bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mobilisation des logiques de développement touristique et de patrimonialisation dans les processus territoriaux : le Pays « Ardèche Méridionale » à la recherche d’une cohérence territoriale
Authors: Duval Mélanie 
Published: January 2021

Cet article se propose d’interroger les implications territoriales du triptyque liant (i) processus de patrimonialisation, (ii) logiques de développement touristique et [iii] enjeux identitaires dans le contexte d’émergence d’une nouvelle forme territoriale : le pays « Ardèche Méridionale ».Entré en vigueur en juillet 2005, ce territoire de projet associe dans un même ensemble des réalités socio-démographiques et économiques très différentes et pose la question de la cohérence territoriale : au-delà des discours politiques encadrant la création du pays, la création de ce territoire de projet fait-elle sens ? Sur quelles entrées patrimoniales les acteurs ont-ils matière à se concerter et à construire des projets communs ?Dans cette quête de sens, la charte du pays « Ardèche Méridionale » joue largement sur la fibre patrimoniale et sa mise en valeur touristique, Laquelle dynamique est mobilisée en vue d’asseoir la Lisibilité de cette nouvelle entité, à la fois dans l’espace mais aussi dans le temps. Entre diversité et unicité, cette étude de cas permet alors d’expliciter, en partie, les processus interactifs liant « tourismes, patrimoines, identités et territoires ».
« Dimensiones de ’patrimonialización’ cultural: enseñanza y memoria histórica en el barrio granadino del albayzín »
Authors: Antonio Peña Ramos José , Rosón Lorente Javier , López Chaves Pablo 
Published: January 2021

Dimensions de la « patrimonialisation » culturelle : enseignement et mémoire historique dans le quartier grenadin de l’Albayzín.Depuis la seconde moitié du XXe siècle, aussi bien la théorie des Biens Culturels que l’UNESCO ont défendu et promu les valeurs immatérielles des divers types de patrimoine, en considérant tout particulièrement le patrimoine culturel matériel, c’est-à-dire les monuments, comme un signé idéalisé, inaltérable et permanent d’une époque passée. D’une certaine façon, cette tendance mettait sur le même plan le « Monumental » avec le « Matériel ». Aujourd’hui, ce concept qui s’est établi durant les siècles passés, a commencé une progressive modification.Durant la dernière décennie, que ce soit au niveau local, national ou international, s’est développée une nouvelle conception du patrimoine liée à la définition classique de patrimoine immatériel et intangible tout en délimitant de nouvelles frontières théoriques en fournissant une nouvelle dimension : une vision opposée mais aussi complémentaire à celle d’un patrimoine « inerte » établie jusqu’alors. Au-delà des « musées », les acteurs sociaux deviennent indispensables introduisant dans l’objet patrimonial, leurs pratiques sociales et éducatives ainsi que leurs traditions par l’expérience concrète de leurs vies quotidiennes. Parallèlement à cela et en agissant de la sorte, ils s’éloignent de l’instrumentalisation de l’héritage culturel qui est faite des anciennes régions et nations européennes.La notion même du « patrimonial », du canon culturel qu’une société en particulier juge digne de conserver, de promouvoir et transmettre aux prochaines générations, devient problématique et souvent disputée puisque l’héritage culturel et les traditions caractéristiques du « groupe »– national, ethnique, linguistique ou régional- ont été considérés comme immuables et intouchables.Tout ceci offre au scientifique du social une occasion inégalable pour la réflexion sur la mutabilité des interrelations entre le patrimoine culturel – matériel ou immatériel- le cosmopolitisme, le « territoire » et le multiculturalisme dans le cadre d’une recherche au sein de La ville de Grenade, encadrée dans le « Mediterranean Voices » et le « Identity is Future : the Mediterranean Intangible Space » projets. Il s’agira d’étudier la construction subjective de la mémoire, de l’identité collective et individuelle des divers résidents au quartier « morisco » de l’Albayzín afin d’analy ser la potentialité de l’enseignement et de la mémoire historique représentés à travers ce quartier, et ainsi ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives vers la « multiculturalisation » d’un passé en commun, partagé entre chrétiens et musulmans.
Paysage-représentation et paysage spectacle : tourisme et patrimoine culturel hérité à Braga (Portugal) et à São João del-Rei (Brésil)
Authors: Campos Franco Suely 
Published: January 2021

