bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
514 Late-Breaking: Effects of Feeding a High Canola Meal-containing Diet and Multi-carbohydrase Supplementation on Growth Performance and Intestinal Ecology of Piglets
Authors: Holanda Debora , Regassa Alemu , Patterson Robert , Nyachoti Martin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objective was to investigate the effects of a high canola meal-containing diet and multi-carbohydrase supplementation on growth performance and intestinal pH, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profile, and microbiome in weaned piglets. Twenty-four piglets (7.46 ± 0.23 kg BW) were individually assigned to 1 of 3 diets in a completely randomized design. Diets were fed for 21 d: SB, corn and soybean meal-based diet; CM, 25% canola meal substituting soybean meal and adjusted to meet energy and nutrient requirements of piglets (NRC, 2012); and CM+E, CM supplemented with multi-carbohydrase (0.01%). Feed disappearance and BW were recorded weekly. On d 21, piglets were euthanized to assess digesta pH, SCFA profile, and gut microbiome. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS using the piglet as the experimental unit. There were no differences (P &gt; 0.10) in growth performance and digesta pH. Piglets fed CM+E tended to (P = 0.051) or had significantly lower (P &lt; 0.05) butyric acid in the cecum than piglets fed CM and SB, respectively. Piglets fed SB had higher (P &lt; 0.05) isobutyric acid in the colon than piglets fed CM+E. Piglets fed SB and CM tended to have higher (P &lt; 0.05) isovaleric acid in the colon than piglets fed CM+E. Piglets fed SB tended to have lower (P &lt; 0.10) proportion of Bifidobacteria, and had lower (P &lt; 0.05) Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus, and Lactobacillus than piglets fed CM. Piglets fed CM+E tended to have lower (P &lt; 0.10) Bifidobacteria and higher Clostridium XIVa than piglets fed CM, and had lower (P &lt; 0.05) Enterococcus, but higher (P &lt; 0.05) Lactobacillus than piglets fed CM. In conclusion, feeding 25% of canola meal in substitution to soybean meal with or without multi-carbohydrase supplementation changed the intestinal environment by modifying SCFA profile and relative proportion of microbiome, but without affecting digesta pH or growth performance in nursery piglets.
515 Late-Breaking: Effects of Dietary Phytase with or without Multi-carbohydrase Supplementation on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Bone Traits in Nursery Pigs
Authors: Adeshakin Olumide E , Koo Bonjin , Patterson Robert , Nyachoti Martin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The aim was to determine the effects of supplementing increasing doses of phytase (PHY) alone or in combination with multi-carbohydrase (MC) blend to a P-deficient diet for nursery pigs on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and metacarpal bone characteristics. A total of 192 weaned pigs (7.7 ± 0.05 kg BW) were allotted to 1 of 8 dietary treatments each with 8 replicates in a randomised complete block design based on initial body weight. Diets consisted of a P-deficient negative control (NC), NC + 250 FTU/kg (TRT1), NC + 500 FTU/kg (TRT2), NC + 1,000 FTU/kg (TRT3), NC + 0.2g/kg MC (TRT4), TRT4 + 250 FTU/kg (TRT5), TRT4 + 500 FTU/kg (TRT6), and TRT4 + 1,000 FTU/kg (TRT7). Fecal samples (d 18, 19, and 20) and metacarpal bones (d21) were collected to determine apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy and nutrients and bone mineralization, respectively. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with orthogonal polynomial contrast statements with a pen as an experimental unit for growth performance and digestibility and 1 pig per pen for bone traits. During week 2, MC supplementation tended to increase (P = 0.05) body weight whereas by week 3, increasing doses of PHY linearly (P &lt; 0.05) increased average daily gain (ADG). Overall, PHY supplementation had a quadratic effect (P &lt; 0.05) increasing ADG. However, there was an interaction (P &lt; 0.05) whereby PHY and MC in combination acted synergistically to increase percentage of ash and P ATTD. Phytase had linear (P &lt; 0.05) and quadratic (P &lt; 0.05) by increasing fat-free dry weight, ash content, and P in metacarpal bone. In conclusion, increasing levels of PHY quadratically improved growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and bone traits of pigs fed a P-deficient diet.
