bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MICHAEL GOVE 2010–2014
Authors: Lenon Barnaby 
Published: April 2021

The article provides an overview of the extensive and fast-moving reforms ­initiated by Michael Gove as the Secretary of State for Education in the years 2010–2014. These include the rapid acceleration of the academisation programme and the development of free schools.
There is a more extensive exploration of the reform of the curriculum and the reformation of examination structures. This latter review is set in the context of university advice and against the backdrop of international performance.
Much of the focus of the article considers the implementation of the intentions of a minster who had been in waiting for three years before taking office. However, consideration is also given to the unexpected, yet significant, issues which intersect a politician’s tenure of office. The Birmingham based ‘Trojan Horse Schools’ situation is considered both as an issue of accountability but also its implications for the nature of schooling, state funding and societal values.
Riparian-Buffer Loss and Pesticide Incidence in Freshwater Matrices of Ikpoba River (Nigeria): Policy Recommendations for the Protection of Tropical River Basins
Authors: Victor Chukwuka Azubuike , Ogbeide Ozekeke 
Published: April 2021

The unregulated use of watersheds for agriculture negatively impacts the quality of river basins. In particular, the reduced quality of surface-waters, have been attributed to absence or poorly-decided riparian-buffer specifications in environmental laws. To demonstrate suitable buffer-width for protection of surface water, sediment and benthic fish populations, five riparian areas with different vegetation richness and buffer-width were selected within an organochlorine pesticide (OCP)-impacted watershed using the Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI) and multiple buffer analysis respectively. Mean OCP levels in surface water, sediment and fish sampled at each riparian stations showed site-specific differences with markedly higher levels of α-BHC, β-BHC, δ-BHC, p,p′-DDD and total pesticide residues at stations with least riparian cover. The principal component analysis further revealed more OCPs associating with sediment and fish from stations having smaller buffer-width and sparse riparian vegetation. Stations with wider buffer-width of at least 120 m provided greater protection to adjacent surface water and benthic fish populations. While this study recommends riparian buffer-widths for a typical tropical environment, further research which assesses other contaminant types in aquatic matrices adjacent to different riparian environments would be valuable and informative for regulatory guidance and strategic protection of ecosystem services.
Sex uden samtykke ̶ udviklingen i islandsk ret
Authors: Bragadóttir Ragnheiður 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPenal Code chapters on sexual offences have been revised in all the Nordic countries in recent years. The concept of rape has been changed and is now much more extensive than before.
In Iceland, the Penal Code´s (GPC) provisions on rape and other violations of people´s sexual freedom were revised and changed with Act no 61/2007. These amendments included a new, broad statutory definition of the concept of rape, which was supposed to cover incidents where the victim did not consent to having intercourse or other sexual interactions with the offender. The concept of consent was not mentioned in the provision, but instead the unlawful act was defined as rape if the perpetrator had intercourse or other sexual interactions with the victim by using violence, any kinds of threats, for example threats on the internet, or other kinds of unlawful coercion, under par. all 1 of Art. 194 GPC. According to par. 2 of Art. 194 GPC, rape also involves the abuse of the situation of a person, who does not have the same capacities as adults generally do to defend themselves against sexual attacks. This can be the abuse of a victim’s permanent condition, i.e. a mental illness or any other type of psychological disability, to have sex with the victim, or the abuse of a victim’s temporary condition which causes the victim to be unable to defend themselves against the offence, e.g. because the victim is drunk, sleeping, or unconscious because of the use of medicines or drugs.
In 2018 the definition of rape under par. 1 of Art. 194 was revised again and consent is now included in the provision. It is considered consent if an individual expresses it of his or her own volition. It is not considered consent if violence, threats, or any other type of unlawful coercion is used. Note, however, that this new definition from 2018, where consent is included in the provision on rape does not constitute a substantive change since lack of consent was already an underlying element of the act as previously written and the methods that exclude consent are the same as the ones in the provison from 2007.
The article addresses these changes from 2007 and 2018 and the effects they have had on judgments in rape cases, as well as in society.
Rettspolitisk mobilisering og strategisk sakførsel mot isolasjon i norske fengsler
Authors: Lohne Kjersti , Rua Marte 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSolitary confinement in prison and police detention has been a widespread criminal policy and human rights problem in the Scandinavian countries for decades. However, in recent years, there has been a significant legal mobilization in Norway whereby lawyers individually and collectively have challenged solitary confinement in the courts. This use of strategic litigation has been directed towards solitary confinement in police custody, remand and during imprisonment. Based on qualitative interviews and documents, we analyze the organizational and legal strategy behind this legal mobilization, along with its effects and preconditions. We find that strategic litigation by lawyers has played an important role in the struggle against solitary confinement in Norway, but that it has benefited from – and played in tandem with – a legal and political opportunity structure consisting of national as well as international actors, processes, and legal frameworks. These findings raise the question of whether lawyers and civil society can contribute in similar ways in the other Scandinavian countries.
Prison ideas and architecture 1850-today:
Authors: Giertsen Hedda 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article discusses the use of prisons as punishment in Norway during the period 1850 to today. It looks at ideas about prisons and how they manifest themselves in prison sites and buildings. It also investigates the implications of various prison ideas and designs to prisoners and prison policy.Parts of the article are based on an exhibition that took place in Oslo in 2018: Six Norwegian prisons 1850-today: Ideas, spaces, experiences. The exhibition included a total of 20 interviews in which prisoners were asked whether prison ideas and designs were relevant to them. The article ends with a discussion of the implications of architecture for prisons, their purposes, and their effects.
AbstractDenne artikkelen diskuterer fengsel som straff i Norge fra 1850 til i dag. Den ser på fengselsidéer og hvordan de er kommet til uttrykk i fengselsområder, bygninger og interiør. Artikkelen spør videre om disse endringene, slik fengsler fremstår i dag, har betydning for fanger. Dette leder til en diskusjon om hvilken betydning fengselsidéer og arkitektur kan ha for fanger og for fengselspolitikken.Artikkelen bygger for en stor del på en utstilling i Oslo i 2018: Six Norwegian prisons 1850-today. Ideas, spaces, experiences, som også omfatter 20 fangeintervjuer som formidler kommentarer om disse endringene har betydning for dem, eventuelt på hvilke måter. Artikkelen avsluttes med en diskusjon om hvilken betydning arkitektur kan ha i diskusjoner om fengsler, deres formål og virkninger
Lineup Instruction Verbiage's Effect on the Accuracy of Eyewitness Identifications: Michigan's Procedure
Authors: BYRD BRITTNEY , BURNETT HARVEY J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Our study examined the effects of biased and unbiased lineup instructions verbiage on the accuracy of eyewitness identification in a suspect-absent photographic lineup. Seventy subjects were randomly assigned to either a biased instruction condition or an unbiased instruction condition where they watched a mocked crime video, solved word-search puzzles for five minutes, completed a suspect-absent photographic lineup, and then completed an online post-witness experience feedback questionnaire. The unbiased condition utilized photographic lineup instructions from the State Bar of Michigan's Eyewitness Identification Task Force recommended policy writing guide. For the biased condition, the instructions alluded to subjects that the suspect was present. Subjects in the unbiased condition answered correctly 45.7% of the time compared to 28.6% of those in the biased condition. Chi-square test for independence indicated no significant association between the lineup instructions verbiage and the accuracy of eyewitness identification rates. Binomial logistic regression found that the confidence level in the identification choice made, ease of making an identification, decision making time, ability to recognize the lineup appeinstructions, and group condition were not significant predictors of subjects correctly identifying the suspect. Our results would suggest that the verbiage of the lineup instructions does not increase accuracy of eyewitness identifications.
Approaching an Efficient and Feasible Carnot Engine by Carnot Cycle Analysis
Authors: Garcia Ramon Ferreiro 
Published: April 2021

