bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impacts of herbicide sequences and vertical tuber distribution on the chemical control of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.)
Authors: De Ryck Sander , Reheul Dirk , De Cauwer Benny 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCyperus esculentus is an invasive perennial sedge threatening agricultural production. In Belgium, best in‐crop control options involve, amongst other methods, growing maize in monoculture which allows the sequential use of selective herbicides with activity against C. esculentus. Two pot experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of genetically different clones and chemical control strategy on C. esculentus control. Additionally, the effect of two vertical tuber distributions (uniform in the 0–26 cm layer or non‐uniform with 60% of the tubers in the 6 cm top‐layer) was studied. Strategies were based on S‐metolachlor, dimethenamid‐P, mesotrione, bentazon, pyridate, nicosulfuron, glyphosate, halosulfuron‐methyl, foramsulfuron and thiencarbazon‐methyl used in mixture and/or sequence and applied at different crop stages. Control efficacy was measured by analysing tuber number, dry tuber biomass and above‐ground dry biomass. Tuber number of clones treated by chemical control strategies was up to 100% lower and up to 41% higher relative to the untreated control. Clones showed up to 74% percentage point difference in control of tuber number. In both experiments, strategies with pre‐plant incorporated dimethenamid‐P followed by two post‐emergence applications of mesotrione and pyridate, in 5–6 leaf and 8–9 leaf stage of maize, was most effective and consistent across C. esculentus clones. In general, C. esculentus control was up to 27% better in plots with high proportion of superficially buried mother tubers than in plots with more uniform vertical mother tuber distribution. Hence, the vertical tuber distribution may significantly affect the performance of C. esculentus herbicidal strategies. Overall, chemical control strategies should be complemented with alternative methods (e.g. competitive cropping systems and non‐inversion tillage) to achieve satisfactory control.
DEFINING AND DEFENDING THE HUMANITIES
Authors: Harrison Peter 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn response to Willem Drees's What Are the Humanities For?, this article compares the ways in which, historically, the humanities and natural sciences have established their relevance and social legitimacy. Initially, from the period of the scientific revolution, the sciences had usually sought to justify themselves in terms of the moral and religious goals characteristic of the humanities. During the nineteenth century, however, considerations of practical utility came to displace the more traditional forms of justification. These new criteria have made it increasingly difficult for humanities disciplines to establish their legitimacy. This situation is related to patterns of secularization and also has implications for science‐religion relations. Along with the secularization of the humanities, their increasing pluralization has also weakened their capacity to present a united front. The humanities are perhaps not as coherent as Drees suggests, although a rhetoric of coherence might well be crucial for establishing their contemporary relevance.
Pollen grains are suitable alternative food for rearing the commercially used predatory mite Neoseiulus cucumeris (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
Authors: Yazdanpanah Shima , Fathipour Yaghoub , Riahi Elham 
Published: July 2021

The generalist predatory mite, Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) is one of the most effective natural enemies on many crops in indoor cultivations. As supply of alternative food such as pollen is generally thought to enhance the reproductive and biological control performance of generalist predatory mites, the life table parameters of the predatory mite, N. cucumeris were determined in laboratory at 25±1°C, 60±5% RH, and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L: D) hours when fed on seven different pollen (almond, bitter orange, maize, date palm, castor bean, sunflower, and bee-collected). Our results indicated that feeding the predator on castor bean, almond, date palm, and sunflower pollen led to better performance in terms of higher oviposition (38.18, 33.53, 32.87, and 29.48 eggs/female, respectively), intrinsic rate of increase (0.146, 0.129, 0.152, and 0.123 day-1, respectively) and net reproductive rate (19.55, 12.58, 14.93, and 14.06 eggs/individual, respectively), and shorter development time (7.08, 7.73, 7.19, and 9.30 days, respectively). Bitter orange and bee-collected pollen were not suitable diets for both development and reproduction of N. cucumeris. The shortest (7.08 days) and longest (16.09 days) development times were observed on castor bean and bee-collected pollen, respectively. Adult longevity varied from 6.88 days on maize to 60.4 days on castor bean pollen. The highest fecundity was obtained on almond, followed by date palm, and castor bean pollen, while feeding on maize pollen did not lead to oviposition. Overall, we found that castor bean along with date palm, almond, and sunflower pollen are suitable diets for large scale rearing of N. cucumeris for subsequent use in biological control of pests in greenhouses.
