bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long Term Olfactory Outcomes Following Frontal Sinus Surgery in Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Ninan Sen , Goldrich David Y. , Liu Katherine , Kidwai Sarah , McKee Sean , Williams Lauren , Del Signore Anthony , Govindaraj Satish , Iloreta Alfred M. 
Published: March 2021

Objectives/HypothesisNo studies have evaluated the impact of the types of frontal sinus surgery (FSS) on objective olfaction scores. This study evaluated olfactory function and quality of life (QOL) in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients before and after total ethmoidectomy with frontal sinusotomy (FS).Study DesignProspective cohort study.MethodsA prospective study of adult CRS patients undergoing FSS (Draf 2 or Draf 3 procedures) was conducted at a tertiary care center. Primary outcomes included brief smell identification test (BSIT) and sinonasal outcome test‐22 (SNOT‐22), which were assessed during preoperative evaluation, 6 to 9 weeks postoperatively, and 12 to 24 weeks postoperatively. Normosmia was defined as BSIT ≥9. Statistical significance was determined using the Wilcoxon signed‐rank test with α = .05.ResultsThirty‐eight patients followed up 12 to 24 weeks after FSS. The differences between baseline and long‐term outcomes for BSIT (6.11 vs. 8.24, P = .00034) and SNOT‐22 (55.49 vs. 24.32, P < .00001) scores were found to be statistically significant. Although both subgroups had clinically significant olfactory improvements, only the Draf 2 cohort experienced a statistically significant improvement in olfaction at long‐term follow‐up. There was no statistically significant change in data from 6 to 9 weeks to 12 to 24 weeks postoperatively.ConclusionsPatients undergoing total ethmoidectomy with FS demonstrated statistically significant increases in olfaction and QOL at long‐term postoperative follow‐up. This study demonstrated that FS does not negatively impact the olfactory improvement seen in sinus surgery. The lack of statistically significant changes in these olfactory metrics from short to long‐term follow‐up suggests that there is no additional negative effect of FSS in the long term.Level of Evidence3 Laryngoscope, 131:2173–2178, 2021
The most human bot: Female gendering increases humanness perceptions of bots and acceptance of AI
Authors: Borau Sylvie , Otterbring Tobias , Laporte Sandra , Fosso Wamba Samuel 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCompanies have repeatedly launched Artificial Intelligence (AI) products such as intelligent chatbots and robots with female names, voices, and bodies. Previous research posits that people intuitively favor female over male bots, mainly because female bots are judged as warmer and more likely to experience emotions. We present five online studies, including four preregistered, with a total sample of over 3,000 participants that go beyond this longstanding perception of femininity. Because warmth and experience (but not competence) are seen as fundamental qualities to be a full human but are lacking in machines, we argue that people prefer female bots because they are perceived as more human than male bots. Using implicit, subtle, and blatant scales of humanness, our results consistently show that women (Studies 1A and 1B), female bots (Studies 2 and 3), and female chatbots (Study 4) are perceived as more human than their male counterparts when compared with non‐human entities (animals and machines). Study 4 investigates explicitly the acceptance of gendered algorithms operated by AI chatbots in a health context. We found that the female chatbot is preferred over the male chatbot because it is perceived as more human and more likely to consider our unique needs. These results highlight the ethical quandary faced by AI designers and policymakers: Women are said to be transformed into objects in AI, but injecting women's humanity into AI objects makes these objects seem more human and acceptable.
Recent Advances of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Based on Cyclodextrin
Authors: Zhao Xiaoyue , Wang Yong , Zhang Pan , Lu Zhemiao , Xiao Yin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMolecular imprinting polymers (MIPs), generally considered as artificial mimics that are comparable to natural receptor, are polymers with tailor‐made specific recognition sites complementary to the template molecules in shape and size. As a class of supramolecular compounds, cyclodextrins (CDs) are flourishing in the field of molecular imprinting with their unique structural properties. This review presents recent advances in application of MIPs based on CDs during the past five years. The discussion is grouped according to the different role of CDs in MIPs, that is, functional monomer, carrier modifier, etc. Main focus is the application of CD‐based MIP on sample preparation, detection, and sensing. Additionally, drug delivery with CD‐based MIP is also briefly discussed. Finally, challenges and future prospects of application of CDs in MIP are elaborated.
