bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulatory Contestation: Steering toward Consistency in International Norm Implementation
Authors: Jacob Cecilia 
Published: March 2021

AbstractOver the past three decades, there has been a notable expansion in the number and remit of global norms of human protection, informing the rationale and reform of international law and institutions in significant ways. Yet, the inconsistent and selective implementation of these norms undermines their legitimacy and strength. Drawing on interviews with United Nations (UN) officials, diplomats, non-governmental organizations, and experts, this article examines the challenge of strengthening consistency in the implementation of international human protection norms. It argues that diversity in practice is a strength for their consistent implementation when understood through a broader account of the regulatory function of international norms. Dominant accounts of the regulatory function of international norms in international law (compliance) and international relations (internalization) seek consistency of norm implementation through mechanisms such as legal/institutional reform and socialization, respectively. These accounts, I argue, are strengthened by a socio-legal approach to responsive regulation that pays attention to the way that norms operate “in reality” to regulate actor behavior, identifying the generative and creative function of international norms in steering the flow of events toward desired outcomes. It then examines efforts to extend human protection norms into new territory and toward improved preventive capacity with an increased emphasis on accountability through the UN Human Rights Council. This article introduces the concept of regulatory contestation that extends analytical attention to the governance processes through which norms shape international politics and practice.
Engineering Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6051a for the production of recombinant catalases
Authors: Ji Minghua , Liu Yunhui , Wu Haiying , Li Sijie , Duan Haiyan , Shi Jiping , Sun Junsong 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Catalases are a large group of enzymes that decompose hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and hydrogen, and have been applied widely in numerous areas. Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6051a is a well-known host strain for high level secretion of heterologous peptides. However, the application of 6051a was seriously hampered by insufficient transformation efficiency. In this study, D-xylose inducible comK was integrated into the genome of B. subtilis ATCC 6051a, generating 164S, a mutant owns a transformation efficiency of 1 000-fold higher than its parent strain, thus allowing gene replacement by double crossover recombination using linear dsDNAs. The efficiency of the flanking arms for homologous recombination was then analyzed. We found that 400 bp was the minimal length of homologous fragments required to initiate efficient recombination in the 164S strain. In addition, DNA cassettes encoding two mesophilic catalases (Orf 2-62 and Orf 2-63) from B. licheniformis were integrated onto 164S. The catalytic properties of recombinant Orf 2-62 and Orf 2-63 were analyzed, and were found to be predominantly secreted into the fermentation broth, although they obviously lack any known secretory signal peptide. This work demonstrated that B. subtilis 164S is an excellent cell tool, not only for its superior secretion capacity, but also for its convenience in genetic modification.
CLOVES syndrome and cervical arteriovenous fistula: a unique association managed by combined microsurgical and endovascular therapy
Authors: Alhazzab Alhanouf , Alkhaibary Ali , Khairy Sami , Alshaya Wael 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
CLOVES syndrome is a condition characterized by congenital lipomatous overgrowth, vascular malformations, epidermal nevi and skeletal anomalies. The association of cervical arteriovenous fistula with CLOVES syndrome is extremely rare. To the best of our knowledge, only two cases were reported in the literature. We hereby report an additional case and review the literature on this condition. A 12-year-old girl, known to have CLOVES syndrome, presented to the emergency department with a 2-week history of bilateral, progressive lower extremity and left arm weakness. Radiological imaging demonstrated a C3–C6 left extradural lesion, containing multiple enhancing vessels, causing marked compression on the spinal cord. Urgent spinal decompression was performed, with C3–C6 instrumentation, followed by a two-stage embolization of the fistula. Cervical arteriovenous fistula can be rarely identified in patients with CLOVES syndrome. High index of suspicion is required to promptly evaluate patients with CLOVES syndrome presenting with new-onset neurological deficits.
