bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social determinants of health affect unplanned readmissions following acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Hoyler Marguerite M , Abramovitz Mark D , Ma Xiaoyue , Khatib Diana , Thalappillil Richard , Tam Christopher W , Samuels Jon D , White Robert S 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Low socioeconomic status predicts inferior clinical outcomes in many patient populations. The effects of patient insurance status and hospital safety-net status on readmission rates following acute myocardial infarction are unclear.
Materials & methods:
A retrospective review of State Inpatient Databases for New York, California, Florida and Maryland, 2007–2014.
Results:
A total of 1,055,162 patients were included. Medicaid status was associated with 37.7 and 44.0% increases in risk-adjusted readmission odds at 30 and 90 days (p < 0.0001). Uninsured status was associated with reduced odds of readmission at both time points. High-burden safety-net status was associated with 9.6 and 9.5% increased odds of readmission at 30 and 90 days (p < 0.0003).
Conclusion:
Insurance status and hospital safety-net burden affect readmission odds following acute myocardial infarction.
Accountability in Distance Learning: The Effect of Remote Proctoring on Performance in Online Accounting Courses
Authors: Akaaboune Ouadie , Blix Leslie H. , Carrington Linda G. , Henderson Cassy D. 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Distance education allows educators, with the use of technology, to deliver curriculum to students who are separated from their instructors. As higher education evolves, enrollment in distance education continues to present challenges of academic dishonesty. Proctoring services can provide educators with a practical and cost effective approach to reduce academic dishonesty in accounting programs. This study examines the effects of online proctoring programs on students' exam performance in an online accounting course. Our findings show lower exam performance when proctoring services are used, consistent with a reduction in academic dishonesty. More importantly, we show that proctoring affects lower performing students' exam performance more than higher performing students. These results have implications for accounting faculty in designing accounting courses, which can be delivered through a distance learning approach while maintaining the academic integrity and rigor demanded by the accounting profession.
Interpretation of Noninvasive and Invasive Information
Authors: Farhang Borzoo , Anderson Erik P , Hamlin Mark P 
Published: January 2021

Traditional, static measures of resuscitation, such as vital signs, central venous pressure, and pulmonary arterial pressure, provide momentary glimpses evolving hemodynamic states. In patients with shock, these measures of resuscitation are poor indicators of response to therapy. As a result, dynamic assessments of cardiovascular status are now used in critically ill patients to facilitate resuscitation. Some of these approaches focus on fluid responsiveness. These assessments allow care to be tailored to each patient’s response to interventions. An evolving aspect of hemodynamic monitoring is evaluation of the adequacy of tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery. In this review, we consider the use of arterial, central venous, and pulmonary arterial blood pressure monitoring; echocardiography; transesophageal Doppler technology; pulse contour analysis; bioimpedance and bioreactance; and partial rebreathing monitoring modalities to assess hemodynamic status in critically ill patients.
This review contains 22 figures, 5 tables, and 38 references.
Key words: echocardiography, esophageal Doppler technology, invasive and noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring, pulse contour analysis, shock
Approach to the Patient with a Breast Mass
Authors: Plitas George , Morrow Monica , Bruns Brandon R 
Published: January 2021

