bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Betti numbers and Rees algebras of ideals with linear powers
Authors: Nicklasson Lisa 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAn ideal $$I \subset \mathbb {k}[x_1, \ldots , x_n]$$

I
⊂
k
[

x
1

,
…
,

x
n

]

is said to have linear powers if $$I^k$$

I
k

has a linear minimal free resolution, for all integers $$k>0$$

k
>
0

. In this paper, we study the Betti numbers of $$I^k$$

I
k

, for ideals I with linear powers. We provide linear relations on the Betti numbers, which holds for all ideals with linear powers. This is especially useful for ideals of low dimension. The Betti numbers are computed explicitly, as polynomials in k, for the ideal generated by all square-free monomials of degree d, for $$d=2, 3$$

d
=
2
,
3

or $$n-1$$

n
-
1

, and the product of all ideals generated by s variables, for $$s=n-1$$

s
=
n
-
1

or $$n-2$$

n
-
2

. We also study the generators of the Rees ideal, for ideals with linear powers. Particularly, we are interested in ideals for which the Rees ideal is generated by quadratic elements. This problem is related to a conjecture on matroids by White.
Confession as a Form of Knowledge-Power in the Problem of Sexuality
Authors: Kestilä Iiris 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis article addresses two questions related to the discrimination of homosexuals in the British Armed Forces as illuminated in the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights in the casesSmith and Grady v. the United KingdomandBeck, Copp and Bazeley v. the United Kingdom. First, how does the military organization obtain knowledge about its subjects? Two works by Michel Foucault concerning the thematic of confession—The Will to KnowledgeandAbout the Beginning of the Hermeneutics of the Self: Two Lectures at Dartmouth—provide a foundation for answering this question. Second, what happens when this knowledge obtained by the military organization comes into contact with the legal system? In relation to this question, Foucauldian theories of law are discussed, namely the so-called ‘expulsion thesis’ and ‘polyvalence theory’. It is argued that the production of knowledge in the context of these cases is intertwined with the technique of confession. However, the confession does not only operate at the level of the military organization but also as an internal practice of the individual. When this knowledge then encounters the legal system, it appears that the law puts up a certain resistance towards other forms of power, e.g. disciplinary power. It is argued that this resistance is due to the law’s ‘strategic openness’, i.e. the possibility to harness the law to different strategic purposes, due to which law can never be fully subordinated by external powers.
Micro Freeze-Dryer and Infrared-Based PAT: Novel Tools for Primary Drying Design Space Determination of Freeze-Drying Processes
Authors: Harguindeguy Maitê , Fissore Davide 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Present (i) an infrared (IR)-based Process Analytical Technology (PAT) installed in a lab-scale freeze-dryer and (ii) a micro freeze-dryer (MicroFD®) as effective tools for freeze-drying design space calculation of the primary drying stage.

Methods
The case studies investigated are the freeze-drying of a crystalline (5% mannitol) and of an amorphous (5% sucrose) solution processed in 6R vials. The heat (Kv) and the mass (Rp) transfer coefficients were estimated: tests at 8, 13 and 26 Pa were carried out to assess the chamber pressure effect on Kv. The design space of the primary drying stage was calculated using these parameters and a well-established model-based approach. The results obtained using the proposed tools were compared to the ones in case Kv and Rp were estimated in a lab-scale unit through gravimetric tests and a thermocouple-based method, respectively.

Results
The IR-based method allows a non-gravimetric estimation of the Kv values while with the micro freeze-dryer gravimetric tests require a very small number of vials. In both cases, the obtained values of Kv and Rp, as well as the resulting design spaces, were all in very good agreement with those obtained in a lab-scale unit through the gravimetric tests (Kv) and the thermocouple-based method (Rp).

