bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The beta2‐adrenergic receptor – a re‐emerging target to combat obesity and induce leanness?
Authors: Hostrup Morten , Onslev Johan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTreatment of obesity with repurposed or novel drugs is an expanding research field. One approach is to target beta2‐adrenergic receptors because they regulate the metabolism and phenotype of adipose and skeletal muscle tissue. Several observations support a role for the beta2‐adrenergic receptor in obesity. Specific human beta2‐adrenergic receptor polymorphisms are associated with body composition and obesity, for which the Gln27Glu polymorphism is associated with obesity, while the Arg16Gly polymorphism is associated with lean mass in men and the development of obesity in specific populations. Individuals with obesity also have lower abundance of beta2‐adrenergic receptors in adipose tissue and are less sensitive to catecholamines. In addition, studies in livestock and rodents demonstrate that selective beta2‐agonists induce a so‐called ‘repartitioning effect’ characterized by muscle accretion and reduced fat deposition. In humans, beta2‐agonists dose‐dependently increase resting metabolic rate by 10–50%. And like that observed in other mammals, only a few weeks of treatment with beta2‐agonists increases muscle mass and reduces fat mass in young healthy individuals. Beta2‐agonists also exert beneficial effects on body composition when used concomitantly with training and act additively to increase muscle strength and mass during periods with resistance training. Thus, the beta2‐adrenergic receptor seems like an attractive target in the development of anti‐obesity drugs. However, future studies need to verify the long‐term efficacy and safety of beta2‐agonists in individuals with obesity, particularly in those with comorbidities.
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Experimental and Numerical Investigation on Radial Stiffness of Origami-Inspired Tubular Structures
Authors: Shen Weijun , Cao Yang , Jiang Xuepeng , Zhang Zhan , Okudan Kremer Gül E. , Qin Hantang 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Origami structures, which were inspired by traditional paper folding arts, have been applied for engineering problems for the last two decades. Origami-based thin-wall tubes have been extensively investigated under axial loadings. However, less has been done with radial stiffness as one of the critical mechanical properties of a tubular structure working under lateral loadings. In this study, the radial stiffness of novel thin-wall tubular structures based on origami patterns have been studied with compression tests and finite element analysis (FEA) simulations. The results show that the radial stiffness of an origami-inspired tube can achieve about 27.1 times that of a circular tube with the same circumcircle diameter (100 mm), height (60 mm), and wall thickness (2 mm). Yoshimura, Kresling, and modified Yoshimura patterns are selected as the basic frames, upon which the influences of different design parameters are tested and discussed. Given that the weight can vary due to different designs, the stiffness-to-weight ratio is also calculated. The origami-inspired tubular structures with superior stiffness performances are obtained and can be extended to crashworthy structures, functional structures, and stiffness enhancement with low structural weight.
Feed Direction-Dependent Milling Dynamics of an Asymmetric Flexible Machining System
Authors: Zhang Xing , Chen Kunhong , Wang Zengguang , Zhao Wanhua 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Asymmetric flexible machining system has been widely used in numerical control machining. In traditional milling dynamics model, the cutter feed direction is usually defined as parallel to its vibration DOF, while the nonparallel condition and its induced milling dynamics response are not deeply considered. This paper presents a general dynamics modeling method for asymmetric flexible machining systems. First, to the best of the author’s knowledge, a new dimension named feed direction is proposed, which is used to establish the generalized coupling relationship between the vibration displacement and the regenerative milling force, thus improve the applicability of the milling dynamics model and reduce the experimental workload compared with the traditional modeling. Second, through the theoretical and experimental research, it is shown that the asymmetric flexible machining system has a significant feed direction-dependent characteristics, and implied the existence of high performance machining region with higher stability and lower surface location error (SLE) by contrast with the symmetric milling system and the traditional models. Finally, by controlling the feed direction angle, the milling parameters in roughing and finishing operations are optimized, and the machining efficiency has been greatly improved on the premise of stable cutting and machining accuracy.
Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Closed-Loop Two-Phase Thermosyphon System With a Structured Heating Surface
Authors: Kumar Vijay , Pathak Manabendra , Khan Mohd. Kaleem 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The present work reports an experimental investigation of heat transfer characteristics of a closed-loop two-phase thermosyphon (CLTPT) system with a structured heating surface. A novel structured heating surface, i.e., segmented finned microchannels, has been used to promote heat transfer rate, and its performance has been compared with that of plane heating surface. Compared with the plane heating surface, the segmented finned structured heating surface produces an enhancement of 157% in heat transfer coefficient (HTC), whereas it produces a 145% enhancement in the critical heat flux (CHF). The present structured surface also delivers better heat transfer performance compared with the available data in the literature.
Loss Assessment of the NASA Source Diagnostic Test Configuration Using URANS With Phase-Lagged Assumption
Authors: Fiore Maxime , Daroukh Majd , Montagnac Marc 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This article presents the study of the Source Diagnostic Test fan rig of the NASA Glenn (NASA SDT). Numerical simulations are performed for the three different outlet guide vane (OGV) geometries (baseline, low count, and low noise) and three rotational speeds corresponding to approach, cutback, and sideline operating conditions, respectively. Unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) approach is used. The in- and out-duct flow including the nacelle are considered in the numerical simulations, and results are compared against available measurements. Due to the blade count of the fan and OGVs (22 fan blades and either 54 or 26 blades for the OGVs), the simulation can only be reduced to half the full annulus simulation domain using periodic boundary conditions that still represents a significant cost. To alleviate this issue, a URANS with phase-lagged assumption is used. This method allows to perform unsteady simulations on multistage turbomachinery configurations including multiple frequency flows with a reduced computational domain composed of one single-blade passage for each row. The large data storage required by the phase-lagged approach is handled by a compression method based on a proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) replacing the traditional Fourier series decomposition (FSD). This compression method improves the signal spectral content especially at high frequency. Based on the numerical simulations, the flow field is described and used to assess the losses generated in the turbofan architecture based on an entropy approach. The results show different flow topologies for the fan depending on the rotational speed with a leading edge shock at high rotational speed. The fan boundary layer contributes strongly to losses with the majority of the losses being generated close to the leading edge.
Effect of Moderate- or High-Intensity Inspiratory Muscle Strength Training on Maximal Inspiratory Mouth Pressure and Swimming Performance in Highly Trained Competitive Swimmers
Authors: Ohya Toshiyuki , Kusanagi Kenta , Koizumi Jun , Ando Ryosuke , Katayama Keisho , Suzuki Yasuhiro 
Published: October 2021

Purpose: Inspiratory muscle strength training (IMST) can improve exercise performance. Increased maximal inspiratory mouth pressure (MIP) could be beneficial for swimmers to enhance their performance. This study aimed to clarify the effect of high-intensity IMST for 6 weeks on MIP and swimming performance in highly trained competitive swimmers. Methods: Thirty male highly trained competitive swimmers were assigned to high-intensity IMST (HI; n = 10), moderate-intensity IMST (MOD; n = 10), and control (n = 10) groups. The 6-week IMST intervention comprised twice daily sessions for 6 d/wk at inspiratory pressure threshold loads equivalent to 75% MIP (HI) and 50% MIP (MOD). Before and after the intervention, MIP and swimming performance were assessed. Swimming performance was evaluated in free and controlled frequency breathing 100-m freestyle swimming time trials in a 25-m pool. For controlled frequency breathing, participants took 1 breath every 6 strokes. Results: The MIP values after 2 and 6 weeks of IMST in the HI and MOD groups were significantly higher than those before IMST (P = .0001). The magnitudes of the MIP increases after 6 weeks of IMST did not differ between the HI (13.4% [8.7%]) and MOD (13.1% [10.1%]) groups (P = .44). The 100-m freestyle swimming times under the controlled frequency condition were significantly shorter after IMST than those before IMST in both the HI (P = .046) and MOD (P = .042) groups. Conclusions: Inspiratory pressure threshold load equivalent to 50% MIP could be sufficient to improve MIP and swimming performance under the controlled frequency breathing condition in highly trained competitive swimmers.
The Solution of Soil Minerals in Dilute Acids
Authors: Nutting P. G. 
Published: October 2021

Montmorillonite goes readily into solution in slightly acid water. In strong acids only bases, in pure water only free silica is removed.
