bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender diversification in police agencies: is it a zero-sum game?
Authors: Nowacki Jeffrey , Schafer Joseph , Hibdon Julie 
Published: July 2021

PurposeThe article first examines whether police hiring decisions represent a zero-sum game where hires from one under-represented group (e.g. White women) reduce the number of hires made from other under-represented groups (non-White men and/or non-White women). Second, we explore whether agencies that hire more members of underrepresented groups achieve more diverse applicant pools in future hiring cycles. Negative binomial regression techniques are used in both analyses.Design/methodology/approachData for this study come from the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEAs) from 2011 to 2016. These data are divided into two periods: Period A (2011–2013) and Period B (2014–2016). The two periods are combined to assess a zero-sum effect. Then, Period A data on hiring decisions is used to estimate the diversity in applicant pools in Period B.FindingsResults from this study provided little evidence of a zero-sum effect. It does not seem that agencies that hire from one under-represented group are less likely to hire from others. Instead, agencies that have shown a commitment to diversification are more likely to make additional hires from under-represented groups. We also found evidence of a relationship between Period A hires and Period B applicant pools for Hispanic women, but not for other groups. Broadly, we found that agencies where a larger share of officers are women were more likely to hire more women applicants.Originality/valuePrevious research examining zero-sum effects in hiring rely on officer rosters rather than specific applicant and hiring data. The data used in this study allows for a more precise examination of hiring decisions, and allows us to link hiring decisions to future applicant pool composition.
Evaluation of occupant's adaptive thermal comfort behaviour in naturally ventilated courtyard houses
Authors: Pilechiha Peiman , Norouziasas Alireza , Ghorbani Naeini Hoorieh , Jolma Kasmir 
Published: July 2021

PurposeIn vernacular buildings, many climatic and passive solutions have been used to create indoor thermal comfort. Seasonal occupant movement is an example of a traditional response to increasing thermal comfort. This article investigates the influence of these user behaviours on thermal comfort in courtyard houses.Design/methodology/approachParametric models of three different scenarios of courtyard houses are simulated. The courtyard houses are located in Shiraz, Iran, and share the same orientation and construction materials. To enhance the accuracy of the study, the indoor adaptive thermal comfort (ATC) analysis is performed with three different window-to-wall ratios (WWR) of 25, 50 and 75%. The ACT analysis is performed on an hourly basis for summer and winter scenarios.FindingsThe results demonstrate that the indoor ATC is 8.3% higher in winter than in the summer in the seasonal zones. During the summer, the amount of ATC is relatively sustained in all zones. Unlike common beliefs, seasonal movement can enhance the ATC, especially during winter, specifically in the northern part of the courtyard. In northern zones, the seasonal movement of occupants improves the indoor ATC from 10.1 to 23.7%, and in southern zones, the improvement is from 2.2 to 4.8%.Originality/valueThis research presents a new numerical investigation into occupants' seasonal movements in courtyard houses during summer and winter. It provides a precise pattern to show how much this seasonal movement can affect the habitant's ATC.
Identifying and intervening to stop school bullying: the role of school resource officers
Authors: Paez Gabriel R. , Colvin Roddrick 
Published: July 2021

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to explore school resource officers (SROs) and their role in preventing, detecting and intervening in bullying incidents.

Design/methodology/approach
Using data from 214 survey respondents, the present study attempted to identify the personal and situational characteristics that help to understand when SROs are likely to identify and intervene in bullying incidents.

Findings
Taking a multivariate logistic regression approach, the results show that SROs – regardless of race, age, gender and education – who can identify instances of bullying are more likely to intervene to stop it.

Research limitations/implications
The implications of improved training for SROs are discussed, as are ways to enhance the integration of SROs into schools’ overall anti-bullying efforts.

