bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Connection between flow pattern evolution and vibration in 90‐degree pipeline: Bidirectional fluid‐structure interaction
Authors: Liang Zejun , Guo Chunyu , Wang Chunsheng 
Published: December 2021

AbstractFluid‐structure coupling is the main cause for the vibration of fluid‐conveying pipelines, and fluid‐solid coupling vibration of fluid‐conveying pipelines is a “typical dynamic problem.” The present paper analyzes the dynamic characteristics and dynamic response of the elbow with simultaneous dual‐thread analysis, aiming to clarify the dynamic change law of pipe vibration induced by gas‐liquid two‐phase flow in the elbow. It can be concluded that the characteristics of the slug flow developed from the interphase instability mechanism have been captured in the volume of fluid (VOF) method. The dynamic evolution information of different two‐phase flow patterns is often accompanied by complex self‐similarity, but has different complex structures, chaotic characteristics, and dynamic behaviors. The unique modal frequencies of each order are applied to the elbow to obtain different exclusive mode shapes. The evolution of the flow pattern is related to the increase in the wave height, and the wave amplitude often depends on the gas‐liquid superficial velocity. The superficial liquid velocity is more sensitive to the influence of flow pattern formation and vibration than that of gas.
Assessment of Microplastic Size Range and Ingestion Intensity by Gmelinoides fasciatus Stebbing, an Invasive Species of Lake Onego
Authors: Kalinkina Nataliia Michailovna , Zobkov Mikhail Borisovich , Zobkova Maria Valentinovna , Galakhina Natalia Evgenievna 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
To indicate the potential role of Gmelinoides fasciatus, an invasive species of Lake Onego, in the inclusion of microplastics into food webs, several indicators were evaluated: its ability to ingest microplastics, the preferred size ranges, and the ingestion intensity. For this purpose, irregularly shaped polystyrene copolymer particles (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene plastics, artificially crushed) of four size classes (&lt;50, 50–100, 100–250, &gt;250 µm) were used. Gmelinoides fasciatus actively ingested microplastic particles, and in treatment with particles of 100–250 µm in size, the consumption rate was the highest. The crustaceans that survived the experiment ingested smaller particles than the deceased ones. Based on the size–frequency distributions of the ingested particles and the same in the suspension, crustaceans preferred smaller particles than those in suspension. The mean size of the ingested particles was 100 ± 5 µm. However, considering the actual concentration of microplastic fragments in the sediments of Lake Onego, in natural conditions, a negative effect of microplastic fragments on the G. fasciatus population is unlikely. At the same time, the ability of the invasive species G. fasciatus to consume microplastics and their active integration into the food webs of Lake Onego through consumption by fish can be considered reliable factors of the entry of microplastics in the fish of Lake Onego. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:184–192. © 2021 SETAC
BER performance of MIMO based NOMA‐VLC system with imperfect SIC
Authors: Dixit Vipul , Kumar Atul 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this article, multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) technique is employed with non‐orthogonal multiple access‐visible light communication (NOMA‐VLC) systems, namely MIMO‐NOMA‐VLC, to develop a low error and high data rate network. In particular, a multi‐user downlink MIMO‐NOMA‐VLC system with equal gain combiner (EGC) at the receiver is proposed. The on‐off keying (OOK) and L‐pulse position modulation (L‐PPM) is adopted for performance analysis. The imperfect successive interference cancellation (SIC) scenario is also considered to emphasize the practicability of the system. The closed‐form expressions for bit‐error‐rate (BER) of the proposed MIMO‐NOMA‐VLC system are derived with perfect and imperfect SIC. Specifically, two and three‐user scenarios are considered for detailed analysis. The MIMO‐NOMA‐VLC system with EGC combiner at the receiver completely outperforms the single‐input single‐output (SISO‐NOMA‐VLC) system. The proposed MIMO‐NOMA‐VLC system provides the best error performance at the power allocation co‐efficient assigned to far user of 0.3. Further, the error performance of the proposed MIMO‐NOMA‐VLC system is investigated for the system parameters such as diversity order, modulation order, user count and so forth. The derived analytical results are verified with the Monte‐Carlo simulation results.
