bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
96 Assessing the Sustainability of Multiple Grass-fed and Grain-fed Beef Production Systems
Authors: Klopatek Sarah C , Marvinney Elias , Yang Xiang , Kendall Alissa , Oltjen James W 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Increased demand for grass-fed beef raises many producers’ and consumers’ concerns regarding product quality, economic viability, and environmental impacts that have gone unanswered. Therefore, using a holistic approach, we investigated the performance, carcass quality, financial outcomes, and environmental impacts of four typical grass-fed and conventional beef systems raised in a Mediterranean climate in the western United States. The treatments included: 1) steers stocked on pasture and feedyard finished for 128 days (CON); 2) steers grass-fed for 20 months (GF20); 3) steers grass-fed for 20 months with a 45-day grain finish (GR45); and 4) steers grass-fed for 25 months (GF25). The data were analyzed using a mixed model procedure in R. Data from these beef production systems, a weaning-to-harvest life cycle assessment (LCA) using the SPARKS-LCA model framework, to determine global warming potential (GWP), consumable water usage, energy, smog, and land use footprints. Final body weight varied significantly between treatments (P &lt; 0.001) with CON finishing at 632 kg, followed by GF25 at 570 kg, GR45 at 551 kg, and GF20 478 kg. Dressing percentage differed significantly between all treatments (P &lt; 0.001) with CON at 61.8%, followed by GR45 at 57.5%, GF25 at 53.4%, and GF20 at 50.3%. Breakeven costs with harvesting and marketing for the CON, GF20, GR45, and GF25 were $6.01, $8.98, $8.02, and $8.33 per kg hot carcass weight (HCW), respectively. The GWP for the CON, GF20, GR45, and GF25 were 4.79, 6.74, 6.65 and 8.31 CO2e/kg HCW, respectively. Water consumptive use for CON, GF20, GR45, and GF25 were 933, 465, 678 and 1245 L /kg HCW, respectively. Energy use for CON, GF20, GR45, and GF25 were 18.69, 7.65, 13.84 and 8.85 MJ /kg HCW, respectively. The results from this study indicate that differences in grass-fed beef management can have profound impacts on food security and sustainability.
93 Equivalent Effects of Growing Phase ADG and DOF at Various Placement Weights on Finishing Beef Cattle Performance Using Meta-analysis Approach
Authors: Larson Haley E , Owens Fredric N , DiCostanzo Alfredo 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
A meta-analysis approach was used to interpret effects of growing phase days and rate of gain on finishing performance at theoretically similar maturity using a dataset derived from 53 manuscripts. Growing phase feeding strategies included dry-lot feeding a high-energy finishing diet post-weaning (HG; n = 16), silage (DL-forg; n = 32) or a moderate energy diet (DL; n = 78), stocking cattle on winter wheat (WW; n = 16) or range (GR; n = 43). Independent variables of interest were initial growing phase body weight (initial BW), growing phase average daily gain (ADG), days-on-feed in growing phase (DOF), and final growing phase body weight. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS, with treatment means weighted by experimental units (EU) per treatment. Optimal combinations of growing phase DOF and initial BW differed between models. Yet, for dressing percent (R2 = 0.39), LMA (R2 = 0.55), final finishing BW (R2 = 0.58), and HCW (R2 = 0.54) models, an 80-d growing phase for cattle starting at 240 kg resulted in greatest responses by these variables. Simulations evaluating effects of growing phase ADG on finishing performance (dressing percent; LMA; final body weight; HCW) were set equivalent to simulations evaluating the sensitivity of growing phase DOF in response to initial BW. Solving these simulations generated the initial BW at which cattle were more responsive to growing phase length (DOF) than ADG (LMAcritical point = 255 kg; DPcritical point = 242 kg; Final finishing BWcritical point = 231 kg; HCWcritical point = 233 kg). For finishing performance traits listed, each critical point represents the inflexion at which growing phase ADG exerts greatest influence on each trait modeled. Thus, for example, for cattle starting a growing phase at under 233 kg, faster growing phase ADG results in greater hot carcass weight response.
