bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wheat Genetic Loci Conferring Resistance to Yellow Rust in the Face of Recent Epidemics of Genetically Diverse Races of the Fungus Puccinia Striiformis F. Sp. Tritici
Authors: Bouvet Laura , Percival-Alwyn Lawrence , Berry Simon , Fenwick Paul , Mantello Camila Campos , Holdgate Sarah , Mackay Ian , Cockram James 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Yellow rust (YR), or stripe rust, is a major fungal disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum) caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst). Since 2011, the historically clonal European Pst races have been superseded by the rapid incursion of genetically diverse lineages, reducing the resistance of varieties that previously showed durable resistance. Identification of sources of genetic resistance to such races is a high priority for wheat breeding. Here we use a wheat eight-founder multi-parent population genotyped with a 90,000 feature single nucleotide polymorphism array to genetically map adult plant YR resistance to such new Pst races. Analysis of five trials, at three sites in the UK, consistently identified four highly significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) across all test environments, located on chromosomes 1A (QYr.niab-1A.1), 2A (QYr.niab-2A.1), 2B (QYr.niab-2B.1) and 2D (QYr.niab-2D.1). Together these explained ~ 50% of the phenotypic variation, and genetic markers were developed that distinguished resistant and susceptible alleles. Analysis of these QTL in two-way and three-way combinations showed combinations conferred greater resistance than single QTL. Four additional major-effect QTL were detected in two or more trials, together explaining 15–20% of the phenotypic variation, as well as six minor QTL. Genomic analysis found the median physical interval size of these eight QTL to be 19.8 Mbp, and QYr.niab-2A.1 and QYr.niab-2D.1 to be at homoeologous locations on the group-2 chromosomes. Notably, the QYr.niab-2B.1 physical interval contained five nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) candidate genes with integrated BED domains, of which two corresponded to the cloned resistance genes Yr7 and Yr5/YrSp.
Primal-Dual Approach to Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: A Demand and Supply Side Analyses of Environmental Degradation.
Authors: dinga gildas dohba , FONCHAMNYO DOBDINGA CLETUS , ACHUO ELVIS DZE 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Global warming and its unavoidable negatives effects on man and the environment have been a key if not the most important issue occupying policy makers in the world at large today. The much talked about green economy nowadays seeks to achieve sustainable economic growth and development without compromising environmental quality. The relationship between environmental degradation and economic growth is largely explained by the environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. By employing the basic postulation of the baseline EKC framework, this study proposes and tests the existence of a dualistic approach of the EKC hypothesis. Geometry is used to illustrate the proposed dualistic model. Meanwhile, the novel dynamic common correlation effect econometric technique is employed to test the existence of the dualistic EKC within a panel of 109 countries from 1995 to 2016. The outcome from the estimated models shows that, in the global sample, the existence of the dualistic U-shape and N-shape EKC hypothesis is validated. When the sample is split into sub samples based on income levels, the U-shape EKC hypothesis is validated for lower income and high income economies meanwhile, the N-shape dualistic EKC is mostly associated with high income economies.
Deep Learning in Brain MRI: Effect of Data Leakage Due to Slice-level Split Using 2D Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Yagis Ekin , Atnafu Selamawet Workalemahu , de Herrera Alba García Seco , Marzi Chiara , Giannelli Marco , Tessa Carlo , Citi Luca , Diciotti Stefano 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

