bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blood Sampling From Scalp Arteries in Infants
Authors: Schlueter Mureen A. , Johnson Barbara B. , Sudman Dorothy A. , Wang Leslie Y. , Namkung Paulette , Heasley Suzanne V. , Haddock Susan A. , Tooley William H. 
Published: December 2021

Frequent measurements of arterial blood oxygen tension are necessary in order to regulate the amount of environmental oxygen needed by infants with cardiopulmonary disease.1 In 1964, Thomsen2 described a technique for intermittent sampling of arterial blood from the temporal artery of small infants. Since we have successfully used a modification of her method during the past 6½ years, we thought it useful to describe our procedure and our experience with it.
Technique
For sampling, we insert a needle into the lumen of the frontal or parietal branch of the superficial temporal artery which we located by palpation. We try to perform the puncture when the infant is in a "steady state," by which we mean that breathing is regular, the infant is not agitated, and the concentration of inspired oxygen has been constant for at least 15 minutes.
The School Physician and His Role: A Constructive Conclusion
Authors: Wessel Morris A. 
Published: December 2021

John Menkes' editorial A New Role For The School Physician in the June issue is of great importance. It focuses on a perplexing clinical problem which confronts many of us daily.
Pediatricians, whether they work in schools, child guidance clinics, outpatient clinics, or private offices, often see children who, with or without "soft" or "hard" neurological signs, are experiencing difficulties in their educational development. Many of these children present subtle difficulties in visual motor areas, such as in hand and eye coordination.
Infant Mortality, Breast-Feeding, and Improved Health Surveillance
Authors: Cunningham Allan S. 
Published: December 2021

References 3 and 4 of the letter: Infant Mortality, Breast-Feeding, and Improved Health Surveillance, by Dr. Allan S. Cunningham, Pediatrics, 50:823, were in error. They should be corrected to:
3. Grulee, C. S., Sanford, H. N., and Schwartz, H.: Breast and artificially fed infants. A study of the age incidence in the morbidity and mortality in twenty-thousand cases. JAMA, 104: 1986, 1935.
4. Woodbury, R. M.: The relation between breast and artificial feeding and infant mortality. Amer. J. Hygiene, 2:668, 1922.
When Your Child Needs Help: A Psychiatrist Looks At The Emotional Problems Of Children, by Charles R. Shaw, M.D. New York: William Morrow & Company, Inc., 1972, 309 pp., $7.95
Authors: Friedman Stanford B. 
Published: December 2021

The reader's impression of this book is determined, to a large degree, by his opinion of the appropriateness of what amounts to a textbook in child psychiatry for parents. In the Introcluction, the author states:
This book is written for Parents: Parents who know that they have an emotionally disturbed child or those who suspect that they may have one. These two groups will read the book from somewhat different viewpoints. If you belong to the first group, you will be interested in checking the diagnosis to see if it fits your child, to see whether he is getting the right kind of treatment, to see if the outlook is as your doctor said.
COMPREHENSIVE HEALTH SERVICES FOR CHILDREN: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF BENEFIT
Authors: Moore Gordon T. , Frank Kenneth 
Published: December 2021

This study explores the benefit of a Health Center offering comprehensive health servicces to children by examining the effect of these services on school absenteeism. Average school absenteeism for the 991 children in the study group increased from 10.4 to 13.7 days respectively, for the school years prior to and about two years after the opening of the Center. No statistically significant relationship could be demonstrated between different levels of use of services at the Health Center and changes in absenteeism during the study.
Several alternative explanations of these results are proposed. Further studies of outcomes of comprehensive health care are needed if medical planners are to be able to allocate resources effectively.
WAS SIR WALTER SCOTT'S LAMENESS CAUSED BY POLIOMYELITIS?
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

