bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The First GLP Compliant Study in Africa for the Evaluation of LLIN’s; Efficacy of SafeNet® and SafeNet NF®
Authors: Azizi Salum , Snetselaar Janneke , Kaaya Robert , Matowo Johnson , Onen Hudson , Shayo Magreth , Kisengwa Ezekia , Tilya Evod , Manunda Baltazari , Mawa Benson , Mosha Franklin , Kirby Matt 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background: To attain and sustain the universal Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) coverage, cheap nets that provides equivalent or better protection than the standard LLINs, are required. While it is essential to follow the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for the evaluation of LLINs, adherence to the Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) is necessary to generate reliable and reproducible data that will facilitate efficient LLINs to be speedy registered. Adherence to GLP obviate the need to duplicate the assessment and ensures substandard LLINs are not reaching the market. This study aimed to evaluate efficacy of SafeNet NF® and SafeNet® LLIN in accordance to the WHO Pest Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES) and the GLP guidelines. Both candidate LLINs were manufactured with less fabrics to cut down manufacturing costs, motivated by the need for cheaper LLINs to achieve universal coverage. Materials & Methods: SafeNet NF® and SafeNet® LLIN, were assessed in experimental huts against wild, pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes. Efficacy in terms of mosquito blood-feeding inhibition and mortality, was compared with Interceptor® LLIN and an untreated net. All nets were washed and artificially holed to simulate a used torn net. The GLP guidelines were followed throughout this study.Results: The mortality of mosquitoes exposed to SafeNet NF® and SafeNet® LLIN were equivalent to that of the reference net. Blood-feeding inhibition was only evident in Interceptor® LLIN. Adherence to GLP was observed throughout the study.Conclusions: Step-wise procedures to conduct LLIN evaluation in compliance to both WHOPES and GLP guidelines are elaborated in this study. SafeNet NF® and SafeNet® LLIN offers equivalent protection as Interceptor® LLIN and can facilitate universal LLIN coverage due to its low manufacturing cost. However, further research is needed to understand durability, acceptability and residual efficacy of these nets in field environments.
Prediction of Patients with Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome in Gnrh-A Prolonged Protocol : A Retrospective Study
Authors: Zexing Yang , Ya Wen , He Limei , Zheng Yuhang , Rao Meng , Wang Huawei 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background: OHSS (ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome) is a life-threatening complication and most common adverse effect of fertility treatmentObjectives: To investigate associated risk factors of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) in stimulated ovarian cycles with assisted reproductive technology, may provide guidance for clinicians on how to prevent OHSS. Methods: A Logistic regression analysis was conducted in 336 patients who had completed IVF-ICSI/ET cycles between April 2019 and April 2020 in the first affiliated hospital of kunming medical university. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves for OHSS were calculated for each predictor using cut-off values. Area under the curve (AUC) analysis and logistic regression models were performed to compare the performance of laboratory biomarkers. Results: According to clinical diagnosis, 61 cycles developed OHSS of 336 cycles, with an incidence of 18.15%. Patients were graded according to their clinical symptoms and severity, including 27 cycles of moderate OHSS (8.04%) and 8 cycles of severe OHSS (2.38%). The cut-off value of AMH, E2 on HCG day, egg retrieved to predict moderate and severe OHSS were 7.495ng/ml, 4828pg/ml and 19.5 in GnRH-a Prolonged Protocol, with sensitivities of 77.0%, 67.2%, 80.3%, and specificity of 68.0%, 70.9%, 81.5% respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) values of AMH, E2 on HCG day, Number of oocytes retrieved to predict moderate and severe OHSS were 0.754, 0.738, 0.876, respectively. And the AUC value of combined index to predict moderate and severe OHSS was 0.898, achieved the highest AUC with 85.2% sensitivity and 83.6% specificity. Conclusions:AMH, E2 day of HCG and number of eggs obtained have a good predictive effect on the occurrence of OHSS, and the predictive ability is further improved after the combination of the three indicators.