A breast mass is the most common presenting symptom among patients in a breast clinic. The presence of a breast mass can cause a great deal of anxiety in women, as well as their physicians. The differential diagnosis of a palpable breast abnormality is broad, although the majority of breast masses are benign. The responsibility of the physician who is evaluating a breast mass is to exclude the presence of malignancy. Once cancer is ruled out, the physician should then attempt to provide an accurate diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and reassurance to the patient. This chapter discusses the assessment of normal breast physiology, identification of a breast mass, evaluation of the various classifications of breast mass (e.g., dominant mass with clinically benign features and dominant mass with suspicious features), differential diagnosis and management of common benign breast masses (e.g., cysts, fibroadenomas, phyllodes tumors, hamartomas, fat necrosis), and the risk of breast cancer associated with benign breast lesions. The chapter also discusses the diagnosis and management of a breast mass in male patients. Tables outline breast lesions that may present as a palpable abnormality, factors used for the assessment of breast cancer risk, physical characteristics of benign and malignant breast masses, the accuracy of fine-needle aspiration, and benign breast lesions by category. Figures illustrate diagnostic procedures, the anatomy of the human breast, visual inspection of the breasts, physical examination of the breasts, breast palpation technique, the evaluation and management of a new breast mass, and the identification of cysts.
This review contains 10 figures, 14 tables, and 64 references.
Keywords: breast mass, lobuloalveolar development, subareolar nodularity, parenchyma (glandular elements), stromal tissue, ovarian graafian follicles
Disorders of the Pleura, Mediastinum, and Hilum
Authors: Lerner Andrew D , Feller-Kopman David 
Published: January 2021

The pleura are a composition of two serous membranes: the visceral pleura lining the lungs and the parietal pleura lining the inner chest wall, diaphragm, and mediastinum. The pulmonary hilum is composed of blood vessels, airways, nerves, and lymph nodes and denotes the meeting point between the mediastinum and the pleural cavities. This review covers disorders of the pleura, mediastinum, and hilum. Figures show a schematic diagram of normal filtration/resorption of fluid in the pleural space; comparison of a simultaneously obtained chest x-ray (CXR) and a chest computed tomographic (CT) scan of the same patient; an algorithm for evaluation of patients with pleural effusion (PE); a three-compartment model of mediastinal anatomy; photographs of a resected, well-encapsulated thymoma and a benign, multiloculated thymic cyst that were completely removed by sternotomy, a resected esophageal duplication cyst, and an esophageal leiomyoma being removed by means of a right thoracotomy; CT scans demonstrating the characteristic appearance of an invasive thymoma, an extragonadal germ cell tumor, a primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma, a goiter with extension behind the trachea, right paratracheal adenopathy in the middle mediastinal compartment, a middle mediastinal cystic mass, a large subcarinal bronchogenic cyst, a tracheal chondrosarcoma, gas in the mediastinum due to esophageal perforation, and mediastinal fibrosis; coronal imaging showing a large, smooth muscle tumor associated with the distal esophagus; a barium swallow showing a large esophageal perforation that resulted in soilage of the middle mediastinum; and posteroanterior and lateral CXRs of a posterior mediastinal neurogenic tumor accompanied by a CT scan showing the posterior mediastinal neurogenic tumor visualized in the posteroanterior radiograph.
This review contains 19 figures, 51 tables, and 83 references.
Keywords: Mediastinum, mediastinitis, pleural effusion, empyema, congestive heart failure, adenopathy, thymoma, esophageal perforation
Red Blood Cell Function and Disorders of Iron Metabolism
Authors: Means Jr Robert T. 
Published: January 2021

The red blood cell, or erythrocyte, is an anucleate biconcave disk, approximately 7 µm in diameter. The principal function of the red blood cell is to exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen while in the pulmonary circulation, exchange that oxygen for carbon dioxide in the peripheral tissue, and carry that carbon dioxide back to the lungs. The physicochemical composition of the red cell is aligned to optimize that function. The state of tissue oxygenation, in turn, regulates the production of red cells. This review covers red blood cell function, iron metabolism, iron deficiency, iron overload, and primary iron overload. Figures show a model of the hemoglobin molecule showing the relative alignment of the α chains and β chains; the normal oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve shifted by changes in temperature, pH, and the intracellular concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate; body iron supply and storage; regulation of hepcidin expression and its role in disease; blood smear from a patient with iron deficiency; and mechanisms contributing to iron overload in iron-loading anemias. Tables list laboratory results associated with decreased iron balance, causes of iron deficiency, oral iron replacement therapy, parenteral iron replacement therapy, primary iron overload syndromes, secondary iron overload syndromes, laboratory results associated with increased iron stores, and other rare disorders of iron overload.
This review contains 6 figures, 20 tables, and 111 references
Keywords: Red blood cell, iron deficiency anemia, iron overload, hemochromatosis, hemoglobin, iron balance
Allergic Rhinitis, Conjunctivitis, and Sinusitis
Authors: Naclerio Robert 
Published: January 2021

