bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconstruction of traumatic and non-traumatic lower extremity defects with local or free flaps
Authors: Györi Eva , Fast Anna , Resch Annika , Rath Thomas , Radtke Christine 
Published: April 2021

Summary
Background
Despite continuous surgical advances, reconstruction of complex lower extremity wounds remains challenging. The indication of local flaps or microsurgical free tissue transfer depends on the anatomical location and size of the defect, as well as the comorbidities and general condition of the patient. In this study, local and free flap reconstruction of distal lower extremity defects was assessed, and postoperative complications and limb salvage were analyzed.

Methods
A total of 34 patients were included in this retrospective study. Distal lower extremity defects were of traumatic (29%) and non-traumatic (71%) etiologies. Patient characteristics, flap selection, postoperative complications, and limb preservation within the first 12 months were assessed and compared by reconstructive treatment concept. Statistical analysis included parametric and non-parametric tests. The two-sided alpha was set at 5% for all statistical tests.

Results
While 21 patients were treated with local flaps, 13 patients underwent microsurgical free flap reconstruction. The most common comorbidities were peripheral vascular disease and diabetes. Local flaps included the gastrocnemius muscle flap, soleus flap, sural flap, and plantaris medialis flap. The most commonly used free flaps for soft tissue reconstruction were latissimus dorsi and gracilis muscle flaps. The overall lower extremity preservation rate was 94.1%. There was one case of below-knee amputation 1 month after free flap reconstruction, and one case of first-ray amputation of the foot after local flap coverage.

Conclusion
Reconstruction of lower extremity defects can be achieved by local or free flap reconstruction. Flap selection is influenced by anatomical location, defect size, and patient factors.
HIV-Related Stigma Research as a Priority at the National Institutes of Health
Authors: Greenwood Gregory L. , Wilson Amber , Bansal Geetha P. , Barnhart Christopher , Barr Elizabeth , Berzon Rick , Boyce Cheryl Anne , Elwood William , Gamble-George Joyonna , Glenshaw Mary , Henry Rebecca , Iida Hiroko , Jenkins Richard A. , Lee Sonia , Malekzadeh Arianne , Morris Kathryn , Perrin Peter , Rice Elise , Sufian Meryl , Weatherspoon Darien , Whitaker Miya , Williams Makeda , Zwerski Sheryl , Gaist Paul 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe National Institutes of Health (NIH) recognizes that, despite HIV scientific advances, stigma and discrimination continue to be critical barriers to the uptake of evidence-based HIV interventions. Achieving the Ending the HIV Epidemic: A Plan for America (EHE) goals will require eliminating HIV-related stigma. NIH has a significant history of supporting HIV stigma research across its Institutes, Centers, and Offices (ICOs) as a research priority. This article provides an overview of NIH HIV stigma research efforts. Each ICO articulates how their mission shapes their interest in HIV stigma research and provides a summary of ICO-relevant scientific findings. Research gaps and/or future opportunities are identified throughout, with key research themes and approaches noted. Taken together, the collective actions on the part of the NIH, in tandem with a whole of government and whole of society approach, will contribute to achieving EHE’s milestones.
Hydrophobic modification of nanocellulose and all-cellulose composite films using deep eutectic solvent as a reaction medium
Authors: Lakovaara Matias , Sirviö Juho Antti , Ismail Mostafa Y. , Liimatainen Henrikki , Sliz Rafal 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this work, deep eutectic solvent (DES) based on imidazole and triethylmethylammonium chloride was used as a reaction medium for the esterification of cellulose nanofiber (CNF) and all-cellulose composite (ACC) films with n-octylsuccinic anhydride (OSA) to obtain high strength and sustainable films with increased hydrophobicity. Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to prove the success of the modification. The mechanical strength of the modified films was analyzed in dry, humid, and wet conditions, and the hydrophobicity of the films was indicated in terms of contact angle measurements. In addition, water absorption and transparency of the films were characterized. The modification was proven to be simple and fast, and mild conditions of 80 °C reaction temperature and 1 h reaction time were used. DES/OSA- modified CNF film exhibited better mechanical properties in dry, humid, and wet conditions compared to reference CNF film, and DES/OSA-modified ACC film displayed notable higher mechanical properties in wet state compared to that of reference CNF film (31 MPa tensile strength and 6.1% strain at break vs. 18 MPa and 2.2%, respectively). These improvements were partly attributed to higher contact angles of modified films (ACC-DES/OSA 60° and CNF-DES/OSA 51°) compared to CNF film (37°).

