bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cara y cuerpo del horror: representaciones de Ingrid Olderock
Authors: Llanos Bernardita 
Published: January 2021

En el imaginario chileno Ingrid Olderock se construye como un monstruo ligado al poder dentro de la institución de Carabineros y luego a los organismos de la represión de la dictadura de Pinochet. Olderock representa un extremo emblemático donde se imbrican distintos discursos sobre la violencia y la locura y que la figura de la camiona condensa en tanto personaje abyecto. Lo horroroso no vincula solo con la mujer sino con la sexualidad no normativa de la despiadada torturadora.
Olderock aparece en la obra teatral La mujer de los perros (2017) de Eduardo Vega donde la locura, la falta de feminidad, y el deseo de dominar y hacer sufrir son su marca. El cuerpo femenino abyecto se asocia significativamente a su brutalidad despiadada y a la ausencia de justicia. Por otra parte, en la obra de teatro de Irán 3730 (2019) de Patricia Artés, Olderock no aparece en escena a pesar de ser la encargada principal de la casa de tortura La Venda Sexy en cuyo inmueble se desarrolla la acción dramática del presente. Estas dos miradas frente al pasado y de Olderock se sustentan en visiones distintas sobre el legado dictatorial. La de Artés tiene una perspectiva de género que permite una mayor comprensión de la historia y el rol de las mujeres militantes en el pasado. Su impacto en el presente, desplaza a la torturadora, y realza el activismo feminista y la lucha política de las ex militantes por el reconocimiento y la justicia.
Las frazadas en la memoria de la dictadura chilena: el caso de Jorge Montealegre
Authors: Scarabelli Laura 
Published: January 2021

Como bien señala Pía Montalva (2013), las frazadas son los artefactos que mejor figuran la prisión política y sus ambigüedades: por un lado, encarnan las funciones básicas de la tecnología del poder en dictadura: quitan el habla y la vista, inmovilizan el cuerpo, borran la individualidad del rostro y del semblante, aíslan los individuos de su entorno, por otro contribuyen a restituir cierta normalidad en una situación excepcional como la del encierro y permiten aceptar la incerteza de la detención.
En el testimonio de Jorge Montealegre (2003) sobre su estada forzada en el Estadio Nacional, escrito a treinta años del golpe militar, la frazada es un símbolo central, imagen matricial que acompaña la poderosa figuración de la experiencia en el lugar de cautiverio.
La presente investigación analizará la dinamización de la imagen de la frazada, a través de tres variaciones: 1. La frazada como expresión de la violencia 2. La frazada como estímulo imaginativo 3. La frazada como resto.
El desarrollo rural a partir de la gobernanza territorial en tiempos del coronavirus (Ocón, La Rioja, España) / / / \ \ \ Rural development from the territorial governance in times of the coronavirus (Ocón, La Rioja, Spain)
Authors: Llorente-Adán José Ángel , Ruíz-Tricio José Félix 
Published: January 2021

Resumen: Con una tendencia demográfica descendente y una pérdida de servicios y de ofertas de consumo durante la segunda mitad del s XX, los pueblos de Ocón (La Rioja) presentaban las mismas características que la mayor parte de zonas rurales del interior peninsular. Durante las dos últimas décadas, Ocón ha conseguido revertir esta situación, con un desarrollo local muy activo y dinámico, como se ha dejado ver en la diversificación de su economía, en la revitalización de sus núcleos de población a través de la ejecución de multitud de proyectos e infraestructuras y en una mayor oferta de servicios, que poco a poco van cubriendo las demandas de la población. Demográficamente, presenta un elevado índice de envejecimiento y ha conseguido estabilizarse. La actual situación de crisis sanitaria vivida por el coronavirus ha hecho plantearse los modos y formas de vida de la población en general y al parecer se comienza a valorar mejor la calidad de vida que ofrecen los pueblos. De cómo se afronte esta situación depende que pueblos pequeños como Ocón pueden salir fortalecidos con una serie de líneas estratégicas que permitan una mejor conexión a Internet y afianzar un progreso sostenible.

Palabras clave: Desarrollo local, ordenación territorial, reto demográfico, virus COVID-19, sostenibilidad.

