bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forest Carbon Sink Evaluation – An Important Contribution for Carbon Neutrality
Authors: Chen Keren , Cai Qiyuan , Zheng Nan , Li Yinan , Lin Changyong , Li Yuanfei 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Forest carbon sink refers to the carbon storage in nature, including the process, activity and mechanism of removing carbon dioxide from the air. Forest carbon sinks play a very important role in reducing the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and slowing down the global warming process. Fujian Province is one of the key forest areas in southeast China. It has a mild climate, abundant rainfall, superior natural conditions, and abundant forest resources. According to the National Forest Resources Continuous Inventory Statistics, the Fujian forest coverage rate reached 66.8% in 2018 and has kept the No. 1 ranking in China for the past 40 consecutive years. The potential of forest carbon sink resources is considerable. This article first analyzes forest carbon sinks and their advantages, and then studies the development of forest carbon sinks in Fujian Province, and carries out quantitative estimation. Finally, relevant suggestions for the development of forest carbon sinks are given.
Nanoplastics Aggregation in Environment: Analytical Methods and Environmental Implications
Authors: weiyu Duan , shuo Wang , huanming Lv , zheyuan Yang , lvlin Xue , bin Zhang 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The degradation of plastic debris may result in the generation of nanoplastics, which is an emerging environmental pollutant and widely existed in the earth. Compared with microplastics, nanoplastics have higher specific surface area for the sorption of organic pollutions and toxic heavy metals. Due to the small particle size, nanoplastics can be transported in organs and tissues of the human body, Posing a potential hazard to human health. However, due to the limitation of collection and analysis methods, there are more literatures on microplastics than on nanoplastics. This article reviews the analytical methods and potential hazards to the environment of nanoplastics. It summarizes and analyzes the recent research, and looks forward to the future research, so as to provide a reference for the continued research of nanoplastics.
Mycotoxins in the Dust Form Brewing Environment
Authors: Hsu Ying-Fang , Chuang Chi-Yu , Chang Feng-Hsin , Pei-Yi  , Feng  , Huang Hsiao-Chien , Yang Shinhao , Liu Wei-Ting 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This work aimed to investigate the mycotoxins’ distribution in the soy sauce brewing environment. Monitoring the total dust and respirable dust to evaluate the biological exposure of the workers in the brewing environment. This research conducted sampling in the soy sauce brewery. The brewing operating area is divided into raw material storage area, pre-work area, processing area, and packaging area according to the brewing processes. In each area, the total suspended dust and respirable dust are sampled and then carried out measurement of mycotoxin concentrations. The analyses showed that the aflatoxin concentration of total dust and respirable dust are between 36.35-191.00 ng/m3 and 25.69-95.19 ng/m3 respectively. And the ochratoxin A concentration of total duct and respirable duct are between 29.46-87.18 ng/m3 and 18.12-43.63 ng/m3 respectively. The results showed that the pre-work area has the highest concentration of mycotoxin. Therefore, this work suggested the local exhausting equipment should be regarded to increase ventilation rate, and the workers should wear personal protective equipment for ensuring occupational health.
The Improved Model of the Deep Peak Regulation Market Considering the Load Aggregator Participation
Authors: Zeng Kaiwen , Liu Jianing , Wang Haizhu , Zhou Ying , Zhou Suyang 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Severe load valley brings lots of difficulties to the system operation. The thermal generators undertake the deep peak regulation for valley filling traditionally when they are the main source of the generation. As the renewable energy develops quickly, the thermal generation keeps reducing in recent years. Most of the provinces in China chose to develop deep peak regulation market before a complete spot market. The current participants mainly include the thermal generators and the storages. In this paper, the load aggregator is proposed as the participants of the market to increase the load at the load valley. The operators clear the market with the co-optimization including both of the generators and the aggregators. The simulation has demonstrated the operation of the market model.
Midlife Blood Pressure Variability and Risk of All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Events During Extended Follow-up
Authors: de Havenon Adam , Delic Alen , Yaghi Shadi , Wong Ka-Ho , Majersik Jennifer J , Stulberg Eric , Tirschwell David , Anadani Mohammad 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Studies demonstrate an association between visit-to-visit blood pressure variability (BPV) and cardiovascular events and death. We aimed to determine the long-term cardiovascular and mortality effects of BPV in midlife in participants with and without cardiovascular risk factors.

