bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ring‐tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) use olfaction to locate distant fruit
Authors: Cunningham Elena P. , Edmonds Devin , Stalter Laura , Janal Malvin N. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectivesAs many primates live in forests where visibility is limited, the ability to detect the aroma of distant fruit and navigate odor plumes would be highly adaptive. Our study is the first to investigate this ability with strepsirrhine primates.Materials and MethodsWe tested the ability of a group of ring‐tailed lemurs to detect hidden fruit from afar using scent alone. We hid containers in the underbrush of a semi‐natural forest, some baited with real cantaloupe and some with sham cantaloupe, 4–17 m from a path routinely used by the lemurs. Crucially, the containers were not visible from the path. Therefore, the lemurs had to use olfactory cues, but did not have to prioritize them to locate the bait.ResultsThe lemurs found the real cantaloupe on days that the wind blew the scent of the fruit toward the trail. They did not find the sham cantaloupe. Upon detecting the odor of the bait, the lemurs sniffed the air at one or more locations as they moved toward the bait, a process of navigation known as klinotaxis.DiscussionThe traditional belief is that primates are unable to track odor plumes. The untrained lemurs in this study were able to detect the odor of the cantaloupe among the complex odors of the forest and navigate the odor plume to the fruit. The results indicate that olfaction may be used to respond to cues from distant sources. The ability to track odor plumes may be a critical foraging skill for strepsirrhines.
Complete Biosynthetic Pathway of Alazopeptin, a Tripeptide Consisting of Two Molecules of 6‐Diazo‐5‐oxo‐l‐norleucine and One Molecule of Alanine
Authors: Kawai Seiji , Sugaya Yuko , Hagihara Ryota , Tomita Hiroya , Katsuyama Yohei , Ohnishi Yasuo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDON (6‐diazo‐5‐oxo‐l‐norleucine), a diazo‐containing amino acid, has been studied for more than 60 years as a potent antitumor agent, but its biosynthesis has not been elucidated. Here we reveal the complete biosynthetic pathway of alazopeptin, the tripeptide Ala‐DON‐DON, which has antitumor activity, by gene inactivation and in vitro analysis of recombinant enzymes. We also established heterologous production of N‐acetyl‐DON in Streptomyces albus. DON is synthesized from lysine by three enzymes and converted to alazopeptin by five enzymes and one carrier protein. Most interestingly, transmembrane protein AzpL was indicated to catalyze diazotization using 5‐oxolysine and nitrous acid as substrates. Site‐directed mutagenesis of AzpL indicated that the hydroxy group of Tyr‐93 is important for the diazotization. These findings expand our knowledge of the enzymology of N−N bond formation.
Transition‐Metal‐Free Synthesis of Polyfunctional Triarylmethanes and 1,1‐Diarylalkanes by Sequential Cross‐Coupling of Benzal Diacetates with Organozinc Reagents
Authors: Wei Baosheng , Ren Qianyi , Bein Thomas , Knochel Paul 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA variety of functionalized triarylmethane and 1,1‐diarylalkane derivatives were prepared via a transition‐metal‐free, one‐pot and two‐step procedure, involving the reaction of various benzal diacetates with organozinc reagents. A sequential cross‐coupling is enabled by changing the solvent from THF to toluene, and a two‐step SN1‐type mechanism was proposed and evidenced by experimental studies. The synthetic utility of the method is further demonstrated by the synthesis of several biologically relevant molecules, such as an anti‐tuberculosis agent, an anti‐breast cancer agent, a precursor of a sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) receptor modulator, and a FLAP inhibitor.
Discrete‐time fractional fuzzy control of electrically driven mechanical systems
Authors: Muñoz Vázquez Aldo Jonathan , Treesatayapun Chidentree 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis paper proposes a discrete‐time fuzzy control for a general class of electrically driven mechanical systems. Firstly, a discrete‐time model is derived to define an extended error variable, such that asymptotic tracking is assured when the extended error is enforced at zero. Then, a fuzzy inference system is proposed by considering the extended error and its discrete‐time generalized‐order integral. Finally, the controller is proposed as the combination of the fuzzy rules consequences, which are dynamically adapted to produce a precise tracking. The closed‐loop stability is analyzed in the Lyapunov framework, and an experimental assessment is conducted to show the reliability of the proposed approach.
