bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International Organizations and the Capital Markets
Authors: Jordan Cally 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO). Over the nearly four decades of its existence, as its composition and roles evolved, and in the absence of any other body, IOSCO became a focal point for oversight of international capital markets. Crises, first the regional Asian financial crisis of 1997–98 and then the global financial crisis, have dramatically changed IOSCO. Crises have also thrust capital markets into the international limelight, and led to the appearance of new international institutions, including the Financial Stability Forum (FSF) and the Financial Stability Board (FSB). Unlike IOSCO, both the FSF and the FSB were political initiatives. As such, they also drew into their orbit formal treaty organizations such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and The World Bank, among others. The chapter then looks at international financial institutions and the Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP).
Niche Markets and their Lessons
Authors: Jordan Cally 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses niche markets. Niche markets are typically small, geographically challenged, and independently minded countries which, for various geopolitical reasons, have never reaped the economic benefits of expansion and empire. It is a hard business being a niche market, operating in a competitive and often unforgiving environment, engaging in constant repositioning, and facing inherent limitations on growth. Surprisingly, perhaps, there are lots of niche markets and a very diverse grouping they are, deploying a variety of survival strategies. In all cases, state capitalism, in various guises, supports these markets. In earlier times, reputation, a friendly regulator, and good business practices might have sufficed. Now, there is a new dynamic. As elsewhere, but more so in niche markets, technology is the game changer; small as well as large markets can be at the cutting edge. Technology is also providing the means for the creation of large interconnected networks of markets, which may continue to appear distinct on the surface, but which are deeply intertwined through integration of trading platforms as well as formal and informal alliances.
Discourses
Authors: Dryzek John S. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter begins by elaborating on the concept of discourse, then turns to how the main discourses of environmental concern can be mapped through reference to their reactions against an earlier industrialism. It examines the content, history, and impact of the discourses of environmental problem-solving, limits and survival, sustainability, and green radicalism, as well as old and new backlashes against environmentalism. The chapter then considers the importance of discourses in ordering international environmental affairs compared with other influences. Ultimately, the influence of discourses can be discerned only by writing histories of particular cases. But in the end there is one reason to expect discourses to be more consequential in the international system than in the internal affairs of states. Formal institutions are relatively weak in the international system, meaning coordination (and disruption) across actors has to be supplied by informal mechanisms such as discourses.
Harm Prevention
Authors: Brunnée Jutta 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter addresses how international environmental law originates from and revolves around the harm prevention rule. It focuses on three points of contention, each related to the role of due diligence in harm prevention, and each highlighted by recent judicial engagements with the harm prevention rule. First, it is generally accepted that a state's obligation to prevent environmental harm is not absolute, but requires due diligence in the face of risk of significant harm. However, it is unclear whether a failure to act diligently to avert harm on its own—absent actual harm—can amount to a breach of the harm prevention rule. Second, the relationship between the procedural and substantive dimensions of the harm prevention rule remains ambiguous. Third, there is some uncertainty as to where the line runs between the harm prevention obligation and the precautionary principle, given the focus of both notions on risk. These inter-related conceptual questions affect the harm prevention rule's function as a reference point for international environmental law.
Public Participation
Authors: Ebbesson Jonas 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter outlines key concepts and contexts in relation to public participation. Few areas of international law have developed so rapidly as that on public participation in environmental matters. With some exceptions, this notion hardly existed in international law until the early 1990s. The development since then stems from two disciplines of international law: environmental law and human rights law. It pertains to public participation in decision-making at the national as well as international level, and involves important elements of multilevel governance. One important feature for this legal development, and also for the continuing vitality of the discourse, is the possibility in some environmental and human rights regimes for members of the public to access independent international review mechanisms. These bodies take the form of courts, committees, or commissions, with the mandate of examining whether state parties live up to their international obligations of ensuring participatory rights in their national jurisdictions.
National Implementation
Authors: Palmer Alice 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter discusses national implementation, which is a fundamental feature of international environmental law. It focuses on implementation through law at the national or ‘domestic’ level, with some consideration given to international facilitation of domestic implementation. The global nature of harmful environmental impacts requires an ‘all for one, one for all’ approach and domestic management of the environment in all states is essential to give effect to international protections. International environmental laws are recognized in national legal systems in accordance with the rules of each state and the resulting variables are many. Moreover, the extensive reach of international environmental law into the domestic sphere limits state autonomy and local norms, further complicating national implementation.
