bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
General-relativistic hydrodynamics of non-perfect fluids: 3+1 conservative formulation and application to viscous black hole accretion
Authors: Chabanov Michail , Rezzolla Luciano , Rischke Dirk H 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTWe consider the relativistic hydrodynamics of non-perfect fluids with the goal of determining a formulation that is suited for numerical integration in special-relativistic and general-relativistic scenarios. To this end, we review the various formulations of relativistic second-order dissipative hydrodynamics proposed so far and present in detail a particular formulation that is fully general, causal, and can be cast into a 3+1 flux-conservative form, as the one employed in modern numerical-relativity codes. As an example, we employ a variant of this formulation restricted to a relaxation-type equation for the bulk viscosity in the general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamics code bhac. After adopting the formulation for a series of standard and non-standard tests in 1+1-dimensional special-relativistic hydrodynamics, we consider a novel general-relativistic scenario, namely, the stationary, spherically symmetric, viscous accretion on to a black hole. The newly developed solution – which can exhibit even considerable deviations from the inviscid counterpart – can be used as a testbed for numerical codes simulating non-perfect fluids on curved backgrounds.
The pyrat bay framework for exoplanet atmospheric modelling: a population study of Hubble/WFC3 transmission spectra
Authors: Cubillos Patricio E , Blecic Jasmina 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
We present the open-source python Radiative-transfer in a Bayesian framework (pyrat bay) framework for exoplanet atmospheric modelling, spectral synthesis, and Bayesian retrieval. The modular design of the code allows the users to generate atmospheric 1D parametric models of the temperature, abundances (in thermochemical equilibrium or constant-with-altitude), and altitude profiles (in hydrostatic equilibrium); sample ExoMol and HITRAN line-by-line cross-sections with custom resolving power and line-wing cutoff values; compute emission or transmission spectra considering cross-sections from molecular line transitions, collision-induced absorption, Rayleigh scattering, grey clouds, and alkali resonance lines; and perform Markov chain Monte Carlo atmospheric retrievals for a given transit or eclipse data set. We benchmarked the pyrat bay framework by reproducing line-by-line sampling of ExoMol cross-sections, producing transmission and emission spectra consistent with petitradtrans models, accurately retrieving the atmospheric properties of simulated transmission and emission observations generated with taurex models, and closely reproducing aura retrieval analyses of the space-based transmission spectrum of HD 209458 b. Finally, we present a retrieval analysis of a population of transiting exoplanets, focusing on those observed in transmission with the HST WFC3/G141 grism. We found that this instrument alone can confidently identify when a data set shows H2O-absorption features; however, it cannot distinguish whether a muted H2O feature is caused by clouds, high atmospheric metallicity, or low H2O abundance. Our results are consistent with previous retrieval analyses. The pyrat bay code is available at PyPI (pip install pyratbay) and conda. The code is heavily documented (https://pyratbay.readthedocs.io) and tested to provide maximum accessibility to the community and long-term development stability.
The X-ray spectral and variability properties of typical radio-loud quasars
Authors: Zhu S F , Timlin John D , Brandt W N 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
