bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of chlorantraniliprole residual on Helicoverpa zea in Bt and non‐Bt cotton
Authors: Babu Arun , Reisig Dominic D , Pes Maiquel P , Ranger Christopher M , Chamkasem Narong , Reding Michael E 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDHelicoverpa zea is managed with foliar applications of chlorantraniliprole in cotton varieties that do not express the Vip3Aa19 toxin in the US Cotton Belt. Foliar insecticides and Bt could interact to influence larval susceptibility. Therefore, it has been suggested that chlorantraniliprole can be used as a tool for Bt resistance management. We designed field and laboratory studies to test the hypothesis that the interaction of Bt toxin and chlorantraniliprole application would result in lower H. zea larval survival when compared to the individual effect of Bt or chlorantraniliprole alone. We also tested for these interactions over time, since chlorantraniliprole residual has not been studied in cotton.RESULTSResults from two field experiments and two laboratory experiments were similar. We found no interactions with Bt and chlorantraniliprole using data not corrected for natural mortality in untreated plots, indicating that these factors did not interact to influence survival. Moreover, we found that Bt and chlorantraniliprole did not interact to influence larval weight and instar. Chlorantraniliprole had lethal and sublethal effects on H. zea larval growth parameters feeding on cotton leaves up to 22 days after application, the final time period that we tested. Finally, concentration of chlorantraniliprole in the leaf was associated with larval survival for the duration of this study, but not larval growth or instar.CONCLUSIONOur findings complement the recommendation to use chlorantraniliprole for managing H. zea in cotton, given its long‐residual effects. However, the utility of chlorantraniliprole as a Bt‐resistance management tool for H. zea remains unclear. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Improvements in tropical precipitation and sea surface air temperature fields in a coupled atmosphere–ocean data assimilation system
Authors: Fujii Yosuke , Ishibashi Toshiyuki , Yasuda Tamaki , Takaya Yuhei , Kobayashi Chiaki , Ishikawa Ichiro 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA coupled atmosphere–ocean data assimilation system, the Meteorological Research Institute‐Coupled Data Assimilation System Version 1 (MRI‐CDA1), was developed based on the coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model and separate atmosphere and ocean analysis routines operated by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). To implement coupled atmosphere–ocean data assimilation, 6‐hr data assimilation cycles with the coupled model in the outer loop are adopted in atmospheric data assimilation, whereas incremental analysis updates with 10‐day data assimilation cycles are adopted in ocean data assimilation. A coupled data assimilation (reanalysis) experiment (CDA‐Exp) is conducted using MRI‐CDA1 along with an uncoupled reanalysis experiment (UCPL‐Exp) in which the same atmospheric component of the coupled model is forced by prescribed sea surface temperature (SST) similarly to the JMA reanalysis, JRA‐55. Climatological precipitation and variations in precipitation and sea surface air temperature (SAT) are better represented in CDA‐Exp than in JRA‐55, which is brought about by the modification of the atmosphere model physics of the coupled model to better represent climate states. In CDA‐Exp, the SST adjustment to the atmosphere amplifies the lead/lag correlations between subseasonal variations of SST and precipitation. The atmosphere–ocean coupling generates SST variations associated with tropical instability waves, and the SAT field responds to SST variations. The SST–precipitation and SST–SAT relationships on the weather timescale are also recovered in CDA‐Exp, although they are hardly seen in UCPL‐Exp. The coupled model physics generates weather‐timescale SST variations consistent with the atmospheric state, and the atmospheric parameters respond to the SST variations through the coupled model physics. This study suggests that the benefits of coupled data assimilation would be more evident if the ability of MRI‐CDA1 to represent SST variations and its interaction with the atmosphere are improved.
Innate immune evasion mediated by picornaviral 3C protease: Possible lessons for coronaviral 3C‐like protease?
Authors: Ng Chen Seng , Stobart Christopher C. , Luo Honglin 
Published: January 2021

SummarySevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 is the etiological agent of the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease‐2019, a multi‐organ disease that has triggered an unprecedented global health and economic crisis. The virally encoded 3C‐like protease (3CLpro), which is named after picornaviral 3C protease (3Cpro) due to their similarities in substrate recognition and enzymatic activity, is essential for viral replication and has been considered as the primary drug target. However, information regarding the cellular substrates of 3CLpro and its interaction with the host remains scarce, though recent work has begun to shape our understanding more clearly. Here we summarized and compared the mechanisms by which picornaviruses and coronaviruses have evolved to evade innate immune surveillance, with a focus on the established role of 3Cpro in this process. Through this comparison, we hope to highlight the potential action and mechanisms that are conserved and shared between 3Cpro and 3CLpro. In this review, we also briefly discussed current advances in the development of broad‐spectrum antivirals targeting both 3Cpro and 3CLpro.
Psychische Belastung während der COVID-19-Pandemie: Konsequenzen für psychiatrisch Erkrankte und therapeutische Implikationen
Authors: Winkler Johanna G. , Jalilzadeh Masah Dario , Moran James Kenneth , Bretz Joachim , Tsagkas Ioannis , Goldschmidt Thomas , Schouler-Ocak Meryam 
Published: January 2021

ZusammenfassungHintergrundDer Ausbruch der COVID-19-Erkrankung und die rasche Ausbreitung des sie verursachenden Coronavirus SARS-CoV‑2 bedroht weltweit nicht nur die physische, sondern auch die psychische Gesundheit der Bevölkerung. Seine Auswirkungen auf Neuerkrankungen und die Entwicklung bestehender Erkrankungen im ambulanten psychiatrischen Bereich in Deutschland ist noch nicht untersucht.MethodenDie Dokumentation in den Akten von 682 behandelten psychisch erkrankten Personen wurde retrospektiv bezüglich ihrer subjektiv erlebten Belastung durch die Pandemie und der klinischen Relevanz hin untersucht.ErgebnisseBei 60,5 % (n = 378) bestand eine psychische Belastung durch diese Pandemie. 14,5 % (n = 99) der Betroffenen litten unter Angst vor dem Virus SARS-CoV‑2 und einer möglichen Infektion, 25,5 % (n = 174) unter den getroffenen Schutzmaßnahmen (Lockdown) und 4,3 % (n = 29) unter beidem; hierbei bestanden signifikante diagnoseabhängige Unterschiede. Angsterkrankte waren signifikant stärker belastet und hatten mehr Angst vor der Erkrankung, Psychoseerkrankte waren signifikant weniger belastet. Bei 43,7 % aller dieser Belasteten (n = 132) wurde eine akute therapeutische Intervention erforderlich, 6,0 % (n = 18) mussten stationär eingewiesen werden.DiskussionPsychisch Vorerkrankte gehören zu den durch die Belastungen der COVID-19-Pandemie besonders gefährdeten Bevölkerungsgruppen. Langfristigere Untersuchungen zum Verlauf der psychischen Belastungen unter Pandemiemaßnahmen sowie Studien zur Förderung von Resilienz in dieser Bevölkerungsgruppe und die Implementierung solcher Maßnahmen sind erforderlich.
The Cbk1-Ace2 axis guides Candida albicans from yeast to hyphae and back again
Authors: Wakade Rohan S. , Krysan Damian J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSince its description in S. cerevisiae, the Regulation of Ace2 and Morphogenesis (RAM) pathway has been studied for nearly 20 years in multiple model and pathogenic fungi. In pathogenic fungi, the RAM pathway carries out many functions through mechanisms that remain to be defined in detail. Recently, we reported that Cbk1-mediated phosphorylation of the transcription factor Ace2 functions to repress the hyphae-to-yeast transition in Candida albicans. This transition is understudied relative to the yeast-to-hyphae transition. Subapical hyphal cell compartments are arrested in G1 until the point at which lateral yeast emerge. Here, we discuss this model and report new data indicating that a second G1 associated protein, the mitotic exit regulator Amn1. In S. cerevisiae diploid cells, Amn1 negatively regulates Ace2 at both the gene expression level through a negative feedback loop and at the protein level by targeting Ace2 for degradation. In C. albicans, Amn1 and Ace2 also form a feedback loop at the level of gene expression. Deletion of AMN1 decreases lateral yeast formation relative to wild type in maturing hyphae and is associated with decreased expression of PES1, a positive regulator of lateral yeast formation. These data indicate that the regulation of mitotic exit plays a role in determining the timing of lateral yeast emergence from hyphae in C. albicans. We also propose an integrated model for the interplay between the Cbk1-Ace2 axis and other hyphal stage regulators during the process of filamentation and transition back to yeast.
Process-based analysis of relative contributions to the multi-model warming projection over East Asia
Authors: Fan Hanjie , Hu Xiaoming , Yang Song , Choi Yong-Sang , Lee Yoon-Kyoung 
Published: January 2021

