bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Strategy of Bifunctional Nanoscale Melamine‐Resin Sphere Template to Fabricate Porous Carbons
Authors: Li Le , Xu Zhi , Chen Xiaoxia , Fang Chenhong , Yan Deyue , Xiao Guyu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe pore structures of carbons profoundly affect their properties and functions. The hard template method has been extensively employed to fabricate porous carbons. Generally, the heteroatoms of porous carbons remarkably boost their performances, thus various of strategies have been carried out to incorporate the heteroatoms into porous carbons. The usual hard templates, such as silica nanoparticle and polystyrene sphere, only function as a pore‐forming agent. Herein, nanoscale melamine resin spheres (NMRSs) are fabricated for the first time. NMRSs can be decomposed to generate the template mesopore in situ during the pyrolysis of carbon precursors. Moreover, NMRSs also can work as a nitrogen‐dopant for porous carbons. As a demonstration, the N,P‐codoped hierarchically porous carbons are prepared using NMRSs as both pore‐forming agent and dopant, which exhibit excellent catalytic performances for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), close to or better than those of the best performing metal‐free doped carbon catalysts for the ORR. Therefore, this bifunctional template paves a facile pathway to fabricate porous carbons.
Photonic Band Gap Material Topological Design at Specified Target Frequency
Authors: Zhang Xiaopeng , Luo Yangjun , Yan Yi , Liu Pai , Kang Zhan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTo achieve any specified band gap structure around target frequency, a new photonic crystals (PhC) topological design strategy is proposed. In the design optimization model, a band gap index that measures the minimal signed distances between the specified frequency and any two adjacent orders of frequencies is proposed, and the topology of PhC unit cell is represented with a low number of design variables through the material‐field series‐expansion. Then the sequential Kriging‐based algorithm is adopted for solving the multi‐peak and nondifferentiable optimization problems. Based on the numerical implementation of the proposed optimization method, the PhC unit cells are designed to provide band gaps precisely matching any specified central frequency value. The optimized unit cell designs are easily assembled to achieve a PhC device with the large relative band gap.
Adult diagnosis of congenital serine biosynthesis defect: A treatable cause of progressive neuropathy
Authors: Debs Sarah , Ferreira Carlos R. , Groden Catherine , Kim H. Jeffrey , King Kelly A. , King Monique C. , Lehky Tanya , Cowen Edward W. , Brown Laura H. , Merideth Melissa , Owen Carter M. , Macnamara Ellen , Toro Camilo , Gahl William A. , Soldatos Ariane 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA woman with ichthyosis, contractures, and progressive neuropathy represents the first case of phosphoserine aminotransferase deficiency diagnosed and treated in an adult. She has novel compound heterozygous mutations in the gene PSAT1. Treatment with high dose oral L‐serine completely resolved the ichthyosis. Consideration of this diagnosis is important because early treatment with L‐serine repletion can halt progression of neurodegeneration and potentially improve neurological disabilities. As exome sequencing becomes more widely implemented in the diagnostic evaluation of progressive neurodegenerative phenotypes, adult neurologists and geneticists will increasingly encounter later onset manifestations of inborn errors of metabolism classically considered in infancy and early childhood.
Expanding the clinical and radiological phenotypes of leukoencephalopathy due to biallelic HMBS mutations
Authors: Stutterd Chloe A. , Kidd Alexa , Florkowski Chris , Janus Edward , Fanjul Miriam , Raizis Anthony , Wu Teddy Y. , Archer John , Leventer Richard J. , Amor David J. , Lukic Vesna , Bahlo Melanie , Gow Paul , Lockhart Paul J. , van der Knaap Marjo S. , Delatycki Martin B. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPathogenic heterozygous variants in HMBS encoding the enzyme hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS), also known as porphobilinogen deaminase, cause acute intermittent porphyria (AIP). Biallelic variants in HMBS have been reported in a small number of children with severe progressive neurological disease and in three adult siblings with a more slowly, progressive neurological disease and distinct leukoencephalopathy. We report three further adult individuals who share a distinct pattern of white matter abnormality on brain MRI in association with biallelic variants in HMBS, two individuals with homozygous variants, and one with compound‐heterozygous variants. We present their clinical and radiological features and compare these with the three adult siblings previously described with leukoencephalopathy and biallelic HMBS variants. All six affected individuals presented with slowly progressive spasticity, ataxia, peripheral neuropathy, with or without mild cognitive impairment, and/or ocular disease with onset in childhood or adolescence. Their brain MRIs show mainly confluent signal abnormalities in the periventricular and deep white matter and bilateral thalami. This recognizable pattern of MRI abnormalities is seen in all six adults described here. Biallelic variants in HMBS cause a phenotype that is distinct from AIP. It is not known whether AIP treatments benefit individuals with HMBS‐related leukoencephalopathy. One individual reported here had improved neurological function for 12 months following liver transplantation followed by decline and progression of disease.
Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia EXTL3‐deficient type: Long‐term follow‐up and review of the literature
Authors: Akalın Akçahan , Taskiran Ekim Z. , Şimşek‐Kiper Pelin Özlem , Utine Eda , Alanay Yasemin , Özçelik Uğur , Boduroğlu Koray 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSpondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia (SEMD) is a group of genetic skeletal disorders characterized by disproportionate short stature, and varying degrees of vertebral, epiphyseal, and metaphyseal involvement of the skeleton. According to the Nosology and classification of genetic skeletal disorders 2019 revision, more than 20 types of SEMD have been identified, and SEMD with immune deficiency, EXTL3 type is one of the newcomers. Affected individuals display variable skeletal abnormalities and neurodevelopmental findings. Liver and kidney cysts have also been reported frequently. Patients may exhibit varying degrees of immune deficiency as well. To date, only 14 patients from 9 unrelated families with SEMD with immune deficiency, EXTL3 type have been reported in the literature. We report a new patient who is currently 15 years old in whom cystic liver lesions were detected in the prenatal period. Disproportionate short stature, mild developmental delay and a T−NK+B+ immunological profile were detected in the postnatal follow‐up. Exome sequence analysis revealed a previously reported homozygous missense variant in exon 3 c.953C > T; p.(Pro318Leu) in EXTL3.
A General Approach to Convert Hemicyanine Dyes into Highly Optimized Photoacoustic Scaffolds for Analyte Sensing**
Authors: Gardner Sarah H. , Brady Catharine J. , Keeton Cameron , Yadav Anuj K. , Mallojjala Sharath C. , Lucero Melissa Y. , Su Shengzhang , Yu Zhengxin , Hirschi Jennifer S. , Mirica Liviu M. , Chan Jefferson 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMost photoacoustic (PA) imaging agents are based on the repurposing of existing fluorescent dye platforms that exhibit non‐optimal properties for PA applications. Herein, we introduce PA‐HD, a new dye scaffold optimized for PA probe development that features a 4.8‐fold increase in sensitivity and a red‐shift of the λabs from 690 nm to 745 nm to enable ratiometric imaging. Computational modeling was used to elucidate the origin of these enhanced properties. To demonstrate the generalizability of our remodeling efforts, we developed three probes for β‐galactosidase activity (PA‐HD‐Gal), nitroreductase activity (PA‐HD‐NTR), and H2O2 (PA‐HD‐H2O2). We generated two cancer models to evaluate PA‐HD‐Gal and PA‐HD‐NTR. We employed a murine model of Alzheimer's disease to test PA‐HD‐H2O2. There, we observed a PA signal increase at 735 nm of 1.79±0.20‐fold relative to background, indicating the presence of oxidative stress. These results were confirmed via ratiometric calibration, which was not possible using the parent HD platform.
