bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate change in mechanical systems: the snapshot view of parallel dynamical evolutions
Authors: Jánosi Dániel , Károlyi György , Tél Tamás 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe argue that typical mechanical systems subjected to a monotonous parameter drift whose timescale is comparable to that of the internal dynamics can be considered to undergo their own climate change. Because of their chaotic dynamics, there are many permitted states at any instant, and their time dependence can be followed—in analogy with the real climate—by monitoring parallel dynamical evolutions originating from different initial conditions. To this end an ensemble view is needed, enabling one to compute ensemble averages characterizing the instantaneous state of the system. We illustrate this on the examples of (i) driven dissipative and (ii) Hamiltonian systems and of (iii) non-driven dissipative ones. We show that in order to find the most transparent view, attention should be paid to the choice of the initial ensemble. While the choice of this ensemble is arbitrary in the case of driven dissipative systems (i), in the Hamiltonian case (ii) either KAM tori or chaotic seas should be taken, and in the third class (iii) the best choice is the KAM tori of the dissipation-free limit. In all cases, the time evolution of the chosen ensemble on snapshots illustrates nicely the geometrical changes occurring in the phase space, including the strengthening, weakening or disappearance of chaos. Furthermore, we show that a Smale horseshoe (a chaotic saddle) that is changing in time is present in all cases. Its disappearance is a geometrical sign of the vanishing of chaos. The so-called ensemble-averaged pairwise distance is found to provide an easily accessible quantitative measure for the strength of chaos in the ensemble. Its slope can be considered as an instantaneous Lyapunov exponent whose zero value signals the vanishing of chaos. Paradigmatic low-dimensional bistable systems are used as illustrative examples whose driving in (i, ii) is chosen to decay in time in order to maintain an analogy with case (iii) where the total energy decreases all the time.
Feynman diagrams
Authors: Harlander Robert 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe way from the path integral to Feynman diagrams is sketched. The emphasis is put on the decrease of complexity in this process, from infinite-dimensional integrals down to the apparent simplicity of child’s play. On the other hand, also the subsequent increase in complexity when using Feynman diagrams to make realistic physical predictions is described, thus illustrating the dialectic between the simplicity and clarity of Feynman diagrams, and the complexity in their practical applications.
Long-arm functional individuation of computation
Authors: Fresco Nir 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA single physical process may often be described equally well as computing several different mathematical functions—none of which is explanatorily privileged. How, then, should the computational identity of a physical system be determined? Some computational mechanists hold that computation is individuated only by either narrow physical or functional properties. Even if some individuative role is attributed to environmental factors, it is rather limited. The computational semanticist holds that computation is individuated, at least in part, by semantic properties. She claims that the mechanistic account lacks the resources to individuate the computations performed by some systems, thereby leaving interesting cases of computational indeterminacy unaddressed. This article examines some of these views, and claims that more cases of computational indeterminacy can be addressed, if the system-environment interaction plays a greater role in individuating computations. A new, long-arm functional strategy for individuating computation is advanced.
Disagreement and epistemic improvement
Authors: Broncano-Berrocal Fernando , Simion Mona 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis paper proposes a methodological turn for the epistemology of disagreement, away from focusing on highly idealized cases of peer disagreement and towards an increased focus on disagreementsimpliciter. We propose and develop a normative framework for evaluating all cases of disagreement as to whether something is the case independently of their composition—i.e., independently of whether they are between peers or not. The upshot will be a norm of disagreement on which what one should do when faced with a disagreeing party is to improve the epistemic properties of one’s doxastic attitude or, alternatively, hold steadfast.
