bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of multi‐energy inter‐pixel coincidence counters for photon‐counting detectors at the presence of charge sharing and pulse pileup: A simulation study
Authors: Taguchi Katsuyuki , Iwanczyk Jan S. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPurposeSpectral distortion due to charge sharing (CS) and pulse pileup (PP) in photon‐counting detectors (PCDs) degrades the quality of PCD data. We recently proposed multi‐energy inter‐pixel coincidence counters (MEICC) that provided spectral cross‐talk information related to CS. When PP was absent, the normalized Cramér–Rao lower bounds (nCRLBs) of 225‐µm pixel PCDs with MEICC was comparable to those of 450‐µm pixel PCD without MEICC. The aim of this study was to assess the performance of PCDs with MEICC in the presence of both CS and PP using computer simulations.MethodsAn in‐house Monte Carlo program was modified to incorporate the following four temporal elements: (1) A pulse shape with a pulse duration of 20 ns, (2) delays of up to 10 ns in anode arrival times when photons were incident on pixel boundaries, (3) offsets proportional to a vertical separation between the primary and secondary charge clouds at the rate of ±4 ns per ±100 µm, and (4) a stochastic fluctuation of anode arrival times for all of the charge clouds with a standard deviation of 2 ns. We assessed the performance of five PCDs, (a)–(f), for three spectral tasks, (A)–(C): (a) The conventional PCD, (b) a PCD with MEICC, (c) a PCD with one coincidence counter (1CC), (d) a PCD with a 3 × 3 analog charge summing scheme (ACS), and (e) a PCD with a 3 × 3 digital count summing scheme (DCS); (A) conventional CT imaging with water (i.e., linear attenuation coefficient maps), (B) water–bone material decomposition, and (C) K‐edge imaging with tungsten. The tube current was changed from 1 mA to 1000 mA and the nCRLB was assessed.ResultsThe recorded count rate curves were fitted by the non‐paralyzable detection model with the effective deadtime parameter. The best fit was achieved by 25.8 ns for the conventional PCD, 18.6 ns for MEICC and 1CC, 140.5 ns for ACS, and 209.0 ns for DCS. The nCRLBs were strongly dependent on count rates. MEICC provided the best nCRLBs for all of the imaging tasks over the count rate range investigated except for a few conditions such as K‐edge imaging at 1 mA. PP decreased the merit of MEICC over the conventional PCD in addressing CS. Nonetheless, MEICC consistently provided better nCRLBs than the conventional PCD did. The nCRLBs of MEICC were in the range of 49–58% of those of the conventional PCD for K‐edge imaging, 45–76% for water–bone material decomposition, and 81–88% for the conventional CT imaging (i.e., linear attenuation coefficient maps). ACS provided better nCRLBs than the conventional PCD did only when the effect of PP was minor (e.g., when the counting efficiency of the conventional PCD was higher than 0.95 with the tube current of up to 100 mA).ConclusionBesides a few cases, MEICC provides the best nCRLBs for all of the tasks at all of the count rates. ACS and DCS provide better nCRLBs than the conventional PCD does only when count rates are very low.
Electronic charting of radiation therapy planning and treatment: Report of Task Group 262
Authors: Mechalakos James G. , Dieterich Sonja , Fong de los Santos Luis E. , Fontenla Sandra C. , Hanley Joseph , Harwalkar Vijay A. , Hong Linda X. , Huang Y. Jessica , Kim Grace Gwe‐Ya , Richardson Susan L. , Sutlief Steven G. , Yaddanapudi Sridhar , Merkel Sue , Parry Mark 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWhile most Radiation Oncology clinics have adopted electronic charting in one form or another, no consensus document exists that provides guidelines for safe and effective use of the Radiation Oncology electronic medical records (RO‐EMR). Task Group 262 was formed to provide these guidelines as well as to provide recommendations to vendors for improving electronic charting functionality in future. Guidelines are provided in the following areas: Implementation and training for the RO‐EMR, acceptance testing and quality assurance (QA) of the RO‐EMR, use of the RO‐EMR as an information repository, use of the RO‐EMR as a workflow manager, electronic charting for brachytherapy and nonstandard treatments, and information technology (IT) considerations associated with the RO‐EMR. The report was based on a literature search by the task group, an extensive survey of task group members on their respective RO‐EMR practices, an AAPM membership survey on electronic charting, as well as group consensus.
