bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relative efficacy and stability of biological and synthetic nitrification inhibitors in a highly nitrifying soil: Evidence of apparent nitrification inhibition by linoleic acid and linolenic acid
Authors: Ma Yan , Jones Davey L. , Wang Jinyang , Cardenas Laura M. , Chadwick David R. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBiological nitrification inhibition is a plant‐mediated rhizosphere process where natural nitrification inhibitors can be produced and released by roots to suppress nitrifier activity in soil. Nitrification is one of the critical soil processes in the nitrogen (N) cycle, but unrestricted and rapid nitrification in agricultural systems can result in major losses of N from the plant–soil system (i.e., by NO3− leaching and gaseous N emissions). In this study, we explored the potential efficacy of biological nitrification inhibitors (linoleic acid [LA] and linolenic acid [LN]) and a proven efficient synthetic (dicyandiamide [DCD]) nitrification inhibitor on N dynamics, nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in a highly nitrifying soil. 14C‐labelled LA, LN and DCD mineralization was determined in a parallel experiment to explore the fate of inhibitors after application. We found that LA and LN had no effect on soil NH4+ concentrations, but significantly decreased NO3− concentrations. Soil that received DCD had lower NO3− and higher NH4+ concentrations than the control (soil without nitrification inhibitors). LA and LN increased the cumulative N2O and CO2 emissions when they were applied at high concentrations (635 or 1,270 mg kg−1 dry soil). LA and LN had a much greater mineralization rate than that of DCD: 47–56%, 37–61% and 2.7–5.5%, respectively, after 38 days incubation. We conclude that in contrast to the direct inhibition of nitrification caused by DCD, addition of LA and LN may cause apparent nitrification inhibition by promoting microbial immobilization of soil NH4+ and/or NO3−. Future studies on nitrification inhibitors need to clearly differentiate between the direct and indirect effects that result from addition of these compounds to soil.Highlights
The efficacy and stability of nitrification inhibitors in a highly nitrifying soil were explored.
This study supports efforts to mitigate N losses and improve nitrogen use efficiency of inputs.
Addition of LA, LN and DCD can decrease NO3− concentration, but their modes of action may be different.
The apparent effect of LA and LN on soil NO3− concentration could be indirect.
Can Big Data guide prognosis and clinical decisions in epilepsy?
Authors: Li Xiaojin , Cui Licong , Zhang Guo‐Qiang , Lhatoo Samden D. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBig Data is no longer a novel concept in health care. Its promise of positive impact is not only undiminished, but daily enhanced by seemingly endless possibilities. Epilepsy is a disorder with wide heterogeneity in both clinical and research domains, and thus lends itself to Big Data concepts and techniques. It is therefore inevitable that Big Data will enable multimodal research, integrating various aspects of “‐omics” domains, such as phenome, genome, microbiome, metabolome, and proteome. This scope and granularity have the potential to change our understanding of prognosis and mortality in epilepsy. The scale of new discovery is unprecedented due to the possibilities promised by advances in machine learning, in particular deep learning. The subsequent possibilities of personalized patient care through clinical decision support systems that are evidence‐based, adaptive, and iterative seem to be within reach. A major objective is not only to inform decision‐making, but also to reduce uncertainty in outcomes. Although the adoption of electronic health record (EHR) systems is near universal in the United States, for example, advanced clinical decision support in or ancillary to EHRs remains sporadic. In this review, we discuss the role of Big Data in the development of clinical decision support systems for epilepsy care, prognostication, and discovery.
Everolimus in adult tuberous sclerosis complex patients with epilepsy: Too late for success? A retrospective study
Authors: Stockinger Jakob , Strzelczyk Adam , Nemecek Andrea , Cicanic Michal , Bösebeck Frank , Brandt Christian , Hamer Hajo , Intravooth Tassanai , Steinhoff Bernhard J. 
