bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
White Paper: Radiology Curriculum for Undergraduate Medical Education in Germany and Integration into the NKLM 2.0
Authors: Dettmer Sabine , Barkhausen Jörg , Volmer Erik , Mentzel Hans-Joachim , Reinartz Sebastian , Voigt Florian , Wacker Frank K. , Baeßler Bettina ,   Konferenz der Lehrstuhlinhaber für Radiologie (KLR):,   Vorstand der Deutschen Röntgengesellschaft (DRG):,   Vorstandskommission der AG Lehre der DRG:
Published: September 2021

Objective The aim was to develop a new curriculum for radiology in medical studies, to reach a national consensus and to integrate it into the new national competence-based learning objectives catalog (NKLM 2.0). In this statement of the German Radiological Society (DRG), the process of curriculum development is described and the new curriculum is presented together with suggestions for practical implementation.
Materials and Methods The DRG has developed a new curriculum for radiology. This was coordinated nationally among faculty via an online survey and the result was incorporated into the NKLM 2.0. Furthermore, possibilities for the practical implementation of the competency-based content are shown and different teaching concepts are presented.
Results The developed curriculum is competency-based and aims to provide students with important skills and abilities for their future medical practice. The general part of the curriculum is divided into the topics “Radiation Protection”, “Radiological Methods” and radiologically-relevant “Digital Skills”. Furthermore, there is a special part on the individual organ systems and the specific diseases. In order to implement this in a resource-saving way, new innovative teaching concepts are needed that combine the advantages of face-to-face teaching in small groups for practical and case-based learning with digital teaching offers for resource-saving teaching of theoretical content.
Conclusion We have created a uniform radiology curriculum for medical studies in Germany, coordinated it nationally and integrated it into the NKLM 2.0. The curriculum forms the basis of a uniform mandatory radiology teaching and should be the basis for the individual curriculum development of each faculty and strengthen the position of radiology in the interdisciplinary context.
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Intramuscular Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Muscle Flap Monitoring in a Porcine Model
Authors: Bai Wubin , Guo Hexia , Ouyang Wei , Weng Yang , Wu Changsheng , Liu Yihan , Zang Hao , Jacobson Lauren , Xu Yameng , Lu Di , Hu Ziying , Li Shuo , Arafa Hany M. , Yang Quansan , Westman Amanda M. , MacEwan Matthew R. , Rogers John A. , Pet Mitchell A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background Current near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-based systems for continuous flap monitoring are limited to flaps which carry a cutaneous paddle. As such, this useful and reliable technology has not previously been applicable to muscle-only free flaps where other modalities with substantial limitations continue to be utilized.
Methods We present the first NIRS probe which allows continuous monitoring of local tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) directly within the substance of muscle tissue. This probe is flexible, subcentimeter in scale, waterproof, biocompatible, and is fitted with resorbable barbs which facilitate temporary autostabilization followed by easy atraumatic removal. This novel device was compared with a ViOptix T.Ox monitor in a porcine rectus abdominus myocutaneous flap model of arterial and venous occlusions. During these experiments, the T.Ox device was affixed to the skin paddle, while the novel probe was within the muscle component of the same flap.
Results The intramuscular NIRS device and skin-mounted ViOptix T.Ox devices produced very similar StO2 tracings throughout the vascular clamping events, with obvious and parallel changes occurring upon vascular clamping and release. The normalized cross-correlation at zero lag describing correspondence between the novel intramuscular NIRS and T.Ox devices was >0.99.
Conclusion This novel intramuscular NIRS probe offers continuous monitoring of oxygen saturation within muscle flaps. This experiment demonstrates the potential suitability of this intramuscular NIRS probe for the task of muscle-only free flap monitoring, where NIRS has not previously been applicable. Testing in the clinical environment is necessary to assess durability and reliability.
Scavenger Receptors: Novel Roles in the Pathogenesis of Liver Inflammation and Cancer
Authors: Patten Daniel A. , Wilkinson Alex L. , O'Keeffe Ayla , Shetty Shishir 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe scavenger receptor superfamily represents a highly diverse collection of evolutionarily-conserved receptors which are known to play key roles in host homeostasis, the most prominent of which is the clearance of unwanted endogenous macromolecules, such as oxidized low-density lipoproteins, from the systemic circulation. Members of this family have also been well characterized in their binding and internalization of a vast range of exogenous antigens and, consequently, are generally considered to be pattern recognition receptors, thus contributing to innate immunity. Several studies have implicated scavenger receptors in the pathophysiology of several inflammatory diseases, such as Alzheimer's and atherosclerosis. Hepatic resident cellular populations express a diverse complement of scavenger receptors in keeping with the liver's homeostatic functions, but there is gathering interest in the contribution of these receptors to hepatic inflammation and its complications. Here, we review the expression of scavenger receptors in the liver, their functionality in liver homeostasis, and their role in inflammatory liver disease and cancer.
High-order geometric integrators for representation-free Ehrenfest dynamics
Authors: Choi Seonghoon , Vaníček Jiří 
Published: September 2021

