bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insightful Innovation: Manual Smartphone Fundoscopy and Its Potential in Revolutionizing Day-to-day Clinical Practice in India
Authors: Chaurasia Shivang , Singh Kalyan 
Published: December 2024

Objective:
Fundus examination is a vital part of routine ophthalmological examination. Over the years, we have had various techniques and advancements to make the procedure handy, cheap, and more efficient. The latest in the armory is the smartphone fundoscopy. Although most of the work using this technique has been done in Western countries, of late it has gained popularity in India, especially among the residents. Here, we describe a relatively simple technique for fundus photography in patients with dilated pupils using a smartphone and an indirect ophthalmoscopy lens.

Materials and Methods:
Various applications and devices have been developed to acquire images of the retina using the smartphone, but that only adds to the overall cost of the procedure. By applying the basic principle of indirect ophthalmoscopy and using a smartphone and a condensing lens, we can record high-definition videos of the fundus and subsequently extract high-quality images.

Results:
Using the described technique of manual smartphone fundus photography, excellent, high-quality fundus images have been captured.

Conclusion:
Fundus photography using a smartphone is an inexpensive, portable, safe, fast, and convenient method to obtain retinal images during busy outpatient departments or even inward for bedridden patients. These images can be used as medical records for follow-up of different pathologies and academic purposes.
Outcomes of Intravitreal Bevacizumab in Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) in a Tertiary Eye Care Centre in Eastern India: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Mahapatra Santosh Kumar , Mohanty Anuja 
Published: December 2024

Purpose:
To study the outcomes of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in a tertiary eye care centre in eastern India.

Methods:
We retrospectively analysed 48 consecutive eyes with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) who underwent IVB (0.625mg in 0.025ml). These eyes were either not amenable to or not responding to laser. Weekly follow up was done till 44 weeks post conceptional age (PCA) or complete vascularisation of retina, whichever was later.

Results:
Seventeen eyes (35.42%) had aggressive posterior ROP (APROP); five eyes (10.42%) with zone I stage3 plus ROP; 8 eyes (16.67%) with zone I stage 3 ROP; 8 eyes (16.67%) with zone II stage 3 ROP; 9 eyes (18.75%) with zone II stage 3 plus ROP; and one eye (2.08%) had zone II stage 4a ROP. Forty two eyes (87.5%) received IVB only as the primary treatment. Of these 4 eyes (9.52%) underwent laser photocoagulation as the secondary treatment; one eye had to receive a second dose of IVB along with laser. All eyes showed regression of ROP and complete retinal vascularisation by 46 weeks PCA. There was no recurrence of ROP in our study.

Conclusion:
ROP regressed in all cases of APROP and zone I/zone II stage 3 ROP with IVB and did not recur or had complete vascularisation till last follow up at 44 weeks PCA.
A Comparative Study on Tear Film Analysis in Patients Undergoing Photorefractive Keratomileusis, Sub Bowman’s Keratomileusis, and Femtosecond-assisted Laser in situ Keratomileusis
Authors: Reddy Harika , Shashidhar B. , Haritha V. 
Published: December 2024

Aim:
To evaluate tear film stability, tear secretion, lipid layer thickness in patients undergoing Photo refractive keratectomy (PRK), Sub bowman’s keratomileusis (SBK), and femtosecond-assisted laser in situ keratomileusis (femto LASIK).

Materials and Methods:
The study design is a prospective and interventional study of subjects seeking refractive surgery over 20 years of age. The decision to use PRK or LASIK (SBK and femtosecond LASIK) was based on each patient’s corneal topography and refractive error. LipiView interferometer was used to assess (Tear science, Morrisville, NC) lipid layer thickness and blink rate (complete and incomplete), Schirmer test 1 to assess tear secretion, tear film break up time (TBUT) to assess tear film stability pre and postoperatively.

Results:
In our study, there was a statistically significant decrease in tear secretion (Schirmer’s 1) at 1 month postoperative period in all the three groups. No difference was noted at 1-week postoperative period in all the patients who had undergone corneal refractive surgery. A statistically significant decrease in TBUT was noted at 1 month postoperatively in LASIK group (SBK and femtosecond LASIK). There was a statistically significant decrease in lipid layer thickness (LLT) in Both eye (BE), partial and complete blink rate in Right eye (RE), and complete blink rate in Left eye (LE) at 1 month postoperative period in all the three groups. In our study, PRK group showed less statistically significant decrease in tear film parameters (Schirmer’s 1 in BE, partial BR in RE and complete Blink rate (BR) in LE) compared to SBK group (Schirmer’s 1 in BE, TBUT in BE, partial BR in BE, and LLT in BE) and FEMTO LASIK group (Schirmer’s 1 in BE, TBUT in BE, partial BR in LE) at the 1-month postoperative period.

