bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of a low FODMAP diet in irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and network meta-analysis
Authors: Black Christopher J. , Staudacher Heidi M. , Ford Alexander C. 
Published: August 2021

ObjectiveA diet low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAP) is recommended for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), if general lifestyle and dietary advice fails. However, although the impact of a low FODMAP diet on individual IBS symptoms has been examined in some randomised controlled trials (RCTs), there has been no recent systematic assessment, and individual trials have studied numerous alternative or control interventions, meaning the best comparator is unclear. We performed a network meta-analysis addressing these uncertainties.DesignWe searched the medical literature through to 2 April 2021 to identify RCTs of a low FODMAP diet in IBS. Efficacy was judged using dichotomous assessment of improvement in global IBS symptoms or improvement in individual IBS symptoms, including abdominal pain, abdominal bloating or distension, and bowel habit. Data were pooled using a random effects model, with efficacy reported as pooled relative risks (RRs) with 95% CIs, and interventions ranked according to their P-score.ResultsWe identified 13 eligible RCTs (944 patients). Based on failure to achieve an improvement in global IBS symptoms, a low FODMAP diet ranked first vs habitual diet (RR of symptoms not improving=0.67; 95% CI 0.48 to 0.91, P-score=0.99), and was superior to all other interventions. Low FODMAP diet ranked first for abdominal pain severity, abdominal bloating or distension severity and bowel habit, although for the latter it was not superior to any other intervention. A low FODMAP diet was superior to British Dietetic Association (BDA)/National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) dietary advice for abdominal bloating or distension (RR=0.72; 95% CI 0.55 to 0.94). BDA/NICE dietary advice was not superior to any other intervention in any analysis.ConclusionIn a network analysis, low FODMAP diet ranked first for all endpoints studied. However, most trials were based in secondary or tertiary care and did not study effects of FODMAP reintroduction and personalisation on symptoms.
Return on investment of Canadian tobacco control policies implemented between 2001 and 2016
Authors: Tarride Jean-Eric , Blackhouse Gord , Guindon G. Emmanuel , Chaiton Michael O , Planinac Lynn , Schwartz Robert 
Published: August 2021

ObjectivesTo determine the return on investment (ROI) associated with tobacco control policies implemented between 2001 and 2016 in Canada.MethodsCanadian expenditures on tobacco policies were collected from government sources. The economic benefits considered in our analyses (decrease in healthcare costs, productivity costs and monetised life years lost, as well as tax revenues) were based on the changes in smoking prevalence and attributable deaths derived from the SimSmoke simulation model for the period 2001–2016. The net economic benefit (monetised benefits minus expenditures) and ROI associated with these policies were determined from the government and societal perspectives. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to check the robustness of the result. Costs were expressed in 2019 Canadian dollars.ResultsThe total of provincial and federal expenditures associated with the implementation of tobacco control policies in Canada from 2001 through 2016 was estimated at $2.4 billion. Total economic benefits from these policies during that time were calculated at $49.2 billion from the government perspective and at $54.2 billion from the societal perspective. The corresponding ROIs were $19.8 and $21.9 for every dollar invested. Sensitivity analyses yielded ROI values ranging from $16.3 to $28.3 for every dollar invested depending on the analyses and perspective.ConclusionsThis analysis has found that the costs to implement the Canadian tobacco policies between 2001 and 2016 were far outweighed by the monetised value associated with the benefits of these policies, making a powerful case for the investment in tobacco control policies.
Global fits of third family hypercharge models to neutral current B-anomalies and electroweak precision observables
Authors: Allanach B. C. , Camargo-Molina J. Eliel , Davighi Joe 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWhile it is known that third family hypercharge models can explain the neutral currentB-anomalies, it was hitherto unclear whether the$$Z-Z^\prime $$Z-Z′mixing predicted by such models could simultaneously fit electroweak precision observables. Here, we perform global fits of several third family hypercharge models to a combination of electroweak data and those data pertinent to the neutral currentB-anomalies. While the Standard Model is in tension with this combined data set with ap-value of .0007, simple versions of the models (fitting two additional parameters each) provide much improved fits. The original Third Family Hypercharge Model, for example, has ap-value of$${.065}$$.065, with$$\sqrt{\Delta \chi ^2}=6.5\sigma $$Δχ2=6.5σ.
A global review of Carboniferous marine and non-marine bivalve biostratigraphy
Authors: Amler Michael R. W. , Silantiev Vladimir V. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This review summarizes research on the biostratigraphic application of Carboniferous marine and non-marine bivalves worldwide, with a focus on the southern margin of Laurussia and the Palaeotethys. Preliminary and established biostratigraphic zonations based on marine and non-marine bivalves are compiled and, if possible, correlated. Bivalve taxa of potential biostratigraphic significance are discussed, and possible limitations of bivalve zonations are outlined. Although marine and non-marine bivalves have not received primary attention for biostratigraphic purposes, a wealth of as yet unused data exists practically worldwide that can assist and complement the more favoured brachiopod, foraminiferid, ammonoid and conodont biozonations.
Reproducibility, Temporal Variability, and Concordance of Serum and Fecal Bile Acids and Short Chain Fatty Acids in a Population-Based Study
Authors: Farhat Zeinab , Sampson Joshua N. , Hildesheim Allan , Safaeian Mahboobeh , Porras Carolina , Cortés Bernal , Herrero Rolando , Romero Byron , Vogtmann Emily , Sinha Rashmi , Loftfield Erikka 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background:
Bile acid (BA) and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production is affected by diet and microbial metabolism. These metabolites may play important roles in human carcinogenesis.

