bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sialodochitis fibrinosa managed with staged bilateral total parotidectomy
Authors: Tabaksert A S , Lazarova L , Bentley R , Stafford F 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis paper reports a rare case of a 61-year-old man with sialodochitis fibrinosa.MethodsClinical case report and review of current literature.ResultsSialodochitis fibrinosa is a diagnosis of exclusion and in many cases can be managed conservatively. Conservative management failed for this patient and he was managed successfully with staged bilateral total parotidectomy.ConclusionSialodochitis fibrinosa should be considered as a differential diagnosis of painful bilateral facial swelling. While conservative management is successful for many patients, staged bilateral total parotidectomy may be necessary for full remission of symptoms; the timing of this is crucial to reduce the risk of facial nerve palsy.
Individualized risk components guiding antipsychotic delivery in patients with a clinical high risk of psychosis: application of a risk calculator
Authors: Zhang TianHong , Xu LiHua , Li HuiJun , Cui HuiRu , Tang YingYing , Wei YanYan , Tang XiaoChen , Hu YeGang , Hui Li , Li ChunBo , Niznikiewicz Margaret A. , Shenton Martha E. , Keshavan Matcheri S. , Stone William S. , Wang JiJun 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundAntipsychotics are widely used for treating patients with psychosis, and target threshold psychotic symptoms. Individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis are characterized by subthreshold psychotic symptoms. It is currently unclear who might benefit from antipsychotic treatment. Our objective was to apply a risk calculator (RC) to identify people that would benefit from antipsychotics.MethodsDrawing on 400 CHR individuals recruited between 2011 and 2016, 208 individuals who received antipsychotic treatment were included. Clinical and cognitive variables were entered into an individualized RC for psychosis; personal risk was estimated and 4 risk components (negative symptoms-RC-NS, general function-RC-GF, cognitive performance-RC-CP, and positive symptoms-RC-PS) were constructed. The sample was further stratified according to the risk level. Higher risk was defined based on the estimated risk score (20% or higher).ResultsIn total, 208 CHR individuals received daily antipsychotic treatment of an olanzapine-equivalent dose of 8.7 mg with a mean administration duration of 58.4 weeks. Of these, 39 (18.8%) developed psychosis within 2 years. A new index of factors ratio (FR), which was derived from the ratio of RC-PS plus RC-GF to RC-NS plus RC-CP, was generated. In the higher-risk group, as FR increased, the conversion rate decreased. A small group (15%) of CHR individuals at higher-risk and an FR >1 benefitted from the antipsychotic treatment.ConclusionsThrough applying a personal risk assessment, the administration of antipsychotics should be limited to CHR individuals with predominantly positive symptoms and related function decline. A strict antipsychotic prescription strategy should be introduced to reduce inappropriate use.
Design and Experiments of Pneumatic Soft Actuators
Authors: Guo Liqiang , Li Ke , Cheng Guanggui , Zhang Zhongqiang , Xu Chu , Ding Jianning 
Published: February 2021

SUMMARYThe soft actuator is made of superelastic material and embedded flexible material. In this paper, a kind of soft tube was designed and used to assemble two kinds of pneumatic soft actuators. The experiment and finite element analysis are used to comprehensively analyze and describe the bending, elongation, and torsion deformation of the soft actuator. The results show that the two soft actuators have the best actuation performance when the inner diameter of the soft tube is 4 mm. In addition, when the twisting pitch of the torsional actuator is 24 mm, its torsional performance is optimized. Finally, a device that can be used in the production line was assembled by utilizing those soft actuators, and some operation tasks were completed. This experiment provides some insights for the development of soft actuators with more complex motions in the future.
