bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PECTATE LYASE LIKE12 patterns the guard cell wall to coordinate turgor pressure and wall mechanics for proper stomatal function in Arabidopsis
Authors: Chen Yintong , Li Wenlong , Turner Joseph A. , Anderson Charles T. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Plant cell deformations are driven by cell pressurization and mechanical constraints imposed by the nanoscale architecture of the cell wall, but how these factors are controlled at the genetic and molecular levels to achieve different types of cell deformation is unclear. Here, we used stomatal guard cells to investigate the influences of wall mechanics and turgor pressure on cell deformation and demonstrate that the expression of the pectin-modifying gene PECTATE LYASE LIKE12 (PLL12) is required for normal stomatal dynamics in Arabidopsis thaliana. Using nanoindentation and finite element modeling to simultaneously measure wall modulus and turgor pressure, we found that both values undergo dynamic changes during induced stomatal opening and closure. PLL12 is required for guard cells to maintain normal wall modulus and turgor pressure during stomatal responses to light and to tune the levels of calcium crosslinked pectin in guard cell walls. Guard cell-specific knockdown of PLL12 caused defects in stomatal responses and reduced leaf growth, which were associated with lower cell proliferation but normal cell expansion. Together, these results force us to revise our view of how wall-modifying genes modulate wall mechanics and cell pressurization to accomplish the dynamic cellular deformations that underlie stomatal function and tissue growth in plants.
Experience Is Not Enough: Self-Identified Training Needs of Police Working with Adolescents
Authors: Fix Rebecca L , Aaron Jeffrey , Greenberg Sheldon 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Police receive extensive training due to the complexity and challenges of their work. Surprisingly, most police officers receive minimal training on how to understand and interact with adolescents. The current study included data from 1,030 law enforcement officers from 24 police departments evaluating perceived readiness to interact and work with adolescents in the community. We examined overall training needs, and then tested how experience in law enforcement and position or rank impacted self-identified training needs. Rank was associated with police officer perceptions of adolescents and related training needs. Compared with patrol officers, school resource officers indicated that they believed they had the skills needed to effectively work with adolescents [P = 0.001, odds ration (OR) = 2.5]. Beat or area patrol officers were significantly less likely than school resource officers to report feeling equipped to work with adolescents who have experienced trauma compared with new recruits (P &lt; 0.001, OR = 0.3) and other non-patrol police officers (P = 0.001, OR = 0.6). School resource officers were significantly more likely to view adolescents as positive assets to the community (P = 0.003, OR = 2.8), and were significantly less likely to understand why Black adolescents or other adolescents of colour might mistrust police compared with both new recruits (P &lt; 0.001, OR = 0.2) and patrol officers (P &lt; 0.001, OR = 0.5). Overarching training needs are illuminated by these unique data.
Alay Kapwa and community pantries during COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines
Authors: Rosales Renniel Jayson Jacinto 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In the crisis we are facing, the importance of solidarity, as a vital component of Alay Kapwa Spirituality, in evangelizing the people to practice their faith through care and concern for others is manifested. This is the true Christian way of life. We are Christians not just because we are praying together but because we are helping one another. When the pandemic ends, we can be assured that Alay Kapwa Spirituality is already animated in the lives of the people and when we face situations where solidarity seems to be needed, we will no longer wait for the extreme hardships of the poor to be manifested before we help them.
Phytogeographic History of the Tea Family Inferred Through High-Resolution Phylogeny and Fossils
Authors: Yan Yujing , Davis Charles C , Dimitrov Dimitar , Wang Zhiheng , Rahbek Carsten , Borregaard Michael Krabbe 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The tea family (Theaceae) has a highly unusual amphi-Pacific disjunct distribution: most extant species in the family are restricted to subtropical evergreen broadleaf forests in East Asia, while a handful of species occur exclusively in the subtropical and tropical Americas. Here, we used an approach that integrates the rich fossil evidence of this group with phylogenies in biogeographic analysis to study the processes behind this distribution pattern. We first combined genome-skimming sequencing with existing molecular data to build a robust species-level phylogeny for c.130 Theaceae species, resolving most important unclarified relationships. We then developed an empirical Bayesian method to incorporate distribution evidence from fossil specimens into historical biogeographic analyses and used this method to account for the spatiotemporal history of Theaceae fossils. We compared our method with an alternative Bayesian approach and show that it provides consistent results while significantly reduces