International Environmental Law Disputes Before International Courts and Tribunals
Authors: Klein Natalie 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines how international environmental law (IEL) disputes are resolved before international courts and tribunals, addressing when parties will decide to litigate an IEL dispute as opposed to utilizing another form of dispute settlement. Assuming there is reason to pursue adjudication or arbitration, it looks at questions of jurisdiction. The chapter also considers preliminary matters that emerge in these cases, notably questions of standing and whether provisional measures are needed and may be secured before an international court or tribunal. It then turns to substantive matters, but only in the context of presentation of the case in terms of evidence and use of experts. Finally, the chapter assesses the available reparations in the resolution of IEL disputes before international courts and tribunals. Ultimately, considerable progress may be noted in respect of the use of international courts and tribunals for IEL disputes, but it is prudent to observe that in this area of international law, preventing the emergence of IEL disputes is ultimately more important than ex post facto responses to environmental damage.
State Practice
Authors: Shelton Dinah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on state practice. The recent International Law Commission (ILC) work on jus cogens, especially in response to comments and critiques from States, paid great attention to state practice supporting the draft conclusions of the Special Rapporteur. Indeed, as much as possible, the SR and the ILC as a whole rooted his findings and recommendations in extensive citation of precedents. The invocation of practice was broadly inclusive, ranging from votes and official statements in international organizations, through treaty practice (including general comments and conclusions of treaty bodies), to international and national jurisprudence. This approach lends strength to the ILC work.
A catalogue of white dwarfs in Gaia EDR3
Authors: Gentile Fusillo N P , Tremblay P-E , Cukanovaite E , Vorontseva A , Lallement R , Hollands M , Gänsicke B T , Burdge K B , McCleery J , Jordan S 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
We present a catalogue of white dwarf candidates selected from Gaia Early Data Release 3 (EDR3). We applied several selection criteria in absolute magnitude, colour, and Gaia quality flags to remove objects with unreliable measurements while preserving most stars compatible with the white dwarf locus in the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram. We then used a sample of over 30 000 spectroscopically confirmed white dwarfs and contaminants from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) to map the distribution of these objects in the Gaia absolute magnitude–colour space. Finally, we adopt the same method presented in our previous work on Gaia Data Release 2 (DR2) to calculate a probability of being a white dwarf (PWD) for ≃1.3 million sources that passed our quality selection. The PWD values can be used to select a sample of ${\simeq} 359\,000$ high-confidence white dwarf candidates. We calculated stellar parameters (effective temperature, surface gravity, and mass) for all these stars by fitting Gaia astrometry and photometry with synthetic pure-H, pure-He, and mixed H–He atmospheric models. We estimate an upper limit of 93 per cent for the overall completeness of our catalogue for white dwarfs with G ≤ 20 mag and effective temperature (Teff) &gt; 7000 K, at high Galactic latitudes (|b| &gt; 20°). Alongside the main catalogue we include a reduced proper motion extension containing ${\simeq} 10\,200$ white dwarf candidates with unreliable parallax measurements that could, however, be identified on the basis of their proper motion. We also performed a cross-match of our catalogues with SDSS Data Release 16 (DR16) spectroscopy and provide spectral classification based on visual inspection for all resulting matches.
TACOS: TESS AM CVn Outbursts Survey
Authors: Pichardo Marcano Manuel , Rivera Sandoval Liliana E , Maccarone Thomas J , Scaringi Simone 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Using Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), we are doing a systematic study of outbursting AM CVn systems to place some limits on the current outbursts models. We present the TESS light curve (LC) for 9 AM CVns showing both superoutbursts (SOs) and normal outbursts (NOs). The continuous coverage of the outbursts with TESS allows us to place stringent limits on the duration and structures of the SOs and the NOs. We present evidence that in at least some of the systems enhanced mass transfer (EMT) has to be taken into account to explain the observed LC of the SOs and rebrighthening phase after the SOs. For others, the colour evolution from simultaneous observations in g and r with ZTF differs from previously reported colour evolution of longer period AM CVns where EMT is responsible for the SO. We also find that due to the lack of sufficiently high cadence coverage the duration of many systems might have been overestimated in previous ground-based surveys. We report the SO duration for 6 AM CVns. We also found that precursors are a common feature of SOs in AM CVns and are seen in the LC of 5 of the 6 reported SOs. Finally, the 10-min and 2-min cadence LCs from TESS also allowed us to find two new candidate orbital periods of AM CVns, both of which are in reasonably good agreement with the predictions for their periods based on their past outburst histories.
