bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence for asthenospheric flow rotation in northwest Canada: insights from shear wave splitting
Authors: Bolton Andrew R , Schutt Derek L , Aster Richard C , Audet Pascal , Schaeffer Andrew J , Estève Clément , Freymueller Jeffrey T , Cubley Joel F 
Published: September 2021

SUMMARYThe Mackenzie Mountains (MM) of northwest Canada are an actively uplifting, seismogenic salient of the northern Canadian Cordillera that lie 750 km NE of the main Pacific–North America plate boundary. We present new shear wave splitting measurements from a linear array transecting the region to characterize upper-mantle anisotropy and the relative role of the lithosphere and asthenosphere in MM uplift. A gradual rotation in anisotropy occurs across the Canadian Cordillera, with stations nearest to the craton yielding NE fast-axis orientations that are subparallel to North America absolute plate motion (∼230°). Moving SW from the craton, across the MM and towards the plate boundary, fast-axis orientations rotate to become aligned with major lithospheric fabrics (NW–SE). Previous work has shown that the Cordilleran lithosphere is thin (≈50 km) in this region. We therefore interpret these results to primarily reflect sublithospheric flow. Three possibilities for asthenospheric flow are presented, but none of them fit the data well. Therefore, we believe that flow in the SW is due to upwelling from the slab window that opened up around 45–25 Ma, although it is possible the lithosphere is more than 50 km in thickness, in which case these splits reflect the tectonic fabric of the region.
Density structure of the island of Hawai'i and the implications for gravity-driven motion of the south flank of Kīlauea Volcano
Authors: Denlinger Roger P , Flinders Ashton 
Published: September 2021

SUMMARYThe discovery that large landslides dissected the Hawaiian Islands, scattering debris over thousands of square kilometres of seafloor, changed our ideas of island growth and evolution. The evidence is consistent with catastrophic flank collapse during volcano growth, and draws our focus to the currently active island of Hawai'i, the volcanoes Mauna Loa and Kīlauea, and particularly to the actively mobile south flank of Kīlauea. Both the weight distribution and pressure within an extensive magmatic system are perceived to affect stability, but the role of gravitational body forces and island density distribution has not been quantitatively assessed. We use seismic velocities derived from tomography to model the density distribution of the island of Hawai'i and find that olivine-rich melts and rocks in Hawaiian volcanoes result in a close association of seismic velocity and density. The resultant density model reproduces more than 95 per cent of the observed gravity disturbance signal wherever tomographic control exists and provides a basis for evaluating the body forces from gravity. We also find that if the decollement is weak, then gravitational body forces can produce slip that explains most seismo-tectonic and volcano-tectonic structural features of Kīlauea. Where the decollement is in a state of incipient slip from this weight distribution, fluctuations in magma pressure can trigger accelerated slip on the decollement. Yet this is only true of the south flank of Kīlauea. Though weight and magma distributions produce significant forces driving the west flank of Mauna Loa seaward, this flank is relatively stable. Stability over most of the last decade indicates a strong foundation beneath the west flank of Mauna Loa, perhaps as a result of past landslides that scraped clay-rich sediments from the decollement.
