bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of easing lockdown and restriction measures on COVID-19 epidemic projection: A case study of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Shimul Shafiun Nahin , Alradie-Mohamed Angi , Kabir Russell , Al-Mohaimeed Abdulrahman , Mahmud Ilias 
Published: September 2021

Objectives
In this study we compared two predictions of COVID-19 cases in the Kingdom Saudi Arabia (KSA) using pre–and post–relaxation of lockdown period data to provide an insight regarding rational exit strategies. We also applied these projections to understand economic costs versus health benefit of lockdown measures.

Methods
We analyzed open access data on COVID-19 cases from March 6 to January 16, 2021 in the KSA. To understand the epidemic projection during the pre- and post-lockdown period, we used two types of modeling: the SIR model, and the time series model. We also estimated the costs and benefits of lockdown- QALY gained compared to the costs of lockdown considering the payment threshold of the Government.

Results
Prediction using lockdown period data suggested that the epidemic might slow down significantly after 109 thousand cases and end on October 6, 2020. However, analysis with latest data after easing lockdown measures suggested that epidemic might be close to an end on October 28, 2021 with 358 thousand cases. The peak has also been shifted from May 18, 2020 to Jun 24, 2020. While earlier model predicted a steady growth in mid-June, the revised model with latest data predicted it in mid-August. In addition, we estimated that 4986 lives would have been saved if lockdown continued but the cost per life saved would be more than $378 thousand, which is way above not only the KSA threshold, but also the threshold of any other highly advanced economies such as the UK and the USA.

Conclusions
Our results suggest that relaxation of lockdown measures negatively impacts the epidemic. However, considering the negative impact of prolong lockdown measures on health and economy, countries must decide on the best timing and strategy to exit from such measures to safely return to normal life with minimum loss of lives and economy considering its economic and health systems’ capacity. Instead of focusing only on health, a balanced approach taking economy under consideration is recommended.
A 2-Step Strategy Combining FIB-4 With Transient Elastography and Ultrasound Predicted Liver Cancer After HCV Cure
Authors: Ampuero Javier , Carmona Isabel , Sousa Francisca , Rosales Jose Miguel , López-Garrido Ángeles , Casado Marta , Figueruela Banca , Aparicio Ana , Andrade Raúl , Guerra-Veloz María Fernanda , Maraver Marta , Pascasio Juan Manuel , Estévez Matías , Romero-Gomez Manuel 
Published: September 2021

INTRODUCTION:
Despite the direct-acting antiviral therapy has dramatically decreased the likelihood of having liver-related complications and extrahepatic outcomes, the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is not totally eliminated after sustained virological response (SVR). We aimed to develop an easy-to-apply strategy to be adopted in clinical practice for accurately classifying the HCC risk in hepatitis C virus patients after SVR.

METHODS:
Prospective and multicenter study enrolling hepatitis C virus patients with advanced fibrosis (transient elastography [TE] > 10 kPa) or cirrhosis by ultrasound showing SVR. They were followed up until HCC, liver transplantation, death, or until October 2020, which occurred first, with a minimum follow-up period of 6 months after SVR (follow-up: 49 [interquartile range 28–59] months).

RESULTS:
Patients with cirrhosis by ultrasound represented 58% (611/1,054) of the overall cohort. During the study, HCC occurrence was 5.3% (56/1,054). Multivariate analyses revealed that Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) > 3.25 (hazard ratio [HR] 2.26 [1.08–4.73]; P = 0.030), TE (HR 1.02 [1.00–1.04]; P = 0.045) and cirrhosis by ultrasound (HR 3.15 [1.36–7.27]; P = 0.007) predicted HCC occurrence. Baseline HCC screening criteria (TE > 10 kPa or cirrhosis) identified patients at higher risk of HCC occurrence in presence of FIB-4 > 3.25 (8.8%; 44/498) vs FIB-4 < 3.25 (2.4%; 12/506), while those with only FIB > 3.25 had no HCC (0%; 0/50) (logRank 22.129; P = 0.0001). A combination of baseline FIB-4 > 3.25 and HCC screening criteria had an annual incidence >1.5 cases per 100 person-years, while the rest of the groups remained <1 case. Patients who maintained post-treatment FIB-4 > 3.25 and HCC screening criteria remained at the highest risk of HCC occurrence (13.7% [21/153] vs 4.9% [9/184]; logRank 7.396, P = 0.007).

