bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Causal evidence for the adaptive benefits of social foraging in the wild
Authors: Snijders Lysanne , Krause Stefan , Tump Alan N. , Breuker Michael , Ortiz Chente , Rizzi Sofia , Ramnarine Indar W. , Krause Jens , Kurvers Ralf H.J.M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSociality is a fundamental organizing principle across taxa, thought to come with a suite of adaptive benefits. However, making causal inferences about these adaptive benefits requires experimental manipulation of the social environment, which is rarely feasible in the field. Here we manipulated the number of conspecifics in Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata) in the wild, and quantified how this affected a key benefit of sociality, social foraging, by investigating several components of foraging success. As adaptive benefits of social foraging may differ between sexes, we studied males and females separately, expecting females, the more social and risk-averse sex in guppies, to benefit more from conspecifics. Conducting over 1600 foraging trials, we found that in both sexes, increasing the number of conspecifics led to faster detection of novel food patches and a higher probability of feeding following detection of the patch, resulting in greater individual resource consumption. The extent of the latter relationship differed between the sexes, with males unexpectedly exhibiting a stronger social benefit. Our study provides rare causal evidence for the adaptive benefits of social foraging in the wild, and highlights that sex differences in sociality do not necessarily imply an unequal ability to profit from the presence of others.
Emergent flat band electronic structure in a VSe2/Bi2Se3 heterostructure
Authors: Yilmaz Turgut , Tong Xiao , Dai Zhongwei , Sadowski Jerzy T. , Schwier Eike F. , Shimada Kenya , Hwang Sooyeon , Kisslinger Kim , Kaznatcheev Konstantine , Vescovo Elio , Sinkovic Boris 
Published: January 2021

AbstractFlat band electronic states are proposed to be a fundamental tool to achieve various quantum states of matter at higher temperatures due to the enhanced electronic correlations. However, materials with such peculiar electronic states are rare and often rely on subtle properties of the band structures. Here, by using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, we show the emergent flat band in a VSe2 / Bi2Se3 heterostructure. Our photoemission study demonstrates that the flat band covers the entire Brillouin zone and exhibits 2D nature with a complex circular dichroism. In addition, the Dirac cone of Bi2Se3 is not reshaped by the flat band even though they overlap in proximity of the Dirac point. These features make this flat band distinguishable from the ones previously found. Thereby, the observation of a flat band in the VSe2 / Bi2Se3 heterostructure opens a promising pathway to realize strongly correlated quantum effects in topological materials.
One step stereoselective synthesis of oxazoline-fused saccharides and their conversion into the corresponding 1,2-cis glycosylamines bearing various protected groups
Authors: Dong Sanfeng , Zhao Yitian , Shi Yulong , Xu Zhijian , Shen Jingshan , Jia Qi , Li Yiming , Chen Kaixian , Li Bo , Zhu Weiliang 
Published: January 2021

Oxazolinoses, which can be converted into 1,2-cis glycosylamines and allowed the access to schisandrin derivatives, are prepared concisely from peracetylated saccharides and benzonitriles under acidic conditions with stoichiometric amounts of water.
Positive Changes in Certified Nursing Assistants' Communication Behaviors With People With Dementia: Feasibility of a Coaching Strategy
Authors: Douglas Natalie F. , MacPherson Megan K. 
Published: January 2021

Purpose
This study investigated whether a 6-week coaching strategy resulted in positive changes in self-perceived knowledge and efficacy (SPKE) and positive communication behaviors in certified nursing assistants (CNAs) working with people with dementia in a skilled nursing facility. It also assessed the impact of the coaching strategy on negative responsive behaviors of people with dementia, such as yelling out, hitting, or spitting.

Method
Seven CNAs and seven people with dementia completed this study. Pretesting and posttesting were conducted for CNAs' SPKE. A single-subject, multiple-baseline design across five communication behaviors, the positive communication approach checklist, was completed to assess CNA communication behaviors after completion of a coaching strategy. Pretesting and posttesting of responsive behaviors of people with dementia were completed with the Cohen–Mansfield Agitation Inventory.

