bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling the impact of increase in sugar prices on dental caries in India
Authors: Gupta Arpit , Sharda Shweta , Jyani Gaurav , Prinja Shankar , Goyal Ashima , Gauba Krishan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesThis study aims to assess the impact of raising the price of sugar and/or sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSBs) on caries incidence in the Indian population.MethodsA tooth‐level decision‐analytic model was developed to evaluate a change in caries increment after increasing the price of Sugar and SSBs. The transition of a tooth from a caries‐free state to the state of tooth loss in both scenarios was modelled with the help of a Markov model for a time horizon of 63 years, ranging from 2021 to 2083 for the 12‐year‐old population cohort of India. A conceptual framework was designed to implicate the possible effects of an increase in sugar prices on the reduction of caries incidence. Health effects were estimated in terms of the number of carious lesions and tooth‐loss in both the scenarios and modelled as a product of the dose‐response relationship between sugar intake and caries incidence. The model was thus used to establish the number of caries lesions prevented, and tooth‐loss avoided. Uncertainties in the parameters were assessed using probabilistic sensitivity analysis. The Monte Carlo method was used for simulating the results 999 times.ResultsA 20% rise in the price of sugar is expected to result in the prevention of an average of 1.32 teeth in a lifetime of an individual and prevent 27.96 million tooth‐loss incidents among the population cohort of India that will eventually lead to a saving of INR (₹) 3116.32 billion (US$ 42.69 billion) on account of dental caries treatment. Similarly, increasing‐price of SSBs by 20% will lead to a 0.86% reduction in carious teeth incidence in an individual's lifetime.ConclusionIncreasing the cost of sugar and/or SSBs will reduce the daily intake of sugar, which will reduce caries incidence and subsequent progression, thereby preventing caries‐attributed tooth‐loss and saving treatment costs.
Effect of alveolar ridge preservation on clinical attachment level at adjacent teeth: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Khouly Ismael , Strauss Franz J. , Jung Ronald E. , Froum Stuart J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPurposeTo test whether or not alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) changes the clinical attachment level (CAL) at adjacent teeth of extraction sockets after 6 months.Material and methodsSeventeen patients requiring bilateral tooth extractions of the upper molars were recruited. After tooth extraction, the sockets were randomly allocated to two groups applying a split‐mouth design: (1) ARP using deproteinized bovine bone mineral containing 10% collagen (DBBM‐C) covered by a collagen membrane and (2) spontaneous healing (control). CAL, probing pocket depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), gingival recession (REC), and bone levels were evaluated at the adjacent teeth of the extraction sockets at baseline and after 6 months of follow‐up.ResultsA total of 14 patients were available for reexamination. From baseline to 6 months of follow‐up mean CAL changes of all six sites at adjacent teeth of the extraction sockets amounted to −0.23 ± 0.65 mm (gain) in ARP group and 0.05 ± 0.86 mm (loss) in the control group with significant differences in favor of ARP (p = 0.04). The CAL gain was significantly more favorable at mesiopalatal sites (p = 0.01). Consistently, the mean reduction of PD of all six sites amounted to −0.68 ± 0.84 mm in ARP and −0.34 ± 0.74 mm in the control group (intergroup p = 0.02). The PD reduction was significant (p = 0.001) at the mesiopalatal sites in ARP. BOP, REC, and bone levels showed no significant differences between the groups (intergroup p > 0.05).ConclusionAlthough ARP with DBBM‐C revealed a trend toward CAL gain and PD reduction at adjacent teeth of extraction sites, these adjunctive benefits seem to be clinically negligible.
