bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
48 Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activities of Phytophenols Against Bacterial Pathogens That Cause Liver Abscesses in Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Roubicek Cierra , Amachawadi Raghavendra G , Nagaraja T G , Li Yonghui , Wang Jinrong , Salih Harith M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Liver abscesses occur in finishing cattle fed high-grain, low-roughage diets. Cattle with abscessed livers do not show any clinical signs and are detected only at slaughter. Liver abscesses, which account for 67% of all liver abnormalities in cattle slaughtered in the United States, are of major economic concern to the beef industry. Fusobacterium necrophorum, Trueperella pyogenes, and Salmonella enterica, particularly the serotype Lubbock, are the main etiologic agents. Currently, the control of liver abscesses is based on in-feed use of antibiotics. The emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance to antibiotics use in animals is a public health concern. Plant-based phenolic compounds, called phytophenols, are known to have antimicrobial properties. Our objectives were to evaluate antimicrobial activities of phytophenols on the liver abscess bacterial pathogens. Phytophenols extracted from rosemary, green tea, grapeseed, organic goji berry, and green coffee were selected for testing. The phytophenols were extracted using 75% aqueous acetone and total phenolic content was determined by a spectrophotometric analysis. Bacteria were cultured in Mueller-Hinton broth (S. Lubbock and T. pyogenes) or anaerobic brain-heart infusion broth (F. necrophorum with and without phytophenols, at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours and bacterial concentrations were determined. If phytophenol was inhibitory, a micro-broth dilution method was used to quantify the inhibition. Phytophenols from green tea, grape seed, and rosemary inhibited T. pyogenes. Further studies are ongoing to investigate different concentrations of phenolic compounds on the pathogens. Phytophenols that inhibit the pathogens may have the potential to be used as feed additives to prevent liver abscesses.
50 Long-term Motility of Semen Following Breeding Soundness Exams for Yearling Beef Bulls
Authors: Seltzer Garrett R , Hartman Ashley R , Tucker Sharon K , Grieger David M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
To find an in vitro predictor of in vivoM/em&gt; semen motility prompted this study. Our objective was to evaluate semen motility for an 8-hour period immediately following a breeding soundness exam. Ejaculates from 52 Angus and 56 Charolais bulls were evaluated. Motility, morphology, scrotal circumference and pH of ejaculate were evaluated at the time of collection. Ejaculates were then extended using a one to one ratio and incubated in a water bath held at 37 degrees Celsius and evaluated hourly. Motility was evaluated hourly for 8 hours, or until motility of the sample reached zero. Data were analyzed for breed and hourly effects using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. There was statistical evidence for difference (P &lt; 0.0001) between breeds for motility over time. Angus ejaculates had higher pH values than Charolais ejaculates showing an association between breed and pH (6.82 vs 6.76, respectively). Primary spermatozoa abnormalities were greater (P &lt; 0.0001) for Angus bulls compared to Charolais bulls (13.33% vs. 10.91%, respectively). Scrotal circumference between breeds tended to be different (P &lt; 0.07), with Charolais bulls having a larger scrotal circumference compared to Angus bulls (38.29 vs. 38.03 centimeters, respectively). There was no difference (P &gt; 0.05) between breeds for secondary abnormalities. There was a significant interaction (P &lt; 0.01) between breed and time of motility measurement. Angus bull’s motility decreased drastically until hour 4, it then had a more gradual decrease until hour 8. Charolais bulls had a more gradual decrease in the percentage of motile sperm over time. In conclusion, there was evidence for difference between breeds for pH, primary spermatozoa abnormalities, and long-term motility, and a scrotal tendency. Understanding the effects of breed and individual biological factors may help producers adjust BSE expectations and lead to future research in long term semen motility.
