bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prediction of COPD risk accounting for time-varying smoking exposures
Authors: Chang Joanne T. , Meza Rafael , Levy David T. , Arenberg Douglas , Jeon Jihyoun 
Published: March 2021

RationaleChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States. Studies have primarily assessed the relationship between smoking on COPD risk focusing on summary measures, like smoking status.ObjectiveDevelop a COPD risk prediction model incorporating individual time-varying smoking exposures.MethodsThe Nurses’ Health Study (N = 86,711) and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (N = 39,817) data was used to develop a COPD risk prediction model. Data was randomly split in 50–50 samples for model building and validation. Cox regression with time-varying covariates was used to assess the association between smoking duration, intensity and year-since-quit and self-reported COPD diagnosis incidence. We evaluated the model calibration as well as discriminatory accuracy via the Area Under the receiver operating characteristic Curve (AUC). We computed 6-year risk of COPD incidence given various individual smoking scenarios.ResultsSmoking duration, year-since-quit (if former smokers), sex, and interaction of sex and smoking duration are significantly associated with the incidence of diagnosed COPD. The model that incorporated time-varying smoking variables yielded higher AUCs compared to models using only pack-years. The AUCs for the model were 0.80 (95% CI: 0.74–0.86) and 0.73 (95% CI: 0.70–0.77) for males and females, respectively.ConclusionsUtilizing detailed smoking pattern information, the model predicts COPD risk with better accuracy than models based on only smoking summary measures. It might serve as a tool for early detection programs by identifying individuals at high-risk for COPD.
Investigation of the spectroelectrochemical behavior of quercetin isolated from Zanthoxylum bungeanum
Authors: Wang Jun , Liu Linxiang , Jiang Jianwei 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Flavonoids are common bioactive components in plants. Quercetin is the most abundant flavonoid in the human diet, accounting for more than half of the total daily consumption of flavonoids. In this study, adsorption and electrocatalytic activities of quercetin isolated from Zanthoxylum bungeanum on an electrode was studied via homemade electrodes. An in situ UV-Visible thin-layer spectroelectrochemical method was used to study the electrochemical behavior of quercetin in detail and to explore its electrochemical reaction mechanism. This experiment proves that UV-Vis thin-layer spectroelectrochemistry is a feasible way for studying the electrochemical reaction mechanism of flavonoids in plants.
The impact of quarantine on Covid-19 infections
Authors: Marshall Pablo 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objectives: Coronavirushas had profound effects on people’s lives and the economy of many countries, generating controversy between the need to establish quarantines and other social distancing measures to protect people’s health and the need to reactivate the economy. This study proposes and applies a modification of the SIR infection model to describe the evolution of coronavirus infections and to measure the effect of quarantine on the number of people infected.

Methods: Two hypotheses, not necessarily mutually exclusive, are proposed for the impact of quarantines. According to the first hypothesis, quarantine reduces the infection rate, delaying new infections over time without modifying the total number of people infected at the end of the wave. The second hypothesis establishes that quarantine reduces the population infected in the wave. The two hypotheses are tested with data for a sample of 10 districts in Santiago, Chile.

Results: The results of applying the methodology show that the proposed model describes well the evolution of infections at the district level. The data shows evidence in favor of the first hypothesis, quarantine reduces the infection rate; and not in favor of the second hypothesis, that quarantine reduces the population infected. Districts of higher socio-economic levels have a lower infection rate, and quarantine is more effective.

