bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reducing environmental impacts from garments through best practice garment use and care, using the example of a Merino wool sweater
Authors: Wiedemann Stephen G. , Biggs Leo , Nguyen Quan V. , Clarke Simon J. , Laitala Kirsi , Klepp Ingun G. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Garment production and use generate substantial environmental impacts, and the care and use are key determinants of cradle-to-grave impacts. The present study investigated the potential to reduce environmental impacts by applying best practices for garment care combined with increased garment use. A wool sweater is used as an example because wool garments have particular attributes that favour reduced environmental impacts in the use phase.

Methods
A cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to compare six plausible best and worst-case practice scenarios for use and care of a wool sweater, relative to current practices. These focussed on options available to consumers to reduce impacts, including reduced washing frequency, use of more efficient washing machines, reduced use of machine clothing dryers, garment reuse by multiple users, and increasing number of garment wears before disposal. A sixth scenario combined all options. Worst practices took the worst plausible alternative for each option investigated. Impacts were reported per wear in Western Europe for climate change, fossil energy demand, water stress and freshwater consumption.

Results and discussion
Washing less frequently reduced impacts by between 4 and 20%, while using more efficient washing machines at capacity reduced impacts by 1 to 6%, depending on the impact category. Reduced use of machine dryer reduced impacts by < 5% across all indicators. Reusing garments by multiple users increased life span and reduced impacts by 25–28% across all indicators. Increasing wears from 109 to 400 per garment lifespan had the largest effect, decreasing impacts by 60% to 68% depending on the impact category. Best practice care, where garment use was maximised and care practices focussed on the minimum practical requirements, resulted in a ~ 75% reduction in impacts across all indicators. Unsurprisingly, worst-case scenarios increased impacts dramatically: using the garment once before disposal increased GHG impacts over 100 times.

