bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Organs‐on‐Chips: A Review of the State‐of‐the‐Art, Current Prospects, and Future Challenges
Authors: Zarrintaj Payam , Saeb Mohammad Reza , Stadler Florian J. , Yazdi Mohsen Khodadadi , Nezhad Mojtaba Nasiri , Mohebbi Shabnam , Seidi Farzad , Ganjali Mohammad Reza , Mozafari Masoud 
Published: November 2021

AbstractNew emerging technologies, remarkably miniaturized 3D organ models and microfluidics, enable simulation of the real in vitro microenvironment ex vivo more closely. There are many fascinating features of innovative organ‐on‐a‐chip (OOC) technology, including the possibility of integrating semipermeable and/or stretchable membranes, creating continuous perfusion of fluids into microchannels and chambers (while maintaining laminar flow regime), embedding microdevices like microsensors, microstimulators, micro heaters, or different cell lines, along with other 3D cell culture technologies. OOC systems are designed to imitate the structure and function of human organs, ranging from breathing lungs to beating hearts. This technology is expected to be able to revolutionize cell biology studies, personalized precision medicine, drug development process, and cancer diagnosis/treatment. OOC systems can significantly reduce the cost associated with tedious drug development processes and the risk of adverse drug reactions in the body, which makes drug screening more effective. The review mainly focus on presenting an overview of the several previously developed OOC systems accompanied by subjects relevant to pharmacy‐, cancer‐, and placenta‐on‐a‐chip. The challenging issues and opportunities related to these systems are discussed, along with a future perspective for this technology.
Rational Assembly of Liquid Metal/Elastomer Lattice Conductors for High‐Performance and Strain‐Invariant Stretchable Electronics
Authors: Wang Zhenyu , Xia Xuting , Zhu Meng , Zhang Xingle , Liu Rui , Ren Jun , Yang Junyi , Li Ming , Jiang Jing , Liu Yu 
Published: November 2021

AbstractHighly stretchable and conductive composites have gained tremendous research interests due to the imperative demands in the fields of stretchable electronics and soft robotics. However, it is challenging to maintain the original performance of the composites under complex external deformations. Here, a one‐step dual‐material 3D printing technique is developed to rationally assemble liquid metal (LM) into an elastomer lattice. The 3D interconnected and deformable liquid conductive network is supported by a highly ordered and robust polydimethylsiloxane lattice skeleton, yielding the resultant composites high electrical conductivity (1.98 × 106 S m−1), stretchability (180%), and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (72 dB). Unlike those composites with dispersed fillers, the LM/elastomer lattice composites deliver negligible electromechanical coupling, showing a negative resistance change of only −2% at a large tensile strain of 100%. The composites also exhibit strain‐invariant EMI shielding performance in a strain range of 0–100%, and present exceptional stability over 1000 rigorous cycles of stretching and releasing. The applications of the composites in flexible display circuits, microwave shielding layer, and EMI shields in wireless power transmission systems are demonstrated. The current findings suggest an effective strategy for fabricating LM‐based composites with precisely controlled and unprecedented multi‐functionality.
Engineering Ultrasmall Ferroptosis‐Targeting and Reactive Oxygen/Nitrogen Species‐Scavenging Nanozyme for Alleviating Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Wang Keyi , Zhang Yang , Mao Weipu , Feng Wei , Lu Shuting , Wan Jian , Song Xinran , Chen Yu , Peng Bo 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAcute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious renal dysfunction syndromes, which predominantly correlates with the excess production of endogenous reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (RO/NSs), triggering a series of pathological processes including cellular apoptosis, renal fibrosis, and ferroptosis. Ferroptosis as an iron‐dependent nonapoptotic regulated cell death is extensively involved in renal damage. Herein, the authors report the engineering of ultrasmall KCa(H2O)2[FeIII(CN)6]·H2O nanoparticles as multienzyme mimetics, termed as CaPB nanozymes, for effectively scavenging RO/NSs and further inhibiting ferroptosis for the treatment of AKI. CaPB nanoparticles can effectively mimic the activity of multienzymes including superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and glutathione peroxidase. Furthermore, CaPB nanozymes serving as a robust ferroptosis inhibitor significantly increase the expression of ferroptosis regulator glutathione peroxidase 4 in vitro. Furthermore, the renal accumulation of CaPB nanozymes effectively protects the kidney from oxidative injury and alleviated ferroptosis after intravenous administration. Additionally, the abnormal expression of inflammatory factors is further inhibited by CaPB nanozymes. The results demonstrate that the engineered ultrasmall CaPB nanozyme as a multienzyme mimetic features high potential for RO/NSs scavenging and treating AKI via inhibiting ferroptosis, which promises the clinical translation on the treatment of AKI and other RO/NSs‐related renal diseases.
