bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-Contact Ultrasonic Inspection by Gas-Coupled Laser Acoustic Detection (GCLAD)
Authors: Gulino Michelangelo-Santo , Bruzzi Mara , Caron James , Vangi Dario 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Gas-Coupled Laser Acoustic Detection (GCLAD) is an ultrasonic, non-contact detection technique that has been recently proven to be applicable to the inspection of mechanical components. GCLAD response raises as the intersection length between the probe laser beam and the acoustic wavefront propagating in the air increases; such feature differentiates the GCLAD device from other optical detection instruments, making it a line detection system rather than a point detector. During the inspection of structures mainly extending in two dimensions, the capability to evidence presence of defects in whichever point over a line would enable moving the emitter and the detector along a single direction: this translates in the possibility to decrease the overall required time for interrogation of components compared to point detectors, as well as generating simpler automated monitoring layouts. Based on this assumption, the present study highlights the possibility of employing the GCLAD device as a line inspection tool. To this end, preliminary concepts are provided allowing maximization of the GCLAD response for the non-destructive testing of components which predominantly extend in two dimensions. Afterwards, the GCLAD device is employed in pulse-echo mode for the detection of artificial defects machined on a 12 mm-thick steel plate: the GCLAD probe laser beam is inclined to be perpendicular to the propagation direction of the airborne ultrasound, generated by surface acoustic waves (SAWs) in the solid which are first reflected by the defect flanks and subsequently refracted in the air. Numerical results are provided highlighting the SAW reflection patterns, originated by 3 mm deep surface and subsurface defects, that the GCLAD should interpret. The subsequent experimental campaign highlights that the GCLAD device can identify echoes associated with surface and subsurface defects, located in eight different positions on the plate. B-scan of the component ultimately demonstrates the GCLAD performance in accomplishing the inspection task.
Integrated Quantitative Neuro-transcriptome Analysis of Several Brain Areas in Human Trisomy 21
Authors: Rodriguez-Ortiz Alejandra , Montoya-Villegas Julio Cesar , Garcia-Vallejo Felipe , Mina-Paz Yecid 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Although Down syndrome (DS) is a trisomy of chromosome 21 being the most frequent human chromosomal disorder mainly associated with variables dysfunctions.
Objective
In this context, we aimed to analyze and compare the disruption of transcriptome of several brain areas from individuals with DS and euploid controls as a new approach to consider a global systemic differential disruption of gene expression beyond of chromosome 21.
Methods
We used data from a DNA microarray experiment with ID GSE59630 previously deposited in the GEO DataSet of NCBI database. The array contained log2 values of 17,537 human genes expressed in several aeras of human brain. We calculated the differential gene expression (Z-ratio) of all genes.
Results
We found several differences in gene expression along the DS brain transcriptome, not only in the genes located at chromosome 21 but in other chromosomes. Moreover, we registered the lowest Z-ratio correlation between the age ranks of 16–22 weeks of gestation and 39–42 years (R 2 = 0.06) and the highest Z-ratio correlation between the age ranks of 30–39 years and 40–42 years (R 2 = 0.89). The analysis per brain areas showed that the hippocampus and the cerebellar cortex had the most different gene expression pattern when compared to the brain as a whole.
Conclusions
Our results support the hypothesis of a systemic imbalance of brain protein homeostasis, or proteostasis network of cognitive and neuroplasticity process as new model to explain the important effect on the neurophenotype of trisomy that occur not only in loci of chromosome 21 but also in genes located in other chromosomes.
Occurrence, Compositional Profiles and Health Risks of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Leachate and Groundwater in and around Dumpsites in Lagos State, Nigeria
Authors: Olujimi Olanrewaju , Adegbite Kabirat , Sojinu Samuel , Daso Adegbenro , Oyebanji Funmilola , Oluwadare Idowu , Oyediran Femi , AROWOLO TOYIN AYODELE 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Groundwater from the communities adjoining Abule Egba (ABE), Epe (EPE), Ikorodu (IKR), Olushosun (OSH) and Solous (SOL) dumpsites in Lagos State, Nigeria were collected and analyzed for Polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Water samples were extracted using liquid-liquid extraction followed by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy analysis using already validated standard method. PBDEs concentrations ranged from 7.1 ± 10.1 (IKR) to 78 ± 109 µgL-1 (ABE) for BDE 28; 5.4 ± 0.3 (OSH) to 31.5 ± 27.3 µgL-1 (ABE) for BDE 47; 17 ± 24 (ABE) to 183 ± 226 µgL-1 for