53 Relationships Between Fecal Characteristics, Ruminal Ph, Intake and Digestion in Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Brown Chessa , Huizenga Kaylie , McCann Joshua C 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objectives were to: 1) determine the relationship of fecal characteristics with ruminal pH, dry matter intake (DMI) and dry matter digestion and 2) determine the ability of fecal characteristics to predict ruminal pH, DMI, and dry matter digestion. Data were collected in two metabolism studies using eighteen ruminally cannulated steers (n = 36). Each study was a completely randomized design evaluating the effect of a direct-fed microbial during an acidosis challenge. Ruminal pH, DMI, total tract DM digestion and fecal characteristics (fecal pH, washed fecal particle size and mucin casts) were measured for 4 d after the acidosis challenge. Rumen pH was not correlated (P ≥ 0.15) with mucin cast score or mean fecal particle size but was negatively associated with fecal pH (r = -0.42; P &lt; 0.01). Total tract DM digestion was correlated (r ≥ 0.53; P ≤ 0.02) to fecal pH and fecal particle sizes between 1180 and 2360 µm. Dry matter intake was correlated (r ≥ 0.41; P &lt; 0.01) to mean fecal particle size and fecal particle sizes between 2360 and 4750 µm. Multiple regressions were performed with the GLMSELECT procedure of SAS 9.4 using stepwise selection. Ruminal pH was best predicted (r2 = 0.20) by fecal pH and fecal particle size between 1400 and 1700 µm. Total tract DM digestion was best predicted (r2 = 0.92) by fecal pH, mucin cast score, and fecal particle size between 3350 and 1700 µm. Dry matter intake was best predicted (r2 = 0.51) by mean fecal particle size, fecal pH and fecal particle size between 1400 and 850 µm. Overall, results indicated fecal pH was correlated to ruminal pH and total tract DM digestion. Fecal characteristics including washed particle size can also predict total tract DM digestion in feedlot cattle.
42 Activity and Bone Lesion Analysis on Gilt Retention to the Breeding Herd
Authors: Hauxwell Kathlyn , Ostrand Lexi M , Schmidt Ty B , Psota Eric , Mote Benny E , Rohrer Gary A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A consistent theme in swine production is to increase efficiency and reduce input costs. In this study, sow activity traits and lesions were analyzed to identify associations with lameness and gilt retention. Gilts (n = 73) were culled based on structural unsoundness as determined by an experienced herdsman. Females (n = 132) that had been retained for breeding, but either did not show estrus at an appropriate age or were excessed due to limited farrowing space were used as controls. Gilts were recorded with the NUtrack System for 1 week prior to selection. The NUtrack System records distance travelled (m), time standing (s), eating (s), and laying (s), angle rotated (degrees) and average speed (m/s). Animals were humanely harvested in a USDA inspected abattoir. Both ends of the humerus and the femur head were evaluated for osteochondrosis or osteoarthritis lesions. Joint lesions were categorized as Major or Minor lesions. Major lesions were severe osteochondrosis lesions where cartilage was severely fractured or cartilage exhibited a region of necrosis larger than 2 millimeters in diameter. Minor lesions were defined creases or indentations in the cartilage or where abnormal blood flow existed in bone tissue underneath cartilage. Ninety-eight animals were identified with minor or major lesions (28 cull and 70 control). Unexpectedly, chi-square analysis did identify control animals as having higher incidences of minor or major lesions than cull animals (p &lt; 0.05). Data were analyzed using logistic regression (RStudio V1.2.5033) with farrowing group included in the model. No NUtrack trait was predictive of joint lesions (P &gt; 0.1). However, time standing (P &lt; 0.001) and average speed (P &lt; 0.05) were significantly associated with being retained for breeding. These data suggest that animal behavior and movement, as analyzed by NUtrack, can enhance herdsman efforts in making culling decisions of breeding animals.
PSIII-4 Determining the Efficacy and Safety of Differing Caliber/Ammunition Combinations for the Humane Euthanization and Subsequent Mass Depopulation of Market Weight Pigs
Authors: Stahl Chad A , Fangman John T , Fangman Thomas J 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objective of this proof of concept exercise was to validate a field applicable methodology designed to objectively assess the multiple caliber/ammunition combinations available for the safe and humane euthanization of market weight pigs during mass depopulation events. Heads of an equal number of barrows and gilts (n = 64) were randomly assigned to one of four caliber/ammunition combinations consisting of the .22 LR, .22 Mag, 0.38 Special, and 9mm. Fully jacketed (FMJ) ammunition was discharged from each of four unique firearms while ensuring that the distance from the muzzle to the forehead was consistent. The MIXED procedure of SAS was used to test the fixed effects of sex and caliber. No differences in skull thickness existed between sex (P = 0.32) or caliber/ammunition combination (P = 0.34). There was no difference in entrance wound diameter between the .38 Special and the 9mm (P = 0.15) yet the entrance wound diameter of the .38 Special and 9mm was larger than both the .22 LR and .22 Mag, respectfully (P &lt; 0.0001). The 9mm bullets traveled further into the ballistic gel (P &lt; 0.0001) and the furthest total distance (P &lt; 0.0001). Bullets from the .38 Special traveled further into the ballistic gel and a further total distance than both the .22 LR and .22 Mag (P &lt; 0.0001). There was no difference in the measurable trauma area of the brain for the 9mm bullets compared to .38 Special bullets (P = 0.83). The measurable trauma area of the brain was greater for the 9mm and .38 Special bullets when compared to both the .22 LR and .22 Mag (P &lt; 0.0001). In conclusion, the efficacy and safety of the multiple caliber/ammunition combinations available for use in the euthanization of market weight pigs can be objectively quantified, replicated, and reported.
