bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cryo-EM structure of the nucleosome core particle containing Giardia lamblia histones
Authors: Sato Shoko , Takizawa Yoshimasa , Hoshikawa Fumika , Dacher Mariko , Tanaka Hiroki , Tachiwana Hiroaki , Kujirai Tomoya , Iikura Yukari , Ho Cheng-Han , Adachi Naruhiko , Patwal Indu , Flaus Andrew , Kurumizaka Hitoshi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Giardia lamblia is a pathogenic unicellular eukaryotic parasite that causes giardiasis. Its genome encodes the canonical histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4, which share low amino acid sequence identity with their human orthologues. We determined the structure of the G. lamblia nucleosome core particle (NCP) at 3.6 Å resolution by cryo-electron microscopy. G. lamblia histones form a characteristic NCP, in which the visible 125 base-pair region of the DNA is wrapped in a left-handed supercoil. The acidic patch on the G. lamblia octamer is deeper, due to an insertion extending the H2B α1 helix and L1 loop, and thus cannot bind the LANA acidic patch binding peptide. The DNA and histone regions near the DNA entry-exit sites could not be assigned, suggesting that these regions are asymmetrically flexible in the G. lamblia NCP. Characterization by thermal unfolding in solution revealed that both the H2A–H2B and DNA association with the G. lamblia H3–H4 were weaker than those for human H3–H4. These results demonstrate the uniformity of the histone octamer as the organizing platform for eukaryotic chromatin, but also illustrate the unrecognized capability for large scale sequence variations that enable the adaptability of histone octamer surfaces and confer internal stability.
A simple model explains the cell cycle-dependent assembly of centromeric nucleosomes in holocentric species
Authors: Câmara Amanda Souza , Schubert Veit , Mascher Martin , Houben Andreas 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Centromeres are essential for chromosome movement. In independent taxa, species with holocentric chromosomes exist. In contrast to monocentric species, where no obvious dispersion of centromeres occurs during interphase, the organization of holocentromeres differs between condensed and decondensed chromosomes. During interphase, centromeres are dispersed into a large number of CENH3-positive nucleosome clusters in a number of holocentric species. With the onset of chromosome condensation, the centromeric nucleosomes join and form line-like holocentromeres. Using polymer simulations, we propose a mechanism relying on the interaction between centromeric nucleosomes and structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) proteins. Different sets of molecular dynamic simulations were evaluated by testing four parameters: (i) the concentration of Loop Extruders (LEs) corresponding to SMCs, (ii) the distribution and number of centromeric nucleosomes, (iii) the effect of centromeric nucleosomes on interacting LEs and (iv) the assembly of kinetochores bound to centromeric nucleosomes. We observed the formation of a line-like holocentromere, due to the aggregation of the centromeric nucleosomes when the chromosome was compacted into loops. A groove-like holocentromere structure formed after a kinetochore complex was simulated along the centromeric line. Similar mechanisms may also organize a monocentric chromosome constriction, and its regulation may cause different centromere types during evolution.
G-quadruplexes mark alternative lengthening of telomeres
Authors: Yang Sunny Y , Chang Emily Y C , Lim Joanne , Kwan Harwood H , Monchaud David , Yip Stephen , Stirling Peter C , Wong Judy M Y 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
About 10–15% of all human cancer cells employ a telomerase-independent recombination-based telomere maintenance method, known as alternative lengthening of telomere (ALT), of which the full mechanism remains incompletely understood. While implicated in previous studies as the initiating signals for ALT telomere repair, the prevalence of non-canonical nucleic acid structures in ALT cancers remains unclear. Extending earlier reports, we observe higher levels of DNA/RNA hybrids (R-loops) in ALT-positive (ALT+) compared to telomerase-positive (TERT+) cells. Strikingly, we observe even more pronounced differences for an associated four-stranded nucleic acid structure, G-quadruplex (G4). G4 signals are found at the telomere and are broadly associated with telomere length and accompanied by DNA damage markers. We establish an interdependent relationship between ALT-associated G4s and R-loops and confirm that these two structures can be spatially linked into unique structures, G-loops, at the telomere. Additionally, stabilization of G4s and R-loops cooperatively enhances ALT-activity. However, co-stabilization at higher doses resulted in cytotoxicity in a synergistic manner. Nuclear G4 signals are significantly and reproducibly different between ALT+ and TERT+ low-grade glioma tumours. Together, we present G4 as a novel hallmark of ALT cancers with potential future applications as a convenient biomarker for identifying ALT+ tumours and as therapeutic targets.
