bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outcomes of Bacterial Meningitis Treatment and its Associated Risk Factors among the Children of Nawabshah, Pakistan
Authors: Sial Sikander Ali , Larik Awais Bashir , Jamali Anwar Ali , Kajal Laxmi , Kumar Dileep , -Ain Qurat-Ul , Ahmer Arslan 
Published: June 2021

Background: Meningitis happens all the more ordinarily during the main month of life than during some other ensuing period and it is related with high horribleness and mortality.
Objective: The objective of this study is to assess the outcomes of meningitis treatment and its associated risk factors among the children.
Methodology: A cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted on 400 children, sample size was calculated by using Slovin’s Formula “n=N÷(1+Ne2)” at 0.05 margin of error and by using convenience sampling. Patients who were diagnosed with bacterial meningitis aged from 0 to 18 years were included in the study. Data was collected by well-structured questionnaire. SPSS version 23.0 was used to analyze the data. Multivariate logistic and Bivariate regression analyses was performed to analyze the data. P value ≤0.05 was considered as statistical significant. Results: 262 (65.5%) males were reported and females were 138 (34.5%). Sepsis was found in 24 (6%) patients due to meningitis. Outcomes of the treatment of meningitis patients were found good among 308 (77%) patients.
Conclusion: It was concluded that adjustments of starting anti-toxin routine, level of obviousness at hospitalization and season of show to the medical care office from indication beginning altogether affected therapy results of intense bacterial meningitis in youngsters.
Vintage Ladies in Cubist Exhibitions: Pablo Picasso's Cubist Women and Judith Butler's Performativity
Authors: Saeid Samaneh , Atashi Laleh 
Published: June 2021

As a prominent figure in the history of painting, Pablo Picasso has bestowed upon the world his uniquely striking paintings in different styles, the most revolutionary of which being his Cubist art. The representation of women occupies a significant space in Picasso’s Cubist works. While the painter’s style is highly revolutionary, rejecting the accepted principles of painting, the subject matter does not change as such: nude women are objectified with a cubist look. Judith Butler’s theory of gender performativity which examines the roots of naturalized concepts of gender, has been applied to Picasso’s representations of women in his cubist paintings. This research examines the way naturalized definitions of gender have found their way into Picasso’s paintings. By applying the Butlerian concept of gender performativity to a number of Picasso’s cubist artworks, we try to indicate how stereotypes of gender linger in the discourse of modernism. Analyses lead to the conclusion that although the cubist style of painting is an experimentation in form, hardly any avant-gardism can be traced in the representation of gendered identities in Picasso.
The Struggles of the Kretek Workers in Iksaka Banu’s Novel, Sang Raja (The King)
Authors: Widyastuti Thera 
Published: June 2021

Novel is able to present the development of one character, complex social situations, relationships involving many or few characters, and complicated events that occurred several years ago in detail. Novel The King was written by Iksana Banu, an famous Indonesian author and artist. He published the novel in 2017. The King tell the story about people who work in Kretek Cigarette factory. They have to struggle how to defend the cigarette factory from competition with other factories, and worldwide economic depression. The main character, Philip Gerardus Rechterhand, a Dutch man who borned in Indonesia. Intrinsic (character and setting), and extrinsic (sociology of literature, personality theory, and history) approaches are using to analyze this research. Kretek become part of society life, and many people have economic dependence on the kretek factory.
C
4
Photosynthesis
Authors: Leegood Richard C 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Fundamental differences in photosynthetic metabolism have been surprisingly unexploited as a means to increase plant productivity and thus provide more food and fuel, and this applies particularly to C
4
photosynthesis, despite the fact that it is the photosynthetic pathway found in maize, one of the world's major, and most productive, crops. It operates to raise the CO
2
concentration in the vicinity of Rubisco and thus to reduce the wasteful process of photorespiration. Overall, if the characteristics of C
4
photosynthesis were introduced into C
3
crops, this would increase yield, reduce land area needed for cultivation and limit both irrigation and fertiliser applications because of their improved productivity and efficiency in use of water and nitrogen. The occurrence of C
4
photosynthesis in multiple lineages, and with differing mechanisms, also provides a deep biological resource to increase our understanding of the process.

Key Concepts

A CO
2
‐concentrating mechanism is a biochemical or biophysical mechanism that raises the CO
2
concentration in the vicinity of Rubisco so as to suppress oxygenation and hence photorespiration.

C
4
photosynthesis is a variant of the C
3
photosynthetic pathway that provides increased efficiency in the use of CO
2
, water and nitrogen.

C
4
plants include highly productive tropical grasses that are also important crop plants like maize, sugar cane and sorghum.

