bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jacques Rueff, un economista liberal injustamente olvidado
Authors: Arellano Ignacio 
Published: March 2021

On April 23, 2018, it was the 40th anniversary of the death of the great French liberal economist, Jacques Rueff. This article reviews his biogra- phy, commenting on his important contributions to economic science in areas such as the exchange rate, public deficit, unemployment or the interventionist imposture with money. To defend real money, Jacques Rueff will be a staunch supporter of the gold standard and will face Keynes directly and before Hayek. This article wonders about the incomprehensible oblivion to which Rueff has been subjected, not only in the official academic environment, but also in the liberal thought, something strange because his contributions, highly ground- breaking with the academy, in many cases are perfectly compatible with the approaches of the Austrian School of Economics (ASE).
Keywords: Jacques Rueff, liberalism, monetary reform, gold standard, social order.
JEL Classification: B13, B15, B25, E14, E42, E65
Resumen: El 23 de abril de 2018 se conmemoraron cuarenta años del falleci- miento del gran economista liberal francés, Jacques Rueff. En este artículo se repasa la biografía de este economista, comentando sus importantes aporta- ciones a la ciencia económica en campos como la fijación del tipo de cambio, el déficit público, el paro o la impostura intervencionista con el dinero, que fue su gran caballo de batalla. Para defender el verdadero dinero, Jacques Rueff será acérrimo partidario del patrón oro y se enfrentará a Keynes directamente y antes que Hayek. En este artículo se pregunta por el olvido incomprensible al que Rueff se ha visto sometido, no sólo en los ambientes académicos oficia- les, sino entre el pensamiento liberal, algo extraño porque sus aportaciones, altamente rompedoras con la academia, en muchos casos son perfectamente compatibles con de los planteamientos de la Escuela Austriaca de economía (EAE).
Palabras clave: Jacques Rueff, liberalismo, reformas monetarias, patrón oro, orden social.
Clasificación JEL: B13, B15, B25, E14, E42, E65
Los monopolios industriales y la producción de Know–How: nacimiento de industrias competitivas
Authors: Almonte Ramón Alberto Mena 
Published: March 2021

La tesis de este artículo es que los monopolios industriales son grandes productores de know-how y que esto ha sido vital para el desarrollo de industrias competitivas2. Asumamos que un empre- sario se ha convertido en el primero o en el único en una determi- nada industria por haber descubierto una oportunidad de negocios en su búsqueda de beneficios. Al especializarse en lo que decide producir, genera innovaciones3, conocimiento de producción (know-how). Es posible también que el empresario haya recibido por parte del Estado el beneficio exclusivo sobre una determinada actividad económica (p. ej., una patente, una licencia para operar o un derecho de autor). Dicho privilegio permite al empresario obte- ner beneficios a través del conocimiento de producción sobre lo que decida producir. En ambos escenarios existe una creación de conocimiento de producción (know-how) que se transmite o es copiado por competidores4 en potencia, a los cuales el mecanismo de precios5 (Hayek 1945) les transmite información de que también para ellos hay oportunidades de beneficio en la industria. Este ha sido el proceso evolutivo de toda industria que presenta competen- cia en cualquier economía. Dado que la competencia significa mayores excedentes para el consumidor, entonces los monopolios industriales, buscando su beneficio en particular, sirven al bienes- tar social6.
A continuación, intentaremos mostrar que precisamente este know-how producido y transmitido es la pieza clave en el naci- miento de industrias competitivas en una economía. Para abordar el tema tendremos que desarrollar una definición de monopolio industrial, para lo cual analizaremos las definiciones de monopo- lio del mainstream7 y de la Escuela Austriaca de Economía. Luego veremos cuál de estas nos servirá o si tenemos que construir otra definición, ya que buscamos el mayor nivel de generalización posi- ble. Teniendo la definición de monopolio industrial adecuada, solo nos restará mostrar que éste, debido a su producción de know-how ha hecho posible el surgimiento de industrias competitivas.
El «método» o proceso científico como función empresarial: una nueva aplicación de la teoría del conocimiento de Huerta de Soto
Authors: Merino Jorge  Bueso 
Published: March 2021