Older women being active in fitness gyms: benefits or constraints? Results from a qualitative interview study (southern Germany and East Coast of USA)
Authors: Sobiech Gabriele , Leipert Sebastian 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn the course of demographic change, the notion of age(ing) seen as something unavoidable has changed into something more adaptable. Through a healthy lifestyle, which aims at the self-responsible management of physical risks through fitness and discipline, individuals can expand their independence. However, the chances of doing so depend largely on one’s social position. In addition, the shift in health ideology towards the individual and the trend towards active ageing may lead to social pressure for some individuals. This qualitative interview study attempts to shed more light on this field of tension: What are the benefits and constraints of working on the body in the gym? Furthermore, what similarities and differences can be identified in identity constructions in the two samples with regard to the different underlying healthcare systems? The evaluation of the interviews was based on qualitative content analysis and was carried out with technical support (MAXQDA). It appears that for the respondents creating a fit body results primarily in self-empowerment gains. At the same time, submissions to Western body and fitness norms are also evident. Inequalities in health opportunities exist in both countries: While the respondents in the German sample (26 interviews) rely on public health services, the privileged American women (14 interviews) are covered by private insurance. They indicate that claiming government benefits appears as a stigmatisation of one’s own way of life. Consequently, a lack of resources in the form of cultural and economic capital prevents successful age(ing).
Sex work, containment and the new discourse of public health in French colonial Levant
Authors: Graham Pascale N. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis article addresses how French academics, doctors and state bureaucrats formulated sex work as a pathology, an area of inquiry that had to be studied in the interest of public safety. French colonisation in the Levant extended the reach of this ‘expertise’ from the metropole to Lebanon under the guise of public health. Knowledge produced by academics was used to buttress colonial state policy, which demanded that sex workers be contained to protect society against medical contagion. No longer drawing conclusions based on speculation, the medical establishment asserted its authority by harnessing modern advances in science and uniting them with extensive observation. ‘Empirical facts’ replaced ‘opinions’, as doctors forged new approaches to studying and containing venereal disease. They accomplished this through the use of statistics and new methods of diagnosing and treating maladies. Their novel approach was used to treat sex workers and to support commercial sex work policy both at home and abroad. Sex workers became the objects of scientific study and were consequently problematised by the state in medicalised terms.
Geomorphology of the Congaree River Floodplain: Implications for the Inundation Continuum
Authors: Xu Haiqing , Torres Raymond , van der Steeg Shailesh , Viparelli Enrica 
Published: November 2021

AbstractFloodplain inundation has been viewed as a type of binary process set by the relative elevation between river stage and levee crest. However, recent reports in the literature show that this perception may have limited applicability. In particular, through‐bank channels, conduits that cross the main river levees or banks, facilitate conditions for an “inundation continuum,” or inundation for a range of sub‐bankfull flows. Moreover, through‐bank channels and their networks provide a direct hydraulic connection between the main river and the floodplain interior. We analyzed through‐bank channel structure and floodplain topography and compared them to river surface elevation to provide greater insight on floodplain inundation processes. Results show that well‐developed levees with through‐bank channels facilitate frequent through‐bank inundation. Where levees are poorly developed, floodplain inundation occurs by overbank flow. Therefore, for a given discharge through‐bank and overbank inundation may occur simultaneously. For the Congaree River floodplain, we infer that this dichotomy of inundation processes leads to temporally and spatially complex inundation flow paths for a given river stage. Further, our analyses reveal that the inundation continuum concept should be considered in the context of having vertical, longitudinal, lateral, and temporal components.
Mechanistic Modeling of Marsh Seedling Establishment Provides a Positive Outlook for Coastal Wetland Restoration Under Global Climate Change
Authors: Hu Zhan , Borsje Bas W. , van Belzen Jim , Willemsen Pim W. J. M. , Wang Heng , Peng Yisheng , Yuan Lin , De Dominicis Michela , Wolf Judith , Temmerman Stijn , Bouma Tjeerd J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWhile many studies focus on the persistence of coastal wetlands under climate change, similar predictions are lacking for new wetland establishment, despite being critical to restoration. Recent experiments revealed that marsh seedling establishment is driven by a balance between physical disturbance of bed‐level dynamics and seedling root stability. Using machine learning, we quantitatively translate such finding in a new biogeomorphic model to assess marsh establishment extent. This model was validated against multiyear observations of natural seedling‐expansion events at typical sites in the Netherlands and China. Subsequently, synthetic modeling experiments underscored that seedling expansion was primarily determined by controllable local conditions (e.g., sediment supply, local wave height, and tidal flat bathymetry) rather than uncontrollable climate change factors (e.g., change in sea‐level and global wave regime). Thus, science‐based local management measures can facilitate coastal wetland restoration, despite global climate change, shedding hope for managing a variety of coastal ecosystems under similar stresses.
