bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Challenging the regulators: Enforcement and appeals in financial regulation
Authors: Gava Roy 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article investigates the conditions under which regulatees challenge regulatory sanctions in court. Targets of enforcement have the right to make independent regulatory agencies (IRAs) accountable in court, but IRAs would prefer not to have their enforcement actions challenged. This article argues that, when deciding whether to contest regulators through appeals, regulatees consider the price of harming the regulatory relationship. Regulatory litigation is expected to be shaped by the type of enforcement measures at stake, the type of entity (i.e., firm or individual), and the kind of relation between firms and authorities (i.e., primary regulators). The empirical analysis relies on more than 3,700 cases from 18 financial regulators covering 13 European countries between 2004 and 2020. Results suggest that enforcement actions that impose costlier sanctions and target individuals are at higher risk of appeal; in contrast, firms sanctioned by their national primary regulators show less appetite for appeals.
The prognostic significance of metabolic tumour volume and total lesion glycolysis for dogs staged for appendicular osteosarcoma with fluorine‐18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography
Authors: Griffin Lynn R. , Brody Ariel , Lee Ber‐In 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMetabolic tumour volumes (MTV) and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) are metabolic parameters that are becoming more commonly reported in human medicine to quantify tumours detected on fluorine‐18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F‐FDG PET/CT). In this retrospective study dogs afflicted with appendicular osteosarcoma that were staged with18F‐FDG PET/CT had MTV and TLG at a variety of set and fixed thresholds calculated by two observers. These values, along with SUVmax, were evaluated for prognostic significance in this population of dogs. There was excellent correlation between two observers for all values. Multiple volumetric parameters were significantly associated with survival. SUVmaxhad the highest sensitivity for survival and TLG at 2.5 SUV*cm3had the highest specificity for prediction of survival based on ROC calculations. The SUVmax, MTV at 2.5 SUV and TLG at 2.5 SUV*cm3were significantly different between dogs that survived more than or less than 1 year. This study is the first of its kind in veterinary medicine that retrospectively evaluated volumetric tumour values for prognostic significance and may provide a basis for standardized method of reporting18F‐FDG PET/CT results.
Axis spinous process malformations are commonly identified in a sample of English Bull Terriers without associated clinical signs
Authors: Frias João Miguel , De Decker Steven , Dirrig Helen , Fenn Joe 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCongenital cervical vertebral malformations (CCVM) have been infrequently reported in veterinary medicine, with limited examples of axis spinous process malformations. The objective of this retrospective cross‐sectional study was to describe the radiological characteristics, prevalence, and clinical relevance of a characteristic axis vertebral malformation in a sample of English Bull Terriers (EBTs). Medical records and diagnostic imaging studies of the cervical vertebral column of EBTs presenting for any reason were reviewed and described. Based on evaluation of the images, EBTs were divided in two groups; axis spinous process malformation and normal cases. Referring veterinary surgeons were contacted for long‐term follow‐up information. A total of 27 cervical radiographs, 23 CT, and nine MRI studies from 53 EBTs were reviewed. An axis spinous process malformation, characterized by a linear defect of varying length along the base of the spinous process, was identified in 22 of 53 EBTs (41.5%). There was no significant difference in age, body weight, or sex (P < .05) between EBTs with and without the malformation. No traumatic causes or clinical signs were identified in EBTs with the malformation that could be directly attributed to it. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of a malformation of the axis spinous process in a sample of EBTs. The malformation was not associated with clinical signs and should not be misinterpreted as a traumatic vertebral fracture or other pathology.
Multidetector CT and cone‐beam CT have substantial agreement in detecting dental and sinus abnormalities in equine cadaver heads
Authors: van Zadelhoff Claudia , Liuti Tiziana , Dixon Padraic M. , Reardon Richard J.M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe performance of cone‐beam CT (CBCT) systems compared to conventional helical multidetector CT (MDCT) imaging of the equine head is unknown. The aim of this prospective, method‐comparison study was to compare the ability of CBCT and MDCT to detect abnormalities in equine cadaver heads. Eleven equine cadaver heads were scanned using a CBCT scanner and a 64‐slice MDCT scanner. Consensus evaluations for CBCT and MDCT scans were performed by three observers. Identified abnormalities were grouped into subcategories with a focus on dental abnormalities. Kappa agreement values between detected abnormalities for CBCT and MDCT methods were calculated. Of 468 teeth evaluated, 122 (26.1%) were found to have abnormalities (including in 58 infundibula and 7 pulps) using MDCT and 105 (22.4%) were found to have abnormalities (including in 52 infundibula and 2 pulps) using CBCT. The agreement between CBCT and MDCT was almost perfect for overall detection of dental abnormalities (k = 0.90) with k = 1 for diastema k = 0.95 for clinical crown abnormalities, and k = 0.93 for infundibular abnormalities. However, the detection of pulp changes by CBCT was only moderate k = 0.44. Increased scatter radiation, non‐calibrated Hounsfield Unit and artefacts in CBCT images made accurate identification of the pulp density difficult. In conclusion, CBCT results were similar to conventional MDCT for the majority of dental abnormalities, however, pulp abnormalities were not reliably identified using CBCT, potentially limiting its clinical use for detecting endodontic disease in its current form. Further comparison with more cases with confirmed dental disease and studies in clinical cases are warranted.