Expanding the IPAT identity to quantify backcasting sustainability scenarios
Authors: Skånberg Kristian , Svenfelt Åsa 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis paper builds on four qualitative backcasting scenarios that illustrate sustainable futures in a Swedish setting. The paper complements the originally qualitative scenarios by developing an eight‐step modified and expanded IPAT model—originally describing environmental impact as a product of population, affluence, and technology—that also enables quantitative descriptions of the scenarios. The modified and expanded IPAT model is used to show how the scenarios can stay within the climate aspect of sustainability. The result is quantified descriptions of the development paths of energy‐related carbon dioxide emissions, working hours, man‐made capital stocks, recycled and nonrecycled materials used, and different types of energy used in the four scenarios. The four main findings are (a) the back‐bone instrument in making the energy system fossil‐free will, in all scenarios, substitute fossil energy with renewable energy; (b) however, to succeed with that it is necessary to use different mixes of many complementary climate policy instruments; (c) IPAT models can be modified and expanded in many different ways to act as quantitative descriptions of different technological developments and social changes in scenario exercises; (d) by disregarding gross domestic product as a proxy for affluence, and replacing it with labor and capital, behavioral concepts like sharing and prolonged product lifetimes can more easily be introduced as climate policy options in a modified and expanded IPAT model.
Forgetting‐by‐not‐doing: The case of surgeons and cesarean sections
Authors: Facchini Gabriel 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis paper provides new evidence on the link between patient outcome and physician experience. Using birth certificates data from a large hospital in Italy, I analyze whether cesarean section surgeons who have performed more procedures in the recent past observe an improvement in performance. By using data from the Italian health care system, where patients are not allowed to choose their physician, I lower concerns of potential reverse causality (selective referral). I find evidence indicating a strong learning‐by‐doing effect: for emergent cases, a one standard deviation increase in recent experience reduces the likelihood of neonatal intensive care unit admission by nearly 3.2 percentage points (13.8%) and of being born with a low Apgar Score by about 1.9 percentage points (13.2%), all else equal. This effect is not present for the case of elective C‐sections.
Anakinra reduces lung inflammation in experimental acute lung injury
Authors: Engeroff Paul , Belbézier Aude , Monsel Antoine , Klatzmann David 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIntroductionAcute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe form of acute lung injury (ALI) resulting in life‐threatening hypoxaemia. Although ARDS can be caused by a variety of pathogens or major trauma, it is best known as the major cause of mortality in COVID‐19 patients. Since ARDS is often associated with dysregulated inflammatory immune responses, immunomodulatory approaches represent a possible treatment option. The objective of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of interleukin (IL)‐1 blockade using Anakinra in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced ALI.MethodsWe evaluated the effects of a daily subcutaneous Anakinra treatment in a mouse model of LPS‐induced ALI. We monitored body weight to assess the general health status of the mice. Two days after ALI induction, we evaluated the inflammatory cytokine MIP‐2 as well as protein levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids. Two and nine days after ALI induction, we evaluated infiltrating leukocytes in BAL fluid and lung tissue.ResultsAnakinra treatment reduced ALI‐induced weight loss compared to nontreated groups. At Day 2, Anakinra treatment reduced levels of MIP‐2 and protein in BAL fluids and reduced frequencies of NK cells and neutrophils in the lung tissue. Nine days after ALI induction, Anakinra treated mice displayed reduced levels of neutrophils and alveolar macrophages in BAL fluids.ConclusionsIL‐1 blockade using Anakinra reduced classical hallmarks of inflammation in a mouse model of ALI. Our data support ongoing and future research on the evaluation of Anakinra as a potential treatment option in ARDS.
