bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mismatched Lesions on 18F-FDG PET and 18F-Fluciclovine PET Images in a Patient With Metastatic Prostate Small Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Gu Joshua , Lu Yang , Xu Guofan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
A 65-year-old man with fluciclovine-avid metastatic prostate small cell carcinoma with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) 19.4 ng/mL at diagnosis underwent system therapy and subsequent surgery and achieved hormonal response with PSA <0.1 ng/mL. An 18F-fluciclovine PET/CT scan 3 months after surgery was negative for disease. Although PSA remained <0.1 ng/mL, the rising carcinoembryonic antigen prompted an 18F-FDG PET/CT 6 weeks later. It showed multiple hypermetabolic lesions in the prostatectomy bed, liver, and right iliac bone, suggestive of malignant disease. The FDG-avid prostatectomy lesions were further confirmed on MRI. This case demonstrates that FDG PET/CT has a role in suspected metastatic prostate small cell carcinoma with negative fluciclovine PET examination.
Ectopic Retrolaryngeal Parathyroid Adenoma Detected by 18F-Ethylcholine PET/US Fusion Imaging
Authors: Seifert Philipp , Greiser Julia , Winkens Thomas , Lorenz Kerstin , Freesmeyer Martin 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
A 68-year-old woman was referred with the diagnosis of symptomatic pHPT (primary hyperparathyroidism). Ultrasonography (US) and 99mTc-MIBI scintigraphy could not clearly identify a parathyroid adenoma. A primary unilateral surgical exploration remained unsuccessful to remove adenomatous parathyroid tissue and the pHPT persisted. 18F-ethylcholine PET/CT showed a left-sided retropharyngeal lesion with intense tracer uptake that could not be detected on US images at first sight. Therefore, additional 18F-ethylcholine PET/US fusion imaging was performed and revealed a poorly definable nodular structure on US that could be unambiguously correlated to the PET finding. Surgical excision confirmed an oncocytic variant of parathyroid adenoma, and parathormone and calcium levels normalized immediately.
18F-PSMA-1007 Uptake in Paget Disease of the Bone: An “Iron Man” Sign
Authors: Alfeeli Mahamoud , Marafi Fahad , Esmail Abdulredha , Fathallah Wael M.A. , Usmani Sharjeel 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

18F-PSMA is a promising tracer for both staging and detection of biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer. PSMA is also expressed in the benign pathological conditions. We report a case of 81-year-old man with a known case of prostate cancer who underwent 18F-PSMA for restaging. 18F-PSMA PET/CT shows intense tracer uptake in the frontal bone appearing like an “Iron Man” sign. Corresponding noncontrast CT images, pagetoid changes with thickened cortex, mixed lytic/sclerotic mottled pattern. It is important to recognize 18F-PSMA expression in the benign nonprostatic pathologies to avoid false interpretation.
18F-FDG PET/CT Findings in a Rare Case of Paraneoplastic Vestibulocerebellar Syndrome Associated With Isolated Antiamphiphysin Antibodies
Authors: Komandla Shivaram Rao , Vankadari Kousik , Milap Milap , V. Hemanth , Kandadai Rukmini Mridula 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) is an immune-mediated neurological disease characterized by adaptive immune response against onconeural antigens physiologically expressed in the cerebellum. It is characterized by presence of highly specific onconeural autoantibodies such as anti-Yo, anti-Hu, anti-Ri, and anti-Ma2 in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid as diagnostic biomarkers. Antiamphiphysin autoantibody–related paraneoplastic encephalitis is a less commonly seen autoimmune neurological disorder usually presenting as stiff person syndrome. We present an unusual case of isolated antiamphiphysin antibody–related PCD presenting as vestibulocerebellar syndrome with associated sensorineural hearing loss and sensory neuropathy. FDG PET helped in topographical localization of brain lesion along with early detection of extragonadal germ cell tumor in the retroperitoneum.
