bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Supernovae producing unbound binaries and triples
Authors: Kochanek C S 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
The fraction of stars that are in binaries or triples at the time of stellar death and the fraction of these systems that survive the supernova explosion are crucial constraints for evolution models and predictions for gravitational wave source populations. These fractions are also subject to direct observational determination. Here, we search 10 supernova remnants containing compact objects with proper motions for unbound binaries or triples using Gaia EDR3 and new statistical methods and tests for false positives. We confirm the one known example of an unbound binary, HD 37424 in G180.0−01.7, and find no other examples. Combining this with our previous searches for bound and unbound binaries, and assuming no bias in favour of finding interacting binaries, we find that 72.0 per cent (52.2–86.4 per cent, 90 per cent confidence) of supernova producing neutron stars are not binaries at the time of explosion, 13.9 per cent (5.4–27.2 per cent) produce bound binaries, and 12.5 per cent (2.8–31.3 per cent) produce unbound binaries. With a strong bias in favour of finding interacting binaries, the medians shift to 76.0 per cent were not binaries at death, 9.5 per cent leave bound binaries, and 13.2 per cent leave unbound binaries. Of explosions that do not leave binaries, ${\lt}18.9{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ can be fully unbound triples. These limits are conservatively for $M\gt 5\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$ companions, although the mass limits for some individual systems are significantly stronger. At birth, the progenitor of PSR J0538+2817 was probably a 13–$19\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$ star, and at the time of explosion, it was probably a Roche limited, partially stripped star transferring mass to HD 37424 and then producing a Type IIL or IIb supernova.
Gmunu: paralleled, grid-adaptive, general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamics in curvilinear geometries in dynamical space–times
Authors: Cheong Patrick Chi-Kit , Lam Alan Tsz-Lok , Ng Harry Ho-Yin , Li Tjonnie Guang Feng 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
We present an update on the General-relativistic multigrid numerical (Gmunu) code, a parallelized, multidimensional curvilinear, general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics code with an efficient non-linear cell-centred multigrid elliptic solver, which is fully coupled with an efficient block-based adaptive mesh refinement module. To date, as described in this paper, Gmunu is able to solve the elliptic metric equations in the conformally flat condition approximation with the multigrid approach and the equations of ideal general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamics by means of high-resolution shock-capturing finite-volume method with reference metric formularised multidimensionally in Cartesian, cylindrical, or spherical geometries. To guarantee the absence of magnetic monopoles during the evolution, we have developed an elliptical divergence cleaning method by using the multigrid solver. In this paper, we present the methodology, full evolution equations and implementation details of Gmunu and its properties and performance in some benchmarking and challenging relativistic magnetohydrodynamics problems.
On the scarcity of redshifted OH and millimetre-band molecular absorption
Authors: Curran S J 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Despite much searching, redshifted decimetre- and millimetre-band absorption by molecular gas remains very rare, limited to just six systems at zabs ≳ 0.05. Detection of these transitions can yield precise diagnostics of the conditions of the star-forming gas in the earlier Universe, the hydroxyl (OH) radical being of particular interest as in the λ = 18 cm ground state there are four different transitions located close to neutral hydrogen 21- cm and thus detectable with the Square Kilometre Array and its pathfinders. The four transitions of OH have very different dependences on the fundamental constants, thus having much potential in testing for any evolution in these over large look-back times. By collating the photometry in a uniform manner, we confirm our previous hypothesis that the normalized OH absorption strength is correlated with the optical–near-infrared red colour of the sightline. Applying this to the published searches, we find that all, but one (J0414+054), have simply not been searched sufficiently deeply. We suggest that this is due to the standard selection of sources with reliable optical redshifts introducing a bias against those with enough dust with which to shield the molecular gas. For the single source searched to sufficient depth, we have reason to suspect that the high degree of reddening arises from another system along the sightline, thus not being inconsistent with our hypothesis. We also show that the same optical redshift bias can account for the scarcity of millimetre-band absorption.
