bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Campaign Finance Regulations and Public Policy
Authors: GILENS MARTIN , PATTERSON SHAWN , HAINES PAVIELLE 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDespite a century of efforts to constrain money in American elections, there is little consensus on whether campaign finance regulations make any appreciable difference. Here we take advantage of a change in the campaign finance regulations of half of the U.S. states mandated by the Supreme Court’sCitizens Uniteddecision. This exogenously imposed change in the regulation of independent expenditures provides an advance over the identification strategies used in most previous studies. Using a generalized synthetic control method, we find that afterCitizens United, states that had previously banned independent corporate expenditures (and thus were “treated” by the decision) adopted more “corporate-friendly” policies on issues with broad effects on corporations’ welfare; we find no evidence of shifts on policies with little or no effect on corporate welfare. We conclude that even relatively narrow changes in campaign finance regulations can have a substantively meaningful influence on government policy making.
Deposition and metabolism of dietary n-3 very-long-chain PUFA in different organs of rat, mouse and Atlantic salmon
Authors: Torrissen Martina , Svensen Harald , Stoknes Iren , Nilsson Astrid , Østbye Tone-Kari , Berge Gerd Marit , Bou Marta , Ruyter Bente 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThere is limited knowledge about the metabolism and function of n-3 very-long-chain PUFA (n-3 VLC-PUFA) with chain lengths ≥ 24. They are known to be produced endogenously in certain tissues from EPA and DHA and not considered to originate directly from dietary sources. The aim of this study was to investigate whether n-3 VLC-PUFA from dietary sources are bio-available and deposited in tissues of rat, fish and mouse. Rats were fed diets supplemented with a natural fish oil (FO) as a source of low dietary levels of n-3 VLC-PUFA, while Atlantic salmon and mice were fed higher dietary levels of n-3 VLC-PUFA from a FO concentrate. In all experiments, n-3 VLC-PUFA incorporation in organs was investigated. We found that natural FO, due to its high EPA content, to a limited extent increased endogenous production of n-3 VLC-PUFA in brain and eye of mice with neglectable amounts of n-3 VLC-PUFA originating from diet. When higher dietary levels were given in the form of concentrate, these fatty acids were bio-available and deposited in both phospholipids and TAG fractions of all tissues studied, including skin, eye, brain, testis, liver and heart, and their distribution appeared to be tissue-dependent, but not species-specific. When dietary EPA and DHA were balanced and n-3 VLC-PUFA increased, the major n-3 VLC-PUFA from the concentrate increased significantly in the organs studied, showing that these fatty acids can be provided through diet and thereby provide a tool for functional studies of these VLC-PUFA.
Context sensitivity and the semantics of count nouns in the evaluation of partial objects by children and adults
Authors: SYRETT Kristen , ARAVIND Athulya 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPrevious research has documented that children count spatiotemporally-distinct partial objects as if they were whole objects. This behavior extends beyond counting to inclusion of partial objects in assessment and comparisons of quantities. Multiple accounts of this performance have been proposed: children and adults differ qualitatively in their conceptual representations, children lack the processing skills to immediately individuate entities in a given domain, or children cannot readily access relevant linguistic alternatives for the target count noun. We advance a new account, appealing to theoretical proposals about underspecification in nominal semantics and the role of the discourse context. Our results demonstrate that there are limits to which children allow partial objects to serve as wholes, and that under certain conditions, adult performance resembles that of children by allowing in partial objects. We propose that children's behavior is in fact licensed by the inherent context dependence of count nouns.
