bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On Capital Punishment
Authors: Winfield Richard Dien 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers a philosophical discussion of capital punishment from the Western tradition, invoking arguments made by Plato, Aristotle, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Kant, and Hegel. Many have questioned the legitimacy of capital punishment in a legal system that fails to provide every legal subject with equal treatment. Whereas we can suspend imprisonment if justice has been miscarried, execution deprives its victim of any remedy in this life. This chapter challenges three grounds offered in the Western philosophical tradition for supporting capital punishment: (a) only a death sentence can save our community from incorrigibly evil perpetrators, as well as save them from themselves, (b) people who commit crimes are outlaws in the radical sense of the term, placing themselves outside the legal order as enemies of the state, which must defend itself by making war upon them, and (c) the only penalty appropriate for the crime of murder is capital punishment.
A Public Health Case for the Abolition of the Death Penalty
Authors: Beck Elizabeth , Adcock Cynthia F. , Bantimba Allison 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that the collateral consequences of the death penalty have implications for human rights. The authors base their argument on the fact that trauma is a public health issue, and the death penalty is a trauma-organized system that gives rise to many secondary victims. A primary goal of public health is to intervene on a vector (i.e., the death penalty) that causes a health effect (i.e., trauma-related symptoms) in such a way that the identified vector is prevented or controlled and the adverse health effect is diminished or nullified. In terms of collateral consequences, this chapter addresses secondary victims, beginning with family members of the defendant and victim, members of the execution team, witnesses of the execution, and capital jurors. This chapter concludes with an exploration of U.S. and international laws that, if considered through a public health lens, lend additional support for death penalty abolition.
Affecting Legislative Change From the Judicial Perspective
Authors: Saviello Timothy R. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter will discuss how to use established social justice advocacy methodology to attempt to affect legislative change. The chapter summarizes an appropriate established methodology through reviewing two relevant academic texts on the subject. It discusses each major step in the process, identifying areas or issues more relevant to the criminal justice context. Throughout, the chapter offers specific examples from an actual attempt at affecting legislative change using this methodology. These examples come from an attempt in 2013 in Georgia to get a bill introduced to the Georgia General Assembly amending the language of the statute authorizing the seeking and imposition of the death penalty in criminal prosecutions within the state. Specifically, the proposed bill lowered the standard of proof a criminal defendant is required to meet to establish intellectual disability, and thus ineligibility to receive a death sentence upon a finding of guilt.
Defending Duties to the Self, Part 2
Authors: Schofield Paul 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that a person can owe second-personal duties to herself at a moment, rather than merely across time. At a single moment, a person occupies multiple perspectives, associated with different practical identities. The good associated with one of her practical identities can conflict with the good associated with another practical identity, and her ends adopted from the standpoint of one identity can conflict with her ends adopted by another. Because of this, a person can make demands on herself from the perspective of one practical identity to another, pertaining to the protection of her wellbeing and ends, just as she might make demands on another person. Such demands can generate second-personal duties, which require that a person treat herself a particular way in the present. Since some duties owed to the self cannot be waived due to their relationship to the individual’s identity, the waivability objection is answered.
Tractatus Parmenideo-Philosophicus
Authors: Della Rocca Michael 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In making the Parmenidean Ascent, one transcends metaphysical distinctions and is freed from the illusions of relational thinking. This freedom from the burden of attempting to make our words and sentences match or correspond to an independent reality and to invest our thoughts with metaphysical significance promises to enable us finally to see the world aright as Wittgenstein would put it. This chapter—which is as far as possible freed from any distinctions— is an imperfect attempt to exhibit the spirit of play that comes with the freedom from relational metaphysical explanation.
Cultural Texts
Authors: Klitgaard Robert 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Anthropology is good at uncovering and deconstructing the “cultural texts” beneath behavior. An example is Raymonde Carroll’s analysis of cultural misunderstandings between French and Americans. Digging out cultural texts and repertoires and sharing that knowledge helped her cross-cultural marriage flourish (and a famous book get written). Similar ideas can be applied to misunderstandings between international agencies and sovereign governments—and to discussions about taking indigenous institutions into account. Sometimes “poisonous texts” preclude effective negotiations. Three steps of cultural criticism applied to cultural texts can lead to better understandings and improved intercultural partnerships. Examples are provided from Burkina Faso and Senegal.