A maximum-likelihood estimate of the parameters of the fast radio burst population
Authors: Bhattacharyya Siddhartha , Tiwari Himanshu , Bharadwaj Somnath , Majumdar Suman 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
We consider a sample of 82 non-repeating fast radio bursts (FRBs) detected at Parkes, ASKAP, CHIME, and UTMOST, each of which operates over a different frequency range and has a different detection criterion. Using simulations, we perform a maximum-likelihood analysis to determine the FRB population model that best fits these data. Our analysis shows that models where the pulse scatter broadening increases moderately with redshift (z) are preferred to those where this increases very sharply or where scattering is absent. Further, models where the comoving event rate density is constant over z are preferred to those where it follows the cosmological star formation rate. Two models for the host dispersion measure (DMHost) distribution (a fixed and a random DMHost) are found to predict comparable results. We obtain the best-fitting parameter values $\alpha =-1.53^{+0.29}_{-0.19}$, $\overline{E}_{33}=1.55^{+0.26}_{-0.22}$, and γ = 0.77 ± 0.24. Here α is the spectral index, γ is the exponent of the Schechter luminosity function, and $\overline{E}_{33}$ is the mean FRB energy in units of $10^{33} \, {\rm J}$ across 2128–2848 MHz in the FRB rest frame.
VannoPortal: multiscale functional annotation of human genetic variants for interrogating molecular mechanism of traits and diseases
Authors: Huang Dandan , Zhou Yao , Yi Xianfu , Fan Xutong , Wang Jianhua , Yao Hongcheng , Sham Pak Chung , Hao Jihui , Chen Kexin , Li Mulin Jun 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Interpreting the molecular mechanism of genomic variations and their causal relationship with diseases/traits are important and challenging problems in the human genetic study. To provide comprehensive and context-specific variant annotations for biologists and clinicians, here, by systematically integrating over 4TB genomic/epigenomic profiles and frequently-used annotation databases from various biological domains, we develop a variant annotation database, called VannoPortal. In general, the database has following major features: (i) systematically integrates 40 genome-wide variant annotations and prediction scores regarding allele frequency, linkage disequilibrium, evolutionary signature, disease/trait association, tissue/cell type-specific epigenome, base-wise functional prediction, allelic imbalance and pathogenicity; (ii) equips with our recent novel index system and parallel random-sweep searching algorithms for efficient management of backend databases and information extraction; (iii) greatly expands context-dependent variant annotation to incorporate large-scale epigenomic maps and regulatory profiles (such as EpiMap) across over 33 tissue/cell types; (iv) compiles many genome-scale base-wise prediction scores for regulatory/pathogenic variant classification beyond protein-coding region; (v) enables fast retrieval and direct comparison of functional evidence among linked variants using highly interactive web panel in addition to plain table; (vi) introduces many visualization functions for more efficient identification and interpretation of functional variants in single web page. VannoPortal is freely available at http://mulinlab.org/vportal.
Serum catalytic iron and progression of chronic kidney disease: findings from the ICKD study
Authors: Yadav Ashok K , Ghosh Arpita , Divyaveer Smita , Mukhopadhyay Banibrata , Kundu Monica , Kumar Vivek , Lele Suhas S , Rajapurkar Mohan M , Jha Vivekanand ,   the Indian Chronic Kidney Disease Study Group, Baid-Agrawal Seema Prabhjot , Kaur Kajal , Kamboj Sishir , Gang Gopesh , Modi Sreejith , Parameswaran Narayan , Prasad Manisha , Sahay Santosh , Varughese N , Gopalakrishnan Shivendra , Singh Dipankar , Sircar Sanjay , Vikrant Ajay , Jaryal   
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
The non-transferrin-bound catalytic iron moiety catalyses production of toxic reactive oxygen species and is associated with adverse outcomes. We hypothesized that serum catalytic iron (SCI) is associated with progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Methods
Baseline samples of the Indian chronic kidney disease (ICKD) Study participants with at least one follow-up visit were tested for total iron, iron-binding capacity, transferrin saturation (TSAT), SCI, ferritin and hepcidin. SCI was measured using the bleomycin-detectable iron assay that detects biologically active iron. Association with the incidence of major kidney endpoints [major adverse kidney event (MAKE), a composite of kidney death, kidney failure or &gt;40% loss of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)] was examined using Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for sex and age.

