bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Absorption Cycle Heat Pump Integration for Locally Integrated Energy Sector
Authors: Yong W N , Hong K J , Liew P Y , Walmsley T G 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Energy losses in daily life has caused energy inefficiency whereby contributed to serious environment impacts such as carbon emission, greenhouse effect and global warming. The increasing of greenhouse gases emission and crude oil usage have become a main focus to improve world energy efficiency. In order to minimizing the emissions and environmental pollution, Process Integration (PI) through Pinch Analysis (PA) is used to increase the energy efficiency. Total Site Heat Integration (TSHI) is integrated several processes with the centralized utility system. TSHI is extended to Locally Integrated Energy Sectors (LIES) whereby it provides energy integration with end users from various sectors such as the industrial, services, residential, agriculture, transportation and public sectors within a local area, as well as the integration of renewable energy sources. In order to handle the intermittent steams, energy storage is proposed for recovering energy across time period. In this study, waste heat recovery system by using absorption cycle heat pump is highlighted. Two types of absorption cycle heat pump such as absorption heat pump (AHP) and absorption heat transformer (AHT) are used to integrate with LIES utility system to maximize the energy recovery. This new methodology deals with the amount of AHP and AHT heat generation from the enthalpy of working fluid pair in water-lithium bromide with heat storage system in LIES. An illustrative case study is performed for demonstrating and verifying the proposed framework, whereby waste energy recovery opportunities are found from the system studied. Economic analysis on payback period is also performed to compare with the system with and without usage of AHP and AHT. This developing methodology provides a better guidance to engineers especially during the design stage on the performance limitations and specific compromises within a system. At the end of this research, cost saving is achieved, a shorter payback period than existing system and overall energy efficiency is improved within heat storage system for LIES by adding in the absorption heat pump cycle.
A Review on Data Reconciliation and Gross Error Detection for Process Plant Energy Management
Authors: Wahab A S A , Liew P Y , Manaf N A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Process plant is essential for energy management, especially for analysis that requires steady state data, such as Pinch Analysis. The data from the distributed control system (DCS) often recorded with fluctuations. Data processing is needed to obtain representable data for energy management related analysis. Data error occurs in several forms such as gross error, random error, bias error, and systemic error. This error affects the reliability of energy management studies. Data reconciliation (DR) and gross error detection (GED) come in place for the data processing required before the energy management analysis could be done. GED detects measurement variable error which works with DR technique for a new estimate or reconciled value will be gather and use for further data analysis. DR and GED are commonly used in mathematical programming optimization, such as model predictive control (MPC), which has proved its effectiveness in providing good data for further analysis. This means that DR and GED affect energy data manipulation and studies. In this paper, DR and GED on energy data for plant energy enhancement are reviewed. The specific method for DR and GED are classified and discussed in this paper.
Enzyme Immobilization Technology in Biofuel Production: A Review
Authors: Shamsudin M I , Tan L S , Tsuji T 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The application of enzymes as biocatalyst is well recognized in the field of green engineering. Due to their outstanding properties such as inconsumable in chemical reaction, highly specific in action, and speeding up the reaction rate, they are widely used in the conversion of various renewable sources into biofuel. Biofuel, in recent years, had shown such great potential in becoming the alternative for the petrol-derived fuel since it is generated from biomass origins. Researchers currently had introduced few enzyme modifications such as gene editing and supercritical fluid extraction techniques in order to maximize their catalytic performances. However, all of those methods are more tedious and still lack in maintaining the regenerative ability of the enzymes as well as their stabilities. Hence, the technique of enzyme immobilization is currently applied in the biofuel production in improving the enzymes’ performances by providing extra physical support known as backbone to the enzyme to speed up the reaction. Thus, this review aims to provide better insight on the current immobilization technology as well as the enzyme immobilization itself in biofuel generation. Different types of biofuel produced in the industry is also reviewed. The working principles, mechanisms, characteristics, and advantages of the enzyme immobilization technique is also conferred. Besides, comparisons between mobilized, extracellular immobilized and intracellular immobilization will also be reviewed along with the types of matrices used in the adsorption immobilization methods. Lastly, some issues regarding this technique are also highlighted in improving the enzyme performance itself.
