bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perception and Attitudes of Medical Students Regarding Postoperative Pain Management
Authors: Johora Fatema , Abbasy Asma Akter , Jeenia Fatiha Tasmin , Sojib Ferdaush Ahmed , Aktar Mohsena , Moitra Priyanka , Ferdoush Jannatul , Momen Afroza , Ali Mohammad 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundPostoperative pain remains a challenging problem, which requires a dynamic approach using a variety of treatment modalities to obtain an optimal outcome with respect to enhancing patient comfort and facilitating the recovery process. Multimodal analgesia signifies an increasingly popular approach to prevent postoperative pain. The approach includes administering a combination of opioid and nonopioid analgesics that act at different sites within the central and peripheral nervous systems in an effort to improve pain control while eliminating opioid-related adverse effects.Materials and MethodsTo understand the perception and attitude of 4th year medical students, a structured questionnaire survey was done among six different medical colleges including government (Armed Forces Medical College, Cumilla Medical College and Colonel Malek Medical College, Manikganj) and non-government medical colleges (Army Medical College Bogura, Brahmanbaria Medical College and Chattogram International Medical College) of Bangladesh in October 2019. Total 340 students participated in the study.ResultAmong the 340 students, almost 336 (98.2%) students were agreed that postoperative pain management is an essential element of patient care. Only 4 (1.18%) respondents disagreed. On the other hand, regarding its influence on early recovery and reduction of hospital staying, 311 (91.47%) respondents agreed and 29 (8.53%) respondents were found as disagreed. Regarding the issue of opioid commonly induced respiratory depression, 257 (75.59%) respondents thought it is a common adverse event and 81 (23.82%) respondents disagreed. 206 (60.59%) respondents didn’t agree that opioid always produce addiction or tolerance and 134 (39.71%) respondents disagreed with the same issue. 294 (86) respondents agreed that multimodal analgesia increases patient’s cost and 46 (14%) disagreed. 249 (74%) students agreed that regional techniques are useful for postoperative pain management and 89 (26%) respondents disagreed.ConclusionAdequate post-operative pain management knowledge is necessary to reduce post-operative complications.
Temporal Dynamics of Neural Processing of Facial Expressions and Emotions
Authors: Nara Sanjeev , Rathee Dheeraj , Molinaro Nicola , Bois Naomi Du , Bhushan Braj , Prasad Girijesh 
Published: May 2021

AbstractEmotion processing has been a focus of research in psychology and neuroscience for some decades. While the evoked neural markers in human brain activations in response to different emotions have been reported, the temporal dynamics of emotion processing has received less attention. Differences in processing speeds, that depend on emotion type, have not been determined. Furthermore, behavioral studies have found that the right side of the human face expresses emotions more accurately than the left side. Therefore, accounting for both the content of the emotion and the visual angle of presentation from the perspective of the viewer, here we have investigated variability in the discrimination of happy and sad faces when the visual angle of presentation was Positive (right side of the face) compared to Negative (left side of the face). Furthermore, the temporal dynamics involved in processing happy and sad emotions have been compared. Regardless of visual angle, happy emotions were processed faster than sad emotions. However, the evoked response to sad emotions significantly increased in amplitude compared to that for happy emotions, when faces were presented at Positive visual angles only. Source reconstruction from sensor-level ERFs show localized activities in ventral and dorsal stream, including fusiform gyrus, lingual gyrus, putamen and Pre and Post central gyrus. Multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) confirmed these findings – demonstrating successful decoding of happy and sad emotions only occurred when the facial expression was viewed from a positive visual angle, and that happy emotions were processed faster than sad emotions.
