bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rate of glycemic control and associated factors among type two diabetes mellitus patients in Ethiopia: A cross sectional study
Authors: Nigussie Shambel , Birhan Nigussie , Amare Firehiwot , Mengistu Getnet , Adem Fuad , Abegaz Tadesse Melaku 
Published: May 2021

Objective
To assess the rate of glycemic control and associated factors among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at Dilchora Referral Hospital, Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia.

Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted from 13 May to 16 August 2019. Type 2 diabetic patients on follow up at Dilchora Referral Hospital who fulfilled the inclusion criteria of the study were included. Systematic random sampling was used to select study participants. Data was collected by a face-to-face interview and review of medical records. The primary outcome was the level of blood glucose during three consecutive visits. Poor glycemic control was defined as a blood sugar level of more than 154 mg/dL based on the average of measurements from three consecutive visits. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify determinants of glycemic control.

Result
A total of 394 participants responded to the interview and were included in the final analysis. The overall prevalence of poor glycemic control was 45.2% (95%CI: 40.6%-50.0%). Patients who were on oral anti-diabetic drug plus insulin had more than two times greater chance of poor glycemic control than patients on oral anti-diabetic drug alone: 2.177(95%CI:1.10–4.29). The odds of poor glycemic control in patients who did not understand the pharmacist’s instructions was two times higher than patients with good understanding of instructions 1.86(95%CI: 1.10–3.13). Patients who had poor level of practice were found to have poor glycemic control: 1.69(95% CI: 1.13–2.55).

Conclusion
The overall prevalence of poor glycemic control was high among type 2 diabetes patients. Oral anti-diabetic drugs in combination with insulin, lack of understanding of pharmacist’s advice, and poor practice of diabetic patients were significant factors of poor glycemic control. Pharmacists should reassure the understanding of patients before discharge during counseling. Optimization of the dose of antidiabetic medications and combination of oral hypoglycemic agents should be considered.
A Novel 5-Cytokine Panel Outperforms Conventional Predictive Markers of Persistent Organ Failure in Acute Pancreatitis
Authors: Langmead Christopher , Lee Peter J. , Paragomi Pedram , Greer Phil , Stello Kim , Hart Phil A. , Whitcomb David C. , Papachristou Georgios I. 
Published: May 2021

INTRODUCTION:
Existing laboratory markers and clinical scoring systems have shown suboptimal accuracies for early prediction of persistent organ failure (POF) in acute pancreatitis (AP). We used information theory and machine learning to select the best-performing panel of circulating cytokines for predicting POF early in the disease course and performed verification of the cytokine panel's prognostic accuracy in an independent AP cohort.

METHODS:
The derivation cohort included 60 subjects with AP with early serum samples collected between 2007 and 2010. Twenty-five cytokines associated with an acute inflammatory response were ranked by computing the mutual information between their levels and the outcome of POF; 5 high-ranking cytokines were selected. These cytokines were subsequently measured in early serum samples of an independent prospective verification cohort of 133 patients (2012–2016), and the results were trained in a Random Forest classifier. Cross-validated performance metrics were compared with the predictive accuracies of conventional laboratory tests and clinical scores.

RESULTS:
Angiopoietin 2, hepatocyte growth factor, interleukin 8, resistin, and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1A were the highest-ranking cytokines in the derivation cohort; each reflects a pathologic process relevant to POF. A Random Forest classifier trained the cytokine panel in the verification cohort and achieved a 10-fold cross-validated accuracy of 0.89 (area under the curve 0.91, positive predictive value 0.89, and negative predictive value 0.90), which outperformed individual cytokines, laboratory tests, and clinical scores (all P ≤ 0.006).

DISCUSSION:
We developed a 5-cytokine panel, which accurately predicts POF early in the disease process and significantly outperforms the prognostic accuracy of existing laboratory tests and clinical scores.
La alternancia de lenguas como actividad de imagen en el discurso hispanounidense / Code-switching as face-work in the discourse of the US Hispanics
Authors: Dumitrescu Domnita 
Published: May 2021

