bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrahigh Detectivity in Spatially Separated Hole/Electron Dual Traps Based Near‐Infrared Organic Phototransistor
Authors: Shou Meihua , Zhang Qinglei , Li Hao , Xiong Shicheng , Hu Bangyao , Zhou Jiadong , Zheng Nan , Xie Zengqi , Ying Lei , Liu Linlin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn phototransistors, the photovoltaic‐induced current is proportional to the turn‐on voltage shift and the total number of trapped charges. However, it is challenging to obtain a high turn‐on voltage shift simply by using minority carrier trap sites because high‐concentration carrier trap sites introduce strong current traps and carrier recombination. In this study, spatially separated, hole/electron, dual traps are introduced into a phototransistor, demonstrating the possibility of combining hole and electron traps without and with illumination, respectively, to obtain a large turn‐on voltage shift. The near‐infrared phototransistor demonstrates a high light‐to‐dark current ratio (1 × 106) alongside a turn‐on voltage shift of 28 V. The current quenching of the charge trap is effectively compensated by the threshold voltage shift, resulting in an increase of the drain–source current. The dual traps induce a low‐noise current and a high photoresponsivity (5.26 × 103 A W–1) under the same gate voltage (Vg = 0 V), exhibiting an ultrahigh detectivity ( = 1.88 × 1015 Jones; = 8.21 × 1016 Jones).
Self‐Calibrated, Sensitive, and Flexible Temperature Sensor Based on 3D Chemically Modified Graphene Hydrogel
Authors: Wu Jin , Huang Wenxi , Liang Yuning , Wu Zixuan , Zhong Bizhang , Zhou Zijing , Ye Jindong , Tao Kai , Zhou Yubin , Xie Xi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDuring the long‐term operation of temperature sensors, periodical calibration is required to achieve accurate readings, which usually requires bulky and costly heating facilities for calibration. Herein, a new kind of self‐calibrated thermistors using embedded microheaters as a self‐heating platform are proposed for in situ, convenient, cost‐effective, and fast self‐calibration. Furthermore, the thermal sensing properties of 3D reduced graphene oxide hydrogel (RGOH) is explored for the first time based on this microheater platform. It is found that the a 3D sulfonated RGOH (S‐RGOH) based thermistor displays high sensitivity (2.04% K−1), extraordinary resolution (0.2 °C), a broad detection range (26–101 °C), good repeatability, and stability. The thermal sensitivity of S‐RGOH is far superior to that of pristine RGOH, revealing the remarkable role of chemical modification in enhancing temperature sensing performance. In addition to self‐calibration, the microheaters are also used for characterizing temperature‐dependent properties and thermal annealing of S‐RGOH in situ. The thermal sensing mechanism is proposed and the high sensitivity is discussed by considering the abundant functional groups, defects, and 3D porous structure of S‐RGOH. The flexible S‐RGOH thermistor fabricated on a liquid crystal polymer substrate is immune to mechanical flexion, allowing for various practical applications in future wearable electronics.
Rice yield potential as a function of sowing date in southern Brazil
Authors: Duarte Ary Jose , Streck Nereu Augusto , Zanon Alencar Junior , Ribas Giovana Ghisleni , da Silva Michel Rocha , Cera Jossana Ceolin , do Nascimento Moises de Freitas , Pilecco Isabela Bulegon , Puntel Simone 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMost studies about yield potential (Yp) of modern rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties have been grown under tropical conditions of Asia, and little is known about the rice Yp in the subtropics of Brazil, the biggest rice producer outside Asia. Playing a key role in the global rice production, it is necessary to estimate the amount of rice that Brazil can potentially produce. The objective of this study is to provide estimations of Yp in southern Brazil by using the SimulArroz v1.1 and ORYZA v3 models. Models were calibrated and evaluated with data collected from five growing seasons across Rio Grande do Sul (RS) state in Brazil, where the cultivar IRGA 424 RI was sown from September to December. Both models presented similar performance in simulating phenology, with root mean square error (RMSE) of 9 d for ORYZA and 11 d for SimulArroz. For grain yield, the RMSE was 1.0 and 0.9 t ha−1 for ORYZA and SimulArroz, respectively. Using the SimulArroz model, yield potential maps were drawn, which ranged from <6 t ha−1 to >14 t ha−1, according to the region and sowing date. The penalty in Yp caused by the delay in sowing date is 0.03 t ha day−1 from 1 September to 13 October, 0.08 t ha day−1 from 14 October to 21 December, and 0.29 t ha day−1 after 21 December. SimulArroz model is a suitable model for studies on rice Yp in the Brazilian subtropics.
