bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Linear capabilities for fully abstract compilation of separation-logic-verified code
Authors: VAN STRYDONCK THOMAS , PIESSENS FRANK , DEVRIESE DOMINIQUE 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSeparation logic is a powerful program logic for the static modular verification of imperative programs. However,dynamicchecking of separation logic contracts on the boundaries between verified and untrusted modules is hard because it requires one to enforce (among other things) that outcalls from a verified to an untrusted module do not access memory resources currently owned by the verified module. This paper proposes an approach to dynamic contract checking by relying on support for capabilities, a well-studied form of unforgeable memory pointers that enables fine-grained, efficient memory access control. More specifically, we rely on a form of capabilities calledlinearcapabilities for which the hardware enforces that they cannot be copied. We formalize our approach as a fully abstract compiler from a statically verified source language to an unverified target language with support for linear capabilities. The key insight behind our compiler is that memory resources described by spatial separation logic predicates can be represented at run time by linear capabilities. The compiler isseparation-logic-proof-directed: it uses the separation logic proof of the source program to determine how memory accesses in the source program should be compiled to linear capability accesses in the target program. The full abstraction property of the compiler essentially guarantees that compiled verified modules can interact with untrusted target language modules as if they were compiled from verified code as well. This article is an extended version of one that was presented at ICFP 2019 (Van Strydonck et al., 2019).
Selecting and Implementing Knowledge Management Technology in Law Firms
Authors: Tomlinson Richard 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn recent years there has been an explosion of new ‘legal tech’ solutions on the market claiming to solve almost every problem or improve the efficiency of almost any process in a law firm. Alongside these new legal tech vendors are the traditional legal vendors offering enterprise solutions, and it can be challenging to identify, select and implement the right mix of solutions to solve your law firm's knowledge management (KM) needs. If you are thinking about or have been asked to introduce a new KM solution, it can be difficult to know where to get started, especially if you are in this position for the first time. This article, by Richard Tomlinson, explores some techniques and methodologies picked up over several years working in legal technology in big-law, to help you select and implement the best technology solutions for your firm.
Evaluation of care burden and preparedness of caregivers who provide care to palliative care patients
Authors: Karabulutlu Elanur Yılmaz , Turan Gülcan Bahçecioğlu , Yanmış Safiye 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveCaregivers have a great role in palliative care. Considering the difficult process of palliative care, the caregiver undertakes an extra burden with the responsibility of the patient. This study was carried out to evaluate the care burden and preparedness of caregivers who provide care for palliative care patients.MethodThis study was conducted in the palliative care unit of a state hospital in Turkey between January and May 2019. No sample was selected in the study, and the study was carried out with individuals who were hospitalized in the palliative care unit and who volunteered to participate in the study between the specified dates. The data were collected with Patient Relative Questionnaire Form, Burden Interview, and Preparedness for Caregiving Scale.ResultsThe average Burden Interview score was found as 33.6, SD 13.03 in the study. Patient relatives perceived the patients they cared for as a burden at moderate levels. The Preparedness for Caregiving score average was found as 18.55, SD 6.83. It was found that patient relatives were moderately prepared to undertake the role of caregiver. It was found that care burden decreased as preparedness for caregiving increased and burden increased as preparedness for caregiving decreased (p = 0.001).Significance of resultsAs a result of the study, it was found that caregivers of palliative patients had the moderate levels of care burden and preparedness for caregiving. It was found that as the preparedness levels of caregivers increased, their burdens decreased. Accordingly, it is important that nurses will plan nursing interventions by considering the factors that affect the care burden and preparedness of caregivers.
Rusty guns and buttery soldiers: unemployment and the domestic origins of defense spending
Authors: Becker Jordan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractScholars and practitioners continue to debate transatlantic burden sharing, which has implications for broader questions of collective action and international organizations. Little research, however, has analyzed domestic and institutional drivers of burden-sharing behavior; even less has disaggregated defense spending to measure burden sharing more precisely. This paper enhances understanding of the relationship between national political economies and burden shifting, operationalizing burden shifting as the extent to which a country limits or decreases defense expenditures, while at the same time favoring personnel over equipment modernization and readiness in the composition of defense budgets. Why do countries choose to allocate defense resources to personnel, rather than equipment modernization? I find that governments slightly decrease top-line defense spending in response to unemployment while shifting much more substantial amounts within defense budgets from equipment expenditures into personnel. This research highlights the intimate connection between Europe’s economic fortunes, transatlantic security, and burden sharing in North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the European Union – of particular interest as a pandemic buffets the transatlantic economy. It also points policy analysts toward factors more amenable to political decisions than the structural variables generally associated with burden sharing, bridging significant gaps between defense economics, security studies, and comparative political economy.