DISCUSSION:
We demonstrated that a two-step strategy combining FIB-4, TE, and ultrasound could help stratify HCC incidence risk after SVR.
From Constitutional Transitions to the Great National Transition: A Constant and Obstinate Italian Narrative
Authors: Cortese Fulvio 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The essay aims to illustrate the ways in which Italian literature deals with transitions (constitutional or political). After having clarified the methodological approach, the author identifies and describes in the national literature some historical phases, analysing the trends emerging from the reading of famous novels. In conclusion, some observations are drawn, in which it is highlighted that in the national literature there is a profound awareness of the importance of informal institutional transformations and of the central role of social, moral and economic factors.
Who Watches the Watchmen? Law Diving into “Speaking Clouds”
Authors: Salvadori Luca 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Comics are an extremely popular, though sometimes underestimated, medium. Yet they are able to convey the image of reality in a potentially infinite variety of genres and styles. Their explicitly fictional approach sends simple and direct messages to the reader, allowing him or her to move into a dimension where original rules, free of superstructures and compromises, apply. In fact, the cultural, political and social interaction between object and subject, which comics inevitably represent, eventually involves the theme of the rule and its relationship with society. The encounter between the comic and the legal often takes place in an almost inevitable and unplanned way and determines a synergy capable of producing original results not only from a narrative point of view. The inherently visual embodiment of the rule ends up enhancing the plot, and the rule’s many expressive potentialities. For this reason, the unusual association between comics and law has also earned the growing and curious attention of the world of the legal profession and may acquire, in the not-too-distant future, a further and absolutely unpredictable possibility of use as an atypical learning tool.
Prenatal Androgen Treatment Does Not Alter the Firing Activity of Hypothalamic Arcuate Kisspeptin Neurons in Female Mice
Authors: Gibson Amanda G. , Jaime Jennifer , Burger Laura L. , Moenter Suzanne M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractNeuroendocrine control of reproduction is disrupted in many individuals with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), who present with increased luteinizing hormone (LH), and presumably gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), release frequency, and high androgen levels. Prenatal androgenization (PNA) recapitulates these phenotypes in primates and rodents. Female offspring of mice injected with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on gestational days 16–18 exhibit disrupted estrous cyclicity, increased LH and testosterone, and increased GnRH neuron firing rate as adults. PNA also alters the developmental trajectory of GnRH neuron firing rates, markedly blunting the prepubertal peak in firing that occurs in three-week (3wk)-old controls. GnRH neurons do not express detectable androgen receptors and are thus probably not the direct target of DHT. Rather, PNA likely alters GnRH neuronal activity by modulating upstream neurons, such as hypothalamic arcuate neurons co-expressing kisspeptin, neurokinin B (gene Tac2), and dynorphin, also known as KNDy neurons. We hypothesized PNA treatment changes firing rates of KNDy neurons in a similar age-dependent manner as GnRH neurons. We conducted targeted extracellular recordings (0.5–2 h) of Tac2-identified KNDy neurons from control and PNA mice at 3wks of age and in adulthood. About half of neurons were quiescent (<0.005 Hz). Long-term firing rates of active cells varied, suggestive of episodic activity, but were not different among groups. Short-term burst firing was also similar. We thus reject the hypothesis that PNA alters the firing rate of KNDy neurons. This does not preclude altered neurosecretory output of KNDy neurons, involvement of other neuronal populations, orin vivonetworks as critical drivers of altered GnRH firing rates in PNA mice.
Postnatal Sox6 Regulates Synaptic Function of Cortical Parvalbumin-Expressing Neurons
Authors: Munguba Hermany , Chattopadhyaya Bidisha , Nilsson Stephan , Carriço Josianne N. , Memic Fatima , Oberst Polina , Batista-Brito Renata , Muñoz-Manchado Ana Belen , Wegner Michael , Fishell Gordon , Di Cristo Graziella , Hjerling-Leffler Jens 
Published: September 2021

