bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Type 1 diabetes: dietary modification over 100 years since insulin
Authors: Dyson Pamela 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDiet has been central for the management of type 1 diabetes for over three thousand years, and the discovery of insulin in 1921 was associated with the introduction of formal dietary education. Carbohydrate was soon identified as the macronutrient responsible for postprandial glucose excursions and over the past one hundred years, dietary interventions have alternated between severe carbohydrate restriction and so‐called free diets. The very low carbohydrate diets of the 1920s gave way to the free diets of the 1930s, and carbohydrate restriction was then reintroduced in the 1940s to the 1960s. In the 1970s, carbohydrate intake was increased with an emphasis on dietary fibre and low fat, healthy eating was recommended in the 1980s. The past few decades have reflected the growing evidence following the DCCT and DAFNE trials and dietary interventions are now individualised and emphasise carbohydrate counting and insulin adjustment and quality of life. Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons.
What do people with diabetes really think about remote consultations?
Authors: Kilvert Anne , Fox Charles , Calladine Lee 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn 2017 the diabetes service in Newham reported a positive response to a trial of virtual clinics but their own NHS trust (Barts Health) struggled to expand the number of virtual services offered. When COVID struck in March 2020, the NHS immediately obtained a licence to a secure platform for video consultations; many appointments took place by phone and the number of face‐to‐face clinics declined dramatically.Whether people with diabetes prefer face‐to‐face, telephone or video consultations depends on whom you ask. We summarise the findings of two published online surveys and report the results of our own paper survey, distributed through the Diabetes Research & Wellness Foundation monthly newsletter, Diabetes Wellness News. Respondents to the online surveys were positive about the benefits of virtual consultations, although there were concerns about confidentiality, safeguarding and identification of emotional issues. In contrast, the paper survey (n=301) found that 91% of respondents preferred a face‐to‐face consultation. Although 36% of respondents had access to video technology, only 7.2% had been offered a video consultation (24% with type 1 diabetes and 3.8% with type 2) and 87% of remote consultations had been by phone. While two‐thirds of respondents were at least fairly satisfied with their remote consultations, most people preferred to return to face to face when possible, the most common reason being that communication was easier.In conclusion, remote consultations will remain an important option in the future, but individual preferences must be taken into account; a combination of remote and face to face may be the most effective approach. Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons.
Critical Initiation Threshold of Covered Finite Thickness Explosive under Impact of Shaped Charge Jet
Authors: Chen Si‐min , Jia Xin , Xia Ming , Huang Zheng‐xiang , Wang Jian‐hui , Xiao Qiang‐qiang , Tang De‐rong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe compression depth of explosives is obtained on the basis of Lee penetration equation and the upper bound method to analyze the critical initiation threshold of finite thickness explosives. According to the pop curve, a theoretical model that reflects the relationship between critical initiation threshold and explosive thickness is established. Numerical simulation was carried out to simulate the initiation process and initiation threshold of explosives with different cover plate thicknesses. At the same time, we combine with the experimental data, to compare with the theoretical results. The calculations are in good agreement with data. Results show that the height of the bulge on the back of the cover plate and the compression depth of the explosive gradually increase with the thickness of the cover plate. When the cover plate reaches a certain thickness, there is no significant change on the final height of the bulge and the compression depth of the explosive. The decrease in explosive thickness increases the critical initiation threshold value, and the logarithm of the critical initiation threshold of the finite thickness explosive is approximately linearly related to the logarithm of the explosive thickness minus the compression depth. Therefore, this study can provide a reference for the initiation and simple calculation of the critical threshold of finite thickness explosives.
Multivariate Gaussian RBF‐net for smooth function estimation and variable selection
Authors: Roy Arkaprava 
Published: August 2021