Results
Six out of seven CNAs improved their SPKE from pre- to postcoaching; however, this difference was not statistically significant. Per the positive communication approach checklist, there was a statistically significant increase, from baseline to follow-up, in CNA positive communication behaviors when interacting with people with dementia. The frequency of overall responsive behaviors of people with dementia significantly decreased from pre- to postcoaching, per the Cohen–Mansfield Agitation Inventory.

Conclusions
There is preliminary evidence to support the feasibility of a coaching strategy for the implementation of positive communication behaviors by CNAs when communicating with people with dementia. Negative responsive behaviors of people with dementia also decreased. Speech-language pathologists should consider acting as coaches to support positive communication for people with dementia.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.13564811
Sensory Innervation of the Larynx and the Search for Mucosal Mechanoreceptors
Authors: Foote Alexander G. , Thibeault Susan L. 
Published: January 2021

Purpose
The larynx is a uniquely situated organ, juxtaposed between the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, and endures considerable immunological challenges while providing reflexogenic responses via putative mucosal mechanoreceptor afferents. Laryngeal afferents mediate precise monitoring of sensory events by relay to the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (iSLN). Exposure to a variety of stimuli (e.g., mechanical, chemical, thermal) at the mucosa–airway interface has likely evolved a diverse array of specialized sensory afferents for rapid laryngeal control. Accordingly, mucosal mechanoreceptors in demarcated laryngeal territories have been hypothesized as primary sources of sensory input. The purpose of this article is to provide a tutorial on current evidence for laryngeal afferent receptors in mucosa, the role of mechano-gated ion channels within airway epithelia and mechanisms for mechanoreceptors implicated in laryngeal health and disease.

Method
An overview was conducted on the distribution and identity of iSLN-mediated afferent receptors in the larynx, with specific focus on mechanoreceptors and their functional roles in airway mucosa.

Results/Conclusions
Laryngeal somatosensation at the cell and molecular level is still largely unexplored. This tutorial consolidates various animal and human researches, with translational emphasis provided for the importance of mucosal mechanoreceptors to normal and abnormal laryngeal function. Information presented in this tutorial has relevance to both clinical and research arenas. Improved understanding of iSLN innervation and corresponding mechanotransduction events will help shed light upon a variety of pathological reflex responses, including persistent cough, dysphonia, and laryngospasm.
A novel divergence measure–based routing algorithm in large‐scale satellite networks
Authors: Wang Zhonghao , Li Jinze , Chen Haiqiang , Qin Tuanfa 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn recent years, large‐scale satellite networks have been studied emphatically due to its advantages in high throughput and low latency. Many companies and institutions are keen to build large‐scale low earth orbit satellite constellations to provide space‐based Internet services, which poses a great demand for the design of efficient and reliable routing schemes. Three attribute indexes to evaluate the performance of the satellites are proposed. With the Dempster–Shafer theory, the attributes can be fused for the routing decision‐making process. Based on the Message Identification divergence (M‐I divergence) measure method, a Belief Message Importance divergence based Routing algorithm is proposed. By adjusting the characteristic parameter, it can amplify the divergence between distance‐based evidence and others properly. In this way, Belief Message Importance divergence‐based Routing attempts to find the optimal shortest path according to the status of intermediate nodes. Compared with existing satellite routing schemes, the algorithm that is proposed can approach the optimal routing performance, increasing the throughput by 47.2% on average, and decreasing the total delay and packet drop rate by 59.5% and 42.1% on average, respectively.
Generative adversarial network for low‐light image enhancement
Authors: Li Fei , Zheng Jiangbin , Zhang Yuan‐fang 
Published: January 2021

AbstractLow‐light image enhancement is rapidly gaining research attention due to the increasing demands of extreme visual tasks in various applications. Although numerous methods exist to enhance image qualities in low light, it is still undetermined how to trade‐off between the human observation and computer vision processing. In this work, an effective generative adversarial network structure is proposed comprising both the densely residual block (DRB) and the enhancing block (EB) for low‐light image enhancement. Specifically, the proposed end‐to‐end image enhancement method, consisting of a generator and a discriminator, is trained using the hyper loss function. The DRB adopts the residual and dense skip connections to connect and enhance the features extracted from different depths in the network while the EB receives unique multi‐scale features to ensure feature diversity. Additionally, increasing the feature sizes allows the discriminator to further distinguish between fake and real images from the patch levels. The merits of the loss function are also studied to recover both contextual and local details. Extensive experimental results show that our method is capable of dealing with extremely low‐light scenes and the realistic feature generator outperforms several state‐of‐the‐art methods in a number of qualitative and quantitative evaluation tests.
Multiwavelength constraints on the unidentified Galactic TeV sources HESS J1427−608, HESS J1458−608, and new VHE γ-ray source candidates
Authors: Devin J. , Renaud M. , Lemoine-Goumard M. , Vasileiadis G. 
Published: January 2021

