bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatiotemporal characteristics and hydrological implications of downscaled hourly precipitation climate scenarios for South Korea
Authors: Lee Taesam , Kim Jong‐Suk , Chen Jie 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe assessment of hydrometeorological variables using climate scenario data derived from global climate models (GCMs) is essential for adapting and mitigating climate‐induced changes. However, GCM outputs are too coarse to apply at the basin scale. Therefore, spatial downscaling of GCM outputs has been widely used to assess hydrological changes on the basin scale. Temporal downscaling is also required to obtain hourly precipitation data for small or medium basin analysis because only several hours of data are required to determine peak flows after rainfall. This study presents the spatiotemporal distribution of downscaled hourly precipitation over South Korea for two representative concentration pathway scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), as well as its implications over hydrological responses. Under the RCP8.5 scenario, the mean hourly precipitation significantly increases over the southern part of South Korea, especially during the morning, with a smaller increase at later times of the day. However, this increase is not propagated to the mainland because of mountainous areas in the southern part of the country. Furthermore, the hydrological responses determined by a distributed rainfall‐runoff model reveal a significant increase in the peak flow under the RCP8.5 scenario but a slight decrease under the RCP4.5 scenario. In addition, the observed relation between extreme precipitation and temperature is compared with that under RCP8.5. The results indicate that the downscaled hourly precipitation data adequately reproduce the observed relationship. We conclude that the temporal downscaling method used in this study is suitable for obtaining hourly precipitation data from daily GCM scenarios. In addition, rainfall‐runoff simulations using downscaled hourly precipitation data are useful for investigating hydrological response variability related to future climate scenarios.
Surface‐confined guanidinium ionic liquid as a new type of stationary phase for hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography
Authors: Qiao Lizhen , Sun Ruiting , Tao Yuan , Yu Chunmei , Yan Yang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractGuanidinium‐based ionic liquids possess lower toxicity and greater designability than commonly used species and have presented good performances in liquid‐phase extraction and stationary phase for capillary gas chromatography. In the present work, a novel type of surface‐confined guanidinium ionic liquid stationary phase was developed by bonding a hexaalkylguanidinium ionic liquid N,N,N’,N’‐tetramethyl‐N”,N”‐diallylguanidinium bromide onto the surface of 3‐mercaptopropyl modified silica. The obtained surface‐confined guanidinium ionic liquid silica materials were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis, and then packed as a high‐performance liquid chromatography column for the evaluation of chromatographic retention behavior. Typical polar compounds were used to evaluate the separation performances, and the changes of retention with water content in mobile phase further suggested the hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography retention mechanism. Moreover, the effect of different chromatographic factors (salt concentration, mobile phase pH, and column temperature) on retention was investigated with a series of compounds as test solutes to gain insights into the retention mechanism. The results indicated that the surface‐confined guanidinium ionic liquid stationary phase exhibited a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography/anion‐exchange mixed‐mode retention behavior and possessed promising potential in separating a wide range of compounds as an alternative stationary phase for high‐performance liquid chromatography.
Ultrasound Assessment of Sarcopenia in Patients With Sarcoidosis
Authors: Eşme Mert , Karcıoğlu Oğuz , Öncel Aslı , Ayçiçek Gözde Şengül , Deniz Olgun , Ulaşlı Sevinç Sarınç , Köksal Deniz , Doğu Burcu Balam , Cankurtaran Mustafa , Halil Meltem 
Published: July 2021

ObjectivesSarcoidosis can cause sarcopenia like other chronic diseases. Ultrasonography is a simple method, which has been used frequently in recent years. We aimed to evaluate the sarcoidosis patients with ultrasonography for sarcopenia and to compare the results of ultrasonography with the accepted standard method, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA).MethodsBIA and handgrip test were applied to all patients diagnosed with sarcoidosis. The patients were classified according to the presence of probable sarcopenia with their handgrip results and the presence of sarcopenia with the appendicular skeletal muscle mass index calculated with using BIA. Ultrasonography was applied to each patient and the thickness of seven different muscle groups of the patients were evaluated. The ability of muscle thickness values measured by ultrasonography to predict sarcopenia was compared with the reference standard test BIA.ResultsForty patients (women/men = 31/9) were included in our study. The mean age was 53.2 ± 12.5 years. A statistically significant positive correlation was observed between handgrip strength and gastrocnemius medialis (GM), rectus femoris (RF) cross‐sectional area, rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique (EO), transversus abdominus (TA), and diaphragm thicknesses. Therefore, there was a significant correlation between fat free mass index with RA, EO, and TA muscles. According to the ROC analysis, statistically significant muscle groups predicting sarcopenia were found as GM, RF cross‐sectional area, EO, and IO. Again, according to the ROC analysis, it was seen that the thicknesses of GM, RA, EO, IO, and TA muscles corrected for BMI predicted probable sarcopenia with quite high sensitivity and specificity.ConclusionsMuscle thicknesses measured by ultrasonography are helpful for the diagnosis of sarcopenia that may develop in chronic diseases such as sarcoidosis. Further studies with higher number of patients are needed to validate the results of the present pilot study.