510 Late-Breaking: Dietary Glycine Supplementation During Growing and Finishing Phases Increases Tissue Concentrations of Total Creatine and Gene Expression of Creatine-synthetic Enzymes in Low-birthweight Pigs
Authors: Posey Erin A , He Wenliang , Wu Guoyao 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Dietary glycine is required for maximum growth and development in animals by stimulating muscle protein synthesis and as a component of creatine. Creatine is synthesized from glycine, arginine, and S-adenosylmethionine by arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT). Sufficient creatine synthesis for growth requires adequate substrate supply. However, swine diets are deficient in glycine. Additionally, intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) pigs have reduced glycine synthesis. This results in decreased creatine synthesis and lower total creatine content in tissues, leading to reduced cellular energy metabolism and diminished muscle protein accretion. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that dietary glycine supplementation in corn-and-soybean-meal-based diets would improve overall growth and skeletal muscle accretion in post-weaning IUGR pigs by increasing the expression of creatine-synthetic enzymes and tissue concentrations of total creatine. Fourteen IUGR pigs (birthweight = 0.98±0.03 kg, mean±SEM) and 20 normal birthweight pigs (birthweight = 1.44±0.02 kg, mean±SEM) were obtained at weaning for this study. Pigs from each birthweight group were randomly assigned to 1% glycine + 0.19% corn starch treatment group or 1.19% alanine group (isonitrogenous control) for the study (21 d to 188 d of age); tissues were collected at d 188. Data were analyzed by using 2-way ANOVA and the Duncan multiple comparison test. Glycine-supplemented IUGR pigs had greater tissue concentrations of creatine, creatinine, and creatine phosphate than control IUGR in all tissues measured (P&lt; 0.05). Control IUGR pigs showed diminished activity and mRNA expression of creatine-synthetic enzymes (P &lt; 0.05); this was mitigated by glycine supplementation as glycine supplemented IUGR pigs showed normal levels of enzyme activity and mRNA expression. Overall, results of this study indicate dietary glycine supplementation to IUGR pigs between weaning and market weight effectively restores creatine-synthetic enzyme activities and increase tissue concentrations of total creatine, leading to increased lean tissue growth. (Supported by USDA-NIFA)
506 Late-Breaking: Rapid Weight Assessment of Finishing Pigs
Authors: Abner Victoria , Holt Jonathan P , Knauer Mark , Young Sierra 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Accurate pig body weight assessment is an important factor in managing swine herds and imperative when determining acceptable market weights. Pigs marketed outside the desired weight range established by the packer can lead to severe economic loss to the producer. This study’s objective was to validate new weight measurement technologies and determine their usefulness on swine farms. Accuracy of three methods were evaluated: human observation, a walk-across platform scale (CIMA; Correggio, Italy), and PigVision mounted cameras (Asimetrix Inc; Durham, NC). Weights were validated with a calibrated livestock scale in all three studies. In the first study, a trained individual selected pigs estimated to be market weight at two sites. Site one had 468 pigs and an accuracy of 84.4%, site two had 522 pigs and an 82.5% accuracy. A 16-week study was then conducted to determine PigVision camera accuracy over time from placement to market. Cameras were mounted above 12 pens. Weights were validated every two weeks. The accuracy for pigs that weighed 32.7 kg (87.7%) was lower (P &lt; 0.05) than the accuracy for pigs that weighed 117.5 kg (97.6%) or 125.7 kg (96.6%). The overall accuracy from placement to market was 94.1%. A final study at market compared human observation, the walk-across scale, and PigVision. A total of 91 pigs were weighed with each method. The accuracy for the walk-across scale was 98.2%. The walk-across scale did not register a weight for six pigs. Final accuracies were 88.2% for human observation, and 96.6% for PigVision. Human observation is the chosen method in many operations today yet offers the lowest accuracy. The walk-across scale is easy to operate but requires tactical animal movement. PigVision is the least arduous option, provides constant data, but does require maintenance. This work was funded by the National Pork Board.