Can spot urine measurement be a substitute for 24‐hour urine measurement to estimate sodium intake in adolescents?
Authors: Dong Jie , Zhao Xiaoyuan , Dong Hongbo , Yan Yinkun , Mi Jie 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTImportanceSeveral methods have been established in recent decades that allow use of spot urine to estimate dietary sodium intake. However, their accuracies have been controversial in children.ObjectiveTo validate the performance of three commonly used methods—the Kawasaki, Tanaka, and International Cooperative Study on Salt, Other Factors, and Blood Pressure (INTERSALT) methods. Additionally, this study explored the accuracies of the Tanaka and INTERSALT methods by using spot urine samples taken at four separate times.MethodForty‐one adolescents aged 14 to 16 years completed two non‐consecutive 24‐hour urine collections and their mean values were used as reference data. The second‐morning urine was used for assessment with the Kawasaki method; a casual spot urine and spot urine samples taken at four separate times (morning, afternoon, evening, and overnight) were used for assessment with the Tanaka and INTERSALT methods.ResultsThe mean differences were 1801 mg, 542 mg, 47 mg, and −31 mg for the Kawasaki, Tanaka, INTERSALT1 (with potassium), and INTERSALT2 (without potassium) methods with their required spot urine, respectively. The proportions of relative difference levels within ± 10% were 4.9% for the Kawasaki method, 19.5% for the Tanaka method, 36.6% for the INTERSALT1 method, and 36.6% for the INTERSALT2 method.InterpretationThe INTERSALT method seemed to provide minimally biased estimations of mean population sodium intake with casual spot urine. However, there is a need to be cautious regarding inconsistencies in estimation among different levels of sodium intake. The methods assessed in this study were unable to accurately estimate sodium intake at the individual level.
Effectiveness of stenting and subsequent re‐implantation of disconnected pulmonary artery to restore the pulmonary hemodynamics
Authors: Khoshhal Saad , Al‐Mutairi Mansour , Morsy Mohamed , Kreary Nasser , Alnajjar Abdulhameed , Abo‐Haded Hany 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTIntroductionEarly intervention in patients with congenitally disconnected pulmonary artery improves long‐term outcome.Case presentationWe present 3 cases of isolated disconnected pulmonary artery in the absence of associated structural heart disease during a period of 3 years.ConclusionTranscatheter stenting of the feeding ductus arteriosus re‐established pulmonary artery flow and growth. Successful surgical repair was achieved, and normal perfusion and complete function of the ipsilateral lung were regained.
Surgical correction for scimitar syndrome by right thoracotomy and direct anastomosis in children
Authors: Cheng Wei , Li Zhiqiang , Zhu Yaobin , Ding Nan , Yan Daole , Yi Hanlu 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTImportanceScimitar syndrome (SS) is a rare type of congenital heart disease characterized by total or partial anomalous venous drainage of the right lung to the inferior vena cava. However, the surgical repair techniques for SS vary according to patients’ anatomical and pathological features.ObjectiveThis study was performed to analyze the mid‐term results of a less invasive surgical correction technique for SS in children.MethodsEleven patients with SS who underwent surgical repair from January 2012 to March 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The anomalous scimitar vein (SV) was directly reimplanted to the left atrium, and the concomitant atrial septal defect was simultaneously repaired with cardiopulmonary bypass.ResultsThree male and eight female patients were included in the study. Their mean age was 3.1 ± 1.3 years, and their mean body weight was 12.8 ± 3.0 kg. Most patients had symptoms, such as upper respiratory tract infection, dyspnea, and recurrent pneumonia, and two patients had pulmonary hypertension. None of the 11 patients who underwent direct SV reimplantation by right thoracotomy developed bleeding, arrhythmia, heart failure, or perioperative death, and no patients required reoperation during a mean follow‐up period of 36.6 ± 15.2 months. Postoperative echocardiography revealed no restenosis or obstruction of the anastomosis in any patients.InterpretationSurgical repair for SS by right thoracotomy and direct anastomosis of the SV to the posterior wall of the left atrium is safe and effective, with good long‐term patency of the reimplanted SV and a low mortality rate.
