bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlation of morphological characteristics of staphyloma with the structural and functional outcomes of myopic traction maculopathy after macular buckle surgery
Authors: Sood Gitanjli , Susvar Pradeep 
Published: June 2021

Purpose:
To compare morphological features of staphyloma (type and grade) with structural and functional outcomes in 11 patients with symptomatic myopic tractional maculopathy (MTM) who underwent macular buckle surgery.

Methods:
A retrospective observational case series, where a chart review was conducted of the type (Curtin classification) and grade of staphyloma (USG B-scan based). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) macula analysis done preoperatively and postoperatively 1 and 6–8 weeks), Visual acuity was recorded in log mar.

Results:
With an average myopia of −10.35 D (−5 to −14.5 D), there were four patients with types II and IX staphyloma and seven with type I staphyloma. The average axial length was 28.6 ± 0.98 mm in type II/IX and 26.2 ± 0.8 mm in type I. Preoperative OCT features were outer retinal layer schisis (11), retinal detachment (foveal: 2, macular: 8), macular hole (lamellar: 3, full thickness: 4), and taut posterior hyaloid (3). Postoperatively, patients with type II/IX staphyloma had significant gain in visual acuity from 1.05 ± 0.3 to 0.74 ± 0.2 Log Mar. The structural features also responded better in patients with types II/IX staphyloma, with all patients having more than 90% reduction in schisis and retinal attachment at 6 weeks. Whereas only two patients with type I staphyloma had similar reduction in schisis at 6 weeks and only one had complete retinal attachment.

Conclusion:
In patients with MTM, the staphyloma characteristics preoperatively can help us prognosticate about structural and functional success after macular buckle surgery. In our small case series, patients with type II/IX staphyloma and larger axial length had better structural and functional outcomes.
Evaluation of optical coherence tomography angiography findings in patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Khader Sarah A , Nawar Amin E , Ghali Azza A , Ghoneim Ahmed M 
Published: June 2021

Purpose:
To evaluate optical coherence tomography angiography findings in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS).

Methods:
This prospective noninterventional study was conducted on 30 eyes of relapsing-remitting MS patients. Group (1) included 10 eyes with a history of optic neuritis (ON), group (2) included 10 eyes without any history of optic neuritis (MS-ON), and group (3) included 10 eyes of normal age/sex/refraction matched participants. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT-A (ZEISS Cirrus™ HD-OCT Model 4000 (Carl Zeiss-Meditec, Dublin, CA) of the optic disc were done for all patients.

Results:
The best-corrected visual acuity was diminished in MS cases, especially in patients with ON with P value <0.001. The retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness showed a significant decrease in the average thickness and in all quadrants, notably the temporal quadrant in group 1 (P < 0.001). Ganglion cell layer thickness was diminished in average thickness and in all quadrants in both groups of MS, but only the first group showed statistical significance with P value <0.001). In respect to optic disc perfusion, Average, superficial, and deep vascular density index (AVDI, VDI 1, VDI 2) were statistically significantly lower in groups 1, 2 with (P-value < 0.001).

Conclusion:
Decreased vascular perfusion of the optic nerve in MS patients, especially in those with ON is strongly correlated with the damage of RNFL and ganglion cell layer detected by OCT.
Visual outcomes, safety profile and morphometric response of optical coherence tomography biomarkers to ranibizumab biosimilar treatment in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: Real-world evidence
Authors: Kelkar Aditya S , Kelkar Jai , Bolisetty Mounika , Kelkar Shreekant B 
Published: June 2021

Purpose:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and morphological response of intravitreal ranibizumab biosimilar (Razumab) in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (n-AMD) up to 12 weeks.

Methods:
Retrospective analysis of 20 eyes of n-AMD receiving 4 weekly intravitreal Razumab. Main outcome measures were mean change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraretinal-fluid (IRF), subretinal-fluid (SRF), central-subfield thickness (CSFT), maximum central-retinal thickness (CRT), and dimensions of pigment epithelial detachment (PED) from baseline to weeks 4, 8 and 12.

