bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The “code-switching issue”: transition from (socio)linguistic to cognitive research
Authors: Cedden Gülay , Meyer Patric , Özkara Basak , von Stutterheim Christiane 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This review investigates the complex dynamics of code-switching (CS), the spontaneous alternation between languages within a conversation, particularly its implications for cognitive processes like executive functions (EFs). Analysing post-2015 studies, it critically assesses 23 experiments. Through stringent criteria and comprehensive search strategies, the review identifies factors influencing CS types and their impact on cognition, highlighting methodological inconsistencies and confounds. It highlights the evolving perspectives on CS, ranging from pragmatic approaches emphasizing communicative functions to structural analyses focusing on linguistic constraints. It underscores the importance of considering factors such as language competence, typological proximity and cognitive processes in understanding CS behaviour. It emphasizes the need for precise CS typology assessment to understand the complex link between CS behaviour and cognitive functioning, bridging linguistic and cognitive domains. This review contributes to clarifying inconsistencies in CS research methodology and findings, aiming to elucidate the factors influencing CS types and their implications for cognition.
DISSIPATION OF WAVE ENERGY AND MITIGATION OF WAVE FORCE BY MULTIPLE FLEXIBLE POROUS PLATES
Authors: SASMAL ANJAN , DE SOUMEN 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe hydroelastic interaction between water waves and multiple submerged porous elastic plates of arbitrary lengths in deep water is examined using the Galerkin approximation technique. We observe the influence of flexible porous plates of arbitrary lengths by analysing the reflection coefficient, dissipated energy and wave forces acting on the plates. Results are presented for various values of angle of incidence, separation lengths of plates, porosity levels, submergence depth and flexural rigidity. The convergence and accuracy of the method are verified by comparing the results with existing literature. The significant impact of flexural rigidity in the presence of porosity on wave reflection, dissipated energy and wave forces is demonstrated. Moreover, a notable reduction in wave load is observed with an increase in the number of plates.
Stone Law: immutability and legal worldbuilding
Authors: O’Donoghue Aoife 
Published: December 2024

AbstractIn N.K. Jemisin’s Broken Earth trilogy, core laws are written on stone. But the tablets are incomplete, open to interpretation and their authorship uncertain. Nonetheless, Stone Law forms the basis of the governance system. Ultimately, the narrative reveals that the Stone Laws are recent in origin and an instrument of subjugation whose claims to common sense belie its harms. This article considers immutability in law and the ways in which particular laws become as if written in stone. Constitutional law and jus cogens are two examples of immutable worldbuilding laws represented as inevitable, absolute, unyielding and perpetual. Debates in law and humanities on genre, performance, interpretation and the concerns of a particular era are often reflected and refracted through both the laws and the literature of an era. In particular, the practice of worldbuilding is used to demonstrate the wariness necessary when laws are represented as immutable.
Politics and preaching: how religious elites justify addressing or avoiding political topics
Authors: Williams Andrew L. , King David P. , Fulton Brad R. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractEven amidst a decline in religious affiliation, nearly half of the U.S. population still attends religious services at least once a month, and congregations remain the single largest non-profit organizational type across the nation. Therefore, congregational influence on political attitudes and behavior is a crucial line of inquiry. We analyze interviews of 94 congregational leaders to better understand why they address or avoid political issues when preaching. Our research reveals that clergy use theological and pragmatic reasoning to determine whether they explicitly include political discourse in their sermons. Our findings are noteworthy in that clergy from a wide range of religious traditions use similar reasoning, and the same rationale can lead different clergy to adopt contrasting approaches to political content in sermons. Thus, this paper provides nuanced insight into the relationship between religion and politics and may help foster greater mutual understanding in a deeply divided political and social climate.
On the Use of InSAR for Estimating Timing Errors in Harmonie‐Arome Water Vapor Fields
Authors: Mulder Gert , Barkmeijer Jan , de Haan Siebren , van Leijen Freek , Hanssen Ramon 
Published: December 2024

