bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Problems and prospects for the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
Authors: Bishwakarma Jham Kumar , Hu Zongshan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was established to enlighten self‐interest based on a common desire to supersede conflict with cooperation, to displace mistrust with harmony, and to eradicate poverty with economic integration in this region. Nonetheless, it could not achieve these goals completely due to a lack of cooperation among member states. Specifically, SAARC has been crippled by the shadow of power politics between two nuclear powers: India and Pakistan. Its agendas, policies, and programs have remained unfulfilled as a result. The prospect of the rejuvenation of SAARC is not a Herculean matter. It could be achieved by introducing new ideas and plans; that is, restructuring within it or expanding its membership. In this regard, this article argues that SAARC can be rejuvenated by including China as a full member. China's presence in SAARC would maintain a balance of power in this region, it would also boost the South Asian economy through trade, investment, and infrastructural development.Related ArticlesHuang, Xiaoming. 2007. “Do Asian Values Matter—for an East Asian Community?”Politics & Policy35(1): 154–61.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2007.00052.xLevine, Steven. 2007. “Asian Values and the Asia Pacific Community: Shared Interests and Common Concerns.”Politics & Policy35(1): 102–35.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2007.00050.xRavi, Chaitanya. 2021. “The 1971 Bangladesh War and Policy Lessons for Climate Refugee Management in South Asia.”Politics & Policy49(1): 248–74.https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12392
Prostatic fluid composition and semen quality in dogs with benign prostatic hyperplasia undergoing treatment with osaterone acetate
Authors: Ferré‐Dolcet Lluis , Frigotto Lisa , Contiero Barbara , Bedin Silvia , Romagnoli Stefano 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBenign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) may alter prostatic fluid biochemical composition causing reduced fertility. Osaterone acetate (OA) is an androgen receptor antagonist marketed for treatment of canine BPH. Little information exists on effects of OA administration on biochemical composition of canine prostatic fluid and its role on fertility. The aim of this research was to study biochemical composition of prostatic fluid and its role on semen quality in dogs with BPH undergoing treatment with OA. Eight intact, 5–11‐year‐old dogs with benign prostatic hyperplasia were treated orally with OA at a dose of 0.25–0.5 mg/kg once daily for seven days. Prostatic volume, semen evaluation and a biochemical analysis of prostatic fluid were performed on the day before treatment (D0), D60, D120, D180 and D240. A significant reduction (57% and 61%) of prostatic volume was observed at D60 and D120, respectively, and a significant reduction (20%) of normal spermatozoa was observed at D60 coincident with a significant increase of sperm tail defects, which disappeared during the course of the treatment. Prostatic fluid composition did not vary during the OA treatment except for zinc (Zn2+) with a significant increase at D120 and D180 correlated with the return to normal sperm values. In conclusion, canine Zn2+ prostatic fluid concentrations decrease during development of BPH and return to normal during treatment with OA. Zn2+ is an important electrolyte for semen quality, suggesting that oral Zn2+ supplementation might be considered a treatment to improve semen quality.
Modeling of Farmers’ Vegetable Safety Production Based on Identification of Key Risk Factors From Beijing, China
Authors: Yin Zhengqing , Li Bo , Gu Dongyue , Huang Jian , Zhang Lingxian 
Published: October 2021

AbstractFood safety emphasizes risk control in the production process, and has attracted much attention from food regulators and consumers in recent years. The objectives of this study were to conduct early key risk factors identification and risk modeling for vegetable safety production. To achieve these objectives, this article quantitatively identified the key direct and indirect risk factors in vegetable safety production through questionnaire surveys and a multivariate linear model, and modeled the effects of key risk factors affecting vegetable safety production based on the catastrophe progression method. Based on 973 valid farmers’ questionnaires from Beijing, China, the results showed that key direct risk factors are production violation, farmland biological control, pesticide and fertilizer use criteria, and agricultural consumable handling; key indirect risk factors included cooperative participation, planting years, prohibited pesticide knowledge, production recording, and product type. Through the empirical analysis, it can be seen that there are regional differences in the production risk of vegetable farmers in Beijing. The production risks of Changping, Huairou, and Shunyi are the most serious; from a city‐wide perspective, the risk of farmland biological control is greatest, followed by risk aversion ability. The findings of this research have important implications for safe vegetable production and farmers’ production risk control.
