bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A microlensing search of 700 million VVV light curves
Authors: Husseiniova Andrea , McGill Peter , Smith Leigh C , Evans N Wyn 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
The VISTA Variables in the Via Lactea (VVV) survey and its extension have been monitoring about 560 deg2 of sky centred on the Galactic bulge and inner disc for nearly a decade. The photometric catalogue contains of order 10$^9$ sources monitored in the $K_s$ band down to 18 mag over hundreds of epochs from 2010 to 2019. Using these data we develop a decision tree classifier to identify microlensing events. As inputs to the tree, we extract a few physically motivated features as well as simple statistics ensuring a good fit to a microlensing model both on and off the event amplification. This produces a fast and efficient classifier trained on a set of simulated microlensing events and catacylsmic variables, together with flat baseline light curves randomly chosen from the VVV data. The classifier achieves 97 per cent accuracy in identifying simulated microlensing events in a validation set. We run the classifier over the VVV data set and then visually inspect the results, which produces a catalogue of 1959 microlensing events. For these events, we provide the Einstein radius crossing time via a Bayesian analysis. The spatial dependence on recovery efficiency of our classifier is well characterized, and this allows us to compute spatially resolved completeness maps as a function of Einstein crossing time over the VVV footprint. We compare our approach to previous microlensing searches of the VVV. We highlight the importance of Bayesian fitting to determine the microlensing parameters for events with surveys like VVV with sparse data.
Shock–multicloud interactions in galactic outflows – II. Radiative fractal clouds and cold gas thermodynamics
Authors: Banda-Barragán W E , Brüggen M , Heesen V , Scannapieco E , Cottle J , Federrath C , Wagner A Y 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
Galactic winds are crucial to the cosmic cycle of matter, transporting material out of the dense regions of galaxies. Observations show the coexistence of different temperature phases in such winds, which is not easy to explain. We present a set of 3D shock–multicloud simulations that account for radiative heating and cooling at temperatures between $10^2$ and $10^7\, \rm K$. The interplay between shock heating, dynamical instabilities, turbulence, and radiative heating and cooling creates a complex multiphase flow with a rain-like morphology. Cloud gas fragments and is continuously eroded, becoming efficiently mixed and mass loaded. The resulting warm mixed gas then cools down and precipitates into new dense cloudlets, which repeat the process. Thus, radiative cooling is able to sustain fast-moving dense gas by aiding condensation of gas from warm clouds and the hot wind. In the ensuing outflow, hot gas with temperatures ${\gtrsim}10^6\, \rm K$ outruns the warm and cold phases, which reach thermal equilibrium near ${\approx}10^4$ and ${\approx}10^2\, \rm K$, respectively. Although the volume filling factor of hot gas is higher in the outflow, most of the mass is concentrated in dense gas cloudlets and filaments with these temperatures. More porous multicloud layers result in more vertically extended outflows, and dense gas is more efficiently produced in more compact layers. The cold phase is not accelerated by ram pressure, but, instead, precipitates from warm and mixed gas out of thermal equilibrium. This cycle can explain the presence of high-velocity H i gas with $N_{\rm H\, \small {I}}=10^{19\!-\!21}\, \rm cm^{-2}$ and $\Delta v_{{\rm FWHM}}\lesssim 37\, \rm km\, s^{-1}$ in the Galactic Centre outflow.
Get Smart: Outcomes, Influence, and Responsibility
Authors: Milam Per-Erik 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOnce relegated to the margins of the responsibility debate, moral influence theories have recently been rehabilitated. This paper offers a moral influence theory with two parts: a theory of responsibility as influenceability and an act-consequentialist justification of blame. I defend this account against six concerns commonly raised both by opponents and by advocates of similar views. Some concerns target act consequentialism, claiming that it 1) permits blaming innocents; 2) permits coercion, manipulation, and other objectionable forms of influence; and 3) fails to capture intuitions about desert. Other concerns target responsibility as influenceability, claiming that influenceability accounts are 4) unsophisticated, 5) make ascriptions of responsibility dependent on assessments of permissible blame, and 6) have various counterintuitive implications.
