bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EARLY VIABILITY OF THE FETUS—AN EXTRAORDINARY CASE (1845)
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Mid-nineteenth century medical journals frequently published single case reports of premature births. Precise physical measurements, or even gestational age, of the infant were rarely cited. Dr. William Kennedy of New Orleans who reported the following case was said to have been an outstanding and completely reliable physician. He was referring to the Civil War when he wrote, "my library and every vestige of household material passed from my possession under the ruthless hand of destructive war."
In 1845, Mrs. A.B., primipara, suffered, as she thought, during one whole night with colic. I saw her next morning, when I recognized that she was in labor, which had progressed so far that I made no attempt to arrest it. Within a half hour after my arrival she gave birth to a foetus. It was not more than eight inches long, and was as red as a piece of raw beef. True dermoid tissue could not be said to be organized, its general investiture being so delicate a membrane, as it were, that the eye could look through it on the tissues beneath. The eyes were still closed; there was no trace of cilia or supercilia; its chest was about two inches broad; the arms and legs were very slender, and the toes and fingers devoid of any traces of nails. The head was about the size of a small orange. The respiration was so feeble as scarcely to be perceptible, and not a sound was uttered after birth. I was almost afraid to handle it, as I could not divest myself of the idea that the slightest pressure of the fingers would thrust them into the soft, red, jelly-like mass before me.
Pertussis Vaccine: Still an Open Question?
Authors: Shaw Edward B. 
Published: December 2021

The Public Health authorities in Britain have decided that pertussis vaccine is less risky at early ages than the whooping cough infection. This vaccine is usually given together with diphtheria, tetanus, and poliomyelitis vaccine. Only the pertussis component involves a significant risk of reaction; however, its use at an early age is believed to protect against the greater severity of the disease in infancy.
Because of the severity of the adverse reactions, this vaccine is not recommended for routine use past ages 5 to 7 years.
THE PRESIDENT'S PAGE
Authors: BEAVEN PAUL W. 
Published: December 2021

DURING this year this space will be used, as it was last year, to inform members of the plans which have been formulated by the Executive Board and the President to enlarge the usefulness of our organization. It is not possible nor is it desirable to describe in a single page any program for the coming year. Furthermore, such a program may have to be changed. Therefore, you are asked to turn to this page every issue, for an attempt will be made to keep you informed of those developments which your officers consider vital.
When you receive your Blue Book, you will note many changes. Dr. Clifford G. Grulee is no longer the Secretary-Treasurer but is now Executive Secretary. He will remain in that capacity until his retirement July 1st. Dr. Einor H. Christopherson is at the present time without portfolio but will, after July 1st, be Executive Secretary. He made a deep impression on those who met him in Chicago. He is not given to making quick pronouncements, and he will not talk until he is acquainted with our program. For the most part he listened and thought. Those of us who got to know him best felt that he was made for the job he is about to undertake.
You will note also that Mrs. Jewel Bundy is the new Business Manager. We could not have found anyone who knows the Academy business better. In addition, she is universally liked by every member. Dr. Grulee will act as Treasurer. Dr. William J. Orr, who is the new Program Chairman, was the first choice for this position of all those I consulted. It is also a fact that the Executive Board has been enthusiastically unanimous in making these appointments.
SPECIAL ARTICLE
Authors: HEWITT RICHARD M. 
Published: December 2021

