bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post-analysis Procedures
Authors: Veech Joseph A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
There are several additional statistical procedures that can be conducted after a habitat analysis. The statistical model produced by a habitat analysis can be assessed for fit to the data. Model fit describes how well the predictor variables explain the variance in the response variable, typically species presence–absence or abundance. When more than one statistical model has been produced by the habitat analysis, these can be compared by a formal procedure called model comparison. This usually involves identifying the model with the lowest Akaike information criterion (AIC) value. If the statistical model is considered a predictive tool then its predictive accuracy needs to be assessed. There are many metrics for assessing the predictive performance of a model and quantifying rates of correct and incorrect classification; the latter are error rates. Many of these metrics are based on the numbers of true positive, true negative, false positive, and false negative observations in an independent dataset. “True” and “false” refer to whether species presence–absence was correctly predicted or not. Predictive performance can also be assessed by constructing a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and calculating area under the curve (AUC) values. High AUC values approaching 1 indicate good predictive performance, whereas a value near 0.5 indicates a poor model that predicts species presence–absence no better than a random guess.
Other Techniques Related to Habitat Analysis
Authors: Veech Joseph A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Habitat analysis is strictly defined as a statistical examination to identify the environmental variables that a species associates with, wherein association is taken as some form of correspondence between a species response variable (e.g., presence–absence or abundance) and the environmental variables. There are other statistical techniques and empirical goals that extend this basic framework. These techniques often rely on a habitat analysis having been conducted as an initial step. Resource selection functions quantify an individual’s and a species’ use of a resource based upon the properties of the resource. Resource is broadly defined and can include particular types of habitat. Selectivity and preference indices are used to assess an individual’s preference and active choice of different resource types. Compositional data analysis is a statistical method for examining the composition of an individual’s territory or home range with regard to different habitat types that may be represented. Habitat suitability modeling and species distribution modeling are closely related techniques designed to map the spatial distribution of a species’ habitat and sometimes the species itself based upon its habitat requirements and other factors.
Conclusion
Authors: Veech Joseph A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Because habitat is so crucial to the survival and reproduction of individual organisms and persistence of populations, it has long been studied by wildlife ecologists. However, the modern concept of habitat originated with ecologists before the field and practice of wildlife ecology arose. The fields of ecology and wildlife ecology have developed along separate historical paths, but, given that research in each field continues to involve the study of species–habitat relationships, there is common ground for practitioners and students in both fields to better engage with one another. Such collaboration could involve a shared recognition that habitat largely determines a species spatial distribution in nature. Through a behavioral process of dispersal, settlement, and establishment, an individual organism finds appropriate habitat by searching and responding to environmental cues. These cues may primarily be characteristics of the habitat such as vegetation structure. Characterization or statistical analysis of habitat is an obvious and important component of studying the habitat requirements of a species. It is recommended that multiple logistic regression will often be the most appropriate method for characterizing habitat. Of most importance, a habitat analysis should recognize that the habitat of a species involves an integrated set of environmental variables that synergistically influence the survival and reproduction of the individual and existence of the species. The study of habitat can help us learn more about the autecology of the focal species, its role in ecological communities, and proper strategies for its preservation.
The Co-evolution of Culture, Psychology, and Institutions
Authors: Huggins Robert , Thompson Piers 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter empirically investigates the relationships that hold between culture, personality psychology, and institutions. The analysis recognizes that any relationships between these constructs are likely to be bidirectional, and therefore it is inappropriate to assume that one can be regarded as an independent factor that drives the others. The analysis examines those specific relationships between each of the three constructs to capture evidence for the existence of their intertwined nature. In particular, it focuses on how selective migration due to particular psychological traits can be associated not only with the psychological profiles of ‘exporting’ and ‘receiving’ areas but also how these patterns relate to the culture of the receiving areas and how they develop over time.
‘They Make a Desolation and They Call It Peace’
Authors: Faust Avraham 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 9 (‘“They Make a Desolation and They Call It Peace”: Re-Examining the Nature of the Imperial Peace’) reviews the concept of Assyrian peace that became popular over the years to describe the prospering economy during the period of Assyrian control, when no internal wars or imperial campaigns are evident. The information provided in the previous chapters, however, casts some doubts on the applicability of the term for the period under discussion, since the provinces in the southwest were devastated, and only the regions outside the official boundaries of Assyria prospered. Subsequently, the chapter re-evaluates not only the pax Assyriaca, but also the general concept of ‘imperial peace’ which was ‘imported’ from Rome (the pax Romana) into almost all imperial contexts.
