bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical Simulation on Proppant Transport in Fracture Junctions Affected by the Fracture Scale
Authors: Liu Chunting , Li Mingzhong , Guo Tiankui , Zhang Guodong 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The proppant distribution significantly affects the conductivity of fracture networks. However, the law of proppant transport in fracture networks is still unclear, and the influence of fracture scale on the proppant distribution has not been determined. Thus, in the present study, the influence of fracture scale was investigated, and the influences of approaching angle and width ratio on fluid split ratio were analyzed. An Eulerian–Eulerian model was utilized to simulate suspended proppant and bed load proppant migration in fracture junctions. Then, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to evaluate the parameters that may affect the proppant distribution pattern, such as injection velocity, fluid viscosity, and proppant density. The results show that the approaching angle and width ratio significantly influence the fluid split ratio in a small-scale fracture. Moreover, the effect of the approaching angle decreases with an increase in the fracture scale. The split ratio of suspended proppant increases with increasing sand ratio, fluid split ratio, and width ratio. The split ratio of bed load proppant increases with increasing injection rate, fluid viscosity, width ratio, fluid split ratio, and decreasing proppant diameter. In small-scale fracture junctions, the approaching angle affects the split ratio of suspended proppant or bed load proppant by influencing the fluid split ratio; however, the effect is inconspicuous in large-scale fractures. The increase in fluid split ratio with the fracture scale leads to an increase in the split ratio of suspended proppant or bed load proppant.
Flow Characterization of Bluff Bodies: A Two-Dimensional Transformation From Square to Triangular Cylinder
Authors: Borah Rajashree , Jain Siddhant , Joshi Dyuman V. , Saha Ujjwal K. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In the present study, two-dimensional unsteady, incompressible flow around a square body that is being transformed into a vertex oriented towards the flow configuration of a triangular body is numerically investigated at Re =100 using ANSYS FLUENT 19.0 software. The purpose is to explore the effect of this transformation on the wake characteristics of a square body with l/d = 1 to a triangular body with l/d = 0; where l is the length of lateral and front surface, and d is the body height. The effect on the flow behavior caused by the leading-edge transformation from the prospect of wake width, recirculation length and stagnation pressure difference is discussed. It is seen that as the l/d ratio decreases, the vortex strength increases which is attributed to the higher stagnation pressure difference value resulting in more intense rolling of the shedding vortex and a smaller wake width. For lower l/d, the fluid traverses a longer distance along the lateral surfaces resulting in greater loss of momentum and hence the lower vortex formation length. The mean drag coefficient is found to be minimum for l/d = 0.75 with stagnation pressure difference and recirculation length being the more dominating factor on this variation. The flow in all the cases separates at the rear surface and the general trend of decrease in drag coefficient with decrease in wake width is not followed. However, such modification leads to better aerodynamic outcome by weakening the periodic drag and lift forces.
Fluid Dynamics Behind a Circular Cylinder Embedded With an Active Flapping Jet Actuator
Authors: Gao Donglai , Chang Xu , Chen Guanbin , Chen Wenli 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The effects of an active flapping jet actuator on the wake flow dynamics behind a circular cylinder in wind tunnel tests were investigated. An active flapping jet actuator was embedded in the cylinder in advance to invoke a spontaneous flapping jet into the cylinder's wake. The experiment, which was performed in a wind tunnel with a Reynolds number of Re = 1.99 × 104, was based on the oncoming wind speed, cylinder diameter, and kinematic viscosity of the air at the laboratory's temperature. The flow-field structures behind the cylinder model with different dimensionless jet momentum coefficients, Cu, were obtained using the high-speed particle image velocimetry technique. The proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method was used to represent the variation of the POD mode energy, mode coefficients, and the reconstructed spreading vorticity. The dynamic temporal evolution and time-averaged results in the near wake region of the cylinder with and without active flapping-jet control were calculated and analyzed to illustrate the rich phenomena produced by, and the control effect of, the flapping jet. For Cu values up to 0.0554, the periodic vortex shedding was pushed to farther wakes. Meanwhile, the time-averaged wake changed considerably, and the distributions of the turbulent kinetic energy and Reynolds shear stress decreased significantly. A data-driven dynamic mode decomposition method was used to extract the coherent structure of the wake of the cylinder embedded with the flapping jet actuator. The Strouhal number of the main mode of the Cu = 0.0865 case was different from the natural case.
Wetting and Capillarity Effects on Bubble Formation From Orifice Plates Submerged in Pools of Water
Authors: Manoharan Sanjivan , Manglik Raj M. , Jog Milind A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
An experimental study of bubble growth from submerged orifice plates in pools of water is carried out to scale and correlate the effects of surface wettability and orifice diameter D0 on ebullience. Measurements of bubble growth on surfaces with nine different contact angles (38 deg ≤ θ ≤ 128 deg) and varying air flow rates (1–300 ml/min) were made using high speed videography and image processing. In the static or constant-volume regime, below a critical contact angle θc, the bubble base remains attached to the orifice, and the equivalent departure diameter Db is independent of θ. On the other hand, above the critical contact angle, the bubble base spreads on the surface resulting in larger Db. For θ &gt; θc, Db is strongly dependent on θ and increases with it. Using minimum energy method, it is shown that the wettability effects can be scaled and correlated by a modified capillary length, defined as a function of the Laplace length and contact angle. The proposed correlation provides predictions of Db that agree with experimental data of this study as well as those available in the literature to within ±15%. Moreover, for a hydrophobic surface when D0 &gt; twice the modified capillary length, the bubble grows inside the orifice; for a hydrophilic surface, this scales with twice the capillary length, and effect of θ is not seen.
Persons with type 1 diabetes have low blood oxygen levels in the supine and standing body positions
Authors: Laursen Jens Christian , Clemmensen Kim Katrine Bjerring , Hansen Christian Stevns , Diaz Lars Jorge , Bordino Marco , Groop Per-Henrik , Frimodt-Moller Marie , Bernardi Luciano , Rossing Peter 
Published: May 2021