476 Effect of Holding Period on Viability, Acrosome Status and Intracellular Zinc of Boar Sperm During Liquid Storage
Authors: Gonzalez-Castro Raul A , Herickhoff Lisa A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Sperm capacitation results in acrosomal remodeling, increased membrane fluidity, plasma membrane fusability and hyperactivated sperm. Distinct sperm zinc signatures reflect intracellular zinc content, capacitation status, and viability. Therefore, flow cytometric assessment could be a useful tool to evaluate sperm quality and longevity during liquid storage of boar semen. Cooled semen (17°C) from commercial boars (n = 12) were assessed at Day-1, -4 and -7 after collection for motility (IVOS II, Hamilton Thorne, Beverly, MA), intracellular zinc and viability. Samples were stained with 8 µg/mL Hoecsht-33342 (Hoe), 1 µM FluoZinTM-3-AM (Zinc), 10 µM propidium iodide (PI) and 5.6 µg/mL PNA-Alexa647TM (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR), incubated for 30 min, washed with PBS, and aditionally incubated for 30 min. Acquisition and analysis of 20000 events were performed using Bio-Rad ZE5 Cell Analyzer (Hercules, CA) and FLowJoTM (Ashland, OR). Hoe+ events were gated into Zinc/PI plot to determine viable sperm with high Zinc (Zinc+/PI-). Likewise, Hoe+ events were gated into PI/PNA plot and then into Zinc histogram to detect viable-intact-acrosome with high Zinc (Zn+/PI-/PNA-). Data were analyzed by mixed model for repeated measures, Tukey-adjusted pairwise comparisons and Pearson’s correlation. Viable sperm at Day-1 (86.0±3.1; emmean±SM) and Day-4 (84.7±2.8) showed similar percentage of Zinc+ sperm, and both significantly higher compared to Day-7 (52.2±2.8). Also, viable-intact-acrosome sperm displayed similar percentage of Zinc+ sperm at Day-1 (93.8±3.4) and Day-4 (91.6±3.4) and both higher than sperm at Day-7 (64.5±3.1; P &lt; 0.0001). Percentages of Zinc+ sperm were higher (P &lt; 0.001) when viable sperm had intact acrosome within Day. Percentages of Zinc+ sperm strongly correlated to viable-intact-acrosome sperm (r=0.76, P &lt; 0.0001) and total motility (r=0.65, P &lt; 0.0001). We conclude that sperm having intact plasmatic membrane and acrosome display higher intracellular zinc content which is related to capacitated status, remaining non-capacitated until at least to Day-4 after collection in the tested extender.
488 Career Awareness of Incoming University of Florida Animal Science Majors
Authors: Trimble Allyson , Imler Amie , Carr Chad , Scheffler Jason M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
A disproportionate number of Animal Science (ANS) students start their program with the intent of pursuing veterinary school. While some succeed, most change career paths either by personal choice or not gaining admission into veterinary school. Ideally, the sooner a student identifies alternative career path(s), the more opportunities they have to prepare for those careers by pursuing additional classes and extracurriculars. The University of Florida (UF) is unique compared to peer institutions with a 30% freshman acceptance rate, an overwhelming 41% of UF ANS students arrive as transfers. This compresses the time to matriculate through the ANS curriculum and increases the urgency to redirect students into the numerous ANS career paths. The objective of this study is to better understand ANS student’s perceptions of careers. We conducted a career awareness survey at the start and end of the ANS3006 Introduction to Animal Science course over the past two years. Students (n=352) were asked demographic information, and completed an online instrument evaluating their awareness of career options available to them. Over 49% could not list more than two careers. Veterinarian was the most common and appeared on 76% of responses. Students are exposed to careers throughout each lecture module and related career-focused assignments. In the post test evaluation, 57% listed more than two careers, with the average increasing from 2.8 to 3.6 careers per student. Additionally, 18.8% of students indicated their career goals had changed over the course of the semester, with more than 2/3 or those being students who changed from a veterinary path. In conclusion, ANS students arriving at UF have a limited outlook on career options. While introduction to ANS has some success in expanding those options, more efforts need to be made in the current curriculum and through secondary education to increase awareness of ANS careers.