The following autobiographical account of one of Sir Walter Scott's illnesses would strongly suggest that his lameness was due to poliomyelitis. As such, it probably amounts to the earliest case on record in the British Isles–or possibly anywhere.1 Sir Walter wrote:
I showed every sign of health and strength until I was about eighteen months old. One night, I have been often told, I showed great reluctance to be caught and put to bed, and after being chased about the room, was apprehended and consigned to my dormitory with some difficulty. It was the last time I was to show much personal agility. In the morning I was discovered to be affected with the fever which often accompanies the cutting of large teeth. It held me three days. On the fourth, when they went to bathe me as usual, they discovered that I had lost the power in my right leg. My grandfather, an excellent anatomist as well as physician, the late worthy Alexander Wood, and many others of the most respectable of the faculty, were consulted. There appeared to be no dislocation or sprain; blisters and other topical remedies were applied in vain.
When the efforts of regular physicians had been exhausted, without the slightest success, my anxious parents, during the course of many years eagerly grasped at every prospect of cure which was held out by the promise of empirics, or of ancient ladies and gentlemen who conceived themselves entitled to recommend various remedies, some of which were of a nature sufficiently singular.
IgA SYNTHESIS BY JEJUNAL BIOPSIES FROM PATIENTS WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS AND HEREDITARY PANCREATITIS
Authors: Falchuk Z. Myron , Taussig Lynn M. 
Published: December 2021

Immunologic abnormalities have been described recently in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). We have evaluated local IgA production by jejunal mucosa in vitro in seven patients with CF, seven patients with hereditary pancreatitis (HP), and 29 normal subjects. IgA synthesis in biopsy specimens was assessed by measuring 14C-L-leucine incorporation into IgA. Pancreatic enzymes were absent in all CF patients, and in two of seven HP patients; in four HP patients enzyme levels were reduced to 20% of normal.
The mean IgA incorporation value in CF patients was 20,373 ± 9,244 cpm/mg protein (mean ± SD), and in HP patients was 11,403 ± 4,585, both values significantly greater than normal (6,688 ± 2,449) (p µ 0.001). In addition, the mean IgA incorporation value in CF patients was greater than the value in HP patients. (p µ 0.05). Within each patient group there was no correlation between IgA incorporation values and serum IgA levels, age, Shwachman score, severity of lung disease, type of bacteria in sputum cultures, or roentgenographic abnormalities of the small bowel.
The most reasonable explanation for the findings is that patients with CF and HP are under an increased local antigenic stimulus, perhaps due to an altered gastrointestinal environment which leads to increased local IgA production.
THE THIRTEEN-YEAR-OLD LADY JANE GREY DESCRIBES HER LOVE OF LEARNING TO ROGER ASCHAM
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Roger Ascham (1515-1568), English humanist, scholar and tutor to Princess Elizabeth, wrote a widely acclaimed treatise on the teaching of Latin entitled The Scholemaster which was first published in 1570. What largely contributed to its fame, then and now, was its picture of Lady Grey and her love of learning.
Lady Jane Grey (1537-1554), queen of England for only nine days, was beheaded without cause on February 12, 1554. The contemporary English historian, S. T. Bindoff writes that few lovelier heads have worn a crown and no purer a spirit ever inhabited a royal person than Jane Grey's; and if she lacked the divinity which hedges kings, she had more than a touch of sanctity which hallows saints.1
Ascham described his celebrated call on Lady Jane Grey at Brodegate in 1550 in these words:
Before I went into Germany, I came to Brodegate in Leicestershire, to take my Leave of that noble Lady Jane Grey, to whom I was exceeding much beholding. Her parents, the Duke and Duchess, with all the Household, Gentlemen and Gentlewomen, were hunting in the Park. I found her in her Chamber, reading Phaedo Platonis in Greek, and that with as much Delight, as some Gentlemen would read a merry Tale in Boccace. After Salutation, and Duty done, with some other Talk, I asked her, why she would lose such Passtime in the Park? Smiling, she answered me:
"I wist, all their Sport in the Park is but a Shadow to that Pleasure that I find in Plato, Alas! good Folk, they never felt what true Pleasure meant.
Excerpt VIII: Wolf and the Lamb
Authors: Cone Thomas E. 
Published: December 2021

The warning implied in the moral of the fable above1 was a favorite one of many writers in the early days of the Republic. The Reverend John Abbot was realistic enough to warn boys (schools at the time were only for boys) how much the moral life demanded of them. He wrote:
"You will often find that which is wrong, to be popular, and but few, and they perhaps reviled and persecuted, advocating that which is right.... The mass of men are corrupt and take the easy way or they are too meek."2
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Lucey Jerold F. 
Published: December 2021

