bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and synthesis of hydrazinecarbothioamide sulfones as potential antihyperglycemic agents
Authors: Aly Ashraf A. , Hassan Alaa A. , Makhlouf Maysa M. , Alshammari Mohammed B. , Mohamed Naguib Abdel Hafez Sara , Refaie Marwa M. M. , Bräse Stefan , Nieger Martin , Ramadan Mohamed 
Published: January 2021

AbstractNew hydrazinecarbothioamides with a phenylsulfonyl group were synthesized and their structures were identified by different spectroscopic data (1H NMR, 13C NMR, two‐dimensional NMR, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, and single‐crystal X‐ray analysis). The mechanism describing the formation of the products was also discussed. The antidiabetic activity of the isolated products was investigated histochemically. The synthesized sulfonylalkylthiosemicarbazide exhibited antihyperglycemic activity in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic mice. Compounds 5a and 5c significantly lowered the blood glucose level to 103.3 ± 1.8 and 102 ± 3.9 mg/dl, respectively. Also, they caused a significant decrease in malondialdehyde levels and normalized the glutathione levels in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic mice, compared with the diabetic group. The results suggest that the synthesized hydrazinocarbothioamides may effectively inhibit the development of oxidative stress in diabetes.
Perceptual anchoring and adjustment
Authors: Jain Gaurav , Nayakankuppam Dhananjay , Gaeth Gary J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAnchoring and adjustment, a ubiquitous heuristic process in judgment and decision making, has been vastly demonstrated in the numerical domain. We, with the help of four studies, demonstrate the anchoring and adjustment bias in perceptual domains. Our results show that anchoring and adjustment can bias our judgments at relatively low levels of cognition. Additionally, we outline a process by which anchoring and adjustment biases individuals' judgments in perceptual domains. Our results indicate a process wherein individuals search for an answer by testing plausible answers, the search being biased by the anchor question. We show that this movement is dominated by adjustments to adjacent possible responses indicating a search process constrained by selective accessibility. This process account explains the extant data in numerical domains as well—thus providing a way for a potential resolution to the disagreement among different existing process accounts for the anchoring phenomenon.
Accounting for variation in and overuse of antibiotics among humans
Authors: Blaser Martin J. , Melby Melissa K. , Lock Margaret , Nichter Mark 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWorldwide, antibiotic use is increasing, but many infections against which antibiotics are applied are not even caused by bacteria. Over‐the‐counter and internet sales preclude physician oversight. Regional differences, between and within countries highlight many potential factors influencing antibiotic use. Taking a systems perspective that considers pharmaceutical commodity chains, we examine antibiotic overuse from the vantage point of both sides of the therapeutic relationship. We examine patterns and expectations of practitioners and patients, institutional policies and pressures, the business strategies of pharmaceutical companies and distributors, and cultural drivers of variation. Solutions to improve antibiotic stewardship include practitioners taking greater responsibility for their antibiotic prescribing, increasing the role of caregivers as diagnosticians rather than medicine providers, improving their communication to patients about antibiotic treatment consequences, lessening the economic influences on prescribing, and identifying antibiotic alternatives.
Statistical inferences on nonconstant relative potency with quantal response data
Authors: Kerns Lucy X. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRelative potency is widely used in toxicological and pharmacological studies to characterize potency of chemicals. The relative potency of a test chemical compared to a standard chemical is defined as the ratio of equally effective doses (standard divided by test). This classical concept relies on the assumption that the two chemicals are toxicologically similar—that is, they have parallel dose–response curves on log‐dose scale—and thus have constant relative potency. Nevertheless, investigators are often faced with situations where the similarity assumption is deemed unreasonable, and hence the classical idea of constant relative potency fails to hold; in such cases, simply reporting a single constant value for relative potency can produce misleading conclusions. Relative potency functions, describing relative potency as a function of the mean response (or other quantities), is seen as a useful tool for handling nonconstant relative potency in the absence of similarity. Often, investigators are interested in assessing nonconstant relative potency at a finite set of some specific response levels for various regulatory concerns, rather than the entire relative potency function; this simultaneous assessment gives rise to multiplicity, which calls for efficient statistical inference procedures with multiplicity adjusted methods. In this paper, we discuss the estimation of relative potency at multiple response levels using the relative potency function, under the log‐logistic dose–response model. We further propose and evaluate three approaches to calculating multiplicity‐adjusted confidence limits as statistical inference procedures for assessing nonconstant relative potency. Monte Carlo simulations are conducted to evaluate the characteristics of the simultaneous limits.
