bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Persistent subchorionic hematoma with clinical symptoms until delivery
Authors: Seki H , Kuromaki K , Takeda S , Kinoshita K 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: This study was performed retrospectively to clarify the clinical features of persistent subchorionic hematoma with clinical symptoms until delivery. Methods: We studied all the 22 cases of persistent subchorionic hematoma with symptoms until delivery from 4763 singleton pregnant women delivered in our hospital from 1985 to 1996 inclusive to investigate their clinical course and pregnancy outcome. Results: The initial symptom of subchorionic hematoma was vaginal bleeding and/or uterine contractions. The onset of the symptoms showed two peaks at 9–11 and 30–31 weeks of gestation. The pregnancy outcome was spontaneous abortion in three cases (13.6%), premature labor in 17 cases (77.3%) or full‐term delivery in two cases (9.1%). Tocolysis was needed in 17 of the 22 cases (77.3%), of which 16 cases failed to prevent premature delivery. Conclusion: Persistent subchorionic hematoma with clinical symptoms until delivery is likely to result in abortion or premature labor, because that may be thought to be a severe type.
The influence of abortion legislation on maternal mortality
Authors: Singh K , Ratnam S.S 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWorldwide some 20 million unsafe abortions take place each year and account for approximately 13% of all maternal mortality and serious complications associated with it, such as sepsis, hemorrhage and trauma. Only a quarter of all women in the world do not have any access to legal abortion, whereas 40% have a legal right to decide for themselves. This liberalization of abortion legislation has seen a tremendous drop in abortion‐related maternal mortality. Death from unsafe abortions are almost unknown in countries where abortion is available on request. Reduction of the need for induced abortion through the provision of good family planning services should be an integral part of healthcare. Consistent use of contraception greatly reduces the need for abortion, but it cannot completely eliminate this need. Thus, it is essential that safe medical abortion services should be made available to all women in the world in cases of contraceptive failure.
Construction of entropy solutions for one dimensional elastodynamics via time discretisation
Authors: Demoulini Sophia , Stuart David M.A , Tzavaras Athanasios E 
Published: July 2002

It is shown that the variational approximation scheme for one-dimensional elastodynamics given by time discretisation converges, subsequentially, weakly and a.e. to a weak solution which satisfies the entropy inequalities. We also prove convergence under the restriction of positive spatial derivative (for longitudinal motions).

Résumé
Pour les équations d’élasticité dynamiques à une variable d’espace on démontre que la méthode de discrétisation en la variable temps, résolue variationellement, produit une suite de solutions approchées convergeant, par une sous suite, faiblement et presque partout vers une solution faible classique qui satisfait les inégalités d’entropie. Nous prouvons aussi que le même résultat reste valable sous la restriction de positivité des dérivées partielles en la variable spatiale.
On the thermodynamic limit for Hartree–Fock type models
Authors: Lions P.-L , Catto I , Le Bris C 
Published: July 2002

We continue here our study [10–13] of the thermodynamic limit for various models of Quantum Chemistry, this time focusing on the Hartree–Fock type models. For the reduced Hartree–Fock models, we prove the existence of the thermodynamic limit for the energy per unit volume. We also define a periodic problem associated to the Hartree–Fock model, and prove that it is well-posed.

Résumé
Nous poursuivons dans cet article notre étude systématique [10–13] de la limite thermodynamique de divers modèles issus de la Chimie Quantique Moléculaire, en nous consacrant cette fois aux modèles de type Hartree–Fock. Pour le modèle de Hartree–Fock réduit, nous prouvons que l’énergie par unité de volume a une limite thermodynamique, que nous identifions. Nous définissons également un modèle périodique associé au modèle de Hartree–Fock, et nous démontrons qu’il est bien posé.
