bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A(H1N1)pdm09 Influenza Viruses Replicating in Ferret Upper or Lower Respiratory Tract Differed in Onward Transmission Potential by Air
Authors: Xie Chenyi , Su Wen , Sia Sin Fun , Choy Ka-Tim , Morrell Steven , Zhou Jie , Peiris Malik , Bloom Jesse D , Yen Hui-Ling 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza viruses replicate efficiently in respiratory epithelia and are transmitted via respiratory droplets and aerosols expelled by infected hosts. The relative onward transmission potential of influenza viruses replicating in the upper and lower respiratory epithelial cells has not been fully defined.

Methods
Wild-type and barcoded A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses that differed by 2 synonymous mutations per gene segment were inoculated into ferrets via intranasal and intratracheal routes. Naive recipients were exposed to the exhaled breath of inoculated donors for 8 hours on day 2 postinoculation. Onward transmission potential of wild-type and barcoded genotypes were monitored by next generation sequencing.

Results
Transmissible airborne particles were respired from the upper but not the lower respiratory epithelial cells of donor ferrets. There was limited mixing of viral populations replicating in the upper and lower respiratory tissues.

Conclusions
The ferret upper respiratory epithelium was mapped as the anatomic site that generated influenza virus-laden particles mediating onward transmission by air. Our results suggest that vaccines and antivirals should aim to reduce viral loads in the upper respiratory tract for prevention of influenza transmission.
Apparent digestibility, fecal particle size, and mean retention time of reduced lignin alfalfa hay fed to horses
Authors: Grev Amanda M , Hathaway Marcia R , Sheaffer Craig C , Wells M Scott , Reiter Amanda S , Martinson Krishona L 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Reduced lignin alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) has the potential to provide a higher-quality forage source for livestock by improving forage digestibility. This study was conducted to evaluate apparent digestibility when feeding reduced lignin and nonreduced lignin alfalfa hay to adult horses, and to examine mean fecal particle size (MFPS) and mean retention time (MRT) between alfalfa forage types. In 2017, reduced lignin (“54HVX41”) and nonreduced lignin (“WL355.RR”) alfalfa hay was harvested in Minnesota at the late-bud stage. Alfalfa hays were similar in crude protein (CP; 199 g/kg), neutral detergent fiber (NDF; 433 g/kg), and digestible energy (2.4 Mcal/kg). Acid detergent lignin concentrations were lower for reduced lignin alfalfa hay (74 g/kg) compared to nonreduced lignin alfalfa hay (81 g/kg). Dietary treatments were fed to six adult, stock-type horses in a crossover study. Experimental periods consisted of a 9-d dietary adaptation phase followed by a 5-d total fecal collection phase, during which horses were housed in individual boxstalls and manure was removed on a continuous 24-h basis. At 12-h intervals, feces were thoroughly mixed, subsampled in duplicate, and used for apparent digestibility and MFPS analysis. On day 2 of the fecal collection phase, horses were fed two indigestible markers, cobalt (Co) and ytterbium (Yb), which were fed as Co-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and Yb-labeled NDF residue, respectively. Additional fecal samples were taken at 2-h intervals following marker dosing until 96-h post-dosing to evaluate digesta MRT. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS, with statistical significance set at P ≤0.05. Dietary treatment (i.e., alfalfa hay type) was included as a fixed effect, while experimental period and horse were considered random effects. Dietary treatments were similar in dry matter intake (1.6% bodyweight) and time to consumption (7.6 h). Apparent dry matter digestibility (DMD) was greater for reduced lignin alfalfa (64.4%) compared to nonreduced lignin alfalfa (61.7%). Apparent CP and NDF digestibility did not differ between dietary treatments, averaging 78% and 45%, respectively. Dietary treatments were similar in MFPS (0.89 mm) and MRT for both liquid (23.7 h) and solid (27.4 h) phase material. These results indicate an improvement in DMD for reduced lignin alfalfa hay when fed to adult horses, with no change in forage consumption, fecal particle size, or digesta retention time.
Effects of continuously infusing glucose or casein into the terminal ileum on biomarkers of metabolism, inflammation, and intestinal morphology in growing pigs
Authors: Mayorga Edith J , Horst Erin A , Al-Qaisi Mohmmad , Goetz Brady M , Abeyta Megan A , Rodríguez-Jiménez Sonia , Lei Samantha , Acosta Jesus A , Patience John F , Serao Mariana C Rossoni , Baumgard Lance H 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Study objectives were to determine the effects of continuously infusing glucose (GLC) or casein (CAS) into the terminal ileum on biomarkers of metabolism, inflammation, and intestinal morphology in growing pigs. Crossbred gilts (n = 19; 81 ± 3 kg body weight [BW]) previously fitted with T-cannulas at terminal ileum were used in the current experiment. Following 4 d of acclimation, pigs were enrolled in 2 experimental 4-d periods (P). During P1, pigs were housed in individual pens and fed ad libitum for collection of baseline parameters. At the beginning of P2, pigs were assigned to 1 of 3 infusion treatments: 1) control (CON; water; 3 liters/d; n = 7), 2) GLC (dextrose 50%; 500 g/d; n = 6;), or 3) CAS (casein sodium salt; 300 g/d; n = 6). Water, GLC, and CAS solutions were continuously infused at a rate of 125 mL/h for the entirety of P2. Animals were euthanized at the end of P2, and intestinal tissue was collected. During P2, average daily feed intake differed across treatments and was reduced in GLC compared with CON pigs (14%), while CAS pigs consumed an intermediate amount (P = 0.05). Average daily gain and final BW were similar across treatments. A treatment by time interaction was observed for blood urea nitrogen (BUN; P &lt; 0.01), as it decreased in GLC (21%) while it gradually increased in CAS (76%) pigs relative to CON pigs. Mild hyperthermia occurred with both GLC and CAS infusions relative to CON (+0.3 and 0.2 °C, respectively; P &lt; 0.01). Blood neutrophils increased in CAS relative to CON pigs (26%) but remained similar between CON and GLC treatments (P &lt; 0.01). Blood monocytes decreased in GLC relative to CON pigs (24%) while CAS pigs had an intermediate value (P = 0.03). Circulating lipopolysaccharide binding protein tended to decrease in GLC (29%) relative to CON pigs but remained similar between CON and CAS pigs (P = 0.10). Plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha was similar across treatments. Ileum villus height:crypt depth was increased in CAS compared with CON pigs (33%; P = 0.05) while GLC pigs had an intermediate value. Colon myeloperoxidase-stained area increased in CAS compared with CON pigs (45%; P = 0.03) but remained similar between GLC and CON pigs. In summary, continuously infusing GLC or CAS into the terminal ileum appeared to stimulate a mild immune response and differently altered BUN patterns but had little or no effects on blood inflammatory markers, intestinal morphology, or key production parameters.
