bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New dicotyledonous woods from the San Carlos Formation (Upper Cretaceous) in Northern Mexico
Authors: Estrada-Ruiz Emilio , Martínez-Cabrera Hugo I. , García-Hernández Imelda P. 
Published: December 2021

Summary
We describe two new fossil woods from the San Carlos Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Chihuahua State, Mexico. The first wood resembles the fossil genus Metcalfeoxylon in having solitary vessels, scalariform perforation plates, vessel-ray parenchyma pits of similar size as the intervessel pits, axial parenchyma apotracheal diffuse and diffuse in aggregates, and heterocellular multiseriate rays with long, uniseriate tails. The second wood is a new fossil genus, and it is characterized by having diffuse porous wood, vessels predominantly solitary, vessel outlines oval and tending to be of two diameter classes, simple perforation plates, minute alternate intervessel pits, vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar to intervessel pits in size and shape, vasicentric tracheids, non-septate fibers, homocellular rays, and exclusively uniseriate and biseriate rays. This combination of features supports its placement in Myrtales (?Myrtaceae), in a new fossil-genus named Lazarocardenasoxylon. These two new records provide more information about the floristic composition of the Late Cretaceous flora of the San Carlos Formation and its relationship with those from the southern USA. However, a definitive picture of the floristic relationship of these Cretaceous floras of northern Mexico and southern USA remains elusive.
Cell-wall fluorescence highlights the phases of xylogenesis
Authors: Balzano Angela , Čufar Katarina , De Micco Veronica 
Published: December 2021

