bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender plasticity uncovers multiple sexual morphs in natural populations of Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) G. Don
Authors: Khanduri Vinod Prasad , Sukumaran Arun , Sharma Chandra Mohan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
The expression of gender in gymnosperms is challenging because the extent of variability in gender segregations in tree crowns and selection pressure of nature can modify the gender through time.

Methods
An in-depth investigation on spatial segregation of genders in tree crowns and sex expression of a total of 500 trees in five different natural populations of Cedrus deodara was carried out and verified the occurrence of subdioecious (co-existence of male, female, and monoecious) genders in C. deodara.

Results
Five different sexual morphs were apparent among the 500 selected individuals as (1) pure male (M): bearing only male strobili in the whole crown with 22.2%; (2) pure female (F): bearing only female strobili in the whole crown with 12.4%; (3) mixed-monoecious (MM): bearing both male and female strobili with 13.6%; (4) predominantly female (PF) with 25.6%; and (5) predominantly male (PM) with 26.2%. The occurrence of multiple sexual morphs resulted from the complex selection pressure, which increased the stability of the populations. The segregation of genders in crown layers deemed to increase the fitness that may be a mechanism for accelerating outcrossing. The results of the study suggest that the subdioecious gender expression in C. deodara is evolved through the monoecy–paradioecy pathway. The production of male strobili revealed non-significant effect of tree sizes whereas a significant effect was observed for the production of female strobili. Our study established that the total pollen and seed outputs in C. deodara changed frequently according to gender expression.

Conclusions
The size of the tree, resource availability, sex allocation, plant architecture, gender segregation in crowns, and habitat conditions are the prominent causes for gender plasticity.
Psychometric properties of the Inventory of Life Quality in children and adolescents in Norwegian Sign Language
Authors: Aanondsen Chris Margaret , Jozefiak Thomas , Heiling Kerstin , Lydersen Stian , Rimehaug Tormod 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundSeveral studies have assessed the Quality of Life (QoL) in Deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) children and adolescents. The findings from these studies, however, vary from DHH children reporting lower QoL than their typically hearing (TH) peers to similar QoL and even higher QoL. These differences have been attributed to contextual and individual factors such as degree of access to communication, the participants’ age as well as measurement error. Using written instead of sign language measures has been shown to underestimate mental health symptoms in DHH children and adolescents. It is expected that translating generic QoL measures into sign language will help gain more accurate reports from DHH children and adolescents, thus eliminating one of the sources for the observed differences in research conclusions. Hence, the aim of the current study is to translate the Inventory of Life Quality in Children and Adolescents into Norwegian Sign Language (ILC-NSL) and to evaluate the psychometric properties of the self-report of the ILC-NSL and the written Norwegian version (ILC-NOR) for DHH children and adolescents. The parent report was included for comparison. Associations between child self-report and parent-report are also provided.MethodsFifty-six DHH children completed the ILC-NSL and ILC-NOR in randomized order while their parents completed the parent-report of the ILC-NOR and a questionnaire on hearing- and language-related information. Internal consistency was examined using Dillon-Goldstein’s rho and Cronbach’s alpha, ILC-NSL and ILC-NOR were compared using intraclass correlation coefficients. Construct validity was examined by partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM).ResultsRegarding reliability, the internal consistency was established as acceptable to good, whereas the comparison of the ILC-NSL with the ILC-NOR demonstrated closer correspondence for the adolescent version of the ILC than for the child version. The construct validity, as evaluated by PLS-SEM, resulted in an acceptable fit for the proposed one-factor model for both language versions for adolescents as well as the complete sample.ConclusionThe reliability and validity of the ILC-NSL seem promising, especially for the adolescent version, even though the validation was based on a small sample of DHH children and adolescents.
Nonlinear modeling and study of rigid-flexible piezoelectric energy harvester with additional frame
Authors: Chen Lihua , Hou Chaoran , Cui Shoujie , Sun Yue 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Based on a rigid-flexible piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) composed of antisymmetric double plates with a rigid frame, which has three operating bandwidths in a low-frequency range, nonlinearity is used to further broaden the operating bandwidth. Firstly, finite-element simulation is used to study the influence of structural parameters, such as the width of the frame and the distance between two plates, on the natural frequencies. Bending deformation of cantilever plates and rigid motion of frame are considered comprehensively to obtain the theoretical mode functions of the structure. The nonlinear electromechanical coupling model is established via von Karman nonlinear geometric assumptions and the Hamilton principle. In order to study the broadening of output bandwidth caused by nonlinearity, the average equations with 1:1.5:2 internal resonance ratio are derived by the multi-scale method. On the basis of the calculated optimal resistance, the voltage response and dimensionless amplitude response curves induced by the first three order modes are numerically calculated. Theoretical analysis shows that the proposed PEH not only obtains three peaks of voltage output in a low-frequency range, but also utilizes hard spring effect and internal resonance to widen the output bandwidth of each resonance interval.
STUDENTS' PERCEPTIONS OF USING GOOGLE CLASSROOM DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMICC
Authors: Oktaria Annafi Annanda , Rahmayadevi Laksmita 
Published: May 2021

