bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The electrochemical reduction mechanism of Fe3O4 in NaCl-CaCl2 melts
Authors: Li Hui , Jia Lei , Cao Weigang , Liang Jinglong , Wang Le , Yan Hongyan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In order to study the process of Fe3O4 reduction by melt electro-deoxidation. Electrochemical method was used to analyze the reduction mechanism of Fe3O4 in NaCl-CaCl2 melts. The effects of cell voltage and time on the product were discussed through constant cell voltage electrolysis. The results showed: (1) The reduction of solid Fe3O4 to metallic Fe is a two-step process for obtaining electrons. (2) The transformation process (600 min, 0–1.0 V) of the electrolysis products with the increase of the cell voltage is as follows: Fe3O4 → FeO → FeO + Fe → Fe. (3) The intermediate product Ca2Fe2O5 was formed (2.0 V, 10–300 min), which inhibited the deoxygenation process in the early stage of the reaction. When the electrolysis time exceeds 60 min, the main reaction is the reduction of Ca2Fe2O5 to Fe.
Research on fault clearing scheme for half-bridge modular multilevel converters high voltage DC based on overhead transmission lines
Authors: Zhang Jingru , He Baina , He Xingmin , Dong Yanchen , Jiang Renzhuo 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
When a short-circuit fault occurs on the transmission lines of high voltage DC transmission system based on modular multilevel converters, the fault cannot be cleared by adjusting the converter control system, which results in longer recovery time. Aiming at the problem above, a fault self-clearing scheme based on the fault clearing module for the half-bridge converter station is proposed. Combined with the actual operating status of the flexible DC transmission project, centralized parameter models are utilized to analyze the fault self-clearing mechanism. Besides, the impact of the discharge branch on the fault clearing effect is studied in depth to provide a design consideration for the fault clearing module and improve the comprehensive benefits of the proposed scheme. PSCAD/EMTDC simulation results show that the introduction of the fault clearing module in the half-bridge converter station can effectively suppress the fault short-circuit current and shorten the fault clearing time. In addition, circuit breakers on both sides of the line do not need to be tripped, providing a reliable guarantee for the subsequent adaptive restart process.
Who’s in charge?
Authors: Novakazi Fjollë , Johansson Mikael , Erhardsson Gustav , Lidander Linnéa 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Fully automated drive still lies far ahead in the future. Therefore, vehicles with multiple modes of operation will not disappear fully as many road types, traffic and weather conditions will not allow fully automated drive. Instead, fragmented trips with regard to automation will prevail, where drivers will have different levels of automation available at different times. Given this scenario and the complexity of vehicles offering multiple levels of automation with different driving modes depending on prevailing conditions, the need for drivers to understand their responsibility during the different modes becomes critical. The aim of this paper is to contribute to further understanding of how perceived control influences the driver’s mode awareness of and responsibility for the driving task by reporting on an on-road Wizard-of-Oz study under real driving conditions. The results show that when confronted with a vehicle offering both a level 2 and a level 4 driving automation system, drivers have difficulty in determining whether control is allocated to them or to the system. Further results show that perceived control and responsibility for the driving task are closely linked, and that the driver’s perception of the driving system influence how they interact with it. Finally, conclusions are drawn regarding the way perceived control influences mode awareness when interacting with a vehicle that features multiple levels of automation.
The potentiation of beta-lactam and anti-bacterial activities of lipophilic constituents from Mesua ferrae leaves against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Alagasamy Sangeeta V. , Ramanathan Surash , Chear Nelson Jeng-Yeou , Tan Wen-Nee , Ramachandram Dinesh Sangarran , Ching-Ga Ai-Fein T. , Ponnusamy Yasodha , Lai Choon-Sheen , Murugaiyah Vikneswaran 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objectives

Mesua ferrae, from the family of Calophyllaceae, is traditionally used for the treatment of piles, fever and renal disorders. The present study was aimed to examine the antibacterial compounds from the leaves of M. ferrae and their β-lactam antibiotic potentiate activities against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

Methods
Stigmasterol (1) and β-caryophyllene oxide (2) were isolated from the n-hexane fraction of the leaves of M. ferrae using a bioassay-guided fractionation approach.