In the range from 0.02 to 0.5 per cent. acid, both bases and silica go into solution and recombine as an aluminosilicate sol and as highly soluble salts.

The sol recovered by evaporation, washing and drying is an amorphous colloid near pyrophyllite in composition, Al
2
O
3
⋅mSiO
2
⋅nH
2
O, with m averaging 4.1 (3.9 to 4.5) and n about 1.5. The slight variation in m is unrelated to either sol, acid or clay concentration.

A general characteristic relation between the amount of sol formed and the amounts of clay, acid and water used has been found for montmorillonite clays. This relation differs in two essential properties from that previously deduced for halloysite-allophane solutions. The variation with temperature of the constants of these equations remains to be investigated.
Temporal trends in routine predischarge pulse oximetry screening: 6 years’ experience in a UK regional neonatal unit
Authors: Henderson Amy , Aguirre Diana , Singh Anju , Ewer Andrew K 
Published: October 2021

ObjectivesTo evaluate the continued impact of pulse oximetry screening (POS) in a regional neonatal unit (NNU) and identify trends in screening outcomes in comparison with our previous experience.DesignRetrospective review of admissions between April 2013 and March 2019 (the current study) and comparison with previously published data (the 2014 study).PatientsAll infants >34 weeks completed gestation admitted to NNU as a result of positive POS.Outcome measuresIndication for admission, diagnosis, investigations and management.ResultsThere were 49 375 livebirths and 253 NNU admissions as a result of positive POS (0.5% of livebirths; compared with 0.8% in 2014). 247/253 (97.6%) of those admitted had a significant diagnosis requiring medical intervention (compared with 79% in 2014) and the proportion of healthy babies (with transitional circulation) admitted decreased from 21% to 2.4%.22 (9%) babies admitted as a result of a positive POS were found to have a previously undiagnosed congenital heart defect (CHD) of which eight were critical CHDs (CCHDs). This accounted for 73% of all undiagnosed CCHD undergoing POS. The antenatal detection rate of CCHD was 75% compared with 46% in 2014. No baby died or collapsed on the postnatal ward during the study period. The proportion of babies with CCHD identified before discharge improved from 94% to 99%.ConclusionsRoutine POS, in addition to antenatal screening and postnatal examination, continues to contribute to the improvement of our overall CCHD detection rates. We have demonstrated an overall reduction in the admission of healthy babies and therefore workload following a positive test.
Prevalence and factors associated with diabetes mellitus among tuberculosis patients in South India—a cross-sectional analytical study
Authors: Rajaa Sathish , Krishnamoorthy Yuvaraj , Knudsen Selby , Roy Gautam , Ellner Jerrold , Horsburgh C Robert , Hochberg Natasha S , Salgame Padmini , S Govindarajan , Prakash Babu Senbagavalli , Sarkar Sonali 
Published: October 2021

ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence and determinants of diabetes mellitus (DM) among tuberculosis (TB) patients and to assess the additional yield and number needed to screen (NNS) to obtain a newly diagnosed DM among TB patients.DesignWe undertook a cross-sectional analysis of the cohort data under Regional Prospective Observational Research for Tuberculosis-India consortium. Newly diagnosed TB patients recruited into the cohort between 2014 and 2018 were included. Pretested standardised questionnaires and tools were used for data collection. Prevalence of DM among TB patients was summarised as proportion with 95% CI. Type II DM was diagnosed if random blood sugar level was >200 mg/dL or if the participant had a documented history of DM. NNS by blood glucose testing to diagnose one new DM case among TB patients was also calculated.SettingThree districts of South India: Puducherry, Cuddalore and VillupuramSubjectsNewly diagnosed sputum smear positive pulmonary TB patients aged ≥16 yearsResultsIn total, 1188 TB patients were included. Prevalence of DM among TB patients was 39% (95% CI: 36.2% to 41.8%). In unadjusted analysis, elderly TB, marital status, caste, gender, higher education level, household income and obesity had a significant association with DM. However, in adjusted analysis, only marital status (currently married aPR; 3.77 (95 CI: 2.20 to 6.49), widowed/separated/divorced aPR; 3.66 (95 CI: 1.96 to 6.83)) and body mass index category (normal weight aPR; 3.26 (95 CI: 2.55 to 4.16), overweight aPR; 3.86 (95 CI: 2.69 to 5.52), obesity aPR; 4.08 (95 CI: 2.81 to 5.94)) were found to be significant determinants. The number of TB patients needed to be screened to find a new DM case was 12.ConclusionWe found that one in three TB patients had coexisting DM. The number of TB patients needed to be screened to obtain a newly diagnosed DM patients was also determined. The study supports and highlights the need of RNTCP’s effort in bidirectional screening of TB and DM.
