bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exposure of Ophthalmologists to Patients' Exhaled Droplets in Clinical Practice: A Numerical Simulation of SARS-CoV-2 Exposure Risk
Authors: Fan Yanchao , Liu Li , Zhang Hui , Deng Yingping , Wang Yi , Duan Mengjie , Wang Huan , Wang Lixiang , Han Leifeng , Liu Yalin 
Published: September 2021

Background: Lack of quantification of direct and indirect exposure of ophthalmologists during ophthalmic diagnostic process makes it hard to estimate the infectious risk of aerosol pathogen faced by ophthalmologists at working environment.Methods: Accurate numerical models of thermal manikins and computational fluid dynamics simulations were used to investigate direct (droplet inhalation and mucosal deposition) and indirect exposure (droplets on working equipment) within a half-minute procedure. Three ophthalmic examination or treatment scenarios (direct ophthalmoscopic examination, slit-lamp microscopic examination, and ophthalmic operation) were selected as typical exposure distance, two breathing modes (normal breathing and coughing), three levels of ambient RH (40, 70, and 95%) and three initial droplet sizes (50, 70, and 100 μm) were considered as common working environmental condition.Results: The exposure of an ophthalmologist to a patient's expiratory droplets during a direct ophthalmoscopic examination was found to be 95 times that of a person during normal interpersonal interaction at a distance of 1 m and 12.1, 8.8, and 9.7 times that of an ophthalmologist during a slit-lamp microscopic examination, a surgeon during an ophthalmic operation and an assistant during an ophthalmic operation, respectively. The ophthalmologist's direct exposure to droplets when the patient cough-exhaled was ~7.6 times that when the patient breath-exhaled. Compared with high indoor RH, direct droplet exposure was higher and indirect droplet exposure was lower when the indoor RH was 40%.Conclusion: During the course of performing ophthalmic examinations or treatment, ophthalmologists typically face a high risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection by droplet transmission.
Dust Exposure and Respiratory Health Among Workers in Primary Coffee Processing Factories in Tanzania and Ethiopia
Authors: Bråtveit Magne , Abaya Samson Wakuma , Sakwari Gloria , Moen Bente E. 
Published: September 2021

Introduction: In primary coffee factories the coffee beans are cleaned and sorted. Studies from the 80- and 90-ties indicated respiratory health effects among the workers, but these results may not represent the present status. Our aim was to review recent studies on dust exposure and respiratory health among coffee factory workers in Tanzania and Ethiopia, two major coffee producing countries in Africa.Methods: This study merged data from cross-sectional studies from 2010 to 2019 in 4 and 12 factories in Tanzania and Ethiopia, respectively. Personal samples of “total” dust and endotoxin were taken in the breathing zone. Chronic respiratory symptoms were assessed using the American Thoracic Society (ATS) questionnaire. Lung function was measured by a spirometer in accordance with ATS guidelines.Results: Dust exposure among male production workers was higher in Ethiopia (GM 12 mg/m3; range 1.1–81) than in Tanzania (2.5; 0.24–36). Exposure to endotoxins was high (3,500; 42–75,083) compared to the Dutch OEL of 90 EU/m3. The male workers had higher prevalence of respiratory symptoms than controls. The highest symptom prevalence and odds ratio were found for cough (48.4%; OR = 11.3), while for breathlessness and wheezing the odds ratios were 3.2 and 2.4, respectively. There was a significant difference between the male coffee workers and controls in the adjusted FEV1 (0.26 l/s) and FVC (0.21 l) and in the prevalence of airflow limitation (FEV1/FVC &lt; 0.7) (6.3 vs. 0.9%). Among the male coffee workers, there was a significant association between cumulative dust exposure and the lung function variables FEV1 and FVC, respectively.Conclusions: The results suggest that coffee production workers are at risk of developing chronic respiratory symptoms and reduced lung function, and that the findings are related to high dust levels. Measures to reduce dust exposure should be targeted to factors identified as significant determinants of exposure.
Highly Sensitive Flexible Pressure Sensors Enabled by Mixing of Silicone Elastomer With Ionic Liquid-Grafted Silicone Oil
Authors: Kang Zhaoqing , Nie Yi , Yu Liyun , Zhang Suojiang , Skov Anne Ladegaard 
Published: September 2021

