bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAAR2 cluster encodes a putative VRR‐NUC domain‐containing effector
Authors: Wang Shuangyue , Geng Zhi , Zhang Heng , She Zhun , Dong Yuhui 
Published: April 2021

The bacterial type VI secretion system (T6SS) secretes many toxic effectors to gain advantage in inter‐bacterial competition and for eukaryotic host infection. The cognate immunity proteins of these effectors protect bacteria from the virulence of their own effectors. The T6SS injects its inner‐needle Hcp tube, the sharpening tip complex ‐consisting of VgrG and proline‐alanine‐alanine‐arginine repeats (PAAR) proteins‐ and toxic effectors into neighboring cells. Its functions are largely determined by the activities of its delivered effectors. Five PAAR proteins were found in the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 genome with three of them shown to facilitate the delivery of various effectors. Here, we report a putative virus‐type replication‐repair nuclease domain‐containing effector TseV encoded by the least investigated P. aeruginosa PAAR2 cluster. The crystal structure of its putative cognate effector TsiV is presented at 1.6 Å resolution. Through structure and sequence comparisons, we propose TseV‐TsiV to be a putative novel effector–immunity (E‐I) pair and we discuss the roles of other PAAR2 cluster encoded proteins.
Navigating dietary advice for multiple sclerosis
Authors: Russell Rebecca D. , Black Lucinda J. , Begley Andrea 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundMultiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease with no known cure. Numerous diets are promoted to reduce symptoms or even cure MS, despite insufficient evidence for any therapeutic diet. There are few qualitative studies exploring the experiences of people with MS in relation to diet, and no use of theory to explain the findings.PurposeTo explore the experiences of adults with MS when navigating dietary advice, their attitudes when making dietary decisions, and their needs regarding dietary resources and education.MethodsIn this qualitative study, we conducted six focus groups with people with MS (n = 33 plus one spouse without MS). Groups were audio‐recorded and transcribed verbatim. Primary analysis used a general inductive approach with thematic analysis. Secondary analysis aligned themes with the constructs of the self‐determination theory.ResultsSix themes emerged: (a) confusion about where to seek dietary advice; (b) scepticism towards national dietary guidelines; (c) personalized approaches to dietary change; (d) barriers to dietary changes; (e) judging if dietary changes work; and (f) wanting dietary guidelines for MS.ConclusionPeople with MS are highly motivated to make dietary changes and improve their health. The self‐determination theory explained why people with MS make dietary modifications, and the varying levels of motivation. MS‐specific dietary resources and nutrition education need to incorporate ways to increase autonomous forms of motivation. Future dietary intervention studies could use the self‐determination theory as a framework to improve long‐term adherence to healthier diets.
Influence of variations in the environmental pH on the solubility and water sorption of a calcium silicate‐based root canal sealer
Authors: Silva E. J. N. L. , Ferreira C. M. , Pinto K. P. , Barbosa A. F. A. , Colaço M. V. , Sassone L. M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimTo evaluate the influence of pH variation on the solubility and water sorption of a premixed calcium silicate‐based root canal sealer (EndoSequence BC Sealer) compared to the gold standard based on epoxy resin (AH Plus Jet) after immersion in distilled water and phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS).MethodologySolubility and water sorption were evaluated after immersion in distilled water or PBS at several pHs (5, 7 and 12) and the values were calculated as percentages of the original mass after 24 h, 7 and 30 days of immersion. The crystalline structures present in the sealers and surface precipitates were assessed by X‐ray diffraction. The Shapiro–Wilk’s test revealed that data were normally distributed; thus, statistical analysis was performed using one‐way anova and Tukey’s tests or independent t‐test, assuming a 5% α‐error.ResultsEndoSequence BC Sealer was associated with significantly greater water sorption and solubility compared to AH Plus Jet in all tested conditions (P < 0.05). The acid environment increased the 24 h solubility of EndoSequence BC Sealer immersed in PBS (P < 0.05) and did not induce significative changes in the water sorption (P > 0.05). Alkaline pH reduced the solubility of EndoSequence BC Sealer and increased that of AH Plus Jet at all experimental times and soaking media (P < 0.05). Alkaline environment also significantly increased the water sorption of AH Plus Jet immersed in PBS (P < 0.05). Immersion in PBS significantly reduced the solubility of EndoSequence BC Sealer and significantly increased that of AH Plus Jet (P < 0.05). Precipitates on the surface of EndoSequence BC Sealer corresponding to hydroxyapatite and calcium carbonate were detected after immersion in PBS at pH 5 and 7 for 30 days.ConclusionsEndoSequence BC Sealer had significantly greater solubility and water sorption than AH Plus Jet. Although the alkaline pH and soaking media directly influenced the solubility and water sorption of the sealers, the solubility of AH Plus Jet remained within the limits recommended by ISO 6876, whilst the solubility of the EndoSequence BC Sealer did not comply with ISO recommendations in all the conditions tested.
