bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of turbulent mixing on the galactic r-process enrichment by binary neutron star mergers
Authors: Dvorkin Irina , Daigne Frédéric , Goriely Stephane , Vangioni Elisabeth , Silk Joseph 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
We study the enrichment of the interstellar medium (ISM) with rapid neutron capture (r-process) elements produced in binary neutron star (BNS) mergers. We use a semi-analytic model to describe galactic evolution, with merger rates and time delay distributions of BNS mergers consistent with the latest population synthesis models. In order to study the dispersion of the relative abundances of r-process elements and iron, we applied a turbulent mixing scheme, where the freshly synthesized elements are gradually dispersed in the ISM. We show that within our model the abundances observed in Milky Way stars, in particular the scatter at low metallicities, can be entirely explained by BNS mergers. Our results suggest that BNS mergers could be the dominant source of r-process elements in the Galaxy.
Unveiling the star formation history of the Upper Scorpius association through its kinematics
Authors: Squicciarini Vito , Gratton Raffaele , Bonavita Mariangela , Mesa Dino 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Stellar associations can be discerned as overdensities of sources not only in the physical space but also in the velocity space. The common motion of their members, gradually eroded by the galactic tidal field, is partially reminiscent of the initial kinematic structure. Using recent data from Gaia EDR3, combined with radial velocities from GALAH and APOGEE, we traced back the present positions of stars belonging to Upper Scorpius (USCO), a subgroup of Scorpius–Centaurus, the nearest OB association. About one half of the subgroup (the ‘clustered’ population) appears composed of many smaller entities, which were in a more compact configuration in the past. The presence of a kinematic duality is reflected into an age spread between this younger clustered population and an older diffuse population, in turn confirmed by a different fraction fD of disc-bearing stars (fD = 0.24 ± 0.02 versus fD = 0.10 ± 0.01). Star formation in USCO appears to have lasted more than 10 Myr and proceeded in small groups that, after a few Myr, dissolve in the field of the older population but retain for some time memory of their initial structure. The difference of ages inferred through isochrones and kinematics, in this regard, could provide a powerful tool to quantify the time-scale of gas removal.
Demographic and Clinical Factors Associated With Death Among Persons &lt;21 Years Old With Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children—United States, February 2020–March 2021
Authors: Bowen Anna , Miller Allison D , Zambrano Laura D , Wu Michael J , Oster Matthew E , Godfred-Cato Shana , Belay Ermias D , Campbell Angela P 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) occurs among persons aged &lt;21 years following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Among 2818 MIS-C cases, 35 (1.2%) deaths were reported, primarily affecting racial/ethnic minority persons. Being 16–20 years old or having comorbidities was associated with death. Targeting coronavirus disease 2019 prevention among these groups and their caregivers might prevent MIS-C-related deaths.
Nordic Cultures
Authors: Lyytikäinen Pirjo 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This article maps literary decadence in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Estonia, and Finland. Nordic decadence is not a clear-cut movement but rather a cultural response to French naturalism, symbolism, decadence, and German philosophy. It has been broadly understood to include works that thematize decay and analyze the supposed decay of modernity and modern humanity. This article focuses on the “core decadence” (in contrast to naturalistic depictions of decay) of Nordic works in which the visions and experiential sphere of neurotic (usually male) heroes explore larger social vistas as the characters both reflect upon decay and illustrate the processes of shattering and dissolution connected to decadence. Examples include J. P. Jacobsen’s Niels Lyhne (1880) and Herman Bang’s Haabløse Slægter (Hopeless families, 1880), both of which appeared before Huysmans’s À rebours (Against Nature, 1884), the usual paradigmatic example of decadence. These texts and others reflect, imitate, modify, comment on, and reconfigure European decadence in the light of Nordic circumstances and traditions.
Gospel Music in Africa
Authors: Carl Florian 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter outlines the development of gospel music in Africa, highlighting particularly its interrelationship with the rise of neoliberalism since the 1980s. Carried by the proliferation of Pentecostal/charismatic Christianity, gospel has become the most pervasive popular music genre in Africa. Authors have noted a strong convergence between neo-Pentecostalism and neoliberalism, both worshipping prosperity, wealth accumulation, and capitalist consumerism as (quasi-)religious devotional acts. The first part of this chapter provides the conceptual background and gives a broader overview of the existing literature on gospel music in Africa. The second part, then, presents a case study of Christian popular music in Ghana, examining more in depth how gospel music features and promotes ideologies of prosperity and consumption, and how it contributes to the making of neoliberal subjectivity and the constitution of neoliberal bodies.