Aims. Among the γ-ray sources discovered at high and very-high energies, a large fraction still lack a clear identification. In particular, the H.E.S.S. Galactic Plane Survey (HGPS) revealed 78 TeV sources among which 47 are not clearly associated with a known object. Multiwavelength data can help identify the origin of the very-high energy γ-ray emission, although some bright TeV sources have been detected without clear counterparts. We present a multiwavelength approach to constrain the origin of the emission from unidentified HGPS sources.
Methods. We present a generic pipeline that explores a large database of multiwavelength archival data toward any region in the Galactic plane. Along with a visual inspection of the retrieved multiwavelength observations to search for faint and uncataloged counterparts, we derive a radio spectral index that helps disentangle thermal from nonthermal emission and a mean magnetic field through X-ray and TeV data in case of a leptonic scenario. We also search for a spectral connection between the GeV and the TeV regimes with the Fermi-LAT cataloged sources that may be associated with the unidentified HGPS source. We complete the association procedure with catalogs of known objects (supernova remnants, pulsar wind nebulae, H II regions, etc.) and with the source catalogs from instruments whose data are retrieved.
Results. The method is applied on two unidentified sources, namely HESS J1427−608 and HESS J1458−608, for which the multiwavelength constraints favor the pulsar wind nebula (PWN) scenario. We model their broadband nonthermal spectra in a leptonic scenario with a magnetic field B ≲ 10 μG, which is consistent with that obtained from ancient PWNe. We place both sources within the context of the TeV PWN population to estimate the spin-down power and the characteristic age of the putative pulsar. We also shed light on two possibly significant γ-ray excesses in the HGPS: the first is located in the south of the unidentified source HESS J1632−478 and the second is spatially coincident with the synchrotron-emitting supernova remnant G28.6−0.1. The multiwavelength counterparts found toward both γ-ray excesses make these promising candidates for being new very-high energy γ-ray sources.
A simplified analysis of the Chernobyl accident
Authors: Mercier Bertrand , Yang Di , Zhuang Ziyue , Liang Jiajie 
Published: January 2021

We show with simplified numerical models, that for the kind of RBMK operated in Chernobyl:

The core was unstable due to its large size and to its weak power counter-reaction coefficient, so that the power of the reactor was not easy to control even with an automatic system.
Xenon oscillations could easily be activated.
When there was xenon poisoning in the upper half of the core, the safety rods were designed in such a way that, at least initially, they were increasing (and not decreasing) the core reactivity.
This reactivity increase has been sufficient to lead to a very high pressure increase in a significant amount of liquid water in the fuel channels thus inducing a strong propagating shock wave leading to a failure of half the pressure tubes at their junction with the drum separators.
The depressurization phase (flash evaporation) following this failure has produced, after one second, a significant decrease of the water density in half the pressure tubes and then a strong reactivity accident due to the positive void effect reactivity coefficient.
We evaluate the fission energy released by the accident
Focal Autoimmune Pancreatitis: A Simple Flow Chart for a Challenging
Diagnosis
Authors: Conti Clara Benedetta , Cereatti Fabrizio , Drago Andrea , Grassia Roberto 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAutoimmune pancreatitis is a chronic fibroinflammatory autoimmune mediated
disease of the pancreas. Clinically, obstructive painless jaundice and upper
abdominal pain are the main symptoms. Focal AIP is characterized by
segmental involvement of pancreatic parenchyma and it is often
radiologically represented by a pancreatic mass. In these cases, the
diagnosis can be very challenging, since it may be easily confused with
pancreatic cancer. Therefore, we suggest a combined approach of imaging
tests as the diagnostic workup. EUS study combined with CEUS and
elastography, if available, increases the accuracy of the method to rule out
cancer. Moreover, the lesion should always be sampled under EUS guidance to
obtain a cyto/histological diagnosis. The diagnostic workup should
also include the use of diagnostic clinical criteria (extrapancreatic
lesions, steroid response) and laboratory findings (CA 19.9 and IgG4
evaluations).
Stigma als Behandlungsbarriere bei ehemaligen DDR-Heimkindern – Eine qualitative Studie am Beispiel der Mitglieder der „Betroffeneninitiative Missbrauch in DDR-Kinderheimen“
Authors: Gfesser Tobias , Rechenberg Theresia , Glaesmer Heide , Schomerus Georg 
Published: January 2021

