bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reproductive trait differences drive offspring production in urban cavity‐nesting bees and wasps
Authors: Moretti Marco , Fontana Simone , Carscadden Kelly A. , MacIvor J. Scott 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe contrasting and idiosyncratic changes in biodiversity that have been documented across urbanization gradients call for a more mechanistic understanding of urban community assembly. The reproductive success of organisms in cities should underpin their population persistence and the maintenance of biodiversity in urban landscapes. We propose that exploring individual‐level reproductive traits and environmental drivers of reproductive success could provide the necessary links between environmental conditions, offspring production, and biodiversity in urban areas. For 3 years, we studied cavity‐nesting solitary bees and wasps in four urban green space types across Toronto, Canada. We measured three reproductive traits of each nest: the total number of brood cells, the proportion of parasite‐free cells, and the proportion of non‐emerged brood cells that were parasite‐free. We determined (a) how reproductive traits, trait diversity and offspring production respond to multiple environmental variables and (b) how well reproductive trait variation explains the offspring production of single nests, by reflecting the different ways organisms navigate trade‐offs between gathering of resources and exposure to parasites. Our results showed that environmental variables were poor predictors of mean reproductive trait values, trait diversity, and offspring production. However, offspring production was highly positively correlated with reproductive trait evenness and negatively correlated with trait richness and divergence. This suggests that a narrow range of reproductive traits are optimal for reproduction, and the even distribution of individual reproductive traits across those optimal phenotypes is consistent with the idea that selection could favor diverse reproductive strategies to reduce competition. This study is novel in its exploration of individual‐level reproductive traits and its consideration of multiple axes of urbanization. Reproductive trait variation did not follow previously reported biodiversity‐urbanization patterns; the insensitivity to urbanization gradients raise questions about the role of the spatial mosaic of habitats in cities and the disconnections between different metrics of biodiversity.
Enemies make you stronger: Coevolution between fruit fly host and bacterial pathogen increases postinfection survivorship in the host
Authors: Ahlawat Neetika , Geeta Arun Manas , Maggu Komal , Prasad Nagaraj Guru 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMultiple laboratory studies have evolved hosts against a nonevolving pathogen to address questions about evolution of immune responses. However, an ecologically more relevant scenario is one where hosts and pathogens can coevolve. Such coevolution between the antagonists, depending on the mutual selection pressure and additive variance in the respective populations, can potentially lead to a different pattern of evolution in the hosts compared to a situation where the host evolves against a nonevolving pathogen. In the present study, we used Drosophila melanogaster as the host and Pseudomonas entomophila as the pathogen. We let the host populations either evolve against a nonevolving pathogen or coevolve with the same pathogen. We found that the coevolving hosts on average evolved higher survivorship against the coevolving pathogen and ancestral (nonevolving) pathogen relative to the hosts evolving against a nonevolving pathogen. The coevolving pathogens evolved greater ability to induce host mortality even in nonlocal (novel) hosts compared to infection by an ancestral (nonevolving) pathogen. Thus, our results clearly show that the evolved traits in the host and the pathogen under coevolution can be different from one‐sided adaptation. In addition, our results also show that the coevolving host–pathogen interactions can involve certain general mechanisms in the pathogen, leading to increased mortality induction in nonlocal or novel hosts.
