bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lithamœba Discus, nov. gen. et sp., One of the Gymnomyxa
Authors: Lankester E. Ray 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
(With Plate XXIII.)
I Include under the division Gymnomyxa all those Protozoa or Homoblastic animals which expose, in a naked state, to the medium in which they live, the living protoplasm of their body-substance, in the form of those lobose, filamentous, or reticulate processes known as pseadopodia. The group is the complement of the Corticata, in which a permanent differentiation of the surface of the body-substance has been effected, necessitating either parasitic nutrition (Gregarinæ) or the specialization of an ingestive orifice (the Ciliate, Flagellate, and Suctorial Infusoria). The Gymnomyxa thus include, together with the Radiolaria and others, all those forms known as Rhizopoda, whether provided with nucleus or devoid of that structure.
On the Structure of the Vertebrate Spermatozoon
Authors: Gibbes Heneage 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In making an examination into the structure of the spermatozoa of Vertebrate animals those of the Amphibia, such as the Triton cristatus and Salamandra maculata, from their large size, afford the best examples. Taking then the living spermatozoon of either of these animals in the fresh condition just removed from the body we find the following appearances, shown in figs, 1 and 2, of Salamandra maculata, and fig. 3, of Triton cristatus.
On the Relationships and Rôle of the Archoplasm during Mitosis in the Larval Salamander
Authors: Moore John E. S. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the thirty-seventh volume of the ‘Archiv für mikroskopische Anatomie’ F. Hermann figured and described certain bodies existing in the dividing spermatocytes of the salamander and Proteus in these words: “Ausserhalb der deutlich sichtbaren Kernmembran liegt nun diesen Kernen ungefähr in der Form eines flachen Brodlaibes eine Scheibe körnigen Protoplasmas an, die durch ihre dunkler Färbung deutlich sichtbar wird?’ These archoplasmic bodies, as he named them, are apparently homologous, on the one hand, with the “sphèresattractives” of van Beneden (described as arising simultaneously), and on the other with that remarkable structure of which Platner has said, “Der in dem Protoplasma vieler Zellen sich findende sogenannte Nebenkern1 hat in neuerer Zeit durch die Untersuchungen von Nussbaum, Gaule, Masanori Ogata und Andern ein immer grösseres Interesse erregt.”
Note on the Cœlom and Vascular System of Mollusca and Arthropoda
Authors: Lankester E. Ray 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The reference by Mr. Allen in his memoir published in this number of the Journal to a note by me appended to Dr. Gulland’s paper in 1885 on “The Coxal Gland of Limulus “induces me to reprint here the report of a paper which I read to Section D at the Manchester meeting of the British Association in 1887. This report was furnished by me to ‘Nature’ and printed in that journal in March, 1888 (p. 498). Professor Julin, of Liège, also published—in a report made by him to the Belgian Academy on the proceedings at Manchester— an abstract of the same paper. The report printed in ‘Nature ‘is as follows:
On the Fossil Mammalia from the Stonesfield Slate
Authors: Goodrich E. S. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Ever since the discovery, made some eighty years ago, of Mammalian remains in the Stonesfield Slate near Oxford, these fossils have excited the interest of naturalists, and have been the subject of much discussion amongst geologists and palaeontologists both in England and abroad. Nevertheless something still remains to be described in the few specimens which exist; and, while one of them has not yet been figured at all, others have been only inaccurately represented. I therefore propose to write a short history of each fossil, as far as it is known, giving figures when necessary ; and to sum up the most important results which have been reached with regard to them by previous authors, together with some remarks as to the bearing of the facts ascertained by a careful study of the teeth belonging to these remains on the general question of the origin and homology of the cusps of Mammalian teeth.
A Polynoid with Branchiæ (Eupolyodontes Cornishii)
Authors: Buchanan Florence 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A Single specimen of an interesting Polycbæte was presented to the British Museum a short time ago by Mr. V. H. Coruish, of the cable-ship “Mirror,” who had obtained it off the mouth of the river Congo. It was shown to me by Professor Bell, who was good enough to suggest that I should describe it, and Dr. Günther has kindly sanctioned my doing so.