METHODS
This is a post-hoc analysis of the Atherosclerosis Risk in the Community study. Long-term BPV was derived utilizing mean systolic blood pressure at Visits 1–4 (Visit 1: 1987–1989, Visit 2: 1990–1992, Visit 3: 1993–1995, Visit 4: 1996–1998). The primary outcome was mortality from Visit 4 to 2016 and secondary outcome was cardiovascular events (fatal coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, cardiac procedure, or stroke). We fit Cox proportional hazards models and also performed the analysis in a subgroup of cardiovascular disease-free patients without prior stroke, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, hypertension, or diabetes.

RESULTS
We included 9,578 participants. The mean age at the beginning of follow-up was 62.9 ± 5.7 years, and mean follow-up was 14.2 ± 4.5 years. During follow-up, 3,712 (38.8%) participants died and 1,721 (n = 8,771, 19.6%) had cardiovascular events. For every SD higher in systolic residual SD (range 0–60.5 mm Hg, SD = 5.6 mm Hg), the hazard ratio for death was 1.09 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05–1.12) and for cardiovascular events was 1.00 (95% CI 0.95–1.05). In cardiovascular disease-free participants (n = 4,452), the corresponding hazard ratio for death was 1.12 (95% CI 1.03–1.21) and for cardiovascular events was 1.01 (95% CI 0.89–1.14).

CONCLUSION
Long-term BPV during midlife is an independent predictor of later life mortality but not cardiovascular events.
Visual Information Routes in the Posterior Dorsal and Ventral Face Network Studied with Intracranial Neurophysiology and White Matter Tract Endpoints
Authors: Babo-Rebelo M , Puce A , Bullock D , Hugueville L , Pestilli F , Adam C , Lehongre K , Lambrecq V , Dinkelacker V , George N 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Occipitotemporal regions within the face network process perceptual and socioemotional information, but the dynamics and information flow between different nodes of this network are still debated. Here, we analyzed intracerebral EEG from 11 epileptic patients viewing a stimulus sequence beginning with a neutral face with direct gaze. The gaze could avert or remain direct, while the emotion changed to fearful or happy. N200 field potential peak latencies indicated that face processing begins in inferior occipital cortex and proceeds anteroventrally to fusiform and inferior temporal cortices, in parallel. The superior temporal sulcus responded preferentially to gaze changes with augmented field potential amplitudes for averted versus direct gaze, and large effect sizes relative to other network regions. An overlap analysis of posterior white matter tractography endpoints (from 1066 healthy brains) relative to active intracerebral electrodes in the 11 patients showed likely involvement of both dorsal and ventral posterior white matter pathways. Overall, our data provide new insight into the timing of face and social cue processing in the occipitotemporal brain and anchor the superior temporal cortex in dynamic gaze processing.
The Stockholm Syndrome: the view of the capital by the “Places Left Behind”
Authors: Rickardsson Jonna , Mellander Charlotta , Bjerke Lina 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this paper we use survey and register data combined to examine how the view of the capital city among those living in other regions relates to geographic factors and the development of the home region. Our findings indicate that individuals who perceive the development of their own region as “less advantageous” are prone to say that Stockholm has a negative effect on their own area as well as on Sweden overall. These individuals tend to live in regions with negative migration, farther away from the capital region, and tend to have lower trust for e.g., politicians and scientists.
Determining a minimum set of variables for machine learning cardiovascular event prediction: results from REFINE SPECT registry
Authors: Rios Richard , Miller Robert J H , Hu Lien Hsin , Otaki Yuka , Singh Ananya , Diniz Marcio , Sharir Tali , Einstein Andrew J , Fish Mathews B , Ruddy Terrence D , Kaufmann Philipp A , Sinusas Albert J , Miller Edward J , Bateman Timothy M , Dorbala Sharmila , DiCarli Marcelo , Van Kriekinge Serge , Kavanagh Paul , Parekh Tejas , Liang Joanna X , Dey Damini , Berman Daniel S , Slomka Piotr 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Aims
Optimal risk stratification with machine learning (ML) from myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) includes both clinical and imaging data. While most imaging variables can be derived automatically, clinical variables require manual collection, which is time-consuming and prone to error. We determined the fewest manually input and imaging variables required to maintain the prognostic accuracy for major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in patients undergoing a single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) MPI.

