bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Entrepreneurship Factors Contributing to Youth Employment in the EAC Countries Data and Policy Analysis
Authors: Hatibu Semboja Haji , Hafidh Hafidh Ali 
Published: April 2021

This policy research paper analyses entrepreneurship factors contributing to youth unemployment and also provides working recommendations for engagement on youth employment through entrepreneurship in the EAC Countries. The data and policy analysis are based on the theory of 4Es as propounded by ILO and Youth Employment Network literature. The literature reviews, field research survey, focus group discussion, combined observational and consultations with key informants were research methods used in collecting secondary and primary data. Data analysis used non-parametric methods, mainly frequency and cross tabulations.
The paper finds that entrepreneurship factors such as inadequate innovative skills; limited entrepreneurship knowledge, education and training skills; communication skills barriers; limited entrepreneurship experience; and existence of informal sector and entrepreneurship barriers contribute highly to youth unemployment in most of the EAC countries.
The paper recommends for improved entrepreneurship conditions and relevant implementation strategies include need to ensure adequate innovative skills; enhance entrepreneurship knowledge, education and training; informal employment in both formal and informal sectors improved; remove communication skill barriers; instil positive opportunity perception and ensure adequate access of entrepreneurship experience for optimal youth employment.
Vibrio fluvialis – Unusual Case of Cellulitis Leading to Sepsis
Authors: Shravan Y. , Gill Roop , Vaswani Vivek , Lakhani Sucheta , Lakhani Jitendra 
Published: April 2021

Vibrio fluvialis, an enteric, Gram negative bacterium commonly isolated from sewage/ sea water contaminated with human and animal’s faeces. Infections with this unusual organism can cause cholera like bloody diarrhoea and also wound infection. Vibrio fluvialis causing skin infection and sepsis is uncommon with very few cases reported worldwide. It is an emerging pathogen with distinct features as compares to the other species of Vibrio group of bacteria in terms of high virulence and adaptability in hostile environments. Here is a case report of skin and soft tissue infection by Vibrio fluvialis, in a patient suffering from severe pedal oedema due to nephrotic syndrome and right lower limb deep vein thrombosis .
Case Report: A young male, farmer, presented with ascites, pedal oedema, puffy face due to nephrotic syndrome.He developed skin and soft tissue infection resulted from skin atrophy and ulcer due to pedal oedema as well as right limb deep vein thrombosis . He had high grade fever, leucocytosis, anaemia, hypoproteinaemia, right leg cellulites and features of sepsis requiring wound debridement. Immunodeficiency and corticosteroids associated immunosuppression were absent in this patient. He was diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome due to minimal change disease.
Conclusion: Vibrio fluvialis infection can occur due to wound contaminated with sewage water leading to skin and soft tissue infection and life threatening sepsis.
Preparation and Characterization of Biacetyl Monoxime Hydrazone Salicylidene Complexes of Lanthanoid (III) Ions
Authors: Sankhe Sharad , Bhavsar Sainath 
Published: April 2021

The 1:3 complexes of lanthanoid (III) ions as Nd(III), Sm(III), Tb(III) and La(III) with biacetyl monoxime hydrazone salicyalidene have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, PMR, electronic spectra, molar conductance and magnetic properties. All these complexes of Ln(III) complexes are found to be unique in infrared and solubility to the methanol, chloroform, DMF, DMSO solvents. The results show that the biacetyl monoxime hydrazone salicyalidene ligand acts as a bidentate monobasic donor, coordinating through the azomethine nitrogen and deprotonated oximino proton.