Results
A total of 2002 subjects (mean ± standard deviation age 49.9 ± 11.6 years, 68.1% males, baseline eGFR 41.01 mL/min/1.73 m2) were enrolled. After a median (interquartile range) follow-up of 12.6 (12.2–16.7) months, the composite MAKE occurred in 280 (14%). After adjusting for age and sex, increase from 25th to 75th percentile in SCI, TSAT, ferritin and hepcidin were associated with 78% (43–122%), 34% (10–62%), 57% (24–100%) and 74% (35–124%) increase in hazard of MAKE, respectively. SCI was associated with MAKE and kidney failure after adjustment for occupational exposure, hypertension, diabetes, tobacco, alcohol use, history of acute kidney injury, baseline eGFR and urine albumin to creatinine ratio, and allowing baseline hazard to vary by centre.

Conclusions
SCI is strongly and independently associated with composite MAKE in patients with mild-to-moderate CKD. Confirmation in other studies will allow consideration of SCI as a risk marker and treatment target.
Ethnic differences in risk of severe Covid-19: To what extent are they driven by exposure?
Authors: Edge Rhiannon , van der Plaat Diana A , Parsons Vaughan , Coggon David , van Tongeren Martie , Muiry Rupert , Cullinan Paul , Madan Ira 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
This study quantifies the risk of Covid-19 among ethnic groups of healthcare staff during the first pandemic wave in England.

Methods
We analysed data on 959 356 employees employed by 191 National Health Service trusts during 1 January 2019 to 31 July 2020, comparing rates of Covid-19 sickness absence in different ethnic groups.

Results
In comparison with White ethnic groups, the risk of short-duration Covid-19 sickness absence was modestly elevated in South Asian but not Black groups. However, all Black and ethnic minority groups were at higher risk of prolonged Covid-19 sickness absence. Odds ratios (ORs) relative to White ethnicity were more than doubled in South Asian groups (Indian OR 2.49, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.36–2.63; Pakistani OR 2.38, 2.15–2.64; Bangladeshi OR 2.38, 1.98–2.86), while that for Black African ethnicity was 1.82 (1.71–1.93). In nursing/midwifery staff, the association of ethnicity with prolonged Covid-19 sickness absence was strong; the odds of South Asian nurses/midwives having a prolonged episode of Covid-19 sickness absence were increased 3-fold (OR 3.05, 2.82–3.30).