Summary
The monitoring of xylogenesis makes it possible to follow tree growth responses to stress factors in real-time, by observing the course of wood cell division and differentiation. Proper microscopy techniques are of key importance to exactly identify the xylem cells during the different phases of differentiation. We aimed to apply epifluorescence microscopy to follow the lignification process during the different phases of xylogenesis in Mediterranean softwood and hardwood. Microcores from trees of Pinus halepensis Mill. and Arbutus unedo L. were collected at a site in southern Italy, during the period June-December. Fluorescence imaging of sections stained with a water solution of safranin and Astra blue clearly highlighted the contrast between lignified and un-lignified tissue. The proposed methodology is useful to quickly and unambiguously detect the different stages of cell differentiation, as well as the progress in the lignification process. Moreover, it proved to be easily applied to demanding wood materials, such as Mediterranean woods and can be helpful to better track stress responses and the development of anomalies during wood formation, such as intra-annual density fluctuations.
E Pluribus Unum
Authors: Tieleman Matthijs 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Polarization is a critical problem confronting American politics and society today. The history of the Netherlands serves as both a warning and an opportunity for the United States in its quest to solve pernicious partisanship. The eighteenth-century Dutch Republic demonstrates how continued division without compromise can easily lead to revolution and civil war. In contrast, the nineteenth and twentieth centuries of the Netherlands show how a pluralist political culture created a society of compromise and tolerance. This article suggests several ways in which the United States can start to create a similar society of E pluribus unum and mitigate some of the effects of polarization in contemporary American politics.
Spying on Americans: US Intelligence, Race Protests, and Dissident Movements
Authors: Walton Calder 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Protests against racism erupt in cities across America. A White House, under siege, believes a vast conspiracy is at work, and, to uncover it, instigates a policy to spy on Americans. This is not the United States in 2020, but half a century earlier. Using a wealth of declassified records, this article explores a domestic intelligence collection program (CHAOS) instigated by two successive US administrations and conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency in the late 1960s and early 1970s. By studying this historical chapter, we observe how quickly an agency, equipped with intrusive powers, can infringe on Americans’ civil liberties when tasked by a US president. Applying this case to our contemporary context, this article argues that robust whistleblower procedures, as well as informal oversight, are powerful defenses against such abuses. Understanding why CHAOS occurred is an essential public policy first step to prevent similar abuses happening again.
‘… for peace comes dropping slow’
Authors: Craig Tony 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This article considers Northern Ireland’s history of conflict through a lens that emphasizes conciliation over conflict. It demonstrates how numerous state, social and economic groups actively attempted to avoid, rectify or oppose Northern Ireland’s conflict. In doing so, the article argues that long before (and after) the Good Friday Agreement of 1998 was reached subtle changes at the societal level helped both restrain and later ameliorate the conflict there. This emphasis questions the utility of more (para)militarized histories of Northern Ireland’s Troubles by seeing the peace process as the growth of conciliation rather than the attenuation of violence. Applying this to what is widely regarded as the polarization of politics in the contemporary United States, the article highlights how the emphasis on violent events in the public mind can actively obscure a more consistent, if gradual, current flowing in a different direction.
Energetics of Interactions between African Easterly Waves and Convectively Coupled Kelvin Waves
Authors: Sridhar Mantripragada Rama Sesha , Schreck III C. J. , Aiyyer Anantha 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Perturbation kinetic and available energy budgets are used to explore how convectively coupled equatorial Kelvin waves (KWs) impact African easterly wave (AEW) activity. The convective phase of the Kelvin wave increases the African easterly jet’s meridional shear, thus enhancing the barotropic energy conversions, leading to intensification of southern track AEWs perturbation kinetic energy. In contrast, the barotropic energy conversion is reduced in the suppressed phase of KW. Baroclinic energy conversion of the southern track AEWs is not significantly different between Kelvin waves’ convective and suppressed phases. AEWs in the convective phase of a Kelvin wave have stronger perturbation available potential energy generation by diabatic heating and stronger baroclinic overturning circulations than in the suppressed phase of a Kelvin wave. These differences suggest that southern track AEWs within the convective phase of Kelvin waves have more vigorous convection than in the suppressed phase of Kelvin waves. Barotropic energy conversion of the northern track AEWs is not significantly different between Kelvin waves’ convective and suppressed phases. The convective phase of the Kelvin wave increases the lower-tropospheric meridional temperature gradient north of the African easterly jet, thus enhancing the baroclinic energy conversion, leading to intensification of northern track AEWs perturbation kinetic energy. In contrast, the baroclinic energy conversion is reduced in the suppressed phase of KW. These results provide a physical basis for the modulation of AEWs by Kelvin waves arriving from upstream.
A Longitudinal Comparison of Telemedicine Versus In-Person Otolaryngology Clinic Efficiency and Patient Satisfaction During COVID-19
Authors: Hoi Karen K. , Brazina Sloane A. , Kolar-Anderson Rachel , Zopf David A. , Bohm Lauren A. 
Published: December 2021

Objectives: Telemedicine was increasingly adopted in otolaryngology as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, but how it compares to in-person visits over the longitudinal course of the pandemic has not been characterized. This study compares telemedicine visits to in-person visits on measures of clinical efficiency and patient satisfaction. Methods: We examined all in-person and telemedicine encounters that occurred during the 13-month period from April 1, 2020 to April 30, 2021 at a pediatric otolaryngology clinic associated with a large tertiary care children’s hospital. We compared patient demographics, primary encounter diagnoses, completions, cancellations, no-shows, cycle time, and patient satisfaction. Results: A total of 19 541 (90.5%) in-person visits and 2051 (9.5%) telemedicine visits were scheduled over the study period. There was no difference in patient age or gender between the visit types. There was a difference in race (75% White or Caucasian for in-person and 73% for telemedicine, P = .007) and average travel distance (53.3 miles for in-person vs 71.0 for telemedicine, P = .000). The most common primary diagnosis was Eustachian tube dysfunction for in-person visits (11.8%) and sleep disordered breathing for telemedicine visits (13.7%). Completion rate was greater for telemedicine visits (52.4% in-person vs 62.5% telemedicine). Cancellations were greater for in-person visits (42.6% in-person vs 24.2% telemedicine), but no-shows were greater for telemedicine (5.0% in-person vs 13.3% telemedicine, all P = .000). Average cycle time was shorter for telemedicine visits (56.5 minutes in-person vs 47.6 minutes telemedicine, P = .000). Patient satisfaction with provider interactions and overall care experience was high for both visit types. Conclusions: Telemedicine was utilized more during months of heightened COVID-19 cases, with higher completion rates, fewer cancellations, shorter cycle times, saved travel distance, and comparable patient satisfaction to in-person visits. Telemedicine has the potential to remain an efficient mode of care delivery in the post-pandemic era.
Evaluation of Unfractionated Heparin Dosing by Antifactor Xa During Targeted Temperature Management Post Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Belcher Carrigan , Kataria Vivek , Ryman Klayton M , Wang Xuan , Moon Joon Yong , Modrykamien Ariel , Mora Adan 
Published: December 2021

