bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Client’s satisfaction with maternal child health services in tier three public health facilities, Kisumu county, Kenya
Authors: Ibworo Vincent O. , Omondi Dickens , Guyah Bernard 
Published: February 2021

Purpose: The declaration of free maternal and child Health services by the government of Kenya was meant to address some of the systemic service access challenges and increase the number of clients using MNCH services, consequently reducing maternal and neonatal deaths. However, persistent poor maternal and child health indicators in Kenya even with free MNCH services as evident in Kisumu County portends considerable concern hence the reason for this study. There was need to identify factors or factor combinations that affect MNCH service quality in Kisumu County.Methodology: This was a descriptive analytical study whereby data was collected from a sample of 284 mothers seeking MNCH services in Kisumu tier three public health facilities using structured questionnaires and data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Univariate statistics was used to assess patterns of responses to the client satisfaction questionnaire items. Bivariate logistic regression was used to assess association between client satisfaction and dimensions of their characteristics; p-values of less than 0.05 were considered significant.Results: Mothers aged 30-39 years were more likely to report being satisfied with maternal, newborn and child health services as compared to those aged 15-19 years (aOR=0.52, 95%CI=0.28-0.96, p-Value=0.035). The clients who had 1 pregnancy (aOR=2.29, 95%CI=1.04-5.05, p-value=0.040) and 2 pregnancies (aOR=3.22, 95%CI=1.54-6.70, p-Value=0.002) were more likely to report being satisfied with maternal child health services in public health facilities. Similarly, there was significant increased odds of being satisfied among those who resided in rural areas (aOR=2.24, 95%CI=1.05-4.79, p-Value=0.037), those who use vehicles as means of transport (aOR=6.87, 95%CI=1.38-34.28, p-Value=0.019) and those who use motorbike as means of transport (aOR=7.79, 95%CI=1.61-37.77, p-Value=0.011) and maternal child health services satisfaction.Unique contribution to practice and policy: The feedback from this study can be used by national and county governments, state agencies and other health stakeholders in designing communication and advocacy strategies for targeted groups or populations both at the community and health facilities to increase access and acceptability of MNCH services.
Guía de Práctica Clínica de Audiometría Tonal por Vía Aérea y Ósea con y sin Enmascaramiento
Authors: García-Valdecasas Bernal Juan , Cardenete Muñoz Gabriel , Zenker Castro Franz 
Published: February 2021

El propósito de este documento es definir un método estandarizado, aportando recomendaciones útiles y necesarias, para realizar de manera efectiva y correcta la Audiometría Tonal Liminar (ATL) manual. Se refleja en esta guía el procedimiento recomendado para la audiometría por vía aérea y por vía ósea, con y sin enmascaramiento y en la mayoría de contextos audiológicos, tanto para adultos como niños mayores. El método propuesto no es apropiado para niños pequeños, personas con problemas de aprendizaje y otras situaciones especiales que requieren de algunas modificaciones para obtener resultados fiables. Tales situaciones no son objeto de este documento. Tampoco abarca otros procedimientos como son la audiometría de alta frecuencia (por encima de los 8000 Hz), el screening audiométrico, la audiometría en campo libre o la logoaudiometría. Así mismo, esta guía no pretende instruir sobre la interpretación de los resultados de la prueba, acto que deberá ser llevado a cabo por un profesional cualificado.
Nota: Este documento pertenece a la Asociación Española de Audiología. La paginacion de este articulo no se corresponde con la del numero, siendo considerado un suplemento.
Toxicological and ecotoxicological aspects of tartrazine yellow food dye: a literature review
Authors: Silva Janete da , Fracacio Renata 
Published: February 2021

The use of the tartrazine yellow additive in food products for human consumption is permitted within the acceptable daily intake of 7.5 mg/kg of body weight per day (following the Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives standards). However, studies have described this as a toxic component. The dye, which is intensively used in the industry and commerce, enters the aquatic environment through releases of non-treated or inadequately treated effluents; however, further ecotoxicological research is needed. We addressed studies reporting the toxic effects of the exposure to this dye developed in humans, guinea pigs, and Danio rerio (a fish with molecular bases and genomes similar to humans). Based on this review, the doses allowed for acceptable daily intake, or even lower, toxic effects, can be evidenced for different organisms, life stages, and tested times. The reported values may not be protective to aquatic life. In a paper about the exposure of D. rerio from embryos to larvae kept at values lower than 0.05 and 0.5 g.L-1 for pure and commercial tartrazine, there was ecotoxicological effect for embryos and larvae 48 hours after hatching, which implied cardiac edema, changes in the yolk sac, scoliosis, and tail distortions.