Role of Microalgae in Sustainable Energy and Environment
Authors: Ahmad I , Yuzir A , Mohamad S E , Iwamoto K , Abdullah N 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe fast-growing global population is pressing the requirement of energy leading to the extensive use of fossil fuels globally which tends to their exhaustion, alongside the environmental pollution. The need of a third-generation fuel which is viably sustainable has increased and for that microalgae are standing out among various other competitors. Microalgae may be prokaryotic, like cyanobacteria or eukaryotic, like green algae. They are highly efficient in converting solar energy into biomass and can be cultivated in a wide range of conditions. Microalgae are the sources of biofuels, bioactive medicinal products, and food supplements. They have an outstanding photosynthetic efficiency and biomass productivity with high contents of fatty acids, polysaccharides, and proteins. Biofuels derived from microalgae have immense potential for carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration, whereby 1 kg of algal biomass may fix 1.8 kg of CO2. Microalgae are termed as ‘living biorefinery’ because they can produce a wide range of green chemicals like biopesticides and biofertilizers. Keeping in mind the severe impacts of chemical fertilizers, sustainable agricultural system is opting for biofertilizers and biopesticides. Biopesticides help prevents the attack of pathogenic fungus and soil borne diseases without causing any harm to plants and environment. The remarkable features of biofertilizers include enhanced crop productivity per area; reduced amount of energy consumption and contamination of soil and water; and increased soil fertility. Biofuels derived from microalgae are of various kinds including Biochar (solid); bioethanol, biodiesel, and vegetable oil (liquid); bio hydrogen and bio syngas (gaseous). Some of the pros of bioethanol obtained from microalgae are high octane number, minimal production of greenhouse gases, and the exclusive biofuel which can directly be used in automotive industry. This paper will provide an insight on the viability and feasibility of microalgal biomass in the production of biofuels and other bioactive compounds with the constraints and challenges faced in commercializing these products. This review shall elaborate on the potential of microalgae as a sustainable solution for future energy crises and environmental deterioration.
Towards Zero-Waste Campus: Perception of the Community in UTHM Pagoh Campus on Solid Waste Management System
Authors: Ali R , Lim C L , Zainun N Y , Sunar N M , Hamidon N , Harun H , Hamid N H , Muhamad M S 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The solid waste crisis has become one of the contributors to environmental issues such as climate change, environmental pollution and loss of rainforest. The contribution of Higher Educational Institutions (HEIs) in achieving sustainable development and society is undeniable. With the ethical and moral obligations to act responsibly towards the environment, they tend to become leaders in the movement for environmental protection. As a new branch of the Universiti Tun Hussein Onn (UTHM) campus, the UTHM Pagoh Campus aims to become one of the green campuses at Pagoh Educational Hub. A well-managed Solid Waste Management (SWM) can provide a number of benefits, such as reduction in waste disposal cost as well as creating awareness among the campus community. In this study, interviews were carried out with the stakeholders to obtain in-depth information regarding SWM on campus. From the interviews, it was found that the main challenges faced in implementing SWM on campus are: low awareness among the community; lack of policy and guidelines on SWM; and insufficient facilities. To overcome these challenges, the “Zero Waste Campus” (ZWC) initiative is proposed to be implemented on campus in order to reduce the waste stream. The ZWC covers several aspects of the campus’s SWM, such as policy development and facility improvement.
Separation of 17β-Estradiol Hormone Using Newly Fabricated Nanofiltration Membrane
Authors: Mokhtar H , Tholibon D A , Othman Z , Rahim J A , Rahman N A A , Ayob A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Hormones producing organs in animals and humans released naturally occurring chemical messages into their blood stream. The steroidal hormones which is 17β-estradiol produced by animals as well as humans are frequently being eliminate into the environment in their active forms. Recently, as the demand of chickens is increasing, the released of hormone also increased hence endangered the environment. Thus, the concentration of hormones in river need to be determined and poultry wastewater required appropriate treatment. In this study, a newly formulation nanofiltration membrane was fabricated to treat hormones from the poultry wastewater. The polymer polysulfone (PSF) are blend into solvent N-N, dimethylacetamide and polyvinylpyrolidone (PVP) as additive to enhance the hydrophilicity and fouling resistance of nanofiltration membrane. The Sulfonated polysulfone (PSF) was mixed at varying concentrations of polyvinylpyrolidone (PVP) from 1 to 5 %. In this study, major finding was the suitable range of polymer (PSF/PVP) that able to separate 17β-estradiol from poultry wastewater effectively. The result of the study justify that, as the concentration of PSF/PVP increased, the rejection of solute increased while the permeate flux decreased. The nanofiltration membrane able to reject approximately 95% of 17β- estradiol (E2) from the poultry wastewater with the concentration of 17β- estradiol retained is 0.5 ng/L. This was obtained from the optimum concentration of PSF/PVP in the nanofiltration membrane which is 3 %. However, the permeate flux decreased as the concentration of PSF/PVP increased. The evaluations were in order to analyze performances of newly fabricated nanofiltration membrane on the flux rate, estrogens and salt rejection. Therefore, nanofiltration membrane can exhibit the alternative method to enhance the wastewater treatment in terms of hormones separation for poultry industry.
