bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSIII-22 Impact of a Dietary Phytogenic Feed Additive on Growth Performance of Growing Finishing Pigs
Authors: Mercado Aileen Joy , Weeden Terry , Tran Huyen , Otto-Tice Emily , Raghavendra Rao Murali , Karnezos Peter , de Rodas Brenda 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Abstract: Two experiments were conducted involving a total of 1560 pigs (25.82 kgs, PIC and Hypor) to evaluate if phytogenic feed additive (PFA), containing essential oils and pungent substances, has positive impact on growth performance of growing finishing pigs. Pens in each experiment (Study 1: 11 pens, 20 pigs per pen; Study 2: 15 pens, 20 pigs per pen) were randomly allocated to one of 3 dietary treatments containing 0, 68, or 136 g/ton of the PFA. Feeding program consisted of 3 feeding phases of 21 d each. Body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and gain to feed (GF) were measured for each phase and overall. Performance data were analyzed using PROC MIX of SAS using RCBD design with dietary inclusion of PFA, pen location blocked within a study and initial BW as covariate. Orthogonal contrasts were used to determine linear or quadratic effect of PFA. No significant differences (P&gt;0.20) were observed in ADG, ADFI or GF during the first 2 phases of the study. During phase 3 however, increasing the level of PFA resulted in a linear increase in ADG (P&lt; 0.001) and a quadratic response in ADFI (P&lt; 0.05) and GF (P&lt; 0.05). Overall, linear improvements in ADG (P&lt; 0.001) was observed with addition of PFA in the diets (+2.5%, +3% vs. NC). Similarly, increasing the level of PFA in the diet tended to linearly improve final BW (P&lt; 0.10, +0.9%, +1.6% vs. NC). The results of this study indicate a positive impact of feeding a PFA on growth of growing-finishing pigs.
PSIII-11 Evaluating the Performance of Grow-finish Pigs Supplemented with Butipearl® Z and Kemtrace® Chromium During Natural Heat Stress Exposure
Authors: Knauer Mark , Mani Venkatesh , Marsteller Tom , Iseri Vanessa , Kremer Brian 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Heat stress (HS) severely impacts swine leading to compromised barrier integrity, diminished intestinal health and decreased performance. ButiPEARL® Z (BPZ) is an encapsulated formulation of zinc and butyrate shown to alleviate the impact of HS by improving intestinal health. KemTRACE® Chromium (KTCr) is an organic trace mineral shown to decrease the impact of stress and improve glucose utilization, leading to muscle growth and improved performance. To test the efficacy of BPZ and KTCr on mitigating stress from natural heat exposure, a grow-finish trial was conducted from June-September. There were four treatments: negative control (NC), NC+.45kg BPZ, NC+.91kg BPZ and NC+1.82kg BPZ. Three BPZ treatments were also supplemented with 200ppb KTCr. Pigs (n=480) were randomly assigned to 96 pens at 22.5kg. Performance was measured at d0, 28, 56 and at marketing. From d56 to market, ADFI was greater (P&lt; 0.05) for 0.45kg and 0.91kg BPZ when compared to NC and 1.82kg BPZ (3.40 and 3.35 vs. 3.26 and 3.27kg, respectively). Therefore, relationships between ADFI day 56 to market and ADFI day 0 to market with BPZ level were curvilinear (P&lt; 0.05). Both market weight and overall ADG tended (P&lt; 0.10) to have curvilinear relationships with BPZ level. While not different, 0.45kg and .91kg BPZ supplemented pigs were .97kg and 1.25kg heavier, respectively, on marketing day compared to control. No differences (P &gt;0.10) were observed for Feed:Gain. Part of the negative effects of HS include decrease in feed intake which contributes to intestinal damage and decreased performance. Data from this study show that both treatment combinations were able to improve feed intake and decrease stress which might have led to the improved weight gain at the end. The data provides evidence that the combination of BPZ and KTCr may alleviate the negative effects of HS and help with the performance of grow-finish pigs during heat stress.
