bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving antibiotic prescribing for community-acquired pneumonia in a provincial hospital in Northern Vietnam
Authors: Do Nga T T , Li Ryan , Dinh Huong T T , Nguyen Huong T L , Dao Minh Q , Nghiem Trang N M , Nadjm Behzad , Luong Khue N , Cao Thai H , Le Dung T K , Cluzeau Francoise , Ngo Chau Q , Chu Hanh T , Vu Dat Q , van Doorn H Rogier , Roberts C Michael 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To test the effectiveness of a quality improvement programme to promote adherence to national quality standards (QS) for patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), exploring the factors that hindered improvements in clinical practice.

Methods
An improvement bundle aligned to the QS was deployed using plan-do-study-act methodology in a 600 bed hospital in northern Vietnam from July 2018 to April 2019. Proposed care improvements included CURB65 score guided hospitalization, timely diagnosis and inpatient antibiotic treatment review to limit the spectrum and duration of IV antibiotic use. Interviews with medical staff were conducted to better understand the barriers for QS implementation.

Results
The study found that improvements were made in CURB65 score documentation and radiology results available within 4 h (P &lt; 0.05). There were no significant changes in the other elements of the QS studied. We documented institutional barriers relating to the health reimbursement mechanism and staff cultural barriers relating to acceptance and belief as significant impediments to implementation of the standards.

Conclusions
Interventions led to some process changes, but these were not utilized by clinicians to improve patient management. Institutional and behavioural barriers documented may inhibit wider national uptake of the QS. National system changes with longer term support and investment to address local behavioural barriers are likely to be crucial for future improvements in the management of CAP, and potentially other hospitalized conditions, in Vietnam.
A visual representation of microbiological culture data improves comprehension: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Kim Eugene Y , Grossestreuer Anne V , Safran Charles , Nathanson Larry A , Horng Steven 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objective
While the judicious use of antibiotics takes past microbiological culture results into consideration, this data’s typical format in the electronic health record (EHR) may be unwieldy when incorporated into clinical decision-making. We hypothesize that a visual representation of sensitivities may aid in their comprehension.

Materials and Methods
A prospective parallel unblinded randomized controlled trial was undertaken at an academic urban tertiary care center. Providers managing emergency department (ED) patients receiving antibiotics and having previous culture sensitivity testing were included. Providers were randomly selected to use standard EHR functionality or a visual representation of patients’ past culture data as they answered questions about previous sensitivities. Concordance between provider responses and past cultures was assessed using the kappa statistic. Providers were surveyed about their decision-making and the usability of the tool using Likert scales.

Results
518 ED encounters were screened from 3/5/2018 to 9/30/18, with providers from 144 visits enrolled and analyzed in the intervention arm and 129 in the control arm. Providers using the visualization tool had a kappa of 0.69 (95% CI: 0.65–0.73) when asked about past culture results while the control group had a kappa of 0.16 (95% CI: 0.12–0.20). Providers using the tool expressed improved understanding of previous cultures and found the tool easy to use (P &lt; .001). Secondary outcomes showed no differences in prescribing practices.

Conclusion
A visual representation of culture sensitivities improves comprehension when compared to standard text-based representations.
Targeting Transients: The Strategic Logic for Terrorist Targeting of Internally Displaced Persons
Authors: Chapin Ellen 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe number of internally displaced persons (IDPs) around the world has risen to astronomical levels—approximately 33 million individuals were driven from their homes in 2019 alone. Yet, despite the history of violence which has been perpetrated against these IDPs, little research has been done to uncover the strategic logic for attacking these transient individuals. This paper seeks to fill that gap in the literature through the lens of the West African insurgency known as Boko Haram. While the group has been noted for its tendency to conduct suicide bombings, it has recently added IDP camps to its target profile, in a unique consistent and sustained effort against IDPs by a terrorist organization. In analyzing this case study, I ask: why do terrorist organizations target IDPs in the first place? Is there any existing theory of target selection which explains the targeting of IDP camps at high frequencies? Leveraging a unique dataset tracking all of Boko Haram's suicide bombings from April 2011 to August 2020, this article tests three theories of terrorist target selection to explain this phenomenon. First, it illustrates that theories of efficiency and casualty maximization cannot explain Boko Haram's IDP camp attacks, given the high rates of failure and low rates of casualties. Second, it shows that Boko Haram's targeting practices cannot be understood solely by ideology, as the group only makes religious decisions about who can be victimized, not who should. Instead, the article argues that signaling theory should be extended to target selection—specifically, that targeting of IDP camps can be viewed as part of a broader signaling campaign, which has motivated the group's overall use of suicide bombing. Such insight suggests that signaling theories may guide target selection over time for many terrorist organizations, to communicate that the local and international community are powerless and that the terrorist group cannot be defeated.
Meeting the complexity of plant nutrient metabolism with multi-omics approaches
Authors: Heyneke Elmien , Hoefgen Rainer 
Published: March 2021