Evaluation of oxidation resistance of MgO‐C bricks in oxy‐combustion and air‐combustion
Authors: Zanotelli Vitor H. , Ribas Lucas L. , Bragança Saulo R. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThere are important advantages in oxy‐fuel technology over conventional combustion, such as the reduction in fuel consumption and gaseous emissions. However, before its use in the steel industry, it is essential to know that the alteration of the firing system can lead to an increase in the wear of the oxide‐carbon refractories. In the present work, four types of MgO‐C bricks were fired under oxy‐fuel and air‐fuel conditions in a semi‐industrial furnace, simulating the heating of a steelmaking ladle. The fired bricks were evaluated in terms of weight loss, thickness of the decarburized layer, and phases and microstructure formed in this layer. The results indicated few differences in the properties of the bricks fired in the two systems. The brick with 12% carbon and Al antioxidant showed the highest oxidation resistance among all bricks investigated. The most important factor for the use of the oxy‐fuel system was the correct selection of the refractory microstructural properties, including the utilization of antioxidant additives.
A Legacy of Harm? Climate Change and the Carbon Cost of Procreation
Authors: Burkett Daniel 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThere is growing acknowledgement of a moral obligation to curb our personal carbon emissions. However, while much has been said regarding certain kinds of carbon‐intensive behaviours, the philosophical literature has – until only very recently – been largely silent regarding one of the worst things that a person can choose to do from a climate perspective: namely, have a child. I contend that procreation is an inessential high‐emission activity – one that results in inordinately greater emissions than other activities like joyguzzling or flying. Given this, I argue that if we believe that individuals bear moral responsibility for their personal carbon emissions, then we have strong moral reasons to refrain from choosing to procreate, reasons which – for many – amount to a moral obligation to refrain from choosing to have children. I also consider whether our climate duties might also be discharged by offsetting the climate burden of any children we do choose to have and providing a concrete quantification of what that offsetting might look like.
Sirtuin 1 alleviates neuroinflammation‐induced apoptosis after traumatic brain injury
Authors: Wei Guan , Wang Jiawei , Wu Yanbin , Zheng Xiaoxin , Zeng Yile , Li Yasong , Chen Xiangrong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSirtuin 1 (SIRT1) plays a very important role in a wide range of biological responses, such as metabolism, inflammation and cell apoptosis. Changes in the levels of SIRT1 have been detected in the brain after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Further, SIRT1 has shown a neuroprotective effect in some models of neuronal death; however, its role and working mechanisms are not well understood in the model of TBI. This study aimed to address this issue. SIRT1‐specific inhibitor (sirtinol) and activator (A3) were introduced to explore the role of SIRT1 in cell apoptosis. Results of the study suggest that SIRT1 plays an important role in neuronal apoptosis after TBI by inhibiting NF‐κB, IL‐6 and TNF‐α deacetylation and the apoptotic pathway sequentially, possibly by alleviating neuroinflammation.