Juvenile Huntington’s disease and paediatric Huntington’s disease
Authors: Quarrell Oliver 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Juvenile Huntington’s disease (JHD) is rare. It is usually defined as someone having an onset before 21 years. A more accurate description would be juvenile-onset HD. The origins of this definition are obscure but the distinction has been recognized for many years. The proportions of JHD cases may vary in different parts of the world but a figure of approximately five per cent is useful. JHD is not a separate category but rather part of the spectrum. Whilst it is still useful to think about the needs of young people in terms of the different ways they can present to a doctor some of the limitations of the definition will be explored. As part of the process of developing new drugs the European Medicines Agency (EMA) would like information on how the drug affects children. The term JHD does not cover this accurately so new term, paediatric Huntington’s disease (PHD) has been devised so that young people under the age of 18 years and currently affected by HD can be identified.
The Letter of the Law
Authors: Ziogas Ioannis 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter studies the correspondence between Acontius and Cydippe (Heroides 20–1). The main argument is that Ovid highlights the fundamental confluence of the love letter with legal correspondence. The discussion ranges widely through comparative material from contemporary Latin elegy (Propertius in particular) to its intertextual matrix (Callimachus’ Aetia), in order to spell out the dependence of both poetry and law on precedent. Core aspects of Heroides 20–1, such as the materiality of the text, iterability, performativity, and intertextuality show that the invention of love is inextricably related to the invention of law. The chapter further investigates the triangulated relations between magic spells (carmina), love poetry (carmina), and legal statements. In its historical context, the crucial role of epistolography in the production and communication of laws in the Roman Empire is important for understanding the legal force of Ovid’s love letters.
Epilogue
Authors: Ziogas Ioannis 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The Epilogue discusses Ovid’s reception in the Middle Ages, in order to recapitulate the main theoretical approaches of the book. Ovid’s jurisprudence of love had a major impact on Forcadel’s Cupido Jurisperitus and Boccaccio’s Decameron. Within the long tradition of Ovidian receptions, the current trend to simultaneously study and marginalize legal discourse in Ovid is anomalous. The brief discussion of the juridico-discursive reception of Ovid will hopefully open new avenues not only in Ovidian studies, but also in the field of law and literature.
Kant, Aesthetic Judgement, and Beethoven
Authors: Hare John 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores Kant’s conception of the relation of the beautiful and the sublime to freedom and to moral theology. It then turns to Beethoven’s conception of the sublime, and illustrates this by an analysis of the slow movement of his early piano sonata Op. 2, No. 2, and an analysis of the first movement of the Eroica. The thesis of the chapter is that a Kantian ‘optimistic’ account of the sublime fits these pieces better than some other accounts of the sublime that the chapter describes, namely ‘the uncanny sublime’, ‘the authoritarian sublime’ and ‘the solipsistic sublime’. The chapter ends with a brief remark about the relation between Kantian freedom and the Christian faith.
From the Church to the Concert Hall
Authors: Todd R. Larry 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
‘Every room in which Bach is performed is transformed into a church.’ We do not know the context for this remark attributed to Mendelssohn (sometime before March 1835), but it reflects one significant thread in the nineteenth-century ‘emancipation of music’, namely the revival of the music of J.S. Bach, and his transformation from a largely forgotten Leipzig church musician into a dominant, canonic figure in European concert music. This chapter revisits some familiar aspects of Mendelssohn’s revival of Bach’s music, for example the seminal revival of the St. Matthew Passion in 1829, and Mendelssohn’s spiritual trajectory from Judaism to Christianity, and then explores ways in which his own music tested boundaries between sacred music for performance in church versus the concert hall. One way in which Mendelssohn allied his music with the spiritual was through the use of imaginary, ‘free’ chorales—that is, newly composed, textless chorale melodies that he inserted into a number of his purely instrumental compositions as a means of underscoring his newly acquired Protestant faith. The chapter concludes by exploring the significance of this device for several other nineteenth-century composers who similarly invoked the divine and sacred in their concert music
Music, Freedom, and the Decisive Particular
Authors: Begbie Jeremy 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This essay focuses on a major theological shift of outlook between the first rendition of Bach’s St. Matthew Passion in Leipzig in 1727 and the Berlin performances of 1829, seen in the emergence of a quest for a particular kind of freedom: ‘freedom from the decisive particular’. We chart some of the background to it in the eighteenth century in ‘natural religion’: in the search for a commonly shared religious sensibility, the suspicion of relying on the local and contingent in religious matters, and in the belief that the universal potential of religion should not be dependent on the historicity of concrete events. These are carried forward in the early nineteenth century, most clearly in the work of G.W.F. Hegel and Friedrich Schleiermacher. The latter, in particular, appropriates music in his account of religion. Music, more than any other art, can give voice to the dynamics of humanity’s primordial religious awareness precisely because of its relative freedom from historical contingencies. Something of this outlook seems to have characterized and informed the 1829 Bach performances. But it contrasts sharply with Leipzig in 1727: in eighteenth-century Lutheranism, it was taken as axiomatic that the events of the life, death, and resurrection of Christ were of decisive, ultimate significance for all other events. The essay concludes with some reflections on what can be learned from this contrast with respect to the conversation between music and theology today.
