bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ambient‐Stable Two‐Dimensional Titanium Carbide (MXene) Enabled by Iodine Etching
Authors: Shi Huanhuan , Zhang Panpan , Liu Zaichun , Park SangWook , Lohe Martin R. , Wu Yuping , Shaygan Nia Ali , Yang Sheng , Feng Xinliang 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMXene (e.g., Ti3C2) represents an important class of two‐dimensional (2D) materials owing to its unique metallic conductivity and tunable surface chemistry. However, the mainstream synthetic methods rely on the chemical etching of MAX powders (e.g., Ti3AlC2) using hazardous HF or alike, leading to MXene sheets with fluorine termination and poor ambient stability in colloidal dispersions. Here, we demonstrate a fluoride‐free, iodine (I2) assisted etching route for preparing 2D MXene (Ti3C2Tx, T=O, OH) with oxygen‐rich terminal groups and intact lattice structure. More than 71 % of sheets are thinner than 5 nm with an average size of 1.8 μm. They present excellent thin‐film conductivity of 1250 S cm−1 and great ambient stability in water for at least 2 weeks. 2D MXene sheets with abundant oxygen surface groups are excellent electrode materials for supercapacitors, delivering a high gravimetric capacitance of 293 F g−1 at a scan rate of 1 mV s−1, superior to those made from fluoride‐based etchants (<290 F g−1 at 1 mV s−1). Our strategy provides a promising pathway for the facile and sustainable production of highly stable MXene materials.
Ultrafast Size Expansion and Turn‐On Luminescence of Atomically Precise Silver Clusters by Hydrogen Sulfide
Authors: He Wei‐Miao , Zhou Zhe , Han Zhen , Li Si , Zhou Zhan , Ma Lu‐Fang , Zang Shuang‐Quan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe formation of high‐nuclearity silver(I) clusters remains elusive and their potential applications are still underdeveloped. Herein, we firstly prepared a chain‐like thiolated AgI complex {[Ag18(StBu)10(NO3)8(CH3CN)2(H2O)2] ⋅ [Ag18(StBu)10(NO3)8(CH3CN)6]}n (abbreviated as Ag18) in which two similar Ag18 clusters are assembled by NO3− anions. The solution containing Ag18 reacted with hydrogen sulfide with controlled concentration, promptly producing another identifiable and bright red‐emitting high‐nuclearity silver(I) cluster, Ag62(S)13(StBu)32(NO3)4 (abbreviated as Ag62). We tracked the transformation using time‐dependent electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS), UV/Vis absorption and photoluminescence spectra. Based on this cluster transformation, we further developed an ultra‐sensitive turn‐on sensor detecting H2S gas with an ultrafast response time (30 s) at a low detection limit (0.13 ppm). This work opens a new way of understanding the growth of metal clusters and developing their luminescent sensing applications.
Feasibility of using polycarbonate as a substrate of thin film composite membrane in forward osmosis
Authors: Alihemati Z. , Hashemifard S. A. , Matsuura T. , Ismail A. F. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn the present study, thin film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membranes with polycarbonate (PC (and polyether sulfone (PES) as substrates were fabricated to investigate the impact of the structural parameters of substrate on the performance of the membranes. Firstly, the substrates were prepared by Loeb‐Sourirajan method. Characterization techniques including FESEM, contact angle measurement, pure water flux, gas permeability test, and tensile test were applied to investigate the properties of the substrates. After preparing suitable substrates, active layers were fabricated via interfacial polymerization (IP) technique. The performance and characterization test showed that PC is a relatively hydrophilic polymer with a good property for using as a substrate of FO TFC membrane but as the result of gas permeability test show, this membrane has large surface pore size in comparison with PES membrane. Mean pore size of PC and PES membrane is 378 and 139 nm, respectively. Also, the results show that the effective surface porosity of PC (285, 1/m) is more than PES (213, 1/m) substrate.
