bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polymerized hybrid perovskites with enhanced stability, flexibility and lattice rigidity
Authors: Chen Wenjing , Shi Yongliang , Chen Jia , Ma Pingchuan , Fang Zhibin , Ye Dan , Lu Yiyang , Yuan Yongbo , Zhao Jin , Xiao Zhengguo 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The intrinsic soft lattice nature of organometal halide perovskites (OHPs) makes them very tolerant to defects and ideal candidates for solution-processed optoelectronic devices. However, the soft lattice results in low stability towards external stresses such as heating and humidity, and induces high density of phonons, causing strong electron-phonon coupling. Here, we report solid-state polymerization of OHPs using unsaturated 4-vinylbenzylammonium as organoammonium cations without damaging perovskite structure and its tolerance to defects. The polymerized perovskites show enhanced stability and flexibility. Furthermore, the polymerized 4-vinylbenzylammonium group improves perovskite lattice rigidity substantially, resulting in reduced electron-phonon coupling and non-radiative recombination rate, and enhanced carrier mobility because of suppressed phonon scattering. We finally demonstrate efficient polymerized perovskite based light-emitting diodes with an external quantum efficiency of 23.2% and enhanced operation stability.
Correlative Multi-scale Cryo-imaging Unveils SARS-CoV-2 Assembly and Egress
Authors: Zhang Peijun , Mendonca Luiza , Howe Andrew , Gilchrist James , Sun Dapeng , Knight Michael , Zanetti-Domingues Laura , Bateman Benji , Krebs Anna-Sophia , Chen Long , Radecke Julika , Sheng Yuewen , Li Vivian , Ni Tao , Kounatidis Ilias , Koronfel Mohamed , Szynkiewicz Marta , Harkiolaki Maria , Martin-Fernandez Marisa , James William 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Since the outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, there have been intense structural studies on purified recombinant viral components and inactivated viruses. However, structural and ultrastructural evidence on how the SARS-CoV-2 infection progresses in the frozen-hydrated native cellular context is scarce, and there is a lack of comprehensive knowledge on the SARS-CoV-2 replicative cycle. To correlate the cytopathic events induced by SARS-CoV-2 with virus replication process under the frozen-hydrated condition, here we established a unique multi-modal, multi-scale cryo-correlative platform to image SARS-CoV-2 infection in Vero cells. This platform combines serial cryoFIB/SEM volume imaging and soft X-ray cryo-tomography with cell lamellae-based cryo-electron tomography (cryoET) and subtomogram averaging. The results place critical SARS-CoV-2 structural events – e.g. viral RNA transport portals on double membrane vesicles, virus assembly and budding intermediates, virus egress pathways, and native virus spike structures from intracellular assembled and extracellular released virus - in the context of whole-cell images. The latter revealed numerous heterogeneous cytoplasmic vesicles, the formation of membrane tunnels through which viruses exit, and the drastic cytoplasm invasion into the nucleus. This integrated approach allows a holistic view of SARS-CoV-2 infection, from the whole cell to individual molecules.
The Development of An Effective Synthetic Route of Rilpivirine
Authors: Zhang Tao , Yang Jiapei , Zhou Zhongxia , Fu Zhipeng , Cherukupalli Srinivasulu , Kang Dongwei , Zhan Peng , Liu Xinyong 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Rilpivirine (RPV) is a potent and selective non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) of the diarylpyrimidine family with unique antiviral activity, low toxicity and high specificity. It is approved by the U.S. FDA (Food and Drug Administration) in 2011 to treat individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1). Significantly, rilpivirine is 3-fold more potent than etravirine. Once-daily, it is used with a low oral dose (25mg/tablet), decreasing the drug administration and bringing the better choice to the patients. However, there are many shortcomings in the existing synthesis route of RPV, such as the high cost, prolonged reaction time and low yield (18.5%).Results: This article describes our efforts to develop an efficient and practical microwave-promoted method to synthesize rilpivirine using less toxic organic reagents and low boiling solvents. The last step's reaction time decreased from 69 h to 90 min through this optimized synthetic procedure, and the overall yield improved from 18.5% to 21%. In addition, the yield of intermediate 3 increased from 52% to 62% compared to the original patent.Conclusion: Overall, through a series of process optimization, we have developed a practical synthesis method of rilpivirine, which is easy to scale with higher yield and shorter reaction time.
