bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of ABS + W and ABS + Bi 3D printing filaments attenuation for different photon beams
Authors: Villani D. , Savi M. , Andrade M. A. B. , Campos L.L. , Potiens M. P. A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
3D printing techniques and materials have become widely available in the last couple of decades and remains a hot topic of study as new materials can lead to new applications. This study aims to evaluate the attenuation behaviour of GMASS over photon beams ranging from 29.7 up to 661.7keV, comparing with pure ABS and using theoretical data of pure lead as reference. It was used the transmission method to obtain experimental attenuation coefficients to all materials and theoretical data. HVL and TVL calculations were also performed. Results show that ABS+W has higher attenuation than ABS+Bi and pure ABS. Using the lead theoretical reference data it can be concluded that although ABS+Bi and ABS+W attenuates less than pure lead, the 3D printing filaments can be used to create shielding tolls depending on radiation energy and application.
Entrance Skin Dose Evaluation in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Skull, Pelvis and Abdomen Radiographs
Authors: Vosiak P , Schelin H R , Bunick A P , da Silva J L C , Nicolodelli M A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
X-rays are widely used in medicine, including pediatrics. In addition to the benefits offered by the diagnosis, its use may also lead to the occurrence of biological effects. In pediatrics some tissues or organs are more radiosensitive. Also, due to the small size of the children, the organs are very close, increasing the radiation dose received by the patients. This study aimed to estimate the radiation dose received by children in the Skull AP, Abdomen AP and Pelvis AP projections. The dose calculation was performed from the x-ray tube output and the values were compared with major international dose reference levels. The results differ slightly from those presented by the adopted reference levels, but still are within the proposed range. The same happens for the radiographic technique used in each exam studied.
Garfield++ simulation of a TH-GEM based detector for standard mammography beam dosimetry
Authors: Silva Natália F. , Silva Tiago F. , Castro Maysa C. , da Luz Hugo N. , Caldas Linda V. E. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The TH-GEM based detector is a robust, simple to manufacture, high-gain gaseous electron multiplier. Its operation is based on a standard printed circuit board (PCB) coated on both sides by metallic material, perforated in a millimeter pattern, and immersed in gas. In order to study the feasibility of using TH-GEM type detectors in dosimetric applications for standard mammography beams, a prototype with adequate dimensions and materials was produced. The present work encompasses the calculations of electric fields by the Gmsh and Elmer software packages and the avalanche simulation using Garfield++ library of a TH-GEM detector filled with Ar/CO2 mixture at atmospheric pressure.
Monte Carlo Method and Their Codes Applied to Ionizing Radiation
Authors: Nascimento M , Peixoto J 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Monte Carlo method is a tool of high importance in the contemporaneous context. Not only does its statistical approach allow estimating integrals and differentials equations that do not have an analytical solution, as it also allows that events of stochastic nature can be simulated. In this context, it will be explored the use of the method in the universe of ionizing radiation as a foundation of a project looking for the implementation of a metrology 4.0. In this sense, the following codes will be explored: GEANT4, EGSnrc, PENELOPE and MCNP exhibiting vantages and disadvantages concerning their use.
CCT determination using a method with automated iterative calculation
Authors: Ázara I , Menegotto T , Gomes J 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Correlated Colour Temperature (CCT) of light sources has been usually determined using the Robertson’s method, that is based on a table with values of chromatic coordinates corresponding to various values of the blackbody locus in the CIE u,v diagram. Robertson’s method requires interpolation, normally linear, that led to an acceptable accuracy but that could be improved. The proposed method is based directly on the CCT as defined by the CIE. It allows a better accuracy, in the determination of CCT and Duv, that is the distance of the chromaticity to the blackbody locus in the CIE u,v diagram. The Excel® Solver resource is used, and the method permits easily updating the universal constants to the recently defined values by the BIPM.