Abstract: This paper studies the declining demographic tendency and a loss of services and consumption offers during the second half of the XX century, the villages of Ocón (La Rioja, Spain) presented the same characteristics as most of the rural areas of the interior of the peninsula. Over the past two decades, Ocón has managed to reverse this situation, with a very active and dynamic local development, as it can been seen in the diversification of its economy, in the revitalization of its population centers through the execution of a multitude of projects and infrastructures and in a greater offer of services, which little by little are meeting the population’s demands. Demographically, it has a high aging index which has managed to stabilize. The current situation of health crisis caused by the coronavirus has made consider the ways of life of the population in general and it seems that a better appreciation of the quality of life offered by the villages is taking place. Depending on how this situation was dealt with, small towns like Ocón can emerge stronger if a series of strategy lines are carried out to consolidate a sustainable progress, solving the lack of the most urgent services such as the slow Internet connection, a key in the current development of society and teleworking.

Key words: Local development, land-use planning, demographic challenge, virus (COVID-19), sustainability.
Composición, funcionamiento y desafíos de la cadena de valor de la leche de vaca en Gonzanamá, Sur de Ecuador / / / \ \ \ Composition, operation, and challenges of the value chain of cow’s milk in Gonzanma, southern Ecuador
Authors: Ramón Jaramillo Lizeth Natali , Santiago Cruz María de Jesús , Bueno Aguilar Graciela Margarita 
Published: January 2021

Resumen: La alta dependencia de los habitantes rurales de los ingresos provenientes de la venta de productos agrícolas, la heterogeneidad de los procesos productivos y la asignación permanente de recursos públicos y privados al sector primario han fortalecido las cadenas de valor. En este contexto, el objetivo principal de este artículo es identificar la composición, funcionamiento y desafíos de los agentes económicos en el proceso productivo generador de valor de la leche de vaca en el cantón Gonzanamá. Para ello, se aplicó y procesó información de 101 productores de leche y dos microempresarios, complementada con información secundaria derivada de instituciones gubernamentales y ONG. Se obtuvo una cadena de valor de la leche de vaca con seis encadenamientos productivos con su segmentación, características y desafíos. Se concluyó que la cadena agroalimentaria local y rural del cantón Gonzanamá se caracteriza por tener pequeños agricultores con sistemas de producción tradicionales y temporales, informalidad en el acopio de materias primas y productos transformados. microempresas con escasa materia prima, infraestructura, talento humano y oferta de productos poco diferenciados para el mercado de consumo. Los agentes indirectos sólo regulan la actividad agrícola y sus procesos de generación de valor.

Palabras clave: Cadena agroalimentaria, Leche, Bovino, Productos lácteos.

Abstract: The high dependence of rural inhabitants on income from the sale of agricultural products, the heterogeneity of production processes, and the permanent allocation of public and private resources to the primary sector have strengthened value chains. In this context, the article's main objective is to identify the composition, functioning, and challenges of economic agents in the production process that generates value for cow's milk in Gonzanamá canton. For that, information from 101 milk producers and two micro-entrepreneurs was applied and processed, supplemented with secondary information derived from government institutions and NGOs. We obtained a cow's milk value chain with six productive chains with their segmentation, features, and challenges. We concluded that Gonzanama's rural and local agri-food chain characterize by small farmers with traditional and temporary production systems, informality in the collection of raw materials, and transformed products. Micro-enterprises with scarce human talent, raw materials, infrastructure, and little differentiated products for the consumer market. Indirect agents only regulate agricultural activity and its value generation processes.

Key words: Agri-food chain, Milk, Cattle, Dairy products.
Reseña. Desarrollo, disputas socio-territoriales y violencia en México
Authors: Romero Santos Rosita Deny , Guadalupe Martín Juan José , Gutiérrez Ramírez Adriana , Uribe Cortez Jaime 
Published: January 2021

Resumen. Esta reseña establece una descripción especializada de los aspectos más importantes del volumen que aquí se presenta, que se refiere a las diferentes aristas en que se puede analizar el fenómeno de la violencia en México, y las mismas disputas socio-territoriales, vinculadas a la idea de desarrollo regional. En este sentido, es que se hace una relación pormenorizada de los aspectos más escenciales de los apartados con sus capítulos a modo de tener un panorama general del volumen.