Punk Sans Frontières
Authors: Bestley Russ , Dines Mike 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Punk’s diaspora was not limited to the United Kingdom or the United States, and, even during its mid-1970s heyday, parallel developments were happening around the globe, and what would become known as “punk” emerged in Australia, France, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Scandinavia at the same time as the nascent UK punk movement. Furthermore, as punk in the United Kingdom reached its commercial peak and began to decline (at least in terms of its public profile), it was being discovered, reinvented, or adapted in far-flung places beyond the (Western) critical radar. More than forty years on, punk has traversed international boundaries, and the legacies of the original UK and US scenes are now accompanied by a variety of global counterparts. This chapter narrates punk’s evolution as an international phenomenon, whose interaction with wider cultural contexts, languages, and systems of belief challenged notions of a homogeneous “punk” identity.
Heavy Metal in “Global” Perspectives
Authors: Hoad Catherine 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter uses critical discourse analysis and textual analysis to offer a general overview of metal as a multi-sited, multi-modal genre. While acknowledging the centrality of metal’s ostensible “birth” in the United Kingdom, and rapid spread to the United States and Western Europe, to the genre’s identity, this chapter also discusses metal’s positionality in discrete studies from Northern Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, the Middle East, Asia, Africa, and Oceania. In examining how metal is experienced in these contexts, this chapter thus seeks to problematize the discourse of metal’s “true” birth in the Anglosphere, and elucidate a critique of the scholarly literature of the “global metal” model, which has permeated metal music studies over the last decade. Such a model, as the author concludes in this chapter, potentially replicates many of the problems—Othering, exclusive, non-agentic—with “world music” as a discourse, and thus it is necessary to assert the ways in which scholars and scene members alike are speaking back to these characterizations.
Deuteronomy and Islam
Authors: Kaltner John 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains the role Deuteronomy has played within Islam, and it suggests some ways Deuteronomy might be put in conversation with the Qur’an. After a brief overview of the Islamic view of the Bible, several passages in Deuteronomy that have been frequently cited by Muslims for apologetic purposes are discussed (18:15, 18; 33:2). There are no direct biblical quotations in the Qur’an, but it contains a possible citation (5:27) that likely also serves an apologetic purpose. It has been suggested that the Qur’an presents Islam as a “deuteronomistically-inflected” religion, particularly in its presentation of the history of prophecy. This idea is extended to explore points of contact between the Qur’an and Deuteronomy regarding how each views God.
Labor XII
Authors: Hanesworth Pauline 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores Heracles’ defeat of Cerberus. After providing a brief overview of Heracles’ presence—or rather absence—in the retellings of the Cerberus myth, it focuses on four ways in which the intricacies of the Labor are explored. Concentrating on the Homeric Iliad, the intertwining of Heracles’ Labor with the underworld journey of Theseus and Pirithous, the introduction to the myth of Heracles’ initiation into the Eleusinian Mysteries, and the Labor’s representation in Euripides’ Heracles, the chapter shows how the myth is a mechanism through which ancient mythmakers explore what it means to be a hero. Heracles—godlike and superhuman, mighty and outmoded, humanized and blessed—is seen through his conquering of Cerberus either as being precisely what more contemporary heroes should not be or as embodying the very contradictions and blurred boundaries that Cerberus’ defeat creates.
Introduction
Authors: Ogden Daniel 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The Introduction is principally addressed to the development of the canon of Heracles’ Twelve Labors. The canon is set in its Near Eastern context, with particular attention to the figure of Ninurta/Ningirsu, in the Akkadian epics Anzu and The Return of Ninurta to Nippur, and to the figure of Marduk in the Babylonian-Akkadian epic Enuma Eliš. Three chronologies are laid out: first, that of the development of the notion that Heracles had a special set of Labors as opposed to or in addition to a random series of adventures; second, that of the progression toward a more-or-less settled order for the twelve adventures eventually favored with Labor status; and, third, that of the expansion of the zone of the siting of the Labors, both within and beyond the Peloponnese. This discussion is preceded by brief material of a more general introductory nature: justification of the need for the volume and the interest of it, the articulation of its structure, and a review of recent books on Heracles.
Military Medical Research Ethics
Authors: Gross Michael L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Military medicine presents unique challenges for medical research. Landing in Iraq, Coalition forces required investigational drugs to combat the threat of poison gas. As the fighting progressed, battlefield conditions necessitated rapid innovation to control bleeding, manage fluid resuscitation and transfusion, conduct field surgery, treat traumatic brain injury, develop limb prosthetics, and enhance performance. While clinicians delivered high-quality retrospective and survey studies, conditions unique to the military made it difficult to obtain informed consent and conduct controlled clinical trials of emerging therapies and medical devices. The result was a dearth of sufficient studies. Remedying the situation requires reformulating the rules of informed consent for military medical research and enlisting civilian subjects while protecting the rights and privileges of each group.
