bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A hedge fund collapse and diversification 101: lessons to stakeholders
Authors: Muhtaseb Majed R. 
Published: April 2021

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is events and analysis of present a hedge fund collapse, offer lessons to investors and hedge fund industry stakeholders and propose a possible remedy for mitigating operational risks and associated potential losses.

Design/methodology/approach
This study focused on one hedge fund case study and conducted a thorough investigation of the events that led to the collapse and eventual filing of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) complaint. All articles and publications used for this research are available in the public domain and accessible.

Findings
Wood River Capital Management had concentrated the portfolios of its two hedge funds into one stock, EndWave Corp. Fund Manager violated terms of offering memorandum. Investors were not made aware of and did not discover the operational risks. Stock price of EndWave plummeted. There was no independent oversight over the funds. The values of the two funds dropped significantly. Investors attempted to redeem but the funds were not liquid. The SEC filed a complaint. Mr Whittier was sentenced for three years in jail.

Research limitations/implications
It is an analysis of US-based hedge fund, not an empirical paper. The article presents critical analysis and offers many valuable lessons to hedge fund industry stakeholders.

Practical implications
This paper helps investors in terms of identifying a hedge fund’s operational risks and conducting more effective due diligence while vetting a hedge fund. This could potentially save investors and constituents billions of dollars, by avoiding potential hedge fund collapses. This paper suggests that the scope of fiduciary duty be expanded to cover hedge fund industry vendors.

Originality/value
Thorough research of a hedge fund that collapsed because of poor investment decisions, not self-enrichment at expense of fund investors. This paper provides lessons to investors in terms of identifying a hedge fund’s critical operational risks and conducting value preserving due diligence. This could potentially save hedge funds investors billions of dollars, by avoiding potential hedge fund collapses. This paper recommends that the scope of fiduciary duty be expanded to cover hedge fund industry vendors.
Holding ABS is still tricky: the EU securitisation regulation and its UK equivalent
Authors: Parker Christian , Srivastava Arun , Severs Paul , Saylor Cameron 
Published: April 2021

Purpose
To highlight that the risk retention rules associated with the holding of securitization investments, commonly thought to apply only to the sponsors and manufacturers of securitisations, also affect EU institutional investors and potentially impact non-EU fund managers that invest in these assets.

Design/methodology/approach
To address which classes of investor are affected and then to provide an overview of the obligations on affected investors that do invest in securitization investments.

Findings
There is much that is straightforward about the relevant obligations but there are a number of quirks that have not necessarily been fully appreciated by the market: these include the applicability to investors on a “look through” basis that may, inter alia, affect US credit fund managers with EU institutional investors.

Practical implications
EU institutional investors that do invest in this asset class should be considering the need to take practical steps to prepare written due diligence materials; non-EU credit managers that run e.g. ABS funds offered into the EU or in which there may be EU institutional investors should consider if they may have any obligations under the EU Securitization Regulation.

Originality/value
The aspects of the Securitization Regulation that affect institutional investors and regular fund managers have not been addressed as thoroughly as they have by the main securitization sector (banks, CLO managers and similar). This article seeks to remedy that and should prove of value to compliance, legal and other professionals at those types of institution.
Blockchain can both enhance and undermine compliance but is not inherently at odds with EU privacy laws
Authors: Moerel Lokke , Storm Marijn 
Published: April 2021

Purpose
To explain the authors’ position that the use of blockchain technology is not incompatible with European Union privacy laws and in particular the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).

Design/methodology/approach
Explains the basics of blockchain technology and the GDPR, several reasons why some scholars consider BC not to be compatible with the GDPR, and why the authors believe that the GDPR will be able to regulate the use of blockchain technology.

Findings
The current perception is that blockchain is not compatible with EU privacy laws. The authors disagree that this is the case and explain why none of the issues identified by legal scholars and stakeholders are likely to pose issues for blockchain technology. Their conclusion is that EU privacy laws are well able to regulate also this new technology. This does however not mean that blockchain will thus be suitable for all use and deployment cases.

Originality/value
Practical guidance and explanation of complex issues by lawyers with extensive experience and expertise in dealing with data protection, cybersecurity, privacy, intellectual property and related issues.
China issues new cybersecurity review measures
Authors: Ross Lester , Zhou Kenneth 
Published: April 2021

Purpose
To describe and analyze the implications of the new Measures (the “Measures”) for Cybersecurity Review jointly promulgated on April 27, 2020 by twelve Chinese government departments led by the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC).

Design/methodology/approach
Defines the scope of the Measures, explains the functions and obligations of critical information infrastructure operators (each, a CIIO), outlines the self-assessment and cybersecurity review process and discusses the implications of the Measures for foreign companies doing business in China.