Methods:
We used a fully quantitative targeted LC-MS/MS system to measure serum and fecal BA and SCFA concentrations in 136 Costa Rican adults at study baseline and 6-months. We randomly selected 50 participants and measured their baseline samples in duplicate. Our objective was to evaluate: Technical reproducibility; 6-month temporal variability; and concordance between sample type collected from the same individual at approximately the same time.

Results:
Technical reproducibility was excellent, with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) ≥0.83 for all BAs except serum tauroursodeoxycholic acid (ICC = 0.72) and fecal glycolithocholic acid (ICC = 0.66) and ICCs ≥0.81 for all SCFAs except serum 2-methylbutyric acid (ICC = 0.56) and serum isobutyric acid (ICC = 0.64). Temporal variability ICCs were generally low, but several BAs (i.e., deoxycholic, glycoursodeoxycholic, lithocholic, taurocholic, and tauroursodeoxycholic acid) and SCFAs (i.e., 2-methylbutyric, butyric, propionic, and valeric acid) had 6-month ICCs ≥0.44. The highest degree of concordance was observed for secondary and tertiary BAs.

Conclusions:
Serum and fecal BAs and SCFAs were reproducibly measured. However, 6-month ICCs were generally low, indicating that serial biospecimen collections would increase statistical power in etiologic studies. The low concordance for most serum and fecal metabolites suggests that consideration should be paid to treating these as proxies.

Impact:
Our findings will inform the design and interpretation of future human studies on associations of BAs, SCFAs, and potentially other microbial metabolites, with disease risk.
MONARCH 2: Subgroup Analysis of Patients Receiving Abemaciclib Plus Fulvestrant as First-Line and Second-Line Therapy for HR+, HER2−-Advanced Breast Cancer
Authors: Neven Patrick , Johnston Stephen R.D. , Toi Masakazu , Sohn Joohyuk , Inoue Kenichi , Pivot Xavier , Burdaeva Olga , Okera Meena , Masuda Norikazu , Kaufman Peter A. , Koh Han , Grischke Eva-Maria , Conte PierFranco , Lu Yi , Haddad Nadine , Hurt Karla C. , Llombart-Cussac Antonio , Sledge George W. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Purpose:
In MONARCH 2, abemaciclib plus fulvestrant significantly prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) versus placebo plus fulvestrant in patients with hormone receptor positive (HR+), HER2− advanced breast cancer. This exploratory analysis assessed the efficacy of abemaciclib plus fulvestrant across subgroups of patients receiving study therapy as first- or second-line treatment for metastatic disease.