Results:
Improvement in BCVA was seen at all visits, although not significantly (4 weeks: P = 0.18; 8 weeks: P = 0.4; 12 weeks: P = 0. 06). At 12 weeks, 90% of eyes either maintained or had an improvement in BCVA, with 40% of them showing an improvement of ≥3-lines and only 5% of them losing ≥3-lines of visual acuity. The median PED height and PED width reduced by 20.5 μm (P = 0.03) and 557.5 μm (P = 0.14), respectively, along with a mean reduction of 57.26 μmin CSFT (P < 0.001) and 44.15 μm in CRT (P = 0.004), respectively, at 12 weeks. On qualitative analysis, resolution of SRF and IRF was observed in 45% and 25% of eyes ` at 12 weeks. There were no serious ocular or systemic side effects identified.

Conclusion:
In real-world scenario, Razumab is an efficacious and economical anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agent for optimal management of n-AMD. The therapeutic outcomes demonstrated reasonable stabilization and improvement in visual acuity, favorable anatomical outcomes pertaining to OCT-biomarkers with an acceptable safety profile.
Significance of monitoring vascular endothelial growth factor, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and Interleukin-8 in diabetic macular edema towards early identification of nonresponders to ranibizumab therapy
Authors: Xavier Tessy , Pallikara Swetha , Saji Neha , Radhakrishnan Natasha , Menon Krishnakumar N , Pillai Gopal S 
Published: June 2021

Purpose:
Identification of nonresponders prior to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy would help in the judicious clinical management of diabetic macular edema (DME) patients. Thus, a systematic study was initiated to identify nonresponding DME patient population undergoing ranibizumab treatment to figure out additional inflammatory components that may contribute to their nonresponsiveness to anti-VEGF therapy.

Methods:
A total of 40 patients recruited to this investigator-initiated trial received intravitreal ranibizumab monthly for 3 months. The fourth- and fifth-month injections were according to PRN protocol and the sixth-month injection was mandatory. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), and VEGF in aqueous humor were measured for all the patients. Patients were grouped into responders/nonresponders on the formulated criteria and the levels of key pro-inflammatory cytokines were also measured between the two groups at baseline, 2 month and 5 months using cytometric bead array (CBA).

Results:
Eleven patients were categorized (29.72%) as responders and 10 patients (27.02%) as nonresponders. Nonresponders showed poorer BCVA (P = 0.024, 0.045, and 0.048 for 4, 5, and 6 months) and higher CMT (P = 0.021, 0.0008 and <0.0001 for baseline, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 months) compared to responders. The cytokines IL-8, MCP-1 were significantly up regulated (P = 0.0048 and 0.029 for MCP-1 and IL-8) in nonresponders.

Conclusion:
Elevated MCP-1 and IL-8 levels found in the nonresponders could be used as a prognostic marker to identify these groups of patients and can help in developing alternative treatment options along with anti-VEGF therapy.
Pre-Operative SARS CoV-2 Rapid Antigen Test and Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction: A conundrum in surgical decision making
Authors: K Kiran Kumar , UC Sampritha , Maganty Vandana , Prakash Akshata A , Basumatary Jessica , Adappa Karishma , S Chandraprabha , TG Neeraja , N S Guru Prasad , B Preethi , Gangasagara Suresh Babu , B L Sujatha Rathod 
Published: June 2021

Purpose:
Since the eye is in close proximity to the oro-nasal cavity, transmission of SARS CoV-2 is higher during ophthalmic surgical procedures, it is vital to ensure the safety of the healthcare team by pre-operative Rapid Antigen Test (RAT) and real-time Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) for SARS CoV-2 viral RNA of all patients planned for elective or emergency surgery. Hence, understanding the profile of pre-operative RAT and real-time RT-PCR among patients planned for various ophthalmic procedures, will help us make better decisions for future guidelines, for optimal planning of ophthalmic elective or emergency surgeries, keeping in mind the current scenario.