Conclusions: Quarantine, in most districts, does not reduce the total number of people infected in the wave; it only reduces the rate at which they are infected. The reduction in the infection rate avoids peaks that may collapse the health system.
Integrating additional knowledge into the estimation of graphical models
Authors: Bu Yunqi , Lederer Johannes 
Published: March 2021

AbstractGraphical models such as brain connectomes derived from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data are considered a prime gateway to understanding network-type processes. We show, however, that standard methods for graphical modeling can fail to provide accurate graph recovery even with optimal tuning and large sample sizes. We attempt to solve this problem by leveraging information that is often readily available in practice but neglected, such as the spatial positions of the measurements. This information is incorporated into the tuning parameter of neighborhood selection, for example, in the form of pairwise distances. Our approach is computationally convenient and efficient, carries a clear Bayesian interpretation, and improves standard methods in terms of statistical stability. Applied to data about Alzheimer’s disease, our approach allows us to highlight the central role of lobes in the connectivity structure of the brain and to identify an increased connectivity within the cerebellum for Alzheimer’s patients compared to other subjects.
Evaluation of wound healing potential of Bhallatakadi Ghrita – cow ghee based polyherbal formulation: in-vivo excision and incision wound model
Authors: Wayal Sandesh R. , Gurav Shailendra S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objectives

Ghee is widely considered as the Indian name for clarified butterfat and processing of ghee with therapeutic herbs i.e., ghrita is renowned for augmenting their medicinal properties. The wound is considered as a challenging clinical problem with early and late complications. To reduce the burden of wounds with the shortest period and minimum scaring, an attempt was made to prepare and evaluate the wound healing potential of ghee based polyherbal formulation.

Methods
Based on local ethnic tribal claims, Semecarpus anacardium L., Argemone mexicana L., Cocculus hirsutus L., and Woodfordia fruticosa K. were collected from Western Ghats of India. The polyherbal Bhallatakadi Ghrita (BG) formulation was prepared as per Ayurvedic procedure and assessed for its wound healing potential using incision and excision wound animal models.

Results
BG treated group showed a complete contraction of wounds (99.82 ± 0.10%) (p<0.001) with 15.17 ± 0.40 days re-epithelization time and breaking strength (531.50 ± 5.89) (p<0.05). The hydroxyproline content of BG was found to be significantly higher i.e., 4.23 ± 0.21 (p<0.05). Quantitative estimation of BG exhibited 54.7 ± 3.7 mg100 g−1 of polyphenols and 42.3 ± 5.4 mg.100 g−1 flavonoids in terms of gallic acid and quercetin respectively. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of gallic acid and quercetin whereas the presence of fatty acids was confirmed by GC-MS analysis.

Conclusions
It may conclude that the presence of quercetin, gallic acid, and fatty acids could have accelerated the healing rate of the ghrita formulation, as they have already been known for their potential wound healing properties.
Hume’s Thoroughly Relationist Ontology of Time
Authors: Slavov Matias 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
I argue that Hume’s philosophy of time is relationist in the following two senses. 1) Standard definition of relationism. Time is a succession of indivisible moments. Hence there is no time independent of change. Time is a relational, not substantial feature of the world. 2) Rigid relationism. There is no evidence of uniform natural standard for synchronization of clocks. No absolute temporal metric is available. There are countless times, and no time is privileged. Combining 1) and 2) shows that Hume’s ontology of time is thoroughly relationist.
Crystal structure of 2, 3-bis((4-methylbenzoyl)oxy) succinic acid–N, N-dimethylformamide (1/1), C23H25NO9
Authors: Zhang Xianping , Feng Sisi , Lu Liping 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
C23H25NO9, orthorhombic, P21212 (no. 18), a = 15.8641(6) Å, b = 11.1230(4) Å, c = 13.0925(5) Å, V = 2310.26(15) Å3, Z = 4, R

gt
(F) = 0.0372, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.0883, T = 298 K.
Granisetron vs. lidocaine injection to trigger points in the management of myofascial pain syndrome: a double-blind randomized clinical trial
Authors: Rezasoltani Zahra , Ehyaie Hanna , Mofrad Reza Kazempour , Vashaei Fatemeh , Mohtasham Reza , Najafi Sharif 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Granisetron and lidocaine injections have been used for the management of myofascial pain syndrome. This study was aimed to compare the efficacy of granisetron and lidocaine injections to trigger points of upper trapezius in the management of myofascial pain syndrome.

