bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE IMPORTANCE OF BENJAMIN JOWETT'S KNEE JERK TO SCIENCE AT OXFORD
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Benjamin Jowett (1817-1893), Master of Balliol College, Oxford, and one of the greatest educators England has had, was violently opposed to research as a university ideal.
Logan Pearsall Smith (1865-1946),1 the Anglo-American author, in his biography suggests that his ability to elicit Jowett's knee jerk, as depicted in the quotation below, may have played a significant role in bringing science to Oxford.
The word ‘research’ as a university ideal had, indeed, been ominously spoken in Oxford ... some years ago; but the notion of this ideal, threatening as it did to discredit the whole tutorial and examinational system which was making Oxford into the highest of high schools for boys, was received there with anger and contempt. In Balliol, the birthplace and most illustrious home of this great system, it was regarded with special scorn .... The ideal of endowment for research was particularly shocking to Benjamin Jowett, the great inventor of the tutorial system which it threatened. I remember once ... inadvertently pronouncing the ill-omened word. ‘Research!’ the Master exclaimed. ‘Research!’ he said. ‘A mere excuse for idleness; it has never achieved, and will never achieve any results of the slightest value.’ At this sweeping statement I protested; whereupon I was peremptorily told, if I know any such results of value, to name them without delay .... The only thing that came into my head was the recent discovery, of which I had read somewhere, that on striking a patient's kneecap sharply he would give called, a judgement could be formed of his general state of health.
FIRST RECORDED CHILD ABUSE?
Authors: Robinow Meinhard 
Published: December 2021

The following, written by Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592), is perhaps the first description of child abuse inflicted under the guise of discipline:
Passing along our street, how many times I have wished to stage a thumping row in order to avenge the lads I have seen attacked, beaten, and flayed by some father or mother insane with wrath! You see them sally forth, their eyes on fire and throats aroar, often against a babe just come from the breast. And, behold, the little fellow lamed and stunned with blows, while our courts take no notice of it—as though these maimed and crippled victims were not members of our commonwealth. No one would hesitate to send to the gallows a judge who had condemned a criminal out of anger. Why, then, are parents and teachers permitted, out of passion, to lash and punish their children? It is no longer correction, but revenge. Chastisement is a medicine for the young, and would we tolerate a doctor who raged against his patient?
Pulsatility Index, Patent Ductus Arteriosus, and Brain Damage
Authors: Bejar Raul , Merritt T. Allen , Coen Ronald W. , Mannino Frank , Gluck Louis 
Published: December 2021

The study of CBF velocity by external Doppler method appears to offer the clinician a noninvasive tool with which to gather information related to changes in cerebral hemodynamics. Inasmuch as the clinical condition of sick preemature infants is different from that of adults with obstructive vascular disease, and as the arteries under study are deeper than those for which the technique originally was intended, we suggest that absolute values for the frequency shift and the mean velocity observed be reported rather than the pulsatility index. Obviously, this will require calibration of each instrument (to obtain an appraisal of the blood velocity) and an estimate of the experimental error, using the actual measurements of blood velocities.
Finally, we believe that the mechanisms by which PDA can cause IVH or ischemic damage remain to be solved. It is conceivable that the worsening of respiratory distress syndrome associated with a severe PDA, with significant hypercapnea, hypoxemia, and shock, requiring vigorous ventilatory assistance, could play a more important role in the pathogenesis of brain damage than the hemodynamic alterations in the brain circulation as estimated by measuring only changes in the PI.
Testing and Stuffing Cotton Balls in Your Ears
Authors: Desch Larry W. , Laskowski Randy P. 
Published: December 2021

The recent article by Paradise,1 dealing with the sequelae of repeated otitis, again cautions the clinician to be wary of reports that for some people serve as justification for aggressive treatments. His review of the literature, which consists of many diverse articles, seems accurate and appears to present fairly the differing view-points as well as some of the problems with conducting research in this area.
One statement in the article deserves further enhancement, and is something that has been worrisome to us since the first publications on this type of research.
Airplane Travel and Child Safety
Authors: Sheldon Stephen H. , Wilson Richard R. 
Published: December 2021