Methods and results
This study included 20 414 patients from the multicentre REFINE SPECT registry and 2984 from the University of Calgary for training and external testing of the ML models, respectively. ML models were trained using all variables (ML-All) and all image-derived variables (including age and sex, ML-Image). Next, ML models were sequentially trained by incrementally adding manually input and imaging variables to baseline ML models based on their importance ranking. The fewest variables were determined as the ML models (ML-Reduced, ML-Minimum, and ML-Image-Reduced) that achieved comparable prognostic performance to ML-All and ML-Image. Prognostic accuracy of the ML models was compared with visual diagnosis, stress total perfusion deficit (TPD), and traditional multivariable models using area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC). ML-Minimum (AUC 0.798) obtained comparable prognostic accuracy to ML-All (AUC 0.799, P = 0.19) by including 12 of 40 manually input variables and 11 of 58 imaging variables. ML-Reduced achieved comparable accuracy (AUC 0.796) with a reduced set of manually input variables and all imaging variables. In external validation, the ML models also obtained comparable or higher prognostic accuracy than traditional multivariable models.

Conclusion
Reduced ML models, including a minimum set of manually collected or imaging variables, achieved slightly lower accuracy compared to a full ML model but outperformed standard interpretation methods and risk models. ML models with fewer collected variables may be more practical for clinical implementation.
Stakeholder views on taxation of sugar-sweetened beverages and its adoption in the Netherlands
Authors: Eykelenboom Michelle , Djojosoeparto Sanne K , van Stralen Maartje M , Olthof Margreet R , Renders Carry M , Poelman Maartje P , Kamphuis Carlijn B M , Steenhuis Ingrid H M ,   on behalf of the PEN Consortium
Published: July 2021

