bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marine heatwaves depress metabolic activity and impair cellular acid–base homeostasis in reef‐building corals regardless of bleaching susceptibility
Authors: Innis Teegan , Allen‐Waller Luella , Brown Kristen T. , Sparagon Wesley , Carlson Christopher , Kruse Elisa , Huffmyer Ariana S. , Nelson Craig E. , Putnam Hollie M. , Barott Katie L. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractOcean warming is causing global coral bleaching events to increase in frequency, resulting in widespread coral mortality and disrupting the function of coral reef ecosystems. However, even during mass bleaching events, many corals resist bleaching despite exposure to abnormally high temperatures. While the physiological effects of bleaching have been well documented, the consequences of heat stress for bleaching‐resistant individuals are not well understood. In addition, much remains to be learned about how heat stress affects cellular‐level processes that may be overlooked at the organismal level, yet are crucial for coral performance in the short term and ecological success over the long term. Here we compared the physiological and cellular responses of bleaching‐resistant and bleaching‐susceptible corals throughout the 2019 marine heatwave in Hawai'i, a repeat bleaching event that occurred 4 years after the previous regional event. Relative bleaching susceptibility within species was consistent between the two bleaching events, yet corals of both resistant and susceptible phenotypes exhibited pronounced metabolic depression during the heatwave. At the cellular level, bleaching‐susceptible corals had lower intracellular pH than bleaching‐resistant corals at the peak of bleaching for both symbiont‐hosting and symbiont‐free cells, indicating greater disruption of acid–base homeostasis in bleaching‐susceptible individuals. Notably, cells from both phenotypes were unable to compensate for experimentally induced cellular acidosis, indicating that acid–base regulation was significantly impaired at the cellular level even in bleaching‐resistant corals and in cells containing symbionts. Thermal disturbances may thus have substantial ecological consequences, as even small reallocations in energy budgets to maintain homeostasis during stress can negatively affect fitness. These results suggest concern is warranted for corals coping with ocean acidification alongside ocean warming, as the feedback between temperature stress and acid–base regulation may further exacerbate the physiological effects of climate change.
CarniDIET 1.0: A database of terrestrial carnivorous mammal diets
Authors: Middleton Owen , Svensson Hanna , Scharlemann Jörn P. W. , Faurby Søren , Sandom Christopher 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMotivationA species’ diet is central to understanding many aspects of its biology, including its behaviour, movement, and ecological niche. The diets of terrestrial carnivorous mammals, defined here as species primarily consuming other mammals (hereafter, mammal‐consumers), have been extensively studied and can vary in the proportion of different food types, and species, consumed across their geographic ranges. Accessibility to data capturing such variation in diets of mammal‐consumers across the variety of ecosystems they occur in would provide valuable information for conservation, and open research avenues for macroevolution and macroecology. However, data on mammal‐consumer diets across their geographic ranges have not been systematically collated. Here, we present CarniDIET (version 1.0), an open‐access database containing quantitative data on the diets of terrestrial mammal‐consumers collated from the literature.Main types of variable containedDiet records capturing the percentage of mammalian prey, to the highest taxonomic resolution available, and non‐mammalian food types (e.g., birds, invertebrates) in the diets of mammal‐consumers at specific sites and times. Associated data with each diet record include, where available, age and sex of mammal‐consumer, sample size, sample origin, and quantification method as well as spatial and temporal variables including dates, season, study site, altitude and coordinates.Spatial location and grainGlobal, terrestrial. The spatial grain varies among sites from 0.03 to 100,000 km2, with a median of 170 km2. Study centroids are provided as latitude‐longitude coordinates.Time period and grainOriginal diet samples were collected between 1933 and 2017, with half of studies collected between 1994 and 2008. Studies summarize diets from 1 month to 66 years, with a median of 1 year.Major taxa and level of measurementTerrestrial carnivorous mammals that primarily consume other mammals (103 species). Studies generally represent species’ population averages, although can include demographic breakdowns.
