bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sulfuric acid–amine nucleation in urban Beijing
Authors: Cai Runlong , Yan Chao , Yang Dongsen , Yin Rujing , Lu Yiqun , Deng Chenjuan , Fu Yueyun , Ruan Jiaxin , Li Xiaoxiao , Kontkanen Jenni , Zhang Qiang , Kangasluoma Juha , Ma Yan , Hao Jiming , Worsnop Douglas R. , Bianchi Federico , Paasonen Pauli , Kerminen Veli-Matti , Liu Yongchun , Wang Lin , Zheng Jun , Kulmala Markku , Jiang Jingkun 
Published: February 2021

Abstract. New particle formation (NPF) is one of the major sources of atmospheric ultrafine particles. Due to the high aerosol and trace gas concentrations, the mechanism and governing factors for NPF in the polluted atmospheric boundary layer may be quite different from those in clean environments, which is however less understood. Herein, based on long-term atmospheric measurements from January 2018 to March 2019 in Beijing, the nucleation mechanism and the influences of H2SO4 concentration, amine concentrations, and aerosol concentration on NPF are quantified. The
collision of H2SO4–amine clusters is found to be the dominating mechanism to initialize NPF in urban Beijing. The coagulation scavenging due to the high aerosol concentration is a governing factor as it limits the concentration of H2SO4–amine clusters and new particle formation rates. The formation of H2SO4–amine clusters in Beijing is sometimes limited by low amine concentrations. Summarizing the synergistic effects of H2SO4 concentration, amine concentrations, and aerosol concentration, we elucidate the governing factors for H2SO4–amine nucleation for various conditions.
Ship- and island-based atmospheric soundings from the 2020 EUREC4A field campaign
Authors: Stephan Claudia Christine , Schnitt Sabrina , Schulz Hauke , Bellenger Hugo , de Szoeke Simon P. , Acquistapace Claudia , Baier Katharina , Dauhut Thibaut , Laxenaire Rémi , Morfa-Avalos Yanmichel , Person Renaud , Quiñones Meléndez Estefanía , Bagheri Gholamhossein , Böck Tobias , Daley Alton , Güttler Johannes , Helfer Kevin C. , Los Sebastian A. , Neuberger Almuth , Röttenbacher Johannes , Raeke Andreas , Ringel Maximilian , Ritschel Markus , Sadoulet Pauline , Schirmacher Imke , Stolla M. Katharina , Wright Ethan , Charpentier Benjamin , Doerenbecher Alexis , Wilson Richard , Jansen Friedhelm , Kinne Stefan , Reverdin Gilles , Speich Sabrina , Bony Sandrine , Stevens Bjorn 
Published: February 2021

Abstract. To advance the understanding of the interplay among clouds, convection, and circulation, and its role in climate change, the Elucidating the role of clouds–circulation coupling in climate campaign (EUREC4A) and Atlantic Tradewind Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Interaction Campaign (ATOMIC) collected measurements in the western tropical Atlantic during January and February 2020.
Upper-air radiosondes were launched regularly (usually 4-hourly) from a network consisting of the Barbados Cloud Observatory (BCO) and four ships within 6–16∘ N, 51–60∘ W.
From 8 January to 19 February, a total of 811 radiosondes measured wind, temperature, and relative humidity. In addition to the ascent, the descent was recorded for 82 % of the soundings.
The soundings sampled changes in atmospheric pressure, winds, lifting condensation level, boundary layer depth, and vertical distribution of moisture associated with different ocean surface conditions, synoptic variability, and mesoscale convective organization.
Raw (Level 0), quality-controlled 1 s (Level 1), and vertically gridded (Level 2) data in NetCDF format (Stephan et al., 2020) are available to the public at AERIS (https://doi.org/10.25326/137).
The methods of data collection and post-processing for the radiosonde data set are described here.