Published: February 2021

SummaryObjectiveThere is evidence that everolimus (EVE) significantly reduces seizure frequency in epilepsy patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Given that TSC‐related proliferative processes are more dynamic during brain development, seizure outcomes of patients treated with EVE may be age‐related and may be less convincing in adult patients. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness and the safety profile of EVE in adults in clinical practice.MethodsWe performed a multicenter retrospective chart review of TSC subjects with active epilepsy who started EVE in adulthood (≥18 years of age) at seven German epilepsy centers. The primary endpoint was the retention rate after 6 months.ResultsA total of 45 subjects with a mean age of 31.6 ± 11.1 years at EVE start fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Retention rate after 6 months was 98% (43/44 evaluable subjects). Response rate (seizure reduction ≥ 50%) was 33% (14/43 evaluable subjects; four completely seizure‐free). We did not find a significant relationship between epilepsy outcome parameters and patient age at EVE start. Adverse events were reported in 19 subjects and were judged to be serious in six patients. Three patients died during the observation period.SignificanceEvidence suggests that EVE is an effective add‐on treatment for epilepsy in adult TSC patients, surprisingly without any age limit to individual benefit. A strong age‐dependent effect within the period of adulthood seems unlikely. Even if there was no proof of a causal relationship between deaths and EVE intake, patients with EVE should be carefully monitored, especially for infections and stomatitis.
Phenobarbital, midazolam, bumetanide, and neonatal seizures: The devil is in the details
Authors: Ben‐Ari Yehezkel , Delpire Eric 
Published: February 2021

AbstractKaila, Löscher, and colleagues report that phenobarbital (PHB) and midazolam (MDZ) attenuate neonatal seizures following birth asphyxia, but the former only when applied before asphyxia and the latter before or after the triggering insult. In contrast, the NKCC1 chloride importer antagonist bumetanide (BUM) had no effect whether applied alone or with PHB. The observations are compelling and in accord with earlier studies. However, there are several general issues that deserve discussion. What is the clinical relevance of these data and the validity of animal models of encephalopathic seizures? Why is it that although they act on similar targets, these agents have different efficacy? Are both PHB and MDZ actions restricted to γ‐aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) mechanisms? Why is BUM inefficient in attenuating seizures but capable of reducing the severity of other brain disorders? We suggest that the relative failure of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) to treat this severe life‐threatening condition is in part explicable by the recurrent seizures that shift the polarity of GABA, thereby counteracting their effects on their target. AEDs might be efficient after a few seizures but not recurrent ones. In addition, PHB and MDZ actions are not limited to GABA signals. BUM efficiently attenuates autism symptomatology notably in patients with tuberous sclerosis but does not reduce the recurrent seizures, illustrating the uniqueness of epilepsies. Therefore, the efficacy of AEDs to treat babies with encephalopathic seizures will depend on the history and severity of the seizures prior to their administration, challenging a universal common underlying mechanism.
Big data analytics on patents for innovation public policies
Authors: Sousa Maria José , Jamil George , Walter Cicero Eduardo , Au‐Yong‐Oliveira Manuel , Moreira Fernando 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis study seeks to answer the following research question: “What factors can explain the number of patent filing requests made by residents in Brazil at patent offices in Brazil, the United States, Europe, and triadic patent families?”. The methods used in this research are quantitative, using big data from private and public investments in Science and Technology, and about patent deposit numbers in Brazil from 2000 to 2017. A model of linear regression was performed and explains how these investments in Science and Technology influence patent deposit numbers. The results of this research study point towards the importance of universities, up and beyond the traditional training and education aspect of university activity. The importance of public and private innovation investments is also shown to be important. This study shows that the patent registrations in the different regions under analysis are affected by different factors. There is thus no single formula towards the creation of innovation output and governments would do well to continue to invest in higher education while also investing in public research and development activities. Additionally, and not least important, private entities should be continually encouraged to make innovation investments and favourable government policies need to thus exist for this to happen. Finally, the low numbers regarding patent filings in Brazil may be linked to institutional deficiencies in the country. Patent breaches may be difficult to punish, and the judicial system may be slow and untrustworthy, compared to the United States and to Europe—leading to diminished patent registrations in Brazil. A set of implications and recommendations for policy derived from this study and will be strategic for policymakers.
How do charity regulators build public trust?
Authors: Yang Cherrie , Northcott Deryl 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPublic trust serves as an important foundation for the charity sector, but has been diminishing in many countries. Charity regulation exists to promote public trust in charities, but we know little about how it is implemented by regulators to build public trust. This research examines regulators’ efforts to build public trust in charities by promoting and implementing regulation that increases accountability and transparency requirements. A legal perspective on regulation and trust (Colombo, 2010) is combined with institutional work theory (Lawrence & Suddaby, 2006) to analyse interviews with New Zealand charity regulators and standard setters. The findings detail regulators’ reflexive trust‐building processes and practices and reveal a complex and challenging trust‐building dynamic among regulators, charities and the general public. Regulators’ efforts are revealed to demonstrate a ‘hybrid’ approach to regulation as they expand beyond policing charities’ regulatory compliance, educating charities on how to improve their public accountability and investigating public concerns about charity wrongdoing to also engage in proactive modes of trust‐building that directly target the public. Based on these findings, implications are suggested for regulators in other jurisdictions who seek to build public trust in charities.
Living Under the Shadows: Experiences of Latino Immigrant Families at Risk for Deportation
Authors: Rayburn Allison D. , McWey Lenore M. , Gonzales‐Backen Melinda A. 
Published: February 2021

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to examine the experiences of Latino youth and their parents who are at risk for detainment or deportation to gain an in‐depth understanding of the impact of the risk for parental deportation on psychosocial well‐being.BackgroundChildren born in the United States to foreign‐born parents comprise approximately 27% of the U.S. population. Approximately 5.7 million U.S.‐born children live with parents without legal residency documentation, and nearly 500,000 children had at least one parent detained or deported over a 2‐year period. There is a high risk for negative child and family outcomes associated with parental deportation.MethodA constructivist grounded theory design was used to complete semistructured interviews with families (N = 16) at risk for parental deportation. A quantitative trauma assessment was used to triangulate qualitative findings.ResultsResults indicated four core themes: (a) parents and youth experience emotional distress associated with the risk of deportation, (b) parents and youth experience injustices associated with the threat of deportation, (c) children experience their freedoms as conditional, and (d) children suffer.ConclusionsConcepts from ambiguous loss and developmental trauma may aid our understanding of family emotional distress associated with the risk for deportation and improve family services aimed to promote family well‐being.ImplicationsFamily scholar‐advocate and scholar‐activist approaches, in which we use our positions of privilege to educate others about the needs of underserved families, may be helpful for families at‐risk for deportation.
Parenting Practices and Child Conduct Problems in a Norwegian Subclinical Sample: Variable and Person‐Centered Approaches
Authors: Hukkelberg Silje S. , Ogden Terje 
Published: February 2021

ObjectiveThe aims of this study were (a) to examine how different parenting practices connect to each other and to child conduct problems (variable‐centered approach) and (b) to identify groups of parents who share the same parenting style and identify how these relate to child conduct problems (person‐centered approach).BackgroundSubstantial evidence indicates that positive parenting practices are associated with lower levels of child conduct problems, whereas negative practices are associated with higher levels of child problem behavior. Research is limited when it comes to examining parenting practices at intake to parent management training in clinical Scandinavian samples.MethodParticipants were 551 Norwegian parents and their children (aged 3–12 years) with moderate to high levels of conduct problems. Parents reported on child conduct problems and parenting practices. Associations between different parenting practices and child conduct problems were examined using network and latent profile analyses.ResultsThree latent profiles of parenting were identified, each related to different levels of child conduct problems. The network of practices showed that parental mental distress and harsh discipline were directly associated with higher levels of child conduct problems. The majority of parents were characterized as permissive and displayed a mix of positive and harsh parenting.ConclusionHarsh parenting was related to higher levels of child conduct problems. Discipline skills appeared as especially important in the network analyses.ImplicationsParent training should address harsh discipline practices and parental mental distress, given that these are associated with more child conduct problems. Discipline skills appeared as the most important targets for changing overall parenting practices.
Fatigue of X65 steel in the sour corrosive environment—A novel experimentation and analysis method for predicting fatigue crack initiation life from corrosion pits
Authors: Farhad Farnoosh , Smyth‐Boyle David , Zhang Xiang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOil and gas pipelines manufactured from API‐5L Grade X65 steel are generally subjected to cyclic loading and their internal surfaces are frequently exposed to corrosive sour fluids. Exposure of pipelines to these environments often leads to localized corrosion (pitting) and decreased fatigue life. Corrosion pits are geometrical discontinuities that may promote fatigue cracking by acting as stress raisers. In order to optimize asset inspection and repair scheduling, it is important to understand the fatigue behavior of X65 steel and in particular, the ability to predict the crack initiation from corrosion pit. To achieve this level of understanding, conducting fatigue tests in an environmental condition replicating the field environment is important. This paper presents the test protocol and results of environmental fatigue testing using bespoke laboratory apparatus to undertake in situ corrosion fatigue tests in a sour corrosive environment under uniaxial loading. The environment selected represent processes that are likely to occur at internal surfaces of oil and gas pipelines exposed to production fluids. The tests were carried out on smooth samples to obtain S‐N curve in this specific environment as well as on pre‐pitted samples. An electrochemical method is used to create corrosion pits on the samples. Also, a model is proposed to predict the crack initiation life from corrosion pit, using a local stress‐based technique, which has been validated by experimental test results. Post‐test fractography was carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The performance of our approach is demonstrated. The innovation is anticipated to encourage other workers to employ similar small‐scale tests requiring toxic and challenging test environments.