Habitualmente se ha venido estudiando la naturaleza específica de la investigación científica desde dos puntos de vista: a) el punto de vista de las peculiaridades de su (así llamado) método, o bien b) desde el punto de vista del criterio de demarcación (Popper 1963, Antiseri 2000). En este trabajo, sin embargo, de manera alternativa, vamos a intentar caracterizarla como una función empresarial, que genera procesos con un fuerte componente de interacción inte- rindividual.
Utilizaremos, como base para ello, la caracterización que el profesor Huerta de Soto (1992: 41-55) realiza de la función empre- sarial, que perfila desde el punto de vista lógico las distintas posibilidades que enfrenta un actor, cada actor, ante las realida- des del mundo para perseguir sus objetivos (la lógica de la acción humana).
En defensa del monopolio competitivo
Authors: Cachanosky Iván 
Published: March 2021

Why does Monopoly have a bad reputation? Is it true that Monopo- lies are always less desirable than competitive markets? The truth is that the concept of Monopoly is one of the most vitiated and badly analyzed in the economy since the analysis seems to tend to “Monopoly yes” or “Monopoly no”, when in reality, the relevant discussion is the existence or not of competi- tion in the market. In this context, it could happen that in a competitive market there are several companies that provide the best service at the best price or it could happen that it is only one; that is, a Monopoly, which achieves the same objective. In other words, the Monopoly is not good or bad per se, but depends on the absence or coercion of the State and that competition is guaranteed through the free entry and exit of companies.
Keywords: Monopoly, Competition, Market Prices, Market, Competitive Monop- oly, Legal Monopoly, Cartels
JEL Classification: D41, D42, D46, L41, L11, L43, P42, R32
Resumen: ¿Por qué el Monopolio tiene mala fama? ¿Es cierto que los Mono- polios son siempre menos deseables que los mercados competitivos? Lo cierto es que, el término del Monopolio es uno de los más viciados y mal ana- lizados en la economía ya que el análisis pareciera tender a “Monopolio sí” o “Monopolio no”, cuando en realidad, la discusión relevante es la existencia o no de competencia en el mercado. En este marco, podría ocurrir que en un mercado competitivo sean varias empresas las que brindan el mejor servicio al mejor precio o podría ocurrir que sea una sola; es decir, un monopolio, que logra el mismo objetivo. En otras palabras, el Monopolio no es bueno o malo per se, sino que depende de la ausencia o no de coacción del Estado y de que se garantice la competencia mediante la libre entrada y salida de empresas.
Palabras clave: Monopolio, Competencia, Precios de Mercado, Mercado, Monopolio Competitivo, Monopolio Legal, Cárteles
Clasificación JEL: D41, D42, D46, L41, L11, L43, P42, R32
Constructive criticism of the preliminary version of Libra as a fractional reserve device
Authors: Merino Jorge 
Published: March 2021

Today, the new payment systems that seem available (Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, Facebook’s digital currency project “Libra”, etc.) has made people to realize that currencies could be decentral- ized (and de-monopolized), secret and without regulation of the
government (the vision of Hayek in Denationalization of Money), challenging the prevailing notions over what form money can take, who or what can issue it, and how payments can be settled and recorded (Brainard 2019).
Mark Zuckerberg (CEO of Facebook, Inc.) formally announced on June 18, 2019, the launchment of Libra in the first half of 2020 (Constine 2019), releasing its White Paper (Libra Association 2019a, 2019b). As it is still in a preparatory or preliminary phase, facing new emerging regulatory restrictions around the world (Brummer 2019; Brainard 2019; Nelson 2020), we cannot fully know how exactly it will be implemented, and correspondingly what its true nature will be (a private issuer of money or a mere payment platform?), but we can extract some clues guided by eco- nomic theory.
In order to go a step further at the micro level in the margin- al-subjectivist theoretic approach, we have presented a very simple model for depositary activity which allows us to follow one by one, step by step, the concrete human interactions under- lying the so-called business cycle (Bueso 2017). And we have found at the core of those unsustainable processes the actions of specific people (or organizations) erasing or blurring specific property boundaries on other people’s economic goods (thereby control over property is severed from ownership [Shaffer 2009: 167-68, in chapter 6 “Control as Ownership”], for his own, or a third party, benefit), while covertly mutualizing or externaliz- ing the risk or cost entailed. Then such processes appear at the aggregate or macro level as an increase in the money supply, leading to a lower interest rate and unsustainable overinvest- ment [Garrison 2001]).
On such a basis, in order to know the risks and opportunities open before us, we’ll study (following that model) the effects derived from depositaries practicing fractional reserve, we’ll con- sider to what extent Libra will represent such a phenomenon, with its particularities, and we’ll propose also a line for overcoming the externalization of costs entailed (that is, in order to improve the preliminary project).
Alexis de Tocqueville and F.A. Hayek: Roads to servitude and serfdom
Authors: Lecour Juan 
Published: March 2021