Practical considerations for OCT applications
Authors: Cordes A H , Couceiro I B , Alvarenga A D , Malinovski I , Dominguez C T , de Andrade C V , Russomano F B , von der Weid J P 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
OCT measurements have a fundamental trade-off between the ability to resolve small details and the range over which the measurement is consistent. A measurement which is able to resolve small details is able to do so over a small range. A measurement which is consistent over a larger range is not able to resolve small details. While the axial resolution of the OCT measurement is determined by the optical bandwidth of the source, the lateral resolution (spot size) is determined by the focusing optics and the characteristics of the Gaussian beam. The spot size and the depth of field of a Gaussian beam are directly related in such a way that there is a trade-off between the spot size (details which can be resolved) and depth of field (distance over which the spot size is maintained). In this paper we analyze and discuss in detail the trade-off between the spot size and depth of field in OCT measurements. Some techniques to mitigate this limitation are mentioned and one is applied to measurements of cervical tissue with and without cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).
A Low-cost System for High-frequency Solar Imagery and Power Data Acquisition
Authors: Bassous G F , Calili R F , Barbosa C R H 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
With advances in solar energy research and increasingly accurate forecast techniques, intermittency no longer stands as a barrier to the adoption of solar energy. Coupling reliable data and knowledge on the inherent variability of the solar resource with advanced learning and forecast models, renewable energy can take an even bigger role in today’s energy paradigm. The objective of this work is to develop and test a low-cost data acquisition system able to provide relevant data for solar energy forecast models. The results yielded from the performed tests indicate high correlation between image derived attributes and power measurements 20 s ahead.
Advance in the development of wideband resistive voltage dividers
Authors: Slomovitz D , Trigo L , Faverio C , Kyriazis G A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The advance in the development of a set of resistive dividers is described. The frequency range is 50 Hz to 100 kHz and the voltage, from 4 V to 1024 V. It was used a special design for reducing the stray capacitances and to limit the temperature, especially for the highest voltages. Tests on frequency response, ratio and phase, are shown in this paper.
Credit card size computer Stratum 1 NTP Server
Authors: Damaceno L P , Mascarin R P , Müller S T , Magalhães D V 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Considering the increasing number of IoT devices, internet-connected computers, smartphone devices, and connected industries, time is an important point to be taken into account. To confidently correlate data from all these devices, time synchronization with a common and global reference (TAI and UTC) is crucial. To provide to internet users our timescale and the benefits of having a traceable cesium frequency standard to BIPM, we assembled a Stratum 1 NTP server with a credit card size computer.
Estimation of the measurement uncertainty in the tests of electric distribution transformers filled with insulating liquid -no load loss and in load loss
Authors: Barbosa Vitor Martins , Landim Regis Pinheiro 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Considering the lack of a method for comparison and evaluation of the tests of electric distribution transformers filled with insulating liquid, we propose a mathematical modelling of the measurement uncertainty on the losses, no load and in load. The mathematical modelling was developed using as theoretical references the Guide to Expression of Uncertainty of Measurement - ISO GUM, the ABNT NBR 5356:2007 standard and Regulatory Ordinances issued by the National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology - Inmetro. The models were applied to the test data of transformers as a way to assess their consistency. The measured uncertainties (k = 2) obtained from the tests for no load and in load were, respectively, U(WNLL) = 0.62 W and U(WILL) = 0.60 W.
