bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pectic Oligogalacturonide Facilitates the Synthesis and Activation of Adiponectin to Improve Hepatic Lipid Oxidation
Authors: Yu Qianhui , Chen Xuejiao , Sun Xiao , Li Wenjie , Liu Tianzhi , Zhang Xiushan , Li Yuqing , Li Tuoping , Li Suhong 
Published: July 2021

ScopeAdiponectin (ADPN), a kind of adipokines, plays an important role in the regulation of lipid metabolism. The objective of this study is focused on the ADPN to investigate the functional mechanisms of pectin oligosaccharide (POS) from hawthorn fruit in the improvement of hepatic fatty acid oxidation.Method and ResultsHigh‐fat fed mice are used in this experiment. POS is administrated with the doses of 0.25, 0.75, and 1.5 g kg−1 diet, respectively. The results demonstrate that gene and protein expressions of ADPN synthesis regulators involved in PKA/ERK/CREB and C/EBPα/PPARγ pathways are upregulated by POS administration. POS also activates the AdiopR1/AMPKα/PGC1 and AdipoR2/PPARα signaling pathways to improve the fatty acid oxidation in the liver, which is further accelerated by the enhancement of mitochondrial functions.ConclusionPOS can act as an ADPN activator to improve lipid metabolism, leading it to the applications of biomedical and functional foods for ameliorating chronic liver diseases resulted from a high‐energy diet.
Attenuation of Doxorubicin‐Induced Small Intestinal Mucositis by Pectins is Dependent on Pectin's Methyl‐Ester Number and Distribution
Authors: Beukema Martin , Jermendi Éva , Koster Taco , Kitaguchi Kohji , de Haan Bart J. , van den Berg Marco Alexander , Faas Marijke M. , Schols Henk A. , de Vos Paul 
Published: July 2021

ScopeIntestinal mucositis is a common side effect of the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin, which is characterized by severe Toll‐like receptor (TLR) 2‐mediated inflammation. The dietary fiber pectin is shown to prevent this intestinal inflammation through direct inhibition of TLR2 in a microbiota‐independent manner. Recent in vitro studies show that inhibition of TLR2 is determined by the number and distribution of methyl‐esters of pectins. Therefore, it is hypothesized that the degree of methyl‐esterification (DM) and the degree of blockiness (DB) of pectins determine attenuating efficacy on doxorubicin‐induced intestinal mucositis.Methods and ResultsFour structurally different pectins that differed in DM and DB are tested on inhibitory effects on murine TLR2 in vitro, and on doxorubicin‐induced intestinal mucositis in mice. These data demonstrate that low DM pectins or intermediate DM pectins with high DB have the strongest inhibitory impact on murine TLR2‐1 and the strongest attenuating effect on TLR2‐induced apoptosis and peritonitis. Intermediate DM pectin with a low DB is, however, also effective in preventing the induction of doxorubicin‐induced intestinal damage.ConclusionThese pectin structures with stronger TLR2‐inhibiting properties may prevent the development of doxorubicin‐induced intestinal damage in patients undergoing chemotherapeutic treatment with doxorubicin.
Multiple‐echo steady‐state (MESS): Extending DESS for joint T2 mapping and chemical‐shift corrected water‐fat separation
Authors: Zijlstra Frank , Seevinck Peter R. 
Published: July 2021

PurposeTo extend the double echo steady‐state (DESS) sequence to enable chemical‐shift corrected water‐fat separation.MethodsThis study proposes multiple‐echo steady‐state (MESS), a sequence that modifies the readouts of the DESS sequence to acquire two echoes each with bipolar readout gradients with higher readout bandwidth. This enables water‐fat separation and eliminates the need for water‐selective excitation that is often used in combination with DESS, without increasing scan time. An iterative fitting approach was used to perform joint chemical‐shift corrected water‐fat separation and T2 estimation on all four MESS echoes simultaneously. MESS and water‐selective DESS images were acquired for five volunteers, and were compared qualitatively as well as quantitatively on cartilage T2 and thickness measurements. Signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and T2 quantification were evaluated numerically using pseudo‐replications of the acquisition.ResultsThe water‐fat separation provided by MESS was robust and with quality comparable to water‐selective DESS. MESS T2 estimation was similar to DESS, albeit with slightly higher variability. Noise analysis showed that SNR in MESS was comparable to DESS on average, but did exhibit local variations caused by uncertainty in the water‐fat separation.ConclusionIn the same acquisition time as DESS, MESS provides water‐fat separation with comparable SNR in the reconstructed water and fat images. By providing additional image contrasts in addition to the water‐selective DESS images, MESS provides a promising alternative to DESS.
