bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Guttman Joshua , Davis Frederick 
Published: January 2021

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract made up of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn disease (CD). These diseases are differentiated based on the location in the GI tract and findings on colonoscopy and biopsy. Management in the emergency department is similar for these two conditions. Patients presenting with exacerbations of known IBD should be classified according to severity and managed accordingly. Mild to moderate disease will require only a limited workup consisting of testing for anemia and electrolyte abnormalities. These patients may be discharged with a 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) agent, or if the condition is refractory to 5-ASA, then with oral budesonide. Severe or fulminant disease will need intravenous hydration, intravenous corticosteroids, computed tomography (CT) to assess for intestinal complications, and admission to the hospital. Patients with abscesses, colitis, or ileitis on CT will need antibiotics. Additionally, patients should be evaluated for both intestinal complications, such as strictures and fistulas, and extraintestinal manifestations, the majority of which are dermatologic and ophthalmologic. Patients with fulminant complications, toxic megacolon and intestinal perforation, should receive intravenous antibiotics, hydration, and immediate surgical consultation. Patients presenting with signs and symptoms of IBD but without a known diagnosis should receive supportive therapy. If discharged, they should be referred to a gastroenterologist for colonoscopy to make an appropriate diagnosis and to initiate therapy.

Key words: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), gastrointestinal (GI) tract, ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn disease (CD), colonoscopy, fulminant complications

This review contains highly rendered 5 figures, 5 tables, and 30 references.
General Principles of Antibiotic Therapy
Authors: Letourneau Alyssa R. , Calderwood Michael S. 
Published: January 2021

The essential feature of effective antibiotic agents is the ability to inhibit the growth of microorganisms at concentrations tolerated by the host. Antibiotic agents generally target anatomic structures or biosynthetic pathways unique to bacteria. The appropriate choice of an antibiotic for an infection depends on the following: clinician’s level of suspicion; the infecting organism and its antibiotic susceptibilities; the type of infection; factors associated with specific antibiotic agents; host factors; and public health considerations. This review provides an overview of antibiotic therapy and covers identifying the cause of an infection, determination of bacterial susceptibility to specific drugs, site of infection and ancillary therapy, antibiotic drug targets, pharmacodynamic parameters, factors affecting dosage and route of administration, host factors, complications of antibiotic therapy, Clostridium difficile infection, and antimicrobial resistance.
This review contains 2 figures, 7 tables, and 45 references.
Key words: Antimicrobial therapy, antibiotic, infection, microorganism, renal dosing, hepatic dosing, Clostridium difficile
Viral Hepatitis Other than A, B, or C
Authors: Anwar Nadeem , Sherman Kenneth E. 
Published: January 2021

Viral hepatitis is a global, although variably distributed, health problem associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Infection with a hepatitis virus leads to acute inflammation and liver cell damage (hepatocyte injury). Such infection may be symptomatic or subclinical and may result in disease resolution, death from fulminant hepatic failure, or development of a chronic disease state. Whereas the chronic infection with hepatitis B and C accounts for a global burden of more than 500,000,000 cases, the global death rate from all types of hepatitis is approximately 1 million people annually. This review focuses on the virology, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of hepatitis D and hepatitis E, as well as other viruses associated with hepatitis. Figures show the global distribution of hepatitis D infection, elevation of anti–hepatitis D virus antibodies in hepatitis B/hepatitis D virus coinfection, geographic distribution of hepatitis E virus by genotype, factors significant in the pathogenesis of hepatitis E, and pattern of antibody elevation in hepatitis E. The table lists proposed diagnostic criteria for hepatitis E virus.
This review contains 5 highly rendered figures, 1 table, and 42 references.
Key words: hepatitis D, hepatitis D virus, hepatitis E, hepatitis E virus, non-A hepatitis, non-B hepatitis, non-C hepatitis, viral hepatitis
Nutrition For Healthy Infants And Toddlers
Authors: Collier Sharon , Kinne Jenny 
Published: January 2021

