bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning tractable probabilistic models for moral responsibility and blame
Authors: Hammond Lewis , Belle Vaishak 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMoral responsibility is a major concern in autonomous systems, with applications ranging from self-driving cars to kidney exchanges. Although there have been recent attempts to formalise responsibility and blame, among similar notions, the problem of learning within these formalisms has been unaddressed. From the viewpoint of such systems, the urgent questions are: (a) How can models of moral scenarios and blameworthiness be extracted and learnt automatically from data? (b) How can judgements be computed effectively and efficiently, given the split-second decision points faced by some systems? By building on constrained tractable probabilistic learning, we propose and implement a hybrid (between data-driven and rule-based methods) learning framework for inducing models of such scenarios automatically from data and reasoning tractably from them. We report on experiments that compare our system with human judgement in three illustrative domains: lung cancer staging, teamwork management, and trolley problems.
Physical activity and risk of atrial fibrillation in the general population: meta-analysis of 23 cohort studies involving about 2 million participants
Authors: Kunutsor Setor K. , Seidu Samuel , Mäkikallio Timo H. , Dey Richard S. , Laukkanen Jari A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRegular physical activity is well established to be associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease outcomes. Whether physical activity is associated with the future risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) remains a controversy. Using a systematic review and meta-analysis of published observational cohort studies in general populations with at least one-year of follow-up, we aimed to evaluate the association between regular physical activity and the risk of AF. Relevant studies were sought from inception until October 2020 in MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and manual search of relevant articles. Extracted relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the maximum versus the minimal amount of physical activity groups were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. Quality of the evidence was assessed by GRADE. A total of 23 unique observational cohort studies comprising of 1,930,725 participants and 45,839 AF cases were eligible. The pooled multivariable-adjusted RR (95% CI) for AF comparing the most physically active versus the least physically active groups was 0.99 (0.93–1.05). This association was modified by sex: an increased risk was observed in men: 1.20 (1.02–1.42), with a decreased risk in women: 0.91 (0.84–0.99). The quality of the evidence ranged from low to moderate. Pooled observational cohort studies suggest that the absence of associations reported between regular physical activity and AF risk in previous general population studies and their aggregate analyses could be driven by a sex-specific difference in the associations – an increased risk in men and a decreased risk in women.Systematic review registration:PROSPERO 2020: CRD42020172814
The transplant cohort of the German center for infection research (DZIF Tx-Cohort): study design and baseline characteristics
Authors:   for the Transplant Cohort of the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF Transplant Cohort) Consortium, Karch André , Schindler Daniela , Kühn-Steven Andrea , Blaser Rainer , Kuhn Klaus A. , Sandmann Lisa , Sommerer Claudia , Guba Markus , Heemann Uwe , Strohäker Jens , Glöckner Stephan , Mikolajczyk Rafael , Busch Dirk H. , Schulz Thomas F. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractInfectious complications are the major cause of morbidity and mortality after solid organ and stem cell transplantation. To better understand host and environmental factors associated with an increased risk of infection as well as the effect of infections on function and survival of transplanted organs, we established the DZIF Transplant Cohort, a multicentre prospective cohort study within the organizational structure of the German Center for Infection Research. At time of transplantation, heart-, kidney-, lung-, liver-, pancreas- and hematopoetic stem cell- transplanted patients are enrolled into the study. Follow-up visits are scheduled at 3, 6, 9, 12 months after transplantation, and annually thereafter; extracurricular visits are conducted in case of infectious complications. Comprehensive standard operating procedures, web-based data collection and monitoring tools as well as a state of the art biobanking concept for blood, purified PBMCs, urine, and faeces samples ensure high quality of data and biosample collection. By collecting detailed information on immunosuppressive medication, infectious complications, type of infectious agent and therapy, as well as by providing corresponding biosamples, the cohort will establish the foundation for a broad spectrum of studies in the field of infectious diseases and transplant medicine. By January 2020, baseline data and biosamples of about 1400 patients have been collected. We plan to recruit 3500 patients by 2023, and continue follow-up visits and the documentation of infectious events at least until 2025. Information about the DZIF Transplant Cohort is available at https://www.dzif.de/en/working-group/transplant-cohort.
Review on advances in microcrystalline, nanocrystalline and ultrananocrystalline diamond films-based micro/nano-electromechanical systems technologies
Authors: Auciello Orlando , Aslam Dean M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA comprehensive review is presented on the advances achieved in past years on fundamental and applied materials science of diamond films and engineering to integrate them into new generations of microelectromechanical system (MEMS) and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). Specifically, the review focuses on describing the fundamental science performed to develop thin film synthesis processes and the characterization of chemical, mechanical, tribological and electronic properties of microcrystalline diamond, nanocrystalline diamond and ultrananocrystalline diamond films technologies, and the research and development focused on the integration of the diamond films with other film-based materials. The review includes both theoretical and experimental work focused on optimizing the films synthesis and the resulting properties to achieve the best possible MEMS/NEMS devices performance to produce new generation of MEMS/NEMS external environmental sensors and energy generation devices, human body implantable biosensors and energy generation devices, electron field emission devices and many more MEMS/NEMS devices, to produce transformational positive impact on the way and quality of life of people worldwide.
On the use of 3J-coupling NMR data to derive structural information on proteins
Authors: Smith Lorna J. , van Gunsteren Wilfred F. , Stankiewicz Bartosz , Hansen Niels 
Published: January 2021

