bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
No Microscope? No Problem: A Systematic Review of Microscope-Free Microsurgery Training Models
Authors: Chen Jonlin , Xun Helen , Abousy Mya , Long Chao , Sacks Justin M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackground Benchtop microsurgical training models that use digital tools (smartphones, tablets, and virtual reality [VR]) for magnification are allowing trainees to practice without operating microscopes. This systematic review identifies existing microscope-free training models, compares models in their ability to enhance microsurgical skills, and presents a step-by-step protocol for surgeons seeking to assemble their own microsurgery training model.Methods We queried PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases through November 2020 for microsurgery training models and performed a systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We collected data including training model characteristics (cost, magnification, and components) and outcomes (trainee satisfaction, image resolution, and faster suturing speed). We also conducted a complimentary Google search to identify commercially available microscope-free microsurgical training models or kits not reported in peer-reviewed literature.Results Literature search identified 1,805 publications; 24 of these met inclusion criteria. Magnification tools most commonly included smartphones (n = 10), VR simulators (n = 4), and tablets (n = 3), with magnification ranging up to ×250 magnification on digital microscopy, ×50 on smartphones, and ×5 on tablets. Average cost of training models ranged from $13 (magnification lens) to $15,000 (augmented reality model). Model were formally assessed using workshops with trainees or attendings (n = 10), surveys to end-users (n = 5), and single-user training (n = 4); users-reported satisfaction with training models and demonstrated faster suturing speed and increased suturing quality with model training. Five commercially available microsurgery training models were identified through Google search.Conclusion Benchtop microsurgery trainers using digital magnification successfully provide trainees with increased ease of microsurgery training. Low-cost yet high magnification setups using digital microscopes and smartphones are optimal for trainees to improve microsurgical skills. Our assembly protocol, “1, 2, 3, Microsurgery,” provides instructions for training model set up to fit the unique needs of any microsurgery trainee.
The Importance of Appropriate Dosing of Nonvitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants for Stroke Prevention in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Beyer-Westendorf Jan , Fay Matthew , Amara Walid 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPreventing thromboembolic events, while minimizing bleeding risks, remains challenging when managing patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Several factors contribute to current dosing patterns of nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs), including patient characteristics, comorbidities, and physician judgment. Application of NOAC doses inconsistent with the drug labels may cause patients to receive either subtherapeutic (increasing stroke risk) or supratherapeutic (increasing bleeding risk) anticoagulant levels. In clinical practice, under- or over-dosing of NOACs in patients with AF is not uncommon. This analysis of prospective and retrospective registry and database studies on NOAC use in patients with AF (with at least 250 patients in each treatment arm) showed that under-dosing may be associated with reduced effectiveness for stroke prevention, with similar or even increased bleeding than with the standard dose. This may reflect underlying conditions and patient factors that increase bleeding despite NOAC dose reduction. Such factors could drive the observed overuse of reduced NOAC dosages, often making the prescription of reduced-dose NOAC an intentional label deviation. In contrast, over-dosing more likely occurs accidentally; instead of providing benefits, it may be associated with worse safety outcomes than the standard dose, including increased bleeding risk and higher all-cause mortality rates. This review summarizes the main findings on NOAC doses usually prescribed to patients with AF in clinical practice.
Endometrial Factor in Unexplained Infertility and Recurrent Implantation Failure
Authors: Santamaria Xavier , Simón Carlos 
Published: August 2021

AbstractUnexplained infertility (UI) and recurrent implantation failure (RIF) are diagnoses based on failed pregnancy attempts within current infertility treatment models. Both diagnoses are made when fertility is unexplained based on current diagnostic methods and has no clear cause; UI is diagnosed when testing is inconclusive, and RIF is diagnosed after three failed in vitro fertilization cycles. In both cases, interventions are often introduced without an understanding of the cause of the infertility, frequently leading to frustration for patients and caregivers. Here, we review evidence to support an influence of endometrial factor in patients given these poorly defined diagnoses and possible treatments targeting the endometrium to improve outcomes in these patients.
Improving MP2 bandgaps with low-scaling approximations to EOM-CCSD
Authors: Lange Malte F. , Berkelbach Timothy C. 
Published: August 2021