High‐Efficiency Sb2(S,Se)3 Solar Cells with New Hole Transport Layer‐Free Back Architecture via 2D Titanium‐Carbide Mxene
Authors: Li Hu , Lin Limei , Yao Liquan , Wu Fengying , Wei Dong , Liu Guoliang , Huang Zhigao , Chen Shuiyuan , Li Jianmin , Chen Guilin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMXene, a class of 2D materials of metal carbide or nitride, has attracted a lot of attention recently due to its excellent optical and electrical properties. In this work, titanium‐carbide MXene (Ti3C2Tx) is introduced as a back electrode in Sb2(S,Se)3 thin‐film solar cells (FTO/CdS/Sb2(S,Se)3/MXene) for the first time, which displaces traditional carbon (C) and gold (Au) electrodes entirely. Impressively, thanks to its high conductivity, mild reflectivity, and flexible flake architecture, the MXene‐based device performance outperforms typical C and Au electrodes by 153% and 77%, respectively. Specifically, the tunable work function of MXene and a beneficial Sb–O bond formed between Sb2(S,Se)3 and MXene efficiently suppress the recombination and enhance charge transport by enjoying the unique merit of the rich terminal groups of MXene. As a result, the best efficiency of 8.29% of MXene‐based Sb2(S,Se)3 solar device is achieved, which represents the highest performance of noble metal and/or hole transport layer‐free derived Sb2(S,Se)3 solar cells to date. This result has revealed that MXene is a feasible material to substitute the back electrode in Sb‐based solar cells to reach high efficiency, low cost, and high stability.
Advanced Flame‐Retardant Methods for Polymeric Materials
Authors: Liu Bo‐Wen , Zhao Hai‐Bo , Wang Yu‐Zhong 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMost organic polymeric materials have high flammability, for which the large amounts of smoke, toxic gases, heat, and melt drips produced during their burning cause immeasurable damages to human life and property every year. Despite some desirable results having been achieved by conventional flame‐retardant methods, their application is encountering more and more difficulties with the ever‐increasing high flame‐retardant requirements such as high flame‐retardant efficiency, great persistence, low release of heat, smoke, and toxic gases, and more importantly not deteriorating or even enhancing the overall properties of polymers. Under such condition, some advanced flame‐retardant methods have been developed in the past years based on “all‐in‐one” intumescence, nanotechnology, in situ reinforcement, intrinsic char formation, plasma treatment, biomimetic coatings, etc., which have provided potential solutions to the dilemma of conventional flame‐retardant methods. This review briefly outlines the development, application, and problems of conventional flame‐retardant methods, including bulk‐additive, bulk‐copolymerization, and surface treatment, and focuses on the raise, development, and potential application of advanced flame‐retardant methods. The future development of flame‐retardant methods is further discussed.
In Situ BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin) Assisted Electroless Plating Method with Superior Adhesion Property
Authors: Kim Geon Hwee , Hwang Hui Yun , An Taechang 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe authors report a technique that can deposit metal micro/nano structures irrespective of the type of polymer substrate to obtain electrical conductivity of substrate with in situ solution process. Existing electronic products are made on Si‐based substrates, but as newly developed markets such as wearable devices are created, there is a need to manufacture electronic devices on organic‐based substrates. In order to meet the needs of this market, studies of fabricating a conducting layer on an organic based substrate are reported, techniques using interfacial layer materials that require a complex synthesis process. Here, BSA (bovine serum albumin) assisted metal deposition technique with simple, and excellent adhesion property of conducting layer, is reported. The chemical principle that BSA activates the catalyst ion of electroless plating is investigated, and the principle of increasing adhesion by cross‐linking the catalyst nanoparticles formed in this way is also investigated. In addition, electrical/mechanical characteristics are compared with previous studies, and it is proved that it is a durable and robust technology applicable to flexible electronics.