La ville de São João del-Rei (Brésil) et la ville de Braga (Portugal) restent à jamais marquées par ce qui a suivi la découverte de l’or autour de 1700. Ceux deux villes présentent une très grande richesse de témoignages sur l’action des diverses forces de leurs l’histoire. Leurs paysages, marqués par la force des traces matérielles, culturelles ou artistiques dans le domaine de l’art baroque doivent être plutôt aussi associés à la puissance de phénomènes religieux. Les événements et les pratiques préservées et constantes à São João del-Rei et à Braga qui sont les héritiers du processus et de la dynamique du XVIIIe siècle, s’inscrivent également dans le présent. Encore à nos jours, le goût par la fête, la pompe et le spectacle présents dans les fêtes religieuses à São João del-Rei et à Braga, montrent la gestion de traits du cadre culturel du XVIIIème siècle et insiste dans l’existence de systèmes culturels prolongés. C’est une existence actuelle qui vient du passé.Considérée la plus grande semaine touristique du Minho et également de Minas Gerais, la Semaine Sainte de Braga et de São João del-Rei constituent un élément vivant de culture qui persiste avec intégrité et cohérence. Par son luxe, ses lumières et ses couleurs, ce festivité, qui engage la plupart de la population et qui attire un grand nombre de touristes, est une des grandes manifestations baroque à nos jours. C’est un "théâtre de mémoire" qui soutient la pérennité d’une identité culturelle stockée à travers les temps.À travers la sphère du religieux, ces villes expriment la fierté d’un passé converti en paysage emblématique celle qui sélectionne les « éléments typiques » ou les « traits caractéristiques ». La publicité privilégie certains éléments au détriment d’autres, pour fabriquer les emblèmes du local. Le passé, les histoires et les légendes construisent et entretiennent la renommée du lieu, sa puissance d’attraction en gardant pour modèle une époque donnée, c’est à dire trois siècles précédents.Les fêtes catholiques – notamment la Semaine Sainte – constituent dans ces deux villes un des plus grands potentiels pour le tourisme culturel en ayant comme principal attractif le patrimoine culturel hérité.
What makes flunisolide different among inhaled corticosteroids used for nebulization: a close look at the role of aqueous solubility
Authors: Kantar Ahmad 
Published: January 2021

Evidence-based management of bronchial asthma and wheezing in children and adults recommends the employment of inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs). Difficulty in using some inhalation devices for ICS delivery, such as pressurized metered-dose and dry-powder inhalers, is common among young children and in the elderly, and for that reason, they are replaced with nebulizers. We reviewed comparative studies that evaluated funisolide with other ICSs currently available on the market, including beclomethasone dipropionate, fluticasone propionate, and budesonide. Moreover, we assessed the physicochemical properties of these ICSs in determining drug fate in the lung. Data indicate that the flunisolide output in respirable particles by any type of pneumatic nebulizer (traditional, open breath or breath-enhanced) is superior to the output of other ICSs. This is principally attributed to the higher water solubility of flunisolide. Furthermore, in vivo simulation studies demonstrate that the intersubject variability of the inhaled dose among asthmatic children was much greater for suspensions of fluticasone propionate and beclomethasone dipropionate than for those of flunisolide. The physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetic profile of flunisolide favor its employment in nebulization.
Is the BCG Vaccination Effective against COVID-19?
Authors: Velayati Ali Ali 
Published: January 2021

Aims and objectives:
Vaccine is one of the most effective tools available to prevent infectious diseases and their complications. One of the most controversial vaccines for its therapeutic effect on COVID-19 is the BCG vaccine. The BCG vaccine has been used worldwide since 1921. The first BCG strain was introduced in 1947, but mass production and nationwide prescribing began in 1984. The BCG vaccine is able to stimulate the immune system's response to a large number of antigens that are effective in causing infectious diseases. Involved mechanisms include activation of NK and NKT memory cells and an increase in 1β-IL against viral infections.

Results:
Due to the prevalence of COVID-19 virus and the need for research to become more aware of the virus and the process of prevention, control and treatment, there is hope of the effectiveness of the BCG vaccine in recovering diseases. Studies show that tuberculosis infection, both active and latent, increases the severity and progression of the disease in people with COVID-19. The BCG vaccine is likely to be able to reduce the cytokine storm after exposure to SARS-COV-2, resulting in mild COVID-19 and early recovery. Children also seem to be protected against COVID-19 compared to adults. In late adulthood, mechanisms such as the reduction of regulatory T cells can help exacerbate COVID-19.