101 Awardee Talk: Impacts of Gestational and Early-life Nutrition on Productive Responses of Beef Cattle
Authors: Harvey Kelsey 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Nutritional management during gestation as well as postnatally is critical to optimize efficiency and profitability of beef cattle systems. Two experiments were performed evaluating the effects of trace mineral supplementation during gestation and supplementation with calcium salts of soybean oil (CSSO) to nursing beef steers on performance and physiological responses. In experiment one, the impact of inorganic or organic Co, Cu, Mn, and Zn supplementation to beef cows during gestation were evaluated on parameters associated with offspring performance and physiological responses. One hundred and ninety non lactating pregnant beef cows were assigned to the experiment at 117 ± 2.2 days of gestation (d 0) and received diets containing either 1) sulfate sources of Cu, Co, Mn, and Zn (INR), or 2) organic complexed source of Cu, Co, Mn, and Zn (AAC). No treatment differences were detected (P ≥ 0.19) for calf body weight at birth or at weaning. Heifers born to INR cows had delayed puberty attainment (treatment ×day interaction; P &lt; 0.01), whereas no treatment differences were detected (P ≥ 0.24) for carcass traits when male offspring were reared as feeder cattle. In experiment two, the impacts of supplementing CSSO at 2 months of age via creep-feeding and/or postweaning via preconditioning were evaluated on parameters associated carcass quality and development. Steers receiving CSSO at 2 mo of age had greater (P ≤ 0.01) mRNA expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism in the longissimus muscle later in life, although no treatment differences were detected for performance or carcass traits (P ≥ 0.18). Outcomes of these experiments may be used to develop nutritional strategies to enhance productive efficiency in beef cattle systems. Research is still warranted to examine the effects of such supplementation during these periods of developmental plasticity on cattle productivity.
108 Evaluation of Graded Levels of Grain Distillers Dried Yeast (GDDY) on Apparent Nutrient Digestibility and Stool Quality in Healthy Adult Dogs
Authors: Kilburn Logan , Jolly-Breithaupt Melissa L , Balk Derek , Aldrich Charles G 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Yeast and distillers’ grains from ethanol products have been included in pet food for many years. However, their combination has not been evaluated in pet food. Grain distillers dried yeast (GDDY) is a combination of fermented grains which is rich in yeast. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of increasing levels of GDDY on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and stool quality in adult dogs. Four extruded diets were fed to twelve adult Beagle dogs in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin Square design. The control diet contained 15% soybean meal (15S) and GDDY was exchanged for soybean meal at either 5%, 10%, or 15% (5G, 10G, 15G). Dogs were fed each dietary treatment for 9-d adaption followed by 5-d total fecal collection. Feces were scored on a 1–5 scale, with 1 representing liquid diarrhea. Titanium dioxide was added to all diets (0.4%) as a marker to estimate digestibility. Data were analyzed using a mixed model in SAS (version 9.4, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) with treatment as a fixed effect and dog and period as random effects. No differences (P &gt; 0.05) were observed in wet fecal output or fecal pH (average; 112.74g/d and 5.77). Fecal DM and defecations per day were greater (P &lt; 0.05) at elevated levels of GDDY. Stool scores were higher (P &lt; 0.05) when dogs consumed diets containing GDDY versus 15S (average; 3.85 vs 3.67). Organic matter ATTD was the greatest (P &lt; 0.05) for dogs fed 15S compared to GDDY treatments (average; 87.64% vs 86.67%). Dogs fed 10G had the lowest (P &lt; 0.05) ATTD for crude protein compared to all others (average; 87.92% vs 88.78%). These results suggest that levels of GDDY between 5 and 15% are comparable to soybean meal when fed to adult dogs.