The association between dietary diversity and development among children under 24 months in rural Uganda: analysis of a cluster-randomised maternal education trial
Authors: Kakwangire Paul , Moss Cami , Matovu Nicholas , Atukunda Prudence , Westerberg Ane C , Iversen Per O , Muhoozi Grace 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjective:To assess the association between dietary diversity and development among children under 24 months in rural Uganda and to establish other factors that could be associated with development among these children.Design:A secondary data analysis of a cluster-randomised controlled maternal education trial (n511) was conducted on a sub-sample of 385 children. We used adjusted ORs (AORs) to assess the associations of dietary diversity scores (DDS) and other baseline factors assessed at 6–8 months with child development domains (communication, fine motor, gross motor, personal–social and problem solving) at 20–24 months of age.Setting:Rural areas in Kabale and Kisoro districts of south-western Uganda.Participants:Children under 24 months.Results:After multivariable analysis, DDS at 6–8 months were positively associated with normal fine motor skills development at 20–24 months (AOR = 1·18; 95 % CI 1·01, 1·37;P= 0·02). No significant association was found between DDS and other development domains. Children who were not ill at 6–8 months had higher odds of developing normal communication (AOR = 1·73; 95 % CI 1·08, 2·77) and gross motor (AOR = 1·91; 95 % CI 1·09, 3·36) skills than sick children. Girls had lower odds of developing normal gross motor skills compared with boys (AOR = 0·58; 95 % CI 0·33, 0·98). Maternal/caregiver nutritional education intervention was positively associated with development of gross motor, fine motor and problem-solving skills (P-values < 0·05).Conclusions:We found an association between child DDS at 6–8 months and improvement in fine motor skills development at 20–24 months. Child illness status, maternal/caregiver nutritional education intervention and sex were other significant baseline predictors of child development at 20–24 months.
Changes on myocardial perfusion scintigraphy and contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging after definitive radiotherapy in patients with lung cancer
Authors: Lideståhl A. , Larsson T. , Thorén L. , Brodin O. , Lind P. A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAim:To determine whether myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) changes in lung cancer patients treated with radiotherapy (RT) were detectable with late gadolinium enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (LGE CMR).Materials and methods:Twenty-one patients with lung cancer were evaluated pre-RT and at 2 and 6 months post-RT follow-up (FU) with MPS and LGE CMR. MPS changes in the left ventricle (LV) were analysed using the semi-quantitative summed rest score method (20 segments) and the Bull’s-eye-view technique. The LGE CMR studies were analysed for visual signs of myocardial damage (fibrosis), that is, focal LGE in the LV and cardiac function parameters.Results:MPS changes were detected in 7/20 patients at 2 months FU and in 8/13 patients at 6 months FU. Only one patient had a new irreversible defect judged to be caused by direct irradiation. MPS changes in two cases were deemed to be caused by attenuation. All new MPS defects were minor and no corresponding myocardial damage, or any functional changes, were evident on LGE CMR.Findings:The extent of MPS changes at 6 months FU appeared less prominent than in previous reports. No visual signs or functional changes corresponding to myocardial damage were detected on LGE CMR. A risk for false-positive MPS changes caused by attenuation is evident.
Variability and Hemispheric Symmetry of the Pedersen Conductance in the Jovian Aurora
Authors: Gérard J.‐C. , Gkouvelis L. , Bonfond B. , Grodent D. , Gladstone G. R. , Hue V. , Greathouse T. K. , Kammer J. A. , Versteeg M. , Giles R. S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIonospheric conductance contributes to regulate the characteristics of the ionospheric current and the closure of the magnetosphere‐ionosphere circuit in the ionosphere. Measurements of Birkeland currents with the Juno magnetometer have indicated that they are statistically larger in the south. It has been suggested that these asymmetries may be the consequence of a higher Pedersen conductance in the southern hemisphere. We have derived the local precipitated electron energy flux and their characteristic energy from 14 multi‐spectral images collected with the ultraviolet spectrograph on board Juno. This information was then used as input to an ionospheric model providing the density of H3+, H+, and hydrocarbon ions to calculate the spatial distribution of the Pedersen conductance for Juno perijoves 1–15. We show that the area‐integrated conductance is closely proportional to the H3+ ion content and quasi equal in the north and the south. The mean conductance is 0.47 mho in both hemispheres. However, local variations in the Pedersen conductivity and/or hemispheric differences between the magnetospheric rotation and the rotation velocities of the neutrals can also result in asymmetry of Birkeland currents.