Conclusions:
Despite all the studies, the claim that the BCG vaccine is effective against COVID-19 needs further investigation worldwide. Any incorrect information and lack of accurate tests can lead to misuse of the vaccine and this can lead to the deprivation of children in need of vaccine in some countries due to its lack. As a result, it is better to conduct more comprehensive studies to obtain definitive results.
mfloDx® - an innovative technology for MDR-TB antibiotic resistance profiling
Authors: Spyros Gkotzis , Molina Barbara , David Herthnek , Jose Dominguez , Sven Hoffner , Pavan Asalapuram 
Published: January 2021

Aims & objectives:
The aim of this work was to evaluate the performance of mfloDx® MDR-TB assay kit on DNA extracted from 100 pulmonary sputum samples. mfloDx® MDR-TB is a qualitative test that can identify bacteria belonging to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) as well as robustly identify single-nucleotide variants of the most common mutations in multidrug resistant M. tuberculosis DNA. The current assay can detect the most prevalent mutations causing resistance to Rifampicin (RIF) and Isoniazid (INH).

Methods:
Genes of interest were selectively enriched and targeted using amplifiable padlock probes (PLP). PLPs that recognize mutation or wild type were ligated upon specific recognition of the correct target sequence. Once PLPs were circularized, they underwent rolling circle amplification. Polymers resulting from this amplification were monomerized and subsequently visualized on disposable cassettes. The developed bands allowed for accurate genotyping of eleven resistance-related mutations, as well as respective wild type alleles and MTC identification.

Results:
From 100 samples; 81 were successfully genotyped, 16 were negative for MTC, two were inconclusive and one ran out during analysis. Among the genotyped samples; 46 were resistant to both RIF and INH, eight samples were resistant only to INH, three samples were resistant only to RIF. The remaining samples were susceptible to both drugs. Clinical sensitivity and specificity were calculated based on phenotypic drug susceptibility test results (MGIT culture) as reference. Sensitivity was 89.6% for RIF and 92% for INH resistance. Specificity was 95.5% for RIF and 89.5% for INH susceptibility.

Conclusions:
In conclusion, mfloDx® MDR-TB offers a reliable and affordable rapid drug-susceptibility testing for MDR-TB with potential implications in early detection of drug-resistance in resource-limited, high burden TB and MDR-TB settings. It enables clinicians to ensure the timely administration of effective drug therapy which will not only reduce the risk of treatment failure but also limit the further development and spread of dug resistant TB.
Metagenomic analysis of the lung tuberculomas microbiome
Authors: Ogarkov Oleg , Khromova Polina , Sinkov Viacheslav , Orlova Elizaveta , Zhdanova Svetlana , Jiao Wei-Wei , Shen Adong , Mokrousov Igor 
Published: January 2021

Introduction.
Globally, an estimated 10.0 million (range, 9.0–11.1 million) people fell ill with tuberculosis (TB) in 2018, a number that has been relatively stable in recent years [1]. Despite the obvious differences in the virulence and transmissibility of different genotypes [2], the pathogenesis of tuberculosis, especially in the later stages, is still poorly understood [3]. At the same time, some researchers suggest that the ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to form biofilms in vivo [3] is an important aspect of pathogenesis TB that should be used in the development of new generation vaccines [4]. Previously, we suggested that in the long treatment of TB, a specific lung microbiota can develop in the caseous contents of tuberculosis foci, forming a polymicrobial biofilm, resistant to anti-tuberculosis therapy and contributing to the survival of M. tuberculosis [5]. Here, we present results of the metagenomic analysis of 14 tuberculomas and discuss the results obtained.

Methods.
The study recruited 13 patients undergoing planned surgical treatment at the Irkutsk Regional TB Hospital, Russia. DNA was isolated from caseous contents of 14 tuberculomas obtained during surgery. Two samples were obtained from one patient at two time points separated by six months.

Results.
Among 5167 bacterial reads, a total of 105 families were identified. Of them, 68 taxa belonged to Gram-negative bacteria, and 35 to Gram-positive. At the same time, the number of reads of Gram-negative and Gram-positive taxa was very similar - 2430 and 2746, respectively. This was probably due to the presence of 1801 reads from the family Mycobacteriaceae (M. tuberculosis). The microbial content of the tuberculomas was estimated as 104 -108 bacterial genomes per 1 gram of sample. The vast majority of reads (over 95%) were attributed to the human DNA. We have subdivided the samples into two types of bacterial communities: (i) paucibacillary bacterial community with a predominance of TB (63%-96%) and (ii) low-bacterial community with a predominance of non-mycobacterial taxa (13%-38%). Staphylococcaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Eggerthellaceae, Pasteurellaceae, and Acetobacteraceae prevailed among non-mycobacterial communities.