486 Comparison Between Online and In-person Instruction in a Laboratory-based Animal Science Course
Authors: McCurdy Dana E , Miller-Kleman Richelle , High Karen 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Online teaching has been rapidly integrated into laboratory-based learning environments across all disciplines due to the 2019 pandemic. With such an abrupt transition to online instruction, the quality of traditional instruction in laboratory-based courses is in question. The objective of this study was to determine if a hands-on laboratory could be effectively taught online. This study compared the academic achievement and perception of students (n = 163) in an Introduction to Animal Science course where half the course instruction was online, and half was in-person. Student achievement was measured from weekly quizzes, and two major exams, a midterm and final, testing material covered online and in-person, respectively. All statistics were analyzed using JMP Pro 14. Exam scores were correlated to quiz scores to assess output to input, and were strongly correlated. A 10% increase in quiz performance resulted in a 1% increase in exam performance for both types of instruction (P &lt; 0.01). There is no difference in this effect between material delivered online, and in-person. The efficacy of the method of instruction was measured by student surveys. Meeting style preference of students was different between instruction methods, where student preference shifted from asynchronous (40% to 11.6%) to hybrid instruction (39.6% to 69.5%), with no change in virtual preference (P &lt; 0.01; P = 0.14). Student perception of quiz and exam question fairness was different where students thought question fairness increased between online and in-person instruction for quizzes and exams, respectively (P &lt; 0.01; P &lt; 0.01). In conclusion, there are no differences in student performance based on grades between online and in-person instruction; however, student perception of meeting style and assessment question fairness improved when students were taught in-person. As a result, laboratory-based science courses can be successfully transitioned to online instruction.
489 Success of Hyflex Teaching Modality in Animal Reproduction
Authors: Weathers Julie , McNeely Chelsea 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
COVID-19 forced institutions to think and act differently. Southeast Missouri State University launched a HyFlex pilot with 100 sections in fall 2020. AY350 (Animal Reproduction) is one course that converted to HyFlex and offered two sections in the pilot. The objective of this study was to determine if students were more successful in HyFlex courses compared to the traditional course, grades were compared from 2019 and 2020. A survey of Chief Online Officers identified that institutions on average converted more than 1500 sections as an emergency response to the pandemic (Garrett, et al., 2020). HyFlex is one approach institutions used to provide more flexible learning opportunities for students. In a HyFlex course, students can choose to learn in face-to-face, fully online, or synchronously online (Beatty, 2019). Research on student success in Hyflex is scant, however early research shows no significant difference in student success across modalities (Rhoads, 2020). Using a One Way T-test, we analyzed letter grade outcomes for students who enrolled in traditional (n=25) mode to those that enrolled in the HyFlex (n=44) modality. Findings show an increase in “A” and “B” course grades and a decrease in “C” grades, and conflicts with the Rhoads (2020) research which found no significant difference. Additionally, no students failed the HyFlex section(s). Specific variables of Test 3 (p&lt; 0.02) and Final exams (p&lt; 0.002) contributed to significant grade changes. Overall, using a traditional grade point average (GPA) scale where A=4.0, B=3.0, etc. the HyFlex course GPA mean was 3.269 and face-to-face 2.65 (p=0.002). Future research is planned to explore student success in HyFlex across the institution. If similar findings correlate with the initial study of AY350, additional questions should be considered to determine if grade distribution shift was incremental and why increases were seen in the second half of the semester.
PSX-B-18 Behavioral and physiological responses of ewes in hardwood silvopastures vs. open pastures
Authors: Poudel Sanjok , Halili Aleks , Fike John H , Pent Gabriel J 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Managing livestock in silvopasture systems can help reduce heat stress and improve animal behavior and productivity. However, quantifying physiological benefits for animals in pastoral systems is challenging because the sampling procedures require animal handling; this is stressful and elevates plasma cortisol, a stress hormone. Hair cortisol (HC) is a relatively non-invasive and reliable measure of chronic stress, but it has received limited use especially in pasture systems. We compared behavioral and physiological (temperature, hair and blood cortisol) responses of ewes that grazed mid-stage hardwood silvopastures vs. open pastures. The study site consists of 0.27-ha black walnut (Juglans nigra; BW) and honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos; HL) silvopastures and open pasture (OP) treatments, each replicated three times. Thirty-six Katahdin ewes were assigned to one of the treatments for a 6-week summer grazing trial. Ewe weights and intravaginal temperatures were recorded routinely; trail cameras captured animal behavior. Blood was collected via jugular venipuncture; hair grown during the trial was collected from the loin region. Blood and hair cortisol concentration was determined by ELISA. Body weight gains and plasma cortisol levels did not differ among treatments. Ewes on OP had higher HC on Day-21 and Day-42 (P ≤ 0.007) and 0.5–1.0 °C hotter (P ≤ 0.04) intravaginal temperatures between 1200h-1700h than ewes on silvopasture treatments. Overall, ewes on OP spent more (P &lt; 0.001) time loafing and less (P &lt; 0.10) time lying down compared to ewes on silvopasture treatments. Trees within the silvopastures moderated ambient conditions, both reducing stress and improving the behavioral and physiological responses of ewes.