Interaction of extensional, contractional, and strike-slip elements at Mount Diablo and the surrounding eastern Coast Ranges, San Francisco Bay area, California: A model-based analysis
Authors: Medwedeff* Donald A. 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
This study presents three regional cross sections, a structural map analysis, and a schematic map restoration. The sections are constrained by surface geology and petroleum wells and were developed using model-based methods to be consistent with the regional tectonic context and balancing concepts. Together, these products depict the geometry and kinematics of the major fault systems. Insights from this research include the following. Franciscan complex blueschist-facies rocks in the Mount Diablo region were unroofed west of their current location and subsequently thrust beneath the Great Valley sequence in the mid-Eocene. East Bay structures are complicated by overprinting of Neogene compression and dextral strike-slip motion on a Paleogene graben system. Net lateral displacement between the Hayward fault and the Central Valley varies from 26 km toward 341° to 29 km toward 010° in the southern and northern East Bay Hills, respectively. Uplift above a wedge thrust generates the principal Neogene structural high, which extends from Vallejo through Mount Diablo to the Altamont Ridge. Anomalous structural relief at Mount Diablo is due to strike-parallel thrusting on the crest of a fault-propagation fold formed on the west-verging roof thrust. Uplift that exposes the Coast Range ophiolite in the East Bay Hills is formed by oblique thrusting generated by slip transfer at the northern termination of the Calaveras fault. The Paleogene extensional fault system likely extends farther west than previously documented. An east-dipping branch of that system may underlie the Walnut Creek Valley. Three-dimensional restoration should be applied to constrain geologic frameworks to be used for seismic velocity modeling.
COVID-19-related knowledge, attitudes and practices: a mixed-mode cross-sectional survey in Liberia
Authors: Brown Wilson Josiah , Deckert Andreas , Shah Rupal , Kyei Nicholas , Copeland Dahn Lauretta , Doe-Rogers Rosalita , Hinneh Augustine Bowuo , Johnson Lydia Wortee , Natt Gudgy Dweh , Verdier Joseph Augustus , Vosper Adele , Louis Valérie R , Dambach Peter , Thomas-Connor Iona 
Published: July 2021

ObjectivesTo examine the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of COVID-19 of rural and urban residents in Liberia to inform the development of local social and behaviour change communication strategies.DesignCross-sectional, mixed-mode (online and telephone) survey using non-probability sampling.SettingAll 15 counties in Liberia with a focus on Maryland County.ParticipantsFrom 28 May to 28 June 2020, data were collected from a total of 431 adults aged 18 years and older (telephone 288 (66.8%); online 143 (33.2%)) out of a total of 741 contacts.Main outcome measuresKAP scores. Frequencies and proportions were calculated, followed by univariate and multivariable analyses to examine the association between KAP scores and the sociodemographic variables.ResultsAround 69% of the online survey respondents were younger than 35 years of age, compared with 56% in the telephone interviews. The majority (87%) of online respondents had completed tertiary education, compared with 77% of the telephone respondents. Male participants, on average, achieved higher knowledge (52%) and attitude scores (72%), in contrast to females (49% and 67%, respectively). Radio (71%) was the most cited source for COVID-19 information, followed by social media (63%). After controlling for sociodemographic variables, adaptive regression modelling revealed that survey mode achieved 100% importance for predicting knowledge and practice levels with regard to COVID-19.ConclusionsThe survey population demonstrated moderate COVID-19 knowledge, with significant differences between survey mode and educational level. Correct knowledge of COVID-19 was associated with appropriate practices in Maryland County. Generalisation of survey findings must be drawn carefully owing to the limitations of the sampling methods. Yet, given the differences in knowledge gaps between survey modes, sex, education, occupation and place of residence, it is recommended that information is tailored to different audiences.
