bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A light-activatable antibiotic with high activation efficiency and uncompromised bactericidal potency in the activated state
Authors: Hou Delong , Wang Rui , Wang Zhonghui , Yang Gaofu , Xu Zhou , Zeng Qi , Chen Yi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Achieving activatable antibiotics represents one promising solution to tackle the occurrence of side effects, one major issue now plaguing antibiotic usage in collagen-based biomaterials. Despite considerable effort, however, rationale design of activatable antibiotics that display high activation efficiency and uncompromised bactericidal potency in the activated state remains difficult. Here, we demonstrate a design principle that helps to address this challenge. This strategy differs from previous attempts by underscoring photolytic removal of a functionality directly conjugated to the pharmacophore of an antibiotic, enabling not only an activation efficiency significantly improved beyond previous light-activatable antibiotics, but also bactericidal activity in the activated state as potent as the parent drug.

Graphical abstract
Diagnostic value of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in differentiation between normal and abnormally thickened endometrium: prospective study
Authors: Latif Mahmoud Abdel , Tantawy M. Salah , Mosaad Hebatullah Safwat 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can be beneficial to differentiate between endometrium and other uterine layers. It is believed that it can be used to differentiate between normal and abnormally thickened endometrium. The purpose of this study was to find out the diagnostic value of DTI as an extension of DWI in characterization of abnormally thickened endometrium and differentiate it from normal.

Results
This study included 68 females, results of 3 of them were excluded (unable to complete the study), so the final number was 65 females subdivided into 2 groups; (A) control: 24 (13 premenopausal and 11 asymptomatic postmenopausal), (B) pathological thickened endometrium: 41 (11 premenopausal and 30 postmenopausal): benign (21 patients) and malignant (20 patients). The collected data was correlated to the histopathological results (as the gold standard) in cases of endometrial pathologies. The mean DW-ADC values for normal, benign, and malignant patients were 1.43 ± 0.13, 1.56 ± 0.17, and 0.86 ± 0.16 respectively and with significant statistical difference between normal and benign endometrial lesions (P value = 0.006), and between normal and malignant endometrial lesions, and between benign and malignant endometrial lesions (P value ˂ 0.001).
The DTI-FA mean values for normal, benign, and malignant patients were 0.349 ± 0.08, 0.29 ± 0.09, and 0.299 ± 0.08 respectively and with significant statistical difference between normal and benign endometrial lesions (P value = 0.02), but there is no significant statistical difference regarding DTI-FA values between normal and malignant endometrial lesions or between benign and malignant endometrial lesions (P value ˃ 0.05). Also, there is a significant statistical difference regarding DTI-MD mean values between normal (1.59 ± 0.06) and benign (1.37 ± 0.09), normal and malignant (0.71 ± 0.25), and between benign and malignant endometrial lesions (P value ˂ 0.001). The DT-MD had a higher sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy than both DW-ADC and DT-FA in differentiating normal, benign, and malignant endometrial pathologies.

Conclusion
DTI (added to DWI) is a valuable non-invasive tool that can increase the accuracy in differentiating normal, benign, and malignant endometrial conditions, helping early management, and decrease the possibility of misdiagnosis.
Perception of radiography lecturers towards the proposed doctor of radiography program
Authors: Maduka Beatrice Ukamaka , Ugwu Anthony Chukwuka , Adirika Bakky Ngozi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Radiography as a profession has undergone significant changes in recent times with the introduction of new imaging modalities, increase in the ranges of radiological investigations, and a diversification in the role of radiographers. As a result of these, there is a need to step up the radiography program to meet up with these changes. This study aims at ascertaining the perception of radiography lecturers in Nigeria towards the proposed doctor of radiography program. A cross-sectional study of radiography lecturers in Nigeria was conducted from February to July 2020. Subjects were recruited through a convenient sampling technique. Validated questionnaires were sent online to all the lecturers. The questionnaire contained 32 questions divided into 3 sections. Section A captured the demographic data of the lecturers. Section B captured information on the ability of the doctor of radiography program to produce graduates with a broad orientation in all specialties of radiography. Section C elicited information on the ability of the doctor of radiography program to produce high-quality radiographers.

