bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Copy number variations residing outside the SHOX enhancer region are involved in Short Stature and Léri‐Weill dyschondrosteosis
Authors: Fanelli Antonella , Vannelli Silvia , Babu Deepak , Mellone Simona , Cucci Alessia , Monzani Alice , Al Essa Wael , Secco Andrea , Follenzi Antonia , Bellone Simonetta , Prodam Flavia , Giordano Mara 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundSHOX enhancer CNVs, affecting one or more of the seven recognized evolutionary conserved non‐coding elements (CNEs) represent one of the most frequent cause of SHOX‐haploinsufficiency. During the diagnostic workflow deletions/duplications have been identified downstream SHOX not including any of the these CNEs.MethodsFine tiling aCGH and breakpoint PCR were used to characterize the critical interval and to search for novel alterations in a cohort of selected patients.ResultsScreening of 252 controls provided evidence that duplications in this area represent likely benign variants whereas none of the deletions were detected. These findings suggested that other alterations relevant for SHOX‐haploinsufficiency might be missed by the standard diagnostic methods. To identify such undisclosed elements, the aCGH was used to reanalyze 52 unresolved cases with clinical features strongly suggestive of SHOX‐haploinsufficiency. This analysis followed by the screening of 210 patients detected two partially overlapping small deletions of ~12 and ~8 kb in four unrelated individuals, approximately 15 kb downstream SHOX, that were absent in 720 normal stature individuals.ConclusionOur results strengthen the hypothesis that alterations of yet unidentified cis‐regulatory elements residing outside those investigated through conventional methods, might explain the phenotype in ISS/LWD patients thus enlarging the spectrum of variants contributing to SHOX‐haploinsufficiency.
Vocal cord lesions classification based on deep convolutional neural network and transfer learning
Authors: Zhao Qian , He Yuqing , Wu Yanda , Huang Dongyan , Wang Yang , Sun Cai , Ju Jun , Wang Jiasen , Mahr Jeremy Jianshuo‐li 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPurposeLaryngoscopy, the most common diagnostic method for vocal cord lesions (VCLs), is based mainly on the visual subjective inspection of otolaryngologists. This study aimed to establish a highly objective computer‐aided VCLs diagnosis system based on deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) and transfer learning.MethodsTo classify VCLs, our method combined the DCNN backbone with transfer learning on a system specifically finetuned for a laryngoscopy image dataset. Laryngoscopy image database was collected to train the proposed system. The diagnostic performance was compared with other DCNN‐based models. Analysis of F1 score and receiver operating characteristic curves were conducted to evaluate the performance of the system.ResultsBeyond the existing VCLs diagnosis method, the proposed system achieved an overall accuracy of 80.23%, an F1 score of 0.7836, and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.9557 for four fine‐grained classes of VCLs, namely, normal, polyp, keratinization, and carcinoma. It also demonstrated robust classification capacity for detecting urgent (keratinization, carcinoma) and non‐urgent (normal, polyp), with an overall accuracy of 0.939, a sensitivity of 0.887, a specificity of 0.993, and an AUC of 0.9828. The proposed method also outperformed clinicians in the classification of normal, polyps, and carcinoma at an extremely low time cost.ConclusionThe VCLs diagnosis system succeeded in using DCNN to distinguish the most common VCLs and normal cases, holding a practical potential for improving the overall diagnostic efficacy in VCLs examinations. The proposed VCLs diagnosis system could be appropriately integrated into the conventional workflow of VCLs laryngoscopy as a highly objective auxiliary method.
Probing interfacial interactions and dynamics of polymers enclosed in boron nitride nanotubes
Authors: Niskanen Jukka , Xue Yanming , Golberg Dmitri , Winnik Françoise M. , Pellerin Christian , Vapaavuori Jaana 
Published: November 2021