Hyaluronan suppressed nitric oxide production in the meniscus and synovium of rabbit osteoarthritis model
Authors: Takahashi Kenji , Hashimoto Sanshiro , Kubo Toshikazu , Hirasawa Yasusuke , Lotz Martin , Amiel David 
Published: July 2002

AbstractNitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in cartilage degeneration, and NO donors induce meniscus degeneration and synovium inflammation. This study evaluated the effect of intraarticular injections of hyaluronan (HA) on NO production in meniscus and synovium using an experimental osteoarthritis (OA) model. Thirty‐six New Zealand white rabbits underwent unilateral anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT), and were divided into three groups. Four weeks after ACLT, the HA group started to receive intraarticular HA injections once a week for 5 weeks; the vehicle group started to receive the carrier of HA; and the no injection group, no treatment. All ACLT knees were harvested at the 9th week. Meniscus and synovium sections were examined by immunohistochemistry for nitrotyrosine. The pieces of these two tissues were cultured for 24 h. Culture supernatants were analyzed for nitrite concentration. The amount of NO produced by the meniscus was much larger than that produced by the synovium. NO productions in the meniscus and synovium of the HA group were significantly lower than those of the other groups. The results suggest that the inhibition of NO production in meniscus and synovium might be a part of the mechanism of the therapeutic effect of HA on OA. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Maternal stress induces synaptic loss and developmental disabilities of offspring
Authors: Hayashi Aska , Nagaoka Masaaki , Yamada Kazuo , Ichitani Yukio , Miake Yoshiaki , Okado Nobuo 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMild prenatal stress affects the serotonergic system in the hippocampus of rat offspring. Pregnant rats were daily exposed to mild stress treatments (consisting of crowding and saline injection) during days 15 to 21 of pregnancy. Their offspring were assessed by a series of biochemical, histological and behavioral tests. On 35 days after birth, 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) level was decreased by 17% (P< 0.05), whereas 5‐hydroxyindolacetic acid (5‐HIAA) level was increased by 18% (P< 0.05) in the offspring of prenatally stressed rats. The metabolic rate (5‐HIAA/5‐HT) was increased by 49% (P< 0.01). Synaptic density in the hippocampus of prenatally stressed offspring was also decreased by 32% (P< 0.0001) on postnatal day 35. There was no significant group difference in the spatial learning acquisition test of the Morris water maze ; however, in the reversal task, prenatally stressed 5‐week old rats spent more time than control animals searching for the platform of the pool. Escape latency in the cued test showed no significant difference. Together with data in our previous studies, that have shown 5‐HT to facilitate synapse formation and maintenance in the central nervous system, synaptic loss is suggested to occur in relation to changes of 5‐HT system in the hippocampus of prenatally stressed offspring. This may be associated with reported changes in behavior and learning ability in prenatally stressed offspring.
The neural mechanisms underlying cholinergic celldeath within the basal FOREBRAIN
Authors: Wenk Gary L. , Willard Lauren B. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe basal forebrain region includes a large group of cholinergic neurons within themedial septal area and nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) that project to the hippocampusand throughout the neocortex, respectively. This chapter will consider the mechanisms thatinfluence why cholinergic cells within the NBM die and discuss studies that have manipulated thefeatures of these cells that could make them differentially vulnerable to degeneration with agingand Alzheimer's Disease (AD). This chapter will focus upon the NBM cholinergic system because thisregions typically demonstrates a greater degree of cell loss with aging and AD.
A double-blind placebo-controlled multicentre study of sertraline in the acute and continuation treatment of major depression
Authors: Olie JP , Gunn KP , Katz E 
Published: July 2002

SummaryIn a double-blind multicentre study of outpatients with DSM-III-R major depressive disorder, 129 sertraline and 129 placebo patients were evaluated over a 6-week period. Sertraline exhibited a significantly greater (P < 0.001) antidepressant effect compared to placebo as measured by the HAM-D, MADRS, CGI-S and CGI-I. In the subset of patients with severe depression (baseline HAM-D ≥ 25), sertraline was also significantly more effective than placebo (P < 0.05). Side effects were more commonly reported in sertraline (59%) compared to placebo (38%) patients; the most common being nausea, headache and insomnia. A subset of 107 patients (66 sertraline; 41 placebo) who were defined as responders (CGI-I of 1 or 2) after 6 weeks treatment were entered into a 20-week continuation phase. In this responder subset, there was continuing improvement in both groups of patients, but with no significant differences in mean HAM-D or MADRS between the groups. However, a higher number of sertraline patients were associated with a persistent pattern of improvement relative to placebo (P < 0.05). The incidence of side effects was similar in sertraline (52%) and placebo (49%) treated patients in the continuation period.