AbstractNeural networks are routinely used for nonparametric regression modeling. The interest in these models is growing with ever‐increasing complexities in modern datasets. With modern technological advancements, the number of predictors frequently exceeds the sample size in many application areas. Thus, selecting important predictors from the huge pool is an extremely important task for judicious inference. This paper proposes a novel flexible class of single‐layer radial basis functions (RBF) networks. The proposed architecture can estimate smooth unknown regression functions and also perform variable selection. We primarily focus on Gaussian RBF‐net due to its attractive properties. The extensions to other choices of RBF are fairly straightforward. The proposed architecture is also shown to be effective in identifying relevant predictors in a low‐dimensional setting using the posterior samples without imposing any sparse estimation scheme. We develop an efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm to generate posterior samples of the parameters. We illustrate the proposed method's empirical efficacy through simulation experiments, both in high and low dimensional regression problems. The posterior contraction rate is established with respect to empiricaldistance assuming that the error variance is unknown, and the true function belongs to a Hölder ball. We illustrate our method in a Human Connectome Project dataset to predict vocabulary comprehension and to identify important edges of the structural connectome.
Pleiotropy robust methods for multivariable Mendelian randomization
Authors: Grant Andrew J. , Burgess Stephen 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMendelian randomization is a powerful tool for inferring the presence, or otherwise, of causal effects from observational data. However, the nature of genetic variants is such that pleiotropy remains a barrier to valid causal effect estimation. There are many options in the literature for pleiotropy robust methods when studying the effects of a single risk factor on an outcome. However, there are few pleiotropy robust methods in the multivariable setting, that is, when there are multiple risk factors of interest. In this article we introduce three methods which build on common approaches in the univariable setting: MVMR‐Robust; MVMR‐Median; and MVMR‐Lasso. We discuss the properties of each of these methods and examine their performance in comparison to existing approaches in a simulation study. MVMR‐Robust is shown to outperform existing outlier robust approaches when there are low levels of pleiotropy. MVMR‐Lasso provides the best estimation in terms of mean squared error for moderate to high levels of pleiotropy, and can provide valid inference in a three sample setting. MVMR‐Median performs well in terms of estimation across all scenarios considered, and provides valid inference up to a moderate level of pleiotropy. We demonstrate the methods in an applied example looking at the effects of intelligence, education and household income on the risk of Alzheimer's disease.
p‐Type Carbon Dots for Effective Surface Optimization for Near‐Record‐Efficiency CsPbI2Br Solar Cells
Authors: Guo Xi , Zhao Biao , Xu Kunxiang , Yang Shaomin , Liu Zhike , Han Yu , Xu Jie , Xu Dongfang , Tan Zhanao , Liu Shengzhong (Frank) 
Published: August 2021

