bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Objective changes in astigmatism during accommodation
Authors: Lara‐Lacárcel Francisco , Marín‐Franch Iván , Fernández‐Sánchez Vicente , Riquelme‐Nicolás Resurrección , López‐Gil Norberto 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPurposePrevious studies have shown small but clinically significant changes in the power and axis of astigmatism when the eye accommodates. Monocular objective measurements of the eye during accommodation, when the object approaches the eye without convergence, also reveal small astigmatic changes. Moreover, it is known that the eye exhibits ocular cyclotorsion at different gaze angles. Since accommodation and convergence normally occur simultaneously, we studied the change in the magnitude and axis of astigmatism during accommodation for different convergence angles.MethodsThe left eye of 15 subjects between 20 and 49 years old (mean 28.5 ± 9.7 years) having ≤1.5 D astigmatism was evaluated. Measurements were made using a Shack‐Hartmann aberrometer for an accommodation range of +0.50 D to −10 D in 0.50 D steps, and for four monocular convergence demands: 0°, 5°, 10° and 15°. Statistical analysis used power vectors to quantify the change in cylinder power and axis for each accommodation and convergence demand with age.ResultsJackson cross‐cylinder component J45 did not change during accommodation for all vergences tested. However, J0 changed by an average of −0.02 D per dioptre of accommodation (D/Dacc) for convergence demands of 0°, 5° and 10° and −0.03 D/Dacc for the 15° demand. This corresponds to an average cylinder power change of −0.05 D/Dacc for convergences of 0°, 5° and 10° and −0.08 D/Dacc for 15° of convergence. The cylinder axis always changed towards 90° (against‐the‐rule), and age did not play a significant role.ConclusionsExcept for accommodation demands >4 D, we did not find a clinically significant change in astigmatism for convergence angles up to 15º. The small changes in cylinder power and axis may be due to shifts in the position of the crystalline lens during accommodation.
Psychometric evaluation of the German version of the Brief Reflective Functioning Interview
Authors: Andreas Sylke , Plümer Paul , Reichholf Katharina , Dehoust Maria , Schulz Holger , Müllauer Pia , Rudden Marie G. , Senft Birgit , Gaugeler Richard , Hayden Markus 
Published: August 2021

ObjectivesTo measure mentalization in a feasible manner, various instruments have been designed in recent years. The Brief Reflective Functioning Interview (BRFI) is a short interview that is based on the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI). The aim of both studies was to examine the psychometric properties of the German version of the BRFI and to compare them to those of the AAI.MethodsIn Study 1, we examined 60 students using the BRFI and the AAI. In Study 2, the validity of the BRFI was examined using a mixed sample of students and patients (N = 149). Trained coders evaluated the Reflective Functioning Scale (RFS) for the BRFI and the AAI.ResultsWe found a significant positive correlation between the RFS total scores of the BRFI and those of the AAI. In addition, both interviews showed excellent internal consistency. We could also show that persons with mental disorders exhibit lower levels of RF score than mentally stable individuals. Women had higher RF scores in the BRFI than men in both samples. Persons whose mentalization capacity was rated below average in either the BRFI or the AAI also reported significantly lower mentalization ability in the self‐assessment (p < .01).ConclusionsOur results revealed that the RFS scores measured by the BRFI are highly comparable to those measured by the AAI. Our findings support the results of previous studies, suggesting that the BRFI is a reliable, valid and easy‐to‐administer alternative to the AAI.Practitioner points

The German version of the Brief Reflective Functioning Interview (BRFI) proved to be a reliable and valid instrument for the assessment of reflective functioning that is shorter in terms of time to complete and the evaluation process than the measurement via the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI).

Reflective functioning is negatively associated with psychopathology.