computational demands which allows analyses of much larger data sets. Our analyses revealed a circumboreal distribution of the family from the early Cenozoic to the Miocene and inferred repeated expansions and retractions of the modeled distribution in the Northern Hemisphere, suggesting that the current Theaceae distribution could be the remnant of a larger continuous distribution associated with the boreotropical forest that has been hypothesized to occupy most of the northern latitudes in the early Cenozoic. These results contradict with studies that only considered current species distributions and showcase the necessity of integrating fossil and molecular data in phylogeny-based parametric biogeographic models to improve the reliability of inferred biogeographical events. [Biogeography; genome skimming; phylogenomics; plastid genome; Theaceae.]
The Same Ultra-Rapid Parallel Brain Dynamics Underpin the Production and Perception of Speech
Authors: Fairs Amie , Michelas Amandine , Dufour Sophie , Strijkers Kristof 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The temporal dynamics by which linguistic information becomes available is one of the key properties to understand how language is organized in the brain. An unresolved debate between different brain language models is whether words, the building blocks of language, are activated in a sequential or parallel manner. In this study, we approached this issue from a novel perspective by directly comparing the time course of word component activation in speech production versus perception. In an overt object naming task and a passive listening task, we analyzed with mixed linear models at the single-trial level the event-related brain potentials elicited by the same lexico-semantic and phonological word knowledge in the two language modalities. Results revealed that both word components manifested simultaneously as early as 75 ms after stimulus onset in production and perception; differences between the language modalities only became apparent after 300 ms of processing. The data provide evidence for ultra-rapid parallel dynamics of language processing and are interpreted within a neural assembly framework where words recruit the same integrated cell assemblies across production and perception. These word assemblies ignite early on in parallel and only later on reverberate in a behavior-specific manner.
Does the Nutrient Profile of Snacks Vary According to the Time of Day of Consumption?
Authors: McNaughton Sarah A , Leech Rebecca , Worsley Anthony 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundResearch suggests that energy intake from snacking eating occasions (EOs) has increased over time, however little is known about the nutrient profile of snacks consumed across the day. Understanding how the nutrient profile of snacks varies across the day is important to determining health promotion messages and strategies. The aim of this study was to describe the nutrient profile of snacks consumed according to time of day of consumption.MethodsDietary data from two 24‐hour recalls collected during the 2011–12 Australian Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (n=2457 men and n=2890 women, ≥19 years) were analysed. All EOs identified by respondents as “snacks” were analysed according to their time period of consumption (morning: 06:00–11:59, afternoon: 12:00–17:59 and evening/night: 18:00–23:59). Nutrient intakes per 1000 kJ (density method) and as a proportion of total nutrient intake were calculated for snacks consumed within each time period. The nutrient profiles of snacks were then compared across time periods using an F‐test with Bonferroni correction. All results were weighted and adjusted for sample design effects.ResultsAmong both men and women, the nutrient profile of snacks varied according to the time of day of consumption. For example, snacks consumed in the morning were significantly lower in energy but had higher nutrient densities of protein, calcium, folate and sugars than snacks consumed later in the day (P<0.01). The morning snack was also the highest contributor to total calcium and folate intakes and contained more fibre (men only) but less total fat (women only) and saturated fat (women only) per 1000 kJ than snacks consumed in the afternoon or evening/night (P<0.01).ConclusionsFindings from this study suggest that snacks consumed during the morning are more nutrient‐dense and healthier (i.e. higher in protein, calcium and folate) than those consumed later in the day. However, further research examining how snack food choices vary across the day is needed to inform health promotion messages that encourage healthy snacking behaviours.Support or Funding InformationAustralian Research Council (DP130100713)
Neuroprotective effects of intraoperative dexmedetomidine versus saline infusion combined with goal-directed haemodynamic therapy for patients undergoing cranial surgery
Authors: Chen Pin-Hsin , Tsuang Fon-Yih , Lee Chen-Tse , Yeh Yu-Chang , Cheng Hsiao-Liang , Lee Tzong-Shiun , Chang Ya-Wen , Cheng Ya-Jung , Wu Chun-Yu 
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND
By inhibiting neuroinflammation dexmedetomidine may be neuroprotective in patients undergoing cranial surgery, but it reduces cardiac output and cerebral blood flow.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate whether intra-operative dexmedetomidine combined with goal-directed haemodynamic therapy (GDHT) has neuroprotective effects in cranial surgery.