El presente ensayo busca comparar el pensamiento de Alexis de Tocqueville acerca de los acontecimientos ocurridos entre 1848 y 1852, con la obra Camino de Servidumbre de F. A. Hayek, publicada por primera vez en 1944. Si bien han transcurrido casi cien años entre las publicaciones de estos pensadores, ambos se encontraban con problemas similares a la hora de argumentar sus ideas. El paralelismo posible entre las dos épocas refuerza la idea de Pierre Rosanvallon en El Momento Guizot: “Las ideas liberales y democráticas modernas no se despliegan de manera lineal, como tampoco se acoplan a las fases de un movimiento socioeconómico que le otorgaría su sentido verdadero y último” (Rosanvallon, 2015: 12).
La elección de dichos autores no es casualidad. El mismo Hayek explicó al ser entrevistado por Leo Rosten, en 1978, que el título Road to Serfdom había sido elegido por la expresión “road to servitude”, acuñada por Alexis de Tocqueville en el primer tomo de La democracia en América. Este término fue utilizado por el pensador francés para referirse al “nuevo tipo de servidumbre” que la implementación de un sistema socialista traería. 1
Tampoco es azarosa la elección de períodos históricos tan particulares. Entre los años 1848 y 1852, el debate entre pensadores socialistas y liberales había tenido una presencia sin precedentes hasta aquel momento. Tal como escribe Melvin Richter: “Según Tocqueville, la Revolución Francesa había dejado una herencia ambigua, dos tradiciones de democracia: una compatible con ciudadanos gobernándose a sí mismos, mientras disfrutan de libertad, el estado de derecho, y derechos individuales; y otra, donde hay un gobierno en nombre del pueblo, en manos de individuos, grupos o partidos que desprecian abiertamente cualquier límite a la soberanía popular, que es fuente del poder que estos mismos partidos o grupos ejercen” (Richter, 1988: 114).
El contexto de Hayek es el del resurgimiento de este debate: un grupo mayoritario desea delegar el poder absoluto en un ente central para que lo planifique todo; este grupo se divide entre socialistas y nazis, y un grupo minoritario de liberales.2
PERSPECTIVE OF PHOTOTHERAPY OF DERMATOSES BY MEANS OF UVB -311 NM
Authors: ცისკარიშვილი ნ. Tsiskarishvili N. , კაციტაძე ა. Katsitadze A. , ცისკარიშვილი ნ. Tsiskarishvili N. , ცისკარიშვილი ც. Tsiskarishvili Ts. , ჭითანავა ლ. Chitanava L. 
Published: March 2021

The paper presents the modern data concerning the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation and its impact on the structure and function of the skin at various dermatoses. The possibilities of non-drug treatment of dermatoses using different UV spectrum are described. Particular attention is paid to the study of the most effective and safe method for treatment by means of narrow-wave phototherapy with a maximum emission at a wavelength of 311 nm (UVB - 311). The results of the comparative analysis of efficacy and safety of PUVA photochemotherapy and phototherapy UVB -311, on examples of some specific nosologic units (psoriasis, parapsoriasis, vitiligo, mycosis fungoides, photodermatosis, atopic dermatitis) are presented. Based on analysed data, authors conclude that UVB -311 nm is an effective, well-tolerated, safe and alternative method for treatment of chronic dermatoses. The brief review of the available in literature data, allow authors to make conclusion about the possibility of widespread implementation of phototherapy method in practical dermatology.
ABOUT THE MATTER OF LABOUR CONDITIONS CLASSIFICATION IN TBILISI SUBWAY
Authors: ხუნაშვილი ნ. Khunashvili N. , კვერენჩხილაძე რ. Kverenchkhiladze R. , ბაქრაძე ლ. Bakradze L. , კვერენჩხილაძე გ. Kverenchkhiladze G. , ციმაკურიძე მ. Tsimakuridze M. 
Published: March 2021

