bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Transfer Learning-Based Multi-Fidelity Point-Cloud Neural Network Approach for Melt Pool Modeling in Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Huang Xufeng , Xie Tingli , Wang Zhuo , Chen Lei , Zhou Qi , Hu Zhen 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Melt pool modeling is critical for model-based uncertainty quantification (UQ) and quality control in metallic additive manufacturing (AM). Finite element (FE) simulation for thermal modeling in metal AM, however, is tedious and time-consuming. This paper presents a multifidelity point-cloud neural network method (MF-PointNN) for surrogate modeling of melt pool based on FE simulation data. It merges the feature representations of the low-fidelity (LF) analytical model and high-fidelity (HF) FE simulation data through the theory of transfer learning (TL). A basic PointNN is first trained using LF data to construct a correlation between the inputs and thermal field of analytical models. Then, the basic PointNN is updated and fine-tuned using the small size of HF data to build the MF-PointNN. The trained MF-PointNN allows for efficient mapping from input variables and spatial positions to thermal histories, and thereby efficiently predicts the three-dimensional melt pool. Results of melt pool modeling of electron beam additive manufacturing (EBAM) of Ti-6Al-4V under uncertainty demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach.
Effect of Cyclic Stress on Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior of SAC305 Solder
Authors: Chen G. , Wang Y. Y. , Wang X. H. , Cui Y. , Shi S. W. , Yang J. , Xu W. L. , Lin Q. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The effects of cyclic stress on the polarization curve of SAC305 lead-free solder are investigated. It is found that stress increases the corrosion tendency of the material. The cyclic loading affects the corrosion current density response, which is manifested by the instantaneous surge of stress-induced current density. The cyclic stress with peak stress above yield strength significantly increases the stress-induced current density and promotes the occurrence of corrosion events. Furthermore, the effect of strain accumulation on passive film is in situ characterized by real-time observation and digital image correlation (DIC) technique, which provides effective evidence for failure.
A Smart Temperature-Regulating Garment for Portable, High-Efficiency and Comfortable Cooling
Authors: Shu Weicheng , Zhang Xinfeng , Yang Xuan , Luo Xiaobing 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In a conventional liquid cooling garment (LCG), overcooling of the water inlet temperature shortens the working time and worsens thermal comfort. Such problems have not been well solved so far. In this study, we propose a smart cooling garment with a developed temperature regulation system, effectively reducing un-necessary loss of power consumption and hence extending the work duration. Testing on a thermal manikin was conducted to evaluate the performance of temperature-regulating LCG. The results showed that, compared to the conventional LCG, the proposed system achieved the rapid and accurate adjustment of water temperature, improved the working time by more than 37% with the total weight barely increased, and ensured the thermal comfort of the wearers. The developed LCG opens the possibility for the smart control of the temperature, fitting for the user's preferences regarding the working time and thermal comfort sensations.
Performance Analysis of Wave Rotor Based on Response Surface Optimization Method
Authors: Liu Peiqi , Feng Mingyu , Liu Xinyu , Wang Haitao , Hu Dapeng 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAn optimized wave rotor refrigerator (WRR) that can convert part of the expansion work into shaft work to improve the refrigeration performance is obtained by the optimization method. Bézier curve is used to establish a two-dimensional simplified model, and response surface method and Non-linear Programming by Quadratic Lagrange (NLPQL) optimization algorithm are used to search for the optimal wave rotor structure. The results show that the optimized wave rotor shape is rear-back bending. Compared with the original rotor, the isentropic expansion efficiency of the optimized rotor is higher under different pressure ratios and relative velocity, and changes more gently under different pressure ratios. Moreover, the expansion power of the optimized rotor is mainly converted into shaft power, while the pressure energy and thermal energy increase at the hot end are relatively small. The pressure fluctuations on the inlet and outlet sides of the optimized rotor are smoother, and the compression waves that are constantly reflected during the low-temperature exhaust stage have a smaller intensity, which helps to improve the performance of WRR. The optimized rotor can significantly reduce the entropy production in the refrigeration process, especially the entropy production by velocity gradients. When the pressure ratio is 2.0 and relative velocity is 23 m/s, the isentropic expansion efficiency increases from 56.8% of the original rotor to 62.08% of the optimized rotor.