This article comments on:Henriet C, Balliau T, Aime D, Le Signor C, Kreplak J, Zivy M, Gallardo K, Vernoud V. 2021. Proteomics of developing pea seeds reveals a complex antioxidant network underlying the response to sulfur deficiency and water stress. Journal of Experimental Botany 72, 2611–2626.
Standards and quantification of coin iconography: possibilities and challenges
Authors: Pavlek Barbara , Winters James , Morin Olivier 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The use of digital technologies and big data in the humanities and social sciences provided many opportunities for cultural heritage management and research, enabling data sharing and interdisciplinary collaborations. These developments increased the need for standardized data formats. General and domain-specific standards for describing and classifying cultural data, based on linked data principles, are developed to support increasingly numerous digital collections. However, the existing standards do not fully address the particular challenges concerning the standardized descriptions of images. Here we focus on ancient coins, an official image-bearing medium. We present current approaches to coin iconography, including the application of statistical measures to infer patterns in the use of images for communication. We discuss the importance of consistent, standardized data for quantitative research, and propose a generalized approach, focused on basic concepts and limiting the level of detail for the sake of simplicity, interoperability, and compatibility with statistical methods, as a necessary first step towards creating reliable iconographic standards.
Galactic orbital effects on pulsar timing
Authors: Heflin K , Lieu R 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTIn the currently accepted paradigm, dark matter is hypothesized as an explanation of the flat rotation curves of galaxies under the assumption of virialized orbits. The use of millisecond pulsar timing as a probe of Galactic dark matter content is explored as a means of relaxing this assumption. A method of inference of the Galactic potential using the frequency derivative $\dot{\nu }$ is produced, and an estimate for a virialized Galactic rotation curve is given through direct observation of acceleration. The data set used includes 210 pulsars with known $\dot{\nu }$ and astrometric properties, a subset of which also have measured $\ddot{\nu }$. In principle, this enables the exploration of kinematic effects, but in practice, $\ddot{\nu }$ values are found to be too imprecise at present to adequately constrain radial velocities of pulsars. Additionally, surface magnetic field strengths are inferred from $\dot{\nu }$ and the magnetic spin-down contribution to $\ddot{\nu }$ is estimated. For several pulsars, the radial velocity is known, and the kinematic contribution to $\ddot{\nu }$ is estimated accordingly. The binary orbital periods of PSR J1713+0747 and other binary pulsars are also used to constrain Galactic mass density models.
Thermal and non-thermal Sunyaev–Zel’dovich effect in the cavities of the galaxy cluster MS 0735.6+7421: the role of the thermal density in the cavity
Authors: Marchegiani P 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
The galaxy cluster MS 0735.6+7421 hosts two large X-ray cavities, filled with radio emission, where a decrease of the Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (SZ) effect has been detected, without establishing if its origin is thermal (from a gas with very high temperature) or non-thermal. In this paper, we study how thermal and non-thermal contributions to the SZ effect in the cavities are related; in fact, Coulomb interactions with the thermal gas modify the spectrum of low-energy non-thermal electrons, which dominate the non-thermal SZ effect; as a consequence, the intensity of the non-thermal SZ effect is stronger for lower density of the thermal gas inside the cavity. We calculate the non-thermal SZ effect in the cavities as a function of the thermal density, and compare the SZ effects produced by thermal and non-thermal components, and with the one from the external intracluster medium (ICM), searching for the best frequency range where it is possible to disentangle the different contributions. We find that for temperatures inside the cavities higher than ∼1500 keV the non-thermal SZ effect is expected to dominate on the thermal one, particularly at high frequencies (ν &gt; 500 GHz), where it can also be a non-negligible fraction of the SZ effect from the external ICM. We also discuss the possible sources of astrophysical bias (as kinetic SZ effect and foreground emission from Galactic dust) and possible ways to address them, as well as necessary improvements in the modelling of the properties of cavities and the ICM.
External Validation of the R2eD AVM Score to Predict the Likelihood of Rupture Presentation of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations
Authors: Bird William A , Hendrix Philipp , Bohan Christian , Goren Oded , Schirmer Clemens M , Griessenauer Christoph J 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
The R2eD AVM scoring system has been recently proposed to predict the risk of hemorrhagic presentation of brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs).

OBJECTIVE
To perform the first external validation of this R2eD AVM score.