Developing highly sensitive flexible pressure sensors has become crucially urgent due to the increased societal demand for wearable electronic devices capable of monitoring various human motions. The sensitivity of such sensors has been shown to be significantly enhanced by increasing the relative dielectric permittivity of the dielectric layers used in device construction via compositing with immiscible ionic conductors. Unfortunately, however, the elastomers employed for this purpose possess inhomogeneous morphologies, and thus suffer from poor long-term durability and unstable electrical response. In this study, we developed a novel, flexible, and highly sensitive pressure sensor using an elastomeric dielectric layer with particularly high permittivity and homogeneity due to the addition of synthesized ionic liquid-grafted silicone oil (denoted LMS-EIL). LMS-EIL possesses both a very high relative dielectric permittivity (9.6 × 105 at 10−1 Hz) and excellent compatibility with silicone elastomers due to the covalently connected structure of conductive ionic liquid (IL) and chloropropyl silicone oil. A silicone elastomer with a relative permittivity of 22 at 10−1 Hz, Young’s modulus of 0.78 MPa, and excellent homogeneity was prepared by incorporating 10 phr (parts per hundreds rubber) of LMS-EIL into an elastomer matrix. The sensitivity of the pressure sensor produced using this optimized silicone elastomer was 0.51 kPa−1, which is 100 times higher than that of the pristine elastomer. In addition, a high durability illustrated by 100 loading–unloading cycles and a rapid response and recovery time of approximately 60 ms were achieved. The excellent performance of this novel pressure sensor suggests significant potential for use in human interfaces, soft robotics, and electronic skin applications.
Process Evaluation of Project FFAB (Fun Fast Activity Blasts): A Multi-Activity School-Based High-Intensity Interval Training Intervention
Authors: Weston Kathryn L. , Innerd Alison , Azevedo Liane B. , Bock Susan , Batterham Alan M. 
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Over the last decade, research into the impact of school-based high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on young people's health has markedly increased. Despite this, most authors have focused on the outcomes of their intervention, rather than the process of how the study was conducted. The aim of our study, therefore, was to conduct a mixed methods process evaluation of Project FFAB (Fun Fast Activity Blasts), a school-based HIIT intervention for adolescents. The objectives were to explore study recruitment, reach, intervention dose, fidelity, participants' experiences, context, and future implementation.Methods: Recruitment was assessed by comparing the number of students who received study information, to those who provided consent. Reach was described as the number of participants who completed the intervention. Dose was reported via the number of HIIT sessions delivered, total exercise time commitment, HIIT exercise time, and session attendance. Post-intervention focus groups were conducted with intervention participants (n = 33; aged 14.1 ± 0.3 years; mean ± standard deviation). These discussions explored aspects of intervention fidelity (extent that the intervention was delivered as intended); participants' experiences of the HIIT sessions; context (exploration of the nuances of school-based HIIT); and ideas for future implementation.Results: Recruitment, reach, and dose data indicate that Project FFAB was largely delivered as planned. Focus group data identified a mismatch between perceived vs. prescribed work: rest ratio for the multi-activity HIIT drills. Generally, the HIIT drills were well-received; participants often reported they were fun to complete, and the use of heart rate monitors was helpful for interpreting exercise intensity. Some participants stated that greater variety in the HIIT drills would be preferable. The timing and structure of the HIIT sessions that took place outside of physical education lessons received mixed responses.Conclusion: Collectively, our study supports the use of school-based HIIT and provides valuable insights into how such interventions can be implemented. Project FFAB could be modified to account for individuals' preferences on when the exercise sessions took place. In addition, a wider range of activities could be included, and the prescribed work: rest ratio of the HIIT drills could be better communicated.