Zusammenfassung
Ziel der Studie Explorative Untersuchung zu Stigma als Behandlungsbarriere bei ehemaligen DDR-Heimkindern mit traumatischen Erfahrungen.
Methodik Besprechung des Themas „Stigmatisierung“ innerhalb der Selbsthilfegruppe der „Betroffeneninitiative Missbrauch in DDR-Kinderheimen“ anhand eines Interviewleitfadens. Thematische Analyse der Besprechung.
Ergebnisse Betroffene berichten Stigmatisierung in der Öffentlichkeit, in der Familie und strukturell. Dies geht mit Hilfesuchbarrieren bezüglich somatischer und psychosozialer Versorgung einher.
Schlussfolgerung Es ist wichtig, die Hilfesuchbarrieren der Betroffenen wahrzunehmen und ihnen Raum zu geben, traumatische Erfahrungen und deren Folgen anzusprechen.
A novel endoscopic purse-string suture technique, “loop 9”, for gastrointestinal defect closure: a pilot study
Authors: Inoue Haruhiro , Tanabe Mayo , Shimamura Yuto , Rodriguez de Santiago Enrique , Fujiyoshi Yusuke , Toshimori Akiko , Abad Mary Raina Angeli , Nishikawa Yohei , Nashida Kosuke , Sumi Kazuya , Ikeda Haruo , Onimaru Manabu , Uragami Naoyuki 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background This study aimed to assess the feasibility and efficacy of the novel loop 9 method of gastrointestinal (GI) defect closure.
Methods 20 patients underwent a GI procedure that required defect closure. Loop 9 can be delivered through a single instrument channel (3.2 mm) and released at the defect site. After it has been anchored by two clips positioned on opposite sides of the defect edge, the loop 9 is tightened by pulling the end of the suture intraluminally using biopsy forceps. Additional clips are placed to achieve complete closure. The primary outcome was complete closure rate. The secondary outcomes were closure time, sustained closure rate, and adverse events.
Results Complete closure was achieved in 100 % of cases. The mean size of the mucosal defects was 17.5 mm (range 10–55 mm). The median closure time was 14 minutes. The sustained closure rate was 90 %. No adverse events were noted.
Conclusions The loop 9 technique is feasible and effective in achieving complete and sustained closure of therapeutic endoscopy-related GI defects.
“Part of the Ritual”: Exploring Patient and Physician Decision Making Regarding Anticoagulation Use in Obstetric Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Authors: Skeith Leslie , Rodger Marc A. , Bates Shannon M. , Gonsalves Carol , Karovitch Alan , Taylor Taryn S. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background Antiphospholipid syndrome is associated with recurrent pregnancy loss. Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) and/or aspirin (ASA) prophylaxis during pregnancy to prevent future loss is based on limited trial data with mixed results.
Objectives Given the clinical equipoise, we sought to understand how patients and physicians navigate the decision-making process for use of LMWH and/or ASA in pregnancy.
Methods We interviewed 10 patients and 10 thrombosis physicians in Ottawa, Canada from January 2017 to March 2018. Patients who had ≥1 late pregnancy loss or ≥2 early losses and persistently positive antiphospholipid antibodies based on the revised Sapporo/Sydney criteria were identified in the a Thrombosis Clinic. Patients were also identified by the TIPPS Study screening logs of excluded patients. Data collection and analysis occurred iteratively, in keeping with constructivist grounded theory methodology.
Results Our analysis generated three themes, present across both patient and physician interviews, which captured a patient-led decision-making experience: (1) managing high stakes, (2) accepting uncertainty, and (3) focusing on safety. Patients and physicians acknowledged the high emotional burden and what was at stake: avoiding further pregnancy loss. Patients responded to their situation by taking action (i.e., using LMWH injections became a “ritual”), whereas physicians reacted by removing themselves from the final decision by “[leaving] it up to the patient.”