METHODS
Over a retrospective 10-yr period from 2009 to 2019, 122 patients with brain AVMs fit the inclusion criteria. All components required to calculate the R2eD AVM score had to be available. Patient demographics and score calculations were recorded, as well as the circumstances of their presentation. Multivariable analysis was performed to assess predictors of rupture in the study cohort. Next, area under the receiver operating characteristics and linear-by-linear association were employed to assess the effectiveness of the models.

RESULTS
The mean age of the entire cohort was 45.2 yr, and 8% of patients were nonwhite. A total of 48 (39.3%) patients presented with AVM rupture. In univariable analysis, all 5 categories demonstrated P < .15 association with rupture risk. In multivariable analysis, race (nonwhite), size <3 cm, and exclusive deep venous drainage remained in the model with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.677. The utilization of the R2eD AVM score yielded an AUC of 0.711.

CONCLUSION
Even though mitigated by sample size, this study demonstrated acceptable external validity of the R2eD AVM score.
Finance and Japan
Authors: Katada Saori N. , Nemoto Yoichi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the rise of the Japanese government’s financial initiatives in East Asia and their global impact, with an emphasis on the importance of policy ideas, how these ideas change, and how institutions and policy networks filter new ideas. Japan’s approach to regional and global financial governance shifted due to the economic transformation of the region and related to rethinking, especially among the policymakers in the Ministry of Finance and the Bank of Japan, of the manner through which Japan should relate with the region on financial matters. The Asian Financial Crisis played a very important role in shifting the foundation of policy debates. The transformation of the Japanese government’s policymaking structure has also contributed to the shifting Japan’s policy priorities.
Paradigms of Healthcare Systems, Law, and Regulation
Authors: Santuari Alceste , Sage William 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses how the law creates and sustains healthcare systems. It considers six paradigm concepts which are important in the structures of healthcare systems and how the law seeks to support and encourage the effective provision of healthcare to relevant populations. These concepts are quality/accessibility; health citizenship and a “right to health”; individual liberty; market competition; economic productivity; and “health justice” and integrated social services. The chapter then discusses five structures for health system regulation, starting with the simplest: public provision of health services, publicly funded but privately supplied health services, self-regulating health professions, public–private partnerships, and nonprofit and charitable organizations. Finally, it compares European and American approaches to the geographical dimensions of health system law and regulation, discussing paradigms of federalism and localism.
The Trailer Ear
Authors: Deaville James 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Film audiences expect aural overplenitude when they experience a trailer soundtrack in the theatre. I call the normalization and (reluctant) acceptance of cinematic sonic excess the “trailer ear,” which this chapter explores in terms of trailer construction, exhibition, and perception. We will investigate how and why trailer loudness is highly valued by producers, the steps taken by the film industry to regulate it, the means mobilized by trailer houses to bypass the regulations, and the real and imagined damage to hearing caused by extreme dynamic levels in the cinema. As we explore these issues, we will more closely consider the TASA (Trailer Audio Standards Association) directives for trailer loudness, trailer playback levels on extra-cinematic devices, and the impact of Dolby Atmos technology on trailer listening.
A Movie for Speakers
Authors: Reinsch Paul N. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers a case study of the Queen-produced album Flash Gordon as a “unified soundtrack album.” The unified soundtrack album is defined as a release containing music associated with a film that also features dialogue and/or sound effects connected to the film. The album is heterogeneous in including a variety of sounds, autonomous in being able to provide story and mood without recourse to the film or a screen, and multi-authored in containing music, sound effects, and performances not created by Queen. Furthermore, Queen’s adaptation potentially improves on the experience of the film through its emphasis on music, its abridgment of the film, and its sonic presentation of the titular hero, whose film presence is marred by imprecise lip sync.
Sonic Elongation and Sonic Aporia
Authors: Rogers Holly 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on two of the most disruptive forms of soundscape composition and theorizes two related modes of audiovisual rupture. The first, sonic elongation, arises when source sounds from within the film’s world are broadened until they become unfamiliar. The process, which often draws these liberated sounds in musical textures, is fluid and can augment and intensify familiar modes of audiovisual engagement without breaking them. The second, sonic aporia, arises when real-world sounds (or sound effects) from beyond the film’s world are used to form a poetic or allegorical soundscape that does not assimilate with the images but sits alongside them. These often recognizable sounds undergo compositional transformation and yet their lack of a visual anchor, or, in some cases, their active opposition to what we see, leads our attention beyond the screen. Here, the different forms of audiovisual attention engendered by these contrasting compositional strategies is investigated in terms of attentive listening and multimodal rupture.
“The Atmosphere Was Entirely Good Humoured”
