bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Historical and new insights into pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (2)
Authors: Wong F S , Tree T I 
Published: April 2021

Summary
In this second and final part of the collection of articles for the Immunology of Diabetes Society review series on insights into pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, we present two articles. The first of these covers a debate that took place in the Immunology of Diabetes Society meeting in London 2018, in which five investigators presented a case for specific immune cells/targets to be the ‘Achilles Heel of type 1 diabetes’. The second article presents further insights into the generation of post-translationally modified peptides. It focuses upon mechanisms and processes that lead to new potentially autoantigenic targets for CD8+ T cells, and complements the review of new hybrid peptide targets for CD4+ T cells in the first part of our series.
Weight‐based thyroid dosing vs fixed dosing during pregnancy for subclinical hypothyroidism: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Bohlega Balsam , Zahedi Afshan , Tomlinson George , Feig Denice S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveThyroid hormones play a crucial role in foetal growth and neurocognitive development. Our aim was to compare a weight‐based dosing method of starting thyroxine to a fixed‐dose method in newly diagnosed women with subclinical hypothyroidism during pregnancy.DesignWe performed a retrospective cohort study of consecutive women with newly diagnosed subclinical hypothyroidism during pregnancy seen at Mount Sinai Hospital and Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Canada 2015–2018.PatientsWe identified women that were treated based on pre‐pregnancy weight and those that were given a fixed dose of 50 mcg/day.MeasurementsThe percent of women who reached the target TSH of <2.5 mIU/L within 4–8 weeks was compared using a chi‐squared test and a logistic regression model, adjusting for age, initial TSH and gestational age treatment was started.Results393 women were included: 252 treated using a fixed‐dose approach; 141 treated based on pre‐pregnancy weight. In the unadjusted analysis, there was no difference between the groups in the percentage of women in the target range within 4–8 weeks (89.6% in the fixed‐dose group vs 88.8% in the weight‐based group (p = .954)). However, after adjustment for between‐group differences in age, initial TSH and gestational age treatment was started, there was a significantly greater odds of achieving the target range using the weight‐based dosing (OR 4.26 (1.60–11.7), p = .004).ConclusionsTreating women with newly diagnosed subclinical hypothyroidism during pregnancy with a weight‐based strategy increased the odds of reaching the target TSH range within 4–8 weeks. Clinicians caring for these women should consider this approach when starting treatment during pregnancy.
Combining payment for crop damages and reward for productivity to address wildlife conflict
Authors: Joshi Poorva , Dahanukar Neelesh , Bharade Shankar , Dethe Vijay , Dethe Smita , Bhandare Neha , Watve Milind 
Published: April 2021

AbstractConflict caused by wild herbivores damaging crops is an almost universal problem in conservation. We designed and implemented a game‐theory‐based system for supporting farmers whose crops were being heavily damaged by wild herbivores. In this community‐operated system, farmers self‐report their production, which is endorsed by neighboring farmers. The average deficit in production is compensated for by a payment that is directly proportional to the average deficit in production of the group and to the individual farmer's productivity. As a result, farmers are compensated for the average damage (support) and rewarded for individual productivity (reward) (i.e., support cum reward [SuR]). The design of the game is such that only honest reporting gives maximum returns. Farmers who underreport receive less payment because the SuR amount is proportionate to their self‐reported productivity. The endorsing farmers, in their own self‐interest, prevent overreporting. The system involves multiple game situations, the combined result of which is a stable strategy based on honesty and hard work. In 2 villages along the western boundary of Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve in central India, we tested the system with 75 farmers over 6 crop seasons. After a few initial attempts to cheat, honesty prevailed throughout the group. Average crop productivity increased 2.5‐fold, in spite of damage, owing to increased effort by farmers. Apart from wildlife conflict resolution, the model offers a promising alternative to crop insurance and a potential behavioral green revolution in agriculture.