Conclusions
The proposed tools can be effectively used for design space calculation in substitution of other well-spread methods. Their advantages are mainly the less laborious Kv estimation process and, as far as the MicroFD® is concerned, the possibility of saving time and formulation material when evaluating Rp.
Investigating pollination strategies in disturbed habitats: the case of the narrow-endemic toadflax Linaria tonzigii (Plantaginaceae) on mountain screes
Authors: Biella Paolo , Akter Asma , Muñoz-Pajares Antonio Jesús , Federici Germano , Galimberti Andrea , Jersáková Jana , Labra Massimo , Mangili Federico , Tommasi Nicola , Mangili Luca 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPlant mating systems may reflect an adaptation to a habitat type, with self-pollination being potentially common in unstable and disturbed conditions. We investigated the reproductive ecology of an Alpine, narrow-range toadflax,Linaria tonzigiiLona (Plantaginaceae), occurring in steep and dynamic mountain screes. We explored self-compatibility and spontaneous autogamy, seed viability, daily nectar production, pollinator behaviour and pollen transfer in wild populations, using hand pollination treatments, quantification of nectar volume, viability Tetrazolium assay, active pollinator sampling and video recordings, and UV-bright dust for pollen substitution. Afterex novosequencing of several genetic regions ofL. tonzigii, we performed a multi-marker phylogenetic analysis of 140Linariaspecies and tracked the occurrence of the self-compatibility trait. Our results showed that this species is self-compatible, pollinated mostly via spontaneous autogamy and pollinator-mediated geitonogamy, and self-pollinated seeds are as viable as cross-pollinated ones. Selfing could be due to pollinator rarity because, despite the studied species providing a high nectar volume, wild bees, moths and small beetles infrequently visited its flowers in the sparsely vegetated scree slopes. In addition, a preliminary survey showed a low genetic haplotype diversity in the study plant. Moreover, the phylogeny shows that self-compatibility is scattered in the tree, suggesting the adaptive nature of this reproductive trait in the genusLinaria. This study supports for theories that high prevalence of selfing is an adaptation to environments unfavourable for cross-pollination, and particularly where pollinators are rare, such as in perturbed, poorly vegetated high-elevation habitats.
Research on Transfer Learning of Vision-based Gesture Recognition
Authors: Wu Bi-Xiao , Yang Chen-Guang , Zhong Jun-Pei 
Published: March 2021

