bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mammalian lipids: structure, synthesis and function
Authors: Cockcroft Shamshad 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Lipids are essential constituents of cellular membranes. Once regarded merely as structural components, lipids have taken centre stage with the discovery of their roles in cell signalling and in the generation of bioactive metabolites. Lipids regulate many physiological functions of cells and alterations in membrane lipid metabolism are associated with major diseases including cancer, Type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease and immune disorders. Understanding lipid diversity, their synthesis and metabolism to generate signalling molecules will provide insight into the fundamental function of the cell. This review summarises the biosynthesis of the lipids of the mammalian cell; phospholipids, sphingolipids and cholesterol and how lipid diversity is achieved. The fatty acids (FAs) are the main building blocks of lipids and contribute to the diversity. Lipid synthesis is intimately connected to their transport within cells; the contribution by proteins that transport lipids, lipid transport proteins will be described. Cellular lipids are metabolised by phospholipases, lipid kinases and phosphatases to make new bioactive metabolites. These transient bioactive metabolites allow cells to respond to the external environment to maintain cellular health. The function of individual metabolites is also highlighted. Bioactive metabolites can be second messengers, or released to the external medium to regulate other cells. Alternatively, bioactive lipids also provide a platform for reversible recruitment of proteins to membranes using their lipid-binding domains. The wide range of physiological processes in which a specific involvement of lipids has been identified explains the need for lipid diversity present in mammalian cells.
ATP-binding cassette transporters and neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Katzeff Jared S. , Kim Woojin Scott 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are one of the largest groups of transporter families in humans. ABC transporters mediate the translocation of a diverse range of substrates across cellular membranes, including amino acids, nucleosides, lipids, sugars and xenobiotics. Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of brain diseases that detrimentally affect neurons and other brain cells and are usually associated with deposits of pathogenic proteins in the brain. Major neurodegenerative diseases include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. ABC transporters are highly expressed in the brain and have been implicated in a number of pathological processes underlying neurodegenerative diseases. This review outlines the current understanding of the role of ABC transporters in neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on some of the most important pathways, and also suggests future directions for research in this field.
Colon cancer checks in when bile acids check out: the bile acid–nuclear receptor axis in colon cancer
Authors: Tang Qin , Evans Ronald M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are a class of hepatically derived metabolite-hormones with prominent roles in nutrient absorption, metabolic and immune homeostasis in the intestine. BAs are ligands for multiple nuclear receptors (NRs), through which they confer transcriptional regulation on target genes that form an enterohepatic hormonal feedback loop to regulate BA synthesis and maintain lipid homeostasis. Endogenous BAs made by the host undergo significant biotransformation by the gut microbiota in the intestine, which diversifies the intestinal BA pool and facilitate host–microbiota cross-talk through BA-mediated signaling. BAs dysregulation contributes to development of metabolic diseases, pathological inflammation and colon cancer. This review provides a brief historic perspective of the study of NR-mediated BA signaling transduction, with a focus on recent advancements in understanding the active role the gut microbiome plays in reshaping intestinal BA landscape, and the implications of novel microbially derived BAs in modulating immune homeostasis and cancer development in the host. Targeting the BA–NR signaling axis for pharmacological intervention provides ample opportunities in the prevention and treatment of intestinal diseases.
Mechanisms of Aminoglycoside- and Cisplatin-Induced Ototoxicity
Authors: Steyger Peter S. 
Published: August 2021

PurposeThis review article summarizes our current understanding of the mechanisms underlying acquired hearing loss from hospital-prescribed medications that affects as many as 1 million people each year in Western Europe and North America. Yet, there are currently no federally approved drugs to prevent or treat the debilitating and permanent hearing loss caused by the life-saving platinum-based anticancer drugs or the bactericidal aminoglycoside antibiotics. Hearing loss has long-term impacts on quality-of-life measures, especially in young children and older adults. This review article also highlights some of the current knowledge gaps regarding iatrogenic causes of hearing loss.ConclusionFurther research is urgently needed to further refine clinical practice and better ameliorate iatrogenic drug-induced hearing loss.