Conclusions
Wool sweaters have potential for long life and low environmental impact in use, but there are substantial differences between the best, current and worst-case scenarios. Detailed information about garment care and lifespans is needed to understand and reduce environmental impacts. Opportunities exist for consumers to rapidly and dramatically reduce these impacts. The fashion industry can facilitate this through garment design and marketing that promotes and enables long wear life and minimal care.
Watershed science: Linking hydrological science with sustainable management of river basins
Authors: He Chansheng , James L. Allan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOver the past decades, a number of water sciences and management programs have been developed to better understand and manage the water cycles at multiple temporal and spatial scales for various purposes, such as ecohydrology, global hydrology, sociohydrology, supply management, demand management, and integrated water resources management (IWRM). At the same time, rapid advancements have also been taking place in tracing, mapping, remote sensing, machine learning, and modelling technologies in hydrological research. Despite those programs and advancements, a water crisis is intensifying globally. The missing link is effective interactions between the hydrological research and water resource management to support implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) at multiple spatial scales. Since the watershed is the natural unit for water resources management, watershed science offers the potential to bridge this missing link. This study first reviews the advances in hydrological research and water resources management, and then discusses issues and challenges facing the global water community. Subsequently, it describes the core components of watershed science: (1) hydrological analysis; (2) water-operation policies; (3) governance; (4) management and feedback. The framework takes into account water availability, water uses, and water quality; explicitly focuses on the storage, fluxes, and quality of the hydrological cycle; defines appropriate local water resource thresholds through incorporating the planetary boundary framework; and identifies specific actionable measures for water resources management. It provides a complementary approach to the existing water management programs in addressing the current global water crisis and achieving the UN SDGs.
Die differentielle Veränderung des berufsbezogenen Selbstkonzepts von Lehramtsstudierenden in unterschiedlichen Praxisphasen
Authors: Straub Sophie , Kreische Tina , Rothland Martin 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungDas berufsbezogene Selbstkonzept wird als Teilaspekt professioneller Handlungskompetenz von Lehrkräften angesehen. Angenommen wird u. a., dass schulpraktische Lerngelegenheiten in der ersten Phase der Lehrerbildung einen Einfluss auf die Veränderung des berufsbezogenen Selbstkonzepts haben. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wird die Veränderung des berufsbezogenen Selbstkonzepts vergleichend im Kontext von zwei unterschiedlich langen Praxisphasen in den Blick genommen: im Rahmen des Orientierungspraktikums (n = 450) und des Praxissemesters (n = 572). Unter Nutzung der Skalen des ERBSE‑L kann gezeigt werden, dass sich das berufsbezogene Selbstkonzept von Lehramtsstudierenden im Verlauf beider Praxisphasen insgesamt erhöht. Zudem wird mithilfe eines Latent Change Modells ermittelt, dass schulpraktische Lerngelegenheiten keinen Einfluss auf die Veränderung des berufsbezogenen Selbstkonzepts haben. Des Weiteren zeigt sich, dass ein hohes Ausgangsniveau eine geringere intraindividuelle Veränderung während der jeweiligen Praxisphase bedingt.
Aerosol Deposition of Ti3SiC2-MAX-Phase Coatings