Upcycling by grafting onto semi‐crystalline polymers using supercritical CO2
Authors: Camarda Daniel S. , Lampe Matthew J. , Lesser Alan J. , Desbois Philippe , Stoll Klaus , Gabriel Claus , Konradi Rupert 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe creation of graft copolymers by selectively grafting a second polymer to the amorphous fraction of a semi‐crystalline polymer in supercritical CO2 is demonstrated herein. The graft copolymer is synthesized by free radical polymerization of a vinyl monomer within the semi‐crystalline polymer below its melt temperature. Such conditions afford selective grafting on the amorphous regions (block “B”) while leaving the crystalline domains (block “A”) unmodified. Accordingly, unique A‐B, A‐B‐A, A‐B‐A‐B‐A, and so forth. block structures are formed. In this work, styrene is polymerized within polyamide 6, polyethylene terephthalate, and isotactic polypropylene. Purification of these material is performed to remove the un‐grafted homopolymer, allowing for determination of the graft yield, the portion of polymer which covalently bonds to the semi‐crystalline matrix. Grafting yields achieved in polyamide 6, polyethylene terephthalate, and isotactic polypropylene were 98%, 59%, and 15%, respectively. Property enhancements were observed upon further characterization of polystyrene‐polyamide 6 copolymers, including high glass transition temperatures, the ability to be remelted, and tunable grafting molecular weight. Additionally, hydrophobicity is controlled by varying polystyrene composition. The remarkable range of accessed properties demonstrates this as a potential route to upcycling plastics.
Experimental study of mixing performance with the tridimensional rotational flow sieve tray under low Reynolds number
Authors: Yang Kun , Tang Meng , Wang Dewu , Liu Yan , Wang Hongkai , Zhang Yurong , Zhang Shaofeng , Nie Lu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe mixing of fluids at low Reynolds numbers is currently attracting widespread attention. This study proposes a novel type of static mixer, the tridimensional rotational flow sieve tray (TRST). The mixing performance of the laminar flow fluid was measured using the coefficient of variation (CoV). We investigated the effects of the number, mode, and spacing of the mixing elements; the main fluids, tracer Reynolds number, and tracer outlet position on the mixing performance of the TRST. The results showed that the mixing performance increased with the increase in the number of elements and the Reynolds number of the main fluid. The mixing performance was better when the elements were in the backward installation than in the forward installation. The tracer Reynolds number had little effect on mixing. The mixing performance first increased and then decreased with the increase in the radial distance of the tracer outlet. With the increase in the element spacing, the mixing performance first decreased and then increased. The experimental conditions that yield the best mixing effect are as follow: eight TRSTs in a backward installation; elements spacing of 40 mm; Reynolds numbers of the main fluid and tracer as 987 and 237, respectively; and tracer outlet radial distance of 8.5 mm. The calculated CoVa values of the empirical model had an average deviation of ±12% from the experimental values. Compared with commonly used static mixers, TRST showed good mixing performance.
Experimental methods in chemical engineering: Mössbauer spectroscopy
Authors: Bianchi Claudia L. , Djellabi Ridha , Ponti Alessandro , Patience Gregory S. , Falletta Ermelinda 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWhen a free nucleus absorbs or emits a gamma ray, it recoils to conserve energy, just like a gun recoils after shooting a bullet. Nuclei bound to a crystal lattice conserve energy when they absorb or emit gamma rays from a nuclear transition as they are fixed so their movement is restricted. This restriction is recoilless nuclear resonance fluorescence—the Mössbauer effect. The energy transmitted through a sample reveals its electronic and molecular structure and magnetic properties but only when the atoms in the source and sample are the same isotope—57Co/57Fe is the most common couple. So, many of its applications are to identify iron species or how they change as a function of environmental conditions, like corrosion. A bibliometric map identified six major clusters centred around: nanoparticles and magnetite (Fe3O4), crystal structure and spectroscopy, oxidation and catalysis, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy, 57Fe and cathodes, and Co and thin films. In the last 30 years, the number of articles per year that mention the technique has hovered around 1250. More recently, Mössbauer spectroscopy has experienced a great rediscovery, particularly in the industrial sector for the solution of some problems, but also in space exploration.
