bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Explaining excess dipole in NVSS data using superhorizon perturbation
Authors: Das Kaustav K. , Sankharva Kishan , Jain Pankaj 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Many observations in recent times have shown evidence against the standard assumption of isotropy in the Big Bang model. Introducing a superhorizon scalar metric perturbation has been able to explain some of these anomalies. In this work, we probe the net velocity arising due to the perturbation. We find that this extra component does not contribute to the CMB dipole amplitude while it does contribute to the dipole in large scale structures. Thus, within this model's framework, our velocity with respect to the large scale structure is not the same as that extracted from the CMB dipole, assuming it to be of purely kinematic origin. Taking this extra velocity component into account, we study the superhorizon mode's implications for the excess dipole observed in the NRAO VLA Sky Survey (NVSS). We find that the mode can consistently explain both the CMB and NVSS observations. We also find that the model leads to small contributions to the local bulk flow and the dipole in Hubble parameter, which are consistent with observations. The model leads to several predictions which can be tested in future surveys. In particular, it implies that the observed dipole in large scale structure should be redshift dependent and should show an increase in amplitude with redshift. We also find that the Hubble parameter should show a dipole anisotropy whose amplitude must increase with redshift in the CMB frame. Similar anisotropic behaviour is expected for the observed redshift as a function of the luminosity distance.
Charged black-bounce spacetimes
Authors: Franzin Edgardo , Liberati Stefano , Mazza Jacopo , Simpson Alex , Visser Matt 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Given the recent development of rotating black-bounce-Kerr spacetimes,
for both theoretical and observational purposes it becomes interesting to see whether it might be possible to construct black-bounce variants of the entire Kerr-Newman family.
Specifically, herein we shall consider black-bounce-Reissner-Nordström and black-bounce-Kerr-Newman spacetimes as particularly simple and clean everywhere-regular black hole “mimickers” that deviate from the Kerr-Newman family in a precisely controlled and minimal manner, and smoothly interpolate between regular black holes and traversable wormholes.
While observationally the electric charges on astrophysical black holes are likely to be extremely low, |Q|/m ≪ 1, introducing any non-zero electric charge has a significant theoretical impact. In particular, we verify the existence of a Killing tensor (and associated Carter-like constant) but without the full Killing tower of principal tensor and Killing-Yano tensor, also we discuss how, assuming general relativity, the black-bounce-Kerr-Newman solution requires an interesting, non-trivial matter/energy content.
An experimental apparatus for in-situ neutron diffraction studies of hydrogen ingress, dissolution and precipitation at controlled temperature and applied tensile stresses
Authors: Lang J. , Gharghouri M. , Fritzsche H. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This manuscript presents the design and utilisation of a unique environmental chamber allowing specimens to be heated and cooled, under tensile load and controlled atmosphere, while in a neutron beam, offering a unique opportunity for in-situ neutron diffraction experiments. The chamber was built to gain insight into the impact of parameters such as tensile stress, temperature and exposed atmosphere on the hydrogen solubility of materials and on the mechanisms relating to delayed hydride cracking, hydrogen embrittlement and hydrogen ingress.

The investigation presented in this work shows the chamber's performance up to 450°C and 275 MPa applied tensile stress. The effect of tensile stresses and temperature on hydrogen solubility in Zr-2.5Nb is presented for samples nominally charged to hydrogen concentration equivalents of 200 and 500 wppm (mg/kg). Due to kinetic factors, no significant effect of tensile stress on the hydrogen solubility of our samples was found for temperatures up to 300°C and at tensile stresses up to 275 MPa.
