bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Britannia’s Achilles Heel
Authors: Lambert Nicholas A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
By the turn of the twentieth century, British leaders were contemplating the strategic implications of the recent transformation in the global economy now called the first era of globalization. Defense experts worried particularly about Britain’s dependence upon imported food, especially wheat. This chapter explains the internationalization of the global wheat market, focusing on the role of new technologies and important changes in day-to-day business practices. The most significant of these were the spread of commercial agriculture to the Southern Hemisphere, the introduction of grain elevators for wheat storage, and the development of futures contracts. In 1905, a Royal Commission concluded that Britain’s food security problem really lay in the fragility of the new globalized system. The concern was that in wartime the market system might freeze, causing wheat to become unaffordable rather than unobtainable. In reaching this conclusion, the commission exploited early economic theory on the psychology of economic shocks.
The Military and Diplomatic Strands
Authors: Lambert Nicholas A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
At the beginning of 1915, concern mounted in Britain over the prolongation of the war, the damage to the British economy caused by uncoordinated military mobilization, and mounting evidence of strategic drift. In addition, political leaders were uneasy over the magnitude of casualties on the Western Front, and nervous at the thought of committing there the Kitchener New Armies comprised of volunteers. Prime Minister Asquith announced a full review of strategic policy to be held during first week of January 1915. Major disagreements over strategy within both army and navy high commands and much lobbying ensued. The planned strategic review was effectively aborted when the British army commander in France complained that the government was starving him of adequate resources, however, and nothing was resolved.
The Political Economic Strands
Authors: Lambert Nicholas A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In the midst of the strategic review discussed in chapter 5, Arthur Balfour, one of the War Lords, pointed out that selection of strategy should be governed by economic resources and expected duration of the war. Agreeing with him, many officials in the civilian departments of government urged Asquith to pay closer attention to the worstening economic problems, and he began to do so. Civilian officials worried especially over rising wheat prices and the prospect of social unrest. In an effort to solve the problem, the government began to manipulate global market prices through secret trading in the futures market, combined with the management of market intelligence concerning wheat harvests within the British Empire. Closer scrutiny of wheat prices in the third week of January revealed that the problem was both more complex and far worse than the government initially realized. A quintupling of wheat prices seemed imminent.
Seven Days in January
Authors: Lambert Nicholas A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Worries over the economy and wheat prices led to the formation of a new (previously unknown) executive policy committee operating in parallel with the War Council. During the fourth week of January 1915, the new Food Price committee met ahead of the War Council. In this forum, Asquith and his senior advisors were finally convinced of the severity of the wheat problem. They further decided that rather than introduce food rationing, it would be simpler to force the Dardanelles and open the path to Russian wheat—thereby not only lowering wheat prices but also permitting Russia to solve its financial problems by resuming wheat exports. At the subsequent War Council meeting of January 28, 1915, Asquith overruled the objections of Admiral John Fisher to the Dardanelles operation. A review of the concerns displayed by each voting member demonstrates that the majority favored attacking the Dardanelles for mainly economic reasons.
The Fortunes of War
Authors: Lambert Nicholas A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Reports through back channels concerning events at the Dardanelles generated doubts in London over the reliability of the commanding admiral’s assessment. The War Council nevertheless sent reinforcements to Dardanelles to maximize chances of victory. Unexpectedly, the Russians turned against the operation—fearful that it might succeed. On March 18, Anglo-French fleet attacking the Dardanelles suffered disaster. With Kitchener’s and Churchill’s support, Asquith decided that the attack must continue at all costs and ordered a risky amphibious assault. Because a majority of the War Council now opposed the operation, Asquith did not summon it to endorse his decision. Adding to Asquith’s desperation for success, the wheat crisis worsened when the traders realized the British government’s secret policy of price manipulation. They withdrew from the market, causing British wheat imports to dry up.
The Appearance of Corruption
Authors: Shaw Daron R. , Roberts Brian E. , Baek Mijeong 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 describes the Supreme Court’s reasoning on campaign finance regulation, free speech, and political campaigns and then offers a chapter-by-chapter plan for testing the key assumptions underlying the Court’s reasoning. The behavioral model of the Buckley v. Valeo (1976) links individuals’ perceptions of corruption to their decisions to participate politically, hypothesizing that the greater an individual’s perception of corruption the less likely that person is to participate in the political process (e.g., vote) because of an erosion of trust in government. Based on these assumptions, the Court accepts the mitigation of corruption as the (lone) compelling state interest for limits on money in politics. Chapter 1 outlines how the authors will empirically explore the behavioral model posited by the U.S. Supreme Court in its 1976 Buckley v. Valeo decision.
