bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary and genomic comparisons of hybrid uninucleate and nonhybrid Rhizoctonia fungi
Authors: Li Cheng , Guo Zejian , Zhou Shanyue , Han Qingyue , Zhang Manman , Peng Youliang , Hsiang Tom , Chen Xujun 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe basidiomycetous fungal genus,Rhizoctonia, can cause severe damage to many plants and is composed of multinucleate, binucleate, and uninucleate species differing in pathogenicity. Here we generated chromosome-scale genome assemblies of the three nuclear types ofRhizoctoniaisolates. The genomic comparisons revealed that the uninucleate JN strain likely arose by somatic hybridization of two binucleate isolates, and maintained a diploid nucleus. Homeolog gene pairs in the JN genome have experienced both decelerated or accelerated evolution. Homeolog expression dominance occurred between JN subgenomes, in which differentially expressed genes show potentially less evolutionary constraint than the genes without. Analysis of mating-type genes suggested thatRhizoctoniamaintains the ancestral tetrapolarity of the Basidiomycota. Long terminal repeat-retrotransposons displayed a reciprocal correlation with the chromosomal GC content in the three chromosome-scale genomes. The more aggressive multinucleate XN strain had more genes encoding enzymes for host cell wall decomposition. These findings demonstrate some evolutionary changes of a recently derived hybrid and in multiple nuclear types ofRhizoctonia.
Identification of efficient prokaryotic cell-penetrating peptides with applications in bacterial biotechnology
Authors: Lee Hyang-Mi , Ren Jun , Tran Kha Mong , Jeon Byeong-Min , Park Won-Ung , Kim Hyunjoo , Lee Kyung Eun , Oh Yuna , Choi Myungback , Kim Dae-Sung , Na Dokyun 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn bacterial biotechnology, instead of producing functional proteins from plasmids, it is often necessary to deliver functional proteins directly into live cells for genetic manipulation or physiological modification. We constructed a library of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) capable of delivering protein cargo into bacteria and developed an efficient delivery method for CPP-conjugated proteins. We screened the library for highly efficient CPPs with no significant cytotoxicity in Escherichia coli and developed a model for predicting the penetration efficiency of a query peptide, enabling the design of new and efficient CPPs. As a proof-of-concept, we used the CPPs for plasmid curing in E. coli and marker gene excision in Methylomonas sp. DH-1. In summary, we demonstrated the utility of CPPs in bacterial engineering. The use of CPPs would facilitate bacterial biotechnology such as genetic engineering, synthetic biology, metabolic engineering, and physiology studies.
Depth-dependent parental effects create invisible barriers to coral dispersal
Authors: Shlesinger Tom , Loya Yossi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHistorically, marine populations were considered to be interconnected across large geographic regions due to the lack of apparent physical barriers to dispersal, coupled with a potentially widely dispersive pelagic larval stage. Recent studies, however, are providing increasing evidence of small-scale genetic segregation of populations across habitats and depths, separated in some cases by only a few dozen meters. Here, we performed a series of ex-situ and in-situ experiments using coral larvae of three brooding species from contrasting shallow- and deep-water reef habitats, and show that their settlement success, habitat choices, and subsequent survival are substantially influenced by parental effects in a habitat-dependent manner. Generally, larvae originating from deep-water corals, which experience less variable conditions, expressed more specific responses than shallow-water larvae, with a higher settlement success in simulated parental-habitat conditions. Survival of juvenile corals experimentally translocated to the sea was significantly lower when not at parental depths. We conclude that local adaptations and parental effects alongside larval selectivity and phenotype-environment mismatches combine to create invisible semipermeable barriers to coral dispersal and connectivity, leading to habitat-dependent population segregation.
Dissipation-driven selection of states in non-equilibrium chemical networks
Authors: Busiello Daniel Maria , Liang Shiling , Piazza Francesco , De Los Rios Paolo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLife has most likely originated as a consequence of processes taking place in non-equilibrium conditions (e.g. in the proximity of deep-sea thermal vents) selecting states of matter that would have been otherwise unfavorable at equilibrium. Here we present a simple chemical network in which the selection of states is driven by the thermodynamic necessity of dissipating heat as rapidly as possible in the presence of a thermal gradient: states participating to faster reactions contribute the most to the dissipation rate, and are the most populated ones in non-equilibrium steady-state conditions. Building upon these results, we show that, as the complexity of the chemical network increases, the velocity of the reaction path leading to a given state determines its selection, giving rise to non-trivial localization phenomena in state space. A byproduct of our studies is that, in the presence of a temperature gradient, thermophoresis-like behavior inevitably appears depending on the transport properties of each individual state, thus hinting at a possible microscopic explanation of this intriguing yet still not fully understood phenomenon.
Record high solar irradiance in Western Europe during first COVID-19 lockdown largely due to unusual weather
Authors: van Heerwaarden Chiel C. , Mol Wouter B. , Veerman Menno A. , Benedict Imme , Heusinkveld Bert G. , Knap Wouter H. , Kazadzis Stelios , Kouremeti Natalia , Fiedler Stephanie 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSpring 2020 broke sunshine duration records across Western Europe. The Netherlands recorded the highest surface irradiance since 1928, exceeding the previous extreme of 2011 by 13%, and the diffuse fraction of the irradiance measured a record low percentage (38%). The coinciding irradiance extreme and a reduction in anthropogenic pollution due to COVID-19 measures triggered the hypothesis that cleaner-than-usual air contributed to the record. Based on analyses of ground-based and satellite observations and experiments with a radiative transfer model, we estimate a 1.3% (2.3 W m−2) increase in surface irradiance with respect to the 2010–2019 mean due to a low median aerosol optical depth, and a 17.6% (30.7 W m−2) increase due to several exceptionally dry days and a very low cloud fraction overall. Our analyses show that the reduced aerosols and contrails due to the COVID-19 measures are far less important in the irradiance record than the dry and particularly cloud-free weather.
Imaging vicinal dithiol of arsenic-binding proteins in the mouse brain with amplification by gold nanocluster Au22(GSH)18
Authors: Li Yin-Hao , Wei Xing , Liu Xun , Zhang Xiao-Ping , Shu Yang , Wang Jian-Hua 
Published: February 2021

Au22(GSH)18 nanocluster couples to 2-p-aminophenyl-1,3,2-dithiarsenolane (PAO-EDT). PAO-EDT binds vicinal dithiol (VD) of arsenic-binding proteins with 1 : 1 stoichiometry. Au22(GSH)18 ensures 22-fold amplification for VD assay in LA-ICP-MS detection.
Torque sensitivity analysis for triple‐speed coaxial magnetic gear using finite element method
Authors: Moghimi Ali , Hosseini Aliabadi Mahmood , Feshki Farahani Hassan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe authors introduce a new type of triple‐speed coaxial magnetic gear (TSCMG) and analyses its operation with sensitivity analysis. The effect of various factors is evaluated on TSCMG performance, including the yoke thickness, permanent magnet (PM) thickness, number of pole pairs (gear ratios), axial length, pole‐arc coefficient, PMs and air gap length. At first, a preliminary design of TSCMG is made, and then its optimal parameters are selected using sensitivity analysis based on the finite element method (FEM). Then, TSCMG is simulated by applying both preliminary and optimal design parameters. The flux density distribution and rotor torque within TSCMG are extracted. Analysis results show that TSCMG can offer higher pull‐out torque and lower maximum flux density at the edges and corners of TSCMG. Finally, the performance of the designed TSCMG is validated with a prototype.
Analytical investigation of the armature current influence on the torque and radial force in eccentric consequent‐pole PM machines
Authors: Taghipour Boroujeni Samad , Emami Seyed Payam , Takorabet Noureddine , Mahmoudi Amin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this work, the electromagnetic torque and the unbalanced magnetic force (UMF) in eccentric consequent pole PM (CPPM) machines are investigated. For this investigation, in the first part of the paper, an exact analytical model is provided for the CPPM machine by solving the Poisson equation in the eccentric and salient air gap. In the analytical modelling process, the concept of equivalent magnetizing current (EMC), the subdomain technique, and a bilinear transformation are applied. The obtained model is verified by means of FEA. In the second part of the paper, by using the developed model, the relationship between the machine electromagnetic torque and the UMF to the d‐ and q‐axis components of the armature current is studied. It is shown that in CPPM machines, the influence of the q‐axis current on the electromagnetic torque is much higher than the effect of the d‐axis current. On the other hand, the eccentric machine UMF is strongly dependent on the d‐axis armature current while the variation of the UMF due to the changes in the q‐axis current is small. Therefore, in eccentric CPPM machines, UMF could be suppressed by injecting a negative d‐axis armature current (flux weakening).
