bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Supporting change in novice alternative certification teachers' efficacy
Authors: Wilhelm Anne Garrison , Woods Dawn , Kara Yusuf 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this study, we investigated, using multiple modeling techniques, how the teaching self‐efficacy of first‐year alternative certification elementary and secondary teachers changed over the course of their first‐year teaching and relations between that change and teachers' perceptions of formal supports. Using hierarchical linear modeling, we found that teachers' self‐efficacy significantly increased over the course of the school year and that only one of our measures of support was positively and significantly related to change in self‐efficacy. In particular, teachers' perceptions of school leader support covaried with change in their self‐efficacy. Further, a structural equation model suggested that teachers' perceptions of school leader support were positively and significantly related to the magnitude of increase in self‐efficacy. In other words, teachers who perceived greater support from their school leaders, had greater increases in their self‐efficacy. We also analyzed data from interviews with a subset of the teachers to round out our understanding of the types of support from school leaders that first‐year alternative certification teachers perceived as effective. Our full sample included 93 first‐year teachers, 87 of whom completed the survey.
Evaluating the independent group contingency: “Mystery Student” on improving behaviors in head start classrooms
Authors: Pasqua Jamie L. , Dufrene Brad A. , LaBrot Zachary C. , Radley Keith , Dart Evan H. , Lown Elizabeth 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAn increasing number of preschool children exhibit challenging behavior in the classroom. Children enrolled in Head Start are particularly at risk for emotional and behavioral disorders due to numerous risk factors they face. Unfortunately, some preschool teachers are ill‐equipped to manage the challenging behaviors that preschool children exhibit. The current study investigated the effects of an independent group contingency, the Mystery Student Intervention, on improving preschool children's classroom behaviors. An ABAB withdrawal design was employed to determine the Mystery Student Intervention's effectiveness for decreasing disruptive behaviors and increasing appropriate behaviors in three Head Start classrooms. Results indicated that class‐wide aggregate disruptive behavior decreased, and appropriate behavior increased during the intervention phases for all three classrooms. Furthermore, teachers rated the Mystery Student Intervention as socially valid. Results of this study add to the limited research base on group contingencies in preschool settings.
Validation of the Five‐item Learning Climate Questionnaire as a measure of teacher autonomy support in the classroom
Authors: Simon Patricia D. , Salanga Maria Guadalupe C. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe Learning Climate Questionnaire (LCQ) measures teacher autonomy support in the classroom. There are various versions of the LCQ available, a 15‐item full‐scale version and a 6‐item shortened version. Recent research suggests that using a 5‐item version of LCQ is a more effective measure of teacher autonomy support. Using data from a sample of Filipino undergraduate students, the single‐factor structure of the Five‐item LCQ (LCQ‐5) was validated through confirmatory factor analysis along with three longer versions of the scale. Results showed that LCQ‐5 outperformed the alternative versions of LCQ in terms of model fit. To demonstrate construct validity, LCQ scores were correlated with measures of parent and peer autonomy support, as well as with the short version of the self‐oriented perfectionism subscale of the Hewitt and Flett Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale. LCQ‐5 also displayed gender invariance and good internal consistency. The findings suggest that the LCQ‐5 can be used as a brief but psychometrically valid measure of teacher autonomy support. Implications for the measurement of teacher autonomy support are discussed.
