bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Xanthomonas ampelina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas ampelina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Vitis vinifera
. DISEASE: Bacterial blight of the grapevine, 'Tsilik marasi' in Greece; 'Maladie d'Oleron' in France, 'Vlamsiekte' in South Africa. In early spring, buds on infected spurs fail to open or make stunted growth which eventually dies. Affected spurs often appear slightly swollen because of hyperplasia of the cambial tissue. Cracks appear along such spurs, become deeper and longer, forming cankers. Young shoots may develop pale yellowish-green spots on the lowest internodes. These expand upwards on the shoot, darken, crack and develop into cankers. Cracks and, later, cankers also form on more woody branches later in spring. In summer, cankers are often seen on the sides of petioles, causing a characteristic one-sided necrosis of the leaf. They may also appear on main and secondary flower and fruit stalks. Leaf spots and marginal necrosis occur sometimes. Gum formation is not necessarily a symptom. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Greece, France and South Africa (51, 551). The symptoms have been reported from other countries and attributed to
Erwinia vitivora
, which is now thought to be synonymous with
E. herbicola
(CMI Descript. 232). Such reports have come from Italy, Sicily, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, Austria, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Tunisia, Canary Islands and Argentina (31, 105; Du Plessis, 1940; Panagopoulos, 1969). Many of these records are almost certainly of
X. ampelina
. TRANSMISSION: Most information is based on observational data rather than on experiments. Bacteria overwinter in the vines, emerge, probably in spring and are carried to healthy shoots, most probably in wind and rain. Wounds may facilitate entry but are not needed for primary infection. Considerable spread can occur in propagating material, by grafting and by pruning knives. More knowledge should be gained now that the true pathogen is known.
Rhynchosporium secalis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Owen H. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Rhynchosporium secalis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Hordeum sativum, Secale cereale, Gramineae, Agropyron, Bromus, Hordeum
and
Lolium
. DISEASE: Leaf blotch or scald of barley (
Hordeum sativum
), rye (
Secale cereale
) and various other
Gramineae
, especially species of
Agropyron, Bromus, Hordeum
and
Lolium
. Mainly leaves and sheaths are attacked; also glumes and awns of barley. Lesions on leaves are lenticular, usually 1-2 cm long, often confluent. The first sign of infection is watersoaking, then the area becomes bluish-grey, and later the central part becomes pale greyish-brown, with a distinct dark brown or violet brown border, except on rye where no dark border is formed. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread but mostly in temperate regions (CMI Map 383, ed. 3, 1970). TRANSMISSION: Overwintering is largely on infected barley stubble remains and volunteer plants; spores are disseminated in water droplets (17, 22; 39, 300; 46, 1988; 49, 116; 51, 283, 2401). Seed transmission occurs to a small extent (38, 385; 39, 300; 43, 1225k; 51, 282; Kay & Owen, 1973a).
Calostilbe striispora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Calostilbe striispora
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Erythrina glauca, E. poeppigiana, Musa
spp.,
Theobroma cacao, Coffea
spp.,
Cecropiapeltata, Hevea brasiliensis, Erythrina
spp. DISEASE: Bark rot of swamp (Bocare) and mountain (Anauca) immortelles in Trinidad and Venezuela; bonnygate disease of banana in Jamaica. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Colombia, Costa Rica, Ghana, Jamaica, Sierra Leone, Surinam, Trinidad, Venezuela, Zaire Republic (Congo). TRANSMISSION: Conidia presumably water dispersed; no experimental studies reported.
Botryosphaeria obtusa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Waller J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Botryosphaeria obtusa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Malus
and
Vitis
. Also on
Acer, Alnus, Amygdalus, Artemisia, Betula, Citrus, Crataegus, Cupressus, Diospyros, Eriobotrya, Hicoria, Juniperus, Liquidambar, Liriodendron, Lucuma, Magnolia, Melia, Nannorrhops, Nerium, Pinus, Platanus, Prunus, Rhamnus, Ribes, Robinia, Rubus, Salix, Sassafras, Tectona, Ulmus, Viburnum, Yucca
. DISEASE: Causes canker and dieback on pomaceous fruits and grapevine but can live saprophytically on dead wood and bark of many woody plants. On apple,
B. obtusa
is responsible for three diseases: a canker (New York apple tree canker or black-rot canker); frog-eye leaf spot; and black-rot of the fruit. Cankers start as small elliptical areas of discoloured wood, often with a peripheral crack; as they grow the bark becomes roughened and black pycnidial pustules protrude. Diseased branches and twigs can be girdled and killed. Leaf spots begin as small, circular, purple spots which increase in size, developing a light brown centre, the typical 'frog-eye' symptom. Extensive defoliation may result if this stage of the disease is severe. The fruit rot usually commences at a wound or at the calyx as a dark spot, which spreads to envelope the whole fruit. Diseased fruits are firm and black but eventually shrivel and become mummified. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in the temperate areas; Europe, Southern Africa, North and South America, India, Japan, New Guinea, Western Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: The fungus can over-winter on mummified fruit, cankers, dead twigs and secondary hosts. Conidia and ascospores are mostly dispersed by rain-splash and perhaps by insects. Spore release is affected by relative humidity and temperature and dispersal is stimulated by night-time rain (50, 735).
