bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sugarcane white leaf phytoplasma (white leaf of sugarcane).
Authors: Marcone Carmine 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Losses due to sugarcane white leaf (SCWL) phytoplasma vary greatly depending on the susceptibility of the clones, the weather and other environmental conditions influencing sugarcane growth. In Taiwan, over 60 hectares of sugarcane were abandoned due to both high incidence and severity of SCWL disease whereas incidence of more than 10% occurred in 700 hectares. Also, crop losses of 33 and 74%, as well as a decrease of 30% in the sugar content in infected sugarcane plants compared to healthy ones, were recorded (Rishi and Chen, 1989). In Sri Lanka, the incidence of SCWL disease in some sugarcane-growing areas has reached 50-84%, where the yield and quality of infected plants were greatly affected (Chandrasene et al., 2003). In SCWL-affected sugarcane plants, the total chlorophyll content was reduced by 90% while the respiratory rate increased significantly (Chen and Chen, 1974). Affected plants usually die soon after the appearance of the first symptoms. SCWL is one of the most destructive diseases of sugarcane in Thailand (Wongkaew and Fletcher, 2004; Hanboonsong et al., 2006).
Solidago gigantea (giant goldenrod).
Authors: Meyer Gretchen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

S. gigantea has spread in a number of European countries after introduction as an ornamental plant from its native North America. It continues to be available as an ornamental from mail-order catalogues and web-sites of commercial nurseries and botanical gardens. Morita (2002) indicates that S. gigantea is less noxious than S. altissima, but it is an undesirable invader on account of its large rhizomes and vigorous growth leading to gross changes in the native vegetation and fauna. S. gigantea is not a serious weed in annual crops since it can be controlled by tilling. However, it invades poorly managed pasture and can be a considerable weed in forest nurseries and in perennial gardens and crops.
Sorghum halepense (Johnson grass).
Authors: Parker Chris 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

S. halepense is a perennial grass which can be cultivated for fodder, but is also an extremely invasive weed with a worldwide distribution. Its extensive spreading rhizome and shoot system and high rate of seed production make it extremely invasive and difficult to eradicate. The species has a number of detrimental effects including: toxicity to grazing stock, fire risk during summer and competitive exclusion of other plants. It reduces soil fertility, acts as a host for crop pathogens and is a known allergen. It is regarded as a serious weed in 53 countries and in a wide range of field crops.
Zophopetes dysmephila (palm tree nightfighter).
Authors: Cock M. J. W. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Within Africa, this species has been reported to have spread into Western Cape Province, South Africa, where it feeds on introduced ornamental Phoenix palms. It is also suspected to be alien in Eritrea, where it feeds primarily on ornamental P. canariensis, but also on date palm, P. dactylifera. It has not spread to other parts of the tropics, but if it did, it could be a significant pest of ornamental Phoenix palms, and perhaps also date palms.
Aulacorthum solani (foxglove aphid).
Authors: Whittaker Angela 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

A. solani is becoming an increasingly economic important pest of several agricultural crops worldwide and has recently undergone a status change from an occasional pest to a serious pest of vegetables and ornamental plants in greenhouses of North America and the UK (Jandricic et al., 2010, 2014a). A. solani was first recorded on citrus in the north of Iran in 2003-2004 (Alavi and Rezvani, 2007).
Elaeagnus umbellata (autumn olive).
Authors: Rojas-Sandoval Julissa , Pasiecznik Nick 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

E. umbellata is an important deciduous shrub which reaches up to 5 m high and 10 cm in d.b.h. It is found in thickets and sparse woods of Japan, Korea and China. E. umbellata is a shade intolerant pioneer tree and is also commonly found along riversides and seashores in Japan. This species is growing in humid areas with 1000-4000 mm of annual rainfall in Japan. In China it is reported to grow even in semi-arid areas of Nei Menggu, Gansu and Shaanxi province, where annual rainfall is around 400 mm (Niu, 1990). E. umbellata can fix nitrogen and it is tolerant to salt winds, this species is therefore used for fixation of coastal sand dunes in Japan, and is frequently planted mixed with Pinus thunbergii as a soil improving tree. E. umbellata is also planted in eroded areas of mountainous zones to re-establish and develop vegetation. In China, E. umbellata is occasionally cultivated in gardens (Zhang, 1997).
Annona muricata (soursop).
Authors: Datiles Marianne Jennifer , Acevedo-Rodríguez Pedro 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