Based on the knowledge exhibited in the literature on the Carnot cycle, a preliminary study is carried out on Carnot machines capable of implementing the Carnot cycle at high thermal efficiency. Therefore, two engine structures are proposed: (i) reciprocating single and double-acting cylinder-based thermal engines implemented under a closed processes-based Carnot thermal cycle characterised by a mechanical structure internally coupled, and (ii) similar engines characterised by a mechanical structure internally decoupled.
In order to perform the cycle analysis, however, observational (experimental) evidence confirms on a daily basis the fact that there are two performance criteria: conventional (output net work/input heat) thermal efficiency and output/input energetic-based first law efficiency. Based on such premises, this study investigates both coupled and decoupled Carnot engine structures.
The results confirm that an important fraction of heat can be converted into useful work by configuring a decoupled structure of the Carnot engine.
Indicative results support the use of internally decoupled thermal machines, especially when the heat source has a low or medium temperature. Even at high temperatures, such machines are advantageous in terms of energy efficiency. Furthermore, avoiding internal coupling allows for power regulation without disturbing interactions due to variations in load, thus enabling robust control.
Evaluation of Anti-quorum Sensing Potential of Saraca asoca (Family Caesalpiniaceae) against Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01
Authors: Paliya B. S. , Mathew J. , Singh B. N. 
Published: April 2021