Conducting conservation social science surveys online
Authors: Wardropper Chloe B. , Dayer Ashley A. , Goebel Madeline S. , Martin Victoria Y. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe coronavirus (COVID‐19) pandemic is affecting the environment and conservation research in fundamental ways. Many conservation social scientists are now administering survey questionnaires online, but they must do so while ensuring rigor in data collection. Further, they must address a suite of unique challenges, such as the increasing use of mobile devices by participants and avoiding bots or other survey fraud. We reviewed recent literature on online survey methods to examine the state of the field related to online data collection and dissemination. We illustrate the review with examples of key methodological decisions made during a recent national study of people who feed wild birds, in which survey respondents were recruited through an online panel and a sample generated via a project participant list. Conducting surveys online affords new opportunities for participant recruitment, design, and pilot testing. For instance, online survey panels can provide quick access to large and diverse samples of people. Based on the literature review and our own experiences, we suggest that to ensure high‐quality online surveys one should account for potential sampling and nonresponse error, design survey instruments for use on multiple devices, test the instrument, and use multiple protocols to identify data quality problems. We also suggest that research funders, journal editors, and policy makers can all play a role in ensuring high‐quality survey data are used to inform effective conservation programs and policies.
From connoisseur to the good manager. Perspectives in managerial curatorship from Canada and Brazil
Authors: Viau‐Courville Mathieu 
Published: April 2021

AbstractManagerial curatorship developed mainly, though not exclusively, as a practice and museum model in so‐called society museums during the 1990s, particularly in French‐speaking Canada and later in parts of French‐speaking Europe. It was progressively adopted in other cultural and heritage organizations in Latin America and more recently in the UK and USA. This model involves professional project managers taking on certain curatorial tasks such as exhibition‐making. This intentional deconstruction of the traditional curatorship model originally envisioned a displacement, or in some cases, a complete removal of the traditional curator figure. This paper examines two cases of managerial curatorship: one in Canada (Musée de la civilisation, Quebec City, 1988) and one in Brazil (Museu da Pessoa, São Paulo, 1991). It then puts forth two arguments. First, that there should be more focus on developing healthy teamwork by concurrently investing in community participation and career development of key staff figures. The second argument is that encouraging creativity is key to maintaining the sustainability of such a model in the 21st century.
Akrasia and moral motivation
Authors: Shpall Sam 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe motivation problem as normally conceived is a problem about explaining the special connection between moral judgment and motivation. This understanding of the problem has structured a great deal of thinking in contemporary metaethics and moral psychology. For example, claims about the special motivational import of moral judgment have figured as central premises in the most influential arguments for noncognitivism. But debates about moral motivation have eventuated in seemingly intractable disputes between internalists and externalists about, for example, the possibility of genuine amoralism. In this paper, I motivate a new way forward, which draws underappreciated insights from philosophical thinking about the irrationality of akrasia. One central lesson is that discussions of the motivation problem should move away from the focus on moral judgment specifically. A more controversial and radical proposal is that the traditional motivation problem can be dissolved. Contra externalists, there is one fundamental and necessary connection between judgment and motivation. But this connection—a connection between all things considered normative judgment and motivation in rational agents—in fact requires no special explanation at all.
