bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Association of Malnutrition, illness duration, and pre-morbid weight status with anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescents and young adults with restrictive eating disorders: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Lin Jessica A. , Jhe Grace , Vitagliano Julia A. , Milliren Carly E. , Spigel Rebecca , Woods Elizabeth R. , Forman Sara F. , Richmond Tracy K. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Restrictive eating disorders (EDs) are often comorbid with anxiety and depression symptoms, placing patients at risk for more severe disease, worse treatment outcomes, and higher rates of mortality. To identify risks for developing such co-morbidities, we assessed the association of malnutrition, ED illness duration, and pre-morbid weight status with symptoms of anxiety and depression in adolescents/young adults (AYAs) with EDs.

Methods
145 participants with restrictive EDs (anorexia nervosa [AN], other specified feeding and eating disorders [OSFED], avoidant restrictive food intake disorder [ARFID]) were included from the RECOVERY study, a longitudinal web-based registry of AYAs with EDs. We measured malnutrition as percent of expected body mass index (%eBMI), based on participants’ pre-morbid growth trajectory. Outcomes were anxiety and depression scores from the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scales. We used multiple linear regression to examine the association of malnutrition, ED duration, and pre-morbid weight status with symptoms of anxiety and depression.

Results
Mean (SD) age was 16.4(3.0) years; 87% were female; 89% white; 85% had AN, 6% OSFED, 10% ARFID. Of these, 2/3 had ED symptoms ≥1 year, 1/3 had previous higher level of ED care (HLOC), and half were taking psychiatric medications. Mean %eBMI was 90% (range 57–112%). Mean GAD-7 was 9.4(5.9) and CES-D was 24(13.8), indicating most participants had clinically significant anxiety and/or depression. Degree of malnutrition was not significantly associated with anxiety or depression adjusting for age, sex, sexual orientation, ED diagnosis, and use of psychiatric medication. Those with longer duration of ED symptoms had higher depression scores after adjusting for malnutrition, HLOC, length of ED symptoms, and time in our care (p = 0.038). Patients with pre-morbid BMIs ≥75th percentile had lower depression scores than those with pre-morbid BMIs <75th percentile (p = 0.014).

Conclusions
We find high degree of clinically relevant anxiety and depression symptoms in a population of AYAs with EDs. Our findings suggest that factors beyond malnutrition play a role in the co-morbid mood and anxiety disorders in this population. Overall, rapid ED diagnosis and comprehensive treatment for patients with EDs across the weight spectrum—and especially those with psychiatric co-morbidities—will likely aid in recovery.
Mental health and its relationship with social support in Iranian students during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Ghafari Reza , Mirghafourvand Mojgan , Rouhi Mahsa , Osouli Tabrizi Shirin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn addition to physical problems, the COVID-19 crisis continues to impose serious psychological adverse effects on people's mental health, which plays a major role in the efficiency of every community. Students, especially medical sciences students, suffer from more stress as a result of exposure to COVID-induced stressors. It is, therefore, essential to measure mental health and its relationship with social support in medical sciences students during the COVID pandemic. The present study was conducted to determine the mental health status of students and its correlation with social support.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted using random sampling on 280 students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in Iran in 2020. Socio-demographic profile scale, Mental Health Test (GHQ-28), and the scale of Perceived Social Support (PRQ-85) were used to collect data. Participants completed the questionnaires online.ResultsConsidering the potential confounding variables, a general linear model (GLM) was utilized to determine the relationship between mental health and perceived social support. Mean (± standard deviation) of total mental health score 26.5 (12.5) was in the acceptable range of 0–63., and 56% of students suffered from a mental disorder. Mean (± standard deviation) of social support score 128.2 (21.0) ranged from 25 to175. According to Pearson's correlation coefficient, there was a significant inverse correlation between social support score and total mental health score and all its subscales [p < 0.001; r =  − 0.294 to − 0.536]. According to the GLM, mental health score decreased significantly with social support score [p = 0.0001; − 0.32 to − 0.20; CI 95%; B = 0.26].ConclusionsGiven the inverse relationship between social support and mental health, it is suggested to increase the level of social support for students at all times, especially during the stressful COVID-19 pandemic to improve their mental health.
How animals distribute themselves in space: energy landscapes of Antarctic avian predators
Authors: Masello Juan F. , Barbosa Andres , Kato Akiko , Mattern Thomas , Medeiros Renata , Stockdale Jennifer E. , Kümmel Marc N. , Bustamante Paco , Belliure Josabel , Benzal Jesús , Colominas-Ciuró Roger , Menéndez-Blázquez Javier , Griep Sven , Goesmann Alexander , Symondson William O. C. , Quillfeldt Petra 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Energy landscapes provide an approach to the mechanistic basis of spatial ecology and decision-making in animals. This is based on the quantification of the variation in the energy costs of movements through a given environment, as well as how these costs vary in time and for different animal populations. Organisms as diverse as fish, mammals, and birds will move in areas of the energy landscape that result in minimised costs and maximised energy gain. Recently, energy landscapes have been used to link energy gain and variable energy costs of foraging to breeding success, revealing their potential use for understanding demographic changes.