Stealth Vaping Among College Students on Four Geographically Distinct Tobacco-Free College Campuses: Prevalence and Practices
Authors: Russell Alex M , Yang Meng , Barry Adam E , Merianos Ashley L , Lin Hsien-Chang 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Introduction
To offset tobacco use among college students, many universities have implemented tobacco-free campus policies. Given how easily e-cigarette users can discreetly vape in places where it is prohibited without being detected (ie, stealth vape), it is important to assess whether students are subverting these policies. This study examined the prevalence of stealth vaping on-campus among students at multiple universities, including frequency and methods for stealth vaping.

Aims and Methods
A convenience sample of college students was obtained from four geographically distinct, large, public universities with established policies prohibiting all forms of tobacco use on campus. Participants (N = 863 current e-cigarette users) reported on demographics and e-cigarette use. Those who previously stealth vaped on-campus (n = 422) completed additional questions, including common locations, techniques, and devices/e-liquids used for stealth vaping.

Results
Nearly half (48.9%) of past 30-day e-cigarette users reported previously stealth vaping on-campus. Among stealth vapers, 48.1% owned a smaller device for stealth vaping and 38.9% used e-liquids with low visibility vapors. Common on-campus stealth vaping locations included bathrooms, libraries, parking garages, and classrooms. Techniques used for stealth vaping included deep inhale, blowing a hit into one’s clothes, and swallowing a hit.

Conclusions
A large percentage of respondents commonly violated campus tobacco-free policies by stealth vaping. For such policies to be effective at reducing on-campus e-cigarette use, there is a need for enhanced monitoring and enforcement. More research is needed to better understand factors influencing stealth vaping behaviors and public health implications.

Implications
This sample of college student e-cigarette users commonly violated campus smoke- and tobacco-free policies by stealth vaping on campus. Respondents used a range of methods (eg, smaller device and low visibility e-liquids) and locations (eg, bathrooms, libraries, and parking garages) for stealth vaping. If campus policies are to be effective at reducing on-campus e-cigarette use, there is a need for enhanced monitoring and enforcement. E-cigarette devices specifically designed and marketed to facilitate stealth vaping (eg, resembling USB flash drives and pens) may require regulatory action. More research is needed to better understand factors influencing stealth vaping behaviors and public health implications.
Strategic Marketing Planning for Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Landreth Grau Stacy 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 deals with the importance of planning—specifically planning for the overall organization and its connection to marketing. The chapter starts with a discussion of the importance of a strong strategic plan and how this informs effective marketing decisions. The chapter then presents an outline and explanation of both the overall strategic plan and the marketing plan and how they relate to each other. This chapter also gets into funding models—including some newer ones—that are applicable to nonprofit organizations. Finally, the chapter deals with the role of various stakeholders, including boards of directors, advisory boards, and consultants, and it also includes tips on choosing marketing partners for advertising, fundraising, and other important activities.
Gaining Insight
Authors: Landreth Grau Stacy 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 covers the fundamentals of marketing research. Research is vitally important to organizations, but it is not something many nonprofit organizations feel they can easily afford. This chapter outlines the process so that organizations can do it themselves or know enough to ask the right questions of others doing research for them. This chapter covers the various types of research and the advantages and disadvantages of each. It includes why to do marketing research and what types of questions should be asked. It also includes the role of the Internet—with social media in particular—as important avenues for research and insights. The chapter also includes a section on becoming a learning organization by putting these insights to systemic use.
Products, Services, and Delivery
Authors: Landreth Grau Stacy 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 covers the core aspect of what a nonprofit organization actually does: creates programs or services and delivers them to their clients. That said, there are several important issues to consider when designing products and services; namely, how they can be used to develop a strong value proposition. This chapter also introduces the concept of the product life cycle (PLC) and its implications for nonprofit contexts. It is vital that nonprofits continue to listen to constituents and continue to innovate, so this chapter examines ways for nonprofit organizations to develop new ideas and evaluate new ventures. It also provides a framework for evaluating existing programs and services to determine where changes can be made. Many times partners and alliances are important players in innovation, so this chapter discusses important parameters for evaluating them. Last, the chapter includes ways to increase overall innovation within an organization (and also discusses times when innovation is not right for the organization).
Black Boxes
Authors: Nathan Marco J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Textbooks and other popular venues commonly present science as a progressive “brick-by-brick” accumulation of knowledge and facts. Despite its hallowed history and familiar ring, this depiction is nowadays rejected by most specialists. Then why are books and articles, written by these same experts, actively promoting such a distorted characterization? The short answer is that no better alternative is available. There currently are two competing models of the scientific enterprise: reductionism and antireductionism. Neither provides an accurate depiction of the productive interaction between knowledge and ignorance, supplanting the old metaphor of the “wall” of knowledge. This book explores an original conception of the nature and advancement of science. The proposed shift brings attention to a prominent, albeit often neglected, construct—the black box—which underlies a well-oiled technique for incorporating a productive role of ignorance and failure into the acquisition of empirical knowledge. What is a black box? How does it work? How is it constructed? How does one determine what to include and what to leave out? What role do boxes play in contemporary scientific practice? By detailing some fascinating episodes in the history of biology, psychology, and economics, Nathan revisits foundational questions about causation, explanation, emergence, and progress, showing how the insights of both reductionism and antireductionism can be reconciled into a fresh and exciting approach to science.
