bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solar light active flexible activated carbon cloth‐based photocatalyst for Markovnikov‐selective radical‐radical cross‐coupling of S‐nucleophiles to terminal alkyne and liquefied petroleum gas sensing
Authors: Singh Pooja , Yadav Rajesh K. , Kim Tae Wu , Yadav Tara C. , Gole Vitthal , Gupta Abhishek K. , Singh Kuldeep , Kumar Kuldeep , Yadav Bal Chandra , Dwivedi D. K. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSelective radical‐radical coupling of terminal alkynes and thiol has been broadly used in chemical synthesis, providing plausible entries to the formation of anti‐Markovnikov products. Because of the selective control and Kharasch effect, the formation of Markovnikov products still remains an immense challenge. Herein, we designed a covalent organic polymer, poly(naphthalene 1,4,5,8‐tetracarboxylic dianhydrideimide‐benzoquinone) through in situ polymerization on activated flexible carbon cloth to function as a light harvester material for selective Markovnikov radical‐radical coupling of terminal alkynes and thiol. Mechanistic explorations verified that cross‐coupling between radical of terminal alkynes and thiol might be the key route in this organic transformation, such as C—S bond formation. This selective radical‐radical Markovnikov of cross‐coupling protocol provide an opportunity to assist the synthesis of valuable vinyl sulfide. Additionally, the synthesized material has been explored as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) sensor for 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 vol% LPG, respectively. At 2.0 vol% LPG, it shows maximum sensor response as 635.29. Least response and recovery times are 2.44 and 1.0 s, respectively.
Prognosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis according to age of onset
Authors: Watanabe Takeo , Nakai Yousuke , Mizuno Suguru , Hamada Tsuyoshi , Kogure Hirofumi , Hirano Kenji , Akamatsu Nobuhisa , Hasegawa Kiyoshi , Isayama Hiroyuki , Koike Kazuhiko 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundLiver failure and biliary tract cancer (BTC) are major life‐threatening events in the clinical course of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Although these are competing events, they are typically evaluated as a composite prognostic endpoint. In Japan, the clinical characteristics and prognosis of PSC reportedly differ according to age of onset. We compared the prognosis of younger‐ versus older‐onset PSC by competing risk analysis.MethodsThis was a retrospective analysis of 144 patients with PSC who were followed up for a median of 6.7 years. The patients were divided into two groups according to a cutoff age of onset of 44 years. We compared the prognosis of younger‐onset PSC (n = 91) and older‐onset PSC (n = 53) by competing risk analysis, incorporating mortality related and that unrelated to BTC as competing events.ResultsThere was no difference in BTC‐related mortality between patients with younger‐onset and those with older‐onset PSC (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR], 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.17‐4.56, P = .888). The cumulative incidence of mortality due to other causes, including liver transplantation and liver failure, was non‐significantly higher in patients with older‐onset PSC (SHR, 1.58; 95% CI, 0.88‐2.84; P = .129).ConclusionsAlthough we did not find a significant difference in prognosis by onset age, patients with older‐onset PSC had worse liver‐transplantation‐free survival than those with younger‐onset PSC. A large cohort study is needed to evaluate the clinical outcomes of older‐ and younger‐onset PSC.
Design, synthesis, and insecticidal activities of novel diamide derivatives with alpha‐amino acid subunits
Authors: Chen Rui‐Jia , Wang Jun‐Jie , Han Li , Gu Yu‐Cheng , Xu Zhi‐Ping , Cheng Jia‐Gao , Shao Xu‐Sheng , Xu Xiao‐Yong , Li Zhong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA series of diamide derivatives containing α‐amino acids were designed and synthesized. These compounds were evaluated for their insecticidal activities against Plutella xylostella, Mythimna separate, Myzus persicae, and Tetranychus cinnabarinus. Most of the title compounds containing an l‐phenylglycine skeleton were endowed with good activities at the concentration of 500 mg·L−1. Compounds (R)‐A6 showed a potential value for further optimization as an insecticidal lead with the LC50 value of 86.8 mg·L−1.