Authors: Frith Simon 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the use of cinemas as venues for live performance of pop music in 1950s and 1960s Britain. Following the “rock ‘n’ roll riots” that took place at showings of Blackboard Jungle and Rock Around the Clock, it is often assumed by music historians that cinemas were inappropriate settings for the new kinds of youth music that emerged in this period. In fact, this chapter argues, cinemas played a central role in the development of British popular music in this period. They provided both a space for young people and a space for the live performance of young people’s music; British teen pop music can therefore be understood as an aspect of cinema culture. The emergence of rock in the 1970s led to cinemas losing their central role as live music venues, though rock concert films continued to be significant for the rock economy.
Staging Memorialization
Authors: Heath-Kelly Charlotte 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the staging of memory in public architecture, emphasizing the spatial and temporal dynamics of commemorative performance. While we are familiar with post-terrorist space being redesigned to perform resilient nationalism, other affected terrain is “off-staged” by recovery planners into the realm of economic regeneration. The chapter reflects upon the spatial staging of 9/11 recovery in Manhattan which splits urban terrain into symbolic and economic zones, ‘off-staging’ the city’s prioritization of business interests during disaster management. Beyond these spatial divisions in the staging of terrorism memory, memorials also conceive of audiences in radically distinct temporal zones. Design teams are presented with briefs that identify their audiences in the contemporary moment but also 100, 150, and even 250 years into the future. The memorial is expected to perform the disaster event, to educate an audience of whom we have no knowledge. The chapter deconstructs this temporal leap, showing that memorializing for the future does not only serve an educational purpose but performatively mitigates anxieties about the erasure of the present from the world stage. By addressing a future audience, the terrorism memorial performatively stages a concern for us from future beings. The chapter analyzes this ritualized address to the future as transferring from burial necrogeography. The terrorism memorial– and its particular staging practices – respond to anxieties about the erasure of traditional foundations for political authority during globalization, which has led to an increased reliance on performative architectural objects.
Urban Sites of the Everyday and the International
Authors: Davies Matt 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Other City is a downloadable audio play performed by the listener in an urban setting. Its performance opens an opportunity to explore perceptions of the city through comparisons with urban experiences in Rio de Janeiro. The cities are thus encountered as aesthetic subjects, or subjects who “articulate and mobilize thinking.” This chapter begins with an overview of the field of aesthetic research into cities and how methods that have emerged in the performance-as-research paradigm have helped illuminate urbanism and critique received wisdom about contemporary urbanization. It goes on to explain The Other City and how the play mobilizes and challenges notions of performance as research. By examining how the performance of the everyday became a political gesture in Rio in preparation for the Olympics, it shows how politics can be inaugurated in the everyday. It concludes more cautiously, however, insisting that performance cannot provide political guarantees.
The Politics of Neoliberal Rituals
Authors: Leander Anna 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Exploring the similarities between the Future of Enterprise Technology trade fairs and the ITU AI for Food Summit, this chapter focuses on trade fairs as spaces of political performance. It explores how trade fairs do politics and what the implications of this are. The chapter begins by showing that trade fairs play a crucial role in generating and enshrining the legitimacy and authority of decentralized, distributed market orders that are in constant change. The trade fairs are rituals where a “tournament of values” is performed through which the hierarchies of this order are negotiated. This helps manage but also enshrine the uncertainties associated with decentralized governance. Second, as ritual performances more generally, trade fairs engage the sacred and magical and the affective and embodied to anchor order not only broadly but deeply and individually. Finally, the chapter discusses the quality of the ordering performed in trade fairs, suggesting that what is performed in the trade fair is a form of institutionalized liminality. However, and contrary to the hopes Victor Turner placed in institutionalized liminality, here it is far from progressive. It builds inegalitarian instability into our societies. Precisely because of this, tending to trade fairs is of fundamental import. The trade fair form has become pervasive in governance, including when it involves public institutions (as epitomized by the AI for Good Summit). Understanding trade fairs as ritual political performance at the core of neoliberalism is therefore a condition intervening politically and for realizing the urgency of imagining alternative forms of governing.
Music
Authors: Franklin M. I. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A number of women who made their name as punk musicians and experimental performers have published their memoirs in quick succession. Taken together these books offer a rescripting of the dominant narrative of punk and related independent—indie—music scenes. The memoirs considered here—by Viv Albertine, Carrie Brownstein, Kim Gordon, Chrissie Hynde, Patti Smith, Brix Smith Start, and Cosey Fanni Tutti—go some way in challenging androcentric stereotypes in the “story of punk,” its politics and furious male icons. These memoirs provide rich insights into the complex, underground sexual politics of making it in a male-dominated industry. In so doing they rewrite the official record of punk registers of musical and political protest as groundbreaking experimental artists who also excel at playing fast, loudly, and with the libidinous energy usually attributed to masculine performance.