Assessing uncertainties in infrasound network performance modelling: application to the Euro-Mediterranean and Southeast Asian region
Authors: Tailpied Dorianne , Le Pichon Alexis , Taisne Benoit 
Published: September 2021

SUMMARYWe propose a modelling technique to confidently estimate and optimize the performance of any infrasound network to remotely monitor sources of interest such as volcanic eruptions, while considering realistic atmospheric specifications along the propagation path, source frequency and noise levels at the station. To provide a more realistic picture of the network performance, we define a confidence level accounting for propagation and atmospheric uncertainties. Therefore, we consider ‘numerical’ uncertainties linked to the approximations made in the used propagation model, errors of the developed mathematical model and atmospheric uncertainties derived from measurement campaigns. In parallel, we perform a sensitivity analysis to determine how each input parameter contributes to the developed mathematical model output as well as to the attenuation model output. Such study is helpful for model simplification and uncertainty reduction by identifying, and thus paying more attention to the most influential model inputs. Below 1 Hz, the effect of ‘numerical’ errors on network performance modelling dominates. The same situation is observed during strong and stable downwind stratospheric winds along propagation paths. Conversely, when propagation occurs upwind, atmospheric uncertainties become predominant as the frequency increases. This method is then applied to assess the performance of the International Monitoring System (IMS) infrasound network in the Euro-Mediterranean and the Southeast Asian regions. We highlight a frequency, seasonal and spatial dependence of uncertainties in the modelling. Below 1 Hz, large errors are predicted in the shadow zone but the overall error is less than 20 dB. Above 1 Hz, errors with same order of magnitude are also observed, when strong stratospheric jets prevail. But during weak stratospheric duct, uncertainties associated to the modelled attenuation may exceed 30 dB. Such studies lead to significant improvement in assessing detection capability of infrasound network, which is of great interest for monitoring artificial or natural explosive sources like volcanic eruption. In particular this work will contribute into designing and prioritizing maintenance of any given infrasound network, in order to provide even better and more accurate predictions.
Attention-based LSTM-FCN for earthquake detection and location
Authors: Bai Tao , Tahmasebi Pejman 
Published: September 2021

SUMMARY
Earthquake detection and localization are challenging since the seismic signal usually is noisy and the microearthquakes are hidden in the seismic noise. Traditional detection and localization methods often rely on manually picked phases or computationally intensive algorithms. Inspired by the successful application of a deep learning model, ConvNetQuake, in detecting and locating the seismic events, we train an attention-based long short-term memory fully convolutional network (LSTM-FCN) model to improve the detection and location accuracy on the same data set. We use a parallel structure of FCN and LSTM to extract different features separately and merge them as a vector for better classification. In particular, FCN is used to extract high-level features and, similarly, LSTM is employed to model the temporal dependences. Besides, an attention mechanism is added to the LSTM to select a significant input segment along with a squeeze-and-excitation block in FCN to enhance useful feature maps for classification. We show that the trained model has a classification accuracy of 89.1 per cent, which represents 14.5 per cent improvement compared to the ConvNetQuake model. Moreover, the ConvNetQuake model only considered classifying seismic events roughly into one of the six geographic regions. But our model can locate the seismic events with a higher resolution by classifying them into as a greater number of regions as to 15 while a relatively high accuracy is maintained. We also demonstrate that the incorporated attention mechanism can effectively improve the classification performance by automatically and selectively enhancing the significant feature maps and inputs.
Crustal deformation across the western Altyn Tagh fault (86° E) from GPS and InSAR
Authors: Li Yanchuan , Nocquet Jean-Mathieu , Shan Xinjian 
Published: September 2021

SUMMARYWe combine Global Positioning System (GPS) velocity field with Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) results to study the interseismic deformation across the western Altyn Tagh fault (ATF) at longitude 86° E. GPS and InSAR data are consistent after correcting for the contribution from vertical deformation in the InSAR line-of-sight map. InSAR and GPS data identify an area of ∼2 mm a−1 sinistral shear and ∼6 mm a−1 of NS shortening located ∼150 km south of the ATF near the Manyi fault system. Excluding the data located in that area, Bayesian inversion of a 2-D profile across the ATF indicate a locking depth of 14.8 ± 3.5 km and a slip rate of 8.0 ± 0.4 mm a−1, lying at the lower range of previously published estimates. In addition, we find no significant offset between the fault at depth and the surface fault trace and no asymmetry of the interseismic profile that implicitly reveal lateral variations of the elastic strength across the ATF. Detailed analysis of InSAR profile across the fault show no distinguishable surface creep along the western ATF. Our study highlights how different data sets, data selection and model assumption might impact results on the ATF slip rate, locking depth and rheological contrast across the fault.
