bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adequacy of standards for kick impact in the Taekwondo electronic scoring system: Comparison of a reference group model based on empirical data
Authors: Choi Chang-Hwan , Jeon Minsoo , Oh Hyeri 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background: In Taekwondo competitions, the rule is that points are scored when the impact of the kick reaches a predetermined threshold of strength. This study aimed to explore the adequacy of the protector and scoring system (PSS) designed to determine Taekwondo body scoring based on a reference group model (RGM). Specifically, the kicking impact of the PSS was calculated using data from 188 matches fought during of 2018 Jakarta Asian Games. The RGM was designed based on empirical data by classifying the victory and defeat groups by gender and weight class, and the scoring method was set according to these criteria. Result: The result of this study are as follows. First, there was no difference in the average impact of kicks of Taekwondo players by weight class. Second, as a result of setting up the kick scoring impact standards of Taekwondo PSS by classifying the winning and non-winning groups, the kickscoring impact set by the WTF was found to be high in all weight classes except -58 kg.Lastly, as a result of comparing the settings of impact to score according to weight classes, the kick scoring impact standard set by the WTF was higher in heavyweight (men's: under-80kg, +80kg, women's: under-67kg, over-67kg) than in the lightweight (men's: under-58kg, under-63kg, under-68kg, women's: under49kg, under53kg, under 57 kg). Conclusion: The kick scoring impact set by the WTF was found to be high in all weight classes except for the under 58 kg class, as a result of defining kick scoring impact based on the standards of WTF-certified PSS by classifying the matches into winning and non-winning groups. Finally, as a result of comparing the scoring impact settings according to weight class, the kick scoring impact standard set by the WTF was higher for the heavier weight classes than for the lighter weight classes.
Thermal network model and experimental validation for a motorized spindle including thermal–mechanical coupling effect
Authors: Zhou Changjiang , Qu Zefeng , Hu Bo , Li Shengbo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Thermal deformation caused by temperature rise have an influence on the dynamic performance of a motorized spindle. In turn, the change in the dynamic performance will affect the temperature rise and thermal deformation of the system. However, the latter was rarely focused on in the previous literature. Therefore, a thermal network model of motorized spindle is enhanced by considering the thermal–mechanical coupling effect. Then, an iterative method is presented to solve the coupled equations, and a temperature test rig of the motorized spindle is set up to verify the proposed model. The relative error between the predicted and experimental results at two test points decreases by 9.56% and 3.44% after considering the thermal–mechanical coupling effect. The comparison with the experimental results shows that the proposed model with thermal–mechanical coupling effect can obtain a more accurate temperature field than the previous model.
Bleeding Complications in Patients on New Oral Anticoagulants for Venous Thromboembolism in Kenya
Authors: OBAYO ANTONINA , Ngunga Mzee , Shah Jasmit , Sokwala Ahmed , Barasa Anders 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background:

The purpose of this study is to determine the rates of bleeding associated with NOAC use.
Methods:

Patients diagnosed with venous thromboembolism (VTE) and treated with NOACs at a tertiary referral hospital in Kenya from January 2014 to December 2019 were recruited. They were followed up from commencement of oral anticoagulation to completion of therapy, the first major bleed, clinically relevant non-major bleed (CRNM), or minor bleeding. Data on bleeding was obtained from the hospital database and through telephone interviews. Unadjusted rates of the first major bleeding event or clinically relevant non-major bleeding (CRNM) were calculated as the number of bleeding events per 100 patient-years
Results:

Two hundred forty-three patients with VTE were recruited. 222(91.4%) were initiated on rivaroxaban, 12(4.9%) on dabigatran, 9(3.7%) on apixaban with a median follow-up of 213(119,477) days. The median age of the patients was 57(45, 71) years. A total of 64 bleeding events were identified in 41(16.9%) patients, 18.8 % were major, 17.2 % were clinically relevant non-major (CRNM), and 64.1 % were minor. The incidence rate for bleeding events was 22.1 per 100 patient-years. Gastrointestinal (GIT) bleeding was the most common major bleeding site. There were more females with bleeding events (70.7%) compared to males.
Conclusions:

In our cohort, most bleeding events were minor, with the GIT being the most common site of major bleeding and menorrhagia being the commonest cause of bleeding. Females had more major and CRNM than men.
Clinical characteristics of children with airway malacia complicated by pneumonia
Authors: Wang Ting , Xu Qiuyan , Dai Ge , Hong Yu , Chen Zhengrong , Lu Min , Yan Yongdong , Jiang Wujun 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Objective

To summarize the pathogens and clinical presentation of children with airway malacia complicated by pneumonia.
Methods

Children hospitalized with airway malacia complicated by pneumonia were eligible for enrollment from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2019. Medical records of patients were reviewed for etiology, clinical characteristics, and laboratory examination results.
Results

A total of 164 pneumonia patients with airway malacia were admitted. The male-to-female ratio was 3:1. The age of patients ranged from 1 month to 4 years old. The median age was 6 (3–10) months. The most commonly detected pathogen were Mycoplasma pneumoniae (25/164, 15.24%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (18/164, 10.98%), and respiratory syncytial virus (16/164, 9.76%). Common signs among the 164 patients with confirmed airway malacia included cough (98.78%), wheezing (67.07%), fever (35.37%), intercostal retractions (23.17%), dyspnea (10.98%), cyanosis (11.11%), and crackles (50%). Compared with those without airway malacia, the incidence of premature delivery and mechanical ventilation was higher, and the duration of symptoms before admission (median, 13.5 d) and hospital stay (median 10.0 d) were longer. Of the children with pneumonia, 11.59% of those with airway malacia required supplemental oxygen compared with 4.88% of those without airway malacia (p < 0.05).
Conclusion