Body composition in patients with type 2 intestinal failure
Authors: Kopczynska Maja , Barrett Maria P. , Cloutier Anabelle , Farrer Kirstine , Taylor Michael , Burden Sorrel , Lal Simon 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundMeasurement of body composition is a valuable clinical tool for nutrition assessments, but there are no data on the merits of assessment modalities in type 2 intestinal failure (IF). The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of low muscle mass and quality in type 2 IF, comparing bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) and computed tomography (CT) at the third lumbar vertebra level.MethodsPatients admitted with acute severe (type 2) IF to a national UK IF center who had BIA measurement and CT scan as part of routine care within 40 days of anthropometric measurement were included in this cross‐sectional study. Data were also collected on patient demographics and clinical characteristics.ResultsForty‐four patients meeting inclusion criteria were included. Low muscle mass was detected in 37 out of 44 (84.1%) patients by CT scan and in 30 of out 44 (68.2%) by BIA. Low muscle quality was detected in 22 out of 44 (50%) patients by CT scan and in 40 out of 44 (90.1%) by BIA. Comparison of CT and BIA measurements showed a moderate correlation of muscle, Spearman ρ 0.65 (95% CI, 0.42–0.81; P < 0.001), and a strong correlation of body fat mass measurements, Spearman ρ 0.79 (95% CI, 0.62–0.89; P < 0.001).ConclusionThis is the first study to demonstrate that low muscle mass is common in patients with type 2 IF, regardless of body composition assessment modality. A larger cohort study is required to validate the impact of low muscle mass and quality on clinical outcomes and the role of targeted interventions to improve the care of patients with type 2 IF.
Clinical significance of prognostic nutrition index in hospitalized patients with COVID‐19: Results from single‐center experience with systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Rashedi Sina , Keykhaei Mohammad , Pazoki Marzieh , Ashraf Haleh , Najafi Atabak , Kafan Samira , Peirovi Niloufar , Najmeddin Farhad , Jazayeri Seyed Aboozar , Kashani Mehdi , Moharari Reza Shariat , Montazeri Mahnaz 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundWe aimed to ascertain risk indicators of in‐hospital mortality and severity as well as to provide a comprehensive systematic review and meta‐analysis to investigate the prognostic significance of the prognostic nutrition index (PNI) as a predictor of adverse outcomes in hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study, we studied patients with COVID‐19 who were referred to our hospital from February 16 to November 1, 2020. Patients with either a real‐time reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction test that was positive for COVID‐19 or high clinical suspicion based on the World Health Organization (WHO) interim guidance were enrolled. A parallel systematic review/meta‐analysis (in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science) was performed.ResultsA total of 504 hospitalized COVID‐19 patients were included in this study, among which 101 (20.04%) patients died during hospitalization, and 372 (73.81%) patients were categorized as severe cases. At a multivariable level, lower PNI, higher lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and higher D‐dimer levels were independent risk indicators of in‐hospital mortality. Additionally, patients with a history of diabetes, lower PNI, and higher LDH levels had a higher tendency to develop severe disease. The meta‐analysis indicated the PNI as an independent predictor of in‐hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR] = 0.80; P < .001) and disease severity (OR = 0.78; P = .009).ConclusionOur results emphasized the predictive value of the PNI in the prognosis of patients with COVID‐19, necessitating the implementation of a risk stratification index based on PNI values in hospitalized patients with COVID‐19.
