bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling state‐transition dynamics in resting‐state brain signals by the hidden Markov and Gaussian mixture models
Authors: Ezaki Takahiro , Himeno Yu , Watanabe Takamitsu , Masuda Naoki 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRecent studies have proposed that one can summarize brain activity into dynamics among a relatively small number of hidden states and that such an approach is a promising tool for revealing brain function. Hidden Markov models (HMMs) are a prevalent approach to inferring such neural dynamics among discrete brain states. However, the impact of assuming Markovian structure in neural time series data has not been sufficiently examined. Here, to address this situation and examine the performance of the HMM, we compare the model with the Gaussian mixture model (GMM), which is with no temporal regularization and thus a statistically simpler model than the HMM, by applying both models to synthetic time series generated from empirical resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. We compared the GMM and HMM for various sampling frequencies, lengths of recording per participant, numbers of participants and numbers of independent component signals. We find that the HMM attains a better accuracy of estimating the hidden state than the GMM in a majority of cases. However, we also find that the accuracy of the GMM is comparable to that of the HMM under the condition that the sampling frequency is reasonably low (e.g., TR = 2.88 or 3.60 s) or the data are relatively short. These results suggest that the GMM can be a viable alternative to the HMM for investigating hidden‐state dynamics under this condition.
Hippocampal CA1 theta burst‐induced LTP from weaning to adulthood: Cellular and molecular mechanisms in young male rats revisited
Authors: Rodrigues Nádia Carolina , Silva‐Cruz Armando , Caulino‐Rocha Ana , Bento‐Oliveira Andreia , Alexandre Ribeiro Joaquim , Cunha‐Reis Diana 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLong‐term potentiation (LTP) is a highly studied cellular process, yet determining the transduction and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABAergic) pathways that are the essential versus modulatory for LTP elicited by theta burst stimulation (TBS) in the hippocampal Cornu Ammonis 1 (CA1) area is still elusive, due to the use of different TBS intensities, patterns or different rodent/cellular models. We now characterised the developmental maturation and the transduction and GABAergic pathways required for mild TBS‐induced LTP in hippocampal CA1 area in male rats. LTP induced by TBS (5x4) (five bursts of four pulses delivered at 100 Hz) lasted for up to 3 h and was increasingly larger from weaning to adulthood. Stronger TBS patterns ‐ TBS (15x4) or three TBS (15x4) separated by 6 min induced nearly maximal LTP not being the best choice to study the value of LTP‐enhancing drugs. LTP induced by TBS (5x4) in young adults was fully dependent on N‐methyl D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor and calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) activity but independent of protein kinase A (PKA) or protein kinase C (PKC) activity. Furthermore, it was partially dependent on GABAB receptor activation and was potentiated by GABAA receptor blockade and less by GAT‐1 transporter blockade. AMPA GluA1 phosphorylation on Ser831 (CaMKII target) but not GluA1 Ser845 (PKA target) was essential for LTP expression. The phosphorylation of the Kv4.2 channel was observed at Ser438 (CaMKII target) but not at Thr602 or Thr607 (ERK/MAPK pathway target). This suggests that cellular kinases like PKA, PKC, or kinases of the ERK/MAPK family although important modulators of TBS (5x4)‐induced LTP may not be essential for its expression in the CA1 area of the hippocampus.