Conclusions.
It can be unambiguously concluded that the microbiota of about half of the tuberculomas did not have a dominant taxon or it differed from M. tuberculosis.

Acknowledgments.
This work was supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Grant No. 19-515-55009).
MTBCtools
Authors: Couvin David , Reynaud Yann , Rastogi Nalin 
Published: January 2021

Aims and objectives:
Bioinformatics and computational tools are increasingly used in a wide variety of scientific studies. Genotyping, genomics and whole genome sequencing (WGS) methods allowed the generation of high amounts of data that are difficult to analyze manually. The purpose of this review is to establish a potential list of available databases and bioinformatics tools/resources related to Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB).

Methods:
At present, a total of 36 tools with freely-accessible links were recovered from publications indexed in PubMed or Google Scholar. Following keywords were searched: “Mycobacterium tuberculosis AND database”, “Mycobacterium tuberculosis AND web tool”, “Mycobacterium tuberculosis AND tool”, “Mycobacterium tuberculosis AND bioinformatics”. Resources found were classified into several thematic sections/categories such as biological databases, drug resistance, or prediction/classification tools. Among recently available resources (published in 2019), one can mention COMBAT-TB-NeoDB (https://neodb.sanbi.ac.za/browser/), CPLP-TB (http://cplp-tb.ff.ulisboa.pt/), DeepAMR (http://www.robots.ox.ac.uk/~davidc/code.php), SecProMTB (http://server.malab.cn/SecProMTB/index.jsp), SITVIT2 (http://www.pasteur-guadeloupe.fr:8081/SITVIT2), SNP-IT (https://github.com/samlipworth/snpit), StackTB (https://stacktb.cs.sfu.ca/), and TBProfiler (http://tbdr.lshtm.ac.uk/).

Results:
Although several tools/resources have been developed over time, many are either not regularly updated, or not made available permanently. We argue in favor of sustainable development of resources in order to assist the scientific community and policy makers to take timely concerted action for TB control. At “Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe”, we intend to build a newer generation of SITVIT databases including classical genotyping, epidemiologic and demographic data, information on drug resistance, as well as WGS data. Several thousands of complete genome sequences are today available for MTBC strains on public sequence repositories (such as GenBank, DDBJ, or ENA). Thanks to recently developed tools, data extracted from available complete sequences would be juxtaposed and stored for comparative and molecular epidemiological studies.

Conclusion:
Although, the present non-exhaustive list is certainly not “revolutionary”, it would nonetheless foster the construction of integrated pipelines/tools related to specific biological questions concerning MTBC. This list will be made available soon through Wikipedia; and in the meantime it is already available for consultation via link: http://www.pasteur-guadeloupe.fr:8081/SpolSimilaritySearch/info.jsp.
Computed tomography scan features of multidrug-resistant TB and extensively drugresistant TB
Authors: Mehrian Payam , Farnia Poopak , Jalalvand Dina , Chamani Mostafa Rezaei , Bakhtiyari Mahmood 
Published: January 2021

Aims and objectives:
Multidrug-resistant TB( MDR-TB) is resistant to isoniazide and rifampin simultaneously. In addition to isoniazide and rifampin, extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) is also resistant to fluoroquinolones and at least one of the three injectable drugs : amikacin, kanamycin or clarithromycin. Considering different treatment protocols, having some clues in chest computed tomography (CT) scan to differentiate between the two can be helpful clinically. The aim of this study is to compare chest CT findings of MDR-TB and XDR-TB.

Methods:
In this cross-sectional study, TB patients who referred to Masih Daneshvari Hospital (Tehran, Iran) between 2013 and 2020 were enrolled. TB was diagnosed by sputum smear, sensitive molecular and microbial tests. Based on different types of drug resistance, the patients were divided into two groups: MDR-TB and XDR-TB and chest CT scan findings were compared.

Results:
The frequency and characteristics of cavitary lesions in MDR-TB and XDR-TB patients were similar (P > 0.05). The frequency of small and large nodules, tree in bud pattern, ground glass opacity, bronchiectasis, cicatricial emphysema, mediastinal lymphadenopathy and pericardial effusion did not differ significantly in the two groups (P>0.05). Parenchymal calcification was more common in the XDR-TB (P=0.01).