Shedding light into the black box of infant multiple‐breath washout
Authors: Oestreich Marc‐Alexander , Wyler Florian , Latzin Philipp , Ramsey Kathryn A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundMultiple‐breath inert gas washout (MBW) is a sensitive technique to assess lung volumes and ventilation inhomogeneity in infancy. Poor agreement amongst commercially available setups and a lack of transparency in the underlying algorithms for the computation of infant MBW outcomes currently limit the widespread application of MBW as a surveillance tool in early lung disease.MethodsWe determined all computational steps in signal processing and the calculation of MBW outcomes in the current infant WBreath/Exhalyzer D setup (Exhalyzer D device, Eco Medics AG; WBreath software version 3.28.0, ndd Medizintechnik AG; Switzerland). We developed a revised WBreath version based on current consensus guidelines and compared outcomes between the current (3.28.0) and revised (3.52.3) WBreath version. We analyzed 60 visits from 40 infants with cystic fibrosis (CF) and 20 healthy controls at 6 weeks and 1 year of age.ResultsInvestigation into the algorithms in WBreath 3.28.0 revealed discrepancies from current consensus guidelines, which resulted in a potential overestimation of functional residual capacity (FRC) and underestimation of lung clearance index (LCI). We developed a revised WBreath version (3.52.3), which overall resulted in 6.7% lower FRC (mean (SD) −1.78 (0.99) mL/kg) and 14.1% higher LCI (1.11 (0.57) TO) than WBreath version 3.28.0.ConclusionComprehensive investigation into the signal processing and algorithms used for analysis of MBW measurements improves the transparency and robustness of infant MBW data. The revised software version calculates outcomes according to consensus guidelines. Future work is needed to validate and compare outcomes between infant MBW setups.
Factors associated with complicated pneumonia in children
Authors: Masarweh Kamal , Gur Michal , Toukan Yazeed , Bar‐Yoseph Ronen , Kassis Imad , Gut Guy , Hakim Fahed , Nir Vered , Bentur Lea 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIntroductionCommunity acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading cause of morbidity in children, despite advances in health care and anti‐pneumococcal vaccine. Complicated pneumonia accounts for a significant burden with prolonged hospitalization. Finding risk factors for complicated pneumonia may help in tailoring management. We aimed to identify risk factors for developing complicated pneumonia and need for intervention.MethodsA retrospective single tertiary center study. Children admitted with a diagnosis of CAP and/or complicated pneumonia (parapneumonic effusion, empyema, necrotizing pneumonia, and lung abscess) on January 2001–March 2020 were included. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory parameters were collected using MDclone, a data acquisition tool. Risk factors for complicated pneumonia (on admission or during hospitalization) and risk for intervention were analyzed.ResultsA total of 6778 children with pneumonia were included; 323 arrived at the Emergency Department with complicated pneumonia while 232 developed a complication during hospitalization. Risk factors for complicated pneumonia (on admission or during hospitalization) were Arab ethnicity, cardiac disease, increased age, and CRP and low O2 Sat (OR = 2.236 p < .001, OR = 4.376 p < .001, OR = 1.131 p < .001, OR = 1.065 p < .001 and OR = 0.959 p = .029, respectively). O2 Sat was lower, while fever and CRP were higher in patients with complicated pneumonia requiring intervention.ConclusionsIdentifying children at risk for complicated pneumonia may help in decision‐making in the Emergency Department and during hospitalization. The increased risk of the Arab population for complicated pneumonia requires further understanding. Addressing the underlying socioeconomic and ethnic health inequities may help to decrease the disease burden in this population.
Comparing endocervical mucus proteome of humans and rhesus macaques
Authors: Han Leo , Park Daye , Reddy Ashok , Wilmarth Phillip A. , Jensen Jeffrey T. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPurposeEndocervical mucus changes play a key role in regulating fertility throughout the menstrual cycle and in response to hormonal contraceptives. Non‐human primates (NHP) provide the most translational animal model for reproductive tract studies, as they have hormonally‐regulated menstrual cycles and mucus changes, similar to women.Experimental DesignWe used TMT labelling and LC‐LC/MS to compare the proteins found in the mucus of the rhesus macaque to the mucus of the human endocervix. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD021710.ResultsWe found 3048 total proteins present in both rhesus mucus and human mucus, and of these, 57% showed a similar expression pattern. An even higher similarity occurred in the top 500 most prevalent proteins, with overlap in 341 (68%) proteins. Mucin MUC5B was the most highly expressed mucin protein (top 10 expressed proteins in both) but other key proteins related to mucus structure were present in both samples.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceWe find that the mucus proteome of the endocervical mucus is highly conserved in NHP and women. This supports use of the NHP model system for studies of the endocervix and trials of novel fertility treatments targeting the cervix.
