bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oceanic Plateau and Subduction Zone Jump: Two‐Dimensional Thermo‐Mechanical Modeling
Authors: Yan Zhiyong , Chen Lin , Xiong Xiong , Wan Bo , Xu Houze 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOceanic plateaus are characterized by overthickened crust and rheologically strong and chemically depleted mantle root with respect to normal oceanic lithosphere. The buoyant nature makes them have a great potential to resist subduction and initiate a new subduction zone behind the plateaus, yet the geodynamic process remains enigmatic. Here, we use 2D thermo‐mechanical modeling method to investigate the role of an oceanic plateau in subduction zone reorganization. We systematically examine the rheological strength and compositional density of oceanic plateau mantle and the size of oceanic plateau. Three distinct subduction styles are observed: (a) steep subduction without subduction zone reorganization, favored by a small‐sized (≤150 km) or lowly depleted oceanic plateau; (b) breakoff of subducting slab followed by flat‐slab subduction, which is conditional on a moderate‐sized (≥300 km) oceanic plateau with high degree depletion but relatively low strength; and (c) initiation of a new subduction zone behind the plateau (subduction zone jump), facilitated by a moderate‐sized oceanic plateau with a strongly depleted mantle root. The geodynamic results demonstrate that the overriding lithosphere undergoes a tectonic force switch from compression to tension in ∼5 Myr as the subduction zone is reorganized. This can be reflected in the crustal deformation of the overriding plate and used as an indicator to identify past subduction zone jumps. The spatial relationship predicted by the subduction zone jump models explains the Jurassic closure event of the accretion on southern Qiangtang at ∼175 Ma and the intraoceanic infant arc magmatism in the Meso‐Tethys at ∼165 Ma.
Shallow Magma Storage Beneath Mt. Etna: Evidence From New Attenuation Tomography and Existing Velocity Models
Authors: Castro‐Melgar I. , Prudencio J. , Del Pezzo E. , Giampiccolo E. , Ibáñez J. M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe present a new three‐dimensional (3D) image of attenuation beneath Mt. Etna volcano based on the coda normalization method. Mt. Etna is an ideal natural laboratory for the application of new or unconventional tomography techniques owing to high levels of seismicity spanning a wide range of epicentral distances and depths. We retrieved seismic waveforms from the database generated in the 2014 TOMO‐ETNA seismic experiment and performed a joint interpretation of tomographic and geophysical inversion models to better constrain interpretations of the volcanic structure. We compared the attenuation tomography results with seismic inversion models (two P wave seismic models and a 3D coda wave seismic attenuation model) and the literature to highlight and interpret structural elements and their impact on the volcano dynamics. We created a new image of the inner structure of Mt. Etna that will help to constrain present and future volcanic behavior. In particular, we focused on magma storage below the summit area and identified a large high‐attenuation volume that is characterized by physical properties compatible with the presence of magma and other fluids. The existence of such a large volume of magma in the shallow crust below Mt. Etna has implications for the eruptive potential of the volcano.
Synoptic‐Scale Circulation Precursors of Extreme Precipitation Events Over Southwest China During the Rainy Season
Authors: Nie Yanbo , Sun Jianqi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis study analyzes the synoptic‐scale circulation patterns favorable for regional extreme precipitation events over southwest China (SWC) from 1979 to 2018 occurring during the rainy seasons. The whole SWC is regionalized into two subregions, western SWC and eastern SWC, according to the spatial distribution of two extreme precipitation indices. Furthermore, the atmospheric patterns associated with the independent regional extreme precipitation events (REPEs) that occurred over the two subregions are categorized into two types using k‐means clustering. For type 1, a Rossby wave train originating from the Northeast Atlantic almost a week before REPEs leads to an anomalous low over the eastern Tibetan Plateau (TP), inducing upper‐troposphere divergence and ascending motion over SWC. Moreover, anomalous convective activities over India and the Bay of Bengal (the enhanced and westward‐extended western Pacific subtropical high) are critical precursors of REPEs over western (eastern) SWC. For type 2, an anomalous high is developed over the Ural Mountains at least a week prior to REPEs. The subsequent anomalous low over Lake Baikal and eastward‐shifted South Asian high are conducive to forming updrafts over SWC. An anomalous anticyclone at the middle‐to‐lower troposphere south of the TP is the main moisture contributor. Discrepancies in the zonal location of the Lake Baikal low and the strength of the Ural Mountain high, as well as the intensity of atmospheric circulation anomalies at low latitudes, are the major differences between the type 2 events occurring in western and eastern SWC.
