bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relief Tanks: Parameters to Consider When Designing Relief Systems and Connections to Tanks
Authors: Perez Emma 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Oil Storage facilities (terminals) are usually designed with a pressure rating lower than the rating of the pipeline transporting the fluids. During abnormal operations, terminal piping can be subject to unexpected transient pressure surges that can exceed the allowed values. Mitigations are required a common one is installing a relief system.
When a relief valve is installed, it is connected to a tank and the location of this relief tank is critical for the proper operation of the relief system and the overall mitigation of pressure surges. Relief design needs to take into account the length and layout of the piping. Facilities in the northern hemisphere contain pipes installed above ground and prone to experiencing cold temperatures during winter months. If the fluid is stagnant in these pipes, the cold weather increases the viscosity of the fluid. If the relief valve activates, the fluid that has been stagnant in the pipe needs to be pushed out of the pipe and into the tank. This requires a high pressure from the system and is directly affected by the distance of the pipe and the properties of the stagnant fluid.
This paper will show how transient pressures change for length of pipe and for varied viscosities of the stagnant fluid. With these findings, engineers can improve their understanding of the effects of temperature and length on surge pressures and they can design safer systems for liquid transportation and storage.
A Case Study of Predicting Tensile Strain Capacity of In-Service Pipelines
Authors: Lu Junfang , Fathi Ali , Yoosef-Ghodsi Nader , Tetteh-Wayoe Debra , Hill Mike 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Strain-based design (SBD) method has evolved over the years for use in the construction of large-diameter, high pressure gas and liquid transmission pipelines. It has not been widely materialized for major construction projects because of the technical complexity which requires multidisciplinary expertise including, but not limited to, pipeline material properties, welding processes, mechanical testing, field construction, and weld inspection. The industry has been showing more interest in using this methodology for strain capacity assessment of in-service stress-based pipelines, especially those that are subjected to ground movement. The strain capacity assessment of the stress-based pipelines is essential to ensure structural integrity and operational safety of the pipeline. This has become more apparent due to recent incidents in pipeline industry caused by geotechnical hazards.
This paper provides a case study of assessing the tensile strain capacity (TSC) of existing modern linepipes manufactured through thermomechanical controlled process (TMCP). The TSC was predicted using two main methodologies in the public domain: the CSA Z662-11 Annex C approach and the PRCI-CRES TSC model. Actual pipeline information and construction data are used to perform TSC assessment when possible. This includes pipe material properties, welding procedures qualified on the project pipe, and test weld properties.
The predicted TSC and the estimated strain demand will allow for effective remediation decisions. This work helps to enhance pipeline strain management systems in response to the geotechnical and hydrotechnical issues and therefore fills the gaps in present day’s pipeline threat management programs in addition to crack, corrosion and mechanical damage threats. Through such a program, prevention, monitoring and mitigation strategies can be deployed to existing stress-based pipelines, especially in areas where pipeline strain is identified as a potential risk.
Automated Error Identification During Nondestructive Testing of Pipelines for Strength
Authors: Kornuta Jeffrey A. , Thorsson Solver I. , Gibbs Jonathan , Veloo Peter , Rovella Troy 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The United States Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) recently revised the federal rules governing natural gas transport. PHMSA added a new section on the verification of pipeline material properties for pipeline assets with insufficient or incomplete records. This section permits the use of nondestructive examination (NDE) technologies to estimate material properties, which include yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS), if several conditions are satisfied. These include that NDE measurement accuracy and uncertainty be conservatively accounted for, that the NDE technology be validated by experts, and that proper calibration procedures be implemented. One such NDE technology is Instrumented Indentation Testing (IIT), which can be used to estimate YS and UTS.
Precise quantification of any NDE technology’s precision and accuracy requires consistent identification of test errors: if an error occurs during a measurement such that the data should be excluded from subsequent analyses, analysts need to be alerted to the data characteristics prior to including these results. These testing errors are distinct from the inherent measurement uncertainty due to both random error and systematic error. Any NDE measurement will contain some degree of uncertainty; however, faulty measurements exhibiting clearly identifiable errors must be excluded from subsequent analyses to maintain the integrity of the data set.
Accordingly, this paper extends Pacific Gas and Electric’s (PG&E’s) previously reported efforts on IIT uncertainty quantification by presenting observations of a specific type of IIT error related to tool fixturing that has occurred during in-situ testing and describing the characteristics of how this error was exhibited in the test data. Once this test error was clearly identified, isolated, and was found repeatable; pre-processing algorithms were adapted to detect and alert NDE technicians to this error during testing, ultimately evolving NDE work procedures. This paper discusses this process from the initial recognition of a test error, to the adaptation of appropriate detection algorithms, and then finally to resulting revisions in operator procedures. Ultimately, these modifications have improved validation data quality and reduced the error rate of IIT measurements collected in the field.
