bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From the BTZ black hole to JT gravity: geometrizing the island
Authors: Verheijden Evita , Verlinde Erik 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We study the evaporation of two-dimensional black holes in JT gravity from a three-dimensional point of view. A partial dimensional reduction of AdS3 in Poincaré coordinates leads to an extremal 2D black hole in JT gravity coupled to a ‘bath’: the holographic dual of the remainder of the 3D spacetime. Partially reducing the BTZ black hole gives us the finite temperature version. We compute the entropy of the radiation using geodesics in the three-dimensional spacetime. We then focus on the finite temperature case and describe the dynamics by introducing time-dependence into the parameter controlling the reduction. The energy of the black hole decreases linearly as we slowly move the dividing line between black hole and bath. Through a re-scaling of the BTZ parameters we map this to the more canonical picture of exponential evaporation. Finally, studying the entropy of the radiation over time leads to a geometric representation of the Page curve. The appearance of the island region is explained in a natural and intuitive fashion.
Evolution of neutrino mass-mixing parameters in matter with non-standard interactions
Authors: Agarwalla Sanjib Kumar , Das Sudipta , Masud Mehedi , Swain Pragyanprasu 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We explore the role of matter effect in the evolution of neutrino oscillation parameters in the presence of lepton-flavor-conserving and lepton-flavor-violating neutral-current non-standard interactions (NSI) of the neutrino. We derive simple approximate analytical expressions showing the evolution of mass-mixing parameters in matter with energy in the presence of standard interactions (SI) and SI+NSI (considering both positive and negative values of real NSI parameters). We observe that only the NSI parameters in the (2,3) block, namely εμτ and (γ − β) ≡ (εττ− εμμ) affect the modification of θ23. Though all the NSI parameters influence the evolution of θ13, εeμ and εeτ show a stronger impact at the energies relevant for DUNE. The solar mixing angle θ12 quickly approaches to ∼ 90° with increasing energy in both SI and SI+NSI cases. The change in ∆$$ {m}_{21,m}^2 $$

m

21
,
m

2

is quite significant as compared to ∆$$ {m}_{31,m}^2 $$

m

31
,
m

2

both in SI and SI+NSI frameworks for the energies relevant for DUNE baseline. Flipping the signs of the NSI parameters alters the way in which mass-mixing parameters run with energy. We demonstrate the utility of our approach in addressing several important features related to neutrino oscillation such as: a) unraveling interesting degeneracies between θ23 and NSI parameters, b) estimating the resonance energy in presence of NSI when θ13 in matter becomes maximal, c) figuring out the required baselines and energies to have maximal matter effect in νμ → νe transition in the presence of different NSI parameters, and d) studying the impact of NSI parameters εμτ and (γ − β) on the νμ → νμ survival probability.
Genetic characterization of carrot root shape and size using genome-wide association analysis and genomic-estimated breeding values
Authors: Brainard Scott H. , Ellison Shelby L. , Simon Philipp W. , Dawson Julie C. , Goldman Irwin L. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Key message
The principal phenotypic determinants of market class in carrot—the size and shape of the root—are under primarily additive, but also highly polygenic, genetic control.