Determination of vadose zone and saturated zone nitrate lag times using long-term groundwater monitoring data and statistical machine learning
Authors: Wells Martin J. , Gilmore Troy E. , Nelson Natalie , Mittelstet Aaron , Böhlke John K. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract. In this study, we explored the use of statistical machine learning and long-term groundwater nitrate monitoring data to estimate vadose zone and saturated zone lag times in an irrigated alluvial agricultural setting. Unlike most previous statistical machine learning studies that sought to predict groundwater nitrate concentrations within aquifers, the focus of this study was to leverage available groundwater nitrate concentrations and other environmental variables to determine mean regional vertical velocities (transport rates) of water and solutes in the vadose zone and saturated zone (3.50 and 3.75 m yr−1, respectively). The statistical machine learning results are consistent with two primary recharge processes in this western Nebraska aquifer, namely (1) diffuse recharge from irrigation and precipitation across the landscape and (2) focused recharge from leaking irrigation conveyance canals. The vadose zone mean velocity yielded a mean recharge rate (0.46 m yr−1) consistent with previous estimates from groundwater age dating in shallow wells (0.38 m yr−1). The
saturated zone mean velocity yielded a recharge rate (1.31 m yr−1) that was more consistent with focused recharge from leaky irrigation canals, as indicated by previous results of groundwater age dating in intermediate-depth wells (1.22 m yr−1). Collectively, the statistical machine learning model results are consistent with previous observations of relatively high water fluxes and short transit times for water and nitrate in the primarily oxic aquifer. Partial dependence plots from the model indicate a sharp threshold in which high groundwater nitrate concentrations are mostly associated with total travel times of 7 years or less, possibly reflecting some combination of recent management practices and a tendency for nitrate concentrations to be higher in diffuse infiltration recharge than in canal leakage water. Limitations to the machine learning approach include the non-uniqueness of different transport rate combinations when comparing model performance and highlight the need to corroborate statistical model results with a robust conceptual model and complementary information such as groundwater age.
Advances in Importance Sampling
Authors: Elvira Víctor , Martino Luca 
Published: February 2021

AbstractImportance sampling (IS) is a Monte Carlo technique for the approximation of intractable distributions and integrals with respect to them. The origin of IS dates from the early 1950s. In the past decades, the rise of the Bayesian paradigm and the increase of the available computational resources have propelled the interest in this theoretically sound methodology. In this article, we first describe the basic IS algorithm and then revisit the recent advances in this methodology. We pay particular attention to two sophisticated lines. First, we focus on multiple IS (MIS), the case where more than one proposal is available. Second, we describe adaptive IS (AIS), the generic methodology for adapting one or more proposals.
Modeling of kyphoplasty cement for accurate dose calculations
Authors: Halvorsen Per H. , Hariharan Navneeth , Morelli Zackary T. , Iftimia Ileana N. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe have determined the optimal method for modeling kyphoplasty cement to enable accurate dose calculations in the Eclipse treatment planning system (TPS). The cement studied (Medtronic Kyphon HV‐R®) consists of 30% Barium, 68% polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and 2% benzoyl peroxide, formulated to be radiopaque with kV imaging systems. Neither Barium nor PMMA have a high physical density, resulting in different interaction characteristics for megavoltage treatment beams compared to kV imaging systems. This can lead to significant calculation errors if density mapping is performed using a standard CT number to density curve. To properly characterize the cement for dose calculation, we 3D printed a hemi‐cylindrical container to fit adjacent to a micro‐chamber insert for an anthropomorphic phantom, and filled the container with Kyphon cement. We CT scanned the combination, modeled the cement with multiple material assignments in the TPS, designed plans with different field sizes and beam geometry for five photon modes, and measured the doses for all plans. All photon energies show significant error in calculated dose when the cement is modeled based on the CT number. Of the material assignments we evaluated, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) showed the best overall agreement with measurement. Calculated and measured doses agree within 3.5% for a 340‐degree arc technique (which averages transmission and scatter effects) with the Acuros XB algorithm and PTFE as the assigned material. To confirm that PTFE is a reasonable substitute for kyphoplasty cement, we performed measurements in a slab phantom using rectangular inserts of cement and PTFE, showing average agreement of all photon modes within 2%. Based on these findings, we conclude that the PTFE material assignment provides acceptable dose calculation accuracy for the AAA and Acuros XB photon algorithms in the Eclipse TPS. We recommend that the cement be delineated as a structure and assigned the PTFE material for accurate dose calculation.