Characterizing the Value of Morally Responsible Agency
Authors: Robichaud Philip 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Moral influence theories of responsibility justify practices of praising and blaming by pointing to their effects on the development of our reasons-responsive capacities. Exercising these capacities has instrumental value—for example, they enable agents to act rightly and to flourish—but some argue that it is also intrinsically valuable. In this paper, I develop a value theory of morally responsible agency. I show how the value realized by exercising agency depends on the moral valence of the action performed and the skill with which agency is exercised. I then argue that moral influence theorists who accept this axiology have reason to adopt a more ambitious approach such that our responsibility practices should aim to cultivate maximally skilled and maximally good agents.
Mutational landscape of plasma cell-free DNA identifies molecular features associated with therapeutic response in patients with colon cancer. A pilot study
Authors: Cervena Klara , Pardini Barbara , Urbanova Marketa , Vodenkova Sona , Eva Pazourkova , Veskrnova Veronika , Levy Miroslav , Buchler Tomas , Mokrejs Martin , Naccarati Alessio , Vodicka Pavel , Vymetalkova Veronika 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCell-free DNA (cfDNA) has recently been used as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for detecting tumour-specific mutations. cfDNA may also be used for monitoring disease progression and treatment response, but so far researchers focused on one or few genes only. A genomic profile may provide better information on patient prognosis compared to single specific mutations.In this hypothesis-generating study, we profiled by whole exome sequencing serial plasma samples from 10 colon cancer (CC) patients collected before and after 5-fluorouracil-based therapy, and one year after diagnosis to determine alterations associated with treatment response. In parallel, genome profiling was also performed in patients’ corresponding tumour tissue to ascertain the molecular landscape of resistant tumours.The mutation concordance between cfDNA and tumour tissue DNA was higher in more advanced tumour stages than in the early stages of the disease. In non-responders, a specific mutation profile was observed in tumour tissues (TPSD1 p.Ala92Thr, CPAMD8 p.Arg341Gln, OBP2A p.ArgTyr123CysHis). A pathogenic APC mutation (p.Ser1315Ter) was detected only in cfDNA of one poor responder one year after the diagnosis and after therapy termination. Another poor responder presented a likely pathogenic TP53 mutation (p.Arg110Pro) in cfDNA of all plasma samplings and in tumour tissue.In conclusion, cfDNA could be used for genetic characterisation of CC patients and might be clinically useful for non-invasive therapy response monitoring.
Chirality matters: stereo-defined phosphorothioate linkages at the termini of small interfering RNAs improve pharmacology in vivo
Authors: Jahns Hartmut , Taneja Nate , Willoughby Jennifer L S , Akabane-Nakata Masaaki , Brown Christopher R , Nguyen Tuyen , Bisbe Anna , Matsuda Shigeo , Hettinger Matt , Manoharan Rajar M , Rajeev Kallanthottathil G , Maier Martin A , Zlatev Ivan , Charisse Klaus , Egli Martin , Manoharan Muthiah 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
A critical challenge for the successful development of RNA interference-based therapeutics therapeutics has been the enhancement of their in vivo metabolic stability. In therapeutically relevant, fully chemically modified small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), modification of the two terminal phosphodiester linkages in each strand of the siRNA duplex with phosphorothioate (PS) is generally sufficient to protect against exonuclease degradation in vivo. Since PS linkages are chiral, we systematically studied the properties of siRNAs containing single chiral PS linkages at each strand terminus. We report an efficient and simple method to introduce chiral PS linkages and demonstrate that Rp diastereomers at the 5′ end and Sp diastereomers at the 3′ end of the antisense siRNA strand improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties in a mouse model. In silico modeling studies provide mechanistic insights into how the Rp isomer at the 5′ end and Sp isomer at the 3′ end of the antisense siRNA enhance Argonaute 2 (Ago2) loading and metabolic stability of siRNAs in a concerted manner.