SET DOMAIN GROUP 721 protein functions in saline–alkaline stress tolerance in the model rice variety Kitaake
Authors: Liu Yutong , Chen Xi , Xue Shangyong , Quan Taiyong , Cui Di , Han Longzhi , Cong Weixuan , Li Mengting , Yun Dae‐Jin , Liu Bao , Xu Zheng‐Yi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTo isolate the genetic locus responsible for saline–alkaline stress tolerance, we developed a high‐throughput activation tagging‐based T‐DNA insertion mutagenesis method using the model rice (Oryza sativa L.) variety Kitaake. One of the activation‐tagged insertion lines, activation tagging 7 (AC7), showed increased tolerance to saline–alkaline stress. This phenotype resulted from the overexpression of a gene that encodes a SET DOMAIN GROUP 721 protein with H3K4 methyltransferase activity. Transgenic plants overexpressing OsSDG721 showed saline–alkaline stress‐tolerant phenotypes, along with increased leaf angle, advanced heading and ripening dates. By contrast, ossdg721 loss‐of‐function mutants showed increased sensitivity to saline–alkaline stress characterized by decreased survival rates and reduction in plant height, grain size, grain weight and leaf angle. RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) analysis of wild‐type Kitaake and ossdg721 mutants indicated that OsSDG721 positively regulates the expression level of HIGH‐AFFINITY POTASSIUM (K+) TRANSPORTER1;5 (OsHKT1;5), which encodes a Na+‐selective transporter that maintains K+/Na+ homeostasis under salt stress. Furthermore, we showed that OsSDG721 binds to and deposits the H3K4me3 mark in the promoter and coding region of OsHKT1;5, thereby upregulating OsHKT1;5 expression under saline–alkaline stress. Overall, by generating Kitaake activation‐tagging pools, we established that the H3K4 methyltransferase OsSDG721 enhances saline–alkaline stress tolerance in rice.
The NF‐Y‐PYR module integrates the abscisic acid signal pathway to regulate plant stress tolerance
Authors: Yu Tai‐Fei , Liu Ying , Fu Jin‐Dong , Ma Jian , Fang Zheng‐Wu , Chen Jun , Zheng Lei , Lu Zhi‐Wei , Zhou Yong‐Bin , Chen Ming , Xu Zhao‐Shi , Ma You‐Zhi 
Published: August 2021

SummaryDrought and salt stresses impose major constraints on soybean production worldwide. However, improving agronomically valuable soybean traits under drought conditions can be challenging due to trait complexity and multiple factors that influence yield. Here, we identified a nuclear factor Y C subunit (NF‐YC) family transcription factor member, GmNF‐YC14, which formed a heterotrimer with GmNF‐YA16 and GmNF‐YB2 to activate the GmPYR1‐mediated abscisic acid (ABA) signalling pathway to regulate stress tolerance in soybean. Notably, we found that CRISPR/Cas9‐generated GmNF‐YC14 knockout mutants were more sensitive to drought than wild‐type soybean plants. Furthermore, field trials showed that overexpression of GmNF‐YC14 or GmPYR1 could increase yield per plant, grain plumpness, and stem base circumference, thus indicating improved adaptation of soybean plants to drought conditions. Taken together, our findings expand the known functional scope of the NF‐Y transcription factor functions and raise important questions about the integration of ABA signalling pathways in plants. Moreover, GmNF‐YC14 and GmPYR1 have potential for application in the improvement of drought tolerance in soybean plants.
Effects of cultivar resistance and fungicide application on stem canker of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and potential interseasonal transmission of Leptosphaeria spp. inoculum
Authors: Fortune James A. , Qi Aiming , Ritchie Faye , Karandeni Dewage Chinthani S. , Fitt Bruce D. L. , Huang Yong‐Ju 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPhoma stem canker is a damaging disease of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) that causes annual yield losses to UK oilseed rape growers worth approximately £100 million, despite the use of fungicides. In the UK, oilseed rape is sown in August/September and harvested in the following July. The disease epidemics are initiated by ascospores released from Leptosphaeria spp. pseudothecia (ascocarps) on stem stubble in the autumn/winter. Control of this disease is reliant on the use of cultivars with “field resistance” and azole fungicides. This study investigated the effects of cultivar resistance and application of the fungicide prothioconazole on the severity of stem canker before harvest and the subsequent production of pseudothecia on the infected stubble under natural conditions in the 2017/2018, 2018/2019, and 2019/2020 cropping seasons. The application of prothioconazole and cultivar resistance decreased the severity of phoma stem canker before harvest, and the subsequent production of Leptosphaeria spp. pseudothecia on stubble in terms of pseudothecial density. Results showed that stems with less severe stem cankers produced fewer mature pseudothecia of Leptosphaeria spp. on the infected stubble. This investigation suggests that the most sustainable and effective integrated control strategy for phoma stem canker in seasons with low quantities of inoculum is to use cultivars with medium or good field resistance and apply only one spray of prothioconazole when required.
