bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Typhoid Infection among Pregnant Women Attending Specialist Hospital Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria
Authors: Kwala Kefas Hellamada , Asika Aminu Innocent 
Published: February 2021

Typhoid fever is one of the major and common health problem worldwide. Typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi may be a cause of significant morbidity and mortality in both the mother and fetus in developing countries, where sanitation facilities, personal and food hygiene are inadequate. Thus, the present research was a cross-sectional study of Salmonella infection among pregnant women in Specialist Hospital Yola, Nigeria. The objectives of this study is to determine the prevalence of typhoid infection among pregnant women in Adamawa state in relation to age, educational level, occupation and location, explore factors associated with the infection and to provide information on its prevention and control strategies. Serological analyses (Widal test) and bacteriological analyses (stool culture) were carried out and compared among 313 participants. The results obtained showed that 209 (66.77%) of the participants were seropositive for typhoid fever, whereas 188 (60.06%) were positive based on bacteriological technique. Participants between age groups; 26-35 years old had the highest prevalence of 64.10%.There was no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) between the prevalence of typhoid fever among the various age groups of the pregnant women examined. In relation to Educational level, participants with Non-formal education had the highest prevalence of typhoid infection 75.00%. There was no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) between the prevalence of typhoid fever based on the educational level of the pregnant women examined. Based on occupation of the participants, women who were involved in farming recorded the highest prevalence rate of 88.37%.There was statistically significant difference (P< 0.05) between the prevalence of typhoid fever and the occupation of the pregnant women examined. With respect to the location of the participants, subjects belonging to Semi-urban areas recorded the highest prevalence of 80.98%. There was statistically significant difference (P< 0.05) between the prevalence of typhoid fever and the location of the pregnant women examined. Pregnancy state makes the women more vulnerable to typhoid fever by affecting the physiology of pivotal organs, as such causing complications in pregnant women therefore early and prompt diagnosis of the infection is essential.
Synthesis of Polysubstituted Phenols by Rhodium‐Catalyzed C−H/Diazo Coupling and Tandem Annulation
Authors: Liu Min , Yan Kelu , Wen Jiangwei , Li Xue , Wang Xiaoyu , Lu Fengjie , Wang Xiu , Wang Hua 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe rhodium(III)‐catalyzed C−H/diazo coupling and tandem annulation of 3‐oxopent‐4‐enenitriles have been proposed for the synthesis of polysubstituted phenols. Most products of phenols are obtained in good yields. Several preliminary mechanistic studies and derivatization reactions of phenol products were also performed. This method offers an alternative approach for the synthesis of useful diverse phenols.magnified image
Weaning, parturitions and illnesses are recorded in rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) dental cementum microstructure
Authors: Cerrito Paola , Cerrito Leonardo , Hu Bin , Bailey Shara E. , Kalisher Rachel , Bromage Timothy G. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMany open questions in evolutionary studies relate to species' physiological adaptations, including the evolution of their life history and reproductive strategies. There are few empirical methods capable of detecting and timing physiologically impactful events such as weaning, parturition and illnesses from hard tissue remains of either extant or extinct species. Cementum is an incremental tissue with post eruption annual periodicity, which covers the tooth root and functions as a recording structure of an animal's physiology. Here we test the hypothesis that it is possible to detect and time physiologically impactful events through the analysis of dental cementum microstructure. Our sample comprises 41 permanent and deciduous teeth from male and female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with known medical, lifestyle and life history information. We develop a semi‐automated method of cementum histological analysis for the purpose of event detection and timing, aimed at significantly reducing the amount of intra‐ and interobserver errors typically associated with histological analyses. The results of our work show that we were able to detect known events including weaning, parturition, illness and physical trauma with high accuracy (false negative rate = 3.2%; n = 1), and to time them within an average absolute difference of 0.43 years (R2 = .98; p < .05). Nonetheless, we could not distinguish between the several types of stressful events underlying the changes in cementum microstructure. While this study is the first to identify a variety of life history events in macaque dental cementum, laying foundations for future work in conservation and evolutionary studies of both primates and toothed mammals at large, there are some limitations. Other types of analyses (possibly chemical ones) are necessary to tease apart the causes of the stressors.
