bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Derivation and Validation of a 10-Year Risk Score for Symptomatic Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Cohort Study of Nearly 500 000 Individuals
Authors: Welsh Paul , Welsh Claire E. , Jhund Pardeep S. , Woodward Mark , Brown Rosemary , Lewsey Jim , Celis-Morales Carlos A. , Ho Frederick K. , MacKay Daniel F. , Gill Jason M.R. , Gray Stuart R. , Katikireddi S. Vittal , Pell Jill P. , Forbes John , Sattar Naveed 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) can occur in patients who are ineligible for routine ultrasound screening. A simple AAA risk score was derived and compared with current guidelines used for ultrasound screening of AAA.

Methods:
United Kingdom Biobank participants without previous AAA were split into a derivation cohort (n=401 820, 54.6% women, mean age 56.4 years, 95.5% White race) and validation cohort (n=83 816). Incident AAA was defined as first hospital inpatient diagnosis of AAA, death from AAA, or an AAA-related surgical procedure. A multivariable Cox model was developed in the derivation cohort into an AAA risk score that did not require blood biomarkers. To illustrate the sensitivity and specificity of the risk score for AAA, a theoretical threshold to refer patients for ultrasound at 0.25% 10-year risk was modeled. Discrimination of the risk score was compared with a model of US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) AAA screening guidelines.

Results:
In the derivation cohort, there were 1570 (0.40%) cases of AAA over a median 11.3 years of follow-up. Components of the AAA risk score were age (stratified by smoking status), weight (stratified by smoking status), antihypertensive and cholesterol-lowering medication use, height, diastolic blood pressure, baseline cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. In the validation cohort, over 10 years of follow-up, the C-index for the model of the USPSTF guidelines was 0.705 (95% CI, 0.678–0.733). The C-index of the risk score as a continuous variable was 0.856 (95% CI, 0.837–0.878). In the validation cohort, the USPSTF model yielded sensitivity 63.9% and specificity 71.3%. At the 0.25% 10-year risk threshold, the risk score yielded sensitivity 82.1% and specificity 70.7% while also improving the net reclassification index compared with the USPSTF model +0.176 (95% CI, 0.120–0.232). A combined model, whereby risk scoring was combined with the USPSTF model, also improved prediction compared with USPSTF alone (net reclassification index +0.101 [95% CI, 0.055–0.147]).

Conclusions:
In an asymptomatic general population, a risk score based on patient age, height, weight, and medical history may improve identification of asymptomatic patients at risk for clinical events from AAA. Further development and validation of risk scores to detect asymptomatic AAA are needed.
Tailored Versus Standard Hydration to Prevent Acute Kidney Injury After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Network Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Moroni Francesco , Baldetti Luca , Kabali Conrad , Briguori Carlo , Maioli Mauro , Toso Anna , Brilakis Emmanouil S. , Gurm Hitinder S. , Bagur Rodrigo , Azzalini Lorenzo 
Published: June 2021

Background
Contrast‐induced acute kidney injury (CI‐AKI) is a serious complication after percutaneous coronary intervention. The mainstay of CI‐AKI prevention is represented by intravenous hydration. Tailoring infusion rate to patient volume status has emerged as advantageous over fixed infusion‐rate hydration strategies.

Methods and Results

A systematic review and network meta‐analysis with a frequentist approach were conducted. A total of 8 randomized controlled trials comprising 2312 patients comparing fixed versus tailored hydration strategies to prevent CI‐AKI after percutaneous coronary intervention were included in the final analysis. Tailored hydration strategies included urine flow rate–guided, central venous pressure–guided, left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure–guided, and bioimpedance vector analysis–guided hydration. Primary endpoint was CI‐AKI incidence. Safety endpoint was incidence of pulmonary edema. Urine flow rate–guided and central venous pressure–guided hydration were associated with a lower incidence of CI‐AKI compared with fixed‐rate hydration (odds ratio [OR], 0.32 [95% CI, 0.19–0.54] and OR, 0.45 [95% CI, 0.21–0.97]). No significant difference in pulmonary edema incidence was observed between the different hydration strategies.
P
score analysis showed that urine flow rate–guided hydration is advantageous in terms of both CI‐AKI prevention and pulmonary edema incidence when compared with other approaches.

