bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi‐Foldable and Environmentally Stable All‐Solid‐State Supercapacitor Based on Hierarchical Nano‐Canyon Structured Ionic‐Gel Polymer Electrolyte
Authors: Lee Dawoon , Song Yeonhwa , Song Yongjun , Oh Seung Ja , Choi U Hyeok , Kim Jaekyun 
Published: December 2021

AbstractNew ionic‐gel polymer electrolytes (IGPEs) are designed for use as electrolytes for all‐solid‐state supercapacitors (ASSSs) with excellent deformability and stability. The combination of the photochemical reaction‐based polymer matrix, weak‐binding lithium salt with ionic liquid, and ion dissociating solvator is employed to construct the nano‐canyon structured IGPE with high ionic conductivity (σDC = 1.2 mS cm−1 at 25 °C), high dielectric constant (εs = 131), and even high mechanical robustness (bending deformation for 10 000 cycles with superior conductivity retention [≈91%]). This gives rise to ASSS with high compatibility and stability, which is compliant with foldable electronics. Consequently, this ASSS delivers remarkable electrochemical performance (specific capacitance of ≈105 F g−1 at 0.22 A g−1, maximum energy density and power density of 23 and 17.2 kW kg−1), long lifetime (≈93% retention after 30 days), wider operating temperature (≈0–120 °C), and mechanical stabilities with no significant capacitance reduction after mechanical bending and multiple folding, confirming the superior electrochemical durability under serious deformation states. Therefore, this ultra‐flexible and environmentally stable ASSS based on the IGPE having the nano‐canyon morphology can be a novel approach for powering up the ultra‐deformable and durable next‐generation wearable energy storage devices.
Ampoule‐Like Microvolume Containers with Transparent Code for Easy‐to‐Use and Space‐Saving Storage of Small‐Volume Biospecimens
Authors: Kim Hyeli , Choi Yeongjae , Lee Amos C. , Bae Junghyun , Yoon Jinsik , Kim Kibeom , Park Cheolheon , Jeong Hyun Yong , Lee Gi Yoon , Choi Hansol , Kwon Sunghoon , Park Wook 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe importance of storing, transporting, and managing biospecimens for analysis and research has increased. Biospecimens, such as DNA and cells, have a volume of several micrometers or less for practical storage, management, and usage, and high space efficiency can be achieved if stored in an appropriate indexed container. However, although previous studies have highlighted the importance of small‐volume biospecimens, containers suitable for easily handling microscale samples and space‐saving storage are lacking. Here, easy‐to‐use and space‐saving biospecimen storage with ampoule‐like microvolume containers and transparent codes are introduced. The high‐durability epoxy‐based containers are suitable for storing and using microscale biospecimens, and protecting internal biospecimens from the external environment. To identify the biospecimens, microsized transparent QR codes on microparticles for indexing sample information and storage conditions are fabricated via optofluidic maskless lithography, enabling on‐demand fabrication. Both the microsized QR code and microvolume container are highly transparent, making the observation of even minimal volumes of internal material convenient. Similar to an ampoule, the microvolume container can be broken with a needle or blade to release the biospecimen. The storage efficiency of the container is verified by storing and releasing DNA, antibiotics, and cells. This container will save space for biospecimens in biobank systems.
Recent Advances in the Valorization of Lignin: A Key Focus on Pretreatment, Characterization, and Catalytic Depolymerization Strategies for Future Biorefineries
Authors: Mankar Akshay R. , Modak Arindam , Pant Kamal Kishore 
Published: December 2021

AbstractLignin is the largest renewable source of aromatics with an annual production of ≈50 to 70 million tons worldwide. Unfortunately, despite being a rich source of aromatic chemicals, almost 98% to 99% of lignin is burned as a low‐value fuel and only 1% to 2% is utilized as high‐value chemicals. It is noteworthy that lignin is cross‐linked with carbohydrate fractions of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) through a stable lignin‐carbohydrate covalent complex, making it the main hurdle in converting LCB. Moreover, the stability of the inter‐unit linkages (COC, CC) and the strong interactions among the aromatic units, makes the separation into aromatic monomers challenging. Hence, a delignification pathway through a sustainable approach represents a formidable challenge for the development of future biorefineries. A breakthrough in several technological pathways, e.g., LCB fractionation, lignin characterization/depolymerization, and economic analysis are being considered. However, there remains a dearth of in‐depth understanding and a thorough know‐how. This review navigates readers through the latest cutting‐edge innovations in these four interconnected biorefinery aspects, and may inspire others to propagate the growth of biorefineries in the upcoming years. Overall, the objective of this review is to provide insights into lignin valorization technologies which may guide the future research toward sustainable biorefineries.