AbstractClimate models predict that East Asia (EA) will be substantially warmer than the present despite large inter-model uncertainty. This study investigated the major sources of the climate projections and the inter-model uncertainty. Particularly, we decomposed the differences in surface temperatures between the historical and RCP8.5 runs from 26 CMIP5 into partial surface temperature changes due to individual radiative and non-radiative processes through the climate feedback-response analysis method. Results show that anthropogenic greenhouse forcing and subsequent water vapor feedback processes are primarily responsible for the surface warming over EA. Relatively more rapid warming over the snow/ice-covered area and southern China is due to feedback processes associated with surface albedo and cloud, respectively. The regional warming is, however, compensated by the surface non-radiative (sensible and latent heat) cooling. The inter-model projection uncertainty is substantially large over high latitudes and the Tibetan Plateau mainly due to surface albedo feedback. Again, this large uncertainty is partly suppressed by surface non-radiative cooling. Water vapor and cloud feedbacks are the secondary important sources of the projection uncertainty. Moreover, the contributions of greenhouse forcing and atmospheric dynamics to the projection uncertainty are found to be minor.
A fast and effective solution for ingrown toenail: Creation of a 2-mm space between tissue and nail by sutureless lateral longitudinal excision
Authors: Unal Ethem , Yuksekdag Sema 
Published: January 2021

AbstractNails have both functional and aesthetic importance. Undertreatments cause frequent recurrences affecting its functionality, while over-treatment spoils the aesthetic view. To describe the most practical and aesthetic method to treat ingrown toenail. All patients with ingrown toenail who applied to outpatient clinics of General Surgery Department between 2013 and 2019 were enrolled. A 2-mm space between tissue and nail by lateral longitudinal excision was created with only minimal matricectomy, under local anaesthesia. A total of 2334 surgical procedures were performed in 2118 patients. Recurrence rate was 1.7% during 36-month follow-up, most (70.7%) in younger men (22 years). The location of the lesions (right/left, medial/lateral or bilateral) did not show difference (p > 0.05 for each). Predisposing factors were tight-fitting footwear (4.5%), incorrect nail-trimming (3%), genetic tendency (2.8%), obesity (2.1%) and trauma (0.75%); but each wasp > 0.05. Mean operation time was 3 min. There was no important complication, except hematoma (0.89%) and infection (0.68%). Mean healing time was 10 days and patients returned to daily activities in 3 days. Longitudinal excision with minimal matricectomy technique provides all dead tissue and diseased parts of nail and soft tissue to be removed. It is simple, cost-effective, satisfactory and aesthetic. SBU/23.01.2019/B.10.1.TKH.4.34.H.GP.0.01/7 (retrospectively registered).
Introduction to ‘Theoretical Pathways’: Thinking About Human Endeavour During the Middle Stone Age and Middle Palaeolithic
Authors: Högberg Anders , Lombard Marlize 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this brief introduction, we present and contextualise ‘theoretical pathways’ elaborated in this special issue, in terms of understanding humanity from a deep-time perspective. The participating authors discuss a wide range of approaches related to thinking about human endeavour during the Middle Stone Age and Middle Palaeolithic ranging from the constraints of technological niches and Material Engagement Theory to aspects of palaeo-neurology, agent-based models of self-domestication and co-evolutionary model building. Together, the contributions demonstrate that current theoretical approaches that aim to explain deep-time human endeavour require multi-disciplinary approaches, and that for some researchers, the trend is to move away from the symbolic standard or models of sudden mutation. By doing so, each contribution, in its own way, enhances our understanding of ‘being’ or ‘becoming’ human during the time slice between 300,000 and 30,000 years ago. The work represented here makes it increasingly clear that a singular or particular aspect did not ‘give birth’ toHomo sapiensin Africa during the Middle Stone Age and/or in Eurasia during the Middle Palaeolithic. Instead, humanity in all its complexity was probably shaped by a broad range of factors and processes that took place over an extended period.
Optimal Statistical Inference in the Presence of Systematic Uncertainties Using Neural Network Optimization Based on Binned Poisson Likelihoods with Nuisance Parameters
Authors: Wunsch Stefan , Jörger Simon , Wolf Roger , Quast Günter 
Published: January 2021

