bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utilising Practice Development and the PARIHS Framework to Implement the Liverpool Care Pathway
Authors:   , MacKenzie Theresa Mary 
Published: November 2021

<p>The LCP is an evidence-based integrated care pathway that provides guidance to generic health care professionals to deliver best practice end-of-life care. My role as the LCP Project Coordinator in a District Health Board in New Zealand is central to the exploration of this process of implementing practice change. Working with clinicians to advance effective care and management of patients during the process of dying in an acute hospital setting requires not only knowledge and understanding of the clinical pathway and evidence supporting best practice, but also careful working with cultural and contextual change. This paper descriptively addresses the bases of both components, and provides a case example of the development. Working with health care professionals to bring about practice change is complex and challenging. Successful implementation of evidence in practice is dependant not only on the strength and nature of the evidence, but also the context and models of facilitation. Practice development (PD) methodology informs the realities and complexities of practice change and of achieving sustainable development. The 'Promoting Action in Research Implementation in Health Services' (PARIHS) framework identifies the interplay and interdependence of factors that resonate with the reality of the complexity of practice change in relation to the evidence and best practice for particular clinical contexts. Highlighting PD processes and the relevance of the PARIHS framework alongside real-time practice change will continue to stimulate recognition of change and development complexities and bring consideration of these as robust methods for working between the theory and implementation of evidence in practice.</p>
Taming the Wild West: a Framework for Regulating and Applying Broadcasting Standards to Internet Content in New Zealand
Authors:   , Dearing Matthew Charles 
Published: November 2021

<p>The role of the Broadcasting Standards Authority (BSA) is to determine the areas where, and the extent to which, television and radio broadcasters' right to freedom of expression should give way to other interests that are highly valued in society. The BSA does this by applying the Codes of Broadcasting Practice, which contain standards relating to things such as good taste and decency, balance and accuracy in news and factual programmes, privacy and children's interests. Due to a combination of media convergence onto the Internet and outdated legislation, the BSA is finding itself caught in a techno-legal time gap, where it has no ability to deal with programming content provided by broadcasters via the Internet. In the not-too-distant future, the Internet will become the dominant platform of choice, both for broadcasters to provide programming content and for consumers to receive it. This dissertation examines the impact that the Internet has had on the modern media environment and the problems raised by the BSA's lack of jurisdiction to deal with programming content located on the websites of New Zealand-based broadcasters. To ensure that the BSA and the broadcasting standards regime in general does not become obsolete, this paper advocates for the BSA to be given express statutory jurisdiction to deal with complaints concerning programming content on New Zealand-based websites operated by Internet broadcasters.</p>
Patent as a Generator Rather than Inhibitor of Drug Accessibility in Developing Countries: a Critical Examination of India's Patent Model
Authors:   , Pitkovsky Gilat Ezra 
Published: November 2021

<p>Patent's reputation as a constructive mechanism in the developing world was not a common notion. The prospect of utilising pharmaceutical patents to generate drug accessibility in developing countries did not seem possible. However, little credit was given to patents. Through motivating innovation, foreign investment, trade relations and industrialisation, patents can form a prowess pharmaceutical industry in the developing world. This thesis explores the possibility to increasing the availability of low cost drugs in emerging economies through patent enforcement. The analysis focuses on India as a case study. India has long been at the forefront of the developing world fight for low cost drugs markets. This stand once meant the exclusion of patent protection of pharmaceutical innovation and the formation of low cost copied generic drugs industry. However given developing countries' recent submissions to the international pressure to enforce patent protection on pharmaceutical innovations, it is time to re-examine the role patents play in developing countries, this time in the avenue of reducing drugs' pricing. India's current economy and the evolution of its pharmaceutical industry evolvement, make it as an exemplary case study to utilise patent to fulfil this end. Accordingly, the issue of widening the scope of patent protection in India to include pharmaceutical incremental innovation is examined. Notwithstanding the responsibility of India to endorse wider patent scope, legally and practically, the thesis does not ignore the moral obligation the developed world has towards India's poorer population to offer low cost drugs during the stages of its pharmaceutical industry emergence. The preliminary justification to conduct this observation is to show that patent is not only to answer the healthcare needs of the developed world population, but also the developing world. As such the thesis argues that India ought to stand at the forefront again, this time, demonstrating the potential within patent to establish low cost patented pharmaceuticals marketplace in developing countries.</p>
Feeling Their Way: Four Men Talk About Fatherhood in Valparaiso, Chile
Authors:   , Evans Monica 
Published: November 2021