As regular airline travelers will readily attest, infants and small children constitute a small but vocal minority of the passengers on commercial flights. Both of the authors have children less than 4 years of age and child restraint safety seats meeting the standards of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration are routinely used for automobile travel. Use of safety seats has been routinely recommended to families receiving medical care from us.
On several occasions, we have attempted to bring these same safety seats on board commercial aircraft for use by our children in seats for which we paid the fare.
SERENDIPITY, OR HOW SCIENTIFIC IDEAS ARE SOMETIMES GENERATED
Authors: Radbill Samuel X. 
Published: December 2021

Heinrich Finkelstein (1865-1942), convinced at the beginning of the twentieth century that diarrhea in infancy was metabolic in nature, formulated a high protein milk for infant feeding in 1906 which he called "Eiweissmilch" (Cone TE Jr: 200 Years of Feeding Infants in America. Columbus, Ohio, Ross Laboratories, 1976, p 81). This was introduced into the literature in 1910 in association with L. F. Meyer (Jahrbuch für Kinderheilkunde 71:525, 1910) and became quite popular in the United States for a while. The following is an interesting anecdote about how Finkelstein hit upon the idea, told to me by Dr. Robert Rosenthal, formerly of Vienna, now in St. Paul, Minnesota:
I was at Finkelstein's clinic in 1923 and he told me how he hit on the idea of Eiweissmilk. At that time one of the most feared intestinal disturbances was the diarrhea secondary to other infections—which was so very often fatal. Despondent about any clue as to how to treat these infants, he took a walk. There he observed a dog defecating. The dog had a lot of trouble because dogs usually are rather constipated. Then came the idea: dogs eat almost 100% protein food! How about trying that, he thought.
Noninvasive Investigation of Cerebral Ischemia by Phosphorus Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Delpy D. T. , Gordon R. E. , Hope P. L. , Parker D. , Reynolds E. O.R. , Shaw D. , Whitehead Michelle D. 
Published: December 2021

Brain damage in newborn infants who require intensive care commonly results from cerebral hemorrhage or ischemia leading to infarction.1 Hemorrhages are easy to detect with ultrasound2,3 or computed tomography,4 but neither of these techniques reliably identifies ischemic lesions until loss of brain substance has occurred.
Phosphorus (31P) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) can be used to measure, noninvasively, the relative concentrations of mobile phosphorus compounds involved in energy metabolism in living systems,5 including the brain of animals in vivo.6,7 Intracellular pH can also be estimated. With the introduction of surface radiofrequency coils6 and topical NMR,8 it has recently become possible to make measurements in human subjects, and these methods are already proving valuable for exploring disorders of muscle (references 9 to 11, and M. J. Dawson, R.H.T. Edwards, R. E. Gordon, et al, unpublished data, 1982).
ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY
Authors:   Student
Published: December 2021

A bibliography is now available that presents abstracts from a collection of 133 separately published articles dealing with oral rehydration therapy—a prime vehicle for reducing the mortality caused by diarrhoea. Compiled through efforts supported jointly by PAHO and several USA Government agencies, the bibliography is designed to assist perusal and use of a large body of information that has recently emerged on this important subject.
The abstracted articles have been organized into five categories: the history, implementation, and impact of oral rehydration therapy, clinical trials, and work dealing with the composition of the oral rehydration solution. Articles relating to more than one of these categories have been placed in the section to which they relate most closely and have been cross-listed in all other appropriate categories. Overall, it is expected that this bibliography will prove useful to those immediately involved with oral rehydration therapy and also to those concerned more generally with the problems posed by diarrhoeal disease.
Copies may be obtained free of charge from Distribution and Sales, Pan American Health Organization, 525 Twenty-third Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20037, USA. The bibliography exists in English and Spanish versions.
Atypical Fetal Hydantoin Syndrome
Authors: Lubinsky Mark S. 
Published: December 2021

