bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Na2Fe(C2O4)(HPO4): a promising new oxalate-phosphate based mixed polyanionic cathode for Li/Na ion batteries
Authors: Pramanik Atin , Bradford Alasdair J , Lee Stephen L , Lightfoot Philip , Armstrong A Robert 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The new iron-based mixed polyanionic material Na2Fe(C2O4)(HPO4) has been synthesized by a hydrothermal technique. The compound contains four Na sites with a three-dimensional crystal structure. This compound shows promising reversible Li and Na insertion properties as a cathode material. The redox potentials observed were ∼3.2 V (vs Li+/Li) for the Li-ion cell and ∼3.1 V (vs Na+/Na) for the Na-ion cell with Fe2+/3+ redox reactions. The reversible electrode operation was found to deliver 71 and 104 mAh g−1 specific capacities in Li and Na half cells, respectively. This present study reveals promising performance from a mixed oxalate-phosphate based polyanionic material and opens up further possibilities for materials discovery.
Local characterization of transient chaos on finite times in open systems
Authors: Drótos Gábor , Hernández-García Emilio , López Cristóbal 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
To characterize local finite-time properties associated with transient chaos in open dynamical systems, we introduce an escape rate and fractal dimensions suitable for this purpose in a coarse-grained description. We numerically illustrate that these quantifiers have a considerable spread across the domain of the dynamics, but their spatial variation, especially on long but non-asymptotic integration times, is approximately consistent with the relationship that was recognized by Kantz and Grassberger for temporally asymptotic quantifiers. In particular, deviations from this relationship are smaller than differences between various locations, which confirms the existence of such a dynamical law and the suitability of our quantifiers to represent underlying dynamical properties in the non-asymptotic regime.
Cycle more with virtual reality: a proof of concept study in an institutionalised able-bodied geriatric population
Authors: Loggia Gilles , Gauthier Antoine , Lemiere Fabrice , Drigny Joffrey , Desvergee Antoine , Leconte Pascale , Ruet Alexis 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background/Objectives
Physical activity (PA) has significant benefits for older adults. However, the recommended PA is rarely achieved in nursing homes. In this proof of concept study, we assessed whether virtual reality (VR) could help to increase spontaneous PA during a stationary cycling session.

Design
Prospective crossover proof of concept study.

Setting
Nursinghome.

Participants
Twelve participants (10 men) aged 63–88, able-bodied but with moderate cognitive impairment.

Intervention
TWO stationary cycling sessions with and withoutVR.

Measurements
Cycling distance, pedalling duration, average speed, mean pedalling cadence and the modified Borg rating of perceived exertion scale.

Results
Cycling distance and duration were significantly higher in the VR condition. Most participants would rather repeat cycling sessions with VR than without.

Conclusion
The use of VR seems feasible to help achieve PA recommendations for able-bodied people living in nursing homes, even with moderate cognitive impairments.
Mapping Saudi Criminal Law
Authors: Mallat Chibli 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This Article maps the criminal law system in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia enacted a criminal procedure code in 2001, but it lacks a comprehensive penal code, relying instead on (i) identifications of certain acts as violations of the law (from public behavior to matters of the state administrative cogwheel) scattered in various pieces of legislation and (ii) the classical Islamic legal tradition’s classification forming a criminal Islamic common law which is organized into (a) “set punishment” prescribed crimes (hadd, plural hudud), (b) crimes left to the court’s discretion (ta‘zir), and (c) two other forms of “violations of the body” with their own legal regime (qisas/retaliation and diya/blood money). The Article is based on extensive case law released by the Saudi Ministry of Justice.
Defining Aesthetic Preferences for the Penis: A Photogrammetric and Crowdsourcing Analysis
Authors: Massie Jonathan P , Sood Rachita , Nolan Ian T , Sasson Daniel C , Swanson Marco , Morrison Shane D , Placik Otto 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
Achieving an aesthetic phalloplasty result is important for patients with acquired or congenital defects of the penis, or with genital-related dysphoria. However, aside from length and girth, the aesthetic proportions of the male penis have not been defined.