Methods
Using GPS-temperature-depth and tri-axial accelerometer loggers, stable isotope and molecular analyses of the diet, and leucocyte counts, we studied the response of gentoo (Pygoscelis papua) and chinstrap (Pygoscelis antarcticus) penguins to different energy landscapes and resources. We compared species and gentoo penguin populations with contrasting population trends.

Results
Between populations, gentoo penguins from Livingston Island (Antarctica), a site with positive population trends, foraged in energy landscape sectors that implied lower foraging costs per energy gained compared with those around New Island (Falkland/Malvinas Islands; sub-Antarctic), a breeding site with fluctuating energy costs of foraging, breeding success and populations. Between species, chinstrap penguins foraged in sectors of the energy landscape with lower foraging costs per bottom time, a proxy for energy gain. They also showed lower physiological stress, as revealed by leucocyte counts, and higher breeding success than gentoo penguins. In terms of diet, we found a flexible foraging ecology in gentoo penguins but a narrow foraging niche for chinstraps.

Conclusions
The lower foraging costs incurred by the gentoo penguins from Livingston, may favour a higher breeding success that would explain the species’ positive population trend in the Antarctic Peninsula. The lower foraging costs in chinstrap penguins may also explain their higher breeding success, compared to gentoos from Antarctica but not their negative population trend. Altogether, our results suggest a link between energy landscapes and breeding success mediated by the physiological condition.
An investigation of early childhood education teachers’ attitudes, behaviors, and views regarding the rights of the child
Authors: Banko-Bal Cagla , Guler-Yildiz Tulin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis study investigates the attitudes, behaviors, and views about the rights of the child of early childhood education (ECE) teachers in Turkey. A mixed-method sequential transformative design was used, and 205 ECE teachers’ attitudes towards children’s rights were analyzed using a quantitative questionnaire. Ten of these ECE teachers were then observed, and their views in terms of the rights of children were elicited through interviews. According to the findings, teachers’ attitudes toward the rights of the child were positive; however, their behaviors and views were not compatible with most of these rights. While teachers were sensitive to the right to protection, they did not meet the requirements of the rights to development, growth, and participation or the principles of best interest and non-discrimination. Educating teachers about the rights of the child plays an important role in enhancing children’s learning and the application of these rights. To support these rights, teachers need to properly understand the rights of the child, how to protect them, and how to reflect these rights in their practices.
Sarcopenic Characteristics of Active Older Adults: a Cross-Sectional Exploration
Authors: Huschtscha Zoya , Parr Alexandra , Porter Judi , Costa Ricardo J. S. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Ageing is associated with a decline in skeletal muscle mass and function (strength and power), known as sarcopenia. Inadequate dietary protein and inactivity have been shown to accelerate sarcopenia outcomes, occurring at different rates in males and females. Regardless, active older adults who often exceed the exercise guidelines still show signs of sarcopenia. This study aimed to explore the link between age, physical activity, protein intake, and biological sex with skeletal muscle mass, strength, power, and physical capacity/performance in active older adults. Fifty-four active older adults were recruited from this trial and grouped according to age (middle aged: 50–59 years, and older age: ≥ 60 years), exercise volume (low: ≥ 90–149 min/week, moderate: ≥ 150–299 min/week, and high: ≥ 300 min/week), protein intake (low: < 0.8 g/kg body mass (BM), moderate: ≥ 0.8–1.19g /kg BM, and high: ≥ 1.2 g/kg BM), and biological sex (males and females). Skeletal muscle and fat mass (dual X-ray absorptiometry), strength (1-repetition maximum using leg press, chest press, lateral pull down, and hand grip), power (counter movement jump), and general fitness (cardiorespiratory capacity and gait speed) were assessed. Data were grouped based on variables, and a general linear model (ANCOVA) or an independent t test was used to determine between group differences.

