bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What if We Selected our Leaders by Lottery? Democracy by Sortition, Liberal Elections and Communist Revolutionaries
Authors: Shah Alpa 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTWhat if we selected our leaders by lottery? Zooming out from the mud huts of indigenous communities in the forested hills of eastern India, this article compares three different models of leadership and democracy: liberal electoral democracy; Marxist‐Leninist Maoist democracy; and democracy by sortition — the random selection of rotating leaders. The significance of sortition is introduced into discussions of democracy in India (showing connections with practices in Nepal and China) as part of a broader attempt to make scholarship on South Asia more democratic. The author also re‐reads ideals of leadership among indigenous people, showing that we need a theoretical and practical vision arguing not for societies without leaders but for societies in which everyone may be a leader. In India, this compels us to push back against the critique of its indigenous communities for not producing leaders and enables a profound re‐reading of the history of subaltern anti‐colonial rebellions. The final aim of the article is to highlight the virtues of the potential of sortition in creating democratic society globally. How we think about democracy and leadership is thus turned on its head to provide a new vision for the future.
Individualization, Peer Learning, and the Cultural Model of Sociality in South Korean Education: The Case of an Educational Metaphor
Authors: Jung Hyang Jin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article, based on interviews with teachers and classroom observations, examines the contour of the educational reform for individualization over twenty years in South Korean schooling. By way of an educational metaphor implicated in shifting dynamics between two competing yet complementary cultural models of sociality and human development, I attempt a historically nuanced analysis of an interdependence orientation manifest in South Korean schooling. In so doing, I closely attend to how a cultural model of sociality strongly associated with peer learning is reassessed, re‐activated, or even accentuated to nurture individuality and self‐expression. The focus of inquiry is the cultural organization of peer learning and the underpinning cultural model of sociality in the context of the home class, the latter being an organizational pivot in South Korean schooling. [Individualization, peer learning, cultural models, home class, South Korea]Abstract in Korean이 논문은 교실관찰 및 교사면담 자료에 근거하여 한국 교육에서 지난 20여년 간 개별화를 위한 교육개혁이 전개되어온 양상을 검토한다. 콩나물 키우기 비유와 연관된 교육적 실천에서 사회성에 대한 두 문화모델, 즉 가족모델과 마을모델 사이의 역동이 어떻게 변화해왔는지를 살펴보고 한국 교육의 주요한 특징인 상호의존성에 대해 통시적으로 분석한다. 특히 두 문화모델 중에서 마을모델이 또래관계와 긴밀히 연결되어 개별성과 자기표현을 위해 재활성화되고 심화되기까지 하는 점에 주의를 기울인다. 연구의 초점은 한국 학교교육의 중심 조직인 담임학급에서 이루어지는 또래학습과 그것의 토대가 되는 사회성의 문화모델이다.
Deepening inequalities: What did COVID‐19 reveal about the gendered nature of academic work?
Authors: Górska Anna Maria , Kulicka Karolina , Staniszewska Zuzanna , Dobija Dorota 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis study discusses the gendered nature of the transformation of academic work, which has been accelerated by the COVID‐19 pandemic. We collected empirical material in spring 2020, at the peak of the pandemic, via 28 interviews with academics in Poland. The results illustrate the far‐reaching and lasting impacts of the pandemic on academia that reinforce existing gender inequalities and bring new ones. The study also reveals the invisible academic work, which is performed mostly by female faculty. This work, neither recognized nor rewarded in the course of women's academic careers, deepens the gendered organization of work in higher education institutions.