Technology has impacted most of the sectors, including the education field. Nowadays, many schools have incorporated technology through Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) into learning. This research investigates students' perception of Google Classroom as a learning tool during the covid-19 pandemic. The method used in this research is quantitative descriptive through an online questionnaire and online deep interview sessions with students from SMP Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta. Twenty-eight students have been joining Google Classroom in English learning for at least one term during the covid-19 pandemic. Five students also interviewed to seek more information about their experiences using Google Classroom. Findings showed that several factors influence the students' online learning process in a covid-19 pandemic, namely, usefulness, ease of use, ease of learning, and satisfaction. In general, Google Classroom is very useful in improving students' skills, abilities, discipline, and independent learning through teaching materials.
FLIPPED CLASSROOM AND KAHOOT IN PHYSICS LEARNING: IMPROVING STUDENTS’ MOTIVATION LEARNING
Authors: Astuti Irnin Agustina Dwi , Bhakti Yoga Budi , Sumarni Ria Asep , Sulisworo Dwi , Toifur Moh 
Published: May 2021

Ideal condition in physics learning should combine concepts with technology. Traditional physics learning causes students to be not interested in learning physics. There must be innovations in physics learning to be more interactive learning. One of them flipped classroom learning. Flipped classroom learning combined with Kahoot online games will make students more active. The purpose of this research is to increase students' learning motivation with Kahoot-based flipped classroom learning. The method used in this research is the quasi-experimental method with the research design of The Randomized Post-Test Only Control Group Design. The research finding can describe as follows: First, the flipped classroom is learning the model that combines face-to-face with e-learning to improve students' motivation in physics learning. Second, Kahoot in a flipped classroom supported as an evaluation model. Third, three main steps in applying the flipped classroom are preparing, implementing, and evaluating the design.
The Abbott PanBio WHO emergency use listed, rapid, antigen-detecting point-of-care diagnostic test for SARS-CoV-2—Evaluation of the accuracy and ease-of-use
Authors: Krüger Lisa J. , Gaeddert Mary , Tobian Frank , Lainati Federica , Gottschalk Claudius , Klein Julian A. F. , Schnitzler Paul , Kräusslich Hans-Georg , Nikolai Olga , Lindner Andreas K. , Mockenhaupt Frank P. , Seybold Joachim , Corman Victor M. , Drosten Christian , Pollock Nira R. , Knorr Britta , Welker Andreas , de Vos Margaretha , Sacks Jilian A. , Denkinger Claudia M. ,   for the study team
Published: May 2021