Quality of life instruments in depression
Authors: Bech P 
Published: July 2002

SummaryMajor depression is one of the medical disorders in which quality of life instruments have most often been applied. It is important to distinguish between disease-dependent scales (ie, scales measuring the symptoms of major depression, such as the Beck Depression Inventory) and generic scales (ie, scales measuring self-reported states without reference to a specific disorder, such as the WHO well-being scale). The empirical use of generic scales for quality of life major depression has indicated that they can predict relapse and compliance. In the future, more trials comparing the different treatments with cost-effectiveness vs quality of life in major depression are required.
Progressive cardiac dysfunction in adriamycin‐induced cardiomyopathy rats
Authors: Teraoka Kunihiko , Hirano Masaharu , Yamaguchi Kyoko , Yamashina Akira 
Published: July 2002

AbstractCardiotoxicity is a limiting factor in the treatment of cancer with adriamycin. We administered adriamycin by a method which minimizes the risk of peritonitis in an adriamycin‐induced cardiomyopathy rat model. Sixty male Wistar rats were given 1 mg/kg of adriamycin intraperitoneally 15 times over a 3‐week period (total dose, 15 mg/kg) to induce the cardiomyopathy model. Fifteen control rats received 10 ml/kg body wt. saline 15 times over 3 weeks. The animals were observed for 12 weeks and assessed for mortality, and cardiac volume and function was analyzed by echocardiography at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. In rats treated with adriamycin, the cumulative mortality was 35.8% while in the controls, none of the rats died. Left ventricular diameter of the systole (LVDs) was significantly increased at 4 weeks (4.5 vs. 3.3 mm; P<0.001). Left ventricular diameter of the diastole (LVDd) was significantly increased at 12 weeks (7.9 vs. 7.0 mm; P<0.01) and the fractional shortening (FS) was significantly decreased at 8 weeks (33.4% vs. 50.0%; P<0.01) in the adriamycin‐treated rats. This administration method appears to be useful for investigating the cardiac effect of adriamycin while avoiding the influence of peritonitis typically caused by an intraperitoneal injection of higher single doses of adriamycin.
That's my spot! Examining spatial habit formation in a naturalistic setting
Authors: Zhu Mona J. H. , Risko Evan F. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAlthough we are constantly making spatial decisions about where to place our objects and ourselves, few studies in psychology have investigated this phenomenon in‐depth. In the current study, we examined how spatial decisions are made over time by tracking students' seating choices in classrooms over the course of a semester (i.e., 12 weeks). We found that seating choice became more fixed over time (i.e., a decrease in the distance between seats chosen on adjacent days), though this was disrupted by individuals' time of arrival to class; latecomers often sat further away from where they last sat. We also observed a surprising de‐stabilization of this pattern on the last day of class wherein seating choices became more varied. These results suggest that although spatial preference stabilizes over time, this pattern of stabilization may weaken once individuals no longer expect to occupy that space in the future.
