bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retinal and optic nerve functions in incontinentia pigmenti: long-term elctrophysiological follow-up
Authors: Janaky Márta , Jánossy Ágnes , Kovács Attila , Lőrincz Daniella , Nagy Dóra , Török Dóra , Benedek György 
Published: January 2021

Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) is a rare, X-linked, dominantly inherited disease affecting mostly females, which is best characterized as an autoimmune disease. It is a multisystem disorder affecting ectodermal tissues. Ocular abnormalities usually occur early in childhood, with subsequent retinal detachment and vision loss. Vision rarely remains intact until adulthood. We present the 17-year visual electrophysiological follow-up of such a rare patient and her mother. The mother was only a carrier, but the daughter developed various manifestations of IP. The aim of our investigations was to obtain information on the progression of functional deterioration in IP. Electroretinography (ERG), multifocal electroretinography (mfERG), visual evoked potentials (VEP), ultrasound (US) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were performed at regular intervals between the patient’s ages of 9 and 26 years (2003 to 2020). From 9 to 22 years of age, a characteristic picture of spared vision with minimal ophthalmoscopic alterations and fluctuating ERG anomalies were observed in the left eye. It was only between the ages of 22 and 23 that subjective symptoms developed, and then complete loss of vision in the affected eye ensued rapidly. The right eye remained clinically asymptomatic throughout the observation period. The mother remained completely asymptomatic, but she showed similar ERG alterations. Electroretinography is a sensitive indicator of the activity of the ocular immune or inflammatory reactions in IP, and it readily detects their functional effect even in the absence of clinical symptoms. Thus, it is recommendable not only for the longterm functional follow-up of these patients, but probably also for early disease-specific screening. ERG recordings from the presented case suggest that the characteristic, asymmetric pattern of retinal functional involvement may be traced back to the different degrees to which the two eyes were exposed to the intermittent reactivations of the disease.
Intention to Respond in a Special Way Protects against Forgetting Associations Even When Working Memory Is Occupied
Authors: Healy Alice F. , Schneider Vivian I. , Buck-Gengler Carolyn J. , Kole James A. , Barshi Immanuel 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In 2 experiments, subjects engaged in 6 or 7 124-trial blocks of a continuous memory-updating paradigm with study and test trials intermixed. They studied name–location associations and were tested for the location most recently associated with a given name. On study trials, all responses were to be made on a right-hand map. On default test trials, responses were also to be made on the right-hand map, but on special test trials, designated as such during study (by showing the associations in green), responses were to be made on a left-hand map. Both default and special test trials occurred after short (2-back) and long (8-back) retention intervals. In the penultimate (Experiment 1) or last (Experiment 2) block, trials occurred under conditions in which working memory was occupied with a concurrent secondary counting backwards task. Memory for the name–location associations was better with short than with long retention intervals and was better when special (rather than default) responses were to be made, especially at the long retention interval, even with counting backwards. Thus, the intention to respond in a special way protects against forgetting associations, and this protection is not simply due to holding the information from the special trials in working memory.
Why Are Trial-by-Trial, Strength-Based Criterion Shifts Hard to Observe? Is the Difficulty in the Mental Process Itself or in the Typical Cued Criterion Method?
Authors: Jou Jerwen , Escamilla Eric E. , Torres Andy U. , Ortiz Alejandro , Matos Maria S. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In the cued criterion recognition paradigm (Stretch & Wixted, 1998b), trial-by-trial memory strength-based criterion shifts have been an elusive phenomenon. Often the criterion shifts do not occur. We suggest that the frequent failure in making criterion shifts in the literature is caused by participants’ failure to understand the rationale of the task as typically presented in an abstract format. In this study, participants studied words once or thrice and were asked at test to either classify the probes into “new,” “seen once,” or “seen 3 times” categories by pressing the corresponding keys or to make an old/new binary decision followed by an item presentation frequency, confidence, or a memory quality judgment. No memory strength cues were provided, and only one set of new items served as distractors for strong and weak targets. Robust trial-by-trial criterion shift was observed. We concluded that no cues distinguishing between strong and weak probes are necessary for obtaining this type of criterion shift when the tasks are designed to make good pragmatic sense for the participants. The reason why this type of criterion shift is typically hard to obtain in the cued criterion paradigm is not that the process itself is difficult but that the cued criterion method is hard for the participants to understand.