In silico prediction of T‐cell and B‐cell epitopes of human papillomavirus type 16 L1 protein
Authors: Mahmoudvand Shahab , Shokri Somayeh , Makvandi Manoochehr , Taherkhani Reza , Rashno Mohammad , Jalilian Farid Azizi , Angali Kambiz Ahmadi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHuman papillomavirus type 16 (HPV‐16) is one of the most important cause of developing cervical cancer. Therefore, effective epitope‐based vaccine design for HPV‐16 would be of major medical benefit. The aim of our study was to identify B‐ and T‐cell epitopes of HPV‐16 L1 protein. In this study, the HPV‐16 L1 gene was isolated from HPV recovered from five vaginal swab samples using specific primers and finally sequenced. The ExPASy translate tool (http://web.expasy.org/translate/) was used to convert nucleotide sequence into amino acid sequence. Bioinformatic analysis was employed to predict suitable B‐ and T‐cell epitopes and immunogenicity, allergenicity, and toxicity of predicted epitopes were then evaluated. Afterward, the selected T‐cell epitopes were docked using Molegro Virtual Docker software. The two epitopes 207AMDFTTLQA215 and 200MVDTGFGAM208 have showed a very strong binding affinity to HLA‐A0201 and HLA‐B3501 molecules, respectively. Outcome of B‐cell epitope prediction showed that epitope 475KAKPKFTLGKRK ATPTTSSTSTTAKRKK502 contained overlapped epitope, which might be the epitope associated with the production of neutralizing antibody response. Based on this finding, the predicted B‐ and T‐cell epitopes are promising targets for epitope‐based vaccine development against HPV‐16. Further in vivo and in vitro experiments are needed to confirm our findings.
Understanding the Electrolytes of Lithium−Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Angulakshmi N. , Dhanalakshmi R. Baby , Sathya S. , Ahn Jou‐Hyeon , Stephan A. Manuel 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLithium‐sulfur batteries have been identified as an ultimate successor to lithium‐ion batteries due to their unique properties such as extremely high theoretical specific capacity (1672 mAh g−1), low cost, abundance of elemental sulfur on earth's crust and environmental friendliness. However, the insulating nature and volume expansion (approximately 76 %) of elemental sulfur, shuttling of polysulfides between the two electrodes and poor interfacial properties of lithium metal anode with non‐aqueous liquid electrolytes still hinder the commercialization of this system. In order to mitigate the shuttling of polysulfides between two electrodes, several strategies have been adopted, including optimizing the compositions, lithium salt and additives of non‐aqueous liquid electrolytes, and replacing the non‐aqueous liquid electrolyte with ionic liquids (ILs), solid polymers, superionic conductors, and quasi‐solid‐state electrolytes. This review article comprehensively covers the architecture, working principles of lithium‐sulfur batteries, the state‐of‐the‐art electrolytes, their types, properties, advantages, and limitations. The importance of electrolyte additives in enhancing the safety issues of lithium‐sulfur batteries is also emphasized. Here, we provide an overview of recent developments in different types of electrolytes for lithium‐sulfur batteries, focusing on electrochemical properties, and more specifically discussing issues related to polysulfide shuttles.
Prognostic prediction of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage using CT radiomics and machine learning
Authors: Xu Xinghua , Zhang Jiashu , Yang Kai , Wang Qun , Chen Xiaolei , Xu Bainan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectivesSpontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage remains a major cause of death and disability throughout the world. We tried to establish accurate long‐term outcome prediction models for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HICH) using CT radiomics and machine learning.MethodsIn a retrospective study of 270 patients with HICH between June 2013 and June 2018, CT images and patients' 6‐month outcome based on the modified Rankin Scale were collected. Hematomas on CT images were selected as volumes of interests (VOIs), and 1,029 radiomics features of the VOIs were extracted. Based on correlations with patients' outcome, radiomics features underwent dimensionality reduction analyses. Then, the support vector machine (SVM), k‐nearest neighbor (KNN), logistic regression (LR), decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), and XGBoost algorithms were applied with the screened features to establish prognostic prediction models of HICH. Accuracies of all models were compared.ResultsEighteen radiomics features were screened as prognosis‐associated radiomics signature of HICH based on the variance threshold, SelectKBest, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression models. Patients were randomly allocated into training (n = 215) and validation (n = 55) sets. Accuracies of all 6 machine learning algorithms in the validation set exceeded 80%. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy in the validation set were 93.3%, 92.5%, and 92.7% for the RF model and 92.3%, 88.1%, and 89.1% for the XGBoost model, respectively, which were the best two among all models.ConclusionsTaking advantage of radiomics and machine learning, we established accurate prognostic prediction models of HICH. The RF model and XGBoost model returned the best accuracies.