Results
The isolated compounds displayed anti-Staphylococcus and anti-MRSA activities. It is worth to note that both compounds demonstrated synergism with β-lactam antibiotics against S. aureus and MRSA. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis indicated the n-hexane fraction was dominated by triterpenes and sesquiterpenes, suggesting the total antibacterial activity exhibited by the fraction.

Conclusion
Based on the findings, it could conclude that M. ferrae is a promising natural source for the discovery of new anti-MRSA lead compounds.
Deep Bidirectional LSTM Network Learning-Based Sentiment Analysis for Arabic Text
Authors: Elfaik Hanane , Nfaoui El Habib 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Sentiment analysis aims to predict sentiment polarities (positive, negative or neutral) of a given piece of text. It lies at the intersection of many fields such as Natural Language Processing (NLP), Computational Linguistics, and Data Mining. Sentiments can be expressed explicitly or implicitly. Arabic Sentiment Analysis presents a challenge undertaking due to its complexity, ambiguity, various dialects, the scarcity of resources, the morphological richness of the language, the absence of contextual information, and the absence of explicit sentiment words in an implicit piece of text. Recently, deep learning has obviously shown a great success in the field of sentiment analysis and is considered as the state-of-the-art model in Arabic Sentiment Analysis. However, the state-of-the-art accuracy for Arabic sentiment analysis still needs improvements regarding contextual information and implicit sentiment expressed in different real cases. In this paper, an efficient Bidirectional LSTM Network (BiLSTM) is investigated to enhance Arabic Sentiment Analysis, by applying Forward-Backward encapsulate contextual information from Arabic feature sequences. The experimental results on six benchmark sentiment analysis datasets demonstrate that our model achieves significant improvements over the state-of-art deep learning models and the baseline traditional machine learning methods.
Effects of COVID-19 pandemic on breastfeeding rates in a neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: Gunes Asli Okbay , Dincer Emre , Karadag Nilgun , Topcuoglu Sevilay , Karatekin Guner 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To find out if the expressed breast milk delivery rate to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) for babies who were hospitalized for any reason other than COVID-19, and exclusive breastfeeding (EB) rates between discharge date and 30th day of life of those babies were affected by COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods
Babies who were hospitalized before the date first coronavirus case was detected in our country were included as control group (CG). The study group was divided into two groups; study group 1 (SG1): the mothers whose babies were hospitalized in the period when mother were asked not to bring breast milk to NICU, study group 2 (SG2): the mothers whose babies were hospitalized after the date we started to use the informed consent form for feeding options. The breast milk delivery rates to NICU during hospitalization and EB rates between discharge and 30th day of life were compared between groups.

Results
Among 154 mother-baby dyads (CG, n=50; SG1, n=46; SG2, n=58), the percentage of breast milk delivery to NICU was 100%, 79% for CG, SG2, respectively (p<0.001). The EB rate between discharge and 30th day of life did not change between groups (CG:90%, SG1:89%, SG2:75.9; p=0.075).

