bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Heck Richard Kimberly 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Crispin Wright’s work on vagueness has been extremely influential. This piece provides an overview of his contributions and the ways his views have changed over the forty-plus years he has been writing about the topic. Heck argues that Wright’s discussion of the Tachometer paradox provides us with the resources to disarm the Sorites paradox. Sadly, that still leaves us remarkably far from any positive account of the semantics of vague concepts. In his most recent work, Wright has pursued an ‘intuitionistic’ account of vagueness whose virtues and vices are described.
Vagueness-Related Partial Belief and the Constitution of Borderline Cases
Authors: Wright Crispin 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter, specially written for a Philosophy and Phenomenological Research book symposium on the Stephen Schiffer’s The Things We Mean, is focused on Schiffer’s proposal there concerning the most central and important question about vagueness: namely, what, specifically, something’s being a borderline case of a vague expression consists in. Schiffer argues for a new kind of approach, according to which vagueness is constitutively a psychological phenomenon, grounded in a supposedly distinctive propositional attitude taken by practitioners of vague discourse: vagueness-related partial belief (VPB), contrasting in ways Schiffer details with standard partial belief (SPB). Two principal problems are raised for this proposal. First, on Schiffer’s account, VPB looks to be characteristic of a wider range of kinds of indeterminacy besides the targeted soritical vagueness. Second, there is an awkward dilemma arising over whether or why a thinker could not, as a matter of psychological contingency, adopt a VPB towards a precise proposition.
Intuitionism and the Sorites Paradox
Authors: Wright Crispin 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter revisits and further develops all the principle themes and concepts of the preceding chapters. Epistemicism about vagueness postulates a realm of distinctions drawn by basic vague concepts that transcend our capacity to know them. Its treatment of their subject matter is thus broadly comparable to the Platonist philosophy of mathematics. An intuitionist philosophy of vagueness, as do many philosophies of the semantics and metaphysics of vague expressions, finds this idea merely superstitious and rejects it. The vagueness-intuitionist, however, credits the epistemicist with a crucial insight: that vagueness is indeed a cognitive, rather than a semantic, phenomenon—something that is not a consequence of some kind of indeterminacy, or open-endedness in the semantics of vague expressions but rather resides in our brute inability to bring, for example, yellow and orange right up against one another, so to speak, so as to mark a sharp and stable boundary. A solution to the Sorites paradox is developed that is consonant with this basic idea but, by motivating a background logic that observes (broadly) intuitionistic restrictions on the proof theory for negation, allows us to treat the paradoxical reasoning as a simple reductio of its major premise, without the unwelcome implication, sustained by classical logic, of sharp cut-offs.
Appendix to Chapter 14
Authors: Wright Crispin 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In the Forced March Sorites, there is no deductive path to a formal contradiction. Rather, a hapless subject is required to return a verdict in point of F-ness about each successive element in a soritical series for F. Competence requires the appropriate verdicts concerning the clear cases at the poles. Hence, since the verdicts required at the poles are different, the subject must at some point give some kind of differential responses to an adjacent pair of elements between which—for so the series is constructed—she can discern no relevant difference. Since it is a form of incompetence to purport to discriminate cases between which one discerns no relevant difference, it appears to follow that consistently competent use of F throughout the series is metaphysically impossible. It is argued that the intuitionist conception of vagueness provides the means to explain nicely why a differential response need not implicate discrimination.
Hormonal and environmental signaling pathways target membrane water transport
Authors: Maurel Christophe , Tournaire-Roux Colette , Verdoucq Lionel , Santoni Véronique 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Plant water transport and its molecular components including aquaporins are responsive, across diverse time scales, to an extremely wide array of environmental and hormonal signals. These include water deficit and abscisic acid (ABA) but also more recently identified stimuli such as peptide hormones or bacterial elicitors. The present review makes an inventory of corresponding signalling pathways. It identifies some main principles, such as the central signalling role of ROS, with a dual function of aquaporins in water and hydrogen peroxide transport, the importance of aquaporin phosphorylation that is targeted by multiple classes of protein kinases, and the emerging role of lipid signalling. More studies including systems biology approaches are now needed to comprehend how plant water transport can be adjusted in response to combined stresses.
Changing patterns of sickness absence among healthcare workers in England during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Edge Rhiannon , van der Plaat Diana A , Parsons Vaughan , Coggon David , van Tongeren Martie , Muiry Rupert , Madan Ira , Cullinan Paul 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
Patterns of sickness absence shed useful light on disease occurrence and illness-related behaviours in working populations.