Correlation of immune infiltration with clinical outcomes in breast cancer patients: The 25‐gene prognostic signatures model
Authors: Liu Yushan , Fu Wenfen , Chen Wei , Lin Yuxiang , Zhang Jie , Song Chuangui 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPurposeBreast cancer is the most common cancer in women. The aim of this study was to build a prognostic signatures model based on the immune score of the ESTIMATE algorithm to predict survival of breast cancer patients.MethodsThe RNA‐seq expression data and clinical characteristics of patients were derived from TCGA and GSE88770 of GEO. The ESTIMATE algorithm was used to calculate the patients' immune scores and to obtain DEGs. The LASSO Cox regression model was applied to select prognostic genes. Survival analysis and the ROC curve were used to evaluate the predictive efficacy of the prognostic signatures model. Independent prognostic factors of breast cancer were assessed using the Cox regression analyses, and a nomogram was constructed to enhance the clinical value.ResultsBased on the immune score, we found that the high‐score group showed better clinical outcomes than the low‐score group. Twenty‐five (25) genes of 616 DEGs were confirmed as prognostic signatures through the LASSO Cox regression. The risk score for each patient was calculated according to the prognostic signatures. Survival analysis showed that the low‐risk group had longer overall survival than the high‐risk group. We also found that the risk score was an independent prognostic factor. To improve the clinical application value, a nomogram combing the risk score according to the 25‐gene prognostic signatures and several clinicopathological prognostic factors was constructed.ConclusionsThis study revealed the significance of immune infiltration and constructed a 25‐gene prognostic signatures model, that has a strong prognostic value for patients with breast cancer.
Creating a cancer genomics curriculum for pediatric hematology‐oncology fellows: A national needs assessment
Authors: Murray Alise K. , McGee Rose B. , Mostafavi Roya M. , Wang Xiaoqing , Lu Zhaohua , Valdez Jessica M. , Terao Michael A. , Nichols Kim E. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundWith the advent of next generation sequencing, tumor and germline genomic testing are increasingly being used in the management of pediatric cancer patients. Despite this increase in testing, many pediatric hematology–oncology (PHO) providers are not confident interpreting or utilizing tumor or germline genomic results to care for their patients.MethodsWe developed and delivered a needs assessment survey to PHO program directors, attendings, and fellows in the United States to understand this deficiency, gather data on existing cancer genomics educational initiatives, and query preferences for creating a future curriculum.ResultsThe survey includes 31 (41%) of 74 invited PHO program directors, 110 (11%) of 1032 invited attendings, and 79 fellows. The majority of attending physicians and fellows responding to the survey agree that understanding tumor (95% attending physicians; 95% fellows) and germline (86% attending physicians; 94% fellows) genomic information is essential for their practice. However, only 9 of 31 (29%) responding programs report that they have an existing cancer genomics curriculum. Most program directors indicated that the ideal genomics curriculum would occur during the first year of fellowship and incorporate direct patient care, online modules, and problem‐based learning. Attending physicians and fellows identified that addressing indications for ordering tumor and germline genomic testing, counseling about the risks and benefits of such testing, and interpreting and individualizing clinical management based on tumor and germline results should be included in a future curriculum.ConclusionThe results of this study reveal a great need to develop a curriculum that can be offered across PHO fellowship programs to expand knowledge in the area of cancer genomics.