Flow mark defects reduction of injection‐molded polypropylene by dynamically vulcanized polyolefin elastomer
Authors: Zhu Guodian , Li Zhuoxi , Shang Jingqi , Ding Jiao , Li Yuanyuan , Yin Guoqiang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFlow mark defects (FMs) worsen surface esthetics and mechanical properties of injection‐molded polypropylene (PP). In this work, experiments and dissipative particle dynamic (DPD) simulations were used to investigate the effect of dynamically vulcanized polyolefin elastomer (POE) on FMs of injection‐molded PP. Significant FMs reduction was achieved by dynamically vulcanized POE. DPD simulations indicated that POE molecules were randomly distributed in the PP, while dynamic vulcanization led to the formation of elastomeric quasi‐clusters, and these quasi‐clusters were able to reduce FMs. Both DPD simulations and scanning electron microscopy results showed that more agglomerates with longer and irregular shapes formed with longer vulcanization time and more initiators. The formation of too many agglomerates resulted in different pock surface defects. Dynamically vulcanized POE produced at optimal reaction conditions did not affect the tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, and flexural modulus, while breaking elongation and notched Izod impact strength of injection‐molded PP decreased slightly. This work suggests that the addition of dynamically vulcanized POE may be a promising way to reduce FMs of injection‐molded PP.
Magnetic Field Mapping Around Individual Magnetic Nanoparticle Agglomerates Using Nitrogen‐Vacancy Centers in Diamond
Authors: Camarneiro Filipe , Bocquel Juanita , Gallo Juan , Bañobre‐López Manuel , Berg‐Sørensen Kirstine , Andersen Ulrik Lund , Huck Alexander , Nieder Jana B. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA modified diamond–photonics based metrology is proposed to explore the magnetic fields created by agglomerates of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). MNPs are promising for environmental and medical applications; those proposed for cancer magnetic hyperthermia treatments are small superparamagnetic <20 nm iron oxide particles. Inside cells, they assemble in larger MNP agglomerates, reaching cross‐sections of several micrometers. Here, these conditions are reproduced and MNP agglomerates immobilized. Optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) signals recorded without a bias field in a confocal microscope and scanning across a homogenous shallow layer of fluorescent nitrogen‐vacancy centers in a bulk diamond sample placed in direct contact with the MNP agglomerates are used to determine magnetic fields with a spatial resolution of 500 nm in a lateral direction. This spatial resolution allows determining magnetic field maps around individual MNP agglomerates, for which magnetic fields with strengths ranging from 0.03 mT to maximal 1.2 mT in the direct vicinity of the agglomerates and with detectable fields up to 5 µm away from the agglomerates, are determined. Based on the findings, a pathway to non‐invasively study the micro/nano topology of MNP agglomerates is proposed.
What is the association between the ethnic composition of neighbourhoods, workplaces and schools and the formation of mixed‐ethnic unions?
Authors: Puur Allan , Rahnu Leen , Tammaru Tiit 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAlthough ethnic diversity and the types of interpersonal ties that are experienced in various domains of life may vary considerably, studies regarding the local marriage market rarely focus on the relationship between the formation of mixed‐ethnic unions and the ethnic composition of more than one spatial context. In this study, by applying event history analysis methods to longitudinal register data from Finland, we address three spatial contexts: residential neighbourhoods, workplaces and schools. The main finding is that getting in contact with natives in all three spatial contexts elevates the probability of the formation of a mixed‐ethnic union between migrants and natives. Exposure to natives in residential neighbourhoods and workplaces does not lose its relevance for partnership outcomes among immigrants who have arrived in the host country as children, or among the descendants of immigrants. On the contrary, the effects that can be associated with higher concentrations of immigrants in neighbourhoods and workplaces tend to increase in strength for the second generation rather than decrease.