AbstractInterface modification to minimize charge recombination and trapping for efficient charge transport is crucial for the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, functionalized p‐type blue carbon dots (B‐CDs) are ventured as an interface passivation layer to enhance the efficiency and long‐term stability of all‐inorganic CsPbI2Br PSCs. It is found that first the blue carbon dots with abundant NH, CN, CO, and CO functional groups effectively passivate defects by reacting with I− and Pb2+ ions in the perovskite through hydrogen and coordinative bonds. Second, the p‐type B‐CDs modifiers form a P–N junction with the n‐type perovskite to provide efficient pathways for hole transfer and electron blocking. Third, the B‐CDs increase the hydrophobicity of the perovskite film to improve the stability of CsPbI2Br PSCs. With the above advantages, the CsPbI2Br PSC with B‐CDs modification shows an efficiency as high as 16.76%, one of the highest for its type. In addition, the modification renders significant improvement of air and light stability, with 95.33% of the initial PCE retained after storage in the ambient environment for 1000 h. This work demonstrates the great potential of B‐CDs application in perovskite‐based optoelectronic devices.
New risk stratification after colorectal polypectomy reduces burden of surveillance without increasing mortality
Authors: Waldmann Elisabeth , Kammerlander Andreas , Gessl Irina , Penz Daniela , Majcher Barbara , Hinterberger Anna , Trauner Michael , Ferlitsch Monika 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe 2020 postpolypectomy surveillance guideline update of European Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy defines a more restrictive group of individuals in need for surveillance 3 years after colonoscopy.AimThe aim of this cohort study was to validate the new guideline recommendation.MethodsBased on a national quality assurance program, we compared the 2020 risk group definition with the previous 2013 recommendations for their strength of association with (1) colorectal cancer death, and (2) all‐cause death.ResultsA total of 265,608 screening colonoscopies were included in the study. Mean age was 61.1 years (SD ±9.0), and 50.6% were women. During a mean follow‐up of 59.3 months (SD ±35.0), 170 CRC deaths and 7723 deaths of any cause were identified. 62.4% of colonoscopies were negative and 4.9% were assigned to surveillance after 3 years according to the 2020 guidelines versus 10.4% following the 2013 guidelines, which corresponds to a relative reduction in colonoscopies by 47%. The strength of association with CRC mortality was markedly higher with the 2020 surveillance group as compared to the 2013 guidelines (HR 2.56, 95% CI 1.62–4.03 vs. HR 1.73, 95% CI 1.13–2.62), while the magnitude of association with CRC mortality for low risk individuals was lower (HR 1.17, 95% CI 0.83–1.63 vs. 1.25, 95% CI 0.88–1.76).ConclusionsAdherence to the updated guidelines reduces the burden of surveillance colonoscopies by 47% while preserving the efficacy of surveillance in preventing CRC mortality.
People in Contact with Criminal Justice Systems Participating in Service Redesign: Vulnerable Citizens or Democratic Partners?
Authors: Parker Jonathan , Heaslip Vanessa , Ashencaen Crabtree Sara , Johnsen Berit , Hean Sarah 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis chapter presents a conceptual consideration of the centrality of ‘voice’ in the Criminal Justice System (CJS), particularly in respect of service development. The hidden perspectives of those who are ‘subject to’, working with or working in the CJS represent important aspects to consider when seeking to change, develop or evaluate services. After emphasising the turn to including the voices of those often excluded from participation we explore aspects of the contested concept of ‘vulnerability’ as a label often applied to those working with CJS. We widen this to consider the vulnerabilities by association that professional take on as popular discourses permeate perceptions of CJS cultures. Subsequently, we examine some of the ways in which the inclusion of hidden and potentially vulnerable voices of those citizens involved with CJS can assist the transformative development of services by irritating the normative perspectives. We advocate an approach based around critical ethnography as a means of sitting with and walking besides people intimately involved in CJS.
Mirrors of Prison Life—From Compartmentalised Practice Towards Boundary Crossing Expertise
Authors: Nielsen Søren Walther , Kajamaa Anu 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, our aim is to broaden the understanding of the compartmentalisation of practices within and between different service providers in the prison setting and to emphasise the need to cross professional boundaries between these services treating the same inmates. For this, we will provide a multidimensional “mirror” into prison life by bringing forth the different voices of the professional groups involved in the provision of mental health and prison services. A key finding is that the tensions emerging during the activities between the service providers are historically accumulated and caused by the inflexible division of labour and the lack of interagency expertise. New models to enable the crossing of the organizationel boundaries between parties are thus needed.
Non-negativity of BMN two-point functions with three string modes
Authors: Du Bao-ning , Huang Min-xin 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Recently, we proposed a novel entry of the pp-wave holographic dictionary, which equated the Berenstein-Maldacena-Nastase (BMN) two-point functions in free $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 super-Yang-Mills theory with the norm squares of the quantum unitary transition amplitudes between the corresponding tensionless strings in the infinite curvature limit, for the cases with no more than three string modes in different transverse directions. A seemingly highly non-trivial conjectural consequence, particularly in the case of three string modes, is the non-negativity of the BMN two-point functions at any higher genus for any mode numbers. In this paper, we further perform the detailed calculations of the BMN two-point functions with three string modes at genus two, and explicitly verify that they are always non-negative through mostly extensive numerical tests.
Orthosymplectic implosions
Authors: Bourget Antoine , Dancer Andrew , Grimminger Julius F. , Hanany Amihay , Kirwan Frances , Zhong Zhenghao 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We propose quivers for Coulomb branch constructions of universal implosions for orthogonal and symplectic groups, extending the work on special unitary groups in [1]. The quivers are unitary-orthosymplectic as opposed to the purely unitary quivers in the A-type case. Where possible we check our proposals using Hilbert series techniques.
Ergodic equilibration of Rényi entropies and replica wormholes
Authors: Sasieta Martin 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We study the behavior of Rényi entropies for pure states from standard assumptions about chaos in the high-energy spectrum of the Hamiltonian of a many-body quantum system. We compute the exact long-time averages of Rényi entropies and show that the quantum noise around these values is exponentially suppressed in the microcanonical entropy. For delocalized states over the microcanonical band, the long-time average approximately reproduces the equilibration proposal of H. Liu and S. Vardhan, with extra structure arising at the order of non-planar permutations. We analyze the equilibrium approximation for AdS/CFT systems describing black holes in equilibrium in a box. We extend our analysis to the situation of an evaporating black hole, and comment on the possible gravitational description of the new terms in our approximation.
Hemiarthroplasty of the hip using the direct anterior approach
Authors: Nogler Michael , Randelli Filippo , Macheras George A. , Thaler Martin 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Objective
Minimally invasive approach in total hip arthroplasty for the treatment of femoral neck fractures with a hemiarthroplasty.

Indications
Femoral neck fractures of patients without hip osteoarthritis where the acetabulum is still intact.

Contraindications
Lesions and infections of the skin in the approach area; hip osteoarthritis; surgeon’s lack of experience with the technique.

Surgical technique
The direct anterior approach (DAA) uses the Smith–Peterson interval between the tensor fasciae latae (TFL) and the rectus and sartorius muscle. After coagulation of the ascending branches of the femoral circumflex vessels, the capsule is opened. The remaining parts of the femoral neck are removed and osteotomized if necessary. The femoral head is removed with a cork screw. Then the shaft is supported by 2 sharp retractors at the greater trochanter from cranial, and the leg is externally rotated, hyperextended, and adducted. A TFL release can be performed which we also recommend. The femoral canal is opened step by step and extended with rasps which are introduced with the double curved broach handle. Cement and the final implant are introduced and after the trial reduction also the final head. The hip is reduced, the capsule adapted and the wound closed.

