bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Characterization of Tumoural Leakage Phenomena Using Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast Perfusion Imaging&nbsp;
Authors: Vankayalapati Sriharish , Kulanthaivelu Karthik , Lanka Vivek , Chakrabarti Dhritiman , Saini Jitender , Bhat Maya , Prasad Chandrajit , Pendharkar Hima , Kotwal Abhishek , Mangla Rajiv , Mankad Kshitij , BN Nandeesh , Rao Shilpa , Srini Dwarakanath 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Purpose:Microvascular Leakiness varies between tumours. Extravascular leakage, hitherto the Achilles heel of Dynamic-Susceptibility-Contrast-Perfusion-Weighted-Imaging (DSC-PWI), has lately been quantified by leakage coefficient “K2”. To evaluate K2's diagnostic potential for differentiation of PCNSL, GBM and Mets and assess its relationships with other DSC-PWI metrics.Methods:Retrospective analysis of T2*-weighted DSC-PWI of PCNSL, Mets (n=10 each )and GBM n=16) was performed using a “Leakage Correction” model to generate K2 , uncorrected relative CBV (rCBVucor) and corrected rCBV (rCBVcor). Peak Signal Recovery (PSR) was calculated. Group-level statistical comparisons was made.Results:All PCNSL showed high-magnitude-positive K2 value with mean [SD] 846.1[462] while Mets showed high-magnitude-negative K2 value with mean [SD] -754[546]. In contrast, GBM showed varied values (overall with lower magnitude and positive) of K2 with mean [SD] 391.9[294.1]. The intergroup differences in K2 were statistically different (P 0.000). Lesion K2 (magnitude) exhibited a significant strong positive correlation with the magnitude of CBV correction (ρ 0.63) and with PSR (ρ 0.70). Conclusion:PCNSL had greater high-magnitude-positive-K2 compared with other tumour groups, while Mets were notable for a high-magnitude-negative-K2. K2 parameter obtained from T2*-weighted DSC technique characterizes and quantifies microvascular leakage of contrast and thus provides an alternative means of measuring permeability in tumours. K2 quantification adds adjunctive value to pre-operative discrimination of intra-axial neoplasms. Given the widespread acceptance that DSC-PWI has, K2 holds promise as an attractive alternative to (the methodologically challenging) DCE-PWI-derived permeability metric, Ktrans.
Phytoplankton and Zooplankton Diversity and Water Quality Assessment of Three Ponds in Hooghly District (West Bengal, India)
Authors: Karmakar Soudip 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The present study focuses on the Phytoplankton and Zooplankton Diversity and Water quality assessment of three ponds in Hooghly District using the physiochemical and biological parameters, with due consideration to the Planktonic species. The study was carried out during the Spring and Summer season for a period of two months from 28th March to 28th July, 2020. The pollution levels of the ponds were determined with the help of Palmer’s Indices and were further supported by the physicochemical parameters. The Plankton assessment (qualitative) was associated with the physicochemical parameters like pH, TDS, EC, Calcium, Chlorides, Dissolved Oxygen, Phosphates, Nitrates, Bromides and Nitrites. Each pond are a well-managed fishpond, showed and Highest Shannon-Wiener Index diversity value 1.917, contaminated with organic waste matter, from adjacent cattle sheds, show higher Zooplankton abundance.
Is There a Role for Bronchial Biopsies in Patients Undergoing Bronchoscopy for Non-Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis?
Authors: Kuint Rottem , Abutbul Avraham , Fridlender Zvi Gregorio , Laxer Uri , Berkman Neville 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background: Diagnosis of bronchiectasis mandates workup for etiology, and microbiological characterization often being sought via Bronchoscopy. However, whether to perform bronchial biopsies, is unknown. We aimed to assess the current practice and yield of different bronchoscopic procedures in this setting. Methods: Data from an adult cohort undergoing bronchoscopy for bronchiectasis was reviewed, including demographics, etiology, imaging and results of different bronchoscopic procedures performed. Results: 127 subjects were analyzed (mean age 61, 56% female). Inspection of the airways was abnormal in 31%; however, management changed in only one with a foreign body. BAL culture was positive in 44%. Frequent pathogens were Hemophilus Influenza (20%), pseudomonas aeruginosa (8%) and Staphylococcus aureus (7%). NTM and tuberculosis were found in 6% and 1.5% respectively. BAL cytology was performed in 125 procedures, EBB in 51 (40%) and TBLB in 38 (30%). EBB did not contribute to diagnosis in any of our subjects, while TBB showed positive findings in only a single case. Pathology and tissue culture had no benefit over BAL with respect to microbiological diagnosis. Conclusions: In adult subjects with Non-CF bronchiectasis requiring bronchoscopy, BAL cytology and bronchial biopsies are frequently performed but are of minimal additional benefit and should probably be avoided.