Design of customized soft‐tissue substitutes for posterior single‐tooth defects: A proof‐of‐concept in‐vitro study
Authors: Sun Yue , Yu Tao , Strasding Malin , Liu Xinran , Burkhardt Felix , Schäfer Birgit , Sailer Irena , Nesic Dobrila 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesSoft‐tissue volume augmentation treatments do not provide the satisfactory long‐term functional and esthetic outcomes. The aim of the study was to develop a standardized digital procedure to design individual soft‐tissue substitutes (STS) and apply mathematical modeling to obtain average shape STS for single posterior tooth defects.Material and methodsThirty‐three casts from 30 patients were scanned. STS were designed with a computer‐aided design software and a systematic procedure standardized the measurements across all STS using 3D‐analysis software. The occlusal, mesial–distal, and buccal–lingual planes were defined to partition, each STS and produce a mesh. The thickness values of each 3D slice were documented in a coordinate system chart to generate a scatter graph. Graphs were embedded into images (Orange software) and images were analyzed via hierarchical clustering.ResultsThree STS groups were identified according to shape. Two shapes corresponded to the maxilla defects: a square (n = 13) with dimensions of 10 mm in a lingual–buccal (length) and 7–10 mm in a mesial–distal (width) direction; a rectangle (n = 11) of 11 mm in length and 4–7 mm in width. The average shape for mandible defects (n = 9) was smaller (6–8 mm in length, 5–10 mm in width). The highest thickness in all STS was in the buccal portion, above the alveolar ridge, with median values of 2 mm. The lowest thickness of 0.2 mm was at the edges.ConclusionsThe study developed novel methodology to design customized, as well as average shape STS for volume augmentation. Future STS harboring adapted geometry might increase volume augmentation efficiency and accuracy, while reducing surgical time.
Linking in‐situ and ex‐situ populations of threatened amphibians through genome banking
Authors: Burger Isabella , Julien Allison R. , Kouba Andrew J. , Barber Diane , Counsell Kristen R. , Pacheco Carlos , Krebs Jessi , Kouba Carrie K. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGenetic variation of the endangered Puerto Rican crested toad (PRCT; Peltophryne lemur) has dwindled over time in both wild and captive populations, leading to long‐term sustainability issues for the recovery program. To address this challenge, we propose that PRCTs can be used as a model species to show how in‐situ and ex‐situ populations can be linked through sperm biobanking and gamete transfer, expanding genetic variability of both populations. Male toads (n = 10) in Guayanilla, Puerto Rico were administered human chorionic‐gonadotropin (hCG) and luteinizing‐hormone‐releasing‐hormone analog (GnRHa) to stimulate spermiation. Sperm was collected noninvasively from 9/10 males, cryopreserved in 10% trehalose with either 10% N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMFA) or 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and transported in liquid nitrogen vapor to the National Amphibian Genome Resource Bank at Mississippi State University. Ultrasonography was used to identify females (n = 3) with mature oocytes for GnRHa‐induced oviposition of eggs for in‐vitro fertilization (IVF). Post‐thaw sperm motility was 28% and 25% for sperm cryopreserved with DMFA or DMSO, respectively. Of the 9,672 eggs used for IVF, 4% (n = 306/6,981) were fertilized with frozen–thawed sperm, compared with 20% (n = 525/2691) fertilized with fresh sperm controls. Overall, 46 toadlets were produced from frozen–thawed sperm. After 4.5 months of headstarting, 14 juvenile toads produced from various genetic crosses using frozen–thawed sperm were released to new sites in the wild, introducing unique genetic representation and new founder lines. After 1.5 years, 24 adult toads produced using frozen–thawed sperm continue to thrive in the captive collection, and one of these males has now produced an F2 generation of offspring with 5,085 tadpoles released to the wild. This transformational study is the first to produce reproductively viable adult PRCTs using cryopreserved sperm from hormonally‐induced wild males and captive females, introducing innovative methods that link in‐situ and ex‐situ populations of endangered amphibians to revolutionize genetic management.
Prognostic value of coronary flow velocity reserve in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Xie Jinjie , Yang Ya , Wang Luya , Pan Yufan , Zhang Ruiying , Qu Yichen , Li Rongjuan , Wen Wenhui , Wu Yue , Li Jialu , Ma Xiaohai 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundCoronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) can provide useful quantitative information on the functional status of coronary artery circulation, and an impaired CFVR (< 2.0) was associated with a significant increase in the occurrence of cardiac events. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH), but the relationship between impaired CFVR and outcome in HoFH has never been discussed beforeMethodsTo explore the long‐term prognostic value of CFVR in patients with HoFH, 39 HoFH patients with CFVR data (mean age with 16.7 years) were enrolled from the Genetic and Imaging of Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Han Nationality Study. All patients were divided into impaired CFVR (CFVR < 2.0, n = 17) and preserved CFVR (CFVR≥2.0, n = 22) group. Follow‐up was performed until a major adverse cardiac event (MACE) occurred or up to June 30, 2020ResultsDuring a median follow‐up of 89 months, 16 events were registered, 12 of which were occurred in the impaired CFVR group and four occurred in the preserved CFVR group. The event‐free survival rate of impaired CFVR group was significantly lower than that in the preserved CFVR group (29.4% vs 81.8%, P < .001), and CFVR < 2.0 was independently associated with prognosis before and after adjustment for related risk factors (HR 5.197, 95% CI 1.669 to 16.178, P = .004 and HR 5.488, 95% CI 1.470 to 20.496, P = .011, respectively)Conclusionsan impaired CFVR predicts a worse outcome in HoFH. CFVR shows an independent value in the prediction of long‐term outcome in HoFH.