Conclusions
If the mothers are informed about the importance of breast milk, the EB rates are not affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in short term, even if the mothers are obligatorily separated from their babies. The breast milk intake rate of the babies was lowest while our NICU protocol was uncertain, and after we prepared a protocol this rate increased.
Morphological features of Kiswahili youth language(s): Evidence from Dar es Salaam, Goma, Lubumbashi and Nairobi
Authors: Nassenstein Nico , Bose Paulin Baraka 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSince the late 1980s, linguists’ analyses of Sheng, the urban youth language from Nairobi, have led to the growth of a considerable body of literature. In contrast, only a few studies are available that cover other youth registers from the Kiswahili-speaking parts of Africa. While most of the available studies either deal with techniques of manipulation or with adolescents’ identity constructions, our paper intends to give a comparative overview of specific morphological features of Kiswahili-based youth languages. While certain characteristics of Sheng (Nairobi/Kenya), Lugha ya Mitaani (Dar es Salaam/Tanzania), Kindubile (Lubumbashi/DR Congo) and Yabacrâne (Goma/DR Congo) largely diverge from East Coast Swahili (hereafter ECS) in regard to their nominal and verbal morphology, they all share specific features. Focusing on (apparent) supra-regional developments and changes in Kiswahili, this preliminary description of some structural features that transcend all four youth language practices aims to provide comparative insights into urban register variation, approaching East African youth languages from a micro-typological perspective.
He has committed a drinkable offence: the discourse of alcohol consumption among rural youth in Nigeria
Authors: Mensah Eyo O. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis article explores how identity and masculinity are framed and negotiated through interactional discourses which are related to alcohol consumption and drinking culture by rural youth in Southern Cross River State, South-Eastern Nigeria. In this culture, young men employ enregisterment of slang, metaphors and subjective narratives to symbolically construct their ideologies of alcohol. The study adopts the community of practice conceptual framework which sets the parameters for social and linguistic practices where language is (re)produced and (re)conceptualised through different forms of participation and engagement. With ethnographic observations, interviews, focus groups and qualitative analysis, I aim to reveal some of the dimensions of identity and masculinity that are enacted in the discourse of alcohol consumption. These include: knowledge of slang and metaphors associated with alcohol and its consumption, projecting an image of a light or heavy alcohol consumer, utilising alcohol as a necessity in resolving conflicts and relating alcohol consumption as a source of strength, toughness and other masculine attributes. I conclude that alcohol drinking culture forms part of the creative agency and social imaginaries of rural youth in defining their authentic social selves and local lifestyles.
Study on the continuous precipitation of U(IV) oxalate in a vortex precipitator
Authors: Li Chuanbo , Ning Yongzhi , Yan Taihong , Zheng Weifang 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The effects of feeding location, stirring speed and apparent average residence time on oxalate crystals size and distribution, tackiness of the product on the walls of reactor and stirring paddle were investigated in a vortex continuous precipitator at 45 °C. The results showed agglomeration happened during nucleation and crystals growth of U(IV) oxalate. Both local supersaturations and agglomeration maked the particles size distribution of U(IV) oxalate from 10–100 µm and the average sizes 35–45 µm. On the other hand, when the nucleation process were controlled to happen in the forced vortex zone, two feeding locations: (a) both oxalic acid and U(IV) nitrate solution into the forced vortex zone, (b) oxalic acid into the free vortex and U(IV) nitrate solution into the forced vortex, tackiness of the crystals on the wall of the precipitator could be effectively avoided.
A comprehensive review on the integration of advanced oxidation processes with biodegradation for the treatment of textile wastewater containing azo dyes
Authors: Chaturvedi Anuj , Rai Birendra Nath , Singh Ram Saran , Jaiswal Ravi Prakash 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The threat of dye contamination has achieved an unsurpassed abnormal state lately due to their massive consumption in several enterprises including textile, leather, cosmetic, plastic, and paper industries. This review focuses on the integrations of various advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), such as Fenton, photocatalysis, and ozonation, with biodegradation for the treatment of textile azo dyes. Such integrations have been explored lately by researchers to bring down the processing cost and improve the degree of mineralization of the treated dyeing wastewater. The review refers to the basic mechanisms, the influence of various process parameters, outcomes of recent works, and future research directions. All the three AOPs, independently, demonstrated substantial color reduction of 54–100%. The ozonation process, stand-alone, showed the most efficient decolorization (of 88–100%) consistently in all reviewed research works. In contrast, all three AOPs independently offered varied and inadequate COD reduction in the range of 16–80%. The AOPs, after getting integrated with biodegradation, yielded an additional reduction (of 11–70%) in the COD-levels and (of 16–80%) in the TOC-levels. Further, the integration of AOPs with biodegradation has potential to significantly reduce the treatment costs. The review suggests further research efforts in the direction of sequencing chemical and biological routes such that their synergistic utilization yield complete detoxification of the textile azo dyes economically at large-scale.
Slurry-phase ethylene polymerization processes: a review on multiscale modeling and simulations
Authors: Thakur Amit K. , Gupta Santosh K. , Chaudhari Pranava 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Slurry polymerization processes using Zeigler–Natta catalysts, are most widely used for the production of polyethylene due to their several advantages over other processes. Significant advancements have been made in the modeling of these processes to obtain high-quality final products. The modeling work in this field has a very wide scope due to the great diversity of the catalyst types, polymerization processes, polymerization conditions, product qualities and microstructures that exist at the commercial scale. In this article, we have reviewed and discussed the slurry polymerization processes for the production of polyethylene and the multiscale modeling and simulation framework in slurry reactors. The multiscale modeling framework mainly comprises of the kinetic model, single-particle diffusion models, multiphase hydrodynamics, phase equilibria, reactor residence time distribution and the overall mass and heat balances. Guidelines to implement the multiscale mathematical modeling and simulation in slurry-phase olefin polymerization processes are proposed. Special focus is given on the need to reduce the computational effort for the simulation of industrial reactors so that the models can be used as an effective tool-kit for optimization studies using state-of-art algorithms.
Ambient air pollution and multiple sclerosis: a systematic review
Authors: Farahmandfard Mohammad Amin , Naghibzadeh-Tahami Ahmad , Khanjani Narges 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Some studies have shown that environmental risk factors, including air pollution, might be related to the incidence or recurrence of multiple sclerosis (MS). This systematic review was conducted to investigate the relation between air pollution and MS.