Originality/value
Bullying and violence in schools have been a growing concern for school districts and SROs are being increasingly seen as critical components of anti-bullying programs.
Exploring Corporate Social Responsibility in the Italian wine sector through websites
Authors: Esposito Benedetta , Sessa Maria Rosaria , Sica Daniela , Malandrino Ornella 
Published: July 2021

PurposeThis paper aims to explore how the Italian wine industry discloses corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices and quality certifications and the corresponding determinants via websites. The study also aims to investigate the relationship between CSR practices and financial performance. The information consistency between the quality certificates reported on corporate websites and official database statements is also explored. Lastly, the paper investigates how the relationship between the size of wineries and CSR disclosure changes according to firms' geographic location.Design/methodology/approachThis paper analyses CSR corporate communication via the websites of a sample of Italian wineries by adjusting the theoretical framework developed by Amran (2012) to the wine sector's peculiarities. Moreover, a cross-certification analysis and a moderation analysis were performed to fulfil the purpose of the research.FindingsThe analysis revealed the extensive use of CSR disclosure via websites. It was found that company size positively affects CSR disclosure and Quality Certification Disclosure (QCD), while geographic location slightly moderates the relationship between the two variables. In addition, a negative relationship between CSR disclosure and corporate financial performance and its reverse causality emerged. Moreover, for most wineries, information consistency between the quality certificates reported on corporate websites and official database statements was observed.Research limitations/implicationsThe study's main limitation is that the search process was performed during lockdown. Therefore, the examined issues could change in the near future due to the shift in priorities that the COVID-19 pandemic is determining.Practical implicationsThe results can help managers implement CSR disclosure and QCD practices to enhance stakeholder legitimacy and enable their companies to compete in strongly competitive international markets.Originality/valueThe paper represents the first study investigating online QCD and its consistency in the Italian wine sector.
Medical tourism in the COVID-19 era: opportunities, challenges and the way ahead
Authors: Chhabra Arvind , Munjal Mehak , Mishra Prabhu Chandra , Singh Kritika , Das Debjanee , Kuhar Neha , Vats Monika 
Published: July 2021

PurposeThe novel coronavirus has not only caused significant illness and loss of life, it has caused major disruption at local, national and global levels. While the healthcare industry is experiencing growth during the pandemic, disruption to travel has affected medical tourism. This article considers the short-term factors affecting medical tourism and how they could be mitigated by incorporating technological advances to secure long-term growth.Design/methodology/approachThe study examines data provided by the Indian government as well as from non-government sources available in the public domain to review the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on medical tourism. The authors also examine data on technological advances in the healthcare industry that could help to reduce the impact of the pandemic.FindingsThis study’s findings show that while in-person services have been seriously impacted in the short term, technological adaptation of medical services to facilitate remote medical consultation has significantly increased. This has enlarged the business opportunities available to hospitals and general practitioners, and it could be leveraged to enhance medical tourism.Originality/valueThe article provides an analysis of the impact of the pandemic on medical tourism and how technology could be used to overcome short-term negative impacts and support longer-term development.
Statisticians, Roll Up Your Sleeves! There's A Crisis to be Solved
Authors: Seibold Heidi , Charlton Alethea , Boulesteix Anne-Laure , Hoffmann Sabine 
Published: July 2021