Annular pancreas causing pyloric stenosis in a 66-year-old patient treated with gastrojejunostomy: a case report
Authors: Patel P , Diko S , Kulkarni S , Persaud C , Sartorato F , Christian D 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAnnular pancreas is defined by a ring of pancreatic tissue encircling the descending portion of the duodenum. It is exceptionally rare in adults and commonly diagnosed during the investigation of symptoms arising due to its complications. Treatment usually involves the surgical correction with a duodenoduodenostomy, gastrojejunostomy or duodenojejunostomy. We discuss the case of a 66-year-old male patient who presented with symptoms of gastric outlet obstruction and was found to have an annular pancreas encircling the pylorus and the first and second portions of the duodenum and was treated by performing a gastrojejunostomy. Upper gastrointestinal series, computerized tomography (CT) scans, and magnetic resonance cholangeopancreatographys can all be used for preoperative diagnosis; however, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is the diagnostic modality of choice. Nonetheless, many patients may only be diagnosed intraoperatively, especially those who cannot undergo an ERCP due to stenosis proximal to the duodenum or patients in whom the annulus may not be visible on CT scan.
Encrypted Citations: The Bondwoman’s Narrative and the Case of Jane Johnson
Authors: Barter Faith 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
I read Hannah Crafts’s The Bondwoman’s Narrative (2002) and its legal historical intertexts in order to nuance “fiction” as a literary category of antebellum African American writing. Specifically, I develop connections between The Bondwoman’s Narrative and US laws of slavery by thinking about the novel’s form in relation to legal citational practices. I argue that the novel encrypts and encodes legal narratives within its fictionalized accounts of verifiable “historical” events. By close reading Crafts’s alterations of such events, I compare her use of encryption to the citational practices inherent in legal precedent. This comparison yields a stronger understanding of antebellum African American authorial practices as deploying legal rhetorical strategies that resisted dominant legal narratives and generated new literary forms. I problematize the tendency to redeem law as a possible or ideal site of black belonging and to underscore the ways that authors such as Crafts encrypted their writing with rejections of law and the nation-state. Her work does so even as it rehearses a facility and engagement with legal culture that might suggest an effort to inscribe African Americans into legal frameworks and the ongoing nineteenth-century project of US nation-building. Instead of reading this complex engagement with US law as evincing an attachment to it, I argue for reading it as the rejection and radical reimagining of existing logics of authority and community.
Characterizing the magnetic fields of nearby molecular clouds using submillimeter polarization observations
Authors: Sullivan Colin H , Fissel L M , King P K , Chen C-Y , Li Z-Y , Soler J D 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Of all the factors that influence star formation, magnetic fields are perhaps the least well understood. The goal of this paper is to characterize the 3D magnetic field properties of nearby molecular clouds through various methods of statistically analysing maps of polarized dust emission. Our study focuses on nine clouds, with data taken from the Planck Sky Survey as well as data from the Balloon-borne Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope for Polarimetry observations of Vela C. We compare the distributions of polarization fraction (p), dispersion in polarization angles ($\mathcal {S}$), and hydrogen column density (NH) for each of our targeted clouds. To broaden the scope of our analysis, we compare the distributions of our clouds’ polarization observables with measurements from synthetic polarization maps generated from numerical simulations. We also use the distribution of polarization fraction measurements to estimate the inclination angle of each cloud’s cloud-scale magnetic field. We obtain a range of inclination angles associated with our clouds, varying from 16○ to 69○. We establish inverse correlations between p and both $\mathcal {S}$ and NH in almost every cloud, but we are unable to establish a statistically robust $\mathcal {S}$ versus NH trend. By comparing the results of these different statistical analysis techniques, we are able to propose a more comprehensive view of each cloud’s 3D magnetic field properties. These detailed cloud analyses will be useful in the continued studies of cloud-scale magnetic fields and the ways in which they affect star formation within these molecular clouds.