Methods
A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Embase, and Web of Science; until January 2020 with no restrictions. The search strategy was conducted with air pollution key words such as CO, PM2.5, PM10, SO2, and NO2, for exposure and the key word “Multiple sclerosis” as the outcome.

Results
Eventually, after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 17 articles were included. The methodologies and outcomes reported were heterogeneous and different metrics had been used in the results; therefore conducting a meta-analysis was not possible. Eight studies had analyzed the relation between particulate matter (PM) and the prevalence or relapse of MS and had observed a significant relation. NO2 and NOx were associated with recurrence or prevalence of MS in three studies. But, in three cohort studies, no association was observed between air pollution and recurrence or occurrence of MS.

Conclusions
The results of this systematic review show that outdoor air pollution, especially PM and nitrogen oxides might be related to the prevalence or relapse of MS.
On the extension property of dilatation monotone risk measures
Authors: Rahsepar Massoomeh , Xanthos Foivos 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Let 𝒳 be a subset of

L
1

L^{1}

that contains the space of simple random variables ℒ and

ρ
:

X
→

(

-
∞

,
∞
]

\rho\colon\mathcal{X}\to(-\infty,\infty]

a dilatation monotone functional with the Fatou property.
In this note, we show that 𝜌 extends uniquely to a

σ
⁢

(

L
1

,
L
)

\sigma(L^{1},\mathcal{L})

lower semicontinuous and dilatation monotone functional

ρ
¯

:

L
1

→

(

-
∞

,
∞
]

\overline{\rho}\colon L^{1}\to(-\infty,\infty]

.
Moreover,

ρ
¯

\overline{\rho}

preserves monotonicity, (quasi)convexity and cash-additivity of 𝜌.
We also study conditions under which

ρ
¯

\overline{\rho}

preserves finiteness on a larger domain.
Our findings complement extension and continuity results for (quasi)convex law-invariant functionals.
As an application of our results, we show that transformed norm risk measures on Orlicz hearts admit a natural extension to

L
1

L^{1}

that retains robust representations.
Phase-Locking Requires Efficient Ca2+Extrusion at the Auditory Hair Cell Ribbon Synapse
Authors: Cuadra Adolfo E. , Hwang Fuu-Jiun , Burt Lindsay M. , Edmonds William C. , Chobany Anastasia V. , Li Geng-Lin 
Published: January 2021

