bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of aging on the ciliary muscle and its potential relationship with presbyopia: a literature review
Authors: Zuo Hangjia , Cheng Hong , Lin Meiting , Gao Xiang , Xiang Yongguo , Zhang Tong , Gao Ning , Du Miaomiao , Chen Yonglin , Zheng Shijie , Huang Rongxi , Wan Wenjuan , Hu Ke 
Published: December 2024

Background
The ciliary muscle is known to play a part in presbyopia, but the mechanism has not received a comprehensive review, which this study aims to achieve. We examined relevant articles published from 1975 through 2022 that explored various properties of the muscle and related tissues in humans and rhesus monkeys. These properties include geometry, elasticity, rigidity, and composition, and were studied using a range of imaging technologies, computer models, and surgical methods. We identified a notable age-related displacement of the ciliary muscle apex that is characterized by anterior and medial shifts, and hypothesized to be primarily attributed to the accrual of connective tissue and tension exerted by the thickening lens. Other factors could also contribute to the movement, particularly the “inward bowing” of the sclera. Another noteworthy observation is that while the ciliary muscle experiences increasing constraint with advancing age due to adjacent anatomical structures, its contractile capacity remains unaltered, alongside the sustained constancy in both the concentration of muscarinic receptors and their binding affinity. Overall, more studies on human ciliary muscle are needed, as it ages differently from that of monkeys’ ciliary muscle. These studies should explore other perspectives, including those regarding changes in the physical properties of the tissue and its relationship with other connected tissues.

Methodology
This literature review utilized a systematic methodology to identify and analyze pertinent studies of the presbyopia and ciliary muscles. The approach encompassed a thorough examination of available literature across different academic databases, such as PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library.

Results
Many studies have identified age-related thickening in the ciliary muscle and its potential causes, including the heightened deposition of connective tissues and traction exerted by the thickening lens. Notably, these inquiries culminated in the formulation of a geometric theory positing that the morphology of the ciliary muscle and its spatial relationship with adjacent structures exert pivotal influence over the tension exerted on zonular fibers.

Conclusion
The decline in the accommodative response of the muscle is prevalent in advanced age, with reduced mobility likely attributable to the increased stiffness of the Bruch’s Membrane-Choroid Complex (BMCC), where the tendons of the ciliary muscle insert, as well as the thickening and stiffening of the lens. Importantly, the ciliary muscle forces do not change with age.
Impact of Marketing Strategies on Nigerian Transport Operations
Authors: A. O. Amoo, , J. R. Aworemi, 
Published: December 2024

Transportation is integral to socio-economic development, enabling movement and supporting urban productivity. But in developing nations like Nigeria, poor infrastructure, competition and low customer loyalty have made the transport sector a difficult task. To address these challenges, strong marketing strategies are needed which can engage public transport and increase both the economic and operational success of such transport. Thus, this study explores the impact of marketing strategies on customer acquisition, customer retention, revenue growth, enhanced brand awareness and image, competitive advantage, geographic expansion and market penetration in Nigeria. The study was conducted in a private transport company in Lagos, Nigeria. 181 respondents, who are staff of the selected transport company were chosen randomly. Data were sourced from only primary source using questionnaire survey. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression were used to analyzed the effects of marketing strategies on key operational outcomes. The regression analysis results indicate that transport marketing significantly affects transport operations, with R = 0.986, revealing that operational variables (customer acquisition, customer retention, revenue growth, enhanced brand awareness and image, competitive advantage, geographic expansion and market penetration) contributed to 98% variables in the strategic marketing of the company. In conclusion, effective marketing enhances transport company’s customer engagement, brand image, and growth. Recommendations include expanding online channels and leveraging content marketing and influencer partnership, this will help the company in achieving strong branding and build trust and confidence in their customers.