Computed tomography may be helpful in discriminating grass awn foreign body rhinitis from non‐foreign body rhinitis in dogs
Authors: Lafuma Francois , Baudin Tréhiou Clement , Bernardin Fanny , Blond Laurent 
Published: May 2021

AbstractGrass awn foreign bodies are a common cause of rhinitis in dogs. Early detection and complete removal of these foreign bodies are important for minimizing risks of long term complications. The objective of this retrospective, descriptive cross‐sectional study was to determine whether discriminating CT findings exist between dogs with grass awn foreign body rhinitis and dogs with non‐foreign body rhinitis. Computed tomography scans of 47 dogs with a confirmed diagnosis of non‐foreign body rhinitis (25 cases) or of a nasal grass awn foreign body (22 cases) were reviewed. In the latter group, grass seeds were visualized directly on CT images for one of 22 (5%) cases. Focal lysis was more strongly associated with the presence of a grass awn foreign body (P = .012, LR = 3.0) and widespread lysis (involving more than one‐third of the nasal cavity and/or bilateral) appeared associated with non‐foreign body rhinitis (P = .046, LR = 2.0). Maxillary recess filling was associated with non‐foreign body rhinitis (LR = 4.4) as was widespread lysis (LR = 2.0). Findings supported prioritizing grass awn foreign body rhinitis as a differential diagnosis for dogs with the former CT characteristics, even if a grass awn cannot be directly visualized.
Faecal bacterial contamination of rivers: Evolution, suitability, and health risk implications for recreational use
Authors: Arce‐Navarro Kenia Sarai , Castañeda‐Ruelas Gloria M. , Romero‐Quintana Jose G. , Rendon‐Maldonado Jose G. , Leon‐Sicairos Claudia R. , Jiménez‐Edeza Maribel 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe suitability of rivers for recreational purposes is an important issue in public health and water management. A quantitative microbial risk assessment was conducted using a dataset of E. coli concentrations in three Sinaloa rivers from 2013 to 2018 to define the level of faecal contamination and estimate the risks of acquiring gastrointestinal infections (GI) from recreational exposure. Faecal contamination was conditioned by river flow or time (p > 0.05) and increase during summer in urban areas. The national laws classify these rivers as suitable for recreational activities. However, the dose‐response model estimated the probability of acquiring GI during recreational use (>1.0 × 10–4), which implies the occurrence of 283 and 788 GI annually in adults and children, respectively. This research exposes the risk for the development of GI in the population of the region, especially in children; and justifies the controlling microbiological quality of rivers used for recreational use.
Exposure of wild boar to Influenza A viruses in Bavaria: Analysis of seroprevalences and antibody subtype specificity before and after the panzootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses A (H5N8)
Authors: Schülein Anika , Ritzmann Mathias , Christian Jürgen , Schneider Katharina , Neubauer‐Juric Antonie 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSwine influenza A viruses (S‐IAV) circulate in wild boar populations worldwide. Subtypes primarily reflect those actually present within the respective pig industry. Accordingly, infections with swine H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 have been reported for several regions of Germany. As pigs are susceptible not only to S‐IAV but also to avian and human influenza A viruses, it is necessary to consider the possibility that new reassortant viruses with pandemic potential may arise in these new hosts. Therefore, in this study the impact of recent IAV epidemics on antibody prevalences in Bavarian wild boar was assessed. Important events considered were the H1N1pdm09 pandemic, which affected humans and swine, and the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 panzootic in 2016 and 2017, affecting wild and domestic birds. IAV seroprevalences were determined analysing 1,396 samples from before and after the H5N8 panzootic, from various regions in Bavaria, a large administrative region in the South of Germany. Taken together, seroprevalences varied markedly from 1.44% to 12.59%, relative to region and time. However, no discrete correlation was found to population density either in wild boar or in pigs. Antibodies against H1N1 were the most prevalent. In addition, antibodies were detected reacting against H1N2 and against H1pdmNx reassortant viruses, already known to circulate in domestic pigs in Bavaria and notably also against the avian influenza A virus H5N8; the latter in samples taken in 2017. These results confirm the exposure of wild boar to IAV of diverse origin and the increasing variability of S‐IAV present in the field. The necessity for continuous IAV surveillance not only of domestic swine but also of wildlife is emphasized.