A third COVID-19 vaccine shot markedly boosts neutralizing antibody potency and breadth
Authors: Iketani Sho , Liu Lihong , Nair Manoj S. , Mohri Hiroshi , Wang Maple , Huang Yaoxing , Ho David D. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCOVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) vaccines have been rapidly developed and deployed globally as a measure to combat the disease. These vaccines have been demonstrated to confer significant protection, but there have been reports of temporal decay in antibody titer. Furthermore, several variants have been identified with variable degrees of antibody resistance. These two factors suggest that a booster vaccination may be worthy of consideration. While such a booster dose has been studied as a series of three homologous vaccines in healthy individuals, to our knowledge, information on a heterologous regimen remains unreported, despite the practical benefits of such a scheme. Here, in this observational study, we investigated the serological profile of four healthy individuals who received two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine, followed by a third booster dose with the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine. We found that while all individuals had spike-binding antibodies at each of the timepoints tested, there was an appreciable drop in titer by four months following the second vaccination. The third vaccine dose robustly increased titers beyond that of two vaccinations, and these elicited antibodies had neutralizing capability against all SARS-CoV-2 strains tested in both a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus-based pseudovirus assay and an authentic SARS-CoV-2 assay, except for one individual against B.1.351 in the latter assay. Thus, a third COVID-19 vaccine dose in healthy individuals promoted not just neutralizing antibody potency, but also induced breadth against dominant SARS-CoV-2 variants.SignificanceCOVID-19 vaccines confer protection from symptomatic disease, but the elicited antibody titer has been found to decrease with time. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 variants with relative resistance against antibody neutralization have been identified. To overcome such issues, a third vaccine dose applied as a booster vaccine may be necessary. We studied four healthy individuals who received a heterologous booster dose as a third vaccine. All of these individuals had heightened neutralizing antibody titer following the booster vaccination, and could neutralize nearly all variants tested. Thus, a heterologous third COVID-19 vaccine dose may be a mechanism to both heighten and broaden antibody titers, and could be an additional strategy for controlling the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
DECREASED BREADTH OF THE ANTIBODY RESPONSE TO THE SPIKE PROTEIN OF SARS-CoV-2 AFTER REPEATED VACCINATION
Authors: Horndler Lydia , Delgado Pilar , Romero-Pinedo Salvador , Quesada Marina , Balabanov Ivaylo , Laguna-Goya Rocío , Almendro-Vázquez Patricia , Llamas Miguel A. , Fresno Manuel , Paz-Artal Estela , van Santen Hisse M. , Álvarez Stela , Olmo Asunción , Alarcón Balbino 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTThe rapid development of vaccines to prevent infection by SARS-CoV-2 virus causing COVID-19 makes necessary to compare the capacity of the different vaccines in terms of development of a protective humoral response. Here, we have used a highly sensitive and reliable flow cytometry method to measure the titers of antibodies of the IgG1 isotype in blood of healthy volunteers after receiving one or two doses of the vaccines being administered in Spain. We took advantage of the multiplexed capacity of the method to measure simultaneously the reactivity of antibodies with the S protein of the original strain Wuhan and the variants B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.617.2 (Delta) and B.1.617.1 (Kappa). We found significant differences in the titer of anti-S antibodies produced after a first dose of the vaccines ChAdOx1 nCov-19/AstraZeneca, mRNA-1273/Moderna, BNT162b2/Pfizer-BioNTech and Ad26.COV.S/Janssen. Most important, we found a relative reduction in the reactivity of the sera with the Alpha, Delta and Kappa variants, versus the Wuhan one, after the second boosting immunization. These data allow to make a comparison of different vaccines in terms of anti-S antibody generation and cast doubts about the convenience of repeatedly immunizing with the same S protein sequence.
