bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pd‐Catalyzed Oxidative Sulfoalkenylation of Acetanilides and Traceless Removal of the Catalyst Directing Group
Authors: Sand Patrick , Schmidt Bernd 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe palladium‐catalyzed oxidative Heck‐reaction, also referred to as Fujiwara‐Moritani‐reaction, has been investigated for the synthesis of styrenylsulfonyl compounds. Acetanilides and vinylsulfonyl compounds undergo dehydrogenative coupling reactions in moderate to quantitative yields, using benzoquinone as the oxidant of choice. Potassium peroxodisulfate, which had previously been identified as a superior oxidant for the coupling with acrylates, did not provide any coupling products with these olefins. Traceless removal of the catalyst directing group through a deacetylation‐diazotation‐coupling (DDC) sequence was demonstrated for 2‐arylethene sulfones.
Mi Casa Es Tu Casa: Immigrant Entrepreneurs as Pathways to Foreign Venture Capital Investments
Authors: Balachandran Sarath , Hernandez Exequiel 
Published: April 2021

AbstractResearch SummaryVenture capital (VC) firms predominantly source investments from local networks within tight geographic bounds. Against that tendency, VCs are increasingly investing internationally—but with substantial heterogeneity across firms in extent, location, and success. We propose a mechanism that explains these patterns. The ties VCs form to immigrant entrepreneurs when investing domestically provide access to the knowledge and connections of those immigrants, which facilitates VC investments in the immigrants' homelands. Using data on U.S. VC activity in India, we find that firms invest in more Indian startups as their ties to Indian entrepreneurs in the United States increase—particularly in the Indian region where immigrants originate and when the VC faces heightened domestic competition. Such ties also enhance the odds of successful exit for the VC's Indian investments.Managerial SummaryWhy are venture capital (VC) firms increasingly investing in foreign startups, and why do these firms differ in the location and success of such international investments? We demonstrate that the ties to immigrant entrepreneurs VCs establish when investing domestically provide knowledge and connections that enable future VC investments in the immigrants' homelands. Using data on U.S. VC firms, we find that the more ties to Indian immigrant entrepreneurs a firm develops, the more it subsequently invests in Indian startups. This effect is stronger when the VC firm faces heightened domestic competition (a push effect) and in the specific regions of India where the immigrants originate (a pull effect). Domestic ties to Indian immigrants also help U.S. VCs make more successful investments in India.
Impaired learning and memory in mice induced by nano neodymium oxide and possible mechanisms
Authors: Yang Ning , Yang Jing , Liu Yang , Fan Hongxing , Ji Le , Wu Tao , Jia Dantong , Ye Qianru , Wu Gang 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA growing number of individuals are now exposed to neodymium (Nd) owing to its extensive applications. However, the biological effects of Nd on humans, especially on learning and memory, remain elusive. To investigate whether Nd exposure affects learning and memory, in this study female ICR mice were exposed to nano Nd2O3 via intranasal instillation at doses of 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg body weight, daily for 45 days. According to Morris water maze data, learning and memory parameters were significantly reduced in the 150 mg/kg nano‐Nd2O3 group than the sham control. Furthermore, inductively coupled plasma–mass spectroscopy analysis revealed that Nd levels were significantly higher in the hippo campus of the 100 and 150 mg/kg exposed group than the sham control; however, no significant differences were observed in the hippocampal histopathology between these groups. Furthermore, reactive oxygen species were elevated in hippocampal tissues of experimental groups than the sham control, 447.3 in high dose group and 360.0 in control group; however, malondialdehyde levels were significantly increased and superoxide dismutase activities were decreased only in mice exposed to 100 and 150 mg/kg Nd2O3. High‐performance liquid chromatography data demonstrated that levels of glutamic acid, glycine, and gamma‐aminobutyric acid were higher in the hippocampus of mice exposed to 150 mg/kg Nd2O3 than the sham control. Our findings indicated that the neuronal injury was induced by disruption of the oxidation–antioxidation homeostasis and altered amino acid neurotransmitter levels in the hippocampus, which could result in the poor cognitive performance demonstrated by exposed mice.
Teaching Students to Translate Poetry
Authors: Fishman Eric 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe author describes a heritage language poetry translation project taught in a third‐ and fourth‐grade classroom with both multilingual and monolingual students. Students interviewed family members about their heritage languages, worked with family and community members to choose and analyze a poem in their heritage language, identified essential features of the poem, and developed two interpretive translations of the poem in English. The author discusses supports provided for students with a variety of linguistic and academic profiles. Teaching literary translation centers the linguistic and cultural knowledge of multilingual students, and helps all students develop translingual competencies as close readers and nuanced writers.
Emphysematous hepatic abscess and pyometra, both caused byBurkholderia cepacia, in a bitch
Authors: Carrillo Juana , Escobar Maria Teresa , Porlan Sandra , Rodenas Carmen , Agut Amalia 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA thirteen‐year‐old female intact mixed dog was presented to the emergency service with a history of vomiting and apathy. The bitch was under treatment of prednisone for chronic cough. The patient was depressed and showed abdominal pain. Abdominal radiographs revealed an increased liver size, a rounded structure of gas opacity located within the liver and a soft tissue opacity mass in the caudal abdomen. The ultrasonographic findings of the abdomen were consistent with emphysematous hepatic abscess (HA), vacuolar hepatopathy, focal peritonitis and pyometra. Surgical drainage, lavage and omentalisation of the liver abscess were performed, followed by an ovariohysterectomy. Twelve hours after surgery, the patient died due to the suspected multiple organ failure. Culture of the abscess and uterine fluid revealed presence ofBurkholderia cepacia. To the authors’ knowledge, this report represented the first description of HA presumably caused by the haematogeneous spread ofBurkholderia cepaciafrom a uterine infection.
Challenges in the Application of Manganese Oxide Powders as OER Electrocatalysts: Synthesis, Characterization, Activity and Stability of Nine Different MnxOy Compounds
Authors: Heese‐Gärtlein Justus , Rabe Anna , Behrens Malte 
Published: May 2021