The biochemical pump and anatomy in C
4
plants has evolved independently more than 60 times and is a striking example of convergent evolution.

C
4
photosynthesis involves cooperation and transport between two clearly differentiated cell types – the mesophyll and bundle sheath cells.

C
4
photosynthesis is accompanied by unique mechanisms of intracellular transport and regulation of enzymes and gene expression.
Privacy of Genetic Information: Medical Advance versus Personal Autonomy
Authors: Field Robert I 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Genetic science is opening exciting prospects for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases that had once seemed unimaginable. New technologies to repair disease‐causing genes and create new ones may become routine in medical practice within the next few years. Much of this progress stems from analysis of information in large databases containing data on as many as millions of people. However, such large accumulations of information create risks of unauthorised disclosure that can threaten the privacy and personal autonomy of data subjects and may result in a range of harms, including personal embarrassment, social stigma and discrimination. The risk is heightened when a genetic trait indicates susceptibility to an infectious disease, such as COVID‐19. The major federal laws in the United States that protect data subjects leave significant gaps as all were enacted before many recent advances were anticipated. Updated enactments to close these gaps must be designed carefully to protect privacy without constraining continued scientific progress.

Key Concepts

Genetic science has led to significant medical advances, but research with genetic data risks breaching the privacy of data subjects.

Unauthorised disclosure of genetic information may lead to a range of harms, including discrimination in employment, insurance, housing, finance and other areas.

Even anonymous genetic data presents a risk if it is disclosed because it can be deanonymised with increasing ease.

Genetic disclosures present risks that are distinct from those presented by conventional medical data, because they reflect an individual's entire physiology, are immutable and can implicate relatives.

Existing laws to protect data subjects have significant limitations, and for data maintained by commercial database companies, the primary legal protection in the United States is the companies' terms of service, which are often vague and changeable.

Modernised laws could better protect data subjects, but they must carefully balance the ethical imperatives of utilitarianism, which calls for producing the greatest good for the greatest number through unfettered research, and autonomy, which calls for protecting the right of individuals to determine the way data concerning them are used.
Adaptive actuator failure compensation for cooperative robotic manipulators with parameter uncertainties
Authors: Rugthum Thummaros , Tao Gang 
Published: June 2021

SummaryThis article develops a new framework of adaptive actuator failure compensation control for cooperative manipulator systems with parameter uncertainties in addition to actuator failures, and designs and analyzes effective actuator failure compensation schemes for such robotic systems. The new adaptive control design uses an integration of multiple individual failure compensators and direct adaptation to handle various types of uncertainties in such robotic systems. The design can also be used for concurrent actuator failure cases, to expand the capability of adaptive actuator failure compensation. With a complete proof and performance analysis, it is shown that the proposed control scheme guarantees the desired closed‐loop stability and asymptotic output tracking, despite actuator failures whose patterns, time instants and values are all unknown. Simulation results of a benchmark cooperative manipulator system are presented to verify the desired control performance of the system with both typical constant and square‐wave actuator failure signals.
The Magic of Asking ‘What if?’: Radical Architectural Pedagogy
Authors: Manferdini Elena 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSince it was founded in 1972, the Southern California Institute of Architecture (SCI‐Arc) in Los Angeles has been one of a small cohort of peers at the forefront of progressive schools of architecture. This is an environment where everything is questioned and nothing taken for granted – a fecund, inventive and highly productive breeding ground for new architectures. Graduate Programs Chair Elena Manferdini proffers some of its recent graduate schemes and outlines its pedagogic philosophy.
Disciplinary Displacements: The Revaluation of Conventions through the Postgraduate Thesis
Authors: Young Michael 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe school of architecture at the Cooper Union, New York has historically been renowned for its imaginative pedagogy and experimental architectural propositions. The work of post‐professional students here culminates in their design thesis project, explored and developed through thesis studios. One such studio in 2019, led by Assistant Professor Michael Young and his teaching partner Anna Bokov, asked the question ‘What is Contemporary?’ Young sets out the particular value of design theses in comparison to undergraduate theses, and how this studio investigated performance, bodies in space and numerous points of view constructing what architecture might be in the 21st century.
Project Documentaries: The Rise of the Cinematic Portfolio
Authors: Morris Mark 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe recent pandemic has forced schools of architecture to re‐evaluate the ways they teach. The Architectural Association (AA) in London is no exception in this respect. Mark Morris, its Head of Teaching and Learning, discusses how film and animation have been the method of choice for students who are holed up in their homes across the world and subject to a myriad of time zones. Here he guides us through some of the institution's recent MArch/ AA Diploma graduates who received honours.
Nanoclay Reinforced Biomaterials for Mending Musculoskeletal Tissue Disorders
Authors: Erezuma Itsasne , Eufrasio‐da‐Silva Tatiane , Golafshan Nasim , Deo Kaivalya , Mishra Yogendra Kumar , Castilho Miguel , Gaharwar Akhilesh K. , Leeuwenburgh Sander , Dolatshahi‐Pirouz Alireza , Orive Gorka 
Published: June 2021