Energy Release and Fragmentation of Brittle Aluminum Reactive Material Cases
Authors: Kline Jacob C. , Mason Brian P. , Hooper Joseph P. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCylindrical reactive material cases produced by the consolidation of an aluminum powder were tested via explosive launch in a closed chamber. One configuration measured the quasistatic overpressure generated by the case and explosive, and two further tests focused on soft‐catch of fragments before and after striking the chamber walls. On a volumetric basis, the reactive material cases produced two to three times the combustion energy of an aluminum 6061 alloy case or a bare nitromethane explosive that was tested as comparisons. The metal combustion primarily occurs after case fragments impact the walls. Increasing the reactive material case thickness produces a higher pressure but lower combustion efficiency per unit mass, despite producing comparable or slightly more fine fragments on a per gram basis. Though the brittle, pressed aluminum cases have low toughness and tensile strength, recovered fragment patterns show a range of fragment sizes up to 1 mm, with approximately one‐third of the mass below 100 μm.
ATP regulates RNA‐driven cold inducible RNA binding protein phase separation
Authors: Zhou Qishun , Usluer Sinem , Zhang Fangrong , Lenard Aneta J. , Bourgeois Benjamin M. R. , Madl Tobias 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIntrinsically disordered proteins and proteins containing intrinsically disordered regions are highly abundant in the proteome of eukaryotes and are extensively involved in essential biological functions. More recently, their role in the organization of biomolecular condensates has become evident and along with their misregulation in several neurologic disorders. Currently, most studies involving these proteins are carried out in vitro and using purified proteins. Given that in cells, condensate‐forming proteins are exposed to high, millimolar concentrations of cellular metabolites, we aimed to reveal the interactions of cellular metabolites and a representative condensate‐forming protein. Here, using the arginine–glycine/arginine–glycine–glycine (RG/RGG)‐rich cold inducible RNA binding protein (CIRBP) as paradigm, we studied binding of the cellular metabolome to CIRBP. We found that most of the highly abundant cellular metabolites, except nucleotides, do not directly bind to CIRBP. ATP, ADP, and AMP as well as NAD+, NADH, NADP+, and NADPH directly interact with CIRBP, involving both the folded RNA‐recognition motif and the disordered RG/RGG region. ATP binding inhibited RNA‐driven phase separation of CIRBP. Thus, it might be beneficial to include cellular metabolites in in vitro liquid–liquid phase separation studies of RG/RGG and other condensate‐forming proteins in order to better mimic the cellular environment in the future.
Field‐evolved resistance to beta‐cyfluthrin in the boll weevil: Detection and characterization
Authors: Rolim Guilherme G , Coelho Roberta R , Antonino José D , Arruda Lucas S , Rodrigues Alice S , Barros Eduardo M , Torres Jorge B 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDInsecticide resistance in arthropods is an inherited trait that has become a major cause of insect pest control failure. Monitoring the level of susceptibility and characterization of the type of resistance of key pest species aims to determine the risk of resistance selection in time to take action to mitigate control failures. Seven populations of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis, collected from cotton fields in the Semiarid and Cerrado areas of Brazil, were screened for their resistance to malathion and beta‐cyfluthrin, insecticides widely recommended for control of boll weevil and other pests.RESULTSThe levels of adult mortality were variable for beta‐cyfluthrin (0–82%) but invariant (100%) for malathion. Bioassays of concentration‐mortality were used to determine lethal concentrations (LCs) for each insecticide. The LC‐values corroborate the lack of resistance to field rates of malathion but high levels of resistance to beta‐cyfluthrin from 62.7‐ to 439.7‐fold. Weevils resistant to beta‐cyfluthrin were found through genome sequencing to possess a kdr mutation through the L1014F substitution in the voltage gated‐sodium channel gene.CONCLUSIONSThis study found boll weevil resistance to beta‐cyfluthrin to be not mediated by carboxylesterases, but with cross‐resistance to DDT and carbaryl, and kdr mutation as the major mechanism of the resistance in our samples. Caution is recommended in further use of beta‐cyfluthrin against boll weevil due to potential resistance. Monitoring studies using other boll weevil populations are recommended to determine the geographic pattern and extent of pyrethroid resistance. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Improving the efficacy against crop foliage disease by regulating fungicide adhesion on leaves with soft microcapsules