Culture and Development Reconsidered
Authors: Klitgaard Robert 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This book shows how we can look at the intersections among cultural settings, local choices, and development outcomes. A success story from Nepal serves as a prototype. Data, examples of success, and frameworks for analysis were developed locally and internationally and then shared in ways that elicited local creativity and respected cultural differences. This story serves as a springboard for reconsidering how to generate and apply cultural knowledge. The guiding metaphor might be “soil science” rather than “social science.” The culture and development manifesto calls for more science and more listening, for boldness and humility. It recommends a new paradigm for policy analysis and evaluation, as well as for the application of anthropological wisdom, where the goal is not to provide a set of answers that decision-makers or citizens should adopt and bureaucrats should implement, but to share data, examples, and frameworks in ways that helps locals enrich their creativity and expand their sovereignty.
Quantifying the Subliminal
Authors: Minett Mark 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Critics and scholars, preferring to treat zoom technology metaphorically or metaphysically rather than pragmatically, have substantially mischaracterized Altman’s approach to the zoom as either rejecting or transcending Hollywood cinema’s typical employment of mobile framing in service to narrative drama. The systematic, comprehensive, and contextualized qualitative/quantitative approach taken in chapter 2 suggests otherwise. It isolates the describable features and plausible functions of Altman’s early 1970s zooming and then applies these parameters to a statistical comparison of Altman’s films with one another and with a context set of over seventy contemporaneous films. Rather than serving an overarching interest in narrative disruption, zooms in Altman’s films were contingently employed, responding to specific problems posed by individual films. Altman’s zooms further comprehension of and strengthen engagement with dramatic action, serving not as a maverick director’s roving eye, penetrating existential assumptions, but as a storytelling tool that also allowed for elaborative, and frequently aestheticizing, flourishes.
Ghost Dancers
Authors: Dickason Kathryn 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the role of dance in the cult of the saints, tracing the evolution of dance vis-à-vis sanctity and cultic worship. For some saints, dancing became part of their iconic image. Within the context of saintly devotion, dance helped to induce conversion, animate miracles, and promote social cohesion. Insights from performance theory help conceptualize the connection between death and dancing bodies. The first section explores the cult, relics, and reliquary of Sainte Foy, who imbued sacred dance with a significance that was at once regional and international, religious and political. The second section examines the hagiographies of St. Francis of Assisi. Francis—as a prancing preacher, jongleur saint, and living phantom—authorized a new spirituality that diverged from mainstream monasticism, yet bore the mark of apostolic, authentic piety.
Conclusion
Authors: Edling Max M. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Interpreting the US Constitution as an instrument of federal union has important implications in terms of understanding of the American founding. The Constitution mattered much more to the international than to the domestic history of the United States. Its importance to the latter was dwarfed by the role of state constitutions and state legislation. The Constitution provided the institutional basis on which the nation would grow in territory, population, and riches in the nineteenth century. But if the federal government was active in foreign policy, so-called Indian diplomacy, and the management of the national domain, it played only a limited role in domestic developments. To understand the processes of economic and political modernization that characterized the United States in the nineteenth century, that is, the transition to a market economy and to liberal democracy, it is necessary to study the actions and inactions of the American state governments.
Outer Space and Crisis Risk
Authors: Grego Laura 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Space activities pose a particular risk of sparking or exacerbating terrestrial crises in ways that may be difficult to predict or manage. This is due both to the physical nature of operating in space and to space’s particular history. However, many initiatives to bolster space security do so within the framework of preventing an arms race or of preserving the space environment and so they miss some of the solutions. This chapter explores looking at space security through the lens of mitigating the risks that space activities may pose to crisis stability to identify which space activities and strategies are particularly dangerous and to prioritize unilateral and collective approaches to mitigating these problems.
The Norman Conquest in English History
Authors: Garnett George 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This study pursues a central theme in English historical thinking—the Norman Conquest—over seven centuries. This first volume, which covers more than half a millennium, explains how and why the experience of the Conquest prompted both an unprecedented campaign in the early twelfth century to write (or create) the history of England, and to excavate (and fabricate) pre-Conquest English law. It traces the treatment of the Conquest in English historiography, legal theory and practice, and political argument through the middle ages and early modern period. It shows that during this period jurisprudence and legal practice became more important than historical writing in preserving the Conquest as a subject of interest. It concludes with an examination of the dispersal of these materials from libraries consequent on the dissolution of the monasteries, and the attempts made to rescue, edit, and print many of them in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. This preservation of what had been written for the most part in the early twelfth century enabled the Conquest to become still more contested in the constitutional cataclysms of the seventeenth century than it had been in the eleventh and twelfth. The seventeenth-century resurrection of the Conquest will be the subject of a second volume.
