bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical Multimorbidity and Social Participation in Adult Aged 65 Years and Older From Six Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Ma Ruimin , Romano Eugenia , Vancampfort Davy , Firth Joseph , Stubbs Brendon , Koyanagi Ai 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Multimorbidity is common among older adults from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Social participation has a role in protecting against negative health consequences, yet its association with multimorbidity is unclear, particularly in LMICs. Thus, this study investigated the relationship between physical multimorbidity and social participation among older adults across 6 LMICs.

Method
Cross-sectional, community-based data including adults aged 65 years and older from 6 LMICs were analyzed from the WHO Study on Global AGEing and adult health survey. The association between 11 individual chronic conditions or the number of chronic conditions (independent variable) and social participation (range 0–10 with higher scores indicating greater social participation; dependent variable) was assessed by multivariable linear regression analysis.

Results
14,585 individuals (mean age 72.6 [SD 11.5] years; 54.9% females) were included. Among individual conditions, hearing problems, visual impairment, and stroke were significantly associated with lower levels of social participation. Overall, an increasing number of chronic conditions was dose-dependently associated with lower levels of social participation (e.g., ≥4 vs 0 conditions: β = −0.26 [95% CI = −0.39, −0.13]). The association was more pronounced among males than females.

Discussion
Older people with multimorbidity had lower levels of social participation in LMICs. Future longitudinal studies are warranted to further investigate temporal associations, and whether addressing social participation can lead to better health outcomes among older people with multimorbidity in LMICs.
Culture Linked to Increasing Ageism During COVID-19: Evidence From a 10-Billion-Word Corpus Across 20 Countries
Authors: Ng Reuben , Chow Ting Yu Joanne , Yang Wenshu 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Older adults experience higher risks of getting severely ill from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), resulting in widespread narratives of frailty and vulnerability. We test: (a) whether global aging narratives have become more negative from before to during the pandemic (October 2019 to May 2020) across 20 countries; (b) model pandemic (incidence and mortality), and cultural factors associated with the trajectory of aging narratives.

Methods
We leveraged a 10-billion-word online-media corpus, consisting of 28 million newspaper and magazine articles across 20 countries, to identify nine common synonyms of “older adults” and compiled their most frequently used descriptors (collocates) from October 2019 to May 2020—culminating in 11,504 collocates that were rated to create a Cumulative Aging Narrative Score per month. Widely used cultural dimension scores were taken from Hofstede, and pandemic variables, from the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker.

Results
Aging narratives became more negative as the pandemic worsened across 20 countries. Globally, scores were trending neutral from October 2019 to February 2020, and plummeted in March 2020, reflecting COVID-19’s severity. Prepandemic (October 2019), the United Kingdom evidenced the most negative aging narratives; peak pandemic (May 2020), South Africa took on the dubious honor. Across the 8-month period, the Philippines experienced the steepest trend toward negativity in aging narratives. Ageism, during the pandemic, was, ironically, not predicted by COVID-19’s incidence and mortality rates, but by cultural variables: Individualism, Masculinity, Uncertainty Avoidance, and Long-term Orientation.

Discussion
The strategy to reverse this trajectory lay in the same phenomenon that promoted it: a sustained global campaign—though, it should be culturally nuanced and customized to a country’s context.
The ambiguous fault geometry derived from InSAR measurements of buried thrust earthquakes: a synthetic data based study
Authors: Zhang Yingfeng , Shan Xinjian , Gong Wenyu , Zhang Guohong 
Published: March 2021

SUMMARYThe challenge of ruling out potential rupture nodal planes with opposite dip orientations during interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR)-based kinematic inversions has been widely reported. Typically, slip on two or more different fault planes can match the surface deformation measurements equally well. The ambiguous choice of the nodal plane for the InSAR-based models was thought to be caused by InSAR's 1-D measurement and polar orbiting direction, leading to its poor sensitivity to north–south crustal motion. Through synthetic experiments and simulations, this paper quantitatively demonstrates the main reason of the ambiguous InSAR-based models, which confuse researchers in the small-to-moderate thrust earthquake cases investigation. We propose the inherent 1-D measurement is not the principle cause of the fault plane ambiguity, since models derived from the same InSAR data predict similar, but not identical, 3-D deformation patterns. They key to differentiating between these different models is to be able to resolve the small asymmetry in the surface deformation pattern, which may be smaller in amplitude than the typical noise levels in InSAR measurements. We investigate the fault geometry resolvability when using InSAR data with different noise levels through ‘R’ value. We find that the resolvability does not only rely on the InSAR noise, but also on the fault geometry itself (i.e. depth, dips angle and strike). Our result shows that it is impossible to uniquely determine the dip orientation of thrust earthquakes with Mw &lt; 6.0 and depth &gt; 5.0 km with InSAR data at a noise level that is typical for mountain belts. This inference is independent from the specific data set (i.e. interferogram or time-series) and allows one to assess if one can expect to be able to resolve the correct fault plane at all.
The experiences of women with breast cancer who undergo fertility preservation
Authors: Dahhan T , van der Veen F , Bos A M E , Goddijn M , Dancet E A F 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