A trophic cascade facilitates native habitat providers within assemblages of multiple invasive marine species
Authors: Liversage K. , Kotta J. , Kuprijanov I. , Rätsep M. , Nõomaa K. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAnthropogenically influenced habitats are becoming increasingly impacted by multiple invasive species that can regionally control main ecological processes and functions. Management requires predictions of invasive species’ effects, but multiple invasions may cause unpredictable outcomes, for example, synergistic impacts or interactions among trophic levels causing trophic cascades. The Baltic Sea is prone to species invasions that increasingly occur at multiple trophic levels. We used a laboratory experiment to test whether multiple invasive predators may cause interactive effects in the Baltic Sea. In aquaria, we simulated a coastal community that has developed dominated by invasive species—the decapod predators Palaemon elegans and Rhithropanopeus harrisii, the amphipod grazer Gammarus tigrinus, and the filter‐feeder Dreissena polymorpha. The orthogonal experiment determined separate and interactive effects from predators on the lower trophic level invasive species and native algae including the foundation species Fucus radicans. The main result was that while both predators significantly impacted the community, in no cases were their effects interactive. Another important result was that P. elegans appeared to cause a trophic cascade, as in its presence F. radicans and its epiphytes had the greatest biomass while G. tigrinus grazers were heavily reduced. G. tigrinus were negatively correlated with F. radicans biomass, so variable amphipod grazing may be the link allowing an indirect effect of P. elegans on F. radicans. R. harrisii also reduced G. tigrinus abundance but did not affect F. radicans biomass. Both predators significantly affected the lengths of F. radicans plant stems that were comprised of new vegetative growth—P. elegans reduced the lengths of new vegetative tissue while R. harrisii increased it. Thus, the presence of P. elegans induced shorter and denser F. radicans bushes compared to taller and thinner bushes observed in other treatments. Lastly, R. harrisii caused significant declines in D. polymorpha numbers. Overall, ecological management needs to consider positive effects from predator invasion which may reduce grazing pressure on low trophic level foundation species. A trophic cascade involving two invasive species highlights the importance of multi‐species approaches to management of Baltic Sea invasive species and in other regions prone to biological invasions.
Chemical Stability of FeOOH at High Pressure and Temperature, and Oxygen Recycling in Early Earth History**
Authors: Koemets Egor , Fedotenko Timofey , Khandarkhaeva Saiana , Bykov Maxim , Bykova Elena , Thielmann Marcel , Chariton Stella , Aprilis Georgios , Koemets Iuliia , Glazyrin Konstantin , Liermann Hanns‐Peter , Hanfland Michael , Ohtani Eiji , Dubrovinskaia Natalia , McCammon Catherine , Dubrovinsky Leonid 
Published: June 2021

AbstractGoethite, α‐FeOOH, is a major phase among oxidized iron species, commonly called rust. We studied the behavior of iron (III) oxyhydroxide up to 81 GPa and 2100 K using in situ synchrotron single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. At high pressure‐temperature conditions FeOOH decomposes forming oxygen‐rich fluid and different mixed valence iron oxides (previously known phases of Fe2O3, Fe3O4, Fe5O7, and novel Fe7O10 and Fe6.32O9). Rust is known to form as a byproduct of anoxygenic prokaryote metabolism that took place massively from about 3.8 billion years (Ga) ago until the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) ∼2.2 Ga ago. Rust was buried on the ocean floor and was transported into the mantle as a consequence of plate tectonics (started ∼2.8 Ga ago). Our results suggest that recycling of rust in Earth's mantle contributes to redox conditions of the early Earth and formation of oxygen‐rich atmosphere.
Radial storage efficiency for CO2 injection: Quantifying effectiveness of local flow control methods
Authors: Oldenburg Curtis M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBasin‐scale geologic carbon sequestration will require hundreds of injection wells, each of which has costs related to property rights and regulatory requirements that correlate with the areal size of the carbon dioxide plume. These surface‐footprint‐related issues motivate maximizing storage efficiency radially away from each well. Radial storage efficiency (RSE) is defined here as the ratio of the volumetrically weighted carbon dioxide free‐phase saturation within a given radius away from the injection well to the available pore space within that same radius. Maximizing RSE effectively minimizes the radial extent of the CO2 plume. Optimizing RSE around individual wells requires local flow control injection strategies that can increase the uniformity of the filling of pore space around the well over the entire length of the perforated injection interval despite differences in local formation transmissivity. The goal of uniform filling of the storage reservoir starting from the well outward is to maximize carbon dioxide sweep and trapping locally outward from the well in all of the layers of the storage region before buoyancy forces predominate and drive carbon dioxide upward where it will spread laterally under lower‐permeability layers. Example simulations of carbon dioxide injection into a layered storage system with and without local flow control are presented to show the advantage of uniformly filling all layers and how RSE can be used to quantify storage efficiency for the two different injection approaches. Published 2021. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Do toddlers prefer that agents help similar or dissimilar needy agents?