Novel secure positioning method in ultra‐wide band framework based on overshadowing attack probabilistic model
Authors: Orouji Niloofar , Mosavi Mohammad Reza 
Published: February 2021

The extensive use of Internet of things (IoT) devices demonstrates an increasing demand for secure frameworks. Position altering attacks are amongst the most severe vulnerabilities in two‐way time of arrival distance measurement technique, which is the most common in distance measurements by IoT devices. The overshadowing attack as a distance enlargement attack replays the authentic signal with a certain amount of delay and sensible power amplification. Therefore, the attack detection is difficult and requires a precise model to estimate its behaviour. The contribution of this study is a location estimation method based on the overshadowing attack probabilistic model that estimates the attack outcome delay and corrects the erroneous measurements. The overshadow delay, which is the delay between the authentic signal and the attacked one, plays a key role in this process. The method has been evaluated by three attack scenarios and compared to the conventional maximum likelihood (CML) and mixture secure location of things (M‐SLOT) methods. The results of the proposed method demonstrate root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.48 in position estimation. With the same dataset, RMSEs of M‐SLOT and CML methods are 4.69 and 9.84, respectively, which confirm the better performance of the proposed method.
Value of bifacial photovoltaics used with highly reflective ground materials on single‐axis trackers and fixed‐tilt systems: a Danish case study
Authors: Riedel‐Lyngskær Nicholas , Poulsen Peter Behrensdorff , Jakobsen Michael Linde , Nørgaard Per , Vedde Jan 
Published: February 2021

The energy produced by bifacial photovoltaic (PV) arrays can be augmented via albedo enhancements. However, the value of the additional energy must outweigh the costs for such modifications to be economically viable. In this work, the electrical performance and economic value of six 13 kWp crystalline‐silicon (c‐Si) PV arrays with distinct configurations are evaluated. The system designs include horizontal single axis trackers (HSAT) and 25° fixed‐tilt structures, monofacial and bifacial PV panels, and low and high ground albedo. The value of the system designs is assessed using onsite electrical measurements and spot prices from the Nord Pool electricity market. We find that HSAT systems increase the annual value factor (VF) by 4% and decrease levelized cost of energy (LCOE) by 3.5 EUR/MWh relative to fixed‐tilt systems. The use of bifacial panels can increase the VF by 1% and decrease LCOE by 4.0 EUR/MWh. However, a negligible VF increase and modest LCOE decrease was found in systems with bifacial panels and ground albedo enhancements. Although our results show that albedo enhancements result in lower LCOE than designs without, the uncertainty in upfront and ongoing costs of altering the ground in utility‐scale PV parks makes the solution presently unadvisable.
An algorithm to locate the centers of baryon acoustic oscillations
Authors: Brown Z. , Mishtaku G. , Demina R. , Liu Y. , Popik C. 
Published: February 2021

Context.The cosmic structure formed from baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) in the early universe is imprinted in the galaxy distribution observable in large-scale surveys and is used as a standard ruler in contemporary cosmology. Typically, BAOs are detected as a preferential length scale in two-point statistics, which gives little information about the location of the BAO structures in real space.Aims.The aim of the algorithm described in this paper is to find probable centers of BAOs in the cosmic matter distribution.Methods.The algorithm convolves the three-dimensional distribution of matter density with a spherical shell kernel of variable radius placed at different locations. The locations that correspond to the highest values of the convolution correspond to the probable centers of BAOs. This method is realized in an open-source, computationally efficient algorithm.Results.We describe the algorithm and present the results of applying it to the SDSS DR9 CMASS survey and associated mock catalogs.Conclusions.A detailed performance study demonstrates the ability of the algorithm to locate BAO centers and in doing so presents a novel detection of the BAO scale in galaxy surveys.
Magnetic properties on the boundary of an evolving pore
Authors: García-Rivas M. , Jurčák J. , Bello González N. 
Published: February 2021

Context. Analyses of the magnetic properties on umbrae boundaries have led to the Jurčák criterion, which states that umbra-penumbra boundaries in stable sunspots are equally defined by a constant value of the vertical magnetic field, Bvercrit, and by a 50% continuum intensity of the quiet Sun, IQS. Umbrae with vertical magnetic fields stronger than Bvercrit are stable, whereas umbrae with vertical magnetic fields weaker than Bvercrit are unstable and prone to vanishing.