Conclusion:
Among 63 patients (23 in each group), no significant difference in tear film parameters was noted at 1 week postrefractive surgery in all the three groups (PRK, SBK, and femtosecond LASIK). At 1-month postoperative period, there was a statistically significant difference in most of the tear film parameters in all the three groups compared to preoperative values stating that there was an alteration in tear film stability postcorneal refractive surgery, which was clinically insignificant as the patients are on topical lubricants and low dose steroid drops. Among the three groups, PRK group had less tear film disturbance compared to femtosecond LASIK and SBK group.
The Need of School Screening and Refractive Error Prevalence in School Children in Suburban Areas of Gurgaon District
Authors: Sethi Aditya , Sethi Arun , Sethi Reena 
Published: December 2024

Background:
The largest population of youth in the world is with INDIA, and this makes them the most important contributors to our economy and future of the country. Sight is the main driving sense for knowledge and skill development, thereby it makes perfect sense to ensure that proper and timely eyecare is provided to the youth of INDIA to ensure a safe and stable future of the country. Thus came the idea of an effective school screening program to provide basic eye screening and treatment when required to children in school going age and also gather information of the refractive error prevalence in this age group for this population.

Methods:
The SCHOOL SCREENING program aimed at the NGO and government schools in the area of operations, where the children and their families were unable to afford eye care services was started. All children screened underwent a comprehensive eye examination at the school itself, including the slit lamp examination via a handheld slit lamp, fundus examination via a non mydriatic camera, refraction via an auto refractometer, photoscreener and/or a retinoscopy and subjective refraction.

Results:
A total of 18,939 students were screened over a time period of 18 months covering a total of 39 schools in the Gurgaon belt, in its first phase of program. 11.8% of all school students had some form of refractive error. For a large majority of the students, this was the first time they had their eyes screened and received a pair of glasses. Girl students were found to have a higher refractive error rate 13.3% compared to boy students 10.1% across the schools screened. Myopia was the commonest type of refractive error, around 1139 students were diagnosed with myopia. 410 children out of these were referred to base hospital for further treatment these included children with strabismus 2.1%, Xerophthalmia 1.1%, Congenital cataract 0.8% and other 0.3%.

Conclusion:
School going children require perfect vision else they can be discouraged and there may be a major burden to the Economy of any developing nation, thus a program with screening and intervention aiming at populations that can’t afford such basic needs like spectacles is a must in all zones of the country.
To Study the Incidence and Risk Factors of Retinopathy of Prematurity in Himachal Pradesh
Authors: Sharma Richa , Tuli Rajeev , Sharma Gaurav , Dhiman Indu , Gautam Piyush 
Published: December 2024

Background:
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a disease of developing immature blood vessels in the retina of premature neonates. With the recent advances in neonatal care, there has been improvement in rates of survival in premature infants. The factors playing a role in ROP include low gestational age, low birth weight, and increased oxygen supplementation after birth.

Aims:
To study the incidence and risk factors of ROP in Himachal Pradesh.

Materials and Methods:
A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care center in Himachal Pradesh for duration of 1 year. One hundred and seventy-one new-born babies were screened with birth weight ≤2000 g and gestational age ≤34 weeks. New-born babies with risk factors referred to us for ROP screening were also included. History was taken from parents/guardians and dilated fundus examination was done. The grading of stages and zones was done.

Results:
Out of the 171 new-born babies screened, 72 babies (42.11%) had ROP. Out of 72 babies having ROP, the highest percentage of newborns was found to have aggressive ROP (27.8%) followed by Stage 1 (26.4%), Stage 3 (23.6%), Stage 2 (20.8%), and Stage 4a (1.4%), respectively. None of the patient had Stage 4b and Stage 5 ROP. Oxygen exposure, low gestational age, low birth weight, mechanical ventilation, anemia, and respiratory distress syndrome were the factors associated with ROP.

