bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Governments as customers: Exploring the effects of government customers on supplier firms’ information quality
Authors: Chen Chen , Huang Ting‐Chiao , Garg Mukesh , Khedmati Mehdi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study finds that firms with major government customers have better information quality and, therefore, lower future stock price crash risks. Our main findings are robust to various tests accounting for endogeneity concerns, including propensity score matching analysis and entropy balancing method. We also conduct a difference‐in‐differences analysis based on a quasi‐natural experiment that exogenously enhances government procurement contracts’ disclosure quality. Further analysis shows that the effects of government customers are more pronounced when traditional information intermediaries are weaker (i.e., firms with lower institutional ownership and analyst coverage, of smaller size, and audited by non‐industry‐specialized auditors). Consistent with government customers improving the information quality, we also find that firms with major government customers are less likely to have SEC‐attributed restatements.
The gill transcriptome reveals unique antimicrobial features that protect Nibeaalbiflora from Cryptocaryonirritans infection
Authors: Xie Xiao , Jiang Yunyan , Miao Rujiang , Huang Jiashuang , Zhou Liyao , Kong Jindong , Yin Fei 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCryptocaryonosis is the greatest threat to most teleost species among all parasitic diseases, causing mass loss to the marine aquaculture industry. Epidemiological investigation of teleost susceptibility to Cryptocaryon irritans infection revealed that yellow drum (Nibea albiflora) is highly resistant. In order to further understand the activation of the immune system in the gill, which is one of the main mucosal‐associated lymphoid tissues and a target of parasites, transcriptome analysis of the yellow drum gill was performed. Gill samples were collected from fish challenged after 24 hr and 72 hr with theronts at a median death rate (2050 theronts per gram fish). Gene expression profiles showed that TLR5 was the only receptor that activated the downstream immune response. The infection activated complement cascade through alternative pathway and increased the expression of C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1. In addition, possible antimicrobial molecules, including lipoprotein and haptoglobin, which are responsible for trypanolysis in humans, were among the top significantly upregulated genes at 24 hr. After 72 hr, the expression of secreted immunoglobulin T‐related genes was induced. These results suggested a rapid innate and adaptive immune response at the mucosal level. In conclusion, the results provide new perspectives on mucosal immune resistance in yellow drum against cryptocaryonosis and provide the possibility of mining resistance genes for future therapy.
Protective efficacy of phage PVN02 against haemorrhagic septicaemia in striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus via oral administration
Authors: Dang Thi Hoang Oanh , Xuan Tran T.T. , Duyen Le T.M. , Le Nga P. , Hoang Hoang A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHaemorrhagic septicaemia caused by Aeromonas hydrophila in striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) is one of the most important aquatic diseases in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. However, antibiotic‐resistant A. hydrophila strains have become popular and resulted in inadequate control of the disease in striped catfish farms. This study investigates the protective efficacy of bacteriophage PVN02 against haemorrhagic septicaemia in striped catfish via oral administration. The phage‐containing pellets were prepared by spraying the phage solution on food pellets at 20 ml/kg. The rate of phage desorption from the food pellets into the water was very low; the phage titres in the water were approximately log 1.0 PFU/ml or undetectable. The in vivo experiment evaluating the protective efficacy of PVN02 against haemorrhagic septicaemia in striped catfish was conducted using 21 groups of 1,260 fish in 50‐L plastic tanks in triplicate. The catfish were fed twice daily with phage‐sprayed pellets. Different densities of bacterial suspensions were added into the tanks for 24 hr. Without the existence of the phage, the highest mortality rate was 68.3 ± 2.9% at the highest density of bacterial suspension. In contrast, the mortality rate at the highest density of bacterial suspension was significantly reduced to 8.33 ± 2.9% or 16.67 ± 2.9% at the phage dose of log 6.2 ± 0.09 or log 4.2 ± 0.09 PFU/g. This study provides a very practical manner of applying phage therapy to prevent disease in large‐scale striped catfish farms.