Authors: Elsenberg Andreas , Gärtner Frank , Klassen Thomas 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFor the present study on Aerosol Deposition of MAX-phase materials, Ti3SiC2was chosen as model system due to the availability of property data and commercial powder. The as-received powder was milled to different nominal sizes. For revealing details on coating formation and possible bonding mechanisms, Aerosol Deposition experiments were performed for different particle size batches and process gas pressures. Microstructural analyses reveal that coating formation preferably occurs for particle sizes smaller two microns. Using such small particle sizes, crack-free, dense layers can be obtained. The individual deposition efficiencies for the different particle sizes, particularly the critical size below which deposition gets prominent, vary with process gas flows and associated pressures. Detailed microstructural analyses of coatings by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy reveal plastic deformation and fracture, both attributing to shape adaption to previous spray layers and probably bonding. In correlation to coating thickness or deposition efficiencies, respective results give indications for possible bonding mechanisms and a tentative window of Aerosol Deposition for Ti3SiC2MAX-phases as spray material.
Rarely mentioned species in Hungary: Can we step into the same lake?
Authors: T-Krasznai Enikő , B-Béres Viktória 
Published: April 2021

AbstractInternational and national protection strategies and directives focus mainly on macroscopic organism and attempt to maintain their endangered habitats. However, microscopic communities are also threatened by decreasing biodiversity and many species including freshwater algae can disappear without even knowing they were present in the habitat. Defining rarity of microscopic taxa is not easy. The species’ rarity is based on detailed knowledge of distribution and abundance of species. But only limited information is available about rare algal species especially in a given ecoregion. Reducing the data gaps, here, we present altogether 20 phytoplankton taxa rare in Hungary: three species of Chlorophyceae, eight species of Trebouxiophyceae, two taxa of Euglenophyceae, one-one species of Cyanobacteria, Bacillariophyceae and Mediophyceae and three species of Xanthophyceae. One of them, the Cylindrotheca gracilis is on the Hungarian Red List. Physical and ecological characteristics of standing waters where these species were found as well as their former occurrence all over the world are also reviewed.
Developmental Neurotoxicity of Fipronil and Rotenone on a Human Neuronal In Vitro Test System
Authors: Schmitz Anne , Dempewolf Silke , Tan Saime , Bicker Gerd , Stern Michael 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPesticide exposure during in utero and early postnatal development can cause a wide range of neurological defects. However, relatively few insecticides have been recognized as developmental neurotoxicants, so far. Recently, discovery of the insecticide, fipronil, in chicken eggs has raised public concern. The status of fipronil as a potential developmental neurotoxicant is still under debate. Whereas several in vivo and in vitro studies suggest specific toxicity, other in vitro studies could not confirm this concern. Here, we tested fipronil and its main metabolic product, fipronil sulfone both at concentrations between 1.98 and 62.5 µM, alongside with the established developmental neurotoxicant, rotenone (0.004–10 µM) in vitro on the human neuronal precursor cell line NT2. We found that rotenone impaired all three tested DNT endpoints, neurite outgrowth, neuronal differentiation, and precursor cell migration in a dose-dependent manner and clearly separable from general cytotoxicity in the nanomolar range. Fipronil and fipronil sulfone specifically inhibited cell migration and neuronal differentiation, but not neurite outgrowth in the micromolar range. The rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632 counteracted inhibition of migration for all three compounds (EC50 between 12 and 50 µM). The antioxidant, n-acetyl cysteine, could ameliorate the inhibitory effects of fipronil on all three tested endpoints (EC 50 between 84 and 164 µM), indicating the involvement of oxidative stress. Fipronil sulfone had a stronger effect than fipronil, confirming the importance to test metabolic products alongside original pesticides. We conclude that in vitro fipronil and fipronil sulfone display specific developmental neurotoxicity on developing human model neurons.
Practical handling of allergic reactions to COVID-19 vaccines
Authors: Klimek Ludger , Bergmann Karl-Christian , Brehler Randolf , Pfützner Wolfgang , Zuberbier Torsten , Hartmann Karin , Jakob Thilo , Novak Natalija , Ring Johannes , Merk Hans , Hamelmann Eckard , Ankermann Tobias , Schmidt Sebastian , Untersmayr Eva , Hötzenecker Wolfram , Jensen-Jarolim Erika , Brockow Knut , Mahler Vera , Worm Margitta 
Published: April 2021