Federal Prosecution Yesterday and Today
Authors: Boyd Christina L. , Nelson Michael J. , Ostrander Ian , Boldt Ethan D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
What function do federal prosecutors play in the modern political system, and how has this role changed over time? In this chapter, we explore the historical evolution of federal prosecutors and the DOJ (and its predecessors) and review the organization of the modern DOJ. We provide evidence that politics and the administration of federal justice have always been tightly intertwined. Moreover, the enlargement of federal law since the Civil War has brought with it the an increase in the size of the federal prosecutorial machine, the DOJ, and the role of the U.S. Attorney General. Using data from the DOJ, we illustrate the growth of the federal prosecutorial machine and discuss its ramifications for the role of the U.S. Attorney in the modern political system.
The Anglo-American Tradition
Authors: Peters B. Guy 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The Anglo-American tradition is perhaps the most difficult to characterize. Although there are common roots, there has been a divergence between the United Kingdom and other Westminster systems and the United States. There are common roots among these cases, including a contractarian conception of the state, an emphasis on the separation of politics and administration, an emphasis on management rather than law in the role definition of public administrators, and less commitment to uniformity. But these common values are interpreted and implemented differently in the different countries. For example, the United States has a more developed system of administrative law than do most of the Westminster systems. All these administrative systems, however, have been more receptive to the ideas of New Public Management (NPM) than have other governments, although the United States and Canada had implemented many of those ideas long before NPM was developed.
Transferring Traditions
Authors: Peters B. Guy 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The European powers who ruled areas of Africa during parts of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries brought with them ideas about public administration. Although they may have governed their colonies somewhat differently, they did use models of public administration brought from home to rule, and also to train local administrators. After independence the former colonial powers continued to have some influence over governance in the new nations. This chapter examines the extent to which the administrative traditions have influenced administration in the former colonies, as well as the interaction of traditional forms of governance with “modern” styles of governance coming from the Global North. This chapter focuses on Africa but the same questions could be raised about the impact of colonial administration in other parts of the world.
Persistence and Change in Public Administration
Authors: Peters B. Guy 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
By focusing on administrative traditions this book has emphasized the persistence of administrative patterns. But despite persistence, bureaucracies also change. They change because their tasks change, because the political and social environment changes, and perhaps most importantly because ideas about public administration change. These patterns of change lead into a discussion of convergence, and the question of whether all administrative systems are becoming alike. This chapter summarizes the findings in the book and evaluates models of change and reform when compared to models of persistence. The conclusion is that despite some changes in similar directions, administrative traditions are retaining much of their distinctiveness and they can still be used as a foundation for comparison.
Terroir
Authors: Bittner Stephen V. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 follows the life and career of Mikhail Ballas, a Bessarabian nobleman and late-tsarist Russia’s most influential wine writer. In the early 1900s, Ballas received the prestigious Emperor Alexander IIII Prize in Viniculture for authoring a six-volume set, Winemaking in Russia, which laid out in exacting detail the history of winemaking in the tsarist empire, the present state of the industry, and the quality of wine it produced. Long before the idea of terroir emerged as the essential characteristic of fine wine, Ballas described something that resembled modern notions of terroir: the geographical and climatic diversity of empire, the vinicultural possibilities inherent in that diversity, and most important, the ways that human ingenuity and ecology intersected in unexpected ways in vineyards to produce fine wine.
Taste
Authors: Bittner Stephen V. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In the decades following Stalin’s death, Soviet vintners returned to the European wine circuit—the international tasting competitions and trade associations that were the domain of Western connoisseurs. Among the persons who became familiar with Soviet winemaking during these years was Maynard Amerine, an extraordinarily influential vinicultural scientist and connoisseur from California. Amerine made three trips to the Soviet Union in the 1960s and 1970s, recording in his journals the quality of wine he encountered on carefully regimented scales. Chapter 6 seeks to describe how Soviet wine tasted to someone who had a basis for comparison. While Amerine’s appraisal was overwhelmingly negative, he came to believe that Soviet failings in winemaking had less to do with a flawed terroir than the perverse incentives of socialism.