In recent years, 2D convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been extensively used for the diagnosis of neurological diseases from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data due to their potential to discern subtle and intricate patterns. Despite the high performances reported in numerous studies, developing CNN models with good generalization abilities is still a challenging task due to possible data leakage introduced during cross-validation (CV). In this study, we quantitatively assessed the effect of a data leakage caused by 3D MRI data splitting based on a 2D slice-level using three 2D CNN models for the classification of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Our experiments showed that slice-level CV erroneously boosted the average slice level accuracy on the test set by 30% on Open Access Series of Imaging Studies (OASIS), 29% on Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), 48% on Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) and 55% on a local de-novo PD Versilia dataset. Further tests on a randomly labeled OASIS-derived dataset produced about 96% of (erroneous) accuracy (slice-level split) and 50% accuracy (subject-level split), as expected from a randomized experiment. Overall, the extent of the effect of an erroneous slice-based CV is severe, especially for small datasets.
Detection of COVID-19 from X-rays using Hybrid Deep Learning Models
Authors: Nandi Ritika , Mulimani Manjunath 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this paper, a hybrid deep learning model is proposed for the detection of coronavirus from chest X-ray images. The hybrid deep learning model is a combination of ResNet50 and MobileNet. Both ResNet50 and MobileNet are light Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) and can be used with low hardware resource-based Personal Digital Assistants (PDA) for quick detection of COVID-19 infection. The performance of the proposed hybrid model is evaluated on two publicly available COVID-19 chest X-ray datasets.
Both datasets include normal, pneumonia and coronavirus infected chest X-rays. Results show that the proposed hybrid model more suitable for COVID-19 detection and achieve the highest recognition accuracy on both the datasets.
Detecting Drought Regulators using Stochastic Inference in Bayesian Networks
Authors: Lahiri Aditya , Zhou Lin , He Ping , Datta Aniruddha 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Drought is a natural hazard that affects crops by inducing water stress. Water stress, induced by drought, accounts for more loss in crop yield than all the other causes combined. With the increasing frequency and intensity of droughts worldwide, it is essential to develop drought-resistant crops to ensure food security. In this paper, we model multiple drought signaling pathways in Arabidopsis using Bayesian networks to identify potential regulators of drought-responsive reporter genes. Genetically intervening at these regulators can help develop drought-resistant crops. We create the Bayesian network model from the biological literature and determine its parameters from publicly available data. We conduct inference on this model using a stochastic simulation technique known as likelihood weighting to determine the best regulators of drought-responsive reporter genes. Our analysis reveals that activating MYC2 or inhibiting ATAF1 are the best single node intervention strategies to regulate the drought-responsive reporter genes. Additionally, we observe simultaneously activating MYC2 and inhibiting ATAF1 is a better strategy. The Bayesian network model indicated that MYC2 and ATAF1 are possible regulators of the drought response. Validation experiments showed that ATAF1 negatively regulated the drought response. Thus intervening at ATAF1 has the potential to create drought-resistant crops.
Research of the polyethylene packaging layer structure change in contact with a food product at exposure to ultraviolet radiation
Authors: Fedotova O. B. , Pryanichnikova N. S. 
Published: April 2021