Dynein light chain-dependent dimerization of Egalitarian is essential for maintaining oocyte fate in Drosophila
Authors: Neiswender Hannah , Goldman Chandler H. , Veeranan-Karmegam Rajalakshmi , Gonsalvez Graydon B. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTEgalitarian (Egl) is an RNA adaptor for the Dynein motor and is thought to link numerous, perhaps hundreds, of mRNAs with Dynein. Dynein, in turn, is responsible for the transport and localization of these mRNAs. Studies have shown that efficient mRNA binding by Egl requires the protein to dimerize. We recently demonstrated that Dynein light chain (Dlc) is responsible for facilitating the dimerization of Egl. Mutations in Egl that fail to interact with Dlc do not dimerize, and as such, are defective for mRNA binding. Consequently, this mutant does not efficiently associate with BicaudalD (BicD), the factor responsible for linking the Egl/mRNA complex with Dynein. In this report, we tested whether artificially dimerizing this Dlc-binding mutant using a leucine zipper would restore mRNA binding and rescue mutant phenotypes in vivo. Interestingly, we found that although artificial dimerization of Egl restored BicD binding, it only partially restored mRNA binding. As a result, Egl-dependent phenotypes, such as oocyte specification and mRNA localization, were only partially rescued. We hypothesize that Dlc-mediated dimerization of Egl results in a three-dimensional conformation of the Egl dimer that is best suited for mRNA binding. Although the leucine zipper restores Egl dimerization, it likely does not enable Egl to assemble into the conformation required for maximal mRNA binding activity.
TAD-like single-cell domain structures exist on both active and inactive X chromosomes and persist under epigenetic perturbations
Authors: Cheng Yubao , Liu Miao , Hu Mengwei , Wang Siyuan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundTopologically associating domains (TADs) are important building blocks of three-dimensional genome architectures. The formation of TADs was shown to depend on cohesin in a loop-extrusion mechanism. Recently, advances in an image-based spatial genomics technique known as chromatin tracing led to the discovery of cohesin-independent TAD-like structures, also known as single-cell domains — highly variant self-interacting chromatin domains with boundaries that occasionally overlap with TAD boundaries but tend to differ among single cells and among single chromosome copies. Recent computational modeling studies suggest that epigenetic interactions may underlie the formation of the single-cell domains.ResultsHere we use chromatin tracing to visualize in female human cells the fine-scale chromatin folding of inactive and active X chromosomes, which are known to have distinct global epigenetic landscapes and distinct population-averaged TAD profiles, with inactive X chromosomes largely devoid of TADs and cohesin. We show that both inactive and active X chromosomes possess highly variant single-cell domains across the same genomic region despite the fact that only active X chromosomes show clear TAD structures at the population level. These X chromosome single-cell domains exist in distinct cell lines. Perturbations of major epigenetic components did not significantly affect the frequency or strength of the single-cell domains. Increased chromatin compaction of inactive X chromosomes occurs at a length scale above that of the single-cell domains.ConclusionsIn sum, this study suggests that single-cell domains are genome architecture building blocks independent of the tested major epigenetic components.
Selective recruitment of endoplasmic reticulum-targeted and cytosolic mRNAs into membrane-associated stress granules
Authors: Child Jessica R. , Chen Qiang , Reid David W. , Jagannathan Sujatha , Nicchitta Christopher V. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractStress granules (SGs) are membraneless organelles composed of mRNAs and RNA binding proteins which undergo assembly in response to stress-induced inactivation of translation initiation. The biochemical criteria for mRNA recruitment into SGs are largely unknown. In general, SG recruitment is limited to a subpopulation of a given mRNA species and RNA-seq analyses of purified SGs revealed that signal sequence-encoding (i.e. endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-targeted) transcripts are significantly under-represented, consistent with prior reports that ER-localized mRNAs are excluded from SGs. Using translational profiling, cell fractionation, and single molecule mRNA imaging, we examined SG biogenesis during the unfolded protein response (UPR) and report that UPR-elicited SG formation is gene selective. Combined immunofluorescence-smFISH studies demonstrated that UPR-induced mRNA granules co-localized with SG protein markers and were in close physical proximity to or directly associated with the ER membrane. mRNA recruitment into ER-associated SGs required stress-induced translational inhibition, though translational inhibition was not solely predictive of mRNA accumulation in SGs. SG formation in response to UPR activation or arsenite addition was blocked by the transcriptional inhibitors actinomycin D or triptolide, suggesting a functional link between gene transcriptional state and SG biogenesis. These data demonstrate that ER-targeted mRNAs can be recruited into SGs and identify the ER as a subcellular site of SG assembly. On the basis of the transcriptional inhibitor studies, we propose that newly transcribed mRNAs undergoing nuclear export during conditions of suppressed translation initiation are key substrates for SG biogenesis.