Stratigraphic Relationships in Jezero Crater, Mars: Constraints on the Timing of Fluvial‐Lacustrine Activity From Orbital Observations
Authors: Holm‐Alwmark S. , Kinch K. M. , Hansen M. D. , Shahrzad S. , Svennevig K. , Abbey W. J. , Anderson R. B. , Calef F. J. , Gupta S. , Hauber E. , Horgan B. H. N. , Kah L. C. , Knade J. , Miklusicak N. B. , Stack K. M. , Sun V. Z. , Tarnas J. D. , Quantin‐Nataf C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOn February 18, 2021 NASA's Perseverance rover landed in Jezero crater, located at the northwestern edge of the Isidis basin on Mars. The uppermost surface of the present‐day crater floor is dominated by a distinct geologic assemblage previously referred to as the dark‐toned floor. It consists of a smooth, dark‐toned unit overlying and variably covering light‐toned, roughly eroded deposits showing evidence of discrete layers. In this study, we investigated the stratigraphic relations between materials that comprise this assemblage, the main western delta deposit, as well as isolated mesas located east of the main delta body that potentially represent delta remnants. A more detailed classification and differentiation of crater floor units in Jezero and determination of their relative ages is vital for the understanding of the geologic evolution of the crater system, and determination of the potential timeline and environments of habitability. We have investigated unit contacts using topographic profiles and DEMs as well as the distribution of small craters and fractures on the youngest portions of the crater floor. Our results indicate that at least some of the deltaic deposition in Jezero postdates emplacement of the uppermost surface of the crater floor assemblage. The inferred age of the floor assemblage can therefore help to constrain the timing of the Jezero fluviolacustrine system, wherein at least some lake activity postdates the age of the uppermost crater floor. We present hypotheses that can be tested by Perseverance and can be used to advance our knowledge of the geologic evolution of the area.
Machine Learning Emulation of Gravity Wave Drag in Numerical Weather Forecasting
Authors: Chantry Matthew , Hatfield Sam , Dueben Peter , Polichtchouk Inna , Palmer Tim 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe assess the value of machine learning as an accelerator for the parameterization schemes of operational weather forecasting systems, specifically the parameterization of nonorographic gravity wave drag. Emulators of this scheme can be trained to produce stable and accurate results up to seasonal forecasting timescales. Generally, networks that are more complex produce emulators that are more accurate. By training on an increased complexity version of the existing parameterization scheme, we build emulators that produce more accurate forecasts. For medium range forecasting, we have found evidence that our emulators are more accurate than the version of the parametrization scheme that is used for operational predictions. Using the current operational CPU hardware, our emulators have a similar computational cost to the existing scheme, but are heavily limited by data movement. On GPU hardware, our emulators perform 10 times faster than the existing scheme on a CPU.
Low‐Angle Shear Within the Exposed Mânzălești Diapir, Romania: Salt Decapitation in the Eastern Carpathians Fold‐and‐Thrust Belt
Authors: Tămaș Dan M. , Tămaș Alexandra , Barabasch Jessica , Rowan Mark G. , Schleder Zsolt , Krézsek Csaba , Urai Janos L. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn salt‐detached fold‐and‐thrust belts, contractional modification of salt structures may include decapitation by thrusting, but examples are not well known in the subsurface and undocumented in outcrop. Here we present a surface exposure of an intrasalt, sub‐horizontal shear zone at the boundary between the Tarcău and Subcarpathian nappes in the Romanian Eastern Carpathians. The Mânzălești diapir forms the largest rock salt outcrop in Europe, with unique salt‐karst geomorphology. Numerous wells show that the outcrop is above deep‐seated salt of a precursor salt‐cored anticline or passive diapir whose base is at >3,500 m. Multiscale observations using UAV‐based digital outcrop models, fieldwork, and microstructure analysis show that the outcrop is characterized by sub‐horizontal foliation with isoclinal folds, unlike the subvertical fabric of most Romanian diapirs. The halite is rich in clastic inclusions, with a power‐law size distribution caused by tectonic reworking of originally impure salt. Microstructures show that the halite matrix is strongly deformed by dislocation creep, forming subgrains and dynamically recrystallized grains around large porphyroclasts with piezometry indicating relatively high differential stress of around 4 MPa, at pressures sufficient to suppress dilatancy. The observations are best explained by sub‐horizontal shear generated by an overriding nappe, overprinting an original coarse‐grained salt fabric during decapitation of the salt body.
