bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unilateral body neglect: schemas versus images?
Authors: Havé Laurence , Priot Anne-Emmanuelle , Pisella Laure , Rode Gilles , Rossetti Yves 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Unilateral spatial neglect has been extensively described for visual and representational manifestations but tactile and motor manifestations as well as body neglect point to bodily manifestations of this neurological condition. This chapter reviews the perceptual, motoric and high-level representational symptoms manifested in neglect patients and attempt to classify them according to the body image/schema framework. One puzzling aspect of the wide spectrum of body neglect symptoms is that physiological bottom-up maneuvers, such as prism adaptation, which act at the level of body schema, do also efficiently improve body image manifestations of neglect. This relationship allows us to elaborate on the dialectical relationships between body image and body schema. Thus, understanding body neglect in terms of diagnosis, evaluation, physiopathology and therapeutics through the dynamical interactions between body schema and body neglect, provide perspectives to manage other lateralized body troubles, neglect-like manifestations of bodily attention or distorted representations.
Neural underpinnings of body image and body schema disturbances
Authors: Ho Jasmine , Lenggenhager Bigna 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The sense of our body is fundamental to human self-consciousness. Many neurological and psychiatric disorders involve atypical corporeal awareness with symptomatology that might be very heterogeneous, affecting various aspects of the bodily self. A common dichotomy divides disorders of the bodily self into disorders affecting predominantly the body schema and disorders predominantly affecting the body image. Yet, increasing evidence suggests that body schema and body image are mutually dependent, making a clear categorization of most disorders difficult. This interdependence is illustrated with examples of a few selected disorders that encompass an atypical sense of the bodily self. A special focus is placed on underlying neural alterations in various body-related brain regions. While body schema-related disorders might rather be linked to a disruption in the integration of multisensory information into a coherent body representation, especially in premotor and posterior parietal areas, body image disturbances, particularly their affective and cognitive aspects, might be linked to a broader network centred around cortical midline structures that are crucially involved in self-referential processes.
‘A Better Remedy’
Authors: Giladi Rotem 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7 traces the sensibilities that brought Jacob Robinson and Shabtai Rosenne to clash over the Refugee Convention’s ratification. Here they diverged in how they read the Convention’s Jewish aspect and the Diaspora’s place in Jewish life at the age of Jewish sovereignty. The Refugee Convention confirmed and challenged cardinal Zionist principles. On the one hand, it affirmed Israel’s character as the Jewish people’s state of asylum and validated the Zionist principle of ‘Return’ and Israel’s ‘in-gathering of exiles’ policy. On the other hand, the Convention was rendered superfluous by Zionism’s ‘radical solution’ and ‘better remedy’ of ‘Return’ to the Jewish state. Moreover, the Convention subverted the Jewish state’s very raison d’être: a permanent political remedy to Jewish statelessness itself. Robinson’s reading of the Convention as according Israel ‘legal title’ to intervene on behalf of Jewish refugees, therefore, marked an ideological deviation accentuated by Rosenne’s reticence to see it ratified.
The United Kingdom
Authors: Gingrich Jane , Greer Scott L. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at health politics and the comprehensive, tax-funded (largely free at point of service) health system in the United Kingdom and its four constituent countries, England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. It traces the development of the UK’s healthcare system from an originally plural structure to a single National Health Service and then a devolved health policy structure. Though the NHS has continued to be highly popular and politically salient, the structure of care has substantially changed since 1948 as a result of reforms, with the growth of central government regulatory and managerial control, increasing competition in service delivery, more structured incentives for both GPs and hospitals, and a blurring of public and private boundaries in the provision of some outpatient care. As the chapter shows, the NHS’s devolution in 1999 has resulted in an increasingly diverging set of pathways across the four countries.
Denmark
Authors: Vrangbæk Karsten 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers an in-depth look at health politics and the tax-financed, universal health system in Denmark. It traces the development of the Danish healthcare system, characterized by an evolving division of labor between central authorities and decentralized municipal and regional governments. Since the late 1980s, Danish health policy has seen a number of gradual changes and a major structural reform passed in 2005 that amalgamated municipalities and regions and changed healthcare financing rules, thus shifting the balance of shared power toward the center. Other healthcare issues have been cost containment, patient rights, and promotion of local integrated health services. A negotiated policy style contributes to efficient implementation of reforms once a decision has been made.