Employment of international education graduates: Issues of economy and resistance to change
Authors: Jonbekova Dilrabo , Kim Tatyana , Kerimkulova Sulushash , Ruby Alan , Sparks Jason 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe use of international scholarship programmes is part of a long‐standing approach to human capital development in many developing and middle‐income countries that finance studies at universities abroad and locally. Yet, many scholarship alumni struggle to thrive in their home country and encounter numerous difficulties in their transition to the job market. This paper examines the employment experiences of Kazakhstan's government scholarship alumni in science, technology, engineering and mathematics fields and identifies the challenges they encounter navigating the labour market. Our analysis of 45 interviews demonstrated that although alumni hold a positional advantage in the job market and many succeed, there are also many alumni whose employability and career success are impeded by an intersection of socioeconomic and cultural factors, intergenerational clashes and scholarship programme regulations. The implications for scholarship programmes and government policy goals are discussed.
Effects of high hydrostatic pressure on microstructure, physicochemical properties and in vitro digestibility of oat starch/β‐glucan mixtures
Authors: Zhang Jing , Zhang Meili , Wang Chen , Zhang Yakun , A Rong , Bai Xue , Zhang Yuanyuan , Zhang Jiameng 
Published: March 2021

AbstractOats do not contain gluten protein, and oat dough structure is formed mainly through the hydrogen bonding of starch and β‐glucan. As a non‐thermal processing technology, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) is mainly used to modify starch and protein in food processing. This study investigated the effects of HHP treatment on the morphological, structural, thermal, pasting and in vitro digestion properties of oat starch/β‐glucan mixtures. Results showed that β‐glucan interconnects with amylose through hydrogen bonding and has a protective effect on the crystalline region of oat starch. Effect of HHP treatment on the crystal structure of mixture system goes through crystal structure perfection stage, crystallisation disintegration and gelatinisation stage. After 300–400 MPa treatment, the changes in particle surface were not obvious, the phase transition temperature, the ΔHgel and the PT of mixtures increased, while the particle size, viscosity and BD values decreased. After 500–600 MPa treatment, mixtures were completely gelatinised, most of the particles swelled and deformed, the particle size increased significantly. The principal component analysis results show that the complexes were distributed in the same region with similar properties after the 300–400 MPa and 500–600 MPa treatments, respectively.
Effects of methyl cellulose‐based coating on physiochemical properties and chemical hazards of Chinese fried dough cake during storage
Authors: Han Lipeng , He Ye , Wang Shujie , Cheng Weiwei , Ma Lukai , Liu Guoqin , Han Dongxue , Niu Li 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCoating has been used as a practical method to ensure the physiochemical properties and reduce the chemical hazard of fried foods. Methyl cellulose (MC) was used as a coating material to pretreat Chinese fried dough cake (CFDC) before frying. The results showed that the water content, hardness and L* value of the 1% MC coated sample were 31.67%, 848.54 g and 51.62, respectively, at the seventh day at 25 °C. Coating contents 1% MC could reduce the oil content, hardness, and extent of browning and improve the physiochemical properties of CFDC on 7 days of storage. Coating contents 1% MC also reduced the acid value, peroxide value, p‐anisidine value, malondialdehyde content, 4‐hydroxy‐2‐(E)‐hexenal content, 4‐hydroxy‐2‐(E)‐nonenal content, acrylamide content and glycidyl ester content in CFDC on 7 days of storage. Our work contributes to the control of the oil content and chemical hazards for fried food during storage by applying an edible coating.