Principles of Drug Metabolism
Authors: Dalvie Deepak K. , Testa Bernard 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMetabolism is a complex process that involves enzymatic modification of drugs and xenobiotics and is one of the most important determinants of their fate in the body. Although the drug metabolism is considered a process of detoxification, the products of metabolism can play an important role in the pharmacology and toxicology of the parent drug. Studying the metabolism of newly synthesized molecules is a valuable strategy that allows one to identify the underlying problems, such as “soft spots,” or metabolic activation, that affect the systemic exposure of a molecule and safety and efficacy. Early investigative metabolism of new compounds has helped in assessing the bioactivation potential of these candidates and thus, avoid reactive metabolites or put mitigation strategies in place. Metabolism can also lead to pharmacologically active metabolites. These metabolites can have superior pharmacological, pharmacokinetic, and safety profiles compared to their parent drug and can therefore be developed as drugs. This chapter provides an overview of the enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics and the different metabolic pathways. An attempt has been made to illustrate these principles with pertinent example with a brief review of topics of potential interests to aspiring medicinal chemists namely, the factors that may influence biotransformation or applications to predict the sites of metabolism. While the medicinal chemists are not expected to possess a deep knowledge of the mechanistic aspects, the hope is that the principles outlined in this chapter will assist them in designing a better drug.
Intellectual Property for Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Products
Authors: J. Kelley James , Stemerick Dave , Norton Vicki , Welch Lawrence , Gregory Jennifer , Cox Gregory , Rudolph John , Castetter Andrea , R. Myers Michael 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

This article is intended to provide people in Life Sciences basic understanding of intellectual property (IP) pertinent to biotechnology and drug development. This article is
not
intended to provide legal advice or substitute for counsel from an attorney. It will help the reader take a first step toward becoming minimally conversant in IP. The article addresses information security and trade secrets, patents, regulatory exclusivity, and trademarks, largely under US law but with some international flavor. Because of patent law's complexity and its importance in protecting investments in new drug development, the patent section constitutes the lion's share of the article. Information security and trade secrets are presented mainly in terms of their importance in preserving competitive advantages and the ability to patent innovations arising from R&D. Regulatory exclusivity is included because it provides nonpatent incentives for developing new products and because it regulates the onset of generic and biosimilar competition. Trademarks are adjuncts to patents in that they provide barriers to counterfeiting and to generic competition, and they can support continued brand loyalty after patent expiry for potentially long periods. The large number of case studies and examples help illustrate principles in interesting and realistic ways.
Fundamentals of Steroid Chemistry and Biochemistry
Authors: Brueggemeier Robert W. , Li Pui‐Kai 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Steroids are a unique class of chemical compounds found throughout the animal and plant kingdom. This class includes sterols such as cholesterol and ergosterol, bile acids, and steroid hormones. Chemical research on steroids began with isolation and structure determination, and major research efforts focused on total synthesis and on the development of numerous reactions for modifying the steroid scaffold. Methods in microbial transformations of steroids were developed in order to produce large quantities of steroid starting materials at reduced costs. Research in steroid biochemistry first began with studies on the biosynthesis and metabolism of steroids, followed soon thereafter by investigations on the biochemical mechanism of action of steroids. Over the past several decades, steroid biochemistry and molecular biology have focused on steroidogenic enzymes, nuclear steroid receptors, and gene expression. The discovery of the anti‐inflammatory effects of cortisone in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and the report of the contraceptive effects of estrogen and progestin preparations illustrated for the first time that steroids could be considered as medicinal agents. As a result, extensive research on the medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, and clinical studies of steroid agonists and antagonists has evolved and continues to provide new insights and new medicinal agents for therapies in many different diseases and chemoprevention strategies.
Gene Therapy with Plasmid DNA
Authors: Liu Yun , Musetti Sara , Huang Leaf 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRecent advances in the study of human genomics have revealed the relationship between somatic aberrations and cancer. Therapeutic genetic manipulation for cancer therapy can be achieved through treatment regimens that include gene therapy. Messenger RNA and plasmid DNA are widely applied in gene therapy. Messenger RNA therapy has received much attention in the past 10 years. In this article, we first compare messenger RNA therapeutics with plasmid DNA therapeutics and go on to list the limitations of messenger RNA therapy and advantages of plasmid DNA therapeutics. To address the unresolved challenges for plasmid DNA for further translational application, this article describes the present clinical usage of plasmid DNA, reviews the current physical and chemical delivery system proposed for nonviral plasmid DNA therapy, discusses targeted delivery strategies and specific formulation designs with promising outcomes in preclinical studies, and provides future perspectives for plasmid DNA therapy development.