Italy
Authors: Maino Franca , Razetti Federico 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers an in-depth look at health politics and the decentralized, tax-financed health system in Italy. It traces the development of the Italian healthcare system, including the processes leading to hospital reform and regionalization in the 1960s and 1970s and the creation of the national health service in 1978. Since the late 1980s, health policy has been shaped by the transformation of the Italian political system, further transfer of powers to the regions, and public expenditure constraints due to public debt. Policies inspired by the New Public Management approach that aimed to increase the health system’s cost-effectiveness through steps towards fiscal federalism were introduced and reversed. Over the course of the 2000s, agreements between the central state and regional governments have become the main tool for coordinating health policy and trying to settle recurring disputes regarding health expenditure responsibilities. Ongoing debates on healthcare concern measures to ensure the national health service’s sustainability, typically the control and containment of its costs, and to reduce the territorial gap and other gaps that clash with the system’s universalist design.
Regional OutlookCentral Eastern Europe
Authors: Popic Tamara 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The Central Eastern Europe regional outlook presents a comparative assessment of the historical development of the healthcare system, health politics, and selected health-related indicators for the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia. In terms of health financing, these countries rely on compulsory contributory insurance, which is complemented with out-of-pocket spending (highest in Poland) and with voluntary private insurance in Slovenia. While health outcomes are steadily improving, there are high levels of health inequalities. Unmet needs vary dramatically across the region, being the highest in Poland and the lowest in Slovenia, which is also reflected in cross-regional differences in satisfaction. Salience of healthcare is lower than in other European regions, but in most countries, it increased during government attempts to introduce market-oriented reforms. The key issues in Central Eastern Europe have been indebtedness of the public health sector and high levels of perceived corruption in Hungary, Slovakia, and Poland, the countries with the lowest satisfaction. As the chapter notes, a hotly debated issue in the region is privatization of the hospital sector, marked by strong public and political opposition.
Montenegro
Authors: Perišić Natalija 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines health politics and the health system in Montenegro based on compulsory social health insurance. It traces the post-communist development of the Montenegrin healthcare system that started with incremental privatization and continued toward a more decisive move toward liberalization through the 2004 reforms, which included, among other elements, a stronger role of private healthcare delivery and the introduction of different types of voluntary insurance. As the chapter notes, the main issues facing the health system in Montenegro are incomplete coverage, limited access to healthcare, and lack of regulation of private healthcare provision.
Introduction: No More Answers?
Authors: Dancy Jonathan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This Introduction is a short intellectual biography. In addition to telling how it was that the author ended up in philosophy, it tracks the development of his views in the theory of reasons and the way in which combining those views with views he later developed in the theory of motivation reveal the possibility of a new form of Aristotelianism in the theory of practical reasoning. It ends by discussing the relevance of the distinction between knowledge and true belief to the theory of motivation.
Ethical Particularism and Morally Relevant Properties
Authors: Dancy Jonathan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper follows a path that takes us from utilitarianism to particularism. Utilitarianism is the leading one-principle theory; its falsehood is here simply asserted. W. D. Ross’s theory of prima facie duty is offered as the strongest many-principle theory. Ross’s two accounts of his notion of a prima facie duty are considered and criticized. But the real criticism of his view is that being a prima facie duty is a context-sensitive notion, since a feature that is a prima facie duty-making feature in one case may be prevented from playing that role in another. Since the strongest many-principle theory is therefore false, the only conclusion is a no-principle theory: a theory that allows moral reasons but does not suppose that they behave in the regular way required for there to be moral principles—namely, moral particularism.
The Role of Imaginary Cases in Ethics
Authors: Dancy Jonathan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper examines the rationale for the standard practice in ethics of arguing from imaginary cases to real ones. Challengeable aspects of this practice are exposed. One question is whether an imaginary case is being taken to establish a Rossian prima facie duty or a duty proper. Another is whether, once we have established the correct account of an imaginary case, we can be sure that another case similar to the first in all respects relevant to our account of the first must be given the same account, irrespective of other differences. A generalist will try to extract principles from the imaginary case and apply them to the real case. This paper argues that this is hopeless. Is particularism in a better situation? A possible line is that what the imaginary case reveals is the importance that certain features can have and may have in the real case before us. No more can be expected.