Cortical parvalbumin-expressing (Pvalb+) neurons provide robust inhibition to neighboring pyramidal neurons, crucial for the proper functioning of cortical networks. This class of inhibitory neurons undergoes extensive synaptic formation and maturation during the first weeks after birth and continue to dynamically maintain their synaptic output throughout adulthood. While several transcription factors, such as Nkx2-1, Lhx6, and Sox6, are known to be necessary for the differentiation of progenitors into Pvalb+neurons, which transcriptional programs underlie the postnatal maturation and maintenance of Pvalb+neurons' innervation and synaptic function remains largely unknown. Because Sox6 is continuously expressed in Pvalb+neurons until adulthood, we used conditional knock-out strategies to investigate its putative role in the postnatal maturation and synaptic function of cortical Pvalb+neurons in mice of both sexes. We found that early postnatal loss of Sox6 in Pvalb+neurons leads to failure of synaptic bouton growth, whereas later removal in mature Pvalb+neurons in the adult causes shrinkage of already established synaptic boutons. Paired recordings between Pvalb+neurons and pyramidal neurons revealed reduced release probability and increased failure rate of Pvalb+neurons' synaptic output. Furthermore, Pvalb+neurons lacking Sox6 display reduced expression of full-length tropomyosin-receptor kinase B (TrkB), a key modulator of GABAergic transmission. Once re-expressed in neurons lacking Sox6, TrkB was sufficient to rescue the morphologic synaptic phenotype. Finally, we showed that Sox6 mRNA levels were increased by motor training. Our data thus suggest a constitutive role for Sox6 in the maintenance of synaptic output from Pvalb+neurons into adulthood.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTCortical parvalbumin-expressing (Pvalb+) inhibitory neurons provide robust inhibition to neighboring pyramidal neurons, crucial for the proper functioning of cortical networks. These inhibitory neurons undergo extensive synaptic formation and maturation during the first weeks after birth and continue to dynamically maintain their synaptic output throughout adulthood. However, it remains largely unknown which transcriptional programs underlie the postnatal maturation and maintenance of Pvalb+neurons. Here, we show that the transcription factor Sox6 cell-autonomously regulates the synaptic maintenance and output of Pvalb+neurons until adulthood, leaving unaffected other maturational features of this neuronal population.
Polio Rikioro kelias
Authors: Sverdiolas Arūnas 
Published: September 2021

Straipsnyje glaustai pristatomos prancūzų filosofo P. Ricoeuro filosofijos ištakos ir svarbiausios nagrinėtos problemos. Šio filosofo išeities taškas buvo E. Husserlio fenomenologija, ypač transcendentalinio ego problematika ir sunkumai, su kuriais susidūrė E. Husserlio transcendentalinis idealizmas. P. Ricoeuro teigimu, valia, o ne suvokimas yra pirminis sąmonės fenomenas. Jis siekė grįžti prie subjektyvaus požiūrio į kūną, kad būtų restauruotas autentiškas mąstantis „aš“. Fenomenologija atskleidžia neutralias sąmonės struktūras arba abstrakčias galimybes, o nuo jų reikia eiti prie egzistuojančios sąmonės galimybių. P. Ricoeuras skyrė ženklą ir simbolį, reikalavo imtis simbolių kalbos filosofinės analizės. Filosofavimo išeities taškas turi būti ne pačios filosofijos sferoje, bet ikifilosofinėje kalboje, sudarančioje pagrindą filosofinei refleksijai. Filosofinė mintis įeina į hermeneutinį ratą, kurį sudaro interpretuojamas tekstas, suteikiantis prasmes, ir interpretacinė veikla, perimanti šias prasmes; filosofija tampa hermeneutika.
Effect of Row Spacing and Seed Rate on Ascochyta Blight Severity and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Tunisia
Authors: Ouji A. , Chekali S. , Chaieb N. , Hajri R. , Younes M. Ben 
Published: September 2021