Some Further Contributions to our Knowledge of the Minute Anatomy of Limnocodium
Authors: Günther R. T. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
While engaged in a study of the anatomy of Limnocnida tahganjicæ I was naturally rather desirous of making a comparison between the structural features of Limnocnida and those of the first-described fresh-water medusa, Limnocodium Sowerbii, in order to attempt to ascertain if the two forms possessed any similar modifications which might possibly be brought into relation with their life in fresh water.
E. Ray. Lankester
Authors: Ray Lankester E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It is now five-and-twenty years since Professor Lankester first undertook the task of editing the ‘Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science/ and by issuing the present number his colleagues desire to mark the occasion, and at the same time to take the opportunity of offering to him their hearty congratulations on the success which has attended this quarter of a century of effort on his part.
Since the classical papers on Bacteria published by Professor F. Cohn in the ‘Zeitschrift der Biologie d. Pflanzen,’ vols, i to iii, all bacteriologists have accepted the subdivision of the Schizomycetes into cocci, bacilli, and vibrios or spirilla, as representing the main morphological fundamental types. But by Lankester1 and Zopfs’researches on Cladothrix dichotoma, and by Hauser’s well-known and exhaustive work on ‘Putrefactive Bacteria’ (‘Ueber Fäulnissbacterien,’ Leipzig, 1885), it has become recognised that the shape under which a particular bacterial species presents itself depends both on the medium in which it grows, as also on certain inherent characters of the organism itself. Thus it has become recognised that while the elements of one species appear as often in the form of oval as of cylindrical cells, those of another retain, under almost all conditions, pre-eminently that of cylindrical cells. To name a few instances : (a) the Proteus vulgaris of Hauser. This organism—the organism of putrefaction par excellence—is known to occur in the most varied shapes, as cocci, oval forms, cylindrical and vibrionic forms; but when growing in gelatine plates at 20° C. it will be found that in the first twenty-four to forty-eight hours the colonies are made up entirely of cylindrical bacilli, some of extreme length and forming very characteristic threads. The “swarming” out and the development of strands from such a colony are uniformly due to, and consist of, thread-like bacilli (see my article in Stevenson and Murphy’s ‘Treatise on Hygiene,’ II, pl. ii) ; but later on, say after three or four days, when liquefaction of the gelatine has become extensive, the forms one meets are those various kinds described by Hauser as coccus forms, ovals, cylindrical cells, and vibrionic forms.
On the Law of Development commonly known as von Baer’s Law ; and on the Significance of Ancestral Rudiments in Embryonic Development
Authors: Sedgwick Adam 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The generalisation commonly referred to as v. Baer’s law is usually stated as follows :—Embryos of different members of the same group are more alike than the adults, and the resemblances are greater the younger the embryos examined. It appears to be pretty clear that v. Baer held some such view as this,1 and there can be no doubt that it is a view which is largely taught at the present day.2 In fact, I think it is safe to say that all zoologists are brought up with this view as one of the fundamental postulates of their science.
A Review of Professor Spengel’s Monograph on Balanoglossus.
Authors: MacBride E. W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The eighteenth monograph of the Naples series lies at length before us. As a monument of patient industry and a mine of anatomical facts it stands in the foremost rank of zoological treatises. It contains minute descriptions of all the known species of Balanoglossus, as well as complete discussions, not only as to the relationship of this interesting form to various phyla of the animal kingdom, but also as to the special morphology of every organ in the body of Balanoglossus.
On the Phenomenon of the Fusion of the Epiblastic Layers in the Rabbit and in the Frog.
Authors: Assheton Richard 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In my paper upon the early stages of the development of the rabbit I have given evidence in support of the views held by Balfour and Heape concerning the fate of the outer layer of epiblast over the embryonic disc of the rabbit embryo of the seventh day. The two layers of epiblast gradually fuse together, and cells from each take part in the formation of the permanent epiblast.