Palabras clave. Región, evolución, sociedad, comunidad, población.
Reseña. Dinámicas de Urbanización en ciudades medias interiores. ¿Hacia un urbanismo más urbano?
Authors: Tomé Fernández Sergio 
Published: January 2021

Resumen: La obra “Dinámicas de Urbanización en ciudades medias interiores” analiza la evolución de los núcleos de categoría intermedia situados fuera de las regiones litorales, en lo que va de siglo, tratando de darles sentido en el contexto de sus relaciones territoriales, y valora el efecto que han tenido en ellas los procesos de difusión espacial.

Palabras clave: Territorio, Geografía Urbana, Análisis Regional, Red Urbana, Ciudad Difusa.
Reseña. Gentrificación. Capitalismo cool, turismo y control del espacio urbano
Authors: Benimeli Navarro Eugènia 
Published: January 2021

Resumen: Gentrificación. En las últimas décadas, muchos de nosotros habremos oído hablar sobre la gentrificación de nuestros barrios y ciudades. Pero, ¿sabemos realmente qué es y cómo funciona? En ocasiones, tal vez demasiadas, el término de gentrificación se ha querido entender como un proceso en el que barrios prácticamente abandonados a su suerte son regenerados o revitalizados. Qué hay detrás de todo este proceso es en parte lo que nos presenta el autor de este libro, utilizando conceptos relacionados con la gentrificación como la turistificación, la industria cultural y la creatividad, políticas neoliberales, negocio inmobiliario, etc.

Palabras clave: gentrificación, estructura social, espacio urbano, ciudades, población, capitalismo, turismo, territorio, políticas territoriales.
Reseña. El poder de lo próximo: las virtudes del municipalismo
Authors: García-Mayoral Frauca Álvaro 
Published: January 2021

Resumen: La obra del profesor Subirats realiza un amplio recorrido por el pasado, presente y futuro del municipalismo. Se trata de ofrecer una serie de reflexiones acerca de las problemáticas propias de las sociedades industriales y cómo han de resolverse en clave local. En un escenario de globalización, la lógica estado-mercado queda obsoleta y ciertos problemas deben ser abordados desde un enfoque municipal. Objeto de reflexión es de qué manera serán integradas en el terreno de lo local los elementos tecnológicos propios del siglo XXI. En definitiva, el libro ofrece un espacio de reflexión acerca de la convivencia dentro de los municipios y ciudades.

Palabras clave: municipalismo, local, urbanismo, cooperación.
Terminalia arjuna Leaf Gall: The Possible Treatment for Sickle Cell Anaemia
Authors: Singh Ankita , Lodha Payal , Sharma Archna 
Published: January 2021

Objective: To check the presence of various secondary metabolites produced in the plant under study Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight and Arn. post insect attack and gall formation.
Study Design: Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight and Arn, a well known plant involved in treating heart ailments in the Ayurvedic system of medicine for centuries. The plant’s astringent bark exhibits cardioprotective properties and is commonly used in the treatment of hypertension, angina and coronary artery disease. T. arjuna plant suffers from gall development in its leaves due to the attack of an hemipteran insect Trioza fletcheri minor. Insect attack acts as a stress stimulus for the plant to produce various bio-active compounds as a part of their defence mechanism. The present study was intended for the identification of various compounds present in the crude extract obtained from the healthy and galled leaves of Terminalia arjuna.
Place and Duration of Study: Experiments performed in the Plant pathology and tissue culture laboratory, Department of Botany University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, between April 2018 to March 2019.
Methodology: Various methods are employed for the identification of possible bio-active compounds present in the plant crude extract, GC-MS (Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectroscopy) is one such method. To check the presence of phytochemicals produced post insect attack and infection in T. arjuna normal and galled leaves, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) of the methanolic extract was conducted. The normal healthy leaves and the galled leaves were collected, shade dried, pulverized and then soxhlet extracted for GC-MS analysis.
Results: GC-MS analysis of methanolic extract of Terminalia arjuna leaves and galls confess the presence of 57 compounds in the gall extract while 21 compounds in normal (uninfected) leaf extract. The gall extract revealed the presence of various novel and medicinally important bio-active compounds, one of them was 5-Hydroxy Methyl Furfural (5-HMF).
Conclusion: 5-HMF, an aromatic aldehyde is an economically important chemical compound and well-known for its wide application in various fields. It is an efficient anti-sickling agent and has undergone pre-clinical testing as a potential treatment for the fatal sickle cell disease. Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of various bio-active compounds both in leaf and gall methanolic extract of Terminalia arjuna, thus proving the plant’s pharmaceutical importance. This study result will make a way for further research in plant’s pharmacological research.
Comparative Evaluation of the Efficacy of Newer Irrigating Solutions in the Removal of Smear Layer Using SEM
Authors: Podili Srivalli , Prasad Parvataneni Krishna , Raju T. B. V. G. , Nadimpalli Mahendra Varma , Dondapati Gowtam Dev , Sowjanya Thangi 
Published: January 2021