Conclusions:
MDR-TB and XDR-TB have almost similar CT scan findings. However, we found parenchymal calcification and left pleural effusion more frequently in XDR-TB group. Overall, it can be inferred that chest CT scan is not a reliable discriminating tool in this regard.
The evaluation of interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 in the serum of pulmonary sarcoidosis and tuberculosis patients
Authors: Naderi Zohre , Kiani Arda , Marjani Majid , Mortaz Esmaeil , Ghorbani Fariba , Razavi Fatemeh , Abedini Atefeh 
Published: January 2021

Aims and objectives:
Sarcoidosis and tuberculosis (TB) are two granulomatous inflammatory diseases with several common symptoms. The aim of the present study was to compare the serum levels of biomarkers including interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13, calcium (Ca), hemoglobin, sedimentation rate, and lymphocyte-to-neutrophil ratio between patients with pulmonary TB, patients with sarcoidosis, and control group.

Methods:
This case-control study was performed on patients referred to the Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Tehran, from April 2017 to 2018. In this study, 24 newly diagnosed patients with active pulmonary TB, 34 patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis, and 30 healthy individuals as the control group were enrolled. Demographic data, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), the ratio of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NLR), serum Ca level, hemoglobin (Hb), and IL-4 and IL-13 were compared between the study groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, sensitivity, and specificity were also calculated using SPSS 16.0 software.

Results:
The mean age was 47.71 ± 10.88 and 55.25 ± 21.58 years in the sarcoidosis and TB. The mean ESR in sarcoidosis patients was 21.45 ± 13.37 mm/h and 41.4 ± 17 mm/h in the TB group. The percentage of peripheral blood lymphocytes in sarcoidosis and TB patients was 28.02 ± 12.20 and 21.41 ± 12.49, respectively, which was significantly higher among patients with sarcoidosis. NLR was also 2.4 ± 1.6 and 4.4 ± 2.9 in sarcoidosis and TB patients, respectively, which showed a significant difference among the groups. Regarding the evaluation of the level of IL-4 and IL-13 in patients, it is worth noting that IL-4 in patients with sarcoidosis was 90 pg/ml compared to 20 pg/ml for TB patients (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the levels of IL-13 in the TB and control groups, which varied between 20 and 80 pg/ml (P = 0.35). However, its value was significantly higher in patients with sarcoidosis (P = 0.01) than in the healthy control group and TB (P = 0.01). The ROC curves showed that the diagnostic cutoff of ESR level, Ca, NLR, and Hb could be valuable due to the area under the curves. The cutpoint of 34 mm/h for ESR had a sensitivity of 86% as well as 80% specificity to distinguish TB from the sarcoidosis.

Conclusions:
Serum levels of the biomarkers indicated a stronger immunological background in sarcoidosis using NLR, Ca, ESR, and Hb.
MiRNAs and exosomes in tuberculosis
Authors: Mortaz Esmaeil 
Published: January 2021

Aim and objectives:
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most lethal global infectious diseases. Despite the availability of much higher levels of technology in health and medicine, tuberculosis still remains a serious global health problem. Mycobacterium tuberculosis has the capacity for prolonged survival inside macrophages by exploiting host metabolic and energy pathways and perturbing autophagy and apoptosis of infected cells.

Results:
The mechanism (s) underlying this process are not completely understood but evidence suggests that mycobacteria subvert the host miRNA network to enable mycobacterial survival. The role of miRNAs in TB immune escape mechanisms and the potential for miRNA-based TB therapeutics has been described. Further validation studies are required to (i) elucidate the precise effect of TB on host miRNAs, (ii) determine the inhibition of mycobacterial burden using miRNA-based therapies and (iii) identify novel miRNA biomarkers that may prove useful in TB diagnosis and treatment monitoring. Circulating exosomes have been used as diagnostic biomarkers in various diseases. Recently, the serum-derived exosomes were isolated from TB patients and expression of miR-484, miR-425, and miR-96 was examined.

Conclusion:
They found that the expression of miR-484, miR-425, and miR-96 were significantly increased in serum of TB patients which correlated with the TB infection level. In conclusion it is well stablished that exosomal miRNAs have diagnostic potential in active tuberculosis. The diagnostic power may be improved when combined with conventional diagnostic markers.