AbstractValues of 3J-couplings as obtained from NMR experiments on proteins cannot easily be used to determine protein structure due to the difficulty of accounting for the high sensitivity of intermediate 3J-coupling values (4–8 Hz) to the averaging period that must cover the conformational variability of the torsional angle related to the 3J-coupling, and due to the difficulty of handling the multiple-valued character of the inverse Karplus relation between torsional angle and 3J-coupling. Both problems can be solved by using 3J-coupling time-averaging local-elevation restraining MD simulation. Application to the protein hen egg white lysozyme using 213 backbone and side-chain 3J-coupling restraints shows that a conformational ensemble compatible with the experimental data can be obtained using this technique, and that accounting for averaging and the ability of the algorithm to escape from local minima for the torsional angle induced by the Karplus relation, are essential for a comprehensive use of 3J-coupling data in protein structure determination.
The Association Between Problem Gambling and Suicidal Ideations and Attempts: A Case Control Study in the General Swedish Population
Authors: Sundqvist Kristina , Wennberg Peter 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe association between problem gambling and suicidal behaviours is well established in treatment seeking populations, but less explored among sub-clinical problem gamblers in the general population. The aim of this study was to examine the association between problem gambling (including moderate risk gambling) and suicidal ideations/suicide attempts, in the general Swedish population. Another aim was to compare problem gamblers with and without suicide ideation/attempts. A case-control study nested in the Swelogs cohort was used. Both ideations and attempts were about twice as frequent among the cases compared to the controls. After controlling for socio-economic status and life-time mental health problems, suicidal ideation, but not attempts, remained significantly higher among the cases compared to the controls. The largest difference between attempters and non-attempters were on payment defaults and illicit drug abuse, whereas depression yielded the largest difference between ideators and non-ideators. Problem gambling severity (PGSI 8+) resulted in the smallest difference, compared to the other variables, between attempters and non-attempters. Even though no conclusion regarding the casual relationship can be drawn in this type of study, it seems like sub-clinical levels of problem gambling might have an impact on suicidal ideations whereas for suicide attempts to occur, other factors need to be present. In addition to mental health issues, financial difficulties may be such factors.
Numerical Study of the Thermodynamic Uncertainty Relation for the KPZ-Equation
Authors: Niggemann Oliver , Seifert Udo 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA general framework for the field-theoretic thermodynamic uncertainty relation was recently proposed and illustrated with the $$(1+1)$$