The future of bone regeneration: integrating AI into tissue engineering
Authors: Mackay Benita S , Marshall Karen , Grant-Jacob James A , Kanczler Janos , Eason Robert W , Oreffo Richard O C , Mills Ben 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Tissue engineering is a branch of regenerative medicine that harnesses biomaterial and stem cell research to utilise the body’s natural healing responses to regenerate tissue and organs. There remain many unanswered questions in tissue engineering, with optimal biomaterial designs still to be developed and a lack of adequate stem cell knowledge limiting successful application. Advances in artificial intelligence (AI), and deep learning specifically, offer the potential to improve both scientific understanding and clinical outcomes in regenerative medicine. With enhanced perception of how to integrate artificial intelligence into current research and clinical practice, AI offers an invaluable tool to improve patient outcome.
Core opportunities for future optical fibers
Authors: Ballato John , Gibson Ursula J 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHair-thin strands of glass, intrinsically transparent and strong, of which many millions of kilometers are made annually, connect the world in ways unimaginable 50 years ago. What could another 50 years bring? That question is the theme of this Perspective. The first optical fibers were passive low-loss conduits for light, empowered by sophisticated sources and signal processing; a second advance was the addition of dopants utilizing atomic energy levels to promote amplification, and a third major initiative was physical structuring of the core-clad combinations, using the baseline silica material. Recent results suggest that the next major expansions in fiber performance and devices are likely to utilize different materials in the core, inhomogeneous structures on different length scales, or some combination of these. In particular, fibers with crystalline cores offer an extended transparency range with strong optical nonlinearities and open the door to hybrid opto-electronic devices. Opportunities for future optical fiber that derive from micro- and macro-structuring of the core phase offer some unique possibilities in ‘scattering by design’.
Attitudes of German high school students toward different varieties of English
Authors: Meer Philipp , Hartmann Johanna , Rumlich Dominik 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In line with international developments in applied linguistics, school curricula in Germany have begun to demand that Global Englishes be included in English Language Teaching. However, the perspectives of German school students, the main addressees of such a shift, are little explored. This article investigates the attitudes to and familiarity with different Englishes among 160 German high school students, using a mix of direct and indirect attitude elicitation methods and a nationality identification task. Informants rated (speakers of) Standard Southern British (StSBrE), Standard American (StAmE), Indian (IndE), German (GerE), and African/Kenyan English (AfrE/KenE). Multivariate analyses revealed that informants are most familiar with StSBrE and StAmE. StSBrE and, to a smaller degree, StAmE are perceived as reference norms, while English as a Second Language (ESL) varieties, especially IndE are rated negatively for competence, professionalism, and intelligibility. Familiarity with specific English as a First/Native Language varieties is linked to more positive attitudes. The observed congruence of directly and indirectly elicited attitudes suggests that changes put forth in language curricula have not influenced language attitudes (yet).
Local ancestry inference in heterogeneous populations—Are recent recombination events more relevant?
Authors: van Eeden Gerald , Uren Caitlin , van der Spuy Gian , Tromp Gerard , Möller Marlo 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
To date, numerous software tools have been developed to infer recombination maps. Many of these software tools infer the recombination rate from linkage disequilibrium, and therefore they infer recombination many generations into the past. Other recently developed methods rely on the inference of recent recombination events to determine the recombination rate, such as identity by descent- and local ancestry inference (LAI)-based tools. Methods that mainly use recent recombination events to infer the recombination rate might be more relevant for certain analyses like LAI. We therefore describe a protocol for creating high-resolution, population-specific recombination maps using methods that mainly use recent recombination events and a method that uses recent and distant recombination events for recombination rate inference. Subsequently, we compared the effect of using maps inferred by these two paradigms on LAI accuracy.
A comparative benchmark of classic DNA motif discovery tools on synthetic data
Authors: Castellana Stefano , Biagini Tommaso , Parca Luca , Petrizzelli Francesco , Bianco Salvatore Daniele , Vescovi Angelo Luigi , Carella Massimo , Mazza Tommaso 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Hundreds of human proteins were found to establish transient interactions with rather degenerated consensus DNA sequences or motifs. Identifying these motifs and the genomic sites where interactions occur represent one of the most challenging research goals in modern molecular biology and bioinformatics. The last twenty years witnessed an explosion of computational tools designed to perform this task, whose performance has been last compared fifteen years ago. Here, we survey sixteen of them, benchmark their ability to identify known motifs nested in twenty-nine simulated sequence datasets, and finally report their strengths, weaknesses, and complementarity.
