bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of different intensities of continuous training on vascular inflammation and oxidative stress in spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Luo Minghao , Cao Chunmei , Niebauer Josef , Yan Jianghong , Ma Xindong , Chang Qing , Zhang Ting , Huang Xiaoxiao , Liu Guochun 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe aimed to study the effects and underlying mechanism of different intensities of continuous training (CT) on vascular inflammation and oxidative stress in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Rats were divided into five groups (n = 12): Wistar‐Kyoto rats sedentary group (WKY‐S), sedentary group (SHR‐S), low‐intensity CT group (SHR‐L), medium‐intensity CT group (SHR‐M) and high‐intensity CT group (SHR‐H). Changes in body mass, heart rate and blood pressure were recorded. The rats were euthanized after 14 weeks, and blood and vascular tissue samples were collected. Haematoxylin and Eosin staining was used to observe the aortic morphology, and Western blot was used to detect the expression of mesenteric artery proteins. After CT, the mean arterial pressures improved in SHR‐L and SHR‐M and increased in SHR‐H compared with those in SHR‐S. Vascular inflammation and oxidative stress levels significantly subsided in SHR‐L and SHR‐M (p < 0.05), whereas in SHR‐H, only vascular inflammation significantly subsided (p < 0.05), and oxidative stress remained unchanged (p > 0.05). AMPK and SIRT1/3 expressions in SHR‐L and SHR‐M were significantly up‐regulated than those in SHR‐S (p < 0.05). These results indicated that low‐ and medium‐intensity CT can effectively reduce the inflammatory response and oxidative stress of SHR vascular tissue, and high‐intensity CT can improve vascular tissue inflammation but not oxidative stress.
Concordance between a Mohs surgeon and a dermatopathologist in evaluating Mohs cryosections
Authors: Atilla S. , Gököz Ö. , Özer S. , Elçin G. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundMohs micrographic surgery is the gold standard treatment for high‐risk non‐melanoma skin cancers. The success of Mohs relies on accurate histopathologic evaluation. Due to law restrictions in some European countries, Mohs surgeons are not permitted to report on histopathology; therefore, a pathologist evaluates the frozen sections.ObjectiveTo retrospectively assess the concordance between the certified Mohs surgeon and the pathologist in evaluating the Mohs slides that were intraoperatively evaluated by the pathologist.Materials and MethodsFrozen section slides of a total of 237 Mohs cases between 2013 and 2020 were examined by the blinded Mohs surgeon, and the tumours were marked on copy maps. The copy maps and the original maps were compared, and the non‐concordant cases were re‐evaluated together by the Mohs surgeon and the dermatopathologist. The concordance rate was calculated, and the inter‐rater agreement was statistically analysed using Cohen's Kappa coefficient.ResultsWe report a high concordance rate (97.9%) and inter‐rater agreement (0.96) between Mohs surgeon and dermatopathologist in evaluating Mohs slides.ConclusionAs a newly settled centre, our results are in alignment with experienced centres where the Mohs surgeon evaluates the slides herself and performs the surgery.
Regional versus latitudinal variation in the life‐history traits and demographic rates of a reef fish, Centropyge bispinosa, in the Coral Sea and Great Barrier Reef Marine Parks, Australia
Authors: Lowe Jake R. , Payet Samuel D. , Harrison Hugo B. , Hobbs Jean‐Paul A. , Hoey Andrew S. , Taylor Brett M. , Sinclair‐Taylor Tane H. , Pratchett Morgan S. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractEnvironmental temperature is an important determinant of physiological processes and life histories in ectotherms. Over latitudinal scales, variation in temperature has been linked to changes in life‐history traits and demographic rates, with growth and mortality rates generally being greatest at low latitudes, and longevity and maximum length being greater at higher latitudes. Using the two‐spined angelfish, Centropyge bispinosa, as our focal species, we compared growth patterns, growth rates, longevity, mortality, asymptotic length and maximum length across 22 reefs that span 13° of latitude within the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP) and the Coral Sea Marine Park (CSMP), Australia. We found no predictable latitudinal variation in mortality rates, growth patterns, growth rates, asymptotic or maximum length of C. bispinosa at regional to biogeographic scales. However, C. bispinosa consistently exhibited reduced longevity at lower, warmer latitudes within the CSMP. The greatest differences in mean maximum length of C. bispinosa were between continental (GBRMP) and oceanic (central CSMP) reefs of similar latitude, with individuals being larger on average on continental versus oceanic reefs. The lack of predictable life‐history and demographic variation in C. bispinosa across a 13° latitudinal gradient within the CSMP, coupled with differences in mean maximum length between continental and oceanic reefs at similar latitudes, suggest that local environmental conditions have a greater influence than environmental temperature on the demographic rates and life‐history traits of C. bispinosa.