Initial analysis of the dosimetric benefit and clinical resource cost of CBCT‐based online adaptive radiotherapy for patients with cancers of the cervix or rectum
Authors: Yock Adam D. , Ahmed Mahmoud , Ayala‐Peacock Diandra , Chakravarthy A. Bapsi , Price Michael 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPurposeThis provides a benchmark of dosimetric benefit and clinical cost of cone‐beam CT‐based online adaptive radiotherapy (ART) technology for cervical and rectal cancer patients.MethodsAn emulator of a CBCT‐based online ART system was used to simulate more than 300 treatments for 13 cervical and 15 rectal cancer patients. CBCT images were used to generate adaptive replans. To measure clinical resource cost, the six phases of the workflow were timed. To evaluate the dosimetric benefit, changes in dosimetric values were assessed. These included minimum dose (Dmin) and volume receiving 95% of prescription (V95%) for the planning target volume (PTV) and the clinical target volume (CTV), and maximum 2 cc's (D2cc) of the bladder, bowel, rectum, and sigmoid colon.ResultsThe average duration of the workflow was 24.4 and 9.2 min for cervical and rectal cancer patients, respectively. A large proportion of time was dedicated to editing target contours (13.1 and 2.7 min, respectively). For cervical cancer patients, the replan changed the Dmin to the PTVs and CTVs for each fraction 0.25 and 0.25 Gy, respectively. The replan changed the V95% by 9.2 and 7.9%. The D2cc to the bladder, bowel, rectum, and sigmoid colon for each fraction changed −0.02, −0.08, −0.07, and −0.04 Gy, respectively. For rectal cancer patients, the replan changed the Dmin to the PTVs and CTVs for each fraction of 0.20 and 0.24 Gy, respectively. The replan changed the V95% by 4.1 and 1.5%. The D2cc to the bladder and bowel for each fraction changed 0.02 and −0.02 Gy, respectively.ConclusionsDosimetric benefits can be achieved with CBCT‐based online ART that is amenable to conventional appointment slots. The clinical significance of these benefits remains to be determined. Managing contours was the primary factor affecting the total duration and is imperative for safe and effective adaptive radiotherapy.
Multiplexing Tensor Holographic Metasurface with Surface Impedance Superposition for Manipulating Multibeams with Multimodes
Authors: Shen Yizhu , Xue Song , Dong Guoqing , Yang Jiawei , Hu Sanming 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMultimode multibeams are widely investigated, but are mostly generated by 3D bulky configuration or partitioned aperture for each beam. This paper proposes and analyzes a method to generate multimode multibeams using a planar single‐layer metasurface with shared aperture. The underlying principle is multiplexing tensor holographic metasurface with a superposition of modulated impedance surface. The multiplexed metasurface is an interference pattern of objective radiation and reference current to generate each beam. To validate the proposed method, this paper presents a multiplexed metasurface shared for two different beams. These two beams are with different modes, i.e., different beam types, different frequencies, different polarizations, and different focal depths. This multiplexed tensor holographic metasurface is theoretically analyzed, fabricated, and validated with matched results in simulation and measurement. The proposed method is promising to realize multiplexed tensor holographic metasurface for emerging wireless communication and radar front‐ends with compact aperture, low profile, light weight, and multiple functions.
