bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrahigh detectivity, high-speed and low-dark current AlGaN solar-blind heterojunction field-effect phototransistors realized using dual-float-photogating effect
Authors: Wang Kai , Qiu Xinjia , Lv Zesheng , Song Zhiyuan , Jiang Hao 
Published: November 2021

High detectivity is essential for solar-blind deep-ultraviolet (DUV) light detection because the DUV signal is extremely weak in most applications. In this work, we report ultrahigh-detectivity AlGaN-based solar-blind heterojunction-field-effect phototransistors fabricated utilizing dual-float-photogating effect. The

p

+

-

Al

0.4

GaN

layer and

Al

0.4

GaN

absorber layer deposited on the

Al

0.6

GaN

barrier serve as top pin-junction photogate, while the thin

Al

0.4

GaN

channel layer with a strong polarization field inside acts as virtual back photogate. Due to the effective depletion of the two-dimensional electron gas at the

Al

0.6

Ga

0.4

N
/

Al

0.4

Ga

0.6

N

heterointerface by the top photogate, the dark current was suppressed below 2 pA in the bias range of 0 to 10 V. A high photo-to-dark current ratio over

10

8

and an optical gain of

7.5
×

10

4

were demonstrated at a bias of 5 V. Theoretical analysis indicates that the optical gain can be attributed to the joint action of the floating top and back photogates on the channel current. As a result, a record high flicker noise (Johnson and shot noise) limited specific detectivity of

2.84
×

10

15

(
2.91
×

10

17

)

cm

Hz

0.5

W

−
1

was obtained. Furthermore, high response speed at the microsecond level was also shown in the devices. This work provides a promising and feasible approach for high-sensitivity DUV detection.
Effect of PTPN22, FAS/FASL, IL2RA and CTLA4 genetic polymorphisms on the risk of developing alopecia areata: A systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis
Authors: Gil-Quiñones S. R. , Sepúlveda-Pachón I. T. , Sánchez Vanegas G. , Gutierrez-Castañeda L. D. 
Published: November 2021

Objectives
Genetic association studies on alopecia areata (AA) performed in various populations have shown heterogeneous results. The aim of the current review was to synthesize the results of said studies to estimate the impact of FAS, FASL, PTPN22, CTLA4 and IL2RA gene polymorphisms on AA susceptibility.

Design
A systematic literature search was conducted in the Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE and LILACS databases. Studies published up to June 2020 were included. The results available in the grey literature including the Open Grey and Google Scholar databases were also used. The texts of potentially related studies were screened by individual reviewers. Evidence of publication bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale and the quality of evidence was assessed using the GRADE system. The quantitative synthesis was performed using the fixed effect model.

Results
Out of 1784 articles, we identified 18 relevant articles for the qualitative synthesis and 16 for the quantitative synthesis. In a study of rs2476601 polymorphism of PTPN22 gene, including 1292 cases and 1832 controls, a correlation was found with the risk of developing AA in the allelic model (OR1.49 [95% C:1.13–1.95]), the heterozygous codominant (OR1.44 [95% CI:1:19–1.76]) and dominant model (OR1.43 [95% CI:1.18–1.73]). No association was found between the presence of FASL, PTPN22, CTLA and IL2RA gene polymorphisms with AA susceptibility.

Conclusions
The results suggest that the T allele of the single nucleoid polymorphism (SNP) rs2476601 in PTPN22 gene is a risk factor for developing alopecia areata. However, more robust studies defining the ethnic background of the population of origin are required, so that the risk identified in the present study can be validated. Additionally, a greater number of studies is necessary to evaluate the role of the FAS, FASL, PTPN22, CTLA4 and IL2RA genetic variants, given the heterogenous results found in the literature.
Development of at-home sample collection logistics for large-scale seroprevalence studies
Authors: Aatresh Aishani V. , Cummings Kate , Gerstein Hilary , Knight Christopher S. , Limberopolous Andreas , Stasi Megan A. , Bedugnis Alice , Somberg Kenneth A. , França Camila T. , Mina Michael J. 
Published: November 2021

Background
Serological studies rely on the recruitment of representative cohorts; however, such efforts are specially complicated by the conditions surrounding the COVID19 pandemic.

