bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increase your Brainability—and Reduce your Risk of Dementia
Authors: Alessi Charles , Chambers Larry W. , Gray Muir 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Our experience is that many people including many members of the medical profession are confused about what happens to our brains and minds as we live longer. Consistently, they overestimate the effects of ageing and underestimate the potential for improving the ability of the brain and the mind no matter what age you may be. Linked to this is the fact that, although Alzheimer’s disease cannot be prevented, the risk of dementia can be reduced by at least a third because there are many other causes of dementia than Alzheimer’s disease having to do with healthy brain tissue, blood supply to the brain and ability to interact with people and ideas. With this knowledge, we outline steps individuals can take themselves, with family and friends, their community and the health service to improve brain health.
The Future of Brainability
Authors: Alessi Charles , Chambers Larry W. , Gray Muir 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Individuals have to live in society and it is society that creates the environment, both social and physical, which influences many of the decisions that individuals make. Perhaps the strongest message is the influence of others in a world in which the number of people aged over 65 will outnumber the number of people aged five or under for the first time. Our environment is changing and the digital revolution, which includes imaginative use of artificial intelligence, is leading us all to question the way we do things. Social isolation will be avoided through use of mobile phones and beyond, thus reducing this significant risk factor for dementia. This will ensure people remain connected with their environment and community to help us all to be more resilient. Even work is a very positive factor here—some of us say we should never retire. As we develop our understanding of what increases our Brainability, this will help us move to a new world of productive healthy ageing and change the image some of us have around old age.
Crafting Words and Sentences
Authors: Nolan Deborah , Stoudt Sara 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides general advice for strengthening science writing. This advice includes how to trim phrases, write in a straightforward manner, and use an active voice and concrete nouns. Additionally, the chapter examines how to write from a higher level by, e.g., balancing between specific information and general statements, and smoothly transitioning between paragraphs and sections to improve the reading experience and provide a road map for the reader. Finally, also provided is a list of common grammatical errors to watch out for.
The Stock Market Game in Post-war Britain
Authors: Heinemann Kieran 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
After World War II, the financial sector took a back seat in Britain’s political economy and Labour’s nationalization programme initially wiped out significant areas of investment. In the post-war decades it was common for politicians of all parties to attack stock market operators as harmful gamblers. This anti-finance rhetoric has obscured our view of retail investment in those years in the way that it became almost invisible from public debate—and a historiography—that was dominated by nationalized industries, Keynesian demand management, and the welfare state. If anything, contemporaries were and scholars have been preoccupied with the ‘Cult of Equity’, the rapid growth of institutional investment at that time. While more private individuals ventured into the stock market—there were approximately 3 million direct shareholders by the early 1960s—their share of listed equity was declining. Hence, the small investor’s comeback went unnoticed in comparison with the shift of pension funds and life insurance companies from bonds into equities once markets had recovered by the mid-1950s. Investors small and large made and lost fortunes in two unprecedented boom markets while the burgeoning climate of affluence and permissiveness loosened traditional reservation against financial securities. More and more middle-class Britons not only invested in equities as a means of retirement planning, but also discovered the stock market as a hobby that offered thrills of risk and reward similar to gambling.
The Financial Press and the Investing Public
Authors: Heinemann Kieran 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
For centuries, Britain has had a financial media landscape unrivalled in Europe with newspapers like the Financial Times or The Economist traditionally keeping business professionals up to date about market developments. But by the early twentieth century, punters could get the latest prices and market-moving stories from tabloids like the Daily Express and the Daily Mail. By 1960, even the working-class Daily Mirror had a designated City page—right next to the racing coverage—and gave investment advice to people of modest means. This chapter takes a fresh look at the financial press as the main source of information for private investors of different social backgrounds. When seeking to explain why economic liberalism became fashionable again in Britain during the 1970s, we must consider that for more than two decades, millions of newspaper readers had been increasingly exposed to the asserted benefits of free-market capitalism and were actively encouraged to take part in the market. Recent studies on the history of neoliberalism state that financial journalism became an important amplifier for the Thatcherite language of profits in the 1980s. This chapter argues that this misses the point and shows instead how Britain’s financial press was not an echo chamber of Westminster politics—it set the tone of the wider share ownership agenda. The newspaper columns of the Financial Times and the Daily Telegraph or the market populism of The Express , The Mail , and The Mirror played a crucial part in shifting British public opinion in favour of free-market capitalism.