Objectives
This study aimed to determine proportions of the male penis through photogrammetric analysis of nude male photographs and to verify these proportions with a crowdsourcing-based survey.

Methods
Nude male photographs (n = 283) were analyzed to define aesthetic proportions of the male penis. Photographs were analyzed for the position of the penis on the torso in relation to the umbilicus and for the ratio of the dorsal and ventral glans of the penis in relation to the entire shaft length. Proportions were then further studied by crowdsourcing 1026 respondents with Amazon mechanical Turk.

Results
The ideal position of the penis below the umbilicus is about 55% (6/11th) of the distance from the jugular notch to the umbilicus (measured average, 53.6%; survey-weighted average, 58.9%). The dorsal glans of the penis is about 33% (1/3rd) of the length of the entire shaft (measured average, 32.1%; survey-weighted average, 37.5%). The ventral glans of the penis is about 12.5% (1/8th) of the length of the entire shaft (measured average, 12.6%; survey-weighted average, 11.7%).

Conclusions
Measured proportions of the human penis follow exact fractions. Crowdsourcing data helped support photogrammetric analysis, with survey-preferred ratios within 5% of measured ratios. With further validation, these data can aid surgeons performing phalloplasty.
Neural substrates of verbal repetition deficits in primary progressive aphasia
Authors: Miller Hilary E , Cordella Claire , Collins Jessica A , Ezzo Rania , Quimby Megan , Hochberg Daisy , Tourville Jason A , Dickerson Bradford C , Guenther Frank H 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this cross-sectional study, we examined the relationship between cortical thickness and performance on several verbal repetition tasks in a cohort of patients with primary progressive aphasia in order to test predictions generated by theoretical accounts of phonological working memory that predict phonological content buffers in left posterior inferior frontal sulcus and supramarginal gyrus. Cortical surfaces were reconstructed from magnetic resonance imaging scans from 42 participants diagnosed with primary progressive aphasia. Cortical thickness was measured in a set of anatomical regions spanning the entire cerebral cortex. Correlation analyses were performed between cortical thickness and average score across three phonological working memory-related tasks: the Repetition sub-test from the Western Aphasia Battery, a forward digit span task, and a backward digit span task. Significant correlations were found between average working memory score across tasks and cortical thickness in left supramarginal gyrus and left posterior inferior frontal sulcus, in support of prior theoretical accounts of phonological working memory. Exploratory whole-brain correlation analyses performed for each of the three behavioural tasks individually revealed a distinct set of positively correlated regions for each task. Comparison of cortical thickness measures from different primary progressive aphasia sub-types to cortical thickness in age-matched controls further revealed unique patterns of atrophy in the different subtypes.
Switching From Reference Infliximab to Biosimilar CT-P13 Did Not Change Quality of Life in Stable Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients
Authors: Pierik Marieke J , van der Meulen Andrea E , Van der Linde Klaas , Lutgens Maurice , Kuijvenhoven Johan P , Akol Halil , Klompmaker Ids J , Sikkens Michelle S G , van Megen Yvonne J B , Stoop Corinne M , Bloemsaat-Minekus Joanne P J , Dijkstra Gerard 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
Quality of life (QoL) data for patients with inflammatory bowel disease switched from the reference infliximab to biosimilar CT-P13 is lacking. This study aims to demonstrate noninferiority for QoL and efficacy after switching.

Methods
OoL and clinical efficacy were measured prior to and after 2, 4, and 6 CT-P13 infusions.

Results
One hundred seventy-eight patients were included. Noninferiority was established for QoL [ratio 97.95% (95% confidence interval 95.93 to 100.01)] and efficacy [difference −0.02 (95% confidence interval −0.68 to 0.64)]. Five patients reported 6 nonrelated, serious adverse events.

