bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CaMKII Modulates Diacylglycerol Lipase-α Activity in the Rat Nucleus Accumbens after Incubation of Cocaine Craving
Authors: Murray Conor H. , Gaulden Andrew D. , Kawa Alex B. , Milovanovic Mike , Caccamise Aaron J. , Funke Jonathan R. , Patel Sachin , Wolf Marina E. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractRelapse is a major challenge to the treatment of substance use disorders. A progressive increase in cue-induced drug craving, termed incubation of craving, is observed after withdrawal from multiple drugs of abuse in humans and rodents. Incubation of cocaine craving involves the strengthening of excitatory synapses onto nucleus accumbens (NAc) medium spiny neurons via postsynaptic accumulation of high-conductance Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors. This enhances reactivity to drug-associated cues and is required for the expression of incubation. Additionally, incubation of cocaine craving is associated with loss of the synaptic depression normally triggered by stimulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5), leading to endocannabinoid production, and expressed presynaptically via cannabinoid receptor 1 activation. Previous studies have found alterations in mGlu5 and Homer proteins associated with the loss of this synaptic depression. Here we conducted coimmunoprecipitation studies to investigate associations of diacylglycerol lipase-α (DGL), which catalyzes formation of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG), with mGlu5 and Homer proteins. Although these interactions were unchanged in the NAc core at incubation-relevant withdrawal times, the association of DGL with total and phosphorylated Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIα (CaMKIIα) and CaMKIIβ was increased. This would be predicted, based on other studies, to inhibit DGL activity and therefore 2-AG production. This was confirmed by measuring DGL enzymatic activity. However, the magnitude of DGL inhibition did not correlate with the magnitude of incubation of craving for individual rats. These results suggest that CaMKII contributes to the loss of mGlu5-dependent synaptic depression after incubation, but the functional significance of this loss remains unclear.
A Neurocomputational Model for Intrinsic Reward
Authors: Chew Benjamin , Blain Bastien , Dolan Raymond J. , Rutledge Robb B. 
Published: September 2021

Standard economic indicators provide an incomplete picture of what we value both as individuals and as a society. Furthermore, canonical macroeconomic measures, such as GDP, do not account for non-market activities (e.g., cooking, childcare) that nevertheless impact well-being. Here, we introduce a computational tool that measures the affective value of experiences (e.g., playing a musical instrument without errors). We go on to validate this tool with neural data, using fMRI to measure neural activity in male and female human subjects performing a reinforcement learning task that incorporated periodic ratings of subjective affective state. Learning performance determined level of payment (i.e., extrinsic reward). Crucially, the task also incorporated a skilled performance component (i.e., intrinsic reward) which did not influence payment. Both extrinsic and intrinsic rewards influenced affective dynamics, and their relative influence could be captured in our computational model. Individuals for whom intrinsic rewards had a greater influence on affective state than extrinsic rewards had greater ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) activity for intrinsic than extrinsic rewards. Thus, we show that computational modeling of affective dynamics can index the subjective value of intrinsic relative to extrinsic rewards, a “computational hedonometer” that reflects both behavior and neural activity that quantifies the affective value of experience.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTTraditional economic indicators are increasingly recognized to provide an incomplete picture of what we value as a society. Standard economic approaches struggle to accurately assign values to non-market activities that nevertheless may be intrinsically rewarding, prompting a need for new tools to measure what really matters to individuals. Using a combination of neuroimaging and computational modeling, we show that despite their lack of instrumental value, intrinsic rewards influence subjective affective state and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) activity. The relative degree to which extrinsic and intrinsic rewards influence affective state is predictive of their relative impacts on neural activity, confirming the utility of our approach for measuring the affective value of experiences and other non-market activities in individuals.