A scoping review of oral health outcomes for people with cerebral palsy
Authors: Lansdown Karen , Irving Michelle , Mathieu Coulton Kimberly , Smithers‐Sheedy Hayley 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIntroductionGood oral health is important for good overall health. Studies have reported poorer oral health outcomes for people with cerebral palsy, but there has been no synthesis of the evidence surrounding this and, there are no clear oral health recommendations for people with cerebral palsy globally. This review synthesizes the existing knowledge base on oral health in people with cerebral palsy and provides recommendations for future research.MethodsA scoping review was conducted to assess the current literature. Databases were searched using relevant search terms. Study outcomes were synthesized according to their reported outcomes.ResultsOne hundred seventy three studies were included in this review. Children with cerebral palsy have an increased risk for dental caries and untreated caries. Higher saliva osmolality is a major contributor to increased dental caries. People with cerebral palsy are more likely to experience tooth wear and bruxism. Children and their care‐givers have poor oral health related quality of life. There is a large unmet need for oral healthcare in this group. There is no suggested plan for the prevention of poor oral health for this group. A high number of studies included related to research is conducted in low‐ and middle‐income countries, care should be taken in applying results outside this context. There is a lack of research conducted in people with cerebral palsy, 18 years and over.ConclusionThere is a higher risk for poor oral health in people with cerebral palsy and there is a large unmet need to dental care in this group. This study highlights the need for further research to focus on adults with cerebral palsy and an of understanding the oral health care outcomes in the context of settings. The authors recommend the inclusion of classification systems and the integration of disability inclusive language in future studies.
Breaking up and making up – reworking of Holocene calcarenite platform into rapidly‐forming beachrock breccias on a high energy coastline (St. Lucia, South Africa)
Authors: Falkenroth Michaela , Green Andrew N. , Cooper J. Andrew G. , Menzel Manuel D. , Hoffmann Gösta 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBeachrocks are a common characteristic of tropical and subtropical coastlines. It is known that they have a substantial influence on beach morphodynamics and they are commonly utilised as indicators of palaeo‐sea levels. At the same time, facies variability in beachrocks is understudied and their effect on shoreline evolution is poorly understood. At Mission Rocks on the KwaZulu‐Natal coastline of South Africa a narrow beach with isolated sand patches occupies low points of an otherwise continuous 3 m thick, raised shore platform of sandy and gravelly beachrocks. These beachrocks are in the process of disintegrating into megagravel deposits through chemical and mechanical weathering in a wave‐dominated, high‐energy setting. The breakdown is potentially slowed by a contemporary, fast‐forming beachrock facies, that blankets the surface and fills fractures and potholes within the older platform. The accumulation and cementation of this recent beachrock is the focus of this study. The beachrock is dated by historical evidence to post‐World War II. Data from field observations, petrographic and geochemical methods reveal that the cementing agents of the beachrock were precipitated from marine water in a phreatic setting despite its position above the intertidal zone. Not only does this facies have implications for the interpretation of palaeo‐beachrock as a sea‐level indicator, it also raises further questions regarding modelling of coastal erosion of beaches associated with outcrops of beachrock.
