bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia assessed by densitometry in Japanese puerperal women
Authors: Kurabayashi Takumi , Nagai Kazue , Morikawa Kyoko , Kamimura Naomi , Yanase Toru , Hayashi Kunihiko 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAimThe aim is to examine the prevalence of low bone mineral density (BMD) (osteoporosis and osteopenia) of lumbar and femoral bones in puerperal women for the prenatal and postnatal care to ensure their optimal bone health.MethodsWe analyzed the first scan data of 1079 Japanese puerperal women without bone fracture (mean age 33.5 ± 4.5 years) who had undergone deliveries at Niigata City General Hospital for 10 years. We measured BMDs of the lumbar spine [LS], femoral neck [FN], and total hip [TH] with dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) within 30 days after delivery.ResultsThe rates of osteoporosis of LS, FN, TH, and comprehensive diagnosis (CD) were 0.6%, 4.8%, 1.5%, and 5.4%, respectively, and osteopenia were 20.2%, 39.5%, 29.3%, and 44.3%, respectively. The multivariable‐adjusted odds ratio (OR) for body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy reflected significant decreases in risk for low BMD with an OR of 0.78 (95% CI: 0.74–0.82) with the 1 kg/m2 increases. In lean women (BMI < 18.5), 71% of them had low BMD.ConclusionsApproximately 50% of puerperal women had low BMD without bone fracture. BMD measurements at puerperium, especially for lean women, may be very useful for identifying at risk of osteoporosis in future.
Primary spread of caudal blockade in children: the possible limiting role of the lumbar spinal cord enlargement (tumenescence) in combination with the cerebrospinal fluid rebound mechanism
Authors: Castillo Paul , Forestier Jakob , Wiegele Marion , Finnbogasson Throstur , Lönnqvist Per‐Arne 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundDespite being the most frequently used pediatric nerve block, certain aspects of the initial intraspinal spread of local anesthetics when performing a caudal block need further elucidation. The fact that injected volumes of 0.7–1.3 mL kg−1 initially only reach the thoraco‐lumbar junction, with only a few vertebral segments difference despite the huge difference in injected volume, still has no apparent explanation. We hypothesize that the narrowing of the epidural space caused by the lumbar spinal enlargement may provide an anatomical barrier causing this restriction of initial spread, alone or in combination with increased intrathecal pressure caused by the “cerebrospinal fluid rebound mechanism.” The aim of this observational study was to find support for or refute this hypothesis.MethodsTwenty nine MRI scans of the vertebral column, performed in children 0–6 years of age, was identified from the radiographic imaging computer system and analyzed for the vertebral level of the maximum of the lumbar spinal enlargement (Associated anatomical data related to the spinal canal, the dura mater, and the spinal cord were also recorded.ResultsThe maximum of the lumbar spinal enlargement was found at a median vertebral level of Th 11 (IQR 11–11).ConclusionThe maximum of the lumbar spinal enlargement is located at the Th 11 vertebral level. Although not entirely conclusive, the findings of the present study do support the notion that the lumbar spinal enlargement, in combination with the CSF rebound mechanism, may be the factors limiting the initial spread of a caudal block to the thoraco‐lumbar junction.