DNA methylome perturbations: an epigenetic basis for the emergingly heritable neurodevelopmental abnormalities associated with maternal smoking and maternal nicotine exposure
Authors: Buck Jordan M , Yu Li , Knopik Valerie S , Stitzel Jerry A 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMaternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with an ensemble of neurodevelopmental consequences in children and therefore constitutes a pressing public health concern. Adding to this burden, contemporary epidemiological and especially animal model research suggests that grandmaternal smoking is similarly associated with neurodevelopmental abnormalities in grandchildren, indicative of intergenerational transmission of the neurodevelopmental impacts of maternal smoking. Probing the mechanistic bases of neurodevelopmental anomalies in the children of maternal smokers and the intergenerational transmission thereof, emerging research intimates that epigenetic changes, namely DNA methylome perturbations, are key factors. Altogether, these findings warrant future research to fully elucidate the etiology of neurodevelopmental impairments in the children and grandchildren of maternal smokers and underscore the clear potential thereof to benefit public health by informing the development and implementation of preventative measures, prophylactics, and treatments. To this end, the present review aims to encapsulate the burgeoning evidence linking maternal smoking to intergenerational epigenetic inheritance of neurodevelopmental abnormalities, to identify the strengths and weaknesses thereof, and to highlight areas of emphasis for future human and animal model research therein.
Building from the Ashes: Towards a Three-Dimensional Approach for Social Work Intervention Facing Social Conflicts in Vulnerable Neighbourhoods
Authors: Barciela Fernández Sergio , Lorenzo Gilsanz Francisco , Martínez Herrero María Inés 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAbout 56 percent of the world’s population lives in urban environments. In more economically developed countries, this percentage is considerably higher. Increasingly, cities’ more vulnerable and culturally diverse neighbourhoods are the context of violent conflicts linked to interconnected socio-economic (inequality), ethnocultural (discrimination) and public-institutional (delegitimation) causal factors. Social outbursts such as London (2011) or Husby’s (Stockholm, 2013) riots are amongst the most notorious recent examples of these. Both the frequency and intensity of these conflicts are only expected to worsen as the economic impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic takes hold. This article introduces the ‘Theory of Rupture Frames (TRF)’, which offers a new three-dimensional explanatory model of violent conflicts in vulnerable neighbourhoods with high socio-cultural diversity. The ‘TRF’, it is argued, offers a novel and suitable framework for founding and guiding social work’s preventative and healing-oriented interventions facing these. This is in relation to the TRF’s dual potential for (i) contributing to the theoretical understanding in the social work profession of this type of conflict and for (ii) offering a tool for guiding the assessment of needs and strategic planning of social work-led actions in the context of the neighbourhoods affected by the conflicts or at risk of their outburst.
