bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interaction effects on the conversion corridor of tiltrotor aircraft
Authors: Appleton W. , Filippone A. , Bojdo N. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper presents an aeromechanics investigation of tiltrotor aircraft through the conversion regime of flight. The effects of the rotors-on-wing, rotors-on-empennage and wing-on-empennage interactions were investigated singularly and collectively to assess their impacts on trim behaviour, performance and conversion boundaries. The rotors-on-wing download was found to be dominant in the prediction of hover and low-speed flight performance and had a degrading effect overall. The fuselage pitch attitude and stick position were found to be significantly affected by the empennage interaction cases throughout the conversion domain. The large flap/flaperon settings used to alleviate the rotor download contributed considerably to the low-speed trim behaviour. The conversion boundaries were found to be insensitive to all the interaction cases, though the min-speed boundary was reduced marginally due to the wing-on-empennage interaction. The results showed that the combined interactions were important factors to accurately predict the trim behaviour and aircraft performance throughout the conversion corridor.
The “Ketu Nation” of Brazilian Candomblé in Historical Context
Authors: Castillo Lisa Earl 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe Afro-Brazilian religion of Candomblé arose during the Atlantic slave trade and has unmistakable Yorùbá influences. In the city of Salvador, the termnação ketu[Ketu nation] is used among the oldest temples in describing Yorùbá heritage. This has led some scholars to assume that the founders came from the Yorùbá kingdom by that name. This paper critically examines the idea of Kétu origins, taking as a case study the temple Ilê Axé Iyá Nassô Oká, a national historic heritage site in Brazil that is recognized by UNESCO as a site of diasporic memory. The paper shows that the first generations of leadership were dominated by people from Ọ̀yọ́ and that the termketuemerged not as an allusion to ethnic origins but perhaps as a metaphor for a heterogeneous cultural context in which Yorùbá speakers from disparate regions lived in close coexistence.
Precarity and Resistance: A Critique of Martha Fineman's Vulnerability Theory
Authors: Davis Benjamin P. , Aldieri Eric 
Published: May 2021

AbstractContemporary feminist theory by and large agrees on criticizing the traditional, autonomous subject and instead maintains a relational, dependent self, but the vocabulary used to describe the latter remains contested. These contestations are seen in comparing the approach of some feminist legal theory, as demonstrated by Martha Fineman, to the approach of some feminist theory that draws on continental philosophy, as demonstrated by Judith Butler. Fineman's concept of vulnerability emphasizes the universality of vulnerability in the human condition, arguing that a “responsive state” is most conducive to producing subjects who are “resilient” in the face of neoliberal pressures. We argue that vulnerability, as an existential as opposed to a political description, is a limited rubric under which to organize against neoliberal forces. Further, we contend that Fineman's rhetoric of resilience risks reiterating a neoliberal logic of individualized self-management. In response, we look to Butler's concept of precarity, which underscores particular social conditions, as opposed to universal ontological vulnerabilities, that debilitate certain subjects. At stake is how we respond to neoliberal forces today: a vocabulary of precarity poses a more effective challenge than one of vulnerability, for it opens onto not merely individual or institutional resilience but grounded, communal resistance.
Evaluation of N95 respirator ultraviolet decontamination and clinical reuse with quantitative fit testing
Authors: Wanner Gregory K. , Ader Douglas , Caplan Richard , Padaki Amit S. , Ravert Debra , Drees Marci 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe supply of N95 respirators has been severely strained by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We used quantitative fit-testing to evaluate 16 participants and 45 respirators through up to 4 rounds of ultraviolet decontamination and clinical reuse. The mean fit-test failure rate was 29.7%, and the probability of failure increased through N95 reuse.
A new cheilostome bryozoan from a dinosaur site in the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Judith River Formation of Montana
Authors: Taylor Paul D. , Rogers Raymond R. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFew bryozoans have been described from the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway (WIS), which is consistent with the low diversity of other typically stenohaline groups in this large expanse of relatively shallow marine water. Here we describe a new cheilostome bryozoan,Conopeum flumineumn. sp., based on well-preserved material from the Campanian Judith River Formation of the Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument in north-central Montana. The new species shows strong morphological similarities withConopeum seurati, a Recent species that is often categorized as brackish, but which is euryhaline and can also be found in marine and stenohaline environments. The new Campanian bryozoan species was found in a locality also containing fragmentary remains of dinosaurs and other terrestrial vertebrates, as well freshwater mollusks and terrestrial plant debris. The sedimentology and facies associations of the fossil-bearing site suggest that the depositional setting was a swamp or tidally influenced fluvial backwater on the Judith River coastal plain. The proximity of the site to the western shoreline of the WIS presumably made it susceptible to occasional marine flooding during storms or extreme tides. Previous occurrences ofConopeumin the Cretaceous of the Western Interior have also been associated with dinosaur remains, corroborating the very nearshore and at times even ‘upstream’ distribution of this euryhaline genus.UUID:http://zoobank.org/bb1fdc8a-5017-44c5-9251-9e24ef3995e3.
