bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microwave ablation of lung tumors: A probabilistic approach for simulation‐based treatment planning
Authors: Sebek Jan , Taeprasartsit Pinyo , Wibowo Henky , Beard Warren L. , Bortel Radoslav , Prakash Punit 
Published: May 2021

PurposeMicrowave ablation (MWA) is a clinically established modality for treatment of lung tumors. A challenge with existing application of MWA, however, is local tumor progression, potentially due to failure to establish an adequate treatment margin. This study presents a robust simulation‐based treatment planning methodology to assist operators in comparatively assessing thermal profiles and likelihood of achieving a specified minimum margin as a function of candidate applied energy parameters.MethodsWe employed a biophysical simulation‐based probabilistic treatment planning methodology to evaluate the likelihood of achieving a specified minimum margin for candidate treatment parameters (i.e., applied power and ablation duration for a given applicator position within a tumor). A set of simulations with varying tissue properties was evaluated for each considered combination of power and ablation duration, and for four different scenarios of contrast in tissue biophysical properties between tumor and normal lung. A treatment planning graph was then assembled, where distributions of achieved minimum ablation zone margins and collateral damage volumes can be assessed for candidate applied power and treatment duration combinations. For each chosen power and time combination, the operator can also visualize the histogram of ablation zone boundaries overlaid on the tumor and target volumes. We assembled treatment planning graphs for generic 1, 2, and 2.5 cm diameter spherically shaped tumors and also illustrated the impact of tissue heterogeneity on delivered treatment plans and resulting ablation histograms. Finally, we illustrated the treatment planning methodology on two example patient‐specific cases of tumors with irregular shapes.ResultsThe assembled treatment planning graphs indicate that 30 W, 6 min ablations achieve a 5‐mm minimum margin across all simulated cases for 1‐cm diameter spherical tumors, and 70 W, 10 min ablations achieve a 3‐mm minimum margin across 90% of simulations for a 2.5‐cm diameter spherical tumor. Different scenarios of tissue heterogeneity between tumor and lung tissue revealed 2 min overall difference in ablation duration, in order to reliably achieve a 4‐mm minimum margin or larger each time for 2‐cm diameter spherical tumor.ConclusionsAn approach for simulation‐based treatment planning for microwave ablation of lung tumors is illustrated to account for the impact of specific geometry of the treatment site, tissue property uncertainty, and heterogeneity between the tumor and normal lung.
Commissioning of a clinical pencil beam scanning proton therapy unit for ultra‐high dose rates (FLASH)
Authors: Nesteruk Konrad P. , Togno Michele , Grossmann Martin , Lomax Anthony J. , Weber Damien C. , Schippers Jacobus M. , Safai Sairos , Meer David , Psoroulas Serena 
Published: May 2021

PurposeThe purpose of this work was to provide a flexible platform for FLASH research with protons by adapting a former clinical pencil beam scanning gantry to irradiations with ultra‐high dose rates.MethodsPSI Gantry 1 treated patients until December 2018. We optimized the beamline parameters to transport the 250 MeV beam extracted from the PSI COMET accelerator to the treatment room, maximizing the transmission of beam intensity to the sample. We characterized a dose monitor on the gantry to ensure good control of the dose, delivered in spot‐scanning mode. We characterized the beam for different dose rates and field sizes for transmission irradiations. We explored scanning possibilities in order to enable conformal irradiations or transmission irradiations of large targets (with transverse scanning).ResultsWe achieved a transmission of 86% from the cyclotron to the treatment room. We reached a peak dose rate of 9000 Gy/s at 3 mm water equivalent depth, along the central axis of a single pencil beam. Field sizes of up to 5 × 5 mm2 were achieved for single‐spot FLASH irradiations. Fast transverse scanning allowed to cover a field of 16 × 1.2 cm2. With the use of a nozzle‐mounted range shifter, we are able to span depths in water ranging from 19.6 to 37.9 cm. Various dose levels were delivered with precision within less than 1%.ConclusionsWe have realized a proton FLASH irradiation setup able to investigate continuously a wide dose rate spectrum, from 1 to 9000 Gy/s in single‐spot irradiation as well as in the pencil beam scanning mode. As such, we have developed a versatile test bench for FLASH research.
