bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating the Total Organic Carbon for Unconventional Shale Resources During the Drilling Process: A Machine Learning Approach
Authors: Mahmoud Ahmed Abdulhamid , Gamal Hany , Elkatatny Salaheldin , Alsaihati Ahmed 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Total organic carbon (TOC) is an essential parameter that indicates the quality of unconventional reservoirs. In this study, four machine learning (ML) algorithms of the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), support vector regression (SVR), functional neural networks (FNN), and random forests (RFs) were optimized to evaluate the TOC. The novelty of this work is that the optimized models predict the TOC from the bulk gamma-ray (GR) and spectral GR logs of uranium, thorium, and potassium only. The ML algorithms were trained on 749 datasets from Well-1, tested on 226 datasets from Well-2, and validated on 73 data points from Well-3. The predictability of the optimized algorithms was also compared with the available equations. The results of this study indicated that the optimized ANFIS, SVR, and RF models overperformed the available empirical equations in predicting the TOC. For validation data of Well-3, the optimized ANFIS, SVR, and RF algorithms predicted the TOC with AAPEs of 10.6%, 12.0%, and 8.9%, respectively, compared with the AAPE of 21.1% when the FNN model was used. While for the same data, the TOC was assessed with AAPEs of 48.6%, 24.6%, 20.2%, and 17.8% when Schmoker model, ΔlogR method, Zhao et al. correlation, and Mahmoud et al. correlation was used, respectively. The optimized models could be applied to estimate the TOC during the drilling process if the drillstring is provided with GR and spectral GR logging tools.
Deformation-induced Japan twinning in quartz during incipient mylonitization
Authors: Bestmann Michel , Pennacchioni Giorgio , Grasemann Bernhard 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Many crystalline rocks of the continental crust contain coarse-grained quartz as a main mineral (e.g., granitoids). Incipient deformation of coarse quartz, which likely controls the accumulation of bulk strain in heterogeneously deformed crustal rock volumes, commonly develops microshear zones (MSZs) of localized recrystallization. At mid-crustal conditions, where quartz deformation is mostly accomplished by subgrain rotation recrystallization, grains of MSZs can show an abrupt change in crystallographic orientation (large misorientation angle) with respect to the host quartz that is still not fully understood. We analyzed MSZs (20–200 µm thick) from deformed coarse-grained (millimeter grain size) quartz veins in the Austroalpine Schobergruppe (Eastern Alps). Electron backscatter diffraction analysis reveals that the MSZs are characterized by a nearly 90° misorientation angle between the c-axes of the host and new grains, which also share one {m} and one {1122} pole, compatible with Japan twinning. This abrupt switch of the c-axis orientation can promote geometrical softening and shear localization. So far, Japan twinning has been interpreted as a growth feature. We show that deformation-induced twinning in quartz, including Japan and Dauphiné twinning, can play an important role in initiation of crystal-plastic deformation within the crust.
Associations between community health workers’ home visits and education-based inequalities in institutional delivery and perinatal mortality in rural Uttar Pradesh, India: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Blanchard Andrea Katryn , Colbourn Tim , Prost Audrey , Ramesh Banadakoppa Manjappa , Isac Shajy , Anthony John , Dehury Bidyadhar , Houweling Tanja A J 
Published: July 2021