Comparison of Feasibility of a Standard Reliability-Based Approach and a Bayesian Network Approach for Integrity Management of a Northern Canadian Liquids Pipeline
Authors: Koduru Smitha D. , Abdolrazaghi Mona , Yoosef-Ghodsi Nader 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Integrity management of a northern Canadian liquid pipeline required a unique approach due to the presence of methanol-induced, short, axially-oriented, internal stress corrosion cracking (iSCC) adjacent to girth welds. Previous studies focused on investigation of the susceptibility to iSCC, crack detection performance of inline inspection tools, and leak rates due to iSCC. The current feasibility study aimed to identify an approach to estimate the probability of leak due to iSCC that uses information from previous investigations and handles the data gaps. Two probabilistic approaches — a standard reliability-based approach and a Bayesian Network approach — were compared based on a number of criteria related to effective use of existing data, flexibility of the framework, and ability to iteratively improve the results. The results of the comparison indicate that a hybrid of the two approaches is an ideal way to develop a comprehensive integrity management tool.
Composite Sleeve Repair in the North American Regulatory Environment
Authors: Ortiz Xavier , Jungwirth Dan , Behnamian Yashar , Sharahi Hossein Jiryaei 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Composite sleeve repairs have been used in the pipeline industry for the last 25+ years. Fiberglass sleeves (e.g., Clock Spring®) were initially introduced in the market and are still being used as a proven pipeline repair method. For the last 15+ years, new composite materials have been introduced in the industry to provide a wider variety of repair options depending on the type of imperfections being repaired. Regulations in the U.S.A. and Canada share some requirements regarding design, installation, testing, and assessment of composite sleeve repairs. The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) through the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) recommends the use of repair methods consistent with industry standards. The 2019 version of the Canadian CSA Z662 Oil and Gas Pipeline Standard includes requirements for testing and qualification according to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) regulation PCC-2 or ISO/TS 24817, and requirements for conducting an engineering assessment to determine the subsequent maximum stress on the pipe sleeve. This paper compares the regulatory requirements for pipeline composite sleeve repairs in the U.S.A. and Canada; it describes some of the options for composite sleeve repair, and reviews engineering assessments of methodologies for composite sleeve repair.
Deer Mountain Case Study: Integration of Pipe and Ground Monitoring Data With Historical Information to Develop a Landslide Management Plan
Authors: Babcock Joel , Dewar Doug , Webster Joel , Lich Tyler 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Deer Mountain is an active landslide complex near Swan Hills, AB. Pembina owns two pipelines that traverse the landslide. Prior to abandonment, four leaks occurred on the NPS 8 pipeline due to interaction of circumferential stress corrosion cracking and ground movement. The NPS 10 pipeline is operating and has not leaked, but has previously been strain relieved in several locations.
To develop and execute a geohazard management plan for the operating pipeline, Pembina integrated pipe and ground monitoring data with historical information into a geographic information system. Locations of bending strain areas, strain gauges, pipe wall assessment (PWA) anomalies, slope inclinometers, and piezometers were cross-referenced with previous leak sites, historical dig sites, historical strain reliefs, and areas of shallow pipe burial.
Overlaying the PWA with pre-existing pipe data allowed for identification of segments with a higher density/magnitude of suspected soil to pipe interactions. Strain monitoring, strain relief, and a surface pipeline segment were prescribed. A detailed monitoring plan was also produced for the landslide complex.
This case study presents the process of integrating data, specifying monitoring/mitigative measures, and implementing strain relief at four locations. Additionally, the paper will discuss the design of the surface pipeline segment.
Material Properties and Flaw Characteristics of Vintage Girth Welds
Authors: Jia Dan , Wang Yong-Yi , Rapp Steve 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Vintage pipelines, which in the context of this paper refer to pipelines built before approximately 1970, account for a large portion of the energy pipeline systems in North America. Integrity assessment of these pipelines can sometimes present challenges due to incomplete records and lack of material property data. When material properties for the welds of interest are not available, conservative estimates based on past experience are typically used for the unknown material property values. Such estimates can be overly conservative, potentially leading to unnecessary remedial actions. This paper is a summary of PRCI-funded work aimed at characterizing material properties and flaw characteristics of vintage girth welds. The data obtained in this work can be utilized to understand and predict the behavior of vintage pipelines, which is covered in a companion paper [1].
