bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlation between wing bone microstructure and different flight styles: The case of the griffon vulture (gyps fulvus) and greater flamingo (phoenicopterus roseus)
Authors: Frongia Gian N. , Naitana Salvatore , Farina Vittorio , Gadau Sergio D. , Stefano Marco D. , Muzzeddu Marco , Leoni Giovanni , Zedda Marco 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFlying is the main means of locomotion for most avian species, and it requires a series of adaptations of the skeleton and of feather distribution on the wing. Flight type is directly associated with the mechanical constraints during flight, which condition both the morphology and microscopic structure of the bones. Three primary flight styles are adopted by avian species: flapping, gliding, and soaring, with different loads among the main wing bones. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cross‐sectional microstructure of the most important skeletal wing bones, humerus, radius, ulna, and carpometacarpus, in griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) and greater flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus). These two species show a flapping and soaring flight style, respectively. Densitometry, morphology, and laminarity index were assessed from the main bones of the wing of 10 griffon vultures and 10 flamingos. Regarding bone mineral content, griffon vultures generally displayed a higher mineral density than flamingos. Regarding the morphology of the crucial wing bones involved in flight, while a very slightly longer humerus was observed in the radius and ulna of flamingos, the ulna in griffons was clearly longer than other bones. The laminarity index was significantly higher in griffons. The results of the present study highlight how the mechanics of different types of flight may affect the biomechanical properties of the wing bones most engaged during flight.
Lymphoepithelioma‐like carcinoma of the vagina: A rare case report and review of the literature
Authors: Kim Youngsun , Kim So‐Woon 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA 78‐year‐old woman with the chief complaint of vaginal bleeding was referred to our institution. Pelvic magnetic resonance imaging showed a 2.1 cm × 2.0 cm soft tissue mass in the left vaginal area with left inguinal lymph node enlargement. A positron emission tomography/computer tomography scan showed a focal hypermetabolic lesion in the left vaginal area with involvement of vulvar area. Pelvic examination showed a vaginal wall mass and the patient underwent surgical excision of the mass. The results of pathology indicated lymphoepithelioma‐like carcinoma (LELC) in the vagina. The patient was admitted subsequently in the oncological department for additional chemoradiation treatment. LELC is extremely rare in the vagina, and only three cases have been reported in the literature. Here we report an extremely rare case of this tumor and review of the previous literature.
Materials matter: Understanding the importance of sociomaterial assemblages for OSCE candidate performance
Authors: Rees Charlotte E. , Ottrey Ella , Barton Peter , Dix Samantha , Griffiths Debra , Sarkar Mahbub , Brooks Ingrid 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIntroductionThe OSCE is a sociomaterial assemblage—a meshing together of human and material components producing multiple effects. Materials matter because they shape candidate performance, with potentially calamitous career consequences if materials influence performance unjustly. Although the OSCE literature refers to materials, few papers study the sociomateriality of OSCEs. Therefore, we explored OSCE stakeholders’ talk about sociomaterial assemblages to better understand their importance for candidate performance.MethodsWe conducted 15 focus groups with OSCE candidates (n = 42), examiners (n = 20) and simulated patients (n = 17) after an Australian postgraduate nursing OSCE. Sociomateriality informed our team‐based framework analysis of data.ResultsParticipants identified a multiplicity of OSCE materials (objects, technologies and spaces) thought to matter for candidate performance. Candidates’ unfamiliarity with materials and missing or malfunctioning materials were reported to yield numerous negative impacts (eg cognitive overload, negative affect, time‐wasting), thereby adversely affecting candidate performance. Both examiners and candidates made micro‐adjustments to sociomaterial assemblages during the OSCE in order to make it work (eg candidates saying what they would do rather than doing it). Sometimes, such tinkering extended so far that sociomaterial assemblages were ruptured (eg examiners ignoring rubrics to help pass candidates), potentially influencing OSCE standardisation.DiscussionOur novel empirical study extends previous conceptual work by illustrating wide‐ranging sociomaterial assemblages influencing OSCE candidate performance. Further research is now needed employing sociomaterial approaches to further elucidate sociomaterial entanglements in diverse OSCEs. We encourage OSCE stakeholders to become more attuned to the productive nature of materials within all stages of OSCE design and implementation.
