bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of metals (Pb, Mn, Cd, Zn, Cu) in Purple Rice and Purple Rice Stems Cultivated Organically using Biogas Slug in Padang Pariaman, West Sumatra Province
Authors: Ketut Budaraga I , Salihat Rera Aga 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The presence of heavy metals in rice plants can be a problem if the content exceeds the specified threshold. The aim of the study was to determine the content of heavy metals in purple rice stems and purple rice broken rice in Kelonpok Tani Indah Sakato I Kanagarian Kasang, Batang Anai District, Padang Pariaman Regency. Purple rice stem and ‘milled purple rice’ were analysed using AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer). . Analysis of heavy metals includes lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd). The results of laboratory analysis showed that lead (Pb) in purple rice straw and milled purple rice was detected at 0.0256 mg / kg and 0.0196 mg / kg. Manganese (Mn) metal was detected at 0.1046 mg / kg and 0.3675 mg / kg, the copper (Cu) metal detected was 0.01165 mg / kg and 0.010815 mg / kg. Furthermore, Cadmium (Cd) metal was detected at 0.01465 mg / kg and 0.0141 mg / kg and zinc (Zn) metal detected at 0.083125 mg / kg and 0.2659 mg / kg. All observations of metal content do not exceed the quality standards set by ANZECC. It can be concluded that Purple rice stem and ‘milled rice’ are safe for consumption.
Determination of Chemical Components and Analysis In Silico Streptomyces drozdowiczii against Acinobacter baumanii
Authors: Kawuri R , Darmayasa I B G , Sukmaningsih AASA 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Acinobacter baumanii is one of the pathogenic bacteria that has several antibiotic resistance. Streptomyces is a potential bacteria that can produce several antibiotics. Aim of this research were to determine chemical compound and analysis in silico extract of n butanol Streptomyces drozdowiczii. Streptomyces
drozdowiczii showed the presence of 10 peaks identified as Cyclohexene, 1-Methoxy-1-buten-3-yne, Butanenitrite, n-Butyronitrite, 1-Pentane-3-yne-2-methyl, 3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexylamine, 9-Borabicyclo (421) nonane-dimer and 3-Methyl-2-oxo-2-pyrane-6-carboxylic acid. Analisis in silico showed an interaction occurs between 5 compounds of Streptomyces that function as antimicrobial agents. The conclusion n butanol extract of S.drozdowiczii has a potential as new antibiotic against A. baumanii
Growth Response of Maize Plant Due to Biochar Rice and Fertilizer of Soil in Kwala Bekala, North of Sumatera
Authors: Lubis Kemala Sari , Hidayat Benny , Siregar Ameilia Zuliyanti , Mayendra  
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Inceptisol of Soil in Kwala Bekala Deli Serdang is the dominant agricultural land cultivated corn crop. However, the results obtained currently do not meet the desired target by farmers. A greenhouse study has been conducted to evaluate the response of corn plant growth through the application of rice husk biochar and manure on Ultisol of Soil in Kwala Bekala, Deli Serdang, North of Sumatera. This research was conducted using Randomized Block Design of Factor (RBDF) with 2 treatments. Treatment I used by biochar rice husk (B) with 4 levels ie B0 (0 g / polybag), B1 (25 g/polybag), B2 (50 g/polybag) and B3 (75 g/polybag). The second treatment is cow manure (S) with 4 levels i.e. S0 (0 g/polybag), S1 (25 g / polybag), S2 (50 g/polybag) and S3 (75 g/polybag). Each combination of treatments. repeated 3 times so that there are 48 experimental units. The results showed that application of rice husk biochar of 50 g / polybag able to increase P uptake of plants by 9.96 mg / maize plant and increase plant height up to 176.17 cm. Application of cow manure of fertilizer of cow as much as 50 g/polybag can increase uptake of P, plant height, root dry weight and corn plant respectively 6.09 mg/plant, 185,78 cm, 17,06 g and 152,58 g. Meanwhile, rice husk (50 g/polybag) intrusion and cow manure (50 g/polybag) were also able to increase P uptake of corn plant up to 5.39 mg/plant.