Evolutionary dynamics of sex-biased gene expression in a young XY system: Insights from the brown alga genus Fucus
Authors: Hatchett William J. , Jueterbock Alexander , Kopp Martina , Coyer James A. , Coelho Susana M. , Hoarau Galice , Lipinska Agnieszka P. 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTThe sex-dependent regulation of gene expression is considered to be an underlying cause of often extensive, sexually dimorphic traits between males and females. Although the nature and degree of sex-biased gene expression has been well-documented in several animal and plant systems, far less is known about the commonality, conservation, recruitment mechanisms and evolution of sex-biased genes in more distant eukaryotic groups. Brown algae are of particular interest for empirical studies on the evolution of sex-biased gene expression, as they have been evolving independently from animals and plants for over one billion years. Here we focus on two brown algal dioecious species, Fucus serratus and Fucus vesiculosus, where male heterogamety (XX/XY) has recently emerged. Using RNA-seq, we study sex-biased gene expression and discuss different evolutionary forces responsible for the evolution of sex-biased genes. We find that both species evolved masculinized transcriptomes, with sex-biased genes allocated mainly to male reproductive tissue, but virtually absent in vegetative tissues. Conserved male-biased genes were enriched in functions related to gamete production, along with sperm competition and include two flagellar proteins under positive selection. In contrast to female-biased genes, which show high turnover rates, male-biased genes reveal remarkable conservation of bias and expression levels between the two species. As observed in other XY systems, male-biased genes also display accelerated rates of coding sequence evolution compared to female-biased or unbiased genes. Our results imply that evolutionary forces affect male and female sex-biased genes differently on structural and regulatory levels. Similar to evolutionarily distant plant and animal lineages, sex-biased gene expression in Fucus evolved during the transition to dioecy to resolve intra-locus sexual conflict arising from anisogamy.
Predicting Future Cognitive Impairment inDe NovoParkinson’s Disease Using Clinical Data and Structural MRI
Authors: Smith Nicola , Williams Owen , Ricciardi Lucia , Morgante Francesca , Barrick Thomas R , Edwards Mark , Lambert Christian 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDParkinson’s disease is the second most common neurodegenerative condition and associated with increasing cognitive dysfunction as the disease progresses. However, subtle cognitive deficits can be detected at diagnosis in 42% of individuals, suggesting that damage may already be present. Our aim was to determine clinical and structural differences in those recently diagnosed with PD who later develop cognitive impairment, and whether these changes predict future cognitive decline.METHODSClinical and imaging data was acquired from the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative for 318 individuals with a diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease and baseline 3T T1-weighted MRI. The cohort was divided according to cognitive status over follow-up, with 9 individuals developing Parkinson’s disease dementia, 102 developing mild cognitive impairment and 207 remaining cognitively unaffected.FINDINGSAt baseline, those who went on to develop cognitive impairment (mild cognitive impairment or dementia) wereolder with more severe motor and non-motor symptoms (anosmia, rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder, depression). Grey matter loss was present in those destined for Parkinson’s disease dementia in theprecuneus, hippocampi, primary olfactory cortex, lingual gyrus, temporal cortex and cerebellum. Those who later developed mild cognitive impairment had an attenuated but similar pattern ofgrey matter loss in the temporal lobe, lingual gyrus and cerebellum. Using support vector machines with a feature selection step, future cognitive impairment could be predicted using 11 clinical variables (AUC = 0.81), structural imaging (AUC = 0.72) or a combination of these two modalities (AUC = 0.85). These models more accurately predicted those who developed dementia (subgroup sensitivity 100%).INTERPRETATIONSignificant abnormalities in cortical structure is present at least three years before dementia manifests in Parkinson’s disease, with associated differences in clinical profiles. Combining this data provides a technique to accurately identify future cognitive impairment, providing a non-invasive way to stratify individuals early on.
Mitochondrial interactome quantitation reveals structural changes in metabolic machinery in failing murine heart
Authors: Caudal Arianne , Tang Xiaoting , Chavez Juan D. , Keller Andrew , Villet Outi , Zhou Bo , Walker Matthew A. , Tian Rong , Bruce James E. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAdvancements of cross-linking mass spectrometry (XL-MS) for structural analysis of proteins bridges the gap between purified systems and native tissue environments. Here, isobaric quantitative protein interaction reporter technology (iqPIR) was utilized to further extend XL-MS to the first system-wide comparative study of mitochondrial proteins from healthy and diseased murine hearts. The failing heart interactome includes 602 statistically significant cross-linked peptide pairs altered in the disease condition. Structural insight into ketone oxidation metabolons, OXPHOS machinery, and nucleotide transporter hybrid-conformations, support mitochondrial remodeling in failing heart while bringing forth new hypotheses for pathological mechanisms. Application of quantitative cross-linking technology in tissue provides molecular-level insight to complex biological systems difficult to model in cell culture, thus providing a valuable resource for study of human diseases.