Deformation and failure kinetics of polyvinylidene fluoride: Influence of crystallinity
Authors: Pini Tommaso , van Drongelen Martin , Remmers Joris J. C. , Geers Marc G. D. , Govaert Leon E. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe present study investigates the effect of processing conditions on the yield kinetics, such as rate dependence of the yield stress and creep rupture, of polyvinilidene fluoride. Samples were compression molded with cooling rates varying from 100°C/s to 0.5°C/min, or isothermally crystallized at temperatures varying from 20 to 120°C. Deformation kinetics were studied over a wide range of strain rates and temperatures. It is shown that for all conditions the yield response is well represented by the Ree–Eyring model. Moreover, the activation volumes and activation energies are independent from the processing conditions. The effect of processing is fully covered by a simple relationship between the rate factors and the degree of crystallinity. Subsequently, the versatility of this relationship is demonstrated by experimental validation.
What goes around comes around: Nightmares and daily stress are bidirectionally associated in nurses
Authors: Garcia Odalis , Slavish Danica C. , Dietch Jessica R. , Messman Brett A. , Contractor Ateka A. , Haynes Patricia L. , Pruiksma Kristi E. , Kelly Kimberly , Ruggero Camilo , Taylor Daniel J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractNurses may experience frequent nightmares due to stressful work environments. Nightmares may also exacerbate stress among nurses, although this has yet to be tested empirically. We examined daily bidirectional associations between stress severity and nightmares, and moderation by post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. 392 nurses (92% female; 78% White) completed 14 days of sleep diaries to assess previous‐day stress severity and nightmare occurrence and severity. PTSD symptoms were assessed at baseline. Multilevel models were used to examine bidirectional, within‐person associations between daily stress and nightmares, and cross‐level moderation by baseline PTSD symptoms. 47.2% of nurses reported at least one nightmare across the two weeks. Days with greater stress were associated with higher odds of experiencing a nightmare (OR = 1.22, p = 0.001), as well as greater nightmare severity (b = 0.09, p = 0.033). Nightmare occurrence was associated with greater next‐day stress severity (b = 0.15, p < 0.001). Daily stress and nightmare associations were similar for those with and without PTSD symptoms. Nightmares and stress may occur in a bidirectional fashion. Nurses face intense occupational demands and frequent exposure to potentially traumatic events. Studies should explore whether targeting nightmares and stress may improve nurses' health and well‐being.
Automated topology design of high‐rise diagrid buildings by genetic algorithm optimization
Authors: Orhan Talha , Taşkın Kıvanç 
Published: March 2021

SummaryIn this study, in order to determine the outer shell geometry of high‐rise diagrid structures by means of minimum structural material utilization, simplified strength‐ and stiffness‐based design methods are encoded in MATLAB with the help of SAP2000 OAPI (Open Application Programming Interface) codes and genetic algorithm (GA). The computer code is designed to get most of the inputs from the building model in SAP2000, to have minimal manual inputs that define diagrid shell geometry. The code is also built so that the engineer evaluates the optimum diagrid geometry for any rectangular plan building, which is modeled in SAP2000 software. Three different buildings, which consist of 30, 60, and 90 stories, are modeled in SAP2000 without diagrid shells on facades. Based on these models, the diagrid shell geometries are analyzed for both uniform angle (UA) and varying angle (VA) geometries. A different geometry approach to VA models is proposed, consisting of symmetry and continuum for the load distribution and asymmetry, achieving minimal weight. In order to evaluate the optimum VA topology, GA, is used. Predetermined dead, live, and wind loads are applied to the models based on minimum design loads according to American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) 7‐10, with corresponding load factors to be able to get more realistic results. Based on the resultant module diagonal cross‐sectional areas, an algorithm is developed and encoded in order to determine minimum required pipe section sizes according to buckling design of compression members as stated in American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) 360‐10, to give the engineer an approximate idea of what the required sections should be. Additionally, the feasibility of the optimum models is compared by complexity index parameters. The results of the analyses show that optimum VA models are more efficient than UA models concerning the diagrid shell's total weight. However, UA models are more feasible, according to complexity index values.