Methods
We performed a double-blind randomized clinical trial in an outpatient clinic of physical medicine and rehabilitation at a teaching hospital. A total of 40 patients aged ≥18 with neck pain due to myofascial pain syndrome were included. They had pain for at least one month with the intensity of at least 30 mm on a 100 mm visual analog scale. Each participant received a single dose of 1 mL lidocaine 2% or 1 mg (in 1 mL) granisetron. The solutions were injected into a maximum of three trigger points of the upper trapezius. We instructed all patients to remain active while avoiding strenuous activity for three or four days, and to perform stretch exercise and massage of their upper trapezius muscles. We assessed the patients before the interventions, and one month and three months post-injection. The primary outcome was the Neck Disability Index and the secondary outcome was the Neck Pain and Disability Scale.

Results
Both interventions were successful in reducing neck pain and disability (all p-values <0.001). However, the neck pain and disability responded more favorably to lidocaine than granisetron (p=0.001 for Neck Disability Index, and p=0.006 for Neck Pain and Disability Scale). No significant side-effect was recognized for both groups.

Conclusions
Both lidocaine and granisetron injections to trigger points are effective and safe for the management of the syndrome and the benefits remain at least for three months. However, lidocaine is more effective in reducing pain and disability. The injections are well-tolerated, although a transient pain at the site of injections is a common complaint. One mL of lidocaine 2% is more effective than 1 mg (in 1 mL) granisetron for injecting into the trigger points of the upper trapezius in myofascial pain syndrome.
The Social Background of Prussian Inventors and Entrepreneurs during the First Industrial Revolution
Authors: Donges Alexander , Selgert Felix 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we study the social background of Prussian inventors in the mid-19th century, using biographical information for over 1,500 individuals that filed a patent in Prussia. There are four major findings. First, there is evidence for broadly based inventive activity, including a large number of inventors from middle- and lower-class backgrounds. Second, concerning the role of human capital, we argue that a combination of formal and informal education was crucial for the generation of innovation, though the importance of formal education increased over time. Third, we provide evidence that inventive activity fostered social mobility. Many inventors founded companies after they had filed a patent, suggesting that they could exploit their inventions commercially. Fourth, we show that inventors were highly mobile. Inventors migrated to the commercial centers of Prussia, in particular to Berlin and to the booming cities of the Rhine Province. In this regard, migration of highly skilled individuals may provide an explanation for the strong path-dependency that we observe when studying the geography of innovation and patenting.
Innovationsmotor Medientechnik – Von der Schreibmaschine zur «Mittleren Datentechnik» bei der Siemag Feinmechanische Werke (1950 bis 1969)
Authors: Henrich-Franke Christian 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The second half of the 20th century is commonly considered to be a time in which German companies lost their innovative strength, while promising new technologies presented an enormous potential for innovation in the US. The fact that German companies were quite successful in the production of medium data technology and had considerable influence on the development of electronic data processing was neglected by business and media historians alike until now. The article analyses the Siemag Feinmechanische Werke (Eiserfeld) as one of the most important producers of the predecessors to said medium data technologies in the 1950s and 1960s. Two transformation processes regarding the media – from mechanic to semiconductor and from semiconductor to all-electronic technology – are highlighted in particular. It poses the question of how and why a middling family enterprise such as Siemag was able to rise to being the leading provider for medium data processing office computers despite lacking expertise in the field of electrical engineering while also facing difficult location conditions. The article shows that Siemag successfully turned from its roots in heavy industry towards the production of innovative high technology devices. This development stems from the company’s strategic decisions. As long as their products were not mass-produced, a medium-sized family business like Siemag could hold its own on the market through clever decision-making which relied on flexible specialization, targeted license and patent cooperation as well as innovative products, even in the face of adverse conditions. Only in the second half of the 1960s, as profit margins dropped due to increasing sales figures and office machines had finally transformed into office computers, Siemag was forced to enter cooperation with Philips in order to broaden its spectrum and merge the production site in Eiserfeld into a larger business complex.
Unternehmen und medialer Wandel – Skizze eines Forschungsfelds
Authors: Gehlen Boris , Henrich-Franke Christian 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This article takes up recent approaches in media studies and asks to what extent they can provide impulses for business history. Especially since the beginning of digitalization, individual media have merged into complex media ensembles. Media are therefore increasingly understood as conditions of cooperation and interaction between people, i. e. as socio-technical systems. Picking up on this, the article offers some preliminary thoughts on how this concept of media can be used for future research in business history.
Investigating the Impact of Reducing the Cementitious Content in Bridge Deck Concrete
Authors: Jones Casey , LeBow Caleb , Micah Hale W. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
For this research, bridge deck concrete mixtures were investigated in order to lower the required cementitious content while maintaining prescriptive specifications. Cementitious contents of 362, 335, and 307 kg/m3 in conjunction with water-to-cementitious materials ratios of 0.40, 0.44, and 0.50 and fly ash levels of 0, 20, and 30 % were studied. Mixtures were tested for workability, entrained air, drying shrinkage, and the ability to maintain a 28 MPa compressive strength requirement. The compressive strength requirement was met by each mixture investigated and drying shrinkage was reduced as the cementitious content was lowered. A coarse limestone aggregate was used for the majority of this research; however, a smaller investigation indicated that sandstone and river gravel aggregates impacted compressive strength, drying shrinkage, and the static modulus of elasticity. Therefore, aggregate type should be investigated prior to use in reduced cementitious content bridge deck mixtures. Durability testing (such as permeability and freeze/thaw) should also be conducted prior to altering the prescribed cementitious content in concrete mixtures.
Experimental Study on the Influence of Fast Cooling on the Mechanical Properties of Heated Granite
Authors: Li Xiang , Zhang Zhuoyao , Yin Tubing , Tao Ming , Li Xibing , Wang Yan , Chen Wei 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Fast-cooling treatments are performed on heated granite specimens to induce thermal shock (TS), whereby the effect of TS on the physical and mechanical properties of granite is investigated through laboratory tests. Air-cooling and water-cooling methods are used to render different temperature changing rates in the TS process. Uniaxial compressive strength, tensile strength, and fracture toughness of the rock specimens are obtained in the laboratory tests. The aggravation of damage at higher temperature changing rates in the TS process is reflected in the test results. Through scanning electron microscopy, two typical fracture patterns reflecting the action of TS are observed in the specimens heated at temperatures higher than 200°C, which indicates that the TS effect has been successfully triggered. Based on the laboratory data and microscopic observations, the acting mechanisms of TS are discussed and corresponding mechanical behaviors are explained.
Analysis of Studentâ€™s Difficulties in Solving Physics Problem: Impulse and Momentum Topics
Authors: Adianto Tri , Rusli Muhammad Aqil 
Published: March 2021