Investigation into adsorption equilibrium and thermodynamics for water vapor on montmorillonite clay
Authors: Du Xidong , Wang Na 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe isothermal adsorption curves for water vapor on montmorillonite were measured by a gravimetric adsorption system. Dent's model was employed to estimate the adsorption behaviors of water vapor on primary adsorption sites and secondary adsorption sites. The thermodynamics analysis of water vapor adsorption was performed. At low vapor pressure region, primary adsorption predominates, and with increasing vapor pressure, secondary adsorption becomes notable. Primary adsorption sites have an evidently stronger adsorption affinity than secondary adsorption sites. With increasing vapor pressure, Gibbs free energy variation rapidly increases and then reduces slowly. Although increasing vapor pressure raises adsorption spontaneity on primary adsorption sites, the enhancement in vapor pressure decreases the spontaneity of water vapor adsorption on secondary adsorption sites. As adsorbed loading increases, isosteric heat of adsorption and entropy loss decrease first and then increase quickly. The gradually growing water clusters are responsible for the increase of entropy loss at late stage.
Degradable Vinyl Random Copolymers via Photocontrolled Radical Ring‐Opening Cascade Copolymerization**
Authors: Wang Wenqi , Zhou Zefeng , Sathe Devavrat , Tang Xuanting , Moran Stephanie , Jin Jing , Haeffner Fredrik , Wang Junpeng , Niu Jia 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDegradable vinyl polymers by radical ring‐opening polymerization are promising solutions to the challenges caused by non‐degradable vinyl plastics. However, achieving even distributions of labile functional groups in the backbone of degradable vinyl polymers remains challenging. Herein, we report a photocatalytic approach to degradable vinyl random copolymers via radical ring‐opening cascade copolymerization (rROCCP). The rROCCP of macrocyclic allylic sulfones and acrylates or acrylamides mediated by visible light at ambient temperature achieved near‐unity comonomer reactivity ratios over the entire range of the feed compositions. Experimental and computational evidence revealed an unusual reversible inhibition of chain propagation by in situ generated sulfur dioxide (SO2), which was successfully overcome by reducing the solubility of SO2. This study provides a powerful approach to degradable vinyl random copolymers with comparable material properties to non‐degradable vinyl polymers.
A Dual‐Color Fluorescent Probe Allows Simultaneous Imaging of Main and Papain‐like Proteases of SARS‐CoV‐2‐Infected Cells for Accurate Detection and Rapid Inhibitor Screening
Authors: Cheng Yong , Borum Raina M. , Clark Alex E. , Jin Zhicheng , Moore Colman , Fajtová Pavla , O'Donoghue Anthony J. , Carlin Aaron F. , Jokerst Jesse V. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe main protease (Mpro) and papain‐like protease (PLpro) play critical roles in SARS‐CoV‐2 replication and are promising targets for antiviral inhibitors. The simultaneous visualization of Mpro and PLpro is extremely valuable for SARS‐CoV‐2 detection and rapid inhibitor screening. However, such a crucial investigation has remained challenging because of the lack of suitable probes. We have now developed a dual‐color probe (3MBP5) for the simultaneous detection of Mpro and PLpro by fluorescence (or Förster) resonance energy transfer (FRET). This probe produces fluorescence from both the Cy3 and Cy5 fluorophores that are cleaved by Mpro and PLpro. 3MBP5‐activatable specificity was demonstrated with recombinant proteins, inhibitors, plasmid‐transfected HEK 293T cells, and SARS‐CoV‐2‐infected TMPRSS2‐Vero cells. Results from the dual‐color probe first verified the simultaneous detection and intracellular distribution of SARS‐CoV‐2 Mpro and PLpro. This is a powerful tool for the simultaneous detection of different proteases with value for the rapid screening of inhibitors.