Allergic rhinitis is an IgE-mediated inflammatory response in the nose to foreign substances known as allergens. It can be classified as seasonal or perennial, depending on the allergens triggering the reaction. This characterization is good for identifying allergen triggers but is limited because it is based on the duration of outdoor exposure (e.g., grass pollinates for 2 months in Chicago and nearly 11 months in Texas). Also, some perennial allergens, such as dust mites, have seasons. The Allergic Rhinitis in Asthma (ARIA) classification was developed to focus on therapy. It assumes that exposure to perennial and to seasonal allergen leads to the same immunologic response. ARIA places patients into the categories of mild intermittent, mild persistent, moderate/severe intermittent, and moderate/severe persistent to recommend treatment and emphasizes the link between allergic rhinitis and asthma.1

This review contains 5 figures, 12 tables, and 59 references.
Key Words: Sinusitis, infection, allergy, antibiotic, decongestant, antihistamine
Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Mogensen Kris M. , Robinson Malcolm K. 
Published: January 2021

Alternative routes of nutrient administration are available for patients who are unable to eat or digest sufficient food to prevent malnutrition. These routes include enteral (administered through the gastrointestinal tract) and parenteral (administered intravenously). This review details the clinical consequences of malnutrition, nutritional assessment, the benefits of nutrition support therapy, determining the nutrient prescription, special considerations in nutrition support therapy, aspects of obtaining enteral or parenteral access, monitoring of patients receiving nutrition support therapy, and complications and ethical issues associated with enteral and parenteral nutrition. Figures include algorithms showing the identification of malnutrition, the nutrition support decision process, and the approach to gastric residual monitoring; nasogastric tube displacement leading to pneumothorax; proper placement of a long or “midline” catheter versus a peripherally inserted central catheter; and photographs of a 43-year-old man with Crohn disease complicated by enterocutaneous fistula formation, distal small bowel obstruction, and evisceration of the small bowel after developing a pelvic abscess. Tables list acute illness- or injury-related malnutrition; chronic disease−related malnutrition; social or environmental circumstances−related malnutrition; indications and contraindications to enteral and parenteral nutrition; selected examples of predictive equations; electrolyte provision in parenteral nutrition; parenteral vitamin and trace element requirements; complications associated with enteral and parenteral nutrition; and indications, contraindications, and complications of gastrostomy tube placement.
This review contains 6 highly rendered figures, 11 tables, and 167 references.
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Seely Ellen W. , Zera Chloe A. 
Published: January 2021

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has historically been defined as glucose intolerance first identified during pregnancy. The definition fails to distinguish overt (pre-gestational) diabetes diagnosed during pregnancy from glucose intolerance induced by pregnancy. Recently, the recognition that overt diabetes may first be identified in pregnancy has led to the recommendation that diabetes diagnosed in the first trimester should be termed type 2 diabetes (T2DM) rather than GDM , a clinically relevant difference in terminology as the outcomes and management of T2DM in pregnancy are distinct from outcomes and management of GDM. This chapter discusses the epidemiology, pathophysiology, screening, diagnosis, treatment and impact of GDM, as well as the obstetric management of GDM and management of GDM after pregnancy.
This review contains 8 tables, and 56 references.
Keywords: Gestational diabetes mellitus, diabetes mellitus, stillbirth, glucose control, type 2 diabetes mellitus, pregnancy
Pediatric Minimally Invasive Pyeloplasty
Authors: Finkelstein Julia Beth , Casale Pasquale 
Published: January 2021