AbstractManganese oxides are seen as potential electrocatalysts for the alkaline oxygen evolution reaction (OER). To find the most suitable OER catalyst among the large number of known manganese oxide compounds, several comparative studies of selected MnxOy materials in water oxidation catalysis were reported in recent years with, in some cases, conflicting results. In this study, nine different manganese oxide powders differing in structure and/or composition were synthesized, characterized and compared regarding their OER activity and stability using a consistent set of experimental parameters. It turned out that the activity generally depends strongly on the manganese oxide compound. α‐MnO2 manganese oxides of the hollandite‐type were found to be more active than those with a lower oxidation state or other crystal structures. The most active catalyst cryptomelane, α‐(K)MnO2, reached a current density of 10 mA/cm2 at 1.77±0.02 V in LSV measurements. At a potential of 1.8 V, the current density was approximately 15 mA cm−2. In contrast, the samples with the lowest activity exhibited values less than 1 mA cm−2 at the same potential. The stability experiments revealed a fast decrease in activity of all samples within the first minutes of measurement and an almost complete activity loss after 60 min. Conductivity differences are discussed as a likely reason for the observed differences in performance.
Simulating magnetic monopole-defect dynamics
Authors: Lenhart Gannon E. , Royston Andrew B. , Wright Keaton E. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We present simulations of one magnetic monopole interacting with multiple magnetic singularities. Three-dimensional plots of the energy density are constructed from explicit solutions to the Bogomolny equation obtained by Blair, Cherkis, and Durcan. Animations follow trajectories derived from collective coordinate mechanics on the multi-centered Taub-NUT monopole moduli space. We supplement our numerical results with a complete analytic treatment of the single-defect case.
Replica wormholes for an evaporating 2D black hole
Authors: Goto Kanato , Hartman Thomas , Tajdini Amirhossein 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Quantum extremal islands reproduce the unitary Page curve of an evaporating black hole. This has been derived by including replica wormholes in the gravitational path integral, but for the transient, evaporating black holes most relevant to Hawking’s paradox, these wormholes have not been analyzed in any detail. In this paper we study replica wormholes for black holes formed by gravitational collapse in Jackiw-Teitelboim gravity, and confirm that they lead to the island rule for the entropy. The main technical challenge is that replica wormholes rely on a Euclidean path integral, while the quantum extremal islands of an evaporating black hole exist only in Lorentzian signature. Furthermore, the Euclidean equations for the Schwarzian mode are non-local, so it is unclear how to connect to the local, Lorentzian dynamics of an evaporating black hole. We address these issues with Schwinger-Keldysh techniques and show how the non-local equations reduce to the local ‘boundary particle’ description in special cases.
Forschen in einer extremen Umwelt
Authors: Heine Eike-Christian 
Published: May 2021