Comparative Analysis of Bioethanol Production from Different Potential Biomass Sources in the Philippines
Authors: M. Gatdula Kristel , B. Demafelis Rex , G. Bataller Butch 
Published: February 2021

To pursue the continuous implementation of the bioethanol blending mandate by the Philippine Biofuels Law, part of the roadmap of the National Biofuels Board (NBB) through the Department of Energy (DOE) is to find a sustainable feedstock. This is due to the deficit in locally produced bioethanol as there is an insufficient supply of currently used feedstock, sugarcane. There are several biomasses available in the country with components viable for ethanol fermentation. Aside from sugarcane, these include sweet sorghum and cassava (first-generation), rice straw and corn stover (second-generation), and macroalgae (third-generation). Among which, sweet sorghum can be considered as the best complementary feedstock to sugarcane as its syrup can be directly fermented to produce bioethanol. Considering its maximum bioethanol potential yield of 100 L/ton for two croppings annually, a comparably low production cost of PhP 36.00/L bioethanol was estimated, competitive enough with the PhP33.43/L bioethanol from sugarcane. Aside from finding a promising feedstock, the bioethanol production volume in the country must be increased to meet the demand through either working on the optimum processing conditions to increase the capacity utilization from the current 77.9% or through installation of additional distilleries.
RAI Therapy for Graves’ Hyperthyroidism
Authors: Iakovou Ioannis , Giannoula Evanthia , Exadaktylou Paraskevi , Papadopoulos Nikitas 
Published: February 2021

Graves’ Disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. It has multiple manifestations and it requires appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic management. Once it has been established that the patient is hyperthyroid and the cause is GD, the patient and physician must choose between three effective and relatively safe initial treatment options: antithyroid drugs (ATDs), radioiodine (RAI) therapy, or thyroidectomy. RAI has been used to treat hyperthyroidism for more than seven decades. It is well tolerated and complications are rare, except for those related to orbitopathy. Most patients are effectively treated with one therapeutic dose of I-131. The patient usually notes symptomatic improvement within 3 weeks of therapy. However, the full therapeutic effect takes 3 to 6 months because stored hormone must first be released. Radioiodine therapy may not initially be effective in up to 10% of patients. They require repeat treatment, usually with a higher administered dose.
Immunophenotypic Attributes of Benign Peripheral Blood γδ T Cells and Conditions Associated With Their Increase
Authors: Roden Anja C. , Morice William G. , Hanson Curtis A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractContext.—In comparison to αβ T cells, little is known about the immunophenotype of healthy peripheral blood γδ T cells or about conditions associated with expansion of this usually minor T-cell subset.Objective.—To study the immunophenotype of increased nonneoplastic peripheral blood γδ T cells and to determine clinical conditions associated with this laboratory finding.Design.—Flow cytometric T-cell phenotyping studies performed on 352 consecutive peripheral blood specimens were reviewed, and 62 cases (18%) in which γδ T cells comprised either more than 5% of the total lymphocytes or had an absolute count of more than 200 cells per μL or both, were studied further. Clinical data were available from 36 cases.Results.—The γδ T cells often had an immunophenotype distinct from the αβ T cells, with differences in CD5 expression as the most common (n = 17), followed by differences in CD3 (n = 6) and CD7 (n = 3). CD16 coexpression by the γδ T cells was also frequent (n = 20). In 28 (78%) of 36 cases, there were one or more associated conditions: infection/inflammatory disease (n = 18), autoimmune disease (n = 9), lymphoproliferative disorder (n = 6), and splenectomy (n = 3).Conclusions.—Circulating γδ T cells are immunophenotypically distinct from αβ T cells, and mild increases in these cells are not uncommon and may be associated with immune system activation and splenectomy. Recognition of this phenomenon is important because reactive γδ T cells can exhibit distinctive immunophenotypic features that are also encountered in neoplastic conditions, such as T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia.