Resumen
En este trabajo analizo una actividad de imagen que participa directamente en la construcción de la identidad de individuos y grupos bilingües, pero que no ha sido identificada como tal hasta ahora, aunque el fenómeno a través del cual se realiza - la alternancia de lenguas en la interacción comunicativa entre dichos miembros de la comunidad bilingüe - cuenta ya con numerosos estudios. La comunidad bilingüe en que me enfoco es la de los hispanounidenses: los hispanos que residen en los Estados Unidos y usan en su comunicación diaria tanto el español como el inglés. Después de presentar unos datos acerca de la demografía hispanounidense y sobre el uso de los dos idiomas entre los miembros de dicha comunidad, reinterpreto testimonios de los usuarios y ejemplos de alternancia de lenguas recogidos en trabajos sociolingüísticos previos como actividades de imagen social en dos niveles diferentes: el macronivel de la interacción comunicativa global y el micronivel de ciertos actos de habla concretos dentro de dicha interacción. En el macronivel, se trata de una actividad de imagen de afiliación intragrupal y, simultáneamente, de autonomía extragrupal; mientras que en el micronivel se trata de efectos de cortesía atenuadora o intensificadora dirigidos a la imagen del interlocutor, o de ataques a la imagen del mismo, cuando no forma parte de la comunidad.
Using PowerPoint slides as a resource for coordinating understanding during presentation consultations at an L2 speaking center
Authors: Ro Eunseok 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The site of this study is English as a second language speaking center at a university in Hong Kong. One of the center’s services is presentation consultation, in which students can practice giving a presentation in English and receive a tutor’s feedback. This study focuses on how the tutors and students coordinate understanding using the students’ PowerPoint (PPT) slides as situated objects. Detailed analyses of their interactions reveal that the participants make use of PPT slides as a referential resource in identifying problems in the student’s production and initiating repair, and as an essential object in solving problems of understanding. The paper shows the precise nature of the troubles in understanding that arise in these consultations, and how the participants make use of the slides as an interactional resource in coordinating their understanding. The paper discusses implications for L2 consultation sessions, particularly in regard to multimodal practices in solving understanding troubles.
Biodegradable thermoplastic copolyester elastomers: Methyl branched PBAmT
Authors: Neng Wen-Bo , Xie Wen-Guang , Lu Bo , Zhen Zhi-Chao , Zhao Jun-Long , Wang Ge-Xia , Ji Jun-Hui 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A series of novel biodegradable copolyesters named poly(butylene 3-methyl adipate co-terephthalate) (PBAmT) were synthesized from the monomers of 3-methyl adipic acid (AAm), 1,4-butanediol (BDO), and terephthalic acid (TPA) through a process of esterification and polycondensation. 1H NMR analysis shows that they are random copolymers whose composition can be well controlled by the feed ratio of monomers. From the results of DSC and XRD, the introduction of methyl group successfully destroys the crystallizability of the PBAm chains, thus making it become a relative soft segment compared to PBA, while these random PBAmT copolymers constructed by soft segment PBAm and rigid segment PBT change from semi-crystalline polymers to nearly amorphous polymers as the feed ratio of Am increases. Especially, mechanical tests reveal that the copolymers show outstanding elasticity and rebound resilience with excellent strength. These thermoplastic copolyester elastomers with good performance by simply introduction of branched methyl group on polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) copolymer chains may well explore the potential application of biodegradable PBAT-based material.
Study on structure and properties of natural indigo spun-dyed viscose fiber
Authors: Zheng Jin , Wang Yangliu , Zhang Qi , Wang Dongshuang , Wang Shuai , Jiao Mingli 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
To improve the level dyeing property and colorfastness of natural pigment-dyed cellulose fiber, a study on the structure and properties of natural indigo spun-dyed viscose fiber was carried out systematically. Herein, the natural pigment-dyed cellulose fiber was prepared by wet-spinning technique, and the microstructure of the colored fiber was comprehensively studied. Fabrics with different color depths were obtained by adjusting the color value and the content of indigo pigment. The natural indigo was evenly embedded in the viscose fiber, and the results indicated the existence of a direct ratio relationship between the performance of natural indigo and the color depth of the fiber. The level dyeing property and colorfastness of the fabric were tested. The fabric exhibited excellent dyeing uniformity, as indicated by the relative standard deviation of the surface color depth value on the fabric, which was no more than 2.39%. The colorfastness of natural indigo spun-dyed fiber was outstanding even when mordant was not used in the production process. The colorfastness to artificial light could reach grade 5, the fastness to washing with detergent reached grade 3–4, the fastness to rubbing reached grade 4–5, and that to high temperature reached grade 4–5. These results can possibly promote the future use of natural dyes in the fiber produced by a spun-dyeing technique.
Singular integral equations in plane wave scattering by infinite graphene strip grating with brake of periodicity
Authors: Kaliberda Mstislav E. , Lytvynenko Leonid M. , Pogarsky Sergey A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this paper, the solution of the H-polarized wave scattering problem by infinite graphene strip grating is obtained. The structure is periodic except two neighboring strips. The distance between these two strips is arbitrary. In particular, such a problem allows to quantify the mutual interaction of graphene strips in the array. The total field is represented as a superposition of the field of currents on the ideally-periodic grating and correction currents induced by the shift of the strips. The analysis is based on the convergent method of singular integral equations. It enables us to study the influence of the correction currents in a wide range from 10 GHz to 6 THz. It is shown that the interaction between graphene strips is strong near plasmon resonances and near the Rayleigh anomaly.
Living with diversity and change: intergenerational differences in language and identity in the Somali community in Britain
Authors: Abdullahi Sahra Bashir , Wei Li 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Somali community in Britain has been portrayed as largely homogenous and rather problematic, unwilling to integrate into mainstream British society, a perception that is reinforced by the media and government policies. The government policies tend to ignore the internal diversity and change that the community is experiencing. Drawing on data from a family language policy project, this paper aims to explore intergenerational changes in language preference and use and associated issues of identity within the Somali community in Britain. We look at how the changes in language preference and practice manifest themselves through reported language use and language policies at home, how the changes are affecting the British Somali youths in particular, and how ideas of Somaliness and Britishness are negotiated on an individual level, as well as on a community-wide level through Somali-led organisations. And we highlight the work that the community is doing to tackle issues of intergenerational language shift and Somali identity building. The study aims to contribute to a better understanding of the struggles of the Somali community in Britain in dealing with diversity and change, an understanding that is crucial to the development of appropriate policies regarding the community.