Open Science: Open Data, Open Models, …and Open Publications?
Authors: Clark Martyn P. , Luce Charles H. , AghaKouchak Amir , Berghuijs Wouter , David Cédric H. , Duan Qingyun , Ge Shemin , van Meerveld Ilja , Zheng Chunmiao , Parlange Marc B. , Tyler Scott W. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis commentary explores the challenges and opportunities associated with a possible transition of Water Resources Research to a publication model where all articles are freely available upon publication (“Gold” open access). It provides a review of the status of open access publishing models, a summary of community input, and a path forward for AGU leadership. The decision to convert to open access is framed by a mix of finances and values. On the one hand, the challenge is to define who pays, and how, and what we can do to improve the affordability of publishing. On the other hand, the challenge is to increase the extent to which science is open and accessible. The next steps for the community include an incisive analysis of the financial feasibility of different cost models, and weighing the financial burden for open access against the desire to further advance open science.
Maize germplasm chronosequence shows crop breeding history impacts recruitment of the rhizosphere microbiome
Authors: Favela Alonso , O Bohn Martin , D Kent Angela 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Recruitment of microorganisms to the rhizosphere varies among plant genotypes, yet an understanding of whether the microbiome can be altered by selection on the host is relatively unknown. Here, we performed a common garden study to characterize recruitment of rhizosphere microbiome, functional groups, for 20 expired Plant Variety Protection Act maize lines spanning a chronosequence of development from 1949 to 1986. This time frame brackets a series of agronomic innovations, namely improvements in breeding and the application of synthetic nitrogenous fertilizers, technologies that define modern industrial agriculture. We assessed the impact of chronological agronomic improvements on recruitment of the rhizosphere microbiome in maize, with emphasis on nitrogen cycling functional groups. In addition, we quantified the microbial genes involved in nitrogen cycling and predicted functional pathways present in the microbiome of each genotype. Both genetic relatednesses of host plant and decade of germplasm development were significant factors in the recruitment of the rhizosphere microbiome. More recently developed germplasm recruited fewer microbial taxa with the genetic capability for sustainable nitrogen provisioning and larger populations of microorganisms that contribute to N losses. This study indicates that the development of high-yielding varieties and agronomic management approaches of industrial agriculture inadvertently modified interactions between maize and its microbiome.
Task-generic and task-specific connectivity modulations in the ADHD brain: an integrated analysis across multiple tasks
Authors: Chauvin Roselyne J. , Buitelaar Jan K. , Sprooten Emma , Oldehinkel Marianne , Franke Barbara , Hartman Catharina , Heslenfeld Dirk J. , Hoekstra Pieter J. , Oosterlaan Jaap , Beckmann Christian F. , Mennes Maarten 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with altered functioning in multiple cognitive domains and neural networks. This paper offers an overarching biological perspective across these. We applied a novel strategy that extracts functional connectivity modulations in the brain across one (Psingle), two (Pmix) or three (Pall) cognitive tasks and compared the pattern of modulations between participants with ADHD (n-89), unaffected siblings (n = 93) and controls (n = 84; total N = 266; age range = 8–27 years). Participants with ADHD had significantly fewer Pall connections (modulated regardless of task), but significantly more task-specific (Psingle) connectivity modulations than the other groups. The amplitude of these Psingle modulations was significantly higher in ADHD. Unaffected siblings showed a similar degree of Pall connectivity modulation as controls but a similar degree of Psingle connectivity modulation as ADHD probands. Pall connections were strongly reproducible at the individual level in controls, but showed marked heterogeneity in both participants with ADHD and unaffected siblings. The pattern of reduced task-generic and increased task-specific connectivity modulations in ADHD may be interpreted as reflecting a less efficient functional brain architecture due to a reduction in the ability to generalise processing pathways across multiple cognitive domains. The higher amplitude of unique task-specific connectivity modulations in ADHD may index a more “effortful” coping strategy. Unaffected siblings displayed a task connectivity profile in between that of controls and ADHD probands, supporting an endophenotype view. Our approach provides a new perspective on the core neural underpinnings of ADHD.
