bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of COVID -19 pandemic on still births.
Authors: Yasmin Sumaira , Syed Wajeeha , Liaqat Nazia , Shafqat Tanveer , Naseem Saira , Zahoor Farnaz 
Published: December 2021

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic is testing the strength of the strongest medical management in the globe. In developing countries, this contagious disease is quickly spreading in the midst of various endemic medical conditions like HIV, tuberculosis, jungle fever, lack of healthy sustenance, and incessant episodes of rampant contaminations. This happens especially in a setting of frail healthcare systems which may scarcely adapt to the previously mentioned existing medical challenges.
Purpose: The objective of this research is to examine the impacts of pandemic of COVID-19 on the stillbirth rates.
Methodology: Study was conducted at department of obstetrics and gynecology Unit Gynae C Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar from 1st January 2019 to 31st August 2020. This comparative cross sectional study was carried out at using non probability consecutive sampling technique.
Findings: A large number of patients admitted with the diagnosis of stillbirth during 2019 and 2020 were multiparas 57% and 62% respectively. Booking status was 64% during 2019 and dropped to 52% in pandemic year 2020.Percentages of stillbirth due to abruption, placenta previa, gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM), type II diabetes, malpresentation, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR),obstructed labor, eclampsia, postdates and unknown causes in 2019 and 2020 have been given in the table.
Contenido de mercurio en músculo de algunas especies ícticas de consumo presentes en el río Quito, sistema hídrico del río Atrato, Chocó, Colombia
Authors: Murillo Asprilla Yiskar Damián 
Published: December 2021

En Colombia la minera auroplatinífera es la principal causa de contaminación de los ambientes acuáticos. El mercurio (Hg) es el elemento central para obtener el metal con valor comercial; es el responsable de los efectos acumulativos en la fauna íctica que a menudo es utilizada por las comunidades de las riberas. Mediante técnicas artesanales con trasmallos y atarraya se capturaron 10 especies ícticas en el río Quito. Se utilizó un proceso de espectrometría de absorción atómica de vapor en frío y se determinaron los niveles de mercurio presente en el músculo de cada muestra. Los especímenes analizados mostraron que contienen Hg total en sus músculos; el grupo de los bagres arrojó los más altos valores, siendo Pseudopimelodus schultzi (0,76 µg/g) y Pimelodella chagresii (0,62 µg/g) las especies con mayores niveles de mercurio; por su parte Trachelypterus fisheri (0,17 µg/g), y Sturisomathictys tamanac (0,17 µg/g), tuvieron los valores más bajos. En general los análisis muestran una vez más que las especies de los eslabones más altos en la cadena trófica son los organismos que biogmanifican mejor el Hg.
O “TERRITÓRIO” DA EDUCAÇÃO DO CAMPO NO “LATIFÚNDIO” DO PLANO NACIONAL DE EDUCAÇÃO
Authors: S. Silva Fábio Dantas 
Published: December 2021

RESUMO. O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar de que forma o debate da educação do campo está presente no Plano Nacional de Educação (2014-2024). Trata-se de um artigo teórico, de cunho bibliográfico, metodologicamente ancorado na análise de conteúdo (BARDIN, 2004). Para as referidas análises foram utilizados os seguintes documentos: PNE (2001-2011) e o PNE (2014-2024).O artigo está organizado em três seções, quais sejam: a primeira problematiza a construção do paradigma da educação do campo a partir das lutas dos movimentos sociais do campo; a segunda apresenta o debate sobre os antecedentes históricos na construção de um Plano Nacional de Educação, observando a ausência de um plano que organizasse a educação brasileira e, por fim, temos a última seção que faz uma análise sobre o PNE (2014-2014) analisando as diretrizes, metas e estratégias que estão relacionadas à política de educação do campo. Nesse contexto, observamos que houve avanço no atual plano em comparação aos planos anteriores, entretanto, existe o desafio de ampliar, implementar e acompanhar as políticas para educação do campo.
Palavras-chave: Direito à Educação – Educação do Campo – Plano Nacional de Educação
EDUCAÇÃO SUPERIOR A DISTÂNCIA
Authors: Britto Pereira Lima Daniela da Costa , Rodrigues Marina Campos Nori 
Published: December 2021

