bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Classification of the mechanisms by which cardiotoxic plant poisons exert their effects
Authors: Huntington George 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Episodes of poisoning due to plant-based toxins are an unusual presentation to the emergency department. Plant poisons may be ingested if the source plant is misidentified as benign (eg, Lily of the Valley being mistaken for wild garlic and water hemlock being mistaken for wild celery), or taken as part of a complementary medicine regime or otherwise for psychotropic effect. Numerous plant poisons demonstrate cardiotoxic effects resulting from action against cardiac myocyte ion channels, or other cardiac receptor targets. These mechanisms will produce stereotyped symptoms and including electrocardiogram (ECG) changes dependent on which ion channels or receptors are targeted. These mechanisms are stereotyped and may be grouped by toxidromic effect. This article proposes a novel classification of cardiotoxic plant poisons based on these actions. Given that these mechanisms mirror the Vaughan Williams classification used to categorise therapeutic antiarrhythmic agents, it is felt that this will serve as a mnemonic and diagnostic aid in clinical situations of cardiotoxic plant ingestion.
Sympathetic vasoconstriction in skeletal muscle: modulatory effects of aging, exercise training, and sex
Authors: DeLorey Darren S. 
Published: August 2021

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is a critically important regulator of the cardiovascular system. The SNS controls cardiac output and its distribution, as well as peripheral vascular resistance and blood pressure at rest and during exercise. Aging is associated with increased blood pressure and decreased skeletal muscle blood flow at rest and in response to exercise. The mechanisms responsible for the blunted skeletal muscle blood flow response to dynamic exercise with aging have not been fully elucidated; however, increased muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), elevated vascular resistance, and a decline in endothelium-dependent vasodilation are commonly reported in older adults. In contrast to aging, exercise training has been shown to reduce blood pressure and enhance skeletal muscle vascular function. Exercise training has been shown to enhance nitric oxide-dependent vascular function and may improve the vasodilatory capacity of the skeletal muscle vasculature; however, surprisingly little is known about the effect of exercise training on the neural control of circulation. The control of blood pressure and skeletal muscle blood flow also differs between men and women. Blood pressure and MSNA appear to be lower in young women than in men. However, females experience a larger increase in MSNA with aging compared with males. The mechanism(s) underlying the altered SNS control of vascular function in females remains to be determined.Novelty: This review summarizes our current understanding of the effects of aging, exercise training, and sex on sympathetic vasoconstriction at rest and during exercise. Areas where additional research is needed are also identified.
Charting closed-loop collective cultural decisions: from book best sellers and music downloads to Twitter hashtags and Reddit comments
Authors: Schneider Lukas , Scholten Johannes , Sándor Bulcsú , Gros Claudius 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCharts are used to measure relative success for a large variety of cultural items. Traditional music charts have been shown to follow self-organizing principles with regard to the distribution of item lifetimes, the on-chart residence times. Here we examine if this observation holds also for (a) music streaming charts (b) book best-seller lists and (c) for social network activity charts, such as Twitter hashtags and the number of comments Reddit postings receive. We find that charts based on the active production of items, like commenting, are more likely to be influenced by external factors, in particular by the 24 h day–night cycle. External factors are less important for consumption-based charts (sales, downloads), which can be explained by a generic theory of decision-making. In this view, humans aim to optimize the information content of the internal representation of the outside world, which is logarithmically compressed. Further support for information maximization is argued to arise from the comparison of hourly, daily and weekly charts, which allow to gauge the importance of decision times with respect to the chart compilation period.
Constraining the anisotropy of the Universe with the X-ray and UV fluxes of quasars
Authors: Zhao Dong , Xia Jun-Qing 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe test the anisotropy in the Finslerian cosmological model with the X-ray and ultraviolet (UV) fluxes of quasars. The 2015 and 2020 compilations of quasars are used in the cosmological constraints. We find that the dipole direction given by the 2015 quasar compilation is not far away from the one provided by the Pantheon sample and the angular differences are around $$30^{\circ }$$

