bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aggregate Particle Size Calculation Based on Optimized Equivalent Ellipse
Authors: Hao Xueli , Sun Zhaoyun , Li Wei , Hu Yuanjiao , Pei Lili , Wang Cui 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The precise calculation of the aggregate size is crucial for detecting aggregate gradation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to propose a method for calculating aggregate particle size. First, a series of image-processing methods, such as filtering, enhancement, segmentation, and morphology, were implemented to obtain a binary image. Consequently, a method for determining the particle shape and correcting the particle size was devised. The aggregate particles are divided into four categories, i.e., rectangle, ellipse, diamond, and triangle, according to three parameters: compact factor, projected contour, and distance distribution from edge point to centre of mass. The corresponding correction coefficient of each category based on the equivalent elliptical minor axis was then calculated, and the grading accuracy of the corrected particle size was analyzed. The accuracy of the particle size classification obtained by the method of aggregate particle shape determination and particle size correction proposed in this paper is 80.7 %.
Preparation of Chitin Microcapsules and Their Applications in Stability Improvement of Tobacco Aroma Components
Authors: Yan Tiejun , Wu Fengguang , Ouyang Canbin , Liu Jialei 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Tobacco microcapsules based on chitosan and tobacco extract was prepared in this paper. The preparation yield of microcapsules, tobacco loading rate and embedding rate were studied by calculation. The structures of such microcapsules were characterized by scanning electron microscope and thermogravimetry analysis was used to studied their stability. Else, the taste comfort data of microcapsule samples was also added by Artificial evaluation and scoring. The result showed that microcapsule technology can effectively improve the stability of tobacco products. The amount of tobacco extract had a great influence on the structure of microcapsules. The optimization of tobacco extract content can effectively improve the taste comfort of microcapsules.
Analysis of Energy Efficiency Level of Typical Countries
Authors: Wang Junhai , Yin Jianbing , Chen Lin , Chen Zhiyuan , Gong Yingfei , Tan Qingkun 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The current global energy transition is in a period of acceleration, and the transition process of various countries shows certain characteristics of differentiation. Based on the analysis of the development direction of the energy transition, this paper proposes covering energy structure and energy efficiency. On this basis, a comparative analysis of the energy transition situations of major countries such as China, the European Union, Germany, and Japan was carried out, and then conclusions and enlightenments for my country’s energy transition were put forward.
The Influence of Service Mode on Indoor Environment and HVAC Systems in General Hospital in China
Authors: Chen Min , Gong Jiafu 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Waiting for a long time in registration, waiting areas and medicine receiving are the universal problems in general hospitals in China. In order to solve these problems, quantitative indicators of “friendly service, good quality, good medical ethics and satisfy the crowd (FSGQGME & SC)” were proposed by ministry of health of the people’s republic of China. It’s a step that will not only solve the problem of inadequate medical services, but also improve the indoor environment and reduce the investment costs and energy consumption in HVAC systems in general hospitals. Two general hospitals with different service modes were comparatively analyzed in this paper. A field investigation was made in the hospital A which consists of statistics persons number, waiting time and the fresh air requirement in outpatient registration hall. The people distribution and fresh air requirement in hospital B were also analyzed by scenario forecasting method. The results show that there is a strong relevance between hospital management regulation and the indoor environment, the energy consumption and the associated economics in HVAC systems.
A Weighted Control Scheme for Topology Optimization
Authors: Xing Jian , Qie Longfei 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The SIMP and RAMP approaches are widely used to solve the discretized topology optimization problems with continuous design variables. Based on these two methods, this paper proposes a weighted control scheme for the purpose of taking advantage of the high efficiency of SIMP and the high stability of RAMP. The scheme is established by introducing a weighted factor and, it allows the designer to switch between SIMP and RAMP optionally. The negative feedback control technique is introduced to the proposed scheme to determine the proper value of weighted factor. With the proposed method, a desired target is firstly set by the designer to indicate the final goal. The topology optimization problem is solved by the weighted scheme to obtain process variable. The process variables and the desired target value together constitute the input matrix of the proposed scheme. Next, the error is estimated by subtract the process variable from desired target value. A correction is then applied by error-based regulator according to the error information. Finally, the desired value of weighted factor is achieved by eliminating the error to a permissible range. The weighted control scheme is verified by the heat conduction topology optimization problem.