Patients and Methods:
Improvements were estimated using Cox models, and a test of interactions of subgroups with treatment was performed.

Results:
The benefit in PFS [first-line, HR, 0.57; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.45–0.73; second-line, HR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.36–0.64] and OS (first-line, HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.64–1.14; second-line, HR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.46–0.94) was observed across both subgroups, consistent with the intent-to-treat (ITT) population. In first-line patients (abemaciclib arm, n = 265; placebo arm, n = 133), the numerically largest effect on PFS and OS was observed in patients with primary resistance to endocrine therapy (ET; PFS, HR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.26–0.63; OS, HR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.35–0.97) and visceral disease (PFS, HR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.39–0.73; OS, HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.58–1.20). In second-line patients (abemaciclib arm, n = 170; placebo arm, n = 86), a numerical benefit in PFS and OS was observed across primary and secondary ET resistance, with numerically more pronounced effects observed in patients with visceral disease (PFS, HR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.27–0.57; OS, HR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.33–0.81). Prolongation of time to second disease progression, time to chemotherapy, and chemotherapy-free survival was observed in both subgroups.

Conclusions:
Consistent with the ITT population, a benefit in PFS and OS was observed across the first- and second-line subgroups in MONARCH 2.
Early Use of High-Dose Glucocorticoid for the Management of irAE Is Associated with Poorer Survival in Patients with Advanced Melanoma Treated with Anti–PD-1 Monotherapy
Authors: Bai Xue , Hu Jiani , Betof Warner Allison , Quach Henry T. , Cann Christopher G. , Zhang Michael Z. , Si Lu , Tang Bixia , Cui Chuanliang , Yang Xiaoling , Wei Xiaoting , Pallan Lalit , Harvey Catriona , Manos Michael P. , Ouyang Olivia , Kim Michelle S. , Kasumova Gyulnara , Cohen Justine V. , Lawrence Donald P. , Freedman Christine , Fadden Riley M. , Rubin Krista M. , Sharova Tatyana , Frederick Dennie T. , Flaherty Keith T. , Rahma Osama E. , Long Georgina V. , Menzies Alexander M. , Guo Jun , Shoushtari Alexander N. , Johnson Douglas B. , Sullivan Ryan J. , Boland Genevieve M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Purpose:
Programmed cell death receptor-1 (PD-1) inhibitors are frontline therapy in advanced melanoma. Severe immune-related adverse effects (irAEs) often require immunosuppressive treatment with glucocorticoids (GCCs), but GCC use and its correlation with patient survival outcomes during anti–PD-1 monotherapy remains unclear.

Experimental Design:
In this multicenter retrospective analysis, patients treated with anti–PD-1 monotherapy between 2009 and 2019 and detailed GCC use, data were identified from five independent cohorts, with median follow-up time of 206 weeks. IrAEs were tracked from the initiation of anti–PD-1 until disease progression, initiation of a new therapy, or last follow-up. Correlations between irAEs, GCC use, and survival outcomes were analyzed.

Results:
Of the entire cohort of 947 patients, 509 (54%) developed irAEs. In the MGH cohort [irAE(+) n = 90], early-onset irAE (within 8 weeks of anti–PD-1 initiation) with high-dose GCC use (≥60-mg prednisone equivalent once a day) was independently associated with poorer post-irAE PFS/OS (progression-free survival/overall survival) [post-irAE PFS: HR, 5.37; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.10–13.70; P &lt; 0.001; post-irAE OS: HR, 5.95; 95% CI, 2.20–16.09; P &lt; 0.001] compared with irAEs without early high-dose GCC use. These findings were validated in the combined validation cohort [irAE(+) n = 419, post-irAE PFS: HR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.04–2.76; P = 0.04; post-irAE OS: HR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.15–3.39; P = 0.01]. Similar findings were also observed in the 26-week landmark analysis for post–irAE-PFS but not for post–irAE-OS. A sensitivity analysis using accumulated GCC exposure as the measurement achieved similar results.