DESIGN
A double-blind, single-institution, randomised controlled trial.

SETTING
A single university hospital, from April 2017 to April 2020.

PATIENTS
A total of 160 adults undergoing elective cranial surgery.

INTERVENTION
Infusion of dexmedetomidine (0.5 μg kg−1 h−1) or saline combined with GDHT to optimise stroke volume during surgery.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The proportion who developed postoperative neurological complications was compared. Postoperative disability was assessed using the Barthel Index at time points between admission and discharge, and also the 30-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Postoperative delirium was assessed. The concentration of a peri-operative serum neuroinflammatory mediator, high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), was compared.

RESULTS
Fewer patients in the dexmedetomidine group developed new postoperative neurological complications (26.3% vs. 43.8%; P = 0.031), but the number of patients developing severe neurological complications was comparable between the two groups (11.3% vs. 20.0%; P = 0.191). In the dexmedetomidine group the Barthel Index reduction [0 (−10 to 0)] was less than that in the control group [−5 (−15 to 0)]; P = 0.023, and there was a more favourable 30-day mRS (P = 0.013) with more patients without postoperative delirium (84.6% vs. 64.2%; P = 0.012). Furthermore, dexmedetomidine induced a significant reduction in peri-operative serum HMGB1 level from the baseline (222.5 ± 408.3 pg ml−1) to the first postoperative day (152.2 ± 280.0 pg ml−1) P = 0.0033. There was no significant change in the control group. The dexmedetomidine group had a lower cardiac index than did the control group (3.0 ± 0.8 vs. 3.4 ± 1.8 l min−1 m−2; P = 0.0482) without lactate accumulation.

CONCLUSIONS
Dexmedetomidine infusion combined with GDHT may mitigate neuroinflammation without undesirable haemodynamic effects during cranial surgery and therefore be neuroprotective.

TRIAL REGISTRATION
Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02878707
Novel insights into stroke risk beyond resting and maximal bicycle exercise systolic blood pressure
Authors: Mariampillai Julian E. , Prestgaard Erik E. , Kjeldsen Sverre E. , Liestøl Knut , Grundvold Irene , Bodegård Johan , Gjesdal Knut , Erikssen Jan E. , Skretteberg Per T. 
Published: June 2021

Objective:
Previous research has shown an association between moderate workload exercise blood pressure (BP) and coronary disease, whereas maximal exercise BP is associated with stroke. We aimed to investigate the association between the increase in BP during maximal exercise and the long-term risk of stroke in healthy, middle-aged men.

Methods:
Two thousand and fourteen men were included in the Oslo Ischemia Study in the 1970s. In the present study, we examined baseline data of the 1392 participants who remained healthy and performed bicycle exercise tests both at baseline and 7 years later. Cox proportional hazard was used to assess the risk of stroke in participants divided into quartiles based on the difference between resting and maximal workload SBP (ΔSBP) at baseline, adjusting for resting BP, age, smoking, serum cholesterol and physical fitness. Follow-up was until the first ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke through 35 years.

Results:
There were 195 incident strokes; 174 (89%) were ischemic. In univariate analyses, there were significant positive correlations between age, resting SBP, resting DBP and SBP at moderate and maximal workload, and risk of stroke. In the multivariate analysis, there was a 2.6-fold (P < 0.0001) increase in risk of stroke in ΔSBP quartile 4 (ΔSBP > 99 mmHg) compared with ΔSBP quartile 2 (ΔSBP 73–85 mmHg), which had the lowest risk of stroke. ΔSBP quartile 1 had a 1.7-fold (P = 0.02) increased risk compared with quartile 2, suggesting a J-shaped association to stroke risk.