NMR internal standard signal shifts due to cyclodextrin inclusion complexes
Authors: Ray Colleen L. , Gawenis James A. , Harmata Michael , Greenlief Charles Michael 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)‐based screening of materials is a powerful tool for quality control, authenticity testing, and purity testing of compounds. However, reliance on 3‐(trimethylsilyl)‐propane‐1‐sulfonate (DSS) and 3‐(trimethylsilyl)propanoic acid (TMSP) for referencing the spectra of aqueous samples is not without hazard, particularly with automated analyses. The assumption that these reference signals always represent 0 ppm is ubiquitous in NMR spectroscopy and is routinely used for spectral alignment. However, it has been found that cyclodextrins readily generate inclusion complexes with DSS and TMSP with the effect of rendering this assumption incorrect. These inclusion complexes alter the electronic shielding of the trimethylsilane functional groups on DSS and TMSP yielding a small, but significant, shift to a higher frequency in the signal relied upon for spectral referencing. As a result, samples containing traces of these compounds may be incorrectly declared fraudulent, inconsistent with standards, or adulterated. In order to maintain the viability of this screening method, vigilance and/or improved referencing of spectra is needed.
Vertical open‐bore MRI scanners generate significantly less radiofrequency heating around implanted leads: A study of deep brain stimulation implants in 1.2T OASIS scanners versus 1.5T horizontal systems
Authors: Kazemivalipour Ehsan , Bhusal Bhumi , Vu Jasmine , Lin Stella , Nguyen Bach Thanh , Kirsch John , Nowac Elizabeth , Pilitsis Julie , Rosenow Joshua , Atalar Ergin , Golestanirad Laleh 
Published: May 2021

PurposePatients with active implants such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) devices are often denied access to MRI due to safety concerns associated with the radiofrequency (RF) heating of their electrodes. The majority of studies on RF heating of conductive implants have been performed in horizontal close‐bore MRI scanners. Vertical MRI scanners which have a 90° rotated transmit coil generate fundamentally different electric and magnetic field distributions, yet very little is known about RF heating of implants in this class of scanners. We performed numerical simulations as well as phantom experiments to compare RF heating of DBS implants in a 1.2T vertical scanner (OASIS, Hitachi) compared to a 1.5T horizontal scanner (Aera, Siemens).MethodsSimulations were performed on 90 lead models created from post‐operative CT images of patients with DBS implants. Experiments were performed with wires and commercial DBS devices implanted in an anthropomorphic phantom.ResultsWe found significant reduction of 0.1 g‐averaged specific absorption rate (30‐fold, P < 1 × 10−5) and RF heating (9‐fold, P < .026) in the 1.2T vertical scanner compared to the 1.5T conventional scanner.ConclusionVertical MRI scanners appear to generate lower RF heating around DBS leads, providing potentially heightened safety or the flexibility to use sequences with higher power levels than on conventional systems.
Three‐dimensional self‐attention conditional GAN with spectral normalization for multimodal neuroimaging synthesis
Authors: Lan Haoyu ,   the Alzheimer Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, Toga Arthur W. , Sepehrband Farshid 
Published: May 2021

PurposeTo develop a new 3D generative adversarial network that is designed and optimized for the application of multimodal 3D neuroimaging synthesis.MethodsWe present a 3D conditional generative adversarial network (GAN) that uses spectral normalization and feature matching to stabilize the training process and ensure optimization convergence (called SC‐GAN). A self‐attention module was also added to model the relationships between widely separated image voxels. The performance of the network was evaluated on the data set from ADNI‐3, in which the proposed network was used to predict PET images, fractional anisotropy, and mean diffusivity maps from multimodal MRI. Then, SC‐GAN was applied on a multidimensional diffusion MRI experiment for superresolution application. Experiment results were evaluated by normalized RMS error, peak SNR, and structural similarity.ResultsIn general, SC‐GAN outperformed other state‐of‐the‐art GAN networks including 3D conditional GAN in all three tasks across all evaluation metrics. Prediction error of the SC‐GAN was 18%, 24% and 29% lower compared to 2D conditional GAN for fractional anisotropy, PET and mean diffusivity tasks, respectively. The ablation experiment showed that the major contributors to the improved performance of SC‐GAN are the adversarial learning and the self‐attention module, followed by the spectral normalization module. In the superresolution multidimensional diffusion experiment, SC‐GAN provided superior predication in comparison to 3D Unet and 3D conditional GAN.ConclusionIn this work, an efficient end‐to‐end framework for multimodal 3D medical image synthesis (SC‐GAN) is presented. The source code is also made available at https://github.com/Haoyulance/SC‐GAN.