Contributions and future priorities for soil science: Comparing perspectives from scientists and stakeholders
Authors: Cimpoiasu Mihai O. , Dowdeswell‐Downey Emily , Evans Daniel L. , McCloskey Christopher S. , Rose Lewis S. , Sayer Emma J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSoils are a fundamental natural resource but intensifying demands and increasing soil degradation necessitate focussed research into the sustainable use of soils. Since soil functioning is critical for the operations and performance of multiple industries, businesses and municipalities, soil scientists need to actively engage with these bodies to orientate research goals towards stakeholder needs. To achieve this, stakeholder views about the current and potential contributions of soil science to different sectors need to be taken into account when setting the future research agenda. Here, we assessed whether the current and future research priorities of soil science match the needs of four major industrial and environmental sectors: agriculture, ecosystem services and natural resources, waste management, and water management. We used an online questionnaire, distributed to 192 organisations and via social media, to compare stakeholders' and scientists' perceptions of (a) the contributions of soil science to date, (b) the areas not currently served by soil science and (c) future research needs in soil science. Stakeholders generally rated the contributions of soil science to date as ‘great’ or ‘fundamental’, but scientists rated the contributions more highly. Respondents identified numerous areas that soil research has not yet sufficiently addressed, which were mostly sector‐specific and often overlapped with perceived future research needs. Importantly, stakeholders' and scientists' views of future research priorities differed strongly within sectors, with the notable exception of agriculture, where views were generally consistent. We conclude that soil science may hold unexplored potential in several industrial and environmental sectors. We call for improved research communication and greater stakeholder involvement to shape the future soils research agenda and ensure the sustainable use of soils across multiple areas of society.Highlights
How soil science has served, and could further serve, four major sectors was investigated.
Soil science contributions to agriculture, ecosystem services, waste and water sectors were assessed.
Stakeholders' and scientists' views on future contributions of soil science frequently differed.
Greater stakeholder engagement could greatly enhance the impact of soil science in the future.
Little effect of tree species richness on within‐ and between‐plot variability in soil chemical properties in a young plantation forest
Authors: Dhiedt Els , Baeten Lander , De Smedt Pallieter , Verheyen Kris 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTrees impact the chemical properties of the soil in which they grow. When planting forests, the choice of tree species and species combinations is thus expected to partly determine the spatial variation in soil properties, even in the early stages of forest development. We made use of a biodiversity‐ecosystem functioning experiment in Belgium, FORBIO (FORest BIOdiversity and Ecosystem Functioning). The studied site is situated on former agricultural land on loamy sandy soil and replicates tree species richness (1–4 species) and composition. Soil samples (0–10 cm) were taken at five locations in 1, 2 and 4 species plots. We measured the total C and N concentration, the Olsen P, the pH‐H2O and the available Ca, Mg and K concentration. We hypothesised that the within‐plot spatial variability would increase with species richness and that the between‐plot variability would decrease with species richness. We found little evidence to support our hypothesis. We only found a smaller within‐plot variability in monocultures than mixtures for Ca, pH and C:N. Potential reasons for the little evidence for the effect of tree species richness may include the fact that the forest is only 9 years old, the agricultural land‐use history and the soil texture. Further research in sites with different soil properties or different land‐use history is needed to generalise these results.HighlightsVariation in soil chemistry was studied in young forest plots varying in tree species richness.Larger within‐ and a smaller between‐plot variation in mixtures than monocultures was expected.Larger within‐plot variation in mixtures was only found for for Ca, pH and C:N.Little effect of tree species richness may be due to young age, agricultural land‐use history or soil texture.
