bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drug Allergies
Authors: Hooker Edmond A. , Kreitzer Natalie P. , Ventura Amanda 
Published: January 2021

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are very common, causing approximately 2% of emergency department visits. It is estimated that approximately one-half of these ADRs are preventable. Although most ADRs and allergic reactions are minor, some may be severe, and the emergency physician's first priority should be the identification of anaphylactic or life-threatening reactions. This review examines the pathophysiology, stabilization and assessment, diagnosis and treatment, and disposition and outcomes of ADRs and drug allergies. Figures show the Gell and Coombs system, the four basic immunologic mechanisms for drug reactions, drugs as haptens and prohaptens, chemical structure of different β-lactam antibiotics, and management of the patient with possible drug allergy. Tables list the types of adverse drug reactions, drugs frequently implicated in allergic reactions in the emergency department, classification of allergic reactions, pretreatment protocol for radiocontrast allergy, and important parts of a history and physical examination of a patient with a suspected or confirmed drug hypersensitivity reaction.
This review contains 5 figures, 5 tables, and 128 references.
Keywords: drug allergies, Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs), Gell and Coombs system, allergic reactions, anaphylactic reactions, radiocontrast allergy, drug hypersensitivity, drug withdrawal
Viral Upper Respiratory Infection
Authors: Creswell Simpson James , Dwyer Kristin H. 
Published: January 2021

The upper respiratory tract includes the sinuses, nasal passages, pharynx, and larynx, and is susceptible to a variety of pathogens including many viruses. Although other pathogens can also cause infections of the upper respiratory tract, we are focusing on viral illnesses for the purposes of this review. Upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) include sinusitis, nasopharyngitis (common cold), pharyngitis, epiglottitis, and tracheitis. URI’s are one of the most frequent causes for visits to see a physician in the United States. Despite the fact that many URIs are caused by viral pathogens, more than half of patients in both the clinic and the emergency department setting with a diagnosis of URI received antibiotics. URIs are generally mild, and self-limited illnesses; however, it is important to recognize clinical entities that may be severe and warrant more extensive diagnostic workup and treatment such as epiglottitis and tracheitis. This review covers the pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, disposition and outcome for multiple viral URIs seen commonly in the emergency department setting.
This review contains 3 figures, 8 tables, and 87 references.
Key words: Common cold, epiglottitis, nasopharyngitis, pharyngitis, sinusitis, tracheitis, upper respiratory tract infection
Child Abuse and Nonaccidental Trauma
Authors: Malka S Terez 
Published: January 2021

Child abuse accounts for over 1% of visits to pediatric emergency departments (EDs), and injuries related to abuse have higher morbidity and mortality than accidental injuries. Recognizing child abuse and neglect in the ED is challenging but critical to prevent recurrent episodes of abuse and long-term physical and emotional sequelae. This review defines child abuse and neglect and explores historical and physical examination findings, assessment and diagnosis, treatment, disposition, and outcomes for victims of child abuse. Figures show x-rays demonstrating common fracture patterns associated with abusive injury and an algorithm for evaluation of nonaccidental trauma in the ED. Tables list key historical elements in the evaluation for abuse or neglect, bruising characteristics suggestive of abuse, fractures that are specific for abuse, and recommended laboratory evaluation for suspected abuse.
This review contains 4 figures, 4 tables, and 37 references.
Key words: child abuse, child neglect, nonaccidental trauma, sexual abuse
Genetic Vascular Disorders
Authors: Fairman Alexander S. , Damrauer Scott M. 
Published: January 2021