(
1
+
1
)

dimensional Kardar–Parisi–Zhang equation. In the present paper, the analytical results obtained there in the weak coupling limit are tested via a direct numerical simulation of the KPZ equation with good agreement. The accuracy of the numerical results varies with the respective choice of discretization of the KPZ non-linearity. Whereas the numerical simulations strongly support the analytical predictions, an inherent limitation to the accuracy of the approximation to the total entropy production is found. In an analytical treatment of a generalized discretization of the KPZ non-linearity, the origin of this limitation is explained and shown to be an intrinsic property of the employed discretization scheme.
Non-cooperative queueing games on a network of single server queues
Authors: Laan Corine M. , Timmer Judith , Boucherie Richard J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis paper introduces non-cooperative games on a network of single server queues with fixed routes. A player has a set of routes available and has to decide which route(s) to use for its customers. Each player’s goal is to minimize the expected sojourn time of its customers. We consider two cases: a continuous strategy space, where each player is allowed to divide its customers over multiple routes, and a discrete strategy space, where each player selects a single route for all its customers. For the continuous strategy space, we show that a unique pure-strategy Nash equilibrium exists that can be found using a best-response algorithm. For the discrete strategy space, we show that the game has a Nash equilibrium in mixed strategies, but need not have a pure-strategy Nash equilibrium. We show the existence of pure-strategy Nash equilibria for four subclasses: (i) N-player games with equal arrival rates for the players, (ii) 2-player games with identical service rates for all nodes, (iii) 2-player games on a $$2\times 2$$

2
×
2

-grid, and (iv) 2-player games on an $$A\times B$$

A
×
B

-grid with small differences in the service rates.
Review of claudin proteins as potential biomarkers for necrotizing enterocolitis
Authors: Griffiths Victoria , Al Assaf Niazy , Khan Rizwan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundClaudin proteins are a component of tight junctions found in cell-cell adhesion complexes. A central feature of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is intestinal permeability, with changes to claudin proteins potentially contributing to intestinal instability, inflammation, and the progression of NEC. A current area of interest is the development of a novel, noninvasive biomarker for the detection of NEC in neonates at risk of developing this disease, in order to reduce morbidity and mortality through earlier intervention.AimsThis review aims to explore the relevance of claudin proteins in the pathophysiology of NEC and their potential usefulness as a biomarker.MethodsThis review was conducted using the search terms “claudin” + “necrotizing enterocolitis”, with 27 papers selected for review.ResultsClaudin proteins appear to have a role in the stability of the gut epithelium through the regulation of intestinal permeability, maturity, and inflammation. Formula feeding has been shown to promote inflammation and result in changes to claudin proteins, while breastfeeding and certain nutritional supplements lead to reduced inflammation and improved intestinal stability as demonstrated through changes to claudin protein expression. Preliminary studies in human neonates suggest that urinary claudin measurements may be used to predict the development of NEC.ConclusionsAlterations to claudin proteins may reflect changes seen to intestinal permeability and inflammation in the context of NEC. Further research is necessary to understand the relevance of claudin proteins in the pathophysiology of NEC and their use as a biomarker.
The Supportive Care Needs of Cancer Patients: a Systematic Review
Authors: Evans Webb Madeleine , Murray Elizabeth , Younger Zane William , Goodfellow Henry , Ross Jamie 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCancer, and the complex nature of treatment, has a profound impact on lives of patients and their families. Subsequently, cancer patients have a wide range of needs. This study aims to identify and synthesise cancer patients’ views about areas where they need support throughout their care. A systematic search of the literature from PsycInfo, Embase and Medline databases was conducted, and a narrative. Synthesis of results was carried out using the Corbin & Strauss “3 lines of work” framework. For each line of work, a group of key common needs were identified. For illness-work, the key needs idenitified were; understanding their illness and treatment options, knowing what to expect, communication with healthcare professionals, and staying well. In regards to everyday work, patients wanted to maintain a sense of normalcy and look after their loved ones. For biographical work, patients commonly struggled with the emotion impact of illness and a lack of control over their lives. Spiritual, sexual and financial problems were less universal. For some types of support, demographic factors influenced the level of need reported. While all patients are unique, there are a clear set of issues that are common to a majority of cancer journeys. To improve care, these needs should be prioritised by healthcare practitioners.
Coping with COVID-19: medical students as strong and responsible stewards of their education
Authors: Kercheval Jacquelyn B. , Khamees Deena , Keilin Charles A. , Markovitz Netana H. , Losman Eve D. 
Published: January 2021