AbstractUnderstanding interfacial interactions in polymer systems is crucial for their applicability for instance in adhesives and coatings. Enclosing polymers in a cylindrical volume provides a system for studying interactions dictated by a continuous interfacial layer and a bulk‐like volume in the middle of the cylinders. Here, we describe a simple method for enclosing polymers into boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) and establishing the effect of the interfacial interactions on the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymers by infrared spectroscopy. The volume of the inner channel is large in comparison to the volume of the loaded polymer coils, allowing the polymer to expand along the inner channel, resulting in the effect of interfacial interactions on polymer dynamics dominating over confinement effects. As examples, we loaded poly(4‐vinyl pyridine), poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), and poly(disperse red 1 acrylate) in BNNTs. The strongest interaction between the studied polymer and BNNTs was observed for poly(4‐vinyl pyridine), which also caused a significant increase of Tg. In addition to characterizing the effect of interfacial interactions on the thermal transitions of the polymers, this method, which is generalizable to most soluble polymer materials, can be used for studying photoinduced transitions in photoactive polymers thanks to the transparency of the BNNTs at visible wavelengths.
Amphifunctional Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles with “Molecular Gates” for Controlled Drug Uptake and Release
Authors: Shinde Pravin , Prasad Bhagavatula L. V. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIt is demonstrated that the uptake and release of hydrophobic drugs/dyes by mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) is critically dependent on the functional groups present on their outer surfaces. For this, amphifunctional MSNs are synthesized, possessing hydrophobic pores and hydrophilic functional groups on the outer surface. Further, the outer surface is modified with a different chain length of molecules, e.g., propargyl alcohol, triethylene glycol, and PEG (2000) via azide–alkyne click chemistry. The effect of these different surface functional groups on uptake of drug/dye is demonstrated with Nile red, proflavine (free base form), and rhodamine 6G. The uptake of these molecules is found to be inversely proportional to the bulkiness of surface functionality. To counter this effect, an alternate method of loading is proposed and demonstrated. Finally, the effect of these different functional groups on the release of loaded drug proflavine is studied, which supports the hypothesis that bulkier outer surface groups also hinder the release of drugs loaded in the porous MSN.
One‐Pot Electro‐Oxidative Annulation Reactions: Synthesis of Polysubstituted Pyrroles from Anilines and Alkynoates
Authors: Shi Guang , Sun Jie , Chen Zhiwei 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA synthetic method of polysubstituted pyrroles has been established by electro‐oxidative intermolecular annulation of easily available materials, anilines and alkynoates. In an undivided cell, alkynoates and aniline converted smoothly into desired products under external oxidant‐free and mild conditions, mechanism verification experiments indicating that in situ formed enamines are crucial intermediates for the transformation.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Amide, Dipeptide, Ester and Hydroxamate Using Oxyma and Thionyl Chloride (SOCl2)
Authors: Kalita Tapasi , Mandal Bhubaneswar 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAn improved, one‐pot two‐step process is described to convert carboxylic acid to amides, dipeptides, esters, and hydroxamates using Oxyma and thionyl chloride. The addition of Oxyma to thionyl chloride in the presence of Hunig's base results in a mixture of probably Oxyma‐sulfinyl chloride and sulfinyl diOxyma, two new intermediates, which successfully converts the carboxylic acid into its Oxyma ester. Adding a nucleophile to the generated Oxyma ester leads to corresponding amide, ester, or hydroxamic acid formation at room temperature. The procedure is mild and well tolerant to various carboxylic acids, including N‐protected amino acids and different nucleophiles such as methyl esters of amino acids and alcohols. 32 examples with moderate to good yield (67–86 %) are reported. A rigorous mechanism investigation is performed using 1H and 13C‐NMR. By‐product Oxyma can be recovered and recycled. Thionyl chloride has been used for such coupling reactions in industries and academia for a few hundred years to date. Nevertheless, minimum racemization, side reaction, and waste generation make the addition of Oxyma (this methodology) a valuable improvement.
Improved Photodegradation Behaviour of Ni1‐xFexCo2O4 (x=0.03)@g‐C3N4 Nanocomposite against Organic Pollutants under Visible‐Light Irradiation
Authors: AlFawaz Amal , Alsalme Ali 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAn effective heterojunction with robust charge separation and enormous degradation efficiency is the major task for photocatalysts preparation. In this manuscript, we have prepared the Fe0.03Ni0.97Co2O4 loaded g‐C3N4 nanosheet by sol‐gel assisted calcination method. The Fe dopant alters the electronic band structure of NiCo2O4 and reduces the bandgap to 1.72 eV, which is beneficial for solar‐light utilization. The addition of g‐C3N4 provides the large active sites for photocatalytic degradation under visible‐light irradiation. Moreover, the nanocomposite exhibits high efficient charge separation behaviour than pure g‐C3N4 for degradation reaction. The synergistic interaction between the nanoparticles increases the MB (methylene blue) & Rh B (rhodamine B) degradation efficiency upto 99 % and 96 % in the presence of chemical oxidant respectively. Moreover, the heterojunction exhibits Z‐scheme photo‐Fenton like degradation behaviour with active radicals (superoxide (O2−.)/ hydroxyl (OH.)) production. Besides, the recycling experiment clearly revealed that heterojunction composite has high enough degradation stability towards organic pollutant degradation.