An evaluation of the Early Learning Measure as a predictor of outcomes in early intensive behavioral intervention
Authors: Lewon Ainsley B. , Ghezzi Patrick M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractResearch on early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) for young children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder demonstrates that many children who receive EIBI achieve optimal outcomes posttreatment, while others benefit more modestly. Researchers are, therefore, increasingly interested in identifying the child‐related and treatment‐related variables that predict the full range of outcomes reported in the EIBI literature. The present study is a retrospective investigation into how early response to treatment as measured by the Early Learning Measure related to and predicted a child's clinical outcome at discharge. Results suggest that rapid mastery of responses in the vocal imitation and expressive labeling domains were predictive of higher levels of adaptive functioning, lower autism symptomology, and fewer required services and supports posttreatment. Early progress in these domains was a better predictor of a child's outcome than either pretreatment assessment scores or the child's age at intake.
REVERSE phenotyping—Can the phenotype following constitutive Tph2 gene inactivation in mice be transferred to children and adolescents with and without adhd?
Authors: Akhrif Atae , Roy Arunima , Peters Katharina , Lesch Klaus‐Peter , Romanos Marcel , Schmitt‐Böhrer Angelika , Neufang Susanne 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIntroductionExperimental models of neuropsychiatric disorders, for example, ADHD, are used to mimic specific phenotypic traits of a complex human disorder. However, it remains unresolved to what extent the animal phenotype reflects the specific human trait. The null mutant mouse of the serotonin‐synthesizing tryptophan hydroxylase‐2 (Tph2‐/‐) gene has been proposed as experimental model for ADHD with high face validity for impulsive, aggressive, and anxious behaviors. To validate this ADHD‐like model, we examined the Tph2‐/‐ phenotype in humans when considering allelic variation of TPH2 function (“reverse phenotyping”).Methods58 participants (6 females, 8–18 years) were examined, of whom 32 were diagnosed with ADHD. All participants were phenotyped for impulsivity, aggression, and anxiety using questionnaires, behavioral tests, and MRI scanning while performing the 4‐choice serial reaction time task. Additionally, participants were genotyped for the TPH2 G‐703T (rs4570625) polymorphism. To analyze the relation between TPH2 G‐703T variants and the impulsive/aggressive/anxious phenotype, mediation analyses were performed using behavioral and MRI data as potential mediators.ResultsWe found that the relation between TPH2 G‐703T and aggression as part of the reverse Tph2‐/‐ phenotype was mediated by structure and function of the right middle and inferior frontal gyrus.ConclusionAt the example of trait aggression, our results support the assumption that the Tph2 null mutant mouse reflects the TPH2 G‐703T‐dependent phenotype in humans. Additionally, we conclude that “reverse phenotyping” is a promising method to validate experimental models and human findings for refined analysis of disease mechanisms.
Structural Insights into Malic Enzyme Variants Favoring an Unnatural Redox Cofactor
Authors: Liu Yuxue , Guo Xiaojia , Liu Wujun , Wang Junting , Kent Zhao Zongbao 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe use of nicotinamide cytosine dinucleotide (NCD), a biocompatible nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide (NAD) analogue, is of great scientific and biotechnological interest. Several redox enzymes have been devised to favor NCD, and have been successfully applied in creating NCD‐dependent redox systems. However, molecular interactions between cofactor and protein have still to be disclosed in order to guide further engineering efforts. Here we report the structural analysis of an NCD‐favoring malic enzyme (ME) variant derived from Escherichia coli. The X‐ray crystal structure data revealed that the residues located at position 346 and 401 in ME acted as the “gatekeepers” of the adenine moiety binding cavity. When Arg346 was substituted with either acidic or aromatic residues, the corresponding mutants showed substantially reduced NCD preference. Inspired by these observations, we generated Lactobacillus helveticus derived d‐lactate dehydrogenase variants at Ile177, the counterpart to Arg346 in ME, and found a similar trend in terms of cofactor preference changes. As many NAD‐dependent oxidoreductases share key structural features, our results provide guidance for protein engineering to obtain more NCD‐favoring variants.
Mapping mineralogy in evaporite basins through time using multispectral Landsat data: Examples from the Bonneville basin, Utah, USA
Authors: Radwin Mark H. , Bowen Brenda B. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe Bonneville basin, located in north‐western Utah, is a vast evaporite basin which is home to the world‐renowned Bonneville Salt Flats international speedway and is a highly valued landscape undergoing rapid change and anthropogenic influence. Air quality, snowpack, the local hydrological system, and state tourism are all impacted by the nature of the surface sediments exposed in the Bonneville basin. Mapping the Bonneville basin over time with remote sensing methods provides insight into the dynamics and impacts of the changing surface landscape. Utilizing the Landsat‐5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat‐8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) sensors, a set of band math indices are empirically established to map the predominant halite, gypsum, and carbonates mineralogical zones of the Bonneville basin. Spectral comparisons of representative samples from the study area and image‐derived spectra indicate the halite of the Bonneville basin is wet and that gypsum deposits are slightly mixed with halite. The established indices are assessed in four ways, all of which support the ability of the indices to accentuate the associated mineralogical endmembers. Two study areas within the Bonneville basin are investigated temporally from 1986, 1995, 2005, and 2016 and show changing patterns in mineral distribution that align with surface processes active through these timescales. These indices provide a resource for mapping mineralogy though time in evaporite basins globally with diverse applications for questions about land use and environmental change.