30
∘

. The Pantheon sample is combined with quasars as the “standardized candles” to test the cosmic anisotropy. The results from two combined datasets are consistent. They show that the dipole anisotropy is weak in the Finslerian cosmological model. We investigate the Hubble constant $$H_0$$

H
0

in the Finslerian cosmological model. Though the central value of $$H_0$$

H
0

from the combination of six gravitationally lensed quasars, Pantheon sample, and 2020 quasar compilation decreases a little bit, it is consistent with the result from six gravitationally lensed quasars within statistical uncertainties.
Study the $$B^{0}_{(s)}$$ decays into $$\phi $$ and a scalar or vector meson
Authors: Ahmed Hiwa A. , Wang Zhong-Yu , Sun Zhi-Feng , Xiao C. W. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn the present work, we investigate the decays of $$B^{0}_{(s)} \rightarrow \phi \pi ^{+}\pi ^{-}$$

B

(
s
)

0

→
ϕ

π
+

π
-

with the final state interaction based on the chiral unitary approach. In the final state interaction of the $$\pi ^+\pi ^-$$

π
+

π
-

with its coupled channels, we study the effects of the $$\eta \eta $$

η
η

channel in the two-body interaction for the reproduction of the $$f_{0}(980)$$

f
0

(
980
)

state, where its contribution to the $$f_{0}(980)$$

f
0

(
980
)

state can be ignored. Our results for the $$\pi ^+\pi ^-$$

π
+

π
-

invariant mass distributions of the decay $$B^{0}_{s} \rightarrow \phi \pi ^{+}\pi ^{-}$$

B
s
0

→
ϕ

π
+

π
-

describe the experimental data up to 1 GeV well, with the resonance contributions from the $$f_{0}(980)$$

f
0

(
980
)

and $$\rho $$
ρ
. For the predicted invariant mass distributions of the $$B^{0} \rightarrow \phi \pi ^{+}\pi ^{-}$$

B
0

→
ϕ

π
+

π
-

decay, we find that the contributions from the $$f_{0}(500)$$

f
0

(
500
)

are significant, but not from the $$f_{0}(980)$$

f
0

(
980
)

state. With some experimental branching ratios to determine the production vertex factors, we make predictions for the branching ratios of the other decay channels, including the vector mesons, in the $$B^0_{(s)}$$

B

(
s
)

0

decays, some of which are consistent with the experimental measurements within the uncertainties.
«Ella es mi favorita»: perspectivas infantiles sobre el buen cuidado en residencias
Authors: Garcia Quiroga Manuela Eleonora , Urbina Hurtado Carolina 
Published: August 2021

(analítico)Esta investigación explora las perspectivas de niños/as que viven en programas residenciales respecto a las características de un buen cuidador/a. Se desarrolló un estudio cualitativo utilizando técnicas gráficas y entrevistas grupales a 14 niños/as que viven en residencias de Valparaíso-Chile. Se identificó la red de cuidado percibido por los niños/as a nivel individual y residencial, destacando las figuras residenciales por sobre familiares. Los niños/as manifestaron una especificidad del vínculo con sus cuidadoras residenciales y sugieren características de un buen cuidador, asociadas a protección, permanencia y acompañamiento cotidiano. El cariño es un elemento transversal en la narrativa infantil sobre sus experiencias de cuidado y perspectivas sobre lo que hace un buen cuidador. Los resultados sugieren quelos programas residenciales debieran considerar las perspectivas infantiles y crear condiciones para favorecer esta vinculación afectiva.
Palabras clave: Afectividad, bienestar de la infancia, cuidado del niño, infancia, orfanatos. Thesauro de Ciencias Sociales de la Unesco.
Infancia y la política cultural del desarrollo en el Día Panamericano, 1930-1948
Authors: Albarran Elena Jackson 
Published: August 2021