Effects of chloroplast–cytoplasm exchange and lateral mass transfer on slow induction of chlorophyll fluorescence in Characeae
Authors: Bulychev Alexander A. , Cherkashin Alexander A. , Shapiguzov Stepan Yu. , Alova Anna V. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractRapid cytoplasmic streaming in characean algae mediates communications between remote cell regions exposed to uneven irradiance. The metabolites exported from brightly illuminated chloroplasts spread along the internode with the liquid flow and cause transient changes in chlorophyll fluorescence at cell areas that are exposed to dim light or placed shortly in darkness. The largest distance to which the photometabolites can be transported has not yet been determined. Neither is it known if lateral transport has an influence on the induction of chlorophyll fluorescence. In this study, the relations between spatial connectivity of anchored chloroplasts in characean internodes and fluorescence induction curves were examined. Connectivity between remote cell parts was pronounced upon illumination of a cell spot at a distance up to 10 mm from the area of fluorescence measurement, provided the spot was located upstream in the cytoplasmic flow. Spatial interactions between distant cell sites were also manifested in strikingly different slow stages of fluorescence induction caused by narrow‐ and wide‐field illumination. Cytochalasin D, cooling of bath solution, and inactivation of light‐dependent envelope transporters were used to disturb cyclosis‐mediated spatial interactions. Although fluorescence induction curves induced by narrow‐ and wide‐field illumination differed greatly under control conditions, they became similar after the inhibition of cyclosis with cytochalasin D. The results indicate that cytoplasmic streaming not only drives the lateral translocation of photometabolites but also promotes the export of reducing power from illuminated chloroplasts due to flushing the chloroplast surface and keeping sharp concentration gradients.
Analysis of community‐owned mutual insurers' prospects of development in CEE countries: Outlining research agenda
Authors: Krišto Jakša , Talonen Antti , Pauković Hrvoje 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe aim of the article is to discuss the development of prospects of mutual insurers in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries and outline a possible research agenda for understanding their development direction in these countries. This has been achieved by exploring and identifying reasons behind community‐owned mutual insurers' underdevelopment and potential for future development through analysis of 24 interviews that included representatives from three stakeholder groups: supervisory authorities, insurance industry associations, and academics. Respondents were located in eight CEE countries: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Croatia, and Romania. Results of the study explaining mutual insurers' current underdevelopment and the potential for future development form four categories: citizens as consumers; mutual insurer's organizational characteristics and management; the impact of regulation; and society at large. Based on the results, in the article, we envision and point out several research approaches, perspectives of development, and directions that should be considered further by the scholars in the future.
Optimal investment in human capital under migration uncertainty
Authors: Siyahhan Baran , Ghoddusi Hamed 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis paper develops a model of optimal education investment under uncertainty for an agent with an emigration option. We distinguish between local (country‐specific) and global human capital and analyze the role of migration opportunities in human capital accumulation of different types. The analysis shows that human capital accumulation depends on the level of uncertainty and the transferability of human capital across countries. Allowing for human capital investment in the destination country and easier transferability of both local and global human capital exacerbate brain drain.