The aim of this research was the development of the hygienic classification of labour conditions of workers of the Tbilisi subway by indicators of harm and danger of work on the basis of appropriate standard document. The complex of adverse factors of the labour environment which is a potential risk for workers’ health is revealed. It is established that the most adverse, i.e. extreme working conditions (a class of danger 4) are noted on a workplace of a machinist, that is generally caused by parameters of noise and vibration (a class of danger 3 and 4). In the distribution hall and on a workplace of the controller on duty a working condition corresponds 3. 1 class of danger, and on other workplaces to 3.2 class. The results of the designated research are used for development of complex improving measures, which include technological, sanitary and hygienic and medico-preventive measures
THE ECOLOGICAL FACTORS AND HUMAH HEALTH
Authors: ჯავახაძე რ. Javakhadze R. , თურმანაული მ. Turmanauli M. , კვერენჩხილაძე რ. Kverenchkhiladze R. , ჩიქოვანი ა. Chikovani A. , არაბიძე მ. Arabidze M. , ქვათაძე მ. Kvatadze M. 
Published: March 2021

One of the actual global problems of mankind is an environmental pollution and its negative impact on a population’s health, that is the basis of existence of each human being and the entire state. The purpose of this article is to inform the public about the environmental factors affecting human health and its causes.As there is significant rise of ecological diseases, in many countries worldwide during the last years a great attention is paid to the legal side of environmental protection. Public well being is determined by ensuring its sanitaryepidemiological conditions,safe environment and disease prevention.
LABORATORY EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TREATMENT WITH THE VECTOR SYSTEM
Authors: ჯანჯალაშვილი თ. Janjalashvili T. , ივერიელი მ. Iverieli  M. 
Published: March 2021

Introduction of new methods of diagnosis and treatment of periodontal complex diseases in practice represents priority issues for modern dentistry. Diagnosis of the disease is based on clinical and laboratory findings.The active growth of bacteria in plaque and the appearance of increased virulence of periodontal pathogens is an important factor in the development of Periodontitis. Periodontal complex disease treatment depends on the type and progress of diseases, it is necessary to eliminate pathogens and carry out symptomatic treatment, which has been successfully achieved by conservative treatment with Vector system. Periodontal therapy by means of Vector device directly affects an environment of the tooth. It allows removing sub gingival dental plaque destroying pathogenic microorganisms and their toxins, washing out periodontal pockets carefully and polishing teeth roots. During treatment the hard tissues as well as gum are not injured. Periodontal therapy with the ultrasonic device leads to clinical improvements. It was found that Vector treatment was effective in the treatment of patients suffering from periodontitis.
THE CHANGES IN CLONES OF ANTIGENEREACTIVE IMMUNE LYMPHOCYTES TO DIFFERENT MICROORGANISMS DURING PARODONTITIS
Authors: ჯაში ლ. Jashi L. , აბაშიძე ნ. Abashidze N. , გოგებაშვილი ნ. Gogebashvili N. 
Published: March 2021

The activation of clones of immune lymphocytes to streptococci takes place at parodontitis. The number of noted lymphocytes significantly increases in the blood of patients with parodontitis as compared to healthy persons having intact parodontium (12.7±0.3 versus 3.87±0.32, P<0.001). At various forms of parodontitis the growth of antigenreactive lymphocytes is expressed with different degrees. Particularly sharp increase is observed during severe forms of parodontitis as compared to average and light forms (the number of antigenereactive lymphocytes to streptococci in the blood respectively made up 16.9±0.59, 12.8±0.23, 9.5±0.27, P<0.001). As to immune lymphocytes to staphylococci and actinomycete, their activation was not revealed at parodontitis. The quantitative indices of the noted clones of lympho- cytes in the blood did not essentially differ from analogical indices of healthy individuals (an average amount of immune lymphocytes to staphylococci and fungi made up 4.3±0.26 and 3.84±0.29, P<0.05 as compared to healthy individuals). Thus, the increase of number of lymphocytes having receptors to streptococci in the blood has been first established at parodontitis and its intensity was in direct correlation to the degree of the generalization of the process. Proceeding from the aforesaid, it is possible to think that the leukocytes accumulated as a result of chemotaxis in response to microbial aggression in the inflammatory focus, developed in the tissues of parodontium, especially neutrophils and macrophages induce the disorganization of streptococci and their antigens, including the release of antigens common to the tissues of the organism, followed by the development of reciprocal protective and destructive immune processes.
Soil Salinity and Its Management
Authors: Yuvaraj Muthuraman , Subash Chandra Bose Kasiviswanathan , Elavarasi Prabakaran , Tawfik Eman 
Published: March 2021