Oligonucleotide abundance biases aid design of a type IIS synthetic genomics framework with plant virome capacity
Authors: Pasin Fabio 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSynthetic genomics‐driven dematerialization of genetic resources facilitates flexible hypothesis testing and rapid product development. Biological sequences have compositional biases, which, I reasoned, could be exploited for engineering of enhanced synthetic genomics systems. In proof‐of‐concept assays reported herein, the abundance of random oligonucleotides in viral genomic components was analyzed and used for the rational design of a synthetic genomics framework with plant virome capacity (SynViP). Type IIS endonucleases with low abundance in the plant virome, as well as Golden Gate and No See'm principles were combined with DNA chemical synthesis for seamless viral clone assembly by one‐step digestion‐ligation. The framework described does not require subcloning steps, is insensitive to insert terminal sequences, and was used with linear and circular DNA molecules. Based on a digital template, DNA fragments were chemically synthesized and assembled by one‐step cloning to yield a scar‐free infectious clone of a plant virus suitable for Agrobacterium‐mediated delivery. SynViP allowed rescue of a genuine virus without biological material, and has the potential to greatly accelerate biological characterization and engineering of plant viruses as well as derived biotechnological tools. Finally, computational identification of compositional biases in biological sequences might become a common standard to aid scalable biosystems design and engineering.
Reduced hippocampal volumes and memory deficits in adolescents with single ventricle heart disease
Authors: Pike Nancy A. , Roy Bhaswati , Moye Stefanie , Cabrera‐Mino Cristina , Woo Mary A. , Halnon Nancy J. , Lewis Alan B. , Kumar Rajesh 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIntroductionAdolescents with single ventricle congenital heart disease (SVHD) show functional deficits, particularly in memory and mood regulation. Hippocampi are key brain structures that regulate mood and memory; however, their tissue integrity in SVHD is unclear. Our study aim is to evaluate hippocampal volumes and their associations with memory, anxiety, and mood scores in adolescents with SVHD compared to healthy controls.MethodsWe collected brain magnetic resonance imaging data from 25 SVHD (age 15.9 ± 1.2 years; 15 male) and 38 controls (16.0 ± 1.1 years; 19 male) and assessed memory (Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning 2, WRAML2), anxiety (Beck Anxiety Inventory, BAI), and mood (Patient Health Questionnaire 9, PHQ‐9) functions. Both left and right hippocampi were outlined and global volumes, as well as three‐dimensional surfaces were compared between groups using ANCOVA and associations with cognitive and behavioral scores with partial correlations (covariates: age and total brain volume).ResultsThe SVHD group showed significantly higher BAI (p = .001) and PHQ‐9 (p < .001) scores, indicating anxiety and depression symptoms and significantly reduced WRAML2 scores (p < .001), suggesting memory deficits compared with controls. SVHD group had significantly reduced right global hippocampal volumes (p = .036) compared with controls, but not the left (p = .114). Right hippocampal volume reductions were localized in the CA1, CA4, subiculum, and dentate gyrus. Positive correlations emerged between WRAML2 scores and left (r = 0.32, p = .01) and right (r = 0.28, p = .03) hippocampal volumes, but BAI and PHQ‐9 did not show significant correlations.ConclusionAdolescents with SVHD show reduced hippocampal volumes, localized in several sites (CA1, CA4, subiculum, and dentate gyrus), which are associated with memory deficits. The findings indicate the need to explore ways to improve memory to optimize academic achievement and ability for self‐care in the condition.