Protective Effects of Ginsenosides (20R)‐Rg3 on H2O2‐Induced Myocardial Cell Injury by Activating Keap‐1/Nrf2/HO‐1 Signaling Pathway
Authors: Zhao Yan , Wang Yu , Zhang Min , Gao Yugang , Yan Zhaowei 
Published: February 2021

AbstractGinsenosides (20S)‐Rg3 and (20R)‐Rg3 are famous rare ginsenosides from red ginseng, and their configurations in C‐20 are different. This study aimed to investigate the protective mechanism of ginsenosides (20S)‐Rg3 and (20R)‐Rg3 on H2O2‐induced H9C2 cells and compare their activity. The results showed that the ginsenosides (20S)‐Rg3 and (20R)‐Rg3 could increase the cell activity and the levels of GSH‐Px, SOD and CAT, and decrease activities of LDH, MDA and ROS. Further studies showed that ginsenosides (20S)‐Rg3 and (20R)‐Rg3 could prevent oxidative stress injury of H9C2 cells by H2O2 through the Keap‐1/Nrf2/HO‐1 pathway. But the ML385 counteracts these effects. Interestingly, among these results, ginsenoside (20R)‐Rg3 was superior to (20S)‐Rg3, indicating that ginsenoside (20R)‐Rg3 have a stronger effect of antioxidative stress. This study reflected that ginsenoside (20R)‐Rg3 could be used as a potential Nrf2 activator and a safe effective Chinese herbal monomer in the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
Erythrocytosis, embolism in a woman with antiphospholipid antibodies: A diagnostic challenge
Authors: Siddiqa Ayesha , Haider Asim , Mehmood Maham , Hanif Ahmad 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSystemic thromboembolism, along with acute multiorgan failure, should raise clinical suspicion for CAPS. Timely management, even in suspected cases, can have a significant impact on mortality.
Unravelling the Role of Al‐alkyl Cocatalyst for the VOx/SiO2 Ethylene Polymerization Catalyst: Diethylaluminum Chloride Vs. Triethylaluminum
Authors: Deng Shiheng , Liu Zhen , Liu Boping , Jin Yulong 
Published: February 2021

AbstractVanadium‐based catalysts for olefin polymerization are unique in their strong preference for Cl containing Al‐alkyl cocatalysts. In this work, we performed theoretical studies on VOx/SiO2/diethylaluminum chloride (DEAC) and VOx/SiO2/triethylaluminum (TEA) with V(III) and V(IV) cluster models to provide comprehensive insight into how this catalyst system is affected by cocatalysts and why DEAC is mostly superior to TEA as activators. It is found that DEAC would hemilabily complex with the catalyst and weaken the bonds between V centers and SiO2, though the overall steric hindrance is enhanced as well. It ensures the faster C2H4 insertion and even turns the inert V(IV) sites into active ones. Similar situation is seen when TEA is added. However, the ethyl in TEA has larger size than Cl in DEAC, and TEA also complexes with the V center more tightly, generating V‐diethyl‐(like) species, which have to experience energy costly reorganizations into the monoethyl configuration for insertion. Hence, the complexed TEA even slows the insertion kinetics down. Furthermore, the V‐diethyl‐(like) species are readily to undergo α‐H elimination, yielding inert V‐alkylidene for subsequent enchainment via the Green‐Rooney mechanism. We also investigated the effect of Al‐alkyls on V(III) site rigidly constrained by an adjacent silanol, finding the grafted DEAC and TEA, though have bigger size than the silanol, just loosely restrict the V center and liberate the sites poisoned by silanol.
Associations between early maladaptive schema domains of parents and their adult children: The role of defence styles
Authors: Karaarslan Cemre , Eldogan Dilay , Yigit Ibrahim 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAlthough existing research recognized the associations between early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) of parents and their adult children, the mechanisms that underpin these associations were not fully understood. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to explore the role of defence styles (DSs) on the associations between two EMS domains (Disconnection/Rejection and Impaired Autonomy) of parents and their adult children. Two hundred and fifteen families (i.e., mother, father, and their adult children) participated in the study. Both parents and their adult children were asked to complete Young Schema Questionnaire‐Short Form (YSQ‐SF) and Defence Style Questionnaire (DSQ) to assess their EMS domains and DSs. According to the results of the current study, there were significant associations between Disconnection/Rejection and Impaired Autonomy EMS domains of parents and their adult children, and these associations were mediated by only immature DS of parents and their adult children in a serial mediation model. These results contributed to our understanding of the associations between EMS domains of parents and their adult children through immature DSs. Moreover, our findings highlighted the importance of synthesizing the concepts of different theories to enhance our understanding of mental representations in families.
