bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Investigation of Progressive Idea Generation Techniques in Engineering Design
Authors: Shah Jami J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Three idea generation methods for engineering design have been studied over a period of several years. They are Method 6-3-5, Collaborative Sketching (C-Sketch), and the Gallery Method. Common features of all three methods are that they are team based and ideas are generated and developed in progressive stages. Differences between them include the medium for recording and communication allowed between team members. Experiments have been conducted on the influence of these factors on the idea generation process and results. Data from idea generation methods from 3 sets of experiments has been collected and partially analyzed. Specific issues examined are (a) overcoming design fixation (b) sentential vs. diagrammatic recording of ideas (c) misinterpretation of idea description as a provocative stimulus (d) identification of creative exploratory processes during design sessions. Results of work in progress are presented based on over 200 hours of data from roughly 44 subjects over nearly 3 years.
Product Architecture Definition Based Upon Customer Demands
Authors: Yu Janet S. , Gonzalez-Zugasti Javier P. , Otto Kevin N. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The product architecture developed by a design team will have a tremendous impact upon customer satisfaction and market acceptance of a product. Yet most work in product architecture centers around configuring them for cost savings, manufacturability, and other production-driven concerns. Here, we propose a customer need basis for defining a product architecture. Customer needs analysis can provide a list of requirements for a product to sell. At any moment in time, one can assess a market population to establish target values for product features and represent those targets as probability distributions. Alternatively, one can also trace a few products through their use in time, and establish desired target values as a set of different distributions. Comparing these two distribution sets for every important customer need can point to the type of architecture a market population desires. When population and time distributions match, feature adjustability is required. When these distributions are different but constant in time, a family of product variants is more appropriate. When the population distribution changes over time, the feature must be isolated so it can be upgraded over time. If the distributions across both time and population are narrow, a single offering will supply the needs of the market. An instant film camera product is used as an example of the relationship between customer need distributions and appropriate product architecture.
A Concurrent Function Deployment Process for Product Life-Cycle Management
Authors: Prasad Biren 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper, an alternate framework for deployment called Concurrent Function Deployment (CFD) for managing a product’s life-cycle process is described. The framework considers parallel deployment of several value characteristics as opposed to a single value such as Quality. The American Supplier Institute’s (ASI’s) quality function deployment (QFD) concept [Sullivan, 1988] is a typical case of a conventional four-phased deployment process, where quality is the prime consideration for deploying life cycle functions. CFD is not based on using a single measurement, such as “Quality“ as in ASI’s QFD. Six concurrent values, namely Functionality (Quality), Performance (X-ability), Tools & Technology (innovation), Cost, Responsiveness, and Infrastructure (delivery) are considered simultaneously in CFD rather than serially in QFD. Three-dimensional Value Characteristics Matrices (VCM) are employed to ensure that both the company and the customers’ goals are optimally met. In the present setting, ASI’s deployment scenario emerges as a special case of Concurrent Function Deployment. CFD enables the planners and strategic decision-makers — early on during a design process — to deal with tradeoffs among the crucial factors of artifact values.
The Topological Representation and Detection of Isomorphism Among Geared Linkage Kinematic Chains
Authors: Li Tuan-Jie , Cao Wei-Qing , Chu Jin-Kui 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Proceeded from the topological characteristics of Geared Linkage Mechanisms (GLM) structure, a fully new graph, combinatorial graph, which can be used to describe the topological relationship in a Geared Linkage Kinematic Chain (GLKC), is firstly proposed. Then the corresponding matrix, combinatorial matrix, and the structural invariants of GLKC are presented. Based on the structural invariants, this paper establishes a systematic procedure for detecting isomorphism among GLKCs using the powers of combinatorial matrix. A computer program based on the procedure has been applied successfully for detecting isomorphism among both the planar kinematic chains as well as GLKCs.
A Compliant, Over-Running Ratchet and Pawl Clutch With Centrifugal Throw-Out
Authors: Roach Gregory M. , Lyon Scott M. , Howell Larry L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A new compliant, over-running ratchet and pawl clutch with centrifugal throw-out has been developed that drastically reduces the overall part count as compared to traditional ratchet and pawl clutches. Part count for the pawl hub assembly was virtually eliminated by making the hub a single compliant mechanism. This results in large savings in manufacturing, assembly and maintenance costs. Peak torque output for a polypropylene clutch was measured at over 66.2 N-m with an over-running torque measured at &lt; 0.01 N-m. A mathematical model has been developed to predict the rotational speed at which the pawls disengage from the ratchet when free-wheeling. This model was verified experimentally to be accurate within 5.2%. This clutch also demonstrates the advantage of compliant mechanisms to reduce assembly and manufacturing costs.