Postoperative management
For this approach, there are no approach specific recommendations. Postoperative treatment depends on whether the approach was extended with muscle releases and on the type of reconstruction performed. If the approach was limited to the minimally invasive direct anterior portal, quicker rehabilitation can be expected due to the reduced muscle damage. We prefer mobilization with full weight bearing as tolerated on the next day.
Medial meniscal ramp lesions in ACL-injured elite athletes are strongly associated with medial collateral ligament injuries and medial tibial bone bruising on MRI
Authors: Willinger Lukas , Balendra Ganesh , Pai Vishal , Lee Justin , Mitchell Adam , Jones Mary , Williams Andy 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Medial menisco-capsular separations (ramp lesions) are typically found in association with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficiency. They are frequently missed preoperatively due to low MRI sensitivity. The purpose of this article was to describe demographic and anatomical risk factors for ramp lesions, and to identify concomitant lesions and define their characteristics to improve diagnosis of ramp lesions on MRI.

Methods
Patients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction between September 2015 and April 2019 were included in this study. The presence/absence of ramp lesions was recorded in preoperative MRIs and at surgery. Patients’ characteristics and clinical findings, concomitant injuries on MRI and the posterior tibial slope were evaluated.

Results
One hundred patients (80 male, 20 female) with a mean age of 22.3 ± 4.9 years met the inclusion criteria. The incidence of ramp lesions diagnosed at surgery was 16%. Ramp lesions were strongly associated with injuries to the deep MCL (dMCL, p < 0.01), the superficial medial collateral ligament (sMCL, p < 0.01), and a small medial–lateral tibial slope asymmetry (p < 0.05). There was also good correlation between ramp lesions and bone oedema in the posterior medial tibia plateau (MTP, p < 0.05) and medial femoral condyle (MFC, p < 0.05). A dMCL injury, a smaller differential medial–lateral tibial slope than usual, and the identification of a ramp lesion on MRI increases the likelihood of finding a ramp lesion at surgery. MRI sensitivity was 62.5% and the specificity was 84.5%.

Conclusion
The presence on MRI of sMCL and/or dMCL lesions, bone oedema in the posterior MTP and MFC, and a smaller differential medial–lateral tibial slope than usual are highly associated with ramp lesions visible on MRI. Additionally, a dMCL injury, a flatter lateral tibial slope than usual, and the identification of a ramp lesion on MRI increases the likelihood of finding a ramp lesion at surgery. Knowledge of the risk factors and secondary injury signs associated with ramp lesions facilitate the diagnosis of a ramp lesion preoperatively and should raise surgeons’ suspicion of this important lesion.

Level of evidence
Diagnostic study, Level III.
Homogenous overexpression of the extracellular matrix protein Netrin-1 in a hollow fiber bioreactor
Authors: Moya-Torres Aniel , Gupta Monika , Heide Fabian , Krahn Natalie , Legare Scott , Nikodemus Denise , Imhof Thomas , Meier Markus , Koch Manuel , Stetefeld Jörg 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The production of recombinant proteins for functional and biophysical studies, especially in the field of structural determination, still represents a challenge as high quality and quantities are needed to adequately perform experiments. This is in part solved by optimizing protein constructs and expression conditions to maximize the yields in regular flask expression systems. Still, work flow and effort can be substantial with no guarantee to obtain improvements. This study presents a combination of workflows that can be used to dramatically increase protein production and improve processing results, specifically for the extracellular matrix protein Netrin-1. This proteoglycan is an axon guidance cue which interacts with various receptors to initiate downstream signaling cascades affecting cell differentiation, proliferation, metabolism, and survival. We were able to produce large glycoprotein quantities in mammalian cells, which were engineered for protein overexpression and secretion into the media using the controlled environment provided by a hollow fiber bioreactor. Close monitoring of the internal bioreactor conditions allowed for stable production over an extended period of time. In addition to this, Netrin-1 concentrations were monitored in expression media through biolayer interferometry which allowed us to increase Netrin-1 media concentrations tenfold over our current flask systems while preserving excellent protein quality and in solution behavior. Our particular combination of genetic engineering, cell culture system, protein purification, and biophysical characterization permitted us to establish an efficient and continuous production of high-quality protein suitable for structural biology studies that can be translated to various biological systems.

Key points
• Hollow fiber bioreactor produces substantial yields of homogenous Netrin-1
• Biolayer interferometry allows target protein quantitation in expression media
• High production yields in the bioreactor do not impair Netrin-1 proteoglycan quality

Graphical abstract