BDE 100; 11.7 ± 16.5 (ABE) to 174 ± 217 µgL-1(EPE) for BDE 99; 117 ± 166 (ABE) to 2034 ± 2819 µg L-1 (EPE) for BDE 183; 296 ± 392 (IKR) to 4283 ± 1278 µg L-1 (EPE) for BDE 209. BDE 153 and BDE 154 were not detected in all the water samples while BDE 28 was only detected in ABE and IKR water samples. The BDE 209 was the most dominant congener in all the water samples. The cumulative HI values for children through ingestion route ranged from 4.95 E+00 (SOL) to 4.53 E+01 (EPE) while in adult, it ranged from 4.25 E+00 (SOL) to 3.88 E+01 (EPE). This study confirmed the presence of PBDEs at elevated concentration in groundwater. Since there is no regular supply of pipe-borne water in the study area, residents consume the contaminated groundwater and may therefore be exposed to endocrine disrupting chemicals. Government should provide pie-borne water for the populace and discourage people from living close to the dumpsites.
Optical Signature of Bipolaron in Monolayer Transition Metal Dichalcogenides: All Coupling Approach
Authors: Nguepnang Valère , Sadem Christian Kenfack , Kenfack-Jiotsa Aurelien , Fobasso Florette , Sun Yong 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We studied the optical signature of bipolaron and its effects on the bandgap modulation in the single-layer Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs) under magnetic field. Using the Huybrecht method, we derived the ground state energies in the modified zero Landau levels for all Fröhlich coupling constants. We take into account both intrinsic longitudinal optical phonon modes and surface optical phonon modes induced by the polar substrate. We observed that the higher the coupling strength, the stronger is the magnetic field effect. The highest amplitude of the bandgap modulation is obtained for the MoS2 monolayer and the lowest with the WSe2 monolayer. We also found that the bipolaron is stable in TMDs. It is seen that the optical absorption presents the threshold values and respectively increases for WSe2, MoSe2, WS2 and MoS2.
The Impact of Freezing Temperature and Pretreatment Protocol on Solid Phase HR-MAS-MRS Metabolomes of Colorectal Cancer Tissue
Authors: Liu Hui , Wang Yu , Han Yue-qiang , Yang Guang-yu , Wang Lu , Peng Jin , Liang Hua-ping , Huang He , Deng Peng-chi , Lu Charles Damien , jiang hua 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background: To explore the best pretreatment method of colorectal cancer tissue samples for metabolomics research based on solid-phase nuclear magnetic resonance. Method: Taking mucosal tissues of colorectal cancer and divide it into 5 groups of 0.2cm*0.2cm*0.2cm. Pretreatment was performed as follows: I. Liquid nitrogen storage; II. Transfer to the -80℃ refrigerator after storing in liquid nitrogen for 10 minutes; III. Transfer to the -80℃ refrigerator after storing in liquid nitrogen for 20 minutes; IV. Transfer to the -80℃ refrigerator after storing in liquid nitrogen for 30 minutes; V. -80℃ refrigerator storage. The interval between tumor sample separation to pretreatment is less than 30 minutes. The tissue sample testing process is carried out on Bruker AVII-600 Spectrometer equipped with a high-resolution probe having a 1H/13C magical angle rotation. The tissue samples were put into the NMR which run at a speed of 5000Hz for 10 minutes. NMR signals were collected and analyzed by Fourier transform, partial least squares discrimination analysis (PLS-DA). Corresponding metabolites and metabolic pathways were found in Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) according to the ppms with variable importance of projection (VIP) ＞1. Results: The content of pelargonic acid, stearic acid, D-Ribose, heptadecanoic acid, pyruvic acid, succinate, sarcosine, glycine, creatine, and L-lactate in liquid nitrogen storage group were significantly lower than the other groups (P<0.05), the content of glycerophosphocholine in liquid nitrogen storage group was lower than the other groups (P=0.055). Pyruvic, succinate and L-lactate are participating in glucose metabolism. Glycerophosphocholine, sarcosine, glycine and creatine are participating in choline phospholipid metabolism. This indicated that the glucose and choline phospholipid metabolism levels of the liquid nitrogen group were significantly lower than those of the other 4 groups. Conclusion: Liquid nitrogen storage can slow down the glucose and choline phospholipid metabolism process of colorectal cancer tissue samples in vitro; liquid nitrogen can preserve tissue sample’s metabolic state in the body. It is therefore the better way to store tissue sample than the other methods. clinical trial registry website: http://www.chictr.org.cn/index.aspx. Trial number: ChiCTR1900024640
Risk of lung cancer among women in relation to lifetime history of tobacco smoking: A population-based case-control study in France (the WELCA study)
Authors: Rusmaully Jennifer , Tvardik Nastassia , Martin Diane , Billmann Régine , Cénée Sylvie , Antoine Martine , Blons Hélène , Laurent-Puig Pierre , Trédaniel Jean , Wislez Marie , Stücker Isabelle , Guénel Pascal , Radoï Loredana 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
BACKGROUND