Development and optimization of a quantitative analysis of main odorants causing off flavours in cork stoppers using headspace solid‐phase microextraction gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Jové Patricia , Pareras Anna , De Nadal Raquel , Verdum Maria 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA simple and sensitive method was developed and validated to simultaneously separate and determine the 2‐Methoxy‐3,5‐dimethylpyrazine, 2‐Isopropyl‐3‐methoxypyrazine, guaiacol, 2‐Isobutyl‐3‐methoxypyrazine, 2‐Methylisoborneol, geosmin, 2,4,6‐Trichloroanisole, 2,3,4,6‐Tetrachloroanisole, 2,4,6‐Tribromoanisole and Pentachloroanisole in cork stoppers via headspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) coupled with gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS). The influence of the fibre coating used, the extraction times and temperatures, the sodium chloride additions and the desorption temperatures were investigated. Once done, the optimial HS‐SPME conditions established were divinylbenzene/carboxenpolydimethylsiloxane/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) fibres, a 50°C extraction temperature, 60‐min extraction time, an ionic strength of 3‐g sodium chlorid and a 290°C desorption temperature. The method showed a good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.994) within the tested range (from 0.1 to 50 ng L−1) for all the compounds. Using TCA‐d10 and MIB‐d3 as internal standards the precision, expressed as repeatability and reproducibility RSD, was <10% in both. Note that the limits of quantifications (LOQs) are below the sensory threshold levels for such compounds in water and wine. Good recoveries were obtained for cork macerates (from 100.4% to 126%) and when compared with other reported methods using HS‐SPME in water and cork stopper samples, the present method had more analytes with the lowest limit of detection for most of the targeted compounds, along with good precision and recovery.
Downregulation of type III interferons in patients with severe COVID‐19
Authors: Fukuda Yosuke , Homma Tetsuya , Inoue Hideki , Onitsuka Chisato , Ikeda Hitoshi , Goto Yuiko , Sato Yoko , Kimura Tomoyuki , Hirai Kuniaki , Ohta Shin , Yamamoto Mayumi , Kusumoto Sojiro , Suzuki Shintaro , Tanaka Akihiko , Sagara Hironori 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is globally rampant, and to curb the growing burden of this disease, in‐depth knowledge about its pathophysiology is needed. This was an observational study conducted at a single center to investigate serum cytokine and chemokine levels of COVID‐19 patients, based on disease severity. We included 72 consecutive COVID‐19 patients admitted to our hospital from March 21 to August 31, 2020. Patients were divided into Mild‐Moderate I (mild) and Moderate II‐Severe (severe) groups based on the COVID‐19 severity classification developed by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW) of Japan. We compared the patient characteristics as well as the serum cytokine and chemokine levels on the day of admission between the two groups. Our findings indicated that the severe group had significantly higher levels of serum fibrinogen, d‐dimer, lactate dehydrogenase, C‐reactive protein, ferritin, Krebs von den Lungen‐6, surfactant protein (SP)‐D, and SP‐A than the mild group. Strikingly, the levels of interleukin (IL)‐28A/interferon (IFN)‐λ2 were significantly lower in the severe group than in the mild group. We believe that reduced levels of type III interferons (IFN‐λs) and alterations in the levels of other cytokines and chemokines may impact the severity of the disease.
Body composition measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis is a viable alternative to magnetic resonance imaging in children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Orkin Sarah , Yodoshi Toshifumi , Romantic Emily , Hitchcock Kathryn , Arce‐Clachar Ana Catalina , Bramlage Kristin , Sun Qin , Fei Lin , Xanthakos Stavra A. , Trout Andrew T. , Mouzaki Marialena 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the relationship between bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) obtained measures of body composition in children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).MethodsYouth with obesity and NAFLD who had BIA and abdominal MRI testing were included. BIA measured skeletal muscle mass (SMM), appendicular lean mass (ALM), trunk muscle mass (TMM), and percent body fat. MRI measured total psoas muscle surface area (tPMSA) and fat compartments. Univariate analysis described the relationship between BIA‐ and MRI‐derived measurements. Multivariable regression analyses built a model with body composition measured via MRI.Results115 patients (82 (71%) male, 38 (33%) Hispanic, median age14 years) were included. There was a strong correlation between tPMSA and SMM, ALM, and TMM (correlation coefficients [CCs]: 0.701, 0.689, 0.708, respectively; all P < .001). Higher SMM, ALM, and TMM were associated with higher tPMSA. This association remained after controlling for age, sex, ethnicity, type 2 diabetes mellitus status, and body mass index z‐score. Total fat mass by BIA and MRI‐determined total, subcutaneous, and intraperitoneal fat area correlated significantly (CCs: 0.813, 0.808, 0.515, respectively; all P < .001). In univariate regression, higher total fat mass by BIA was associated with increased total fat area and increased fat in each of the four regions measured by MRI. After controlling for confounders, the association between total fat mass by BIA and total fat area by MRI persisted.ConclusionsBIA measures of muscle and fat mass correlate strongly with MRI measures of tPMSA and fat areas in children with obesity and NAFLD.