AbstractData analysis in science, e.g., high-energy particle physics, is often subject to an intractable likelihood if the observables and observations span a high-dimensional input space. Typically the problem is solved by reducing the dimensionality using feature engineering and histograms, whereby the latter allows to build the likelihood using Poisson statistics. However, in the presence of systematic uncertainties represented by nuisance parameters in the likelihood, an optimal dimensionality reduction with a minimal loss of information about the parameters of interest is not known. This work presents a novel strategy to construct the dimensionality reduction with neural networks for feature engineering and a differential formulation of histograms so that the full workflow can be optimized with the result of the statistical inference, e.g., the variance of a parameter of interest, as objective. We discuss how this approach results in an estimate of the parameters of interest that is close to optimal and the applicability of the technique is demonstrated with a simple example based on pseudo-experiments and a more complex example from high-energy particle physics.
Assessing the impact of vegetation coverage ratio in a floating water treatment bed of Pistia stratiotes
Authors: Samal Kundan , Kar Soham , Trivedi Shivanshi , Upadhyay Sudhanshu 
Published: January 2021

AbstractFloating bed (FB) is one of the low cost and efficient system to treat polluted water bodies in rural as well as urban area. It requires less space compared to other macrophyte based treatment system. Vegetation coverage is an effective factor as atmospheric oxygen diffusion to water body depends upon this. When a water body is fully covered by vegetation, it prevents the diffusion of atmospheric oxygen, which is a major source of dissolved oxygen (DO). An optimum vegetation coverage is necessary to obtain maximum treatment efficiency and to verify this a laboratory scale experiment was performed with various vegetation coverage ratio (VCR) of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1. Organics and nutrient removal were measured corresponding to initial floating bed VCR. COD removal for VCR 1.0, 0.75, 0.5, 0.25 and 0 were 86.4%, 93.6%, 96.2%, 85.4% and 60.8%, respectively. The roots of macrophyte (Pistia stratiotes) supports growth of microorganism, which perform biodegradation of organics as well as uptake nutrients. Maximum NH4+-N and PO43−-P removal were observed at VCR of 0.75 and 1.0, respectively. In the tanks with VCR of 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75, the final DO was more than 4 mg/L, which is the requisite DO value for survival of aquatic organism.
Myasthenia Gravis and Pregnancy: Toronto Specialty Center Experience
Authors: Alharbi Mohammed , Menon Deepak , Barnett Carolina , Katzberg Hans , Sermer Mathew , Bril Vera 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT:

Background:
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder that frequently affects young women of reproductive age. The multidirectional interplay between MG, pregnancy, and fetal health poses a complex scenario for pregnant women with MG and the healthcare team. Here, we reviewed our local experience with MG, pregnancy, and outcomes.

Methods:
We performed a retrospective chart review of patients with MG attending the Prosserman Family Neuromuscular Clinic from 2001 to 2019 and who were referred to a high-risk pregnancy clinic. MG status was defined as stable, better, or worse. Information was collected on the delivery route, pregnancy, and neonatal complications.

Results:
We identified 20 women with MG for a total of 28 pregnancies. Worsening was observed in 50% of pregnancies: 18% during pregnancy, 25% following delivery, and 7% during both. 66.7% of patients with MG duration of 2 years or less had worsening during pregnancy. Three patients who stopped immunosuppressive treatment during pregnancy worsened and one had a crisis. C-section was done in 29% of pregnancies. The rate of delivery complications was 7% and of neonatal MG was 7%.