This study aims to provide new insights on the role of smoking patterns and cigarette dependence in female lung cancer, and to examine differences by histological subtype.
METHODS

We conducted a population-based case-control study in the great Paris area among women including 716 incident cases diagnosed between 2014 and 2017 and 757 age-matched controls. Detailed data on smoking history was collected during in-person interviews to assess intensity and duration of tobacco smoking, time since cessation, smoking habits (depth of smoke inhalation, use of filter, type of tobacco, and type of cigarettes) and Fagerström test for cigarette dependence. The comprehensive smoking index (CSI), a score modelling the combined effects of intensity, duration and time since quitting smoking was determined for each subject. Multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and their confidence intervals (95%CI) of lung cancer associated with smoking variables.
RESULTS

Lung cancer risk increased linearly with intensity and duration of tobacco smoking while it decreased with time since cessation, to reach the risk in never-smokers after 20 years of abstinence. The combined effect of intensity and duration of tobacco smoking was more than multiplicative (p-interaction 0.012). The OR in the highest vs the lowest quartile of CSI was 12.64 (95%CI 8.50; 18.80) (p-trend < 0.001). The risk of small cell or squamous cell carcinomas increased with the CSI more sharply than the risk of adenocarcinomas. Deep smoke inhalation, dark vs blond tobacco, conventional vs light cigarettes, and unfiltered vs filtered cigarettes, as well as having mixed smoking habits, were found to be independent risk factors. Having high cigarette addiction behaviours also increased the risk after adjusting for CSI.
CONCLUSION