Summary
Background
For the preventive treatment of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) an unprecedented global research effort studied the safety and efficacy of new vaccine platforms that have not been previously used in humans. Less than one year after the discovery of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral sequence, these vaccines were approved for use in the European Union (EU) as well as in numerous other countries and mass vaccination efforts began. The so far in the EU approved mRNA vaccines BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 are based on similar lipid-based nanoparticle carrier technologies; however, the lipid components differ. Severe allergic reactions and anaphylaxis after COVID-19 vaccination are very rare adverse events but have drawn attention due to potentially lethal outcomes and have triggered a high degree of uncertainty.

Methods
Current knowledge on anaphylactic reactions to vaccines and specifically the new mRNA COVID-19 vaccines was compiled using a literature search in Medline, PubMed, as well as the national and international study and guideline registries, the Cochrane Library, and the Internet, with special reference to official websites of the World Health Organization (WHO), US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Robert Koch Institute (RKI), and Paul Ehrlich Institute (PEI).

Results
Based on the international literature and previous experience, recommendations for prophylaxis, diagnosis and therapy of these allergic reactions are given by a panel of experts.

Conclusion
Allergy testing is not necessary for the vast majority of allergic patients prior to COVID-19 vaccination with currently licensed vaccines. In case of allergic/anaphylactic reactions after vaccination, allergy workup is recommended, as it is for a small potential risk population prior to the first vaccination. Evaluation and approval of diagnostic tests should be done for this purpose.
Nuklearmedizinische Diagnostik und Therapie des Prostatakarzinoms
Authors: Grunert Michael , Eberhardt Nina , Prasad Vikas , Beer Ambros J. 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungDie PSMA-PET/CT hat durch die präzise Darstellung der Tumorausdehnung einen festen Stellenwert in der Diagnostik, insbesondere in der Rezidivsituation, eingenommen und ist bereits in mehreren nationalen und internationalen Leitlinien fest verankert. Sie ermöglicht, in einem Untersuchungsgang Informationen über die Tumorsituation in der Prostataloge und von potenziellen lymphonodalen, viszeralen und ossären Metastasen zu erlangen, die für die zunehmend personalisierten Behandlungsstrategien notwendig sind. Die PSMA-Therapie stellt bereits jetzt – trotz bisher fehlender Zulassung – eine ergänzende nebenwirkungsarme Therapie beim metastasierten kastrationsresistenten Prostatakarzinom dar, die die Lebensqualität der Patienten deutlich verbessern und die Überlebenszeit steigern kann ohne relevante Toxizität, und deren Potenzial für die Zukunft auch durch Kombination mit anderen Therapieverfahren noch lange nicht absehbar ist. Der Beitrag thematisiert die Einsatzgebiete der PSMA-PET-Bildgebung als Grundlage für die erfolgreiche Therapie sowie den aktuellen Stand zur Indikation, Durchführung und Entwicklung der PSMA-Therapie.
Big data and machine learning for materials science
Authors: Rodrigues Jose F. , Florea Larisa , de Oliveira Maria C. F. , Diamond Dermot , Oliveira Osvaldo N. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHerein, we review aspects of leading-edge research and innovation in materials science that exploit big data and machine learning (ML), two computer science concepts that combine to yield computational intelligence. ML can accelerate the solution of intricate chemical problems and even solve problems that otherwise would not be tractable. However, the potential benefits of ML come at the cost of big data production; that is, the algorithms demand large volumes of data of various natures and from different sources, from material properties to sensor data. In the survey, we propose a roadmap for future developments with emphasis on computer-aided discovery of new materials and analysis of chemical sensing compounds, both prominent research fields for ML in the context of materials science. In addition to providing an overview of recent advances, we elaborate upon the conceptual and practical limitations of big data and ML applied to materials science, outlining processes, discussing pitfalls, and reviewing cases of success and failure.
Female Sexual Function During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States
Authors: Bhambhvani Hriday P. , Chen Tony , Kasman Alex M. , Wilson-King Genester , Enemchukwu Ekene , Eisenberg Michael L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Introduction
International studies have demonstrated increasing rates of sexual dysfunction amidst the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic; however, the impact of the pandemic on female sexual function in the United States is unknown.

Aim
To assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on female sexual function and frequency in the United States.

Methods
A pre-pandemic survey containing the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and demographic questions was completed by adult women in the United States from October 20, 2019 and March 1, 2020. The same women were sent a follow-up survey also containing the FSFI, as well as the Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression and Anxiety with 4 items (PHQ-4), and questions pertaining to mask wearing habits, job loss, and relationship changes. Risk for female sexual dysfunction (RFSD) was defined as FSFI &lt; 26.55.

Main Outcome Measure
Differences in pre-pandemic and intra-pandemic female sexual function, measured by the FSFI, and sexual frequency.

Results
Ninety-one women were included in this study. Overall FSFI significantly decreased during the pandemic (27.2 vs 28.8, P = .002), with domain-specific decreases in arousal (4.41 vs 4.86, P = .0002), lubrication (4.90 vs 5.22, P = .004), and satisfaction (4.40 vs 4.70, P = .04). There was no change in sexual frequency. Contingency table analysis of RFSD prior to and during the pandemic revealed significantly increased RFSD during the pandemic (P = .002). Women who developed RFSD during the pandemic had higher PHQ-4 anxiety subscale scores (3.74 vs 2.53, P = .01) and depression subscale scores (2.74 vs 1.43, P = .001) than those who did not. Development of FSD was not associated with age, home region, relationship status, mask wearing habits, knowing someone who tested positive for COVID-19, relationship change, or job loss and/or reduction during the pandemic.