The pattern of malformations observed by Bartoshesky et al1 is atypical for fetal hydantoin syndrome, suggesting the possibility of an additional teratogenic influence. No mention was made of chromosome studies, either blood or tissue, in the infant, and the possibility of aneuploidy should be considered.
I have seen two children with de novo chromosomal abnormalities whose mothers had been on anticonvulsants. The first, the daughter of a mother taking hydantoin, had dysmorphic features and extra chromosomal material of uncertain origin attached to the short arm of chromosome 17. Both parents had normal karyotypes.
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISSUES
Authors:   Student
Published: December 2021

The annual military bill is now approaching 450 billion US dollars, while official development aid accounts for less than 5 per cent of this figure. Four examples:
1. The military expenditure of only half a day would suffice to finance the whole malaria eradication programme of the World Health Organization, and less would be needed to conquer river-blindness, which is still the scourge of millions.
2. A modern tank costs about one million dollars; that amount could improve storage facilities for 100,000 tons of rice and thus save 4000 tons or more annually; one person can live on just over a pound of rice a day. The same sum of money could provide 1000 classrooms for 30,000 children.
3. For the price of one jet fighter (20 million dollars) one could set up about 40,000 village pharmacies.
4. One-half of one per cent of one year's world military expenditure would pay for all the farm equipment needed to increase food production and approach self-sufficiency in food-deficit low-income countries by 1990.
Molested Children
Authors: Levy Howard B. , Clauson Cheryl Y. 
Published: December 2021

The article by Rimsza and Niggeman (Pediatrics 69:8, 1982) concerning the medical evaluation of sexually abused children was replete with precise, lucid, and well validated information. We were, however, somewhat perplexed by the use of the term "lax rectal tone." Although we can understand the need to access rectal trauma, the subjectivity of such a finding may peril its reliability and validity.
We recently reviewed our experience with sexually molested children at an inner city hospital.
Workshop on Effects of Otitis Media on the Child
Authors: Bluestone Charles D. , Klein Jerome O. , Paradise Jack L. , Eichenwald Heinz , Bess Fred H. , Downs Marion P. , Green Morris , Berko-Gleason Jean , Ventry Ira M. , Gray Susan W. , McWilliams Betty Jane , Gates George A. 
Published: December 2021