Conclusion
Authors: Heinemann Kieran 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic in February 2020 led to a spectacular comeback of retail investing in global equity markets. Lockdowns forced millions of people to stay at home, and the suspension of the online sports gambling spirit enticed a new generation of ‘have-a-go investors’ to seek their luck and thrills in the stock market. Financial observers across the board expected the breathtaking surge in retail investing to be a lasting trend and to pose regulatory challenges to the market infrastructure for years to come. The retail stock market frenzy of 2020 and 2021 sparked debates over the place of the ‘amateur’ in the market, the role of social media, and the ‘gamification of investing’. These debates offer an opportunity to hold up a sharp and topical mirror to the historical findings of this book, which in turn may inform future debates about the meaning of retail investing.
Powering the economy
Authors: Abbott Malcolm , Cohen Bruce 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this chapter the reform processes relating to the electricity and natural gas markets are examined, beginning with the changes that occurred in the early 1990s and tracking through the first two decades of the new century. In doing so, the influence of international trends are considered, and the various benefits and problems associated with the reform process are discussed in detail. In addition to looking at the structural and ownership changes that occurred during this period, specific attention is given to the manner in which prices for monopoly assets were determined, changes in regulation of electricity pricing for retail customers and the impact of the measures used to promote renewable energy. Related to these various reforms has been the problems that have arisen from the need to ensure security of supply. Additional attention, therefore, is given to an examination of these issues, including the pros and cons of establishing a domestic gas reserve policy.
The hardest reform of all
Authors: Abbott Malcolm , Cohen Bruce 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an examination of the reasons for the continued government ownership of service provision in the water and wastewater services industry. In doing so it assesses the monopoly and the environment- and rural-related reasons for the slower reform of this sector compared to the others in the utilities sector. This chapter also provides a discussion of the types of reforms that have taken place in this industry in the absence of privatization. These reforms include such tings as the merger of various water authorities, the corporatization of government business enterprises, the introduction of more commercially orientated water prices, and increased use of non-surface sources of water.
Conclusion
Authors: Abbott Malcolm , Cohen Bruce 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The final chapter provides a summing up of the book along with some speculation about the future development in this sector. In doing so it provides a description of some of the main issues that have arisen in the process of reform of the utilities sector. The chapter also raises a number of issues that need to be addressed looking forward, including the escalation in prices of many utilities services, environmental impacts, as well as the problems associated with economic regulation. Finally, this chapter reflects upon the manner in which reform of Australia’s utilities industries has taken place over the past three decades, and the implications this process may have for policy development and future reform more generally.
Applications
Authors: Ferguson Rex 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter Four asks what happens when the physical markers of identity are rendered in the language of digital code. In the contemporary moment, fingerprints and DNA profiles are stored and matched through networked databases rather than paper records, while iris scans and facial recognition technology have produced radically new modes of reading identity in the body. This digitization of identification is accentuated still further when the more mundane means of identifying oneself in the contemporary period (through the use of credit cards or in ‘checking in’ to a workplace) are considered. Taking place within an essentially surveillant contemporary culture, these validations of identity create a retrievable record of one’s movements and activities and place the citizen’s body in the ‘non-place’ of networked databases in which a direct checking of what Haggerty and Ericson describe as ‘data doubles’ takes place. As with Chapter Three, much of the significance that is attached to this development in recent identificatory practice will be developed via Powers’s The Gold Bug Variations. This explication will cede into a more thorough analysis of Don DeLillo’s White Noise (1984) and Cosmopolis (2003) and Jennifer Egan’s Look at Me (2001). While DeLillo’s earlier text represents some of the archetypal modes of contemporary surveillance, both Cosmopolis and Look at Me depict a complete internalization of its logic. Thus, just as DeLillo and Egan’s central characters voluntarily place themselves under surveillant monitoring, so too their representation as, in effect, data doubles requires a decidedly anti-realist form of narration.