Weighted couple‐group consensus for a kind of discrete heterogeneous multiagent systems in cooperative–competitive networks based on self‐adaptive controller
Authors: Pu Xingcheng , Liu Yi , Ren Li 
Published: February 2021

SummaryIn this article, the weighted couple‐group consensus is studied for a kind of discrete heterogeneous multiagent systems with time delays. Based on self‐adaptive controller and cooperative–competitive relation, a novel weighted couple‐group protocol is proposed for this system without satisfying the in‐degree balance of the vertex. By applying complex frequency method, matrix analysis and graph algebraic theory, some sufficient conditions are given to ensure the success of couple‐group consensus under directed or undirected topology. The upper limit of the input time delay can be computed according to the weighted parameters. Some simulation examples show the validity of the achieved results.
Rapid Extracellular Matrix Remodeling via Gene‐Electrospun Fibers as a “Patch” for Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Jin Jing , Saiding Qimanguli , Wang Xianjing , Qin Menglu , Xiang Yi , Cheng Ruoyu , Cui Wenguo , Chen Xinliang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA break of extracellular matrix (ECM) balance can cause several degenerative changes in soft tissues. To reverse the imbalance fundamentally, a recently developed treatment, gene therapy, came to attention. However, the efficiency of the approach is limited because long‐term localized presence and bioactivity are difficult to achieve. Here, reconstituted lysyl oxidase‐like 1 (LOXL1) plasmids (pLOXL1) are loaded into nanoliposomes by a microfluidic chip, followed by encapsulation into the core layer of core–shell nanofibers by microsol‐electrospinning to achieve local accumulation and biological availability of the constructs and enable rapid ECM response. Results show that the pLOXL1‐Lipo@PLCL‐HA achieves the sustained release of pLOXL1 over a 30‐day period, with its transfection efficiency maintained above 50%. In a rabbit model of abdominal hernia, the long‐term collagen remodeling density is raised by over 90% in the pLOXL1‐Lipo@PLCL‐HA implanted animals compared to the control animals. The expression levels of ECM gene (COL1A1, COL3A1, Elastin, Fubilin5) are significantly increased. Collectively, this study establishes that pLOXL1‐Lipo@PLCL‐HA accelerates local ECM reconstruction via effective and reliable gene delivery as a potential base material of a “patch” for pelvic floor repairment, and identifies the key principles for design of LOXL1‐incorporated scaffolds for ECM regeneration.
Defect Engineering in Earth‐Abundant Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 Photovoltaic Materials via Ga3+‐Doping for over 12% Efficient Solar Cells
Authors: Du Yachao , Wang Shanshan , Tian Qingwen , Zhao Yuechao , Chang Xiaohuan , Xiao Haiqin , Deng Yueqing , Chen Shiyou , Wu Sixin , Liu Shengzhong (Frank) 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe efficiency of earth‐abundant Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) solar cells is considerably lower than the Shockley–Queisser limit. One of the main reasons for this is the presence of deleterious cation disordering caused by SnZn antisite and 2CuZn+SnZn defect clusters, resulting in a short minority carrier lifetime and significant band tailing, leading to a large open‐circuit voltage deficit, and hence, low efficiency. In this study, Ga‐doping is used to increase the CZTSSe solar cell efficiency to as high as 12.3%, one of the highest for this type of cells. First‐principles calculations show that the preference of Ga3+ occupying Zn and Sn sites has a benign effect on suppressing the formation of the SnZn deep donor defects by upwardly shifting the Fermi level, which is further confirmed by deep‐level transient spectroscopy characterization. Besides, the Ga dopants can also form defect‐dopant clusters, such as GaZn+CuZn and GaZn+GaSn, which also have positive effects on suppressing the band‐tailing states. The defect engineering via Ga3+‐doping may suppress the band‐tailing defect with a decreased Urbach energy, elevate the minority carrier lifetime, and in the end, enhance the VOC from 473 to 515 mV. These results provide a new route to further increase CZTSSe‐based solar cell efficiency by defect engineering.