Methods
We aimed to design and implement a fully remote methodology for conducting safe serological surveys that also allow for the engagement of representative study populations.

Results
This design was well-received and effective. 2,066 participants ≥18 years old were enrolled, reflecting the ethnic and racial composition of Massachusetts. >70% of them reported being satisfied/extremely satisfied with the online enrollment and at-home self-collection of blood samples. While 18.6% reported some discomfort experienced with the collection process, 72.2% stated that they would be willing to test weekly if enrolled in a long-term study.

Conclusions
High engagement and positive feedback from participants, as well as the quality of self-collected specimens, point to the usefulness of this fully remote, self-collection-based study design for future safer and efficient population-level serological surveys.
Health facility delivery among women of reproductive age in Nigeria: Does age at first birth matter?
Authors: Bolarinwa Obasanjo Afolabi , Fortune Effiong , Aboagye Richard Gyan , Seidu Abdul-Aziz , Olagunju Olalekan Seun , Nwagbara Ugochinyere Ijeoma , Ameyaw Edward Kwabena , Ahinkorah Bright Opoku 
Published: November 2021

Background
High maternal mortality ratio in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has been linked to inadequate medical care for pregnant women due to limited health facility delivery utilization. Thus, this study, examined the association between age at first childbirth and health facility delivery among women of reproductive age in Nigeria.

Methods
The study used the most recent secondary dataset from Nigeria’s Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) conducted in 2018. Only women aged15-49 were considered for the study (N = 34,193). Bi-variate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the association between age at first birth and place of delivery. The results were presented as crude odds ratios and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Statistical significance was set at p<0.05.

Results
The results showed that the prevalence of health facility deliveries was 41% in Nigeria. Women who had their first birth below age 20 [aOR = 0.82; 95%(CI = 0.74–0.90)] were less likely to give birth at health facilities compared to those who had their first birth at age 20 and above.

Conclusion
Our findings suggest the need to design interventions that will encourage women of reproductive age in Nigeria who are younger than 20 years to give birth in health facilities to avoid the risks of maternal complications associated with home delivery. Such interventions should include male involvement in antenatal care visits and the education of both partners and young women on the importance of health facility delivery.
Mapping and situation analysis of basic WASH facilities at households in Bangladesh: Evidence from a nationally representative survey
Authors: Ahmed Md. Sabbir , Islam Md Irteja , Das Manik Chandra , Khan Arifuzzaman , Yunus Fakir Md 
Published: November 2021

Background
Ensuring water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities for households remains a major public health concern in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study investigated the current situation of basic WASH facilities for households in Bangladesh and drew a national coverage map.

Methods
We analyzed the publicly available nationally representative 2019 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) dataset that was carried out by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) with support from the United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF). A total of 61,209 households (weighted) were included in the analysis. Both bivariate and multivariate analyses were employed to examine the relationships between independent variables (socio-demographic and economic status) and their distributions over outcome variables (basic water, sanitation, and hygiene). Further, the spatial distribution of WASH facilities at the household level was depicted.

Results
Coverage of access to basic water facilities at the household level was 99.5% (95% CI 99.4% to 99.6%), sanitation 60.7% (95% CI 60.0% to 61.5%), and hygiene 56.3% (95% CI 55.6% to 57.0%). However, coverage of combined access to all three components was 40.2% (95% CI 39.4% to 40.9%). Among all 64 administrative districts of Bangladesh, we found comparatively lower coverage of WASH facilities in the South and South-East regions and relatively higher in the households of the North and North-Western regions. An adjusted regression model revealed that richest households [AOR = 29.64, 95% CI 26.31 to 33.39], households in the rural areas [AOR = 1.64, 95% CI 1.50 to 1.79], household heads with higher educational attainment [AOR = 2.28, 95% CI 2.09 to 2.49], and households with 5+ family members [AOR = 1.64, 95% CI 1.56 to 1.71] had the higher likelihood to have basic WASH facilities.