Rotating Hinge Knee Arthroplasty for Revision Prosthetic-Knee Infection: Good Functional Outcomes but a Crucial Need for Superinfection Prevention
Authors: Bourbotte-Salmon Florian , Ferry Tristan , Cardinale Mickaël , Servien Elvire , Rongieras Frédéric , Fessy Michel-Henry , Bertani Antoine , Laurent Frédéric , Buffe-Lidove Margaux , Batailler Cécile , Lustig Sébastien ,   The Lyon Bone and Joint Infections Study Group
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Management of chronic infection following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is challenging. Rotating hinged prostheses are often required in this setting due to severe bone loss, ligamentous insufficiency, or a combination of the two. The nature of the mechanical and septic complications occurring in this setting has not been well-described. The aim of this study was to evaluate patient outcomes using a hinge knee prosthesis for prosthetic knee infections and to investigate risk factors for implant removal.Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study that included all patients treated in our tertiary level referral center between January 2009 and December 2016 for prosthetic knee infection with a hinge knee prosthesis. Only patients with a minimum 2-year of follow-up were included. Functional evaluation was performed using international knee society (IKS) “Knee” and “Function” scores. Survival analysis comparing implant removal risks for mechanical and septic causes was performed using Cox univariate analysis and Kaplan-Meier curves. Risk factors for implant removal and septic failure were assessed.Results: Forty-six knees were eligible for inclusion. The majority of patients had satisfactory functional outcomes as determined by mean IKS scores (mean knee score: 70.53, mean function score: 46.53 points, and mean knee flexion: 88.75°). The 2-year implant survival rate was 89% but dropped to 65% at 7 years follow-up. The risk of failure (i.e., implant removal) was higher for septic etiology compared to mechanical causes. Patients with American society of anesthesiologists (ASA) score&gt;1, immunosuppression, or with peripheral arterial diseases had a higher risk for septic failure. Patients with acute infection according to the Tsukayamaclassification had a higher risk of failure. Of the 46 patients included, 19 (41.3%) had atleast one infectious event on the surgical knee and most of these were superinfections (14/19) with new pathogens isolated. Among pathogens responsible for superinfections (i) cefazolin and gentamicin were both active in six of the cases but failed to prevent the superinfection; (ii) cefazolin and/or gentamicin were not active in eight patients, leading to alternative systemic and/or local antimicrobial prophylaxis consideration.Conclusions: Patients with chronic total knee arthroplasty (TKA) infection, requiring revision using rotating hinge implant, had good functional outcomes but experienced a high rate of septic failure, mostly due to bacterial superinfection. These patients may need optimal antimicrobial systemic prophylaxis and innovative approaches to reduce the rate of superinfection.
HIDROFORMILACIÓN EN FASE HOMOGÉNEA DE EUGENOL E ISOEUGENOL CON LOS COMPLEJOS (RhCl(n4-1,5-COD)(2-ampy)) y (RhCl(PPh3)2(2-ampy)2)
Authors: Cuenu-Cabezas Femando , Duque-Hoyos Maria Cristina , Bolaños-Rivera Alberto 
Published: September 2021