Signal quality and power spectrum analysis of remote ultra long‐term subcutaneous EEG
Authors: Viana Pedro F. , Remvig Line S. , Duun‐Henriksen Jonas , Glasstetter Martin , Dümpelmann Matthias , Nurse Ewan S. , Martins Isabel P. , Schulze‐Bonhage Andreas , Freestone Dean R. , Brinkmann Benjamin H. , Kjaer Troels W. , Richardson Mark P. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveUltra long‐term subcutaneous electroencephalography (sqEEG) monitoring is a new modality with great potential for both health and disease, including epileptic seizure detection and forecasting. However, little is known about the long‐term quality and consistency of the sqEEG signal, which is the objective of this study.MethodsThe largest multicenter cohort of sqEEG was analyzed, including 14 patients with epilepsy and 12 healthy subjects, implanted with a sqEEG device (24/7 EEG™ SubQ), and recorded from 23 to 230 days (median 42 days), with a median data capture rate of 75% (17.9 hours/day). Median power spectral density plots of each subject were examined for physiological peaks, including at diurnal and nocturnal periods. Long‐term temporal trends in signal impedance and power spectral features were investigated with subject‐specific linear regression models and group‐level linear mixed‐effects models.ResultssqEEG spectrograms showed an approximate 1/f power distribution. Diurnal peaks in the alpha range (8‐13Hz) and nocturnal peaks in the sigma range (12‐16Hz) were seen in the majority of subjects. Signal impedances remained low, and frequency band powers were highly stable throughout the recording periods.SignificanceThe spectral characteristics of minimally invasive, ultra long‐term sqEEG are similar to scalp EEG, whereas the signal is highly stationary. Our findings reinforce the suitability of this system for chronic implantation on diverse clinical applications, from seizure detection and forecasting to brain‐computer interfaces.
Effect of levetiracetam and oxcarbazepine on 4‐year fragility fracture risk among prepubertal and pubertal children with epilepsy
Authors: Whitney Daniel G. , Caird Michelle S. , Hurvitz Edward A. , Rajapakse Chamith S. , Fedak Romanowski Erin M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study was to determine whether two commonly prescribed antiseizure medications (ASMs), levetiracetam (LEV) and oxcarbazepine (OXC), were associated with an increased risk of fragility fracture in children with epilepsy when initiating therapy during a crucial period of bone development, namely, pre‐ and midpuberty.MethodsClaims data from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2018 were extracted from the Optum Clinformatics Data Mart. Children aged 4–13 years at baseline with at least 5 years of continuous health plan enrollment were included to allow for a 1‐year baseline (e.g., pre‐ASM exposure) and 4 years of follow‐up. Children with epilepsy who were ASM naïve were grouped based on whether ASM treatment initiation included LEV or OXC. The comparison group included children without epilepsy and without ASM exposure. Crude incidence rate (IR; n per 1000 person‐years) and IR ratio (IRR; with 95% confidence interval [CI]) were estimated for nontrauma fracture (NTFx), a claims‐based proxy for fragility fracture, for up to 4 years of follow‐up. Cox proportional hazards regression estimated the hazard ratio (HR; with 95% CI) after adjusting for demographic variables, motor impairment, and baseline fracture.ResultsThe crude IR (95% CI) of NTFx was 21.5 (21.2–21.8) for non‐ASM‐users without epilepsy (n = 271 346), 19.8 (12.3–27.2) for LEV (n = 358), and 34.4 (21.1–47.7) for OXC (n = 203). Compared to non‐ASM‐users, the crude IRR of NTFx was similar for LEV (IRR = .92, 95% CI = .63–1.34) and elevated for OXC (IRR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.09–2.35); the crude IRR of NTFx was elevated for OXC compared to LEV (IRR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.02–2.99). The findings were consistent after adjusting for covariates, except when comparing OXC to LEV (HR = 1.71, 95% CI = .99–2.93), which was marginally statistically insignificant (p = .053).SignificanceInitiating OXC, but not LEV, therapy among 4–13‐year‐olds with epilepsy is associated with an elevated risk of fragility fracture. Studies are needed to determine whether these children could benefit from adjunct bone fragility therapies.
Investment transparency and the disposition effect
Authors: Danbolt Jo , Eshraghi Arman , Lukas Marcel 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe disposition effect is lower in a trading environment with salient information on current holdings. Using proprietary data from a European fintech platform for social trading, we analyze variation in trading behavior within and between private and publicly visible portfolios. The disposition effect diminishes by about 35% when trades and holdings become public. We find the level of transparency and the way financial information is illustrated can influence trading decisions. Our results suggests that requiring greater transparency from portfolio managers can reduce trading bias.
Spinal ataxia in a 2‐year‐old colt caused by a compressive primary vertebral osteosarcoma
Authors: Fouché N. , Oesch S. , Unger L. , Berenguer Veiga I. , Küchler L. , Molazem M. , Van der Vekens E. 