Malaria trends in Ethiopian highlands track the 2000 ‘slowdown’ in global warming
Authors: Rodó Xavier , Martinez Pamela P. , Siraj Amir , Pascual Mercedes 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA counterargument to the importance of climate change for malaria transmission has been that regions where an effect of warmer temperatures is expected, have experienced a marked decrease in seasonal epidemic size since the turn of the new century. This decline has been observed in the densely populated highlands of East Africa at the center of the earlier debate on causes of the pronounced increase in epidemic size from the 1970s to the 1990s. The turnaround of the incidence trend around 2000 is documented here with an extensive temporal record for malaria cases for both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in an Ethiopian highland. With statistical analyses and a process-based transmission model, we show that this decline was driven by the transient slowdown in global warming and associated changes in climate variability, especially ENSO. Decadal changes in temperature and concurrent climate variability facilitated rather than opposed the effect of interventions.
Creation and observation of Hopfions in magnetic multilayer systems
Authors: Kent Noah , Reynolds Neal , Raftrey David , Campbell Ian T. G. , Virasawmy Selven , Dhuey Scott , Chopdekar Rajesh V. , Hierro-Rodriguez Aurelio , Sorrentino Andrea , Pereiro Eva , Ferrer Salvador , Hellman Frances , Sutcliffe Paul , Fischer Peter 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAmong topological solitons, magnetic skyrmions are two-dimensional particle-like objects with a continuous winding of the magnetization, and magnetic Hopfions are three-dimensional objects that can be formed from a closed loop of twisted skyrmion strings. Theoretical models suggest that magnetic Hopfions can be stabilized in frustrated or chiral magnetic systems, and target skymions can be transformed into Hopfions by adapting their perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, but their experimental verification has been elusive so far. Here, we present an experimental study of magnetic Hopfions that are created in Ir/Co/Pt multilayers shaped into nanoscale disks, known to host target skyrmions. To characterize three-dimensional spin textures that distinguish Hopfions from target skyrmions magnetic images are recorded with surface-sensitive X-ray photoemission electron microscopy and bulk-sensitive soft X-ray transmission microscopy using element-specific X-ray magnetic circular dichroism effects as magnetic contrast. These results could stimulate further investigations of Hopfions and their potential application in three-dimensional spintronics devices.
Phosphorylation regulates the binding of autophagy receptors to FIP200 Claw domain for selective autophagy initiation
Authors: Zhou Zixuan , Liu Jianping , Fu Tao , Wu Ping , Peng Chao , Gong Xinyu , Wang Yingli , Zhang Mingfang , Li Ying , Wang Yaru , Xu Xiaolong , Li Miao , Pan Lifeng 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe ULK complex initiates the autophagosome formation, and has recently been implicated in selective autophagy by interacting with autophagy receptors through its FIP200 subunit. However, the structural mechanism underlying the interactions of autophagy receptors with FIP200 and the relevant regulatory mechanism remain elusive. Here, we discover that the interactions of FIP200 Claw domain with autophagy receptors CCPG1 and Optineurin can be regulated by the phosphorylation in their respective FIP200-binding regions. We determine the crystal structures of FIP200 Claw in complex with the phosphorylated CCPG1 and Optineurin, and elucidate the detailed molecular mechanism governing the interactions of FIP200 Claw with CCPG1 and Optineurin as well as their potential regulations by kinase-mediated phosphorylation. In addition, we define the consensus FIP200 Claw-binding motif, and find other autophagy receptors that contain this motif within their conventional LC3-interacting regions. In all, our findings uncover a general and phosphoregulatable binding mode shared by many autophagy receptors to interact with FIP200 Claw for autophagosome biogenesis, and are valuable for further understanding the molecular mechanism of selective autophagy.