We present X-ray spectral and long-term variability analyses of an unbiased sample of 361 optically selected radio-loud quasars (RLQs) utilizing sensitive serendipitous X-ray data from the Chandra and XMM-Newton archives. The spectral and temporal properties of RLQs are compared with those of radio-quiet quasars (RQQs) matched in L2500Å and z. The median power-law photon index (Γ) of RLQs is $1.84_{-0.01}^{+0.01}$, which is close to that of matched RQQs ($1.90_{-0.01}^{+0.02}$). No significant correlations between Γ and radio-loudness, Lx/Lx, rqq (the X-ray luminosity over that expected from the Lx–Luv relation for RQQs), redshift, or Eddington ratio are found for our RLQs. The stacked X-ray spectra of our RLQs show strong iron-line emission and a possible Compton-reflection hump. The intrinsic X-ray variability amplitude is ≈40 per cent for RLQs on time-scales of months-to-years in the rest frame, which is somewhat smaller than for the matched RQQs (≈60 per cent) on similar time-scales, perhaps due to the larger black hole masses and lower Eddington ratios in our RLQ sample. The X-ray spectral and variability results for our RLQs generally support the idea that the X-ray emission of typical RLQs is dominated by the disc/corona, as is also indicated by a recent luminosity correlation study.
Close stellar encounters at the Galactic Centre – I. The effect on the observed stellar populations
Authors: Mastrobuono-Battisti Alessandra , Church Ross P , Davies Melvyn B 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
We model the effects of collisions and close encounters on the stellar populations observed in the Milky Way nuclear stellar cluster (NSC). Our analysis is based on N-body simulations in which the NSC forms by accretion of massive stellar clusters around a supermassive black hole. We attach stellar populations to our N-body particles and follow the evolution of their stars, and the rate of collisions and close encounters. The most common encounters are collisions between pairs of main-sequence (MS) stars, which lead to mergers: destructive collisions between MS stars and compact objects are rare. We find that the effects of collisions on the stellar populations are small for three reasons. First, our models possess a core that limits the maximum stellar density. Secondly, the velocity dispersion in the NSC is similar to the surface escape velocities of the stars, which minimizes the collision rate. Finally, whilst collisions between MS stars destroy bright giants by accelerating their evolution, they also create them by accelerating the evolution of lower mass stars. These two effects approximately cancel out. We also investigate whether the G2 cloud could be a fuzzball: a compact stellar core that has accreted a tenuous envelope in a close encounter with a red giant. We conclude that fuzzballs with cores below $2\, {\rm M_{\odot }}$ have thermal times-scales too short to reproduce G2. A fuzzball with a black hole core could reproduce the surface properties of G2 but the production rate of such objects in our model is low.
Peculiarities of the chemical abundance distribution in galaxies NGC 3963 and NGC 7292
Authors: Gusev A S , Dodin A V 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
Spectroscopic observations of 32 H ii regions in the spiral galaxy NGC 3963 and the barred irregular galaxy NGC 7292 were carried out with the 2.5-m telescope of the Caucasus Mountain Observatory of the Sternberg Astronomical Institute using the Transient Double-beam Spectrograph with a dispersion of ≈1 Å pixel−1 and a spectral resolution of ≈3 Å. These observations were used to estimate the oxygen and nitrogen abundances and the electron temperatures in H ii regions through modern strong-line methods. In general, the galaxies have oxygen and nitrogen abundances typical of stellar systems with similar luminosities, sizes, and morphology. However, we have found some peculiarities in chemical abundance distributions in both galaxies. The distorted outer segment of the southern arm of NGC 3963 shows an excess oxygen and nitrogen abundances. Chemical elements abundances in NGC 7292 are constant and do not depend on the galactocentric distance. These peculiarities can be explained in terms of external gas accretion in the case of NGC 3963 and major merging for NGC 7292.
Probing supermassive stars and massive black hole seeds through gravitational wave inspirals
Authors: Raveh Yael , Ginat Yonadav Barry , Perets Hagai B , Woods Tyrone E 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