GOALS, DEFINITIONS, AND CLASSIFICATION OF OTITIS MEDIA
—Charles D. Bluestone, MD
The goal of this Workshop was to assess current knowledge concerning the effects of otitis media on the child. Experts in pediatrics, infectious disease, otolaryngology, audiology, speech, linguistics, and psychology met in Chicago on Aug 25, 1982 to participate in this Workshop. A summary of the discussions is presented here. Otitis media is broadly defined as an inflammation of the middle ear without reference to etiology or pathogenesis.1 Otitis media with effusion is an inflammation of the middle ear in which a collection of liquid (i.e., middle ear effusion) is present in the middle ear space (no perforation of the tympanic membrane is present). Atelectasis of the tympanic membrane, which may or may not be associated with otitis media, is defined as either collapse or retraction of the tympanic membrane. Acute otitis media implies a rapid and short onset of signs and symptoms lasting approximately 3 weeks. From 3 weeks to 3 months, the process may be resolving or subacute. If middle ear effusion persists beyond 3 months, the condition is classified as chronic otitis media with effusion. Many terms have been used for acute otitis media, such as "suppurative," "purulent," or "bacterial" otitis media; however, a "serous" effusion may also have an acute onset. Otitis media with effusion unaccompanied by signs and symptoms of acute inflammation has also had a plethora of other names: "serous," "secretory," "nonsuppurative," and "glue ear" have been the most commonly used.
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY OF OTITIS MEDIA
Kasai Procedure and Vitamin E
Authors: SOKOL RONALD J. , HEUBI JAMES E. , BALISTRERI WILLIAM F. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
The recent article by Burgess et al1 provides practitioners with encouraging data regarding the developmental outcome of children who have undergone the Kasai procedure for treatment of extrahepatic biliary atresia. The overall mean developmental quotient (DQ) was surprisingly normal, although in long-term survivors the DQ was somewhat lower. The gross motor development of these children, however, fell into the low-normal to delayed range after 8 months of age. Long-term survivors were noted to have a "lack of coordination and inaccuracy in performing gross motor tasks."
Decreased Prostacyclin Levels in Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: LONGENECKER GESINA L. , MANKAD VIPUL 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
Mehta and Albiol1 recently reported grossly elevated plasma levels of the antiplatelet prostanoid, prostacyclin, in sickle cell disease (SCD), and proposed this as the (a) mechanism whereby platelet function in this disorder suppressed. The latter has been reported by others2 and was confirmed by Mehta and Albiol, but is not a universal finding.3 Our data concerning prostacyclin levels in SCD differ dramatically.4 Using serum derived from whole blood treated with indomethacin (a modification of the method of Patrono et al5 for thromboxane B2), with radioimmunoassay (RIA) (New England Nuclear) for the prostacyclin metabolite, 6-keto-PGF1α, levels (picograms per milliliter) occurred in the order:
Temperature, Mitochondria, and Reye's Syndrome
Authors: EL-MALLAKH RIF S. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
Mitochondrial failure, manifest by changes in mitochondrial enzyme activity1-3 and morphology,4-5 is central to Reye's syndrome (RS).6 Although it has been variously hypothesized that the mitochondrial changes are secondary to an exogenous toxin,7-12 or an intrinsic mitochondrial defect,6 the actual cause remains obscure.
Electron microscopic studies have shown sweelling and loss of cristate in mitochondria of patients with RS. It is interesting that very similar changes occur in Trypanosoma cruzi.13-16
T cruzi is an extracellular/intracellular protozoan parasite which causes Chagas' disease.17
The Irresponsible Expert Witness
Authors: CARSTENSEN EARL J. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
I read with great interest Brent's article. "The Irresponsible Expert Witness: A Failure of Biomedical Graduate Education and Professional Accountability (Pediatrics 1982;70:754-762). Although I am not one of the itinerant expert witnesses of low professional calibre, I have been called upon as an expert witness on two separate occasions. This experience, coupled with reflection upon various readings from multidisciplines, evokes an intellectual and emotive fear at the shortcomings of our judicial process.
The Irresponsible Expert Witness
Authors: BRENT ROBERT L. 
Published: December 2021

In Reply.—
Many of the points that Turetsky makes are summarized in a paper entitled "Litigation-Produced Pain, Disease and Suffering."1 I can add little to the eloquence of Turetsky and Carstensen, except to point out that one must be able to document concerns and be careful not to air complaints that may be emotional or anecdotal, unless identified as such.
It may be of interest that I received more than 200 personal letters regarding the article on the irresponsible expert witness2; these letters came directly to the Jefferson Medical College and not to the Pediatrics editorial office.
The Pediatrician's Role in Discipline
Authors:   Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health
Published: December 2021

With declining availability of extended family to support and advise young parents and with the growing numbers of single-parent families, the pediatrician is increasingly consulted about the behavioral management of children and especially about appropriate discipline. Discipline means "to impart knowledge and skill to" rather than corporal punishment.
The emotionally mature adult is a disciplined person, able to postpone pleasure appropriately, tolerate discomfort when necessary, and be assertive without being hostile. Such abilities are learned over time and the process begins in earliest childhood.
As the human newborn matures physiologically and neurologically and as his care givers gradually impose limits in relation to feeding, toileting, or sleeping, the child's biologic rhythms become more regular and adapt to family routines. Signals of discomfort, such as crying and aimless thrashing of limbs, are modified and abandoned as the infant acquires memories of past relief of distress provided by the environment (parents).
As the infant becomes more mobile, he or she will initiate contacts with the environment; some of the potentially dangerous contacts include electric cords and plugs, peanuts, or valuable bric-abrac. Actions must be taken to protect the infant or toddler: the use of safety plugs or removal of the danger, signals of "No," or physical removal of the child to a "safer" area. Some persistent, active children pose a real discipline challenge to their parents; other children are quite adaptable and "easy." And just as children vary in their behaviors, some parents find it difficult to say "No"; some parents are neglectful; and still others are overly restrictive, controlling, and harsh.
The Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals into Human Breast Milk
Authors:   Committee on Drugs
Published: December 2021

