bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meine zweite Heimat
Authors: Ledger-Lomas Michael 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that Victoria’s marriage to Albert instilled in her a Protestant identification with the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and with German Lutherans. Although Coburgers could be flexible about Protestantism when it came to making dynastic alliances, Victoria and Albert nonetheless regarded marriage as a medium through which they could build religious and political affinities between Britain and Protestant Germany, and especially with Hohenzollern Prussia. The chapter highlights the importance of her children Victoria and Alice’s marriages as attempts to bring about spiritual and political reform in Germany, before explaining why thesyts were ultimately unsuccessful.
Religion in Common Life
Authors: Ledger-Lomas Michael 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter sketches the development of Victoria’s liberal Protestant commitment to lived lay religion, which overlooked conventional distinctions between the sacred and the secular. Victoria and Albert regarded family and the home rather than the church as the locus of religious faith and practice, and sought to advance the identification of God with the laws of His creation. This chapter accordingly discusses Victoria’s relationship to the Christian sacraments, her creation and use of sacred space within royal homes, and her views of God and the natural world. It highlights the appeal of her and Albert’s godly domesticity to a broad Protestant public, while also indicating that Victoria’s hostility to Sabbatarianism and disdain for efforts to avert disease and war through prayer could set her at odds with religious, and particularly with evangelical, opinion.
A Completed Life
Authors: Ledger-Lomas Michael 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the global topography of religious emotion created by Victoria’s death and funeral, one which was thickly studded with church spires. It begins with the efforts to create a moving liturgy for Victoria after her death, showing that while her funeral was centred on London and Windsor Castle, it served as the template for memorial services around the world. It demonstrates that Christian clergy were impresarios of the emotions they unleashed, showing how they confidently used grief at Victoria’s death to celebrate national and imperial solidarities. The next section goes beyond the imperial rhetoric of the ‘Great White Mother’, supposedly universally mourned by natives, to argue that representatives of world religions voiced reverence for her as a tactical way of establishing their claims to greater consideration in her Christian but also cosmopolitan Empire. The chapter ends with a summary of the book’s key findings.
Maturity
Authors: Fürst Juliane 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter concentrates on the post-demonstration history of the Soviet hippie sistema. While at first Soviet hippies seemed to be in crisis, from the mid-1970s a new generation rejuvenated the movement and created the so-called ‘second sistema’. The post-demonstration hippie movement was fewer in numbers, but more resilient, since its members were more committed to the cause, ready to sacrifice jobs, education, and social acceptance in order to live a life they experienced as freer and more colourful than that of their peers. From time to time the underground culture of the hippies demonstrated their cultural and revolutionary potential when their causes inspired resistance such as in the case of the 1976 exhibitions of nonconformist artists or in the mass upheavals in Kaunas after the self-immolation of Romas Kalanta in 1972 or in Leningrad in 1978 when authorities promised, but did not deliver, a rock concert featuring famous acts from the West.
Ideology
Authors: Fürst Juliane 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks in depth into the Soviet hippie belief system, while, at the same time, noting the absence of a unified ideology, whose very existence hippies rejected for themselves. It begins with an exploration of the indebtedness of hippie beliefs to the rituals and practices of official Soviet youth culture, highlighting both similarities and differences to Western hippie thought. It then proceeds to discuss common hippie tropes such as freedom, love, peace, and generational conflict with reference to the Soviet case, concluding that there was a lot of ideological overlap between the fundamental messages of communist socialization and the global hippie creed, which indeed had its very roots in the same left-wing, utopian thinking as early Soviet revolutionary ideas. While this ‘boomerang’ effect of radical, communitarian thinking unsettled the Soviet authorities, it also meant that Soviet hippies remained true to their socialist upbringing and world view shaped by late socialism in the very rebellion they staged against the system.
Majority Quantification and Quantity Superlatives
Authors: Dobrovie-Sorin Carmen , Giurgea Ion 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis book is a study of the syntax and semantics of proportional Most and other majority quantifiers across languages. Based on data drawn from around forty languages, this book reveals the existence of two semantic types of Most: a distributive type, which compares cardinalities of sets of atoms, and a “cumulative” type, which involves measuring plural and mass entities with respect to a whole. On the syntactic side, the most important difference is between non-partitive and partitive configurations. Certain majority quantifiers are specialized for partitive constructions, others are also allowed in non-partitives. We also examine complex majority expressions of the type The Largest Part and nominal quantifiers of the type The Majority. This large scale crosslinguistic investigation qualifies as a piece of typological research that moreover offers several case studies on both well-studied and less investigated languages (English, German, Icelandic, Romanian, Italian, Hungarian, Basque, Latin, Hindi, Syrian Arabic). The proposed analyses raise new theoretical questions regarding issues such as number marking, partitivity, kind reference, (in)definiteness marking, which are crucial issues for linguistic theory. Noteworthy is the attention paid to mass and collective quantification, an under-studied area. We argue in favor of a quantificational analysis of Most, against recent analyses that attempt to derive the proportional interpretation from the superlative, but we adopt a bipartition-cum-superlative analysis for The Largest Part.