Conclusion:
Stroke risk increased with increasing difference between resting and maximal exercise SBP, independent of BP at rest, suggesting that an exaggerated BP response to physical exercise may be an independent predictor of stroke.
Prophylactic Antibiotics Do Not Prevent Infectious Complications of Endoscopic Ultrasound Fine-Needle Aspiration of Pancreatic Cysts
Authors: Palomera-Tejeda Emmanuel , Shah Hassam , Attar Bashar M. , Bhurwal Abhishek , Vohra Ishaan , Mutneja Hemant Raj 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Despite limited evidence, endoscopic societies recommend routine use of antibiotic prophylaxis for endoscopic ultrasound fine-needle aspiration of pancreatic cystic lesions. Recent studies suggest lack of benefit in this setting. Our objective is to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the efficacy of antibiotics in prevention of infectious complications after ultrasound fine-needle aspiration of pancreatic cystic lesions. A bibliographic search of digital dissertation databases was performed from inception until March 2020. Randomized controlled trials, cohort, and case-control studies that compared prophylactic antibiotics with placebo or no therapy were included in the analysis. The primary outcome was the development of cyst infections. Secondary outcomes were incidence of fever; procedural complications such as bile leak, pancreatitis, or bleeding; and medication-related adverse events. Six studies with a total of 1683 patients were included. The overall incidence of cyst infections was 0.53%. For the primary outcome, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups (odds ratio, 0.54; 95% confidence interval, 0.16–1.82; P = 0.32). No significant difference was noted regarding other complications like fever, pancreatitis, or bile leak. In conclusion, the rate of infectious complications is very low, and antibiotic prophylaxis does not seem to confer any additional benefit in their prevention.
Diet and Exercise Interventions in Patients With Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Kasvis Popi , Kilgour Robert D. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Diet and exercise interventions may help reverse malnutrition and muscle wasting common in pancreatic cancer. We performed a scoping review to identify the knowledge gaps surrounding diet and exercise interventions. We searched PubMed, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Embase, ProQuest Theses and Dissertations, and Google Scholar using the umbrella terms of “pancreatic cancer,” “diet/nutrition,” and “exercise.” Included were articles reporting on ambulatory adults with diagnosed pancreatic cancer. Excluded were studies examining prevention and/or risk, animal, or cell lines. Of the 15,708 articles identified, only 62 met the final inclusion criteria. Almost half of the articles were randomized controlled studies (n = 27). Most studies were from the United States (n = 20). The majority examined dietary interventions (n = 41), with 20 assessing the use of omega-3 fatty acids. Exercise interventions were reported in 13 studies, with 8 examining a diet and exercise intervention. Most studies were small and varied greatly in terms of study design, intervention, and outcomes. We identified 7 research gaps that should be addressed in future studies. This scoping review highlights the limited research examining the effect of diet and exercise interventions in ambulatory patients with pancreatic cancer.
Overt IL-32 isoform expression at intestinal level during HIV-1 infection is negatively regulated by IL-17A
Authors: Moreira Gabriel Etiene , Wiche Salinas Tomas Raul , Gosselin Annie , Larouche-Anctil Etienne , Durand Madeleine , Landay Alan L. , El-Far Mohamed , Tremblay Cécile L. , Routy Jean-Pierre , Ancuta Petronela 
Published: June 2021

Objectives:
Untreated HIV infection was previously associated with IL-32 overexpression in gut/intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). Here, we explored IL-32 isoform expression in the colon of people with HIV (PWH) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) and IL-32 triggers/modulators in IEC.

Design:
Sigmoid colon biopsies (SCB) and blood were collected from ART-treated PWH (HIV + ART; n = 17; mean age: 56 years; CD4+ cell counts: 679 cells/μl; time on ART: 72 months) and age-matched HIV-uninfected controls (HIVneg; n = 5). The IEC line HT-29 was used for mechanistic studies.

Methods:
Cells from SCB and blood were isolated by enzymatic digestion and/or gradient centrifugation. HT-29 cells were exposed to TLR1–9 agonists, TNF-α, IL-17A and HIV. IL-32α/β/γ/D/ε/θ and IL-17A mRNA levels were quantified by real-time RT-PCR. IL-32 protein levels were quantified by ELISA.