Temperature-constrained topology optimization of nonlinear heat conduction problems
Authors: Zhuang Chungang , Xiong Zhenhua , Ding Han 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This paper presents topology optimization of nonlinear heat conduction problems with multiple domains and multiple constraints, including regional temperature and material volume for reducing temperature. Maximum approximation temperatures in the constraint regions are accurately and dynamically calculated, though temperature and temperature-dependent thermal conductivity change with the update of material distribution. A temperature measure with constant error to approximate regional maximum temperature is adaptive to different temperature ranges. A strategy of hole nucleation generation combined with the regional temperature constraints is presented for the level set-based topology optimization. The solid isotropic material with penalization (SIMP) and parametrized level set methods are compared for the temperature-constrained topology optimization. Finally, several numerical examples are solved by the SIMP and parametrized level set methods. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach can obtain intricate topological details and reduce regional temperatures for the nonlinear heat conduction problems.
From a Right to a Preference: Rethinking the Right to Genomic Ignorance
Authors: Dive Lisa 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe “right not to know” has generated significant discussion, especially regarding genetic information. In this paper, I argue that this purported right is better understood as a preference and that treating it as a substantive right has led to confusion. To support this claim, I present three critiques of the way the right not to know has been characterized. First, I demonstrate that the many conceptualizations of this right have hampered debate. Second, I show that the way autonomy is conceptualized in this literature is also problematic. Third, I examine the notion of a right in more detail, to support my third critique: that the right to know and the right not to know genetic information are often erroneously treated as having equivalent status. On my understanding, the claim being made is better thought of as a preference, not a right, and a preference not to know certain information becomes only one of several considerations relevant to medical decision making.
Minimally invasive mitral valve replacement after transcatheter edge-to-edge repair
Authors: Bent Daniel P , Boova Robert S 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Percutaneous transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair is available for treatment of both functional and degenerative mitral regurgitation (MR). This technique may be unsuccessful resulting in significant residual or recurrent MR. We described a successful minimally invasive mitral valve replacement in a patient with severe functional MR due to left ventricular dysfunction who previously underwent a transcatheter edge-to-edge repair.
Villette, Female Political Agency, and the French Revolution of 1848
Authors: Lamouria Lanya 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This essay reads Charlotte Brontë’s Villette (1853) as a response to questions about women’s public agency that were raised by the French Revolution of 1848, in which women played prominent roles. The actress Rachel, the inspiration for Villette’s Vashti, became the most notorious female activist of the Revolution when she performed La Marseillaise in support France’s Second Republic. As I demonstrate, Brontë engages directly with Victorian journalistic accounts of these performances. Here, and in other episodes focused on women leaders, such as ‘Madame Beck’ and ‘The Cleopatra’, Brontë seeks to expose the linguistic and iconographic conventions around female political power that diminish women’s agency in the process of representing it. Brontë’s awareness of the pervasiveness and intractability of these conventions explains the novel’s final scepticism about women’s ability to exercise political power. Although Villette’s protagonist, Lucy Snowe, indulges in fantasies of political power, she satisfies these fantasies not in the public realm but in a politicized private realm, where she re-enacts Napoleonic-era political conflicts with her imperious lover, M Paul. My aim in analysing Brontë’s engagement with 1848 is to understand Villette’s politicization of romance. For Brontë, I argue, women’s exclusion from the political is tantamount to their exclusion from history, and Lucy’s strategic political re-enactments function as both critique of and compensation for this exclusion.
A PSF-based Approach to TESS High quality data Of Stellar clusters (PATHOS) – IV. Candidate exoplanets around stars in open clusters: frequency and age–planetary radius distribution
Authors: Nardiello D , Deleuil M , Mantovan G , Malavolta L , Lacedelli G , Libralato M , Bedin L R , Borsato L , Granata V , Piotto G 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
The knowledge of the ages of stars hosting exoplanets allows us to obtain an overview on the evolution of exoplanets and understand the mechanisms affecting their life. The measurement of the ages of stars in the Galaxy is usually affected by large uncertainties. An exception are the stellar clusters: For their coeval members, born from the same molecular cloud, ages can be measured with extreme accuracy. In this context, the project PATHOS is providing candidate exoplanets orbiting members of stellar clusters and associations through the analysis of high-precision light curves obtained with cutting-edge tools. In this work, we exploited the data collected during the second year of the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite mission. We extracted, analysed, and modelled the light curves of $\sim 90\, 000$ stars in open clusters located in the Northern ecliptic hemisphere in order to find candidate exoplanets. We measured the frequencies of candidate exoplanets in open clusters for different orbital periods and planetary radii, taking into account the detection efficiency of our pipeline and the false positive probabilities of our candidates. We analysed the age–RP distribution of candidate and confirmed exoplanets with periods &lt;100 d and well constrained ages. While no peculiar trends are observed for Jupiter-size and (super-)Earth-size planets, we found that objects with $4 \lesssim R_{\rm P} \lesssim 13R_{\rm Earth}$ are concentrated at ages ≲200 Myr; different scenarios (atmospheric losses, migration, etc.) are considered to explain the observed age–RP distribution.
Magnesium Sulphate for Fetal Neuroprotection at Imminent Risk for Preterm Delivery: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis
Authors: Wolf H.T. , Huusom L.D. , Henriksen T.B. , Hegaard H.K. , Brok J. , Pinborg A. 
Published: May 2021

