bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unions and Inequality over the Twentieth Century: New Evidence from Survey Data
Authors: Farber Henry S , Herbst Daniel , Kuziemko Ilyana , Naidu Suresh 
Published: April 2021

AbstractU.S. income inequality has varied inversely with union density over the past 100 years. But moving beyond this aggregate relationship has proven difficult, in part because of limited microdata on union membership prior to 1973. We develop a new source of microdata on union membership dating back to 1936, survey data primarily from Gallup (N ≈ 980,000), to examine the long-run relationship between unions and inequality. We document dramatic changes in the demographics of union members: when density was at its mid-century peak, union households were much less educated and more nonwhite than other households, whereas pre-World War II and today they are more similar to nonunion households on these dimensions. However, despite large changes in composition and density since 1936, the household union premium holds relatively steady between 10 and 20 log points. We use our data to examine the effect of unions on income inequality. Using distributional decompositions, time series regressions, state-year regressions, as well as a new instrumental-variable strategy based on the 1935 legalization of unions and the World War II–era War Labor Board, we find consistent evidence that unions reduce inequality, explaining a significant share of the dramatic fall in inequality between the mid-1930s and late 1940s.
Being overweight is associated with not reaching low disease activity in women but not men with psoriatic arthritis
Authors: Mulder Michelle L M , Wenink Mark H , Vriezekolk Johanna E 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Objective
To assess sex differences in disease activity parameters and health-related quality of life in PsA, and to assess whether determinants associated with not reaching treatment target differed between men and women.

Methods
Routine practice data of 855 PsA patients, who were all tightly monitored and treated, was used. Sex differences including, but not limited to, PsA Disease Activity Score (PASDAS), skin/nail disease, SF-12 PCS/MCS, and inflammatory back pain (IBP) were assessed. Multivariate analyses were used to examine determinants associated with not reaching treatment target (PASDAS ≤ 3.2) in men and women.

Results
Women had worse scores for—among others—swollen and tender joints, CRP, enthesitis and function (all P &lt; 0.001). Higher PASDAS scores were found for women [3.5  (1.5)] than men [2.7  (1.5), P &lt; 0.001]. Likewise, women were more often not at PASDAS treatment target (OR = 2.03, P &lt; 0.001). No difference in current medication use was found. Nail disease, IBP, number of DMARDs used (past and current), and BMI were associated with not reaching treatment target in the overall sample. For women, but not men, BMI was associated with not reaching PASDAS low disease activity (LDA) (OR between 2.41 and 3.43, P &lt; 0.001).

Conclusions
Women with PsA in a tightly monitored and treated setting have more severe disease than men. This is demonstrated by worse scores for women in both subjective and objective disease activity measures, in addition to women less often reaching the treatment target. Notably, being overweight is associated with higher disease activity in women, but not men.
WARNER MUSIC UK LTD v TUNEIN INC (No. 2)
Authors:   Chancery Division
Published: April 2021