This review describes the clinical presentation, disease biology, and treatment (both medical and surgical) of genetically predisposed vascular diseases including Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Loeys-Dietz syndrome, neurofibromatosis, and pseudoxanthoma elasticum. This study briefly evaluates the progress in understanding the genetic causes of nonsyndromic thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections and recommendations for working up these patients and their family members. This study then discusses the historical context, current efforts, and future direction of understanding the genetic underpinnings of peripheral arterial disease and abdominal aortic aneurysms through linkage gene studies, candidate gene studies, genome-wide association studies, and epigenetics.
This review contains 4 figures, 6 tables, and 68 references.
Key Words: candidate genes, complex traits, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), geneme-wide association studies (GWASs), inherited nonsyndromic arteriopathies, linkage studies, Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS), Marfan syndrome (MFS), syndromic arteriopathies
Insulin Resistance Is Associated With Enhanced Brain Glucose Uptake During Euglycemic Hyperinsulinemia: A Large-Scale PET Cohort
Authors: Rebelos Eleni , Bucci Marco , Karjalainen Tomi , Oikonen Vesa , Bertoldo Alessandra , Hannukainen Jarna C. , Virtanen Kirsi A. , Latva-Rasku Aino , Hirvonen Jussi , Heinonen Ilkka , Parkkola Riitta , Laakso Markku , Ferrannini Ele , Iozzo Patricia , Nummenmaa Lauri , Nuutila Pirjo 
Published: January 2021

OBJECTIVE
Whereas insulin resistance is expressed as reduced glucose uptake in peripheral tissues, the relationship between insulin resistance and brain glucose metabolism remains controversial. Our aim was to examine the association of insulin resistance and brain glucose uptake (BGU) during a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp in a large sample of study participants across a wide range of age and insulin sensitivity.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
[18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) data from 194 participants scanned under clamp conditions were compiled from a single-center cohort. BGU was quantified by the fractional uptake rate. We examined the association of age, sex, M value from the clamp, steady-state insulin and free fatty acid levels, C-reactive protein levels, HbA1c, and presence of type 2 diabetes with BGU using Bayesian hierarchical modeling.

RESULTS
Insulin sensitivity, indexed by the M value, was associated negatively with BGU in all brain regions, confirming that in insulin-resistant participants BGU was enhanced during euglycemic hyperinsulinemia. In addition, the presence of type 2 diabetes was associated with additional increase in BGU. On the contrary, age was negatively related to BGU. Steady-state insulin levels, C-reactive protein and free fatty acid levels, sex, and HbA1c were not associated with BGU.

CONCLUSIONS
In this large cohort of participants of either sex across a wide range of age and insulin sensitivity, insulin sensitivity was the best predictor of BGU.
Papillary Microcarcinoma: AN Epidemiological, Clinical, therapeutic and Prognostic Study of 35 Cases
Authors: Hakimi Maha , Hadid Fatimaazahra , Rochdi Youssef , Nouri Hassan , Raji Abdelaziz 
Published: January 2021

Papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid is defined as cancers having a diameter equal or inferior to 10 mm in the anatomopathological examination; The problematic of this pathology lies in its latent character, it is, thus, much more frequent than we thought or predicted. That is why, beyond specifying the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma, our ultimate goal was to determine the "gold standard" for the management of this entity.
We carried out a descriptive retrospective study spread over 4 years including all cases of Papillary Microcarcinoma of the thyroid diagnosed within the department of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery of the medical center Mohammed VI in Marrakech; We collected 35 cases, and using their medical records we summarized their epidemiological, clinical and paraclinical data.
None of our patients had a normal clinical examination, the palpation of our patients showed an isolated nodule in 20% of patients, the rest of our patients had clinically bilateral noticeable nodes. 80% of which were not clinically suspicious, and only three of our patients had palpable lymph nodes which was confirmed by the ultrasound, where the major suspicious character was their hypoechoic character ( 17 % were EU-TIRADS 5 ) With regard to surgical treatment, 28 of our patients (80%) underwent total thyroidectomy as a first step,4 patients underwent secondary totalization during the same operation after the extemporaneous examination came back positive for papillary microcarcinoma , 2 cases of remote loboisthmectomy after final histological examination showing papillary microcarcinoma , and one final case of totalization after extemporaneous examination of a superior right jugular lymph node with central necrosis. Neck dissection was performed in three cases. Postoperative outcomes were simple in all patients. Isotopic totalization by iodine 131 therapy was performed in four of our patients. Their indications were respectively: infiltrating tumor, extension to neighboring parenchyma, multifocality, lymph node metastasis. The survival rate of our series was 100%. The therapeutic protocol of papillary microcarcinoma is punctuated, to this day, with controversy, and faces a conservative attitude versus a radical one, it is the surgeon's duty to distinguish between the two attitudes.
Atypical Chest Pain and Hypertension in a Young Woman
Authors: Ozair Faisal 
Published: January 2021