Electrochemistry for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization
Authors: Isse Abdirisak Ahmed , Gennaro Armando 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAtom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) is the most powerful and most employed technology of Controlled Radical Polymerization (CRP) to produce polymers with well‐defined architecture, that is, composition, topology, and functionality. Several hundreds of papers are published every year on ATRP processes, mainly based on empiric experimental procedures. Electrochemistry powerfully entered in the field of ATRP about 10 years ago, providing important contributions both to the further development of the process and to a better understanding of its mechanism. Five main issues took advantage of electrochemistry and/or its synergism with ATRP: i) understanding the mechanism of ATRP activation; ii) determination of thermodynamic parameters; iii) determination of activation and deactivation rate constants; iv) the SARA ATRP vs SET‐LRP dispute: the role of Cu0; v) electrochemically‐mediated ATRP.
What Characterizes Comprehensible and Native‐like Pronunciation Among English‐as‐a‐Second‐Language Speakers? Meta‐Analyses of Phonological, Rater, and Instructional Factors
Authors: Saito Kazuya 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe current study presents two meta‐analyses to explore what underlies the assessment and teaching of comprehensible and nativelike pronunciation among English‐as‐a‐Second‐Language speakers. In Study 1, listener studies (n = 37) were retrieved examining the influence of segmental, prosodic, and temporal features on listeners’ intuitive judgements of comprehensibility and nativelikeness/accentedness as per different listener backgrounds (expert, mixed, L2). In Study 2, training studies (n = 17) were retrieved examining the effects of segmental, prosodic, and temporal‐based instruction on ESL learners’ pronunciation. The results showed that (a) comprehensibility judgements were related to a range of segmental, prosodic, and temporal features; (b) accentedness judgements were strongly tied to participants’ correct pronunciation of consonants and vowels; and (c) instruction led to larger gains in comprehensibility than in nativelikeness. Moderator analyses demonstrated that expert listeners were more reliant on phonological information. Greater effects of instruction on comprehensibility than nativelikeness became clearer, especially when the treatment targeted prosodic accuracy. The findings suggest that ESL practitioners should prioritize suprasegemental practice to help students achieve comprehensible L2 pronunciation. The attainment of nativelike pronunciation, by contrast, may require an exclusive focus on the refinement of segmental accuracy, which is resistant to the influence of instruction.
Tumor models in various Drosophila tissues
Authors: Gong Shangyu , Zhang Yichi , Tian Aiguo , Deng Wu‐Min 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe development of cancer is a complex multistage process. Over the past few decades, the model organism Drosophila melanogaster has been crucial in identifying cancer‐related genes and pathways and elucidating mechanisms underlying growth regulation in development. Investigations using Drosophila has yielded new insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in tumor initiation and progression. In this review, we describe various tumor models that have been developed in recent years using different Drosophila tissues, such as the imaginal tissue, the neural tissue, the gut, the ovary, and hematopoietic cells. We discuss underlying genetic alterations, cancer‐like characteristics, as well as similarities and key differences among these models. We also discuss how disruptions in stem cell division and differentiation result in tumor formation in diverse tissues, and highlight new concepts developed using the fly model to understand context‐dependent tumorigenesis. We further discuss the progress made in Drosophila to explore tumor–host interactions that involve the innate immune response to tumor growth and the cachexia wasting phenotype.This article is categorized under:
Cancer > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics
Cancer > Stem Cells and Development
Cancer > Molecular and Cellular Physiology
Röntgendiagnostik bei Frakturen im Kindes- und Jugendalter – Konsensusbericht des Wissenschaftlichen Arbeitskreises der Sektion Kindertraumatologie der DGU
Authors:   Sektion Kindertraumatologie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie (DGU), Dresing Klaus , Fernández Francisco , Strohm Peter , Schmittenbecher Peter , Kraus Ralf 
Published: March 2021

ZusammenfassungSeit Jahrzehnten ist die Projektionsradiographie Standard in der Diagnostik von Frakturen und Verletzungen auch bei Patienten im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Bei jeder Untersuchung mit Röntgenstrahlen sollen aber auch individuell Nutzen und Risiko gegeneinander abgewogen werden. Die Sektion Kindertraumatologie der DGU hat zu verschiedenen Aspekten der Bildgebung zu Diagnostik und Verlaufsbeurteilung, zu Einstellungsmöglichkeiten der intraoperativen Bildgebung, zum Röntgen der Gegenseite, zu Polytrauma und CT, zu postoperativen radiologischen Kontrollen und dem Einsatz der Sonographie ein Konsenspapier erarbeitet.