Conclusions
Currently available hydration strategies tailored on patients' volume status appear to offer an advantage over guideline‐supported fixed‐rate hydration for CI‐AKI prevention after percutaneous coronary intervention. Current evidence suggests that urine flow rate–guided hydration as the most convenient strategy in terms of effectiveness and safety.
INSTRuCT
Authors: Pandian Jeyaraj Durai , Verma Shweta Jain , Arora Deepti , Sharma Meenakshi , Dhaliwal Rupinder , Khatter Himani , Huilgol Rahul , Sylaja P.N. , Dhasan Aneesh , Renjith Vishnu , Pathak Abhishek , Pai Aparna , Sharma Arvind , Vaishnav Anand , Ray Biman , Khurana Dheeraj , Mittal Gaurav , Kulkarni Girish , Sebastian Ivy , Roy Jayanta , Kumaravelu Somasundaram , John Lydia , Kate Mahesh , Srivastava M.V. , Kempegowda Madhusudhan Byadarahalli , Borah Nomal , Ramrakhiani Neetu , Rai Nirendra , Ojha Pawan , Bhatia Rohit , Das Rupjyoti , Sureshbabu Sachin , Jabeen Shaikh Afshan , Bhoi Sanjeev , Aaron Sanjith , Sarma Prabhakaran , Saroja Aralikatte Onkarappa , Abraham Sherly , Sharma Sudhir , Sulena Sulena , Gorthi Sankar , Nagarjunakonda Sundarachary , Narayan Sunil , Mathew Thomas , George Tina , Vijaya Pamidimukkala , Huded Vikram , Nambiar Vivek , Reddy Y. Muralidhar 
Published: June 2021

Background and Purpose:Very few large scale multicentric stroke clinical trials have been done in India. The Indian Council of Medical Research funded INSTRuCT (Indian Stroke Clinical Trial Network) as a task force project with the objectives to establish a state-of-the-art stroke clinical trial network and to conduct pharmacological and nonpharmacological stroke clinical trials relevant to the nation and globally. The purpose of the article is to enumerate the structure of multicentric stroke network, with emphasis on its scope, challenges and expectations in India.Methods:Multiple expert group meetings were conducted by Indian Council of Medical Research to understand the scope of network to perform stroke clinical trials in the country. Established stroke centers with annual volume of 200 patients with stroke with prior experience of conducting clinical trials were included. Central coordinating center, standard operating procedures, data and safety monitoring board were formed.Discussion:In first phase, 2 trials were initiated namely, SPRINT (Secondary Prevention by Structured Semi-Interactive Stroke Prevention Package in India) and Ayurveda treatment in the rehabilitation of patients with ischemic stroke in India (RESTORE [Rehabilitation of Ischemic stroke Patients in India: A Randomized controlled trial]). In second phase, 4 trials have been approved. SPRINT trial was the first to be initiated. SPRINT trial randomized first patient on April 28, 2018; recruited 3048 patients with an average of 128.5 per month so far. The first follow-up was completed on May 27, 2019. RESTORE trial randomized first patient on May 22, 2019; recruited 49 patients with an average of 3.7 per month so far. The first follow-up was completed on August 30, 2019.Conclusions:In next 5 years, INSTRuCT will be able to complete high-quality large scale stroke trials which are relevant globally.REGISTRATION:URL:http://www.ctri.nic.in/; Unique Identifier: CTRI/2017/05/008507.
Milestones in the Evolution of the Administrative
State
Authors: Dudley Susan E. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The modern administrative state, as measured by the number of agencies, their budgets and staffing, and the number of regulations they issue, has grown significantly over the last hundred years. This essay reviews the origins of the administrative state and identifies four milestone efforts to hold it accountable to the American people: passage of the Administrative Procedure Act in 1946, the economic deregulation of the 1970s and 1980s, requirements for ex ante regulatory impact analysis, and the establishment of White House review. These milestones reflect bipartisan consensus on appropriate constraints on executive rulemaking, but they have not succeeded in stemming the debate over the proper role for administrative agencies and the regulations they issue. New milestones may include judicial interpretations, legislative actions, and extensions to executive oversight.
Introduction: The Pasts & Futures of the Administrative
State
Authors: Tushnet Mark 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
To understand contemporary arguments about deconstructing and reconstructing the modern administrative state, we have to understand where that state came from, and what its futures might be. This introductory essay describes the traditional account of the modern administrative state's origins in the Progressive era and more recent revisionist accounts that give it a longer history. The competing accounts have different implications for our thinking about the administrative state's constitutional status, the former raising some questions about constitutionality, the latter alleviating such concerns. This introduction then draws upon the essays in this issue to describe three options for the future. Deconstructing the administrative state without adopting a program of across-the-board deregulation would entail more regulation by the legislature itself and would insist that Congress give clear instructions to administrative agencies. Tweaking would modify existing doctrine around the edges without making large changes. Reconstruction might involve adopting ever more flexible modes of regulation, including direct citizen participation in making and enforcing regulation.
Hashtagging Justice: Digital Diplomacy and the International Criminal Court on Twitter
Authors: Eichert David 
Published: June 2021