The Abundance and Distribution of Hatchery and Naturally Produced Chinook Salmon in Columbia River Estuary Nearshore Habitat
Authors: Bottom Daniel L. , Hinton Susan A. , Teel David J. , Curtis Roegner G. , Johnson Lyndal L. , Sandford Benjamin P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Columbia River hatcheries release millions of juvenile Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha to support fisheries and mitigate for historical productivity declines from dam construction and upriver habitat losses. Recent federal biological opinions for Federal Columbia River Power System operations also have mandated restoration of estuarine rearing habitats to mitigate for mortality of naturally produced (NP) salmon at main-stem dams. We compared genetic stock compositions, distributions, abundances, and length frequencies of hatchery-marked and unmarked Chinook Salmon to evaluate the extent of hatchery influence on nearshore estuarine habitat use and the potential for interactions between hatchery-origin (HO) and NP salmon. Cumulative Chinook Salmon releases from all hatcheries in 2010 and 2011 dictated estuarine stock composition, abundance, and life histories during the spring–summer migration peak. Naturally produced salmon from the lower Columbia River populations, including many fry migrants, were most abundant, but larger HO juveniles also frequented nearshore sites, where their total biomass often equaled or exceeded that of NP fish. Large releases of a single stock of origin (Spring Creek Group fall run) in April and May created sharp pulses in the estuary entry timing of fingerling-sized salmon and dominated abundance and stock composition at some sites. Successive releases from scores of hatcheries during spring and early summer ensured a consistent presence of HO salmon near shore, regardless of the habitat-specific residence times of individual fish. Overall, the historical replacement of diverse wild populations with fewer hatchery stocks of a narrow size range and migration timing has intensified nearshore habitat use during the spring–summer migration peak and reduced life history variation of Columbia River Chinook Salmon. Such changes could undermine the fish conservation goals of both hatchery mitigation and estuary restoration programs.
Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of LiRIS 400 mg in women with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome with or without Hunner lesions
Authors: Evans Robert , Kohan Alfred , Moldwin Robert , Radecki Daniel , Geib Till , Peters Kenneth M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimsTwo phase 2 studies were conducted to assess the efficacy and safety of lidocaine‐releasing intravesical system (LiRIS) in patients with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) with (Study 001; NCT02395042) or without, (Study 002; NCT02411110) Hunner lesions (HL).MethodsBoth were multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, and enrolled women aged ≥18 years. In Study 001, patients were randomized 2:1:1 to LiRIS 400 mg/LiRIS 400 mg, placebo/LiRIS 400 mg, or placebo/placebo for a continuous 28 (2 × 14)‐day period. In Study 002, patients were randomized 1:1 to LiRIS 400 mg or placebo for a continuous (single treatment) 14‐day period.ResultsIn total, 59 and 131 patients received treatment in Studies 001 and 002, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the primary endpoint, the change from baseline to Week 4 of follow‐up post‐removal in mean daily average bladder numeric rating scale (NRS) pain score in either study (Study 001: placebo/placebo, −1.6; LiRIS/LiRIS, −2.7, p = 0.142; placebo/LiRIS, −2.5, p = 0.319; Study 002: LiRIS −1.2; placebo, −1.5, p = 0.505). There was no statistically significant difference between groups in daily worst NRS pain score, number of micturitions/day or urgency episodes/day. There was no clear trend for reduction in number of HL for LiRIS vs placebo. The frequency of treatment‐emergent adverse events was similar between treatment groups in both studies; most were mild or moderate intensity.ConclusionThese studies did not demonstrate a treatment effect of LiRIS 400 mg compared with placebo, either in patients with IC/BPS with HL, or in those without HL.