Study on Preparation of Nano-porous Copper by Dealloying Method
Authors: Wang Zhiwei , Li Mingyu , Zeng Qingxuan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Nano-scale mixed powdercomposed ofoxalate copperand oxalate manganesewas prepared by chemical synthesis method, after tableting, it was sintered at high temperature in a tube furnace under the protection of nitrogen to obtain nano-level Cu-MnO alloy. The Mn is removed by corrosion to obtain nanoporous copper. The solid copper-manganese oxalate was analyzed by TG/DTG. The specific surface area and composition of porous copper before and after sintering and dealloying were analyzed and characterized by using automatic specific surface area analyzer and ICP-OES. The results show that the specific surface area of the copper-manganese alloy can be greatly improved by controlling the sintering temperature so that it is not completely decomposed. The specific surface area of porous copper obtained when the Mn element is 14% (mole fraction) is the largest. After hydrochloric acid corrosion, the specific surface area of porous copper will be significantly reduced, and hydrochloric acid dealloying is a continuous process. If the corrosion concentration and time are too small, the purity of the porous copper will be lower. Converselyif ttheyare too large, the porous copper structure will collapse and the specific surface area will quickly decrease. Nano-porous copper with a specific surface area of 75.9 m2/g can be obtained by etching in 0.5mol/L HCl for 4 h.
Can we trust CMIP5/6 future projections of European winter precipitation?
Authors: Moreno-Chamarro E , Caron L-P , Ortega P , Loosveldt Tomas S , Roberts M J 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
IPCC models project a likely increase in winter precipitation over northern Europe under a high-emission scenario. These projections, however, typically rely on relatively coarse ∼100 km resolution models that can misrepresent important processes driving precipitation, such as extratropical cyclone activity, and ocean eddies. Here, we show that a pioneering 50 km atmosphere–1/12° ocean global coupled model projects a substantially larger increase in winter precipitation over northwestern Europe by mid-century than lower-resolution configurations. For this increase, both the highest ocean and atmosphere model resolutions are essential: only the eddy-rich (1/12°) ocean projects a progressive northward shift of the Gulf Stream. This leads to a strong regional ocean surface warming that intensifies air–sea heat fluxes and baroclinicity. For this then to translate into a strengthening of North Atlantic extratropical cyclone activity, the 50 km atmosphere is essential, as it enables enhanced diabatic heating from water vapor condensation and an acceleration of the upper-level mean flow, which weaken vertical stability. Our results suggest that all recent IPCC climate projections using traditional ∼100 km resolution models could be underestimating the precipitation increase over Europe in winter and, consequently, the related potential risks.
The Formation of the University Reputation Capital under the Digital Transformation of the Environment
Authors: Akhmetshin Elvir , Ilyina Irina , Kulibanova Valeriia , Teor Tatiana , Okagbue Hilary 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In modern conditions, the importance of digitalization for the university success in the education market is growing rapidly. Competitiveness, and ultimately survival of the educational institution in the information environment depends on how timely it will be included in this process. This article is devoted to considering the features of the digital transformation process and its impact on the university reputation. The development trends of distance education in Russia are analyzed, main missions of a modern university are examined in detail, and it is proved to maintain its competitiveness in the context of digitalization, the university must implement not only basic - educational and scientific missions, but also new, entrepreneurial and innovative ones. Only those universities that succeed in efficiently operating in all directions will be able to strengthen their positions in the market. The features of monitoring the reputation of the university are revealed, the target audiences, to which communication efforts should be directed, are considered. Particular attention is paid to methods of reputation analysis. One way to maintain a reputation is publicity. Publicity monitoring during the formation of a university’s reputation in the context of convergence and digitalization allows one to be more attentive to promotion tools.
Problems in the development of digitalization of Russia’s agriculture
Authors: Kivarina M , Afanasyeva T , Yurina N 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this work is to consider and highlight the main problems of introducing digital technologies into the work of agricultural organizations in Russia. Moreover, the main emphasis is placed on the coordination of the practice of using intelligent technologies and the rural contingent. Considered are decrees and resolutions of the Government aimed at the priority development of the agricultural sector of the Russian Federation (RF) through digitalization, for example, the order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated July 28, 2017 No. 1632-r “Digital economy of the Russian Federation”. The infrastructure of rural settlements in the Russian Federation, its state and composition of the population were studied, the shortcomings and problems associated with digitalization in the agro-industrial complex were identified, and ways of overcoming them were simultaneously proposed - in particular, the use of clustering of Russian regions to improve work in the agricultural sector of the Russian Federation, the determination of the main characteristics for carrying out multidimensional scaling both for all territories of the Russian Federation and for agriculture in each region.