Tailoring of a Piezo‐Photo‐Thermal Solar Evaporator for Simultaneous Steam and Power Generation
Authors: Huang Cong‐Han , Huang Jen‐Xiang , Chiao Yu‐Hsuan , Chang Chia‐Ming , Hung Wei‐Song , Lue Shingjiang Jessie , Wang Chih‐Feng , Hu Chien‐Chieh , Lee Kueir‐Rarn , Pan Huang‐Hsing , Lai Juin‐Yih 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWater and electricity shortages constitute a global energy crisis that cannot be ignored. The sun is an unlimited source of energy, and oceans provide abundant water and renewable energy resources. In this study, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/graphene solar evaporator membranes are fabricated for simultaneous freshwater production and power generation. Graphene addition transformed the PVDF crystal from the α‐phase to the piezoelectric self‐assembly β‐phase. The resulting membrane is used to convert the mechanical energy of waves to electrical energy. The membrane has an output voltage of 2.6 V (±1.3 V) and an energy density of 2.11 Wm−2 for 1 Hz simulated waves, which are higher than values reported in the literature. The stacked graphene and polymer formed a wood‐lumens‐like mesoporous structure with a photothermal effect. Under one sun illumination, the water production rate is 1.2 kg m−2 h−1, and the solar‐thermal energy conversion efficiency is 84%. Finally, a prototype is built to prove a single evaporator's feasibility that can simultaneously obtain freshwater and generate electricity. Thus, this membrane serves as an ocean wave power generation device that can provide all‐weather energy generation, convert stored electrical energy into thermal energy at night and on cloudy days, and continuously provide safe drinking water.
Humidity‐Responsive Liquid Crystalline Network Actuator Showing Synergistic Fluorescence Color Change Enabled by Aggregation Induced Emission Luminogen
Authors: Lan Ruochen , Gao Yanzi , Shen Chen , Huang Rui , Bao Jinying , Zhang Zhongping , Wang Qian , Zhang Lanying , Yang Huai 
Published: February 2021

AbstractImitating the structures and behaviors of natural creatures is of great significance to scientists to explore novel materials for practical applications. However, the design and fabrication of biomimetic devices with complex and outstanding performances is still on the way. A bilayer film composed of liquid crystalline networks (LCN) film and hydrochromic aggregation‐induced‐emission molecule‐doped hydrophilic layer is prepared. Under different relative humidity, the composite film can deform and change fluorescence color simultaneously. The influence of the content of the hydrophilic matrix on the fluorescent property and humidity‐responsive behaviors of the bilayer film is investigated. Thanks to the mechanical anisotropy provided by uniform‐aligned LCN film, different modes of deformation of the bilayer film are achievable, like bending, curling, and twisting. More importantly, due to the independence of the LCN film and the non‐mesogenic molecules brought by this bimorph strategy, complex alignment of the LCN film and modification by immiscible molecules are realized in a single LCN actuator. Based on the functional composite film, artificial flowers showing synergistic blooming and shape‐changing is prepared. By regulating the molecular alignment of the LC mesogens of the LCN film, the artificial flowers can imitate various blooming behaviors of natural flowers like confederate jasmine and jade lotus.
Chiral 3D‐printed Bioelectrodes
Authors: Muñoz Jose , Redondo Edurne , Pumera Martin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract3D printing technology has gained great interest since it enables decentralized and customized manufacturing of 3D‐printed electronic devices. From an electrochemical point of view, 3D‐printed electrodes present promising achievements for (bio)sensing approaches. Herein, the feasibility of exploiting 3D‐printed electrode substrates toward chiral analyses—a relevant topic owing to the homochiral nature of the biochemistry of life—has been interrogated for the first time. As a proof‐of‐concept, as‐printed 3D‐printed nanocomposite carbon electrodes (3D‐nCEs) have been biofunctionalized with a model chiral selector like the class‐enzyme L‐amino acid oxidase for the ultrasensitive electrochemical discrimination of amino acid enantiomers. Interestingly, an unprecedented electrochemical approach has been devised, which relies on impedimetrically monitoring changes at the bioelectrode interface derived from the reactivity between the H2O2 by‐product generated during enzymatic reactions and the 3D‐nCE surface, yielding to the screening of amino acid enantiomers even at femtomolar concentrations. Different characterization techniques have been employed to elucidate the impedimetric mechanism involved for the electroanalysis. Accordingly, this work not only demonstrates the feasibility of exploiting 3D‐printed electronic devices for enantiosensing achievements, but also brings out a general and straightforward electrochemical approach for the sensitive and selective analysis of enzymatic systems.