Explicit structural topology optimization using boundary element method‐based moving morphable void approach
Authors: Zhang Weisheng , Jiang Qingqing , Feng Weizhe , Youn Sung‐Kie , Guo Xu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis article presents an explicit topology optimization approach using boundary element method based moving morphable void (MMV). Structural analysis in the conventional MMV approach is performed on a fixed mesh over the entire design domain. However, in the proposed method structural boundaries are described using B‐splines and discretized with boundary elements making explicit representation of the boundaries possible. In this regard, the proposed approach has following merits: a) the use of weak material, which is often adopted to mimic voids can be completely avoided; b) exact and explicit description of voids in MMV allows the capture of tiny structural features in a robust and effective way; c) numerical instabilities stemming from the use of fixed meshes can be naturally avoided. Several numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Combining dynamic XFEM with machine learning for detection of multiple flaws
Authors: Jiang Shouyan , Zhao Linxin , Du Chengbin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA novel methodology for multiple flaw detection is presented in this study. It combines the dynamic extended finite element method (XFEM) with machine learning for the first time. The extreme learning machine (ELM) is chosen as a learning rule for modeling and prediction. The XFEM is employed to overcome the issues associated with the large quantity of input data required for ELM network training, whereas the ELM itself is used to bypass the time‐consuming repeated analyses ordinarily required for the detection of multiple flaws. A large amount of potential flaw data for a structure is quasi‐randomly generated by a Sobol sequence. For each effective flaw datum, the dynamic XFEM with circular/elliptical void enrichment is used to compute the structural dynamic characteristics (i.e., frequencies and displacement mode shapes), which is possible because re‐meshing is not required for each flaw. The available data generated from the results of XFEM analyses are used for ELM network training. According to the measured dynamic characteristics, the trained ELM is then utilized to predict the size and location of flaws. The results show that the proposed novel methodology can identify accurately the location and size of circular or elliptical structural flaws. The method also is more efficient than previously proposed approaches, as it can avoid time‐consuming iterative analyses, and it is robust against noise.
SARS‐CoV‐2 in children with cancer in Brazil: Results of a multicenter national registry
Authors: Corso Mariana Cristina M. , Soares Victor J. , Amorim Anna Maria P. , Cipolotti Rosana , Magalhães Isis Maria Q. , Lins Mecneide M. , Forsait Silvana , Silva Luciana N. , de Sousa Ana Virginia L. , Alves Nádia G. , do Prado Seila I. , Silva Klerize Anecely S. , Carbone Edna K. , Brumatti Melina , Santiago Pablo , Pereira Kaline Maria M.O. , Carlesse Fabianne A.M.C. , Aguiar Marina G. , Marques Rebeca F. , Rechenmacher Ciliana , Daudt Liane E. , Michalowski Mariana B. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundStrategies to mitigate the impact of COVID‐19 in special populations are complex and challenging. Few studies have addressed the impact of COVID‐19 on pediatric patients with cancer in low‐ and middle‐income countries.MethodsMulticenter observational cohort study with prospective records and retrospective analyses starting in April 2020 in 21 pediatric oncology centers distributed throughout Brazil. Participants: Patients under 18 years of age who are infected by the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus (confirmed diagnosis through reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction [RT‐PCR]) while under treatment at pediatric oncology centers. The variables of interest included clinical symptoms, diagnostic and therapeutic measures. The repercussions of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection on cancer treatment and general prognosis were monitored.ResultsOne hundred seventy‐nine patients were included (median age 6 [4–13] years, 58% male). Of these, 55.9% had acute leukemia and 34.1% had solid tumors. The presence of SARS‐CoV‐2 was diagnosed by RT‐PCR. Various laboratory markers were analyzed, but showed no correlation with outcome. Children with low or high BMI for age had lower overall survival (71.4% and 82.6%, respectively) than those with age‐appropriate BMI (92.7%) (p = .007). The severity of presentation at diagnosis was significantly associated with outcome (p < .001). Overall mortality in the presence of infection was 12.3% (n = 22).ConclusionIn children with cancer and COVID‐19, lower BMI was associated with worse prognosis. The mortality in this group of patients (12.3%) was significantly higher than that described in the pediatric population overall (∼1%).