Antiseizure medications and fetal nutrients: Effects on choline transporters in a human placental cell line
Authors: Tetro Nino , Moushaev Sonia , Shmuel Miri , Eyal Sara 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveMany nutrients essential to the fetus and for proper function of the placenta itself cannot freely diffuse across membrane barriers, and their transplacental transfer depends on transporters. Our previous studies provided evidence for altered expression of transporters for folic acid in trophoblasts exposed to antiseizure medications (ASMs). The goal of the current study was to explore the effects of older and newer ASMs on the expression and function of uptake transporters for choline, which interacts with folate at pathways for methyl group donation.MethodsBeWo cells were incubated for 2 or 5 days with valproate (42, 83, or 166 µg/ml), carbamazepine (6 or 12 µg/ml), levetiracetam (10 or 30 µg/ml), lamotrigine (3 or 12 µg/ml), lacosamide (5, 10, or 20 µg/ml), or their vehicles (n = 6/treatment group). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was utilized to study the effects of ASMs on the transcript levels of the choline transportersSLC44A1(CTL1) andSLC44A2(CTL2). Transporter protein expression in valproate‐treated cells was assessed by western blot analysis. Choline and acetylcholine were quantified in cell lysates by a choline/acetylcholine assay kit.ResultsCompared with controls, valproate and levetiracetam at high therapeutic concentrations (83 and 30 µg/ml, respectively) lowered choline transporter transcript levels by up to 42% and 26%, and total choline levels by 20% and 21%, respectively (p < .05). At 83 μg/ml, valproate additionally reduced CTL1 and CTL2 protein expression, by 39 ± 21% and 61 ± 13% (mean ± SD), respectively (p < .01). Carbamazepine reducedSLC44A1transcript levels, whereas lacosamide modestly decreased the expression ofSLC44A2. Lamotrigine did not alter choline transporter expression.SignificanceAntiseizure medications, particularly at high therapeutic concentrations, can interfere with the placental uptake of choline. In line with current knowledge from pregnancy registries and clinical studies, the present in vitro findings further support careful adjustment of maternal ASM doses during pregnancy.
Orthodox–Reformed Dialogue and the Ecumenical Recovery of Theosis
Authors: Mosser Carl 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAgreement about theosis in Orthodox–Reformed dialogues played a small but strategic role in the ecumenical recovery of the patristic doctrine of deification and its emergence as a locus of Reformed theology. Ecumenical dialogue helped dispel the idea that theosis is a distinctively Orthodox doctrine incompatible with the Western tradition. This idea was first propounded in the 19th century by Albrecht Ritschl, Ferdinand Kattenbusch, Adolf von Harnack, and others associated with the Ritschlian school. It was later appropriated by émigré Orthodox scholars. Orthodox–Reformed dialogue helped correct this and other misconceptions about theosis. This began informally in correspondence between Thomas F. Torrance and Georges Florovsky and continued in formal dialogue meetings. Orthodox–Reformed dialogue also highlighted patristic ways of thinking about salvation that were not then prominent in Reformed theology. However, as the Reformed participants consulted the works of John Calvin, they realized that he shared those patristic ways of thinking. Today, Reformed theologians are eager contributors to the ecumenical recovery of theosis. They increasingly discuss theosis as a doctrine native to the Reformed tradition.
Time's up: Analyzing the feminist potential of time banks
Authors: Wilson‐Thomas Juliette 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTime banks are an alternative economic system proposed to address social problems by stimulating work and exchange through time‐based currency. They aim to redefine work and money, through building social capital to alleviate social problems. As women are disproportionately affected by these problems, it follows that membership is predominantly female, often poor. This article takes the position that time banks provide a lens through which to theorize the feminist potential of alternative forms of economic organization. It examines the ways in which feminists, and time banks, have sought to redefine the concepts of work and money, as well as the context of time banks within the Third Sector. “The reality” of these concepts in practice is then critically analyzed using empirical data from a year as an active participant within a time bank. The findings demonstrate the complex issues regarding how the time bank functioned in practice, particularly in relation to how members engaged with it, and articulated their participation. Further, the way in which the system co‐opted feminist potentials of alternative economic practices as part of the Third Sector, through a conception of social capital, is shown to be problematic in terms of exploiting the energies of already exploited women. This research shows the need for ongoing critical examination of initiatives targeted at social problems, particularly those mirroring feminist activism, in order to prevent the co‐option of energies and work.