Association of chemerin gene promoter methylation in maternal blood and breast milk during gestational diabetes
Authors: Fatima Syeda Sadia , Rehman Rehana , Muhammad Jibran Sualeh , Martins Russell , Mohammed Nuruddin , Khan Unab 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe intrauterine environment and early-life nutrition are regulated by maternal biomarkers in the blood and breast milk. We aimed to explore epigenetic modifications that may contribute to differential chemerin expression in maternal plasma, colostrum, and breast milk and find its association with fetal cord blood and infant weight at 6 weeks postpartum. Thirty-three gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) mothers and 33 normoglycemic mothers (NGT) were recruited. Two maternal blood samples (28th week of gestation and 6 weeks postpartum), cord blood, colostrum, and mature milk were collected. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were conducted. The weight of the babies was measured at birth and 6 weeks postpartum. Serum chemerin levels at the 28th gestational week and 6 weeks postpartum were significantly lower for the NGT group as compared to the GDM group; (P < 0.05). Higher colostrum chemerin concentrations were observed in the GDM group and remained elevated in mature milk as compared to NGT (P < 0.05). Colostrum and breast milk chemerin levels showed an independent association with infant weight at 6 weeks postpartum (r = 0.270; P = 0.034) (r = 0.464; P < 0.001). Forty percent GDM mothers expressed unmethylated chemerin reflecting increased chemerin concentration in the maternal blood. This pattern was also observed in newborn cord blood where 52% of samples showed unmethylated chemerin in contrast to none in babies born to normoglycemic mothers. The results of this study highlight the critical importance of altered chemerin regulation in gestational diabetic mothers and its effect during early life period and suggest a possible role in contributing to childhood obesity.
Slowly Sinking Particles Underlie Dissolved Iron Transport Across the Pacific Ocean
Authors: Misumi K. , Nishioka J. , Obata H. , Tsumune D. , Tsubono T. , Long M. C. , Lindsay K. , Moore J. K. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractContinental shelf sediments are an important source of iron (Fe) in the oceans. Observational data suggest that basin‐scale transport of sedimentary sourced Fe accompanies the ventilation of the intermediate layer in the North Pacific. Here we use a marine biogeochemical model to explore the Fe transport mechanism with a focus on the role of sinking particles. The lateral penetration of sedimentary sourced Fe was best simulated when we assumed a short desorption and disaggregation length scale of Fe from sinking particles. The simulation results indicated that Fe is laterally transported mainly through interactions with particles with sinking velocities of 180–460 m yr−1; these velocities are two orders of magnitude slower than typical sinking rates of marine aggregates determined from mass flux measurements. Slowly sinking particles drive the basin‐scale transport of Fe by prolonging its residence time and by injecting sedimentary sourced Fe supplied originally to less dense waters into the intermediate layer water across isopycnal surfaces. A large amount of Fe from shelf sediments of the Okhotsk and Bering Seas is exported to the North Pacific through this particle interaction. These results highlight a biogeochemical linkage between the marginal seas and ocean basins that has been overlooked in global ocean models.
Global Temperature Responses to Large Tropical Volcanic Eruptions in Paleo Data Assimilation Products and Climate Model Simulations Over the Last Millennium
Authors: Tejedor E. , Steiger N. , Smerdon J. E. , Serrano‐Notivoli R. , Vuille M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractLarge volcanic eruptions are one of the dominant perturbations to global and regional atmospheric temperatures on timescales of years to decades. Discrepancies remain, however, in the estimated magnitude and persistence of the surface temperature cooling caused by volcanic eruptions, as characterized by paleoclimatic proxies and climate models. We investigate these discrepancies in the context of large tropical eruptions over the Last Millennium using two state‐of‐the‐art data assimilation products, the Paleo Hydrodynamics Data Assimilation product (PHYDA) and the Last Millennium Reanalysis (LMR), and simulations from the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Earth System Model‐Last Millennium Ensemble (NCAR CESM‐LME). We find that PHYDA and LMR estimate mean global and hemispheric cooling that is similar in magnitude and persistence once effects from eruptions occurring in short succession are removed. The estimates also compare well to Northern‐Hemisphere reconstructions based solely or partially on tree‐ring density, which have been proposed as the most accurate proxy estimates of surface cooling due to volcanism. All proxy‐based estimates also agree well with the magnitude of the mean cooling simulated by the CESM‐LME. Differences remain, however, in the spatial patterns of the temperature responses in the PHYDA, LMR, and the CESM‐LME. The duration of cooling anomalies also persists for several years longer in the PHYDA and LMR relative to the CESM‐LME. Our results demonstrate progress in resolving discrepancies between proxy‐ and model‐based estimates of temperature responses to volcanism, but also indicate these estimates must be further reconciled to better characterize the risks of future volcanic eruptions.