More than just a dental practitioner: A realist evaluation of a dental anxiety service in Norway
Authors: Bryne Emilie , Hean Sarah , Evensen Kjersti , Bull Vibeke 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPatients with dental phobia or a history of trauma tend to avoid dental services, which may, over time, lead to poor oral health. In Norway, a specific service targets these patients by providing exposure therapy to treat their fear of attendance and subsequently enable oral restoration. Dental practitioners deliver the exposure therapy, which requires a role change that deviates from their traditional practice. This paper explores how – and under what circumstances – dental practitioners manage this new role of alleviating dental anxiety for patients with a history of trauma or dental phobia. Using a realist evaluation approach, this paper develops theory describing which contexts promote mechanisms that allow practitioners to alleviate dental anxiety for patients with trauma or dental phobia. A multi‐method approach, comprising service documents (n = 13) and stakeholder interviews (n = 12), was applied. The data were then analysed through a content analysis and context‐mechanism‐outcome heuristic tool. Our findings reveal that dental practitioners must adopt roles that enable trust, a safe space, and gradual desensitisation of the patient to their fear triggers. Adopting these roles requires time and resources to develop practitioners' skills – enabling them to adopt an appropriate communication style and exposure pace for each patient.
Association between oral health status and oral food intake level in subacute stroke patients admitted to a convalescent rehabilitation unit
Authors: Matsuo Koichiro , Sekimoto Yu , Okamoto Mieko , Shibata Seiko , Otaka Yohei 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundStroke patients often suffer from dysphagia during their recovery. We hypothesised that subacute stroke patients with dysphagia had more deteriorated oral health status including muscle strength and motor function.ObjectiveQuantitatively investigate oral health status and identify associations with oral feeding status in stroke patients admitted to a convalescent rehabilitation unit.MethodsWe prospectively recruited 187 stroke patients admitted to a convalescent rehabilitation unit. Oral feeding status was examined using the Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS), and the cohort was divided into three groups based on FOIS score as non‐oral feeding (FOIS‐123; 22 patients), dysphagic diet (FOIS‐45; 74 patients), and regular diet (FOIS‐67; 91 patients) groups. Activities of daily living (ADL) were assessed with the Functional Independence Measure (FIM). Oral health status was measured quantitatively in six oral function parameters and Oral Health Assessment Tool (OHAT), and differences according to the FOIS, age and FIM were statistically tested.ResultsIn bivariate analysis, two parameters, tongue pressure and tongue‐lip motor functions were significantly higher in the regular diet group than in the other groups (P < .01). Gross OHAT score was also significantly better in the regular diet group than in the other groups (P < .01). These significant associations mostly remained in the multiple model after adjusting for age and FIM.ConclusionThis study suggests that, amongst oral health status, tongue strength and motor function, as well as OHAT score, may have strong associations with oral feeding status in subacute stroke patients at convalescent rehabilitation units regardless of ADL levels.
Modeling Vapor Migration for Estimating the Time to Reach Steady State Conditions
Authors: Jourabchi Parisa , Lin Gary Kuo‐Ching 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe design and planning of soil vapor sampling for vapor intrusion assessment require an estimate of the time for vapor migration from the contamination source to reach steady state prior to vapor sampling and analysis for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This study presents the model derivation, analytical solutions, as well as the assumptions and limitations of a one‐dimensional VOC vapor transport model based on diffusion in porous media and equilibrium partitioning of VOCs in solid, aqueous, and vapor phases. The model assumes a finite domain with boundary conditions that represent the scenarios of vapor migration in the real environment. The derivation of the conceptual model is presented along with its practical use and implications as illustrated through case examples. Consideration of the upper (or exit) boundary condition along with the distance between the source and the applicable boundary, rather than the distance from the source to the measurement point, are shown to be critical in the time estimates as compared to an expression typically used and cited in guidance documents. The study reveals the importance of defining a conceptual model and relevant boundaries in assessing near steady state conditions, and suggests a tiered approach in refining the estimate with increasing level of effort for practical applications in vapor assessment.