The Influence of the Grimm Tales on the Tale Textology of László Arany
Authors: Domokos Mariann 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
László Arany's Eredeti népmesék (Authentic Folktales, 1862) is an iconic collection of folktales. The tales in this publication have been entrenched in the national identity as classic Hungarian folktales, and the narrative style of the tales has been established in the public consciousness as the narrative style of Hungarian folktales. The Arany family's collection of folktales ultimately had a similar function in Hungarian culture as the Kinder- und Hausmärchen of the Brothers Grimm had in Germany, but while the text formation of the Grimm tales had been thoroughly explored by philology, the Arany tales had not been accompanied by folkloristic interpretations or in-depth philological analyses. To László Arany, the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm were the ideal, which he indicated in his many theoretical writings as well as his role as a collector and editor of tales. To form the individual texts found in Eredeti népmesék, László Arany used the tale manuscripts transcribed by his mother and sister in the 1850s, modifying them considerably, primarily by employing stylistic devices, many of which can also be observed in the work of the Grimms. This essay examines the extent to which László Arany's editorial and text formation practices were determined by the textological practice developed by the Brothers Grimm, and ultimately the extent to which the stylistic ideals of fairy tales developed by the Grimms contributed to the development of the written, literary version of Hungarian folktales.
Mukozal ve Kutanöz Tutulum ile Seyreden Liken Planus Hastalarında Subklinik Kardiyovasküler Hastalık Riskinin Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: ERDOĞAN Mehmet , KASAPKARA Hacı Ahmet , BAŞTUĞ Serdal , ALSANCAK Yakup , AKTAŞ Akın , SAATÇİ YAŞAR Ayşe 
Published: September 2021

Amaç: Liken planus (LP) kronik enflamatuvar bir hastalıktır. Karotis intima-medya kalınlığı (KİMK) ölçülmesi ve lipid profilinin değerlendirilmesi aterosklerotik risk tahmini için kabul görmüş bir metottur. Bu çalışmada LP hastalarında kardiyovasküler hastalık (KVH) risk faktörlerinin prevelansı ve subklinik ateroskleroz riskinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu olgu-kontrolü çalışmaya LP tanısı alan 60 hasta grubu ile yaş ve demografik özellikler açısından benzer 60 kontrol grubu dahil edildi. Gruplar arasında bazal karakteristik özellikleri, KVH risk faktörleri, biyokimyasal ve hematolojik parametreleri, konvansiyonel 2-boyutlu ve Doppler transtorasik ekokardiyografik parametreleri, sol ventrikül kitle indeksi (SoVKİ) ve KİMK karşılaştırıldı.
Bulgular: Çalışmaya yaş ortalaması 46±13 yıl olan, 73’ü kadın (%61), 47’si erkek (%39) olmak üzere toplam 120 hasta alındı. Total kolesterol (TK) seviyeleri LP grubunda kontrol grubuna kıyasla daha yüksek bulundu (sırasıyla 209, 192, p=0.038). Gruplar arasında SoVKİ ve konvansiyonel ekokardiyografik ölçümler benzer bulundu. LP grubunda KİMK 0.88±0.16 mm iken kontrol grubunda 0.59±0.10 mm olarak ölçüldü (p< 0.001). Kutanöz LP ile mukozal LP arasında ise KİMK benzer bulunmuştur. LP grubunda hastalık süresi ile KİMK arasında güçlü bir korelasyon izlenmiştir (r=0.61, p
Conservative treatment of early hormone-dependent breast cancer in elderly patients (65 years and older)
Authors: Manikhas A. G. , Pasekova D. S. 
Published: September 2021

Background.Standard treatment for hormone-dependent operable breast cancer includes surgery, hormone therapy (HT), and radiation therapy and chemotherapy (when necessary). Some elderly patients do not undergo surgery because of the high risk or refuse to be operated on. In such case, the only possible option is conservative treatment with hormones (± radiotherapy).Objective:to compare progression-free survival, local relapse-free survival, and metastasis-free survival between elderly patients with hormone-dependent breast cancer receiving different treatments (surgery + HT vs HT alone).Materials and methods.This study included 60 patients with stage I–II hormone-dependent breast cancer aged 65 years and older. Thirty patients in the experimental group received HT only, while 30 patients in the control group received surgery + adjuvant HT. All patients were treated at Saint Petersburg Clinical Oncology Dispensary. Patients were followed up for 3 years.Results.During 3 years of the study, three women from the experimental group (10 %) were found to have local tumor growth despite treatment. Three patients in the control group (10 %) also had disease progression, but it was associated with the development of bone metastases.Conclusion.The conservative approach to treatment of early hormone-dependent breast cancer in elderly patients is a possible option in routine clinical practice; however, it requires the analysis of indications and identification of patients who will benefit from this approach.