High referral accuracy for oral cancers and oral potentially malignant disorders using telemedicine
Authors: Haron Nabihah , Rajendran Senthilmani , Kallarakkal Thomas George , Zain Rosnah Binti , Ramanathan Anand , Abraham Mannil Thomas , Lau Shin Hin , Cheng Lai Choo , Chong Sherrie Mei Yee , Mohamed Azahar Farah Aliya , Mohamad Zaini Zuraiza , Chan Siew Wui , Goh Yet Ching , Lim Daniel , Khairi Juliana , Abidin Marzuki Zainal , Abdul Rahman Zainal Ariff , Liew Chee Sun , Fong Siew Chinn , Yang Yi‐Hsin , Ismail Siti Mazlipah , Cheong Sok Ching 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the accuracy of MeMoSA®, a mobile phone application to review images of oral lesions in identifying oral cancers and oral potentially malignant disorders requiring referral.Subjects and MethodsA prospective study of 355 participants, including 280 with oral lesions/variants was conducted. Adults aged ≥18 treated at tertiary referral centres were included. Images of the oral cavity were taken using MeMoSA®. The identification of the presence of lesion/variant and referral decision made using MeMoSA® were compared to clinical oral examination, using kappa statistics for intra‐rater agreement. Sensitivity, specificity, concordance and F1 score were computed. Images were reviewed by an off‐site specialist and inter‐rater agreement was evaluated. Images from sequential clinical visits were compared to evaluate observable changes in the lesions.ResultsKappa values comparing MeMoSA® with clinical oral examination in detecting a lesion and referral decision was 0.604 and 0.892, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity for referral decision were 94.0% and 95.5%. Concordance and F1 score were 94.9% and 93.3%, respectively. Inter‐rater agreement for a referral decision was 0.825. Progression or regression of lesions were systematically documented using MeMoSA®.ConclusionReferral decisions made through MeMoSA® is highly comparable to clinical examination demonstrating it is a reliable telemedicine tool to facilitate the identification of high‐risk lesions for early management.
Contemporary Concise Review 2020: Interstitial lung disease
Authors: Teoh Alan K. Y. , Corte Tamera J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe year 2020 was one like no other, as we witnessed the far‐reaching impact of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) global pandemic. Yet despite an unprecedented and challenging year, global research in interstitial lung disease (ILD) continued to break new grounds. Research progress has led to an improved understanding in new diagnostic tools and potential biomarkers for ILD. Studies on the role of antifibrotic therapies, newer therapeutic agents, supportive care strategies and the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) continue to reshape the management landscape of ILD. In this concise review, we aim to summarize the key studies published in 2020, highlighting their impact on the various aspects of ILD.
Contagious Policies? Studying National Responses to a Global Pandemic in Europe
Authors: Rausis Frowin , Hoffmeyer‐Zlotnik Paula 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNot only Covid‐19 has spread all over the world—the policies responding to this pandemic have also diffused rapidly across countries. In this research note, we present findings from an original dataset that features mobility restrictions in all EU/EFTA states as well as the United Kingdom during the first wave of the pandemic. We find that most countries adopted restrictions within a few days only and that restrictions on internal mobility had been introduced prior to restrictions on cross‐border mobility, but that the latter have been more persistent. Furthermore, we observe an evolution from great variation of policy choices at the outset of the pandemic towards convergence. Analyzing the mobility restrictions through a policy diffusion lens, we find tentative evidence for interdependent policy‐making especially in the temporal patterns of adoption. Our research note can serve a basis for future research on policy‐making and policy diffusion in times of crisis.
Optimization With Discrete Variables via Recursive Quadratic Programming: Part I — Concepts and Definitions
Authors: Cha J. Z. , Mayne R. W. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Although a variety of algorithms for discrete nonlinear programming have been proposed, the solution of discrete optimization problems is far from mature relative to continuous optimization. This paper focuses on the recursive quadratic programming strategy which has proven to be efficient and robust for continuous optimization. The procedure is adapted to handle problems of mixed discrete nonlinear programming and utilizes the analytical properties of functions and constraints. This first part of the paper considers definitions, concepts and convergence criteria. Part II includes the development and testing of the algorithm.
A General Approach to Constrained Optimal Design Based on Symbolic Mathematics
Authors: Hammond C. R. , Johnson G. E. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a new method of optimal design that combines ideas and techniques from both the Method of Optimal Design (MOD) and monotonicity analysis. This new method, while presently limited to constrained monotonic problems, has been automated. The problem is first reduced in size and reformulated using ideas from MOD. The reduced problem is then repeatedly reformulated to develop state and design equations in terms of all possible variable partitions. The complete set of candidate optimal solution points is extracted by monotonicity analysis applied to the trivial constraint sets on the design equations from every possible formulation of the problem. These candidate solution points can then be numerically sorted to determine the optimal solution for a particular numerical case. The new method and its automation are illustrated with two example problems from the literature.
Dynamic Modelling and Analysis of General Linked Mechanisms With Compliance
Authors: Shih L. , Frank A. A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a simple and systematic method of analysis for the kinematics and dynamics of spatial multi-loop mechanisms with closed and open kinematic chains. The Newton-Euler formulation is used to derive the dynamic equations of motion of each link. This formulation completely eliminates kinematic redundancies and singularities. Compliant joint models are introduced to cover real life effects such as joint clearances, lubrication of joints, joint to link compliances, etc. Direct computation of joint reaction forces results. An example of the application of the method to the dynamic and kinematic analysis of a 3 dimensional spatial slider-crank mechanism with a flywheel is presented.