Understanding why the COVID‐19 pandemic‐related lockdown increases mental health difficulties in vulnerable young children
Authors: Adegboye Dolapo , Williams Ffion , Collishaw Stephan , Shelton Katherine , Langley Kate , Hobson Christopher , Burley Daniel , van Goozen Stephanie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe mental health consequences of school closure, social isolation, increased financial and emotional stress, and greater exposure to family conflicts are likely to be pronounced for primary school children who are known to be vulnerable. Data from prior to the pandemic are needed to provide robust assessments of the impact of COVID‐19 on vulnerable children.MethodThe present study capitalises on an ongoing study of primary school children (4–8 years) identified as ‘at‐risk’ for mental health problems by teachers. We collected mental health and socio‐economic data prior to the pandemic and re‐assessed this cohort (n = 142) via researcher‐led video calls during the pandemic to evaluate the social and emotional impacts of COVID‐19 for these families.ResultsMental health problems, particularly anxiety, increased significantly in these children. Parental mental health difficulties (anxiety and depression) were also prevalent. There were higher reports of financial stress during lockdown amongst low‐income families previously identified as living in poverty, prior to the COVID‐19 pandemic. Financial strain was found to indirectly predict increases in child mental health problems through parental mental health.ConclusionThese findings show that the pandemic exacerbated mental health problems in already vulnerable children. These negative outcomes were explained by financial stress (e.g., lost employment, loss of income and inability to pay bills), which was negatively linked to parental mental health.
Increasing intensities of Anisakissimplex (Rudolphi, 1809 det. Krabbe, 1878) larvae with weight and sea age in returning adult Atlantic salmon, Salmosalar L., of coastal waters of Norway
Authors: Mo Tor Atle , Fossøy Frode , Poppe Trygve T. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNinety wild Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., (1.5–10.3 kg) were caught in the Namsen Fjord near the mouth of River Namsen, mid‐Norway, and examined for the presence and distribution of Anisakis simplex (Rudolphi, 1809 det. Krabbe, 1878) larvae by digestion of the viscera and muscles in a pepsin/HCl solution. All salmon were migrating spawners after 1–4 years of feeding in the Atlantic Ocean. All 90 Atlantic salmon had A. simplex larvae in the viscera, and all, except two, had A. simplex larvae in the musculature. The number of A. simplex larvae in each fish varied between 3 and 181, and the total mean number of nematode larvae was 44.5. The intensity of A. simplex larvae was positively correlated with increasing weight and sea age of the host. However, the proportion of larvae in the muscle fillets decreased with increasing host weight and sea age. Atlantic salmon females had more A. simplex larvae than males. In all the fish examined, 70.2% of the A. simplex larvae were found in the viscera and 29.8% in the musculature. The majority (93%) of the larvae in the musculature occurred in the hypaxial sections anterior to the anus. As A. simplex larvae commonly occur in the musculature of wild Atlantic salmon, consumption of unfrozen, raw or semi‐raw musculature represents a risk for humans developing anisakiasis.
Parenteral nutrition in emergency surgery: A multicentre cross‐sectional study
Authors: Ashmore Daniel , Lee Matthew ,   The Nutrition in Emergency Surgery (NEmS) collaborative
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundEmergency general surgical patients are inherently at high risk of malnutrition. Early decision‐making with implementation is fundamental to patient recovery. For many patients, parenteral nutrition (PN) is the only feeding option available. The present study assessed the timing and outcomes of this decision‐making process.MethodsA sample of at least 10 consecutive adult patients admitted as a general surgical emergency to eight UK hospitals over 1 year who had received PN was identified. Patient demographics, basic descriptors and nutritional data were captured. Process measures regarding dates decisions were made or activities completed were extracted from records, as were outcome measures including PN complications. Six time frames examining the process of PN delivery were analysed. Associations between categorical and binary variables were investigated with a chi‐squared test with significance determined as p < 0.05.ResultsIn total, 125 patients were included. Intestinal obstruction was the most common diagnosis with 59% of all patients deemed high risk on nutritional assessment at admission. Median time to decision for PN was 5 days following admission (n = 122, interquartile range = 7). Patients received PN for a mean of 11 days. Eighty‐five percent of patients developed a complication, with a phosphate abnormality being the most commonly reported (54%). Only altered blood glucose levels appeared to correlate with a delay in starting PN (p < 0.01).ConclusionsThe present study shows there are delays in the decision to use PN in the acutely ill surgical patient. Once initiated, the pathway is relatively short. There are high rates of electrolyte abnormalities in this population.