AbstractGesture recognition has been widely used for human-robot interaction. At present, a problem in gesture recognition is that the researchers did not use the learned knowledge in existing domains to discover and recognize gestures in new domains. For each new domain, it is required to collect and annotate a large amount of data, and the training of the algorithm does not benefit from prior knowledge, leading to redundant calculation workload and excessive time investment. To address this problem, the paper proposes a method that could transfer gesture data in different domains. We use a red-green-blue (RGB) Camera to collect images of the gestures, and use Leap Motion to collect the coordinates of 21 joint points of the human hand. Then, we extract a set of novel feature descriptors from two different distributions of data for the study of transfer learning. This paper compares the effects of three classification algorithms, i.e., support vector machine (SVM), broad learning system (BLS) and deep learning (DL). We also compare learning performances with and without using the joint distribution adaptation (JDA) algorithm. The experimental results show that the proposed method could effectively solve the transfer problem between RGB Camera and Leap Motion. In addition, we found that when using DL to classify the data, excessive training on the source domain may reduce the accuracy of recognition in the target domain.
The Utilization of Bauxite Residue with a Calcite-Rich Bauxite Ore in the Pedersen Process for Iron and Alumina Extraction
Authors: Lazou Adamantia , Van Der Eijk Casper , Tang Kai , Balomenos Efthymios , Kolbeinsen Leiv , Safarian Jafar 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Metallurgical grade alumina is produced worldwide through the well-known Bayer process, which unavoidably generates bauxite residue (BR, also known as red mud) in almost equal amounts to alumina. This study aims the valorization of BR through a smelting-reduction process to obtain calcium aluminate slags that can be a proper feed for alumina recovery via the Pedersen process. It investigates the thermodynamics and characteristics of the slags and pig iron produced from mixtures of BR, a bauxite beneficiation byproduct, and lime. In this context, the evolution of the different phases in the slags is studied with advanced analytical techniques and thermodynamic calculations. According to the results, a CaO/Al2O3 mass ratio within 1.3 to 1.4 in the slags can yield more Al2O3-containing leachable phases, such as CaO·Al2O3 and 12CaO·7Al2O3. The cooling dictates the amount and the characteristics of these phases, and the slower cooling rate yields improved slag characteristics. The distribution of the elements between the slag and metal phases shows that iron is separated, and the majority of the P, Cr, Ni, and V are distributed in the produced pig iron, while S, Ti, and Si are mostly concentrated in the slags.
After the first wave and beyond lockdown: long-lasting changes in emergency department visit number, characteristics, diagnoses, and hospital admissions
Authors: Morello Fulvio , Bima Paolo , Ferreri Enrico , Chiarlo Michela , Balzaretti Paolo , Tirabassi Gloria , Petitti Paolo , Aprà Franco , Vallino Domenico , Carbone Giorgio , Pivetta Emanuele Emilio , Lupia Enrico 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe first wave (FW) of COVID-19 led to a rapid reduction in total emergency department (ED) visits and hospital admissions for other diseases. Whether this represented a transient “lockdown and fear” phenomenon, or a more persisting trend, is unknown. We divided acute from post-wave changes in ED flows, diagnoses, and hospital admissions, in an Italian city experiencing a FW peak followed by nadir. This multicenter, retrospective, cross-sectional study involved five general EDs of a large Italian city (January–August 2020). Percent changes were calculated versus 2019, using four 14-day periods (FW peak, early/mid/late post-wave). ED visits were 147,446 in 2020, versus 214,868 in 2019. During the FW peak, visits were reduced by 66.4% (P < 0.001). The drop was maximum during daytime (69.8%) and for pediatric patients (89.4%). Critical triage codes were unchanged. Reductions were found for all non-COVID-19 diagnoses. Non-COVID-19 hospital admissions were reduced by 39.5% (P < 0.001), involving all conditions except hematologic, metabolic/endocrine, respiratory diseases, and traumas. In the early, mid, and late post-wave periods, visits were reduced by 25.4%, 25.3% and 23.5% (all P < 0.001) respectively. In the late period, reduction was greater for female (27.9%) and pediatric patients (44.6%). Most critical triage codes were unchanged. Oncological, metabolic/endocrine, and hematological diagnoses were unchanged, while other diagnoses had persistent reductions. Non-COVID-19 hospital admissions were reduced by 12.8% (P = 0.001), 6.3% (P = 0.1) and 12.2% (P = 0.001), respectively. Reductions in ED flows, led by non-critical codes, persisted throughout the summer nadir of COVID-19. Hospital admissions for non-COVID-19 diseases had transient changes.
Privacy-preserving neural networks with Homomorphic encryption: Challenges and opportunities
Authors: Pulido-Gaytan Bernardo , Tchernykh Andrei , Cortés-Mendoza Jorge M. , Babenko Mikhail , Radchenko Gleb , Avetisyan Arutyun , Drozdov Alexander Yu 
Published: March 2021