Zusammenfassung1958 startete vor der kleinasiatischen Küste eines der ersten Vorhaben für eine systematische archäologische Kampagne unter der Wasseroberfläche. Dabei wurde vor dem Kap Gelidonya das Wrack eines bronzezeitlichen Schiffs untersucht. Um die Arbeitsweise und die konkreten Probleme der Unterwasserarchäologie näher zu beleuchten, umfasst dieser Beitrag neben einer Beschreibung der konkreten Forschungsgegenstände und der eingesetzten technischen Hilfsmitteln auch die naturräumlichen Eigenschaften sowie die politischen Rahmenbedingungen jener Zeit. Am Übergang zwischen kolonialem Zeitalter und Kaltem Krieg zeichnet er zudem die biografischen Wege nach, welche die zentralen Akteur*innen der Kampagne am Fundort zusammenführten. Das ist notwendig, um zu verstehen, wieso Taucher*innen, die keine etablierten Archäolog*innen waren, diese Kampagne anstießen und durchführten. Der Artikel analysiert außerdem den Stand der Forschung im Jahr 1960 in diesem Feld und die Schwierigkeiten und Lösungen bei der Arbeit unter Wasser. Er versteht sich als Beitrag zur noch ungeschriebenen Geschichte der Unterwasserarchäologie.
Reduced beta cell number rather than size is a major contributor to beta cell loss in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Sasaki Hironobu , Saisho Yoshifumi , Inaishi Jun , Watanabe Yuusuke , Tsuchiya Tami , Makio Masayoshi , Sato Midori , Nishikawa Masaru , Kitago Minoru , Yamada Taketo , Itoh Hiroshi 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Aims/hypothesis
Type 2 diabetes is characterised by reduced beta cell mass (BCM). However, it remains uncertain whether the reduction in BCM in type 2 diabetes is due to a decrease in size or number of beta cells. Our aim was to examine the impact of beta cell size and number on islet morphology in humans with and without type 2 diabetes.

Methods
Pancreas samples were obtained from 64 Japanese adults with (n = 26) and without (n = 38) type 2 diabetes who underwent pancreatectomy. Using pancreatic tissues stained for insulin, we estimated beta cell size based on beta cell diameter. Beta cell number was estimated from the product of fractional beta cell area and pancreas volume divided by beta cell size. The associations of beta cell size and number with islet morphology and metabolic status were examined.

Results
Both beta cell size (548.7 ± 58.5 vs 606.7 ± 65.0 μm3, p < 0.01) and number (5.10 × 108 ± 2.35 × 108 vs 8.16 × 108 ± 4.27 × 108, p < 0.01) were decreased in participants with type 2 diabetes compared with those without diabetes, with the relative reduction in beta cell number (37%) being greater than for beta cell size (10%). Beta cell number but not size was positively correlated with BCM in participants with and without type 2 diabetes (r = 0.97 and r = 0.98, both p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with HbA1c (r = −0.45, p < 0.01).

Conclusions/interpretation
Both beta cell size and number were reduced in participants with type 2 diabetes, with the relative reduction in beta cell number being greater. Decrease in beta cell number appears to be a major contributor to reduced BCM in type 2 diabetes.