Climate‐Modulated Nutrient Conditions Along the Labrador Shelf: Evidence From Nitrogen Isotopes in a Six‐Hundred‐Year‐Old Crustose Coralline Alga
Authors: Doherty John M. , Williams Branwen , Kline Esme , Adey Walter , Thibodeau Benoit 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe impacts of climate change on north Atlantic nutrient chemistry remain poorly understood, as there exist a multitude of rapidly changing biological and physical drivers of nutrient conditions throughout the region. Here, we present nitrogen isotope measurements derived from a six‐hundred‐year‐old crustose coralline alga (δ15Nalgal) to elucidate historical and contemporary trends in nitrate utilization and circulation patterns along the Labrador Shelf. Prior to the early 1900s, we argue that intervals during which utilization approached completion were controlled by reduced nitrate advection linked to an increased proportion of nitrate‐poor polar waters and subdued Atlantic influence, as expected from concurrent negative modes of the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. While nitrate conditions should have recovered in recent years, our record suggests that high utilization persisted since ∼1870, which we also attribute to reduced Atlantic advection, likely associated with the twentieth‐century anthropogenic weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. These results highlight the role of ongoing climate‐induced circulation changes in modulating nutrient distributions throughout the subpolar north Atlantic, which may have implications for other environmental phenomena such as fisheries and oceanic carbon storage.
Ahnak deficiency attenuates high-fat diet-induced fatty liver in mice through FGF21 induction
Authors: Kim Yo Na , Shin Jae Hoon , Kyeong Dong Soo , Cho Soo Young , Kim Mi-Young , Lim Hee Jung , Jimenez Maria Raquel Rojas , Kim Il Yong , Lee Mi-Ock , Bae Yun Soo , Seong Je Kyung 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe AHNAK nucleoprotein has been determined to exert an anti-obesity effect in adipose tissue and further inhibit adipogenic differentiation. In this study, we examined the role of AHNAK in regulating hepatic lipid metabolism to prevent diet-induced fatty liver. Ahnak KO mice have reportedly exhibited reduced fat accumulation in the liver and decreased serum triglyceride (TG) levels when provided with either a normal chow diet or a high-fat diet (HFD). Gene expression profiling was used to identify novel factors that could be modulated by genetic manipulation of the Ahnak gene. The results revealed that fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) was markedly increased in the livers of Ahnak KO mice compared with WT mice fed a HFD. Ahnak knockdown in hepatocytes reportedly prevented excessive lipid accumulation induced by palmitate treatment and was associated with increased secretion of FGF21 and the expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation, which are primarily downstream of PPARα. These results indicate that pronounced obesity and hepatic steatosis are attenuated in HFD-fed Ahnak KO mice. This may be attributed, in part, to the induction of FGF21 and regulation of lipid metabolism, which are considered to be involved in increased fatty acid oxidation and reduced lipogenesis in the liver. These findings suggest that targeting AHNAK may have beneficial implications in preventing or treating hepatic steatosis.
Hippocampal regenerative medicine: neurogenic implications for addiction and mental disorders
Authors: Peyton Lee , Oliveros Alfredo , Choi Doo-Sup , Jang Mi-Hyeon 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPsychiatric illness is a prevalent and highly debilitating disorder, and more than 50% of the general population in both middle- and high-income countries experience at least one psychiatric disorder at some point in their lives. As we continue to learn how pervasive psychiatric episodes are in society, we must acknowledge that psychiatric disorders are not solely relegated to a small group of predisposed individuals but rather occur in significant portions of all societal groups. Several distinct brain regions have been implicated in neuropsychiatric disease. These brain regions include corticolimbic structures, which regulate executive function and decision making (e.g., the prefrontal cortex), as well as striatal subregions known to control motivated behavior under normal and stressful conditions. Importantly, the corticolimbic neural circuitry includes the hippocampus, a critical brain structure that sends projections to both the cortex and striatum to coordinate learning, memory, and mood. In this review, we will discuss past and recent discoveries of how neurobiological processes in the hippocampus and corticolimbic structures work in concert to control executive function, memory, and mood in the context of mental disorders.
Efficient generation of complex vectorial optical fields with metasurfaces
Authors: Wang Dongyi , Liu Feifei , Liu Tong , Sun Shulin , He Qiong , Zhou Lei 
Published: March 2021

AbstractVectorial optical fields (VOFs) exhibiting arbitrarily designed wavefronts and polarization distributions are highly desired in photonics. However, current methods to generate them either require complicated setups or exhibit limited functionalities, which is unfavorable for integration-optics applications. Here, we propose a generic approach to efficiently generate arbitrary VOFs based on metasurfaces exhibiting full-matrix yet inhomogeneous Jones-matrix distributions. We illustrate our strategy with analytical calculations on a model system and an experimental demonstration of a meta-device that can simultaneously deflect light and manipulate its polarization. Based on these benchmark results, we next experimentally demonstrate the generation of a far-field VOF exhibiting both a vortex wavefront and an inhomogeneous polarization distribution. Finally, we design/fabricate a meta-device and experimentally demonstrate that it can generate a complex near-field VOF—a cylindrically polarized surface plasmon wave possessing orbital angular momentum—with an efficiency of ~34%. Our results establish an efficient and ultracompact platform for generating arbitrary predesigned VOFs in both the near- and far-fields, which may find many applications in optical manipulation and communications.