Synthetic DNA‐Targeted Chemotherapeutic Agents And Related Tumor‐Activated Prodrugs
Authors: Denny William A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSynthetic drugs have always played an important role in cancer therapy. The first systemic anticancer drugs were synthetic DNA alkylating agents and DNA antimetabolites. The original antimetabolites such as cytosine arabinoside and 5‐fluorouracil have been augmented by more recent compounds such as gemcitabine, fludarabine, cladribine, and pentostatin, which inhibit DNA polymerase action during DNA synthesis. A new development is the related compounds deazacytidine and decitabine, which inhibit reactivate silenced genes by inhibition of cytosine methylation. Nitrogen mustards, platinum complexes, nitrosoureas, and triazene‐based DNA‐methylating agents are direct DNA‐modifying agents that still play an important role in clinical treatment. Methotrexate and more recent lipophilic analogs, together with older drugs such as 5‐fluorouracil, are used as inhibitors of different enzymes in the folate pathway necessary for the synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides. The potent activity of natural products such as doxorubicin also led to the development of the synthetic topoisomerase inhibitors that are now another important group of drugs whose therapeutic effects are due to enzyme‐mediated DNA modification. Finally, an increasing understanding of tumor physiology and genetics has allowed the development of tumor‐activated prodrugs of DNA‐active agents. Using hypoxia, gene therapy or antibody targeting to activate such prodrugs specifically in tumor tissue has the potential to increase the therapeutic index of these agents by limiting the exposure of sensitive nontumor cell populations.
Antidepressants
Authors: Glennon Richard A. , Iversen Leslie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article reviews the antidepressant drugs currently available in Europe and/or the United States from the perspectives of their clinical efficacy, pharmacokinetics, pharmacology, structure–activity relationships, metabolism, and mechanisms of action. The older nonselective monoamine oxidase inhibitors (e.g. phenelzine, tranylcypromine) have largely been replaced by agents that selectively inhibit monoamine oxidase A (e.g. moclobemide) or by inhibitors of serotonin/norepinephrine monoamine transporter reuptake mechanisms. The first generation of such drugs, the tricyclic antidepressants, suffered from a number of dangerous and unpleasant adverse side effects caused by their many other pharmacological actions on the heart and on cholinergic and other monoamine receptors in the brain. Most of the current antidepressants are serotonin‐selective reuptake inhibitors or mixed norepinephrine/serotonin reuptake inhibitors that possess a safer side‐effect profile. These drugs have gained widespread use in the treatment of depression and a number of related psychiatric conditions, including phobias and the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Some agents that act as norepinephrine‐selective reuptake inhibitors (e.g. reboxetine) are also clinically effective and there is considerable overlap between noradrenergic and serotonergic mechanisms in the CNS. Monoamine selectivity can also be altered by the formation of active metabolitesin vivo. All approved antidepressants require several weeks of treatment before the maximum clinical benefit is seen. This, although perhaps somewhat agent‐specific, might be attributable to drug‐induced alterations in the expression of receptors in brain and/or alterations in the expression of neurotrophic factors (e.g. brain‐derived neurotrophic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor) associated with changes in neurogenesis in certain brain regions. New approaches to future antidepressant drug discovery include triple reuptake inhibitors, antagonists for glutamate NMDA receptors, corticotrophin‐releasing factor receptors, or agonists/antagonists for galanin receptors. There is particular interest in ketamine analogs and certain other agents (considered as drugs of abuse) because of their rapid and persistent antidepressant effects, especially in treatment‐resistant depression. Agents with mixed mechanisms also are being pursued.