(analítico)En este artículo se sostiene una mirada crítica a la construcción de una infancia latinoamericana imaginada desde la posición de los Estados Unidos, a través de la política cultural del panamericanismo; ello a partir de un análisis de la participación infantil hemisférica en el festejo del Día de las Américas (14 de abril) como un proyecto político- cultural de la Unión Panamericana. Por medio de un análisis de fuentes primarias a partir de los métodos de la historia cultural, se aprecia la nueva visibilidad en la esfera pública de los niños como impulsores culturales de una nueva política hemisférica construida desde Washington, D. C. La resultante construcción metafórica de una mirada (neo)colonizadora que infantilizaba a los países latinoamericanos se intensificaba cuando se movilizaba a los niños y niñas como agentes de la política exterior.
Palabras clave: Historia moderna, relaciones exteriores, diplomacia, historia latinoamericana, infancia, nacionalismo.Thesauro de Ciencias Sociales de la Unesco.
Extracellular Vesicle Surface Markers as a Diagnostic Tool in Transient Ischemic Attacks
Authors: Burrello Jacopo , Bianco Giovanni , Burrello Alessio , Manno Concetta , Maulucci Francesco , Pileggi Marco , Nannoni Stefania , Michel Patrik , Bolis Sara , Melli Giorgia , Vassalli Giuseppe , Albers Gregory W. , Cianfoni Alessandro , Barile Lucio , Cereda Carlo W. 
Published: August 2021

Background and Purpose:
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are promising biomarkers for cerebral ischemic diseases, but not systematically tested in patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). We aimed at (1) investigating the profile of EV-surface antigens in patients with symptoms suspicious for TIA; (2) developing and validating a predictive model for TIA diagnosis based on a specific EV-surface antigen profile.

Methods:
We analyzed 40 subjects with symptoms suspicious for TIA and 20 healthy controls from a training cohort. An independent cohort of 28 subjects served as external validation. Patients were stratified according to likelihood of having a real ischemic event using the Precise Diagnostic Score, defined as: unlikely (score 0–1), possible-probable (score 2–3), or very likely (score 4–8). Serum vesicles were quantified by nanoparticle tracking analysis and EV-surface antigen profile characterized by multiplex flow cytometry.

Results:

EV concentration increased in patients with very likely or possible-probable TIA (
P
<0.05) compared with controls. Nanoparticle concentration was directly correlated with the Precise Diagnostic score (
R
=0.712;
P
<0.001). After EV immuno-capturing, CD8, CD2, CD62P, melanoma-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, CD42a, CD44, CD326, CD142, CD31, and CD14 were identified as discriminants between groups. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis confirmed a reliable diagnostic performance for each of these markers taken individually and for a compound marker derived from their linear combinations (area under the curve, 0.851). Finally, a random forest model combining the expression levels of selected markers achieved an accuracy of 96% and 78.9% for discriminating patients with a very likely TIA, in the training and external validation cohort, respectively.