Published: July 2021

SummaryNeoplasia is a rare cause of ataxia in horses. This report describes a 2‐year‐old colt presented with sudden‐onset ataxia in which a cervical vertebral osteosarcoma causing severe compression of the spinal cord was diagnosed. Radiological changes included a large osteolytic lesion in the vertebral body, the vertebral arch, the right cranial articular process and the right transverse process of C4, interrupting the borders of the vertebral foramen and the right transverse foramen. Myelography revealed a marked spinal cord compression. Necropsy confirmed the presence of a well‐demarcated, invasive and firm mass protruding from the fourth cervical vertebral body that led to severe compression of the spinal cord. In spite of its strongly pleomorphic nature, the detection of osteoid confirmed the diagnosis of a central osteosarcoma of the combined type. To the best of our knowledge, a primary single vertebral osteosarcoma causing ataxia in a juvenile horse has not previously been reported, and findings of this case report could help in the diagnostic work‐up of similar cases.
Hoof wall separation disease: A review
Authors: Finno C. J. 
Published: July 2021

SummaryHoof wall separation disease (HWSD) is a genetic defect in Connemara ponies characterized by separation and cracking of the dorsal hoof wall. The disease can result in chronic inflammation, severe lameness and laminitis. Affected ponies typically show clinical signs within the first 6 months of life. The disease is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. The genetic mutation is a frameshift mutation in the gene SERPINB11, (c.504_505insC). Carriers are completely normal, only ponies that are homozygous for the mutation will have clinical signs of the disease. Within the Connemara breed, carrier frequency has been estimated at 14.8% and the mutation has not been identified in other breeds at this time. While there is no definitive cure for HWSD, management through targeted hoof care and the use of special shoes may be beneficial. Additionally, environmental management may lessen the severity of clinical disease in affected ponies. Genetic testing of Connemara ponies is required for all new registrations.
A fully homomorphic encryption based on magic number fragmentation and El‐Gamal encryption: Smart healthcare use case
Authors: Kara Mostefa , Laouid Abdelkader , Yagoub Mohammed Amine , Euler Reinhardt , Medileh Saci , Hammoudeh Mohammad , Eleyan Amna , Bounceur Ahcène 
Published: July 2021

AbstractNowadays, cloud computing offers a digital infrastructure for smart city development. Cognitive cities are steadily automating daily urban processes. The ever expanding objective‐driven communities gather and share sensitive data that must be stored securely. Cloud computing offers a suitable platform that allows cognitive smart cities to access and re‐access data to learn from their past to adapt its current behaviour. However, the cloud is an untrusted entity that may expose data when decrypted for processing by systems. In this paper, we treat the issue of encrypted data processing. Often, the data is encrypted prior to transferring it to the cloud, where the cloud must have the data in clear to be able to make calculations which raises security and privacy threats if the cloud is considered untrusted. The scenario of asking users to make the calculations after decrypting the received cloud data and encrypting the obtained results before sending them back to the cloud is not a practical solution in distributed multi‐tenant architectures. Homomorphic encryption allows offers a solution for processing encrypted data. Many existing homomorphic encryption schemes suffer from limitations that hinder their usability. This paper presents an efficient fully homomorphic encryption scheme using twin key encryption and magic number fragmentation. The details of the scheme are presented along with cryptanalytic attacks to assess its effectiveness. The proposed scheme exhibits strong resilience against brute‐force attacks compared to its rivals from the literature. Finally, we illustrate the applicability of the proposed scheme using a cognitive smart city application.