Introduction
Authors: Dobrovie-Sorin Carmen , Giurgea Ion 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe start by presenting the main empirical result of this book: a crosslinguistic typology of most, which distinguishes between two types of proportional most (mostdist and mostcum) that can occur in both non-partitives and partitives and two types of most that are specialized for partitives. We proceed by presenting our main syntactic assumptions and the semantic analyses we proposed for each of the mosts we identified.The crucial semantic distinction is between a “distributive” most, which compares cardinalities of sets of atoms, and a “cumulative” most, which involves measuring plural and mass entities with respect to a whole. Then, we discuss the main semantic analyses proposed in the literature. The last section presents the empirical evidence against Hackl’s (2009) superlative analysis of most.
Data Protection Regulation and Jurisdiction
Authors: Hörnle Julia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7 focuses on the intriguing question of when EU law is applied to, and enforced against, foreign data controllers by data protection authorities situated in a Member State of the EU. This chapter examines jurisdiction and applicable law in the area of data protection enforcement in the light of recent jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the EU and Member States’ courts. Given that this caselaw relates to the “old” data protection instrument, namely the Data Protection Directive 1995/46/EC (DPD), this is contrasted with the “new” General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which entered into force in 2018. The comparison with the now superseded DPD is also important as it sketches the background and development of EU data protection law, which is important for the wider context and in particular for showing how difficult a coordination of national competences in this field has been. The chapter does not examine jurisdiction in civil litigation before the courts (Chapter 11), but instead focuses exclusively on administrative and regulatory competence under public law.
Conflicts of Law in Privacy, Data Protection, and Defamation Disputes: German and English Law
Authors: Hörnle Julia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 11 provides a critical analysis of private international law with regard to disputes based on torts between private parties arising from infringements of privacy and data protection rights, and defamation, committed by internet communication. This is a fast-developing and changing area. It compares the private international law rules in Germany and England. The proceedings examined in this chapter are civil litigation, as opposed to judicial review of administrative action (Chapter 7). The chapter covers the harmonized rules under the Brussels Regulation and, in particular, the jurisprudence in respect of the mosaic rule established in Shevill and the rules on civil jurisdiction in the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Additionally, where the Brussels Regulation does not apply, it examines in detail the national rules of jurisdiction in Germany and England, in particular the “conflicts of interest” test in Germany, and, for defamation cases in England, the new test on the most appropriate place under the Defamation Act 2013. Since the rules on applicable law for privacy, defamation, and other personality rights cases are not harmonized in the Rome II Regulation, national law prevails. The rules in Germany and England are analysed—contrasting and comparing the approaches in internet cases. It unravels the extraordinarily complicated and twisted knot of jurisdiction and applicable law in the area of personality rights infringements online and brings some clarity to this area. It concludes with some robust suggestions for improving the rules on jurisdiction and applicable law to provide a better balance of conflicting interests.
Conclusion
Authors: Hörnle Julia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 13 gathers the insights from the whole book and investigates the parallels between the Jurisdictional Challenge in different areas of law. It argues that the connection between law and territory cannot be easily overcome, as law, technology, and the geo-political system all are independent from each other and changes in technology and law do not necessarily effect changes in the geo-political system. It demonstrates that states essentially cling to their sovereignty and changes in jurisdictional rules only go so far in overcoming the Jurisdictional Challenge. The chapter argues that both rule-level and systemic changes must be sought. It analyses the targeting principle as a possible game changer. As to systemic changes, it discusses first and foremost, international coordination, geo-location, and self-regulation. The chapter finally argues that the greatest challenge is to move towards more pluralistic legal systems without sacrificing the rule of law and fundamental rights.
Possessives
Authors: Maiden Martin , Dragomirescu Adina , Dindelegan Gabriela Pană , Bărbulescu Oana Uță , Zafiu Rodica 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHow is the morphological paradigm of pronouns organized? To what extent is the system conservative and to what extent has it been reorganized? What is the structure and history of the stressed forms of the first and second persons? What is the structure and history of the stressed forms of the third person? What is the nature of Romanian possessive affixes?