Heat Transfer Performance of Green Bioglycol-Based TiO2–SiO2 Nanofluids
Authors: Zainon S. N. M. , Azmi W. H. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The dispersion of nanoparticles in conventional heat transfer fluids has been proven to improve the performance of the fluids. However, the study on the heat transfer performance of hybrid nanofluids in the mixture of water and green bioglycol (BG) is limited in the literature. This paper presents the heat transfer performance and friction factor of green BG-based TiO2–SiO2 nanofluids. The TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles were dispersed in the mixture of 60:40 water: bioglycol (W/BG) and prepared at various concentrations up to 2.5% and composition ratios of 20:80. The experimental study on forced convection heat transfer was done under turbulent flow at constant heat flux for operating temperature of 70 °C. The heat transfer enhancement increased significantly with volume concentrations. The maximum heat transfer enhancements of the TiO2–SiO2 nanofluids at bulk temperature of 70 °C were observed to be up to 67.81% for 2.5% volume concentration. A slight friction factor escalation of the nanofluids was observed with 12% maximum increment. New correlations were developed to estimate the Nusselt number, and friction factor with average deviations of less than 4.3%. As a conclusion, the employment of the ecofriendly coolant nanofluids in improving thermal performance is proven and applicable for turbulent forced convection heat transfer applications.
Computational Study on Skin Tissue Freezing Using Three-Phase Lag Bioheat Model
Authors: Verma Rohit , Kumar Sushil 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This paper considers the three-phase lag (TPL) bioheat model to study the phase change phenomena in skin tissue during cryosurgery. The considered TPL model is based on the model of thermo-elasticity, i.e., the combination of the rate of thermal conductivity and new phase lag (τv) due to thermal displacement. An effective heat capacity-based numerical algorithm is established to solve the nonlinear governing equation for biological tissue freezing. Space and time derivatives appearing in the mathematical model are approximated using the radial basis function (RBF) and finite difference method (FDM), respectively. The impact of three nonclassical models, single-phase lag (SPL), dual-phase lag (DPL), and TPL, on the freezing process is studied. The effects of phase lags involved in the models on freezing are also part of this study.
In Vitro Flow Chamber Design for the Study of Endothelial Cell (Patho)Physiology
Authors: Fallon Meghan E. , Mathews Rick , Hinds Monica T. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In the native vasculature, flowing blood produces a frictional force on vessel walls that affects endothelial cell function and phenotype. In the arterial system, the vasculature's local geometry directly influences variations in flow profiles and shear stress magnitudes. Straight arterial sections with pulsatile shear stress have been shown to promote an athero-protective endothelial phenotype. Conversely, areas with more complex geometry, such as arterial bifurcations and branch points with disturbed flow patterns and lower, oscillatory shear stress, typically lead to endothelial dysfunction and the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Many studies have investigated the regulation of endothelial responses to various shear stress environments. Importantly, the accurate in vitro simulation of in vivo hemodynamics is critical to the deeper understanding of mechanotransduction through the proper design and use of flow chamber devices. In this review, we describe several flow chamber apparatuses and their fluid mechanics design parameters, including parallel-plate flow chambers, cone-and-plate devices, and microfluidic devices. In addition, chamber-specific design criteria and relevant equations are defined in detail for the accurate simulation of shear stress environments to study endothelial cell responses.