Graphic abstract
Cancellation of Tollmien–Schlichting waves with surface heating
Authors: Brennan Georgia S. , Gajjar Jitesh S. B. , Hewitt Richard E. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTwo-dimensional boundary layer flows in quiet disturbance environments are known to become unstable to Tollmien–Schlichting waves. The experimental work of Liepmann et al. (J Fluid Mech 118:187–200, 1982), Liepmann and Nosenchuck (J Fluid Mech 118:201–204, 1982) showed how it is possible to control and reduce unstable Tollmien–Schlichting wave amplitudes using unsteady surface heating. We consider the problem of an oncoming planar compressible subsonic boundary layer flow with a three-dimensional vibrator mounted on a flat plate, and with surface heating present. It is shown using asymptotic methods based on triple-deck theory that it is possible to choose an unsteady surface heating distribution to cancel out the response due to the vibrator. An approximation based on the exact formula is used successfully in numerical computations to confirm the findings. The results presented here are a generalisation of the analogous results for the two-dimensional problem in Brennan et al. (J Fluid Mech 909:A16-1, 2020).
Bulging initiation and propagation in fiber-reinforced swellable Mooney–Rivlin membranes
Authors: Topol Heiko , Al-Chlaihawi Murtadha J. , Demirkoparan Hasan , Merodio José 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article considers a thin-walled hollow cylinder, which is composed of a fibrous and swellable hyperelastic material. The fibers are arranged in two families and they are taken to be parallel within each fiber family. The two fiber families are also assumed to be mechanically equivalent and symmetrically disposed in the ground substance material. At each instant of the homogeneous swelling, the material is taken to be incompressible. This article studies the interplay of swelling, fiber orientation, and the mechanical properties of the constituents on the initiation as well as on the axial propagation of bulging.
Gelatin Beads/Hemp Hurd as pH Sensitive Devices for Delivery of Eugenol as Green Pesticide
Authors: Viscusi Gianluca , Gorrasi Giuliana 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this paper gelatin beads reinforced with natural hemp hurd have been produced as pH sensitive devices for the release of eugenol, as green pesticide. The composites beads, with a mean diameter of about 1 mm, were obtained by polymer droplet gelation in sunflower oil. Thermal properties were evaluated showing no noticeable difference after the introduction of hemp hurd. Barrier properties demonstrated an improvement of hydrophobization. The introduction of 5% w/w of hemp hurd led to a reduction of sorption coefficient of about 85% compared to unloaded gelatin beads. Besides, the diffusion coefficient decreased, introducing 5% w/w of hemp hurd, from 8.91 × 10−7 to 0.77 × 10−7cm2/s. Swelling and dissolution phenomena of gelatin beads were studied as function of pH. The swelling of gelatin beads raised as pH increased up to 2.3 g/g, 9.1 g/g and 27.33 g/g at pH 3, 7 and 12, respectively. The dissolution rate changed from 0.034 at pH 3 to 0.077 h−1at pH 12. Release kinetics of eugenol at different pH conditions were studied. The released eugenol after 24 h is 98%, 91%, 81 and 63% w/w (pH 3), 87%, 62%, 37 and 32 wt% (pH 7) and 81%, 68%, 60 and 52 wt% (pH 12) for unloaded gelatin beads and gelatin beads with 1%, 3 and 5% of hemp hurd, respectively. The eugenol release behavior was demonstrated to be highly sensitive to the pH release medium, which allows to tune such devices as green pesticide release systems in soils with different level of acidity/basicity.
Physicochemical Properties and Solubility of Hydrochloride Mucolytic Agents
Authors: Pobudkowska Aneta , Śliwińska Agnieszka , Nosol Kamil 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTwo widely used active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), ambroxol hydrochloride (AMB·HCl) and bromhexine hydrochloride (BMH·HCl), belong to the expectorant and mucokinetic group of drugs. Their applications are found in the treatment of the upper respiratory tract and bronchopulmonary diseases. The compounds have similar chemical structures, but are different enough to distinguish their physicochemical properties. To understand better the bioavailability of the drugs a series of experiments was performed to establish significant parameters. With differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) the temperature and the enthalpy of fusion were determined with no observed polymorphic transformations. The phase diagrams for binary systems {active agent (1) + solvent (2)} were determined with three solvents: 1-octanol, water and ethanol, to describe phase equilibria by correlation with the local composition models: Wilson, UNIQUAC and NRTL. Finally, the Bates–Schwarzenbach method was used to establish the ionization constants of AMB·HCl and BMH·HCl at two temperatures: room temperature 298.2 K and human body temperature 310.2 K. Our study can give an insight into further drug delivery system design and help to create more effective drug application forms.