Introduction
Authors: Werth Paul W. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
To know Russia, you really have to understand 1837. That is the main message of this intriguing and unusual book. In ten chapters ranging from culture and ideas to empire and industry, it paints a rich and vivid portrait of the world’s largest country at a critical moment, when modern Russia acquired many of its most distinctive and outstanding features. Composers and poets, engineers and imperialists, philosophers and grand princes, peasants and camels, beards and potatoes—all make their appearance, and together they helped to forge the quiet revolution that changed Russia forever. Indeed, Russia is what it is today, in no small measure, because of 1837.
In the Flesh
Authors: Werth Paul W. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In order to familiarize his son with the country he would eventually rule, Emperor Nicholas I arranged an extensive tour for him: an excursion of almost 20,000 km that took the heir across vast segments of the world’s largest country. Extensively choreographed and featuring novel forms of publicity and intense emotional expression, the excursion of Alexander Nikolaevich provided critical formative experiences for heir and country alike. Many things made the trip remarkable, but among the most important was that the voyage gave tsarist subjects the opportunity to engage with the monarchy directly and viscerally. Indeed, for many people in diverse parts of Russia, 1837 was unforgettable because they had seen the heir to the throne in the flesh.
A Unicorn, Violent but Submissive
Authors: Werth Paul W. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Along with the steamship, the railroad constituted the principal transport innovation of the nineteenth century. Altering conceptions of space and time, creating new forms of subjective experience, and signaling the triumph of mechanical regularity over natural irregularity, railways represented a providential event akin to the invention of gunpowder and printing. First appearing in Russia in 1837, the railroad became a quintessential feature of the country’s nineteenth century and in a basic sense defines modern Russia. It significantly increased mobility in Russia and contributed fundamentally to the country’s integration, eventually linking distant locations and people in an expanding transport network. Its appearance was a turning point for the country.
Goals of Characterizing a Species Habitat
Authors: Veech Joseph A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
There are several reasons for conducting a habitat analysis and identifying the environmental (habitat) characteristics that a species associates with. (1) Knowledge of a species’ habitat requirements is crucial in restoring and managing habitat for the species. (2) Carrying capacity informs us about the potential (or lack thereof) for future population growth based on resource availability. Knowledge of a species’ habitat requirements allows us to interpret the importance of carrying capacity in a habitat-specific way. (3) The study of species interactions and the potential for species coexistence is supported by having knowledge of the habitat of each species under investigation. (4) Habitat preference and selection as eco-evolutionary processes continue to be widely studied by ecologists—interpretation of the results of such studies is best done with knowledge of the species–habitat associations. Such knowledge can also be useful in the design of preference and selection studies. (5) Knowledge of species–habitat associations can also be of great use in selecting the environmental variables to use in species distribution models. All five of these goals point to the great utility of conducting a habitat analysis as a supporting investigation or as a way to obtain knowledge to put to a practical purpose.
Analysis of the Habitat Associations of a Hypothetical Beetle Species
Authors: Veech Joseph A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A dataset for a hypothetical ground-dwelling beetle species is used to illustrate five methods of habitat analysis: (1) comparison of group means, (2) multiple linear regression, (3) multiple logistic regression, (4) classification and regression trees, and (5) principal components analysis. The dataset consists of abundance (counts of individuals) recorded in each of 100 small survey plots located throughout forested study sites. The following environmental predictor variables were measured in each plot: percentage canopy cover, depth of leaf litter, volume of woody debris, ratio of oak to non-oak trees, and soil type. Techniques for assessing normality of each variable and multicollinearity among variables are discussed and recommended prior to conducting the habitat analysis. Assumptions, strengths, and weaknesses of each method are discussed.
Addressing Unevenness
Authors: Huggins Robert , Thompson Piers 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that the role of behavioural perspectives, encompassing culture, psychology, and agency, can provide new insights into the persistence of the long-term unevenness of development across cities and regions. A psychocultural theory of development builds upon person–environment theories that have previously sought to explain ecological behaviour across cities and regions rather than their economies. In particular, it seeks to facilitate a better understanding of the connectivity between upstream and downstream explanations of urban and regional development, and indeed the extent to which such an ‘upstream–downstream’ dichotomy is valid. Such a perspective should further provide an indicator of how and why behaviour-based policy intervention may impact on urban and regional development outcomes. It is argued that it is important to understand the motivations behind such policies, with governments potentially utilizing them to achieve the aims of a range of agendas, from shrinking the state to increasing their sphere of influence through the employment of ‘psychocrats’ who shape these policies.
