bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two Dogmas of Research Ethics
Authors: London Alex John 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews a series of arguments that purport to show that there is an inherent moral dilemma in research with humans and that this conflict produces a corresponding social dilemma, known as the prisoner’s dilemma. If these arguments are sound, it would show that dual requirements of the egalitarian research imperative outlined in chapter 4 cannot be satisfied in practice. This chapter argues that these arguments fail and that their intuitive force in this area is bolstered by two dogmas of research ethics: the claim that the ethical norms in this area derive from the role-related obligations of medical professionals and the claim that research is an inherently utilitarian undertaking. This chapter demonstrates that rejecting those dogmas creates a space for reconciling the production of socially valuable information with respect for research participants as free and equal.
Avoiding Justice: Research at the Auction Block
Authors: London Alex John 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Although the principle of justice plays a peripheral role in domestic research in high-income countries, it grounds a series of requirements in international research relating to responsiveness to host community health needs, the standard of care, and assurances of post-trial access. This chapter reviews a proposal to eliminate what is seen as a cumbersome mix of requirements on international research in favor of a framework of procedures that render considerations of fairness more manageable within the confines of orthodox research ethics. This might appear to be an alternative to the approach defended in this book because it would avoid having to engage with difficult issues of justice that reach beyond the confines of the field as it is currently configured. This chapter argues that efforts to avoid substantive conceptions of justice wind up tacitly enforcing a particular conception of justice, and it is shown that the proposal to streamline the ethics of international research cannot satisfy some of the requirements that its proponents advocate.
Networked Collective Action and the Impeachment of President Park
Authors: Seo Hyunjin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers a detailed analysis of online and offline interactions and information exchanges that took place in organizing candlelight vigils in 2016–2017 that contributed to the impeachment of President Park Geun-hye. Interactions between agents and affordances resulted in the nation’s first removal of a president through impeachment processes. Key agents—in particular, journalists, social media influencers, citizens, activists, news organizations, and civic organizations—interacted to produce, share, and amplify cognitive and affective content resulting in massive citizen participation in candlelight vigils for 20 consecutive weeks. It provides an in-depth analysis of these and related issues based on interviews with journalists, activists, citizens, government officials, and technology company representatives and experts. The interview data are triangulated using analyses of news reports and social media posts.
Conclusion
Authors: Seo Hyunjin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses lessons the candlelight vigils and other similar cases offer for our understanding of how collective actions co-adapt with information ecosystems. In particular, the author discusses how empirical data analysis informs the agent-affordance framework by illustrating ways in which information generation and distribution mechanisms involve diverse agents within the information ecosystem. This chapter also discusses how insights offered in this book might be applicable to citizens’ calls for major political changes in other democratic countries. The chapter concludes by summarizing the scholarly and policy contributions of the book and suggesting a need for specific research to examine challenges for democratic governance posed by the rapidly growing volume of information available in the public sphere.
Introduction
Authors: Sauthoff Patricia 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The work begins with an introduction to the Netra and Svacchanda Tantras that locates them within the wider tantric canon. The chapter briefly introduces the main mantra of the texts and offers connections to a wider body of Sanskrit literature. It also introduces the main questions of the work: What do the Netra and Svacchanda Tantras mean by immortality? How does one attain it? How do the rites described within the text alleviate illness? What role does the deity play in the reduction of illness and attainment of immortality? What does that deity look like? Who has access to these rites?
Ingathering the Exiles of the Past?
Authors: Lustig Jason 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter follows the history of the Jewish Historical General Archives in Jerusalem, founded in 1939 and opened in 1947, which in 1969 changed its name to the Central Archives for the History of the Jewish People. This archive sought to bring Jewish archives from all over the world to Jerusalem under the banner of what they termed the “ingathering of the exiles of the past.” Its leaders, including Alex Bein and Daniel Cohen, who spearheaded the effort to gather materials from Europe, hoped to draw upon the legacy of European Jewry and thereby place Jews around the world within a sphere of Israeli cultural hegemony. In this archive, one finds an extension and intensification of the Gesamtarchiv’s dream of a total archive of Jewish life—and a powerful instance showing both its possibilities and the problems of fundamentally reframing the Jewish past.
Making the Past into History
Authors: Lustig Jason 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter chronicles battles over the restitution of Nazi-looted archives from Worms and Hamburg, which were eventually transferred to the Jewish Historical General Archives in Jerusalem, and also the contested possibility of establishing Jewish archives in 1950s Germany. It argues that restitution was really about the transfer of the German Jewish past into the realm of history. Israeli archivists and their restitution agency allies argued that Jewish life was at its end—and feared that establishing new archives in Germany would provide a kind of “birth certificate” for fledgling Jewish communities. The chapter traces this history to the 1980s and 1990s, when new Jewish archival efforts in Germany reflected the growth of Jewish communities in Germany.