Summary
This article uses qualitative content analysis to understand how the International Criminal Court (ICC) uses Twitter by building on digital diplomacy literature to assess the different narratives promoted by the ICC online. I find that the ICC is actively creating narratives that position it as part of a unified global fight for justice with wide political support from states and other international organisations. This kind of public diplomacy is unique among criminal courts, with tweets aimed at bolstering political support from both elite diplomats and non-elite lay publics. At the same time, however, this rebranding effort often oversteps the ICC’s limited jurisdiction, reducing complex legal topics to short, emotionally resonant phrases that fit within Twitter’s restricted format. While the Court still attempts to portray its work as politically neutral and objective, the diplomatic messaging of its Twitter account sends a different message about the Court’s social media agenda.
Deng Xiaoping’s Views on Science and Technology: Origins of the Sino-U.S. Science and Technology Cooperation, 1977–1979
Authors: Xiong Chenxi 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In the late 1970s, after the tumultuous period of the Cultural Revolution, the policy of the government of the People’s Republic of China (prc) in terms of scientific and technological exchanges and cooperation with the United States changed from rejection and exclusion to active participation and promotion. In this process, ideas and views played an important role. The outlook of the Chinese leadership and particularly Deng Xiaoping on science redefined China’s national interests, turning the promotion of Sino-U.S. science and technology cooperation into an active policy of the Chinese government. During the 1970s, the two countries conducted large-scale intergovernmental cooperation in the field of civil science and technology, signed the agreement on scientific and technological cooperation and dozens of memorandums of understanding and protocols, and finally, in 1979, established a long-term scientific and technological cooperation system. The article explores Sino-American relations through the prism of scientific and technological cooperation, showing how this contributed to creating long-term friendly relations beyond other high politics issues.
In the Eye of the Beholder
Authors: Bocchese Marco 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article investigates the stark variation in elite appraisals of the performance of the International Criminal Court (ICC). Based on an online survey of diplomats posted to the UN headquarters, this article determines which country situations under ICC scrutiny respondents regard as successes or failures and, in turn, what parameters underpin their views. It also asks about negative cases; that is, country situations that never made it to The Hague due to political considerations. This article makes a two-fold contribution to the study of international law and politics. First, it shows that diplomats conceptualize international justice in terms of ongoing prosecutions and convictions obtained. Thus, they downplay indirect effects such as positive complementarity. Interestingly, scholars and diplomats agree on the court’s fiascos, yet dissent on successes. Finally, diplomats have proved tired of political considerations obstructing international justice. Survey data reveals that they want the court to investigate situations involving major powers.
Governors, Regents, and Rituals: an Exploration of Colonial Diplomacy in Ambon at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Post Philip 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article analyses how the Dutch colonial state in Ambon in the early nineteenth century tried to reestablish relations with local regents, making use of already existing protocols that were produced during the period of the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (1602–1799). Engaging in colonial diplomacy was very important because the demise of the voc (1796) and two short periods of British rule in Ambon (1796–1803 and 1810–17) had shaken Dutch rule to its foundations. To reestablish its legitimacy with these local rulers, the colonial state made use of diplomatic protocols, documents and rituals which had been drawn up and negotiated by the voc. This article will focus on comparing the so-called “Instruction for the Regents,” which was drawn up in 1771 by a voc administrator, with one that was reissued in 1818 by the colonial state and will analyze a number of rituals and protocols which played an important role in defining the relationship between the governor and the regents.
Crafting the “Image of America”: The usia/University of Pennsylvania Certificate in American Studies (1960–68)
Authors: Cohn Deborah 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This essay examines the history of an academic certificate in American studies that was developed and implemented by Robert Spiller (University of Pennsylvania) at the behest of the US Information Agency, and targeted at non-US citizens outside of the US. The certificate’s genesis and trajectory were rooted in and inflected by contemporary interest in the field of American studies as offering a means of conducting cultural diplomacy by disseminating information about the US, its way of life, and the benefits offered by the democratic system. The history of the program, like that of the field as a whole, thus reveals how American studies assumed an ambassadorial role abroad for the nation in its new capacity as a world power. At the same time, it also shows the fault lines between the images of the nation that scholars and US officials sought to project, and what audiences abroad were most interested in knowing.
Towards a Conceptual Framework for City Diplomacy: a Practitioner’s Perspective
Authors: Santos Niedja de Andrade e Silva Forte dos 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
As a rising star on the international stage, city diplomacy has been examined by practitioners and pioneer scholars. Therefore, structured insights from practice, history, and academic works have boosted theory development. Similarly, new diplomatic history can explore new paths based on contemporary perspectives on city diplomacy. Based on a practitioner’s perspective, this essay brings academically contextualized observations together for the construction of a conceptual framework for the historical study of city diplomacy.
“Ma coustume ne soit de m’addresser aux villes”: Early Modern Amsterdam’s Dealings in City Diplomacy
Authors: de Boer Tessa 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The historical dimensions of city diplomacy have faced neglect in diplomatic studies and diplomatic history. Historicizing the concept of city diplomacy, however, can benefit both disciplines. Through a case study on early modern Amsterdam’s considerable diplomatic ambitions, I argue that a historical case contextualizes current-day discourses in city diplomacy, and that cities must be assessed as diplomatic actors in order to further complete narratives on traditional state-driven diplomacy.
Waves to Weather: Exploring the Limits of Predictability of Weather
Authors: Craig George C. , Fink Andreas H. , Hoose Corinna , Janjić Tijana , Knippertz Peter , Laurian Audine , Lerch Sebastian , Mayer Bernhard , Miltenberger Annette , Redl Robert , Riemer Michael , Tempest Kirsten I. , Wirth Volkmar 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPrediction of weather is a main goal of atmospheric science. Its importance to society is growing continuously due to factors such as vulnerability to natural disasters, the move to renewable energy sources, and the risks of climate change. But prediction is also a major scientific challenge due to the inherently limited predictability of a chaotic atmosphere, and has led to a revolution in forecasting methods as we have moved to probabilistic prediction. These changes provide the motivation for Waves to Weather (W2W), a major national research program in Germany with three main university partners in Munich, Mainz, and Karlsruhe. We are currently in the second 4-yr phase of our planned duration of 12 years and employ 36 doctoral and postdoctoral scientists. In the context of this large program, we address what we have identified to be the most important and challenging scientific questions in predictability of weather, namely, upscale error growth, errors associated with cloud processes, and probabilistic prediction of high-impact weather. This paper presents some key results of the first phase of W2W and discusses how they have influenced our understanding of predictability. The key role of interdisciplinary research linking atmospheric scientists with experts in visualization, statistics, numerical analysis, and inverse methods will be highlighted. To ensure a lasting impact on research in our field in Germany and internationally, we have instituted innovative programs for training and support of early-career scientists, and to support education, equal opportunities, and outreach, which are also described here.
‘In the night kitchen’: A scoping review on the night eating syndrome
Authors: Muscatello Maria Rosaria Anna , Torre Giovanna , Celebre Laura , Dell’Osso Bernardo , Mento Carmela , Zoccali Rocco Antonio , Bruno Antonio 
Published: June 2021