The Special Brain: Subclinical Grandiose Narcissism and Self-Face Recognition in the Right Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Kramer Rachel , Duran Kelly , Soder Heather , Applegate Lisa , Youssef Amel , Criscione Matthew , Keenan Julian Paul 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Though debated, it has been argued that self-face recognition is an indicator of consciousness of self typically called self-awareness. Evidence from behavioral and neuronal studies suggests that self-recognition is associated with activation in the right prefrontal cortex (PFC). Although previous studies have examined neurological correlates of deficits in self-recognition (e.g., autism, schizophrenia), the current study attempted to examine neurological correlates of inflated self-focus. Thus, this study used transcranial magnetic stimulation to assess neurological correlates of self-recognition in different regions of the PFC and to assess whether narcissistic personality traits would be correlated with reaction time (RT) among 11 healthy participants. It was found that RT for self-face identification was positively correlated with narcissistic personality traits (p = .034). It was also found that the interaction between brain region and RT for self-faces was significant after narcissism was controlled for, demonstrating an association between narcissistic traits and self-recognition (p = .036). The results support previous research indicating the right PFC is necessary for self-face recognition. Furthermore, increases in narcissistic traits decreased self-recognition RT, and self-recognition appeared to be mediated via right PFC regions.
"Competitive" head of the municipality: analysis and prospects of use
Authors: Konysheva Elena Georgievna 
Published: January 2021

The subject of the study is the organizational model of local self-government introduced by Federal Law No. 8-FZ of February 3, 2015, which provides for the election of the head of the municipality by the representative body of the municipality from among the candidates submitted by the competition commission based on the results of the competition. The purpose of the work is to give a comprehensive assessment of the organizational model of the "competitive" head of the municipality and determine further prospects for its use, for which the tasks are set to consider the main features of the organizational model of the "competitive" head of local selfвЂ“government and identify their strengths and weaknesses. In his work, the author relied on general scientific and private scientific research methods, namely: analysis, synthesis, historical method, modeling method, special legal method, etc. В The results of the study of the organizational model of the "competitive" head of the municipality revealed a number of significant shortcomings, on the basis of which the inexpediency of the widespread use of the model in question and the need for a selective approach depending on the type of a particular municipality is shown. The scientific novelty of the conducted research is due to objective factors of reality and consists in substantiating practical problems by the lack of theoretical development of the specified organizational model of local self-government. As a result, legislative solutions aimed at improving legal regulation in the field of organizational foundations of local self-government through the wider use of the institute of rotation are proposed.
Violence or nonviolence: the instrumental nature of protest mobilization
Authors: Makarenko Kirill Mikhailovich , Bardakov Aleksei Ivanovich 
Published: January 2021

Protest mobilization is a complex multidimensional process, the implementation of which depends on a number of factors, both objective and subjective. Regular practices of large-scale demonstrations directed against the activities of state structures in various regions of the world, as well as an unprecedented decrease in the level of violence in the world, actualize issues related to the grounds of protest activity, as well as tools that characterize protest mobilization. In this regard, the subject of the study are the tools of protest political mobilization, and the purpose of the study, in turn, is to determine the boundaries of the use of violence and nonviolence as tools of protest mobilization. В В Based on the principles of the theory of "adversarial politics" by C. Tilly to the analysis of violence and nonviolence in political activity, as well as using the analysis of current data on the practices of protest activity, the authors made a number of conclusions: 1) both violent and nonviolent instruments are rooted in the basis of protest activity, which are mixed within the framework of mass actions in various proportions; 2) violence is an integral part of mass protests, but the magnitude and intensity of violence is determined by the level of political dissatisfaction with the subjects of collective activity and the scale of the available resource base; 3) according to statistics, nonviolent forms of collective protest actions are more successful in realizing the stated goals of the subjects of mobilization.
Activins as candidate cholinergic differentiation factors in vivo
Authors: Fann Ming‐Ji , Patterson Paul H. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA number of cytokine families have been implicated in shaping neuronal survival, growth and gene expression. The neuropoietic and transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) cytokines, in particular, have emerged as candidates for regulating the phenotype of sympathetic neurons. Culture studies have shown that neuropoietic cytokines (such as leukemia inhibitory factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor, oncostatin M, growth promoting activity) can induce the cholinergic enzyme, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and several neuropeptides, whereas certain members of the TGF‐β family (activin A, bone morphogenetic proteins‐2 and ‐6) induce partially overlapping but distinct sets of transmitter and neuropeptide genes in sympathetic neurons.Since activins can induce ChAT in cultured neurons, we have investigated whether these cytokines are expressed by the appropriate cells and tissues to make them candidates for the cholinergic differentiation factor that is known to alter the phenotype of sympathetic neurons that innervate the sweat gland in the footpad in vivo. In‐situ hybridization with the anti‐sense probe for activin βB specifically labels the sweat glands but not other tissues in the footpads of developing rats. Ribonuclease protection assays indicate that βB as well as the other activin and inhibin subunit mRNAs are expressed by a number of tissues, including footpad, hairy skin and submaxillary gland. Homogenates of developing rat footpads, however, failed to induce the set of neuropeptide genes in cultured sympathetic neurons that is characteristic for activins, although neuropoietic cytokine activity was readily detectable in this assay. Thus, while activin βB mRNA is expressed in the sweat gland, this tissue does not contain detectable activin protein as assayed by its ability to regulate neuronal gene expression. Moreover, activin subunit mRNAs are expressed by targets of noradrenergic sympathetic neurons in vivo, indicating that activin expression is not limited to targets of cholinergic neurons.
