bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First observations from the SPICE EUV spectrometer on Solar Orbiter
Authors: Fludra A. , Caldwell M. , Giunta A. , Grundy T. , Guest S. , Leeks S. , Sidher S. , Auchère F. , Carlsson M. , Hassler D. , Peter H. , Aznar Cuadrado R. , Buchlin É. , Caminade S. , DeForest C. , Fredvik T. , Haberreiter M. , Harra L. , Janvier M. , Kucera T. , Müller D. , Parenti S. , Schmutz W. , Schühle U. , Solanki S. K. , Teriaca L. , Thompson W. T. , Tustain S. , Williams D. , Young P. R. , Chitta L. P. 
Published: October 2021

Aims. We present first science observations taken during the commissioning activities of the Spectral Imaging of the Coronal Environment (SPICE) instrument on the ESA/NASA Solar Orbiter mission. SPICE is a high-resolution imaging spectrometer operating at extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelengths. In this paper we illustrate the possible types of observations to give prospective users a better understanding of the science capabilities of SPICE.
Methods. We have reviewed the data obtained by SPICE between April and June 2020 and selected representative results obtained with different slits and a range of exposure times between 5 s and 180 s. Standard instrumental corrections have been applied to the raw data.
Results. The paper discusses the first observations of the Sun on different targets and presents an example of the full spectra from the quiet Sun, identifying over 40 spectral lines from neutral hydrogen and ions of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, neon, sulphur, magnesium, and iron. These lines cover the temperature range between 20 000 K and 1 million K (10 MK in flares), providing slices of the Sun’s atmosphere in narrow temperature intervals. We provide a list of count rates for the 23 brightest spectral lines. We show examples of raster images of the quiet Sun in several strong transition region lines, where we have found unusually bright, compact structures in the quiet Sun network, with extreme intensities up to 25 times greater than the average intensity across the image. The lifetimes of these structures can exceed 2.5 hours. We identify them as a transition region signature of coronal bright points and compare their areas and intensity enhancements. We also show the first above-limb measurements with SPICE above the polar limb in C III, O VI, and Ne VIII lines, and far off limb measurements in the equatorial plane in Mg IX, Ne VIII, and O VI lines. We discuss the potential to use abundance diagnostics methods to study the variability of the elemental composition that can be compared with in situ measurements to help confirm the magnetic connection between the spacecraft location and the Sun’s surface, and locate the sources of the solar wind.
Conclusions. The SPICE instrument successfully performs measurements of EUV spectra and raster images that will make vital contributions to the scientific success of the Solar Orbiter mission.
Perioperative Complication Profile of Skull Base Meningioma Resection in Older versus Younger Adult Patients
Authors: Przybylowski Colin J. , Shaftel Kelly A. , Hendricks Benjamin K. , Chapple Kristina M. , Stevens Shawn M. , Porter Randall W. , Sanai Nader , Little Andrew S. , Almefty Kaith K. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Objectives To better understand the risk-benefit profile of skull base meningioma resection in older patients, we compared perioperative complications among older and younger patients.
Design Present study is based on retrospective outcomes comparison.
Setting The study was conducted at a single neurosurgery institute at a quaternary center.
Participants All older (age ≥ 65 years) and younger (<65 years) adult patients treated with World Health Organization grade 1 skull base meningiomas (2008–2017).
Main Outcome Measures Perioperative complications and patient functional status are the primary outcomes of this study.
Results The analysis included 287 patients, 102 older and 185 younger, with a mean (standard deviation [SD]) age of 72 (5) years and 51 (9) years (p < 0.01). Older patients were more likely to have hypertension (p < 0.01) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (p = 0.01) but other patient and tumor factors did not differ (p ≥ 0.14). Postoperative medical complications were not significantly different in older versus younger patients (10.8 [11/102] vs. 4.3% [8/185]; p = 0.06) nor were postoperative surgical complications (13.7 [14/102] vs. 10.8% [20/185]; p = 0.46). Following anterior skull base meningioma resection, diabetes insipidus (DI) was more common in older versus younger patients (14 [5/37] vs. 2% [1/64]; p = 0.01). Among older patients, a decreasing preoperative Karnofsky performance status score independently predicted perioperative complications by logistic regression analysis (p = 0.02). Permanent neurologic deficits were not significantly different in older versus younger patients (12.7 [13/102] vs. 10.3% [19/185]; p = 0.52).
