bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The organic anion transport inhibitor, probenecid, inhibits the transport of Lucifer Yellow at the plasma membrane and the tonoplast in suspension-cultured plant cells
Authors: Cole Louise , Coleman Julian , Kearns Anne , Morgan Gareth , Hawes Chris 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In this paper we report on the uptake of the membrane-impermeant fluorescent probe Lucifer Yellow CH (LY-CH) into the vacuolar system of plant cell suspension cultures. LY-CH is internalised into vacuoles of maize cells at a faster ‘rate’ than carrot cells and in each case, the probe is also trapped at the cell wall. In the presence of the uricosuric drug probenecid, the vacuolar uptake of LY-CH by carrot and maize cells is inhibited and in some cells internalisation of probe is blocked at the plasma membrane. In electroporated carrot cells, LY-CH is sequestered slowly from the cytoplasm into vacuoles by a probenecid-inhibitable transport process. These results are compared with the effects of probenecid on the sequestration of LY-CH from the cytoplasm into the lysosomal system of fibroblasts. In view of the above findings and recent evidence for the putative uptake of LY-CH by fluid-phase endocytosis in plant cells, the possibility that LY-CH is transported across plant membranes via probenecid-inhibitable organic anion transporters is discussed.
Unexpected destruction of chitosomal chitin synthetase by an endogenous protease during sucrose density gradient purification
Authors: Kamada Takashi , Bracker Charles E. , Lippman Eleanor , Bartnicki-Garcia Salomon 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Because of their intrinsic low buoyant density, chitosomes can be separated from crude cell homogenates (1000 g or 35000 g supernatants) of Mucor rouxii by isopycnic sedimentation in sucrose density gradients. To accelerate and simplify the isolation of chitosomes, we centrifuged the cell-free extracts at ultrahigh speed (in a fixed-angle rotor at forces up to 311000 g Rav) and found that the duration of centrifugation was critical. Prolonged centrifugation at ultrahigh speed caused severe distortion of the chitin synthetase profile in the gradient as the peak of chitosomal chitin synthetase nearly disappeared. We traced the problem to a soluble protease(s) that moved into the chitosome band during protracted centrifugation and destroyed the chitin synthetase activity. The interfering protease was a soluble protein with a sedimentation coefficient of 4.6 S and a pH optimum of 7-7.5, and it was sensitive to PMSF (phenyhnethylsulfonyl fluoride), indicating that it was a serine protease. Unlike other proteases, it destroyed chitin synthetase but did not activate the chitin synthetase zymogen. The interfering protease could be eliminated either by adding PMSF to the cells immediately after breakage or by removing the upper part of the sucrose gradient midway through the centrifugation of the cell-free extract and then completing the sedimentation with the ‘decapitated’ gradient
Adhesion of L1210 cells to modified styrene copolymer surfaces in the presence of serum
Authors: Kowalczyńska Hanna Maria , Kamiński Jarosław 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The static adhesion of living L1210 cells (in serum-containing medium) to the surface of (styrene/methyl methacrylate) copolymers differing in styrene content (from 5% to 50% of styrene units) was investigated. The examination of wettability of the copolymer surfaces showed that the contact angle of water on the hydrophobic surfaces is an increasing linear function of styrene content in the copolymer. Cell adhesion to the unwettable surfaces is low (within 2-4 %). A novel method of modification of the styrene copolymer surfaces was used to render these surfaces suitable for cell attachment. The modification consists of sulfonation of the surfaces with sulfur trioxide at the gas/solid interface. The contact angle of sulfonated copolymer surfaces is a decreasing linear function of styrene content in the copolymer. The contact angle decreases due to the increased number of highly hydrophilic sulfonic groups bonded to styrene. By acetylation of the sulfonated surfaces it was shown that cell adhesion to acetylated surfaces is not diminished and is at the same level as cell adhesion to sulfonated copolymer surfaces. Thus, it can be concluded that sulfonation of copolymer surfaces does not form hydroxyl groups. Cell adhesion to substrata of high wettability stabilizes after 30 s. The relative number of cells adhering to the sulfonated copolymer surfaces is a decreasing linear function of the contact angle. For the copolymer surfaces containing 50% of styrene units the contact angle decreases sevenfold, due to sulfonation, and the number of adhering cells increases 40-fold. The results obtained show that for cell-substratum adhesive interaction the presence of sulfonic groups at the substratum surface is important