Pitch Cone Design of Face-Hobbed Hypoid Gears
Authors: Chen Ningxin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In the present paper, the principle of pitch cone design of hypoid gears by Mr. E. Wildhaber is studied first. Then, three equations are derived for calculation of the radii of curvatures of tooth lengthwise lines of the imaginary crown gear, the generated gear and the non-generated gears. And finally, an improved algorithm for pitch cone design of face-hobbed hypoid gears is proposed, in which two design equations in two variables are used, and hence the trial-and-error procedure is avoided.
A Deviation-Function Method for the Design of New Conjugate Kinematic Pairs
Authors: Yang Daniel C. H. , Tong Shih-Hsi 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper a method for generating new conjugate kinematic pairs is developed. This method, called the “Deviation-Function” method, is to use deviation functions to reshape the original pitch pairs so that the desired profiles of generated pairs can be obtained. A deviation function is defined as the distance between contacts and their corresponding instant centers of two conjugate pairs. In other words, a deviation function measures the amount of deviation of a point on the generated profile from its corresponding point on the original pitch profile. As demonstrated, this new method is superior to the existing methods for conjugate pair generation in three ways: 1. it is applicable to any pitch pairs including circular or noncircular, identical or non-identical; 2. it enables the design of geometric intuition into the generated profiles; and 3. it enables the design of special analytical properties to the generated profiles.
Evolutionary Techniques in MEMS Synthesis
Authors: Li Hui , Antonsson Erik K. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Initial results have been obtained for automatic synthesis of MEMS mask-layouts using a genetic algorithm. An initial random population of geometrically valid mask-layouts (non-self intersecting 2D polygons) is produced. The fabrication of each layout is simulated using a 3-D simulation of etching. The 3-D results of the fabrication simulation are compared to a desired 3-D shape specified by users. A genetic algorithm is applied to this initial population to iteratively search for a global optimum mask-layout whose fabricated 3-D shape is sufficiently close to the desired shape. During each iteration of the genetic algorithm, the mask-layouts with fabricated 3-D shapes close to the desired shape are more likely to survive. Random shape variations with ensured geometrical validity are applied to the surviving mask-layouts to produce the mask-layouts for the next iteration. The procedure is then repeated until one or more simulated shape is sufficiently close to the desired shape to stop the iteration. Initial results demonstrate the feasibility of this approach to mask-layout synthesis.
Next Generation Machine Design Requirements for a Punch Press Machine
Authors: Kirchner Ned C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Current designs of punch press machines have evolved over time to produce a well constructed high speed machine. But as customer needs have increased the overall demands on speeds and forces, the present use of mechanisms and dynamic considerations has reached a limit. New designs of possible machine types are needed to achieve the higher performance. This paper outlines the evolution of the punch press machine, and poses the problem as a challenge to the greater design community.
Research on the Normal Damping of Machine Joints
Authors: Xueliang Zhang , Yumei Huang , Weiping Fu , Xiaoyue Wang , Yongchao Liu 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In order to master the regularity of the normal damping of machine joints, a new experimental research setup and a testing system are designed, the greatest characteristic of which is that the normal dynamic relative displacement of machine joints is measured with eddy-current displacement sensors directly. Having analyzed the experimental data, some important conclusions are given out.
On the Differential Forms of Coordinate and Metric Independent Object Norms
Authors: Kazerounian Kazem , Rastegar Jahangir 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
“Object norms” are measures of distance for rigid body displacement in the plane or space. These norms are independent of the coordinate systems or metrics used. Since their introduction in 1992, they have been effectively used in several applications including computational kinematics, precision design, and robotics. This paper deals with the formulation and study of the time differential form and properties of these norms. A local linearization based on the differential forms of object norms is also independant from coordinate systems or their metrics.
K-L Expansion of a Random Process in Wavelet Bases
Authors: Agrawal Om P. , Pai Shantaram S. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Random processes play a significant role in stochastic analysis of mechanical systems, structures, fluid mechanics, and other engineering systems. In this paper, a numerical method for series representation of random processes, with specified mean and correlation functions, in wavelet bases is presented. In this method, the Karhunen-Loeve expansion approach is used to represent a process as a linear sum of orthonormal eigenfunctions with uncorrelated random coefficients. The correlation and the eigenfunctions are approximated as truncated linear sums of compactly supported orthogonal wavelets. The eigenfunctions satisfy an integral eigenvalue problem. Using the above approximations, the integral eigenvalue problem is converted to a matrix (finite dimensional) eigenvalue problem. Numerical algorithms are discussed to compute one- and two-dimensional wavelet transforms of certain functions, and the resulting equations are solved to obtain the eigenvalues and the eigenfunctions. The scheme provides an improvement over other existing schemes. Two examples are considered to show the feasibility and effectiveness of this method. Numerical studies show that the results obtained using this method compare well with analytical techniques.