Impact of a standardised parenteral nutrition protocol: a quality improvement experience from a NICU of a developing country
Authors: Ambreen Gul , Kumar Vikram , Ali Syed Rehan , Jiwani Uswa , Khowaja Waqar , Hussain Ali Shabbir , Hussain Kashif , Raza Syed Shamim , Rizvi Arjumand , Ansari Uzair , Ahmad Khalil , Demas Simon , Ariff Shabina 
Published: July 2021

ObjectiveNutrition societies recommend using standardised parenteral nutrition (SPN) solutions. We designed evidence-based SPN formulations for neonates admitted to our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and evaluated their outcomes.DesignThis was a quality improvement initiative. Data were collected retrospectively before and after the intervention.SettingA tertiary-care level 3 NICU at the Aga Khan University in Karachi, Pakistan.PatientsAll NICU patients who received individualised PN (IPN) from December 2016 to August 2017 and SPN from October 2017 to June 2018.InterventionsA team of neonatologists and nutrition pharmacists collaborated to design two evidence-based SPN solutions for preterm neonates admitted to the NICU.Main outcome measuresWe recorded mean weight gain velocity from days 7 to 14 of life. The other outcomes were change in weight expressed as z-scores, metabolic abnormalities, PN-associated liver disease (PNALD), length of NICU stay and episodes of sepsis during hospital stay.ResultsNeonates on SPN had greater rate of change in weight compared with IPN (β=13.40, 95% CI: 12.02 to 14.79) and a smaller decrease in z-scores (p<0.001). Neonates in the SPN group had fewer hyperglycemic episodes (IPN: 37.5%, SPN: 6.2%) (p<0.001), electrolyte abnormalities (IPN: 56.3%, SPN: 21%) (p<0.001), PNALD (IPN: 52.5%, SPN: 18.5%) (p<0.001) and sepsis (IPN: 26%, SPN: 20%) (p<0.05). The median length of stay in NICU was 14.0 (IQR 12.0–21.0) for the IPN and 8.0 (IQR 5.0–13.0) days for the SPN group.ConclusionsWe found that SPN was associated with shorter NICU stay and greater weight gain. In-house preparation of SPN can be used to address the nutritional needs in resource-limited settings where commercially prepared SPN is not available.
Tackler and ball-carrier technique during moderate and severe injuries (≥8 days lost) compared with player-matched and team-matched injury-free controls in Elite Rugby Union
Authors: Meintjes Vincent , Forshaw Pip , den Hollander Steve , Starling Lindsay , Lambert Michael Ian , Viljoen Wayne , Readhead Clint , Hendricks Sharief 
Published: July 2021

ObjectiveTo analyse tackler and ball-carrier technical proficiency during moderate and severe contact injuries (≥8 days lost) in professional rugby union, and compare it with injury-free event-matched controls from the same player and from the same team.MethodsTechnical proficiency for 74 (n=74) (moderate and severe; ≥8 days lost) tackler and ball-carrier injuries during The Currie Cup (2014–2018) and 623 matched non-injury events (253 own controls, 370 team controls) were examined through video analysis using a standardised list of technical criteria.ResultsMean technical proficiency score for injured tacklers during front-on tackles was 6.19/16 (arbitrary units (AU) 95% CI 4.89 to 7.48), which was significantly different to their own controls (8.90/16 AU, 95% CI 8.37 to 9.43, p<0.001, effect size (ES)=1.21, large) and team controls (9.93/16 AU, 95% CI 9.50 to 10.40, p<0.001, ES=1.71, large). Mean technical proficiency score for injured ball-carriers during front-on tackles was 5.60/14 AU (95% CI 4.65 to 6.55), which was significantly different to their own controls (8.08/14 AU, 95% CI 7.56 to 8.60, p<0.001, ES=1.16, moderate) and team controls (8.16/14 AU, 95% CI 7.75 to 8.57, p<0.001, ES=1.25, large).ConclusionFor the tackler and ball-carrier, for both front-on and side-on/behind tackles, overall technical proficiency scores were significantly lower for the injury-causing event, when compared with the player’s own injury-free tackles and the team’s injury-free tackles. Through analysing player and team controls, player technique deficiencies for the injured player and player technique deficiencies that expose all players to injury were highlighted, which may inform injury prevention strategies and policies, and assist coaches in optimising training to reduce tackle injury risk.