Ehrenfest dynamics is a useful approximation for ab initio mixed quantum-classical molecular dynamics that can treat electronically nonadiabatic effects. Although a severe approximation to the exact solution of the molecular time-dependent Schrödinger equation, Ehrenfest dynamics is symplectic, is time-reversible, and conserves exactly the total molecular energy as well as the norm of the electronic wavefunction. Here, we surpass apparent complications due to the coupling of classical nuclear and quantum electronic motions and present efficient geometric integrators for “representation-free” Ehrenfest dynamics, which do not rely on a diabatic or adiabatic representation of electronic states and are of arbitrary even orders of accuracy in the time step. These numerical integrators, obtained by symmetrically composing the second-order splitting method and exactly solving the kinetic and potential propagation steps, are norm-conserving, symplectic, and time-reversible regardless of the time step used. Using a nonadiabatic simulation in the region of a conical intersection as an example, we demonstrate that these integrators preserve the geometric properties exactly and, if highly accurate solutions are desired, can be even more efficient than the most popular non-geometric integrators.
Torsion–vibration interactions determined from (far) infrared spectra
Authors: Gascooke Jason R. , Appadoo Dominique , Lawrance Warren D. 
Published: September 2021

Observations of the torsional and low-lying vibrational–torsional states of toluene, p-fluorotoluene, and m-fluorotoluene using the technique of two dimensional laser induced fluorescence (2D-LIF) have revealed interactions between the methyl torsion and low frequency out-of-plane methyl wagging vibration. These interactions can change the values of constants extracted from the analysis of rotational spectra, which usually assume that the large amplitude torsional motion can be treated independent of the small amplitude vibrations. Since out-of-plane methyl wagging modes will be present whenever a methyl group is attached to a planar frame, this type of torsion–vibration interaction is potentially widespread; it is thus important to establish the extent and strength of this type of interaction. 2D-LIF is limited to molecules that fluoresce from excited electronic states, and to explore interactions between torsion and methyl wagging vibrations in a wide range of molecules necessitates developing alternative experimental approaches. Infrared absorption spectroscopy is one such approach. It is shown that for the low torsional barrier case, the torsional sequence bands accompanying the out-of-plane methyl wagging transition provide a sensitive probe of the interaction. As an illustration, the far infrared absorption spectrum of toluene in the region of the M20 band (∼205 cm−1) is presented and analyzed. The torsional sequence structure provides insight into the higher torsional states (up to m = 7) in the ground vibrational state and M20. An analysis of these bands enables the torsion–vibration coupling and torsional constants to be extracted. A general method to analyze such spectra is presented.
Solid-source metal–organic molecular beam epitaxy of epitaxial RuO2
Authors: Nunn William , Nair Sreejith , Yun Hwanhui , Kamath Manjeshwar Anusha , Rajapitamahuni Anil , Lee Dooyong , Mkhoyan K. Andre , Jalan Bharat 
Published: September 2021