Tripartite collaboration of blood‐derived endothelial cells, next generation RNA sequencing and bioengineered vessel‐chip may distinguish vasculopathy and thrombosis among sickle cell disease patients
Authors: Mathur Tanmay , Flanagan Jonathan M. , Jain Abhishek 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSickle cell disease (SCD) is the most prevalent inherited blood disorder in the world. But the clinical manifestations of the disease are highly variable. In particular, it is currently difficult to predict the adverse outcomes within patients with SCD, such as, vasculopathy, thrombosis, and stroke. Therefore, for most effective and timely interventions, a predictive analytic strategy is desirable. In this study, we evaluate the endothelial and prothrombotic characteristics of blood outgrowth endothelial cells (BOECs) generated from blood samples of SCD patients with known differences in clinical severity of the disease. We present a method to evaluate patient‐specific vaso‐occlusive risk by combining novel RNA‐seq and organ‐on‐chip approaches. Through differential gene expression (DGE) and pathway analysis we find that BOECs from SCD patients exhibit an activated state through cell adhesion molecule (CAM) and cytokine signaling pathways among many others. In agreement with clinical symptoms of patients, DGE analyses reveal that patient with severe SCD had a greater extent of endothelial activation compared to patient with milder symptoms. This difference is confirmed by performing qRT‐PCR of endothelial adhesion markers like E‐selectin, P‐selectin, tissue factor, and Von Willebrand factor. Finally, the differential regulation of the proinflammatory phenotype is confirmed through platelet adhesion readouts in our BOEC vessel‐chip. Taken together, we hypothesize that these easily blood‐derived endothelial cells evaluated through RNA‐seq and organ‐on‐chips may serve as a biotechnique to predict vaso‐occlusive episodes in SCD patients and will ultimately allow better therapeutic interventions.
Single Ir Atoms Anchored on Ordered Mesoporous WO3 Are Highly Efficient for the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO with CO under Oxygen‐rich Conditions
Authors: Jiang Ruihuan , Liu Shaomian , Li Liang , Ji Yongjun , Li Huifang , Guo Xiangfeng , Jia Lihua , Zhong Ziyi , Su Fabing 
Published: January 2021

AbstractUnder oxygen‐rich conditions, achieving a selective and efficient reduction of NO by CO is always challenging. Here, we report the synthesis of the catalyst consisting of single Ir atoms anchored on mesoporous WO3 (denoted as Ir1/m‐WO3) using a facile template method followed by wet impregnation. X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope studies indicated that the Ir atoms were distributed uniformly on the internal surface of m‐WO3. When tested for the reduction of NO by CO, the Ir1/m‐WO3 catalyst with a low Ir loading of 0.28 wt % exhibited excellent catalytic performance in the presence of 2 vol % O2 (volume ratio of CO to O2 being 1 : 10), achieving a NO conversion of 73 % and N2 selectivity of 100 % at 350 °C. In particular, its turnover frequency (TOF) value reached 0.30 s−1 at 200 °C, which is six times higher than that of the catalyst with Ir nanoparticles supported on mesoporous WO3 (0.05 s−1). The superior catalytic performance of Ir1/m‐WO3 is attributed to the formation of the isolated Ir atoms and the more newly generated Ir‐WO3 interfaces that can promote the adsorption and activation of NO, and the presence of accessible mesopores in m‐WO3 that facilitates the mass transfer of NO and CO. This study brings a new fundamental understanding of active sites in Ir‐based catalysts for the CO+NO reaction and provides a new way to the design and synthesis of single‐atom catalysts, especially precious metal catalysts for emissions control.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylation of Vinylethylene Carbonates with β‐Ketophosphonates: Stereoselective Synthesis of (Z)‐Homoallylic Phosphonates
Authors: Liu Zhigang , Ke Miaolin , Zhang Ke , Wang Zexu , Ye Baijun , Chen Fener 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA first simple palladium catalyzed allylation of vinylethylene carbonates with β‐ketophosphonates has been developed. This method provides access to (Z)‐tri‐ and tetrasubstituted homoallylic phosphonates with exclusive regioselectivity, chemoselectivity and (Z)‐stereoselectivity. The reaction tolerates a wide substrate scope of vinylethylene carbonates and β‐ketophosphonates with electron‐donating and electron‐withdrawing groups and works well on the gram scale.