Conclusion Our findings should be considered when designing future research on studying the role for LMWH/ASA in this population, as it suggests that the perceived benefits of treatment go beyond improving pregnancy rates. Rather, patients described potential benefit from the process of taking action, even in the absence of a guaranteed good outcome.
Malignant Uterine Neoplasms Attended at a Brazilian Regional Hospital: 16-years Profile and Time Elapsed for Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Candido Elaine Cristina , Veiga Junior Nelio Neves , Minari Monique Possari , Toledo Maria Carolina Szymanski , Yela Daniela Angerame , Teixeira Julio Cesar 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Objective The present study aims to evaluate the profile of endometrial carcinomas and uterine sarcomas attended in a Brazilian cancer center in the period from 2001 to 2016 and to analyze the impact of time elapsed from symptoms to diagnoses or treatment in cancer stage and survival.
Methods This observational study with 1,190 cases evaluated the year of diagnosis, age-group, cancer stage and histological type. A subgroup of 185 women with endometrioid histology attended in the period from 2012 to 2017 was selected to assess information about initial symptoms, diagnostic methods, overall survival, and to evaluate the influence of the time elapsed from symptoms to diagnosis and treatment on staging and survival. The statistics used were descriptive, trend test, and the Kaplan-Meier method, with p-values < 0.05 for significance.
Results A total of 1,068 (89.7%) carcinomas (77.2% endometrioid and 22.8% non-endometrioid) and 122 (10.3%) sarcomas were analyzed, with an increasing trend in the period (p < 0.05). Histologies of non-endometrioid carcinomas, G3 endometrioid, and carcinosarcomas constituted 30% of the cases. Non-endometrioid carcinomas and sarcomas were more frequently diagnosed in patients over 70 years of age and those on stage IV (p < 0.05). The endometrioid subgroup with 185 women reported 92% of abnormal uterine bleeding and 43% diagnosis after curettage. The average time elapsed between symptoms to diagnosis was 244 days, and between symptoms to treatment was 376 days, all without association with staging (p = 0.976) and survival (p = 0.160). Only 12% of the patients started treatment up to 60 days after diagnosis.
Conclusion The number of uterine carcinoma and sarcoma cases increased over the period of 2001 to 2016. Aggressive histology comprised 30% of the patients and, for endometrioid carcinomas, the time elapsed between symptoms and diagnosis or treatment was long, although without association with staging or survival.
Factors Associated with Exclusive Breastfeeding in a Maternity Hospital Reference in Humanized Birth
Authors: Brandt Gabriela Pinheiro , Britto Alan Messala A. , Leite Camila Carla De Paula , Marin Luciana Garangau 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Objective To analyze the factors associated with the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for up to six months in mother/infant binomials cared for at a usual-risk maternity hospital.
Methods The present is a descriptive, longitudinal, prospective, quantitative study. Socioeconomic, obstetric and perinatal variables from 101 mother/infant binomials in a Public Maternity Hospital in the city of Curitiba, state of Paraná, Brazil, were investigated during hospitalization after delivery and 6 months after birth. For the statistical analysis, the Chi-squared test was used. The variables that showed values of p < 0.25 for the Chi-squared test were also submitted to an odds ratio (OR) analysis.
Results The prevalence (42.6%) of EBF was observed. Most women (93.1%) had had more than 6 prenatal consultations, and the variables maternity leave and support to breastfeeding were associated with EBF. Support to breastfeeding by professionals and family members increased 4-fold the chance of maintenance of EBF (OR = 0.232; 95% confidence intercal [95%CI]: 0.079 to 0.679; p = 0.008). Cracked nipples were the biggest obstacle to breastfeeding, and low milk production was the main responsible factor for weaning.
Conclusion The encouragement of breastfeeding and the mother's stay for a longer period with the child contributed to the maintenance of EBF until the sixth month of life of the infant.