Rights of Nature
Authors: Kauffman Craig M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
With the onset of climate change, the prospect of mass extinction, and the closing window of opportunity to take meaningful action, a growing number of activists, lawyers, scientists, policy-makers, and everyday people are calling for Rights of Nature (RoN) to be legally recognized as a way to transform human legal and governance systems to prioritize ecological sustainability. Over the past decade, RoN has gone from being a radical idea espoused only by a handful of marginalized actors to a legal strategy seriously considered in a wide variety of domestic and international policy arenas. In January 2021, at least 185 legal provisions recognizing RoN existed in 17 countries spanning five continents, and 50 more RoN laws were pending in a dozen other countries. RoN is also recognized in numerous international policy documents. After defining RoN, this chapter examines how different kinds of actors have organized in global networks to advance RoN in different policy arenas through distinct pathways. This has caused RoN to be structured and implemented differently in distinct contexts. The chapter examines this variation, comparing cases from around the world. It highlights the implications of structuring RoN as a set of unique substantive rights for ecosystems versus extending legal personhood (a set of rights designed for humans). It concludes by examining the relationship between RoN and human rights—including environmental rights, Indigenous rights, and economic rights—and the implications for reconceptualizing sustainable development to prioritize ecological sustainability.
Consent, Rape, and the Criminal Law
Authors: Baker Katharine K. , Oberman Michelle 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This article explores the impact of rape law reform, both within and beyond the criminal law. The story of U.S. criminal rape law reform tends to be told as one of remarkable feminist success followed by widespread stagnation. Despite comprehensive changes in the law, reporting rates, prosecution rates, and conviction rates for rape increased only slightly. This article resists that binary account of success and failure by offering a more nuanced assessment. It argues that, by changing rape’s definition to an inquiry focused on whether the victim consented, the law has facilitated a shift in cultural and institutional norms governing unwanted sex. It is naïve to think that a change in law would, on its own, end rape culture, but there is ample evidence to support the conclusion that rape law reform has played a central role in reducing society’s tolerance of the rape prerogatives that have held sway for millennia.
Calvin’s Old Testament Theology and Beyond
Authors: Huijgen Arnold 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The Old Testament is particularly important for the Reformed tradition, since Calvin emphasized the unity of the covenant. This chapter highlights five paradoxes and/or problems in Calvin’s approach and compares Calvin with two Dutch theologians to overcome these problems. The concreteness of Arnold van Ruler’s pneumatological approach, and the accents on particularity and Judaism in Kornelis Heiko Miskotte’s theology serve to improve Calvin’s important impulse. The chapter concludes that the church cannot do without the Old Testament because of the concrete, Jewish, character of salvation, that the unity of the Old Testament lies in the Trinity, and that the Old Testament shows the mediated character of revelation.
Theology and Visual Culture in Early Modern Calvinism
Authors: Dyrness William A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Recent scholarship on the arts and the Reformation has come to focus more broadly on the cultural reconstruction the Reformation made necessary and the resulting material and visual culture. Calvin’s challenge in Geneva was not about what the Reformation had left behind but what would replace that medieval world. Key for Calvin was the experience of worship: the oral performance of the sermon, the singing of Psalms and partaking the sacraments, as a dramatic call enabled by the Holy Spirit summoning worshippers to a vision of God and God’s presence in the world. The regular communal worship and the preached drama of sin and salvation constituted the aesthetic-dramatic mirror (Turner) of the emerging Protestant imagination. This encouraged a mutual caring for the needy but also carried deep aesthetic implications. In the Netherlands this imagination is evident in the placement of textualized images in churches, and in landscape paintings and portraits, and, in France, it stimulated Huguenot architects to recover classical orders in the service of restoring to the earth its Edenic beauty.
Protestantism as Liberalism
Authors: Holden R. Bradley 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Milton develops a novel conception of Protestantism, a category that shapes his thought. He rejects doctrinal standards, arguing that what really matters—what makes all Protestants—is the commitment to working out one’s faith from the Bible alone (sola scriptura). He thus retains the formal, but rejects the material, principle of the Reformation. This position underlies Milton’s liberal commitments. A believer must be free to work out her faith from the Word of God; she must be free to come to an explicit faith. Milton uses this definition of Protestantism to argue against censorship. Milton also maintains the separation of church and state for theological reasons: a state church that imposed belief on Christians would be merely a ‘civil papacie’. This definition of Protestantism also underlies his arguments for tolerance. For Milton, politics are religion.