Background: First described in 1955, night eating syndrome refers to an abnormal eating behavior clinically defined by the presence of evening hyperphagia (>25% of daily caloric intake) and/or nocturnal awaking with food ingestion occurring ⩾ 2 times per week. Aims: Although the syndrome is frequently comorbid with obesity, metabolic and psychiatric disorders, its etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, assessment and treatment still remain not fully understood. Methods: This review was conducted according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines; PubMed database was searched until 31 October 2020, using the key terms: ‘Night Eating Syndrome’ AND ‘complications’ OR ‘diagnosis’ OR ‘drug therapy’ OR ‘epidemiology’ OR ‘etiology’ OR ‘physiology’ OR ‘physiopathology’ OR ‘psychology’ OR ‘therapy’. Results: From a total of 239 citations, 120 studies assessing night eating syndrome met the inclusion criteria to be included in the review. Conclusion: The inclusion of night eating syndrome into the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 ‘Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorders’ category should drive the attention of clinician and researchers toward this syndrome that is still defined by evolving diagnostic criteria. The correct identification and assessment of NES could facilitate the detection and the diagnosis of this disorder, whose bio-psycho-social roots support its multifactorial nature. The significant rates of comorbid illnesses associated with NES and the overlapping symptoms with other eating disorders require a focused clinical attention. Treatment options for night eating syndrome include both pharmacological (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, topiramate and melatonergic drugs) and non-pharmachological approaches; the combination of such strategies within a multidisciplinary approach should be addressed in future, well-sized and long-term studies.