bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The African Union and the Advancement of Democracy
Authors: Abebe Adem K , Fombad Charles M 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The African Union (AU) has as one of its goals the promotion and protection of democracy, human rights, and constitutionalism. A critical element of this goal is the rejection of unconstitutional changes of government (UCG), particularly in the form of coups d’état. While there have been some inconsistencies, the AU has rejected coups d’état and called for the reinstatement of democratic dispensations. Nevertheless, the UCG framework has been unable to stem subtler mechanisms of retaining power, such as the suspension of elections or the imposition of ostensibly proper constitutional reform initiatives. This chapter calls for increased attention to the latter forms of extending governmental power. Specifically, it recommends the establishment of formal mechanisms through which the AU can engage directly and offer assistance at moments when reform proposals are debated so as to ensure that domestic actors take cognizance of both the relevant AU frameworks and the comparative continental and global experience. Such a mechanism would be comparable in its workings to the Venice Commission of the Council of Europe.
Local Multiparty Democracy in Africa
Authors: Steytler Nico 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that democratic local government embeds the culture of democracy at grassroots: as the government closest to the people, it establishes a culture of responsiveness, transparency, and accountability more readily and effectively than by holding national leaders to account. Local democracy can also be used strategically when a country seeks to move from an authoritarian or military regime to democracy. Furthermore, it provides space for political inclusivity—an argument with particular relevance in ethnically diverse societies, where a winner-takes-all paradigm of competition at the national level typically results in the marginalization of geographically concentrated losers. Finally, local government allows for experimentation in different forms of inclusive politics, be they representative or participatory. However, although most African countries have adopted decentralization policies, the dividends are meagre. Local government is but feebly equipped to play a democracy-constituting role: operating in a constrained constitutional environment, central governments have generally not allowed local governments the opportunity to hold regular free and fair elections and thereby play a role in democratization. Despite these findings, there is also some evidence that on occasion local democracy has indeed played such a role and thus enhanced democratic participation.
Competitive Authoritarianism in a Constitutional Democracy
Authors: Melber Henning 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The overwhelming dominance of the former liberation movement the South West Africa People’s Organisation (SWAPO) in terms of electoral support since independence resulted in a de facto one-party rule in Namibia’s democracy for the last 30 years. This has, in democracy theories, been labelled as competitive authoritarianism, and made it easy for SWAPO to fully endorse the democratic principles vested in the country’s Constitution, adopted as the last step to national sovereignty resumed on 21 March 1990. This chapter presents an overview on the SWAPO dominance in Namibia’s political system. It then looks at the degree the party and its leaders recognize and respect the constitutional democracy. It ends with a summary of the last National Assembly and Presidential elections, which suggest a turning point towards a loss of dominance and legitimacy of SWAPO, while still retaining the political control.
Adjudication of Disputed Presidential Elections in Africa
Authors: Kaaba O’Brien , Fombad Charles M 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In almost all countries, the presidency is the most powerful and coveted position. Not only does it give access to, and control of, the country’s resources, but it also allows the incumbent control of the use of coercive force. It is thus little wonder that most of the post-electoral violence in Africa has centred around presidential elections. The reintroduction of multipartyism in the 1990s brought about intense competition for this most coveted position, and over the years the frequency of disputes as well as their intensity and threat to Africa’s fledgling constitutionalism have increased. Although most of these disputes have ended up before the courts, there has been no systematic attempt to understand how the courts deal with such disputes. This chapter intends to fill this gap in the literature. Adapting a comparative perspective, it begins by examining the mechanisms different African countries use to adjudicate disputed presidential results, and then looks at the main trends in the decisions courts have taken in this regard. Despite the range of mechanisms and procedures that exist, with the exception of the unprecedented decisions of the Kenyan Supreme Court and Malawian Constitutional Court nullifying the results of presidential elections in 2017 and 2020, respectively, the courts or adjudication bodies in all other cases have confirmed the election results. This chapter will try to find out why this is so and what lessons can be learnt from the decisions.