Security
Authors: Hägel Peter 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 analyzes two billionaires within transnational diaspora politics, whose ethnonational identity generates security concerns for communities abroad. The Jewish-American casino mogul Sheldon Adelson has been financing a free newspaper, Israel Hayom, which has become the most widely read daily in Israel, staunchly supporting Benjamin Netanyahu and the “entrenchment–expansionism” position vis-à-vis Palestine. His interventions in the Israel–Palestine conflict ran counter to the majority views of American Jewry and undermined President Obama’s foreign policy. The second case examines whether the hedge fund billionaire Raj Rajaratnam helped to fund the insurgency of the LTTE (“Tamil Tigers”) in his former home state Sri Lanka. While the case once produced spectacular headlines, upon closer inspection the political agency of Rajaratnam appears as very limited. He seems to have largely conformed to the demands put on the Tamil diaspora by the LTTE, and the U.S. government’s anti-terrorism policies restricted his options severely.
Economy
Authors: Hägel Peter 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 presents two cases of billionaires whose pursuit of wealth in the global economy has broader political consequences. It looks at how Charles and David Koch have tried to limit climate change mitigation in order to protect the fossil fuel–based business interests of their conglomerate Koch Industries. The Koch brothers spread climate change skepticism via the funding of think tanks and public advocacy, and they finance campaigns boosting politicians that oppose climate change mitigation. In Rupert Murdoch’s case, his News Corporation has been his main political resource. He has used the opinion-shaping power of his media empire to extract favors from politicians abroad, especially in the UK, but also in Australia, by offering support (or threatening hostility) during election times.
Seven Challenges for Spatial Analyses of Vector-Borne Diseases
Authors: Perkins T. Alex , España Guido , Moore Sean M. , Oidtman Rachel J. , Sharma Swarnali , Singh Brajendra , Siraj Amir S. , Soda K. James , Smith Morgan , Walters Magdalene K. , Michael Edwin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Prediction of spatial heterogeneity in disease incidence based on measurable spatial factors is a major goal of spatial epidemiology. There are a number of applied goals of these predictions, including appropriately targeting resources for surveillance and intervention and accurately quantifying disease burden. Although spatial heterogeneity is evident in the epidemiology of many diseases, several aspects of the biology of vector-borne diseases amplify this form of heterogeneity. Here, we review several aspects of this biology, highlighting seven distinct ways in which the biology of vector-borne diseases impacts understanding spatial heterogeneity in disease incidence. Whereas traditional methods place emphasis on spatial regression and other forms of statistical analysis of empirical data, the goal here is to offer a perspective on potential pitfalls of analyses that take data at face value and do not acknowledge the complex, nonlinear, and dynamic relationships between spatial patterns of disease incidence and spatial heterogeneity in transmission.
Force of Infection and Variation in Outbreak Size in a Multi-Species Host-Pathogen System:
Authors: Drake John M. , Magori Krisztian , Knoblich Kevin , Bowden Sarah E. , Bajwa Waheed I. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The size of annual outbreaks in seasonally forced host-pathogen systems is poorly understood. We studied contributing factors to the six-fold observed variation in the number of human cases of West Nile virus in New York City in the years 2000–2008. Sampling error and intrinsic noise (demographic stochasticity) explain roughly half of the observed variation. To investigate the remaining sources of variation, we estimated the monthly force of infection from data on the distribution and abundance of mosquitoes, virus prevalence, vector competence, and mammal biting rate at two spatial scales. At both scales, the West Nile virus force of infection was remarkably consistent from year to year. We propose that fine scale spatial heterogeneity is the key to understanding the epidemiology of West Nile virus in New York City.