Graphical abstract
Air pollution and trajectories of adolescent conduct problems: the roles of ethnicity and racism; evidence from the DASH longitudinal study
Authors: Karamanos A. , Mudway I. , Kelly F. , Beevers S. D. , Dajnak D. , Elia C. , Cruickshank J. K. , Lu Y. , Tandon S. , Enayat E. , Dazzan P. , Maynard M. , Harding S. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Purpose
No known UK empirical research has investigated prospective associations between ambient air pollutants and conduct problems in adolescence. Ethnic minority children are disproportionately exposed to structural factors that could moderate any observed relationships. This prospective study examined whether exposure to PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations is associated with conduct problems in adolescence, and whether racism or ethnicity moderate such associations.

Methods
Longitudinal associations between annual mean estimated PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations at the residential address and trajectories of conduct problems, and the potential influence of racism and ethnicity were examined school-based sample of 4775 participants (2002–2003 to 2005–2006) in London, using growth curve models.

Results
Overall, in the fully adjusted model, exposure to lower concentrations of PM2.5 and NO2 was associated with a decrease in conduct problems during adolescence, while exposure to higher concentrations was associated with a flattened trajectory of conduct symptoms. Racism amplified the effect of PM2.5 (β = 0.05 (95% CI 0.01 to 0.10, p < 0.01)) on adolescent trajectories of conduct problems over time. At higher concentrations of PM2.5, there was a divergence of trajectories of adolescent conduct problems between ethnic minority groups, with White British and Black Caribbean adolescents experiencing an increase in conduct problems over time.

Conclusion
These findings suggest that the intersections between air pollution, ethnicity, and racism are important influences on the development of conduct problems in adolescence.
Patientensicherheit in der endoprothetischen Weiterbildung
Authors: Rohe S. , Brodt S. , Windisch C. , Matziolis G. , Böhle S. 
Published: April 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Ziel der Studie war die Untersuchung, ob sich das perioperative Outcome und operationsspezifische Prozessgrößen bei Patienten mit Hüftgelenksersatz signifikant verschlechtern, wenn die Operation durch einen unerfahrenen Operateur, assistiert durch einen erfahrenen Operateur, im Kontext eines zertifizierten Endoprothesenzentrums durchgeführt wird.

Material und Methoden
Es wurden 1480 Patienten eingeschlossen, die zwischen 2013 und 2016 bei primärer Koxarthrose mit einer primären zementfreien Hüfttotalendoprothese (HTEP) versorgt wurden. Die relevanten Daten wurden retrospektiv aus dem Krankenhausinformationssystem, dem Entlassungsbrief und aus dem EndoCert-Bogen dokumentiert. Die Operateure wurden nach ihrer Qualifikation in erfahrene (Senior, > 50 HTEP pro Jahr) und unerfahrene Operateure (Junior, < 50 HTEP pro Jahr) unterteilt. Anschließend erfolgte der Vergleich der erhobenen Daten anhand dieser Unterteilung.

Resultate
Es zeigte sich bei unerfahrenen Operateuren eine signifikante Verlängerung der Operationsdauer um 20,7 min (Senior 62,6 ± 20,4 min; Junior 83,3 ± 19,5 min; p ≤ 0,001), der Krankenhausverweildauer um 0,25 Tage (Senior 8,8 ± 0,9 d; Junior 9,0 ± 0,9 d; p ≤ 0,001) und eine Erhöhung der Transfusionshäufigkeit von Erythrozytenkonzentraten (Senior 0,6 ± 1,1 Stk.; Junior 0,9 ± 1,4 Stk.; p ≤ 0,001). Dagegen zeigte sich kein Unterschied bei perioperativen Komplikationen (p = 0,682) und beim perioperativen Blutverlust (Senior 1,3 ± 0,5 l; Junior 1,3 ± 0,5 l; p = 0,097). Zwischen Operationsdauer und Blutverlust bestand allerdings eine positive Korrelation (Senior r = 0,183; Junior r = 0,214; jeweils p ≤ 0,01).