In this statement, lists of the pharmacologic agents transferred into human breast milk and their possible effects on the infant or on lactation if known are provided (Tables 1 to 4). The fact that infant but indicates that there are no reports in the literature. These tables should assist the physician in counseling a patient regarding breast-feeding when the patient has a condition for which a drug a pharmacologic agent does not appear on the lists is not meant to imply that it is not transferred into breast milk or that it does not have an effect on the is medically indicated.
These reports have been obtained from a search of the medical literature. Because methodologies used to quantitate drugs in breast milk continue to improve, current information will require continuous updating of the tables. Brand names are listed at the end of the tables in accordance with the 4th Edition AMA Drug Evaluation. The reference list is not inclusive of all articles published.
Physicians who encounter adverse effects in infants fed breast milk due to exposure to drugs that are not included here are urged to document the effects in a communication to the Committee on Drugs of the American Academy of Pediatrics in Evanston. Such communication should include: the generic and brand name of the drug; the maternal dose and mode of administration; the concentration of the drug in breast milk and maternal and infant blood in relation to time of ingestion; the age of the infant; and the method used for laboratory identification.
Campylobacter Infection
Authors: SHULMAN STANFORD T. , MOEL DONALD 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
Chamovitz et al1 recently reported the occurrence of hemolytic-uremia syndrome with evidence of Campylobacter jejuni infection in both a mother and daughter. Although they indicated that there were no previous reports of the association of this enteric pathogen with hemolytic-uremic syndrome, we must point out the report of Denneberg et al,2 who noted this association in 1982.
In addition, we have recently treated a 22-month-old white girl with classic hemolytic-uremic syndrome who had bloody diarrhea as an early symptom.
Reducing the Toll of Injuries in Childhood Requires Support for a Focused Research Effort
Authors:   Committee on Research,   Committee on Accident and Poison Prevention
Published: December 2021

Injury is the leading cause of death and disability in childhood and early adult life. Trauma represents the largest loss of potential years of life1 and burdens the nation with enormous costs in terms of human suffering and disability, lost productivity, and medical services.2 In 1977, deaths from unintentional injuries ("accidents") accounted for nearly half of all deaths of children aged 1 to 14 years.3 Nonfatal, unintentional injuries, which are estimated to outnumber fatalities by 100 to 1,4 frequently result in permanent disability. Fatal inflicted injury (homicide) is a large and growing pediatric problem.5 Nonfatal child abuse and neglect affect more than 500,000 children per year,6 resulting in a progressive burden for its victims and society.
If those who are young are to be protected from life-threatening injury, a quickened pace of progress in injury care and prevention is needed. Efforts to build Emergency Medical Services were begun in the 1970s, but these services are not yet widely developed.2 Advances in other aspects of critical care for the injured have also evolved slowly. In the area of injury prevention, considerable progress has been made in the development of ways to understand and control childhood injury; this is evident by the reductions in certain types of childhood injury. The most notable successes have been the reduction of poisoning and flame burns as causes of death and disability in childhood.7,8 Important theoretic advances have been (1) the elimination of the term "accident," which suggests chaotic and random effects, and its replacement with the notion of "injury," which suggests the transfer of physical or chemical energy to a victim; (2) recognition that the types of interventions most likely to succeed are ones that require infrequent participation by the potential victim and his family (or none at all); and (3) awareness that different types of measures are needed to prevent different types of injury.9