Light and scanning electron microscopy‐based foliar morpho‐anatomical comparison of selected family Rosaceae members distributed in District Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Shaheen Shabnum , Sharifi‐Rad Javad , Ali Muhammad , Shamim Zeeshan , Rasool Bilal , Ashfaq Muhammad , Mukhtar Hanan , Harun Nidaa , Hanif Uzma , Siddique Riffat 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn the present study morpho‐anatomical characterization of selected Rosaceae members distributed in District Lahore was performed. Light and scanning electron microscopy was used for systematic characterization of the selected 19 species. Distinguished morpho‐anatomical features such as size and shape of epidermal cells, size and type of stomatal cells, size and shape of trichomes, oil droplets, and silica bodies were contrasted. Results reported remarkable variations which could be taxonomically useful in identification of these members. Polygonal epidermal cells were observed in Eriyobotraya japonica, Potentilla bifurca, Potentilla supina, and Prunus amygdalus. However, Prunus cerasus possessed irregular‐shaped epidermal cells that can be distinguished from hexagonal epidermal cells of Prunus persica. Similarly, stomatal type varied among some members. Paracytic or perisocytic stomata were observed in E. japonica whereas P. bifurca observed paracytic and anisocytic stomata. Lengths of guard cells were also of variable sizes. The average length of guard cells ranged from 53 (52–54) μm to 74 (73–75) μm in abaxial view. Potentilla supina had biggest, while Rosmarinus officinalis had tiny guard cells. Trichomes were tubular, stellate, cylindrical, ribbon‐like, glandular, and nonglandular. Silica bodies in the present investigation were bilobed, rounded, and oval‐shaped. It is inferred that diverse anatomical features proved to be valuable taxonomic tools that could be fruitfully helpful in identification of plants at specific as well as generic level.
Kindlin-3 maintains marginal zone B cells but confines follicular B cell activation and differentiation
Authors: Härzschel Andrea , Li Lixia , Krenn Peter W , Szenes-Nagy Eva , Andrieux Geoffroy , Bayer Elisabeth , Pfeifer Dietmar , Polcik Laura , Denk Ursula , Höpner Jan P , Karabatak Elif , Danner Danielle-Justine , Tangermann Simone , Kenner Lukas , Jumaa Hassan , Greil Richard , Börries Melanie , Ruppert Raphael , Maity Palash C , Hartmann Tanja Nicole 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIntegrin-mediated interactions between hematopoietic cells and their microenvironment are important for the development and function of immune cells. Here, the role of the integrin adaptor Kindlin-3 in B cell homeostasis is studied. Comparing the individual steps of B cell development in B cell-specific Kindlin-3 or alpha4 integrin knockout mice, we found in both conditions a phenotype of reduced late immature, mature, and recirculating B cells in the bone marrow. In the spleen, constitutive B cell-specific Kindlin-3 knockout caused a loss of marginal zone B cells and an unexpected expansion of follicular B cells. Alpha4 integrin deficiency did not induce this phenotype. In Kindlin-3 knockout B cells VLA-4 as well as LFA-1-mediated adhesion was abrogated, and short-term homing of these cells in vivo was redirected to the spleen. Upon inducible Kindlin-3 knockout, marginal zone B cells were lost due to defective retention within 2 weeks, while follicular B cell numbers were unaltered. Kindlin-3 deficient follicular B cells displayed higher IgD, CD40, CD44, CXCR5, and EBI2 levels, and elevated PI3K signaling upon CXCR5 stimulation. They also showed transcriptional signatures of spontaneous follicular B cell activation. This activation manifested in scattered germinal centers in situ, early plasmablasts differentiation, and signs of IgG class switch.
Omicron variant genome evolution and phylogenetics
Authors: Kandeel Mahmoud , Mohamed Maged E. M. , Abd El‐Lateef Hany M. , Venugopala Katharigatta N. , El‐Beltagi Hossam S. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractFollowing the discovery of the SARS‐CoV‐2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529), the global COVID‐19 outbreak has resurfaced after appearing to be relentlessly spreading over the past 2 years. This new variant showed marked degree of mutation, compared with the previous SARS‐CoV‐2 variants. This study investigates the evolutionary links between Omicron variant and recently emerged SARS‐CoV‐2 variants. The entire genome sequences of SARS‐CoV‐2 variants were obtained, aligned using Clustal Omega, pairwise comparison was computed, differences, identity percent, gaps, and mutations were noted, and the identity matrix was generated. The phylogenetics of Omicron variants were determined using a variety of evolutionary substitution models. The ultrametric and metric clustering methods, such as UPGMA and neighbor‐joining (NJ), using nucleotide substitution models that allowed the inclusion of nucleotide transitions and transversions as Kimura 80 models, revealed that the Omicron variant forms a new monophyletic clade that is distant from other SARS‐CoV‐2 variants. In contrast, the NJ method using a basic nucleotide substitution model such as Jukes–Cantor revealed a close relationship between the Omicron variant and the recently evolved Alpha variant. Based on the percentage of sequence identity, the closest variants were in the following order: Omicron, Alpha, Gamma, Delta, Beta, Mu, and then the SARS‐CoV‐2 USA isolate. A genome alignment with other variants indicated the greatest number of gaps in the Omicron variant's genome ranging from 43 to 63 gaps. It is possible, given their close relationship to the Alpha variety, that Omicron has been around for much longer than predicted, even though they created a separate monophyletic group. Sequencing initiatives in a systematic and comprehensive manner is highly recommended to study the evolution and mutations of the virus.