PSIII-7 Relationship of Age and Genetics with the Methylation Profile of Beef Cattle
Authors: Ribeiro Andre M , Wijesena Hiruni , Ciobanu Daniel C , Horvath Steve , Spangler Matthew L 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This study aimed to compare models for the prediction of cow age from DNA methylation profiles and estimate the heritability of the proportion of methylated sites (PM) and methylation status at each site (MS). Methylation data from blood samples of cows (n=136) were generated from the HorvathMammalMethylChip40 array that consists of 34,324 CpG sites that mapped to the bovine genome. Methylation status was determined by the distribution of the methylation values, with values above, within and below 2 standard deviations classified as methylated (2), intermediately methylated (1) and unmethylated (0), respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to a (co)variance methylation status matrix. The first and second PC accounted for 25.65% and 9% of the total variance, respectively. Five Bayesian models (Bayesian ridge regression, BayesA, BayesB, BayesCπ and Bayesian LASSO) were implemented with the BGLR package in R. Bootstrapping validation (n=400) was used to evaluate the tested models, with 102 and 34 individuals in the training and validation sets, respectively. The correlation between the predicted and true age was high (r = 0.97 to 0.99). A BayesA model performed the best (r = 0.99, MSE = 0.11 and slope = 0.93), while Bayesian LASSO was the least accurate (r = 0.97, MSE = 0.26 and slope = 0.88). Heritability was estimated using GBLUP implemented in the BGLR package. The mean (SD) heritability estimate for PM was 0.46 ± 0.10 and the heritability of MS ranged from 0.18 to 0.73 (mean = 0.33). The 10% of sites with the highest heritability (343 sites; mean = 0.62) were located in exon (91), intron (84), intergenic (152), and promoter (16) regions. The largest number of these top sites (31) were located on chromosome 3 in genetic or intergenic regions close to transcription factor binding sites (i.e., FOXO6, ELAV4 and LMO4).
PSII-15 Dietary Supplementation of Bacillus Subtilis Modified Intestinal Microbiome of Weaned Pigs Differently to Antibiotics
Authors: Jinno Cynthia , He Yijie , Liu Yanhong 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the dietary effects of Bacillus subtilis and antibiotics in intestinal microbiota of pigs experimentally infected with F18 E. coli. Forty-eight weaned pigs (6.17 ± 0.36 kg BW) were individually housed and randomly allotted in one of four treatments with 12 replicates per treatment: negative control (NC), positive control (PC), antibiotics, and B. subtilis (probiotics). Pigs in NC and PC were fed with basal diet without or with E. coli, respectively. Pigs with antibiotics and probiotics were challenged with E. coli and supplemented with 50 mg/kg of carbadox or 500 mg/kg of B. subtilis, respectively. After 7 days habituation period, pigs were inoculated with F18 E. coli at 1010 CFU/3 mL dose for three consecutive days. All pigs were euthanized to collect feces and digesta from jejunum, ileum, and colon on d 21 post-infection to perform 16S rRNA sequencing at the V4 hypervariable region. Downstream analysis was performed using QIIME2 (2019.4) and R. Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Conover test was used to analyze data in R. Colon digesta and feces have greater (P &lt; 0.05) alpha diversity than ileal and jejunal digesta. No difference was observed among treatments at different intestinal sites. Bray-Curtis PCoA plots displayed pronounced clusters of all treatment groups throughout all sites. Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria were more (P &lt; 0.05) abundant but Firmicutes were less (P &lt; 0.05) abundant in ileal digesta of pigs fed with antibiotics than pigs in probiotics. Firmicutes were more (P &lt; 0.05) abundant in colon and feces of NC than of antibiotics. Bifidobacterium was least (P &lt; 0.05) abundant throughout all sites and Prevotella 1 was most (P &lt; 0.05) abundant in colon of pigs fed with antibiotics compared with other treatments. In conclusion, both B. subtilis and carbadox supplementation modified gut microbiota of weaned pigs challenged with F18 E. coli. However, the impacts are different and need further investigation.