Digitization, Virtual Collections, and Total Archives in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Lustig Jason 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This final chapter argues that struggles over archival ownership and the possibility of archival totality continue far beyond the years immediately following World War II. It considers three case studies to consider new forms of total archives being created through virtual collections and digitization: The Center for Jewish History in New York City (formed in 1994/1995 and opened in 2000), the efforts by the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research to digitize materials found in Lithuania and reunite them with their own files, and the Friedberg Genizah Project’s initiative to digitize and join together fragments of the Cairo Genizah found in repositories around the world. These case studies showcase enduring visions of monumentality and indicate how archival construction is not merely the province of the past. Instead, the process of gathering historical materials is a continual process of making and remaking history.
American Torture from the Philippines to Iraq
Authors: d'Ambruoso William L. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
What accounts for the United States’ recurring turn to torture in wars against insurgents and terrorists over the past hundred-plus years? After all, torture is an abhorrent and risky interrogation method. Drawing on archival and bibliographic research, the book argues that the antitorture norm has two features that can lead to torture. First, the antitorture norm can, paradoxically, encourage torture by attracting those who believe unscrupulous methods confer advantages on those who use them. Second, because it is difficult to separate torture from milder acts, the norm lacks specificity. This gray area allows practitioners to portray their behavior as something short of torture and redefine torture to exclude their behavior. The two explanations interact as well: torture occurs because actors believe that it is harsh enough to work, and the definition of torture is blurry enough that actors believe they can sell their methods as legitimate. The book confirms these patterns in three comparable but disparate settings from the history of U.S. foreign policy: the Philippine-American War (1899–1902), the early Cold War up to the Vietnam War, and the post-2001 war on terror. In one extension of the argument, the book shows how the pervasive belief that autocrats have an edge over rule-bound democracies has tempted certain elected officials to chip away at their own liberal-democratic institutions.
Liberal-Democratic Torture
Authors: d'Ambruoso William L. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter gives a primer on liberal-democratic torture. A brief summary of the historical record shows that liberal democracies have repeatedly engaged in “stealth” coercive interrogation, which the chapter argues usually qualifies as torture by the UN Convention against Torture’s standard definition. What can explain the pattern of recurrence that emerges? Previous work is a useful starting point but leaves important questions unanswered. Lack of monitoring can invite norm violations, but torture is not always hidden. Racism and anger make states and individuals more likely to torture, but they do not tell us why torture often occurs in conjunction with demands for intelligence. Realist and rational choice arguments help to explain the frequent connection between torture and intelligence needs, but they fail to address critical lurking puzzles: Why do people believe torture works? And how do torturers justify these norm-breaking deeds to themselves and others?
Justifying Torture in the Philippine-American War
Authors: d'Ambruoso William L. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Through primary documents such as court-martial transcripts, letters, and diaries, the Philippine-American War (1899–1902) provides an underexploited opportunity to see torturers themselves justifying their behavior at length. U.S. soldiers accused of abusing prisoners consistently played down their acts, arguing that the rope went around the detainee’s jaw instead of his neck, that the hits were slaps from the sides rather than punches straight out from the shoulder, that the “water cure” (which is somewhat like waterboarding) did not last very long, and so on. Yet at the same time, soldiers believed that it was necessary to use methods that would not be considered appropriate in other settings, because, as one veteran of the war put it, “[S]cruples often mean[t] flat failure or belated action.” Overall, U.S. interrogators in the Philippines believed that their techniques were, in the words of one practitioner, “the least brutal and painful which would be efficacious.”
Crisis of Democracy and Democratic Conceptions
Authors: Lu Jie 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the core theoretical arguments of the book and presents the main research framework, as well as related research design and empirical data. It poses the question: Why, despite its popularity, is democracy in trouble? Attempts to answer this question have mostly focused on supply-side dynamics, such as evolving political practices and institutional engineering led by political elites, while demand-side dynamics have been given scanty attention so far. We focus on some key micro-dynamics that have driven related mass attitudes and behaviors, all of which are centered on how people understand democracy in different ways. This chapter concludes with a roadmap for subsequent chapters.