Seasonal variability and age‐related risk in youth trampoline injuries
Authors: Williams Brendan A. , Harwood Kathleen , Markiewitz Nathan , Malige Ajith , Baldwin Keith D. , Wells Lawrence 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this work was to estimate the difference in severity between musculoskeletal trampoline park injuries (TPIs) and home trampoline injuries (HTI) and identify the factors that might mediate or modify that effect.MethodsThe National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database was used to identify musculoskeletal home trampoline injuries and TPIs in pediatric patients occurring in the 2009–2017 period. Injury mechanism and body region were inductively coded. The effect of TPI on risk of admission was estimated using a doubly robust logistic regression model for confounding adjustment. Adjustments were made for date, age, gender, injury mechanism, and body region. The comparative importance of injury mechanism and location and the effect modification of patient characteristics was explored using likelihood ratio tests.ResultsTrampoline park injuries were more likely to result in admission even in the model adjusted for injury mechanism and body region (odds ratio (OR) = 2.12 [1.30, 3.45]). Injuries sustained from falling off the trampoline were associated with significantly fewer hospitalizations (OR = 0.119 [0.029, 0.495]) than injuries from falling while on the trampoline. Patient age significantly modified the effect of setting on risk of admission (P = 0.042). Adolescents demonstrated an increased risk at trampoline parks (15 years old OR = 3.23 [1.38, 7.56]), whereas younger children demonstrated a marginally lower risk (5 years old OR = 0.77 [0.44, 1.35]).ConclusionsTrampoline park musculoskeletal injuries demonstrate an increased risk of admission even after rigorous adjustment for confounding. Injuries to the proximal limbs were associated with a much higher risk of admission than distal injuries. Adolescents face an increased risk of admission after TPI, underscoring the importance of public health interventions that target this age group.
Organizational Reputation in the Public Administration: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Bustos Edgar O. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDespite the increasing number of publications on organizational reputation in the public administration throughout the last two decades, no systematic review has been conducted to synthesize the current state of the literature. This article contributes to this issue by bringing together empirical and theoretical academic research—119 articles and seven books—to analyze five critical aspects of this scholarship: conceptualization, types implemented, antecedents, outcomes, and multidimensionality. This work provides an overview of the field while identifying five critical areas for further research: reputational audiences, public leaders’ impact on reputation, development of typologies based on the characteristics of reputation, the use of standardized methods to conduct more cross‐country studies, and research on a wider variety of cultural and organizational contexts.
Time to rethink trophic levels in aquaculture policy
Authors: Cottrell Richard S. , Metian Marc , Froehlich Halley E. , Blanchard Julia L. , Sand Jacobsen Nis , McIntyre Peter B. , Nash Kirsty L. , Williams David R. , Bouwman Lex , Gephart Jessica A. , Kuempel Caitlin D. , Moran Daniel D. , Troell Max , Halpern Benjamin S. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAquaculture policy often promotes production of low‐trophic level species for sustainable industry growth. Yet, the application of the trophic level concept to aquaculture is complex, and its value for assessing sustainability is further complicated by continual reformulation of feeds. The majority of fed farmed fish and invertebrate species are produced using human‐made compound feeds that can differ markedly from the diet of the same species in the wild and continue to change in composition. Using data on aquaculture feeds, we show that technical advances have substantially decreased the mean effective trophic level of farmed species, such as salmon (mean TL = 3.48 to 2.42) and tilapia (2.32 to 2.06), from 1995 to 2015. As farmed species diverge in effective trophic level from their wild counterparts, they are coalescing at a similar effective trophic level due to standardisation of feeds. This pattern blurs the interpretation of trophic level in aquaculture because it can no longer be viewed as a trait of the farmed species, but rather is a dynamic feature of the production system. Guidance based on wild trophic position or historical resource use is therefore misleading. Effective aquaculture policy needs to avoid overly simplistic sustainability indicators such as trophic level. Instead, employing empirically derived metrics based on the specific farmed properties of species groups, management techniques and advances in feed formulation will be crucial for achieving truly sustainable options for farmed seafood.
Vulnerable areas to accidents with scorpions in Brazil
Authors: Amado Talita Ferreira , Moura Thais Andrade , Riul Pablo , Lira André Felipe de Araujo , Badillo‐Montaño Raúl , Martinez Pablo Ariel 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo identify areas that present a higher risk of exposure to accidents with scorpions in Brazil.MethodsWe used techniques of spatial prioritisation to determine the most vulnerable localities to envenomation by four scorpion species. Our prioritisation integrated ecological niche models with health investment, antivenin availability, access to health care facilities and metrics of human impact data.ResultsThe ecological niche models indicated that three scorpion species (Tityus bahiensis, Tityus serrulatus, andTityus stigmurus) are more associated with human population density, whileT. obscurusdemonstrated a strong association with temperature variations during the year. Spatial prioritisation indicated that the areas with higher risk exposure to accidents with scorpions are in northern and northeastern Brazil. Alternatively, more isolated but densely populated areas in the southeastern and central regions also emerged as a priority.ConclusionMapping areas where humans are more likely to interact with scorpions can assist in the design of efficient public health policies.