Biological activity of extracellular protease preparations of Aspergillus ochraceus micromycete on the Paramecium caudatum model
Authors: Shabunin S V , Vostroilova G A , Khokhlova N A , Komarevtsev S K , Mikhalev V I 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The research was carried out to study the biological activity of proteases of filamentous fungi, in particular the recombinant protease of Aspergillus ochraceus BMKF41040 micromycete, on a biological model of a unicellular organism - a culture of Paramecium caudatum ciliates. The test object Paramecium caudatum is characterized by a short life cycle, rapid reproduction, it is a convenient model for studying the response of an organism to the effects of preparations. The experiment consisted of 3 stages: rapid assessment of the biological activity of the recombinant protease of Aspergillus ochraceus BMKF41040 micromycete on the culture of infusoria in the stationary growth phase; the assessment of the biological effect of the studied object on the mechanisms of adaptation and cell resistance under the damaging effect of an unfavorable factor; the assessment of the biological activity of the studied objects by the reproduction intensity of ciliates. The results of the studies have shown that the recombinant protease of Aspergillus ochraceus BMKF41040 micromycete does not have a negative and stimulating effect on ciliates and does not affect their reproduction rate. It exhibits moderate biological activity in the test with the action of an unfavorable factor.
Effective use of meat of meat-and-egg chicken and eggs for the production of specialized semi-finished products
Authors: Borisova V L , Terentyev S E , Stefanova I L , Sazonova E A , Kramlikh O Y 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Poultry meat is a full-value food product for the population. It is widely used in general and specialized diets. Thanks to the work of breeders, breeds of meat-egg chickens with high egg production and high-quality meat were bred. At the same time, the meat of meat-egg chickens is somewhat inferior in organoleptic parameters to broiler meat, which to a lesser extent allows it to be used in the production of specialized meat-based food products. The paper presents the results of research on the development and production of specialized semi-finished products for the nutrition of pregnant women, using meat of meat-egg chicken. To increase the organoleptic characteristics and nutritional value of the developed semifinished products, a new product from chicken eggs is introduced into the latter – egg coagulated melange, enriched with kelp. Kelp is a source of iodine in a bioavailable form. Calcium enrichment of the developed semi-finished products was carried out by the product of the chicken egg-shell processing - a mineral concentrator, in which calcium is in an easily digestible form.
The conducted studies, the results of which are presented in this article, allowed to establish that the enrichment of functional ingredients based on chicken eggs led to an increase in the nutritional value of semi-finished products, an improvement in organoleptic indicators. The introduction of kelp in the composition of enriched melange reduced the loss of iodine. Thus, efficient processing of poultry products was carried out: meat of meat-egg chicken (processing of the shell and the egg itself).
Digitalizating rural areas: a traditional context
Authors: Olkhovikov K , Korobeynikov A , Zarubina E , Zhuravleva L , Ruchkin A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Digitalizing the existing territories is widely declared and procreated in the modern world. The process has become widespread in developed countries and is gaining momentum in developing countries; also attracting a lot of studies in economics, technology, and political science. We argue the necessity of philosophical attitude to cope with the essentials of digitalization. Mostly, the use of philosophy in the matter comes with aspects usually ignored in quantitative methodologies. Actual qualitative reference of unfolding digital nets for rural territories, still representing numerous semantics of a traditional life-world, helps bringing to the limelight opportunities overlooked in intensive indicators and their capacity to describe the actual social and cultural process involved in territorial digitalization.
Effect of different well growth rates on the luminescence characteristics of InGaN/GaN green quantum well
Authors: Zhao Yuntao , Li Guanghui , Zhang Shuai , Yi Linkai , Qi Haoran , Liang Feng , Yang Jing , Zhou Mei , Shen Huixing , Zhao Degang 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Four InGaN/GaN multi-quantum well (MQW) samples with different InGaN quantum well growth rates grow via metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) system. The relationship between the growth rate and luminescence characteristics of multiple quantum wells is studied by analyzing the temperature-dependent photoluminescence (TDPL) spectra, and microscopy photoluminescence image. The results show that the uniformity and internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of the samples become better first and then deteriorate as the growth rate increases. Whether the growth rate is too high or too low, it will cause the uniformity and IQE of the sample to deteriorate. The following two reasons lead to poor material uniformity. When the growth rate is too slow, the mobility of In atoms is higher than that of Ga atoms, forming In enrichment on the sample surface; on the contrary, the migration time of atoms is not enough, and Ga atoms cannot move to the lattice site. We also find when the growth rate is 0.0125 nm s−1, the sample has the best uniformity, and when the growth rate is 0.034 nm s−1, the IQE of the sample is the highest at room temperature.