Purpose: To evaluate unfractionated heparin (UFH) dosing guided by antifactor Xa levels during targeted temperature management (TTM) post-cardiac arrest. Methods: Single-center, retrospective, observational study between January 1, 2014 and September 1, 2020. Patients initiated on TTM post-cardiac arrest and UFH were evaluated for inclusion. Patients included were ≥18 years of age and received weight-based UFH for ≥6 hours with 2 antifactor Xa levels drawn at target temperature. Excluded patients had no available temperature readings, received extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or factor Xa inhibitor (within 72 hours), or had hypertriglyceridemia or hyperbilirubinemia. The primary endpoint was to evaluate the proportion of patients that achieved a therapeutic antifactor Xa level between 0.3 and 0.7 IU/mL at steady state during TTM. Secondary endpoints included average UFH dose and average time to therapeutic antifactor Xa level at steady state; percent of first and total antifactor Xa levels subtherapeutic, therapeutic, and supratherapeutic during TTM. Results: A total of 73 patients met inclusion criteria. Of these, 21 patients achieved steady-state therapeutic antifactor Xa levels during TTM. The average time and dose to steady-state therapeutic antifactor Xa levels were 8.1 ± 4.5 hours and 9.9 ± 3.2 units/kg/hour. Overall, 61.7% of first and 47.4% of all antifactor Xa levels were supratherapeutic during TTM. Three (4.1%) patients experienced a major bleeding event. Conclusions: Guideline recommended UFH dosing, 12 or 18 units/kg/hour, during TTM resulted in more supratherapeutic antifactor Xa levels. Reduction of UFH infusion dose to 10 units/kg/hour may be required during TTM to maintain therapeutic antifactor Xa levels.
Association of the Magnitude of Nurses With the Use of Health Information Exchanges: Analyzing the National Health Insurance Claim Data of Hospitals and Clinics in Korea
Authors: Park Young-Taek , Kim Yeon Sook , Heo Yun-Jung , Lee Jae-Ho , Chang Hyejung 
Published: December 2021

Background Many features of health care organizations (HCOs) have been identified to be associated with health information exchange (HIE), but subcategories of organizational factors focusing on nurse workforces still need to be identified. The objective of this study is to investigate the association of number of nurses with HIE use in Korea. Methods This study had a retrospective study design and used health insurance claim data from June 1, 2016 to June 30, 2018. The unit of analysis was the HCO, and any health insurance claims having HIE were counted by HCO. There were a total of 1490 HCOs having any HIE and 24 026 HCOs not having HIE. For statistical analysis, two-part model was used: logistic regression for HIE participation and the generalized linear model for the volume of HIE use. Results HIE was used by 44.6% of general hospitals, and 8.6% and 5.3% of small hospitals and clinics, respectively. Both HIE use and its volume were significantly positively associated with nurse variables. The use of HIE was significantly positively associated with nurse-to-bed ratio in general hospitals (OR 1.028; 1.016 to 1.041) and in small hospitals (OR 1.021; 1.016 to 1.027), and with the number of nurses (OR 1.041; 1.028 to 1.054) in clinics (P<.001). The volume of HIE use was also positively associated with nurse-to-bed ratio in general hospitals (OR 1.010; 1.004 to 1.017) and in small hospitals (OR 1.014; 1.006 to 1.022), and with the number of nurses (OR 1.055; 1.037 to 1.073) in clinics (P<.01). Conclusion This study found that there was a low rate of HIE use in small hospitals and clinics. The number of nurses was critically associated with the use of HIE and the volume of HIE claims. HIE policy makers need to be aware of this factor in seeking to accelerate HIE.
Understanding the Development, Evaluation, and Sustainability of Community Health Networks Using Social Network Analysis: A Scoping Review
Authors: Simpson Vicki Lynn , Hass Zachary Joseph , Panchal Jitesh , McGowan Bethany 
Published: December 2021

