bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutrient availability in urban food waste: carbohydrate bias in the Philadelphia–Camden urban matrix
Authors: Carpenter Melissa , Savage Amy M 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Urban areas provide animals with both a unique set of challenges and resources. One of the novel resources available in urban areas is an abundance of human food waste. Although it is known that many urban-dwelling animals are consuming human food waste at some level, there is not a good understanding of the nutrients provided by this novel resource. Given that human food waste is unlikely to resemble an animal’s natural diet, there could be health consequences for an animal consuming human food waste. In some animals, nutritional imbalances can also lead to behavioral changes, making it important to understand more precisely what they are eating. To answer the question of what nutrients were available in urban food waste, we surveyed food waste in the Philadelphia–Camden urban matrix. We found that human food waste contained ∼1000% more carbohydrates than other nutrient types. Given the impact that carbohydrate-rich diets can have on human health, there may be important consequences for the animals in urban environments that consume this food waste. Therefore, it is possible that human food subsidies have cascading consequences for entire communities and their ecosystem services in cities.
Gravito-turbulence and dynamo in poorly ionized protostellar discs – I. Zero-net-flux case
Authors: Riols A , Xu W , Lesur G , Kunz M W , Latter H 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
In their early stages, protoplanetary discs are sufficiently massive to undergo gravitational instability (GI). This instability is thought to be involved in mass accretion, planet formation via gas fragmentation, the generation of spiral density waves, and outbursts. A key and very recent area of research is the interaction between the GI and magnetic fields in young protoplanetary discs, in particular whether this instability is able to sustain a magnetic field via a dynamo. We conduct 3D, stratified shearing-box simulations using two independent codes, PLUTO and Athena++, to characterize the GI dynamo in poorly ionized protostellar discs subject to ambipolar diffusion. We find that the dynamo operates across a large range of ambipolar Elssaser number Am (which characterizes the strength of ambipolar diffusion) and is particularly strong in the regime Am = 10–100, with typical magnetic to thermal energy ratios of order unity. The dynamo is only weakly dependent on resolution (at least for Am ≲ 100), box size, and cooling law. The magnetic field is produced by the combination of differential rotation and large-scale vertical roll motions associated with spiral density waves. Our results have direct implications for the dynamo process in young protoplanetary discs and possibly some regions of active galactic nucleus discs.
Observability of forming planets and their circumplanetary discs – III. Polarized scattered light in near-infrared
Authors: Szulágyi J , Garufi A 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
There is growing amount of very high resolution polarized scattered light images of circumstellar discs. Nascent giant planets are surrounded by their own circumplanetary discs that may scatter and polarize both the planetary and stellar light. Here, we investigate whether we could detect circumplanetary discs with the same technique and what can we learn from such detections. Here, we created scattered light mock observations at 1.245 microns (J band) for instruments like SPHERE and GPI, for various planetary masses (0.3, 1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 $\rm {\mathrm{ M}_{Jup}}$), disc inclinations (90, 60, 30, and 0 deg), and planet position angles (0, 45, and 90 deg). We found that the detection of a circumplanetary disc at 50 au from the star is significantly favoured if the planet is massive (${\ge} 5 \,\rm {\mathrm{ M}_{Jup}}$) and the system is nearly face-on (≤30°). In these cases, the accretion shock front on the surface of the circumplanetary discs is strong and bright enough to help the visibility of this subdisc. Its detection is hindered by the neighbouring circumstellar disc that also provides a strong polarized flux. However, the comparison between the PI and the Qϕ maps is a viable tool to pinpoint the presence of the circumplanetary disc within the circumstellar disc, as the two discs are behaving differently on those images.