Physics education essentially intends to cultivate studentâ€™s analytical and reasoning capabilities. However, this objective is hard to achieve because there are many students who facing difficulties in solving physics problems. This research was conducted to identify the types of studentâ€™s difficulties in solving momentum and impulse problems, along with the factors causing it. This research was conducted using a descriptive qualitative approach to 66 students of Senior High School 2 Makassar who had studied momentum and impulse topics. The data collection process was carried out using test and interviews. Based on the results, it can be identified that there are two types of studentâ€™s difficulties in solving momentum and impulse problems. The first type was physical difficulties which consisted of studentâ€™s difficulty in understanding the questions (26%) and studentâ€™s difficulty in determining the useable equations (25%). Then, the second type was mathematical difficulties which consisted of studentâ€™s difficulty in substituting the data to the equation (63%) and studentâ€™s difficulty in performing mathematical operations (76%). Based on interviews and analysis, it can be concluded that these difficulties was commonly faced by students while solving physics problems, including in momentum and impulse topic. Futhermore, the difiiculties were caused by several factors, namely: 1) the lack of studentâ€™s understanding about physics concepts, 2) the weakness of studentâ€™s mathematical skills, 3) the lack of physics learning process which is not honing studentâ€™s problem-solving skills and 4) the lack of studentâ€™s motivation on developing their problems solving skills in physics subjects. Thus, researchers recommend to all physics teachers in Indonesia to immediately develop or implement learning strategies or methods which are considered capable of overcome all studentâ€™s difficulties that have been found.
Analyzing the early structural build-up of accelerated cement pastes
Authors: Dorn Tobias , Hirsch Tamino , Stephan Dietmar 
Published: March 2021

