bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Albanian Diaspora Mobilization for Kosovo Statehood
Authors: Koinova Maria 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter and the previous Chapter 4 are interconnected as they both discuss Albanian diaspora mobilizations. This chapter unpacks the typological theory through seven causal pathways in the Kosovo Albanian transnational social field. Three of these are associated with the secessionist period of the 1990s, when the foreign policies of host-states diverged from the diaspora goal of Kosovo independence. A relatively rare non-contentious pathway occurred when diaspora entrepreneurs acted autonomously under limited global influences. A more common dual-pronged approach pathway was visible when diaspora entrepreneurs were exposed to two non-state actors, the non-violent Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK) and the radical Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA). In a contentious pathway, almost everyone in the diaspora was engulfed in response to the 1998–9 warfare. Four causal pathways occurred when host-land foreign policies were more open to endorse Kosovo’s statehood. Dual-pronged mobilization was visible under the influences of mob violence in Kosovo in 2004. The rest of the pathways were non-contentious. Acting autonomously, diaspora entrepreneurs developed political and cultural projects aimed to raise Kosovo’s status abroad. Under the homeland government’s influence diaspora entrepreneurs pursued public diplomacy, celebrity and football diplomacy, the building of cultural centres, education exchanges, and curriculum for the diaspora. When exposed to homeland parties, diaspora entrepreneurs followed political party dynamics, whether supporting or challenging them.
Armenian Diaspora Mobilization for Nagorno-Karabakh and Genocide Recognition
Authors: Koinova Maria 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter and the previous Chapter 8 are interconnected as they both discuss Armenian diaspora mobilizations. This chapter unravels the typological theory through five causal pathways. Mobilizations took place most often when host-state foreign policies diverged from the diaspora goals for Karabakh’s statehood, and Armenian genocide recognition. The most contentious pathway is associated with the response to violent critical events in the homeland, most notably the 1988 Sumgait pogrom and Karabakh war in the 1990s. Dual-pronged contention occurred when Armenia’s government clashed with the diaspora on issues of genocide recognition throughout the 1990s. Although the conflict diminished thereafter, the Armenian government has been reluctant to turn to the diaspora for political support in Europe, but it seeks it primarily for economic, social, and development projects. Dual-pronged contention also occurred when transnationalized parties mobilized for genocide recognition. For Dashnaks this has been the most important homeland-oriented goal. Other diaspora entrepreneurs lobbied and protested as well, even if they also mobilized on different social, cultural, and educational projects. Largely non-contentious activities followed political parties in France, leader of European efforts for genocide recognition, as well as when diaspora entrepreneurs acted on limited global influences, building business platforms, or engaging in medical, social, and economic support for Armenia and Karabakh.
Making deeper insights part 2
Authors: Petchey Owen L. , Beckerman Andrew P. , Cooper Natalie , Childs Dylan Z. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In the previous chapter we looked at individual variables; however, a sample may involve more than one variable. Moreover, data analysis is usually concerned with the relationships among two or more variables. These relationships might involve the same (e.g. numeric versus numeric) or different (e.g. numeric versus categorical) types of variable. In either case, we need to understand how the values of one variable relate to and/or depend on those of the other. Just as with single-variable analyses, we use both descriptive statistics and graphical summaries to explore such relationships. This chapter focuses on associations between variables. An association is any relationship between two variables that makes them dependent, i.e. knowing the value of one variable gives us some information about the possible values of the second variable. The main goal of this chapter is to show how to use descriptive statistics and visualizations to explore associations among different kinds of variables.
The "Third" United Nations
Authors: Carayannis Tatiana , Weiss Thomas G. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This book is about the Third UN: the ecology of supportive non-state actors—intellectuals, scholars, consultants, think tanks, NGOs, the for-profit private sector, and the media—that interacts with the intergovernmental machinery of the First UN (member states) and the Second UN (staff members of international secretariats) to formulate and refine ideas and decision-making at key junctures in policy processes. Some advocate for particular ideas, others help analyze or operationalize their testing and implementation; many thus help the UN “think.” While think tanks, knowledge brokers, and epistemic communities are phenomena that have entered both the academic and policy lexicons, their intellectual role remains marginal to analyses of such intergovernmental organizations as the United Nations. The Third UN in this volume connotes those working toward knowledge and normative advances for the realization of the values underlying the UN Charter; the book does not discuss armed belligerents and criminals, the main focus of previous analyses of non-state actors and the UN system.