Natural history of an immediately detectable PSA following radical prostatectomy in a contemporary cohort
Authors: Lonergan Peter E. , Cowan Janet E. , Washington Samuel L. , Greenberg Scott A. , Nguyen Hao G. , Carroll Peter R. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundA detectable prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) following radical prostatectomy (RP) is an unfavorable prognostic factor. However, not all men with a detectable PSA experience recurrence. We describe the natural history and outcomes in men with a detectable PSA following RP in a contemporary cohort.MethodsA retrospective analysis of men who underwent RP for non‐metastatic prostate cancer at the University of California, San Francisco from 2000 to 2020 was performed. A detectable PSA was defined as PSA ≥ 0.03 ng/ml within 6 months of RP. Cox regression models tested the effect of detectable PSA on the development of metastasis, prostate cancer‐specific mortality, and overall survival.ResultsWe identified 2941 men who had RP with 408 (13.9%) with a detectable PSA within the first 6 months. The median follow‐up was 4.42 years (interquartile range [IQR], 2.58–8.00). In total, 296 (72.5%) men with a detectable PSA had salvage treatment at a median of 6 months (IQR, 4–11). One hundred sixteen of these men had PSA failure after salvage treatment at a median of 2.0 years (IQR, 0.7–3.8). On multivariable Cox regression, the risk of development of metastasis (hazard ratio [HR], 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–1.09; p = .01), prostate cancer‐specific mortality (HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.05–1.21; p = .0005), and overall mortality (HR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.03–1.12; p = .002) was associated with PSA velocity after salvage treatment in men with a detectable PSA.ConclusionsMen with a detectable PSA after RP may have excellent long‐term outcomes. PSA velocity after salvage treatment may be an important predictor for the development of metastasis, prostate cancer‐specific mortality, and overall mortality.
Evaluation of model refinement in CASP14
Authors: Simpkin Adam J. , Sánchez Rodríguez Filomeno , Mesdaghi Shahram , Kryshtafovych Andriy , Rigden Daniel J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe report here an assessment of the model refinement category of the 14th round of Critical Assessment of Structure Prediction (CASP14). As before, predictors submitted up to five ranked refinements, along with associated residue‐level error estimates, for targets that had a wide range of starting quality. The ability of groups to accurately rank their submissions and to predict coordinate error varied widely. Overall, only four groups out‐performed a “naïve predictor” corresponding to the resubmission of the starting model. Among the top groups, there are interesting differences of approach and in the spread of improvements seen: some methods are more conservative, others more adventurous. Some targets were “double‐barreled” for which predictors were offered a high‐quality AlphaFold 2 (AF2)‐derived prediction alongside another of lower quality. The AF2‐derived models were largely unimprovable, many of their apparent errors being found to reside at domain and, especially, crystal lattice contacts. Refinement is shown to have a mixed impact overall on structure‐based function annotation methods to predict nucleic acid binding, spot catalytic sites, and dock protein structures.
My lessons for process safety leadership
Authors: Kerin Trish 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLeadership is a vital component in achieving a good safety outcome, whether it be personal or process safety related. What does good leadership in process safety look like? Showing the vision and taking people on the journey is key but taking people along with you on the journey requires effective communication. An effective way of communicating lessons is via the art of storytelling; after all, this is how we teach children life lessons. In process safety, it also requires a consistent and deliberate focus on the functional aspects of process safety: knowledge and competence, engineering and design, systems and procedures, assurance, human factors and culture. Demonstration of positive leadership in these areas provides people in an organization with an established path to follow, resulting in their own performance reflecting that of the leader. In this article, I will share my lessons for process safety leadership by using the art of storytelling, in the words of Theodor Geisel, better known as Dr Seuss.
