bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RNA-seq derived identification of coronatine-regulated genes putatively involved in terpenoid biosynthetic pathway in the rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis
Authors: La Van Ngoc Thuy , Tran Huong Thi Diem , Nguyen Chuong Hoang , Nguyen Thuong Thi Hong 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is a woody plant of the Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) and the most economically important member of the genus Hevea. Rubber trees are often damaged and exposed to the attack of pathogens through wounds during and after tapping periods. Jasmonic acid (JA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA), collectively termed jasmonates (JAs), are signaling molecules that are produced by plants, especially when subjected to environmental stresses. JA/MeJA treatment triggers the biosynthesis of many specialized metabolites including terpenoids through transcriptional reprogramming. To gain molecular insights into terpenoid metabolism and mechanism underlying rubber tree’s responses to stress signals such as wounding and pathogenicity, we performed an RNA-seq analysis of H. brasiliensis treated with either water or coronatine (COR) - a structural and functional mimic of JAs. We reconstructed the transcriptomes from the published RNA-sequencing data under the guidance of the newly released high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly of H. brasiliensis cultivar GT1 and screened for genes that are differently expressed between the two treatments. The putative functions and pathways of the differently expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained by using BLASTX search against NCBI non-redundant database, followed by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) mapping. As a result, six out of the 446 identified DEGs were mapped to terpenoid metabolism pathway, five of which were up-regulated by coronatine treatment. This result provides a clue to gain insight into the genetic basis underlying terpenoid-related yield and resistance traits in the rubber tree.
Comparison of pyrogallol derivative performance using methyl linoleate from sunflower oil and corn oil as biodiesel antioxidant additives
Authors: Ahadan N F , Adipoetra H , Nuryati A , Dewi G P , Nasikin M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel derived from vegetable oils. Biodiesel has the disadvantage of being easily oxidized due to unsaturated bonds. Previous studies have shown that pyrogallol and pure methyl linoleate’s reaction with 2.2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) to form pyrogallol derivative has been proven to improve the solubility and performance of pyrogallol as an antioxidant in biodiesel. However, the use of pure methyl linoleate is not economical if applied at the industrial scale. In this research, pyrogallol derivative performance using impure methyl linoleate obtained from transesterification of sunflower oil and corn oil, which forms sunflower biodiesel and corn biodiesel, was compared. Based on GCMS, the methyl linoleate content of sunflower biodiesel was 54.13%, and corn biodiesel was 47.27%. FTIR showed a shift in the C-O group’s peak from the base of the biodiesel spectra, which shows the formation of a pyrogallol derivative. LCMS/MS showed m/z values indicating that the compound contained methyl linoleate and pyrogallol dimer. The addition of both compounds showed a low absorbance difference value in UV-Vis, thus have better solubility in biodiesel than pure pyrogallol. The addition of both compounds showed a negative slope of iodine number and a longer induction period than palm oil biodiesel.
Biochar production investigation from pyrolysis of lamtoro wood as a coal blend for fuel substitution in steam power plants
Authors: Nurhadi N , Rianda Sapta , Irawan Cipta , Pramono Gatut Pujo 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The biochar utilization reduces CO2 emissions. This study aims to investigate the optimum pyrolysis temperature of lamtoro wood (Leucaena leucocephala) to produce suitable biochar for coal blends as fuel in the steam power plant. The experiment was carried out in a batch process, applied to a fixed bed reactor, 10°C/minute heating rate, three different variables temperature (300, 450, 600°C), and 60 minutes residence time. The biochar yield for each pyrolysis temperature is 61.77%, 26.45%, and 24.89%. This shows that the pyrolysis is carried out at a temperature of 300 to 450 °C, then ramps up to 600 °C. The volatile matter was released during the pyrolysis and raise the fixed carbon content. The fixed carbon content for each pyrolysis temperature is 26.35%, 61.82%, and 65.66%. Fixed carbon content at 450 and 600 °C identical to bituminous coal. The increase in fixed carbon content in biochar leads the heating value to increase. The heating value of lamtoro wood was 19.15 MJ/kg (db), increasing to 22.92, 28.01, and 29.73 MJ/kg (db) for each pyrolysis temperature. The biochar heating value is close to bituminous coal. The biochar energy content of original lamtoro wood for each pyrolysis temperature is 81.72%, 42.77%, and 42.71%. Biochar reaches its optimal point at pyrolysis temperature 450 °C, which has a yield and heating value almost the same at pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C. The biochar characterization results indicate that it can be used as a coal blend for steam power plants.
