bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSXI-14 Enteric methane and nitrogen emissions in cattle consuming tanniferous and non-tanniferous legumes, grass or a ration
Authors: Villalba Juan J , MacAdam Jennifer , Guevara Raul 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Incorporation of legumes into forage systems has been a widely adopted strategy to increase pasture productivity and forage nutritive value, while reducing N inputs. In addition, some legumes contain beneficial chemicals like condensed tannins (CT), which could enhance the efficiency of energy and protein use in ruminants relative to other forages. We assessed (i) animal performance, (ii) methane emissions (SF6 technique), and (iii) concentration of nitrogen in urine and blood in cattle grazing a CT-containing legume (birdsfoot trefoil; BFT), a legume without tannins (cicer milkvetch; CMV), a grass (meadow brome; MB), or in cattle fed a total mixed ration (TMR). Fifteen Angus heifers were randomly assigned to one of three treatment pastures: (1) BFT, (2) CMV, and (3) MB. Each treatment had 5 spatial replications, randomly divided into three paddocks (64 × 57m), seeded with BFT, CMV or MB, and one heifer was assigned to each paddock. Five Angus heifers were randomly assigned to individual adjacent pens and received a TMR ration (25% of alfalfa hay, 25% corn silage and 50% chopped barley) during the same period. Response variables were analyzed as a split-plot design, with experimental units as the random factor and treatment as a fixed factor with day as the repeated measure. Cows grazing BFT (1.9% condensed tannins) or fed the TMR showed greater weight gains than cows grazing CMV or MB (P = 0.0006). Methane emissions did not differ among treatments (P &gt; 0.05; Table 1). Blood urea nitrogen concentrations were similar in cows grazing BFT or CMV (P = 0.1202), but greater than in animals grazing MB or fed TMR (P &lt; .0001). Urinary nitrogen concentrations were similar among treatments (P = 0.5266). These results suggest grazing tanniferous legumes enhanced BW gains with similar methane and urinary nitrogen emissions to grass and confinement alternatives and greater levels of production than grass or CMV.
PSVII-14 Feeding carbohydrases to grazing beef cattle under different nutritional strategies on dry season: Ruminal fermentation
Authors: Acosta Anderson , Vasconcellos Guilherme S , Perdigão Alexandre , de Carvalho Victor Valério , Acedo Tiago S , Pedrini Cibele , Gandra Jefferson 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The aim with this trial was to evaluate two nutritional plans with the addition of carbohydrases enzyme blend (CEB) on ruminal fermentation of grazing Nellore bulls in dry season. Five rumen cannulated Nellore steers (BW = 350 kg) were used. Animals were randomly assigned to a treatment sequence in a 5×5 Latin square experiment with 15 d-periods (10 d to diet adaptation and 5 d for data collection), following a completely randomized design, being the treatments: mineral-proteic supplementation (Fosbovi® Proteico 35; PS) offered at 0,1% BW (0 or 4.75 g/animal/day of CEB) or mineral-protein-energetic supplementation (Fosbovi® Proteico-Energético 25; PES) offered at 0.3% BW (0, 4.75 or 9.50 g/animal/day of CEB). The CEB was mainly composed by beta-glucanase and xylanase enzymes (Ronozyme® VP and Ronozyme® WX). Both enzymes and supplements were provided by DSM Nutritional Products Brasil S.A. Rumen fluid samples were collected on the last day of each experimental period before (0), and 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after supplements were offered. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Steers fed PSE had greater (P ≤ 0.041) rumen concentration of acetate, propionate, and butyrate, and lower (P = 0.028) acetate to propionate ratio in comparison with animals fed PS. Rumen acetate concentrations were 61.6 and 58.8 mmol/L and rumen propionate concentrations were 15.2 and 13.7 mmol/L for animals under the PSE and PS, respectively. A quadratic effect (P = 0.048) for carbohydrases enzyme blend was observed in NH3-N ruminal concentration of PES animals, where 4.75 g/day level presented the lower concentrations compared to control (24.13 vs. 32.20 mg/dL). Furthermore, rumen concentrations of acetate (P = 0.002) and propionate (P = 0.021) linearly increased with enzymes inclusion for PSE plan. PSE nutritional strategy positively influence ruminal fermentation of Nellore steers in dry season and its effects can be enhanced with CEB inclusion of 4.75 g/day.