Conclusion
Less than half of the Bangladeshi households had access to all three major WASH components (basic water, sanitation, and hygiene facilities); however, variation exists at the individual parameter of basic water, sanitation, and hygiene facilities. A comprehensive WASH approach may reduce the gap and improve the quality of WASH facilities in Bangladesh.
Myelination, axonal loss and Schwann cell characteristics in axonal polyneuropathy compared to controls
Authors: Placheta-Györi Eva , Brandstetter Lea Maria , Zemann-Schälss Jakob , Wolf Sonja , Radtke Christine 
Published: November 2021

Introduction
Polyneuropathy is a debilitating condition characterized by distal sensory and motor deficits. Schwann cell dysfunction and axonal loss are integral factors in pathophysiology and disease progression of polyneuropathy.

Aims
The aim of this study was the assessment of Schwann cell characteristics, nerve fibers and myelination parameters in polyneuropathy patients compared to controls.

Methods
Nerve tissue was obtained from polyneuropathy patients (n = 10) undergoing diagnostic sural nerve biopsies. Biopsies of healthy peripheral nerves (n = 5) were harvested during elective sural nerve grafting for chronic peripheral nerve lesions. Exclusion criteria for the healthy control group were recent neurological trauma, diabetes, neurological and cardiovascular disease, as well as active malignancies and cytotoxic medication within the last 12 months. The over-all architecture of nerve sections and myelination parameters were histomorphometrically analyzed. Immunofluorescent imaging was used to evaluate Schwann cell phenotypes, senescence markers and myelination parameters.

Results
Histomorphometric analysis of nerve biopsies showed significant axonal loss in polyneuropathy patients compared to controls, which was in accordance with the neuropathological findings. Immunofluorescent staining of Schwann cells and myelin basic protein indicated a significant impairment of myelination and lower Schwann cell counts compared to controls. Phenotypic alterations and increased numbers of non-myelinating p75-positive Schwann cells were found in polyneuropathy patients.

Discussion
This study provided quantitative data of axonal loss, reduced myelination and Schwann cell dysfunction of polyneuropathy patients compared to neurologically healthy controls. Phenotypic alterations of Schwann cells were similar to those seen after peripheral nerve injury, highlighting the clinical relevance of Schwann cell dysfunction.
Auf dem Weg zum „Rettungsprogramm“ – das BKM-Sonderprogramm zur Erhaltung des schriftlichen Kulturguts
Authors: Schmidt Björn 
Published: November 2021

Zusammenfassung
Seit 2017 vergibt der Bund Fördergelder im Rahmen des Sonderprogramms zur Erhaltung des schriftlichen Kulturguts, dessen Umsetzung durch die Koordinierungsstelle für die Erhaltung des schriftlichen Kulturguts (KEK) erfolgt. Der Artikel bilanziert die bisherige Entwicklung des Programms und seine Bedeutung für die Bewahrung schriftlicher Originale in Archiven und Bibliotheken. Hierbei stehen Fragen nach der Antragslage, strukturellen Voraussetzungen, inhaltlicher Ausrichtung sowie zukünftigen Entwicklungsfeldern des Förderprogramms im Mittelpunkt.
Improving Regularization Techniques for Incompressible Fluid Flows via Defect Correction
Authors: Erkmen Dilek , Labovsky Alexander E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We propose and investigate two regularization models for fluid flows at higher Reynolds numbers.
Both models are based on the reduced ADM regularization (RADM).
One model, which we call DC-RADM (deferred correction for reduced approximate deconvolution model), aims to improve the temporal accuracy of the RADM.
The second model, denoted by RADC (reduced approximate deconvolution with correction), is created with a more systemic approach.
We treat the RADM regularization as a defect in approximating the true solution of the Navier–Stokes equations (NSE) and then correct for this defect, using the defect correction algorithm.
Thus, the resulting RADC model can be viewed as a first member of the class that we call “LESC-reduced”, where one starts with a regularization that resembles a Large Eddy Simulation turbulence model and then improves it with a defect correction technique.
Both models are investigated theoretically and numerically, and the RADC is shown to outperform the DC-RADM model both in terms of convergence rates and in terms of the quality of the produced solution.
The corrosion behavior and cracking susceptibility of the disbonded coating in the X80 steel pipeline by theoretical simulations and experimental measurements
Authors: Zhao Bo , Zhao Zhijuan , Jin Dong , Li Na , Liu Linlin , Cao Xin , Shou Binan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The corrosion behavior and cracking susceptibility of the disbonded coating in the X80 steel pipeline were investigated by different methods. The oxygen content in the trapped solution decreased rapidly with the formation of an airtight disbonded area. The airtight system affected the electrode reaction process, resulting in the inhibition of corrosion in the center of the disbonded area and the more refined surface finish of the sample. The bottom of the disbonded area underwent a relatively intense and accelerated corrosion reaction controlled by the diffusion process. The cracking susceptibility of the X80 steel firstly decreased and then increased in the pointing direction.
The incomplete exponential
pRp
(α,β;z) function with applications
Authors: Pal Ankit , Kumar Jana Ranjan , Khammash Ghazi S. , Shukla Ajay K. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we are motivated to establish the generalization of a