Pulseq‐CEST: Towards multi‐site multi‐vendor compatibility and reproducibility of CEST experiments using an open‐source sequence standard
Authors: Herz Kai , Mueller Sebastian , Perlman Or , Zaitsev Maxim , Knutsson Linda , Sun Phillip Zhe , Zhou Jinyuan , van Zijl Peter , Heinecke Kerstin , Schuenke Patrick , Farrar Christian T. , Schmidt Manuel , Dörfler Arnd , Scheffler Klaus , Zaiss Moritz 
Published: May 2021

PurposeAs the field of CEST grows, various novel preparation periods using different parameters are being introduced. At the same time, large, multisite clinical studies require clearly defined protocols, especially across different vendors. Here, we propose a CEST definition standard using the open Pulseq format for a shareable, simple, and exact definition of CEST protocols.MethodsWe present the benefits of such a standard in three ways: (1) an open database on GitHub, where fully defined, human‐readable CEST protocols can be shared; (2) an open‐source Bloch‐McConnell simulation to test and optimize CEST preparation periods in silico; and (3) a hybrid MR sequence that plays out the CEST preparation period and can be combined with any existing readout module.ResultsThe exact definition of the CEST preparation period, in combination with the flexible simulation, leads to a good match between simulations and measurements. The standard allowed finding consensus on three amide proton transfer–weighted protocols that could be compared in healthy subjects and a tumor patient. In addition, we could show coherent multisite results for a sophisticated CEST method, highlighting the benefits regarding protocol sharing and reproducibility.ConclusionWith Pulseq‐CEST, we provide a straightforward approach to standardize, share, simulate, and measure different CEST preparation schemes, which are inherently completely defined.
Alternative Prey Reduces Largemouth Bass Predation Mortality on Newly Stocked Channel Catfish Fingerlings
Authors: Becher Cory , Tyszko Stephen M. , Zweifel Richard D. , Conroy Joseph D. , Pritt Jeremy J. , Ludsin Stuart A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Management agencies commonly stock Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus as advanced yearlings instead of fingerlings (age 0) to help reduce potential predation mortality despite uncertainty regarding the degree to which predation limits fingerling poststocking survival. To better understand whether fingerling survival during the first 7 d after stocking—when predation risk is likely greatest—could benefit from the presence of alternative prey fish, we conducted an experiment in 0.4-ha ponds (N = 18; 6 ponds/treatment) that measured fingerling (TL range = 56–186 mm) survival in ponds with predators only (adult Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides; mean TL = 327 mm; SE = 21), with predators and alternative prey fishes (Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus and Goldfish Carassius auratus), or with neither (i.e., control ponds). Without alternative prey, fingerling Channel Catfish survival 1 week after stocking was significantly (P &lt; 0.01) lower (89%) than in the ponds with alternative prey (98%) or in the control treatment with no predators (97%). Our experiment also indicated the potential for alternative prey to promote fingerling survival by reducing water clarity, not just by serving as a buffer from predation. Further research, however, is needed to determine the degree to which our findings apply to larger ecosystems and to learn whether stocked fingerlings survive well enough after the initial stocking period to achieve desired management goals. Even so, our results suggest that alternative prey can reduce Largemouth Bass predation mortality on fingerlings immediately after stocking, which could influence Channel Catfish stocking approaches in some managed systems.
Renal tubular dilation and fibrosis after unilateral ureter obstruction revealed by relaxometry and spin‐lock exchange MRI
Authors: Wang Feng , Otsuka Tadashi , Takahashi Keiko , Narui Chikage , Colvin Daniel C. , Harris Raymond C. , Takahashi Takamune , Gore John C. 