<p>In this study, I explore the experiences and understandings of fatherhood of four men in Valparaiso, Chile, who became fathers between the ages of 16 and 19 and lived geographically, but not emotionally, distant from their children at the time this fieldwork took place. I seek thus to interrogate stereotypes in social discourse, Gender and Development research and many institutions about Latin American fathers in similar situations (Viveros 2001). Given the emotionally-intense nature of this project, I also examine the impacts of emotions and empathy on the relationships that were developed within it, and on researcher and participant subjectivities inside and outside the research process - a topic seldom addressed in social science literature (Bondi 2005). In framing this research, I draw on feminist, poststructural, structurationist and Participatory Action Research epistemologies, as well as ways-of-knowing that are indigenous to the area in which fieldwork took place. Methodologically, I carried out a series of unstructured and semi-structured interviews with each participant, and spent considerable time 'hanging out' with them as well (Kearns 2000). I also interviewed Chilean academics and practitioners working on issues of masculinity and fatherhood, both individually and in a group discussion. Presenting the work, I use stand-alone 'story sections' as well as interpretive chapters. These story sections provide more space than a 'straight' chaptered structure might allow for each man's personal tale to be told. I postulate that all four participants were emotionally compelled to 'father' and found spaces in which to do so, despite "larger stories" (Aitken 2009, 15) about youth, fatherhood and family that constricted their participation in their children's lives (Aguayo & Sadler 2006). Yet, they all remained unsatisfied with the "fathering spaces" (Aitken 2009, 171) that they were able to negotiate, and all felt pain as a result of this. Being recognised and emotionally understood 'as fathers' through empathetic engagement with me within this research process was thus a largely positive and sometimes transformative experience for participants. Such engagement also helped me to navigate concerns about positionality and representation, and reflecting on it later on enabled me to 'process' this emotionally-intense process, and to shift and deepen my analysis. In sum, the study offers an intimate, nuanced perspective on four men's fatherhoods and my experience of working with them, which I hope will contribute to more careful characterisations of men in similar situations in Gender and Development literature, and to scholarship on emotions and empathy in research relationships more generally.</p>
The Role of Emotional Content in the Control of Eye Movements
Authors:   , Phillips Joseph 
Published: November 2021

<p>The anti-saccade paradigm has been a favourite among researchers of attention and the control of eye movements. Most pro/anti-saccade studies have utilized meaningless stimuli, though stimulus meaning is known to have an impact on looking behaviour in free viewing conditions. Here, we explore the role of content in the control of pro/antisaccades by contrasting two alternative views on the impact of emotional stimuli. One view supports an "informativeness" hypothesis, where visual processing is directed towards threatening stimuli, suggesting that RT should be particularly large for negative, high arousal pictures in an antisaccade task. An alternative view emphasizes approach and withdrawal behaviours. Here negative images are thought to encourage avoidance behaviours, causing faster RTs for antisaccades; whereas positive pictures encourage approach behaviours, causing faster RTs for prosaccades. Participants performed an antisaccade task in which they were presented with an image to the left or right visual field and instructed to look at or away from the image. The experimental design included five groups of images, with a factorial combination of valence (positive or negative) and arousal (high or low), and a neutral condition. In Experiments one and two the instruction was given 200 ms before the picture was presented and did not produce any effects of emotional content. Thus, if participants are given advanced notice of the upcoming saccade, the initiation of that saccade is not influenced by the emotional content of the target image. In experiments three and four, the cue was presented 200 ms after the onset of the target image. This change of SOA provided an effect of emotional content was observed in experiments three and four which was illustrated by slowed RTs for both pro- and anti-saccades. However erotic images appeared to slow down latencies across both saccades which were accompanied by high error rates.</p>
Guidelines to Make Victoria University School of Architecture and Design Carbon Neutral Through Minimising its Reliance on Carbon Offsets
Authors:   , Ryu Soo Jung 
Published: November 2021