Impacts of Biomass Burning in Peninsular Southeast Asia on PM2.5 Concentration and Ozone Formation in Southern China During Springtime—A Case Study
Authors: Xing Li , Bei Naifang , Guo Jianping , Wang Qiyuan , Liu Suixin , Han Yongming , Pongpiachan Siwatt , Li Guohui 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBiomass burning (BB) affects fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration and ozone (O3) formation by emitting gaseous precursors and primary aerosols. The Impacts of BB in peninsular Southeast Asia (BB‐PSEA) on PM2.5 concentration and O3 formation in southern China are evaluated using a source‐oriented WRF‐Chem model to simulate an air pollution episode from March 21 to March 25, 2015. The source‐oriented model separates the emissions from BB‐PSEA and other sources and can evaluate the effects of aerosol‐radiation interactions (ARIs) and aerosol‐photolysis interactions (APIs) from BB‐PSEA. Comparisons with observations reveal that the model performs well in simulating the air pollution episode. Sensitivity experiments show that BB‐PSEA increases PM2.5 concentrations on the regional average by 39.3 μg m−3 (68.0%) in Yunnan Province (YNP) and 8.4 μg m−3 (24.1%) in other downwind areas (ODAs) in southern China, including the provinces of Guizhou, Guangxi, Hunan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Zhejiang. PM2.5 enhancement is mainly attributed to primary aerosols in YNP and to secondary aerosols in ODA. BB‐PSEA increases O3 concentrations by 18.1 μg m−3 (19.4%) in YNP and decreases O3 concentrations by 3.7 μg m−3 (5.3%) in ODA. The O3 increase in YNP is attributed to the gaseous emissions of BB‐PSEA, and the O3 decrease in ODA is caused by the effects of ARI and API from BB‐PSEA. NH3 emissions from BB‐PSEA play a key role in enhancing secondary inorganic aerosols in southern China and determining increases in PM2.5 concentrations in ODA.
Impact of Stratospheric Aerosol Injection Geoengineering on the Summer Climate Over East Asia
Authors: Liu Zhaochen , Lang Xianmei , Jiang Dabang 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAs a potential approach to counteract global warming, geoengineering has attracted much attention in recent years. We investigate the impacts of stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) geoengineering on summer (June‐August, JJA) temperature and precipitation over East Asia as well as the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) by using model outputs archived in the G4 stratospheric aerosol injection experiments of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP). In the G4 experiment, injected sulfate aerosols cause decreases in top‐of‐atmosphere radiative forcing, surface air temperature, and precipitation, and changes in the EASM and drought/flood pattern in summer over East Asia. The SAI‐induced temperature changes show consistent cooling with strong magnitudes over the East Asian continent, while the precipitation and EASM changes vary among regions and models. SAI leads to anomalous anticyclones in the lower troposphere, mainly due to the strong cooling in the middle‐to‐upper troposphere. The thermodynamic and dynamic mechanisms of SAI‐induced summer precipitation change over East Asia are analyzed through the moisture budget equation. The results show that the spatial pattern of precipitation change is dominated by a dynamic divergent component under SAI forcing, indicating the leading role of atmospheric circulation change. This change is closely associated with anomalous cyclones and anticyclones in the lower troposphere.