A Tale of Three Cities
Authors: West-Harling Veronica 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
After a brief recall of Italian history from late antiquity to 750, this chapter provides a city-by-city history from the end of the Exarchate to 1000. The history of Rome follows the Lombard crises and the end of Byzantine rule, Frankish/Carolingian domination, the events of the Kingdom of Italy, aristocratic rule, and the attempted Ottonian control over the city. Ravenna’s three narrative strands are the aftermath of the autocephaly conflict, the anti-papal policies of most archbishops throughout the Byzantine then Carolingian period, and lastly the renewed prestige of the city under the Ottonian emperors. For Venice, the narrative follows the origins (imagined and probable) of the city, its succession of ducal families, and its attempt always to create a balance between its official Byzantine dependence and its grounding in the north Adriatic space
Maps and Measures
Authors: Haughton Tim , Deegan-Krause Kevin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In order to better understand the dynamics of party politics in Central Europe, it is necessary to map and measure the party systems and the rise of new parties. The chapter maps in graphic form the development of the party systems in eleven states (Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia) since 1989, showing the rise and fall of parties, and all the splits, splinters, and mergers. Using the party change and newness frameworks of Chapter 2, this chapter assess all eleven party systems using a variety of measures including volatility, party age, and weighted party age. Although the results show considerable variation across the region, all countries have seen significant volatility and the frequent appearance of sizeable new parties. These findings underline a process of continual change in the party systems of Central Europe.
Establishing and Organizing Occupier Brothels
Authors: Röger Maren 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the establishment of a comprehensive network of occupier brothels during the German occupation of Poland. Taken as a whole, the German military leadership had a functional view of their men's sexuality. Their urges should be satisfied regularly so as to maintain their combat strength; the underlying image was one of a virile, soldierly masculinity. One of the chief grounds for a controlled system of prostitution — besides fear of fraternization and the betrayal of secrets — was concern about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), which could lead to avoidable gaps in the ranks of soldiers. With the general improvements in medicine and technology since the late 19th century, which had made it possible to identify and combat STDs, the top brass in many armies, including the Germans, were turning their attention to controlling such diseases, and to regulating prostitution. The chapter then details the process of establishing, organizing, and financing brothels in the occupied Polish territories, which were supervised by the German occupiers.
Policy and Politics of (Forced) Prostitution
Authors: Röger Maren 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the policy and politics of (forced) prostitution. One of the most important measures against the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) was the registration of regular sex workers and women the authorities suspected of prostitution. Once the women had been registered as prostitutes, they seem to have been unable to express a preference for street or brothel prostitution. There was a degree of compulsion to enter the official brothels, with their barracked daily life, in the occupied Polish territories. The vast majority of sexual enslavement affected women in the Warthegau. The perverted racial policies in the Warthegau contributed to the prostitution system there being a place of “organized rape in conditions of terror”. In the Warthegau, fraternization was punished by committal to the brothels. The chapter then looks at forced prostitution. The German occupation authorities acted not only as pimps, but also as traffickers.
Types and Trajectories of Relationships
Authors: Röger Maren 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the types and trajectories of relationships between German men and Polish women. There is a fundamental difference between brief flings that led to sexual intercourse but did not develop into affairs, flirtations, or serious relationships, and relationships that lasted weeks or months, which both partners ultimately sought to legalize. Couples might meet anywhere: at the women's homes, in parks, in rented rooms, and even in the men's accommodation or barracks. Sometimes, German men and Polish women lived in marriage-like relationships. The chapter then looks at how the wartime relationships of German–Polish couples ended. Some men championed their relationships, but other soldiers simply disappeared out of women's lives, having sometimes had a serious impact on them, especially if the relationship had resulted in a child.
What Is a Dream?
