bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tick gut barriers impacting tick–microbe interactions and pathogen persistence
Authors: Kitsou Chrysoula , Foor Shelby D. , Dutta Shraboni , Bista Sandhya , Pal Utpal 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTicks are regarded as one of the most ancient, unique, and highly evolved ectoparasites. They can parasitize diverse vertebrates and transmit a number of widespread infections. Once acquired from infected hosts, many tick‐borne pathogens, like Borrelia burgdorferi, are confined within the tick gut lumen and are surrounded by discrete gut barriers. Such barriers include the peritrophic membrane (PM) and the dityrosine network (DTN), which are in close contact with resident microbiota and invading pathogens, influencing their survival within the vector. Herein, we review our current state of knowledge about tick–microbe interactions involving the PM and DTN structures. As a model, we will focus on Ixodes ticks, their microbiome, and the pathogen of Lyme disease. We will address the most salient findings on the structural and physiological roles of these Ixodes gut barriers on microbial interactions, with a comparison to analogous functions in other model vectors, such as mosquitoes. We will distill how this information could be leveraged towards a better understanding of the basic mechanisms of gut biology and tick–microbial interactions, which could contribute to potential therapeutic strategies in response to ticks and tick‐borne infections.
An analysis of antibody responses and clinical sequalae of the Sinopharm HB02 COVID19 vaccine in dialysis patients in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Holt Stephen Geoffrey , Mahmoud Sally , Ahmed Wasim , Acuna Juan Manuel , Al Madani Ayman Kamal , Eltantawy Islam , Zaher Walid Abbas , Goodier Gareth John , Al Kaabi Nawal Ahmed , Al Obaidli Ali Abdulkareem 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAimTo establish the responses to the Sinopharm HB02 COVID‐19 vaccination in the dialysis population, which are not well established. We examined the humoral responses to the Sinopharm COVID vaccine in haemodialysis patients.MethodsStandard vaccinations (two doses at interval of ~21 days) were given to all consenting haemodialysis patients on dialysis (n = 1296). We measured the antibody responses at 14–21 days after the second vaccine to define the development of anti‐spike antibodies >15 AU/ml after vaccination and observed the clinical effects of vaccination.ResultsVaccination was very well tolerated with few side‐effects. In those who consented to antibody measurements, (n = 446) baseline sampling showed 77 had positive antibodies, yet received full vaccination without any apparent adverse events. Positive anti‐spike antibodies developed in 50% of the 270 baseline negative patients who had full sampling, compared with 78.1% in the general population. COVID infection continues to occur in both vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals, but in the whole group vaccination appears to have been associated with a reduction in the case fatality rate.ConclusionThe humoral immune responses to standard HB02 vaccination schedules are attenuated in a haemodialysis cohort, but likely the vaccine saves lives. We suggest that an enhanced HB02 vaccination course or antibody checking may be prudent to protect this vulnerable group of patients.We suggest a booster dose of this vaccine at 3 months should be given to all dialysis patients, on the grounds that it is well tolerated even in those with good antibody levels and there may be a survival advantage.
Living, loving and letting go‐navigating the relational within palliative care of older people in long‐term care facilities: An action research study
Authors: Molloy Una , Phelan Amanda 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundLong term care facilities are important environments for the delivery of palliative care, which includes end of life care. Despite this, staff may feel this care focus is separate to their roles. Consequently, this study explores and makes visible how palliative care is understood in long term residential care facilities for older people. It focuses on how relationships with residents and families are experienced by nurses and health care assistants and how this influences the introduction and provision of palliative care to older people in long term care facilities.ObjectivesTo develop an understanding of what palliative care means to staff caring for older people in residential care.MethodsA co‐operative inquiry action research approach was used. A total of 18 healthcare assistants and 16 registered nurses in two older person long term care facilities participated in co‐operative inquiry groups. Co‐inquirers reflected on deaths that occurred over a 6‐month period and generated narratives on their relationships in the context of palliative care.ResultsThree themes were identified to describe relationships which were immersed in an ethos of person‐centred care. These were living, loving and letting go. Living rather than dying was the predominant focus of care. Loving described deep engagement with older people and families while letting go navigated the dying process.ConclusionsStaff in nursing homes experience deep attachments to residents when delivering palliative care and end of life care. There is a need to understand these relationships and how they impact on the understanding and integration of palliative care in older person residential care as well as acknowledging and addressing staff’s grief processes to enhance resilience.