AbstractNanoclay‐reinforced biomaterials have sparked a new avenue in advanced healthcare materials that can potentially revolutionize treatment of musculoskeletal defects. Native tissues display many important chemical, mechanical, biological, and physical properties that engineered biomaterials need to mimic for optimal tissue integration and regeneration. However, it is time‐consuming and difficult to endow such combinatorial properties on materials via feasible and nontoxic procedures. Fortunately, a number of nanomaterials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, MXenes, and nanoclays already display a plethora of material properties that can be transferred to biomaterials through a simple incorporation procedure. In this direction, the members of the nanoclay family are easy to functionalize chemically, they can significantly reinforce the mechanical performance of biomaterials, and can provide bioactive properties by ionic dissolution products to upregulate cartilage and bone tissue formation. For this reason, nanoclays can become a key component for future orthopedic biomaterials. In this review, we specifically focus on the rapidly decreasing gap between clinic and laboratory by highlighting their application in a number of promising in vivo studies.
Wide‐Range and High‐Stability Flexible Conductive Graphene/Thermoplastic Polyurethane Foam for Piezoresistive Sensor Applications
Authors: Lü Xiaozhou , Yu Tingting , Meng Fancheng , Bao Weimin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFlexible pressure sensors based on thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) conductive polymer foam can be applied to health monitoring, motion detection, and electronic skin. For satisfying the demand of long‐term use in high‐pressure range, the TPU conductive polymer foam requires improvements in detection range, stability, and repeatability. In this paper, a flexible conductive reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) porous foam with ultra‐wide pressure detection range and high‐stability is proposed. First, an elastic and flexible TPU polymer foam matrix is fabricated via freeze‐drying. Then, the rGO/TPU foam is prepared by dip‐coating it into graphene oxide (GO) solution followed by chemical reduction. The electromechanical properties of the foam are studied by gradual and cyclic compression tests, thereby investigating the influence of different rGO loadings on the properties of the foam. Experimental results suggest that the prepared foam possesses outstanding performance in pressure detection range (20 kPa to 1.94 MPa), sensitivity (0.0152 kPa−1), response (166 ms), and stability (>10 000 cycles, at 0–35 kPa), satisfying the demand of long‐term use in high‐pressure range. The foam being assembled as a wearable pressure sensor to monitor human motions exhibits satisfactory performance, offering potential for high‐pressure detection and high‐stability electronic sensing devices.
Wavelength‐Scale Photonic Space Switch Proof‐Of‐Concept Based on Photonic Hook Effect
Authors: Geints Yuri E. , Minin Oleg V. , Yue Liyang , Minin Igor V. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe proof‐of‐concept of a new wavelength‐scaled all‐optical two‐channel switch based on the photonic hook phenomenon is proposed and demonstrated. By means of the numerical finite‐difference time‐domain simulations, several prototypes of such devices are considered based on dielectric microstructures with broken symmetry of both geometric shape and optical properties without the use of micromechanical devices or non‐linear materials. Due to the unique property of the photonic hook to change its curvature depending on the optical wavelength, the proposed switch is a promising candidate for the implementation of optical switching in modern optoelectronics and miniature “on‐chip” devices. Optical isolation that is close to 20 dB is discovered at the wavelengths of 1.5 and 1.9 µm for a dielectric Janus microbar‐based switch with linear dimensions of about (6λ)3 (λ is the wavelength of the incident plane wave).
Proximity‐aware research leadership recommendation in research collaboration via deep neural networks
Authors: He Chaocheng , Wu Jiang , Zhang Qingpeng 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCollaborator recommendation is of great significance for facilitating research collaboration. Proximities have been demonstrated to be significant factors and determinants of research collaboration. Research leadership is associated with not only the capability to integrate resources to launch and sustain the research project but also the production and academic impact of the collaboration team. However, existing studies mainly focus on social or cognitive proximity, failing to integrate critical proximities comprehensively. Besides, existing studies focus on recommending relationships among all the coauthors, ignoring leadership in research collaboration. In this article, we propose a proximity‐aware research leadership recommendation (PRLR) model to systematically integrate critical node attribute information (critical proximities) and network features to conduct research leadership recommendation by predicting the directed links in the research leadership network. PRLR integrates cognitive, geographical, and institutional proximity as node attribute information and constructs a leadership‐aware coauthorship network to preserve the research leadership information. PRLR learns the node attribute information, the local network features, and the global network features with an autoencoder model, a joint probability constraint, and an attribute‐aware skip‐gram model, respectively. Extensive experiments and ablation studies have been conducted, demonstrating that PRLR significantly outperforms the state‐of‐the‐art collaborator recommendation models in research leadership recommendation.