Feeding and eating are essential to life. As the infant grows into a toddler, the child goes through transitions with feeding, starting with breast milk or formula, transitioning to complementary feeding between the ages of 4 and 6 months, and then advancing to table foods. It is important to provide adequate nutrition to meet the growing needs of the child from a macronutrient and micronutrient standpoint through infancy to childhood. Throughout this time, anthropometric measurements are obtained to assess proper growth. Feeding is a dynamic part of a child’s life that varies at each stage of childhood, which comes with challenges such as avoiding choking hazards, preventing potential food allergies, providing a varied diet to meet macronutrient and micronutrient needs, and supporting advancement in textures for appropriate development of feeding skills and avoiding issues with picky eating. Providing proper nutrition from quality, quantity, and texture standpoints at each stage of childhood is essential to ensure adequate nutrition to promote healthy and expected growth and development.
This review contains 4 figures, 10 tables and 43 references
Key words: breast milk, complementary feeding, food, food safety, formula, growth, infant, micronutrients, neophobia, nutrition, oral health, physical activity, toddler
Definitions, Classification, and Screening of Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Davenport Andrew 
Published: January 2021

Acute kidney injury (AKI; previously acute renal failure) is defined as an acute and sustained deterioration in kidney function. As AKI is a descriptive term, an attempt should be made to establish a diagnosis in patients with AKI. There are numerous causes of AKI, and all or part of the kidney may be affected. This review discusses the definitions of AKI, measurement of renal function, incidence of AKI, baseline serum creatinine, grading and severity of AKI, and screening for AKI. Figures show renal reserve and renal tubule. Tables list consensus definitions of AKI, effect of patient demographics on serum creatinine concentration, endogenous compounds that can interfere with colorimetric modified Jaffe-based reactions for determining serum creatinine concentration, risk factors for developing AKI in adult patients proposed by the Renal Angina Index, and risk factors for developing acute contrast-induced kidney injury in adult patients.
Key Words: Acute kidney injury; Acute renal failure; Glomerular filtration rate; Serum creatinine; Kidney function; Estimated glomerular filtration rate; Biomarkers of AKI
Intrapartum Care
Authors: Hart Jessica M. , Young Brett C. 
Published: January 2021

Intrapartum care encompasses the treatment of pregnancy during labor and delivery. Knowledge of the normal labor process is essential to effectively recognize and treat abnormalities, and thus optimize maternal and fetal health. This review aims to outline the physiology of labor and discuss contemporary features of spontaneous labor, prolonged labor, and arrest of labor. It addresses management of group B streptoccocous colonization and electronic fetal monitoring practices. Additionally, issues associated with term labor such as prelabor rupture of membranes, abruption, intrapartum intraamniotic infection, and persistent occiput posterior position are discussed. The review concludes with a brief overview of delivery methods.
This review contains 7 figures, 14 tables, and 49 references.
Keywords: term labor, intrapartum monitoring, induction of labor, Group B Streptococcous prophylaxis, prelabor rupture of membranes, intraamniotic infection, mode of delivery
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease
Authors: Roque Dario R , Urh Anze , Kalife Elizabeth T 
Published: January 2021

Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) represents a group of disorders that derive from placental trophoblastic tissue, including hydatidiform moles, postmolar gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN), and gestational choriocarcinoma. GTN is the most curable gynecologic malignancy and tends to be more common after a complete molar pregnancy than a partial mole. Human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) represents a marker for GTD and should be followed for 6 months after molar pregnancy evacuation to rule out the development of postmolar GTN. GTN is defined by a plateaued, rising, or prolonged elevated β-hCG value after molar evacuation; histologic diagnosis of choriocarcinoma, invasive mole, placental site trophoblastic tumor, or epithelioid trophoblastic tumor; or identification of metastasis after molar pregnancy evacuation. Classification for GTN as low (score ≤ 6) or high risk (score > 7) is based on the World Health Organization prognostic score. This scoring system helps select treatment, which usually entails actinomycin D or methotrexate for low-risk disease and EMA/CO (etoposide, methotrexate, actinomycin D/cyclophosphamide, vincristine) for high-risk disease. These regimens can achieve cure rates approaching 100% and over 90% for low- and high-risk disease, respectively.
This review contains 5 figures, 8 tables and 49 references
Key words: choriocarcinoma, gestational trophoblastic disease, gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, human chorionic gonadotropin, hydatidiform mole, invasive mole
Viral Infections in Pregnancy – Part 2: Viral Influenza, Mononucleosis, Mumps, Parvovirus, Rubella, Rubeola, Varicella-Zoster Virus, and Zika Virus
Authors: Duff Patrick 
Published: January 2021

A number of viral infections contribute to morbidity and mortality in pregnancy and the postpartum period [see Table 1]. Here we discuss some of the major viral infections that occur in pregnancy. This particular review focuses on viral influenza, mononucleosis, mumps, parvovirus, rubella, rubeola, varicella-zoster virus, and Zika virus; other viral etiologies are discussed separately. It is imperative to understand the risk factors, clinical course, diagnostic methodology, and management of these illnesses in order to optimize perinatal outcome.