Dynamics of building-soil interaction
Authors: Jennings Paul C. , Bielak Jacobo 
Published: September 2021

abstract
In this study of the dynamics of building-soil interaction, the soil is modeled by a linear elastic half-space, and the building structure by an n-degree-of-freedom oscillator. Both earthquake response and steady-state response to sinusoidal excitation are examined. By assuming that the interaction system possesses n+2 significant resonant frequencies, the response of the system is reduced to the superposition of the responses of damped linear oscillators subjected to modified excitations. The results are valid even though the interaction systems do not possess classical normal modes. For the special cases of single-story systems and the first modes of n-story systems, simplified approximate formulas are developed for the modified natural frequency and damping ratio and for the modified excitation. Example calculations are carried out by the approximate and more exact analysis for one-story, two-story and ten-story interaction systems.
The results show that interaction tends to decrease all resonant frequencies, but that the effects are often significant only for the fundamental mode for many n-story structures and are more pronounced for rocking than for translation. If the fixed-base structure has damping, the effects of interaction on the earthquake responses are not always conservative, and an increase or decrease in the response can occur, depending on the parameters of the system.
Faulting process of the San Fernando earthquake of February 9, 1971 inferred from static and dynamic near-field displacements
Authors: Mikumo Takeshi 
Published: September 2021

abstract
The faulting process of the San Fernando earthquake of February 9, 1971 has been investigated using the following seismic and geodetic data: vertical and horizontal displacements, strain and tilt changes, dynamic ground motions in the near-field, focal mechanism, spatial distribution of aftershocks and features of surface fault breaks. A synthetic study suggests that the earthquake was caused by thrust faulting with a slip of 233° to 244° over a fault plane with dimensions 19 by 14 km, dip 50° to 52° and strike N64° to 70°W, which ruptures the ground surface over a distance of about 12 km. The fracture initiating at the hypocenter of the main shock seems to have propagated radially over the fault plane with a velocity about 2.5 km/sec. A small dislocation less than 30 cm at initiation probably increased rapidly during propagation and reached 3.5 to 4 m at the ground surface.
A pronounced uplift and small subsidence of the ground north and south of the fault traces, and the overall pattern of the observed vertical and horizontal displacements can be explained well by the above model, but the recorded strain and tilt offsets are not always consistent with theoretical predictions. The wave forms and amplitudes for some of the integrated ground displacements from accelerograms at the Pacoima Dam and Pasadena are in fairly close agreement with those of the computed displacements. The seismic moment and stress drop of this earthquake were found to be 1.1 × 1026 dyne·cm and 40 to 65 bars, respectively.
The Qir, Iran earthquake of April 10, 1972
Authors: McEvilly Thomas V. , Razani Reza 
Published: September 2021

abstract
The destructive earthquake, Ms = 7.1 (BRK), occurred at 0537 a.m. local time, near an agricultural center in the mountainous Zagros Range of the Fars Province in the south of Iran. Leveling virtually all structures in the epicentral region, the shock killed nearly 25 per cent of the population of about 23,000 people in the devastated villages within a radius of about 50 km from the epicenter. Hardest hit was the valley complex of Qir, Karzin, and Afzar. The high percentage of death was mainly caused by structural failure and the collapse of the heavy roof of almost all adobe and masonry residential structures in the area. Structural failure of buildings with modern steel-beam roofs and of the traditional adobe and masonry-walled buildings with heavy timbered roofs in the region was due primarily to the lateral shear failure of poorly constructed adobe and masonry, lack of earthquake-resistant vertical load-carrying columns or elements, and lack of bracing and adequate tie-in in the roofs. Engineered buildings also collapsed, generally, because of defects in engineering and construction practices. Only minor cases of ground failure were observed, mainly slides in steep mountainous regions and some collapse of steep banks of rivers and irrigation channels.