S2k-Leitlinie: Status Epilepticus im Erwachsenenalter
Authors: Rosenow F. , Weber J. ,   Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie (DGN),   Österreichische Gesellschaft für Neurologie (ÖGN)
Published: March 2021

ZusammenfassungDiese S2k-Leitlinie (LL) zum Status epilepticus (SE) im Erwachsenenalter schreibt die letzte DGN-LL zum SE von 2012 fort. Neue Definitionen und Evidenz wurden bei der Erstellung der LL und des Clinical Pathway berücksichtigt. Jeder epileptische Anfall, der länger als 5 Minuten anhält (oder ≥ 2 Anfälle über einen Zeitraum von mehr als 5 Minuten ohne Wiedererlangen des neurologischen Ausgangsstatus), soll als SE behandelt werden.In der Diagnostik sollte initial eine CCT oder, wenn möglich, eine MRT erfolgen. Das EEG spielt bei der Diagnosestellung und beim Therapiemonitoring von non-konvulsiven SE und zum Ausschluss bzw. Nachweis psychogener nichtepileptischer Anfälle eine wesentliche Rolle. Der prognostische Einfluss von insbesondere entzündlichen Begleiterkrankungen (z. B. Pneumonie) wurde besser belegt, weshalb entsprechende Laborparameter auch im Verlauf kontrolliert werden sollten und ggf. frühzeitig eine antibiotische Therapie initiiert werden sollte.Die Therapie erfolgt in 4 Stufen: 1. Initialer SE: Gabe eines ausreichend hoch dosierten Benzodiazepins i. m., i. v. oder i. n.; 2. Benzodiazepin-refraktärer SE: 1. Wahl ist die i.v. Gabe von Levetiracetam oder Valproat; 3. Refraktärer SE (RSE) und 4. Superrefraktärer SE (SRSE): I.v. Propofol oder Midazolam alleine oder in Kombination oder Thiopental in anästhetischen Dosen. Beim fokalen non-konvulsiven RSE kann unter Umständen auf die Einleitung eines therapeutischen Komas verzichtet werden. Bei SRSE sollte die ketogene Diät zum Einsatz kommen. I.v. Ketamin oder inhalatives Isofluran kann erwogen werden. In Einzelfällen kann die elektrokonvulsive Therapie und, bei resektabler epileptogener Zone, ein Epilepsie chirurgischer Eingriff erwogen werden. I.v. Allopregnanolon oder die Hyperthermie sollen nicht eingesetzt werden.
Distributional differences in the time horizon of executive compensation
Authors: Haylock Michael 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe aim of executive compensation plans is to incentivize executives to maximize long-term firm value. Past research shows that executives’ pay is determined by short-term stock performance to a substantial degree. This paper tests for distributional differences in the time horizon of the performance–pay relation, controlling for executive-firm fixed effects in a quantile regression framework. I identify short-term and long-term firm and industry performance using a filter and estimate distributional differences in the short-term and long-term performance–pay relation using method of moments–quantile regression (Machado and Santos Silva in J Econ 213:145–173, 2019). I find the right tail of the conditional total compensation distribution has a more long-term-oriented performance–pay relation than the left tail. By contrast, the right tail of the conditional accumulated wealth distribution has more short-term-oriented performance–pay relation than the left tail. Results show that asymmetry in short-term firm performance–pay relations may exist, but do not vary across the conditional distribution.