AbstractStatisticians play a key role in almost all scientific research. As such, they may be key to solving the reproducibility crisis. Heidi Seibold, Alethea Charlton, Anne-Laure Boulesteix and Sabine Hoffmann urge statisticians to take an active role in promoting more credible science
Analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) for 3‐way designs
Authors: Somerfield Paul J. , Clarke K. Robert , Gorley Ray N. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAnalysis of similarities (ANOSIM) is a robust non‐parametric hypothesis‐testing framework for differences in resemblances among groups of samples. To date, the generalisation and use of ANOSIM to analyse various 2‐way nested and crossed designs with unordered or ordered factors has been described. This paper describes how the 2‐way tests may be extended and modified for the analysis of 3‐way designs, including the introduction of a different type of constrained permutation procedure for a design in which one factor is nested in another and crossed with a third. The construction of 3‐way tests using the generalised statistic in various nested and crossed designs, with or without ordered factors, and with or without replication, is described. Applications of the new tests to ecological data are demonstrated using three marine examples. They are as follows: a study of changes in fish diet for fish of increasing size sampled in different locations at different times (a 3‐way fully crossed design with ordered factors); a hierarchical spatial study of the fauna inhabiting kelp holdfasts (a 3‐way fully nested design with unordered factors); and a study of infaunal macrobenthos in which sites within areas were resampled over a long time series (a design in which sites are nested in areas but crossed with years, both latter factors potentially being ordered). The magnitudes of the ANOSIM statistics provide information about relative effect sizes (accounting for other factors), which is often a focus for multifactorial designs. Though the described ANOSIM tests do not provide parallels for all the range of 3‐way mixed‐factor designs possible in ANOVA (and its multivariate semi‐parametric counterpart PERMANOVA), it is seen that for nested factors these ANOSIM tests parallel the matching PERMANOVA random‐effects models, and not their fixed‐effects counterparts, thus allowing the same broader inference about the space from which these random factor levels are drawn.
Long‐term outcome of supraciliary gold micro shunt in refractory glaucoma
Authors: Figus Michele , Loiudice Pasquale , Passani Andrea , Perciballi Laura , Agnifili Luca , Nardi Marco , Posarelli Chiara 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the 10‐year follow‐up efficacy and safety of gold micro shunt (GMS) in patients with refractory glaucoma, and the potential risk factors for failure.MethodsRetrospective data analyses based on medical records from 55 patients who underwent GMS implant for refractory glaucoma between March 2007 and April 2008. The primary outcome measure was the cumulative probability of success defined as intraocular pressure (IOP) below 21 mmHg together with a 33% lowering of the baseline IOP with (qualified) or without (complete) topical medications, no reoperation for glaucoma or loss of light perception.ResultsMean IOP 10 years after the GMS implantation was 21.6 ± 5.1 mmHg with 2.7 ± 0.7 drugs. Qualified success was achieved in 8/55 patients (14.5%) with a mean of 2.9 ± 0.8 drugs at 5 years and in 2/55 patients (3.6%) with a mean of 2.7 ± 1.0 drugs at 10 years. None of the patients reached complete success at five years from surgery. The cumulative probability of complete success was 14%, 9% and 0% at 1, 2 and 5 years, respectively, and 72%, 67%, 36% and 3.6% at 1, 2, 5 and 10 years, respectively, for qualified success criterion. Baseline IOP for complete success, number of baseline medication for qualified success and age at the time of GMS implantation for both criteria were risk factors significantly associated with failure.ConclusionA very low long‐term survival rate of GMS in refractory glaucoma was found. Most patients did not reach the IOP success criteria of the study, even with the re‐introduction of medications, leading to the need for further surgical procedures.
The jury is still out on the existence of a placental microbiome
Authors: Briana Despina D. , Papaevangelou Vassiliki , Malamitsi‐Puchner Ariadne 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe human microbiome is crucial for regulating normal development, but the exact point when it is established remains unknown. A sterile placenta was traditionally considered a prerequisite for a healthy pregnancy, but studies have revealed that the placenta harbours microbial communities, even under normal conditions. However, reports have failed to provide evidence for the consistent presence of bacteria in the normal human placenta, challenging the in utero colonisation hypothesis. This mini review examines our understanding of the potential placental microbial colonisation in normal healthy pregnancies. This may impact the metabolic and immune functions of the growing foetus and have long‐term consequences.
Effects of wood kraft pulp feeding on feed digestibility and rumen fermentation of Japanese Black steer in the middle fattening stage
Authors: Mizuguchi Hitoshi , Maeda Yuka , Nishimura Keiko , Shinkura Hiroshi , Kurosu Kazuhiro , Terada Fuminori , Kushibiki Shiro 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe investigated the effects of wood kraft pulp (KP) feeding on feed digestibility and rumen fermentation of Japanese Black (JB) steer in the middle fattening stage. The feeding experiment was carried out a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design using six JB steers (16.2 ± 0.8 months of age). Steers were fed rice straw and three concentrated feeds: commercial formula feed (control), formula feed containing 7.5% KP on a dry matter (DM) basis (7.5% KP), and formula feed containing 15% KP on a DM basis (15% KP). Feed digestibility and rumen fermentation parameters were recorded for 3 days during the measurement period, after an adaptation phase of 11 days. There was no significant difference in DM intake per day among diets. A slightly higher digestibility of neutral detergent fiber was observed in steers fed 15% KP, compared with those fed other diets (P = 0.059). The butyric acid ratio in rumen fluid was higher in steers fed KP diets than in steers fed control (P = 0.083). The average ruminal pH was unaffected by KP diets. This study suggests that replacing 15% of concentrated feed with KP has little effect on feed digestibility and rumen fermentation in JB fattening steer.
Investigations of the maintenance system of the Konik Polski horse and its effects on fecal microbiota activity during the winter and summer seasons
Authors: Juśkiewicz Jerzy , Fotschki Bartosz , Jaworska Joanna , Siemieniuch Marta 
Published: July 2021