Leisure‐time physical activity and incidence of objectively assessed hearing loss: The Niigata Wellness Study
Authors: Kawakami Ryoko , Sawada Susumu S. , Kato Kiminori , Gando Yuko , Momma Haruki , Oike Hideaki , Miyachi Motohiko , Lee I‐Min , Tashiro Minoru , Horikawa Chika , Ishiguro Hajime , Matsubayashi Yasuhiro , Fujihara Kazuya , Sone Hirohito 
Published: October 2021

Previous cohort study reported that high physical activity was associated with a low risk of self‐reported hearing loss in women. However, no studies have examined the association between physical activity and the development of hearing loss as measured using an objective assessment of hearing loss in men and women. Here, we used cohort data to examine the association between leisure‐time physical activity and incidence of objectively assessed hearing loss in men and women. Participants included 27 537 Japanese adults aged 20–80 years without hearing loss, who completed a self‐administered physical activity questionnaire between April 2001 and March 2002. The participants were followed up for the development of hearing loss as measured by audiometry between April 2002 and March 2008. During follow‐up, 3691 participants developed hearing loss. Compared with the none physical activity group, multivariable adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for developing hearing loss were 0.93 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.86–1.01) and 0.87 (0.81–0.95) for the medium (<525 MET‐min/week) and high (≥525 MET‐min/week) physical activity groups, respectively (p for trend = 0.001). The magnitude of risk reduction was slightly greater in vigorous‐intensity activity than in moderate‐intensity activity (p for interaction = 0.01). Analysis by sound frequency showed that the amount of physical activity was inversely associated with high frequency hearing loss development (p for trend <0.001), but not with low frequency hearing loss development (p for trend = 0.19). Higher level of leisure‐time physical activity was associated with lower incidence of hearing loss, particularly for vigorous‐intensity activities and high sound frequencies.
Editors' Introduction to Tasks, Tools, and Techniques
Authors: Gray Wayne D. , Osiurak François , Heersmink Richard 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTasks, tools, and techniques that we perform, use, and acquire, define the elements of expertise which we value as the hallmarks of goal‐driven behavior. Somehow, the creation of tools enables us to define new tasks, or is it that the envisioning of new tasks drives us to invent new tools? Or maybe it is that new tools engender new techniques which then result in new tasks? This jumble of issues will be explored and discussed in this diverse collection of papers. Individually, few of the papers are related to each other by topic or by techniques of analysis. Collectively, all focus on tasks performed using tools and discuss the techniques of tool use which enable differences in performance and expertise across individuals, societies, and (even) species.
Reversal effects of atipamezole, flumazenil, and 4‐aminopyridine on bradycardia and increases in blood pressures induced by medetomidine, midazolam, and ketamine in isoflurane‐anesthetized cats
Authors: Kamohara Hirokazu , Kamohara Toshiko , Hikasa Yoshiaki 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the effects of a fixed dose of atipamezole (AT), flumazenil (FL), and 4‐aminopyridine (AP), both alone and in combination, on changes in arterial blood pressure and heart rate induced by medetomidine (ME), midazolam (MI), and ketamine (KE) under isoflurane anesthesia with controlled ventilation in healthy cats.DesignProspective experimental study.SettingUniversity animal research facility.AnimalsHealthy adult mixed‐breed cats were used for 8 investigation groups (6 cats per group), with ≥2 weeks between interventions.InterventionsCats were anesthetized with an end‐tidal isoflurane concentration of 2% under controlled ventilation. A catheter was inserted into the right or left femoral artery for arterial pressure monitoring and blood gas sampling, and ECG electrodes were placed. Upon completed preparations, cats were administered a mixture of ME (0.05 mg/kg) and MI (0.5 mg/kg), followed 10 minutes later by intramuscular KE (10 mg/kg). Twenty minutes after KE injection, the cats received IV injection with either a physiological saline solution at 0.1 mL/kg (control), or 1 of 7 variations of experimental drugs, alone or in combination: AT (0.2 mg/kg), FL (0.1 mg/kg), AP (0.5 mg/kg), AT+FL, FL+AP, AT+AP, and AT+FL+AP. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate were continuously measured over 120 minutes after administration of potential antagonists.Measurements and Main ResultsME+MI+KE induced an increase in blood pressure and bradycardia. Potential antagonists alone or in combination did not significantly alter the bradycardia. FL, AP alone, and FL+AP did not significantly alter the changes in blood pressures induced by ME+MI+KE. Meanwhile, administration of AT alone or in combination reversed the increase in blood pressure induced by ME+MI+KE but transiently caused excessive hypotension.ConclusionThese results revealed that AT alone or in combination is effective for antagonizing hypertension induced by ME+MI+KE; however, attention should be paid to temporary hypotension in cats anesthetized with isoflurane.
Hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate combined with the hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic and hypoglycaemic clamp technique in skeletal muscle in a large animal model
Authors: Bengtsen Mads Bisgaard , Hansen Esben Søvsø Szocska , Tougaard Rasmus Stilling , Lyhne Mads Dam , Rittig Nikolaj Fibiger , Støy Julie , Jessen Niels , Mariager Christian Østergaard , Stødkilde‐Jørgensen Hans , Møller Niels , Laustsen Christoffer 
Published: October 2021

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?Is it possible to combine the hyperpolarized magnetic resonance technique and the hyperinsulinaemic clamp method in order to evaluate skeletal muscle metabolism in a large animal model?
What is the main finding and its importance?The logistical set‐up is possible, and we found substantial increments in glucose infusion rates representing skeletal muscle glucose uptake but no differences in ratios of [1‐13C]lactate to [1‐13C]pyruvate, [1‐13C]alanine to [1‐13C]pyruvate, and 13C‐bicarbonate to [1‐13C]pyruvate, implying that the hyperpolarization technique might not be optimal for detecting effects of insulin in skeletal muscle of anaesthetized animals, which is of significance for future studies.
AbstractIn skeletal muscle, glucose metabolism is tightly regulated by the reciprocal relationship between insulin and adrenaline, with pyruvate being at the intersection of both pathways. Hyperpolarized magnetic resonance (hMR) is a new approach to gain insights into these pathways, and human trials involving hMR and skeletal muscle metabolism are imminent. We aimed to combine the hyperinsulinaemic clamp technique and hMR in a large animal model resembling human physiology. Fifteen anaesthetized pigs were randomized to saline (control group), hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp technique (HE group) or hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemic clamp technique (HH group). Skeletal muscle metabolism was evaluated by hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate injection and hMR at baseline and after intervention. The glucose infusion rate per kilogram increased by a statistically significant amount in the HE and HH groups (P < 0.001). Hyperpolarized magnetic resonance showed no statistically significant changes in metabolite ratios: [1‐13C]lactate to [1‐13C]pyruvate in the HH group versus control group (P = 0.19); and 13C‐bicarbonate to [1‐13C]pyruvate ratio in the HE group versus the control group (P = 0.12). We found evidence of profound increments in glucose infusion rates representing skeletal muscle glucose uptake, but interestingly, no signs of significant changes in aerobic and anaerobic metabolism using hMR. These results imply that hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate might not be optimally suited to detect effects of insulin in anaesthetized resting skeletal muscle, which is of significance for future studies.
A Comparative Study of Methane Combustion Characteristics With Different Additions in an Optical Spark Ignition Engine
Authors: Chen Lin , Zhang Xiao , Zhang Ren , Zhao Wanhui 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Natural gas is a promising fuel for internal combustion (IC) engines with minimal modification, whereas its low power output and slow flame propagation speed remain a challenge for automobile manufacturers. To find a method of improving the natural gas engines, methane combustion with different additions was comparatively studied. High-speed direct photography and simultaneous pressure were performed to capture detailed combustion evolutions. First, the results of pure methane combustion confirm its good antiknock property, and no pressure oscillation occurs even there is an end-gas auto-ignition, indicating that high compression ratio and high boosting are effective ways to improve the performance of natural gas engines. Second, adding heavy hydrocarbons can greatly improve engines' power output, but engine knock should be considered if low antiknock fuel was used. Third, as a carbon-free and gaseous fuel, hydrogen addition can not only increase methane flame propagation speed but reduce cyclic variations. However, a proper fraction is needed under different load conditions. Last, oxygen-enriched combustion is an effective way to promote methane combustion. The heat release becomes faster and more concentrated, specifically, the flame propagation speed can be increased by more than 2 times under 27% oxygen concentration condition. The current study shall give insights into improving natural gas engines' performance.