Masters and Slaves: A Matching Model of Forced Labor with Heterogeneous Workers
Authors: Willert Bianca 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
At present, most countries have officially ratified the ILO Convention concerning forced or compulsory labor; however, serfdom is still present in the 21st century. This article addresses how oppressors recruit their victims and how certain mechanisms affect the extent of modern slavery. We use a matching model to analyze this recruitment process, incorporating involuntariness, which is the distinctive factor of employment relationships in modern slavery. In contrast to the standard matching model, not the workers exert effort to find jobs but the employers exert effort to find and hire slaves. Workers are heterogeneous regarding their vulnerability to enslavement, which is ex-ante unknown to the potential employers. The employer’s decision whether and to what extent to engage in forced labor depends on governmental labor protection and on the probability of detection. The model includes the possibility of bribery such that an employer can avoid sanctions if illicit behavior is detected. Solving the model yields that a high probability of detection and strict labor protection decrease slavery. We show that a high share of slaveholders increases the probability of enslavement and thus, the number of slaves. Surprisingly, strict labor protection increases the slaveholder’s effort, but also decreases their profit. (JEL codes: J23, J47, and J71)
Tackling Biopiracy in International Investment Arbitration: Consideration of the Perspective(s) of Developing Countries
Authors: Kim Jinyup 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Biopiracy, defined as misappropriation of biological resources and associated knowledge, has been criticized by developing countries for exploiting their resources and knowledge without their consent. To tackle biopiracy, debates have been ongoing in various international regimes. This article focuses on the international investment regime. In most of the biopiracy cases, multinational corporations (MNCs) obtain and market intellectual property rights, which fall within the category of investment in most of the investment agreements. This enables MNCs to claim the protection of their rights based on resources and knowledge in the investment arbitration if developing countries take action to tackle biopiracy, although it is not always feasible. Therefore, this article aims to discuss how developing countries could protect their rights to resources and knowledge against MNCs in (potential) investment arbitrations.
Novel atrioventricular sequential pacing approach using a transvenous atrial pacemaker and a leadless pacemaker: a case report
Authors: Guella Elhosseyn , Devereux Frances , Ahmed Fozia Zahir , Scott Peter , Cunnington Colin , Zaidi Amir 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
The use of transvenous pacing leads is associated with the risk of developing tricuspid valve (TV) dysfunction. This develops through several mechanisms including the failure of leaflet coaptation or direct damage to the TV or to its sub-valvular apparatus and can result in significant tricuspid regurgitation (TR). Multiple approaches to pacemaker implantation after transvenous lead extraction (TLE) or surgical TV repair have been described. Placement of pacing leads across the TV is generally avoided in such circumstances.

Case summary
A 66-year-old woman presented with a year-long history of exertional dyspnoea, peripheral oedema, and postural neck pulsations. Her medical history included a dual-chamber pacemaker implantation for sinus node dysfunction 14 years ago. Echocardiography revealed severe lead-related TR. Her case was discussed in our multi-disciplinary team meeting. A decision was made to perform a TLE and implant a leadless pacemaker in an attempt to avoid open-heart surgery if possible. This was reserved as an option in the event of persistent severe TR. Transvenous extraction of the right ventricular lead was performed. The atrial lead was preserved and connected to and AAI device. A Micra AV was implanted allowing for atrioventricular (AV) synchronous pacing.

Discussion
We present the first case of successful implementation of AV sequential pacing using a dual-pacemaker approach involving the use of an AAI pacemaker and a Micra AV device. This was performed after TLE for severe lead-related TR.
Rate of device-related infections using an antibacterial envelope in patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy reoperations
Authors: Frausing Maria Hee Jung Park , Nielsen Jens Cosedis , Johansen Jens Brock , Jørgensen Ole Dan , Gerdes Christian , Olsen Thomas , Kronborg Mads Brix 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Aims
Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) reoperations are associated with a particularly high risk of device-related infection (DRI). An antibacterial envelope reduces the occurrence of DRIs in a broad population of moderate-tohigh-risk patients. To investigate the efficacy of an antibacterial envelope in a very high-risk population of patients undergoing CRT reoperation.

Methods and results
In this Danish two-centre, observational cohort study, we included consecutive patients who underwent a CRT pacemaker- or defibrillator reoperation procedure between January 2008 and November 2019. We obtained data from the Danish Pacemaker and ICD Register and through systematic medical chart review. Follow-up was restricted to 2 years. A total of 1943 patients were included in the study of which 736 (38%) received an envelope. Envelope patients had more independent risk factors for infection than non-envelope patients. Sixty-seven (3.4%) patients met the primary endpoint of DRI requiring device system extraction; 50 in the non-envelope group and 17 in the envelope group [4.1% vs. 2.3%, adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.52, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.30–0.90; P = 0.021]. This difference persisted in propensity score analysis (HR 0.51, 95% CI 0.29–0.90; P = 0.019).