Polymorphism of GSTM1,GSTT1,GSTP1, and GSTA1 genes In Iraqi Population
Authors: Al-Rubae’i S H N , Muftin N Q , Yaseen N Y 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOne of the phase II enzymes that are responsible for detoxification of the body are Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). Type and frequency of polymorphism of GSTs differ among the population. The current paper was designed to detect the polymorphisms in GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1 and GSTA1 genes among the Iraqi population, and the results were compared with other population. Data will be collected in the future to obtain a genetic map of the Iraqi population. To our knowledge, this study is the first done on the Iraqi population. In this study blood samples were collected from 110 healthy individuals (51 males and 59 females) aged between 15-50 years. The presence or absence of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes was identified by multiplex-PCR. In addition, PCR-RFLP was used to detect polymorphism of GSTP1 (Ile105Val) and GSTA1 (A*/B*). The study revealed the frequencies of GSTM1 null, GSTT1 null, GSTP1 (Ile105Val), and GSTA1 A*/B* were 34.55%, 25.45%, 45.46%, and 41.82% respectively. The most frequently observed combinations were GSTM1 Present/GSTT1 Present/Ile/Val/A*/A* (18.18%). For the first time in Iraq by this study, four sequences were recorded in NCBI under the following accession numbers LC081235.1, LC090205.1, LC081236.1, and LC090206.1. These findings provide us the basic data for genotypes distribution and allele frequencies of GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1 and GSTA1 in the Iraqi population, and this is open a new prospect for further investigations by researchers in identifying differences between individuals in the genetic susceptibility of various diseases caused by environmental gene, rather than depending on results obtained from other populations.
Biosorption to removing heavy metals from wastewater
Authors: Hussain S A. , Hasan N K , Al-Abodi E E 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this research, the efficacy of walnuts shell as bio adsorbent surface has been evaluated in the process of heavy elements removing from aqueous solution. Heavy metals concentrations are determined using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques in walnuts shell and using the atomic absorption spectrometer to determined heavy elements concentrations in wastewater from the southern Rustumiya station, as Chromium (Cr), Nikel (Ni), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb). XRF technique is a viable and precise for analyzing a variety of harm materials and environmental samples with different advantages compared with conventional laboratory analysis ways.
Synthesis and spectroscopic studies of some transition metal complexes derived from bis-2-pyrazoline ligand
Authors: Abid M N , Fahad A M , Musa T M , Ismail A H 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The present work focuses on the synthesis and spectroscopic studies of some metal complexes based on a novel bis-2-pyrazoline ligand; 5-(4-(1-carbamothioyl-5-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrazolidin-3-yl)phenyl)-3-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrazolidine-l-carbothioamide. This ligand was prepared via the cyclization reaction of 3-(4-((E)-3-oxo-3-(pyridin-3-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl)phenyl)-1-(pyridin-3-yl)prop-2-en-1-one with alkaline solution of thiosemicarbazide. The resulted 2-pyrazoline ligand was identified by the FT-IR, NMR and LC-MS spectroscopes, in addition to (C.H.N.S) elemental analyses. The complexes of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) were prepared from their metal chlorides and ethanolic solution of the prepared ligand in 10% ammonia (mole ration 2:1 M:L). The octahedral geometry for all complexes was confirmed by atomic absorption, FT-IR, UV-Visible, magnetic moments and molar conductivity measurements. The thermal stability of the prepared complexes was confirmed by the thermal gravimetric analyses and the observed results indicated that the suggested chemical structure are in agreement with other data of elemental micro-analyses and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy.
Evaluation of serum ferritin and hepcidin level and their association with obesity in Iraqi obese women
Authors: Sadiq A H , Jassim A M N 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Obesity is a chronic disease renowned as a global epidemic. Prevalence of obesity proceeded as highly elevated to almost two-thirds of the world population, including Iraq. One of the major reasons of overweight and obesity is increasing food intake. Obese people are often suffering from chronic inflammatory state due to a variation in immune efficiency in the adipose tissue. Our research aims to assess the ferritin and hepcidin level in obese women with and without hypertensive. Eighty of obese women were participants as volunteers, as well as, 40 subjects as healthy control. Based on Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist Circumference (WC), Waist to Height Ratio (WHtR) and Waist to Hip Ratio (WHpR). Participants were divided into two categories, the: first with BMI ≥ 18.5-25 kg/m2 as non-obese (control) and the, second with BMI ≥ 30kg/m2 as obese subjects. The studied parameters showed the following results: A significant elevation in TG, LDL, VLDL, glucose, AST, ALT, calcium, Creatinine, Uric acid, Urea, ferritin and hepcidin in obese (for both obese women and hypertensive obese women) compared with control group, while a significant decrease was noticed in HDL level in obese group as compared with control group. This study improved that ferritin and hepcidin can be considered as good markers to monitoring obesity, showing a high increase with increasing BMI.