Modified Methods for Dynamic Modelling of Robot Manipulators
Authors: Sallam Mohamed M. , Abo-Shanab Roshdy F. , Nassr Abo-Bakr A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Control analysis and design for robot manipulators require the knowledge of their dynamic model. In the first part of this paper, the Lagrange-Euler (L-E) formulaion has been developed to separate the generalized forces/torques due to rotational motion from that due to the translational motion. Therefore a new form for the dynamic equations of the robot manipulators has been obtained. In the second part, the generalized d’Alembert (GD) method has been used to develop the equations of motion for robot manipulators with revolute and/or prismatic joints. Also, the rotational effect and the translational effect in the new form of the GD method are separated. The develpoed equations, by both methods, when applied to robot manipulators result in an efficient and explicit set of closed form second order nonlinear differential equations. They give fairly well structured equations of motion suitable for control analysis and manipulator design. Using the proposed models, the rotational effects and translational effects have been studied separately and a simplified model has been obtained, a computational algorithm has been established and a computer software has been developed to perform the necessary calculations to obtain the generalized force required for each joint to follow any pre-specified trajectory. As an application of the proposed methods, a simplified model for a Stanford manipulator has been obtained and it is found that the results of the normal and the simplified models are very close and the simplified model can be accepted even with end-effector load variation and with different trajectories. The simplified model has the advantage of less computational time which is more appropriate for control purposes. Also, the results obtained by the developed L-E and GD methods are the same.
Modeling and Simulation of Dynamic Mass Capture by Robot Manipulators Considering Structural Flexiblity
Authors: Kövecses J. , Cleghorn W. L. , Fenton R. G. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper we investigate the dynamics of the process when a robot intercepts and captures a moving object. This operation is called dynamic mass capture. The effects of structural flexibility of the robot is taken into consideration. In terms of time the analysis is divided into three phases: before interception (finite motion), at the vicinity of interception and capture (impulsive motion), and after interception (finite motion). Special attention is paid to the modeling of the second phase when the robot intercepts and captures a target and it becomes part of the end effector, thus, the system’s degrees of freedom and topology suddenly change. To describe this event, an alternative approach is proposed. This is based on the use of a class of impulsive constraints, the so-called inert constraints. Jourdain’s principle is employed to derive the dynamic equations for both finite and impulsive motions. Based on the proposed approach, simulation results are presented for a flexible slewing link capturing a moving target. These results are compared with the observations of an experiment. Good agreement is found between the experimental and simulation results, which suggests that the analysis presented in this paper can be used with confidence in investigations of robots intercepting and capturing moving objects.
A Framework for Closed-Form Displacement Analysis of 10-Link 1-DOF Mechanisms
Authors: Dhingra A. K. , Almadi A. N. , Kohli D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a closed-form approach, based on the theory of resultants, to the displacement analysis problem of planar 10-link 1-DOF mechanisms. Since each 10-link mechanism has 4 independent loops, its displacement analysis problem can be written as a system of 4 reduced loop-closure equations in 4 unknowns. This system of 4 reduced loop closure equations, for all non-trivial mechanisms resulting from 230 10-link kinematic chains, can be classified into 22 distinct structures. Using the successive and repeated elimination procedures presented herein, it is shown how each of these structures can be reduced into a univariate polynomial devoid of any extraneous roots. This univariate polynomial corresponds to the input-output (I/O) polynomial of the mechanism. Based on the results presented, it can be seen that the displacement analysis problem for all 10-link 1-DOF mechanisms is completely solvable, in closed-form, devoid of any extraneous roots.
Knotting Mechanisms and a Knotting Theory
Authors: Payandeh Shahram , Lomax Alan J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In the filed of remote manipulation, it is generally required to manipulate objects through elongated tools or through a tele-operation system. In the field of EndoSurgery, one of the challenging tasks for the surgeons is the notion of knotting a suture. This is done by using long graspers and needle drivers which have constrained degrees of freedom caused by the ports of entry to the surgical area. In general, this task is the most time consuming one and requires degree of dexterity which is not available. The objective of this paper is to present an overview of the patented design features of various knotting assisting mechanisms which have been invented for automating aspect of knotting and discussion on a novel and practical design concept. Then this paper presents how the notion of the Knot Theory which is mathematical abstraction can be extended to develop a Graphical Surgeon Interface (GSI) in order to guide the operator during the remote manipulation of the suture during the knotting task and also during the training phases using a haptic interface device.
