bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gods, Angels, and Björk
Authors: Scholick Jennie 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses two ballets created in 2018 for San Francisco Ballet’s “Unbound: A Festival of New Works”: Björk Ballet by Arthur Pita and Anima Animus by David Dawson. It considers these two ballets in relation to their creators’ divergent choreographic lineages and artistic processes. In so doing, it argues that despite their apparent differences, the choreography of Björk Ballet and Anima Animus engages with ballet’s legacy and, in particular, with the idea of the ballerina. Taken together, these two works put forth a conception of contemporary ballet that both dialogues with classical balletic values and creates space for contemporary ideas and concerns.
Balancing Reconciliation at the Royal Winnipeg Ballet
Authors: Cauthery Bridget , Newman Shawn 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
As part of efforts across Canada to address and reconcile the nation-state’s violent colonial histories, the Royal Winnipeg Ballet (RWB) premiered Mark Godden’s newest work, Going Home Star: Truth and Reconciliation, in 2014. The work narrates one element of settler colonialism in Canada: the Indian Residential School System. With no Indigenous dancers in the company, and few Indigenous people involved in the production overall, the project has received criticism as yet another non-Indigenous endeavor speaking for Indigenous peoples. In this chapter, we approach Going Home Star in ways that question the appropriateness of contemporary ballet as a medium for negotiating contemporaneous reconciliation between Indigenous and settler peoples in Canada and its checkered history of Indigenous representation.
Hans Van Manen
Authors: Seidl Anna 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Dutch avant-garde choreographer Hans van Manen (b. 1932) is frequently recognized as a game changer and pioneer for his fusion of ballet techniques with elements from dance theater, and for his scrutiny of ballet’s conventional use of authority, power, and patriarchy. Yet it still remains difficult to describe the “mysterious experience” one gains while watching his ballets, an experience characterized by an intriguing tension between formal austerity and dramatic expression—a type of “less is more.” In this chapter, Van Manen’s ballets are at once abstract and emotive; they are uncomplicated, tightly composed works of pure dance, and yet they are deeply social and political, with a clear emancipatory agenda. In short: Hans van Manen’s choreographies have an existential dimension, and can be described as abstract miniature dramas.
Liam Scarlett
Authors: Cooper Susan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the work and career of British choreographer Liam Scarlett (born 1986), former artist in residence at The Royal Ballet (2012-2020), and artistic associate with Queensland Ballet (2016-2020). This chapter charts Scarlett’s meteoric rise to become one of the most highly sought-after contemporary ballet creators, placing his oeuvre within the British ballet heritage and the wider international dance field of the twenty-first century. A Royal Ballet School graduate, Scarlett began his global career subsequent to his first major Royal Ballet commission in 2010; therefore, this account is of a choreographer in what may be seen as his early years. Scarlett’s output comprises both plotless and narrative one-act ballets and full-evening works. He also produced The Royal Ballet’s Swan Lake in 2018. Scarlett’s choreographic style is rooted in classical ballet in the British tradition, following Sir Frederick Ashton and Sir Kenneth MacMillan, yet he grew up in a culture where contemporary dance was popular and respected, and he has worked alongside radical creator Wayne McGregor at The Royal Ballet. Scarlett’s works show a clear influence of non-traditional balletic norms, and his narrative ballets tend towards darkly dramatic themes. His international career includes commissions for major ballet companies in Australia, the United States of America, New Zealand, Denmark and Norway, and key works include Asphodel Meadows (2010), Viscera (2012), and Frankenstein (2016).
Gender Progress and Interpretation in Ballet Duets
Authors: Fisher Jennifer 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Conservative ballet partnering protocols have been slow to change even in contemporary iterations, for reasons that relate to history, training, gender bias, and ballet’s tendency to operate as a closed and unified system. This chapter focuses not only on trends in gendered ballet duets but also on the way they have been analyzed and interpreted, drawing examples from the post-Diaghilev era of Balanchine to the present, including interpretation of Balanchine’s The Four Temperaments, and a discussion of gender in the work of Chase Johnsey, Édouard Lock and Ruth Page. While ballet’s “compulsory heterosexuality” may reflect the culture in which it originated, it is suggested that the contemporary ballet pas de deux should start reflecting the culture in which it now resides.
Tryptophan Metabolism and the Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis
Authors: Clarke Gerard , Villalobos-Manriquez Francisca , Marin David Campos 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The capacity of the gut microbiome to influence communication along the gut-brain axis relies in part on the microbial influence on neurotransmitter systems. Recent years have seen increasing surveillance of tryptophan in this regard, an essential amino acid and building block for a number of host-produced and microbial-derived bioactives. An appreciation of the important role for tryptophan in supporting microbiome-gut-brain axis signaling requires a reframing of what is currently known about this important precursor to integrate with newer concepts around the gut microbiota. The fate, distribution, metabolism, absorption, and distal availability of tryptophan for these pathways following dietary consumption is heavily influenced by the action of the gastrointestinal microbiota. This in turn has implications for local gastrointestinal enteric circuits and the neurobiology of a range of central nervous system and gastrointestinal disorders in which compositional and functional microbiota alterations have now been reported. Further research is required to bridge the knowledge gaps surrounding microbial regulation of tryptophan metabolism and availability. Mechanistic advances in our understanding of these important aspects of host–microbe dialogue offer the possibility of therapeutic targeting of the gut microbiome to fine-tune tryptophan metabolism in multiple pathways that contribute to symptom expression in disorders associated with the microbiome-gut-brain axis.
Transnational Tort Law
Authors: van Dam Cees 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter deals with harm caused and suffered across national borders, such as nuclear damage, road and air traffic accidents, defective products, and human rights violations by transnational corporations. First, it explores how supranational, international, and national tort law may respond to such harmful events. This also identifies gaps, such as the lack of international regulation of company behavior when it comes to protecting human rights. Subsequently, this chapter analyzes how soft law instruments are aimed at filling this void and how soft law is translated into binding regional and domestic regulation. This may in turn tort law standards to protect human rights. Finally, this chapter looks in more detail into various aspects of transnational tort law, from the perspective of the hurdles faced by victims and with references to key cases.