Polymorphic Crystal Forms and Cocrystals in Drug Delivery (Crystal Engineering)
Authors: Shan Ning , Zaworotko Michael J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractActive pharmaceutical ingredients, APIs, are most conveniently developed and delivered orally as solid dosage forms that contain a defined crystalline form of an API. This means that the pharmacokinetic profile of a dosage form is at the very least linked to the physicochemical properties of the crystal form that is selected for development. Furthermore, that crystal forms of new chemical entities are novel, lack obviousness, and have utility makes them patentable. Therefore, selection of a specific crystal form for a given API is a profoundly important step in drug development from clinical, legal, and regulatory perspectives. In this context, scientific developments that afford greater understanding of and diversity in the number of crystalline forms available for a given API, which have traditionally been limited to salts, polymorphs, and hydrates/solvates [(a) Byrn SR, Pfeiffer RR, Stowell JG. Solid State Chemistry of Drugs. 2nd ed. West Lafayette, IN: SSCI, Inc.; 1999. (b) Haleblian JK. J. Pharm. Sci. 1975;64:1269–1288.], are obviously of relevance to the pharmaceutical industry. The science of crystal engineering [(a) Etter MC. J Phys Chem 1991;95:4601–4610. (b) Zerkowski JA, MacDonald JC, Seto CT, Wierda DA, Whitesides GM. J Am Chem Soc 1994;116:2382–2391. (c) Pepinsky R. Phys Rev 1955;100:971. (d) Schmidt GMJ. Pure Appl Chem 1971;27:647–678. (e) Desiraju GR. Crystal Engineering: The Design of Organic Solids. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1989. (f) Moulton B, Zaworotko MJ. Chem Rev 2001;101: 1629–1658. (g) Braga D. Chem Commun 2003;22:2751–2754. (h) Hosseini MW. Coord Chem Rev 2003;240:157–166. (i) Desiraju GR. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1995;34: 2311–2327.] focuses upon self‐assembly of existing molecules or ions and it has evolved in such a manner that a wide range of new crystal forms can be generated without the need to invoke covalent‐bond breakage or formation. This contribution will address the impact of crystal engineering upon our fundamental understanding of crystal form diversity and how physical properties of crystals can be customized via the emerging class of crystal forms that have been termed pharmaceutical cocrystals [(a) Almarsson Ö, Zaworotko MJ. Chem Commun 2004; 1889–1896. (b) Vishweshwar P, McMahon JA, Bis JA, Zaworotko MJ. J Pharm Sci 2006;95:499–516. (c) Peterson ML, Hickey MB, Zaworotko MJ, Almarsson O. J Pharm Pharm Sci 2006;9:317–326. (d) Zaworotko M. Am Pharm Outsourc 2004;5: 16–23. (e) Shan N, Zaworotko MJ. Drug Discov Today 2008;13:440–446. (f) Blagden N, de Matas M, Gavan PT, Yoark P, Crystal engineering of active pharmaceutical ingredients to improve solubility and dissolution rates Adv Drug Del Rev 2007;59:617–630. (g) Nangia A. Cryst Growth Des 2008;8:1079–1081].
Poor Stability of Li2CO3 in the Solid Electrolyte Interphase of a Lithium‐Metal Anode Revealed by Cryo‐Electron Microscopy
Authors: Han Bing , Zhang Zhen , Zou Yucheng , Xu Kang , Xu Guiyin , Wang Hong , Meng Hong , Deng Yonghong , Li Ju , Gu Meng 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) dictates the cycling stability of lithium‐metal batteries. Here, direct atomic imaging of the SEI's phase components and their spatial arrangement is achieved, using ultralow‐dosage cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. The results show that, surprisingly, a lot of the deposited Li metal has amorphous atomic structure, likely due to carbon and oxygen impurities, and that crystalline lithium carbonate is not stable and readily decomposes when contacting the lithium metal. Lithium carbonate distributed in the outer SEI also continuously reacts with the electrolyte to produce gas, resulting in a dynamically evolving and porous SEI. Sulfur‐containing additives cause the SEI to preferentially generate Li2SO4 and overlithiated lithium sulfate and lithium oxide, which encapsulate lithium carbonate in the middle, limiting SEI thickening and enhancing battery life by a factor of ten. The spatial mapping of the SEI gradient amorphous (polymeric → inorganic → metallic) and crystalline phase components provides guidance for designing electrolyte additives.