AbstractDue to its sensitivity to water vapor, high resolution, and global availability, interferometric satellite radar (InSAR) has a large but unexploited potential for the improvement of regional NWP models. A relatively straightforward approach is to exploit the exact instantaneous character of the InSAR data in data assimilation to improve the timing of NWP model realizations. Here we show the potential impact of InSAR data on the NWP model timing and subsequently on improved model performance. By time‐shifting the model to find the best match with the InSAR data we show that we can achieve a model error reduction (one‐sigma) of up to 40% in cases where weather fronts are present, while other cases show more modest improvements. Most model performance gain due to time‐shifts can therefore be achieved in cases where weather fronts are present over the study area. The model‐timing errors related to the maximum model error reduction for these cases are in the order of 30 min.
Revealing the Cape Verde Hotspot Track Across the Great Lakes
Authors: Tao Zhongmin , Li Aibing , Wu Jonny , Fischer Karen M. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractDetecting old hotspot tracks in a stable continent remains challenging because of the lack of volcano chains on the surface and the fade of thermal anomalies with time. The northeastern American continent moved over the Cape Verde and the Great Meteor hotspots during 300–100 Ma. However, only the latter was confirmed by kimberlites and seismic velocity models. Our new 3D anisotropic model in northeastern America reveals strong positive radial anisotropy anomalies in the eastern Great Lakes, central Pennsylvania, and northwestern Virginia. These anomalies follow the Cape Verde hotspot track, providing the first geophysical evidence for the hotspot. A circular pattern of azimuthal anisotropy is also observed in the eastern Great Lakes and may be related to the Cape Verde plume activity. The plume was under the Great Lakes during 300–200 Ma and probably caused lithosphere thinning and low topography needed for forming the Lakes during the glacial era.
Observed Sprite Streamer Growth Rates
Authors: Stenbaek‐Nielsen H. C. , McHarg M. G. , Liu N. Y. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractSprites have been recorded at ∼100,000 frames per second. One hundred and sixty five essentially vertically propagating streamers, 110 downward and 55 upward, have been selected for analysis. The initial velocity increase is exponential as predicted by theory. Growth rates could be determined for 76 downward and 46 upward propagating streamers, and, in individual streamers, they are independent of altitude. The average growth rate increases from 1.6 103 in C‐sprites, to 2.6 103 in carrots, to 8.4 103/s in jellyfish sprites. With a streamer model the driving electric field can be derived. Evaluating the field at 70 km altitude, we find fields of 98 (0.45 Ek), 121 (0.56 Ek), and 188 (0.87 Ek) V/m for the 3 sprite types, indicating that jellyfish sprites are the most energetic. High‐speed imaging can provide streamer growth rates and combined with a streamer model, the electric fields associated with various sprite features can be investigated.
Spontaneously Generated Flux Ropes in 3‐D Magnetic Reconnection
Authors: Bai Shi‐Chen , Guo Ruilong , Xiao Yuchen , Shi Quanqi , Yao Zhonghua , Pu Zuyin , Sun Wei‐jie , Degeling Alexander W. , Tian Anmin , Rae I. Jonathan , Yao Shutao , Zong Qiu‐Gang , Fu Suiyan , Bu Yude , Russell Christopher T. , Burch James L. , Gershman Daniel J. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractMagnetic reconnection is the key to explosive phenomena in the universe. The flux rope is crucial in three‐dimensional magnetic reconnection theory and is commonly considered to be generated by secondary tearing mode instability. Here we show that the parallel electron flow moving toward the reconnection diffusion region can spontaneously form flux ropes. The electron flows form parallel current tubes in the separatrix region where the observational parameters suggest the tearing and Kelvin‐Helmholtz instabilities are suppressed. The spontaneously formed flux ropes could indicate the importance of electron dynamics in a three‐dimensional reconnection region.
Beyond the Average: Computation of Vertical Profiles in Dilute Pyroclastic Density Currents and Their Use in Shallow‐Water Models
Authors: Keim B. , de’ Michieli Vitturi M. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractPyroclastic density currents (PDCs) present significant hazards due to their high temperatures and dynamic pressures. Accurate estimation of dynamic pressure, vital for assessing potential damage, requires knowledge of the vertical variations of velocity and particle concentration within the PDC, particularly in the first few meters of the flow above the ground. Existing approaches to dynamic pressure calculations used in hazard assessment are often based on average values for velocity and particle volume fraction. These average values may misrepresent the flow dynamics, especially near the base of the flow where the gradients of flow variables are larger. Here, we present a new, physically based approach that allows for the calculation of the vertical profiles of velocity and concentration from a combination of depth‐averaged values for these properties and non‐dimensional flow parameters. Finally, we demonstrate the use of these profiles within an existing shallow‐water model and show its potential applications toward probabilistic hazard assessment.
Hydrogen Generation From Ferrous Saponite in Reaction With H2S‐Containing Fluid: Relevance to Early Martian Habitability
Authors: Noda Natsumi , Sekine Yasuhito , Takahashi Yoshio , Fukushi Keisuke , Sakuma Hiroshi , Kawai Takahiro , Nakagawa Mayuko , Kitadai Norio , Johnson‐Finn Kristin , McGlynn Shawn Erin 
Published: December 2024