Item banks for measurement of refractive error‐specific quality of life
Authors: Kandel Himal , Khadka Jyoti , Watson Stephanie L , Fenwick Eva K , Pesudovs Konrad 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the psychometric properties of refractive error‐specific quality of life (QoL) item banks and assess their performance using computerised adaptive testing (CAT) simulations.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study a 392‐item questionnaire, grouped under 11 QoL domains, was interviewer‐administered to 305 people with refractive error [mean age ± S.D., 30.5 ± 14.1 (range (18 to 83) years; male, 50.5%; mean ± S.D. spherical equivalent refractive error −2.4 ± 2.9 (range: −15.0 to +11.0) Dioptres; spectacles (n = 257), contact lens (n = 37), refractive surgery (n = 25), uncorrected refractive error (n = 57)]. Rasch analysis was conducted on each QoL domain using the Andrich rating scale model to investigate parameters including response category functioning, person‐ and item‐reliability, infit and outfit statistics, unidimensionality, targeting, differential item functioning and local item dependency. The resulting item banks underwent CAT simulations in 1,000 cases with 'high' and 'moderate' precision stopping rules.ResultsRasch analysis iterations resulted in 13 refractive error‐specific item banks (Convenience, Health concerns, Economic, Activity limitation, Mobility, Emotional, Social, Visual symptoms frequency, Visual symptoms severity, Visual symptoms bothersome, Comfort symptoms frequency, Comfort symptoms severity and Comfort symptoms bothersome), containing a total of 366 items. The item banks had good psychometric properties including satisfactory measurement precision, infit and outfit statistics and unidimensionality. In CAT simulations, the mean number of items required to achieve high and moderate measurement precision was 9.4 and 4.7, respectively.ConclusionOverall, refractive error‐specific QoL item banks show promise in their ability to comprehensively and precisely evaluate a range of quality of life parameters. These items banks when administered using a CAT system offer unique outcome tools for implementation in clinical trials, healthcare and research.
Republicanism and Structural Domination
Authors: Hasan Rafeeq 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWhat is domination? According to a leading strand of republican political philosophy, a person is dominated when under the unconstrained power of another. Call this the dyadic conception of domination, because it involves a two‐person relation. I argue that domination is better understood structurally. Structural domination is domination by institutions. Rather than a master dominating a slave and a boss dominating a worker (as in dyadic domination), structural domination holds that the institution of slavery dominates the slave and labor law dominates the worker. Without the structural conception, I contend, one misdescribes the power dynamics of paradigm cases of domination.
Clinical performance of a novel hyperspectral imaging device for cutaneous melanoma and pigmented skin lesions in Caucasian skin
Authors: Christensen Gustav Boelsgaard , Nagaoka Takashi , Kiyohara Yoshio , Johansson Iva , Ingvar Christian , Nakamura Atsushi , Sota Takayuki , Nielsen Kari 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe quest for diagnostic tools for the detection of cutaneous malignant melanoma (cMM) is ongoing. A challenge in cMM care is not overlooking cMM at an early stage, while simultaneously avoiding unnecessary biopsies or excisions of benign pigmented skin lesions (PSLs). A novel hyperspectral imaging (HSI) device is shown to have potential for differentiating equivocal PSLs in Asian skin types. Our objective was to assess the accuracy of the HSI device in distinguishing between cMM and benign PSLs in patients with Caucasian skin types.MethodsPatients with Caucasian skin types (Fitzpatrick I‐II), enrolled for excisional biopsies of PSLs were included and examined using the HSI device. The discrimination index (DI) was used to demonstrate the sensitivity (SE) and specificity (SP) in comparison with the re‐evaluated histopathology diagnoses.ResultsIn 186 patients, 202 pigmented skin lesions were included. The sensitivity to detect cMM was 96.7% (87/90), and the specificity for benign lesions was 42.1% (45/107). The AUC was 0.800 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.740‐0.861).ConclusionsOur novel HSI device showed a high sensitivity in detecting malignant lesions in patients with Caucasian skin types. Compared with analogous technologies, as multispectral imaging or electrical impedance spectroscopy, our device showed similar or better accuracy in differentiating cMM from benign PSLs. Therefore, it might be a useful clinical tool in skin types I‐IV and where further triage of pigmented skin lesions is important.
Methods of Rotor-Unbalance Determination
Authors: Baker J. G. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Rotor-unbalance determinations both in balancing machines and from vibration readings taken on the rotor during normal operation have in some cases been rather complicated and often subject to considerable error. This paper suggests methods intended to improve balancing methods in these cases.
In part I a more or less conventional method of calculating unbalance corrections from vibration readings is reviewed and the limitations and errors pointed out. Next, an extension of the method is developed which is in some cases simpler and inherently more accurate.
In part II a mathematical method is developed for determining unbalance corrections in cases where the locations of the corrections are completely prescribed in contradistinction to the ordinary case in which the axial position of the correction is prescribed but the angular position is to be determined. Also, a balancing machine is described which reads directly the unbalance corrections required at four preselected locations in a rigid rotor. This balancing machine is especially suited for the quick determination of unbalance corrections required in an internal-combustion-engine crankshaft.
In part III center-of-percussion balancing is described which is a method of taking vibration readings which can be interpreted directly in terms of unbalance. This method is applicable only under certain conditions which are noted.