Distinct developmental mechanisms influence sexual dimorphisms in the milkweed bugOncopeltus fasciatus
Authors: Just Josefine , Laslo Mara , Lee Ye Jin , Yarnell Michael , Zhang Zhuofan , Angelini David R. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSexual dimorphism is common in animals. The most complete model of sex determination comes fromDrosophila melanogaster, where the relative dosage of autosomes and X chromosomes leads indirectly to sex-specific transcripts ofdoublesex. Female Dsx interacts with a mediator complex protein encoded byintersexto activate female development. In males the transcription factor encoded byfruitlesspromotes male-specific behavior. The genetics of sex determination have been examined in a small number of other insects, yet several questions remain about the pleisomorphic state. Isdoublesexrequired for female and male development? Isfruitlessconserved in male behavior or morphology? Are other components such asintersexfunctionally conserved? To address these questions, we report expression and functional tests ofdoublesex, intersexandfruitlessin the hemipteranOncopeltus fasciatus, characterizing three sexual dimorphisms.doublesexprevents intersex phenotypes in all sexes and dimorphic traits in the milkweed bug.intersexandfruitlessare expressed across the body, in females and males.fruitlessandintersexalso affect the genitalia of both sexes, but have effects limited to different dimorphic structures in different sexes. These results reveal roles forintersexandfruitlessdistinct from other insects, and demonstrate distinct development mechanisms in different sexually dimorphic structures.
Dynamical Origin for Winner-Take-All Competition in A Biological Network of The Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus
Authors: Kim Sang-Yoon , Lim Woochang 
Published: May 2021

We consider a biological network of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). The DG is a pre-processor for pattern separation which facilitates pattern storage and retrieval in the CA3 area of the hippocampus. The main encoding cells in the DG are the granule cells (GCs) which receive the input from the entorhinal cortex (EC) and send their output to the CA3. We note that the activation degree of GCs is so low (~ 5%). This sparsity has been thought to enhance the pattern separation. We investigate the dynamical origin for winner-take-all (WTA) competition which leads to sparse activation of the GCs. The whole GCs are grouped into lamellar clusters. In each GC cluster, there is one inhibitory (I) basket cell (BC) along with excitatory (E) GCs. There are three kinds of external inputs into the GCs; the direct excitatory EC input, the indirect inhibitory EC input, mediated by the HIPP (hilar perforant path-associated) cells, and the excitatory input from the hilar mossy cells (MCs). The firing activities of the GCs are determined via competition between the external E and I inputs. The E-I conductance ratio (given by the time average of the external E to I conductances) may represents well the degree of such external E-I input competition. It is thus found that GCs become active when their is larger than a threshold , and then the mean firing rates of the active GCs are strongly correlated with . In each GC cluster, the feedback inhibition of the BC may select the winner GCs. GCs with larger than the threshold survive, and they become winners; all the other GCs with smaller become silent. In this way, WTA competition occurs via competition between the firing activity of the GCs and the feedback inhibition from the BC in each GC cluster. In this case, the hilar MCs are also found to play an essential role of enhancing the WTA competition in each GC cluster by exciting both the GCs and the BC.PACS numbers: 87.19.lj, 87.19.lm, 87.19.lv
A chemically-defined growth medium to support Lactobacillus – Acetobacter community analysis
Authors: Aumiller Kevin , Stevens Eric , Scheffler Robert , Tüzün Güvener Zehra , Tung Emily , Grimaldo Anna B. , Carlson Hans K. , Deutschbauer Adam M. , Taga Michiko E. , Marco Maria L. , Ludington William B. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTLactobacilli and acetobacters are commercially important bacteria that often form communities in natural fermentations, including food preparations, spoilage, and in the digestive tract of Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies. Communities of these bacteria are widespread and prolific, despite numerous strain-specific auxotrophies, suggesting they have evolved nutrient interdependencies that regulate their growths. The use of a chemically-defined medium (CDM) supporting the growth of both groups of bacteria would greatly facilitate identification of the precise metabolic interactions between these two groups of bacteria. While numerous such media have been developed that support specific strains of lactobacilli and acetobacters, there has not been a medium formulated to support both genera. We developed such a medium, based on a previous Lactobacillus CDM, by modifying the nutrient abundances to improve growth of both groups of bacteria. We further simplified the medium by substituting casamino acids for individual amino acids and the standard Wolfe’s vitamins and mineral stocks for individual vitamins and minerals, resulting in a reduction from 40 to 8 stock solutions. The new CDM and variations of it support robust growth of lactobacilli and acetobacters. We provide the composition and an example of its use to measure nutritional interactions.