Methods:
This is a prospective descriptive study conducted on patients planned for elective or emergency ophthalmic surgeries, who had no COVID-19-related symptoms pre-operatively and were subjected to preoperative RAT and real-time RT-PCR of nasopharyngeal and throat swabs for SARS CoV-2 viral RNA. Data was compiled and statistically analysed.

Results:
204 patients underwent pre-operative RAT and RT-PCR testing; of which, 85 were females and 119 were males. Mean age of the study population was 51.44 ± 16.501 years. Among the 204, 2 tested positive for SARS CoV-2 with Rapid Antigen testing as well as RT-PCR and 10 patients tested positive via RT-PCR after a negative RAT result of the same sample.

Conclusion:
Pre-operative testing for COVID-19 disease is indispensable as there is a high chance of transmission from patient to healthcare workers. RAT has the advantage of quick results and may play a role in case of emergency procedures. However, it is prudent to perform the more sensitive real-time RT-PCR before any elective, non-emergency procedures or surgeries to avoid any undue risk to the healthcare team.
Regulation of long non-coding RNAs XIST and ROR induced by homeodomain protein TGIF2LX in colorectal cancer
Authors: Tabarestani Fatemeh Omrani , Akbari Abolfazl , Karizi Shohreh Zare , Sotoodehnejadnematalahi Fattah 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Homeodomain protein transforming growth factor beta-induced factor 2 like, X-linked (TGIF2 LX) has been demonstrated to act as a transcription factor and regulate cancer cell proliferation. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are well known as molecular regulators of colorectal cancer (CRC). Our aim was to evaluate the clinical and biological significance of TGIF2 LX and its effect on lncRNAs regulator of reprogramming (ROR) and X-inactive specific transcript (XIST) expression in CRC cells.

Materials and Methods:
Thirty-six CRC tissues and 22 adjacent normal colorectal tissues were subjected to RNA extraction and analysis of TGIF2 LX gene expression by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The human SW1116 cell line was transfected with cDNA for the TGIF2 LX gene. Microscopic analysis, reverse transcriptase PCR, and western blotting were used for confirming at transcriptional and translational levels. Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium and colony formation assays were applied for evaluating the in vitro cell viability and colony-forming ability, respectively. LncRNA expression analysis was carried out using qRT-PCR.

Results:
The results showed that the expression levels of TGIF2 LX were significantly downregulated in CRC tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues (P = 0.032). Furthermore, the overexpression of TGIF2 LX could reduce the CRC cell line proliferation. The gene expression analysis revealed a significantly reduced level of lncRNA ROR and lncRNA XIST in TGIF2 LX-transfected SW1116 cells compared to nontransfected cells.

Conclusion:
Our findings provided evidence of molecular mechanisms by which TGIF2 LX may interact with lncRNAs ROR and XSIST to regulate CRC development by acting as a tumor suppressor. Thus, this protein may potentially be a promising option for CRC gene-based therapeutic strategies.
Prevalence and contributing factors for adolescent obesity in present era
Authors: S Seema , Rohilla Kusum K. , Kalyani Vasantha C. , Babbar Prerna 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Adolescent obesity is a very common issue in our culture. Recent studies have shown that this is a form of global burden that may predispose factors in advanced life for many other diseases. Adolescents are a positive force for a country, responsible for their future prosperity and also for their nations.

Objectives:
The main objective of the study was to identify the prevalence of obesity among adolescents and its diverse contributing factors.

Methods:
The analysis was a cross-sectional sample method and was carried out using a sampling methodology which was not possible. Through using standardized questionnaires and using validated and calibrated heighometers and weighting devices, data was obtained from 385 participants. Body mass index (BMI) scale of the World Health Organization (WHO) has been used to create a category for obesity. BMI values greater than + 1 SD fall in the range of overweight, and levels of obese greater than + 2 SD.

