bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The jasmonic acid‐amino acid conjugates JA‐Val and JA‐Leu are involved in rice resistance to herbivores
Authors: Fu Wenjie , Jin Gaochen , Jiménez‐Alemán Guillermo H. , Wang Xinjue , Song Jiajin , Li Suhua , Lou Yonggen , Li Ran 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA) plays a core role in plant defence against herbivores. When attacked by herbivores, JA and its bioactive derivatives are accumulated at the damage site, and subsequently perceived by the jasmonate co‐receptors COI1 and JAZ proteins. The (+)‐7‐iso‐jasmonoyl‐L‐isoleucine (JA‐Ile) is known to be the main active JA derivative controlling vascular plant responses to herbivores as well as other JA‐regulated processes. However, whether other endogenous JA‐amino acid conjugates (JA‐AAs) are involved in herbivore‐induced defence responses remain unknown. Here, we investigated the role of herbivore‐elicited JA‐AAs in the crop plant rice. The levels of five JA‐AAs were significantly increased under the armyworm, leaf folder and brown planthopper attack. Of the elicited JA derivatives, JA‐Ile, JA‐Val and JA‐Leu could serve as ligands to promote the interaction between rice COI1 and JAZs, inducing OsJAZ4 degradation in vivo. JA‐Val or JA‐Leu treatment increased the expression of JA‐ and defence‐related pathway genes but not JA‐Ile levels, suggesting that these JA‐AAs may directly function in JA signalling. Furthermore, the application of JA‐Val or JA‐Leu resulted in JA‐mediated plant growth inhibition, while enhancing plant resistance to herbivore attack. This study uncovers that JA‐Val and JA‐Leu also play a role in rice defence against herbivores.
Control of crop diseases through Integrated Crop Management to deliver climate‐smart farming systems for low‐ and high‐input crop production
Authors: Richard Benjamin , Qi Aiming , Fitt Bruce D. L. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCrop diseases affect crop yield and quality and cause significant losses of total food production worldwide. With the ever‐increasing world population and decreasing land and water resources, there is a need not only to produce more food but also to reduce agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to mitigate climate change and avoid land use change and biodiversity loss. Thus, alternative climate‐smart farming systems need to adapt to produce more food per hectare in a more sustainable way than conventional high‐input farming systems. In addition to breeding new high‐yielding cultivars adapted to future climates, there is a need to deploy Integrated Crop Management (ICM) strategies, relying less on synthetic inputs for fertilization and crop protection and less on fossil fuel‐powered machinery to decrease yield losses due to pest and pathogens and guarantee food security. In this review, we compare some low‐input farming systems to conventional agricultural systems with a focus on ICM solutions being developed to reduce synthetic inputs; these include crop genetic resistance to pathogens, intercropping, canopy architecture manipulation, and crop rotation. These techniques have potential to decrease crop disease frequency and severity by decreasing amounts and dispersal of pathogen inoculum and by producing microclimates that are less favourable for pathogen development, while decreasing GHG emissions and improving environmental sustainability. More research is needed to determine the best deployment of these ICM strategies in various cropping systems to maximize yield, crop protection, and other ecosystem services to address trade‐offs between climate change and food security.
Does the road to land degradation neutrality in India is paved with restoration science?
Authors: Singh Kripal , Tewari Shri Krishna 
Published: October 2021

The land in India is under severe threat of degradation. According to the 2016 Atlas of Land Degradation and Desertification, 29.3% of the total geographical area of India has been degraded or converted to deserts. To maximize ecological and economical benefits through the restoration of degraded ecosystems, India became a party to Bonn Challenge and United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021–2030 and has pledged to restore 26 million hectares of degraded land by 2030 during conference of parties 14 of United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification at Delhi. In Paris Agreement 2015, India has also pledged to increase forest tree cover through reforestation and afforestation initiatives, bringing degraded ecosystems under restoration, and sequester additional 2.5–3 billion tonnes of CO2 by 2030. These positive commitments are encouraging, but developing effective strategies for implementation of ecological restoration on the ground we need to understand (1) distribution of differently degraded ecosystems; (2) the status of scientific thoughtfulness and practices of restoration; and (3) review of empirical studies those can scientifically guide to pave the road to land degradation neutrality in India. Therefore, this study briefs about the distribution of degraded ecosystems, development of the science of restoration ecology, and its understanding and provide a synthesis of appropriate case studies on different degraded ecosystems, including forests, mined areas, and degraded and/or abandoned lands.