Anthocyanin Content in Some Black Rice Cultivars
Authors: Sholikhah Ummi , Parjanto  , Handoyo Tri , Yunus Ahmad 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Rice is one source of staple foods that have high health benefits, especially black rice, because of the presence of anthocyanin, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, fibre, and minerals. At present, people are starting to pay attention to nutritious foods with the contents and benefits that support health for their diet pattern. This greatly provides a great opportunity for the development of black rice as one of the cultivars which has high anthocyanin content. Anthocyanin is one of the phenolic compounds that enter flavonoid compounds and function as an antioxidant that has a role for the plant itself and for humans as black rice consumers. Anthocyanin in black rice is the black pigment found in pericaps and tegmen (skin layers) of rice. Some are also found in all layers of rice. This research aimed to determine the anthocyanin content in some black rice cultivars. The analysis used to determine the anthocyanin content is the pH difference method. The results of the experiment showed that from 10 cultivars tested, the highest anthocyanin content was found in Toraja black rice cultivars of 21.12 mb/g, followed by Banjarnegara of 19.3 mg/g and melik black rice of 19.06 mg/g. The results of this research are essential for a breeder for the initial selection of the development of superior black rice varieties to choose the rice plant parent with high anthocyanin content..
Isolation of halo-tolerant bacteria with plant growth-promoting traits
Authors: Sipayung Jaliaman , Tarno Hagus , Chang Pearl 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Over the last decades, world agriculture has suffered from soil salinity problems such as nutrient deficiency and salt toxicity. The use of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPR) has been widely reported to alleviate salt stress and promote plant growth via various mechanisms including the decrease in ethylene levels and the increase of bioavailability of nutrients. We have tested 39 bacteria stains for their plant growth-promoting traits such as 1-aminocylopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase, indole acetic acid (IAA) production as well as phosphate solubilization. The results showed that 33 isolates produced ACC deaminase, ranging from 0.3 to 35.0 µmol -KA/mg/h and 27 isolates produced IAA from 1.4-59.9 µg/mL. Sixteen isolates showed the ability to solubilize bio-unavailable phosphate, resulting in halo-zones in the size of 1.5 to 13.3 mm, with 7 isolates of phosphate solubilization index above 2.0. To conclude, isolates with great potential for plant growth promotion have been isolated. The application of these isolates can be an option to replace chemicals used in current agriculture practices and help the development of sustainable agriculture.
Sustainable Business Models: Challenges on potato agro-industry SMEs
Authors: Maulidah Silvana , Wahib Muhaimin A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Potentially, agro-industrialization presents valu-able opportunities and benefits for developing countries, in terms of overall processes of industrialization and economic development, export performance, food safety and quality. Though most of potato agro-industry is worked on small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs), that have multidimensional problems, however the SME sector’s motto for the next millennium is “Think global – Act local”. Potato agro-industries will be sustainable only if they are competitive in terms of costs, prices, operational efficiencies, product quality and flexibility and also integrate the social and green (ecology) issue . In facing the global market, they need to find new ways to avoid wastage through the effective design and operation activities that are efficient in organizational system. Trough the sustainable business models, potato agro-industries have three responsibilities, that are: financial, environmental and social responsibility. The main purposes of this study are analyzing the sustainability business performance and formulating the sustainable business model of the potato agro-industries SMEs. Purpossively, three potato agro-industries actors were determined, as follows: medium, small and micro scale. MDS (Multi Dimensional Scalling) was used for analyzing data with the Rap-Potato (Rapid Appraisal for Potato) method. The results show that the sustainability business performance of medium scale potato agro-industry is in a very sustainable state, small scale and micro scale are in a fairly sustainable state. The sustainable business model for improving performance include: in medium scale agro-industry are: increasing financial access, handling and utilizing waste that disrupts the environment, and increasing product delivery responsiveness. The sustainable business model for small scale agro-industry are: the addition of water sources alternative, increasing income, and increasing financal access; whereas in micro scale agro-industry, the strategies are: arrange the location of agro-industries, increasing family labor participation, and improving product quality.