Fatigue of short‐natural‐fiber‐reinforced high‐density polyethylene: Stochastic modeling of single‐gear‐tooth bending
Authors: Blais Philippe , Toubal Lotfi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA Markov chain model was compared to experimental data in the testing of a natural‐fiber‐reinforced composite material proposed for low‐torque gearing applications. The material is tested on a single gear tooth bench to assess multiple damage measurement methods. The model was coupled to three indices of single gear tooth damage: cracking monitored with a high resolution camera, residual load measured with the fatigue machine load cell, and acoustic emission detected by piezoelectric sensors. The model has predictive skill and contributed to better understanding of how damage to the material evolved during the fatigue tests.
Adaptive responses of free‐living and symbiotic microalgae to simulated future ocean conditions
Authors: Chan Wing Yan , Oakeshott John G. , Buerger Patrick , Edwards Owain R. , van Oppen Madeleine J. H. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMarine microalgae are a diverse group of microscopic eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms capable of photosynthesis. They are important primary producers and carbon sinks but their physiology and persistence are severely affected by global climate change. Powerful experimental evolution technologies are being used to examine the potential of microalgae to respond adaptively to current and predicted future conditions, as well as to develop resources to facilitate species conservation and restoration of ecosystem functions. This review synthesizes findings and insights from experimental evolution studies of marine microalgae in response to elevated temperature and/or pCO2. Adaptation to these environmental conditions has been observed in many studies of marine dinoflagellates, diatoms and coccolithophores. An enhancement in traits such as growth and photo‐physiological performance and an increase in upper thermal limit have been shown to be possible, although the extent and rate of change differ between microalgal taxa. Studies employing multiple monoclonal replicates showed variation in responses among replicates and revealed the stochasticity of mutations. The work to date is already providing valuable information on species’ climate sensitivity or resilience to managers and policymakers but extrapolating these insights to ecosystem‐ and community‐level impacts continues to be a challenge. We recommend future work should include in situ experiments, diurnal and seasonal fluctuations, multiple drivers and multiple starting genotypes. Fitness trade‐offs, stable versus plastic responses and the genetic bases of the changes also need investigating, and the incorporation of genome resequencing into experimental designs will be invaluable.
Feasibility of the 4 per 1000 aspirational target for soil carbon: A case study for France
Authors: Martin Manuel P. , Dimassi Bassem , Román Dobarco Mercedes , Guenet Bertrand , Arrouays Dominique , Angers Denis A. , Blache Fabrice , Huard Frédéric , Soussana Jean‐François , Pellerin Sylvain 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIncreasing soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks is a promising way to mitigate the increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration. Based on a simple ratio between CO2 anthropogenic emissions and SOC stocks worldwide, it has been suggested that a 0.4% (4 per 1000) yearly increase in SOC stocks could compensate for current anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Here, we used a reverse RothC modelling approach to estimate the amount of C inputs to soils required to sustain current SOC stocks and to increase them by 4‰ per year over a period of 30 years. We assessed the feasibility of this aspirational target first by comparing the required C input with net primary productivity (NPP) flowing to the soil, and second by considering the SOC saturation concept. Calculations were performed for mainland France, at a 1 km grid cell resolution. Results showed that a 30%–40% increase in C inputs to soil would be needed to obtain a 4‰ increase per year over a 30‐year period. 88.4% of cropland areas were considered unsaturated in terms of mineral‐associated SOC, but characterized by a below target C balance, that is, less NPP available than required to reach the 4‰ aspirational target. Conversely, 90.4% of unimproved grasslands were characterized by an above target C balance, that is, enough NPP to reach the 4‰ objective, but 59.1% were also saturated. The situation of improved grasslands and forests was more evenly distributed among the four categories (saturated vs. unsaturated and above vs below target C balance). Future data from soil monitoring networks should enable to validate these results. Overall, our results suggest that, for mainland France, priorities should be (1) to increase NPP returns in cropland soils that are unsaturated and have a below target carbon balance and (2) to preserve SOC stocks in other land uses.