Results
A total of 62 lecturers comprising 51 males (82.3%) and 11 females (17.7%) participated in the study. The grand mean of all the items in sections B and C were 3.03 and 3.25 respectively which show that the respondents are confident that the proposed program will produce high-quality and versatile radiographers.

Conclusion
The lecturers showed a positive perception towards the doctor of radiography program. Hence, they strongly believe that the proposed program will produce more versatile radiographers than the bachelor’s program.
Encephalocele: know it to deal with it
Authors: Pal Nilkanth Laxman , Juwarkar Ambika Sumeet , Viswamitra Sanjaya 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Encephaloceles refer to the herniation of intracranial contents through the defect in the dura and calvarium. This article aims to equip the radiologists with all the necessary information to approach a case of encephalocele in a systematic manner and report in an organized format. Thus reduce the reporting time without overlooking any detail.

Main text
An extensive literature review was performed searching through the standard textbooks and electronic databases to obtain thorough information on the various encephaloceles particularly from a radiological point of view. The author’s observations were also incorporated in the review. Among the available imaging modalities, magnetic resonance imaging is the most versatile and considered the imaging modality of choice because of superior anatomic resolution in the characterization of central nervous system malformation. This study provides the reporting radiologist with a methodical guide to approach a case of encephalocele discussing the imaging protocol, relevant anatomy, classification, associated abnormalities, and imaging prognostic factors.

Conclusion
Encephalocele has always been a subject of predicament for radiologists. Understanding the relevant terminologies, anatomy, imaging protocols, classification, associated malformations/anomalies, and imaging prognostic factors will help to methodically approach each case and provide a systematic and comprehensive report.
Work-related musculoskeletal disorders among Egyptian physical therapists
Authors: Abu-Taleb Walaa , Rehan Youssef Aliaa 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Physical therapists (PTs) are frequently exposed to work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). There is limited evidence on the prevalence of these injuries and their potential risk factors in Egyptian PTs. This study aimed at estimating the prevalence of WMSDs among Egyptian PTs as well as potential risk factors and therapists’ coping strategies. Further, it investigated the association between WMSDs and socioeconomic factors.

Results
Three hundred eighty-five eligible participants completed a survey. The prevalence of WMSDs was 99.5%. The five top affected anatomic regions were lower back (69.1%), neck (65.7%), shoulder (47.7%), wrist/hand (39.1%), and upper back (37.0%). Therapists rated awkward positions and handling of heavy patients as the most common predisposing factors for sustaining injuries. Regarding coping strategies, seeking informal help from peers to treat injuries-related symptoms and changing the posture of therapists and patients while working were mostly used by PTs. Overall, female therapists had higher injury prevalence than males (Cramer’s V < 0.5, p ≤ 0.05); except for upper back (p > 0.05). Education and working in multiple facilities simultaneously (public and private clinics) correlated significantly to sustaining injuries in the upper back (V = 0.14, p = 0.049 and V = 0.178, p = 0.002, respectively) and neck (V = 0.16, p = .019 and V = 0.142, p = 0.020, respectively). WMSDs were not associated with therapists’ experience or specialty (p > 0.05).

Conclusion
WMSDs injuries in PTs are prevalent in Egypt, especially in females, therapists with lower academic education, and those working in multiple facilities simultaneously.
Acute mastoiditis with facial paralysis as initial symptom of acute myeloid leukemia relapse: a rare case report
Authors: Yücel Levent , Başak Hazan , Beton Süha 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Extramedullary involvement of leukemia usually occurs in the skin and central nervous system. Isolated leukemic involvement of the temporal bone is a very uncommon situation, and it is seen frequently concomitant to hematologic or molecular relapse.