Effectiveness modelling of digital contact-tracing solutions for tackling the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Shubina Viktoriia , Ometov Aleksandr , Basiri Anahid , Lohan Elena Simona 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSince the beginning of the coronavirus (COVID-19) global pandemic, digital contact-tracing applications (apps) have been at the centre of attention as a digital tool to enable citizens to monitor their social distancing, which appears to be one of the leading practices for mitigating the spread of airborne infectious diseases. Many countries have been working towards developing suitable digital contact-tracing apps to allow the measurement of the physical distance between citizens and to alert them when contact with an infected individual has occurred. However, the adoption of digital contact-tracing apps has faced several challenges so far, including interoperability between mobile devices and users’ privacy concerns. There is a need to reach a trade-off between the achievable technical performance of new technology, false-positive rates, and social and behavioural factors. This paper reviews a wide range of factors and classifies them into three categories of technical, epidemiological and social ones, and incorporates these into a compact mathematical model. The paper evaluates the effectiveness of digital contact-tracing apps based on received signal strength measurements. The results highlight the limitations, potential and challenges of the adoption of digital contact-tracing apps.
Low-molecular-weight heparin administered by subcutaneous catheter is a safe and effective anti-coagulation regimen in selected inpatient infants and children with complex congenital heart disease
Authors: Pardun Nadja , Lemmer Julia , Belker Kristina , Pringsheim Milka , Ewert Peter , Wolf Cordula M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackground/hypothesis:Disadvantages of intravenous therapeutic unfractionated heparin, the first-line anti-coagulant agent in children with complex congenital heart disease, include unpredictable pharmacokinetics requiring frequent phlebotomies and the need for continuous intravenous access.Objective:To compare efficacy and safety of low-molecular-weight heparin administered by a subcutaneous indwelling catheter with intravenous unfractionated heparin.Materials and methods:Clinical data from 31 inpatients prospectively enrolled to receive subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin were compared with those from a historical group of 44 inpatients receiving intravenous unfractionated heparin. Investigation of parents’ satisfaction by telephone survey.Results:The percentage of anti-factor Xa levels outside therapeutic range was lower in the subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin group compared with the percentage of activated partial thromboplastin times outside therapeutic range in the intravenous unfractionated heparin group (40% versus 90%, p < 0.001). Neither group had a major complication. Transient local reactions occurred in 19% of patients of the subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin group. The number of needle punctures and that of placement of indwelling catheters were significantly lower in the subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin compared with the intravenous unfractionated heparin group (p < 0.001). In total, 84.2% of parents in the subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin group reported a positive experience when asked about comparison with prior intravenous unfractionated heparin treatment.Conclusion:Subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin offers a safe anti-coagulation regimen for children with complex congenital heart disease providing more efficient therapeutic anti-coagulation and a reduction in needle punctures, thus causing less pain and anxiety in this children.
Effect of breakfast cereal type on portion size and nutritional implications
Authors: Lewis Isabelle M , Boote Lucy , Butler Tom 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjective:The present study aimed to assess the effect of different types of breakfast cereal (BC) on portion size and the nutritional implications of potential under or overserving.Design:A cross-sectional analysis was performed using one BC from the seven established BC manufacturing methods (flaking (F), gun puffed (GP), oven puffed (OP), extruded gun puffed (EGP), shredded wholegrain (SW), biscuit formed (BF) and granola). Participants were asked to pour cereal as if they were serving themselves (freepour). Difference between the freepour and recommended serving size (RSS) was calculated (DFR). The Friedman test followed by Dunn’s multiple comparison test was used to test for a significant differences between cereal categories.Setting:City of Chester, North West of the UK.Participants:Adults (n 169; n 110 female, 32 (sd 18) years).Results:Freepour values were greater than RSS for all categories of BC. Median values for denser cereals such as SW, granola and oats were significantly (P < 0·001) greater than all other categories with granola having the highest median freepour value of 95 g. Median (and range of) DFR weight values for granola were significantly higher than other BC (50·0 g (−24·0 to 267·0 g), P < 0·001). BC with the lowest median DFR were F1 (7·0 g (−20 to 63·0 g)), GP (6·0 g (−26·0 to 69·0 g)), EGP (6·0 g (−26·0 to 56·0 g)), OP (5·0 g (−27·0 to 53·0 g)) and BF (0·0 g (−28·2 to 56·4 g)).Conclusions:The degree of overserving may be related to the type of BC with denser cereals more readily overserved. Encouraging manufacturers to reformulate cereals and improving their nutritional properties may have benefit in reducing excess energy intake.
