bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biomechanical Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells in the Developing Embryo
Authors: Horton Paulina D. , Dumbali Sandeep P. , Bhanu Krithikaa Rajkumar , Diaz Miguel F. , Wenzel Pamela L. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe contribution of biomechanical forces to hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) development in the embryo is a relatively nascent area of research. Herein, we address the biomechanics of the endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition (EHT), impact of force on organelles, and signaling triggered by extrinsic forces within the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM), the primary site of HSC emergence.Recent FindingsHemogenic endothelial cells undergo carefully orchestrated morphological adaptations during EHT. Moreover, expansion of the stem cell pool during embryogenesis requires HSC extravasation into the circulatory system and transit to the fetal liver, which is regulated by forces generated by blood flow. Findings from other cell types also suggest that forces external to the cell are sensed by the nucleus and mitochondria. Interactions between these organelles and the actin cytoskeleton dictate processes such as cell polarization, extrusion, division, survival, and differentiation.SummaryDespite challenges of measuring and modeling biophysical cues in the embryonic HSC niche, the past decade has revealed critical roles for mechanotransduction in governing HSC fate decisions. Lessons learned from the study of the embryonic hematopoietic niche promise to provide critical insights that could be leveraged for improvement in HSC generation and expansion ex vivo.
Correction objectives have higher impact than screw pattern and density on the optimal 3D correction of thoracic AIS: a biomechanical study
Authors: La Barbera Luigi , Larson A. Noelle , Aubin Carl-Eric 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Study design
Assessment of screw pattern, implant density (ID), and optimization of 3D correction through computer-based biomechanical models.

Objective
To investigate how screw pattern and ID affect intraoperative 3D correction of thoracic curves in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, and how different correction objectives impact the optimal screw pattern.

Summary of background data
Screw pattern, ID, correction objectives and surgical strategies for posterior fusion of AIS are highly variable among experienced surgeons. The “optimal” instrumentation remains not well defined.

Methods
10 patient-specific multibody models of representative adolescent idiopathic scoliosis Lenke 1A cases were built and used to compare alternative virtual correction surgeries. Five screw patterns and IDs (average: 1.6 screws/instrumented level, range: 1.2–2) were simulated, considering concave rod rotation, en bloc derotation, and compression/distraction as primary correction maneuvers. 3D correction descriptors were quantified in the coronal, sagittal and transverse planes. An objective function weighting the contribution of intraoperative 3D correction and mobility allowed rating of the outcomes of the virtual surgeries. Based on surgeon-dependent correction objectives, the optimal result among the simulated constructs was identified.

Results
Low-density (ID ≤ 1.4) constructs provided equivalent 3D correction compared to higher (ID ≥ 1.8) densities (average differences ranging between 2° and 3°). The optimal screw pattern varied from case to case, falling within the low-density screw category in 14% of considered scenarios, 73% in the mid-density (1.4 < ID < 1.8) and 13% in the high-density. The optimal screw pattern was unique in five cases; multiple optima were found in other cases depending on the considered correction objectives.

Conclusions
Low-density screw patterns provided equivalent intraoperative 3D correction to higher-density patterns. Simulated surgeon’s choice of correction objectives had the greatest impact on the selection of the optimal construct for 3D correction, while screw density and ID had a limited impact.

Level of evidence
N/A.