The median age of children with airway malacia was 6 months. The most common pathogen in patients with airway malacia complicated by pneumonia was Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Patients with airway malacia complicated by pneumonia often presented with a longer disease course, more severe symptoms, and had delayed recovery.
Hybrid (Dynamical-Statistical) Models to Improve Seasonal Drought Prediction: Application to Regional Meteorological Droughts in China
Authors: Wu Zhiyong , Yin Hao , He Hai , Li Yuan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Accurate drought prediction is important for drought resistance and water resources management. However, the seasonal drought prediction is of low accuracy for both dynamical and statistical models. In this study, we combined dynamical models and machine learning to construct hybrid (dynamical-statistical) models. We used the random forest approach to identify representative regions based on geopotential height, sea-level pressure, and 2-m temperature. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso and an artificial neural network (ANN) were used to construct the statistical models, with atmospheric variables as predictors and 3-month Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI3) as the predictand. The atmospheric variables forecasted by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) SEAS5 model were processed as predictors to force the statistical models. The resulting hybrid models, constructed using dynamical models and machine learning, were named as dynamic-Lasso (‘D-Lasso’) and dynamic-ANN (‘D-ANN’) separately. The results suggested that prediction skills were improved by the hybrid models; compared to the best available dynamical model (UK Met Office), D-ANN extends the forecast horizons by 6, 21, and 4 days in northern, eastern, and southern China, respectively. In spring and summer, the correlation skills were also improved. The effective prediction of the atmospheric anomalies over the eastern and southern Tibetan Plateau and the Northwest Pacific region was identified as the main contributor to successful seasonal drought prediction. Overall, the hybrid models were able to predict drought processes effectively, and D-ANN outperformed the D-Lasso in drought onset and persistence phases.
Evaluating the relationship between clinical and demographic characteristics of insulin-using people with diabetes and their health outcomes: a cluster analysis application
Authors: Eby Elizabeth L , Edwards Alison , Meadows Eric , Lipkovich Ilya , Benneyworth Brian D , Snow Kenneth 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to determine how clusters or subgroups of insulin-treated people with diabetes, based upon healthcare resource utilization, select social demographic and clinical characteristics, and diabetes management parameters, are related to health outcomes including acute care visits and hospital admissions.Methods: This was a non-experimental, retrospective cluster analysis. We utilized Aetna administrative claims data to identify insulin-using people with diabetes with service dates from 01 January 2015 to 30 June 2018. The study included adults over the age of 18 years who had a diagnosis of type 1 (T1DM) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on insulin therapy and had Aetna medical and pharmacy coverage for at least 18 months (6 months prior and 12 months after their index date, defined as either their first insulin prescription fill date or their earliest date allowing for 6 months’ prior coverage). We used K-means clustering methods to identify relevant subgroups of people with diabetes based on 13 primary outcome variables.Results: A total of 100,650 insulin-using people with diabetes were identified in the Aetna administrative claims database and met study criteria, including 11,826 (11.7%) with T1DM and 88,824 (88.3%) with T2DM. Of these 79,053 (78.5%) people were existing insulin users. Seven distinct clusters were identified with different characteristics and potential risks of diabetes complications. Overall, clusters were significantly associated with differences in healthcare utilization (emergency room visits, inpatient admissions, and total inpatient days) after multivariable adjustment.Conclusions: This novel analysis of healthcare claims data using clustering methodologies identified meaningful subgroups of patients with diabetes using insulin. The subgroups differed in comorbidity burden, healthcare utilization, and demographic factors which could be used to identify higher risk patients and/or guide the management and treatment of diabetes.
Determinants and distribution of out of pocket ex­penditure for health care services in a district of western Maharashtra, India: An Observational Study.
Authors: Kalke Prakash , Mundhe Darshana , Dubey Dharmendra Kumar 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background: Reliability on out of pocket expenditure (OOPE) for health care services is commonly seen among the Indian population. There are various determinants which affect the OOP health expenditure. Aim: The aim of this study was to identify the impact of socioeconomic, demographic, and educational factors on OOPE and distribution of it among various components of health care services and diseases among the households of Pune district of Maharashtra. Method: An observational study was considered for primary data collection. Total 415 households were surveyed and out of them 353 were considered for analysis. Cross-tabulation and chi-square test was used to find out the significant relationship between the different variables. Result: It was found that the area of residence, age, gender, and type of disease, marital status, level of education, socioeconomic status of households have significant relationship with OOPE. The medicine purchase had greatest impact on OOPE followed by OPD and IPD services. Non-communicable diseases increase the burden on OOPE. Conclusion: Households should be made aware of various modes of healthcare financing; simultaneously government should improve penetration of existing social health insurance schemes. The policy makers should consider the factors mentioned and increase spending on public health to strengthen the existing facilities to further reduce the OOPE burden related to healthcare services.
Air Pollution and Racial Disparities in Pregnancy Outcomes in the United States:&nbsp;A Systematic Review
Authors: Dzekem Bonaventure Suiru , Aschebrook-Kilfoy Briseis , Olopade Christopher O. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background

Exposure to air pollutants and other environmental factors increases the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. There is growing evidence that adverse outcomes related to air pollution disproportionately affect racial and ethnic minorities. This paper explores the importance of race as a risk factor for air pollution-related poor pregnancy outcomes.
Methods

We systematically reviewed epidemiologic studies investigating the effects of exposure to air pollution on pregnancy outcomes in the United States.
Results

Findings across all reviewed studies show more adverse pregnancy outcomes (preterm birth, small for gestational age, low birth weight and stillbirths) due to air pollution among Blacks and Hispanics than among non-Hispanic Whites.
Conclusion