Chinese Mitten Crabs (Eriocheir Sinensis) Could Act As Vehicles of Spreading Avian Influenza Virus
Authors: Ma Weiwei , Ren Chenyang , Hu Qingbiao , Li Xiaodong , Feng Yali , Zhang Ying 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) possessed significant risk to various animals and human health. Wild birds, especially waterfowls are considered to be the natural reservoir of AIVs. The ecology of AIV is still far from being fully understood. Chinese mitten crabs are nonnegligible biotic factor in AIV ecosystem. We analyzed the ability of Chinese mitten crabs accumulate and spread AIV. We found that AIV remain infectious in water only for 36 hours but persist in crabs for 48 hours. Crabs grills and gastrointestinal tracts accumulated AIV with higher titers than viral water. Crabs could accumulate AIV from contaminated water, carry the virus and spread to naïve crabs via surrounding water. Our study identified Chinese mitten crab as a novel transmission vehicle in AIV ecosystem.
Probiotic In The Prevention of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia In Critically Ill Patients- Evidence From Meta-Analysis And Trial Sequential Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials
Authors: Sun Yue-chen , Wang Chen-yi , Wang Hai-li , Yuan Yao , Lu Jian-hong , Zhong Lei 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Introduction: Probiotic may have a role in prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) among mechanically ventilated patients, but the efficacy and safety remains inconsistent. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of probiotic (prebiotic, synbiotic) versus placebo in preventing VAP in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. Methods: PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane library databases were searched to 10 October 2021 without language restriction for randomized or semi-randomized controlled trials evaluating probiotic (prebiotic, synbiotic) vs. placebo in prevention of VAP in critically ill mechanically ventilated patients. The pooled relative risk (RR) along with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were combined using a random-effects model. Furthermore, the trial sequential analysis (TSA) and subgroup analyses were performed. Statistical significance was regarded as P <0.05. Results: Twenty-three trials involving 5543 patients were eligible for meta-analysis. The combined RR of decreasing the risk of VAP by probiotic was 0.67 (0.56, 0.81) for all eligible studies, 0.69 (n =5136; 95% CI=0.57 to 0.84; P<0.01) for adults studies and 0.55 (n=407; 95%CI=0.31 to 0.99; P=0.046) for neonates/children studies. Additionally, the above-mentioned positive finding was verified by the result of TSA, subgroup analyses and cumulative meta-analysis in adult patients. Ample evidence demonstrated the existence of a 31% decrease in RR of incidence of VAP when prophylactic probiotic therapy was administrated among adult patients. Finally, there were no effects on the ICU/hospital/28-/90-day mortality, bacteremia, CRBSI, diarrhea, ICU-acquired infections, infectious complications, pneumonia, UTI and wound infection between two groups (P＞0.05 for all). Conclusion: Based on the results of our study, the current evidences suggested that prophylactic administration of probiotic might be utilized as a preventive method for VAP in neonates/children and adults patients who require mechanical ventilation. However, further large, high-quality RCTs are warranted to assess the efficacy and safety of probiotic treatment in critically ill patients, especially for the neonates/children studies and the long-term consequences of this therapy.
Molecular Characterization of a Novel Alternavirus Infecting the Entomopathogenic Fungus Cordyceps Chanhua
Authors: Zhang Yuxiang , Shi Najie , Wang Ping , Zhu Qiuyan , Yang Guogen , Huang Bo 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this study, a novel double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) mycovirus, named Cordyceps chanhua alternavirus 1 (CcAV1), was detected in the entomogenous fungus Cordyceps chanhua from China. The complete genome of CcAV1 contained three dsRNA genome segments, dsRNA 1 (3,512 bp), dsRNA 2 (2,655 bp), and dsRNA 3 (2,415 bp). All the three dsRNAs possess a single open reading frame (ORF). DsRNA 1 with 3,512 bp long encoded a putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), while dsRNA 2 with 2,655 bp long and dsRNA 3 with 2,415 bp long encoded a hypothetical protein 1 (HP 1) and a hypothetical protein 2 (HP 2), respectively. The RdRp, HP 1 and HP 2 sequences had the highest identity of 66.99%, 49.30% and 56.91%, respectively, to those of Aspergillus foetidus dsRNA mycovirus. A maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree from RdRp sequence revealed that CcAV1 was placed in the clade of the proposed family “Alternaviridae”. Hence, we proposed that Cordyceps chanhua alternavirus 1 is a novel member of the proposed “Alternaviridae”.