R
q

p

⁢

(
α
,
β
;
z
)

{{}_{p}R_{q}(\alpha,\beta;z)}

function in terms of incomplete exponential functions and obtain some properties of an incomplete exponential

R
q

p

⁢

(
α
,
β
;
z
)

{{}_{p}R_{q}(\alpha,\beta;z)}

function. Further we give generating relations for incomplete exponential

R
q

p

⁢

(
α
,
β
;
z
)

{{}_{p}R_{q}(\alpha,\beta;z)}

function. Some applications related to ground water pumping (hydrology) modelling and probability theory are also discussed.
Advances in biopolymer composites and biomaterials for the removal of emerging contaminants
Authors: Stephen Dayana Priyadharhsini , Palanisamy Suresh Babu 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Domestic, agriculture, and industrial activities contaminate the waterbodies by releasing toxic substances and pathogens. Removal of pollutants from wastewater is critical to ensuring the quality of accessible water resources. Several wastewater treatments are often used. Researchers are increasingly focusing on adsorption, ion exchange, electrostatic interactions, biodegradation, flocculation, and membrane filtration for the efficient reduction of pollutants. Biopolymers are a combination of two or more products produced by the living organisms used to give the desired finished product with a unique attribute. Biomaterials are also similar to traditional polymers by having higher flexibility, biodegradability, low toxicity, and nontoxic secondary byproducts producing ability. Grafting, functionalization, and crosslinking will be used to enhance the characteristics of biopolymers. The present chapter will illustrate some of the important biopolymers and its compos that will impact wastewater treatment in the future. Most commonly used biopolymers including chitosan (CS), activated carbon (AC), carbon-nanotubes (CNTs), and graphene oxide (GO) are discussed. Finally, the opportunities and difficulties for applying adsorbents to water pollution treatment are discussed.
Progress in the Application of Nano- and Micro-based Drug Delivery Systems in Pulmonary Drug Delivery
Authors: Ndebele Rejoice Thubelihle , Yao Qing , Shi Yan-Nan , Zhai Yuan-Yuan , Xu He-Lin , Lu Cui-Tao , Zhao Ying-Zheng 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Nanotechnology is associated with the development of particles in the nano-size range that can be used in a wide range of applications in the medical field. It has gained more importance in the pharmaceutical research field particularly in drug delivery, as it results in enhanced therapeutic drug performance, improved drug solubility, targeted drug delivery to the specific sites, minimized side effects, and prolonged drug retention time in the targeted site. To date, the application of nanotechnology continues to offer several benefits in the treatment of various chronic diseases and results in remarkable improvements in treatment outcomes. The use of nano-based delivery systems such as liposomes, micelles, and nanoparticles in pulmonary drug delivery have shown to be a promising strategy in achieving drug deposition and maintained controlled drug release in the lungs. They have been widely used to minimize the risks of drug toxicity in vivo. In this review, recent advances in the application of nano- and micro-based delivery systems in pulmonary drug delivery for the treatment of various pulmonary diseases, such as lung cancer, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, are highlighted. Limitations in the application of these drug delivery systems and some key strategies in improving their formulation properties to overcome challenges encountered in drug delivery are also discussed.
Hypercalcemia due to CYP24A1 mutations: a systematic descriptive review
Authors: Cappellani Daniele , Brancatella Alessandro , Morganti Riccardo , Borsari Simona , Baldinotti Fulvia , Caligo Maria Adelaide , Kaufmann Martin , Jones Glenville , Marcocci Claudio , Cetani Filomena 
Published: November 2021