This study provides additional insights on the effects of tobacco smoking patterns on lung cancer risk among women.
Using public playgrounds during COVID-19 pandemic: A Survey of Parental Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs
Authors: Andisi Vahid Farshchi , Taghadosi Camellia , Boroujeni Sara Borjian , Bakhtiari Hadi , Rose Sarah , Taghizadeh Niloofar 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background: The possibility of COVID-19 transmission by environmental surfaces such as playground equipment has been previously suggested. The objective of this study was to investigate how the parents' Knowledge and beliefs regarding using public playgrounds contribute to asymptomatic community transmission of the virus. Methods: An online survey questionnaire was designed through SurveyMonkey (Palo Alto, California, USA), including 18 closed-ended and one open-ended question. Albertans having at least one non-school-aged child were invited to participate via a link placed on social media platforms. The initial survey was sent out in December 2020, and the survey period continued for 3 weeks. The survey results were summarized, graphed, and reported using SurveyMonkey.Results: A total of 162 anonymous responses were included in this study. Overall, the dimensions evaluated have demonstrated remarkable levels of compliance with the current public health measures among parents (Average score 6.1/9.0 (68%)). However, most respondents believed a more stringent health measure is needed to improve public playground safety during this pandemic, such as regular cleaning and sanitizing the equipment, capacity restrictions, sanitizer available at playgrounds, etc. While the majority of respondents were aware of the possibility of COVID-19 transmission through public playgrounds, there were some indications of inappropriate use of playgrounds; a few parents used playgrounds even after the child was diagnosed with Covid-19 infection or identified as a close contact of someone who is confirmed as having COVID-19 by a health care provider.Conclusions: Our study highlights the current lack of screening and risk assessments of public playgrounds that may contribute to an increase in a variety of pathogens, including COVID-19, that cause a range of health outcomes.
Selected ‘Starter Kit’ energy system modelling data for South Korea (#CCG)
Authors: Cannone Carla , Allington Lucy , Pappis Ioannis , Barron Karla Cervantes , Usher Will , Pye Steve , Brown Edward , Howells Mark , Walker Miriam Zachau , Ahsan Aniq , Charbonnier Flora , Halloran Claire , Hirmer Stephanie , Taliotis Constantinos , Sundin Caroline , Sridha Vignesh , Ramos Eunice , Brinkerink Maarten , Deane Paul , Gritsevskyi Andrii , Moura Gustavo , Rouget Arnaud , Wogan David , Barcelona Edito , Rogner Holger , Cronin Jen 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Energy system modelling can be used to assess the implications of different scenarios and support improved policymaking. However, access to data is often a barrier to energy system modelling, causing delays. Therefore, this article provides data that can be used to create a simple zero order energy system model for South Korea, which can act as a starting point for further model development and scenario analysis. The data are collected entirely from publicly available and accessible sources, including the websites and databases of international organizations, journal articles, and existing modelling studies. This means that the dataset can be easily updated based on the latest available information or more detailed and accurate local data. These data were also used to calibrate a simple energy system model using the Open Source Energy Modelling System (OSeMOSYS) and two stylized scenarios (Fossil Future and Least Cost) for 2020–2050. The assumptions used and results of these scenarios are presented in the appendix as an illustrative example of what can be done with these data. This simple model can be adapted and further developed by in-country analysts and academics, providing a platform for future work.
Identifying critical source areas of nonpoint source pollution in a watershed with SWAT–ECM and AHP methods
Authors: Wu Qiang , Yu Hui 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Identification of critical source areas (CSAs) is pivotal for the management of nonpoint source (NPS) pollution of watersheds. Most studies focus on source (S) factors and ignore the driving (D) factors of such pollution. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model and the export coefficient method (ECM) were incorporated to quantify the S factors of ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N) and total phosphorus (TP) as NPS pollution. Specifically, S factors coupled with D factors, including precipitation, slope, soil and land use, were regarded as multi-factors. Moreover, the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method was adopted to determine the respective weights of multi-factors after overlaying the factor maps to identify the CSAs. These CSAs accounted for 23.86% of the total area, and generated 54.94% of NH4-N and 42.59% of the TP loads. In contrast with single and multi-factors, we found that using multi-factors having differing weights was more accurate for identifying CSAs. Our study results indicate this approach is reasonable for CSAs' identification in watersheds, and it can provide insights into different pollution sources and migration, thus providing a sounder basis for future decision-making.
Reaching those left behind: knowledge gaps, challenges, and approaches to achieving SDG 6 in high-income countries
Authors: Mattos Kaitlin J. , Mulhern Riley , Naughton Colleen C. , Anthonj Carmen , Brown Joe , Brocklehurst Clarissa , Brooks Cecelia , Desclos April , Escobedo Garcia Nataly E. , Gibson Jacqueline MacDonald , Linden Karl G. , Lindsay Christopher A. , Newby Jennifer , Sinclair Ryan , Smith Alan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Even as progress has been made in extending access to safe water and sanitation under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), substantial disparities in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services persist in high-income countries around the world. These gaps in service occur disproportionately among historically marginalized, rural, informal, and Indigenous communities. This paper synthesizes results from a side session convened at the 2020 University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Water and Health conference focused on knowledge gaps, challenges, and approaches to achieve SDG 6 among marginalized communities in high-income countries. We provide approaches and next steps to advance sustainable WASH services in communities that have often been overlooked.
Exploratory assessment of challenges and issues with private water operators in rural water supply and service delivery: a case study of the Karamoja region, Uganda
Authors: Dektar Benbella , McConnell Scott , Kasekende Allan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This exploratory assessment was conducted in the Karamoja region of North Eastern Uganda. The aim was to analyse the contextual shortfalls that undermine the effectiveness and sustainability of private operators (PO) in water supply. POs had limited capacity to manage affairs of the water supply systems (WSS). Specifically, their skills were lacking to manage the electromechanical components of the systems, meter reading, and they exhibited poor customer care skills. Intermittent power supplies rendered the WSS unreliable. Solar systems were reported to have erratic frequencies and output which also ultimately resulted in inconsistent water supply. However, the POs hardly pursued corrective measures. The weak enforcement of regulatory policies propagated non-uniformity in tariff implementation approaches across districts contributing to lower willingness to pay. The POs’ focus on profits presents a unique challenge as they attempt to minimise energy expenses in a bid to widen profit margins. We conclude that the limited technical and managerial capacity of POs in running water supply systems is a critical cause of unsatisfactory service delivery to water users. Finally, the weak water governance and regulatory policy enforcement and the non-adherence to water tariff plans not only affect PO economies of scale but also hamper efficient service delivery.
Implications of COD analysis use in the peracetic acid-based wastewater treatment
Authors: Leite Luan de Souza , Tango Mariana Daniel , Filho José Antônio Zanetoni , Hoffmann Maria Teresa , Daniel Luiz Antonio 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Peracetic acid (PAA) stands out as a safe and environmental-friendly oxidant and disinfectant which has been effectively used in wastewater treatment. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a very popular analysis in wastewater treatment; however, the interference of residual PAA on the COD measurement is still unknown. In this context, this study investigated the implications of applying the COD analysis in PAA-based treatment. Each 1 mg·L−1 of PAA increased the COD concentration around 13.5 mg O2·L−1. Residual PAA and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were efficiently neutralized by sodium metabisulfite (SMBS) at the optimal SMBS/PAA ratio of 10.2:1 in a wide pH range (5 to 9). The effect of PAA addition on the COD concentration was evaluated in different water matrices (potassium hydrogen phthalate and wastewater solutions). The COD results with the SMBS addition at optimal SMBS/PAA ratio were lower than the ones without it. It may happen due to the neutralization of residual H2O2/PAA and the complexity of the water matrices which can interfere in the COD results. This study discussed the impact of the residual H2O2/PAA neutralization before the COD analysis, and this investigation can be used as a practical guideline for the correct COD measurement in PAA-based treatment.
Preparation and Optimization of Controlled Release Nanoparticles Containing Cefixime Using Central Composite Design: An Attempt to Enrich
Its Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Ebrahimnejad Pedram , Mahjoub Mohammad Ali , Shahlaee Fatemeh , Ebrahimi Pouneh , Sadeghi-Ghadi Zaynab 
Published: July 2021