Preparation of high‐performance carbon nanotube/polyamide composite materials by elastic high‐shear kneading and improvement of properties by induction heating treatment
Authors: Noguchi Toru , Niihara Ken‐ichi , Kawamoto Keiichi , Fukushi Masanori , Jinnai Hiroshi , Nakajima Ken , Endo Morinobu 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPolyamide 66 (PA66) nanocomposites were prepared by compounding carbon nanotubes (CNTs) using an elastic high‐shear kneading method, and the mechanism to understand their excellent properties was verified. In addition, we developed a microwave heat treatment that increases toughness quickly and at low cost. By combining 6.6 vol% or more of CNTs, PA66 with improved mechanical properties, such as higher elastic modulus and yield strength, was achieved, making it possible to obtain a composite having excellent high‐temperature characteristics that does not melt even at a temperature above the melting point. These effects appeared to be due to defibration of CNT aggregates and isolation and dispersion in PA66. A lamellar crystal of PA66 grows around the CNT, forming an interphase. The higher performance appeared to be attributable to a continuous three‐dimensional structure in which CNTs are bound via the interphase, and the improvement of the elastic modulus of the composite material was tentatively ascribed to a Halpin‐Tsai model in which the size of the unit cell of the three‐dimensional structure is introduced. The resulting CNT/PA66 composite materials are superior not only in performance but also in price.
Young people's information practices in library makerspaces
Authors: Li Xiaofeng 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWhile there have been a growing number of studies on makerspaces in different disciplines, little is known about how young people interact with information in makerspaces. This study aimed to unpack how young people (middle and high schoolers) sought, used, and shared information in voluntary free‐choice library makerspace activities. Qualitative methods, including individual interviews, observations, photovoice, and focus groups, were used to elicit 21 participants' experiences at two library makerspaces. The findings showed that young people engaged in dynamic practices of information seeking, use, and sharing, and revealed how the historical, sociocultural, material, and technological contexts embedded in makerspace activities shaped these information practices. Information practices of tinkering, sensing, and imagining in makerspaces were highlighted. Various criteria that young people used in evaluating human sources and online information were identified as well. The study also demonstrated the communicative and collaborative aspects of young people's information practices through information sharing. The findings extended Savolainen's everyday information practices model and addressed the gap in the current literature on young people's information behavior and information practices. Understanding how young people interact with information in makerspaces can help makerspace facilitators and information professionals better support youth services and facilitate makerspace activities.
An iSchool approach to data science: Human‐centered, socially responsible, and context‐driven
Authors: Shah Chirag , Anderson Theresa , Hagen Loni , Zhang Yin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe Information Schools, also referred to as iSchools, have a unique approach to data science with three distinct components: human‐centeredness, socially responsible, and rooted in context. In this position paper, we highlight and expand on these components and show how they are integrated in various research and educational activities related to data science that are being carried out at iSchools. We argue that the iSchool way of doing data science is not only highly relevant to the current times, but also crucial in solving problems of tomorrow. Specifically, we accentuate the issues of developing insights and solutions that are not only data‐driven, but also incorporate human values, including transparency, privacy, ethics, fairness, and equity. This approach to data science has meaningful implications on how we educate the students and train the next generation of scholars and policymakers. Here, we provide some of those design decisions, rooted in evidence‐based research, along with our perspective on how data science is currently situated and how it should be advanced in iSchools.
Investigative approaches to researching information technology companies
Authors: Carter Daniel , Acker Amelia , Sholler Dan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRecent events reveal the potential for information technologies to threaten democratic participation and destabilize knowledge institutions. These are core concerns for researchers working within the area of critical information studies—yet these companies have also demonstrated novel tactics for obscuring their operations, reducing the ability of scholars to speak about how harms are perpetuated or to link them to larger systems. While scholars' methods and ethical conventions have historically privileged the agency of research participants, the current landscape suggests the value of exploring methods that would reveal actions that are purposefully hidden. We propose investigation as a model for critical information studies and review the methods and epistemological conventions of investigative journalists as a provocative example, noting that their orientation toward those in power enables them to discuss societal harms in ways that academic researchers often cannot. We conclude by discussing key topics, such as process accountability and institutional norms, that should feature in discussions of how academic researchers might position investigation in relation to their own work.