AbstractMolecular hydrogen is an important gas species for understanding the early Martian climate and redox chemistry. Through ancient aqueous alterations of crustal rocks, ferrous (Fe(II)) saponite formed abundantly on Mars. Subsequent intrusions of hydrothermal fluids may have resulted in a chemical reaction between the dissolved volatiles and the nearby rocks. Here we propose a new H2 generating reaction between ferrous saponite and H2S‐containing fluids, which is possible on early Mars. A series of hydrothermal experiments at a relatively low temperature of 90°C were performed under anoxic conditions using synthesized ferrous saponite to compare the resulting H2 concentration among various gas and fluid compositions. Based on the relationship with the existence of H2S, reaction time, fluid pH, dissolved iron concentration, and amount of minerals, we found that high levels of H2 (∼0.1 mmol/g ferrous saponite) were generated in the presence of H2S most rapidly in moderate pH conditions. Our microscopic chemical analysis of mineral phases suggested that ferrous saponite served as both the iron source of pyrite precipitation and the electron source to form H2. Our results suggest that intrusions of H2S‐containing fluids into the saponite‐containing crust of Mars would generate H2, which could potentially provide locally concentrated chemical energy for chemoautotrophic life.
Long-range data transmission in a fault-tolerant quantum bus architecture
Authors: Choe Shin Ho , König Robert 
Published: December 2024

AbstractWe propose a fault-tolerant scheme for generating long-range entanglement at the ends of a rectangular array of qubits of length R with a square cross-section of $$m=O({\log }^{2}R)$$

m
=
O

(

log

2

R

)

qubits. It is realized by a constant-depth circuit producing a constant-fidelity Bell-pair (independent of R) for local stochastic noise of strength below an experimentally realistic threshold. The scheme can be viewed as a quantum bus in a quantum computing architecture where qubits are arranged on a rectangular 3D grid, and all operations are between neighboring qubits. Alternatively, it can be seen as a quantum repeater protocol along a line, with neighboring repeaters placed at a short distance to allow constant-fidelity nearest-neighbor operations. To show our protocol uses a number of qubits close to optimal, we show that any noise-resilient distance-R entanglement generation scheme realized by a constant-depth circuit needs at least $$m=\Omega (\log R)$$

m
=
Ω

(

log
R

)

qubits per repeater.
Novel perspectives on multiple-peak diurnal convection over a tropical mountainous island from idealized large-eddy simulations
Authors: Wang Yu-Hsiu , Chen Wei-Ting , Wu Chien-Ming 
Published: December 2024

