bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observation of charged droplets from electrospray ionization (ESI) plumes in API mass spectrometers
Authors: Markert Clara , Thinius Marco , Lehmann Laura , Heintz Chris , Stappert Florian , Wissdorf Walter , Kersten Hendrik , Benter Thorsten , Schneider Bradley B. , Covey Thomas R. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractElectrospray ionization (ESI) generates bare analyte ions from charged droplets, which result from spraying a liquid in a strong electric field. Experimental observations available in the literature suggest that at least a significant fraction of the initially generated droplets remain large, have long lifetimes, and can thus aspirate into the inlet system of an atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometer (API-MS). We report on the observation of fragment signatures from charged droplets penetrating deeply the vacuum stages of three commercial mass spectrometer systems with largely different ion source and spray configurations. Charged droplets can pass through the ion source and pressure reduction stages and even into the mass analyzer region. Since droplet signatures were found in all investigated instruments, the incorporation of charged droplets is considered a general phenomenon occurring with common spray conditions in ESI sources.
Neurophysiology of epidurally evoked spinal cord reflexes in clinically motor-complete posttraumatic spinal cord injury
Authors: Vargas Luna Jose Luis , Brown Justin , Krenn Matthias J. , McKay Barry , Mayr Winfried , Rothwell John C. , Dimitrijevic Milan R. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIncreased use of epidural Spinal Cord Stimulation (eSCS) for the rehabilitation of spinal cord injury (SCI) has highlighted the need for a greater understanding of the properties of reflex circuits in the isolated spinal cord, particularly in response to repetitive stimulation. Here, we investigate the frequency-dependence of modulation of short- and long-latency EMG responses of lower limb muscles in patients with SCI at rest. Single stimuli could evoke short-latency responses as well as long-latency (likely polysynaptic) responses. The short-latency component was enhanced at low frequencies and declined at higher rates. In all muscles, the effects of eSCS were more complex if polysynaptic activity was elicited, making the motor output become an active process expressed either as suppression, tonic or rhythmical activity. The polysynaptic activity threshold is not constant and might vary with different stimulation frequencies, which speaks for its temporal dependency. Polysynaptic components can be observed as direct responses, neuromodulation of monosynaptic responses or driving the muscle activity by themselves, depending on the frequency level. We suggest that the presence of polysynaptic activity could be a potential predictor for appropriate stimulation conditions. This work studies the complex behaviour of spinal circuits deprived of voluntary motor control from the brain and in the absence of any other inputs. This is done by describing the monosynaptic responses, polysynaptic activity, and its interaction through its input–output interaction with sustain stimulation that, unlike single stimuli used to study the reflex pathway, can strongly influence the interneuron circuitry and reveal a broader spectrum of connectivity.
Proton Pump Inhibitors Inhibit PHOSPHO1 Activity and Matrix Mineralisation In Vitro
Authors: Staines Katherine A. , Myers Katherine , Little Kirsty , Ralston Stuart H. , Farquharson Colin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractProton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have been associated with an increased risk of fragility fractures in pharmaco-epidemiological studies. The mechanism is unclear, but it has been speculated that by neutralising gastric acid, they may reduce intestinal calcium absorption, causing secondary hyperparathyroidism and bone loss. Here we investigated that hypothesis that the skeletal effects of PPI might be mediated by inhibitory effects on the bone-specific phosphatase PHOSPHO1. We found that the all PPIs tested inhibited the activity of PHOSPHO1 with IC50 ranging between 0.73 µM for esomeprazole to 19.27 µM for pantoprazole. In contrast, these PPIs did not inhibit TNAP activity. We also found that mineralisation of bone matrix in primary osteoblast cultures was inhibited by several PPIs in a concentration dependent manner. In contrast, the histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RA) nizatidine, famotidine, cimetidine and ranitidine had no inhibitory effects on PHOSPHO1 activity. Our experiments show for the first time that PPIs inhibit PHOSPHO1 activity and matrix mineralisation in vitro revealing a potential mechanism by which these widely used drugs are associated with the risk of fractures.
Experimental investigation of heat pipe performance under translational acceleration
Authors: Voigt I. , Drossel W.-G. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHeat pipes provide highly efficient heat transfer and are powerful tools in thermal management systems. In contrast to most established systems, heat pipes operating within moving systems such as electric vehicles or machine tools are exposed to unsteady acceleration forces. In order to guarantee proper heat pipe function in scenarios involving accelerated movement, it is necessary to examine the effect of acceleration forces on the heat pipe behavior. This paper presents experimental investigations on the thermal performance of translationally moving heat pipes. The designed experimental set-up consists of a measurement platform mounted to a linear direct drive. By obtaining the temperature gradient between evaporator and condenser section, the thermal resistance of heat pipes is determined at standstill and under linear motion. The experiments were conducted using heat pipes with sintered, mesh and grooved wicks. The results demonstrate the motion influence on the thermal resistances depending on the heat pipe orientation and heat input.
Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of tubulin heterodimers explain the motion of a microtubule
Authors: Nasedkin Alexandr , Ermilova Inna , Swenson Jan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMicrotubules are essential parts of the cytoskeleton that are built by polymerization of tubulin heterodimers into a hollow tube. Regardless that their structures and functions have been comprehensively investigated in a modern soft matter, it is unclear how properties of tubulin heterodimer influence and promote the self-assembly. A detailed knowledge of such structural mechanisms would be helpful in drug design against neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, diabetes etc. In this work atomistic molecular dynamics simulations were used to investigate the fundamental dynamics of tubulin heterodimers in a sheet and a short microtubule utilizing well-equilibrated structures. The breathing motions of the tubulin heterodimers during assembly show that the movement at the lateral interface between heterodimers (wobbling) dominates in the lattice. The simulations of the protofilament curvature agrees well with recently published experimental data, showing curved protofilaments at polymerization of the microtubule plus end. The tubulin heterodimers exposed at the microtubule minus end were less curved and displayed altered interactions at the site of sheet closure around the outmost heterodimers, which may slow heterodimer binding and polymerization, providing a potential explanation for the limited dynamics observed at the minus end.
The Nirenberg problem on high dimensional half spheres: the effect of pinching conditions
Authors: Ahmedou Mohameden , Ben Ayed Mohamed 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this paper we study the Nirenberg problem on standard half spheres$$(\mathbb {S}^n_+,g), \, n \ge 5$$(S+n,g),n≥5, which consists of finding conformal metrics of prescribed scalar curvature and zero boundary mean curvature on the boundary. This problem amounts to solve the following boundary value problem involving the critical Sobolev exponent:$$\begin{aligned} (\mathcal {P}) \quad {\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} -\Delta _{g} u \, + \, \frac{n(n-2)}{4} u \, = K \, u^{\frac{n+2}{n-2}},\, u > 0 &{}\quad \text{ in } \mathbb {S}^n_+, \\ \frac{\partial u}{\partial \nu }\, =\, 0 &{}\quad \text{ on } \partial \mathbb {S}^n_+. \end{array}\right. } \end{aligned}$$(P)-Δgu+n(n-2)4u=Kun+2n-2,u>0inS+n,∂u∂ν=0on∂S+n.where$$K \in C^3(\mathbb {S}^n_+)$$K∈C3(S+n)is a positive function. This problem has a variational structure but the related Euler–Lagrange functional$$J_K$$JKlacks compactness. Indeed it admitscritical points at infinity, which arelimitsof non compact orbits of the (negative) gradient flow. Through the construction of an appropriatepseudogradientin theneighborhood at infinity, we characterize thesecritical points at infinity, associate to them an index, perform aMorse type reductionof the functional$$J_K$$JKin their neighborhood and compute their contribution to the difference of topology between the level sets of$$J_K$$JK, hence extending the full Morse theoretical approach to thisnon compact variational problem. Such an approach is used to prove, under various pinching conditions, some existence results for$$(\mathcal {P})$$(P)on half spheres of dimension$$n \ge 5$$n≥5.
The antiferromagnetic XY model on the triangular lattice: chirality transitions at the surface scaling
Authors: Bach Annika , Cicalese Marco , Kreutz Leonard , Orlando Gianluca 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe study the discrete-to-continuum variational limit of the antiferromagneticXYmodel on the two-dimensional triangular lattice. The system is fully frustrated and displays two families of ground states distinguished by the chirality of the spin field. We compute the$$\Gamma $$Γ-limit of the energy in a regime which detects chirality transitions on one-dimensional interfaces between the two admissible chirality phases.
Convergence of proximal solutions for evolution inclusions with time-dependent maximal monotone operators
Authors: Camlibel Kanat , Iannelli Luigi , Tanwani Aneel 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis article studies the solutions of time-dependent differential inclusions which is motivated by their utility in optimization algorithms and the modeling of physical systems. The differential inclusion is described by a time-dependent set-valued mapping having the property that, for a given time instant, the set-valued mapping describes a maximal monotone operator. By successive application of a proximal operator, we construct a sequence of functions parameterized by the sampling time that corresponds to the discretization of the continuous-time system. Under certain mild assumptions on the regularity with respect to the time argument, and using appropriate tools from functional and variational analysis, this sequence is then shown to converge to the unique solution of the original differential inclusion. The result is applied to develop conditions for well-posedness of differential equations interconnected with nonsmooth time-dependent complementarity relations, using passivity of underlying dynamics (equivalently expressed in terms of linear matrix inequalities).
How urban and rural birds respond to the colour of bird feeders?