Characterization and expression profile analysis of the 3‐phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase family in rice
Authors: Wang Baoxiang , Guo Tao , Wang Haifeng , Li Jingfang , Sun Zhiguang , Liu Yan , Xing Yungao , Xu Bo , Yang Bo , Li Jian , Chi Ming , Liu Jinbo , Chen Tingmu , Xu Dayong , Zhu Guanglong 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe plastidial 3‐phosphoglycerate (3‐PGA) pathway plays an important role in supplying serine in non‐photosynthetic tissues in plants under environmental stresses. Synthesis of serine in rice (Oryza sativa L.) is intangible, but little kinetic and structural information for enzymes is available. In this study, a comprehensive characterization and analysis of phylogenetic variable was carried out on three 3‐phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PGDH) members in rice, in addition to an analysis of their whole‐life expression patterns. All of the Oryza sativa phosphoglycerate dehydrogenases (OsPGDHs) have three highly conserved motifs. The three genes were detected in all tissues and development stages in (Oryza sativa, ssp. japonica Nipponbare) by quatitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). Under abiotic stresses, such as salt, drought, oxidative and low temperature, the expressions of all these OsPGDHs were significantly altered. These results highlighted the importance of the OsPGDH family in phosphorylated serine biosynthesis pathway in rice.
Study on CO2 gasification properties of coal gasification wastewater slurry
Authors: Liu Jianzhong , Li Dedi , Wang Jianbin , Chen Zhi , Cheng Jun , Cen Kefa 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCoal water slurry technology and gasification technology are used to simultaneously treat wastewater and CO2; coal water slurry is prepared from fixed‐bed coal gasification wastewater; and then, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier‐transform infrared spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive spectrometry, and X‐ray diffraction are used to analyze the characteristic parameters of CO2 gasification and the products that formed. The results reveal the following: (a) compared with coal water slurry, coal gasification wastewater slurry shows decreases in the gasification start temperature, gasification weight loss peak temperature, and gasification end temperature of 12°C, 22°C, and 17°C, respectively, and shows increases in the maximum and average reaction rates. In addition, the reactivity index for coal gasification wastewater slurry is found to be 14.29% higher than that for ordinary coal water slurry. (b) Coal gasification wastewater slurry produces more methane and other aliphatic hydrocarbon gases in the pyrolysis stage and more CO in the coke gasification stage than coal water slurry. (c) Coal gasification wastewater slurry contains many small particles and flocs on the surface of the coal and a high Na content (up to 8.07%) in the microarea. In addition, a richer pore structure exists on the surface of the gasification residue of the coal gasification wastewater slurry. (d) The components of the gasification residue for coal gasification wastewater slurry show relatively larger changes. Moreover, the catalytic effect of alkali metal may be weakened due to the reaction of the minerals in the coal to form a complex.
On the behavior of the black hole candidate 1E 1740.7‐2942's corona based on long‐term INTEGRAL database
Authors: Stecchini Paulo Eduardo , Leão Jurandi , Castro Manuel , D'Amico Flavio 
Published: January 2021

AbstractOne of the most straightforward ways to explain the hard X‐ray spectra observed in X‐ray binaries is to assume that comptonization of soft photons from the accretion disk is occurring. The region where this process takes place, called the corona, is characterized by only two parameters: its thermal energy kT and its optical depth τ. Hard X‐ray spectra analysis is, thus, an imperative tool in diagnosing the behavior of these parameters. The lack of consistency in obtaining/analyzing long‐term databases, however, may have been hindering this kind of characterization from being attained. With the aim of better understanding the corona behavior in the black hole candidate 1E 1740.7‐2942, we performed a homogeneous analysis for a large hard X‐ray data set from the ISGRI telescope on‐board the INTEGRAL satellite. Results from modeling the spectra show that, for most of our sample, unsaturated thermal comptonization is the main mechanism responsible for the hard X‐ray spectra observed in 1E 1740.7‐2942. Moreover, such extensive database allowed us to produce what is probably the longest hard X‐ray light curve of 1E 1740.7‐2942 and whose units—due to recent findings regarding dynamical quantities of the system—could be expressed in % of Eddington's luminosity.