Results
Fifty three of the total participants’ data were analysed. The middle-aged group had 18%, 11%, and 10% higher leg press, chest press, and lateral pull down, respectively, compared to the older-aged group (p < .05). There were no significant differences between different levels of training volume and any of the outcomes. Higher protein intakes were associated with significantly less body fat mass (p = .005) and a trend towards a higher leg press (p = .053) and higher relative power (W/kg) (p = .056) compared with the moderate and low protein intake groups. Significant differences based on biological sex were observed for all outcomes except for gait speed (p = .611) and cardiorespiratory fitness (p = .147).

Conclusions
Contributions of age, physical activity, daily protein intake, and biological sex can explain the individual variation in outcomes related to changes in body composition, strength, power, and/or cardiorespiratory fitness in a cohort of active older adults.
The preprint version of this work is available on Research Square: https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-51873/v1.

Trial Registration
This trial is registered in the ANZCTR.org.au, no. ACTRN12618001088235 (https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=375286).
Successful eradication of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae from the Norwegian pig population – 10 years later
Authors: Gulliksen Stine Margrethe , Baustad Børge , Framstad Tore , Jørgensen Anne , Skomsøy Audun , Kjelvik Oddbjørn , Gjestvang Mona , Grøntvedt Carl Andreas , Lium Bjørn 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundMycoplasma hyopneumoniae(Mhyo) is the causative agent of enzootic pneumonia in pigs which adversely affects animal health and welfare, in addition to causing considerable economical losses. This paper presents the implementation of the national Mhyo eradication program in Norway, the subsequent population wide surveillance and documentation on the current freedom from Mhyo in the Norwegian pig population.In 1994, the Board of The Norwegian Pig Health Service decided on conducting a national surveillance and eradication program for Mhyo. The program aimed for population wide freedom from Mhyo, based on serological surveillance. A partial depopulation program was initiated in all Mhyo positive farrow-to-feed and farrow-to-finish herds. Total depopulation was performed in all positive finisher herds.ResultsFrom 1994 to 2009, a total of 138,635 pigs in 3211 herds were serologically tested for the presence of antibodies against Mhyo. Of these, 5538 (4%) individual samples and 398 (12.4%) of the herds were defined as positive. In 2009, the Norwegian pig population was declared free from Mhyo, and has been so since then. From 2009 through 2019, a total of 44,228 individual serum samples have been analyzed for the presence of antibodies against Mhyo and found negative in the National surveillance program.ConclusionEradication of Mhyo infections has resulted in improved health and welfare of the Norwegian pig population. The success of the strategy is based on numerous factors, such as moderate to low prevalence of the agent, well documented and effective eradication protocols, accurate diagnostic tests, relatively small herds, low herd density in most parts of the country and negligible import of live pigs. In addition, economic benefit due to a premium on pigs marketed from herds free from Mhyo, a well-structured commercial pig population, and finally, the loyalty and significant effort of farmers, abattoir employees and veterinarians were crucial factors. To maintain the infection-free status at national level, a continuous alertness is required in the future to discover possible Mhyo infections and ensure rapid sampling and diagnostics. Any findings of Mhyo positive pig herds in Norway will result in immediate eradication.
Growth and population biology of the sand-bubbler crab Scopimera crabricauda Alcock 1900 (Brachyura: Dotillidae) from the Persian Gulf, Iran
Authors: Sharifian Sana , Malekzadeh Vahid , Kamrani Ehsan , Safaie Mohsen 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Dotillid crabs are introduced as one common dwellers of sandy shores. We studied the ecology and growth of the sand bubbler crab Scopimera crabricauda Alcock, 1900, in the Persian Gulf, Iran. Crabs were sampled monthly by excavating nine quadrats at three intertidal levels during spring low tides from January 2016 to January 2017.