Morphological and histochemical features of the digestive tract ofLeiarius marmoratus(Gill, 1870)
Authors: Matheus Valquiria Aparecida , Faccioli Claudemir Kuhn , Chedid Renata Alari , Senhorini José Augusto , Franceschini‐Vicentini Irene Bastos , Vicentini Carlos Alberto 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLeiarius marmoratus, a freshwater catfish from Pimelodidae family, shows great biological and commercial relevance because of its geographic distribution and adaptation to fish‐farm. The knowledge of the morphological characteristics of the digestive tract is fundamental to the understanding of fish physiology and nutrition, which helps in the planning of diets to provide better management and success in fish farming. Thus, this work described the morphology and histochemistry of the digestive tract ofL. marmoratusadults. After euthanasia, the animals were dissected for analysis of the digestive tract. The oesophagus is a short and distensive organ with longitudinal folds that allow the passage of large food,e.g., other fishes. Oesophageal mucosa layer shows a stratified epithelium with goblet cells and club cells. The secretion of goblet cells is composed of neutral and acidic mucins that are anchored in the epithelium luminal face by epithelial cells fingerprint‐like microridges, lubricating the surface to facilitate the food sliding. Club cells have protein secretion that can be involved in alarm signals when epithelium is damaged and in immunological defence. The saccular stomach is highly distensible to store large food. Gastric mucosa layer is composed of epithelial cells with intense secretion of neutral mucin to protect against self‐digestion of gastric juice. Cardiac and fundic regions of stomach show well‐developed gastric glands composed of oxynticopeptic cells. These cells have numerous mitochondria, highlighting their intense activity in the synthesis of acid and enzymes. The intestine is divided into three regions: anterior, middle and posterior. Although it is a short tube, intestine shows longitudinal folds and microvilli of enterocytes to increase the contact surface. These folds are higher in the anterior region of the intestine, highlighting their function in digestion and absorption. Intestinal goblet cells have acidic and neutral mucins that lubricate the epithelium and aid in digestive processes. These cells increase in number towards aboral, and they are related to the protection and lubrication to expulsion of faecal bolus.
The factor market spillover effects of shareholder activism
Authors: Li Zhan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFirms and CEOs are linked in the factor market because CEO talents are transferable across different firms. Shareholder activism increases the nontarget firm's outside option and reduces the nontarget CEO's outside option. This leads to higher profit and lower CEO compensation at the nontarget firm. Due to this positive spillover, the activist's intervention is inefficiently low. As CEO talents become more transferable, monitoring, and performance improve more and CEO compensation decreases more at the nontarget firm; shareholder activism becomes less efficient due to the increased linkage between CEOs. This paper also provides a number of novel empirical predictions.
Do more active funds still earn higher performance? Evidence from Active Share over time
Authors: Lantushenko Viktoriya , Nelling Edward 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe find that the relationship between activeness and future fund performance significantly weakens after the passage of regulation fair disclosure (FD). The ability of Active Share to predict four‐factor alpha is more than five times smaller after FD. More active funds embed a higher degree of private information into prices of traded stocks, and the extent to which these funds affect price informativeness diminishes in the post‐FD era. Stocks traded by more active funds exhibit a higher degree of information asymmetry, and this relationship also weakens after FD. Our findings suggest that one of the channels through which more active funds generated a higher alpha before FD was through the selective disclosure of information.