Psychologists’ Perspectives on the Psychological Suffering of Refugee Patients in Brazil
Authors: Duden Gesa Solveig , de Smet Sofie , Martins-Borges Lucienne 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWorldwide there are 79.5 million displaced people, many of which face war, violence, tragic flights and struggles in host countries. Research shows augmented prevalence rates of mental disorders among refugees internationally, but little is known about refugee mental health in Latin American countries. Furthermore, only a few studies have taken into consideration the knowledge of clinical psychologists who treat refugee patients. The present study examines the experiences of 32 psychologists in Brazil regarding their refugee patients’ psychological suffering and mental disorders. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in various locations in Brazil and analysed following a consensual qualitative research approach. Four clusters of refugee patients’ suffering were synthesised: post-migration stressors, traumatic experiences, flight as life rupture, and the current situation in the country of origin. The most frequently described conditions in patients were anxiety and depression. However, the results also show that the use of manuals for the classification of mental disorders is contested among psychologists in Brazil. Most psychologists stressed patients’ socio-political suffering and saw patients’ symptoms as normal reactions to their experiences. There is a need to acknowledge the socio-political suffering of refugees in Brazil and foster their mental health by tackling current post-migration stressors such as discrimination.
On the swimming strategies to escape a rip current: a mathematical approach
Authors: Withers Archie , Maldonado Sergio 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRip currents represent significant hazards to swimmers all around the world. The danger arises when a misinformed swimmer uses an inadequate strategy to escape the rip, such as fighting the current directly. This can lead to fatigue, panic, and in some cases drowning. There exists a range of strategies put forward by experts (both lifeguards and scientists) to escape rip currents. However, these recommendations are based on a limited number of scientific studies and there is still much discrepancy surrounding the best strategy to escape a rip. Thus, here we present a simple, physics-based theoretical model aimed at assessing different escape strategies in terms of their associated ‘energetic cost’ (in work and power) for any given rip current and swimmer’s proficiency level. Many combinations of swimmers and rips are considered, including both idealised and a realistic rip current. Our quantitative results back the common knowledge that swimming against the rip (which is strongly discouraged by lifeguards) is almost universally the worst possible strategy, especially when compared against strategies favoured by experts, such as floating with the current before attempting to swim back to the shore. For a realistic rip, our results suggest that swimming directly against the rip can require several times more power from the swimmer than other strategies advised by lifeguards, thus lending further scientific support to experts’ recommendations. This study may help promote education around the dangers posed by rip currents and how best to address them.
Health state utilities associated with treatment process for oral and injectable GLP-1 receptor agonists for type 2 diabetes
Authors: Matza Louis S. , Cutts Katelyn N. , Stewart Katie D. , Norrbacka Kirsi , García-Pérez Luis-Emilio , Boye Kristina S. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Previous research suggests that treatment process can have an influence on patient preference and health state utilities. This study examined preferences and estimated utilities for treatment processes of two daily oral treatment regimens and two weekly injectable regimens for treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Methods
Participants with T2D in the UK reported preferences and valued four health state vignettes in time trade-off utility interviews. The vignettes had identical descriptions of T2D but differed in treatment process: (1) daily simple oral treatment (tablets without administration requirements), (2) daily oral semaglutide (with administration requirements per product label), (3) weekly dulaglutide injection, (4) weekly semaglutide injection.

