bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Potential of Shear Wave Elastography to Reduce Unnecessary Biopsies in Breast Cancer Diagnosis: An International, Diagnostic, Multicenter Trial
Authors: Golatta Michael , Pfob André , Büsch Christopher , Bruckner Thomas , Alwafai Zaher , Balleyguier Corinne , Clevert Dirk-André , Duda Volker , Goncalo Manuela , Gruber Ines , Hahn Markus , Kapetas Panagiotis , Ohlinger Ralf , Rutten Matthieu , Tozaki Mitsuhiro , Wojcinski Sebastian , Rauch Geraldine , Heil Jörg , Barr Richard G. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Purpose In this prospective, multicenter trial we evaluated whether additional shear wave elastography (SWE) for patients with BI-RADS 3 or 4 lesions on breast ultrasound could further refine the assessment with B-mode breast ultrasound for breast cancer diagnosis.
Materials and Methods We analyzed prospective, multicenter, international data from 1288 women with breast lesions rated by conventional 2 D B-mode ultrasound as BI-RADS 3 to 4c and undergoing 2D-SWE. After reclassification with SWE the proportion of undetected malignancies should be < 2 %. All patients underwent histopathologic evaluation (reference standard).
Results Histopathologic evaluation showed malignancy in 368 of 1288 lesions (28.6 %). The assessment with B-mode breast ultrasound resulted in 1.39 % (6 of 431) undetected malignancies (malignant lesions in BI-RADS 3) and 53.80 % (495 of 920) unnecessary biopsies (biopsies in benign lesions). Re-classifying BI-RADS 4a patients with a SWE cutoff of 2.55 m/s resulted in 1.98 % (11 of 556) undetected malignancies and a reduction of 24.24 % (375 vs. 495) of unnecessary biopsies.
Conclusion A SWE value below 2.55 m/s for BI-RADS 4a lesions could be used to downstage these lesions to follow-up, and therefore reduce the number of unnecessary biopsies by 24.24 %. However, this would come at the expense of some additionally missed cancers compared to B-mode breast ultrasound (rate of undetected malignancies 1.98 %, 11 of 556, versus 1.39 %, 6 of 431) which would, however, still be in line with the ACR BI-RADS 3 definition (< 2 % of undetected malignancies).
Microcredit Impacts: Evidence from a Large-Scale Observational Study in Brazil
Authors: Goldszmidt Rafael , Behr Patrick , Zucco Cesar , Lenz Anna-Katharina , Gonzalez Lauro , Valdivia Martin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis paper studies the impact of microcredit in Brazil. We use a propensity score matching on original primary data on business and personal outcomes to compare veteran clients of BNDES—Brazil’s largest government-owned development bank—to a matched sample of more recent clients. Based on administrative data as well as data from a survey of 2107 clients from the South and Northeast regions of Brazil, the findings show no significant impacts on income, employment generation, access to credit, and business formalization, except for the poorest Municipalities of the Northeast, where microcredit presented positive effects.
The evolution of targeted cannibalism and cannibal-induced defenses in invasive populations of cane toads
Authors: DeVore Jayna L. , Crossland Michael R. , Shine Richard , Ducatez Simon 
Published: August 2021

Significance
Invasive species are known for their ability to achieve high densities within their introduced range. Hence, invaders often face strong competition from members of their own species. Mechanisms for reducing intraspecific competition may therefore be favored in invasive populations, such as cannibalism, in which individuals kill and eat intraspecific competitors. Here, we find that toad tadpoles from invasive Australian populations have evolved both a strong behavioral attraction to the vulnerable hatchling stage and an increased propensity to cannibalize these younger conspecifics. In response, these toads have also evolved multiple strategies for reducing the duration of the vulnerable period, indicating an evolutionary arms race between the cannibalistic tadpole stage and the vulnerable egg and hatchling stages in invaded habitats.