Conclusions:
Early high-dose GCC use was associated with poorer PFS and OS after irAE onset. Judicious use of GCC early during anti–PD-1 monotherapy should be considered. Further prospective randomized control clinical trials designed to explore alternative irAE management options are warranted.
Predicting Progression of Low-Grade Oral Dysplasia Using Brushing-Based DNA Ploidy and Chromatin Organization Analysis
Authors: Datta Madhurima , Laronde Denise M. , Rosin Miriam P. , Zhang Lewei , Chan Bertrand , Guillaud Martial 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Most oral cancers arise from oral potentially malignant lesions, which show varying grades of dysplasia. Risk of progression increases with increasing grade of dysplasia; however, risk prediction among oral low-grade dysplasia (LGD), that is, mild and moderate dysplasia can be challenging as only 5%–15% transform. Moreover, grading of dysplasia is subjective and varies with the area of the lesion being biopsied. To date, no biomarkers or tools are used clinically to triage oral LGDs. This study uses a combination of DNA ploidy and chromatin organization (CO) scores from cells obtained from lesion brushings to identify oral LGDs at high-risk of progression. A total of 130 lesion brushings from patients with oral LGDs were selected of which 16 (12.3%) lesions progressed to severe dysplasia or cancer. DNA ploidy and CO scores were analyzed from nuclear features measured by our in-house DNA image cytometry (DNA-ICM) system and used to classify brushings into low-risk and high-risk. A total of 57 samples were classified as high-risk of which 13 were progressors. High-risk DNA brushing was significant for progression (P = 0.001) and grade of dysplasia (P = 0.004). Multivariate analysis showed high-risk DNA brushing showed 5.1- to 8-fold increased risk of progression, a stronger predictor than dysplasia grading and lesion clinical features. DNA-ICM can serve as a non-invasive, high-throughput tool to identify high-risk lesions several years before transformation. This will help clinicians focus on such lesions whereas low-risk lesions may be spared from unnecessary biopsies.
Prevention Relevance: DNA ploidy and chromatin organization of cells collected from oral potentially malignant lesions (OPMLs) can identify lesions at high-risk of progression several years prior. This non-invasive test would enable clinicians to triage high-risk (OPMLs) for closer follow-up while low-risk lesions can undergo less frequent biopsies reducing burden on healthcare resources.
Embodied Composition: Composing the Body with Sound
Authors: Herndon Julie 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEmbodied composition is the practice of organizing sound in relation to the body and its internal/external experiences. It includes the intuitive and corporeal capacity to create, remember and respond to the environment. This creative practice manifests in the use of voice, gesture and the creative state. While many composers work with embodied composition, a clear definition is lacking. Toward this end, the author offers a perspective from her own creative practice as research. Her definition is illustrated with examples from Meredith Monk, Pamela Z and Cassandra Miller.
Transformation of Buddhist Mandalas into a Virtual Reality Installation
Authors: Scott Julia A. , Sims Max , Harrold Lee , Jacobus Nicole , Avelar Cecilia , Durham Jeffrey 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Technology can translocate traditional art into interactive, immersive experiences. At the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco, the authors transformed Tibetan Buddhist mandalas into a 3D virtual reality mandala installation. Furthering this project, they externalized an analog of the meditative experience by recording electroencephalograms that dynamically modulated the visual scene. The use of neurofeedback allowed fluctuations in the alpha power to drive the intensity of the fog obscuring the mandala. This aimed to give a sense of clearing the fog with one’s mind in a meditation-like state. The collaboration demonstrated how technology intended for scientific use may be adapted to an artistic installation that enriches the visitor experience.
Terrorism and Democracy
Authors: Korotayev Andrey , Vaskin Ilya , Romanov Daniil 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This article proposes a new explanation of the positive correlation between democracy and terrorism detected in many previous studies. It is shown that this might be accounted for by the fact that factional democracies are subjected to more terrorist attacks than the other political regimes. A positive relationship between the democratic regime and the level of terrorist activity can be obtained due to the inclusion of factional democracies in the sample of democratic states. If factional democracies are excluded from the sample, the relationship between the level of terrorist activity and the democratic regime is negative. The analysis allows to maintain that factional democracy is a rather powerful factor of a high level of terrorist activity, while non-factional democracy turns out to be rather a statistically significant predictor of a relatively low intensity of terrorist attacks.