Observational study of the relative efficacy of insulin-glucose treatment for hyperkalaemia in patients with liver cirrhosis
Authors: Lim Andy K H , Crnobrnja Ljiljana , Metlapalli Manogna , Jiang Cathy , Wang Rene S H , Pham Jeanette H , Abasszade Joshua H 
Published: October 2021

ObjectivesTo determine if liver cirrhosis is associated with reduced efficacy of insulin-glucose treatment in moderate to severe hyperkalaemia.DesignRetrospective, cohort study.SettingTwo secondary and one tertiary care hospital at a large metropolitan healthcare network in Melbourne, Australia.ParticipantsThis study included 463 adults with a mean age of 68.7±15.8 years, comprising 79 patients with cirrhosis and 384 without cirrhosis as controls, who received standard insulin-glucose treatment for a serum potassium ≥6.0 mmol/L from October 2016 to March 2020. Patients were excluded if they received an insulin infusion, or if there was inadequate follow-up data for at least 6 hours after IDT due to death, lost to follow-up or inadequate biochemistry monitoring. The mean Model for End-stage Liver Disease score in patients with cirrhosis was 22.2±7.5, and the distribution of the Child-Pugh score for cirrhosis was: class A (24%), class B (46%), class C (30%).Outcome measuresThe primary outcome was the degree of potassium lowering and the secondary outcome was the proportion of patients who achieved normokalaemia, within 6 hours of treatment.ResultsThe mean pretreatment potassium for the cohort was 6.57±0.52 mmol/L. After insulin-glucose treatment, mean potassium lowering was 0.84±0.58 mmol/L in patients with cirrhosis compared with 1.33±0.75 mmol/L for controls (p<0.001). The proportion of patients achieving normokalaemia was 33% for patients with cirrhosis, compared with 53% for controls (p=0.001). By multivariable regression, on average, liver cirrhosis was associated with a reduced potassium lowering effect of 0.42 mmol/L (95% CI 0.22 to 0.63 mmol/L, p<0.001) from insulin-glucose treatment, after adjusting for age, serum creatinine, cancer, pretreatment potassium level, β-blocker use and cotreatments (sodium polystyrene sulfonate, salbutamol, sodium bicarbonate).ConclusionsOur observational data suggest reduced efficacy of insulin-glucose treatment for hyperkalaemia in patients with cirrhosis.
A Possible Hazard from Nuclear Submarine Corrosion Products
Authors: Hatfield M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThere is a lack of quantitative information on the fate of radioactive corrosion products from pressurized water reactors. An experiment with rats is reported which shows that there is virtually no absorption of corrosion product cobalt from the gut. The implications in assessing radiation dose following an accidental intake of corrosion products are discussed.
A Case of Medullary Sponge Kidney
Authors: Chapman Charles W. , Hazell Anthony M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA case of medullary sponge kidney is described in a woman aged 28. The condition presented initially as recurrent urinary tract infections. Later she was admitted to hospital with an acute right pyonephrosis. Following removal of three calculi from her lower right ureter, function of her right kidney was restored.
Measurement of Oral Calcium Absorption from the Gut by External Isotope Counting
Authors: Macleod Murdoch A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAmong the factors which regulate normal gastro-intestinal calcium absorption, current thought recognises calcium intake, vitamin D and parathyroid hormone as playing an important part. It is well documented that gastro-intestinal calcium absorption is reduced in states of malabsorption, hypoparathyroidism and in patients with chronic renal failure, and raised in states of hyperparathyroidism, urolithiasis and idiopathic hypercalcuria.Difficulties inherent in classic calcium-balance techniques have prompted a search for more practical and reliable methods of measuring the degree of impairment of calcium absorption. This paper describes a study of intestinal calcium absorption in 10 normal subjects and four patients, with various disorders of calcium metabolism, using an external radio-isotope counting technique.