Using time-use diaries to track changing behavior across successive stages of COVID-19 social restrictions
Authors: Sullivan Oriel , Gershuny Jonathan , Sevilla Almudena , Foliano Francesca , Vega-Rapun Margarita , Lamote de Grignon Juana , Harms Teresa , Walthéry Pierre 
Published: August 2021

Significance
What do people do during lockdown? This unique sequence of four time-use diary surveys provides real-time information on changing behavior in the United Kingdom during each major phase of social restrictions. We compare 24-h continuous and comprehensive information on the populations’ activities, their social context, and their location, assessing risk-related behavior during different phases of institutional response to the pandemic. Holding constant gender, age, and social grade, we show that the UK population spent on average 35 more minutes per day in high-risk activity combinations in the second UK lockdown in November 2020 than in the first lockdown (starting March 2020). This difference is shown to be associated with an increase in time spent doing paid work in the workplace.
In situ ac Stark shift detection in light storage spectroscopy
Authors: Palani D , Hoenig D , Karpa L 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We report on a method for measuring ac Stark shifts observed in stored light experiments while simultaneously determining the energetic splitting between the electronic ground states involved in the two-photon transition. To this end, we make use of the frequency matching effect in light storage spectroscopy. We find a linear dependence on the intensity of the control field applied during the retrieval phase of the experiment. At the same time, we observe that the light shift is insensitive to the intensity of the signal field which is in contrast to continuously operated electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) or coherent population trapping (CPT) experiments, where the light shifts induced by all participating optical fields have to be taken into account. Our results may be of importance for future precision measurements in addition to or in combination with current EIT and CPT-type devices which are largely compatible with our approach and could benefit from the inherent robustness regarding operational conditions, shape of the resonances or intensity fluctuations in the signal field.
Influence of target-rear-side short scale length density gradients on laser-driven proton acceleration
Authors: Higginson A , Wilson R , Goodman J , King M , Dance R J , Butler N M H , Armstrong C D , Notley M , Carroll D C , Fang Y , Yuan X H , Neely D , Gray R J , McKenna P 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The effects of a short plasma density scale length on laser-driven proton acceleration from foil targets is investigated by heating and driving expansion of a large area of the target rear surface. The maximum proton energy, proton flux and the divergence of the proton beam are all measured to decrease with increasing extent of the plasma expansion. Even for a small plasma scale length of the order of the laser wavelength (∼1 µm), a significant effect on the generated proton beam is evident; a substantial decrease in the number of protons over a wide spectral range is measured. A combination of radiation-hydrodynamic and particle-in-cell simulations provide insight into the underlying physics. The results provide new understanding of the importance of even a small plasma density gradient, with implications for applications that require efficient laser energy conversion to ions, such as proton-driven fast-ignition of compressed fusion fuel.
Quantum Electrodynamics vacuum polarization solver
Authors: Grismayer T , Torres R , Carneiro P , Cruz F , Fonseca R A , Silva L O 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The self-consistent modeling of vacuum polarization due to virtual electron-positron fluctuations is of relevance for many near term experiments associated with high intensity radiation sources and represents a milestone in describing scenarios of extreme energy density. We present a generalized finite-difference time-domain solver that can incorporate the modifications to Maxwell’s equations due to vacuum polarization. Our multidimensional solver reproduced in one-dimensional configurations the results for which an analytic treatment is possible, yielding vacuum harmonic generation and birefringence. The solver has also been tested for two-dimensional scenarios where finite laser beam spot sizes must be taken into account. We employ this solver to explore different types of laser configurations that can be relevant for future planned experiments aiming to detect quantum vacuum dynamics at ultra-high electromagnetic field intensities.
Solving the subset sum problem with a nonideal biological computer
Authors: Konopik Michael , Korten Till , Linke Heiner , Lutz Eric 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We consider the solution of the subset sum problem based on a parallel computer consisting of self-propelled biological agents moving in a nanostructured network that encodes the computing task in its geometry. We develop an approximate analytical method to analyze the effects of small errors in the nonideal junctions composing the computing network by using a Gaussian confidence interval approximation of the multinomial distribution. We concretely evaluate the probability distribution for error-induced paths and determine the minimal number of agents required to obtain a proper solution. We finally validate our theoretical results with exact numerical simulations of the subset sum problem for different set sizes and error probabilities, and discuss the scalability of the nonideal problem using realistic experimental error probabilities.