IntroductionBlood oxygen saturation is low compared with healthy controls (CONs) in the supine body position in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and has been associated with complications. Since most of daily life occurs in the upright position, it is of interest if this also applies in the standing body position. In addition, tissue oxygenation in other anatomical sites could show different patterns in T1D. Therefore, we investigated blood, arm and forehead oxygen levels in the supine and standing body positions in individuals with T1D (n=129) and CONs (n=55).Research design and methodsBlood oxygen saturation was measured with pulse oximetry. Arm and forehead mixed tissue oxygen levels were measured with near-infrared spectroscopy sensors applied on the skin.ResultsData are presented as least squares means±SEM and differences (95% CIs). Overall blood oxygen saturation was lower in T1D (CON: 97.6%±0.2%; T1D: 97.0%±0.1%; difference: −0.5% (95% CI −0.9% to −0.0%); p=0.034). In all participants, blood oxygen saturation increased after standing up (supine: 97.1%±0.1%; standing: 97.6%±0.2%; difference: +0.6% (95% CI 0.4% to 0.8%); p<0.001). However, the increase was smaller in T1D compared with CON (CON supine: 97.3%±0.2%; CON standing: 98.0%±0.2%; T1D supine: 96.9%±0.2%; T1D standing: 97.2%±0.1%; difference between groups in the change: −0.4% (95% CI −0.6% to −0.2%); p<0.001). Arm oxygen saturation decreased in both groups after standing and more in those with T1D. Forehead oxygen saturation decreased in both groups after standing and there were no differences between the changes when comparing the groups.ConclusionCompared with CON, individuals with T1D exhibit possible detrimental patterns of tissue oxygen adaptation to standing, with preserved adaptation of forehead oxygenation. Further studies are needed to explore the consequences of these differences.
Trajectories in HbA1c and other risk factors among adults with type 1 diabetes by age at onset
Authors: Edqvist Jon , Rawshani Araz , Rawshani Aidin , Adiels Martin , Franzén Stefan , Bjorck Lena , Svensson Ann-Marie , Lind Marcus , Sattar Naveed , Rosengren Annika 
Published: May 2021

IntroductionIn type 1 diabetes, potential loss of life-years is greatest in those who are youngest at the time of onset. Using data from a nationwide cohort of patients with type 1 diabetes, we aimed to study risk factor trajectories by age at diagnosis.Research design and methodsWe stratified 30 005 patients with type 1 diabetes aged 18–75 years into categories based on age at onset: 0–10, 11–15, 16–20, 21–25, and 26–30 years. HbA1c, albuminuria, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), body mass index (BMI), low-denisty lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure trends were analyzed using mixed models. Variable importance for baseline HbA1c was analyzed using conditional random forest and gradient boosting machine approaches.ResultsIndividuals aged ≥16 years at onset displayed a relatively low mean HbA1c level (~55–57 mmol/mol) that gradually increased. In contrast, individuals diagnosed at ≤15 years old entered adulthood with a mean HbA1c of approximately 70 mmol/mol. For all groups, HbA1c levels stabilized at a mean of approximately 65 mmol/mol by about 40 years old. In patients who were young at the time of onset, albuminuria appeared at an earlier age, suggesting a more rapid decrease in eGFR, while there were no distinct differences in BMI, SBP, and LDL-cholesterol trajectories between groups. Low education, higher age, and poor risk factor control were associated with higher HbA1c levels.ConclusionsYoung age at the diabetes onset plays a substantial role in subsequent glycemic control and the presence of albuminuria, where patients with early onset may accrue a substantial glycemic load during this period.
Lack of association between either outpatient or inpatient glycemic control and COVID-19 illness severity or mortality in patients with diabetes
Authors: Mehta Paras B , Kohn Michael A , Koliwad Suneil K , Rushakoff Robert J 
Published: May 2021