Conclusions:
The EV-surface antigen profile appears to be different in patients with transient symptoms adjudicated to be very likely caused by brain ischemia compared with patients whose symptoms were less likely to due to brain ischemia. We propose an algorithm based on an EV-surface-antigen specific signature that might aid in the recognition of TIA.
Common and Distinct Roles of Frontal Midline Theta and Occipital Alpha Oscillations in Coding Temporal Intervals and Spatial Distances
Authors: Liang Mingli , Zheng Jingyi , Isham Eve , Ekstrom Arne 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Judging how far away something is and how long it takes to get there is critical to memory and navigation. Yet, the neural codes for spatial and temporal information remain unclear, particularly the involvement of neural oscillations in maintaining such codes. To address these issues, we designed an immersive virtual reality environment containing teleporters that displace participants to a different location after entry. Upon exiting the teleporters, participants made judgments from two given options regarding either the distance they had traveled (spatial distance condition) or the duration they had spent inside the teleporters (temporal duration condition). We wirelessly recorded scalp EEG while participants navigated in the virtual environment by physically walking on an omnidirectional treadmill and traveling through teleporters. An exploratory analysis revealed significantly higher alpha and beta power for short-distance versus long-distance traversals, whereas the contrast also revealed significantly higher frontal midline delta–theta–alpha power and global beta power increases for short versus long temporal duration teleportation. Analyses of occipital alpha instantaneous frequencies revealed their sensitivity for both spatial distances and temporal durations, suggesting a novel and common mechanism for both spatial and temporal coding. We further examined the resolution of distance and temporal coding by classifying discretized distance bins and 250-msec time bins based on multivariate patterns of 2- to 30-Hz power spectra, finding evidence that oscillations code fine-scale time and distance information. Together, these findings support partially independent coding schemes for spatial and temporal information, suggesting that low-frequency oscillations play important roles in coding both space and time.
PONT: A Protocol for Online Neuropsychological Testing
Authors: Saban William , Ivry Richard B. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
A major challenge for neuropsychological research arises from the fact that we are dealing with a limited resource: the patients. Not only is it difficult to identify and recruit these individuals, but their ability to participate in research projects can be limited by their medical condition. As such, sample sizes are small, and considerable time (e.g., 2 years) is required to complete a study. To address limitations inherent to laboratory-based neuropsychological research, we developed a protocol for online neuropsychological testing (PONT). We describe the implementation of PONT and provide the required information and materials for recruiting participants, conducting remote neurological evaluations, and testing patients in an automated, self-administered manner. The protocol can be easily tailored to target a broad range of patient groups, especially those who can be contacted via support groups or multisite collaborations. To highlight the operation of PONT and describe some of the unique challenges that arise in online neuropsychological research, we summarize our experience using PONT in a research program involving individuals with Parkinson disease and spinocerebellar ataxia. In a 10-month period, by contacting 646 support group coordinators, we were able to assemble a participant pool with over 100 patients in each group from across the United States. Moreover, we completed six experiments (n &gt; 300) exploring their performance on a range of tasks examining motor and cognitive abilities. The efficiency of PONT in terms of data collection, combined with the convenience it offers the participants, promises a new approach that can increase the impact of neuropsychological research.
Muḥammad Šīrīn Maġribī (d. 810/1408) as a Key Agent in the Transmission of Akbarī Silsilas
Authors: Martini Giovanni Maria 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This article aims at reassessing the historical and intellectual standing of Muḥammad Šīrīn Maġribī (d. 810/1408) by demonstrating the key role he played in the transmission of Ibn al-ʿArabī’s (d. 638/1240) chains of spiritual descent. This is, at the same time, an original contribution to the study of Akbarī silsilas. A re-reading of familiar sources, together with a range of previously unknown or unexplored documents, leads to a reassessment of established scholarship on Šīrīn Maġribī which has hitherto seen him primarily as a Sufi poet. The present study provides an enhanced portrait of this figure, shedding light on his intense intellectual activity over and above poetry, and on the significant role he played in contemporary Sufi networks far beyond Tabriz and the Persianate World. In this new light, Maġribī emerges as an eminent and influential agent of Ibn al-ʿArabī’s legacy through the transmission of Akbarī silsilas, the teaching of Ibn al-ʿArabī’s works, and the writing of influential texts that contributed to the diffusion of Akbarī doctrines.
في البحث عن مشترك إنساني كوني: أسئلة الديني والأخلاقي والتواصلي بين يورغين هابرماس وطه عبد الرحمن
Authors: عباس (Hamed Ragab Abbas) حامد رجب 
Published: August 2021