Case presentation
An 8-year-old male with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) M2 with t (8,21) (FAB classification) in remission for 2 years was referred to our clinic with severe ear pain, persistent ear discharge, and hearing loss with left facial paralysis for 4 days. Physical examination revealed purulent ear discharge with severe edema of the left ear canal. The temporal computed tomography revealed otomastoiditis. However, temporal magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a 9 × 6 × 5 mm contrast-enhancing lesion in the internal acoustic canal and thickening in VIIth and VIIIth cranial nerves. Mastoidectomy was performed for exploration and biopsy. The histopathological results of the mastoid bone and soft tissue samples revealed a relapse of AML. One month after the first chemotherapy regime, ear discharge stopped and facial palsy recovered totally. However, the patient died 9 months after the diagnosis of relapse.

Conclusion
Temporal bone relapse should be suspected in AML patients with symptoms of otomastoiditis and facial palsy. Further investigations including radiological examinations, surgery, and biopsy for avoiding misdiagnosis and delay in treatment are needed.
Role of detection of lipoarabinomannan (LAM) in urine for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV patients: Egyptian experience
Authors: Elhalawany Nagwa , Shalaby Nessrin , Fathy Amal , Elmorsy Ahmed S. , Zaghloul Mohamed , El-shahawy Heba , Hewidy Asem A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Tuberculosis remains a worldwide problem fueled by the HIV epidemic. TB infection impacts HIV progression and mortality even with treatment. Egypt has increasing HIV prevalence, although still in low prevalent areas.

Results
Urinary LAM was positive in 22 (95.7%) of TB patients and 1 (1.9%) of non TB group. Sensitivity was 95.7%, specificity 98.1%, positive and negative predictive values were 95.7% and 98.1% respectively, with accuracy 97.4%. Urinary LAM ELISA assay has the highest sensitivity (95.7%) in relation to other tests used for TB detection in HIV patients and its concentration was highly correlated to CD4 cell count and the extent of radiological changes.

Conclusion
The use of urinary LAM in HIV patients is rapid, safe, available, and helpful tool for ruling in TB especially for those who cannot expectorate, critically ill, with low CD4, or presented by multiple system affection.
Canadian perspectives on food security and plant breeding
Authors: Williams Claire , Gleim Savannah , Smyth Stuart J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
The broadness of biotechnology serves to connect different types of modern plant breeding techniques with the potential to improve global food security. However, the topic goes beyond the specific example consumers’ associate with the term—genetic modification. As a result, it is often unclear if consumers really know what they claim to understand and the efforts to clarify the science and reasoning behind the use of these practices is often obscured.

Methods
Two online surveys of 500 Canadians were conducted in 2017.

Results
Three-quarters of Canadians have high levels of trust in those who provide information about food, yet two-thirds believe that modern plant breeding technologies are unnatural.