This conference was held in Stowe, Vermont under the auspices of the Department of Pediatrics, University of Vermont School of Medicine with funds donated by Winthrop Laboratories.
The purpose of the conference was to assemble as much of the recent and past evidence bearing on hexachlorophene and its usage in the nursery as was available at the time (June 1972) and to publish these studies as rapidly as possible so that physicians would be well informed on the subject.
The reader will find both sides of the argument about hexachlorophene presented and commented upon. I believe that, if he reads this tome, he will have a great deal more sympathy and understanding for the complexity of the problems involved. When one listens to experts in conflict, decisions are never easy. However, it is my hope that this publication will serve the practicing pediatrician by furnishing him with a clear view of both sides of the issue.
DISCUSSION FOLLOWING PRESENTATION OF PAPER BY DR. GEZON IN WHICH EVIDENCE WAS PRESENTED INDICATING THAT HEXACHLOROPHENE IS EFFECTIVE
Authors: Gellis Sydney S. 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Oliver: Quoted from the studies conducted at Ohio State in 1954-55 in which hexachlorophene bath gave a striking reduction in colonization with staph in the umbilicus and nares. No special attention was given to cleansing of the umbilical cord. In Pittsburgh, he noted high colonization rates which fell from 40% to almost zero, when hexachlorophene bathing was employed, supporting Dr. Gezon's findings.
Moderator: In Dr. Gezon's paper he stated that after studying hexachlorophene he felt he should look for some other agent to suppress colonization of staph. Was this because he had worries about hexachlorophene?
Dr. Gezon: Replied that he assumed that hexachlorophene resistance might occur. Perhaps it can, he stated, but there is no evidence of such resistance.
Dr. Gluck: Discussed his experience at Stanford with 5,500 newborn infants. He found that with hexachlorophene bathing one of every 70 babies was colonized with staph. He paid great attention to the washing of the cord, feeling that this is the most important reservoir for staph. When he moved to Yale, newborn infants received water baths only. Skin pustules were always endemic but there was no fulminating staph epidemic. The colonization rate, which was 30% before hexachlorophene bathing was instituted, dropped to 3%. When hexachlorophene was discontinued, the rate rose again to 30%. He feels strongly that hexachlorophene is very effective in reducing colonization by staph. He pointed to his New Haven study as an indicator of the benefits gained by having a newborn go home without colonization by staph.
HEXACHLOROPHENE AND THE CONTROL OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL SEPSIS IN A MATERNITY UNIT IN GEELONG, AUSTRALIA
Authors: Plueckhahn V. D. 
Published: December 2021

This paper reports the occurrence and control of staphylococcal sepsis in 35,684 infants born in a maternity unit in Geelong, Australia, during the years 1956 to 1972. Antiseptic skin care of newborn infants with 3% hexachlorophene emulsions (pHisoHex) commenced in 1960 and since then 25,038 infants have been drywashed with 3% hexachlorophene emulsions on alternate days while in hospital with no toxic reactions.
A retrospective review of the macroscopic and microscopic findings in 233 neonatal and post neonatal deaths occurring in these 25,038 infants did not reveal any evidence of central nervous system damage as described due to hexachiorophene in animals.
A "double-blind" study of 10,001 infants showed that hexachiorophene was the effective agent responsible for the marked reduction in infant and maternal staphylococcal sepsis which occurred in this maternity unit following the introduction of drywashing in 1960. No increase in clinical infection due to gram-negative bacilli is reported since the commencement of drywashing newborn infants with 3% hexachlorophene emulsions.
Infant plasma hexachlorophene concentrations on the day prior to discharge home from hospital varied from 0.020 µg/ml to a maximum of 0.l50 µg/ml.
The Australian Drug Evaluation Committee accepted a strong recommendation from the author in March, 1971, that antiseptic skin care of newborn infants with 3% hexachlorophene emulsions should continue in maternity hospitals in Australia.
HEXACHLOROPHENE DECISIONS AT THE FDA
Authors: Lockhart Jean D. , Simmons Henry E. 
Published: December 2021