Characteristics of biochar produced from the harvesting wastes of meranti (Shorea sp.) and oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) empty fruit bunches
Authors: Hidayat Wahyu , Riniarti Melya , Prasetia Hendra , Niswati Ainin , Hasanudin Udin , Banuwa Irwan Sukri , Yoo Jiho , Kim Sangdo , Lee Sihyun 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the properties of biochar from meranti (Shorea sp.) and oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) empty fruit bunches (OPEFB). Biochar was produced using a traditional kiln with a temperature of 400°C and 600°C. The char yield, pH, and proximate analysis were evaluated. The results showed that the maximum char yield was obtained at 400°C, and the increase in temperature resulted in decreased char yield. At the same pyrolysis temperature, char yield was higher in meranti than OPEFB. The results revealed that the pH of meranti and OPEFB changed into basic after pyrolysis, which is essential when biochar is added to soil to neutralize soil acidity and increase the soil cation exchange capacity. The results also showed an increase of fixed carbon in meranti and OPEFB after pyrolysis at 400°C and 600°C. The higher heating values (HHV) in meranti and OPEFB increased after pyrolysis, with a remarkable increase of HHV observed in meranti than OPEFB, showing a higher potential of biochar from meranti to be used for bioenergy application than OPEFB.
Synthesis of biodiesel from kesambi (Schleichera oleosa L.) oil using carbon nanotube-supported zinc oxide heterogeneous catalyst
Authors: Asri N P , Saraswati R , Hindarso H , Puspitasari D A , Suprapto  
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)-supported zinc oxide (ZnO/MWCNTs) heterogeneous catalyst has been prepared using impregnation and gel process. This catalyst has been utilized to synthesize biodiesel via transesterification process from Kesambi (Schleichera oleosa L.) oil (SOO) and methanol. The prepared ZnO/MWCNTs catalyst prior was characterized using the X-ray diffraction (X-RD), Brunauwer-Emmett Teller (BET), and Scanning Electron Microscopy with energy dispersive X-Ray microscopy (SEM-EDX) methods. The transesterification process was performed in a three necks round bottom flask batch type reactor. The influence of several parameters includes reaction time (h) and the amount of catalyst (w/w% of SOO) on biodiesel’s yield, were studied. It was found that ZnO/MWCNTs were potentially used as a heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification of kesambi oil. The highest biodiesel yield of 41.9% was achieved at 65 °C, 5 h of reaction time, 4% of catalyst amount, and 1:15 of molar ratio SOO to methanol.
Co-pyrolysis of crude palm oil and polypropylene in a stirred tank reactor to produce non-oxygenated bio-oil
Authors: Supramono Dijan , Stefani Eliana , Dewi Pramesti Amanda 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Catalytic co-pyrolysis of crude palm oil (CPO) and polypropylene (PP) has been carried out in a stirred tank reactor to produce bio-oil at heating rate of 10 °C/min and maximum pyrolysis temperature of 550 °C with a nitrogen gas flow rate of 100 mL/min. Catalyst of ZrO2/α-Al2O3-TiO2 was used and prepared through calcination at heating rate of 7 °C/min with the maximum temperature of 1150 °C. Catalyst as much as 15% of the total feed was used. Composition of CPO and PP was varied and it was found that the feed containing 50%PP achieved the highest yield of bio-oil in which the bio-oil contains 81% volume of hydrocarbons based on GCMS spectroscopy measurement. Using pyrolysis feed containing 50% PP, compared to non-catalytic co-pyrolysis, catalytic co-pyrolysis produces nearly twice yield of bio-oil. The H-NMR and C-NMR analysis shows that bio-oil contains mostly chemical bonds of alkyl, followed by carbonyl constituting ketones and carboxylic acids and vinyl. H-NMR analysis of bio-oil and FTIR analysis of wax indicate that the catalyst is more effective in PP pyrolysis rather than CPO deoxygenation reactions to hydrocarbons with unreacted products of the deoxygenation forming wax via ketonic decarboxylation. Steric hindrance by the use of microporous catalyst may cause such incomplete deoxygenation reactions.