ObjectiveIdentify the scope of the literature which reports use of social network analysis to inform, support, or evaluate health promotion–focused community network/partnership development.Data SourceA comprehensive search (not date-limited) of PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science Core Collection, PsycInfo, and the Cochrane Library Database for Systematic Reviews.Inclusion and Exclusion CriteriaCriteria for inclusion included published in the English language and used social network analysis to inform, support, or evaluate development of community networks/partnerships aiding health promotion efforts. Studies were excluded if they did not use social network analysis or were not focused upon health promotion.Data ExtractionThree of the four authors extracted data using a summary chart to document information regarding study aims, target issue/population, methods, and key outcomes of the social network analysis.Data SynthesisThe extracted data were qualitatively analyzed by 3 authors to categorize key social network analysis outcomes into categories.ResultsNinety-seven studies representing 9 geographical regions were included, with the majority (69) published after 2010. Key outcomes included the effectiveness of social network analysis to identify network characteristics, track network change over time, compare similar networks across locations, and correlate network attributes with outcomes.ConclusionFindings support the utility of social network analysis to inform, support, and evaluate development of sustainable health promotion–focused networks/partnerships.
Barriers to Adoption of Commercial Green Buildings in India: A Review
Authors: Saha Sayani , Hiremath Rahul B , Prasad Sanjay , Kumar Bimlesh 
Published: December 2021

The global construction sector accounts for 13.2% of the world’s gross domestic product (GDP). It not only contributes to the economic growth engine of the world but also climate changes due to its high energy footprint. Sustainable buildings have the potential to reduce the adverse impacts of the construction industry, but their adoption is slow due to hindrances. The aim of this paper is to study literature on barriers to green building adoption to date and highlight the overlapping and unique barriers specific to India in comparison to a few prominent countries, and provide solutions and recommendations for future research. The methodology has been an extensive literature review of the barriers to green building (GB) adoption. The key findings, namely barriers, were classified under economic, governmental, organizational and social perception, information, technology and material categories. Barriers unique to India and a few other developing countries are an extension of project schedules, lack of research and developmental works, lack of public motivation, poor building code enforcement, high payback period, uncertain supply of green materials, improper implementation of policy framework and performance of green building technologies (GBT’s). The GB construction sector is fragmented around the world. Even the GB definition is not the same across the globe although the environmental aspect is the same. Similarly, there are unique and overlapping challenges in GB adoption globally. Buildings in usage perspectives can be classified into residential and non-residential. This study looks only at non-residential GBs due to their homogenous nature. There is a dearth of specific studies related to the adoption of GBs in India. This study aims to fulfil the gap of India’s standing in the barriers to GB adoption with respect to the developed and developing countries. JEL Classification: I18
Pandemic effects on public service employment in Australia
Authors: Colley Linda , Woods Shelley , Head Brian 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic is sending shockwaves through communities and economies, and public servants have risen to the novel policy challenges in uncharted waters. This crisis comes on top of considerable turmoil for public services in recent decades, with public management reforms followed by the global financial crisis (GFC) leading to considerable change to public sector employment relations and a deprivileging of public servants. The research adopts the lens of the ‘public service bargain’ to examine the effects of the pandemic across Australian public services. How did Australian public service jurisdictions approach public employment in 2020, across senior and other cohorts of employees? How did this pandemic response compare to each jurisdictions’ response to the GFC a decade earlier? The research also reflects more broadly of the impact on public sector employment relations and to what extent pandemic responses have altered concepts of the diminished public service bargain or the notion of governments as model employers?
Investigation of Intercultural Sensitivity and Ethnocentrism Levels of Midwife Candidates in Turkey Sample: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Guner Sevil , Ocak Akturk Sibel , Oner Aydın Semra , Karaca Saydam Birsen 
Published: December 2021