Background Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, clinical rotations at the University of Michigan Medical School (UMMS) were suspended on March 17, 2020, per the Association of American Medical Colleges’ recommendations. No alternative curriculum existed to fill the educational void for clinical students. The traditional approach to curriculum development was not feasible during the pandemic as faculty were redeployed to clinical care, and the immediate need for continued learning necessitated a new model. Approach One student developed an outline for an online course on pandemics based on peer-to-peer conversations regarding learners’ interests and needs, and she proposed that students author the content given the immediate need for a curriculum. Fifteen student volunteers developed content to fill knowledge gaps, and expert faculty reviewers confirmed that the student authors had successfully curated a comprehensive curriculum. Evaluation The crowdsourced student content coalesced into a 40-hour curriculum required for all 371 clinical-level students at UMMS. This student-driven effort took just 17 days from outline to implementation, and the final product is a full course comprising five modules, multiple choice questions, discussion boards, and assignments. Learners were surveyed to gauge success, and 93% rated this content as relevant to all medical students. Reflection The successful implementation of this model for curriculum development, grounded in the Master Adaptive Learner framework, suggests that medical students can be entrusted as stewards of their own education. As we return to a post-pandemic “normal,” this approach could be applied to the maintenance and de novo development of future curricula.
Modeling, analysis, and optimization of dimensional accuracy of FDM-fabricated parts using definitive screening design and deep learning feedforward artificial neural network
Authors: Mohamed Omar Ahmed , Masood Syed Hasan , Bhowmik Jahar Lal 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAdditive manufacturing (AM) technologies such as fused deposition modeling (FDM) rely on the quality of manufactured products and the process capability. Currently, the dimensional accuracy and stability of any AM process is essential for ensuring that customer specifications are satisfied at the highest standard, and variations are controlled without significantly affecting the functioning of processes, machines, and product structures. This study aims to investigate the effects of FDM fabrication conditions on the dimensional accuracy of cylindrical parts. In this study, a new class of experimental design techniques for integrated second-order definitive screening design (DSD) and an artificial neural network (ANN) are proposed for designing experiments to evaluate and predict the effects of six important operating variables. By determining the optimum fabrication conditions to obtain better dimensional accuracies for cylindrical parts, the time consumption and number of complex experiments are reduced considerably in this study. The optimum fabrication conditions generated through a second-order DSD are verified with experimental measurements. The results indicate that the slice thickness, part print direction, and number of perimeters significantly affect the percentage of length difference, whereas the percentage of diameter difference is significantly affected by the raster-to-raster air gap, bead width, number of perimeters, and part print direction. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that a second-order DSD integrated with an ANN is a more attractive and promising methodology for AM applications.
Berlin Green Framework-Based Gas Sensor for Room-Temperature and High-Selectivity Detection of Ammonia