Population Biology of Culicoides-Borne Viruses of Livestock in Europe
Authors: Gubbins Simon 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Culicoides biting midges are the principal vectors for a number of internationally important arboviruses that infect animals. Over recent decades two viruses they transmit, bluetongue virus (BTV) and Schmallenberg virus (SBV), have emerged as major threats to European livestock. Here, the host, vector, viral, and environmental factors which influence the transmission of these viruses are reviewed. The influence of these factors on the patterns of spread that followed their emergence are explored, both for different viruses (BTV and SBV) and for different strains of the same virus (BTV). Finally, consideration is given to the longer-term dynamics of Culicoides-borne viruses and, in particular, their ability to persist from one vector season to the next.
Habsburg Histories of Internationalism
Authors: Sluga Glenda 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores points of ideological and institutional intersection in the Habsburg and Austrian past in the context of a new historiography of internationalism and studies of the League of Nations. Drawing from the expanding historiography of international ideas and institutions, on the one hand, and the uncollected evidence of people and politics of the Habsburg empire-cum-Austrian republic, on the other, its intention is to gauge the political, cultural, and economic significance of strands of the ‘new internationalism’ in the history of the Habsburg empire, and its afterlife. This is nowhere more obvious than in the persistent invocations, through the first half of the twentieth century, of the affinities between the post-First World War history of internationalism and Austria’s prewar experience with diversity and multi-nationality, and the persistent political and cultural ambitions attached to the specific idea of Weltösterreich.
Beyond the League of Nations
Authors: Lemmen Sarah 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The founding of the Czechoslovak Republic in 1918 was, at its core, an international endeavour—campaigned for during wartime exile in Europe and the USA and internationally confirmed during the Paris Peace Treaty—and this international orientation continued throughout the interwar period. International security mechanisms were put in place, most notably through the founding of the Little Entente as well as through a strong involvement in the League of Nations. Beyond these ties to international organizations that were to guarantee the country’s safety, this chapter traces examples of worldwide outreach and public debates pertaining to the global standing of Czechoslovakia, focusing on its relations with countries in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. These world regions played a significant role in Czechoslovakia’s quest for a global diplomacy, a global economy, or even the founding of Czechoslovak colonies, and highlight the country’s orientation far beyond the Central European scope.
A Mystery within an Enigma. The Economy 1355 to 1375
Authors: Bailey Mark 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The economic response to plague outbreaks in 1348–9 and 1361 has long puzzled historians. Despite the collapse in population, landholding size remained small and prices of foodstuffs remained high, causing the real wages of the mass of the populace to fall below their pre-plague level. The traditional explanation for this paradox is that a combination of seigniorial repression, the spare capacity in the pre-plague economy, monetary inflation, and a succession of poor harvests created an ‘Indian Summer’ for landlords, where rents, prices, and profits remained unexpectedly buoyant. But this oversimplifies the complexities of the period, and a careful reconstruction of what actually happened helps to explain its paradoxical elements. This chapter surveys the wide range of responses in different sectors of the economy, principally increases in mean household incomes and shifting patterns of consumption. Supply-side responses were remarkably rapid in some sectors (textiles, brewing), but sluggish in others. Responses were disrupted by a succession of extreme events—recurrent plague outbreaks, climate change, and repeated livestock epidemics—that generated uncertainty and risk for producers. Historians have tended to generalize too broadly about the third quarter of the fourteenth century, which is a pivotal period of change deserving much closer and more careful scrutiny.
Injustice and Revolt
Authors: Bailey Mark 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
If a seigniorial reaction did not materialize in the generation after the arrival of Black Death, and if villeinage really was dissolving rapidly during that period, how then do we explain the Peasants’ Revolt in 1381? The arguments and evidence for the centrality of serfdom to the revolt are discussed, and the latest research into the targets and participants considered. This chapter takes its lead from new approaches to medieval revolts, which move away from modern preoccupations with class and revolution to reconstruct how common grievances united disparate groups of people. It explores the experience of royal justice—principally the labour laws and the leasing of hundreds—from ‘below’, based upon a fresh dissection of the legislation and original research into petitions, the sessions of JPs and King’s Bench, and other court records. The nature of the legislation, the mechanics of its enforcement, the powers and discretion vested in local officials well below the level of the JPs, and the wide range of jurisdictions for handling and sanctioning the same offence resulted in wide inconsistencies in its enforcement. This created divisions within communities, not just along class lines between lord and peasant, and generated common cause and forged temporary alliances among diverse groups. The unifying aim of the rebels was the removal of all forms of lordship other than the king and the removal of all intermediary private and royal courts: opposition to serfdom was one element within this greater aim.