bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BRITISH EXPEDITIONARY FORCE VEGETABLE SHOWS, ALLOTMENT CULTURE, AND LIFE BEHIND THE LINES DURING THE GREAT WAR
Authors: MAYHEW ALEX 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPopular perceptions of 1914–18 focus on the trenches. Yet, much of soldiers’ time was spent in rear areas and many men never reached the frontlines. By studying life behind the lines it is possible to offer new perspectives on the experience of the Great War. In August 1917 and 1918, the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) took over the usually quiet paths and lawns of Le Havre's Jardin St Roche, which the mayor of the town had agreed to loan to the base commandant. Rather than engaging in battle with the enemy, BEF servicemen and Belgian military personnel, alongside French civilians, were displaying the fruits (and vegetables) of their more peaceful labours. As part of a programme encouraging the cultivation of unused land around the surrounding camps, a vegetable competition was organized in which it was onions, beets, and kale rather than bullets, grenades, and shells that were the produce of war. This article explores the ways in which the organization of these events can throw light on the broader history of the British Army during the First World War. In doing so, it provides novel insights into the functioning of the BEF and the experiences of the men serving in it.
Planned mode of birth after previous caesarean section and women's use of psychotropic medication in the first year postpartum: a population-based record linkage cohort study
Authors: Fitzpatrick Kathryn E. , Quigley Maria A. , Smith Daniel J. , Kurinczuk Jennifer J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundPolicy in many high-income settings supports giving pregnant women with previous caesarean section a choice between an elective repeat caesarean section (ERCS) or planning a vaginal birth after previous caesarean (VBAC), provided they have no contraindications to VBAC. Despite the potential for this choice to influence women's mental health, evidence about the associated effect to counsel women and identify potential targets for intervention is limited. This study investigated the association between planned mode of birth after previous caesarean and women's subsequent use of psychotropic medications.MethodsA population-based cohort study of 31 131 women with one or more previous caesarean sections who gave birth to a term singleton in Scotland between 2010 and 2015 with no prior psychotropic medications in the year before birth was conducted using linked Scottish national datasets. Cox regression was used to investigate the association between planned mode of birth and being dispensed psychotropic medications in the first year postpartum adjusted for socio-demographic, medical, pregnancy-related factors and breastfeeding.ResultsPlanned VBAC (n= 10 220) compared to ERCS (n= 20 911) was associated with a reduced risk of the mother being dispensed any psychotropic medication [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 0.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.78–0.92], an antidepressant (aHR 0.83, 95% CI 0.76–0.90), and at least two consecutive antidepressants (aHR 0.83, 95% CI 0.75–0.91) in the first year postpartum.ConclusionsWomen giving birth by ERCS were more likely than those having a planned VBAC to be dispensed psychotropic medication including antidepressants in the first year postpartum. Further research is needed to establish the reasons behind this new finding.
A Passage to India: Rhetoric and Diplomacy between Muscovy and Central Asia in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Abdurasulov Ulfat 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIt is broadly assumed that attempts by the Russian state of Muscovy to establish stable diplomatic and mercantile channels to India via Central Asia were started upon the initiative of the Emperor Peter I (1682–1725). Such attempts are generally interpreted as being part of a large-scale project that reflected the growing imperial and colonial ambitions of Russia and which, in turn, entailed strong antagonism from the ruling elites of Central Asia, thereby setting a tone for relations that would continue for the next century and more of reciprocal relations between the local principalities and Russia. By exploring chancellery documents from seventeenth-century Muscovy, we find that the first diplomatic communications between Russia, Khiva, and Bukhara can in fact be dated to long before the reign of Peter I. The first Romanov tsars sought to initiate exchanges with Khiva and Bukhara as a means of establishing diplomatic and commercial ties with the Mughal emperors; at the same time, meanwhile, the authorities in Khiva and Bukhara had their own reasons for pushing Muscovy to engage with Central Asia as a conduit to India. Over the course of the seventeenth century, Central Asian diplomats went to great lengths—both in diplomatic correspondence and through direct interpersonal contacts—to convince their Russian counterparts of the region's attractiveness as a source of precious Indian commodities and as a logistically convenient passage to India. Despite such rhetoric, however, the authorities in Khiva and Bukhara were in fact highly reluctant to “open” the region to Russian agents: repeated attempts by Muscovy to engage in diplomatic fact-finding as a means of establishing influence in the region invariably foundered in the face of Central Asian resistance. Bukharan and Khivan circles seem, in fact, to have held out the enticing idea of “a passage to India” simply as a rhetorical device to secure recognition in Muscovy for their own diplomatic and mercantile missions.