Fusion proteins containing a minimal G Pl-attachment signal are apically expressed in transfected MDCK cells
Authors: Lisanti Michael P. , Caras Ingrid W. , Rodriguez-Boulan Enrique 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We have shown that addition of the C-terminal 37 amino acids of decay-accelerating factor (DAF) to secretory proteins leads to glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol (GPI) anchoring and apical surface expression in MDCK cells. Theoretically, transferred apical sorting information may reside in the glycol-lipid-anchor moiety or the DAF sequence (9 amino acids) that remains after signal cleavage and GPI attachment We show here that removal of eight of these nine remaining amino acids, thereby creating a minimal GPI-attachment signal, results in apical expression of GPI-anchored human growth hormone. These data argue that the apical sorting information conveyed by the C terminus of DAF is related to its ability to direct GPI attachment, rather than to a specific sequence that remains in the fusion protein.
The synthesis of type X collagen by bovine and human growth-plate chondrocytes
Authors: Marriott Anne , Ayad Shirley , Grantx Michael E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Chondrocytes were isolated from bovine growth-plate cartilage and cultured within type I collagen gels. A major collagen with chains of Mr 59000, decreasing to 47 000 on pepsinization, was synthesized and identified as type X collagen. This collagen was cleaved at two sites by mammalian collagenase, resulting in a major triple-helical fragment with chains of Mr 32000. The species of Mr 59000, 47000 and 32000 were not detected by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis before reduction, indicating the presence of disulphide bonds within the triple helix. In contrast, similar biosynthetic studies with human growth-plate cartilage in organ culture, indicated that human type X collagen does not contain disulphide bonds. A polyclonal antiserum was raised to bovine type X collagen and used in immunolocalization studies to provide direct evidence for the association of type X collagen with the hypertrophic chondrocytes in both bovine and human growth plates during development.
Transferrin gene expression and transferrin immunolocalization in developing foetal rat lung
Authors: Skinner Stephen J. M. , Somervell Christine E. , Buch Shilpa , Post Martin 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In previous studies we have shown that transferrin (Tf) specifically stimulates dermatan- and chondroitm-sulphate proteoglycan accumulation around lung cells, and in the extracellular matrix of lung tissue, in vitro. The aim of this study was to determine whether the gene for Tf was activated in specific lung cells during development, and whether the protein product showed evidence of association with extracellular matrix. The expression of the gene in developing lung was shown by the hybridization of a Tf cDNA to a 2.4 kb (kilobase) mRNA species in total RNA extracts of foetal lung. The expression of the Tf gene in comparison to a control gene (GAPD, glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase) was greatest in 19, 20 and 21 day foetal lung, rising from low levels on day 18 and decreasing markedly at term (day 22). Extracts of RNA from primary cultures of mesenchymal fibroblasts and type II epithelial cells were also analysed for Tf mRNA. These experiments indicated that Tf gene expression was predominantly confined to the mesenchymal compartment.
The presence of Tf in histological sections of foetal lung was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and showed a distinct pattern, with intense staining of the alveolar and the capillary basement membranes. The matrix surrounding the mesenchymal fibroblasts was stained in a diffuse network while epithelial cells were unstained. The staining was low from days 12-16 of gestation, increased to a maximum at days 19-20 but decreased markedly toward term. The Tf staining did not co-localize with transferrin receptor, also demonstrated by immunohistochemistry.
These results suggest that Tf is not only present at specific sites in the developing lung, but also is synthesized according to a strict developmental schedule of gene expression.