AbstractClassical machine learning modeling demands considerable computing power for internal calculations and training with big data in a reasonable amount of time. In recent years, clouds provide services to facilitate this process, but it introduces new security threats of data breaches. Modern encryption techniques ensure security and are considered as the best option to protect stored data and data in transit from an unauthorized third-party. However, a decryption process is necessary when the data must be processed or analyzed, falling into the initial problem of data vulnerability. Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) is considered the holy grail of cryptography. It allows a non-trustworthy third-party resource to process encrypted information without disclosing confidential data. In this paper, we analyze the fundamental concepts of FHE, practical implementations, state-of-the-art approaches, limitations, advantages, disadvantages, potential applications, and development tools focusing on neural networks. In recent years, FHE development demonstrates remarkable progress. However, current literature in the homomorphic neural networks is almost exclusively addressed by practitioners looking for suitable implementations. It still lacks comprehensive and more thorough reviews. We focus on the privacy-preserving homomorphic encryption cryptosystems targeted at neural networks identifying current solutions, open issues, challenges, opportunities, and potential research directions.
Quantitative evaluation of geological fluid evolution and accumulated mechanism: in case of tight sandstone gas field in central Sichuan Basin
Authors: Huang Ya-Hao , Tang You-Jun , Li Mei-Jun , Hong Hai-Tao , Wu Chang-Jiang , Zhang Ji-Zhen , Lu Xiao-Lin , Yang Xiao-Yong 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTight gas exploration plays an important part in China’s unconventional energy strategy. The tight gas reservoirs in the Jurassic Shaximiao Formation in the Qiulin and Jinhua Gas Fields of central Sichuan Basin are characterized by shallow burial depths and large reserves. The evolution of the fluid phases is a key element in understanding the accumulation of hydrocarbons in tight gas reservoirs. This study investigates the fluid accumulation mechanisms and the indicators of reservoir properties preservation and degradation in a tight gas reservoir. Based on petrographic observations and micro-Raman spectroscopy, pure CH4inclusions, pure CO2inclusions, hybrid CH4–CO2gas inclusions, and N2-rich gas inclusions were studied in quartz grains. The pressure–volume–temperature–composition properties (PVT-x) of the CH4and CO2bearing inclusions were determined using quantitative Raman analysis and thermodynamic models, while the density of pure CO2inclusions was calculated based on the separation of Fermi diad. Two stages of CO2fluid accumulation were observed: primary CO2inclusions, characterized by higher densities (0.874–1.020 g/cm3) and higher homogenization temperatures (> 210 °C) and secondary CO2inclusions, characterized by lower densities (0.514–0.715 g/cm3) and lower homogenization temperatures: ~ 180–200 °C). CO2inclusions with abnormally high homogenization temperatures are thought to be the result of deep hydrothermal fluid activity. The pore fluid pressure (44.0–58.5 MPa) calculated from the Raman shift of C–H symmetric stretching (v1) band of methane inclusions is key to understanding the development of overpressure. PT entrapment conditions and simulation of burial history can be used to constrain the timing of paleo-fluid emplacement. Methane accumulated in the late Cretaceous (~ 75–65 Ma), close to the maximum burial depth during the early stages of the Himalayan tectonic event while maximum overpressure occurred at ~ 70 Ma, just before uplift. Later, hydrocarbon gas migrated through the faults and gradually displaced the early emplaced CO2in the reservoirs accompanied by a continuous decrease in overpressure during and after the Himalayan event, which has led to a decrease in the reservoir sealing capabilities. The continuous release of overpressure to present-day conditions indicates that the tectonic movement after the Himalayan period has led to a decline in reservoir conditions and sealing properties.
Christians, Muslims and Traditional Worshippers in Nigeria: Estimating the Relative Proportions from Eleven Nationally Representative Social Surveys
Authors: McKinnon Andrew 
Published: March 2021