Classical Hodgkin's lymphoma with cutaneous involvement in an adolescent male: A case study
Authors: Ghosh Sumon , Ghosh Sajib , Amin Rownak Jahan , Chowdhury Fahmida , Prasad Namala Satya , Prabu Pandurangan , Chowdhury Sukanta 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundHodgkin's lymphoma (HL) with skin involvement is reasonably rare. It typically occurs late in the course and is associated with a poor prognosis; however, it may also be indolent in some cases.CaseWe report a case of a 15‐year‐old previously healthy male with Hodgkin's lymphoma who presented with multiple lymphadenopathies of axilla and serpiginous ulcerative nodular lesions involving pectoral skin. A lymph node biopsy was performed following an initial diagnostic workup for a suspected active infectious disease, which revealed a neoplastic invasion from a mixed cellularity classical HL with skin involvement. A total of six cycles of ABVD (doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine) chemotherapy regimen was administered to the patient.ConclusionIn comparison to other studies, this case demonstrates that a good response is possible with standard ABVD chemotherapy.
Color bizarreness effects in object memory: Evidence from a recall test and eye tracking
Authors: Morita Aiko , Kambara Toshimune 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe main purpose of this study was to examine whether we could find a color bizarreness effect in object memory. Given robust results that objects with bizarre shapes are remembered better than those with common shapes, we would also expect to find a color bizarreness effect. In experiment 1, as in most studies of bizarreness effects, participants were presented pictures one by one in the learning phase, and recalled the object names in the test phase. In experiment 2, we presented multiple objects simultaneously in the learning phase and measured how long participants looked at each object by eye tracking. If participants paid attention to bizarre color objects, it would provide strong support for a color bizarreness effect. The results supported the existence of this effect. Our results strengthen research findings on bizarreness effects in pictorial materials in a different aspect. Not only an object's shape, but also its color can produce the bizarreness effect. Furthermore, we clearly demonstrated that bizarre colors attract attention and enhance object memory. This could be applied to making memorable advertisements and creating learning materials.
Preference for accent and background colors in interior architecture in terms of similarity/contrast of natural color system attributes
Authors: Serra Juan , Gouaich Yacine , Manav Banu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractColor combination criteria are said to entail an affective response in interior design. We investigated the color combination criteria that orient the preference of current observers, after Le Corbusier's 1931 Salubra keyboards. We explored the similarity/contrast in Natural Color System (NCS) hue, blackness, and chromaticness in 312 combinations with four colors, two backgrounds and two accent colors, coming from 43 individual colors, on the walls of a simulated interior of a bedroom from the Swiss Pavilion (Le Corbusier, 1930‐1931). Participants were 644 students of architecture and interior design in Western Europe and Near East, who evaluated with a Likert scale their preference for virtual images via an online survey. Results indicate that the most preferred color combinations are those with hues closer in the color wheel, being the similarity between hues in the backgrounds more important than in the accent colors, and with NCS B30G to G as the most preferred hues. Observers preferred color compositions with blackness under 10% and similar blackness between the two background colors, together with a certain blackness contrast between these background colors and the two color accents. Similarly, observers liked color compositions with low chromaticness and low chromaticness difference among the four colors of the composition.
Hybrid Chemomechanical Plastics Recycling: Solvent‐free, High‐Speed Reactive Extrusion of Low‐Density Polyethylene.
Authors: Martey Shawn , Addison Bennett , Wilson Nolan , Tan Bin , Yu Jianger , Dorgan John R. , Sobkowicz Margaret J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLow‐density polyethylene (LDPE) is ubiquitous in the packaging industry owing to its flexibility, toughness, and low cost. However, it is typically contaminated with other materials, seriously limiting options for mechanical recycling. Interest in chemical recycling techniques such as pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction is growing, but most of these processes face technoeconomic challenges that have limited commercial deployment. This study concerns a hybrid chemomechanical approach using reactive twin‐screw extrusion (TSE) for tailoring the molecular weight and chain structure of reclaimed LDPE. Two types of zeolite catalysts at several loading levels are evaluated over a range of processing conditions. Structural, thermal, and rheological properties of the extruded samples are investigated and compared to virgin LDPE and LDPE extruded without the catalyst. NMR spectroscopy is used to investigate changes in the structure of the polymer. LDPE extruded with microporous Y zeolite shows lower degradation temperature and increased short chain branching. Mesoporous MCM‐41 also induces increased branching but has no effect on the degradation temperature. The theoretical mechanical energy input for the chemical modification is calculated by using process modeling. The demonstrated hybrid reactive extrusion process provides a potential low‐cost, simple approach for repurposing LDPE‐based flexible packaging as coatings and adhesives.