Global Initiative for Asthma Strategy 2021
Authors: Reddel Helen K. , Bacharier Leonard B. , Bateman Eric D. , Brightling Christopher E. , Brusselle Guy G. , Buhl Roland , Cruz Alvaro A. , Duijts Liesbeth , Drazen Jeffrey M. , FitzGerald J. Mark , Fleming Louise J. , Inoue Hiromasa , Ko Fanny W. , Krishnan Jerry A. , Levy Mark L. , Lin Jiangtao , Mortimer Kevin , Pitrez Paulo M. , Sheikh Aziz , Yorgancioglu Arzu A. , Boulet Louis‐Philippe 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) Strategy Report provides clinicians with an annually updated evidence‐based strategy for asthma management and prevention, which can be adapted for local circumstances (e.g., medication availability). This article summarizes key recommendations from GINA 2021, and the evidence underpinning recent changes.GINA recommends that asthma in adults and adolescents should not be treated solely with short‐acting β2‐agonist (SABA), because of the risks of SABA‐only treatment and SABA overuse, and evidence for benefit of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). Large trials show that as‐needed combination ICS–formoterol reduces severe exacerbations by ≥60% in mild asthma compared with SABA alone, with similar exacerbation, symptom, lung function, and inflammatory outcomes as daily ICS plus as‐needed SABA.Key changes in GINA 2021 include division of the treatment figure for adults and adolescents into two tracks. Track 1 (preferred) has low‐dose ICS–formoterol as the reliever at all steps: as needed only in Steps 1–2 (mild asthma), and with daily maintenance ICS–formoterol (maintenance‐and‐reliever therapy, “MART”) in Steps 3–5. Track 2 (alternative) has as‐needed SABA across all steps, plus regular ICS (Step 2) or ICS–long‐acting β2‐agonist (Steps 3–5). For adults with moderate‐to‐severe asthma, GINA makes additional recommendations in Step 5 for add‐on long‐acting muscarinic antagonists and azithromycin, with add‐on biologic therapies for severe asthma. For children 6–11 years, new treatment options are added at Steps 3–4.Across all age groups and levels of severity, regular personalized assessment, treatment of modifiable risk factors, self‐management education, skills training, appropriate medication adjustment, and review remain essential to optimize asthma outcomes.
Managing patients with developmental co‐ordination disorder in dentistry: Developing an online resource for dental professionals by a review of the literature
Authors: Nash Julie , Woolley Stephen 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAim: To produce an online resource for dental professionals, advising them on ways to manage patients with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD).Method and Results: Literature search into the management of patients with DCD, and how to produce a high‐quality leaflet using specific keywords. Using online databases, such as PubMed, the Cochrane Database and an internet search engine, an online resource in printable leaflet form was produced following a pilot readability assessment and review by those who work with individuals with DCD and a Special Care Dentistry special interest group. From the assessment tools used, the resource scored well in terms of readability and comprehension. The resource also received positive and constructive feedback from colleagues and those who work with individuals with DCD.Conclusion: An online resource was produced for dental professionals, although further evaluation is required on whether it will be useful to the profession. The literature review suggests the need for more research to be carried out on the association between DCD and oral health, and how dental professionals can manage those with DCD within a general dental practice.