Reconstruction of energy spectrum of runaway electrons in nanosecond-pulse discharges in atmospheric air
Authors: QIU Jintao , ZHANG Cheng , LIU Zehui , HUANG Bangdou , SHAO Tao 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents an experimental investigation into the runaway electron spectrum with a gas diode composed of a rough spherical cathode and plane anode under the excitation of a nanosecond-pulse generator in atmospheric air. The runaway electron beams are measured by a collector covered with aluminum foil with a thickness from 0 μm (mesh grid) to 50 μm. The energy spectrum is calculated by an improved Tikhonov regularization called the maximum entropy method. The experimental results show that the transition state of the discharge consisted of multiple streamer channels stretched from the cathode with glow-like plasma uniformly distributed over the anode. The number of runaway electrons measured by the collector is in the order of 1010 in atmospheric pressure air with a gap spacing of 5 mm and applied voltages of 70–130 kV. The cathode with a rough surface creates a more inhomogeneous electric field and larger emission site for the runaway electrons around the cathode, providing conditions for the coexistence of filamentary streamer and diffuse discharge. The reconstructed spectra show that the energy distribution of the runaway electrons presents a single-peak profile with energies from eU
m/2–2eU
m/3 (U
m is maximal voltage across the gap).
Single-photon generation from self-assembled GaAs/InAlAs(111)A quantum dots with ultrasmall fine-structure splitting
Authors: Schuck Christopher F , Boutelle Robert , Silverman Kevin , Moody Galan , Simmonds Paul J 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We present a novel semiconductor single-photon source based on tensile-strained (111)-oriented GaAs/InAlAs quantum dots (QDs) exhibiting ultrasmall exciton fine-structure splitting (FSS) of ≤ 8 µeV. Using low-temperature micro-photoluminescence spectroscopy, we identify the biexciton-exciton radiative cascade from individual QDs, which, combined with small FSS, indicates these self-assembled GaAs(111) QDs are excellent candidates for polarization-entangled photon-pair generation.
Machine learning for neutron reflectometry data analysis of two-layer thin films
*
Authors: Doucet Mathieu , Archibald Richard K , Heller William T 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Neutron reflectometry (NR) is a powerful tool for probing thin films at length scales down to nanometers. We investigated the use of a neural network to predict a two-layer thin film structure to model a given measured reflectivity curve. Application of this neural network to predict a thin film structure revealed that it was accurate and could provide an excellent starting point for traditional fitting methods. Employing prediction-guided fitting has considerable potential for more rapidly producing a result compared to the labor-intensive but commonly-used approach of trial and error searches prior to refinement. A deeper look at the stability of the predictive power of the neural network against statistical fluctuations of measured reflectivity profiles showed that the predictions are stable. We conclude that the approach presented here can provide valuable assistance to users of NR and should be further extended for use in studies of more complex n-layer thin film systems. This result also opens up the possibility of developing adaptive measurement systems in the future.
Health and Welfare Aspects of the International Protection of Adults
Authors: Keene Alex Ruck 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The same broad questions of Private International Law arise in the context of the protection of the person of the adult as they do in relation to their property. In other words, in any case with a cross-border element, it will be necessary to consider such questions as which court has jurisdiction over the person; which state’s laws will be applied; and whether orders made in one state will be recognized by the authorities (whether they be administrative or judicial) of a different state. It will also be necessary to consider whether any form of Private Mandate granted by the adult intended to survive (or take effect) upon incapacity will be effective in another state.
Hague 35
Authors: Keene Alex Ruck 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Articles 15 and 16 of Hague 35 provide a mechanism to resolve the conflicts of laws issues arising regarding (inter alia) the validity and exercise of ‘powers of representation granted by an adult, either under an agreement or by a unilateral act, to be exercised when such adult is not in a position to protect his or her interests.’ Whilst they are to be found in the middle of chapter III of the Convention, the mechanism that these two Articles establish gives rise to sufficiently distinct questions that they merit separate consideration. This chapter therefore examines the categorization of such powers of representation for purposes of Hague 35 and the framework established therein to bring about their effective acceptance across Contracting States. The chapter concludes with a discussion of other anticipatory measures that might be taken by an adult (such as Advance Decisions to refuse medical treatment). Whilst such measures are to greater or lesser extent related to powers of representation, they fall for distinct consideration and, on a proper analysis, in fact fall outside the scope of the Convention altogether.
Germany
Authors: Lipp Volker , Ward Adrian 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Germany is a federal republic consisting of 16 member states (Länder). At the municipal level, local government rests with districts (Kreise) and municipalities (Städte, Gemeinden). According to the German Constitution (Basic Law—Grundgesetz), legislation as well as administration is at member state level except where the constitution provides otherwise. For a brief account of the principal legislation relevant for the protection of Adults see paragraph 22.14 below.
Australia—New South Wales
Authors: Frimston Richard , Young Chris 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Australia is a common law country. Australia is a federation of five states and two territories. Laws affecting adults in need of protection whether in terms of financial or personal Private Mandates, Statutory Wills, or state appointed financial managers or enduring guardians are generally made at state level. Other areas of law, such as family law, bankruptcy, and corporations are at a federal level.