Investment decision of monoethanolamine based post combustion CO2 capture plant via application of control strategies
Authors: Abdul Manaf N , Abbas A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The abatement of anthropogenic CO2 gas and extensive demand for electricity has motivated cleaner power production from fossil fuels. Monoethanolamine (MEA) based post combustion CO2 capture plant (PCC) is a promising and mature technology to realize large scale cuts in carbon emissions at national and global levels. A carbon capture plant features non-linearity and multifaceted process interactions, therefore presents operational challenges requiring robust control strategies to ensure optimal but flexible operation of the plant as it responds to variable power plant output. This paper investigates two control strategies (viz, conventional feedback (PID) control and model predictive control (MPC)) with the control objective being formulated as economic functions around CO2 emissions (US$/t-CO2) and operational cost (US$/d). This presents a management capability to the power plant operator unlike the commonly used operational (technical only) objective of maximising CO2 capture (CO2%) at a given setpoint in conjunction with plant net energy performance (EPn). This economics-based formulation in the control strategy together with a demonstrated stability analysis fits well into plant-wide control implementation of MEA based PCC plants and supports cleaner production of electricity while helping such operation economically viable. It can be seen that embedment of MPC into PCC plant features attractive economic value (positive investment decision) based on the two above criteria. Whereas, CO2 emission cost and operational cost exhibit 30% and 60% of cost saving compared with the deployment of PID controller.
Streamflow Simulation of Progo River by Using SWAT Model
Authors: Wardhana P N , Afif R 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Watershed is an area formed by the ridges of the mountains that limit a region. The natural boundary of the watershed was the result of geomorphology and hydrology. Watershed as water catchment area is very potential to provide water in a territory. Hence, the watershed management needs to be applied as well as possible. The Progo River watershed is located along the Central Java and Special Region of Yogyakarta. Progo River watershed have several creeks that ends at Trisik beach located on the south side of Java land headed to Indian Ocean. Simulation analysed the water discharge in Progo River with Sapon Weir outlet using Soil Water Assessment Tools (SWAT) with time step period for 3 years, between 2013 until 2015. Data of watershed condition used as input data were soil characteristic data, land use data, land slope data, climate data, and water discharge measurement data. SWAT simulation process was carried out through four stages, they were watershed delineation, formation of a hydrological response unit, data processing, and model simulation with simulation testing result based on R2 statistic parameter, NS model efficiency, and PBIAS parameter. From the result of the simulation, it was known that the comparison of the result between water discharge simulation and field observation shows various quantitative result. Each of evaluation parameter gave different performance classification. R2 statistic parameter evaluation gave good-very good classification, while NS model efficiency and PBIAS parameter gave not satisfactory performance classification.
Particulate Emission Characteristics from Palm Fibre and Shell Combustion with Alumino-Silicate Based Additives
Authors: Afiq Daniel Azmi M , Zahiruddin S , Shahidana S , NorRuwaida J , Rashid M , Md Ali Abd Halim , Dewika M , Ammar M R , Haslina H 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Malaysia is one of the largest palm oil producers in the world with a continuous increment in worldwide demand. The palm oil extraction process leaves palm fibre and shell (F&S) as waste. The palm F&S are biomass fuels that have been utilized in many palm oil mills to generate energy through the combustion process. The release of harmful particulates from the combustion process is the main concern in this research. A few studies had shown that the PM2.5 particulate matters cannot be filtered by the Air Pollution Control System (APCS); thus, it can pollute the environment. In this research, the utilization of additives inside biomass fuels is studied. The effect of additives towards the particulate size of the ashes and determination of the best additive are the two main objectives of this research. The proximate and ultimate analysis was done the determine the combustion profile of the samples. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis was done to determine the size of particulates inside the ashes.
A Review of Water Demand Framework for River Basin in Southeast Asia
Authors: Fitry Y , Norelyza H , Noor Z Z , Hafizan C 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Water demands are the most referred indicators for water distribution system operators to regulate production and storage of potable water. Many regional in Southeast Asia are greatly dependent on freshwater resources, which most of the time comes from large rivers basin, with starting point in high mountains and the flowing water which distribute into many parts in particular region for daily activities. Hence, understanding the projection of water demand by the reservoir that are formed by constructing dams across rivers need to be done which can contribute to water demand framework for river basin. Evaluation on consideration and estimation between water withdrawal and water availability can provide the quantity of water loss. This paper presents a review of water demand projection for different reservoir in river basin across Southeast Asia.