PHYSICIANS commonly complain that many of the characters projected from stereopticon slides at medical meetings are too small to be read. One physician had been sufficiently annoyed by illegible projections to suggest that an exhibit be prepared to demonstrate the causes of, and the remedy for, the difficulty. This was done.
The main parts of the exhibit were two frames (Figs. 1 and 2). Figure 1 was intended to demonstrate that, as the number of characters in the copy becomes smaller, each projected character becomes larger and thus more legible.
Figure 2 was planned to help the speaker who might object: "True. But what I have to present takes a lot of characters; what can I do about that?" Herein figure 2 is broken down to the essentials of the four panels of which the frame was composed.
A subsidiary part of the exhibit had to do with what might be dignified as the related forensics. It occupied the two wings of the booth. On one wing appeared the jingle:
He never was heard
And never was seen,
Who turned in the dark
And read from the screen.
On the other wing, the corresponding rhyme read:
His audience yawned,
It squirmed and it sighed;
He constantly put
Too much on a slide.
It may be helpful to add that a detailed table, suitable for publication, may be unsuitable for a slide. Slides are exhibits, and one principle of exhibiting is to eliminate all possible reading matter.
COMPRESSION OF THE TRACHEA OR ESOPHAGUS VASCULAR ANOMALIES
Authors: GROSS ROBERT E. , NEUHAUSER EDWARD B.D. 
Published: December 2021

Description is given of five different types of anomalies of the great vessels in the superior mediastinum which can produce compression of the esophagus or trachea (or both). These malformations of the vascular system can give rise to difficulties in swallowing and to serious disturbances in pulmonary ventilation. These anomalies include double aortic arch, right aortic arch with a left ligamentum arteriosum, anomalous innominate artery, anomalous left common carotid artery, and an aberrant subclavian artery.
The various symptom complexes which can be found with these anomalies are described. Endoscopic visualization of the interior of the esophagus or trachea gives valuable information in some cases. The investigation of these subjects should include fluoroscopic and film studies of the esophagus and trachea by contrast media. Data gathered from such roentgenologic examinations usually give a fairly clear idea of the type of vascular anomaly which is present.
It is possible to attack surgically each of these vascular malformations. In general, the esophagus or trachea can be relieved by division of an anomalous vessel or by displacement of an artery in such a manner that it is carried away from the compressed structure. When necessary, these operative procedures can be undertaken in very young babies, even in the presence of a high degree of respiratory obstruction. All the operations have been through a left anterolateral, transpleural approach, under general anesthesia with a closed system. The results of operation in 40 patients are analyzed.
It is evident that many vascular anomalies in the thorax which disturb the functions of the esophagus or trachea can now be treated with an excellent chance of relieving the obstructive symptoms.
AUREOMYCIN IN THE TREATMENT OF MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM
Authors: VOTTELER ROBERT E. 
Published: December 2021

A 20 mo. old white female infant was admitted to the hospital because of a skin rash which had appeared 2 wk. before and was becoming rapidly worse. Also there was a history of eczema appearing at the age of 2 mo. This had responded to treatment with a milk substitute and had not been present for the past few months.
On examination there was extensive involvement of the entire body, most marked on the extremities and genital areas, by waxy, whitish umbilicated papules from each of which a mucoid plug could be expressed. Some areas were excoriated from scratching. Physical examination was otherwise not significant. The blood count and urinalysis were normal.
Smears from 1 of the lesions stained with hematoxylin and eosin showed uniform homogeneous structures indicative of molluscum contagiosum.
Treatment was started with aureomycin 250 mg. every 6 hr., and moist boric acid protective dressings. One day after treatment was started the papules had begun to exfoliate and disappear. In 2 days the typical lesions had completely disappeared leaving a circular macular reddish base. On the fifth day the site of the papules had become pigmented and dry.
Some nausea was noted and aureomycin ointment substituted.
The infant was discharged on the seventh day with only small faint pigmented macules remaining.
EFFECT OF DEHYDRATION PRODUCED BY WATER DEPRIVATION, DIARRHEA AND VOMITING ON RENAL FUNCTION IN INFANTS
Authors: CALCAGNO PHILIP L. , RUBIN MITCHELL I. 
Published: December 2021