Co-producing an action-oriented framework for community-based Physical Activity Promotion in Germany
Authors: Kohler Simone , Helsper Natalie , Dippon Lea , Rütten Alfred , Abu-Omar Karim , Pfeifer Klaus , Semrau Jana 
Published: September 2021

Summary
German National Recommendations for Physical Activity (PA) and PA Promotion recommend community-based approaches to promote PA at the local level with a focus on health equity. In addition, the German Federal Prevention Act addresses health equity and strengthens setting-based health promotion in communities. However, the implementation of both in the local context remains a challenge. This article describes Phase 1 of the KOMBINE project that aims to co-produce an action-oriented framework for community-based PA promotion focusing on structural change and health equity. (i) In a series of workshops, key stakeholders and researchers discussed facilitators, barriers and needs of community-based PA promotion focusing on health equity. (ii) The research team used an inductive approach to cluster all findings and to identify key components and then (iii) compared the key components with updated literature. (iv) Key components were discussed and incorporated into a gradually co-produced framework by the participants. The first result of the co-production process was a catalog of nine key components regarding PA-related health promotion in German communities. The comparison of key components with scientific evidence showed a high overlap. Finally, a six-phase action-oriented framework including key components for community-based PA promotion was co-produced. The six-phase action-oriented framework integrates practice-based and scientific evidence on PA-related health promotion and health equity. It represents a shared vision for the implementation of National Recommendations for PA and PA Promotion in Germany. The extent to which structural changes and health equity can be achieved is currently being investigated in pilot-studies.
Factors influencing the effectiveness of a Cooperative Planning approach in the school setting
Authors: Ptack Katharina , Strobl Helmut 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The purpose of the Health.edu project was to develop, implement and evaluate effective and feasible measures addressing students' health-related knowledge and understanding (HKU) in physical education (PE) with a specific focus on a co-creation approach (Cooperative Planning). The general procedure was identical in the four intervention schools involved; however, effectiveness (i.e. an increase in HKU) differed. Therefore, the present study investigated how different contextual factors supported or hindered the Cooperative Planning approach (evaluation of program implementation). To consider different perspectives in the analysis, we used data triangulation. On the one hand, written protocols (N = 19) document relevant statements and decisions in each planning group meeting (scientific perspective). On the other hand, we captured the participating PE teachers’ (N = 8) individual attitudes after the Cooperative Planning process through semi-structured interviews (teachers’ perspective). Data were analysed via qualitative content analysis. We identified three relevant factors with influence on the Cooperative Planning approach. First, the Cooperative Planning intervention worked if teachers saw a benefit in providing evidence-based knowledge, reflected their teaching practices and made an effort to implement new teaching strategies. Second, it was beneficial to have students represented as partners in the decision-making process. Third, support from the principal appeared to be helpful but not mandatory for implementing progressive pedagogical concepts. Continuous monitoring and reflection on those factors by the leading project team might help facilitate subsequent interventions using Cooperative Planning.
Playing alone: can game design elements satisfy user needs in gamified mHealth services?
Authors: Mitchell Robert , Schuster Lisa , Jin Hyun Seung 
Published: September 2021

Summary
Chronic health conditions have necessitated the need for behavioral interventions (such as exercise programs) outside of clinical contexts, increasingly managed through technology such as mobile health (mHealth) services. Gamification has emerged as a promising tool to facilitate greater engagement in these services; however, no studies investigate the links between specific game design elements (GDEs) and psychological or behavioral outcomes within a health context. This domain is motivationally complex and has shown resistance to the satisfaction of social (relatedness) needs, presenting a challenge to the design of gamification products for health promotion. Drawing on self-determination theory, this research demonstrates the strengths of a taxonomy based upon structural features of GDEs (such as social, narrative or reward elements) rather than the design intent definitions of these elements used in previous studies. This taxonomy is then used to assess the relationship between GDEs and psychological needs satisfaction in a survey (N = 236) of gamified exercise/fitness application users. Further qualitative interviews (N = 20) were conducted to clarify survey findings. This research demonstrates the positive association between control and presentation elements and autonomy satisfaction, and control and reward elements and competency satisfaction. However, it also suggests that player type and context may limit the ability for GDEs alone to support relatedness satisfaction in mHealth services. Implications for managers and researchers are discussed, particularly the strengths and weaknesses of using structural taxonomies in gamification assessment.
Parish councils, political inclusion, Liberal politics and the question of class: the 1894 elections as a forgotten phase in British democratization
Authors: Moore James 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The creation of parish councils in 1894 has been somewhat neglected by historians of democratization and social class. This article explores how questions of political inclusion and class became important features of the first parish council elections. The National Liberal Federation and allied pressure groups encouraged electors to see the elections as a battle between working people and the privileged orders. Contrary to what is sometimes suggested, this demonstrates that ‘class politics’ was sometimes an important part of Liberal electoral strategy. Ultimately, the councils brought important changes to local political life, with working men elected to parishes in significant numbers.
Associations of carotid intima media thickness with gene expression in whole blood and genetically predicted gene expression across 48 tissues
Authors: Castaneda Andy B , Petty Lauren E , Scholz Markus , Jansen Rick , Weiss Stefan , Zhang Xiaoling , Schramm Katharina , Beutner Frank , Kirsten Holger , Schminke Ulf , Hwang Shih-Jen , Marzi Carola , Dhana Klodian , Seldenrijk Adrie , Krohn Knut , Homuth Georg , Wolf Petra , Peters Marjolein J , Dörr Marcus , Peters Annette , van Meurs Joyce B J , Uitterlinden André G , Kavousi Maryam , Levy Daniel , Herder Christian , van Grootheest Gerard , Waldenberger Melanie , Meisinger Christa , Rathmann Wolfgang , Thiery Joachim , Polak Joseph , Koenig Wolfgang , Seissler Jochen , Bis Joshua C , Franceshini Nora , Giambartolomei Claudia ,   Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) Subclinical Working Group, Hofman Albert , Franco Oscar H , Penninx Brenda W J H , Prokisch Holger , Völzke Henry , Loeffler Markus , O'Donnell Christopher J , Below Jennifer E , Dehghan Abbas , de Vries Paul S 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Carotid intima media thickness (cIMT) is a biomarker of subclinical atherosclerosis and a predictor of future cardiovascular events. Identifying associations between gene expression levels and cIMT may provide insight to atherosclerosis etiology. Here, we use two approaches to identify associations between mRNA levels and cIMT: differential gene expression analysis in whole blood and S-PrediXcan. We used microarrays to measure genome-wide whole blood mRNA levels of 5647 European individuals from four studies. We examined the association of mRNA levels with cIMT adjusted for various potential confounders. Significant associations were tested for replication in three studies totaling 3943 participants. Next, we applied S-PrediXcan to summary statistics from a cIMT genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 71 128 individuals to estimate the association between genetically determined mRNA levels and cIMT and replicated these analyses using S-PrediXcan on an independent GWAS on cIMT that included 22 179 individuals from the UK Biobank. mRNA levels of TNFAIP3, CEBPD and METRNL were inversely associated with cIMT, but these associations were not significant in the replication analysis. S-PrediXcan identified associations between cIMT and genetically determined mRNA levels for 36 genes, of which six were significant in the replication analysis, including TLN2, which had not been previously reported for cIMT. There was weak correlation between our results using differential gene expression analysis and S-PrediXcan. Differential expression analysis and S-PrediXcan represent complementary approaches for the discovery of associations between phenotypes and gene expression. Using these approaches, we prioritize TNFAIP3, CEBPD, METRNL and TLN2 as new candidate genes whose differential expression might modulate cIMT.
Sensitive quantification of m.3243A&gt;G mutational proportion in non-retinal tissues and its relationship with visual symptoms
Authors: Mullin Nathaniel K , Anfinson Kristin R , Riker Megan J , Wieland Kelsey L , Tatro Nicole J , Scheetz Todd E , Mullins Robert F , Stone Edwin M , Tucker Budd A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The m.3243A&gt;G mutation in the mitochondrial genome commonly causes retinal degeneration in patients with maternally inherited diabetes and deafness and mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes. Like other mitochondrial mutations, m.3243A&gt;G is inherited from the mother with a variable proportion of wild type and mutant mitochondrial genomes in different cells. The mechanism by which the m.3243A&gt;G variant in each tissue relates to the manifestation of disease phenotype is not fully understood. Using a digital PCR assay, we found that the % m.3243G in skin derived dermal fibroblasts was positively correlated with that of blood from the same individual. The % m.3243G detected in fibroblast cultures remained constant over multiple passages and was negatively correlated with mtDNA copy number. Although the % m.3243G present in blood was not correlated with severity of vision loss, as quantified by Goldmann visual field, a significant negative correlation between % m.3243G and the age of onset of visual symptoms was detected. Altogether, these results indicate that precise measurement of % m.3243G in clinically accessible tissues such as skin and blood may yield information relevant to the management of retinal m.3243A&gt;G-associated disease.
Interpreting the Right to Interpretation under Article 6(3)(e) ECHR: A Cautious Evolution in the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights?
Authors: Vogiatzis Nikos 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This article explores how the European Court of Human Rights has interpreted the right to interpretation under Article 6(3)(e) ECHR—a topic which, despite its significance for the rule of law and access to justice, has received, to date, very limited scholarly attention. The key finding is that we are witnessing a ‘cautious evolution’: the Court has progressively—yet simultaneously cautiously—developed the standards and guarantees of this right, which is one of the rights of defence under Article 6(3) ECHR and a requirement of the fair trial. The analysis focuses, in particular, on (i) how general interpretative techniques that have been developed by the Strasbourg Court were applied by the Court in its jurisprudence concerning the said provision; (ii) on the interplay between the overall fairness of the trial and Article 6(3)(e) ECHR; and (iii) on Article 6(3)(e) ECHR and the relationship between legal assistance/legal aid and the right to interpretation. In addition, the article identifies possible areas of further development of this right.
Nutritional status determines apparent assimilative capacity and functional response of marine predatory fish
Authors: Andersen Niels Gerner , Neuenfeldt Stefan , Bogstad Bjarte , Andersen Ken Haste , Beyer Jan Erik 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Marine predatory fish face unpredictable prey environments, ranging from abundance to scarcity of food. Dimensioning their assimilative system to accommodate gorging and fasting is therefore a central life history choice. Assimilative capacity experiments typically operate with sustained feeding to satiation, and therefore ignore the fluctuations in natural feeding opportunities. A more relevant description of the adaptive response is the episodic capacity associated with binge feeding (hyperphagia). We develop the theoretical foundation to define episodic and sustained capacity and its allometry. Extensive empirical evidence on marine piscivorous fish at higher latitudes confirms that the episodic capacity scales almost linearly with predator body mass (exponent approximately 0.95), producing an increasing factorial hyperphagic scope (exponent approximately 0.20). Our synthesis overturns the reigning steady state perspective on assimilative capacity. The fish can utilize an episodic capacity, typically twice the size of the sustained capacity, resulting in local dynamics of functional responses with profound implications for scaling-up to ecosystem level.
Attribution of Conduct to a State
Authors: de Stefano Carlo 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This article examines the application of ARSIWA’s provisions on attribution of conduct to a State in international investment law and arbitration. In particular, it critically analyses the rules of attribution of conduct codified in ARSIWA Articles 4 (conduct of organs of a State), 5 (conduct of persons or entities exercising elements of governmental authority), 7 (excess of authority or contravention of instructions) and 8 (conduct directed or controlled by a State). A central message of the present contribution pertains to the methodological demand for an inclusive perspective by adjudicators as to the public international law dimension of investor-State dispute settlement and the direct applicability therein of ARSIWA’s customary rules on attribution.