Relationship dynamics with male partners among girls in low‐income communities of Ibadan, Nigeria: Risk for violence and health related consequences
Authors: Fawole Olufunmilayo I. , Okedare Omowumi O. , Salawu Mobolaji M. , Kiene Susan M. , Reed Elizabeth 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTIntroductionThis study explored the motivations for and relationship dynamics that may promote girls’ vulnerability for intimate partner violence and sources of support reported in unhealthy relationships among girls residing in low‐income communities in Ibadan, Nigeria.MethodsFocus group discussions (n = 14; 122 girls) were conducted among girls aged 15–19 years, who reported having been in a relationship lasting at least 3 months. Girls were recruited from schools and worksites where partner violence has been reported in high proportions. Data were analysed using conceptual content analyses and independently coded by two researchers.ResultsAdolescent girls reported keeping their relationships secret from their parents. While girls reported that sometimes relationships were out of love, relationships were also often motivated by girls' financial need. The financial and secretive nature of these relationships appeared to place girls at risk for intimate partner violence, with sexual coercion, resulting in multiple adverse social and health outcomes, including sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancy. Girls reported that leaving an abusive relationship is especially difficult when girls rely financially, were sexually involved, pregnant, or have had a child with the male partner. Friends/peers, rather than girls’ family, were often the source of support for intimate partner violence.ConclusionEarly identification of unhealthy relationships and supporting girls to be financially independent appear to be critical to reduce vulnerability to violence. Peer‐based interventions may be most appropriate, given that girls’ friends, rather than parents, were most often the source of support for intimate partner violence and other relationship challenges.
Ruling but not Governing: Tutelary Regimes and the Case of Myanmar
Authors: Bünte Marco 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe article sheds light on tutelary regimes, which have so far been left out in the discussion of contemporary authoritarian regimes. It uses a configurative approach to conceptualize tutelary regimes according to the three dimensions of tutelary interference, electoral competitiveness and civil liberties. Tutelary interference is conceived of as a spectrum of possible and not mutually exclusive roles which tutelary powers perform – depending on their position in the political system. Empirically, the article uses a case study of Myanmar's tutelary regime to illustrate how the armed forces’ institutionalized powers and prerogatives have helped the country evade substantial democracy. The results show a high degree of regime heterogeneity, with a functioning electoral regime in place but substantial weaknesses in civil liberties. Both are (partly) rooted in the tutelary interference of the military, which is pervasive. The military's position straitjackets the government; the military vetoes certain policies and structural reforms and guards the political system and its prerogatives from a position of strength. Politicians have so far not come up with successful strategies to bring the military under civil control.
“Students Who Have the Irish Tongue”: The Gaidhealtachd, Education, and State Formation in Covenanted Scotland, 1638–1651
Authors: Cipriano Salvatore 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis article examines the Scottish Covenanters’ initiatives to revamp educational provision in the Gaidhealtachd, the Gaelic-speaking portions of Scotland, from the beginning of the Scottish Revolution in 1638 to the Cromwellian conquest of Scotland in 1651. Scholars have explored in detail the range of educational schemes pursued by central governments in the seventeenth century to “civilize” the Gaidhealtachd, but few have engaged in an analysis of Covenanting schemes and how they differed from previous endeavors. While the Statutes of Iona are probably the best-known initiative to civilize the Gaidhealtachd and extirpate the Gaelic language, Covenanter schemes both adapted such policies and further innovated in order to serve the needs of a nascent confessional state. In particular, Covenanting schemes represented a unique and pragmatic way to address the Gaidhealtachd's educational deficiencies because they sought practical accommodation of the Gaelic language and preferred the matriculation of Gaelophone scholars into the universities. These measures not only represented a new strategy for integrating the Gaelic periphery into the Scottish state but were also notable for the ways in which they incorporated Gaelophone students into Scotland's higher education orbit—a stark departure from the educational situation in Ireland. By drawing on underutilized manuscript and printed sources, this article examines how the Covenanters refurbished education in the Gaidhealtachd and posits that the Covenanter schemes represented a key facet of the broader process of state formation in 1640s Scotland.
