bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Death of Molly Schultz: Race, Magic, and the Law in the Post-slavery Caribbean
Authors: De Barros Juanita 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This article uses a singular event, the murder trial of a multiracial group of men and women accused of killing a young white girl, to examine the complex interactions between individual experiences and larger social patterns in the twentieth-century British Caribbean. It explores responses to the tragic death of a young child in British Guiana, Molly Schultz, notably its political and legal repercussions, by focusing on the Afro- and Indo-Guianese accused, the colonial prosecutors, and the multiethnic opposition politicians who became involved. Colonial officials took advantage of this death to pass two pieces of legislation. One strengthened the local anti-obeah (magic) law, a change that remained in effect until the late twentieth century. The second was a new law that effectively prevented poor, non-white Guianese from sitting on juries, part of an official attempt to help buttress white political power and a response to the racial fears of a colonial elite. I argue that the quotidian struggles of daily life shaped the lives and the stories of those accused of Molly Schultz’s murder. Their experiences helped create the context in which these men and women became involved in the case and informed their explanations of their actions; their accounts in turn influenced the official version of Molly Schultz’s death, including the role of obeah. The Indo- and Afro-creole lawyers and politicians who took up the case may not have represented themselves as believing in the magical practices purportedly at the center of these events, but they recognized their political significance. Contemporary racial tensions and political considerations influenced the legal proceedings but the everyday lives of ordinary Guianese helped shaped the outcome and the surrounding debates.
Challenging Custodialism: Families and Eugenic Institutionalization at the Pennsylvania Training School for Feeble-Minded Children at Elwyn
Authors: Chamberlain Chelsea D 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Historians have described how powerful eugenic ideologies fueled the rapid expansion of custodial institutionalization of the so-called feebleminded in the early twentieth century. Using new sources from the recently opened archive of the Pennsylvania Training School for Feeble-Minded Children at Elwyn, this article argues that in practice, this transition to custodialism was difficult, uneven, and subject to constant compromise. Institutional residents and their families contested expert prognoses and disciplinary methods and maintained relationships across institutional boundaries. Their vernacular ideas about mental impairment, curability, and the purpose of institutional segregation produced a gap between eugenic discourse and institutional life. The challenges that residents and their families levied were neither absolute nor consistent: their force and success depended on their class status, community contexts, and most significantly, the perceived severity of a resident’s impairment. Residents with greater care needs were frequently relegated to the background, not only in psycho-medical professionals’ treatises and administration but in the expectations that families brought to bear on the institution. Decades before institutionalized people and their families formed political advocacy groups that struggled for deinstitutionalization and civil rights, they fought individual battles that pitted their intimate knowledge against expertise. Although their victories were small and statistically rare, they tested the bounds of psycho-medical authority and established the ideological and practical limits of eugenic mass institutionalization.
Associations Between Mental and Physical Health Conditions and Occupational Impairments in the U.S. Military
Authors: Dunbar Michael S , Schuler Megan S , Meadows Sarah O , Engel Charles C 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Prior studies have identified associations between specific health conditions and occupational impairments in the U.S. military, but little is known about the relative magnitude of impairments associated with different mental and physical health conditions among military service members. The goal of this study is to comparatively assess occupational impairment associated with mental and physical conditions among active duty military service members.

Materials and Methods
Data on 11,055 U.S. active duty service members were from the Department of Defense 2015 Health Related Behaviors Survey, an anonymous online health survey. Items assessed common mental and physical health conditions. Absenteeism was assessed as number of lost work days and presenteeism was assessed as number of work days with impaired functioning in the past 30 days. This research was approved by the RAND Human Subjects Protections Committee.

Results
Back pain (23%) and anxiety (14%) were the most prevalent conditions in the sample. Mental health conditions (anxiety, depression, and PTSD) were associated with more absentee and presentee days than physical conditions. Adjusting for physical health conditions, anxiety, depression, and PTSD showed robust associations with both absenteeism and presenteeism.