IntroductionIndia’s National Health Mission has trained community health workers called Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) to visit and counsel women before and after birth. Little is known about the extent to which exposure to ASHAs’ home visits has reduced perinatal health inequalities as intended. This study aimed to examine whether ASHAs’ third trimester home visits may have contributed to equitable improvements in institutional delivery and reductions in perinatal mortality rates (PMRs) between women with varying education levels in Uttar Pradesh (UP) state, India.MethodsCross-sectional survey data were collected from a representative sample of 52 615 women who gave birth in the preceding 2 months in rural areas of 25 districts of UP in 2014–2015. We analysed the data using generalised linear modelling to examine the associations between exposure to home visits and education-based inequalities in institutional delivery and PMRs.ResultsThird trimester home visits were associated with higher institutional delivery rates, in particular public facility delivery rates (adjusted risk ratio (aRR) 1.32, 95% CI 1.30 to 1.34), and to a lesser extent private facility delivery rates (aRR 1.09, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.13), after adjusting for confounders. Associations were stronger among women with lower education levels. Having no compared with any third trimester home visits was associated with higher perinatal mortality (aRR 1.18, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.28). Having any versus no visits was more highly associated with lower perinatal mortality among women with lower education levels than those with the most education, and most notably among public facility births.ConclusionsThe results suggest that ASHAs’ home visits in the third trimester contributed to equitable improvements in institutional deliveries and lower PMRs, particularly within the public sector. Broader strategies must reinforce the role of ASHAs’ home visits in reaching the sustainable development goals of improving maternal and newborn health and leaving no one behind.
Clinical effects of high-intensity laser therapy on patients with chronic refractory wounds: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Lu Qian , Yin Zhifei , Shen Xuefeng , Li Jinhua , Su Panpan , Feng Min , Xu Xingjun , Li Weiwei , He Chuan , Shen Ying 
Published: July 2021

ObjectiveTo investigate the effectiveness of high-intensity laser therapy (HILT) on chronic refractory wounds.DesignRandomised controlled trial.SettingThe outpatient wound care department of the Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from August 2019 to June 2020.ParticipantsSixty patients were enrolled in this study and were randomised into control (n=30) and treatment (n=30) groups.Interventions and outcome measuresThe control group was treated only with conventional wound dressing, whereas the treatment group received irradiation with HILT in addition to standard wound care, such as debridement, wound irrigation with normal saline solution and application of dressing and sterile gauze. Patient scores on the Bates-Jensen Wound Assessment Tool (BWAT) and Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing (PUSH) were evaluated before and after 1, 2 and 3 weeks of treatment.ResultsOne patient was excluded from the control group, and a total of 59 subjects completed the trial. The BWAT scores significantly decreased in the treatment group compared with the control group at the end of 3-week treatment (difference=−3.6; 95% CI −6.3 to–0.8; p<0.01). Similarly, patients in treatment group showed a significant reduction of PUSH scores compared with the control group (difference=−5.3; 95% CI −8.1 to –2.6; p<0.01).ConclusionsThe therapeutic effects of HILT on chronic refractory wounds are significant and far more superior to those of conventional wound dressing.Trial registration numberChinese Clinical Trial Registry; ChiCTR1900023157. URL:http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=38866
Qualitative assessment of the impact of socioeconomic and cultural barriers on uptake and utilisation of tuberculosis diagnostic and treatment tools in East Africa: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Msoka Elizabeth F , Orina Fred , Sanga Erica Samson , Miheso Barbara , Mwanyonga Simeon , Meme Helen , Kiula Kiula , Liyoyo Alphonce , Mwebaza Ivan , Aturinde Augustus , Joloba Moses , Mmbaga Blandina , Amukoye Evans , Ntinginya Nyanda Elias , Gillespie Stephen H , Sabiiti Wilber 
Published: July 2021