Hexachlorophene has a 20-year history of widespread use as a topical bacteriostatic agent, primarily against Staphylococcus aureus strains. Its property of substantivity made it uniquely desirable for this purpose, in effect a sustained release topical dosage form. Use of hexachlorophene-containing products in the nursery developed in the absence of specific safety and efficacy protocols, the phase 1, 2, and 3 studies now so familiar in drug development. Whether the Food and Drug Administration would have requested data on neurotoxicity or percutaneous absorption, had such protocols for studies on the use of 3% emulsions been submitted to the FDA, is now a moot question. The practice became well established in hospitals. Studies on newborn infants, which were possible in the 1950's and 1960's, have become progressively more complicated because of problems of patient consent.
In pointing out that the presently required safety and efficacy studies on the use of 3% hexachlorophene for bathing of newborn infants were never done, it should be added that, by the same token, no data were obtained on the relative merits of various concentrations of hexachlorophene products for this purpose. In reviewing the many clinical studies published in the past 15 years on the use of hexachlorophene-containing products in newborn nurseries, it is apparent that they were used in varying dilutions and according to varying techniques. This was less important at the time, when absorption was not known to be a consideration, than it is now.
Beginning in early 1971, several hexachlorophene absorption studies were made available to the FDA, some from industry and some in-house.
Oculoglandular Tularemia in an Inner City Child
Authors: Bloom Marshall E. , Shearer William T. , Barton Leslie L. , Mallinckrodt Edward 
Published: December 2021

Since the 1968 Vermont epidemic of tularemia, human disease has been reported in all of the 50 states.1 This brief report draws attention to tularemia as a contemporary pediatric problem, highlights the recent advances in diagnosis,2,3 and points out that it may occur in city as well as in country children.
Case Report
A 6-year-old boy (SLCH-88133) from the city of St. Louis was admitted to St. Louis Children's Hospital on January 12, 1972, because of preauricular and cervical lymphadenopathy. Two months prior to admission he developed epiphora, erythema, and edema of his right eye. Within two days, lethargy, fever (104 F) and painful swelling of the entire right side of his face and neck were noted.
Primary Pituitary Dysgenesis
Authors: Willard Daniel 
Published: December 2021

A year ago the authors observed a newborn boy with no anterior pituitary; other skull or brain malformations were absent.
Findings included maternal estriol insufficiency of nine days' duration, early repeated attacks of hypoglycemia and respiratory distress, a small sella turcica with a persistent cranio-pharyngeal canal, hypothyroidism, and ectopic testes. No electrolyte disorder was present. Death occurred at the age of 27 days.
An elder female sibling is in good health. A 2-week-old brother is alive but shows the same symptoms as his deceased brother before death.
THYMIC ALYMPHOPLASIA WITH HYPER-IgE-GLOBULINEMIA
Authors: Kikkawa Yumio , Kamimura Kikuro , Hamajima Tokiro , Sekiguchi Tokihiko , Kawai Tadashi , Takenaka Michiko , Tada Tomio 
Published: December 2021

The clinical and autopsy findings of a 5-month-old patient with thymic alymphoplasia and increased serum IgE levels are reported. A congenital heart lesion was diagnosed at 15 days of age, eczema at 1 month of age, and infections of the skin, ears, and respiratory tract recurred until death.
Peripheral lymphocytopenia and eosinophilia, and increased concentrations of serum IgE (16.2µg/ml) and IgM were present. The serum contained normal levels of IgG and IgA. Isohemagglutinins and viral neutralizing antibodies were not present in the serum. Bacterial and drug antibodies were present, as demonstrated by PK reaction. At autopsy the thymus was hypoplastic and without Hassall's corpuscles. There were few small lymphocytes but follicular lymphocytes and plasma cells were relatively normal in lymph nodes. IgE forming cells were found in the lymph nodes and lamina propria of intestine by fluorescent antibody technique. Peripheral lymphocytes showed blastlike transformation but not mitosis. The findings suggest that the thymus plays a role in the regulation of IgE synthesis.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: Haggerty Robert J. 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Haggerty replies as follows:
Dr. Darby makes a very important point about the U.S. overdependence on foreign medical graduates that I neglected. I believe that we should continue to provide educational opportunities for such graduates but not be dependent upon them for our own population's needs. If my calculations that we have increased recruitment by at least 50% during the past five years are correct, an increase that is just now beginning to be seen in the cohort entering practice, the 20% of pediatricians who are graduates of foreign medical schools will be more than compensated for.
Do We Need More Pediatricians? Effect of Group Practice
Authors: Klevit Harvey 
Published: December 2021