Antarctic Circumpolar Current Impacts on Internal Wave Life Cycles
Authors: Waterman S. , Meyer A. , Polzin K. L. , Naveira Garabato A. C. , Sheen K. L. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMajor gaps exist in our understanding of the pathways between internal wave generation and breaking in the Southern Ocean, with important implications for the distribution of internal wave‐driven mixing, the sensitivity of ocean mixing rates and patterns to changes in the ocean environment, and the necessary ingredients of mixing parameterizations. Here we assess the dominant processes in internal wave evolution by characterizing wave and mesoscale flow scales based on full‐depth in situ measurements in a Southern Ocean mixing hot spot and a ray tracing calculation. The exercise highlights the importance of Antarctic Circumpolar Current jets as a dominant influence on internal wave life cycles through advection, the modification of wave characteristics via wave‐mean flow interactions, and the set‐up of critical layers for both upward‐ and downward‐propagating waves. Our findings suggest that it is important to represent mesoscale flow impacts in parameterizations of internal wave‐driven mixing in the Southern Ocean.
A Physics‐Based Universal Indicator for Vertical Decoupling and Mixing Across Canopies Architectures and Dynamic Stabilities
Authors: Peltola O. , Lapo K. , Thomas C. K. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAir flows may be decoupled from the underlying surface either due to strong stratification of air or due to canopy drag suppressing cross‐canopy mixing. During decoupling, turbulent fluxes vary with height and hence identification of decoupled periods is crucial for the estimation of surface fluxes with the eddy covariance (EC) technique and computation of ecosystem‐scale carbon, heat, and water budgets. A new indicator for identifying the decoupled periods is derived using forces (buoyancy and canopy drag) hindering movement of a downward propagating air parcel. This approach improves over the existing methods since (1) changes in forces hindering the coupling are accounted for, and (2) it is based on first principles and not on ad hoc empirical correlations. The applicability of the method is demonstrated at two contrasting EC sites (flat open terrain, boreal forest) and should be applicable also at other EC sites above diverse ecosystems (from grasslands to dense forests).
Tropical Cyclone Frequency Under Varying SSTs in Aquaplanet Simulations
Authors: Burnett Adam C. , Sheshadri Aditi , Silvers Levi G. , Robinson Thomas 
Published: February 2021

AbstractGlobal tropical cyclone (TC) frequency is investigated in a 50‐km‐resolution aquaplanet model forced by zonally symmetric sea surface temperature (SST). TC frequency per unit area is found to be proportional to the Coriolis parameter at the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), as defined by the latitude of maximum precipitation. As the latitude of maximum SST is shifted northward from the equator, the precipitation maximum moves northward and TC frequency increases. When the SST maximum is shifted northward past 25°N, the precipitation maximum remains between 15°N and 20°N, and TC frequency per unit area is approximately constant. When applied to observed precipitation and SST data, the same scaling captures a substantial fraction of observed TCs. Results suggest that future changes in TC activity will be modulated by changes in the large‐scale circulation, and in particular that the ITCZ location is an important determinant of the number of TCs.
Parameterizing the Impact of Seawater Temperature and Irradiance on Dimethylsulfide (DMS) in the Great Barrier Reef and the Contribution of Coral Reefs to the Global Sulfur Cycle
Authors: Jackson R. L. , Gabric A. J. , Matrai P. A. , Woodhouse M. T. , Cropp R. , Jones G. B. , Deschaseaux E. S. M. , Omori Y. , McParland E. L. , Swan H. B. , Tanimoto H. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBiogenic emissions of dimethylsulfide (DMS) are an important source of sulfur to the atmosphere, with implications for aerosol formation and cloud albedo over the ocean. Natural aerosol sources constitute the largest uncertainty in estimates of aerosol radiative forcing and climate and thus, an improved understanding of DMS sources is needed. Coral reefs are strong point sources of DMS; however, this coral source of biogenic sulfur is not explicitly included in climatologies or in model simulations. Consequently, the role of coral reefs in local and regional climate remains uncertain. We aim to improve the representation of tropical coral reefs in DMS databases by calculating a climatology of seawater DMS concentration (DMSw) and sea‐air flux in the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Australia. DMSwis calculated from remotely sensed observations of sea surface temperature and photosynthetically active radiation using a multiple linear regression model derived from field observations of DMSwin the GBR. We estimate that coral reefs and lagoon waters in the GBR (∼347,000 km2) release 0.03–0.05 Tg yr−1of DMS (0.02 Tg yr−1of sulfur). Based on this estimate, global tropical coral reefs (∼600,000 km2) could emit 0.08 Tg yr−1of DMS (0.04 Tg yr−1of sulfur), with the potential to influence the local radiative balance.