Results
Population data show unimodal size-frequency distributions in both sexes. The Von Bertalanffy function was calculated at CWt = 8.76 [1 − exp (− 0.56 (t + 0.39))], CWt = 7.90 [1 − exp (− 0.59 (t + 0.40))] and CWt = 9.35 [1 − exp (− 0.57 (t + 0.41))] for males, females, and both sexes, respectively. The life span appeared to be 5.35, 5.07, and 5.26 years for males, females, and both sexes, respectively. The cohorts were identified as two age continuous groups, with the mean model carapace width 5.39 and 7.11 mm for both sexes. The natural mortality (M) coefficients stood at 1.72 for males, 1.83 for females, and 1.76 years−1 for both sexes, respectively. The overall sex ratio (1:0.4) was significantly different from the expected 1:1 proportion with male-biased. Recruitment occurred with the highest number of annual pulse once a year during the summer.

Conclusions
The results, which show slow growth, emphasize the necessity of proper management for the survival of the stock of S. crabricauda on the Iranian coast of the Persian Gulf.
Reflex memory theory of acquired involuntary motor and sensory disorders
Authors: Oyigeya Matthias 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Explicit and implicit memories are conserved but flexible biological tools that nature uses to regulate the daily behaviors of human beings. An aberrant form of the implicit memory is presumed to exist and may be contributory to the pathophysiology of disorders such as tardive syndromes, phantom phenomena, flashback, posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD), and related disorders. These disorders have posed significant clinical problems for both patients and physicians for centuries. All extant pathophysiological theories of these disorders have failed to provide basis for effective treatment.

Objective
The objective of this article is to propose an alternative pathophysiological theory that will hopefully lead to new treatment approaches.

Methods
The author sourced over 60 journal articles that treated topics on memory, and involuntary motor and sensory disorders, from open access journals using Google Scholar, and reviewed them and this helped in the formulation of this theory.

Results
From the reviews, the author thinks physical or chemical insult to the nervous system can cause defective circuit remodeling, leading to generation of a variant of implicit (automatic) memory, herein called “reflex memory” and this is encoded interoceptively to contribute to these phenomena states.

Conclusion
Acquired involuntary motor and sensory disorders are caused by defective circuit remodeling involving multiple neural mechanisms. Dysregulation of excitatory neurotransmitters, calcium overload, homeostatic failure, and neurotoxicity are implicated in the process. Sustained effects of these defective mechanisms are encoded interoceptively as abnormal memory in the neurons and the conscious manifestations are these disorders. Extant theories failed to recognize this possibility.
COVID-19 Infection Stigma Scale: psychometric properties
Authors: Elgohari Hayam Mohammed , Bassiony Medhat Mohamed , Sehlo Mohammad Gamal , Youssef Usama Mahmoud , Ali Heba Mohamed , Shahin Islam , Elrafey Dina Sameh , Mahdy Rehab Saeed 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Stigma has been noticed towards patients with COVID-19 in several regions of the world. This social discrimination has contributed to delay in diagnosis and treatment. Also, it may increase the suffering of the patients leading to poor outcome of the illness. Stigma can be assessed with the use of a valid and reliable instrument developed and adapted to our culture. Our objective was to analyze the psychometric properties of COVID-19 Infection Stigma Scale (CISS) for measuring the social stigma among patients with COVID-19 in Egypt. A cross-sectional study that included 182 COVID-19 patients was carried out. The reliability, the convergent validity, and the external and internal consistency of the scale were measured. Factor analysis was used to exclude the weak items.