Immunogenicity and safety of rapid scheme vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis in HIV-1 infected persons
Authors: Jilich D. , Maly M. , Kosina P. , Fleischhans L. , Machala L. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a vector-borne infection associated with a variety of potentially serious complications and sequelae. Vaccination against TBE is strongly recommended for people living in endemic areas. There are two TBE vaccination schemes – standard and rapid – which differ in the onset of protection. With vaccination in a rapid schedule, protection starts as early as 4 weeks after the first dose and is therefore especially recommended for non-immune individuals travelling to endemic areas. Both schemes work reliably in immunocompetent individuals, but only little is known about how TBE vaccination works in people with HIV infection. Our aim was to assess the immunogenicity and safety of the rapid scheme of TBE vaccination in HIV-1 infected individuals. Concentrations of TBE-specific IgG > 126 VIEU/ml were considered protective. The seroprotection rate was 35.7% on day 28 and 39.3% on day 60. There were no differences between responders and non-responders in baseline and nadir CD4 + T lymphocytes. No serious adverse events were observed after vaccination. The immunogenicity of the TBE vaccination was unsatisfactory in our study and early protection was only achieved in a small proportion of vaccinees. Therefore, TBE vaccination with the rapid scheme cannot be recommended for HIV-1 infected individuals.
Indexes to assess feeding practices of children under 2 years old: a systematic review
Authors: Silva Priscila O , Lyrio Amanda O , da Cruz Simone S , Santos Leonor MP , Gubert Muriel B 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjective:To systematically review studies that used indexes to assess feeding practices of children under 2 years.Design:Seven databases were searched with no limit on language or publication date.Setting:The reviewed studies included thirteen Asian, ten Latin American, four European, four North American, three Oceanian and three African.Participants:Children under 2 years.Results:We analysed thirty-six studies: twenty-two presenting original indexes and fourteen using adapted indexes. Among the original indexes, thirteen assess breast-feeding, fourteen food consumption, ten food groups, and ten other feeding practices. Original indexes were mainly adapted to fit the data available in the study, to update for current nutritional recommendations or to add components not present in the original indexes. Seven studies evaluated the associations between the indexes and nutrient intake or nutritional status. The main limitations cited by the authors were: flaws in the definition of the index components, criteria for cut-off points and weighting of the evaluated index components.Conclusions:The assessment of feeding practices for young children and its comparison across countries remains a challenge, especially due to the lack of consensus on the construction of indexes and regional differences in dietary recommendations and practices. Lack of validation for some indexes also makes it difficult to choose the most appropriate index for a given objective. Adapting existing indexes is a viable option. We point out relevant recommendations that may contribute to future research. Validation and longitudinal studies in diverse populations are favourable to qualify the assessment of feeding practices in this group.
Reducing stigma and discrimination associated with COVID-19: early stage pandemic rapid review and practical recommendations
Authors: Gronholm P. C. , Nosé M. , van Brakel W. H. , Eaton J. , Ebenso B. , Fiekert K. , Milenova M. , Sunkel C. , Barbui C. , Thornicroft G. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Aims
To develop recommendations for strategies and interventions to reduce stigma and discrimination related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), through reviewing and synthesising evidence in relation to COVID-19 and other disease outbreaks and infectious/stigmatised conditions from systematic reviews and primary studies and recommendations from additional materials.