Quality indicators for dementia and older people nearing the end of life: A systematic review
Authors: Yorganci Emel , Sampson Elizabeth L. , Gillam Juliet , Aworinde Jesutofunmi , Leniz Javiera , Williamson Lesley E. , Cripps Rachel L. , Stewart Robert , Sleeman Katherine E. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundRobust quality indicators (QIs) are essential for monitoring and improving the quality of care and learning from good practice. We aimed to identify and assess QIs for the care of older people and people with dementia who are nearing the end of life and recommend QIs for use with routinely collected electronic data across care settings.MethodsA systematic review was conducted, including five databases and reference chaining. Studies describing the development of QIs for care of older people and those with dementia nearing the end of life were included. QIs were categorized as relating to processes or outcomes, and mapped against six care domains. The psychometric properties (acceptability, evidence base, definition, feasibility, reliability, and validity) of each QI were assessed; QIs were categorized as robust, moderate, or poor.ResultsFrom 12,980 titles and abstracts screened, 37 papers and 976 QIs were included. Process and outcome QIs accounted for 780 (79.7%) and 196 (20.3%) of all QIs, respectively. Many of the QIs concerned physical aspects of care (n = 492, 50.4%), and very few concerned spiritual and cultural aspects of care (n = 19, 1.9%). Three hundred and fifteen (32.3%) QIs were robust and of those 220 were measurable using routinely collected electronic data. The final shortlist of 71 QIs came from seven studies.ConclusionsOf the numerous QIs developed for care of older adults and those with dementia nearing the end of life, most had poor or moderate psychometric properties or were not designed for use with routinely collected electronic datasets. Infrastructure for data availability, combined with use of robust QIs, is important for enhancing understanding of care provided to this population, identifying unmet needs, and improving service provision.
Identifying high‐risk surgical patients: A study of older adults whose code status changed to Do‐Not‐Resuscitate
Authors: Kazaure Hadiza S. , Truong Tracy , Kuchibhatla Maragatha , Lagoo‐Deenadayalan Sandhya , Wren Sherry M. , Johnson Kimberly S. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundThere is a paucity of data on older adults (age ≥65 years) undergoing surgery who had an inpatient do‐not‐resuscitate (DNR) order, and the association between timing of DNR order and outcomes.MethodsThis was a retrospective analysis of 1976 older adults in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program geriatric‐specific database (2014–2018). Patients were stratified by institution of a DNR order during their surgical admission (“new‐DNR” vs. “no‐DNR”), and matched by age (±3 years), frailty score (range: 0–1), and procedure. The main outcome of interest was occurrence of death or hospice transition (DoH) ≤30 postoperative days; this was analyzed using bivariate and multivariable methods.ResultsOne in 36 older adults had a new‐DNR order. After matching, there were 988 new‐DNR and 988 no‐DNR patients. Median age and frailty score were 82 years and 0.2, respectively. Most underwent orthopedic (47.6%), general (37.6%), and vascular procedures (8.4%). Overall DoH rate ≤30 days was 44.4% for new‐DNR versus 4.0% for no‐DNR patients (p < 0.001). DoH rate for patients who had DNR orders placed in the preoperative, day of surgery, and postoperative setting was 16.7%, 23.3%, and 64.6%, respectively (p < 0.001). In multivariable analysis, compared to no‐DNR patients, those with a new‐DNR order had a 28‐fold higher adjusted odds of DoH (odds ratio [OR] 28.1, 95% confidence interval: 13.0–60.1, p < 0.001); however, odds were 10‐fold lower if the DNR order was placed preoperatively (OR: 5.8, p = 0.003) versus postoperatively (OR: 52.9, p < 0.001). Traditional markers of poor postoperative outcomes such as American Society of Anesthesiologists class and emergency surgery were not independently associated with DoH.ConclusionsAn inpatient DNR order was associated with risk of DoH independent of traditional markers of poor surgical outcomes. Further research is needed to understand factors leading to a DNR order that may aid early recognition of high‐risk older adults undergoing surgery.