Asymmetric Allylation Catalyzed by Chiral Phosphoric Acids: Stereoselective Synthesis of Tertiary Alcohols and a Reagent‐Based Switch in Stereopreference
Authors: Lazzarotto Mattia , Hartmann Peter , Pletz Jakob , Belaj Ferdinand , Kroutil Wolfgang , Payer Stefan E. , Fuchs Michael 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe substrate scope of the asymmetric allylation with zinc organyls catalyzed by 3,3‐bis(2,4,6‐triisopropylphenyl)‐1,1‐binaphthyl‐2,2‐diyl hydrogenphosphate (TRIP) has been extended to non‐cyclic ester organozinc reagents and ketones. Tertiary chiral alcohols are obtained with ee's up to 94% and two stereogenic centers can be created. Compared to the previous lactone reagent the stereopreference switches almost completely, proving the fact that the nature of the organometallic compound is of immense importance for the asymmetry of the product.magnified image
Recent Advances in Metal‐Catalyzed Functionalization of Indoles
Authors: Urbina Kelvin , Tresp David , Sipps Karli , Szostak Michal 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIndole is one of the most important heterocycles in organic synthesis, natural products, and drug discovery. Recently, tremendous advances in the selective functionalization of indoles have been reported. Although the most important advances have been powered by transition metal catalysis, exceedingly useful methods in the absence of transition metals have also been reported. In this review, we provide an overview of functionalization reactions of indoles that have been published in the last years with a focus on the most recent advances, aims, and future trends. The review is organized by the positional selectivity and type of methods used for functionalization. In particular, we discuss major advances in transition‐metal‐catalyzed C−H functionalization at the classical C2/C3 positions, transition‐metal‐catalyzed C−H functionalization at the remote C4/C7 positions, transition‐metal‐catalyzed cross‐coupling, and transition‐metal‐free functionalization.magnified image
Swelling‐Induced Symmetry Breaking: A Versatile Approach to the Scalable Production of Colloidal Particles with a Janus Structure
Authors: Qiu Jichuan , Chen Zitao , Chi Miaofang , Xia Younan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractJanus particles are widely sought for applications related to colloidal assembly, stabilization of emulsions, and development of active colloids, among others. Here we report a versatile route to the fabrication of well‐controlled Janus particles by simply breaking the symmetry of spherical particles with swelling. When a polystyrene (PS) sphere covered by a rigid shell made of silica or polydopamine is exposed to a good solvent for PS, a gradually increased pressure will be created inside the shell. If the pressure becomes high enough to poke a hole in the shell, the spherical symmetry will break while pushing out the swollen PS through the opening to generate a Janus particle comprised of two distinct components. One of the components is made of PS and its size is controlled by the extent of swelling. The other component is comprised of the rigid shell and remaining PS, with its overall diameter determined by the original PS sphere and the rigid shell. This solution‐based route holds promises for the scalable production of complex Janus particles with a variety of compositions and in large quantities.
Bridging Thermal Catalysis and Electrocatalysis: Catalyzing CO2 Conversion with Carbon‐Based Materials
Authors: Koshy David M. , Nathan Sindhu S. , Asundi Arun S. , Abdellah Ahmed M. , Dull Samuel M. , Cullen David A. , Higgins Drew , Bao Zhenan , Bent Stacey F. , Jaramillo Thomas F. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the differences between reactions driven by elevated temperature or electric potential remains challenging, largely due to materials incompatibilities between thermal catalytic and electrocatalytic environments. We show that Ni, N‐doped carbon (NiPACN), an electrocatalyst for the reduction of CO2 to CO (CO2R), can also selectively catalyze thermal CO2 to CO via the reverse water gas shift (RWGS) representing a direct analogy between catalytic phenomena across the two reaction environments. Advanced characterization techniques reveal that NiPACN likely facilitates RWGS on dispersed Ni sites in agreement with CO2R active site studies. Finally, we construct a generalized reaction driving‐force that includes temperature and potential and suggest that NiPACN could facilitate faster kinetics in CO2R relative to RWGS due to lower intrinsic barriers. This report motivates further studies that quantitatively link catalytic phenomena across disparate reaction environments.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Cascade to Benzoxepins by Using Vinyl‐Substituted Donor–Acceptor Cyclopropanes
Authors: Faltracco Matteo , van de Vrande Koen N. A. , Dijkstra Martijn , Saya Jordy M. , Hamlin Trevor A. , Ruijter Eelco 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA palladium‐catalyzed intermolecular cascade (4+3) cyclocondensation of salicylaldehydes and vinylcyclopropanes is reported. A key feature of the reaction is the use of a phosphonate group as an acceptor moiety on the cyclopropane, exploiting its propensity to undergo olefination with aldehydes. Subsequent O‐allylation enabled the formation of a range of substituted benzoxepinsWith a novel chiral ligand, the products were obtained in generally good yield and with reasonable enantioselectivity.