Comparison of three surgical approaches for zygomatic sialoadenectomy in canine cadavers
Authors: Dörner Judith , Oberbacher Silvia , Dupré Gilles 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo compare three surgical approaches for excision of the zygomatic gland in dogs.Study designCadaveric study.AnimalsCadavers of mesocephalic dogs (n = 20).MethodsEach skull was assigned to a lateral approach with zygomatic arch ostectomy on the left (n = 20) and one approach without ostectomy on the right, ventral (n = 10) or dorsal (n = 10) to the zygomatic arch. Approaches were evaluated for surgical exposure (rated on a scale of 1‐5 with one optimal exposure), tissue trauma, and completeness of gland removal. Glands from each side were weighed to compare as internal control.ResultsThe ostectomy‐based approach offered excellent surgical view and good exposure of the zygomatic gland but caused more tissue trauma. The dorsal nonostectomy approach did not allow complete zygomatic gland extraction in nine of the 10 dogs, whereas the ventral nonostectomy approach enabled complete extraction in all 10 dogs.ConclusionThe ventral zygomatic approach allowed complete removal of the zygomatic gland, with good surgical overview, while reducing tissue trauma and preserving the zygomatic arch.Clinical significanceThe ventral nonostectomy approach should be considered as an alternative to excise the zygomatic gland in dogs.
Temporal changes in pulmonary gas exchange efficiency when breath‐hold diving below residual volume
Authors: Patrician Alexander , Spajić Boris , Gasho Christopher , Caldwell Hannah G. , Dawkins Tony , Stembridge Michael , Lovering Andrew T. , Coombs Geoff B. , Howe Connor A. , Barak Otto , Drviš Ivan , Dujić Željko , Ainslie Philip N. 
Published: February 2021

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
How does deep breath‐hold diving impact cardiopulmonary function, both acutely and over the subsequent 2.5 hours post‐dive?

What is the main finding and its importance?
Breath‐hold diving, to depths below residual volume, is associated with acute impairments in pulmonary gas exchange, which typically resolve within 2.5 hours. These data provide new insight into the behaviour of the lungs and pulmonary vasculature following deep diving.

AbstractBreath‐hold diving involves highly integrative and extreme physiological responses to both exercise and asphyxia during progressive elevations in hydrostatic pressure. Over two diving training camps (Study 1 and 2), 25 breath‐hold divers (recreational to world‐champion) performed 66 dives to 57 ± 20 m (range: 18–117 m). Using the deepest dive from each diver, temporal changes in cardiopulmonary function were assessed using non‐invasive pulmonary gas exchange (indexed via the O2 deficit), ultrasound B‐line scores, lung compliance and pulmonary haemodynamics at baseline and following the dive. Hydrostatically induced lung compression was quantified in Study 2, using spirometry and lung volume measurement, enabling each dive to be categorized by its residual volume (RV)‐equivalent depth. From both studies, pulmonary gas exchange inefficiency – defined as an increase in O2 deficit – was related to the depth of the dive (r2 = 0.345; P < 0.001), with dives associated with lung squeeze symptoms exhibiting the greatest deficits. In Study 1, although B‐lines doubled from baseline (P = 0.027), cardiac output and pulmonary artery systolic pressure were unchanged post‐dive. In Study 2, dives with lung compression to ≤RV had higher O2 deficits at 9 min, compared to dives that did not exceed RV (24 ± 25 vs. 5 ± 8 mmHg; P = 0.021). The physiological significance of a small increase in estimated lung compliance post‐dive (via decreased and increased/unaltered airway resistance and reactance, respectively) remains equivocal. Following deep dives, the current study highlights an integrated link between hydrostatically induced lung compression and transient impairments in pulmonary gas exchange efficiency.