The coupling coordination of relationships between tourism destination image and product country image
Authors: Zheng Peng , Li Jinkai , Wang Jiejie , Cheng Hui , Wang Qianwen 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBased on coupling theory, this paper analyzes mainland Chinese tourists who had purchased Taiwanese products before they traveled to Taiwan, and presents three key findings: (1) The evaluation value of mainland Chinese tourists for tourism destination image (TDI) is higher than that of product country image (PCI). (2) The degrees of coupling coordination between TDI and PCI as well as cognitive TDI and cognitive PCI are barely balanced; the degree of coupling coordination between affective TDI and affective PCI is slightly unbalanced. (3) There are stable and fluctuating coupling coordination relationships between TDI and PCI in different social demographic groups.
Neuroanatomic Volume Differences in Tinnitus and Hearing Loss
Authors: Yousef Andrew , Hinkley Leighton B. , Nagarajan Srikantan S. , Cheung Steven W. 
Published: April 2021

ObjectivesTo investigate neuroanatomic volume differences in tinnitus and hearing loss.Study DesignCross‐sectional.MethodsSixteen regions of interest (ROIs) in adults (43 male, 29 female) were examined using 3Tesla structural magnetic resonance imaging in four cohorts: 1) tinnitus with moderate hearing loss (N = 31), 2) moderate hearing loss only (N = 15), 3) tinnitus with normal hearing (N = 17), and 4) normal hearing only (N = 13). ROI volumes were corrected for brain size, age, and sex variations. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and post hoc Tukey's test were used to isolate the effects of tinnitus and hearing loss on volume differences. Effect sizes were calculated as the fraction of total variance (η2) in ANCOVA models and percent of mean volume difference relative to mean total volume.ResultsThe four cohort ANCOVA revealed tinnitus and hearing loss cohorts to have increased volume in the corona radiata (η2 = 0.192; P = .0018) and decreased volume in the nucleus accumbens (η2 = 0.252; P < .0001), caudate nucleus (η2 = 0.188; P = .002), and inferior fronto‐occipital fasciculus (η2 = 0.250; P = .0001). Tinnitus with normal hearing showed decreased volume in the nucleus accumbens (22.0%; P = .001) and inferior fronto‐occipital fasciculus (18.1%; P = .002), and hearing loss only showed increased volume in the corona radiata (10.7%; P = .01) and decreased volume in the nucleus accumbens (22.1%; P = .001), caudate nucleus (16.1%; P = .004), and inferior fronto‐occipital fasciculus (18.3%; P = .003).ConclusionTinnitus and hearing loss have overlapping effects on neurovolumetric alterations, especially impacting the nucleus accumbens and inferior fronto‐occipital fasciculus. Neurovolumetric studies on tinnitus or hearing loss can be more complete by accounting for those two clinical dimensions separately and jointly.Level of Evidence3 Laryngoscope, 131:1863–1868, 2021
A geo‐spatial approach to assess Trees outside Forest (ToF) in Haryana State, India
Authors: Kumar Mothi , Kumar Ritesh , Bishnoi Promila , Sihag Vikas , Bishnoi Ravikant , Rani Seema , Sindhu Partibha , Budhwar Sarika , Kumar Parmod , Sharma Shashikant , Sharma Poonam , Sharma Ritu , Pandey Venketeswar , Dahiya Meenakshi , Arya Virender Singh , Singh Tajinder Pal , Kumar Vinod 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMapping and monitoring the Trees outside Forest (ToF) is gaining significance in the scientific community as they provide critical ecosystem services such as protecting soil and water resources, wildlife habitat, and aesthetics including food, fuel, and fibre. Quantifying ToF can also provide useful information for emission estimation relating to the agriculture, forests, and other land use (AFOLU) category of the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC). Despite the importance of quantifying ToF, very few studies have attempted to quantify them in India's natural resource inventory programs. In this study, we focused on Haryana State, India, to inventory ToF using very high‐resolution (VHR) Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite data. Haryana's landscape is interspersed with croplands and ToF, thus providing a challenging environment to test VHR satellite data's ability to quantify the diversified landscape structure. We specifically used CARTOSAT‐1 panchromatic (2.5 m) and multispectral LISS‐IV (5.8 m) datasets to quantify the vegetation and build a much‐needed database for ToF. We used a novel classification scheme based on the geometry, that is, point, line, or polygon formations, to quantify ToF at a scale of 1:10,000. The obtained results suggest ToF with linear and block formations extended to 128.83 and 20.51  km2, respectively, accounting for ~3.38% of the Total Georgraphical Area of Haryana State while point formations established 2,774,531 in numbers. This study highlights the usefulness of VHR satellite data and fused imagery to quantify ToF in highly diverse landscape of Haryana. The results will help address vital ecosystem services from ToF, including greenhouse gas emissions quantification from the Agriculture, Forests and Other LandUse (AFOLU) category.