Vibration of Locomotive Driving Wheels Caused by Unbalance
Authors: Horger O. J. , Nelson C. W. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Results of road service tests on steam locomotives are presented to show the influence of unbalance in driving wheels in causing vibrations of the wheel on the rail. These results are accompanied by a correlated theoretical study of conditions under which these vibrations occur. A method is given for eliminating such vibrations based on test results. The effect of unbalance and weight of reciprocating parts is also discussed relative to the track and locomotive.
Torsional Vibration in Geared-Turbine Propulsion Equipment
Authors: Poritsky H. , Robinson C. S. L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Two alternative methods are presented by the authors for the determination of torques in the propelling machinery of ships when friction is taken into account. One is called the “direct method,” while the other is called the “method of normal coordinates.” The latter is described at length, showing the great saving of numerical work possible by its use when compared to the direct method.
The paper points out that at critical propeller speeds oscillatory torques are limited only by damping. Two types of damping are taken into account: One is damping of the propeller in water; the other is friction in the driving mechanism, introduced as solid friction in the shafts similar to damping in the metal.
The Orthogonally Stiffened Plate Under Uniform Lateral Load
Authors: Schade Henry A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The problem of designing structures with orthogonally stiffened plates under lateral loading has been solved approximately by the infinite-strip method and has been applied, for example, to the double-bottom structure of a ship. Under certain conditions where the side ratio, that is, the ratio of the longitudinal dimension to the transverse dimension, is small, the approximate solution is inadequate. The author gives herein an exact solution applicable to all side ratios.
Fragmentation Characteristics of Rocks Under Indentation by a Single Polycrystalline Diamond Compact Cutter
Authors: Ji Zhaosheng , Shi Huaizhong , Dai Xianwei , Song Hengyu , Li Gensheng , Shen Zhonghou 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPolycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bit accounts for the most drilling footage in the development of deep and geothermal resources. The goal of this paper is to investigate the PDC cutter-rock interaction and reveal the rock fragmentation mechanism. A series of loading and unloading tests are conducted to obtain the curves of contact force versus penetration displacement. A single practical PDC cutter is fixed on the designed clamping devices that are mounted on the servo experiment system TAW-1000 in the tests. The craters morphology and quantified data were obtained by scanning the fragmented rock specimen using a three-dimensional morphology scanner. Finally, a numerical model is established to get the stress and deformation fields of the rock under a single PDC cutter. The results show that there are two kinds of failure modes, i.e., brittle failure and plastic failure, in the loading process. Marble is more prone to brittle fracture and has the lowest specific energy, followed by shale and granite. The brittle failure in marble mainly occurs behind the cutter while that happens ahead of the cutter for shale. Curves of contact force versus penetration displacement illustrate that a cutter with a back rake angle of 40 deg has a better penetration result than that with a back rake angle of 30 deg. Enhancing loading speed has a positive effect on brittle fragmentation. The distribution of von Mises stress indicates the initiation point and direction, which has a good agreement with the experiment. The research is of great significance for optimizing the PDC bit design and increasing the rate of penetration.
Corrosion-Fatigue Crack Growth Performance of Titanium Grade 29 Welds in Tapered Stress Joints
Authors: Rombado Gabriel , Baker David A. , Haldorsen Lars M. , da Silva Craidy Pedro , Feiger Jim H. , Hudak Stephen J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Design of a steel catenary riser requires the use of connection hardware to decouple the large bending moments induced by the host floater at the hang-off location. Reliability of this connection hardware is essential, particularly in applications involving high pressure and high temperature fluids. One option for this connection hardware is the metallic tapered stress joint. Titanium (Ti) Grade 29 has been identified as an attractive material candidate for demanding stress joint applications due to its “high strength, low weight, superior fatigue performance and innate corrosion resistance”.2 Titanium stress joints for deepwater applications are typically not fabricated as a single piece due to titanium ingot volume limitations, thus making an intermediate girth weld necessary to satisfy length requirements. As with steel, the potential effect of hydrogen embrittlement induced by cathodic and galvanic potentials must be assessed to ensure long-term weld integrity. This paper describes testing from a joint industry project (JIP) conducted to qualify titanium stress joint (TSJ) welds for ultra-deepwater applications under harsh service and environmental conditions. Corrosion-fatigue crack growth rate (CFCGR) results for Ti Grade 29 flat welding-groove weld (1G/PA) gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) specimens in seawater under cathodic potential and sour brine under galvanic potential are presented and compared to vendor recommended design curves.
Control of Vibratory MEMS Gyroscope With the Drive Mode Excited Through Parametric Resonance
Authors: Perl T. , Maimon R. , Krylov S. , Shimkin N. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we present a control strategy for a micro-electro-mechanical gyroscope with a drive mode excited through parametric resonance. The reduced order two degrees-of-freedom model of the device is built, and the drive mode control is implemented using phase-locked loop (PLL) and automatic gain control (AGC) loop. A sense mode vibration control algorithm is developed as well for enhanced sensor performance. The analysis of the drive mode control loops is conducted using the multiple scales method. The robustness of the suggested control loops to parameters perturbation is demonstrated using the model. A simplified linear model of the control loops is shown to predict the device behavior with good accuracy.
Effect of Gradient Porosity and Catalyst Loading on the Performance of Direct Methanol Fuel Cell With Ordered Electrode
Authors: Jiang Jinghui , Sun Xianda 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Constructing the ordered catalyst layer is one of the most effective strategies to maximize the catalyst utilization in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). To gain insight into the mass and charge transports in ordered catalyst layer, herein, a two-dimensional two-phase mass-transport model involving Knudsen diffusion was proposed. It is found that the simulation results of the model with Knudsen diffusion are more consistent with the experimental results than that of the model without Knudsen diffusion. It has been demonstrated that higher porosity near the oxygen diffusion layer facilitates the oxygen transport, and the optimal porosity is obtained by balancing mass and charge transport resistances in the ordered catalyst layer. In contrast, higher catalyst loading near membrane improves the cell performance significantly. The highest peak power density of 56.5 mW/cm2 is achieved, when the catalyst loading of the outer and inner layer is 0.15 mg/cm2 and 0.85 mg/cm2, respectively.
Effects of Cooling Configurations on the Aerothermal Performance of a Turbine Endwall With Jet Impingement and Film Cooling
Authors: Bu Hongyan , Guo Zhendong , Song Liming , Li Jun 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
With the increase of turbine inlet temperature and the application of premixed combustion, turbine components, particularly the turbine endwall, work in a harsh environment and must be effectively cooled to ensure the component durability. Recently, new cooling schemes that employ both external film cooling and internal jet impingement cooling have drawn much attention due to their extraordinary performance. In this study, a numerical model of turbine endwall with jet impingement and film cooling was established and validated against the experiment. To investigate the effects of geometric parameters related to this cooling scheme, four parameters including impingement hole-to-hole pitch Pi, impingement hole diameter Di, impingement channel height H, and film hole diameter Df were selected to adjust within a reasonable range. The uniform design method was used to collect a database that represented the design space formed by the four parameters. Performance criteria including area-averaged overall cooling effectiveness, standard deviation of overall cooling effectiveness, and total pressure drop coefficient of the cooling system were evaluated through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations. To explore and exploit the design space, a Kriging model was built from the database. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted afterward to investigate the main effect of each parameter and the correlation between parameters. Finally, based upon the knowledge obtained from ANOVA, typical designs were selected which yielded either best or poorest performances. Through detailed analysis of flow and heat transfer mechanisms of these designs, the influence of each parameter was illustrated clearly and suggestions for the design of similar cooling schemes were drawn.
Effects of manual acupuncture combined with donepezil in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Jiang Jing , Liu Gang , Shi Suhua , Li Yujie , Li Zhigang 
Published: March 2021

Objectives: To explore whether combined therapy with donepezil and acupuncture is better than treatment with donepezil or acupuncture individually in a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. Methods: In this study, we randomly divided 40 7.5-month-old senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) male mice into four groups: SAMP8, SAMP8+D, SAMP8+MA and SAMP8+D+MA. An additional 10 7.5-month-old SAMR1 male mice were included as a healthy control group (SAMR1). Mice in the SAMP8+D group were given donepezil at a dose of 0.65 µg/g/day; mice in the SAMP8+MA group underwent manual acupuncture at GV20, GV26 and Yintang for 20 min per day; mice in the SAMP8+D+MA received both donepezil and manual acupuncture; and mice in the SAMR1 and SAMP8 groups underwent restraint only to control for the effects of handling. After the 15-day treatment, the Morris water maze test, micro-PET(positron-emission tomography), H&E (haematoxylin and eosin) staining, and immunohistochemistry were used to study the differences between donepezil (SAMP8+D), acupuncture (SAMP8+MA), and donepezil combined with acupuncture (SAMP8+D+MA) therapy for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Results: We found that, compared with the untreated SAMP8 group, donepezil, manual acupuncture, and combined therapy with donepezil and manual acupuncture all improved spatial learning and memory ability, the level of glucose metabolism in the brain, and the content of Aβ amyloid in the cortex. Moreover, combined therapy outperformed treatment with donepezil or acupuncture individually in the SAMP8 mice. Conclusion: This study shows that the combination of manual acupuncture and donepezil in an Alzheimer’s disease animal model is superior to acupuncture and donezepil alone. However, randomised controlled trials should be undertaken to clarify the clinical efficacy of combination therapy.