On the Role of Serial Correlation and Field Significance in Detecting Changes in Extreme Precipitation Frequency
Authors: Farris Stefano , Deidda Roberto , Viola Francesco , Mascaro Giuseppe 
Published: November 2021

AbstractStatistical trend analyses of observed precipitation (P) time series are key to validate theoretical arguments and climate projections suggesting that extreme P will increase in a warmer climate. Recent work warned about possible misinterpretation of trend tests if the presence of serial correlation and field significance are not considered. Here, we investigate these two aspects focusing on extreme P frequencies derived from 100‐year daily records of 1,087 worldwide gauges of the Global Historical Climatology Network. For this aim, we perform Monte Carlo experiments based on count time series generated with the Poisson integer autoregressive model and characterized by different sample size, level of autocorrelation, and trend magnitude. The main results are as follows. (a) Empirical autocorrelations are consistent with those of uncorrelated and stationary or nonstationary count time series, while empirical trends cannot be explained as the exclusive effect of autocorrelation; incorporating the impact of serial correlation in trend tests on extreme P frequency has then limited impacts on tests' performance. (b) Accounting for field significance improves interpretation of test results by limiting type‐I errors, but it also decreases test power; results of local tests could complement field significance outcomes and help identify weak trend signals where several trends of coherent sign are detected. (c) Based on these findings, evident patterns of statistically significant increasing (decreasing) trends emerge in central and eastern North America, northern Eurasia, and central Australia (southwestern America, southern Europe, and southern Australia). The methodological insights of this work support trend analyses of any hydroclimatic variable.
Data-driven comparison of multiple high-dimensional single-cell expression profiles
Authors: Okada Daigo , Cheng Jian Hao , Zheng Cheng , Yamada Ryo 
Published: November 2021

AbstractComparing multiple single-cell expression datasets such as cytometry and scRNA-seq data between case and control donors provides information to elucidate the mechanisms of disease. We propose a completely data-driven computational biological method for this task. This overcomes the challenges of conventional cellular subset-based comparisons and facilitates further analyses such as machine learning and gene set analysis of single-cell expression datasets.
Comprehensive analyses of RNA-seq and genome-wide data point to enrichment of neuronal cell type subsets in neuropsychiatric disorders
Authors: Olislagers M. , Rademaker K. , Adan R. A. H. , Lin B. D. , Luykx J. J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractNeurological and psychiatric disorders, including substance use disorders, share a range of symptoms, which could be the result of shared genetic background. Many genetic loci have been identified for these disorders using genome-wide association studies, but conclusive evidence about cell types wherein these loci are active is lacking. We aimed to uncover implicated brain cell types in neuropsychiatric traits and to assess consistency in results across RNA datasets and methods. We therefore comprehensively employed cell type enrichment methods by integrating single-cell transcriptomic data from mouse brain regions with an unprecedented dataset of 42 human genome-wide association study results of neuropsychiatric, substance use and behavioral/quantitative brain-related traits (n = 12,544,007 individuals). Single-cell transcriptomic datasets from the Karolinska Institute and 10x Genomics were used. Cell type enrichment was determined using Linkage Disequilibrium Score Regression, Multi-marker Analysis of GenoMic Annotation, and Data-driven Expression Prioritized Integration for Complex Traits. We found the largest degree of consistency across methods for implication of pyramidal cells in schizophrenia and cognitive performance. For other phenotypes, such as bipolar disorder, two methods implicated the same cell types, i.e., medium spiny neurons and pyramidal cells. For autism spectrum disorders and anorexia nervosa, no consistency in implicated cell types was observed across methods. We found no evidence for astrocytes being consistently implicated in neuropsychiatric traits. In conclusion, we provide comprehensive evidence for a subset of neuronal cell types being consistently implicated in several, but not all psychiatric disorders, while non-neuronal cell types seem less implicated.