Metallic Plate Buckling As a Low Adhesion Mechanism for Durable and Scalable Icephobic Surface Design
Authors: Alasvand Zarasvand Kamran , Pope Cory , Mohseni Majid , Orchard David , Clark Catherine , Golovin Kevin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIce accretion is significantly detrimental to a range of different industries worldwide. Current methods for reducing ice adhesion include the use of lubricants, hydrophobic coatings, or soft elastomers, all of which exhibit limited durability. As an alternative, here sparsely confined metallic sheets are suspended and the surface buckling instability is tailored, resulting in ice adhesion strengths on par with these prior strategies but without the use of any coatings. These Buckling Elastomer‐like Anti‐icing Metallic Surfaces, or BEAMS, exhibit ultra‐low ice adhesion (<1 kPa) and the mechanical resilience of metals. Results from an icing wind tunnel confirmed the efficacy of BEAMS toward impact ice accreted in realistic conditions via the high‐speed impingement of ≈20 µm droplets at −20 °C. The BEAMS sheet confinement, boundary conditions, and physical dimensions of both the ice and the metallic plates can be altered to minimize ice adhesion via the mechanics of plate buckling. Additionally, BEAMS that detach ice without directly contacting it are designed, the scalability of BEAMS is demonstrated, and their durability is verified using rain erosion, sandblasting, thermal extremes, and repeated icing/de‐icing, both in an icing wind tunnel and on a benchtop system.
Ambient Condition, Three‐Layer Slot‐Die Coated Organic Photovoltaics with PCE of 10%
Authors: Tintori Francesco , Welch Gregory C. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractOrganic photovoltaics have emerged as a low‐cost and sustainable technology suitable for integration into everyday life. Record power conversion efficiencies (PCE) are rising, having surpassed 18% for single‐junction devices. However, most work is still carried out using laboratory‐scale techniques and conditions which are not representative of what can be achieved in an industrial setting. Herein, the use of a high‐performance bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) system (i.e., PM6:Y6C12) in fabricating devices with commercially available materials, with all organic layers slot‐die coated (hole transport layer, electron transport layer, and photoactive layer), without thermally treating the active layer, using non‐halogenated solvents, and in ambient condition is demonstrated. A conventional architecture is used, where the hole transport layer (PEDOT:PSS), the electron transport layer (PFNBr), and the photoactive layer (PM6:Y6C12), are all slot‐die coated in air from water, methanol, and o‐xylene, respectively. Photovoltaic devices have an average efficiency of 10.1%, which is among the highest reported for devices with three slot‐die coated layers obtained in ambient conditions from halogen‐free solvents.
Accessibility in Liquid Media: Cyclodehydration of Hexane‐2,5‐Diol for the Evaluation of Layered Catalysts
Authors: Zaarour Moussa , Fayad Ghinwa , Boullay Philippe , Clet Guillaume 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn order to establish layered materials as heterogeneous catalysts in the liquid phase, acidic layered materials are evaluated here through the conversion of hexane‐2,5‐diol used as a model reaction. Such polyoxygenate reactant is representative of some of the biomass components and the interactions of the reagent or furan product with the interlayers surface is a key to the understanding of these lamellar materials features. Layered HNbMoO6 catalyst is particularly active and stable for the studied reaction compared to several zeolites and its high activity is obtained without any pre‐activation step prior to reaction. The influence of temperature and water content in the reaction mixture are also studied for this catalyst. The importance of intercalation in the reaction process is specifically evaluated using Raman spectroscopy and powder X‐ray diffraction. On this layered catalyst, the reaction proceeds after intercalation of diol within the interlayer space followed by subsequent cyclodehydration giving rise to 2,5‐dimethyltetrahydrofuran with high selectivity. Comparison with related layered materials such as HNbWO6 or H2W2O7 highlights a distinct behavior both in reactivity and intercalation and emphasizes the role of the accessibility to the active sites.