Clinical and Antibody Characteristics Reveal Diverse Signatures of Severe and Non-severe SARS-CoV-2 Patients
Authors: Wang Hongye , Yan Dongshan , Li Ya , Gong Yanfei , Mai Yulin , Li Bingxiang , Zhu Xiaoyong , Wan Xinrui , Xie Liyun , Jiang HuaKe , zhang Min , Sun Ming , Yao YuFeng , ZHU YongZhang 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Clinical and Immune response characteristics of COVID-19 between severe and non-severe patients have not been fully clarified. In this study, clinical features, antibody responses targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S) and its different domains, Ig isotypes and IgG subtypes, ACE2 competitive antibodies, binding titers with FcγIIa and FcγIIb receptors, and 14 cytokines were investigated in 119 serum samples from 37 PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients. Severe group including 9 patients represented lower lymphocyte count, higher neutrophil count, higher level of LDH, total bile acid (TBA) (P<1×10-4), r-glutaminase (P=0.011), adenosine deaminase (P<1×10-4), procalcitonin (P=0.004), C-reactive protein (P<1×10-4) and D-dimer (P=0.049) compared to non-severe group (28 patients). Significantly, higher-level antibody targeting S (IgA, IgM, and IgG), different S domains specificity (RBD, RBM, NTD, and CTD), FcγIIa and FcγIIb binding capability were observed in severe group than that of non-severe group, of which IgG1 and IgG3 were the main IgG subclasses. RBD-IgG were strongly correlated with S-IgG both in severe group and non-severe group. Additionally, CTD-IgG were strongly correlated with S-IgG in non-severe group. Positive RBD-ACE2 binding inhibition was strongly associated with high titers of antibody (S-IgG1, S-IgG3, NTD-IgG) especially RBD-IgG and CTD-IgG in severe group, while in non-severe group, S-IgG3, RBD-IgG and NTD-IgG titer correlated with ACE2 blocking rate. S-IgG1 was negatively associated with illness days in severe group (r=- 0.434, P=0.002), while S-IgG3 in severe group (r=0.363, P=0.011) and S-IgG1 (r=0.417, P=3×10-4) in non-severe group was positively associated with days after symptom onset. Moreover, GRO-α, IL-6, IL-8, IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-3, MIG, and BAFF were also significantly elevated in severe group. Overall, the results indicated different signatures in clinical and immune responses between the COVID-19 severe group and non-severe group, which will be markedly contributed to future therapeutic and preventive measures development.
RAS/MAPK Pathway Alteration in Pediatric Low-Grade Glioma Complicated with Ventriculo-Peritoneal Shunt Related Ascites
Authors: Solano-Páez Palma , Fonseca Adriana , Baroni Lorena Viviana , Amayiri Nisreen , Pérez-Somarriba Marta , Freytes Candela , Quiroga Eduardo , Lassaletta Alvaro , Bouffet Eric 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Introduction: Ventriculo-Peritoneal Shunt (VPS) related ascites is a rare complication of pediatric Low Grade Gliomas (pLGG). Physiopathology of this complication is not fully understood and there is paucity of data regarding the molecular profile of pLGG gliomas complicating with ascites and the optimal management of this unusual event. Methods: International multi-institutional retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with BRAF altered pLGG and ascites arising as a complication of VPS. Demographics, tumor characteristics, therapeutic approaches and outcomes were recorded. Results: Nineteen patients were identified. Median age at diagnosis was 14 months (IQR:7-16). Most patients (16;84.2%) presented with lesions involving the optic pathway. Mean tumor standard volume was 34.8 cm2 (range:12.5-85.4). Pilocytic Astrocytoma was the most frequent histological diagnosis (14;73.7%). Eight (42.1%) tumors harbored BRAF V600-E mutation and seven (36.8%) KIAA1549 fusion. The onset of ascites was documented at a median time of 5 months following VPS insertion. Four (21%) patients were managed with paracentesis only, 7(36.8%) required both paracentesis and shunt diversion, 7(36.8%) required only a shunt diversion and 1 (5,2%) patient was managed conservatively. Ascites was the indication to change chemotherapy regimen in 10 patients. Eight patients received targeted therapy (4 dabrafenib/4 trametinib) and 5 were radiated. Eleven patients were alive at the time of this report with a median OS of 69 months (range:3-144). Conclusions: Ascites is an early feature in the course of pLGG irrespective of alterations in the RAS/MAPK pathway with high mortality rate and should be considered as an adverse prognostic risk factor in pLGG.