Authors: Llewellyn Sue 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Dreaming happens during sleep. When we aren’t interacting with the world, our minds turn inwards. We dream. These dreams differ. Rapid eye movement (REM) dreams are visual, vivid, bizarre, emotional, and highly associative with embodied narratives, whereas non-rapid eye movement (NREM) dreams tend to be shorter and more thought-like. During REM dreams, the brain is as active, or even more active, than it is during wakefulness. In some dreams, during REM sleep, the dreamer is lucid—they become aware they are dreaming and can, sometimes control the dream content. These different types of dream happen at different times in the sleep cycle. Across the night, we experience NREM sleep (including light sleep and deep sleep) and REM sleep in a fixed sequence. The night isn’t a uniform period of rest. This introductory chapter explains these basic issues about sleep and dreams.
Dream to Survive
Authors: Llewellyn Sue 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this chapter we look at why we make non-obvious associations in dreams. Perhaps surprisingly, I argue the ability to recognize complex patterns in past experience, and portray them in dream images, was much more important for early humans than it is now—back then we dreamed to survive. I argue we retained dream images at an unconscious level so we could use them in dangerous situations, which required fast responses. As early humans, we risked extreme dangers whenever we visited dependable food or water sites that were also frequented by predators and competitors. We could reduce risk through identifying any associative patterns of their visiting behaviour. The evolutionary answer to the perplexing question ‘Why depict non-obvious associations in dreams’ was ‘To ensure survival’.
Dream to Remember
Authors: Llewellyn Sue 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores how the process of creating a complex, visuospatial, associative image of a pattern in experience is mnemonic, i.e. it aids remembering. Clearly, unless we retained a dream memory image it couldn’t improve our chances of survival in wake. I compare associative dream images to the associative images people use in wake to help them remember. These associative images all derive from the Ancient Art of Memory, incorporating the Method of Loci. I argue the Method of Loci works as a memory technique because it mimics the daily tour in the home range. Equally, the associative images from the Ancient Art of Memory echo the dream images retained at landmark junctions in memory networks.
Dream to Go Crazy?
Authors: Llewellyn Sue 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The previous chapter argues that creative people are in a hybrid, disordered state in-between dreaming and wake. In this chapter I propose that if this in-between, de-differentiated state becomes more severe and enduring, psychiatric disorders will result. De-differentiation of wake and dreaming has two sides: dreaming suffuses wake and wake permeates dreaming. The idea that madness results from dreaming invading wake is of long standing. So is the notion that highly creative people are somewhat crazy. But the conception of a wake-like state pervading dreaming hasn’t been explored. Chaos theory delineates the dynamics of de-differentiation, disorder, and madness. Madness is defined as mistaking a complex non-obvious pattern in your experience for your experience.
The Polluter-Pays Principle
Authors: de Sadeleer Nicolas 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins by defining the polluter-pays principle as an economic rule of cost allocation whose source lies precisely in the theory of externalities, requiring the polluter to take responsibility for the external costs arising from their pollution. It then discusses two ways to ensure that prices reflect the true cost of production and consumption. It traces the evolution of the principle in international organizations such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the European Union (EU) as well as in domestic law. It illustrates its various functions (redistributive, preventive, curative) that are at times complementary and at other times mutually exclusive. It also discusses that this principle exercises a significant influence on the evolution of national law and clarifies the functions of the principle, particularly from the perspective of taxation, civil liability, and State aids. It begs a number of questions such as: who is the polluter? who should pay pollution charges? how can the charge be made proportionate to the severity of pollution? how can the liable party be identified?
Regional-Cosmopolitan Constituent Power
Authors: Patberg Markus 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter deals with the question of whether the public narrative of ‘We, the people of Europe’, which claims constituent power for a cross-border demos composed of EU citizens, can be justified in terms of a systematic model. To that end, it draws on the political theory of regional cosmopolitanism, which holds that even though the EU is not a state, it has its own political community. The literature on regional cosmopolitanism offers two possible strategies of defending the idea of an EU-wide constituent power: a first-principles approach and a reconstructive approach. The chapter argues that only the latter proves viable, and then goes on to examine the merits of the model that it gives rise to. While regional-cosmopolitan constituent power plausibly responds to the fact that the EU has created a new group of addressees and authors of the law, it neglects the continuing importance of the member state peoples and fails to explain how an EU-wide constituent power could be reconciled with the compound and dependent nature of the EU polity.