Diaporthe citri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Diaporthe citri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Citrus aurantifolia, C. aurantium, C. grandis, C. limon, C. parasisi, C. reticulata
and
C. sinensis
. DISEASE: Melanose of
Citrus
spp. and stem end rot of the fruit. Symptoms occur on the immature leaves, young branches, stalks and fruit. The very small spots enlarge, become water-soaked, sunken, dark with chlorotic halos and develop raised, corky, superficial, necrotic areas up to 1 mm diam. ; this spotting is frequently very abundant and scar-like, necrotic aggregations are formed; on the fruit the spots are sometimes arranged in rings, lines or curves. Leaves are distorted and may fall prematurely. The small, dying branches bear the same raised spots in which both spore stages are found.
Diaporthe citri
is one of the citrus pathogens which penetrates the fruit at the stem end and causes a rot in storage (7, 713; 23, 386; 50, 679). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in citrus growing areas (CMI Map 126, ed. 2, 1966). TRANSMISSION: Water-borne through the conidia.
Venturia inaequalis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Waller J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Venturia inaequalis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Principally on apple (
Malus pumila
), and other species of
Malus
. Also recorded on
Pyrus
spp.,
Sorbus
spp.
Pyracantha, Cotoneaster integerrima, Crataegus oxyacantha, Viburnum, Sarcocephalus esculentus
(36, 278) (Herb. IMI). DISEASE: Causes scab or black spot of apple, a common disease which can produce serious losses in both quantity and quality of fruit. The fungus can infect shoots, buds, blossoms, leaves and fruit. Symptoms appear initially as small, dull, pale spots particularly on the underside of leaves in spring. These enlarge as a mass of radiating subcuticular hyphae develops, forming dark circular lesions visible on both leaf surfaces; a slight puckering or blistering effect may also occur. Older lesions turn grey as the infected host tissue is killed. Scab on fruit is usually more conspicuous than on leaves, but varies according to resistance, pathogen virulence etc. Severe lesions may involve most of the fruit and become suberized and cracked, thus allowing entrance of secondam rotting organisms. Early infection of young fruit may cause shedding or distorted growth. On older fruit smaller secondary, lesions (pepper spot) often develop around a large primary scab. Infection of mature fruit may become visible during storage as sunken, black lesions. Lesions on young shoots appear as light brown blister-like swellings. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide wherever apples are grown (CMI Map 120, ed. 3, 1966). TRANSMISSION: The fungus overwinters primarily on leaf litter where the saprophytic sexual (perithecial) stage occurs. In wet spring weather the resulting perithecia release masses of airborne ascospores which infect the susceptible young foliage (42, 204). Dormant overwintering lesions on shoots and bud scales may also occur; these produce conidia which can infect young spring growth. Primary (spring) lesions produce conidia which cause secondary infection of foliage, fruit and shoots during wet summer weather. Conidia are dispersed chiefly by rain splash but may be present in the air near heavily infected trees during dry conditions (40, 757).
Mycosphaerella arachidis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Mycosphaerella arachidis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Arachis hypogaea
. DISEASE: Early leaf spot of groundnut: also called tikka with
Mycosphaerella berkeleyi
(CMI Descript. 412). Lesions circular, 1-10 mm diam., reddish-brown to black on the upper leaf surface and lighter shades of brown on the lower. Distinct chlorotic halos develop early on the upper surface. The lesions tend to be larger than those of
M. berkeleyi
and the dark stroma of the latter is absent. The conidia form on both leaf surfaces, the conidiophores being somewhat diffuse. Severe attacks cause defoliation (13, 74; 17, 651; 35, 342). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread with host (CMI Map 166, ed. 3, 1966). TRANSMISSION: In India the air dispersed conidia showed a diurnal periodicity with a peak at 1000 h (50, 1524), and in USA most conidia were trapped at 1100-1500 h; rain increased numbers (Smith & Crosby,
Phytopathology
63: 703-707, 1973). Carry-over occurs in host debris and seed transmission seems unimportant.
