bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mycosphaerella henningsii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Little S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Mycosphaerella henningsii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Manihot esculenta
(cassava, manioc),
M. glaziovii
(manicoba, ceara rubber),
M. palmata
and, under laboratory conditions,
Ipomoea
sp. (36: 82). DISEASE: Brown leaf spot, sometimes referred to as leaf blight of cassava. At first the lesions start as small circular greenish yellow spots. These enlarge and become angular as they are delimited by the major leaf veins; on the upper leaf surface the spots are tan to light tan, 1-8 mm diam. with a dark brown slightly raised border. Minor leaf veins crossing the leaf spot are seen as black necrotic lines. In severe infections the leaf spots are surrounded by a yellow halo caused by a toxin produced by the advancing mycelium (Teri
et al.
, 1977). On the lower leaf surface the spots are less distinct. Eventually the lesions may coalesce, and cause premature defoliation. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Generally found wherever cassava is cultivated (Teri, 1977). Africa: most countries; Asia: Jordan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand; North America: Dominican Republic, USA (Florida); South America: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: Probably by wind-borne and water-splash dispersed conidia. During the dry season the fungus survives on the crop debris.
Cercospora gossypina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Little S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cercospora gossypina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Gossypium arboreum, G. barbadense, G. herbaceum, G. hirsutum, G. indicum
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of cotton. Causes circular to irregular spots, 0.5-15 mm diam., pale brown or grey with a dark brown or purple border, often zonate. Plants of all ages may be infected. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: most countries; Asia: Bangladesh, Burma, India, Pakistan, The Yemen, Australasia: Australia (Queensland); North America: West Indies (Puerto Rico, Trinidad); South America: Peru, Uruguay. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by wind-borne and rain-splash dispersed conidia, and by contaminated tools. Survives adverse conditions in crop debris.
Cercospora citrullina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Little S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cercospora citrullina
[Didymella bryoniae]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS. Cucurbitaceae:
Benincasa, Blastania, Bryonia, Citrulus
(water melon),
Coccinia, Clocynthis, Cucumis
(melon, cucumber),
Cucurbita
(pumpkin),
Lagenaria, Luffa, Melothria, Momordica, Sechium, Telfairia, Trichosanthes
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Cucurbitaceae
. On the water melon the leaf spots occur first on the younger leaves. The small grey or white spots, bordered by a black margin, gradually increase in number and spread over the leaf surface. On cucumber, musk melon and squash the leaf spots are larger, 0.5-10 mm diam., and grey-ochre. The centre of the lesions eventually becomes transparent and brittle. The disease may cause leaf fall. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Most tropical and subtropical countries. Africa: most countries; Asia: most countries; Australasia and Oceania: Central Pacific, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, South America: Bolivia, Brazil, Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: Disseminated by wind-borne conidia, contaminated tools, and rain splashes. The fungus apparently over seasons in crop debris, and on weeds of the
Cucurbitaceae
(Chupp & Sherf, 1960).
Cylindrocarpon olidum var. crassum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cylindrocarpon olidum var. crassum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Cleistocactus, Mammillaria, Opuntia, Zygocactus
. DISEASE: Foot rot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe: Germany. TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne; slimy conidia are probably dispersed by water.
Cylindrocarpon hederae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cylindrocarpon hederae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Hedera helix
. DISEASE: Associated with dead stems, but pathogenicity is probably weak. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe: Great Britain, The Netherlands. TRANSMISSION: Probably water-borne conidia and ascospores.
Cylindrocarpon lichenicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cylindrocarpon lichenicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Wide range of woody and herbaceous plants, especially in the tropics, also
Candelaria concolor
(lichen), soil, human eyes. DISEASE: Post-harvest fruit-rotting of tropical plants. Corneal infection of humans. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Egypt, Nigeria; Asia: Bangladesh, India, Japan, Pakistan, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam; Australasia: Australia; Europe: Great Britain, Italy; South America: Columbia, Peru, Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: By water, transportation of infected plants and soil. It has also been isolated from seeds.