Comparison of Three Prediction Rules for Assessing the Risk of Gastric Cancer in Chinese Health Examination Populations
Authors: Xie Xiaolao , Lai Yuexing , Xu Ping , Xu Kai , Wang Jing , Wang Libo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background The current consensus regarding gastric cancer screening in China recommends Li’s Scoring System to assess the risk of gastric cancer. Objectives To compare the predictive capacity of three prediction rules: the ABC method, the Scoring System from the Japan Public Health Center (JPHC), and Li’s Scoring System in Chinese health examination populations. Methods We retrospectively evaluated 1,436 patients undergoing gastroscopy. The patients were classified into three groups (low, medium and high risk) according to each rule. The predictive capacity of three rules to assess the risk of gastric cancer was compared. Results A total of 28 (1.95%) cases with gastric cancer were detected. The Scoring System from JPHC and Li’s Scoring System performed similarly, and the areas under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves (AUC) were 0.745 (95%CI: 0.722–0.767), and 0.739 (95%CI: 0.715–0.761), respectively. And the AUC for the ABC method was 0.642 (95%CI: 0.617–0.667), significantly lower than that for the Scoring System from JPHC (p < 0.05).Li’s Scoring System had the highest sensitivity, significantly higher than that of the Scoring System from JPHC (85.71% vs 53.57%, p<0.05). Larger proportions of low-risk patients were diagnosed as gastric cancer by the Scoring System from JPHC (1.99%) and ABC method (0.99%) than by Li’s Scoring System (0.55%). Conclusions The Scoring System from JPHC and Li’s Scoring System have a similar performance in assessing the risk of gastric cancer, but Li’s Scoring System is more effective in Chinese health examination populations because of the lowest probability of missed diagnosis.
Comparative Evaluation of the Visual and Refractive Outcomes Following SMILE, FS-LASIK, and T-PRK Surgery: A Retrospective, Non-Blinded Clinical Study
Authors: PIAO Junjie , Li Ying 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background: To comparatively evaluate of the visual and refractive outcomes after small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE), femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK), and transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy (T-PRK) surgery.Methods: This was a retrospective, case-series, non-blinded clinical study. Consecutive eligible patients underwent SMILE, FS-LASIK, and T-PRK at the Department of Ophthalmology of Peking Union Medical Hospital, a tertiary referral center. All myopic patients were treated with corneal refractive surgery (SMILE, FS-LASIK, and T-PRK) using the VisuMax (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany) 500-kHz femtosecond laser system and the Amaris 750S excimer laser platform (SCHWIND eye-tech solutions, Kleinostheim, Germany). Visual and topographic astigmatism changes at 6 months were the main outcome measure. Secondary outcomes were the efficacy index at 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively.Results: We recruited 75 consecutive patients (mean age, 27.88 ± 5.76 years; 68% women; all Asian) with no significant differences between groups in terms of preoperative demographic data, except in preoperative spherical equivalent (SE) (-5.54 ± 1.86 D, -5.64 ± 1.66 D, and -3.78 ± 1.30 D, respectively; P<0.001), astigmatism (1.24 ± 1.62 D, 1.16 ± 0.75 D, and 0.72 ± 0.42 D, respectively; P=0.008), and residual bed thickness (313.08 ± 32.18 μm, 427.59 ± 30.69 μm, and 427.09 ± 41.07 μm, respectively; P<0.001). A superior efficacy index was shown in SMILE and FS-LASIK compared to T-PRK 1 month after surgery.Conclusions: The results from this retrospective, non-blind, case-series clinical study suggest that all of the corneal refractive surgery options are safe and effective. However, while SMILE and FS-LASIK procedures have equal visual outcomes, they have superior efficacy index values in the early postsurgical period.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of genomic profiling in early breast cancer in Colombia
Authors: Rojas Leonardo , Rojas-Reyes María , Rosselli Diego , Cardona Andres F. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