Primary Intestinal Intraepithelial Natural Killer–like T-Cell Lymphoma: Case Report of a Distinct Clinicopathologic Entity
Authors: Muram-Zborovski Talia , Loeb Danielle , Sun Tsieh 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Intestinal T-cell lymphoma is a heterogenous group. These tumors differ in their association with enteropathy, intraepithelial or nonintraepithelial origin, primary or secondary involvement, and T-cell or natural killer–like T-cell immunophenotype. There are also nonneoplastic conditions, such as celiac disease, refractory sprue, and reactive T-cell infiltration that mimic intestinal T-cell lymphoma. Therefore, the differential diagnosis requires extensive morphologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular genetic studies. A subset of primary intestinal intraepithelial T-cell lymphoma has emerged in recent years that is distinguished from enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma in terms of clinical presentation (nonenteropathic), morphology (monomorphic small to medium-sized cells), immunophenotype (CD3−CD8+CD56+), and cytogenetics. We report such a case with a unique immunophenotype (CD3−, cytoplasmic CD3+, CD4−, CD8+, CD5−, CD7+, CD16−, CD56+, CD57−, CD103+, T-cell intracellular antigen 1+, and βF1+) that is comparable to that of a newly identified subset of intraepithelial T cells. The tumor progressed rapidly and the patient died within 6 months after the onset of the disease. We recommend a large monoclonal antibody panel for the differential diagnosis of this heterogeneous group of T-cell lymphoma.
Appeals in Gynecologic Cytology Proficiency Testing: Review and Analysis of Data From the 2006 College of American Pathologists Gynecologic Cytology Proficiency Testing Program
Authors: Crothers Barbara A. , Moriarty Ann T. , Fatheree Lisa A. , Booth Christine N. , Tench William D. , Wilbur David C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—In 2006, 9643 participants took the initial College of American Pathologists (CAP) Proficiency Test (PT). Failing participants may appeal results on specific test slides. Appeals are granted if 3 referee pathologists do not unanimously agree on the initial reference diagnosis in a masked review process.
Objectives.—To investigate causes of PT failures, subsequent appeals, and appeal successes in 2006.
Design.— Appeals were examined, including patient demographic information, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services category (A, B, C, or D), exact reference diagnosis, examinees per appeal, examinee's Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services category, referee's Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services category, slide preparation type, and slide field validation rate.
Results.—There was a 94% passing rate for 2006. One hundred fifty-five examinees (1.6%) appealed 86 slides of all preparation types. Forty-five appeals (29%) were granted on 21 slides; 110 appeals (72%) were denied on 65 slides. Reference category D and B slides were most often appealed. The highest percentage of granted appeals occurred in category D (35% slides; 42% of participants) and the lowest occurred in category B (9% slides; 8% of participants). The field validation rate of all appealed slides was greater than 90%.
Conclusions.—Despite rigorous field validation of slides, 6% of participants failed. Thirty percent of failing participants appealed; most appeals involved misinterpretation of category D as category B. Referees were never unanimous in their agreement with the participant. The participants and referees struggled with the reliability and reproducibility of finding rare cells, “overdiagnosis” of benign changes, and assigning the morphologically dynamic biologic changes of squamous intraepithelial lesions to static categories.
In Situ Detection of Inflammatory Cytokines and Apoptosis in Pemphigus Foliaceus Patients
Authors: Rodrigues Denise Bertulucci Rocha , Pereira Sanivia Aparecida Lima , dos Reis Marlene Antônia , Adad Sheila Jorge , Caixeta João Eduardo , Chiba Angélica Maeda , Sousa; RichardÁtila , Rodrigues, Jr Virmondes 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—Endemic pemphigus foliaceus, or fogo selvagem, is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the formation of intraepidermal blisters that reduce adhesion between keratinocytes. Endemic pemphigus foliaceus is associated with the presence of autoantibodies and high levels of cytokines involved in the inflammatory response.
Objectives.—To evaluate the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1, interferon γ, and tumor necrosis factor α; the proapoptotic inducers Fas and inducible nitric oxide synthase; and the apoptosis inhibitor Bcl-2; and to evaluate the presence of apoptosis.