Expanding the Toolbox of Heterogeneous Asymmetric Organocatalysts: Bifunctional Cyclopropenimine Superbases for Enantioselective Catalysis in Batch and Continuous Flow
Authors: Leonardi Costanza , Brandolese Arianna , Preti Lorenzo , Bortolini Olga , Polo Eleonora , Dambruoso Paolo , Ragno Daniele , Di Carmine Graziano , Massi Alessandro 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA strategy for the immobilization of chiral 2,3‐bisaminocyclopropenium salt (pre‐catalyst) onto polystyrene and silica supports is presented together with a suitable procedure for the conversion into the corresponding cyclopropenimine superbase catalysts. The activity and recyclability of polystyrene‐ and silica‐supported cyclopropenimines were initially tested under batch conditions in a model Michael addition detecting comparable efficiencies but a superior stability of the latter heterogeneous catalyst (5 cycles, accumulated TON of 27.1). The preferred silica‐supported cyclopropenimine behaved very similarly to the soluble counterpart in the reaction of glycine imine with different Michael acceptors (48–92% yield; 60–98% ee) and it could be utilized as packing material for the fabrication of fixed‐bed mesoreactors (pressure‐resistant stainless‐steel columns). Continuous‐flow experiments were performed with satisfactory long‐term stability (24 h on stream) with unaltered conversion efficiency and enantioselectivity.magnified image
In Situ Growth and Activation of Ag/Ag2S Nanowire Clusters by H2S Plasma Treatment for Promoted Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction
Authors: Yang Jinman , Yu Qing , Du Huishuang , Zhang Wei , Zhang Ying , Ge Junyu , Li Hong , Li Huaming , Xu Hui 
Published: September 2021

AbstractNonmetallic activation of metal electrodes is effective and universal to improve the catalytic activity for the CO2 reduction reaction. Here, selective electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 is performed on a plasma‐activated Ag/Ag2S catalyst for the first time. By a facile H2S plasma treatment on Ag foil and subsequent electrochemical prereduction, Ag/Ag2S nanowire clusters are obtained in situ with different sizes. High Faradaic efficiency for CO generation on Ag/Ag2S is shifted to a significantly lower overpotential compared with untreated Ag foil with high current density. Density functional theory studies reveal that the promoted catalytic activity can be ascribed to the enhanced CO2 activation and reduced reaction energy barrier of the limiting step.
Artificial neural network based model predictive control: Implementing achievable set‐points
Authors: Hassanpour Hesam , Corbett Brandon , Mhaskar Prashant 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis paper addresses the problem of determining achievable set‐points for artificial neural network (ANN)‐based model predictive control (MPC) designs. In particular, this work considers a case where a first‐principles model may not be readily available for a nonlinear process, while sufficient closed‐loop data containing possibly correlated outputs is available, such that an ANN‐based model that captures the nonlinear dynamics reasonably well can be identified. The paper addresses implementation aspects with such an ANN‐based MPC design—specifically that of ensuring that achievable set‐points are prescribed to the MPC. The key idea is to perform principal component analysis (PCA) on the training data in order to recognize existing collinearity and determine the upper confidence limit of squared prediction error (SPE) statistic. An optimization problem subject to the SPE constraint is then defined to calculate the achievable set‐points, that can in turn be provided to an MPC design. The efficacy of the proposed approach is illustrated via implementations on a chemical reactor example. The results reveal the superior tracking performance of MPC using the achievable set‐points over the case where arbitrarily prescribed set‐points are used in the MPC implementations.
Theoretical Analysis of the Radiation Properties of Some Major X‐Ray Free Electron Lasers
Authors: Zhukovsky Konstantin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA theoretical analysis of the radiation in X‐ray free electron lasers (FELs) LCLS, PAL‐XFEL, SwissFEL, as well as SACLA, FLASH 2, and European XFEL is presented. Major losses in FELs are analytically accounted for and analyzed, using exact expressions for the Bessel factors in terms of the generalized Bessel functions. This allows distinguishing the contributions of key parameters and accounting for the losses individually for each harmonic, considering higher sensitivity of the electron‐photon interaction at higher harmonic wavelengths. The harmonic power evolution along FELs and the spectral width of the radiation lines is studied. The theoretical results are analyzed and are compared with the available experimental data for the FEL experiments. The harmonic generation and amplification in the FELs are modeled and studied with the harmonic lasing self‐seed (HLSS) with separate buncher and radiator, and the results are compared with those for SASE. The spectral properties of the radiation are analytically calculated and compared with the measured spectral characteristics. The advantages of HLSS versus SASE FEL are elucidated in the examples of FLASH2, European XFEL, and SwissFEL. The prospected radiation properties of LCLS‐II FEL are analyzed and the possibilities of using harmonics in this FEL are proposed.
