bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi-species Grazing for Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes – a Review
Authors: Burke Joan M , Miller James E 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Multi-species grazing, alternate grazing of cattle with sheep or goats, offers benefits to gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) control as GIN species differ between hosts. In the Southeastern United States, common GIN species of cattle include Cooperia spp., Ostertagia ostertagi, Haemonchus spp., whereas species of sheep and goats are Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus spp., Cooperia curticei, and Oesophagostomum spp. Anthelmintic resistance is widely prevalent in small ruminants, and is an increasing problem in cattle, but remains less prevalent. Thus, it is recommended to farmers to use a multi-faceted approach of GIN control, including multi-species grazing. Because management differs between cattle and small ruminants in regard to copper tolerance in minerals, predator control and fencing, alternate grazing of species has most commonly been used. Other considerations include age or susceptibility to GIN, as young calves may be vulnerable to GIN, but mature cows often have negligible GIN infection. Similarly, weanling lambs and kids are susceptible, and depending on breed, adults range from highly resistant to susceptible. Research indicates that GIN burden of more resistant animals is less influenced by multi-species grazing, and highly susceptible animals will likely need additional measures of control. The more resistant species used in the multi-species grazing may lend more control to the more susceptible. Some research showed reductions in O. ostertagi, but not C. oncophora in cattle during extended grazing of cattle and sheep, and reductions of H. contortus and T. colubriformis in sheep. However, other research reported similar worm burdens. Weight gains were improved in lambs grazed alternately with cattle in some studies, and most studies showed little benefit to cattle. Little has been published on alternate grazing with cattle and goats. The complex interactions, larger plot sizes needed, and time required to complete experiments limits published studies of this important management scheme.
Best Management Practices for Parasite Control in Beef Herds in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Navarre Christine B 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objective of this presentation is to outline best management practices for parasite control in beef herds in the Southeastern United States. The emergence of anthelmintic resistance in common gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) of beef cattle necessitates a new approach. Short term economic gains from anthelmintic use must be balances with programs that foster long term sustainability of parasite control. An understanding of GIN biology combined with diagnostic testing is the foundation for developing control programs tailored to an individual farm. Incorporating refugia-based programs along with appropriate anthelmintic use will promote sustainable parasite control.
Effect of Gum Arabica (GA) Drench on Indicators of Anemia in Goats
Authors: Ahmed Yaser M , Ismail Hamid , Rehrah Djaafar M , Worku Mulumebet 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Gum arabica (GA) is a well-known traditional herbal medication from Acacia Senegal. Previous studies have shown that GA has physiological and therapeutic effects on animals. Anemia is a reduction below normal in the number of red blood cells. Infection by parasites, such as Haemonchus contortus, can result in anemia when there is a reduction below normal in the number of red blood cells. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of GA on anemia in goats. The packed cell volume (PCV) and FAMACHA© score were used as indicators of anemia. Clinically healthy Boer and Spanish goats (n = 20) from the NCA&T University Farm Small Ruminant Unit were used in the study. Following initial screening for infection, twenty goats (n = 20) were assigned randomly to two groups of ten (n = 20). Goats in the treatment group were drenched daily with 10 mL of GA extract for 6 weeks. A control group of ten age-matched goats received sterile water. The FAMACHA© score was evaluated and recorded weekly. Blood samples collected at the time of evaluation were assessed for packed cell volume weekly. Data were analyzed by using PROC GLM in SAS 9.4(PM &lt; 0.05). Treatment with GA increased PCV and decreased FAMACHA© scores when compared to the control group. Thus, water extracts of GA may aid in alleviating anemia, caused by parasites or resulting from other causes, to enhance goat health and production. The effect on parasites and overall health is being evaluated.
Effects of Dietary Inclusion of Sericea Lespedeza Hay on Behavior, Heat Energy, and Ruminal Methane Emission by Growing Alpine Doelings and Katahdin Ewe Lambs
Authors: Wang Wei L , Ribeiro Luana L , Portugal Italo L , Gipson Terry A , Goetsch Arthur L 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Twenty-four Alpine doelings (initial body weight (BW) and age of 25.3±0.55 kg and 10.4±0.11 mo, respectively) and 24 Katahdin ewe lambs (28.3±1.02 kg and 9.6±0.04 mo, respectively) were used to determine effects of dietary level of Sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata; 10% condensed tannins) on heat energy and ruminal emission of the greenhouse gas methane determined with an open-circuit calorimetry system. Pens with Calan feeding gates were used in the study with four 6–7-wk periods. Diets (i.e., treatments) consumed ad libitum were 75% ground hay, alfalfa, a 1:1 mixture of alfalfa and lespedeza (AL), and lespedeza. Data were analyzed with a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments, repeated measure of period, and a mixed effects model. Feeders were open 195 and 205 min/d for Alpine and Katahdin (SEM=9.8) and longer (P &lt; 0.05) for diets with lespedeza (159, 209, and 231 min/d for alfalfa, AL, and lespedeza, respectively). Rate of dry matter intake (DMI) was greater (P &lt; 0.05) for Katahdin vs. Alpine (10.2 and 6.1 g/min) and for alfalfa than for AL and lespedeza (11.1, 8.1, and 6.7 g/min, respectively). Heat energy was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in MJ/d for Katahdin than for Alpine (10.19 vs. 7.90) and similar among diets (9.20, 9.40, and 8.53; SEM=0.266), but values in kJ/kg BW0.75 were similar between animal types (560 and 579; SEM=8.4) and greatest (P &lt; 0.05) among diets for AL (563, 592, and 553 for alfalfa, AL, and lespedeza, respectively). Ruminal methane emission differed (P &lt; 0.05) between animal types in MJ/d (1.17 and 1.44), kJ/g DMI (1.39 and 1.23), and kJ/g average daily gain (ADG; 18.1 and 9.8 for Alpine and Katahdin, respectively). Regardless of period, diet did not impact methane emission in MJ/d or relative to DMI, BW, or ADG. In conclusion, it is unclear why dietary inclusion of lespedeza did not reduce ruminal methane emission as in previous studies. Species differences in methane relative to DMI and ADG (i.e., lower for sheep than for goats) deserve further attention.
Growth Performance of Short Scrotum and Castrated Hair Sheep Lambs on Pasture During Different Seasons
Authors: Wildeus Stephan , O’Brien Dahlia , Pent Gabriel J , Payne Kathryn M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Castrated lambs tend to grow slower compared to intact males. Rendering lambs short scrotum offers an opportunity to achieve comparable growth to an intact lamb while allowing them to be co-grazed with ewe lambs. Here we evaluated lamb growth in a mixed flock of castrated (CA), short-scrotum (SS) and female (FE) Barbados Blackbelly and St. Croix hair sheep lambs. Lambs were born in December (n = 30) and April (n = 45) from the same ewe flock mated to different sires each season. Ram lambs were either rendered short scrotum or completely castrated using elastrator bands at weaning, and all lambs transitioned in dry lot for 2 mo before return to pasture. Lambs co-grazed in a rotational pasture system and were moved based on visual assessment of forage availability and were provided bermudagrass hay when forage availability was limited. Lambs were supplemented with soy hull at 3% BW to ensure diet continuity between forage environments. Ewe lambs were grown to target weights of 35 kg and males to 40 kg. Data were analyzed for sex class, breed, and season as main effects. Pasture ADG was higher (P &lt; 0.001) in SS (132 g/d) than in CA (102 g/d) and FE (96 g/d) lambs. Age at target weight tended to be earlier (P &lt; 0.1) in SS (261 d) than CA (291 d). December-born lambs had higher pen ADG (236 vs. 135 g/d; P&lt; 0.001) than April-born lambs, but had similar pasture ADG (102 vs. 108 g/d). In contrast, St. Croix lambs had similar pre-pasture growth to Blackbelly lambs, but higher pasture ADG (118 vs. 94 g/d; P &lt; 0.001) and reached target weight 40 d earlier (P &lt; 0.001). Data indicate that the forage environment allowed differences in growth potential derived from sex type and breed to be expressed, but that soy hull supplementation likely masked seasonal differences associated with forage quality.
Changes in Cytochrome P450 in Katahdin Ewes Fed Endophyte-infected Tall Fescue Seed Diets in Spring and Fall
Authors: Acharya Mohan , Burke Joan M , Wood Erin , Huang Yan , Morse Palika Dias , Coffey Ken , Lannett Edwards J L , Rosenkrans Charles F 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Objective was to examine the activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP), a liver enzyme that metabolizes ergot alkaloids which is hindered by this fescue toxin, as an indicator of fescue toxicosis in sheep. In spring and fall, ewes were blocked by age and BW, and randomly assigned to 1 kg/ewe/d of endophyte-infected (E+; 61% of diet in fall, 13% of diet in spring; 0.8 µg/g of ergovaline; and soy hulls, alfalfa pellets, cottonseed hulls, molasses) or non-infected (E-; same proportion of E+/season and same feeds) tall fescue seed supplement (n = 10/diet in each season) for 28 d, plus hay, mineral and water. Ewes were exposed to teaser, d -21 to 0, and intact rams, d 0 (first day of diet) to 30. Rectal temperature (RT), serum concentration of prolactin (using RIA), and CYP were determined every 7–14 d between d 0–28, and pregnancy status on d 56. PromegaTM P450-Glo assay was used to determine CYP from serum. Data were analyzed by using PROC MIXED with repeated measures (SAS). Rectal temperature of E+ compared with E- ewes was elevated on at least one day in fall and spring (diet × season × d, P &lt; 0.001). Serum prolactin was lower in E+ compared with E- ewes (diet × d, P &lt; 0.001) and lower in fall (P &lt; 0.001). CYP was higher in E- ewes on d 28 in fall (diet × season × d, P = 0.008), but otherwise similar between diets, and higher in fall than spring (P &lt; 0.001). There was an unexpected negative correlation between CYP and prolactin (R = -0.24; P &lt; 0.009), but there appears to be a subpopulation of ewes with low prolactin and lower CYP. CYP activity in sera may not be a marker for fescue toxicosis in ewes.
Immunomodulatory Effects of Gum Arabica in Goat Blood
Authors: Ahmed Yaser M , Ismail Hamid , Rehrah Djaafar M , Worku Mulumebet 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes and other pathogens pose a major problem for goat production by reducing animal performance and welfare. Plants such as Acacia Senegal are useful as dietary sources for natural prophylaxis. Gum Arabica (GA) from A. Sengal has antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory properties that need to be explored in goats. The objective of this study was to investigate the possible immunomodulatory effect of a water extract of GA in goat blood. Clinically healthy Boer and Spanish goats from the NCA&T Small ruminant unit were used. Goats were assigned randomly to two groups of ten (n = 20). Goats of one group were drenched daily with 10 mL of GA (treatment I) extract for 6 weeks. The second (control) group of goats received sterile water (treatment II). Blood was collected from the jugular vein in tubes containing acid-citrate-dextrose anticoagulant. Plasma was separated and the concentration of total protein was determined using Pierce BCA kit (Thermo Scientific Pierce, Rockford, IL). The white blood cell differential count was assessed on Wrights smeared stains. Data were analyzed using PROC GLM in SAS 9.4 (P &lt; 0.05). Treatment with GA modulated total plasma protein concentration and the differential white blood cell counts. Treatment increased total plasma protein concentration and % lymphocytes, it decreased % neutrophils. Immunomodulation by GA may be advantageous in promoting health and wellness in goats. Further studies on the mechanism of action are warranted.
Effect of Copper Oxide Wire Particles with and Without Anthelmintic Treatment or Anthelmintic Treatment Alone on Gastrointestinal Nematode (GIN) Fecal Egg Counts in Goats
Authors: Whitley Niki C , Dykes Greg , Vazquez Jennifer , Burke Joan M , Terrill Thomas H 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In two experiments (Exp), naturally parasite-infected 5–8 mo-old intact male Spanish goats were used to determine fecal egg count (FEC) reduction effects of copper oxide wire particles (COWP; 1 g bolus Copasure®) and levamisole (12 mg/kg; LEV; Prohibit®) alone or in combination with COWP; for Exp 2, albendazole (20 mg/kg; ALB, Valbazen ®, Exp 2 only) alone or in combination with COWP and an untreated control group (CON; n = 11) was also included. Animals were individually housed in 1.5 x 1.5-m pens (Exp. 1) or as a group on pasture (Exp. 2). For the studies, goats were selectively dewormed based on a FAMACHA© eyelid color score of 3, 4 or 5, with n = 12 and 13 for COWP in Exp 1 and 2, respectively, n = 14/Exp for LEV, n = 12/Exp for COWP and levamisole (LC), and (Exp, 2), n = 10 for COWP and albendazole (AC) and n = 12 for ALB. Fecal samples were collected using a gloved finger technique on D 0 and 14 in Exp 1 and Day 0 and 10 for Exp 2 for determination of FEC using a modified McMaster’s technique with a 50 egg per gram sensitivity and calculation of FEC reduction (RED; ((Day 0 FEC-Day 14 FEC)/Day 0 FEC)*100). Data were analyzed with a general liner model procedure using SAS. Larval culture (Exp 1) indicated 99.8% Haemonchus contortus on Day 0. Mean RED was greater for LC than LEV and COWP (P &lt; 0.04) for Exp 1 (Day 14). For Exp 2, mean RED was greater (P &lt; 0.04) for AC than ALB and CON, but not COWP, and was greater (P &lt; 0.03) for LC compared CON and COWP, but not LEV. In these two studies, COWP resulted in &gt; 93% reduction in FEC and the addition of a deworming drug did not improve effectiveness consistently (only in Exp. 1).
Influencing Perceptions in Non-animal Science Majors: Impact of a High Enrollment, Asynchronous Core Curriculum Science General Animal Science Course
Authors: Paudyal Sushil , Frenzel Leslie , Dunlap Kathrin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Perceptions of animal production industry and background knowledge of animal science vary greatly amongst students, particularly non-animal science majors. The objective was to assess the influence of a large asynchronous core curriculum science course, General Animal Science, on non-major student perceptions and knowledge of animal science. Student surveys (n = 634) were conducted (preceding and subsequent to course completion. The majority (57.66%) indicated no agriculture background. Among those reporting an agriculture background, 47.82% indicated having animal industry experience, and a mean score of 4.22 [SD 2.96; Likert scale (0–10)] evaluating perceived strength of their agriculture background. Of respondents, 34.77% indicated experience with companion animal, 13.6% beef cattle, 12.5% equine, 10.4% sheep and goats, 8.01% swine, 9.7% poultry, and 3.5% dairy cattle. Post-course responses were received from 71% of the enrolled students (n=541), and comprised of freshman (0–29 credit hours; n = 81), sophomore (30–59, n = 142), junior (60–89; n = 141), senior (90+; n = 48). Respondents indicated a mean score of 7.51 [SD 2.47; Likert scale (0–10)] that this course increased their interest in animal science and indicated a mean score of 6.71 (SD 2.97) on motivation to further their animal science knowledge. Students reported they felt more informed in beef cattle (40.10%), dairy cattle (15.05%), equine (14.56%), poultry (10.92%), swine (4.61%), and small animal (6.55%) production industries. Respondents (98.06%) indicated increased confidence as an educated consumer of animal products and a majority (92.2%) agreed this course helped eliminate misconceptions related to the animal production industry. In addition, 34.22% responded extremely likely, and 50.73% somewhat likely to utilize course knowledge in their everyday life. We concluded that enrollment in the asynchronous core curriculum science course, General Animal Science, reduced misconceptions related to animal production and increased knowledge of and appreciation of the animal production industry in non-animal science majors.
Effect of Increased Ruminal Propionate on the Expression of Gluconeogenic Genes in the Liver of Cattle on a Finishing Diet
Authors: Salisbury Carlee M , Rathert Abbey R , Foote Andrew P 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to determine whether increasing ruminal propionate in various amounts will lead to an increased expression of genes in the liver related to glucose metabolism. Holstein (n = 15) steers were individually fed a finishing diet ad libitum, twice a day, with free access to water. Treatments consisted of no added calcium propionate (CON), 100 g/d (LOW), or 300 g/d (HIGH). Treatments were split in half and mixed in the diet twice daily. Liver biopsies were taken on day 33 of propionate treatment and immediately frozen on dry ice. Samples were extracted for RNA, reverse transcribed to produce cDNA, and then analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR. Five genes involved in gluconeogenesis were selected as target genes, including solute carrier family 16 member 1 (SLC16A1), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PCK1), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2 (PCK2), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC), and solute carrier family 2 member 2 (SLC2A2). There was a treatment effect (P = 0.04) for SLC16A1 expression, which encodes the protein MCT1, with steers on the HIGH treatment displaying the greatest expression, CON the least, and LOW was intermediate. There was also a tendency for a treatment effect on SLC2A2 (P = 0.07), which encodes the protein GLUT1, with the HIGH treatment displaying the greatest expression and CON the lowest. There was no significant treatment effect on expression of PCK1 (P = 0.27), PCK2 (P = 0.93), or G6PC (P = 0.29). These data indicate that increasing ruminal propionate may increase the expression of MCT1, which is likely due to increased propionate supply to the liver and could lead to greater glucose output from the liver.
Impact of Retail Case Type and Lighting Intensity on Instrumental Color Traits of Ground Beef Patties
Authors: Kutz Mesa B , Vierck Kelly R , Yancey Janeal W S 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the influence of retail case type and lighting intensity on color stability of ground beef patties. Ground 80:20 beef was procured from a local retail establishment between 7 and 10 d from the box date and ground through a 9.5 mm grinder plate, then formed into 150.25 g patties. Patties were then individually packaged in PVC-overwrap packages and randomly assigned into one of four treatments: open, multideck cases with 3000 K lighting (OPEN3000), open, 3500 K lighting (OPEN3500), enclosed, multideck cases with doors with 3000 K lighting (DOOR3000), and enclosed multideck at 3500 K lighting (DOOR3500). Patties were displayed for 7 d and instrumental color values (CIE L*, a*, and b*) were taken every 24 h. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with repeated measures, with case type, lighting intensity, and their interaction serving as fixed effects. Patties in DOOR cases possessed greater L* values (P &lt; 0.05) than OPEN cases on d 3 of display. A similar trend existed for a*, where DOOR patties were redder (P &lt; 0.05) than OPEN patties from d 2 to the end of display, and b* values were higher (P &lt; 0.05) in DOOR cases from d 1 to d 4 of display. Patties from the DOOR cases also possessed increased chroma values (P &lt; 0.05) from d 1 to 6 of display, and decreased (indicating more red) hue angle values from d 3 to the end of display. No differences were observed between lighting intensity for any trait evaluated (P ≥ 0.293). These results indicate patties placed in enclosed retail cases with doors are lighter, redder, and more intense in color during display compared to traditional open-front cases, which indicates greater color stability.
Technical Note: In vivo estimation of lipogenesis using a bolus injection of [U-13C]glucose in pigs
Authors: Salgado Hector H , Remus Aline , Pomar Candido , Létourneau-Montminy Marie-Pierre , Lapierre Hélène 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The use of radioactive isotopes to measure de novo lipogenesis in pigs has been well established. Different from radioactive isotopes, stable isotopes present little or no risk to human and animal subjects. Therefore, the objective of this study was to adapt the method of bolus injection of radioactive glucose (14C) to use 13C-labeled glucose to estimate de novo lipogenesis in finishing pigs. Five vein-catheterized gilts received 3.0 kg/d of a commercial diet for 2 wk. On the last day, the pigs received a bolus injection of [U-13C]glucose (12 mg/kg body weight). A serial of blood samples was taken for 4 h to determine the glucose rate of disappearance (Rd) from plasma glucose isotopic enrichment (IE). The 13C IE of lipids was determined from adipose tissue biopsies collected at 1, 2, and 3 h after the bolus injection and from adipose tissue collected after pig euthanasia 4 h after the bolus. Lipogenesis was estimated from the incorporation of 13C from glucose into adipose tissue lipids. Glucose Rd, estimated using a double-exponential function, averaged 5.4 ± 1.4 mmol/min. The IE of lipids increased linearly during the 4 h following the bolus injection (P &lt; 0.05). The rate of incorporation of glucose into lipids, estimating lipogenesis, averaged 9.0 µg glucose/(min × g of lipids) 4 h after the bolus injection. In conclusion, the in vivo method using a bolus injection of [U-13C]glucose allows a successful estimation of de novo lipogenesis in finishing pigs.
Deabsorption prestack time migration from rugged topography
Authors: Han Changshan , Liu Linong , Liu Zelin , Li Zhengwei 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We developed a modified topography prestack time migration (PSTM) scheme that can improve the imaging resolution by applying effective Q to topography migration. The computation of the traveltime at each imaging location in the migration is based on the floating datum smoothed by rugged topography. Unlike the common quality factor Q, the effective Q only determines the frequency-dependent amplitude and the traveltime at a single imaging location, which enables us to establish a Q model in an inhomogeneous medium. Hence, we can acquire the effective Q using a scanning technology according to the width of the frequency band and signal-to-noise ratio of the imaging gathers. The proposed migration method can be integrated into the conventional topography migration workflow. Synthetic and three-dimensional (3D) field datasets indicate that the proposed deabsorption PSTM from rugged topography is effective.