Effects of Phenanthrene Exposure on Cholesterol Homeostasis and Cardiotoxicity in Zebrafish Embryos
Authors: McGruer Victoria , Tanabe Philip , Vliet Sara M.F. , Dasgupta Subham , Qian Le , Volz David C. , Schlenk Daniel 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are pervasive pollutants in aquatic ecosystems, and developing fish embryos are especially sensitive to PAH exposure. Exposure to crude oil or phenanthrene (a reference PAH found in oil) produces an array of gross morphological abnormalities in developing fish embryos, including cardiotoxicity. Recently, studies utilizing transcriptomic analyses in several oil-exposed fish embryos found significant changes in the abundance of transcripts involved in cholesterol biosynthesis. Given the vital role of cholesterol availability in embryonic heart development, we hypothesized that cholesterol dysregulation in early development contributes to phenanthrene-induced cardiotoxicity. We exposed zebrafish embryos to 12 or 15 µM phenanthrene from 6 to 72 h post fertilization (hpf) and demonstrated that, in conjunction with pericardial edema and bradycardia, several genes (fdft1 and hmgcra) in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway were significantly altered. When embryos were pretreated with a cholesterol solution from 6 to 24 hpf followed by exposure to phenanthrene from 24 to 48 hpf, the effects of phenanthrene on heart rate were partially mitigated. Despite changes in gene expression, whole-mount in situ staining of cholesterol was not significantly affected in embryos exposed to phenanthrene ranging in stage from 24 to 72 hpf. However, the 2-dimensional yolk area was significantly increased with phenanthrene exposure at 72 hpf, suggesting that lipid transport from the yolk to the developing embryo was impaired. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1586–1595. © 2021 SETAC
Development of a Sublethal Chronic Toxicity Test for the Northern Trout Gudgeon, Mogurnda mogurnda, and Application to Uranium, Magnesium, and Manganese
Authors: Pease Ceiwen J. , Trenfield Melanie A. , Mooney Thomas J. , van Dam Rick A. , Walker Samantha , Tanneberger Claudia , Harford Andrew J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Many international guidance documents for deriving water quality guideline values recommend the use of chronic toxicity data. For the tropical fish northern trout gudgeon, Mogurnda mogurnda, 96-h acute and 28-d chronic toxicity tests have been developed, but both tests have drawbacks. The 96-h toxicity test is acute and has a lethal endpoint; hence it is not a preferred method for guideline value derivation. The 28-d method has a sublethal (growth) endpoint, but is highly resource intensive and is high risk in terms of not meeting quality control criteria. The present study aimed to determine the feasibility of a 7-d larval growth toxicity test as an alternative to the 96-h survival and 28-d growth tests. Once the method was successfully developed, derived toxicity estimates for uranium, magnesium, and manganese were compared with those for other endpoints and tests lengths within the literature. As a final validation of the 7-d method, the sensitivity of the 7-d growth endpoint was compared with those of 14-, 21-, and 28-d exposures. Fish growth rate, based on length, over 7 d was significantly more sensitive compared with existing acute toxicity endpoints for magnesium and manganese, and was similarly sensitive to existing chronic toxicity endpoints for uranium. For uranium, the sensitivity of the growth endpoint over the 4 exposure periods was similar, suggesting that 7 d as an exposure duration is sufficient to provide an indication of longer term chronic growth effects. The sensitivity of the 7-d method, across the 3 metals tested, highlights the benefit of utilizing the highly reliable short-term 7-d chronic toxicity test method in future toxicity testing using M. mogurnda. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1596–1605. © 2021 Commonwealth of Australia. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry © 2021 SETAC.
