bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Movement Means Changing Politics
Authors: Woodly Deva R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 reports on the political impacts of the movement thus far, including the way it has reshaped public discourse and political meanings, transformed public opinion, and influenced public policy. This chapter contains extensive empirical data, including records of public opinion change over time, maps of where progressive prosecutors have been elected across the United States, lists of policies aimed at “defunding the police” or what abolitionist call nonreformist reforms, which emphasize divesting from police and prisons and investing in social support, policies that are under consideration or have been adopted by state and municipal legislatures.
Latin America as a Multistate Region
Authors: Roniger Luis 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses ongoing debates about the conceptual constructs used to approach Latin America. While recognizing it as a region of multiple nation-states, each with its own unique historical and political backgrounds, this opening chapter stresses the relevance of considering the entwined histories and transnational connections of the region. The process of state construction left a legacy of cross-border networks and a protracted involvement in the affairs of neighboring states. With porous borders and a series of diasporas, migrations, and relocations, all the while facing similar challenges of postcolonial development, Latin America experienced a profound spillover of people and ideas. Repeatedly, transnational dynamics operated within national contexts. Moreover, the region has long witnessed cross-border movements and struggles, prompting international agreements on issues of common concern, including human rights, working out regional mechanisms even before those principles reached a global scale. The chapter suggests that adding transnational analysis provides deeper understanding of the region’s political, cultural, and social dynamics.
The Politics of Exclusion
Authors: Roniger Luis 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on political exile, a mechanism of institutionalized exclusion of immense national and transnational impact across Latin America. It draws attention to the significance of forced territorial displacement as derived from the format of exclusionary citizenship and stresses the transnational implications of its recurrent presence and changing significance since early independent times and through the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Tracing the importance of exile in several respects—including its historical use, its role in the construction of transnational networks of solidarity and advocacy, and its contribution to the human rights discourse—the chapter suggests that the study of Latin American exile offers a unique perspective on processes of redefinition of collective identities and political visions. The study of exile also refocuses traditional readings of national histories on more regional, transnational, or even continental scales of analysis, as it is closely related to understanding the connection between state politics and struggles over citizenship that transcend the borders of individual nation-states.
The Crystallization and Erosion of Transnational Solidarity
Authors: Roniger Luis 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an interpretation of the regional “appeal” of the Pink Tide in Latin America and its more recent deceleration. It details the legitimation strategies of Hugo Chávez and Chavismo, the political project, movement, and regime led by Chávez, along with his regional allies and successors. The chapter suggests that in legitimizing that political project, Chávez addressed the expectations of wide sectors in the Americas, whose voice he claimed to express. By relying on long-existing visions of “Nuestramerican” (Our American) solidarity and providing material assistance to allies, he invigorated the sense of transnational connection for millions of people in the Americas. This layer of regime legitimacy also provided the basis for Chávez’s global realignment and served his foreign policy of defying the hegemony of the United States and its allies. The chapter reconstructs the rise and partial erosion of the encompassing narrative of transnational solidarity and its political implications for regional dynamics.
Diasporas, Transnational Ties, and Ethnic-Religious Minorities
Authors: Roniger Luis 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores situations affecting citizens whose ethnic or religious diaspora identities and transnational contacts have either gained them recognition or delegitimized their standing in the eyes of state authorities and sectors of public opinion. The analysis reviews the Jewish presence in the Americas before diving deeper into the case of Jewish Venezuelans, followed by presenting comparative observations on Jewish Cubans and on Muslims and Arabs living in the Triborder area where the jurisdictions of Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay meet. As Latin America has been primarily a continent of Christians, these case studies explore the meeting ground between the states’ geopolitics and cultural premises and their implications for those whose intersectional identities may open grounds for sectors challenging their legitimate standing as citizens.
Transnational Challenges and Twenty-First-Century Dilemmas
Authors: Roniger Luis 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses where the region stands in the early twenty-first century, as Latin American democracies exhibit a tug of war between executive policies and strong participatory trends, with countries joining multiple yet segmented intergovernmental organizations that have failed to reach institutional integration and express a voice in unison. These tensions have never been as poignant as in the current scenario, as the region faces transnational challenges and dilemmas, exacerbated by the health pandemic and economic contraction.