Surface Gelation on Disulfide Electrocatalysts in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Li Xi‐Yao , Feng Shuai , Zhao Meng , Zhao Chang‐Xin , Chen Xiang , Li Bo‐Quan , Huang Jia‐Qi , Zhang Qiang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractLithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are deemed as future energy storage devices due to ultrahigh theoretical energy density. Cathodic polysulfide electrocatalysts have been widely investigated to promote sluggish sulfur redox kinetics. Probing the surface structure of electrocatalysts is vital to understanding the mechanism of polysulfide electrocatalysis. In this work, we for the first time identify surface gelation on disulfide electrocatalysts. Concretely, the Lewis acid sites on disulfides trigger the ring‐opening polymerization of the dioxolane solvent to generate a surface gel layer, covering disulfides and reducing the electrocatalytic activity. Accordingly, a Lewis base triethylamine (TEA) is introduced as a competitive inhibitor. Consequently, Li–S batteries with disulfide electrocatalysts and TEA afford high specific capacity and improved rate responses. This work affords new insights on the actual surface structure of electrocatalysts in Li–S batteries.
Temperature‐Reliant Dynamic Properties and Elasto‐Plastic to Plastic Crystal (Rotator) Phase Transition in a Metal Oxyacid Salt
Authors: Das Susobhan , Saha Subhankar , Sahu Mrinmay , Mondal Amit , Reddy C. Malla 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAlthough, dynamic crystals are attractive for use in many technologies, molecular level mechanisms of various solid‐state dynamic processes and their interdependence, remain poorly understood. Here, we report a rare example of a dynamic crystal (1), involving a heavy transition metal, rhenium, with an initial two‐face elasticity (within ≈1 % strain), followed by elasto‐plastic deformation, at room temperature. Further, these crystals transform to a rotator (plastic) crystal phase at ≈105 °C, displaying exceptional malleability. Qualitative and quantitative mechanical tests, X‐ray diffraction, μ‐Raman and polarized light microscopy experiments reveal that the elasto‐plastic deformation involves both partial molecular rotations and slip, while malleability in the rotator phase is facilitated by reorientational motions and increased symmetry (slip planes). Our work, connecting the plastically bendable (1D or 2D) crystals with the rotator phases (3D), is important for designing multi‐functional dynamic crystals.
Low‐Symmetry MOF‐Based Patchy Colloids and Their Precise Linking via Site‐Selective Liquid Bridging to Form Supra‐Colloidal and Supra‐Framework Architectures
Authors: Lyu Dengping , Xu Wei , Wang Yufeng 
Published: December 2021

AbstractColloids with surface patches (or patchy particles) can bind and assemble with directionality. However, the bonding between the usually high‐symmetry, dome‐shaped patches is not precise, as it cannot lock the exact position and orientation of the relevant particles. This issue prevents the assembly of well‐defined colloidal superstructures by design. Herein, we introduce low‐symmetry, metal–organic framework (MOF)‐based patchy colloids, which feature a polyhedral matrix and flat hexagonal patches, along with anisotropic surfaces and compositions. Guided by the encoded shape/chemical information and mediated by a site‐selective liquid‐bridging interaction, the distinct patchy particles self‐assemble into supra‐colloidal (or supra‐framework) structures with unprecedented precision. In this case, the valence, position, and orientation of the particles within assemblies are fully coordinated and precisely aligned. The dynamic nature of the liquid bridges also allows us to investigate the unique assembly kinetics. Our strategy not only defines new modes of colloidal bonding, but also provides a powerful means toward creating hierarchical and multi‐component MOF materials.
Environmental DNA evidence of the Critically Endangered smalltooth sawfish, Pristis pectinata, in historically occupied US waters
Authors: Lehman Ryan N. , Poulakis Gregg R. , Scharer Rachel M. , Hendon Jill M. , Court Alia G. , Wooley Andrew K. , Williams Ariel M. , Ajemian Matthew J. , Hadden John P. , Beal Jeff L. , McCallister Michael P. , Phillips Nicole M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Formerly common in tropical and subtropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean, the Critically Endangered smalltooth sawfish, Pristis pectinata, underwent severe declines over the past century, restricting population(s) to south and south‐west Florida in the US, and Bahamian waters.
Anecdotal evidence (e.g. encounter reports from the public) suggests that P. pectinata have recently been observed in historically occupied US waters; however, no directed surveys have been conducted to verify their extent of occupancy.