The sanitary and hygienic safety of modern packaging is determined by the layer of packaging material in direct contact with the food product. This layer in most cases is a synthetic polymer of the polyolefin class — low density polyethylene. This material is used as a stand-alone packaging and in multilayer and combined packaging materials. During thermal and photooxidation, compounds can form in it that negatively affect the safety of the package, which can migrate into the product. Food technologies use methods of disinfecting packaging materials and packaging before filling or bottling products. These methods include ultraviolet irradiation of the surface, which has a bactericidal effect. Using spectral methods of analysis, researches have been carried out on changes in the polyethylene layers structure in the film’s composition, multilayer films and combined packaging materials when exposed to pulsed ultraviolet radiation in a wide spectral range (irradiation with a pulsed xenon lamp). Deformations of polyethylene macromolecules chemical bonds on the surface and boundary layers under the influence of pulsed UV-irradiation have been revealed. The IR spectra of ATR (Attenuated Total Reflection) were obtained, the analysis of which showed that the monofilm is subject to the greatest destructive effect, as evidenced by the appearance of characteristic absorption bands responsible for the formation of aldehyde, ketone groups, as well as for the polymer chain termination. It is shown that the use of food soot in the composition of multilayer packaging films blocks their photo destruction. Upon irradiation of a combined material based on cardboard intended for bottling milk, an absorption band was found in the spectra, which is responsible for the onset of the destruction process with the formation of aldehyde and carboxylate groups with the formation of aldehyde and carboxylate groups.Comparison of changes in structure in three different packaging objects containing a polyethylene layer shows the feasibility and necessity of using combined and multilayer materials for food products packaging, in which, even under extreme UV-irradiation, there are practically no photo destruction processes, which is confirmed by spectral researches.
An innovative compound bed of EDI device with enhancing ion-exchange resins regeneration efficiency
Authors: Chen Xu , Wang Lida , Wan Zhuang , Sun Wen , Yang Zhengqing , Jin Jingjing , Liu Guichang 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Electrodeionization (EDI) technology is limited by low regeneration efficiency of ion exchange resins, requirements of high-quality influent water, fouling of the ion exchange membrane and electrode, etc. In this work, a novel bed type called a compound bed in which cation and anion exchange resins were near the cation and anion exchange membrane and placed in layers, was proposed to implement high-efficiency regeneration of ion exchange resins. The influence of different operating conditions on the regeneration efficiency of ion exchange resins was elucidated as well. The regeneration efficiency of ion exchange resins could reach 73.1%, when the device was operated for 5 h under current density of 9 mA/cm2, with a cation and anion exchange resins ratio of 2: 3, influent water conductivity of 1,360 μS/cm and hardness of 400 mg/L. Therefore, the proposed compound bed structure not only widened the inlet water conditions, but also achieved the high-efficiency regeneration of ion exchange resins and anti-fouling of membranes and electrodes.
The determination of fertiliser quality of the formed struvite from a WWTP
Authors: González C. , Fernández B. , Molina F. , Camargo-Valero M. A. , Peláez C. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Struvite from nutrient-rich wastewaters has been identified as a potential substitute for commercial mineral fertilisers, with the added benefit of reducing threats to global food security by prolonging phosphate rock reserves. A fertilisation test using grass (Brachiaria brizantha Marandú) and a sand column leaching test was conducted to determine the agronomic effectiveness of struvite precipitates produced from the supernatant of dewatered sewage sludge (centrate) from a municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP). The performance of this struvite as a fertiliser was compared with biosolids and commercial fertilisers (Urea and Triple15). The results show that the concentration of heavy metals in struvite was lower than in biosolids and below the limits of Colombia and European fertiliser regulations. Struvite increased the uptake of N and P in grass, resulting in crop yields similar to other treatments tested. Struvite use as an effective slow-release fertiliser is highly dependent on the size of crystal particles, particularly in achieving low P losses, but resulted in high N loss in the sand columns tested; N loses from struvite were higher than in the commercial fertilisers due to the struvite small particle size. Therefore, struvite represents a suitable opportunity to recover and recycle nutrients from municipal sewage sludge, facilitating the effective reuse of P and N in agriculture and uptake by plants.
Optimization of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers of Fenofibrate Using a
Box-Behnken Design for Oral Bioavailability Enhancement
Authors: Wang Huijuan , Hong Wei , Li Xiangyu , Jin Qian , Ye Weifeng , Feng Yumiao , Huang Biyao , Tai Zhongjia , Chen Lu , Li Zhiping , Wang Yuli , Yang Yang , Gao Chunsheng , Gong Wei , Yang Meiyan 
Published: April 2021

Background:
Fenofibrate (FNB) is a commonly used hypolipidemic agent. However,
the oral bioavailability of FNB is limited by slow dissolution due to its low solubility. Thus, investigations
on novel FNB formulations are necessary for their use.

Objective:
The objective of this study is to enhance the oral bioavailability of FNB using optimized
Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC) formulations.

Methods:
Hot homogenization followed by ultrasonication was used to prepare FNB-NLCs. These
formulations were optimized using a Box-Behnken design, where the amount of FNB (X1), a ratio
of solid lipid/liquid lipid (X2), and the percentage of emulsifier (X3) were set as independent variables,
while the particle size (Y1), and Entrapment Efficiency (EE%) (Y2), were used as dependent
factors. An in vitro dissolution test was then performed using a paddle method, while an in vivo
pharmacokinetic study of FNB-NLC formulation was performed in rats.