On the Mouth-parts of the Cypris-stage of Balanus
Authors: Groom Theo T. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The buccal mass of all ordinary Cirripedes consists, as is well known, of three pairs of jaws, together with the labrum and palps. The form and disposition of these mouth-organs in the various genera of the Thoracica has been well investigated by Darwin, and the differences observed between the different forms in respect to these parts have been utilised for purposes of classification. The morphological significance of the jaws has, however, never been satisfactorily ascertained, and the current views are all practically based upon suppositions, the actual development having been traced in no case.
A Revision of the Genera and Species of the Branchiostomidæ
Authors: Klrkaldy T. W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The opportunity of examining a number of species allied to the well-known Cephaloehordate Amphioxus lanceolatus was afforded to me by Professor Lankester, who had for some time collected material for the purpose of revising the genus, and suggested that I should go over the specimens in his possession, and prepare a series of drawings showing the chief characteristics of the species. The drawings have been executed by Mr. Bayzand from rough ones prepared by me.1
A Criticism of the Cell-Theory; being an Answer to Mr. Sedgwick’s Article on the Inadequacy of the Cellular Theory of Development
Authors: Bourne Gilbert C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
“Jedes Lebendige ist kein Einzelnes, sondern ein Mehrheit; selbst insofern es uns ais Individuum erscheint, bleibt es doch eine Versammlung von lebendigen, selbstàndigen Wesen, die der Idee, der Anlage nach gleich sind, in der Erscheinung aber gleich oder ähnlich, ungleich oder unahnlich werden konnen. Diese Wesen sind theils urspriinglich schon verbunden, theils finden und vereinigen sie sich. Sie entzweien sich und suchen sich wieder, und bewirken so eine unendliche Production auf alie Weise und nach alien Seiten.”—GOETHE (1807).
On the Structural Changes in the Reproductive Cells during the Spermatogenesis of Elasmobranchs
Authors: Moore J. E. S. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
“Plagiostomorum spermatosomata, quæ magnitudine et peculiari quadam forma in primis ad evolutionis studium apta sunt, hac ratione iara plurium observations in se contraxerunt.”—LAVALETTE ST. GEORGE.
The Blood of Magelona
Authors: Benham W. Blaxland 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The small Annelid first discovered and briefly described by Fr. Müller1 in 1858 has more recently received more elaborate treatment at the hands of Professor W. M’Intosh.2 It presents several peculiarities deserving of still more detailed research; and, at Professor Lankester’s request, Dr. M‘Intosh has kindly sent to me from time to time living specimens, obtained at St. Andrews, which have served as the starting-point of my own observations.
Fission in Nemertines
Authors: Benham W. Blaxland 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It is a well-known fact that many Nemertines break up into pieces when irritated; but although this statement is current in text-books as well as in special memoirs the matter has received very little attention, and I find no account of any internal changes which may take place in the tissues of the body previous to the process of fragmentation. Indeed, it appears that the statement is made rather vaguely, and its application is scarcely so general as might be inferred. There is no doubt but that Carinella, Linens, and other elongated and comparatively slender forms do fragment, and that these fragments can remain alive for a considerable time, as Dalyell, and later M’Intosh have recorded; and further, it appears that the anterior end of such a fragmented Lineus may produce a new posterior end, and M’Intosh figures various stages in the formation of a head to a more posterior piece. As the specimen which he kept under observation lived in very unfavorable conditions of food, &c., he did not observe the completion of the head even after some months, but remarks that in a state of nature such a regeneration most probably takes place frequently.1 Further, we are left somewhat in doubt as to whether a Nemertine does of its own accord, and independently of irritation, normally break up into pieces.