Unveiling the Mechanism for the Photochemistry and Photodegradation of Vanillin
Authors: Gawargy Teresa A. , Wang Bowen , Scaiano Juan C. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe photolysis of vanillin produces a short‐lived triplet state where its lifetime is controlled by efficient self‐quenching (kSQ ~ 2 × 109 m−1 s−1) which also generates radicals. Free radical reactions, including vanillin dimer formation, are responsible for the degradation of vanillin and is accompanied by yellowing of the acetonitrile solutions. Laser flash photolysis studies reveal a triplet absorbing at 390 nm, readily quenched by naphthalenes, conjugated dienes and oxygen. Vanillin is also a good singlet oxygen sensitizer as revealed by its characteristic NIR emission at 1270 nm.
Unpacking the Realities and Complexities of Sensemaking: Government Practitioners’ Experiences of Emergency Risk Communication
Authors: Thomas Madeleine , Klemm Celine , Hutchins Brett , Kaufman Stefan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDuring public health emergencies, government practitioners must rapidly make sense of the risk to human health and the emergency risk communication (ERC) options available. These practitioners determine what, how, and when information is communicated to the public. Recurring criticism of ERC indicates that the communication is not meeting the needs of the community. To improve ERC practice, it is therefore critical to understand practitioners’ sensemaking in these complex and time‐critical settings. This article unpacks the realities and complexities of sensemaking, the process by which practitioners create meaning from the information they receive about an emergency as it unfolds. Qualitative interviews gathered practitioners’ lived experiences of public health emergencies, namely, smoke events (e.g., wildfires and industrial facility fires), and thematic analysis drew on sensemaking literature. The evidence shows that sensemaking is challenging, as practitioners experience pressure from the emergency context and organizational, political, and social expectations. Sensemaking for ERC comes with an underlying imperative to accurately make sense of the situation, in a timely manner and in a way that leads to the best health outcomes. Practitioners must balance creating plausible meaning (sensemaking) with the accuracy expected by stakeholders. The analysis also highlights how sensemaking scope is delimited by professional expert identities and roles within the emergency management system; that is, practitioners’ understanding of their expertise and role, and that of other practitioners. Past lived experiences are viewed as key facilitators of both individual and collective sensemaking, and the history of similar public health events shapes sensemaking in this context.
“Getting Ireland Active”—Application of a Systems Approach to Increase Physical Activity in Ireland Using the GAPPA Framework
Authors: Murphy Joseph J. , Mansergh Fiona , Murphy Marie H. , Murphy Niamh , Cullen Benny , O’Brien Sarah , Finn Stephen , O’Donoghue Grainne , Barry Niamh , O’Shea Shirley , Leyden Kevin M. , Smyth Peter , Cooper Jemima , Bengoechea Enrique G. , Cavill Nick , Milat Andrew J. , Bauman Adrian E. , Woods Catherine B. 
Published: September 2021

Physical activity (PA) promotion is a complex challenge, with the Global Action Plan on Physical Activity (GAPPA) endorsing a systems approach and recommending countries assess existing areas of progress which can be strengthened. This paper reports a process facilitating a systems approach for identifying current good practice and gaps for promoting PA in Ireland. Elements of participatory action research were enabled through 3 stages: (1) aligning examples of actions from Irish policy documents (n = 3) to the GAPPA, (2) workshop with stakeholders across multiple sectors, and (3) review of outputs. Data collected through the workshop were analyzed using a deductive thematic analysis guided by the GAPPA. The policy context in Ireland aligns closely to the GAPPA with the creation of Active Systems the most common strategic objective across policy documents. Forty participants (50% male) took part in the systems approach workshop, which after revision resulted in 80 examples of good practice and 121 actions for greater impact. A pragmatic and replicable process facilitating a systems approach was adopted and showed current Irish policy and practices align with the GAPPA “good practices.” The process provides existing areas of progress which can be strengthened, as well as the policy opportunities and practice gaps.
Effect of High-Dose Posaconazole on Serum Levels in Adult Patients with Hematologic Malignancy
Authors: DiPippo Adam J. , McDaneld Patrick M. , Tverdek Frank P. , Kontoyiannis Dimitrios P. 
Published: September 2021

Posaconazole (POS) appears to have dose-proportional pharmacokinetics; however, there is a paucity of real-life data. We retrospectively evaluated 67 patients with hematologic cancer who had POS dose increases from 300 mg/day to either 400 mg/day (
n
= 52) or 300 mg twice daily (BID) (
n
= 15) and for whom POS serum levels were measured.
Rapid Conversion of Methane to Hydrogen Stimulated by Microwave Irradiation on the Surface of a Carbon Adsorbent
Authors: Chistyakov A. V. , Konstantinov G. I. , Tsodikov M. V. , Maximov A. L. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The paper presents the results on the rapid production of H2 from CH4 by its direct decomposition in a plasma-catalytic mode stimulated by microwave irradiation (MWI) at 600°C. Methane was passed through a bed of iron-containing carbon adsorbent obtained from gas coal characterized by a large dielectric loss tangent. Under MWI, intense breakdown effects with plasma generation appear on the surface of the iron–carbon system. Methane in the plasma converts to hydrogen and carbon. A method has been developed for the rapid regeneration of the catalyst by water vapor with the removal of carbon under microwave stimulation. Short-cycle experiments have shown that the catalytic system provides high conversions of methane and its almost complete regeneration.
Dosing of enteral acetaminophen in critically ill children: a cohort study
Authors: Roumeliotis Nadia , Frndova Helena , Pullenayegum Eleanor , Taddio Anna , Rochon Paula , Parshuram Christopher S 
Published: September 2021

ObjectiveAcetaminophen is the most common medication prescribed in children’s hospitals. The aim of the study was to estimate the frequency and risk factors for acetaminophen underdosing and overdosing in the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU).DesignRetrospective cohort of drug administrations in a large tertiary care PICU.PatientsAll PICU admissions, less than 18 years of age, admitted between 1 January 2008 and 1 January 2018, having received at least one dose of enteral acetaminophen.MethodsThe primary outcome was acetaminophen underdosing and overdosing, defined as doses exceeding the 10% upper and lower limits of the standard reference range (10–15 mg/kg) and 10% above daily maximum dose (75 mg/kg). A generalised estimating equation regression assessed patient risk factors for single underdosing, single overdosing and cumulative daily overdosing of acetaminophen.ResultsOf the 147 485 doses of enteral acetaminophen administered, 7814 (5.3%) were single underdoses (1 in every 19 doses) and 4640 (3.1%) were single overdoses (1 in every 32 doses). There were 6813 cumulative overdose days (1 in every 9 patient-days). Risk factors for both underdosing and overdosing included older age and cardiac admission, whereas risk factors for cumulative overdosing were young age and cardiac admission. Electronic prescribing increased the risk of underdosing and overdosing, but decreased cumulative acetaminophen overdosing (relative risk 0.51, p=0.001).ConclusionAcetaminophen underdosing and overdosing are common in the PICU and can be detected with pharmacoepidemiology. Electronic prescribing increased the risk of single underdosing and overdosing, although it reduced the risk of cumulative overdosing.
Evaluation of blood vessel network formation and visual field defect in optic disc melanocytoma
Authors: Kwak Jay Jiyong , Lee Dong Hyun , Lee Sung Chul , Lee Christopher Seungkyu 
Published: September 2021

AimTo investigate the association between visual field defects and blood vessel network (BVN) formation in optic disc melanocytomas (ODMs) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).MethodsSingle-centre, retrospective case series of 32 eyes of 32 patients with ODM, in which eyes were divided into two groups based on complete and incomplete BVN formations.ResultsOCTA revealed incomplete BVN formation in 16 of 32 ODMs. The location of BVN absence corresponded to the location of hypofluorescence from fluorescein angiography (FA) in 12 (75%) and to the location of visual field defect in 13 (81%) ODMs in the incomplete BVN group. Perimetric indices were significantly worse in the incomplete BVN group than in the complete BVN group. Linear regression of mean deviation (MD) and Visual Field Index (VFI) on the area of BVN absence were statistically significant (p=0.01 and p=0.003, respectively), whereas linear regressions of MD and VFI on the tumour area were not statistically significant (both p=0.09) in the incomplete BVN group.ConclusionThe location of BVN absence within ODMs corresponded to the location of visual field defect and the location of FA hypofluorescence. Visual field defect was more severe in the incomplete BVN group than in the complete BVN group. Visual field defect was more significantly associated with the area of BVN absence than the tumour area.
Characterising long COVID: a living systematic review
Authors: Michelen Melina , Manoharan Lakshmi , Elkheir Natalie , Cheng Vincent , Dagens Andrew , Hastie Claire , O'Hara Margaret , Suett Jake , Dahmash Dania , Bugaeva Polina , Rigby Ishmeala , Munblit Daniel , Harriss Eli , Burls Amanda , Foote Carole , Scott Janet , Carson Gail , Olliaro Piero , Sigfrid Louise , Stavropoulou Charitini 
Published: September 2021

BackgroundWhile it is now apparent clinical sequelae (long COVID) may persist after acute COVID-19, their nature, frequency and aetiology are poorly characterised. This study aims to regularly synthesise evidence on long COVID characteristics, to help inform clinical management, rehabilitation strategies and interventional studies to improve long-term outcomes.MethodsA living systematic review. Medline, CINAHL (EBSCO), Global Health (Ovid), WHO Global Research on COVID-19 database, LitCovid and Google Scholar were searched till 17 March 2021. Studies including at least 100 people with confirmed or clinically suspected COVID-19 at 12 weeks or more post onset were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the tool produced by Hoyet al. Results were analysed using descriptive statistics and meta-analyses to estimate prevalence.ResultsA total of 39 studies were included: 32 cohort, 6 cross-sectional and 1 case–control. Most showed high or moderate risk of bias. None were set in low-income countries and few included children. Studies reported on 10 951 people (48% female) in 12 countries. Most included previously hospitalised people (78%, 8520/10 951). The longest mean follow-up time was 221.7 (SD: 10.9) days post COVID-19 onset. Over 60 physical and psychological signs and symptoms with wide prevalence were reported, most commonly weakness (41%; 95% CI 25% to 59%), general malaise (33%; 95% CI 15% to 57%), fatigue (31%; 95% CI 24% to 39%), concentration impairment (26%; 95% CI 21% to 32%) and breathlessness (25%; 95% CI 18% to 34%). 37% (95% CI 18% to 60%) of patients reported reduced quality of life; 26% (10/39) of studies presented evidence of reduced pulmonary function.ConclusionLong COVID is a complex condition with prolonged heterogeneous symptoms. The nature of studies precludes a precise case definition or risk evaluation. There is an urgent need for prospective, robust, standardised, controlled studies into aetiology, risk factors and biomarkers to characterise long COVID in different at-risk populations and settings.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020211131.
Parent-level barriers to uptake of childhood vaccination: a global overview of systematic reviews
Authors: Kaufman Jessica , Tuckerman Jane , Bonner Carissa , Durrheim David N , Costa Daniel , Trevena Lyndal , Thomas Susan , Danchin Margie 
Published: September 2021

IntroductionUnderstanding barriers to childhood vaccination is crucial to inform effective interventions for maximising uptake. Published systematic reviews include different primary studies, producing varying lists of barriers. To make sense of this diverse body of literature, a comprehensive level of summary and synthesis is necessary. This overview of systematic reviews maps all potential parent-level barriers to childhood vaccination identified in systematic reviews. It synthesises these into a conceptual framework to inform development of a vaccine barriers assessment tool.MethodsWe applied Joanna Briggs methodology, searching the Epistemonikos review database and reference lists of included reviews to June 2020. Systematic reviews of qualitative or quantitative data on parent-level barriers to routine vaccination in preschool-aged children were included. Reviews addressing influenza, reporting non-modifiable determinants or reporting barriers not relevant to parents were excluded. Where possible, we extracted review details, barrier descriptions and the number, setting and design of primary studies. Two authors independently screened search results and inductively coded barrier descriptions.ResultsWe screened 464 papers, identifying 30 relevant reviews with minimal overlap. Fourteen reviews included qualitative and quantitative primary studies, seven included quantitative and seven included qualitative studies only. Two did not report included study designs. Two-thirds of reviews (n=20; 67%) only included primary studies from high-income countries. We extracted 573 barrier descriptions and inductively coded these into 64 unique barriers in six overarching categories: (1) Access, (2) Clinic or Health System Barriers, (3) Concerns and Beliefs, (4) Health Perceptions and Experiences, (5) Knowledge and Information and (6) Social or Family Influence.ConclusionsA global overview of systematic reviews of parent-level barriers to childhood vaccine uptake identified 64 barriers to inform development of a new comprehensive survey instrument. This instrument will assess both access and acceptance barriers to more accurately diagnose the reasons for under-vaccination in children in different settings.
Temporary resolution of hemicrania continua following ipsilateral ear piercing
Authors: Bryson Alexander 
Published: September 2021

BackgroundHemicrania continua is an uncommon subtype of trigeminal autonomic cephalgia that exhibits dramatic therapeutic response to indomethacin. Unfortunately, indomethacin is associated with a range of adverse effects, including neuropsychiatric complications, which limits its use in many patients. Although no other effective pharmacologic agents exist, there is emerging evidence for interventional treatments such as occipital nerve and vagus nerve stimulation, which may act by modulating neural activity within the trigeminovascular system.CaseWe present a 30-year-old woman with long-standing refractory hemicrania continua who suffered adverse effects to indomethacin. She experienced temporary, but near-complete, symptom resolution following piercing of the crus of the ear helix ipsilateral to her headache, whereas contralateral piercing produced no benefit.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this case is the first to describe a therapeutic benefit following ear piercing in a patient with trigeminal autonomic cephalgia. We argue that symptom relief was obtained through a similar mechanism to occipital or vagus nerve stimulation.
Adalimumab in patients with vision-threatening uveitis: real-world clinical experience
Authors: Tang Lee Say Timothy Lee , Yang Verlyn , Fingret Jacob M , Zagora Sophia , Symes Richard , Younan Christine , Cornish Elisa Eleanor , Verma Nitin , Sammel Anthony , Wakefield Denis , Speden Deborah , McCluskey Peter J 
Published: September 2021

ObjectivesBiologics are rapidly emerging as an effective vision saving addition to systemic uveitis therapy. The aim of this multicentre retrospective study is to review the outcomes of a large group of patients treated with adalimumab.MethodsA retrospective chart review of patients with refractory non-infectious, active uveitis treated with adalimumab was conducted. The main outcome measures were ability to reduce prednisolone dose, ability to control uveitis, final visual acuity and time to treatment failure.ResultsForty-six patients with uveitis, treated with adalimumab were included in the study. The most common anatomical uveitis phenotype was panuveitis (n=17, 37.0%). The most common diagnosis was idiopathic uveitis (n=19, 41.3%). At their latest review (mean: 4.46 years; median 4.40 years), 35 (76.1%) patients were able to discontinue corticosteroids, 11 (23.9%) patients were able to taper to <7.5 mg/day and only 1 (2.2%) patient required 10 mg of prednisone. The mean visual acuity at the latest follow-up of the worse eye was logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) 0.42 (SD 0.72), while the mean visual acuity of the better eye was logMAR 0.19 (SD 0.34). Of the 89 eyes, 21 (23.6%) eyes improved by at least 2 lines, 5 eyes (5.6%) deteriorated by ≥2 lines while vision was unchanged in the remaining 63 (70.8%) eyes. The time to recurrence was 1 in 12.47 person-years for adalimumab, with a 17.4% (8 patient) relapse rate. There were no serious adverse events.ConclusionsThis study highlights the efficacy of adalimumab in patients with vision-threatening non-infectious uveitis, preserving vision and allowing reduction of corticosteroid dose.