Kinetic sequencing (k-Seq) as a massively parallel assay for ribozyme kinetics: utility and critical parameters
Authors: Shen Yuning , Pressman Abe , Janzen Evan , Chen Irene A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Characterizing genotype-phenotype relationships of biomolecules (e.g. ribozymes) requires accurate ways to measure activity for a large set of molecules. Kinetic measurement using high-throughput sequencing (e.g. k-Seq) is an emerging assay applicable in various domains that potentially scales up measurement throughput to over 106 unique nucleic acid sequences. However, maximizing the return of such assays requires understanding the technical challenges introduced by sequence heterogeneity and DNA sequencing. We characterized the k-Seq method in terms of model identifiability, effects of sequencing error, accuracy and precision using simulated datasets and experimental data from a variant pool constructed from previously identified ribozymes. Relative abundance, kinetic coefficients, and measurement noise were found to affect the measurement of each sequence. We introduced bootstrapping to robustly quantify the uncertainty in estimating model parameters and proposed interpretable metrics to quantify model identifiability. These efforts enabled the rigorous reporting of data quality for individual sequences in k-Seq experiments. Here we present detailed protocols, define critical experimental factors, and identify general guidelines to maximize the number of sequences and their measurement accuracy from k-Seq data. Analogous practices could be applied to improve the rigor of other sequencing-based assays.
Diagnostic Utility of a Ferritin-to-Procalcitonin Ratio to Differentiate Patients With COVID-19 From Those With Bacterial Pneumonia: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Gharamti Amal A , Mei Fei , Jankousky Katherine C , Huang Jin , Hyson Peter , Chastain Daniel B , Fan Jiawei , Osae Sharmon , Zhang Wayne W , Montoya José G , Erlandson Kristine M , Scherger Sias J , Franco-Paredes Carlos , Henao-Martínez Andrés F , Shapiro Leland 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
There is an urgent need for accurate, rapid, inexpensive biomarkers that can differentiate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from bacterial pneumonia. We assess the role of the ferritin-to-procalcitonin (F/P) ratio to classify pneumonia cases into those due to COVID-19 vs those due to bacterial pathogens.

Methods
This multicenter case–control study compared patients with COVID-19 with those with bacterial pneumonia, admitted between March 1 and May 31, 2020. Patients with COVID-19 and bacterial pneumonia co-infection were excluded. The F/P in patients with COVID-19 vs with bacterial pneumonia were compared. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis determined the sensitivity and specificity of various cutoff F/P values for COVID-19 vs bacterial pneumonia.

Results
A total of 242 COVID-19 pneumonia cases and 34 bacterial pneumonia controls were included. Patients with COVID-19 pneumonia had a lower mean age (57.1 vs 64.4 years; P = .02) and a higher body mass index (30.74 vs 27.15 kg/m2; P = .02) compared with patients with bacterial pneumonia. Cases and controls had a similar proportion of women (47% vs 53%; P = .5), and COVID-19 patients had a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus (32.6% vs 12%; P = .01). The median F/P was significantly higher in patients with COVID-19 (4037.5) compared with the F/P in bacterial pneumonia (802; P &lt; .001). An F/P ≥877, used to diagnose COVID-19, resulted in a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 56%, with a positive predictive value of 93.2% and a likelihood ratio of 1.92. In multivariable analyses, an F/P ≥877 was associated with greater odds of identifying a COVID-19 case (odds ratio, 11.27; 95% CI, 4–31.2; P &lt; .001).

Conclusions
An F/P ≥877 increases the likelihood of COVID-19 pneumonia compared with bacterial pneumonia.
Antimicrobial Time-Out for Vancomycin by Infectious Disease Physicians Versus Clinical Pharmacists: A Before-After Crossover Trial
Authors: Hasegawa Shinya , Tagashira Yasuaki , Murakami Shutaro , Urayama Yasunori , Takamatsu Akane , Nakajima Yuki , Honda Hitoshi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
The present study assessed the impact of time-out on vancomycin use and compared the strategy’s efficacy when led by pharmacists versus infectious disease (ID) physicians at a tertiary care center.