Adam Smith on Impartial Patriotism
Authors: Elazar Yiftah 
Published: May 2021

AbstractScholars have emphasized Adam Smith's critique of the dangers of patriotism, but have not paid close attention to its potential value. This article recovers from Smith's work an attractive model of patriotism without nationalism. The potential value of patriotism lies in inspiring individuals to realize an ideal of impartial beneficence, which consists in overcoming selfishness and other subpolity partialities and in promoting the greater happiness of all fellow citizens. Smith defends virtuous patriotism against strong cosmopolitanism by arguing that a global division of labor, which directs individuals to benefit their compatriots, more effectively serves the interests of humanity than directly trying to promote global happiness. This article illuminates aspects of Smith's work that contrast with the “invisible hand” argument and favor the conscious pursuit of public interest in some contexts. It contributes to recent discussions of patriotism a distinctive way of understanding its relation to impartiality.
Social Comparisons for Following Health Recommendations and Their Relation to Worry and Intentions During COVID-19
Authors: Rose Jason P. , Edmonds Keith A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Background: During uncertain threatening situations, people make social comparisons that influence self-evaluations, inform decisions, and guide behavior. In 2019, an emerging infectious disease (COVID-19) became a pandemic and resulted in unparalleled public health recommendations (e.g., social distancing, wear masks in public). Aims: The current research examined people’s beliefs about how their own compliance to recommendations compared to others and explored the unique associations between social comparisons, worry, risk perceptions, and intentions for health-protective action. Method: An adult sample of US residents ( N = 452) completed an online, cross-sectional survey about their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: First, participants reported better-than-average compliance beliefs. Second, comparative beliefs were positively (and uniquely) associated with intentions for future compliance-related behaviors and general risk-reduction behaviors (e.g., information seeking) – particularly for participants who viewed COVID-19 as threatening. Finally, the relation between comparative beliefs and intentions was indirect through worry (but not risk), though alternative models also achieved support. Limitations: Our findings are limited by our use of a cross-sectional design, methodological choices, and our lack of behavioral measures. Conclusions: Overall, results demonstrate that people are attentive to their comparative levels of compliance behaviors during an infectious disease pandemic. Results are discussed in terms of their theoretical implications and the relevance of social comparisons for self-protective action during a pandemic.
Cloud Process Coupling and Time Integration in the E3SM Atmosphere Model
Authors: Santos Sean Patrick , Caldwell Peter M. , Bretherton Christopher S. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this study, we find significant sensitivity to the choice of time step for the Energy Exascale Earth System Model's atmospheric component, leading to large decreases in the magnitude of cloud forcing when the time step is reduced to 10 s. Reducing the time step size for the microphysics increases precipitation, leading to a drying of the atmosphere and an increase in surface evaporation. This effect is amplified when the microphysics is substepped together with other cloud physics processes. Coupling the model's dynamics and physics more frequently reduces cloud fraction at lower altitudes, while producing more cloud liquid at higher altitudes. Reducing the deep convection time step also reduces low cloud mass and cloud fraction. Together, these results suggest that cloud physics in a global circulation model can depend strongly on time step and, in particular, on the frequency with which cloud‐related processes are coupled with each other and with the model dynamics.
Understanding the Information Content in the Hierarchy of Model Development Decisions: Learning From Data
Authors: Gharari Shervan , Gupta Hoshin V. , Clark Martyn P. , Hrachowitz Markus , Fenicia Fabrizio , Matgen Patrick , Savenije Hubert H. G. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractProcess‐based hydrological models seek to represent the dominant hydrological processes in a catchment. However, due to unavoidable incompleteness of knowledge, the construction of “fidelius” process‐based models depends largely on expert judgment. We present a systematic approach that treats models as hierarchical assemblages of hypotheses (conservation principles, system architecture, process parameterization equations, and parameter specification), which enables investigating how the hierarchy of model development decisions impacts model fidelity. Each model development step provides information that progressively changes our uncertainty (increases, decreases, or alters) regarding the input‐state‐output behavior of the system. Following the principle of maximum entropy, we introduce the concept of “minimally restrictive process parameterization equations—MR‐PPEs,” which enables us to enhance the flexibility with which system processes can be represented, and to thereby investigate the important role that the system architectural hypothesis (discretization of the system into subsystem elements) plays in determining model behavior. We illustrate and explore these concepts with synthetic and real‐data studies, using models constructed from simple generic buckets as building blocks, thereby paving the way for more‐detailed investigations using sophisticated process‐based hydrological models. We also discuss how proposed MR‐PPEs can bridge the gap between current process‐based modeling and machine learning. Finally, we suggest the need for model calibration to evolve from a search over “parameter spaces” to a search over “function spaces.”