Results
The mean of the COVID-19 Infection Stigma Scale scores was 34.97±10.35 which was higher than 50% of the score. Absence of the floor and ceiling effects was observed. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for scale reliability ranged from 0.75 to 0.94 with 0.82 for the total score. The convergent validity coefficients ranged from 0.36 to 0.63. Test-retest validity Pearson’s correlation coefficients ranged from 0.72 to 0.92 with 0.89 for the total score. The split half correlation coefficient was 0.86, and the reliability coefficient was 0.92. Both were acceptable correlation coefficients for internal consistency of the scale. Factor analysis showed two factors had latent root greater than 1. The rotated component matrix of the 2 factors revealed that all questions had r value more than 0.30, which means that no need to exclude any of them.

Conclusion
The results showed that the COVID-19 Infection Stigma Scale is a valid and reliable instrument for the Egyptian people.
Longitudinal stent elongation or shortening after deployment in the coronary arteries: which is dominant?
Authors: Algowhary Magdy , Abdelmegid Mohammed Aboel-Kassem F. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Stent manufacturers always record stent shortening data while they do not record stent elongation data. The aim of this study is to identify both stent shortening and elongation occurring after deployment in the coronary arteries and know their percentage.

Results
The length of coronary stents was measured by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) by (1) edge-to-edge (E-E) length, measured from the appearance of the first distal strut to the last proximal strut, and (2) area-to-area (A-A) length, measured from the first distal struts seen at more than one IVUS quadrant to the last proximal struts seen at more than one IVUS quadrant. Stent shortening was defined as both E-E and A-A lengths were shorter than the manufacturer box-stated length (shortened group). Stent elongation was defined as both E-E and A-A lengths were longer than the manufacturer box-stated length (elongated group), otherwise unchanged group. Consecutive 102 stents deployed in ischemic patients were included. Stent elongation was detected in 67.6% (69 stents), and shortening was detected in 15.7% (16 stents), while unchanged stents were detected in 16.7% (17 stents). Although the 3 groups had similar box-stated length and predicted foreshortened length, they had significantly different measurements by IVUS, p<0.001 for each comparison. Differences from box-stated length were 1.9±1.4mm, −1.4±0.4mm, and 0.4±0.3mm, respectively, p<0.001. The elongated group had significantly longer differences from the corresponding box-stated and predicted foreshortened lengths, while the shortened group had significantly shorter differences from the corresponding box-stated length and similar foreshortened length. By multinomial regression analysis, the plaque-media area and stent deployment pressure were the independent predictors of the stent length groups, p=0.015 and p=0.026, respectively.

Conclusions
Change in stent length is not only shortening—as mentioned in the manufacturer documents—but also stent elongation. Stent elongation is dominant, and the most important predictors of longitudinal stent changes are plaque-media area and stent deployment pressure.
The role of PI3K signaling pathway and its associated genes in papillary thyroid cancer
Authors: Amjad Elham , Asnaashari Solmaz , Sokouti Babak 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
One of the well-differentiated types of thyroid cancer is papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), often developed by genetic mutations and radiation.

Methods
In this study, the public NCBI-GEO database was systematically searched. The eligible datasets were the targets for biomarker discovery associated with PI3K signaling pathway.

Results
Only two datasets were suitable and passed the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis outcomes revealed eleven upregulation and thirteen downregulation genes differentially expressed between PTC and healthy tissues. Moreover, the outcomes for survival and disease-free rates for each gene were illustrated.

Conclusions
The present research suggests a panel signature of 24 gene biomarkers in diagnosing the PTC.