PSXVI-23 The influence of trace mineral source on digestion, ruminal fermentation characteristics, and mineral solubility in beef cattle fed a high concentrate feedlot diet
Authors: Guimaraes Octavio , Carver Clarissa M , Thorndyke Meghan P , Reyes Arquimides , Spears Jerry , Engle Terry E , Wagner John J 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Twelve Angus steers (BW 530.9 ± 22.7kg) fitted with ruminal cannulae were used to determine the impact of trace mineral (TM) source on digestibility and ruminal VFA and soluble concentrations of Cu, Mn, and Zn. Steers were fed a high concentrate diet balanced to meet the requirement of finishing feedlot steers for 21d. Treatments consisted of Cu, Mn, and Zn supplemented at 18, 40, and 90 mg/kg DM, respectively, from either sulfate (STM) or hydroxy trace mineral (HTM) sources (n = 6 steers/treatment; experimental unit = steer). Following a 21-d adaptation period total fecal output was collected for 5 d. Trace mineral sources had no impact on nutrient digestibility. On d 6, rumen fluid was collected at 0, 2, and 4 h post-feeding for VFA analysis. There were no treatment x time interactions for any VFA measured. However, HTM steers had greater (P &lt; 0.05) ruminal molar proportions of propionate and tended (P &lt; 0.07) to have greater molar proportions of valerate compared to STM steers. Steers fed STM had greater (P &lt; 0.05) molar proportions of butyrate compared to HTM steers. Steers were then fed the same high concentrate diet without supplemental Cu, Zn, or Mn for 14 d. On d 15 steers received a pulse dose (via rumen cannula) from either STM or HTM. Ruminal samples were obtained at 2 h intervals starting at -4 and ending at 24 h relative to dosing. There was a treatment x time interaction (P &lt; 0.05) for ruminal soluble Cu concentrations. Ruminal soluble mineral concentrations were greater (P &lt; 0.05) for Cu at 4, 6, 8, and 16 h post-dosing in STM compared to HTM supplemented steers. Results indicate that ruminal solubility of Cu differs between STM and HTM sources and may impact rumen fermentation characteristics.
PSXI-27 Comparison of live weight, backfat depth, and loin eye muscle measurements in ewe and ram lambs
Authors: Wuliji Tumen , Baughman Christopher , Lourencon Raquel V , Epple-Farmer Jessica , Groose Eric G , Wieberg Troy , Wilbers Luke , Martin Emily 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Application of ultrasound carcass trait scanning in meat animals enhances the selection efficiency and accuracy. One hundred and sixty-two mixed age Katahdin ewes were selected based on ultrasound carcass traits and bred in a high lean muscle selection (n=81) and control (n=81) flocks, respectively in December 2019. Carcass traits including loin eye area (LEA), loin eye muscle width (LEW) and depth (LED), and back-fat depth (BFD) were measured for sires, dams, and their progeny lambs. Birth weight (BW), rearing rank, sex, and weaning weight (WW=90 d) and post weaning weight (PW=120 d) were recorded for progeny. Post-weaning live weight, LEA and BFD values were calculated for deriving an expected progeny difference lists and ewe replacements. Retaining ram lambs (25% male progeny) were recorded for live weight, carcass trait scanning, and breeding values estimate at six-month old as breeding sires. There was no difference between selection and control progeny for WW, PW, BFD and LEA measurements. Means for BW, WW, PW, LEA, LEW, LED, and FBD in progeny were 3.77 ±0.56, 22.13 ±2.98, 24.48 ±3.08 kg, 5.9 ±0.1cm², 4.4 ±0.5 cm, 1.9 ±0.2 cm and 2.9 ±2.6 mm. However, the WW, PW, LEA, and LEW were measured significantly (P &lt; 0.05) greater for ram lambs (20.6 kg, 25.5 kg, 6.1 cm², 4.5 cm) over ewe lambs (19.5 kg, 23.8 kg, 5.7 cm², 4.3 cm). Single born lambs were significantly (P &lt; 0.01) heavier at birth, weaning and post-weaning, and measured greater value for LEA and LED than twin birth or reared lambs. The statistical analysis showed WW was significantly (P &lt; 0.01) correlated with PW (r=0.71) and both WW and PW correlated with LEA (r=0.5) but not with BFD. The result indicates that lean animal selection using ultrasound carcass trait scanning will improve early age selection efficiency and accuracy.
