bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of alcoholic and acetous fermentations on the phenolic acids of Kei‐apple (Dovyalis caffra L.) fruit
Authors: Minnaar Phillip , Jolly Neil , Beukes Louisa , Benito Santiago 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe Kei apple is a tree found on the African continent. Limited information exists on the effect of alcoholic and acetous fermentation on the phytochemicals of Kei apple. The fruit has increased concentrations of l‐malic, ascorbic, and phenolic acids among other compounds. Juice was co‐inoculated with Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Sp) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc) to induce alcoholic fermentation (AF). Acetous fermentation followed AF, using an acetic acid bacteria (AAB) consortium.RESULTSSaccharomyces cerevisiae + Sp wines and vinegars had the highest pH. Total acidity, soluble solids and l‐malic acid decreased during AF and acetous fermentation, and was highest in Sc wines and vinegars. Volatile acidity (VA) concentration was highest in Sp vinegars but was not significantly different from Sc and Sc + Sp vinegars.Gallic acid was highest in Sp wines and vinegars, whereas syringic acid was highest in Sc wines and vinegars. The Sc + Sp wines were highest in caffeic, p‐coumaric, and protocatechuic acids. Schizosaccharomyces pombe vinegars were highest in caffeic and p‐coumaric acids. Highest concentrations of ferulic and sinapic acids were found in Sp and Sc wines, respectively. Chlorogenic acid was most abundant phenolic acid in both wines and vinegars.CONCLUSIONSaccharomyces cerevisiae + Sp and Sc fermentation had a positive effect on most phenolic acids; Sc + AAB had an increased effect on syringic and chlorogenic acids, whereas Sp + AAB resulted in an increase in gallic, caffeic, and p‐coumaric acids. The AAB selected had minimal performance with respect to VA production in comparison to commercial vinegars. Acetic acid bacteria selection for acetous fermentation should therefore be reconsidered and the decrease of certain phenolic acids during acetous fermentation needs to be investigated. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Identification of genes associated with soluble sugar and organic acid accumulation in ‘Huapi’ kumquat (Fortunella crassifolia Swingle) via transcriptome analysis
Authors: Wei Qing‐Jiang , Ma Qiao‐Li , Zhou Gao‐Feng , Liu Xiao , Ma Zhang‐Zheng , Gu Qing‐Qing 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe levels and ratios of sugar and acid are important contributors to fruit taste. Kumquat is one of the most economically important citrus crops, but information on the soluble sugar and organic acid metabolism in kumquat is limited. Here, two kumquat varieties – ‘Rongan’ (RA) and its mutant ‘Huapi’ (HP) – were used to assess soluble sugar and organic acid accumulation and the related genes.RESULTSSoluble sugars include sucrose, glucose and fructose, while malate, quinic acid and citrate are the dominant organic acids in the fruits of both kumquat varieties. HP accumulated more sugars but fewer organic acids than did RA. Transcriptome analysis revealed 63 and 40 differentially expressed genes involved in soluble sugar and organic acid accumulation, respectively. The genes associated with sugar synthesis and transport, including SUS, SPS, TST, STP and ERD6L, were up‐regulated, whereas INVs, FRK and HXK genes related to sugar degradation were down‐regulated in HP kumquat. For organic acids, the up‐regulation of PEPC and NAD‐MDH could accelerate malate accumulation. In contrast, high expression of NAD‐IDH and GS resulted in citric acid degradation during HP fruit development. Additionally, the PK, PDH, PEPCK and FBPase genes responsible for the interconversion of soluble sugars and organic acids were also significantly altered in the early development stages in HP.CONCLUSIONThe high sugar accumulation in HP fruit was associated with up‐regulation of SUS, SPS, TST, STP and ERD6L genes. The PEPCK, PEPC, NAD‐MDH, NADP‐IDH, GS and FBPase genes played important roles in acid synthesis and degradation in HP kumquat. These findings provide further insight into understanding the mechanisms underlying metabolism of sugars and organic acids in citrus. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Rheological and microstructural characterization of wheat dough formulated with konjac glucomannan