Designing a Zn(BF4)2‐Based Ionic Liquid Electrolyte to Realize Superior Energy Density in a Carbon‐Based Zinc‐Ion Hybrid Capacitor
Authors: Zhang Li , Wang Gaowei , Feng Jianze , Ma Quanhu , Liu Ziqiang , Yan Xingbin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCarbon‐based zinc‐ion hybrid capacitors (C‐ZIHCs), inheriting the merits from supercapacitors and batteries, exhibit promise in energy‐storage technologies. However, unsatisfactory energy density still hinders their practical applications for most reported C‐ZIHCs. We report a novel Zn(BF4)2/[EMIM]BF4 electrolyte to construct C‐ZIHCs with a high energy density. The Zn(BF4)2/[EMIM]BF4 electrolyte features high reductive/oxidative stability, which guarantees no significant dendrites and side reactions to corrode the Zn anode during the charging/discharging process, and achieves ultrafast Zn plating/stripping with a high coulombic efficiency (>99 %) and unprecedented cycling stability (over 1200 h). By virtue of the excellent properties of the electrolyte, C‐ZIHCs is built to exhibit a high average output voltage (1.9 V), a high energy/power density (220 Wh kg−1/9.5 KW kg−1), and a long cycle life (95 % capacity retention after 20000 cycles). Herein, we report the use of Zn salt‐based ionic liquid as an electrolyte to construct C‐ZIHCs, which provides a new opportunity for the development of C‐ZIHCs with excellent comprehensive performance.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed C—H Allylation of Arenes with Allylic Amines
Authors: Yan Rui , Yu Hang , Wang Zhong‐Xia 
Published: January 2021

Main observation and conclusion[Cp*Co(CO)I2] effectively catalyzes pyridyl‐directed C—H allylation of arenes with allylic amines in the presence of AgOAc and CF3COOAg. The reaction features ortho‐position monoallylation of 2‐pyridylarenes, giving the allylated arenes in moderate to high yields. A range of functional groups including OMe, Me, Ph, F, Cl, Br, CF3, C(O)Me, COOEt, and COOH groups are tolerated. Pyrimidyl‐directed C—H allylation of arenes were also performed under the same conditions. Reaction of 2‐phenylpyrimidine, 2‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)pyrimidine, and 2‐(3‐fluorophenyl)pyrimidine leads to a mixture of ortho‐position mono‐ and bisallylation products. Reaction of other 2‐(substituted aryl)pyrimidines resulted in ortho‐position monoallylation products.
Kinetics and energetics of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Fleischer Holger , Greiner Gerhard , Horlacher Bernhard , Maier Heike , Öttinger Markus 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDie durch Mangan(IV)‐oxid katalysierte Disproportionierung von Wasserstoffperoxid zu Wasser und Sauerstoff wird für die experimentelle Erschließung von Themen im Chemieunterricht der Sekundarstufe 2 verwendet. Anhand einfacher Experimente wird verdeutlicht, dass die Mangan‐Ionen in der Reaktion zwischen zwei Oxidationsstufen „pendeln“, worauf das Konzept des katalytischen Zyklus aufgebaut wird. Zur Durchführung kalorimetrischer und kinetischer Experimente wurde eine pneumatische Apparatur entwickelt. In ihr wird der Umsatzgrad des Wasserstoffperoxids über die Masse von Wasser bestimmt, das vom entstehenden Sauerstoff verdrängt wird. Diese Methode ermöglicht einerseits eine größere Genauigkeit als die Messung des Gasvolumens, andererseits können die Daten der Waage über ein Messwerterfassungssystem auf einem Computer gespeichert und verarbeitet werden. Mit der Apparatur ergab sich für die Reaktionswärme der Disproportionierung von einem Mol Wasserstoffperoxid ein Wert von 96 kJ, in guter Übereinstimmung mit anderen Arbeiten. Mit einer leicht abgewandelten Apparatur wurde die Kinetik der Reaktion untersucht. Die Daten ergaben eine Reaktion erster Ordnung, in Übereinstimmung mit Angaben aus der Literatur.