Evaluation of accuracy and reliability of OneCeph digital cephalometric analysis in comparison with manual cephalometric analysis—a cross-sectional study
Authors: Mohan Akshay , Sivakumar Arvind , Nalabothu Prasad 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Introduction
Lateral cephalometric analysis continues to be one of the gold standard diagnostic aids in orthodontics, with various software available to enhance this.

Aim
This study was done to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of linear and angular measurements obtained from OneCeph digital cephalometric tracing and manual tracings in lateral cephalometry.

Methodology
This is a cross-sectional study done on twenty pre-treatment lateral cephalometric radiographs of subjects who reported to the postgraduate orthodontic clinic for orthodontic treatment over one month. Cephalometric tracings were done using OneCeph digital software and manual tracing method to evaluate nine parameters of Steiner’s cephalometric analysis. An Independent T-sample test was done between the mean values of manual and OneCeph tracing. Intra operator reliability was evaluated by paired T-test after a week.

Results
No significant statistical difference was observed as the p-value was greater than 0.05 for all the parameters in the two groups.

Conclusion
The reliability and accuracy of OneCeph software application was found to be at par with manual cephalometric tracing
Molecular and cellular basis of acid taste sensation in Drosophila
Authors: Mi Tingwei , Mack John O. , Lee Christopher M. , Zhang Yali V. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAcid taste, evoked mainly by protons (H+), is a core taste modality for many organisms. The hedonic valence of acid taste is bidirectional: animals prefer slightly but avoid highly acidic foods. However, how animals discriminate low from high acidity remains poorly understood. To explore the taste perception of acid, we use the fruit fly as a model organism. We find that flies employ two competing taste sensory pathways to detect low and high acidity, and the relative degree of activation of each determines either attractive or aversive responses. Moreover, we establish one member of the fly Otopetrin family, Otopetrin-like a (OtopLa), as a proton channel dedicated to the gustatory detection of acid. OtopLa defines a unique subset of gustatory receptor neurons and is selectively required for attractive rather than aversive taste responses. Loss of otopla causes flies to reject normally attractive low-acid foods. Therefore, the identification of OtopLa as a low-acid sensor firmly supports our competition model of acid taste sensation. Altogether, we have discovered a binary acid-sensing mechanism that may be evolutionarily conserved between insects and mammals.
A single cell characterisation of human embryogenesis identifies pluripotency transitions and putative anterior hypoblast centre
Authors: Molè Matteo A. , Coorens Tim H. H. , Shahbazi Marta N. , Weberling Antonia , Weatherbee Bailey A. T. , Gantner Carlos W. , Sancho-Serra Carmen , Richardson Lucy , Drinkwater Abbie , Syed Najma , Engley Stephanie , Snell Philip , Christie Leila , Elder Kay , Campbell Alison , Fishel Simon , Behjati Sam , Vento-Tormo Roser , Zernicka-Goetz Magdalena 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFollowing implantation, the human embryo undergoes major morphogenetic transformations that establish the future body plan. While the molecular events underpinning this process are established in mice, they remain unknown in humans. Here we characterise key events of human embryo morphogenesis, in the period between implantation and gastrulation, using single-cell analyses and functional studies. First, the embryonic epiblast cells transition through different pluripotent states and act as a source of FGF signals that ensure proliferation of both embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues. In a subset of embryos, we identify a group of asymmetrically positioned extra-embryonic hypoblast cells expressing inhibitors of BMP, NODAL and WNT signalling pathways. We suggest that this group of cells can act as the anterior singalling centre to pattern the epiblast. These results provide insights into pluripotency state transitions, the role of FGF signalling and the specification of anterior-posterior axis during human embryo development.