Tectonically dominant surface denudation and topography in the Himalaya: Evidence from coupling between bedrock channel and valley hillslope topographies
Authors: Wang An , Wang Guocan , Cao Kai , Yuan Xiaoping , Shen Tianyi , Wei Jiangwei 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe Himalaya, a leading example of active mountains, is jointly shaped by intense tectonics, extreme climate and surface denudation. However, the causal relationship among these agents remains controversial. In this work, by an integrated analysis of bedrock channels and valley hillslopes using process‐based models, we discover 3D‐linear correlations in logarithmic space among precipitation‐estimated stream discharge, channel gradients and valley hillslope gradients. This finding indicates that channel incision and hillslope denudation are dynamically coupled in sculpting the erosional topography in tectonically active domains of the Himalaya. The channel‐hillslope coupling provides an independent approach to quantify key parameters of erosional models. Surface denudation indices simulated along streams and in drainage basins present a regular arrangement of high‐ and low‐denudation zones across the Himalaya, which coincides well with available thermochronological and structural data and thereby supports a tectonic dominance on surface denudation rates and topography over medium‐long timescale.
Analytical and Computational Fluid Dynamics Models of Wells Turbines for Oscillating Water Column Systems
Authors: Ciappi L. , Stebel M. , Smolka J. , Cappietti L. , Manfrida G. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe sea is an important renewable energy resource for its extension and the power conveyed by waves, currents, tides, and thermal gradients. Amongst these physical phenomena, sea waves are the source with the highest energy density and may contribute to fulfilling the global increase of power demand. Despite the potential of sea waves, their harnessing is still a technological challenge. Oscillating water column systems operating with Wells turbines represent one of the most straightforward and reliable solutions for the optimal exploitation of this resource. An analytical model and computational fluid dynamics models were developed to evaluate the functioning of monoplane isolated Wells turbines. For the former modeling typology, a blade element momentum code relying on the actuator disk theory was applied, considering the rotor as a set of airfoils. For the latter modeling typology, a three-dimensional multi-block technique was implemented to create the computational domain with a fully mapped mesh composed of hexahedral elements. The employment of circumferential periodic boundary conditions allowed for the reduction of computational power and time. The models use Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) or u-RANS schemes with a multiple reference frame approach or the u-RANS formulation with a sliding mesh approach. The achieved results were compared with analytical and experimental literature data for validation. All the developed models showed good agreement. The analytical model is suitable for a fast prediction of the turbine operation on a wide set of configurations during the first design stages, while the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models are indicated for the further investigation of the selected configurations.
Coalescing upper-crust detachment faults as a major structural style in the Great Basin: Evidence from the White Pine and Horse Ranges, east-central Nevada, USA
Authors: Francis Robert D. , Holk Gregory J. , Lacy Tor B. , Walker Charles T. 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
Determining the origin and evolution of basin-and-range geomorphology and structure in the western United States is a fundamental problem with global implications for continental tectonics. Has the extensional tectonic development of the Great Basin been dominated by steeply dipping (horst and graben) faulting or detachment faulting? The purpose of this paper is to provide evidence that attenuation due to multiple coalescing detachment faults has been a significant or dominant upper-crustal process in at least some areas of the Great Basin.
We present mapping at a scale of 1:3000 and seismic refraction profiling of an area at the discontinuity between the White Pine and Horse Ranges, east-central Nevada, USA, which indicate the existence of a detachment rooted in an argillaceous ductile unit. This fault, which we call the Currant Gap detachment, coalesces with the previously mapped regional White Pine detachment. Our data suggest that the Currant Summit strike-slip fault at the surface, previously proposed to explain a nearly 2500 m east-west surface offset between the two ranges, likely does not exist. If a discontinuity exists at depth, it could be manifested at the surface by the undulating topography of the two coalescing detachments. On the other hand, offset domal uplifts in the two ranges would obviate the need for any lateral discontinuity at depth to explain the observed surface features.
Our previous mapping of the White Pine detachment showed that it extends over the White Pine, Horse, and Grant Ranges and into Railroad Valley (total of 3000 km2). Accordingly, we propose a model of stacked, coalescing detachments above the metamorphic infrastructure; these detachments are regional and thus account for most of the basin-range relief and upper-crust extension in this area. An essential feature of our model is that these detachments are rooted in ductile units. Detachments that have been observed in brittle units could have initiated at a time when elevated temperatures or fluid flow enhanced the ductility of the rocks. The Currant Gap and White Pine detachments exhibit distinctive types of fluid-genetic silicified rocks. Study of such rocks in fault contacts could provide insights into the initiation and early history of detachment faulting as well as the migration of fluids, including petroleum.
