bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tropical ideals do not realise all Bergman fans
Authors: Draisma Jan , Rincón Felipe 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEvery tropical ideal in the sense of Maclagan–Rincón has an associated tropical variety, a finite polyhedral complex equipped with positive integral weights on its maximal cells. This leads to the realisability question, ubiquitous in tropical geometry, of which weighted polyhedral complexes arise in this manner. Using work of Las Vergnas on the non-existence of tensor products of matroids, we prove that there is no tropical ideal whose variety is the Bergman fan of the direct sum of the Vámos matroid and the uniform matroid of rank two on three elements and in which all maximal cones have weight one.
The iconography of vehicle automation—a focus group study
Authors: Richardson Joy , Revell Kirsten M. A. , Kim Jisun , Stanton Neville A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSAE level 2 and 3 semi-autonomous vehicles are widely available but, due to the nature of automation, their in-vehicle displays are required to communicate more complex information to the driver. Examination of interfaces from a variety of manufacturers revealed a clear lack of consistency in the way key information is displayed. Different manufacturers have adopted icons varying in shape and colour to convey the same message. When driving a semi-autonomous vehicle, mode awareness is critical for trust, performance and safety. Standardisation of icons has been shown to have many benefits including opening products up to wider international markets by helping overcome language and cultural barriers, by providing a method of communication which can surpass them. However, the current lack of standardisation in icon design could cause mode confusion and has little cross-vehicle compatibility. To understand the impact of mode confusion on users, a focus group was held in which participants were asked to interpret the meaning of icons from a variety of different driver interfaces. Ambiguity in user interpretations makes the case for the introduction of new ISO standard icons to better support drivers in SAE level 2 and 3 automated vehicles.
Optimising Multi-stakeholder Practices in Patient Engagement: A Gap Analysis to Enable Focused Evolution of Patient Engagement in the Development and Lifecycle Management of Medicines
Authors: Faulkner S. D. , Pittens C. A. C. M. , Goedhart N. S. , Davies E. H. , Manning E. , Diaz-Ponce A. , Jose Vicente Edo Maria , Prieto-Remón L. , Husain L. , Huberman K. , Boudes M. , Subramaniam M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background
The PARADIGM consortium aimed to make patient engagement in the development and lifecycle management of medicines easier and more effective for all, with the development of new tools that fulfil robustly defined gaps where engagement is suboptimal.

Aims
To generate an inventory of gaps in patient engagement practices and process from existing global examples.

Methods
A large set of criteria for effective patient engagement previously defined via a multi-stakeholder Delphi method, were mapped under fourteen overarching themes. A gap analysis was then performed by twenty-seven reviewers against the resulting forty-six mapped criteria, on a sample of seventy initiatives from global databases.

Results
An inventory of gaps was identified including contextual information as to why the gaps exist. Our work identified general patterns where patient engagement was suboptimal—defined as; fragmented reporting and dissemination of patient engagement activities, and the fundamental principles defined in frameworks or guidance being poorly adhered to in actual practice. Specific gaps were identified for sixteen criteria. Additionally, it was also common to observe primary aspects of a process were addressed for a given criteria (i.e. training for roles and responsibilities) but a secondary context element was lacking (i.e. making training material accessible/understandable/meaningful to all participants).

