bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Judicial Review of Administrative Action (1890–1910): A Brief Comparison between the Austro-Hungarian and the German Empires
Authors: Lucia Luca De 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this brief chapter some reflections of a comparative nature between the Austrian legal order and some state systems of the German Empire are presented regarding the standards of judicial review adopted between 1890 and 1910. The comparison is based primarily on the research works of Angela Ferrari Zumbini and Lilly Weidemann, which, after a general introduction to the subject in the different legal orders, present a series of judgments issued by the administrative courts of last instance in that period. This chapter outlines the common and distinctive features of the review conducted by these courts before examining whether, and in what ways, this case law has contributed to the formation of general principles and rules of conduct for public administrations.
The Administrative World of Yesterday
Authors: Mannoni Stefano 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter claims that the decades between 1890 and 1910 were distinguished by a clear wave of globalization ante litteram, notwithstanding the existence of a great divide between national legal systems, depending whether they featured and harboured or not an ‘official’ administrative law. The main thrust of the thesis is that the overreliance on legal doctrines as the main source of historical research has to date shadowed and downplayed the keenness of answers to the question of how to tame the administrative hydra stemming and springing from judicial adjudications all over Europe. What an in-depth analysis of judicial case law highlights is, first, that there was everywhere an increasing attention for the respect of due process requirements. Second, that this judicial policy was swayed by the acknowledgement and protection of individual rights. Third, that all this judicial activity turned, irrespective of considerable national differences, into administrative discretion being increasingly constrained. Labelling such an outcome as the discovery of a bourgeois common understanding and sensibility toward administrative power and its boundaries represents in itself a path-breaking departure from a narrative where doctrinal discourse trumps the evidence provided by legal practices.
International Courts in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Caserta Salvatore 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The book provides the first in-depth and empirically grounded analysis on the foundations and trajectories of gaining authority of the four Latin American and Caribbean regional economic courts: the Central American Court of Justice (CACJ), the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ), the Andean Tribunal of Justice (ATJ), and the Mercosur Permanent Review Court (PRC). While these courts were, on their terms, established to build common markets and to enforce trade liberalization, they have often developed bodies of jurisprudence in domains often not directly associated with regional economic integration. The CCJ has been most successful in the area of human and fundamental rights; the CACJ has addressed issues related to the enforcement of the rule of law in national legal arenas and long-standing border disputes between the countries of the region; the ATJ is an island of effective adjudication on intellectual property issues; and the PRC has significantly struggled to receive a significant number of cases to rule upon all together. The particular trajectories of the four Latin American and Caribbean Regional Economic Courts (RECs) suggest that there is no universal formula for success for these institutions and that their operational path is not necessarily a function of their formally delegated competences and/or of the will of the Member States, as it is often argued in mainstream legal and political science literature. Rather, local socio-political contextual factors—such as the historical legacies of a region, the interests and dynamics of socialization of legally and politically situated actors, the nature of national and regional politics, and legal culture—often play a far more decisive role in influencing the direction of RECs during and after their establishment.
The West German Gay World after Homosexual Law Reform
Authors: Griffiths Craig 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter shows that sexual conservatism remained influential in West Germany, even after the partial decriminalization of male homosexuality in 1969. To give just one example, a court upholding the dismissal of an openly gay teacher in 1975 could cite the significance of ‘unwritten laws of honour, convention and decency’. By exploring the stubbornness of homophobic prejudice, especially the view that homosexuality was a danger to youth, this chapter highlights the limits of liberalization in West Germany, thereby interrogating an influential strand of historiography which has portrayed the Federal Republic as a success story of democratization and liberalization. At the same time, this chapter also explores the shifting contours of queer life in the 1970s, focusing on the emergence of the commercial gay press in 1970, and the diversification (and internationalization) of the gay scene—those various locations where same-sex desiring men met each other for the purposes of leisure, sociability and sex.
Conclusion
Authors: Griffiths Craig 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This conclusion takes stock of homosexual politics—ways of thinking, feeling, and talking about homosexuality—at the end of the 1970s. The partial decriminalization of sex between men in 1969 offered West German homosexuals a precarious foothold in society. A decade on, that foothold had become somewhat more secure. Yet, as the possibility of public recognition and integration into society became more tangible, the ambivalence engendered by this prospect became all the more pronounced. This conclusion shows that three trends gradually came together at the end of the decade: a focus on ‘self-help’, the language of human rights, and a greater engagement with the parliamentary system. The chapter also discusses the first ‘gay pride’ events in Germany, which were organized in 1979 to commemorate the Stonewall Riots, which took place in New York City a decade earlier. It argues, nevertheless, that gay liberation should not be analysed or remembered only through the prism of pride. Instead, the ambivalence of gay liberation takes centre stage.