AbstractExtrusion-based additive manufacturing imposes high requirements on the material stability right after the extrusion. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the chemical reactions that determine the early reduction in processability is necessary. Accelerators are especially considered here, which have a major influence on the early reaction. This study contributes to these issues by analyzing the influence of 0.1 wt% TEA (triethanolamine) and 2.0 wt% Ca(NO3)2 on the hydration of two CEM I 52.5 R. The hydration was analyzed by isothermal heat flow calorimetry and in-situ X-ray diffraction. Vicat needle penetration, a penetrometer of own design, and ultrasonic P-wave velocity development were used to monitor the early change in workability. The obtained results indicate that ettringite formation is the main factor influencing workability during the first 60 min of hydration. Afterwards, the influence of ettringite is exceeded by the formation of C–S–H. Ca(NO3)2 was shown to enhance C–S–H formation and had no significant effect on the workability during the first 60 min of hydration while rapidly decreasing workability during the induction period. TEA was shown to increase brownmillerite dissolution and ettringite formation and, consequently, promote the workability loss during the initial hydration period. The time of initial and final setting determined by the Vicat needle test depended mainly on the formation of C–S–H phases.
BP in Young Adults with CKD and Associations with Cardiovascular Events and Decline in Kidney Function
Authors: Kula Alexander J. , Prince David K. , Flynn Joseph T. , Bansal Nisha 
Published: March 2021

Significance Statement
Although young adults (aged 18–40 years) with CKD are at risk for poor cardiovascular and renal outcomes, with hypertension an important and potentially modifiable risk factor, they are largely absent from observational studies and clinical trials of BP in patients with CKD. To address this knowledge gap, this observational study provides a description of BP and its relation to outcomes specifically in young adults with CKD. It demonstrates that among young adults with CKD, higher BP is associated with cardiovascular events (particularly heart failure) and CKD progression. The study’s findings may provide a foundation for future work to develop best practices for BP management in young adults with CKD and improve outcomes.

Background
BP is an important modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular events and CKD progression in middle-aged or older adults with CKD. However, studies describing the relationship between BP with outcomes in young adults with CKD are limited.

Methods
In an observational study, we focused on 317 young adults (aged 21–40 years) with mild to moderate CKD enrolled in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study. Exposures included baseline systolic BP evaluated continuously (per 10 mm Hg increase) and in categories (<120, 120–129, and ≥130 mm Hg). Primary outcomes included cardiovascular events (heart failure, myocardial infarction, stroke, or all-cause death) and CKD progression (50% decline of eGFR or ESKD). We used Cox proportional hazard models to test associations between baseline systolic BP with cardiovascular events and CKD progression.

Results
Cardiovascular events occurred in 52 participants and 161 had CKD progression during median follow-up times of 11.3 years and 4.1 years, respectively. Among those with baseline systolic BP ≥130 mm Hg, 3%/yr developed heart failure, 20%/yr had CKD progression, and 2%/yr died. In fully adjusted models, baseline systolic BP ≥130 mm Hg (versus systolic BP<120 mm Hg) was significantly associated with cardiovascular events or death (hazard ratio [HR], 2.13; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.05 to 4.32) and CKD progression (HR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.10 to 2.58).

Conclusions
Among young adults with CKD, higher systolic BP is significantly associated with a greater risk of cardiovascular events and CKD progression. Trials of BP management are needed to test targets and treatment strategies specifically in young adults with CKD.