Despite its reasonable accuracy for ground-state properties of semiconductors and insulators, second-order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) significantly underestimates bandgaps. In this work, we evaluate the bandgap predictions of partitioned equation-of-motion MP2 (P-EOM-MP2), which is a second-order approximation to EOM coupled-cluster theory with single and double excitations. On a test set of elemental and binary semiconductors and insulators, we find that P-EOM-MP2 overestimates bandgaps by 0.3 eV on average, which can be compared to the underestimation by 0.6 eV on average exhibited by the G0W0 approximation with a Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof reference. We show that P-EOM-MP2, when interpreted as a Green’s function-based theory, has a self-energy that includes all first- and second-order diagrams and a few third-order diagrams. We find that the GW approximation performs better for materials with small gaps and P-EOM-MP2 performs better for materials with large gaps, which we attribute to their superior treatment of screening and exchange, respectively.
Double optical gating of high order harmonics from plasma surfaces
Authors: Smith R E , White E , Gilmore P M , Dromey B , Yeung M 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Laser driven high harmonic generation from relativistically oscillating plasma surfaces is a promising route to isolated attosecond pulses with high peak brightness. Here we investigate a double optical gating scheme to restrict the emission to only a single, intense, attosecond pulse even with a multi-cycle driving laser. This scheme, which uses a second harmonic field, combined with a pair of counter-rotating circularly polarized laser pulses, leads to more efficient attosecond pulse generation with improved temporal isolation when compared to a single colour polarization gating scheme.
The Masseteric-Facial Anastomosis With Intratemporal Translocation of the Facial Nerve: Step-by-Step Technique and Results
Authors: Ferraresi Stefano , Basso Elisabetta , Maistrello Lorenzo , Di Pasquale Piero 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
In the absence of a viable proximal nerve stump, damaged after surgical procedures around the skull base, numerous techniques for facial reanimation have been developed over time, aiming to restore baseline symmetry and active mimicry.

OBJECTIVE
To report experience using the masseteric nerve as a direct transfer to the facial nerve rerouted after intratemporal translocation. This paper illustrates the main steps of the technique and the quality of results.

METHODS
Eleven patients were treated with a masseteric direct transfer to the facial nerve. Its extratemporal rerouting toward the zygoma allowed tension-free coaptation between donor and recipient nerves.

RESULTS
Of the 11 patients, 8 had a good to excellent recovery, showing different patterns of time and scores, according to age, surgical timing, and masseteric nerve function quality. The return of activity in the frontalis muscle, never obtained after reinnervation via the hypoglossal nerve, is of particular interest. The quality of the smile can be improved with re-education and practice but remains under volitional control. A true emotional response is still lacking.

CONCLUSION
The masseteric nerve is an excellent alternative to the hypoglossal nerve and can reinnervate the whole territory of the facial nerve rerouted after intratemporal translocation. The overall results are remarkable, but the low quality of the trigeminal nerve, eventually affected by the first surgery, may be an important limitation. Even if the patients appear more at ease in re-education than with other techniques, a fully natural facial expression remains impossible to obtain.
Paramedian Supracerebellar Infratentorial Approach for Pontine Cavernoma: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Khan Nickalus R , Morcos Jacques J 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We describe the case of a 26-yr-old male who presented with headaches, dizziness, and left hemi-hypoesthesia in addition to being COVID-19 positive. The patient was found to have a large hemorrhage in the right dorsolateral pons that was found to be due to a pontine cavernous malformation. The patient underwent a right-sided paramedian supracerebellar infratentorial approach for resection of this lesion with preservation of the developmental venous anomaly. We present the operative video with a specific focus on approach selection, anatomic illustrations, and technical nuances. The literature on the timing of brainstem cavernoma surgery is reviewed.
1-4
The patient's postoperative clinical course and postoperative imaging are reviewed. The patient gave informed consent for the procedure and verbal consent for being part of this submission and the publication of their image.
Challenges in the Diagnosis of Myoepithelial-Rich Salivary Gland Neoplasms
Authors: Jafari Pari , Higgins Kathleen E. , Cipriani Nicole A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Salivary gland neoplasms are both rare and strikingly heterogeneous in their morphology, a combination that may result in vexingly broad differential diagnoses. This is particularly true of myoepithelial-rich tumors, as neoplastic myoepithelial cells can assume a multiplicity of phenotypes, and associated epithelial cells may be present to varying degrees. An accurate diagnosis requires a thorough familiarity with characteristic morphology and conversance with appropriate ancillary studies. Here, we review 4 myoepithelial-rich tumors (myoepithelioma, myoepithelial carcinoma, myoepithelial-rich pleomorphic adenoma, and epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma), comparing and contrasting their characteristic morphology, immunohistochemical profiles, and cytogenetic/molecular features, with an emphasis on accurate and efficient narrowing of the differential diagnosis.
Rhythm and timing as vulnerabilities in neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Lense Miriam D. , Ladányi Eniko , Rabinowitch Tal-Chen , Trainor Laurel , Gordon Reyna 
Published: August 2021