Moving reference point goalposts and implications for fisheries sustainability
Authors: Silvar‐Viladomiu Paula , Minto Cóilín , Halouani Ghassen , Batts Luke , Brophy Deirdre , Lordan Colm , Reid David G. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFor many environmental indicators, the sustainable status can change because of changes in either the monitored state or the policy goal. Fisheries provide an intensively monitored setting to investigate the relative impacts of such change. Key fisheries sustainability indicators comprise the ratio between fishing pressure or biomass and their respective reference levels. We developed a retrospective database of population status, reference point changes and reported reasons for changes for all data‐rich stocks in the ICES region. We derived methods to distinguish the impacts of either source of change (monitored state or policy goal) on sustainable status. We found that reference points changed frequently (64% of populations had reference point changes) with varying magnitudes. Contrary to expectation, reference point changes were often not compensated by changes in the state thus significantly impacting inferred sustainability status and dependent scientific advice. Across a range of life histories and assessments, changes in reference points dominate retrospective revisions in status over the full time series. Overall, status before and after the change of reference point had no significant directional differences that would suggest reference point change effecting movement towards or away from sustainability. Although multiple factors have contributed to reference point changes, our results show that the reference point definition and the technical basis for estimation were the most important reasons for change. Recognizing that reference points are not constant in time but rather form reference series is paramount to quantifying present and historical sustainability. Properly documenting, justifying and quantifying the impacts of such change is an ongoing challenge.
Using participatory video to share people’s experiences of neotropical urban green and blue spaces with decision‐makers
Authors: Fisher Jessica Claris , Mistry Jayalaxshmi , Pierre Meshach Andre , Yang Huichang , Harris Arianne , Hunte Nadia , Fernandes Damian , Bicknell Jake Emmerson , Davies Zoe Georgina 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCities are complex, socio‐ecological ecosystems providing both opportunity and detriment to human health and well‐being. Specifically, urban green (e.g., parks) and blue spaces (e.g., coastline) can restore human psychological well‐being. In the Global South, where rapid urbanisation is posing challenges for biodiversity conservation and the mental well‐being of urban human populations, there has been little research on understanding the social and environmental benefits of urban green and blue spaces, which could inform decision‐makers seeking sustainable land‐use planning interventions. Here, we use participatory video (using film to co‐produce research) to explore the relationships people have with urban green and blue spaces in Georgetown, Guyana, and communicate these findings to decision‐makers. Short films created and discussed by city residents highlighted how specific characteristics of green and blue spaces contributed to restorative quality, a sense of place, and alleviated stress. At the same time, locally specific nuances were also revealed, such as folklore associated with urban wildlife and the importance of monuments framing Guyana's complex history. A composite film was screened to government ministries, park managers, and the Mayor and City Council, who articulated intentions to change the way these spaces were managed (e.g., maintaining specific features, encouraging visitation, raising awareness, and increasing the planned distribution of new spaces). We demonstrate how participatory video can allow participants to reflect on and change their interactions with urban green/blue spaces, while facilitating a unique and engaging dialogue between multiple stakeholders, with important, applied implications for both public health and biodiversity conservation.
Characteristics of esophageal achalasia in geriatric patients over 75 years of age and outcomes after peroral endoscopic myotomy
Authors: Ujiie Naoto , Sato Chiaki , Taniyama Yusuke , Koseki Ken , Takaya Kai , Okamoto Hiroshi , Fukutomi Toshiaki , Unno Michiaki , Kamei Takashi 
Published: July 2021

AimAs the population ages, the proportion aged ≥75 years is expected to increase. Many studies on peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) as treatment for esophageal achalasia have already been reported; however, few studies have been designed on patients aged ≥75 years. The purpose of this study is to describe the characteristics of esophageal achalasia in patients >75 years and to evaluate the outcomes of POEM.MethodsThis study included 121 patients who underwent POEM for esophageal achalasia, which was divided into the geriatric (n = 18) group aged ≥75 and the young (n = 103) group ≤74 years. The characteristics of esophageal achalasia and the short‐term outcomes after POEM in the geriatric group compared with the young group were retrospectively investigated.ResultsThe median age of the geriatric group was 78 years, and two patients were initially diagnosed with refractory pneumonia, and esophageal achalasia was initially overlooked. The preoperative Eckardt score of the geriatric group was significantly lower than that of the young group (4 vs. 6, P = 0.007), particularly in the regurgitation score. The Eckardt score and integrated relaxation pressure of both groups were significantly improved after POEM (P < 0.001). There were no cases of perioperative complications in the geriatric group.ConclusionsPOEM for esophageal achalasia is a safe and effective treatment even in geriatric patients >75 years of age. In geriatric patients with recurrent or intractable pneumonia, it is important to rule out esophageal achalasia. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 788–793.