Conclusions:
ROP is a preventable cause of blindness in childhood. To decrease the burden of this disease, prevention of risk factors, early screening, prompt diagnosis, and early referral for adequate intervention are the only key.
Effects of corneal epithelial remodeling on corneal asphericity after FS-LASIK and Trans-PRK: A prospective study
Authors: Xu Mingyu , Yang Fan , Pazo Emmanuel Eric , Li Qiwei , Yang Zheng , Huang Yue , Zhao Shaozhen 
Published: December 2024

Purpose:
To observe the changes in corneal epithelial thickness after FS-LASIK and Trans-PRK surgery and to investigate the impact of corneal epithelial remodeling on Q-value and HOA.

Methods:
In this prospective cohort study, 50 patients (100 eyes) underwent FS-LASIK and 45 patients (90 eyes) underwent Trans-PRK. Anterior segment OCT was used to measure the corneal epithelial thickness in different corneal zones (central zone: 0–2 mm; paracentral zone: 2–5 mm; and mid-peripheral zone: 5–6 mm) preoperatively and postoperatively at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. The correlation between △CET in the superior, nasal, inferior, and temporal region at 6 months postoperatively and △Q and △HOA was analyzed.

Results:
At 6 months postoperatively, the epithelial thickness increased in the central, paracentral, and mid-peripheral zones in FS-LASIK and Trans-PRK. Central epithelial thickness and different regions of the paracentral zone and mid-peripheral exhibited significant thickening (P < 0.001). In the para-central zone and mid-peripheral zone, the △CET in different regions after LASIK and Trans-PRK was positively correlated with △Q (P < 0.05) and △HOA (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
After FS-LASIK and Trans-PRK, significant epithelial thickening was observed. Epithelial changes in different regions lead to different Q-values in different regions and have different effects on HOA. This has a certain guiding significance for the design of refractive surgery, and minimizing the increase of Q-value may improve the postoperative visual quality.
Lens injury in setting of Zone I and II open globe injuries
Authors: Chou Brian W , Feng Shu , Ding Leona , Mudumbai Raghu C 
Published: December 2024

Purpose:
To characterize visual outcomes in Zone I and II open globe injuries with lens involvement.

Setting:
Level 1 Trauma Center Hospital, Seattle WA.

Design:
Retrospective case series.

Methods:
Zone I and II open globe injuries between May 2009 and May 2018 were reviewed for lens involvement, demographic data, injury characteristics, associated ocular comorbidities, surgical details, and visual outcomes. Eyes with nontraumatic or surgical injuries, prior penetrating keratoplasty, or a history of cataract extraction were excluded. Visual outcomes were compared using the Kruskal–Wallis and Fisher’s exact tests.

Results:
A total of 145 Zone I and II globe injuries (63 without lens injury and 82 with lens injury) with at least 6 months of follow-up were included. Endophthalmitis was not identified in any patients without lens involvement, while 9 patients with lens injury (11%) developed endophthalmitis. Patients with lens injury demonstrated a more severe ocular trauma score (P = 0.003). Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was significantly better (P = 0.03) in patients without lens injury compared to those with lens injury. The median (interquartile range) BCVA in the no-lens injury group was 20/40 (20/25 – 20/400), while in the lens injury group it was 20/80 (20/40-20/300). The location of intraocular lens (IOL) placement did not influence final visual acuity outcomes (P = 0.76). However, eyes left aphakic had worse BCVA compared to those that received a secondary IOL (P = 0.005).

Conclusions:
Open globe injuries with lens involvement are associated with worse visual prognosis. An increased rate of endophthalmitis may contribute to this difference. In eyes requiring secondary IOL placement, the location of the IOL did not affect final BCVA.
Global and Indian Scenarios of Fatal and Non-fatal Occupational Injuries: A Secondary Data Analysis
Authors: Sau Arkaprabha , Phadikar Santanu , Bhakta Ishita , Chatterjee Arindam 
Published: December 2024

Introduction:
Fatal and non-fatal occupational injuries are one of the most important public health problems all over the world. Its number greatly varies from country to country over the years. Worldwide approximately 4% of global gross domestic product (GDP) is lost due to occupational injuries. It has also been estimated that daily, approximately 1 million workers get injured, and more than 5000 workers die due to their occupation. In this research work, using modern data analytics techniques, we have tried to explore the current situation and time trend of fatal and non-fatal occupational injuries globally and in India.