Polyurethane coated with polyvinylpyrrolidones via triazole links for enhanced surface fouling resistance
Authors: Wen Xin , Almousa Rashed , Na Sungsoo , Anderson Gregory G. , Xie Dong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSurfaces with hydrophilic and antimicrobial properties are very attractive for cardiovascular device‐associated applications. The aim of this study was to prepare and coat a hydrophilic polymer containing a functional group capable of forming triazole functionality onto the surface of polyurethane (PU). The modified surfaces were assessed with cell adhesion, bacterial adhesion and bacterial viability. Mouse fibroblast cells (NIH‐3T3) and three bacterial species were used for assessment. The results showed that the modified surface not only exhibited a significant reduction in cell adhesion with a 25%–59% decrease to mouse fibroblast but also showed a significant reduction in bacterial attachment with 26%–67%, 24%–61% and 23%–57% decrease to Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively, as compared with original PU. Furthermore, the polymer‐modified surface exhibited a significant antibacterial function by inhibiting bacterial growth with reduction of 49%–84%, 44%–79% and 53%–79% to S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa, respectively, as compared with original PU. These results indicate that covalent polymer attachment enhanced the antibacterial and antifouling properties of the PU surface.
Empirical mass-loss rates and clumping properties of Galactic early-type O supergiants
Authors: Hawcroft C. , Sana H. , Mahy L. , Sundqvist J. O. , Abdul-Masih M. , Bouret J. C. , Brands S. A. , de Koter A. , Driessen F. A. , Puls J. 
Published: August 2021

Aims. We investigate the impact of optically thick clumping on spectroscopic stellar wind diagnostics in O supergiants and constrain wind parameters associated with porosity in velocity space. This is the first time the effects of optically thick clumping have been investigated for a sample of massive hot stars, using models which include a full optically thick clumping description.
Methods. We re-analyse existing spectroscopic observations of a sample of eight O supergiants previously analysed with the non-local-thermodynamic-equilibrium (NLTE) atmosphere code CMFGEN. Using a genetic algorithm wrapper around the NLTE atmosphere code FASTWIND we obtain simultaneous fits to optical and ultraviolet spectra and determine photospheric properties, chemical surface abundances and wind properties.
Results. We provide empirical constraints on a number of wind parameters including the clumping factors, mass-loss rates and terminal wind velocities. Additionally, we establish the first systematic empirical constraints on velocity filling factors and interclump densities. These are parameters that describe clump distribution in velocity-space and density of the interclump medium in physical-space, respectively. We observe a mass-loss rate reduction of a factor of 3.6 compared to theoretical predictions from Vink et al. (2020, A&A, 362, 295) and mass-loss rates within a factor 1.4 of theoretical predictions from Björklund et al. (2021, A&A, 648, A36).
Conclusions. We confirm that including optically thick clumping allows simultaneous fitting of optical recombination lines and ultraviolet resonance lines, including the unsaturated ultraviolet phosphorus lines (P V λλ1118–1128), without reducing the phosphorus abundance. We find that, on average, half of the wind velocity field is covered by dense clumps. We also find that these clumps are 25 times denser than the average wind, and that the interclump medium is 3–10 times less dense than the mean wind. The former result agrees well with theoretical predictions, the latter suggests that lateral filling-in of radially compressed gas might be critical for setting the scale of the rarefied interclump matter.
Solar Orbiter observations of an ion-scale flux rope confined to a bifurcated solar wind current sheet
Authors: Eastwood J. P. , Stawarz J. E. , Phan T. D. , Laker R. , Robertson S. , Zhao L.-L. , Zank G. P. , Lavraud B. , Shay M. A. , Evans V. , Angelini V. , O’Brien H. , Horbury T. S. 
Published: August 2021

Context.Flux ropes in the solar wind are a key element of heliospheric dynamics and particle acceleration. When associated with current sheets, the primary formation mechanism is magnetic reconnection and flux ropes in current sheets are commonly used as tracers of the reconnection process.Aims.Whilst flux ropes associated with reconnecting current sheets in the solar wind have been reported, their occurrence, size distribution, and lifetime are not well understood.Methods.Here we present and analyse new Solar Orbiter magnetic field data reporting novel observations of a flux rope confined to a bifurcated current sheet in the solar wind. Comparative data and large-scale context is provided by Wind.Results.The Solar Orbiter observations reveal that the flux rope, which does not span the current sheet, is of ion scale, and in a reconnection formation scenario, existed for a prolonged period of time as it was carried out in the reconnection exhaust. Wind is also found to have observed clear signatures of reconnection at what may be the same current sheet, thus demonstrating that reconnection signatures can be found separated by as much as ∼2000 Earth radii, or 0.08 au.Conclusions.The Solar Orbiter observations provide new insight into the hierarchy of scales on which flux ropes can form, and show that they exist down to the ion scale in the solar wind. The context provided by Wind extends the spatial scale over which reconnection signatures have been found at solar wind current sheets. The data suggest the local orientations of the current sheet at Solar Orbiter and Wind are rotated relative to each other, unlike reconnection observed at smaller separations; the implications of this are discussed with reference to patchy vs. continuous reconnection scenarios.
Technique d'observation de surface in situ (TOSIS) :
Authors: Ranaivoarisoa A. , Olive J. M. , Desjardins D. 
Published: August 2021

An optical method named In Situ Surface Observation Technique (ISSOT) is presented in this paper. This method is used to detect crack nucleation from a flaw (here a pit) at mesoscopic scale during a triangular push-pull cycling test under the control of charge amplitude in aqueous solution ofMgCl2 at 117°C.
It can be found that the crack initiation time determined by using this technique
represents 2 % of that estimated from a mechanical criterion. Moreover, the follow of
the crack tip evolution by the ISSOT allows to measure average local crack growth
rates. It has been shown that the variations of the latter were related to the effects
of barriers such as grain boundaries, twin boundaries and grain boundaries triple
junction.
Ischemic Choroidal Diseases
Authors: Barth Teresa , Helbig Horst 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Introduction Ischemic choroidal diseases are an underdiagnosed entity. The clinical pattern varies according to the size and the localisation of the affected vascular structure.
Clinical Presentation In eyes with occlusion of the long posterior ciliary arteries, characteristic triangular patches of choroidal ischemia (Amalric sign) are seen, which in the course of time merge into well-defined areas of atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium. Above the non-perfused choroidal areas, hyperpigmented, grouped lines appear (Siegrist streaks). Circumscribed ischemia of smaller choroidal arterioles and capillary vessels appears as multifocal, yellowish lesions in the posterior fundus (Elschnig spots). Vortex vein occlusion becomes manifest as exudative haemorrhagic choroidal swelling in the periphery.
Causes of Choroidal Ischemia Apart from arterial hypertension as a major risk factor, some immunological disorders such as giant cell arteritis and systemic lupus erythematosus and haematological pathologies also affect choroidal perfusion. Furthermore, choroidal ischemia occurs due to local inflammation, as found in eyes with acute multifocal posterior placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE). Rarely, choroidal infarction is of iatrogenic origin or drug-induced. Recent advances in imaging, such as the introduction of enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) and OCT angiography (OCT-A), have improved the visualisation of the choroidal vasculature and complement the classical angiographic procedures. In patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetes, some changes in choroidal blood flow and vascular structure have also been noted. While in AMD the choroidal pathologies correlate with the disease progression and the functional
prognosis, the pathophysiological relationship between diabetic choroidopathy and retinopathy is currently unclear.
Management and Conclusion With regard to the limited therapeutic options for choroidal ischemia, optimisation of the cardiovascular risk profile and the management of accompanying ocular and systemic diseases are essential.
Review of Studies on Phlomis and Eremostachys Species (Lamiaceae) with Emphasis on Iridoids, Phenylethanoid Glycosides, and Essential Oils
Authors: Çalış İhsan , Başer K. Hüsnü Can 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAs the sixth-largest Angiosperm family, Lamiaceae contains more than 245 genera and 7886 species that are distributed worldwide. It is also the third-largest family based on the number of taxa in Turkey where it is represented by 46 genera and 782 taxa with a high endemism ratio (44%). Besides, Lamiaceae are rich in plants with economic and medicinal value containing volatile and nonvolatile compounds. Many aromatic plants of Lamiaceae such as Salvia, Sideritis, Stachys, Phlomis, and Teucrium species are used in traditional herbal medicine throughout Turkey as well as in other Mediterranean countries. Salvia (Sage tea “Adaçayı”), Sideritis (Mountain tea “Dağçayı”), Stachys (Hairy Tea “Tüylü Çay”), and Phlomis (Turkish sage “Çalba or Şalba”) are the largest genera that are used as herbal teas. This review focuses on the volatile and nonvolatile compounds of Lamiaceae from the genera Phlomis and Eremostachys of the
subfamily Lamioideae with emphasis on iridoids, phenylethanoid glycosides, and essential oils.
The Influence of Turmeric and Curcumin on Female Reproductive Processes
Authors: Sirotkin Alexander V. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe present review summarizes the available knowledge concerning the action of curcumin, the best-known polyphenol among the rhizomes of Curcumas, on female reproductive processes and their dysfunctions. Curcumin affects a number of physiological processes, including female reproduction (puberty, reproductive aging, ovarian follicullogenesis and oogenesis, and fecundity). Curcumin can affect these processes via changes in the release and reception of pituitary and ovarian hormones, growth factors and cytokines. Furthermore, it can influence the response of ovarian cells to these substances and external environmental factors. Finally, curcumin can affect oxidative processes within the ovary and numerous intracellular signalling pathways related to ovarian cell proliferation and apoptosis. These effects suggest the applicability of curcumin for stimulation of female reproductive processes in vivo and in vitro, as well as for the prevention, mitigation, and
treatment of various reproductive disorders from ovarian insufficiency and infertility to polycystic ovarian syndrome and ovarian cancer.
Surgical Management of Choroidal Diseases
Authors: Hattenbach Lars-Olof , Bopp Silvia , Strobel Marc , Chronopoulos Argyrios 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAccumulation of serous fluid in the suprachoroidal space, known as uveal effusion, and choroidal or suprachoroidal haemorrhage (SCH) following rupture of ciliary blood vessels are considered rare, but serious, events with extremely poor functional prognosis. As a result, uveal effusion, and expulsive suprachoroidal haemorrhage in particular, continue to be considered as more or less fatal complications. However, clinical experience demonstrates that both clinical entities can be managed by conservative as well as surgical strategies, depending on their severity and localisation, with sometimes surprisingly favourable visual outcome. In addition to prognostic factors, timely recognition and prompt, if possible preventive, acute care, as well as carefully considered timing of adequate surgical measures taking advantage of the specific characteristics of the choroidal tissue, are crucial to treatment success. Along with technical advances in the field of vitreoretinal surgery, numerous variants of therapeutic approaches to the treatment of choroidal effusion and suprachoroidal haemorrhage have been proposed to date. This review presents some of the most important surgical techniques and strategies in the field.
