bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Machine learning uncovers aerosol size information from chemistry and meteorology to quantify potential cloud-forming particles
Authors: Nair Arshad , Yu Fangqun , Jost Pedro Campuzano , DeMott Paul , Levin Ezra , Jimenez Jose , Peischl Jeff , Pollack Ilana , Fredrickson Carley , Beyersdorf Andreas , Nault Benjamin , Park Minsu , Yum Seong Soo , Palm Brett , Xu Lu , Bourgeois Ilann , Anderson Bruce , Nenes Athanasios , Ziemba Luke , Moore Richard H , Lee Taehyoung , Park Taehyun , Thompson Chelsea , Flocke Frank , Huey Lewis , Kim Michelle , Peng Qiaoyun 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) are mediators of aerosol–cloud interactions, which contribute to the largest uncertainty in climate change prediction. Here, we present a machine learning/artificial intelligence model that quantifies CCN from variables of aerosol composition, atmospheric trace gases, and meteorology. Comprehensive multi-campaign airborne measurements, covering varied physicochemical regimes in the troposphere, confirm the validity of and help probe the inner workings of this machine learning model: revealing for the first time that different ranges of atmospheric aerosol composition and mass correspond to distinct aerosol number size distributions. Machine learning extracts this information, important for accurate quantification of CCN, additionally from both chemistry and meteorology. This can provide a physicochemically explainable, computationally efficient, robust machine learning pathway in global climate models that only resolve aerosol composition; potentially mitigating the uncertainty of effective radiative forcing due to aerosol–cloud interactions (ERFaci) and improving confidence in assessment of anthropogenic contributions and climate change projections.
The clinical application of kangaroo mother care in neonates after surgery for duodenal obstruction
Authors: Zhu Li-Bo , Xu Yan-Hua , Li Jin-Fen , Hu Xue , Lu Chun-Yan , Li Rui-Lan , Shi Cai-Ping , Yuan Mei 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background: The present study aimed to explore the effectiveness of clinical application of kangaroo mother care (KMC) in neonates after surgery for duodenal obstruction in achieving total enteral nutrition (TEN) and shortening the length of hospital stay.Methods: A prospective study of 60 cases of surgery for duodenal obstruction in pediatric patients in the neonatal intensive care unit of Kunming Children's Hospital between January 2018 and December 2019 was conducted. The study subjects included 15 cases with intestinal malrotation, 18 cases with circular pancreas, 10 cases with a duodenal septum, and 17 cases with duodenal atresia or duodenal stenosis. According to the single and double numbers of the operation date, the subjects were randomly divided into the control group and observation group, with 30 cases in each group. The conventional care of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) was carried out in the control group, and KMC based on ERAS conventional care was implemented in the observation group. The difference in the duration to achieve TEN and the length of hospital stay between the two groups of patients after care was compared and analyzed.Results: The average duration to achieve TEN for neonates with duodenal obstruction in the control group was 14.23 ± 3.17 days, while that in the observation group was 12.27 ± 1.15 days. The average length of hospital stay in the control group was 17.22 ± 4.71 days, while that in the observation group was 13.34 ± 2.70 days. There was a significant difference in the duration to achieve TEN and the average length of hospital stay between the two groups (P < 0.05). The duration to achieve TEN and the length of hospital stay in pediatric patients were significantly shorter in the observation group than in the control group.Conclusions: KMC has important clinical significance and application value in shortening the duration to achieve TEN and the length of hospital stay in neonates after surgery for duodenal obstruction.
Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of glioblastoma is dictated by microenvironmental interference
Authors: Heiland Dieter ,   Vidhya Ravi1, Will Paulina , Kekelhaus Jan , Sun Na , Joseph Kevin , Salié Henrike , von Ehr Jasmin , Vollmer Lea , Benotmane Jasim , Neidert Nicolas , Follo Marie , Scherer Florian , Goeldner Jonathan , Behringer Simon , Franco Pamela , Hofmann Ulrich , Fung Christian , Beck Jürgen , Sankowski Roman , Prinz Marco , Killmer Saskia , Bengsch Bertram , Walch Axel , Delev Daniel , Schnell Oliver 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Glioblastomas are highly malignant tumors of the central nervous system. Evidence suggests that these tumors display large intra- and inter-patient heterogeneity hallmarked by subclonal diversity and dynamic adaptation amid developmental hierarchies. However, the source for dynamic reorganization of cellular states within their spatial context remains elusive. Here, we in-depth characterized glioblastomas by spatially resolved transcriptomics, metabolomics and proteomics. By deciphering exclusive and shared transcriptional programs across patients, we inferred that glioblastomas develop along defined neural lineages and adapt to inflammatory or metabolic stimuli reminiscent of reactive transformation