Chlamydomyxa Montana, n. sp., one of the Protozoa Gymnomyxa
Authors: Lankester E. Ray 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
I do not know of any naturalist who has seen the beautiful Chlamydomyxa labyrinthuloides of Archer in a state of “expansion “since he described it in this Journal twenty-one years ago. Mr. Thisleton Dyer, now Director of Kew Gardens, saw it in its active streaming condition when Archer exhibited it at one of the meetings of the Dublin Microscopical Club five-and-twenty years ago. And the other members of that admirable band of naturalists saw it and testify to the correctness of Archer’s description and figures.
An Attempt to deduce the Vertebrate Eyes from the Skin
Authors: Bernard H.M , Cantab M.A 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the February issue of the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History ‘I published an outline sketch of a new theory of vision. It was suggested that eyes arose as local modifications of tissue induced by the excessive crowding of pigmented granules at spots most frequently and brilliantly illuminated, and that this crowding of the pigmented granules might be made to explain both the origin of the eye as a structure and its functions as an organ. I now propose, as time and opportunity allow, to compare a few eyes with the tissues out of which they have, or according to the theory they should have, arisen, in order to ascertain how far such comparisons support the theory.
On the Development of the Eggs Of Floscularia Ornata.Ehr
Authors: Weisse J. F. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Whilst the author, in the course of last summer, was pursuing his investigations on the eggs of the Rotatoria, he noticed on the 15th of August a beautiful example of Floscularia ornata, together with four minute ova, which had been already deposited in the aquarium. A fifth ovum, which was still contained within the maternal body, was expelled under his eyes on the following morning, by a forcible contraction of the animal. The germinal vesicle was still present, and it differed, moreover, from the other ova in the circumstance that the embryo, whose motions became more and more lively, remained in this condition the whole of the following day, exhibiting at times movement of the difficultly seen pharynx. It was not till the 20th that the egg was ruptured at the end where the ciliary motion had been perceived. The little animal crept slowly about with a worm-like movement, and now exhibited very distinctly the circle of cilia at its anterior extremity. When completely liberated, it might be about twice the length of the egg, but it had not the slightest resemblance to the parent, so that any one accidentally coming across such an animalcule under the microscope might readily mistake it for a newly discovered species. The author, therefore, gives a figure of the contents, which were slightly separated from the shell at either end (Fig. 1).
On the Histology of the Ovary and of the Ovarian Ova in certain Marine Fishes
Authors: Cunningham J. T. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In my paper in the ‘Journal of the Marine Biological Association,’ vol. iii. No. 2, p. 154, I have described the development of the yolk in the plaice and dab as commencing by the deposition of yolk granules in a thin layer near the surface of the egg, and proceeding by the continual extension of this layer towards the centre. I have also described and figured the appearance of minute refringent globules distributed sparsely throughout the protoplasm of the egg, in specimens of the sole which were examined a little time before the commencement of the spawning season. Such globules were also seen in spent ovaries of the sole, and seemed to indicate that the formation of yolk occupied more than a year in some fishes, while in the plaice and dab no sign of the development of yolk was seen until some months after the spawning season.
On Ptychodera flava, Eschscholtz
Authors: Willcy Arthur 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Ptychodera Flava has the distinction of being the oldest as well as one of the least known of the Enteropneusta, having been recorded and figured for the first and only time by Eschscholtz in 1825, from material obtained from the Marshall or Rumanzow Islands, in the Pacific, north of the equator.
Notes on the Anatomy of Sternaspis
Authors: Goodrich Edwin S. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the beautiful works both of Professor Vejdovsky (5) and of M. Rietsch (3) on Sternaspis we find certain statements which, if correct, would place that worm in a very exceptional position. These authors describe the excretory organ as a lobulated sac with neither internal nor external opening, and the genital organ as a somewhat similar sac entirely shut off from the cœlom, but opening to the exterior by two long ducts with which the sac is directly continuous. Thus Sternaspis, in having a completely closed excretory organ (nephridium?), and in having the ovary or testis situated in a special cavity without communication with the cœlom, would differ from all known Polychæta, of which group it is no doubt a highly modified member.