Dehydration when of sufficient severity depresses the glomerular filtration rate significantly. The high inulin and creatinine U/P ratios during dehydration indicate water conservation by the tubules. Depressed glomerular filtration rates may enhance this mechanism.
The tendency to the lower than expected rise in U/P ratio with low urine flows during dehydration in diarrheal disease suggests disturbed tubular mechanism for water reabsorption.
Glomerular filtration rate is rapidly restored with the intravenous administration of fluid. Restoration to normal values may proceed at a slower pace in the sick infant.
VITAMIN E BLOOD LEVELS IN PREMATURE AND FULL TERM INFANTS
Authors: WRIGHT STANLEY W. , FILER LLOYD J. , MASON KARL E. 
Published: December 2021

Newborn infants showed serum tocopherol levels approximately one-fifth those of the maternal levels.
During the first six days after birth, the serum tocopherols of breast-fed infants increased much more rapidly than those of bottle-fed infants. These differences were still evident at 1 to 4, and at 5 to 8, months of age.
Premature infants fed an artificial formula low in vitamin E showed a rapid decline in serum tocopherol levels.
These studies confirm and amplify other evidence that placental transfer of vitamin E is decidedly limited while mammary transfer is much more extensive.
OUTBREAK OF AEROBACTER INFECTIONS ON INFANTS' WARDS
Authors: SMITH MARGARET H. D. , LOOSLI CLAYTON G. , RITTER MERLE H. 
Published: December 2021

In the course of a study on the control of airborne infection by means of triethylene glycol vapor, there occurred an outbreak of infection due to a previously undescribed encapsulated gram-negative rod.
The morphologic and cultural characteristics of this organism place it in the Aerobacter-Klebsiella group. It was readily identified by its ability to show capsular swelling in the presence of sera against types 23 and 32 pneumococcus. Serologic studies showed it to be antigenically related to certain other strains of encapsulated, gram-negative rods, but not to Friedländer's bacillus, H. influenzae, meningococcus or pneumococcus other than the types mentioned above.
Some of the patients who acquired the organism developed mild respiratory infections or diarrhea, accompanied by fever, but most remained asymptomatic.
The organism spread in epidemic fashion on both glycolized and control wards and was recovered from the nasopharynx of 50 patients out of a total of 361 included in the study, also from numerous nurses, attendants and visitors. In the course of the epidemic the ward environment (air, dust, furniture, bedclothes, etc.) became heavily contaminated. It is postulated that patients with profuse nasal discharge and diarrhea may have served to infect the ward environment, which in turn served as the source of infection to other patients.
AURICULOTEMPORAL SYNDROME
Authors: PFEFFER WILLIAM , GELLIS SYDNEY S. 
Published: December 2021

The auriculotemporal syndrome is described. It consists of sweating and redness of the cheek brought on by eating in a person who has sustained injury to the auriculotemporal nerve in the region of the parotid gland. A case of the auriculotemporal syndrome is reported in a child following parotitis of the newborn infant treated by incision and drainage.
The basic etiology of the syndrome is unknown. Certain physiologic considerations are discussed. The condition is benign, nonprogressive and one in which surgical division of the auriculotemporal nerve should be curative. Surgical interference in the parotid area should be avoided whenever possible to prevent the possible occurrence of the auriculotemporal syndrome.
The Use of Whole Cow's Milk in Infancy
Authors:   Committee on Nutrition
Published: December 2021

Breast-feeding with appropriate supplementation is the preferred method of feeding infants 6 to 12 months old. Although many mothers will continue to breast-feed or formula-feed their babies through the first year of life, there is at present no convincing evidence from well-designed research studies that feeding whole cow's milk after 6 months of age is harmful if adequate supplementary feedings are given.
Research to answer the crucial questions discussed here must be carried out before firm recommendations can be made concerning the age at which it is safe to introduce WCM in infants' diets. Until these questions can be answered, the following recommendations for feeding infants 6 to 12 months old pertain.
If breast-feeding has been completely discontinued and infants are consuming one third of their calories as supplemental foods consisting of a balanced mixture of cereal, vegetables, fruits, and other foods (thereby assuring adequate sources of both iron and vitamin C), whole cow's milk may beintroduced. The amount fed should be limited to less than 1 L daily. Most infants who are not breast-fed should be consuming a significant portion of their calories from supplemental foods after they are 6 months old; those who are not should be given an iron-fortified formula.
Reduced fat content milk is not recommended during infancy.
Participation in Boxing Among Children and Young Adults
Authors:   Committee on Sports Medicine
Published: December 2021