Methods
Rapid review, drawing on the World Health Organization's (WHO) methodology for developing interim guidelines during health emergencies. PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Cochrane Central and Campbell Collaboration searched up to mid-April 2020. Searches were supplemented by reference-searching and expert recommendations. Searches were designed to identify: (1) systematic reviews (<10 years), or (2) primary intervention studies (no date limit) reporting evidence on anti-stigma interventions (in relation to COVID-19 or other infectious/stigmatised conditions) or (3) additional relevant materials. Data were extracted on population, intervention, outcome and results. These data were compiled into evidence summary tables and narrative overviews. Recommendations on strategies for COVID-19 stigma-reduction were developed using the WHO ‘Evidence to Decision’ framework approach. The review protocol was registered with PROSPERO (registration ID: CRD42020177677).

Results
The searches identified a total of 4150 potentially relevant records, from which 12 systematic reviews and 29 additional articles were included. Overarching considerations and specific recommendations focus on: (1) language/words used in relation to COVID-19 and affected people; (2) media/journalistic practices; (3) public health interventions; (4) targeted public health interventions for key groups and (5) involving communities and key stakeholders.

Conclusions
These recommendations represent the first consolidated evidence-based guidance on stigma and discrimination reduction in relation to COVID-19. Mitigating the impact of stigma is critical in reducing distress and negative experiences, and strengthening communities' resolve to work together during exceptional circumstances. Ultimately, reducing stigma helps addressing structural inequalities that drive marginalisation and exacerbate both health risks and the impact of stigma. Administrations and decision makers are urged to consider integrating these recommendations into the ongoing COVID-19 response.
Drivers of Air‐Sea CO2 Flux Seasonality and its Long‐Term Changes in the NASA‐GISS Model CMIP6 Submission
Authors: Lerner Paul , Romanou Anastasia , Kelley Maxwell , Romanski Joy , Ruedy Reto , Russell Gary 
Published: January 2021

AbstractClimate change will affect both the mean state and seasonality of marine physical and biogeochemical properties, with important implications for the oceanic sink of atmospheric CO2. Here, we investigate the seasonal cycle of the air‐sea exchange of CO2 and pCO2,sw (surface seawater pCO2) and their long term changes using the CMIP6 submission of the NASA‐GISS modelE (GISS‐E2.1‐G). In comparison to the CMIP5 submission (GISS‐E2‐R), we find that on the global scale, the seasonal cycles of the CO2 flux and NPP have improved, while the seasonal cycles of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), alkalinity, and macronutrients have deteriorated. Moreover, for all ocean biogeochemistry fields, changes in skill between E2.1‐G and E2‐R display large regional variability. For E2.1‐G, we find similar modeled and observed CO2 flux seasonal cycles in the subtropical gyres, where seasonal anomalies of pCO2,sw and the flux are temperature‐driven, and the Southern Ocean, where anomalies are DIC‐driven. Biases in these seasonal cycles are largest in the subpolar and equatorial regions, driven by a combination of biases in temperature, DIC, alkalinity, and wind speed. When comparing the historical simulation to a simulation with an idealized increase in atmospheric pCO2, we find that the seasonal amplitudes of the CO2 flux and pCO2,sw generally increase. These changes are produced by increases in the sensitivity of pCO2,sw to its respective drivers. These findings are consistent with the notion that the seasonality of pCO2,sw is expected to increase due to the increase of atmospheric pCO2, with changes in the seasonality of temperature, DIC, and alkalinity having secondary influences.
Anthropogenic Drought: Definition, Challenges, and Opportunities
Authors: AghaKouchak Amir , Mirchi Ali , Madani Kaveh , Di Baldassarre Giuliano , Nazemi Ali , Alborzi Aneseh , Anjileli Hassan , Azarderakhsh Marzi , Chiang Felicia , Hassanzadeh Elmira , Huning Laurie S. , Mallakpour Iman , Martinez Alexandre , Mazdiyasni Omid , Moftakhari Hamed , Norouzi Hamid , Sadegh Mojtaba , Sadeqi Dalal , Van Loon Anne F. , Wanders Niko 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTraditional, mainstream definitions of drought describe it as deficit in water‐related variables or water‐dependent activities (e.g., precipitation, soil moisture, surface and groundwater storage, and irrigation) due to natural variabilities that are out of the control of local decision‐makers. Here, we argue that within coupled human‐water systems, drought must be defined and understood as a process as opposed to a product to help better frame and describe the complex and interrelated dynamics of both natural and human‐induced changes that define anthropogenic drought as a compound multidimensional and multiscale phenomenon, governed by the combination of natural water variability, climate change, human decisions and activities, and altered micro‐climate conditions due to changes in land and water management. This definition considers the full spectrum of dynamic feedbacks and processes (e.g., land‐atmosphere interactions and water and energy balance) within human‐nature systems that drive the development of anthropogenic drought. This process magnifies the water supply demand gap and can lead to water bankruptcy, which will become more rampant around the globe in the coming decades due to continuously growing water demands under compounding effects of climate change and global environmental degradation. This challenge has de facto implications for both short‐term and long‐term water resources planning and management, water governance, and policymaking. Herein, after a brief overview of the anthropogenic drought concept and its examples, we discuss existing research gaps and opportunities for better understanding, modeling, and management of this phenomenon.