Renalase: Gene polymorphism and its association with hypertension in some diseases
Authors: Muftin N Q , Al-Garawi Z S , Tahir N T , Tahir Z A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Hypertension is a significant public health problem due to its high prevalence and association with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and thus the major cause of death in developed countries. Most of diabetes mellitus and hemodialysis patients are expected to have hypertension and of around 10% of pregnant women have hypertension, which increases preeclampsia; the most important medical problem that threatened the life of maternal and neonatal. Previous studies showed that genetic factors could play an important role in predicting hypertension. Recently, a novel soluble flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent amine oxidase, called renalase, found to decrease blood pressure by degrading catecholamines. It is secreted by the kidney and is found in the heart, small intestine, skeletal muscle, endothelium, and nervous system. Renalase polymorphism of the renalase gene may affect the renalase activity and increase susceptibility to some diseases. This review highlights the structure, function, polymorphisms of renalase, and its association with hypertension in hemodialysis, cardiovascular, preeclampsia, and diabetes mellitus patients. As a conclusion, the rs10887800, rs2576178, and rs2296545 renalase gene polymorphism could thus be a risk factor for hypertension.
Synthesis of steroid bearing heterocyclic derivatives and biological activity. Review 2014-2020
Authors: Farhan A M , Alshamusi Q K , Jebur M H 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Steroidal building blocks have drawn research groups attention in many branches of science and technology, such as pharmacological and medical fields, supramolecular chemistry and compounds in nanotechnology, So the recent years have witnessed a wide focus of research directed towards preparing heterocyclic derivatives fused with steroid molecules as a result of the great biological activity these compounds, This review described an outline of the literature reports (2014-2020) of synthesis heterocyclic compounds for steroid molecules fused at rings-A or B or D of steroid skeleton or annealed, Also the review included the biological activity of steroid hetero cyclic as anti breast cancer, anti prostate cancer, antioxidant and antimicrobial.
Chemistry and synthesis of Bis Pyrazole derivatives and their biological activity: a review
Authors: Rodhan W F. , Kadhium S S. , Ali Z Z M , Eleiwi A G , Abbas R F , Mohamed I R , Hussein Z A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Pyrazole derivatives were used for all kinds of biological celerity like used for a core structure in a large of compounds that possess important pharmacological agents such as a potent anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity drug rimonabant, antitumor and analgesic. Various bis-pyrazole derivatives were introduced a great contribution not only in the synthetic chemistry but also used in the healthful chemistry field. In this review, we reported the different methods have been used for synthesis of pyrazole derivatives with some of them being used in the biological field.
Effect of laser parameters on ultra-short laser processing of SiC
Authors: Angelova L , Daskalova A , Petit F , Trifonov A , Kandeva M , Stanev G , Buchvarov I 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Crystalline silicon carbide (SiC) is a very attractive material in the fields of microelectronics, MEMS and biomedicine mainly due to its chemical inertness and mechanical strength. It is used for SiC MEM sensors, micro motors and resonators [1]. In the biomedical field, SiC is emerging as a promising material for additional coating of biomaterials due to its other useful properties (hardness, lightness, impermeability and good compatibility). For instance, in combination with bioglass, it is used for bone regeneration and as coating of some metal alloys, as it forms a bone-like layer on the surface upon contact with body fluids [2]. We studied the results of microporous modifications on the SiC surface irradiated by ultrashort laser pulses in view of further biomedical applications. The nanostructures were formed on the surface of a silicon carbide sample by using a regeneratively amplified Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser emitting at 800 nm. The SiC samples were irradiated as the laser light parameters (power, energy and number of applied pulses) were varied and the surface morphological changes were investigated. Modification of the topography of the silicon carbide substrates could substantially improve the bioactivity properties of this material, which, after proper laser parameters optimization, could make its biomedical application even more successful.