Luminescence of a Zinc(II) Complex with a Protonated 1‐Hydroxy‐1H‐imidazole ESIPT Ligand: Direct Excitation of a Tautomeric Form
Authors: Shekhovtsov Nikita A. , Ryadun Alexey A. , Bushuev Mark B. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe complex (HL)2[ZnCl4] (L=2‐(1‐hydroxy‐4,5‐dimethyl‐1H‐imidazol‐2‐yl)pyridine) featuring a short intramolecular hydrogen bond O−H⋅⋅⋅N (O⋅⋅⋅N 2.61 Å) in the HL+ cation is a rare example of protonated ESIPT‐emitters (ESIPT=excited state intramolecular proton transfer). Photochemistry of (HL)2[ZnCl4] is dominated by the ESIPT tautomerization in HL+. In the solid state, (HL)2[ZnCl4] fluoresces in the sky‐blue region (S1tautomeric→S0tautomeric, λmax=500 nm). In MeCN solution, two minima on the S1 potential energy curve lead to dual emission of (HL)2[ZnCl4] (S1normal→S0normal and S1tautomeric→S0tautomeric, λmax=368 and 417 nm). Energy barriers in the ground state allow trapping and the excitation of the tautomeric form of HL+.
Caring for (Big) Data: An Introduction to Research Methodologies and Ethical Challenges in Digital Migration Studies
Authors: Sandberg Marie , Rossi Luca 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDigital technologies present new methodological and ethical challenges for migration studies: from ensuring data access in ethically viable ways to privacy protection, ensuring autonomy, and security of research participants. This Introductory chapter argues that the growing field of digital migration research requires new modes of caring for (big) data. Besides from methodological and ethical reflexivity such care work implies the establishing of analytically sustainable and viable environments for the respective data sets—from large-scale data sets (“big data”) to ethnographic materials. Further, it is argued that approaching migrants’ digital data “with care” means pursuing a critical approach to the use of big data in migration research where the data is not an unquestionable proxy for social activity but rather a complex construct of which the underlying social practices (and vulnerabilities) need to be fully understood. Finally, it is presented how the contributions of this book offer an in-depth analysis of the most crucial methodological and ethical challenges in digital migration studies and reflect on ways to move this field forward.
Contrapuntal Connectedness: Analysing Relations Between Social Media Data and Ethnography in Digital Migration Studies
Authors: Sandberg Marie , Mollerup Nina Grønlykke , Rossi Luca 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis chapter presents a rethinking of the relationship between ethnography and so-called big social data as being comparable to those between a sum and its parts (Strathern 1991/2004). Taking cue from Tim Ingold’s one world anthropology (2018) the chapter argues that relations between ethnography and social media data can be established as contrapuntal. That is, the types of material are understood as different, yet fundamentally interconnected. The chapter explores and qualifies this affinity with the aim of identifying potentials and further questions for digital migration research. The chapter is based on ethnographic fieldwork carried out with Syrian refugees and solidarians in the Danish–Swedish borderlands in 2018–2019 as well as data collected for 2011–2018 from 200 public Facebook pages run by solidarity organisations, NGOs, and informal refugee welcome and solidarity groups.
Migration Trail: Exploring the Interplay Between Data visualisation, Cartography and Fiction
Authors: Toffano Giacomo , Smets Kevin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the interplay between data visualisation, fiction and cartography in the context of migration. It revolves around a case study of Migration Trail, a website that attempts to provide an original portrayal of human mobility. First, it explores recent literature on each of the three elements interacting on the site. This is followed by an in-depth investigation of their interplay in the overall experience. The study employs a multi-method approach to the content, combining multimodal analysis, that is further validated with a semi-structured expert interview. The research thoroughly maps Migration Trail’s functions, including the dynamic interplay of its different multimedia elements. Ultimately, the chapter reflects on the question: To what extent can fictional narratives and the multimedia approach in a fictional production like Migration Trail successfully challenge stereotypical portrayals of migrants? The analysis shows that there is potential to go beyond the dichotomous, typical representation of migrants, but that it can also fall into the trap of repeating the “deservingness” trope that is part of common imaginaries of migration into Europe.
Migration Multiple? Big Data, Knowledge Practices and the Governability of Migration
Authors: Stielike Laura 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis chapter explores the big-data-based production of knowledge on migration. Following Mol (2002) and Scheel et al. (2019), it is analysed how migration and migrants are enacted through big-data-based research papers. The emerging sub-discipline of big-data-based migration research enacts migration and migrants in multiple ways that open up possibilities to rethink migration. However, this multiplicity of migration is held together by reference to three migration narratives—demography, integration and humanitarianism—which stand in stark contrast to these alternative enactments, as they all frame migration as something that needs to be governed. As the research papers aim at contributing to these research fields, they inscribe themselves into these migration narratives and thereby adopt the assumption of migration as an object of government.
Climate Resilience and Regeneration: How Precincts Can Adapt to and Mitigate Climate Change
Authors: Newton Peter W. , Newman Peter W. G. , Glackin Stephen , Thomson Giles 
Published: November 2021

