bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Timing of ENDS Uptake by Sexual Orientation among Adolescents and Young Adults in Urban Texas
Authors: Tami-Maury Irene , Chen Baojiang , Sumbe Aslesha , Harrell Melissa B 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIntroductionEarly-onset of Electronic Nicotine Delivering Systems (ENDS) use puts users at higher risk of developing a regular ENDS use pattern and/or transitioning to combusted tobacco products. Previous studies on ENDS use among adolescents have not considered sexual orientation as a fluid trait that can change over time. Our objective was to evaluate whether ENDS initiation differed by sexual orientation in a longitudinal, population-based cohort of adolescents transitioning into young adulthood in Texas.MethodsSample (n = 1712) was drawn from the Texas Adolescent Tobacco and Marketing Surveillance System (waves 5–11) and stratified into three groups, representing sexual orientation: (1) respondents who reported being heterosexuals at each wave (straight), (2) those who consistently self-identified as lesbian, gay or bisexual individuals (LGB), and (3) subjects who reported sexual orientation mobility across waves (mobile). Nonparametric models for interval-censored data were used to estimate the cumulative distribution of age at ENDS initiation by sexual orientation group. Cox models for interval-censored data were used to evaluate whether ENDS initiation varied by sexual orientation group after adjusting for sex assigned at birth, race/ethnicity, cohort, and socioeconomic status.ResultsCompared to Straight adolescents, the risk of earlier-onset of ENDS use was higher among mobile individuals (HR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.12 to 1.83) and LGB individuals (HR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.13 to 1.98), respectively, after adjusting for sociodemographic risk factors. Differences between Straight adolescents and LGB/mobile individuals became more pronounced with increasing age.ConclusionAnalyzing sexual mobility overtime is necessary for understanding the risk associated with youth ENDS initiation and subsequent use.ImplicationsFuture research should use more accurate sexual orientation assessments to explore further the relationship between sexual orientation mobility and early-onset Electronic Nicotine Delivering Systems (ENDS) use. Understanding the implications of sexual orientation mobility on ENDS initiation will be critical for developing inclusive public health programs aimed at preventing or delaying ENDS use and for providing practical recommendations at state and local levels.
A Comprehensive Qualitative Review of Studies Evaluating the Impact of Local US Laws Restricting the Sale of Flavored and Menthol Tobacco Products
Authors: Rogers Todd , Brown Elizabeth M , Siegel-Reamer Leah , Rahman Basmah , Feld Ashley L , Patel Minal , Vallone Donna , Schillo Barbara A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To assess the quality of evidence on the effectiveness of local US laws restricting the sale of flavored tobacco products.

Methods
We conducted a systematic search and qualitative scoping review of English-language papers published through May 2020 that evaluated flavored tobacco sales policies implemented by US jurisdictions during 2010–2019. We constructed a conceptual model for flavored and menthol tobacco sales restriction outcomes, assigned GRADE quality of evidence ratings to policy outcomes evaluated through the included studies, and summarized factors that might explain weak or inconsistent findings.

Results
We found moderate to high quality of evidence associating policy implementation with reduced availability, marketing, and sales of policy-restricted products, and decreased youth and adult tobacco use of these products; however, policy exclusions and exemptions, implementation challenges, tobacco industry actions (e.g., marketing of concept-named flavored products; exploiting policy exemptions for certain store types), and consumer responses (e.g., cross-border or illicit purchasing) might undermine or mitigate intended policy effects.

Conclusions
Flavored and menthol tobacco product sales restrictions implemented and evaluated in US jurisdictions appear to have achieved some of their intended outcomes; however, deficiencies in study designs, methods, and metrics could contribute to equivocal findings on quality of evidence associating policy implementation and outcomes. Gaps in the evidence are beginning to be filled with research using more rigorous study designs, improved measurement and analytic methods, and longer-term follow-up.

Implications
In the absence of comprehensive federal action, US jurisdictions have the obligation to restrict flavored and menthol product sales to protect vulnerable populations from tobacco-related harms. The considerable expenditure of financial resources, political will, and time dedicated to policy adoption and implementation argue for evaluation studies designed to maximize the quality of evidence. This review offers generalizable insights into evaluation findings that can inform efforts to enhance tobacco control policy implementation and impact in the US and globally.
Lobbying in the UK: Towards Robust Regulation
Authors: Solaiman Barry 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This article argues that the transparency regime regulating the activities of lobbyists in the UK and the devolved administrations fails to address the core problems of political lobbying and should be replaced. This is particularly important following Brexit because the regulatory landscape will change significantly in the years to come. The Transparency of Lobbying, Non-Party Campaigning and Trade Union Administration Act 2014 establishes a registry-based system of regulating lobbyists seeking to communicate with the government in Westminster. The Scotland (Lobbying) Act 2016 establishes a similar system, with calls for a lobbying register in Wales also growing. Analyses of existing laws reveal several flaws with those registry-based systems resulting in inadequate levels of transparency. To remedy the shortfall and to get transparency right, this article argues for two changes. First, a more robust register for professional lobbyists premised on greater transparency that is harmonised for Westminster and the devolved administrations. Secondly, the creation of a centralised public website acting as the official forum for advocacy tied to specific legislative proposals.
Insights into Gene Regulation of Jasmonate-Induced Whole-Plant Senescence of Tobacco under Non-Starvation Conditions
Authors: Wang Chunkai , Ding Yongqiang , Wang Wenjing , Zhao Xue , Liu Yanhua , Timko Michael P , Zhang Zhongfeng , Zhang Hongbo 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Jasmonate (JA)-induced plant senescence has been mainly studied with a dark/starvation-promoted system using detached leaves; yet, the induction of whole-plant senescence by JA remains largely unclear. This work reports the finding of a JA-induced whole-plant senescence of tobacco under light/non-starvation conditions and the investigation of underlying regulations. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment induces the whole-plant senescence of tobacco in a light-intensity–dependent manner, which is suppressed by silencing of NtCOI1 that encodes the receptor protein of JA-Ile (the bioactive derivative of JA). MeJA treatment could induce the senescence-specific cysteine protease gene SAG12 and another cysteine protease gene SAG-L1 to high expression levels in the detached leaf patches under dark conditions but failed to induce their expression in tobacco whole plants under light conditions. Furthermore, MeJA attenuates the RuBisCo activase (RCA) level in the detached leaves but has no effect on this protein in the whole plant under light conditions. A genome-wide transcriptional assay also supports the presence of a differential regulatory pattern of senescence-related genes during MeJA-induced whole-plant senescence under non-starvation conditions and results in the finding of a chlorophylase activity increase in this process. We also observed that the MeJA-induced senescence of tobacco whole plants is reversible, which is accompanied by a structural change of chloroplasts. This work provides novel insights into JA-induced plant senescence under non-starvation conditions and is helpful to dissect the JA-synchronized process of whole-plant senescence.
Dissolution and Reprecipitation of Garnet during Eclogite-facies Metamorphism; Major and Trace Element Transfer during Atoll Garnet Formation
Authors: Kulhánek Jan , Faryad Shah Wali , Jedlicka Radim , Svojtka Martin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractGarnet commonly accommodates high contents of Mn + Y + heavy rare earth elements (HREE) that follow Rayleigh fractionation during garnet early growth, with the exception of overstepping nucleation (late crystallization owing to reaction overstepping). Because of this, as the garnet porphyroblasts form mostly in equilibrium with the surrounding matrix, the concentration of these elements continuously decreases towards the porphyroblast rims. Yet rapid changes in the reaction progress of a rock during garnet growth, namely the resorption–dissolution of minerals with high concentrations of Y + REE, may create an anomaly or peak in the mantle or rim of garnet grains. In this study we present an example of the resorption of garnet cores and formation of atoll garnet textures in eclogite from the Krušné hory (in the Saxothuringian tectonic zone of the Bohemian Massif). Based on textural relations, we show that the atoll garnet grains in the studied rocks were formed during the prograde stage from blueschist- to eclogite-facies metamorphism. Preliminary observations showed that the full (non-atoll) garnet grains had compositionally different cores (interior, or garnet I) and rims (ring, or garnet II) that were separated by a Y + HREE + medium REE (MREE) concentration peak. The ring garnet II indicated an elevated concentration of Mn in comparison with the marginal parts of the interior garnet I. Therefore, minor elements that were less vulnerable to diffusion than major elements and strongly sensitive to the broad spectrum of geochemical processes, such as Y + REE, were used to track possible mineral reactions during the whole garnet growth path. Thermodynamic modelling indicated the formation of garnet by the breakdown of chlorite and lawsonite/zoisite, and peak-pressure phases were represented by garnet, omphacite, quartz, amphibole, rutile, and talc. To quantify the sources of high Mn concentrations in garnet II and of the Y + HREE + MREE sharp peaks, the sequences of mineral reactions and dissolution of garnet I leading to the formation of the atoll structure were investigated. In addition to thermodynamic modelling and pressure–temperature path constraints, mass-balance calculations of trace elements were also performed. The results combined with the observed compositional and textural relations indicate that the concentrations of Mn + Y + HREE + MREE in garnet II and the concentration peaks at the interface of the two garnet types were controlled by a complex mechanism that included the dissolution of garnet I during the formation of the atoll texture, stepwise growth of garnet during increasing pressure and temperature, and decomposition of phases with high concentrations of trace elements, such as zoisite/epidote or lawsonite.
The Corona-Eye: Exploring the risks of COVID-19 on fair assessments of impact for REF2021
Authors: Derrick Gemma E , Bayley Julie 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This article assesses the risk of two COVID-19-related changes necessary for the expert review of the REF2021’s Impact criterion: the move from face to face (F2F) to virtual deliberation; and the changing research landscape caused by the COVID-19 crisis requiring an extension of deadlines, and accommodation of COVID-19-related mitigation. Peer review in its basic form requires expert debate, where dissenting opinions and non-verbal cues are absorbed into a group deliberative practice and therefore inform outcomes. With a move to deliberations in virtual settings, the most likely current outcome for REF2021 evaluations, the extent that negotiation dynamics necessary in F2F evaluations are diminished and how this limits panellists’ ability to sensitively assess COVID-19 mitigation statements is questioned. This article explores the nature of, and associated capabilities to undertake, complex decision-making in virtual settings around the Impact criterion as well the consequences of COVID-19 on normal Impact trajectories. It examines the risks these changes present for evaluation of the Impact criterion and provides recommendations to offset these risks to enhance discussion and safeguard the legitimacy of evaluation outcomes. This article is also relevant for evaluation processes of academic criteria that require both a shift to virtual, and/or guidance of how to sensitively assess the effect of COVID-19 on narratives of individual, group or organizational performance.
An Eight-Year Profile of Children with Influenza A(H1N1) in a Large Hospital in India
Authors: Ghosh Urmi , Bharathy R V Nirubhan , Prasad D Jayavelu Hariram , Moorthy Mahesh , Verghese Valsan Philip 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

As influenza virus A(H1N1) continues to circulate, reports from India have documented mainly respiratory involvement in children. This retrospective chart review of children at a medical college found that from August 2009 to July 2017, 855 children aged 3 months to 15 years had H1N1 influenza of whom 310 (36.3%) were admitted and 29 (9.4% admissions) died. In 2009–12, 76.5% patients presented in August–October but from 2015 to 2017, 89.3% came in January–March. The proportion of under-fives increased from 54.0% in 2009–10 to 77.7% in 2015–17. Among admitted children, 82.6% were under 5 years, 96.1% had respiratory symptoms and 11% had seizures. Six children had encephalopathy of whom four died; two survivors had severe neurological sequelae. Other features included gastroenteritis, otitis media, myositis and hepatitis. Complications included shock (10.7%) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (6.1%). Evidence of bacterial/fungal infection was present in 71 (22.9%). Oxygen was required by 123 children (39.7%), high-dependency/intensive care by 47 (15.2%), 17 (5.5%) received high-flow oxygen and 29 (9.4%) required mechanical ventilation. There were no significantly increased odds of needing intensive care or of dying in children with underlying diseases or among different age groups but those with underlying central nervous system (CNS) diseases had higher odds of needing high-dependency/intensive care [odds ratio (OR) 2.35, p = 0.046]. Significantly, children with CNS symptoms had nearly seven times higher odds of needing mechanical ventilation (OR 6.85, p &lt; 0.001) and over three times higher odds of dying (OR 3.31, p = 0.009).