How Zimbabwe’s 2013 Constitution Addresses Women’s Election and Participation in Parliament
Authors: Makonese Makanatsa 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The 2013 Constitution of Zimbabwe has been hailed as a modern and progressive Constitution that addresses contemporary human rights issues, including gender equality and the promotion of women’s rights. It clearly provides for gender parity in public bodies, including in elective positions. The affirmative action provisions on a women’s quota in the National Assembly and gender equality in party lists for Senators have been useful in increasing the number of women in parliament. However, even with these improvements, the mere existence of the progressive Constitution has not led to gender parity in the Parliament of Zimbabwe or in other elective or public institutions such as local councils and cabinet. This is mainly because key actors and structures such as political parties, the government, and the successive Presidents of Zimbabwe have not fully adhered to the provisions of the Constitution regarding gender equality in public bodies, except where the Constitution provides explicit guidance on how to achieve this. The enactment of legislation to operationalize some of the less explicit provisions of the Constitution may therefore be useful in ensuring compliance with the gender equality provisions in relation to parliament and other public bodies in the country.
Periodic Hamiltonians and the Emergence of Band Structure: The Bloch Theorem and the Dirac Kronig–Penney Model
Authors: Steel Duncan G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Crystals are defined by their atomic makeup and their crystal symmetry. The spatial symmetry leads to a periodic potential that localizes the electron or carrier at the lattice sites corresponding to the location of the atoms. But because of the periodicity of potential the particles wave function extends throughout the entire crystal, not localized at a specific atom. This delocalization of the wave function gives rise to the band structure in crystals such as those that are semiconductors. This chapter explores the physics that emerges in the wave function when the time independent Schrödinger equation is solved for a periodic potential.
Loss and Dissipation: The RLC Circuit
Authors: Steel Duncan G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The effects of energy loss or dissipation is well-known and understood in classical systems. It is the source of heat in LCR circuits and in the application of brakes in a vehicle or why a struck bell does not ring indefinitely. Understanding quantum behavior begins with understanding the Hamiltonian for the problem. Classically, loss arises from a coupling of the Hamiltonian for an isolated quantum system to a continuum of states. We look at such a Hamiltonian and develop the equations of motion following the rules of quantum mechanics and find that even in a quantum system, this coupling leads to loss and non-conservation of probability in the otherwise isolated quantum system. This is the Weisskopf–Wigner formalism that is then used to understand the quantum LCR circuit. The same formalism is used in Chapter 15 for the decay of isolated quantum systems by coupling to the quantum vacuum and the resulting emission of a photon.
The Role of Law in Enabling Postgenocide Recovery
Authors: Shah Rajika L 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses the role of law in enabling postgenocide healing with particular reference to restitution. The analysis pays close attention to restitution and compensation in the postHolocaust setting. It shows that while Holocaust survivors and their heirs have worked towards achieving some degree of restitution from Germany and other actors complicit in the crimes, obtaining restitution for other genocide victim groups has been a challenge. Indeed, none have been able to replicate the success of the Holocaust restitution movement. However, since the Holocaust, international and domestic law have increasingly required compensation for the victims of mass atrocities. In exploring the factors which condition whether any restitution is achieved, the analysis finds that there is no uniform application of law. As a result, the ability of law to adequately address the need for restitution to genocide survivors is an open, and disturbing, question.
Memory, Identity, and Possession
Authors: Hawkes Martine Louise 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Contributing to discourses of postgenocide identities, memories, and irreconciliation, this chapter explores the role of museums, archives, and galleries (‘GAMs’) in constructing a history of genocide through personal objects they collect and display, and ways in which these objects are mobilized to give physical shape to particular narratives. These institutions are presented as being reflexive; they do not simply mirror the world but also produce what we know about particular histories and people. The analysis suggests that the role GAMs play in producing public knowledge of genocide is apparent in the power they hold over what they will, or will not, collect or keep, and which story they’ll tell through the arrangement and description of these objects. The personal objects, removed from their original setting, stand not only in the context of a collection but also in the broader political and ideological context of the construction of the genocide narrative.
Indigeneity, Memory, and Postgenocide in Guatemala
Authors: Esparza Marcia 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Whereas scholars and activists have examined different aspects of causes and processes of the genocide against the Indigenous Maya community in Guatemala (1981–1983), its aftermath continues to be under-represented in the existing literature. This gap obscures the lingering effects and long-term repercussions of extreme forms of state violence and the reality of resistance by Maya communities. The chapter examines the role played by local archives in decolonizing dominant narratives, which silenced Indigenous Maya resistance against state violence in the wake of genocide in Guatemala in the early 1980s. In this sense, the recovery and preservation of local archives (maintained by Indigenous communities) can reveal alternative memories of resistance to state violence. The chapter considers what presentations of genocide in local archives suggest for the framing of current identities and understanding of indigeneity, and whether local archives might promote intra-community and national reconciliation in the context of persisting genocide legacies.
