bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Associations of longitudinal plasma p-tau181 and NfL with tau-PET, Aβ-PET and cognition
Authors: Rauchmann Boris Stephan , Schneider-Axmann Thomas , Perneczky Robert 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo explore if changes over time of plasma phosphorylated tau (p-tau)181 and neurofilament light chain (NfL) predict future tau and amyloid β (Aβ) PET load and cognitive performance, we studied a subsample of the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) neuroimaging cohort with longitudinal blood peptide assessments.MethodsEight hundred and sixty-five AD Neuroimaging Initiative participants were included. Using established AD cut-points for the cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of Aβ42, total-tau and p-tau181, subjects were classified according to the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association research framework, grouping markers into those of Aβ deposition (A), tau pathology (T) and neurodegeneration (N). Analysis of variance was used to compare the plasma biomarker data between the ATN groups. The rate of change over time of p-tau181 and NfL was obtained from linear mixed effects models and compared between the ATN groups. Linear regression analysis was used to investigate the association of baseline plasma biomarker concentrations and rates of change with future PET tau and Aβ load and cognitive performance.ResultsP-tau181 and NfL plasma concentrations increased along the AD spectrum, but only NfL showed greater rates of change in AD patients versus controls. Cognitive performance was associated cross-sectionally with NfL in all subgroups, and with p-tau181 only in AD spectrum individuals. The baseline concentrations of both plasma markers predicted PET Aβ and tau load and cognitive performance. The rate of change of NfL predicted future PET tau and cognitive performance.ConclusionsP-tau and NfL behave differently within the same individuals over time and may therefore offer complementary diagnostic information.Trial registration numberNCT02854033, NCT01231971.
Kappa-Carrageenan Crosslinked Magnetic Folic Acid-Conjugated Chitosan Nanocomposites for Arginase Encapsulation, Delivery and Cancer Therapy
Authors: Moradi Rahman , Mohammadzadeh Reza , Akbari Ali 
Published: June 2021

In this study, the Aspergillus niger L-arginase was expressed in Pichia pastorise and immobilized on Kappa-carrageenan crosslinked magnetic folic acid-conjugated chitosan nanoparticles (magnetic-FA/CTS NPs). L-arginase gene was isolated and cloned in pGAPZ[Formula: see text]A plasmid and transformed in P. pastoris. The purified L-arginase was loaded on magnetic-FA/CTS NPs nanocomposites and the structure of the synthesized nano-carriers was investigated using SEM, FT-IR and DLS techniques. Prepared formulations showed high encapsulation efficiency (91.93%). In vitro release and cytotoxic studies were performed at different pH (pH of 4–8) and against Molt-4 cancer cell line, respectively.
Periodontal Disease and Breast Cancer Risk: Results from the Nurses' Health Study
Authors: Farhat Zeinab , Cadeau Claire , Eliassen A. Heather , Freudenheim Jo L. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background:
While periodontal disease has been linked to increased cancer risk, studies regarding an association with breast cancer are limited.

Methods:
We examined the relationship between self-reported diagnosis of periodontal bone loss and incidence of breast cancer in a large, prospective cohort study, the Nurses' Health Study (1998–2014). We calculated HRs using Cox proportional hazards modeling, adjusting for risk factors common to both periodontal disease and breast cancer.

Results:
During 1,023,647 person-years of follow-up, 5,110 of breast cancer cases were reported. We observed no association between periodontal disease and overall breast cancer risk (HR, 1.02; 95% confidence interval: 0.94–1.10); the association was not modified by smoking status, or other breast cancer risk factors or by breast tumor subtypes.

Conclusions:
We did not observe any association between periodontal disease and breast cancer risk.

Impact:
Given inconsistent findings in the literature, further research with standardized clinical measures of periodontitis is warranted.
Prevalence and Course of Depression During the First Year After Mild to Moderate Stroke
Authors: Dong Liming , Williams Linda S. , Brown Devin L. , Case Erin , Morgenstern Lewis B. , Lisabeth Lynda D. 
Published: June 2021

Background
This study examined the prevalence and longitudinal course of depression during the first year after mild to moderate stroke.

Methods and Results
We identified patients with mild to moderate ischemic stroke or intracerebral hemorrhage (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score <16) and at least 1 depression assessment at 3, 6, or 12 months after stroke (n=648, 542, and 533, respectively) from the Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi project (2014–2016). Latent transition analysis was used to examine temporal profiles of depressive symptoms assessed by the 8‐item Patient Health Questionnaire between 3 and 12 months after stroke. Mean age was 65.6 years, 49.4% were women, and 56.7% were Mexican Americans. The prevalence of depression after stroke was 35.3% at 3 months, decreased to 24.9% at 6 months, and remained stable at 25.7% at 12 months. Approximately half of the participants classified as having depression at 3 or 6 months showed clinical improvement at the next assessment. Subgroups with distinct patterns of depressive symptoms were identified, including mild/no symptoms, predominant sleep disturbance and fatigue symptoms, affective symptoms, and severe/all symptoms. A majority of participants with mild/no symptoms retained this symptom pattern over time. The probability of transitioning to mild/no symptoms was higher before 6 months compared with the later period, and severe symptoms were more likely to persist after 6 months compared with the earlier period.

Conclusions
The observed dynamics of depressive symptoms suggest that depression after stroke tends to persist after 6 months among patients with mild to moderate stroke and should be continually monitored and appropriately managed.
Risk Factors for Severe Primary Graft Dysfunction in Infants Following Heart Transplant
Authors: Singh Tajinder P. , Profita Elizabeth L. , Rycus Peter , Thiagarajan Ravi , Gauvreau Kimberlee 
Published: June 2021

Background
Previous studies suggest that infant heart transplant (HT) recipients are at higher risk of developing severe primary graft dysfunction (PGD) than older children. We sought to identify risk factors for developing severe PGD in infant HT recipients.

Methods and Results
We identified all HT recipients aged <1 year in the United States during 1996 to 2015 using the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network database. We linked their data to ELSO (Extracorporeal Life Support Organization) registry data to identify those with severe PGD, defined by initiation of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support for PGD within 2 days following HT. We used multivariable logistic regression to assess risk factors for developing severe PGD. Of 1718 infants analyzed, 600 (35%) were <90 days old and 1079 (63%) had congenital heart disease. Overall, 134 (7.8%) developed severe PGD; 95 (71%) were initiated on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support on the day of HT, 34 (25%) the next day, and 5 (4%) the following day. In adjusted analysis, recipient congenital heart disease, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, or biventricular assist device support at transplant, recipient blood type AB, donor‐recipient weight ratio <0.9, and graft ischemic time ≥4 hours were independently associated with developing severe PGD whereas left ventricular assist device support at HT was not. One‐year graft survival was 48% in infants with severe PGD versus 87% without severe PGD.

Conclusions
Infant HT recipients with severe PGD have poor graft survival. Although some recipient‐level risk factors are nonmodifiable, avoiding modifiable risk factors may mitigate further risk in infants at high risk of developing severe PGD.
The Work of Art in an Age of Mechanical Generation
Authors: Frank Steven J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Can we define what it means to be “creative,” and, if so, can our definition drive artificial intelligence (AI) systems to feats of creativity indistinguishable from human efforts? The author considers this mixed question from technological and social perspectives. Beginning with an exploration of the value we attach to authenticity in works of art, the article considers the ability of AI to detect forgeries of renowned paintings and, in so doing, somehow reveal the quiddity of a work of art. The author concludes by considering whether evolving technical capability can revise traditional relationships among art, artist, and the market.
Representing Hierarchies of Visual Regard in Eye-Tracking Analysis
Authors: Han Eugene 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The author developed a method for representing data from eye-tracking recordings: a form of graphical analysis that illustrates hierarchical densities of visual regard without obscuring the original pictorial stimulus. Across three different case studies, subjects’ fixation patterns were used to propagate Voronoi generating points. Integrating both fixation locations and their respective dwell times, randomized Gaussian distribution provided a technique to augment Voronoi generating seeds and enhance graphical resolution. Color pixel values were then used to fill in resultant Voronoi cells in relation to color values provided by the original stimulus. This analysis allowed for effective differentiation of viewing behaviors between different subjects, with emphasis on a subject’s attentional distribution rather than on graphic icons.
Reassessing the Wider Aspects of Newton’s Thought – A Symposium
Authors: Henry John 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
After a brief introduction, this “symposium” presents four essay reviews of three recent major studies of Newton’s life and works beyond the mathematics, physics and natural philosophy for which he is principally known: Jed Buchwald’s and Mordechai Feingold’s Newton and the Origin of Civilization (2013), Rob Iliffe’s Priest of Nature: The Religious Worlds of Isaac Newton (2017), and William R. Newman’s Newton the Alchemist (2019); and they address Newton’s work on history, chronology, theology and alchemy. The four reviewers are leading Newton scholars in their own right, and assess how these three studies advance our understanding of Newton the “scientist”, as well as Newton the man in his times. Niccolò Guicciardini considers their relevance to our understanding of Newton’s mathematics; Scott Mandelbrote assesses how they advance our understanding of Newton’s local and historical context; Steffen Ducheyne focuses on what we can learn about Newton’s methodological concerns and working practices; while Stephen Snobelen considers how these studies can help us understand the place of religion in Newton’s life and work. We conclude with responses from each of the reviewed authors: Feingold (representing also his co-author Jed Buchwald), Iliffe, and Newman. New insights into key questions are afforded throughout. Should Newton’s work in these different areas be considered continuous with his more “scientific” works, or compartmentalized according to his rigorous disciplinary procedures?
When Politics Prevail Over the Rule of Law: The Demise of the sadc Tribunal
Authors: Magliveras Konstantinos D , Naldi Gino J 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The article questions whether the Tribunal of the Southern Africa Development Community (sadc) ought to have entertained human rights cases given that the sadc Treaty does not endow it with such jurisdiction. It then analyses its demise in 2010, which was prompted by several rulings against Zimbabwe, whose policy of expropriating land without compensation was held to violate human rights. The pertinent aspects of these cases are reviewed, and the significance of Zimbabwe’s land reform programme is explained. The article elucidates why sadc leaders were prepared to suspend the Tribunal’s operation. This was a combination of alarm that it could evolve into a quasi-regional human rights court but also solidarity with the then President Mugabe, a hero of Africa’s liberation struggle. Finally, the pronouncements of the Constitutional Court of South Africa and the High Court of Tanzania on the lawfulness of the sadc Tribunal’s suspension are considered.
Beyond Expansion or Restriction? Models of Interaction between the Living Instrument and Margin of Appreciation Doctrines and the Scope of the echr
Authors: Ita Rachael , Hicks David 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The living instrument doctrine of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) is criticised as restricting the margin of appreciation of States and expanding the scope of the European Convention on Human Rights (echr). Systematic examination of this claim is usually overlooked in the context of the relationship between the admissibility and merits phase of ECtHR cases. This article considers this claim in the context of jurisdictional arguments on incompatibility ratione materiae (subject matter outside the scope of the Convention) and the link to the merits of the case. Case law of the ECtHR from January 1979 to December 2016 is assessed to elaborate four models of interaction between the margin of appreciation and living instrument doctrines. The article argues the need to go beyond consideration of expansion and restriction of the scope of the echr, and to assess the Court’s appetite for allocating new duties to States based upon the case arguments and positioning of living instrument and margin of appreciation doctrines.
Constructing the Text of the View of the Present State of Ireland before the New Bibliography
Authors: Brink Jean R. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This paper begins with an account of the history of modern editions of Spenser’s View, analyzes textual scholarship, and concludes with a skeptical reexamination of Spenser’s rhetorical objectives. As this paper will demonstrate, a critical bibliography is needed to clarify the dates, scribes, and provenance of the twenty-one complete manuscripts of the View of the Present State of Ireland.
Edmund Spenser’s View of Christendom: New Legal and Theological Contexts for A View of the Present State of Ireland
Authors: Lockey Brian C. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This paper considers how Spenser’s conception of conscience and universal law and justice in A View of the Present State of Ireland can be understood within the context of jurist Christopher St. German’s early sixteenth-century tract on equity and the common law and his subsequent tracts on the reformation of Church corruption. The paper attempts to re-situate Spenser’s engagement with legal and political theory within the context of English legal education as it had developed throughout the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Ultimately, it shows that Spenser’s engagement with law, theology and politics reflected a commitment to a new Protestant conception of transnational Christendom as well as a re-conception of England as a Protestant nation within that transnational entity.
Advances in understanding of mycorrhizal-like associations in bryophytes
Authors: PRESSEL SILVIA , BIDARTONDO MARTIN I. , FIELD KATIE J. , DUCKETT JEFFREY G. 
Published: June 2021

Mutually beneficial associations between plants and soil fungi, mycorrhizas, are one of the most important terrestrial symbioses. These partnerships are thought to have propelled plant terrestrialisation some 500 million years ago and today they play major roles in ecosystem functioning. It has long been known that bryophytes harbour, in their living tissues, fungal symbionts, recently identified as belonging to the three mycorrhizal fungal lineages Glomeromycotina, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Latest advances in understanding of fungal associations in bryophytes have been largely driven by the discovery, nearly a decade ago, that early divergent liverwort clades, including the most basal Haplomitriopsida, and some hornworts, engage with a wider repertoire of fungal symbionts than previously thought, including endogonaceous members of the ancient sub-phylum Mucoromycotina. Subsequent global molecular and cytological studies have revealed that Mucoromycotina symbionts, alongside Glomeromycotina, are widespread in both complex and simple thalloid liverworts and throughout hornworts, with physiological studies confirming that, in liverworts at least, these associations are mycorrhizal-like, and highlighting important functional differences between Mucoromycotina and Glomeromycotina symbioses. Whether a more prominent role of Mucoromycotina symbionts in plant nitrogen nutrition, as identified in liverworts, extends to other plant lineages, including the flowering plants, is a major topic for future research.
The latest finding that ascomycete symbionts of leafy liverworts are not restricted to one fungus, Rhizoscyphus ericae, but include species in the genus Meliniomyces, as shown here in Mylia anomala, together with the recent demonstration that R. ericae forms nutritional mutualisms with the rhizoids of Cephalozia bicuspidata, fill other major gaps in our growing knowledge of fungal associations across land plants.
Sleep Study Measures on Postoperative Night 1 Following Implantation of the Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulator
Authors: Huyett Phillip 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo examine the changes in measures of sleep apnea severity and hypoxemia on the first postoperative night following implantation of the hypoglossal nerve stimulator.Study DesignThis was a single‐arm prospective cohort study.SettingA single academic sleep surgical practice.MethodsSubjects with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea underwent implantation of the hypoglossal nerve stimulator (HGNS) and were discharged to home the same day as surgery. A single‐night WatchPAT study was performed on the night immediately following surgery (PON 1) and was compared to baseline sleep testing.ResultsTwenty subjects who were an average of 58.6 ± 2.5 years old, were 25% female, and had a mean body mass index of 28.1 ± 0.9 kg/m2 completed the study. Mean O2 nadir at baseline was 79.6% ± 1.1% compared to 82.7% ± 0.9% (P =. 013) on PON 1. One patient demonstrated a >10% worsening in O2 nadir. Only 2 additional patients demonstrated a worsening in O2 nadir on PON 1, each by only 1 percentage point. Neither mean time spent below SpO2 88% nor oxygen desaturation index (ODI) worsened postoperatively (mean time spent below oxygen saturation of 88%, 27.8 ± 7.85 vs 11.2 ± 5.2, P =. 03; mean ODI, 29.6 ± 5.2/h vs 21.0 ± 5.4/h, P =. 10). Mean obstructive apnea hypopnea index (AHI) was no worse (40.6 ± 4.7/h to 28.7 ± 4.2/h, P =. 02), with only 2 patients experiencing an obstructive AHI >20% more severe than baseline. Only 1 patient demonstrated a clinically meaningful increase in central AHI on PON 1.ConclusionsOverall, AHI and measures of nocturnal hypoxemia are stable, if not improved, on PON 1 following HGNS implantation. These findings support the safety of same‐day discharge following implantation of the hypoglossal nerve stimulator.
The clinical effectiveness of telehealth: A systematic review of meta-analyses from 2010 to 2019
Authors: Snoswell Centaine L , Chelberg Georgina , De Guzman Keshia R , Haydon Helen M , Thomas Emma E , Caffery Liam J , Smith Anthony C 
Published: June 2021

Introduction To promote telehealth implementation and uptake, it is important to assess overall clinical effectiveness to ensure any changes will not adversely affect patient outcomes. The last systematic literature review examining telehealth effectiveness was conducted in 2010. Given the increasing use of telehealth and technological developments in the field, a more contemporary review has been carried out. The aim of this review was to synthesise recent evidence associated with the clinical effectiveness of telehealth services. Methods A systematic search of ‘Pretty Darn Quick’-Evidence portal was carried out in November 2020 for systematic reviews on telehealth, where the primary outcome measure reported was clinical effectiveness. Due to the volume of telehealth articles, only systematic reviews with meta-analyses published between 2010 and 2019 were included in the analysis. Results We found 38 meta-analyses, covering 10 medical disciplines: cardiovascular disease ( n = 3), dermatology ( n = 1), endocrinology ( n = 13), neurology ( n = 4), nephrology ( n = 2), obstetrics ( n = 1), ophthalmology ( n = 1), psychiatry and psychology ( n = 7), pulmonary ( n = 4) and multidisciplinary care ( n = 2). The evidence showed that for all disciplines, telehealth across a range of modalities was as effective, if not more, than usual care. Discussion This review demonstrates that telehealth can be equivalent or more clinically effective when compared to usual care. However, the available evidence is very discipline specific, which highlights the need for more clinical effectiveness studies involving telehealth across a wider spectrum of clinical health services. The findings from this review support the view that in the right context, telehealth will not compromise the effectiveness of clinical care when compared with conventional forms of health service delivery.
Pectoralis Major Ruptures in the National Football League: Incidence, RTP, and Performance Analysis
Authors: Wise Patrick M. , Ptasinski Anna M. , Gallo Robert A. 
Published: June 2021

Background: While pectoralis major (PM) tears are rare injuries in National Football League (NFL) athletes (previous study reported only 10 PM ruptures between 2000 and 2010), the incidence of these injuries has increased over the past decade. The impact these injuries have on a player’s performance after return has not been measured. Purpose/Hypothesis: To identify player characteristics that may predispose to PM tears and to determine the impact of this injury on return to play and performance. We hypothesized that there would be no difference in performance between the year before and after their injury. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: NFL players who experienced PM tears between the years 2010 and 2018 were identified using publicly available reports. Several individual player characteristics were identified and recorded, and the return-to-play rates after injury were determined for each position. The pre- and postinjury Pro Football Focus grades of players who met inclusion criteria were compared. A paired t test analysis of the change in player performance was used for analysis. Results: In this study, 63 ruptures were identified between 2010 and 2018. Linebackers had the highest incidence of PM tear compared with any other position. Of all injuries, 79.3% were sustained by defensive players. The majority of PM tears occurred during games. Only 6.9% of players who sustained the injury were suspended for performance-enhancing drug use during their professional career. A total of 85.7% of players returned to play in the NFL after injury. Among those who returned to play there were no significant changes in player performance from pre- to post-injury. Conclusion: NFL players demonstrated 85.7% return-to-play rates and no significant drop-off in performance after PM ruptures. During the time period studied, there was an increase in incidence of PM ruptures compared with the previous decade. Further investigation is needed to determine potential causes for the increased incidence of PM ruptures in NFL players.