A spanwise oscillating plate in a crossflow: Implication for mass transfer and locomotion
Authors: Jabbari Aidin , Yanase Kazutaka , Ackerman Josef D. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMany aquatic processes (i.e., organism locomotion, macrophyte response to unsteady flow and mass/heat transfer) involve oscillatory or undulatory movements perpendicular to the direction of flow and perpendicular to the plane of oscillation (i.e., spanwise). The reduction of boundary layer (BL) thickness () and increased turbulence have been identified as the mechanisms for faster heat and mass transfer on these moving surfaces. We examined the hydrodynamics of a submerged spanwise‐oscillating plate in a crossflow within turbulent open channel flow at different oscillation frequencies (f) and channel velocity (U). The BL over the plate was characterized using moving particle image velocimetry to understand the effects of f and U on boundary stress, vorticity, and transfer processes. Changes in the velocity gradient at the plate surface depend on the interactions between spanwise vorticities of opposite directions that reversed downstream along the plate. The vorticity structure reduced shear stress at the surface of the plate resulting in > 65% drag reduction near the upstream edge. Whereas was reduced in comparison to a stationary plate, vorticity increased the diffusive sublayer thickness ) over the oscillating plate (≲1.75 thicker than stationary), which would reduce rather than increase mass transfer based on the film model. Conversely, oscillations would enhance the mass transfer by a factor of ≤ 7 due to periodic renewal of water at the DSL. Similar arguments indicate that renewal would lead to increased convective heat transfer along the plate. Results of this work will increase our understanding of the physical and biological processes that occur in environmental boundary layers.
Patterned Electroconductive Networks in Ag‐Polyamide 6 Composites by Laser Ablation
Authors: Oliveira Filipa M. , Dencheva Nadya , Denchev Zlatan , Silva Filipe S. , Carvalho Óscar , Moura Caroline G. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA simple, fast, and cost‐effective method to fabricate conductive paths on insulating Ag‐containing polyamide 6 (PA6) composites by laser beam treatment is presented in this study. First, Ag‐hybrid microparticles (Ag‐MP) with a total metal load of up to 19 wt% are synthesized based on a reactive encapsulation strategy utilizing activated anionic polymerization of ε‐caprolactam in solution, in the presence of Ag nanoparticles. Then, the Ag‐MP are compression molded into plates (Ag‐PL) on which a scanning laser treatment is applied to create conductive paths in their selected parts. A comparison between structural, morphological, and thermal properties of the Ag‐MP and the molded Ag‐PL composites is performed. The electric conductive properties of the Ag‐loaded hybrid materials are investigated before and after laser ablation, and it is concluded that the laser treatment results in selected paths with widths in the range of 500 µm with conductivity values in the range of 1.12 to 8.90 S m−1 while the untreated Ag‐PA6 surface remains isolating with conductivity values of 1.27 × 10−08 S m−1. These results prove that applying laser ablation with controlled parameters on initially insulating Ag‐PL composites can efficiently produce conductive line patterns in composite plates.