Quantification and role of innate lymphoid cell subsets in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Blomme Evy E , Provoost Sharen , De Smet Elise G , De Grove Katrien C , Van Eeckhoutte Hannelore P , De Volder Joyceline , Hansbro Philip M , Bonato Matteo , Saetta Marina , Wijnant Sara RA , Verhamme Fien , Joos Guy F , Bracke Ken R , Brusselle Guy G , Maes Tania 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectivesInnate lymphoid cells (ILCs) secrete cytokines, such as IFN‐γ, IL‐13 and IL‐17, which are linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Here, we investigated the role of pulmonary ILCs in COPD pathogenesis.MethodsLung ILC subsets in COPD and control subjects were quantified using flow cytometry and associated with clinical parameters. Tissue localisation of ILC and T‐cell subsets was determined by immunohistochemistry. Mice were exposed to air or cigarette smoke (CS) for 1, 4 or 24 weeks to investigate whether pulmonary ILC numbers and activation are altered and whether they contribute to CS‐induced innate inflammatory responses.ResultsQuantification of lung ILC subsets demonstrated that ILC1 frequency in the total ILC population was elevated in COPD and was associated with smoking and severity of respiratory symptoms (COPD Assessment Test [CAT] score). All three ILC subsets localised near lymphoid aggregates in COPD. In the COPD mouse model, CS exposure in C57BL/6J mice increased ILC numbers at all time points, with relative increases in ILC1 in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Importantly, CS exposure induced increases in neutrophils, monocytes and dendritic cells that remained elevated in Rag2/Il2rg‐deficient mice that lack adaptive immune cells and ILCs. However, CS‐induced CXCL1, IL‐6, TNF‐α and IFN‐γ levels were reduced by ILC deficiency.ConclusionThe ILC1 subset is increased in COPD patients and correlates with smoking and severity of respiratory symptoms. ILCs also increase upon CS exposure in C57BL/6J mice. In the absence of adaptive immunity, ILCs contribute to CS‐induced pro‐inflammatory mediator release, but are redundant in CS‐induced innate inflammation.
Genetic risk for severe COVID‐19 correlates with lower inflammatory marker levels in a SARS‐CoV‐2‐negative cohort
Authors: Powell Timothy R , Hotopf Matthew , Hatch Stephani L , Breen Gerome , Duarte Rodrigo R R , Nixon Douglas F 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectivesIt remains unknown how inflammatory marker levels differ amongst individuals susceptible to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), prior to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection and the onset of the cytokine storm. We used genetic risk scores to model how susceptibility to severe COVID‐19 correlates with baseline levels of 35 inflammatory markers, by testing their impact in a SARS‐CoV‐2‐negative population cohort. Because of the established effects of age and body mass index on severe COVID‐19 risk, we further considered how these variables interacted with genetic risk to affect inflammatory marker levels.MethodsWe accessed data on 406 SARS‐CoV‐2‐negative individuals as part of a UK population study. Multiplex electrochemiluminescence methods were applied to blood serum, and 35 inflammatory markers were assayed. Corresponding genotype data, alongside results from a large genome‐wide association study of severe COVID‐19, allowed us to construct genetic risk scores and to test their impact on inflammatory protein levels.ResultsOur results revealed that a higher genetic risk for severe COVID‐19 was associated with lower blood levels of interferon gamma (IFN‐γ), vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGF‐D) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α). Inflammatory profiles of those with high genetic risk increasingly diverge from the norm in association with age and obesity.ConclusionOur results support the theory that individuals at risk of severe COVID‐19 have a deficient innate immunity marked by reduced levels of inflammatory markers at baseline, including IFN‐γ, VEGF‐D and TNF‐α. We hypothesise that a secondary overactive adaptive immune response may subsequently explain the high levels of cytokines observed in SARS‐CoV‐2‐positive COVID‐19 patients.