Authors: Meng Kexin , Gao Haiyan , Zeng Jie , Zhao Jingxiang , Qin Yueqi , Li Guanglei , Su Tongchao 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDThis work aimed to investigate the effects of different levels of konjac glucomannan (KGM) on the thermomechanical and pasting properties, water distribution, gelatinization, texture, and microstructural characteristics of wheat flour and dough.RESULTSThe thermomechanical properties assessed with a Mixolab showed that KGM could increase the water absorption and degree of softening and decrease the stability time of wheat dough. In addition, wheat flour starch with KGM underwent significant (P < 0.05) gelatinization changes according to the rapid viscosity analyzer and differential scanning calorimetry results. These results demonstrated that KGM enhanced the thermal stability and anti‐aging capacity of wheat flour. All doughs with KGM exhibited viscoelastic behavior but lower hardness and gumminess. Low‐field nuclear magnetic resonance showed that water, with a tight binding force, migrated to the weaker binding forces in the dough. A noticeable disruption of the gluten network was observed at the highest level of KGM. However, an intermediate level of KGM addition (10 or 15 g kg−1 flour) still rendered dough with satisfactory properties.CONCLUSIONA certain amount of KGM could enhance the thermal stability and anti‐aging ability of wheat flour, improve the viscoelastic behavior, and decrease the hardness and gumminess of dough. In general, the mixing of flour and dough with KGM addition of 10 or 15 g kg−1 flour was of good quality. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Evasive plankton: Size‐independent particle capture by ascidians
Authors: Jacobi Yuval , Shenkar Noa , Ward J. Evan , Rosa Maria , Ramon Guy Z. , Shavit Uri , Yahel Gitai 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDirect measurements of the capture efficiency of planktonic cells by seven solitary ascidians were made in situ and in the laboratory and compared with the capture efficiency of polystyrene microspheres. The capture efficiency of the microspheres was significantly higher than that of planktonic cells over the entire tested size range (0.3–15 μm). Submicron polystyrene spheres with a surface modification consisting of an adsorbed layer of a nonionic, long‐chain surfactant were removed at lower efficiencies than uncoated particles whereas for larger microspheres (1–3 μm), the coating had no effect. Our findings strengthen the concept that some planktonic cells evade capture by mucus‐based suspension feeders, and that evasion happens throughout the pico‐ and nanoplankton size range. Thus, the common assumption that particles larger than ~ 1 μm are always captured at a 100% efficiency by ascidians should be reconsidered. Some large microalgae cells (> 3–12 μm) were captured at a lower efficiency than the largest microspheres used (3 μm) suggesting that other factors, such as surface interactions and particle shape, play an important role in capture throughout the tested size range. Furthermore, given the lack of a known active selection mechanism in ascidians, we propose that some plankton possess traits that allow them to evade predation by mucus‐based suspension feeders.
New insights into the biogeochemical cycling of copper in the subarctic Pacific: Distributions, size fractionation, and organic complexation
Authors: Wong Kuo Hong , Obata Hajime , Kim Taejin , Kondo Yoshiko , Nishioka Jun 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe chemical speciation of Cu is dominated by complexation with organic ligands. However, the size fractionation of dissolved Cu and its organic ligands are not well understood. In this study, we revealed new insights into the biogeochemical cycling of Cu in the subarctic Pacific based on both chemical speciation and size fractionation analyses. Our data show that the surface waters of the subarctic Pacific contain a pool of colloidal Cu that was not observed in the subtropical South Pacific Ocean. Both soluble and colloidal Cu in the surface waters were strongly bound to organic ligands. In the intermediate waters, strong soluble Cu‐binding organic ligands were present, which could be related to the Cu uptake mechanism of methanotrophs under low oxygen environments. In deep waters, dissolved Cu concentrations increased but soluble Cu concentrations remained mostly constant, indicating that there are sources of colloidal non‐labile Cu in the benthic layer. Dissolved Cu exhibited a positive linear relationship with silicate in the upper 1500 m while soluble Cu displayed a linear relationship with silicate throughout the water column. The results of this study show that dissolved Cu is bound by organic ligands of various sizes and binding strengths throughout the water column of the subarctic Pacific, and that the characteristics of these ligands change with depth.
