bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Iconography and Imagery between Rome and the Provinces
Authors: Lepinski Sarah , Rousseau Vanessa 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines iconography and imagery in the Roman provinces with a particular focus on decorative media in domestic contexts in the eastern Roman provinces. Specifically, we investigate how decorative ensembles in second- and third-century ce Roman-era houses, and the interplay of imagery in multiple media, further inform our comprehension of how domestic visual vocabularies from distinct cultural and social contexts in the eastern provinces might express both local and Roman identity at Ephesus and Zeugma. The chapter begins with highlighting historiographic and methodological practices and structures inherent in the study of iconography in the Roman provinces and emphasizing issues at play within these structures, such as chronology, geography, cultural continuities, and relationships between center and periphery. We further outline some of the challenges of studying and interpreting domestic ensembles (as opposed to singular monuments), which, to a degree, parallels the broader challenges in making sense of Roman imagery and iconography, including problems in establishing linear progressions and the compartmentalization by media and specialization.
Studying the Gang through Critical Ethnography
Authors: Brotherton David C. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter outlines what is entailed in studying gangs through a critical ethnographic approach. A critical ethnography of the gang seeks to humanize the research subjects while fully exploring the environmental contexts of such groups as their members make their lives through their multiple identities, practices, social obligations, and relationships. This basic reconceptualization of these social actors emphasizes their agency, structured conditions, and history. Such a method of inquiry puts a premium on the reflexive approach of the researcher who is always struggling to develop a critical theory of the gang against the pathological paradigms of mainstream criminology through its methods of empiricism and positivism.
Drug Users
Authors: Page J. Bryan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter outlines some of the history and key attributes of ethnographies of drug users. Long before the invention of writing, human beings began noticing that other human beings behaved oddly when they consumed certain materials. In some cases, the observers imitated the consumption that they saw, and the behavior spread. Eventually, protoethnographers such as Herodotus and Bernardino de Sahagún wrote extensively about what they saw (and heard) about the consumption of drug plants and preparations among people outside their personal cultural experience. Until the fifth century before the common era (500 bce), however, only oral history stories described what people from distinct cultural backgrounds consumed to the point of intoxication. Formal ethnography, as defined by the relatively young disciplines of anthropology and sociology, emerged just before the twentieth century, and it gradually proved its worth as a strategy for understanding human life in its highly varied cultural manifestations. As ethnography became an increasingly apt tool for the study of human cultural life, some ethnographers used it to advantage in comprehending practices of drug users in terms of political economic context, psychopharmacological impact, interpersonal relations, and health risk. Ethnography of drug use has become an indispensable component in scientific efforts to understand drug use, mitigate its impact, and prevent its spread.
Cross-Modality and Embodiment of Tempo and Timing
Authors: Timmers Renee 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the insights that research into cross-modal correspondences and multisensory integration offer to our understanding and investigation of tempo and timing in music performance. As tempo and timing are generated through action, actions and sensory modalities are coupled in performance and form a multimodal unit of intention. This coupled intention is likely to demonstrate characteristics of cross-modal correspondences, linking movement and sound. Testable properties predictions are offered by research into cross-modal correspondences that have so far mainly found confirmation in controlled perceptual experiments. For example, fast tempo is predicted to be linked to smaller movement that is higher in space. Confirmation in the context of performance is complicated by interacting associations with intentions related to e.g. dynamics and energy, which can be addressed through appropriate experimental manipulation. This avenue of research highlights the close association between action and cross-modality, conceiving action as a source of cross-modal correspondences as well as indicating the cross-modal basis of actions. For timing and tempo concepts, action and cross-modality offer concrete and embodied modalities of expression.
‘Making, Not Filling Time’
Authors: Schuiling Floris 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Improvisation and notation are frequently opposed in terms of transience versus permanence, an opposition that reflects broader Eurocentric ideas of orality and literacy. Confronting such binary distinctions, Schuiling describes the use of notation by three groups of improvising musicians, showing how notations mediate their understanding of time. This forms the basis of a critique of Alfred Schütz’s influential account of social interaction in musical performance. Schuiling argues that Schütz’s distinction of an ‘inner time’ of music and an ‘outer time’ mapped by the score remains tied to a work-centred musical ontology, and fails to attend to the making of time in the course of performance. Drawing on his fieldwork, Schuiling reconsiders the work of Maurice Halbwachs, the primary target of Schütz’s argument. Rather than understanding music as an object of inner contemplation, Halbwachs provides a view of music and temporality as a way of opening up to the world.