Conclusion The overall perioperative complication profile of older and younger patients was similar after skull base meningioma resection. Older patients were more likely to experience DI after anterior skull base meningioma resection. Decreasing functional status in older patients predicted perioperative complications.
Frequency of enforcement is more important than the severity of punishment in reducing violation behaviors
Authors: Teodorescu Kinneret , Plonsky Ori , Ayal Shahar , Barkan Rachel 
Published: October 2021

Significance
Ramifications of seemingly small violations, such as not adhering to COVID-19 regulations, accumulate fast with dire social consequences. The high costs of close monitoring and severe sanctions often lead policymakers to prioritize either the probability of inspection or the severity of punishments. Using common one-shot, descriptive settings, findings from experimental economics support the superiority of severe punishments, whereas findings from behavioral ethics highlight the role of internal rather than external enforcement. However, these settings are estranged from real-life environments in which learning about the external enforcement policy naturally occurs via repeated experience. Using a more ecologically valid, experience-based setting, we found robust evidence for the greater effectiveness of frequent small punishments over rare severe punishments in reducing violations.
Accumulation of radio-iron and plutonium, alone and in combination, in Pseudomonas putida grown in liquid cultures
Authors: Manglass Lisa M , Wintenberg Molly , Vogel Charlotte , Blenner Mark , Martinez Nicole E 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The impact of low doses of ionising radiation on biological and environmental systems have been historically difficult to study. Modern biological tools have provided new methods for studying these mechanisms but applying these tools to a dose–response relationship may require refinement of dosimetric techniques that incorporate a detailed understand of radionuclide accumulation in biological cells, particularly when assessing the impact of low doses of ionising radiation. In this work Pseudomonas putida (KT2440) grown in liquid culture was exposed to low dose rates (10–20 mGy d−1) of 239Pu and 55Fe, both alone and in combination, for a period of 20 days, and the accumulation of 239Pu and 55Fe in cell pellets was analysed via liquid scintillation counting. The study also considered of cells grown with 239Pu and stable Fe (primarily 56Fe). In addition to the analysis of cell pellet and media samples, this work includes analysis of the radiological content of ribonucleic acid extraction samples to examine uptake of radionuclides. Results indicate that 239Pu inhibited the uptake of 55Fe, and that the presence of stable and radioactive isotopes of Fe in cultures may promote pathways for Fe accumulation that are used by 239Pu. The work herein provides foundational insight into future dosimetric models for our work with environmental bacteria.
Applications of nanomagnets as dynamical systems: II
Authors: Rana Bivas , Mondal Amrit Kumar , Bandyopadhyay Supriyo , Barman Anjan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In Part I of this topical review, we discussed dynamical phenomena in nanomagnets, focusing primarily on magnetization reversal with an eye to digital applications. In this part, we address mostly wave-like phenomena in nanomagnets, with emphasis on spin waves in myriad nanomagnetic systems and methods of controlling magnetization dynamics in nanomagnet arrays which may have analog applications. We conclude with a discussion of some interesting spintronic phenomena that undergird the rich physics exhibited by nanomagnet assemblies.