Aims. We aim to investigate the existence of a critical value of the vertical magnetic field on a pore boundary and its role in the evolution of the magnetic structure.
Methods. We analysed SDO/HMI vector field maps corrected for scattered light and with a temporal cadence of 12 min during a 26.5-hour period. A continuum intensity threshold (Ic  =  0.55 IQS) is used to define the pore boundary and we study the temporal evolution of the magnetic properties there.
Results. We observe well-defined stages in the pore evolution: (1) during the initial formation phase, total magnetic field strength (B) and vertical magnetic field (Bver) increase to their maximum values of ∼1920 G and ∼1730 G, respectively; (2) then the pore reaches a stable phase; (3) in a second formation phase, the pore undergoes a rapid growth in terms of size, along with a decrease in B and Bver on its boundary. In the newly formed area of the pore, Bver remains mostly below 1731 G and B remains everywhere below 1921 G; (4) ultimately, pore decay starts. We find overall that pore areas with Bver < 1731 G, or equivalently B < 1921 G, disintegrate faster than regions that fulfil this criteria.
Conclusions. We find that the most stable regions of the pore, similarly to the case of umbral boundaries, are defined by a critical value of the vertical component of the magnetic field that is comparable to that found in stable sunspots. In addition, in this case study, the same pore areas can be similarly well-defined by a critical value of the total magnetic field strength.
Talus
Authors: Hirsch Klemens , Manegold Sebastian 
Published: February 2021

ZusammenfassungKnöcherne Verletzungen des Talus sind äußerst selten und komplex. Eine regelhafte Versorgung erfolgt daher in spezialisierten Zentren nach umfangreicher Diagnostik, Klassifikation und Planung des operativen Prozederes. Meist ist eine stabile Schraubenosteosynthese möglich, wobei stets die anatomischen Besonderheiten des Talus mit deren konsekutiven Pitfalls für die operative Therapie beachtet werden müssen. Bei deren Respektierung kann nach anatomischer Reposition und stabiler Osteosynthese eine frühfunktionelle Nachbehandlung eingeleitet und in vielen Fällen ein zufriedenstellendes und langfristig gelenkerhaltendes Outcome erzielt werden. Dieser Artikel gibt zunächst einen Überblick über die anatomischen Besonderheiten des Talus und die Klassifikation seiner Frakturen, um im Anschluss auf Grundlage der beschriebenen Besonderheiten die individuelle Planung und Durchführung des jeweiligen Zuganges und der osteosynthetischen Versorgung unter Beachtung der Pitfalls detailliert zu beschreiben. Er soll dem behandelnden Unfallchirurgen als Hilfestellung und Gedächtnisstütze bei der Versorgung dieser seltenen Verletzungen dienen, bei der nur die wenigsten über Routine verfügen.
Grundlagen der praktischen Kontaktlinsenanpassung. Teil 1
Authors: von Livonius Bettina , Emminger Ralf , Ring-Mangold Theresia 
Published: February 2021

ZusammenfassungAuch wenn sich die Optionen der refraktiven Therapien in den letzten Jahren erheblich weiterentwickelt haben und viele Sehfehler mittlerweile chirurgisch oder mittels Laser korrigiert werden, haben Kontaktlinsen neben der Brille nach wie vor ihre Daseinsberechtigung. Sowohl im Lifestyle-Bereich als auch in den medizinisch indizierten Fällen stellen Kontaktlinsen als nicht operatives und einfach reversibles Verfahren nach wie vor eine sehr gute Option zur visuellen Rehabilitation dar.
Modified endoscopic ultrasound-guided double-balloon-occluded gastroenterostomy bypass (M-EPASS): a pilot study
Authors: Marino Amanda , Bessissow Ali , Miller Corey , Valenti David , Boucher Louis , Chaudhury Prosanto , Barkun Jeffrey , Forbes Nauzer , Khashab Mouen A. , Martel Myriam , Chen Yen-I 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Introduction We recently developed a double-balloon device, using widely available existing technology, to facilitate endoscopic ultrasound-guided gastroenterostomy (EUS-GE). Our aim is to assess the feasibility of this modified approach to EUS-guided double-balloon-occluded gastroenterostomy bypass (M-EPASS).