Background The absence of census data on religious identification in Nigeria since 1963 leaves much uncertainty about the most basic religious composition of the country. It is generally accepted that identification with traditional worship declined over the middle of the twentieth century as identification with Islam and Christianity increased, leaving these the two dominant religious groups in the country. The current relative proportions of Christians and Muslims has often been the subject of conjecture, guesswork and assertion, as have trajectories of growth or decline. Purpose Where researchers have used sound data to address this question, they have often drawn on a single survey, or, if on multiple data sources, it is unclear how the different estimates the data provides are reconciled. This paper seeks to address these gaps to construct a better picture of the religious composition of Nigeria, and to consider the trajectory of change. Methods This study presents data from 11 nationally representative surveys of adults conducted between 1990 and 2018. Surveys include four waves of the World Values Survey, five waves of the Afrobarometer survey, The Pew Tolerance and Tension survey, and the Nigerian General Household Survey of 2010. Results The results show that identification with Christianity is likely to have been the majority among Nigerian adults through this period. Evidence suggests that identification with Christianity was still growing in the first half of the 1990s, to a high point of 69% of the adult population. This growth was associated with the tail of the decline of identification with traditional worship. Thereafter identification with Christianity has declined in proportional terms as identification with Islam has increased. Evidence is consistent with literature that suggests that this change is driven by differences in fertility, rather than by religious identity switching. Conclusion and Implications Trends presented suggest that the Muslim-identified population is likely on track to have become an absolute majority of Nigerian adults, possibly within a decade with widespread implications, including for electoral politics.
The Health Cost of Transport in Cities
Authors: Gössling Stefan , Nicolosi Jessica , Litman Todd 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Purpose of Review
The study aims to provide an understanding of health cost assessments of different transport modes in urban contexts, and their relevance for transport planning and political decision-making.

Recent Findings
There is strong evidence that motorized transportation imposes a high health cost on society, and specifically children. In contrast, active transport is a very significant health benefit.

Summary
Economic analyses support urban change in favor of compact neighborhoods and public transit, as well as infrastructure exclusively devoted to active transport. Private cars need to be restricted because of the high cost they impose on society.
Thyroid hormone action in epidermal development and homeostasis and its implications in the pathophysiology of the skin
Authors: Mancino G. , Miro C. , Di Cicco E. , Dentice M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThyroid hormones (THs) are key endocrine regulators of tissue development and homeostasis. They are constantly released into the bloodstream and help to regulate many cell functions. The principal products released by the follicular epithelial cells are T3 and T4. T4, which is the less active form of TH, is produced in greater amounts than T3, which is the most active form of TH. This mechanism highlights the importance of the peripheral regulation of TH levels that goes beyond the central axis. Skin, muscle, liver, bone and heart are finely regulated by TH. In particular, skin is among the target organs most influenced by TH, which is essential for skin homeostasis. Accordingly, skin diseases are associated with an altered thyroid status. Alopecia, dermatitis and vitiligo are associated with thyroiditis and alopecia and eczema are frequently correlated with the Graves’ disease. However, only in recent decades have studies started to clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of TH in epidermal homeostasis. Herein, we summarize the most frequent clinical epidermal alterations linked to thyroid diseases and review the principal mechanisms involved in TH control of keratinocyte proliferation and functional differentiation. Our aim is to define the open questions in this field that are beginning to be elucidated thanks to the advent of mouse models of altered TH metabolism and to obtain novel insights into the physiopathological consequences of TH metabolism on the skin.
A Review on the Application of Friction Models in Wheel-Rail Adhesion Calculation
Authors: Yuan Zewang , Wu Mengling , Tian Chun , Zhou Jiajun , Chen Chao 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFriction is the bond linking the tangential and normal forces at the wheel-rail interface. Modeling friction is the precondition for the wheel-rail adhesion calculation. In this work, the critical role of friction in the calculation of wheel-rail adhesion is discussed. Four types of friction models (Coulomb model, linear model + Coulomb model, rational model and exponential model) which are commonly used for the calculation of wheel-rail adhesion are reviewed, in particular with regard to their structural characteristics and application state. The adhesion coefficients calculated from these four friction models using the Polach model are analyzed by comparison with the measured values. The rational model and the exponential model are more flexible for defining the falling friction, and the adhesion coefficient calculated by these two models is highly consistent with the measured one. Though the rational model and exponential model describe the falling friction well, the existing friction models are not applicable for calculating adhesion after considering more realistic factors, such as thermal effect, contaminants and so on. Developing a novel and practical friction model to accurately describe the wheel-rail friction behavior is still an essential but challenging and significant task. This review provides a reference for the selection of existing friction models and generates fresh insights into developing novel and practical friction models.