A seemingly simple oxide with a rutile structure, RuO2, has been shown to possess several intriguing properties ranging from strain-stabilized superconductivity to a strong catalytic activity. Much interest has arisen surrounding the controlled synthesis of RuO2 films, but unfortunately, utilizing atomically controlled deposition techniques, such as molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), has been difficult due to the ultra-low vapor pressure and low oxidation potential of Ru. Here, we demonstrate the growth of epitaxial, single crystalline RuO2 films on different substrate orientations using the novel solid-source metal–organic (MO) MBE. This approach circumvents these issues by supplying Ru using a “pre-oxidized” solid MO precursor containing Ru. High-quality epitaxial RuO2 films with a bulk-like room-temperature resistivity of 55 μΩ cm were obtained at a substrate temperature as low as 300 °C. By combining x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and electrical measurements, we discuss the effect of substrate temperature, orientation, film thickness, and strain on the structure and electrical properties of these films. Our results illustrating the use of a novel solid-source metal–organic MBE approach pave the way to the atomic-layer controlled synthesis of complex oxides of “stubborn” metals, which are not only difficult to evaporate but also hard to oxidize.
Scene statistics and noise determine the relative arrangement of receptive field mosaics
Authors: Jun Na Young , Field Greg D. , Pearson John 
Published: September 2021

SignificanceAcross a wide variety of species, cells in the retina specialized for signaling either increases (ON) or decreases (OFF) in light represent one of the most basic building blocks of visual computation. These cells coordinate to form mosaics, with each cell responsible for a small, minimally overlapping portion of visual space, but the ways in which these mosaics could be spatially coordinated with each other are relatively unknown. Here, we show how efficient coding theory, which hypothesizes that the nervous system minimizes the amount of redundant information it encodes, can predict the relative spatial arrangement of ON and OFF mosaics. The most information-efficient arrangements are determined both by levels of noise in the system and the statistics of natural images.
Self-catalytic growth of one-dimensional materials within dislocations in gold
Authors: Portal Lotan , Polishchuk Iryna , Koifman Khristosov Maria , Katsman Alexander , Pokroy Boaz 
Published: September 2021

Significance
Dislocation edges on metal surfaces provide loosely bonded atoms, which make the surface more active for chemical corrosion and enhance the chemical reactivity. In this work, we introduce and demonstrate an autocatalytic method in which the dislocation lines in alloys can serve as a template for the growth of a different inorganic material as nanowires. We explain the formation mechanism of an incorporated system of single crystal gold(I)-cyanide nanowires on nanoporous gold during selective dealloying, using the dislocation ends in the prestrained Au-Ag alloy as catalytic centers for crystallization. This method may provide a possible route for controlling the growth direction, shape, and morphology of a crystal according to the original alloy’s slip system.
The conserved fertility factor SPACA4/Bouncer has divergent modes of action in vertebrate fertilization
Authors: Fujihara Yoshitaka , Herberg Sarah , Blaha Andreas , Panser Karin , Kobayashi Kiyonori , Larasati Tamara , Novatchkova Maria , Theussl Hans-Christian , Olszanska Olga , Ikawa Masahito , Pauli Andrea 
Published: September 2021

Significance
We show that Bouncer’s homolog in mammals, SPACA4, is required for efficient fertilization in mice. In contrast to fish, in which Bouncer is required for female fertility, SPACA4 is expressed exclusively in the sperm and is required for male fertility. SPACA4 and Bouncer present an intriguing example of homologous proteins that both play key roles in reproduction yet diverged in terms of gene expression pattern and mode of action. Overall, our work identifies SPACA4 as an important sperm protein necessary for zona pellucida penetration during mammalian fertilization. Since human SPACA4 is also expressed exclusively in sperm, we anticipate that our findings in mice will have relevance to human biology.
What we talk about when we talk about colors
Authors: Twomey Colin R. , Roberts Gareth , Brainard David H. , Plotkin Joshua B. 
Published: September 2021