Training and support for caring for a child’s gastrostomy: a survey with family carers
Authors: Page Bethan , Butler Siobhan , Smith Colette , Lee Alex CH , Vincent Charles A 
Published: July 2021

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to explore family carers’ experiences of training and ongoing support for caring for their child’s gastrostomy, and to get their views on how this could be improved.MethodsA mixed-methods online survey with 146 family carers (eg, parents, grandparents) who care for a child with a gastrostomy. Family carers rated their own experience of training and support and made recommendations for how training and support could be improved for future families.ResultsThe nature and extent of the training family carers reported receiving varied considerably. Many felt that the demonstrations they received in hospital were too brief. Two in five family carers rated their confidence caring for their child’s gastrostomy as very low in the first few weeks after surgery. Parents valued ongoing learning and support from other parents and support from community nurses. Videos and simulation practice were rated as useful formats of training, in addition to face-to-face supervised practice with a clinician. Parents liked how real life the example video shown was, and rated nearly all suggested video topics as ‘very helpful’, especially troubleshooting topics.ConclusionsOur study found substantial variability in family carers’ descriptions of the training and support they received to care for their child’s gastrostomy. Training often did not meet family carers’ needs. We need to invest in better training and support for families and learn from their recommendations. Improvements to training and support for families (eg, through instructional videos) have the potential to improve family carers’ confidence and competence, and reduce the risk of problems and complications which cause harm to children and increase demand on National Health Service (NHS) resources.
PD-L1 targeting and subclonal immune escape mediated by PD-L1 mutations in metastatic colorectal cancer
Authors: Stein Alexander , Simnica Donjete , Schultheiß Christoph , Scholz Rebekka , Tintelnot Joseph , Gökkurt Eray , von Wenserski Lisa , Willscher Edith , Paschold Lisa , Sauer Markus , Lorenzen Sylvie , Riera-Knorrenschild Jorge , Depenbusch Reinhard , Ettrich Thomas J , Dörfel Steffen , Al-Batran Salah-Eddin , Karthaus Meinolf , Pelzer Uwe , Waberer Lisa , Hinke Axel , Bauer Marcus , Massa Chiara , Seliger Barbara , Wickenhauser Claudia , Bokemeyer Carsten , Hegewisch-Becker Susanna , Binder Mascha 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundIn patients with microsatellite stable (MSS) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), immune checkpoint blockade is ineffective, and combinatorial approaches enhancing immunogenicity need exploration.MethodsWe treated 43 patients with predominantly microsatellite stableRAS/BRAFwild-type mCRC on a phase II trial combining chemotherapy with the epidermal growth factor receptor antibody cetuximab and the programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibody avelumab. We performed next-generation gene panel sequencing for mutational typing of tumors and liquid biopsy monitoring as well as digital droplet PCR to confirm individual mutations. Translational analyses included tissue immunohistochemistry, multispectral imaging and repertoire sequencing of tumor-infiltrating T cells. Detected PD-L1 mutations were mechanistically validated in CRISPR/Cas9-generated cell models using qRT-PCR, immunoblotting, flow cytometry, complement-dependent cytotoxicity assay, antibody-dependent cytotoxicity by natural killer cell degranulation assay and LDH release assay as well as live cell imaging of T cell mediated tumor cell killing.ResultsCirculating tumor DNA showed rapid clearance in the majority of patients mirroring a high rate of early tumor shrinkage. In 3 of 13 patients expressing the high-affinity Fcγ receptor 3a (FcγR3a), tumor subclones withPD-L1mutations were selected that led to loss of tumor PD-L1 by nonsense-mediated RNA decay inPD-L1K162fs and protein degradation inPD-L1L88S. As a consequence, avelumab binding and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity were impaired, while T cell killing of these variant clones was increased. Interestingly,PD-L1mutant subclones showed slow selection dynamics reversing on avelumab withdrawal and patients with such subclones had above-average treatment benefit. This suggested that thePD-L1mutations mediated resistance to direct antitumor effects of avelumab, while at the same time loss of PD-L1 reduced biological fitness by enhanced T cell killing limiting subclonal expansion.ConclusionThe addition of avelumab to standard treatment appeared feasible and safe.PD-L1mutations mediate subclonal immune escape to avelumab in some patients with mCRC expressing high-affinity FcγR3a, which may be a subset experiencing most selective pressure. Future trials evaluating the addition of avelumab to standard treatment in MSS mCRC are warranted especially in this patient subpopulation.Trial registration numberNCT03174405.
Vaping on TikTok: a systematic thematic analysis
Authors: Sun Tianze , Lim Carmen C.W. , Chung Jack , Cheng Brandon , Davidson Lily , Tisdale Calvert , Leung Janni , Gartner Coral E , Connor Jason , Hall Wayne D , Chan Gary C.K. 