Methods
We analysed prospectively collected, pseudonymized data on 959 356 employees who were continuously employed by National Health Service trusts in England from 1 January 2019 to 31 July 2020, comparing the frequency of new sickness absence in 2020 with that at corresponding times in 2019.

Results
After exclusion of episodes directly related to COVID-19, the overall incidence of sickness absence during the initial 10 weeks of the pandemic (March–May 2020) was more than 20% lower than in corresponding weeks of 2019. Trends for specific categories of illness varied substantially, with a fall by 24% for cancer, but an increase for mental illness. A doubling of new absences for pregnancy-related disorders during May–July of 2020 was limited to women with earlier COVID-19 sickness absence.

Conclusions
Various factors will have contributed to the large and divergent changes that were observed. The findings reinforce concerns regarding delays in diagnosis and treatment of cancers and support a need to plan for a large backlog of treatment for many other diseases. Further research should explore the rise in absence for pregnancy-related disorders among women with earlier COVID-19 sickness absence.
Magnetic resonance imaging for non-invasive clinical evaluation of normal and regenerated cartilage
Authors: Xu Xian , Gao Jingming , Liu Shuyun , Chen Liang , Chen Min , Yu Xiaoye , Ma Ning , Zhang Jun , Chen Xiaobin , Zhong Lisen , Yu Lin , Xu Liming , Guo Quanyi , Ding Jiandong 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
With the development of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, it is much desired to establish bioimaging techniques to monitor the real-time regeneration efficacy in vivo in a non-invasive way. Herein, we tried magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate knee cartilage regeneration after implanting a biomaterial scaffold seeded with chondrocytes, namely, matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI). After summary of the T2 mapping and the T1-related delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI imaging of cartilage (dGEMRIC) in vitro and in vivo in the literature, these two MRI techniques were tried clinically. In this study, 18 patients were followed up for 1 year. It was found that there was a significant difference between the regeneration site and the neighboring normal site (control), and the difference gradually diminished with regeneration time up to 1 year according to both the quantitative T1 and T2 MRI methods. We further established the correlation between the quantitative evaluation of MRI and the clinical Lysholm scores for the first time. Hence, the MRI technique was confirmed to be a feasible semi-quantitative yet non-invasive way to evaluate the in vivo regeneration of knee articular cartilage.
Going Bankrupt in China
Authors: Li Bo , Ponticelli Jacopo 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Using a new case-level dataset, we document a set of stylized facts on bankruptcy in China and study how the staggered introduction of specialized courts across Chinese cities affected insolvency resolution and the local economy. For identification, we compare bankruptcy cases handled by specialized versus traditional civil courts within the same city and filed in the same year. We find that specialized courts decrease case duration by 36% relative to traditional civil courts. We provide evidence consistent with court specialization increasing efficiency via selection of better trained judges and higher judicial independence from local politicians. We document that cities introducing specialized courts experience a relative reallocation of employment out of zombie firms-intensive sectors, as well as faster firm entry and a larger increase in average capital productivity.
Adaptation of in vitro methodologies to estimate the intestinal digestion of lipids in ruminants
Authors: Vinyard James R , Sarmikasoglou Efstathios , Bennett Sarah L , Arce-Cordero Jose A , Aines Glen , Estes Kari , Faciola Antonio P 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe objective of this study was to adapt existing in vitro methodologies to determine the extent of intestinal digestion of corn oil (CO), canola oil (CA), and beef tallow (BT) via manipulation of incubation length and concentrations of lipase, bile, and calcium within a buffer solution. Unless otherwise stated, 0.5 g of each lipid source were incubated separately and in triplicate, with triplicate batch culture runs for each treatment in 40 mL of 0.5 M KH2PO4 (pH = 7.6) for 24 h with pancreatin (8 g/L), bovine bile (2.5 g/L), and CaCl2 (10 mM). Individually, concentrations of pancreatin, bile, and CaCl2, as well as incubation length were tested. To examine the use of this assay to estimate in vitro total tract digestion, a KH2PO4 solution with concentrated amounts to reach the same final concentrations of pancreatin, bile, and Ca were used as the third step in a three-step total tract digestibility procedure. Free glycerol and free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations were measured using colorimetric assays as indicators of digestion. Data wereanalyzed as a completely randomized block design (block = run), using the Glimmix procedure of SAS. For each lipid source, free glycerol increased with increasing pancreatin; however, FFA was lowest at 0 g/L pancreatin but was similar at 6, 8, and 10 g/L. Both glycerol and FFA were greater for 2.5 and 5 g/L of bile than for 0 g/L for each lipid source. Calcium concentration did not affect glycerol or FFA for either CO or CA; however, glycerol and FFA for BT were greater when calcium was included at 5 and 10 mM than at 0 mM. For all fat sources, free glycerol and FFA increased after 1 h until 12 h, but did not increase from 12 to 24 h. When a concentrated mixture was used following fermentation and acidification steps, digestibility using FFA concentration increased as compared to just adding buffer; however, free glycerol concentration was indeterminable. Thus, free glycerol and FFA can be used as indicators of lipid digestion when a lipid source is incubated for at least 12 h in a buffer solution containing 8 g/L pancreatin, 2.5 g/L bile, and 5 mM Ca when only estimating in vitro intestinal digestion; however, when utilizing this assay in a three-step in vitro total tract digestibility procedure, only FFA can be used.
Specialization in a Nitrogen-Fixing Symbiosis: Proteome Differences Between Sinorhizobium medicae Bacteria and Bacteroids
Authors: Yurgel Svetlana N. , Qu Yi , Rice Jennifer T. , Ajeethan Nivethika , Zink Erika M. , Brown Joseph M. , Purvine Sam , Lipton Mary S. , Kahn Michael L. 
Published: August 2021