AbstractTwo robust peaks in the diurnal evolution of orographically-locked precipitation are simulated in large-eddy simulations with an idealized ocean-plain-mountain topography. The ensemble experiment design is guided by sounding statistics from summertime afternoon thunderstorms in Taiwan to obtain realistic variability of free-tropospheric moisture associated with the intensity of the summertime subtropical high. The convection in the first peak is directly modulated by convective available potential energy, while the convection in the second peak is associated with low-level moist static energy (MSE) transport by the island-scale (40-km) local circulation, producing more extreme rainfall. When the initial free troposphere is drier, the convection in the second peak is strengthened. Both the environmental adjustments by the first peak and local circulation development contribute to the sensitivity of the second peak to free-tropospheric moisture. This work highlights the critical roles of convection-environment interaction and upstream MSE supply in enhancing extreme diurnal precipitation over complex topography.
Ionic-liquid-supported copper-promoted synthesis of 3,5-disubstituted-1,2,4-triazoles
Authors: Das Soumyadip , Choudhury Badruzzaman , Maiti Barnali , Chanda Kaushik 
Published: December 2024

An ionic-liquid based Cu(ii) catalyst was developed for the efficient high yielding synthesis of 1,2,4-triazoles from primary amines and benzonitrile derivatives via C–N bonds and N–N bond formation reaction.
Some Comply While Some Defy: Elementary Teachers' Responses to Leadership Mandates on Reading Comprehension Instruction
Authors: Smith Reid J. , Snow Pamela C. , Serry Tanya A. , Hammond Lorraine S. 
Published: December 2024

Purpose:
We report the qualitative findings from a survey of elementary teachers regarding reading instruction. The purpose is to extend on quantitative findings in a previously described survey to gain a more in-depth understanding of Australian elementary teachers' approaches to the literacy block in their schools: how this is used, who makes instructional decisions, and how teachers respond to these.

Method:
A web-based survey was used to collect data from Australian elementary teachers about their perspectives regarding reading comprehension instruction. Of the 284 respondents, 182 (64.1%) provided free-text comments in response to open-ended questions. Responses were coded and analyzed for themes.

Results:
Responses were categorized into three broad themes. The first theme concerned the level of satisfaction with how literacy block time was used. The second theme pertained to the locus of decisions about the use of the literacy block time, and the third theme concerned the ways in which teachers responded to decisions made by “leadership”: compliance or defiance.

Conclusions:
There are many different ways that the literacy block is structured and used across Australian elementary schools, and participants indicated an overall sense that they perceive that their literacy block is effective for students. There is, however, evidence of tension between teachers and decision makers when the teachers' pedagogical position does not align with the locally prescribed instructional approach. In these cases, teachers report choosing to either defy or comply with the mandated approach. Although formal decisions about how this block is to be used are made by school leaders, teachers make individual decisions about the degree to which they comply with those. Departures from these mandates, regardless of their rationales, have significant implications for data monitoring and interpretation at the school level.
A Rare Case of Fetal Neural Tube Defect; Iniencephaly Clausus
Authors: Arega Bantayehu Nega , Endalew Sintayehu Debas , Hailu Daniel Miskir 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Introduction Iniencephaly is an extremely rare type of neural tube defect characterized by the fusion of the cervical and cervicothoracic vertebrae. This condition results in acute retroflexion of the head, a short neck, significant lordosis of the cervical spine, and an upturned facial appearance. This condition typically results in poor fetal outcomes, with many cases ending in stillbirth or neonatal death.
Case summary Here, we present a case of iniencephaly diagnosed during intrapartum ultrasound in a 34-year-old gravida 5 woman referred from a health center to a primary hospital due to preterm premature rupture of membrane and labor. The fetus died intrapartum a few minutes before delivery.
Conclusion Iniencephaly remains a rare but critical condition that poses significant challenges for prenatal diagnosis and management. This case underscores the importance of early and accurate imaging in the detection of such severe anomalies, which can provide essential information for clinical decision-making and counseling.
Cross-Bridge Free Vascularized Fibular Graft for Reconstruction of Extensive Traumatic Tibial Defects
Authors: El-Gammal Tarek Abdalla , El-Sayed Amr , Kotb Mohamed Mostafa , Saleh Waleed Riad , Ragheb Yasser Farouk , Morsy Mohamed Mohamed , El-Gammal Yousif Tarek , Saad Mahmoud Mohammed , Refai Omar Ahmed 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Background The cross-bridge free flap technique has been described for salvage of cases of traumatic lower limb defects when adequate recipient vessels in the same limb are lacking. While previous accounts mainly focused on utilizing muscle, myocutaneous, or perforator skin flaps, this study presents a series of cross-bridge free vascularized fibular transfer for reconstruction of traumatic tibial defects with extensive soft tissue loss.
Methods The study included 22 cases with an average age at surgery of 24 ± 8 years and an average tibial bone defect of 14.2 ± 3.3 cm. In this technique, the fibula was inset into the tibial defect and vascularization was performed using the posterior tibial artery of the contralateral leg through a radial forearm flap. The two legs were coimmobilized using Hoffmann external fixator and subsequently separated after 6 weeks.
Results All flaps survived. Follow-up averaged 44.4 months. Union occurred in all cases within an average of 4.5 ± 1.9 months and Full weight-bearing was achieved at an average of 9.0 ± 2 months. Stress fractures occurred in eight patients (36.3%) after an average of 12 months. Mean graft hypertrophy at the final follow-up was 67.6%. Six patients showed an average limb length discrepancy of 4.2 cm. Two patients required corrective osteotomy, one ankle fusion, and another Achilles tendon lengthening. Functionally, 20 patients were able to walk without crutches.
Conclusion The cross-bridge free vascularized fibular graft is a viable option for reconstruction of complex and extensive tibial defects when no other reconstructive options are available.
RNHSO2F as Reliable Azasulfene Precursors for the Construction of Sulfamates
Authors: Xu Long , Dong Jiajia , Guo Taijie , Wang Wei 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe utilization of NH-sulfamoyl fluorides (RNHSO2F) as reliable SuFEx synthons for the construction of various sulfamate esters is reported. By using potassium fluoride as base, we were able to convert RNHSO2F into azasulfene intermediates under mild conditions and guarantee their further efficient ligation with phenols and alcohols.
Aumentación ligamentaria como tratamiento de lesión parcial de ligamento cruzado anterior con autoinjerto hueso-tendón-hueso: Presentación de caso clínico
Authors: Dávila-Godínez Gustavo E. , la Torre Mauricio Zárate-de , Acuña-Tovar Marco , Osorio-Gómez Natasha , Bolaños-Cacho-Casillas Daniela 
Published: December 2024