Authors: Geraci Alessandra , Franchin Laura 
Published: June 2021

AbstractRecent research revealed rich socio‐cognitive abilities in toddlerhood. The current study investigates whether 21‐month‐olds expect that wealthy agents help agents needing food or shelter. By using the violation of expectation (VoE) implicit paradigm, toddlers' expectations on helping behaviors were explored upon the arrival of agents that need food (food condition) and shelter (shelter condition) in a within‐subjects design. Two experiments were carried out, wherein, in one, the wealthy and needy agents were morphologically similar (Experiment 1), in the other one, the wealthy agents were morphologically different from needy agents (Experiment 2). The results showed that when needy agents are morphologically similar to wealthy agents, toddlers looked longer at the event that displayed the wealthy agents help needy agents only in food condition. When needy agents were morphologically different from wealthy agents, toddlers looked longer at the event that showed wealthy agents help needy agents in both food and shelter conditions. These findings demonstrate an interplay between similarity and helping behaviors in association with biological needs, and shed light on possible evolutionary mechanisms underlying prosociality.
Combination of DXA and BIS Predicts Jump Power Better Than Traditional Measures of Sarcopenia
Authors: Rush Benjamin , Binkley Neil , Krueger Diane , Yamada Yosuke , Kuchnia Adam J 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTTraditional diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia use dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA)‐measured appendicular lean mass (ALM), normalized to height (ALM/ht2) or body mass index (ALM/BMI) to define low muscle mass. However, muscle function declines with aging before the loss of muscle mass is detected by ALM. This is likely due, in part, to qualitative muscle changes such as extracellular and intracellular fluid compartment shifts uncaptured by DXA. We propose combining bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS), which estimates extracellular and intracellular compartment volume, with DXA to more accurately predict muscle function. This combination may help incorporate muscle quality, thereby improving sarcopenia diagnosis. We cross‐sectionally analyzed data from 248 Black and White participants aged 25 to 75 years from the Midlife in the United States Refresher Cohort. We proposed two novel muscle measures: ALM corrected by the BIS‐derived whole‐body extracellular to intracellular fluid ratio (E/I) and leg lean mass (LLM) corrected by leg‐specific E/I, creating (ALM/(E/I)W) and (LLM/(E/I)L), respectively. We compared the associations of traditional muscle measures, ALM/(E/I)W, and LLM/(E/I)L, with grip strength and lower limb power using jumping mechanography. LLM/(E/I)L explained jump power best at R2 = 0.803 compared with ALM/(E/I)W (p < 0.0001) and all other measures. ALM/(E/I)W explained jump power second best (R2 = 0.759) but not significantly better than traditional muscle measures. No muscle measure performed better than covariates when predicting handgrip strength. LLM/(E/I)L outperformed ALM/ht2 and ALM/BMI when predicting jump power. We propose LLM/(E/I)L is a powerful and clinically relevant method that accounts for muscle quality. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
W436, a novel SMART derivative, exhibits anti‐hepatocarcinoma activity by inducing apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest in vitro and in vivo and induces protective autophagy
Authors: Man Shuai , Wu Zhuzhu , Sun Rui , Guan Qi , Li Zengqiang , Zuo Daiying , Zhang Weige , Wu Yingliang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is considered one of the most common primary liver cancers and the second leading cause of cancer‐associated mortality around the world annually. Therefore, it is urgent to develop novel drugs for HCC therapy. We synthesized a novel 4‐substituted‐methoxybenzoyl‐aryl‐thiazole (SMART) analog, (5‐(4‐aminopiperidin‐1‐yl)‐2‐phenyl‐2H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl) (3,4,5‐trimethoxyphenyl) methanone (W436), with higher solubility, stability, and antitumor activity than SMART against HCC cells in vivo. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanisms by which W436 inhibited cell growth in HCC cells. We observed that W436 inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 and Hep3B cells in a dose‐dependent manner. Importantly, the anticancer activity of W436 against HCC cells was even higher than that of SMART in vivo. In addition, the antiproliferative effects of W436 on HCC cells were associated with G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via the activation of reactive oxygen species‐mediated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. W436 also induced protective autophagy by inhibiting the protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. At the same time, W436 treatment inhibited the cell adhesion and invasion as well as the process of epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition Taken together, our results showed that W436 had the promising potential for the therapeutic treatment of HCC with improved solubility, stability, and bioavailability.