DNA neosynthesis in Auerbach plexus ganglia isolated from the rat hypertrophic gut: An electrophoretic analysis
Authors: Robecchi Maria G. Giacobini , Borrione Paolo , Canavese Marco , Guena Stefano , Paraninfo Adriana , Poncino Alessandro , Silengo Lorenzo 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe analysed using electrophoresis the total genomic DNA extracted from isolated Auerbach plexus ganglia of the hypertrophic duodenum upstream from a partial experimental stenosis. Results indicated the presence of two extra‐bands migrating below the high molecular weight DNA, suggesting that DNA amplification is the basic mechanism of the DNA neosynthesis previously observed in myenteric neurons.
Polyamines and ripening of photoreceptor outer segments in chicken embryos
Authors: Taibi G. , Schiavo M.R. , Nicotra C. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPolyamines and their related monoacetyl derivatives were studied in rod outer segment (ROS) and cone outer segment (COS) of photoreceptor cells from chick embryo retina during eye development (7th–18th days). Putrescine was found to be necessary, in the second phase of retinogenesis, to sustain both ROS and COS differentiation and, after acetylation, γ‐aminobutyric acid synthesis. On the other hand, spermidine and even more spermine intervene in the third phase of development when photoreceptors mature. Moreover, the presence of N1‐acetylspermidine already at the 7th day indicates that in the outer segment of photoreceptor cells too, as in the whole retina, putrescine synthesis comes about by two pathways. One pathway involves ornithine decarboxylase; the other, spermidine/spermine N1‐acetyltransferase and FAD‐dependent polyamine oxidase activities that convert spermidine to putrescine via N1‐acetylspermidine. These different biosynthetic pathways are probably also decisive in permitting γ‐aminobutyric acid synthesis, which is very important in the ripening process of neural retina.
Circuit reorganization in Ara‐C‐treated cerebellar cultures chronically exposed to picrotoxin
Authors: Seil F.J. , Drake‐Baumann R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractOrganotypic cerebellar cultures derived from neonatal mice were exposed to the DNA synthesis inhibitor, cytosine arabinoside, or to cytosine arabinoside plus picrotoxin, an anti‐GABA agent that increased neuronal activity, for the first five days in vitro. The group treated with cytosine arabinoside alone was subsequently maintained in standard nutrient medium, while the group exposed to both cytosine arabinoside and picrotoxin was continuously maintained in medium with incorporated picrotoxin. Granule cells were destroyed and astrocytes were functionally compromised in both culture groups, and both groups exhibited Purkinje cell axon collateral sprouting, with projection of sprouted inhibitory terminals to unensheathed Purkinje cell somata and to Purkinje cell dendritic spines in equal numbers. Spontaneous cortical discharge rates were the same in both groups, and antidromic stimulation of Purkinje cell axons induced inhibition of cortical activity. These results differed from those of a previous study in which chronic exposure of otherwise untreated cerebellar cultures to anti‐GABA agents increased the complement of inhibitory terminals on glially ensheathed Purkinje cell somata and resulted in a reduction of spontaneous cortical discharge rates. These differences were attributed to the failure of picrotoxin (1) to alter the plastic changes consequent to exposure to cytosine arabinoside, in which Purkinje cells had excess inhibitory projections, and (2) to extend inhibitory synaptogenesis in a system in which inhibitory synapse development was already enhanced.
Permeability function related to cerebral microvessel enzymes during ageing in rats
Authors: Agrawal Anju , Shuklaj R. , Tripathi L.M. , Pandey V.C. , Srimal R.C. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractCerebral microvessels from rats were prepared and characterized by their enrichment of specific markers, namely alkaline phosphatase (AP) and τ‐glutamyl transpeptidase (τ‐GT). Further, it was observed that AP and τ‐GT registered marked increase in aged rats. On the contrary, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity decreased with the increasing age. Monoamine oxidase A activity in the microvessels decreased with age whereas MAO‐B moved in the reverse direction. No noticeable change was seen in acetylcholinesterase activity with increasing age of rats.