ObjectivesDiagnostics are essential for controlling the pandemic. Identifying a reliable and fast diagnostic device is needed for effective testing. We assessed performance and ease-of-use of the Abbott PanBio antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic test (Ag-RDT).MethodsThis prospective, multi-centre diagnostic accuracy study enrolled at two sites in Germany. Following routine testing with reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), a second study-exclusive swab was performed for Ag-RDT testing. Routine swabs were nasopharyngeal (NP) or combined NP/oropharyngeal (OP) whereas the study-exclusive swabs were NP. To evaluate performance, sensitivity and specificity were assessed overall and in predefined sub-analyses accordingly to cycle-threshold values, days after symptom onset, disease severity and study site. Additionally, an ease-of-use assessment (EoU) and System Usability Scale (SUS) were performed.Results1108 participants were enrolled between Sept 28 and Oct 30, 2020. Of these, 106 (9.6%) were PCR-positive. The Abbott PanBio detected 92/106 PCR-positive participants with a sensitivity of 86.8% (95% CI: 79.0% - 92.0%) and a specificity of 99.9% (95% CI: 99.4%-100%). The sub-analyses indicated that sensitivity was 95.8% in Ct-values <25 and within the first seven days from symptom onset. The test was characterized as easy to use (SUS: 86/100) and considered suitable for point-of-care settings.ConclusionThe Abbott PanBio Ag-RDT performs well forSARS-CoV-2testing in this large manufacturer independent study, confirming its WHO recommendation for Emergency Use in settings with limited resources.
The systemic inflammatory response and clinicopathological characteristics in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 infection: Comparison of 2 consecutive cohorts
Authors: Maguire Donogh , Richards Conor , Woods Marylynne , Dolan Ross , Wilson Veitch Jesse , Sim Wei M. J. , Kemmett Olivia E. H. , Milton David C. , Randall Sophie L. W. , Bui Ly D. , Goldmann Nicola , Brown Amy , Gillen Eilidh , Cameron Allan , Laird Barry , Talwar Dinesh , Godber Ian M. , Wadsworth John , Catchpole Anthony , Davidson Alan , McMillan Donald C. 
Published: May 2021

Background
In order to manage the COVID-19 systemic inflammatory response, it is important to identify clinicopathological characteristics across multiple cohorts.

Methods
The aim of the present study was to compare the 4C mortality score, other measures of the systemic inflammatory response and clinicopathological characteristics in two consecutive cohorts of patients on admission with COVID-19. Electronic patient records for 2 consecutive cohorts of patients admitted to two urban teaching hospitals with COVID-19 during two 7-week periods of the COVID-19 pandemic in Glasgow, U.K. (cohort 1: 17/3/2020–1/5/2020) and (cohort 2: 18/5/2020–6/7/2020) were examined for routine clinical, laboratory and clinical outcome data.

Results
Compared with cohort 1, cohort 2 were older (p<0.001), more likely to be female (p<0.05) and have less independent living circumstances (p<0.001). More patients in cohort 2 were PCR positive, CXR negative (both p<0.001) and had low serum albumin concentrations (p<0.001). 30-day mortality was similar between both cohorts (23% and 22%). In cohort 2, age >70 (p<0.05), male gender (p<0.05), COPD (p<0.05), cognitive impairment (p<0.05), frailty (p<0.001), delirium (p = 0.001), CRP>150mg/L (p<0.05), albumin <30 g/L (p<0.01), elevated perioperative Glasgow Prognostic Score (p<0.05), elevated neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (p<0.001), low haematocrit (p<0.01), elevated PT (p<0.05), sodium <133 mmol/L (p<0.01) elevated urea (p<0.001), creatinine (p<0.001), glucose (p<0.05) and lactate (p<0.001) and the 4C score (p<0.001) were associated with 30-day mortality. In multivariate analysis, greater frailty (CFS>3) (OR 11.3, 95% C.I. 2.3–96.7, p<0.05), low albumin (<30g/L) (OR 2.5, 95% C.I. 1.0–6.2, p<0.05), high NLR (≥3) (OR 2.2, 95% C.I. 1.5–4.5, p<0.05) and the 4C score (OR 2.4, 95% C.I. 1.0–5.6, p<0.05) remained independently associated with 30-day mortality.

Conclusion
In addition to the 4C mortality score, frailty score and a low albumin were strongly independently associated with 30-day mortality in two consecutive cohorts of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19.