Abstract
H1 Copyright – Infringement – Sound recordings – Internet radio services – Use of hyperlinks – Communication to the public – Scope and effect of finding on liability – Relief – Whether injunctive relief in general terms appropriate – Whether injunctive relief and any damages inquiry should be limited to specific instances of liability established at trial – Proportionality – Stay of injunction pending appeal – Costs – Relevance of commercial importance of particular issues
ANALYSES OF H*(10) DOSE RATES MEASURED IN ENVIRONMENT CONTAMINATED BY RADIOACTIVE CAESIUM: CORRECTION OF DIRECTIONAL DEPENDENCE OF SCINTILLATION DETECTORS
Authors: Tsuda S , Tanigaki M , Yoshida T , Okumura R , Saito K 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Ambient dose equivalent rates were measured in the environment of the Fukushima prefecture using NaI(Tl)/CsI(Tl) scintillation detectors and CdZnTe/Ge semiconductor detectors. The dose rates obtained at the same locations varied beyond uncertainty (1σ). By replacing the spectrum-dose conversion operators obtained from the anterior–posterior geometry with those from the rotational geometry, the dose rates agreed with each other within uncertainties, except for a CsI(Tl) scintillation detector with a considerably flat crystal configuration, due to its excessive directional dependence.
Need for Ethnic and Population Diversity in Psychosis Research
Authors: Burkhard Carla , Cicek Saba , Barzilay Ran , Radhakrishnan Rajiv , Guloksuz Sinan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This article aims to evaluate “racial”, ethnic, and population diversity—or lack thereof—in psychosis research, with a particular focus on socio-environmental studies. Samples of psychosis research remain heavily biased toward Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) societies. Furthermore, we often fail to acknowledge the lack of diversity, thereby implying that our findings can be generalized to all populations regardless of their social, ethnic, and cultural background. This has major consequences. Clinical trials generate findings that are not generalizable across ethnicity. The genomic-based prediction models are far from being applicable to the “Majority World.” Socio-environmental theories of psychosis are solely based on findings of the empirical studies conducted in WEIRD populations. If and how these socio-environmental factors affect individuals in entirely different geographic locations, gene pools, social structures and norms, cultures, and potentially protective counter-factors remain unclear. How socio-environmental factors are assessed and studied is another major shortcoming. By embracing the complexity of environment, the exposome paradigm may facilitate the evaluation of interdependent exposures, which could explain how variations in socio-environmental factors across different social and geographical settings could contribute to divergent paths to psychosis. Testing these divergent paths to psychosis will however require increasing the diversity of study populations that could be achieved by establishing true partnerships between WEIRD societies and the Majority World with the support of funding agencies aspired to foster replicable research across diverse populations. The time has come to make diversity in psychosis research more than a buzzword.
Evidence for Reduced Long-Term Potentiation-Like Visual Cortical Plasticity in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Valstad Mathias , Roelfs Daniël , Slapø Nora B , Timpe Clara M F , Rai Ahsan , Matziorinis Anna Maria , Beck Dani , Richard Geneviève , Sæther Linn Sofie , Haatveit Beathe , Nordvik Jan Egil , Hatlestad-Hall Christoffer , Einevoll Gaute T , Mäki-Marttunen Tuomo , Haram Marit , Ueland Torill , Lagerberg Trine V , Steen Nils Eiel , Melle Ingrid , Westlye Lars T , Jönsson Erik G , Andreassen Ole A , Moberget Torgeir , Elvsåshagen Torbjørn 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Several lines of research suggest that impairments in long-term potentiation (LTP)-like synaptic plasticity might be a key pathophysiological mechanism in schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder type I (BDI) and II (BDII). Using modulations of visually evoked potentials (VEP) of the electroencephalogram, impaired LTP-like visual cortical plasticity has been implicated in patients with BDII, while there has been conflicting evidence in SZ, a lack of research in BDI, and mixed results regarding associations with symptom severity, mood states, and medication. We measured the VEP of patients with SZ spectrum disorders (n = 31), BDI (n = 34), BDII (n = 33), and other BD spectrum disorders (n = 2), and age-matched healthy control (HC) participants (n = 200) before and after prolonged visual stimulation. Compared to HCs, modulation of VEP component N1b, but not C1 or P1, was impaired both in patients within the SZ spectrum (χ 2 = 35.1, P = 3.1 × 10−9) and BD spectrum (χ 2 = 7.0, P = 8.2 × 10−3), including BDI (χ 2 = 6.4, P = .012), but not BDII (χ 2 = 2.2, P = .14). N1b modulation was also more severely impaired in SZ spectrum than BD spectrum patients (χ 2 = 14.2, P = 1.7 × 10−4). N1b modulation was not significantly associated with Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) negative or positive symptoms scores, number of psychotic episodes, Montgomery and Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) scores, or Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) scores after multiple comparison correction, although a nominal association was observed between N1b modulation and PANSS negative symptoms scores among SZ spectrum patients. These results suggest that LTP-like plasticity is impaired in SZ and BD. Adding to previous genetic, pharmacological, and electrophysiological evidence, these results implicate aberrant synaptic plasticity as a mechanism underlying SZ and BD.
Paradoxes of Pluralism, Privilege, and Persecution: Explaining Christian Growth and Decline Worldwide
Authors: Saiya Nilay , Manchanda Stuti 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This article examines the effect of church–state relations on projected rates of Christian population growth or decline worldwide. It makes the paradoxical argument that contexts of both pluralism and persecution do not impede Christian growth rates. In these environments, Christians do not have the luxury of becoming complacent. On one hand, pluralism means that Christianity must actively compete with other faith traditions in order to gain and maintain adherents. On the other hand, persecution can, paradoxically, sometimes strengthen Christianity by deepening attachments to faith and reinforcing solidarity among Christians. Rather, it is a third type of relationship—privilege, or state support for Christianity—that corresponds to the greatest threat to projected growth in Christianity. Countries where Christianity is privileged by the state encourage apathy and the politicization of religion, resulting in a less dynamic faith and the projected decline of Christian populations. We test these propositions using a cross-national, time-series analysis of a global sample of countries from 2010 to 2020. Our findings provide support for our theory that Christianity suffers in contexts of privilege but not in environments of pluralism or persecution. The finding is robust to a number of model specifications and statistical approaches.