We appreciate being cited as a model efficient primary care system by D. Haggerty1 in his commentary which questions the existence of a pediatric manpower shortage. Readers might be interested in some of our statistical data.
Our group of 20 pediatricians (18 when corrected for research and administrative activities), has provided primary services to a known Kaiser Health Plan (Oregon Region) population of 55,000 children under age 17 in 1972. We have been able to function at a ratio of one pediatrician per 2,800 to 3,200 patients since 1965, when we began "keeping score."
Letters to the Editor
Authors: Steinschneider Alfred 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Steinschneider commented as follows:
By pointing out a potential value for obtaining electrocardiographic recordings, Dr. Bachman directs our attention to the more general need for describing and determining those variables influencing the pattern (and magnitude) of physiological changes occurring in conjunction with or as a consequence of periods of prolonged sleep apnea. This concern is consistent with the conclusion reached by Daily et al.1 that, ". . . cardiocirculatory adjustments are an integral part of the apneic response . . ." (p. 516) and the hypothesis that prolonged sleep apnea is part of the physiologic process resulting in SIDS.
Phenylketonuria: and Some Other Inborn Errors of Amino Acid Metabolism, Biochemistry, Genetics, Diagnosis and Therapy, edited by Bickel, H., Hudson, F. P., and Woolf, L. I. New York: Intercontinental Medical Book Corporation, 1971, 336 pp., no price given
Authors: Scriver Charles R. 
Published: December 2021

This volume reports the proceedings of a Heidelberg conference on the subject of phenylketonuria and other inborn errors of amino acid metabolism. Although the conference was held in June 1969, and the book published in February 1971, this belated review should not detract from its value.
The book is divided into several sections which coven background material on phenylketonuria, with descriptions of the clinical and biochemical phenotype, discussions of genetic heterogeneity and the inheritance of phenotypes, and an extensive documentation of the success of postnatal screening and treatment in neutralizing the effects of the mutant allele.
HISTORY AND DEMOGRAPHY OF CHILD ABUSE
Authors: Solomon Theo 
Published: December 2021

A Historic and demographic discourse at a gathering of this nature is usually provided for three purposes:
1. To offer an informational background to those who are not aware of or are not up to date about a particular phenomenon.
2. To ring the alarm of crisis pointing to the seriousness and pervasiveness of the phenomenon discussed.
3. To provide a perspective from which to initiate discussion.
As to the first two purposes your attendance demonstrates your concern and your alarm. Moreover, other speakers shall provide particulars on these points.
I shall attempt to provide the perspective for subsequent discussion.
HISTORY
In order to provide this perspective, I wish to define some basic terminology regarding acts performed in concert and/or individually upon children.
Infanticide has been practiced in almost every nation, both civilized and uncivilized, since recorded time. This act has been responsible for more child deaths than any other single cause in history, other than possibly bubonic plague.
Its two characteristics have been the tacit acceptance or active participation by elements in the society in which it was found, and a rationale for its existence, which is generally woven into the fabric and culture of that society. In most cases, infanticide has involved the infliction of body trauma upon a newborn child so as to willfully and knowingly cause death. This does not exclude the less common practices of intentional neglect at birth, or the ritual killing of older children. The rationales for this practice have generally been (1) religious appeasement and reactions to prophecies of doom; (2) collective or individual acts of faith and proofs of worthiness; (3) Darwinian survival and Maithusian population control.
THE ETIOLOGY OF CHILD ABUSE
Authors: Helfer Ray M. 
Published: December 2021

In summary, we must recognize the total situation long before abuse occurs. The way this is done is to recognize the potential: how they were reared, how they used other people, how the marriage or the interspouse relationship is working, and most important, how they see their child. What do they expect of their child? Are these expectations realistic?
Then try to identify in a given family whether there might be or is indeed a child who could be abused.
Finally, crises should be recognized and something be done about them so they don't recur. Solving the crisis alone is not enough; this will only put out the fire for a short period of time.