Lithic technological responses to environmental change during the penultimate glacial cycle (MIS 7–6) at the Yangshang site, western Chinese Loess Plateau
Authors: Zhao Yuchao , Zhou Jing , Chen Fuyou , Wang Xiaomin , Ge Junyi , Gao Xing , Stewart Brian A. , Li Feng 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA multidisciplinary fieldwork and research project was recently begun at the Yangshang site (220–140 ka), a late Early Paleolithic locale in the western Chinese Loess Plateau. 1696 lithic artifacts and 337 faunal remains were recovered during the excavation. Sedimentological and paleoenvironmental investigations indicate the site preserves a relatively long and minimally disturbed archaeological sequence associated with paleoenvironmental changes during MIS 7–6. A detailed techno-typological analysis of Yangshang's lithic assemblages was undertaken to examine the influence of glacial cycles on late Middle Pleistocene hominin technological strategies in the western Chinese Loess Plateau. The results show that while the Yangshang site is dominated by quartz-based core/flake assemblages typical of most Early Paleolithic sites in North China, the lithic assemblages provide evidence that different provisioning systems existed during the penultimate glaciation. We argue that these shifts reflect changes in land use and mobility that were tied to climate change. Our results suggest that theoretically informed statistical analyses of so-called unchanging and crude lithic technology can yield meaningful evidence for behavioral shifts.
You seem like a great candidate, but…: race and gender attitudes and the 2020 democratic primary
Authors: Nelson Kjersten 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe 2020 Democratic presidential primary unfolded in a context with significant attention to issues of racial and gender inequality and identity. The field began as an historically diverse one but a white male candidate received the party's endorsement. Did the race and gender attitudes of Democratic primary and caucus participants play a role in shaping the pool of candidates? Using a survey of self-identified Democrats, this study provides evidence that racial resentment, hostile sexism, and modern sexism enhanced the assessments on several evaluative criteria of the white male candidate, while depressing the assessment of the Black woman candidate. These relationships are driven primarily by white respondents. These findings add to our understanding of how race and gender attitudes affect the electoral process well before the general election, particularly by shaping the ultimate choice of candidates in that contest.
Estimation of sodium and potassium intakes assessed by two 24-hour urine collections in a city of Indonesia
Authors: Sari Dianis Wulan , Noguchi-Watanabe Maiko , Sasaki Satoshi , Sahar Junaiti , Yamamoto-Mitani Noriko 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIntakes of excess Na and insufficient K are two major contributors of heart diseases and stroke development. However, no precise study has previously been carried out on Na and K intakes among Indonesian adults. The present study aimed to estimate the Na and K intakes using two consecutive 24-h urine collections. Participants were community-dwelling adults aged between 20 and 96 years, randomly selected from a pool of resident registration numbers. Of the 506 participants, 479 (240 men and 239 women) completed urine collections. The mean Na excretion was 102·8 and 100·6 mmol/d, while the mean K excretion was 25·0 and 23·4 mmol/d for men and women, respectively. Na and K excretions were higher in participants with a higher BMI. A higher K excretion was associated only with younger age. More than 80 % of the participants consumed more than 5 g/d of salt (the upper limit recommended by the Indonesian government), whereas none of them consumed more than 3510 mg/d of K (the lower limit). The high Na and low K intakes, especially high Na among participants with high BMI, should be considered when future intervention programmes are planned in this country.
PROCEDURE AS POLITICS IN THE CAPE COLONY: THE CAREER OF ANDREW GONTSHI, 1880–1904
Authors: Thornberry Elizabeth 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn 1881, Andrew Gontshi became the first black law agent in the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope and thus South Africa's first black lawyer. Records of court cases argued by Gontshi and his fellow black law agents provide a rich new archive for understanding the political sensibilities of the nineteenth-century Eastern Cape, where Gontshi practiced law and participated in the development of new forms of political organization, as well as the meaning of law to black intellectuals. In both law and politics, Andrew Gontshi employed procedural tactics to hold the state accountable to its own formalities. In Gontshi's world, law provided not a source of justice but a set of tools that could be used to advance a political agenda. Gontshi's story thus prompts a reconsideration of law's place in the intellectual tradition of South Africa's liberation struggle.