On Optimal Mechanism Synthesis via Synthesis and Analysis Operators
Authors: Hodges P. H. , Pisano P. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a general framework for mechanism synthesis based on analysis and synthesis operators. Examples of both exact synthesis and approximate synthesis arc given and the synthesis of mechanisms via optimization techniques is explained using synthesis and analysis operators. Synthesis is addressed as a mapping from the space M of rigid body motions to the space (T,D) of mechanism types and dimensions. Among the results of this formulation are an identification of cognates as mechanisms with the value t of type held constant but with a different vector of dimensions d such that the same motion m is generated. A discussion of this formulation is given, optimal mechanism synthesis is re-interpreted within this framework and some avenues for further work which are indicated by this framework are identified.
A Study of Soil Organic Matter Stability Using Derivatography and Long-Term Incubation Methods
Authors: Sokolov D. A. , Dmitrevskaya I. I. , Pautova N. B. , Lebedeva T. N. , Chernikov V. A. , Semenov V. M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Soil organic matter (SOM) includes many classes of labile compounds available for microbial decomposition or, conversely, stable compounds protected from biodegradation by biological, chemical, and physical stabilization. It is believed that the more thermal energy is spent on the destruction of soil organic matter, the more stable and more resistant for biodegradation it is. We compared the thermal and biological stabilities of organic matter in eleven soil types from deciduous forest, forest-steppe, steppe, and semidesert bioclimatic areas of the European Russia. According to the activation energy (Ea), the highest SOM thermal stability was typical of the ordinary chernozem and meadow vertic soil. The lowest SOM thermal stability was found for gray forest soil; other soil types were characterized by an intermediate resistance towards thermal oxidation. The thermally labile pool (<390–400°C) of organic matter in soils was on the average 41% (32–60%) of the total SOM, while the thermally stable pool (>390–400°C) was on the average 59% (40–68%). The SOM biological stability estimated by the ratio of potentially mineralizable organic matter to that resistant to mineralization (biological stability index) decreased in the following order: ordinary chernozem (Haplic Chernozem (Loamic, Pachic)) > meadow vertic soil (Pellic Vertisol (Gleyic, Humic)) > gray forest soil (Luvic Greyzemic Phaeozem (Loamic)) = meadow chestnut soil (Gleyic Kastanozem (Chromic)) > meadow solonetz (Endosalic Gleyic Solonetz (Loamic, Cutanic)) > alluvial meadow soil (Eutric Fluvisol (Humic, Oxyaquic)). The potentially mineralizable SOM pool in the studied soils was 6–27-fold lower as compared with the pool of thermally labile SOM, and the parameters that characterize SOM thermal stability did not correlate with the biological stability index. Thus, SOM thermal lability is not identical to its biodegradability.
Strategy for primary prevention of non-communicable diseases (NCD) and mitigation of climate change in Italy
Authors: Vineis Paolo , Beagley Jessica , Bisceglia Lucia , Carra Luca , Cingolani Roberto , Forastiere Francesco , Musco Francesco , Romanello Marina , Saracci Rodolfo 
Published: April 2021

This paper derives from a document commissioned in 2019 by the Italian Minister of Health, and outlines a general strategy for primary prevention of non-communicable diseases in Italy, with a special focus on cobenefits of climate change mitigation. Given that action against climate change is primarily taken via energy choices, limiting the use of fossil fuels and promoting renewable sources, an effective strategy is one in which interventions are designed to prevent diseases and jointly mitigate climate change, the so-called cobenefits. For policies capable of producing relevant co-benefits we focus on three categories of interventions, urban planning, diet and transport that are of special importance. For example, policies promoting active transport (cycling, walking) have the triple effect of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, preventing diseases related to atmospheric pollution, and increasing physical activity, thus preventing obesity and diabetes.In particular, we propose that for 2025 the following goals are achieved: reduce the prevalence of smokers by 30%, with particular emphasis on young people; reduce the prevalence of childhood obesity by 20%; reduce the proportion of calories obtained from ultraprocessed foods by 20%; reduce the consumption of alcohol by 10%; reduce the consumption of salt by 30%; reduce the consumption of sugary drinks by 20%; reduce the average consumption of meat by 20%; increase the weekly hours of exercise by 10%. The aim is to complement individual health promotion with structural policies (such as urban planning, taxation and incentives) which render the former more effective and result in a reduction in inequality. We strongly encourage the inclusion of primary prevention in all policies, in light of the described cobenefits. Italy’s role as the cohost of the 2020 (now 2021) UN climate negotiations (COP26) presents the opportunity for international leadership in addressing health as an integral component of the response to climate change.