A Method for Rapid Flow-cytometric Isolation of Endothelial Nuclei and RNA from Archived Frozen Brain Tissue
Authors: Kimble Amy L. , Silva Jordan , Murphy Melissa , Hensel Jessica A. , Nicholas Sarah-Anne E. , Jellison Evan R. , Reese Bo , Murphy Patrick A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractEndothelial cells are important contributors to brain development, physiology, and disease. Although RNA sequencing has contributed to the understanding of brain endothelial cell diversity, bulk analysis and single-cell approaches have relied on fresh tissue digestion protocols for the isolation of single endothelial cells and flow cytometry-based sorting on surface markers or transgene expression. These approaches are limited in the analysis of the endothelium in human brain tissues, where fresh samples are difficult to obtain. Here, we developed an approach to examine endothelial RNA expression by using an endothelial-specific marker to isolate nuclei from abundant archived frozen brain tissues. We show that this approach rapidly and reliably extracts endothelial nuclei from frozen mouse brain samples, and importantly, from archived frozen human brain tissues. Furthermore, isolated RNA transcript levels are closely correlated with expression in whole cells from tissue digestion protocols and are enriched in endothelial markers and depleted of markers of other brain cell types. As high-quality RNA transcripts could be obtained from as few as 100 nuclei in archived frozen human brain tissues, we predict that this approach should be useful for both bulk analysis of endothelial RNA transcripts in human brain tissues as well as single-cell analysis of endothelial sub-populations.
A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of Sarilumab in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19
Authors: Sivapalasingam Sumathi , Lederer David J. , Bhore Rafia , Hajizadeh Negin , Criner Gerard , Hosain Romana , Mahmood Adnan , Giannelou Angeliki , Somersan-Karakaya Selin , O’Brien Meagan , Boyapati Anita , Parrino Janie , Musser Bret , Labriola-Tompkins Emily , Ramesh Divya , Purcell Lisa A. , Gulabani Daya , Kampman Wendy , Waldron Alpana , Gong Michelle Ng , Saggar Suraj , Sperber Steven J. , Menon Vidya , Stein David K. , Sobieszczyk Magdalena E. , Park William , Aberg Judith A. , Brown Samuel M. , Kosmicki Jack A. , Horowitz Julie E. , Ferreira Manuel A. , Baras Aris , Kowal Bari , DiCioccio A. Thomas , Akinlade Bolanle , Nivens Michael C. , Braunstein Ned , Herman Gary , Yancopoulos George D. , Weinreich David M. ,   for the Sarilumab-COVID-19 Study Team
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDSarilumab (anti-interleukin-6 receptor-α monoclonal antibody) may attenuate the inflammatory response in Covid-19.METHODSWe performed an adaptive, phase 2/3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous sarilumab 200 mg or 400 mg in adults hospitalized with Covid-19. The phase 3 primary analysis population (cohort 1) was patients with critical Covid-19 receiving mechanical ventilation (MV) randomized to sarilumab 400 mg or placebo. The primary end point for phase 3 was the proportion of patients with ≥1-point improvement in clinical status from baseline to day 22.RESULTSFour-hundred fifty-seven (457) and 1365 patients were randomized and treated in phases 2 and 3, respectively. Among phase 3 critical patients receiving MV (n=289; 34.3% on corticosteroids), the proportion with ≥1-point improvement in clinical status (alive not receiving MV) at day 22 was 43.2% in sarilumab 400 mg and 35.5% in placebo (risk difference [RD] +7.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI], –7.4 to 21.3; P=0.3261), representing a relative risk improvement of 21.7%. Day 29 all-cause mortality was 36.4% in sarilumab 400 mg versus 41.9% in placebo (RD –5.5%; 95% CI, –20.2 to 8.7; relative risk reduction 13.3%). In post hoc analyses pooling phase 2 and 3 critical patients receiving MV, the hazard ratio (HR) for death in sarilumab 400 mg compared with placebo was 0.76 (95% CI, 0.51 to 1.13) overall, improving to 0.49 (95% CI, 0.25 to 0.94) in patients receiving corticosteroids at baseline.CONCLUSIONIn hospitalized patients with Covid-19 receiving MV, numerical benefits with sarilumab did not achieve statistical significance, but benefit may be greater in patients receiving corticosteroids. A larger study is required to confirm this observed numerical benefit.(ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04315298)
