bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arboviral central nervous system infections
Authors: Schultz Jonathan S. , Sparks Hadrian , Beckham J. David 
Published: March 2021

Purpose of review
This review provides an overview of arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) infections that are important causes of human neurological infections world-wide. As many of the individual viruses in a specific genus or family cause overlapping clinical syndromes, this review discusses important viruses in groups to highlight some of the similarities and differences in groups of neuroinvasive arbovirus infections.

Recent Findings
Arboviruses that cause neurological infections in humans continue to emerge and distribute to new regions. The geographic range of the vectors, the hosts and subsequent arbovirus infections in humans continues to expand and evolve. As emerging arboviruses move into new geographic regions, it is important to examine the associated epidemiological and clinical impacts of these infections as they enter new populations.

Summary
Arboviruses from the Flaviviridae, Togaviridae and Bunyaviridae families continue to emerge and spread into new regions. The arboviruses within these virus families cause characteristic neuroinvasive diseases in human populations. A complete understanding of the epidemiological and clinical features of the neuroinvasive arboviruses is important such that these pathogens can be recognized and diagnosed in humans as they emerge. Ongoing research to develop rapid, accurate diagnostics, therapeutic options and vaccines for these pathogens is needed to address future outbreaks of disease in human populations.
The Effects of Lipoaspirate-Derived Fibrous Tissue on Survival Quality and Mechanical Property of Fat Grafts
Authors: Huang Ben , Zhang Xinyu , Yang Mingxia , Yin Bo , Cai Lei , Li Facheng , Han Xuefeng 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Fibrous connective tissue (referred to as fiber) in lipoaspirates would be discarded before lipotransfer in case of cannula blockage. However, the fiber contains extracellular matrix which provide structure support and is rich in stromal vascular fractions (SVFs). Removal of the fiber might theoretically affect the survival quality and mechanical properties of fat grafts. But there is few evidence in vivo and vitro about how the fiber affects the fat grafts.

Objective:
To assess the effect of fibers on the survival quality and mechanical property of fat grafts.

Methods:
The SVFs in both fat and fiber were obtained by collagenase digestion for cells counting and comparison. Three groups were designed according to the different proportions of fat and fiber: the fat group (100% fat), the mixed group (50% fat, 50% fiber in volume ratio), and the fiber group (100% fiber). Three groups of grafts were transplanted in vivo to evaluate the differences in volume retention rate, histological characteristics and mechanical properties.

Results:
The amount of SVF cells in fibers (3.47 ± 1.49 × 104 cells/mL) was significantly lower than that in fat (12.3 ± 4.95 × 104 cells/mL) (P < 0.05). Grafts in the mixed group and the fiber group showed an increase of volume retention at week 4, but the fiber content showed no significant effects on the volume retention of grafts in three groups at week 12. Elasticity modulus of grafts in the fat group was higher than that in the fiber group and the mixed group at week 4 and 8, the fiber content showed no significant effects on the elasticity modulus of grafts in three groups at week 12. The addition of the fiber reduced the inflammation, cysts, fibrosis, and capillaries density of the grafts.