This review contains 4 figures, 12 tables, and 76 references.
Keywords: viral infection, pregnancy, prenatal, perinatal, influenza, mumps, parvovirus, rubella, rubeola, measles, varicella-zoster virus, Zika virus, management
Reconstruction of the Thumb after Traumatic Tissue Loss
Authors: Clune James E , Jones Neil F 
Published: January 2021

The distinctive prehensile functions of the human hand are orchestrated by the thumb. Without a thumb, the hand lacks critical movements allowing for pinch, grasp, and fine manipulation. Based on the patient’s individual needs, occupation, and desires, thumb reconstruction should be offered to every patient with a traumatic amputation. Position, stability, mobility, and sensation command attention when reconstructing the absent thumb. We present the spectrum of various techniques available for reconstructing a useful thumb.

This review contains 9 figures, 3 tables and 51 references.
Key words: Thumb; reconstruction, amputation, pollicization, toe transfer, metacarpal lengthening, webspace deepening
Lower Blepharoplasty
Authors: Bojovic Branko , Buta Martin 
Published: January 2021

This review provides an overview of lower eyelid blepharoplasty, with discussion focused on relevant anatomy, the effects of aging on the lower eyelid and lid/cheek junction, patient evaluation, the most common surgical techniques, complications from surgery, and outcomes assessment. Emphasis is placed on tailoring surgical approaches to the specific aesthetic and functional concerns for each patient.
Keywords: blepharoplasty, lower lid surgery, transconjunctival blepharoplasty, transcutaneous blepharoplasty, pseudoherniation, cosmetic surgery, surgery techniques, aesthetic surgery, tear trough deformity, orbital fat, eyelid laxity, canthoplasty
This review contains 6 figures, 2 tables, and 50 references.
Surgical Management of Genitourinary Rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Abdelhalim Ahmed , Wang Zhan Tao (Peter) , Khoury Antoine E 
Published: January 2021

The past few decades have witnessed unprecedented advances in the management of genitourinary rhabdomyosarcoma. The introduction of combination chemotherapy and adoption of multi-disciplinary approach in 1960s have resulted in dramatic improvement in the survival. Upfront radical surgery has been largely replaced with more conservative procedures resulting in less morbidity and improved function while maintaining survival. The discovery and incorporation of oncogenic-fusion proteins in rhabdomyosarcoma risk-stratification was another leap towards better outcomes. Besides local control, surgery is crucial for risk-stratification, relief of urinary tract obstruction and reconstruction of urogential tract. Incomplete tumor resection has been associated with unfavorable outcome. Herein, we describe the evolution of role of surgery in the management of genitourinary rhabdomyosarcoma. Further, basics of surgical management are reviewed and areas of potential controversy are addressed.

This review contains 11 figures, 5 tables, and 51 references.
Keywords: rhabdomyosarcoma, children, bladder, prostate, multidisciplinary treatment, surgery, chemotherapy, cystectomy, survival, outcome, urinary diversion, fertility.
Pathophysiology and Treatment of Cystinuria
Authors: Britt Jacob , Saidian Ava , Whitaker Dustin , Boyd Carter , Wood Kyle , Assimos Dean G 
Published: January 2021

Cystinuria is a relatively rare autosomal recessive disorder that manifests early in life and is associated with the development of kidney stones composed of cystine. It is due to mutations in two genes that are involved in the transport of cystine, neutral, and dibasic amino acids in the proximal tubule of the kidney. Patients are at risk for developing chronic kidney disease. Diagnosis is typically established with stone analysis and quantitative urinary cystine excretion. These patients may form extremely large stones requiring percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Stone-prevention strategies include dietary modifications (increased fluid intake and limitation of sodium and animal protein consumption), urine pH manipulation, and thiol-binding agents. These patients should be followed closely, and preemptive stone removal with ureteroscopy should be considered to limit the necessity for more invasive procedures.