<p>Universities have always had an important leadership role in society in demonstrating the types of changes that need to occur with respect to the prime issues of the time. All around the world, universities are lining up to declare themselves the next carbon neutral school as part of the global trend of becoming "sustainable." But what does it really mean to be carbon neutral? In 2007 Victoria University's School of Architecture and Design (SoAD) declared themselves the first carbon neutral campus in the world through the use of sponsored and purchased carbon credits. However 100% reliance on offset schemes is not the answer as it does not guarantee the capture of carbon forever. Also, the continuing purchase of carbon offsets could be costly and maintaining businessas- usual without any significant changes will result in continuing environmental degradation as a result of the SoAD's unsustainable activities. This research explores various solutions for reducing the three biggest factors that contribute towards the emissions, which are energy, transport and waste. It looks at the difference between behavioural changes (low cost) and technological investment (high cost) in order for SoAD to reduce its carbon footprint to meet three possible reduction targets, established by this research as 25%, 50% and 90%. The findings are that 25% could be saved through simple behavioural changes which cost very little, as they are mainly related to avoiding wastage, 50% could be saved through a combination of low and high cost measures, and 90% comes from considerable investment in new technologies or drastic reduction in use. A further aim of the research is to translate all possible savings into other means, such as knowing how much carbon or land is saved, using a measure such as the ecological footprint, and more importantly what these savings mean to the third world where resources are scarce and expensive. If SoAD's wasteful activities from neglect can be translated into saving people's lives in other nations, it might lead to more responsible energy use. What this research indicates is that for SoAD to be carbon neutral various factors need to be considered and user behaviour is paramount.</p>
Reflections on Perceived Online Service Quality: Structure, Antecedents, Ontology, Theory and Measurement
Authors:   , Tate Mary 
Published: November 2021

<p>Online services are becoming increasingly ubiquitous, and this growth has been accompanied by increased business interest in measuring and managing online service quality. This interest is also reflected in a large number of academic studies. Despite this, there is very little consensus about the dimensions and antecedents of perceived online service quality (POLSQ). We consider two possible reasons for this: first that the phenomenon of online service quality is changing as new technology affordances arise, so instability in the dimensionality would be a result of changes in the underlying phenomenon. Second, the theoretical approach and assumptions that studies of online service quality are usually founded on is flawed. My research questions are: 1) what is the structure of perceived online service quality? 2) What are the antecedents of perceived online service quality? 3) What is the ontology of perceived online service quality? 4) What are the most appropriate modelling and measurement methods for measuring online service quality quantitatively, and what insights can be gained from psychometrics?5) What insights does this offer IS researchers for the measurement of user attitudes and perceptions towards technologies? We find that leading models and instruments tend to be based on exploratory factor analysis and have not been informed by advances in measurement theory, particularly co-variance-based structural equation models, and a sub-set of those models known as multi-indicator structural models. We apply recent advances in measurement theory to a dataset. We apply and compare four different modelling methods, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, formative models, and multi-indicator structural models, and discuss the theoretical foundations of each method. We conclude that POLSQ may not have a separate ontology as a multi-dimensional construct, but overall affect towards the service quality of a website is likely to be the result of the perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and perceived trust towards the service. This finding supports the explanatory power of information systems theories over marketing and consumer behaviour theories when studying this phenomenon. We find that user's perceptions of detailed affordances of the service, such as the relevance and timeliness of the information are antecedent to overall affect towards the service, rather than being additional dimensions of POLSQ. We find that widely used techniques such as exploratory factor analysis have serious drawbacks. We find that multi-indicator structural models provide an accurate and nuanced method for modelling the formation of attitudes and perceptions towards technology, which is also well-grounded in theory from social psychology. Finally, we suggest that the approach we take to measuring POLSQ is has potential value for other research which aims to measure customer attitudes and perceptions towards technologies.</p>
The Impact of Performance Audit: the New Zealand Experience
Authors:   , Abd Manaf Nurul Athirah 
Published: November 2021

<p>Performance audit, compared to the traditional financial and compliance audits, is a relatively new innovation that emerged amidst accountability concerns in the public sector. Economic crises, ministerial scandal and inefficiencies were among the impetus that led the public to demand better performance and greater accountability in the public sector, and performance audit was among the many responses to such demand. In New Zealand, performance audit is carried out by the Controller and Auditor General (the AG) under the mandate granted by the Public Audit Act 2001. Adapting the methodology from grounded theory, this study looks at the impact of performance audit on seven entities audited in 2006 by the AG. This study found that the entities were impacted through the manifestation of implemented audit recommendations and the attainment of performance audit goals. In particular, there is a high acceptance and implementation rate to the audit recommendations made in the seven audits. The implementation of accepted recommendations consequently led to the changes within the entities in terms of managerial practices, as well as internal systems and processes. In some entities, these changes were translated into performance improvement, where the entities experienced changes in the way that they carried out their operations. However, based on interviewees' accounts being the auditees of the audits, most interviewees viewed performance audit as having a greater role for performance accountability compared to performance improvement. Whilst the auditees found the audit recommendations useful, the impact on performance in their view has not been significant. Rather, the auditees viewed performance audit as having a more important role as an assurance tool in terms of their accountability to the public.</p>
Administrative Professionals in New Zealand: Their Professional Development Opportunities and Career Pathways
Authors:   , Lloyd Ethelwyn Eva 
Published: November 2021