PSII-13 Supplemental Effects of Unrefined Fish Oil, Powdered/Coated Docosahexaenoic Acid on the Growth Performance in Weaner Pigs
Authors: Upadhaya Santi Devi , Park Hyun Ju , Kim Inho , Jung Hong Ik , Li Yanjiao 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A total of 18 sows (Landrace × Yorkshire) with an average body weight of (within 24 h after farrowing) were used for a 5- week experiment to determine the effects of varying dietary Valine, Lysine (V:L) ratios on performance and fecal score in lactating sows and litters. Sows were raised in individual pens, and assigned to one of three experimental diets consisting different concentration of Valine, Lysine ratios (0.83%, 0.85% and 0.88%). sows body weight was significantly improved by 0.85% valine and lysine ratio compared to 0.85% and 0.88%. However, no significant difference were observed on sows body weight loss, back fat thickness, average daily feed intake and days to return to estrus of sows during the three experiment period. In addition, growth performance of piglet weaning weight were significantly improved by 0.85% valine and lysine ratio compared to 0.85% and 0.88%. Morever, piglet average daily gain was significantly increased 0.88% valine and lysine ratio compared to 0.83% and 0.85%. The three dietary treatments had a significant differences (P&gt;0.05) on fecal score of sows, farrowing and 14 d old age piglets were significantly observed by valine and lisiune ratio. In conclusion, Valine, Lysine had no positive effects on the fecal score of sows and litter during lactation and also no positive effect on gut and its microflora.
PSII-23 Addition of Hydrogen Chloride to Collection Bags or Containers Did Not Change Basal Endogenous Losses or Digestibility of Amino Acid in Corn, Soybean Meal, or Wheat Middlings Fed to Growing Pigs
Authors: Lee Su A , Blavi Laia , Navarro Diego , Stein Hans H 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The hypothesis that apparent ileal digestibility (AID), basal endogenous losses, and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA are not affected by adding acid to collection containers or bags used to collect ileal digesta from pigs was tested. Twenty-four barrows (initial BW: 77.8 kg) that had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were fed diets for three 7-d periods. Corn, soybean meal, and wheat middlings were the sole AA sources in each diet and an N-free diet was also used. Within each period, each of the 4 diets was fed to 6 pigs. Among the 6 pigs, digesta from 3 pigs were collected in bags containing no HCl, whereas 40 mL of 3N HCl was included in the bags used to collect digesta from the remaining 3 pigs. Every other bag collected from each pig was emptied into a container without adding HCl, whereas the remaining bags were added to a container along with 40 mL of 3N HCl for each bag. All digesta were stored at –20 °C immediately after collection. Data were first analyzed using a model that included feed ingredient, HCl in bags, HCl in containers, and all 2-way and 3-way interactions as fixed effects. No 3-way interactions were significant, and data were, therefore, analyzed independently for each diet as a 2 × 2 factorial. Results indicated that there were no interactions between adding HCl to collection bags and to containers, and no effects of adding HCl to collection bags or containers for AID, basal endogenous losses, or SID of most AA were observed (Table 1). In conclusion, if digesta are stored at –20 °C immediately after collection, it is not necessary to add acid to digesta collection bags or collection containers.
PSII-14 Supplementation of Bacillus Amyloquefaciens on Systemic Immunity of Weaned Pigs Experimentally Infected with a Pathogenic E. coli
Authors: Jinno Cynthia , Wong Braden T , Kluenemann Martina , Li Xunde , Liu Yanhong 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of Bacillus amyloquefaciens on total and differential blood cell count in weaned pigs experimentally infected with a pathogenic E. coli. A total of 50 weaned pigs (7.41 ± 1.35 kg) were individually housed in disease containment rooms and randomly assigned to one of the 5 treatments: sham control (CON-), sham B. amyloquefaciens (BAM-), challenged control (CON+), challenged B. amyloquefaciens (BAM+) and challenged carbadox (CAR+). The experiment lasted 28 days with 7 days’ adaptation and 21 days after the first E. coli inoculation. The doses of F18 E. coli inoculum were 1010 CFU/3 mL oral dose daily for 3 consecutive days. Whole blood samples were collected from all pigs on d -7, and d 0, 7, 14, and 21 post infection (PI) to measure total and differential blood cell count by complete blood count (CBC) analysis. Supplementation of BAM or CAR increased (P &lt; 0.05) either the percentage or the number of lymphocytes on d 0 before E. coli inoculation. E. coli challenge increased (P &lt; 0.05) white blood cell (WBC) count on d 7 and 21 PI, while supplementation of BAM tended (P &lt; 0.10) to have low WBC on d 7 PI and had lower (P &lt; 0.05) WBC on d 21 PI compared with CON+. Pigs in BAM+ also had lower (P &lt; 0.05) neutrophil count on d 14 PI, pigs fed with CAR had lower (P &lt; 0.05) neutrophil count on d 14 and 21 PI, compared with pigs in CON+. No difference was observed in red blood cell profile among all treatments throughout the experiment. In conclusion, pigs fed with B. amyloquefaciens have similar systemic immune response to pigs in antibiotic group and have relatively lower systemic inflammation caused by E. coli compared with control group.