Prevalence and predictors of spousal violence against women in Afghanistan: evidence from Demographic and Health Survey data
Authors: Chauhan Bal Govind , Jungari Suresh 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSpousal violence against women is a serious public health problem that is prevalent in all societies, with one in three women around the world experiencing violence in their lifetime. This study examined the prevalence of spousal violence, and its determinants, in Afghanistan using data from the 2015 Afghanistan Demographic and Health Survey. Univariate, bivariate and logistic regression statistical techniques were used to assess the association of socioeconomic variables with spousal violence. The study sample comprised 20,827 currently married women aged 15–49. Fifty-two per cent of women reported experiencing some form of violence by their husband. A significant association was found between women’s justification of violence, women’s participation in decision-making in their household (COR=0.476; CI=0.446–0.509) and lower risk of experiencing spousal violence. After adjustment for demographic and socioeconomic factors, women’s participation in all of four household decisions, either alone or jointly, was found to be associated with a lower risk of experiencing spousal violence (AOR=0.472; CI=0.431–0.516). In both the crude and adjusted models, the risk of experiencing spousal violence was high if the husband’s desire for children was different from that of his wife. In the case of inequality in property ownership, the risk of spousal violence was significantly higher (COR=1.263; CI=1.178–1.353; AOR=1.159; CI=1.051–1.278) when women were joint owners of property compared with when they did not own any property. The findings point to an immediate need for legal and social interventions to prevent spousal violence against women, or at least reduce its prevalence, in Afghanistan.
The Implications of Political Trust for Supporting Public Transport
Authors: LIM JAE YOUNG , MOON KUK-KYOUNG 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDespite the importance of public transport for urban vitality, social equity, and mobility, the discussions surrounding these topics have become heated ideological battles between liberals and conservatives in the United States, as in other countries. Conservatives, in particular, have exhibited anti-transit attitudes that have worked against the development of public transport.Scholars note that political trust functions as a heuristic and its impact is felt more strongly among individuals who face ideological risks with respect to a given public policy. Based on several studies noting the relationships between political trust, ideology and policy attitudes, the study employs the pooled data of the 2010 and 2014 General Social Surveys. It finds that conservatives are negatively associated with supporting spending on public transport, but when contingent upon high levels of political trust, they become more supportive of it. The study discusses the potential of political trust as a mechanism to influence public policy discourses as well as certain methodological and substantive limitations.
A Pythagorean tree fractal shape stub-loaded resonator as a UWB bandpass filter with wide stopband
Authors: Kumari Puja , Sarkar Pankaj , Ghatak Rowdra 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA compact ultrawideband (UWB) bandpass filter (BPF) is designed by harnessing the efficacy of a Pythagorean tree fractal shape stub-loaded resonator. The design inherently provides the passband transmission poles, which make it convenient to be used in wide passband filtering circuits. The number and the position of the resonating modes can be controlled by increasing the iterations of the Pythagorean tree, as analyzed using odd- and even-mode analysis. Design steps of the BPF are detailed. The designed UWB BPF takes up a small circuit area of (12.13 × 9.59) mm2. The proposed design is fabricated and measured to verify the simulated results. The stopband is extended up to 17.5 GHz with a maximum attenuation of 15 dB.
TheArgentineAllusion:On the Significance of the Southern Cone in Early Twentieth-Century São Paulo
Authors: Woodard James P. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis article examines a much cited but little understood aspect of the Latin American intellectual and cultural ferment of the 1910s and 1920s: the frequency with which intellectuals from the southeastern Brazilian state of São Paulo referred to developments in post Sáenz Peña Argentina, and to a lesser extent in Uruguay and Chile. In books, pamphlets, speeches, and the pages of a vibrant periodical press—all key sources for this article—São Paulo intellectuals extolled developments in the Southern Cone, holding them out for imitation, especially in their home state. News of such developments reached São Paulo through varied sources, including the writings of foreign travelers, which reached intellectuals and their publics through different means. Turning from circuits and sources to motives and meanings, the Argentine allusion conveyed aspects of how these intellectuals were thinking about their own society. The sense that São Paulo, in particular, might be “ready” for reform tending toward democratization, as had taken place in Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile, was accompanied by a belief in the difference of their southeastern state from other Brazilian states and its affinities with climactically temperate and racially “white” Spanish America. While these imagined affinities were soon forgotten, that sense of difference—among other legacies of this crucial period—would remain.