Methods This was a single-center retrospective study of consecutive patients undergoing M-EPASS from January 2019 to August 2020. The double-balloon device consists of two vascular balloons that optimize the distension of a targeted small-bowel segment for EUS-guided stent insertion. The primary end point was the rate of technical success.
Results 11 patients (45 % women; mean [standard deviation (SD)] age 64.9 [8.6]) with malignant gastric outlet obstruction were included. Technical and clinical success (ability to tolerate an oral diet) were achieved in 91 % (10/11) and 80 % (8/10) of patients, respectively. There was one adverse event (9 %) due to stent migration. Two patients (18 %) required re-intervention for stent obstruction secondary to food impaction. The mean (SD) time to a low residue diet was 3.5 (2.4) days.
Conclusion M-EPASS appears to facilitate the technique of EUS-GE, potentially enhancing its safety and clinical adoption. Larger studies are needed to validate this innovative approach to gastric outlet obstruction.
Extracerebral Pterional Metastasis from Malignant Meningioma: A Case Report
Authors: Pereira Edmundo Luís Rodrigues , Cabral Diego Arthur Castro , Campos Fernanda Myllena Sousa 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAnaplastic or malignant meningiomas that are classified as World Health Organization (WHO) grade III account for less than 1% of all meningiomas diagnosed. Despite the aggressive course, distant metastases are a rarity, occurring in only 0.1% to 0.2% of cases. We report the case of a 56-year-old woman who presented with parasagittal benign meningioma that underwent malignant transformation along with metastasis into the right orbitosphenoid region. The clinical, radiological, and histopathological aspects are highlighted, with an emphasis on the natural history of meningiomas.
Enhancing Adherence to Voice Therapy via Social Cognitive Strategies
Authors: van Leer Eva 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTreatment adherence is a challenge in behavioral voice therapy. Patients commonly encounter difficulties with practicing and implementing target voice techniques outside of the clinic. Several mobile support strategies have been shown to improve adherence. These strategies are driven by social cognitive theory, which provides a theoretical but practical framework for understanding adherence behavior and solving adherence problems. Key features of the theory include (1) its model of triadic asymmetrical reciprocal causation, (2) the concept of human agency, and (3) the constructs of self-efficacy and goal commitment. The purpose of this article is to (1) explain voice therapy adherence within the framework of social cognitive theory, (2) illustrate three broad categories of adherence problems, and (3) provide examples of strategies to address each. With this exemplified knowledge, the clinician can diagnose factors that underlie patients' adherence problems and develop individualized solutions. Given the significant role adherence plays in behavioral interventions, this information holds substantial clinical relevance.
Histomorphology of the Subregions of the Scapholunate Interosseous Ligament and Its Enthesis
Authors: Liew Mei Yen , Mortimer Jeremy W. , Paxton Jennifer Z. , Tham Stephen , Rust Philippa A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background The scapholunate interosseous ligament (SLIL) has three subregions: dorsal, proximal, and volar. The SLIL enthesis has not previously been studied despite its important mechanical function in wrist joint biomechanics.
Questions/Purposes This study aims to compare the histomorphological differences between the SLIL subregions, including at their entheses. Three questions are explored: Do the gross dimensions differ between SLIL subregions? Does the enthesis qualitatively, and its calcified fibrocartilage (CF) quantitatively, differ between (a) SLIL subregions and (b) scaphoid and lunate attachments?
Methods Twelve fresh-frozen human cadaveric wrists were dissected and the gross dimensions of the SLIL subregions measured. Subregions were histologically processed for morphological and compositional analyses, including quantification of enthesis CF area.
Results The dorsal subregion was the thickest. The dorsal and volar subregions had fibrocartilaginous entheses, while the proximal subregion was attached to articular cartilage. The dorsal subregion had significantly more CF than the volar subregion. There was no significant difference in the enthesis CF between scaphoid and lunate attachments in the three subregions.
Conclusions There are significant morphological differences between the SLIL subregions. The dorsal subregion has the largest amount of CF, which is consistent with the greater biomechanical force subjected to this subregion. The similar histomorphology of the ligament at the scaphoid and lunate entheses suggests that similar biomechanical forces are applied to both attachments.
Clinical Relevance The histomorphological results confirm that the dorsal subregion is the strongest of the three subregions. The results from the entheseal region may have important implications in the study of graft incorporation during SLIL reconstruction.