This review contains 2 figures and 38 references.
Key Words: a-mercaptopropionyl glycine, amino acid transport, chronic kidney disease, cystinuria, SLC3A1, SLC7A9, thiol-binding agent, urinary pH manipulation
Transplant Immunology: Basic Immunology and Clinical Practice
Authors: Lee Lung-Yi , Foley David P 
Published: January 2021

Engraftment of a transplanted organ into an allogeneic host triggers a cascade of immunologic responses in the host that are designed to facilitate graft rejection. Modern donor-to-host matching techniques and immunosuppression protocols have successfully tempered this natural immune response so that graft survival has dramatically improved. However, optimizing graft survival by precisely downregulating the host response to graft rejection while preserving host immune defenses against pathologic and infectious agents remains poorly understood and elusive in current clinical practice. This review discusses transplant immunology with respect to host versus graft and the basis of allorecognition, as well as clinical management of the transplanted allograft. Figures show human leukocyte antigen (HLA), direct allorecognition, T cell receptor and CD3, T cell–associated second messenger signaling pathway, CD8 molecules directly ligating class I HLAs and CD4 molecules directly binding HLA class II, detection of alloantibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or flow cytometry, recipient-donor crossmatch, histopathology of kidney allograft with antibody-mediated rejection, and an algorithm for assessment and management of renal allograft rejection.
This review contains 9 figures, 6 tables and 61 references.
Keywords: Transplantation, immunology, human leukocyte antigen, crossmatch, donor, acute rejection, chronic rejection
Effort Thrombosis (Paget-Schroetter Syndrome)
Authors: Huang Zhen S. , Schneider Darren B. 
Published: January 2021

Effort thrombosis, also known as Paget-Schroetter Syndrome and venous thoracic outlet syndrome (VTOS), refers to primary thrombosis of the subclavian-axillary vein at the costoclavicular space. Most patients present after experiencing axillo-subclavian vein thrombosis, and the thrombosis often results from vigorous athletic activities requiring repetitive arm and shoulder motions (e.g., weight lifting, swimming)as well as occupations that require repetitive motions with elevated upper extremities This review covers effort thrombosis in detail, examining its clinical and diagnostic evaluations, treatment, operative and postoperative management, and complications. An algorithm details the approach to the patient with effort thrombosis. Figures include the anatomy of the costoclavicur space, B-mode and duplex color-flow imaging of the proximal left subclavian vein, crossed occlusive thrombus, anatomic landmarks for planning infraclavicular approach incision, rib resection, venoplasty with an 8 × 40 mm balloon, completion venogram postvenoplasty, the supraclavicular approach using a self-retaining retractor system, post resection of the anterior scalene muscle, and post left first rib decompression chest x-ray. Tables list common clinical findings in VTOS, less frequent clinical findings in VTOS, and postoperative complications.
This review contains 15 highly rendered figures, 3 tables, and 40 references.
Violencia de género ante el confinamiento e intervención policial por causa de la covid-19 en Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua
Authors: Rojas Gonzalez Erika Patricia 
Published: January 2021

La violencia de género ha aumentado en el mundo en los últimos meses. En México, durante este periodo de aislamiento y de quedarse en casa ante la pandemia del coronavirus, las mujeres corren mayor riesgo de sufrir violencia familiar. En otras palabras, se encuentran en una situación todavía más vulnerable durante esta emergencia sanitaria. El objetivo de esta investigación fue conocer el impacto del confinamiento por la pandemia del SARS-CoV-2 en la dinámica de las familias en Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. El enfoque es de carácter documental, por lo que se procedió a la indagación, recolección, organización, análisis e interpretación de información o datos en torno a la violencia contra la mujer en periódicos y bases de datos oficiales. Como parte de los resultados, se encontró que las denuncias por violencia familiar aumentaron cerca de 30 % durante los primeros meses de pandemia. A pesar de este incremento, sin embargo, los diferentes niveles de Gobierno no han tenido una estrategia clara para atenderla.
Korkeakoulutetut kotoutujat suomen kielen käyttäjinä (tulossa)
Authors: Scotson Mia 
Published: January 2021

Mia Scotsonin soveltavan kielitieteen alaan kuuluva väitöskirja tarkastettiin Jyväskylän yliopistossa 12. syyskuuta 2020. Vastaväittäjänä toimi apulaisprofessori Johanna Vaattovaara Tampereen yliopistosta ja kustoksena yliopistotutkija Heidi Vaarala.
Mia Scotson: Korkeakoulutetut kotoutujat suomen kielen käyttäjänä. Toimijuus, tunteet ja käsitykset. JYU Dissertations 271. Jyväskylä: Jyväskylän yliopisto 2020. Väitöskirja on luettavissa osoitteessa http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-39-8259-1
Uusia näkökulmia kielenoppimisen laajoihin mahdollisuuksiin
Authors: Rantala Katriina 
Published: January 2021