AbstractHealthy urban ecosystems are increasingly recognised as important for resilient cities and need to be considered as part of GPR. Urban nature-based solutions (NBS) comprising green (vegetation) and blue (water) infrastructure need to be considered at multiple scales from the bioregions, through to catchments, neighbourhoods/precincts, blocks, streets, and buildings, including linkages through and in GPR areas. This chapter describes how climate change—particularly extreme urban heat—is expected to affect Australian cities, and how green and blue infrastructure can help GPR to be incorporated into urban adaptation and mitigation solutions. Topics covered include water-sensitive urban design, nature-based solutions, and urban cooling. The chapter outlines how nature-based solutions can be incorporated into higher-density regenerative urban redevelopment through new technologies and supported by planning models, many of which can be best designed and managed at precinct scale. The ‘additionality’ of green and blue nature-based solutions can offer residents of GPR areas increased liveability and enhanced resilience in both normal and extreme weather.
Planning, Design, Assessment, and Engagement Processes for Greyfield Precinct Regeneration
Authors: Newton Peter W. , Newman Peter W. G. , Glackin Stephen , Thomson Giles 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis chapter expands on the required set of innovations in urban planning, precinct design, performance assessment, and engagement processes outlined in Chap. 1 that are core to the delivery of greyfield precinct regeneration (GPR). The sections that follow dive deeper into the key transitioning processes and provide case-study illustrations for place-activated GPR drawn from the City of Maroondah’s Greening the Greyfields project.
Twin Pati-Salam theory of flavour with a TeV scale vector leptoquark
Authors: King Stephen F. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We propose a twin Pati-Salam (PS) theory of flavour broken to the G4321 gauge group at high energies, then to the Standard Model at low energies, yielding a TeV scale vector leptoquark $$ {U}_1^{\mu } $$