The material property data generated in this work include (i) pipe base metal tensile properties in both the hoop (transverse) and the longitudinal (axial) directions, (ii) deposited weld metal tensile properties, (iii) macrohardness traverses, (iv) microhardness maps, and (v) Charpy impact transition curves of specimens with notches in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and weld centerline (WCL). These data provide essential information for tensile strength, strength mismatch, and impact toughness. In addition to the basic material property data, instrumented cross-weld tensile (ICWT) tests were conducted on CWT specimens with no flaws, natural flaws, and artificially machined planar flaws.
The ICWT tests provide an indication of the welds’ stress and strain capacity without and with flaws. For welds with even-matching or over-matching weld strengths, the CWT specimens usually failed outside of the weld region, even for specimens with natural flaws reported by non-destructive examination. Having over-matching weld strength can compensate for the negative impact of weld flaws.
All tested girth welds were inspected using radiography and/or phased array ultrasonic testing. The inspection results are compared with the flaws exposed through destructive testing. The ability of these inspection methods to detect and size flaws in vintage girth welds is evaluated.
Operational Modal Response Characterization of a Buried Pipe Structure
Authors: Chen Haobin , Hugo Ron , Wong Ron Chik-Kwong , Park Simon 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
As a novel non-invasive structural health monitoring (SHM) technique for application to buried pipelines, in-situ vibration-based detection offers an approach to achieve continuous monitoring. Modal characteristics are often quantified using vibration signals, with traditional modal analysis performed using either impact-response testing or mechanical-shaker excitation. Both methods, however, are not suitable for a buried pipeline. In this research work, the operational modal response of a buried-pipe structure is investigated, and the application of transient flow event detection is presented. Experiments are conducted on a buried 160-inch horizontal stainless-steel pipe section with an inner diameter of 2-inch. Soil compaction is performed to 95% of the maximum dry density (proctor compaction). During experiments, water flow rate through the pipe (Reynolds number) is increased and turbulent pressure fluctuations provide the varying structural excitation source. Vibration measurements are made using one tri-axial and four single-axis accelerometers. Accelerometers directly mounted to the pipe are to perform on-pipe measurement to investigate the operational modal response of the buried pipe structure. Accelerometers positioned in soil are to investigate the vibration transmission through the soil in both the horizontal and vertical directions, examining the feasibility of the modal response characterization through non-contact measurement. The operational modal response collected through on-pipe measurement showing that vibration energy is decreased due to the soil and the vibration of the axial direction (along the pipe) has highest sensitivity than the other two directions with increasing Reynolds number. The abnormal signal induced by a transient flow event is visualized using short-time spectral analysis, and its propagation and source are determined using acoustic methods. The vibration transmission of the buried pipe propagating through the soil is heavily attenuated both horizontally and vertically.
Qualitative and Semi-Quantitative Model for Estimating the Probability of Failure at River Crossings
Authors: Sancio Rodolfo B. , Varela Patricia , Vance David , Abdolmaleki Kourosh , Sen Millan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Pipeline river crossings are typically managed by using a combination of flood monitoring, ground inspections, integrity assessments, and remediations. Using a probabilistic model to assess the likelihood of failure at river crossings would enable combined consideration of all factors that contribute to the failure threat, provide site rankings to support discrete mitigation prioritizations, allow for evaluation of whether a crossing is acceptable in regard to a risk target, and provide a “check” to the deterministic integrity management methods. This paper describes two models for estimating the pipeline probability of failure at river crossings.
The first model is a qualitative scoring model that can be easily implemented by operators and consultants. This model employs a weighting-factors approach to consider the multiple variables that contribute to pipeline exposures and overstress given exposure. The results may be applied to threat rank diverse crossings, as well estimate the probability of failure at a crossing relative to that at historical failure sites.
The second model is a semi-quantitative model that 1) estimates the likelihood of a crossing exposure occurring, 2) estimates the associated scour length, 3) assesses the pipelines critical span length, and 4) quantifies the probability that a span length longer than the critical span length could form. This model may be applied to achieve the same goals as the qualitative model, and also compare the probability of failure at a river crossing to a reliability target. Due to the complexity of this model and the paper length limits, it is conceptually described within this paper.
The results demonstrated that the model output site rankings correlated reasonably with those estimated by pipeline integrity program managers, the scour depth and length prediction results were consistent with measured historical scours, and the pipeline probability of failure at the assessed river crossings were within expected ranges.