The Role of Subsurface Valence Band Localization in the Passivation of Perovskite Nanocrystals
Authors: Wang Tian , Ng Jun De Andrew , Ong Evon Woan Yuann , Khoo Khoong Hong , Tan Zhi‐Kuang 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTraditional colloidal quantum dots rely on larger‐bandgap semiconductor shells for the localization of excitons in their emissive core. Unshelled quantum dots are typically weakly luminescent due to severe quenching by deep electronic traps. Lead halide perovskite nanocrystals deviate from this convention and require only common monofunctional aliphatic ligands on their surfaces to attain near‐unity luminescence quantum yields. Here, a combination of density functional theory calculations and experimental studies is employed to elucidate the mechanistic role of the ligands. The attachment of a surface ligand leads to a distortion of the surface, which results in the localization of the valence band deeper into the subsurface layers. This creates an energetic profile that is similar to a conventional core–shell quantum dot and renders the valence electrons unavailable for interaction with adventitious chemical species. It is further shown that a phosphonate moiety offers significantly stronger binding and leads to the long‐term preservation of this beneficial subsurface localized band structure. As experimental proof, a red‐emitting mixed‐halide perovskite nanocrystal, which is usually susceptible to degradation and spectral shifts, exhibits remarkable stability under a phosphonate ligand shell. These findings and mechanistic insights may guide the future engineering of robust perovskite nanocrystals for color displays and light‐emitting applications.
Water‐Light Induced Self‐Blacking System Constituted by Quinoa Cellulose and Graphene Oxide for High Performance of Salt‐Rejecting Solar Desalination
Authors: Yang Jie , Suo Xidong , Chen Xiaorong , Cai Shubo , Ji Xinlong , Qiao Hongtao 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSalt deposits are a key challenge of solar driven desalination technology due to the fact that the evaporation rate of the system sharply deteriorates when salt accumulates. In this paper, a self‐blacking aerogel (SBA) is first demonstrated with excellent deposited salt self‐cleaning performance, and the self‐cleaning mechanism is illustrated by the theory of chemical potential. The color of the SBA can be changed from light brown to black under the inducement of water and light, and its light absorption ability clearly increases from 34.5% to 77.0% in the whole spectral range (200–2500 nm). SBA is fabricated by quinoa bran cellulose (QBC) and graphene oxide (GO) with an evaporation rate of 3.6 kg m−2 h−1 under one sun. Importantly, for natural solar irradiation, the average evaporation rate reaches up to 12.6 and 12 kg m−2 day−1 in the period of 15 days of outdoor experiments for pure water and stimulated seawater respectively, which can meet the drinking water demand for 5–6 people. This work provides a convenient strategy to improve the salt deposit problem with high evaporation rate, and low cost for practical desalination, with water purification applications.
Recent Progress of Sub‐Nanometric Materials in Photothermal Energy Conversion
Authors: Lu Qichen , Wang Xun 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSub‐nanometric materials (SNMs) are an attractive scope in recent years due to their atomic‐level size and unique properties. Among various performances of SNMs, photothermal energy conversion is one of the most important ones because it can efficiently utilize the light energy. Herein, the SNMs with photothermal energy conversion behaviors and their applications are reviewed. First, a hydrothermal/solvothermal method for the synthesis of SNMs is systematically discussed, including the LaMer pathway and the cluster–nuclei coassembly pathway. Based on this synthetic strategy, many kinds of SNMs with different morphologies are successfully prepared, such as nanorings, nanowires, nanosheets, and nanobelts. These SNMs exhibit excellent photothermal performance under the laser or solar irradiation according to their different light absorption ranges. These enhanced absorption performances of SNMs are induced by the mechanism of plasmonic localized heating or nonradiative relaxation. Finally, the applications of the photothermal SNMs are illustrated. The SNMs with photothermal behaviors can be widely applied in the fields of solar vapor generation, biomedicine, and light‐responsive composites construction. It is hoped that this review can provide new viewpoints and profound understanding to the SNMs in photothermal energy conversion.
CsI Enhanced Buried Interface for Efficient and UV‐Robust Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Xu Hang , Miao Yanfeng , Wei Ning , Chen Haoran , Qin Zhixiao , Liu Xiaomin , Wang Xingtao , Qi Yabing , Zhang Taiyang , Zhao Yixin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe buried interface between the perovskite and the electron transport layer (ETL) plays a vital role for the further improvement of power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, it is challenging to efficiently optimize this interface as it is buried in the bottom of the perovskite film. Herein, a buried interface strengthening strategy for constructing efficient and stable PSCs by using CsI‐SnO2 complex as an ETL is reported. The CsI modification facilitates the growth of the perovskite film and effectively passivates the interfacial defects. Meanwhile, the gradient distribution of Cs+ contributes to a more suitable band alignment with the perovskite, and the incorporation of Cs+ into the perovskite at the bottom interface enhances the resistance against UV illumination. Eventually, a significantly improved PCE up to 23.3% and a much‐enhanced UV stability of FAPbI3‐based PSCs are achieved. This work highlights the importance of cesium‐enhanced interfaces and provides an effective approach for the simultaneous realization of highly efficient and UV‐stable perovskite solar cells.