Enhancing the inpatient ward learning environment: A practical guide
Authors: Carter Adam Nicholas , Gifford Albert , Lyons Amy Victoria , Milton Joseph Sebastian , Streeter Hamish , Carter Matthew 
Published: October 2021

AbstractInpatient ward placements are rich with practical learning opportunities for medical students; however, many such opportunities go overlooked and underused. Newly qualified doctors often feel underprepared for work on wards; improving student experience on ward placements can address this. Although this requires an active effort from both students and clinical educators, it is not arduous and has mutual benefit: improving medical education while simultaneously reducing staff workload. Here, we present a guide for both teachers and students highlighting three key areas of ward learning that may be improved: strategies to drive active learning, integration of students into the ward team and underutilised resources to develop a patient‐centred approach.
Pre‐dam valley reconstruction based on archival spatial data sources: Methods, accuracy, and 3D printing possibilities
Authors: Pacina Jan , Cajthaml Jiří , Kratochvílová Darina , Popelka Jan , Dvořák Vojtěch , Janata Tomáš 
Published: October 2021

AbstractArchival spatial data sources (maps and aerial photographs) allow reconstruction and 3D visualization of landscapes that have been altered by human activity. This article is dedicated to the reconstruction of the 300 km‐long pre‐dam valley of the Vltava River (Czech Republic, Europe) inundated by nine reservoirs built between 1930 and 1992. We used methods based on archival aerial photographs and old maps to reconstruct pre‐dam georelief, which is exceptional because the total area subject to the reconstruction is 1,670 km2. We found that old maps are preferred for terrain reconstruction. The map series “State Map Derived 1:5,000” released between 1950 and 1959 was chosen as the most suitable data source for the pre‐dam valley reconstruction because this map series covers the entire area of interest with elevation information. Based on the processed maps, more than 26,000 km of contour lines were derived by semi‐automatic vectorization. The resulting pre‐dam digital elevation model (DEM) was created using a combination of interpolation techniques. We demonstrated that the methods used for georelief reconstruction under standard conditions should be used carefully while working with such large areas. Geostatistical analysis was performed to verify the accuracy of the resulting DEM. The differences between the model and LiDAR surveyed data were analyzed from three points of view: spatial autocorrelation, normality, and elevation stability. We tested several 3D printing methods for producing a realistic 3D model with a texture applied. The computer numerical control (CNC) milling method was chosen to produce 3D models of the three reservoirs at scales of 1:8,000 and 1:6,000.
Innovating but still poor: The challenges of regional development in regions with mature industries
Authors: Marques Pedro , Barberá‐Tomás David 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe persistence of patterns of decline or stagnation in developed countries has led to a renewed interest in the study of less developed regions. This renewed interest is informed by a variety of approaches, which range from studies on the unequal distribution of economic power and resources to analysis of regional endowments, such as human capital or quality of institutions. However, a persistent misconception in some of this literature is that the primary factor explaining levels of development is innovation happening within firms. In particular, this narrative fails to consider the role of national and international agents and processes, the impact of value chain management on value appropriation, and the challenges to diversification within peripheral regions. This paper will contribute to this debate by developing these matters theoretically and by drawing on an analysis of three wine regions in Portugal.
The signature of the disaster: Witness‐ness in death camp and tsunami survivor testimony
Authors: Carter‐White Richard , Doel Marcus A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe prominence of witness testimony in a range of contemporary political events is reflected in interdisciplinary efforts to theorise the act and genre of witnessing. Notably, this literature has framed the occurrence of errors, contradictions, and other instances of "problematic" speech in testimony as attesting to the traumatic quality of disastrous events. In this paper we extend this line of reasoning by recasting the fundamental quality or "witness‐ness" of disaster survivor testimony outside a logic of representational correspondence. Instead, drawing on the philosophy of Maurice Blanchot, we suggest that the disorienting features of testimony can be interpreted as the disruptive influence or inscription of the disaster itself on the recollections of survivors; a certain "writing of the disaster." Furthermore, we suggest that different disasters disrupt the testimonies of its survivors in unique ways, thus imprinting a signature that betrays the material and psychological character of the event. The "witness‐ness" of survivor testimony is therefore argued to dwell not in its representational accuracy, but in the distinctive, signature ways that it disorients the search for a coherent accounting of the disaster. We explore this proposition first in relation to Nazi death camp survivor testimony, before exploring this approach in the very different testimonial context of the 2011 tsunami in Tohoku, Japan. In the wake of these readings, we argue that the concept of the signature has potential not only for broadening the repertoire of testimonies admissible in the study of disaster, but also for investigating the societal impacts and "countersignatures" of disasters more generally.