ObjectivesEarly diagnosis and timely treatment are key elements of a successful healthcare system. We assessed the role of socioeconomic and cultural norms in accelerating or decelerating uptake and utilisation of health technologies into policy and practice.SettingSecondary and tertiary level healthcare facilities (HCFs) in three East African countries. Level of HCF was selected based on the WHO recommendation for implantation of tuberculosis (TB) molecular diagnostics.ParticipantsUsing implementation of TB diagnostics as a model, we purposively selected participants (TB patients, carers, survivors, healthcare practitioners, community members, opinion leaders and policy-makers) based on their role as stakeholders. In-depth interviews, key informant interviews and focus group discussions were held to collect the data between 2016 and 2018. The data were transcribed, translated, coded and analysed by thematic-content analysis.ResultsA total of 712 individuals participated in the study. Socioeconomic and cultural factors such as poverty, stigma and inadequate knowledge about causes of disease and available remedies, cultural beliefs were associated with low access and utilisation of diagnostic and treatment tools for TB. Poverty made people hesitate to seek formal healthcare resulting in delayed diagnosis and resorting to self-medication and cheap herbal alternatives. Fear of stigma made people hide their sickness and avoid reporting for follow-up treatment visits. Inadequate knowledge and beliefs were fertile ground for aggravated stigma and believing that diseases like TB are caused by spirits and thus cured by spiritual rituals or religious prayers. Cultural norms were also the basis of gender-based imbalance in accessing care, ‘I could not go to hospital without my husband’s permission’, TB survivor.ConclusionOur findings show that socioeconomic and cultural factors are substantial ‘roadblocks’ to accelerating the uptake and utilisation of diagnostic and treatment tools. Resolving these barriers should be given equal attention as is to health system barriers.
Co-produced capability framework for successful patient and staff partnerships in healthcare quality improvement: results of a scoping review
Authors: Cox Ruth , Molineux Matthew , Kendall Melissa , Tanner Bernadette , Miller Elizabeth 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundInternationally, patient and public involvement (PPI) is core policy for health service quality improvement (QI). However, authentic QI partnerships are not commonplace. A lack of patient and staff capability to deliver successful partnerships may be a barrier to meaningful QI collaboration.ObjectivesThe research questions for this scoping review were: What is known regarding the capabilities required for healthcare staff and patients to effectively partner in QI at the service level?; and What is known regarding the best practice learning and development strategies required to build and support those capabilities?MethodsA six-stage scoping review was completed. Five electronic databases were searched for publications from January 2010 to February 2020. The database searches incorporated relevant terms for the following concepts: capabilities for PPI in healthcare QI; and best practice learning and development strategies to support those capabilities. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and qualitative content analysis.ResultsForty-nine papers were included. Very little peer-reviewed literature focused explicitly on capabilities for QI partnerships and thus implicit paper content was analysed. ACapability framework for successful partnerships in healthcare quality improvementwas developed. It includes knowledge, skills and attitudes across three capability domains:Personal Attributes; Relationships and Communication;andPhilosophies, Models and Practices,and incorporates 10 capabilities.Sharing power and leadershipwas discussed in many papers as fundamental and was positioned across all of the domains. Most papers discussed staff and patients’ co-learning (n=28, 57.14%). Workshops or shorter structured training sessions (n=36, 73.47%), and face-to-face learning (n=34, 69.38%) were frequently reported.ConclusionThe framework developed here could guide individualised development or learning plans for patient partners and staff, or could assist organisations to review learning topics and approaches such as training content, mentoring guidelines or community of practice agendas. Future directions include refining and evaluating the framework. Development approaches such as self-reflection, communities of practice, and remote learning need to be expanded and evaluated.
Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals distinct cellular factors for response to immunotherapy targeting CD73 and PD-1 in colorectal cancer
Authors: Kim Miok , Min Yong Ki , Jang Jinho , Park Hyejin , Lee Semin , Lee Chang Hoon 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundAlthough cancer immunotherapy is one of the most effective advanced-stage cancer therapies, no clinically approved cancer immunotherapies currently exist for colorectal cancer (CRC). Recently, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) blockade has exhibited clinical benefits according to ongoing clinical trials. However, ongoing clinical trials for cancer immunotherapies are focused on PD-1 signaling inhibitors such as pembrolizumab, nivolumab, and atezolizumab. In this study, we focused on revealing the distinct response mechanism for the potent CD73 ectoenzyme selective inhibitor AB680 as a promising drug candidate that functions by blocking tumorigenic ATP/adenosine signaling in comparison to current therapeutics that block PD-1 to assess the value of this drug as a novel immunotherapy for CRC.MethodsTo understand the distinct mechanism of AB680 in comparison to that of a neutralizing antibody against murine PD-1 used as a PD-1 