bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wie kam das Bauhaus zu seinem Namen?
Authors: Neumann Dietrich 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
It has always been assumed that the name Bauhaus was invented in 1919 by Walter Gropius, the institution’s founder and first director. However, the name had been in use since 1915 by the conservative Berlin architect Albert Gessner for his practice. Gessner had become famous for large, ingeniously designed apartment house complexes. Gropius and Gessner knew each other from the German Werkbund and Gropius probably saw the name in this context and adopted it. Gessner’s private practice had little success at the time, he closed his Bauhaus in 1920 and the competing use of the name in Weimar probably did little damage. But Gessner was fiercely opposed to the modern movement in architecture and enthusiastically joined the Nazi party in 1932, which ultimately determined its demise.
Die Bauhäusler Franz Ehrlich und Fritz Ertl
Authors: Tragbar Klaus 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Bauhaus not only had the period of its existence in common with the Weimar Republic, but also many of its internal social, cultural and political contradictions. These contradictions become clear through the biographies of two Bauhaus graduates, Franz Ehrlich (1907 –1984) and Fritz Ertl (1908 –1982), who both studied with Hannes Meyer at the Bauhaus Dessau. After graduating, Ehrlich joined the KPD and worked with Walter Gropius and Hans Poelzig. In 1934, he was arrested as a resistance fighter and imprisoned in the Buchenwald concentration camp. After the Second World War, he became one of the most distinguished architects and furniture designers in the GDR and worked for the State Security. He died in 1984. Ertl returned to his father’s construction company in Linz after receiving his diploma. In 1938 he joined the NSDAP and the SS and was involved in the planning of the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp from 1940 onwards. After the end of the war, he worked again as an architect and building contractor in Linz. In 1972 he was charged and acquitted in the Vienna Auschwitz Trial. He died in 1982.
Morphological and molecular characterization of Gambierdiscus caribaeus (Dinophyceae), with a confirmation of its occurrence in the Colombian Caribbean Tayrona National Natural Park
Authors: Arteaga-Sogamoso Edgar , Rodríguez Francisco , Mancera-Pineda José Ernesto 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Dinoflagellates in the genus Gambierdiscus are known to produce potent neurotoxins known as ciguatoxins. These toxins vector through the food web and can reach sufficiently high levels to cause ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP). In many regions of the Caribbean, little is known about the occurrence of CFP-causing species or the incidence of CFP, despite its apparent regional increase over the last few decades. Given the intraspecific variability in content and potencies of these toxins among Gambierdiscus species, the precise identification of local species of this genus is crucial. In this study we confirm the presence of the epibenthic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus caribaeus in the Colombian continental Caribbean. Cells were collected in seagrass beds of Thalassia testudinum in Bonito Gordo, a site located on the western side of Bahía Concha, Tayrona National Natural Park, near the city of Santa Marta, Colombia. Subsequently, a single strain of Gambierdiscus could be established for further identification. Morphological (light and scanning electron microscopy), and molecular results (partial LSU and ITS rDNA sequencing) were consistent with the original description of G. caribaeus, as well as with the morphological characteristics shown by other authors in organisms obtained near the sampling area.
Exploring semantic differences between the Indonesian prefixesPE-andPEN-using a vector space model
Authors: Denistia Karlina , Shafaei-Bajestan Elnaz , Baayen R. Harald 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIndonesian has two prefixes,PE-andPEN-, that are similar in form and meaning, but are probably not allomorphs. In this study, we applied a distributional vector space model to clarify whether these prefixes have discriminable semantics. Comparisons of pairs of words within and across morphologically defined sets of words revealed that cosine similarities of pairs consisting of a word withPE-and a word withPEN-were reduced compared to pairs of onlyPE-words, or of onlyPEN-words. Furthermore, nouns withPE-were more similar to their base words than was the case for words withPEN-. The specialized use ofPE-for words denoting agents, and the specialized use ofPEN-for denoting instruments, was also visible in the semantic vector space. These differences in the semantics ofPE-andPEN-thus provide further quantitative support for the independent status ofPE-as opposed toPEN-.