Cercospora nicotianae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cercospora nicotianae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Nicotiana tabacum
. DISEASE: Frog eye of tobacco; the phase of the disease that shows during curing is called barn spot (also green spot, black barn spot, pole burn and leaf burn). In the seedbed and the field (more commonly on lower leaves) greenish-brown leaf spots with somewhat indefinite margins form. They become reddish-brown to brown with a characteristic centre which becomes progressively paler to a dingy grey and bleached and parchment like. The developed spot has a narrow dark brown margin and a well defined outline, 2-15 mm diam. Seedlings and the lower leaves of older field plants can be destroyed. Depending on growing conditions variations in spotting can occur; larger generally brown lesions with more irregular outlines, sometimes with zonate markings and chlorotic halos. In the barn after harvest greenish or greyish spots form. On the flue cured leaf small, black, circular lesions develop; these may be extremely numerous and coalesce to form irregular, dark blotches. This barn spot phase can develop later in leaves which show no visible symptoms when reaped. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread (CMI Map 172, ed. 3, 1969). TRANSMISSION: Conidia are presumably air dispersed but there are no detailed studies. Plant grown from seed from infected capsules developed frog eye (15, 612). Seed treatment with silver nitrate was not significant in reducing seedbed infection and it was concluded that this resulted from conidia in the soil (16, 505). It is not clear if other hosts are a factor in spread (29, 175; 43, 3318; 48, 1965).
Botrytis allii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Waller J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Botrytis allii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Various species of
Allium
. DISEASE: Causes grey mould neck rot of onion bulbs in storage and is associated with a leaf blast of seedlings. Scales in the neck region of diseased bulbs shrivel as a brown soft rot develops. As the rotting zone spreads down into the bulb a grey mass of spores and mycelia develops beneath the shrivelled dead scales. A similar rot may also start at the sides or base of bulbs.
Botrytis allii
may also cause or aggravate leaf blast or damping-off of young seedlings in which other species of
Botrytis
are involved and may attack flowers (45, 1594). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe, N. America, N. and E. Africa, Australia, S.E. Asia (CMI Map 169, ed. 2, 1966). Additional countries since include many in S.E. Asia and Middle East (S. Vietnam, Korea, Taiwan, Nepal, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia, Rumania) N. Africa (Morocco), Central and South America (Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Chile). TRANSMISSION: Mostly by air-borne conidia, which are produced from diseased bulbs and leaves from infected plant debris and sclerotia. These inoculum sources are largely soil-borne, and seed transmission also occurs (Noble & Richardson,
Phytopathological Paper
8, 1968).
Elsinoe fawcettii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Critchett C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Elsinoe fawcettii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Confined to a small number of genera and species within the
Rutaceae
(Winston
et al.
, 1925), the degree and range of susceptibility within this group varying according to varietal, climatic, or geographical factors (Peltier & Frederich, 1924; Brun, 1971; 3, 210). Plants most frequently recorded as susceptible include sour orange, rough and sweet lemon, grapefruit, tangerine, mandarin (some varieties), king and satsuma orange, trifoliate orange (
Poncirus trifoliata
), calamondin (
Citrus mitts
) and the pointed leaf papeda (
C. hystrix
). Kumquats (
Fortunella
spp.) and most varieties of sweet orange and lime are generally more resistant although instances of infection on these hosts are known (Brun, 1971; 37, 165) DISEASE: Sour orange scab (common citrus scab, lemon, grapefruit scab, etc. according to host). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in many citrus growing areas where suitable rainfall conditions occur (CMI Map 125, ed. 3, 1966). TRANSMISSION: Predominantly by short distance rain splash, also by wind (Yamada, 1961), mites or insects (9, 647; Brun, 1971). The fungus overwinters in old scab lesions (Winston, 1923).
Ganoderma philippii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Steyaert R. L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ganoderma philippii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Recorded from a wide range of phanerogams. Cause of lethal root disease ('root rot') of rubber, tea, coffee, cacao and cinchona; being particularly important on the first two crops. DISEASE: Red root rot, causing the death of the host, accompanied by rhizomorphic encrustation of the roots described above. This is accompanied by a decay of the roots which, in its early stages, is pale brown and firm and becomes pale buff, water-soaked and spongy later on. The distribution of the disease in plantation is typically patchy. In a similar African disease, sometimes attributed to
G. philippii
(=
G. pseudaferreum
), the advancing rhimomorphs are separate for 2-3 feet before forming the root sheath (R.A. Fox, pers. comm.). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: South East Asia, from Burma through Malaysia and Vietnam in the north; Sri Lanka, Southern India through Indonesia to Papua New Guinea in the south (CMI Distribution Map No. 98, ed. 2. 1965: records in Africa are based on vegetative characters only and not confirmed by corresponding sporophore collections). TRANSMISSION: By root contact with neighbouring infected trees or with infected woody material in the soil. Where sporophores are formed, spread by air-borne basidiospores is possible, although attempts to infect stumps with these have been unsuccessful (49, 1467).