Cylindrocarpon musae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cylindrocarpon musae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Musa
AAA (Cavendish). DISEASE: Rotting of fleshy roots and rhizomes of banana. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Philippines; North America: Costa Rica, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Panama; South America: Colombia, Ecuador. TRANSMISSION: The fungus probably survives as 'chlamydospores' in soil. Its slimy spores may be dispersed by water. Long distance spread may potentially occur by transportation of infected plant material or contaminated soil.
Cylindrocarpon olidum var. olidum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cylindrocarpon olidum var. olidum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Wide range. At IMI there are records on:
Asparagus, Camellia, Cocos, Cordylina, Heterodera
(nematode),
Medicago saliva, Narcissus, Pelargonium, Picea, Pinus, Pyrus, Secale, Solanum
.DISEASE: Root rotting. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Ghana, Zimbabwe; Australasia: Australia; Europe: Germany, Great Britain; North America: Canada, Honduras, USA. TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne; slimy spores are probably spread by water.
Acremonium apii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Williams Michèle A. J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Acremonium apii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Apium graveolens
. DISEASE: Brown spot of celery. The fungus causes brown lesions most noticeable on the petiole. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe: British Isles; North America: Canada, USA (Colorado, Connecticut, New York). TRANSMISSION: Probably from plant debris (39, 207).
Acremonium falciforme
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Williams M. A. J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Acremonium falciforme
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Man. DISEASE: Mycetoma (white-grained). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: India, Malaysia, Thailand; Australasia: New Zealand; Europe: Romania; North America: El Salvador, Puerto Rico, USA (California, MN); South America: Brazil. TRANSMISSION: Presumably from the air or soil following wounding.
Cercospora melongenae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Williams M. A. J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cercospora melongenae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Solanum melongenum
(aubergine or eggplant); also
S. aethiopicum
and
S. incanum
. DISEASE: Leafspot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Ghana, Guinea, Malawi, Mauritius, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zimbabwe, Asia: Bhutan, Burma, India, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka; Australasia and Oceania: Fiji; North America: Jamaica, Trinidad; South America: Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air-borne, or rain-splash dispersed, conidia.
Cercospora zebrina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Williams M. A. J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cercospora zebrina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Members of the
Leguminosae
including
Medicago arabica, M. denticulata, M. saliva, Meliotus alba, Trifolium agrarium, T. alexandrinum, T. alpestre, T. carnum, T. fragiferum, T. hirtum, T. hybridum, T. incarnatum, T. pratense, T. repens, T. resupinatum, T. subterraneum
. DISEASE: Leaf spot (may also affect stems). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Egypt, Mauritius, Morocco, Sudan, Uganda, Zambia; Asia: India, Israel, Nepal, Pakistan, UAE, USSR, Yemen; Australasia & Oceania: Australia; Europe, British Isles, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Germany, Malta, Rumania, Yugoslavia; North America: Canada, Haiti, Jamaica, USA; South America: Brazil, Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: By infected plant debris (64, 1164); conidia may be wind disseminated (42: 468).
Cercospora zonata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Williams M. A. J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cercospora zonata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Vicia
species including
V. faba, V. narbonensis
and P.
saliva
; also
Lens esculenta
.DISEASE: Leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Ethiopia, Libya, Malawi, Mauritius, Zambia; Asia: India, Iran, Nepal; Europe: British Isles, Cyprus, Malta, Rumania; North America: USA. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air-borne, or rain-splash dispersed, conidia.
Pseudocercospora atromarginalis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Williams M. A. J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pseudocercospora atromarginalis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Solanum nigrum
; also
S. aethiopicum
and
S. nodiflorum
. DISEASE: Leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Mauritius, Senegal, Sudan, Uganda, Zambia; Asia: Burma, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka; Australasia and Oceania: Fiji, New Zealand; North America: Barbados, Cuba, Jamaica, Trinidad. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air-borne or rain-splash dispersed conidia.
Bifusella superba
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Bifusella superba
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus excelsa, P. wallichiana
. DISEASE: Needle blight of mountain pines. The conidial stage has been recorded from dead distal parts of otherwise living needles. The ascomatal stage is only known from totally dead needles. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: India (Jammu & Kashmir), Pakistan. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air-borne ascospores in humid conditions.