STUDY QUESTION
How do women, who have just been diagnosed with breast cancer, experience oocyte or embryo banking?

SUMMARY ANSWER
Fertility preservation was a challenging yet welcome way to take action when confronted with breast cancer.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
Fertility preservation for women with breast cancer is a way to safeguard future chances of having children. Women who have just been diagnosed with breast cancer report stress, as do women who have to undergo IVF treatment. How women experience the collision of these two stressfull events, has not yet been studied.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION
We performed a multicenter qualitative study with a phenomenological approach including 21 women between March and July 2014. Women were recruited from two university-based fertility clinics.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS
Women with breast cancer who banked oocytes or embryos 1–15 months before study participation were eligible. We conducted in-depth, face-to-face interviews with 21 women, which was sufficient to reach data saturation.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
The 21 women interviewed had a mean age of 32 years. Analysis of the 21 interviews revealed three main experiences: the burden of fertility preservation, the new identity of a fertility patient and coping with breast cancer through fertility preservation.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION
Interviewing women after, rather than during, fertility preservation might have induced recall bias. Translation of quotes was not carried out by a certified translator.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS
The insights gained from this study of the experiences of women undergoing fertility preservation while being newly diagnosed with breast cancer could be used as a starting point for adapting the routine psychosocial care provided by fertility clinic staff. Future studies are necessary to investigate whether adapting routine psychosocial care improves women’s wellbeing.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)
None of the authors in this study declare potential conflicts of interest. The study was funded by the Center of Reproductive Medicine of the Academic Medical Center.
Information-sharing mechanism of synergistic incentive among EPC subjects of energy efficiency retrofitting of existing buildings against COVID-19
Authors: Yang Yanping , Wang Bojun 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The pandemic situation of COVID-19 blocks many traditional information exchange paths, intensifies the information asymmetry in the implementation of the energy efficiency retrofitting project of existing building and seriously affects the decision-making effect of the energy performance contracting (EPC) subject. Therefore, based on the information-sharing platform, this paper constructs the synergistic incentive framework; designs the computational experimental models from the aspects of system information structure, system organization structure, synergistic communication strategy and subject knowledge structure; and analyzes the influence mechanism and evolution law of information on synergistic incentive performance from the two dimensions of the influence of the synergy cycle on the incentive performance and the influence of the incentive cycle on the synergy degree. The results show that increasing the information redundancy length and the information redundancy width can improve the synergy degree and incentive validity. The concentration of subject number or information dimension in a certain information area can quickly improve the synergy degree and incentive utility in the early stage of the synergistic incentive cycle, but the above situation is opposite in the later stage. Increasing the information communication path is beneficial to the effective information dissemination among subjects and can improve the efficiency of the decision-making of the subjects. Lastly, considering the background of COVID-19 epidemic situation, this paper puts forward the remedial methods and coping strategies make up for the lack of synergistic incentive information between EPC subjects. Research results can provide strong support for the design of synergistic incentive mechanism of EPC subjects.
Mutual Interventions in Africa
Authors: Duursma Allard , Tamm Henning 
Published: March 2021