Materials and Methods:
Using the open-source data available at the International Labour Organization (ILO) database and the Government of India open database, analysis was performed systematically using R and Python programming languages. Data have been accessed by December 31, 2022. To make a representative sample population for this article, four countries from Europe and Central Asia region (Russia, France, Germany, and United Kingdom), four countries from the Asia-Pacific region (India, Australia, Japan, and Republic of Korea), and two countries from Americas (United States and Argentina) are selected for a meaningful comparison purpose.

Results:
Since 2000, the time trend of fatal and non-fatal occupational injuries has been increasing trend globally. The yearly average (± standard deviation) of fatal and non-fatal injuries per country per million population was 256 (±68) and 83380 (±41280). The number of fatal injuries in India has increased over the years, but the number of non-fatal injuries in India is decreasing trend.

Discussion:
According to the ILO database, it has been revealed in this article that, on average yearly, 83380 per million population total occupational injuries are reported worldwide. Among them, yearly, 256 per million population (0.3%) workers per country succumbed to injuries. According to Government of India database, there was an average of 271 deaths per year between 2000 and 2021. For evidence-based decision and policy making and subsequent program implementation, the availability of timely, good-quality data from every industrial sector of society is most important. It can only be achieved by implementing integrated occupational injury surveillance programs at national and global levels.
A Randomized Controlled Trial to Compare the Effectiveness of Smart Dynamic Fabric Actuator with Exercises in Chronic Musculoskeletal Leg Pain Associated with Prolonged Standing in a Hospital Setting
Authors: Kashyap Vineet , Venkataraman Srikumar , Kumar Bipin , Handa Gita , Pandey Ravindra M. 
Published: December 2024

Background:
There are adverse effects on the health outcomes of workers whose occupation involves prolonged standing, such as lower back pain, leg pain, cardiovascular diseases, fatigue, discomfort, and pregnancy-related health outcomes. The effectiveness of massage therapy as an intervention for managing leg pain associated with prolonged standing needs to be addressed.

Aims:
This study aimed to evaluate the smart dynamic fabric actuator’s effectiveness in treating chronic musculoskeletal leg pain in persons with occupations involving prolonged standing.

Setting:
Tertiary care hospital.

Design:
Randomized controlled trial.

Methods:
Thirty participants with chronic leg pain satisfying the inclusion and exclusion criteria participated in the study. The intervention group used the device for 15 minutes for each leg once a day and stretching exercises twice a day for six weeks. The control group performed stretching exercises twice a day for six weeks. The outcome was assessed at baseline, three weeks, and six weeks with a Numeric Rating Scale for pain and fatigue, short form-McGill Pain Questionnaire for pain, and SF-36 for quality of life.

Statistical Analysis:
The groups were compared using the two-sample t-test with equal variances, the two-sample Wilcoxon rank-sum test, and the Chi2 exact test as appropriate.

Results:
Thirty medical (nursing officers and doctors) and nonmedical professionals (security guards and sales assistants) with a mean age of 32.9 ± 5.6 years (intervention group) and 36.2 ± 5.1 years (control group) participated in the study. At six weeks, a significant improvement in pain (4.80 ± 1.14 to 1.66 ± 1.04 vs 4.66 ± 0.89 to 2.6 ± 0.91, P = 0.014), quality of life (58.77 ± 9.06 to 71.76 ± 8.43 vs 51.39 ± 8.26 to 63.87 ± 7.61, P = 0.012), and reduced fatigue (5 to 2 vs 5 to 3, P = 0.003) was observed in the intervention group when compared with the control group. No adverse events were observed.

Conclusion:
A smart dynamic fabric actuator can be used as an adjunct to exercises for reducing leg pain and fatigue associated with prolonged standing.
Cardiovascular Complications Following Acute Methadone Poisoning in Patients with and Without a History of Long-term Methadone Use
Authors: Dorooshi Gholamali , Shirmohammadi Mahbod , Gheshlaghi Farzad , Otroshi Arman , Zoofaghari Shafeajafar , Eizadi-Mood Nastaran 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACT

Objective:
Given the prevalence of methadone poisoning, this study was conducted to compare the cardiovascular complications following acute methadone poisoning in patients with and without a history of long-term methadone use.