O propósito deste artigo é analisar a expansão da oferta de cursos superiores a distância pela Rede Federal de Educação Profissional, Científica e Tecnológica entre 2014 e 2018 e suas contribuições para o atendimento da Meta 12 do Plano Nacional de Educação (PNE - 2014-2024). O estudo faz parte de pesquisa em andamento[1], possui caráter bibliográfico e documental. Apoiou-se em estudos de Silva (2009; 2017), Dourado (2016), Oliveira e Dourado (2016), Minto (2018), dentre outros, além de consulta à diversas normatizações e sites de dados educacionais. Por meio deste estudo é possível visualizar a trajetória do desenvolvimento da educação superior pela Rede Federal Educação Profissional, Científica e Tecnológica acompanhada da inserção da educação a distância (EaD) nesse contexto, o PNE e suas Metas para a educação superior, finalizando com a reflexão sobre sua expansão. Conclui-se que a oferta de educação superior a distância vem se ampliando pela Rede, porém, ainda é insuficiente para contribuir sobremaneira para o atendimento da Meta 12 que trata da expansão das matrículas nos cursos de graduação.

[1]Projeto Integrado de Pesquisa “Expansão e qualidade da educação superior no contexto do Plano Nacional de Educação (2014-2024): Tensões, limites e perspectivas”, UFG/UFRN, financiado pelo CNPq.
“REDESENHAR” A ESCOLA PARA LÁ DA PANDEMIA
Authors: AMANTE Lúcia 
Published: December 2021

Vivemos mundialmente, nestes últimos 2 anos, uma situação de exceção que obrigou ao fecho de escolas e universidades, de modo abrupto, e à transição para formas de educação não presencial, que designaremos como ensino remoto de emergência.
De que maneira viveram as escolas e os professores este enorme desafio? Que fragilidades vieram à tona? Que mudanças ocorreram e como se refletirão na educação pós pandemia? Que oportunidades poderão ser exploradas e aproveitadas para tornar a educação escolar mais atrativa e adequada à realidade do século 21?
Procuraremos neste texto abordar este conjunto de aspetos tendo como base um conjunto de depoimentos recolhidos junto de professores durante o primeiro período de fecho das escolas em Portugal (março a maio de 2020) pretendendo conhecer como professores e escolas enfrentaram no seu dia a dia o desafio de transformar da noite para o dia a forma como trabalhavam. Refletimos depois como a Escola se pode apropriar dessas mudanças para se redesenhar e reinventar tendo em vista a urgência de promover processos de aprendizagem autênticos consonantes com os desafios do mundo contemporâneo.
Spatial Resolution and Frequency Characteristics for Dose Modulation on the TrueBeam Medical Accelerator
Authors: Vasiliev V. N. , Smyslov A. Yu. 
Published: December 2021

Purpose: To study the spatial resolution achievable by dose modulation in a water phantom using a multi-leaf collimator, jaws and their combination. To estimate the power spectrum density of the useful signal (dose distribution) and statistical noise, evaluate the frequency interval containing the useful signal.
Material and methods: Using the Gafchromic EBT2 radiochromic film, nested squares dose patterns formed in a water-equivalent phantom by 6 and 15 MV photon beams of the TrueBeam medical accelerator, jaws, a multi-leaf collimator, and a combination of these devices were measured. Dose response to step function (ESF) data was extracted from the penumbra and the linear photon source dose response function (LSF) was calculated. To move to frequency domain, fast Fourier transform was performed over the obtained datasets, as well as over individual LSF peaks, and then power spectra densities were calculated. The Nyquist frequency associated with data sampling was 1.42 mm-1, the Hann window was used to minimize leakage effect.
Results: The shape of the obtained LSF peaks was approximated by a sum of two Gaussian distributions with the same center positions but different widths. The LSF peak width at half maximum (FWHM) was 1.7-3.9 mm depending on the modulation device. No significant difference was observed in the peak widths at energies of 6 and 15 MV. In most cases, the width of the peak along the X-axis was wider than along the Y-axis. The power spectrum of the useful signal had a maximum near zero frequency, a 50 % level was near 0.09 mm-1 and its high frequency limit was about 0.4 mm-1. Above this value, only the spectrum of statistical noise was recorded, uniformly distributed over frequency.
Conclusion: The obtained values of the LSF peak width in the range 1.7-3.9 mm characterize the ability of dose modulation by the considered devices or their combination, which can be significant for treatment of small targets (less than 3-4 cm), where these limits of spatial resolution can be reached. The obtained relationships in frequency domain can be used for optimal removal of statistical noise using Wiener filters from profiles or two-dimensional dose distributions.
Mathematical Modeling of Uniform and Nonuniform Malignian and Normal Tissues Irradiation. Mathematical Analysis of the Tumour Grid Irradiation
Authors: Klepper L. Ya. 
Published: December 2021