Development of the PGPR and Cyanobacteria Consortium for Growth Promotion and Control Ralstonia syzigii subsp. indonesiensis of Tomato
Authors: Yanti Yulmira , Hamid Hasmiandy , Reflin  
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are known in various cropping systems to increase plant growth, vigour and plant nutrient contents. cyanobacteria are known to possess the ability to form associations with vascular/non-vascular plants and produce growth-promoting substances. The present work was undertaken to formulate the best effective consortium consist of plant-growth-promoting rhizobacterium and cyanobacteria to promote growth rate of tomato and control R. syzigii subsp. indonesiensis. Our previous study had screened 7 best rhizobacteria (Bacillus thuringiensis strain RBI 2AB1.1, Bacillus cereus strain HYM 88 RBI 2AB 2.1, Bacillus cereus strain APSB-03 RBI 2AB 2.2, Bacterium JP60 RBI 2 AB 2.3, Bacillus sp. M6 RBI KDA 1.2, Bacillus cereus strain JN23 RBI KDA 2.2 and Bacillus subtilis BSn5 RBI IPBL 2.3) and 4 cyanobacteria strain (RZ2AB2.1, RZ1AB2.3, RZ1BPL2.3, RZSD1.1) to promote growth of tomato. To increase those strains’ ability both for suppress pathogen attack and promote growth, development of suitable consortium is necessary. Our research consists of two phase which were in vitro dual culture studies for interaction assay, and in planta consortium assay. Results shown that almost all strains were had a good compatibility to growth together. We develop 12 consortiums based on its previous ability and the compatibility. All consortiums shown capability to reduce bacterial wilt disease development and also promote growth of tomato. Consortium consist of Bacillus thuringiensis strain RBI 2AB1.1, Bacillus cereus strain APSB-03 RBI 2AB 2.2, Bacillus subtilis BSn5 RBI IPBL 2.3 and cyanobacteria RZ2AB2.1) shown best ability to reduce disease development and promote growth and yields of tomato.
Sustainable Mango Production in Central Luzon, Philippines as Affected by Community-Based Model Farms Of Improved Crop Management
Authors: Paguia R. Q , Paguia H. M. , Ventura C. E. , Javier M. A , Roldan L. R. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In a society filled with technology and advancement in the quest for convenience, food production is unlikely to be disregarded as the world continue to find means on securing adequate supply to nourish nations. This study aims to increase production efficiency and profitability of one of the most sought after commodities, mango. A technology demonstration on the application of ICM in the nine (9) community- based model farms was established. As a result of the adopted technology innovations demonstrated by mango farmers in their respective mango farms, the study revealed significant findings on the increase in yield and income by 440% and 586.65%, respectively, after ICM application. It is therefore recommended that the system be institutionalized by LGUs, and appropriate policies be implemented to further provide assistance to small players that comprised the mango industry in the country.
Origin of the band gap in Bi-intercalated graphene on Ir(111)
Authors: Krivenkov M , Marchenko D , Sánchez-Barriga J , Golias E , Rader O , Varykhalov A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Proximity to heavy sp-elements is considered promising for reaching a band gap in graphene that could host quantum spin Hall states. The recent report of an induced spin-orbit gap of 0.2 eV in Pb-intercalated graphene detectable by spin-resolved photoemission has spurred renewed interest in such systems (Klimovskikh et al 2017 ACS Nano
11, 368). In the case of Bi intercalation an even larger band gap of 0.4 eV has been observed but was assigned to the influence of a dislocation network (Warmuth et al 2016 Phys. Rev. B 93, 165 437). Here, we study Bi intercalation under graphene on Ir(111) and report a nearly ideal graphene dispersion without band replicas and no indication of hybridization with the substrate. The band gap is small (0.19 eV) and can be tuned by ±25 meV through the Bi coverage. The Bi atomic density is higher than in the recent report. By spin-resolved photoemission we exclude induced spin-orbit interaction as origin of the gap. Quantitative agreement of a photoemission intensity analysis with the measured band gap suggests sublattice symmetry breaking as one of the possible band gap opening mechanisms. We test several Bi structures by density functional theory. Our results indicate the possibility that Bi intercalates in the phase of bismuthene forming a graphene-bismuthene van der Waals heterostructure.