Summary
An increasing number of governments worldwide have introduced a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) for public health. However, the adoption of such a policy is still debated in many other countries, such as in the Netherlands. We investigated Dutch stakeholder views on taxation of SSB and perceived barriers and facilitators to its adoption in the Netherlands. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in 2019 with 27 stakeholders from health and consumer organizations, health professional associations, trade associations, academia, advisory bodies, ministries and parliamentary parties. Data were analysed using a thematic content approach. The findings reveal that, between and within sectors, stakeholders expressed contradictory views on the effectiveness, appropriateness and (socio)economic effects of an SSB tax. Perceived barriers to the adoption of an SSB tax in the Netherlands included an unfavourable political context, limited advocacy for an SSB tax, a strong lobby against an SSB tax, perceived public opposition, administrative load and difficulties in defining SSB. Perceived facilitators to its adoption included an increasing prevalence of overweight, disappointing results from voluntary industry actions, a change of government, state budget deficits, a shift in public opinion, international recommendations and a solid legal basis. In conclusion, this study shows that several challenges remain to be overcome for the adoption of an SSB tax in the Netherlands. Similar research on stakeholder views in other countries may further inform SSB tax policy processes.
Revisiting the Preamble of the European Social Charter: Paper Tiger or Blessing in Disguise?
Authors: Papadopoulos Nikolaos A 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The European Social Charter has recently received increased attention due to the evolution of its monitoring mechanism and the need to address a multitude of contemporary challenges to socio-economic rights. Although the treaty’s preamble has played a crucial role in the interpretation of substantive provisions and in shaping state obligations, little attention has been paid to the way in which the preamble has defined the fundamental lines of the ‘jurisprudence’ of the Charter’s monitoring body. The European Committee of Social Rights has deduced from the Charter’s preamble several important general principles for the protection of socio-economic rights, on which it grounds its interpretation. This article analyses these principles and evaluates their effects in the relevant practice. The findings suggest that the Charter’s preamble serves different purposes and performs multiple functions in international law, thus challenging the common assumption that human rights treaty preambles are empty phrases of a merely ceremonial nature.
The Kirchhoff plate equation on surfaces: the surface Hellan–Herrmann–Johnson method
Authors: Walker Shawn W 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe present a mixed finite element method for approximating a fourth-order elliptic partial differential equation (PDE), the Kirchhoff plate equation, on a surface embedded in ${\mathbb {R}}^{3}$, with or without boundary. Error estimates are given in mesh-dependent norms that account for the surface approximation and the approximation of the surface PDE. The method is built on the classic Hellan–Herrmann–Johnson method (for flat domains), and convergence is established for $C^{k+1}$ surfaces, with degree $k$ (Lagrangian, parametrically curved) approximation of the surface, for any $k \geqslant 1$. Mixed boundary conditions are allowed, including clamped, simply-supported and free conditions; if free conditions are present then the surface must be at least $C^{2,1}$. The framework uses tools from differential geometry and is directly related to the seminal work of Dziuk, G. (1988) Finite elements for the Beltrami operator on arbitrary surfaces. Partial Differential Equations and Calculus of Variations, vol. 1357 (S. Hildebrandt & R. Leis eds). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 142–155. for approximating the Laplace–Beltrami equation. The analysis here is the first to handle the full surface Hessian operator directly. Numerical examples are given on nontrivial surfaces that demonstrate our convergence estimates. In addition, we show how the surface biharmonic equation can be solved with this method.
Toward the development of defined microbial therapeutics
Authors: Li Youxian , Honda Kenya 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The collection of micro-organisms living in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract, termed the gut microbiota, has been shown to have profound impacts on host health and increasingly is regarded as a viable therapeutic target. Clinical studies of fecal microbiota transplantation have demonstrated potential efficacy of microbiota-based therapies for diseases including Clostridioides difficile infections, inflammatory bowel disease, graft-versus-host disease and cancer. However, the lack of understanding of the active ingredients and potential risks of such therapies pose challenges for clinical application. Meanwhile, efforts are being made to identify effector microbes directly associated with a given phenotype, to establish causality and to devise well-characterized microbial therapeutics for clinical use. Strategies based on defined microbial components will likely enhance the potential of microbiota-targeted therapies.
Genetic mutations in adaptive evolution of growth-independent vancomycin-tolerant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Liu Pilong , Hao Zehua , Liu Miaomiao , Niu Mingze , Sun Peng , Yan Shunhua , Zhao Lixiu , Zhao Xin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Antibiotic tolerance allows bacteria to overcome antibiotic treatment transiently and potentially accelerates the emergence of resistance. However, our understanding of antibiotic tolerance at the genetic level during adaptive evolution of Staphylococcus aureus remains incomplete. We sought to identify the mutated genes and verify the role of these genes in the formation of vancomycin tolerance in S. aureus.

Methods
Vancomycin-susceptible S. aureus strain Newman was used to induce vancomycin-tolerant isolates in vitro by cyclic exposure under a high concentration of vancomycin (20× MIC). WGS and Sanger sequencing were performed to identify the genetic mutations. The function of mutated genes in vancomycin-tolerant isolates were verified by gene complementation. Other phenotypes of vancomycin-tolerant isolates were also determined, including mutation frequency, autolysis, lysostaphin susceptibility, cell wall thickness and cross-tolerance.

Results
A series of vancomycin-tolerant S. aureus (VTSA) strains were isolated and 18 mutated genes were identified by WGS. Among these genes, pbp4, htrA, stp1, pth and NWMN_1068 were confirmed to play roles in VTSA formation. Mutation of mutL promoted the emergence of VTSA. All VTSA showed no changes in growth phenotype. Instead, they exhibited reduced autolysis, decreased lysostaphin susceptibility and thickened cell walls. In addition, all VTSA strains were cross-tolerant to antibiotics targeting cell wall synthesis but not to quinolones and lipopeptides.