Results:
It was found that 6.8% of adolescents were obese and that about 17.1% were overweight. Remaining 53.8% percent had normal category of BMI and 22.3 percent were category of underweight. A significant association of gender, socioeconomic status, dietary habits, chocolate eating habits, mode of transportation to school, sports participants, physical activity, and screen time. Adolescents who were athletic enthusiasts and those who did physical activity had a good BMI. The teens who watched more than 2 h of screen time were more obese, and these were only a few reasons that were responsible for teenage obesity.

Conclusion:
Health care practitioners and policy makers need to be aware of the prevalence and contributing factor to teenage obesity. Adolescents will embrace practices such as healthy eating habits, avoiding smoking and physical inactivity. This obesity may increase their risk of developing chronic illnesses in adulthood and later life stage.
Effect of supplementation of vitamin D and calcium on patients suffering from chronic non-specific musculoskeletal pain
Authors: Goyal Vrinda , Agrawal Mukta 
Published: June 2021

Background and Objective:
Despite abundant sunshine, India is a country with high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency. It has been suggested that vitamin D deficiency could be a potential cause of chronic non-specific musculoskeletal pain. The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementation of vitamin D and calcium on patients suffering with chronic non-specific musculoskeletal pain.

Methodology:
The experimental trial was a pre-post study conducted on 50 hypovitaminosis D patients aged 30–60 years visiting a local orthopedician or physician with complain of chronic non-specific musculoskeletal pain. Oral supplementation with vitamin D and calcium was given for 3 months. Before the intervention trial, pain, physical activity, serum vitamin D, serum calcium, body mass index and waist to hip ratio (WHR) of the respondents were assessed, which was statistically compared with post-intervention data of the same parameters. Assessment of pain was carried out using visual analog scale. Physical activity levels were compared pre and post the intervention. Also, fatigue, mood alteration, and sleep were compared.

Results:
Ninety percent of the subjects had vitamin D deficiency. Thirty-six percent of the subjects had severe chronic non-specific musculoskeletal pain, whereas 56% had moderate chronic non-specific musculoskeletal pain. The mean pain score prior to intervention was 6.22 which significantly decreased to 3.52. Mean vitamin D levels significantly rose from 17.38 ng/ml to 39.40 ng/ml. Serum vitamin D, serum calcium, and physical activity levels increased, whereas pain, weight, BMI, and WHR decreased significantly post-intervention.

Conclusions:
Supplementation with vitamin D and calcium decreases chronic non-specific musculoskeletal pain.
Quality of life of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients attending a tertiary care hospital of Northern India
Authors: Sharma Sugandhi , Mohan Uday , Singh Shivendra K. , Deori Trideep J. , Misra Arvind K. 
Published: June 2021

Introduction:
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic and progressive metabolic disorder. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) there is “an apparent epidemic of diabetes, which is strongly related to lifestyle and economic change.” Objective of the study was to assess the quality of life of people living with type 2 diabetes mellitus and factors associated with quality of life.

Methods:
A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 215 patients with diabetes mellitus. Quality of life was assessed using a generic instrument SF 36. The data was analyzed using SPSS, version 24.0. An independent t test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare the means of each domain of quality of life within groups of various independent variables.

Results:
The mean age of respondents was 52.5 ± 11.0 years. The majority (87.4%) of the patients were married, Hindu by religion (88.8%), and belonged to upper socio economic class (28.8%). The mean duration since diagnosis of diabetes was 7.82 ± 6.0 years, and 80.4 percent of patients were on oral hypoglycemic agents. Hypertension was found to be the most common (24.6%) comorbidity. Age, education, socioeconomic status, duration of diabetes, type of treatment, complication of diabetes, comorbidities, and body mass index (BMI) were found to be significantly associated with various domains of SF-36.

Conclusions:
Diabetes has an adverse effect on quality of life of patients with diabetes. The most affected domain in male and female patients was vitality domain followed by general health domain of quality of life.
Developmental delay among children under two years of age in slums of Burdwan Municipality
Authors: Gupta Sukanya , Shrivastava Prabha , Samsuzzaman Md , Banerjee Niladri , Das Dilip Kumar 
Published: June 2021

Context:
Development is an ongoing process through which an individual acquires competence to function adequately. Developmental delay is said to occur when a child fails to reach the age-appropriate anticipated milestones. This imparts long-term direct as well as indirect effects on the health of a community obviating routine measurement of its prevalence especially in high-risk populations.