Conclusions:
There were few SVF cells in the fiber. When it was mixed with fat in different proportions and transplanted in vivo, the content of fiber showed no significantly different effects on the long-term volume retention and mechanical property of fat grafts. Due to the risk of blockage, it is recommended to discard the fiber in lipoaspirates.
The Role of TEG and ROTEM in Damage Control Resuscitation
Authors: Brill Jason B. , Brenner Megan , Duchesne Juan , Roberts Derek , Ferrada Paula , Horer Tal , Kauvar David , Khan Mansoor , Kirkpatrick Andrew , Ordonez Carlos , Perreira Bruno , Priouzram Artai , Cotton Bryan A. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Trauma-induced coagulopathy is associated with very high mortality, and hemorrhage remains the leading preventable cause of death after injury. Directed methods to combat coagulopathy and attain hemostasis are needed. The available literature regarding viscoelastic testing, including thrombelastography (TEG) and rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM), was reviewed to provide clinically relevant guidance for emergency resuscitation. These tests predict massive transfusion and developing coagulopathy earlier than conventional coagulation testing, within 15 min using rapid testing. They can guide resuscitation after trauma, as well. TEG and ROTEM direct early transfusion of fresh frozen plasma when clinical gestalt has not activated a massive transfusion protocol. Reaction time and clotting time via these tests can also detect clinically significant levels of direct oral anticoagulants. Slowed clot kinetics suggest the need for transfusion of fibrinogen via concentrates or cryoprecipitate. Lowered clot strength can be corrected with platelets and fibrinogen. Finally, viscoelastic tests identify fibrinolysis, a finding associated with significantly increased mortality yet one that no conventional coagulation test can reliably detect. Using these parameters, guided resuscitation begins within minutes of a patient's arrival. A growing body of evidence suggests this approach may improve survival while reducing volumes of blood products transfused.
Monitoring the propagation of SARS CoV2 variants by tracking identified mutation in wastewater using specific RT-qPCR
Authors: Wurtzer S , Waldman P , Levert M , Mouchel JM , Gorgé O , Boni M , Maday Y ,   OBEPINE consortium, Marechal V , Moulin L 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSince the end of 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has experienced a major turning point with the appearance and rapid spread of new variants, causing a significant increase in the number of new cases requiring hospitalization. These so-called UK, South African or Brazilian variants are characterized by combinations of mutations which allow them to be distinguished from the variants which have circulated since the start of the epidemic. The impact of these variants on the functioning of healthcare systems requires monitoring the spread of these variants, which are more contagious, more lethal and may reinfect people who are already immune to a natural infection or to a vaccination. Monitoring the viral genome in wastewater has shown great value in early detection of the dynamics of virus spreading in populations.The sequencing of viral genomes is used in humans, but its application and interpretation on wastewater matrices are much more complex due to the diversity of circulating strains. Also this study demonstrates the possibility of following certain mutations found in these new variants by targeted RT-qPCR. This study is the first carried out in France demonstrating the spreading dynamics of the 69-70 deletion in the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2.
Effect of vaccination on transmission of COVID-19: an observational study in healthcare workers and their households
Authors: V Shah Anoop S , Gribben Ciara , Bishop Jennifer , Hanlon Peter , Caldwell David , Wood Rachael , Reid Martin , McMenamin Jim , Goldberg David , Stockton Diane , Hutchinson Sharon , Robertson Chris , McKeigue Paul M , Colhoun Helen M , McAllister David A 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe effect of vaccination for COVID-19 on onward transmission is unknown.MethodsA national record linkage study determined documented COVID-19 cases and hospitalisations in unvaccinated household members of vaccinated and unvaccinated healthcare workers from 8th December 2020 to 3rd March 2021. The primary endpoint was COVID-19 14 days following the first dose.ResultsThe cohort comprised of 194,362 household members (mean age 31·1 ± 20·9 years) and 144,525 healthcare workers (mean age 44·4 ± 11·4 years). 113,253 (78·3%) of healthcare workers received at least one dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine and 36,227 (25·1%) received a second dose. There were 3,123 and 4,343 documented COVID-19 cases and 175 and 177 COVID-19 hospitalisations in household members of healthcare workers and healthcare workers respectively. Household members of vaccinated healthcare workers had a lower risk of COVID-19 case compared to household members of unvaccinated healthcare worker (rate per 100 person-years 9·40 versus 5·93; HR 0·70, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0·63 to 0·78). The effect size for COVID-19 hospitalisation was similar, with the confidence interval crossing the null (HR 0·77 [95% CI 0·53 to 1·10]). The rate per 100 person years was lower in vaccinated compared to unvaccinated healthcare workers for documented (20·13 versus 8·51; HR 0·45 [95% CI 0·42 to 0·49]) and hospitalized COVID-19 (0·97 versus 0·14; HR 0·16 [95% CI 0·09 to 0·27]). Compared to the period before the first dose, the risk of documented COVID-19 case was lower at ≥ 14 days after the second dose for household members (HR 0·46 [95% CI 0·30to 0·70]) and healthcare workers (HR 0·08 [95% CI 0·04 to 0·17]).InterpretationVaccination of health care workers was associated with a substantial reduction in COVID-19 cases in household contacts consistent with an effect of vaccination on transmission.