Structural and biochemical insight into the mechanism of dual CpG site binding and methylation by the DNMT3A DNA methyltransferase
Authors: Emperle Max , Bangalore Disha M , Adam Sabrina , Kunert Stefan , Heil Hannah S , Heinze Katrin G , Bashtrykov Pavel , Tessmer Ingrid , Jeltsch Albert 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
DNMT3A/3L heterotetramers contain two active centers binding CpG sites at 12 bp distance, however their interaction with DNA not containing this feature is unclear. Using randomized substrates, we observed preferential co-methylation of CpG sites with 6, 9 and 12 bp spacing by DNMT3A and DNMT3A/3L. Co-methylation was favored by AT bases between the 12 bp spaced CpG sites consistent with their increased bending flexibility. SFM analyses of DNMT3A/3L complexes bound to CpG sites with 12 bp spacing revealed either single heterotetramers inducing 40° DNA bending as observed in the X-ray structure, or two heterotetramers bound side-by-side to the DNA yielding 80° bending. SFM data of DNMT3A/3L bound to CpG sites spaced by 6 and 9 bp revealed binding of two heterotetramers and 100° DNA bending. Modeling showed that for 6 bp distance between CpG sites, two DNMT3A/3L heterotetramers could bind side-by-side on the DNA similarly as for 12 bp distance, but with each CpG bound by a different heterotetramer. For 9 bp spacing our model invokes a tetramer swap of the bound DNA. These additional DNA interaction modes explain how DNMT3A and DNMT3A/3L overcome their structural preference for CpG sites with 12 bp spacing during the methylation of natural DNA.
Affirming the Abuse Liability and Addiction Potential of Menthol: Differences in Subjective Appeal to Smoking Menthol Versus Non-Menthol Cigarettes Across African American and White Young Adult Smokers
Authors: Cohn Amy M , Alexander Adam C , Ehlke Sarah J 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroductionMenthol cigarettes are popular among young adults and are disproportionately used by African American smokers. Menthol’s minty and cooling sensations have been hypothesized to enhance the appeal and reinforcement of smoking; however, differences in menthol’s subjective appeal across races have been inconsistent. This secondary data analysis examined differences in subjective appeal for smoking menthol versus non-menthol cigarettes between African American and White young adult smokers.MethodsYoung adults (ages 18–24) recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk (December 2018–January 2019) completed an online survey of tobacco use behavior. Past year smokers (n = 1726) answered questions about subjective responses to smoking (reward, satisfaction, throat hit, craving reduction, and aversion).ResultsSignificantly more African American (73.2%) compared to White (52.4%) smokers preferred menthol cigarettes (p &lt; .001). Menthol smokers reported greater positive and negative subjective responses to smoking than non-menthol smokers. Positive and negative subjective response were both associated with greater smoking intensity and lower cigarette harm perceptions. Interactions of menthol preference and race on indices of subjective appeal also emerged. African American non-menthol smokers reported lower levels of satisfaction, reward, and craving reduction compared to White non-menthol smokers.ConclusionsThe relationship between menthol preference and subjective response to smoking differs by race. Menthol is rated as more appealing than non-menthol smoking, and appeal indices were linked to smoking intensity and lower harm perceptions, indicating greater abuse liability of menthol cigarettes. Policies that ban menthol cigarettes may have a particularly positive impact on the cigarette smoking of African American young adult smokers.ImplicationsThe FDA issued an Advanced Notice of Proposed Rule Making to examine the role menthol in tobacco products to inform regulations to restrict or ban flavors. This study showed that menthol smokers reported greater appeal to smoking than non-menthol smokers; and an interaction of race x menthol preference showed African American non-menthol smokers reported the lowest levels of appeal to smoking. Multiple indices of cigarette appeal were positively correlated with smoking intensity and lower cigarette harm perceptions, highlighting the addiction potential of menthol cigarettes. Findings suggest a menthol cigarette ban could help reduce tobacco use among young adults.
The State of the Science on Cancer Diagnosis as a “Teachable Moment” for Smoking Cessation: A Scoping Review
Authors: Puleo Gabriella E , Borger Tia , Bowling William R , Burris Jessica L 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Theoretically, a cancer diagnosis has the potential to spur health behavior changes in physical activity, diet, substance use, medication adherence, and the like. The Teachable Moment heuristic is a parsimonious, transtheoretical framework for understanding the conditions under which behavior change might occur, with constructs that include affective, cognitive, and social factors. Application of the Teachable Moment to smoking cessation after cancer diagnosis might aid selection of predictors in observational studies and inform how to optimally design interventions to promote quit attempts and sustain abstinence, as many smoking cessation interventions for cancer survivors do not yield positive outcomes.