The American Academy of Pediatrics opposes boxing in any sports program for children and young adults. Amateur boxing is potentially dangerous and yet youngsters are involved in boxing at ages 3 to 4 years. Approximately 15,000 boxers between ages 10 and 15 years are registered with the National Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) Junior Olympics boxing program.1 There may be an even larger number of young boxers in community organizations. Impoverished youths view boxing as a means of financial gain with the potential of providing a new life. Unfortunately, for many, it is a means of improving their physical condition at the risk of slow progressive brain injury, with occasional or no financial rewards. Other sports offer the same conditioning opportunity with minimal or no risk of brain injury.
In contrast to professional boxing, amateur boxing is apparently for prestige, recognition, and the enjoyment of winning. Proponents of boxing suggest that it teaches self-defense and discipline, that it builds character and confidence, and that it is relatively safe. Opponents of boxing stress that the principal goal is to render the opponent senseless.
Ironically, protective headgear may actually increase brain injuries.2 The degree of physical injury in boxing correlates with the physical strength and activity of the participants; the greatest risks exist when participants are obviously mismatched. The fatality rate in boxing is reported to be low.3 However, the frequency of chronic brain damage is an increasing concern in the medical community.1,4-8
Recent studies4-6 using computed tomography (CT) scanning have revealed brain injury in young boxers.
Heat Stress and School Closings
Authors:   Committee on School Health
Published: December 2021

During the last decade, the practice of opening public school in eary August has led to environmental stresses on students and teachers due to extremes of heat and humidity. In the South and Southwest, it is not unusual to have 15 to 20 days of 90°F(32.2°C) and relative humidity of 60% and higher during August. This puts a strain on teachers' and students' adaptability.
In surveying eight southern states, J. W. Trieschmann (unpublished data, 1983) found that the availability of air conditioning in public schools ranged from 15% in some states to 30% in others. The smaller, poorer, usually rural school districts had the least access to cooling equipment. Thus, a large school population is at the mercy of the elements. This is especially significant because the majority of this population has been acclimatized to air-conditioned homes and stores, and extremes of heat discomfort are not well tolerated.
Heat stress is defined as the overall effect of excessive heat on the human body. The important factors contributing to heat stress are air temperature, humidity, air movement, radiant heat, atmospheric pressure, physiologic factors (handicap or chronic disease), physical activity,1 and time exposure. Under normal conditions, temperature and humidity are the most important elements influencing comfort. The American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) has published an index for determining heat stress based on human physiology, clothing, and standard room conditions.2 This index, called the "ET" or effective temperature (in Fahrenheit), is a measure of what hot weather feels like to the average person at different temperatures and humidities.
Brain Blood Flow
Authors: ROSENFELD CHARLES R. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
Hansen and co-workers1 have taken the time to address a question of considerable import, ie, whether the use of Doppler continuous wave forms provides a means of reflecting changes in brain blood flow when the anterior cerebral artery is used. The question is important because of the conclusions that may result from the use of this technique in clinical research.2 Although Hansen et al report a high correlation and significant P value for the relationship between measurements of blood brain flow and the area under the velocity curve, peak systolic velocity, and end diastolic velocity, these are representative of nonlinear relationships as noted by the authors.
Brain Blood Flow
Authors: HANSEN NANCY B. , STONESTREET BARBARA S. , ROSENKRANTZ TED S. , OH WILLIAM 
Published: December 2021