Resilient Flocking Control for Connected and Automated Vehicles With Cyber-Attack Threats
Authors: Wang Fengchen , Chen Yan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
To improve the cybersecurity of flocking control for connected and automated vehicles (CAVs), this paper proposes a novel resilient flocking control by specifically considering cyber-attack threats on vehicle tracking errors. Using the vehicle tracking error dynamics model, a dual extended Kalman filter (DEKF) is applied to detect cyber-attacks as an unknown constant on vehicle tracking information with noise rejections. To handle the coupling effects between tracking errors and cyber-attacks, the proposed DEKF consists of a tracking error filter (TEF) and a cyber-attack filter (CAF), which are utilized to conduct the prediction and correction of tracking errors alternatively. Whenever an abnormal tracking error is detected, an observer-based resilient flocking control is enabled. Demonstrated by simulation results, the proposed cyber-attack detection method and resilient flocking control design can successfully achieve and maintain the flocking control of multi-CAV systems by rejecting certain cyber-attack threats.
Evaluation of Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography as a Technique for Quantifying Carpal Motion
Authors: Robinson Sydney , Straatman Lauren , Lee Ting-Yim , Suh Nina , Lalone Emily 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Delayed diagnosis of dynamic carpal instability often occurs because early changes in bone alignment and movement are difficult to detect and manifest mainly during a dynamic/functional task. Current diagnostic tools are only able to examine the carpal bones under static or sequential-static conditions. Four-dimensional (three dimensions + time) computed tomography (4DCT) enables quantification of carpal mechanics through 3D volume sequences of the wrist in motion. A comprehensive understanding of carpal mechanics is needed to define normal function and structure and provide targets for treatment of carpal injuries. In this study, measurements of scaphoid translation and joint congruency were taken by creating models from the CT scans of the carpals in extreme frames of motion, registering those models to the neutral position, transforming the models into a local coordinate system, and using software to calculate the joint surface areas (JSA). Results indicated that the centroid of the scaphoid translated 6.4 ± 1.3 mm and extended from extreme radial to extreme ulnar deviation. Results are consistent with the literature. An additional study was performed to measure the responsiveness of the 4DCT technique presented. Bone models from each frame of motion for radio ulnar deviation (RUD) and flexion extension (FE) were created and distinct differences between their JSA were measured qualitatively and quantitatively. The results show that there was statistically significantly different JSA within carpal joints between RUD and FE. These studies provide the first step in developing the methodology when using 4DCT scanning to measure subtle abnormalities in the wrist.
Physical Mechanisms Investigation of Sharkskin-Inspired Compressor Cascade Based on Large Eddy Simulations
Authors: Li Zhihui , Jin Yan , Du Juan , Zhang Hongwu , Nie Chaoqun 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTo survive in a complex environment, nature has produced efficient and versatile resource-rich structures. One of the novel drag reduction designs comes from the efficient movement of sharks through microscope riblets aligned along the flow direction. In this paper, the effectiveness of sharkskin-inspired riblets in reducing the aerodynamic loss of compressor cascade flow was investigated using the high-fidelity numerical simulation method. Two key normalized parameters, i.e., s+ and h+, were selected to parameterize various riblet designs, and the corresponding relative change in cascade performance was first investigated based on the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (uRANS) simulations with/without a transition model. Then, the large eddy simulations in conjunction with the wall-adapted local eddy viscosity model were conducted to investigate the cascade flow with the selected riblet design cases. By comparing the flow resistance, transition positions, vortex formations, and turbulence fluctuations of the boundary flow, the flow control mechanisms of the riblets were finally studied. Simulation results show that compared with the prototype case, the total pressure loss can be reduced by up to 20.5% in the fully turbulent environment. This is because the spanwise fluctuation of the turbulent vortices is impeded inside the boundary layer, and the turbulent vortices are lifted above the riblet tip. Low-speed streaks inside the riblet valleys generate relatively low shear stresses, while the high-shear stresses occur only at the riblet tips. However, when considering the transition from laminar to turbulent boundary flow, the aerodynamic performance of compressor cascade strongly depends on the riblet position relative to the transition region on cascade suction side (SS). The total pressure loss can only be reduced by up to 8.1%, and even most riblet designs degrade the cascade performance. The major reason is that the riblets are located upstream of the transition zone, especially at the small incidence angles. Due to the installation of riblets, the contact area between the laminar flow and the wall surface is increased, and the downstream laminar-to-turbulent transition is promoted.