Position‐Controlled Functionalization of Vacancies in Silicon by Single‐Ion Implanted Germanium Atoms
Authors: Achilli Simona , Le Nguyen H. , Fratesi Guido , Manini Nicola , Onida Giovanni , Turchetti Marco , Ferrari Giorgio , Shinada Takahiro , Tanii Takashi , Prati Enrico 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSpecial point defects in semiconductors have been envisioned as suitable components for quantum‐information technology. The identification of new deep centers in silicon that can be easily activated and controlled is a main target of the research in the field. Vacancy‐related complexes are suitable to provide deep electronic levels but they are hard to control spatially. With the spirit of investigating solid state devices with intentional vacancy‐related defects at controlled position, the functionalization of silicon vacancies is reported on here by implanting Ge atoms through single‐ion implantation, producing Ge‐vacancy (GeV) complexes. The quantum transport through an array of GeV complexes in a silicon‐based transistor is investigated. By exploiting a model based on an extended Hubbard Hamiltonian derived from ab initio results, anomalous activation energy values of the thermally activated conductance of both quasi‐localized and delocalized many‐body states are obtained, compared to conventional dopants. Such states are identified, forming the upper Hubbard band, as responsible for the experimental sub‐threshold transport across the transistor. The combination of the model with the single‐ion implantation method enables future research for the engineering of GeV complexes toward the creation of spatially controllable individual defects in silicon for applications in quantum information technology.
Efficient Low‐Grade Heat Harvesting Enabled by Tuning the Hydration Entropy in an Electrochemical System
Authors: Gao Caitian , Liu Yezhou , Chen Bingbing , Yun Jeonghun , Feng Erxi , Kim Yeongae , Kim Moobum , Choi Ahreum , Lee Hyun‐Wook , Lee Seok Woo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHarvesting of low‐grade heat (<100 °C) is promising, but its application is hampered by a lack of efficient and low‐cost systems. The thermally regenerative electrochemical cycle (TREC) is a potential alternative system with high energy‐conversion efficiency. Here, the temperature coefficient (α), which is a key factor in a TREC, is studied by tuning the hydration entropy of the electrochemical reaction. The change of α in copper hexacyanoferrate (CuHCFe) with intercalation of different monovalent cations (Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+) and a larger α value of −1.004 mV K−1 being found in the Rb+ system are observed. With a view to practical application, a full cell is constructed for low‐grade heat harvesting. The resultant ηe is 4.34% when TREC operates between 10 and 50 °C, which further reaches 6.21% when 50% heat recuperation is considered. This efficiency equals to 50% of the Carnot efficiency, which is thought to be the highest ηe reported for low‐grade heat harvesting systems. This study provides a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms governing the TREC, and the demonstrated efficient system paves the way for low‐grade heat harvesting.
A Comprehensive Review on Intracellular Delivery
Authors: Morshedi Rad Dorsa , Alsadat Rad Maryam , Razavi Bazaz Sajad , Kashaninejad Navid , Jin Dayong , Ebrahimi Warkiani Majid 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIntracellular delivery is considered an indispensable process for various studies, ranging from medical applications (cell‐based therapy) to fundamental (genome‐editing) and industrial (biomanufacture) approaches. Conventional macroscale delivery systems critically suffer from such issues as low cell viability, cytotoxicity, and inconsistent material delivery, which have opened up an interest in the development of more efficient intracellular delivery systems. In line with the advances in microfluidics and nanotechnology, intracellular delivery based on micro‐ and nanoengineered platforms has progressed rapidly and held great promises owing to their unique features. These approaches have been advanced to introduce a smorgasbord of diverse cargoes into various cell types with the maximum efficiency and the highest precision. This review differentiates macro‐, micro‐, and nanoengineered approaches for intracellular delivery. The macroengineered delivery platforms are first summarized and then each method is categorized based on whether it employs a carrier‐ or membrane‐disruption‐mediated mechanism to load cargoes inside the cells. Second, particular emphasis is placed on the micro‐ and nanoengineered advances in the delivery of biomolecules inside the cells. Furthermore, the applications and challenges of the established and emerging delivery approaches are summarized. The topic is concluded by evaluating the future perspective of intracellular delivery toward the micro‐ and nanoengineered approaches.