Carrier dynamics and lasing behavior of InAs/GaAs quantum dot lasers with short cavity lengths
Authors: Yao Z H , Wang X , Chen H M , Wang T , Qin L , Liu J , Zhang Z Y 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The modulation p-doping technique has emerged as an effective way to optimize the carrier dynamics process of quantum dot (QD) structures. Here, the laser structures based on the 1.3 μm multiple-layer InAs/GaAs QD were fabricated with and without modulation p-doping. The carrier relaxation rate was increased after modulation p-doping, as demonstrated by transient absorption spectroscopy. The higher relaxation rate in p-doped QDs could be explained by more rapid carrier–carrier scattering process originating from increasing of the hole quasi-Fermi-level movement that increases the probability of occupancy of the valence states. In addition, the lasing behavior of Fabry–Perot lasers with and without modulation p-doping was investigated and compared. It was found that the ground state (GS) lasing in the absence of facet coating was successfully achieved in a p-doped laser diode with short cavity length (400 μm), which can be attributed to the higher GS saturation gain caused by p-doping. With assistance of a designed TiO2/SiO2 facet coating whose central wavelength (∼1480 nm) is far beyond the lasing wavelength of 1310 nm, the GS lasing could be realized in a laser diode with short cavity lengths (300 μm) under continuous wave operation at room temperature, implying great potential for the development of low-cost and high-speed directly modulated lasers.
Early prediction of tumour-response to radiotherapy in NSCLC patients
Authors: Amugongo Lameck Mbangula , Osorio Eliana Vasquez , Green Andrew , Cobben David , van Herk Marcel , McWilliam Alan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Objective. In this study we developed an automatic method to predict tumour volume and shape in weeks 3 and 4 of radiotherapy (RT), using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans acquired up to week 2, allowing identification of large tumour changes. Approach. 240 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, treated with 55 Gy in 20 fractions, were collected. CBCTs were rigidly registered to the planning CT. Intensity values were extracted in each voxel of the planning target volume across all CBCT images from days 1, 2, 3, 7 and 14. For each patient and in each voxel, four regression models were fitted to voxel intensity; applying linear, Gaussian, quadratic and cubic methods. These models predicted the intensity value for each voxel in weeks 3 and 4, and the tumour volume found by thresholding. Each model was evaluated by computing the root mean square error in pixel value and structural similarity index metric (SSIM) for all patients. Finally, the sensitivity and specificity to predict a 30% change in volume were calculated for each model. Main results. The linear, Gaussian, quadratic and cubic models achieved a comparable similarity score, the average SSIM for all patients was 0.94, 0.94, 0.90, 0.83 in week 3, respectively. At week 3, a sensitivity of 84%, 53%, 90% and 88%, and specificity of 99%, 100%, 91% and 42% were observed for the linear, Gaussian, quadratic and cubic models respectively. Overall, the linear model performed best at predicting those patients that will benefit from RT adaptation. The linear model identified 21% and 23% of patients in our cohort with more than 30% tumour volume reduction to benefit from treatment adaptation in weeks 3 and 4 respectively. Significance. We have shown that it is feasible to predict the shape and volume of NSCLC tumours from routine CBCTs and effectively identify patients who will respond to treatment early.
Breather molecules and localized interaction solutions in the (2+1)-dimensional BLMP equation
Authors: Qi Jiaxin , An Hongli , Jin Peng 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The (2+1)-dimensional Boiti–Leon–Manna–Pempinelli (BLMP) equation is an important integrable model. In this paper, we obtain the breather molecule, the breather-soliton molecule and some localized interaction solutions to the BLMP equation. In particular, by employing a compound method consisting of the velocity resonance, partial module resonance and degeneration of the breather techniques, we derive some interesting hybrid solutions mixed by a breather-soliton molecule/breather molecule and a lump, as well as a bell-shaped soliton and lump. Due to the lack of the long wave limit, it is the first time using the compound degeneration method to construct the hybrid solutions involving a lump. The dynamical behaviors and mathematical features of the solutions are analyzed theoretically and graphically. The method introduced can be effectively used to study the wave solutions of other nonlinear partial differential equations.