IntroductionTo evaluate whether outpatient insulin treatment, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), glucose on admission, or glycemic control during hospitalization is associated with SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) illness severity or mortality in hospitalized patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) in a geographical region with low COVID-19 prevalence.Research design and methodsA single-center retrospective study of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 from January 1 through August 31, 2020 to evaluate whether outpatient insulin use, HbA1c, glucose on admission, or average glucose during admission was associated with intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation (ventilator) requirement, or mortality.ResultsAmong 111 patients with DM, 48 (43.2%) were on outpatient insulin and the average HbA1c was 8.1% (65 mmol/mol). The average glucose on admission was 187.0±102.94 mg/dL and the average glucose during hospitalization was 173.4±39.8 mg/dL. Use of outpatient insulin, level of HbA1c, glucose on admission, or average glucose during hospitalization was not associated with ICU admission, ventilator requirement, or mortality among patients with COVID-19 and DM.ConclusionsOur findings in a region with relatively low COVID-19 prevalence suggest that neither outpatient glycemic control, glucose on admission, or inpatient glycemic control is predictive of illness severity or mortality in patients with DM hospitalized with COVID-19.
Neonatal mortality in Kenyan hospitals: a multisite, retrospective, cohort study
Authors: Irimu Grace , Aluvaala Jalemba , Malla Lucas , Omoke Sylvia , Ogero Morris , Mbevi George , Waiyego Mary , Mwangi Caroline , Were Fred , Gathara David , Agweyu Ambrose , Akech Samuel , English Mike 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundMost of the deaths among neonates in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) can be prevented through universal access to basic high-quality health services including essential facility-based inpatient care. However, poor routine data undermines data-informed efforts to monitor and promote improvements in the quality of newborn care across hospitals.MethodsContinuously collected routine patients’ data from structured paper record forms for all admissions to newborn units (NBUs) from 16 purposively selected Kenyan public hospitals that are part of a clinical information network were analysed together with data from all paediatric admissions ages 0–13 years from 14 of these hospitals. Data are used to show the proportion of all admissions and deaths in the neonatal age group and examine morbidity and mortality patterns, stratified by birth weight, and their variation across hospitals.FindingsDuring the 354 hospital months study period, 90 222 patients were admitted to the 14 hospitals contributing NBU and general paediatric ward data. 46% of all the admissions were neonates (aged 0–28 days), but they accounted for 66% of the deaths in the age group 0–13 years. 41 657 inborn neonates were admitted in the NBUs across the 16 hospitals during the study period. 4266/41 657 died giving a crude mortality rate of 10.2% (95% CI 9.97% to 10.55%), with 60% of these deaths occurring on the first-day of admission. Intrapartum-related complications was the single most common diagnosis among the neonates with birth weight of 2000 g or more who died. A threefold variation in mortality across hospitals was observed for birth weight categories 1000–1499 g and 1500–1999 g.InterpretationThe high proportion of neonatal deaths in hospitals may reflect changing patterns of childhood mortality. Majority of newborns died of preventable causes (>95%). Despite availability of high-impact low-cost interventions, hospitals have high and very variable mortality proportions after stratification by birth weight.
Is movement variability altered in people with chronic non-specific low back pain: a protocol for a systematic review
Authors: Alsubaie Amal M , Mazaheri Masood , Martinez-Valdes Eduardo , Falla Deborah 
Published: May 2021

IntroductionMotor variability is an important feature when performing repetitive movement, and in asymptomatic people functional tasks are typically performed with variable motor patterns. However, in the presence of chronic non-specific low back pain (LBP), people often present with different motor control strategies than those without pain. Movement variability has been assessed using a wide range of variables, including kinetic and kinematic components of motion. This has resulted in a wide range of findings reported in the literature and some contradicting results. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review is to investigate whether the amount and structure of motor variability are altered in people with chronic non-specific LBP, during both repetitive non-functional and functional tasks.Methods and analysisThis protocol for a systematic review is informed by Cochrane guidelines and reported in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols. MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, ZETOC, Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus will be searched from their inception to December 2020 along with a comprehensive search of grey literature and key journals. Two independent reviewers will conduct the search, extract the data, assess risk of bias (using the Downs and Black Scale) for the included studies and assess overall quality of evidence based on Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation guidelines. Meta-analysis will be conducted if deemed appropriate. Alternatively, a narrative synthesis will be conducted and evidence summarised as an increase, decrease or no change in the motor variability of people with LBP compared with healthy controls.Ethics and disseminationThis study raises no ethical issues. Results will be submitted for publication in a peer review journal and presented at conferences.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020211580.
Hangeshashinto for preventing oral mucositis in patients receiving cancer treatment: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Wang Yu-Ting , Ren Yifeng , Xiao Chong , Liu Hong , Fu Xi , You Feng-Ming 
Published: May 2021