Se realizó la síntesis de los complejos (RhCl(n4-1,5-COD)(2-ampy)) y (RhCl(PPh3)2(2-ampy)2), (donde COD es ciclaoctadieno, 2-ampy es 2-ominopiridino y PPh3 trifenilfosfino). El compuesto (RhCl(PPh 3)2(2-ampy)2) presento un doblete a 29.4 ppm, con una constante de acoplamiento Rh-P de 86 Hz, indicando que las fosfinas se encuentran en posición trans. Los compuestos fueron activos en Ja hidroformilación de eugenol e isoeugenol, en donde la selectividad y actividad catalítica depende de varios factores tales como, los impedimentos estéricos en el ligante, los factores electrónicos y la temperatura de reacción. El complejo con los ligantes fosfina presento una menor actividad catalítica pero una mayor selectividad hacia aldehídos lineales.
CORRECCIÓN DE RUIDO TEMPORAL Y ESPACIAL ORIENTADO A LA MAXIMIZACIÓN DE CONTRASTE Y COMPENSACIÓN DE ILUMINACIÓN EN IMÁGENES INFRARROJAS
Authors: Jaramillo-I Alejandro , Padilla-B José Bestier , Arango Ramiro 
Published: September 2021

Las imágenes infrarrojas presentan defectos asociados al hardware, como son: píxeles defectuosos, ruido temporal, ruido espacial, vignetting entre otros; e inherentes al medio como cambios de iluminación, corrientes de convección y conducción. En este trabajo se hace uso de metodologías enfocadas en la corrección de no uniformidades como lo es el algoritmo de las estadísticas constantes (CS) y rango constante (CR), así mismo se utiliza la morfología matemática y mapeos de contraste (MC) con el objetivo de maximizar el contraste y compensar los cambios de iluminación de cada uno de los frames infrarrojos.
Las métricas utilizadas para evaluar el desempeño de las técnicas corresponden al RMSE (error cuadrático medio) y al índice de merito Rho el cual es un estimativo de la cantidad de ruido eliminado, los resultados obtenidos con la utilización de las técnicas de corrección de no uniformidades presentan un índice de merito Rho y un RMSE bajo en comparación a los valores de estas métricas para frames contaminados, siendo estos cercanos a valores de las métricas obtenidos para un frame sin ruido espacial, aun, mejores resultados se obtienen cuando se aplican los operadores morfológicos y mapeos de contraste a las secuencias de imágenes provenientes de la etapa de corrección de ruido, dado que el contraste de la imagen es mejorado adaptativamente.
PERANCANGAN ALAT PENGUPAS SABUT KELAPA MENGGUNAKAN METODE VDI 2221
Authors: Prima Febri 
Published: September 2021

The increasing demand for coconut productin in Sungai Kupah Village, Kuburaya Regency has resulted in workers needing a tool that can complete work more quickly and effiently. The tools used today stil use wedges where their use takes a long tie because the process in the process relies on human power. In additin, with non-ergonomic work positins, workers can also experience several work-related diseases such as back pain and back pain. The objecties of this research are (1) Designing an ergonomic coconut peeler according to consumer needs (2) Testig the performance of the tool (3) Testig worker fatiue before and aftr using the tool (4) Testig the level of consumer satifactin. The solutin used in this study is the VDI 2221, CVL method approach, measuring tool performance and analyzing the level of satifactin. The results obtained in this study are (1) produce a tool design according to consumer needs and have paid attntin to ergonomic aspects (2) The design of this tool produces a fairly fast stripping tie of 143 peeling fruit/hour when compared to tools using a wedge, namely 92 peeling fruit/hour (3) Worker fatiue test aftr using this tool showed 14.42 % of coconut owners, 11.20 % of worker 1 and 10.48 % of worker 2. This test resulted in CVL below 30% where workers did not experience fatiue. (4) Respondents feel comfortable with the designed tool as evidenced by the results of the 4.8 Linkert scale. Meanwhile, for ease of operatin, the result is 4.3, which means that respondents fid it easy to operate the designed tool. The conclusion in this study is that the currently designed tools are quite effctie, ergonomic and able to reduce the level of worker fatiue.
Mancha tipográfica
Authors: De Moraes Nastari Zeni Sílvia , Da Costa Braga Marcos 
Published: September 2021

Entre os anos de 1941 e 1955 a Livraria Martins Editora, sediada em São Paulo, publicou a coleção Biblioteca de Literatura Brasileira, constituída por 15 volumes, que se define por publicar escritores consagrados pelo público e pela crítica, com introduções de estudiosos renomados e ter seus exemplares ilustrados por grandes nomes da arte brasileira ou da ilustração profissional. Os livros da coleção apresentam um projeto gráfico que se estrutura a partir de parâmetros clássicos de composição, sob a influência de edições francesas e inglesas. O objetivo deste artigo é identificar – a partir da análise do design dos livros, em específico da mancha tipográfica – como as edições empregam alguns padrões gráficos que permitem atribuir ao conjunto um caráter de coleção. O presente estudo também pretende propor instrumentos de análise para melhor compreender os parâmetros gráficos e editoriais adotados na BLB, bem como para coleções semelhantes.
Numerical modeling of paddling blades activity
Authors: Чепурко С.И. , Яковлев А.Ю. 
Published: September 2021