Background: In Tunisia, chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the second major food legume. The development of chickpea production is facing several biotic constraints. Ascochyta blight (ABL) caused by Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr. is the most devastating disease and can cause complete yield losses under favorable conditions. In absence of chickpea variety totally resistance to ABL, some methods should be used to control and reduce this disease effects and help for its management. Therefore, this work was undertaken to evaluate the effect of row spacing and seed rate on ABL severity, growth and yield of chickpea. Methods: A split-plot design with three replicates was adopted to carry out this study during 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons. ‘Beja1’ chickpea variety was sown at 40 and 60 cm row spacing and at three seed rates (80, 110 and 140 kg ha-1). ABL severity was assessed visually on a 0-9 scale and agro morphological traits were measured. Analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. Correlations between agronomic traits, row spacing, seed rate and ABL severity were investigated. Result: Results showed that most of the variation in disease severity was associated with seed rate (r=0.61). The highest ABL score severity was noted at 140 kg ha-1 rate. Over both years, wide row spacing and low seed rate reduced ABL severity. Chickpea sown under narrow row spacing (40 cm) produced higher grain yield (1014 and 1099.7 kg ha-1 for 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons, respectively). Grain yield was tending to decrease with increasing sowing rates but at a density higher than optimal, grain yields decrease. In this study, ABL disease severity reached a score of 3.7 and 4.3 in 2018 and 2019, respectively. These disease severities levels had little effect on yield.
A Progressive Paraplegic Patient with Thalassemia Because of Extramedullary Hematopoiesis and Vertebral Fracture
Authors: Chaichankul Chaisiri , Srichandraphan Nattawat , Chaichankul Chaiyos , Gajaseni Pawin 
Published: September 2021

Case:
We present a case of progressive paraplegia because of extramedullary hematopoiesis and pathological vertebral fracture in thalassemia patient. The various surgical techniques including larger pedicle screws, bicortical fixation, and convergent direction to improve pullout strength had been used secondary to osteoporotic bone and kyphotic deformity.

Conclusion:
Prompt diagnosis and awareness of the compromised bone quality of the thalassemic patient is essential to guide the proper management and produce the desire outcomes.
Evidence Behind Upper Instrumented Vertebra Selection in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Authors: Baghdadi Soroush , Cahill Patrick , Anari Jason , Flynn John M. , Upasani Vidyadhar , Bachmann Keith , Jain Amit , Baldwin Keith ,   on behalf of the Harms Study Group
Published: September 2021

» Level selection is often a dilemma in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) surgery. The goals of selection of the upper instrumented vertebra (UIV) are to achieve the most optimal proximal balance of the shoulders, minimize any caudal problems due to proximal imbalance, and promote optimal sagittal balance.» Several authors have proposed guidelines for selection of fusion levels in AIS. These guidelines are mostly expert opinions of distinguished surgeons in the field; they are not derived from clinical trials but rather from clinical acumen and many years of experience.» We have systematically reviewed and critically analyzed the literature regarding UIV level selection in AIS surgery.» The guidelines outlined by experienced surgeons seem to be supported by mixed or low-level evidence. Moreover, variation in studies may be due to lower levels of evidence and/or data that were insufficiently controlled for bias, confounding factors, and chance.
Current Concepts in the Management of Advanced Trigger Finger
Authors: Pompeu Yuri , Aristega Almeida Bryan , Kunze Kyle , Altman Emily , Fufa Duretti T. 
Published: September 2021

» While the majority of patients with trigger finger obtain excellent outcomes from nonoperative treatment or release of the A1 pulley, a subset of patients with advanced trigger finger, defined as trigger finger with loss of active or passive range of motion, may have incomplete symptom relief and warrant specific attention.» Advanced trigger finger is more refractory to complete symptom resolution from corticosteroid injection, and particular attention should be paid to incomplete improvement of flexion contractures.» Unlike simple trigger finger, the pathology in advanced trigger finger involves not only the A1 pulley but also the flexor tendon, including thickening and degeneration.» Progression toward surgical intervention should not be delayed when nonoperative measures fail, and specific attention should be paid to persistent inability to achieve full extension following A1 pulley release.» Facing substantial residual flexion contracture, reduction flexor tenoplasty and partial or complete resection of the superficialis tendon followed by hand therapy and splinting may be needed to allow patients to regain reliable full range of motion.
Functional Bracing Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Knapik Derrick M. , Singh Harsh , Gursoy Safa , Trasolini Nicholas A. , Perry Allison K. , Chahla Jorge 
Published: September 2021

» Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries remain common among athletes; these injuries require reconstruction to restore stability and enable successful return to sport.» The role of postoperative dynamic knee bracing following ACL reconstruction in protecting graft integrity and promoting return to sport remains largely unknown.» Limited biomechanical studies on functional bracing have reported decreased strain across the ACL with increasing anterior shear loading.» Investigations evaluating functional brace use in clinical studies have not yet demonstrated consistent improvement in clinical outcomes, reduced graft retear rates, or improved return-to-sport rates in sports other than skiing.» Additional investigation examining athletes of various ages participating in different sporting activities is necessary to better understand the role of functional bracing following ACL reconstruction.
Nutrition Programing of Children at 6-24 Months with Exclusive Breastfeeding : A Literature Review
Authors: Shifa Relisa Nuris , Sulistiawati  , Frety Endyka Erye , Ningrum Astika Gita , Anshori Isa 
Published: September 2021