Global hydropower expansion without building new dams
Authors: Garrett Kayla , McManamay Ryan A , Wang Jida 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Reducing global carbon emissions will require large-scale transitions from fossil fuels to renewable energy resources. Hydropower will likely play a role in those transitions as it provides reliable energy storage while counter-balancing intermittent renewables. However, the construction of new dams comes at significant environmental costs to river ecosystems. An optimal future considers how to maximize the benefits of hydropower while minimizing environmental impact through revitalizing existing infrastructures. Herein, we quantify this potential using a spatially comprehensive global inventory of geolocated dams used for purposes other than hydropower, and augment these results with modelled estimates of small, unmapped dams. Furthermore, we examine increases in hydropower potential from efficiency upgrades at existing hydro-plants. These opportunities afford non-invasive increases in hydropower in populated areas neighbouring biodiversity hot spots. Overall, we estimate that these contributions could potentially provide up to a 9% increase to current global hydropower, potentially reducing the costs of construction and transmission, all while offsetting impacts to biodiversity and river ecosystems incurred by planned new hydropower construction.
Linkage between anomalies of pre-summer thawing of frozen soil over the Tibetan Plateau and summer precipitation in East Asia
Authors: Li Yuheng , Wang Taihua , Yang Dawen , Tang Lihua , Yang Kun , Liu Zhiwu 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is sensitive to climate change in the land–atmosphere coupling mechanism due to its complex topographic features and unique geographic location. This study explored the teleconnection between pre-summer thawing of frozen soil over the TP and summer precipitation in East Asia in the Meiyu–Baiu rainy season (June, July) from 1981 to 2019 using maximum covariance analysis (MCA). The precipitation fields forced by thawing of frozen soil were calculated by the coupled manifold technique. The variations in East Asian precipitation are significantly impacted by thawing of frozen soil over the TP, with a variance explained ratio in the surrounding middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River (MLYR) of around 10%–20%. The MCA analysis also revealed that the thickness of pre-summer frozen soil thawing had a positive relationship with summer precipitation in the MLYR and southern Japan (fraction = 0.59, correlation ≈ 0.99). To find out the possible mechanism, composite analyses were conducted on atmospheric and surface components with reanalysis products. The analysis results suggested that more (less) frozen soil thawing would increase (decrease) the sensible heat and land surface temperature with enhanced (weakened) surface diabatic heating over the TP. Then, the positive (negative) surface diabatic heating would result in an enhanced (weakened) South Asia High extending eastward followed by stronger (weaker) upper troposphere (200 hPa) westerlies, as well as the West North Pacific Subtropical High extending westward. As a result, the northeastward movement of the integrated vapor transport intensified (weakened) with the westward extension (eastward retreat) of the Meiyu–Baiu rain belt, leading to more (less) precipitation in the MLYR and southern Japan. It is thus suggested that pre-summer thawing of frozen soil over the TP could play a vital role in regulating East Asian summer precipitation and movement of the Meiyu–Baiu rain belt.
A review of systems modelling for local sustainability
Authors: Moallemi Enayat A , Bertone Edoardo , Eker Sibel , Gao Lei , Szetey Katrina , Taylor Nick , Bryan Brett A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) represent a holistic and ambitious agenda for transforming the world towards societal well-being, economic prosperity, and environmental protection. Achieving the SDGs is, however, challenged by the performance of interconnected sectors and the complexity of their interactions which drive non-linear system responses, tipping points, and spillover effects. Systems modelling, as an integrated way of thinking about and modelling multisectoral dynamics, can help explain how feedback interactions within and among different sectors can lead to broader system transformation and progress towards the SDGs. Here, we review how system dynamics, as a prominent systems modelling approach, can inform and contribute to sustainability research and implementation, framed by the SDGs. We systematically analyse 357 system dynamics studies undertaken at the local scale where the most important SDG impacts and their initiators are often located, published between 2015 (i.e. SDGs’ inception) and 2020. We analyse the studies to illuminate strengths and limitations in four key areas: diversity of scope; interdisciplinarity of the approaches; the role of stakeholder participation; and the analysis of SDG interactions. Our review highlights opportunities for a better consideration of societal aspects of sustainable development (e.g. poverty, inequality) in modelling efforts; integrating with new interdisciplinary methods to leverage system dynamics modelling capabilities; improving genuine stakeholder engagement for credibility and impacts on the ground; and a more in-depth analysis of SDG interactions (i.e. synergies and trade-offs) with the feedback-rich structure of system dynamics models.