Breast cancer dependence on MCL-1 is due to its canonical anti-apoptotic function
Authors: Campbell Kirsteen J. , Mason Susan M. , Winder Matthew L. , Willemsen Rosalie B. E. , Cloix Catherine , Lawson Hannah , Rooney Nicholas , Dhayade Sandeep , Sims Andrew H. , Blyth Karen , Tait Stephen W. G. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHigh levels of the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family member MCL-1 are frequently found in breast cancer and, appropriately, BH3-mimetic drugs that specifically target MCL-1’s function in apoptosis are in development as anti-cancer therapy. MCL-1 also has reported non-canonical roles that may be relevant in its tumour-promoting effect. Here we investigate the role of MCL-1 in clinically relevant breast cancer models and address whether the canonical role of MCL-1 in apoptosis, which can be targeted using BH3-mimetic drugs, is the major function for MCL-1 in breast cancer. We show that MCL-1 is essential in established tumours with genetic deletion inducing tumour regression and inhibition with the MCL-1-specific BH3-mimetic drug S63845 significantly impeding tumour growth. Importantly, we found that the anti-tumour functions achieved by MCL-1 deletion or inhibition were completely dependent on pro-apoptotic BAX/BAK. Interestingly, we find that MCL-1 is also critical for stem cell activity in human breast cancer cells and highMCL1expression correlates with stemness markers in tumours. This strongly supports the idea that the key function of MCL-1 in breast cancer is through its anti-apoptotic function. This has important implications for the future use of MCL-1-specific BH3-mimetic drugs in breast cancer treatment.
StRAP2.3, an ERF‐VII transcription factor, directly activates StInvInh2 to enhance cold-induced sweetening resistance in potato
Authors: Shi Weiling , Song Yuhao , Liu Tiantian , Ma Qiuqin , Yin Wang , Shen Yuchen , Liu Tengfei , Jiang Chunyan , Zhang Kai , Lv Dianqiu , Song Botao , Wang Jichun , Liu Xun 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPotato invertase inhibitor (StInvInh2) positively regulates cold-induced sweetening (CIS) resistance by inhibiting the activity of vacuolar invertase. The distinct expression patterns ofStInvInh2have been thoroughly characterized in different potato genotypes, but the related CIS ability has not been characterized. The understanding of the regulatory mechanisms that controlStInvInh2transcription is unclear. In this study, we identified an ERF‐VII transcription factor,StRAP2.3, that directly regulatesStInvInh2to positively modulate CIS resistance. Acting as a nuclear-localized transcriptional activator, StRAP2.3 directly binds the ACCGAC cis-element in the promoter region ofStInvInh2, enabling promoter activity. Overexpression ofStRAP2.3in CIS-sensitive potato tubers inducedStInvInh2mRNA abundance and increased CIS resistance. In contrast, silencingStRAP2.3in CIS-resistant potato tubers repressed the expression ofStInvInh2and decreased CIS resistance. We conclude that cold-responsiveStInvInh2is due to the binding of StRAP2.3 to the ACCGAC cis-element in the promoter region ofStInvInh2. Overall, these findings indicate that StRAP2.3 directly regulatesStInvInh2to positively modulate CIS resistance, which may provide a strategy to improve the processing quality of potatoes.
Macrophages in microgravity: the impact of space on immune cells
Authors: Ludtka Christopher , Silberman Justin , Moore Erika , Allen Josephine B. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe effects of a microgravity environment on the myriad types of immune cells present within the human body have been assessed both by bench-scale simulation and suborbital methods, as well as in true spaceflight. Macrophages have garnered increased research interest in this context in recent years. Their functionality in both immune response and tissue remodeling makes them a unique cell to investigate in regards to gravisensitive effects as well as parameters of interest that could impact astronaut health. Here, we review and summarize the literature investigating the effects of microgravity on macrophages and monocytes regarding the microgravity environment simulation/generation methods, cell sources, experiment durations, and parameters of interest utilized within the field. We discuss reported findings on the impacts of microgravity on macrophage/monocyte structure, adhesion and migration, proliferation, genetic expression, cytokine secretion, and reactive oxygen species production, as well as polarization. Based on this body of data, we make recommendations to the field for careful consideration of experimental design to complement existing reports, as the multitude of disparate study methods previously published can make drawing direct comparisons difficult. However, the breadth of different testing methodologies can also lend itself to attempting to identify the most robust and consistent responses to microgravity across various testing conditions.