Genetic diversity assessment of Indonesian sorghum germplasm based on agro-morphological traits
Authors: Santoso Sigit Budi , Isnaini Muzdalifah , Bunga Marcia , Pabendon  
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Sorghum is a multifunctional crop that has been traditionally cultivated in Indonesia, especially in the eastern part where marginal and drought prone areas dominate the region. To understand similarities and genetic relationship among various accessions, study of genetic diversity was conducted using agro-morphological data to differentiate accessions and to obtain its genetic variance component. This research was conducted in 2012 and assigned in randomized complete block design with 2 replications in 5 m plot. Genotypes were 38 accessions of sorghum collected from various regions in Indonesia and also introduction lines. Traits observed were according to sorghum descriptors released by UPOV. The results of this study showed that there was significant effect of genotypes across quantitative traits, and also specific trait such as total biomass, brix content and juice extract volume (p <0.01). Analysis of genotypic and phenotypic variance suggests that diversity among accessions were broad and heritability (H2) varies from middle to high. Genetic correlation showed that juice extract volume was highly correlate and significant with total biomass weight and stalk weight. Based on quantitative traits dendrogram of accessions was grouped to 12 different clusters at 0.20 coefficients, with the highest contain 7 accessions. Abundant and very diverse germplasm collection indicates high potential of possible heterotic pattern to be used further in breeding program in order to develop high yielding varieties for biomass (stalk) and food (grain).
Characterization of physiological properties of bacteria isolates TM4 and BNt8 in biopesticide formulas
Authors: Djaenuddin N , Suwarti  , Pakki S , Muis A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Some physiological characteristics can be used to determine the antagonistic ability of a bacterium, was the ability of bacteria to produce extracellular enzymes (chitinase, proteases, and cellulose), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), phosphate solvents, and fluorescence activities. The aim of the study was to examine the physiological characteristics of bacterial isolates TM4 and BNt8 biopesticide formulations. The experiment was conducted at the Plant Pathology Laboratory and greenhouse of Indonesian Cereals Research Institute at Maros South Sulawesi. The results showed that the two isolates tested for physiological characteristics using specific media had chitinolytic, proteolytic, cellulolytic, phosphate and potassium activity. This result was seen from the formation of a clear zone. Based on the results of in vitro tests using a completely randomized design, it was found that the two bacterial isolates tested were able to inhibit the growth of R. solani pathogen with inhibitory levels by TM4 isolates ranging from 13-26% and inhibition of BNt8 isolates around 11-38% respectively. The percentage of bacterial inhibition on PDA media was higher than on media PDA and PDA + TSA. From the field test on maize plants, it was found that the two bacterial isolates tested could significantly increase plant growth.
Potential and prospect of various raw materials for bioethanol production in Indonesia: A review
Authors: Zahroh S F , Syamsu K , Haditjaroko L , Kartawiria I S 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
An increased population has an impact on rising fuel needs. Fuel has relied on non-renewable sources in the last few decades and therefore, alternative renewable materials are needed to be developed. Bioethanol is one of the bioenergy sources that can replace gasoline. Bioethanol generates very low emission and uses renewable sources. The development of bioethanol has three beneficial aspects, i.e. environment, energy security, and socio-economy. Various studies have been conducted on the potential materials that can be used as raw materials for bioethanol. Raw materials for bioethanol production are divided into three categories, i.e. first generation, second generation and third generation. Analysis of the characteristics, yield, productivity, availability and economy are mostly done to get the most prospective raw materials for bioethanol production. This paper discusses various raw materials for bioethanol based on differences in characteristics, sources, yield, productivity and availability of materials in Indonesia. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of each as prospective materials are discussed.