A new stationary grid, with grid lines aligned to pixel lines with submicron‐order precision, to suppress grid artifacts
Authors: Kawashima Hiroki , Ichikawa Katsuhiro , Iida Yasuko 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPurposeWe have developed a new stationary grid named a pixel‐aligned grid (PA grid), in which the grid lines are aligned to the pixel lines with submicron‐order precision. Further, we have evaluated its performance relative to that of a conventional grid combined with grid‐line removal (GLR) processing.MethodsA flat‐panel detector system of an indirect type, with a pixel pitch of 150 μm, was employed. Four PA grids having a grid ratio of 6:1 associated with abdominal bedside radiography, with the grid‐line pitch (GP) varied around the target value of 150 μm, were produced. Blank images were obtained with four PA grids for measuring the period and amplitude of the grid artifact. In performance evaluation, acrylic and anthropomorphic abdominal phantom images were used with the PA grid, a conventional grid (40 lines/cm, grid ratio 6:1), and no grids. The grid artifacts were evaluated by power spectrum (PS) analysis. Also, the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) improvement factor (KSNR) was measured.ResultsGrid artifacts were hardly recognizable with PA grids with GP errors of 0.3 μm and 0.6 μm because of the prolonged grid artifact periods. The measured artifact amplitudes of these PA grids were less than 0.6%. Furthermore, the PA grids did not produce notable frequency peaks in PS. In contrast, the conventional grid without GLR processing produced two conspicuous peaks. With GLR processing, notable reductions in PS were observed around the two peak frequencies, which caused blurring in bone structures. For the acrylic thickness of 20 cm, the KSNRs for the PA grid were around 1.4, suggesting some SNR improvement in abdominal bedside radiography.ConclusionThe present study has demonstrated that PA grids with their grid‐line pitches close to the pixel‐line pitch within errors of 0.6 μm produce grid artifact‐free images without any signal losses. Thus, the proposed PA grid will prove to be effective and useful in various clinical applications.
An asymmetrical whole‐body birdcage RF coil without RF shield for hyperpolarized 129Xe lung MR imaging at 1.5 T
Authors: Puddu Claudio , Rao Madhwesha , Xu Xiaojun , Deppe Martin H. , Collier Guilhem , Maunder Adam , Chan Ho‐Fung , De Zanche Nicola , Robb Fraser , Wild Jim M. 
Published: July 2021

PurposeThis study describes the development and testing of an asymmetrical xenon‐129 (129Xe) birdcage radiofrequency (RF) coil for 129Xe lung ventilation imaging at 1.5 Tesla, which allows proton (1H) system body coil transmit–receive functionality.MethodsThe 129Xe RF coil is a whole‐body asymmetrical elliptical birdcage constructed without an outer RF shield to enable 1H imaging. field homogeneity and flip angle mapping of the 129Xe birdcage RF coil and 1H system body RF coil with the 129Xe RF coil in situ were evaluated in the MR scanner. The functionality of the 129Xe birdcage RF coil was demonstrated through hyperpolarized 129Xe lung ventilation imaging with the birdcage in both transceiver configuration and transmit‐only configuration when combined with an 8‐channel 129Xe receive‐only RF coil array. The functionality of 1H system body coil with the 129Xe RF coil in situ was demonstrated by acquiring coregistered 1H lung anatomical MR images.ResultsThe asymmetrical birdcage produced a homogeneous field (±10%) in agreement with electromagnetic simulations. Simulations indicated an optimal detuning configuration with 4 diodes. The obtained g‐factor of 1.4 for acceleration factor of R = 2 indicates optimal array configuration. Coregistered 1H anatomical images from the system body coil along with 129Xe lung images demonstrated concurrent and compatible arrangement of the RF coils.ConclusionA large asymmetrical birdcage for homogenous transmission with high sensitivity reception for 129Xe lung MRI at 1.5 Tesla has been demonstrated. The unshielded asymmetrical birdcage design enables 1H structural lung MR imaging in the same exam.
MRI with sub‐millisecond temporal resolution over a reduced field of view
Authors: Zhong Zheng , Sun Kaibao , Dan Guangyu , Luo Qingfei , Zhou Xiaohong Joe 
Published: July 2021

PurposeTo demonstrate an MRI pulse sequence—Sub‐millisecond Periodic Event Encoded Dynamic Imaging with a reduced field of view (or rFOV‐SPEEDI)—for decreasing the scan times while achieving sub‐millisecond temporal resolution.MethodsrFOV‐SPEEDI was based on a variation of SPEEDI, known as get‐SPEEDI, which used each echo in an echo‐train to sample a distinct k‐space raster by synchronizing with a cyclic event. This can produce a set of time‐resolved images of the cyclic event with a temporal resolution determined by the echo spacing (typically < 1 ms). rFOV‐SPEEDI incorporated a 2D radiofrequency (RF) pulse into get‐SPEEDI to limit the field of view (FOV), leading to reduction in phase‐encoding steps and subsequently decreased scan times without compromising the spatial resolution. Two experiments were performed at 3T to illustrate rFOV‐SPEEDI’s capability of capturing fast‐changing electric currents in a phantom and the rapid opening and closing of aortic valve in human subjects over reduced FOVs. The results were compared with those from full FOV get‐SPEEDI.ResultsIn the first experiment, the rapidly varying currents (50‐200 Hz) were successfully captured with a temporal resolution of 0.8 ms, and agreed well with the applied currents. In the second experiment, the rapid opening and closing processes of aortic valve were clearly visualized with a temporal resolution of 0.6 ms over a reduced FOV (12 × 12 cm2). In both experiments, the acquisition times of rFOV‐SPEEDI were decreased by 33%‐50% relative to full FOV get‐SPEEDI acquisitions and the spatial resolution was maintained.ConclusionReducing the FOV is a viable approach to shortening the scan times in SPEEDI, which is expected to help stimulate SPEEDI applications for studying ultrafast, cyclic physiological and biophysical processes over a focal region.
