bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outcomes of Sequential Therapy With Tenofovir Alafenamide After Long-term Entecavir
Authors: Nguyen Mindie H. , Atsukawa Masanori , Ishikawa Toru , Yasuda Satoshi , Yokohama Keisuke , Trinh Huy N. , Arai Taeang , Fukunishi Shinya , Ogawa Eiichi , Hsu Yao-Chun , Maeda Mayumi , Dang Hansen , Tseng Cheng-Hao , Takahashi Hirokazu , Jun Dae Won , Watanabe Tsunamasa , Chuma Makoto , Nozaki Akito , Kawada Norifumi , Cheung Ramsey , Enomoto Masaru , Takaguchi Koichi , Toyoda Hidenori 
Published: February 2021

INTRODUCTION:
Entecavir (ETV) and tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) are both first-line hepatitis B virus (HBV) therapies, but ETV-to-TAF switch outcome data are limited. We aimed to assess outcomes up to 96 weeks after ETV-to-TAF switch.

METHODS:
ETV-treated (≥12 months) chronic hepatitis B patients switched to TAF in routine practice at 15 centers (United States, Korea, Japan, and Taiwan) were included. Primary outcome was complete viral suppression (CVS) rate (HBV DNA <20 IU/mL).

RESULTS:
We analyzed 425 eligible patients (mean age 60.7 ± 13.2 years, 60% men, 90.8% Asian, 20.7% with diabetes, 27% with hypertension, 14.8% with cirrhosis, 8.3% with hepatocellular carcinoma, and mean ETV duration before switch 6.16 ± 3.17 years). The mean baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 89 ± 19 (chronic kidney disease [CKD] stages: 55.6% stage 1, 35.7% stage 2, and 8.8% stages 3–5). CVS rate increased from 91.90% at switch (from 90.46% 24 weeks before switch) to 95.57% and 97.21% at 48 and 96 weeks after (P = 0.03 and 0.02, respectively). Over the 96 weeks after switch, mean HBV DNA (P < 0.001) but not alanine aminotransferase or CKD stage decreased. Between switch and 96-week follow-up, 11% (26/235) of CKD stage 1 patients migrated to stage 2 and 8% (12/151) of stage 2 patients to stages 3–5, whereas 18% (27/151) from stage 2 to 1, and 19% (7/37) from stages 3–5 to 2. On multivariable generalized estimated equation analysis adjusted for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, and cirrhosis, baseline eGFR, age (P < 0.001), and CKD stages 2 and 3–5 (vs 1) (both P < 0.001) were associated with lower follow-up eGFR.

DISCUSSION:
After an average of 6 years on ETV, CVS increased from 91.9% at TAF switch to 97.2% at 96 weeks later.
Variability in Practices of Compounding Budesonide for Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Authors: Joshi Sagar , Rubenstein Joel H. , Dellon Evan S. , Worthing Nathan , Stefanadis Zoe , Chang Joy W. 
Published: February 2021

INTRODUCTION:
Little is known about the use of compounded steroids for eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE).

METHODS:
We conducted a telephone survey of all compounding pharmacies in Michigan and queried about practices and costs of compounded budesonide for EoE.

RESULTS:
Of 68 Michigan pharmacies, 93% responded, and 20 (29%) offer compounded budesonide suspension for EoE. Formulations, dose, and instructions for use varied across pharmacies. The mean cost for a 30-day supply was $74.50.

DISCUSSION:
Although few compounding pharmacies offer budesonide suspension and there are substantial variations in formulations, this may be a significantly more affordable treatment option for many.
FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE AND COMPANY VALUE OF SHARIAH BANKING IN INDONESIA
Authors: Murni Sri 
Published: February 2021