Tuning a pyrazoline‐based fluorogenic reagent, 3‐naphthyl‐1‐(4‐trifluoromethyl)‐5‐(4‐carboxy phenyl)‐2‐pyrazoline for sensitive precolumn derivatization of aliphatic alcohols and trace analysis by RP‐HPLC with fluorescence detection
Authors: Al‐Sabahi Amal , Al‐Busafi Saleh , Varghese Beena , Al‐Kindy Salma , Suliman Fakhreldin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA new member of the pyrazoline family, 3‐naphthyl‐1‐(4‐trifluoromethyl)‐5‐(4‐carboxy phenyl)‐2‐pyrazoline has been evaluated as a precolumn derivatization reagent for the analysis of primary alcohols using HPLC. The simultaneous separation of eight alcohol derivatives (C1–C8) within 15 min was achieved on a reverse‐phase C8 column with an isocratic elution mode. The derivatives were detected with fluorescence at an emission wavelength of 470 nm when excited at 360 nm. The identification of the corresponding derivatives was carried out by LC–MS/MS and all showed their characteristic parent peak in negative ion mode. The proposed method was validated using normal analytical tools and was found to be excellent. As a preliminary application, our method was used to determine ethanol concentration in alcohol‐containing chocolates and cough syrup.
Sustainable development in the craft brewing industry: A case study of Iowa brewers
Authors: Rosburg Alicia , Grebitus Carola 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe rapid expansion of the resource‐intensive brewing industry has led to U.S. and state‐level initiatives to encourage sustainable craft brewing practices. These efforts raise questions about brewers' current brewing practices and the conditions and factors that might influence a brewer's decision to adopt sustainable practices. We conducted an in‐depth survey of Iowa craft brewers in 2019 to evaluate current sustainability practices within breweries. In addition, we elicited brewer perceptions regarding consumer preferences and willingness‐to‐pay for sustainably produced beer. We analyze these factors together with data on brewery production characteristics and the brewer's personal beliefs and demographics. While most breweries in our sample track key environmental metrics to some degree, many of them lack environmental plans. Further, we find significant variation in the degree to which brewers believe there is opportunity to leverage sustainable brewing practices to charge consumers a higher price. We also provide insight on relationships between environmental practices and potential resources provided to breweries. These findings improve our understanding of craft brewers' tradeoffs regarding sustainable brewing practices that could apply more generally to other resource‐intensive sectors.
The challenges of migrating an active learning classroom online in a crisis
Authors: Luburić Nikola , Slivka Jelena , Sladić Goran , Milosavljević Gordana 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has severely crippled our globalized society. Despite the chaos, much of our civilization continued to function, thanks to contemporary information and communication technologies. In education, this situation required instructors and students to abandon the traditional face‐to‐face lectures and move to a fully online learning environment. Such a transition is challenging, both for the teacher tasked with creating digital educational content, and the student who needs to study in a new and isolated working environment. As educators, we have experienced these challenges when migrating our university courses to an online environment. Through this paper, we look to assist educators with building and running an online course. Before we needed to transition online, we researched and followed the best practices to establish various digital educational elements in our online classroom. We present these elements, along with guidance regarding their development and use. Next, we designed an empirical study consisting of two surveys, focus group discussions, and observations to understand the factors that influenced students' engagement with our online classroom. We used the same study to evaluate students' perceptions regarding our digital educational elements. We report the findings and define a set of recommendations from these results to help educators motivate their students and develop engaging digital educational content. Although our research is motivated by the pandemic, our findings and contributions are useful to all educators looking to establish some form of online learning. This includes developers of massive open online courses and teachers promoting blended learning in their classrooms.