ResumenLa rotura del ligamento cruzado anterior es de las lesiones de rodilla más frecuentes en pacientes jóvenes con alta demanda funcional, repercutiendo de manera negativa en su actividad deportiva. El cuadro clínico se caracteriza por el antecedente de traumatismo con aparición de edema, dolor, limitación funcional y sensación de inestabilidad articular. Existen diversas maniobras clínicas y hallazgos en la resonancia magnética sugestivas de su lesión, aunque la artroscopia sigue considerado el método diagnóstico definitivo. Los objetivos del tratamiento están orientados en la rehabilitación y recuperación funcional óptima, el retorno deportivo temprano, así como en la prevención de desarrollo daño articular que condicione un desgaste prematuro de la rodilla. En el contexto de roturas parciales, no existe un consenso acerca de la preservación del fascículo remanente o la reconstrucción total del ligamento. En cuanto a la elección de la técnica quirúrgica se ha preferido la reconstrucción anatómica, sobre la elección del injerto se ha optado por la selección de autoinjerto, aunque existen diversas opciones terapéuticas válidas basadas en las características de cada paciente. En esta revisión se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino de 36 años con diagnóstico de rotura parcial del ligamento cruzado anterior con integridad del fascículo posterolateral, posterior a presentar un mecanismo de lesión de carga axial con la rodilla en flexión, clínicamente se presenta con dolor, limitación a la movilidad e inestabilidad articular. Debido a las características clínicas e imagenológicas del paciente se decidió realizar una artroscopia como método diagnóstico terapéutico. Con base en los hallazgos artroscópicos se optó por realizar una aumentación ligamentaria con uso de autoinjerto hueso-tendón patelar -hueso, esto debido a las ventajas mecánicas de la situación anatómica de los túneles óseos que ofrece la técnica quirúrgica, así como las ventajas biológicas, como la preservación de la propiocepción articular e integración ósea y funcionales de la selección del injerto.