Physics‐Based Analytical Model of the Planetary Bow Shock Position and Shape
Authors: Kotova G. , Verigin M. , Gombosi T. , Kabin K. , Slavin J. , Bezrukikh V. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn studies of physical processes near planetary bow shocks, empirical models of the latter are usually used. While computational magneto‐hydrodynamics (MHD) or kinetic models of bow shocks are often more accurate, their computationally extensive nature limits their applicability to routine analysis of large volumes of data. We suggest an analytical model of the bow shock position based on MHD calculations and accurate analytical solutions. The analytical expressions for the bow shock position and shape include the following parameters: The distance of the bow shock nose point from the planet, radii of curvature and bluntnesses of the shock surface at this point and a parameter describing the transition to the asymptotic downstream slope of the shock. It is shown that for an analytical description of the surface of the shock, it is sufficient to approximate its radius of curvature and bluntness in two perpendicular planes. Another parameter used in this model is the bow shock skewing angle, appearing when the interplanetary magnetic field directed at an angle with respect to the solar wind velocity. This parameter naturally vanishes when the magnetic field of the solar wind is directed either parallel or perpendicular to the velocity vector. The exact analytical solution for the asymptotic downstream slope of the MHD Mach cone is modified to take into account the skewing angle of the bow shock.
Determining the Sources and Transport of Brown Carbon Using Radionuclide Tracers and Modeling
Authors: Jiang Hongxing , Li Jun , Sun Rong , Liu Guoqing , Tian Chongguo , Tang Jiao , Cheng Zhineng , Zhu Sanyuan , Zhong Guangcai , Ding Xiang , Zhang Gan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe isotope tracer technique plays a key role in identifying the sources and atmospheric processes affecting pollution. The sources of brown carbon (BrC) at Guangzhou during 2017–2018 were characterized by positive matrix factorization with radiocarbon isotope constraints and multiple linear regression analysis. The primary emission factors of fossil fuel combustion (FF) and biomass burning (BB) accounted for 34% and 27% of dissolved BrC absorption at λ = 365 nm (Abs365), respectively. The total mean light absorption contributed by secondary sources was 39%. The FF‐origin Abs365 changed insignificantly throughout the year and was dominant in the summer monsoon period, whereas the Abs365 from BB and secondary nitrate formation increased and contributed larger fractions during the winter monsoon period. Transported BrC was estimated using an index of 7Be/(7Be + n210Pb). Higher values were generally accompanied by lower Abs365, whereas lower values were associated with higher Abs365, indicating that BrC absorption of aerosols transported from the upper‐atmosphere is lower than that of aerosols transported near the surface. Based on the positive correlations between 210Pb and Abs365 and non‐fossil dissolved organic carbon in the winter monsoon period, we estimated that the contribution of invasive BrC (include ground and upper‐atmosphere level) to total absorption during the period of elevated BrC was ∼50%. The transported BrC was likely related to BB organic aerosols and secondary nitrate formation processes. This study supports radionuclides as a novel method for characterizing the sources and transport of BrC that can be applied in future atmospheric research.
Transitions in symbiosis: evidence for environmental acquisition and social transmission within a clade of heritable symbionts
Authors: Drew Georgia C , Budge Giles E , Frost Crystal L , Neumann Peter , Siozios Stefanos , Yañez Orlando , Hurst Gregory D D 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A dynamic continuum exists from free-living environmental microbes to strict host-associated symbionts that are vertically inherited. However, knowledge of the forces that drive transitions in symbiotic lifestyle and transmission mode is lacking. Arsenophonus is a diverse clade of bacterial symbionts, comprising reproductive parasites to coevolving obligate mutualists, in which the predominant mode of transmission is vertical. We describe a symbiosis between a member of the genus Arsenophonus and the Western honey bee. The symbiont shares common genomic and predicted metabolic properties with the male-killing symbiont Arsenophonus nasoniae, however we present multiple lines of evidence that the bee Arsenophonus deviates from a heritable model of transmission. Field sampling uncovered spatial and seasonal dynamics in symbiont prevalence, and rapid infection loss events were observed in field colonies and laboratory individuals. Fluorescent in situ hybridisation showed Arsenophonus localised in the gut, and detection was rare in screens of early honey bee life stages. We directly show horizontal transmission of Arsenophonus between bees under varying social conditions. We conclude that honey bees acquire Arsenophonus through a combination of environmental exposure and social contacts. These findings uncover a key link in the Arsenophonus clades trajectory from free-living ancestral life to obligate mutualism, and provide a foundation for studying transitions in symbiotic lifestyle.