Working Under the Myth of the Black Rapist
Authors: Braxton Gordon 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 posits that the journey for Black boys adopting anti-violent perspectives is substantially different than that of their White peers because they must operate under negative tropes about their propensity for aggression: There is a belief that Black men have a special propensity for forcefully acting out their sexual desires on women. “The myth of the Black rapist” is identified as a term, and the author provides contemporary and historical evidence of its existence. Examples can be found in the criminal justice system and pornography. Chapter 5 reminds readers that caution in initiating sexual activity is an appropriate standard and closes with a challenge that Black men overcome historical stereotypes by becoming recognized advocates for anti-violence.
The Critical Antecedents of Populism
Authors: Carrión Julio F. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Under “normal” circumstances, people unhappy with their personal or national conditions turn their attention to traditional opposition parties. Only when there is widespread political dissatisfaction with all existing political choices does the potential for populism coming to power arise. This chapter focuses on two critical antecedents that make populism in power possible: mass discontent with existing political arrangements/institutions and elite disarray. It shows that, in all the cases discussed in the book, they provide the critical antecedents in which populist candidacies thrive. These two antecedents are not the only possible causes of populism but, when jointly present, they are sufficient conditions for the election of a populist leader.
The Geometry of Health
Authors: Arora Manish , Curtin Paul , Curtin Austen , Austin Christine , Giuliani Alessandro 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines the dynamic nature of interfaces and starts examining their characteristics. The authors posit that just as we might derive a multitude of dimensions to describe biological structure, so too are there many dimensions that describe the functional dynamics in how biological systems vary over time. Current environmental epidemiological methods used in analyzing data on our environment and our physiology treat each measure as if it were an independent dimension, much like a carpenter measuring the height, width, or length of a piece of furniture. However, because there are processes underlying our physiological development, constraints are applied to the forms that we and our environment can take. Knowledge of these can be harnessed to identify the primary dimensions along which we must characterize the systems under study. By doing this we were able to take an important first step in operationalizing Environmental Biodynamics for clinical application.
“An Entirely New War”
Authors: Lissner Rebecca 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter shows how the Korean War meaningfully altered the course of the United States’ early Cold War grand strategy: in 1950, amidst the burgeoning superpower rivalry, the United States had embraced a version of containment that relied primarily on political and economic tools, enabling the United States to continue unwinding its wartime posture through demobilization, limited national security spending, and reliance on a small nuclear arsenal to deter attacks on its core interests in Western Europe and Japan. The Korean War called each of these premises into question, recasting American assessments of the Cold War balance of power, as well as the requirements for deterrence and defense of overseas commitments. By the mid-1950s, the United States had massively and durably increased its military power; expanded its overseas commitments to include security guarantees to the North American Trade Organization (NATO), South Korea, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and Taiwan; and accepted the necessity of forward deployment as well as a large nuclear arsenal to maintain this extended deterrent.
“I Just Can’t”
Authors: Meca Alan , Allison Kelsie , Rodil Julie , Ayers Kenneth , Eichas Kyle 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the social and emotional development of emerging adults and focuses on how it contributes to feelings of anxiety, inability to make decisions, uncertainty, and lack of belonging. It provides information on how identity impacts mental health, particularly during this developmental stage. Various theories are discussed, with information provided on the role of the social-cultural content. The Miami Adult Development Project serves as a case study of an identify-focused intervention with mental health outcomes. Guiding questions help readers better understand the role identity development plays in risk and resilience during this “age of uncertainty.”
Rise to Power
Authors: Drijvers Jan Willem 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers a reconstruction of Jovian’s rise to imperial power after Julian died in the Persian heartland. A few hours after Julian’s death, the army generals, the commanders of the legions and cavalry squadrons, as well as high civil officials assembled at the dawn of June 27, 363, to elect a successor. After the praetorian prefect Salutius had declined the emperorship and no agreement could be reached on a suitable candidate, the imperial guardsmen (protectores) put their commander (primicerius domesticorum) Jovian forward as the new emperor. He was soon accepted by the generals, high officials, and the complete army as their new ruler. Although sometimes argued otherwise, Jovian’s elevation to the throne was legitimate according to the primary sources. According to the Christian sources, Jovian initially refused to became emperor (recusatio imperii). Although Ammianus Marcellinus mentions that he was unfit for the emperorship, it is argued that Jovian’s background, his family connections (his own father Varronianus and his father-in-law Lucillianus), as well as his own military career, made him eligible for the emperorship. Nevertheless, Jovian was a compromise candidate and was made emperor not for his dynamic leadership, but in the expectation that he would work in collaboration with the senior staff (the men who had elected him) to get the army out of Persia and to lead the soldiers back to Roman territory.