Conclusions
Switching from reference infliximab to CT-P13 did not affect the QoL or disease activity and was well tolerated.
Effective methane production from the Japanese weed Gyougi-shiba (Cynodon dactylon) is accomplished by colocalization of microbial communities that assimilate water-soluble and -insoluble fractions
Authors: Matsuda Shuhei , Ohtsuki Takashi 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
Weed, an abundant biomass, is considered unsuitable as a raw material for methane production. There are few reports on the anaerobic digestion of weeds without the addition of other organic wastes. To solve this problem, a methane-producing microbial community with weed as a sole feedstock was established. This study mainly focused on the degree of contribution between water-soluble and -insoluble fractions of the weed to methane production; thus, methane production from both fractions was tested separately. Methane production after 80-day batch cultures with whole weed, water-soluble and water-insoluble fractions was 184.5, 96.8 and 26.5 NmL g−1 dry matter (DM), respectively. The results of 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequence analysis revealed that Proteiniphilum saccharofermentans and several Methanobacterium species commonly dominated all cultures, whereas the population dynamics of minor species differed in every culture. Moreover, the remixed culture of microbial communities adapted to water-soluble and -insoluble fractions recovered methane production (252.4 NmL g−1 DM). Based on these results, it can be strongly inferred that colocalizing the minor species in water-soluble and -insoluble fractions is important for effective methane production.
The Neurospora aab-1 gene encodes a CCAAT Binding Protein Homologous to Yeast HAP5
Authors: Chen Huaxian , Crabb John W , Kinsey John A 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The expression of the am (glutamate dehydrogenase) gene is dependent upon two upstream activating sequences, designated URSamα and URSamβ. A heteromeric nuclear protein Am Alpha Binding protein (AAB) binds specifically to a CCAAT box within the URSamα element. AAB appears to be composed of three components. We used polyclonal antiserum raised against the highly purified AAB1 subunit to isolate a partial aab-1 cDNA clone, which was then used to isolate a full-length cDNA and a genomic clone. The full-length cDNA has the potential to encode a 272 amino acid protein with a calculated molecular weight of 30 kD. Amino acid sequence obtained by Edman analysis of the AAB1 protein confirmed that the aab-1 gene had been cloned. AAB-1 shows similarity to the HAP5 protein of yeast and the CBF-C protein of rat. Each of these proteins is an essential subunit of their respective heteromeric CCAAT binding proteins. The aab1 gene maps on linkage group III of Neurospora crassa near the trp-1 locus. Disruption of the aab-1 gene results in pleiotropic effects on growth and development as well as a 50% reduction in glutamate dehydrogenase levels. Transformation of the aab-1 disruption mutant strain with the cloned genomic copy of the aab-1 gene rescued all of the phenotypic alterations associated with the aab-1 mutation.
Genetic Analysis of brahma: The Drosophila Homolog of the Yeast Chromatin Remodeling Factor SWI2/SNF2
Authors: Elfring Lisa K , Daniel Carla , Papoulas Ophelia , Deuring Renate , Sarte Melinda , Moseley Sarah , Beek Shelley J , Waldrip W Ross , Daubresse Gary , DePace Angela , Kennison James A , Tamkun John W 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The Drosophila brahma (brm) gene encodes an activator of homeotic genes related to the yeast chromatin remodeling factor SWI2/SNF2. Here, we report the phenotype of null and dominant-negative brm mutations. Using mosaic analysis, we found that the complete loss of brm function decreases cell viability and causes defects in the peripheral nervous system of the adult. A dominant-negative brm mutation was generated by replacing a conserved lysine in the ATP-binding site of the BRM protein with an arginine. This mutation eliminates brm function in vivo but does not affect assembly of the 2-MD BRM complex. Expression of the dominant-negative BRM protein caused peripheral nervous system defects, homeotic transformations, and decreased viability. Consistent with these findings, the BRM protein is expressed at relatively high levels in nuclei throughout the developing organism. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to investigate the functions of conserved regions of the BRM protein. Domain II is essential for brm function and is required for the assembly or stability of the BRM complex. In spite of its conservation in numerous eukaryotic regulatory proteins, the deletion of the bromodomain of the BRM protein has no discernible phenotype.