Household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 R.1 lineage with spike E484K mutation in Japan
Authors: Hirotsu Yosuke , Omata Masao 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe aimed to investigate SARS-CoV-2 emerging lineage harboring variants in receptor binding domain (RBD) of spike protein in Japan. Total nucleic acids were subjected to whole genome sequencing on samples from 133 patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). We obtained the SARS-CoV-2 genome sequence from these patients and examined variants in RBD. As a result, three patients were infected with SARS-CoV-2 harboring E484K mutation in January 2021. These three patients were relatives; one was in the 40s, and two were younger than 10 years old. They had no history of staying abroad and were living in Japan. This strains were classified into GR clade (GISAID), 20B clade (Nextstrain) and R.1 lineage (PANGO). As of March 5, 2021, the R.1 lineage have been identified in 305 samples and dominantly observed in the USA (44%, 135 / 305) and Japan (28%, 84 / 305) from the GISAID database. During the period between October 26, 2020 and February 23, 2021, the frequency of the R.1 lineage was 0.97% (84 / 8,629) of the total confirmed data in Japan and 0.15% (135 / 90,450) in the USA. Although SARS-CoV-2 R.1 lineage was not globally predominant as of March 2021, further analysis is needed to determine whether R.1 variant will disappear or expand in the future.
Isolated fetal neural tube defects associate with increased risk of placental pathology: evidence from the Collaborative Perinatal Project
Authors: White Marina , Grynspan David , Van Mieghem Tim , Connor Kristin L 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo compare placental pathology and fetal growth in pregnancies with an isolated fetal neural tube defect (NTD; cases) to those without congenital anomalies (controls). We hypothesised that cases would be at an increased risk of placental pathology and poorer anthropometric outcomes at birth compared to controlsMethodsWe performed a matched case-cohort study using data from the Collaborative Perinatal Project. Cases (n=74) and controls (n=148) were matched (1:2 ratio) for maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal race, infant sex, gestational age at birth and study site. Primary outcomes were placental characteristics (weight and size measurements, pathology). Secondary outcomes were infant birth outcomes. Subgroup analysis was done by type of NTD (spina bifida, anencephaly or encephalocele), infant sex, and preterm/term delivery. Data were analysed using adjusted generalized linear and nominal logistic regression models. Results are presented as adjusted β or adjusted odds ratio (aOR; 95% confidence interval).ResultsCases had lower placental weight (β=-22.2 g [-37.8 – −6.6]), surface area (β=-9.6 cm2 [-18.3 – −1.0]) and birth length z-scores (β=-0.4 [-0.7 – −0.001]) compared to controls. Cases were more likely to have a single umbilical artery (vs. two; 6 [8.1%] vs. 1 [0.7%]; aOR=301 [52.6 – 1726]), overall placental hypermaturity (9 [12.2%] vs. 5 [3.4%]; aOR=6.8 [3.1 – 14.7]), and many (vs. few) Hofbauer cells (9 [12.2%] vs. 7 [4.7%]; aOR=3.02 [1.2 – 7.3]), stromal fibrosis (9 [12.2%] vs. 10 [6.8%]; aOR=3.0 [1.4 – 6.3]) and pathological edema (11 [14.9%] vs. 12 [8.1%]; aOR=3.04 [1.4 – 6.7]) in placental terminal villi compared to controls. Placental pathology varied across NTD subtypes, infant sex, and preterms vs. term pregnancies.ConclusionsFetuses with isolated NTDs may be at increased risk of placental pathology, which could be contributing to poor fetal growth in these pregnancies and subsequent postnatal morbidities.
“This is about the coolest thing I’ve ever seen is that you just showed right up.” COVID-19 testing and vaccine acceptability among homeless-experienced adults: Qualitative data from two samples
Authors: Knight Kelly Ray , Duke Michael R. , Carey Caitlin A. , Pruss Graham , Garcia Cheyenne M. , Lightfoot Marguerita , Imbert Elizabeth , Kushel Margot 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundHomeless-experienced populations are at increased risk of exposure to SARS CoV-2 due to their living environments and face increased risk of severe COVID-19 disease due to underlying health conditions. Little is known about COVID-19 testing and vaccination acceptability among homeless-experienced populations.ObjectiveTo understand the facilitators and barriers to COVID-19 testing and vaccine acceptability among homeless-experienced adults.DesignWe conducted in-depth interviews with participants from July-October 2020. We purposively recruited participants from 1) a longitudinal cohort of homeless-experienced older adults in Oakland, CA (n=37) and 2) a convenience sample of people (n=57) during a mobile outreach COVID-19 testing event in San Francisco.ParticipantsAdults with current or past experience of homelessness.ApproachWe asked participants about their experiences with and attitudes towards COVID-19 testing and their perceptions of COVID-19 vaccinations. We used participant observation techniques to document the interactions between testing teams and those approached for testing. We audio-recorded, transcribed and content analyzed all interviews and identified major themes and subthemes.Key ResultsParticipants found incentivized COVID-19 testing administered in unsheltered settings and supported by community health outreach workers (CHOWs) to be acceptable. The majority of participants expressed positive inclination toward vaccine acceptability, citing a desire to return to routine life and civic responsibility. Those who expressed hesitancy cited a desire to see trial data, concerns that vaccines included infectious materials, and mistrust of the government.ConclusionsParticipants expressed positive evaluations of the incentivized, mobile COVID-19 testing supported by CHOWs in unsheltered settings. The majority of participants expressed positive inclination toward vaccination. Vaccine hesitancy concerns must be addressed when designing vaccine delivery strategies that overcome access challenges. Based on the successful implementation of COVID-19 testing, we recommend mobile delivery of vaccines using trusted CHOWs to address concerns and facilitate wider access to and uptake of the COVID vaccine.