The Particularist’s Progress
Authors: Dancy Jonathan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper is an attempt to show how we might find ourselves ending up as particularists in ethics and elsewhere. It first takes us from holism in the theory of reasons to holism in the theory of value. Having got us that far, it takes us further: from holism in the theory of value to a form of holism in the theory of choice under which our preference for one option over another can be reversed by the appearance of a third option. The paper then turns to consider, in the light of these results, the possibility of a full ordering of values. And it ends by asking to what extent explanation and generalization are linked.
Necessity, Universality, and the A Priori in Ethics
Authors: Dancy Jonathan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper asks what form of moral epistemology is best fitted to the claims of moral particularism. It argues that moral truths can be known a priori even though moral truths about particular cases are context-sensitive and so contingent. The general idea is that although one needs empirical knowledge of the situation, one’s knowledge of how to respond is not thereby shown to be empirical. We emerge with synthetic a priori knowledge of a range of truths including among them the moral. Particular attention is paid to Kant’s claim that since moral truths apply to all rational beings, they must be universal in form
Two Conceptions of Moral Realism
Authors: Dancy Jonathan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper considers the comparative merits of two conceptions of real properties, as applied to the moral domain. On the weaker conception, real properties or facts are there anyway, independent of any experience. On the stronger conception, real properties are those not constituted by the availability of some response to them. The question is whether moral realists should restrict themselves to the weaker conception, allowing that a wrong action is one that is such as to elicit blame but not holding that this could constitute wrongness in the object. This paper argues that the weaker conception is inconsistent with the main argument for moral realism, which the author takes to appeal to the phenomenology of moral deliberation.
In Defence of Thick Concepts
Authors: Dancy Jonathan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper focuses on the way in which thick concepts manage to combine the descriptive and the evaluative. It accepts Blackburn’s suggestion that thick terms have variable relevance, but disputes his conclusion that there are no thick concepts. The views of Wiggins and McDowell on these topics play an important role in the discussion. In the process a richer picture of the thick begins to emerge. The paper ends by considering the question whether the doctrine of the supervenience of the evaluative on the natural can still be sustained as a result.
McDowell, Williams, and Intuitionism
Authors: Dancy Jonathan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper is concerned with a disagreement between Bernard Williams and John McDowell. It starts by asking what form a dispositional account of value should take. A no-priority view could hold that value is a disposition to elicit a certain response, and the response is to the object as disposed to elicit just that response. But a different no-priority view could talk of meriting a response and responding in the way merited. The response is explained as an instance of things being as they rationally ought to be. The paper debates the merits of such a view, and then turns to ask how much truth there is in the common claim that McDowell is an intuitionist.
Why There Is Really No Such Thing as the Theory of Motivation
Authors: Dancy Jonathan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper (a forerunner of the author’s Practical Reality) considers in detail the distinction between the reasons we have to act in certain ways, often known as justifying reasons, and the reasons for which we act when the time comes, often known as motivating reasons. It argues that it must be possible for one and the same reason to play both roles. It warns accordingly against the popular version of that distinction which understands the reasons we have to act in certain ways with relevant features of the situation and reasons for which we act as certain psychological states of our own, combinations of beliefs and desires. Any such distinction makes it impossible to act for a good reason. The paper also offers some suggestions about what a better account of the distinction would look like.
Russellian Monism to the Rescue?
Authors: Tye Michael 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter elaborates two standard versions of a view of consciousness known as Russellian Monism. The key idea of this view is that the fundamental entities in micro-reality have intrinsic natures not specified in microphysics, natures that include a range of properties crucial to consciousness and conscious states. The reductive version holds that the relevant properties are themselves genuinely conscious properties of various sorts. The primitivist version holds that the relevant properties ground macro-level conscious properties without themselves involving consciousness. It is shown that neither version is defensible and that neither helps with the paradox.
Transparency and Representationalism
Authors: Tye Michael 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the phenomenon of transparency and presents several different versions of representationalism about conscious states, only one of which is endorsed. There are discussions of representationalism with respect to perceptual experiences, bodily sensations, emotions, conscious thoughts, and moods. Along the way, the objection from blur in vision is addressed and an account offered of how introspection works with respect to conscious states. At the end, there is a discussion of whether consciousness itself is transparent to us. The background context for this discussion is provided by some remarks made by G.E. Moore that seem to run counter to transparency.