AbstractGlobal datasets on interstate armed conflict suggest that African states clash with each other rarely and only for short periods. This research note shows that existing datasets paint a misleading picture. In fact, African states fight each other more often and for longer than is commonly thought, but they do so by mutually intervening in each other's intrastate conflicts. Instead of relying solely on their own armed forces, they support their rival's armed opposition groups. Such mutual interventions—most prevalent in Africa but also evident in other regions—thus span the boundaries of interstate and intrastate conflict. As a result, they have been largely overlooked by conflict scholars. Our note conceptualizes mutual intervention as a distinct form of interstate conflict, comparing and contrasting it with concepts like proxy war, competitive intervention, and international rivalry. The note then presents the first systematic survey of mutual interventions across the African continent. We identify twenty-three cases between 1960 and 2010 and demonstrate that they typically ended independently of their associated intrastate conflicts. We conclude with a research agenda that involves studying the onset, duration, termination, and consequences of mutual interventions, including collecting data on mutual interventions outside Africa to explore cross-regional differences.
Enhancing trust in AI through industry self-governance
Authors: Roski Joachim , Maier Ezekiel J , Vigilante Kevin , Kane Elizabeth A , Matheny Michael E 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) is critical to harnessing value from exponentially growing health and healthcare data. Expectations are high for AI solutions to effectively address current health challenges. However, there have been prior periods of enthusiasm for AI followed by periods of disillusionment, reduced investments, and progress, known as “AI Winters.” We are now at risk of another AI Winter in health/healthcare due to increasing publicity of AI solutions that are not representing touted breakthroughs, and thereby decreasing trust of users in AI. In this article, we first highlight recently published literature on AI risks and mitigation strategies that would be relevant for groups considering designing, implementing, and promoting self-governance. We then describe a process for how a diverse group of stakeholders could develop and define standards for promoting trust, as well as AI risk-mitigating practices through greater industry self-governance. We also describe how adherence to such standards could be verified, specifically through certification/accreditation. Self-governance could be encouraged by governments to complement existing regulatory schema or legislative efforts to mitigate AI risks. Greater adoption of industry self-governance could fill a critical gap to construct a more comprehensive approach to the governance of AI solutions than US legislation/regulations currently encompass. In this more comprehensive approach, AI developers, AI users, and government/legislators all have critical roles to play to advance practices that maintain trust in AI and prevent another AI Winter.
Environmental Impact Assessment: A Middle Eastern Experience
Authors: Alomari Mohammad A , Heffron Raphael J 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is an important environmental protection tool introduced into the environmental governance framework to evaluate and inform the administrative decision-making processes regarding whether certain developments or projects are to be allowed. In this article, EIA’s legal status and procedure are examined in relation to a Middle Eastern context, specifically to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Two different types of analysis are employed. The first is doctrinal analysis, focusing on the legal and statutory provisions regulating and organising this environmental protection tool—this genre of analysis entails identifying and unpacking the laws and regulations that govern this tool. The second type is qualitative analysis involving original data from 27 semi-structured interviews—one of the first of its kind on this topic in the KSA. The key contribution of the article comprises the examination and synthesis of the current status of different theories in the current international literature with regard to the underexplored issue of EIAs in the KSA.
In Defence of a Metaphor
Authors: Holtermann Jakob v H 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Shai Dothan rejects my submission that the Swiss cheese model of accident prevention provides a useful framework for a convincing deterrence-based defence of the International Criminal Court (ICC). I believe that Dothan’s critique is mistaken. Proceeding via a restatement and an expansion of my original argument this paper explains why. First, I outline the original idea of coupling a deterrence-based argument for the ICC to the Swiss cheese model. Secondly, I outline the core of Dothan’s critique. Thirdly, I elaborate on the Swiss cheese model as it was originally developed in the context of risk analysis and accident prevention. Fourthly, I demonstrate the usefulness of this model also in the context of traditional domestic crime prevention. Fifthly, I connect these points back to the context of international criminal justice. Finally, I conclude by returning to Dothan’s critique using the previous findings to reject his argument.
Abdominal wall endometriosis: a case report
Authors: Stefanou Stefanos K , Tepelenis Kostas , Stefanou Christos K , Gogos-Pappas George , Tsalikidis Christos , Vlachos Konstantinos 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Abdominal wall endometriosis has an incidence of 0.3–1% of extrapelvic disease. Α 48-year-old female appeared in the emergency department with cellulitis in a lower midline incision. She had an endometrioma of the anterior abdominal wall removed 2 years ago. After 5 months, she underwent an open repair of an incisional hernia with a propylene mesh, which was unfortunately infected and removed 1 month later. Finally, in July 2019, she had her incisional hernia repaired with a biological mesh. Imaging modalities revealed a large mass below the umbilicus. Mass was punctured under ultrasound guidance. Cytology reported the recurrence of endometriosis. Pain and abdominal mass associating with menses were the two most typical symptoms. Wide local excision of the mass with at least 1 cm negative margins is the preferred treatment. Surgeons should maintain a high suspicion of the disease in reproductive women with circular pain, palpable abdominal mass and history of uterine-relating surgery.
Clinical Utility of Midregional Proadrenomedullin in Patients with COVID-19
Authors: Lo Sasso Bruna , Gambino Caterina Maria , Scichilone Nicola , Giglio Rosaria Vincenza , Bivona Giulia , Scazzone Concetta , Muratore Roberto , Milano Salvatore , Barbagallo Mario , Agnello Luisa , Ciaccio Marcello 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objective
The aim of the study was to assess the role of midregional proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM) in patients with COVID-19.