A Queuing Model for Ventilator Capacity Management during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Zimmerman Samantha L. , Rutherford Alexander R. , van der Waall Alexa , Norena Monica , Dodek Peter 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe applied a queuing model to inform ventilator capacity planning during the first wave of the COVID-19 epidemic in the province of British Columbia (BC), Canada. The core of our framework is a multiclass Erlang loss model that represents ventilator use by both COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients. Input for the model includes COVID-19 case projections, and our analysis incorporates projections with different levels of transmission due to public health measures and social distancing. We incorporated data from the BC Intensive Care Unit Database to calibrate and validate the model. Using discrete event simulation, we projected ventilator access, including when capacity would be reached and how many patients would be unable to access a ventilator. Simulation results were compared with three numerical approximation methods, namely pointwise stationary approximation, modified offered load, and fixed point approximation. Using this comparison, we developed a hybrid optimization approach to efficiently identify required ventilator capacity to meet access targets. Model projections demonstrate that public health measures and social distancing potentially averted up to 50 deaths per day in BC, by ensuring that ventilator capacity was not reached during the first wave of COVID-19. Without these measures, an additional 173 ventilators would have been required to ensure that at least 95% of patients can access a ventilator immediately. Our model provides a tool for policy makers to quantify the interplay between public health measures, necessary critical care resources, and performance indicators for patient access.
Learning from the Experiences of COVID-19 Survivors: A Descriptive Study
Authors: Prioleau Temiloluwa 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundThere are still many unanswered questions about the novel coronavirus, however, a largely underutilized source of knowledge are the millions of people who have recovered after contracting the virus. This includes majority of undocumented cases of the COVID-19 which are classified as mild or moderate and received little to no clinical care during the course of illness.ObjectiveTo document and glean insights from the experiences of persons with first-hand experience with coronavirus, especially the so-called mild to moderate cases that self-resolved in isolation.MethodsThis online-based survey study called C19 Insider Scoop recruited adult participants that are 18-years or older who reside in the United States and tested positive for COVID-19 or antibodies. Participants were recruited through various methods including online support groups for COVID-19 survivors, advertisement in local news outlets, and advertisement through professional and other networks. The main outcomes measured include knowledge on contraction/transmission of the virus, symptoms, and personal experiences on road to recovery.ResultsA total of 72 participants (53 females/19 males, ages 18 - 73 yrs. old, mean = 41-yrs.) from 22 U.S. states participated in this study. We found that the top known source of how people contracted the COVID-19 virus was through a family or household member (n=26 or 35%). This was followed by essential workers contracting the virus through the workplace (n=13 or 18%).Participants reported up to 27 less-documented symptoms that they experienced during their illness such as brain/memory fog, palpitations, ear pain/discomfort and neurological problems. In addition, 47 out of 72 participants (65%) reported that their symptoms lasted longer than the commonly cited 2-weeks even for mild cases of COVID-19. In our study, the mean recovery time was 4.5-weeks, and exactly one-half of survivors (50%) still experienced lingering symptoms of COVID-19 after an average of 65-days following illness onset. Additionally, 37 participants (51%) reported that they experienced stigma associated with having COVID-19.ConclusionThis study presents preliminary findings which suggests that emphasis on family/household spread of COVID-19 may be lacking and there is a general underestimation of the recovery time even for mild cases of the virus. Although a larger study is needed to validate these results, it is important to note that as more people experience COVID-19, insights from prior survivors can enable a more informed public, pave the way for others who may be affected, and guide further research.
Effects of wearing face masks under moderate physical effort
Authors: Martin Eberhart , Stefan Orthaber , Reinhold Kerbl 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDue to the COVID-19 pandemic, face masks have become part of daily life and work. Only few studies have investigated potential negative effects of this measure. It was aim of this study to evaluate whether face masks may affect oygen saturation and heart reate under moderate physical effort. Ten healthy volunteers were asked to climb up four floors (96 steps) with and without a face mask. Oxygen saturation and heart rate were recorded before and after this procedure.Physical activity lead to a slight decrease of oxygen saturation of 3.0% (± 3.1) without and 3.7% (± 3.8) with face masks (p= 0.28). Heart rate increased by 31.0 (±18.7) and 33.3 (± 15.9) beats per minute (p= 0.39). Desaturation was more pronounced in individuals > 40 years, however was uncritical in all cases.This study shows that in healthy adults the use of face masks does not significantly affect oxygen supply nor cause additional cardiac load.