This research aims to understand the influence of CAR, FDR, NPF, and ROA to the Company Value of Shariah Banking in Indonesia. The study is done at the Indonesian Stock Exchange and Shariah Banking in Indonesia. The research object on the company financial report shariah banks in the form of financial reports the period of 2014 – 2019 is loaded in the Indonesian Capital Markets Directory as well as data originating from IDX, ICMD, and annual report. To test the hypotheses of variable X and variable Y simultaneously using the F, while based on partial use t. The data used was secondary data. In this research used time series data and cross section (pooling data), and based on the criteria, the number of sample which satisfies the criteria of as many as 8 shariah banks of 12 shariah banking as the population.
The result showed that simultaneously CAR, FDR, NPF and ROA have significant impact on the company value. In partial CAR and ROA on this fact have a positive and significant on the company value, NPF have a negative and significant on the company value, and FDR have an insignificant for the company value. The result is expected to be a valuable input especially for investors as consideration in decision making of investing; also for the company management is expected to be a consideration in this matter, in addition, the result of this research can be an important reference to the similar research for the benefit of applied and science development
Land Tenure Regimes and Women’s Land Rights in Uganda; Legality and the Land Legal Framework.
Authors: Kemigisha Prudence 
Published: February 2021

A review on the implications of land tenure regimes on women’s land rights is relevant in the Ugandan context and other countries in Africa due to the fact that land is in many ways the most important productive resource to possess or have access to. Rights over land are associated with social identity and help to regulate what people do with that land as a source of livelihood. Despite the critical contribution of land resource, it is not equitably distributed. The position of women in land accessibility, control and ownership is still precarious under the different tenure regimes in Uganda. A literature review was conducted to assess the implications of the tenure regimes on women land rights in Uganda, with specific reference to the land legality and the legal framework. From the literature reviewed, the study indicates that women’s right to land under the land holding systems are largely limited to access rights but not ownership rights. Ugandan women face significant challenges accessing justice when their rights are violated. The lack of clear distinction between legitimacy and legality of land rights makes it difficult to attain effective women’s rights to land. A combination of contemporary and customary law still restricts land rights of women in that the statutory instruments in place have failed to grant women the right to land. The study recommends that the necessary change required to narrow the gender gap in land rights necessitates simultaneous struggles over the norms and legal structures governing women’s land rights.
Effect of water flow and depth on fatigue crack growth rate of underwater wet welded low carbon steel SS400
Authors: Surojo E. , Anindito J. , Paundra F. , Prabowo A. R. , Budiana E. P. , Muhayat N. , Badaruddin M. , Triyono  
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Underwater wet welding (UWW) is widely used in repair of offshore constructions and underwater pipelines by the shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) method. They are subjected the dynamic load due to sea water flow. In this condition, they can experience the fatigue failure. This study was aimed to determine the effect of water flow speed (0 m/s, 1 m/s, and 2 m/s) and water depth (2.5 m and 5 m) on the crack growth rate of underwater wet welded low carbon steel SS400. Underwater wet welding processes were conducted using E6013 electrode (RB26) with a diameter of 4 mm, type of negative electrode polarity and constant electric current and welding speed of 90 A and 1.5 mm/s respectively. In air welding process was also conducted for comparison. Compared to in air welded joint, underwater wet welded joints have more weld defects including porosity, incomplete penetration and irregular surface. Fatigue crack growth rate of underwater wet welded joints will decrease as water depth increases and water flow rate decreases. It is represented by Paris's constant, where specimens in air welding, 2.5 m and 5 m water depth have average Paris's constant of 8.16, 7.54 and 5.56 respectively. The increasing water depth will cause the formation of Acicular Ferrite structure which has high fatigue crack resistance. The higher the water flow rate, the higher the welding defects, thereby reducing the fatigue crack resistance.
Narrative instabilities
Authors: Pier John 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTaking Nabokov’sPale Fireas its tutor text, this chapter seeks to demonstrate that narrative functions as a complex or dynamic system. Due to the novel’s nonlinear and multiply configured format, a series of dissipative structures is provoked whereby states near equilibrium, on reaching states far from equilibrium under the weight of multiple causality, putting the system “beyond the threshold of stability” and “at the edge of chaos,” perpetually self-organize. Taking a cue from nonequilibrium thermodynamics, instabilities, it is argued, are inherent to narrative discourse. This calls into question the pertinence of the logic of linearity (“event A causes event B”) as well as the scope of such postulates as the isomorphic relation between sequence and narrative as a whole, a postulate that frames narrative as a closed system following the principle of conservation of energy in classical mechanics. As the poem “Pale Fire” in Nabokov’s novel advances linearly, it is constantly disrupted by the “Commentary” which is related to the poem only tangentially, each text fragmenting the other and self-organizing into new meanings. The effect is to render salient in narrative discourse the complexity science principles (in addition to those mentioned above) of irreversibility (the “arrow of time”) vs. reversibility, sensitivity to initial conditions, negative vs. positive feedback and the symmetry-breaking effects of bifurcation. The manifestation of these principles in Nabokov’s novel raises fundamental questions about the structuring of narrative, but also about the conceptual framework through which narrative at large might be approached.
Re-living the city: The urban time-loop of Russian Doll
Authors: Posner Orin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This article discusses the first season of the television series Russian Doll (2019–), analyzing its time-loop structure through a narratological lens with focus on the significance of its setting to the narrative’s overall message on social connection in the city. The narrative’s chronotope of urban space and repetitive temporality works to reflect the internal struggles of its two protagonists (Natasha Lyonne and Charlie Barnett), but also a contemporary collective trauma and inability to imagine a different future – a narrative mode that Gomel and Karti Shemtov (2018) term “limbotopia”. However, Russian Doll is ultimately optimistic, allowing its protagonists to break out of their limbotopic time loops and move towards a transformative conclusion of regained hope for the future. The narrative device of the time loop pushes the characters to immerse themselves in their space: joining other people in the city and creating a community.
Auditory Brainstem Deficits from Early Treatment with a CSF1R Inhibitor Largely Recover with Microglial Repopulation
Authors: Milinkeviciute Giedre , Chokr Sima M. , Cramer Karina S. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSignaling between neurons and glia is necessary for the formation of functional neural circuits. A role for microglia in the maturation of connections in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) was previously demonstrated by postnatal microglial elimination using a colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R). Defective pruning of calyces of Held and significant reduction of the mature astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were observed after hearing onset. Here, we investigated the time course required for microglia to populate the mouse MNTB after cessation of CSF1R inhibitor treatment. We then examined whether defects seen after microglial depletion were rectified by microglial repopulation. We found that microglia returned to control levels at four weeks of age (18 d postcessation of treatment). Calyceal innervation of MNTB neurons was comparable to control levels at four weeks and GFAP expression recovered by seven weeks. We further investigated the effects of microglia elimination and repopulation on auditory function using auditory brainstem recordings (ABRs). Temporary microglial depletion significantly elevated auditory thresholds in response to 4. 8, and 12 kHz at four weeks. Treatment significantly affected latencies, interpeak latencies, and amplitudes of all the ABR peaks in response to many of the frequencies tested. These effects largely recovered by seven weeks. These findings highlight the functions of microglia in the formation of auditory neural circuits early in development. Further, the results suggest that microglia retain their developmental functions beyond the period of circuit refinement.
Induction of MutantSik3SleepyAllele in Neurons in Late Infancy Increases Sleep Need
Authors: Iwasaki Kanako , Fujiyama Tomoyuki , Nakata Shinya , Park Minjeong , Miyoshi Chika , Hotta-Hirashima Noriko , Ikkyu Aya , Kakizaki Miyo , Sugiyama Fumihiro , Mizuno Seiya , Abe Manabu , Sakimura Kenji , Takahashi Satoru , Funato Hiromasa , Yanagisawa Masashi 
Published: February 2021