Measuring post-discharge socioeconomic and quality of life outcomes in trauma patients: A scoping review
Authors: David Siddarth , Roy Nobhojit , Solomon Harris , Lundborg Cecilia Stålsby , Wärnberg Martin Gerdin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPurposeManaging trauma is a global public health challenge. Measuring post-discharge socioeconomic and quality-of-life outcomes can help better understand and reduce the consequences of trauma.MethodsWe performed a scoping review to map the existing research on post-discharge outcomes for trauma patients, irrespective of the country or setting in which the study was performed. The scoping review was conducted by searching six databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Global Index Medicus, BASE, and Web of Science to identify all articles that report post-discharge socioeconomic or quality of life outcomes in trauma patients from 2009 to 2018.Results758 articles were included in this study, extracting 958 outcomes. Most studies (82%) were from high-income countries (HICs). More studies from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) were cross-sectional (71%) compared with HIC settings (46%). There was a wide variety of different definitions, interpretations, and measurements used by various articles for similar outcomes. Quality of life, return to work, social support, cost, and participation were the main outcomes studied in post-discharge trauma patients.ConclusionsThe wide range of outcomes and outcome measures reported across different types of injuries and settings. This variability can be a barrier when comparing across different types of injuries and settings. Post-discharge trauma studies should move towards building evidence based on standardized measurement of outcomes.
Recovery from severe mental health problems: A systematic review of service user and informal caregiver perspectives
Authors: Vera San Juan Norha , Gronholm Petra C , Heslin Margaret , Lawrence Vanessa , Bain Matt , Okuma Ayako , Evans-Lacko Sara 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIntroductionThe recovery approach aims to have users’ perspectives at the heart of service development and research; it is a holistic perspective that considers social needs, personal growth and inclusion. In the last decade recovery-oriented research and practice has increased greatly, however, a comprehensive model of recovery considering exclusively the perspectives of people with lived experience has not been devised.AimsThis review aimed to develop a framework and contextualise service users’ and informal caregivers’ understanding of recovery from severe mental health problems.MethodsA systematic search of 6 databases including key terms related to knowledge, experience and narratives AND mental health AND personal recovery. The search was supplemented with reference sourcing through grey literature, reference tracking and expert consultation. Data analysis consisted of a qualitative meta-synthesis using constant comparative methods.ResultsSixty-two studies were analysed. A pattern emerged regarding the recovery paradigms that the studies used to frame their findings. Recovery domains included Legal, political and economic recovery; Social recovery; Individual recovery; and Clinical recovery experience. Service users’ definitions of recovery tended to prioritise social aspects, particularly being accepted and connecting with others, while caregivers focused instead on clinical definitions of recovery such as symptom remission. Both groups emphasised individual aspects such as becoming self-sufficient and achieving personal goals, which was strongly linked with having economic means for independence.ConclusionsThe recovery model provided by this review offers a template for further research in the field and a guide for policy and practice. Predominant definitions of recovery currently reflect understandings of mental health which focus on an individual perspective, while this review found an important emphasis on socio-political aspects. At the same time, only a small number of studies took place in low-income countries, focused on minoritised populations, or included caregivers’ perspectives. These are important gaps in the literature that require further attention.Visual abstract