111 Validation of the Indicator Amino Acid Oxidation Technique in the Domestic Cat
Authors: Pezzali Julia Guazzelli , Rafii Mahroukh , Courtney-Martin Glenda , Shoveller Anna-Kate 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
There is a lack of data on the minimum Met or total sulfur AA (SAA) requirements for adult cats. Non-invasive and precise techniques, such as indicator AA oxidation (IAAO) can be used for these purposes. This pilot study aimed to validate the IAAO technique in cats and investigate the effect of dietary Met concentrations and sources on fasted plasma SAA concentrations. Six cats were fed three experimental diets in random order: Met-deficient diet (BASAL; 0.23% Met+Cys-DM) and two Met-sufficient diets in which either DL-Met (DLM) or Met-hydroxy-analogue (MHA) were supplemented, respectively, on an equimolar basis to meet the total SAA requirement (0.34%-DM). After 2d diet adaptation, IAAO studies were performed. Cats were offered 13 ½-hourly small meals. The 6th meal contained a priming dose (4.8 mg/kg-BW) of L-[1-13C]-Phe and the remaining meals the constant dose (1.04 mg/kg-BW). Breath samples were collected ½-hourly to measure 13CO2 enrichment. The following morning after an 16hr fast, blood samples were collected. Isotopic steady-state was evaluated through linear regression models. Plasma AA data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX procedure in SAS (Version 9.4). Met concentrations tended to be higher in cats fed DLM compared to BAS (P = 0.0877), but similar to those fed MHA (P &gt; 0.05). Total cysteine plasma concentrations were similar between treatments (P &gt; 0.05). Cats fed BAS had greater concentrations of plasma HCys compared to DLM and MHA (P = 0.0093). Cats did not reach isotopic steady-state in atom percent excess (P &gt;0.05) regardless of the dietary treatment provided. Non-steady-state kinetics models are under development to predict 13CO2 flux. This study indicates that the short-term feeding of a Met-deficient diet in cats results in greater plasma Hcys and a tendency for lower plasma Met concentrations. A higher prime dose of L-[1-13C]-Phe is warranted to achieve isotopic steady-state and successfully apply the IAAO to estimate AA requirements.
118 The Use of Meta-analysis in Companion Animal Research
Authors: Bermingham Emma N 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In a world of the “Three Rs” (replace, reduce and refine), combined with more research published via open access research journals, there is increasing interest in the statistical analysis of existing literature. Meta-analysis – the combination of multiple studies, can be used to get better oversight into a specific question of interest. Additionally, it can be used to identify gaps in knowledge. For example, while there are a number of publications investigating energy requirements in adult cat and dog, few studies assess older animals. Similarly, in the dog, there is a lack of literature around dogs at the extremes of body size (i.e. giant and toy breeds). Herein, we describe several published examples that have been used to determine energy requirements of cats and dogs, and more recently, the impacts of diet on the microbiome of the cat and dog. This includes the use of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, research findings and general findings related to research design and quality.
117 Nutrition Modelling: What Can the Pet Field Learn (or Steal) from Recent Directions in Other Species?
Authors: Ellis Jennifer L 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Nutrition modelling has been the cornerstone of feed formulation and diet optimization in animal production systems for decades. Since the 1970s and 1980s, mechanistic models of nutrient digestion, absorption, metabolism, growth and milk/egg production have been developed and implemented to (1) amass our cumulative biological knowledge and develop theories of regulation, (2) identify knowledge gaps, and (3) propose means to manipulate nutrient dynamics in the animal. At the nutrient and metabolite level, many commonalities exist and parallels found between species. In fact, several second generation models originate from other species or research fields, and many current/existing models may be advanced by examination and consideration of models developed in other species. Many such mathematical models are implemented in practice as ‘decision support systems’ or ‘opportunity analysis tools’, in order to examine a variety of (feeding or management) scenarios for their potential outcomes, with the goal of providing targeted nutrition, improving performance, reducing cost and minimizing environmental impact. More recently, partnering artificial intelligence/machine learning modelling methodologies with newly available big data streams has ushered in a new era of possibilities for data extraction and modelling in animal systems. The niche for this type of modelling in animal production appears to be (1) pattern recognition (e.g. disease detection, activity) and (2) strong predictive/forecasting abilities (e.g. bodyweight, milk, egg production). There also appears strong potential for these two seemingly divergent modelling approaches to be integrated – for example, in precision feeding systems, or in utilizing the abundance of sensor data to better drive or develop causal-pathway based mechanistic models. This talk will broadly review trends and advances in agriculture animal species modelling, and suggest what may be borrowed, stolen or serve as inspiration to advance nutrition models in companion species.