Findings
The Measures impose an obligation on CII operators to apply for a cybersecurity review when they intend to procure network products and services that present or may present a national security concern. Such review will focus not only on national security and data leakage concerns, but also on supply-chain security concerns. The cybersecurity review will likely further the decoupling between China and the US.

Practical implications
While the Measures are not formally intended to discriminate against foreign products and services, the promulgation of the Measures will have a significant impact on foreign companies that supply network products or services to CII operators in China.

Originality/value
Practical guidance from lawyers with extensive experience in advising Chinese, US, European and other companies on laws and regulations related to competition, cross-border investments, joint ventures, strategic alliances and international trade matters.
Systems-theoretical observations of moral media panic debates
Authors: Tække Jesper 
Published: April 2021

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine and analyse the fierce debate regarding children and young people’s use of digital social media, going on in Denmark (and in many other countries) in both mass media and social media. The overall question is what this panic is about and why the mass media and the public do not listen to the media sociologists than to self-appointed experts?Design/methodology/approachUsing a systems-theoretical angle, this paper analyses the debate and answers the following questions: Why are researchers not taken more seriously, and why are their views neglected and criticised? What part does morality play in such debates? How and why do the mass media act as they do, for instance, listening more to debaters than to the researchers? 4) What is the role of the so-called social media? And are these debates best understood as conflicts?FindingsThe scientific code is only one among several other codes. The mass media also communicates about truth but only as a result of their own code and programs, which also counts for other functional systems such as the juridical and the political system. In the code and programmes of a given mass medium, it has information value that different actors has different truths, to which comes that conflicts between different opinions of truth is a direct selection criterium. This is the function of the mass media, and nobody would like to live in a society without (except for dictators and their henchmen). Finally, science is very programmatic and communicates only through its own code and programs why research results seldom reach the public in its own form (scientific books and articles) but through the lens of mass media organisations and the debaters. When science is observed from other systems, it happens through their codes and programs why science often does not count more than ordinary people’s meanings.Research limitations/implicationsThe debate is polarised: on the one hand, there are debaters (self-appointed experts), whereas on the other hand, there are media researchers especially media sociologists. It turns out that the debaters have better communication possibilities than the researchers, as the scientific code does not trigger the news criteria as good as the often alarming statements from the debaters, who also use the moral code of communication that the researchers do not, as they are obligated to communicate solely in the scientific code.Originality/valueThere is no other systems-theoretical analysis of the moral media panic debates. The application of Luhmann’s systems theory is well suited, as it is both a communication theory and a sociological theory, whereas it is including both the relevant functional systems, such as the mass media, and the relevant communication codes, such as the news criteria of the mass media.
The impact of the 2020 global sulfur cap on maritime CO2 emissions
Authors: Zisi Vasiliki , Psaraftis Harilaos N. , Zis Thalis 
Published: April 2021

Purpose
As of January 1, 2020, the upper limit of sulfur emissions outside emission control areas decreased from 3.5% to 0.5%. This paper aims to present some of the challenges associated with the implementation of the sulfur cap and investigates its possible side effects as regard the drive of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Even though it would appear that the two issues (desulfurization and decarbonization) are unrelated, it turns out that there are important cross-linkages between them, which have not been examined, at least by the regulators.

Design/methodology/approach
A literature review and a qualitative risk assessment of possible CO2 contributors are presented first. A cost-benefit analysis is then conducted on a specific case study, so as to assess the financial, as well as the environmental impact of two main compliance choices, in terms of CO2 and sulfur oxide.

Findings
From a financial perspective, the choice of a scrubber ranks better comparing to a marine gas oil (MGO) choice because of the price difference between MGO and heavy fuel oil. However, and under different price scenarios, the scrubber choice remains sustainable only for big vessels. It is noticed that small containerships cannot outweigh the capital cost of a scrubber investment and are more sensitive in different fuel price scenarios. From an environmental perspective, scrubber ranks better than MGO in the assessment of overall emissions.

Research limitations/implications
Fuel price data in this paper was based on 2019 data. As this paper was being written, the COVID-19 pandemic created a significant upheaval in global trade flows, cargo demand and fuel prices. This made any attempt to perform even a rudimentary ex-post evaluation of the 2020 sulfur cap virtually impossible. Due to limited data, such an evaluation would be extremely difficult even under normal circumstances. This paper nevertheless made a brief analysis to investigate possible COVID-19 impacts.

Practical implications
The main implication is that the global sulfur cap will increase CO2 emissions. In that sense, this should be factored in the IMO greenhouse gas discussion.