Dynamics of maternal gene expression in Rhodnius prolixus
Authors: Pascual Agustina , Pomar Rolando Rivera 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe study of the developmental processes in Rhodnius prolixus has recently advanced with the sequencing of the genome. In this work, we study maternal gene expression driving oogenesis and early embryogenesis in R. prolixus. We analyze the transcriptional profile of mRNAs to establish the genes expressed across the ovary, unfertilized eggs and different embryonic stages of R. prolixus until the formation of the germ band anlage (0, 12, 24, and 48 hours post egg laying). We identified 81 putative maternal and ovary-related genes and validated their expression by qRT-PCR. Consistent with a role in oogenesis and early development of R. prolixus, we show that parental RNAi against Rp-BicD results in embryos that did not show any distinguishable embryonic structure. In this framework we propose three hierarchies of maternal genes that affect early and late oogenesis, and embryonic patterning.
Seven-CpG DNA Methylation Age determined by Single Nucleotide Primer Extension and Illumina’s Infinium MethylationEPIC array provide highly comparable results
Authors: Vetter Valentin Max , Kalies Christian Humberto , Sommerer Yasmine , Bertram Lars , Demuth Ilja 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDNA methylation age (DNAm age, epigenetic clock) is a novel and promising biomarker of aging. It is calculated from the methylation fraction of specific cytosine phosphate guanine sites (CpG sites) of genomic DNA. Several groups have proposed epigenetic clock algorithms and these differ mostly regarding the number and location of the CpG sites considered and the method used to assess the methylation status. Most epigenetic clocks are based on a large number of CpGs, e.g. as measured by DNAm microarrays. We have recently evaluated an epigenetic clock based on the methylation fraction of seven CpGs that were determined by methylation-sensitive single nucleotide primer extension (MS-SNuPE). This method is more cost-effective when compared to array-based technologies as only a few CpGs need to be examined. However, there is only little data on the correspondence in epigenetic age estimation using the 7-CpG clock and other algorithms.To bridge this gap, in this study we measured the 7-CpG DNAm age using two methods, via MS-SNuPE and via the MethylationEPIC array, in a sample of 1,058 participants of the Berlin Aging Study II (BASE-II), assessed as part of the GendAge study. On average, participants were 75.6 years old (SD: 3.7, age range: 64.9 – 90.0, 52.6% female). Agreement between methods was assessed by Bland-Altman plots. DNAm age was highly correlated between methods (Pearson’s r=0.9) and Bland-Altman plots showed a difference of 3.1 years. DNAm age by the 7-CpG formula was 71.2 years (SD: 6.9 years, SNuPE) and 68.1 years (SD: 6.4 years, EPIC array). The mean of difference in methylation fraction between methods for the seven individual CpG sites was between 0.7 and 13 percent. To allow direct conversion between methods we developed an adjustment formula with a randomly selected training set of 529 participants using linear regression. After conversion of the Illumina data in a second and independent validation set, the adjusted DNAm age was 71.44 years (SD: 6.1 years, n=529). In summary, we found the results of DNAm clocks to be highly comparable. Furthermore, we developed an adjustment formula that allows for direct conversion of estimates between methods and enables one singular clock to be used in studies that employ either the Illumina or the SNuPE method.
The first chromosome-level gecko genome reveals dynamic sex chromosomes in Neotropical leaf-litter geckos (Sphaerodactylidae:Sphaerodactylus)
Authors: Pinto Brendan J. , Keating Shannon E. , Nielsen Stuart V. , Scantlebury Daniel P. , Daza Juan D. , Gamble Tony 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSex chromosomes have evolved many times across eukaryotes, indicating both their importance and their evolutionary flexibility. Some vertebrate groups, such as mammals and birds, have maintained a single, conserved sex chromosome system across long evolutionary time periods. By contrast, many reptiles, amphibians, and fish have undergone frequent sex chromosome transitions, most of which remain to be catalogued. Among reptiles, gecko lizards (infraorder Gekkota) have shown an exceptional lability with regard to sex chromosome transitions and may possess the majority of transitions within squamates (lizards and snakes). However—across geckos—information about sex chromosome linkage is expressly lacking, leaving large gaps in our understanding of the evolutionary processes at play in this system. To address this gap, we assembled the first chromosome-level genome for a gecko and use this linkage information to survey sixSphaerodactylusspecies using a variety of genomic data, including whole-genome re-sequencing, RADseq, and RNAseq. Previous work has identified XY systems in two species ofSphaerodactylusgeckos. We expand upon that work to identify between two and four sex chromosomecis-transitions (XY to XY) within the genus. Interestingly, we confirmed two linkage groups as XY sex chromosome systems that were previously unknown to act as sex chromosomes in tetrapods (syntenic withGallus3 andGallus18/30/33). We highlight the increasing evidence that most (if not all) linkage groups will likely be identified as a sex chromosome in future studies given thorough enough sampling.