in mature astrocytes. Metabolic profiling and imaging mass cytometry supported the assumption that tumor heterogeneity is dictated by microenvironmental alterations. Analysis of copy number variation (CNV) revealed a spatially cohesive organization of subclones associated with reactive transcriptional programs, confirming that environmental stress gives rise to selection pressure. Deconvolution of age-dependent transcriptional programs in malignant and non-malignant specimens identified the aging environment as the major driver of inflammatory transformation in GBM, suggesting that tumor cells adopt transcriptional programs similar to inflammatory transformation in astrocytes. Glioblastoma stem cells implanted into human neocortical slices of varying age levels, independently confirmed that the ageing environment dynamically shapes the intratumoral heterogeneity towards reactive transcriptional programs. Our findings provide insights into the spatial architecture of glioblastoma, suggesting that both locally inherent tumor as well as global alterations of the tumor microenvironment shape its transcriptional heterogeneity. Global age-related inflammation in the human brain is driving distinct transcriptional transformation in glioblastomas, which requires an adjustment of the currently prevailing glioma models.
Atypical Deletion of Williams-beuren Syndrome Reveals the Mechanism of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Authors: Zhou Jianrong , Zheng Ying , Liang Guiying , Qin Xianyu , Yang Hang , Chen Shaoxian , Ge Tongkai , Huang Shufang , Zhang Kai , Zhou Xianwu , Xu Xiaoli , Weng Pengju , Zhang Yong , Li Ping , Wang Shushui , Zhuang Jian , Wu Yueheng , Chen Jimei 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background The Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) is a multiple phylogenetic disorder, caused by the hemizygous deletion of 1.55 to 1.84 Mb on chromosome 7q11.23, which encodes a fragment of 26 to 28 genes. Among these genes, the deletion of the elastin (ELN) gene haplotype is the main cause of cardiovascular abnormalities. Other genes, such as CLIP2, GTF2IRD1, and GTF2I, may be associated with specific cognitive and craniofacial features. However, genes associated with specific neurocognitive phenotypes are still controversially discussed. The purpose of this study is to further explore the mechanism of neurodevelopmental disorders in patients with Williams-Beuren syndrome.Patients and methods Patients who had been diagnosed with WBS were recruited. The deletion was precisely defined by chromosome microarray analysis and the clinical phenotype was evaluated. Results This study identified nine patients with atypical deletions from 111 patients with WBS. One patient had normal neurodevelopmental with deletion of Williams-Beuren syndrome chromosomal region (WBSCR) telomere side genes, including GTF2I and GTF2IRD1, while another patient retained these genes but showed neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Seven of the eight patients with the WBSCR22 gene deletion developed growth restriction.Conclusions By comparing the genotype and phenotype of patients with typical deletions and atypical deletions, the deletion of GTF2I and GTF2IRD1 genes alone insufficient to induce typical neurocognitive phenotypes in WBS patients. The BAZ1B, FZD9, and STX1A genes may play an important role in the neurodevelopment of patients with WBS. Furthermore, the deletion of the WBSCR22 gene may be the main cause of physical growth restriction in WBS patients.
Adsorption of tylosin in wastewater by iron-rich farmland soil and the effect of iron reduction and common cations
Authors: Lin Luoying , Hu Xingbao , Liang Jianming , Huang Zhujiang , Yu Guangwei , Chong Yunxiao 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Livestock wastewater reused in farmland may cause tylosin to stay in farmland soil. Under the influence of some factors, such as irrigation and fertilization, tylosin may desorb and diffuse into the water environment. Batch adsorption experiments and soil column flooding experiments were set up to investigate the effects of several cations and iron reduction on the adsorption, desorption and oxidation removal of tylosin in iron-rich farmland soils (red soil). The results showed that tylosin can be adsorbed by the red soil. The coexistence of these cations significantly reduced its adsorption capacity. The order of influence was as follows: Ca2+ &gt; Mg2+ &gt; K+ &gt; &gt; Na+. This means that some agricultural farming measures, such as the application of chemical fertilizers, would release the adsorbed tylosin into the farmland. Anaerobic iron reduction and massive production of ferrous ions did not affect the adsorption and desorption of tylosin in the red soil column. Moreover, the ferrous iron could activate persulfate to generate hydroxyl radicals and sulfate radicals which oxidized and removed the tylosin adsorbed in the soil column. Therefore, the iron reduction that occurred during flooding was not a factor causing tylosin release, which provided a way for tylosin in iron-rich farmland soils to be oxidized and removed.
Evidence of Protein Binding by a Nucleopeptide Based on a Thyminedecorated L-Diaminopropanoic Acid through CD and In Silico Studies
Authors: Roviello Valentina , Musumeci Domenica , Mokhir Andriy , Roviello Giovanni N. 
Published: February 2021