Originality/value
According to the knowledge of the authors, no analysis examining the impact of the 2020 sulfur cap on CO2 emissions has yet been conducted in the scientific literature.
Board busyness and firm productivity
Authors: Bazrafshan Ameneh , Hesarzadeh Reza 
Published: April 2021

PurposePrior studies provide mixed evidence on the association of board busyness and firm productivity. Thus, this paper empirically analyzes how board busyness affects firm productivity.Design/methodology/approachTo measure board busyness, this paper computes the percentage of directors on a board who sit on three or more boards. Furthermore, to calculate firm productivity, the paper employs data envelopment analysis.FindingsFindings demonstrate that the association of board busyness and firm productivity (association) is generally negative and statistically significant but economically insignificant. In this respect, the findings reveal that the association is negative (positive) and both statistically and economically significant for firms having higher monitoring (advising) needs. Moreover, the findings demonstrate that regulatory oversight (1) weakens the general negative association; (2) changes the direction of association from negative to positive, for firms having higher monitoring needs; and (3) does not influence the association, for firms having higher advising needs.Originality/valueTaken together, the findings indicate that the association of board busyness and firm productivity is conditional to monitoring/advising needs and regulatory oversight. As such, the findings enrich the current debates on the association. Furthermore, the findings offer novel perspectives to enrich the regulatory frameworks of countries which are constraining multiple directorships.
Dairy sector trade dynamics: Some insights on the evolution of trade linkages within the EU
Authors: Fertő Imre , Bakucs Zoltán , Fałkowski Jan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWhile the positive effect of economic integration on trade is commonly accepted, we still lack a proper understanding of the complex patterns behind this phenomenon. In particular, it is important to better understand how the structure of trade linkages evolves. To advance our knowledge about this matter, we test two specific predictions that originate from the recent literature on network effects in trade relations: (1) that the size of an initial trade network is positively correlated with building new trade linkages; (2) that the evolution of a trade network in a given country depends on the trade network of its trading partners. Using data related to intra‐EU trade in dairy products between 2001 and 2015, we find support for both these predictions.
Secukinumab and metformin ameliorate dermal fibrosis by decreasing tissue interleukin‐17 levels in bleomycin‐induced dermal fibrosis
Authors: Karatas Ahmet , Celik Cigdem , Oz Burak , Akar Zeynel Abidin , Etem Ebru Onalan , Dagli Adile Ferda , Koca Suleyman Serdar 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAlthough the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis is not exactly known, it is thought that immune activation has prominent roles in pathogenesis. Secukinumab is a monoclonal antibody against interleukin (IL)‐17A. Metformin, a widely used antidiabetic medication, has anti‐proliferative, immunomodulating and anti‐fibrotic activities. The purpose of our study is to determine the therapeutic efficacy of secukinumab and metformin on bleomycin (BLM) induced dermal fibrosis. Fifty Balb/c female mice were divided into 5 groups: (group 1 control, 2 sham, 3 secukinumab, 4 metformin and 5 secukinumab + metformin). The mice in the control group received 100 μL phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS), while the mice in other groups received 100 μL (100 μg) BLM in PBS subcutaneously (sc) every day for 4 weeks. In addition, mice in groups 3 and 5 received secukinumab at a dose of 10 mg/kg/wk sc, and mice in the groups 4 and 5 received oral metformin 50 mg/kg/d for 28 days. All groups of mice were sacrificed at the end of the 4th week and tissue samples were taken for analysis. In addition to histopathological analysis, skin tissue messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions of IL‐17 and collagen 3A were measured by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Repeated BLM injections had caused dermal fibrosis. In addition, the mRNA expressions of IL‐17 and collagen 3A were increased in the BLM group. Secukinumab and metformin ameliorated dermal fibrosis. They decreased dermal thickness and tissue IL‐17A and collagen 3A mRNA levels. Secukinumab and metformin exhibit anti‐fibrotic effects in the BLM‐induced dermal fibrosis.
Randomized controlled trials of self‐monitoring interventions with or without incentives for diet and exercise among individuals with overweight or obesity: Psychological and behavioural effects
Authors: Gardiner Casey K. , Bryan Angela D. 
Published: April 2021