Ploioderma cedri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ploioderma cedri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Cedrus deodara
. DISEASE: This fungus is a pathogen of
Cedrus deodara
, causing premature defoliation. The incidence of the disease varies from 5-6% of trees in a plantation in Himachal Pradesh (the type locality) to 100% of trees in a natural stand in Jammu & Kashmir. The first symptoms were paling of infected regions of the needles, which then turned yellow and fell prematurely. The effect on the economic potential of the plantation has not been assessed and no treatments have yet been recommended. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air-borne ascospores in humid conditions.
Rhytisma himalense
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Rhytisma himalense
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Ilex dipyrena, Ilex
sp. DISEASE: Tar-spot of
Ilex
spp. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: India (Uttar Pradesh), Pakistan. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air-borne ascospores in humid conditions.
Vladracula annuliformis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Vladracula annuliformis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Acer cinnamomifolium, A. lanceolatum, A. oblongum
. DISEASE: Leaf spotting of
Acer
spp. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: China (Minhow Hsien), Hong Kong, India (Uttar Pradesh). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air-borne ascospores in humid conditions.
Alternaria dauci
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Alternaria dauci
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Apium graveolens, Daucus carota, Fumaria muralis
(59, 987),
Gerbera
sp. (52, 761),
Lactuca
sp. (
fide
Joly, 1964),
Pastinaca saliva, Petroselinum crispum
.DISEASE: Leaf blight of carrot. Affected leaves and petioles turn yellow and then brown or black. The leaflets become shrivelled at the edges and, in severe infections, the whole leaf withers and dies.
Alternaria dauci is
also known as a seed pathogen, this pathogenicity resulting from infections of flowers and then fruits of the host. The fungus does not penetrate the seed, but inhabits the uneven parts of the seed surface (63, 2019). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: see CMI Distribution Map 352; add: Africa: Sudan. Asia: Borneo, Bhutan, Indonesia (Java), Pakistan, USSR (Republic of Georgia) (55, 2945). Australasia & Oceania: Tahiti (56, 5540). Europe: Eire, Hungary (57, 838), Rumania (49, 1527). TRANSMISSION: By conidia. Dispersal is low at night when host leaves are wet, but increases during the day as temperature and wind speed increases. Conidial production occurs from 8-30°C, optimally at 25°C, and at hi relative humidity (96-100%). Leaf surface wetness is critical for successful infection.
Sorosporium saponariae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Sorosporium saponariae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Dianthus
and
Saponaria
spp. and other members of the
Caryophyllaceae
including
Arenaria, Cerastium, Lychnis
,
Minuartia, Moehringia, Petrorhagia, Silene, Stellaria
and
Tunica
spp. DISEASE: Flower smut of the
Caryophyllaceae
.GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Algeria, Morocco. Asia: USSR (Caucasia, Siberia, Turkestan). Australasia: Australia (33, 634). Europe: widespread, including Austria, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Yugoslavia. North America: USA. South America: Argentina, Chile (33, 634). Southern hemisphere records are infrequent. TRANSMISSION: No detailed studies have been reported. Floral organs, including ovules, frequently develop in infected flowers (55, 3947), therefore seed transmission is probable, with systemic infection established in seedlings from either this source or contaminated soil.
Aphanomyces raphani
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hall G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Aphanomyces raphani
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Species in the
Cruciferae
only.