Masa emas bagi tumbuh kembang anak terjadi 1000 Hari Pertama Kehidupan (HPK), dimulai sejak konsepsi sampai usia 24 bulan. Air Susu Ibu (ASI) mengandung komponen “nutrisi” dan “non-nutrisi” yang dapat mendukung tumbuh-kembang pasca lahir. World Health Organization (WHO) merekomendasikan anak memperoleh ASI ekslusif selama 6 bulan pasca lahir. Kecukupan nutrisi dan pertumbuhan optimal dapat dinilai menggunakan penilaian status gizi. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa hubungan pemberian ASI eksklusif selama 6 bulan pertama setelah lahir dengan status gizi anak usia 6 -24 bulan. Studi tinjauan pustaka ini menggunakan metode PRISMA, PICO, dan Boolean Operator. Literatur yang relevan diperoleh dari 8 database elektronik dan terbatas pada 10 tahun terakhir. Kualitas literatur dinilai menggunakan Quantitative Study Quality Assessment Tool yang dirilis EPHPP. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, diperoleh 3 dari 3.218 artikel yang sesuai kata kunci dan 127 yang membahas pertanyaan penulis. Tiga literatur tersebut menggunakan indikator dan standar status gizi, yakni Berat Badan menurut Usia (BB/U), Panjang Badan menurut Usia (PB/U), Berat Badan menurut Panjang Badan (BB/PB), dan Indeks Massa Tubuh untuk Usia (IMT/U). Pada hasil didominasi oleh hubungan yang signifikan. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa status gizi BB/U, PB/U, BB/PB, dan IMT/U memiliki hubungan yang signifikan.
A Case of Tuberculosis Lymphadenitis Mimicking Gastric Tumor
Authors: Hadded Dhafer , Zouaghi Alia , Mesbahi meryam , Benzarti YAZID , Bellil Nawel , Benzarti Zeineb , Maamer Anis Ben 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Introduction: Solitary tuberculosis of the upper gastrointestinal tract is a rare pathology that usually mimics the clinical and radiological features of malignant tumors. A gastric subepithelial tumor is usually detected during diagnostic endoscopy. Stomach tuberculosis, in particular, can appear as a subepithelial tumor of the stomach wall. Several cases of gastric tuberculosis imitating subepithelial tumor gastric have been reported recently. Case report: We describe a case of a Patient with tuberculous lymphadenitis that mimics the submucosal gastric tumor. A 52-year-old female was admitted to our department; endoscopy revealed a submucosal compression or anterior submucosal lesion, erosive anterior gastropathy, and a fistulous orifice located in the bulb. The patient was diagnosed with a gastric tumor and Endoscopic ultrasound demonstrated a rounded antral lesion, hypoechogenic, not vascularized, that is distant from the gastric wall whose 5 layers appear of normal aspect. The patient was operated on for exploratory laparotomy. the biopsy was sent for frozen section examination that concluded to tuberculous intraperitoneal lymphadenitis. The patient received anti-tuberculosis treatment.Conclusion: Abdominal lymphadenitis tuberculosis is an uncommon situation which presents a dilemma for clinicians, as a great mimicker for a long list of differential diagnoses.
A probe into the Multifractal Behaviour of Total Ozone Time Series through Detrended Fluctuation Analysis
Authors: Chakraborty Sombit , Chattopadhyay Surajit 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The present study reports a multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis of total ozone time series. Considering daily total ozone concentration (TOC) data ranging from 2015 to 2019, we have created a new profile by subtracting the trend. Subsequently we have divided the profile \({X}_{i}\) into non intersecting segments of equal time scale varying from 25 to 30. Fitting a second order polynomial, we have eliminated the local trend from each segment and thereafter we have computed the detrended variance. Finally the multifractal behaviour has been identified and the singularity spectra has helped us in obtaining the generalised Hurst exponent which in this case has come out to be greater than 0.5.