Published: May 2021

We evaluated the use of quantitative MRI relaxometry, including the dispersion of spin‐lock relaxation with different locking fields, for detecting and assessing tubular dilation and fibrosis in a mouse model of unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO). C57BL/6 J and BALB/c mice that exhibit different levels of tubular dilation and renal fibrosis after UUO were subjected to MR imaging at 7 T. Mice were imaged before UUO surgery, and at 5, 10 and 15 days after surgery. We acquired maps of relaxation rates and fit the dispersion of spin‐lock relaxation rates R1ρ at different locking fields (frequencies) to a model of exchanging water pools, and assessed the sensitivity of the derived quantities for detecting tubular dilation and fibrosis in kidney. Histological scores for tubular dilation and fibrosis, based on luminal space and positive fibrotic areas in sections, were obtained for comparison. Histology detected extensive tubular dilation and mild to moderate fibrosis in the UUO kidneys, in which enlargement of luminal space, deposition of collagen, and reductions in capillary density were observed in the cortex and outer stripe of the outer medulla. Relaxation rates R1, R2 and R1ρ clearly decreased in these regions of UUO kidneys longitudinally. While R1 showed the highest detectability to tubular dilation and overall changes in UUO kidneys, Sρ, a parameter derived from R1ρ dispersion data, showed the highest correlation with renal fibrosis in UUO. While relaxation parameters are sensitive to tubular dilation in UUO kidneys, Sρ depends primarily on the average exchange rate between water and other chemically shifted resonances such as hydroxyls and amides, and provides additional specific information for evaluating fibrosis in kidney disease.
Discovery research and development history of the dopamine D2 receptor partial agonists, aripiprazole and brexpiprazole
Authors: Kikuchi Tetsuro , Maeda Kenji , Suzuki Mikio , Hirose Tsuyoshi , Futamura Takashi , McQuade Robert D. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOtsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. successfully developed the first dopamine D2 receptor partial agonist approved for schizophrenia, the antipsychotic aripiprazole (Abilify®). The drug was approved for this indication in the United States in 2002 and has received approval in the United States, Europe, Japan, and many other countries for several indications including schizophrenia, acute mania, adjunctive treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), irritability associated with autistic disorder, and Tourette's disorder. Otsuka next developed brexpiprazole (Rexulti®), another D2 receptor partial agonist, which was granted marketing approval in the United States in 2015 as adjunctive therapy in major depressive disorder and for the treatment of schizophrenia. In Japan, brexpiprazole also received approval as a treatment for schizophrenia in 2018. In this review, we describe Otsuka's research history and achievements over the preceding 40 years in the area of antipsychotic drug discovery for dopamine D2 receptor partial agonists.
Neurotoxicity prevention with a multimodal program (ATENTO) prior to cancer treatment versus throughout cancer treatment in women newly diagnosed for breast cancer: Protocol for a randomized clinical trial
Authors: González‐Santos Ángela , Postigo‐Martin Paula , Gallart‐Aragón Tania , Esteban‐Cornejo Irene , Lopez‐Garzon Maria , Galiano‐Castillo Noelia , Arroyo‐Morales Manuel , Illescas‐Montes Rebeca , Artacho‐Cordón Francisco , Martín‐Martín Lydia , Forneiro‐Pérez Rocío , Lozano‐Lozano Mario , Fernández‐Lao Carolina , Ruiz‐Vozmediano Julia , Sánchez‐Salgado Carmen , Cantarero‐Villanueva Irene 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA current challenge in breast cancer (BC) patients is how to reduce the side effects of cancer and cancer treatments and prevent a decrease in quality of life (QoL). Neurotoxic side effects, especially from chemotherapy, are present in up to 75% of women with BC, which implies a large impact on QoL. There is a special interest in the preventive possibilities of therapeutic exercise (TE) for these neurological sequelae, and the benefits of TE could be improved when it is combined with vagal activation techniques (VATs). This superiority randomized controlled trial aims to examine the feasibility and efficacy of an 8‐week multimodal intervention (ATENTO) based on moderate‐vigorous intensity and individualized TE (aerobic and strength exercises) and VAT (myofascial and breathing exercises), on neurotoxicity prevention in women with BC before starting adjuvant chemotherapy (ATENTO‐B) versus throughout adjuvant chemotherapy (ATENTO‐T). A sample of 56 women newly diagnosed with BC, as calculated with a power of 85%, will be randomly allocated into these two groups. This study could provide an impetus for the introduction of early multimodal intervention methods to prevent neurotoxicity and consequently avoid the QoL deterioration that BC patients presently suffer throughout their treatments.