Enzymatic and biochemical alterations in relation to lignin deposition at different growth stages of tall fescue
Authors: Singh Siddhartha , Katoch Rajan , Sharma Neelam 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLignin is a phenolic biopolymer that limits the intake potential and energy availability of forage crops. In order to understand the lignification process, enzymatic and biochemical studies were conducted at four different growth stages of tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceaSchreb.). An increase in phenylalanine ammonia lyase and tyrosine ammonia lyase activity was observed with advancement of growth from first node palpable stage to third node palpable stage with a decrease at spikelet emergence stage. Cinnamoyl‐CoA reductase and peroxidase exhibited a continuous significant (p < .05) increase and positive correlation with lignin concentration. Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase exhibited a significant (p < .05) positive correlation with lignin concentration, suggesting its probable exclusive role in tall fescue lignification. Cellulose and total phenol exhibited a 13.0 and 71.8% increase, whereas pectin and crude protein exhibited a significant (p < .05,p = .0001) decrease of 65.1 and 15.4%, respectively, with the growth advancement from first node palpable to spikelet emergence stage. Klason lignin also exhibited a dramatic 9.4‐fold increase from vegetative to reproductive stage. The enzymatic and biochemical alterations were closely associated with the lignification process. This study provides an integrated picture of the enzymatic and biochemical alterations that accompany changes in lignin deposition in tall fescue.
Interrupted incubation: How dabbling ducks respond when flushed from the nest
Authors: Croston Rebecca , Hartman C. Alex , Herzog Mark P. , Peterson Sarah H. , Kohl Jeffrey D. , Overton Cory T. , Feldheim Cliff L. , Casazza Michael L. , Ackerman Joshua T. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractNesting birds must provide a thermal environment sufficient for egg development while also meeting self‐maintenance needs. Many birds, particularly those with uniparental incubation, achieve this balance through periodic incubation recesses, during which foraging and other self‐maintenance activities can occur. However, incubating birds may experience disturbances such as predator or human activity which interrupt natural incubation patterns by compelling them to leave the nest. We characterized incubating mallard Anas platyrhynchos and gadwall Mareca strepera hens’ responses when flushed by predators and investigators in Suisun Marsh, California, USA. Diurnal incubation recesses initiated by investigators approaching nests were 63% longer than natural diurnal incubation recesses initiated by the hen (geometric mean: 226.77 min versus 142.04 min). Nocturnal incubation recesses, many of which were likely the result of predators flushing hens, were of similar duration regardless of whether the nest was partially depredated during the event (115.33 [101.01;131.68] minutes) or not (119.62 [111.96;127.82] minutes), yet were 16% shorter than natural diurnal incubation recesses. Hens moved further from the nest during natural diurnal recesses or investigator‐initiated recesses than during nocturnal recesses, and the proportion of hen locations recorded in wetland versus upland habitat during recesses varied with recess type (model‐predicted means: natural diurnal recess 0.77; investigator‐initiated recess 0.82; nocturnal recess 0.31). Hens were more likely to take a natural recess following an investigator‐initiated recess earlier that same day than following a natural recess earlier that same day, and natural recesses that followed an investigator‐initiated recess were longer than natural recesses that followed an earlier natural recess, suggesting that hens may not fulfill all of their physiological needs during investigator‐initiated recesses. We found no evidence that the duration of investigator‐initiated recesses was influenced by repeated visits to the nest, whether by predators or by investigators, and trapping and handling the hen did not affect investigator‐initiated recess duration unless the hen was also fitted with a backpack‐harness style GPS–GSM transmitter at the time of capture. Hens that were captured and fitted with GPS–GSM transmitters took recesses that were 26% longer than recesses during which a hen was captured but a GPS–GSM transmitter was not attached. Incubation interruptions had measurable but limited and specific effects on hen behavior.