Published: July 2021

IntroductionThe rising popularity of TikTok among adolescents may influence their awareness and perceptions of e-cigarette use via user-generated content. This study aimed to examine how e-cigarette/vaping-related videos are portrayed on TikTok.MethodsThe nine most viewed hashtag based keywords were used to identify popular e-cigarette/vaping-related videos on TikTok (n=1000) from its inception (earliest upload date: January 2019) to November 2020. Five researchers independently coded the number of views, likes, user category and theme.ResultsA final sample of 808 e-cigarette/vaping-related videos that met study criteria were included. Collectively, these videos were viewed over 1.5 billion times, with a median view count of 1 000 000 (range 112 900–78 600 000) and a median ‘likes’ count of 143 000 (range 10 000–1 000 000). A majority of the videos portrayed e-cigarette usepositively(63%; collectively viewed over 1.1 billion times).Neutraldepictions of e-cigarette use were viewed a total of 290 million times (24%) andnegativedepictions of e-cigarettes were viewed a total of 193 million times (13%). The video themes included (not mutually exclusively): ‘comedy and joke’ (52%; total of 618 million views), ‘lifestyle and acceptability’ (35%; 459 million), ‘marketing’ (29%; 392 million), ‘vaping tricks’ (20%; 487 million), ‘nicotine and addiction’ (20%; 194 million), ‘creativity’ (16%; 322 million) and ‘warning’ (11%; 131 million).ConclusionOur findings illustrated that positively framed e-cigarette and vaping-related postings available without age restrictions on TikTok—a rising video-sharing platform that is popular among adolescents—have been viewed many times. Effective age restrictions are needed to reduce adolescents’ potential exposure to videos that portray vaping positively.
Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase protects against the deleterious effects of sub-lethal sepsis and ethanol in the cardiorenal system
Authors: Sousa Arthur H. , Vale Gabriel T. do , Nascimento Jose A. , Awata Wanessa M.C. , Silva Carla B.P. , Assis Victor O. , Alves Juliano V. , Tostes Rita C. , Tirapelli Carlos R. 
Published: July 2021

We tested the hypothesis that ethanol would aggravate the deleterious effects of sub-lethal cecal ligation and puncture (SL-CLP) sepsis in the cardiorenal system and that inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) would prevent such response. Male C57BL/6 mice were treated with ethanol for 12 weeks. One hour before SL-CLP surgery, mice were treated with N6-(1-iminoethyl)-lysine (L-NIL, 5 mg/kg, i.p.), a selective inhibitor of iNOS. A second dose of L-NIL was administered 24 h after SL-CLP surgery. Mice were killed 48 h post surgery and the blood, the renal cortex, and the left ventricle (LV) were collected for biochemical analysis. L-NIL attenuated the increase in serum creatinine levels induced by ethanol, but not by SL-CLP. Ethanol, but not SL-CLP, increased creatine kinase (CK)-MB activity and L-NIL did not prevent this response. In the renal cortex, L-NIL prevented the redox imbalance induced by ethanol and SL-CLP. Inhibition of iNOS also decreased lipoperoxidation induced by ethanol and SL-CLP in the LV. L-NIL prevented the increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species induced by ethanol and (or) SL-CLP in the cardiorenal system, suggesting that iNOS modulated some of the molecular mechanisms that underlie the deleterious effects of both conditions in the cardiorenal system.
An ensemble feature selection approach using hybrid kernel based SVM for network intrusion detection system
Authors: Gopal Gaddam Venu , Babu Gatram Rama Mohan 
Published: July 2021

Feature selection is a process of identifying relevant feature subset that leads to the machine learning algorithm in a well-defined manner. In this paper, anovel ensemble feature selection approach that comprises of Relief Attribute Evaluation and hybrid kernel-based support vector machine (HK-SVM) approach is proposed as a feature selection method for network intrusion detection system (NIDS). A Hybrid approach along with the combination of Gaussian and Polynomial methods is used as a kernel for support vector machine (SVM). The key issue is to select a feature subset that yields good accuracy at a minimal computational cost. The proposed approach is implemented and compared with classical SVM and simple kernel. Kyoto2006+, a bench mark intrusion detection dataset,is used for experimental evaluation and then observations are drawn.