Hidradenitis suppurativa: pathogenesis, clinical presentation, epidemiology, and comorbid associations
Authors: Preda‐Naumescu Ana , Ahmed Hana N. , Mayo Tiffany T. , Yusuf Nabiha 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that is clinically defined by lesions ranging from painful, deep seated nodules to abscesses, draining sinus tracts, and ultimately, irreversible fibrotic scars. While the etiology remains unclear, a number of mechanisms ranging from genetics to aberrations of the immune system have been proposed. In addition, HS has a number of associations and may occur in conjunction with several diseases that span a host of medical specialties. The estimated prevalence ranges are from 1% to 4%; however, a large degree of under‐reporting and misdiagnosis of this condition likely underestimates its true clinical significance. The debilitating consequences of missed diagnoses or improper management leads to severe pain and irreversible cutaneous manifestations (i.e., fistulae, sinus tracts, disfiguring scarring). HS has been found to significantly impair patients’ quality of life to a greater degree when compared with other skin conditions. Early recognition and treatment are critical for a favorable prognosis, and diagnostic delays may be related to variable presentations within numerous comorbidities. Here we provide an in‐depth, clinical‐based review of HS, highlighting the clinical presentation, pathophysiology, grading systems, epidemiology, and comorbidities, in hopes of shedding light on an often misunderstood disease and ultimately moving closer to a more conclusive understanding of its various presentations and association.
Mindray BC‐6800 haematological analyser: 3D‐DIFF scattergram usefulness in infectious mononucleosis diagnosis
Authors: La Gioia Antonio , Fumi Maurizio , Fiorini Fabiana , Bombara Maria , La Gioia Nicola , Pancione Ylenia , Sale Silvia , Fiorini Marcello , Rocco Vincenzo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIntroduction3D‐DIFF scattergram of the Mindray BC‐6800 haematological analyser shows morphological abnormalities and lymphocyte cluster splitting related to the presence of reactive lymphocytes.This study aims to assess whether these cytographic changes are useful in detecting both activated and apoptotic lymphocytes, leading to an improvement in the laboratory diagnostic process of infectious mononucleosis.MethodsTwo hundred three samples with modified shape and doubled lymphocyte cluster of DIFF scattergram (study group) were divided into two different subgroups: with and, respectively, without serological evidence of ongoing IM. Activated and apoptotic cells in peripheral blood were counted by light microscopy or gating in the instrumental dot plots. Values of apoptotic cells counted by microscopy were compared with those resulting from gating.ResultsSamples with both shape change and doubled lymphocyte cluster had serological profiles according to the diagnosis of ongoing infectious mononucleosis. Blood smears review was positive for reactive lymphocytes in all 112 samples (100%). An underestimation of apoptotic cell count by light microscopy compared with the gating in the instrumental scatterplot was also observed (96 out of 112, 85.7%).ConclusionThe additional lymphocyte cluster was significantly associated with activated and apoptotic lymphocytes in samples with serology suggesting ongoing infectious mononucleosis. Considering the significance of clue for infectious mononucleosis assigned to the apoptotic lymphocytes, a specific flag such as "apoptotic cells?" could be associate with the related cluster. Such a flag could be used for dedicated rules for smears review, thus increasing infectious mononucleosis detection in laboratories that do not usually practise instrumental cytograms observation.
Current approach to acute stroke management
Authors: Davies Leo , Delcourt Candice 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThere have been marked improvements in the management of stroke in Australia over the past two decades. The greatest benefit has accrued from public health measures including reduced smoking rates and treatment of hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia. Recent advances in recanalisation therapy offer the chance of recovery to a subset of people who have a stroke. For many patients, stroke remains an illness with a devastating impact on their quality of life. Reducing the burden of stroke requires intervention across the health system from primary prevention through diagnosis, acute treatment, rehabilitation and secondary prevention. In this review, we will cover the changes in the epidemiology of stroke, public health measures in primary prevention of stroke, and acute management and secondary prevention of ischaemic stroke and primary intracerebral haemorrhage.
Australia's problem with obtaining consent for psychotropic use in older people
Authors: Peisah Carmelle , Jessop Tiffany 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFrequent use of psychotropic medicines in people with dementia is a significant concern globally, doing this without informed consent is a violation of human rights, ethics and law. Capacity Australia piloted an intervention to address several hypothetical barriers to obtaining consent for psychotropic use in aged care and has developed a suite of resources to improve rights and health literacy for clinicians, patients and community alike.