Patterns in Mathematics Classroom Interaction
Authors: Ingram Jenni 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Classroom interaction has a significant influence on teaching and learning mathematics. It is through interaction that we solve problems, build ideas, make connections, and develop our understanding. This book aims to describe, exemplify, and consider the implications of patterns and structures of mathematics classroom interaction. Drawing on a Conversation Analytic approach, the book examines how the structures of interactions between teachers and students influence, enable, and constrain the mathematics that students are experiencing and learning in school. In particular, the book considers the handling of difficulties or errors and the consequences on both the mathematics students are learning, and the learning of this mathematics. The various roles of silence and the treatment of knowledge and understanding within everyday classroom interactions also reveal the nature of mathematics as it is taught in different classrooms. The book also draws on examples of students explaining, reasoning, and justifying as they interact to examine how the structures of classroom interaction support students to develop these discursive practices. Understanding how these patterns and structures affect students’ experiences in the classroom enables us to use and develop practices that can support students’ learning. This reflexive relationship between these structures of interactions and student actions and learning is central to the issues explored in this book, alongside the implications these may have for teachers’ practice, and students’ learning.
Samuel Wesley and the Crisis of Tory Piety, 1685-1720
Authors: Gibson William 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This book examines the life of Samuel Wesley, the father of John and Charles Wesley, as a High Church parson in the Church of England. It examines a series of crises in Wesley’s life: his move from Dissent to the Church of England, his abandonment of James II in 1688, his failed ambitions as a parish priest, the imprisonment for debt in 1705, his problematic relations with his bishop and tumultuous marriage to Susanna Wesley, his support for the Tory Convocation measures in 1713 and the haunting of his rectory in Epworth by a poltergeist. Each of these aspects of Wesley’s life showed how awkward his continuing commitment to High Church Toryism was. The book argues that Wesley’s life demonstrates that the Revolution of 1688-9 was not a single event, but a long and protracted experience, reaching, in Wesley’s case, from 1685-1720. The Tory Crisis of Piety of this period was evidence of the Long Glorious Revolution.
Samuel Wesley and the Religious Societies, 1698–1702
Authors: Gibson William 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 investigates Wesley’s appointment to, and early years as a parson in, Epworth, in Lincolnshire. It explores in particular his campaign to bring moral reform to the parish. It examines Wesley’s interests in the religious societies and the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge (SPCK). His short-lived consideration of the society for the reformation of manners is also considered. His membership of the SPCK brought Wesley into contact with like-minded clergy and churchmen who aimed for religious renewal. The chapter also outlines how Wesley confronted his parishioners and set an acrimonious tone to his relations with them. It also considers his creation of a religious society in Epworth, which met regularly in the rectory and sought to instil greater piety and religious energy into his parishioners’ lives. It explores the rules of the society and the ways in which Wesley developed the society. Wesley’s behaviour in Epworth were not without opponents and those who derided his efforts.
Wesley and Wake
Authors: Gibson William 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 explores Wesley’s relationship with his bishop, William Wake of Lincoln. Wesley’s strong and unbending Toryism meant that his relations with Bishop William Wake of Lincoln, who was a Whig, were difficult. Wesley posed a series of questions to Wake about such issues as excommunication, baptism and moral discipline to be imposed on Dissenters. In each case, Wesley seems to have sought Wake’s counsel with the intention of persuading him that the demands of parish life were such that toleration of Dissent was remarkably problematic. In addition, the issue of Dissenting, or ‘lay’ Baptism was an issue which divided them. Wesley’s interest in a charity school for the parish was also very clear and he clearly wanted Wake to endorse this. By a close and detailed examination of the correspondence between Wesley and Wake it is clear that while they shared an ambition for the Church they saw the ways to achieve it very differently.
Presenting the Evidence
Authors: Gamble Clive 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The next month is a busy time for Evans and Prestwich, who are now back in London, as they fit writing their papers into a hectic business schedule. The importance of two learned societies—the Royal Society and the Society of Antiquaries—is explained, as is the craft of putting together a scientific argument. Prestwich’s original manuscript and the referees’ reports are used to show the process. Evans’s chance discovery of comparable implements to those they had found at St Acheul proves a game changer. They came from Hoxne in Suffolk and had been found, but forgotten, sixty years before. Revolutions rely on chance. Attention is paid to the case they made that stone tools were human rather than natural. Did Evans fall back on his knowledge of numismatics and his recent struggles with a patent law case to convince sceptics that the tools from the Somme were indeed evidence of ancient humans? The language of the flints is all important. As they prepare and present their evidence, the chapter picks up the story of Falconer and his niece, Grace McCall, who were introduced in Abbeville in Chapter 2. They are now in Italy, caught up in the latest phase of the Risorgimento war.