Neuroendocrine and immunological functions in depressed patients: a follow-up study
Authors: Cervera-Enguix S , Rodríguez-Rosado A 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe development, evaluation and use of biological markers with a diagnostic purpose in psychiatry is extremely important. However, with certain exceptions, truly sensitive and specific markers have not yet emerged. In order to investigate the relationship between the immune apparatus and the hypothalamic-pituitary activity on the one hand, and the psychopathological state of the patients on the other, we used a longitudinal design and assessed monocyte parameters (HLA-DR, CD 35, vimentin filaments, and phagocytosis index) and neuroendocrine tests (dexamethasone suppression test [DST] and thyrotropin-releasing hormone [TRH] stimulation test) at intake and at follow-up in 49 depressed patients. Immunological parameters were compared with neuroendocrine tests in both phases of the study. The combined use of both immunological and neuroendocrine tests did not add sensitivity to the immunological identification of depressed patients. The findings lead us to consider the role of the monocyte parameters as sensitive depressive state markers, while the combined use of both neuroendocrine and immunological tests in current clinical practice would be debatable.
Prevalence of ovarian endometriosis in epithelial ovarian cancer
Authors: Jimbo H , Yoshikawa H , Onda T , Yasugi T , Sakamoto A , Taketani Y 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: The objective of this study was to examine the occurrence of ovarian endometriosis in epithelial ovarian cancer in Japan. Method: The presence of ovarian endometriosis was determined by reviewing the sections of resected specimens in 172 epithelial ovarian cancers. Results: The incidence of ovarian endometriosis in ovarian cancer (14.5%) was higher than that in Western countries. The rank order of incidence of endometriosis in each histologic type was clear cell (40.6%)>endometrioid (23.1%)>serous (8.7%)>mucinous (2.9%). The incidence in serous type was higher when compared with that reported in Western countries. The higher incidence of endometriosis in Japan can be explained by a greater proportion of clear cell type, comprising 18.6% of all the cases and a higher incidence of endometriosis in the serous type. Conclusion: The association of ovarian endometriosis with epithelial ovarian cancer was more frequently found in Japan.
Birth weight, gestational age and medications during pregnancy
Authors: Czeizel A.E , Tóth M 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: To determine the effect of medication on birth weight and gestational age in 29 004 healthy newborn infants born to mothers with or without treatment of drugs. Method: Birth weight and gestational age were evaluated in healthy control newborn infants in the population‐based dataset of the Hungarian Case‐Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities (1980–1991) using multiple regression analysis. Results: Of 114 drugs used in more than 100 pregnant women, 19 had a positive or negative impact. Conclusions: Further studies should be carried out to identify the possible mechanisms of medication and/or the maternal disorder for which this medication was given.
Today's treatments: medical, surgical and in partnership
Authors: Donnez J 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: To provide an overview of the medical, surgical and combined therapy options for endometriosis. Results: Available medical options include danazol, progestogens, gestrinone, oral contraceptive agents, analgesics and gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists. Used in the short‐term, most of these agents relieve pain in a large proportion of patients and produce disease regression, however, they do not prevent recurrence, and are associated with side‐effects. However, few data confirm any benefit of short‐term medical therapy on fertility. One of the most promising medical approaches appears to be GnRH agonists with add‐back hormone replacement therapy. Surgery may relieve pain, eradicate visible disease and improve fertility. A combined approach may facilitate surgery and relieve pain, although any fertility benefit is as yet unproven. Conclusion: Both short‐term medical treatment and surgery relieve endometriosis‐associated pain and decrease endometriotic implants. However, all approaches have side effects which must be balanced against the benefits when defining suitable treatment for a particular patient.
An empirical test of the causal relationships in the Baldrige Health Care Pilot Criteria
Authors: Meyer Susan M , Collier David A 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis research is the first to empirically test the causal relationships in the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA) Health Care Pilot Criteria. The Baldrige model of quality management for the health care industry is tested here using data from 220 US hospitals. Results of confirmatory structural equation modeling show that many of the hypothesized causal relationships in the Baldrige model are statistically significant. For example, Leadership (Baldrige Category 1.0) is identified as a driver of all components in the Baldrige System, including Information and Analysis, Strategic Planning, Human Resource Development and Management, and Process Management. This study also clarifies and improves understanding of within‐System performance relationships. Baldrige components of Leadership and Information and Analysis are significantly linked with Organizational Performance Results while Human Resource Development and Management and Process Management significantly link with Customer Satisfaction. In addition, a comprehensive “measurement model” grounded in the Baldrige Health Care Criteria for the 28 dimensions of measurement is developed, tested, and found to be valid and reliable. This valid and reliable measurement model allows a fair test of the “structural model”, which tests the relationships among the Baldrige model constructs. Ten major findings and future research ideas are discussed.