Anthropogenic Perturbations to the Atmospheric Molybdenum Cycle
Authors: Wong Michelle Y. , Rathod Sagar D. , Marino Roxanne , Li Longlei , Howarth Robert W. , Alastuey Andres , Alaimo Maria Grazia , Barraza Francisco , Carneiro Manuel Castro , Chellam Shankararaman , Chen Yu‐Cheng , Cohen David D. , Connelly David , Dongarra Gaetano , Gómez Darió , Hand Jenny , Harrison R. M. , Hopke Philip K. , Hueglin Christoph , Kuang Yuan‐wen , Lambert Fabrice , Liang James , Losno Remi , Maenhaut Willy , Milando Chad , Monteiro Maria Inês Couto , Morera‐Gómez Yasser , Querol Xavier , Rodríguez Sergio , Smichowski Patricia , Varrica Daniela , Xiao Yi‐hua , Xu Yangjunjie , Mahowald Natalie M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMolybdenum (Mo) is a key cofactor in enzymes used for nitrogen (N) fixation and nitrate reduction, and the low availability of Mo can constrain N inputs, affecting ecosystem productivity. Natural atmospheric Mo aerosolization and deposition from sources such as desert dust, sea‐salt spray, and volcanoes can affect ecosystem function across long timescales, but anthropogenic activities such as combustion, motor vehicles, and agricultural dust have accelerated the natural Mo cycle. Here we combined a synthesis of global atmospheric concentration observations and modeling to identify and estimate anthropogenic sources of atmospheric Mo. To project the impact of atmospheric Mo on terrestrial ecosystems, we synthesized soil Mo data and estimated the global distribution of soil Mo using two approaches to calculate turnover times. We estimated global emissions of atmospheric Mo in aerosols (<10 μm in diameter) to be 23 Gg Mo yr−1, with 40%–75% from anthropogenic sources. We approximated that for the top meter of soil, Mo turnover times range between 1,000 and 1,000,000 years. In some industrialized regions, anthropogenic inputs have enhanced Mo deposition 100‐fold, lowering the soil Mo turnover time considerably. Our synthesis of global observational data, modeling, and a mass balance comparison with riverine Mo exports suggest that anthropogenic activity has greatly accelerated the Mo cycle, with potential to influence N‐limited ecosystems.
The Mechanical Response of a Magma Chamber With Poroviscoelastic Crystal Mush
Authors: Liao Yang , Soule S. Adam , Jones Max , Le Mével Hélène 
Published: January 2021

AbstractImproved understanding of the impact of crystal mush rheology on the response of magma chambers to magmatic events is critical for better understanding crustal igneous systems with abundant crystals. In this study, we extend an earlier model by Liao et al. (2018); https://doi.org/10.1029/2018jb015985 which considers the mechanical response of a magma chamber with poroelastic crystal mush, by including poroviscoelastic rheology of crystal mush. We find that the coexistence of the two mechanisms of poroelastic diffusion and viscoelastic relaxation causes the magma chamber to react to a magma injection event with more complex time‐dependent behaviors. Specifically, we find that the system’s short‐term evolution is dominated by the poroelastic diffusion process, while its long‐term evolution is dominated by the viscoelastic relaxation process. We identify two post‐injection timescales that represent these two stages and examine their relation to the material properties of the system. We find that better constraints on the poroelastic diffusion time are more important for the potential interpretation of surface deformation using the model.