Purpose: On base created mathematical model (MM) modified Veybull distribution, intended for NTCP calculation, depending on irradiated volume V and uniform irradiation dose D, to develop the MM, which allows to realize transition from nonuniform dose in tissue to the equivalent, uniform identical dose. To research the hypothesis, under what condition lumpy sharing dose in system tumors+normal tissues will be more efficient, than uniform dose.
Material and Methods: Lumpy sharing dose are described as a differential histogram dose-volume (DDVH). The MM for calculation transition lumpy distribution of the absence of the beam complication probability (ACPr) in tissue is designed. It was used for MM conclusion, which allows to calculate transition values of the Adequate Dose (AD) of the uniform irradiation tissues, which use brings about ACPr in tissues.
Results: On base of the suggestions and proved affirmation MMs are received, which allow for lumpy distribution of local NTCP values, presented as a DHDV, to calculate transition values ACPr, as well as select from it MM for reduction of the lumpy sharing dose. On base created MM question was explored, in what case tumors and normal tissue through a grid irradiation will be more effective than uniform irradiation.
Conclusion: The transition from lumpy sharing doses in tissues to equivalent uniform dose present the significant interest for the RT planning efficiency. Their study is necessary, where the radiation of biosubjects is influenced.
Extracranial Dose and the Risk of Radiation-Induced Malignancy after Intracranial Stereotactic Radiosurgery: is it Time to Establish a Therapeutic Reference Level?
Authors: Paddick I. , Cameron A. , Dimitriadis A. 
Published: December 2021

Background. To measure extracranial doses from Gamma Knife Perfexion (GKP) intracranial stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and model the risk of malignancy after SRS for different treatment platforms.
Methods. Doses were measured for 20 patients undergoing SRS on a GKP at distances of 18, 43 and 75 cm from the target, corresponding to the approximate positions of the thyroid, breast and gonads respectively. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) RadRAT calculator was used to estimate excess lifetime cancer risk from this exposure. Five different age groups covering childhood and younger adults were modelled for both sexes.
Results. Extracranial doses delivered during SRS with the GKP were a median 0.04 %, 0.008 % and 0.002 % of prescription dose at 18 cm, 43 cm and 70 cm from the isocentre respectively. Comparison with the literature revealed that the extracranial dose was lowest from GKP, then linacs equipped with micro-multileaf collimators (mMLC), then linacs equipped with circular collimators (cones), and highest from Cyberknife (CK). Estimated lifetime risks of radiation-induced malignancy in the body for patients treated with SRS aged 5–45 years were 0.03 0.88 %, 0.36–11 %, 0.61–18 % and 2.2–39 % for GKP, mMLC, cones and CK respectively.
Conclusions. We have compared typical extracranial doses from different platforms and quantified the lifetime risk of radiation-induced malignancy. The risk varies with platform. This should be taken into account when treating children and young adults with SRS. The concept of a therapeutic reference level (TRL), similar to the diagnostic reference level (DRL) established in radiology, is proposed.
The Global Quality Assurance of Radiation Therapy Clinical Trials Harmonization Group Recommendations for Сontouring of OARs
Authors: Bondarenko A. V. , Lebedeva Zh. S. , Litvinov A. P. 
Published: December 2021