Methods
Time-out, consisting of a telephone call to inpatient providers and documentation of vancomycin use &gt;72 hours, was performed by ID physicians and clinical pharmacists in the Departments of Medicine and Surgery/Critical Care. Patients in the Department of Medicine were assigned to the clinical pharmacist-led arm, and patients in the Department of Surgery/Critical Care were assigned to the ID physician-led arm in the initial, 6-month phase and were switched in the second, 6-month phase. The primary outcome was the change in weekly days of therapy (DOT) per 1000 patient-days (PD), and vancomycin use was compared using interrupted time-series analysis.

Results
Of 587 patients receiving vancomycin, 132 participated, with 79 and 53 enrolled in the first and second phases, respectively. Overall, vancomycin use decreased, although the difference was statistically nonsignificant (change in slope, −0.25 weekly DOT per 1000 PD; 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.68 to 0.18; P = .24). The weekly vancomycin DOT per 1000 PD remained unchanged during phase 1 but decreased significantly in phase 2 (change in slope, −0.49; 95% CI, −0.84 to −0.14; P = .007). Antimicrobial use decreased significantly in the surgery/critical care patients in the pharmacist-led arm (change in slope, −0.77; 95% CI, −1.33 to −0.22; P = .007).

Conclusions
Vancomycin time-out was moderately effective, and clinical pharmacist-led time-out with surgery/critical care patients substantially reduced vancomycin use.
New Challenger Parties in Opposition: Isolation or Cooperation?
Authors: De Giorgi Elisabetta , Dias António , Dolný Branislav 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The context of European parties has been through a process of significant transformation in recent years, with the fall of traditional mainstream parties and the rise of challenger parties. Despite their significant differences, mainly at the ideological level, we argue that challenger parties share some common characteristics when they first enter parliament. Namely, we expect them to employ a similar strategy as regards their relationship with the other party actors and to attempt to send the same message to their electorate: that they represent the alternative to existing parties, be it in government or in opposition, and will behave accordingly in parliament. We test our expectations by analysing and comparing the cooperation attitudes of challenger parties vis-à-vis the other opposition parties, using legislative co-sponsorship during their first term in parliament as an indicator and Social Network Analysis as a method.
Can Opposition Parties Be Responsible?
Authors: Ilonszki Gabriella , Marangoni Francesco , Palau Anna M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Opposition responsibility is a neglected field, and if at all noticed, opposition parties are often placed in the irresponsibility frame. The purpose of our paper is to examine to what extent, under which conditions, and in which ways opposition parties can be considered to act responsibly. This article will develop the concept of opposition responsibility and test the expectations in the behaviour of opposition parties in three countries: Hungary, Italy and Spain. The analysis highlights that opposition responsibility exceeds—although does not exclude—policy making and scrutiny activities as it has broader implications. We shall regard the opposition’s general performance and their political system-related behaviour as components of responsibility.
Manipulating ZmEXPA4 expression ameliorates the drought-induced prolonged anthesis and silking interval in maize
Authors: Liu Boxin , Zhang Bin , Yang Zhirui , Liu Yan , Yang Shiping , Shi Yunlu , Jiang Caifu , Qin Feng 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Drought poses a major environmental threat to maize (Zea mays) production worldwide. Since maize is a monoecious plant, maize grain yield is dependent on the synchronous development of male and female inflorescences. When a drought episode occurs during flowering, however, an asynchronism occurs in the anthesis and silking interval (ASI) that results in significant yield losses. The underlying mechanism responsible for this asynchronism is still unclear. Here, we obtained a comprehensive development-drought transcriptome atlas of maize ears. Genes that function in cell expansion and growth were highly repressed by drought in 50 mm ears. Notably, an association study using a natural-variation population of maize revealed a significant relationship between the level of α-expansin4 (ZmEXPA4) expression and drought-induced increases in ASI. Furthermore, genetic manipulation of ZmEXPA4 expression using a drought-inducible promoter in developing maize ears reduced the ASI under drought conditions. These findings provide important insights into the molecular mechanism underlying the increase in ASI in maize ears subjected to drought and provide a promising strategy that can be used for trait improvement.