Diasporic Poetics
Authors: Yu Timothy 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This book advances a new concept of the “Asian diaspora” that creates links between Asian American, Asian Canadian, and Asian Australian identities. Drawing from comparable studies of the black diaspora, it traces the histories of colonialism, immigration, and exclusion shared by these three populations. The work of Asian poets in each of these three countries offers a rich terrain for understanding how Asian identities emerge at the intersection of national and transnational flows, with the poets’ thematic and formal choices reflecting the varied pressures of social and cultural histories, as well as the influence of Asian writers in other national locations. Diasporic Poetics argues that racialized and nationally bounded “Asian” identities often emerge from transnational political solidarities, from Third World struggles against colonialism to the global influence of the American civil rights movement. Indeed, I show that Asian writers disclaim national belonging as often as they claim it, placing Asian diasporic writers at a critical distance from the national spaces within which they write. As the first full-length study to compare Asian American, Asian Canadian, and Asian Australian writers, the book offers the historical and cultural contexts necessary to understand the distinctive development of Asian writing in each country, while also offering close analysis of the work of writers such as Janice Mirikitani, Fred Wah, Ouyang Yu, Myung Mi Kim, and Cathy Park Hong.
Introduction
Authors: Yu Timothy 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In the twenty-first century, Asian American studies has turned increasingly toward diasporic and transnational frameworks, even as some scholars have raised concerns about the loss of an Asian American identity and politics grounded in cultural nationalism. Drawing in part on the work of Paul Gilroy, I propose a new theory of “Asian diaspora” in which “Asian” identity emerges from a dialectic of national and transnational forces. Since the 1970s, this category of Asian identification has circulated among the United States, Canada, and Australia, white settler colonies with histories of Asian immigration and exclusion. The work of Asian poets in these locations registers, in content and form, the history of diaspora that gives rise to Asian identity.
Waiting for Asian Canada
Authors: Yu Timothy 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
While the scholarly narrative of Asian Canadian identity is often one of belatedness with regard to its American counterpart, the poetry of Fred Wah reveals a dynamic, diasporic context for Asian Canadian expression. While Wah’s poetry has often been read through its American avant-garde influences, his work from the mid-1980s onward focuses increasingly on biography under the influence of Asian Canadian activism. Wah’s book Waiting For Saskatchewan stitches together the techniques of American avant-garde poetry with Japanese poetic forms and the theme of diasporic return to China, creating a pan-ethnic, transnational aesthetic that is in conversation with Asian American models but distinct from its Canadian context.
Equity before International Courts and Tribunals
Authors: Titi Catharine 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Equity first made its way in international decision-making through claims commissions and early arbitration tribunals, whereupon it started to be incorporated in the jurisprudence of international courts. Today, equity in international law is often associated with ICJ judgments, especially those involving maritime boundary delimitation. Recourse to equitable considerations in this field evolved over time, hardening into something very much approximating a method of equitable delimitation. However, iconic a status though the treatment of equity in the delimitation of maritime boundaries may have reached, equity is relevant to all of international law. In effect, some of the most interesting applications of equity have been made by interstate tribunals deciding other types of disputes. The chapter reviews ‘classic’ pronouncements on equity by international courts and tribunals and documents this jurisprudential history that conditions how we perceive equity in international law.
Power to Resort to Equity
Authors: Titi Catharine 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The chapter documents the complex relationship between, on the one hand, equity and international law and, on the other, principles and rules, and it discusses equity as a source of international law. The thrust of its argument is that equity is a source of international law, which means that international adjudicators have the power to apply it. While conceding that the felicitous conjunction of law and equity presents a formidable challenge, the chapter suggests that equity can only be conceived as forming part of the law. After discussing equity embedded in conventional law, the chapter turns to customary international law, general principles of law, and general principles of international law. It puts forward the argument that equity is a general principle of international law of a customary law nature, having mutated from a general principle of law through its repeated use at the international level.
Balance in Epistemology
Authors: Schroeder Mark 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 takes up the problem of sufficiency for the idea that reasons come first among normative concepts in epistemology. Seven puzzles about the sufficiency of evidence are presented, each of which lays out difficulties in accounting for what amount or strength of evidence is enough in order to render a belief rational. The two-stage strategy is introduced as a way of treating several of these puzzles, by showing that what they affect is not which beliefs are rational qua belief, but instead the prior question of whether to deliberate about what to believe. But the two-stage strategy is argued to be limited, and not to solve several of the remaining puzzles. In contrast, the simple idea that there are non-evidential epistemic reasons against belief is introduced as an alternative solution to most of the remaining puzzles.