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is a common urologic abnormality in children. The diagnosis is typically based on a combination of clinical symptoms, ultrasonographic findings of hydronephrosis without hydroureter, and sometimes diuretic renal scintigraphy. Acceptance of robotic technology is increasing among pediatric urologists, and robotic pyeloplasty is now commonly performed for children with UPJO, with success rates similar to open pyeloplasty and a more efficient learning curve than conventional laparoscopy. The Anderson-Hynes dismembered pyeloplasty is the standard approach for repair. When complex patient anatomy is encountered, alternative techniques can be used to tailor the procedure to the specific case. Overall, robotic pyeloplasty offers strong outcomes, low complication rates, and a minimal rate of conversion to open surgery. Although the initial cost of robotic technology may be high, human capital gain and indirect benefits from shortened hospitalizations, smaller incisions, and parental satisfaction may be valuable.

This review contains 10 figures, 5 tables and 42 references
Key words: Pediatrics, Minimally invasive surgery, Robotics, Ureteropelvic junction obstruction, Pyeloplasty, Urology
Variant Vascular Anatomy
Authors: Mannoia Kristyn , Hohmann Stephen 
Published: January 2021

Knowledge of vascular anatomy is critical for successful vascular surgery. In this chapter, we review the most common variants of arterial and venous anatomy that should be familiar to vascular clinicians. Variants that are seen most frequently are emphasized and others that are less common, but critical to be aware of, are discussed as well. We describe and highlight the clinical relevance of these anomalies. Images of cases we have encountered in practice will be presented as examples. As this is not meant to be a comprehensive review of all vascular variants, we provide references for further reading where appropriate