Genodermatoses with behavioural sequelae
Authors: Hamie Lamiaa , Eid Edward , Khalil Joanna , Sawaya Rayah Touma , Abbas Ossama , Kurban Mazen 
Published: April 2021

AbstractChildren with genodermatoses are at an increased risk of developing behavioural disorders which may impart lasting damage on the individual and their family members. As such, early recognition of childhood mental health disorders via meticulous history taking, thorough physical examination, and disorder-specific testing is of paramount importance for timely and effective intervention. If carried out properly, prompt psychiatric screening and intervention can effectively mitigate, prevent or even reverse, the psychiatric sequela in question. To that end, this review aims to inform the concerned physician of the manifestations and treatment strategies relevant to the psychological sequelae of genodermatoses.
Syphilis self-testing to expand test uptake among men who have sex with men: a theoretically informed mixed methods study in Zimbabwe
Authors: Sri-Pathmanathan Clarisse , Nhamo Definate , Mamvuto Takudzwa , Chapwanya Gwendoline , Terris-Prestholt Fern , Mahaka Imelda , Marks Michael , Tucker Joseph D 
Published: April 2021

ObjectivesSelf-testing for STIs such as HIV and syphilis may empower sexual minorities and expand uptake of STI testing. While much is known about HIV self-testing (HIVST), less is known about syphilis self-testing, particularly in low-income settings. The objective of this study is to determine context-specific facilitators and barriers for self-testing and to assess the usability of syphilis self-testing in Zimbabwe among men who have sex with men (MSM).MethodsThis mixed methods study was conducted in Harare as part of a larger syphilis self-testing trial. The study included in-depth interviews (phase I) followed by usability testing and a second interview (phase II). In-depth interviews were conducted with MSM and key informants prior to syphilis self-testing. The same MSM then used the syphilis self-test, quantitatively assessed its usability and participated in a second in-depth interview. Phase I data were analysed using a thematic approach, guided by an adapted social ecological model conceptual framework. Phase II interviews were analysed using rapid assessment procedure methodology, and usability was assessed using a pre-established index, adapted from existing HIVST scales.ResultsTwenty MSM and 10 key informants were recruited for phase I in-depth interviews, and 16 of these MSM participated in phase II by completing a syphilis self-test kit. Facilitating factors for self-testing included the potential for increased privacy, convenience, autonomy, and avoidance of social and healthcare provider stigma. Barriers included the fear to test and uncertainty about linkage to care and treatment. Data from the Usability Index suggested high usability (89.6% on a 0–100 scale) among the men who received the self-test.ConclusionsMSM in Zimbabwe were willing to use syphilis self-test kits and many of the barriers and facilitators were similar to those observed for HIVST. Syphilis self-testing may increase syphilis test uptake among sexual minorities in Zimbabwe and other low-income and middle-income countries.
Relationship between heart failure and the risk of acute exacerbation of COPD
Authors: Axson Eleanor L , Bottle Alex , Cowie Martin R , Quint Jennifer K 
Published: April 2021

RationaleHeart failure (HF) management in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is often delayed or suboptimal.ObjectivesTo examine the effect of HF and HF medication use on moderate-to-severe COPD exacerbations.Methods and measurementsRetrospective cohort studies from 2006 to 2016 using nationally representative English primary care electronic healthcare records linked to national hospital and mortality data. Patients with COPD with diagnosed and possible HF were identified. Possible HF was defined as continuous loop diuretic use in the absence of a non-cardiac indication. Incident exposure to HF medications was defined as ≥2 prescriptions within 90 days with no gaps >90 days during ≤6 months of continuous use; prevalent exposure as 6+ months of continuous use. HF medications investigated were angiotensin receptor blockers, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, loop diuretics and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. Cox regression, stratified by sex and age, further adjusted for patient characteristics, was used to determine the association of HF with exacerbation risk.Main results86 795 patients with COPD were categorised as no evidence of HF (n=60 047), possible HF (n=8476) and newly diagnosed HF (n=2066). Newly diagnosed HF (adjusted HR (aHR): 1.45, 95% CI: 1.30 to 1.62) and possible HF (aHR: 1.65, 95% CI: 1.58 to 1.72) similarly increased exacerbation risk. Incident and prevalent use of all HF medications were associated with increased exacerbation risk. Prevalent use was associated with reduced exacerbation risk compared with incident use.ConclusionsEarlier opportunities to improve the diagnosis and management of HF in the COPD population are missed. Managing HF may reduce exacerbation risk in the long term.