PSIII-19 The Effect of Xylanase on Finisher Pig Performance
Authors: Merriman Laura A , Wilcock Pete , Cordero Gustavo 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The breakdown of long chain arabinoxylans into smaller chain xylo-oligomers by the use of xylanase results in a shift towards fiber utilizing bacteria resulting in production of small chain fatty acids and improved pig performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of xylanase (Econase XT; AB Vista) on finisher pig performance. A total of 598 pigs; (37.4 ± 1.0 kg) were fed a single-phase diet for 60 days. Pigs were assigned to two treatments; 0 (CTL) or 16,000 BXU/kg of xylanase (XYL) with 12 pen replicates and 24/25 pigs (mixed sex; gilts and boars) per treatment. The diet was based on wheat, barley, soybean meal, rapeseed meal, and wheat midds; SID Lys: 0.88%, NDF: 14.7%, and NE: 2090 kcal/kg. Average daily gain (ADG), feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were evaluated in phase 1 (0-26d), phase 2 (26-60d) and overall (0-60d). Liveability was measured per treatment. Data were analysed using JMP 12 using the standard least square platform and ANOVA was performed to determine significance at P &lt; 0.05. The model included initial BW as a covariant. The results indicated that there was no effect of xylanase on liveweight, ADG or ADFI at any phase of the finisher period. The use of xylanase improved FCR in phase 2 (2.53 v 2.60: P &lt; 0.05) and overall (2.44 v 2.49 P=0.03). No differences were seen in liveability (CTL; 96%; XYL 98%; P = 0.29). It can be concluded that the use of xylanase can be used in finisher feeds to improve FCR which is linked with greater energy utilisation that has been associated with greater fiber breakdown through xylanase use.
PSIII-20 Inclusion of a Live Yeast to Mixed Cereal Diets Improves Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Merriman Laura A , Cordero Gustavo , Wilcock Pete , Morales Joaquin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
As an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters, live yeast supplementation has proven useful in reducing weaning stress and improving health and performance of piglets. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of a high concentrated live yeast product (20 billion CFU/g) supplemented in post-weaning piglet diets without antibiotics. A total of 144 pigs Pietrain × [LW×Landrace] (average initial BW = 8.55 ± 1.5 kg) weaned at 28 days of life were used for a 6-week growth study to determine post-weaning performance. Pigs were assigned to 2 treatments; 0 (Control group; CT) and 1 g of live yeast/kg (Yeast Supplemented group; YS) feed to 12 replicate pens of 6 pigs (3 barrows; 3 gilts). Average daily gain (ADG), feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were evaluated in pre-starter (days 0–14), starter (days 14–42) and in the whole nursery (days 0–42) periods. Data were analysed with ANOVA using PROC MIXED of SAS according to the completely randomized design. The model included initial BW as a covariant. Differences were deemed statistically significant when P ≤ 0.050 using a one tailed t-test. Live yeast supplementation improved ADG in starter (5.8%; P = 0.034) and in the whole nursery periods (7.0%; P = 0.045) compared with the CT group. Consequently, final BW was also higher in supplemented animals than in the CT (4.5%; P = 0.034). Differences in ADG were associated with differences in ADFI, higher in YS than in the CT group, both in starter (6.4%; P = 0.023) and in the whole nursery period (6.5%; P = 0.030). No differences were observed for FCR, mortality rate, and health incidences between dietary treatment groups. Therefore, supplementation of a live yeast to post-weaned piglets improved growth performance, confirming this product as an alternative to reduce antibiotic usage in nursery piglets.