Dictyostelium discoideum Nuclear Plasmid Ddp5 Is a Chimera Related to the Ddp1 and Ddp2 Plasmid Families
Authors: Rieben W Kurt , Gonzales Chad M , Gonzales Shane T , Pilkington Katharine J , Kiyosawa Hidenori , Hughes Joanne E , Welker Dennis L 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The 14,955-bp Dictyostelium discoideum nuclear plasmid Ddp5 contains six transcribed open reading frames. One of these is related to the rep gene of the Ddp2 plasmid, and the other five are related to genes present on the Ddp1 plasmid. The absence of a homolog of the Ddp1 G1 gene, coupled with the presence of the Ddp2 rep gene homolog and of a 1.6-kb inverted repeat analogous to the inverted repeats on members of the Ddp2 plasmid family, suggests that Ddp5 uses Ddp2-like replication and copy number control mechanisms and that it should be assigned to the Ddp2 plasmid family. Ddp5 carries genes homologous to the D1/D3 and D2 genes of the Ddp1 plasmid as well as the Ddp1 G2/G3/D4, G5/D6, and G6/G4/D5 genes. The products of the Ddp5 G2-like, G5-like, and G6-like genes are likely to be transcription factors regulating the expression of themselves and of the other Ddp5 genes. The D1-like and D2-like genes may confer a selective advantage to plasmid-bearing cells, because they can be deleted from plasmid-based shuttle vectors with no apparent effect on vector maintenance. Updated sequence information for the Ddp1 G5/D6, D1/D3, and D2 genes as well as the Dmp1 and Dmp2 G5-like genes is presented. The locations of introns in the G5-like and D1-like genes of Ddp5 and in the homologous genes of the Ddp1, Dmp1, and Dmp2 plasmids were identified. These introns all have GU at the 5′ intron border and AG at the 3′ intron border, are short (59 to 71 nucleotides), and are AT-rich. A conserved HHCC domain was identified in the G5 proteins; this is a putative zinc binding domain and may be involved in protein-DNA interaction.
Conditions for Positive and Negative Correlations Between Fitness and Heterozygosity in Equilibrium Populations
Authors: Deng Hong-Wen , Fu Yun-Xin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The past decades have witnessed extensive efforts to correlate fitness traits with genomic heterozygosity. While positive correlations are revealed in most of the organisms studied, results of no/negative correlations are not uncommon. There has been little effort to reveal the genetic causes of these negative correlations. The positive correlations are regarded either as evidence for functional overdominance in large, randomly mating populations at equilibrium, or the results of populations at disequilibrium under dominance. More often, the positive correlations are viewed as a phenomenon of heterosis, so that it cannot possibly occur under within-locus additive allelic effects. Here we give exact genetic conditions that give rise to positive and negative correlations in populations at Hardy-Weinberg and linkage equilibria, thus offering a genetic explanation for the observed negative correlations. Our results demonstrate that the above interpretations concerning the positive correlations are not complete or even necessary. Such a positive correlation can result under dominance and potentially under additivity, even in populations where associated overdominance due to linked alleles at different loci is not significant. Additionally, negative correlations and heterosis can co-occur in a single population. Although our emphasis is on equilibrium populations and for biallelic genetic systems, the basic conclusions are generalized to non-equilibrium populations and for multi-allelic situations.
The Accuracy of Marker-Assisted Selection for Quantitative Traits Within Populations in Linkage Equilibrium
Authors: Ollivier Louis 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Using the concept of conditional coancestry, given observed markers, an explicit expression of the accuracy of marker-based selection is derived in situations of linkage equilibrium between markers and quantitative trait loci (QTL), for the general case of full-sib families nested within half-sib families. Such a selection scheme is rather inaccurate for moderate values of family sizes and QTL variance, and the accuracies predicted for linkage disequilibrium can never be reached. The result is used to predict the accuracy of marker-assisted combined selection (MACS) and is shown to agree with previous MACS results obtained by simulation of a best linear unbiased prediction animal model. Low gains in accuracy are generally to be expected compared to standard combined selection. The maximum gain, assuming infinite family size and all QTLs marked, is about 50%.
The Yeast HSM3 Gene Acts in One of the Mismatch Repair Pathways