Probabilistic El Niño effect on flood damages assessment
Authors: Hooshyaripor Farhad 
Published: December 2021

AbstractFlood ranks as the first natural disaster that causes economic losses to human societies. Meanwhile, Iran was reported to be the third country in the world with a high number of affected populations from the flood. In this article, a risk base analysis has been performed to investigate the probable influence of El Niño on the flood damages in Kan River basin (KRB). Doing so, annual precipitation data and Southern Oscillation Index values were gathered for 66 years from 1951 to 2017, then the precipitation change (PC) factor was calculated for every El Niño year. Using a cumulative distribution function of Gumble type fitted on the PC values El Niño changes the precipitation by −10, 8.2, and 31% with 30, 60, and 90% probability levels, respectively. It means that in limited cases El Niño has decreased the flood severity. Also, it could be interpreted that El Niño's influence on the precipitation intensity has been less than +31% by 90% probability and it is less than +8.2% by 60% probability. Considering the PC values with different probabilities, hydrologic and hydraulic models were used to evaluate the runoff, inundation areas, and economic losses to different properties located in the KRB. To have estimates of economic losses as a result of changed precipitation due to El Niño, the damage‐depth curves method was used. Flood damage assessment showed that the expected damage cost of a 50‐year flood has been reduced as much as −21.77% by a 30% probability. On the other hand, the flood damages may grow up to 40.94 and 73.74%, respectively, by 60 and 90% probability.
Reverse‐Bayes methods for evidence assessment and research synthesis
Authors: Held Leonhard , Matthews Robert , Ott Manuela , Pawel Samuel 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIt is now widely accepted that the standard inferential toolkit used by the scientific research community—null‐hypothesis significance testing (NHST)—is not fit for purpose. Yet despite the threat posed to the scientific enterprise, there is no agreement concerning alternative approaches for evidence assessment. This lack of consensus reflects long‐standing issues concerning Bayesian methods, the principal alternative to NHST. We report on recent work that builds on an approach to inference put forward over 70 years ago to address the well‐known “Problem of Priors” in Bayesian analysis, by reversing the conventional prior‐likelihood‐posterior (“forward”) use of Bayes' theorem. Such Reverse‐Bayes analysis allows priors to be deduced from the likelihood by requiring that the posterior achieve a specified level of credibility. We summarise the technical underpinning of this approach, and show how it opens up new approaches to common inferential challenges, such as assessing the credibility of scientific findings, setting them in appropriate context, estimating the probability of successful replications, and extracting more insight from NHST while reducing the risk of misinterpretation. We argue that Reverse‐Bayes methods have a key role to play in making Bayesian methods more accessible and attractive for evidence assessment and research synthesis. As a running example we consider a recently published meta‐analysis from several randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the association between corticosteroids and mortality in hospitalised patients with COVID‐19.