Results
Interviews were completed by 201 participants (52.7% male; mean age = 58.7). Preferences between treatment processes varied widely. Mean utilities were 0.890 for simple oral, 0.880 for oral semaglutide, 0.878 for dulaglutide injection, and 0.859 for semaglutide injection (with higher scores indicating greater preference). All pairwise comparisons found statistically significant differences between utilities (p < 0.01), except the comparison between oral semaglutide and the dulaglutide injection (p = 0.49).

Conclusions
Results suggest that routes of administration cannot be compared using only the simplest descriptions (e.g., oral versus injectable). Dose frequency and specific details of the treatment process administration had an impact on patient preference and health state utilities. The utilities estimated in this study may be useful in cost-utility models comparing these treatments for T2D. Results also suggest that it may be helpful to consider patient preferences for treatment process when selecting medications for patients in clinical settings.
A Comparison of Experimental Procedures for the Application of Infrared Spectroscopy to Probe the Surface Morphology of an Alumina-Supported Palladium Catalyst
Authors: McCullagh A. M. , Warringham R. , Morisse C. G. A. , Gilpin L. F. , Brennan C. , Mitchell C. J. , Lennon D. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractStructure/function relationships in heterogeneous catalysis play an important role in catalyst design strategies. The combination of chemisorption of suitable probe molecules alongside application of infrared spectroscopy is an established technique for providing information on the metal crystallite morphology of supported metal catalysts. Following a review of key literature on this topic, a variety of experimental arrangements that may be adopted for this task are examined. Specifically, the adsorption of CO over a 5wt% Pd/Al2O3 catalyst is investigated using transmission and diffuse reflectance sampling options and two research grade spectrometers. Although comparable spectra are obtained on all the platforms examined, differences are noted. In particular, temperature-programmed IR spectroscopy on one platform enables resolution of two features assigned to linear CO bound to the Pd particles. The relevance of this sub-division of terminal sites with respect to selective hydrogenation reactions is briefly considered.
Analytical Description of the Criterion for the Columnar-To-Equiaxed Transition During Laser Beam Welding of Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Böhm Constantin , Hagenlocher Christian , Wagner Jonas , Graf Thomas , Weihe Stefan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
An equiaxed grain structure in a laser welded seam is beneficial. In current literature the material and process perspective are addressed separately. This paper combined the material and process perspective in one analytical expression in order to access a deeper understanding of the key parameters for an equiaxed solidification during laser beam welding. For this, the steady state model of Hunt for growth of equiaxed dendritic grains was combined with heat conduction calculations and nucleation theory. The derived analytical expression identified the minimum values of the welding parameters required for the growth of equiaxed dendritic grains and describe their interaction with the metallurgically given nucleation density. The theoretically derived analytical description agrees well with experimental results obtained with two different batches of EN AW-6016 over a wide-range of laser welding parameters. The analytical description summarizes the effects of nucleation processes, local solidification conditions and the influence of process parameters on the growth of equiaxed dendritic grains. Furthermore, the equation identifies the key alloy properties, which influence the required process parameter for an equiaxed solidification. For the first time, the full range of phenomena, including metallurgical and thermal effects, was merged in one analytical expression.
Characterization and photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanoflowers synthesized using Bridelia retusa leaf extract
Authors: Vinayagam Ramesh , Pai Shraddha , Varadavenkatesan Thivaharan , Pugazhendhi Arivalagan , Selvaraj Raja 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn the current work, the leaf extract of Bridelia retusa was used for the first time to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs). A zinc nanoparticle-specific 364-nm peak was discerned via UV–Vis studies with a typical bandgap energy of 3.41 eV. FE-SEM micrographs revealed flower-shaped structure of the ZnONPs. EDS analysis corroborated the presence of zinc and oxygen. XRD spectrum established the wurtzite structure, sized at 11.06 nm. The mesoporous texture (4.89 nm) of the nanoparticles was deduced from BET analysis, proving a higher specific surface area than commercial ZnONPs. FTIR spectroscopy resulted in absorption bands typical for ZnONPs. Within a span of 165 min, under solar irradiation, the ZnONPs facilitated the photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B dye upto 94.74%. Exhibiting pseudo-first-order kinetics, the process had a degradation constant of 0.0109 min−1. It was concluded that numerous factors led to the high degradation efficiency. High values of bandgap energy and specific surface area, along with the mesoporous and crystalline nature of the ZnONPs led to the observed effect. The ZnONPs were also stabilized by the phytochemicals in the B. retusa leaves. The study is thus able to successfully demonstrate the huge potential in the field of environmental nanoremediation. The viability of using ZnONPs as solar photocatalysts for treating dye-laden industrial wastewater was thus attested.
Generational Change in Religion and Religious Practice: A Review Essay
Authors: Wittberg Patricia 
Published: April 2021

Background Numerous studies have been done of the religious affiliations, beliefs, and practices of the Millennial generation (North Americans born between 1980 and 1995). Many of these studies assume that their findings will be useful to denominations and congregations wishing to attract more young people. But at least one influential social theory would imply the opposite: that religious decline is inevitable as societies modernize and secularize. Purpose The current essay suggests a useful addition to the religious decline theory, the work of Karl Mannheim and his followers on the sociology of generations, and applies it to the major studies of generational change and continuity in religious practice among young adults in present-day North America. Methods In total, 35 academic books, 43 articles in refereed journals, and 22 denominational research reports are included in the analysis. Only works studying the religious beliefs, practices, and affiliations of the Millennial generation in the United States and Canada, and based on data collected through approved social science research methods are included. Results The essay first summarizes the findings of the studies, noting similarities and differences in religious decline across the various social locations of race, gender, and country. Next, it summarizes the causes that the various studies have postulated for this decline, relating them to Mannheim's argument that the “fresh encounter” with one's childhood religious worldview which occurs in young adulthood is a key determinant of whether a person accepts or rejects his/her childhood religious socialization. A final section evaluates the effectiveness of the suggestions that some of the studies make for stemming or reversing religious decline in young adulthood, in the light of Mannheim's theory. Conclusions and Implications A key determinant of religious affiliation, belief, and practice in adulthood is the fresh encounter that young adults have with the culture and worldview transmitted to them in childhood. The lifecycle stage of emerging adulthood poses a challenge to denominations and congregations since it is often the age group that is least connected with organized religion. The essay concludes with suggestions for further research.