Methods
We included 110 patients hospitalized for COVID-19. Biochemical biomarkers, including MR-proADM, were measured at admission. The association of plasma MR-proADM levels with COVID-19 severity, defined as a requirement for mechanical ventilation or in-hospital mortality, was evaluated.

Results
Patients showed increased levels of MR-proADM. In addition, MR-proADM was higher in patients who died during hospitalization than in patients who survived (median, 2.59 nmol/L; interquartile range, 2.3–2.95 vs median, 0.82 nmol/L; interquartile range, 0.57–1.03; P &lt;.0001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed good accuracy of MR-proADM for predicting mortality. A MR-proADM value of 1.73 nmol/L was established as the best cutoff value, with 90% sensitivity and 95% specificity (P &lt;.0001).

Conclusion
We found that MR-proADM could represent a prognostic biomarker of COVID-19.
Jurisdiction
Authors: Stone David 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Community designs are, by definition, supranational. Therefore, every dispute concerning a Community design (registered or unregistered) will have an ‘international’ element to it. Thus, questions of jurisdiction—which court or tribunal should hear the dispute—will arise in every case. Some of these questions will be easily answered, but some are more difficult. Well-resourced parties may try to take advantage of the rules to seek to obtain a more favourable result.
Brazil
Authors: Munhoz Eduardo Secchi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The material contained herein is intended as a general guide only and is not intended to be a memorandum of law study, nor to provide legal advice, and should not be treated as a substitute for legal advice concerning particular situations. Legal advice should always be sought before taking any action based on the information provided. The publishers, editors, and author bear no responsibility for any errors or omissions contained therein.
China: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
Authors: Marsden John 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The material contained herein is intended as a general guide only and is not intended to be a memorandum of law study, nor to provide legal advice, and should not be treated as a substitute for legal advice concerning particular situations. Legal advice should always be sought before taking any action based on the information provided. The publishers, editors, and author bear no responsibility for any errors or omissions contained therein.
Italy and EU Considerations
Authors: Mazzoni Alberto , Bazzani Matteo 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The material contained herein is intended as a general guide only and is not intended to be a memorandum of law study, nor to provide legal advice, and should not be treated as a substitute for legal advice concerning particular situations. Legal advice should always be sought before taking any action based on the information provided. The publishers, editors, and authors bear no responsibility for any errors or omissions contained therein.
Directed Trusts and Delegated Trusts
Authors: Panico Paolo 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter deals with the situations where some trust functions are not exclusively exercised by the trustees. The reasons for this may lie in the complexity of present-day trust administration, which may require specialized skills not always possessed even by professional trustees. A typical example is investment management, either in relation to a financial portfolio or to a family business operating in an industrial environment unfamiliar to the trustees. In these cases, and sometimes also in relation to the exercise of dispositive powers, a settlor may require the involvement of a person who is not suitable or willing to be appointed as trustee but is trusted to perform certain functions. Alternatively, such person may be one of the trustees with specific powers to carry out some of the trust functions with no interference by the other trustees.
Quistclose Trusts
Authors: Panico Paolo 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter deals with a special type of trust, usually referred to as Quistclose trust after the House of Lords decision in Barclays Bank Ltd v Quistclose Investments Ltd. Unlike the majority of trusts discussed in this book, a Quistclose trust is not an express trust created by a settlement of property wth the intention to benefit certain objects. It is an implied trust, where the trust relationship is recognized by a court based on the facts and the intention of the concerned parties.
Decision-Making By Members
Authors: Thornley Hannah 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the ways in which members make decisions for a company and the procedures for obtaining their decisions. The members of the company are the subscribers and any other person who agrees to become a member, by allotment or transfer, and whose name is entered on the register of members. The company is required to keep a register of members, which the court has power to rectify. Alternatively, the company will in due course be able to opt to keep information on a central register in order to avoid the need for a register of members.
Cross-Border Issues
Authors: Mallon Christopher , Waisman Shai Y , Schrock Ray C 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Our insolvency laws and procedures are not fully congruent and do not need to be. But they do need to be compatible for the good of all stakeholders and market participants. We need a more established and predictable way to harmonise our respective regimes when dealing with an insolvent group of companies. This is especially important in the financial sector. We should not have to make up a new protocol each time we confront a corporate group that…affects other parts of the world.