Risk of atrial fibrillation in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Newman William , Parry-Williams Gemma , Wiles Jonathan , Edwards Jamie , Hulbert Sabina , Kipourou Konstantina , Papadakis Michael , Sharma Rajan , O'Driscoll Jamie 
Published: July 2021

ObjectiveA systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression were performed on selected studies to investigate the incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) among athletes compared with non-athlete controls.DesignMeta-analysis with heterogeneity analysis and subsequent meta-regression to model covariates were performed. The mode of exercise (endurance and mixed sports) and age were the a priori determined covariates.Data sourcesPubMed, MEDLINE, Science Direct, SPORTDiscus and the Cochrane library were searched.Eligibility criteriaResearch articles published after 1990 and before 2 December 2020 were included if they reported the number of AF cases in athletes with non-athlete (physically active or inactive) control groups, were case–control or cohort studies and if data allowed calculation of OR.ResultsThe risk of developing AF was significantly higher in athletes than in non-athlete controls (OR: 2.46; 95% CI 1.73 to 3.51; p<0.001, Z=4.97). Mode of exercise and risk of AF were moderately correlated (B=0.1259, p=0.0193), with mixed sport conferring a greater risk of AF than endurance sport (B=−0.5476, p=0.0204). Younger (<55 years) athletes were significantly more likely to develop AF compared with older (≥55 years) athletes (B=−0.02293, p<0.001).ConclusionAthletes have a significantly greater likelihood of developing AF compared with non-athlete controls, with those participating in mixed sport and younger athletes at the greatest risk. Future studies of AF prevalence in athletes according to specific exercise dose parameters, including training and competition history, may aid further in delineating those at risk.
Cerebral microbleed distribution following cardiac surgery can mimic cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Authors: De Sciscio Michele , De Sciscio Paul , Vallat Wilson , Kleinig Timothy 
Published: July 2021

Background and aimsHaving anecdotally noted a high frequency of lobar-restricted cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) mimicking cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) in patients with previous cardiac surgery (especially valve replacement) presenting to our transient ischaemic attack (TIA) clinic, we set out to objectively determine the frequency and distribution of microbleeds in this population.MethodsWe performed a retrospective comparative cohort study in consecutive patients presenting to two TIA clinics with either: (1) previous coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) (n=41); (2) previous valve replacement (n=41) or (3) probable CAA (n=41), as per the Modified Boston Criteria, without prior cardiac surgery. Microbleed number and distribution was determined and compared.ResultsAt least one lobar-restricted microbleed was found in the majority of cardiac surgery patients (65%) and 32/82 (39%) met diagnostic criteria for CAA. Valve replacement patients had a higher microbleed prevalence (90 vs 51%, p<0.01) and lobar-restricted microbleed count (2.6±2.7 vs 1.0±1.4, p<0.01) than post-CABG patients; lobar-restricted microbleed count in both groups was substantially less than in CAA patients (15.5±20.4, p<0.01). In postcardiac surgery patients, subcortical white matter (SWM) microbleeds were proportionally more frequent compared with CAA patients. Receiver operator curve analysis of a ‘location-based’ ratio (calculated as SWM/SWM+strictly-cortical CMBs), revealed an optimal ratio of 0.45 in distinguishing cardiac surgery-associated microbleeds from CAA (sensitivity 0.56, specificity 0.93, area under the curve 0.71).ConclusionLobar-restricted microbleeds are common in patients with past cardiac surgery, however a higher proportion of these CMBs involve the SWM than in patients with CAA.