PSIII-18 Super Dose Phytase and Carbohydrase Cocktail Enhance Ileal Nutrient and Energy Digestibility of Corn-soybean Diets in Nursery Pigs
Authors: Le Thanh B V , Bergstrom J R R , Hahn J D , Wang L F , Beltranena E , Zijlstra R T T 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Feed enzymes may ameliorate reduced nutrient and energy digestibility in nursery pigs. The objective was to test effects of super-dosing phytase and fiber-degrading enzymes on digestibility of DM, GE, CP, AA, and Ca. We tested supplementing a super dose (added 1,500 FYT/kg) of phytase (Ronozyme Hi-Phos) with or without carbohydrase cocktail that contained 85 FXU β-xylanase/kg, 587 U/g endo-1,4-β-glucanase, 513 U/g endo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase, 15,000 U/g hemicellulases, and 3,000 U/g pectinases in corn-soybean meal diets in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Diets included 68% corn, 17% SBM, and a basal level of 500 FTU/kg of phytase, and were formulated to contain 2.50 Mcal/kg NE and 5.10 gSID Lys/Mcal NE. Eight ileal-cannulated nursery pigs (initial BW 10 kg) were fed 4 diets at 3.0 × maintenance DE (110 kcal per kg of BW0.75) for four 9-day periods in a double 4 × 4 Latin square. Apparent hindgut fermentation (AHF) was calculated as apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) minus apparent ileal digestibility (AID). Interactions between super-dosing phytase and carbohydrase cocktail were observed. Supplementing either carbohydrase cocktail or super dose phytase, but not their combination, increased (P &lt; 0.05) diet AID of DM, GE, CP, and most AA by 4–5%-units. Supplementing super dose phytase increased (P &lt; 0.05) AID of P by 16%-units and ATTD of P by 10%-units. Supplementing super dose phytase or carbohydrase cocktail did not affect AID of Ca and ATTD of GE, CP, and Ca, and diet DE value. Supplementing carbohydrase cocktail without super dose phytase decreased (P &lt; 0.05) diet AHF of DM, GE, and CP. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of super dose phytase or carbohydrase cocktail increased ileal digestibility of nutrients in nursery pigs, and thereby reduced protein entering the large intestine. Additive or synergistic effects of carbohydrase cocktail and super dose phytase were not detected.
PSIII-17 Extrusion Enhances Nutrient and Energy Digestibility of Pulse Grain-based Diets Fed to Growing Pigs
Authors: Zannatta Joaquin J Sanchez , Wang L F , Beltranena Eduardo , Zijlstra Ruurd T 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Heat processing may enhance nutrient digestibility of diets based on pulse grains. The objective of this study was to determine nutrient and energy digestibility of extruded lentil-based diets containing either supplemental plant or animal protein source in growing pigs. Two diets were formulated to provide 2.4 Mcal NE/kg and 4.35 g standardized ileal digestible Lys/Mcal NE: 1) soybean meal diet (SBM), containing 50% lentil, 31% wheat, and 12.8% soybean meal; and 2) fish meal diet (FM), containing 40% lentil, 45% wheat, and 10% fish meal. Following mixing, each diet was divided into 2 parts: one part remained mash while the other part was extruded using a single-screw extruder (105°C, 400 rpm, 5 kg water/h). The 2 extruded and 2 non-extruded diets were tested in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Eight ileal-cannulated barrows (32.3 kg) were fed the 4 diets at 2.8 times maintenance DE (110 kcal per kg of BW0.75) for four 9-d periods in a double 4 × 4 Latin square. The FM diets had greater (P &lt; 0.05) AID of DM, GE, and most AA, and ATTD of CP, but lower apparent hindgut fermentation of DM and GE than the SBM diets. The AID of CP and AA were 3.2 and 4.7%-units greater (P &lt; 0.05), respectively, and the ATTD of GE and DE values were 2.1 and 3.1%-units greater (P &lt; 0.05), respectively, for the extruded diets than the non-extruded diets. Interactions between protein source and extrusion were not observed. In conclusion, FM diets had greater ileal digestibility of DM, energy, and AA than SBM diets. Extrusion increased the AID of CP and most AA, and DE value of both plant- and animal-protein diets based on lentil grain, indicating that extrusion can increase the energy and protein value of pulse-grain based diets fed to growing pigs.