Collisions in a gas-rich white dwarf planetary debris disc
Authors: Swan Andrew , Kenyon Scott J , Farihi Jay , Dennihy Erik , Gänsicke Boris T , Hermes J J , Melis Carl , von Hippel Ted 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
WD 0145+234 is a white dwarf that is accreting metals from a circumstellar disc of planetary material. It has exhibited a substantial and sustained increase in 3–5 $\mu$m flux since 2018. Follow-up Spitzer photometry reveals that emission from the disc had begun to decrease by late 2019. Stochastic brightening events superimposed on the decline in brightness suggest the liberation of dust during collisional evolution of the circumstellar solids. A simple model is used to show that the observations are indeed consistent with ongoing collisions. Rare emission lines from circumstellar gas have been detected at this system, supporting the emerging picture of white dwarf debris discs as sites of collisional gas and dust production.
Detection of a possible high-confidence radio quasi-periodic oscillation in the BL Lac PKS J2134–0153
Authors: Ren Guo-Wei , Ding Nan , Zhang Xiong , Xue Rui , Zhang Hao-Jing , Xiong Ding-Rong , Li Fu-Ting , Li Hui 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
Using the Lomb–Scargle periodogram and the weighted wavelet Z-transform techniques, we have searched for quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) of the BL Lacertae object (BL Lac), PKS J2134–0153, in the 15-GHz radio light curve announced by the Owens Valley Radio Observatory 40-m telescope during the period from 2008 January 5 to 2019 May 18. This is the first time that the search for periodic radio signals in the BL Lac PKS J2134–0153 has used these two methods, which consistently reveal a QPO of 4.69 ± 0.14 yr (&gt;5σ confidence level). We discuss possible causes for this QPO, and we expect that the binary black hole scenario, where the QPO is caused by the precession of a binary black hole, is the most likely explanation. Thus, the BL Lac PKS J2134–0153 could be a good candidate for a binary black hole. In the binary black hole scenario, the distance between the primary black hole and the secondary black hole is a ∼ 1.83 × 1016 cm.
Pair production in the millisecond pulsar J0030+0451
Authors: Jones P B 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
The electric field accelerating electrons in the Timokhin–Arons polar-cap model as applied to millisecond pulsars is so high that the electron Lorentz factors are limited either by radiation reaction or by the Breit–Wheeler process. In the former case, it is possible to obtain an upper limit for curvature-radiation momentum components perpendicular to the local magnetic field that is independent of the flux-line radius of curvature. The threshold value for single-photon conversion to pairs is high but is possibly reached in J0030+0451. However, owing to the high polar-cap temperature reported, direct pair production by the Breit–Wheeler process is probably more important. If the existence of coherent radio emission in millisecond pulsars is assumed to need a high-multiplicity pair plasma, then it follows that the primary electrons also produce gamma-rays in the Fermi-LAT energy band for which the magnetosphere is completely transparent. The absence of these, in phase with the radio emission, would be an immediate indication that ultra-high-energy electrons and an active Timokhin–Arons polar cap are not present in J0030+0451.
Apophatic science: how computational modeling can explain consciousness
Authors: Bridewell Will , Isaac Alistair M C 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This study introduces a novel methodology for consciousness science. Consciousness as we understand it pretheoretically is inherently subjective, yet the data available to science are irreducibly intersubjective. This poses a unique challenge for attempts to investigate consciousness empirically. We meet this challenge by combining two insights. First, we emphasize the role that computational models play in integrating results relevant to consciousness from across the cognitive sciences. This move echoes Alan Newell’s call that the language and concepts of computer science serve as a lingua franca for integrative cognitive science. Second, our central contribution is a new method for validating computational models that treats them as providing negative data on consciousness: data about what consciousness is not. This method is designed to support a quantitative science of consciousness while avoiding metaphysical commitments. We discuss how this methodology applies to current and future research and address questions that others have raised.