Hypertension among young people is fairly common, affecting one quarter of the global population and 1 in 8 adults aged between 20 and 40 years. It is one of the main modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease and mortality.
Since many forms of secondary hypertension led to “treatment-resistant” hypertension, it is important to determine the likely causes and this evaluation partly depends on the degree of difficulty in controlling blood pressure.
It is recommended that clinicians should look for the clinical clues that suggest secondary hypertension as it is too expensive and time consuming to perform a complete evaluation for secondary hypertension in every hypertensive patient.
The most common causes of secondary hypertension among young adults are hypothyroidism (1.9%), renovascular disease (1.7%), renal insufficiency (1.5%), primary hyperaldosteronism (1.2%), Cushing syndrome (0.5%), and pheochromocytoma (<0.3%).
UPAYA MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR PROSES DOKUMEN-DOKUMEN KANTOR DENGAN PEMBERIAN TUGAS MODEL PEMBELAJARAN TERSTRUKTUR DI SMK N 7 MEDAN
Authors: . Darmauli 
Published: January 2021

Abstrak: Penelitian tindakan kelas ini bertujuan mengetahui peningkatan hasil belajara siswa dengan pembelajaran struktur pemberian tugas pada mata pelajaran dokumen-dokumen kantor dengan pemberian tugas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, bahwa: (1) Pembelajaran terstruktur dengan pemberian tugas memiliki dampak positif dalam meningkatkan prestasi belajar siswa yang ditandai dengan peningkatan ketuntasan belajar siswa dalam setiap siklus, yaitu siklus I (75,67 %), siklus II (76,50 %), siklus III (96,67 %); dan (2) Penerapan pembelajaran terstruktur dengan pemberian tugas mempunyai pengaruh positif, yaitu dapat meningkatkan motivasi belajar siswa yang ditunjukan dengan rata-rata jawaban siswa yang menyatakan bahwa siswa tertarik dan berminat terhadap pembelajaran terstruktur dengan pemberian tugas sehingga mereka menjadi termotivasi untuk belajar. Kata Kunci: proses dokumen-dokumen kantor, pemberian tugas, model pembelajaran terstruktur Abstract: This classroom action research aims to determine improving student learning outcomes by learning the structure of assignment on the subjects of office documents with administration tasks. The results showed that: (1) Learning structured by giving the task to have a positive impact in improving student achievement marked by increased mastery learning students in each cycle, the first cycle (75.67%), the second cycle (76.50% ), the third cycle (96.67%); and (2) The application of structured learning by giving the task has a positive effect, which can increase students' motivation shown by the average response of students stating that the students are interested and are interested in the structured learning by giving the task so they become motivated to learn. Keywords: process office documents, assignments, structured learning model
CHURCH DEANS’ ANNUAL REPORTS AS A SOURCE FOR REGIONAL HISTORY OF RUSSIAN IN THE 2ND HALF OF 19TH - EARLY 20TH CENTURY
Authors: Новак Вячеслав Николаевич 
Published: January 2021

В статье анализируется одна из функций благочинных в синодальный период - составление отчётов о состоянии приходских храмов вверенных им территорий. Анализируются как регламенты их составления, так и сами тексты за период со второй половины XIX до начала XX в. Несмотря на то, что правила их написания были достаточно четкими, сами тексты составлялись в относительно свободной форме, зависели от стараний их авторов и принятой местной традиции, а с течением времени становились все более подробными. Они отражают как специфику церковной жизни региона (например, отношение к синодальной Церкви разных этнических групп, традиционно придерживающихся иных религий), так и быта населения в целом, указывают на общие факторы, снижающие уровень религиозности и благочестия (революционные настроения, отходничество в город на заработки). Надежду на расширение научных знаний об этом виде источников автор связывает с дальнейшим изучением фондов местных духовных консисторий, куда они поступали.
The author of this article analyzes one of the main functions of the deans (incl. rural deans) during the Synodal period - working out the reports on the condition in parish churches of the territories entrusted to these deans. The author examines both the regulations of making these reports as well as the text themselves, focusing on the period of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th centuries. Despite the clear rules for writing of these repots, the texts were composed in a free form and depended on the efforts of their authors and local tradition. Over the time they turned out to be more and more detailed. They reflect both the specifics of the church life of the region (for example, attitudes towards the Synodal Church of different ethnic groups, traditionally adhering to other religions), and the life of the population as a whole. They pointed out the main factors that reduced the level of religiosity and piety (revolutionary ideas, migrations). The author connects the hope for expanding scientific knowledge about this type of sources with further study of the funds of local spiritual consistories, where these reports have been kept.
ON GENERALIGATIONS OF PARTITION FUNCTIONS
Authors: Bhattacharjee Nil Ratan , Das Sabuj 
Published: January 2021