The Production of Salafi Spaces in Computer-mediated Environments: A Social Theory Perspective on ‘Digital Religion’
Authors: Becker Carmen 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The concept or notion of ‘digital religion’ has gained traction in recent years in the study of the intersection of media and religion. In this paper, I argue that this concept tends to reify ‘religion’ as a unique, sui generis phenomenon, disregarding decades-long debates about the idea of ‘religion’ in the study of religion. After deconstructing the notion of ‘digital religion’, as put forward in an essay by Stewart Hoover and Nabil Echchaibi (2014), I propose a social theory perspective of (digital) space, drawing mainly from the sociology of space and taking into account affordances and the citational nature of signifying practices. In the final section, I apply this approach to data I gathered during fieldwork online and offline among Salafi Muslims in the Netherlands and Germany from 2008 until 2015; this will showcase the potential not only for abstaining from ‘religionizing’ social phenomena but also of a social theory approach to the production of digital spaces.
Mechanisms of Regional Winter Sea-Ice Variability in a Warming Arctic
Authors: Dörr Jakob , Årthun Marius , Eldevik Tor , Madonna Erica 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe Arctic winter sea ice cover is in retreat overlaid by large internal variability. Changes to sea ice are driven by exchange of heat, momentum, and freshwater within and between the ocean and the atmosphere. Using a combination of observations and output from the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble, we analyze and contrast present and future drivers of the regional winter sea ice cover. Consistent with observations and previous studies, we find that for the recent decades ocean heat transport though the Barents Sea and Bering Strait is a major source of sea ice variability in the Atlantic and Pacific sectors of the Arctic, respectively. Future projections show a gradually expanding footprint of Pacific and Atlantic inflows highlighting the importance of future Atlantification and Pacification of the Arctic Ocean. While the dominant hemispheric modes of winter atmospheric circulation are only weakly connected to the sea ice, we find distinct local atmospheric circulation patterns associated with present and future regional sea ice variability in the Atlantic and Pacific sectors, consistent with heat and moisture transport from lower latitudes. Even if the total freshwater input from rivers is projected to increase substantially, its influence on simulated sea ice is small in the context of internal variability.
Detecting a Single Automation Failure: The Impact of Expected (But Not Experienced) Automation Reliability
Authors: Bowden Vanessa K. , Griffiths Natalie , Strickland Luke , Loft Shayne 
Published: August 2021

Objective Examine the impact of expected automation reliability on trust, workload, task disengagement, nonautomated task performance, and the detection of a single automation failure in simulated air traffic control. Background Prior research has focused on the impact of experienced automation reliability. However, many operational settings feature automation that is reliable to the extent that operators will seldom experience automation failures. Despite this, operators must remain aware of when automation is at greater risk of failing. Method Participants performed the task with or without conflict detection/resolution automation. Automation failed to detect/resolve one conflict (i.e., an automation miss). Expected reliability was manipulated via instructions such that the expected level of reliability was (a) constant or variable, and (b) the single automation failure occurred when expected reliability was high or low. Results Trust in automation increased with time on task prior to the automation failure. Trust was higher when expecting high relative to low reliability. Automation failure detection was improved when the failure occurred under low compared with high expected reliability. Subjective workload decreased with automation, but there was no improvement to nonautomated task performance. Automation increased perceived task disengagement. Conclusions Both automation reliability expectations and task experience played a role in determining trust. Automation failure detection was improved when the failure occurred at a time it was expected to be more likely. Participants did not effectively allocate any spared capacity to nonautomated tasks. Applications The outcomes are applicable because operators in field settings likely form contextual expectations regarding the reliability of automation.