Sleep is regulated in a homeostatic manner. Sleep deprivation increases sleep need, which is compensated mainly by increased EEG δ power during non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) and, to a lesser extent, by increased sleep amount. Although genetic factors determine the constitutive level of sleep need and sleep amount in mice and humans, the molecular entity behind sleep need remains unknown. Recently, we found that a gain-of-functionSleepy(Slp) mutation in thesalt-inducible kinase 3(Sik3) gene, which produces the mutant SIK3(SLP) protein, leads to an increase in NREMS EEG δ power and sleep amount. SinceSik3Slpmice express SIK3(SLP) in various types of cells in the brain as well as multiple peripheral tissues from the embryonic stage, the cell type and developmental stage responsible for the sleep phenotype inSik3Slpmice remain to be elucidated. Here, we generated two mouse lines,synapsin1CreERT2andSik3ex13floxmice, which enable inducible Cre-mediated, conditional expression of SIK3(SLP) in neurons on tamoxifen administration. Administration of tamoxifen tosynapsin1CreERT2mice during late infancy resulted in higher recombination efficiency than administration during adolescence. SIK3(SLP) expression after late infancy increased NREMS and NREMS δ power in malesynapsin1CreERT2; Sik3ex13flox/+mice. The expression of SIK3(SLP) after adolescence led to a higher NREMS δ power without a significant change in NREMS amounts. Thus, neuron-specific expression of SIK3(SLP) after late infancy is sufficient to increase sleep.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe propensity to accumulate sleep need during wakefulness and to dissipate it during sleep underlies the homeostatic regulation of sleep. However, little is known about the developmental stage and cell types involved in determining the homeostatic regulation of sleep. Here, we show thatSik3Slpallele induction in mature neurons in late infancy is sufficient to increase non-rapid eye movement sleep amount and non-rapid eye movement sleep δ power. SIK3 signaling in neurons constitutes an intracellular mechanism to increase sleep.
COVID-19 and fertility services in the United Kingdom: a biphasic qualitative study
Authors: Karavadra B , Stockl A , Balen A H , Morris E P 
Published: February 2021