AbstractGastrointestinal microbiota play a key role in the nutrients digestion and hence maintaining animal health and welfare. The diet offered to the animals in captivity may differ considerably from that on natural pastures. In a stabled maintenance system, horses have a limited choice of habitat and feed. Time spend for feeding is relevant for equine welfare because the reduction of the time devoted for foraging may be responsible for inducing gastric inflammation and ulceration. Therefore, in the present study, it was hypothesized that fecal bacterial fermentative processes differ between free‐roaming and stabled Konik Polski Horses (KPHs) with respect to microbial enzymatic activity, and thus the fecal concentration of short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA), which can be further utilized for assessing the feeding behavior and welfare in free‐roaming versus stabled horses. The SCFA concentration and profile, as well as the extracellular and intracellular activities of selected bacterial enzymes, were characterized in horse feces collected during the winter and summer feeding seasons. The results showed higher enzymatic activity and SCFA production in the feces excreted by free‐roaming versus stabled horses, especially during summer. An increase in pasture plant diversity may be beneficial for the gastrointestinal microbiota and hence for maintaining health and welfare.
COVID‐19 acute respiratory distress syndrome: A simulation study of the effects of combination therapy with tocilizumab and siltuximab
Authors: Doyle Eileen B. , Bentley Darren , Dodds Michael G. 
Published: July 2021

AimsTo assess the potential of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) signalling blockade in the lung to treat SARS‐CoV‐2 infection via model‐based simulation by exploring soluble IL‐6 receptor (sIL‐6R) sequestration by tocilizumab (TCZ) and IL‐6 sequestration by siltuximab (SIL).MethodsLiterature values of IL‐6, IL‐6 antagonist SIL, sIL‐6R, IL‐6R antagonist TCZ and their respective binding constants were used to develop a model to predict the impact of treatment on IL‐6 signalling. Models were used to generate simulated bronchoalveolar lavage fluid concentrations for normal subjects, subjects at risk of developing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and subjects with ARDS under 4 conditions: without treatment; treatment with TCZ; treatment with SIL; and treatment with TCZ + SIL.ResultsWith TCZ intervention, IL‐6 levels are unaffected and sIL‐6R is reduced somewhat below the Normal case. IL‐6:sIL‐6R complex only slightly decreased relative to the no‐intervention case. With SIL intervention, sIL‐6R levels are unaffected and IL‐6 is greatly reduced below the Normal case. IL‐6:sIL‐6R complex is greatly decreased relative to the no‐intervention case. With TCZ + SIL intervention, IL‐6 and sIL‐6R levels are reduced below the Normal case and achieve suppression equivalent to monotherapy results for their respective targets. IL‐6:sIL‐6R complex reduction is predicted to be greater than that achieved with monotherapy. This reflects sequestration of both components of the complex and the nonlinear binding equilibrium.ConclusionCoadministration of both IL‐6 and IL‐6R sequestering products such as SIL and TCZ may be necessary to effectively treat COVID‐19 patients who have or are at risk of developing ARDS.
Applying behaviour change theory to understand the barriers to implementing routine outcome monitoring
Authors: Bear Holly Alice , Dalzell Kate , Edbrooke‐Childs Julian , Wolpert Miranda 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundRoutine outcome monitoring (ROM) is a valuable tool for monitoring client progress and pre‐empting deterioration, however, there is considerable variation in how data are collected and recorded and uptake in clinical practice remains low. The aim of this study was to develop a self‐report measure of practitioner attitudes to ROM in order to better understand the barriers to successful implementation in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS).MethodsAn anonymous survey was completed by 184 CAMHS practitioners in the United Kingdom. The survey was designed using the Capability, Opportunity, and Motivation Model of Behaviour (COM‐B). Practitioners who reported using ROM frequently in their clinical work (53%) were compared to those who used ROM infrequently (47%) across dimensions of the COM‐B survey subscales.ResultsConfirmatory factor analysis confirmed the proposed four‐factor structure, showing acceptable model fit, with high factor loadings and good reliability for all subscales. Frequent users of ROM exhibited significantly higher psychological capability, physical opportunity, social opportunity, and motivation, compared to infrequent users F (4, 140) = 14.76, p < .0001; Pillai’s Trace = .297, partial η2 = .30. Results highlight several barriers to ROM, including the belief that there is not a strong evidence base for ROM, not receiving external training, and not discussing feedback and outcome data in supervision.ImplicationsIn the hope of improving the successful implementation of ROM, this research provides an evidence‐based tool for assessing practitioners’ attitudes to ROM, which map on to intervention functions and represent targets for future implementation efforts.Practitioner Points