Design.—Skin biopsies from 13 patients with endemic pemphigus foliaceus and controls were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and apoptosis was determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay.
Results.—Proinflammatory cytokines were only detected in cells of the inflammatory exudate. Inducible nitric oxide synthase, Fas, and Bcl-2 were expressed by both epithelial and inflammatory cells. Epithelial apoptosis was observed in 12 cases (92.3%), and subepithelial apoptosis in 11 cases (85%).
Conclusions.—This study suggests that apoptosis as well as the local production of proinflammatory cytokines are associated with endemic pemphigus foliaceus lesions. These results may contribute to the development of new therapeutic approaches to endemic pemphigus foliaceus.
Correction Factors for Estimating Potassium Concentrations in Samples With In Vitro Hemolysis: A Detriment to Patient Safety
Authors: Mansour Mai M. H. , Azzazy Hassan M. E. , Kazmierczak Steven C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—Correction factors have been proposed for estimating true potassium concentrations in blood samples with evidence of in vitro hemolysis.
Objective.—We used 2 different models of true (ie, nonsimulated) in vitro hemolysis to evaluate the clinical utility of correction factors for estimating potassium concentrations in samples with evidence of in vitro hemolysis.
Design.—Potassium correction factors were derived using 2 different models. In model 1, potassium and plasma hemoglobin were measured with the Hitachi 747 analyzer in 132 paired blood samples, with each pair consisting of 1 sample with evidence of hemolysis and 1 without, collected during the same phlebotomy procedure. The change in measured potassium concentration was plotted versus the change in plasma hemoglobin concentration for each pair of samples. In model 2, the potassium levels of 142 784 blood samples and the corresponding hemolytic index values were measured with the Beckman LX20 analyzer. Potassium concentrations at the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles were calculated for each hemolysis index category.
Results.—From our 2 models, we derived correction factors expressing an increase in potassium concentration of 0.51 and 0.40 mEq/L for every increase in plasma hemoglobin concentration of 0.1 g/dL. These correction factors are much higher than those reported in studies that simulated in vitro hemolysis by freeze-thaw lysis or osmotic disruption of whole blood.
Conclusions.—Use of correction factors for estimating the true potassium concentration in samples with evidence of in vitro hemolysis is not recommended. Derivation of correction factors by using samples with nonsimulated in vitro hemolysis suggests that the actual increase in potassium in hemolyzed samples is much higher than that reported in previous studies that produced hemolysis with artificial means.
Comparability of Different Pathologic Protocols in Sentinel Lymph Node Evaluation: An Analysis of Two Step-Sectioning Methods for the Same Patients With Breast Cancer
Authors: Kanngurn Samornmas , Chewatanakornkul Siripong , Premprapha Teerapon , Thongsuksai Paramee 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—The pathologic protocol for sentinel lymph node evaluation has yet to be standardized. Results from previous studies are troublesome to compare because they have been conducted on different sets of subjects with cancer.
Objective.—To compare the detection of sentinel lymph node metastases by using step-sectioning methods at 20-μm and 150-μm intervals for the same patient with primary breast cancer.
Design.—A total of 186, initially tumor-negative sentinel lymph nodes from a group of 80 patients with breast cancer were included. For all nodes, each paraffin block was cut serially to produce a total of 10 levels: 5 consecutive levels of sections for each of the 20-μm and 150-μm intervals. The nodal findings obtained at these intervals on hematoxylin-eosin and cytokeratin slides were compared by using the McNemar test.
Results.—The overall detection rate for sentinel lymph node metastasis at intervals of 20 μm and 150 μm was 27.5% (22/80) and 20% (16/80), respectively. The overall agreement between the 20-μm and 150-μm sections was 82.5%. No macrometastasis was missed by either method. At the 20-μm interval, 2 cases of micrometastasis were missed, while 10 cases of isolated tumor cells were missed at the 150-μm interval. However, no statistical difference was observed for the final sentinel lymph node results with either method. (McNemar test, P = .18 for case-based results and P = .052 for nodal-based results).
Conclusions.—The 20-μm and 150-μm interval step-sectioning methods produce comparable results for detection of metastatic deposits in sentinel lymph nodes.