Fifth-force screening around extremely compact sources
Authors: Burrage Clare , Elder Benjamin , Millington Peter , Saadeh Daniela , Thrussell Ben 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Many non-linear scalar field theories possess a screening mechanism that can suppress any associated fifth force in dense environments. As a result, these theories can evade local experimental tests of new forces. Chameleon-like screening, which occurs because of non-linearities in the scalar potential or the coupling to matter, is well understood around extended objects. However, many experimental tests of these theories involve objects with spatial extent much smaller than the scalar field's Compton wavelength, and which could therefore be considered point-like. In this work, we determine how the fifth forces are screened in the limit that the source objects become extremely compact.
Prevalence of Comorbidities in Active and Reserve Service Members Pre and Post Traumatic Brain Injury, 2017-2019
Authors: Hai Tajrina , Agimi Yll , Stout Katharine 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo understand the prevalence of comorbidities associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients among active and reserve service members in the U.S. Military.MethodsActive and reserve SMs diagnosed with an incident TBI from January 2017 to October 2019 were selected. Nineteen comorbidities associated with TBI as identified in the literature and by clinical subject matter experts were described in this article. Each patient’s medical encounters were evaluated from 6 months before to 2 years following the initial TBI diagnoses date in the Military Data Repository, if data were available. Time-to-event analyses were conducted to assess the cumulative prevalence over time of each comorbidity to the incident TBI diagnosis.ResultsWe identified 47,299 TBI patients, of which most were mild (88.8%), followed by moderate (10.5%), severe (0.5%), and of penetrating (0.2%) TBI severity. Two years from the initial TBI diagnoses, the top five comorbidities within our cohort were cognitive disorders (51.9%), sleep disorders (45.0%), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD; 36.0%), emotional disorders (22.7%), and anxiety disorders (22.6%) across severity groups. Cognitive, sleep, PTSD, and emotional disorders were the top comorbidities seen within each TBI severity group. Comorbidities increased pre-TBI to post-TBI; the more severe the TBI, the greater the prevalence of associated comorbidities.ConclusionA large proportion of our TBI patients are afflicted with comorbidities, particularly post-TBI, indicating many have a complex profile. The military health system should continue tracking comorbidities associated with TBI within the U.S. Military and devise clinical practices that acknowledge the complexity of the TBI patient.
Methods for measuring the evolutionary stability of engineered genomes to improve their longevity
Authors: Nuismer Scott L , C. Layman Nathan , Redwood Alec J , Chan Baca , Bull James J 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDiverse applications rely on engineering microbes to carry and express foreign transgenes. This engineered baggage rarely benefits the microbe and is thus prone to rapid evolutionary loss when the microbe is propagated. For applications where a transgene must be maintained for extended periods of growth, slowing the rate of transgene evolution is critical and can be achieved by reducing either the rate of mutation or the strength of selection. Because the benefits realized by changing these quantities will not usually be equal, it is important to know which will yield the greatest improvement to the evolutionary half-life of the engineering. Here, we provide a method for jointly estimating the mutation rate of transgene loss and the strength of selection favoring these transgene-free, revertant individuals. The method requires data from serial transfer experiments in which the frequency of engineered genomes is monitored periodically. Simple mathematical models are developed that use these estimates to predict the half-life of the engineered transgene and provide quantitative predictions for how alterations to mutation and selection will influence longevity. The estimation method and predictive tools have been implemented as an interactive web application, MuSe.