Results:
FNB-NLCs were successfully prepared and optimized using a Box-Behnken design. The
particle size and EE% of the FNB-NLC had less than 5% difference from predicted values. The in
vitro dissolution and oral bioavailability of the FNB-NLC were both higher than those of raw FNB.

Conclusion:
A Box-Behnken design was successfully applied to optimize FNB-NLC formulation
for the enhancement of the dissolution and bioavailability of FNB, a poorly water-soluble drug.
Management of Musculoskeletal Complications in Patients with Hemophilia:
Literature Review and Expert Recommendations
Authors: Rodriguez-Merchan E. Carlos 
Published: April 2021

:
In people with hemophilia, hematological prophylaxis during childhood and adolescence
could elude the occurrence of musculoskeletal complications (in joints and muscles) if the
concentration of the defective factor is averted from decreasing under 1% of normal. Prompt management
is of capital significance as the juvenile skeleton is hypersensitive to the adverse events of
the disease; intense structural defects might appear rapidly. Important, articular bleeds and inveterate
hypertrophy of the articular synovial membrane must be treated vigorously to preclude joint degeneration
(hemophilic arthropathy). At the moment that extreme joint disease is in place with intense
affliction, the goal must be to reestablish activity whilst at the same time reducing the peril to
the patient. Arthroscopic articular debridement is an efficacious surgical technique to accomplish
this goal, particularly around the knee or ankle, and maybe contemplated to be a backup to ankle
arthrodesis or ankle or knee replacement in patients of younger age. Eventually, joint replacement
can commonly reestablish both articular mobility and function in an unhealthy articulation.
Immunotherapy for Breast Cancer Treatment: Current Evidence and Therapeutic Options
Authors: Singh Kavita , Yadav Dhananjay , Jain Meenu , Singh Pramod Kumar , Jin Jun-O 
Published: April 2021

:Breast Cancer (BC) has the highest incidence among all forms of malignancies detected in women globally. The therapeutic approaches available for BC include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, and surgery. Recently, advanced immunology-based therapeutics with potential for BC treatment, including immune checkpoint blockades, vaccines, and combinations with other treatment strategies, have emerged. Although commonly used treatments such as trastuzumab/ pertuzumab for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive BC and hormone therapy for estrogen receptor-positive and/or progesterone receptor-positive BC are specific, triple-negative BC cases remain a great challenge for treatment measures. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (anti- PD-1/anti-CTLA-4) and anti-cancer vaccines (NeuVax, MUC-1, AVX901, INO-1400, and CEA), either alone or in combination with other therapies, represent a new paradigm in cancer therapeutics. In this review, we highlight the current immunotherapeutic aspects and ongoing trials aimed at the development of better treatment regimens for BC.
PENGEMBANGAN SUMBER DAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN IPS UNTUK MENINGKATKAN ECOLITERACY PESERTA DIDIK
Authors: Afifah Silvi Nur , Rofiah Lailatul 
Published: April 2021

Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengembangkan sumber dan media pembelajaran IPS dengan menghasilkan sebuah modul dan implementasi proses pembelajaran yang menjadi salah satu penggerak dalam meningkatkan ekoliterasi peserta didik dengan cara mendaur ulang kemasan produk konsumsi terutama dari kemasan botol plastik. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan model pengembangan (Research and Development) Borg dan Gall dengan subjek penelitian Mts Al-Hidayah Wajak, yang menghasilkan sebuah produk kreasi daur ulang dari sampah botol plastik yang mengadopsi dari materi Kewirausahaan. Modul didesain agar peserta didik bisa mempraktekkan daur ulang sampah yang kreatif dan inovatif , dampak sampah plastik yang tidak didaur ulang bagi masyarakat dan solusi untuk mengatasinya, yang kedua adalah macam-macam kreasi dan inovasi daur ulang sampah plastik yang terdiri dari dua puluh satu kreasi sampah botol plastik dan langkah-langkah dalam membuatnya, dan yang terahir adalah kisah-kisah inspiratif yang berasal dari pengusaha sampah plastik. Sumber dan media pembelajaran IPS yang berupa modul yang telah dikembangangkan telah di implementasikan dalam proses pembelajaran, proses pembelajaran berjalan sangat menyenangkan hal tersebut terlihat dari antusias peserta dalam mengikuti pembelajaran karena peserta terlibat langsung dalam proses pemanfaatan/mendaur ulang sampah botol plastik.DEVELOPING OF SOCIAL STUDIES LEARNING SOURCES AND MEDIA TO IMPROVE ECOLITERACY OF PUPILS The research aims to develop social studies learning resources and media by producing a module and implementing a learning process that becomes one of the driving forces in increasing the eco-literation of students by recycling consumer product packaging, especially from plastic bottle packaging. This research method uses the development model (Research and Development) of Borg and Gall with the research subject of Mts Al-Hidayah Wajak, which produces a recycled creative product from plastic bottle waste that adopts entrepreneurship materials. The module is designed so that students can practice creative and innovative waste recycling, the impact of plastic waste that is not recycled for society, and solutions to overcome it, the second is various kinds of plastic waste recycling creations and innovations consisting of twenty-one waste creations plastic bottles and the steps in making them, and finally, inspiring stories from plastic waste entrepreneurs. Social studies learning resources and media in the form of modules that have been developed have been implemented in the learning process, the learning process is very pleasant, this can be seen from the enthusiasm of the participants in participating in the lesson because participants are directly involved in the process of utilizing and recycling plastic bottle waste.
Ibu Fatimah dalam Pergumulan Karakter Birokratis dan Profesional
Authors: Raisalah Syifa Masna 
Published: April 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan perjuangan Ibu Fatimah dalam memerankan karakter profesional dan karakter birokratis secara efektif, di mana karakter birokratis yang kaku dipandang kontra produktif dengan karakter profesional yang dimiliki oleh guru sebagai tenaga pendidik di Sekolah Dasar Negeri AA 1 Malang, namun akhirnya dapat diselaraskan oleh Ibu Fatimah selaku agen perubahan. Data penelitian kualitatif dengan desain studi kasus ini dikumpulkan melalui wawancara dan studi dokumen serta dianalisis menggunakan model analisis kualitatif interaktif. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Ibu Fatimah dengan pengalaman dan karakter birokratis dan professional yang dimilikinya berhasil mengubah budaya dan kinerja guru yang rendah, tidak inovatif, tidak memiliki harapan yang tinggi terhadap keberhasilan peserta didik menjadi guru yang professional, inovatif dan memiliki harapan yang tinggi terhadap kesuksesan peserta didik dan juga mengubah paradigma guru yang menerima hak/gaji dengan menunaikan kewajiban seadanya. Untuk penelitian lebih lanjut disarankan agar peneliti berikutnya dapat menggunakan solusi yang lebih fleksibel dalam mengatasi permasalahan yang terkait dengan pengelolaan karakteristik organisasi birokrasi dan profesional di sekolah.Ibu Fatimah in the Struggle for Bureaucratic and Professional CharacterThis study aims at describing the struggle of Ibu Fatimah in playing the roles of both bureaucratic and professional characters effectively in which bureaucratic character is regarded as contra-productive with a professional character that owned by teachers as educators at Elementary School AA 1 Malang. However, all the obstacles could be handled by Ibu Fatimah as the agent of change. The qualitative data of this study collected through interviews and document analysis and analyzed using an interactive analysis model. The findings indicate that Ibu Fatimah with her huge experience and having both bureaucratic and professional characters successfully changed the culture and performance of the teachers which were low performance, not innovative, and did not have high expectation on the success of their students, to be professional and innovative teachers as well as having high expectation on the success of their students. She also could change teachers’ paradigm that only demanded rights by doing mediocre obligations. For further research, it is recommended to use a more flexible solution to overcome issues regarding how to manage the characteristics of bureaucratic and professional organizations.