Conclusions
Residual differences in risk of short term Covid-19 sickness absences among ethnic groups may reflect differences in non-occupational exposure to SARS-CoV-2. Our results indicate ethnic differences in vulnerability to Covid-19, which may be only partly explained by medical comorbidities.
Are Directors Rewarded for Excellence? Evidence from Reputation Shocks and Career Outcomes
Authors: Chen Mark A , Tran Hai , Wu Qinxi , Zhivotova Evgenia 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis study examines whether the labor market rewards directors for individual excellence. We use national director awards to capture large, positive shocks to individual reputation. We find strong evidence that the labor market recognizes and rewards “superstar” directors. Award events lead to positive announcement returns and increase awardees’ chances of gaining new board seats at prestigious firms. Consistent with theories of career concerns and labor market signaling, the reputational effects are greater for younger directors and for nonoverboarded directors. Overall, our findings offer new insights into the nature of reputation and rewards in the upper echelon of the director labor market. (JEL G30, G34, G39)Received August 15, 2020; editorial decision May 11, 2021 by Editor Andrew Ellul. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Research evaluations for an energy transition? Insights from a review of Swedish research evaluation reports
Authors: Sandin Sofie , Benner Mats 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Energy efficiency is identified as a vital area for addressing sustainability challenges of our time. Governments throughout the world invest vast amounts of resources in research, for advancing knowledge on energy efficiency, and for fostering innovations that can support a transition towards a more sustainable energy system. Evaluation can be an important component in transition processes, for setting directions, assessing outcomes, and enhancing learning. In Sweden, evaluations are undertaken to assess the contribution of energy research to national goals and are also regularly undertaken for individual research programmes and institutions to assess processes and effects. Thus, in a context where evaluations are conducted at different levels and with different objectives, the connectivity between them becomes complex and often unclear. This study focuses on how research is evaluated and how individual evaluations frame and relate the evaluand to an energy transition. By reviewing 20 Swedish evaluations of research for energy efficiency in buildings, we seek to provide insights on the operationalization, analysis, and assessment of the evaluations. The results reveal that evaluations often deploy a systems perspective that frames the initiatives in a larger societal perspective, crucial for supporting a transition. They also highlight a heterogeneity within the undertaking of the evaluation: from a generally wide operationalization—to a more narrow analysis focusing on programme level outcomes—to a wider assessment of impacts and relevance for society and different actors. In all, the full potential of individual research evaluations is still to be harnessed through deliberate evaluation approaches.
Intrathecal Morphine for Analgesia in Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blinded Clinical Trial
Authors: Dhawan Richa , Daubenspeck Danisa , Wroblewski Kristen E. , Harrison John-Henry , McCrorey Mackenzie , Balkhy Husam H. , Chaney Mark A. 
Published: September 2021

Background
Intrathecal morphine decreases postoperative pain in standard cardiac surgery. Its safety and effectiveness have not been adequately evaluated in minimally invasive cardiac surgery. The authors hypothesized that intrathecal morphine would decrease postoperative morphine consumption after minimally invasive cardiac surgery.

Methods
In this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical trial, patients undergoing robotic totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass received either intrathecal morphine (5 mcg/kg) or intrathecal saline before surgery. The primary outcome was postoperative morphine equivalent consumption in the first 24 h after surgery; secondary outcomes included pain scores, side effects, and patient satisfaction. Pain was assessed via visual analog scale at 1, 2, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after intensive care unit arrival. Opioid-related side effects (nausea/vomiting, pruritus, urinary retention, respiratory depression) were assessed daily. Patient satisfaction was evaluated with the Revised American Pain Society Outcome Questionnaire.

Results
Seventy-nine patients were randomized to receive intrathecal morphine (n = 37) or intrathecal placebo (n = 42), with 70 analyzed (morphine 33, placebo 37). Intrathecal morphine patients required significantly less median (25th to 75th percentile) morphine equivalents compared to placebo during first postoperative 24 h (28 [16 to 46] mg vs. 59 [41 to 79] mg; difference, –28 [95% CI, –40 to –18]; P < 0.001) and second postoperative 24 h (0 [0 to 2] mg vs. 5 [0 to 6] mg; difference, –3.3 [95% CI, –5 to 0]; P < 0.001), exhibited significantly lower visual analog scale pain scores at rest and cough at all postoperative timepoints (overall treatment effect, –4.1 [95% CI, –4.9 to –3.3] and –4.7 [95% CI, –5.5 to –3.9], respectively; P < 0.001), and percent time in severe pain (10 [0 to 40] vs. 40 [20 to 70]; P = 0.003) during the postoperative period. Mild nausea was more common in the intrathecal morphine group (36% vs. 8%; P = 0.004).

Conclusions
When given before induction of anesthesia for totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass, intrathecal morphine decreases use of postoperative opioids and produces significant postoperative analgesia for 48 h.