In 1742, Leonhard Euler invented the generating function for P(n). Godfrey Harold Hardy said Srinivasa Ramanujan was the first, and up to now the only, Mathematician to discover any such properties of P(n). In 1916, Ramanujan defined the generating functions for X(n),Y(n) . In 2014, Sabuj developed the generating functions for . In 2005, George E. Andrews found the generating functions for In 1916, Ramanujan showed the generating functions for , , and . This article shows how to prove the Theorems with the help of various auxiliary functions collected from Ramanujan’s Lost Notebook. In 1967, George E. Andrews defined the generating functions for P1r (n) and P2r (n). In this article these generating functions are discussed elaborately. This article shows how to prove the theorem P2r (n) = P3r (n) with a numerical example when n = 9 and r = 2. In 1995, Fokkink, Fokkink and Wang defined the in terms of , where is the smallest part of partition . In 2013, Andrews, Garvan and Liang extended the FFW-function and defined the generating function for FFW (z, n) in differnt way.
Persepsi Petani Terhadap Implementasi Kartu Tani (Studi Kasusdesa Kadirejo, Kecamatan Pabelan, Kabupaten Semarang)
Authors: Fahmi Devi Nurul , Maria Maria 
Published: January 2021

Pupuk merupakan komponen terpenting dalam pertanian. Namun penyaluran pupuk bersubsidi terdapat permasalahan kelangkaan pupuk, harga yang tinggi dan penggunaan pupuk tidak sesuai anjuran sehingga pupuk bersubsidi tidak tepat sasaran. Kartu Tani, yang bertujuan untuk mewujudkan pendistribusian secara merata, pengawasan serta pengendalian pupuk bersubsidi kepada petani yang berhak mendapatkan. Tetapi belum petani semua mengaplikasikan kartu tani dengan berbagai argumen kendala yang dihadapi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis variabel usia, pendidikan, pengalaman bertani, luas lahan, lingkungan pertanian (jarak rumah petani dengan pengecer pupuk) dan kedudukan dalam kelompok tani terkait dengan persepsi petani dalam implementasi kartu tani. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada empat kelompok tani di dusun Bungas, Wonolelo, Daleman dan Ngablak, Desa Kadirejo, Kecamatan Pabelan, Kabupaten Semarang. Sampel terdiri dari 70 responden dengan teknik Purposive Sampling. Data dianalisis dengan uji korelasi Rank Spearman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat persepsi dilihat dari program memiliki kategori tinggi, tetapi untuk pemanfaatan dan kemudahan dalam kategori sedang. Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara usia, pendidikan, pengalaman bertani dan luas lahan dengan persepsi petani. Tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara lingkungan pertanian dan kedudukan petani dalam kelompok tani.
Knowledge of occupational health hazards and practice of personal protective equipment among fabrication workers in Kathmandu district, Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Bibeka , Manandhar Naresh , Joshi Sunil Kumar 
Published: January 2021