Conclusion
Use of an antibacterial envelope was associated with a clinically and statistically significant reduction in DRIs in patients undergoing CRT reoperations. Our results were comparable to those recently reported from a large randomized controlled trial, which is suggestive of a proportional effect of the envelope even in very high-risk patients.
Geographic barriers to achieving universal health coverage: evidence from rural Madagascar
Authors: Garchitorena Andres , Ihantamalala Felana A , Révillion Christophe , Cordier Laura F , Randriamihaja Mauricianot , Razafinjato Benedicte , Rafenoarivamalala Feno H , Finnegan Karen E , Andrianirinarison Jean Claude , Rakotonirina Julio , Herbreteau Vincent , Bonds Matthew H 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Poor geographic access can persist even when affordable and well-functioning health systems are in place, limiting efforts for universal health coverage (UHC). It is unclear how to balance support for health facilities and community health workers in UHC national strategies. The goal of this study was to evaluate how a health system strengthening (HSS) intervention aimed towards UHC affected the geographic access to primary care in a rural district of Madagascar. For this, we collected the fokontany of residence (lowest administrative unit) from nearly 300 000 outpatient consultations occurring in facilities of Ifanadiana district in 2014–2017 and in the subset of community sites supported by the HSS intervention. Distance from patients to facilities was accurately estimated following a full mapping of the district’s footpaths and residential areas. We modelled per capita utilization for each fokontany through interrupted time-series analyses with control groups, accounting for non-linear relationships with distance and travel time among other factors, and we predicted facility utilization across the district under a scenario with and without HSS. Finally, we compared geographic trends in primary care when combining utilization at health facilities and community sites. We find that facility-based interventions similar to those in UHC strategies achieved high utilization rates of 1–3 consultations per person year only among populations living in close proximity to facilities. We predict that scaling only facility-based HSS programmes would result in large gaps in access, with over 75% of the population unable to reach one consultation per person year. Community health delivery, available only for children under 5 years, provided major improvements in service utilization regardless of their distance from facilities, contributing to 90% of primary care consultations in remote populations. Our results reveal the geographic limits of current UHC strategies and highlight the need to invest on professionalized community health programmes with larger scopes of service.
Health Maintenance Consensus for Adults With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Syal Gaurav , Serrano Mariastella , Jain Animesh , Cohen Benjamin L , Rieder Florian , Stone Christian , Abraham Bincy , Hudesman David , Malter Lisa , McCabe Robert , Holubar Stefan , Afzali Anita , Cheifetz Adam S , Gaidos Jill K J , Moss Alan C 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
With the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) becoming increasingly complex, incorporating preventive care health maintenance measures can be challenging. The aim of developing these updated recommendations is to provide more specific details to facilitate their use into a busy clinical practice setting.

Method
Fifteen statements were formulated with recommendations regarding the target, timing, and frequency of the health maintenance interventions in patients with IBD. We used a modified Delphi method and a literature review to establish a consensus among the panel of experts. The appropriateness of each health maintenance statement was rated on a scale of 1 to 5 (1–2 as inappropriate, and 4–5 as appropriate) by each panelist. Interventions were considered appropriate, and statements were accepted if ≥80% of the panelists agreed with a score ≥4.

Results
The panel approved 15 health maintenance recommendations for adults with IBD based on the current literature and expert opinion. These recommendations include explicit details regarding specific screening tools, timing of screening, and vaccinations for adults with IBD.

Conclusions
Patients with IBD are at an increased risk for infections, malignancies, and other comorbidities. Given the complexity of caring for patients with IBD, this focused list of recommendations can be easily incorporated in to clinical care to help eliminate the gap in preventative care for patients with IBD.