Imaging beta-amyloid (Aβ) burden in the brains of middle-aged individuals with alcohol-use disorders: a [11C]PIB PET study
Authors: Flanigan Margaret R. , Royse Sarah K. , Cenkner David P. , Kozinski Katelyn M. , Stoughton Clara J. , Himes Michael L. , Minhas Davneet S. , Lopresti Brian , Butters Meryl A. , Narendran Rajesh 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNo in vivo human studies have examined the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) neuropathology in individuals with alcohol-use disorder (AUD), although recent research suggests that a relationship between the two exists. Therefore, this study used Pittsburgh Compound-B ([11C]PiB) PET imaging to test the hypothesis that AUD is associated with greater brain amyloid (Aβ) burden in middle-aged adults compared to healthy controls. Twenty healthy participants (14M and 6F) and 19 individuals with AUD (15M and 4F), all aged 40–65 years, underwent clinical assessment, MRI, neurocognitive testing, and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Global [11C]PiB standard uptake value ratios (SUVRs), cortical thickness, gray matter volumes (GMVs), and neurocognitive function in subjects with AUD were compared to healthy controls. These measures were selected because they are considered markers of risk for future AD and other types of neurocognitive dysfunction. The results of this study showed no significant differences in % global Aβ positivity or subthreshold Aβ loads between AUD and controls. However, relative to controls, we observed a significant 6.1% lower cortical thickness in both AD-signature regions and in regions not typically associated with AD, lower GMV in the hippocampus, and lower performance on tests of attention as well as immediate and delayed memory in individuals with AUD. This suggest that Aβ accumulation is not greater in middle-aged individuals with AUD. However, other markers of neurodegeneration, such as impaired memory, cortical thinning, and reduced hippocampal GMV, are present. Further studies are needed to elucidate the patterns and temporal staging of AUD-related pathophysiology and cognitive impairment. Imaging β-amyloid in middle age alcoholics as a mechanism that increases their risk for Alzheimer’s disease; Registration Number: NCT03746366.
Leaf nutrient content and transcriptomic analyses of endive (Cichorium endivia) stressed by downpour-induced waterlog reveal a gene network regulating kestose and inulin contents
Authors: Testone Giulio , Sobolev Anatoly Petrovich , Mele Giovanni , Nicolodi Chiara , Gonnella Maria , Arnesi Giuseppe , Biancari Tiziano , Giannino Donato 
Published: May 2021

AbstractEndive (Cichorium endiviaL.), a vegetable consumed as fresh or packaged salads, is mostly cultivated outdoors and known to be sensitive to waterlogging in terms of yield and quality. Phenotypic, metabolic and transcriptomic analyses were used to study variations in curly- (‘Domari’, ‘Myrna’) and smooth-leafed (‘Flester’, ‘Confiance’) cultivars grown in short-term waterlog due to rainfall excess before harvest. After recording loss of head weights in all cultivars (6-35%), which was minimal in ‘Flester’, NMR untargeted profiling revealed variations as influenced by genotype, environment and interactions, and included drop of total carbohydrates (6–50%) and polyols (3–37%), gain of organic acids (2–30%) and phenylpropanoids (98–560%), and cultivar-specific fluctuations of amino acids (−37 to +15%). The analysis of differentially expressed genes showed GO term enrichment consistent with waterlog stress and included the carbohydrate metabolic process. The loss of sucrose, kestose and inulin recurred in all cultivars and the sucrose-inulin route was investigated by covering over 50 genes of sucrose branch and key inulin synthesis (fructosyltransferases) and catabolism (fructan exohydrolases) genes. The lowered expression of a sucrose gene subset together with that ofSUCROSE:SUCROSE-1-FRUCTOSYLTRANSFERASE(1-SST) may have accounted for sucrose and kestose contents drop in the leaves of waterlogged plants. Two anti-correlated modules harbouring candidate hub-genes, including1-SST, were identified by weighted gene correlation network analysis, and proposed to control positively and negatively kestose levels. In silico analysis further pointed at transcription factors of GATA, DOF, WRKY types as putative regulators of1-SST.
Genetic regulators of leaf size in Brassica crops
Authors: Karamat Umer , Sun Xiaoxue , Li Na , Zhao Jianjun 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLeaf size influences plant development and biomass and is also an important agricultural trait in Brassica crops, in which leaves are the main organ produced for consumption. Leaf size is determined by the coordinated regulation of cell proliferation and cell expansion during leaf development, and these processes are strictly controlled by various integrated signals from the intrinsic regulatory network and the growth environment. Understanding the molecular mechanism of leaf size control is a prerequisite for molecular breeding for crop improvement purposes. Although research on leaf size control is just beginning in Brassica, recent studies have identified several genes and QTLs that are important in leaf size regulation. These genes have been proposed to influence leaf growth through different pathways and mechanisms, including phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling, transcription regulation, small RNAs, and others. In this review, we summarize the current findings regarding the genetic regulators of leaf size in Brassica and discuss future prospects for this research.