SignificanceDo we talk about some colors more often than others? And do the colors we communicate about most frequently vary across cultures? A classic finding shows that languages around the world partition colors into words in remarkably similar, although not identical, ways. The biology of human color perception helps explain similar color vocabularies across languages, but less is known about how often speakers need to reference different colors. The inference method we develop reveals extensive variation in communicative needs across colors, and a diversity in needs across 130 languages, which helps explain variation in their color vocabularies. Our results open the door to studying cross-cultural variation in demands on different colors, and factors that drive color demands in linguistic communities.
Iron and chromium co-doped cobalt phosphide porous nanosheets as robust bifunctional electrocatalyst for efficient water splitting
Authors: Sun Shichao , Wang Zhihong , Meng Suci , Yu Rui , Jiang Deli , Chen Min 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
It is still a huge challenge to develop highly efficient and low-cost non-precious metal-based electrocatalysts for overall water splitting in alkaline electrolytes. Herein, Cr and Fe co-doped CoP porous mesh nanosheets (Mesh-CrFe-CoP NSs) were synthesized through hydrolysis reaction, ion exchange etching and subsequent low-temperature phosphating process. The Mesh-CrFe-CoP NSs provides overpotentials at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 under alkaline electrolyte of 103.7 mV and 256.4 mV for HER and OER, respectively. Furthermore, when using Mesh-CrFe-CoP NSs as anode and cathode, the water splitting system could afford a current density of 10 mA cm–2 at 1.55 V, which is better than an electrolytic cell composed of 20% Pt/C and RuO2. The excellent electrocatalytic performance of Mesh-CrFe-CoP NSs is attributed to the co-doping and porous nanostructure. Specifically, the Cr and Fe co-doped porous CoP nanosheets electrocatalyst not only provided abundant exposure active sites, accelerated the entry of liquid and the diffusion of gas, but also regulated the electronic environment of active sites, and thus enhanced the electrochemical performance. This work proposes a strategy for the rational design of highly efficient and stable non-precious metal co-doped phosphide electrocatalysts in the of electrochemical water splitting.
Generation of single attosecond relativistic electron bunch from intense laser interaction with a nanosphere
Authors: Horný Vojtěch , Veisz László 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Ultrahigh-intensity laser-plasma physics provides unique light and particle beams as well as novel physical phenomena. A recently available regime is based on the interaction between a relativistic intensity few-cycle laser pulse and a sub-wavelength-sized mass-limited plasma target. Here, we investigate the generation of electron bunches under these extreme conditions by means of particle-in-cell simulations. In a first step, up to all electrons are expelled from the nanodroplet and gain relativistic energy from time-dependent local field enhancement at the surface. After this ejection, the electrons are further accelerated as they copropagate with the laser pulse. As a result, a few, or under specific conditions isolated, pC-class relativistic attosecond electron bunches are generated with laser pulse parameters feasible at state-of-the-art laser facilities. This is particularly interesting for some applications, such as generation of attosecond x-ray pulses via Thomson backscattering.
Observational constraint on dark energy from quantum uncertainty *
Authors: Huang Long , Yang Xiaofeng , Liu Xiang 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We explore the theoretical possibility that dark energy density is derived from massless scalar bosons in vacuum and present a physical model for dark energy. By assuming massless scalar bosons fall into the horizon boundary of the cosmos with the expansion of the universe, we can deduce the uncertainty in the relative position of scalar bosons based on the quantum fluctuation of space-time and the assumption that scalar bosons satisfy P-symmetry under the parity transformation