Conclusion
The results show that the evolution towards meaningful and systematic patient engagement is occurring, yet more importantly they provide clear directional insights to help enhance collaborative practices and co-design solutions. This targeted impact to catalyse a needs-oriented health system that integrates patient engagement at its core is essential.
Obesity and dietary fat influence dopamine neurotransmission: exploring the convergence of metabolic state, physiological stress, and inflammation on dopaminergic control of food intake
Authors: Wallace Conner W. , Fordahl Steve C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe aim of this review is to explore how metabolic changes induced by diets high in saturated fat (HFD) affect nucleus accumbens (NAc) dopamine neurotransmission and food intake, and to explore how stress and inflammation influence this process. Recent evidence linked diet-induced obesity and HFD with reduced dopamine release and reuptake. Altered dopamine neurotransmission could disrupt satiety circuits between NAc dopamine terminals and projections to the hypothalamus. The NAc directs learning and motivated behaviours based on homeostatic needs and psychological states. Therefore, impaired dopaminergic responses to palatable food could contribute to weight gain by disrupting responses to food cues or stress, which impacts type and quantity of food consumed. Specifically, saturated fat promotes neuronal resistance to anorectic hormones and activation of immune cells that release proinflammatory cytokines. Insulin has been shown to regulate dopamine neurotransmission by enhancing satiety, but less is known about effects of diet-induced stress. Therefore, changes to dopamine signalling due to HFD warrant further examination to characterise crosstalk of cytokines with endocrine and neurotransmitter signals. A HFD promotes a proinflammatory environment that may disrupt neuronal endocrine function and dopamine signalling that could be exacerbated by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal and κ-opioid receptor stress systems. Together, these adaptive changes may dysregulate eating by changing NAc dopamine during hedonic versus homeostatic food intake. This could drive palatable food cravings during energy restriction and hinder weight loss. Understanding links between HFD and dopamine neurotransmission will inform treatment strategies for diet-induced obesity and identify molecular candidates for targeted therapeutics.
Expression of lncRNA TINCR in the placenta of patients with pre-eclampsia and its effect on the biological behaviours of trophoblasts
Authors: Qin Li , Yang Qin , Fei Zhiyi , Zhang Dandan 
Published: June 2021

SummaryTo explore the effect of lncRNA TINCR on the biological behaviours of trophoblasts, we detected and analyzed the expression of terminal differentiation-induced non-protein coding RNA (TINCR) in the placenta tissues of pre-eclamptic and non-pre-eclamptic pregnant women. The gain- and loss-of-function of TINCR was performed to examine the proliferation, migration and invasion abilities of Htr-8/Svneo cells. The levels of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins, cyclin and Wnt/β-catenin pathway were detected. High expression of lncRNA TINCR appeared in placental tissues of patients with pre-eclampsia. The proliferation, invasion and migration of Htr-8/Svneo cells were promoted by TINCR downregulation; the cells were transited from G0/G1 to S phase; and EMT was promoted and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway was activated. In summary, the downregulation of lncRNA TINCR activated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and promoted the proliferation, invasion and migration of Htr-8/Svneo cells. This study may provide a theoretical basis for treatment of patients with pre-eclampsia.
Nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratios of 1PN and 2PN zygotes after in vitro fertilization of mouse oocytes
Authors: Okajima Natsumi , Xiao Wei , Lopata Alex , Sankai Tadashi , Yasmin Lubna , Nagai Yasushi , Okamoto Ryota , Tasaki Hidetaka , Otsuki Junko 
Published: June 2021

SummaryNumerous studies have reported comparisons of the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic (NC) ratio during mitosis. However, little information is known about how the pronuclear size is regulated and determined at the end of meiosis II in mammalian zygotes. The present study aims to analyze the NC ratio of female and male pronuclei, and also to compare the size of single pronuclei using photographs that were obtained during experiments to create chimeric hermaphrodites from 2-cell oocytes. The volume of both the female and the male pronucleus was found to correlate with the volume of the oocyte cytoplasm. The NC ratio of the male pronucleus was greater than that of the female pronucleus. The NC ratio of the average volume of the female and male pronuclei was greater than the NC ratio of the mononucleate oocytes. The occurrence of 1PN oocytes was significantly higher when the volume of cytoplasm was lower than the cut-off value. These results indicated that the NC ratio is retained during pronuclear formation. A higher NC ratio in male compared with the female pronucleus indicated structural and/or molecular difference between the two pronuclei. 1PN formation may occur when sperm enters close to the MII spindle.
Improved efficiencies in the generation of multigene-modified pigs by recloning and using sows as the recipient
Authors: Cho Jongki , Kim Ghangyong , Qamar Ahmad Yar , Fang Xun , Roy Pantu Kumar , Tanga Bereket Molla , Bang Seonggyu , Kim Jong Keun , Galli Cesare , Perota Andrea , Kim Young Tae , Che Jeong-Hwan , Park Chung-Gyu 
Published: June 2021