Aims and Methods
This scoping review of 47 studies that span nearly 20 years of literature examines the measurement of the Teachable Moment constructs and what empirical support they have in explaining cancer survivors’ smoking behavior.

Results
From this review, it appears the construct of affective response is more widely explored than risk perceptions, social role, and self-concept. Strong, negative affective responses (e.g., anxiety, general distress) may be a powerful contributor to continued smoking after a cancer diagnosis. Risk perceptions may also play a role in smoking behavior, such that never and former smokers espouse stronger perceptions of smoking-related risks than current smokers. Finally, due to a paucity of studies, the role of cancer survivors’ self-concept (e.g., identity as a “cancer survivor”) and changes in their social role (e.g., employee, athlete) are unclear contributors to their smoking behavior. In summary, the Teachable Moment holds promise in its application to smoking cessation after a cancer diagnosis, though more direct research is needed.

Conclusions
This scoping review of the scientific literature is the first formal test of the extent to which cancer diagnosis has been explored as a “teachable moment” for smoking cessation, with results that provide insight into issues of measurement precision and breadth as well as empirical support of the “teachable moment” heuristic.
Development and validation of an occupational health triage tool
Authors: Steel J S , Luyten J , Godderis L 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundAs work and health are closely interlinked, it is important to carefully monitor employees. However, limited resources restrict in-depth follow-up.AimsThis study was aimed to develop a low-cost screening instrument for employees’ overall health status, that can be used across industries and that allows triaging workers to in-depth health surveillance in case of indications of health or functioning problems.MethodsWe developed a new questionnaire-based algorithm built on multiple predictors to assess the need for further follow-up. We used a systematic review, Delphi panel (n = 9) and focus group (n = 5) to determine the predictors, tested for language pitfalls in a pilot study and evaluated the questionnaire’s validity in two separate studies. Study 1 (n = 60) analysed the discriminatory power of the instrument by comparing it to the assessment of an occupational physician in a sample of employees from diverse occupational settings. Study 2 (n = 869) appraised the factor structure and internal consistency of the screening tool in a sample of employees from the hospital sector.ResultsRisk factors, current physical and mental health, functioning, absenteeism, job satisfaction and lifestyle were identified as the most relevant predictors. Study 1 showed the survey had good criterion validity (area under the curve = 0.72). Study 2 (N = 869, 28% response) demonstrated the internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.94), and a factor analysis confirmed a second-order factor structure with adequate model fit (comparative fit index = 0.96, root mean square error of approximation = 0.04 and standardized root mean square residual = 0.07).ConclusionsThis questionnaire can be used to triage workers for occupational health follow-up and can, additionally, be useful to describe the epidemiology of work-related illness.
Transcondylar Approach for Resection of Medullary Cavernous Malformation: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Erkmen Kadir , Al-Mefty Ossama 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Cavernous malformations located within the brainstem present with a high rate of neurological symptoms and carry a more aggressive course in both pediatric and adult populations.
1,2
Cavernomas within the medulla are the rarest form, representing only 5% of all brainstem lesions.
3
Repeated hemorrhage of brainstem cavernomas is associated with significant and cumulative neurological deficits and thus requires treatment.
4
Microsurgical resection has become the optimal mode of treatment with the aim of resecting the live malformation and not merely the multiaged, organized hematoma.
4
This is best achieved by approaching the cavernoma at the location where it projects to the surface and entering the lesion through a safe brainstem anatomic zone. For ventrally located lesions in the medulla, a transcondylar skull base approach provides a direct trajectory to the entry zone through a short surgical distance without the need to manipulate or retract neurovascular structures.
5-8
Neuronavigation and intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring of somatosensory evoked potential, motor, and lower cranial nerves are adjuncts to increase patient safety. Radiosurgery for the treatment of brainstem cavernous malformations has been proposed; however, it demonstrates high risk and variable and often poor response rates.