Predatory Grooming and Epistemic Infringement
Authors: Leydon-Hardy Lauren 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPredatory grooming is a form of abuse most familiar from high-profile cases of sexual misconduct, for example, the Nassar case at Michigan State. Predatory groomers target individuals in a systematic effort to lead them into relationships in which they are vulnerable to exploitation. This is an example of a broader form of epistemic misconduct that Leydon-Hardy describes as epistemic infringement, where this involves the contravention of social and epistemic norms in a way that undermines our epistemic agency. In this chapter, Leydon-Hardy looks at the distinctive epistemic harm caused by epistemic infringement. She argues that this harm cannot be understood simply as the victim’s having a false belief, or even as her being alienated from her belief-forming mechanisms. A deeper understanding of the harm caused by infringement shows that it stems from damage to one’s epistemic agency, and indeed, to one’s personhood.
The Internet and Epistemic Agency
Authors: Gunn Hanna , Lynch Michael Patrick 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, Hanna Gunn and Michael Patrick Lynch examine the connection between epistemic agency and the internet. They identify two conditions that are true of responsible epistemic agency: first, responsible epistemic agents aim to develop epistemic virtues, merit, and capacities that help them to responsibly change their epistemic environment, as well as the capacities that enable them to recognize and respect these epistemic traits in others. Second, responsible epistemic agents treat other epistemic agents with a form of respect that demonstrates a willingness to learn from them. Gunn and Lynch then show that the ways in which the internet makes information more widely available can also undermine our ability to be responsible epistemic agents. For instance, the personalization of online spaces can unwittingly lead users into echo chambers and filter-bubbles and away from a diverse range of perspectives, and fake news and information pollution can make for a hostile online epistemic environment.
The Epistemic Dangers of Context Collapse Online
Authors: Frost-Arnold Karen 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, Karen Frost-Arnold provides a close analysis of the epistemological challenges posed by context collapse in online environments and argues that virtue epistemology provides a helpful normative framework for addressing some of these problems. “Context collapse” is the blurring or merging of multiple contexts or audiences into one. Frost-Arnold identifies at least three epistemic challenges posed by context collapse. First, context collapse facilitates online harassment, which causes epistemic harm by decreasing the diversity of epistemic communities. Second, context collapse threatens the integrity of marginalized epistemic communities in which some types of true beliefs flourish. Third, context collapse promotes misunderstanding, as understanding relies on background knowledge which, in turn, is often context sensitive. Frost-Arnold then argues that we can cultivate and promote the epistemic virtues of trustworthiness and discretion in order to address some of these problems.
Proceedings before the Referring Court after a Reference has been Made
Authors: Broberg Morten , Fenger Niels 
Published: May 2021

AbstractChapter 9 provides an account of the steps that a national court may take after having made a preliminary reference. Making a preliminary reference does not imply that the case before the national court is transferred to the Court of Justice. On the contrary, the main proceedings remain pending before the referring court and that court thus retains jurisdiction to take any procedural measures which it is empowered to take under national law. A decision to make a preliminary reference may also be appealed to a superior national court, but, as a main rule, the superior court cannot overturn the lower court’s decision to make a preliminary reference. A national court may also order interim relief under EU law in connection with a preliminary reference. In this respect, the national court must consider the conditions for granting interim relief: (i) doubt as to the validity (fumus boni iuris), (ii) urgency, and (iii) balancing of the interests.
The Procedure before the Court of Justice
Authors: Broberg Morten , Fenger Niels 
Published: May 2021

AbstractChapter 10 contains an analysis of the procedure before the Court of Justice and discusses how written and oral observations may be presented. The chapter examines and explains the following stages: (i) translation of the reference into all the official languages, and the subsequent publication of a summary of the reference in the Official Journal of the European Union, (ii) notification of the reference to the parties to the main proceedings, the Member States, the EU institutions, the EFTA Surveillance Authority, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein as well as, in some cases, other third countries, (iii) submission of written observations, (iv) translation of the written observations into French (working language of the Court of Justice) and appointment of a Judge-Rapporteur Advocates General, (v) notification of the written observations in their original language, in French and in the language of the case, (vi) drawing up of a Preliminary Report (rapport préalable), (vii) oral procedure, (viii) deliberation and voting by the judges and preparation of the judgment, and (ix) translation of the judgment.
The Effects of the Preliminary Ruling
Authors: Broberg Morten , Fenger Niels 
Published: May 2021

AbstractChapter 12 considers the binding effect of a preliminary ruling. The chapter deals with the effects of a preliminary ruling on the main proceedings, it examines the effect of the ruling on cases other than the one that has given rise to the preliminary reference. It also discusses the legal significance of the Advocate General’s Opinion, and it analyses the temporal effect of a preliminary ruling. Finally, the question of the interpretation and revision of a preliminary ruling is dealt with.