Study of photocatalytic activity ofBi2WO6tire‐like microstructure
Authors: Shokraiyan Javad , Jahed Vahdat , Rabbani Mahboubeh 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBi2WO6tire‐like microstructure assembled from 2D plates was synthesized by a simple one‐step hydrothermal method using oleic acid as a green capping agent. Bi2WO6photocatalyst was capable of activating hydrogen peroxide to obtain high degradation efficiency in the photocatalytic process. The catalytic performance was found to be strongly affected by the parameter of H2O2dosage. Furthermore, the existence of hydroxyl radical in the reaction medium was verified using radical scavengers. The effective photocatalytic activity can be attributed to the visible‐light‐driven advanced oxidation processes.
When hiccups mean something more than just a nuisance: A rare presentation of pyogenic liver abscess
Authors: Masood Muaaz , Uy Pearl , Yap John E 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPyogenic liver abscess (PLA) is an uncommon yet potentially fatal disease. The disease most commonly arises from biliary infection but may also result from hematogenous seeding and portal spread secondary to bowel contamination, direct seeding, or penetrating trauma. The diagnosis is suspected when there is a hepatic lesion on imaging. Confirmation of diagnosis requires purulent aspirate or bacterial growth on Gram stain/culture of the abscess or blood. The mainstay of treatment is antimicrobials in conjunction with either percutaneous abscess drainage or aspiration. Surgical drainage is reserved for cases of ruptured abscess, peritonitis, or in the presence of an underlying surgical cause. PLA typically presents with fever and abdominal symptoms. We report a case of an unusual manifestation of PLA, presenting as hiccups, which led to a significant delay in the diagnosis and treatment.
The cyclic matching sequenceability of regular graphs
Authors: Horsley Daniel , Mammoliti Adam 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe cyclic matching sequenceability of a simple graph , denoted , is the largest integer for which there exists a cyclic ordering of the edges of so that every set of consecutive edges forms a matching. In this paper we consider the minimum cyclic matching sequenceability of ‐regular graphs. We completely determine this for 2‐regular graphs, and give bounds for .
Duality theorems for stars and combs I: Arbitrary stars and combs
Authors: Bürger Carl , Kurkofka Jan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractExtending the well‐known star–comb lemma for infinite graphs, we characterise the graphs that do not contain an infinite comb or an infinite star, respectively, attached to a given set of vertices. We offer several characterisations: in terms of normal trees, tree‐decompositions, ranks of rayless graphs and tangle‐distinguishing separators.