Are the rights of people with disabilities included in international guidance on WASH during the COVID-19 pandemic? Content analysis using EquiFrame
Authors: Scherer Nathaniel , Mactaggart Islay , Huggett Chelsea , Pheng Pharozin , Rahman Mahfuj-ur , Wilbur Jane 
Published: July 2021

PurposePeople with disabilities are at increased risk from COVID-19. Access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services and facilities is a fundamental right for all, and is vital in stopping the transmission of COVID-19. However, people with disabilities often face difficulties accessing WASH. Various international organisations have published guidance and recommendations on WASH service provision during the COVID-19 pandemic, and this must include information of relevance to people with disabilities. This study aimed to investigate the inclusion of core concepts of rights for people with disabilities in guidance on WASH during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodWe used the EquiFrame content analysis tool to analyse the inclusion of 21 core concepts of rights for people with disabilities in international guidance documents on WASH during the pandemic. 29 documents were included from multilateral entities, international consortiums and non-governmental organisations. Key information from the included guidance documents was extracted for each of the 21 core concepts.ResultsOne-third of the WASH guidance did not include any reference to the rights of people with disabilities, and the majority of information was provided by just one guidance document. Most commonly referenced across all was access to WASH, including details on accessible infrastructure (eg, handwashing stations) and communication strategies. Information on many important rights and considerations, such as the affordability of services and caregiver support, was rarely included.ConclusionAlthough some information is provided in international WASH guidance, this often has a narrow focus on access, rather than the full array of rights and considerations that are important for people with disabilities. International guidance should continue to be reviewed and updated to include further information of relevance to people with disabilities, informing a disability-inclusive approach to WASH during the remainder of the COVID-19 pandemic and future crises.
Intention to have the seasonal influenza vaccination during the COVID-19 pandemic among eligible adults in the UK: a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Sherman Susan M , Sim Julius , Amlôt Richard , Cutts Megan , Dasch Hannah , Rubin G James , Sevdalis Nick , Smith Louise E 
Published: July 2021

ObjectiveTo investigate the likelihood of having the seasonal influenza vaccination during the COVID-19 pandemic in individuals who were eligible to receive it.DesignWe conducted a cross-sectional online survey in July 2020. We included predictors informed by previous research, in the following categories: sociodemographic variables; uptake of influenza vaccine last winter and beliefs about vaccination.Participants570 participants (mean age: 53.07; 56.3% female, 87.0% white) who were eligible for the free seasonal influenza vaccination in the UK.Results59.7% of our sample indicated they were likely to have the seasonal influenza vaccination, 22.1% reported being unlikely to have the vaccination and 18.2% were unsure. We used logistic regression to investigate variables associated with intention to receive a seasonal influenza vaccine in the 2020–2021 season. A positive attitude to vaccination in general predicted intention to have the influenza vaccine in 2020–2021 (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.77, p<0.001) but the strongest predictor of intention was previous influenza vaccination behaviour (OR 278.58, 95% CI 78.04 to 994.46, p<0.001).ConclusionsPrevious research suggests that increasing uptake of the influenza vaccination may help contain a COVID-19 outbreak, so steps need to be taken to convert intention into behaviour and to reach those individuals who reported being unlikely or unsure about having the vaccine.
AI-based clinical decision-making systems in palliative medicine: ethical challenges
Authors: De Panfilis Ludovica , Peruselli Carlo , Tanzi Silvia , Botrugno Carlo 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundImproving palliative care (PC) is demanding due to the increase in people with PC needs over the next few years. An early identification of PC needs is fundamental in the care approach: it provides effective patient-centred care and could improve outcomes such as patient quality of life, reduction of the overall length of hospitalisation, survival rate prolongation, the satisfaction of both the patients and caregivers and cost-effectiveness.MethodsWe reviewed literature with the objective of identifying and discussing the most important ethical challenges related to the implementation of AI-based data processing services in PC and advance care planning.ResultsAI-based mortality predictions can signal the need for patients to obtain access to personalised communication or palliative care consultation, but they should not be used as a unique parameter to activate early PC and initiate an ACP. A number of factors must be included in the ethical decision-making process related to initiation of ACP conversations, among which are autonomy and quality of life, the risk of worsening healthcare status, the commitment by caregivers, the patients’ psychosocial and spiritual distress and their wishes to initiate EOL discussionsConclusionsDespite the integration of artificial intelligence (AI)-based services into routine healthcare practice could have a positive effect of promoting early activation of ACP by means of a timely identification of PC needs, from an ethical point of view, the provision of these automated techniques raises a number of critical issues that deserve further exploration.