“Talk in Tamil!” – Does Sri Lankan Tamil onward migration from Europe influence Tamil language maintenance in the UK?
Authors: Sankaran Lavanya 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article uses the “communicative repertoire” conceptual framework to investigate the evolving linguistic practices in the Sri Lankan Tamil (SLT) diaspora, looking specifically at how changing mobility patterns have had an influence on heritage language use. Drawing on fieldwork undertaken with 42 participants of diverse migration trajectories in London, the study finds that onward migration has important implications for Tamil language maintenance and use in the UK, and for the introduction of European languages into the community. It argues that Tamil practices can only be fully understood if we consider them within the context of participants' communicative repertoires. Further, the definition of Tamil needs to be expanded to include different varieties, registers and styles that have been shaped by onward migration. As the trend of multiple migrations is becoming increasingly common in globalization processes, studying the recent change in SLT migratory patterns is also crucial to gaining insight into the diversities and transnational links that exist within and across diaspora communities respectively.
“Dobra polska mowa”: monoglot ideology, multilingual reality and Polish organisations in the UK
Authors: Kozminska Kinga , Hua Zhu 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This article examines the tension between multilingual reality of migrant life and monoglot standard ideology in Polish grassroots organisations in the UK. Drawing on linguistic ethnographic fieldwork from 2017 to 2019, we show that while flexible multilingual practices characterise the community’s multilingual reality, a preference for monolingual standard Polish exists in community activities and online profiles. We argue that, through common orientation to the denotational code and national identity, the organisations give preference to language rather than the speech community of the immediate surroundings and attempt to create a representation of a timeless unified Polish community in line with the static framework of the European nation-state that promotes linguistic, cultural and racial purity. While advocating sedentary, permanent and classed images of migration and integration into British society, the organisations marginalise uses of other language varieties and erase observed historical, class and regional differences within the community.
Introduction: the changing faces of transnational communities in Britain
Authors: Curdt-Christiansen Xiao Lan , Hua Zhu , Wei Li 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this editorial introduction, we outline the key conceptualisations and overarching questions of this collection of studies on the changing faces of the transnational communities in Britain. Using the nexus of migration and language as our critical lens, we examine the internal diversities within the transnational communities in Britain, evident in the emergence of groups differing on migration trajectories, social and educational backgrounds, linguistic repertories and status assigned to community languages. We also explore how language shapes, and is shaped by, these internal diversities and wider socio-cultural-political dynamics and pay particular attention to the multilingual and translanguaging practices in these communities. We demonstrate how these communities function as sites for contestation of language and identity that can be conflictual as well as a source of othering. The introduction concludes with an outline of the contributions made by the studies in this special issue, highlighting the key claims put forward by the contributors.
NP-ellipsis and numeral classifiers in Korean
Authors: Park So-Young 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe syntactic status of numeral classifiers with respect to NP-ellipsis in classifier languages has been a controversial subject in many recent discussions. Addressing this issue, this article argues that Korean numeral classifiers can serve as functional heads that license NP-ellipsis via PF-deletion. A null NP appearing in a numeral classifier context cannot be identified with any other null categories, such as a pro or a null NP pro-form. This null NP induces a different reading from a pro, especially when a possessor argument is stacked with a numeral classifier construction. Unlike an NP pro-form, it allows the extraction of an internal argument and exhibits a complementary distribution withkes‘one’, a visible counterpart of a Korean NP pro-form. This article’s claim gains additional support from the asymmetries in NP-ellipsis of auy-marked numeral classifier, contingent on its ambiguity, such as a ‘quantity’ or ‘property’ interpretation. In addition, the distribution of bare numerals in relation to the NP pro-formkesoffers further evidence, reinforcing the claim.
Suspended silicon waveguide platform with subwavelength grating metamaterial cladding for long-wave infrared sensing applications
Authors: Liu Weixin , Ma Yiming , Chang Yuhua , Dong Bowei , Wei Jingxuan , Ren Zhihao , Lee Chengkuo 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Long-wave infrared (LWIR, 6–14 µm) processes enormous potential for chem/biosensing as it covers abundant molecular absorption fingerprints. Waveguides provide an attractive chip-scale miniaturization solution for optical sensors. However, the exploration of waveguide sensors in this wavelength range is limited. Here, an LWIR photonic platform for fast and sensitive on-chip gas sensing is developed using suspended silicon (Si) waveguide supported by subwavelength grating (SWG) metamaterial claddings. This platform provides a viable approach to fully exploit the transparency window of Si. The SWG structure provides a promising solution to engineer the mode profile for strong light–analyte interaction. Propagation loss and bending loss are studied in the broad wavelength range of 6.4–6.8 µm. Functional devices including grating couplers, Y-junctions, and directional couplers are also demonstrated with high performance. Sensing demonstration based on our platform is presented using toluene vapor detection as an example. The corresponding limit of detection reaches 75 ppm. The response and recovery time to 75 ppm toluene are about 0.8 and 3.4 s, respectively. This good performance makes our platform a promising candidate for on-site medical and environmental applications.
The crystal structure of 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-naphtho [1,8-de][1,3,2]diazaborinine, C18H17BN2O2
Authors: Ma Qiang , Miao Zong-Cheng 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
C18H17BN2O2, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 12.5782(14) Å, b = 13.6724(14) Å, c = 8.7113(9) Å, β = 97.819(6)°, V = 1484.2(3) Å3, Z = 4, R