Simple and hardware‐efficient row‐based direct‐mapping estimators in fixed‐width modified Booth multipliers
Authors: Li Chung‐Yi , Chen Yuan‐Ho , Lai Lu‐An , Ye Wen‐Chi , Yang Jun 
Published: January 2021

SummaryThe great demand of high‐performance fixed‐width two's‐complement modified Booth multipliers (FWBM) arises because of the wide applications of approximate computing. In this paper, a row‐based direct‐mapping (RDM) method for designing error estimators in FWBM is proposed. The proposed closed form is derived from probability summation of each entire row to avoid the long setup time of exhaustive simulations. Consequently, a simple and systematic procedure by the Karnaugh map can be utilized to design low‐error and hardware‐efficient compensation circuits for various widths of FWBMs. By checking the leading column of the truncation part, the extendable design principle can be easily applied to different lengths and different columns inspected. We use Synopsys Design Compiler and TSMC 90 nm standard cell library to synthesize the register transfer language (RTL) design of our proposed estimators. In addition, the RDM is synthesized using the Xilinx Vivado tool with Xilinx Kintex‐7 XC7K325T‐2FFG900C FPGA. Results of software simulation, hardware synthesis, and implementation experiment validate the high accuracy, hardware saving, and power efficiency of the proposed RDM estimators.
Effects of relativistic and ponderomotive nonlinearities on the interaction of high‐power laser beam with an inhomogeneous warm plasma
Authors: Fallah Reza , Khooniki Reza , Khorashadizadeh Seyed Mohammad , Niknam Ali Reza 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe influence of relativistic‐ponderomotive nonlinearities and the plasma inhomogeneity on the nonlinear interaction between a high‐power laser beam and a warm underdense plasma are studied. It is clear that the relativistic ponderomotive force and the electron temperature modify the electron density distribution and consequently change the dielectric permittivity of the plasma. Therefore, by presenting the modified electron density and the nonlinear dielectric permittivity of the warm plasma, the electromagnetic wave equation for the propagation of intense laser beam through the plasma is derived. This nonlinear equation is numerically solved and the distributions of electromagnetic fields in the plasma, the variations of electron density, and plasma refractive index are investigated for two different background electron density profiles. The results show that the amplitude of the electric field and electron density oscillations gradually increase and decrease, during propagation in the inhomogeneous warm plasma with linear and exponential density profiles, respectively, and the distribution of electron density becomes extremely sharp in the presence of intense laser beam. It is also indicated that the electron temperature and initial electron density have an impact on the propagation of the laser beam in the plasma and change the plasma refractive index and the oscillations' amplitude and frequency. The obtained results indicate the importance of a proper choice of laser and plasma parameters on the electromagnetic field distributions, density steepening, and plasma refractive index variations in the interaction of an intense laser beam with an inhomogeneous warm plasma.
Trophic divergence of Lake Kivu cichlid fishes along a pelagic versus littoral habitat axis
Authors: Munyandamutsa Philippe S. , Jere Wilson L. , Kassam Daud , Mtethiwa Austin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractLocal adaptation to the littoral and pelagic zones in two cichlid haplochromine fish species from Lake Kivu was investigated using morphometrics. Cranial variation and inferred jaw mechanics in both sexes of the two species across the two habitat types were quantified and compared. Comparisons of littoral versus pelagic populations revealed habitat‐specific differences in the shape of the feeding apparatus. Also, kinematic transmission of the anterior jaw four‐bar linkage that promotes greater jaw protrusion was higher in the pelagic zone than in the littoral zone for both species. Inferred bite force was likewise higher in pelagic zone fish. There were also sex‐specific differences in craniofacial morphology as males exhibited longer heads than females in both habitats. As has been described for other cichlids in the East African Great Lakes, local adaptation to trophic resources in the littoral and pelagic habitats characterizes these two Lake Kivu cichlids. Similar studies involving other types of the Lake Kivu fishes are recommended to test the evidence of the observed trophic patterns and their genetic basis of divergences.