Isotopic reconstruction of diet at the Vandalic period (ca. 5th–6th centuries AD) Theodosian Wall cemetery at Carthage, Tunisia
Authors: Ma Ying , Bockmann Ralf , Stevens Susan T. , Roudesli‐Chebbi Sihem , Amaro Alessio , Brozou Anastasia , Fuller Benjamin T. , Mannino Marcello A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHere we present the first isotopic investigation of a Vandalic period site (ca. 5th–6th centuries AD), the Theodosian Wall cemetery at Carthage, in modern day Tunis, Tunisia. The focus of this research is to determine the general diet and food consumption patterns of this population during this important and pivotal period of antiquity in North Africa. To this end, collagen stable isotope ratios (δ13C, δ15N) are reported for a variety of fauna (n= 20) and humans (n= 70). The human mean±SD results (δ13C = −19.3 ± 0.4‰; δ15N = 10.7 ± 1.4‰) reflect a diet that was based predominantly on C3terrestrial plants with varying amounts of animal protein from domestic animals such as sheep/goats, cows, and pigs. No statistically significant isotopic differences between males and females, developmental age, or time period of burial were found. The isotopic results from the Theodosian Wall cemetery at Carthage are compared to eight previously published Roman and Early Byzantine sites from the Mediterranean region (Carrer Ample 1, Joan Planells, S'Hort des Llimoners (Spain); Isola Sacra, Velia, Herculaneum (Italy); Ephesus (Turkey); and Leptiminus (Tunisia)). The lack of significant amounts of marine foods in the diets of the Vandal era population at Carthage is in stark contrast to the Roman inhabitants of Leptiminus, where significant consumption of marine‐derived dietary resources was found. As Leptiminus is ~180 km southeast of Carthage, the work presented here shows that large dietary differences existed in North African populations during antiquity.
Itaconimide telechelics of polyethers, synthesis, and their impact on mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester resins
Authors: Jeemol Poovathungal Abdulrahman , Mathew Suresh , Nair Chethrappilly Padmanabhan Reghunadhan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe present work focuses on the evolution in the mechanical properties of an unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) on blending with itaconimide‐end terminated polyethers, namely, polypropylene glycol (I‐PPG), polyethylene glycol (I‐PEG), and polytetra methylene oxide (I‐PTMO). Blends of an unsaturated polyester (UPR, based on propylene glycol, terephthalic, and maleic acids) resin with different loading of itaconimide end‐capped telechelics were investigated for their mechanical and thermal properties. Blending with these additives enhanced the mechanical and thermal properties of the crosslinked UPR. The impact strength and fracture toughness values were improved by more than 100% by small quantities of the additives. The improvement in fracture properties was correlatable primarily to a decrease in overall crosslink density. The distribution of the polyether chains in the cured matrix as dictated by the reactivity ratios of styrene and polyether macromer was found to have a role in deciding the properties. The properties were found to be the best for the blend toughened with I‐PPG with a molecular weight 2000 g/mole at a loading of 2.5 parts per hundred parts. On comparison with the resin blended with a maleimide‐encapped polyether of same molecular weight, the itaconimide end‐capped polyether was found to provide a better toughening of the UPR matrix. This could a priori be explained based on a difference in distribution of the end‐capped polyether as a consequence of the difference in the copolymerization behavior of itaconimide and maleimide functionalized telechelics toward UPR. The itaconimide enters into a random copolymerization with styrene and the probability for formation of the continuous sequences of the itaconic group is about 60%. This will permit polyether segments to come close enough to form micro or even sub‐micron clusters of the polyether which eventually forms the micro crystallites of poly ether that act as a crack stopper. This possibility cannot be envisaged in maleimides which forms invariably an alternating sequence with styrene. The morphological features as reflected in scanning electron microscopic analyses tallied with these observations. This work could help identify the ways for obviating the inherent brittleness of the UPR systems.