First Female Neurosurgeon in the United States: Dorothy Klenke Nash, MD
Authors: Casillo Stephanie M , Venkatesh Anisha , Muthiah Nallammai , McDowell Michael M , Agarwal Nitin 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Dr Dorothy Klenke Nash (1898-1976) became the first female neurosurgeon in the United States in 1928 and maintained her status as the country's only female neurosurgeon until 1960. She graduated with her medical degree from the Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1927 and then trained at the Neurologic Institute of New York under Dr Byron Stookey. During her training, she contributed to the advancement of neurosurgical practice through academic research. In 1931, she married Charles B. Nash, and together they had 2 children, George (1932) and Dorothy Patricia (1937). Dr Nash became a senior surgeon at St. Margaret's Hospital in Pittsburgh in 1942. Shortly thereafter, she joined the inaugural University of Pittsburgh Department of Neurosurgery led by Dr Stuart N. Rowe and became an instructor of neurosurgery at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. In acknowledgment of her advocacy for public access to services for mental health and cerebral palsy, Dr Nash was recognized as a Distinguished Daughter of Pennsylvania (1953) and honored by Mercy Hospital (1957), Bryn Mawr College (1960), and Columbia University (1968). She retired from neurosurgical practice in 1965, at which time she devoted herself to her grandchildren and her Catholic faith. She died on March 5, 1976 at the age of 77. With unwavering tenacity, Dr Nash paved the way for all women in neurosurgery.
Tobacco Use Among 1 310 716 Women of Reproductive age (15–49 Years) in 42 Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Secondary Data Analysis From the 2010-2016 Demographic and Health Surveys
Authors: Shukla Radha , Kanaan Mona , Siddiqi Kamran 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Tobacco use among women, especially during pregnancy is a public health concern. There is a need to understand the diverse nature of their tobacco consumption across the globe.

Methods
We used Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) data collected between 2010 and 2016 from 42 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) to estimate the prevalence of smoking, smokeless tobacco, and dual use among pregnant and non-pregnant women of reproductive age (15–49 y). We compared tobacco use between both groups adjusted for age, type of residence, education and combined wealth index, and a subgroup analysis for the South-East Asia Region (SEAR) as the tobacco use in SEAR among women is far more diverse than in other regions primarily due to the popularity of smokeless tobacco use in this region.

Results
Based on the data of 1 310 716 women in 42 LMICs, the prevalence of smoking was 0.69%(95%CI: 0.51–0.90) among pregnant women and 1.09%(95%CI: 0.81–1.42) among non-pregnant women. The prevalence of smokeless tobacco use was 0.56%(95%CI: 0.33–0.84) among pregnant women and 0.78%(95%CI: 0.35–1.37) among non-pregnant women. The relative risk ratios(RRR) for smoking (0.85; 95%CI: 0.67–1.09) and smokeless tobacco use (0.81; 95%CI:0.67–1.00) were not-significantly lower among pregnant women than non-pregnant women and education and wealth index had an inverse relationship with both forms of tobacco. In SEAR, among pregnant women, the prevalence of smoking and smokeless tobacco use was 1.81% and 0.45%, respectively. However, pregnant women were 7%(RRR 1.07; 95%CI:1.02–1.12) more likely to use smokeless tobacco than non-pregnant women.

Conclusion
Despite the added risk of foetal harm during pregnancy, there is no evidence that the tobacco consumption between pregnant and non-pregnant women differ in 42 LMICs. A significantly higher use of smokeless tobacco among pregnant women in SEAR is of particular concern and warrants further investigation.

Implications
Tobacco use among women in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is lower than high-income countries (HICs), but this may be because LMICs are earlier in the epidemiological transition of tobacco use. If ignored as a public health issue and the tobacco industry continues to market its products to women, the level of tobacco use may rise as it did in HICs. Also, despite low prevalence rates and with no evidence that these differ among pregnant and non-pregnant women, is concerning as tobacco consumption in any form during pregnancy is associated with poor birth outcomes. This suggests a need for raising awareness about the harms of tobacco use among women in LMICs, especially during pregnancy. There is a need to develop preventive and cessation interventions to decrease tobacco use (smoking and smokeless) among women who are from low socio-economic status and less educated, as they bear the greatest burden of tobacco use.