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New
Tobacco use is associated with increased postoperative pain and opioid use after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Hartline Jacob T. , Nelson Clay G. , Eads Ryan B. , Smith Richard A. , Azar Frederick M. , Brolin Tyler J. , Throckmorton Thomas W. 
Published: September 2021

Background:
Tobacco use has been associated with negative outcomes in various orthopaedic procedures. To determine its effect on reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA), this study evaluated postoperative pain, opioid use, length of stay, complications, reoperations, and readmissions in the global 90-day episode of care after primary rTSA.

Methods:
A retrospective database search identified 279 patients with primary rTSA for multiple diagnoses. Patients were divided into current tobacco users (23), nonusers (150), and former users (106). All surgeries were performed with the same technique, implants, and primary surgeon. Gender, body mass index, preoperative diagnosis, laterality, and multiple comorbidities were analyzed as potential confounders.

Results:
Tobacco users reported significantly more pain at the preoperative (P=0.013) and 12-week postoperative (P=0.0068) visits; there were no differences in improvement of pain scores from preoperative to postoperative visits between groups (P=0.58). Tobacco users also showed increased postoperative opioid use (2643 mg oral morphine equivalents) compared to nonusers (2121 mg) and former users (2015 mg; P=0.04). There were no significant differences in length of stay, complications, reoperations, or readmissions between groups (P>0.05).

Conclusions:
Although no significant differences were noted in complications, reoperations, or readmissions, tobacco users reported higher levels of pain and required more opioid pain medication in the 90 days after rTSA compared with both nonusers and former users. Tobacco users experienced similar improvements in pain from the procedure as the other groups. Former users had similar postoperative outcomes as nonusers, suggesting that tobacco cessation can improve a patient’s postoperative episode of care.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.
Assess, Prevent, and Manage Pain; Both Spontaneous Awakening and Breathing Trials; Choice of Analgesia/Sedation; Delirium: Assess, Prevent, and Manage; Early Mobility; Family Engagement and Empowerment Bundle Implementation: Quantifying the Association of Access to Bundle-Enhancing Supplies and Equipment
Authors: Jeffery Alvin D. , Werthman Jennifer A. , Danesh Valerie , Dietrich Mary S. , Mion Lorraine C. , Boehm Leanne M. 
Published: September 2021

OBJECTIVES:
Describe the physical environment factors (i.e., availability, accessibility) of bundle-enhancing items and the association of physical environment with bundle adherence.

DESIGN:
This multicenter, exploratory, cross-sectional study used data from two ICU-based randomized controlled trials that measured daily bundle adherence. Unit- and patient-level data collection occurred between 2011 and 2016. We developed hierarchical logistic regression models using Frequentist and Bayesian frameworks.

SETTING:
The study included 10 medical and surgical ICUs in six academic medical centers in the United States.

PATIENTS:
Adults with qualifying respiratory failure and/or septic shock (e.g., mechanical ventilation, vasopressor use) were included in the randomized controlled trials.

INTERVENTIONS:
The Awakening and Breathing trial Coordination, Delirium assessment/management, Early mobility bundle was recommended standard of care for randomized controlled trial patients and adherence tracked daily.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
The primary outcome was adherence to the full bundle and the early mobility bundle component as identified from daily adherence documentation (n = 751 patient observations). Models included unit-level measures such as minimum and maximum distances to bundle-enhancing items and patient-level age, body mass index, and daily mechanical ventilation status. Some models suggested the following variables were influential: unit size (larger associated with decreased adherence), a standard walker (presence associated with increased adherence), and age (older associated with decreased adherence). In all cases, mechanical ventilation was associated with decreased bundle adherence.

CONCLUSIONS:
Both unit- and patient-level factors were associated with full bundle and early mobility adherence. There is potential benefit of physical proximity to essential items for Awakening and Breathing trial Coordination, Delirium assessment/management, Early mobility bundle and early mobility adherence. Future studies with larger sample sizes should explore how equipment location and availability influence practice.