Contextualization as a (Feminist) Method for Transnational Legal Practice
Authors: Ghadery Farnush 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Transitional justice and peacebuilding are expanding fields of global governance that have attracted increasing interest from transnational legal practice and scholarship. Focusing on women’s rights promotion in postconflict states, the chapter examines the UN “Women, Peace and Security” agenda and its challenging implementation in Afghanistan. By identifying the hegemony of Western liberal thought within peace and conflict studies and international human rights law as an obstacle to this implementation, the chapter explains how transnational legal practice could benefit from a greater engagement with feminist methodology and the significance it places on understanding “contexts.” As such, the chapter sets out “contextualization” as a method that could lead to more relevant and inclusive transnational legal practice in such disciplines.
Stakes of The Right to Food in the Politics of Transnational Law
Authors: Okano Naoyuki 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores stakes, viabilities, and politics of transnational law through case studies of practices and struggles of the right to food. This chapter first explores the emergence and particularities of transnational legal politics in a field of food security and discusses a changing meaning and renewed importance of locality. Then, case studies of private regulations of food production and food sovereignty movements are presented to illustrate how the politics of human rights unfolds with different spatiality and processes. The case studies illustrate that while transnational legal politics makes a question of political agency difficult to solve in a normatively satisfactory way, human rights have a potential to provide a ground to organize and network different sites of struggles. This chapter submits that, in transnational legal politics, human rights should be seen as being open to shift their meaning and normative contents in response to actual local struggles.
Transnational Law and Literatures: A Postcolonial Perspective
Authors: Lagji Amanda 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that a transnational law and literature approach, paired with the insights and political commitments of previous postcolonial law and literature approaches, allows us to attend to transnational parties and entities (below and above the figure of the “state” in international law) with a critical eye toward the colonial histories embedded in Anglo-American, and Eurocentric law and literatures. In what follows, the chapter first discusses law and literature as it emerged in the 1970s, more recent postcolonial critiques, and the lacunae that a transnational law and literature approach might address differently. The chapter concludes that a transnational law and literature reading of Louise Erdrich’s The Round House shows how this approach can facilitate a decolonial understanding of sovereignty and knowledge, as well as a fuller appreciation of the novel’s representation of US federal law and the US Supreme Court opinions that have yielded the fragile sovereignties of contemporary tribal law.
Early Italian Lyric
Authors: Rea Roberto 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In order to examine the relationship between Dante and the early Italian lyric, this chapter focuses on two key moments of Dante’s rewriting of his own story as lyric poet: first in the Vita nuova, which traces the relationship to fellow poet Guido Cavalcanti, and second in the encounters with Bonagiunta da Lucca and Guido Guinizzelli in Purgatorio XXIV and XXVI, which redefine the roles of the major poets of the past generation. These passages are less ambiguous than has often appeared: they doubtless intend to promote Dante’s poetic choices and literary authority, but they also testify to objective developments in the history of vernacular love poetry.
Visual Theory
Authors: Gilson Simon 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview and assessment of Dante’s use of medieval visual theories in his writings. It first surveys his use of the medieval Aristotelian tradition of visual theory in the Convivio, and discusses his reliance on other models of vision in the Vita nova and Rime, including those found both in medical writings and in the works of other poets. The chapter then discusses how, in the Commedia, Dante incorporates a variety of other late medieval discourses about vision into his narrative. Dante does this—it is argued—in carefully structured and stratified ways that often reveal his characteristic syncretism. The poet continues to use neo-Aristotelian theory but also draws upon a rich body of material on seeing found in medieval theology, contemplation, and Biblical exegesis. Particular attention is paid to how these multiple traditions inform the presentation of Dante-character’s own visual experiences throughout the poem.
Exile
Authors: Bartuschat Johannes 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the way the poet represents his exile. It is composed of three parts: the first considers the way Dante handles his exile in relation to authorship, and reveals how he constructs his authority from his position as an exile in the Convivio, De vulgari eloquentia, and his Epistles. The second analyses exile as a major element of the autobiographical dimension of the Commedia. It shows that the necessity to grasp the moral lesson of the exile constitutes the very heart of the poem. The third part explores the relationship between exile and pilgrimage, the latter being, from the Vita Nuova onwards, a symbol of the human condition, and demonstrates how Dante interprets his experience both as an exile and as a wanderer in the other world in the light of pilgrimage.
Color
Authors: Vartanian Oshin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The empirical study of the psychology of color dates back to the 19th century. Important in this line of research is the study of color preferences—wherein stimuli are characterized in terms of three properties: hue (i.e., wavelength), saturation (i.e., vividness), and brightness (i.e., black-to-white quality). Whereas early thinkers doubted the possibility of a systematic study of color preferences due to idiosyncrasies and individual differences in participants’ choices, a substantial body of empirical evidence has emerged to demonstrate that there are reliable regularities in color preference. Specifically, in terms of single colors, there is a clear maximum around blue and a clear minimum around yellow—a pattern also observed in animals. In terms of saturation, people tend to prefer more saturated to less saturated colors, particularly in context-free settings. In turn, results regarding brightness are more equivocal, although overall there appears to be a preference for lighter colors. Perhaps more interesting are the reasons for the aforementioned preference patterns, for which a number of theoretical explanations have been put forth based on physiology, psychophysics, emotion, and ecological objects—each of which enjoys some level of empirical support. The psychological study of color preferences is well poised for further advancement, with downstream effects in a number of settings ranging from consumer products to artworks and architecture.
Implementation of medicine take-back concept at community level in Nepal: a pilot study
Authors: Sapkota Binaya , Giri Anil , Bhatta Bigyan , Awasthi Krishna , Bhurtyal Kiran , Joshi Bimala , Joshi Khem Raj 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Most households may have leftover, unwanted, unused and expired (UUE) medicines. The present research aimed to analyze feasibility of implementation of medicine take-back in select communities in Nepal.