<p>This descriptive study to investigate the perceptions of administrative professionals of their professional development opportunities and career pathways was conducted mid-2009. The study used an on-line survey and focus groups. One hundred and ninety-three responded to the survey from throughout New Zealand. Fifteen of those respondents participated in the focus groups, held in both the North and South Islands. The majority of participants were from larger organisations who perceived that training and professional development was available for them and supported. However, the professional development available was often ad hoc, with no specific goal. Many participants perceive themselves as undervalued within the business world and noted that even where support for professional development was available there were significant barriers. These barriers, impacting on the availability and the uptake of professional development opportunities and career pathways, were both internal (value of self) and external. A conceptual framework is presented of the relationship between the key elements from the research, value of self and value of the role, and the impacts of those on professional development opportunities and career pathways.</p>
Forests for Participatory Democracy: Emergent Patterns in the Interaction of Actors and Space in a Community-Based Sustainable Forestry Project in San Francisco Libre, Nicaragua
Authors:   , Sinreich Lauren 
Published: November 2021

<p>The host of literature on community-based sustainable forestry initiatives cites a profound schism between theory and the actual devolution of power and conservation of natural environments. This thesis set out to analyze the workings of power in a decentralized sustainable forestry project in San Francisco Libre, Nicaragua, and to account for how the myriad relevant actors influence, and are influenced, by the interactions and opportunities that arose. Taking a co-constructivist, relational approach, the case study undertaken found sustainable forestry and participatory democracy to be co-constitutive. However, where modernity has been touted for freeing society from the constraints of the natural world through science and technology, the very democracy and sustainability these initiatives are striving for are constrained by the modern framework upon which many of our institutions are built. By abandoning such nature vs. society dichotomous frameworks, socio- political initiatives can better account for the place-based, relational agency human and non-human actors share, and therefore create more effective, participative democratic institutions.</p>
Population Viability and Resource Competition on North Brother Island: Conservation Implications for Tuatara (Sphenodon Punctatus) and Duvaucel's Gecko (Hoplodactylus Duvaucelii)
Authors:   , Wilson Joanna 
Published: November 2021

<p>Population viability for small, isolated populations is determined by many factors, particularly demographic stochasticity. Coexistence of communities is promoted through resource partitioning, particularly if species share similar niche requirements. Demographic characteristics, long-term trends and patterns of partitioning were investigated for two reptile species: tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) and Duvaucel's gecko (Hoplodactylus duvaucelii), using mark recapture techniques on North Brother Island, New Zealand. Capture time and location were recorded as well as snout-vent length, mass and sex of individuals. Adult population size, sex ratio, survival and recapture probability for both species were estimated. Intervention will be needed to prevent population collapse for tuatara, as the population is male-biased (3.24 males: 1 female), with sub-adults exhibiting a stronger bias (4.1 males: 1 female). The total population size is estimated at 390-437 adults, with high adult survival (95%). The Duvaucel's gecko population is stable enough to be harvested for translocation, as the population was estimated at 583-677 adults, with an even sex ratio. Adult survival was high (92%) and longevity is at least 43-50 years. Patterns in partitioning suggest tuatara are excluding Duvaucel's gecko as tuatara occupy vegetated areas and few animals were caught at the same time in the same place as a member of the other species (~10%). Long-term site fidelity appears to occur in both species as the majority of animals were captured previously within 10m (tuatara) or 15m (Duvaucel's gecko) of their 2008 location, and travelled less than 2m per year on average. Tuatara show an overall decline in body condition since 1957, which is more rapid in females, and may be related to intraspecific interactions and density-dependent effects. Gecko body condition is not declining, suggesting no negative effects at the population level are occurring as a result of competitive exclusion. This study indicates that characteristics that have implications for population viability have the capacity to differ, even for species with similar niche requirements occupying the same habitat, and supports the considerable value of long-term monitoring.</p>