Reconstructing the metamorphic evolution of the Araçuaí orogen (SE Brazil) using in situ U–Pb garnet dating and P–T modelling
Authors: Schannor Mathias , Lana Cristiano , Nicoli Gautier , Cutts Kathryn , Buick Ian , Gerdes Axel , Hecht Lutz 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Araçuaí orogen of SE Brazil consists of a suite of deformed, metamorphosed, and partly migmatitic sedimentary rocks and granitoid batholiths that predominantly formed during collision of the São Francisco and Congo cratons during West Gondwana assembly in the late Neoproterozoic. While widespread anatexis and a prolonged magmatic record are well‐established, insufficient information exists about the extensive exposure of metamorphic rocks along the Araçuaí orogen. Combining information from a wide range of these metamorphic rocks is essential to reconstruct mountain‐building processes and heat sources that operate in convergent tectonic settings. New petrographic observations, mineral chemistry, and phase equilibria modelling were used to constrain peak metamorphic conditions of amphibolite facies metasedimentary rocks from the central domain of the orogen at 580–620°C and 7–9 kbar. We applied in situ low‐U (<1 µg/g) garnet U–Pb geochronology, which yielded ages in the range of 590–565 Ma, interpreted as the timing of bulk garnet growth during prograde metamorphism, and consistent with previously established monazite ages for the peak metamorphic event. Metamorphic zircon ages of c. 630 Ma are related to a cryptic terrane accretion event prior to the orogeny, whereas garnet U–Pb ages record the main orogenic event as revealed by disequilibrium rare earth element partitioning between the two minerals. A compilation of our results with previously reported metamorphic conditions defines a clockwise P–T evolution for the Araçuaí orogeny, characterized by slow burial to depths of 26–30 km, followed by nearly isothermal decompression from ~10 to 6 kbar. Substantial differences of peak temperatures in various domains of the orogen are consistent with the presence of different protoliths in the crustal sections. The higher concentration of heat‐producing elements (HPEs) in lithologies from the anatectic domains may have triggered partial melting of metasedimentary rocks. This suggests that HPEs were a significant heat source for crustal reworking during West Gondwana convergent tectonics.
Does non‐invasive blood pressure measurement increase the complications and decrease indwelling time of peripheral intravenous catheters: A cohort study
Authors: Tan Qiling , Zhao Shangping , Li Xiaoqin , Gu Bo , Ni Zhao 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAims and objectivesTo explore the efficacy of non‐invasive blood pressure monitors on reducing clinical complications of peripheral intravenous catheters in renal transplant recipients.BackgroundA peripheral intravenous catheter is a regular route of medication administration, but the incidence of complications such as infiltration, occlusion and phlebitis perpetuates in the clinical setting.DesignThis was a cohort study.MethodsPatients were placed naturally into observation group or control group according to whether or not the two procedures (non‐invasive blood pressure monitoring and peripheral intravenous catheters indwelling) were on the same arm. Univariate test and Cox regression model were used to estimate relative risk factors. The STROBE checklist was used to guide the submission.ResultsWe identified 177 kidney recipient patients during the perioperative period with 440 peripheral intravenous catheters. There were incidences of 112 (25.5%) phlebitis, 137 (31.1%) occlusion and 150 (31.8%) infiltration. There was no significant difference between incidence of phlebitis, occlusion and infiltration between the observation group and the control group (p > .05). The observation group peripheral intravenous catheters indwelling time was 97.03 ± 6.76 hr, while it was 89.22 ± 9.55 hr for the control group. However, this difference was not significant between the two groups (p > .05). Cox risk regression showed that only a high BMI was a risk factor for peripheral intravenous catheters indwelling time.ConclusionNon‐invasive blood pressure monitoring did not increase complications or shorten PIVCs indwelling time among renal transplant recipients. BMI represented an independent risk factor for the peripheral intravenous catheters indwelling time.Relevance to clinical practiceIt is not a prohibition to take non‐invasive blood pressure measurement when having a peripheral intravenous catheter, especially in some special circumstances in the clinical practice or when good prevention procedures are implemented.
Does Adolescent Digital Technology Use Detract from the Parent–Adolescent Relationship?
Authors: Jensen Michaeline , George Madeleine J. , Russell Michael A. , Lippold Melissa A. , Odgers Candice L. 
Published: April 2021

A population‐representative sample of young adolescents (N = 2,104, mean age 12.4) reported on digital technology use and relationships in 2015. A subsample (N = 388) completed a 14‐day ecological momentary assessment in 2016–2017 via mobile phone. Across the 2,104 adolescents, those who reported more social networking site engagement were more likely to live in families characterized by more family chaos and to report that their online experiences resulted in problems with their parents. However, when the subsample of adolescents was followed daily, there was little consistent evidence that adolescents’ quantity of daily digital technology use detracted from the amount of time they spend interacting with close others (including parents) nor that adolescent daily technology use was associated with more negative or less positive parent–adolescent interactions.