blocker, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing of CD45+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from untreated controls (n=3) and from AB680-treated (n=3) and PD-1-blockade-treated murine CRC in vivo models. We also used flow cytometry, Azoxymethane (AOM)/Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS) models, and in vitro functional assays to validate our new findings.ResultsWe initially observed that the expressions of Nt5e (a gene for CD73) and Entpd1 (a gene for CD39) affect T cell receptor (TCR) diversity and transcriptional profiles of T cells, thus suggesting their critical roles in T cell exhaustion within tumor. Importantly, PD-1 blockade significantly increased the TCR diversity of Entpd1-negative T cells and Pdcd1-positive T cells. Additionally, we determined that AB680 improved the anticancer functions of immunosuppressed cells such as Treg and exhausted T cells, while the PD-1 blocker quantitatively reduced Malat1high Treg and M2 macrophages. We also verified that PD-1 blockade induced Treg depletion in AOM/DSS CRC in vivo models, and we confirmed that AB680 treatment caused increased activation of CD8+ T cells using an in vitro T cell assay.ConclusionsThe intratumoral immunomodulation of CD73 inhibition is distinct from PD-1 inhibition and exhibits potential as a novel anticancer immunotherapy for CRC, possibly through a synergistic effect when combined with PD-1 blocker treatments. This study may contribute to the ongoing development of anticancer immunotherapies targeting refractory CRC.
Clinicopathological and prognostic values of PD-L1 expression in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis of 31 studies with 5368 patients
Authors: Liu Zhen , Sun Li , Cai Lei , Guo Man , Xu Guanghui , Liu Shushang , Zheng Gaozan , Wang Qiao , Lian Xiao , Feng Fan , Zhang Hongwei 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSeveral immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1)/programmed death 1 have successfully improved the prognosis of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) with approval in certain countries. However, whether the expression of PD-L1 is associated with the degree of benefit is unclear yet and a unified standard of antibody and cut-off value of PD-L1 detection is also lacking. The current meta-analysis then aimed to explore the association between PD-L1 expression and clinicopathological features as well as prognosis in ESCC.A systematic search on PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science databases was performed up to 30 March 2021. The correlation between PD-L1 expression and clinicopathological features, as well as prognosis in ESCC, was estimated with the random-effects model.A total of 5368 patients from 31 retrospective studies were enrolled. The overexpression of PD-L1 was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis (OR 1.342, 95% CI 0.995 to 1.809, p=0.050) and distant metastasis (OR 1.516, 95% CI 1.001 to 2.294, p=0.050). The pooled HR showed that PD-L1 overexpression was significantly correlated with poor overall survival (OS) of patients with ESCC (HR 1.306, 95% CI 1.108 to 1.539, p&lt;0.010) but not disease-free survival (DFS) (HR 1.180, 95% CI 0.937 to 1.487, p=0.160). Heterogeneity decreased significantly in subgroup analyses. The overexpression of PD-L1 was associated with poor DFS at the cut-off point of ≥1% (HR 1.642, 95% CI 1.367 to 1.973, p&lt;0.010; I2=0%) and worse OS at the cut-off point of ≥10% (HR 1.575, 95% CI 1.175 to 2.111, p&lt;0.010; I2=0%).The overexpression of PD-L1 was correlated with lymph node and distant metastasis as well as poor survival of ESCC.
Measuring the scalar induced gravitational waves from observations
Authors: Li Jun , Guo Guang-Hai 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe consider the scalar induced gravitational waves from the cosmic microwave background (CMB) observations and the gravitational wave observations. In the $$\Lambda $$
Λ
CDM+r model, we constrain the cosmological parameters within the evolution of the scalar induced gravitational waves by the additional scalar power spectrum. The two special cases called narrow power spectrum and wide power spectrum have influence on the cosmological parameters, especially the combinations of Planck18+BAO+BK15+LISA. We also compare these numerical results from four datasets within LIGO, LISA, IPTA and FAST projects, respectively. The constraints from FAST have a significant impact on tensor-to-scalar ratio. Besides, we only consider the relic density of induced gravitational waves with respect to different frequencies from CMB scale to high frequencies including the range of LIGO and LISA.
Attoscience in phase space
Authors: Chomet H. , Figueira de Morisson Faria C. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe provide a brief review of how phase space techniques are explored within strong-field and attosecond science. This includes a broad overview of the existing landscape, with focus on strong-field ionisation and rescattering, high-order harmonic generation, stabilisation and free-electron lasers. Furthermore, using our work on the subject, which deals with ionisation dynamics in atoms and diatomic molecules as well as high-order harmonic generation in inhomogeneous fields, we exemplify how such tools can be employed. One may for instance determine qualitatively different phase space dynamics, explore how bifurcations influence ionisation and high-harmonic generation, establish for which regimes classical and quantum correspondence works or fails, and what role different timescales play. Finally, we conclude the review highlighting the importance of the tools available in quantum optics, quantum information and physical chemistry to strong-field laser–matter interaction.Graphic Abstract
Effect of Atomic Number on Plasma Pinch Properties and Radiative Emissions
Authors: Sahyouni Walid , Nassif Alaa 
Published: July 2021