The Publishing of Popular Social History Books
Authors: Carter Laura 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapters 1 and 2 make up Part I of this book, which explains how the ‘history of everyday life’ developed and why it had such purchase in mid-twentieth-century British society. This chapter uses the publishing of popular history books to investigate the emergence of the ‘history of everyday life’ as a new genre of popular social history in the inter-war period. Between the wars, publishers competed to capture burgeoning educational markets as the market for ‘traditional’ narrative and literary histories declined. As a result, they began to repackage illustrated source books, memoirs, and diaries as history books after 1918. This fed the appetites of an altered, post-war reading public, including women and juvenile workers.
Social History for ‘Ordinary’ School Pupils
Authors: Carter Laura 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapters 1 and 2 make up Part I of this book, which explains how the ‘history of everyday life’ developed and why it had such purchase in mid-twentieth-century British society. This chapter is about the theory and practice of teaching social history in schools between the 1920s and the 1960s. It explains the pedagogical framework in which ordinary consumers of history came to be conceptualized in the mid-twentieth century. It is argued that social history in schools was increasingly associated with average ability and younger pupils after 1918. Through mass education, the ‘history of everyday life’, with its premium on local settings, practical skills, emotions, and the visual, became the type of history prescribed for the ordinary, ‘modern’ pupil.
DIY Policing: Crafting the New Contours of Policing in a Globalized World
Authors: Aliverti Ana 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the experimentation within British policing resulting from the impetus to identify, fix individual identities, and make people legible in recent decades. Concerns over people’s identification and the crave for information has taken a new shift becoming a prime driver of police innovation and partnership work. The quest to know who is who reinvigorated institutional and operational connections with the inland immigration police, Home Office’s Immigration Enforcement (IE), including Operation Nexus. Operation Nexus (Nexus) is an initiative to bring the operational and intelligence capacities of IE and the police together to identify and manage foreign national suspects. While Nexus has been an important catalyst of fragmented and piecemeal practices in the policing of foreign nationals, the chapter focuses on the bespoke, informal nature of much (migration) policing which relies less on formal structures than in ever fragile and contingent relations, termed as ‘DIY policing’. The peculiar nature of such policing points to the intractable challenges of doing policing in contemporary conditions. At least in the UK, the analysis presented here points to a less coherent strategy and less assertive stance towards migration than that sometimes depicted by policy papers and academic literature on ‘crimmigration’, and provides an important empirical corrective to the dystopian diagnosis of penal power in criminology.
‘In Our Crowded Little Island’: Policing Cartographies, Order, Place, and Belonging
Authors: Aliverti Ana 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This final chapter explores the relationship between place, belonging, and order in migration policing. It foregrounds the question of ‘place’ as a category of analysis to understand how immigration and police officers relate to and make sense of their quotidian work and the different publics they interact with. Foregrounding space in policing sheds light on its importance for visualizing, sensing, and constructing order. This spatial and atmospheric dimension of policing forms part of officers’ cognitive maps through which they attach meaning to and make sense of their patches, and the world beyond them. As these officers deal on an everyday basis with people hailing from far away, what are their perceptions of the world outside their patches and how do these ideas and experiences impact on their work? Directing our attention to the geographies of migration policing, its spatial dimensions illuminate how officers apprehend and construct ‘the here and now’ of the local and vernacular in relation to the ‘outside’ and the past. While the intensification of global movements and interconnections—and the attendant economic, social, and political transformations it entailed–has been said to de-border the state and erode a sense of place, their testimonies point to a recasting of it (of the immediate communities and the nation) in a globalizing context. In such context, these sensibilities which articulate experiences of change have become more acute as these officers convey their sense that the world has been turned upside down.
The Rise of English Prose
Authors: Werlin Julianne 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers a social history of the emergence of a standardized vernacular English prose in the sixteenth century. As national networks of trade and administration formed in late medieval and Tudor England, new channels of communication were forged alongside them. In these conditions, written forms stabilized, while rates of literacy rose. By the end of the sixteenth century, England had become a single linguistic community with shared conventions of writing. An emerging capitalism thus powerfully shaped England’s written language, a fact that has implications for the history of style and genres. The rise of the plain style and the emergence of new genres of prose at the end of the sixteenth century both offer compelling case studies of how English norms of writing emerged out of practical communications.