Lay summary
H1N1 Influenza (“swine flu”) emerged as a global pandemic in 2009 and continues to affect children all over the world. This review of records from a medical college hospital in southern India found that 855 children aged 3 months to 15 years came with H1N1 influenza over 8 years from August 2009 to July 2017. In 2009-12, over three-quarters of them presented in the rainy season but from 2015-17, almost 90% came in the winter and spring, suggesting a change in the seasonality of the outbreaks, which could impact the choice of dates for annual influenza vaccination. The proportion under 5 years of age increased from 54% in 2009-10 to 78% in 2015-17, suggesting possible immunity in children exposed to earlier outbreaks. Over a third of the children needed admission of whom almost 40% needed oxygen, one-sixth needed high-dependency/intensive care and 1 in 11 admitted children died, emphasizing the severity of this disease. While most children had respiratory symptoms, all organs of the body were affected; 11% of those admitted had seizures and 6 had encephalitis. Children admitted with central nervous system symptoms had an almost 7-fold higher risk of needing high-dependency/intensive care and an over 3-fold higher risk of dying.
Laparoscopic Versus Open Colorectal Surgery in the Emergency Setting
Authors: Warps Anne-Loes K. , Zwanenburg Emma S. , Dekker Jan Willem T. , Tollenaar Rob A.E.M. , Bemelman Willem A. , Hompes Roel , Tanis Pieter J. , de Groof Elisabeth J. 
Published: September 2021

Objective:
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare published outcomes of patients undergoing laparoscopic versus open emergency colorectal surgery, with mortality as primary outcome.

Background:
In contrast to the elective setting, the value of laparoscopic emergency colorectal surgery remains unclear.

Methods:
PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and CINAHL were searched until January 6, 2021. Only comparative studies were included. Meta-analyses were performed using a random-effect model. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale were used for quality assessment.

Results:
Overall, 28 observational studies and 1 randomized controlled trial were included, comprising 7865 laparoscopy patients and 55,862 open surgery patients. Quality assessment revealed ‘good quality’ in 16 of 28 observational studies, and low to intermediate risk of bias for the randomized trial. Laparoscopy was associated with significantly lower postoperative mortality compared to open surgery (odds ratio [OR] 0.44; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.35–0.54). Laparoscopy resulted in significantly less postoperative overall morbidity (OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.43–0.65), wound infection (OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.45–0.88), wound dehiscence (OR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.18–0.77), ileus (OR, 0.68; 95% CI 0.51–0.91), pulmonary (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.24–0.78) and cardiac complications (OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.35–0.90), and shorter length of stay. No meta-analyses were performed for long-term outcomes due to scarcity of data.