Cyclodextrin‐Cross‐Linked Hydrogels for Adsorption and Photodegradation of Cationic Dyes in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Zhang Wei , Zhang Ying‐Ming , Liu Yu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPossessing three‐dimensional porous structures and tunable mechanical strengths, cyclodextrin‐containing polymeric hydrogels are one of the most promising water‐based adsorbent materials due to their easy availability, simple chemical modification and environmental friendliness. In this work, two kinds of hydrogels were prepared via the copolymerization with acrylic acid and vinyl‐derivatized β‐cyclodextrins in water. These two gels have showed good adsorption performance towards cationic dyes through the noncovalent interactions with their anionic backbones and porous network. Meanwhile, pseudo‐second‐order model was selected to clarify the adsorption kinetics process. Moreover, nano‐scaled TiO2 was doped into these resultant cyclodextrins‐based hydrogels to achieve efficient degradation of dyes upon light irradiation. The obtained TiO2‐loaded hydrogels could exhibit improved adsorption performance and make the adsorbed dyes photo‐degraded with the decolorization rates above 95%. It can be envisioned that such cyclodextrin‐based soft materials may find applications in dye clearance and water treatment.
Recent Advances in Bimetallic Cu‐Based Nanocrystals for Electrocatalytic CO2 Conversion
Authors: Talukdar Biva , Mendiratta Shruti , Huang Michael H. , Kuo Chun‐Hong 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAn elevated level of anthropogenic CO2 has been the major cause of global warming, and significant efforts are being made around the world towards the development of CO2 capture, storage and reuse technologies. Among various CO2 conversion technologies, electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2RR) by nanocrystals is one of the most promising strategies as it is facile, quick, and can be integrated with other renewable energy techniques. Judiciously designed catalytic nanomaterials promise to be the next generation of electrochemical electrodes that offer cutting‐edge performance, low energy consumption and aid in reducing overall carbon footprint. In this minireview, we highlight the recent developments related to the bimetallic Cu‐based nanocatalysts and discuss their structure‐property relationships. We focus on the design principles and parameters required for the enhancement of CO2 conversion efficiency, selectivity, and stability.
Association of adverse childhood experiences and precuneus volume with intrusive reexperiencing in autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Kitamura Soichiro , Makinodan Manabu , Matsuoka Kiwamu , Takahashi Masato , Yoshikawa Hiroaki , Ishida Rio , Kishimoto Naoko , Yasuno Fumihiko , Yasuda Yuka , Hashimoto Ryota , Miyasaka Toshiteru , Kichikawa Kimihiko , Kishimoto Toshifumi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCompared to typically developing (TD) children, people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have an increased risk of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Exposure to ACEs is associated with adult ASD psychological comorbidities, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Occurrence of intrusive event reexperiencing, characteristic of PTSD, often causes social dysfunction in adults with ASD, but its pathological basis is unclear. This study examined brain regions related to the severity of intrusive reexperiencing and explored whether ACE severity was associated with that of intrusive reexperiencing and/or extracted regional gray matter volume. Forty‐six individuals with ASD and 41 TD subjects underwent T1‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging and evaluation of ACEs and intrusive reexperiencing. Brain regions related to the severity of intrusive reexperiencing in both groups were identified by voxel‐based whole brain analyses. Associations among the severity of intrusive reexperiencing, that of ACEs, and gray matter volume were examined in both groups. The severities of intrusive reexperiencing and ACEs were significantly associated with reduced gray matter volume in the right precuneus in individuals with ASD but not in TD subjects. Although the right precuneus gray matter volume was smaller in individuals with ASD and severe ACEs than in those with mild ACEs or TD subjects, it was similar in the latter two groups. However, ACE‐dependent gray matter volume reduction in the right precuneus led to intrusive reexperiencing in individuals with ASD. This suggests that exposure to ACEs is associated with right precuneus gray matter reduction, which is critical for intrusive reexperiencing in adults with ASD.Lay SummaryIndividuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are at increased risk of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and of subsequent manifestation of intrusive reexperiencing of stressful life events. The present study found that reduced gray matter volume in the right precuneus of the brain was associated with more severe intrusive reexperiencing of ACEs by individuals with ASD. These results suggest that ACEs affect neural development in the precuneus, which is the pathological basis of intrusive event reexperiencing in ASD.