Conclusions
Common mental health conditions such as anxiety, depression, and PTSD showed robust associations with absenteeism and presenteeism among active duty U.S. military service members. Efforts to rigorously evaluate and improve existing military screening programs and reduce barriers to accessing and engaging in mental healthcare may help to reduce work absenteeism and presenteeism among active duty service members.
Radiatively-driven black hole winds revisited
Authors: Yamamoto R , Fukue J 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
We examine general relativistic radiatively-driven spherical winds, using the basic equations for relativistic radiation hydrodynamics under the moment formalism. Moment equations are often closed, using the equilibrium diffusion approximation, which has an acausal problem, and furthermore, gives nodal-type critical points. Instead, we use the non-equilibrium diffusion approximation with a closure relation of a variable Eddington factor, f(τ, β), where τ is the optical depth and β is the flow speed normalized by the speed of light. We then analyse the critical properties in detail for several parameters, and found that there appear saddle-type critical points as well as nodal type and spiral one. The most suitable type is the saddle one appears in a region close to a black hole. We also calculate transonic solutions with typical parameters, and show that the luminosity is almost comparable to the Eddington luminosity, the gas is quickly accelerated in the vicinity of the black hole, and wind terminal speeds are on the order of 0.1–0.3 c. These results of radiatively-driven black hole winds can be applied e.g. to ultra-fast outflows, which are supposed to be fast outflows from the vicinity of supermassive black holes.
High-frequency radio observations of two magnetars, PSR J1622 − 4950 and 1E 1547.0 − 5408
Authors: Chu Che-Yen , Ng C-Y , Kong Albert K H , Chang Hsiang-Kuang 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
We investigated the radio spectra of two magnetars, PSR J1622 − 4950 and 1E 1547.0 − 5408, using observations from the Australia Telescope Compact Array and the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array obtained in 2017. Our observations of PSR J1622 − 4950 show a steep spectrum with a spectral index of −1.3 ± 0.2 in the range of 5.5–45 GHz during its reactivating X-ray outburst in 2017. By comparing the data taken in different epochs, we found a significant enhancement in the radio flux density. The spectrum of 1E 1547.0 − 5408 was inverted in the range of 43–95 GHz, suggesting a spectral peak at a few hundred gigahertz. Moreover, we obtained X-ray and radio data of the radio magnetars PSR J1622 − 4950 and SGR J1745 − 2900 from the literature and found two interesting properties. First, radio emission is known to be associated with X-ray outbursts but has a different evolution; furthermore, we found that the rise time of the radio emission is much longer than that of the X-ray emission during the outburst. Second, radio magnetars may have double-peak spectra at a few GHz and a few hundred GHz. This could indicate that the emission mechanism is different in the cm and the submm bands. These two phenomena could provide a hint towards an understanding of the origin of radio emission and its connection with X-ray properties.
Formation of counter-rotating and highly eccentric massive black hole binaries in galaxy mergers
Authors: Nasim Imran Tariq , Petrovich Cristobal , Nasim Adam , Dosopoulou Fani , Antonini Fabio 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
Supermassive black hole (SMBH) binaries represent the main target for missions such as the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna and Pulsar Timing Arrays. The understanding of their dynamical evolution prior to coalescence is therefore crucial to improving detection strategies and for the astrophysical interpretation of the gravitational wave data. In this paper, we use high-resolution N-body simulations to model the merger of two equal-mass galaxies hosting a central SMBH. In our models, all binaries are initially prograde with respect to the galaxy sense of rotation. But, binaries that form with a high eccentricity, e ≳ 0.7, quickly reverse their sense of rotation and become almost perfectly retrograde at the moment of binary formation. The evolution of these binaries proceeds towards larger eccentricities, as expected for a binary hardening in a counter-rotating stellar distribution. Binaries that form with lower eccentricities remain prograde and at comparatively low eccentricities. We study the origin of the orbital flip by using an analytical model that describes the early stages of binary evolution. This model indicates that the orbital plane flip is due to the torque from the triaxial background mass distribution that naturally arises from the galactic merger process. Our results imply the existence of a population of SMBH binaries with a high eccentricity and could have significant implications for the detection of the gravitational wave signal emitted by these systems.
Principal component analysis tomography in near-infrared integral field spectroscopy of young stellar objects – I. Revisiting the high-mass protostar W33A
Authors: Navarete F , Damineli A , Steiner J E , Blum R D 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
W33A is a well-known example of a high-mass young stellar object showing evidence of a circumstellar disc. We revisited the K-band NIFS/Gemini North observations of the W33A protostar using principal components analysis tomography and additional post-processing routines. Our results indicate the presence of a compact rotating disc based on the kinematics of the CO absorption features. The position–velocity diagram shows that the disc exhibits a rotation curve with velocities that rapidly decrease for radii larger than 0.1 arcsec (∼250 au) from the central source, suggesting a structure about four times more compact than previously reported. We derived a dynamical mass of 10.0$^{+4.1}_{-2.2}$ $\rm {M}_\odot$ for the ‘disc + protostar’ system, about ∼33 per cent smaller than previously reported, but still compatible with high-mass protostar status. A relatively compact H2 wind was identified at the base of the large-scale outflow of W33A, with a mean visual extinction of ∼63 mag. By taking advantage of supplementary near-infrared maps, we identified at least two other point-like objects driving extended structures in the vicinity of W33A, suggesting that multiple active protostars are located within the cloud. The closest object (Source B) was also identified in the NIFS field of view as a faint point-like object at a projected distance of ∼7000 au from W33A, powering extended K-band continuum emission detected in the same field. Another source (Source C) is driving a bipolar $\rm {H}_2$ jet aligned perpendicular to the rotation axis of W33A.