Conclusion
Authors: Davey Christopher P 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers how genocide violence might be framed through the lens of postgenocide. It contemplates, from a world-systems view, the relationships that genocidal violence has to climate change, resource exploitation, warlordism, and crisis-ridden states. Actors within this paradigm are varied and generally labelled as militarized without necessarily a particular state-based authorization. This conception is explored using a variety of cases. Use of postgenocide is not an attempt to broadly redefine genocide. It is to emphasize an approach where legal and historical views on genocide are complemented in capturing the intersections of the geopolitical order, warlordism, climate change, and resource exploitation. The analysis takes into account recent developments, including those in climate violence research. In doing so, the analysis seeks to illuminate the concept of postgenocide so that it could be applied to other conflicts involving mass violence beyond formal states and traditional conceptions.
Philosophizing
Authors: Lærke Mogens 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers a text- and term-oriented analysis of the term “philosophizing” and of the meaning it acquires within the argumentative economy of the Tractatus theologico-politicus. It argues that by “philosophizing,” Spinoza understands forms of argumentation based on the natural light common to all and tied to the use of right or sound reason. It includes not just adequate deductions from certain premises and legitimate inferences from true definitions, but also reasoning from experience and certain principles of interpretation; not just rational analysis of truth, but also historical inquiry into meaning and sound judgment regarding authority. When recommending that the state should grant permission to engage in free philosophizing, what Spinoza had in mind was thus something considerably broader than just allowing natural philosophers to pursue their studies without interference from the theologians.
The Apostolic Styles
Authors: Lærke Mogens 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on chapter XI of the Tractatus theologico-politicus where Spinoza offers an analysis of the Apostles’ Letters in the New Testament. On his analysis, the Apostles use a “style” or “mode of speech” in their Letters which is argumentative, candid, non-apodictic, and egalitarian. Contrasting it with the style of prophetic command used by the Apostles in the Gospels, he also defines the epistolary style in terms of giving mutual “brotherly advice.” This style, I argue, forms a veritable paradigm of how to engage in free philosophizing. The chapter also shows how, by conceiving the collective exercise of the freedom of philosophizing in terms of mutual teaching and open sharing of knowledge among noble minds, Spinoza draws on common, classical ideals of intellectual friendship.
Prejudice, Deception, Flattery
Authors: Lærke Mogens 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter studies submissive and abusive ways of using our natural authority to teach and advise, all averse to the freedom of philosophizing. In submissive uses, we reinforce our own lack of control over our own free judgment. They are associated with what Spinoza describes as “preoccupied” or “prejudiced” minds. Such preoccupation and prejudice are contrasted with the integrity and self-contentment of minds in control of their own free judgment. In abusive uses, we prevent others from exercising their freedom of judgment. Spinoza discusses them as “deception with evil intent” and “flattery.” The chapter resituates these notions in a complex context of classical sources and contemporary accounts of similar vices, most importantly humanist discussions of fraudulent political counsel. The chapter finally offers an account of how submissive and abusive uses of the natural authority to teach and advise relate to violent rule and the political instrumentalization of the mob.
Foundations I
Authors: Lærke Mogens 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The chapter studies the so-called doctrines of universal faith, developed in chapter XIV of the Tractatus theologico-politicus. The theoretical truth or falsity of such doctrines is irrelevant to their purpose. They only serve to structure the collective religious imagination of common people according to a certain practical standard which consists in the exercise of justice and charity alone. It is, however, still necessary that those who profess doctrines of faith should believe them to be true in order for them to fulfill their practical purpose. This insight prompts Spinoza to break with the model of doctrinal minimalism otherwise favored by tolerationist thinkers in his intellectual context. Contrary to them, he maintains that the so-called adiaphora play a significant role in ensuring that people embrace true religion. The argument is at the heart of Spinoza’s cautious and in some respects conflicted defense of religious pluralism.
The Language of War
Authors: Greig Matilda 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an account of how Peninsular War memoir-writers depicted being a soldier in the early nineteenth century. It considers both positive and negative representations of the experience of war, covering themes such as daily life on campaign, comradeship, ideas of martial masculinity, the role of women, and descriptions of violence both on and off the battlefield. In doing so, it highlights the ways in which Napoleonic veterans innovated on previous war writing and contradicted broader, patriotic narratives of the conflict. In the last part of the chapter, the concept of the veteran as active, politicised author is introduced, with examples of soldiers who used their published memoirs to change or challenge national military policy.