Fluorinated branched polymer enables Ce6 and IR780 more effective for phototherapy
Authors: Mu Chenglong , Sun Xiaodan , Yan Kai 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPhototherapy is gradually becoming a primary technique for treating tumors due to increased efficacy and less side effects. It largely depends on the photosensitizers. Nevertheless, most of photosensitizers show poor stability, how to encapsulate or load them, especially multiple ones, for effective delivery is of paramount importance. To address the challenge, a hyperbranched polymer was prepared by a reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization, which is composed of 2,2,3,3‐Tetrafluoropropyl methacrylate (TFPMA), bis(2‐methacryloyl)oxyethyl disulfide (DSDMA) and poly(oligo ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA). Benefiting from hydrophobic performance of fluorinated segments, this hyperbranched polymers can load hydrophobic IR780 (9%) and Ce6 (12%) due to self‐assembly and hydrophobic‐hydrophobic interaction. The final formed composite micelles showed good water dispersity, well biocompatibility, and strong stability. Remarkably, they had good photodynamic and photothemal abilities, enabling them to synergistically induce tumor cell apoptosis by oxidative damage and thermal ablation. This work offers a promising composites and strategy for loading photosensitizers stably and effectively towards cancer therapy.
Enhanced in‐plane and through‐plane thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of polyamide 4.6 composites loaded with hybrid carbon fiber, synthetic graphite and graphene
Authors: Seki Yoldas , Kizilkan Elif , İşbilir Akın , Sarikanat Mehmet , Altay Lutfiye 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPolyamide 4.6 has excellent properties, such as high temperature resistance, crystallinity, fatigue resistance, melting temperature, excellent creep resistance, toughness, and good wear properties, but low thermal conductivity values. For this reason, its use in thermal applications has been limited. In this study, its use in thermal applications can be increased by increasing its thermal conductivity with carbon‐based fillers and reinforcements added to the PA46 structure. The aim of this study is to examine the carbon fiber (CF), synthetic graphite (SG) and graphene nanoplatelet (G) loading on the mechanical, thermal, physical, and electrical properties of polyamide 4.6, which are produced using co‐ rotating twin‐screw extrusion. Tensile and flexural strength of polyamide 4.6 increased with the addition of CF at all weight fractions. The highest electrical conductivity value was measured as 4.01 S/cm in PA46‐20CF‐20SG‐3G composite material. The highest in‐plane thermal conductivity achieved in this study at 20 wt% CF, 20 wt% synthetic graphite, and 5 wt% graphene loading was 20.43 W/mK. However, the highest through‐plane thermal conductivity value was obtained to be 4.19 W/mK at 20 wt% CF. Graphene and synthetic graphite are more efficient to increase the in‐plane thermal conductivity, while CF is more efficient to increase the through‐plane thermal conductivity.