Analytical halo models of cosmic tidal fields
Authors: Paranjape Aseem 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
The non-linear cosmic web environment of dark matter haloes plays a major role in shaping their growth and evolution, and potentially also affects the galaxies that reside in them. We develop an analytical (halo model) formalism to describe the tidal field of anisotropic halocentric density distributions, as characterized by the halocentric tidal tensor $\left\langle \, T_{ij}\, \right\rangle (\lt R)$ spherically averaged on scale R ∼ 4Rvir for haloes of virial radius Rvir. We focus on axisymmetric anisotropies, which allows us to explore simple and intuitive toy models of (sub)halo configurations that exemplify some of the most interesting anisotropies in the cosmic web. We build our models around the spherical Navarro–Frenk–White profile after describing it as a Gaussian mixture, which leads to almost fully analytical expressions for the ‘tidal anisotropy’ scalar α(&lt; 4Rvir) extracted from the tidal tensor. Our axisymmetric examples include (i) a spherical halo at the axis of a cylindrical filament, (ii) an off-centred satellite in a spherical host halo, and (iii) an axisymmetric halo. Using these, we demonstrate several interesting results. For example, the tidal tensor at the axis of a pure cylindrical filament gives α(fil)(&lt; R) = 1/2 exactly, for any R. Also, α(&lt; 4Rvir,sat) for a satellite of radius Rvir,sat as a function of its hostcentric distance is a sensitive probe of dynamical mass-loss of the satellite in its host environment. Finally, we discuss a number of potentially interesting extensions and applications of our formalism that can deepen our understanding of the multiscale phenomenology of the cosmic web.
Evolution of subhalo orbits in a smoothly growing host halo potential
Authors: Ogiya Go , Taylor James E , Hudson Michael J 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
The orbital parameters of dark matter (DM) subhaloes play an essential role in determining their mass-loss rates and overall spatial distribution within a host halo. Haloes in cosmological simulations grow by a combination of relatively smooth accretion and more violent mergers, and both processes will modify subhalo orbits. To isolate the impact of the smooth growth of the host halo from other relevant mechanisms, we study subhalo orbital evolution using numerical calculations in which subhaloes are modelled as massless particles orbiting in a time-varying spherical potential. We find that the radial action of the subhalo orbit decreases over the first few orbits, indicating that the response to the growth of the host halo is not adiabatic during this phase. The subhalo orbits can shrink by a factor of ∼1.5 in this phase. Subsequently, the radial action is well conserved and orbital contraction slows down. We propose a model accurately describing the orbital evolution. Given these results, we consider the spatial distribution of the population of subhaloes identified in high-resolution cosmological simulations. We find that it is consistent with this population having been accreted at $z \lesssim 3$, indicating that any subhaloes accreted earlier are unresolved in the simulations. We also discuss tidal stripping as a formation scenario for NGC 1052-DF2, an ultra diffuse galaxy significantly lacking DM, and find that its expected DM mass could be consistent with observational constraints if its progenitor was accreted early enough, $z \gtrsim 1.5$, although it should still be a relatively rare object.
The promise of DNA damage response inhibitors for the treatment of glioblastoma
Authors: Majd Nazanin K , Yap Timothy A , Koul Dimpy , Balasubramaniyan Veerakumar , Li Xiaolong , Khan Sabbir , Gandy Katilin S , Yung W K Alfred , de Groot John F 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), the most aggressive primary brain tumor, has a dismal prognosis. Despite our growing knowledge of genomic and epigenomic alterations in GBM, standard therapies and outcomes have not changed significantly in the past two decades. There is therefore an urgent unmet need to develop novel therapies for GBM. The inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity of GBM, inadequate drug concentrations in the tumor owing to the blood–brain barrier, redundant signaling pathways contributing to resistance to conventional therapies, and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, have all hindered the development of novel therapies for GBM. Given the high frequency of DNA damage pathway alterations in GBM, researchers have focused their efforts on pharmacologically targeting key enzymes, including poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), DNA-dependent protein kinase, ataxia telangiectasia-mutated, and ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related. The mainstays of GBM treatment, ionizing radiation and alkylating chemotherapy, generate DNA damage that is repaired through the upregulation and activation of DNA damage response (DDR) enzymes. Therefore, the use of PARP and other DDR inhibitors to render GBM cells more vulnerable to conventional treatments is an area of intense investigation. In this review, we highlight the growing body of data behind DDR inhibitors in GBM, with a focus on putative predictive biomarkers of response. We also discuss the challenges involved in the successful development of DDR inhibitors for GBM, including the intracranial location and predicted overlapping toxicities of DDR agents with current standards of care, and propose promising strategies to overcome these hurdles.
Newly discovered neuron-to-glioma communication: new noninvasive therapeutic opportunities on the horizon?
Authors: Sprugnoli Giulia , Golby Alexandra J , Santarnecchi Emiliano 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The newly discovered functional integration of glioma cells into brain networks in mouse models provides groundbreaking insight into glioma aggressiveness and resistance to treatments, also suggesting novel potential therapeutic avenues and targets. In the context of such neuron-to-glioma communication, noninvasive brain modulation techniques traditionally applied to modulate neuronal function in neurological and psychiatric diseases (eg, increase/decrease cortical excitability and plasticity) could now be tested in patients with brain tumors to suppress glioma’s activity and its pathological crosstalk with healthy brain tissue.
A case series of extraneural metastatic glioblastoma at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Authors: Noch Evan K , Sait Sameer F , Farooq Shama , Trippett Tanya M , Miller Alexandra M 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
Extraneural metastasis of glioma is a rare event, often occurring in patients with advanced disease. Genomic alterations associated with extraneural glioma metastasis remain incompletely understood.