Extracellular matrix adhesion-promoting activities of a dermatan sulfate proteoglycan-associated protein (22K) from bovine fetal skin
Authors: Lewandowska Kristine , Choi Haing U. , Rosenberg Lawrence C. , Sasse Joachim , Ame Peter J. Ne , Culp Lloyd A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A 22×103Mr protein (abbreviated 22K) that co-purifies with dermatan sulfate proteoglycans (DS-PGs) following the biochemical fractionation of bovine fetal skin has been evaluated for adhesion-promoting activity in vitro using Balb/c 3T3 cells, as well as bovine and human dermal fibroblasts. Substrata coated with 22K protein promote attachment of a subset of 3T3 and dermal fibroblasts that respond to plasma fibronectin (pFN) substrata. Cells on 22K protein display partial cytoplasmic spreading, comparable to that of cells adhering to cell-binding fragments of pFN. Adhesion activity of 22K is not due to contamination with known adhesive proteins of dermal matrices and is not dermal cell type-specific, since two classes of neuronal cells also respond effectively to 22K substrata. DS-PGs from cartilage or skin completely inhibit 22K adhesion activity when the PGs are adsorbed to 22K substrata under conditions prohibiting PGs from binding to substrata directly. Cartilage chondroitin/keratan sulfate proteoglycan at much higher concentrations is only partially inhibitory. Inhibition by DS-PGs is mediated by DS chains binding to 22K. Properties of the cell surface ‘receptor’ for 22K protein were tested by several approaches. It is not cell surface DS-PG, since: (1) cells unable to produce this proteoglycan class also responded; (2) cells treated with chondroitinase ABC responded equally well; and (3) substrata of proteoglycan-binding platelet factor-4 generated responses from cells that were quantitatively and qualitatively different A synthetic peptide in the medium containing the Árg-Gly-Asp-Ser (RGDS) sequence completely inhibited responses to 22K substrata. This observation, coupled with sequencing data of 22K protein revealing an Arg-Gly-Ala-Thr sequence at residues 151-154, suggest that 22K protein mediates adhesion by cell surface integrin binding. Therefore, this newly discovered matrix protein from skin may serve as a communication link between the dermal fibroblast cell surface and its extracellular matrix environment
Observations on the Muscular Tissue of the Skin
Authors: Lister Joseph 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Among the abundant new matter contained in those parts of ‘Kolliker’s Microscopische Anatomie ‘that are hitherto published, there is perhaps nothing more striking than the announcement that small bundles of unstriped muscle exist in all parts of the dermis that are provided with hairs, connected inferiorly with the hair-follicles, just below the sebaceous glands, and passing up obliquely towards the free surface of the skin.
On the Identity of a Colouring Matter present in several Animals with the Chlorophyll of Plants
Authors: Schultze M. Max 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The author enumerates several animals of a green colour, which are common in ditches and marshes—such as Hydra viridis, several green Turbellariœ, Vortex viridis, Mesosternum viridatum, and Derostomum cæcum ; and also several green Infusoria, such as Stentor polymorphus, Ophrydium versatile, Bursaria vernalis, &c. The colour in these animals is afforded by minute green globules, about 0.016 inch in diameter, which are situated under the integument in the parenchyma of the animals. They are perfectly spherical, and exhibit within the green substance an extremely minute, colourless, and homogeneous nucleus; or they may consist of several minute green globules, grouped together in a mulberry form ; in this latter case they arise from the division of a homogeneous vesicle.
Principles of the anatomy and physiology of the vegetable cell
Authors: Mohl Hugo Von 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The use of the microscope alone has rendered the production of such a work as this possible. It is only a few years ago, if the existence of cells in plants was not altogether ignored, that their presence was regarded as a matter of little or no consequence, and vegetable physiologists speculated on the functions of plants, without knowing anything of the agencies by which they were produced. Microscopic research has, however, shown us that it is in the interior of these minute constituents of vegetable tissue that all the functions of plants are carried on. Hence we may truly say that the principles of the anatomy and physiology of the vegetable cell are the principles of vegetable anatomy and physiology.