Nature-based interventions for bereavement care: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Cleary Anne , Dean Julie , Pollock Danielle , McDaid Lisa , Boyle Fran 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective:
The objective of this scoping review is to understand the types of nature-based interventions currently used in bereavement care and to map the theories of change explaining how such interventions may support bereavement care.

Introduction:
Bereavement can be associated with adverse psychosocial health outcomes. Nature-based interventions have been shown to have positive health and well-being outcomes, and offer diverse and flexible design and delivery options. However, this is an emerging field, and there is a need to explore the literature on the different types of nature-based interventions used in bereavement care and to identify the underpinning theories of change.

Inclusion criteria:
This review will include studies or reviews of participants who have experienced bereavement following the death of a loved one, and who have taken part in a nature-based intervention (eg, animal-assisted therapy, care farming, therapeutic horticulture, community gardens). Considering all nature contexts and geographic locations, this review will include studies that explore the role of nature-based interventions in bereavement care.

Methods:
Searches will be conducted in eight databases: Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Social Science Database (ProQuest), PTSDpubs (ProQuest), and Research Library: Health and Medicine (ProQuest). Manual searches of reference lists of included full-text articles and keyword searches of prominent journals will be conducted. Data on the type of nature-based intervention, target sample, health outcomes, measures and methods used, and theory of change will be extracted from selected articles. The data extraction results will be presented in tabular format along with a narrative summary.
Mechanical Testing of Additively Manufactured Superalloy Lugs
Authors: Roychowdhury Sushovan , Karlsson Henrik , Henriksson Björn , Carlson Pher-Ola 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Additively manufactured parts, in spite of their many advantages, face substantial challenges on the path toward certification. This challenge is more pronounced in the quality-demanding aviation industry, where the safety considerations are paramount. A major reason for this challenge is the lack of history associated with additively built parts compared to the traditional cast and wrought components. In assessing the structural integrity of cast and wrought components, material properties obtained from laboratory coupon tests are routinely applied for design calculations of large components. However, for additive manufacturing (AM) parts, questions remain over transferability of properties over multiple length scales due to possible variations in material chemistry, microstructure, and defect. In this work, this issue is investigated by conducting mechanical tests on small simplified lugs of nickel-based superalloy Haynes 282. The lugs are produced by the laser powder bed fusion process. After appropriate heat treatment and machining operations, the lugs are subjected to strength, low cycle fatigue, and crack propagation tests. Multiple tests are carried out in order to assess repeatability. Design calculations are performed to assess whether the test results can be predicted with standard methods. The results in this work generate confidence in predictable, repeatable behavior of the AM built lugs. Continuation of this approach over larger length scales has the potential to build enough confidence so that additively manufactured parts can be used in load-bearing structural elements of the aircraft engine.