Exploring the Experience of Nurses on Nursing Process Implementation in Northwest Ethiopia
Authors: Areri Habtamu Abera , Getie Hana , Guta Alemu , Simegn Bekele 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
BackgroundThe nursing process is a set of actions that help nurses to solve the nursing problems identified for a particular patient. Besides, it is possible to say it is an instrument for nurses in their daily activities, and at the same time, it requires the knowledge, skills, and attitude of its nurses. The study aimed to explore the nursing process implementation among nurses in selected referral hospitals of the Amhara Region. Ida Jean Orlando’s Theory of the nursing process guided the study. MethodsThe study employed a descriptive qualitative research design. After obtaining permission from respective referral hospitals and informed written consent from nurses, a semi-structured in-depth interview with sixteen nurses were carried out to gather data. NVivo 10 software was used for analysis and the findings were thematised under different headings. ResultsThree main themes were emerged from the data and stated as care delivery approach, challenges in the nursing process implementation and nurses’ preparation during training for implementing the nursing process.ConclusionThe finding showed different degrees of nursing process implementation with a huge gap in the quality. Inadequate knowledge, attitude towards the nursing process, and skill were considered a major areas of concern. The study recommends the need for coordinated efforts of all stakeholders for improving the implementation of the nursing process, as identified by this study.
Reevaluating Scorpion Ecomorphs using a Naïve Approach
Authors: Coelho Pedro , Kaliontzopoulou Antigoni , Sousa Pedro , Stockmann Mark , Meijden Arie van der 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
BackgroundEcomorphs create the opportunity to investigate ecological adaptation because they encompass organisms that evolved characteristic morphologies under similar ecological demands. For over 50 years, scorpions have been empirically assigned to ecomorphs based on the characteristic morphologies that rock, sand, vegetation, underground, and surface dwellers assume. This study aims to independently test the existence of scorpion ecomorphs by quantifying the association between their morphology and ecology across 61 species, representing 14 families of the Scorpiones order.ResultsWithout a priori categorization of species into ecomorphs, we identified four groups based on microhabitat descriptors, which reflect how scorpion ecospace is clustered. Moreover, these microhabitat groups, i.e. ecotypes, have significantly divergent morphologies; therefore, they represent ecomorphs. These ecomorphs largely correspond with the ones previously described in the literature. Therefore, we retained the names Lithophilous, Psammophilous, and Pelophilous, and proposed the name Phytophilous for vegetation dwellers. Finally, we sought to map the morphology-ecology association in scorpions. We provide evidence that the morphological regions most tightly associated with ecology are the walking legs and pedipalps. Moreover, the major trend in ecomorphological covariation is that longer walking legs and relatively slender pedipalps (pincers) are associated with sandy microhabitats, while the inverse morphological proportions are associated with rocky microhabitats. ConclusionsScorpion ecomorphs are validated in a naïve approach, from ecological descriptors and whole body anatomy. This places them on a more solid quantitative footing for future studies of ecological adaptation in scorpions. Our results verify some of the previously defined ecomorphotypes and can be used as a starting point to understand the adaptive significance of ecological morphology.
Electromagnetic Fields Ameliorate Hepatic Lipid Accumulation and Oxidative Stress by Activating the CaMKKβ/AMPK/SREBP-1c and Nrf2 Pathways in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice
Authors: Zhai Mingming , Cui Jinxiu , Zhang Chenxu , Liu Juan , Li Yuanzhe , Xie Kangning , Luo Erping , Tang Chi 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease worldwide, and is related to disturbed lipid metabolism and redox homeostasis. However, a definitive drug treatment has not been approved for this disease. Studies have found that electromagnetic fields (EMFs) can ameliorate hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress. Nevertheless, the mechanism remains unclear.Methods: NAFLD models were established by feeding mice a high-fat diet. Simultaneously, EMF exposure is performed. The effects of the EMF on hepatic lipid deposition and oxidative stress were investigated. Additionally, the AMPK and Nrf2 pathways were analysed to confirm whether they were activated by the EMF.Results: Administration of the EMF decreased the body weight, liver weight and serum triglyceride (TG) levels and restrained the excessive hepatic lipid accumulation caused by feeding the HFD. This EMF function is achieved by boosting CaMKKβ protein expression, activating AMPK phosphorylation and suppressing mature SREBP-1c protein expression. Meanwhile, the activity of GSH-Px was enhanced following an increase in nuclear Nrf2 protein expression by EMF. However, no change was observed in the activities of SOD and CAT. Consequently, EMF reduced hepatic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and MDA levels, which means that EMF relieved liver damage by oxidative stress in HFD-fed mice.Conclusions: EMF can activate the CaMKKβ/AMPK/SREBP-1c and Nrf2 pathways to control hepatic lipid deposition and oxidative stress. This investigation indicates that EMF may be a novel therapeutic method for NAFLD.
