bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Do We Explain the Quiet Demise of Graeco-Roman Religion? An Essay
Authors: Bremmer Jan N. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Until now, the relatively quiet transition from traditional Graeco-Roman religion to Christianity has gone unexplained. In dialogue with James Rives and Jörg Rüpke, I argue that Christianity made better use than its religious competition of long-term trends in the Roman Empire, such as expanding literacy, the rejection of sacrifice, the movement toward monotheism, and the closing of the distance between gods and their faithful. The growing skepticism within the city elites regarding the credibility of its traditional religion, the decrease in investments in its material side, and the strength of the Christian organizations were additional factors together with contingent events, such as Constantine’s victory and his long rule.
Cloud Computing Efforts for the Weather Research and Forecasting Model
Authors: Powers Jordan G. , Werner Kelly K. , Gill David O. , Lin Yuh-Lang , Schumacher Russ S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model is a numerical weather prediction model supported by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) to a worldwide community of users. In recognition of the growing use of cloud computing, NCAR is now supporting the model in cloud environments. Specifically, NCAR has established WRF setups with select cloud service providers and produced documentation and tutorials on running WRF in the cloud. Described here are considerations in WRF cloud use and the supported resources, which include cloud setups for the WRF system and a cloud-based tool for model code testing.
Near-inertial wave critical layers over sloping bathymetry
Authors: Qu Lixin , Thomas Leif N. , Hetland Robert D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis study describes a specific type of critical layer for near-inertial waves (NIWs) that forms when isopycnals run parallel to sloping bathymetry. Upon entering this slantwise critical layer, the group velocity of the waves decreases to zero and the NIWs become trapped and amplified, which can enhance mixing. A realistic simulation of anticyclonic eddies on the Texas-Louisiana shelf reveals that such critical layers can form where the eddies impinge onto the sloping bottom. Velocity shear bands in the simulation indicate that windforced NIWs are radiated downward from the surface in the eddies, bend upward near the bottom, and enter critical layers over the continental shelf, resulting in inertially-modulated enhanced mixing. Idealized simulations designed to capture this flow reproduce the wave propagation and enhanced mixing. The link between the enhanced mixing and wave trapping in the slantwise critical layer is made using ray-tracing and an analysis of the waves’ energetics in the idealized simulations. An ensemble of simulations is performed spanning the relevant parameter space that demonstrates that the strength of the mixing is correlated with the degree to which NIWs are trapped in the critical layers. While the application here is for a shallow coastal setting, the mechanisms could be active in the open ocean as well where isopycnals align with bathymetry.
Evaluating Convection-Permitting Ensemble Forecasts of Precipitation over Southeast Asia
Authors: Ferrett Samantha , Frame Thomas H. A. , Methven John , Holloway Christopher E. , Webster Stuart , Stein Thorwald H. M. , Cafaro Carlo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractForecasting rainfall in the tropics is a major challenge for numerical weather prediction. Convection-permitting (CP) models are intended to enable forecasts of high-impact weather events. Development and operation of these models in the tropics has only just been realized. This study describes and evaluates a suite of recently developed Met Office Unified Model CP ensemble forecasts over three domains in Southeast Asia, covering Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. The fractions skill score is used to assess the spatial scale dependence of skill in forecasts of precipitation during October 2018–March 2019. CP forecasts are skillful for 3-h precipitation accumulations at spatial scales greater than 200 km in all domains during the first day of forecasts. Skill decreases with lead time but varies depending on time of day over Malaysia and Indonesia, due to the importance of the diurnal cycle in driving rainfall in those regions. Skill is largest during daytime when precipitation is over land and is constrained by orography. Comparison of CP ensembles using 2.2-, 4.5-, and 8.8-km grid spacing and an 8.8-km ensemble with parameterized convection reveals that varying resolution has much less effect on ensemble skill and spread than the representation of convection. The parameterized ensemble is less skillful than CP ensembles over Malaysia and Indonesia and more skillful over the Philippines; however, the parameterized ensemble has large drops in skill and spread related to deficiencies in its diurnal cycle representation. All ensembles are underspread indicating that future model development should focus on this issue.