Commissions and Panels
Authors: Carayannis Tatiana , Weiss Thomas G. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The chapter analyzes the over-sized role of one visible component of the Third UN. Prominent individuals—many of whom made their government and international civil servant careers as members of the First and the Second UNs—have come to constitute essential and frequent contributors to the advance of knowledge and norms. The case studies concern peace operations (the Brahimi report of 2001 and HIPPO of 2015); the protection of human beings in war zones (the ICISS report of 2001); and for sustainable development (the Brundtland report of 1987 and the ongoing work by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC). Less successful or even counterproductive group efforts also figure in the discussion, but the main examples seek to demonstrate how and when such blue-ribbon groups make a difference.
Introduction
Authors: Mysoor Poorna 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of implied licences. Copyright confers exclusive rights on copyright owners to perform certain acts in relation to their works. A person infringes copyright if she performs any of these acts in relation to a copyright work without ‘the licence of the owner of the copyright’. Alternatively, the user’s actions must be covered by one of the statutory limitations or exceptions, which address specific instances of permitted use of copyright works to achieve specific policy goals. If, however, a certain use is not authorised by either an express licence of the copyright owner or by the statutory limitations or exceptions, it does not always amount to an infringement. It may be possible for courts to imply a copyright licence to cover such use. The strength of implied licences lies in their flexibility to address a diverse set of circumstances. This may prove particularly useful in resolving issues arising from the interaction of copyright with new technologies. Armed with this flexibility and the ability to respond in a case-specific manner, implied licences can bring about a better balance among the interests of different stakeholders within the copyright system.
Frameworks for Implying Copyright Licences
Authors: Mysoor Poorna 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter proposes frameworks under each category of copyright licences which help assess the facts and circumstances and determine whether a licence may be implied and, if so, the scope of the licence. Given that the advantage of implied licences is their flexibility, any rigid set of rules governing the implication could strike at the heart of such flexibility. Therefore, the chapter presents frameworks as opposed to rigid rules, and seeks to balance guidance and flexibility. These frameworks are developed based on the constituents that each category of licence would need to have, had it been an express licence; and when the express licence is absent, these frameworks indicate how the facts and circumstances can be marshalled, so that one can ascertain whether a licence is to be implied. In addition, these frameworks approach bare licences differently from contractual licences.
Policy-based Implied Contractual Licences
Authors: Mysoor Poorna 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses policy-based implied contractual licences, focusing on situations where there is a pre-existing contract and a policy-based licence is implied into such contract. To the extent that a contract exists, there is a certain voluntariness to the conduct of the copyright owner in entering into the contract. However, the copyright licence is implied into the contract to achieve a policy objective regardless of the consent of the copyright owner. The framework for implication underlying this chapter is inspired by the rules of implying a term by law into a contract, but made more transparent to acknowledge the role of policy as the basis of implication and the need for the policy to be identified. The chapter illustrates the arguments by examining the transfer of ownership of products incorporating copyright works and the possible licences that may need to be implied into such transfer. It also discusses the highly regulated industry of hazardous substances, and how the information flow in this sector can be explained using the framework proposed here for policy-based implied contractual licences.
Hyperlinking
Authors: Mysoor Poorna 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter studies hyperlinking and how implied licence can help better understand it both when the content was placed on the internet by or with the copyright owner’s consent and when it was not. Hyperlinking enables establishing links between different webpages and is critical to enhancing the efficacy of the internet. Although scholars are still divided, courts have held that hyperlinking engages the right of communication to the public. However, the approach adopted by the courts suffers from inconsistencies. This chapter instead argues that it makes sense to regard hyperlinking as amounting to the exercise of the right of communication to the public based on a consistent interpretation, and asks whether such exercise does not infringe the right because of the licence implied on different bases.
Indexing
Authors: Mysoor Poorna 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter deals with indexing. Indexing is typically engaged in by internet service providers of different kinds, such as search engines, content aggregators, and online content sharing platforms, including social media. Indexing is the background process that tries to achieve greater accessibility of the content on the internet. However, this process may engage the right of reproduction and the right of communication to the public, and therefore, must be considered separately. Based on the indexing capabilities and to facilitate deeper analysis, this chapter classifies the providers into search engines, content sharing platforms, news aggregators and other content aggregators. The chapter explains how courts have tried to deal with this issue and argues for a greater role of implied licences to address the issues of copyright infringement. While indexing of content that is placed on the internet by or with the copyright owner’s consent can benefit from consent-based implied licence, indexing of the content that is placed on the internet without the copyright owner’s consent may benefit from a policy-based implied licence, saving them from liability for indexing infringing content under certain circumstances.