Aim: The present study was performed to evaluate the anti-quorum sensing (QS) potential of traditional medicinal herb Saracaasoca (family Caesalpiniaceae) stem bark extract against Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01.
Study Design: First, the test sample (bark extract) was screened for anti-QS activity. Then systematic in-vitro and biochemical tests were performed to evaluate the effect of the test sample on the QS mediated virulence factors.
Place and Duration of Study: All the experimental works were performed in Lab 311, pharmacology division, CSIR-NBRI Lucknow from June 2019 to October 2019.
Methodology: The samples of Saraca asoca stem bark were washed, dried and extracted using 70% methanol. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the prepared Sarca asoca bark extract was determined using the Alamar blue assay, and the anti-QS activity was screened using standard agar overlay method against CV 12472 at subinhibitory concentrations 100, 200 and 300 µg (< MIC value). SAE effect on biofilms formation was assessed by growing biofilms on glass slides in a static culture of PA01. Anti-virulence effect of SAE on the production of QS-regulated virulence factors such as Pyocyanin, proteases, elastases, rhamnolipid and alginate in Pseudomonas aeruginosa was determined using the supernatant of a 24 hours old broth culture of PA01 supplemented with SAE. Using the agar plate technique, the swimming and swarming motility assays were conducted on 0.3% and 0.5% agar plates respectively. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the data, presented as mean ± SD (standard deviation) of three independent experiments.
Results: Preliminary screening results showed significant QS inhibition against CV 12472 in an agar overlay disk diffusion assay in a concentration-dependent manner. Data from the biofilm assay showed loose, distorted, irregular PA01 biofilm formation at 200 µg (48%) and 300 µg (65%). SAE caused a significant drop in virulence factor production, with maximum reduction in pyocyanin (58%), proteases (67%), elastases (52%), rhamnolipid (53%), and alginate (44%) observed at 300 µg concentration. At SAE sub-lethal concentrations (200 and 300 µg), both the swimming and swarming motility of PA01 were significantly inhibited.
Conclusions: The present study demonstrates the broad-spectrum anti-QS potential of SAE, reported for the first time, suggesting that SAE could be considered as an alternative herbal source to develop antimicrobial agents which can be either solitary or synergistically with conventional antimicrobial drugs.
Screening of Common Potential Inhibitors against Periodontitis and Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Khan Mahvish , Khan Saif , Lohani Mohtashim , Alhobeira Hazza A. , Mirza Shadab , Haque Shafiul 
Published: April 2021

Introduction: As the amyloid precursor protein performs a remarkable part in chronic periodontitis and the progression of Alzheimer's disease growth, discoveryof novelactive inhibitors of this protein can be of great standing in the treatment of periodontitis. Chronic periodontitis is one of the causative factors and metabolic stressor for diabetes control. In chronic periodontitis and Alzheimer's disease, some molecules have been proposed to inhibit proteins in past.
Methods: This study was planned to find present potent inhibitors,A library of KDM compounds was obtained from Chem Div Database. Here, all complexes with goodglide score were short listed for analysis of protein-ligand interaction. Calculations were carried out to estimate the interaction of the ligands selected in complex with the beta amyloid protein.
Results: Five top hits were found considering Curcuminas reference. Five small molecules have been proposed as possible inhibitors of this protein. Here in this study, we have focused on small molecule lead inhibitors for identification of Chronic Periodontitis and Alzheimer's disease.
Evolution of the Mutation Rate in Sexual Species
Authors: Romero‐Mujalli Daniel , Tiedemann Ralph 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMutations are the ultimate source of genetic variation. A question that has repeatedly arisen is, whether the mutation rate undergoes evolutionary change, depending on the environmental conditions, such that evolvability is enhanced. In asexual unicellular organism, elevated mutation rates arise under stressful conditions and are among the factors that facilitate, for example, the evolution of antibiotic resistance. In asexual species, all genetic loci are linked and therefore, those loci producing genetic mutations can hitchhike to high frequency with beneficial mutations at other loci. This does not occur in sexual species, where recombination quickly detaches mutator alleles from their effects. In sexual species, the mutation rate is expected to evolve to its lowest value, given by the drift limit and the cost of fidelity. Elevated mutation rates in sexual species may arise when populations under stressful conditions are composed of maladaptive individuals with difficulties allocating resources to repair and proofreading mechanisms.Key ConceptsMutations are the ultimate source of genetic variation.The model of slightly deleterious mutations holds that most mutations are deleterious, some are neutral, and very few, beneficial.Though most mutations effects seem to be detrimental, mutations are nevertheless necessary.Intraspecific variation in repair and proofreading mechanisms enable evolutionary change in the mutation rate.Drift imposes a lower limit to the evolution of the mutation rate.The need of adaptive mutations and the cost of fidelity push the value of the mutation rate upwards, while detrimental effects and the need of replication fidelity keep the value as low as possible.Adaptive elevations of the mutation rate are not expected in sexual species, independently of habitat conditions, because of the process of recombination.Recombination separates mutator alleles from their effects.Elevated mutation rates may arise in sexual species because of critical phenotypic conditions in stressed populations.
Bone, Stem Cells and Regeneration: Tissue Engineering Approaches
Authors: Yu Hongqiang , Grigoriadis Agamemnon E 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