Placing the east-west North American aridity gradient in a multi-century context
Authors: Bishop Daniel A , Williams A Park , Seager Richard , Cook Edward R , Peteet Dorothy M , Cook Benjamin I , Rao Mukund P , Stahle David W 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Instrumental records indicate a century-long trend towards drying over western North America and wetting over eastern North America. A continuation of these trends into the future would have significant hydroclimatic and socioeconomic consequences in both the semi-arid Southwest and humid East. Using tree-ring reconstructions and hydrologic simulations of summer soil moisture, we evaluate and contextualize the modern summer aridity gradient within its natural range of variability established over the past 600 years and evaluate the effects of observed and anthropogenic precipitation, temperature, and humidity trends. The 2001–2020 positive (wet east-dry west) aridity gradient was larger than any 20 year period since 1400 CE, preceded by the most negative (wet west-dry east) aridity gradient during 1976–1995, leading to a strong multi-decade reversal in aridity gradient anomalies that was rivaled only by a similar event in the late-16th century. The 2001–2020 aridity gradient was dominated by long-term summer precipitation increases in the Midwest and Northeast, with smaller contributions from more warming in the West than the East and spring precipitation decreases in the Southwest. Multi-model mean climate simulations from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 experiments suggest anthropogenic climate trends should not have strongly affected the aridity gradient thus far. However, there is high uncertainty due to inter-model disagreement on anthropogenic precipitation trends. The recent strengthening of the observed aridity gradient, its increasing dependence on precipitation variability, and disagreement in modeled anthropogenic precipitation trends reveal significant uncertainties in how water resource availability will change across North America in the coming decades.
Quasiparticle kinetic theory for Calogero models
Authors: Bulchandani Vir B , Kulkarni Manas , Moore Joel E , Cao Xiangyu 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe show that the quasiparticle kinetic theory for quantum and classical Calogero models reduces to the free-streaming Boltzmann equation. We reconcile this simple emergent behaviour with the strongly interacting character of the model by developing a Bethe–Lax correspondence in the classical case. This demonstrates explicitly that the freely propagating degrees of freedom are not bare particles, but rather quasiparticles corresponding to eigenvectors of the Lax matrix. We apply the resulting kinetic theory to classical Calogero particles in external trapping potentials and find excellent agreement with numerical simulations in all cases, both for harmonic traps that preserve integrability and exhibit perfect revivals, and for anharmonic traps that break microscopic integrability. Our framework also yields a simple description of multi-soliton solutions in a harmonic trap, with solitons corresponding to sharp peaks in the quasiparticle density. Extensions to quantum systems of Calogero particles are discussed.
Multi contact-based folding method forde novoprotein structure prediction
Authors: Hou Minghua , Peng Chunxiang , Zhou Xiaogen , Zhang Biao , Zhang Guijun 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMeta contact, which combines different contact maps into one to improve contact prediction accuracy and effectively reduce the noise from a single contact map, is a widely used method. However, protein structure prediction using meta contact cannot fully exploit the information carried by original contact maps. In this work, a multi contact-based folding method under the evolutionary algorithm framework, MultiCFold, is proposed. In MultiCFold, the thorough information of different contact maps is directly used by populations to guide protein structure folding. In addition, noncontact is considered as an effective supplement to contact information and can further assist protein folding. MultiCFold is tested on a set of 120 nonredundant proteins, and the average TM-score and average RMSD reach 0.617 and 5.815 Å, respectively. Compared with the meta contact-based method, MetaCFold, average TM-score and average RMSD have a 6.62 and 8.82% improvement. In particular, the import of noncontact information increases the average TM-score by 6.30%. Furthermore, MultiCFold is compared with four state-of-the-art methods of CASP13 on the 24 FM targets, and results show that MultiCFold is significantly better than other methods after the full-atom relax procedure.