Conclusions
Canadians lack basic knowledge about modern plant breeding practices and technologies and possess high levels of uncertainty regarding the potential for benefits or externalities to develop from the commercialization of new genome editing plant breeding technologies.
Detection, counting and characterization of nanoplastics in marine bioindicators: a proof of principle study
Authors: Valsesia Andrea , Parot Jeremie , Ponti Jessica , Mehn Dora , Marino Rita , Melillo Daniela , Muramoto Shin , Verkouteren Mike , Hackley Vincent A. , Colpo Pascal 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPlastic particulates in the environment pose an increasing concern for regulatory bodies due to their potential risk to higher organisms (including humans) as they enter the food chain. Nanoplastics (defined here as smaller than 1 μm) are particularly challenging to detect and analyze at environmentally relevant concentrations and in biological matrices. The tunicate Ciona Robusta is an effective bioindicator for microplastics and nanoplastic contamination in the marine environment, due to its capacity to filter substantial volumes of water and to accumulate particulates. In this proof-of-principle study that demonstrates a complete methodology, following controlled exposure using spiked samples of a model nanoplastic (100 nm diameter polystyrene spheres) the nanoparticles were separated from an enzymatically digested biological matrix, purified and concentrated for analysis. The described method yields an approximate value for nanoplastic concentration in the organism (with a limit of detection of 106 particles/organism, corresponding to 1 ng/g) and provides the chemical composition by Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, this method can be extended to other biological matrices and used to quantitatively monitor the accumulation of nanoplastics in the environment and food chain.
Treatment of Localized and Locally Advanced, High-Risk Prostate Cancer: A Report From the First Prostate Cancer Consensus Conference for Developing Countries
Authors: Khauli Raja , Ferrigno Robson , Guimarães Gustavo , Bulbulan Muhammad , Uson Junior Pedro Luiz Serrano , Salvajoli Bernardo , Palhares Daniel Moore Freitas , Racy Douglas , Gil Erlon , de Arruda Fernando Freire , Lemos Gustavo Caserta , Carvalhal Gustavo Franco , de Carvalho Icaro Thiago , Martins Igor Austin Fernandes , Gimpel Ivan Frederico Pinto , Salvajoli João Victor , Chambo José Luis , Pontes Jr José , Filho Leopoldo Alves Ribeiro , Nogueira Lucas , Freitas Marcelo Roberto Pereira , Wroclawski Marcelo , Arap Marco Antonio , Sadi Marcus Vinicius , Coelho Rafael , Gadia Rafael , Roja Rodrigo Antonio Ledezma , Hanriot Rodrigo de Moraes , Baroni Ronaldo , Zequi Stenio , Nahas William Carlos , Alfer Jr Wladimir , Maluf Fernando Cotait 
Published: April 2021

PURPOSE To generate and present survey results on important issues relevant to treatment and follow-up of localized and locally advanced, high-risk prostate cancer (PCa) focusing on developing countries. METHODS A panel of 99 PCa experts developed more than 300 survey questions of which 67 questions concern the main areas of interest of this article: treatment and follow-up of localized and locally advanced, high-risk PCa in developing countries. A larger panel of 99 international multidisciplinary cancer experts voted on these questions to create the recommendations for treatment and follow-up of localized and locally advanced, high-risk PCa in areas of limited resources discussed in this article. RESULTS The panel voted publicly but anonymously on the predefined questions. Each question was deemed consensus if 75% or more of the full panel had selected a particular answer. These answers are based on panelist opinion and not on a literature review or meta-analysis. For questions that refer to an area of limited resources, the recommendations considered cost-effectiveness as well as the possible therapies with easier and greater access. Each question had five to seven relevant answers including two nonanswers. Results were tabulated in real time. CONCLUSION The voting results and recommendations presented in this article can guide physicians managing localized and locally advanced, high-risk PCa in areas of limited resources. Individual clinical decision making should be supported by available data; however, as guidelines for treatment of localized and locally advanced, high-risk PCa in developing countries have not been defined, this article will serve as a point of reference when confronted with this disease.
Consensus on Prostate Cancer Treatment of Localized Disease With Very Low, Low, and Intermediate Risk: A Report From the First Prostate Cancer Consensus Conference for Developing Countries (PCCCDC)
Authors: Luz Murilo de Almeida , Guimarães Gustavo Cardoso , Nardi Aguinaldo César , Pompeo Alexandre Saad Feres Lima , Sarkis Álvaro Sadek , Nowier Amr , Lima Pompeo Antônio Carlos , Nardozza Jr Archimedes , Adamy Jr Ari , Carneiro Arie , Salvajoli Bernardo Peres , Benigno Bruno Santos , Freitas Jr Celso Heitor de , Chade Clarissa Angotti Daher Cezar , Palhares Daniel Moore Freitas , Otero Danilo Armando Citarella , Neto Deusdedit Cortêz Vieira da Silva , Carvalhal Eduardo Franco , Gil Erlon , Freire de Arruda Fernando , Korkes Fernando , Caserta lemos Gustavo , Carvalhal Gustavo Franco , de Carvalho Ícaro Thiago , Gimpel Ivan Federico Pinto , Chambô José Luis , Pontes Jr José , Filho Leopoldo Alves Ribeiro , Nogueira Lucas Mendes , Wroclawski Marcelo Langer , Freitas Marcelo Roberto Pereira , Arap Marco Antônio , Sadi Marcus Vinícius , Bulbul Muhammad , Coelho Rafael Ferreira , Gadia Rafael , Khauli Raja B. , dos Reis Rodolfo Borges , Rojas Rodrigo Antônio Ledezma , Guimarães Roger Guilherme , Aldousari Saad , Ferrigno Robson 
Published: April 2021