Conclusion
Authors: Greig Matilda 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This concluding chapter provides a summary of the key points made in the book. It emphasises that a new methodology is needed for analysing Napoleonic war memoirs, and indeed war memoirs in general, one which includes a closer consideration of the active role of veterans as authors, the material history of the book, and a comparative, transnational approach. Seen through these lenses, Peninsular War veterans’ autobiographies and the commercial publishing industry that developed around them over the nineteenth century are responsible for shaping the modern war memoir, and for laying the foundations for the mass popular appeal of tales of soldiers’ war experiences today.
Technology Upgrading in Emerging Economies
Authors: Luca Bruno Randolph , Osaulenko Kirill , Radosevic Slavo 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The chapter applies a newly developed approach to technology upgrading to a sample of sixteen economies during 2002–16. The “Index of Technology Upgrading” is based on three complementary, but autonomous components that proxy for three different dimensions of the technology upgrading process: scale or intensity of technology activities (A); breadth or scope of technology upgrading activities (B); and interaction with the economy related to technology exchange (C). The results of our study reveal facets of the technology upgrading process and the relative positions of countries, which conventional mainstream approaches and composite indicators do not make evident. We conduct an econometric exercise, which shows that the index of technology upgrading contributes significantly to explaining changes in both total factor productivity and labor productivity, but that the index of technology exchange has no explanatory power. This latter result suggests that to contribute to increased productivity, openness to technology exchange needs to be complemented by domestic technology accumulation activities.
Upgrading Non-Technological Capabilities
Authors: Choung Jae-Yong , Hwang Hye-Ran 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In recent years, Korean firms have struggled with slowdowns of both these world-first developments and their export to overseas markets. Despite technological development process, however, important questions remain with respect to how non-technological capabilities such as organizational, regulatory, and financial innovation affect accumulation and failure. To address these concerns, the key components of a conceptual framework for investigating non-technological capabilities for transition consist of the existing government, R&D organizations, and inter-firm relations. We analyze the performance and limitations of non-technological capabilities in the process of transition from the catch-up system to the innovation-based system in Korea. Using the case study of system rather than mass products, we hope that this research can contribute to the understating of non-technological features of energy-sector transitional dynamics in Korea. Finally this research would provide a new approach to the challenges from a non-technological aspect and can also provide differentiated science and technology policy strategies for the catch-up economies.
Leapfrogging on Steroids
Authors: Mathews John A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Accounts of economic development as catch-up, via technological leverage and leapfrogging, have been successfully applied to explain cases of catch-up by East Asian countries, from Japan through Korea to Taiwan, Singapore, and others. Now in the twenty-first century it is the turn of emerging industrializing giants, led by China, but with India, Brazil, and others also looking to catch up, drawing as much as possible from the prior experiences and strategies of East Asia. But these emerging giants are looking to industrialize in fundamentally different circumstances from those that applied in earlier cases as industrialization powered by fossil fuels and linear resource flows is no longer feasible, not just because countries have pledged to reduce carbon emissions, but because at the scale required for the industrialization of China, India and others, fossil fuels present insuperable energy and resource security problems. They confront geopolitical limits to growth that demand alternative green strategies if they are to be evaded. The argument is developed in this chapter that green development strategies are the only feasible strategies for such countries to enable them to bring their industrialization processes to fruition. This chapter outlines the issues and options open to them, and evaluates the strategies pursued so far, demonstrating how they necessitate a break with the path dependence inherited from earlier patterns of industrialization. Green growth strategies turn out to be a strategic necessity; they promise to become the developmental norm in the twenty-first century, enabling the more recent industrial arrivals to leapfrog their predecessors.
Using Large-Scale Programs to Help Develop Technological Capabilities
Authors: Gao Xudong 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
China is a developing country but has made impressive progress in technological capability development. One strategy proved to be effective is the use of large-scale programs to help technological capability development. Examples include the subway equipment industry, the high-speed rail industry, the power generation equipment industry, the power transmission industry, the telecom equipment industry, etc. In all these sectors, China was lagging behind the technological innovation frontier before the related large-scale programs but is now among the world leaders. In this chapter we will try to understand the process of initiating and managing these large-scale programs.