Effect of pyrolysis operating conditions on the biomass shrinkage process of leaf waste and the formation of oxygenate and non-oxygenate compound products in bio-oil using ZSM-5 and YSZ catalysts
Authors: Meidistira Miranda , Setiadi  
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Leaf waste can be converted into more useful products by using several processes, one of which is using a pyrolysis process. Pyrolysis process can be carried out by requiring several parameters, namely raw material, temperature, residence time, and also the rate of heating. In the pyrolysis, biomass undergoes a shrinkage process. In this study, the variables used are temperature, gas flow rate, and catalyst combination ratio with the aim of seeing the relationship of these variables with the shrinkage process and the resulting pyrolysis product. The pyrolysis process produces products in the form of liquid, gas, and solid products. The liquid product formed was analyzed using the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) tool and it was found that the liquid product contained oxygenate and non-oxygenate in it. Oxygenate and non-oxygenate content in liquid products is increased by using ZSM-5 catalysts (Zeolite Socony Mobil-5) and YSZ (Yttria Stabilized Zirconia). ZSM-5 serves as an acid catalyst that can increase the hydrocarbon content and YSZ serves to increase the production of non-oxygenate in the resulting bio-oil product. Distribution products produced by catalytic processes have a more diverse distribution of products. The addition of catalysts also reduced the activation energy used by 5.41%.
Evaluation of Mono-Diacyl Glycerol (MDAG) purification process to increase product yield
Authors: Muna Neli , Setyaningsih Dwi , Qatrinada  , Riyadi  
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Monodiacyl glycerol (MDAG) was successfully synthesized by esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) and glycerol with acid catalyst. MDAG products with mono and diacyl glycerol content > 90% were obtained after purification through solvent extraction and crystallization at low temperature. However, the yield of purified MDAG products was only around 16.23% so it was not economically feasible. The aim of this study was to evaluate effect of the hydrolysis process before the esterification process and got the best conditions of solvent extraction in the MDAG purification, to improve yields of purified MDAG. The hydrolysis process was done on PFAD (or PFAD activation) to break down the remaining triglyceride and maximize the presence of free fatty acid that can react with glycerol. Evaluation of solvent extraction process included determination of crude MDAG and hexane ratio (1:10, 1:8, 1:4), determination of ethanol to water volume ratio (1:0, 1:0.5, 1:1, 0.5:1) with various immersion duration (24, 48, 72 h). The data analysis was done with a description method and completely randomized design method (CRD) with a significance level of 5% (P <0.05 %). The activation of PFAD was carried out by reacting PFAD with water at ratio of 1:6 (w/v). This process used para-toluene sulfonic acid (pTSA) as a catalyst, which added as much as 1.2% of the weight of PFAD. The hydrolysis process was done for one hour at 110 °C. From esterification using pre-treated PFAD obtained crude MDAG with FFA content of 4.69%, yield of purified MDAG of 24.7% with no FFA was detected. The best MDAG to hexane ratio was 1:10 which has a yield of purified MDAG of 19.30% and 0% FFA content. While the best ethanol to water volume ratio was 1:0.5 with immersion time for 24 h, where the yield of purified MDAG was 27.78%.
Development of smart algae pond system for microalgae biomass production
Authors: Hermadi Irman , Setiadianto Ilham Rahmad , Al Zahran Dhirgama Fa’Iq , Simbolon Mesi Nofita , Saefurahman Ganjar , Wibawa Dhani S. , Arkeman Yandra 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The production of microalgae biomass is very promising as an alternative sustainable food, feed, high value biochemical, and 3rd generation biofuel. However, the use of microalgae biomass for the production of biofuel is still considered less feasible at this time. The main obstacle is the scale up of biomass production, high processing costs and low efficiency using the conventional biomass production system. Therefore, the use of advanced digital technology such as sensors, automation applications and the Internet of Things (IoT) was applied in this study. This research aimed to develop a Smart Algae Pond system equipped with three main functions of smart mixing, control of pH and CO2 supply, and the automatic harvesting system. The results revealed that the use of advanced digital technology and IoT could improve the productivity as well as control the production of biomass effectively and efficiently. The tested optimum value of pH was achieved at 8.5-9.5 with the CO2 concentration of 1 to 2% of the cultivation volume. Temperature was maintained from 25 to 35 °C, water velocity from 16 to 35 cm s−1, and air velocity of 8.33 cm3 s−1. Using the smart mixing system, the use of electrical energy was decreased from 0.5 to below 0.2 Kw/h. This study showed that microalgae biomass production can be measured using a water turbidity sensor.