Methods
Exploratory (i.e. feasibility) study was conducted among 400 adults from July 2017 to January 2018. Study sites and participants were selected by simple random sampling and respondents were interviewed about their awareness about medicine disposal, hazards and willingness to support take-back program using semi-structured questionnaire. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was applied to explore relationship of take-back related outcomes with the predictors. The P-value &lt; 0.05 was statistically significant at 95% confidence level.

Results
Land pollution and effect on health of children was significantly related with inappropriate disposal of medicines such as site of disposal (P value &lt; 0.01), river (P value, 0.02), garbage (P value, 0.04) and dumping site (P value, 0.01). Analysis of willingness to follow take-back program with the techniques of support showed significant relationship with the establishment of collection center and participation on seminar (P value &lt; 0.01).

Conclusion
Most participants were interested to support take-back, if implemented in their community but main constraint was the budget. Take-back concept could be initiated and implemented on government funding or other sources.
Identifying local authority need for, and uptake of, school-based physical activity promotion in England–a cluster analysis
Authors: Venkatraman Tishya , Honeyford Kate , Ram Bina , M F van Sluijs Esther , Costelloe Céire E , Saxena Sonia 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
School-based physical activity interventions such as The Daily Mile (TDM) are widely promoted in children’s physical activity guidance. However, targeting such interventions to areas of greatest need is challenging since determinants vary across geographical areas. Our study aimed to identify local authorities in England with the greatest need to increase children’s physical activity and assess whether TDM reaches school populations in areas with the highest need.

Methods
This was a cross-sectional study using routinely collected data from Public Health England. Datasets on health, census and the built environment were linked. We conducted a hierarchical cluster analysis to group local authorities by ‘need’ and estimated the association between ‘need’ and registration to TDM.