Time-dependent lepto-hadronic modelling of the emission from blazar jets with SOPRANO: the case of TXS 0506 + 056, 3HSP J095507.9 + 355101, and 3C 279
Authors: Gasparyan S , Bégué D , Sahakyan N 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
The observation of a very high-energy neutrino by IceCube (IceCube-170922A) and its association with the flaring blazar TXS 0506 + 056 provided the first multimessenger observations of blazar jets, demonstrating the important role of protons in their dynamics and emission. In this paper, we present SOPRANO (https://www.amsdc.am/soprano), a new conservative implicit kinetic code that follows the time evolution of the isotropic distribution functions of protons, neutrons, and the secondaries produced in photo-pion and photo-pair interactions, alongside with the evolution of photon and electron/positron distribution functions. SOPRANO is designed to study leptonic and hadronic processes in relativistic sources such as blazars and gamma-ray bursts. Here, we use SOPRANO to model the broadband spectrum of TXS 0506 + 056 and 3HSP J095507.9 + 355101, which are associated with neutrino events, and of the extreme flaring blazar 3C 279. The SEDs are interpreted within the guise of both a hadronic and a hybrid model. We discuss the implications of our assumptions in terms of jet power and neutrino flux.
Star formation in the nearby dwarf galaxy DDO 53: interplay between gas accretion and stellar feedback
Authors: Egorov Oleg V , Lozinskaya Tatiana A , Vasiliev Konstantin I , Yarovova Anastasiya D , Gerasimov Ivan S , Kreckel Kathryn , Moiseev Alexei V 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
We present the results of a multiwavelength study of the nearby dwarf galaxy DDO 53 – a relatively isolated member of the M 81 group. We analyse the atomic and ionized gas kinematics (based on the observations with Fabry–Perot interferometer in H α line and archival data in H i 21 cm line), distribution, excitation, and oxygen abundance of the ionized gas (based on the long-slit and integral-field spectroscopy and on imaging with narrow-band filters), and their relation with the young massive stars (based on archival HST data). We detect a faint 2-kpc sized supershell of ionized gas surrounding the galaxy. Most probably, this structure represents a large-scale gas outflow, however, it could be also created by the ionizing quanta leaking from star-forming regions to the marginally detected atomic hydrogen surrounding the galactic disc. We analyse the properties of the anomalous H i in the north part of the galaxy and find that its peculiar kinematics is also traced by ionized gas. We argue that this H i feature is related to the accreting gas cloud captured from the intergalactic medium or remaining after the merger event occurred &gt;1 Gyr ago. The infalling gas produces shocks in the interstellar medium and could support the star formation activity in the brightest region in DDO 53.
Non-linear resonant torus oscillations as a model of Keplerian disc warp dynamics
Authors: Fairbairn Callum W , Ogilvie Gordon I 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Observations of distorted discs have highlighted the ubiquity of warps in a variety of astrophysical contexts. This has been complemented by theoretical efforts to understand the dynamics of warp evolution. Despite significant efforts to understand the dynamics of warped discs, previous work fails to address arguably the most prevalent regime – non-linear warps in Keplerian discs for which there is a resonance between the orbital, epicyclic and vertical oscillation frequencies. In this work, we implement a novel non-linear ring model, developed recently by Fairbairn and Ogilvie, as a framework for understanding such resonant warp dynamics. Here, we uncover two distinct non-linear regimes as the warp amplitude is increased. Initially, we find a smooth modulation theory that describes warp evolution in terms of the averaged Lagrangian of the oscillatory vertical motions of the disc. This hints towards the possibility of connecting previous warp theory under a generalized secular framework. Upon the warp amplitude exceeding a critical value, which scales as the square root of the aspect-ratio of our ring, the disc enters into a bouncing regime with extreme vertical compressions twice per orbit. We develop an impulsive theory that predicts special retrograde and prograde precessing warped solutions, which are identified numerically using our full equation set. Such solutions emphasize the essential activation of non-linear vertical oscillations within the disc and may have important implications for energy and warp dissipation. Future work should search for this behaviour in detailed numerical studies of the internal flow structure of warped discs.
The Ensembl COVID-19 resource: ongoing integration of public SARS-CoV-2 data
Authors: De Silva Nishadi H , Bhai Jyothish , Chakiachvili Marc , Contreras-Moreira Bruno , Cummins Carla , Frankish Adam , Gall Astrid , Genez Thiago , Howe Kevin L , Hunt Sarah E , Martin Fergal J , Moore Benjamin , Ogeh Denye , Parker Anne , Parton Andrew , Ruffier Magali , Sakthivel Manoj Pandian , Sheppard Dan , Tate John , Thormann Anja , Thybert David , Trevanion Stephen J , Winterbottom Andrea , Zerbino Daniel R , Finn Robert D , Flicek Paul , Yates Andrew D 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has seen unprecedented use of SARS-CoV-2 genome sequencing for epidemiological tracking and identification of emerging variants. Understanding the potential impact of these variants on the infectivity of the virus and the efficacy of emerging therapeutics and vaccines has become a cornerstone of the fight against the disease. To support the maximal use of genomic information for SARS-CoV-2 research, we launched the Ensembl COVID-19 browser; the first virus to be encompassed within the Ensembl platform. This resource incorporates a new Ensembl gene set, multiple variant sets, and annotation from several relevant resources aligned to the reference SARS-CoV-2 assembly. Since the first release in May 2020, the content has been regularly updated using our new rapid release workflow, and tools such as the Ensembl Variant Effect Predictor have been integrated. The Ensembl COVID-19 browser is freely available at https://covid-19.ensembl.org.