PSIV-10 The Effect of a Dacitic (rhyolitic) Tuff Breccia, a Hydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate (HSCAS), Inclusion in Corn-soybean Meal Diets on Growth Performance of Individually Housed Grower Pigs
Authors: Chevalier Tyler B , Ferrel Jon , Lindemann Merlin D 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Crossbred pigs (24 barrows and 24 gilts; BW 35.59±0.24 kg) were blocked by body weight, sex, and allotted in a randomized complete block design to 3 dietary treatments: 1) Control [CON], 2) CON+0.25%, and 3) CON+0.50% inclusion of a dacitic tuff breccia (DTB) to evaluate effects on growth performance. Diets were formulated to meet or exceed NRC (2012) requirement estimates and fed for 2 phases (d0-14=PHS_1 and d14-28=PHS_2). Diets were limit fed based on metabolic body weight (3.5 x maintenance ME needs [3.5 × 106 Kcal ME/kg BW0.75]). Pigs were weighed weekly and feed allowance adjusted accordingly. In PHS_1, a tendency for a sex difference, gilt vs. barrow, respectively, for ADG (4.92%; 0.913 vs. 0.870 kg; P=0.10) and G:F (4.14%; 0.528 vs. 0.507; P=0.06) existed. The responses to treatments 1–3, respectively, for ADG (0.877, 0.900, and 0.896 kg; linear P=0.54) and G:F (0.510, 0.522, 0.521; linear P=0.46) were numerically greater. In PHS_2, sex differences, gilt vs. barrow, respectively, for ADG (5.67%; 0.946 vs. 0.895 kg; P=0.05) and G:F (7.98%; 0.460 vs. 0.426; P&lt; 0.01) existed. The numerical responses to treatments 1–3, respectively, for ADG (0.912, 0.944 and 0.905 kg; P=0.41) and G:F (0.439, 0.446, 0.444; linear P=0.70) continued. A tendency for a quadratic response in ADFI (P=0.06) existed because feed allowance increased with increasing weekly BW for treatments 2 and 3. Overall, sex differences, gilt vs. barrow, respectively, for ADG (5.30%; 0.929 vs. 0.882 kg; P&lt; 0.05) and G:F (6.23%; 0.491 vs. 0.462; P&lt; 0.01) occurred. Numerical responses to treatments 1–3, respectively, for ADG (0.895, 0.921 and 0.900 kg, P=0.32) and G:F (0.471, 0.480, 0.479; linear P=0.50) occurred. Additionally, the response to DTB appeared to be higher in barrows.
PSIV-9 A Multistate Evaluation of an Additional Iron Injection Administered to Piglets Before Weaning
Authors: Chevalier Tyler B , Adeola Olayiwola , Carter Scott D , Dove C Robert , Estienne Mark J , Levesque Crystal L , Maxwell Charles V , Tsai Tsung Cheng Cheng , Lindemann Merlin D 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A cooperative study utilizing 514 weanling pigs from 7 experiment stations was conducted to determine the effects of an additional iron injection administered to piglets before weaning on growth performance and hematological measures. All pigs received an initial iron injection at the time of processing postfarrowing. At each station, pigs were assigned to either the control or an added-injection treatment by pairing two same-sex pigs with a BW difference ≤ 0.453 kg within a litter. One pig within each pair received the additional iron injection (same dose received at processing) 3 to 5 days preweaning. Once weaned, both the control and added-injection group received common station-specific nursery diets. Body weight was recorded weekly by all stations. Blood samples were also collected at second injection, weaning, 14 and 28 days postweaning by 3 of the 7 stations. All data were subjected to ANOVA with the model containing the terms treatment, station, and treatment by station interaction. Average daily gain (Table 1) was greater for the added-injection group during d 0 to 14 (212.5 vs. 202.6 g, P = 0.03) which resulted in an increase in d 14 BW (P = 0.05). Although there was no treatment effect for overall ADG (d -4 to d 28), the tendency for a treatment by station interaction (P = 0.09) illustrated both responsive and nonresponsive stations, indicating that iron status was not the most limiting factor for growth at all stations. Hemoglobin concentration was greater (P &lt; 0.0001) for the added-injection group at weaning and d 14 postweaning. In conclusion, an additional iron injection administered before weaning may lead to early success in the nursery resulting in a heavier BW in subsequent periods; however, the beneficial effects of an additional iron injection are likely dependent on herd status and characteristics.
PSIV-13 Cell Wall Bound Ferulic and Coumaric Acids in Diets Based on Corn and Soybean Meal or Corn, Soybean Meal, and Distiller Dried Grains with Solubles Are Poorly Fermented in the Intestinal Tract of Pigs
Authors: Castaneda Jeimmy Paola Lancheros , Stein Hans H 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Phenolic acids are bound to cell wall polymers in corn and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and contribute to the low digestibility of fiber in corn-based ingredients. Phenolic acids link arabinoxylans to lignin and may substitute sidechains of arabinoxylans, which precludes fermentation. To develop enzymes to aid in separating phenolic acids from arabinoxylans, the natural fermentation of phenolic acid in the intestinal tract of pigs needs to be known. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that phenolic acids are poorly fermented by pigs. A corn-soybean meal (SBM) diet and a corn-SBM-DDGS diet were fed to 24 pigs (initial body weight: 61.71 ± 5.39 kg) in a randomized complete block design with 4 blocks and a total of 12 pigs per diet. Diets were fed for 22 d; feces were collected during the last 5d. Concentrations of phenolic acids were analyzed in diets and feces using reversed phase ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED of SAS with pig as the experimental unit. Results indicated that concentrations of bound phenolic acids were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in feces from pigs fed the corn-SBM-DDGS diet than from pigs fed the corn-SBM diet (Table 1). Disappearance (%) of free coumaric acid and bound ferulic acid in the intestinal tract of pigs was not different between the 2 diets. In contrast, disappearance of bound coumaric acid was greater (P &lt; 0.05) from the corn-SBM diet than from the corn-SBM-DDGS diet, but disappearance of bound ferulic acid and bound coumaric acid was less than 50% confirming that phenolic acids may hinder fermentation. In conclusion, ferulic acid and coumaric acid appear to be barriers for fermentation of arabinoxylans in pigs and enzymes that release phenolic acids may be needed to increase fermentation of corn fiber.