Authors: Golawski Artur , Sytykiewicz Hubert 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBirds can adapt to urban areas by modifying their foraging behaviours to exploit novel urban food sources, which are far more diverse than in the country. Neophobia, the fear of novelty, can lead to missed new sources of food. Urban populations of birds usually display a lesser level of neophobia than rural populations. We examined the response of birds in urban and rural habitats to the presence of new feeders. One feeder was green (the colour of preference, according to the literature), the other one was yellow (the colour avoided); feeders of these colours are not normally used in the study area, where the colour of bird feeders is usually the natural colour of wood. We hypothesised that the yellow feeder was more likely to be avoided by rural than urban birds because of the greater neophobia exhibited by the former. During the wintering season, we carried out 22 experiments in towns and 21 in villages in east-central Poland. The interaction between habitat and feeder colour was close to zero (number of visits to a feeder, choice of first feeder). However, we did find a smaller number of visits to yellow feeders and more frequent visits to feeders in urban areas. Birds may have treated the yellow colour as aposematic, hence their avoidance of yellow feeders, whereas more visits were made to feeders in urban areas because fewer natural food resources are available there than in rural habitats.
Numerical simulation method for predicting a flood hydrograph due to progressive failure of a landslide dam
Authors: Takayama S. , Miyata S. , Fujimoto M. , Satofuka Y. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractReducing the damage due to landslide dam failures requires the prediction of flood hydrographs. Although progressive failure is one of the main failure modes of landslide dams, no prediction method is available. This study develops a method for predicting progressive failure. The proposed method consists of the progressive failure model and overtopping erosion model. The progressive failure model can reproduce the collapse progression from a dam toe to predict the longitudinal dam shape and reservoir water level when the reservoir water overflows. The overtopping erosion model uses these predicted values as the new initial conditions and reproduces the dam erosion processes due to an overtopping flow in order to predict a flood hydrograph after the reservoir water overflows. The progressive failure model includes physical models representing the intermittent collapse of a dam slope, seepage flow in a dam, and surface flow on a dam slope. The intermittent collapse model characterizes the progressive failure model. It considers a stabilization effect whereby collapse deposits support a steep slope. This effect decreases as the collapse deposits are transported downstream. Such a consideration allows the model to express intermittent, not continuous, occurrences of collapses. Field experiments on the progressive failure of a landslide dam were conducted to validate the proposed method. The progressive failure model successfully reproduced the experimental results of the collapse progression from the dam toe. Using the value predicted by the progressive failure model, the overtopping erosion model successfully reproduced the flood hydrograph after the reservoir water started to overflow.
“Wisdom of the Elders” or “Loss of Experience” as a Mechanism to Explain the Decline in Traditional Ecological Knowledge: A Case Study on Awaji Island, Japan
Authors: Okui Kaori , Sawada Yoshihiro , Yoshida Takehito 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPrevious studies have reported that older people are more knowledgeable about nature than the younger generation. The relationship between people’s age and level of knowledge can be explained via two mechanisms: knowledge increases with age (wisdom of the elders), and opportunities to acquire knowledge decrease with successive generations (loss of experience). In this study, we examined the association between age and knowledge regarding the use of wild fruits among people living on Awaji Island in Japan. Analysis of the results revealed that the decline in knowledge among young people can be attributed to loss of experience. Furthermore, we found that the channels of knowledge transfer have changed between generations, earlier, children received it from their peers, but in recent years, it has been coming to them from older people and teachers.
Propofol detection for monitoring of intravenous anaesthesia: a review
Authors: Ferrier David C. , Kiely Janice , Luxton Richard 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis paper presents a review of established and emerging methods for detecting and quantifying the intravenous anaesthetic propofol in solution. There is growing evidence of numerous advantages of total intravenous anaesthesia using propofol compared to conventional volatile-based anaesthesia, both in terms of patient outcomes and environmental impact. However, volatile-based anaesthesia still accounts for the vast majority of administered general anaesthetics, largely due to a lack of techniques for real-time monitoring of patient blood propofol concentration. Herein, propofol detection techniques that have been developed to date are reviewed alongside a discussion of remaining challenges.
Convergence of Discrete Period Matrices and Discrete Holomorphic Integrals for Ramified Coverings of the Riemann Sphere
Authors: Bobenko Alexander I. , Bücking Ulrike 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe consider the class of compact Riemann surfaces which are ramified coverings of the Riemann sphere$\hat {\mathbb {C}}$ℂ̂. Based on a triangulation of this covering we define discrete (multivalued) harmonic and holomorphic functions. We prove that the corresponding discrete period matrices converge to their continuous counterparts. In order to achieve an error estimate, which is linear in the maximal edge length of the triangles, we suitably adapt the triangulations in a neighborhood of every branch point. Finally, we also prove a convergence result for discrete holomorphic integrals for our adapted triangulations of the ramified covering.