Food for All
Authors: Lele Uma , Agarwal Manmohan , Baldwin Brian C. , Goswami Sambuddha 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This book is a historical review of international food and agriculture since the founding of the international organizations following the Second World War, including the World Bank and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Food Programme (WFP) and into the 1970s, when CGIAR was established and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) was created to recycle petrodollars. The book concurrently focuses on the structural transformation of developing countries in Asia and Africa, with some making great strides in small farmer development and in achieving structural transformation of their economies. Some have also achieved Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG2, but most have not. Not only are some countries, particularly in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, lagging behind, but they face new challenges of climate change, competition from emerging countries, population pressure, urbanization, environmental decay, dietary transition, and now pandemics. Lagging developing countries need huge investments in human capital, and physical and institutional infrastructure, to take advantage of rapid change in technologies, but the role of international assistance in financial transfers has diminished. The COVID-19 pandemic has not only set many poorer countries back but starkly revealed the weaknesses of past strategies. Transformative changes are needed in developing countries with international cooperation to achieve better outcomes. Will the change in US leadership bring new opportunities for multilateral cooperation?
Biochemical and physiological data collection
Authors: Tomášek Oldřich , Cohen Alan A. , Fenollosa Erola , Mencuccini Maurizio , Munné-Bosch Sergi , Pelletier Fanie 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Physiological and biochemical traits hold great promise for demographic research as potential proxies (biomarkers) of various biotic and environmental variables that determine individual fitness and ultimately demographic rates. Integrating such biomarkers into demographic models can thus provide insights into drivers of population dynamics or increase predictive power of the models by refining estimation of vital rates. Biomarkers also represent promising means to characterise population structure and dynamics on much shorter time-scales compared to classical demographic approaches. Functional traits further emerge as direct targets of conservation efforts directed towards conserving functional diversity. Yet, biomarkers and functional traits remain underutilised in demography and population ecology, indicating that their benefits still await wider recognition. This chapter briefly reviews the most prominent physiological and biochemical traits (e.g. metabolic rates, hormones, oxidative stress markers, telomeres) that may be of interest in animal and plant demographic research, including the methods for collection, storage, and analysis, and the criteria to be met before the trait is validated as a biomarker. Hopefully, this effort will stimulate further integration of physiological and biochemical data into demographic framework.
Growth rings across the Tree of Life: demographic insights from biogenic time series data
Authors: Evans Margaret E. K. , Black Bryan A. , Falk Donald A. , Giebink Courtney L. , Schultz Emily L. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Biogenic time series data can be generated in a single sampling effort, offering an appealing alternative to the slow process of revisiting or recapturing individuals to measure demographic rates. Annual growth rings formed by trees and in the ear bones of fish (i.e. otoliths) are prime examples of such biogenic time series. They offer insight into not only the process of growth but also birth, death, movement, and evolution, sometimes at uniquely deep temporal and large spatial scales, well beyond 5–30 years of data collected in localised study areas. This chapter first reviews the fundamentals of how tree-ring and otolith time series data are developed and analysed (i.e. dendrochronology and sclerochronology), then surveys growth rings in other organisms, along with microstructural or microcompositional variation in growth rings, and other records of demographic processes. It highlights the answers to demographic questions revealed by these time series data, such as the influence of environmental (atmospheric or ocean) conditions, competition, and disturbances on demographic processes, and the genetic versus plastic basis of individual growth and traits that influence growth. Lastly, it considers how spatial networks of biogenic, annually resolved time series data can offer insights into the importance of macrosystem atmospheric and ocean dynamics on multispecies, trophic dynamics. The authors encourage demographers to integrate the complementary information contained in biogenic time series data into population models to better understand the drivers of vital rate variation and predict the impacts of global change.
Animal-borne technologies in wildlife research and conservation
Authors: Rafiq Kasim , Pitcher Benjamin J. , Cornelsen Kate , Hansen K. Whitney , King Andrew J. , Appleby Rob G. , Abrahms Briana , Jordan Neil R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The use of animal-borne devices in wildlife ecology and conservation has expanded in recent decades. Animal-borne devices allow a suite of data to be collected, including locational, acoustic, and video. They have revolutionized our ability to collect measurements from animals and the environments that they inhabit, as well as promote the conservation of many species in their natural habitats. However, the use of these devices can also carry animal welfare, ethical, and privacy implications, device costs can limit the deployment of sufficient units, and the complexity of suitable analytical methods can limit inferences made. This chapter covers these topics by discussing how animal-borne devices, and particularly tracking technologies, are currently used in wildlife conservation and ecology. In particular, we discuss how and why animal-borne devices have advanced the study of wildlife, review key animal-borne devices in use today, and discuss the challenges and limitations of their use, as well as future opportunities, by drawing upon real-world examples from research and conservation.