Supercritical fluid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry employed with evaporation‐free liquid–liquid extraction for the rapid analysis of cinnarizine in rat plasma
Authors: Zhang Jiaming , Zhang Yu , Liu Xiaoyu , Xu Xiaolan , Li Yingchao , Zhang Tianhong 
Published: December 2021

AbstractCinnarizine is a weak base, which can produce supersaturation and precipitation during gastrointestinal transit, affecting its absorption in vivo. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate whether the oral bioavailability of cinnarizine can be improved after co‐administration with precipitation inhibitors or not. In order to evaluate the pharmacokinetic behavior of cinnarizine in rats, a simple, rapid, sensitive, and environmentally friendly supercritical fluid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometric method was established and validated. In this method, flunarizine, a structural analogue of cinnarizine, was selected as the internal standard, and cinnarizine was extracted from rat plasma using evaporation‐free liquid–liquid extraction method. The analytes were separated on a Torus 1‐AA column (3.0 mm × 100 mm, 1.7 μm) within 2.0 min, using a gradient elution procedure. The transitions of cinnarizine and flunarizine were m/z 369.1 → 167.1 and m/z 405.1 → 203.1, respectively. Cinnarizine showed good linear correlation in the range of 1–500 ng/ml with a lower limit of quantification of 1 ng/ml. The intra‐ and interday precision and accuracy of all quality control samples were within ±15%. This high‐throughput, accurate, sensitive, and reproducible method has been successfully applied to study the effects of the precipitation inhibitor cinnarizine on the pharmacokinetics in rats.
Fiber Optofluidic Microlasers: Structures, Characteristics, and Applications
Authors: Yang Xi , Gong Chaoyang , Zhang Chenlin , Wang Yanqiong , Yan Guo‐Feng , Wei Lei , Chen Yu‐Cheng , Rao Yun‐Jiang , Gong Yuan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractHerein, recent progress in fiber optofluidic lasers and their applications in biochemical detection are reviewed. The unique properties of optical fibers are introduced for the development of optofluidic microlasers, including high quality factor, small mode volume, high aspect ratio, high reproducibility, and low cost. Optical fiber microresonators based on Fabry–Pérot cavity, microring resonator or photonic bandgap cavity are highlighted to provide optical feedback for optofluidic lasing. For applications, the capability of fiber optofluidic lasers is emphasized to perform biochemical analysis with ultrahigh sensitivity, fast response, high throughput, and disposable optical biodetection. The challenges and prospects for fiber optofluidic lasers are also discussed.
Microstructure and corrosion resistance characteristics of Ti–AlN composite produced by selective laser melting
Authors: Chlewicka Monika , Dobkowska Anna , Sitek Ryszard , Adamczyk‐Cieślak Bogusława , Mizera Jarosław 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe aim of this study is to produce Ti–AlN via selective laser melting. The results show that the microstructure of the produced alloy is not uniform. The X‐ray diffraction measurements show that the Ti–AlN composite is composed of a Ti matrix, AlN compounds, as well as (TiN)0.88, Al6Ti19, and Al1.1Ti0.9 intermetallics. The as‐printed Ti–AlN is also composed of dendrites of two typical titanium nitrides (TiN and Ti2N) and titanium aluminum nitride (Ti2AlN). Subsequent quenching and annealing slightly change the phase composition of the alloy and is the main reason for their different corrosion behaviors in acidic and chloride‐containing solutions. The results of this study show that the formation of Al‐rich ternary phases improved the corrosion resistance of the three‐dimensional‐printed Ti–AlN after quenching.
Multiplicity of positive solutions for singular elliptic problems
Authors: Orpel Aleksandra 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe consider the following nonlinear singular elliptic equation
where , . Our main purpose is to prove the existence of a large number of positive solutions with the asymptotic decay as . We also investigate the rate of decay of . These results are based on the sub and supersolution method and cover both sublinear and superlinear cases of f.
On‐chip near‐infrared absorption enhancement of liquid water using chalcogenide waveguide with silver island film
Authors: Pi Mingquan , Ji Jialin , Zheng Chuantao , Li Xiuying , Zhao Huan , Peng Zihang , Lang Jiaming , Zhang Yu , Wang Yiding , Tittel Frank K. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractFor optical waveguide sensor based on evanescent field, the limitation of the light intensity caused by the waveguide loss leads to a short interaction length. Increasing external confinement factor can increase absorbance to overcome this problem. A chalcogenide waveguide was proposed for water absorption measurement, whose core layer was fabricated by lift‐off method. Silver island film was fabricated on the surface of core layer by oblique angle deposition method, which was used to introduce surface‐enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) effect. The surface morphology of the metal island structure with different thicknesses were characterized. Liquid water was used as the analyte. The sensor with 1.8 nm thick silver island film had the largest absorbance enhancement factor (>2.1) with an increased waveguide loss of only 1 dB/cm. The SEIRA effect using metal island film can also be used in slot waveguide or suspended waveguide to further achieve better performance.