Alternative Absorber Materials for Control Rods in ALFRED
Authors: Guo Hui , Jin Xin , Feng Kuaiyuan , Gu Hanyang 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The next-generation reactors require improved safety performance and longer cycle length, which initiate the research on alternative absorber materials. In this context, potential absorber materials including borides (B4C, HfB2, and ZrB2), rare earth oxides (Eu2O3, Gd2O3, Sm2O3, and Dy2TiO5), metals/alloys (Hf and AIC), and metal hydride (HfHx) were compared in a large sodium fast reactor. The design of control rods for Generation-IV fast reactors strongly depends on the core characteristics. In this paper, some alternative absorbers are assessed in a lead fast reactor ALFRED using depletion capability in the Monte-Carlo particle transport code OpenMC. Results show that the ALFRED reference control rod design with B4C largely satisfies the shutdown and operation requirements. 60% 10B enriched HfB2 and HfH1.18 can replace the operation part of the reference design. In the future, the safe operating life of B4C and HfB2 should be assessed taking into account the irradiation-induced swelling, temperature margin, and gas release. HfH1.18 has a limited and local influence on the core power distribution. Eu2O3 has little loss on the absorption ability after 5 cycle irradiation. This oxide absorber satisfies the shutdown function even with only half control rod insertion, while its critical insertion depth at beginning of the cycle should be increased to realize reactivity compensation function.
Research on Setting Alarm Thresholds of Gaseous Effluent Radiation Monitoring From Nuclear Power Plants in China
Authors: He Wei , Jiang Jing , Xu Chen , Lei Qiang , Xu Chunyan , Liu Xinhua , Wang Yu , Xie Feng 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
During the past 30 years, several types of nuclear power plants have gained importance in China; these primarily include CPR1000, Russian advanced pressurized water reactor (WWER), passive advanced pressurized water reactor (AP1000) and European advanced pressurized water reactor (EPR). The treatment technologies for the radioactive solid, liquid, and gaseous wastes adopted by various types of nuclear power plants are different; consequently, emission control requirements and specifications for gaseous and liquid effluents also vary accordingly. Especially, the alarm thresholds of gaseous effluent radiation monitoring from nuclear power plants are highly concerned by the regulatory agencies since they determine the upper limit of the emission amount of gaseous radioactivity under normal operation and provide the alarm timely in case of accidents. In this paper, the setting method and basis of the radiation monitoring alarm thresholds for gaseous effluents from various nuclear power plants in China are examined, and the calculation method for the alarm thresholds is compared and analyzed. The unified setting principles and methods for pressurized water reactors (PWRs) are proposed, which can serve as a reference for setting and reviewing the radiation monitoring alarm thresholds of the gaseous effluents from the new nuclear power plants in China, and supply technical support for the improvement of the related regulations and standards for the nuclear power plants in future.
Sensitivity Study on TRISO Fuel Failure Probability Evaluation for HTGR
Authors: Li Jian , She Ding , Shi Lei 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The tri-structural isotropic (TRISO) fuel particles are utilized by High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR), which is important for the safety of HTGR. Recently, a new TRISO fuel performance code called FART is developed by the Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology (INET). FRAT employs more delicate models involving gas pressure buildup, mechanical stress analysis and the temperature and burnup effects. Furthermore, mechanical stress and failure probability are influenced by complex factors, such as geometric parameters, material properties and irradiation parameters. In addition, material properties and irradiation parameters are affected by temperature, fast neutron fluence, burnup, anisotropic factor and other parameters. In this paper, a comprehensive sensitivity study on influences of particle stress and failure probability from geometric, material and irradiation parameters of particle coating layers was performed. Results show that the calculated TRISO fuel failure probability is greatly affected by the input parameters. This work lays a ground for uncertainty quantification of FRAT code.
A Graph-Based Scene Understanding Approach for Ensuring Proper Use of Personal Protective Equipment at the Decommissioning Site of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station
Authors: Chen Shi , Demachi Kazuyuki 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Decommissioning of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power station (NPS) is an unprecedented effort in which the entire plant was contaminated with radioactive materials from the accident and radiation dose levels were not low. The decommissioning workers in these sites are indicated to wear personal protective equipment (PPE) properly for radiation protection. In response to the difficulties of on-site PPE management in decommissioning site of Fukushima Daiichi NPS, this paper presents a graph-based scene understanding approach that automatically identifies whether workers at a decommissioning site are using PPE properly. The experimental results demonstrate that the high precision and high recall of the model can effectively detect decommissioning workers’ failure use of PPE and can facilitate improved safety inspection and supervision.