PSXI-28 Effect of pre-slaughter transport stress on carcass weight, rumen fermentation and bacterial community of growing goats
Authors: Bryant Voris , Idowu Modoluwamu , Terrill Thomas H , Estrada-Reyes Zaira M , Kannan Govind , Kouakou Brou , Ogunade Ibukun M , Pech-Cervantes Andres A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of pre-slaughter transport stress on the rumen fermentation and bacterial community of growing meat goats. Fifty-four male Spanish growing meat goats (28.9 ± 4.5) were stratified by body weight and randomly assigned into three treatment groups (n = 18 per treatment; 1) No transport stress (CON), 2) Transport stress for 30 mins (LS), and 3) Transport stress for 3 h (HS). Blood samples were collected before and after transport to estimate plasma cortisol concentrations. At the end of the experiment, the goats were slaughtered to determine the carcass weight and to collect rumen ruminal content for pH, 16 sRNA gene sequencing, and volatile fatty acid profile. The Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size and the functional profiling software (PICRUst) were used to estimate the differentially abundant taxa and predicted the functional potential of the microbial community, respectively. Compared to CON, both LS and HS increased (P &lt; 0.01) plasma cortisol concentrations (27.5 vs. 130.1 and 117.7 ng/ mL), no differences were observed in hot carcass weight and VFA profile (P &gt; 0.05). Rumen pH was lower (P &lt; 0.05) in HS compared to CON or LS (6.44 vs 6.75 or 6.77). Compared to CON, LS reduced the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae UCG 014 (LDA = 4.20; P = 0.01), whereas no effect was observed for HS. Compared to CON, predicted microbial functions associated with the immune system, translation, and enzyme activities were downregulated by LS while that of energy metabolism was downregulated by HS. Compared to HS, the predicted microbial functions associated with immune and digestive systems were downregulated by LS. This study demonstrated that LS transport stress has a more pronounced effect than long-term exposure on the rumen bacterial community and predicted functional potential in growing meat goats.
The Procedure for Appointing the International Criminal Court Prosecutor
Authors: Mudukuti Angela 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Every nine years a new prosecutor is elected at the International Criminal Court. To date, three Prosecutors have been appointed, including the March 2021 election of Karim Khan QC. The nomination and election process to the position has evolved over time but there is still room for improvement. The following comment highlights the last round of nomination and election and the major shortcoming of the process — the failure to conduct vetting for high moral character. It is important to state from the onset that this article is not about any of the prosecutorial candidates nor the prosecutor and confines itself to discussing why it is important for the Court to ensure rigorous, and fair appointment procedures for one of its most coveted and important posts.
Government Bailouts of Airlines in the COVID-19 Crisis: Improving Transparency in International Air Transport
Authors: Lee Jae Woon 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) presents the airline industry with unprecedented challenges that constitute no less than an existential threat. Given airlines’ importance in the economy, which includes providing connectivity, preserving jobs, and supporting related sectors, many governments have given local airlines enormous financial support since early 2020. Although it is well understood why many governments cannot allow their major airlines to shut down, the ongoing massive government bailouts can distort competition in the airline industry. This article analyzes various government bailouts of airlines in the COVID-19 crisis and discusses how these bailouts are creating a growing problem with fair competition in the international air transport market. While examining the unique regulatory framework of international air transport, the article recommends multilateral, bilateral, and unilateral rule-based approaches that can better serve economic governance of international air transport in the post-COVID-19 era. Although this article does not suggest major legal reforms, which would be too ambitious and unrealistic at this stage, transparency can be significantly improved through the recommendations provided here.
Rely more or less, for better or for worse: Intertwining reliability and preferences
Authors: Ghosh Sujata , Sano Katsuhiko 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Dealing with preferences is a ubiquitous part of our daily lives, and thus, preference forms an integral part of our daily decision-making processes. If we consider preferences among groups of agents, deliberation often leads to changes in preferences of an agent, influenced by the opinions of others, depending on how reliable these agents are according to the agent under consideration. Sometimes, it also leads to changes in the opposite direction, i.e. reliability over agents gets updated depending on their preferences. There are various formal studies of preference change based on reliability and/or trust, but not the other way around—this work contributes to the formal study of the latter aspect, i.e. on reliability change based on agent preferences. In process, some policies of preference change based on agent reliabilities are also discussed. We introduce a novel formal study of the relevant changes in agent reliabilities in decision-making scenarios, which is an integral part of artificial intelligence studies in the current day. A two-dimensional hybrid language is proposed to describe such processes, and axiomatizations and decidability are discussed.
ConVarT: a search engine for matching human genetic variants with variants from non-human species
Authors: Pir Mustafa S , Bilgin Halil I , Sayici Ahmet , Coşkun Fatih , Torun Furkan M , Zhao Pei , Kang Yahong , Cevik Sebiha , Kaplan Oktay I 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The availability of genetic variants, together with phenotypic annotations from model organisms, facilitates comparing these variants with equivalent variants in humans. However, existing databases and search tools do not make it easy to scan for equivalent variants, namely ‘matching variants’ (MatchVars) between humans and other organisms. Therefore, we developed an integrated search engine called ConVarT (http://www.convart.org/) for matching variants between humans, mice, and Caenorhabditis elegans. ConVarT incorporates annotations (including phenotypic and pathogenic) into variants, and these previously unexploited phenotypic MatchVars from mice and C. elegans can give clues about the functional consequence of human genetic variants. Our analysis shows that many phenotypic variants in different genes from mice and C. elegans, so far, have no counterparts in humans, and thus, can be useful resources when evaluating a relationship between a new human mutation and a disease.
Methods of nutritional assessment and functional capacity in the identification of unfavorable clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with cancer: a systematic review
Authors: Crestani Mariana S , Grassi Thaiciane , Steemburgo Thais 
Published: October 2021

AbstractContextMalnutrition has a negative impact on patients with cancer. Identifying risk, nutritional status, and functional capacity can contribute to adequate and early nutritional therapy, which can reduce unfavorable clinical outcomes.ObjectiveTo evaluate and summarize the main instruments of nutritional assessment and functional capacity and associate their results with clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with cancer.Data sourcesA systematic search was performed in the PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, SciELO, and LILACS databases. Studies in which researchers evaluated and compared screening, nutritional assessment, and functional capacity instruments and their associations with clinical outcomes were included.Data extractionThe data were extracted by 2 independent reviewers.ResultsA total of 29 studies met the inclusion criteria (n = 20 441 individuals). The Nutritional Risk Screening-2002 (NRS-2002) and Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) were the most common tools used for nutritional assessment. High nutritional risk according to the NRS-2202 and worse nutritional status according to the PG-SGA and Subjective Global Assessment were positively associated with a longer hospital stay and mortality. Low functional capacity, according to handgrip strength, was associated with longer hospital stay and nutrition impact symptoms.ConclusionsTools such as the NRS-2002, PG-SGA, Subjective Global Assessment, and handgrip strength assessment are efficacious for assessing unfavorable clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with cancer.
Motivational Dynamics Underlying Competition: The Opposing Processes Model of Competition and Performance
Authors: Murayama Kou , Elliot Andrew J. , Jury Mickaël 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The chapter delineates motivational mechanisms underlying how competition affects performance. The authors propose an opposing processes model of competition and performance in which competition positively influences performance via the adoption of performance-approach goals (i.e., trying to do better than others), whereas competition impairs performance via the adoption of performance-avoidance goals (i.e., trying to avoid doing worse than others). In competitions, these positive and negative goal processes often cancel each other out, producing a seemingly weak or non-existent relationship between competition and performance. The authors review empirical evidence for the proposed model, discuss the implications of the model in relation to other theoretical perspectives on competition, and speculate on the possibility that competition can play an instrumental role in sustainable engagement in a task.
Vision
Authors: Greene Vivien 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Even though the culture of decadence at the fin de siècle was widespread, most artists of the period did not think of themselves as “decadent.” Instead, writers transposed the term from literature to art. This article considers whether there was a decadent subset to symbolism, a movement that burgeoned when scientific developments, industrialization, and secularism spurred artistic explorations antithetical to reality and the physical world. Close readings of specific symbolist works identify potentially decadent tendencies, such as overwrought, debased, or gruesome imagery animated by exaggerated form, distorted line, and extreme ornamentation. Centering on depictions of erotically charged, bestial, and often “exoticized” women, from castrating femmes fatales to hybrid mythical creatures, the chapter contextualizes such representations within contemporary scientific, pseudo-scientific, and social theories, especially evolutionary ideas, that were manipulated to validate white European male supremacy. Ultimately, symbolist painters who were inclined to decadence deployed hyperbolic style in frequently misogynistic or racially biased interpretations of nonmimetic subjects that threatened dominant culture and the status quo.
Contemporary Contexts
Authors: Condé Alice 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Decadence is manifest most strongly at moments of unease about sociohistorical transition and relates to extremes of taste, passing into the realms of the distasteful or the extravagant. The Boulet Brothers’ Dragula (2016–) uses the format of the reality TV drag competition popularized by RuPaul’s Drag Race (2009–) to unite contestants of different gender identities and sexual orientations under the credo of “drag, filth, horror, glamour,” showcasing decadent performances that deliberately confront conventional standards of taste while simultaneously promoting ideals of compassion and self-acceptance among marginalized figures in an increasingly conservative political climate. The concept of decadence is most potent when its double meaning (negative moral judgment, unconventional culture) is most clear and its use in right-wing political rhetoric is confronted by those performing the aesthetics of bodily excess in rebellion against those in power. Today’s socially conscious decadents are artists, not agents, of social decline.
History of Archaeology in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Summerhayes Glenn R. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Prior to the excavations of Sue Bulmer in the late 1950s, the archaeological modelling of New Guinea’s past was hindered by a lack of time depth. Archaeological models of change involving the movement of peoples were the norm, and they were based on datasets including material culture, language, and physical attributes of people. This article charts early attempts of archaeology in exploring Papua New Guinea’s past using excavation and material culture. It concludes by noting that despite past drawbacks in interpreting these early excavations and analyses, these legacy collections can be revisited using modern scientific techniques in providing new directions in understanding the past.
Island Hopping to Sahul
Authors: Norman Kasih , O'Connor Sue , Bird Michael 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The dispersal of Homo sapiens to Sahul required passage through the vast Wallacean archipelago, resulting in the first large-scale modern human maritime migration. This migration likely required social, technological, and economic innovations as modern humans island-hopped east towards Sahul (the combined Pleistocene landmass of Australia, New Guinea, and the Aru Islands). The dispersal pathways through Wallacea are not well documented archaeologically, with theoretical and computational models of dispersal still playing an important role in our understanding of the region. This article reviews the archaeological and fossil evidence for the earliest H. sapiens presence in Wallacea; suggests possible overlap with archaic humans; and summarizes the findings of recent modelling for modern human migrations through Wallacea. The archaeological record of Wallacea attributed to H. sapiens is currently younger than that found in either Sunda (now comprising the western portion of Island Southeast Asia) or Sahul. From this pattern of evidence the authors conclude that the more ancient evidence for H. sapiens remains to be discovered in Wallacea, and they highlight the most promising islands for future research.