Elliptic and Parabolic Boundary Value Problems in Weighted Function Spaces
Authors: Hummel Felix , Lindemulder Nick 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this paper we study elliptic and parabolic boundary value problems with inhomogeneous boundary conditions in weighted function spaces of Sobolev, Bessel potential, Besov and Triebel-Lizorkin type. As one of the main results, we solve the problem of weightedLq-maximal regularity in weighted Besov and Triebel-Lizorkin spaces for the parabolic case, where the spatial weight is a power weight in the Muckenhoupt$A_{\infty }$A∞-class. In the Besov space case we have the restriction that the microscopic parameter equals toq. Going beyond theAp-range, wherepis the integrability parameter of the Besov or Triebel-Lizorkin space under consideration, yields extra flexibility in the sharp regularity of the boundary inhomogeneities. This extra flexibility allows us to treat rougher boundary data and provides a quantitative smoothing effect on the interior of the domain. The main ingredient is an analysis of anisotropic Poisson operators.
Association of lipoprotein(a) with intrinsic and on-clopidogrel platelet reactivity
Authors: Kille Alexander , Nührenberg Thomas , Franke Kilian , Valina Christian M. , Leibundgut Gregor , Tsimikas Sotirios , Neumann Franz-Josef , Hochholzer Willibald 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is an independent, genetically determined, and causal risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Laboratory data have suggested an interaction of Lp(a) with platelet function, potentially caused by its interaction with platelet receptors. So far, the potential association of Lp(a) with platelet activation and reactivity has not been proven in larger clinical cohorts. This study analyzed intrinsic platelet reactivity before loading with clopidogrel 600 mg and on-treatment platelet reactivity tested 24 h following loading in patients undergoing elective coronary angiography. Platelet reactivity was tested by optical aggregometry following stimulation with collagen or adenosine diphosphate as well as by flow cytometry. Lp(a) levels were directly measured in all patients from fresh samples. The present analysis included 1912 patients. Lp(a) levels ranged between 0 and 332 mg/dl. There was a significant association of rising levels of Lp(a) with a higher prevalence of a history of ischemic heart disease (p < 0.001) and more extensive coronary artery disease (p = 0.001). Results for intrinsic (p = 0.80) and on-clopidogrel platelet reactivity (p = 0.81) did not differ between quartiles of Lp(a) levels. Flow cytometry analyses of expression of different platelet surface proteins (CD41, CD62P or PAC-1) confirmed these findings. Correlation analyses of levels of Lp(a) with any of the tested platelet activation markers did not show any correlation. The present data do not support the hypothesis of an interaction of Lp(a) with platelet reactivity.
Factitious disorders in Germany–a detailed insight
Authors: Prangenberg Julian , Aasly Jan , Doberentz Elke , Madea Burkhard , Schrader Harald 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFactitious disorders (FDs) are well known to a majority of physicians; however, the corresponding ICD-10 diagnosis F68.1 remains severely under assigned and often misdiagnosed. Based on a previously conducted nationwide survey in Germany, we extended the analyzed variables to further understand FD characteristics.The assignments regarding the following variables in the German diagnosis-related group statistics were analyzed: residence of the patient and location of the diagnosing institution, primary referral to the diagnosing institution, reason for admission and discharge, specialty department, total length of stay, length of stay in the longest treating department, surgery performed, case mix revenue, regional type of the treating institution, and patients’ region of origin.A very distinct difference was observed in the assignment rates based on the homeland of the diagnosed patient and diagnosing institution. The assignment rate showed no significant difference across German regions. Based on our findings, a patient with FD in Germany might exhibit the following “typical” traits: A woman in her late thirties from a rural area is referred by a physician or another hospital wherein she was previously treated for more than a day to an institution for fully inpatient hospital treatment wherein she completes her treatment regularly. Dermatology, neurology, emergency, and internal medicine departments tend to be confronted with patients with FDs more often than other departments; however, surgery is performed in every fifth case. Patients are primarily treated in only one department for ~ 25 days. The case mix revenue will most probably not exceed €5000.
Pay Them No Mind: the Influence of Implicit and Explicit Robot Mind Perception on the Right to be Protected
Authors: Keijsers Merel , Bartneck Christoph , Eyssel Friederike 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMind perception is a fundamental part of anthropomorphism and has recently been suggested to be a dual process. The current research studied the influence of implicit and explicit mind perception on a robot’s right to be protected from abuse, both in terms of participants condemning abuse that befell the robot as well as in terms of participants’ tendency to humiliate the robot themselves. Results indicated that acceptability of robot abuse can be manipulated through explicit mind perception, yet are inconclusive about the influence of implicit mind perception. Interestingly, explicit attribution of mind to the robot did not make people less likely to mistreat the robot. This suggests that the relationship between a robot’s perceived mind and right to protection is far from straightforward, and has implications for researchers and engineers who want to tackle the issue of robot abuse.