Locative construals: topology, posture, disposition, and perspective in Secoya and beyond
Authors: Vallejos Rosa , Brown Hunter L. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study has two aims. First, it lays out the synchronic patterning of four constructions that express static location in Secoya (Tukanoan). Each construction licenses different semantic verb types: topological verbs, postural verbs, an existential verb, and a copula. Second, this study explores the different construals encoded by these constructions and highlights the ways speakers use them creatively to elaborate on stage-level properties adjacent to location in locative utterances. Data collected from six speakers using visual stimuli reveal that each of the constructions elaborates on specific aspects of locative scenes. Responses for typical/atypical scenes, negative polarity statements, and frequency patterns show that speakers can choose conceptualizations that favor Ground geometry, Figure posture, more complex Figure dispositions, or marked perspectivizations. Similar phenomena are observed in other Amazonian languages. These results raise difficulties in identifying a basic locative construction, suggesting that Secoya may not fit squarely into any type in existing typologies of spatial expression (e.g., Ameka and Levinson 2007). Additionally, the Secoya system raises questions about the relationship between conceptual alternativity and the notion of “basicness” with respect to construal types.
Tribological behavior of stainless steel in sulfuric acid in the presence of Thymus zygis subsp. gracilis essential oil: experimental and quantum chemical studies
Authors: Ouknin Mohamed , Boumezzourh Amal , Lakbaibi Zouhair , Ponthiaux Pierre , Costa Jean , Majidi Lhou 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
To reduce the use of synthetic compounds as wear-corrosion inhibitors, and substitute them with new ecological compounds, we are interested in evaluating the effect of the essential oils against the tribocorrosion. The present paper describes the effect of adding Thymus zygis subsp. gracilis (TZ) essential oil (3 g·L−1) on AISI 304L tribocorrosion behavior in 0.5 M H2SO4. As a result, the addition of this essential oil decreases the tribocorrosion rate [E (%) = 84.38], the value of friction coefficient, and the energy dissipated during sliding wear, in comparison to those recorded for dry environment and 0.5 M H2SO4. In addition, the essential oil improves the surface morphology of metal as shown by the scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray and the three-dimensional optical profiler analysis. In addition, the modeling approaches of experimental results, involving the density functional theory, the electrostatic potential, and the Monte Carlo methods, show that thymol (42.5% of TZ oil) is the best corrosion and tribocorrosion inhibitor that adhered to the stainless steel surface and offers a greater coverage area to block the metal wear-corrosion. According to the obtained results, the TZ essential oil can be used in the food industry to prevent the wear of materials.
The importance of phase composition for corrosion resistance and thermal oxidation behavior of gas-borided layer produced on nickel alloy
Authors: Makuch Natalia , Dziarski Piotr 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Gas boriding was used to produce the borided layer containing a mixture of chromium and nickel borides on the Inconel®600-alloy. The borided sample was characterized by a higher corrosion potential (−0.953 V) than the non-borided sample (−1.005 V). The corrosion current density was significantly lower for the borided sample. The oxidation at 1000 °C for 24 h caused the formation of different oxides on the surface of the borided sample. Simultaneously, the presence of nickel and chromium borides was confirmed by XRD analysis after the oxidation test. It was concluded, that the gas boriding could be an effective barrier against corrosion and oxidation of Inconel®600-alloy.
Kennings for ‘raven’ and ‘eagle’
Authors: Busch Vivian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This article provides an analysis of kennings for ‘raven’ and ‘eagle’, taking a closer look at the choice and meanings of base-words, their connection with determinants and the formation of kenning patterns. It investigates the role of kenning parts in establishing the meaning of the referent, also taking into consideration adjectives and adjectival elements of compounded base-words. The article is also a test case for how information can be drawn from a new kenning lexicon in form of an online-database. The database format offers various possibilities to structure the corpus of kennings, for instance allowing the article’s focus on details concerning the construction of kennings and the usage and combination of base-words and determinants.
Nicht alternativlos. Wie ein Reichskanzler Hitler hätte verhindert werden können
Authors: Pyta Wolfram , Orth Rainer 
Published: April 2021

Zusammenfassung
Der vorliegende Beitrag möchte einem Zentralereignis der deutschen Geschichte, dem 30. Januar 1933, neue Facetten abgewinnen. Dazu wählt er erstens einen methodischen Zugang, der nach der Entscheidungskultur fragt, aus der die Ernennung Hitlers zum Reichskanzler erwuchs. Dabei steht insbesondere die Ressource Zeit als Entscheidungsfaktor im Blickpunkt. Zweitens entwickelt der Beitrag Kriterien, um kontrafaktische Annahmen über einen alternativen Geschichtsverlauf auf ihre Plausibilität hin zu prüfen. Dies unterstreicht zugleich den Entscheidungscharakter des 30. Januar 1933: Reichspräsident Hindenburg hätte auch gegen eine Reichskanzlerschaft Hitlers votieren können, weil er über eine bewusste und von ihm selbst als aussichtsreich erwogene Handlungsalternative verfügte. Diese Handlungsalternative bestand in einer politischen Aufwertung Gregor Straßers wie sie nicht zuletzt von Reichskanzler Schleicher vorbereitet und dem Reichspräsidenten als alternative Lösung unterbreitet worden war. Auf einem erweiterten Quellenfundament, das sowohl neue Quellen auswertet als auch bekannte Quellen in einem neuen Licht erscheinen lässt, verknüpft der Beitrag erstmals systematisch die Aktionen der beiden Zentralfiguren Straßer und Schleicher. Die Straßer-Schleicher-Option setzte darauf, durch Zeitgewinn die allgemeine Lage zu beruhigen und Straßer als gouvernementale Alternative zu Hitler so zu profilieren, dass bei fälligen Neuwahlen eine Straßer-Partei den politischen Führungsanspruch Hitlers irreparabel beschädigen würde. Hindenburg verwarf letztlich diese Option, weil er eine rasche und grundstürzende politische Veränderung anstrebte, die nur mit Hitler zu realisieren war: keine Zwischenlösung, sondern eine „Endlösung“.
Calculations of activation energy and frequency factors for corn leafs pyrolysis using excel solver: new concept
Authors: Al-Ayed Omar Salim , Amer Mohammad Waleed , Al-Harahshah Sura , Maaten Birgit , Ahmed Muhammad Sajjad 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Thermal degradations of biomass corn leaves were studied for kinetic modeling. Thermogravimetric-differential analyzer runs at 5, 10, 20, and 30 °C min−1 heating rates were employed. Apparent activation energy and frequency factor values were calculated for first-order kinetics using several procedures. The procedure of Coats and Redfern showed 28.89 to 31.78 kJ mol−1 apparent activation energy and 15.5 to 157.12 min−1 frequency factor, respectively. Calculation of the apparent activation energy and frequency factor using Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose procedure gave 229.9–364.2 kJ/mol and 8.567 × 1023 and 1.13 × 1031 (min−1), respectively as the conversion increased from 0.1 to 0.9. The newly introduced excel solver procedure indicates a distribution activation energy over the entire range of conversion. For first-order reaction kinetics, the calculated apparent activation energy magnitudes ranged between 5.0 kJ mol−1 with frequency factor equals to 0.239 and 196.2 kJ mol−1 with frequency factor 2.89 × 1012 in the studied range. The low or high magnitudes of the calculated activation energy are not associated with a particular value of the conversion. The calculated apparent activation energies are related to the direct solution of the simultaneous equations that constitute the basis of the excel solver.
Fabrication of monoclinic BiVO4 photocatalyst film and its photocatalytic activity for organic pollutant removal
Authors: Chaiwichian Saranyoo , Samran Buagun 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Monoclinic BiVO4 photocatalyst films decorated on glass substrates were successfully fabricated via a dip-coating technique with different annealing temperatures of 400 °C, 450 °C, 500°C, and 550 °C. All of the physical and chemical properties of as-prepared BiVO4 photocatalyst film samples were investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra techniques. The results revealed that the as-prepared BiVO4 photocatalyst film samples retained a monoclinic phase with an average particle size of about 50 – 100 nm. Moreover, the BiVO4 photocatalyst film samples showed a strong photoabsorption edge in the range of visible light with the band gap energy of 2.46 eV. The photocatalytic activities of all the film samples were tested by the degradation of model acid orange 7 under visible light irradiation. The BiVO4 photocatalyst film sample annealed at a temperature of 500 °C showed the highest photoactivity efficiency compared with other film samples, reaching up to 51%within 180 min. In addition, the stability and reusability of BiVO4 photocatalyst film sample made with an annealing temperature of 500 °C did not show loss of photodegradation efficiency of acid orange 7 after ten recycles. A likely mechanism of the photocatalytic process was established by trapping experiments, indicating that the hydroxyl radical scavenger species can be considered to play a key role for acid orange 7 degradation under visible light irradiation.
Prospective surgical solutions in degenerative spine: spinal simulation for optimal choice of implant and targeted device development
Authors: Salchow-Gille Monique , Rieger Bernhard , Reinshagen Clemens , Molcanyi Marek , Lemke Joschka , Brautferger Uta , Sitoci-Ficici Kerim Hakan , Polanski Witold , Pinzer Thomas , Schackert Gabriele 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Objectives
The most important goal of surgical treatment for spinal degeneration, in addition to eliminating the underlying pathology, is to preserve the biomechanically relevant structures. If degeneration destroys biomechanics, the single segment must either be surgically stabilized or functionally replaced by prosthetic restoration. This study examines how software-based presurgical simulation affects device selection and device development.

Methods
Based on videofluoroscopic motion recordings and pixel-precise processing of the segmental motion patterns, a software-based surrogate functional model was validated. It characterizes the individual movement of spinal segments relative to corresponding cervical or lumbar spine sections. The single segment-based motion of cervical or lumbar spine of individual patients can be simulated, if size-calibrated functional X-rays of the relevant spine section are available. The software plug-in “biokinemetric triangle” has been then integrated into this software to perform comparative segmental motion analyses before and after treatment in two cervical device studies: the correlation of implant-induced changes in the movement geometry and patient-related outcome was examined to investigate, whether this surrogate model could provide a guideline for implant selection and future implant development.

Results
For its validation in 253 randomly selected patients requiring single-level cervical (n=122) or lumbar (n=131) implant-supported restoration, the biokinemetric triangle provided significant pattern recognition in comparable investigations (p<0.05) and the software detected device-specific changes after implant-treatment (p<0.01). Subsequently, 104 patients, who underwent cervical discectomy, showed a correlation of the neck disability index with implant-specific changes in their segmental movement geometry: the preoperative simulation supported the best choice of surgical implants, since the best outcome resulted from restricting the extent of the movement of adjacent segments influenced by the technical mechanism of the respective device (p<0.05).

Conclusions
The implant restoration resulted in best outcome which modified intersegmental communication in a way that the segments adjacent to the implanted segment undergo less change in their own movement geometry. Based on our software-surrogate, individualized devices could be created that slow down further degeneration of adjacent segments by influencing the intersegmental communication of the motion segments.
First encounter effects in testing of highly automated vehicles during two experimental occasions – The need for recurrent testing
Authors: Andersson Jonas , Habibovic Azra , Rizgary Daban 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
To explore driver behavior in highly automated vehicles (HAVs), independent researchers are mainly conducting short experiments. This limits the ability to explore drivers’ behavioral changes over time, which is crucial when research has the intention to reveal human behavior beyond the first-time use. The current paper shows the methodological importance of repeated testing in experience and behavior related studies of HAVs. The study combined quantitative and qualitative data to capture effects of repeated interaction between drivers and HAVs. Each driver (

n
=
8

n=8

) participated in the experiment on two different occasions (∼90 minutes) with one-week interval. On both occasions, the drivers traveled approximately 40 km on a rural road at AstaZero proving grounds in Sweden and encountered various traffic situations. The participants could use automated driving (SAE level 4) or choose to drive manually. Examples of data collected include gaze behavior, perceived safety, as well as interviews and questionnaires capturing general impressions, trust and acceptance. The analysis shows that habituation effects were attenuated over time. The drivers went from being exhilarated on the first occasion, to a more neutral behavior on the second occasion. Furthermore, there were smaller variations in drivers’ self-assessed perceived safety on the second occasion, and drivers were faster to engage in non-driving related activities and become relaxed (e. g., they spent more time glancing off road and could focus more on non-driving related activities such as reading). These findings suggest that exposing drivers to HAVs on two (or more) successive occasions may provide more informative and realistic insights into driver behavior and experience as compared to only one occasion. Repeating an experiment on several occasions is of course a balance between the cost and added value, and future research should investigate in more detail which studies need to be repeated on several occasions and to what extent.
Proficiency-aware systems: Designing for user reflection in context-aware systems
Authors: Karolus Jakob , Woźniak Paweł W. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In an increasingly digital world, intelligent systems support us in accomplishing many everyday tasks. With the proliferation of affordable sensing devices, inferring user states from collected physiological data paves the way to tailor-made adaptation. While estimating a user’s abilities is technically possible, such proficiency assessments are rarely employed to benefit the user’s task reflection. In our work, we investigate how to model and design for proficiency estimation as part of context-aware systems. In this paper, we present the definition and conceptual architecture of proficiency-aware systems. The concept is not only applicable to current adaptive systems but provides a stepping stone for systems which actively aid in developing user proficiency during interaction.
Opioid Crisis Response and Resilience: Results and Perspectives from a Multi-Agency Tabletop Exercise at the Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency
Authors: Siedschlag Alexander , Lu Tiangeng , Jerković Andrea , Kensinger Weston 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This article presents and discusses, in the new context of COVID-19, findings from a tabletop exercise on response and resilience in the ongoing opioid crisis in Pennsylvania. The exercise was organized by [identifying information removed] and held at the Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency (PEMA), in further collaboration with the Governor’s Office of Homeland Security, the Pennsylvania Department of Health, and with the participation of several additional agencies and institutions. It addressed first-responder and whole-community response and resilience to the ongoing opioid crisis. More than 50 experts participated in the one-day program that involved state and local agencies, first-responder organizations, as well as academia in a discussion about effectuating comprehensive response to overdose incidents. Participant experts represented a wide array of backgrounds, including state and local law enforcement agencies; emergency medical technicians; public health and health care professionals; and scholars from the fields of law, security studies, public policy, and public health, among other relevant areas. Participants addressed specific challenges, including resource sharing among responders; capacity-building for long-term recovery; effective integration of non-traditional partners, such as spontaneous volunteers and donors; and public education and outreach to improve prevention. The exercise aimed to strengthen the whole-community approach to emergency response.
Student Performance Prediction with Optimum Multilabel Ensemble Model
Authors: Yekun Ephrem Admasu , Haile Abrahaley Teklay 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
One of the important measures of quality of education is the performance of students in academic settings. Nowadays, abundant data is stored in educational institutions about students which can help to discover insight on how students are learning and to improve their performance ahead of time using data mining techniques. In this paper, we developed a student performance prediction model that predicts the performance of high school students for the next semester for five courses. We modeled our prediction system as a multi-label classification task and used support vector machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), K-nearest Neighbors (KNN), and Multi-layer perceptron (MLP) as base-classifiers to train our model. We further improved the performance of the prediction model using a state-of-the-art partitioning scheme to divide the label space into smaller spaces and used Label Powerset (LP) transformation method to transform each labelset into a multi-class classification task. The proposed model achieved better performance in terms of different evaluation metrics when compared to other multi-label learning tasks such as binary relevance and classifier chains.