Results:
IL-32β/γ/ε isoform transcripts were detectable in the blood and SCB, with IL-32β mRNA levels being predominantly expressed in both compartments and at significantly higher levels in HIV + ART compared to HIVneg. IL-17A transcripts were only detectable in SCB, with increased IL-17A levels in HIVneg compared with HIV + ART and negatively correlated with IL-32β mRNA levels. IL-32β/γ/ε isoform mRNA were detected in HT-29 cells upon exposure to TNF-α, Poly I:C (TLR3 agonist), Flagellin (TLR-5 agonist) and HIV. IL-17A significantly decreased both IL-32 β/γ/ε mRNA and cell-associated IL-32 protein levels induced upon TNF-α and Poly I:C triggering.

Conclusion:
We document IL-32 isoforms abundant in the colon of ART-treated PWH and reveal the capacity of the Th17 hallmark cytokine IL-17A to attenuate IL-32 overexpression in a model of inflamed IEC.
The entry inhibitor DS003 (BMS-599793): a BMS-806 analogue, provides superior activity as a pre-exposure prophylaxis candidate
Authors: Herrera Carolina , Harman Sarah , Aldon Yoann , Rogers Paul , Armanasco Naomi , Ziprin Paul , Stieh Daniel , Nuttall Jeremy , Shattock Robin J. 
Published: June 2021

Objective:
Small molecule inhibitors able to bind to gp120 and prevent CD4+-induced HIV-1 envelope conformational change provide an important class of inhibitors. Currently, only Fostemsavir is approved for HAART, which makes this class of inhibitors attractive candidates for prevention. We assessed the activity of DS003 (BMS-599793), an analogue of BMS-378806, in different mucosal tissues and elucidated its mechanism of action.

Design:
Preclinical analysis was performed with human mucosal tissue models as surrogates of in-vivo activity.

Methods:
Antiviral efficacy of DS003 was assessed in mucosal tissue explants (ecto-cervical, penile and colorectal) and in trans-infection models (co-cultures of dendritic or mucosal migratory cells with CD4+ T cells) with several dosing times (2, 24 h and sustained) and in combination with a fusion inhibitor. Binding of DS003 to gp120 was assessed by flow cytometry and bio-layer interferometry and further probed in competitive studies using soluble CD4+ (sCD4+) and an anti-CD4+ induced antibody, 17b.

Results:
In all models, the inhibitory activity of DS003 was increased with longer periods of exposure and by combination with a fusion inhibitor. Pre-exposure to sCD4+ impeded DS003 binding to viral envelope. In contrast, DS003 did not impact subsequent binding of sCD4+. Furthermore, sCD4+-induced epitope exposure as assessed by 17b binding was significantly reduced in the presence of DS003.

Conclusion:
DS003 inhibits HIV-1 infection by binding to or near the CD4+ binding site of gp120, preventing CD4+-induced conformational change essential for viral fusion. These data highlight the potential of DS003 for development as a pre-exposure prophylaxis candidate.
Epidemiology of Upper-Extremity Amputations Using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System
Authors: Cramer Jordan , Brown Geoffrey , Herrera Fernando A. 
Published: June 2021

Background
Upper-extremity amputations can be devastating injuries that lead to lifelong disabilities. The purpose of our study was to review national data and identify populations at risk and injury patterns that could be targeted with prevention strategies.

Methods
Data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System between years 2012 and 2018 were reviewed. Injuries affecting the upper extremity resulting in amputation were included. Patient demographics, anatomical location, mechanism of injury, level of care provided, and setting of injury were recorded. Descriptive was recorded and tabulated for each category.

Results
There were 4,766 patients identified with amputations to the upper extremity from 2012 to 2018. The following categories are listed below: age in years, sex, race, anatomical location of injury, most common mechanisms of injury, disposition of patient, environmental location.

Conclusions
Our data show that male children younger than 10 years are at the high risk for finger amputations. In addition, the majority of these injuries occur in the home. This suggests that safety prevention in the home is a significant area in need of improvement. We recommend further research in areas of home safety and injury prevention to decrease the risk of the devastating injuries.