Two-step obduction of the Porvenir serpentinites: A cryptic Devonian suture in SW Iberian Massif (Ossa-Morena Complex)
Authors: Fernández* Rubén Díez , Matas Jerónimo , Arenas Ricardo , Martín-Parra Luis Miguel , Martínez Sonia Sánchez , Novo-Fernández Irene , Rojo-Pérez Esther 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
The Porvenir serpentinites are an ~600-m-thick body of meta-peridotites exposed in SW Iberia (Variscan Orogen). The serpentinites occur as a horse within a Carboniferous, out-of-sequence thrust system (Espiel thrust). This thrust juxtaposes the serpentinites and peri-Gondwanan strata onto younger peri-Gondwanan strata, with the serpentinites occupying an intermediate position. Reconstruction of the pre-Espiel thrust structure results in a vertical juxtaposition of terranes: Cambrian strata below, Porvenir serpentinites in the middle, and the strata at the footwall to the Espiel thrust culminating the tectonic pile. The reconstructed tectonic pile accounts for yet another major thrusting event, since a section of upper mantle (Porvenir serpentinites) was sandwiched between two tectonic slices of continental crust (a suture zone sensu lato). The primary lower plate to the suture is now overlying the upper plate due to the Espiel thrust. Lochkovian strata in the upper plate and the Devonian, NE-verging folds in the lower plate suggest SW-directed accretion of the lower plate during the Devonian, i.e., Laurussia-directed underthrusting for the closure of a Devonian intra-Gondwana basin. Obduction of the Porvenir serpentinites was a two-step process: one connected to the development of a Devonian suture zone, and another related to out-of-sequence thrusting that cut the suture zone and brought upward a tectonic slice of upper mantle rocks hosted in that suture. The primary Laurussia-dipping geometry inferred for this partially obducted suture zone fits the geometry, kinematics, and timing of the Late Devonian suture zone exposed in NW Iberia and may represent the continuation of such suture into SW Iberia.
New tectonic model and division of the Ubendian-Usagaran Belt, Tanzania: A review and in-situ dating of eclogites
Authors: Boniface* Nelson , Tsujimori Tatsuki 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
Records of high-pressure/low-temperature (HP-LT) metamorphic interfaces are not common in Precambrian orogens. It should be noted that the association of HP-LT metamorphic interfaces and strongly deformed ocean plate stratigraphy that form accretionary prisms between trenches and magmatic arcs are recognized as hallmark signatures of modern plate tectonics. In East Africa (Tanzania), the Paleoproterozoic Ubendian-Usagaran Belt records a HP-LT metamorphic interface that we consider as a centerpiece in reviewing the description of tectonic units of the Ubendian-Usagaran Belt and defining a new tectonic model. Our new U-Pb zircon age and the interpretations from existing data reveal an age between 1920 and 1890 Ma from the kyanite bearing eclogites. This establishment adds to the information of already known HP-LT metamorphic events at 2000 Ma, 1890–1860 Ma, and 590–520 Ma from the Ubendian-Usagaran Belt. Arc–back-arc signatures from eclogites imply that their mafic protoliths were probably eroded from arc basalt above a subduction zone and were channeled into a subduction zone as mélanges and got metamorphosed. The Ubendian-Usagaran events also record rifting, arc and back-arc magmatism, collisional, and hydrothermal events that preceded or followed HP-LT tectonic events. Our new tectonic subdivision of the Ubendian Belt is described as: (1) the western Ubendian Corridor, mainly composed of two Proterozoic suture zones (subduction at 2000, 1920–1890, Ma and 590–500 Ma) in the Ufipa and Nyika Terranes; (2) the central Ubendian Corridor, predominated by metamorphosed mafic-ultramafic rocks in the Ubende, Mbozi, and Upangwa Terranes that include the 1890–1860 Ma eclogites with mid-ocean ridge basalt affinity in the Ubende Terrane; and (3) the eastern Ubendian Corridor (the Katuma and Lupa Terranes), characterized by reworked Archean crust.