This paper enhances our general understanding of the impact of air pollution on birth outcomes and, specifically, of disparities in birth outcomes for infants born to Black and Hispanic mothers.
In Silico Modelling: Electronic Properties of Phosphorene Monoflakes and Biflakes Substituted With Al, Si, and S Heteroatoms
Authors: Garza Cesar Gabriel Vera de la , Rodriguez Luis Daniel Solis , Fomine Serguei , Narváez Wilmer Esteban Vallejo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This contribution explores the systematic substitution of monoflakes (Mfs) and biflakes (Bfs) phosphorene with aluminum, silicon, and sulfur. All this was investigated using functional TPSS and CASSCF calculations. Al and Si substitution produces significant structural changes in both Mfs and Bfs compared to S-substituted and pristine systems. However, in Mfs, all heteroatoms generate a decrease in band gap and the ionization potentials (IP), and an increase in electron affinity (EA) in comparison with pristine phosphorene. Al doping improves the hole mobility in the phosphorene monoflake, while Si and S substitutions exhibit a similar behavior on EAs and reorganization energies. For Bfs, the interlaminar interactions Si-Si and Al-P cause structural changes and higher binding energies for Si-Bfs and Al-Bfs. Regarding the electronic properties of Bfs, substitution with Si does not produce significant variations in the band gap. However, it conduces to the formation of hole transport materials concerning its monolayer counterpart. It also is observed in Al-systems, whereas for S-complexes, no correlation was identified between the doping level and reorganization energies. Also, the substitution with Al and S leads to an opposite behavior of the band gap and IP values, while the variation in EA is similar. In summary, the nature of heteroatom and the doping degree can modify the semiconductor character and electronic properties of phosphorene mono- and the biflakes, whose trends are closely related to the atomic properties of heteroatoms considered. Overall, these computational calculations provide significant insights into the study of doped phosphorene materials.
Antibiotic release controlled by sugarcane bagasse-based hydrogels as responsive carriers
Authors: Yang Kunni , Cai Pingxiong , Pan Yuanfeng 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This work focuses on the transesterification of sugarcane bagasse cellulose (SBC) using tert-butyl acetoacetate (t-BAA) to obtain bagasse cellulose acetoacetate (BCAA), and the preparation of redox/pH dual-responsive hydrogels with cystamine dihydrochlorate (CYS). BCAA and cellulose hydrogels were comprehensively characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), solubility and water retention. The results showed that BCAA was soluble in DMSO, and the degree of substitution (DS) ranged between 0.77 and 1.70, and the hydrogel had a certain water-retaining property. In addition, tetracycline hydrochloride (TH) was used as the model drug loaded in the hydrogel; and TH release can be manipulated or accelerated under reductive or weakly acidic conditions. According to the drug release kinetics analysis, suggested that the release mechanism of drug-loaded hydrogel was mainly driven by Fickian diffusion. The drug-loaded hydrogel also exhibited high antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Therefore, the dual-responsive and drug-loaded hydrogels have great potential in the applications associated with biomedicine.
Biosensors for Detection of Organophosphate Exposure by New Diethyl Thiophosphate-Specific Aptamer
Authors: Swainson Napachanok Mongkoldhumrongkul , Saikaew Chonnikarn , Theeraraksakul Kanyanat , Aiemderm Pongsakorn , Pakjira Rimdusit , Kraiya Charoenkwan , Unajak Sasimanas , choowongkomon kiattawee 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Objective An aptamer specifically binding to diethyl thiophosphate (DETP) was constructed and incorporated in an optical sensor and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to enable the specific measurement of DETP as a metabolite and a biomarker of exposure to organophosphates. Results DETP-bound aptamer was selected from the library using capillary electrophoresis-systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (CE-SELEX). A colorimetric method revealed the aptamer had the highest affinity to DETP with a mean Kd value (± SD) of 0.103 ± 0.014 µM. Changes in resistance using EIS showed selectivity of the aptamer for DETP higher than for dithiophosphate (DEDTP) and diethyl phosphate (DEP) which have similar structure and are metabolites of some of the same organophosphates. The mean (± SD) of percentage of altered resistance of DETP was calculated at 47.5 ± 8.8% which was significantly higher than of DEDTP at 14.3 ± 1.5% and of DEP at 7.0 ± 1.4%. Conclusions The current method showed a great promise in using the DETP-specific aptamer to detect the exposure history to organophosphates, by measuring their metabolite, although degradation of organophosphate parent compounds might occur.