Effect of polypropylene and polyvinyl alcohol fibers on characteristics and microstructure of polymer composite
Authors: Sanaei Ataabadi Hossein , Mirzaei Emad , Sedaghatdoost Arash 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis study aims to assess the mechanical properties of polymer composite (PC) reinforced by introducing two types of synthetic fibers including polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The optimum amount of resin was evaluated through mechanical tests. Then, selected fibers were added to the optimum mix in three fractions (0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%) by the weight of the binder. Various properties of PC which are density, compressive strength, flexural strength, modulus of elastic, and water absorption were appraised for all mix combinations after different curing times (1, 3, 7, and 28 days) beside scanning electron microscopy analysis for microstructure observation. Experimental outcomes revealed that by rising the PP fiber content, the mechanical strengths of fiber‐reinforced polymer composite (FRPC) were ameliorated, where compressive and flexural strength grew 58.14% and 78.31%, respectively, at the highest fiber ratio (1.5%) compared with the plain PC. On the other hand, PC reinforced by PVA fibers represented an inverse behavior that by ascending the fiber fraction, reduction in the properties of FRPC observed. Therefore, the fiber content obtained better performance was 1.5% and 0.5% for PP and PVA mixtures in PC, respectively.
Cisplatin‐induced nephrotoxicity in an outpatient setting
Authors: Burns Carly V. , Edwin Stephanie B. , Szpunar Susan , Forman Jennifer 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe use of cisplatin is limited by the development of nephrotoxicity, with an incidence approaching 30%. It is unclear if a risk prediction score can effectively predict the development of nephrotoxicity throughout all cycles of cisplatin therapy among outpatients.MethodsRetrospective, observational study evaluating adult patients receiving cisplatin in outpatient infusion centers from January 2009 to November 2019 (n = 186). A risk prediction score consisting of patient age, cisplatin dose, hypertension, and serum albumin was calculated to predict the risk of cisplatin‐induced nephrotoxicity.ResultsThe incidence of nephrotoxicity was 23.7% overall, with 8.1% of patients developing cisplatin‐induced nephrotoxicity after the first dose. Patients who developed nephrotoxicity had a higher mean risk prediction score compared to patients who did not have nephrotoxicity (4.0 ± 2.0 versus 2.9 ± 2.1, p = 0.004, respectively). Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated each 1‐point increase in the risk prediction score increased the odds of nephrotoxicity by 26.5% (OR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.02–1.57, p = 0.034). Presence of diabetes mellitus increased the odds of cisplatin‐induced nephrotoxicity (OR 3.66; 95% CI: 1.43–9.33, p = 0.007), whereas receipt of greater than or equal to 1 liter of 0.9% sodium chloride was protective, decreasing the odds of developing nephrotoxicity by 25%.ConclusionBy identifying patients at the highest risk of cisplatin‐induced nephrotoxicity, providers can individualize risk reduction strategies. The use of a risk prediction model successfully predicted the risk of nephrotoxicity throughout all cycles of cisplatin in an outpatient setting.
Restoration of susceptibility following removal of selection for Cry34/35Ab1 resistance documents fitness costs in resistant population of western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera
Authors: Paddock Kyle J , Hibbard Bruce E , Barry Julie , Sethi Amit , Mueller Ashley L , Shelby Kent S , Pereira Adriano E 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDManagement of the corn pest, western corn rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), relies heavily on the planting of transgenic corn expressing toxins produced by the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). This has resulted in the evolution of resistance to all of the four commercially available Bt toxins targeting coleopteran insects. In this study, we evaluated the susceptibility of a Cry34/35Ab1‐resistant WCR colony in seedling and diet toxicity assays after removal from selection for six and nine generations. In addition, female fecundity, egg fertility, adult lifespan, larval development, and adult emergence were evaluated in two Cry34/35Ab1‐resistant and two susceptible WCR colonies to assess fitness costs.RESULTSSusceptibility to Cry34/35Ab1 was restored in a colony removed from selection after six and nine generations based on diet toxicity assays and comparisons of relative survival, head capsule width, and dry weight in plant assays. Thus, pronounced fitness costs associated with resistance to Cry34/35Ab1 were documented by susceptibility being restored within six generations. In separate studies evaluating specific fitness costs, larval fitness when reared on isoline corn did not differ between resistant and susceptible colonies. However, beetles from susceptible colonies lived longer than resistant beetles which resulted in females from susceptible colonies producing significantly more eggs than resistant colonies, with no differences in egg fertility.CONCLUSIONSThe presence of a fitness cost that may contribute to the restoration of susceptibility to Bt has not been documented in other Cry3‐resistant WCR populations and could have significant impact on the deployment of resistance management practices. Published 2021. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Prescription drug monitoring programs, opioid abuse, and crime
Authors: Dave Dhaval , Deza Monica , Horn Brady 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe study the effects of prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) on crime, and inform how policies that restrict access to Rx opioids per se within the healthcare system would impact broader non‐health domains. In response to the substantial increase in opioid use and misuse in the United States, PDMPs have been implemented in virtually all states to collect, monitor, and analyze prescription opioid data with the goal of preventing its misuse and diversion. Using a differences‐in‐differences approach and data on offenses known to law enforcement from the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), we find that mandatory access PDMPs reduced overall crime by 5%, particularly driven by assault, burglary and motor vehicle theft. Overall, these results provide evidence that appropriately designed PDMPs are an effective social policy tool to mitigate some of the negative consequences of opioid misuse, and more broadly indicate that opioid policies can have important spillover effects into crime.