Six Genes Involved in Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Identified by Cox Hazard Regression
Authors: Dai Qinghong , Liu Tao , Gao Yongchao , Zhou Honghao , Li Xiong , Zhang Wei 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), derived from hepatocytes, is the main histological subtype of primary liver cancer and poses a serious threat to human health due to the high incidence and poor prognosis. This study aimed to establish a multigene prognostic model to predict the prognosis of patients with HCC. Results: Gene expression datasets (GSE121248, GSE40873, GSE62232) were used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between tumor and adjacent or normal tissues, and then hub genes were screened by protein–protein interaction (PPI) network and Cytoscap software. Seventeen genes among hub genes were significantly associated with prognosis and used to construct a prognostic model through COX hazard regression analysis. The predictive performance of this model was evaluated with TCGA data and was further validated with independent dataset GSE14520. Six genes (CDKN3, ZWINT, KIF20A, NUSAP1, HMMR, DLGAP5) were involved in the prognostic model, which separated HCC patients from TCGA dataset into high- and low-risk groups. Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival analysis and risk score analysis demonstrated that low-risk group represented a survival advantage. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis showed risk score could be an independent prognostic factor. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed there was a better predictive power of the risk score than that of other clinical indicators. At last, the results from GSE14520 demonstrated the reliability of this prognostic model in some extent. Conclusion: This prognostic model represented significance for prognosis of HCC, and the risk score according to this model may be a better prognostic factor than other traditional clinical indicators.
Controllable Synthesis of Conjugated Microporous Polymer Films for Ultra-sensitive Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents
Authors: Mo Wanqi , Chen Yu , Liu Huaqian , Cheng Zhiyong , Ma Hongwei , Li Xiaobai , Li Bin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Nerve agents, one of the most toxic chemical warfare agents, seriously threaten human life and public security. The development of highly sensitive nerve-agent sensors has become an imperative and challenging topic. Reported here are two fluorescent conjugated microporous polymer (CMP) films, which show superior sensitivity for DCP (nerve-agent simulant). The limit of detection of TCzP-CMP can be determined as 13.2 ppt, which is the best report. This is due to the synergy of the susceptible "on-off" effect of hybridization and de-hybridization of hybrid local and charge transfer (HLCT) materials and the microporous structure of CMP films facilitating the inward diffusion of DCP vapor, and the “molecular wire effect”. This strategy provides a new idea for the future development of gas sensors. In addition, a portable sensor is successfully integrated based on TCzP-CMP films that enables wireless, remote, ultrasensitive, and real-time detection of DCP vapors.
Imaging current distribution in a topological insulator Bi2Se3 in the presence of competing surface and bulk contributions to conductivity
Authors: Jash Amit , Kumar Ankit , Ghosh Sayantan , Bharathi A. , Banerjee S. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) topological surface states in a three-dimensional topological insulator (TI) should produce uniform 2D surface current distribution. However, our transport current imaging studies on Bi2Se3 thin film reveal non-uniform current sheet flow at 15 K with strong edge current flow. This is consistent with other imaging studies on thin films of Bi2Se3. In contrast to strong edge current flow in thin films, in single crystal of Bi2Se3 at 15 K our current imaging studies show the presence of 3.6 nm thick uniform 2D sheet current flow. Above 70 K, this uniform 2D sheet current sheet begins to disintegrate into a spatially non-uniform flow. The flow becomes patchy with regions having high and low current density. The area fraction of the patches with high current density rapidly decreases at temperatures above 70 K, with a temperature dependence of the form 1/|T-70| 0.35. The temperature scale of 70 K coincides with the onset of bulk conductivity in the crystal due to electron doping by selenium vacancy clusters in Bi2Se3. Thus our results show a temperature dependent competition between surface and bulk conductivity produces a temperature dependent variation in uniformity of current flow in the topological insulator.
Axial Compression Capacity of Concrete Columns Reinforced With Corrosion-Resistant Metallic Reinforcement
Authors: Wright John , Pantelides Chris 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Axial compression performance of concrete columns reinforced with 2304 duplex stainless bars and spirals, carbon steel bars and spirals, and 316L stainless steel clad bars, in varying combinations is examined when the columns are exposed to corrosion. Two groups of columns were investigated: a control group, and a group submerged in a 5.0% by weight chloride solution subjected to accelerated corrosion. A relatively high corrosion rate of 8.5 μA/mm2 was used. After 60 days of corrosion the columns were tested to failure under axial compression. In terms of mass loss per unit of corrosion energy, columns reinforced with stainless steel spirals and either solid stainless or stainless clad vertical bars were 197% more corrosion resistant than carbon steel. Bars made with 2304 stainless steel and 316L stainless clad materials developed localized pitting corrosion that led to degradation of the concrete cover and a larger drop in axial compression than carbon steel reinforced columns. However, the all-carbon steel reinforced columns reached lower failure displacements and a corroded carbon steel reinforced column was the only column to experience sudden failure prior to reaching its theoretical maximum axial compression capacity. Axial compression capacity of the columns in both the control and corroded conditions was modeled using concrete confinement models that produced very good agreement with the experimental results.
Curriculum Initiatives to Enhance Research Skills Acquisition by Medical Students: A Scoping Review of the Literature
Authors: Carberry Crea , McCombe Geoff , Tobin Helen , Stokes Diarmuid , Last Jason , Bury Gerard , Cullen Walter 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Although it is accepted that providing medical students with opportunities to engage in research activity is beneficial, little data has been collated on how medical degree curricula may address this issue. This review aims to address this knowledge gap by conducting a scoping review examining curriculum initiatives that seek to enhance research experience for medical students.Methods: This review looks to specifically look at ’doing research’ as defined by the MEDINE 2 consensus rather than ‘using research’ for the bachelor component of the Bologna Cycle. The five-stage framework developed by Arksey & O’Malley was utilised.Results: Ultimately, 120 articles were included in this scoping review; 26 related to intercalated degree options and 94 to non-intercalated degree options. Research initiatives from the United States were most featured (53/120 articles). For non-intercalated research options, mandatory and elective research projects predominated. The included studies were heterogeneous in their methodology. The main outcomes reported were student research output, description of the curriculum initiative(s) and self-reported research skills acquisition. For the intercalated degree options, the three main findings were descriptions of more ‘novel’ intercalated degree options than the traditional BSc, student perspectives on intercalating and the effect of intercalating on medical student performance and careers. Conclusion: There are a number of options available to faculty involved in planning medical degree programmes but further research is needed to determine whether research activity should be optional or mandatory. For now, flexibility is probably appropriate depending on a medical school’s resources, curriculum, educational culture and population needs.
Crossing Knowledge Boundaries: Health Care Providers’ Perceptions and Experiences of What is Important to Achieve More Person-Centered Patient Pathways For Older People
Authors: Olsen Cecilie , Bergland Astrid , Bye Asta , Debesay Jonas , Langaas Anne 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Improving the transitional care of older people, especially hospital-to-home transitions, is a salient concern worldwide. Older people’s patient pathways may be unpredictable and complex, posing significant challenges for health care providers (HCPs). In particular, appropriate follow-up in primary care after discharge is key. Current research in the field endorses person-centered care as crucial to improving the patient pathways of older people. The aim of this study was to explore HCPs’ perceptions and experiences of what is important to achieve more person-centered patient pathways for older people.Methods: This was a qualitative study. We performed individual semistructured interviews with 20 HCPs and three key persons who participated in a Norwegian quality improvement collaborative. In addition, participant observation of 22 meetings in the quality improvement collaborative was performed. Results: A thematic analysis resulted in five themes: 1) Finding common ground through the mapping of the patient journey; 2) the importance of understanding the whole patient pathway; 3) the significance of getting to know the older patient; 4) the key role of home care providers in the patient pathways of older people; and 5) ambiguity toward checklists and practice implementation. Conclusion: To understand the findings, it proved useful to see them in light of knowledge sharing and boundary crossing, which are central concepts in the literature on transitional care. HCPs in the collaborative shared and coproduced new knowledge of the patient pathways of older people based on a patient journey perspective. Mapping the patient journey and asking, “What matters to you?” facilitated the crossing of knowledge boundaries between the HCPs; hence, a new and more holistic view of the patient pathways of older people in the current context emerged. The centrality of getting to know the patient and the special role of providers working in home care services was a central finding. The study adds to existing knowledge by suggesting that the achievement of person-centered patient pathways for older people does not only depend on the crossing of knowledge boundaries among HCPs, but also between HCPs and older persons.
Althaea officinalis extracts heal skin wounds in second- and third-degree burns in mice
Authors: Ranjbar Ali Mohammad , Sojaeemehr Arefeh , Zabihi Mohsen , Shishehbor Fatemeh , Ramezani Vahid 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background and Purpose: Burns are one of the most common injuries. There are few medications to repair skin in burns. Although antibacterial drugs such as topical silver sulfadiazine may prevent wound infections, they usually can’t attenuate skin healing. Marshmallow is used in Iranian traditional medicine to improve skin burns. We aimed to evaluate the effect of hydroalcoholic and aqueous extract of Althaea officinalis on the histopathologic parameters of second- and third-degree burns in mice. Experimental approach: The mice were randomly divided into 9 groups (n=6) including control and treatment groups. Experimental second- and third-degree burns were induced on dorsal skin of the mice by a metal plate (2 cm in diameter) under general anesthesia. Control and treatment groups were treated twice daily for 21 days topically. Normal saline was used for control group and hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts of Althaea officinalis in three concentrations (1%, 2% and 4%) were used for the treatment groups. All of the preparations were made in hydrogel base. Finally, the histopathological parameters of the burned skin including polymorphonuclear (PMN) migration, epithelialization, angiogenesis and collagenization were scored and total score of wound healing was calculated. Key Results: The findings showed that topical application of both hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts of Althaea officinalis attenuates the wound healing process. they reduce PMN migration, collagenization, epithelialization and angiogenesis scores compared to control group. Conclusions & Implications: Althaea officinalis can be used as an adjunct medication to attenuate wound healing in skin burns.
Integrating the Complexity of Healthcare Improvement with Implementation Science: A Longitudinal Qualitative Case Study
Authors: Melder Angela , Robinson Tracy , Mcloughlin Ian , Iedema Rick , Teede Helena 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
BackgroundImplementation science seeks to enable change, underpinned by theories and frameworks such as the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Yet academia and frontline healthcare improvement remain largely siloed, with limited integration of implementation science methods into frontline improvement where the drivers include pragmatic, rapid change. We aimed to explore how pragmatic and complex healthcare improvement and implementation science, through the CIFR lens, can be integrated. MethodsOur research involved the investigation of a case study that was undertaking the implementation of an improvement initiative at a large public health service. This research involved qualitative data collection methods of semi-structured interviews and non-participant observations of the implementation team delivering the initiative. Thematic analysis identified key themes from the qualitative data. We examined our themes through the lens of CFIR to gain in-depth understanding of how the CFIR components operated in a ‘real-world’ context.ResultsThe key themes emerging from our research outlined that leadership, context and process are the key components that dominate and affect improvement work. Leadership which cultivates connections with front line clinicians, fosters engagement and trust. Navigating context was facilitated by ‘bottom-up’ governance. Multi-disciplinary, cross-sector capability, responded to a changing complex environment, adjusting pragmatically, and responsively. Process reflected the theoretically-informed, and iterative approach. Mapping CFIR domains and constructs, with these themes demonstrated close alignment with the CFIR. The findings bring further depth to CFIR and demonstrates that leadership that focuses on patient need as a key motivator to engage clinicians, and that applied and ensured iterative processes, which leveraged contextual factors achieved successful, sustained implementation and healthcare improvement. ConclusionsThis longitudinal study highlights profound insights that strengthen alignment between implementation science and pragmatic frontline healthcare improvement. We identify opportunities to enhance the relevance of CFIR in the ‘real-world’ setting through the interconnected nature of our themes. Our study demonstrates actionable knowledge to enhance the integration of implementation science in healthcare improvement.
Microbial Predation Accelerates Granulation and Modulates Microbial Community Composition
Authors: Chan Siew Herng , Ismail Muhammad Hafiz , Tan Chuan Hao , Rice Scott A. , McDougald Diane 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
BackgroundBacterial communities are responsible for biological nutrient removal and flocculation in engineered systems such as activated floccular sludge. Predators such as bacteriophage and protozoa exert significant predation pressure and cause bacterial mortality within these communities. However, the roles of bacteriophage and protozoan predation in impacting granulation process remain limited. Recent studies hypothesised that protozoa, particularly sessile ciliates, could have an important role in granulation as these ciliates were often observed in high abundance on surfaces of granules. Bacteriophages were hypothesized to contribute to granular stability through bacteriophage-mediated extracellular DNA release by lysing bacterial cells. This current study investigated the bacteriophage and protozoan communities throughout the granulation process. In addition, the importance of protozoan predation during granulation was also determined through chemical killing of protozoa in the floccular sludge.ResultsFour independent bioreactors seeded with activated floccular sludge were operated for aerobic granulation for 11 weeks. Changes in the phage, protozoa and bacterial communities were characterized throughout the granulation process. The filamentous phage, Inoviridae, increased in abundance at the initiation phase of granulation. However, the abundance shifted towards lytic phages during the maturation phase. In contrast, the abundance and diversity of protozoa decreased initially, possibly due to the reduction in settling time and subsequent washout. Upon the formation of granules, ciliated protozoa from the class Oligohymenophorea were the dominant group of protozoa based on metacommunity analysis. These protozoa had a strong, positive-correlation with the initial formation of compact aggregates prior to granule development. Furthermore, chemical inhibition of these ciliates in the floccular sludge delayed the initiation of granule formation. Analysis of the bacterial communities in the thiram treated sludge demonstrated that the recovery of ‘Candidatus Accmulibacter’ was positively correlated with the formation of compact aggregates and granules.ConclusionPredation by bacteriophage and protozoa were positively correlated with the formation of aerobic granules. Increases in Inoviridae abundance suggested that filamentous phages may promote the structural formation of granules. Initiation of granules formation was delayed due to an absence of protozoa after chemical treatment. The presence of Candidatus Accumulibacter was necessary for the formation of granules in the absence of protozoa.