Attitudes about the treatment of obesity among healthcare providers involved in the care of obesity‐related diseases: A survey across medical specialties in multiple European countries
Authors: Rubino Francesco , Logue Jennifer , Bøgelund Mette , Madsen Maria Elmegaard , Cancino Ana‐Paula , Høy Maria , Panton Ulrik Haagen 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackground and rationaleObesity is associated with the development and progression of many diseases. Understanding and management of obesity have become increasingly important; however, a knowledge gap remains between how healthcare providers (HCPs) consider weight‐loss treatment and the importance of weight loss for improving obesity‐related diseases.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to investigate how HCPs assess obesity, how they interpret the relationship between obesity and 12 recognized co‐morbidities of obesity (excluding diabetes), and their view about the value of various weight‐loss therapies.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional, non‐interventional, descriptive study. Participants were medical doctors (HCPs) from eight European countries.ResultsEighty‐nine percent of the 197 HCPs that completed the survey considered obesity a disease. For most of the 12 obesity‐related diseases under consideration, a majority of HCPs agreed that weight loss could reverse the disease or prevent progression. Among HCPs who have recommended weight loss, lifestyle interventions were by far the most common recommendation. However, more than three out of four HCPs stated that they would be likely to prescribe anti‐obesity medications if available and reimbursed.ConclusionMost HCPs in this survey consider obesity a disease that needs to be treated. However, the majority of HCPs appear to prefer recommending lifestyle changes, although it is well documented that weight loss obtained by lifestyle changes is difficult to maintain. These results underscore the need for improved education of HCPs involved in the treatment of obesity‐related diseases.
Changes in body mass index, obesity, and overweight in Southern Africa development countries, 1990 to 2019: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study
Authors: Gona Philimon N. , Kimokoti Ruth W. , Gona Clara M. , Ballout Suha , Rao Sowmya R. , Mapoma Chabila C. , Lo Justin , Mokdad Ali H. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundHigh body mass index (BMI) is associated with stroke, ischemic heart disease (IHD), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). An epidemiological analysis of the prevalence of high BMI, stroke, IHD, and T2DM was conducted for 16 Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) using Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study data.MethodsGBD obtained data from vital registration, verbal autopsy, and ICD codes. Prevalence of high BMI (≥25 kg/m2), stroke, IHD, and T2DM attributed to high BMI were calculated. Cause of Death Ensemble Model and Spatiotemporal Gaussian regression was used to estimate mortality due to stroke, IHD, and T2DM attributable to high BMI.ResultsObesity in adult females increased 1.54‐fold from 12.0% (uncertainty interval [UI]: 11.5–12.4) to 18.5% (17.9–19.0), whereas in adult males, obesity nearly doubled from 4.5 (4.3–4.8) to 8.8 (8.5–9.2). In children, obesity more than doubled in both sexes, and overweight increased by 27.4% in girls and by 37.4% in boys. Mean BMI increased by 0.7 from 22.4 (21.6–23.1) to 23.1 (22.3–24.0) in adult males, and by 1.0 from 23.8 (22.9–24.7) to 24.8 (23.8–25.8) in adult females. South Africa 44.7 (42.5–46.8), Swaziland 33.9 (31.7–36.0) and Lesotho 31.6 (29.8–33.5) had the highest prevalence of obesity in 2019. The corresponding prevalence in males for the three countries were 19.1 (17.5–20.7), 19.3 (17.7–20.8), and 9.2 (8.4–10.1), respectively. The DRC and Madagascar had the least prevalence of adult obesity, from 5.6 (4.8–6.4) and 7.0 (6.1–7.9), respectively in females in 2019, and in males from 4.9 (4.3–5.4) in the DRC to 3.9 (3.4–4.4) in Madagascar.ConclusionsThe prevalence of high BMI is high in SADC. Obesity more than doubled in adults and nearly doubled in children. The 2019 mean BMI for adult females in seven countries exceeded 25 kg/m2. SADC countries are unlikely to meet UN2030 SDG targets. Prevalence of high BMI should be studied locally to help reduce morbidity.