ObjectivesTo test the effects of three behavioural interventions (daily monetary incentives + self‐monitoring, delayed lump sum monetary incentives + self‐monitoring, and self‐monitoring only) on psychological constructs and fruit and vegetable consumption or physical activity behaviour change among a sample of adults with overweight or obesity.DesignA pair of 3‐arm longitudinal randomized controlled trials compared daily monetary incentives + self‐monitoring, delayed lump sum monetary incentives + self‐monitoring, and self‐monitoring only interventions for either fruit and vegetable consumption or physical activity.MethodsIndividuals reporting elevated weight status and insufficient engagement in one of the target behaviours were randomly assigned to one of three 3‐week interventions. All three interventions involved daily self‐monitoring of the behaviour, and two provided monetary incentives contingent upon reported behaviour. Participants completed measures of psychological constructs and reported behaviour at baseline, the end of the intervention, and two and four weeks post‐intervention.ResultsParticipants across all three intervention conditions demonstrated increased engagement in the target behaviour from pre‐ to post‐intervention and reported behaviour remained above baseline levels at both follow‐up time points. Increases in reported behaviour during the intervention were associated with increases in self‐efficacy, and this enhanced self‐efficacy prospectively predicted sustained reported behaviour at follow‐up. However, contrary to hypotheses, the incentive interventions including self‐monitoring were not more efficacious than self‐monitoring alone, and increased reported behaviour was not associated with enhancements in attitudes.ConclusionsSelf‐monitoring interventions can aid behaviour change efforts, and behavioural practice during these interventions can increase self‐efficacy. However, among adults with overweight or obesity who are seeking behaviour change interventions, incentive‐based self‐monitoring approaches may not be superior to self‐monitoring alone in driving behaviour change and maintenance.
Caesarean delivery and early childhood caries: Estimation with marginal structural models in Brazilian pre‐schoolers
Authors: Ladeira Lorena Lúcia Costa , Martins Sarah Pereira , Costa Cayara Mattos , Costa Elizabeth Lima , da Silva Rubenice Amaral , Fraiz Fabian Calixto , Ribeiro Cecilia Claudia Costa 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis study analysed the association between caesarean section and early childhood caries (ECC), estimating the effects using regression and causal inference models.MethodsThis was a historical cohort study of 697 mother‐child dyads, conducted in São Luís, Brazil. The caesarean section was the exposure, and the severity of ECC (dmft) was the outcome. Covariates household income, maternal schooling, maternal hypertension, maternal obesity and birth weight were adjusted for in the models. The effects were estimated by Poisson regression (Means Ratio‐MR) and causal inference using a marginal structural model (MSM) (MR and Average Treatment Effect‐ATE coefficients), weighted by the inverse probability (IPW) of exposure.ResultsCaesarean section was protective against caries in the bivariate (MR 0.81; CI 0.70‐0.94; P = 0.005) and multivariate (MR 0.78; CI 0.67‐0.91; P = 0.002) models. In MSM analyses, the caesarean section had no effect on ECC (ATE = −0.35; P = 0.107), controlling for IPW of exposure.ConclusionThe apparent association between caesarean section and ECC severity seems spurious, as it did not persist after employing a superior approach to estimating causality.
Instruments to assess upper‐limb function in children and adolescents with neuromuscular diseases: a systematic review
Authors: Davoli Gabriela Barroso De Queiroz , Cardoso Juliana , Silva Giovanna Constantin , Moreira Roberta de Fátima Carreira , Mattiello‐Sverzut Ana Claudia 
Published: April 2021

AimTo synthesize clinical and scientific evidence regarding the instruments available to assess upper‐limb function in paediatric patients with neuromuscular disease (NMD).MethodThis systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses and COnsensus‐based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) guidelines (Prospective Registry of Systematic Reviews no. CRD42020140343). Two independent reviewers searched the PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, Embase, and Scopus databases. Inclusion criteria were cross‐sectional or longitudinal studies or randomized controlled trials that used scales or questionnaires to assess upper‐limb function in paediatric patients with NMDs. The COSMIN Risk of Bias checklist and criteria for good measurement properties were applied to assess the methodological quality of the instruments.ResultsIn total, 34 articles and 12 instruments were included. The Brooke Upper Extremity (n=16) and Performance of Upper Limb (PUL) (n=12) instruments were the most used tools. The PUL and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) Upper Limb patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) tested more measurement properties and provided higher methodological quality scores for patients with DMD. Likewise, the Revised Upper Limb Module (RULM) was the most suitable instrument for patients with spinal muscular atrophy. No instrument has been devised to assess upper‐limb function in patients with Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease and no other disease‐specific instruments were found.InterpretationThe PUL, DMD Upper Limb PROM, and RULM are the most suitable instruments to assess upper‐limb function in the two most prevalent paediatric NMDs. The identified gaps and methodological flaws of the available instruments indicate a need to develop high‐quality instruments to assess other types of paediatric NMDs.
What this paper adds

The most suitable observer–rater instrument to assess upper‐limb function in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the Performance of Upper Limb.

The most suitable observer–rater instrument to assess upper‐limb function in spinal muscular atrophy is the Revised Upper Limb Module.

The DMD Upper Limb patient‐reported outcome measure is recommended to assess the upper‐limb performance of patients with DMD.

Literature gaps and methodological flaws indicate the need to develop high‐quality instruments to assess other types of paediatric neuromuscular disease.