The role of fetal echocardiogram after detection of extracardiac anomalies in utero (fetal echocardiogram for extracardiac malformations)
Authors: Barris David M. , Brailovschi Yaniv , Shah Amee , Levasseur Stéphanie , Nhan‐Chang Chia‐Ling , Miller Russell , Simpson Lynn , Freud Lindsay R. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveWe aimed to investigate the utility of comprehensive screening fetal echocardiography (FE) for patients diagnosed with any type of fetal extracardiac malformation (ECM) at a single multidisciplinary fetal center.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed all patients presenting to our referral center for FE due to a prenatal diagnosis of ECM (January 2013–December 2018).ResultsAmong 641 patients with ≥1 ECM referred for FE, 78 (12.2%) had CHD diagnosed at 25.6 ± 0.5 weeks. The frequency of CHD by type of ECM ranged from 35.1% for craniofacial to 9.8% for thoracic. Increasing number of fetal ECMs was strongly associated with CHD: odds ratio 2.01 (95% confidence interval: 1.06–3.69) for two ECMs, 9.57 (2.00–49.05) for three ECMs, and 11.68 (3.84–37.15) for more than three ECMs. Of fetuses with ECM and an abnormal genetic finding, 33.3% had CHD as compared to 10.9% of those without (p < 0.0001). Obstetric anatomy sonogram detected 43.6% of CHD.ConclusionCHD was commonly diagnosed among fetuses with any type of ECM at our center but was not always detected on obstetric sonogram. As the presence of CHD may impact decision‐making and perinatal care, patients with a diagnosis of any fetal ECM should be considered for FE.
Disruption of long‐chain base hydroxylation alters growth and impacts sphingolipid synthesis in Physcomitrella patens
Authors: Steinberger Abraham R. , Merino William Oscar , Cahoon Rebecca E. , Cahoon Edgar B. , Lynch Daniel V. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSphingolipids have roles as membrane structural components and as bioactive molecules in plants. In Physcomitrella patens, 4‐hydroxysphinganine (phytosphingosine, t18:0) is the predominant sphingolipid long‐chain base (LCB). To assess the functional significance of t18:0, CRISPR‐Cas9 mutagenesis was used to generate mutant lines lacking the sole SPHINGOID BASE HYDROXYLASE (SBH) gene encoding the hydroxylase responsible for converting sphinganine (d18:0) to t18:0. Total sphingolipid content in sbh protonemata was 2.4‐fold higher than in wild‐type. Modest changes in glycosyl inositolphosphorylceramide (GIPC) glycosylation patterns occurred. Sphingolipidomic analyses of mutants lacking t18:0 indicated modest alterations in acyl‐chain pairing with d18:0 in GIPCs and ceramides, but dramatic alterations in acyl‐chain pairing in glucosylceramides, in which 4,8‐sphingadienine (d18:2) was the principal LCB. A striking accumulation of free and phosphorylated LCBs accompanied loss of the hydroxylase. The sbh lines exhibited altered morphology, including smaller chloronemal cell size, irregular cell shape, reduced gametophore size, and increased pigmentation. In the presence of the synthetic trihydroxy LCB t17:0, the endogenous sphingolipid content of sbh lines decreased to wild‐type levels, and the mutants exhibited phenotypes more similar to wild‐type plants. These results demonstrate the importance of sphingolipid content and composition to Physcomitrella growth. They also illuminate similarities in regulating sphingolipid content but differences in regulating sphingolipid species composition between the bryophyte P. patens and angiosperm A. thaliana.
A unified approach for evaluating the prediction of treatment effect across different types of endpoints
Authors: Qu Yongming , Park So Young , Wu Qiwei , Shen Wei 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPhase 2 and 3 development failure is one of the key factors for high drug development cost. Robust prediction of a candidate drug's efficacy and safety profile could potentially improve the success rate of the drug development. Therefore, systematic evaluation of the prediction is important for learning and continuous improvement of the prediction. In this article, we proposed a set of unified criteria that allow to evaluate the predictions across different endpoints, indications and development stages: standardized bias (SB), standardized mean squared errors (SMSE), and credibility of prediction. We applied the SB and SMSE to the predicted treatment effects for 54 comparisons in 5 compounds in immunology and diabetes.
Online detection of cyber‐incidents in additive manufacturing systems via analyzing multimedia signals
Authors: Yang Wei , Chen Jialei , Zhang Chuck , Paynabar Kamran 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAdditive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing is an emerging manufacturing technology that plays a growing role in both industrial and consumer settings. However, security concerns of AM systems have been raised among researchers. In this paper, we present an online detection mechanism for the malicious attempts on AM systems, which taps into both audio and video signals collected during the printing process. For audio signals, we propose to monitor the shift of patterns in the spectrogram and dominant frequencies via a control chart designed based on the Wasserstein metric. For video signals, we propose to monitor the change in the reconstructed path of the extruder via a Hausdorff metric. We then show the effectiveness of our methods in a case study using an Ender 3D printer, where the cyber‐incidence of altering the internal fill density can be easily identified in an online manner.