Proper perception of sounds in the environment requires auditory signals to be encoded with extraordinary temporal precision up to tens of microseconds, but how it originates from the hearing organs in the periphery is poorly understood. In particular, sound-evoked spikes in auditory afferent fibersin vivoare phase-locked to sound frequencies up to 5 kHz, but it is not clear how hair cells can handle intracellular Ca2+changes with such high speed and efficiency. In this study, we combined patch-clamp recording and two-photon Ca2+imaging to examine Ca2+dynamics in hair cell ribbon synapses in the bullfrog amphibian papilla of both sexes. We found that Ca2+clearance from single synaptic ribbons followed a double exponential function, and the weight of the fast component, but not the two time constants, was significantly reduced for prolonged stimulation, and during inhibition of the plasma membrane Ca2+ATPase (PMCA), the mitochondrial Ca2+uptake (MCU), or the sarcolemma/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ATPase (SERCA), but not the Na+/Ca2+exchanger (NCX). Furthermore, we found that both the basal Ca2+level and the Ca2+rise during sinusoidal stimulation were significantly increased by inhibition of PMCA, MCU, or SERCA. Consistently, phase-locking of synaptic vesicle releases from hair cells was also significantly reduced by blocking PMCA, MCU, or SERCA, but not NCX. We conclude that, in addition to fast diffusion mediated by mobile Ca2+buffer, multiple Ca2+extrusion pumps are required for phase-locking at the auditory hair cell ribbon synapse.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHair cell synapses can transmit sound-driven signals precisely in the kHz range. However, previous studies of Ca2+handling in auditory hair cells have often been conducted in immature hair cells, with elevated extracellular Ca2+concentration, or through steady-state stimulation that may not be physiologically relevant. Here we examine Ca2+clearance from hair cell synaptic ribbons in a fully mature preparation at physiological concentration of external Ca2+and at physiological temperature. By stimulating hair cells with sinusoidal voltage commands that mimic pure sound tones, we recapitulated the phase-locking of hair cell exocytosis with anin vitroapproach. This allowed us to reveal the Ca2+extrusion mechanisms that are required for phase-locking at auditory hair cell ribbon synapses.
Complement Drives Synaptic Degeneration and Progressive Cognitive Decline in the Chronic Phase after Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Alawieh Ali , Chalhoub Reda M. , Mallah Khalil , Langley E. Farris , York Mikaela , Broome Henry , Couch Christine , Adkins DeAnna , Tomlinson Stephen 
Published: January 2021

Cognitive deficits following traumatic brain injury (TBI) remain a major cause of disability and early-onset dementia, and there is increasing evidence that chronic neuroinflammation occurring after TBI plays an important role in this process. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms responsible for triggering and maintaining chronic inflammation after TBI. Here, we identify complement, and specifically complement-mediated microglial phagocytosis of synapses, as a pathophysiological link between acute insult and a chronic neurodegenerative response that is associated with cognitive decline. Three months after an initial insult, there is ongoing complement activation in the injured brain of male C57BL/6 mice, which drives a robust chronic neuroinflammatory response extending to both hemispheres. This chronic neuroinflammatory response promotes synaptic degeneration and predicts progressive cognitive decline. Synaptic degeneration was driven by microglial phagocytosis of complement-opsonized synapses in both the ipsilateral and contralateral brain, and complement inhibition interrupted the degenerative neuroinflammatory response and reversed cognitive decline, even when therapy was delayed until 2 months after TBI. These findings provide new insight into our understanding of TBI pathology and its management; and whereas previous therapeutic investigations have focused almost exclusively on acute treatments, we show that all phases of TBI, including at chronic time points after TBI, may be amenable to therapeutic interventions, and specifically to complement inhibition.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThere is increasing evidence of a chronic neuroinflammatory response after traumatic brain injury (TBI), but little is known about the molecular mechanisms responsible for triggering and maintaining chronic inflammation. We identify complement, and specifically complement-mediated microglial phagocytosis of synapses, as a pathophysiological link between acute insult and a chronic neurodegenerative response, and further that this response is associated with cognitive decline. Complement inhibition interrupted this response and reversed cognitive decline, even when therapy was delayed until 2 months after injury. The data further support the concept that TBI should be considered a chronic rather than an acute disease condition, and have implications for the management of TBI in the chronic phase of injury, specifically with regard to the therapeutic application of complement inhibition.