How Americans used their COVID‐19 economic impact payments
Authors: Asebedo Sarah D. , Liu Yi , Gray Blake , Quadria Taufiq Hasan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis study investigates how Americans used their CARES Act Economic Impact Payments (EIP) for their spending needs, spending wants, and financial transactions. The results from a sample of 1,172 Amazon MTurk users collected in July 2020 suggest that EIP use varied across spending and financial transaction categories. Those with job instability, less financial resources, and more people to care for received essential support. A smaller proportion of the population spent at least some of their EIP on their wants. Americans' primarily focused their EIP spending on housing, food, and hobbies. In addition, people were able to improve their financial situation through investing and debt reduction. Decisions to save the EIP were related to economic recovery concerns; a broad policy package and public messaging strategy that offers assurance of economic recovery and stability might enhance policy effectiveness for boosting immediate economic growth through EIP spending.
Advanced petroleum coke oxy‐combustion power generation with carbon capture and sequestration: Part II—Environmental assessment and cost of CO2 avoided
Authors: Okeke Ikenna J. , Adams Thomas A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe life‐cycle environmental impact assessment and cost of the CO2 avoided (CCA) of a petroleum coke oxy‐combustion electric power generation technology operated with and without carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) are discussed. In an extension of our work on the design and economics presented in Part I, the environmental assessment was carried out for three candidate petroleum coke oxy‐combustion designs: petcoke oxy‐combustion operated without carbon capture and sequestration (CCS); petcoke oxy‐combustion operated with CCS; and petcoke oxy‐combustion with CO2 purification by distillation and CCS. The environmental life‐cycle assessment of the designs was computed using both TRACI 2.1 midpoint and ReCiPe 2016 midpoint and endpoint methods. Using a levelized cost of electricity, the CCA was also employed as a performance metric for each of the designs. The results showed a life‐cycle GWP of 1089 kgCO2eq/MWh, 17.32 kgCO2eq/MWh, and 75.65 kgCO2eq/MWh for the petcoke oxy‐combustion design operated without CCS, petcoke oxy‐combustion design operated with CCS, and petcoke oxy‐combustion with CO2 purification by distillation and CCS, respectively. It was also found that acidification potential and particulate matter emissions were higher for the petcoke oxy‐combustion design operated without CCS due to the venting of SO2 to the atmosphere. With a levelized cost of electricity between $90.94/MWh and $102.8/MWh, the CCA of the CCS‐enabled designs were between $10.43/tCO2eq and $24.35/tCO2eq, which is competitive with most other carbon capture options for large‐scale fossil‐based power plants. When the cost parameters were varied at the worst‐case scenario, the highest CCA observed was $115.9/tCO2eq.
Airflow characterization within the pleat channel of HEPA filters with mini pleats
Authors: Alilou Youssef , Bourrous Soleiman , Gélain Thomas , Bardin‐Monnier Nathalie , Thomas Dominique 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHigh efficiency particulate air (HEPA) pleated filters are used to ensure the containment of airborne contamination within nuclear facilities. These filters are often the last barrier before a potential release of radioactive substances into the environment. The present article focuses on the characterization of air velocity fields within mini‐pleats HEPA filters at the elementary pleat scale. Numerical simulations of the velocity fields in a pleat using two different codes, ANSYS CFX and GeoDict, based on two different simulation strategies have been performed. Computed velocity profiles within the pleat have then been compared to measurements performed using an experimental setup based on a μ‐PIV measurement technique. Results show that both codes are able to reproduce the measured profiles with a satisfying accuracy. However, GeoDict requires a much finer meshing than ANSYS CFX because the voxel size is constant for the whole domain. Simulation and experimental results confirm a self‐similarity profile along the pleat assessed as a hypothesis by other authors working on this topic.