IntroductionHangeshashinto has been employed for oral mucositis prevention in patients receiving cancer treatment, but the evidence has not been sufficiently robust to guide clinical decision-making. This study will therefore be undertaken to assess the effectiveness of Hangeshashinto for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer who are receiving treatment.Methods and analysisThe databases will include PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Chinese databases and Japanese databases. The literature will be searched from the databases’ inception until May 2021. Other sources, such as potential grey literature, reference lists from included studies and relevant systematic reviews and conference papers, will also be searched. The primary outcome is the incidence of mucositis of any severity, and the secondary outcomes are interruptions to cancer treatment, oral pain and nutritional status. The risk of bias of eligible studies will be assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration’s ‘risk of bias’ tool. Both the Q test and I2statistic will be performed to assess statistical heterogeneity. If I2>50%, sensitivity and subgroup analysis will be conducted. The quality of evidence will be rated according to the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. Egger’s test will be used to assess reporting bias.Ethics and disseminationThis systematic review will evaluate only published data; therefore, ethical approval is not required.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020216145.
Socioeconomic inequality in oral anticoagulation therapy initiation in patients with atrial fibrillation with high risk of stroke: a register-based observational study
Authors: Lunde Elin Danielsen , Joensen Albert Marni , Fonager Kirsten , Lundbye-Christensen Søren , Johnsen Søren Paaske , Larsen Mogens Lytken , Lip Gregory YH , Riahi Sam 
Published: May 2021

ObjectiveThe study aimed to examine the association between socioeconomic factors (SEFs) and oral anticoagulation (OAC) therapy and whether it was influenced by changing guidelines. We hypothesised that inequities in initiation of OAC reduced over time as more detailed and explicit clinical guidelines were issued.DesignRegister-based observational study.SettingsAll Danish patients with an incident hospital diagnosis of atrial fibrillation (AF), aged ≥30 years old and with high risk of stroke from 1 May 1999 to 2 October 2015 were included. Absolute risk differences (RD) (95% CI) were used to measure the association.Participants154 448 patients (mean age 78.2 years, men 47.3%).ExposureEducation, family income and cohabiting status were the SEFs used as exposure.OutcomeA prescription of OAC within −30 to +90 days of baseline (incident AF).ResultsDuring 2002–2007, the crude RD of initiation of OAC for men with high education was 14.9% (12.8 to 16.9). Inequality reduced when new guidelines were published, and in 2013–2016 the crude RD was 5.6% (3.5 to 7.7). After adjusting for age, the RD substantially reduced. The same pattern was seen for cohabiting status, while inequality was smaller and more constant for income.ConclusionPatients with low income, low education and living alone were associated with lower chance of being initiated with OAC. For education and cohabiting status, the crude difference reduced around 2011, when more detailed clinical guidelines were implemented in Denmark. Our results indicate that new guidelines might reduce inequality in OAC initiation and that new, high-cost drugs increase inequality.
Relationship between patient safety culture and patient experience in hospital settings: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Alabdaly Adel , Debono Deborah , Hinchcliff Reece , Hor Su-yin 
Published: May 2021

IntroductionHospitals commonly examine patient safety culture and other quality indicators to evaluate and improve performance in relation to quality and safety. A growing body of research has separately examined relationships between patient safety culture and patient experience on clinical outcomes and other quality indicators. However, there is a knowledge gap regarding the relationship between these two important domains. This article describes the protocol for a scoping review of published literature examining the relationship between patient safety culture and patient experience in hospital settings. The scoping review will provide an overview of research into the relationship between patient safety culture and patient experience in hospital contexts, map key concepts underpinning these domains and identify research gaps for further study.Methods and analysisThe scoping review will be conducted using the five stages of Arksey and O’Malley’s framework: identify the research question; identify relevant studies; study selection; chart data; and collate, summarise and report the results. The inclusion criteria will be applied using the Population, Concept and Context Framework. Searches will be conducted in the CINAHL, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Scopus and SciELO databases, without applying date range limits. Hand-searching of grey literature will also be performed to find relevant, non-indexed literature. Data will be extracted using a standardised data extraction form developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Both descriptive and thematic analyses will be undertaken to scope key concepts within the body of reviewed literature.Ethics and disseminationThis type of study does not require an ethics review. The results will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at conferences.