Towards a more “scale‐aware” orographic gravity wave drag parametrization: Description and initial testing
Authors: van Niekerk A. , Vosper S.B. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMany current orographic gravity wave drag parametrizations employed in numerical weather prediction and climate models assume idealised elliptical subgrid orography. As a result, they do not fully capture the spectrum of subgrid orographic scales and do not exhibit the desired behaviour when the model grid length is varied. This article describes the motivation, formulation, and testing of a new orographic gravity wave drag parametrization in the Met Office Unified Model that is more “scale‐aware”. The scheme circumvents the need to make assumptions about the shape and distribution of the subgrid orography, moving away from elliptical mountains, through the use of Fourier transforms. The reduction in gravity wave surface stress when orographic flow blocking is present is also accounted for. The result is a new scheme that represents subgrid mountain scales more faithfully and consistently, rather than assuming a single mountain scale for each grid box. Tests using both regional and global simulations, ranging in grid spacing from 2–130 km, demonstrate that the scale‐aware scheme provides a more constant total, resolved plus parametrized, orographic gravity wave momentum flux, when the grid length is varied over most regions of the globe. Global five‐day forecasts also show a significant reduction in the too‐strong zonal wind bias within the Northern and Southern Hemisphere upper troposphere to lower stratosphere at grid spacings of 130 and 40 km when the scale‐aware scheme is employed. Some discussion on future developments for the scheme is also presented, noting that improvements to the orographic flow‐blocking drag component are required before the scheme can be implemented operationally.
Research progress and development trend of surgical robot and surgical instrument arm
Authors: Zhang Wu , Li Haiyuan , Cui Linlin , Li Haiyang , Zhang Xiangyan , Fang Shanxiang , Zhang Qinjian 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn recent years, surgical robots have become an indispensable part of the medical field. Surgical robots are increasingly being used in the areas of gynaecological surgery, urological surgery, orthopaedic surgery, general surgery and so forth. In this paper, the development of surgical robots in different operations is reviewed and analysed. In the type of master–slave surgical robotic system, the robotic surgical instrument arms were located in the execution terminal of a surgical robot system, as one of the core components, and directly contact with the patient during the operation, which plays an important role in the efficiency and safety of the operation. In clinical, the arm function and design in different systems varies. Furtherly, the current research progress of robotic surgical instrument arms used in different operations is analysed and summarised. Finally, the challenge and trend are concluded.MethodsAccording to the classification of surgical types, the development of surgical robots for laparoscopic surgery, neurosurgery, orthopaedics and microsurgery are analysed and summarised. Then, focusing on the research of robotic surgical instrument arms, according to structure type, the research and application of straight‐rod surgical instrument arm, joint surgical instrument arm and continuous surgical instrument arm are analysed respectively.ResultsAccording to the discussion and summary of the characteristics of the existing surgical robots and instrument arms, it is concluded that they still have a lot of room for development in the future. Therefore, the development trends of the surgical robot and instrument arm are discussed and analysed in the five aspects of structural materials, modularisation, telemedicine, intelligence and human–machine collaboration.ConclusionSurgical robots have shown the development trend of miniaturisation, intelligence, autonomy and dexterity. Thereby, in the field of science and technology, the research on the next generation of minimally invasive surgical robots will usher in a peak period of development.