Trade‐off between number and length of remote videos for rapid assessments of reef fish assemblages
Authors: Garcia Gabriel S. , Dias Murilo S. , Longo Guilherme O. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRemote underwater videos are widely employed to assess the structure and composition of reef fish assemblages but the sampling effort employed on each survey differs considerably, indicating that both the number of assessments and video length could be optimized. We searched for this optimal sampling effort in remote video samples to conduct rapid assessments of community composition and discussed the relation between number of replicates and video length, and how it impacts the method's efficiency to characterize species assemblages. Remote video recordings from tropical reefs in northeastern Brazil were used to investigate how fish species richness and composition builds across time and number of assays. Videos as short as 5 min successfully recorded species richness, requiring about five repetitions to record most species that compose 80% of the total biomass. Recording species composition required even less time in these reefs, setting a minimum of 3 min with the same five videos. By comparing the detected richness per analysed time unit, we found several shorter videos recorded for more species than a few longer videos, indicating that increasing the sampling coverage in the reef area might be better than just extending the video length for rapid assessments.
Sperm competition, sexual selection and the diverse reproductive biology of Osteoglossiformes
Authors: Koenig Lauren A. , Gallant Jason R. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOsteoglossiformes are an order of “bony tongue” fish considered the most primitive living order of teleosts. This review seeks to consolidate known hypotheses and identify gaps in the literature regarding the adaptive significance of diverse reproductive traits and behaviour of osteoglossiforms within the context of sperm competition and the wider lens of sexual selection. Many of the unusual traits observed in osteoglossiforms indicate low levels of sperm competition; most species have unpaired gonads, and mormyroids are the only known vertebrate species with aflagellate sperm. Several osteoglossiform families have reproductive anatomy associated with internal fertilization but perform external fertilization, which may be representative of the evolutionary transition from external to internal fertilization and putative trade‐offs between sperm competition and the environment. They also employ every type of parental care seen in vertebrates. Geographically widespread and basally situated within teleosts, osteoglossiforms present an effective study system for understanding how sperm competition and sexual selection have shaped the evolution of teleost reproductive behaviour, sperm and gonad morphology, fertilization strategies, courtship and paternal care, and sexual conflict. The authors suggest that the patterns seen in osteoglossiform reproduction are a microcosm of teleost reproductive diversity, potentially signifying the genetic plasticity that contributed to the adaptive radiation of teleost fishes.
Impact of power ultrasound on the quality attributes of curd and its fermentation/gelation kinetics
Authors: Choudhary Pintu , Rawson Ashish 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn the present study, setting time, apparent viscosity and water‐holding capacity for Indian Curd was optimized by using central composite design, where process variable were amplitude level (20–100%, i.e., 11.6 μm–58 μm) and treatment time (5–30 min for treatment before inoculation and 5–15 min for treatment after inoculation). It was observed that ultrasound amplitude and treatment time significantly affected the response variables. The optimum condition for ultrasound treatment before inoculation was identified as 69.43% amplitude and 14.12 min treatment time for minimum curd setting time 5.46 hr., maximum apparent viscosity 24.53 Pa.s and maximum water‐holding capacity 75.79%. The optimum condition for ultrasound treatment after inoculation was identified as 51.46% amplitude level and 9.74 min treatment time for minimum curd setting time 3.40 hr., maximum apparent viscosity 12.12 Pa.s and maximum water‐holding capacity 66.69%. Fermentation kinetics was studied, using Weibull model for optimized condition obtained from RSM. It was found that ultrasound significantly affected the kinetic parameter, that is, rate constant (K) which was maximum for sample treated with ultrasound after inoculation followed by the sample treated with ultrasound before inoculation and control sample (R2 > 80%).Practical ApplicationsThis result has a significant potential to be used in the dairy industry for curd formation, as ultrasound pretreatment can significantly decrease the curd fermentation/gelation time, save time and increase the production efficiency. Consumption of Curd is correlated to improved gut microflora which eventually leads to good health. Hence curd is an important diet across the globe. Industrial production of curd generally requires 5 hrs or more for fermentation. In this regard present study identified and confirmed a novel method of curd processing using power ultrasound treatment which could not only improve the quality of curd but also accelerate the rate of fermentation for curd formation. Further this study has established a kinetic model for fermentation of curd, which has the potential to be utilized by dairy industry for curd production, thus saving time and increasing the production efficiency and profit.