Politicking Musical Time
Authors: Stover Chris 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Beginning with four irreducibly interrelated themes—that musical time is active, performative, relational, and political—this chapter develops a theory of musical time as an ongoing nexus of events that unfold between performing, listening, and sonorous bodies. It examines the temporal implications of how these different body categories relate affectively, how they co-constitute one another, and how musicking contexts are enacted through their intra-action. The theoretical framework draws upon Jacques Rancière’s conception of political enunciations or enactments and Gilles Deleuze’s three syntheses of time, reading these two conceptual apparatuses productively through one another.
Competition Policy in South Africa
Authors: Mncube Liberty , Theron Nicola 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Abstract: The 1998 Competition Act heralded a new era of active competition enforcement in South Africa. Since then, South Africa has developed a robust and admirable competition system. To some extent, the enforcement of competition law has contributed to an increase in more affordable goods and services. Furthermore, it has contributed to creating a market environment that encourages economic participation by all South Africans, increases the competitiveness of South African firms, and facilitates inclusive economic development. However, the South African economy remains highly concentrated, strategic barriers to entry protect incumbents, and the spread of ownership and economic participation remain skewed. The competition system has not delivered on all of its promises to address South Africa’s problems. This chapter provides a critical review of many of the developments that helped shape and mature the competition system into one of the most outstanding and path-breaking in the developing world. It also offers reflections on current challenges and opportunities.
State-Owned Enterprises in South Africa
Authors: Swilling Mark , Callaghan Nina 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
State-owned enterprises (SOEs) have the ability to shape industrial policy, the potential to transform economies by investing in the provision of basic services and stimulate new industries. It is fair to deduce that how these entities are deployed is a critical indicator of a state’s directionality. This chapter traces how SOEs reflect South Africa’s evolving political economy, from a racist national capitalism, an indecisive developmental state, through a decade of state capture, to a weak strategic vision of how they can drive national economic development. The chapter highlights the obduracy of the mineral-energy complex and its enclave nature that lends itself to corrupted governance and assigning SOEs conflicted mandates for social and economic development. The current crisis of South Africa’s SOEs is a signifier of political leadership that has made a series of ideological missteps amidst a legacy of rent-seeking behaviours that began during the apartheid era, and continued into the post-1994 era.
Gender and Work in South Africa
Authors: Casale Daniela , Posel Dorrit , Mosomi Jacqueline 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Abstract: This chapter provides an overview of women’s participation in the post-apartheid South African economy. It documents rising labour-force participation among women, as well as an increase in the share of total and high-skilled employment held by women. However, it also highlights some of the persistent challenges, among them that women’s labour-force participation, access to (high-skilled) employment, and earnings remain well below men’s using the most recent labour force data available. A key constraint to women’s success in the labour market is the additional responsibility they face in the home. The chapter uses data from various sources to show that women retain primary responsibility for the household and the provision of care in South Africa. Finally, attention is drawn to how the Covid-19 crisis has not only exposed the value of this unpaid labour to society, but also the difficulty of performing this work alongside the demands of paid work.
The Economics of Health in South Africa
Authors: Burger Ronelle , Ngwenya Mosima 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The remnants of the colonial and apartheid era are evident in the South African health system’s persistently higher levels of injury, mental health problems, disease and mortality amongst the poor and marginalized—mediated through a wide range of social determinants including environmental health factors such as hygiene, access to clean water, clean air and adequate sanitation, violent crime and trauma, occupational risk, alcohol abuse and tobacco dependence. Due to such structural factors, children of poor parents have lower levels of cognitive development, are more likely to be stunted and a greater share die young. The legacy also persists via severe inequalities in the resourcing of health providers across districts and provinces and also between the public and private sector. Additionally, there is evidence of inefficient resource allocation and inefficient use of resources in both sectors, which further diminishes the health sector’s ability to meet the needs of its population.