BackgroundThe best strategy to establish indication for adjuvant chemotherapy in early breast cancer (EBC) in Colombia is unknown. This study aimed to identify the cost-effectiveness of various strategies to establish the necessity of adjuvant chemotherapy.MethodsThis study used an adapted decision-analytic model to compare cost and outcomes of care that includes Oncotype DX™ (ODX) or Mammaprint™ (MMP) test with routine care without ODX or MMP tests (application of adjuvant chemotherapy for all patients) over a 5-year time horizon, and the from the perspective of the Colombian National Health System (NHS) perspective (payer). Data were obtained from published literature and clinical trial database. The study population was composed of women with EBC, hormone-receptor positive (HR+), Her2-negative, lymph-node negative (LN0), with high-risk clinical criteria for recurrence. The outcome measures were incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER; 2019 United States Dollar [USD] per quality-adjusted life years [QALY] gained) and net monetary benefit (NMB).ResultsODX increases QALYs by 0.05 and MMP by 0.03 with savings of $2,445 and $570 compared with the standard strategy, respectively. The ICER for ODX was −$41,857 and that for MMP was −$18,253 per QALY; NMB was $2,821 and $771, respectively. Both tests were cost effective under defined threshold. When the two tests were compared, ODX was more cost effective than MMP. Sensitivity analysis revealed that, with a threshold of 1 GDP per capita, ODX will be cost effective in 95.5% of the cases compared with 70.2% of MMP. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis revealed that ODX was a consistently superior strategy.ConclusionsGenomic profiling using ODX or MMP tests to define the need of adjuvant chemotherapy treatment in patients with HR + and Her2 − EBC is a cost-effective strategy that allows Colombian NHS saving money.
Air of Uncertainty from pollution profiteers: Status of ambient air quality of sawmill industry in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria
Authors: Raimi Morufu , Samson Timothy Kayode , Sunday Ajayi Bankole , Olalekan Adio Zulkarnaini , Emmanuel Odipe Oluwaseun , Jide Ogunleye Temitope 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We can’t stop breathing, but we can do something about the quality of air that we breathe. Clean fresh air is indispensable ingredient for a good life quality. Individuals poses the right towards expecting that the breathed air will not harm people. Thus, fighting air pollution will not only improve health outcomes, productivity, and well-being, it’s also essential toward reducing the emissions of greenhouse gas as well as fighting climate change. For examples, a third of the global population is at risk from unhealthy of ambient air pollutants concentrations, with the loss of approximately 6.4 million healthy-life-years attributed specifically to chronic exposure to ambient particulate matter. Expert panels have consistently rated air pollution as a greater health hazard than water pollution. Pollution of air is the leading source of unexplained and undiagnosed diseases, besides have remained associated with a variety of serious human health risks, and in fact, a threshold has not been established under which these pollutants exert no adverse effects. This study evaluates ambient air quality at major sawmill sites in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria. “Measurements of Air pollution were accurately carried out using direct reading, automatic in situ gas monitors; Hand held mobile multi-gas monitor with model AS8900 [Combustible (LEL), and Oxygen (O2)], BLATN with model BR – Smart Series air quality monitor (PM10, Formaldehyde) and air quality multimeter with model B SIDE EET100 (Dust (PM2.5), VOC, Temperature and Relative Humidity)”. The outcomes disclosed among others, the average concentrations of CO, O2 as well as other measured parameters for instance formaldehyde (HcHo) etc., they are also consistently low as well as within acceptable range in terms of National as well as Global monitoring standards for air quality indices. However, there are few exceptions for instance the average volatile organic compounds (VOCs) concentrations, PM2.5, PM10 as well as Combustible (LEL) respectively, which are higher when compared to National and Global standards. This high figure is due to pollutant amount existing in the sawmills air environment resulting from input of influents from activities of the sawmill. However, as a result, air pollution in the city of Ilorin is found to be increasingly polluted and are of major health concern because of their synergistic action. Due to the high evidences and values, it can lead to a remarkable rise in over-all figure of hospital visits/ patients’ admissions with acute respiratory illnesses as soon as air pollutants level remained high. Hence, there is the need for an aggressive control of ambient air pollution.