New implementation of spin‐orbit coupling calculation on multi‐configuration electron correlation theory
Authors: Zhou Qianlong , Suo Bingbing 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFor treating both relativistic effect and electron correlation, the spin‐free exact two‐component and spin‐dependent first‐order Douglas–Kroll–Hess Hamiltonian and the state‐interaction (SI) method are combined to calculate the spin‐orbit coupling (SOC) on multi‐configuration electron correlation theory. In this method, SOC is evaluated via SI over electronic states from the complete active space self‐consistent field calculation, and dynamic correlation can be reckoned with the high‐level multi‐reference electron correlation theory. Work equations to calculate SOC matrix elements over Gelfand states in the framework of the graphic unitary group approach are presented. Benchmark calculations have verified the validity of the implementation. As a pilot application, the internally contracted multi‐reference configuration interaction with the inclusion of SOC via the SI approach produces reasonable equilibrium bond length and harmonic vibrational frequency of the ground state of AuO, as well as the transition energy of .
Factors in randomly perturbed hypergraphs
Authors: Chang Yulin , Han Jie , Kohayakawa Yoshiharu , Morris Patrick , Mota Guilherme Oliveira 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe determine, up to a multiplicative constant, the optimal number of random edges that need to be added to a k‐graph H with minimum vertex degree to ensure an F‐factor with high probability, for any F that belongs to a certain class of k‐graphs, which includes, for example, all k‐partite k‐graphs, and the Fano plane. In particular, taking F to be a single edge, this settles a problem of Krivelevich, Kwan, and Sudakov. We also address the case in which the host graph H is not dense, indicating that starting from certain such H is essentially the same as starting from an empty graph (namely, the purely random model).
Advances in Understanding the Electrocatalytic Reconstruction Chemistry of Coordination Compounds
Authors: Liu Xiong , Guo Ruiting , Huang Wenzhong , Zhu Jiexin , Wen Bo , Mai Liqiang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCoordination compounds including mainstream metal‐organic frameworks and Prussian blue analogues receive extensive researches when they directly serve as electrocatalysts. Their reconstruction phenomena, that are closely associated with actual contributions and intrinsic catalytic mechanisms, are expected to be well summarized. Here, the recent advances in understanding reconstruction chemistry of coordination compounds are reviewed, including their main classifications and structural properties, reconstruction phenomena in electrocatalysis (e.g., oxygen/hydrogen evolution reaction, CO2 reduction), influence factors of reconstruction parameters (e.g., reconstruction rate and reconstruction degree), and reconstruction‐performance correlation. It is outlined that the reconstruction processes are influenced by electronic structure of coordination compounds, pH and temperature of testing solution, and applied potentials. The characterization techniques reflecting the evolution information before and after catalysis are also introduced for reconstruction‐related mechanistic study. Finally, some challenges and outlooks on reconstruction investigations of coordination compounds are proposed, and the necessity of studying and understanding of these themes under actual working conditions of devices is highlighted.
Toward Unusual‐High Hole Mobility of p‐Channel Field‐Effect‐Transistors
Authors: Sun Jiamin , Zhuang Xinming , Fan Yibo , Guo Shuai , Cheng Zichao , Liu Dong , Yin Yanxue , Tian Yufeng , Pang Zhiyong , Wei Zhipeng , Song Xiufeng , Liao Lei , Chen Feng , Ho Johnny C. , Yang Zai‐xing 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe relative low hole mobility of p‐channel building block device challenges the continued miniaturization of modern electronic chips. Metal‐semiconductor junction is always an efficient strategy to control the carrier concentration of channel semiconductor, benefiting the carrier mobility regulation of building block device. In this work, complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)‐compatible metals are selected to deposit on the surface of the important p‐channel building block of GaSb nanowire field‐effect‐transistors (NWFETs), demonstrating the efficient strategy of hole mobility enhancement by metal‐semiconductor junction. When deposited with lower work function metal of Al, the peak hole mobility of GaSb NWFET can be enhanced to as high as ≈3372 cm2 V−1 s−1, showing three times than the un‐deposited one. The as‐studied metal‐semiconductor junction is also efficient for the hole mobility enhancement of other p‐channel devices, such as GaAs NWFET, GaAs film FET, and WSe2 FET. With the enhanced mobility, the as‐constructed CMOS inverter shows good invert characteristics, showing a relatively high gain of ≈18.1. All results may be regarded as important advances to the next‐generation electronics.