Using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), we analyzed the proteome of Sinorhizobium medicae WSM419 growing as free-living cells and in symbiosis with Medicago truncatula. In all, 3,215 proteins were identified, over half of the open reading frames predicted from the genomic sequence. The abundance of 1,361 proteins displayed strong lifestyle bias. In total, 1,131 proteins had similar levels in bacteroids and free-living cells, and the low levels of 723 proteins prevented statistically significant assignments. Nitrogenase subunits comprised approximately 12% of quantified bacteroid proteins. Other major bacteroid proteins included symbiosis-specific cytochromes and FixABCX, which transfer electrons to nitrogenase. Bacteroids had normal levels of proteins involved in amino acid biosynthesis, glycolysis or gluconeogenesis, and the pentose phosphate pathway; however, several amino acid degradation pathways were repressed. This suggests that bacteroids maintain a relatively independent anabolic metabolism. Tricarboxylic acid cycle proteins were highly expressed in bacteroids and no other catabolic pathway emerged as an obvious candidate to supply energy and reductant to nitrogen fixation. Bacterial stress response proteins were induced in bacteroids. Many WSM419 proteins that are not encoded in S. meliloti Rm1021 were detected, and understanding the functions of these proteins might clarify why S. medicae WSM419 forms a more effective symbiosis with M. truncatula than S. meliloti Rm1021. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Degradation of endothelial glycocalyx in Tanzanian children with falciparum malaria
Authors: Bush Margaret A. , Florence Salvatore M. , Yeo Tsin W. , Kalingonji Ayam R. , Chen Youwei , Granger Donald L. , Rubach Matthew P. , Anstey Nicholas M. , Mwaikambo Esther D. , Weinberg Joe Brice 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA layer of glycocalyx covers the vascular endothelium serving important protective and homeostatic functions. The objective of this study was to determine if breakdown of the endothelial glycocalyx (eGC) occurs during malaria infection in children. Measures of eGC integrity, endothelial activation, and microvascular reactivity were prospectively evaluated in 146 children: 44 with moderately severe malaria (MSM), 42 with severe malaria (SM), and 60 healthy controls (HC). Biochemical measures of eGC integrity included plasma syndecan‐1 and total urinary glycosaminoglycans (GAG). Side‐stream dark field imaging was used to quantitatively assess integrity of eGC. Plasma angiopoietin‐2 (Ang‐2) was measured as a marker of endothelial activation and also as a possible mediator of eGC breakdown. Our results show that urinary GAG, syndecan‐1, and Ang‐2 were elevated in patients with MSM and SM compared with HC. Syndecan‐1 and GAG levels correlated significantly with each other and with plasma Ang‐2. The eGC breakdown products also inversely correlated significantly with hemoglobin and platelet count. In the MSM group, imaging results provided further evidence for eGC degradation. Although not correlated with markers of eGC degradation, vascular function (assessed by non‐invasive near infrared spectroscopy [NIRS]) demonstrated reduced microvascular reactivity, particularly affecting the SM group. Our findings provide further evidence for breakdown of eGC in falciparum malaria that may contribute to endothelial activation and adhesion of parasitized red blood cells, with reduced nitric oxide formation, and vascular dysfunction.
Overexpression of ASMT likely enhances the resistance of transgenic sheep to brucellosis by influencing immune‐related signaling pathways and gut microbiota