Ecology of Arctic rabies: 60 years of disease surveillance in the warming climate of northern Canada
Authors: Simon Audrey , Beauchamp Guy , Bélanger Denise , Bouchard Catherine , Fehlner‐Gardiner Christine , Lecomte Nicolas , Rees Erin , Leighton Patrick A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRabies occurs throughout the Arctic, representing an ongoing public health concern for residents of northern communities. The Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) is the main reservoir of the Arctic rabies virus variant, yet little is known about the epidemiology of Arctic rabies, such as the ecological mechanisms driving where and when epizootics in fox populations occur. In this study, we provide the first portrait of the spatio‐temporal spread of rabies across northern Canada. We also explore the impact of seasonal and multiannual dynamics in Arctic fox populations and climatic factors on rabies transmission dynamics. We analysed data on rabies cases collected through passive surveillance systems in the Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Nunavik and Labrador from 1953 to 2014. In addition, we analysed a large and unique database of trapped foxes tested for rabies in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut from 1974 to 1984 as part of active surveillance studies. Rabies cases occurred in all Arctic regions of Canada and were relatively synchronous among foxes and dogs (Canis familiaris). This study highlights the spread of Arctic rabies virus variant across northern Canada, with contrasting rabies dynamics between different yet connected areas. Population fluctuations of Arctic fox populations could drive rabies transmission dynamics in a complex way across northern Canada. Furthermore, this study suggests different impacts of climate and sea ice cover on the onset of rabies epizootics in northern Canada. These results lay the groundwork for the development of epidemiological models to better predict the spatio‐temporal dynamics of rabies occurrence in both wild and domestic carnivores, leading to better estimates of human exposure and transmission risk.
Detection of spatial and spatio‐temporal Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Typhimurium human case clusters focused around licensed abattoirs in Ontario in 2015, and their potential relation to known outbreaks
Authors: Paphitis Katherine , Pearl David L. , Berke Olaf , McEwen Scott A. , Trotz‐Williams Lise 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSalmonellosis is one of several zoonotic diseases for which individuals with occupational animal contact, including abattoir workers, are at an increased risk. If meat is contaminated during slaughter, this can increase the risk of enteric illness for consumers. In this study, we investigated whether reported cases of Salmonella Heidelberg and Typhimurium were clustered around abattoirs in Ontario in 2015 and whether there was any evidence (laboratory/exposure) to suggest an abattoir at the centre of a cluster might be the source of exposure. Data for each reported case of S. Heidelberg and S. Typhimurium in Ontario in 2015 were collected. Multi‐focused and non‐focused spatial and space‐time cluster detection tests were performed for each serotype, with and without cases linked to known outbreaks, using Poisson and space‐time permutation models. Focused tests included the location of abattoirs operational in all or part of 2015. Laboratory data and exposure information were used to explore the relatedness of cases within identified clusters. Focused spatial tests identified clusters of S. Heidelberg and S. Typhimurium around abattoirs. Focused space‐time permutation tests identified 2 significant space‐time clusters of S. Heidelberg; one cluster (n = 11 cases) included 8 of 9 cases associated with a known outbreak and the other cluster (n = 18 cases) was not part of a previously identified outbreak. Review of laboratory and risk factor information suggested that cases within each cluster shared a common exposure. Cases were not asked about goat or sheep meat consumption. The focused cluster test, particularly with the space‐time permutation model, could assist in identifying outbreaks associated with a particular physical location, such as an abattoir. Improvements to the current case investigation process, such as consistent collection and reporting of high‐risk occupation information and more detailed food consumption history, could assist in outbreak identification when coupled with this statistic.
Optimization of Airfoil Blend Limits With As-Manufactured Geometry Finite Element Models
Authors: Brown Jeffrey M. , Kaszynski Alex A. , Gillaugh Daniel L. , Carper Emily B. , Beck Joseph A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Conventional airfoil blend repair limits are established using nominal, design intent geometry. This convention does not explicitly consider the inherent blade-to-blade structural response variation associated with geometric manufacturing deviations. In this work, we explore whether accounting for these variations leads to significant differences in blend depths and develop a novel approach to effectively predict blade-specific blend allowable. These blade-specific values maximize the part repairability according to their proximity to defined structural integrity constraints. The methodology is demonstrated on the as-manufactured geometry of an aerodynamic research rig compressor rotor. Geometric point cloud data of this rotor is used to construct as-built finite element models (FEMs) of each airfoil. The effect of two large blends on these airfoils demonstrates the opportunity of blade-specific blend limits. A new approach to determine each airfoil's blend repair capacity is developed that uses sequential least-squares quadratic programing and a parametric blended blade FEM that accounts for manufacturing geometry variations and variable blend geometry. A mesh morphing algorithm modifies a nominal geometry model to match the as-built airfoil surface and blend geometry. The numerical optimization maximizes blend depth values within the frequency, mode shape, and high cycle fatigue constraint boundaries. It is found that there are large variations in blend depth allowable between blades and competing structural integrity criteria are responsible for their limits. It is also found that, despite complex modal behavior caused by eigenvalue veering, the proposed optimization approach converges. The developed methodologies may be used in the future to extend blend limits, enable continued operations, and reduce sustainment costs.