gt
(F) = 0.0482, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.1357, T = 193 K.
Past, Present, Future: An Overview of Roman Malta
Authors: Cardona David 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Roman Malta has been the subject of numerous historical and archaeological studies since the seventeenth century. However, the lack of documented excavations and the restricted number of sites – particularly those within the boundaries of the two main Roman towns – meant that numerous grey areas persist in our understanding of the islands under Roman rule, regardless of how many studies have been done so far. This article attempts to provide an overview of past works, studies and a discussion of the known consensus on knowledge of sites, populations and economies. This in an attempt to provide a clear picture of what we know (and what we do not) about Roman Malta. Finally, I will comment on current and new research and projects which are being carried out by various local entities and foreign institutions to enhance our knowledge of this very important historic era for the Maltese islands. This culminates into a proposal for the use of a predictive model that may help us identify new sites and, consequently, provide new data on this phase.
Metal effect pigments
Authors: Pfaff Gerhard , Bartelt Michael R. , Maile Frank J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMetal effect pigments are luster pigments consisting of platelet-like metallic particles, mostly of aluminum (so-called silver bronzes), copper, copper/zinc (so-called gold bronzes), and zinc flakes. After parallel orientation in their application medium, they show a metal-like luster by reflection of light at the surface of the flat metal particles in one direction. Thus, the pigment particles act similar to small mirrors and lead when orientated parallel in the application system to a reflecting metal luster (metallic effect). Metal effect pigments are used in all relevant application systems such as coatings, paints, plastics, artist paints, cosmetics, printing inks, leather, construction materials, paper, glass, and ceramics. Specific composition, particle size distribution and surface quality determine the coloristic and application technical properties of the individual pigments. Many pigments are coated with a specific surface treatment to improve the quality concerning the stability and the compatibility with the application system. Metal effect pigments are offered in form of powders, pastes, pellets, suspensions or color concentrates. They are manufactured starting from a metal granulate (grit), which is ground under formation of flakes.
Strategic Welfare Policies with Migration: A Theoretical Model and Empirical Evidence
Authors: Antonelli Maria Alessandra , De Bonis Valeria 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We test the welfare magnet hypothesis for Europe. We modify the existing theoretical frameworks assuming that: (a) welfare services, intended as the output of welfare expenditure, not the poor’s income or social expenditure, enter the median voter’s utility function; (b) preferences depend on the position of the median voter in the income distribution; and (c) the total amount of welfare services provided may differ from the amount needed to finance them, because of inefficiencies in the transfer process. We then test the welfare magnet hypothesis for 22 European countries by estimating a reaction function corresponding to the generic form adopted by the literature, but using the variables inspired by the model. We find evidence of a positive strategic interaction among countries, which suggests a downward bias in the choice of the protection level because of welfare competition. The level of social protection also positively depends on GDP, the redistributive attitudes of residents and their weight in the population, vis-à-vis the migrants’ share, and the efficiency of social expenditure.