The Reliability and Validation of the Aquatic Movement Protocol as an Instrument for Assessing Aquatic Motor Competence in Primary Aged Children
Authors: Pratt Nicole A. , Duncan Michael J. , Morris Martyn G. , Oxford Samuel W. 
Published: October 2021

There is a dearth of research in aquatic motor competency, a key requirement for primary physical education in order to become physically literate. This study proposes a new assessment protocol for aquatic motor competence and sets out to examine the validity of the Aquatic Movement Protocol (AMP) in children between 7 and 9 years of age. Testing of Gross Motor Development—second edition was implemented to assess general motor competence, including a composite of 10-m running sprint time and standing long jump distance. Aquatic motor competence was assessed by the AMP. Univariate analyses of covariance were used to examine whether assessment of general motor competence differed as opposed to aquatic motor competence. Process and product measures of dryland motor competence were analyzed using male and female subjects measuring three aquatic motor competences (low, medium, and high). Cronbach’s alpha and exploratory factor analyses were implemented to show both construct and concurrent validity of the AMP. Children classified as high for aquatic motor competence had significantly higher general motor competence (p = .001). Those who achieved a higher composite score for faster sprint speeds and longer jump distances had significantly higher aquatic motor competence (p = .001). Cronbach’s alpha of .908, showed internal consistency of the AMP. Results extracted one factor from analysis with an eigenvalue = 6.2; %variance = 62.1, with loadings higher than 0.5. This data suggests that the items on the AMP measure a single construct that we would call “Aquatic Motor Competence.” This study demonstrates that the AMP is a valid measure of aquatic motor competence in primary aged children.
High-Impact Educational Practices in Kinesiology: Examples of Curricular Advancements to Prepare Students for the Future of Work
Authors: Wheeler Wendy , Van Mullem Heather 
Published: October 2021

A 21st century college education should prepare students to meet workforce demands and contribute to an educated citizenry. This paper provides examples of the ways in which two institutions are adjusting kinesiology program design and delivery through the adoption of high-impact educational practices to prepare students to meet these goals. The authors describe first-year experiences to develop critical information literacy, a series of collaborative community-based health projects, and a unique internship experience for work-integrated learning. The authors reflect on the similarities between their efforts to implement high-impact teaching practices to prepare kinesiology students for the future of work. Keys to success include: (a) shifting to idea-based, learner-centered curriculum design; (b) developing strategic partnerships with college services, programs, and administrators; and (c) recognizing the significant impact of the changes on the student learning experience.
An overview of strains in the Sevier thin-skinned thrust belt, Idaho and Wyoming, USA (latitude 42° N)
Authors: Craddock John P. , Malone David H. 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
Calcite twinning analysis across the central, unbuttressed portion of the Sevier thin-skin thrust belt, using Cambrian–Cretaceous limestones (n = 121) and synorogenic calcite veins (n = 31), records a complex strain history for the Sevier belt, Idaho and Wyoming, USA. Plots of fabric types (layer-parallel shortening, layer-normal shortening, etc.), shortening and extension axes for the Paris thrust (west, oldest, n = 11), Meade thrust (n = 46), Crawford thrust (n = 15), Absaroka thrust (n = 55), Darby thrust (n = 13), Lander Peak klippe (n = 5), eastern Prospect thrust (n = 6), and distal Cretaceous foreland (n = 3) reveal a W-E layer-parallel shortening strain only in the Prospect thrust and distal foreland. Calcite twinning strains in all western, internal thrust sheets are complex mixes of layer-parallel (LPS), layer-normal (LNS), and non-plane strains in limestones and synorogenic calcite veins. This complex strain fabric is best interpreted as the result of oblique convergence to the west and repeated eastward overthrusting by the Paris thrust.