In Reply.—
We appreciate Rosenfeld's comments on our paper on the validity of Doppler measurements of anterior cerebral artery blood flow velocity. Rosenfeld raised two points regarding the validity of our correlation data between Doppler technique and cerebral blood flow measurements by the microsphere method. (1) Rosenfeld correctly pointed out that when we relate brain blood flow to any of the parameters obtained in the measurement of cerebral blood flow velocity, there is considerable variation in the values observed.
A Tragic Epidemic
Authors: VAN OST WILLIAM C. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
Whenever discussion of the destructive psychosocial effects of chemical dependency emerges among medical professionals, a controversy invariably follows. Too often, discussion turns into debate, anger overcomes reason, and strong feelings are judged to be too emotional. A sad commentary about the majority of our profession is the abrogation of responsibility, leaving the major concern in the field of alcohol/drug abuse to the care of other health professionals.1-5
For those who require documentation of the belief, which I fully share, that chemical dependency can be successfully prevented and treated, I refer them to the recent "breakthrough" article by MacDonald6 as well as publications of the US Department of Health and Human Services.7,8
The Uvula and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Authors: GUILLEMINAULT CHRISTIAN 
Published: December 2021

In Reply.—
Harpey and Renault postulate a relationship between the uvula, obstructive sleep apnea, and sudden infant death syndrome. Although I believe that obstructive sleep apnea syndrome may be one of the mechanisms leading to sudden infant death syndrome, this speculation is extremely controversial. I do concur with Harpey and Renault that obstructive sleep apnea can trigger esophageal reflux. A segment from a sleep recording of a 9-week-old, full-term infant with near-miss sudden infant death syndrome is presented in the Figure.
Sports and the Child with Epilepsy
Authors: SHAFFER THOMAS E. 
Published: December 2021

In Reply.—
Berman's letter is supportive of the Academy's recommendation that children having a history of controlled seizures should be allowed to participate in physical education and competitive sports.1 The child and the parents must understand the possible risks of injury in the chosen sport and, together with leaders in the sport program, should agree on the child's participation under proper supervision.
Berman and Livingston have long been advocates for leniency in permitting strenuous activity for children who have a history of convulsive disorder.2,3
Intellectual Malnutrition: American Schools and the Pediatrician's Duty
Authors: STICKLER GUNNAR B. 
Published: December 2021

"U.S. 6th-graders do poorly on math, science tests." That was the sober, accurate headline given by the Minneapolis Star and Tribune to an Associated Press story on Dec 12, 1983. The judgment "poorly" was based on comparison with students in seven other countries.
Prominent American scientists and academicians—Glenn Seaborg, Stephen Willoughby, Joseph Stoltman, and Gilbert White—developed the tests on mathematics, science, and geography. They were given to sixth-grade students in Australia, Canada, England, France, Japan, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States in schools selected to represent the average in their countries.
In geography, the Swedes were first with 54.1 and Americans were fourth with 45.8.
Coronavirus?
Authors: YUNIS EDUARDO J. , AGOSTINI ROCCO M. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
Rousset et al1 described particles within cytoplasmic vesicles in cells of intestinal mucosa and particles associated with the microvilli of these cells as coronavirus-like particles. Their conclusion is based on the morphology of the particles in section, and the fact that these particles were found in the intestinal mucosa of several patients with necrotizing enterocolitis who were shown by negative stain techniques to have coronavirus particles in their stools. Other authors2,3 have also proposed a viral nature for both types of particles.
Vitamin E Toxicity
Authors: HITTNER HELEN M. 
Published: December 2021

In Reply.—
Sokol incorrectly asserts that we have extended our observations regarding pharmacologic vitamin E therapy. In all of our clinical studies, which include 418 high-risk preterm infants,1-3 the infants have consistently maintained mean plasma vitamin E levels below 3.5 mg/100 mL, which are within the adult physiologic range.
Sokol is concerned that our table 3 (reference 3, page 243) includes the clinical data (excluding Apgar scores) for only the 135 infants who survived ≥10 weeks. Data (including Apgar scores) for all 168 infants are presented in Table 1.