Globally, plant‐soil feedbacks are weak predictors of plant abundance
Authors: Reinhart Kurt O. , Bauer Jonathan T. , McCarthy‐Neumann Sarah , MacDougall Andrew S. , Hierro José L. , Chiuffo Mariana C. , Mangan Scott A. , Heinze Johannes , Bergmann Joana , Joshi Jasmin , Duncan Richard P. , Diez Jeff M. , Kardol Paul , Rutten Gemma , Fischer Markus , van der Putten Wim H. , Bezemer Thiemo Martijn , Klironomos John 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPlant‐soil feedbacks (PSFs) have been shown to strongly affect plant performance under controlled conditions, and PSFs are thought to have far reaching consequences for plant population dynamics and the structuring of plant communities. However, thus far the relationship between PSF and plant species abundance in the field is not consistent. Here, we synthesize PSF experiments from tropical forests to semiarid grasslands, and test for a positive relationship between plant abundance in the field and PSFs estimated from controlled bioassays. We meta‐analyzed results from 22 PSF experiments and found an overall positive correlation (0.12 ≤ ≤ 0.32) between plant abundance in the field and PSFs across plant functional types (herbaceous and woody plants) but also variation by plant functional type. Thus, our analysis provides quantitative support that plant abundance has a general albeit weak positive relationship with PSFs across ecosystems. Overall, our results suggest that harmful soil biota tend to accumulate around and disproportionately impact species that are rare. However, data for the herbaceous species, which are most common in the literature, had no significant abundance‐PSFs relationship. Therefore, we conclude that further work is needed within and across biomes, succession stages and plant types, both under controlled and field conditions, while separating PSF effects from other drivers (e.g., herbivory, competition, disturbance) of plant abundance to tease apart the role of soil biota in causing patterns of plant rarity versus commonness.
Fire threatens the diversity and structure of tropical gallery forests
Authors: Armenteras Dolors , Meza María Constanza , González Tania Marisol , Oliveras Immaculada , Balch Jennifer K. , Retana Javier 
Published: January 2021

AbstractGallery forests are widespread in most tropical savanna landscapes creating a mosaic of grass‐dominated systems with tree components and forest patches. Interactions among water, nutrient availability, and wildfires have influenced the structure, patterns, and processes of these landscape systems and have shaped today’s biodiversity in the savanna–forest transitions of the Orinoco basin in Colombia and Venezuela. However, savanna fires have become larger and more frequent in these areas. In order to investigate the impacts of fire on gallery forests, we established 18 forest plots of 0.1 ha within three different fire exposures: (1) fire affected forests along the edge (<100 m) from open savanna to gallery forest (burned edge), (2) fire affected closed forests (burned interior; >100 m from the edge), and (3) no evidence of fire (unburned). We identified responses of the vegetation to fire (through natural regeneration) by analyzing the compositional and structural changes and quantifying fire‐related functional traits for the most abundant tree species. We surveyed 128 species, corresponding to 77 genera and 35 families. Tree height is over 10.70 m (± 2.72) in unburnt forests. Dead tree presence in burnt edges (21.76% ± 24.3) almost doubles that of burnt interior (13.08% ± 15.73). The aboveground biomass (AGB) of unburnt forests (176.9 Mg/ha) was more than double that of the interior burnt forests (74.4 Mg/ha) and four times higher that AGB in the edge burnt sites (41.3 Mg/ha). Of the most abundant species, 62% were classified as fire‐sensitive species, 14% were fire survivors and 24% were resistant to fires and mostly present in communities with lower diversity. Although fire‐tolerant species in general presented thicker barks, higher wood densities, and higher leaf dry matter content, no clear pattern of fire response was associated only with functional traits. Thus, overall fire is resulting in strong compositional changes, with more fire‐resistant species, which are species that establish in disturbed areas and encouraging grasses, resulting in savanna encroachment into gallery forests. Consequences on the long‐term should be monitored.
Directional Oxygen Functionalization by Defect in Different Metamorphic‐Grade Coal‐Derived Carbon Materials for Sodium Storage
Authors: Zhao Hanqing , Zhao Dan , Ye Jianqi , Wang Pengfei , Chai Maosheng , Li Zhong 
Published: January 2021

As the limiting factor for an energy storage technique from lab‐scale to industrial‐scale, cost means not only the price of raw materials but also the simplicity of processing technics. In this work, the oxygen functionalized carbon materials were obtained from three representative different metamorphic‐grade coals, that is, lignite, bitumite, anthracite. Oxygen functional groups like quinones, carboxylic anhydrides, and lactones are easier to form near defects according to the thermogravimetric‐mass spectrometry measurements and density functional theory calculation. Considering the highest amount of defects and C=O contained functional groups, the low metamorphic‐grade lignite derived carbon exhibits a reversible capacity of 259.7 mA h g−1 after 50 cycles at 0.03 A g−1, best among these micron sized coal‐based carbons. The surface active sites contribute highly stable and majority of sodium storage capacity evidenced by in situ Raman spectra and cyclic voltammetry curves at different scan rates. The coal‐based carbon materials in this work offer options for industrial applications of sodium‐ion battery anode materials.