Sclerospora sacchari
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mukerji K. G. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Sclerospora sacchari
[Peronosclerospora sacchari]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Saccharum officinarum, Echinochloa colonum, Eleusine indica, Euchlaena luxurians, E. mexicana, Panicum barbinodes, Polypogon interruptus, Saccharum barberi, S. robustum, S. sinense, Setaria verticillata, Sorghum halepense, S. sudanense, S. vulgare
and
Zea mays
(35, 125; 40, 626; 44, 648), and others cereals and grasses. DISEASE: Downy mildew of sugarcane and one of the downy mildews of maize, the others are caused by
Sclerospora philippinensis
[Peronosclerospora philippinensis]
(CMI Descript. 454) and
S. maydis
(Racib.) Butler.
Sclerospora sacchari
has larger oogonia than
S. philippinensis
; these spores are unknown in
S. maydis
which has smaller conidia than those of
S. philippinensis
. The symptoms on sugarcane differ, depending on when infection occurs. When diseased setts are used the young plant may die or become generally stunted, discoloured and conspicuous. Infection at a later stage causes pale green to yellow longitudinal stripes which increase in length after each leaf unfolds. The stripes may become a chlorotic mottling, later necrotic with oospores lying interveinally. Later infections cause abnormal stem elongation (jump up canes); stems are weak, have more internodes and fewer shorter leaves which may not unfold. Shredding caused by the disintegration of leaf tissue occurs in sugarcane but not in maize. In the latter host infection at a very early growth stage causes stunting and death. Systemic infection causes chlorotic leaf streaks, small poorly filed ears (formed in abnormally large numbers), elongated ear shanks, imperfect tassels with grain and sterility (21, 347; 42, 47, 629; 48, 1166). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia (Qd.), Fiji, India. Japan, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand (CMI Map 21. ed. 2. 1965). Recent records from Central America are considered doubtful (49, 3185, 3740). TRANSMISSION: In Taiwan conidial air dispersal was mostly at 0100-0300hr (50, 3701). There is evidence for seed transmission in maize (47, 2705). The role of the oospore in spread appears uncertain, most spread in sugarcane apparently occuring through the conidia, but infection of this host with the sexual spore was successful (41, 544). The fungus passes readily from one primary host to the other.
Albugo tragopogonis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mukerji K. G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Albugo tragopogonis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On members of
Compositae
only (Jorstad, 1964). DISEASE: White rust of salsify (
Tragopogon porrifolius
). Mostly infecting the leaves, rarely the stem (38, 674; 43, 62. 2797). Sometimes very damaging (45, 471). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia (51, 2749; 43, 2797). USA. S. America, Canada, Europe, Asia and Africa (Wilson, 1907). TRANSMISSION: Through overwintering oospores in soil and plant debris. Sporangia disseminated through rain-splash or wind.
Albugo candida
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mukerji K. G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Albugo candida
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On members of
Cruciferae
and
Capparidaceae
and also on leaves of
Reseda alba
(Jorstad, 1964). DISEASE: White blister or white rust of crucifers. Infection occurs mostly in young plants. White chalky pustules present all over the plant except the roots. Often causes damage to cabbage and its varieties and other crucifers (25, 416; 32, 100; 39, 334; 51, 813). The attacked parts often show marked hypertrophy, especially of the inflorescence. In rare instances galls have been found on roots of radish, contining oospores and globular haustoria (30, 194; 32, 81, 192; 33, 459). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide where hosts are present. TRANSMISSION: Primary infection is by zoospores from germinating zoospores left in the soil or plant debris from a previous crop (Butler & Jones, 1949; 34, 69, 336; 38, 582; 39, 753). Wind-borne sporangia also germinate by formation of zoospores.
Stemphylium lycopersici
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Stemphylium lycopersici
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Lycopersicon
most commonly but also found on
Allium, Carthamus, Gladiolus
and other plants. DISEASE:
Stemphylium
leaf blight of tomato, petal blight of carnation. The fungus forms necrotic lesions, closely resembling those of grey leaf spot (
S. solani
), on foliage and floral parts in which conidia are borne in later stages of infection. Relatively severe attacks have been recorded on chrysanthemum in Canada (41, 309; 46, 3384) and tomato in Israel (53, 2683). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Arabia, Israel, Malaysia (W. and Sarawak), India, Hong Kong, Yemen); Africa (Kenya); N. America (USA, Canada); S. America (Venezuela); Central America and W. Indies (Cuba); Australasia and Oceania (Tahiti). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia. Conidia have been shown to survive in dried plant refuse for 4 months and in dried agar culture for 8 months (Hannon & Weber, 1955).