Improved Circulation in the Northern Hemisphere by Adjusting Gravity Wave Drag Parameterizations in Seasonal Experiments With ICON‐NWP
Authors: Köhler Raphael , Handorf Dörthe , Jaiser Ralf , Dethloff Klaus , Zängl Günther , Majewski Detlev , Rex Markus 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe stratosphere is one of the main potential sources for subseasonal to seasonal predictability in midlatitudes in winter. The ability of an atmospheric model to realistically simulate the stratospheric dynamics is essential in order to move forward in the field of seasonal predictions in midlatitudes. Earlier studies with the ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic atmospheric model (ICON) point out that stratospheric westerlies in ICON are underestimated. This is the first extensive study on the evaluation of Northern Hemisphere stratospheric winter circulation with ICON in numerical weather prediction (NWP) mode. Seasonal experiments with the default setup are able to reproduce the basic climatology of the stratospheric polar vortex. However, westerlies are too weak and major stratospheric warmings too frequent in ICON. Both a reduction of the nonorographic, and a reduction of the orographic gravity wave and wake drag lead to a strengthening of the stratospheric vortex and a bias reduction, in particular in January. However, the effect of the nonorographic gravity wave drag scheme on the stratosphere is stronger. Stratosphere‐troposphere coupling is intensified and more realistic due to a reduced gravity wave drag. Furthermore, an adjustment of the subgrid‐scale orographic drag parameterization leads to a significant error reduction in the mean sea level pressure. As a result of these findings, we present our current suggested improved setup for seasonal experiments with ICON‐NWP.
Evidence of Small Scale Plasma Irregularity Effects on Whistler Mode Chorus Propagation
Authors: Hosseini Poorya , Agapitov Oleksiy , Harid Vijay , Gołkowski Mark 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe impact of randomly distributed field‐aligned density irregularities on whistler‐mode wave propagation is investigated using full‐wave simulations and multipoint spacecraft observations. The irregularities are modeled as randomized density perturbations between 1% and 10% of the nominal background density value with scales of ∼10–60 km transverse and ∼50–500 km along the background magnetic field. The density irregularities affect whistler wave propagation and lead to spatial modulation of wave average power density accompanied by spreading of the wave normal angle distribution. Wave power variation is shown to statistically increase with the depth of density irregularities. The simulation results are in good agreement with the observed correlations of chorus power and variation of the plasma density from multipoint observations by the four Magnetosphere MultiScale spacecraft. The change in fundamental wave properties from scattering from these irregularities affects the efficiency of wave‐particle interactions in the radiation belts and needs to be incorporated into large‐scale energetic‐particle flux models.
Targeting cancer stem cells for reversing therapy resistance: mechanism, signaling, and prospective agents
Authors: Zhou He-Ming , Zhang Ji-Gang , Zhang Xue , Li Qin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCancer stem cells (CSCs) show a self-renewal capacity and differentiation potential that contribute to tumor progression and therapy resistance. However, the underlying processes are still unclear. Elucidation of the key hallmarks and resistance mechanisms of CSCs may help improve patient outcomes and reduce relapse by altering therapeutic regimens. Here, we reviewed the identification of CSCs, the intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms of therapy resistance in CSCs, the signaling pathways of CSCs that mediate treatment failure, and potential CSC-targeting agents in various tumors from the clinical perspective. Targeting the mechanisms and pathways described here might contribute to further drug discovery and therapy.