Changes in water state, distribution, and physico‐chemical properties of preserved kumquats during different processing methods
Authors: Hu Xiao , Wang Rongrong , Xie Qiutao , Ge Keda , Li Gaoyang , Fu Fuhua , Ding Shenghua , Shan Yang 
Published: May 2021

AbstractChanges in water state, glass‐transition temperature (Tg), microstructure, and some quality attributes of preserved kumquats after osmotic dehydration under atmospheric pressure or vacuum conditions followed by hot‐air drying were investigated. Low‐field nuclear magnetic resonance results showed that there was less immobilized water content in kumquats under vacuum impregnation with sugar (VSKs) versus that of kumquats under atmospheric pressure osmosis with sugar (ASKs). The freedom of water in kumquats under atmospheric pressure osmosis with sugar and then hot air‐drying (VS‐ADKs) was lower than that of kumquats under vacuum osmosis with sugar and then hot air‐drying (AS‐ADKs). Magnetic resonance imaging results revealed the water release. Sucrose intake produced a more pronounced depressing influence on theTgof VSKs than on that of theTgof ASKs. TheTgof VS‐ADKs were lower than that of AS‐ADKs. Scanning electron microscopy displayed that the VSKs samples presented relatively compact tissue, but the ASKs exhibited the rupture of the cell cavities. The VS‐ADKs showed the more compact lamellar structure but the AS‐ADKs showed more loose fragments. The lightness of color in VSKs significantly decreased, while the redness and yellowness in ASKs diminished. High hardness and gumminess values were identified in VSKs and VS‐ADKs. Correlation analyses showed that hardness was positively correlated with T23either in the ASKs or in the VSKs.Practical ApplicationChanges in water state, glass‐transition temperature (Tg), microstructure, and some quality attributes of preserved kumquats after osmotic dehydration under atmospheric pressure or vacuum conditions followed by hot‐air drying were investigated. Low‐field nuclear magnetic resonance, magnetic resonance imaging, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy and so on were used as the intuitive and efficient methods. The differences in two immerse methods and the effects of drying on the properties of preserved kumquats were elucidated. These results were helpful to the control and assessments about the processing of preserved kumquats.
Preclinical and clinical evaluation on the performance and safety of a novel energy‐based device for body shaping: A pilot study
Authors: Mezzana Paolo , Antonucci Maria Giordana , Fusco Irene 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe emergence on the market of non‐invasive mechanisms aimed at reducing subcutaneous fat achieving a slimming effect arouses great interest in doctors and patients. Several methods for the destruction of adipocytes are today on the market.AimsThis is a pilot study on body fat reduction treatment, using a novel energy‐based device for body shaping.MethodsThe study is performed on 42 patients, healthy adults of both sexes, with BMI between 25 and 30 kg/m², indicated for the removal of fatty tissue deposits specifically in the following areas: flanks, abdomen, internal legs, trochanter, buttocks, and arms. A minimum of 5 to a maximum of 6 treatments were performed for each patient, with the device, every two weeks and with a follow‐up of 6 weeks. Circumference reduction, side effects, and patient pain were evaluated for all patients.ResultsA set of 42 patients were evaluated. The mean circumference reduction at 6 weeks was 2.42 ± 0.4 cm (p < 0.001). Treatment was well‐tolerated (pain score, 3.24 ± 1.03) by all patients. There were no adverse events and patients declared to be satisfied with the aesthetic results obtained with the treatment.ConclusionThe new device emerges as a valid and safe treatment for all patients and shows a higher security profile with no side effects.