Constructed Ge Quantum Dots and Sn Precipitate SiGeSn Hybrid Film with High Thermoelectric Performance at Low Temperature Region
Authors: Peng Ying , Miao Lei , Liu Chengyan , Song Haili , Kurosawa Masashi , Nakatsuka Osamu , Back Song Yi , Rhyee Jong Soo , Murata Masayuki , Tanemura Sakae , Baba Takahiro , Baba Tetsuya , Ishizaki Takahiro , Mori Takao 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSiGe‐based thermoelectric (TE) materials are well‐known for high‐temperature utilization, but rarely relevant in the low temperature region. Here a Ge quantum dots (QDs) and Sn precipitation SiGeSn hybrid film are constructed via ultrafast high temperature annealing (UHA) of a treated P‐ion implantation SiGeSn film on Si/SiO2substrate. Combining the modulation doping effect dominated by Sn precipitates and the energy filtering effect caused by Ge QDs, the optimized SiGe films achieve a giant power factor as high as 91 µW cm−1K−2@300 K, room temperature, while maintaining low thermal conductivity. This strategy on film construction provides a novel insight for TE materials with striking performance.
Usefulness of Bacterial Culture of Drainage Fluid for Predicting Surgical Site Infection After Crohn’s Disease Surgery
Authors: Ichihara Momoko , Ogino Takayuki , Fujii Makoto , Haraguchi Naotsugu , Takahashi Hidekazu , Miyoshi Norikatsu , Uemura Mamoru , Doki Yuichiro , Eguchi Hidetoshi , Mizushima Tsunekazu 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAimEarly detection of surgical site infection (SSI) allows for appropriate management after Crohn's disease (CD) surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of bacterial culture of postoperative drainage fluid after CD surgery.MethodsThis study included 110 patients with CD who underwent surgery with bowel resection between January 2010 and March 2020 at Osaka University Hospital. Patients with only perianal surgery or incomplete records were excluded. Risk factors for SSI were evaluated in the context of clinical findings, including bacterial culture of postoperative drainage fluid, and bacterial species related to SSI were also examined.ResultsOf 110 patients, 18 (16.4%) developed SSI. Organ/space SSI developed in six, and a positive bacterial culture of drainage fluid (D‐Posi) was found in five (83.3%). Of 104 patients without organ/space SSI, 31 (29.8%) were D‐Posi (P = .027). Similarly, 68.8% with incisional SSI were D‐Posi, whereas 26.6% without incisional SSI were D‐Posi (P = .0021). Multivariate analysis revealed that D‐Posi was an independent risk factor in both organ/space and incisional SSI. Bacterial examination showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis were significantly detected in patients with SSI.ConclusionThis study suggests the usefulness of postoperative drainage fluid bacterial culture for early diagnosis of SSI after CD surgery.
A Carbonic Anhydrase IX (CAIX)‐Anchored Rhenium(I) Photosensitizer Evokes Pyroptosis for Enhanced Anti‐Tumor Immunity
Authors: Su Xuxian , Wang Wen‐Jin , Cao Qian , Zhang Hang , Liu Bin , Ling Yuyi , Zhou Xiaotong , Mao Zong‐Wan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAn ideal cancer treatment should not only destroy primary tumors but also improve the immunogenicity of the tumor microenvironment to achieve a satisfactory anti‐tumor immune effect. We designed a carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX)‐anchored rhenium(I) photosensitizer, named CA‐Re, that not only performs type‐I and type‐II photodynamic therapy (PDT) with high efficiency under hypoxia (nanomolar‐level phototoxicity), but also evokes gasdermin D (GSDMD) mediated pyroptotic cell death to effectively stimulate tumor immunogenicity. CA‐Re could disrupt and self‐report the loss of membrane integrity simultaneously. This promoted the maturation and antigen‐presenting ability of dendritic cells (DCs), and fully activated T cells dependent adaptive immune response in vivo, eventually eliminating distant tumors at the same time as destroying primary tumors. To the best of our knowledge, CA‐Re is the first metal complex‐based pyroptosis inducer.