Royal institution of great britain
Authors: Huxley Thomas H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The Lecturer commenced by referring to his endeavours last year to shew that the distinction between living creatures and those which do not live, consists in the fact, that while the latter tend to remain as they are, unless the operation of some external cause effect a change in their condition, the former have no such inertia, but pass spontaneously through a definite succession of states—different in kind and order of succession, for different species, but always identical in the members of the same species.
On the Structure of the Muscular Fibril and the Muscularity of Cilia
Authors: Barry Dr. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Dr. M. Barry’s “dominant idea” is a twin spiral; and, inspired by this perverse and pertinacious spirit, he has again presented us with a repetition of his views with respect to the structure of the muscular fibre and vibratile cilium, in an attempt to assign the “Main cause of discordant views on the Structure of the Muscular Fibril,” together with some “Further Remarks on the Muscularity of Cilia,” in the November number of the ‘ Philosophical Magazine.’
Microscopical Society
Authors: Jackson George 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The author stated, that the object of this paper was to afford a practical illustration from Nature herself, in proof of the reality of that which has hitherto been but a theory in histology. For this purpose the structure of the hairs growing on the spurred petal of Viola tricolor, or Heartsease, is described as seen under the microscope, each hair affording in itself examples of the three processes considered by the author as requisite for the formation of tube.
On a microscope adapted for Anatomical Demonstrations ; and on a Binocular Microscope
Authors: Nachet M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
All micrographers have felt the difficulty of defining the nature and situation of an object in the field of a microscope so as to make it apparent to several persons. I need not explain that this arises from the number of different objects visible at the same time, and often also from the moving of the objects themselves in fluids, particularly infusoria, which it is impossible to show in the same state in which one has observed them oneself.
On the Ultimate Structure and Relations of the Malpighian Bodies of the Spleen and of the Tonsillar Follicles
Authors: Huxley Thomas 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The first account of those peculiar whitish corpuscles, discovered by Malpighi and to be met with, more or less distinctly marked, in the spleen of every animal, which at all satisfies the requirements of modern anatomical science, was given by Professor Müllier, in his Archiv. for 1834. Müller describes with great accuracy the mode in which these bodies are supplied by minute arteries, and explains that they are, in fact, outgrowths of the adventitious tunic of those arteries. He states that, by means of fine injections, he found that “the arterial twigs sometimes passed by the side of the Malpighian bodies without giving off any branches to them—sometimes went straight through the whole body or a part of it, in which case, however, no portion of the arteries terminated in them. These fine arterial twigs appear less to pass through the middle of the corpuscles than to run on their walls and then to leave them. When an arterial twig divides into many minute branches in the Malpighian body, which never takes place upon its surface, but always in the thickness of its walls, these arterioles pass out again to be distributed as very minute branches in the surrounding red pulp : in fact, the ultimate termination of all the finest penicellate arteries is in this red substance. From all this I have become convinced that the white bodies, as mere outgrowths of the tunicœ adventitiæ, have no relation with the finest ramifications of the arteries.”
On the theory of the illumination of objects under the microscope, with relation to the aperture of the object-glass, and properties of light ; with practical methods for special differences of texture and colour
Authors: Wenham F. H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Having on a former occasion written a paper published in the ‘Transactions of the Microscopic Society for March, 1850,’ entitled, “On the Illumination of Transparent Microscopic Objects on a new Principle,” I should deem it an intrusion for again appearing on the same ground were it not for the reason that I have since that time effected some improvements, and it has become evident that the theory of the subject was too briefly explained in my first communication to give a general idea of my meaning in the way that I had wished to be understood. As I have no predilection for a theory that does not bear upon a practical result, in that which I bring forward I shall endeavour as much as possible to support it by experimental facts.