Neither Blood Culture Positivity nor Time to Positivity Is Associated With Mortality Among Patients Presenting With Severe Manifestations of Sepsis: The FABLED Cohort Study
Authors: Paquette Katryn , Sweet David , Stenstrom Robert , Stabler Sarah N , Lawandi Alexander , Akhter Murtaza , Davidson Adam C , Gavric Marko , Jinah Rehman , Saeed Zahid , Demir Koray , Sangsari Sassan , Huang Kelly , Mahpour Amirali , Shamatutu Chris , Caya Chelsea , Troquet Jean-Marc , Clark Greg , Wong Titus , Yansouni Cedric P , Cheng Matthew P 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
Sepsis is a leading cause of morbidity, mortality, and health care costs worldwide.

Methods
We conducted a multicenter, prospective cohort study evaluating the yield of blood cultures drawn before and after empiric antimicrobial administration among adults presenting to the emergency department with severe manifestations of sepsis. Enrolled patients who had the requisite blood cultures drawn were followed for 90 days. We explored the independent association between blood culture positivity and its time to positivity in relation to 90-day mortality.

Results
Three hundred twenty-five participants were enrolled; 90-day mortality among the 315 subjects followed up was 25.4% (80/315). Mortality was associated with age (mean age [standard deviation] in those who died was 72.5 [15.8] compared with 62.9 [17.7] years among survivors; P &lt; .0001), greater Charlson Comorbidity Index (2 [interquartile range {IQR}, 1–3] vs 1 [IQR, 0–3]; P = .008), dementia (13/80 [16.2%] vs 18/235 [7.7%]; P = .03), cancer (27/80 [33.8%] vs 47/235 [20.0%]; P = .015), positive quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score (57/80 [71.2%] vs 129/235 [54.9%]; P = .009), and normal white blood cell count (25/80 [31.2%] vs 42/235 [17.9%]; P = .02). The presence of bacteremia, persistent bacteremia after antimicrobial infusion, and shorter time to blood culture positivity were not associated with mortality. Neither the source of infection nor pathogen affected mortality.

Conclusions
Although severe sepsis is an inflammatory condition triggered by infection, its 90-day survival is not influenced by blood culture positivity nor its time to positivity.

Clinical Trials Registration
NCT01867905.
Factors Associated With Longer Than Recommended Durations of Antibiotic Therapy for Uncomplicated Ambulatory Infections in an Integrated Healthcare System
Authors: Vazquez Deida Axel A , Shihadeh Katherine C , Aragon Deborah , Knepper Bryan C , Jenkins Timothy C 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Across the ambulatory care network of an integrated health care system, durations of antibiotic therapy prescribed for uncomplicated infections were longer than recommended in 39% of cases. By logistic regression, site of care, prescriber characteristics, and type of infection were independently associated with longer than recommended durations of therapy.
The Act Lectures of John Prideaux
Authors: Hampton Stephen 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 focuses on the Act Lectures that Prideaux delivered in Oxford between 1616 and 1624. The series exhibits the breadth, interconnectedness, and pastoral orientation of the Reformed Conformist vision of grace. As the teaching that Oxford’s senior theology professor delivered on the most public occasion in the university calendar, Prideaux’s Act Lectures represent something close to an official statement of English orthodoxy. They are useful both in terms of the range of topics that they cover and because they offer a coherent account of Reformed Conformist teaching on grace that locates specific debates on the topic within their wider theological context.
Imperial Women within the Imperial Family
Authors: Boatwright Mary T. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Starting with Faustina the Younger, whose fecundity and imperial ties suggest her as a model imperial woman, this chapter explores the imperial domus—house, household, family—and women’s roles within it from Augustus through the Severans. That domus was a cornerstone of Augustus’ new principate, becoming ever more important during the principate. Flavian dynastic emphasis is noted, as is the growing attention to family in the motherless imperial families of Nerva, Trajan, and Hadrian. A high point comes with Faustina the Elder and Faustina the Younger, but familial emphasis continues under the Severans. The chapter also discusses nontraditional imperial families, including “concubines” and the same-sex relationship of Hadrian with Antinous, and various terms for the imperial house such as domus divina. The chapter reveals both that “the imperial family” was a cornerstone of the principate, but that it was hard for imperial women to gain individual visibility within that construct.