Introspection, Adverbialism, and Rich Contents
Authors: Papineau David 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The qualitative view is distinguished from sense-datum theories. Introspection is distinguished from attention. An account of sensory introspection is developed. A new theory of phenomenal concepts is outlined. The qualitative theory is compared with adverbialism and shown not to be subject to the same criticisms. The qualitative theory is shown to transform the debate about rich contents and allow a wide range of such contents.
Introduction
Authors: Sutton Rebecca 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the monograph, outlining the structure of the discussion and introducing the key arguments that will be advanced. The principle of distinction, as a targeting rule in international humanitarian law (IHL), is introduced along with the concept of the civilian as it circulates in IHL. Three sets of international actors are presented—humanitarian actors, peacekeepers, and military actors—and the humanitarian actor is situated as the central character of the study. The boundaries between these actors are loosely sketched, so that they can be elucidated gradually over the course of the discussion as the empirical findings are revealed. The three central claims of the monograph are outlined as follows. First, it is argued that a wide range of unconventional actors, operating in unconventional places, produce IHL rules in everyday practice. Second, it is contended that distinction, not only as a grounded practice but also as a vaunted IHL rule, is perpetually disrupted. Third, the existence of a ‘civilian plus’ status in international practice is proposed. A brief overview of the study’s methodology is also provided, along with an introduction to the Kinetic, Pedagogical, and Intellectual realms.
Brazil
Authors: Neri Marcelo 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
After three decades of persistently high income inequality, from 2001 onwards Brazil experienced a downward inequality trend followed by rising household income growth. Both movements lasted until 2015. This work synthesizes the results of six papers that describe the evolution of Brazilian income distribution. A common approach pursued was to jointly assess inequality, mean income, and social welfare rates of growth. We use a vast array of datasets to fill the gaps found in the literature. Top incomes’ movements reduced income inequality fall but increased mean income growth, suggesting challenges in measuring and interpreting inequality changes. Overall, inequality fall was driven by labour earnings through firm-specific effects. Rising schooling and falling returns also played a role, especially if parents’ educational background is taken into account. Missing income values did not affect inequality measures. Direct and indirect taxes increased inequality trends, while official monetary benefits helped to reduce them.
India
Authors: Dang Hai-Anh H. , Lanjouw Peter 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
India in the early years of the twenty-first century achieved per capita growth rates that were historically unprecedented. Poverty reduction also accelerated. There is concern, however, that this growth was accompanied by a rise in inequality. In this chapter, we report on a research project that examines inequality trends and dynamics at the all-India level over three decades up to 2011/12 and contrasts these with evidence at the level of the village or the urban block. We further unpack inequality to explore dynamics in terms of the movement of people within the income distribution over time. The assessment of mobility is informed both by evidence at the very local level, and by aggregate, national-level trends. The study attempts, further, to assess horizontal inequalities into a measure of inequality of opportunity as captured by inter-generational mobility in education outcomes.
Business ethics in the age of globalization
Authors: Lütge Christoph , Uhl Matthias 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses globalization from different angles and summarizes major critical voices raised against it. The implications of globalization for business ethics are discussed: there is substantial disagreement on a number of ethical topics across the globe, which makes it difficult for multinational companies to find a common ground for meaningful ethical dialogs. An alternative view on globalization is proposed. This view focuses on the establishment of an institutional order that enables the realization of win-win potentials through global networking. The chapter closes with illustrative case studies on the problem of child labor and the global transportation of food.
Problem areas of business ethics
Authors: Lütge Christoph , Uhl Matthias 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses three key problem areas of business ethics. The first topics covered are poverty and inequality: absolute and relative poverty are distinguished, and the concept of equality is scrutinized. Second, the authors discuss human dignity and human rights. The distinctions between negative and positive liberties and between moral universalism and relativism are explained. Default rules exemplify how the concept of human dignity can be made fruitful for the problem of institutional design. Third, the notion of sustainability is treated. Among others, the triple-bottom line approach with its economic, ecological, and social dimension illustrates the multiple facets of sustainability. Finally, time preferences are introduced and alternative solution strategies of efficiency and sufficiency are contrasted with each other.