Nonnutritive sweeteners can promote the dissemination of antibiotic resistance through conjugative gene transfer
Authors: Yu Zhigang , Wang Yue , Lu Ji , Bond Philip L , Guo Jianhua 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a worldwide threat to human health and biosecurity. The spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) via conjugative plasmid transfer is a major contributor to the evolution of this resistance. Although permitted as safe food additives, compounds such as saccharine, sucralose, aspartame, and acesulfame potassium that are commonly used as nonnutritive sweeteners have recently been associated with shifts in the gut microbiota similar to those caused by antibiotics. As antibiotics can promote the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), we hypothesize that these nonnutritive sweeteners could have a similar effect. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that saccharine, sucralose, aspartame, and acesulfame potassium could promote plasmid-mediated conjugative transfer in three established conjugation models between the same and different phylogenetic strains. The real-time dynamic conjugation process was visualized at the single-cell level. Bacteria exposed to the tested compounds exhibited increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, the SOS response, and gene transfer. In addition, cell membrane permeability increased in both parental bacteria under exposure to the tested compounds. The expression of genes involved in ROS detoxification, the SOS response, and cell membrane permeability was significantly upregulated under sweetener treatment. In conclusion, exposure to nonnutritive sweeteners enhances conjugation in bacteria. Our findings provide insight into AMR spread and indicate the potential risk associated with the presence of nonnutritive sweeteners.
HERVs establish a distinct molecular subtype in stage II/III colorectal cancer with poor outcome
Authors: Golkaram Mahdi , Salmans Michael L. , Kaplan Shannon , Vijayaraghavan Raakhee , Martins Marta , Khan Nafeesa , Garbutt Cassandra , Wise Aaron , Yao Joyee , Casimiro Sandra , Abreu Catarina , Macedo Daniela , Costa Ana Lúcia , Alvim Cecília , Mansinho André , Filipe Pedro , Marques da Costa Pedro , Fernandes Afonso , Borralho Paula , Ferreira Cristina , Aldeia Fernando , Malaquias João , Godsey Jim , So Alex , Pawlowski Traci , Costa Luis , Zhang Shile , Liu Li 
Published: February 2021

AbstractColorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most lethal malignancies. The extreme heterogeneity in survival rate is driving the need for new prognostic biomarkers. Human endogenous retroviruses (hERVs) have been suggested to influence tumor progression, oncogenesis and elicit an immune response. We examined multiple next-generation sequencing (NGS)-derived biomarkers in 114 CRC patients with paired whole-exome and whole-transcriptome sequencing (WES and WTS, respectively). First, we demonstrate that the median expression of hERVs can serve as a potential biomarker for prognosis, relapse, and resistance to chemotherapy in stage II and III CRC. We show that hERV expression and CD8+ tumor-infiltrating T-lymphocytes (TILs) synergistically stratify overall and relapse-free survival (OS and RFS): the median OS of the CD8-/hERV+ subgroup was 29.8 months compared with 37.5 months for other subgroups (HR = 4.4, log-rank P < 0.001). Combing NGS-based biomarkers (hERV/CD8 status) with clinicopathological factors provided a better prediction of patient survival compared to clinicopathological factors alone. Moreover, we explored the association between genomic and transcriptomic features of tumors with high hERV expression and establish this subtype as distinct from previously described consensus molecular subtypes of CRC. Overall, our results underscore a previously unknown role for hERVs in leading to a more aggressive subtype of CRC.
Miura-ori enabled stretchable circuit boards
Authors: Li Yongkai , Liu Weixuan , Deng Yang , Hong Wei , Yu Hongyu 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOrigami, an ancient form of papercraft, provides a way to develop functional structures for engineering applications. In this paper, we report an approach to design and manufacture a stretchable circuit board (SCB) with origami structures. The benefits of developable, flat-foldable, and rigid-foldable origami-based structures as SCBs are discussed, and a representative structure, Miura fold (or Miura-ori), is chosen to be investigated. Under the constraints induced by the mounted components’ dimensions, the Miura-ori structures for specific applications can be defined. We propose three methods for better fabrication, including direct folding, stiffness modification, and kirigami enhancement, to improve a planar sheet’s foldability. A wearable ECG (electrocardiogram) system based on MO-SCB (Miura-ori enabled SCB) technology is built, and the stretchable portion is made of commercial FPCBs (flexible printed circuit board), providing desired stretchability and reliability. The proposed technology routine is compatible with industrial production and may pave the application of stretchable electronics.