Impacts of detritivore diversity loss on instream decomposition are greatest in the tropics
Authors: Boyero Luz , López-Rojo Naiara , Tonin Alan M. , Pérez Javier , Correa-Araneda Francisco , Pearson Richard G. , Bosch Jaime , Albariño Ricardo J. , Anbalagan Sankarappan , Barmuta Leon A. , Basaguren Ana , Burdon Francis J. , Caliman Adriano , Callisto Marcos , Calor Adolfo R. , Campbell Ian C. , Cardinale Bradley J. , Jesús Casas J. , Chará-Serna Ana M. , Chauvet Eric , Ciapała Szymon , Colón-Gaud Checo , Cornejo Aydeé , Davis Aaron M. , Degebrodt Monika , Dias Emerson S. , Díaz María E. , Douglas Michael M. , Encalada Andrea C. , Figueroa Ricardo , Flecker Alexander S. , Fleituch Tadeusz , García Erica A. , García Gabriela , García Pavel E. , Gessner Mark O. , Gómez Jesús E. , Gómez Sergio , Gonçalves Jose F. , Graça Manuel A. S. , Gwinn Daniel C. , Hall Robert O. , Hamada Neusa , Hui Cang , Imazawa Daichi , Iwata Tomoya , Kariuki Samuel K. , Landeira-Dabarca Andrea , Laymon Kelsey , Leal María , Marchant Richard , Martins Renato T. , Masese Frank O. , Maul Megan , McKie Brendan G. , Medeiros Adriana O. , Erimba Charles M. M’ , Middleton Jen A. , Monroy Silvia , Muotka Timo , Negishi Junjiro N. , Ramírez Alonso , Richardson John S. , Rincón José , Rubio-Ríos Juan , dos Santos Gisele M. , Sarremejane Romain , Sheldon Fran , Sitati Augustine , Tenkiano Nathalie S. D. , Tiegs Scott D. , Tolod Janine R. , Venarsky Michael , Watson Anne , Yule Catherine M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe relationship between detritivore diversity and decomposition can provide information on how biogeochemical cycles are affected by ongoing rates of extinction, but such evidence has come mostly from local studies and microcosm experiments. We conducted a globally distributed experiment (38 streams across 23 countries in 6 continents) using standardised methods to test the hypothesis that detritivore diversity enhances litter decomposition in streams, to establish the role of other characteristics of detritivore assemblages (abundance, biomass and body size), and to determine how patterns vary across realms, biomes and climates. We observed a positive relationship between diversity and decomposition, strongest in tropical areas, and a key role of abundance and biomass at higher latitudes. Our results suggest that litter decomposition might be altered by detritivore extinctions, particularly in tropical areas, where detritivore diversity is already relatively low and some environmental stressors particularly prevalent.
Rapid custom prototyping of soft poroelastic biosensor for simultaneous epicardial recording and imaging
Authors: Kim Bongjoong , Soepriatna Arvin H. , Park Woohyun , Moon Haesoo , Cox Abigail , Zhao Jianchao , Gupta Nevin S. , Park Chi Hoon , Kim Kyunghun , Jeon Yale , Jang Hanmin , Kim Dong Rip , Lee Hyowon , Lee Kwan-Soo , Goergen Craig J. , Lee Chi Hwan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe growing need for the implementation of stretchable biosensors in the body has driven rapid prototyping schemes through the direct ink writing of multidimensional functional architectures. Recent approaches employ biocompatible inks that are dispensable through an automated nozzle injection system. However, their application in medical practices remains challenged in reliable recording due to their viscoelastic nature that yields mechanical and electrical hysteresis under periodic large strains. Herein, we report sponge-like poroelastic silicone composites adaptable for high-precision direct writing of custom-designed stretchable biosensors, which are soft and insensitive to strains. Their unique structural properties yield a robust coupling to living tissues, enabling high-fidelity recording of spatiotemporal electrophysiological activity and real-time ultrasound imaging for visual feedback. In vivo evaluations of custom-fit biosensors in a murine acute myocardial infarction model demonstrate a potential clinical utility in the simultaneous intraoperative recording and imaging on the epicardium, which may guide definitive surgical treatments.
Mesoscale structure development reveals when a silkworm silk is spun
Authors: Wan Quan , Yang Mei , Hu Jiaqi , Lei Fang , Shuai Yajun , Wang Jie , Holland Chris , Rodenburg Cornelia , Yang Mingying 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSilk fibre mechanical properties are attributed to the development of a multi-scale hierarchical structure during spinning. By careful ex vivo processing of a B. mori silkworm silk solution we arrest the spinning process, freezing-in mesoscale structures corresponding to three distinctive structure development stages; gelation, fibrilization and the consolidation phase identified in this work, a process highlighted by the emergence and extinction of ‘water pockets’. These transient water pockets are a manifestation of the interplay between protein dehydration, phase separation and nanofibril assembly, with their removal due to nanofibril coalescence during consolidation. We modeled and validated how post-draw improves mechanical properties and refines a silk’s hierarchical structure as a result of consolidation. These insights enable a better understanding of the sequence of events that occur during spinning, ultimately leading us to propose a robust definition of when a silkworm silk is actually ‘spun’.