Results
We identified three clusters of high, medium and low need for physical activity interventions in 123 local authorities. Schools in high-need areas were more likely to be registered with TDM (incidence rate ratio 1.25, 95% confidence interval: 1.12–1.39) compared with low-need areas.

Conclusions
Determinants of children’s physical activity cluster geographically across local authorities in England. TDM appears to be an equitable intervention reaching schools in local authorities with the highest needs. Health policy should account for clustering of health determinants to match interventions with populations most in need.
Default Effects And Follow-On Behaviour: Evidence From An Electricity Pricing Program
Authors: Fowlie Meredith , Wolfram Catherine , Baylis Patrick , Spurlock C Anna , Todd-Blick Annika , Cappers Peter 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We study default effects in the context of a residential electricity-pricing program. In the large-scale randomized controlled trial we analyse, one treatment group was given the option to opt-in to time-varying pricing while another was defaulted into the program but allowed to opt-out. We provide dramatic evidence of a default effect on program participation, consistent with previous research. A novel feature of our study is that we also observe how the default manipulation impacts customers’ subsequent electricity consumption. Passive consumers who did not opt-out but would not have opted in—comprising more than 70$\%$ of the sample—nonetheless reduce consumption in response to higher prices. Observing of this follow-on behaviour enables us to assess competing explanations for the default effect. We draw conclusions about the likely welfare effects of defaulting customers onto time-varying pricing.
Antibody Testing for Suspected Autoimmune Autonomic Dysfunction and Small Fiber Neuropathies
Authors: Shouman Kamal , Sandroni Paola 
Published: April 2021

Summary:
Autonomic dysfunction and small fiber neuropathies are heterogeneous disorders with a wide array of potential etiologies. As with other neurologic diseases, autoantibodies specific to neural tissue, either in the setting of cancer or systemic autoimmunity, may cause autonomic abnormalities. Given the complex and varied functions of the autonomic nervous system, however, the presentation of these conditions may be quite variable. This, in addition to pitfalls of autonomic testing especially for the novice, can lead to inaccuracies in recognizing and characterizing these conditions. We now have a large number of autoantibodies available for testing with more in the pipeline thanks to unprecedented developments in the field of neuroimmunology. Those have been very helpful in uncovering potentially treatable mechanisms of autonomic disease, but also pose a challenge to the clinician given their multiplicity and variable specificity. Growing knowledge regarding autoimmune autonomic implications and the autonomic specificities of each antibody, in addition to the increasing attention to the relevance of antibody titers are of utmost importance for clinicians concerned with autonomic neurology. This review attempts to shed a light on the frequently encountered antibodies in relation to autonomic dysfunction.
Electrical Activity During Slow-Wave Sleep and the Relationship With Enlarged Perivascular Spaces in Arteriosclerotic Cerebral Small Vessel Disease
Authors: Zhang Miaoyi , Yu Huan , Wang Fei , Tang Jie , Liu Na , Xue Yang , Ren Xue , Shi Langfeng , Fu Jianhui 
Published: April 2021

Purpose:
We sought to analyze EEG spectral power during slow-wave sleep among patients with arteriosclerotic cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) compared with community-dwelling individuals. We also sought to determine the relationship between EEG activity and the severity of enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVSs).

Methods:
Consecutive subjects with arteriosclerotic CSVD (n = 36) and community-dwelling individuals (n = 26) between 50 and 80 years of age were included. Nocturnal polysomnography was performed, and EEG spectral analysis was conducted during slow-wave sleep using the F4/M1 and C4/M1 channel. Regionalized EPVSs in the basal ganglia and centrum semiovale were assessed on a validated 4-point visual rating scale (0 = none, 1 = 1–10, 2 = 11–20, 3 = 21–40, and 4 = >40) using MRI.

Results:
CSVD group showed lower delta:beta ratios in the frontal (P = 0.017) and central (P = 0.038) regions after adjusting for age, sex, mini–mental state examination score, and arousal index. The significance still remained in the frontal region when including age, sex, mini–mental state examination, and apnea–hypopnea index as covariates (P = 0.037). Among patients with arteriosclerotic CSVD, decreased delta power (P = 0.031) and theta power (P = 0.034) in the frontal region were associated with a higher degree of EPVSs in the centrum semiovale rather than in the basal ganglia. Delta power in the central region showed an extremely weak association with EPVSs in the centrum semiovale (P = 0.047).

Conclusions:
Among patients with arteriosclerotic CSVD, the intrusion of high-frequency EEG activity into slow-wave sleep was identified, and slow-wave activity during slow-wave sleep might be negatively associated with the severity of EPVSs in the centrum semiovale. Further studies are required to corroborate the conclusions.