Suppression of multiple myeloma by mitochondrial targeting
Authors: Aisen Yana , Gatt Moshe E. , Hertz Rachel , Smeir Elia , Bar-Tana Jacob 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTreatment of multiple myeloma (MM) aims at inducing cell apoptosis by surpassing the limited capacity of MM cells to cope with oxidative stress. MM cell survival may further be suppressed by limiting cellular cholesterol. Long-chain fatty acid analogs of the MEDICA series promote mitochondrial stress and inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis, thus prompting us to verify their efficacy and mode-of-action in suppressing MM cell survival, in comparison to bortezomib. MEDICA analog is shown here to effectively suppress survival of MM cells, and to inhibit growth of MM xenograft. Suppression of MM cell survival by MEDICA is accompanied by inhibition of the STAT3, MAPK and the mTORC1 transduction pathways due to mitochondrial oxidative stress. MEDICA-induced oxidative stress is abrogated by added exogenous cholesterol. Suppression of MM cell survival by bortezomib is similarly driven by bortezomib-induced oxidative stress, being abrogated by added cholesterol. In line with that, the time-to-best-response of MM patients to bortezomib-based treatment protocols is shown to be positively correlated with their plasma cholesterol level. MEDICA profile may indicate novel therapeutic potential in the management of MM.
Nitrogen addition decreases methane uptake caused by methanotroph and methanogen imbalances in a Moso bamboo forest
Authors: Li Quan , Peng Changhui , Zhang Junbo , Li Yongfu , Song Xinzhang 
Published: March 2021

AbstractForest soils play an important role in controlling global warming by reducing atmospheric methane (CH4) concentrations. However, little attention has been paid to how nitrogen (N) deposition may alter microorganism communities that are related to the CH4cycle or CH4oxidation in subtropical forest soils. We investigated the effects of N addition (0, 30, 60, or 90 kg N ha−1 yr−1) on soil CH4flux and methanotroph and methanogen abundance, diversity, and community structure in a Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) forest in subtropical China. N addition significantly increased methanogen abundance but reduced both methanotroph and methanogen diversity. Methanotroph and methanogen community structures under the N deposition treatments were significantly different from those of the control. In N deposition treatments, the relative abundance ofMethanoculleuswas significantly lower than that in the control. Soil pH was the key factor regulating the changes in methanotroph and methanogen diversity and community structure. The CH4emission rate increased with N addition and was negatively correlated with both methanotroph and methanogen diversity but positively correlated with methanogen abundance. Overall, our results suggested that N deposition can suppress CH4uptake by altering methanotroph and methanogen abundance, diversity, and community structure in subtropical Moso bamboo forest soils.
Blocks in the pseudouridimycin pathway unlock hidden metabolites in the Streptomyces producer strain
Authors: Iorio Marianna , Davatgarbenam Sahar , Serina Stefania , Criscenzo Paolo , Zdouc Mitja M. , Simone Matteo , Maffioli Sonia I. , Ebright Richard H. , Donadio Stefano , Sosio Margherita 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe report a metabolomic analysis of Streptomyces sp. ID38640, a soil isolate that produces the bacterial RNA polymerase inhibitor pseudouridimycin. The analysis was performed on the wild type, on three newly constructed and seven previously reported mutant strains disabled in different genes required for pseudouridimycin biosynthesis. The results indicate that Streptomyces sp. ID38640 is able to produce, in addition to lydicamycins and deferroxiamines, as previously reported, also the lassopeptide ulleungdin, the non-ribosomal peptide antipain and the osmoprotectant ectoine. The corresponding biosynthetic gene clusters were readily identified in the strain genome. We also detected the known compound pyridindolol, for which we propose a previously unreported biosynthetic gene cluster, as well as three families of unknown metabolites. Remarkably, the levels of most metabolites varied strongly in the different mutant strains, an observation that enabled detection of metabolites unnoticed in the wild type. Systematic investigation of the accumulated metabolites in the ten different pum mutants identified shed further light on pseudouridimycin biosynthesis. We also show that several Streptomyces strains, able to produce pseudouridimycin, have distinct genetic relationship and metabolic profile with ID38640.