The potential for regenerating bone and cartilage for cell‐based therapies has increased markedly in the past decades primarily due to advances in the understanding of molecular controls of embryonic skeletal development, in identification of refined stem cell/progenitor populations that are suitable for tissue regeneration, and in the discoveries of novel biomaterials that can mimic tissue architecture. In particular, modelling how the embryo makes the appropriate molecular decisions to fine tune the development of specific bone and cartilage subpopulations that form the complex skeleton has provided a platform upon which regenerative strategies can be translated to the clinic. It is, therefore, imperative to understand the basic biology of bone and skeletal tissues and apply lessons from developmental biology to identify the unique and appropriate cell populations that have potent regenerative potential when combined with optimal biomaterials.

Key Concepts

Bone/cartilage tissue engineering requires interaction between stem cells and biomaterials.

Choosing the appropriate stem cell populations is extremely important and depends on the biological application studies.

The use of directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells that mimic developmental processes is an important advance in tissue engineering.

Choosing the appropriate biomaterial with specific tunable properties is essential for supporting stem cell differentiation.

Three‐dimensional approaches for tissue formation are important for translational studies.

Defined preclinical models are necessary for screening stem cell/biomaterials constructs.
Specific Neural Connection Formation in the Developing Nervous System
Authors: Chithran Aarya V , O'Connor Timothy P 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTo construct a properly functioning nervous system, neurons must form precise and specific connections during embryonic development. A number of mechanisms have been proposed to explain how connectivity is established, including the concept of ‘chemoaffinity’, ‘labelled pathways’ and ‘segmental pathfinding’. It is well accepted that each of these mechanisms is best explained by guidance cue and receptor interactions at the growing tip of the neuron, the growth cone. Guidance cue‐receptor signalling in the growth cone modifies its steering behaviour resulting in the establishment of specific neural connections. The main families of guidance cues include netrins, ephrins, slits and semaphorins, although morphogens such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) and sonic hedgehog (SHH) also have guidance cue roles. It is the complex arrangement of these cues that directs axon extension through a series of intermediate targets before growth cones recognise their final target, cease migration and structurally change to form a synapse.Key ConceptsHistorical theories of connectivity can be explained by the expression and action of guidance cues and their receptors upon growth cone behaviour.Growth cones are the sensory and motile apparatus of an axon that are required for proper target identification and formation of functional connections.Disruption of connectivity due to alterations in guidance cue expression during development can result in severe disorders.Guidance through inhibition is the predominant form of growth cone directional control.Some proteins traditionally known for their roles in pattern formation can also have important roles as axonal guidance cues.
XenopusEmbryo: Mesoderm Induction
Authors: Dale Leslie , Wardle Fiona C 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDuring early embryogenesis, the three germ layers (mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm) must form in the correct positions for normal development to proceed. In the amphibian embryo, mesoderm is induced at the late blastula stage, in the equatorial marginal zone of the spherical embryo, by signals emanating from the vegetal hemisphere. Later, during gastrulation, mesoderm is further patterned by signals from the dorsal organiser. Vegetal mesoderm inducing signals are members of the transforming growth factor‐beta (TGFβ) family, which are transcribed in response to vegetal localised maternal transcription factors. Limiting mesoderm induction to the marginal zone is controlled by TGFβ inhibitors in the animal hemisphere. Mesoderm is maintained in the marginal zone by FGF signals and patterned, during gastrulation, by BMP signals.Key ConceptsMesoderm is induced the marginal zone of theXenopusblastula stage embryo in response to signals secreted from the vegetal hemisphere.Mesoderm is induced by members of the Nodal/Activin subfamily of the transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β) family of secreted signalling factors.Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family members maintain mesoderm.Mesoderm induction is limited to the marginal zone of the embryo by TGF‐β signalling inhibitors expressed in the animal hemisphere .Maternal transcription factors, such as VegT and β‐catenin, activate expression of TGF‐β genes.Mesoderm is further patterned during gastrulation through both activation and inhibition of BMP signalling.