Abstract
The size and shape of carrot roots are the primary determinants not only of yield, but also market class. These quantitative phenotypes have historically been challenging to objectively evaluate, and thus subjective visual assessment of market class remains the primary method by which selection for these traits is performed. However, advancements in digital image analysis have recently made possible the high-throughput quantification of size and shape attributes. It is therefore now feasible to utilize modern methods of genetic analysis to investigate the genetic control of root morphology. To this end, this study utilized both genome wide association analysis (GWAS) and genomic-estimated breeding values (GEBVs) and demonstrated that the components of market class are highly polygenic traits, likely under the influence of many small effect QTL. Relatively large proportions of additive genetic variance for many of the component phenotypes support high predictive ability of GEBVs; average prediction ability across underlying market class traits was 0.67. GWAS identified multiple QTL for four of the phenotypes which compose market class: length, aspect ratio, maximum width, and root fill, a previously uncharacterized trait which represents the size-independent portion of carrot root shape. By combining digital image analysis with GWAS and GEBVs, this study represents a novel advance in our understanding of the genetic control of market class in carrot. The immediate practical utility and viability of genomic selection for carrot market class is also described, and concrete guidelines for the design of training populations are provided.
Investigating the in vitro steatotic mixture effects of similarly and dissimilarly acting test compounds using an adverse outcome pathway-based approach
Authors: Alarcan Jimmy , de Sousa Georges , Katsanou Efrosini S. , Spyropoulou Anastasia , Batakis Petros , Machera Kyriaki , Rahmani Roger , Lampen Alfonso , Braeuning Albert , Lichtenstein Dajana 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWithin the EuroMix project, we have previously developed an adverse outcome pathway (AOP)-based in vitro assay toolbox to investigate the combined effects of liver steatosis-inducing compounds in human HepaRG hepatocarcinoma cells. In this study, we applied the toolbox to further investigate mixture effects of combinations, featuring either similarly acting or dissimilarly acting substances. The valproic acid structural analogs 2-propylheptanoic acid (PHP) and 2-propylhexanoic acid (PHX) were chosen for establishing mixtures of similarly acting substances, while a combination with the pesticidal active substance clothianidin (CTD) was chosen for establishing mixtures of dissimilarly acting compounds. We first determined relative potency factors (RPFs) for each compound based on triglyceride accumulation results. Thereafter, equipotent mixtures were tested for nuclear receptor activation in transfected HepG2 cells, while gene expression and triglyceride accumulation were investigated in HepaRG cells, following the proposed AOP for liver steatosis. Dose addition was observed for all combinations and endpoints tested, indicating the validity of the additivity assumption also in the case of the tested mixtures of dissimilarly acting substances. Gene expression results indicate that the existing steatosis AOP can still be refined with respect to the early key event (KE) of gene expression, in order to reflect the diversity of molecular mechanisms underlying the adverse outcome.
Mechanical properties of sunflower oil under pressure
Authors: Pawlicki L. T. , Rostocki A. J. , Tefelski D. B. , Siegoczyński R. M. , Ptasznik S. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis article presents the results of research on the influence of high pressure on the mechanical properties of sunflower oil. The pressure value was changed by the stepwise method to obtain thermodynamic equilibrium. Dependencies of changes in the volume and compressibility of sunflower oil on pressure were investigated. A discontinuous (step) change was observed indicating the appearance of the first order phase transformation. The phase transition for sunflower oil was observed in the pressure range from 450 to 500 MPa after about 170 h. Most likely, then, there was a change to the double crystal phase. The time after which this transformation took place was the longest of all times that the authors have observed so far for the study.
Contemporary options and future perspectives: three examples highlighting the challenges in testicular cancer imaging
Authors: Wakileh Gamal Anton , Ruf Christian , Heidenreich Axel , Dieckmann Klaus-Peter , Lisson Catharina , Prasad Vikas , Bolenz Christian , Zengerling Friedemann 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Purpose
One of the main issues in testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) management is to reduce the necessary amount of treatment to achieve cure. Excess treatment burden may arise from late diagnosis of the primary as well as from false positive or negative staging results. Correct imaging is of paramount importance for successful management of TGCT. The aim of this review is to point out the current state of the art as well as innovative developments in TGCT imaging on the basis of three common challenging clinical situations.

Methods
A selective literature search was performed in PubMed, Medline as well as in recent conference proceedings.

Results
Regarding small testicular lesions, recent studies using elastography, contrast-enhanced ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed promising data for differentiation between benign and malignant histology. For borderline enlarged lymph nodes FDG-PET-CT performance is unsatisfactory, promising new techniques as lymphotropic nanoparticle-enhanced MRI is the subject of research in this field. Regarding the assessment of postchemotherapeutic residual masses, the use of conventional computerized tomography (CT) together with serum tumor markers is still the standard of care. To avoid overtreatment in this setting, new imaging modalities like diffusion-weighted MRI and radiomics are currently under investigation. For follow-up of clinical stage I TGCTs, the use of MRI is non-inferior to CT while omitting radiation exposure.

Conclusion
Further efforts should be made to refine imaging for TGCT patients, which is of high relevance for the guidance of treatment decisions as well as the associated treatment burdens and oncological outcomes.
Blinking kinematics characterization during digital displays use
Authors: Talens-Estarelles Cristian , Esteve-Taboada José Juan , Sanchis-Jurado Vicent , Pons Álvaro M , García-Lázaro Santiago 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Purpose
This study aimed to assess the differences in blinking kinematics while reading on different digital displays and a control condition.

Methods
Thirty-two young healthy individuals were included in this prospective clinical study. The blinks of subjects were recorded for 150 s while reading on a laptop computer, tablet, e-reader, and smartphone and a control condition. Blinks were recorded using an eye-tracking device and were analyzed by means of image analysis to obtain a non-invasive detailed description of the blink movement.

Results
Blink rate decreased when reading on all displays compared to the control (p < 0.0005), although no differences were obtained amongst displays (p > 0.05). The percentage of incomplete blinks was higher with the computer compared to the control (p = 0.043), and lower with the smartphone compared to the rest of the conditions (p ≤ 0.015). Blink amplitude was smaller when reading from handheld devices compared to the control (p < 0.0005) and the computer (p ≤ 0.048). Closing and opening blink durations remained unvaried amongst conditions (p > 0.05), while opening and closing speeds were greater for the control and the computer compared to the handheld displays (p < 0.0005). Finally, contact and total blink durations were shorter during computer reading compared to the control (p = 0.004 and p = 0.017, respectively).