Free Vibration and Thermal Fluid Structure Interaction Simulation of Functionally Graded Pipe by Modeling As Layered Structure
Authors: Su Ziyi , Inaba Kazuaki , Karmakar Amit , Das Apurba 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are advanced class of composite materials which can be used as the thermal barrier to protect inner components from the outside high temperature environment. In FGMs, the volume fraction of each constituent can be tailored made across the thickness for desired applications. In this work, the simulation of FGMs in pipes is considered. Despite the wide application of pipes in machinery, those pipes would suffer from many safety problems, such as thermal stress, cavitation, fracture etc. Application of FGMs to the piping systems could lead to some new solutions accounting for safety measures and higher service life. However, the complex phenomena within the fluid structure interaction are hard to describe with the theoretical solution. The visualization of results from simulation will be helpful in understanding the distribution of kinds of physical quantities within the concerned model. For the simulation, FGMs are modeled as the layered structure in the standard finite element method (FEM) package based on FGM constituent law. The free vibration of the FG pipe is simulated and the accuracy of layered model is verified by numerical calculations. Further, based on the layered model, conjugate heat transfer simulations in a heat exchanger with FGMs are conducted.
On-Machine Metrology System Using Confocal Chromatic Probe and Motion Error Correction for Ultra-Precision Machine Tool
Authors: Duan Hao , Morita Shinya , Hosobata Takuya , Takeda Masahiro , Yamagata Yutaka 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Aspherical or free-form optical surface machining using an ultra-precision machine tool is a common and effective method in precision optics manufacturing. However, this method sometimes causes waviness due to the machine’s motion in mid-spatial frequency (MSF) form deviations. This waviness lowers the quality of the optical surface. To address this problem, we use the waviness of the axial displacement of the ultra-precision machine tool. The waviness is obtained by a non-contact on-machine metrology (OMM) system that measures an optical flat as a correction reference curve, which is used to correct the surface of the workpiece to reduce the effect of waviness in advance. The OMM system consists of a displacement probe and a machine tool axis position capture device. The probe system uses a confocal chromatic probe on an ultra-precision machine tool to evaluate the form deviation of the workpiece with 1 nm resolution. The axis position capture system uses a signal branch circuit of linear scale on each axis from the ultra-precision machine tool. The OMM system is tested in terms of accuracy and repeatability. In comparison to the results of the shaper cutting of an oxygen-free copper (OFC) workpiece with feed-forward correction, we were able to reduce the profile error from 125.3 nm to 42.1 nm in p-v (peak to valley) and eventually also reduced the waviness.
Improvement of Thermal Deformation in a Newly Developed Steel CFRP Composite Ball Screw
Authors: Yoshioka Hayato , Saito Shunya , Kato Jun , Shinno Hidenori , Goto Shunsuke , Hori Nobumitsu 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Machine tools are required to realize high precision and high efficiency machining by various industry sectors. A machine tool has some driving systems to position cutting tools and workpieces, and hence driving units are required high speed and precision positioning. However, high speed feed motion causes thermal deformation due to generated heat at friction surfaces such as guideway, feed screw, and bearings, it deteriorates positioning accuracy of driving units. Thermal deformation of a ball screw is one of large error factors of lower positioning accuracy, and a cooling system for reducing thermal deformation is installed into machine tools. Since the cooling system needs additional cost and space in machining systems, a new method for minimizing thermal deformation is required. In this study, a new structure of ball screw is proposed in order to meet these requirements. A new ball screw which has a core pipe made of CFRP was developed. CFRP is one of composite materials which have light weight and low thermal expansion. This paper presents analysis results of a simplified FEM model of the ball screw and the basic experimental results of the developed ball screw. These results confirmed that the proposed ball screw was applied to high performance positioning system in machine tools.
Performance of the Plastic Injection Molding Mold Heating and Cooling System Using Hydrogen Absorbing Alloys
Authors: Kosaka Masataka , Fukushima Yoshio 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Hydrogen is expected to become one of the major secondary energy sources and to be treated as important as conventional secondary energy such as electrical energy, thermal energy and so on. Effectively, to use the hydrogen energy leads to the achievement of the low carbon society that is one of the goals of the sustainable society that is aim at the modern society. However, in the industry, there are few precedents of practical use that is using hydrogen energy. In this study, hydrogen energy is applied to plastic injection molding mold heating using LmNi4.90Mn0.10 hydride. In this paper, the thermal characteristic of heating and cooling processes of the proposal system with using the heat of formations by exothermic/endothermic reversible reactions was investigated and the effectiveness of this method has been evaluated from relationship between measured surface temperature change and amount of hydrogen absorption. As results, using this proposal system, when the time cycle of the heating and cooling processes was set about 162 seconds, the mold surface temperature difference of the heating system between these processes became 55 K and the average amount of hydrogen transfer of three cycles except for first cycle was 0.80g which was 80% value of maximum amount of hydrogen absorption.