Background:
Due to the increased resistance against existing antibiotics, research is essential
to discover new and alternative ways to control infections induced by resistant pathogens.

Objective:
The goal of the current scrutinization was to enrich the dissolution rate and antibacterial
property of cefixime (CEF) orally.

Methods:
To achieve the desired results, chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) containing CEF were fabricated
using the ionic gelation method. Central Composite design has been applied to get the optimal
formulation for the delivery of CEF. The effect of three variables, such as the concentration of
chitosan, tripolyphosphate, and tween 80, on the characteristics of NPs was evaluated.

Results:
The optimized NPs involved a relatively monodispersed size distribution with an average
diameter of 193 nm and a zeta potential of about 11 mV. The scanning tunneling microscope confirmed
the size of NPs. The surface morphology of NPs was observed by scanning electron microscopy.
The calorimetric analysis indicated the amorphous state of cefixime in the formulation. The
dissolution rate of NPs in aqueous media was acceptable and the model of release kinetics for CEF
from NPs followed the Peppas model. The potency of CEF in NPs against various types of bacteria
was hopefully efficient. The ex-vivo release study demonstrated higher penetration of NPs from the
rat intestine compared to free drug. The cell culture study showed the safety of the optimized formulation.

Conclusion:
Chitosan NPs could be considered a significant system for the controlled delivery of
CEF due to its antibacterial effectiveness.