Authors: Yang Tingqiang , Gao Lingfeng , Wang Wenxuan , Kang Jianlong , Zhao Guanghui , Li Delong , Chen Wen , Zhang Han 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAmmonia detection possesses great potential in atmosphere environmental protection, agriculture, industry, and rapid medical diagnosis. However, it still remains a great challenge to balance the sensitivity, selectivity, working temperature, and response/recovery speed. In this work, Berlin green (BG) framework is demonstrated as a highly promising sensing material for ammonia detection by both density functional theory simulation and experimental gas sensing investigation. Vacancy in BG framework offers abundant active sites for ammonia absorption, and the absorbed ammonia transfers sufficient electron to BG, arousing remarkable enhancement of resistance. Pristine BG framework shows remarkable response to ammonia at 50–110 °C with the highest response at 80 °C, which is jointly influenced by ammonia's absorption onto BG surface and insertion into BG lattice. The sensing performance of BG can hardly be achieved at room temperature due to its high resistance. Introduction of conductive Ti3CN MXene overcomes the high resistance of pure BG framework, and the simply prepared BG/Ti3CN mixture shows high selectivity to ammonia at room temperature with satisfying response/recovery speed.
Interior and Exterior Decoration of Transition Metal Oxide Through Cu0/Cu+ Co-Doping Strategy for High-Performance Supercapacitor
Authors: Liu Weifeng , Zhang Zhi , Zhang Yanan , Zheng Yifan , Liu Nishuang , Su Jun , Gao Yihua 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAlthough CoO is a promising electrode material for supercapacitors due to its high theoretical capacitance, the practical applications still suffering from inferior electrochemical activity owing to its low electrical conductivity, poor structural stability and inefficient nanostructure. Herein, we report a novel Cu0/Cu+ co-doped CoO composite with adjustable metallic Cu0 and ion Cu+ via a facile strategy. Through interior (Cu+) and exterior (Cu0) decoration of CoO, the electrochemical performance of CoO electrode has been significantly improved due to both the beneficial flower-like nanostructure and the synergetic effect of Cu0/Cu+ co-doping, which results in a significantly enhanced specific capacitance (695 F g−1 at 1 A g−1) and high cyclic stability (93.4% retention over 10,000 cycles) than pristine CoO. Furthermore, this co-doping strategy is also applicable to other transition metal oxide (NiO) with enhanced electrochemical performance. In addition, an asymmetric hybrid supercapacitor was assembled using the Cu0/Cu+ co-doped CoO electrode and active carbon, which delivers a remarkable maximal energy density (35 Wh kg−1), exceptional power density (16 kW kg−1) and ultralong cycle life (91.5% retention over 10,000 cycles). Theoretical calculations further verify that the co-doping of Cu0/Cu+ can tune the electronic structure of CoO and improve the conductivity and electron transport. This study demonstrates a facile and favorable strategy to enhance the electrochemical performance of transition metal oxide electrode materials.
Was ist ein Hindernis? – Fachliche Aushandlungen im Sachunterricht am Beispiel der Mobilitätsbildung
Authors: Skorsetz Nina , Bonanati Marina , Kucharz Diemut 
Published: January 2021

ZusammenfassungAnhand eines Transkripts aus dem Sachunterricht an einer inklusiven Grundschule wird in diesem Beitrag herausgearbeitet, was Fachlichkeit am Beispiel der Radfahrausbildung in einer vierten Klasse ausmacht. Für die Videographien im Sachunterricht wurden Schulen ausgewählt, die sich selbst als inklusiv beschreiben. So beschreiben sie beispielsweise, dass der Anspruch auf sonderpädagogische Förderung erst im Übergang zur weiterführenden Schule festgestellt wird. Untersucht wird, wie die Teilnehmenden in einer Unterrichtsstunde ihre Vorstellungen zu dem fachlichen Begriff Hindernis aushandeln. Es zeigt sich, dass bei der Bearbeitung des Themas Vorbeifahren an einem Hindernis im Material kein Rückgriff auf die begrifflichen Vorstellungen bzw. Konzepte der Kinder vorgesehen ist. Da die Lernenden dennoch einen Aushandlungsprozess initiieren, in den sie auch die Lehrkraft einbeziehen, ist eine Auseinandersetzung mit den kindlichen und fachlichen Vorstellungen zu beobachten.