Background:
Nucleopeptides are chimeric compounds of biomedical importance carrying
DNA nucleobases anchored to peptide backbones with the ascertained capacity to bind nucleic
acids. However, their ability to interact with proteins involved in pathologies of social relevance
is a feature that still requires investigation. The worrying situation currently observed
worldwide for the COVID-19 pandemic urgently requires the research on novel anti-SARSCoV-
2 molecular weapons, whose discovery can be aided by in silico predictive studies.

Objective:
The aim of this work is to explore by spectroscopic methods novel features of a
thymine-bearing nucleopeptide based on L-diaminopropanoic acid, including conformational aspects
as well as its ability to bind proteins, starting from bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model
protein. Moreover, in consideration of the importance of targeting viral proteins in the current
fight against COVID-19, we evaluated in silico the interaction of the nucleopeptide with some
of the most relevant coronavirus protein targets.

Methods:
First, we investigated via circular dichroism (CD) the conformational behaviour of
this thymine-bearing nucleopeptide with temperature: we observed CD spectral changes, particularly
passing from 15 to 35 °C. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis of the nucleopeptide
was also conducted on nucleopeptide solid samples. Additionally, CD binding and preliminary
in silico investigations were performed with BSA as a model protein. Moreover, molecular
dockings were run using as targets some of the main SARS-CoV-2 proteins.

Results:
The temperature-dependent CD behaviour reflected the three-dimensional rearrangement
of the nucleopeptide at different temperatures, with higher exposure to the solvent of its
chromophores at higher temperatures compared to a more stacked structure at a low temperature.
SEM analysis of nucleopeptide samples in the solid-state showed a granular morphology,
with a low roughness and some thread structures. Moreover, we found through spectroscopic
studies that the modified peptide bound the albumin target by inducing significant changes to
the protein secondary structure.

Conclusion:
CD and preliminary in silico studies suggested that the nucleopeptide bound the
BSA protein with high affinity according to different binding modes, as testified by binding energy
scores lower than -11 kcal/mol. Interestingly, a predictive study performed on 3CLpro and
other SARS-CoV-2 protein targets suggested the potential ability of the nucleopeptide to bind
with good affinity the main protease of the virus and other relevant targets, including the RNAdependent
RNA polymerase, especially when complexed with RNA, the papain-like protease,
and the coronavirus helicase at the nucleic acid binding site.
Extracellular Vesicle-Derived miR-26b-5p is Up-Regulated in the Serum
of Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Jiang Liping , Zhang Yuru , Wei Jun , Zhang Le , Jiang Guangwei , Wang Bing 
Published: February 2021

Background:
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a severe complication of diabetes; however, the pathogenesis of DR has not been completely clarified, which is mostly dependent on the molecular pathology. To investigate key serum-derived miRNAs associated with DR.