A Nomogram Predicting Survival in Patients with Breast Ductal Carcinoma in Situ with Microinvasion
Authors: Zheng Yi-Zi , Qin Hong-Bin , Li Zi-Zheng , Jiang He-Sheng , Zhang Greg , Yang Shi-Wei , Wang Xian-Ming , Xu Yang-Chun , Deng Zhen-Han , Liu Guo-Wen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background: Ductal carcinoma in situ with microinvasion (DCISM) can be challenging to balance the risks of overtreatment versus undertreatment. We aim to identify prognostic factors in patients with DCISM and construct a nomogram to predict breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS).Methods: Women diagnosed with DCISM were selected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database (1998-2015). Clinical variables and tumor characteristics were evaluated and Cox proportional-hazards regression model was performed. A nomogram was con­structed from the multivariate logistic regression model to combine all the prognostic factors to predict the prognosis of DCISM patients at 5 years, 10 years, and 15 years. Results: We identified 5,438 total eligible breast cancer patients with a median and max survival time of 78 and 227 months, respectively. Here, patients with poorer survival outcomes were those diagnosed between 1988-2001, African-American race, under 40 years of age, higher tumor N stage, progesterone receptor-negative tumor, and received no surgery (all P < 0.05). The nomogram was constructed by the seven variables and passed the calibration and validation steps. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of both the training set and the validating set (5-year AUC: 0.77 and 0.88, 10-year AUC: 0.75 and 0.73, 15-year AUC: 0.72 and 0.65) demonstrated excellent reliability and robust performance.Conclusion: Our current study is the first to construct nomograms of patients with DCISM which could help physicians identify breast cancer patients that more likely to benefit from more intensive treatment and follow-up.
Dimeric&nbsp;Her2-Specific Affibody Mediated Cisplatin-Loaded Nanoparticles for Tumor Enhanced Chemo-Radiotherapy
Authors: Wang Haijun , Jia Dianlong , Yuan Dandan , Yin Xiaolei , Yuan Fengjiao , Wang Feifei , Shi Wenna , Li Hui , Zhu Limin , Fan Qing 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background: Solid tumor hypoxic conditions fails to facilitate reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and formation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) induced by ionizing radiation, ultimately lead to a crucial role in radiotherapy resistance. Recently, there have been significant technical advances in nanomedicine aid to relieve hypoxia by in situ production of O2, serving as “radiosensitizer” to induce tumor cells more sensitive to ionizing radiation. However, the off-target damage of surrounding healthy tissues caused by such high-energy radiation is often unavoidable and the tumor cells at some distance from the focal spot of ionizing radiation may avoid damage. Therefore, there is an urgent need to exploit an intelligently targeted nanoplatform to integrate both precisely enhance RT-induced DNA damage and combined therapy.Results: Herein, we developed human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2)-specific dimeric affibody (ZHer2) mediated cisplatin-loaded mesoporous polydopamine/MnO2/polydopamine nanoparticles (Pt@mPDA/MnO2/PDA-ZHer2 NPs) for MRI and enhanced chemo-radiotherapy of Her2-positive ovarian tumor. These NPs are biodegradable under simulated tumor microenvironment, resulting in cisplatin accelerated release, as well as production of O2. ZHer2 produced by the E. coli expression system endowed NPs with Her2-dependent binding ability in the Her2-positive SKOV-3 cells. In vivo MRI studies revealed an obvious T1 contrast enhancement at the tumor site. Moreover, these NPs achieved efficient tumor homing and penetration, attributing to the efficient internalization and penetrability of ZHer2. Under X-Ray irradiation, these NPs exhibited the highest tumor growth inhibition effect. Immunofluorescence assay showed these NPs significantly reduced the expression of HIF-1α and improved ROS level, resulting in radiosensitization. Conclusions: The nanocarriers constructed in this study integrated Her2 targeting, diagnosis, RT sensitization, thus providing a new idea for clinical translation in tumor theranostics.