Rossby Number Dependence of Venus/Titan‐Type Superrotation and Its Related Intermittency
Authors: Tsunoda Yuma , Yamamoto Masaru , Takahashi Masaaki 
Published: January 2021

AbstractVenus/Titan‐type superrotation driven by stratospheric heating and intermittency seen in the superrotation dynamics are investigated using an idealized general circulation model in a high Rossby number regime (Ro = 7.5 to 23 for the strongest zonal jet) where the superrotation is formed by the meridional circulation and equatorward eddy momentum flux. When the jet core has a Rossby number of ∼23 on a slowly rotating or small planet, fast planetary‐scale Rossby waves are transiently amplified by both barotropic and baroclinic energy conversion and intermittently produce equatorward eddy momentum fluxes. At high latitudes, poleward eddy momentum transport also occurs when the poleward heat flux of baroclinic eddies is strong. On such a slowly rotating or small‐sized planet, equatorial superrotation is developed efficiently by weak, intermittent equatorward momentum flux in the presence of polar indirect circulation and the speed of the zonal flow is roughly constant over the low‐ and mid‐latitudes. In contrast, on a relatively fast rotating or large‐sized planet when the Rossby number is ∼7.5 for the jet core, although the zonal jets and equatorward eddy momentum fluxes intensify, equatorial superrotation is not developed efficiently (i.e., the superrotation intensity and its equatorial efficiency are small). Strong equatorward eddy momentum fluxes are produced continuously by slow barotropic Rossby waves on the equatorward flanks of the jets developed by the strong meridional circulation. The poleward heat fluxes of baroclinic waves are negligible because it is much smaller than the heat flux of the zonal‐mean meridional circulation.
PAI-1 protein is a key molecular effector in the transition from normal to PTSD-like fear memory
Authors: Bouarab C. , Roullot-Lacarrière V. , Vallée M. , Le Roux A. , Guette C. , Mennesson M. , Marighetto A. , Desmedt A. , Piazza P. V. , Revest J. M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractModerate stress increases memory and facilitates adaptation. In contrast, intense stress can induce pathological memories as observed in post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD). A shift in the balance between the expression of tPA and PAI-1 proteins is responsible for this transition. In conditions of moderate stress, glucocorticoid hormones increase the expression of the tPA protein in the hippocampal brain region which by triggering the Erk1/2MAPK signaling cascade strengthens memory. When stress is particularly intense, very high levels of glucocorticoid hormones then increase the production of PAI-1 protein, which by blocking the activity of tPA induces PTSD-like memories. PAI-1 levels after trauma could be a predictive biomarker of the subsequent appearance of PTSD and pharmacological inhibition of PAI-1 activity a new therapeutic approach to this debilitating condition.
Sex-specific responses to cold in a very cold-tolerant, northern Drosophila species
Authors: Parker Darren J. , Envall Tapio , Ritchie Michael G. , Kankare Maaria 
Published: January 2021

AbstractOrganisms can plastically alter resource allocation in response to changing environmental factors. For example, in harsh conditions, organisms are expected to shift investment from reproduction toward survival; however, the factors and mechanisms that govern the magnitude of such shifts are relatively poorly studied. Here we compared the impact of cold on males and females of the highly cold-tolerant speciesDrosophila montanaat the phenotypic and transcriptomic levels. Although both sexes showed similar changes in cold tolerance and gene expression in response to cold treatment, indicating that the majority of changes are concordant between the sexes, we identified a clear reduction in sexually dimorphic gene expression, suggesting that preparing for the colder season involves reducing investment in sex-specific traits. This reduction was larger in males than females, as expected if male sexual traits are more condition-dependent than female traits, as predicted by theory. Gene expression changes were primarily associated with shifts in metabolic profile, which likely play a role in increasing cold tolerance. Finally, we found that the expression of immune genes was reduced following cold treatment, suggesting that reduced investment in costly immune function may be important in helping flies survive colder periods.