Prosperity, Depression, and the Empire
Authors: Faust Avraham 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 (‘Prosperity, Depression, and the Empire: Economic Developments in the Southwest during the Seventh Century bce’) reconstructs the economy of the region during the period of Assyrian rule, and the economic specialization that typified this period. The evidence shows that while the southern clients (and Tyre) prospered, produced large amounts of surplus, and participated in international trade, the regions annexed by Assyria (the provinces) did not produce much surplus, and did not take part in any significant trade. The chapter is accompanied by two appendices, one on the importance of late seventh-century bce Greek imports for understanding economic patterns in the period of Assyrian rule, and the second reviewing the development of the Iron Age olive oil industry in time and space, and its significance for understanding the economy of the period of Assyrian rule.
Empire by Design?
Authors: Faust Avraham 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 10 (‘Empire by Design? Imperial Policies and Planning and the Conquest of the Southwest’) uses the detailed information available from the southwest, which does not always fit various generalizations regarding Assyrian imperial policies (based on studies on other provinces), to re-evaluate these maxims, and offers some observations regarding the possible causes for the differential treatment and strategies. The chapter discusses the various considerations that might have influenced the differential treatment (i) of diverse parts of the Assyrian empire (by comparing different provinces); and (ii) of empires at large (e.g. by comparing the treatment of the same regions over time). The chapter concludes with a new analysis of the process which led to the conquest of the area and the annexation of its northern part by Assyria, and of the Assyrian imperial strategy.
Governing Migration Beyond the State
Authors: Geddes Andrew 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
International migration has become a salient concern in global politics, but there is also significant variation in governance responses. By focusing on four key world regions—Europe, North America, South America, and Southeast Asia—this book explores the underlying factors that shape governance responses. Rather than focusing on the more visible outputs or outcomes of governance processes such as laws and policies, this book opens the ‘black box’ of migration governance to reveal how understandings and representations of the causes and effects of migration held by key governance actors in these four regions have powerful effects not only on governance outcomes but more broadly on the prospects for global migration governance. By doing so, the book shows how migration governance systems, through their operation and effects, can shape migration—in its various forms—and the lived experiences of migrants.
The Normality of Crisis in the European Union
Authors: Geddes Andrew 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The European Union’s responses to migration have been powerfully influenced by understandings and representations of the potential for large-scale and potentially uncontrollable migration flows. These have had important effects on repertoires of migration governance and on what actors know how to do, as well as on their social expectations about role. A key conclusion is that while migration crises catch attention, it the understandings and representations of the normality of migration that have shaped European and EU migration governance. This normality is closely linked to concern about uncontrollable flows that have shaped EU cooperation since the end of the Cold War.
Prospects for Global Migration Governance
Authors: Geddes Andrew 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
While the prospects for a comprehensive system of global migration governance are remote, this chapter argues that this may be beside the point. Instead, efforts to build capacity, shared understanding of challenges, and efforts to persuade states of the benefits of cooperation can exist without formalized overarching structures. The chapter documents efforts that have been made, identifying the key role played by key organizations such as the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), and the International Labour Organization (ILO). The chapter also demonstrates how the ‘global’ has become increasingly contested in the politics of some key destination states, which shows how prospects for global migration governance are not a merely technical question but raise important political questions. The chapter also shows the centrality of regions in mediating the relationship between the global and the national levels.
Huntington's Disease
Authors: Quarrell Oliver 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD)―the facts provides an overview of the condition aimed at families and carers understanding the condition. It describes the key features of: a movement disorder, disturbance of mood (affect), and problems with thinking (cognition) and behaviour. The movement problems of chorea, dystonia, and bradykinesia are explained but there is equal emphasis on depression impulsive behaviour and temper outbursts. Understanding the cause of these may help families cope better when they arise. The genetic change is discussed as is its effect on the protein huntingtin. Options for genetic testing of those at risk (predictive testing) as well as options for tests in pregnancy (prenatal diagnosis) and preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) are described. Currently treatment is symptomatic and supportive. There is a discussion of clinical trials in general and the current huntingtin lowering studies using anti-sense oligonucleotides (ASOs) in particular. The book also includes vignettes written by family members.
What causes selective nerve cell damage?
Authors: Quarrell Oliver 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes some of the work which has been undertaken to understand the cause of the selective nerve cell death which occurs in Huntington’s disease (HD). It has long been recognized that the change in the gene results in the protein product doing something which it should not: this is called a gain of function mutation. Despite the identification of the gene nearly 30 years ago a coherent story of the cause of the neurodegeneration has not been established. The chapter describes some of the animal models which have been developed and also the neuronal inclusions or aggregates which develop in cells.