The Early Development of Amphioxus
Authors: MacBride E. W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTThe work which forms the subject of the present essay was carried out in the Cambridge Zoological Laboratory during the years 1895-7. The material on which my results are founded consisted of a collection of embryos and larvæ which had been obtained by Mr. Sedgwick and Dr. Willey during their visits to Faro in 1890-91, and I have to express my warmest thanks to Mr. Sedgwick for placing this valuable material at my disposal.
On a Prorhynchid Turbellarian from Deep Wells in New Zealand
Authors: Haswell William A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In 18921 I announced briefly the discovery of this remarkable Turbellarian, which was found by Dr. Charles Chilton in deep wells in Canterbury, New Zealand, among other animals, chiefly Crustacea, of which he has since published a valuable account.2 At that time the general examination which I had made of the specimens had led me to the conclusion that the new form found its nearest allies in the Alloioccela. The series of lateral diverticula of the intestine, the complex structure of the pharynx, the entire absence of a body-cavity, and other features led me to take this view. A more thorough examination, however, with the aid of sections of better preserved specimens, has led to the result that, while having certain points of affinity with the Alloioccela, the new form finds its nearest allies by far in the family Prorhynchidæ, and is in many respects closely related to the genus Prorhynchus, while presenting some remarkable features in which it differs not only from that genus, but apparently from all the rest of the Rhabdocœla.
Note on the Development of the Atrial Chamber in Amphioxus
Authors: Lankester E. Ray 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Owing to the promotion of my friend Professor MacBride to a post in the University of Montreal in Canada, it has not been possible for me to confer with him personally as to the significance of certain passages in his interesting and valuable memoir on “The Early Development of Amphioxus” published in the present number of the Journal. I must therefore take the passages in question as they stand, and deal with them in print.
On Tetracotyle petromyzontis, a Parasite of the Brain of Ammocœtes
Authors: Brown Albert W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Whilst I was working as a student in the Department of Comparative Anatomy at Oxford, in the Histology Class of Mr. Gr. C. Bourne, my attention was drawn to a very extraordinary appearance in some sections of the brain of Ammocœtes. Examination of sections of several different individuals revealed a constancy in the appearance at first sight suggestive of some highly complex abnormality, but a more thorough examination of series of sections resulted in the discovery that I had to deal with a parasitic form, which eventually proved to be a Holostomid trematode.
Outlines of the Development of the Tuatara, Sphenodon (Hatteria) punctatus
Authors: Dendy Arthur 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Shortly after my arrival in New Zealand my friend Professor G. B. Howes, LL.D., F.R.S., urged me to undertake the investigation of the development of the Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus), but for various reasons I decided at that time not to do so. Some time afterwards, however, while examining the parietal eye in some embryo Australian skinks, I was struck -with the existence of an optic cup, apparently similar to that of the paired eyes. This seemed so startling that T resolved to attempt to obtain Tuatara embryos for the purpose primarily of studying the development of the parietal eye.
On the Development of the Parietal Eye and Adjacent Organs in Sphenodon (Hatteria)
Authors: Dendy Arthur 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
My attention was first directed to this investigation by observing a stage in the development of the parietal eye in an Australian skink, in which the portion of the optic vesicle behind the lens appears to consist of two very distinct layers,thus forming an optic cup structurally resembling that of the ordinary paired eye. The conclusion that this cup had been formed in the same way as in the paired eye was irresistible, but fortunately I refrained from publishing until further evidence was forthcoming, and in the meantime made arrangements for securing a supply of Tuatara eggs, with a special view to investigating this point. Thanks to the generous assistance of Mr. P. Henaghan, I have obtained a considerable number of eggs, from which I have extracted a very good series of embryos. I have recently published a general account of the development of Sphenodon.1 This will be followed by more detailed accounts of the development of special organs, by myself and other zoologists, and towards these the present communication may be considered as a first instalment.