Emergence Reframed
Authors: Nathan Marco J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents, motivates, and defends a strategy for characterizing emergence and its role in scientific research, grounded in the analysis of black boxes. Emergents can be characterized as black boxes: placeholders in causal explanations represented in models. The present proposal has the welcome implications of bringing together various usages of emergence across domains, and to reconcile emergence with reduction. Yet, this does come at a cost. It requires abandoning a rigid perspective according to which emergence is an intrinsic or absolute feature of systems, in favor or a more contextual approach that relativizes the emergent status of a property or behavior to a specific explanatory frame of reference.
Sailing through the Strait
Authors: Nathan Marco J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter takes the reader back to where the book started: philosophy of science as metaphorically navigating between Scylla and Charybdis, between reductionism and antireductionism. At the outset, two related questions were raised. First, is it possible to steer clear of both hazards? Is there an alternative model of the nature and advancement of science that avoids the pitfalls of both stances and, in doing so, provides a fresh way of presenting science to an educated readership in a more realistic fashion? Second, how does science bring together the productive role of ignorance and the progressive growth of knowledge? The final chapter cashes out these two promissory notes. These problems have a common answer: black boxes. Specifically, the first four sections argue that the black-boxing strategy outlined throughout the book captures the advantages of both reductionism and antireductionism, while eschewing more troublesome implications. The final section addresses the interplay of ignorance and knowledge.
Form and Content in Emily Dickinson’s Poetry, Antony Aumann
Authors: Aumann Antony 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe goal of this chapter is to reconcile two competing camps of thinking regarding Dickinson’s poetry. According to the first camp, the form and content of her poems cannot be pulled apart. What she says is tightly bound up with how she says it. According to the second camp, her poems can be paraphrased; what they say can be said in other words. To resolve the tension between these views, the chapter defends the following two claims. First, poets and critics tend to ask too much of paraphrases, wrongly demanding they reproduce everything contained in the original poem. Second, poets and critics are engaged in different kinds of activities. These activities are governed by different norms. In particular, form and content must be tied together for a poet such as Dickinson but not for a critic intent on a paraphrase.
Discursive Psychology and Journalism
Authors: Meredith Joanne 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Discursive psychology is focussed on the microanalysis of the language—how specific words and practices can perform specific actions and how alternate ways of describing the situation are omitted. In this chapter, a review is presented of discursive psychology and its application to media research. This is followed by an illustrative case study based on newspaper headlines relating to Brexit, the process of the United Kingdom leaving the European Union following the referendum on UK membership in June 2016. Finally, the chapter proposes that discursive analyses can not only help readers explore how particular events, people, and texts are constructed in the news but also help journalists understand how readers might interpret their words and what inferences may be drawn from this.
The Development of Study and Work Engagement in Young Adulthood
Authors: Upadyaya Katja , Symonds Jennifer E. , Salmela-Aro Katariina 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Despite the large number of studies on study/work engagement, there is relatively little integrated discussion about how engagement develops in young adulthood (18–24 years old). Consequently, this chapter reviews this area using perspectives drawn from positive psychology and developmental science. The chapter begins by discussing conceptualizations of study/work engagement and then discusses how engagement develops in relation to various personal and environmental resources and demands in the context of study/work. The authors then trace the development of study/work engagement in Finnish young adults, referring to a suite of studies on a large sample of young Fins studied across the past 15 years. In the context of this sample, they demonstrate how engagement develops in parallel to study/work well-being, discussing the mechanisms of this interaction from the perspectives of spillover, developmental cascades, and demands and resources theories. The authors conclude the review by identifying the general trends in engagement observed in Finland and elsewhere and by suggesting implications for practice.
It Wasn’t Sheer Luck After All
Authors: Baay Pieter E. , Napolitano Christopher M. , Schipper Mattijs C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Evidence suggests that chance plays an important role in careers. Instead of describing such events through “sheer luck,” the authors propose in this theoretical and empirical chapter that opportunity and preparation helps explain the occurrence, perception, and selection of chance events. Study 1 used longitudinal data on 390 emerging adults who reported the occurrence of chance events in their school-to-work transition. Supporting the hypotheses, participants who had prepared better for the school-to-work transition and had better opportunities (in terms of their social network) experienced more chance events. Study 2 examined the perception and selection of chance events in a lab setting. Sixty-seven emerging adult applicants for an actual position were exposed to the same chance events. Consistent with hypotheses, better prepared job applicants were more likely to select these events. Instead of sheer luck, the authors suggest that job seekers can create serendipity by capitalizing on chance events.