Clinical manifestations of hereditary angioedema and a systematic review of treatment options
Authors: Rosi‐Schumacher Mattie , Shah Sejal J. , Craig Timothy , Goyal Neerav 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis study systematically reviews the existing literature on the management of hereditary angioedema (HAE) and provides an update on the clinical presentation and specific therapies.MethodsA literature search of PubMed and Embase databases was conducted from start of the database to February 2021. Inclusion criteria included relevant systematic reviews, randomized control clinical trials, prospective and retrospective cohort studies, and outcomes research published in English and available in full‐text. Out of 310 candidate articles, a total of 55 articles were included in our study.ResultsThe most common genetic form of HAE in up to 85% of cases is caused by low levels of C1 esterase inhibitor (C1‐INH) protein, leading to a bradykinin‐mediated increase in vascular permeability. During an attack of HAE, abortive treatment with C1‐INH replacement is most commonly described, however, icatibant, ecallantide, or fresh frozen plasma are also used. Long‐term prophylaxis in the form of C1‐INH replacement (subcutaneous or intravenous), monoclonal antibodies targeting plasma kallikrein, attenuated androgens, and transexemic acid should be considered for those who suffer from frequent, severe attacks.ConclusionProgressively distal involvement of the upper airway, especially the larynx, has been shown to pose an increased risk of asphyxiation and death in the acute presentation of HAE. Evaluation by an otolaryngologist is often sought during the emergent clinical management of HAE; therefore, it is prudent that the consulting physician is well‐versed in the prompt recognition, triage of patients, and appropriate treatment modalities.Level of Evidence1A.
Sulfate reduction and methanogenesis in the hypersaline deep waters and sediments of a perennially ice‐covered lake
Authors: Saxton Matthew A. , Samarkin Vladimir A. , Madigan Michael T. , Bowles Marshall W. , Sattley William Matthew , Schutte Charles A. , Joye Samantha B. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDocumenting anaerobic microbial metabolisms in hypersaline perennially ice‐covered lakes in Antarctica further refines the environmental limits to life and may reveal rare biogeochemical mechanisms and/or novel microbial catalysts of elemental cycling. We assessed rates of sulfate reduction, methanogenesis, and anaerobic oxidation of methane using radiotracers and generated 16S rRNA gene libraries from the microbial communities inhabiting the deep calcium‐chloride‐rich brine and sediments of Lake Vanda, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Sulfate reduction rates were observed in surface sediments but not in the brine overlying the sediments. Methane formation through the methylotrophic, acetoclastic, and hydrogenotrophic pathways was quantified using 14C‐labeled methylamine, acetate, and CO2, respectively, and methanogenesis was detected in both the brine and the sediments. Hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis rates were the highest of all substrates tested in the sediments, while methylotrophic methanogenesis was highest in the brines. Anaerobic oxidation of methane was below the limit of detection in both the brines and sediments. The major taxa of Bacteria and Archaea detected were most similar to organisms previously observed in hypersaline environments and included examples related to known sulfate‐reducing bacteria other than Deltaproteobacteria (surprisingly, sulfate‐reducing Deltaproteobacteria were not observed in this study), and both methanogenic and methanotrophic Archaea. These data indicate an active microbial community in the anoxic brine of Lake Vanda that while similar in terms of community structure and metabolism to other brine habitats, is uniquely evolved to survive in this extreme environment.