The Koyna earthquake and the damage to Koyna Dam
Authors: Chopra Anil K. , Chakrabarti P. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
The Koyna earthquake (surface-wave magnitude 6.5) occurred on December 11, 1967 near Koyna Dam in a region of India which was considered to be stable and nearly nonseismic. The relationship between the recent increase in number of earthquake occurrences in the vicinity of Koyna Dam and the filling of the reservoir behind the dam is discussed. The response of the dam to the strong ground motion recorded during the Koyna earthquake is analyzed by the finite element method including dynamic effects of the reservoir. The cracking anticipated in the monoliths of Koyna Dam on the basis of stresses obtained from these analyses and strength of concrete in the dam is consistent with the earthquake damage. On the basis of analytical results, it would be useful to provide relatively higher strength concrete in selected parts of gravity dams; appropriate suggestions are made in this connection. Present design criteria need to be improved to recognize that significant tensile stresses occur in gravity dams during earthquakes and to provide for the consequences of these tensile stresses.
Regional Sn velocities and shear velocity in the upper mantle
Authors: Huestis Stephen , Molnar Peter , Oliver Jack 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Determinations by various authors of the apparent velocity of the seismic shear wave Sn, which propagates in the uppermost mantle, are presented for several of the Earth's stable regions. Measurements of the velocity over two additional shield areas, India and Western Australia, were made and gave values of 4.72±0.03 km/sec and 4.75-4.87 km/sec, respectively. In general, the Sn velocity is greater than 4.7 km/sec. As the stable regions cover most of the Earth's surface and this velocity is representative of the shear velocity in the uppermost mantle, it is useful as a constraint in inversion of seismic data to determine upper-mantle structure.
Aftershocks and source characteristics of the 1969 Coyote Mountain earthquake, San Jacinto Fault zone, California
Authors: Thatcher Wayne , Hamilton Robert M. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
The Coyote Mountain earthquake (ML = 5.8) occurred as an abrupt northwesterly extension of the aftershock zone of the ML = 6.4 Borrego Mountain event of a year earlier. Locations of 127 aftershocks in the Coyote Mountain area outline a zone of scattered activity about 10 km across, with most hypocenters clustered at depths between 10 and 13 km. Aftershock activity was unusually low for an earthquake of this magnitude. Nine of the larger aftershocks showed first-motion patterns consistent with right-lateral strike-slip movement on northwest-trending faults. The mainshock focal mechanism is similar, but with some dip-slip motion also indicated. Teleseismic P-wave spectrum measurements suggest a relatively small source dimension and large stress drop for the mainshock. The unusual characteristics of this sequence may have been the result of a de-stressing of the upper 10 km of this section of the San Jacinto Fault zone by two earlier events greater than magnitude 6 and a concentration of stresses below that depth in a small area at the northwest end of the Borrego Mountain zone.
Seismic moment and long-period radiation of underground nuclear explosions
Authors: Müller Gerhard 
Published: September 2021

abstract
The moment function of an explosion is introduced, using the equivalence of an explosive point source and three mutually perpendicular linear dipoles. The seismic moment of an explosion is the final value, for large times, of the moment function. Its relation to source parameters is similar to that of the moment of an earthquake: M1 = (λ + 2μ)S1D1 (λ, μ = Lamé's parameters, S1 = surface area of a sphere surrounding the explosion in the elastic zone, D1 = static radial displacement on this sphere). From strain observations of other authors (Romig et al., 1969; Smith et al., 1969), the moment of the underground nuclear explosion BENHAM is estimated to be about 1024 dyne cm. This moment value supports the assumption that the source-time function for the long-period radiation from large nuclear explosions (periods greater than about 10 sec) is essentially a step-function. On the other hand, a quantitative estimate of the long-period P-wave spectrum of the explosions JORUM, HANDLEY and MILROW and a comparison with observed spectra of Molnar (1971) for JORUM and HANDLEY and Wyss et al. (1971) for MILROW support the assumption of an impulsive source-time function. This discrepancy, which is typical of current opinions among seismologists, is not resolved. It is concluded that an explosive point source is possibly not a sufficient model for the long-time radiation and the static displacement field of a nuclear underground explosion whose elastic radius is about equal to its depth and which is detonated in a prestressed medium.