SummaryThis study was performed to improve production efficiency at the level of recipient pig and donor nuclei of transgenic cloned pigs used for xenotransplantation. To generate transgenic pigs, human endothelial protein C receptor (hEPCR) and human thrombomodulin (hTM) genes were introduced using the F2A expression vector into GalT–/–/hCD55+ porcine neonatal ear fibroblasts used as donor cells and cloned embryos were transferred to the sows and gilts. Cloned fetal kidney cells were also used as donor cells for recloning to increase production efficiency. Pregnancy and parturition rates after embryo transfer and preimplantation developmental competence were compared between cloned embryos derived from adult and fetal cells. Significantly higher parturition rates were shown in the group of sows (50.0 vs. 4.1%), natural oestrus (20.8 vs. 0%), and ovulated ovary (16.7 vs. 5.6%) compared with gilt, induced and non-ovulated, respectively (P < 0.05). When using gilts as recipients, final parturitions occurred in only the fetal cell groups and significantly higher blastocyst rates (15.1% vs. 21.3%) were seen (P < 0.05). Additionally, gene expression levels related to pluripotency were significantly higher in the fetal cell group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, sows can be recommended as recipients due to their higher efficiency in the generation of transgenic cloned pigs and cloned fetal cells also can be recommended as donor cells through correct nuclear reprogramming.
A survey evaluating the spatial and temporal distribution of horseweed (Conyza canadensis) late season in Ohio soybean fields from 2013 to 2017
Authors: Essman Alyssa I. , Loux Mark M. , Lindsey Alexander J. , Ackley Bruce A. , Regnier Emilie E. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOn-site surveys of weed populations provide information on the relative occurrence and density of weeds that can be useful to growers in that region. Data generated by weed surveys can aid in the management of weed issues by monitoring the movement of problem weeds and forecasting areas susceptible to infestations. Currently, on-site surveys are often performed on a small scale, within single fields or counties. Questionnaire surveys are helpful for assessing relative abundance but do not always provide detailed information on weed distribution in time or space. A survey was conducted annually in Ohio from 2013 through 2017 in 49 counties with soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] production to assess the late-season occurrence of horseweed [Conyza canadensis(L.) Cronquist]. The objectives of this research were to: (1) determine the frequency, level of infestation, and distribution ofC. canadensisin soybean fields in the primary soybean-producing Ohio counties over 5 yr; and (2) identify significant spatial clusters or movement trends over time.Conyza canadensiswas encountered in each county from 2013 through 2017. Spatial cores of interest, or counties identified as having significant levels ofC. canadensisinfestations or a lack thereof relative to surrounding counties, were identified in all years except 2017. The lowest frequency ofC. canadensisencountered at all rating levels occurred in 2017, which coincided with second-highest frequency of infestations (highest density level) among years. There was no distinct distribution or pattern ofC. canadensismovement within the state from year to year, but there was an increase in counties with infestations over time compared with the early years of the survey when many counties had few to no infestations. These results suggest thatC. canadensispersists as a common and troublesome threat to Ohio soybean producers and that growers should continue makingC. canadensismanagement a priority when developing weed control programs.
DICE and the Carbon Budget for Ambitious Climate Targets
Authors: Azar Christian , Johansson Daniel J. A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe Dynamic Integrated Climate‐Economy (DICE) model is one of the most influential Integrated Assessment Models available. Its founder Professor William Nordhaus was recently awarded Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel due to his pioneering work on the economics of climate change. In a recent paper in American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, Nordhaus uses the model to conclude that a 2.5°C target is almost out of reach. In this paper, we update DICE 2016 R2 with state‐of‐the‐art models of the carbon cycle, heat uptake into the oceans, and the role of non‐CO2 forcers. We find that the allowable remaining carbon budget (over the period 2015–2100) to meet a 2.5°C target to be 2,360 GtCO2 whereas the estimate obtained using DICE 2016 R2 is about 460 GtCO2. Nordhaus's estimate of the remaining carbon budget for this target is hence five times lower than estimates made by our updated DICE. We also compare our results with estimates by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and find our results to be in line with the carbon budgets presented in IPCC SR 1.5. We explain the reasons behind the difference between our result and that of Nordhaus and propose that an updated climate module in DICE is warranted.
Dilatancy and Compaction of a Rate‐and‐State Fault in a Poroelastic Medium: Linearized Stability Analysis
Authors: Heimisson Elías Rafn , Rudnicki John , Lapusta Nadia 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFaults in the crust at seismogenic depths are embedded in a fluid‐saturated, elastic, porous material. Slip on such faults may induce transient pore pressure changes through dilatancy or compaction of the gouge or host rock. However, the poroelastic nature of the crust and the full coupling of inelastic gouge processes and the host rock have been largely neglected in previous analyses. Here, we present a linearized stability analysis of a rate‐and‐state fault at steady‐state sliding in a fully‐coupled poroelastic solid under in‐plane and anti‐plane sliding. We further account for dilatancy of the shear zone and the associated pore pressure changes in an averaged sense. We derive the continuum equivalent of the analysis by Segall and Rice (1995, https://doi.org/10.1029/95jb02403), and highlight a new parameter regime where dilatancy stabilization can act in a highly diffusive solid. Such stabilization is permitted since the time scale of flux through the shear zone and diffusion into the bulk can be very different. A novel aspect of this study involves analyzing the mechanical expansion of the shear layer causing fault‐normal displacements, which we describe by a mass balance of the solid constituent of the gouge. This effect gives rise to a universal stabilization mechanism in both drained and undrained limits. The importance of the mechanism scales with shear‐zone thickness and it is significant for wider shear zones exceeding approximately 1 cm. We hypothesize that this stabilization mechanism may alter and delay an ongoing shear localization process.
Awareness of aerosol-related transmission of COVID-19 among the dentists of Nepal
Authors: Pandey Nashib , Basnet Buddha Bahadur , Koju Sushmit , Khapung Anju , Gupta Alka 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Objective
To access the awareness of dental practitioners of Nepal towards COVID-19 transmission through aerosols.