Resonant Scattering of Plane‐Wave and Twisted Photons at the Gamma Factory
Authors: Serbo Valeriy G. , Surzhykov Andrey , Volotka Andrey 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA theoretical investigation of the resonant elastic scattering of laser photons by ultra‐relativistic partially stripped ions, that is the core process of the Gamma Factory project, is presented. Special emphasis in the study is placed on the angular distribution and polarization of scattered photons as observed in the collider and ion‐rest reference frames. In order to describe these (angular and polarization) properties for arbitrary relativistic many‐electron ion, the general approach, based on the application of irreducible polarization tensors, is laid down. By making use of the polarization tensors, the scattering of both conventional plane‐wave‐ and twisted (or vortex) photons is explored in detail. For the former case, it is shown how the propagation directions and polarization states of incident and outgoing photons are related to each other for the , , and resonant transitions. For the scattering of initially twisted light that carries non‐zero orbital angular momentum, the angular distribution of secondary photons is explored and the conditions under which they are also twisted are discussed.
Stimuli‐Responsive Supramolecular Polymers from Amphiphilic Phosphodiester‐Linked Azobenzene Trimers
Authors: Vybornyi Oleh , Liu Shi‐Xia , Häner Robert 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAn amphiphilic phosphodiester‐linked azobenzene trimer has been exploited in the development of stimuli‐responsive, water‐soluble supramolecular polymers. The trimer can reversibly undergo thermal and photoisomerization between Z‐ and E‐isomers. Its self‐assembly properties in aqueous medium have been investigated by spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, demonstrating that E‐ and Z‐azobenzene trimers form supramolecular nanosheets and toroidal nanostructures, respectively. By virtue of the E/Z photoisomerization of the azobenzene units, the two different supramolecular morphologies can be switched by photoirradiation. The findings pave a way towards stimuli‐responsive, water‐soluble supramolecular polymers which hold great promise in the development of smart functional materials.
Smart Tumor‐Cell‐Derived Microparticles Provide On‐Demand Photosensitizer Synthesis and Hypoxia Relief for Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Zuo Liping , Nie Weidong , Yu Songmao , Zhuang Wanru , Wu Guanghao , Liu Houli , Huang Lili , Shi Danshu , Sui Xin , Li Yongheng , Xie Hai‐Yan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPositioning essential elements of photodynamic therapy (PDT) near to mitochondria can conquer the rigorous spatiotemporal limitations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) transfer and make considerable differences in PDT. However, precise accumulation of photosensitizer (PS) and oxygen within mitochondria is still challenging. We simultaneously encapsulated hexyl 5‐aminolevulinate hydrochloride (HAL) and 3‐bromopyruvic acid (3BP) into microparticles collected from X‐ray‐irradiated tumor cells (X‐MP). After systemic administration, the developed HAL/3BP@X‐MP can specifically target and recognize tumor cells, where HAL induces efficient accumulation of PpIX in mitochondria via the intrinsic haem biosynthetic pathway. Meanwhile, 3BP remarkably increases the oxygen supply by inhibiting mitochondrial respiration. The accurate co‐localization and prompt encounter of PpIX and oxygen produce sufficient ROS to directly disrupt mitochondria, resulting in significantly improved PDT outcomes.
Azepine‐ or Azocine‐Embedded Hexabenzocoronene Derivatives as Nitrogen‐Doped Saddle or Saddle‐Helix Nanographenes
Authors: An Peng , Li Ranran , Ma Bin , He Run‐Ying , Zhang Yi‐Kang , Xiao Ming‐Jun , Zhang Bin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTwo novel nitrogen‐doped, hexa‐peri‐hexabenzocoronene (HBC)‐based nanographenes (NGs) 1 and 2 bearing an azepine and an azocine at the fjord region, respectively, were synthesized and characterized. Notably, structure 1 was synthesized by Diels–Alder reaction of cyclic alkene and tetrachlorothiophene‐S,S‐dioxide, followed by Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling and Scholl‐type reactions, which represents a modified strategy to construct NGs. The azo‐heptagon‐embedded NG 1 leads to a saddle shape, and the azo‐octagon‐embedded NG 2 exhibits a distorted saddle‐helix conformation with the largest torsion angle recorded so far in [5]helicenes. As a result, the different structural topographies for NGs 1 and 2 lead to significant changes in the optical properties including UV absorption and fluorescent emission. Additionally, the 8π‐heterocycles azepine and azocine in the NGs 1 and 2 exhibited obvious antiaromatic properties.