Stress-induced neoplasia detection in the lower part of gastrointestinal tract of rats using phthalocyanines
Authors: Agranovich I , Khorovodov Al , Kanevsky M , Genova Ts , Gisbrecht Al , Angelov I , Mantareva V , Navolokin N , Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya O , Borisova E 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this study, phthalocyanine (ZnPc, AlPc, LuPc – Pcs) compounds were employed as exogenous fluorescent markers for diagnostics of GIT adenocarcinoma in laboratorial animals (adult male rats,n= 40) after application of an experimental model of adenocarcinoma formation with metastases. The neoplastic lesions were developed under the influence of social stress and chemical stress using nitrosamines during a 9-month period of application. A significant fluorescence signal in the region of 670 – 720 nm was observed from the neoplastic lesions, which was absent in the normal mucosa. This signal is related to the fluorescence of phthalocyanines accumulated in the tumor area. The autofluorescence background covered the region of 450 – 650 nm with a maximum at 480 – 520 nm and originated mainly from protein cross-links and co-enzymes – NADH and flavins. Endogenous porphyrins fluorescence was also observed in the lesions with a maximum at 630 – 640 nm. Visually, the presence of accumulation sites of Pcs in the form of bright pink patches was observed after excitation at 405 nm, as opposed to a healthy tissue, which remained blue-violet due to the autofluorescence signal. This allows one to use the Pcs fluorescence discrimination not only in a spectroscopic mode of detection, but for imaging of the lesions investigated, which is preferable in clinical applications during endoscopic observations in humans.
Occlusal splints – changes in the muscular activity
Authors: Taneva I , Grozdanova-Uzunova R , Uzunov T 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Bruxism is considered an oral parafunction of involuntary grinding and clenching of the teeth. Occlusal splints are the most common method of preventing bruxism and its consequences. Their application significantly reduces the pathologies of the dental and periodontal structures. Infrared thermography is a noncontact method of temperature measurement whereby the detector is pointed remotely at a single spot. The purpose of the study is registering by means of infrared thermography the changes in the muscular activity during the period of occlusal splint prophylaxis. In the presence of pathological changes, splint therapy aims to return the joint-muscular complex of the masticatory apparatus to normal, which is associated with the activation of the adaptive capabilities of the organism. This dynamic process is associated with a rise in temperature. When achieving balance after wearing the splints for one and three months, a decrease in the registered temperature is naturally observed due to the created preconditions for elimination of the inflammation of the joint and the overload of the muscles.
Photodiagnostics and photodynamic treatment of stem cells cultivated from human glioblastoma tumors
Authors: Zaharieva L , Borisova E , Kyurkchiev D , Tumangelova-Yuzeir K , Ivanova-Todorova E , Angelov I , Genova Ts , Kolev B , Gisbrecht A , Avramov L , Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya O , Karazapryanov P , Minkin K 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Porphyrins used as photosensitizers are accumulated selectively in glioblastoma cells due to the latter heme metabolism disorders and could be used effectively for intraoperative fluorescence staining of the tumor formation and differentiation from normal brain parenchyma. The aim of this work was to investigate the photodynamic properties of 5-ALA/PpIX on stem cell cultures isolated from glioblastoma. Supernatant samples of photosensitizer-treated cell lines were used for evaluation of photosensitizers’ accumulation in the cell lines investigated using excitation in the spectral ranges of Soret’ band (360 – 410 nm) and Q-band (600 – 650 nm). The emission detected was used to evaluate the efficacy of the photodynamic treatment during PDT irradiation inducing apoptosis and necrosis processes in cell lines treated with photosensitizers. Several variables were studied, such as histochemical and genetic variants of glioblastoma, and various photosensitizers’ concentrations and light-emitting parameters. The results of this in vitro work will be used as the basis for a further in vivo application on animal models of glioblastoma with applying irradiation using intracranial light sources and for a subsequent transfer of the obtained protocols of photodynamic treatment of glioblastoma lesions in such model systems for the needs of human medicine.