Authors: Fedorova Irina V , Gracheva Ludmila M , Kovaltzova Svetlana V , Evstuhina Tatyana A , Alekseev Sergey Yu , Korolev Vladimir G 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Mutants with enhanced spontaneous mutability (hsm) to canavanine resistance were induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. One bearing the hsm3-1 mutation was used for this study. This mutation does not increase sensitivity to the lethal action of different mutagens. The hsm3-1 mutation produces a mutator phenotype, enhancing the rates of spontaneous mutation to canavanine resistance and reversions of lys1-1 and his1-7. This mutation increases the rate of intragenic mitotic recombination at the ADE2 gene. The ability of the hsm3 mutant to correct DNA heteroduplex is reduced in comparison with the wild-type strain. All these phenotypes are similar to ones caused by pms1, mlhl, and msh2 mutations. In contrast to these mutations, hsm3-1 increases the frequency of ade mutations induced by 6-HAP and UV light. Epistasis analysis of double mutants shows that the PMS1 and HSM3 genes control different mismatch repair systems. The HSM3 gene maps to the right arm of chromosome II, 25 cM distal to the HIS7 gene. Strains that bear a deleted open reading frame YBR272c have the genetic properties of the hsm3 mutant. The HSM3 product shows weak similarity to predicted products of the yeast MSH genes (homologs of the Escherichia coli mutS gene). The HSM3 gene may be a member of the yeast MutS homolog family, but its function in DNA metabolism differs from the functions of other yeast MutS homologs.
Adaptive Mutation: Has the Unicorn Landed?
Authors: Foster Patricia L 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Reversion of an episomal Lac− allele during lactose selection has been studied as a model for adaptive mutation. Although recent results show that the mutations that arise during selection are not “adaptive” in the original sense, the mutagenic mechanism that produces these mutations may nonetheless be of evolutionary significance. In addition, a transient mutational state induced in a subpopulation of starving cells could provide a species with a mechanism for adaptive evolution.
DNA Polymerase Fidelity: From Genetics Toward a Biochemical Understanding
Authors: Goodman Myron F , Fygenson D Kuchnir 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This review summarizes mutagenesis studies, emphasizing the use of bacteriophage T4 mutator and antimutator strains. Early genetic studies on T4 identified mutator and antimutator variants of DNA polymerase that, in turn, stimulated the development of model systems for the study of DNA polymerase fidelity in vitro. Later enzymatic studies using purified T4 mutator and antimutator polymerases were essential in elucidating mechanisms of base selection and exonuclease proofreading. In both cases, the base analogue 2-aminopurine (2AP) proved tremendously useful—first as a mutagen in vivo and then as a probe of DNA polymerase fidelity in vitro. Investigations into mechanisms of DNA polymerase fidelity inspired theoretical models that, in turn, called for kinetic and thermodynamic analyses. Thus, the field of DNA synthesis fidelity has grown from many directions: genetics, enzymology, kinetics, physical biochemistry, and thermodynamics, and today the interplay continues. The relative contributions of hydrogen bonding and base stacking to the accuracy of DNA synthesis are beginning to be deciphered. For the future, the main challenges lie in understanding the origins of mutational hot and cold spots.
Regulation of Phosphate Assimilation in Rhizobium (Sinorhizobium) meliloti
Authors: Bardin Sylvie D , Finan Turlough M 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We report the isolation of phoB and phoU mutants of the bacterium Rhizobium (Sinorhizobium) meliloti. These mutants form N2-fixing nodules on the roots of alfalfa plants. R. meliloti mutants defective in the phoCDET (ndvF) encoded phosphate transport system grow slowly in media containing 2 mm Pi, and form nodules which fail to fix nitrogen (Fix−). We show that the transfer of phoB or phoU insertion mutations into phoC mutant strains restores the ability of these mutants to: (i) form normal N2-fixing root-nodules, and (ii) grow like the wild type in media containing 2 mm Pi. We also show that expression of the alternate orfA pit encoded Pi transport system is negatively regulated by the phoB gene product, whereas phoB is required for phoCDET expression. We suggest that in R. meliloti cells growing under Pi limiting conditions, PhoB protein activates phoCDET transcription and represses orfA pit transcription. Our results suggest that there are major differences between the Escherichia coli and R. meliloti phosphate regulatory systems.