Outcomes after readmission at the index or nonindex hospital following acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock
Authors: Lin Zhen , Han Hedong , Qin Yingyi , Zhang Yuan , Yin Daqing , Wu Cheng , Wei Xin , Cao Yang , He Jia 
Published: January 2021

AbstractLittle is known about the prevalence and outcomes of readmission to nonindex hospitals after an admission for acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock (AMI‐CS). We aimed to determine the rate of nonindex readmissions following AMI‐CS and to evaluate its association with clinical factors, hospitalization cost, length of stay (LOS), and in‐hospital mortality rates.HypothesisNonindex readmission may lead to worse in‐hospital outcomes.MethodsWe reviewed the data of inpatients with AMI‐CS between 2010 and 2017 using the National Readmission Database. The survey analytical methods recommended by the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project were used for national estimates. Multiple regression models were used to evaluate the predictors of nonindex readmission, and its association with hospitalization cost, LOS, and in‐hospital mortality rates.ResultsOf 238 349 patients with AMI‐CS, 28028 (11.76%) had an unplanned readmission within 30 days. Of these patients, 7423 (26.48%) were readmitted to nonindex hospitals. Compared with index readmission, nonindex readmission was associated with higher hospitalization costs (p < .0001), longer LOS (p < .0001), and increased in‐hospital mortality rates (p = .0016). Patients who had a history of percutaneous coronary intervention, received intubation/mechanical ventilation, or left against medical advice during the initial admission had greater odds of a nonindex readmission.ConclusionsOver one‐fourth of readmissions following AMI‐CS were to nonindex hospitals. These admissions were associated with higher hospitalization costs, longer LOS, and higher in‐hospital mortality rates. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether a continuity of care plan in the acute hospital setting can improve outcomes after AMI‐CS.
Numerical Modeling of Heat Transfer and Thermal Stress at the Czochralski Growth of Neodymium Scandate Single Crystals
Authors: Böttcher Klaus , Miller Wolfram , Ganschow Steffen 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe Czochralski growth of NdScO3 single crystals along the [110]‐direction is numerically analyzed with the focus on the influence of the optical thickness on the shape of the crystal–melt interface and on the generation of thermal stresses. Due to lack of data, the optical thickness (i.e., the absorption coefficient) is varied over the entire interval between optically thin and thick. While the thermal calculation in the entire furnace is treated as axisymmetric, the stress calculation of the crystal is done three‐dimensionally in order to meet the spatial anisotropy of thermal expansion and elastic coefficients. The numerically obtained values of the deflection of the crystal/melt interface meet the experimental ones for absorption coefficients in the range between 40 and 200 m−1. The maximum values of the von Mises stress appear for the case of absorption coefficient between 20 and 40 m−1. Applying absorption coefficients in the range between 3 and 100 m−1 leads to local peaks of high temperature in the shoulder region and the tail region near the end of the cylindrical part.
TMA: Tera‐MACs/W neural hardware inference accelerator with a multiplier‐less massive parallel processor
Authors: Park Hyunbin , Kim Dohyun , Kim Shiho 
Published: January 2021

SummaryComputationally intensive inference tasks of deep neural networks have brought about a revolution in accelerator architecture, aiming to reduce power consumption as well as latency. The key figure‐of‐merit in hardware inference accelerators is the number of multiply‐and‐accumulation operations per watt (MACs/W); the state‐of‐ the‐art MACs/W, so far, has been several hundreds Giga‐MACs/W. We propose a Tera‐ MACS/W neural hardware inference accelerator (TMA) with 8‐bit activations and scalable integer weights less than 1‐byte. The architecture's main feature is a configurable neural processing element for matrix‐vector operations. The proposed neural processing element uses a multiplier‐less massive parallel processor that works without multipliers, which makes it attractive for energy efficient high‐performance neural network applications. We benchmark our system's latency, power, and performance using Alexnet trained on ImageNet. Finally, we compared our accelerator's throughput and power consumption to that of the prior works. The proposed accelerator outperforms the state‐of‐the‐art counterparts, in terms of the energy and area efficiency, achieving 2.3 TMACs/W@1.0 V on a 28‐nm Virtex‐7 FPGA chip.