Models and Exemplars: Statues of Imperial Women
Authors: Boatwright Mary T. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Starting with the over-life-size greywacke statue of Agrippina the Younger from the Caelian, this chapter explores imperial women’s representation through sculpture and relief, and the associated topic of their exemplarity. Topics include the history and status of women’s statues in Rome, damnatio memoriae, and body types for female standing statues. The Caelian statue of Agrippina is contrasted to three other installations once featuring her in Rome; their epigraphic remains suggest that the display of imperial women’s statues could vary greatly even while including the males of the family. The concluding discussion of Matidia the Younger’s standing statue from Suessa Aurunca underscores the apparent blandness characterizing most imperial women’s imaging. Perhaps more than others, this chapter underlines imperial women’s connections with other Roman females sharing a privileged background.
Conclusions: Agency and Constraints
Authors: Boatwright Mary T. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The extant evidence for imperial women reveals their general powerlessness and silence, starkly contrasting with anecdotes about their abuse of resources, influence, and privilege. Their relation to the emperor put them at the center of power, yet their gender, and the princeps’ dominance, prohibited them from exercising control. At the principate’s beginning, some disclosed their resources through patronage or personal adornment. Such displays were increasingly censured. Imperial women’s diminishing visibility in Rome, including at religious functions, paradoxically correlates with their increasing portrayal on central coinage. Although their roles in Rome’s imperial cult had positive effects for women in the empire, their own gains are harder to detect and their personal agency cannot be discerned in the available sources. Their investigation, however, uncovers a remarkable history that illuminates individuals and the principate as a whole, including its obstinate misogyny.
Conclusion
Authors: Robinson Elizabeth C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis chapter emphasizes the elements of continuity that have emerged from the consideration of multiple types of evidence. It answers the three questions posed in the introduction, and refers back to the three theoretical models adopted in the analysis. It discusses the ways that the results of this site biography differ from previously published studies while at the same time providing a synthesis of Larinum’s history from 400 bce to 100 ce. It then examines the ways in which Larinum is representative or anomalous when compared to other Italian towns. It also compares this local-level case study of Larinum to the conclusions of other local-level studies, especially ones that focus on the site of Taranto. It concludes by making the case for the creation of more local-level site biographies, using the study of Larinum as a model. It pushes the field of Roman conquest studies toward a new paradigm of social change that is contingent on highly specific, local issues, rather than global movements.
The Seam in Babbitt’s Compositional Development
Authors: Bernstein Zachary 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The years around 1960 saw Babbitt’s style change in three critical ways: he adopted the time-point system, began writing electronic music, and started using all-partition, rather than trichordal, arrays. The pivotal piece in these developments is Composition for Tenor and Six Instruments. A close analysis of this piece in light of its predecessors and its successors is revealing about a range of Babbitt’s priorities, and it provides a case study of his views on perception and cognition. During the preceding decade, Babbitt had pursued a growing interest in contrapuntal complexity, including four techniques detailed in this chapter. These techniques form the basis of Composition for Tenor and Six Instruments. Yet Babbitt felt that he had pushed contrapuntal complexity too far. The all-partition array—with complex counterpoint but simple lines—was a solution that balanced his competing aesthetic desires. The work also sheds light on Babbitt’s early use of the time-point system.
Problems of Polarization
Authors: Talisse Robert B. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Political commentators across the spectrum point to polarization as the cause of dysfunctions that recently have beset democratic societies. But the concept of polarization is rarely examined. This chapter presents several distinct kinds of polarization, starting by distinguishing political polarization from belief polarization, and offers a view of how their interaction gives rise to political problems ranging from legislative deadlock and partisan animosity to escalating extremism. Although the aim of the chapter is largely diagnostic, it concludes with an indication of how polarization might be managed.