Mefatinib as first-line treatment of patients with advanced EGFR-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase Ib/II efficacy and biomarker study
Authors: Wang Pingli , Li Yuping , Lv Dongqing , Yang Lingge , Ding Liren , Zhou Jianya , Hong Wei , Chen Youfei , Zhang Dongqing , He Susu , Zhou Jianying , Wang Kai 
Published: November 2021

AbstractEGFR inhibitors have revolutionized the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Mefatinib is a novel, bioavailable, second-generation, irreversible pan-EGFR inhibitor. This phase Ib/II open-label, single-arm, multi-center study investigated the efficacy, safety, biomarker, and resistance mechanisms of mefatinib in the first-line treatment of patients with advanced EGFR-mutant NSCLC. This study included 106 patients with EGFR-mutant stage IIIB-IV NSCLC who received first-line mefatinib at a daily dose of either 60 mg (n = 51) or 80 mg (n = 55). The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary endpoints were overall response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), overall survival (OS), and safety. The cohort achieved an ORR of 84.9% and DCR of 97.2%. The median PFS was 15.4 months and the median OS was 31.6 months. Brain metastasis was detected in 29% of patients (n = 31) at diagnosis and demonstrated an ORR of 87.1%, PFS of 12.8 months, and OS of 25.2 months. Adverse events primarily involved skin and gastrointestinal toxicities, which were well-tolerated and manageable. Analyses of mutation profiles were performed using targeted sequencing of plasma samples at baseline, first follow-up 6 weeks from starting mefatinib therapy (F1), and at progression. Patients with concurrent TP53 mutations had comparable PFS as wild-type TP53 (14.0 vs 15.4 months; p = 0.315). Furthermore, circulating tumor DNA clearance was associated with longer PFS (p = 0.040) and OS (p = 0.002). EGFR T790M was the predominant molecular mechanism of mefatinib resistance (42.1%, 16/38). First-line mefatinib provides durable PFS and an acceptable toxicity profile in patients with advanced EGFR-mutant NSCLC.
An antibody against Siglec-15 promotes bone formation and fracture healing by increasing TRAP+ mononuclear cells and PDGF-BB secretion
Authors: Zhen Gehua , Dan Yang , Wang Ruomei , Dou Ce , Guo Qiaoyue , Zarr Melissa , Liu Linda N. , Chen Lieping , Deng Ruoxian , Li Yusheng , Shao Zengwu , Cao Xu 
Published: November 2021

AbstractOsteoporosis (OP) is a common age-related disease characterized by a deterioration of bone mass and structure that predisposes patients to fragility fractures. Pharmaceutical therapies that promote anabolic bone formation in OP patients and OP-induced fracture are needed. We investigated whether a neutralizing antibody against Siglec-15 can simultaneously inhibit bone resorption and stimulate bone formation. We found that the multinucleation of osteoclasts was inhibited in SIGLEC-15 conditional knockout mice and mice undergoing Siglec-15 neutralizing antibody treatment. The secretion of platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB), the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive (TRAP+) mononuclear cells, and bone formation were significantly increased in the SIGLEC-15 conditional knockout mice and antibody-treated mice. The anabolic effect of the Siglec-15 neutralizing antibody on bone formation was blunted in mice with Pdgfb deleted in TRAP+ cells. These findings showed that the anabolic effect of the Siglec-15 neutralizing antibody was mediated by elevating PDGF-BB production of TRAP+ mononuclear cells. To test the therapeutic potential of the Siglec-15 neutralizing antibody, we injected the antibody in an ovariectomy-induced osteoporotic mouse model, which mimics postmenopausal osteoporosis in women, and in two fracture healing models because fracture is the most serious health consequence of osteoporosis. The Siglec-15 neutralizing antibody effectively reduced bone resorption and stimulated bone formation in estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis. Of note, the Siglec-15 neutralizing antibody promoted intramembranous and endochondral ossification at the damaged area of cortical bone in fracture healing mouse models. Thus, the Siglec-15 neutralizing antibody shows significant translational potential as a novel therapy for OP and bone fracture.