The aim of the research is to examine the dependence of plasma pinch properties and radiation emissions on the atomic number of the operating gas within the dense plasma focus device (NX2) when using hydrogen and argon gases. Simulation was performed with Lee’s code on an NX2 dense plasma focus at a constant gas pressure value (

P

0

=
0.5

torr

). The results showed that the minimum radius of the plasma focus in the case of the hydrogen plasma pinch was 0.30 cm and in the case of the argon plasma pinch 0.17 cm, and this affected the value of the radiation emission as it was

7.8
×

10

−
6

J

and 11 J for the hydrogen and argon pinch, respectively. The energy of the ion beam released by the breakdown of the plasma pinch was found as

E

n

=
23.8

J

in the state of hydrogen and

E

n

=
105

J

in the state of argon.
Non-invasive Detection of Immunotherapy-Induced Adverse Events
Authors: Ferreira Carolina A. , Heidari Pedram , Ataeinia Bahar , Sinevici Nicoleta , Sise Meghan E. , Colvin Robert B. , Wehrenberg-Klee Eric , Mahmood Umar 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Purpose:
Cancer immunotherapy has markedly improved the prognosis of patients with a broad variety of malignancies. However, benefits are weighed against unique toxicities, with immune-related adverse events (irAE) that are frequent and potentially life-threatening. The diagnosis and management of these events are challenging due to heterogeneity of timing onset, multiplicity of affected organs, and lack of non-invasive monitoring techniques. We demonstrate the use of a granzyme B–targeted PET imaging agent (GZP) for irAE identification in a murine model.

Experimental Design:
We generated a model of immunotherapy-induced adverse events in Foxp3–DTR–GFP mice bearing MC38 tumors. GZP PET imaging was performed to evaluate organs non-invasively. We validated imaging with ex vivo analysis, correlating the establishment of these events with the presence of immune infiltrates and granzyme B upregulation in tissue. To demonstrate the clinical relevance of our findings, the presence of granzyme B was identified through immunofluorescence staining in tissue samples of patients with confirmed checkpoint inhibitor–associated adverse events.

Results:
GZP PET imaging revealed differential uptake in organs affected by irAEs, such as colon, spleen, and kidney, which significantly diminished after administration of the immunosuppressor dexamethasone. The presence of granzyme B and immune infiltrates were confirmed histologically and correlated with significantly higher uptake in PET imaging. The presence of granzyme B was also confirmed in samples from patients that presented with clinical irAEs.

Conclusions:
We demonstrate an interconnection between the establishment of irAEs and granzyme B presence and, for the first time, the visualization of those events through PET imaging.