Retreat and Treaty
Authors: Drijvers Jan Willem 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the retreat of the Roman army from Persia to Antioch. The recoil was slow because of permanent attacks by Persian contingents at the expense of serious losses. Moreover, the Romans were suffering from hunger, thirst, and the heat. Somewhat unexpectedly, the Persian king Shapur II offered peace negotiations. The resulting treaty is considered by Ammianus and others, as well as by modern scholarship, as shameful for the Romans because territories and strongholds, including the important city of Nisibis, had to be surrendered. Jovian was being blamed for a bad deal because he wanted to return to Roman soil as soon as possible in order to secure his position as emperor. However, the conditions of the treaty, which are discussed in detail, were not that bad. Rome had to yield Transtigritane regions, fifteen strongholds, and the cities of Nisibis, Singara, and Castra Maurorum, some of which were already de facto but not de jure in Persian possession. In return, Jovian did not have to surrender and was offered a safe return with his complete army to Roman territory. Shapur was adamant about getting back the Transtigritane territories which his grandfather Narses had been forced to surrender to Rome by the treaty of 298/299. The 363 treaty was therefore a return to the situation before the Roman–Persian treaty of 298/299; it restored the balance of power between the Roman and Persian empires, and introduced a long period of relatively peaceful relations between the two empires.
Epilogue
Authors: Drijvers Jan Willem 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In general, historians have put too much trust in the negative opinion of Jovian’s person and reign held by Ammianus Marcellinus, Libanius, and other (pagan) writers who display an obvious nostalgia for Julian and his rule. Although Jovian died before his skills as ruler could be truly tested, it is fair to say that his eight-months rule was not only eventful, but also a promising new start for the Roman Empire after the turbulent and confusing reign of Julian. The presentation of Jovian as a new Constantine in the Jovian Narrative served the interests of Edessa in its christological conflict with Antioch and Constantinople under Justinian and is linked to a portrayal of Edessa as a pristine and ancient Christian city. In addition, the story expresses the wish for peaceful coexistence in northern Mesopotamia between Rome and Persia, as was accomplished by Jovian’s treaty with Shapur.
Proximal Relations in the Cinema of Tom Kalin
Authors: Stamm Laura 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The case studies of Tom Kalin’s Swoon (1992) and Savage Grace (2007) are the basis of Chapter 2’s return to cinema’s biomedical history, as well as to psychoanalytic models of suturing, to excavate queer filmmakers’ disruption of normative models of spectatorship. By examining the modes of looking and investigating already established by the studio-era scientist biopics, this second chapter argues that queer filmmakers returned to this observational mode in the midst of a health crisis. Kalin’s films are concerned with the biopic’s premise of proximity, being close to a historically or socially significant individual, but in such a way that puts forth alternative modes of vision and inspection. The biopic’s promise of closeness to an individual follows the Hollywood cinema’s conventions of cinematic suturing; the spectators identify with the narration of the biopic’s subject and locate themselves in the depicted cinematic world.
The Personal Is Archival
Authors: Stamm Laura 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 investigates Barbara Hammer’s creation and use of queer archives to tell stories—via particular lesbians—of lesbian cultures past. The chapter’s turn to a lesbian filmmaker is an assertion that the preservationist impulse that accompanied much AIDS activism was genealogically connected to and politically aligned with feminist historiographical practice and body politics. The queer body politics of the AIDS crisis, politics rooted in the care of queer bodies, draws from the feminist politics and cinema originating in second-wave feminism. The chapter argues, then, that the lesbian body politics established in Hammer’s cinema, beginning in the 1970s, informed queer filmmakers’ activist approach to filmmaking during the AIDS crisis. Through readings of Maya Deren’s Sink (2011), Welcome to This House (2015), and Lover/Other (2006), this chapter argues that a distinctly lesbian-feminist aesthetic does not exist independently of a distinctly queer one.
Conclusion: Speculative Futures
Authors: Stamm Laura 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The book’s conclusion, “Speculative Futures,” revalues the biopic’s importance for contemporary queer and trans cinema. It, moreover, argues that the biopic genre provides a form for telling the stories of lives excluded from dominant history. Readings of Happy Birthday, Marsha! (Tourmaline and Sasha Wortzel, 2018) and Salacia (Tourmaline, 2019) illustrate the biopic’s ability to construct speculative personal histories. Moreover, such speculative constructions provide depictions of queer and trans lives where adequate archival sources do not exist. While this book begins at the AIDS crisis, it ends by recognizing that we still live in the AIDS era and queer and transfilmmakers continue to transform the biopic.