Methods:
In this retrospective study, information related to patients with acute methadone poisoning hospitalized at Al-Zahra and Khorshid hospitals in Isfahan-Iran was collected from hospital archives and analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups with and without a history of long-term methadone use.

Findings:
The mean of corrected QT interval (QTc), QRS, and heart rate showed no significant differences between the two groups at three-time points: baseline (upon admission), 12 h, and 24 h after admission (P > 0.05). The mean QT dispersion upon admission and 12 h after admission did not differ significantly between the groups (P > 0.05). However, the observation at 24 h postadmission indicated a significant increase in QT dispersion in the group with a history of long-term methadone use, showing a mean of 47.53 ± 10.62 ms compared to the without a history of long-term use group, with a mean of 26.78 ± 6.75 ms (P = 0.041).

Conclusion:
The results indicate that among the cardiovascular findings when analyzing the electrocardiograms of patients with acute methadone poisoning, only QT dispersion differed between patients with and without a history of long-term methadone use. Cardiovascular events resulting from methadone poisoning are the significant factors contributing to patient mortality, highlighting the need for the careful management of methadone use in these patients.
The Impact of Sleep Deprivation on Desktop Workers: Exploring the Link between Sleep Quality, Physical Activity, and Sedentary Lifestyles—A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Raj Manjarika , Roy Feba 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Background:
Digital devices and work from home have blurred boundaries between work and personal life. Reduced physical activity has disrupted sleep patterns, impacting overall well-being. Sleep deprivation is characterized by inadequate or poor-quality sleep, and is linked to various health issues. This study evaluates the prevalence of sleep deprivation among desktop workers and explores its relationship with physical activity and sedentary behavior.

Materials and Methods:
A sample of 110 desktop workers participated. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) assessed physical activity, whereas the (SATED) questionnaire evaluated sleep quality. Participants completed surveys on the week’s first and last working days to track sedentary behaviors.

Results:
There was a significant change in IPAQ scores between the first and last working days (P > 0.05). However, SATED scores remained constant throughout the week. Additionally, no correlation (P > 0.05) was found between IPAQ and SATED scores. It was observed that 50% of participants engaged in regular activity; 79.1% exercised for 1–3 h daily. About 74.5% slept 6–8 h, whereas 23.6% reported 4–6 h of sleep. While 52.7% experienced nighttime awakenings, suggesting sleep disturbances.

Conclusions:
Although there was no significant correlation between screen time and sleep deprivation, some of the participants reported disturbed sleep. Regular physical activity may mitigate screen time effects, but other factors could also influence sleep quality.
Anti-onchocercal properties of three medicinal plants against Onchocerca ochengi
Authors: Samje Moses , Ngoufo Paulin , Mfonku Napoleon , Tchoufack Brice , Mbah Glory , Tiku Eduard , Cho-Ngwa Fidelis 
Published: December 2024

Objective:
To evaluate the filaricidal properties of three indigenous medicinal plants—Cassia alata, Zornia scabra, and Momordica (M.) foetida, in order to explore their potential as novel sources of filaricides for the sustainable management of filariasis.

Methods:
Nine crude extracts from these three plants were prepared and screened in vitro against the microfilariae and adult worms of Onchocerca (O.) ochengi. Viability of O. ochengi adult male worm and mf was ascertained by microscopy while that of adult female worm of O. ochengi was by MTT/formazan assay. Cytotoxicity and acute toxicity were assessed in LLC-MK2 cells and in balb/c mice, respectively.

Results:
At the single highest concentration of 500 µg/mL, all the extracts were active on O. ochengi adult males while seven showed activity on adult females and microfilariae. The methylene chloride extract of M. foetida was the most active on O. ochengi with IC50s of 30.3 µg/mL, 40.3 µg/mL, and 44.2 µg/mL on males, females, and microfilariae, respectively. Selectivity indexes for the most active extract were 3.5 µg/mL (microfilariae), 3.9 µg/mL (females), and 5.1 µg/mL (males). There was no physical sign of acute toxicity and no hepatocellular injury to balb/c mice.

Conclusions:
Extracts of Cassia alata, Zheneria scabra and M. foetida contain nematocidal properties with the methylene chloride extract of M. foetida being the most active on the adult worms and juvenile stages of O. ochengi. These findings provide a base for the isolation of anti-filarial lead molecules from the extract.