Materials and methods
The study involved 384 dentists from all over Nepal and was conducted for a period of 3 months. A self-reported online questionnaire was developed using Google forms and the link was shared. It emphasized the awareness related to the aerosol and ventilation system in their daily practices was prepared. The data were analyzed in Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0 software.

Results
The majority of participants were female 52.9% (n = 203) and within the age groups of <30 years 57% (n = 219). Participants from Bagmati Province were 60.4% (n = 232), with least from Sudurpaschim Province 0.5% (n = 2). 60% of participants provided only emergency services during the COVID-19 pandemic and few (7%) provided consultations via telephone. The current ventilation system used was a well-ventilated room with open windows 65.4% (n = 251). However, 52.8% (n = 203) preferred specialized operatory incorporating high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters and ultraviolet (UV) light. More than 60% of respondents were unaware of the particle size of the aerosol.

Conclusions
The obtained results signify the need for the proper ventilation system with appropriate air filtration systems in dental clinical setups.
Circ-0005105 activates COL11A1 by targeting miR-20a-3p to promote pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma progression
Authors: Ma Gang , Li Guichen , Fan Wufeng , Xu Yuanhong , Song Shaowei , Guo Kejian , Liu Zhe 
Published: June 2021

AbstractGrowing evidence indicates that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are closely involved in tumorigenesis, but the association between circRNAs and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is far from clear. Here, we focused on the functional investigation of circ-0005105, a newly identified circRNA, in PDAC progression. In the present study, we assessed circ-0005105 expression in PDAC tissues and cell lines with quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The biological functions of circ-0005105 in cellular proliferation and invasion were identified through gain- and loss-of-function experiments in vitro and in vivo. The interaction between circ-0005105 and the microRNA (miR)-20a-3p–COL11A1 (collagen type XI alpha 1) axis was examined using luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation assays. We found that circ-0005105 expression was upregulated in both PDAC tissues and cell lines. Higher circ-0005105 expression correlated positively with the malignant clinical phenotype and poor prognosis of patients with PDAC. Gain- and loss-of-function analysis showed that circ-0005105 facilitated both in vitro and in vivo cellular proliferation and invasion. Mechanistically, circ-000510 served as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) of miR-20a-3p and indirectly modulated COL11A1 expression, leading to activation of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Rescue experiments suggested that the oncogenic activity of circ-0005105 was dependent on the modulation of the miR-20a-3p–COL11A1 axis. More importantly, COL11A1 overexpression was significantly associated with poor prognosis in PDAC, and silencing COL11A1 reduced PDAC cell tumorigenicity and metastasis. Taken together, our findings confirm for the first time that circ-0005105 has critical functions by regulating the miR-20a-3p–COL11A1 axis. In the clinic, circ-0005105 can act as a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target in PDAC.
Composite risk and benefit from adjuvant dose-dense chemotherapy in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer
Authors: Puglisi Fabio , Gerratana Lorenzo , Lambertini Matteo , Ceppi Marcello , Boni Luca , Montemurro Filippo , Russo Stefania , Bighin Claudia , De Laurentiis Michelino , Giuliano Mario , Bisagni Giancarlo , Durando Antonio , Turletti Anna , Garrone Ornella , Ardizzoni Andrea , Gamucci Teresa , Colantuoni Giuseppe , Gravina Adriano , De Placido Sabino , Cognetti Francesco , Del Mastro Lucia 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe GIM2 phase III trial demonstrated the benefit of dose-dense chemotherapy in node-positive early breast cancer (eBC). To better define the dose-dense effect in the hormone receptor-positive subgroup, we evaluated its benefit through a composite measure of recurrence risk. We conducted an ancillary analysis of the GIM2 trial evaluating the absolute treatment effect through a composite measure of recurrence risk (CPRS) in patients with hormone receptor-positive HER2-negative eBC. CPRS was estimated through Cox proportional hazards models applied to the different clinicopathological features. The treatment effect was compared to the values of CPRS by using the Sub-population Treatment Effect Pattern Plot (STEPP) process. The Disease-Free Survival (DFS)-oriented STEPP analysis showed distinct patterns of relative treatment effect with respect to CPRS. Overall, 5-year DFS differed across CPRS quartiles ranging from 95.2 to 66.4%. Each CPRS quartile was characterized by a different patients’ composition, especially for age, lymph node involvement, tumor size, estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, and Ki-67. A number needed to treat of 154 and 6 was associated with the lowest and the highest CPRS quartile, respectively. Dose-dense adjuvant chemotherapy showed a consistent benefit in node-positive eBC patients with hormone receptor-positive HER2-negative disease, but its effect varied according to CPRS.
Effectiveness of the Korean National Cancer Screening Program in reducing breast cancer mortality
Authors: Choi Eunji , Jun Jae Kwan , Suh Mina , Jung Kyu-Won , Park Boyoung , Lee Kyeongmin , Jung So-Youn , Lee Eun Sook , Choi Kui Son 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHigh incidences of breast cancer (BC) are reported in Asian women in their forties, and it is not clear whether mammographic screening reduces mortality among them. This study evaluated the effect of BC screening on mortality in Korea. We conducted a nationwide prospective cohort study of women invited to the Korean National Cancer Screening Program (KNCSP) between 2002 and 2003 (N = 8,300,682), with data linkage to the Korea Central Cancer Registry and death certificates through 2014 and 2015, respectively. Exposure to mammographic screening was defined using a modified never/ever approach. The primary study outcome was adjusted mortality rate ratio (MRR) for BC among screened and non-screened women estimated by Poisson regression. An adjusted MRR for all cause-death other than BC was examined to account for selection bias in the cohort. BC incidence rates for screened and non-screened women were 84.41 and 82.88 per 100,000 women-years, respectively. BC mortality rates for screened and non-screened women were 5.81 and 13.43 per 100,000 women-years, respectively, with an adjusted MRR for BC of 0.43 (95% CI, 0.41−0.44). The adjusted MRR for all-cause death excluding BC was 0.52 (95% CI, 0.52−0.52). The greatest reduction in BC mortality was noted for women aged 45−54 years, and there was no observable reduction in mortality after the age of 70 years. In conclusion, the KNCSP has been effective in reducing BC mortality among Korean women aged 40−69 years.