Гребные лопатки являются основным рабочим органом движителей, использующих для создания тяги силу сопротивления движению тела в жидкости. К таким движителям традиционно относятся гребные колеса, весельные движители и ряд бионических движителей живых существ. Целью работы является исследование и выявление гидродинамических особенностей работы гребных лопаток. Исследование выполнено с помощью численного моделирования работы лопаток в пакете OpenFoam. Для моделирования движения лопаток используется технология подвижных сеток. Алгоритм проведения расчетов был верифицирован на основе известных экспериментальных данных движения плохообтекаемых тел в жидкости. Исследовательские расчеты проводились в плоском и трехмерном случае, при четырех значениях числа Струхаля. Было выявлено образование шахматной дорожки вихрей переменного шага за движущейся лопаткой. Механизм возникновения этих вихрей, параметры и диапазон скоростей их существования существенно отличаются от известного решения Кармана для вихревой дорожки. Так же был подтвержден сугубо нестационарный характер сил, действующих на лопатке, и определена зависимость этих сил от числа Струхаля.
The paddling blades are the main working body of the propulsors, which use resistance force of the body movement of in liquid to create the thrust. Such propulsors traditionally include paddle wheels, paddles, and a number of bionic propulsors of living things. The purpose of the work is to study and identify the hydrodynamic features of the paddling blades. The study was performed using numerical simulation of the blades operation in the OpenFOAM package. The technology of movable grids is used to simulate the blades movement. The calculation algorithm was verified on the basis of known experimental data on the poorly-flowing bodies motion in a liquid. The research calculations were carried out in the flat and three-dimensional case, with four Strouhal number values. The formation was revealed of a checkerboard vortices track with variable pitch behind the moving blade. The occurrence mechanism of these vortices, the parameters and the range of velocities of their existence differ significantly from the known Karman solution for a vortex path. The purely non-stationary nature was also confirmed of the forces acting on the blade, and the dependence was determined of these forces on the Strouhal number.
Development of physical models for calculating thermal fields in wet underwater welding
Authors: Мурзин В.В. , Сое К.М. 
Published: September 2021

В статье рассматривается влияние на развитие технологии мокрой подводной сварки использование методов математического моделирования значительно облегчает исследование тепловых потоков, что позволяет рассчитать скорость охлаждения металла в опасном диапазоне температур (800-500оС) и определить свойства металла сварного соединения. Определяющую роль в сварке играет теплообмен, который формирует протекание физико-химических, диффузионных, гидродинамических процессов. Форма сварочной ванны, а значит, объем и теплосодержание характеризуется ее длиной, шириной, толщиной и глубиной проплавления основного металла. Сварочная ванна ограничивается изотермической поверхностью, имеющей температуру плавления основного металла. Предполагается, что на свойства сварного соединения влияет только энергия, поступающая в основной металл. В известных физических образах и математических моделях теплового процесса сварки и наплавки не рассматривается, какое влияние на околошовную зону оказывают потоки теплоты от объема (массы) металла сварочной ванны, хотя в некоторых моделях изучается влияние скрытой теплоты плавления на тепловое состояние основного металла.
The article discusses the impact on the development of wet underwater welding technology the use of mathematical modeling methods significantly facilitates the study of heat flows, which allows us to calculate the cooling rate of the metal in the dangerous temperature range (800-500oC) and determine the properties of the metal of the welded joint. The decisive role in welding is played by heat transfer, which forms the flow of physico-chemical, diffusion, and hydrodynamic processes. The shape of the weld pool, and hence the volume and heat content, is characterized by its length, width, thickness, and depth of penetration of the base metal. The welding bath is limited to an isothermal surface having a melting point of the base metal. It is assumed that the properties of the welded joint are affected only by the energy entering the base metal. In the known physical images and mathematical models of the thermal process of welding and surfacing, it is not considered what effect the heat fluxes from the volume (mass) have on the near-seam zone) the effect of the latent heat of melting on the thermal state of the base metal is studied in some models.
Kebijakan Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor, Dikaji Dari Prinsip Pencemar Membayar
Authors: Lazuardi Muhammad Hida 
Published: September 2021

Abstrak
Jumlah kendaraan bermotor pribadi yang tidak terkontrol turut menyumbang permasalahan pencemaran udara di kota-kota besar Indonesia. Pemerintah telah menetapkan standar emisi yang telah diperbaharui beberapa kali dan berhasil memaksa manufaktur untuk memperbaiki emisi kendaraan-kendaraan baru. Namun, pada sisi lain kendaraan-kendaraan tua yang diproduksi berdasarkan baku mutu emisi yang lebih renggang tetap dapat beroperasi di jalan. Bahkan, kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemilik kendaraan-kendaraan tua cenderung dibebankan pajak yang jauh lebih murah dibandingkan kendaraan-kendaraan baru. Dengan demikian pembebanan pajak kendaraan bermotor di Indonesia selain tidak proporsional dengan pencemaran yang dihasilkan, juga tidak memberikan disinsentif bagi pengguna kendaraan dengan emisi yang buruk. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa prinsip pencemar membayar belum terintegrasi dalam sistem perpajakan kendaraan bermotor di Indonesia.
Kata kunci: Prinsip Pencemar Membayar, Kendaraan Bermotor, Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor