bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Field studies need to report essential information on social organisation – independent of the study focus
Authors: Makuya Lindelani , Olivier Charlotte‐Anaïs , Schradin Carsten 
Published: November 2021

AbstractComparative studies on social evolution are ideally based on large datasets to ensure high statistical power, but their scientific validity also relies on the quality of the data. However, even though social organisation, that is the composition of social units, is measured in many field studies testing specific hypotheses, these data are often not adequately reported. Here, we summarise which data on social organisation should always be reported regardless of the study focus to make them available for comparative studies. As an example, we report data from a literature survey on one of the four superorders of placental mammals, the Xenarthra from South America (armadillos, anteaters and sloths), of which all 30 species are generally assumed to be solitary living. In total, we found 4510 articles. The titles and abstracts of 61 publications indicated that data on social organisation were collected, but only 12 publications contained sufficient information for us to determine the social organisation. We found reliable information on nine species, of which seven were strictly solitary. Two species showed a combination of solitary‐living and pair‐living with one including female groups. This review therefore indicates that Xenarthra may not be exclusively solitary. Our literature survey further shows that valuable data are often not reported even though it can be assumed that these data had been collected. We report examples from 23 additional studies on monotremes, marsupials and two other placental superorders showing similar issues in reporting data. It is important to make authors aware that this information would be valuable for comparative studies. In sum, we recommend including data on the composition of social units, sex of individuals, occupancy of sleeping sites, frequency of observations and trapping events, home range overlap and the proportion of the individuals in the study area, independent of the study question in all publications.
Eutrophication‐driven eco‐evolutionary dynamics indicated by differences in stoichiometric traits among populations of Daphnia pulicaria
Authors: Moody Eric K. , Butts Tyler J. , Fleck Rachel , Jeyasingh Punidan D. , Wilkinson Grace M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Microevolution can have consequences at higher levels of ecological organization. Although divergence among populations can be rapid and driven by anthropogenic changes to the environment, the ecological relevance of evolution induced by human activities remains poorly understood.

A frequent way in which human activities drive microevolution is the increase in supply of nutrients such as phosphorus (P) that are required for fitness‐relevant traits such as growth and reproduction. Because higher P concentrations decrease P‐use efficiency and feeding rate in heterotrophic consumers such as Daphnia, we hypothesized that such adjustments should alter consumer–resource dynamics.

We examined how cultural eutrophication in temperate lakes causes trait variation in the grazer Daphnia pulicaria. We tested for variation in Daphnia traits and genetic variation in the metabolic enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase (Pgi) which are each known to respond to eutrophication. We then examined the impact of this variation on consumer–resource dynamics using a combination of experiments and a multi‐lake survey.

We found that Daphnia from hypereutrophic lakes responded to experimental hypereutrophic conditions with increased growth rates and fecundity when raised on P‐fertilized seston, but had reduced performance on P‐poor seston relative to eutrophic source Daphnia. These results suggest that Daphnia may face a trade‐off in performance at low versus excess P that may be mediated in part by genetic variation at the Pgi locus.

The variation observed in laboratory growth experiments scaled up to Daphnia populations in both mesocosm experiments and among lakes. In both the mesocosm experiment and in the lake survey, Daphnia from hypereutrophic source lakes reached high biomass while phytoplankton biomass also remained high.

Given the prevalence and rapid eutrophication of freshwater ecosystems worldwide, these results indicate that considering the potential effects of evolutionary change in ecosystem models could be useful in forecasting the effects of anthropogenic environmental change on pivotal ecosystem services.
Impacts of the COVID pandemic on international faculty's academic activities and life in Japan
Authors: Huang Futao 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to explore impacts of the pandemic on the academic activities and life of full‐time international faculty at Japanese universities, drawing on findings from semi‐structured interviews with them. Main findings include three points. First, although the vast majority of the interviewees believed that the pandemic has had more negative impacts on their academic activities and life, the case study of Japan suggests that there are both negative and positive impacts from the pandemic that are unique on international faculty's academic activities and life. Second, the study reveals that the impacts on international faculty vary according to the backgrounds of the interviewees such as their academic disciplines, countries of origin, and work roles and duties. Finally, participants may have experienced discrimination etc., but not felt comfortable talking about it. It seems that no interviewees, particularly those from China and other parts of Asia, experienced social exclusion and xenophobic attitudes and, at times, became victims of discrimination and verbal assaults.
Chemical vapor infiltration of additively manufactured preforms: Pore‐resolved simulations and experimental validation
Authors: Ramanuj Vimal , Sankaran Ramanan , Jolly Brian , Schumacher Austin , Mitchell David 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe densification of additively manufactured porous preforms by chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) is studied using pore‐resolved simulations and experiments. Experimentally, 3D printed silicon carbide (SiC) preforms are subject to CVI synthesis using methyltrichlorosilane (MTS) precursor to obtain high purity SiC/SiC composites. Optical images of the cross sections of the processed preforms are analyzed to obtain the spatial porosity distribution. The numerical method is based on a level set formulation to capture the spatial distribution and time evolution of the pore scale microstructural characteristics. The coupled transport and kinetic effects are represented using a dimensionless Thiele modulus. Simulations are initialized using representative synthetic preform geometries comprising of packed particles based on the size distribution of the powder used for 3D printing. The simulation results are validated against the experimental observations in terms of total density and the distribution of residual porosity. The densification characteristics, porosity classification, concentration profiles, and structure functions are analyzed as functions of processing temperature and Thiele modulus.
Spatial variation in bioclimatic relationships for a snow‐adapted species along a discontinuous southern range boundary
Authors: Sultaire Sean M. , Humphreys John M. , Zuckerberg Benjamin , Pauli Jonathan N. , Roloff Gary J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAimVariation in the relationship between variables across space, known as spatial non‐stationarity, is a common phenomenon in ecology. Species distribution models (SDMs), however, typically assume stationarity in species–environment relationships across space. Spatial non‐stationarity may be particularly apparent in populations along range boundaries where species are actively adapting to changes in climate, and geographically isolated areas where isolation can facilitate adaptation. We used data collected from the southern range boundary of a winter‐adapted mammal to evaluate spatially varying environmental relationships in a region with a geographically isolated population.TaxonLepus americanus.LocationLaurentian Great Lakes region, USA.MethodsWe surveyed 320 sites for snowshoe hares near their regional southern range boundary. We related snowshoe hare occurrence to short‐term climate variables (snow cover duration, maximum temperature and their interaction) with a spatially explicit model that allowed the effect of climate variables on snowshoe hare occurrence to vary spatially.ResultsWe found highest support for an SDM that incorporated geographic barriers when estimating spatial effects, in addition to spatially varying effects of maximum temperate, snow cover duration and their interaction. Hares were more likely to occupy sites with longer snow cover duration but the influence of temperature was more variable. Increasing temperature in northern portions of our study area had a positive influence on hare occurrence, but exhibited a negative relationship along the southern range boundary.Main ConclusionsWe provide a robust evaluation of stationarity assumptions in bioclimatic relationships and highlight spatially variable relationships between a cold‐adapted species and short‐term climate variables across a range boundary. However, spatial non‐stationarity was not most apparent across dispersal barriers but coincided with differences in the relationship between climate variables across space. Our study provides evidence that the distribution of a winter‐adapted species is strongly constrained by snow cover, but prevailing temperature modulates the strength of this relationship across space.
Phylogeography of Artemisia frigida (Anthemideae, Asteraceae) based on genotyping‐by‐sequencing and plastid DNA data: Migration through Beringia
Authors: Oyundelger Khurelpurev , Harpke Dörte , Herklotz Veit , Troeva Elena , Zheng Zhenzhen , Li Zheng , Oyuntsetseg Batlai , Wagner Viktoria , Wesche Karsten , Ritz Christiane M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractArtemisia frigida is a temperate grassland species that has the largest natural range among its genus, with occurrences across the temperate grassland biomes of Eurasia and North America. Despite its wide geographic range, we know little about the species’ distribution history. Hence, we conducted a phylogeographical study to test the hypothesis that the species’ distribution pattern is related to a potential historical migration over the ‘Bering land bridge’. We applied two molecular approaches: genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS) and Sanger sequencing of the plastid intergenic spacer region (rpl32 – trnL) to investigate genetic differentiation and relatedness among 21 populations from North America, Middle Asia, Central Asia and the Russian Far East. Furthermore, we identified the ploidy level of individuals based on GBS data. Our results indicate that A. frigida originated in Asia, spread northwards to the Far East and then to North America across the Bering Strait. We found a pronounced genetic structuring between Middle and Central Asian populations with mixed ploidy levels, tetraploids in the Far East, and nearly exclusively diploids in North America except for one individual. According to phylogenetic analysis, two populations of Kazakhstan (KZ2 and KZ3) represent the most likely ancestral diploids that constitute the basally branching lineages, and subsequent polyploidization has occurred on several occasions independently. Mantel tests revealed weak correlations between genetic distance and geographical distance and climatic conditions, which indicates that paleoclimatic fluctuations may have more profoundly influenced A. frigida's spatial genetic structure and distribution than the current environment.
Understanding professionals’ perspectives and experiences of elder self‐neglect: A systematic review and meta‐synthesis of qualitative studies
Authors: Yu Mingming , Ramachandran Hadassah Joann , Qian Min , Shi Yuexian , Gu Libin , Wang Wenru 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPurposeTo systematically review and synthesize the findings on various professionals’ perspectives of elder self‐neglect (ESN) and/or their experiences with ESN.DesignA systematic qualitative review was used.MethodsPrimary qualitative studies published either in English or Chinese until August 2020 were systematically searched in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CINAHL Plus, PsycINFO, Wanfang Data, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI).FindingsEleven studies were included. Five subthemes including retaining a sense of normalcy/identity, service refusal, isolation, contributing factors in ESN, and manifestations and consequences of ESN were included in the overarching theme of ESN features. Another two subthemes, emotional and ethical dilemmas in caring for self‐neglecters and management strategies, were included under the second overarching theme of complicated experiences managing cases of ESN.ConclusionsThis qualitative synthesis provides a deep and comprehensive insight into professionals’ perspectives and experiences of self‐neglect in older adults. Understanding professionals’ perspectives of ESN can help with the knowledge and theory development pertinent to this particular phenomenon.Clinical relevanceFindings are valuable in informing the provision of funds and structural, informational, and emotional support systems development for professionals managing ESN cases. Establishing a strong link between ESN case management and improved outcomes in older self‐neglecters is essential to establish a definite need for the provision of support, resource, and stardardized guidelines for these professionals.
Adherence to systemic therapy in patients with psoriasis during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A multicenter study
Authors: Oguz Topal Ilteris , Kara Polat Asude , Zindancı İlkin , Kıvanç Altunay İlknur , Akbulut Tuğba Özkök , Arıkan Eylem Emel , Topaloğlu Demir Filiz , Sivaz Onur , Karadağ Ayşe Serap 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundAdherence to treatment is important in chronic dermatological diseases. There are limited data regarding the adherence to treatment in patients with psoriasis during the COVID‐19 pandemic.AimsWe aimed to determine the rates of adherence to systemic treatments in patients with psoriasis and to identify the causes of non‐adherence during the COVID‐19 pandemic.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional multicenter study from May 2021 to August 2021. A questionnaire including items regarding sociodemographic characteristics of the patients, disease‐related characteristics, and treatment‐related characteristics were filled out by the physicians. The Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI), Hospital Anxiety, and Depression Scale, and the Dermatology Life Quality Index were calculated. The rate of adherence and non‐adherence to treatment and reasons for non‐adherence to treatment were examined.ResultsA total of 342 patients with psoriasis were included (182 male/160 female) in the study. The mean age of the patients was 45.9 ± 14.2 years. The average duration of psoriasis was 192 ± 134.7 months. While the rate of adherence to treatment was 57.6%, the rate of non‐adherence to treatment was 42.4%. There were no significant differences with respect to adherence to treatment in comparison with oral and injection‐therapy groups. The most frequent reasons for non‐adherence to treatment were inability to go to the hospital (19.2%), concern about the COVID‐19 infection (16.3%), discontinuation of the treatment by the doctor (13.7%), inability to reach the doctor (7.3%), and inability to have access to the medication (7.3%).ConclusionAdherence to oral and injection therapies was fairly high among our patients with psoriasis during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Psoriasis severity and duration of medication use had a negative impact on adherence to treatment.
Evaluation of a new‐formula shampoo containing 6% glycyrrhetinic acid complex for scalp seborrheic dermatitis: A pilot study
Authors: Wang Hsiao‐Chi , Wang Chii‐Shyan , Hsieh Shu‐Chen , Hung Yu‐Ting , Chen Hsuan‐Hsiang 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundScalp seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis associated with sebum imbalance and proliferation of Malassezia species. Various antifungal shampoos are commonly used for scalp SD.AimsGlycyrrhetinic acid is known to have antioxidative, anti‐inflammatory, and anti‐allergic effects. This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a new‐formula shampoo that contains glycyrrhetinic acid for the treatment of scalp SD.Patients/MethodsThirty‐four patients were enrolled and treated with the 6% glycyrrhetinic acid complex shampoo. Efficacy was assessed clinically with Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) and Adherent Scalp Flaking Score (ASFS) by the same dermatologist at baseline, week 2, and week 5. Among the 24 subjects with the most significant clinical improvement, four common microorganisms from scalp samples were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) at baseline, and week 5.ResultsThe DLQI and ASFS at week 2 and week 5 improved significantly relative to baseline. The bacteria profiles showed a significant increase of Cutibacterium acnes and a decrease of Staphylococcus epidermidis at week 5. The fungi profiles showed significant decreases of both Malassezia restricta and Malassezia globosa. The ratio of C. acne to S. epidermidis increased significantly from 0.93 at baseline to 1.55 at week 5. The ratio of M. restricta to M. globosa decreased from 5.02 at baseline to 1.00 at week 5.ConclusionsThe effectiveness of this new regimen was objectively demonstrated at the clinical and microbiological levels. This new formula may alleviate the bacterial and fungal dysbiosis in scalp SD.
Dorsogluteal intramuscular injection depth needed to reach muscle tissue according to body mass index and gender: A systematic review
Authors: Strohfus Pamela , Palma Sara , Wallace Chelsea Tindell 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAims and objective(s)The objective of this systematic review was to determine the needle length required to reach the dorsogluteal muscle based on body mass index and sex. Our aim was to provide evidence‐based recommendations to current intramuscular injection guidelines from the result(s) of this review.BackgroundStudies worldwide are documenting reduced medication effectiveness due to improperly placed dorsogluteal intramuscular injections because of incorrect needle length, wrong site selection and/or obesity. Current intramuscular injection guidelines lack specific instructions according to weight or sex. While there are similar concerns with other injectable sites, this review focuses solely on adult dorsogluteal intramuscular injections.DesignA systematic review of relevant literature of dorsogluteal intramuscular injections based on body mass index and sex.MethodsThis systematic review was reported using the PRISMA checklist 2020. The review protocol was registered with Center for Open Science (OSF). We analysed 1,412 articles from nine databases. We compared twelve studies that utilised computerised tomography or ultrasonography using The Johns Hopkins Evidence‐Based Practice Model and Guidelines.ResultsA significant number of dorsogluteal intramuscular injections are administered into subcutaneous tissue rather than muscle because needles are too short for populations with body mass indexes over 25, especially women. Poor landmarking often results in improperly placed injections.ConclusionsTo prevent administering a dorsogluteal intramuscular injection into subcutaneous tissue, women with a BMI of 25 and over require needles longer than 38 mm (1.5 inches). Men have less subcutaneous tissue in the dorsogluteal area and only require longer needles if BMI is 35 and over. If skin‐to‐muscle depth is questionable in either sex, an ultrasound‐guided intramuscular injection is warranted for accurate dorsogluteal placement. Landmarking and needle length are key to appropriately placed IM injections.Relevance to clinical practiceDorsogluteal injections are often injected into subcutaneous tissue rather than muscle because needles are not long enough to reach muscle, especially in women. Critical elements that determine placement of intramuscular injections into muscle versus subcutaneous tissue are sex, BMI, needle length and landmarking.Medications delivered into subcutaneous tissue may have reduced bioavailability.
Accuracy of Additively Manufactured and Milled Interim 3‐Unit Fixed Dental Prostheses
Authors: Karasan Duygu , Legaz Juan , Boitelle Philippe , Mojon Philippe , Fehmer Vincent , Sailer Irena 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the accuracy of additive manufacturing (AM) by means of internal fit of fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) fabricated with two AM technologies using different resins and printing modes (validated vs nonvalidated) compared to milling and direct manual methods.Material and methodsSixty 3‐unit interim FDPs replacing the first mandibular molar were divided into 6 groups (n = 10): manual (Protemp 4), milled (Telio‐CAD), and AM groups were subdivided based on AM technology (direct light processing (Rapidshape P30 [RS]) and stereolithography (FormLabs 2 [FL])) and the polymer type (P‐Pro‐C&B [St] and SHERAprint‐cb [Sh]) (RS‐St, RS‐Sh, FL‐St, FL‐Sh). Validated (RS‐Sh and RS‐St) or nonvalidated (FL‐St and FL‐Sh) modes were adopted for AM. The specimens were scanned to 3D align (GOM inspect) according to the triple scan method. The internal space between the FDPs and preparation surfaces in four sites (marginal, axial, occlusal, and total) was measured using equidistant surface points (GOM Inspect). Statistical analysis was done using Kruskal Wallis and Dunn post‐hoc tests. (α = 0.05).ResultsOne AM group (FL‐Sh) and milling exhibited better adaptation compared to manual and RS‐St at molar site (p < 0.05). FDPs with St resin (FL‐St and RS‐St) displayed bigger marginal space than milled, FL‐Sh, and RS‐Sh. The nonvalidated printing mode showed better mean space results (p < 0.05) with higher predictability and repeatability (p < 0.001).ConclusionsThe AM interim FDPs tested provided valid alternatives to the milled ones in regard to their accuracy results. The printing mode, resin, and the AM technology used significantly influenced the manufacturing accuracy of interim FDPs, particularly at the marginal area. The nonvalidated printing mode with lower‐cost 3D printers is a promising solution for clinical applications.