Effects of prolonging the interval from progestin removal to prostaglandin F2α injection from 16 to 17 d in a long-term estrus synchronization protocol in beef heifers
Authors: Oosthuizen Nicola , Melo Gabriela D , Seidel George E , Stewart R Lawton , Rowden Larry , Lamb Graham C , Fontes Pedro L P 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
To determine effects of delaying the injection of prostaglandin F2α (PGF) and fixed-time artificial insemination (TAI) in the 14-d CIDR-PG protocol, 1,049 Angus heifers at six locations were enrolled in a completely randomized design. Within location heifers were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: 1) PG16 (n = 518), heifers received a controlled internal drug release (CIDR) insert on d 0 for 14 d, a 25-mg injection of PGF 16 d after CIDR removal (d 30), and a 100-µg injection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone concurrent with TAI 66 ± 2 h later; or 2) PG17 (n = 531), heifers were treated the same as PG16, however, PGF was administered 17 d after CIDR removal (d 31), and heifers were TAI 66 ± 2 h later. Estrus detection patches were applied to a subset (n = 482) of heifers at the time of PGF administration and were examined for activation at TAI. Dominant follicle diameter was determined via transrectal ultrasonography at PGF administration and TAI in a subset of heifers (n = 116). Transrectal ultrasonography was performed to determine pregnancy rates to TAI (PR/AI) between 30 and 45 d after TAI. Estrus expression prior to TAI differed by treatment where PG17 heifers had greater (P &lt; 0.01) expression of estrus than PG16 heifers (57.8 ± 6.1% vs. 43.4 ± 6.1%, respectively). Nevertheless, dominant follicle diameters at PGF and at TAI were similar (P ≥ 0.59) between PG16 and PG17 heifers. In addition, PR/AI did not differ (P = 0.29) between PG16 and PG17 treatments (50.5 ± 3.2% vs. 45.7 ± 3.1%, respectively). Results of this experiment indicate that delaying the injection of PGF and TAI in the 14-d CIDR-PG protocol increased estrus expression prior to TAI yet did not improve fertility in beef heifers.
Veterinary Professions Advising Center: an innovative approach to preveterinary advising for Animal Science students
Authors: Trivedi Shweta , Clark Jessica C , See M Todd 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Veterinary Professions Advising Center (VetPAC) is a unique undergraduate advising center that combines Career Center services with preprofessional advising for preveterinary students at North Carolina State University (NCSU). During the past 10 years, VetPAC has created five distinct internships, three annual study abroad courses, and a competitive annual high school summer camp, provided holistic advising, and hosted large-scale advising events that consistently provide resources to more than 800 students annually. The VetPAC provided outreach to an average of 13 local high schools per academic year and educated over 300 visiting students about VetPAC and preveterinary life at NCSU since 2015. NCSU College of Veterinary Medicine has had a minimum of 26% and a maximum of 45% DVM students in the incoming classes who accessed VetPAC resources and advising. This article presents the impact VetPAC has had on preveterinary student success at NCSU and provides an outline of VetPAC’s first 10 years of development as a model of combined career services and preprofessional advising for peer institutions.
Pushing to the Limits: What Processes during Cognitive Control are Enhanced by Reaction–Time Feedback?
Authors: Prochnow Astrid , Mückschel Moritz , Beste Christian 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTo respond as quickly as possible in a given task is a widely used instruction in cognitive neuroscience; however, the neural processes modulated by this common experimental procedure remain largely elusive. We investigated the underlying neurophysiological processes combining electroencephalography (EEG) signal decomposition (residue iteration decomposition, RIDE) and source localization. We show that trial-based response speed instructions enhance behavioral performance in conflicting trials, but slightly impair performance in nonconflicting trials. The modulation seen in conflicting trials was found at several coding levels in EEG data using RIDE. In the S-cluster N2 time window, this modulation was associated with modulated activation in the posterior cingulate cortex and the superior frontal gyrus. Furthermore, in the C-cluster P3 time window, this modulation was associated with modulated activation in the middle frontal gyrus. Interestingly, in the R-cluster P3 time window, this modulation was strongest according to statistical effect sizes, associated with modulated activity in the primary motor cortex. Reaction–time feedback mainly modulates response motor execution processes, whereas attentional and response selection processes are less affected. The study underlines the importance of being aware of how experimental instructions influence the behavior and neurophysiological processes.
Graduate Student Outcomes Following Critical Care Simulation: An Italian Pilot Study
Authors: Dante Angelo , Bruni Emanuela , La Cerra Carmen , Caponnetto Valeria , Masotta Vittorio , Petrucci Cristina , Alfes Celeste M. , Lancia Loreto 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
High-fidelity simulation provides nursing students with the opportunity to learn and achieve competence in a safe context. The aim of the study was to assess learning outcomes following multiple exposures to high-fidelity simulation sessions. The sample consisted of 18 graduate students enrolled in a critical care nursing course. A four-hour high-fidelity simulation experience was conducted, with a four-hour retraining one month after. Group performance, self-efficacy, self-confidence, and satisfaction improved after multiple exposures to high-fidelity simulation. High-fidelity simulation is a valid adjunct to nursing education in the short term and may improve learning when offered at multiple time points.
Complications and Revision Rates in Minimally Invasive Robotic-Guided Versus Fluoroscopic-Guided Spinal Fusions
Authors: Good Christopher R. , Orosz Lindsay , Schroerlucke Samuel R. , Cannestra Andrew , Lim Jae Y. , Hsu Victor W. , Zahrawi Faissal , Villalobos Hunaldo J. , Ramirez Pedro M. , Sweeney Thomas , Wang Michael Y. 
Published: April 2021