Authors: Li Guangdong , Lv Dongying , Yao Yujun , Wu Hao , Wang Jing , Deng Shoulong , Song Yukun , Guan Shengyu , Wang Likai , Ma Wenkui , Yang Hai , Yan Laiqing , Zhang Jinlong , Ji Pengyun , Zhang Lu , Lian Zhengxing , Liu Guoshi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMelatonin is a pleiotropic molecule with a variety of biological functions, which include its immunoregulatory action in mammals. Brucellosis is a worldwide endemic zoonotic disease caused by the Brucella, which not only causes huge economic losses for the livestock industry but also impacts human health. To target this problem, in current study, two marker‐free transgenic sheep overexpressing melatonin synthetic enzyme ASMT (acetylserotonin O‐methyltransferase) gene were generated and these melatonin enrich transgenic sheep were challenged by Brucella infection. The results showed that the serum melatonin concentration was significantly higher in transgenic sheep than that of wild type (726.92 ± 70.6074 vs 263.10 ± 34.60 pg/mL, P < .05). Brucella challenge test showed that two thirds (4/6) of the wild‐type sheep had brucellosis, while none of the transgenic sheep were infected. Whole‐blood RNA‐seq results showed that differential expression genes (DEGs) were significantly enriched in natural killer cell‐mediated cytotoxicity, phagosome, antigen processing, and presentation signaling pathways in overexpression sheep. The DEGs of toll‐like receptors (TLRs) and NOD‐like receptors (NLRs) families were verified by qPCR and it showed that TLR1, TLR2, TLR7, CD14, NAIP, and CXCL8 expression levels in overexpression sheep were significantly higher and NLRP1, NLRP3, and TNF expression levels were significantly lower than those of wild type. The rectal feces were subjected to 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing, and the microbial functional analysis showed that the transgenic sheep had significantly lower abundance of microbial genes related to infectious diseases compared to the wild type, indicating overexpression animals are likely more resistant to infectious diseases than wild type. Furthermore, exogenous melatonin treatment relieved brucellosis inflammation by upregulating anti‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐4 and downregulating pro‐inflammatory IL‐2, IL‐6, and IFN‐γ. Our preliminary results provide an informative reference for the study of the relationship between melatonin and brucellosis.
CE: Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Washington Heather H. , Glaser Kimberly R. , Ifejika Nneka Lotea 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT:
Stroke, the most common form of cerebrovascular disease, is a leading cause of death and disability throughout the world. There have been no significant advances in the development of effective therapeutics for hemorrhagic stroke, and for ischemic stroke highly effective, evidence-based therapies such as alteplase and mechanical thrombectomy are widely underutilized. Improving outcomes for patients experiencing ischemic stroke requires faster recognition and appropriate intervention within the treatment window (the first 24 hours after symptom onset). This article discusses the pathophysiology underlying the various types of ischemic stroke; the risk factors for ischemic stroke; stroke presentation; and the evidence-based treatments, nursing assessments, and monitoring protocols that are critical to patient recovery.
Immune checkpoints and the multiple faces of B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Stefanski Ana-Luisa , Dörner Thomas 
Published: August 2021