Numerical and experimental study of stepwise induction cladding
Authors: Yu Jing , Zhang Shuai , Liu Yanchuan , Wang Jinlong 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A stepwise induction cladding process was studied using both simulations and experiments. Three types of commonly applied alloy powders were coated onto a grey cast-iron substrate. A coupled electromagnetic and heat transfer model is proposed to analyse the stepwise induction cladding process. From the electromagnetic field and heat distribution, it can be clearly seen that the eddy current, which was generated by the alternating magnetic field, was generally distributed within the coating and the thin layer near the substrate surface, which in turn resulted in Joule heating. The simulation results provide a clear picture of the process of an alloyed coating metallurgically bonding to the substrate, which is difficult to observe experimentally. To verify the numerical calculations, experimental studies on induction cladding under the same process parameters as the simulation were performed. The maximum temperatures on the outside surface of the graphite tube and the substrate were in reasonable agreement with the simulation and experimental results. Finally, the characteristic microstructure, porosity, and hardness of the coatings were analysed.
Present and future diurnal hourly precipitation in 0.11° EURO-CORDEX models and at convection-permitting resolution
Authors: Meredith Edmund P , Ulbrich Uwe , Rust Henning W , Truhetz Heimo 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The diurnal cycle of precipitation (DCP) is a core mode of precipitation variability in regions and seasons where the dominant precipitation type is convective. The occurrence of extreme precipitation is often closely linked to the DCP. Future changes in extreme precipitation may furthermore, in certain regions, exhibit a strong diurnal signal. Here we investigate the present and future diurnal cycle of hourly precipitation in the state-of-the-art 0.11°C EURO-CORDEX (EC-11) ensemble and in a convection-permitting model (CPM), with a focus on extremes. For the present climate, long-standing timing and frequency biases in the DCP found in lower-resolution models persist in the EC-11 ensemble. In the CPM, however, these biases are largely absent, particularly the diurnal distribution of extremes, which the EC-11 ensemble misrepresents. For future changes to hourly precipitation, we find clear diurnal signals in the CPM and in EC-11 models, with high regional and intra-ensemble variability. The diurnal signal typically peaks in the morning. Interestingly, the EC-11 ensemble mean shows reasonable agreement with the CPM on the diurnal signal’s timing, showing that this feature is representable by models with parametrized convection. Comparison with the CPM suggests that EC-11 models greatly underestimate the amplitude of this diurnal signal. Our study highlights the advantages of CPMs for investigating future precipitation change at the diurnal scale, while also showing the EC-11 ensemble capable of detecting a diurnal signal in future precipitation change.