The effects of bone morphogenetic protein 2 and thrombopoietin treatment on angiogenic properties of endothelial cells derived from the lung and bone marrow of young and aged, male and female mice
Authors: Dadwal Ushashi C. , Bhatti Fazal Ur Rehman , Awosanya Olatundun D. , Nagaraj Rohit U. , Perugini Anthony J. , Sun Seungyup , Valuch Conner R. , de Andrade Staut Caio , Mendenhall Stephen K. , Tewari Nikhil P. , Mostardo Sarah L. , Nazzal Murad K. , Battina Hanisha L. , Zhou Donghui , Kanagasabapathy Deepa , Blosser Rachel J. , Mulcrone Patrick L. , Li Jiliang , Kacena Melissa A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWith an aging world population, there is an increased risk of fracture and impaired healing. One contributing factor may be aging‐associated decreases in vascular function; thus, enhancing angiogenesis could improve fracture healing. Both bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP‐2) and thrombopoietin (TPO) have pro‐angiogenic effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of treatment with BMP‐2 or TPO on the in vitro angiogenic and proliferative potential of endothelial cells (ECs) isolated from lungs (LECs) or bone marrow (BMECs) of young (3‐4 months) and old (22‐24 months), male and female, C57BL/6J mice. Cell proliferation, vessel‐like structure formation, migration, and gene expression were used to evaluate angiogenic properties. In vitro characterization of ECs generally showed impaired vessel‐like structure formation and proliferation in old ECs compared to young ECs, but improved migration characteristics in old BMECs. Differential sex‐based angiogenic responses were observed, especially with respect to drug treatments and gene expression. Importantly, these studies suggest that NTN1, ROBO2, and SLIT3, along with angiogenic markers (CD31, FLT‐1, ANGPT1, and ANGP2) differentially regulate EC proliferation and functional outcomes based on treatment, sex, and age. Furthermore, treatment of old ECs with TPO typically improved vessel‐like structure parameters, but impaired migration. Thus, TPO may serve as an alternative treatment to BMP‐2 for fracture healing in aging owing to improved angiogenesis and fracture healing, and the lack of side effects associated with BMP‐2.
Mechanisms linking hypoxia to phosphorylation of insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐1 in baboon fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction and in cell culture
Authors: Kakadia Jenica , Biggar Kyle , Jain Bhawani , Chen Allan W. , Nygard Karen , Li Cun , Nathanielsz Peter W. , Jansson Thomas , Gupta Madhulika B. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHypoxia increases fetal hepatic insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐1 (IGFBP‐1) phosphorylation mediated by mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition. Whether maternal nutrient restriction (MNR) causes fetal hypoxia remains unclear. We used fetal liver from a baboon (Papio sp.) model of intrauterine growth restriction due to MNR (70% global diet of Control) and liver hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells as a model for human fetal hepatocytes and tested the hypothesis that mTOR‐mediated IGFBP‐1 hyperphosphorylation in response to hypoxia requires hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) and regulated in development and DNA‐damage responses‐1 (REDD‐1) signaling. Western blotting (n = 6) and immunohistochemistry (n = 3) using fetal liver indicated greater expression of HIF‐1α, REDD‐1 as well as erythropoietin and its receptor, and vascular endothelial growth factor at GD120 (GD185 term) in MNR versus Control. Moreover, treatment of HepG2 cells with hypoxia (1% pO2) (n = 3) induced REDD‐1, inhibited mTOR complex‐1 (mTORC1) activity and increased IGFBP‐1 secretion/phosphorylation (Ser101/Ser119/Ser169). HIF‐1α inhibition by echinomycin or small interfering RNA silencing prevented the hypoxia‐mediated inhibition of mTORC1 and induction of IGFBP‐1 secretion/phosphorylation. dimethyloxaloylglycine (DMOG) induced HIF‐1α and also REDD‐1 expression, inhibited mTORC1 and increased IGFBP‐1 secretion/phosphorylation. Induction of HIF‐1α (DMOG) and REDD‐1 by Compound 3 inhibited mTORC1, increased IGFBP‐1 secretion/ phosphorylation and protein kinase PKCα expression. Together, our data demonstrate that HIF‐1α induction, increased REDD‐1 expression and mTORC1 inhibition represent the mechanistic link between hypoxia and increased IGFBP‐1 secretion/phosphorylation. We propose that maternal undernutrition limits fetal oxygen delivery, as demonstrated by increased fetal liver expression of hypoxia‐responsive proteins in baboon MNR. These findings have important implications for our understanding of the pathophysiology of restricted fetal growth.
Resistance training rejuvenates the mitochondrial methylome in aged human skeletal muscle
Authors: Ruple Bradley A. , Godwin Joshua S. , Mesquita Paulo H. C. , Osburn Shelby C. , Vann Christopher G. , Lamb Donald A. , Sexton Casey L. , Candow Darren G. , Forbes Scott C. , Frugé Andrew D. , Kavazis Andreas N. , Young Kaelin C. , Seaborne Robert A. , Sharples Adam P. , Roberts Michael D. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractResistance training (RT) dynamically alters the skeletal muscle nuclear DNA methylome. However, no study has examined if RT affects the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) methylome. Herein, ten older, Caucasian untrained males (65 ± 7 y.o.) performed six weeks of full‐body RT (twice weekly). Body composition and knee extensor torque were assessed prior to and 72 h following the last RT session. Vastus lateralis (VL) biopsies were also obtained. VL DNA was subjected to reduced representation bisulfite sequencing providing excellent coverage across the ~16‐kilobase mtDNA methylome (254 CpG sites). Biochemical assays were also performed, and older male data were compared to younger trained males (22 ± 2 y.o., n = 7, n = 6 Caucasian & n = 1 African American). RT increased whole‐body lean tissue mass (p = .017), VL thickness (p = .012), and knee extensor torque (p = .029) in older males. RT also affected the mtDNA methylome, as 63% (159/254) of the CpG sites demonstrated reduced methylation (p < .05). Several mtDNA sites presented a more “youthful” signature in older males after RT in comparison to younger males. The 1.12 kilobase mtDNA D‐loop/control region, which regulates replication and transcription, possessed enriched hypomethylation in older males following RT. Enhanced expression of mitochondrial H‐ and L‐strand genes and complex III/IV protein levels were also observed (p < .05). While limited to a shorter‐term intervention, this is the first evidence showing that RT alters the mtDNA methylome in skeletal muscle. Observed methylome alterations may enhance mitochondrial transcription, and RT evokes mitochondrial methylome profiles to mimic younger men. The significance of these findings relative to broader RT‐induced epigenetic changes needs to be elucidated.
Synchrony and rhythm interaction: from the brain to behavioural ecology
Authors: Greenfield Michael D. , Honing Henkjan , Kotz Sonja A. , Ravignani Andrea 
Published: August 2021

This theme issue assembles current studies that ask how and why precise synchronization and related forms of rhythm interaction are expressed in a wide range of behaviour. The studies cover human activity, with an emphasis on music, and social behaviour, reproduction and communication in non-human animals. In most cases, the temporally aligned rhythms have short—from several seconds down to a fraction of a second—periods and are regulated by central nervous system pacemakers, but interactions involving rhythms that are 24 h or longer and originate in biological clocks also occur. Across this spectrum of activities, species and time scales, empirical work and modelling suggest that synchrony arises from a limited number of coupled-oscillator mechanisms with which individuals mutually entrain. Phylogenetic distribution of these common mechanisms points towards convergent evolution. Studies of animal communication indicate that many synchronous interactions between the signals of neighbouring individuals are specifically favoured by selection. However, synchronous displays are often emergent properties of entrainment between signalling individuals, and in some situations, the very signallers who produce a display might not gain any benefit from the collective timing of their production.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Synchrony and rhythm interaction: from the brain to behavioural ecology’.
Mapping between sound, brain and behaviour: four-level framework for understanding rhythm processing in humans and non-human primates
Authors: Lenc Tomas , Merchant Hugo , Keller Peter E. , Honing Henkjan , Varlet Manuel , Nozaradan Sylvie 
Published: August 2021

Humans perceive and spontaneously move to one or several levels of periodic pulses (a meter, for short) when listening to musical rhythm, even when the sensory input does not provide prominent periodic cues to their temporal location. Here, we review a multi-levelled framework to understanding how external rhythmic inputs are mapped onto internally represented metric pulses. This mapping is studied using an approach to quantify and directly compare representations of metric pulses in signals corresponding to sensory inputs, neural activity and behaviour (typically body movement). Based on this approach, recent empirical evidence can be drawn together into a conceptual framework that unpacks the phenomenon of meter into four levels. Each level highlights specific functional processes that critically enable and shape the mapping from sensory input to internal meter. We discuss the nature, constraints and neural substrates of these processes, starting with fundamental mechanisms investigated in macaque monkeys that enable basic forms of mapping between simple rhythmic stimuli and internally represented metric pulse. We propose that human evolution has gradually built a robust and flexible system upon these fundamental processes, allowing more complex levels of mapping to emerge in musical behaviours. This approach opens promising avenues to understand the many facets of rhythmic behaviours across individuals and species.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Synchrony and rhythm interaction: from the brain to behavioural ecology’.