ADP‐ribosylation in evasion, promotion and exacerbation of immune responses
Authors: Rosado Maria Manuela , Pioli Claudio 
Published: March 2021

AbstractADP‐ribosylation is the addition of one or more (up to some hundreds) ADP‐ribose moieties to acceptor proteins. This evolutionary ancient post‐translational modification (PTM) is involved in fundamental processes including DNA repair, inflammation, cell death, differentiation and proliferation, among others. ADP‐ribosylation is catalysed by two major families of enzymes: the cholera toxin‐like ADP‐ribosyltransferases (ARTCs) and the diphtheria toxin‐like ADP‐ribosyltransferases (ARTDs, also known as PARPs). ARTCs sense and use extracellular NAD, which may represent a danger signal, whereas ARTDs are present in the cell nucleus and/or cytoplasm. ARTCs mono‐ADP‐ribosylate their substrates, whereas ARTDs, according to the specific family member, are able to mono‐ or poly‐ADP‐ribosylate target proteins or are devoid of enzymatic activity. Both mono‐ and poly‐ADP‐ribosylation are dynamic processes, as specific hydrolases are able to remove single or polymeric ADP moieties. This dynamic equilibrium between addition and degradation provides plasticity for fast adaptation, a feature being particularly relevant to immune cell functions. ADP‐ribosylation regulates differentiation and functions of myeloid, T and B cells. It also regulates the expression of cytokines and chemokines, production of antibodies, isotype switch and the expression of several immune mediators. Alterations in these processes involve ADP‐ribosylation in virtually any acute and chronic inflammatory/immune‐mediated disease. Besides, pathogens developed mechanisms to contrast the action of ADP‐ribosylating enzymes by using their own hydrolases and/or to exploit this PTM to sustain their virulence. In the present review, we summarize and discuss recent findings on the role of ADP‐ribosylation in immunobiology, immune evasion/subversion by pathogens and immune‐mediated diseases.
Diversity analysis, runs of homozygosity and genomic inbreeding reveal recent selection in Blanco Orejinegro cattle
Authors: Caivio‐Nasner Sindy , López‐Herrera Albeiro , González‐Herrera Luis G. , Rincón Juan C. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBlanco Orejinegro (BON) cattle have 500 years of adaptation to the Colombian tropic, but little is known about their genetic history. Our aim was to estimate levels of linkage disequilibrium (LD), effective population size (Ne), genomic inbreeding for runs of homozygosity (FROH), genomic relation matrix (FGRM), excess of homozygotes (FHOM) and pedigree information (FPEDCOMP) and to characterize the runs of homozygosity (ROH), searching for selection signatures. A total of 419 BON animals were genotyped, 70 with a 150K chip and 349 with a 50K chip. Next, an imputation to 50K was performed, and, after editing, databases of 40K were obtained. The PLINK v1.90 and R programs were used to estimate LD, ROH, FROHand FHOM. The SNeP v1.1 program was used to obtain Ne, and PreGSf90 was used to elaborate the scaled G matrix. The MTDFNRM program was used to estimate FPEDCOMP. The LD mean asr2at 1 Mb was 0.21 (r2 > 0.30 at a distance of 96.72kb), and Ne was 123 ± 1. A total of 7,652 homozygous segments were obtained, with a mean of 18.35 ± 0.55 ROH/animal. Most of the genome was covered by long ROHs (ROH>8 Mb = 4.86%), indicating significant recent inbreeding. The average inbreeding coefficient for FPEDCOM, FGRM, FHOMand FROHwas 4.41%, 4.18%, 5.58% and 6.78%, respectively. The highest correlation was observed between FHOMand FROH(0.95). ROH hotspots/islands were defined using the extreme values of a box plot that was generated, and correspond to QTLs related to milk yield (55.11%), external appearance (13.47%), production (13.30%), reproduction (8.15%), health (5.24%) and meat carcass (4.74%).