Effect of Boundary Layer Suction on the Corner Separation in a Highly Loaded Axial Compressor Cascade
Authors: Liang Tian , Liu Bo , Spence Stephen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Control of corner separation in axial compressor blade rows has attracted much interest due to its potential to improve compressor efficiency and the energy utilization in turbomachinery. This paper investigates the effectiveness and mechanisms of boundary layer suction in controlling the corner separation of a highly loaded axial compressor cascade. Numerical simulations have been carried out to investigate the effect of different suction schemes on the loss downstream of the cascade and the change in incidence characteristics with the variation of the suction flowrate. The results show that the effectiveness of flow suction in controlling the flow separation depends heavily on the proportion of the blade for which it is applied. It was found that suction along part of the blade span on the suction surface could effectively remove the separation at the region of the span influenced by the suction slot. However, this resulted in a deterioration of the flow field at other parts of the span. The full-span suction scheme on the suction surface not only eliminated the separation of the boundary layer in the middle of the blade but also significantly improved the flow uniformity near the end-wall. Despite the improvement in flow uniformity using the full-span suction scheme, a three-dimensional (3D) corner separation still existed due to the strong cross-passage pressure gradient. To improve the flow field uniformity further, two combined suction schemes with one spanwise slot on the suction surface and another slot on the end-wall were designed in order to fully remove both the separated flow on the blade suction surface and the 3D corner separation. It was found that the total pressure loss coefficient was reduced significantly by 63.8% with suction flowrates of 1.88% and 0.82% for the slots on the suction surface and the end-wall, respectively. Further work showed that the behavior of the loss coefficient is different as the combination of suction flowrates is changed for different incidence. The cascade loss at high incidence operation can be more effectively reduced with suction control on the end-wall. When implementing combined suction, it is necessary to determine the best combination of suction flowrate according to the incidence level.
Modeling and Design Exploration of a Tensegrity-Based Twisting Wing
Authors: Pham Nguyen K. , Peraza Hernandez Edwin A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis paper presents a modeling and design exploration study of a novel twisting wing whose motion is enabled by a tensegrity mechanism. The aerodynamic characteristics of the twisting wing, which does not require control surfaces to modulate its shape, are compared with those of a conventional wing having a control surface. It is shown via computational fluid dynamics analyses that the twisting wing displays higher lift-to-drag ratio than the conventional wing and hence the twisting wing is more aerodynamically efficient. Subsequently, the torsional tensegrity mechanism, composed of multiple tensegrity cylindrical cells forming a column along the wingspan, is described. A finite element model of the wing incorporating this mechanism is developed. Using the model, a design of experimental study of the influence of the topological parameters of the torsional tensegrity mechanism on the twist angle, mass, and stress in different components of the wing is performed. A wingspan of 142.24 cm and a chord length of 25.31 cm are assumed, corresponding to those of the Carl Goldberg Falcon 56 Mk II R/C unmanned aerial vehicle. For a wing of such dimensions, the maximum achievable twist angle from root to tip per unit mass without any component exceeding their allowable stress is 5.93 deg/kg, which is sufficiently large to allow for effective modulation of the aerodynamic characteristics of the wing. The torsional tensegrity mechanism for this design consists of eight cylindrical cells and four sets of actuator wires along the circumference of each cell.