The Arabidopsis MATERNAL EFFECT EMBRYO ARREST45 protein modulates maternal auxin biosynthesis and controls seed size by inducingAINTEGUMENTA
Authors: Li Ying Ju , Yu Yang , Liu Xiuying , Zhang Xian Sheng , Su Ying Hua 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSeed size is a major factor determining crop yields that is controlled through the coordinated development of maternal and zygotic tissues. Here, we identified Arabidopsis MATERNAL EFFECT EMBRYO ARREST45 (MEE45) as a B3 transcription factor that controls cell proliferation and maternally regulates seed size through its transcriptional activation of AINTEGUMENTA (ANT) and its downstream control of auxin biosynthesis in the ovule integument. After characterizing reduced seed and organ size phenotypes in mee45 mutants and finding that overexpression of MEE45 causes oversized seeds, we discovered that the MEE45 protein can bind to the promoter region of the ANT locus and positively regulate its transcription. ANT in-turn activates the expression of auxin biosynthetic genes (e.g. YUCCA4) in the ovule integument. Our results thus illustrate mechanisms underlying maternal tissue-mediated regulation of seed size and suggest that MEE45 and its downstream components can be harnessed to develop higher-yielding crop varieties.
AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 18–HISTONE DEACETYLASE 6 module regulates floral organ identity in rose (Rosa hybrida)
Authors: Chen Jiwei , Li Yang , Li Yonghong , Li Yuqi , Wang Yi , Jiang Chuyan , Choisy Patrick , Xu Tao , Cai Youming , Pei Dong , Jiang Cai-Zhong , Gan Su-Sheng , Gao Junping , Ma Nan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The phytohormone auxin plays a pivotal role in floral meristem initiation and gynoecium development, but whether and how auxin controls floral organ identity remain largely unknown. Here, we found that auxin levels influence organ specification, and changes in auxin levels influence homeotic transformation between petals and stamens in rose (Rosa hybrida). The PIN-FORMED-LIKES (PILS) gene RhPILS1 governs auxin levels in floral buds during floral organogenesis. RhAUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 18 (RhARF18), whose expression decreases with increasing auxin content, encodes a transcriptional repressor of the C-class gene RhAGAMOUS (RhAG), and controls stamen–petal organ specification in an auxin-dependent manner. Moreover, RhARF18 physically interacts with the histone deacetylase (HDA) RhHDA6. Silencing of RhHDA6 increases H3K9/K14 acetylation levels at the site adjacent to the RhARF18-binding site in the RhAG promoter and reduces petal number, indicating that RhARF18 might recruit RhHDA6 to the RhAG promoter to reinforce the repression of RhAG transcription. We propose a model for how auxin homeostasis controls floral organ identity via regulating transcription of RhAG
Photooxidation crosslinking to recover residual stress in decellularized blood vessel
Authors: Wang Jintao , Kong Lingwen , Gafur Alidha , Peng Xiaobo , Kristi Natalia , Xu Jing , Ma Xingshuang , Wang Nan , Humphry Rose , Durkan Colm , Zhang Haijun , Ye Zhiyi , Wang Guixue 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDecellularization method based on trypsin-digestion is widely used to construct small diameter vascular grafts. However, this method will reduce the opening angle of the blood vessel and result in the reduction of residual stress. Residual stress reduced has an adverse effect on the compliance and permeability of small diameter vascular grafts. To improve the situation, acellular blood vessels were treated with glutaraldehyde and photooxidation crosslinking respectively, and the changes of opening angle, circumferential residual strain of native blood vessels, decellularized arteries and crosslinked blood vessels were measured by means of histological examination, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in this study. The opening angle of decellularized arteries significantly restored after photooxidation crosslinking (P = 0.0216), while that of glutaraldehyde crosslinking blood vessels reduced. The elastic fibers inside the blood vessels became densely rearranged after photooxidation crosslinking. The results of finite element simulation showed that the residual stress increased with the increase of opening angle. In this study, we found at the first time that photooxidation crosslinking method could significantly increase the residual stress of decellularized vessels, which provides biomechanical support for the development of new biomaterials of vascular grafts.