Soil salinity is a growing threat all over the world due to its toxic effect to reduce soil fertility and water uptake in the crops. An average of 418 million ha soil is saline in nature. Various climatic, geomorphic and rainfall pattern causes which involved in saline soil formation. To reduce the toxic effect proper management of saline soil is required. Irrigation water also a major concern regarding soil salinity management. Saline irrigation water enhances and maintains the severity soil salinity. Crop production aspects root zone salinity provides a strong negative impact on soil fertility. Salinity causes the reduction in nutrient ion, and water uptake has a significant negative effect on crop yields. Soil and water salinity interactions and their influence on crop growth and management of salinity are deliberated in this chapter.
Use of Soy Milk in Lamb Feeding
Authors: Toukourou Youssouf , Moubarack Abdoulaye 
Published: March 2021

Soy milk was administered to Djallonké Lambs in pre weaning. Three groups of 20 animals, all from a traditional farming, were performed. Group 1 (control) was deprived of soy milk. In the 2nd and 3rd group lambs received 50 and 100 ml soy milk respectively per head. Food supplementation with soy milk began a week after the lambs’ birth. Soy milk was administered daily at the same time in one meal using a suckling bottle before leaving to the pasture. The results showed a significant delay of growth of the control group compared to the other groups. At the end of the 2nd week, the body weight difference was in average 0.32and 0.42 kg respectively for the control and the two other groups. At the end of the 12th week this difference became 2.55 and 3.22 kg respectively for the control and the two other groups. No significant differences were observed between the live weights’ mean in the 2nd and 3rd group.
uMngeni Basin Water Quality Trend Analysis for River Health and Treatability Fitness
Authors: Rangeti Innocent , (Rimuka) Dzwairo Bloodless 
Published: March 2021

One of the main challenges facing the potable water production industry is deterioration of the quality of raw water. Drinking water that does not meet quality standards is unfit for consumption. Yet, this quality is a function of various factors, key among them being quality of the raw water from which it is processed. This is because costs related to potable water treatment are related to the nature of raw water pollutants and the degree of pollution. Additionally, survival of aquatic species depends on self-purification of the water bodies through attenuation of pollutants, therefore, if this process is not efficient it might result in dwindling of the aquatic life. Hence, this chapter presents spatial and temporal water quality trends along uMngeni Basin, a critical raw water source for KwaZulu-Natal Province, in South Africa. As at 2014 the basin served about 3.8 million people with potable water. Results from this study are discussed in relation to uMngeni River’s health status and fitness for production of potable water treatment. Time-series and box plots of 11 water quality variables that were monitored at six stations over a period of eight years (2005 to 2012), were drawn and analysed. The Mann Kendall Trend Test and the Sen’s Slope Estimator were employed to test and quantify the magnitude of the quality trends, respectively. Findings showed that raw water (untreated) along uMngeni River was unfit for drinking purposes mainly because of high levels of Escherichia coli. However, the observed monthly average dissolved oxygen of 7 mg/L, that was observed on all stations, suggests that the raw water still met acceptable guidelines for freshwater ecosystems. It was noted that algae and turbidity levels peaked during the wet season (November to April), and these values directly relate to chlorine and polymer dosages during potable water treatment.
Simulation and Optimization of an Integrated Process Flow Sheet for Cement Production
Authors: M. Fadayini Oluwafemi , A. Obisanya Adekunle , O. Ajiboye Gloria , Madu Clement , O. Ipaye Tajudeen , O. Rabiu Taiwo , J. Ajayi Shola , T. Akintola Joseph 
Published: March 2021

In this study the process flow diagram for the cement production was simulated using Aspen HYSYS 8.8 software to achieve high energy optimization and optimum cement flow rate by varying the flow rate of calcium oxide and silica in the clinker feed. Central composite Design (C.C.D) of Response Surface Methodology was used to design the ten experiments for the simulation using Design Expert 10.0.3. Energy efficiency optimization is also carried out using Aspen Energy Analyser. The optimum cement flow rate is found from the contour plot and 3D surface plot to be 47.239 tonnes/day at CaO flow rate of 152.346 tonnes/day and the SiO2 flow rate of 56.8241 tonnes/day. The R2 value of 0.9356 determined from the statistical analysis shows a good significance of the model. The overall utilities in terms of energy are found to be optimised by 81.4% from 6.511 x 107 kcal/h actual value of 1.211 x 107 kcal/h with 297.4 tonnes/day the carbon emission savings.