Financialization in South Africa
Authors: Karwowski Ewa 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Financialization has become a popular concept across the social sciences, usually defined as the increasing role of financial motives, financial markets, financial actors, and financial institutions in the operation of the domestic and international economies. Financialization researchers highlight the detrimental consequences of an excessively large and powerful financial sector on economy and society. In South Africa, financialization has been shaped by its colonial and apartheid past, especially the strong links of South African corporations and banks to the international financial centre of London. Low growth and investment, an outcome of the finance-led accumulation regime, have also resulted in the continuity of extreme inequality and high levels of unemployment. In the Global South, financialization mainly affects emerging economies since they possess relatively developed financial markets in comparison to poorer countries. South Africa is the only African economy for which there is a substantial financialization literature. In comparison to other emerging economies, South Africa is relatively strongly financialized as stock market capitalization is extremely high, making Johannesburg one of the top financial centres in the Global South. Furthermore, financial inflows into the country are comparatively large, JSE-listed companies are well integrated into global value chains and household debt is high.
Southern African Regional Value Chains and Integration
Authors: das Nair Reena 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Despite the changing face of global trade towards greater ‘south-south’ trade, the development of regional value chains (RVCs) and the record of intra-regional trade and integration in Southern Africa has been poor. This chapter unpacks the nuances that affect participation, investment, and upgrading in RVCs in Southern Africa, drawing lessons from selected agro-processing and food retail value chains. The lack of a clear regional development vision is evident in how these value chains have developed in practice, with limited value-addition outside South Africa, even where there is potential for it. Regional integration in Southern Africa has been fairly weak against stated targets, and the development of RVCs can push forward the regional integration agenda. This requires tailored and coordinated investments across public and private sectors, and targeted policy interventions at a value chain level, with an appreciation of political economy dynamics and the role that South African firms with market power play in shaping value-chain outcomes in the region.
South Africa’s Economic Role in Africa
Authors: Soko Mills , Qobo Mzukisi 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
South Africa’s expansion into Africa since the dawn of democracy has mostly been a product of a series of deliberate domestic and foreign policy decisions implemented by successive post-apartheid governments. By prioritizing the ‘African Agenda’, South Africa has sought to harness its representation at the helm of continental institutions into meaningful foreign policy outcomes, including economic diplomacy objectives. South Africa has largely succeeded in fulfilling the goals outlined in its foreign policy and in the ‘African Agenda’. Nonetheless its actions, especially in the context of the enactment of the Protocol on Trade in the Southern African region, has also undermined the economic interests of its regional neighbours. The extent to which South Africa will be able to sustain its foreign policy performance in Africa in the future will depend on how far it weighs its domestic policy pressures with its continental obligations, on how it responds to and accommodates the economic concerns of its regional neighbours, and on how it manages African perceptions of the country.
Quintilian in Late Antiquity
Authors: Schneider Catherine 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a complete survey of the reception of Quintilian in late Antiquity. A brief note on the general literature and research tools available for the study of this vast topic, and on the key testimonies from the fourth until the seventh century, highlighting Quintilian’s fame as teacher of rhetoric and author of the Institutio and the Declamationes, is followed by a discussion of the influence of the Institutio on Christian education and on Christian thought, notably on Jerome, Lactantius, Hilary of Poitiers, Tyconius, Orosius, and Cassiodorus. Quintilian’s importance for the history of grammar is difficult to determine, but similarities between the grammatical chapters of the Institutio and the grammatical treatises of late Antiquity suggest that there may have been some direct influence. Donatus never cites Quintilian, while other grammarians such as Priscian, Diomedes, and Rufinus occasionally mention him or clearly make use of the Institutio. The influence of the Institutio on the so-called Minor Latin Rhetoricians is difficult to prove, but it is clear that the summaries, compilations, specialized monographs, and commentaries which form the substance of the rhetorical tradition in late Antiquity define themselves in one way or another by their relation to the Institutio. There was also some influence of the Institutio on the encyclopaedists Martianus Capella, Cassiodorus, and Isidorus. It was also in late Antiquity that the collections of Major Declamations and Minor Declamations were ascribed to Quintilian.
Quintilian in the United States of America
Authors: Katula Richard A. , Wiese Cleve 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Quintilian is alive and well in the United States of America. He has been a central figure in American rhetorical theory and/or practice since approximately 1730. With Aristotle and Cicero, Quintilian is one of the three figures comprising the ‘Classical School’ of rhetoric. His influence has sometimes been so foundational as to be easily overlooked. Often viewed as more of a synthesizer than an innovator in the history of rhetoric, Quintilian’s unique contribution to America is the comprehensive educational system laid out in his monumental Institutio Oratoria. This chapter traces Quintilian’s influence through the various periods of American education, showing it rising and falling with the particular needs of the times, but always remaining true to its emphasis on the holistic process of character development and its rejection of a rigid code of rules for writing and speaking. In the twenty-first century, Quintilian’s central idea in his Institutio holds true: that rhetorical training is a central aspect in the forming of minds for citizenship in a democracy such as the United States of America.