Here, environmental DNA (eDNA) surveys were used to investigate the occurrence of P. pectinata in three formerly occupied estuaries in US waters. Water samples were collected in the summer from the Indian River Lagoon and Tampa Bay, Florida, in 2018 and 2019, and from Mississippi Sound, Mississippi, in 2018, and screened for target DNA using a highly sensitive Droplet Digital™ polymerase chain reaction assay.
Target DNA was detected at four sites in the Indian River Lagoon in 2018 and at one site in 2019 (average concentration: 0.086 copies μl−1; SE = 0.004), but was not detected in either year in Tampa Bay. Target DNA was also detected at three sites near Deer Island in Mississippi Sound in 2018 (average concentration: 0.090 copies μl−1; SE = 0.005). These surveys provide additional lines of evidence that P. pectinata is re‐occurring within two historically occupied estuaries in US waters.
More comprehensive eDNA surveys in historically occupied regions, combined with clearly defined post‐survey management actions, can direct additional research and outreach initiatives in emerging priority areas, fostering recovery of this Critically Endangered species.
One year of anatomy teaching and learning in the outbreak: Has the Covid‐19 pandemic marked the end of a century‐old practice? A systematic review
Authors: Papa Veronica , Varotto Elena , Galli Massimo , Vaccarezza Mauro , Galassi Francesco M. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAt the end of 2019, the Covid‐19 pandemic spread caused restrictions in business and social spheres. Higher education was also severely affected: universities and medical schools moved online to distance learning and laboratory facilities closed. Questions arise about the long‐term effects of this pandemic on anatomical education. In this systematic review, the authors investigated whether or not anatomical educators were able to deliver anatomical knowledge during this pandemic. They also discuss the challenges that anatomical education has faced over the last year. The search strategy was conducted between July 2020 and July 2021. Two hundred and one records were identified, and a total of 79 studies were finally included. How best to deliver anatomy to students remains a moot point. In the last years, the advent of new technologies has raised the question of the possible overcoming of dissection as the main instrument in anatomical education. The Covid‐19 pandemic further sharpened the debate. Remote learning enhanced the use of technologies other than cadaveric dissection to teach anatomy. Moreover, from the analyzed records it appears that both from students' perspective as well as teachers' there is a clear tear between those who endorse dissection and those who believe it could be easily overcome or at least integrated by virtual reality and online learning. The authors strongly believe that the best anatomy teaching practice requires the careful adaptation of resources and methods. Nevertheless, they support cadaveric dissection and hope that it will not be replaced entirely as a result of this pandemic.
Stark broadening effect in hot DA white dwarfs: Ultraviolet lines of Fe V
Authors: Hamdi Rafik , Ben Nessib Nabil , Sahal‐Bréchot Sylvie , Dimitrijević Milan S. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractStark widths and shifts have been calculated for 17 ultraviolet lines of Fe V of astrophysical interest. The calculations have been made using semiclassical perturbation approach. The work is motivated by the importance of ultraviolet lines for the study of hot white dwarf atmospheres specially for investigations of the variation of fine structure constant in strong gravitational field. Our Stark broadening parameters are presented for a range of temperature from 50,000 to 600,000 K. Our results are used to investigate the importance of electron impact broadening in plasma conditions of hot DA white dwarfs. Electron impact Stark width is compared to Doppler width as a function of atmospheric layer temperature and as a function of logarithm of Rosseland optical depth.
Effect of Different Parameters on Catalytic Production of Biodiesel from Different Oils
Authors: Zaman Fakhar , Ishaq Muhammad Waqas , Ul‐Haq Noaman , Rahman Wajeeh Ur , Ali M. Muzaffar , Ahmed Faisal , Haq Anwar ul 
Published: December 2021

AbstractCompared to fossil fuels, renewable fuels (biodiesel) are promising alternatives with similar properties which could reduce the emission of toxic gases and carbon foot print. Biodiesel is mostly used in some developing countries especially in the transportation sector and can be produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, non‐edible oil, and waste cooking oil by different methods. Animal fat and used cooking oil is not feasible for biodiesel production because of numerous problems during production. Catalysts can be selected or synthesized according to the nature of the feedstock. The selection of highly efficient catalysts is necessary to obtain a high yield of biodiesel and their recyclability is also highly important. Different factors affect the transesterification process and analysis of the final biodiesel product is important and necessary to fulfill the requirements of the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) standards. In this regard, production of biodiesel from different sustainable and renewable resources could be recommended at industrial level. Further research is required to improve the efficiency.