Diffusion MRI Based Myometrium Tractography for Detection of Placenta Accreta Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Yan Guohui , Liao Yuhao , Li Kui , Zhang Xiaodan , Zheng Weizeng , Zhang Yi , Zou Yu , Chen Danqing , Wu Dan 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundPrenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) disorders is difficult. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been shown to be a useful supplementary method to ultrasound.PurposeTo investigate diffusion MRI (dMRI) based tractography as a tool for detecting PAS disorders, and to evaluate its performance compared with anatomical MRI.Study TypeProspective.PopulationForty‐seven pregnant women in the third trimester with risk factors for PAS.Field Strength/SequenceUsing fast imaging employing steady‐state acquisition and high‐angular resolution dMRI at 1.5 Tesla.AssessmentDiagnosis of PAS was performed by three radiologists based on the dMRI‐based feature of myometrial fiber discontinuity and on commonly used anatomical features including presence of dark band, discontinuous myometrium and bladder wall interruption. We evaluated the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and area‐under‐the‐curve (AUC) of the individual features and established an integrated model with random forest analysis.Statistical TestsMaternal age and gestational age at scan were compared between PAS and control group using a t‐test, and childbearing history was compared using a chi‐squared test. The random forest model was employed to combine the anatomical and dMRI features with 5‐fold cross‐validation, and the weight of each feature was normalized to evaluate its importance in predicting PAS.ResultsBased on surgical pathology reports, 16 out of 47 patients had confirmed PAS. The anatomical feature of dark bands and tractography marker achieved the highest AUC of 0.842 for predicting PAS, and the integrated anatomical and tractography features further improved the AUC of 0.880 with an accuracy of 87.2%. The tractography feature contributed most (30.1%) to the integrated model.Data ConclusionMyometrial tractography demonstrated superior performance in detecting PAS. Moreover, the combination of dMRI‐based tractography and anatomical MRI could potentially improve the diagnosis of PAS disorders in clinical practice.Level of Evidence2Technical Efficacy Stage2
Persistent opioid use after curative‐intent hepatectomy for neoplastic disease
Authors: Pu Tracey , Erali Richard A. , Share Michael , Russell Gregory B. , Clark Clancy J. , Levine Edward A. , Shen Perry 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackground and objectivesThis study analyzed persistent opioid use in opioid‐naïve and nonopioid‐naïve patients undergoing hepatectomy for neoplastic disease.MethodsA retrospective review was performed of a prospective database using inclusion criteria of hepatectomy for neoplastic disease from October 2013 to December 2017. Prescription data were collected from the North Carolina Controlled Substance Reporting System. Persistent opioid use was defined as patients who continued filling opioid prescriptions 90 days to 1 year after surgery. Patients who did not receive opioid prescriptions between 12 months and 31 days before surgery were defined as naïve.ResultsThe analysis included 75 surgeries on naïve and 58 surgeries on nonnaïve patients. 56% of naïve patients and 79% of nonnaïve patients developed persistent opioid use, respectively (p = .0056). Naïve patients received 2.24 ± 4.30 MMEs/day, while nonnaïve patients received 5.50 ± 5.98 MMEs/day during Postoperative days 90‐360 (95% CI, 1.41–5.10; p < .001). Naïve patients with a lower Preoperative ECOG score were more likely to develop persistent opioid use (OR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.21–0.99; p = .048).ConclusionMore than half of naïve patients undergoing hepatectomy developed persistent opioid use within the first year, though significantly less than nonnaïve patients. Improved performance status was associated with an increased risk of persistent opioid use in naïve patients.
Seven practices for pursuing equity through learning health systems: Notes from the field
Authors: Parsons Allison , Unaka Ndidi I. , Stewart Constance , Foster Jennifer , Perez Valerie , Jones Nana‐Hawa Yayah , Kahn Robert , Beck Andrew F. , Riley Carley 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroductionDespite learning health systems' focus on improvement in health outcomes, inequities in outcomes remain deep and persistent. To achieve and sustain health equity, it is critical that learning health systems (LHS) adapt and function in ways that directly prioritize equity.MethodsWe present guidance, including seven core practices, borne from theory, evidence, and experience, for actors within LHS pursuing equity.ResultsWe provide a foundational definition of equity. We then offer seven core practices for how LHS may effectively pursue equity in health: establish principle, measure for equity, lead from lived experience, co‐produce, redistribute power, practice a growth mindset, and engage beyond the healthcare system. We include three use cases that illustrate ways in which we have begun to center equity in the work of our own LHS.ConclusionThe achievement of equity requires real transformation at individual, institutional, and structural levels and requires sustained and persistent effort.