species. In contrast, M. crucifer behavior was unaffected by odors of confamilials of C. officinale or responded with repellence to these odors in the olfactometer. These data suggest that in the invaded North American range, M. crucifer is unlikely to use nontarget olfactory cues to find or come into contact with tested nontarget plants, including the tested T&E species. Results from this study improve predictions of M. crucifer’s host‐use in the introduced range and illustrate the potential of this novel approach as a component of pre‐release environmental safety assessments of weed biocontrol agents.
2018 Condon Prize for Best Student Essay in Psychological Anthropology “It Hurts Good”: Ethical Highs, From Addiction to Ultramarathon Running
Authors: Cecale Courtney 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article examines how ultra marathon running produces an altered state of consciousness for young men in the United States who were formerly addicted to narcotics. Through an ethnographic analysis, this study shows how running ultra marathons produces therapeutic modes of attention, akin to the experiences associated with drug use, that offers relief from the everyday pains of life. More importantly, participants secured comparable therapeutic relief without the biopolitical consequences, stigma, and threats to their interpersonal relationships that previously marked their experiences with drug use. In teasing out some of the similarities between these therapeutic modalities, this study complicates what it means to be high, while centering attention as a means through which relief is sought in everyday life.
The structural mechanism for the nucleoside tri‐ and diphosphate hydrolysis activity of Ntdp from Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Wang Zhenhua , Shen Hui , He Binbin , Teng Maikun , Guo Qiong , Li Xu 
Published: May 2021

Staphylococcus aureus is a well‐known clinical pathogenic bacterium. In recent years, due to the emergence of multiple drug‐resistant strains of S. aureus in clinical practice, S. aureus infections have become an increasingly severe clinical problem. Ntdp (nucleoside tri‐ and diphosphatase, also known as Sa1684) is a nucleotide phosphatase that has a significant effect on the proliferation of S. aureus colonies and the killing ability of the host. Here, we identified the nucleoside tri‐ and diphosphate hydrolysis activity of Ntdp and obtained the three‐dimensional structures of apo‐Ntdp and three substrate analog (ATPγS, GDPβS, and GTPγS) complexes of Ntdp. Through structural analysis and biochemical verification, we illustrated the structural basis for the divalent cation selectivity, substrate recognition model, and catalytic mechanism of Ntdp. We also revealed a possible basal functional pattern of the DUF402 domain and hypothesized the potential pathways by which the protein regulates the expression of the two‐component regulatory factor agr and the downstream virulence factors. Overall, the above findings provide crucial insights into our understanding of the Ntdp functional mechanism in the infection process.
Segregation‐controlled densification and grain growth in rare earth‐doped Y2O3
Authors: Kindelmann Moritz , Ran Ke , Rheinheimer Wolfgang , Morita Koji , Mayer Joachim , Bram Martin , Guillon Olivier 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCation doping of Y2O3 is an established approach for tailoring densification and grain growth during sintering. However, the segregation of doped cations to the grain boundary and their impact on processing are still not completely understood. Segregation can be driven by electrostatic effects due to charge mismatch with the host lattice or elastic effects induced by ion size mismatch. While segregation is caused by thermodynamics, it impacts diffusion and the kinetics of grain boundaries during densification and microstructure evolution. In this study, we utilize two isovalent dopants (La3+ and Gd3+), that is we focus on the elastic component of segregation. We investigate the densification as well as the grain growth kinetics of both doped and undoped Y2O3 during field‐assisted sintering/spark plasma sintering (FAST/SPS). While Gd3+ is showing no significant effect on densification, La3+ resulted in a strongly reduced sintering activity. Furthermore, the analysis of the grain growth behavior during sintering and on predensified samples revealed a decrease in the grain growth coefficient, with La3+ having the strongest impact. The structure and chemistry at the grain boundary were observed by aberration‐corrected TEM. While no structural change was caused by doping, the chemical analysis showed a strong segregation of La3+ to the grain boundary, which could not be observed for Gd3+. The results indicate that segregated La3+ causes a drastic decrease in grain boundary migration rates through solute drag as well as much slower sintering kinetics, likely caused by a decrease in the grain boundary self‐diffusion due to segregation. This study further underlines the importance of the elastic contribution to cation segregation and establishes a clear relationship to grain growth and sintering kinetics, which are both decreased by segregation.