Conclusion:
A high proportion of MG patients worsened during pregnancy, particularly those with disease duration less than 2 years, and those who discontinued immunosuppression during pregnancy. However, pregnancy was largely unaffected, rate of neonatal MG was low, frequencies of C-section, delivery complications, and premature births were similar to the general population. While the study has limitations due to the retrospective nature, these insights provide some guidance when counseling young myasthenic women about family planning.
Transport Time and Mortality in Critically Ill Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Sy Eric , Amram Ofer , Baer Heather J. , Hameed S. Morad , Griesdale Donald E.G. 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT:Purpose:Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Pre-hospital care and transportation time may impact their outcomes.Methods:Using the British Columbia Trauma Registry, we included 2,860 adult (≥18 years) patients with severe TBI (abbreviated injury scale head score ≥4), who were admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) in a centre with neurosurgical services from January 1, 2000 to March 31, 2013. We evaluated the impact of transportation time (time of injury to time of arrival at a neurosurgical trauma centre) on in-hospital mortality and discharge disposition, adjusting for age, sex, year of injury, injury severity score (ISS), revised trauma score at the scene, location of injury, socio-economic status and direct versus indirect transfer.Results:Patients had a median age of 43 years (interquartile range [IQR] 26–59) and 676 (23.6%) were female. They had a median ISS of 33 (IQR 26–43). Median transportation time was 80 minutes (IQR 40–315). ICU and hospital length of stay were 6 days (IQR 2–12) and 20 days (IQR 7–42), respectively. Six hundred and ninety-six (24.3%) patients died in hospital. After adjustment, there was no significant impact of transportation time on in-hospital mortality (odds ratio 0.98, 95% confidence interval 0.95–1.01). There was also no significant effect on discharge disposition.Conclusions:No association was found between pre-hospital transportation time and in-hospital mortality in critically ill patients with severe TBI.
Comparison of edible brown algae extracts for the inhibition of intestinal carbohydrate digestive enzymes involved in glucose release from the diet
Authors: Attjioui Maha , Ryan Sinead , Ristic Aleksandra Konic , Higgins Thomas , Goñi Oscar , Gibney Eileen R. , Tierney Joanna , O'Connell Shane 
Published: January 2021

AbstractType II diabetes is considered the most common metabolic disorder in the developed world and currently affects about one in ten globally. A therapeutic target for the management of type II diabetes is the inhibition of α- glucosidase, an essential enzyme located at the brush border of the small intestinal epithelium. The inhibition of α-glucosidase results in reduced digestion of carbohydrates and a decrease in postprandial blood glucose. Although pharmaceutical synthetic inhibitors are available, these are usually associated with significant gastrointestinal side effects. In the present study, the impact of inhibitors derived from edible brown algae is being investigated and compared for their effect on glycaemic control. Carbohydrate- and polyphenolic-enriched extracts derived fromAscophyllum nodosum,Fucus vesiculosusandUndaria pinnatifidawere characterised and screened for their inhibitory effects on maltase and sucrase enzymes. Furthermore, enzyme kinetics and the mechanism of inhibition of maltase and sucrase were determined using linear and nonlinear regression methods. All tested extracts showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect of α-glucosidase with IC50values ranging from 0⋅26 to 0⋅47 mg/ml for maltase; however, the only extract that was able to inhibit sucrase activity wasA. nodosum, with an IC50value of 0⋅83 mg/ml. The present study demonstrates the mechanisms in which different brown seaweed extracts with varying composition and molecular weight distribution differentially inhibit α-glucosidase activities. The data highlight that all brown seaweed extracts are not equal in the inhibition of carbohydrate digestive enzymes involved in postprandial glycaemia.
Evaluation of sea-ice thickness reanalysis data from the coupled ocean-sea-ice data assimilation system TOPAZ4
Authors: Xiu Yongwu , Min Chao , Xie Jiping , Mu Longjiang , Han Bo , Yang Qinghua 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWith the assimilation of satellite-based sea-ice thickness (SIT) data, the new SIT reanalysis from the Towards an Operational Prediction system for the North Atlantic European coastal Zones (TOPAZ4) was released from 2014 to 2018. Apart from assimilating sea-ice concentration and oceanic variables, TOPAZ4 further assimilates CS2SMOS SIT. In this study, the 5-year reanalysis is compared with CS2SMOS, the Pan-Arctic Ice-Ocean Modeling and Assimilating System (PIOMAS) and the Combined Model and Satellite Thickness (CMST). Moreover, we evaluate TOPAZ4 SIT with field observations from upward-looking sonar (ULS), ice mass-balance buoys, Operation IceBridge Quicklook and Sea State Ship-borne Observations. The results indicate TOPAZ4 well reproduces the spatial characteristics of the Arctic SIT distributions, with large differences with CS2SMOS/PIOMAS/CMST mainly restricted to the Atlantic Sector and to the month of September. TOPAZ4 shows thinner ice in March and April, especially to the north of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago with a mean bias of −0.30 m when compared to IceBridge. Besides, TOPAZ4 simulates thicker ice in the Beaufort Sea when compared to ULS, with a mean bias of 0.11 m all year round. The benefit from assimilating SIT data in TOPAZ4 is reflected in a 34% improvement in root mean square deviation.