A. muricata is a small evergreen tree up to 9 m tall. It is native to tropical America but is widely planted in home gardens in South-East Asia. In Brazil, several small commercial plantations are in operation (about 2000 hectares are planted) with more planned. It was one of the earliest fruit trees introduced to the old world, brought to the Philippines by the Spanish. It is valued chiefly for its edible fruits, which are large (> 1 kg), heart-shaped and dark green in colour. The flesh is tart, desirable for ice creams and drinks, fruit jellies and sweetcakes. In the Philippines, young fruits with seeds still soft are used as a vegetable.
Flexible fabric gas sensors based on reduced graphene-polyaniline nanocomposite for highly sensitive NH
3
detection at room temperature
Authors: Luo Guifang , Xie Lili , He Meng , Jaisutti Rawat , Zhu Zhigang 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A flexible fabric gas sensor for the detection of sub-ppm-level NH3 is reported in this paper. The reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposite was successfully coated on cotton thread via an in situ polymerization technique. The morphology, microstructure and composition were analyzed by field-emission scanning electron microscope, x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, we have studied the responses of the rGO-PANI nanocomposite-based flexible sensors for the detection of NH3 varying from 1–100 ppm, operated at 22 °C. At the optimized concentration of rGO, the response of these sensors increased by 4–5 times in comparison with the pristine rGO and PANI. These flexible sensors exhibited fast response, remarkable long-term stability, good selectivity and a low detection limit. The sensing mechanism for the high sensing performance has been thoroughly discussed and it is mainly due to the distinctive 1D fiber structure, the formation of a p-p heterojunction between the rGO nanosheets and PANI. The rGO-PANI composite-based fabric sensor with low power consumption is a potential flexible electronic device for the detection of NH3.
Clarifying misconceptions about Ohm’s law and power dissipation in grid electricity transmission
Authors: Bissell J J 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The two main expressions for power dissipation P in Ohmic conductors, namely

P
∝

V

2

and

P
∝

I

2

, typically confuse students about why high voltage V should be preferred to high current I when transmitting electrical power through the National Grid. Here we suggest that such misconceptions can be avoided if students are encouraged to focus on the delivery of useful power (transmission efficiency), rather than energy losses.
Comparative performance analysis of mixed halide perovskite solar cells with different transport layers and back metal contacts
Authors: Jayan K Deepthi , Sebastian Varkey 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this study, SCAPS-1D software is used to model and analyze the performance of various perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with diverse back contact metals, electron transport layers and hole transport layers combined with different mixed halide perovskite absorber materials CH3NH3PbI3−X
Cl
X
and CH3NH3PbI3−X
Br
X
for X = 1, 2. With CH3NH3PbI3−X
Cl
X
as the absorber layer, the best performance is obtained for the configuration glass/fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)/indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO)/CH3NH3PbI3−X
Cl
X
/CuSbS2/Au for X = 1 with a fill factor (FF) of 61.83% and a power conversion efficiency of 13.31%. The device configuration glass/FTO/IGZO/CH3NH3PbI3−X
Br
X
/CuO/Pd for X = 1 shows the best performance with a power conversion efficiency of 15.55% and FF of 71.19% for CH3NH3PbI3−X
Cl
X
as the absorber layer. The study shows that the optimum total defect density values of the absorber layer, MAPbI3−X
Cl
X
with X = 1 and X = 2 are 2.5 × 1013 cm−3 and 2.5 × 1014 cm−3, respectively. For the MAPbI3−X
Br
X
absorber layer, with X = 1 and 2, the optimum defect density is found to be 1 × 1015 cm−3. The optimum dopant concentration is found to be 1.0 × 1018 cm−3and 1.0 × 1016 cm−3, respectively, for PSCs with MAPbI3−X
ClX as the absorber layer, for X = 1 and 2. For PSCs with MAPbI3–X
Br
X
as an absorber layer with X = 1 and 2, the optimum dopant density is found to be 1.0 × 1016 cm−3 each. The device is found to be stable at an operating temperature of 300 K.
Unidirectional reflectionless propagation of near-infrared light in resonator-assisted non-parity-time symmetric waveguides
Authors: He Zhihui , Li Lingqiao , Cui Wei , Wang Yixuan , Xue Weiwei , Xu Hui , Yi Zao , Li Chunjiang , Li Zhenxiong 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The unidirectional reflectionless (UR) light propagation is investigated in the waveguide coupled to gain and loss resonators by using a developed coupled mode-scattering matrix theory. The results show that there is almost no reflection in the case of the backward incidence, but total reflection in the case of the forward incidence under the condition of balancing gain and loss in the gain resonator for the proposed waveguide when the indirect coupling phase θ ranges from 0.8 rad to 2.3 rad and from 4 rad to 5.5 rad. Moreover, the coherent perfect absorption (CPA) can be observed at the same time. Especially, the UR light propagation appears when the absolute value of detuning δ is smaller than 1 × 1013 rad s−1. Based on the findings above, we propose a metal–insulator–metal non-parity-time symmetric plasmonic waveguide and obtain the UR plasmonic propagation and CPA. The theoretical results are in excellent agreement with the finite-difference time-domain simulations. These results will provide a new pathway for the realization of unidirectional propagation and absorption of light at the nanoscale.
Kinetic study of electrostatic modes in a Lorentzian Electron-Positron-Ion (EPI) plasma
Authors: Ahmad Zeeshan , Hadi Fazli , Ullah Zakir , Rashid Ul Haq  
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The propagation and Landau damping of Langmuir Waves (LWs) and Ion-Acoustic Waves (IAWs) in Electron-Positron-Ion (EPI) plasma are investigated using Kinetic theory approach, with all the species to be Kappa or Lorentzian distributed. We observed that the Landau damping rates γ(κ) of Langmuir waves and IAWs in Lorentzian EPI plasma strongly depend upon the spectral index κ i.e., non-thermality parameter, wave number k, the positron temperature T