Trial registration
clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04484545.
Shigella-specific antibodies in the first year of life among Zambian infants: A longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Chisenga Caroline C. , Bosomprah Samuel , Simuyandi Michelo , Mwila-Kazimbaya Katayi , Chilyabanyama Obvious N. , Laban Natasha M. , Bialik Anya , Asato Valeria , Meron-Sudai Shiri , Frankel Gad , Cohen Daniel , Chilengi Roma 
Published: May 2021

Introduction
Shigellosis, is a leading cause of moderate-to-severe diarrhoea and related mortality in young children in low and middle income countries (LMICs). Knowledge on naturally acquired immunity can support the development of Shigella candidate vaccines mostly needed in LMICs. We aimed to quantify Shigella-specific antibodies of maternal origin and those naturally acquired in Zambian infants.

Methods
Plasma samples collected from infants at age 6, 14 and 52-weeks were tested for Shigella (S. sonnei and S. flexneri 2a) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigen specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and A (IgA) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results
At 6 weeks infant age, the IgG geometric mean titres (GMT) against S. sonnei (N = 159) and S. flexneri 2a (N = 135) LPS were 311 (95% CI 259–372) and 446 (95% CI 343–580) respectively. By 14 weeks, a decline in IgG GMT was observed for both S. sonnei to 104 (95% CI 88–124), and S. flexneri 2a to 183 (95% CI 147–230). Both S. sonnei and S. flexneri 2a specific IgG GMT continued to decrease by 52 weeks infant age when compared to 6 weeks. In 27% and 8% of infants a significant rise in titre (4 fold and greater) against S. flexneri 2a and S. sonnei LPS, respectively, was detected between the ages of 14 and 52 weeks.
IgA levels against both species LPS were very low at 6 and 14 weeks and raised significantly against S. flexneri 2a and S. sonnei LPS in 29% and 10% of the infants, respectively.

Conclusion
In our setting, transplacental IgG anti-Shigella LPS is present at high levels in early infancy, and begins to decrease by age 14 weeks. Our results are consistent with early exposure to Shigella and indicate naturally acquired IgG and IgA antibodies to S. flexneri 2a and S. sonnei LPS in part of infants between 14 and 52 weeks of age. These results suggest that a potential timing of vaccination would be after 14 and before 52 weeks of age to ensure early infant protection against shigellosis.
Developing an applied model for making decisions towards the end of life about care for someone with dementia
Authors: Davies Nathan , De Souza Tanisha , Rait Greta , Meehan Jessica , Sampson Elizabeth L. 
Published: May 2021

Background
Many people with dementia reach the end-of-life without an advance care plan. Many are not ready to have conversations about end-of-life, and decision-making is left to their families and professionals when they no longer have capacity. Carers may benefit from further support with decision-making. To develop this support, it is important to understand the decision-making process.

Aim
Explore with family carers and people living with dementia the decision-making process and factors that influence decision-making in dementia end of life care, to produce a model of decision-making in the context of dementia end-of-life care.

Methods
Semi-structured interviews with 21 family carers and 11 people with dementia in England (2018–2019) from memory clinics, general practice and carer organisations. Interviews were analysed using thematic analysis and findings were mapped onto the Interprofessional Shared Decision Making model, refined to produce a modified model of decision-making in dementia.

Results
Participants described five key decisions towards the end-of-life as examples of decision making. We used these experiences to produce a modified model of decision-making in dementia end-of-life-care. The model considers the contextual factors that influence the decision-making process, including: personal preferences; advance care planning and Lasting Power of Attorney; capacity and health and wellbeing of the person with dementia; support from others and clarity of roles. The decision-making process consists of seven inter-linked stages: 1) identifying the decision maker or team; 2) sharing and exchanging information; 3) clarifying values and preferences; 4) managing and considering emotions; 5) considering the feasibility of options; 6) balancing preferred choice and the actual choice; and 7) implementation and reflecting on outcomes.