Study Design.
Prospective, multicenter, partially randomized.

Objective.
Assess rates of complications, revision surgery, and radiation between Mazor robotic-guidance (RG) and fluoro-guidance (FG).

Summary of Background Data.
Minimally invasive surgery MIS ReFRESH is the first study designed to compare RG and FG techniques in adult minimally invasive surgery (MIS) lumbar fusions.

Methods.
Primary endpoints were analyzed at 1 year follow-up. Analysis of variables through Cox logistic regression and a Kaplan–Meier Survival Curve of surgical complications.

Results.
Nine sites enrolled 485 patients: 374 (RG arm) and 111 (FG arm). 93.2% of patients had more than 1 year f/u. There were no differences for sex, Charlson Comorbidity Index, diabetes, or tumor. Mean age of RG patients was 59.0 versus 62.5 for FG (P = 0.009) and body mass index (BMI) was 31.2 versus 28.1 (P< 0.001). Percentage of smokers was almost double in the RG (15.2% vs. 7.2%, P = 0.029). Surgical time was similar (skin-to-skin time/no. of screws) at 24.9 minutes RG and 22.9 FG (P = 0.550). Fluoroscopy during surgery/no. of screws was 15.5 seconds RG versus 35.4 seconds FG, (15 seconds average reduction). Fluoroscopy time during instrumentation/no. of screws was 3.6 seconds RG versus 17.8 seconds FG showing an 80% average reduction of fluoro time/screw in RG (P < 0.001). Within 1 year follow-up, there were 39 (10.4%) surgical complications RG versus 39 (35.1%) FG, and 8 (2.1%) revisions RG versus 7 (6.3%) FG. Cox regression analysis including age, sex, BMI, CCI, and no. of screws, demonstrated that the hazard ratio (HR) for complication was 5.8 times higher FG versus RG (95% CI: 3.5–9.6, P < 0.001). HR for revision surgery was 11.0 times higher FG versus RG cases (95% CI 2.9–41.2, P < 0.001).