Methods:
miRNA expression profile arrays of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) treated with glucose were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (GSE74296). Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to obtain hub miRNAs, which were verified in HUVECs treated with 40 mM and 5 mM glucose, respectively. Meanwhile, serum samples of patients with DR and healthy controls were collected, and EVs were extracted from the patients’ serum by ultracentrifugation. Hub miRNAs associated with endothelial dysfunction were verified in healthy individuals before and after treatment of patients with DR, by qRT-PCR.

Results:
These miRNAs were categorized into six modules, among which miR-26b-5p had a strong association with other modules. This miRNA was also one of the hyperglycemia-induced miRNAs related to endothelial dysfunction. miR-26b-5p was upregulated in HUVECs treated with 40 mM glucose and in the serum of patients with DR before and after treatment Furthermore, miR-26b-5p was slightly up-regulated in serum-derived EVs but not in serum without EVs in DM patients.

Conclusion:
Our results suggest that EVs derived from miR-26b-5p are up-regulated in the serum of patients with DR.
Two Promising Anti-Cancer Compounds, 2-Hydroxycinnaldehyde and 2-
Benzoyloxycinnamaldehyde: Where do we stand?
Authors: Iqbal Haroon , Menaa Farid , Khan Naveed Ullah , Razzaq Anam , Khan Zaheer Ullah , Ullah Kifayat , Kamal Robia , Sohail Muhammad , Thiripuranathar Gobika , Uzair Bushra , Rana Nosheen Fatima , Khan Barkat Ali , Menaa Bouzid 
Published: February 2021

:
Natural bioactive compounds with anti-carcinogenic activity are gaining tremendous interest in the field of oncology. Cinnamon, an aromatic condiment commonly used in tropical regions, appeared incredibly promising as adjuvant for cancer therapy. Indeed, its whole or active parts (e.g., bark, leaf) exhibited significant anti-carcinogenic activity, which is mainly due to two cinnamaldehyde derivatives, namely 2-hydroxycinnaldehyde (HCA) and 2-benzoyloxycinnamaldehyde (BCA). In addition to their anti-cancer activity, HCA and BCA exert immunomodulatory, anti-platelets, and anti-inflammatory activities. Highly reactive α,ß-unsaturated carbonyl pharmacophore, called Michael acceptor, contribute to their therapeutic effects. The molecular mechanisms, underlying their anti-tumoral and anti-metastatic effects are miscellaneous, strongly suggesting that these compounds are multi-targeting compounds. Nevertheless, unravelling the exact molecular mechanisms of HCA and BCA remain a challenging matter which is necessary for optimal controlled-drug targeting delivery, safety, and efficiency. Eventually, their poor pharmacological properties (e.g., systemic bioavailability and solubility) represent a limitation, and depend both on their administration route (e.g., per os, intravenously) and the nature of the formulation (e.g., free, smart nano-).
This concise review focused on the potential of HCA and BCA as adjuvants in Cancer. We described their medicinal effects as well as provide an update about their molecular mechanisms reported either in-vitro, ex-vivo, or in animal models.
Evaluation of Dermorphin Metabolism Using Zebrafish Water Tank Model and Human Liver Microsomes
Authors: de L. Castro Juliana , Pereira Henrique M.G. , de Sousa Valéria P. , Martucci Maria E.P. 
Published: February 2021

Background:
Dermorphin is a heptapeptide with an analgesic potential higher than morphine that does not present the same risk for the development of tolerance. These pharmacological features make dermorphin a potential doping agent in competitive sports and is already prohibited for racehorses. For athletes, the development of an efficient strategy to monitor for its abuse necessitates an investigation of the metabolism of dermorphin in humans.

Methods:
Here, human liver microsomes and zebrafish were utilized as model systems of human metabolism to evaluate the presence and kinetics of metabolites derived from dermorphin. Five hours after its administration, the presence of dermorphin metabolites could be detected in both models by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry.