(BJOG. 2020;127:1180–1188)
Preterm birth is associated with higher risk of cerebral palsy (CP) and other complications. Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) may decrease risk of CP when taken immediately before preterm birth. A recent trial investigated the neuroprotective functions of MgSO4. This updated systematic review, meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis (TSA) assessed the effects of MgSO4 administered before preterm birth to prevent CP in neonates.
Haemoglobin Levels in Early Pregnancy and Severe Maternal Morbidity: Population-based Cohort Study
Authors: Ray J.G. , Davidson A.J.F. , Berger H. , Dayan N. , Parka A.L. 
Published: May 2021

(BJOG. 2020;127:1154–1164)
Globally, 38% of all pregnancies are affected by anemia, which has been associated with poor perinatal outcomes including low infant birthweight, perinatal asphyxia, preterm birth, and stillbirth. Identifying this condition early may allow for prediction of severe maternal morbidity (SMM). The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between early maternal hemoglobin concentration and SMM, blood transfusion, or maternal mortality.
Maternal Risk Factors and Adverse Birth Outcomes Associated With HELLP Syndrome: A Population-based Study
Authors: Lisonkova S. , Razaz N. , Sabr Y. , Muraca G.M. , Boutin A. , Mayer C. , Joseph K.S. , Kramer M.S. 
Published: May 2021

(BJOG. 2020;127:1189–1198)
HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets) syndrome has varying definitions and therefore a wide range of reported incidence. Only smaller studies, mostly in tertiary-care hospitals, have examined the risk factors and serious adverse outcomes associated with this syndrome. This study aimed to assess risk factors and adverse fetal and maternal outcomes associated with HELLP syndrome using a large population-based cohort.
Cognitive Aids With Roles Defined (CARD) for Obstetrical Crises: A Multisite Before-and-after Cohort Study
Authors: Boet S. , Posner G. , Bariciak E. , Crooks S. , Mitchell A. , Bryson G.L. , Burns J.K. , Bould M.D. 
Published: May 2021