A Closed-Form Approach to Coupler-Curves of Multi-Loop Mechanisms
Authors: Dhingra A. K. , Almadi A. N. , Kohli D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a closed-form approach, based on the theory of resultants, for deriving the coupler curve equation of 16 8-link mechanisms. The solution approach entails successive elimination of problem unknowns to reduce a multivariate system of 8 equations into a single bivariate equation. This bivariate equation is the coupler curve of the mechanism under consideration. Three theorems which summarize key coupler curve characteristics are presented. The computational procedure is illustrated through two numerical examples. These examples address in detail some of the problems associated with the conversion of transcendental loop equations into an algebraic form using tangent half-angle substitutions. An extension of the proposed approach to the determination of degrees of input-output (I/O) polynomials and coupler curves for general n-link mechanisms is also presented.
A New Method of Dimensional Synthesis for Planar 4-Bar Path Generation With Prescribed Timing
Authors: Xin Wu , Jinkui Chu , Chen Wu , Weiqing Cao 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Mathematical equations for 4-bar path generation on an arbitrarily arranged mechanism are set up by using complex number and Fourier series theory in this paper. The harmonic components of path generation on the coupler are carried out by systematic study. According to the conception of Coupler Rotation-Angle Operator (in short CRAO) about coupler’s rotation-angle function, a new method of determining the position for a coupler point, real dimensions and installing dimensions of the linkage is established for the first time. Based on this thinking, the concrete steps of dimension synthesis for path generation with prescribed timing are formed, and the method of path synthesis by using harmonic characteristic parameters is developed and further prefect is made.
Design and Stress Analysis of Gears Using the Boundary Element Method
Authors: Dippery Richard E. , Echempati Raghu , Ellis John 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Basic design and stress analysis of gears can be, for the most part, accomplished through the use of the American Gear Manufacturers’ Association (AGMA) criterion or use of a machine design text book such as Norton[1]. Real life questions as to the effect of undercut, misalignment, notches or grooves, and so on are not answered quite so quickly or with reasonable accuracy. The boundary element method (BEM) provides a relatively quick modeling method for assessing stresses and a means to accurately predict crack propagation in components. Lubricated bodies in contact, such as gears, cams and bearings, provide an application for which BEM can be applied. This paper has been written to provide an assessment of the use of BEM to evaluate the effect of undercut on the stresses in a gear, the propagation of a notch in the root of a gear, with and without undercut. Future work will be expanded to include contact analysis using a second gear and three dimensional analysis, possibly providing a means for assessing misalignment of gears and load distribution effects on gears.
Pacing and Hazard Score of Elite Open Water Swimmers During a 5-km Indoor Pool Race
Authors: Baldassarre Roberto , Ieno Cristian , Bonifazi Marco , Piacentini Maria Francesca 
Published: February 2021

Purpose: The sensation of fatigue experienced at a certain point of the race is an important factor in the regulation of pacing. The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is considered one of the main mediators utilized by athletes to modify pacing. The aim was to analyze the relationship between pacing and RPE of elite open water swimmers during national indoor pool championships. Methods: A total of 17 elite open water swimmers (males, n = 9; females, n = 8) agreed to provide RPE every 500 m during the finals of the national championships 5-km indoor pool race. Time splits, stroke rate, and RPE were collected every 500 m. The Hazard score was calculated by multiplying the momentary RPE by the remaining fraction of the race. Athletes were placed in one of two categories: medalists or nonmedalists. For all variables, separate mixed analysis of variances (P ≤ .05) with repeated measures were used considering the splits (ie, every 500 m) as within-subjects factor and the groups (ie, medalists and nonmedalists) as between-subjects factor. Results: Average swimming speed showed a significant main effect for split for both males and females (P < .001). A significant interaction was observed between average swimming speed and groups for females (P = .032). RPE increased in both groups (P < .001) with no difference observed between groups. However, the female nonmedalists showed a disproportionate nonlinear increase in RPE (5.20 [2.31]) halfway through the event that corresponded to the point where they started significantly decreasing speed. Conclusions: The results of the present study show different pacing strategies adopted by medalists and nonmedalists despite a similar RPE.