John Calvin’s Vision of Reform, Historical Thinking, and the Modern World
Authors: Pitkin Barbara 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Distinctly modern forms of historical consciousness emerged first after the Enlightenment but were anticipated by early modern developments in attitudes towards and strategies for recovering the past. Scholarship has only recently focused on how religious perspectives of the sixteenth century and the demand for alternative visions of religious history contributed to broader developments in early modern historiography. This chapter investigates the role of the past in Calvin’s vision of reform through the lens of his 1543 treatise, Supplex Exhortatio, to show how an early modern version of historical thinking is reflected in and shapes his reforming agenda. Though much of his programme is in continuity with Western reforming traditions, Calvin’s vision involves more conscious and critical engagement with and re-evaluation of the past. Attention to the contours of Calvin’s historical thinking illuminates the highly complex relationships among religious orientations, religious conflicts, and engagements with history in the sixteenth century.
Calvin and the Covenant
Authors: Hildebrand Pierrick 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Today, covenant theology is often equated with Calvinism. The study of Calvin’s own use of the biblical covenant motive, however, has generated a controversial interpretation of the Reformed tradition. While some scholars have recently denied Calvin a genuine theology of the covenant, so as to oppose him to Heinrich Bullinger (1504–1575) and the covenant theology developed in Zurich, this chapter emphasizes Calvin’s positive reception and integration of Zurich’s theology in his Institutes. Even if Calvin did not himself significantly contribute to the development of covenant theology, he ensured Bullinger’s theology gained an enduring place within Calvinism.
Reformed Exiles and International Calvinism in Reformation-Era Europe
Authors: Spohnholz Jesse 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the role of religious exile in the development of confessional Calvinism during the Reformation era. Historians once put considerable emphasis on the widespread experience of exile in encouraging the development of a well-defined international Calvinist movement. This chapter reconsiders this framework from the perspective of theology, ecclesiology, liturgy, discipline, and the relationship to state authority. Drawing on recent research, it argues that, rather than encouraging confessional consolidation, exile was a deeply destabilizing force that helps explain why Reformed Protestantism never developed a unified institutional structure, liturgical practice, or statement of belief.
Taxation and the Quality of Government
Authors: Karceski Steven M. , Kiser Edgar 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this chapter we explore the connection between taxation and quality of government. Taxation represents an important interaction between citizens and the state, thus the way in which tax policies are organized has important implications for the quality of government. The first part of the chapter describes three different perspectives on quality of government: The first relates to administrative impartiality, the second to state size and economic growth, and the last to democracy. It then explores how each perspective holds distinct prescriptions for the design of tax policy. The latter part of the chapter applies the conclusions on the three perspectives to discuss exemplary cases of each over different historical periods. It concludes with a discussion of path dependence and the difficulty of maintaining a high quality of government in the long run.
Measuring the Unmeasurable? Taking Stock of QoG Measures
Authors: Charron Nicholas 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses a wide scope of the available indicators of quality of government. It begins with a brief history of the development of the indicators and their scientific impact on social science research. The chapter posits a typology of the various ways in which indicators of governance can differ and implications of such differences. The chapter then reveals the degree to which contemporary cross-country indicators of corruption in particular correlate. Next, several well-established critiques of contemporary data are presented. The chapter concludes with several comments on what makes a good quality indicator and puts for several suggestions for future work in this ever-growing field.
Memory
Authors: Messis Charis , Papaioannou Stratis 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The chapter surveys the role of memory in Byzantine literature as an intrinsic, constitutive element in the process of literary creation and consumption. It proposes that texts and discourses carried the memory of other texts and discourses, and aimed at the incitement, manipulation, and indeed the creation of such memory among their readers and audiences. This (as the authors term it here) “textual” memory functioned as a code that defined the literary event in Byzantium. Attention is drawn to the techniques of memorization, to the many types of text that collected material from other texts in order serve such techniques, and to the modes of citation as the main way by which textual memory was enacted in Byzantine literature. The chapter concludes with a discussion of Byzantine literary “commonplaces.”
Neo-Latin Languages
Authors: Cupane Carolina 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This section surveys translations from contemporary European vernaculars, with a focus on literature in Frankish Greece, and texts such as the War of Troy, the Chronicle of Morea, and adaptations of western romances. The survey is introduced by a general discussion of translation in the Middle Ages—which allowed for many forms of adaptation, including expansion, abridgment, and the complete rewriting of a given model—and the socio-political contexts and contact zones in which such translation activity took place in Byzantium, the dominant culture being always the giver and the dominated the receiver.
Inscriptions
Authors: Drpić Ivan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the overlap and synergy of visual art and text in Byzantine culture, with focus upon inscriptions, in particular those with literary aspirations. Bringing together insights drawn from the disciplines of epigraphy and art history, the chapter introduces the reader to current approaches to the study of inscribed texts as an integral aspect of Byzantium’s literary and material cultures. Among the topics addressed are the interplay between the linguistic and extra-linguistic dimensions of the written word; the use of inscriptions to mark, enhance, and comment on artifacts and visual representations; and the agency of inscribed objects as vehicles of memory and self-representation. The discussion combines analyses of specific examples across a range of contexts and artistic media with reflections on methodology and proposals for future research.