BRN2 is a non-canonical melanoma tumor-suppressor
Authors: Hamm Michael , Sohier Pierre , Petit Valérie , Raymond Jérémy H. , Delmas Véronique , Le Coz Madeleine , Gesbert Franck , Kenny Colin , Aktary Zackie , Pouteaux Marie , Rambow Florian , Sarasin Alain , Charoenchon Nisamanee , Bellacosa Alfonso , Sanchez-del-Campo Luis , Mosteo Laura , Lauss Martin , Meijer Dies , Steingrimsson Eirikur , Jönsson Göran B. , Cornell Robert A. , Davidson Irwin , Goding Colin R. , Larue Lionel 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWhile the major drivers of melanoma initiation, including activation of NRAS/BRAF and loss of PTEN or CDKN2A, have been identified, the role of key transcription factors that impose altered transcriptional states in response to deregulated signaling is not well understood. The POU domain transcription factor BRN2 is a key regulator of melanoma invasion, yet its role in melanoma initiation remains unknown. Here, in a BrafV600EPtenF/+ context, we show that BRN2 haplo-insufficiency promotes melanoma initiation and metastasis. However, metastatic colonization is less efficient in the absence of Brn2. Mechanistically, BRN2 directly induces PTEN expression and in consequence represses PI3K signaling. Moreover, MITF, a BRN2 target, represses PTEN transcription. Collectively, our results suggest that on a PTEN heterozygous background somatic deletion of one BRN2 allele and temporal regulation of the other allele elicits melanoma initiation and progression.
An anchoring complex recruits katanin for microtubule severing at the plant cortical nucleation sites
Authors: Yagi Noriyoshi , Kato Takehide , Matsunaga Sachihiro , Ehrhardt David W. , Nakamura Masayoshi , Hashimoto Takashi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMicrotubules are severed by katanin at distinct cellular locations to facilitate reorientation or amplification of dynamic microtubule arrays, but katanin targeting mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we show that a centrosomal microtubule-anchoring complex is used to recruit katanin in acentrosomal plant cells. The conserved protein complex of Msd1 (also known as SSX2IP) and Wdr8 is localized at microtubule nucleation sites along the microtubule lattice in interphase Arabidopsis cells. Katanin is recruited to these sites for efficient release of newly formed daughter microtubules. Our cell biological and genetic studies demonstrate that Msd1-Wdr8 acts as a specific katanin recruitment factor to cortical nucleation sites (but not to microtubule crossover sites) and stabilizes the association of daughter microtubule minus ends to their nucleation sites until they become severed by katanin. Molecular coupling of sequential anchoring and severing events by the evolutionarily conserved complex renders microtubule release under tight control of katanin activity.
Vpr counteracts the restriction of LAPTM5 to promote HIV-1 infection in macrophages
Authors: Zhao Li , Wang Shumei , Xu Meng , He Yang , Zhang Xiaowei , Xiong Ying , Sun Hong , Ding Haibo , Geng Wenqing , Shang Hong , Liang Guoxin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe HIV-1 accessory proteins Vif, Vpu, and Nef can promote infection by overcoming the inhibitory effects of the host cell restriction factors APOBEC3G, Tetherin, and SERINC5, respectively. However, how the HIV-1 accessory protein Vpr enhances infection in macrophages but not in CD4+ T cells remains elusive. Here, we report that Vpr counteracts lysosomal-associated transmembrane protein 5 (LAPTM5), a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 particle infectivity, to enhance HIV-1 infection in macrophages. LAPTM5 transports HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins to lysosomes for degradation, thereby inhibiting virion infectivity. Vpr counteracts the restrictive effects of LAPTM5 by triggering its degradation via DCAF1. In the absence of Vpr, the silencing of LAPTM5 precisely phenocopied the effect of Vpr on HIV-1 infection. In contrast, Vpr did not enhance HIV-1 infection in the absence of LAPTM5. Moreover, LAPTM5 was highly expressed in macrophages but not in CD4+ T lymphocytes. Re-expressing LAPTM5 reconstituted the Vpr-dependent promotion of HIV-1 infection in primary CD4+ T cells, as observed in macrophages. Herein, we demonstrate the molecular mechanism used by Vpr to overcome LAPTM5 restriction in macrophages, providing a potential strategy for anti-HIV/AIDS therapeutics.