The value of routine outcome monitoring (ROM) as a means to measure client progress and to elevate the efficiency and quality of mental health care is well‐documented in the research literature, however, uptake in practice remains relatively low.

This study applied behaviour change theory to develop a psychometrically sound self‐report measure of practitioners’ perspectives and practices to understand the barriers to implementation in child and adolescent mental health services in the United Kingdom.

The complex and multifaceted nature of the barriers to implementation requires multilevel behaviour change strategies at the client, clinician, and organisational level.

Recommendations for practice include the need for integrated, multilevel strategies aimed at improving practitioners’ capabilities and motivations, strong organisational leadership and a culture of data gathering and sharing, and implementation interventions, which are tailored to target local barriers.
Variability in the type and layer distribution of cortical Aβ pathology in familial Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Willumsen Nanet , Poole Teresa , Nicholas Jennifer M. , Fox Nick C. , Ryan Natalie S. , Lashley Tammaryn 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFamilial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) is caused by autosomal dominant mutations in the PSEN1, PSEN2 or APP genes, giving rise to considerable clinical and pathological heterogeneity in FAD. Here we investigate variability in clinical data and the type and distribution of Aβ pathologies throughout the cortical layers of different FAD mutation cases. Brain tissue from 20 FAD cases [PSEN1 pre‐codon 200 (n = 10), PSEN1 post‐codon 200 (n = 6), APP (n = 4)] were investigated. Frontal cortex sections were stained immunohistochemically for Aβ, and Nissl to define the cortical layers. The frequency of different amyloid‐beta plaque types was graded for each cortical layer and the severity of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) was determined in cortical and leptomeningeal blood vessels. Comparisons were made between FAD mutations and APOE4 status, with associations between pathology, clinical and genetic data investigated. In this cohort, possession of an APOE4 allele was associated with increased disease duration but not with age at onset, after adjusting for mutation sub‐group and sex. We found Aβ pathology to be heterogeneous between cases although Aβ load was highest in cortical layer 3 for all mutation groups and a higher Aβ load was associated with APOE4. The PSEN1 post‐codon 200 group had a higher Aβ load in lower cortical layers, with a small number of this group having increased cotton wool plaque pathology in lower layers. Cotton wool plaque frequency was positively associated with the severity of CAA in the whole cohort and in the PSEN1 post‐codon 200 group. Carriers of the same PSEN1 mutation can have differing patterns of Aβ deposition, potentially because of differences in risk factors. Our results highlight possible influences of APOE4 genotype, and PSEN1 mutation type on Aβ deposition, which may have effects on the clinical heterogeneity of FAD.