Mammals on mountainsides revisited: Trait‐based tests of assembly reveal the importance of abiotic filters
Authors: Kohli Brooks A. , Stevens Richard D. , Rickart Eric A. , Rowe Rebecca J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimMountains provide uniquely informative systems for examining how biodiversity is distributed and identifying the causes of those patterns. Elevational patterns of species richness are well‐documented for many taxa but comparatively few studies have investigated patterns in multiple dimensions of biodiversity along mountainsides, which can reveal the underlying processes at play. Here, we use trait‐based diversity patterns to determine the role of abiotic filters and competition in the assembly of communities of small mammals across elevation and evaluate the surrogacy of taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic dimensions of diversity.LocationGreat Basin ecoregion, western North America.TaxonRodents and shrews.MethodsThe elevational distributions of 34 species were determined from comprehensive field surveys conducted in three arid, temperate mountain ranges. Elevation–diversity relationships and community assembly processes were inferred from phylogenetic (PD) and functional diversity (FD) patterns of mean pairwise and mean nearest‐neighbor distances while accounting for differences in species richness. FD indices were calculated separately for traits related to either abiotic filtering (β‐niche traits) or biotic interactions (α‐niche traits) to test explicit predictions of the role of each across elevation.ResultsTrait‐based tests of processes indicated that abiotic filtering tied to a strong aridity gradient drives the assembly of both low‐ and high‐elevation communities. Support for competition was not consistent with theoretical expectations under the stress‐dominance hypothesis, species interactions‐abiotic stress hypothesis, or guild assembly rule. Mid‐elevation peaks in species richness contrasted with overall FD and PD, which generally increased with elevation. PD and total FD were correlated on two of three mountains.Main conclusionsThe functional diversity of small mammal communities in these arid, temperate mountains is most consistent with abiotic filters, whereas support for competition is weak. Decomposing FD into traits related to separate assembly processes and examining ecoregional variation in diversity were critical for uncovering the generality of mechanisms. Divergent patterns among dimensions revealed species richness to be a poor surrogate for PD and FD across elevation and reflect the effect of biogeographic and evolutionary history. This first analysis of elevational multidimensional diversity gradients for temperate mammals provides a versatile framework for future comparative studies.
On packaging and product returns in online retail—Mailing boxes or sending signals?
Authors: Wallenburg Carl Marcus , Einmahl Lukas , Lee Kang‐Bok , Rao Shashank 
Published: March 2021

AbstractConsiderable research on merchandise returns has looked at marketing elements of the sales process (e.g., product display) and how they influence returns. However, marketing and order fulfillment processes are temporally decoupled in remote purchase situations such as online retail. While both are intricate parts of the overall sales transaction, it is logical to believe that elements of order fulfillment may also be influential in explaining and controlling merchandise return. This study focuses on the packaging aspect of the order fulfillment process to explore how it may influence return incidents in online retail. Following insights from Signaling Theory, we propose that a product's package is a signal that communicates valuable information about the product to the buyer. We partner with an online retailer to study the outcome of a natural experiment involving product packaging during order fulfillment. Our results show that packaging influences returns, reducing them most significantly if the signaling is consistent across packaging levels.
The relation between quality of life and future expectations for refugee adolescents
Authors: Özçevik Subaşi Damla , Akça Sümengen Aylin , Ekim Ayfer , Ocakçı Ayşe Ferda , Beşer Ayşe 
Published: March 2021

AbstractProblemRefugee children and their families encounter various challenges in a new country. Studies on this issue reveal the presence of negative expectations on the future and life among refugees. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between quality of life and future expectations in refugee adolescents.MethodsThis descriptive and cross‐sectional study was conducted in Turkey. In this study, 76 refugee adolescents between the ages of 12 and 18 participated. The study data were collected between September and December 2019 from two of the schools located in Istanbul. Study data were collected by using Future Expectation Scale for Adolescents (FESA) and Pediatric Quality of Life Questionnaire (PedsQL).FindingsThe mean ages of the participants were 15.7 ± 1.1 and all of them were females. A positive relationship was found between future expectations and quality of life.ConclusionsThe results showed that a positive significant relation was detected between quality‐of‐life scores and future expectations' scores. Understanding the factors affecting future expectations of refugee adolescents will help to plan interventions compatible with issues confronting adolescents.