Consolidation
Authors: Gamble Clive 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The year 1863 saw the consolidation of the time revolution. Evans and Prestwich presented further weighty papers on the Somme, but the major contributions came that year in books by Lyell and Huxley. Lyell’s book outraged Falconer, and a bitter argument ensued about intellectual property. Both authors chart the developmental process by which ‘primitive’ skulls became ‘advanced’ ones. Critical to this was Huxley’s use of the Neanderthal skull that became the first ice age human. Evans, in the meantime, was excavating the ‘missing link’ fossil Archaeopteryx in the British Museum. Falconer’s ire was diverted by Boucher de Perthes’s discovery in 1863 of human remains at Moulin Quignon, outside Abbeville. If authentic, these would be the oldest fossil ancestors. What followed was a lengthy examination of the evidence, with English scientists disagreeing with their French counterparts. In 1859 the quarrymen had been treated as a source of knowledge. Now they were branded by the English as forgers. The climate of claim and counterclaim contrasts with the clarity of the 1859 protocols that proved human antiquity.
Acceptance
Authors: Gamble Clive 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
By the end of the decade the time revolution was a done deal. Moulin-Quignon still reverberated, but in 1865 Lubbock produced the first guided tour of the Old Stone Age, in which he accused Lyell of plagiarism. In Pre-Historic Times he filled the new space of deep history with stone tools to show an evolutionary pathway from St Acheul to the Neolithic monuments of Avebury and Stonehenge. Tracing history back was matched by the anthropologist Edward Tylor, who traced it up. Both men were interested in the evolution of racial groups and accounting for the world’s hunters and gatherers. In a typically upbeat assessment, Lubbock saw the lesson of the past as providing hope for the future. Victorian ‘savages’ at the uttermost ends of the earth had not degenerated from a civilized state. They had the potential to evolve, as his ancestors in Europe had done. Unwritten history was making universal history possible. The decade saw deaths and career changes. Prestwich largely abandoned the time revolution, married Falconer’s niece, Grace McCall, and became an Oxford professor. Falconer and Boucher de Perthes died, while Lubbock entered Parliament in 1870. Prestwich’s fixed notion of a single ice age was challenged by James Croll, who painstakingly worked out the changes in the elliptical orbit of the Earth, and from these proposed multiple ice ages. As a bookend to the decade Evans published his fact-rich volume on ancient stone implements. The path of deep history was now set in stone.
A Legacy of Zeal and Perseverance
Authors: Gamble Clive 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
What happened to the surviving time revolutionaries and their legacy? Knighthoods, high office, a peerage, and bespoke mansions all followed. France preserved Boucher de Perthes’s legacy better than England that of its time revolutionaries, whom it forgot. War, however, destroyed Abbeville in 1940 and with it Boucher de Perthes’s collections and public statue. Lubbock was the last to die in 1913, having seen the Piltdown forgery. Then follows an excursion into the development of the modern synthesis of human origins with scientific dates, a detailed deep-sea record of climate change and the ages of the sites they found on the Somme and at Hoxne. Changing views of our remote ancestors are shown in artists’ imaginings and through bestselling authors. The reticence of Prestwich and Evans to speculate was forgotten as deep history was fleshed out to resonate with the present. The chapter ends by placing the time revolution at the start of an interest in universal and deep history. The time revolutionaries changed our relationship with time and set in motion a dialogue with the past that continues to challenge and enthral.
The Intelligent Brain
Authors: Healy Susan D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this chapter I address the question as to why brain size and its variation is interesting. Because for many the answer is that a bigger brain endows greater intelligence, in this chapter I first provide a definition of intelligence, or cognition. I then describe a variety of factors that need to be considered in order to attempt to make comparisons, within or among species, of cognitive abilities. These include motivation, environmental factors, and methodologies used to train and test animals (typically) in the laboratory. For the remainder of the chapter I use the demonstration of the relationships between food storing, spatial cognition, and the hippocampus to illustrate these issues.