9
We present a surgical video demonstrating the transcondylar approach and resection of a medullary cavernoma in a 54-yr-old woman who has had multiple known prior hemorrhages and presented with a new onset of facial numbness and weakness, ataxia, and left body sensory loss. The patient consented to surgery and to photograph publication.
Images at 1:28, 1:43 (left), 2:02 from Al-Mefty O, Operative Atlas of Meningiomas, © LWW, 1997,
5
with permission.
Images at 1:43 (right) from Arnautovic et al,
8
with permission from JNSPG.
Australian Parties, Not Voters, Drive Under-Representation of Women
Authors: Martinez i Coma Ferran , McDonnell Duncan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The Australian House of Representatives contains far fewer women than men. But is this because parties of left and right discriminate against women or because voters do? Using a new dataset comprising 7271 House candidates from 2001 to 2019, firstly, we find that the percentage of women candidates is increasing, but is consistently higher for parties of the left than the right. Secondly, women tend to be selected more by parties of both left and right in unsafe seats. Thirdly, all else being equal, voters reward women running for Labor with over 1400 votes more, are neutral towards those of the Liberals and Greens, but tend to penalise women standing for the Nationals. We conclude that, overall, it is parties, not voters, driving under-representation of women in Australia’s lower house.
Seed Mucilage: Biological Functions and Potential Applications in Biotechnology
Authors: Tsai Allen Yi-Lun , McGee Robert , Dean Gillian H , Haughn George W , Sawa Shinichiro 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In plants, the diaspore (seed dispersal unit) may include a seed coat and/or pericarp to protect the embryo and assist in dispersion. In many species, the seed coat and/or pericarp secrete a gelatinous mixture of cell wall polysaccharides known as mucilage. In several species, mucilage synthesis, secretion and modification have been studied extensively as model systems for the investigation of plant cell wall structure and function. Despite this, efforts toward understanding the role of mucilage have received less attention. Mucilage has been hypothesized to impact seed dispersal through interaction with soil, protecting the seed in the gut following ingestion by animals or affecting the ability of seeds to sink or float in water. Mucilage has been found to influence seed germination and seedling establishment, most often during abiotic stress, probably by maintaining seed hydration when water is scarce. Finally, mucilage has been documented to mediate interactions with various organisms. Advances in transgenic technology should enable the genetic modification of mucilage structure and function in crop plants. Cells synthesizing mucilage may also be a suitable platform for creating custom polysaccharides or proteins with industrial applications. Thus, in the near future, it is likely that research on seed mucilage will expand well beyond the current focus. Here we summarize our understanding of the biological functions of mucilage and provide an outlook on the future of mucilage research.
Real-time monitoring of subcellular H2O2 distribution in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Niemeyer Justus , Scheuring David , Oestreicher Julian , Morgan Bruce , Schroda Michael 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is recognized as an important signaling molecule in plants. We sought to establish a genetically encoded, fluorescent H2O2 sensor that allows H2O2 monitoring in all major subcompartments of a Chlamydomonas cell. To this end, we used the Chlamydomonas Modular Cloning toolbox to target the hypersensitive H2O2 sensor reduction–oxidation sensitive green fluorescent protein2-Tsa2ΔCR to the cytosol, nucleus, mitochondrial matrix, chloroplast stroma, thylakoid lumen, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The sensor was functional in all compartments, except for the ER where it was fully oxidized. Employing our novel sensors, we show that H2O2 produced by photosynthetic linear electron transport (PET) in the stroma leaks into the cytosol but only reaches other subcellular compartments if produced under nonphysiological conditions. Furthermore, in heat-stressed cells, we show that cytosolic H2O2 levels closely mirror temperature up- and downshifts and are independent from PET. Heat stress led to similar up- and downshifts of H2O2 levels in the nucleus and, more mildly, in mitochondria but not in the chloroplast. Our results thus suggest the establishment of steep intracellular H2O2 gradients under normal physiological conditions with limited diffusion into other compartments. We anticipate that these sensors will greatly facilitate future investigations of H2O2 biology in plant cells.