Two Atmospheric Responses to Winter Sea Ice Decline Over the Barents‐Kara Seas
Authors: Jiang Zhina , Feldstein Steven B. , Lee Sukyoung 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe intraseasonal atmospheric responses to winter sea ice decline over the Barents‐Kara Seas are examined by dividing rapid sea ice decline events into two categories, based on the direction (upward vs. downward) of the anomalous surface turbulent heat flux (ASTHF) after the sea ice loss. The upward ASTHF events, which could potentially have a large impact on the overlying atmosphere, are characterized by anomalously negative total column water and surface air temperature minus skin temperature, and anomalously positive surface wind speed following the sea ice loss. The downward ASTHF events show opposite features. Both types of events are linked to the Madden‐Julian Oscillation and subsequent circulation anomalies. This result indicates that on the intraseasonal time scale, not all sea ice decline events influence the atmosphere, and caution is called for when designing transient model experiments using observed sea ice decline.
Future Changes in the Hadley Circulation: The Role of Ocean Heat Transport
Authors: Chemke R. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe projected widening and weakening of the Hadley circulation hold large societal impacts at low and subtropical latitudes. Previous studies suggested that ocean heat transport (OHT) might play a central role in future circulation's changes. Here, using ensembles of model integrations, we quantify the role of OHT in the evolution of the Hadley cell over the 20th and 21st centuries. We find that by the end of the current century OHT reduces the widening of the circulation by ∼35% (0.42°) and its weakening by ∼60% (1.3 × 1010 kg s−1). As a result, OHT delays the emergence from internal variability of the widening by 30 years and of the weakening by 20 years. Lastly, while oceanic heat uptake accounts for most of the reduced widening, and thus merely delays it by reducing surface warming, horizontal heat transport and net heat uptake have comparable impacts to reduce the weakening of the circulation.
Mode Coupling From Kinetic Alfvén Waves to Electron Acoustic Waves in the Topside Ionosphere
Authors: Shi Run , Liang Jun , Ni Binbin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe propagation and energy transfer of kinetic Alfvén waves (KAWs) in the topside ionosphere are investigated based on a drift kinetic model. We examine the dependence of the generation of electron acoustic waves (EAWs) on the perpendicular wavelength and on the hot electron temperature. With decreasing perpendicular wavelength and increasing hot electron temperature, the coupling of KAWs to EAWs becomes increasingly important. The Landau damping of the EAWs is strong except in the transition region, where the nonlinear dissipation can be important. With increasing wave amplitude, the generated electron acoustic mode waves become unsustainable when the depletion of cold electron density is comparable to the initial background cold electron density. These findings indicate that electron acoustic mode waves play an important role at kinetic scales in the topside ionosphere.
The Unstable Relationship Between the Precipitation Dipole Pattern in the Tibetan Plateau and Summer NAO
Authors: Liu Yong , Chen Huopo , Hu Xiaoyu 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSubstantial progress has been made in understanding the relationship between summer precipitation in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), but impacts of the summer NAO on precipitation spatial pattern remain controversial. Using the long‐term observational and reanalysis datasets, we have identified the intimate relationship between summer NAO and TP precipitation dipole pattern has been weakened since the late 1990s. Changes in regional atmospheric circulation induced by the asymmetrical wave propagation structure along the Eurasian continent are responsible for this weakened linkage. Further analyses revealed that the wave propagation anomalies are mainly induced by interdecadal change of summer NAO, which is attributed to the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) variations. Moreover, the model simulations derived from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL AM2.1) provide direct evidence to demonstrate that the AMO phase transition contributes to the unstable relationship between the summer NAO and precipitation dipole pattern in the eastern TP.