Contributions to love-wave transformation theory: Earth-flattening transformation for love waves from a point source in a sphere
Authors: Kausel Edgar , Schwab Fred 
Published: September 2021

abstract
By means of the Biswas-Knopoff (1970) transformation, programs for the computation of the Love-wave response to a point source in a flat structure can be modified, quite easily, to compute the response in a sphere.
Surface- and body-wave spectra of CANNIKIN and shallow Aleutian earthquakes
Authors: Hasegawa H. S. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Rayleigh waves and P codas of CANNIKIN and shallow Aleutian earthquakes are studied in order to determine the parameters most influential in shaping the respective teleseismic amplitude spectra and in governing the surface (MS) and bodywave (mb) magnitudes. For surface-wave generation, the dipole strength (Po) of the underground nuclear explosion, and the seismic moment (Mo) of the earthquake are the important parameters. The MS for these events are comparable when Mo is approximately 3 to 4 times greater than Po. Theoretical considerations of bodywave spectra indicate that the important parameters are the permanent offset in the reduced displacement potential [ψ(∞)] of explosions and the product of area of faulting (S) and average dislocation (D̄) of earthquakes. These source parameters are related by Po = 4π(λ + 2μ) ψ(∞) and Mo = μ SD̄ where λ and μ are the elastic Lamé parameters. An additional parameter, namely, the peak frequency (fp) in the explosion P-coda spectrum and the corner frequency (fc) in the earthquake spectrum, is of paramount importance in determining the respective mb. For the events considered, fp is from 5 to 10 times greater than fc and this is manifest in the corresponding mb, where the mb for CANNIKIN is at least a unit greater than that of the earthquakes. The linear dimensions of the respective sources appear to exert a major influence upon fc and fp.
The large scatter between theoretical and actual mb values, unfortunately, precludes a firm confirmation of the above theoretical considerations.
A method for relocating seismic events using surface waves
Authors: Crough S. T. , Van der Voo R. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Seismic events can be relocated relative to a reference event by using the group-velocity dispersion curves of surface waves. Since group velocity is a function of the travel path, surface waves from two events in the same locale should show identical group velocities when viewed at any one seismograph station. A computer technique has been developed for comparing the group-velocity curves of any event with the curves of a reference event and for determining the relocation which causes the curves to best coincide. The method is evaluated by relocating eight intermediate-size nuclear explosions of the Nevada Test Site series. With precise curve fitting, the surface-wave locations are slightly more accurate in southern Nevada than the standard body-wave determinations. The surface-wave origin times are considerably more accurate. In areas of sparse station coverage or of many small earthquakes, the surface-wave method can be expected to improve seismic locations significantly.
Teleseismic p-wave transmission through slabs
Authors: Sleep Norman H. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Theoretical ray paths through velocity models constructed from numerically calculated thermal models of slabs were computed. The results were in good agreement with observed travel times. First motion amplitudes of P waves at teleseismic distances were measured from long- and short-period WWSSN records of intermediate focus earthquakes in the Tonga, Kermadec, and Kurile regions and of nuclear explosions and shallow earthquakes in the Aleutian region. These amplitudes were corrected for source mechanism. The Aleutian data were sufficient to show that intermediate focus earthquakes in that region occur in the colder regions of the slab. At short periods, for regions other than the Aleutians, shadowing effects which could be associated with the slab were not very marked, less than a factor of 2 reduction for epicentral distances between 30° and 50°. No systematic effects due to plates were found in the long-period data. Some stations in the predicted shadow zone of a Tonga earthquake recorded low amplitude precursors which probably were greatly defocused waves which ran the full length of the slab. Simple diffraction is incapable of explaining the short-period results.