A comprehensive species sampling sheds light on the molecular phylogenetics of Calothecinae (Poaceae, Pooideae, Poeae): Evidence for a new subtribe and multiple genera within the Chascolytrum clade
Authors: da Silva Leonardo N. , Saarela Jeffery M. , Essi Liliana , de Souza‐Chies Tatiana T. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe circumscription of the grass subtribe Calothecinae has undergone several changes since its description. Currently, it comprises Chascolytrum and the recently described genera Laegaardia and Paramochloa. Here we evaluate the circumscription of Calothecinae and the recently proposed infrageneric classification of Chascolytrum based on a phylogeny with more comprehensive taxon and molecular marker sampling than in previous studies. We sampled all Calothecinae genera, all but one Chascolytrum species, two South American Trisetum s.l., and representatives of the subtribes Agrostidinae, Brizinae, Echinopogoninae, Koeleriinae, Phalaridinae, and Torreyochloinae within Poaceae tribe Poeae. We performed Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood analyses of four plastid DNA regions (atpF‐atpH, matK, rps16 intron, and trnL‐trnF) and two nuclear ribosomal regions (ITS and ETS). Our results revealed that neither Calothecinae nor Chascolytrum is monophyletic, as currently recognized, because Trisetum brasiliense and Trisetum bulbosum are nested within Chascolytrum. We include these two Trisetum species in Calothecinae as incertae sedis. Laegaardia and Paramochloa form a clade that is sister to the Chascolytrum + Trisetum clade, and based on morphological characters, we transfer the former to the new subtribe Paramochloinae. Our Chascolytrum phylogeny is better resolved and supported than in previous studies, and based on these results, we divide Chascolytrum into nine genera, including two new ones: Boldrinia (gen. nov.), Calotheca, Chascolytrum, Erianthecium, Lombardochloa, Microbriza, Poidium, Rhombolytrum, and Rosengurttia (gen. nov.). We provide a key to Calothecinae genera, descriptions of the genera, nomenclatural information, and keys to species of each genus. In addition, six new combinations are proposed.
Heart rate detection by Fitbit ChargeHR™: A validation study versus portable polysomnography
Authors: Benedetti Davide , Olcese Umberto , Frumento Paolo , Bazzani Andrea , Bruno Simone , d’Ascanio Paola , Maestri Michelangelo , Bonanni Enrica , Faraguna Ugo 
Published: April 2021

SummaryConsumer “Smartbands” can collect physiological parameters, such as heart rate (HR), continuously across the sleep–wake cycle. Nevertheless, the quality of HR data detected by such devices and their place in the research and clinical field is debatable, as they are rarely rigorously validated. The objective of the present study was to investigate the reliability of pulse photoplethysmographic detection by the Fitbit ChargeHR™ (FBCHR, Fitbit Inc.) in a natural setting of continuous recording across vigilance states. To fulfil this aim, concurrent portable polysomnographic (pPSG) and the Fitbit’s photoplethysmographic data were collected from a group of 25 healthy young adults, for ≥12 hr. The pPSG‐derived HR was automatically computed and visually verified for each 1‐min epoch, while the FBCHR HR measurements were downloaded from the application programming interface provided by the manufacturer. The FBCHR was generally accurate in estimating the HR, with a mean (SD) difference of −0.66 (0.04) beats/min (bpm) versus the pPSG‐derived HR reference, and an overall Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) of 0.93 (average per participant r = 0.85 ± 0.11), regardless of vigilance state. The correlation coefficients were larger during all sleep phases (rapid eye movement, r = 0.9662; N1, r = 0.9918; N2, r = 0.9793; N3, r = 0.9849) than in wakefulness (r = 0.8432). Moreover, the correlation coefficient was lower for HRs of >100 bpm (r = 0.374) than for HRs of <100 bpm (r = 0.84). Consistently, Bland–Altman analysis supports the overall higher accuracy in the detection of HR during sleep. The relatively high accuracy of FBCHR pulse rate detection during sleep makes this device suitable for sleep‐related research applications in healthy participants, under free‐living conditions.