p
and the positron concentration or number density n

p
. The Landau damping γ(κ) of Langmuir waves was found to be increased with higher positron temperatures T

p
, whereas, that of IAWs was found to increase with lower positron temperatures T

p
. Moreover, it was observed γ(κ) of LWs shows a decrease with increase in positron concentration while γ(κ) of IAWs tends to increase.
Simultaneous effects of temperature, pressure, polaronic mass, and conduction band non-parabolicity on a single dopant in conical GaAs-Al
x
Ga1–x
As quantum dots
Authors: Iqraoun E , Sali A , El-Bakkari K , Ezzarfi A , Mora-Ramos M E , Duque C A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper is devoted to the theoretical study of the simultaneous effects of temperature, hydrostatic pressure, conduction band non-parabolicity, and polaronic mass on the electronic states and the photoionization cross-section of a shallow donor impurity confined in a GaAs-Al
x
Ga

1
−
x

As conical quantum dot. The calculations have been made within the effective mass approximation. The shallow donor impurity energy levels have been calculated by employing two methods: the variational approach and the finite element method with finite and infinite confining potential. The obtained results suggest that the effects of conduction band non-parabolicity, temperature, hydrostatic pressure, and variation of the conical quantum dot geometries play a significant role in determining of the electronic states system, as well as in the photoionization cross-section. It is also shown that the donor binding energy is very sensitive to temperature and hydrostatic pressure. Indeed, the temperature decreases the donor binding energy while it is increasing with the applied hydrostatic pressure. Also, the quantum dot effective gap is severely affected by the conduction band non-parabolicity. In the case of polaronic mass effects, the present study suggests that they can be omitted without significantly affecting the study’s main conclusions. In this paper, structures with an apical angle ranging from 10° to 150° are approached, allowing simulating quantum dots with a radius of the base much greater than the height and structures with a height much greater than the radius of the base. In the case of hydrostatic pressure and for quantum dots with finite confinement potential, the Γ-X crossover effect has been considered, which is responsible for significant changes in the carriers’ confinement potential.
Development of a 83mKr source for the calibration of the CENNS-10 liquid argon detector
Authors: Akimov D. , An P. , Awe C. , Barbeau P.S. , Becker B. , Belov V. , Bernardi I. , Blackston M.A. , Blokland L. , Bolozdynya A. , Cabrera-Palmer B. , Chen N. , Chernyak D. , Conley E. , Daughhetee J. , del Valle Coello M. , Detwiler J.A. , Durand M.R. , Efremenko Y. , Elliott S.R. , Fabris L. , Febbraro M. , Fox W. , Galindo-Uribarri A. , Gallo Rosso A. , Green M.P. , Hansen K.S. , Heath M.R. , Hedges S. , Hughes M. , Johnson T. , Khromov A. , Konovalov A. , Kozlova E. , Kumpan A. , Li L. , Librande J.T. , Link J.M. , Liu J. , Mann K. , Markoff D.M. , McGoldrick O. , Mueller P.E. , Newby J. , Parno D.S. , Penttila S. , Pershey D. , Radford D. , Rapp R. , Ray H. , Raybern J. , Razuvaeva O. , Reyna D. , Rich G.C. , Rudik D. , Runge J. , Salvat D.J. , Scholberg K. , Shakirov A. , Simakov G. , Sinev G. , Snow W.M. , Sosnovtsev V. , Suh B. , Tayloe R. , Tellez-Giron-Flores K. , Thornton R.T. , Tolstukhin I. , Vanderwerp J. , Varner R.L. , Venkataraman R. , Virtue C.J. , Visser G. , Wiseman C. , Wongjirad T. , Yang J. , Yen Y.-R. , Yoo J. , Yu C.-H. , Zettlemoyer J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We report on the preparation of and calibration measurements with a 83mKr source for the CENNS-10 liquid argon detector. 83mKr atoms generated in the decay of a 83Rb source were introduced into the detector via injection into the Ar circulation loop. Scintillation light arising from the 9.4 keV and 32.1 keV conversion electrons in the decay of 83mKr in the detector volume were then observed. This calibration source allows the characterization of the low-energy response of the CENNS-10 detector and is applicable to other low-energy-threshold detectors. The energy resolution of the detector was measured to be 9% at the total 83mKr decay energy of 41.5 keV. We performed an analysis to separately calibrate the detector using the two conversion electrons at 9.4 keV and 32.1 keV.