Dense Packing of Acetylene in a Stable and Low‐Cost Metal–Organic Framework for Efficient C2H2/CO2 Separation
Authors: Pei Jiyan , Wen Hui‐Min , Gu Xiao‐Wen , Qian Quan‐Li , Yang Yu , Cui Yuanjing , Li Bin , Chen Banglin , Qian Guodong 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPorous materials for C2H2/CO2 separation mostly suffer from high regeneration energy, poor stability, or high cost that largely dampen their industrial implementation. A desired adsorbent should have an optimal balance between excellent separation performance, high stability, and low cost. We herein report a stable, low‐cost, and easily scaled‐up aluminum MOF (CAU‐10‐H) for highly efficient C2H2/CO2 separation. The suitable pore confinement in CAU‐10‐H can not only provide multipoint binding interactions with C2H2 but also enable the dense packing of C2H2 inside the pores. This material exhibits one of the highest C2H2 storage densities of 392 g L−1 and highly selective adsorption of C2H2 over CO2 at ambient conditions, achieved by a low C2H2 adsorption enthalpy (27 kJ mol−1). Breakthrough experiments confirm its exceptional separation performance for C2H2/CO2 mixtures, affording both large C2H2 uptake of 3.3 mmol g−1 and high separation factor of 3.4. CAU‐10‐H achieves the benchmark balance between separation performance, stability, and cost for C2H2/CO2 separation.
Prospects of co‐poly(biquinoline‐hydrazide‐imide)s for separation of benzene‐isopropanol mixture via pervaporation
Authors: Polotskaya Galina , Goikhman Mikhail , Podeshvo Irina , Loretsyan Nairi , Saprykina Natalia , Gofman Iosif , Tian Nadezhda , Dubovenko Roman , Pulyalina Alexandra 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPoly(biquinoline dicarbohydrazide)‐co‐(bistrimelliteimide) methylene‐bisanthranylide (PQHI) and its metal‐polymer complex PQHI‐Cu+ containing several types of functional groups (hydrazide, carboxyl, amide, and imide fragments) were synthesized. Dense thin‐film membranes were prepared to study transport properties of these polymers in the separation of a benzene and isopropanol (IPA) mixture via pervaporation. Comprehensive studies of structure, physical and mechanical properties of the novel membranes were carried out. Structure of the polymer films was characterized using scanning electron microscopy. Measurements of physical and mechanical properties showed good performance capabilities of polymers as membrane materials. Transport properties of the synthesized polymers in pervaporation of benzene–IPA mixtures were characterized by determination of total flux, separation factor, as well as permeability and selectivity of the films. It was experimentally found and confirmed by quantum chemical calculations that the novel PQHI‐based membranes are benzene selective due to the presence of functional groups capable of H‐bonding. The benzene/IPA separation factor is equal to 38 for the PQHI membrane in pervaporation of the mixture containing 20 wt% of benzene.
Study of mechanical and rheological properties, morphology, and miscibility in polylactid acid blends with thermoplastic polymers
Authors: Lekube Blanca Maria , Burgstaller Christoph 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBlends of polypropylene, polystyrene (PS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and high‐, low‐ and linear low‐density polyethylene (LDPE and LLDPE) with different contents on polylactid acid (PLA) were prepared. Tensile and impact properties and melt flow rate (MFR) of the mixtures were determined. Morphology was analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and interactions were studied by measuring glass transition temperatures (Tg) as well as applying a model to quantify the composition dependence of tensile strength. Results show that there are significant differences on structure and properties among the blends. Polyolefin based blends feature heterogeneous structures with big particle sizes, which translates to blend properties with high negative deviation from the rule of mixtures (ROM), especially for LDPE and LLDPE. Blends of PET and PS feature smaller dispersed particles, resulting in blends with mechanical properties close to those of ROM. Shifting in glass transition temperatures indicate interactions between these materials, which were quantitatively determined indicating the strongest interactions for the PS/PLA pair followed by the PET/PLA mixture.