“What’s Up with the Weather?” Public Engagement with Extreme Event Attribution in the United Kingdom
Authors: Ettinger Joshua , Walton Peter , Painter James , Osaka Shannon , Otto Friederike E. L. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe science of extreme event attribution (EEA)—which connects specific extreme weather events with anthropogenic climate change—could prove useful for engaging the public about climate change. However, there is limited empirical research examining EEA as a climate change communication tool. To help fill this gap, we conducted focus groups with members of the U.K. public to explore benefits and challenges of utilizing EEA results in climate change advocacy messages. Testing a range of verbal and visual approaches for communicating EEA, we found that EEA shows significant promise for climate change communication because of its ability to connect novel, attention-grabbing, and event-specific scientific information to personal experiences and observations of extreme events. Communication challenges include adequately capturing nuances around extreme weather risks, vulnerability, adaptation, and disaster risk reduction; expressing scientific uncertainty without undermining accessibility of key findings; and difficulties interpreting mathematical aspects of EEA results. On the basis of our findings, we provide recommendations to help address these challenges when communicating EEA results beyond the climate science community. We conclude that EEA can help catalyze important dialogues about the links between extreme weather and human-driven climate change.
Comparative Study of Chemosensory Dysfunction in COVID-19 in 2 Geographically Distinct Regions
Authors: Lee Daniel J. , Daliyot Daniella , Wang Ri , Lockwood Joel , Das Paul , Zimlichman Eyal , Lee John M. 
Published: March 2021

Objective: To directly compare the prevalence of chemosensory dysfunction (smell and taste) in geographically distinct regions with the same questionnaires. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed to evaluate the self-reported symptoms among adults (older than 18 years) who underwent COVID-19 testing at an ambulatory assessment center in Canada and at a hospital in Israel between March 16, 2020, and August 19, 2020. The primary outcome was the prevalence of self-reported chemosensory dysfunction (anosmia/hypomsia and dysgeusia/ageusia). Subgroup analysis was performed to evaluate the prevalence of chemosensory deficits among the outpatients. Results: We identified a total of 350 COVID-19–positive patients (138 Canadians and 212 Israelis). The overall prevalence of chemosensory dysfunction was 47.1%. There was a higher proportion of chemosensory deficits among Canadians compared to Israelis (66.7% vs 34.4%, P < .01). A subgroup analysis for outpatients (never hospitalized) still identified a higher prevalence of chemosensory dysfunction among Canadians compared to Israelis (68.2% vs 36.1%, P < 0.01). A majority of patients recovered their sense of smell after 4 weeks of symptom onset. Conclusion: Although the prevalence of chemosensory deficit in COVID-19 was found to be similar to previously published reports, the prevalence can vary significantly across different geographical regions. Therefore, it is important to obtain regionally specific data so that the symptom of anosmia/dysgeusia can be used as a guide for screening for the clinical diagnosis of COVID-19.
An updated meta-analysis: repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treating tinnitus
Authors: Yin Lu , Chen Xiao , Lu Xingang , An Yun , Zhang Tao , Yan Juntao 
Published: March 2021

Objective To undertake an updated meta-analysis to obtain more evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to assess the effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for the treatment of tinnitus. Methods PubMed®, Embase®, Web of Science, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CBM, CNKI and Wanfang were searched for RCTs from inception up to March 2020. Studies meeting the eligibility criteria were included in the meta-analysis. The mean difference was calculated and the effect size was evaluated using a Z test. Results The analysis included 12 randomized sham-controlled clinical trials with a total of 717 participants. Active rTMS was superior to sham rTMS in terms of the short-term and long-term effects (6 months) on the tinnitus handicap inventory scores, but an immediate effect was not significant. There was no significant immediate effect on the tinnitus questionnaire (TQ) and Beck depression inventory (BDI) scores. Conclusions This meta-analysis demonstrated that rTMS improved tinnitus-related symptoms, but the TQ and BDI scores demonstrated little immediate benefit. Future research should be undertaken on large samples in multi-centre settings with longer follow-up durations.