Numerical solution of Drinfeld–Sokolov–Wilso system by using modified Adomian decomposition method
Authors: Salim Badran Jasim , Jasim Oday Ahmed , Ali Zeiad Yahya 
Published: July 2021

<p class="Char">In this paper, the modified Adomian decomposition method (MADM) is usedto solve different types of differential equations, one of the numerical analysis methods for solving non linear partial differential equations (Drinfeld–Sokolov–Wilson system) and short (DSWS) that occur in shallow water flows. A Genetic Algorithm was used to find the optimal value for the parameter (a). We numerically solved the system (DSWS) and compared the result to the exact solution. When the value of it is low and close to zero, the MADM provides an excellent approximation to the exact solution. As well as the lower value of leads to the numerical algorithm of (MADM) approaching the real solution. Finally, found the optimal value when a=-10 by using the Genetic Algorithm (G-MADM). All the computations were carried out with the aid of Maple 18 and Matlab to find the parameter value (a) by using the genetic algorithm as well as to figures drawing. The errors in this paper resulted from cut errors and mean square errors.</p>
Analysis of gene expression in cucumber roots interacting with Penicillium chrysogenum strain Snef1216 through seed coating, which induced resistance to Meloidogyne incognita
Authors: Sikandar Aatika , Zhang Mengyue , Yang Ruowei , Liu Dan , Zhu Xiaofeng , Liu Xiaoyu , Fan Haiyan , Duan Yuxi , Wang Yuanyuan 
Published: July 2021

Summary
The root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, is a destructive pathogen with a broad host range, causing serious damage to cucumber globally. Synthetic chemical nematicides are effective for controlling nematodes but they pose harmful effects on the environment and human beings. Thus, the development of natural plant defence mechanisms to contribute resistance to M. incognita is a potentially eco-friendly alternative. In recent decades, the biocontrol activity of P. chrysogenum against various pests and pathogens has been investigated in a variety of plants. The present study aimed to understand the molecular mechanisms of induced resistance by P. chrysogenum strain Snef1216 against M. incognita through its use as seed coating. The expression of 80 genes in roots of cucumber, Cucumis sativus, at four different infection time intervals was examined. Genes belonging to defence, signal transduction, growth, binding and transportation, secondary metabolism, transcription factor, cell death, oxidoreductases and cell wall modification categories were selected and examined with specific primers via RT-qPCR. The greater expression of defence-related or other vital genes demonstrated that P. chrysogenum strain Snef1216 induced priming of defence and plant growth-promoting responses. These data could contribute to breeding new nematode-resistant and biomass-enhancing cultivars of cucumber. Overall, application of P. chrysogenum strain Snef1216 may be a potential alternative to chemical nematicides as part of a future more effective management strategy.
The Image of the Zoroastrian God Srōsh
Authors: Grenet Frantz , Minardi Michele 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This paper presents new and decisive evidence relative to the identification of one of the colossal depictions of deities discovered by the Karakalpak-Australian Expedition (KAE) at Akchakhan-kala with the Avestan yazata Sraosha. Besides the therianthropic Sraošāvarez, the explicit Zoroastrian symbol that decorates the tunic of this god, new iconographic details are seen. One is the sraošō.caranā, which is a whip, “the instrument of Srōsh”, held in the hands of one of these “bird-priests” instead of the customary barsom. The symbols are presented and discussed in their historical context.
Rock-Cut Church Göreme 31 (Cappadocia, Turkey): New Data from the Study in Situ (2014–2015)
Authors: Shevchenko Danil , Sadovskaya Yulia , Shkondin Vladimir , Zhurbin Yegor , Ostrovsky Alexey 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This paper presents new findings from our study in situ of a small Christian church, known as Göreme 31, which is situated above the Kılıçlar church in Göreme (Cappadocia, Turkey). It was discovered and briefly described at the beginning of the 20th century, but after that almost no additional information was published. We were able to study Göreme 31 in situ in 2014–2015. In this article, we present new findings and updated information on this church: data on three previously unpublished murals in the naos, corrections to the readings of the frescoes of St. Auxentius (previously identified as St. Vincent), St. Sisinius (previously identified as St. Irene), and St. George with St. Theodore, and discussion of the enigmatic tiny grave in the funeral chamber.