الخلاصة
تثير هذه الورقة البحثية سؤالات (الدين، والأخلاق، والتواصل)، لدى أنموذجين من نماذج الفكر، أحدهما يمثل السياق الفكري الغربي الحداثي وهو هابرماس، والآخر يمثل السياق الإسلامي وهو المفكر المغربي طه عبد الرحمن. وتسعى هذه الورقة للإجابة على تساؤل مؤدَّاه: كيف أشكل كلٌّ من هابرماس وعبد الرحمن سؤالات (الديني والأخلاقي والتواصلي) على محك الحداثة لبلوغ أفق كوني قيمي؟ فالحداثة تظل مشتركًا بين كلا المفكرين على الرغم من الاختلاف في منطلقات وأدوات كلٍّ منهما في مقاربتها، فإذا كانت الحداثة لدى هابرماس مشروعًا وميراثًا تنويريًا لم يكتمل بعد من حيث التجسيد، ومن ثم فإن بلوغ المجتمع ما بعد العلماني (الذي يعيد للدين موقعه فى الفضاء العام، ويتجاوز العقل الأداتي وحالة التشيؤ لإنسان الحداثة) ربما يعد ضرورة بنظر هابرماس لتجاوز أعطاب الحداثة، وعلى الجانب الآخر، يطرح عبد الرحمن نموذجه الإسلامي للحداثة ليتحدث عن روح الحداثة كمشترك إنساني يتجاوز واقع الحداثة الغربي الذي أثبت إفلاسه بنظره، ومن ثَمَّ فالتأسيس لحداثة إسلامية ذات بُعد روحي كبديل للحداثة الغربية ذات التوجه المادي يعدُّ ضرورة وجودية للذات العربية والإسلامية بنظر طه، لاسيما وأن الحداثة لديه إمكاناتٌ متعددة وليست إمكانًا واحدًا‪.‬
A Statistical Analysis of Extreme Hot Characteristics and their Relationships with Urbanization in Southern China during 1971–2020
Authors: Gao Huanyan , Luo Yali , Jiang Xiaoling , Zhang Da-Lin , Chen Yang , Wang Yongqing , Shen Xinyong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this study, the total days, mean duration, and intensity of extreme hot events over southern China during the 1971–2020 warm seasons are analyzed, based on daily maximum and minimum temperatures, by comparing the newly proposed independent hot day (IHD), independent warm night (IWN), and compound extreme (CMPD, i.e., the continuous occurrences of hot days and hot nights) to the traditionally defined hot day and warm night. Relationships between the hot extremes and urbanization are explored with 1-km resolution population density data. Results show obvious differences in the spatial distributions between IHD, IWN, and CMPD over southern China. Positive correlations of 0.43, 0.41 and 0.37 are found between the population density and the total days, mean duration and mean intensity of CMPD, respectively, which are qualitatively similar to those using the traditional hot days and warm nights. In contrast, negative correlations between the IHD and IWN indices and the population density are found, as those indices are more apparent over rural areas. Moreover, total days, mean duration and mean intensity of CMPD increase significantly with trends of about 103% decade-1, 21% decade-1 and 38% decade-1, respectively, during the rapid urbanization period from mid-1990s to 2020, which are about 4.9, 2.1 and 2.4 times of their counterparts from 1970 to mid-1990s, while less significant and smaller differences between the two eras are found in IHD and IWN. These results will provide a new scientific basis for evaluating climate models of hot extremes in southern China and have important implications for the other urbanized regions as well.
New Empirical Formulation for the Sublimational Breakup of Graupel and Dendritic Snow
Authors: Deshmukh Akash , Phillips Vaughan T. J. , Bansemer Aaron , Patade Sachin , Waman Deepak 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Ice fragments are generated by sublimation of ice particles in subsaturated conditions in natural clouds. Conceivably, such sublimational breakup would be expected to cause ice multiplication in natural clouds. Any fragment that survives will grow to become ice precipitation that may sublimate and fragment further. As a first step toward assessing this overlooked process, a formulation is proposed for the number of ice fragments from sublimation of ice particles for an atmospheric model. This is done by amalgamating laboratory observations from previously published studies. The concept of a “sublimated mass activity spectrum” for the breakup is applied to the dataset. The number of ice fragments is determined by the relative humidity over ice and the initial size of the parent ice particles. The new formulation applies to dendritic crystals and heavily rimed particles only. Finally, a thought experiment is performed for an idealized scenario of subsaturation with in-cloud descent. Scaling analysis yields an estimate of an ice enhancement ratio of about 5 (10) within a weak deep convective downdraft of about 2 m s−1, for an initial monodisperse population of dendritic snow (graupel) particles of 3 L−1 and 2 mm. During descent, there is a dynamic equilibrium between continual emission of fragments and their depletion by sublimation. A simplified bin microphysics parcel model exhibits this dynamical quasi equilibrium, consistent with the thought experiment. The fragments have average lifetimes of around 90 and 70 s for dendrites and graupel, respectively. Sublimational breakup is predicted to cause significant secondary ice production.