Background and objectives
CYP24A1 encodes a 24-hydroxylase involved in vitamin D catabolism, whose loss-of-function results in vitamin D-dependent hypercalcemia. Since the identification of CYP24A1 variants as a cause of idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia, a large body of literature has emerged indicating heterogeneity in penetrance, symptoms, biochemistry, and treatments. The objectives of the present research work were to investigate the clinical heterogeneity of the disease, the possibility of a relevant phenotype for monoallelic carriers, and to compare the hypocalcemic effect of the available therapies.

Methods
Two reviewers searched different databases for studies published between the identification of CYP24A1 variants and December 31, 2020. Eligible studies included clinical trials and reports describing carriers of CYP24A1 variants.

Results
Fifty eligible studies were identified, accounting for 221 patients. Genetic data were retrieved and allele frequencies were calculated. Acute hypercalcemia was the typical presentation during the first year of life (76%, P = 0.0005), and nephrocalcinosis was more frequent in infancy (P < 0.0001). Pregnancy was associated with symptomatic hypercalcemia in 81.8% and high rates of obstetric complications. Monoallelic carriers displayed significant rates of nephrolithiasis (19.4%), nephrocalcinosis (4.9%), and symptomatic hypercalcemia (5.6%).

Conclusions
CYP24A1 loss-of-function results in an age-dependent phenotype, which can be exacerbated by triggering factors, such as pregnancy. Although biallelic carriers present more significant clinical and biochemical features, monoallelic carriers have an increased risk of calcium-related conditions. The highly variable tested therapeutic approaches did not allow to draw conclusions on preferable therapeutic regime.
Characterisation of the onset and severity of adrenal and thyroid dysfunction associated with CTLA4-related hypophysitis
Authors: Seejore Khyatisha , Giannoudi Marilena , Osborn Djoah , Lynch Julie M , Al-Qaissi Ahmed , Dunwoodie Elaine , Hook Jane , Marples Maria , Murray Robert D 
Published: November 2021

Context
The use of the CTLA4 inhibitor, ipilimumab, has proven efficacious in the treatment of melanoma, renal carcinoma and non-small cell lung cancer; however, it is associated with frequent immune-related adverse events (irAE). Ipilimumab-induced hypophysitis (IIH) is a well-recognised and not infrequent endocrine irAE.

Objective
To investigate the timing of onset and severity of adrenal and thyroid hormone dysfunction around the development of IIH in patients treated for melanoma.

Design
Aretrospective review of hormone levels in consecutive adult patients treated with ipilimumab (3 mg/kg) for advanced melanoma as monotherapy or in combination with a PD-1 inhibitor.

Results
Of 189 patients, 24 (13%; 13 males; 60.5 ± 12.2 years) presented with IIH at a median of 16.1 (range: 6.7–160) weeks after commencing treatment, occurring in 14 (58%) after the fourth infusion. At the presentation of IIH, corticotroph deficiency was characterised by an acute and severe decrease in cortisol levels to ≤83 nmol/L (≤3 μg/dL) in all patients, often only days after a previously recorded normal cortisol level. Free thyroxine (fT4) levels were observed to decline from 12 weeks prior to the onset of cortisol insufficiency, with the recovery of thyroid hormone levels by 12 weeks after the presentation of IIH. A median fall in fT4 level of 20% was observed at a median of 3 weeks (IQR: 1.5–6 weeks) prior to the diagnosis of IIH.

Conclusion
IIH is characterised by an acute severe decline in cortisol levels to ≤83 nmol/L at presentation. A fall in fT4 can herald the development of ACTH deficiency and can be a valuable early indicator of IIH.