What Does Fossil Energy Tell Us about Technology?
Authors: Vadén Tere 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Fossil power gave an advantage to capitalists over workers, forming fossil capitalism, while the specific properties of fossil fuels, especially unprecedented net energy gains, framed the experience of modernity. The sheer quantity of energy provided by fossil fuels has created blindness towards their materiality. This blindness takes many forms, one of which is evident in climate change. It also extends to descriptions of the nature and role of technology. Rapid economic and technological change has produced a kind of hubris, where the material origin of economic and technological prowess has been overlooked. By concentrating on the role of fossil fuels, we also gain a more realistic assessment of the role of technology and the ways in which technology can both advance and hinder efforts towards regaining sustainability.
Placing Contemporary Sovereign Debt
Authors: Datz Giselle 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Since 2003, the battle between holdout creditors and the Argentine government in US courts has inspired a number of judicious studies on its legal underpinnings and repercussions. It has also prompted so-called ‘anti-vulture funds’ laws in countries like the UK, Belgium, and France. Despite these developments, the role of place in debt restructurings has remained relatively neglected. The paper analyses domestic laws protecting foreign debtors from minority holdout litigation and injunctive orders in federal courts that incite contractual changes as part of a fragmented landscape of local, and at times overlapping, spheres of sovereign debt governance, paradoxically embedded in a deeply integrated global financial system. A key finding of this analysis is that while contracts ground debt dynamics in specific jurisdictions (financial centres), they do not reduce uncertainty in the outcomes of sovereign debt restructurings. Moreover, financial centres have functioned not only as sites for private market-making, but also for public experimentation in international debt processes.
Contract Provisions, Default Risk, and Bond Prices
Authors: Chari Anusha , Leary Ryan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents a case study that investigates the pricing of key contract provisions in Puerto Rican debt. It contributes to a body of research that asks whether investors price contract provisions and, if so, whether the pricing varies with credit risk. Contract provisions across different types of Puerto Rican bonds contain multiple sources of variation. Specifically, the chapter examines investor pricing of three key legal provisions of Puerto Rican debt; general obligation debt versus the secured bonds issued by the Puerto Rico Sales Tax Financing Corporation; debt issued under New York law versus Puerto Rican law; and finally impact of the Puerto Rico Oversight, Management, and Economic Stability Act (PROMESA) which retroactively enacted collective action clauses for Puerto Rican debt. In each instance, we find evidence consistent with the hypothesis that investors value specific contract provisions and legal protections and more so when credit risk is high, and restructuring becomes likely.
Deliberative Peace Referendums
Authors: Levy Ron , O'Flynn Ian , Kong Hoi L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
‘Peace referendums’, which seek to manage armed conflict, are increasingly common around the world. Yet such referendums remain erratic forces—liable as often to aggravate as to resolve tensions. In this book we consider when, despite their risks, referendums can play useful roles amid conflict. We argue that this largely depends on a referendum’s design, including how well it incorporates contemporary lessons from the theory and practice of deliberative democracy. Deliberative democracy seeks to channel disagreement into reasoned forms of decision-making—for instance, by identifying certain ‘public’ values around which disparate groups may find a measure of common ground. As yet, however, few deliberative democracy scholars have advanced arguments for referendums in conflict societies. This is unsurprising: while designing a referendum to be deliberative is a challenge even in the most peaceable of societies, in a conflict society it is harder still. Nevertheless, discounting deliberative institutional schemes because deliberation appears too difficult, and a society too conflictual, overlooks the possibility that some armed conflict can be traced to scarce opportunities to deliberate in the first place. Using a distinctive combination of deliberative democratic and constitutional theory, and also drawing from the field of conflict studies, we develop what we call the Deliberative Peace Referendum—a referendum held under conditions of conflict and designed to be deliberative. This kind of referendum has two broad objectives: to assist a peace settlement to be achieved, and to secure the settlement’s long-term resilience. After scaffolding a tenuous agreement, the referendum may help to concretize an agreement as a durable constitutional settlement by drawing on deliberative democracy’s perceived legitimacy. A Deliberative Peace Referendum thus takes aim at the standard pathologies of referendums—pathologies that must be addressed if referendums are to avoid repeating the problems of peace referendums in the past. Our purpose with this book is to rescue peace referendums from their habitual under-theorization and poor design, and to rehabilitate them as genuine tools of conflict management.