Large chromosomal segment deletions by CRISPR/LbCpf1‐mediated multiplex gene editing in soybean
Authors: Duan Kaixuan , Cheng Yuanyuan , Ji Jing , Wang Chenchen , Wei Yongshu , Wang Yuanchao 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe creation of new soybean varieties has been limited by genomic duplication and redundancy. Efficient multiplex gene editing and large chromosomal segment deletion through clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR‐associated protein (Cas) systems are promising strategies for overcoming these obstacles. CRISPR/Cpf1 is a robust tool for multiplex gene editing. However, large chromosomal excision mediated by CRISPR/Cpf1 has been reported in only a few non‐plant species. Here, we report on CRISPR/LbCpf1‐induced large chromosomal segment deletions in soybean using multiplex gene targeting. The CRISPR/LbCpf1 system was optimized for direct repeat and guide RNA lengths in crispr RNA (crRNA) array. The editing efficiency was evaluated using LbCpf1 driven by the CaMV35S and soybean ubiquitin promoter. The optimized system exhibited editing efficiencies of up to 91.7%. Our results showed eight gene targets could be edited simultaneously in one step when a single eight‐gRNA‐target crRNA array was employed, with an efficiency of up to 17.1%. We successfully employed CRISPR/LbCpf1 to produce small fragments (<1 Kb) and large chromosomal segment deletions (10 Kb–1 Mb) involving four different gene clusters in soybean. Together, these data demonstrate the power of the CRISPR/LbCpf1 platform for multiplex gene editing and chromosomal segment deletion in soybean, supporting the use of this technology in both basic research and agricultural applications.
Thinking about laws in political science (and beyond)
Authors: Weber Erik , Makhnev Karina , Leuridan Bert , Gonzalez Barman Kristian , De Coninck Thijs 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThere are several theses in political science that are usually explicitly called ‘laws’. Other theses are generally thought of as laws, but often without being explicitly labelled as such. Still other claims are well‐supported and arguably interesting, while no one would be tempted to call them laws. This situation raises philosophical questions: which theses deserve to be called laws and which not? And how should we decide about this? In this paper we develop and motivate a strategy for thinking about laws in political science which integrates two core concepts: spatio‐temporal stability and social mechanisms. The proposed strategy is a set of guidelines that political scientists can use to reflect on and argue about specific cases within their discipline, not a clear‐cut demarcation criterion. We defend and motivate this strategy and apply it to two cases (one with respect to state repression, one about parliamentary elections). After we have developed and motivated our strategy for political science, we show that our proposal is relevant for other disciplines in the social sciences. We explain how our views fit into critical realism and embed them in the debate on laws in general philosophy of science and in the philosophy of the social sciences.
Clinical features and outcome of acquired myasthenia gravis in 94 dogs
Authors: Forgash Jennifer T. , Chang Yu‐Mei , Mittelman Neil S. , Petesch Scott , Benedicenti Leontine , Galban Evelyn , Hammond James J. , Glass Eric N. , Barker Jessica R. , Shelton G. Diane , Luo Jie , Garden Oliver A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundFactors known to be associated with outcome of acquired myasthenia gravis (MG) in dogs are limited.Hypothesis/ObjectivesOf dogs with MG, advancing age and comorbid neoplasia are associated with poor long‐term prognosis and low rates of remission.AnimalsNinety‐four client‐owned dogs with MG diagnosed by acetylcholine receptor antibody (AChR Ab) assay between 2001 and 2019 from a university clinic and 3 private clinics in the United States.MethodsCases were retrospectively evaluated and data were collected to determine clinical signs, treatment, and response to therapy defined by means of a clinical scoring rubric. Immunological remission was defined as a return of the AChR Ab concentration to <0.6 nmol/L. Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify clinical criteria predicting remission.ResultsAn anticholinesterase drug was used to treat 90/94 (96%) dogs, which in 63/94 (67%) was the sole treatment; other drugs included immune modulators. Clinical remission (lack of clinical signs ≥4 weeks after treatment cessation) was observed in 29 (31% [95% confidence interval (CI): 22.4‐40.8%]) dogs, clinical response (lack of clinical signs on treatment) in 14 (15% [95% CI: 9.0‐23.6%]) dogs, clinical improvement (on treatment) in 24 (26% [95% CI: 17.8‐35.2%]) dogs, and no clinical improvement in 27 (29% [95% CI: 20.5‐38.6%]) dogs. Immunological remission was observed in 27/46 (59%) dogs, with clinical remission in all 27. Younger age (P = .04) and comorbid endocrine disease (P = .04) were associated with clinical remission. Initial AChR Ab concentration (P = .02) and regurgitation (P = .04) were negatively associated with clinical remission.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceClinical remission in MG is less likely in older dogs and dogs presenting with regurgitation or high initial AChR Ab concentration, but more likely in younger dogs and dogs with comorbid endocrine disease.