Millions of children are impacted by neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), which unfold early in life, have varying genetic etiologies and can involve a variety of specific or generalized impairments in social, cognitive and motor functioning requiring potentially lifelong specialized supports. While specific disorders vary in their domain of primary deficit (e.g. autism spectrum disorder (social), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (attention), developmental coordination disorder (motor) and developmental language disorder (language)), comorbidities between NDDs are common. Intriguingly, many NDDs are associated with difficulties in skills related to rhythm, timing and synchrony though specific profiles of rhythm/timing impairments vary across disorders. Impairments in rhythm/timing may instantiate vulnerabilities for a variety of NDDs and may contribute to both the primary symptoms of each disorder as well as the high levels of comorbidities across disorders. Drawing upon genetic, neural, behavioural and interpersonal constructs across disorders, we consider how disrupted rhythm and timing skills early in life may contribute to atypical developmental cascades that involve overlapping symptoms within the context of a disorder's primary deficits. Consideration of the developmental context, as well as common and unique aspects of the phenotypes of different NDDs, will inform experimental designs to test this hypothesis including via potential mechanistic intervention approaches.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Synchrony and rhythm interaction: from the brain to behavioural ecology’.
Linking the genomic signatures of human beat synchronization and learned song in birds
Authors: Gordon Reyna L. , Ravignani Andrea , Hyland Bruno Julia , Robinson Cristina M. , Scartozzi Alyssa , Embalabala Rebecca , Niarchou Maria ,   23andMe Research Team, Cox Nancy J. , Creanza Nicole 
Published: August 2021

The development of rhythmicity is foundational to communicative and social behaviours in humans and many other species, and mechanisms of synchrony could be conserved across species. The goal of the current paper is to explore evolutionary hypotheses linking vocal learning and beat synchronization through genomic approaches, testing the prediction that genetic underpinnings of birdsong also contribute to the aetiology of human interactions with musical beat structure. We combined state-of-the-art-genomic datasets that account for underlying polygenicity of these traits: birdsong genome-wide transcriptomics linked to singing in zebra finches, and a human genome-wide association study of beat synchronization. Results of competitive gene set analysis revealed that the genetic architecture of human beat synchronization is significantly enriched for birdsong genes expressed in songbird Area X (a key nucleus for vocal learning, and homologous to human basal ganglia). These findings complement ethological and neural evidence of the relationship between vocal learning and beat synchronization, supporting a framework of some degree of common genomic substrates underlying rhythm-related behaviours in two clades, humans and songbirds (the largest evolutionary radiation of vocal learners). Future cross-species approaches investigating the genetic underpinnings of beat synchronization in a broad evolutionary context are discussed.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Synchrony and rhythm interaction: from the brain to behavioural ecology’.
Multilevel rhythms in multimodal communication
Authors: Pouw Wim , Proksch Shannon , Drijvers Linda , Gamba Marco , Holler Judith , Kello Christopher , Schaefer Rebecca S. , Wiggins Geraint A. 
Published: August 2021

It is now widely accepted that the brunt of animal communication is conducted via several modalities, e.g. acoustic and visual, either simultaneously or sequentially. This is a laudable multimodal turn relative to traditional accounts of temporal aspects of animal communication which have focused on a single modality at a time. However, the fields that are currently contributing to the study of multimodal communication are highly varied, and still largely disconnected given their sole focus on a particular level of description or their particular concern with human or non-human animals. Here, we provide an integrative overview of converging findings that show how multimodal processes occurring at neural, bodily, as well as social interactional levels each contribute uniquely to the complex rhythms that characterize communication in human and non-human animals. Though we address findings for each of these levels independently, we conclude that the most important challenge in this field is to identify how processes at these different levels connect.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Synchrony and rhythm interaction: from the brain to behavioural ecology’.
An ecological approach to measuring synchronization abilities across the animal kingdom
Authors: Henry Molly J. , Cook Peter F. , de Reus Koen , Nityananda Vivek , Rouse Andrew A. , Kotz Sonja A. 
Published: August 2021

In this perspective paper, we focus on the study of synchronization abilities across the animal kingdom. We propose an ecological approach to studying nonhuman animal synchronization that begins from observations about when, how and why an animal might synchronize spontaneously with natural environmental rhythms. We discuss what we consider to be the most important, but thus far largely understudied, temporal, physical, perceptual and motivational constraints that must be taken into account when designing experiments to test synchronization in nonhuman animals. First and foremost, different species are likely to be sensitive to and therefore capable of synchronizing at different timescales. We also argue that it is fruitful to consider the latent flexibility of animal synchronization. Finally, we discuss the importance of an animal's motivational state for showcasing synchronization abilities. We demonstrate that the likelihood that an animal can successfully synchronize with an environmental rhythm is context-dependent and suggest that the list of species capable of synchronization is likely to grow when tested with ecologically honest, species-tuned experiments.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Synchrony and rhythm interaction: from the brain to behavioural ecology’.
Rhythm in dyadic interactions
Authors: de Reus Koen , Soma Masayo , Anichini Marianna , Gamba Marco , de Heer Kloots Marianne , Lense Miriam , Bruno Julia Hyland , Trainor Laurel , Ravignani Andrea 
Published: August 2021