A Mere Skeleton of the Sciences? Amalia Holst’s Critique of Basedow and Campe
Authors: Louden Robert B. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this chapter I examine Amalia Holst’s critique of Johann Bernhard Basedow’s and Joachim Heinrich Campe’s strongly gendered views of education. After a brief overview of the influential Rousseauvian background, I turn to Basedow’s remarks about girls’ education in his Methodenbuch (1770) and Campe’s position as presented in his Väterlicher Rath für meine Tochter (1789). I then assess the strength of Holst’s criticisms of both authors’ positions, showing where they hit (as well as occasionally miss) their intended targets. I conclude with a brief evaluation of Holst’s own alternative pedagogical theory, arguing that while in some ways it represents a clear advance over earlier Enlightenment views, in other ways it does not.
Mutational mechanisms and evolvability
Authors: Stoltzfus Arlin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWell-studied cases of programmed DNA rearrangements, e.g., somatic recombination in the emergence of specific antibodies, suggest a rubric for specially evolved mutation systems: they amplify the rates of specific types of mutations (by orders of magnitude), subject to specific modulation, using dedicated parts, with the favored types of mutations being used repeatedly. Chapter 5 focuses on six types of systems that generate mutational diversity in a focused manner, often in an ecological context that makes sense of such a specialized feature, e.g., immune evasion or phage-host coevolution: cassette shuffling, phase variation (switching), CRISPR-Cas defenses, inversion shufflons, diversity-generating retro-elements, and mating-type switching. The emergence and influence of these systems relates to the concept of evolvability, here expressed in terms of three types of claims: evolvability as fact (E1), evolvability as explanans (E2), and evolvability as explanandum (E3).
Randomness as Irrelevance
Authors: Stoltzfus Arlin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractUnder the neo-Darwinian theory, selection is the potter and variation is the clay: peculiarities or regularities of variation may emerge from internal causes, but these are ultimately irrelevant, because selection governs the outcome of evolution. Chapter 6 addresses this sense of “randomness” as irrelevance or unimportance, featuring (1) an analogical-metaphysical argument in which mutation is equated with raw materials or fuel, or is said to act at the “wrong level” to be an evolutionary cause; (2) direct empirical arguments; (3) mechanistic claims, e.g., claims about the ability of the “gene pool” to maintain variation, or of selection to be creative; (4) methodological claims to the effect that selection is amenable to study, but not mutation; and (5) an explanatory claim to the effect that mutation, though perhaps influential, only affects the boring parts of evolution. Appendix D provides quotations on the theme of unimportance.
Some False Step
Authors: Hudson Hud 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This first chapter argues that the philosophy of pessimism is well grounded, quite independent of any particular religious orientation. At its core, the philosophy of pessimism simply offers (on the whole) dismal predictions about what nearly all of us can expect to experience in our private lives and interpersonal relationships, about the welfare of our fellow creatures, about the character of our social institutions and global politics, and about our prospects for progress on these matters in the future. The collective evidence for this view drawn from the plight of animals, the natural dispositions of human persons, our checkered history of social and political institutions, the world’s religions and wisdom traditions, and humanity’s achievements in art, literature, music, and philosophy is clear and compelling. Moreover, the chapter argues that this pessimism is overdetermined and even more austere for the Christian who takes the doctrines of the Fall and Original Sin seriously. Yet the good news for the Christian is that this philosophy of pessimism can be tempered by reasons for optimism—reasons which furnish a hope for salvation and also a hope that before every tear is wiped away, the groans of creation and the sufferings of its creatures will have properly inspired us to cooperate with God in the process of Atonement. Finally, special attention is given to the Felix Culpa theodicy as a further source of optimism for the Christian.
Action and social spaces in typical development and in autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Candini Michela , Pellegrino Giuseppe di , Frassinetti Francesca 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Research in neuroscience reveals that the brain constructs multiple representations of space. Here, we primarily focus on interpersonal representation—i.e. the region of space immediately surrounding our body, in which we interact with other people, in individuals with a deficit of social interaction, such as autism. We review results from several studies, revealing that autism affects the interpersonal space regulation, influencing both its size (permeability) and its changes depending on social interaction (plasticity). Indeed, individuals with autism prefer larger or shorter interpersonal space compared to healthy controls, thereby indicating a deficit of interpersonal space permeability. Furthermore, individuals with autism fail to modify their interpersonal space following a brief cooperative interaction with an unfamiliar adult, suggesting a deficit in interpersonal space plasticity. Interestingly, the deficit observed in interpersonal space plasticity depends on the person’s perspective and reflects the severity of social impairment. Finally, the link between social competence, action, and space is addressed, showing that autism affects social-interpersonal space, but not action-peripersonal space.