Authors: Pan Shou‐he , Cao Hai‐chao , Li Bei‐xing , Zhang Da‐xia , Mu Wei , Liu Feng 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDIncreasing pesticide retention on crop leaves is a key approach for guaranteeing efficacy when products are applied to foliage. Evidently, the formulation plays an important role in this process. Microcapsules (MCs) are a promising formulation, but whether and how their adhesion to the leaf surface affects retention and efficacy is not well understood.RESULTSIn this study, we found that the incorporation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) with different molecular weights into the MC shell affects the release profile of MCs and the contact area of these MCs to leaves by changing their softness. The cumulative release rates of pyraclostrobin (Pyr) MCs fabricated with PEG200, PEG400, PEG800 and PEG1500 were 80.61%, 90.98%, 94.07% and 97.40%, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy observations showed that the flexibility of the MCs increased with increasing PEG molecular weight. The median lethal concentration (LC50) of the MCs with different PEG to the zebrafish were 12.10, 8.10, 3.90 and 1.46 mg L−1, respectively, which also indirectly reflected their release rate. Rainwater had less influence on the retention of the MCs prepared with PEG1500 than with the other PEG, which indicates a better adhesion to the target leave surfaces. MCs with the highest residual efficacy had better control efficacy on peanut leaf spot in field trials.CONCLUSIONOverall, adding PEG with an appropriate molecular weight to the MC shell can regulate the structure of the MC shell to improve the affinity between the MCs and leaves, which further improves the utilization of pesticides and reduces the environmental risks of pesticides. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Evaluation of the AROME model's ability to represent ice crystal icing using in situ observations from the HAIC 2015 field campaign
Authors: Wurtz Jean , Bouniol Dominique , Vié Benoît , Lac Christine 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSince pilots generally avoid intense convective areas, ice crystals icing (ICI) is an aeronautical weather incident that mainly occurs in the anvil of tropical deep convective clouds. Samples of favorable conditions for the occurrence of ICI and data from the High Altitude Ice Crystals (HAIC) 2015 field campaign in French Guiana are investigated and compared with simulations of the French operational mesoscale forecast system Application of Research to Operations at Mesoscales (AROME). To this end, a contextualization of convective systems into convective, stratiform, and cirriform regions is employed for both observations and AROME. General features of the microphysics of deep tropical convective systems are identified. The number concentration of crystals larger than 125 μm and total water content (TWC) are strongly correlated at each temperature level, and both decrease with increasing distance from convective cores. AROME can reproduce the general behavior of the observed microphysics, especially TWC, but seems unable to simulate extreme ICI events. Reasons are sought in the assumptions performed in the microphysical scheme ICE3, and guidelines are proposed to enhance its skills in the context of ICI. In particular, the representation of the snow particle size distribution is adjusted across observations using a generalized gamma shape. This shape is found to outperform the usual Marshall–Palmer and gamma shapes. Additionally, a temperature and snow content dependence of generalized gamma parameters is found. These changes are found to significantly improve the snow concentration diagnostic of ICE3, and these modifications open the way for improvements in the ICE3 scheme.
Composited structure of non‐precipitating shallow cumulus clouds
Authors: Gu Jian‐Feng , Plant Robert S. , Holloway Christopher E. , Jones Todd R. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe normalized distributions of thermodynamic and dynamical variables both within and outside shallow clouds are investigated through a composite algorithm using large‐eddy simulations of oceanic and continental cases. The normalized magnitude is maximum near the cloud centre and decreases outwards. While relative humidity (RH) and cloud liquid water () decrease smoothly to match the environment, the vertical velocity, virtual potential temperature (), and potential temperature () perturbations have more complicated behaviour towards the cloud boundary. Below the inversion layer, becomes negative before the vertical velocity has turned from an updraft to a subsiding shell outside the cloud, indicating the presence of a transition zone where the updraft is negatively buoyant. Due to the downdraft outside the cloud and enhanced horizontal turbulent mixing across the edge, the normalized turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and horizontal turbulent kinetic energy (HTKE) decrease more slowly from the cloud centre outwards than the thermodynamic variables. The distributions all present asymmetric structures in response to the vertical wind shear, with more negatively buoyant air, stronger downdrafts, and larger TKE on the downshear side. We discuss several implications of the distributions for theoretical models and parameterizations. Positive buoyancy near the cloud base is mostly due to the virtual effect of water vapour, emphasizing the role of moisture in triggering. The mean vertical velocity is found to be approximately half the maximum vertical velocity within each cloud, providing a constraint to achieve possible power‐law distributions for some models. Finally, the normalized distributions for different variables are used to estimate the vertical heat and moisture fluxes within clouds. The results suggest that distributions near the cloud edge and variability of maximum perturbations need careful treatment. The fluxes are underestimated in the inversion layer because cloud‐top downdrafts cannot be captured well.