Geology of southeastern Barbados
Authors: Speed* Robert C. , Cheng† Hai 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
This chapter presents geological documentation of Quaternary (and perhaps older) event histories of southeastern Barbados. The Barbados Limestone is herein formally defined. A time-stratigraphic division of the Barbados Limestone in southeastern Barbados and the properties of the stratigraphic units are presented. A major finding of this study is that the marine terraces originated wholly by marine erosion, not by reef construction, and evolved in stages over a long duration.
The hydrology and thickness data of the Barbados Limestone are discussed, and hypotheses on causes of thickness variations are given. The study domain is divided into seven areas that contain a continuous flight of nine marine terraces preserved in various partial sequences. Discussions of these key seven areas in southeastern Barbados are supported by geologic maps at large scale and cross sections. Sections with VE &gt; 1 display limestone stratigraphy and facies over relatively large lengths. Sections with VE = 1 show true structural configurations over short lengths. Detailed observations and radio isotopic dating of the limestone units permit differentiation and correlation among them.
Physical activity and cardiometabolic health in adolescents with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Slaght Jana L , Wicklow Brandy Alexandra , Dart Allison B , Sellers Elizabeth A C , Gabbs Melissa , Carino Marylin , McGavock Jonathan M 
Published: May 2021

IntroductionYouth living with type 2 diabetes display increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is unclear if regular physical activity (PA) modifies this risk.Research design and methodsWe compared CVD risk factors in a cross-sectional study of 164 youth with type 2 diabetes stratified according to weekly vigorous-intensity PA. Outcomes were hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), ambulatory blood pressure (BP; ambulatory 24-hour readings), plasma lipoproteins, and albuminuria. The main exposure, vigorous-intensity PA, was quantified with the Adolescent Physical Activity Recall Questionnaire.ResultsYouth were 15±3 years, and 78% lived rurally and 68% were female, with a mean body mass index (BMI) Z-score of 2.4±1.1 and a mean HbA1c of 9.6% ±2.6%. Youth who participated in regular vigorous-intensity PA (40%; n=67) achieved nearly twice the dose of PA than peers who did not (62 vs 34 metabolic equivalent score-hour/week, p=0.001). After adjusting for duration of diabetes, BMI Z-score, sex, and smoking, youth who engaged in vigorous-intensity PA displayed lower HbA1c (9.1% vs 9.9%, p=0.052), diastolic BP (70 mm Hg vs 73 mm Hg, p=0.002), diastolic load (20% vs 26%, p=0.023), and mean arterial pressure (87.3 mm Hg vs 90.3 mm Hg, p<0.01), compared with youth who did not. Compared with youth who did not participate in regular vigorous-intensity PA, those who did also displayed lower odds of albuminuria after adjusting for duration of diabetes, sex, smoking, rural residence, and BMI Z-score (adjusted OR: 0.40, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.84).ConclusionsAmong youth with type 2 diabetes, participation in vigorous-intensity PA is associated with lower CVD risk.
Virtual reality as a distraction therapy in obstetrics and gynaecology
Authors: Harper Alice M , Wastnedge Elizabeth , Sivanathan Aparajithan , Jordan Aileen , Harper Samuel , Lim Theodore , Denison Fiona C 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundVirtual reality (VR) is an effective distraction therapy across a variety of healthcare settings but there is minimal research on its potential applications within obstetrics and gynaecology.AimTo explore the acceptability and preferences for VR as distraction therapy within obstetrics and gynaecology.MethodsQuestionnaires were developed and administered to seek both obstetric and gynaecology women’s and staff members’ opinions on VR use within clinical settings and hardware and software options. Likert scales were used to explore opinions on VR. Data were analysed by descriptive statistics.Results247 questionnaires were completed (90 obstetric and 157 gynaecology). On average 57% of women and 75% of staff felt positively about trialling VR within obstetric and gynaecology clinical settings. For hardware, glasses were the preferred head equipment but there were no clear preferences for image viewing. For software, ‘beach’ was the most popular environment and accompanying audio favoured. Women’s and staff members’ opinion on complete immersion was largely negative.ConclusionsThere is wide acceptability for VR within obstetrics and gynaecology. Differing opinions for specific hardware and software preferences prompts consideration of clinical settings, end-users and healthcare professionals in the design of future VR technologies and clinical trials for obstetrics and gynaecology.