Agency in ensemble interaction and rehearsal communication
Authors: Mak Su Yin , Nishida Hiroko , Yokomori Daisuke 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Agency refers to the capacity to act and act upon, to initiate and carry out actions either for their own sakes or to influence and affect others. The concept is often invoked in music studies, but the nature and types of actions and agents are defined differently in various research frameworks. This study integrates sociocultural and metaphorical approaches to investigate the interactions between work and performer agencies in the verbal communication and gestural exchanges that take place during ensemble rehearsal. The chapter begins with an overview of current theories of musical agency and traces their implications for research on ensemble music-making. Next, using conversational segments drawn from two empirical case studies of professional string quartets as illustrations, the chapter considers agential roles and ascriptions that are not accounted for in current paradigms. In closing, the chapter explores the theoretical implications of the research outcome and proposes a new critical perspective.
Service and Due Notice of Proceedings
Authors: Law European 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the rules on the service of judicial documents for domestic and cross-border cases under the European Rules of Civil Procedure. Sections 1 and 2 of Part VI provide rules which are generally applicable, no matter whether the addressee is domiciled or residing in the forum State or abroad. Section 3 sets out special rules for cross-border cases and distinguishes between cases in which documents must be served on an addressee domiciled within the European Union and cases in which they reside outside the European Union. With respect to service of documents in a cross-border setting, it provides some rules that deviate from the ESR Regulation. Nevertheless, the ESR Regulation is intended to apply to the extent that this part does not provide rules of its own, particularly regarding its provisions on communication and organisational matters.
Thermochemistry
Authors: Oriakhi Christopher O. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Thermochemistry explores the basic principles of energy changes in chemical reactions. Calorimetry is described as a tool to measure the quantity of heat involved in a chemical or physical change. Quantitative overviews of enthalpy and the stoichiometry of thermochemical equations are provided, including the concepts of endothermic and exothermic reactions. Standard conditions are defined to allow comparison of enthalpies of reactions and determine how the enthalpy change for any reaction can be obtained. Hess"s Law, which allows the enthalpy change of any reaction to be calculated, is discussed with illustrative examples. A presentation of bond energies and bond dissociation enthalpies is offered along with the use of bond enthalpy to estimate heats of reactions.
Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
Authors: Oriakhi Christopher O. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Oxidation and Reduction Reactions deals with chemical reactions involving electron transfer. It begins with oxidation numbers and their applications in naming complex molecular or ionic compounds. Rules for assigning oxidation numbers and how to calculate the oxidation number of any atom in a compound or ion are described. Extensive coverage is given to oxidizing and reducing agents, including how to identify them in a given process. Half-cell reactions are defined. Balancing redox equations with the oxidation number method and the half-reaction method are emphasized. The chapter concludes with an overview of oxidation-reduction titration and calculations based on redox titration analysis.
Generative Semantics 2: The Heresy
Authors: Harris Randy Allen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines how Generative Semantics, which had emerged from Transformational Grammar as part natural extension of, and part challenge to, Noam Chomsky’s work, became a full-blown heretical divergence with Chomsky’s 1967 “Remarks on Nominalization” lectures, in which he took his theory in countervailing directions. Generative Semanticists had extended syntactic derivations deeper, diminished the lexicon, and enriched the scope of transformations. The lectures emphasized Surface Structure semantics, enriched the lexicon, and diminished the role of transformations. They were also dismissive of specific Generative Semantic innovations, especially those of George Lakoff. Lakoff attended the lectures. Sparks flew. Chomsky and his new proposals fared poorly across the linguistic landscape, where Generative Semantics rapidly took hold, but his own students, Ray Jackendoff at the fore, were inspired by the new direction (known variously as “Lexicalism,” “Extended Standard Theory,” and, contrapuntally to the heresy, “Interpretive Semantics”).
Twentieth Century Linguistics at Closing Time
Authors: Harris Randy Allen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter appraises the state of linguistics at the end of the twentieth century in the wake of the Generative/Interpretive Semantics episode. The period saw a huge upswing in Noam Chomsky’s influence with the dominance of his Government and Binding/Principles and Parameters model, but also the development of multiple other competing and intersecting formal models, all of which did away with Chomsky’s totemic concept, the transformation: Relational Grammar (RG), Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG), Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar (GPSG), and so many more that Frederick Newmeyer tagged the lot of them Alphabet Grammars (AGs). Alongside these frameworks came George Lakoff’s most far-reaching and influential development, with philosopher, Mark Johnson, “Conceptual Metaphor Theory” (a label the author rejects).
Giant Congenital Melanocytic Nevus in a Pediatric Patient: Case Report
Authors: Merchan-Cadavid Santiago , Ferro-Morales Andres , Solano-Gutierrez Eduardo , Casallas-Sanchez Alexander , Redondo-Perez Elan D. , Ramírez-Castro Andrea , Lievano-Gutierrez Juan P. 