The impact of Helicobacter pylori infection, eradication therapy, and probiotics intervention on gastric microbiota in young adults
Authors: Yuan Ziying , Xiao Shiyu , Li Sizhu , Suo Baojun , Wang Ye , Meng Lingmei , Liu Zuojing , Yin Zhihao , Xue Yan , Zhou Liya 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe impact of probiotics on non‐Helicobacter pylori gastric microbiota and its role in microbial restoration after eradication were relatively unknown. We aimed to explore the effect of H. pylori eradication and probiotic intervention on gastric microbiota in young adults.MethodsFifty‐six H. pylori‐negative and 95 H. pylori‐positive subjects aged 19–30 were included in this study. H. pylori‐infected individuals were randomly assigned to quadruple therapy, probiotics supplemented quadruple therapy, or probiotics monotherapy group. Gastric mucosa and gastric juice samples were collected before and 2 months after treatment for 16SrRNA gene sequencing.ResultsThe gastric microbial community structure and composition differed from H. pylori‐negative subjects 2 months after successful H. pylori eradication. The α diversity of gastric mucosal microbiota significantly increased and was higher than H. pylori‐negative subjects, while the α diversity of gastric juice microbiota decreased and was lower than the H. pylori‐negative. After probiotics supplemented eradication treatment, Bifidobacterium was enriched in gastric mucosa, Lactobacillus was enriched in gastric juice, potentially pathogenic bacteria such as Fusobacterium and Campylobacter decreased, and the microbial diversity was closer to that of H. pylori‐negative subjects compared to quadruple therapy group. Probiotics monotherapy significantly altered the diversity, community structure, and composition of gastric microbiota but showed no advantage in H. pylori inhibition and upregulating beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus and related metabolism pathways. Certain potentially pathogenic bacteria such as Fusobacterium increased after probiotic monotherapy.ConclusionH. pylori eradication significantly disrupted gastric microbiota in young adults and could not be restored in a short time. Probiotics supplementation partially helped restore the gastric dysbiosis caused by eradication therapy, but it might be unnecessary for H. pylori‐infected young adults to take probiotics alone.
Primary high‐grade non‐anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: a retrospective study of 364 cases
Authors: Xu Bin , David Julia , Dogan Snjezana , Landa Iñigo , Katabi Nora , Saliba Maelle , Khimraj Anjanie , Sherman Eric J , Tuttle Robert Michael , Tallini Giovanni , Ganly Ian , Fagin James A , Ghossein Ronald A 
Published: August 2021

AimsWe aimed to study the clinicopathological and molecular features of high‐grade non‐anaplastic thyroid carcinomas (HGTCs), a carcinoma with a prognosis intermediate between those of well‐differentiated carcinoma and anaplastic carcinoma.Methods and resultsThis study included 364 HGTC patients: 200 patients (54.9%) were diagnosed with poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC), based on the Turin consensus (HGTC‐PDTC), and 164 were diagnosed with high‐grade features that did not meet the Turin criteria (HGTC‐nonPDTC). HGTCs are aggressive: the 3‐year, 5‐year, 10‐year and 20‐year disease‐specific survival (DSS) rates were 89%, 76%, 60%, and 35%, respectively. Although DSS was similar between HGTC‐PDTC and HGTC‐nonPDTC patients, HGTC‐PDTC was associated with higher rate of radioactive iodine avidity, a higher frequency of RAS mutations, a lower frequency of BRAF V600E mutations and a higher propensity for distant metastasis (DM) than HGTC‐nonPDTC. Independent clinicopathological markers of worse outcome were: older age, male sex, extensive necrosis and lack of encapsulation for DSS; older age, male sex and vascular invasion for DM‐free survival; and older age, necrosis, positive margins and lymph node metastasis for locoregional recurrence‐free survival. The frequencies of BRAF, RAS, TERT, TP53 and PTEN alterations were 28%, 40%, 55%, 11%, and 10%, respectively. TP53, PTEN and TERT were independent molecular markers associated with an unfavourable outcome, independently of clinicopathological parameters. The coexistence of BRAF V600E and TERT promoter mutation increased the risk of DM.ConclusionsThe above data support the classification of HGTC as a single group with two distinct subtypes based on tumour differentiation: HGTC‐PDTC and HGTC‐nonPDTC.