Ionic Liquid Assessment as Suitable Solvent for Biogas Upgrading Technology Based on the Process System Engineering Perspective
Authors: Kazmi Bilal , Taqvi Syed Ali Ammar , Ali Syed Imran 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBiogas requires specific processing in terms of upgradation to remove acid gas contents, making it a profitable fuel with higher energy content. This is conventionally attained through physical or chemical absorption due to the higher selectivity towards CO2 and H2S. The conventional processing technology impacts the process with higher energy content for solvent regeneration, solvent loss causing a threat to the environment with its toxicity, and damaging the equipment by corrosion. In this view, ionic liquids (ILs) emerged as potential candidates providing a favorable facet in terms of both processing and ecological aspects. Hence, herein the potential of IL and deep eutectic solvent (DES) in comparison to the conventional solvents and technologies used for biogas upgrading based on process system engineering perspective that showcases techno‐economic, energy‐economic, and environmental aspects and opportunities that may lead towards establishing sustainable and effective processing of biogas is shown and a comprehensive review on the opportunities, prospects, and challenges to make IL and DES as future solvent for biogas upgrading on the commercial scale is provided.
Fluorobenzene Nucleobase Analogues for Triplex‐Forming Peptide Nucleic Acids
Authors: Kumar Vipin , Rozners Eriks 
Published: December 2021

Abstract2,4‐Difluorotoluene is a nonpolar isostere of thymidine that has been used as a powerful mechanistic probe to study the role of hydrogen bonding in nucleic acid recognition and interactions with polymerases. In the present study, we evaluated five fluorinated benzenes as nucleobase analogues in peptide nucleic acids designed for triple helical recognition of double helical RNA. We found that analogues having para and ortho fluorine substitution patterns (as in 2,4‐difluorotoluene) selectively stabilized Hoogsteen triplets with U−A base pairs. The results were consistent with attractive electrostatic interactions akin to non‐canonical F to H−N and C−H to N hydrogen bonding. The fluorinated nucleobases were not able to stabilize Hoogsteen‐like triplets with pyrimidines in either G−C or A−U base pairs. Our results illustrate the ability of fluorine to engage in non‐canonical base pairing and provide insights into triple helical recognition of RNA.
Optimizing the Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil Utilizing Industrial Waste‐Derived MgO/CaO Catalysts
Authors: Aghel Babak , Gouran Ashkan , Shahsavari Parsa 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBiodiesel manufacturing using waste cooking oil is a cost‐effective method for lowering the costs of production. Composites composed of CaO and MgO recovered from industrial waste may be utilized to create ecologically heterogeneous transesterification catalysts. The activity of the catalysts and the impacts of calcination temperatures and various weight percentages were examined. The efficiency of the MgO/CaO catalyst for producing biodiesel from waste cooking oil was studied under optimum conditions. The properties and structure of the catalysts were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared, which proved the acceptable performance of the catalysts for transesterification of waste cooking oil.
An Alkynyl‐Dangling Ru(II) Polypyridine Complex for Targeted Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Jian Yao , Jin Zhihui , Qi Shuang , Da Xuwen , Wang Zhanhua , Wang Xuesong , Zhou Qianxiong 
Published: December 2021

AbstractTo realize clinical application of antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), one of the most arduous challenges is how to render aPDT agents high selectivity against bacterial pathogens. In light of the fact that amino group‐containing lipids are rich on the outer surfaces of Gram‐positive bacteria, we herein constructed an alkynyl‐dangling ruthenium(II) polypyridine complex (Ru2) to preferentially label Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) over mammalian cells via the amino‐yne bio‐orthogonal click reaction. Thanks to the strong singlet oxygen generation ability, Ru2 could photo‐inactivate S. aureus and MRSA effectively and specifically. Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) molecules also exist in mammalian cells but are not accessible for Ru2, leading to its poor binding/uptake and negligible cytotoxicity in the dark and upon irradiation towards mammalian cells as well as low hemolysis, all favorable for aPDT application.