Pulmonary Pseudoneoplasms
Authors: Yi Eunhee , Aubry Marie-Christine 
Published: February 2021

AbstractContext.—Not uncommonly, a surgical pathologist will be requested to review excised material, with a clinical diagnosis of cancer, in which no malignancy can be identified. Often, sampling may be the issue. However, different nonneoplastic processes may mimic cancer clinically and not be recognized histologically. These are commonly referred to as pseudoneoplasms and can involve the lung, pleura, and mediastinum.Objective.—To review the most commonly encountered pseudoneoplasms of the thoracic cavity in surgical pathology and discuss the main differential diagnosis.Data Sources.—Literature and personal review of cases with focus on inflammatory pseudotumors of the lung, organizing pneumonia, nodular lymphoid hyperplasia, apical cap, round atelectasis, and sclerosing mediastinitis with its pulmonary counterpart, hyalinizing granuloma.Conclusions.—When reviewing specimens that appear nondiagnostic for malignancy, it is important to consider one of these pseudoneoplasms in the differential diagnosis as they may explain the clinical and radiologic information.
Pediatric Angiosarcoma of Soft Tissue: A Rare Clinicopathologic Entity
Authors: Ayadi Lobna , Khabir Abdelmajid 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Angiosarcomas are rare tumors that predominantly affect adults and elderly patients. Although angiosarcomas are well described in a variety of clinical settings, they have been poorly studied in children and little is known about their biology, natural history, or optimal treatment. Childhood angiosarcomas are exceedingly rare. The head and neck region and mediastinum seem to be the preferred locations. Most tumors are high-grade tumors. Vasoformative architecture is not always obvious on light microscopy requiring the benefit of immunohistochemical study. The differential diagnosis includes Kaposi sarcoma, epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, hemangiopericytoma, and spindle cell hemangioendothelioma whose prognosis is different. Complete resection is required for patients with localized tumors. Malignant vascular tumors are rare in children in the first 2 decades of life and when they do occur they seem to be more aggressive than in adults. Pathologic diagnosis is difficult particularly in poorly differentiated angiosarcomas requiring immunohistochemical study to confirm vascular differentiation.
Papillary Cystadenoma of the Epididymis
Authors: Odrzywolski Karen J. , Mukhopadhyay Sanjay 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Papillary cystadenoma is a rare benign neoplasm of the epididymis, occurring mainly in young adult males. More than one-third of the cases reported in the literature have occurred in patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease. Conversely, epididymal nodules presumed to be papillary cystadenomas are found in one-third of males with von Hippel-Lindau disease. The association is stronger for bilateral tumors. The pathogenesis involves loss of the von Hippel-Lindau gene resulting in overexpression of the angiogenic protein “hypoxia-inducible factor.” Papillary cystadenoma is of mesonephric derivation. It originates in the efferent ductules of the head of the epididymis in the form of tiny precursor lesions. Histologically, papillary cystadenoma is characterized by cystic spaces with intracystic papillary projections lined by clear cells, with a resultant resemblance to renal cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemical markers may facilitate the distinction between the 2 tumors. Treatment consists of surgical excision and the prognosis is excellent.
Hidradenocarcinomas: A Brief Review and Future Directions
Authors: Gauerke Steven , Driscoll James J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Hidradenocarcinomas are rare, aggressive skin adnexal tumors of sweat gland origin that demonstrate a high potential for local recurrence, metastasis, and poor outcome. These neoplasms can derive from preexisting clear cell hidradenomas but more commonly appear de novo, with the molecular events responsible for the pathogenesis currently unknown. Historically, diagnosis has been difficult because of the few cases, inconsistent nomenclature, variable morphology of cells that compose the neoplasm, and confusion with other visceral metastatic tumors. Presentation is generally benign with an indolent clinical course that typically includes local and multiple recurrences. Despite wide-excision surgery, disease at regional lymph nodes and metastatic sites is common and linked to decreased survival. Currently, molecular markers of pathogenesis as well as effective forms of adjuvant chemotherapy are lacking. Future studies are required to identify the histopathologic and immunohistochemical features, which may facilitate diagnosis and foster development of molecularly targeted forms of adjuvant therapy.