The Resurrection of Christ and the True Life of All Creatures
Authors: McIntosh Mark A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In light of the deep involvement of the divine ideas in the incarnation, death, and resurrection of Christ, it becomes possible to conceive of a new cultural imaginary in which the divine ideas permit mystical theology to hear the embodied reality of all creatures as a communication event. C. S. Lewis’ investigation of the mythopoetic imagination affords us an analogy for the rediscovered use of the divine ideas tradition in the contemplative calling of humankind. Recognizing the creation as, in and of itself, also a means of communion among creatures and between creatures and God, angels and human beings have a particular role in advancing the intelligible meaning of all creatures through the development of a contemplative consciousness. In encountering the crucified yet risen Christ, Christians believe their consciousness of reality is transfigured as they are drawn into the vindicated truth of all creatures in Christ.
The World According to Kant
Authors: Jauernig Anja 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The World According to Kant offers an interpretation of Immanuel Kant’s critical idealism, as developed in the Critique of Pure Reason and associated texts. Critical idealism is understood as an ontological position, which comprises transcendental idealism, empirical realism, and a number of other basic ontological theses. According to Kant, the world, understood as the sum total of everything that has reality, comprises several levels of reality, most importantly, the transcendental level and the empirical level. The transcendental level is a mind-independent level at which things in themselves exist. The empirical level is a fully mind-dependent level at which appearances exist, which are intentional objects of experience. Empirical objects and empirical minds are appearances, and empirical space and time are constituted by the spatial and temporal determinations of appearances. On the proposed interpretation, Kant is thus a genuine idealist about empirical objects, empirical minds, and space and time. But in contrast to other intentional objects, appearances genuinely exist, which is due both to the special character of experience compared to other kinds of representations such as illusions and dreams, and to the grounding of appearances in things themselves. This is why, on the proposed interpretation, Kant is also a genuine realist about empirical objects, empirical minds, and empirical space and time. This book develops the indicated interpretation, spells out Kant’s case for critical idealism thus understood, pinpoints the differences between critical idealism and ‘ordinary’ idealism, such as Berkley’s, and clarifies the relation between Kant’s conception of things in themselves and the conception of things in themselves by other philosophers, in particular, Kant’s Leibniz-Wolffian predecessors.
Dynamic Green’s functions in discrete flexural systems
Authors: Madine K H , Colquitt D J 
Published: March 2021

Summary
The article presents an analysis of the dynamic behaviour of discrete flexural systems composed of Euler–Bernoulli beams. The canonical object of study is the discrete Green’s function, from which information regarding the dynamic response of the lattice under point loading by forces and moments can be obtained. Special attention is devoted to the interaction between flexural and torsional waves in a square lattice of Euler–Bernoulli beams, which is shown to yield a range of novel effects, including extreme dynamic anisotropy, asymmetric wave propagation, wave-guiding, filtering and the ability to create localised defect modes, all without the need for additional resonant elements or interfaces. The analytical study is complimented by numerical computations and finite element simulations, both of which are used to illustrate the effects predicted. A general algorithm is provided for constructing Green’s functions as well as defect modes. This algorithm allows the tuning of the lattice to produce pass bands, band gaps, resonant modes, wave-guides and defect modes, over any desired frequency range.
Humanist Weddings in Poland: The Various Motivations of Couples
Authors: Rejowska Agata 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThere has been a recent increase in the popularity of humanist (individualized and mostly secular) marriage ceremonies in Poland. The propagators of humanist weddings consider these rites of passage as an alternative to both civil ceremonies, which are seen as “bland” and “template,” and also to their religious, especially Catholic, counterparts. The conducted research reveals the various motivations of people who decide on a humanist marriage ceremony. In addition to “nonreligious” or “antireligious” motivation, the analysis also pinpoints “anti-institutional,” “individualistic,” and “practical” motives. The paper analyzes these various motivations. It additionally addresses the issue of the individualization of humanist weddings and the limits of this process. By drawing upon Neil Gross’s distinction between regulative and meaning-constitutive traditions, I argue that while humanist ceremonies are a sign of the undermining of the regulative traditions and their power, couples still deploy meaning-constitutive traditions to anchor their ceremonies.
Knowing receipt: a question of priorities
Authors: Roxburgh Alan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The recent judgment of Fancourt J in Byers v Samba Financial Group considers whether a transferee of trust assets who has taken free of the beneficiary’s proprietary interest under the applicable foreign law of property can nevertheless be exposed to personal liability under the English law of knowing receipt. The issue, as the Judge observed, may be of considerable importance to equity lawyers.