Elevated preoperative D-dimer is associated with acute kidney injury after non-cardiac surgery
Authors: Zhou Yan , Yang Hong-Yun 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
aimed to analyze the relationship between preoperative D-dimer level and AKI following non-cardiac surgery.Method: This was a single-center retrospective cohort study for elective non-cardiac surgery from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2018. The endpoint was the occurrence of AKI 7 days postoperatively in the hospital. The non-linear relationship was described using the generalized additive model. ROC and minimum P-value approach identified possible cut-off points. D-dimer's odds ratio as continuous, quantile, and dichotomous variables by various cut-off points for postoperative AKI were calculated in multivariate logistic regression models before and after propensity score weighting.Results: Of the 55439 surgery, 5.0% (2779 cases) suffered postoperative AKI. Non-linearity was found between D-dimer and postoperative AKI. The odds ratio for D-dimer before and after propensity score weighting was (≤ 0.380 µg/mL as reference, minimum P-value cut-off point) 1.35 (1.20-1.49), P < 0.001 and 1.25 (1.09-1.43), P = 0.001, respectively; (≤ 0.165 µg/mL as reference, ROC cut-off point) 1.24 (1.12-1.37), P < 0.001 and 1.18 (1.06-1.31), P = 0.002, respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed similar results. Heterogeneity subgroup analysis showed that patients with normal preoperative creatinine, hemoglobin level, and intraperitoneal surgery or more complex surgery seemed to be more vulnerable to elevated D-dimer.Conclusions: Preoperative D-dimer was significantly associated with postoperative AKI following non-cardiac surgery. The optimal cut-off point for preoperative D-dimer was 0.165 µg/mL by ROC approach and 0.38 µg/mL by minimum P-value approach.
“I enjoy sex more without condoms": revisiting barriers and facilitators of consistent condom use among adolescents and young adults in South Africa
Authors: Ajayi Anthony Idowu , Omonaiye Olumuyiwa , Nwogwugwu Charlotte 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background Previous studies have examined consistent condom use correlates in South Africa, focusing on sociodemographic factors, HIV risk perceptions, relationship conflict, multiple sexual partners, and masculinity. However, the effect of family financial support, HIV testing, partner communication and self-efficacy for HIV prevention is less studied. We drew from a cross-sectional survey to address this gap and highlight the key barriers and facilitators of consistent condom use among young people. Methods We analysed data obtained from 631 unmarried sexually active male and females students selected using stratified sampling from a university in Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Consistent condom use was defined as regular use of condoms in all sexual encounters in the past year. We used an open-ended question to probe the reasons for inconsistent condom use. Adjusted and unadjusted regression analysis were fitted to examine factors associated with consistent condom use. Results The prevalence of consistent condom use was 39.3% (CI: 35.5%-43.2%), with no significant gender and age differences. After adjusting for relevant covariates, living with foster parents (AOR; 1.80 95% CI; 1.09-2.97), adequate family financial support (AOR; 2.49 95% CI; 1.71-3.62), partner knew status (AOR; 1.91 95% CI; 1.09-3.37) and feeling confident in one's ability to prevent HIV (AOR; 1.77 95% CI; 1.09-2.86) were associated with increased odds of consistent condom use. However, self-report of low condom self-efficacy (AOR; 0.58 95% CI; 0.40-0.85) and alcohol use (AOR; 0.83 95% CI; 0.58-1.19) were associated with lower odds of consistent condom use. Young people who inconsistently used condoms reiterated that sex is often unplanned and condoms are not always available. The desire for maximum pleasure, partner's objection, trust, and use of hormonal contraceptives were further reasons others inconsistently use condoms.Conclusions Inconsistent condom use remains a challenge among unmarried sexually active young people in South Africa. Education of young people on the need for partner communication about HIV, HIV testing uptake, and condom use should happen more rigorously in school and through the media to improve their consistent use of condoms.