Consequences of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the postpartum course: Lessons learnt from a large‐scale comparative study in a teaching hospital
Authors: Kugelman Nir , Toledano‐Hacohen Mirit , Karmakar Debjyoti , Segev Yakir , Shalabna Eiman , Damti Amit , Kedar Reuven , Zilberlicht Ariel 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the consequences of COVID‐19 pandemic restrictions on the postpartum course.MethodsA retrospective cross‐sectional study compared women who gave birth between March and April 2020 (first wave), between July to September 2020 (second wave), and a matched historical cohort throughout 2017–2019 (groups A, B, and C, respectively). Primary outcomes were postpartum length of stay (LOS), presentations to the emergency department (ED), and readmissions 30 days or longer after discharge. Following Bonferroni correction, p < 0.016 was considered statistically significant.ResultsIn total, 3377 women were included: 640, 914, and 1823 in groups A, B, and C, respectively. LOS after birth (both vaginal and cesarean) was shorter in groups A and B compared to the control group (2.28 ± 1.01 and 2.25 ± 0.93 vs 2.55 ± 1.10 days, p < 0.001). Rates of ED presentations 30 days after discharge were higher in groups C and B compared to group A (6.63% and 6.45% vs 3.12%, p = 0.006). Rates of readmissions 30 days after discharge were 0.78%, 1.42%, and 1.09% (groups A, B, and C, respectively), demonstrating no statistical difference (p = 0.408).ConclusionDuring the COVID‐19 pandemic, there was a reduction or no change in rates of ED presentations and readmissions, despite the shortened LOS after delivery. A shift in policy regarding the postpartum LOS could be considered.
Surgical approaches to the superior mesenteric artery during minimally invasive pancreaticoduodenectomy: A systematic review
Authors: Nagakawa Yuichi , Watanabe Yusuke , Kozono Shingo , Boggi Ugo , Palanivelu Chinnusamy , Liu Rong , Wang Shin‐E , He Jin , Nishino Hitoe , Ohtsuka Takao , Ban Daisuke , Nakata Kohei , Endo Itraru , Tsuchida Akihiko , Nakamura Masafumi ,   Study group of Precision Anatomy for Minimally Invasive Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic surgery (PAM‐HBP surgery)
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundMinimally invasive pancreaticoduodenectomy (MIPD) has recently been safely performed by experts, and various methods for resection have been reported. This review summarizes the literature describing surgical approaches for MIPD.MethodsA systematic literature search of PubMed (MEDLINE) was conducted for studies reporting robotic and laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy; the reference lists of review articles were searched. Of 444 articles yielded, 23 manuscripts describing the surgical approach to dissect around the superior mesenteric artery (SMA), including hand‐searched articles, were assessed.ResultsVarious approaches to dissect around the SMA have been reported. These approaches were categorized according to the direction toward the SMA when initiating dissection around the SMA: anterior approach (two articles), posterior approach (four articles), right approach (16 articles), and left approach (three articles). Thus, many reports used the right approach. Most articles provided a technical description. Some articles showed the advantage of their method in a comparison study. However, these were single‐center retrospective studies with a small sample size.ConclusionsVarious approaches for MIPD have been reported; however, few authors have reported the advantage of their methods compared to other methods. Further discussion is needed to clarify the appropriate surgical approach to the SMA during MIPD.
Factors associated with epiphora following orbital‐sparing maxillectomy via modified Weber–Ferguson incision with lower blepharoplasty
Authors: Pitak‐Arnnop Poramate , Subbalekha Keskanya , Meningaud Jean‐Paul , Sirintawat Nattapong , Auychai Prim , Tangmanee Chatpong , Wunsch Annette , Neff Andreas 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPurposeThe aims of the study were to estimate the frequency of epiphora and to identify factors associated with epiphora after orbital‐sparing maxillectomy via modified Weber–Ferguson incision with lower blepharoplasty (OSOSM‐MWFILB).MethodsWe performed a retrospective cohort study enrolling a sample derived from the patient population undergoing OSM‐MWFILB over a 7‐year period. The predictor variables were grouped into demographic, related health status, anatomic, tumor‐specific, and therapeutic categories. The primary outcome variable was the presence of postmaxillectomy epiphora (PME). Descriptive, univariate, and multivariate regression mixed‐effect models were computed.ResultsThe study sample was composed of 134 patients (46.3% females; 71.6% squamous cell carcinomas) with a mean age of 64.7 ± 12.2 years. There were 23 (17.2%) PME events, which were significantly associated with eight variables: male gender, poor general health (ASA III–IV), large vertical defect (Brown and Shaw's class III–IV), squamous cell carcinoma tumor type, big tumor size (T3‐4), cervical lymph node metastasis (N1‐2), long operating time > 3 h, and adjuvant radio(chemo)therapy in both univariate mixed regression and multivariate Cox hazards analyses. Healing of PME in irradiated patients was significantly delayed.ConclusionsOphthalmologic consequences in patients undergoing OSM‐MWFILB require particular attention, especially in case of advanced tumors, multiple comorbidities, or long surgery with postoperative radio(chemo)therapy. This emphasizes the importance of appropriate cooperation between the surgeons and ophthalmic colleagues.