122 Bioactive Peptides for Enhancing Intestine Health
Authors: Li Julang , Akhtar Nadeem , Osakowicz Celina , Fletcher Lauren , O Karmin , Nyachoti Martin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Intestinal disorders and colitis affect both animals and humans. The pathogenesis behind the inflammation is complex and not entirely understood. Furthermore, the significant rise in antibiotic-resistant bacteria has emphasized an urgent need for alternative anti-infective therapies. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) is one of the appealing alternative to antibiotics due to their antimicrobial activity, mode of actions, and potential role in tissue repair. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) plays an important role in intestinal proliferation and differentiation and thus promotes intestinal development. Using food grade microorganisms such as Lactococcus lactis and yeast as hosts, our laboratory has produced recombinant porcine protegrin-1 (PG-1), a pig originated antimicrobial peptide and EGF via fermentation. Oral administration of PG-1 reduced Citrobacter rodentium induced intestinal infection in mice. This was evidenced by reduced histopathological changes in the colon, prevention of body weight loss, milder clinical signs of disease, and ultimately more effective clearance of bacterial infection. On the other hand, animal trials using the recombinant EGF demonstrated that it enhances intestinal development and growth of early weaned pig fed with antibiotic-free diet. Moreover, piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherchia coli (E. coli) K88 showed similar beneficial responses to EGF as those fed diets with antibiotic in terms of improving gain to feed ratio and lowering oxidative stress. Taken together, our findings suggest the potential for cost-effective production and application of recombinant bioactive proteins as alternatives to antibiotics in animal health and production.
131 Can Maternal Nutrition in Dairy Cattle Impact Gut Health in Dairy Calves?
Authors: Cangiano Lautaro Rostoll , Malmuthuge Nilusha , Ma Tao , Guan Leluo , Steele Michael A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The nutritional management, health and welfare of the dairy calf has historically received less attention due to limited research, and recommendations largely focused on passive transfer of immunity and early weaning strategies. Gastrointestinal diseases and disorders remain the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in dairy calves worldwide. Despite the recent thrust in dairy calf nutrition research, major knowledge gaps still exist regarding how maternal nutrition during pregnancy and postpartum impact gastrointestinal health and function, especially during the fetal and neonatal stages when the developmental plasticity is highest. Recent research has focused on how prepartum nutrition and management can influence colostrum quality and has characterized numerous bioactive proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates that may play a critical role in gastrointestinal function and development. It has also been shown that colostrum plays a fundamental role in promoting colonization with commensal bacteria; however, delaying colostrum feeding or abruptly transitioning calves from colostrum to milk decreased the colonization of beneficial bacteria and impaired gastrointestinal development. With respect to the maternal nutrient supply via milk, it is important to note that calves have been traditionally fed less than half of voluntary intake or fed milk replacer formulations that can largely differ in composition from that of maternal milk. Recent research indicated that common milk replacer formulations may impair gastrointestinal function, highlighting the need to question existing nutritional regimens. In addition, feeding prophylactic antibiotics in milk, as well as waste milk containing antibiotic residues, are common practices in the dairy industry, despite recent studies reporting that these practices can increase calf susceptibility to infections by disrupting gut microbiome and gut function. Although our knowledge how maternal factors impact the gastrointestinal tract of calves is limited, it is clear there are great opportunities to further develop prenatal and postnatal nutritional programs to improve dairy calf gastrointestinal health.