This review paper discussesrhythmicinteractions and distinguishes them fromnon-rhythmicinteractions. We report on communicative behaviours in social and sexual contexts, as found in dyads of humans, non-human primates, non-primate mammals, birds, anurans and insects. We discuss observed instances of rhythm in dyadic interactions, identify knowledge gaps and propose suggestions for future research. We find that most studies on rhythmicity in interactive signals mainly focus on one modality (acoustic or visual) and we suggest more work should be performed on multimodal signals. Although the social functions of interactive rhythms have been fairly well described, developmental research on rhythms used to regulate social interactions is still lacking. Future work should also focus on identifying the exact timing mechanisms involved. Rhythmic signalling behaviours are widespread and critical in regulating social interactions across taxa, but many questions remain unexplored. A multidisciplinary, comparative cross-species approach may help provide answers.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Synchrony and rhythm interaction: from the brain to behavioural ecology’.
Socially stratified epigenetic profiles are associated with cognitive functioning in children and adolescents
Authors: Raffington L. , Tanksley P.T. , Sabhlok A. , Vinnik L. , Mallard T. , King L.S. , Goosby B. , Harden K.P. , Tucker-Drob E.M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractChildren’s cognitive functioning and educational performance are socially stratified. Social inequality, including classism and racism, may operate partly via epigenetic mechanisms that modulate neurocognitive development. Following preregistered analyses of data from 1,183 8-to 19-year-olds from the Texas Twin Project, we examined whether salivary DNA-methylation measures of inflammation (DNAm-CRP), cognitive functioning (Epigenetic-g), and pace of biological aging (DunedinPoAm) are socially stratified and associated with performance on tests of cognitive functions. We find that children growing up in more disadvantaged families and neighborhoods and children from marginalized racial/ethnic groups exhibit DNA-methylation profiles associated with higher chronic inflammation, lower cognitive functioning, and faster pace of biological aging. These salivary DNA-methylation profiles were associated with processing speed, general executive function, perceptual reasoning, verbal comprehension, reading, and math. Given that the DNA-methylation measures we examined were originally developed in adults, our results suggest that social inequalities may produce in children molecular signatures that, when observed in adults, are associated with chronic inflammation, advanced aging, and reduced cognitive function. Salivary DNA-methylation profiles might be useful as a surrogate endpoint in assessing the effectiveness of psychological and economic interventions that aim to reduce negative effects of childhood social inequality on lifespan development.Significance StatementChildren’s cognitive functioning differs by dimensions of social inequality, such as class and race. Epigenetic mechanisms that regulate gene expression might be critically involved in the biological embedding of environmental privilege and adversity. We find that children growing up in more disadvantaged families and neighborhoods and from marginalized racial/ethnic groups exhibit higher chronic inflammation, lower cognitive functioning, and a faster pace of biological aging, as indicated by novel salivary DNA-methylation measures. These DNA-methylation measures of higher inflammation, lower cognitive functioning, and a faster pace of biological aging were, in turn, associated with performance on multiple cognitive tests. DNA-methylation measures might be useful as a surrogate endpoint in evaluation of programs to address the childhood social determinants of lifelong cognitive disparities.
Limited evidence of a genetic basis for sex determination in the common creek chub, Semotilus atromaculatus
Authors: Meuser Amanda V. , Pyne Cassandre B. , Mandeville Elizabeth G. 
Published: August 2021

1AbstractSexual reproduction is almost universal in the animal kingdom; therefore, each species must have a mechanism for designating sex as male or female. Fish especially have a wide range of sex determining systems. While incompatible systems are thought to increase reproductive isolation, interspecific hybridization is common among groups such as cyprinid minnows, thus, studies such as this can provide insight into hybridization and evolutionary diversification of this clade. In the present study, we aimed to identify a genetic basis for sex determination in the common creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus) using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) data. No sex-associated markers were found by RADSex or a GWAS using GEMMA, however, our Weir and Cockerham locus-specific FST analysis and discriminant analysis of principal components revealed some genetic differentiation between the sexes at several loci. While no explicit sex determination mechanism has been yet discovered in creek chub, these loci are potential candidates for future studies. This study also highlights technical challenges involved in studying sex determination in species with extremely variable mechanisms.