Introduction: As women experience cultural practices during their lifespan, midwives’ displaying a culture-specific approach from the school years is of great importance for the quality of care. This study was conducted to determine the intercultural sensitivity and ethnocentrism levels of midwife candidates in Turkey. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,616 midwifery students who studied in seven different regions of Turkey in the 2018–2019 academic year. Data were collected through a questionnaire, Intercultural Sensitivity Scale, and Ethnocentrism Scale. Results: It was determined that the variables such as the region where the midwife candidates grew up and location of the university, their years at school, and having friends from different cultures were effective on their intercultural sensitivity and ethnocentrism levels ( p < .05). Discussion: Consequently, it is concluded that international student exchange programs and culture-sensitive-based care approaches during midwifery education will increase the intercultural sensitivity levels of students and contribute to reducing ethnocentrism levels.
Educational Attainment, Literacy Skills, Nativity, and Motivation to Learn Among Middle-Aged Adults in the United States
Authors: Sahoo Shalini , Millar Roberto J. , Yamashita Takashi , Cummins Phyllis A. 
Published: December 2021

Research on factors associated with motivation to learn (MtL) is limited, particularly among middle-aged adults and immigrants. This study examines educational attainment, literacy skills, and nativity (foreign-born vs. native-born) as predictors of MtL in middle-aged adults living in the United States. Nationally representative data of middle-aged adults between the ages of 40 and 65 years were obtained from the 2012/2014 Program for International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC). Structural equation models were used to assess the validity of the latent MtL construct and to examine the associations with the selected determinants in middle-aged adults. Postsecondary education degrees and higher literacy skills were linked with greater MtL. However, foreign-born individuals had lower MtL than their US-born counterparts. Educators and researchers should be aware of lower educational attainment, limited literacy skills, and being an immigrant as possible demoting factors of MtL, and in turn, barriers to lifelong learning participation among middle-aged adults.
Effectiveness of Pediatric Concurrent Hospice Care to Improve Continuity of Care
Authors: Lindley Lisa C. , Cozad Melanie J. , Mack Jennifer W. , Keim-Malpass Jessica , Svynarenko Radion , Hinds Pamela S. 
Published: December 2021

Background The 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) mandated landmark hospice care legislation for children at end of life. Little is known about the impact of pediatric concurrent hospice care. Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of pediatric concurrent vs standard hospice care on end-of-life care continuity among Medicaid beneficiaries. Methods Using national Medicaid data, we conducted a quasi-experimental designed study to estimate the effect of concurrent vs standard hospice care to improve end-of-life care continuity for children. Care continuity (i.e., hospice length of stay, hospice disenrollment, emergency room transition, and inpatient transition) was measured via claims data. Exposures were concurrent hospice vs standard hospice care. Using instrumental variable analysis, the effectiveness of exposures on care continuity was compared. Results Concurrent hospice care affected care continuity. It resulted in longer lengths of stays in hospice ( β = 2.76, P < .001) and reduced hospice live discharges ( β = −2.80, P < .05), compared to standard hospice care. Concurrent care was not effective at reducing emergency room ( β = 2.09, P < .001) or inpatient care ( β = .007, P < .05) transitions during hospice enrollment. Conclusion Our study provides critical insight into the quality of care delivered for children at end of life. These findings have policy implications.