Efficacy of progressive thickness intrastromal corneal ring segments in the treatment of duck phenotype keratoconus
Authors: Arbelaez Juan G , Arbelaez Maria C 
Published: March 2021

Purpose: To evaluate clinical outcomes in patients with asymmetric duck phenotype keratoconus implanted with asymmetric progressive thickness intrastromal corneal ring segments (PT-ICRS, Keraring AS, Mediphacos, Belo Horizonte, Brazil), and to demonstrate improved visual acuity and symmetry in corneal flattening. Methods: This single-center, retrospective, observational study evaluated the clinical outcomes at 1, 3, and 6 months after implantation of PT-ICRS in patients with duck phenotype keratoconus. After creating the intrastromal tunnel with a femtosecond laser, one 160-degree arc length PT-ICRS, either 150/250 µm or 200/300 µm, was implanted. Changes in uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), manifest refraction (MR), manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE), mean keratometry (Kmean), maximum keratometry (Kmax), Coma@5mm, and manifest and topographical astigmatism were documented. Results: The study cohort included 23 eyes of 17 patients with a mean age of 24.6 years. From baseline to 6 months following implantation, mean UDVA improved from 0.70 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) (20/100 Snellen) to 0.22 logMAR (20/33 Snellen), CDVA improved from 0.33 logMAR (20/42 Snellen) to 0.14 logMAR (20/27 Snellen), the mean sphere and MRSE decreased from −1.05 diopters (D) and −2.70 D to −0.25 D and −0.80 D, respectively, and the Kmean and Kmax improved from 46.5 D and 53.7 D to 44.6 D and 48.7 D, respectively. Conclusions: The Keraring AS ICRS offers a safe, effective means of improving visual acuity while reducing refractive error, mean and max keratometry, and aberrations in patients with duck phenotype keratoconus.
Physiotherapy via telehealth for acute respiratory exacerbations in paediatric cystic fibrosis
Authors: Benz Cloe , Middleton Anna , Elliott Alison , Harvey Adrienne 
Published: March 2021

Introduction The demand for Hospital in the Home has increased, especially as an avenue for treatment of respiratory exacerbations. However, a limiting factor of Hospital in the Home efficiency is excess travel. Telehealth can potentially increase in-home access to specialist care such as physiotherapy. This study examined clinical outcomes achieved with a hybrid telehealth model and assessed safety and efficiency. Method This study was an observational benchmarking study of Hospital in the Home physiotherapy episodes of care during respiratory exacerbations between January 2017–June 2019. The participants were young people aged 8–18 years, with cystic fibrosis receiving intravenous antibiotics and bi-daily physiotherapy. The intervention was physiotherapy via either a hybrid model (1× telehealth, 1× face-to-face session) or standard care (2× face-to-face sessions). The outcomes were frequency of return to at least 95% of baseline percentage predicted forced expiratory volume in the first second (ppFEV1), ppFEV1 change, adverse events, travel time and distance saved. Results There were 82 episodes of Hospital in the Home; 41 hybrid and 41 standard care. Return to at least 95% of baseline was achieved in 49% of the hybrid group and 32% of standard care. Median ppFEV1 change was +6% for the hybrid group and +2% standard care. There were no adverse events. Estimated travel time and distance saved was 16,520 min and 12,301.2 km. Conclusion Preliminary information supports a hybrid telehealth physiotherapy model as an alternative to standard care for young people with cystic fibrosis during an exacerbation. Safety of telehealth in conjunction with home visits favoured its use to improve efficiency and capacity without added risk.