Lack of phenotypic additive effect of familial defective apolipoprotein B3531 in familial hypercholesterolaemia
Authors: Giammanco Antonina , Spina Rossella , Fayer Francesca , Barbagallo Carlo M. , Noto Davide , Cefalù Angelo B. , Averna Maurizio R. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFamilial defective apolipoprotein (apo) B (FDB) and familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) are the two common genetic conditions that cause hypercholesterolaemia. R3531C mutation of the APOB gene is a rare cause of FDB. Individuals with both FDB and FH are rare. A 51‐year‐old man with hypercholesterolaemia (11.4 mmol/L) and his family were studied. Low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLR) and APOB genes were analysed by direct sequencing. LDL of four subjects were studied in a fibroblast LDL receptor‐binding displacement assay. We found a mutation of the LDLR gene (p.Y398X) in the proband and in four other family members: the p.R3531C APOB gene mutation was also found in the proband, his father and his children. The proband and his son were thus compound heterozygotes for both FH and FDB. Double heterozygotes did not show higher cholesterol levels compared to carriers of LDLR gene mutation alone. LDL from one of the carriers of the p.R3531C alone exhibited a binding ability, which was similar to a normal subject. This is the first report in Italy of the p.R3531C mutation, and our results show that this mutation has no effect in LDLR p.Y398X/APOB p.R3531C double heterozygotes.
Instantaneous nanowelding of ultra‐high temperature ceramics for hypersonics
Authors: Gai Fangyuan , Dycus Joseph Houston , LeBeau James M. , Walker Luke S. , Corral Erica L. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractUltra‐high temperature ceramics (UHTCs) are a group of advanced ceramic materials that possess excellent high temperature capabilities, which make them especially suitable for extreme environment engineering applications. As an effective assembling method, joining is frequently required for fabricating sophisticated structures for such applications due to the excessive challenges and costs in producing near‐net shapes. Here, we introduce a promising new joining technique to effectively join UHTCs called Instantaneous Nanowelding, which uses direct electric current assisted rapid Joule heating to instantaneously bond hafnium diboride (HfB2) to zirconium diboride (ZrB2) in 1 s down to atomic scale. Our approach is analogous to high temperature spot welding, and the entire process is complete in 10 min, and the instant diffusion occurs in 1 s. Seamless HfB2/ZrB2 interfaces are formed at 1750 for a duration of 1 s. A series of characterizations are done at the interfaces using techniques including SEM, WDS, EBSD, and S/TEM to observe ZrxHf1−xB2 solid solution formation. Highly coherent transition with perfect lattice alignment at atomic scale from ZrB2 to HfB2 is observed using S/TEM, meaning that the two materials are brought to atomic contact.
Er3+‐Yb3+ ions doped fluoro‐aluminosilicate glass‐ceramics as a temperature‐sensing material
Authors: Li Zhencai , Zhou Dacheng , Jensen Lars R. , Qiu Jianbei , Zhang Yanfei , Yue Yuanzheng 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe transparent Er3+‐Yb3+‐doped fluoro‐aluminosilicate glass‐ceramic (GC) was prepared by melt‐quenching. The crystal phase, morphology, and up‐conversion (UC) luminescence of as‐produced GC were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and fluorescence spectrophotometry, respectively. The results show that BaYF5 nanocrystals were uniformly distributed in the glass matrix of the as‐produced GC. When the as‐produced GC was subjected to heat treatment, the crystallinity was increased, but the crystal identity remains unchanged. Such heat‐treatment doubled the intensity of the UC luminescence, and this enhancement was ascribed to the increased incorporation of both Er3+ and Yb3+ ions into the lower phonon energy environment of BaYF5 nanocrystals. Furthermore, the heat‐treated GC was stable against further crystallization, and consequently its UC luminescence was stable at the application temperature. The heat‐treated GC was found to possess an outstanding temperature‐sensing capability.