Conclusion
Blinking kinematics vary considerably amongst displays and with respect to baseline, with these differences being probably attributed to differences in the way the displays are set up and the cognitive demand of the task.
Recycling von Multilayerfolien
Authors: Koinig Gerald , Rutrecht Bettina , Vollprecht Daniel 
Published: November 2021

ZusammenfassungDie Verbreitung von Mehrschichtfolien im Bereich Kunststoffverpackungen bringt viele Vorteile für Konsumenten, Vertrieb und Umwelt, stellt aber die Abfallwirtschaft vor neue Herausforderungen. Der Materialverbund aus dünnsten unterschiedlichen Plastikwerkstoffen ist bislang mangels passender Technologien im Industriemaßstab online nur schwer vom restlichen Kunststoffverpackungsstrom unterscheidbar. Der Mix an unerwünschten Materialien führt zu Kompatibilitätsproblemen der Kunststoffe untereinander im Recyclingprodukt und in weiterer Folge zu einer Qualitätsminderung der Sekundärrohstoffe. In Projekten, wie etwa dem Multilayer-Detection-Projekt, wird bereits nach Lösungen dazu gesucht. Ziel ist die bestehende NIR-Sortiertechnik in bestehenden Kunststoffrecyclinganlagen dermaßen zu adaptieren, dass die Identifikation und Ausschleusung der Multilayerfolien mit möglichst geringem Aufwand nachgerüstet werden kann. Mit der Entwicklung der neuen Recyclingmethode können sich die vorhandenen Vorteile der Folienverpackungen bestmöglich und umweltfreundlich entfalten und eine abfallwirtschaftliche Herausforderung durch einen wertvollen Beitrag zur Kreislaufwirtschaft gemeistert werden.
Pollen morphology of Ellisiophyllum and Sibthorpia (Plantaginaceae, tribe Sibthorpieae) and phylogenetics of the tribe
Authors: Albach Dirk C. , Tsymbalyuk Zoya M. , Mosyakin Sergei L. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPollen morphology of six species belonging to genera Ellisiophyllum and Sibthorpia (Plantaginaceae tribe Sibthorpieae) was studied using light and scanning electron microscopy. The data were analyzed in the light of the first phylogenetic analysis including all but one species of the tribe using DNA sequence data from nuclear ribosomal (ITS) and plastid trnL-F region. Pollen grains in representatives of this tribe are 3-colpate, occasionally 3-porate, suboblate to prolate; mainly medium-sized, rarely small. One major pollen type (3-colpate) is recognized in the tribe. Within this pollen type, six subtypes are distinguished based on their exine sculpture, pollen grain size, length of the apertures, and exine thickness. The obtained results confirm that pollen characters are useful for species identification. Palynomorphological data are consistent with the results of the molecular phylogenetic analyses. All studies support a sister relationship of the widespread European Sibthorpia europaea with the widespread South American Sibthorpia repens and a sister relationship of two insular species, the Balearic Sibthorpia africana and the Madeiran Sibthorpia peregrina. Pollen grains in the tribe Sibthorpieae have both reticulate exine sculpture characteristic for representatives of the Russelieae–Cheloneae–Antirrhineae clades of Plantaginaceae, and also nanoechinate sculpture, which is typical for the Veroniceae and Plantagineae clades of that family. Also, in Sibthorpia repens, we observe a possible transition from the colpate type to the porate type typical for taxa of Plantago and Littorella.
A satellite-based method for modeling ionospheric slant TEC from GNSS observations: algorithm and validation
Authors: Li Wen , Li Zishen , Wang Ningbo , Liu Ang , Zhou Kai , Yuan Hong , Krankowski Andrzej 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTotal Electron Content (TEC) modeling is critical for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) users to mitigate ionospheric delay errors. The mapping function is usually used for Vertical TEC ionospheric correction models for slant and vertical TEC conversion. But the mapping function cannot characterize TEC variation in different azimuths between the user and satellites. The ionospheric modeling error resulting from the mapping function tends to be bigger in middle and low latitudes. Therefore, a new algorithm for ionospheric Slant TEC (STEC) modeling with Satellite-based Ionospheric Model (SIM) is proposed in this contribution. Validation tests are carried out with GNSS observation data from the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China during different solar activities and in different seasons. The performance of SIM is compared with that of several commonly-used Global Ionospheric Map (GIM) and Regional Ionospheric Map (RIM) products. The results show that the STEC bias and STD of SIM are within 1.0 TECU and about 2.0 TECU, respectively, and SIM can correct over 90% STEC RMS errors, outperforming the GIM and RIM products. Consequently, the SIM algorithm can be a new option for high-accuracy ionospheric delay correction in regional and local GNSS networks.
Dynamic MRI of swallowing: real-time volumetric imaging at 12 frames per second at 3 T
Authors: Voskuilen Luuk , Schoormans Jasper , Gurney-Champion Oliver J. , Balm Alfons J. M. , Strijkers Gustav J. , Smeele Ludi E. , Nederveen Aart J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Objective
Dysphagia or difficulty in swallowing is a potentially hazardous clinical problem that needs regular monitoring. Real-time 2D MRI of swallowing is a promising radiation-free alternative to the current clinical standard: videofluoroscopy. However, aspiration may be missed if it occurs outside this single imaged slice. We therefore aimed to image swallowing in 3D real time at 12 frames per second (fps).