Opinions among pediatric critical care physicians regarding the ethics of withdrawal of ventricular assist devices and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Authors: Melas Antonia A , Huard Leanna L , Guo Rong , Kelly Robert B 
Published: March 2021

Background Pediatric critical care physician attitudes about withdrawal of ventricular assist devices (VAD) and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in cases of medical futility are poorly defined. Our aim was to define current attitudes regarding the withdrawal of these devices. Methods IRB-approved, cross-sectional observational survey conducted among pediatric critical care attending physicians and fellow physicians in the United States between 2016 and 2017. Data was collected anonymously and statistically analyzed. Results A total of 158 physicians responded with 67% being attending physicians. Compared to a VAD, a higher percentage had taken care of a patient on ECMO where the device was turned off because care was believed to be futile (99% vs. 84%), including currently (95% vs. 57%). Nearly all reported that it can be ethically permissible to withdraw support from a patient with a VAD and on ECMO (97% vs. 99%), but varied opinions existed as to who should ultimately make this decision if the patient/their family disagrees. More respondents agreed that a patient/their family should agree to withdrawal of VAD or ECMO support prior to initiation if futility is later determined (60% vs. 58%) and that protocols should be created for VAD and ECMO withdrawal (77% vs. 76%). Conclusion Most pediatric critical care physicians felt that it can be ethically permissible to withdraw VAD and ECMO support. Our study indicates that pediatric VAD and ECMO withdrawal protocols are desired, but further investigation is needed to determine how to best design protocols that would incorporate multiple stakeholders.
Application of a terminal-ballistics model for estimating munition lethal radius on mortar projectiles and rocket warheads
Authors: Alan Catovic , Elvedin Kljuno 
Published: March 2021

In our previous work, we developed a new terminal-ballistics model developed for artillery high explosive projectiles with natural fragmentation. Lethal radius is here defined as the distance from the detonation point where the effective fragment (80 J) density is 1 frag/m2. In the model, the vertical position of the projectile upon impact is assumed, which means that the lethal radius defines a circular lethal zone (maximum lethal zone of the projectile on the ground). In the research, presented in this paper, we have applied the model to mortar projectiles and rocket warheads, which have different designs compared with classic artillery projectiles. The results from the model, compared to the available experimental results from the quarter-circular arena (used in our country), showed satisfactory accuracy for these types of munitions.
Transcranial Doppler in a child: A most valuable imaging modality
Authors: Deana Cristian , Vetrugno Luigi , Stefani Francesca , Bassi Flavio , Bove Tiziana 
Published: March 2021

Introduction Pediatric brain injury is a common cause of emergency department (ED) referral. Although severe traumatic brain damage is less frequent, it could be primarily managed by non-pediatric critical care physicians called in for advice. Clinical evaluation is important, but radiology is of particular value in the case of severe brain injury. Transcranial Doppler may help the physician through neuromonitoring. Case Report We report the case of a 3-year-old male child brought into the pediatric ED for a moderate head injury. His neurological status deteriorated rapidly, making endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation necessary. Computed tomography (CT) of the head revealed brain contusion and post-traumatic subarachnoidal hemorrhage. Discussion Transcranial Doppler was performed at the standard transtemporal evaluation window, and it showed normal vascularization of the entire anterior brain. This result permitted performance of the control CT scan to be postponed. In this case, basic knowledge of transcranial ultrasound proved to be useful, and we believe it could also be useful to other colleagues faced with similar situations even if they are not dedicated to pediatric critically ill patients. Conclusion Doppler ultrasound in the pediatric population is a valuable bedside tool. Together with clinical evaluation and radiology, it completes the set of techniques necessary for continuous neuromonitoring.