Acromioclavicular Joint Instability on Cross-Body Adduction View: The Biomechanical Effect of Acromioclavicular and Coracoclavicular Ligaments Sectioning
Authors: Kurata Shimpei , Inoue Kazuya , Shimizu Takamasa , Nagashima Mitsuyuki , Murayama Hirakazu , Kawamura Kenji , Omokawa Shohei , Mahakkanukrauh Pasuk , Tanaka Yasuhito 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background
The relationship between acromioclavicular (AC) joint dislocation, corresponding radiological evaluation, and ligament injuries remains controversial. We hypothesized that AC and trapezoid ligament injuries induce AC joint instability, and the clavicle can override the acromion on cross-body adduction view without conoid ligament injury. We aimed to investigate how biomechanically sectioning the AC and coracoclavicular (CC) ligaments contributes to AC joint instability in the cross-body adduction position using fresh-frozen cadaver models.
Methods
Six fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders were used in this study, comprising five male and one female specimen, with a mean age of 68.7 (range, 51–87) years). The left side of the trunk and upper limb, and the cervical and thoracic vertebrae and sternum were firmly fixed with an external fixator. The displacement of the distal end of the clavicle relative to the acromion was measured using an electromagnetic tracking device. We simulated AC joint dislocation by sequential resection of AC ligament, AC joint capsule, and CC ligaments in the following order of stages. Stage 0: Intact AC and CC ligaments and acromioclavicular joint capsule; stage 1: Completely sectioned AC ligament and joint disc; stage 2: Sectioned trapezoid ligament; and stage 3: Sectioned conoid ligament. The superior clavicle displacement related to the acromion was measured in the horizontal adduction position, and clavicle overriding on the acromion was assessed radiologically at each stage. Data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance and post-hoc tests.
Results
Superior displacement was 0.3 mm at stage 1, 6.5 mm at stage 2, and 10.7 mm at stage 3. On the cross-body adduction view, there was no distal clavicle overriding at stages 0 and 1, and distal clavicle overriding was observed in five cases (5/6: 83%) at stage 2 and in six cases (6/6: 100%) at stage 3.
Conclusion
We found that AC and trapezoid ligament sectioning induced AC joint instability and that the clavicle could override the acromion on cross-body adduction view regardless of conoid ligament sectioning. AC and trapezoid ligament injuries may lead to significant AC joint instability, and the distal clavicle may subsequently override the acromion.
Synchronization Mode Transitions Induced by Chaos in Modified Morris-Lecar Neural Systems with Weak Coupling
Authors: Li Tianyu , Wang Guowei , Yu Dong , Ding Qianming , Jia Ya 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Based on a modified Morris–Lecar neural model, the synchronization modes transitions between two coupled neurons or star-coupled neural network connected by weak electrical and chemical coupling are respectively investigated. For the two coupled neurons, by increasing the calcium conductivity, it is found that the period-2 synchronization of action potential of neurons is transformed to desynchronization first, and then to period-3 synchronization. By increasing the potassium conductivity, however, the synchronization mode transition is a reversal direction process as mentioned above. The bifurcation analysis of inter-spike interval shows that the synchronization modes transition is induced by the chaos. The stronger the coupling strength is, the smaller the period-2 synchronization region in the parameters plane is, while the larger the period-3 synchronization region will be. For the star-coupled neural network, in the presence of weak electrical coupling, it can exhibit the complete synchronization, desynchronization, and drum head mode states under different parameter values, respectively. In the presence of chemical synapse, however, the completely synchronized state can not be observed in the star-coupled neural network. Our results might provide novel insights into synchronization modes transition and related biological experiments.