Youth Work Transitions in the South of Europe
Authors: Parada Filomena 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents an in-depth review of the literature addressing the work transitions of emerging adults from the South of Europe (Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain). These countries were severely hit by the 2008 economic crisis, which strongly impacted youth facing labor market integration. For southern European youth, labor market integration remains as a key transition enabling engagement in other adult roles and responsibilities. To address the work transitions of young people from the South of Europe, the authors (a) outline the specifics of the Mediterranean context influencing these transitions; (b) look into the general patterns and timing of youth work transitions in these countries; and (c) discuss how such transition patterns and timing affect how emerging adults approach and live their lives, in particular how they navigate the ongoing, multiple, and interconnected transitions to adulthood. The chapter concludes by highlighting the impact changing, adverse social contexts have on the ways in which youth construct their pathways to work and adulthood.
A Cultural Perspective on School and Work Transitions for Indigenous Young Adults in Canada
Authors: Marshall E. Anne , Stewart Suzanne L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Successful transitions to higher education and work have been identified as particularly high priorities for Indigenous young adults; however, there is limited research that explores transition experiences from their perspectives, including the impact of culture. In this chapter, the authors describe the issues, options, and pathways for Indigenous young adults and how these affect educational and work transitions. Findings from three narrative studies with a total of 190 Indigenous young adults in two urban sites are presented. Six common themes across studies and sites were identified: importance of cultural identity, relational connectedness, need for respecting diversity, roles of family and community, roles of employers and co-workers (or instructors and fellow students), and overcoming the impact of discrimination. Fifteen employers were also interviewed about workplace supports and barriers for these young people. The findings are discussed, with implications for more culturally oriented theory and practice.
Constitutionally Inflected Reforms
Authors: Minow Martha 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 identifies twelve proposals with the potential to help address the current crisis in the news industry. The proposals are not barred by the First Amendment and help advance its guarantees of free expression and press. While no single reform will fix the decline of news industries, these responses could help. Absent a range of new efforts, access to information, checks on falsehoods, government accountability, and the ability of journalism to expose corruption and other abuses of power all remain in severe jeopardy.
John Selden
Authors: Rosenblatt Jason P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The life of John Selden (1584–1654) was both contemplative and active. Seventeenth-century England’s most learned person, he continued in the Long Parliament of the 1640s his vigorous opposition, begun in the 1620s, to the abuses of power, whether by Charles I or, later, by the Presbyterian-controlled Westminster Assembly. His gift for finding analogies among different cultures—Greco-Roman, Christian, Jewish, and Islamic—helped to transform both the poetry and prose of the century’s greatest poet, John Milton. Regarding family law, the two might have influenced one another. Milton cites Selden, and Selden owned two of Milton’s treatises on divorce, published in 1645, both of them presumably acquired while he was writing Uxor Ebraica (1646). Selden accepted the non-biblically rabbinic, externally imposed, coercive Adamic/Noachide precepts as universal laws of perpetual obligation, rejecting his predecessor Hugo Grotius’ view of natural law as the innate result of right reason. He employed rhetorical strategies in De Jure Naturali et Gentium (“The Law of Nature and of Nations”) to prepare his readers for what might otherwise have shocked them: his belief in classic rabbinic law (halakha) as authoritative testimony. Although Selden was very active in the Long Parliament, his only surviving debates from that decade were as a lay member of the Westminster Assembly of Divines. The Assembly’s scribe left so many gaps that the transcript is sometimes indecipherable. This book fills in the gaps and makes the speeches coherent by finding their contexts in Selden’s printed works, both the scholarly, as in the massive De Synedriis, but also in the witty and informal Table Talk.
Making Law and Recording It: Part I
Authors: Rosenblatt Jason P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyzes Selden’s contribution to the struggle to define the reach of ecclesiastical jurisdiction in the mid-1640s, as Presbyterians in the Westminster Assembly of Divines fought to have the power to exclude the “ignorant” and “scandalous” from communion. For Selden, the issue of excommunication turned—as it had in his handling of the topic of an ecclesiastical right to tithes—on the question of whether the clergy’s authority was God-given or man-made. The final section of the chapter suggests that Milton’s position on excommunication can only be indirectly inferred from his writings—in particular from his poem “On the New Forcers of Conscience,” which explicitly attacks the Assembly on plurality and the grouping of English churches in classes. Selden acknowledged that the expulsion of Adam and Eve from paradise might be construed as an “excommunication,” a cursing or anathemata. But Milton, who would become the great English poet of exile, failed to take the imaginative leap that would connect exile with excommunication.