Aim: To compare the effect of EDTA, Phytic acid and Peracitic acid on smear layer removal by effective conventional irrigation.
Materials and Methodology: A total of 50 extracted mandibular premolars were selected. The canals were instrumented by rotary system up to F2 ProTaper and irrigated with 3% NaOCL simultaneously, teeth were divided into 4 groups according to the final irrigants: 17% EDTA; 2.25% PERACITIC ACID; 1% Phytic Acid; and saline. The canals were irrigated with 25 guage side vented needles for 5 minutes. Specimens were examined under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Smear layer removal was evaluated at coronal, middle and apical thirds of the root canal. The data is analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests.
Results: In this study, the control group that is normal saline (4.05 ± 1.06) showed very less amount of smear layer removal. The highest amount of smear layer removal was seen in the group with phytic acid followed by peracitic acid and sodium hypochlorite groups. The apical third showed significantly more smear layer than the coronal and middle thirds (p<0.05). No significant difference was found between the coronal and middle thirds in all experimental groups (p>0.05).
Conclusion: 1% phytic acid was the most effective in removing the smear layer at each level of the root canal followed by 2.5% peracitic and 17% EDTA.
Co‐purification of nitrate reductase 1 with components of the cytochrome bcc‐aa3 oxidase supercomplex from spores of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)
Authors: Falke Dörte , Fischer Marco , Ihling Christian , Hammerschmidt Claudia , Sinz Andrea , Sawers Gary 
Published: January 2021