Fabrication of DSSC using doctor blades method incorporating polymer electrolytes
Authors: Abrol Shivani Arora , Bhargava Cherry , Sharma Pardeep Kumar 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Amongst various sources of renewable energy, solar energy is becoming prime due to its advantages of cleanliness, abundance and low operating cost. Currently, amorphous silicon PV cells are most into commercialization but to contradict, they have a very high manufacturing cost and due to usage of hazardous materials, they lead to environmental degradation. Hence, they are less preferred now a days. To overcome these complications, Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC) are replacing customary cells at a very fast rate. In this research, fabrication of DSSC was done based polymer gel electrolytes prepared by in situ gelation. The ionic properties of the polymer gel electrolyte were also observed with the help of various tests performed like FESEM, FTIR, XRD & TGA. FTIR & XRD affirmed the good electron emission characteristics of the polymer electrolyte. XRD & TGA give amorphous nature and weight loss indication near 360 °C for cell based on polymer electrolytes. The performance evaluation of hence fabricated DSSC’s was done in terms of calculating efficiency, fill factor, current density (short circuit) and photovoltage (open circuit). The efficiency of the cell was found out to be 11.32% and fill factor came out to be 0.439.
Model construction and application for automated measurement of CE angle on pelvis orthograph based on MASK-R-CNN algorithm
Authors: Li Qiang , Yang Wenzhuo , Xu Meng , An Nan , Wang Dawei , Wang Xing , Jin Hui , Wang Jiajiong , Wang Jincheng 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a common orthopedic disease. A simple and cost-effective scientific tool for assisting the early diagnosis of DDH is urgently needed. This study proposed a new artificial intelligence (AI) model for automated measure of the CE angle to aid the diagnosis of DDH by modifying the Mask R-CNN algorithm.13228 anteroposterior pelvic x-ray images were collected from the PACS system of the second Hospital of Jilin University, of which 104 images were randomly selected as test data. The rest of x-ray images were labelled and preprocessed for model development. The new AI model was the constructed based modified Mask R-CNN model to detect key points for CE angle measurement. The performance of AI model on measuring CE angle was verified by comparing with three attending orthopaedic doctors. The mean CE angles on left and right pelvis measured by the AI model was 29.46 ± 6.98°and 27.92 ± 6.56°, respectively, while the mean CE angle measured by the three doctors was 29.85 ± 6.92°and 27.75 ± 6.45°, respectively. AI model displayed a higly consistency with the doctors in measuring CE angles. Besides, AI model showed a much high efficiency in term of measuring time-consumption. In this study, we successfully constructed a new effective model for measuring CE angle by identifying key points, which provided a new intelligent measurement tool for orthopedic image measurement and evaluation.
Real-time feedback improves multi-stakeholder design for complex environmental systems
Authors: Guo Niles , Davis Alex , Mauter Meagan , Whitacre Jay 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We test whether providing quantitative real-time feedback relating design decisions to system objectives improves group solutions in an interdependent energy-water design task. While prior research suggests an important role of real-time feedback on task performance, few studies have examined the role of real-time feedback in the design of complex environmental systems. We tested a real-time feedback approach using a mixed within- and between-subject experiment (n = 88 Carnegie Mellon University students, divided into 22 groups of four). When compared to individual designs and informal collaborations, real-time performance feedback yielded solutions closer to the Pareto frontier and reduced both financial (by 26% and 21%) and environmental cost (by 34% and 12%). In addition, informal collaboration did not improve group decision-making when compared to individual designs. The results suggest that optimal solutions to meeting energy and water demand while minimizing cost and environmental impact can be obscured in informal collaborations, but that real-time feedback to system designers can help avoid waste of public resources.