Recently, fertility services have started resuming since COVID-19 was declared a pandemic, but there remains significant uncertainty in the way this care will be delivered in the United Kingdom. The objective of our study was to explore the impact of COVID-19 on individuals using fertility services in the United Kingdom. The study was conducted in two phases between May 2020 and July 2020: an online questionnaire involving 1212 participants and subsequent individual semi-structured telephone interviews with 15 participants. Through thematic analysis, we learned from the questionnaire findings that 74% of individuals identified as White British, 21% as Black and Minority Ethnic (BAME) and 2.6% as male. Ninety-six per cent of individuals from the questionnaire explained that COVID-19 had a ‘negative impact’ on their fertility treatment, namely ‘delay in care’. Eighty-two per cent of participants discussed concerns about the ‘uncertainty’ they felt about fertility services; these included the ‘unknown impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy outcomes’, the ‘unknown impact on general gynaecology services’ and the ‘unknown impact of COVID-19 on fertility success’. Through semi-structured telephone interviews with 15 participants, we learned about the ‘cultural pressures’ individuals from BAME backgrounds faced in relation to care. Participants were mindful about the ‘pressures on the service’ when reopening, and therefore ‘advancing maternal age’, ‘socio-economic background’ and ‘previous unsuccessful fertility treatment’ were the main factors individuals considered important when ‘prioritising’ fertility care. Our findings can be used by fertility service providers to appreciate the patient perspective when considering the reopening of fertility services nationally and internationally.

Lay summary
The impact of COVID-19 on patients seeking or undergoing fertility treatment is not entirely known. Many patients have had their treatment postponed during the pandemic. As fertility services begin to recommence, it is important to understand how the pandemic has affected this group of patients. In addition, it is vital to appreciate and understand the patient’s voice in order to ensure services take into account the patients’ concerns as they begin to offer certain fertility treatments. Our study was conducted in two phases and involved an online questionnaire and individual interviews with people. We found that people were worried about services restarting and how care would be prioritised. People also discussed some of the perceived barriers to seeking fertility healthcare. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding the patient’s voice when recommencing fertility services.
Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Childhood and Left Ventricular Diastolic Function in Adulthood
Authors: Heiskanen Jarkko S. , Ruohonen Saku , Rovio Suvi P. , Pahkala Katja , Kytö Ville , Kähönen Mika , Lehtimäki Terho , Viikari Jorma S.A. , Juonala Markus , Laitinen Tomi , Tossavainen Päivi , Jokinen Eero , Hutri-Kähönen Nina , Raitakari Olli T. 
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Cardiovascular risk factors, such as obesity, blood pressure, and physical inactivity, have been identified as modifiable determinants of left ventricular (LV) diastolic function in adulthood. However, the links between childhood cardiovascular risk factor burden and adulthood LV diastolic function are unknown. To address this lack of knowledge, we aimed to identify childhood risk factors associated with LV diastolic function in the participants of the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study.