Three‐dimensional bladder ultrasound to measure daily urinary bladder volume in hospitalized dogs
Authors: Vasquez Edward J. , Kendall Allison , Musulin Sarah , Vaden Shelly L. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundUrinary bladder volume (UBV) and urine residual volume (URV) provide important information for hospitalized dogs and might allow recognition of urine retention.ObjectiveUsing 3‐dimensional (3D) ultrasound to monitor daily URV is a safe and effective way to recognize urinary retention.AnimalsTwenty‐five client‐owned hospitalized dogs.MethodsProspective, observational study. UBV and URV were measured using 3D ultrasound daily at approximately the same time. UBV was measured, the dog was taken for a 5‐minute controlled leash walk, then URV was estimated. Concurrent use of opioids, anesthetics, and fluids administered IV were recorded.ResultsDaily URVs were >0.4 mL/kg in 22 of 25 dogs on at least 1 day of hospitalization. Seventeen of 25 dogs had an abnormal URV at the time of discharge. Of 18 dogs that were anesthetized while hospitalized, 16 had a URV >0.4 mL/kg with a mean of 4.34 mL/kg (range, 0.5‐13.4 mL/kg). No statistical difference in degree of URV was found based on the use of anesthesia, administration of fluids IV, or opioids. Weight was significantly associated with URV; dogs <10 kg had a higher URV per unit mass than dogs >10 kg (P = .001).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceUse of a 3D ultrasound device to measure daily UBV and URV in hospitalized dogs provides a safe estimate of bladder volume in real‐time. Monitoring daily URV might help in early identification of patients that are retaining urine, thereby preventing potential adverse effects of urethral catheterization or prolonged urinary retention.
Artemisia sieberishrubs have contrasting specific effects on understory species in Iranian steppes
Authors: Bahalkeh Khadijeh , Abedi Mehdi , Dianati Tilaki Ghasem Ali , Michalet Richard 
Published: July 2021

AbstractQuestions(a) Are there contrasting short‐ and long‐term effects of shrubs on understorey species that may balance at the community level? (b) Are these effects due to the responses of different understorey species groups? (c) Are these effects contributing to community composition?LocationAnArtemisiasteppe community in Golestan National Park (North‐East Iran).MethodsWe used both the removal and observational methods to separate short‐ from long‐term effects ofArtemisia sieberiBesser on the cover of 18 subordinate species and the relative interaction index (RII) to calculate species’ responses. We conducted a principal components analysis (PCA) on species RII and grouped species with a cluster analysis depending on their responses to the shrubs. Another PCA on understorey composition plots was conducted to assess the consequences of shrub effects for community composition.ResultsArtemisiahad negative short‐term and positive long‐term community‐level effects that balanced each other to produce neutral net effects. Short‐ and long‐term effects were due to the responses of different species groups, dominantly annuals and perennial grasses, respectively. Although balancing at the community level, the different shrub effects significantly contributed to explain community composition.ConclusionsOur study highlights that a dominant foundation shrub may have contrasting short‐ and long‐term effects on different groups of understorey species that contribute to explain community composition, although balancing at the community level.