Converting a Geriatrics Clinic to Virtual Visits during COVID-19: A Case Study
Authors: Iyer Sowmya , Mehta Priyanka , Weith Joanne , Hoang-Gia Dat , Moore Janet , Carlson Chalise , Choe Philip , Sakai Erin , Gould Christine 
Published: March 2021

Background: To characterize the experience of converting a geriatrics clinic to telehealth visits in early stages of a pandemic. Design: An organizational case study with mixed methods evaluation from the first 8 weeks of converting a geriatrics clinic from in-person visits to video and telephone visits. Setting: Veteran’s Health Administration in Northern California Participants Community-dwelling older Veterans receiving care at VA Palo Alto Geriatrics clinic. Veterans had a mean age of 85.7 (SD = 6.8) and 72.1% had cognitive impairment. Intervention: Veterans with face-to-face appointments were converted to video or telephone visits to mitigate exposure to community spread of COVID-19. Measurements: Thirty-two patient evaluations and 80 clinician feedback evaluations were completed. This provided information on satisfaction, care access during pandemic, and travel and time savings. Results: Of the 62 scheduled appointments, 43 virtual visits (69.4%) were conducted. Twenty-six (60.5%) visits were conducted via video, 17 (39.5%) by telephone. Virtual visits saved patients an average of 118.6 minutes each. Patients and providers had similar, positive perceptions about telehealth to in-person visit comparison, limiting exposure, and visit satisfaction. After the telehealth appointment, patients indicated greater comfort with using virtual visits in the future. Thirty-one evaluations included comments for qualitative analysis. We identified 3 main themes of technology set-up and usability, satisfaction with visit, and clinical assessment and communication. Conclusion: During a pandemic that has limited the ability to safely conduct inperson services, virtual formats offer a feasible and acceptable alternative for clinically-complex older patients. Despite potential barriers and additional effort required for telehealth visits, patients expressed willingness to utilize this format. Patients and providers reported high satisfaction, particularly with the ability to access care similar to in-person while staying safe. Investing in telehealth services during a pandemic ensures that vulnerable older patients can access care while maintaining social distancing, an important safety measure.
Gene expression profiling of primary fibrochondrocyte cultures in traumatic and degenerative meniscus lesions
Authors: Aydın Nuri , Karaismailoğlu Bedri , Alaylıoğlu Merve , Gezen-Ak Duygu , Şengül Büşra , Candaş Esin , Yılmazer Selma , Dursun Erdinç 
Published: March 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate how fibroblastic and chondrocytic properties of human meniscal fibrochondrocytes are affected in culture conditions according to the type of meniscal pathology and localization, and to provide basic information for tissue-engineering studies. Methods: Primary fibrochondrocyte cultures were prepared from meniscus samples of patients who had either traumatic tear or degeneration due to osteoarthritis. Cultures were compared in terms of mRNA expression levels of COL1A1, COL2A1, COMP1, HIF1A, HIF2A, and SOX9 and secreted total collagen and sulfated sGAG levels according to the type of meniscal pathology, anatomical localization, and the number of subcultures. Results: mRNA expression levels of COL1A1, COMP1, HIF1A, HIF2A, and SOX9 were found to be increased in subsequent subcultures in all specimens. COL1A1 mRNA expression levels of both lateral and medial menisci of patients with traumatic tear were significantly higher than in patients with degenerative pathology, indicating a more fibroblastic character. P1 subculture of lateral and P3 or further subculture of medial meniscus showed more fibroblastic characteristics in patients with degenerative pathology. Furthermore, in patients with degenerative pathology, the subcultures of the lateral meniscus (especially on the inner part) presented more chondrocytic characteristics than did those of medial meniscus. Conclusions: The mRNA expression levels of the cultures showed significant differences according to the anatomical localization and pathology of the meniscus, indicating distinct chondrocytic and fibroblastic features. This fundamental knowledge would help researchers to choose more efficient cell sources for cell-seeding of a meniscus scaffold, and to generate a construct resembling the original meniscus tissue.