Inverse analysis of metamaterials and parameter determination by means of an automatized optimization problem
Authors: Shekarchizadeh Navid , Abali Bilen Emek , Barchiesi Emilio , Bersani Alberto Maria 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this paper, a novel parameter determination technique is developed for material models in continuum mechanics aimed at describing metamaterials. Owing to their peculiar mechanical properties and behaviors, such as extreme elasticity or high strength‐to‐weight ratio, metamaterials are of interest to be simulated by reduced‐order modeling by means of the generalized mechanics. Such models incorporate constitutive parameters to be determined; we develop an automatized optimization process specifically for obtaining metamaterials parameters. The process aims at minimizing a mechanically meaningful error function measuring the deviation of the continuum from a detailed description by using the Trust Region Reflective optimization method. The parameter identification procedure is tested for an exemplary extension experiment of a metamaterial, proving to be robust and reliable.
Counterexample- and Simulation-Guided Floating-Point Loop Invariant Synthesis
Authors: Izycheva Anastasiia , Darulova Eva , Seidl Helmut 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe present an automated procedure for synthesizing sound inductive invariants for floating-point numerical loops. Our procedure generates invariants of the form of a convex polynomial inequality that tightly bounds the values of loop variables. Such invariants are a prerequisite for reasoning about the safety and roundoff errors of floating-point programs. Unlike previous approaches that rely on policy iteration, linear algebra or semi-definite programming, we propose a heuristic procedure based on simulation and counterexample-guided refinement. We observe that this combination is remarkably effective and general and can handle both linear and nonlinear loop bodies, nondeterministic values as well as conditional statements. Our evaluation shows that our approach can efficiently synthesize loop invariants for existing benchmarks from literature, but that it is also able to find invariants for nonlinear loops that today’s tools cannot handle.
Verbesserung der Atemmechanik durch Plattenosteosynthese der Rippen nach Herzdruckmassage
Authors: Abshagen Karl Friedrich , Stolberg-Stolberg Josef , Loyen Jan Philipp , Riesenbeck Oliver , Everding Jens , Freise Hendrik , Raschke Michael J. 
Published: January 2021

ZusammenfassungEs wird der Fall eines 69-jährigen Patienten vorgestellt, welcher nach wiederholter Herzdruckmassage (CPR) multiple Rippenfrakturen und eine Sternumfraktur mit inverser Atmung zeigte. Aufgrund der insuffizienten Atemmechanik wurde am 10. Tag nach Reanimation die Indikation zur Plattenosteosynthese der Rippen gestellt. Der Patient konnte am 4. postoperativen Tag extubiert werden. Die Literatur zeigt 5 weitere Fälle. Während es über die Verletzungsmuster nach CPR zahlreiche internationale Arbeiten gibt, ist zur Behandlung des instabilen Thorax nach CPR keine Evidenz gegeben. Jedoch konnte die Osteosynthese von Rippenfrakturen bei traumatischer Genese Vorteile wie verringerte Intensivbehandlungszeit, geringere beatmungsassoziierte Pneumonien, weniger atemabhängige Schmerzen und geringere Kosten für das Gesundheitssystem zeigen. Bei der Behandlung von reanimierten Patienten sollte im interdisziplinären Konsens auch die Osteosynthese von Rippenfrakturen berücksichtigt werden.