Fatal Pneumococcal Meningitis in Adults Following Splenectomy: Two Case Reports and a Review of the Literature
Authors: Ramsay L. E. , Bouskill K. C. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTwo fatal cases of pneumococcal meningitis occurring in adults who had undergone splenectomy several years previously are described, and the literature relating to pneumococcal sepsis in asplenic patients is reviewed. There is a specific predisposition to pneumoccal sepsis. Asplenic patients presenting with the Waterhouse-Friderich-sen syndrome have a high mortality, but those presenting with meningitis or septicaemia have a similar mortality to normal people. Patients undergoing splenectomy for the staging of Hodgkin’s disease may run a greater risk of serious sepsis than asplenic patients in general. There is no evidence that the risk is greatest during the first 3 years following splenectomy. The prophylaxis and management of infection in asplenic patients are discussed. It is possible that knowledge of the problem in the asplenic patient may reduce the mortality.
A Case of Phaeochromocytoma
Authors: Doris C. I. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA case of phaeochromocytoma, diagnosed in a 39-year-old male following the discovery of hypertension during routine examination is described. Following the demonstration of abnormally high urinary levels of catecholamines and their main metabolites, the presence of a right suprarenal tumour was demonstrated by ultrasonic scanning and confirmed by arteriography. After removal of the phaeochromocytoma the blood pressure fell to within normal limits.
An Analysis Of 300 99mTc Pertechnetate Brain Scans
Authors: Macleod Murdoch A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractsBrain scanning using various radiopharmaceutical complexes is now well established as an invaluable diagnostic tool in the delineation of intracranial lesions. In this paper 300 cases with suspected intracranial pathology are presented and a comparative analysis of the 48 positive pick ups made with EEG and skull X-ray results.
Primary Irritant Dermatitis from the Manchineel Tree (Hippomane Mancinella) in the Eastern Caribbean
Authors: Lowe N. J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractFive cases of primary irritant dermatitis following exposure to the Manchineel tree are described and an attempt to discover the nature of the toxin has been made from the existing literature. Exposure occurred during a surveying season in the Eastern Caribbean.
Research on drag reduction mechanism of pneumatic subsoiler and establishment of resistance mathematical model
Authors: Li Xia , Wang Sichao , Meng Hewei , Qu Qingjiang , Jia Yunwei 
Published: October 2021

According at the characteristics of large subsoiling resistance and small subsoiling range, a pneumatic subsoiling mechanism was designed to disturb the soil with different air pressure. To achieve the purpose of pneumatic subsoiling, first, the aerodynamic model of subsoiling was established, and then the feasibility of the design was verified by experiments. Using the dynamic telemetry data of the sensor, the effects of tillage depth (25, 30, and 35 cm), pressure (4, 6, and 8 MPa), and working speed (2.5, 3.0 and 3.5 km·h−1) on traction resistance were analyzed. The test results showed that under the condition pneumatic subsoiling, the traction resistance was reduced by 7.28%–22.37%, and the soil disturbance coefficient was 55.49%. The effect of pneumatic subsoiling showed that it has met the design requirements. Pneumatic subsoiling not only improved the problem of small stress of traditional subsoiling but also increased the disturbance of gas to soil on the basis of traditional subsoiling, so as to achieve the effect of subsoiling and reducing resistance and consumption.
Excited Kinks as Quantum States
Authors: Evslin Jarah , Guo Hengyuan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAt one loop, quantum kinks are described by a sum of quantum harmonic oscillator Hamiltonians, and so their spectra are known exactly. We find the first correction beyond one loop to the quantum states corresponding to kinks with an excited bound or unbound normal mode, and also the corresponding two-loop correction to the energy cost of exciting the normal mode. In the case of unbound normal modes, this correction is equal to sum of the corresponding nonrelativistic kinetic energy plus the usual one-loop correction to the mass of the corresponding plane wave in the absence of a kink. We also sketch a diagrammatic method for such calculations.