In order to reduce nitrate in vivo, the spore‐specific respiratory nitrate reductase, Nar1, of Streptomyces coelicolor relies on an active cytochrome bcc‐aa3 oxidase supercomplex (bcc‐aa3 supercomplex). This suggests that membrane‐associated Nar1, comprising NarG1, NarH1, and NarI1 subunits, might not act as a classical menaquinol oxidase but could either receive electrons from the bcc‐aa3 supercomplex, or require the supercomplex to stabilize the reductase in the membrane to allow it to function. To address the biochemical basis for this dependence on the bcc‐aa3 supercomplex, we purified two different Strep‐tagged variants of Nar1 and enriched the native enzyme complex from spore extracts using different chromatographic and electrophoretic procedures. Polypeptides associated with the isolated Nar1 complexes were identified using mass spectrometry and included components of the bcc‐aa3 supercomplex, along with an alternative, spore‐specific cytochrome b component, QcrB3. Surprisingly, we also co‐enriched the Nar3 enzyme with Nar1 from the wild‐type strain of S. coelicolor. Two differentially migrating active Nar1 complexes could be identified after clear native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; these had masses of approximately 450 and 250 kDa. The distribution of active Nar1 in these complexes was influenced by the presence of cytochrome bd oxidase and by QcrB3; the presence of the latter shifted Nar1 into the larger complex. Together, these data suggest that several respiratory complexes can associate in the spore membrane, including Nar1, Nar3, and the bcc‐aa3 supercomplex. Moreover, these findings provide initial support for the hypothesis that Nar1 and the bcc‐aa3 supercomplex physically associate.
Induction of M2‐Type Macrophage Differentiation for Bone Defect Repair via an Interpenetration Network Hydrogel with a GO‐Based Controlled Release System
Authors: Zou Min , Sun Jiachen , Xiang Zhou 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRecently, biomaterials with immune‐regulating properties have emerged as crucial new platforms for bone tissue engineering. Inducing macrophages to differentiate into M2 subtype can reduce immune inflammatory response and accelerate tissue repair after implantation. An interpenetration network hydrogel is developed utilizing graphene oxide (GO)‐carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC)/poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), in which two bioactive molecules, interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) and bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2), are loaded and released in a controlled manner to induce macrophages to differentiate into M2 type and enhance bone formation. These two factors are initially loaded with GO and then embedded into the CMC/PEGDA hydrogel for sustained release. Results indicate that the hydrogel shows enhanced mechanical stiffness, strength, and stability. The hydrogel loaded with IL‐4 and BMP‐2 significantly promotes both macrophage M2‐type differentiation and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell osteogenesis differentiation in vitro. Furthermore, in vivo studies show that the implantation of this hydrogel markedly reduces local inflammation while enhancing bone regeneration at 8 weeks post‐implantation. In all, the findings suggest that hydrogel loaded with IL‐4 and BMP‐2 has synergistic effects on bone regeneration. Such an induction and immunomodulation system offers a promising strategy for the development of future bone immune regulation and tissue engineering applications.
Medical student self‐assessment as emergency medicine residency applicants
Authors: Kukulski Paul , Ahn James , Babcock Christine , Cheema Navneet , Clayton Galeta C. , Olson Adriana S. , Olson Nathan , Tekwani Karis L. , Carter Keme 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundEmergency medicine (EM) applicants are encouraged to consider their own “competitiveness” when deciding on the number of applications to submit. Program directors rank the Standardized Letter of Evaluation (SLOE) as the most important factor when reviewing an applicant. Accurate insight into how clinical performance is reflected on the SLOE could improve medical students’ ability to gauge their own competitiveness.ObjectiveThis study aims to determine the accuracy of students’ self‐assessment by SLOE evaluation measures when compared to the SLOE completed by faculty after their EM clerkship.MethodsParticipants of this multicenter study included fourth‐year medical students who had completed their EM clerkship and were applying to EM residency. Students completed a modified SLOE to reflect rankings they believed they would receive on their official SLOE. Additionally, students completed a survey assessing their knowledge of the SLOE, their perception of feedback during the clerkship, and their self‐perceived competitiveness as an EM applicant. Correlation between the rankings on the student‐completed SLOE and the official SLOE was analyzed using the Kendall correlation.ResultsOf the 49 eligible students, 42 (85.7%) completed the study. The correlation between scores on the student‐completed and official SLOE were significantly low (r < 0.68) for each item. The majority of students agreed that they were satisfied by the quantity and quality of feedback they received (31/42, 73.8%). Few students agreed that they knew how many applications to submit to ensure a match in EM (7/42, 16.7%).ConclusionThis study demonstrates that students did not accurately predict their rankings on the official SLOE at the end of an EM rotation and had little insight into their competitiveness as an applicant. These findings highlight opportunities to mitigate the burden on students and programs caused by the increasing number of applications per applicant. Further research is needed as to whether strategies to increase insight into competitiveness are effective.
Prognostic impact of thoracic duct lymph node metastasis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Matsuda Satoru , Kawakubo Hirofumi , Takeuchi Hiroya , Mayanagi Shuhei , Irino Tomoyuki , Fukuda Kazumasa , Nakamura Rieko , Wada Norihito , Kitagawa Yuko 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAimWe have previously reported the existence of lymph nodes surrounding the thoracic duct ( TDLN) and transthoracic esophagectomy (TTE) with thoracic duct (TD) resection increased the number of lymph nodes (LNs) retrieved. The current study aims to evaluate the prognostic impact of TDLN metastasis in esophageal cancer patients subdivided by its location and comparing the patients’ survival with those with extra‐regional LN metastasis.MethodsPatients who underwent TTE with TD resection for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) were reviewed. Patients were classified into those with or without TDLN metastasis, and clinicopathological factors were compared between groups. TDLN was further divided into TDLN‐Ut/Mt/Lt based on the location in the mediastinum. The relapse‐free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were compared between groups.ResultsOf 232 patients, TDLN metastasis was observed in 17 (7%). RFS and OS were significantly worse in the TDLN metastasis group. TDLN metastasis was shown to be an independent prognostic factor for RFS and OS in the multivariate analysis. The negative prognostic impact of TDLN metastasis was evident in TDLN‐Mt/Lt. The RFS and OS of patients with TDLN metastasis were almost identical to those with positive LN metastasis in extra‐regional LNs.ConclusionTDLN metastasis was proven to be a strong prognostic indicator. Although the TDLN has been included in the classification of regional LN in the current staging systems, it could be independently classified from the current regional LNs. Given that neoadjuvant therapy has been a standard, we might need to introduce adjuvant therapy when TDLN metastasis is observed.