We propose a novel source of gravitational wave (GW) emission: the inspirals of compact fragments inside primordial supermassive stars (SMSs). Such systems are thought to be an essential channel in the as-yet little understood formation of supermassive black holes. One model suggests that high accretion rates of 0.1–1 M⊙ yr−1 attainable in atomically cooled primordial haloes can lead to the formation of a nuclear-burning SMS. This will ultimately undergo collapse through a relativistic instability, leaving a massive black hole remnant. Recent simulations suggest that supermassive stars rarely form in isolation, and that companion stars and even black holes formed may be captured/accreted and inspiral to the SMS core due to gas dynamical friction. Here, we explore the GW emission produced from such inspirals, which could probe the formation and evolution of SMS and seeds of the first supermassive black holes. We use a semi-analytic gas-dynamical friction model of the inspirals in the SMS to characterize their properties. We find such sources could potentially be observable by upcoming space-born GW-detectors at their formation redshifts with the benefit of gravitational lensing. Mergers within closely related quasi-stars may produce a much stronger signal, though disambiguating such events from other high-z events may prove challenging.
High-T
c superconductor Fe(Se,Te) monolayer: an intrinsic, scalable and electrically tunable Majorana platform
Authors: Wu Xianxin , Liu Xin , Thomale Ronny , Liu Chao-Xing 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Iron-based superconductors have been identified as a novel platform for realizing Majorana zero modes (MZMs) without heterostructures, due to their intrinsic topological properties and high-Tc superconductivity. In the two-dimensional limit, the FeTe1−xSex monolayer, a topological band inversion has recently been experimentally observed. Here, we propose to create MZMs by applying an in-plane magnetic field to the FeTe1−xSex monolayer and tuning the local chemical potential via electric gating. Owing to the anisotropic magnetic couplings on edges, an in-plane magnetic field drives the system into an intrinsic high-order topological superconductor phase with Majorana corner modes. Furthermore, MZMs can occur at the domain wall of chemical potentials at either one edge or certain type of tri-junction in the two-dimensional bulk. Our study not only reveals the FeTe1−xSex monolayer as a promising Majorana platform with scalability and electrical tunability and within reach of contemporary experimental capability, but also provides a general principle to search for realistic realization of high-order topological superconductivity.
Cretaceous basin evolution in northeast Asia: tectonic responses to the paleo-Pacific plate subduction
Authors: Meng Qing-Ren , Zhou Zhong-He , Zhu Ri-Xiang , Xu Yi-Gang , Guo Zheng-Tang 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
Cretaceous rift basin evolution was an important part of the tectonic history of northeast Asia in the late Mesozoic. Three types of rift basins are identified—active, passive and wide rift basins—and they developed in different regions. Passive rift basins in the eastern North China craton are thought to be the consequence of crustal stretching and passive asthenospheric upwelling. Wide rift basins in the eastern Central Asian orogen are assumed to originate from gravitational collapse of the thickened and heated orogenic crust. Active rift basins in the northern North China craton are attributed to uprising of asthenospheric materials along a lithospheric-scale tear fault. Slab tearing of the subducting paleo-Pacific plate is postulated and well explains the spatial distribution of different types of rift basins and the eastward shifting of magmatism in the northern North China craton. The Late Cretaceous witnessed a period of mild deformation and weak magmatism, which was possibly due to kinematic variation of the paleo-Pacific plate.
Puff-Resolved Analysis and Selected Quantification of Chemicals in the Gas Phase of E-Cigarettes, Heat-Not-Burn Devices, and Conventional Cigarettes Using Single-Photon Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (SPI-TOFMS): A Comparative Study
Authors: Heide Jan , Adam Thomas W , Jacobs Erik , Wolter Jan-Martin , Ehlert Sven , Walte Andreas , Zimmermann Ralf 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Introduction
A wide array of alternative nicotine delivery devices (ANDD) has been developed and they are often described as less harmful than combustible cigarettes. This work compares the chemical emissions of three ANDD in comparison to cigarette smoke. All the tested ANDD are characterized by not involving combustion of tobacco.