PSI-B-26 Association of leptin gene polymorphisms (C73T and C528T) on the development of internal organs in Aberdeen-angus cattle
Authors: Lapshina Alexandra , Gerasimov Nikolay , Dzhulamanov Kinispay , Kolpakov Vladimir , Dzhulamanov Erzhan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Numerous studies have established the relationship of SNPs in the leptin gene with fat and energy exchange, nutritional behavior in cattle. In turn, the intensity of metabolic processes in body is determined by the development of internal organs. The purpose of research was to study the relationship between the complex of polymorphisms C73T and C528T in leptin gene for the formation of internal organs in Aberdeen-Angus cows and heifers. Cows (n = 30) and heifers (n = 49) were genotyped and identified respectively 7 and 8 various combinations of genotypes of C73T (GenBank AF120500) and C528T (GenBank AB070368). There were no homozygous CC/CC and TT/TT combinations in cows, and no TT/TT combination in heifers. Cows were slaughtered at the age of 3 years, and heifers - at 20 months. Cows with haplotype CT/CC had the highest liver, heart, lung, kidney and spleen weight with superiority relative to peers of 6.5–16.0% (P &gt; 0.05). The minimum development of stomachs was established at cows with a combination of genotypes of CC/TT which conceded to analogs for 7.6–13.8% (P &gt; 0.05). Haplotypes CT/CT and TT/CT in heifers were associated with greater internal organ massiveness. Carriers of complex CT/CT genotype outperformed peers in terms of liver, heart, lung, kidney and spleen weight by 1.75–6.59% (P &lt; 0.05, P &gt; 0.05), and individuals with a combination of TT/CT by 3.50–8.84% (P &lt; 0.05, P &gt; 0.05). Less developed stomachs were established in bodies with haplotype TT/CC, which were inferior to other genotypes by 1.20–7.49% (P &lt; 0.05, P &gt; 0.05). This indirectly indicates a relatively weak ability to use coarse plant foods. Thus, the complex genotype inleptin gene is associated with the variability in the development of internal organs, which determines the intensity of metabolic processes. This research was performed with financial support from the project of RAS0526-2021-0001.
PSI-B-20 A scan for signatures of selection in Russian Romanov sheep breed based on ROH hot spots analysis
Authors: Deniskova Tatiana E , Abdelmanova Alexandra S , Dotsev Arsen V , Koshkina Olga , Rodionov Andrey , Brem Gottfried , Zinovieva Natalia A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The world-famous Romanov breed of sheep fits easily into different production systems including private households, smallholders, and large farms. Such a resilience and extraordinary reproduction traits combining with good meat qualities have made the Romanov breed as a choice to produce mutton in the Central Russia regions. However, little is known on genetic mechanisms underlying the complex of specific traits of this breed. In this regard, we performed a scan of signatures of selection by identification of runs of homozygosity (ROH) islands in the Romanov sheep population. Forty-eight samples of the Romanov sheep from the Yaroslavl and Kaluga regions of Russia were genotyped using Ovine Infinium® HD SNP BeadChip (Illumina, CA, USA). ROHs were estimated in the R package “detectRUNS” using window-free method for consecutive. The ROH shared in more than 50% of sheep were considered as ROH islands. The genes overlapped with the ROH islands were annotated using Ensembl genome browser 103. Enrichment for functional categories of the identified genes was performed using DAVID Functional Annotation Bioinformatics Microarray Analysis tool. More than 88 SNPs were found in ROH islands located on OAR1, OAR10, OAR11, OAR13, OAR14, OAR15, OAR16, OAR17 and OAR18. We detected a major group of genes related to reproduction traits. The identified candidates included UBE2Q1 (embryo implantation, fertilization, prolactin secretion), RNF17 (spermiogenesis), HSD11B2 (pregnancy, follicle function), FANCA (gonad development), and CUBN (embryonic development). In addition, several identified genes were involved in fatty acid metabolism (ACOX1, HAO2, and EIF6), lipid transport (OSBPL11), and biosynthesis of lipid-binding serum glycoproteins (BPIFB4) as well as in osteoblast differentiation (ADAR). The studies will be continued on a larger sample with further validation of the most promising candidate genes. Genotyping of twenty-four samples was performed within RFBR project No. 20-516-56002. Other twenty-four SNP-genotypes were generated within the theme No. 0445-2019-0024.