QUANTEC report summarized the data of the dose constrains for critical structures in radiotherapy. The authors of this report determined that one of the obstacles to obtaining meaningful data on tolerant doses was inconsistency in the nomenclature of names. And inconsistencies in the guidelines for contouring the organs at risk increase the variability in contouring. Eliminating these inconsistencies increases the speed and safety of the workflow within each individual healthcare facility and improves the accuracy and reliability of the data underlying the dose limits that are developed. The standardization of terminology facilitates the integration of dosimetry data, the creation of various templates and scripts to automate the creation of a prescription for the RT course for similar cases, and the automation of reports. It helps to train the systems supporting artificial intelligence. AAPM report TG-263 resolved the nomenclature problem, however, different anatomical boundaries of different organs were still hidden under the same names in various large research centers. In 2020 The Global Quality Assurance of Radiation Therapy Clinical Trials Harmonization Group published an article. It summarized the many years of work by the scientific radiotherapy community to standardize the approach to delineating the OARs. This article provides an overview of the article key points and provides links to outline guides.
A special attention it was paid to clarifying the anatomical boundaries of such OARs: heart, femoral heads, skin, individual structures of the gastrointestinal tract and substructures of the eye.
Rejuvenating Karayala: An Endangered Folk Theatrical Form of Himachal Pradesh
Authors: Manoj Thakur  
Published: December 2021

This paper deals with karayala, a folk theatrical form of Himachal Pradesh. This form is basically a ritual, performed in the name of a local deity called Biju/Bijeshwar. It is a night long ritual consisting of minimum three and maximum four episodes (swaangs) and each one is followed by a musical interlude comprising singing and dancing. Karyala is an impromptu theatrical form. There are no women actors and only men play female roles. Surprisingly, till date women are not allowed to play female roles. It deals with range of themes and most of them aim at reforming society by employing techniques like mimicry, caricature, satire, paradox, pun and word play. The paper seeks to introduce karayala to larger audience. In the crisis of the present context and particularly owing to onslaught of media multiplicity, we have lost karayala’s past as none for a long while cared to document it due to urbanization, people’s indifference and media charged environment that has threatened its existence. At present it is alive in people’s memory and is necessitated by rituals to avert divine wrath; nevertheless, its space stands largely invaded by media today. The future of this folk theatrical form seems bleak unless we take effective measures to revive/ retrieve it.
Reformation of Culture through Language and Translation
Authors: Sneha Kannusamy  
Published: December 2021

This research paper sheds light on the reformation of culture through language and translation. It introduces the definitions of language, culture, and translation. It further explains the relationship between culture, language, and translation concerning the scholarly papers. The phenomenon by which the culture is built by different languages linking to the way we emote feelings and thoughts, which is achieved through the process of translation. This paper shows the study of how the culture gets reformed through language and translation getting even more transformed structurally in the upcoming generations. The reformation is seen not only in non-fictional works but also traces the fictional plays and novels that are cited with authentic references. Limitations such as not translating the words with accurate meaning may give the pessimistic approach but how it promotes people in learning varied concepts of language getting introduced to vast culture is dealt detail. This paper also deals with cultural refinement through linguistic anthropology and postcolonialism. This study shows the level of consciousness of people towards language and translation giving allowance to get introduced to particular cultures that promotes unity with examples. The language reflects culture, providing the study of refinement in language mirroring the culture, hence proving literacy is directly connected with the culture in education. The translation is the best influencer taking its turn of shifting people from one culture to taste another. To build up a valid society, the need for inculcating in-depth knowledge of language and culture through translation helps in building the culture for posterity.
The ‘Changing Status’ of Women w.r.t. Gentrified Urban Spaces of Mumbai
Authors: Dr. Deepali Bhide  
Published: December 2021