Five Years and Moving Forward: A Successful Joint Academic‐Practice Public Partnership to Improve the Health of Hawaii's Schoolchildren
Authors: Davis Katherine Finn , Loos Joanne R. , Boland Mary G. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDIn 2014, the Hawaii Department of Education (DOE), the only statewide school system in the United States, predominately enrolled children (keiki) from underserved communities and lacked school nurses or a school health program. Chronic absenteeism due to health concerns was identified as a barrier to academic success.METHODSThe DOE and a public university created Hawaii Keiki: Healthy and Ready to Learn (HK), a program to provide school‐based services for 170 Title 1 schools in urban and rural settings and build momentum for statewide collective action. HK has maintained support from public and private entities to address student health.RESULTSThis paper describes 5 years of program development, implementation, and continuing challenges. Most recently in 2020‐2021, HK pivoted in the face of school campus closings due to COVID‐19 with strategic plans, including telehealth, to move forward in this changed school environment.CONCLUSIONSThe HK program has increased awareness of students' needs and is addressing the imperative to build health services within public schools. The multipronged approach of building awareness of need, providing direct services, educating future care providers, and supporting sound policy development, has an impact that goes beyond any one individual area.
The Effects of Narcissism and Humor Coping on Anger Expression in Married Couples1
Authors: Abe Shingo , Ota Jin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis study examined the effects of narcissism (a self‐centered, self‐aggrandizing, dominant, and manipulative interpersonal orientation) and humor coping (a strategy in which people rely on humorous expression to cope with stressful interpersonal situations) on anger expression in married couples. A total of 288 married couples participated, with both husband and wife independently completing the questionnaire. Results of structural equation modeling showed that the frequency of received anger was positively related to the frequency of anger, which in turn was negatively related to marital satisfaction. Husbands with higher levels of narcissism were more likely to express their anger. In contrast, humor coping did not affect anger expression in either husbands or wives. We discuss the content of humor in order to clearly demonstrate the effects of humor coping.
Construct Validity of the 29‐Item Sense of Coherence Scale: Exploratory Analysis of a Compatible Three‐Factor Model Using a Rasch Measurement Model1
Authors: Kase Takayoshi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSense of coherence means perceiving one's experiences as coherent; it has been shown to be important for mental health and well‐being. This study examined the item fit and construct validity of the 29‐item Sense of Coherence (SOC) Scale using the Rasch measurement model and confirmatory analysis. Based on the values of item Infit and Outfit mean square, the total number of items in the scale was reduced from 29 to 20. Verifying the three‐factor structure using the fitted items revealed an acceptable goodness‐of‐fit (CFI = .915, SRMR = .058, RMSEA = .064). All results, including the values of item difficulty for each response category, suggest that omitting some items and revising the number of response categories is effective. Examinations improving the structural validity and measurement accuracy of the SOC Scale in this study may contribute to psychological assessment in epidemiological and clinical studies.
Atlas of Human Skeleton Hardness Obtained Using the Micro‐indentation Technique
Authors: Li Sheng , Wang Jian‐zhao , Yin Bing , Hu Zu‐sheng , Zhang Xiao‐juan , Wu Wei , Liu Guo‐bin , Liu Ya‐ke , Fu Lei , Zhang Ying‐ze 
Published: May 2021

ObjectivesMeasure and systematically evaluate the distribution of microhardness in the human skeleton.MethodsThree fresh corpses were obtained, aged 62 (male), 45 (female), and 58 years (male). Soft tissues were removed, and all axial and unilateral appendicular bones were freshly harvested. All three skeletons were examined by X‐ray and computed tomography (CT) to exclude skeletal pathology. Only bones from donors with no known skeletal pathology were included in the study. Axial and unilateral appendicular skeleton bones from each of the three donors were obtained, except for ear ossicles, hyoid bone, tailbone, and 14 phalanges of the foot, for which samples were difficult to obtain. Precision bone specimens with a thickness of 3 mm, which were cut with a Buehler IsoMet 11‐1280‐250 low‐speed diamond saw (Buehler, USA), were obtained