Brassica alboglabra, B. carnet, B. campestris var. pekinensis, B. chinensis, B. juncea, B. napobrassica, B. napus, B. nigra, B. oleracea
(vars
acephala, botrytis, capitata, gemmifera, gongylodes, italica, viridis), B. perviridis, B. rapa, B. robertiana, Crambe abyssinica, Eruca saliva, Lunaria annua
, Raphanus
raphanistrum, R. sativus, Sinapis alba
. DISEASE: Black-root disease of radish; the fungus is a facultatively necrotrophic plant pathogen. Small black, water-soaked lesions on the lower hypocotyl and epidermis accompanied by slight longitudinal cracking of the subepidermal tissues become visible 20 days after sowing. In seedlings, the roots, hypocotyls, petioles and cotyledons become blackened and collapse. On older plants horizontal spread of the fungus produces characteristic constrictions and irregular bands around the circumference of the root (girdle disease). Subsequent penetration of the inner cortex results in blackening of the internal tissues in a portion or all of the root, accompanied by deformity of the roots and stunting of the tops due to retardation of growth. Lesions become invaded rapidly by secondary colonisers such as soft-rot bacteria. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: South Africa. Asia: Japan. Australasia & Oceania: Australia (NSW Qld), New Zealand. Europe: Germany, Rumania. North America: Canada (British Columbia, NS, Ont, Que), USA (California, IL IA, IN, ME to Florida, OR). South America: Venezuela. See CMI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases 421. TRANSMISSION: In wet soil, by zoospores which accumulate at root tips in response to hypocotyl exudates or indole-3-aldehyde (59, 3937). The large number of crucifers (particularly cole crops) infected by
A. raphani
allows it to persist even in the absence of a radish crop. Oospores are generally believed to survive in soil, although there is no evidence to support this. The oospore germinates via a hypha which produces an apical sporangium.
Discosphaerina fulvida
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Discosphaerina fulvida
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Linum
(flax),
Gossypium
(cotton). DISEASE: Stem break and browning of linseed, or polysporosis of flax. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Kenya, South Africa. Asia: Japan. Australasia: Australia New Zealand. Europe: Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Eire, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy ?, Netherlands, Poland Sweden, UK, USSR. North America: Canada, USA. (
CMI Distribution Map
88, ed. 4, 1984). TRANSMISSION: By infected seeds, wind-borne ascospores and conidia. The fungus overwinters as mycelium within the host tissues (44, 2156).
Mycosphaerella populorum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Mycosphaerella populorum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Populus
spp. DISEASE:
Septoria
canker, leaf spot disease. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America: USA (east and central states). South America: Argentina (
CMI Distribution Map
540, 1981). TRANSMISSION: By windborne conidia and ascospores.
Aspergillus candidus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Aspergillus candidus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASES:
In Animals. Aspergillus candidus
has caused various disorders in pigs (Moreau, 1974). There is some evidence that
A. candidus
might be toxic to chickens and rats (Maracas & Smalley, 1972) and that it can act as a pathogen to zoo animals and birds (Saez, 1961).
In Insects
. It has been found on dead bees (Batra
et al.
, 1973).
Aspergillus candidus
is reported to produce citrinin but the first report of citrinin production by an
Aspergillus
confused
A. niveus with A. candidus
(Raper & Fennell, 1965). But several reports indicate that it does produce citrinin (Ciegler, 1973). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide.
Aspergillus clavatus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Aspergillus clavatus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASES:
On Insects
. Although not known to be a pathogen, it has been isolated from insects (Raper & Fennell, 1965), particularly dead adult bees (Batra
et al.
, 1973).
On Man. Aspergillus clavatus
may cause allergic alveolitis in man (Channell
et al.
, 1965) GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide distribution, particularly in tropical and sub-tropical soils.
Cochliobolus cynodontis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cochliobolus cynodontis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Cynodon dactylon
(very common on this host), other
Cynodon
spp.,
Agropyron, Ammi, Arecastrum, Axonopus, Calathea, Chamaedorea, Chrysalidocarpus, Dactyloctenium, Eleusine, Hordeum, Ipomoea, Lycopersicon, Muhlenbergia, Oryza, Panicum, Pennisetum, Poa, Rhapis, Secale
and
Zea
. DISEASE: Leafspot of Bermuda grass end other crops, leaf blight end brown patches of turf, lawns end golflinks. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Brunei, Egypt, Ghana, Guinea, India, Israel, Iraq, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Malaysia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Puerto Rico, Spain, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Trinidad, Turkey, USA, USSR, Venezuela, Yugoslavia and Zambia. TRANSMISSION: By wind-borne conidia and seed-borne.