This review contains 16 figures, 1 table and 92 references
Key Words: aberrant, anatomy, anomalous, arterial, surgery, variant, vascular, venous
Effects of Priming with Ascorbic Acid, L-Cystein and Triacontanol on Germination of Rapeseed (Brassica napusL.)
Authors: Molnár Katalin , Biró-Janka Béla , Nyárádi Imre-István , Fodorpataki László , Varga Bernadett-Enikő , Bálint János , Duda Marcel-Matei 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe germination of seed batches of two rapeseed (Brassica napusL.) hybrids (‘Hybrirock’ and ‘Factor’) were investigated in response to priming in aqueous solutions of ascorbic acid (10 mM), L-cysteine (10 mM) and triacontanol (1 μM), respectively tap water (as control treatment). Investigations were focused on seed quality parameters, such as germination percentage, mean germination time, germination index, uniformity of germination, and seedling shoot and root growth. Germinated seeds were counted every 24 hours for a period of seven days, recording the final germination percentage (FGP), mean germination time (MGT), the coefficient of velocity of germination (CVG), germination rate index (GRI), germination index (GI), uncertanty (U), and synchrony (Z). In a separate trial fresh shoot- and root length, respectively the dry weight of the shoots and roots were also determined after a 14 day period. Germination tests were performed to examine the quality of seeds in response to different priming treatments. The results demonstrated that priming improved the germination parameters of seeds of both hybrids. Furthermore, the use of ascorbic acid, L-cysteine and triacontanol also enhanced seedling growth. The results may be used to rank seed lots by vigor, and decisions can be made regarding planting potential of each seed lot.
Suitability Determination of Machine Learning Techniques for the Operational Quality Assessment of Geophysical Survey Results
Authors: Abramov Kirill , Grundspenkis Janis 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Well logging, also known as a geophysical survey, is one of the main components of a nuclear fuel cycle. This survey follows directly after the drilling process, and the operational quality assessment of its results is a very serious problem. Any mistake in this survey can lead to the culling of the whole well. This paper examines the feasibility of applying machine learning techniques to quickly assess the well logging quality results. The studies were carried out by a reference well modelling for the selected uranium deposit of the Republic of Kazakhstan and further comparing it with the results of geophysical surveys recorded earlier. The parameters of the geophysical methods and the comparison rules for them were formulated after the reference well modelling process. The classification trees and the artificial neural networks were used during the research process and the results obtained for both methods were compared with each other. The results of this paper may be useful to the enterprises engaged in the geophysical well surveys and data processing obtained during the logging process.
Building transformative capability through civil service reform
Authors: Thomas Peter 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This article explores the importance of capability building to the success of public service reforms. It draws on the neglected literature on capability to explore how capability is a product (or not) of the interaction between the skills, experience and methods of an individual – and the culture, structures, processes of the organisation they work in. The analysis identifies four key features of successful capability-building reforms in the UK, which are also found in the early successes of the Goal Programme for Public Service Reform and Innovation: an iterative and permissive approach to project identification and scoping; projects on high-priority, cross-cutting outcomes that demand new ways of working; projects that are connected with conducive elements of the organisational and leadership context; projects that are designed to create or adapt ‘enabling routines’ which civil servants ‘learn by doing’. Such reforms have acted as capability factories. And as the early adopters of new routines rise through the organisation and take on new roles, they become advocates and teachers of the routines and practice they have acquired. This is how organisations learn and build the capability they need to succeed.
The reform of human resource management in the Irish public service
Authors: Roche William K. , O’Riordan Joanna 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This paper reviews human resource management (HRM) reforms in the Irish public service over the past twenty-five years. The narrative is based around five HRM themes which have been the main focus of public service reform efforts: performance management, public service careers, leadership, strategic HRM and employment relations. The paper examines all available independent empirical research as well as internal and external reviews commissioned by the public service. The paper contributes to the empirical literature on HRM in the public service and in Ireland, and locates the pattern of HRM reform in the public service in Ireland in comparative context. The paper concludes by noting that while progress has been made, further energy is required in respect of HRM reform.
The replication method to analyze roughness of shaft, tool, and grinding wheel microgeometry
Authors: Szawara Paulina , Ostrowski Robert 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This article presents the possibility of using the replication method to measure selected parameters of the surface geometry. The results of the tests obtained while measuring the replica and surface of the tested object are presented. The obtained results indicate the suitability of using RepliSet F5 to measure the roughness parameters (Ra and Rz), microgeometry tool, and grinding wheel. It has been proven that the replication method using the RepliSet F5 is suitable for chosen parameters of roughness and tool microgeometry measurements. However, it is not suitable for measuring the porosity of a grinding wheel.
Effect of grain size on the physicomechanical properties
Authors: Ossia C. V. , Big-Alabo A. , Ekpruke E. O. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this study, locally available waste coconut (Cocos nucifera) shells (CSs) were investigated as possible replacement for asbestos-based brake pads. The CS-based brake pad was tested for its physicomechanical properties and compared with a commercial brake pad used as control sample. The results showed that (a) an improved interfacial bonding between the CS particles and the binder as the grain size decreases; (b) the 90 μm grain size sample had better physicomechanical properties than the control sample in all tests except the thermal conductivity and stability tests; and (c) the hardness, compressive strength, and density of the CS-based brake pad decreased with increasing grain size, whereas the absorption properties increased with increasing grain size. The study showed that further reduction of the grain size below 90 μm and matrix impregnation with metals of good thermal conductivity could provide significant improvements to properties of the CS-based brake pad.
Determination of contact pattern for double enveloping worm gear
Authors: Polowniak Piotr , Sobolak Mariusz , Marciniec Adam 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The paper presents the method of determining geometric contact pattern by using the direct computer-aided design (CAD) method for ideal globoid worm gear in which mounting deviations are considered. The tooth contact analysis was performed for all cycle of worm rotation. Based on the results of temporary contact pattern, graphical characteristics of the contact area size depending on worm position were made. A complete analysis of the correctness of gear meshing can be obtained based on presented method. If the worm or worm wheel is incorrectly designed in terms of the geometry, the meshing simulation of CAD models can indicate the collision. Geometric contact pattern analyses were made at two pressure angles of ideal gear. The analysis of the influence of mounting deviations was done against one selected pressure angle and one gear position.