Aims and Methods
Single-photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SPI-TOFMS) is coupled to a linear smoking machine, which allows a comprehensive, online analysis of the gaseous phase of the ANDD aerosol and the conventional cigarette (CC) smoke. The following devices were investigated in this study: a tobacco cigarette with a glowing piece of coal as a heating source, an electric device for heating tobacco, and a first-generation electronic cigarette. Data obtained from a standard 2R4F research cigarette are taken as a reference.

Results
The puff-by-puff profile of all products was recorded. The ANDD show a substantial reduction or complete absence of known harmful and potentially harmful substances compared with the CC. In addition, tar substances (i.e. semivolatile and low volatile aromatic and phenolic compounds) are formed to a much lower extent. Nicotine, however, is supplied in comparable amounts except for the investigated electronic cigarette.

Conclusions
The data show that consumers switching from CC to ANDD are exposed to lower concentrations of harmful and potentially harmful substances. However, toxicological and epidemiological studies must deliver conclusive results if these reduced exposures are beneficial for users.

Implications
The comparison of puff-resolved profiles of emissions from different tobacco products, traditional and alternative, may help users switch to lower emission products. Puff-resolved comparison overcomes technical changes, use modes between products and may help in their regulation.
Simpson Grade I Removal of Tuberculum Sella Meningioma Through the Supraorbital Approach: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Mooney Michael A , Ibn Essayed Walid , Al-Mefty Ossama 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
As described by Cushing
1
in the chiasmatic syndrome, tuberculum sellae meningiomas induce progressive asymmetrical, incongruous visual loss, which would lead to blindness. The surgical removal of these lesions has been rewarding in regard to visual preservation, or recovery, and has passed the test of time. Optic canal extension, in one or both canals, is a consistent feature of these tumors, and removing the tumor from the optic canals is paramount in the treatment of these lesions.
2
Despite the small target volume, radiosurgery is not applicable because of the lack of safe distance from the optic pathways. Tuberculum sella meningioma has been distinguished with good surgical outcomes and low recurrence rates; thus, Simpson grade I removal (tumor, dura, and bone invasion) confers a prospect of cure.
Safe and successful resection of tuberculum meningiomas is achieved through the skull base supraorbital approach
3
with several critical objectives: (1) visualization of the tumor without brain retraction; (2) 270° opening of the optic canal proximally and distally for safe tumor removal; (3) preservation of the vascular supply to the optic pathways and pituitary; (4) microsurgical dissection under high magnification on a short working distance to the encased carotid and anterior cerebral arteries; (5) complete resection of involved dura and bone at the skull base, particularly laterally; and (6) a robust skull base reconstruction with a vascularized pericranial flap.
4

We present the case of a 45-yr-old female with a tuberculum sella meningioma who underwent Simpson grade I removal with an uneventful outcome. The patient consented for surgery.
Image at 2:59 reprinted with permission from Al-Mefty O, Operative Atlas of Meningiomas. Vol 1, © LWW, 1998; Image at 9:33 public domain.
4
C1-C2 Wiring With Timed Self-Obsolescence for Complex C2 Body Fracture
Authors: Wroe William W , Budde Bradley , Hsieh Joseph C 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE
Fractures of C2 are typically managed nonoperatively with good rates of healing. Management decisions are complicated, however, when there are additional fractures in the axis possibly leading to increased instability. Additionally, the techniques used for treating these unstable axis fractures can have either significant complications or permanent loss of range of motion. Here, we present a novel technique for the reduction and stabilization of complex C2 body fracture.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION
A 34-yr-old woman with a complex C2 body fracture, which included a right pars and left lateral mass fracture, presented after a water slide accident. It was felt that this fracture was both unstable and would not heal in an anatomically acceptable way so an open surgical reduction was needed. After consideration of more traditional fusion and osteosynthesis techniques, we chose to perform a C1-C2 internal stabilization with C1 sublaminar and C2 spinous process wiring. The patient was then instructed to wear a Miami J collar for 3 mo.

CONCLUSION
The outcome was favorable with good approximation and healing with preserved range of motion.
Treatment Options for Scrotal Migration of Ventriculoperitoneal Shunts: Case Illustration and Systematic Review of 48 Cases
Authors: Hauser Thomas , Auer Christian , Ludwiczek Johanna , Senker Wolfgang , Rauch Philip-Rudolf , Kargl Simon , Gruber Andreas 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Scrotal migration of intact or disconnected tubing is a rare complication of ventriculoperitoneal shunts. While some illustrative case reports can be found in the literature, a systematic review on treatment options is lacking.

OBJECTIVE
To propose the first literature-based treatment algorithm on scrotal shunt migration.

METHODS
We conducted a literature search using the keywords: “VP,” “ventriculoperitoneal,” “shunt,” and “scrotum.” We identified 36 publications with 48 cases reported including our index case.