Reinforcement of inequality and rise in human conflict across society, culture, political economy and gender relations is a characteristic feature of globalisation which is an apparent process of development. This inequality becomes more evident in a globalising city like Mumbai because the capitalist expansion within Mumbai has been defragmented and worrisome. Girangaon in Mumbai (spread over E, F and G wards within MCGM- Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai) is a case reflecting a similar inconsistency because this is a core area which has been undergoing so called urban renewal since the closure of cotton textile mills since 1980s. More livelihood opportunities in Mumbai have been created in the informal tertiary sector as compared to the formal traditional occupations. Urban poverty, income disparities and deprivations are issues which remain unaddressed. Women who are an important part of the urban economy and who remain behind the veils when it comes to assessment and calculation of real income are not left behind from this brunt. The present paper therefore is an attempt to understand the participation and contribution of women in Mumbai’s economy. It also tries to study whether there has been any change in the socio-economic status of women from Girangaon especially with two important processes- closure of mills and the initiation of gentrification. For this purpose a questionnaire survey was conducted in Girangaon and the collected data has been analysed qualitatively to understand the dynamics of capital and gender relations.
Gender Discrimination and Marital Discord in Shashi Deshpande’s The Dark Holds No Terrors
Authors: Ayesha Tasnim  
Published: December 2021

Gender discrimination is a universal issue that results in women’s predicament. From time immemorial women become victims of gender disparities. It starts with one’s own family. The present paper explores the crisis of gender discrimination and marital discord in the life of the protagonist in particular and Indian women in general. As a Child Sarita, the Protagonist tolerates gender discrimination and as a grown-up after her marriage due to marital discontentment. In this paper, many gender issues are explored which in due course of time decrease the moral spirit of women and make them weak and subordinate. Although Sarita is an educated and economically independent woman still she silently suffers. When it crosses limits she raises her voice to assert her self-esteem.
Reflective Practice at a Private Sector Medical College
Authors: Mughal Aamir Abbas , Razaq Nadeem , Saif Ullah Muhammad , Ikram Sadia , Sarfraz Farrukh , Sarfraz Fahad 
Published: December 2021

Introduction: To create both professionally and actually, wellbeing professionals need to construct fundamental aptitudes in reflective practice. Facilitators in general are agree that these skills should be created as portion of educational module for the wellbeing of professional students. The aims were to present reflective practice to third-year medical students and to evaluate the students’ self-perceived reflective aptitudes before and after their reflective exercises. Objective: Using a composed survey, third-year medical students’ perceptions of reflective practice were accumulated before and after their clinic placement. Students moreover completed two reflective writing pieces about their clinical placements. Material and Methods: Study design:	Quantitative, Cohort study. Settings: Akhtar Saeed Medical College, Lahore Duration: 1 Year i.e. 1st September 2020 to 30th August 2021. Results: The students’ reflective writing papers were distributed into one of the three categories: non-reflector, reflector and critical reflector. Content investigation of students’ perceptions of reflective practice uncovered nine topics. Eight fundamental topics emerged from students’ proposals for moving forward their reflective capacities. Conclusion: It concludes that student’s issues around the appraisal of reflective writing are discussed, and students’ recommendations for progressing their reflective capacities are displayed. Key words: Reflection in practice, reflective learning, quality assurance
Penyuluhan Bahaya Petasan di Pesekutuan Anak dan Remaja (PAR) Rayon Remu Selatan Jemaat GKI Maranatha Remu Kota Sorong
Authors: Talakua Febry , Etnis Baktianita R. , Ruhukail Pricilya P. 
Published: December 2021

Playing firecrackers has become a tradition for the community, including children when welcoming big holidays such as Christmas, Eid, and New Year's Day. However, not infrequently playing firecrackers brings disaster to those who play them, especially children. Counseling about the dangers of firecrackers is one of the efforts to increase the understanding of children and adolescents about the dangers of firecrackers and their negative impacts. This activity aims to increase the knowledge of children and youth of the South Remu district of the GKI Maranatha Remu Congregation about the dangers of firecrackers. The method used is counseling with lecture and discussion methods. Submission of material through using PowerPoint. The results showed that the average pretest value of knowledge of the dangers of firecrackers in children and adolescents was 4.6 and the posttest was 8.4, with a change in value before and after counseling was given as much as 3.8 points. This activity concludes that the knowledge of children and adolescents about the dangers of firecrackers increases after being given counseling, for that it is hoped that the government, religious institutions, universities, and NGOs will always carry out outreach activities on the dangers of firecrackers to children and adolescents.
Keywords: Knowledge, Danger of Firecrackers, Children, and Adolescents.