Strain-Induced Transformations of Bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-1-enes
Authors: Lee Daesung , Ghorai Sourav 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBicyclo[3.1.0]hex-1-ene is a highly strained bicyclic intermediate that generates trimethylenemethane (TMM) diradical through breaking the C–C bond of its methylene cyclopropane moiety. The reactivity of bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-1-enes and trimethylenemethane (TMM) diradicals depend on the reaction temperature and substitution patterns. This short review covers various strain-induced transformations of bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-1-enes and their formal [3+2] cycloadditions through TMM diradicals and presents synthetic applications to natural products containing triquinane and tropone structures.1	Introduction2	Early Reports on Bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-1-enes3	Approaches to Form Bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-1-enes4	Structure and Reactivity of Bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-1-enes4.1	Isomerization4.2	Dimerization4.3	[3+2] Cycloaddition4.4	[4+2] Cycloaddition5	Synthetic Applications to Natural Products6	Summary and Outlook
Real-World Experience of Immunotherapy from India in Recurrent Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Abbas Waseem , Gupta Saurabh , Goel Vineeta , Rao Ranga R. , Pankaj Promila , Tripathi Devashish , Patil Pratik P. , Popli Swati 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background Recurrent metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients carry a poor prognosis and have limited therapeutic options. In the randomized phase-3 trial CheckMate 141, nivolumab showed benefit in overall survival (OS) with manageable toxicity. Nivolumab is available for clinical practice since 2017 in India. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of nivolumab in real-world settings in India.
Materials and Methods This is a retrospective, single-center study on the use of nivolumab with advanced or metastatic HNSCC in India. Eligible patients had histologically confirmed, recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (including metastatic disease) of the oral cavity, pharynx, or larynx that was not amenable to curative treatment, tumor progression, or recurrence after the administration of platinum-containing chemotherapy administered as adjuvant therapy or in the context of primary or recurrent disease. We assessed demographics, safety (the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Version 4.0), response evaluation (the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors Version 1.1), progression-free survival (PFS), and OS.
Results Among patients with platinum-refractory, recurrent HNSCC, and treatment with nivolumab resulted in median PFS of 2 months and median OS of 5 months, which is inferior to what was seen in CheckMate 141. Fifteen of 20 patients (75%) had progressive disease, 3 (15%) showed a partial response, and 2 (10%) had stable disease.
Conclusion Nivolumab was well tolerated in our study with fewer toxic effects, and an inferior median survival was reached as compared with CheckMate 141 in platinum refractory, recurrent HNSCC patients treated with nivolumab because 90% of patients in our study received nivolumab as second-line therapy after progression. Our study encourages the use of nivolumab in this population.
Manipulating meso-scale solvent structure from Pd nanoparticle deposits in deep eutectic solvents
Authors: Hammons Joshua A. , Besford Quinn A. , Ilavsky Jan , Christofferson Andrew J. 
Published: August 2021

Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) are complex solutions that present unique challenges compared to traditional solvents. Unlike most aqueous electrolytes and ionic liquids, DESs have delicate hydrogen bond networks that are responsible for their highly sensitive compositional dependence on the melting point. Prior work has demonstrated a unique nanoscale structure both experimentally and theoretically that brings both challenges and opportunities to their adoption in traditional electrochemical processes. In this study, we use in situ sample-rotated ultra-small angle x-ray scattering to resolve the near-interface solvent structure after electrodepositing Pd nanoparticles onto a glassy carbon electrode in choline chloride:urea and choline chloride:ethylene glycol DESs. Our results indicate that a hierarchical solvent structure can be observed on the meso-scale in the choline chloride:urea and choline chloride:ethylene glycol systems. Importantly, this extended solvent structure increases between −0.3 V and −0.5 V (vs Ag/AgCl) and remains high until −0.9 V (vs Ag/AgCl). Experimentally, the nature of this structure is more pronounced in the ethylene glycol system, as evidenced by both the x-ray scattering and the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Molecular dynamics simulations and dipolar orientation analysis reveal that chloride delocalization near the Pd interface and long-range interactions between the choline and each hydrogen bond donor (HBD) are very different and qualitatively consistent with the experimental data. These results show how the long-range solvent–deposit interactions can be tuned by changing the HBD in the DES and the applied potential.