COVID-19 epidemic in the Brazilian state of Amazonas was driven by long-term persistence of endemic SARS-CoV-2 lineages and the recent emergence of the new Variant of Concern P.1
Authors: Naveca Felipe , Nascimento Valdinete , Souza Victor , Corado André , Nascimento Fernanda , Silva George , Costa Ágatha , Duarte Débora , Pessoa Karina , Mejía Matilde , Brandão Maria , Jesus Michele , Gonçalves Luciana , Costa Cristiano da , Sampaio Vanderson , Barros Daniel , Silva Marineide , Mattos Tirza , Pontes Gemilson , Abdalla Ligia , Santos João , Arantes Ighor , Dezordi Filipe , Siqueira Marilda , Wallau Gabriel , Resende Paola , Delatorre Edson , Gräff Tiago , Bello Gonzalo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The Northern Brazilian state of Amazonas is one of the most heavily affected country regions by the COVID-19 epidemic and experienced two exponential growing waves in early and late 2020. Through a genomic epidemiology study based on 250 SARS-CoV-2 genomes from different Amazonas municipalities sampled between March 2020 and January 2021 we revealed that the first exponential growth phase was driven mostly by the dissemination of lineage B.1.195 which was gradually replaced by lineage B.1.1.28. The second wave coincides with the emergence of the variant of concern (VOC) P.1 which evolved from a local B.1.1.28 clade in late November and rapidly replaced the parental lineage in less than two months. Our findings support that successive lineage replacements in Amazonas were driven by a complex combination of variable levels of social distancing measures and the emergence of a more transmissible VOC P.1 virus. These data provide unique insights to understanding the mechanisms that underlie the COVID-19 epidemic waves and the risk of disseminating SARS-CoV-2 VOC P.1 in Brazil and potentially worldwide.
Water quality evaluation and apportionment of pollution sources: a case study of the Baralia and Puthimari River (India)
Authors: Singh Kunwar Raghvendra , Goswami Ankit Pratim , Kalamdhad Ajay S. , Kumar Bimlesh 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Water quality monitoring programs are indispensable for developing water conservation strategies, but elucidation of large and random datasets generated in these monitoring programs has become a global challenge. Rapid urbanization, industrialization and population growth pose a threat of pollution for the surface water bodies of the Assam, a state in northeastern India. This calls for strict water quality monitoring programs, which would thereby help in understanding the status of water bodies. In this study, the water quality of Baralia and Puthimari River of Assam was assessed using cluster analysis (CA), information entropy, and principal component analysis (PCA) to derive useful information from observed data. 15 sampling sites were selected for collection of samples during the period May 2016- June 2017. Collected samples were analysed for 20 physicochemical parameters. Hierarchal CA was used to classify the sampling sites in different clusters. CA grouped all the sites into 3 clusters based on observed variables. Water quality of rivers was evaluated using entropy weighted water quality index (EWQI). EWQI of rivers varied from 61.62 to 314.68. PCA was applied to recognise various pollution sources. PCA identified six principal components that elucidated 87.9% of the total variance and represented surface runoff, untreated domestic wastewater and illegally dumped municipal solid waste (MSW) as major factors affecting the water quality. This study will help policymakers and managers in making better decisions in allocating funds and determining priorities. It will also assist in effective and efficient policies for the improvement of water quality.
PROPOSTA DE MERCADO PÚBLICO ATRAVÉS DOS CONCEITOS DA PERMACULTURA URBANA
Authors: Santos Ísis Portolan dos , Quoos Mayer Licia 
Published: February 2021

O presente trabalho trata de uma pesquisa e de um projeto arquitetônico/paisagístico realizados para o Trabalho Final de Graduação do Curso de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM/RS). A metodologia do projeto iniciou com a pesquisa e posterior seleção de diretrizes, zoneamentos, estudos de fluxos e de volumetria até a proposição arquitetônica e paisagística na forma de um anteprojeto. A pesquisa contemplou o levantamento histórico, físico, cultural e social do terreno e dos prováveis usuários. A revisão bibliográfica analisou o histórico dos mercados públicos, a permacultura, o paisagismo produtivo e as soluções sustentáveis na construção civil. O levantamento de dados ocorreu através da aplicação de questionário para usuários e comerciantes locais, e também da seleção e análise dos aspectos físico-sociais da cidade, do bairro e do entorno próximo ao sítio elegido. Estes serviram para a elaboração do programa de necessidades, vinculados com as premissas indicadas no referencial teórico. A partir de então, foram inseridos itens da permacultura em diferentes aspectos do projeto, tais como a: recuperação de áreas de preservação, paisagismo produtivo urbano, utilização de estruturas e materiais naturais, apresentação de infraestruturas alternativas como solução para saneamento básico, tratamentos dos efluentes nos espaços urbanos e destinação adequada de resíduos sólidos. Assim, foi possível desenvolver uma proposta arquitetônica e paisagística com premissas da permacultura que se apresentam como soluções pertinentes para espaços públicos, em específico para um Mercado Público em um bairro de Santa Maria/RS.