Purpose of review
B-lymphocytes are crucial in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), including autoantibody production, antigen presentation, co-stimulation, and cytokine secretion. Co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules control interactions between B and T cells during an inflammatory response, which is essential for an appropriate host protection and maintenance of self-tolerance. Here, we review recent findings about checkpoint molecules and SLE B cells including their potential therapeutic implications and experiences from clinical trials.

Recent findings
Most prominent checkpoint molecules involved in pathologic B and T cell interaction in SLE are CD40/CD40L and inducible co-stimulator/ICOSL, both also intimately involved in the formation of germinal centers and ectopic lymphoid tissue. Dysregulations of inhibitory checkpoint molecules, like programmed death-1/programmed death-ligand 1 and B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator have been suggested to impair B cell functions in SLE recently.

Summary
Accumulating evidence indicates that dampening immune responses by either blocking co-activating signals or enhancing co-inhibitory signals in different cell types is a promising approach to treat autoimmune diseases to better control active disease but may also allow resolution of chronic autoimmunity.
Postmortem Evidence of Brain Inflammatory Markers and Injury in Septic Patients: A Systematic Review
Authors: Barichello Tatiana , Generoso Jaqueline S. , Dominguini Diogo , Córneo Emily , Giridharan Vijayasree V. , Sahrapour Taha A. , Simões Lutiana R. , Rosa Maria Inês da , Petronilho Fabricia , Ritter Cristiane , Sharshar Tarek , Dal-Pizzol Felipe 
Published: August 2021

OBJECTIVES:
Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a host’s unregulated immune response to eliminate the infection. After hospitalization, sepsis survivors often suffer from long-term impairments in memory, attention, verbal fluency, and executive functioning. To understand the effects of sepsis and the exacerbated peripheral inflammatory response in the brain, we asked the question: What are the findings and inflammatory markers in the brains of deceased sepsis patients? To answer this question, we conducted this systematic review by the recommendations of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.

DATA SOURCES:
Relevant studies were identified by searching the PubMed/National Library of Medicine, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Bibliographical Index in Spanish in Health Sciences, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, and Web of Science databases for peer-reviewed journal articles published on April 05, 2021.

STUDY SELECTION:
A total of 3,745 articles were included in the primary screening; after omitting duplicate articles, animal models, and reviews, 2,896 articles were selected for the study. These studies were selected based on the title and abstract, and 2,772 articles were still omitted based on the exclusion criteria.

DATA EXTRACTION:
The complete texts of the remaining 124 articles were obtained and thoroughly evaluated for the final screening, and 104 articles were included.

DATA SYNTHESIS:
The postmortem brain had edema, abscess, hemorrhagic and ischemic injuries, infarction, hypoxia, atrophy, hypoplasia, neuronal loss, axonal injuries, demyelination, and necrosis.

CONCLUSIONS:
The mechanisms by which sepsis induces brain dysfunction are likely to include vascular and neuronal lesions, followed by the activation of glial cells and the presence of peripheral immune cells in the brain.