Identifying resilient industries in Mexico's automotive cluster: Policy lessons from the great recession to surmount the crisis caused by COVID 19
Authors: Mendoza‐Velázquez Alfonso , Rendón‐Rojas Liliana 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis study investigates regional employment and production resilience to adverse crisis shocks. We extend the concept of resilience beyond the notion of resistance and fast recovery to include the potential of positive spillovers to related industries in neighboring regions. The industrial analysis of the automotive cluster in Mexico relies on a spatial shift‐share approach to characterize the resilience ability of regional industries. The study employs the Sub‐Prime crisis as a benchmark to identify the type of employment and production recovery after an adverse shock of similar magnitude. Four industries within the automotive cluster present various degrees of spatial dependence—those industries with the most significant spillover effects on neighboring regions. The type of resilience shown by these automotive industries in the regions during the Sub Prime Crisis serves as a benchmark to base policy government and corporate decisions after the economic crisis caused by the outbreak of SARS‐CoV‐2.
Legitimate but “not for me”: The role of validation in migrant entrepreneur understanding of COVID‐19 business support policies in Shanghai
Authors: Blalock Emily C. , Lyu Xiaojun 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCOVID‐19 pandemic destroyed lives and the global economy, and in the wake left businesses struggling to re‐open in urban China. The Chinese party‐state implemented fiscal reforms targeted towards small businesses, however little research has evaluated business’ understanding of policies and implementation, particular to the focus on rural migrant entrepreneurs. Therefore, we conducted an ethnographic case study including in‐depth interviews to determine to what extent rural migrant micro‐entrepreneurs understand and adopt COVID‐19 business support policies at two retail markets in Shanghai amid a pandemic. Applying an inductive grounded theory approach, the data demonstrated participants believe policies arelegitimatebutnot for mebecauseI am getihu by myself. We maintain their understanding is a legacy ofhukouand is confirmed through the theory of validation includingrecognitionthrough agreement with significant others including other entrepreneurs and family;corroborationwith life experiences in Shanghai; andresonanceof their migration story as self‐sufficient entrepreneurs surviving with their own capabilities. They have a degree of certainty their understanding is fact because it has been repeatedly validated through life experiences of a migrant lackinghukouin Shanghai. The study encourages consideration for the migrant entrepreneur context and has important practical implications for policymakers.
Talking the same language on patient empowerment: Development and content validation of a taxonomy of self‐management interventions for chronic conditions
Authors: Orrego Carola , Ballester Marta , Heymans Monique , Camus Estela , Groene Oliver , Niño de Guzman Ena , Pardo‐Hernandez Hector , Sunol Rosa ,   COMPAR‐EU Group
Published: July 2021

AbstractContextThe literature on self‐management interventions (SMIs) is growing exponentially, but it is characterized by heterogeneous reporting that limits comparability across studies and interventions. Building an SMI taxonomy is the first step towards creating a common language for stakeholders to drive research in this area and promote patient self‐management and empowerment.ObjectiveTo develop and validate the content of a comprehensive taxonomy of SMIs for long‐term conditions that will help identify key characteristics and facilitate design, reporting and comparisons of SMIs.MethodsWe employed a mixed‐methods approach incorporating a literature review, an iterative consultation process and mapping of key domains, concepts and elements to develop an initial SMI taxonomy that was subsequently reviewed in a two‐round online Delphi survey with a purposive sample of international experts.ResultsThe final SMI taxonomy has 132 components classified into four domains: intervention characteristics, expected patient/caregiver self‐management behaviours, outcomes for measuring SMIs and target population characteristics. The two‐round Delphi exercise involving 27 international experts demonstrated overall high agreement with the proposed items, with a mean score (on a scale of 1‐9) per component of 8.0 (range 6.1‐8.8) in round 1 and 8.1 (range 7.0‐8.9) in round 2.ConclusionsThe SMI taxonomy contributes to building a common framework for the patient self‐management field and can help implement and improve patient empowerment and facilitate comparative effectiveness research of SMIs.Patient or public contribution.Patients’ representatives contributed as experts in the Delphi process and as partners of the consortium.