Transvenous lead extraction in patients with persistent left superior vena cava
Authors: Curnis Antonio , Aboelhassan Mohamed , Cerini Manuel , Salghetti Francesca , Fabbricatore Davide , Maiolo Vincenzo , Arabia Gianmarco , Giacopelli Daniele , Fouad Doaa A. , Bontempi Luca 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPurposePredictors of difficulty and complications of transvenous lead extraction (TLE) have been investigated in several studies; however, little is known about the venous anatomical characteristics that can have an impact on procedural outcomes. Among them, the persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is a common anomaly often discovered incidentally during cardiac device implantation and could raise concerns if TLE is indicated.We report technical considerations and outcomes of TLE for two patients with leads implanted via PLSVC.Methods and ResultsTwo cardiac implantable electronic device recipients with isolated PLSVC required TLE due to infective endocarditis in one case and lead failure in the other. In the first case, TLE procedure was performed in a hybrid operating room with minimally invasive video‐assisted thoracoscopic monitoring due to the high procedural risk. Two active fixation 20‐year‐old pacing leads were removed with a relatively short fluoroscopy time. In the second case, we successfully extracted a single‐coil active fixation lead without the need of a locking stylet or advanced extraction tools. There were no procedural complications or adverse events at 1‐year follow‐up.ConclusionTLE procedures for two patients with isolated PLSVC were successfully completed with less difficulty and tools than expected based on the characteristics of the targeted leads. If indicated, TLE in the presence of a PLSVC should be considered in experienced centers.
Early language screening and intervention can be delivered successfully at scale: evidence from a cluster randomized controlled trial
Authors: West Gillian , Snowling Margaret J. , Lervåg Arne , Buchanan‐Worster Elizabeth , Duta Mihaela , Hall Alexandra , McLachlan Henrietta , Hulme Charles 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundIt is well established that oral language skills provide a critical foundation for formal education. This study evaluated the effectiveness of the Nuffield Early Language Intervention (NELI) programme in ameliorating language difficulties in the first year of school when delivered at scale.MethodsWe conducted a cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT) in 193 primary schools (containing 238 Reception classrooms). Schools were randomly allocated to either a 20‐week oral language intervention or a business‐as‐usual control group. All classes (N = 5,879 children) in participating schools were screened by school staff using an automated App to assess children’s oral language skills. Screening identified 1,173 children as eligible for language intervention: schools containing 571 of these children were allocated to the control group and 569 to the intervention group.ResultsChildren receiving the NELI programme made significantly larger gains than the business‐as‐usual control group on a latent variable reflecting standardized measures of language ability (d = .26) and on the school‐administered automated assessment of receptive and expressive language skills (d = .32). The effects of intervention did not vary as a function of home language background or gender.ConclusionsThis study provides strong evidence for the effectiveness of a school‐based language intervention programme (NELI) delivered at scale. These findings demonstrate that language difficulties can be identified by school‐based testing and ameliorated by a TA delivered intervention; this has important implications for educational and social policy.
Lower insulin secretion is associated with hippocampal and parahippocampal gyrus atrophy in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Adachi Yuko , Ota Kazuki , Minami Isao , Yamada Tetsuya , Watanabe Takayuki 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAims/IntroductionWe aimed to examine the association between diabetes‐related parameters and hippocampal and parahippocampal gyrus atrophy (HPGA) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus to elucidate the risk factors for HPGA, which is often accompanied by Alzheimer’s disease.Materials and methodsA total of 137 patients aged ≥50 years with type 2 diabetes mellitus (mean age 67.8 ± 9.8 years) underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging scans and comprehensive health examinations. We measured the volume of interest – a portion of the inner temporal lobe that includes the hippocampus, amygdala and entorhinal cortex (frontal part of the parahippocampal gyrus) – using the voxel‐based specific regional analysis system for Alzheimer’s disease in each patient. The diabetes‐related parameters included glycated hemoglobin, fasting plasma glucose, C‐peptide (CPR) index (serum CPR / fasting plasma glucose × 100) and duration of diabetes.ResultsThe mean glycated hemoglobin was 9.3 ± 2.2%, the median CPR index was 1.29 (interquartile range 0.85–1.74) and the median duration of diabetes was 10 years (interquartile range 3–20 years). The severity score of volume of interest atrophy was >1.0 in 36 patients. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, we found that age (odds ratio 1.09, 95% confidence interval 1.02–1.15) and CPR index (odds ratio 0.451, 95% confidence interval 0.216–0.940) were significantly associated with HPGA.ConclusionsLower insulin secretion was significantly associated with HPGA in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The results of this study support the hypothesis that insulin‐signaling abnormalities are involved in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease.