bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pollinator enhancement in agriculture: comparing sown flower strips, hedges and sown hedge herb layers in apple orchards
Authors: von Königslöw Vivien , Fornoff Felix , Klein Alexandra-Maria 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn intensive agricultural landscapes semi-natural habitats for pollinators are often limited, although willingness to establish pollinator habitat is increasing among farmers. A common pollinator enhancement measure is to provide flower strips, but existent or improved hedgerows might be more effective. In this study, we compare the effectiveness of three pollinator enhancement measures at edges of conventional apple orchards: (i) perennial flower strips, (ii) existent hedgerows, and (iii) existent hedgerows complemented with a sown herb layer. We used orchard edges without any enhancement as control. The study took place over three consecutive years in Southern Germany. Wild bee abundance and species richness were highest in flower strips followed by improved hedges. Hoverflies were also most abundant in flower strips, but not more species rich than at control sites. Wild bee but not hoverfly community composition differed between control and enhancement sites. The overall pollinator community included only few threatened or specialized species. Flower abundance was the main driver for wild bee diversity, whereas hoverflies were largely unaffected by floral resources. Pollinator enhancement had neither an effect on the abundance or species richness within the orchards nor on apple flower visitation. Perennial flower strips seem most effective to enhance wild bees in intensive agricultural landscapes. Additionally, flower-rich hedgerows should be promoted to complement flower strips by extending the flowering period and to increase connectivity of pollinator habitat in agricultural landscapes.
A MXene-Based Bionic Cascaded-Enzyme Nanoreactor for Tumor Phototherapy/Enzyme Dynamic Therapy and Hypoxia-Activated Chemotherapy
Authors: Zhang Xiaoge , Cheng Lili , Lu Yao , Tang Junjie , Lv Qijun , Chen Xiaomei , Chen You , Liu Jie 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe enzyme-mediated elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the tumor sites has become an emerging strategy for regulating intracellular redox status for anticancer treatment. Herein, we proposed a camouflaged bionic cascaded-enzyme nanoreactor based on Ti3C2 nanosheets for combined tumor enzyme dynamic therapy (EDT), phototherapy and deoxygenation-activated chemotherapy. Briefly, glucose oxidase (GOX) and chloroperoxidase (CPO) were chemically conjugated onto Ti3C2 nanosheets, where the deoxygenation-activated drug tirapazamine (TPZ) was also loaded, and the Ti3C2-GOX-CPO/TPZ (TGCT) was embedded into nanosized cancer cell-derived membrane vesicles with high-expressed CD47 (meTGCT). Due to biomimetic membrane camouflage and CD47 overexpression, meTGCT exhibited superior immune escape and homologous targeting capacities, which could effectively enhance the tumor preferential targeting and internalization. Once internalized into tumor cells, the cascade reaction of GOX and CPO could generate HClO for efficient EDT. Simultaneously, additional laser irradiation could accelerate the enzymic-catalytic reaction rate and increase the generation of singlet oxygen (1O2). Furthermore, local hypoxia environment with the oxygen depletion by EDT would activate deoxygenation-sensitive prodrug for additional chemotherapy. Consequently, meTGCT exhibits amplified synergistic therapeutic effects of tumor phototherapy, EDT and chemotherapy for efficient tumor inhibition. This intelligent cascaded-enzyme nanoreactor provides a promising approach to achieve concurrent and significant antitumor therapy.
Open-source multi-purpose sensor for measurements in continuous capillary flow
Authors: Höving Stefan , Bobers Jens , Kockmann Norbert 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Limited applicability and scarce availability of analytical equipment for micro- and millifluidic applications, which are of high interest in research and development, complicate process development, control, and monitoring. The low-cost sensor presented in this work is a modular, fast, non-invasive, multi-purpose, and easy to apply solution for detecting phase changes and concentrations of optically absorbing substances in single and multi-phase capillary flow. It aims at generating deeper insight into existing processes in fields of (bio-)chemical and reaction engineering. The scope of this work includes the application of the sensor to residence time measurements in a heat exchanger, a tubular reactor for concentration measurements, a tubular crystallizer for suspension detection, and a pipetting robot for flow automation purposes. In all presented applications either the level of automation has been increased or more information on the investigated system has been gained. Further applications are explained to be realized in the near future.

Article highlights
• An affordable multipurpose sensor for phase differentiation, concentration measurements, and process automation has been developed and characterized
• The sensor is easily modified and can be applied to various tubular reaction/process units for analytical and automation purposes
• Simple integration into existing process control systems is possible

Graphical abstract
Some Scholars' Views on Reburial
Authors: Meighan Clement W. 
Published: December 2021

[T]here is something inherently distasteful and unseemly in secreting either the fruits or seeds of scientific endeavors.
Judge Bruce S. Jenkins (quoted in Palca 1991:884)

Destruction of archaeological collections through the demands for reburial presents a serious conflict between religion and science. Archaeologists should not deal with these matters by "compromise" alone, but must sustain their rights and duties as scholars.
The international politics of truth: C. Wright Mills and the sociology of the international
Authors: Mabee Bryan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractC. Wright Mills's critical work on international relations is well known, but is often dismissed as being unscholarly, reductionist, and overly polemical. However, seeing the work in the context of his earlier career can allow for a new perspective, with Mills's activist views on war and militarism shaped very clearly by his earlier theoretical and political commitments. Mills developed a distinctive political sociological understanding of international politics, theorising the state as a historically-situated structural determinant of international power: a network of elite power that was contextualised by the influence of the socially constructed realities of the international created by elites. Mills's crucial critical contribution was to see the role of the intellectual as criticising these realities through the imaginative reconceptualisation of the world, which he called the ‘politics of truth’. The article argues the international politics of truth was not only Mills's distinctive theory of the international, but that it was clearly supported by his early theorisation of the international. A revised view of the importance of Mills's international relations work can help to situate Mills as part of a broader tradition of IR scholarship, a lost lineage of the critical historical and political sociology of the international.
Comparison of two culture media on morphokinetics and ploidy status of sibling embryos
Authors: Urich Michael , Ugur Muhammet Rasit , Li Fang , Shamma F. Nicholas , Hammoud Ahmad , Cottrell Hanh N. , Dogan Sule 
Published: December 2021

SummaryTo investigate the effects of culture media with different lactate concentrations on early embryonic development, data collected from our patients undergoing preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) were assessed using the EmbryoScope™ time-lapse culturing system. After intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), sibling oocytes were cultured in the same EmbryoScope (Vitrolife) slides including two different commercially available media. The patients with fewer than five mature oocytes were not included in the analyses. All embryos were hatched on day 3, and trophectoderm biopsies (n= 212) were performed accordingly. PGT for aneuploidy (PGT-A) on biopsied materials was carried out using next generation sequencing. Morphokinetic parameters, fertilization, irregular division, degeneration, blastulation, euploidy, and pregnancy rates of embryos cultured in LifeGlobal Global Total medium (LGGT) and Continuous Single Culture-NX Complete medium (CSCM-NXC) were compared. There were no differences observed in time to pronuclear fade, or in time spent as 2-cell (cc2) and 3-cell (s2), to 4-cell, 5-cell, morula and blastocyst stages (P> 0.05). Embryos reached the 2-cell (t2) and 3-cell (t3) stages significantly faster in LGGT (P< 0.05), whereas embryos grown in CSCM-NXC with lower lactate reached starting blastulation significantly sooner (P= 0.026). However, there were no statistical differences observed in fertilization, blastulation, degeneration, irregular division euploidy, and pregnancy rates between the two groups (P> 0.05). Even though pregnancy and fertilization rates did not indicate statistical differences, results are significant to provide better insight on potential roles of lactate in embryo development. These finding will advance the fundamental knowledge of human embryo development and assisted reproductive technologies.
The Carbon Cycle of Southeast Australia During 2019–2020: Drought, Fires, and Subsequent Recovery
Authors: Byrne B. , Liu J. , Lee M. , Yin Y. , Bowman K. W. , Miyazaki K. , Norton A. J. , Joiner J. , Pollard D. F. , Griffith D. W. T. , Velazco V. A. , Deutscher N. M. , Jones N. B. , Paton‐Walsh C. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract2019 was the hottest and driest year on record for southeast Australia leading to bushfires of unprecedented extent. Ecosystem carbon losses due to drought and fire are believed to have been substantial, but have not been well quantified. Here, we utilize space‐based measurements of trace gases (TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument XCO, Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 ) and up‐scaled GPP (FluxSat GPP) to quantify the carbon cycle anomalies resulting from drought and fire in southeast Australia during the 2019–2020 growing season. We find that biomass burning released 113–236 TgC of CO2 while drought and fire‐induced anomalies in net ecosystem exchange reduced growing season carbon uptake by an additional 19–52 TgC of CO2. These carbon losses were concentrated during the spring and early summer, when hot‐dry conditions were most severe. A shift to cooler conditions with above average rainfall during February is found to result in a partial recovery and greening in unburned ecosystems, but not in fire‐impacted areas. The net 2019–2020 carbon loss substantially exceeded interannual variations in net uptake over 2010–2019 estimated from top‐down constraints (∼5σ anomaly), and exceeded Australia's annual fossil fuel emissions (∼104 TgC year−1). Top‐down constraints show that the regional carbon budget is strongly regulated by climate variability, and suggest that cool‐wet conditions are required for a rapid recovery of carbon stocks. This has implications for the regional carbon budget as more frequent climate‐change‐driven heat and drought events may increase the frequency of fire events and the recovery time of ecosystems, threatening the carbon stocks of the region.
The Regular Features Recorded by the Langmuir Probe Onboard the Low Earth Polar Orbit Satellite CSES
Authors: Yan Rui , Guan Yibin , Miao Yuanqing , Zhima Zeren , Xiong Chao , Zhu Xinghong , Liu Chao , Shen Xuhui , Yuan Shigeng , Liu Dapeng , Zhang Aibing , Guo Feng , Zhou Na , Zhu Keying , Zheng Lin , Lv Fangxian 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis paper presents two kinds of regular features revealed from the observations of the Langmuir probe (LAP) onboard the low‐earth polar orbit satellite ‐ China Seismo‐Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES). The first feature behaves as a sudden drop (SD) in the plasma potential (Vp) and floating potential (Vf) data, while the second one appears as a spike (SP) in the dayside Vp and Vf data. The SD structure occurs at geo‐latitudes from 40°N to 65°N, roughly from mid‐March to mid‐September months but with an apparent yearly growth of its amplitude. The SD is caused by the satellite‐current system adjustment at the terminator transition zone. The SP feature predominately appears at geo‐latitudes from 10°S to 40°N, showing annual recurrence and growing amplitude. Simulation suggests that the SP is caused by instantaneous illumination changes of probe surface when the boom of the electric field detector in the windward panel shades the LAP. According to the analysis of I‐V curves both inside and outside the SD and SP structures, we exclude the possibility of probe contamination and confirm that the scientific data of CSES LAP are reliable. These two regular features depend on the solar illumination conditions and the corresponding adjustment of the satellite‐current system equilibrium. This study provides a valuable reference for validating and pre‐calibrating data from LAP in‐situ measurements onboard similar low‐earth polar orbit satellites.
MLT‐Dependence of Sustained Spectral Gaps of Proton and Oxygen in the Inner Magnetosphere
Authors: Yue Chao , Liu Ying , Zhou Xuzhi , Zong Qiu‐Gang , Reeves Geoffrey D. , Spence Harlan E. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractTo examine the species dependence of the sustained energy spectrum gaps, in this letter, we analyzed the magnetic local time distribution of sustained proton and oxygen gaps and find that there is a clear difference between proton and oxygen ions: proton sustained gaps are predominantly distributed near the prenoon sector, while oxygen sustained gaps are mostly in the afternoon sector with lower occurrence rate than that for protons. This is primarily due to the different charge exchange loss rates of protons and oxygen ions. This scenario is supported by particle‐tracing simulations, which reproduce most of the observed characteristics. Through model‐data comparison, we found that the spectral gaps at different local times are formed by two different types of mechanisms: (a) the gap is formed due to the extended drift time which is responsible for the gap appearing on the dayside for both proton and oxygen ions; (b) the gap is formed inside the Alfven layer, which accounts for the observed sustained gaps in proton energy spectrums but not in oxygen ions due to the different charge exchange losses at various energies on the preexisting ion populations that lie on closed drift paths. These findings may provide insight into our understanding of ion composition and possible wave generation in the inner magnetosphere.
Surface Water Dynamics and Rapid Lake Drainage in the Western Canadian Subarctic (1985–2020)
Authors: Travers‐Smith H. Z. , Lantz T. C. , Fraser R. H. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe area and distribution of surface water are shifting rapidly in many regions across the circumpolar Arctic. In this study, we explore the effects of climate and terrain factors on the area of lakes in the Northwest Territories, Canada. We used the Landsat satellite archive to map interannual changes in 5,328 lakes and ponds in the Lower Mackenzie Plain between 1985 and 2020. The high temporal resolution of our dataset allowed us to classify gradual and abrupt changes in lake area and identify rapid drainage events. We used Generalized Additive Models and Random Forests to test the effects of climate and terrain factors on changes in lake area. Despite increases in the area of smaller lakes driven by increasing precipitation, we found that the total lake area has decreased by approximately 1%. Overall, 29% of lakes exhibited an increasing trend in the area, while 11% exhibited a decreasing trend, and the majority of these changes (65%) were non‐linear in nature. Lakes located in fire scars were also 3.8 times more likely to show a decreasing trend in area. Analysis of a large fire indicates that lakes within the burned region exhibited declines in an area that persisted until the end of the study period 20 years after the fire. These declines are likely related to the impact of fire on thaw depth, groundwater connectivity, and the development of new drainage pathways. Our results highlight the importance of rapid drainage and wildfire as drivers of declines in the lake area.
Halftone spatial frequency domain imaging enables kilohertz high-speed label-free non-contact quantitative mapping of optical properties for strongly turbid media
Authors: Zhao Yanyu , Song Bowen , Wang Ming , Zhao Yang , Fan Yubo 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe ability to quantify optical properties (i.e., absorption and scattering) of strongly turbid media has major implications on the characterization of biological tissues, fluid fields, and many others. However, there are few methods that can provide wide-field quantification of optical properties, and none is able to perform quantitative optical property imaging with high-speed (e.g., kilohertz) capabilities. Here we develop a new imaging modality termed halftone spatial frequency domain imaging (halftone-SFDI), which is approximately two orders of magnitude faster than the state-of-the-art, and provides kilohertz high-speed, label-free, non-contact, wide-field quantification for the optical properties of strongly turbid media. This method utilizes halftone binary patterned illumination to target the spatial frequency response of turbid media, which is then mapped to optical properties using model-based analysis. We validate the halftone-SFDI on an array of phantoms with a wide range of optical properties as well as in vivo human tissue. We demonstrate with an in vivo rat brain cortex imaging study, and show that halftone-SFDI can longitudinally monitor the absolute concentration as well as spatial distribution of functional chromophores in tissue. We also show that halftone-SFDI can spatially map dual-wavelength optical properties of a highly dynamic flow field at kilohertz speed. Together, these results highlight the potential of halftone-SFDI to enable new capabilities in fundamental research and translational studies including brain science and fluid dynamics.
DNA methylation in the inflammatory genes after neurosurgery and diagnostic ability of post-operative delirium
Authors: Yamanashi Takehiko , Nagao Takaaki , Wahba Nadia E. , Marra Pedro S. , Crutchley Kaitlyn J. , Meyer Alissa A. , Andreasen Ally J. , Hellman Mandy M. , Jellison Sydney S. , Hughes Christopher G. , Pandharipande Pratik P. , Howard, III Matthew A. , Kawasaki Hiroto , Iwata Masaaki , Hefti Marco M. , Shinozaki Gen 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe pathophysiological mechanisms of postoperative delirium (POD) are still not clear, and no reliable biomarker is available to differentiate those with and without POD. Pre- and post-surgery blood from epilepsy subjects undergoing neurosurgery were collected. DNA methylation (DNAm) levels of the TNF gene, IL1B gene, and IL6 gene by the Illumina EPIC array method, and DNAm levels of the TNF gene by pyrosequencing, were analyzed. Blood from 37 subjects were analyzed by the EPIC array method, and blood from 27 subjects were analyzed by pyrosequencing. Several CpGs in the TNF gene in preoperative blood showed a negative correlation between their DNAm and age both in the POD group and in the non-POD group. However, these negative correlations were observed only in the POD group after neurosurgery. Neurosurgery significantly altered DNAm levels at 17 out of 24 CpG sites on the TNF gene, 8 out of 14 CpG sites on the IL1B gene, and 4 out of 14 CpG sites on the IL6 gene. Furthermore, it was found that the Inflammatory Methylation Index (IMI), which was based on the post-surgery DNAm levels at the selected five CpG sites, can be a potential detection tool for delirium with moderate accuracy; area under the curve (AUC) value was 0.84. The moderate accuracy of this IMI was replicated using another cohort from our previous study, in which the AUC was 0.79. Our findings provide further evidence of the potential role of epigenetics and inflammation in the pathophysiology of delirium.
SPTBN2 regulated by miR-424-5p promotes endometrial cancer progression via CLDN4/PI3K/AKT axis
Authors: Wang Pengling , Liu Ting , Zhao Zhendan , Wang Zhiling , Liu Shujie , Yang Xingsheng 
Published: December 2021

AbstractEndometrioid Endometrial Cancer (EEC) is the main subtype of endometrial cancer. In our study, we demonstrated that SPTBN2 was significantly overexpressed in EEC tissues. Upregulated SPTBN2 expression was positively associated with poor prognosis. In addition, we testified that SPTBN2 knockdown significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of EEC cells. Moreover, we found SPTBN2 could interact with CLDN4 to promote endometrial cancer metastasis via PI3K/AKT pathway. Then we further demonstrated that CLDN4 is upregulated in EEC and promotes EEC metastasis. CLDN4 overexpression could partially reversed the decrease in cell migration and invasion caused by SPTBN2 downregulation. In addition, we confirmed that SPTBN2 was a target of miR-424-5p, which plays a tumor suppressor in endometrial cancer. Rescue experiments showed that inhibition of SPTBN2 could partially reverse the effect of miR-424-5p in EEC. In conclusion, we demonstrated that by acting as a significant target of miR-424-5p, SPTBN2 could interact with CLDN4 to promote endometrial cancer metastasis via PI3K/AKT pathway in EEC. Our study revealed the prognostic and metastatic effects of SPTBN2 in EEC, suggesting that SPTBN2 could serve as a prognostic biomarker and a target for metastasis therapy.
Visualizing band selective enhancement of quasiparticle lifetime in a metallic ferromagnet
Authors: Jo Na Hyun , Wu Yun , Trevisan Thaís V. , Wang Lin-Lin , Lee Kyungchan , Kuthanazhi Brinda , Schrunk Benjamin , Bud’ko S. L. , Canfield P. C. , Orth P. P. , Kaminski Adam 
Published: December 2021

AbstractElectrons navigate more easily in a background of ordered magnetic moments than around randomly oriented ones. This fundamental quantum mechanical principle is due to their Bloch wave nature and also underlies ballistic electronic motion in a perfect crystal. As a result, a paramagnetic metal that develops ferromagnetic order often experiences a sharp drop in the resistivity. Despite the universality of this phenomenon, a direct observation of the impact of ferromagnetic order on the electronic quasiparticles in a magnetic metal is still lacking. Here we demonstrate that quasiparticles experience a significant enhancement of their lifetime in the ferromagnetic state of the low-density magnetic semimetal EuCd2As2, but this occurs only in selected bands and specific energy ranges. This is a direct consequence of the magnetically induced band splitting and the multi-orbital nature of the material. Our detailed study allows to disentangle different electronic scattering mechanisms due to non-magnetic disorder and magnon exchange. Such high momentum and energy dependence quasiparticle lifetime enhancement can lead to spin selective transport and potential spintronic applications.