Activated carbon-Fe catalyst modification on stainless steel cathode affects hydrogen production in microbial electrolysis cell
Authors: Hidayati Istia Prianti , Ekadewi Putty , Arbianti Rita , Surya Utami Tania 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Microbial Electrolysis Cell (MEC) can be used to produce hydrogen gas from organic matter contained in wastewater. However, at the cathode of MECs, hydrogen production may be limited by methanogenesis wherein CO2 and hydrogen protons react to form methane and water. In this study, activated carbon (AC)-Fe was used as a catalyst coated onto SS mesh 304 cathode. AC-Fe/SS was chosen for its high surface area, good activity, and stability. The combination of AC-Fe on SS was expected to increase hydrogen production in MECs. Adsorption and phase inversion were chosen to coat AC-Fe mixture on SS. The research was carried out in a 100 mL MEC reactor with an operating time of 258 h. The produced hydrogen was analyzed for its purity by GC-TCD. Voltage measurements were carried out using a digital multimeter. Additionally, bacterial growth was analyzed by spectrophotometer. The highest fraction of hydrogen gas production was 60% without catalyst (uncoated) over only 0.08% with AC-Fe/SS. The highest value of optical density for bacterial growth was 0.611 for AC-Fe/SS, higher than 0.427 without catalyst. The highest current density was 99.11 mA/m2 for AC-Fe/SS and 59.52 mA/m2 without catalyst. The results suggested AC-Fe/SS coating allows for increased bacterial growth and voltage generation at the cost of an adverse effect on hydrogen gas production.
Foraminiferal Abundance at the Western Water of Kai Islands, Molucca Province, Related to Oceanographic Condition
Authors: Gustiantini L , Silalahi I R , Latuputty G , Zuraida R , Hernawan U , Purwanto C , Marina S 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Foraminifera is a single-celled marine organism known as a potential proxy for (paleo)environment and (paleo)oceanography conditions. It also has been widely used as an indicator of coral reef health. We analyzed microfauna foraminifera from nine core top of marine sediments. Marine sediments have been collected by gravity core from western Water of Kai Islands, on board Geomarin III of MGI. The study aims to understand the microfaunal community and the oceanographical condition of Kai islands. The result indicates the high abundance and diversity of foraminifera, comprised of 95 species, including 28 species of planktonic and 67 benthic species. Planktonic type is very dominant (95.4% on average), typical for a bathyal environment. The dominant species are Neogloboquadrina dutertrei (21.21% on average), Globorotalia menardii (16.67% on average), Globigerina bulloides (11.73%), and Pulleniatina obliqueloculata (7.83%). Those are indicator species for a high productivity environment. However, Globigerinoides ruber, an oligotrophic warm water type, is also abundant (13.86% on average). Furthermore, the dominant genera of benthic types are Bolivina, Bulimina, dan Uvigerina (1.2% on average). This finding indicates relatively eutrophic and warm water conditions of west waters surrounding Kai Islands, with dysoxic bottom water conditions.
Screening of Extracellular Enzyme from Phaeophyceae-Associated Fungi
Authors: Ayuningtyas E P , Sibero M T , Hutapea N E Br , Frederick E H , Murwani R , Zilda D S , Wijayanti D P , Sabdono A , Pringgenies D , Radjasa O K 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Enzymes are known as a multipurpose catalyst and their potential through time. Various types of enzymes are widely utilized in fermentation and the pharmaceutical industry. One of the most potential enzyme producers is marine fungi, which can be isolated from seaweed. The purposes of this research were to isolate and screen seaweed-associated fungi that exhibited extracellular amylase. The fungi were isolated by tapping method on PDA medium and screened using starch agar, agarase, alginate, and carrageenan medium. Enzyme activity was detected by flooding the starch plates with iodine reagent. The presence of the inhibition zone around the colony indicated enzyme activity. Two potential isolates were identified as Penicillium oligosporum. and showed their activity in producing amylase, agarase, alginate lyase, and carrageenase.