On the Aperture of Object-Glasses
Authors: Wenham F. H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the ‘Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science,’ for Jan. 1854, I described a method of measuring the angular aperture of object-glasses (which had previously been made use of by Professor Amici). Since that time there has been some discussion in relation to this subject, and as the plan that I proposed has been somewhat misunderstood, I will offer some further explanation.
The Microscope, and its application to Clinical Medicine
Authors: Beale Lionel 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We suppose at the present day that there are few properly-educated medical men who would deny the value of the stethoscope as a means of ascertaining the presence of disease. The man who would be hardy enough to forego its use would run the hazard of even popular neglect for his temerity. This is not, perhaps, the case at present with the microscope, but we feel sure that whatever argument could be advanced in favour of the stethoscope, as a means of diagnosis, might be urged with tenfold force in favour of the microscope. The stethoscope, in fact, only facilitates the use of the organ of hearing; whilst the microscope widens and extends the power of vision, and creates a new world of observation. By it that which the unaided mind could only imagine, or vaguely indicate, as a probable existence, is demonstrated, and the structure, which was a puzzle and a mystery, becomes perfectly understood. This instrument has now become a necessity for the anatomist and physiologist ; no structure can be truly investigated, no function perfectly understood, without its aid. If, therefore, a knowledge of disease can only be obtained by a knowledge of the structure and functions of the body in health, it is necessary that those who undertake to treat disease should be conversant with the results of microscopic research. The microscope, in fact, should be put into the hands of every medical student, and he should be expected to be as well acquainted with the results of its use as he is of the scalpel, the test-tube, the stethoscope, or any other means of investigation. We fear this is not the case, and that many a young man passes his medical curriculum without even the inquiry being made as to whether he is acquainted with the powers of this mighty instrument of research. We are glad, however, to find that the means of microscopic instruction are multiplying. In many of our medical schools demonstrations with the microscope are given, our medical journals devote some portion of their space to micrological discussions, and here we have a professor in one of our metropolitan medical colleges, writing a book on the microscope especially adapted for medical students. We give Dr. Beale’s remarks on the value of the microscope as a means of diagnosis, entire.
Observations on Noctiluca (miliaris ?)
Authors: Busch Dr. W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The following observations upon the structure and reproduction of a species of Noctiluca were made by Dr. Busch in the year 1849, and will be found in his work cited below, which was published in 1851. With respect to the structure of the animal, they perhaps present nothing in addition to what has already been made known to our readers in the Papers by Mr. Huxley and by Dr. Webb, in the present Volume of the ‘ Journal ;’ but as regards the reproduction and development of the Noctiluca, they afford several new points, and it is for that reason that we have thought it might be useful here to introduce them, and the more so, as it would seem these remarks by Dr. Busch had escaped the notice of Krohn, † as well as of Mr. Huxley ‡ and Dr. Webb.§ The species noticed by Dr. Busch occurred in great abundance in the Bay of Malaga, and is regarded by him, but we think, perhaps, erroneously, as distinct from N. miliaris. He terms it N. punctata, from the circumstance that the integument was covered with very numerous minute pigment-points; but the resemblance of his figure to N. miliaris is so striking, and the structure, so far as he describes it, so closely identical with that of the latter, that no doubt can be entertained as to the identity of the two forms.
On the Filamentous, Long-Horned Diatomaceæ, with a description of two new species
Authors: Brightwell Thomas 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In a gathering of Diatomaceæ, made by the late Mr. Wigham in July 1854, on the borders of the salt-water estuary, called Breydon, near Yarmouth, a singular filamentous, horned species was detected, allied to the genus Chœtoceros of Ehrenberg.
On certain conditions of the dental tissues
Authors: Tomes John 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The temporary teeth, when about to be replaced by the permanent set, lose their fangs by gradual absorption of their substance. The crown, when thus left, having but little hold upon the gum, soon falls out. The manner in which the absorption of the dental tissues is effected has been described in a paper published in the “Philosophical Transactions,” in 1853. The subject is there mentioned in connection with the absorption of bone.