A machine learning based modelling framework to predict nitrate leaching from agricultural soils across the Netherlands
Authors: Spijker Job , Fraters Dico , Vrijhoef Astrid 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Throughout recent decades, the excessive use of animal manure and fertiliser put a threat on the quality of ground and surface waters in main agricultural production areas in Europe and other parts of the world. Finding a balance between agricultural production and environmental protection is a prerequisite for sustainable development of ground and surface waters and soil quality. To protect groundwater quality, the European Commission has stipulated a limit value for NO3
− of 50 mg l−1. Member states are obliged to monitor and regulate nitrate concentrations in groundwater. In the Netherlands, this monitoring is carried out by sampling nitrate concentrations in water leaching from the root zone at farm level within the national Minerals Policy Monitoring Program. However, due to the costly procedure, only a limited number of about 450 farms can be sampled each year. While this is sufficient for providing a national overview of nitrate leaching, as a result of current and future challenges regarding the sustainable development of the agricultural system, Dutch policymakers need to gain insight into the spatial distribution of nitrate at smaller spatial scales. This study aimed to develop a predictive modelling framework to create annual maps with full national coverage of nitrate concentrations leaching from the root zone of Dutch agricultural soils, and to test this model for the year 2017. We used nitrate data from a national monitoring program and combined them with a large set of auxiliary spatial data, such as soil types, groundwater levels and crop types. We used the Random Forest (RF) algorithm as a prediction and interpolation method. Using the model, we could explain 58% of variance, and statistical errors indicate that the interpolation and map visualisation is suitable for interpretation of the spatial variability of nitrate concentrations in the Netherlands. We used the variable importance from the RF and the partial dependency of the most important variables to get more insight into the major factors explaining the spatial variability. Our study also shows the caveats of data-driven algorithms such as RF. For some areas where no training data was available, the model’s predictions are unexpected and might indicate a model bias. The combination of visualisation of the spatial variability and the interpretation of variable importance and partial dependence results in understanding which areas are more vulnerable to NO3
− leaching, in terms of land use and geomorphology. Our modelling framework can be used to target specific areas and to take more targeted regional policy measurements for the balance between agricultural production and protecting the environment.
A mini-review on decorating, templating of commercial and electrospinning of new porous carbon electrodes for vanadium redox flow batteries
Authors: Schnucklake Maike , Cheng Ming , Maleki Mahboubeh , Roth Christina 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Carbon-based materials have become indispensable in the field of electrochemical applications, especially for energy storage or conversion purposes. A large diversity of materials has been proposed and investigated in the last years. In this mini-review, we present recent advances in the design of carbon-based materials for application in vanadium redox flow batteries. As main part, different modification and fabrication methods for carbon-based electrodes are described. The decoration of carbon felts and graphite felts with metals or metal compounds to enhance mostly the electrocatalysis of the negative side is illustrated with examples. Furthermore, various options of synthesizing porous C–C composites are discussed, with specific emphasis on graphene-based composites as well as nitrogen doped composites and biomass-derived carbons. Apart from that the method of electrospinning is also examined in detail, a method which not only allows the production of nanofibrous high surface area electrodes, but also allows adaptation of fiber thickness and architecture. In this review the significant strengths of each method are pointed out, but also particular weaknesses are discussed with respect to the later battery performance. Finally, an outlook is given pointing to the remaining challenges that need to be overcome in the future.
Turn of the decade: versatility of 2D hexagonal boron nitride
Authors: Rigosi Albert F , Levy Antonio L , Snure Michael R , Glavin Nicholas R 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The era of two-dimensional (2D) materials, in its current form, truly began at the time that graphene was first isolated just over 15 years ago. Shortly thereafter, the use of 2D hexagonal boron nitride had expanded in popularity, with use of the thin isolator permeating a significant number of fields in condensed matter and beyond. Due to the impractical nature of cataloguing every use or research pursuit, this review will cover ground in the following three subtopics relevant to this versatile material: growth, electrical measurements, and applications in optics and photonics. Through understanding how the material has been utilized, one may anticipate some of the exciting directions made possible by the research conducted up through the turn of this decade.
A review of direct air capture (DAC): scaling up commercial technologies and innovating for the future
Authors: McQueen Noah , Gomes Katherine Vaz , McCormick Colin , Blumanthal Katherine , Pisciotta Maxwell , Wilcox Jennifer 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Direct air capture (DAC) can provide an impactful, engineered approach to combat climate change by removing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air. However, to meet climate goals, DAC needs to be scaled at a rapid rate. Current DAC approaches use engineered contactors filled with chemicals to repeatedly capture CO2 from the air and release high purity CO2 that can be stored or otherwise used. This review article focuses on two distinctive, commercial DAC processes to bind with CO2: solid sorbents and liquid solvents. We discuss the properties of solvents and sorbents, including mass transfer, heat transfer and chemical kinetics, as well as how these properties influence the design and cost of the DAC process. Further, we provide a novel overview of the considerations for deploying these DAC technologies, including concepts for learning-by-doing that may drive down costs and material requirements for scaling up DAC technologies.