Arvioitu teos:
Lari Kotilainen, Salla Kurhila ja Jyrki Kalliokoski (toim.): Kielenoppiminen luokan ulkopuolella. Tietolipas 262. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura 2019. 360 s. isbn 978-951-858-127-0.
Akustinen äänenlaatuindeksi (AVQI) äänen arvioinnissa: Alustava monitapaustutkimus äänitystason, -tilan ja äänentuottotavan vaikutuksista
Authors: Laukkanen Anne-Maria , Ikävalko Tero , Rantala Leena , Kankare Eliina 
Published: January 2021

Kuudesta parametrista muodostuvaa akustista äänenlaatuindeksiä (AVQI) käytetään äänihäiriöiden objektiiviseen arviointiin. Tämä tutkimus on alustava selvitys siitä, paljonko AVQI:in vaikuttavat äänitystaso, ympäristön taustakohina, puhujan puhetapa ja sukupuoli silloin, kun käytetään suositeltua äänityslaitteistoa.
Näytteet tallennettiin kahdelta terveääniseltä (mies ja nainen) sekä äänihuulihalvauksesta (mies) ja toiminnallisesta äänihäiriöstä (nainen) kärsineeltä henkilöltä. Terveäänisten puhujien näytteet äänitettiin vaimennetussa studiossa. He lukivat lyhyen tekstin ja äänsivät [a:]-vokaalia 5 sekuntia itselleen tavanomaisella, sekä hiljaisella, voimakkaalla ja korkealla äänellä. Huonon äänitystason ja -ympäristön vaikutusten tarkastelua varten ääninäytteet soitettiin yksitiekaiuttimen kautta ja äänitettiin uudelleen studiossa (taustakohinataso 17,3 dBA) ja toimisto-olosuhteissa (taustakohinataso 34,4 dBA) kahdella äänitystasolla. Kaiuttimen kautta soitetuista näytteistä laskettiin AVQI.
Tulosten mukaan äänitystaso, -tila ja sukupuoli vaikuttivat vain vähän AVQI-lukuun ja sen parametreihin. Eniten AVQI-lukua nosti häiriöinen äänenlaatu. Myös puhetapa vaikutti: hiljaisesti tuotetuissa ääninäytteissä terveääniset saivat äänihäiriöille tyypillisiä arvoja. AVQI:a käytettäessä on tärkeää kontrolloida, että puhujat tuottavat ääninäytteet itselleen tavanomaisella puhevoimakkuudella ja -korkeudella. Tämä on oleellista etenkin toistomittauksissa.
Features of flow of victims after terrorist attacks in the subway
Authors: Trukhan A. P. , Samokhvalov I. M. , Skakunova T. Yu. , Ryadnov A. A. 
Published: January 2021

The objective of the studywas to compare the order of admission and distribution in hospitals of the incoming flow of victims with explosive peacetime injuries (based on the analysis of terrorist acts in Minsk on April 11, 2011 and in St. Petersburg on April 3, 2017).Methods and Materials. We analyzed the organization of inpatient medical care for 2 groups of victims who applied for medical care to hospital health organizations on the day of the terrorist attack. The first group – 195 victims of the explosion in the subway of Minsk. The second group – 55 victims of the explosion in the subway of St. Petersburg. Results. The order of admission of victims to the healthcare organization in both groups was similar, as was the number of requests for medical care within 1.5 hours from the time of the first treatment (72.7 and 63.6 %, p>0.05). In both groups, there were identical indicators of the victims aimed at inpatient treatment (80.5 and 83.6 %, p>0.05), and cases when the profile of the hospitalization department was crucial for the nature of medical care (74.5 and 76.1 %, p>0.05). The victims of both groups hospitalized in hospital healthcare organizations had identical indicators of subsequent transfers to other medical institutions or to other departments.Conclusion. The first 1.5 hours after the first call to hospitals after explosions in the subway are the most stressful, which may require limiting medical care only to emergency operations. Up to 20 % of the victims had no serious injuries and were referred for outpatient treatment.