Single Photon Avalanche Diode Arrays for Quantum Imaging and Microscopy
Authors: Madonini Francesca , Severini Fabio , Zappa Franco , Villa Federica 
Published: May 2021

AbstractQuantum imaging and microscopy profit from quantum correlations and entanglement to image objects and samples with resolution and sensitivity that goes far beyond what can be achieved through classical optics. In order to carry out these techniques, suitable detectors with specific features must be employed. This paper aims to highlight the importance of sensors based on single photon avalanche diodes (SPAD) in quantum imaging and microscopy applications, paving the way for the next‐generation ideal quantum imager. After reviewing the main techniques (based on quantum physics principles) for improving the resolution and sensitivity of a sample image, the pros and cons of different sensors, such as avalanche photodiodes (APDs), and the intensified and electron‐multiplying charge coupled devices (ICCDs and EMCCDs), are identified. Then the analysis mainly focuses on SPAD‐based detectors, identified as the best candidates for quantum imaging, critically discussing the requirements and performance, also in relation to already existing SPAD‐based architectures with specific features fitting the application. Eventually, next‐generation quantum imagers should integrate together all the best architectural choices herewith presented, so as to detect photon coincidences and to perform efficient event‐driven readout, also by exploiting a suitable technology and SPAD design to optimize the discussed detection performance.
Three‐dimensional mapping reveals scale‐dependent dynamics in biogenic reef habitat structure
Authors: Jackson‐Bué Tim , Williams Gareth J. , Walker‐Springett Guy , Rowlands Steven J. , Davies Andrew J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHabitat structure influences a broad range of ecological interactions and ecosystem functions across biomes. To understand and effectively manage dynamic ecosystems, we need detailed information about habitat properties and how they vary across spatial and temporal scales. Measuring and monitoring variation in three‐dimensional (3D) habitat structure has traditionally been challenging, despite recognition of its importance to ecological processes. Modern 3D mapping technologies present opportunities to characterize spatial and temporal variation in habitat structure at a range of ecologically relevant scales. Biogenic reefs are structurally complex and dynamic habitats, in which structure has a pivotal influence on ecosystem biodiversity, function and resilience. For the first time, we characterized spatial and temporal dynamics in the 3D structure of intertidal Sabellaria alveolata biogenic reef across scales. We used drone‐derived structure‐from‐motion photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning to characterize reef structural variation at mm‐to‐cm resolutions at a habitat scale (~35 000 m2) over 1 year, and at a plot scale (2500 m2) over 5 years (2014–2019, 6‐month intervals). We found that most of the variation in reef emergence above the substrate, accretion rate and erosion rate was explained by a combination of systematic trends with shore height and positive spatial autocorrelation up to the scale of colonies (1.5 m) or small patches (up to 4 m). We identified previously undocumented temporal patterns in intertidal S. alveolata reef accretion and erosion, specifically groups of rapidly accreting, short‐lived colonies and slow‐accreting, long‐lived colonies. We showed that these highly dynamic colony‐scale structural changes compensate for each other, resulting in seemingly stable reef habitat structure over larger spatial and temporal scales. These patterns could only be detected with the use of modern 3D mapping technologies, demonstrating their potential to enhance our understanding of ecosystem dynamics across scales.