Conclusion.
Mazor robotic-guidance was found to have a 5.8 times lower risk of a surgical complication and 11.0 times lower risk for revision surgery. Surgical time was similar between groups and robotic-guidance reduced fluoro time per screw by 80% (approximately 1 min/case).

Level of Evidence: 2
Exploring Patients’ Perceptions on ICU Diaries: A Systematic Review and Qualitative Data Synthesis
Authors: Brandao Barreto Bruna , Luz Mariana , Alves Valente do Amaral Lopes Selma , Goulart Rosa Regis , Gusmao-Flores Dimitri 
Published: April 2021

OBJECTIVES:
This study aims to summarize the current qualitative evidence on patients’ experiences of reading the ICU diaries.

DATA SOURCES:
We searched the online databases PubMed, Ovid, EMBASE, and EBSCO host from inception to July 2020.

STUDY SELECTION:
All studies that presented any qualitative findings regarding patients’ experiences of reading an ICU diary were included.

DATA EXTRACTION:
Study design, location, publication year, data collection method, and mode, all qualitative themes identified and reported, and participant quotations, when appropriate. We also extracted data regarding the diary structure, when available. A thematic synthesis approach was used to analyze and synthesize qualitative data.

DATA SYNTHESIS:
Seventeen studies were analyzed. Most patients reported positive experiences with the ICU diary, such as understanding what they survived during critical illness, better understanding the process of recovery, gaining coherence of nightmares and delusional memories, realizing the importance of the presence of family and loved ones during ICU stay, and humanizing healthcare professionals that helped them survive critical illness. Patients also reported which components of the diary were important for their recovery, such as the presence of photographs and reading the diary with a healthcare professional, allowing the improvement of the concept of the ICU diary.

Conclusion:
This qualitative synthesis shows that patients recommend having an ICU diary, enlightening benefits such as better coping with the slow recovery from critical illness, strengthening family ties, and humanizing the ICU staff. It also identifies characteristics of the diary valued by the patients, in order to standardize the ICU diary according to their perspectives, and allowing future comparability between randomized controlled trials.
Impact of Use of Antibiotics on Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Tumor Microenvironment
Authors: Khan Uqba , Ho Kaylee , Hwang Eun Kyeong , Peña Cristian , Brouwer Julianna , Hoffman Katherine , Betel Doron , Sonnenberg Gregory F. , Faltas Bishoy , Saxena Ashish , Weisiger Kaitlin Eng , Oh Sarah , Hissong Erika , RoyChoudhury Arindam , Shah Manish A. 
Published: April 2021

Background:
Antibiotic use can result in reduced efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), presumably because of dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiome. We sought to determine the precise temporal relation between antibiotic therapy and its possible effects on ICB efficacy. We also investigated the histologic changes in the tumor microenvironment secondary to antibiotics use.

Methods and Objectives:
This was a single institution retrospective study that evaluated the impact of antibiotics on outcomes of patients with advanced or metastatic malignancy who were treated with ICB. Use of antibiotics among patients treated with ICB was assessed during a 12-week period before and after initiation of ICB. The primary outcome was response to ICB. Histologic changes in the tumor microenvironment following antibiotics use were also examined.

Results:
Between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2018, 414 patients were identified who received ICB, and 207 patients (50%) received antibiotics within 12 weeks (before/after) of initiation of ICB. In univariate analysis, antibiotic use following initiation of ICB was associated with a significantly reduced response (odds ratio [OR]: 0.33, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.2-0.52, P<0.001). There was no significant negative impact on response to immunotherapy when antibiotics were used before ICB initiation (OR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.55-1.34, P=0.52). The maximal negative impact of antibiotics occurred in the first 6 weeks after initiating ICB, and was independently associated with significantly reduced likelihood of response to immunotherapy in multivariable analysis (OR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.29-0.8, P=0.01).

Conclusions:
This study demonstrates that the use of antibiotics during ICB significantly negatively impacts the efficacy of immunotherapy. The maximal negative impact occurs if the antibiotics are used in the first 6 weeks after initiating ICB.