Schlussfolgerung
Die Ausbildung von unerfahrenen Operateuren an einem zertifizierten Endoprothesenzentrum führt bei Assistenz durch erfahrene Operateure nicht zur Reduktion der Patientensicherheit mit vermehrten Komplikationen. Aufgrund der Operationszeitverlängerung kommt es allerdings zu einer Mehrbelastung der Kliniken im Wettbewerb mit nichtausbildenden Kliniken, die nicht im DRG-System abgebildet ist.
Social robots and the risks to reciprocity
Authors: van Wynsberghe Aimee 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA growing body of research can be found in which roboticists are designing for reciprocity as a key construct for successful human–robot interaction (HRI). Given the centrality of reciprocity as a component for our moral lives (for moral development and maintaining the just society), this paper confronts the possibility of what things would look like if the benchmark to achieve perceived reciprocity were accomplished. Through an analysis of the value of reciprocity from the care ethics tradition the richness of reciprocity as an inherent value is revealed: on the micro-level, as mutual care for immediate care givers, and on the macro-level, as foundational for a just society. Taking this understanding of reciprocity into consideration, it becomes clear that HRI cannot achieve this bidirectional value of reciprocity; a robot must deceive users into believing it is capable of reciprocating to humans or is deserving of reciprocation from humans. Moreover, on the macro-level, designing social robots for reciprocity threatens the ability and willingness to reciprocate to human care workers across society. Because of these concerns, I suggest re-thinking the goals of reciprocity in social robotics. Designing for reciprocity in social robotics should be dedicated to the design of robots to enhance the ability to mutually care for those that provide us with care, as opposed to designing for reciprocity between human and robot.
A multigrid preconditioner for tensor product spline smoothing
Authors: Siebenborn Martin , Wagner Julian 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPenalized spline smoothing is a well-established, nonparametric regression method that is efficient for one and two covariates. Its extension to more than two covariates is straightforward but suffers from exponentially increasing memory demands and computational complexity, which brings the method to its numerical limit. Penalized spline smoothing with multiple covariates requires solving a large-scale, regularized least-squares problem where the occurring matrices do not fit into storage of common computer systems. To overcome this restriction, we introduce a matrix-free implementation of the conjugate gradient method. We further present a matrix-free implementation of a simple diagonal as well as more advanced geometric multigrid preconditioner to significantly speed up convergence of the conjugate gradient method. All algorithms require a negligible amount of memory and therefore allow for penalized spline smoothing with multiple covariates. Moreover, for arbitrary but fixed covariate dimension, we show grid independent convergence of the multigrid preconditioner which is fundamental to achieve algorithmic scalability.
Peptide array–based interactomics
Authors: Hernandez Daniel Perez , Dittmar Gunnar 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe analysis of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) is essential for the understanding of cellular signaling. Besides probing PPIs with immunoprecipitation-based techniques, peptide pull-downs are an alternative tool specifically useful to study interactome changes induced by post-translational modifications. Peptides for pull-downs can be chemically synthesized and thus offer the possibility to include amino acid exchanges and post-translational modifications (PTMs) in the pull-down reaction. The combination of peptide pull-down and analysis of the binding partners with mass spectrometry offers the direct measurement of interactome changes induced by PTMs or by amino acid exchanges in the interaction site. The possibility of large-scale peptide synthesis on a membrane surface opened the possibility to systematically analyze interactome changes for mutations of many proteins at the same time. Short linear motifs (SLiMs) are amino acid patterns that can mediate protein binding. A significant number of SLiMs are located in regions of proteins, which are lacking a secondary structure, making the interaction motifs readily available for binding reactions. Peptides are particularly well suited to study protein interactions, which are based on SLiM-mediated binding. New technologies using arrayed peptides for interaction studies are able to identify SLIM-based interaction and identify the interaction motifs.Graphical abstract
Correlation energy of a weakly interacting Fermi gas
Authors: Benedikter Niels , Nam Phan Thành , Porta Marcello , Schlein Benjamin , Seiringer Robert 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe derive rigorously the leading order of the correlation energy of a Fermi gas in a scaling regime of high density and weak interaction. The result verifies the prediction of the random-phase approximation. Our proof refines the method of collective bosonization in three dimensions. We approximately diagonalize an effective Hamiltonian describing approximately bosonic collective excitations around the Hartree–Fock state, while showing that gapless and non-collective excitations have only a negligible effect on the ground state energy.