Materials and methods
At 3 T, three 3D real-time MRI acquisition approaches were compared to the 2D acquisition: an aligned stack-of-stars (SOS), and a rotated SOS with a golden-angle increment and with a tiny golden-angle increment. The optimal 3D acquisition was determined by computer simulations and phantom scans. Subsequently, five healthy volunteers were scanned and swallowing parameters were measured.

Results
Although the rotated SOS approaches resulted in better image quality in simulations, in practice, the aligned SOS performed best due to the limited number of slices. The four swallowing phases could be distinguished in 3D real-time MRI, even though the spatial blurring was stronger than in 2D. The swallowing parameters were similar between 2 and 3D.

Conclusion
At a spatial resolution of 2-by-2-by-6 mm with seven slices, swallowing can be imaged in 3D real time at a frame rate of 12 fps.
PRInK: Environmental virtual interactive based education and learning model for STEM motivation
Authors: Yahaya Jamaiah , Fadzli Sazrol , Deraman Aziz , Yahaya Noor Zaitun , Halim Lilia , Rais Izhar Abadi Ibrahim , Ibrahim Siti Rohana Ahmad 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPollution from quarry activities has a substantial environmental impact on many countries. This issue should be addressed accordingly as its impact may introduce various health-related problems to the surrounding community. One alternative is to increase awareness for the younger generation and society at large. However, environmental data modelling, specifically on quarry activities, has thus far targeted engineers and professionals, not school children, such as for knowledge exploration or learning material. At the same time, the number of students enrolling in STEM courses is continuously declining. Hence, this research aims to develop the environmental virtual interactive based education and learning model called PRInK to foster STEM education. Five components of the proposed model were identified: a) Computer-Assisted Learning; b) Motivation Level; c) Green Environmental Data; d) Learning Outcome; and e) Problem Context. The actual environmental scientific data were used in the simulation and visualisation. Experts in these fields verified the components. The result of the analysis reveals 17 groups of elements, which were further categorised into 58 sub-elements. The model then was validated through prototype development and users validation. The testing and validation of the prototype were carried out on secondary school children, with the results proving the usability and practicality of the model and showed the increased STEM motivation and interest. The PRInK model and the prototype increase society’s awareness about environmental issues starting from school, increase STEM interest and improve the overall quality of life through a shared understanding for future generations.
Influence of nutrient enrichment on temporal and spatial dynamics of dissolved oxygen within northern temperate estuaries
Authors: Coffin MRS , Knysh KM , Roloson SD , Pater CC , Theriaul E , Cormier JM , Courtenay SC , van den Heuvel MR 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn temperate estuaries of the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence, intermittent seasonal anoxia coupled with phytoplankton blooms is a regular occurrence in watersheds dominated by agricultural land use. To examine the spatial relationship between dissolved oxygen and phytoplankton throughout the estuary to assist in designing monitoring programs, oxygen depth profiles and chlorophyll measurements were taken bi-weekly from May to December in 18 estuaries. In five of those estuaries, dissolved oxygen data loggers were set to measure oxygen at hourly intervals and at multiple locations within the estuary the subsequent year. The primary hypothesis was that dissolved oxygen in the upper estuary (first 10% of estuary area) is predictive of dissolved oxygen mid-estuary (50% of estuary area). The second hypothesis was that hypoxia/superoxia in the estuary is influenced by temperature and tidal flushing. Oxygen depth profiles conducted in the first year of study provided preliminary support that dissolved oxygen in the upper estuary was related to dissolved oxygen throughout the estuary. However, dissolved oxygen from loggers deployed at 10% and 50% of estuary area did not show as strong a correlation as expected (less than half the variance explained). The strength of the correlation declined towards the end of summer. Spatial decoupling of oxygen within the estuary suggested influence of local conditions. Chlorophyll concentration seemed also to be dependent on local conditions as it appeared to be coupled with the presence of sustained anoxia in the upper estuary with blooms typically occurring within 7 to 14 days of anoxia. The practical implication for oxygen monitoring is that one location within the most severely impacted part of the estuary is not sufficient to fully evaluate the severity of eutrophication effects.