U
1
μ

(3, 1, 2/3) which has been suggested to address the lepton universality anomalies $$ {R}_{K^{\left(\ast \right)}} $$

R

K

∗

and $$ {R}_{D^{\left(\ast \right)}} $$

R

D

∗

in B decays. Quark and lepton masses are mediated by vector-like fermions, with personal Higgs doublets for the second and third families, which may be replaced by a two Higgs doublet model (2HDM). The twin PS theory of flavour successfully accounts for all quark and lepton (including neutrino) masses and mixings, and predicts a dominant coupling of $$ {U}_1^{\mu } $$

U
1
μ

(3, 1, 2/3) to the third family left-handed doublets. However the predicted mass matrices, assuming natural values of the parameters, are not consistent with the single vector leptoquark solution to the $$ {R}_{D^{\left(\ast \right)}} $$

R

D

∗

anomaly, given its current value.
Bit threads and the membrane theory of entanglement dynamics
Authors: Agón Cesar A. , Mezei Márk 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Recently, an effective membrane theory was proposed that describes the “hydrodynamic” regime of the entanglement dynamics for general chaotic systems. Motivated by the new bit threads formulation of holographic entanglement entropy, given in terms of a convex optimization problem based on flow maximization, or equivalently tight packing of bit threads, we reformulate the membrane theory as a max flow problem by proving a max flow-min cut theorem. In the context of holography, we explain the relation between the max flow program dual to the membrane theory and the max flow program dual to the holographic surface extremization prescription by providing an explicit map from the membrane to the bulk, and derive the former from the latter in the “hydrodynamic” regime without reference to minimal surfaces or membranes.
Development and validation of a rapid LC–MS/MS method for the confirmatory analysis of the bound residues of eight nitrofuran drugs in meat using microwave reaction
Authors: Regan Gemma , Moloney Mary , Di Rocco Melissa , McLoughlin Padraig , Smyth Wesley , Crooks Steven , Elliott Christopher , Danaher Martin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA rapid analytical method was developed and validated for the analysis of eight bound nitrofurans in animal tissue, shortening laboratory turnaround times from 4 to 2 days. The majority of methodologies for nitrofuran analysis focus on the detection of only four drugs (nitrofurantoin, furazolidone, furaltadone and nitrofurazone), and is time-consuming given the 16-h overnight derivatisation step and a double liquid–liquid extraction. In this study, the narrow scope of analysis was addressed by including further four important nitrofuran drugs (nifursol, nitrofuroxazide, nifuraldezone and nitrovin). Full chromatographic separation was achieved for the metabolites of all eight nitrofurans, using phenyl-hexyl column chemistry and a rigorous optimisation of the mobile phase additives and gradient profile. The conventional, lengthy sample preparation was substantially shortened by replacing the traditional overnight water bath derivatisation with a rapid 2-h microwave-assisted reaction, followed by a modified-QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) extraction. This confirmatory method was fully validated in accordance with the new 2021/808/EC legislation, and was shown to perform satisfactorily when applied to incurred tissues. The decision limit (CCα) for the eight analytes ranged between 0.013 and 0.200 µg kg−1, showing abundant sensitivity given that the current RPA for nitrofurans is 0.5 µg kg−1. This innovative method can play a major role in the surveillance of the illegal use of nitrofuran drugs.
Safety evaluation of high-risk myocardial micro-biopsy in a swine model
Authors: Chireh Arvin , Sandell Mikael , Grankvist Rikard , Lövljung Victoria , al-Saadi Jonathan , Arnberg Fabian , Lundberg Johan , Settergren Magnus , Holmin Staffan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe objective of the study was to investigate the safety profile of high-risk micro-endomyocardial biopsy (micro-EMB) compared to conventional EMB in a large animal model. Twenty pigs were subjected to a maximum of 30 consecutive biopsies, including sampling from the free ventricular wall, with either micro-EMB (n = 10) or conventional EMB (n = 10). There were no major complications in the micro-EMB group (0/10), compared to six major complications in the EMB group (6/10; p = 0.003). Survival analysis further highlighted these differences (p = 0.004). There were significantly higher volumes of pericardial effusion in the EMB group (p = 0.01). The study shows a safety advantage of micro-EMB compared to standard EMB in the experimental high-risk circumstances investigated in this animal study. These results indicate enhanced possibilities to collect samples from sensitive areas by using the micro-EMB technique instead of standard EMB.