Conclusions
The modified model breaks down the decision-making process and attempts to simplify the process while capturing the subtle nuances of decision making. It provides a framework for conversations and supporting decisions by carers.
Silver nanoparticles elicited physiological, biochemical, and antioxidant modifications in rice plants to control Aspergillus flavus
Authors: Sultana Tahira , Javed Bilal , Raja Naveed Iqbal , Mashwani Zia-ur-Rehman 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This study was carried out to analyze the effects of biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on physiological, biochemical, and enzymatic attributes of rice plants against Aspergillus flavus. The plant-based AgNPs were synthesized by using the aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves. The characterization of AgNPs was accomplished through UV-visible spectrophotometry, SEM, and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, which confirmed that the nanoparticles are crystalline and are less than 100 nm in size. The exogenous applications of different concentrations of AgNPs (25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/L) on rice plants in field experiments were used to control the proliferation of A. flavus. The effects of biosynthesized AgNPs were evaluated for physiological (relative water content, membrane stability index, and chlorophyll content), nonenzymatic metabolites (total phenolic, total flavonoid, proline, soluble sugar, and protein contents), and enzymatic metabolites (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase) in rice plants under biotic stress, and 50 mg/L concentration of AgNPs was found to be effective to elicit biochemical modifications to reduce biotic stress. The 50 mg/L concentration of AgNPs was also effective in controlling the proliferation of fungal pathogen. The applications of AgNPs reduced the biotic stress by decreasing the production level of osmolytes, enzymatic, and nonenzymatic compounds but significantly increased the protein content.
The Discovery of the Gold Seal in 1784 and the Waves of Historiography Ever Since
Authors: Fogel Joshua A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
According to the Hou Han shu, in 57 B.C.E. an emissary from the land we now call Japan arrived at the court of the Later Han dynasty in Luoyang. Although we don’t know his name or who his sovereign was, he was awarded a seal and ribbon. The seal promptly disappeared from history for the next 1,727 years. It was unexpectedly discovered in an irrigation ditch being repaired by a farmer in Kyushu. For the next 233 years until now, every detail about this golden seal has been the topic of extensive debate with over 350 books and articles devoted to the topic. This essay discusses that lengthy debate and tries to understand it on its own terms.
Ideals and Reality: Sun Yat-sen’s Dream for Asia
Authors: Kaiyuan Zhang 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
When planning China’s future revolution, Sun Yat-sen at one time used the model of the West. Since China is after all a part of Asia, however, and as his understanding of the corrupt and critical state of the Western system of capitalism grew, he eventually looked once again to Asia. He advocated collaborating with Japan, and approved of allying with various oppressed peoples in Asia. He planned to join forces with other Asian nations in order to stop Western encroachment in Asia. He divided the world into two major categories: the oppressors and the oppressed. He sought independence, equality, prosperity, and power for the oppressed, and proposed a new world order of peace and justice. He considered nationalism to be the basis of cosmopolitanism. Only by restoring national equality to the oppressed nations would those nations be able to move toward cosmopolitanism. For Sun, societies should deal appropriately with the relationship between cosmopolitanism and nationalism, both of which necessarily were to endure profound, universal judgment from people around the world. Humankind was to reawaken and rally together to help their own respective cultures. China’s traditional morality was to spread to merge with the morally good elements of every country in the world, creating the foundation for building a new world citizen morality.
Influence of fiber type on mechanical properties of lightweight cement-based composites
Authors: Chen Wenhua , Ji Xiaohua , Huang Zhiyi 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This article discusses the influence of fiber types, including polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber, polyethylene (PE) fiber, and steel fiber (SF), on the compressive strength, flexural strength, bending toughness, and tensile ductility of lightweight cement-based composites. The fiber dispersion and the microscopic morphology were assessed using fluorescence and scanning electron microscopes. The result showed that the SFs had the best effect in enhancing the compressive and flexural strengths of lightweight cement-based composites, and its compressive and flexural strengths reached 88.9 and 17.6 MPa, respectively. Compared with the PVA and the SFs, the PE fiber had the most significant effect on the ductility of lightweight cement-based composites; the tensile strength and the ultimate tensile strain were 3.29 MPa and 2.56%, respectively, due to a very high bridging capability provided by the PE fiber. A large amount of hydration products adhered to the surface of the PVA fiber, which improved the adhesion between the cement matrix and the PVA fiber and caused the rupture of most of the PVA fiber. Overall, lightweight toughness cement-based composites containing PVA and PE fibers have a good deformability, which can meet the needs of construction and transportation engineering applications.