RESULTS
Median age at presentation was 13.5 mo (3 d to 65 yr) which was 4 mo (3 d to 72 mo) after last shunt-related surgery. All patients had scrotal swelling, 39 (81%) patients presented without other symptoms, 4 (8%) had additionally local pain, and 4 (8%) patients presented with symptoms of shunt dysfunction. Treatment was surgically in all but one case where spontaneous resolution without repeat migration occurred. In 3 of 4 patients who had either subcutaneous shortening or abdominal repositioning of the shunt without hernia repair, scrotal shunt migration recurred within the following month. Whereas the surgical treatment with reposition of the migrated catheter back into the peritoneal cavity via a groin incision plus hernia repair yielded a definite treatment in all 26 performed cases, the revision rate was significantly higher in the shunt revision without hernia repair cohort (P = .0009).

CONCLUSION
Scrotal shunt migration is a rare shunt complication with good recovery when treated surgically. We recommend hernia repair in addition to either manual or surgical repositioning of migrated tubing.
The Japanese Diet
Authors: Masuyama Mikitaka 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
By exploring specific incidents and parliamentary practices and reviewing how parliament operates across a typical year, this chapter highlights the significance of the negotiation between parliamentary groups, explaining how the Diet rules and procedures strongly influence parliamentary behavior. Representative democracy functions through the interconnection of the legislative and electoral systems, affecting the fusion and diffusion of powers. The constitutional fusion of power underlies the whole process of lawmaking in the Diet. However, one-party dominance makes the government and opposition relations permanently asymmetrical. Unless elections allow voters to choose a government, the majoritarian control to make the ruling party accountable will not work, and legislative activities will remain mismatched with electoral competitions.
The Narrative Study of Self and Society
Authors: Marvasti Amir B. , Gubrium Jaber F. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Stories and storytelling are found everywhere, from an overall cultural presence to the narrative study of self and society. Within a tradition of sociological research stemming from the 1920s, this chapter discusses the narrative study of self and society in the context of social interaction. Three forms of narrative study and aims are distinguished—ethnographic, strategic, and conversational. Substantive topics include the interactionist research tradition, Erving Goffman’s preeminent contribution, the narrative construction of selves, society as a complex narrative environment, and narrative power and practice. We end with cautionary words about methodological, conceptual, and ethical limitations of narrative form and analysis.
Whaling and Sealing in Nineteenth-Century Australia
Authors: Gibbs Martin , Russell Lynette 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The colonial industries of whaling and sealing dominated the first decades of nineteenth-century Australia. This article considers the archaeology of these maritime industries, particularly Aboriginal employment and labour. Examining both historical and precontact archaeology, we argue that the involvement of Aboriginal men and women was an extension of traditional hunting and ritual engagements. Whales and seals were sought out for food, rituals and other uses, and their harvesting involved both men and women. Although archaeological research into whaling and sealing in Australia has been relatively limited, it will prove a fruitful and revealing area, promising a nuanced understanding of Indigenous agency and colonial maritime expansion.
On Composers and Computers
Authors: Nierhaus Gerhard 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The chapter describes the manifold interactions between composers and computers in the creative process. Over time, this dialogue dating back to the 1950s has transcended the paradigm of the traditional compositional process and lead to a number of interesting implications and side effects in the context of current trends in algorithmic composition, generative music, and computational creativity. It is not just the computer but also the choice of software and a specific view on the musical material that are the decisive factors in generative and analytical approaches (which are often interlinked), where strategies of musical representation and the choice of a particular mapping are of crucial importance. Finally, the chapter examines how creativity can be defined and located in this interaction between human and machine.
The Apocrypha and Apocalypticism
Authors: DiTommaso Lorenzo 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
AbstractThe apocalyptic revolution in Judaism in the period from Antiochus to Pompey left virtually no impression in the Apocryphal writings of that time. The corpus is devoid of apocalyptic texts, and no part of any Apocryphal writing is apocalyptic, despite claims to the contrary. Using the apocalyptic worldview as a diagnostic tool, this chapter examines the lack of apocalyptic speculation in the Apocryphal writings, with attention to the Additions to Esther A and F, 2 Maccabees, and Ben Sira. It then discusses the Wisdom of Solomon and 4 Ezra (2 Esdras 3-14), which were composed in the first century ce and are clearly apocalyptic. It concludes with observations on the Apocryphal writings in view of the Deuteronomic and apocalyptic worldviews, and questions on their social settings.