PSV-22 Nutrient Digestibility of Deactivated Soybean and Soybean Extruded at Different Temperatures by Weanling Pigs
Authors: Milani Natália C , Paula Vinicius R C , Azevedo Cândida P F , Sedano Anderson A , Junior Hélio Moreira , Duarte Dave H A , Ruiz Urbano S Santos 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The apparent and standardized ileal digestibility (AID and SID) of AA and CP and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM, GE, CP, NDF, and ADF of deactivated soybean (DS) and raw soybean (RS) extruded at 82°C (RS82), 122°C (RS122) and 137°C (RS137) were evaluated. RS was extruded mixed with corn starch (396.5g/kg RS and 603.5g/kg corn starch) in a single-screw extruder (MEX 250, Manzoni, Campinas, Brazil). Thirty-six barrows (7.26±0.94 kg BW) were fed a nitrogen free (N-free) diet, or four diets composed of 30% of each ingredient, as the only source of N, substituting for starch in N-free diet. Pigs were fed at 2.8 x maintenance (2.8 x 106 kcal digestible energy/kg BW0.75) for 10 days (5 d adaptation and 5 d feces collection), and on day 11 piglets were euthanized for ileal digesta collection. A randomized block design was used, with 8 replicates, using the pig as the experimental unit. ANOVA was performed and means were separated using Tukey test (5%). Increasing extrusion temperatures reduced trypsin inhibitors concentrations, from 29.47 in RS to 4.92, 2.24, and 1.48 mg/g CP in RS82, RS122, and RS137, respectively, and 1.39 mg/g CP was verified in DS. The AID and SID of CP and AA, as the ATTD of CP of RS122, RS137 and DS were similar (P &gt;0.05), but 10–62% greater (P&lt; 0.05) than of RS82. The ATTD of GE in RS122 was 3–4% higher (P&lt; 0.05) compared to DS and RS82. RS82 and RS122 showed ATTD of EE 12–16% higher (P&lt; 0.05) than DS. The ATTD of GE and EE of RS137 were similar (P &gt;0.05) to the others ingredients. No effects (P &gt;0.05) on ATTD of NDF and ADF were observed. Extruding soybean at 122oC improved CP, AA, and GE digestibility in young pigs, whereas extrusion at 82oC did not inactivated soybean antinutritional factors.
PSV-16 Effects of the Inclusion of a Capsicum Oleoresin-based Additive on Growth Performance, Carcass Composition and Meat Quality of Pigs Under Heat Stress Conditions
Authors: Tedo Gemma , Cerisuelo Alba , Bass Benjamin , Lopez Clemente , Calvo Luis 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Capsicum oleoresin has recognized effects on digestion and fat metabolism. A total of 100 PIC x Danbred female pigs were divided in two experimental groups (10 pens/group) from 60Kg body weight (BW) to slaughter: one control group (T1) and another group (T2) where the sensorial additive (350ppm) was added from 90Kg to 130Kg BW. The study was carried out in Mediterranean summer conditions. Experimental rooms turned off their cooling systems at 90Kg BW to the end of the study. Temperature and humidity were recorded using dataloggers (HOBO®). Pig BW and intake were recorded before exposure to the additive and at the end of the administration of experimental feeds. Additionally, backfat thickness (BF) and loin depth (LD) were measured. Respiration rate (RR) and rectal temperature (RT) were also recorded at 0800, 1100, 1400 and 1700h. Carcass and meat quality parameters were measured in the slaughterhouse. Data was analyzed using Proc GLM (performance, carcass and meat quality) and Proc MIXED of repeated measures (RR, RT) of SAS. Environmental data confirmed heat stress conditions for finishing pigs (THI &gt;71 from 0800 to 2200h). Growth performance, BF and LD did not differ between groups. Animals from T2 showed higher (P&lt; 0.05) RR and lower (P&lt; 0.05) RT compared to T1 at 17:00h. At slaughter, animals from T2 tended (P&lt; 0.10) to have a higher fat content (3-4th rib level and ham) compared to T1. Ham pH at 25min and at 20h post-mortem, and drip losses at 48h post-mortem were lower (P&lt; 0.05) in T2 group vs. T1. Concerning the fatty acid profile, the T2 showed a greater concentration of C18:1 and C20:1 compared to T1. In conclusion, the addition of the sensorial additive at the end of the growing period changed carcass composition and quality traits under heat stress conditions.