Risk of work-related violence in England and Wales
Authors: Edwards J A , Buckley P 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
There is an urgent need to address high levels of work-related violence (WRV) in Britain to improve the workplace experience of both employers and employees.

Aims
This study specifically explores prevalence rates of work-related violence assaults (WRVAs) for staff at high risk that have supervisor responsibilities and work full-time.

Methods
Five years of data were used for analysis from the Crime Survey of England and Wales (CSEW). Data were filtered for victims of crime from a working population in Britain.

Results
Forty-four per cent of respondents who are supervisors and have full-time jobs report that they had been victims of WRVAs. This figure is higher than other previous studies of WRV.

Conclusions
The current study provides further alternative evidence to support high prevalence rates of WRV by selecting for analysis specific work characteristics data that are strongly associated with WRV (supervisor responsibilities and full-time work). It is therefore recommended that future work explores different means of intervention for organizations to implement within the workplace to reduce WRV and protect workers from harm.
COVID-19 Delta variants—Current status and implications as of August 2021
Authors: Yu Flora , Lau Lok-Ting , Fok Manson , Lau Johnson Yiu-Nam , Zhang Kang 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant has evolved as the dominant strain of the current pandemic. Studies have shown that this variant has increased infectivity/viral load, and reduced neutralization by the host antibodies from convalescent patients/vaccinees. Clinically, Delta variant infection has been observed/documented in convalescent patients/vaccinees, although with less incidence of severe diseases, but can serve as reservoir to spread the infection to the unvaccinated. The current understanding (as of 18 August 2021) on the virologic aspect (including the amino acid substitutions), clinical implications, and public health implications will be discussed in this mini review, and recommendations to health authorities will be provided.
Fragile Self-Esteem
Authors: Kőszegi Botond , Loewenstein George , Murooka Takeshi 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We develop a model of fragile self-esteem—self-esteem that is vulnerable to objectively unjustified swings—and study its implications for choices that depend on, or are aimed at enhancing or protecting, one’s self-view. In our framework, a person’s self-esteem is determined by sampling his memories of ego-relevant outcomes in a fashion that in turn depends on how he feels about himself, potentially creating multiple fragile “self-esteem personal equilibria.” Self-esteem is especially likely to be fragile, as well as unrealistic in either the positive or the negative direction, if being successful is important to the agent. A person with a low self-view might exert less effort when success is more important. An individual with a high self-view, in contrast, might distort his choices to prevent a collapse in self-esteem, with the distortion being greater if his true ability is lower. We discuss the implications of our results for mental well-being, education, job search, workaholism, and aggression.
Does Career Risk Deter Potential Entrepreneurs?
Authors: Gottlieb Joshua D , Townsend Richard R , Xu Ting 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Do potential entrepreneurs remain in wage employment because of concerns that they will face worse job opportunities should their entrepreneurial ventures fail? Using a Canadian reform that extends job-protected leave to one year for women giving birth after a cutoff date, we study whether the option to return to a previous job increases entrepreneurship. A regression discontinuity design reveals that a longer job-protected leave increases entrepreneurship by 1.9 percentage points. These entrepreneurs start incorporated businesses that hire employees, in industries in which experimentation before entry has low costs and high benefits.
Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
SIMPLE METHOD OF MEASURING SSDE FOR HEAD CT: FACILITATING PRE-CT SCAN DOSE CALCULATION USING SPECIALIZED HEAD SCAN BAND
Authors: Shohji Tomokazu , Kuriyama Kazuki , Yanano Nobutaka , Maeda Eriko , Katoh Yo 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this study, scaled scan band was developed to provide size-specific dose estimation (SSDE) values based on head circumference of patients undergoing computed tomography (CT) scans. The scan band was tested in 40 consecutive head CT examinations. The accuracy of the specialized scan band method was determined by comparing SSDEband with SSDE293,forehead, SSDEmean and SSDEcenter. SSDE293,forehead was used as the control value. The results of the linear fit of SSDEband, SSDEmean and SSDEcenter against SSDE293, forehead, were R2 = 0.958, R2 = 0.984 and R2 = 0.936, respectively. There was no significant difference between SSDEband, SSDEmean and SSDEcenter for SSDE293,forehead. Use of the proposed scan band method makes it possible to accurately determine the required radiation dose before a CT examination is performed.