Background: Fabrication work is one of the hazardous occupations in which workers are exposed to different occupational hazards and injuries. But the workers lack proper knowledge about protecting themselves from those hazards. This study was conducted, to assess knowledge about occupational health hazards among fabrication workers and to find out the practice of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in fabrication works.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 394 fabricator workers of Kathmandu District by using a multi-stage sampling technique. Participants were interviewed with a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire.
Results: All the participants were male, and their age ranged from 19-60 years with the mean age of 32.3 years. 71.3% of participants had work-related health complains, among which arc eye (85.76%) was the most common. Among them, 87.1% had at least used one PPE. There was a significant association between awareness about occupational hazards and work experience of fabrication workers (p=0.001), and the practice of PPE with religion (p<0.01).
Conclusions: This study found that fabrication workers were aware of occupational hazards and the use of PPE during the fabrication work. But the practice of PPE was not enough to protect them from the occupational hazards.
Status of Migration and Its Perceived Effects in Khopasi, Kavrepalanchowk District: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Bhattarai Nikita , Manandhar Naresh , Shah Shruti , Twanabasu Renu , Shrestha Santripti, , Jyoti Sabita , Amtya Isha , Joshi Sunil Kumar 
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Labor migration has become a means to make ends meet for low-income countries. It plays a key role to provide employment opportunities and has helped in the improvement of the standard of living. With the alarming rise of migrating workers, it becomes important to acknowledge the effects of migration on both the migrant workers in the destination country as well as families left behind at the place of origin. The objective of this study was to find out the status of migration of population in Khopasi village and their attitude towards the effects of migration on families left behind.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 256 residents of Khopasi, Kavrepalanchowk district from 10-15th November 2019. Participants were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire to assess the status of migration of immediate family members as well as the attitude towards migration and its effects.
Results: The prevalence of migrant workers was 39.8%. The process of migration was assisted by their migrated relatives 59 (19.1%) and by foreign employment agencies 30 (12.92 %). The expenses for migration were managed by bank loan 34 (33.34%). Among102 migrant workers, 54(52.9%) are still working abroad whereas 48 (47.1%) have returned to Nepal. The main reason for migrant workers to go abroad was unemployment 59 (57.8%) in Nepal. Out of 102 who migrated, most of them 39 (38.23%) have spent 1-3 years abroad while 76 (68.6%) send remittance regularly to their family members at home around 1-3 lakhs/year. Among all the migrant worker 37(36.27%) reported some form of disease and disability. There was a positive attitude toward family and the country’s economy but the overall attitude towards migration was negative.
Conclusion: In this study, remittance sent by migrant workers to their families was not adequate as there were no visible financial benefits and negative health consequences were also present. There are other impacts of migration like broken families, separation, difficulty in the rearing of children, mental health of elderly were seen on the families left behind. Various studies are required to further analyze the impact of migration other than remittance.
The Doctrine of Eustratius of Constantinople on the Posthumous State of the Soul: the Controversy with Hypnopsychites and Thnetopsychites
Authors: Чернов Святослав Олегович 
Published: January 2021

Данная статья посвящена малоизученному в отечественной патрологической науке греческому церковному писателю второй половины VI века пресвитеру евстратию Константинопольскому и его учению о душе в посмертном состоянии. в статье приводятся основные святоотеческие представления о душе, возникшие в первые века христианства и повлиявшие на богословские взгляды евстратия. на основе анализа его богословско-полемического трактата «о состоянии душ после смерти» (De statu animarum post mortem) в данной статье изложены представления евстратия о душе в посмертном состоянии - о её жизни и сохранении способности совершать действия, об её равноангельном состоянии и способности душ святых совершать явления в этом мире. также на основе существующих современных научных публикаций предпринимается попытка идентификации оппонентов евстратия, состоявших из двух групп, - фнитопсихитов, утверждавших о смерти души, и гипнопсихитов, учивших о её сне в посмертном состоянии.
This article is devoted to the poorly studied (in Russian patrological circles) Greek church writer of the second half of the VI century, presbyter Eustratius of Constantinople and his doctrine of the soul in the postmortem state. The article presents the main patristic ideas about the soul that arose in the first centuries of Christianity and influenced the theological views of Eustratius. Based on the analysis of his theological-polemic treatise «De statu animarum post mortem» («Οn the state of souls after death»), this article presents the main views of Eustratius on the soul in the postmortem state - on its life and preservation of the ability to perform actions, on its equal state to angels and on the ability of the souls of saints to make apparitions in this world. On the basis of existing scientific publications there is also an attempt to identify opponents of the Eustratius, which consisted of two groups - thnetopsychites, claiming the death of the soul, and hypnopsychites who taught about her dream in the posthumous state.