PSV-17 Evaluation of the Effects of a Feed Sweetener on Nursery Pig Performance
Authors: Weber Thomas E , Salyer Julie , Walter Audrey , Lei Yan , Ma Yulin , Chen Xixi 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of a feed sweetener on nursery pig performance. In the first study, 360 pigs (PIC 800 x 1050; 6.22 ± 1.20 kg) were blocked by BW and pen location and assigned to 3 treatment groups: 1) Control; 2) 100 mg/kg feed sweetener; or 3) 200 mg/kg feed sweetener. There were 12 pens containing 10 pigs for each treatment. In the second study, 540 pigs (6.12 ± 0.39 kg) were blocked by BW and pen location and assigned to 3 treatment groups: 1) negative control; 2) 100 mg/kg feed sweetener; or 3) 0.5% carob bean. There were 18 pens containing 10 pigs per pen for each treatment. A 3-phase feeding program was used, and diets were fed for 6 wk in both studies. In study 1, ADFI, ADG, and gain:feed were increased (P &lt; 0.05) during Phase 1 for pigs fed diets with 100 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg sweetener. Phase 2 ADFI and ADG were increased (P &lt; 0.05) in pigs fed 100 mg/kg sweetener when compared to the control. Increased BW (P &lt; 0.05) were observed on D 7, 14 and 21 for animals fed 100 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg sweetener. The mortality rate was decreased (P &lt; 0.05) in the group of animals fed 100 mg/kg sweetener compared to the control. In study 2, there was no effect of sweetener or carob bean on growth performance, feed intake or gain:feed. However, mortality rate was decreased (P &lt; 0.05) in pigs fed the sweetener compared to pigs fed carob bean. In conclusion, the feed sweetener improved early nursery performance in one study and had no effect in another study. Mortality was decreased by supplementation with 100 mg/kg sweetener when compared to a negative control in one study and compared pigs fed carob bean in the second study. Further research is needed to explore differences observed between studies to optimize feed sweetener usage strategy.
PSV-21 Effects of Increasing Soybean Oil Supplementation Prior to Farrowing on Sow and Litter Performance Under Commercial Conditions
Authors: dos Santos Marley Conceição , Orlando Uislei A , Vier Carine M , Almeida Leopoldo M , Lu Ning , Oliveira Simone G 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A total of 400 mixed parity sows (PIC Camborough, Hendersonville, TN) were used to evaluate the effects of increasing soybean oil supplementation prior to farrowing on sow and litter performance under commercial conditions. On d 111 of gestation, females were transferred to the farrowing room, blocked by parity and body weight, and allotted to one of four treatments within block in a randomized complete block design. Treatments included different amounts of soybean oil supplementation from d 111 to 113 of gestation, which included: 1) 0 g; 2) 250 g; 3) 500 g; 4) 1000 g. A corn-soybean meal-based diet containing 3.06% crude fat was fed and treatments were top-dressed at an equal amount for at least 3 d to achieve the designated supplementation level. The experimental data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Polynomial contrasts were implemented to evaluate the linear and quadratic effects of increasing soybean oil supplementation. Response variables analyzed as normally distributed included sow body weight (BW) and caliper score at weaning, BW and caliper changes during lactation, piglet weight at birth, 24h after birth, and at weaning, colostrum yield, and litter average daily gain from cross-foster to weaning. Total born was analyzed following a poisson distribution and percentage born alive, stillbirth, and pre-weaning survivability were analyzed following a binomial distribution. Covariates were used if they significantly improved the model fit. Stillbirth rate increased (quadratic, P&lt; 0.05) and percentage born alive marginally reduced (quadratic, P&lt; 0.10) with increasing soybean oil supplementation up to 500 g, and then reduced and increased at 1000 g. There was no evidence (P &gt;0.10) for linear or quadratic treatment effects for any of the other response variables evaluated. In conclusion, results from this study did not support supplementing increasing levels of soybean oil for sows prior to farrowing.