Conclusion
In this population of female cannabis users, risk for sexual dysfunction increased amidst the COVID-19 pandemic and is associated with depression and anxiety symptoms. Bhambhvani HP, Chen T, Wilson-King AM, et al. Female Sexual Function During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States. Sex Med 2021;9:100355.
Vicarious Actions and Social Teleology
Authors: Lusson Philippe A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractActions receive teleological descriptions and reason explanations. In some circumstances, these descriptions and explanations might appeal not just to the agent’s own purposes and reasons, but also to the purposes and reasons of others in her social surroundings. Some actions have a social teleology. I illustrate this phenomenon and I propose a concept of vicarious action to account for it. An agent acts vicariously when she acts in response to the demand of another agent who knew that her demand was likely to succeed. I argue that vicariousness grounds the social teleology of the resulting actions.
Bed Surge Capacity in Saudi Hospitals During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Alqahtani Fahad , Khan Anas , Alowais Jalal , Alaama Tareef , Jokhdar Hani 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectives:To assess the hospital beds and intensive care unit (ICU) beds with a ventilator surge capacity of the health system in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.Methods:This study used relevant data from the National Health Emergency Operation Center to estimate general hospital and ICU bed surge capacity and tipping points under 3 distinct transmission scenarios.Results:The study results reveal that hospitals in the KSA need to be supplied with additional 4372 hospital beds to care for COVID-19 positive cases if the pandemic continues over a 6 months’ period. At the same time, it requires additional 2192 or 1461 hospital beds if the pandemic persists over a 12- or 18-month period, respectively, to manage hospitalized COVID-19 overloads. The health system surge capacity would suffer from a shortage of 1600, 797, and 540 ICU beds under the 3 transmission scenarios to absorb critical and intensive care COVID-19 cases.Conclusion:Our findings highlight the urgent need for additional hospital and ICU beds in the face of critical COVID-19 cases in KSA. The study recommends further assessment measures to the health system surge capacity to keep the Saudi health system prepared during the COVID-19 pandemic.
COVID-19 Resurgence: Lessons Learned to Inform the South African Response
Authors: Dzobo Mathias , Hlongwa Mbuzeleni , Denhere Knowledge , Kampira Vincent , Mugoni Mathias , Musuka Godfrey , Dzinamarira Tafadzwa 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe risk of recurring coronavirus disease (COVID-19) resurgences that threaten Africa’s health care systems, newly opened communities, schools, and businesses looms as communities abandon precautionary measures, such as mask-wearing, physical distancing, and regular handwashing. In this piece, we unpack the handling of both the first wave and subsequent resurgence in the context of 3 countries that are experiencing such a resurgence at the time of writing (December 2020): Israel, France, and the United Kingdom. While it is difficult to extrapolate on what to expect in South Africa, based on experience in these 3 countries, South Africa’s preparedness for a COVID-19 resurgence should place emphasis on the role of expanded testing and isolation capacity, strengthening enforcement of adherence to non-pharmaceutical interventions, and protection of high-risk populations.
Objectivity as Independence
Authors: Reutlinger Alexander 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBuilding on Nozick's invariantism about objectivity, I propose to define scientific objectivity in terms of counterfactual independence. I will argue that such a counterfactual independence account is (a) able to overcome the decisive shortcomings of Nozick's original invariantism and (b) applicable to three paradigmatic kinds of scientific objectivity (that is, objectivity as replication, objectivity as robustness, and objectivity as Mertonian universalism).
Modeling Gender as a Multidimensional Sorites Paradox
Authors: Collins Rory W. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGender is both indeterminate and multifaceted: many individuals do not fit neatly into accepted gender categories, and a vast number of characteristics are relevant to determining a person's gender. This article demonstrates how these two features, taken together, enable gender to be modeled as a multidimensional sorites paradox. After discussing the diverse terminology used to describe gender, I extend Helen Daly's research into sex classifications in the Olympics and show how varying testosterone levels can be represented using a sorites argument. The most appropriate way of addressing the paradox that results, I propose, is to employ fuzzy logic. I then move beyond physiological characteristics and consider how gender portrayals in reality television shows align with Judith Butler's notion of performativity, thereby revealing gender to be composed of numerous criteria. Following this, I explore how various elements of gender can each be modeled as individual sorites paradoxes such that the overall concept forms a multidimensional paradox. Resolving this dilemma through fuzzy logic provides a novel framework for interpreting gender membership.