Aim:
To find out the prevalence and correlates of developmental delay among children under two years of age in slums of Burdwan Municipality, West Bengal.

Settings and Design:
A community-based descriptive cross-sectional study.

Methods and Materials:
This study was conducted between September-November 2019 among 240 study subjects selected by multistage simple random sampling. Data were collected by interviewing the respondents using a predesigned, pretested schedule. Developmental status was assessed by applying Trivandrum Developmental Screening Chart (TDSC). Chi-square test and logistic regression was done to find associations.

Results:
Prevalence of developmental delay was 6.6%(95%CI 3.6-9.8) and proportion was more among male infants. Chi square test revealed gender (p = 0.03), mothers' education (p = 0.00), socio-economic status (p = 0.00), parity (p = 0.02), birth spacing (p = 0.01) birth weight (p = 0.00) to be significantly associated with developmental delay and multivariable analysis showed all the factors to be significant predictors except gender, parity and birth spacing. Gestational duration, maternal age at delivery, mode of delivery was not found to be significantly associated with developmental delay.

Conclusion:
Developmental delay is considerably high in the study area. A larger study using appropriate tool and follow-up may elicit the burden and associated determinants.
Assessment of knowledge and awareness regarding rubella infection among medical professionals seen in IGIMS, Bihar
Authors: Prasad Dipali , Prasad Nidhi , Kumari Kanchan , Singh Varsha , Mishra Urvashi , Goel Neeru 
Published: June 2021

Introduction:
In developing countries like India, the comprehension of rubella virus illness, its consequences, and vaccine are nominal. Rubella virus infection occurring during pregnancy could lead to congenital rubella syndrome (CRS).

Aim:
The study aimed to know the awareness among young women healthcare practitioners of the reproductive age group towards rubella virus illness, its impacts, and vaccination.

Method:
The research had been carried out on 200 medical practitioner women of reproductive age category between 18 and 40 years. A restructured questionnaire-based interview has been conducted to check their comprehension about it.

Result:
Nearly all women of reproductive age did not know about the occurrence of rubella virus disease, its consequences, and vaccination.

Conclusion:
The research shows the absence of knowledge of rubella virus disease and demands for awareness programs to advertise properly in Bihar.
Assess and evaluate knowledge, attitude and practice of first aid management of epistaxis among general population in Aseer region
Authors: Al-Shehri Ali Maeed Sulaiman , Alzahrani Abdulbari Ahmed , Alqhtani Abdussalam Mohammed A , Alqhtani Mozoon Mohammed S , Alshehri Sarah Hassan A , AlGhris Nasser Abdullah N. , Al-Mudhi Mohammed Mushabab , Al-Jahash Najla Ahmad Saeed 
Published: June 2021

Introduction:
Epistaxis or nose bleeds is one the most common reported emergencies in the ear, nose and department. Causes of epistaxis varies from being trivial such as nose picking or dry air or trauma to concerning such as infections or elevated blood pressure to life threatening condition such as malignancies.

Methods:
The purposely constructed questionnaire was used for this research. The questionnaire was constructed by the panel of experts, language, psychological, doctors and subject specialist was there in the team. Internal consistencies of the questionnaire was measure through cronbach alpha.

Results:
Cronbach alpha = 0.84. Mean ± S.D of age of the respondents were 27.8 ± 9.8. 71.6% were females, 91.5% were belongs to Aseer region, 86.6% were living in village, 77.0% have intermediate level of education, 59.2% were single, 41.6% having health care profession. 51.1% having income less than 5000SAR.

Conclusion:
Most of them rely on internet and social media to gain knowledge regarding home management of epistaxis. This has limitations as they do not get a hands-on experience. Therefore, we recommend that first aid camps and workshops in management of epistaxis should be organized in order to properly educate the general population regarding its home management.