542 Rethinking/reexamining Grand Challenges Within Teaching for Workforce Readiness – a Scorecard and Recalibration
Authors: Mulvaney Donald R , Rosenkrans Charles F 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The ASAS Public Policy Committee (PPC) provides updates of Grand Challenges (GCs; www.asas.org/about/public-policy/asas-grand-challenges) which clearly articulate research priorities while providing science-based information for shaping public policy, and to enhance future funding for research and education programs in animal sciences (AS). In this nexus symposium for 2021, PPC examines previous stated priorities and provides a progress report card and offers additional perspectives and recommendations for research needed to address some of the GCs continuing to face animal agriculture. Among the GCs is teaching for workforce readiness (WR) as the preparation of graduates for diverse roles in the modern workforce has provoked substantial research in recent years. Ensuring new and returning workplace entrants are prepared to enter the workforce with requisite knowledge, skills, abilities, and experiential attributes required in a diverse array of occupations is a GC. Through an examination of the past, present and future instructional landscape, we will examine a gap which exists between WR and expectations of future employers. Expected employee competencies will include critical thinking and problem solving, mastery of human relationship skills and leadership mindsets, diverse and effective communication abilities, influence skills and workplace emotional intelligence. Instructive to meeting the GC are principles identified in ASAS Accreditation Standards for Animal Science Programs. Those standards strive to ensure graduates can communicate the importance of animal agriculture and STEM biology to an increasingly non-ag world. Among the GC of providing experiences are increased emphasis on high-impact programming around internships, externships and apprenticeships layered onto a knowledge, scaffolded curriculum. Use of research methodology to develop and incorporate into practice varied instructional modalities, technologies and practices within a dynamic higher education landscape requires intentional, systematic, and iterative scholarly approaches; which will enable creation of adaptive learning experiences and learning outcomes needed for an ever-changing workplace with its unique challenges and opportunities.
139 Disinformation and Scientific Integrity: The Bad Stuff Is Easier to Believe
Authors: Ryan Camille D 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The sensational nature of disinformation attracts millions of readers and attention is a scarce resource. And because it attracts the masses, it can be used to undermine or target science and – ultimately – used for monetary gain. How this is done, in practice, is less understood. This presentation provides insights into how we can better understand how this is done through data analysis. We utilize a dataset of ~95,000 unique online articles to evaluate and explore the various tactics that contribute to the evolving disinformation narratives. We are interested in both the who and the how of (dis)information; what incentivizes it and the behavioral responses to it (in terms of reads, “clicks,” links) over time. We are also interested in how key events can trigger drops or spikes in engagements around particular topics. Distortion of science in online (social media) spaces inappropriately raises the risk profile of good technologies which results in delays in getting socially vital products to the market, or shelved or unrealized innovations, and even the loss of important research through vandalization of field trials. Disinformation has been used to problematize science, influencing public opinion, affecting scientific integrity, and impeding science’s social license to operate. This, in turn, results in policies developed based on disinformation rather than scientific evidence. The disinformation landscape needs to be better understood across science, food production and security, and public health.
Key words: disinformation, misinformation, attention economy
140 Past and Future Changes in Scientific Publishing
Authors: Lalu Manoj M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Publication in scientific journals remains the primary method to disseminate research findings; however, the landscape of scientific publication is rapidly changing. For instance, although open access publication has led to unprecedented opportunities to share information with the global scientific community, it has also contributed to the rise of “predatory journals.” These journals accept fees to publish articles without promised quality checks (e.g. peer review). In order to better understand current publication practices and the threat predatory journals pose, this session will: 1) Briefly summarize the history of scientific publication and how the current model of peer-reviewed publication developed. 2) Define predatory journals and review components of the international consensus definition (false or misleading information, deviation from best editorial and publication practices, lack of transparency, aggressive/indiscriminate solicitation; Nature doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-03759-y). 3) Summarize empirical studies that have assessed the current burden of predatory journals. A broad group of stakeholders are affected by these journals, including researchers and the public. 4) Provide a practical approach for audience members to distinguish between predatory and legitimate journals. 5) Highlight some key developments that will lead to new publication models in the future.