Results:
Although the two models showed common results, marked differences were also observed in relation to the formed metabolites. Six putative metabolites, based on their exact masses of m/z 479.1915, m/z 501.1733, m/z 495.1657, m/z 223.1073, m/z 180.1017 and m/z 457.2085, are proposed to represent the metabolic pattern of dermorphin. The major metabolite generated from the administration of dermorphin in both models was YAFG-OH (m/z 457.2085), which is the N-terminal tetrapeptide previously identified from studies with rats.

Conclusion:
Its extensive characterization and commercial availability suggests that it could serve as a primary target analyte for the detection of dermorphin misuse. The metabolomics approach also allowed the assignment of other confirmatory metabolites.
The Victims’ Court? An Analysis of the Participation of Victims of Sexual Violence in International Criminal Proceedings
Authors: Suresh Veena 
Published: February 2021

The inclusion of a victim participation scheme within the framework of the ICC is revolutionary under the domain of International Criminal Law. The scheme grants unprecedented rights for victims to participate in proceedings outside of witness capacity, as provided for at the ad hoc tribunals. This article aims to critically evaluate the ICC’s victim participation scheme for victims of sexual violence. It will do so by investigating the participation scheme to establish whether it embodies inherent limits, and, if so, to assess the impact of these limitations on victims of sexual violence.
While the inclusion of a participation scheme for victims is commendable, this paper finds that there is still a long way to go before victims of sexual violence have access to a form of participation that is meaningful, in that it encompasses the participation envisaged in the provisions of the Rome Statute and considers victims’ needs and expectations. This article argues that several institutional and procedural changes are required before victims of sexual violence are adequately served by the participation scheme. Lessons learnt from practice include the need for a harmonised participation procedure, providing victims of sexual violence with an influence on the charges brought against an accused, assigning collective legal representation based on crimes suffered, and encouraging resource allocation into investigating sexual crimes and non-judicial programmes that will benefit victims of sexual violence that are unable to access participatory and reparatory rights.
Basic Medical Training for Refugees via Collaborative Blended Learning: Quasi-Experimental Design
Authors: Lovey Thibault , O'Keeffe Paul , Petignat Ianis 
Published: February 2021

Background
Globally, there is an excess of 68.5 million people who have been forced to leave their homes and seek sanctuary elsewhere because of poverty, persecution, conflict, violence, and human rights violations. Although international humanitarian responses usually focus on ensuring that the basic needs of these people are being met, there is growing attention on the role that development-oriented interventions can play in the longer term. Higher education in a refugee context is one such intervention that can equip refugees with the knowledge and skills they need to serve their communities and move forward.

Objective
This study aims to evaluate the outcomes and effectiveness of the University of Geneva InZone-Raft Basic Medical Training Course in the Kakuma refugee camp in Kenya compared with a previous incarnation of the same course in the Dadaab refugee camp in Kenya.

Methods
We used a quasi-experimental design to compare the posttest scores of both inequivalent student groups: control group (n=18) and intervention group (n=16). Factors that influenced refugee students’ knowledge acquisition, the amount of knowledge they acquired, and their academic outcomes were assessed, and the pedagogical evolution of the project is presented.

Results
We found that the Kakuma intervention course yielded better outcomes and was more effective in terms of learning than the Dadaab control course. Of the 16 students who took part in the intervention course, 10 (63%) completed the program successfully and received accreditation from the University of Geneva. We observed that they received new knowledge well and scored higher on all learning modalities than those in the control course. Comparison of written and oral examinations between the courses showed statistical significance for the intervention group in written and oral exams (two-tailed: P=.006 and P=.05; one-tailed: P=.003 and P=.03, respectively). The Kakuma course was not effective in addressing electricity and internet access problems, nor in reducing the challenge of tight deadlines in the syllabus. Pedagogical adjustments to the intervention course improved student involvement, with higher participation rates in quizzes (10/11, 91%), and overall satisfaction and learning.

Conclusions
The intervention group—with an improved mode of delivery, better contextualized content, and further interaction—reached a higher level of medical knowledge acquisition and developed more complex questions on medical topics than the control group. The positive outcome of this project shows that given the right resources and support, refugees can contribute to the improvement and development of health care in their communities. Nonetheless, a more focused effort is necessary to meet the educational needs of refugee learners and better understand their living conditions.