METHODS:
Study participants (N = 1871; 45.9% men; aged 34–49 years) were examined repeatedly between the years 1980 and 2011. We determined the cumulative risk exposure in childhood (age 6–18 years) as the area under the curve for systolic blood pressure, adiposity (defined by using skinfold and waist circumference measurements), physical activity, serum insulin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterols. Adulthood LV diastolic function was defined by using E/é ratio.

RESULTS:
Elevated systolic blood pressure and increased adiposity in childhood were associated with worse adulthood LV diastolic function, whereas higher physical activity level in childhood was associated with better adulthood LV diastolic function (P &lt; .001 for all). The associations of childhood adiposity and physical activity with adulthood LV diastolic function remained significant (both P &lt; .05) but were diluted when the analyses were adjusted for adulthood systolic blood pressure, adiposity, and physical activity. The association between childhood systolic blood pressure and adult LV diastolic function was diluted to nonsignificant (P = .56).

CONCLUSIONS:
Adiposity status and the level of physical activity in childhood are independently associated with LV diastolic function in adulthood.
Efeitos da poluição luminosa no município de Palmeira dos Índios/AL
Authors: Barbosa Filho José Wilson Moura , Medeiros Jordânia Mendonça , Vieira Jadla Higino 
Published: February 2021

RESUMO:O estudo apresenta os principais efeitos da poluição luminosa no município de Palmeira dos Índios. O desenvolvimento metodológico deste trabalho será conduzido a partir de uma revisão de literatura produzida por um levantamento de publicações que analisam os diferentes efeitos da poluição luminosa. Nesse caso, o estudo qualitativo foi desenvolvido de forma observacional e prática a partir de avaliações dos discursos encontrados em meio eletrônico sobre poluição luminosa.Além disso, serão utilizados registros fotográficos para entender os possíveis impactos da poluição luminosa na saúde, bem estar e ambiente do Município de Palmeira dos Índios, uma cidade em ascensão econômica do estado de Alagoas. Para isso, foram monitorados durante 15 dias locais públicos utilizando fotografias registradas por aparelhos de celulares e câmeras fotográficas, registrando o comportamento de animais, plantas e indivíduos das localidades durante a pesquisa e comparados com as discussões encontradas na literatura e aos efeitos indicados durante o estudo bibliográfico.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Urbanização, Impactos Ambientais, Sustentabilidade.
Macrofauna do solo em área de vegetação espontânea em pomar de jurubeba Solanum paniculatum L. (Solanaceae)
Authors: Cabral Maria Jéssica dos Santos , Lima Jéssika Silva de , Pinheiro Rodrigo Almeida , Lopes Esmeralda Aparecida Porto 
Published: February 2021

RESUMO: A fauna do solo tem um avultoso papel no ajustamento dos sistemas agrícolas. Desde os anos de 1980 tem sido desenvolvidos estudos no Brasil como um indício de desenvolvimento sustentável do manejo dos solos. Tem uma grande atuação nos processos de decomposição, mineralização e humificação de resíduos orgânicos; imobilização e mobilização de macro e micronutrientes. O objetivo foi comparar a população da macrofauna do solo em uma área com vegetação espontânea de jurubeba usando diferentes tipos de armadilhas. Este levantamento foi realizado na sede do Polo Tecnológico Agroalimentar de Arapiraca-AL, com uma área de 240 m² usando armadilha pitfall e armadilha TSBF, em uma área de plantação espontânea de jurubeba (Solanum paniculatum L.). Na armadilha TSBF foram usadas quatro parcelas para contagem da macrofauna com as seguintes profundidades: de 0–5, 5-10, 10-15 e 15–20 cm de profundidade. Na pitfall foram instaladas cinco armadilhas no solo que permaneceram durante cinco dias. Os grupos taxonômicos foram identificados em ordem decrescente de densidade relativa em nível de ordem e família. Portanto, pode-se observar de modo geral que as ordens de maior destaque em relação a todas as categorias foram Himenópteras (75%) e Coleópteras (58%), já as famílias que tiveram maior quantidade foram Formicidae com 176 e Gryllidae com 17.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Diversidade, Fauna edáfica, Maneio do solo.