The Structure and Contents of the Institutio oratoria
Authors: Murphy James J. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers an introduction to the Institutio oratoria for a general readership. A brief synopsis of each of the twelve books of the Institutio is followed by some observations on the structure and contents of the work. The prefatory letter to Trypho shows that Quintilian wrote the work for his friend Marcus Vitorius Marcellus and his son, and later decided to send it for publication to Trypho. Though written in segments, the work was carefully planned in its entirety at the outset, but it was not intended as an exhaustive treatment of the subject matter. Quintilian probably used writing tablets before a scribe transferred the text to papyrus rolls. Quintilian used different methods for treating his subject, according to whether he wrote as a veteran teacher, as an experienced legal pleader, or as a historian and theorist of rhetoric. He aimed at a varied group of audiences: teachers of rhetoric, their pupils, and the educated elite of Rome.
The Deterrence and Prevention of Cyber Conflict
Authors: Cornish Paul 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
For all its apparent complexity, deterrence is built upon a relatively straightforward premise: that fear of adverse consequences can serve to prevent unacceptable behaviour. In traditional deterrence theory, particularly that which matured during the Cold War, prevention could be achieved both by fear of punishment and by fear of failure: by punitive measures that would be undertaken in response to a transgression and intended to inflict some pain, damage, or loss upon the transgressor; or by a denial posture intended to impress upon an adversary that the complexities of the defences will be technologically insurmountable and/or the costs of doing so unbearably high. Fresh thinking is required to make deterrence relevant to the cyber era. The challenges of cyber warfare are described here as the ‘four zeros’: ‘zero day’ vulnerability to novel malware; ‘zero source’ or non-attribution of an attack; ‘zero effect’ or covert, non-detectable attack; and ‘zero intent’ or lack of clarity as to an adversary’s intentions. These challenges can be met by allowing deterrence to function in different ways as circumstances allow or require: punitive, constructive, and protective deterrence.
Personal Protection
Authors: Clemente Dave 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the basics of personal cybersecurity and good ‘cyber hygiene’. It analyses the trade-offs inherent in cybersecurity, looks at methods of conducting a risk assessment, and reveals the potential impacts of poor security choices. It offers a range of practical security recommendations applicable to informed readers who may not be subject matter experts, and who wish to manage their personal cyber risks more effectively.
Cybersecurity, Multilateral Export Control, and Standard Setting Arrangements
Authors: Korzak Elaine 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on two trade mechanisms and their role in pursuing the policy imperatives of promoting international trade in information and communication technologies (ICTs) while seeking to mitigate cybersecurity risks. The first mechanism, international standard setting and certification efforts, aims to facilitate international trade by providing benchmarks and assurances for security features. In contrast, the second mechanism, international export controls, explicitly seeks to restrict the trade in certain ICT goods for national and international security purposes. The chapter begins by introducing the concepts of standards and certification, and surveying the landscape of cybersecurity standard setting before providing a discussion of the major intergovernmental certification scheme, the Common Criteria Recognition Arrangement. It then looks at the Wassenaar Arrangement and examines its recent experience in bringing two types of technologies, intellectual property (IP) surveillance systems and intrusion software, under the purview of export controls.
Global Trade and Cybersecurity
Authors: Gady Franz-Stefan , Austin Greg 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Trade in information and communications technologies (ICTs) is a new currency of international power. On the one hand, this commerce boosts national prosperity and the global economy. On the other hand, it puts capabilities for harm into the hands of potential malicious actors or political adversaries. States are scrambling to introduce new security control mechanisms through a variety of laws, regulations, and policies. These practices will have mixed results, not least because some of the more threatening elements of the trade relate to software products and even the results of basic scientific research that cannot be tracked as easily as physical goods. Enforcement of trade restrictions in this area will remain problematic. Even so, states are looking to undertake economic sanctions in this area to retaliate for the malicious behaviour in cyberspace of other states (or of criminals operating with impunity from the territory of other states). The corporate sector has emerged as an independent actor in these interstate controversies, and they have been joined by scientists and civil society activists, all pressing for a more liberal and open approach. While the unilateralist trend seems to have the upper hand for now, common interests and the imperatives of trade may force new collaborative behaviours among states.