PURPOSE A group of international urology and medical oncology experts developed and completed a survey on prostate cancer (PCa) in developing countries. The results are reviewed and summarized, and recommendations on consensus statements for very low-, low-, and intermediate-risk PCa focused on developing countries were developed. METHODS A panel of experts developed more than 300 survey questions of which 66 questions concern the principal areas of interest of this paper: very low, low, and intermediate risk of PCa in developing countries. A larger panel of 99 international multidisciplinary cancer experts voted on these questions to create the recommendations for treatment and follow-up for very low-, low-, and intermediate-risk PCa in areas of limited resources discussed in this manuscript. RESULTS The panel voted publicly but anonymously on the predefined questions. Each question was deemed consensus if 75% or more of the full panel had selected a particular answer. These answers are based on panelist opinion not a literature review or meta-analysis. For questions that refer to an area of limited resources, the recommendations consider cost-effectiveness and the possible therapies with easier and greater access. Each question had five to seven relevant answers including two nonanswers. The results were tabulated in real time. CONCLUSION The voting results and recommendations presented in this document can be used by physicians to support management for very low, low, and intermediate risk of PCa in areas of limited resources. Individual clinical decision making should be supported by available data; however, as guidelines for treatment for very low, low, and intermediate risk of PCa in developing countries have not been developed, this document will serve as a point of reference when confronted with this disease.
Dosimetry audits in Taiwan radiotherapy departments
Authors: Shiau An-Cheng , Hsu Shih-Ming , Huang Pei-Yun , Chen Chiu-Ping , Huang Yi-Ting , Lien Ke-Yu , Chen Chin-Ping , Fan Shung-Hwei , Jeng Shiu-Chen , Chen Ho-Hsing , Liang Ji-An 
Published: April 2021

Objectives: This study examines the practice of the regulation of Standards for Medical Exposure Quality Assurance (SMEQA) in Taiwan based on on-site quality audit for radiation therapy systems from 2016 to 2019. Methods: 81 radiation therapy departments, 141 linacs, 9 γ knife systems, 34 high dose rate brachytherapy systems, 20 Tomotherapys, and 6 Cyberknives were audited yearly. Data collection and analysis for each institute’s documents including QA procedure, ion chamber and electrometer calibration reports, and a questionnaire relating to machine type and staffing, were requested first and reviewed by auditors. On-site SMEQA core item measurements, including beam output, beam profile and energy constancy for external beam therapy systems, and the source strength, positioning, and timer accuracy for brachytherapy systems were audited second. More than 300 photon beams and more than 400 electron beams were measured each year. Results: There were approximately 8.9 radiotherapy units per million population, and 1.2 medical physicists per unit in Taiwan. For the output measurements, more than 78 and 75% of the photon beams and electron beams, respectively, from linacs were with deviations within ±1.0%. Photon beams have lower beam quality measurement deviations than electron beams. Including in-plane and cross-plane measurements, more than 90 and 85% photon and electron beams, respectively, were with flatness consistency within 1.0%. All audit measurements were within the SMEQA acceptance criteria. Conclusions: According to SMEQA regulations on-site QA audits were successfully carried out from 2016 to 2019 for all Taiwan radiotherapy units. The measurement results showed high quality machine performance in Taiwan. Advances in knowledge: Dosimetry audits with directly acquired measurement readings have lower uncertainties; allow immediate feedback, discussion, and adjustment in a timely manner. In addition to regulation system establishment and education and training implementation, the machine quality is closely related to machine maintenance implementation.