The carbon sequestration potential of Scottish native woodland
Authors: Fletcher Tasmin I , Scott Catherine E , Hall Jeanette , Spracklen Dominick V 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Woodland creation sequesters carbon and contributes to climate change mitigation. Most previous assessments of the carbon sequestration of new UK woodlands have focused on tree planting, little is known about the scale of the potential contribution from natural regeneration. We used a Potential for Native Woodland Model to make the first estimate of carbon sequestration by large-scale native woodland expansion through natural regeneration in Scotland. We estimate native woodland could expand to cover an additional 3.9 million hectares of the Scottish uplands removing an average of 6.96 million tons of CO2 per year. This represents 35%–45% of the carbon removal target for UK woodlands that has been suggested by the UK Committee on Climate Change. Expanding woodlands to just 10% of this potential would double existing native woodland and could provide a multitude of benefits, including carbon removal equivalent to approximately 4% of this target. The next few decades are critical in terms of climate change mitigation, therefore further work is now required to improve these estimates and better constrain this potentially large contribution.
Exploration of multiple post-extinction compensatory scenarios improves the likelihood of determining the most realistic ecosystem future
Authors: Garcia Clement , Solan Martin , Bolam Stefan G. , Sivyer David , Parker Ruth , Godbold Jasmin A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A research agenda is currently developing around predicting the functional response of ecosystems to local alterations of biodiversity associated with anthropogenic activity, but existing conceptual and empirical frameworks do not serve this area well as most lack ecological realism. Here, in order to advance credible projections of future ecosystems, we use a trait-based model for marine benthic communities to inform how increasing trawling pressure changes the biological-mediation of seabed functioning. Our simulations reveal that local loss of species, and the associated compensatory community response, lead to multiple and disparate biogeochemical alterations that are contingent on relative vulnerabilities to extinction, environmental and biological context, and the level of functional redundancy within replacement taxa. Consequently, we find that small changes in faunal mediation caused by community re-organisation can disproportionately affect some biogeochemical components (macronutrients), whilst having less effect on others (carbon, pigments). Our observations indicate that the vulnerability of communities to future human-induced change is better established by identifying the relative magnitude and direction of covariance between community response and effect traits. Hence, projections that primarily focus on the most common or most productive species are unlikely to prove reliable in identifying the most likely ecological outcome necessary to support management strategies.
Customized de novo mutation detection for any variant calling pipeline: SynthDNM
Authors: Lian Aojie , Guevara James , Xia Kun , Sebat Jonathan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Motivation
As sequencing technologies and analysis pipelines evolve, de novo mutation (DNM) calling tools must be adapted. Therefore, a flexible approach is needed that can accurately identify DNMs from genome or exome sequences from a variety of datasets and variant calling pipelines.

Results
Here, we describe SynthDNM, a random-forest based classifier that can be readily adapted to new sequencing or variant-calling pipelines by applying a flexible approach to constructing simulated training examples from real data. The optimized SynthDNM classifiers predict de novo SNPs and indels with robust accuracy across multiple methods of variant calling.

Availabilityand implementation
SynthDNM is freely available on Github (https://github.com/james-guevara/synthdnm).

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.