Single‐Cell Immunoblotting based on a Photoclick Hydrogel Enables High‐Throughput Screening and Accurate Profiling of Exogenous Gene Expression
Authors: Li Shanhe , Wen Ze , Ghalandari Behafarid , Zhou Tianhao , Warden Antony R. , Zhang Ting , Dai Peng , Yu Youyi , Guo Wenke , Liu Mofang , Xie Haiyang , Ding Xianting 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFast and accurate profiling of exogenous gene expression in host cells is crucial for studying gene function in cellular and molecular biology, but still faces the challenge of incomplete co‐expression of reporter genes and target genes. Here, a single‐cell transfection analysis chip (scTAC) is presented, which is based on the in situ microchip immunoblotting method, for rapid and accurate analysis of exogenous gene expression in thousands of individual host cells. scTAC not only can assign information of exogenous gene activity to specific transfected cells, but enables the acquisition of continuous protein expression even in low co‐expression scenarios. It is demonstrated that scTAC can reveal the relationship of expression level between reporter genes and target genes, which is helpful for evaluating transient transfection strategy efficiency. The advantages of this method for the study of fusion protein expression and downstream protein expression in signaling pathway in rare cells are shown. Empirically, an EGFP‐TSPAN8 fusion plasmid is transfected into MCF‐7 breast cancer cells and the expressions of two cancer stemness biomarkers (ALDHA1 and SOX2) are analyzed. The scTAC method clearly reveals an interesting phenomenon that transfected adherent MCF‐7 cells exhibit some stem cell characteristics, but they do not have stem cell appearance.
Polarization Multiplexing Hologram Realized by Anisotropic Digital Metasurface
Authors: Yan Tao , Ma Qian , Sun Shi , Xiao Qiang , Shahid Iqbal , Gao Xinxin , Cui Tie Jun 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMetasurface holograms have the potential to be applied in a variety of practical fields. Here an anisotropic digital metasurface is proposed that can project polarization multiplexing patterns at the microwave frequency, in which a modified Gerchberg–Saxton algorithm is presented to calculate the phase masks. A 3‐bit coding metamaterial unit is also proposed, which is capable of independently manipulating the transmission phases of orthogonal linearly polarized electromagnetic waves. The influence of wave‐front has been analyzed by comparing two holographic results with distinct source optimization methods. A prototype of the anisotropic digital coding metasurface optimized with horn wave‐front is designed, manufactured, and tested. The experimental measurements present the expected holographic fields and have a good match with the simulation results.
Preliminary screening of domestic barley and wild barley genotypes for salt tolerance
Authors: Mohammed Abdullah H. , Morrison Jesse I. , Baldwin Brian S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSalinity is a critical challenge facing productivity of barley around the world, necessitating the development of salinity tolerant varieties. Screening genotypes of two barley species during germination and seedling growth stages was conducted to identify genotypes with superior performance under saline stress conditions. Five genotypes of domestic barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and six of wild barley (H. bulbosum) were used in this study. Genotypes were germinated in solutions of 0, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% NaCl (0, 171, 257, and 342 mM NaCl). Shoot and root length were recorded 10 d after germination. Upon reaching the three‐leaf stage, seedlings were irrigated with 500 mM NaCl solution for 3 wk to evaluate salt tolerance using the growth index. The analysis of variance showed there was a high genetic variation among genotypes. Only genotypes PI220054, PI227242, and PI420909 of wild barley species germinated at the 2% NaCl salinity level. All domestic barley genotypes failed to germinate at 2% NaCl salinity and showed reduction of root and shoot length greater than wild barley genotypes under saline conditions. Mean root and shoot lengths decreased as the level of NaCl increased for all genotypes. This condition was more intense in domestic than wild barley genotypes. Seedling screening showed PI268243 had the greatest growth index compared with the other genotypes. The PI227242 genotype had the greatest growth index among wild barley genotypes. Regression analysis indicated that there was no relationship between salt tolerance at germination and seedling growth stages.