Conclusions
Our results demonstrate that genetic mutations are responsible for emergence of phenotypic tolerance and formation of vancomycin tolerance may lie in cell wall changes in S. aureus.
Self-inflicted penetrating chest trauma from solar powered garden light: a case report
Authors: Murray Lewis William , Bennetts Jayme 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Penetrating chest trauma is associated with significant morbidity and mortality due to direct injury to vital organs located within the thorax. This is a case of a 53-year-old man who presented with a self-inflicted penetrating chest trauma using a solar powered garden light. The light penetrated the left side of his chest resulting in a haemopneumothorax, diaphragmatic perforation and pericardial haematoma. The patient underwent an urgent explorative thoracotomy for the removal of the garden light, repair of the diaphragmatic perforation and wedge resections of the perforated lung parenchyma. Postoperatively, the patient recovered in the intensive care before being transferred to the psychiatric department.
Running for the Runs: Intermittent Intussusception From Vanek Tumor Manifesting as Constipation Improved With Exercise
Authors: Santander Pablo , Bush Allison , Kramer Nicholas , McCarthy John 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Constipation commonly affects adults and most often results from benign conditions. Certain associated symptoms (e.g., rectal bleeding or weight loss) raise concern for structural pathology and prompt further evaluation. Intussusception uncommonly affects adults and typically presents with abdominal pain and vomiting. Rarely, intussusception manifests with constipation as the primary symptom. We present a case of a patient with new onset constipation who was only able to induce bowel movements after exercising, a compensatory behavior in the setting of recurrent intussusception because of a Vanek tumor.
The impact of physical processes on the estimation of the ages of asteroid families
Authors: Dell’Oro A , Boccenti J , Spoto F , Paolicchi P , Knežević Z 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTOne of the methods used to estimate the ages of the asteroid families is based on the interpretation of the distribution of the sizes versus orbital semimajor axes of their members as the result of their post-formation dynamical evolution. The fundamental hypothesis is that the present distribution of the semimajor axes is essentially the product of the Yarkovsky effect. On the other hand, the observable features of the asteroid families can be affected by several physical and dynamical processes. In this paper, we discuss the role of: (1) the initial distribution of the ejection velocities at the time of the primordial break-up event; (2) the possible correlations between the family members ejection direction and the orientation of the rotational axis (which the direction of the Yarkovsky semimajor axis drift depends on); (3) the gravitational reaccumulation of the parent body fragments during the ballistic phase of the formation process; and (4) the collisional re-orientation of the spin axes during the post-formation evolution phase. We show how each of these mechanisms affects the determination of the ages of the asteroid families, and what additional information can be inferred regarding some aspects of the collisional evolution of the rotation axes.
Why structure and chain length matter: on the biological significance underlying the structural heterogeneity of poly(ADP-ribose)
Authors: Reber Julia M , Mangerich Aswin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPoly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) is a multifaceted post-translational modification, carried out by poly(ADP-ribosyl)transferases (poly-ARTs, PARPs), which play essential roles in (patho-) physiology, as well as cancer therapy. Using NAD+ as a substrate, acceptors, such as proteins and nucleic acids, can be modified with either single ADP-ribose units or polymers, varying considerably in length and branching. Recently, the importance of PAR structural heterogeneity with regards to chain length and branching came into focus. Here, we provide a concise overview on the current knowledge of the biochemical and physiological significance of such differently structured PAR. There is increasing evidence revealing that PAR’s structural diversity influences the binding characteristics of its readers, PAR catabolism, and the dynamics of biomolecular condensates. Thereby, it shapes various cellular processes, such as DNA damage response and cell cycle regulation. Contrary to the knowledge on the consequences of PAR’s structural diversity, insight into its determinants is just emerging, pointing to specific roles of different PARP members and accessory factors. In the future, it will be interesting to study the interplay with other post-translational modifications, the contribution of natural PARP variants, and the regulatory role of accessory molecules. This has the exciting potential for new therapeutic approaches, with the targeted modulation and tuning of PARPs’ enzymatic functions, rather than their complete inhibition, as a central premise.