Pragmatic Intellectualism
Authors: Schroeder Mark 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter 8 introduces and defends the default reliance account of the nature of binary belief and the resulting package of views about epistemic reasons—Pragmatic Intellectualism. According to the default reliance account, binary beliefs play the role of giving us something to rely on in reasoning by default—without need to engage in further reasoning about what to rely on. It is argued that the default reliance account predicts and explains the rational inertia of beliefs, and explains why both the risks of error and the availability of further evidence will count as epistemic reasons against belief. The resulting view, Pragmatic Intellectualism, is contrasted with other defenses of pragmatic encroachment in epistemology with respect to the role it grants to knowledge-action principles, the rational stability of belief, the principle of reflection, and pragmatic encroachment on confidence or degreed belief.
Doxastic Wrongs
Authors: Schroeder Mark 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter 9 extends the arguments of Chapter 8 by defending the view that we can wrong each other in virtue of what we believe about one another, and arguing that this is best and most conservatively explained by Pragmatic Intellectualism. It is argued that cases from Rima Basu, Simon Keller, Sarah Stroud, Tamar Gendler, and Berislav Marušić all involve doxastic wrongs. Though there are two prominent objections to the idea that beliefs can wrong, it is shown that Pragmatic Intellectualism offers answers to each of these objections. And finally it is argued that we have independent grounds to think that the best cases of doxastic wrongs are also among the very best cases for pragmatic encroachment, because of the way that the wrongs they involve are stable over time.
Reasons First?
Authors: Schroeder Mark 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter 12 summarizes and brings together the key lessons of the book. It contrasts the accounts developed in Parts II, III, and IV of the structure perceptual justification, the role of evidence, and the nature of knowledge with some of their prominent competitors. The chief morals of Part IV are combined with the chief morals of each of Parts II and III, and it is shown that the resulting combinations have strengths that go beyond the strengths of each package considered separately. And finally, morals are drawn for the ultimate prospects of the idea that reasons come first.
Data Subject Rights under the GDPR
Authors: Vrabec Helena U. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In 2018, the GDPR started a revolution in the data protection world. One of the most far-reaching developments of the new regulation was the chapter on data subject rights. Old rights were strengthened and extended, and several new rights were introduced. For data subjects who felt overwhelmed with the information overload, the GDPR meant a promise of more individual control over data. In combination with severe financial penalties, the revised rights brought the potential to become a vehicle of data protection law enforcement. However, there are still many uncertainties related to data subject rights due to the fact that the GDPR only recently entered into force. The Court of Justice of the EU and other EU governmental authorities have not yet had the time to provide thorough and updated guidance (although the court has been actively adjudicating on these individual rights ever since the GDPR was adopted). Not only is the lack of guidance a problem, the applicability of data subject rights is strongly influenced by the economic and social (data-driven) context. This book provides a thorough analysis of data subject rights under the new GDPR framework and their legal operation. The goal is to help individuals (lawyers and others) to navigate the subject area and/or possibly pursue claims. Its additional value is that it considers the rights in a big data environment and therefore more accurately points out inefficiencies and provides criticism where needed.
Data Portability as a Data Subject Right
Authors: Vrabec Helena U. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7 analyses the right to data portability set out in Article 20 of the GDPR. It first provides an overview of several commercial and regulatory initiatives that preceded the GDPR version of the right to personal data portability. Next, it explores the language of Article 20 to demonstrate the effects of the narrow scope of the right. The chapter then shows how data portability interacts with other data subject rights, particularly with the right to access and the right to be forgotten, before it describes manifestations of data portability in legal areas outside of the data protection law. Finally, the chapter explores the specific objective of the right to data portability under the GDPR as an enabler of data subjects’ control.
Introduction
Authors: Ó hAnnracháin Tadhg 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This is a book about the intersection between processes of mobility and religious identity and practice in Early Modern Ireland. The period between c.1580 and c.1685 was one of momentous importance in terms of the establishment of different confessional identities in the island, and processes of mobility played a key role in the development, articulation, and maintenance of separate religious communities. Part I of the book examines the dialectic between migration and religious adherence, paying particular attention to the transnational dimension of clerical formation which played a vital role in shaping the competing Catholic Church of Ireland and non-conformist clergies. Part II investigates how more quotidian practices of mobility such as pilgrimage and interparochial communions helped to elaborate religious identities and the central role of figurative images of movement in structuring Christians’ understanding of their lives. The final chapters of the book analyze the extraordinary importance of migratory experience in shaping the lives and writings of the authors of key confessional identity texts. The book argues that migrants and exiles, hitherto underestimated or taken for granted, were of crucial significance in forging the self-understanding of the different religious communities of the island.