A coastal N2 fixation hotspot at the Cape Hatteras front: Elucidating spatial heterogeneity in diazotroph activity via supervised machine learning
Authors: Selden Corday R. , Chappell P. Dreux , Clayton Sophie , Macías‐Tapia Alfonso , Bernhardt Peter W. , Mulholland Margaret R. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn the North Atlantic Ocean, dinitrogen (N2) fixation on the western continental shelf represents a significant fraction of basin‐wide nitrogen (N) inputs. However, the factors regulating coastal N2 fixation remain poorly understood, in part due to sharp physico‐chemical gradients and dynamic water mass interactions that are difficult to constrain via traditional oceanographic approaches. This study sought to characterize the spatial heterogeneity of N2 fixation on the western North Atlantic shelf, at the confluence of Mid‐ and South Atlantic Bight shelf waters and the Gulf Stream, in August 2016. Rates were quantified using the 15N2 bubble release method and used to build empirical models of regional N2 fixation via a random forest machine learning approach. N2 fixation rates were then predicted from high‐resolution CTD and satellite data to infer the variability of its depth and surface distributions, respectively. Our findings suggest that the frontal mixing zone created conditions conducive to exceptionally high N2 fixation rates (> 100 nmol N L−1 d−1), which were likely driven by the haptophyte‐symbiont UCYN‐A. Above and below this hotspot, N2 fixation rates were highest on the shelf due to the high particulate N concentrations there. Conversely, specific N2 uptake rates, a biomass‐independent metric for diazotroph activity, were enhanced in the oligotrophic slope waters. Broadly, these observations suggest that N2 fixation is favored offshore but occurs continuously across the shelf. Nevertheless, our model results indicate that there is a niche for diazotrophs along the coastline as phytoplankton populations begin to decline, likely due to exhaustion of coastal nutrients.
Sea urchin microbiomes vary with habitat and resource availability
Authors: Miller Paige M. , Lamy Thomas , Page Henry M. , Miller Robert J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSea urchins are key grazers in coastal seas, where they can survive a variety of conditions and diets, enhancing their ecological impact on kelp forests and other ecosystems. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we characterized bacterial communities associated with guts of the two dominant sea urchin species in southern California, the red urchin Mesocentrotus franciscanus, and the purple urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Our results show that the two urchin species have distinct gut microbiomes that vary with habitat. The taxonomic composition of their microbiomes suggests that they may facilitate digestion of food and be a source of nutrition themselves. These results highlight the role of microbiomes within macroorganisms as an extended ecological trait, and suggest that microbes may be crucial to resource use and partitioning in co‐occurring species.
The analysis of 226Ra in 1‐liter seawater by isotope dilution via single‐collector sector‐field ICP‐MS
Authors: Vieira Lúcia H. , Geibert Walter , Stimac Ingrid , Koehler Dennis , Rutgers van der Loeff Michiel M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe precise determination of radium‐226 (226Ra) in environmental samples is challenging due to its low concentration. Seawater typically contains between 0.03 and 0.1 fg g−1 226Ra. Thus, this work addresses the need for an easy and precise methodology for 226Ra determination in seawater that may be applied routinely to a large number of samples. For this reason, a new analytical approach has been developed for the quantification of 226Ra in seawater via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). Analysis by single collector sector‐field ICP‐MS was shown to be convenient and reliable for this purpose once potential molecular interferences were excluded by a combination of chemical separation and intermediate mass resolution analysis. The proposed method allows purification of Ra from the sample matrix based on preconcentration by MnO2 precipitation, followed by two‐column separation using a cation exchange resin and an extraction chromatographic resin. The method can be applied to acidified and unacidified seawater samples. The recovery efficiency for Ra ranged between 90% and 99.8%, with precision of 5%, accuracy of 95.7% to 99.9%, and a detection limit of 0.033 fg g−1 (referring to the original concentration of seawater). The method has been applied to measure 226Ra concentrations from the North Sea and validated by analyzing samples from the central Arctic (GEOTRACES GN04). Samples from a crossover station (from GEOTRACES GN04 and GEOTRACES GN01 research cruises) were analyzed using alternative methods, and our results are in good agreement with published values.