Published: November 2021

Summary:
The giant congenital melanocytic nevus is a rare entity with an extremely low incidence that appears at the time of birth and generally involves the dermis but may also affect other skin layers. According to its clinical evolution, the probability of malignancy may vary, so proper follow-up is essential for potential management. There is no consensus in the literature about the greater benefit of surgical versus nonsurgical management. In this case report, we present the surgical management of a school-aged patient using dermal substitutes and skin grafts, subjectively obtaining an improvement in his quality of life.
Referral Patterns of Central Retinal Artery Occlusion to an Academic Center Affiliated With a Stroke Center
Authors: Flowers Alexis M. , Chan Wesley , Meyer Benjamin I. , Bruce Beau B. , Newman Nancy J. , Biousse Valérie 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is a medical emergency, and patients who present acutely should be immediately referred to the nearest stroke center. We evaluated practice patterns for CRAO management at one academic center over the last decade.

Methods:
This was a retrospective study on all adult patients diagnosed with a CRAO seen at one tertiary hospital and outpatient clinic affiliated with a comprehensive stroke center (“our institution”) from 2010 to 2020. Our electronic medical records were searched for CRAO diagnoses, and patient medical records were reviewed. The exclusion criteria were incorrect diagnosis, unclear diagnosis, historical CRAO, or satellite clinic location. Demographics, distance and time to presentation to our institution, number and type of prior providers seen, diagnostic tests performed, and treatments provided were collected. Summary statistics of median, mean, and frequency were calculated and reported with measures of variance (interquartile range [IQR], ranges). F, Tukey, and Fisher exact tests were used for comparisons.

Results:
We included 181 patients with a diagnosis of CRAO (80 [44.2%] women; median age 69 years [range 20–101]). The median distance from patient's home to our institution was 27.8 miles (IQR 15.5–57.4; range 2.4–930). The median time from visual loss to presentation at our institution was 144 hours (IQR 23–442 hours, range 0.5–2,920) from 2010 to 2013, 72 hours (IQR 10.5–372 hours, range 0–13,140) from 2014 to 2016, and 48 hours (IQR 7–180 hours, range 0–8,030) from 2017 to 2020 (P = 0.07). 91/181 (50%) patients presented to an outpatient provider. 73/181 (40%) presented to an emergency department. Eighty-six percent presented within 1 week of visual loss onset, and rates of comprehensive inpatient evaluation for acute CRAO improved from 44% in 2010–2013 to 82% in 2017–2020 (P < 0.01).

Conclusions:
Patients with CRAO often present late and only after evaluation by multiple outpatient providers. Improvement has occurred over the past decade, but delays underscore the barriers to performing clinical trials evaluating very acute treatments for CRAO. Educational interventions for healthcare providers and patients are necessary.
Excess dietary sugar impairs colonic epithelial regeneration in response to damage
Authors: Burr Ansen H.P. , Ji Junyi , Ozler Kadir , Eskiocak Onur , Yueh Brian , Menk Ashley V. , Costa Ana S.H. , Rittenhouse Natalie , Marshall Chris W. , Chiaranunt Pailin , Mullinax Lauren , Overacre-Delgoffe Abigail , Cooper Vaughn S. , Poholek Amanda C. , Delgoffe Greg M. , Beyaz Semir , Hand Timothy W. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe colonic epithelium requires continuous renewal by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) to restore the barrier after damage and proliferation of epithelial cells is modulated by dietary metabolites. We demonstrate that mice fed a high sugar diet failed to repair colonic barrier damage, resulting in increased intestinal pathology. Culturing ISCs in excess sugar limited murine and human colonoid development, indicating that dietary sugar can directly affect colonic epithelial proliferation. Similarly, in vivo lineage tracing experiments and transcriptomic analysis indicated that dietary sugar impeded the proliferative potential of ISCs. ISCs and their immediate daughter cells predominantly rely on mitochondrial respiration for energy; however, metabolic analysis of colonic crypts revealed that a high sugar diet primed the epithelium for glycolysis without a commensurate increase in aerobic respiration. Colonoids cultured in high-glucose conditions accumulated glycolytic metabolites but not TCA cycle intermediates, indicating that the two metabolic pathways may not be coupled in proliferating intestinal epithelium. Accordingly, biochemically inducing pyruvate flux through the TCA cycle by inhibiting pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase rescued sugar-impaired colonoid development. Our results indicate that excess dietary sugar can directly inhibit epithelial proliferation in response to damage and may inform diets that better support the treatment of acute intestinal injury.