Conclusions:
The systematic review and meta-analysis suggest a benefit of laparoscopy for emergency colorectal surgery, with a lower risk of postoperative mortality and morbidity. However, the almost exclusive use of retrospective observational study designs with inherent biases should be taken into account.
Linear Association Between Hypoalbuminemia and Increased Risk of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Critically Ill Adults
Authors: McNeil J. Brennan , Jackson Karen E. , Wang Chunxue , Siew Edward D. , Vincz Andrew J. , Shaver Ciara M. , Bastarache Julie A. , Ware Lorraine B. 
Published: September 2021

OBJECTIVES:
We hypothesized that low serum albumin would contribute to pulmonary edema formation, thereby independently increasing the risk of developing acute respiratory distress syndrome in critically ill patients.

DESIGN:
Retrospective analysis of prospective cohort.

SETTING:
Medical, surgical, and cardiovascular ICUs at Vanderbilt University Medical Center.

PATIENTS:
Patients (n = 993) with serum albumin measured for clinical reasons within 24 hours of study enrollment on ICU day 2 were included.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
The primary outcome was presence of acute respiratory distress syndrome at any time during the first 4 days in the ICU, as defined by the Berlin definition. Secondary outcomes included ventilator-free days and ICU length of stay. In an unadjusted analysis, lower serum albumin levels were associated with a higher occurrence rate of acute respiratory distress syndrome (p < 0.001). In a multivariable analysis controlling for prespecified confounders, lower serum albumin was independently associated with an increased risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome (odds ratio, 1.48 per 1-g/dL decrease in albumin; 95% CI, 1.14–1.94; p = 0.004). Additionally, lower serum albumin was associated with increased mortality (odds ratio, 1.56 per 1-g/dL decrease in albumin; 95% CI, 1.19–2.04; p = 0.001), increased ICU length of stay (incidence rate ratio, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.15–1.23; p < 0.001), higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score (p < 0.001), and fewer ventilator-free days (incidence rate ratio, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.19–1.24; p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS:
Among adult ICU patients, lower serum albumin was independently associated with increased risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome after controlling for severity of illness and potential confounders. These findings support the hypothesis that low plasma oncotic pressure contributes to pulmonary edema formation in patients at risk for acute respiratory distress syndrome, independent of severity of illness.
Thyroid cancer incidence and trends by demographic and tumor characteristics in Oran, Algeria: 1993–2013, a population-based analysis
Authors: Boukheris Houda , Bachir Bouiadjra Noureddine 
Published: September 2021

Objectives
Incidence rates of thyroid cancer have dramatically increased over recent decades in many countries, particularly the papillary histotype and microcarcinomas. We examined thyroid cancer incidence and trends by demographic and tumor characteristics based on 1443 patients with thyroid cancer diagnosed between 1993 and 2013 in Oran district, in Northwest Algeria.

Methods
All thyroid cancer cases were abstracted from medical records and pathology reports and classified according to the International Classification for Diseases in Oncology, third edition. Age-specific, age-standardized incidence rates per 100 000 person-years, and annual percent changes (APC) in the incidence were calculated.

Results
Age-standardized incidence was 11.7 per 100 000 for women and 2.0 per 100 000 for men. Thyroid cancer incidence increased over time significantly in women (APC: +3.72%; P < 0.05), mostly due to an increased incidence of the papillary histotype (APC: +5.48%; P < 0.05), and microcarcinomas (APC: +17.34%; P < 0.05). During the same time period, the incidence of follicular thyroid carcinomas decreased (APC: −3.74%; P < 0.05).

Conclusions
The results of our study showing an upward trend of thyroid cancer incidence driven largely by increases in the papillary histotype are consistent with previous studies. The higher increase has coincided with the introduction of fine needle aspiration and thyroid ultrasound in the 1990s, and may have led to overdiagnosis. However, the increased papillary-to-follicular ratio observed over time is possibly a late effect of iodine supplementation implemented in Algeria in 1967 to combat endemic goiter. Further larger-scale population-based research is needed to gain insight into thyroid cancer etiology.