, which can be used to estimate scalar bosons and dark energy density. Furthermore, we attempt to explain the origin of negative pressure from the increasing entropy density of the Boltzmann system and derive the equation for the state parameter, which is consistent with the specific equations of state for dark energy. Finally, we employ the SNIa Pantheon sample and Planck 2018 CMB angular power spectra to constrain the models and provide statistical results for the cosmology parameters.
Nonlinear dynamics and transport driven by energetic particle instabilities using a gyro-Landau closure model
*
Authors: Spong D.A. , Van Zeeland M.A. , Heidbrink W.W. , Du X. , Varela J. , Garcia L. , Ghai Y. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Energetic particle (EP) destabilized Alfvén eigenmode (AE) instabilities are simulated for a DIII-D experimental case with a pulsed neutral beam using a gyro-Landau moments model which introduces EP phase-mixing effects through closure relations. This provides a computationally efficient reduced model which is applied here in the nonlinear regime over timescales that would be difficult to address with more complete models. The long timescale nonlinear evolution and related collective transport losses are examined including the effects of zonal flow/current generation, nonlinear energy cascades, and EP profile flattening. The model predicts frequencies and mode structures that are consistent with experimental observations. These calculations address issues that have not been considered in previous modelling: the EP critical gradient profile evolution in the presence of zonal flows/currents, and the dynamical nature of the saturated state. A strong level of intermittency is present in the predicted instability-driven transport; this is connected to the zonal flow growth and decay cycles and nonlinear energy transfers. Simulation of intermittent AE-enhanced EP transport will be an important issue for the protection of plasma facing components in the next generation of fusion devices.
Numerical evaluation of an Oil free Screw Compressor’s Suction Port design using Ansys CFX and SCORG
Authors: Tankhiwale S , Dagwar A , Rane S , Kovacevic A , Birari A , Abdan S , Asati N 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Quasi one-dimensional chamber models and experimental methods are commonly adopted by researchers to predict and validate the performance of the oil free screw compressors. However, to understand the scope for improvement in performance as impacted by compressor ports, one needs to know the details of physical processes happening in compression chamber. This can be done by understanding flow field such as internal temperature and pressure with the help of CFD model.
With this CFD setup, comparison of specific power consumption of oil free screw compressor between the axial and radial suction flange is presented in this paper. A hexahedral numerical mesh is used to represent flow field which is generated by SCORGTM. Flow solver ANSYS CFX has been used for study with these single domain deforming rotor grids.
This paper presents the methods used for setting up the CFD model and analysis of specific power consumption for two different suction port geometries, an axial and the radial suction flange. At the design operating condition, although axial suction flange seems to be more favourable in terms of lower suction pressure drops at high operating speed, the radial suction flange when simulated using CFD model predicts almost the similar performance. However, radial suction flange gives an added advantage for ready adaptability with the suction elements like the suction filter. The results of the simulation show that the radial suction flange can be adopted for better compatibility with the oil free package and the CFD model used for the analysis can be used for optimization of the air-end at various operating conditions.
Estimation of radial shaft seal, oil drag and windage loss in twin screw oil injected compressor
Authors: Abdan S , Stosic N , Kovacevic A , Smith I , Asati N 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to study the mechanical power loss arising from radial shaft seal, oil drag, and windage within the twin-screw oil-injected screw compressor. The previous papers in the series presented the evaluation of power loss due to the gears and bearings where it was found that the calculated total power loss was underestimated when compared to the experimental results for different sizes of compressors and different operating conditions. This indicates that few additional contributing elements were missing and needed due consideration to enhance the prediction. Literature review of the basic fluid dynamics and transmission gears confirms that oil drag loss and windage loss can also contribute to the power loss considerably.
This paper presents a review of a few methods for the prediction of the radial shaft seal, oil drag, and windage loss. Predictions with the use of these methods and their comparison with the experimental results are analysed in this paper. Experimental results of three different sizes of the compressors tested in laboratory conditions were taken as reference for the comparison at different operating speeds and pressure ratios. The analysis helps to understand the contribution of each element of the power loss which can help a designer to optimally design a screw compressor.