Non-Thermal Plasma Conversion of N2, CO2 And CH4
Authors: Ali A H M , Christensen P A , Norruwaida J , Khirunnisa M P , Syahrir Abdullah Mohd Nor 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper reports in-situ Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) spectroscopy was employed to study the plasma glow region of a non-thermal plasma (NTP) using Macor®, SnO2 – coated Macor® and CeO2 – coated Macor® as dielectrics and fed with CO2, CH4 and N2. This chemical system was chosen as a model to explore the application of in-situ FTIR spectroscopy to the study of NTP chemistry during plasma processing and the data obtained were compared to those using uncoated Macor®. Initial experiments investigated the possible reaction of CO2 and N2 in plasma system followed by studies using CH4, CO2 and N2 as the feed gas. Macor®, a ceramic consisting of the oxides of Al, Mg, and Si was chosen to provide benchmark data as it was not expected to be catalytic active and had a reasonable constant (ca 6 over the range 1 kHz - 6 GHz) and thermally stable. The study of the non-thermal plasma process at uncoated Macor® led to unexpected chemistry whilst replacing it with SnO2 – coated Macor® were somewhat different with no reaction taking place in plasma-driven experiments on SnO2.
Procedures for Verification of Instruments for Thermal Environment Measurement
Authors: Tuck N W , Zaki S A , Yakub F , Redzuan F L M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Accuracy and verification of instruments for thermal environment measurement are important to determine the reliability of measured parameters. The purpose of this study is to propose simple procedures for consistency check on four groups of instruments used in thermal environment measurement: indoor air temperature, outdoor air temperature, relative humidity, and air velocity. For indoor air temperature measurement, the existing instruments were checked with the new thermocouple connected to a data logger in an air-conditioned room. The measurement was conducted under different set point temperatures. For relative humidity measurement, the readings of the measurement instruments were measured in a naturally ventilated room and compared with those of the digital ventilation psychrometer. For air velocity measurement, the instruments were set in a mini handmade wind tunnel. The air velocity readings obtained from the instruments were compared to verify the result consistency. Finally, for outdoor air temperature measurement, all instruments were placed in a fan aspirated solar shield which was set outdoors. For each group of the instruments, the obtained readings were evaluated based on the coefficient of determination and standard deviation from the mean values. The results have shown that all air temperature and relative humidity instruments have strong correlation owing to the high coefficient of determination obtained. The mean air velocity obtained from all measurement instruments ranged from 3.24 to 3.40 m/s with the standard deviation of 0.07 to 0.1. Furthermore, the mean outdoor air temperature ranged from 25.3 to 25.6°C with the standard deviation of 1.04 to 1.08. The simple procedures carried out in this work successfully verified the consistency of all measurement instruments, and this is essential before the instruments are used in actual field measurements.
The Potential of Roselle as Health Supplement: Extraction, Phytochemicals and Future Perspective
Authors: Mohd-Nasir H , Wong L P , Abdul Aziz Z A , Mohd-Setapar S H , Hassan H 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) is a native plant in Malaysia and it is often reported on its nutritional and medicinal values. To date, numerous studies have been conducted on roselle, both calyx and seed, and it is proven that the major bioactive compounds in calyx are ascorbic acid and anthocyanin, whereas the seed is rich in carbohydrates, proteins and unsaturated fatty acids, which are a good source of minerals and antioxidants. The utilization of roselle is commonly noticeable in food, cosmetic and personal care industries. It is interesting to note that the constituents present in roselle calyx and seed extract, which are anthocyanin, fatty acids and tocopherol, make it possible to be exploited in the pharmaceutical industry. Thus, this paper discusses the potential of roselle extract to be used as a health supplement, by reviewing its extraction methods, selected phytochemicals and also its future perspective in the pharmaceutical industry.
Preparation of Copper Nanoparticles by Green Biosynthesis Method: A Short Review
Authors: Ismail N A , Shameli K , Che Jusoh N W , Rasit Ali R , Mohamad Sukri S N A , Mohamed Isa E D 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper, a brief review on the preparation of copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) is discussed which highlighted more on the green biosynthesis route. Copper nanoparticles have been proved by numerous of researchers on their capability to be used in wide range applications due to their unique properties apart of a low cost metal compared to the noble metal nanoparticles. Nowadays, green biosynthesis method has been favoured among researchers especially those study related with biological applications due to its simple, non-toxic and environmental friendly as compared to the physical and chemical method. Even though some of the green materials have both functions which act as stabilizing agent and reducing agent in the preparation of Cu-NPs, however, some of them need a booster which also must be a green material. So, ascorbic acid which is vitamin C that has been proven with its capability to act as stabilizing and reducing agent in most of previous studies also included in this short review.