Maternal control over caste allocation in the ant Cardiocondyla obscurior
Authors: Schultner Eva , Wallner Tobias , Dofka Benjamin , Bruelhart Jeanne , Heinze Jürgen , Freitak Dalial , Pokorny Tamara , Oettler Jan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAnt queens and workers commonly engage in conflict over reproductive allocation because they have different fitness optima. How such conflicts are resolved depends on the power that each party of interest holds. Here, we show that queens have control over caste allocation in the ant Cardiocondyla obscurior. With the discovery of crystalline deposits that allow the identification of queens and workers across the entire course of development, we demonstrate that caste fate is irreversibly determined in the egg stage. Comparison of queen and worker-destined eggs and larvae revealed size and weight differences in late development, but no discernible differences in traits that may be used in social interactions, including hair morphology and cuticular odors. In line with this lack of caste-specific traits, adult workers treated developing queens and workers indiscriminately, even in the presence of a fertile queen. Together with previous studies showing queen control over sex allocation, these results provide evidence that conflict over reproductive allocation is absent in this ant.
Overlap of expression and alignment of diurnal and circadian rhythmicity in the human blood transcriptome with organ and tissue specific rhythmicity in a non-human primate
Authors: Möller-Levet Carla S , Laing Emma E , Archer Simon N , Dijk Derk-Jan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDTwenty-four-hour rhythmicity in transcriptomes of tissues and organs is driven by local circadian oscillators, systemic factors, the central circadian pacemaker, and light-dark cycles. This rhythmicity is to some extent organ- and tissue-specific such that the sets of rhythmic transcripts or their timing are different across tissues/organs. Monitoring rhythmicity of tissues and organs holds promise for circadian medicine, but in humans most tissues and organs are not easily accessible. To investigate the extent to which rhythmicity in the human blood transcriptome reflects rhythmicity in tissues and organs, we compared the overlap and timing of rhythmic transcripts in human blood and rhythmic transcripts in 64 tissues/organs of the baboon.METHODSRhythmicity in the transcriptomes of humans and baboons were compared using set logic, circular cross-correlation, circular clustering, functional enrichment analyses and partial least squares regression.RESULTSOf the 759 orthologous genes that were rhythmic in human blood, 652 (86%) were also rhythmic in at least one baboon tissue. Most of these genes were associated with basic processes such as transcription and protein homeostasis. 109 (17%) of the 652 overlapping rhythmic genes were reported as rhythmic in only one baboon tissue or organ and several of these genes have tissue/organ-specific functions. Analysis of the alignment between baboon and human transcriptomes showed that in these diurnal species, rhythmicity is aligned with the onset, rather than midpoint or end of light period. In both species, the timing of rhythmic transcripts displayed prominent ‘night’ and ‘day’ clusters, with genes in the dark cluster associated with translation. The timing of human and baboon transcriptomes was significantly correlated in 25 tissue/organs with an average earlier timing of 3.21 h (SD 2.47 h) in human blood.CONCLUSIONSThe human blood transcriptome contains sets of rhythmic genes that overlap with rhythmic genes of tissues/organs, some of which are tissue/organ-specific, in the baboon. The rhythmic sets vary across tissues/organs but the timing of most rhythmic genes is similar across human blood and baboon tissues/organs. These results have implications for our understanding of the regulation of rhythmicity across tissues/organs and species and development of blood transcriptome-based biomarkers for rhythmicity in tissues and organs.