(Can J Anesth/J Can Anesth. 2020;67:970–980)
During critical events, an interprofessional team’s coordinated response directly affects patient outcomes. Improvement for such responses may occur through the use of cognitive aids, which can lessen the dependence on memory for healthcare providers in critical situations. A new type of cognitive aid, cognitive aids with roles defined (CARD), allows for clarification of crisis roles using a system of cards assigned to particular team members in order to remind the wearers of their assigned tasks. In the event of a crisis, those without cards are asked to remain in the room away from the patient while waiting for instructions from a Code Leader. The purpose of this study was an evaluation of the CARD system for emergency cesarean deliveries. The primary hypothesis of the study was the CARD system would reduce delivery time. In addition, they hypothesized the CARD system would improve overall clinical outcomes for mother and baby (as compared to traditional emergency cesarean management without CARD).
The Effect of Intravenous Dexamethasone on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting After Cesarean Delivery With Intrathecal Morphine: A Randomized-controlled Trial
Authors: Selzer A. , Pryor K.O. , Tangel V. , O’Connell K. , Kjaer K. 
Published: May 2021

(Can J Anesth. 2020;67:817–826)
For women having a cesarean delivery, the estimated incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) ranges from 30% to 80%. Compared with spinal anesthesia without intrathecal opioid, the administration of intrathecal morphine has been associated with an increase in PONV, by up to 5-fold. According to one meta-analysis, the administration of intravenous (IV) dexamethasone showed a significant reduction in PONV in patients receiving epidural morphine – but not among those receiving intrathecal morphine. In the meta-analysis, 6 randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) studied the use of IV dexamethasone prior to epidural morphine and 2 RCTs studied its use prior to the end of surgery but not before intrathecal morphine administration. Whether the timing of IV dexamethasone is important for prophylaxis of PONV remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether intravenous dexamethasone reduces the incidence of PONV when administered prior to intrathecal morphine during spinal anesthesia.
Haematoma, Abscess or Meningitis After Neuraxial Anesthesia in the USA and the Netherlands: A Closed Claims Analysis
Authors: Bos E.M.sE. , Posner K.L. , Domino K.B. , de Quelerij M. , Kalkman Cor J. , Hollmann M.W. , Lirk P. 
Published: May 2021

(Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2020;37:743–751)
Current anesthesia practice often involves neuraxial techniques such as spinal anesthesia and epidural analgesia. The leading anesthetic technique for cesarean delivery remains spinal anesthesia, while chronic pain treatments include spinal cord stimulators, epidural injections, and intrathecal drug delivery systems. The rarest but most feared complication of these techniques is injury to the spinal cord via neuraxial abscess or hematoma, but possible other complications include medication errors, meningitis, and even direct nerve injury. The primary aim of this study was to identify possible preventable causes of hematoma and abscess, meningitis, and other serious adverse outcomes following neuraxial procedures by analyzing claims databases in two countries: The Anesthesia Closed Claims Project database in the USA, and the Netherlands’ two largest medical insurance companies’ databases.
Uptrend in Distress and Psychiatric Symptomatology in Pregnant Women During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic
Authors: Berthelot N. , Lemieux R. , Garon-Bissonnette J. , Drouin-Maziade C. , Martel É. , Maziade M. 
Published: May 2021

(Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2020;99:848–855)
It is well established that psychological distress in pregnancy is associated with a range of negative outcomes, including delivery at an earlier gestational age, lower neonatal birthweight, and poor maternal psychosocial functioning. Expectant mothers of all social classes and educational levels can experience antenatal psychological distress, and the COVID-19 pandemic has introduced additional stress to people around the world. Most obstetric research on COVID-19 has focused on respiratory issues rather than mental health implications. This study aimed to provide data on any increase in prenatal psychological distress symptoms caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. As a secondary objective, the study aimed to identify which subgroup of women would be particularly vulnerable.
The Effect of Morbid Obesity or Advanced Maternal Age on Oxytocin-induced Myometrial Contractions: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Luca A.M. , Carvalho J.C.A. , Ramachandran N. , Balki M. 
Published: May 2021

(Can J Anesth. 2020;67:836–846)
Worldwide, the rate of pregnant women who are of advanced maternal age (AMA) or who are overweight or morbidly obese is rising. These factors are associated with higher rates of labor induction or augmentation, prolonged labor, cesarean delivery and postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). Oxytocin is used both to prevent and treat PPH and for labor induction and augmentation. However, when oxytocin use is prolonged, a phenomenon known as oxytocin receptor desensitization can occur. This desensitization weakens the contractile response to repeated oxytocin treatment and can lead to severe PPH. The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro the effect of oxytocin on myometrial contractions in pregnant women with AMA and morbid obesity.