Methods
Ten patients at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center diagnosed with extraneural metastases of glioblastoma (9 patients) and gliosarcoma (1 patient) from 2003 to 2018 were included in our analysis. Patient characteristics, clinical course, and genomic alterations were evaluated.

Results
Patient age at diagnosis ranged from 14 to 73, with 7 men and 3 women in this group. The median overall survival from initial diagnosis and from diagnosis of extraneural metastasis was 19.6 months (range 11.2 to 57.5 months) and 5 months (range 1 to 16.1 months), respectively. The most common site of extraneural metastasis was bone, with other sites being lymph nodes, dura, liver, lung, and soft tissues. All patients received surgical resection and radiation, and 9 patients received temozolomide, with subsequent chemotherapy appropriate for individual cases. 1 patient had an Ommaya and then ventriculoperitoneal shunt placed, and 1 patient underwent craniectomy for cerebral edema associated with a brain abscess at the initial site of resection. Genomic analysis of primary tumors and metastatic sites revealed shared and private mutations with a preponderance of tumor suppressor gene alterations, illustrating clonal evolution in extraneural metastases.

Conclusions
Several risk factors emerged for extraneural metastasis of glioblastoma and gliosarcoma, including sarcomatous dedifferentiation, disruption of normal anatomic barriers during surgical resection, and tumor suppressor gene alterations. Next steps with this work include validation of these genomic markers of glioblastoma metastases in larger patient populations and the development of preclinical models. This work will lead to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of metastasis to develop targeted treatments for these patients.
Infective Endocarditis Due to Corynebacterium Species: Clinical Features and Antibiotic Resistance
Authors: Bläckberg Anna , Falk Linn , Oldberg Karl , Olaison Lars , Rasmussen Magnus 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
Corynebacterium species are often dismissed as contaminants in blood cultures, but they can also cause infective endocarditis (IE), which is a severe condition. Antibiotic resistance of corynebacteria is increasing making treatment challenging. Reports on IE caused by Corynebacterium species are scarce and more knowledge is needed.

Methods
Cases of IE caused by Corynebacterium species were identified through the Swedish Registry of Infective Endocarditis. Isolates were collected for species redetermination by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight and for antibiotic susceptibility testing using Etests.

Results
Thirty episodes of IE due to Corynebacterium species were identified between 2008 and 2017. The median age of patients was 71 years (interquartile range, 60–76) and 77% were male. Corynebacterium striatum (n = 11) was the most common IE causing pathogen followed by Corynebacterium jeikeium (n = 5). Surgery was performed in 50% and in-hospital mortality rate was 13%. Patients with IE caused by Corynebacterium species were significantly more likely to have prosthetic valve endocarditis (70%), compared with patients with IE due to Staphylococcus aureus or non-beta-hemolytic streptococci (14% and 26%, respectively) (P &lt; .0001). Vancomycin was active towards all Corynebacterium isolates, whereas resistance towards penicillin G was common.

Conclusions
Corynebacterium species cause IE, where prosthetic valves are mainly affected and surgery is often performed. Corynebacterium striatum is an important causative agent of IE within the genus. Antibiotic resistance of corynebacteria is relatively common but resistance towards vancomycin could not be detected in vitro.