Active disturbance rejection adaptive output feedback control of uncertain nonlinear systems
Authors: Mi Yize , Yao Jianyong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis article concerns the output feedback tracking control problem for a class of single‐input‐single‐output (SISO) nonlinear systems in a semistrict feedback form, which possesses both matched and mismatched uncertainties, including parametric uncertainties and unknown nonlinear disturbances. An active disturbance rejection adaptive output feedback control scheme is proposed via backstepping method, in which parametric uncertainties are handled by adaptation law and disturbances are estimated by a series of linear extended state observers (LESOs). The learning burden of LESOs is much alleviated due to active compensation of parametric uncertainties via adaptation. In addition, both matched and mismatched disturbances are estimated in the construction of LESO for each channel of the considered nonlinear plant. Hence, all various of uncertainties can be mostly compensated. Consequently, prescribed transient performance and steady‐state tracking accuracy can be guaranteed. Theoretical analysis reveals the tracking error can be made arbitrarily small. Furthermore, exponentially asymptotic output tracking can be achieved when unknown disturbances are constants. Finally, comparative simulation studies are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Electrospun Polymer‐Derived Carbyne Supercapacitor for Alternating Current Line Filtering
Authors: Mariappan Vimal Kumar , Krishnamoorthy Karthikeyan , Manoharan Sindhuja , Pazhamalai Parthiban , Kim Sang‐Jae 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe filtering device is a vital component of electronic goods that rectifies ripples which occur upon converting alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) and attenuates high‐frequency noise during switching or voltage declines. Classical filtering devices suffer from low performance metrics and are bulky, limiting their use in modern electronic devices. The fabrication process of electrode materials for high‐frequency symmetric supercapacitor (HFSSC) is complicated, hindering commercialization. Herein, for the first time, the design of a high‐performance stand‐alone carbyne film comprised of sp/sp2‐hybridized carbon as an electrode for AC filtering under a wide frequency range is reported. The carbyne film as HFSSC shows the ideal capacitive behavior at ultrahigh scan rate of 10 000 V s−1 with excellent linearity which is top among the reported AC line filter capacitor. The carbyne HFSSC exhibits a high energy density of 703.25 µF V2 cm−2 at 120 Hz, which is superior to that of current commercial electrolytic filters and many reported AC line supercapacitors. As a proof of concept, a carbyne device is implemented in a real time AC to DC adaptor that demonstrates excellent filtering performance at high frequencies.
Patent citation‐based knowledge inflow measures: The case of emerging economy multinational corporations
Authors: Zhang Feng 
Published: July 2021

AbstractEmpirical analyses of multinationals from emerging economies (EMNCs) have been a challenge because of the absence of systematic and consistent data. This study focuses on the impacts of patent examiner added citations on citation‐based measures of EMNC subsidiary knowledge inflows. The US patents of leading innovation‐oriented EMNCs from China and India between 2002 and 2014 are analyzed, with their major competitors from mature industrialized countries as a benchmark group. We find that, subsidiary knowledge inflow variables in the current study are not significantly distorted by examiner added citations. This study offers the validity evidence of employing the US patent and citation data in studying EMNCs. The results also contribute to patent economics literature in general by testing the impacts of examiner added citations on citation‐based measures of knowledge flows.
On a three step two‐grid finite element method for the Oldroyd model of order one
Authors: Bir Bikram , Goswami Deepjyoti 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this work, an optimal error analysis of a three step two‐grid method for the equations of motion arising in the 2DOldroyd model of order one is discussed. The model, which can be thought of as an integral perturbation of Navier‐Stokes equations (NSE), represents linear viscoelastic fluid flows. This non‐linear model is analyzed here using a three step numerical scheme. In the first step the problem is solved on a coarse grid, and we use this course grid solution to linearize the problem and solve it in second step, on a finer grid. Third step is a correcting step done on the finer grid. Optimal error estimates for the velocity in and ‐norms and for the pressure in ‐norm in the semidiscrete case are established. Estimates are shown to be uniform under the uniqueness assumption. Then, based on backward Euler method, a completely discrete scheme is analyzed and optimal a priori error estimates are derived. All the analysis are carried out for the non‐smooth initial data. Finally we present some numerical results to validate our theoretical results. These examples show that the three step two‐grid method is efficient than solving a nonlinear problem directly, as is expected.
Challenging “Play”
Authors: Wardle Heather 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOur understanding of when gaming ends and gambling begins is unclear. This has been hotly debated among theorists and the inclusion of gambling-like practices within digital games makes this even more indistinct, arguably subverting traditional notions of what it means to play. We are hyper-attuned to changes in game play because we know the learning power and potential of games and thus worry, rightly or wrongly, about their content: debate over loot boxes is the latest example of this. Whilst young people themselves have varied perspectives on whether wagering with or for in-game currency or items is gambling or not, they do tend to see these practices as coercive and as potentially addictive. They are acutely aware that these gambling-like mechanics do precisely what they were designed to—obtain money—raising broader questions about the ethics and responsibilities of the games industry as the creators of this content.