from all important anatomic sites in a direction perpendicular to the mechanical axis of each bone. Micro‐indentation (the Vickers hardness test) was performed on the surface of each specimen using a microhardness tester with a diamond indenter. Hardness value (HV) was computed for each indentation. Each bone specimen was divided into several regions of interest. Indentations were carefully made and computed. Then we analyzed the data to identify hardness distribution rules at different anatomic sites.ResultsIn total, 5360 indentations were made in 1072 regions of interest in each donor. Hardness of the axial and appendicular bones were all inhomogeneous depending on the anatomic sites, but the distribution of microhardness followed certain rules. The mean hardness value ranged from 24.46 HV (HV = hardness value, kgf/mm2) for the sacrum to 53.20 HV for the shaft of the tibia. The diaphysis was harder than the metaphysis, and the proximal and distal epiphysis had lower values (8.85%– 40.39%) than the diaphysis. Among the long bone diaphyses, the tibia cortical bone (51.20 HV) was the hardest, harder than the humerus (47.25 HV), the ulna (43.26 HV), the radius (42.54 HV), and the femur (47.53 HV). However, in some anatomic sites such as the lumbar vertebra (cortical bone 32.86 HV, cancellous bone 31.25 HV), the cortical shells were sometimes not harder than the internal cancellous bones. The lumbar vertebra (32.86 HV) was harder than the cervical vertebra (28.51 HV) and the thoracic vertebra (29.01 HV).ConclusionsThe distribution of microhardness in the human skeleton follows certain rules. These distribution rules could be used to predict the mechanical properties of bone and progress in this field could provide data for the basis of a new three‐dimensional printing technique, which may lead to new perspectives for custom‐made implants.
The challenges and opportunities of social connection when hearing derogatory and threatening voices: A thematic analysis with patients experiencing psychosis
Authors: Sheaves Bryony , Johns Louise , Černis Emma , Griffith Laura ,   The McPin Hearing Voices Lived Experience Advisory Panel, Freeman Daniel 
Published: May 2021

ObjectivesRelationships with other people are important determinants of the course of psychosis, yet social isolation is common. This study sought to learn about the patient experience of being around other people when hearing derogatory and threatening voices (DTVs).DesignA qualitative interview study.MethodsFifteen participants with experience of hearing DTVs in the context of non‐affective psychosis were recruited from NHS services. Data were obtained by semi‐structured interviews and analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsThree themes were identified: (1) reasons why interacting with people is difficult when hearing DTVs; (2) the relationship between social connection and DTVs; and (3) factors which enable voice hearers to connect with others. A further ten sub‐themes are outlined as reasons why hearing DTVs led to lower social connection, including difficulties during conversations (e.g., the concentration required is hard), negative expectations of interactions (e.g., fearing negative judgement from others), and difficulties sharing experiences of voices (e.g., people will be hurt or upset if I tell them about the voices). Isolation was a common response to hearing DTVs but also a time of vulnerability for hearing voices. Managing the challenges of interacting with people led to some improvements in DTVs.ConclusionsThere are understandable reasons why hearing DTVs leads to lower social connection. Yet isolating oneself can also be a time of vulnerability for DTVs. Social connection might be one vehicle for disengaging from and disputing derogatory and threatening voice content. The effect on voice hearing of social recovery interventions warrants further investigation.Practitioner points

Participants shared 10 reasons why being around people is challenging when hearing derogatory and threatening voices. These typically affected both daily social experiences and contact with clinicians.

Common initial responses to hearing DTVs were to reduce contact with people, experience difficulties connecting during conversations and to avoid sharing the experience of voice hearing.

However, social isolation was a time of vulnerability to DTVs, and hence, increasing social connection might be a target for interventions.

A range of factors enabled voice hearers to manage social situations, for example: the fostering of trust, self‐acceptance, learning when it is better to stay at home, and developing a narrative to explain voice hearing to others.

Addressing the barriers to connecting with others might have an important role in personal recovery from voice hearing.