An overview on the conversion of glycerol to value‐added industrial products via chemical and biochemical routes
Authors: Lima Paula Jéssyca Morais , da Silva Rhonyele Maciel , Neto Carlos Alberto Chaves Girão , Gomes e Silva Natan Câmara , Souza José Erick da Silva , Nunes Yale Luck , Sousa dos Santos José Cleiton 
Published: January 2021

AbstractGlycerol is a common by‐product of industrial biodiesel syntheses. Due to its properties, availability, and versatility, residual glycerol can be used as a raw material in the production of high value‐added industrial inputs and outputs. In particular, products like hydrogen, propylene glycol, acrolein, epichlorohydrin, dioxalane and dioxane, glycerol carbonate, n‐butanol, citric acid, ethanol, butanol, propionic acid, (mono‐, di‐, and triacylglycerols), cynamoil esters, glycerol acetate, benzoic acid, and other applications. In this context, the present study presents a critical evaluation of the innovative technologies based on the use of residual glycerol in different industries, including the pharmaceutical, textile, food, cosmetic, and energy sectors. Chemical and biochemical catalysts in the transformation of residual glycerol are explored, along with the factors to be considered regarding the choice of catalyst route used in the conversion process, aiming at improving the production of these industrial products.
Aktive Verbinder für Bauelemente aus Carbonbeton
Authors: Ayoubi Mazen , Sobotta Sacha , Schlüter Dominik , Michler Harald , Kropp Thomas , Thüsing Kai , Kallnick Stefanie , Schumann Alexander 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDie Umsetzung einer modularen, vorgefertigten Bauweise sowie der weitreichende Einsatz von Leichtbauelementen aus Carbon‐ oder Textilbeton verlangen neue Verbindungselemente. Bauteile aus Carbonbeton werden wesentlich schlanker als vergleichbare Stahlbetonelemente ausgeführt. Neben den geometrischen Bedingungen für die Verbindung stellt insbesondere die Kraftübertragung in entsprechend dünnen Elementen eine Herausforderung für Planer und Bauausführung dar. Eine nachhaltige, modulare Bauweise benötigt darüber hinaus Verbindungselemente, die eine einfache und sichere Montage einzelner Elemente ermöglichen und die Ästhetik des Bauwerks nicht beeinflussen. In diesem Aufsatz werden für genau diesen Anwendungsfall innovative Verbindungselemente vorgestellt, die auf Basis von Formgedächtnislegierungen (FGL) funktionieren. Die neuen Verbindungskonzepte streben eine deutliche Vereinfachung der Montage auf der Baustelle an. Durch den Einsatz von Memory‐Stahl als aktives Verbindungselement kann auf eine mechanische Zugänglichkeit zur Verbindung verzichtet werden. In diesem Beitrag werden das primäre Anwendungsfeld der FGL‐Verbinder sowie die ersten Konzepte und Entwicklungen aufgezeigt.
Dämpfungskennwerte des Schotteroberbaus auf Eisenbahnbrücken
Authors: Stollwitzer Andreas , Fink Josef 
Published: January 2021

AbstractUm die Eigenschaften des Schotteroberbaus in dynamischen Berechnungen von Eisenbahnbrücken zu berücksichtigen, steht in der Brückendynamik zwar ein breites Feld an Rechenmodellen zur Verfügung, eine erhebliche Streuung der zugehörigen Steifigkeits‐ und Dämpfungskennwerte erschwert jedoch einen ingenieurpragmatischen Zugang. Aufbauend auf dynamischen Analysen an einer Versuchsanlage, welche durch ihre spezielle Funktionsweise eine Betrachtung des vom Brückentragwerk unabhängigen Schotteroberbaus ermöglicht, werden Dämpfungskennwerte für den Schotteroberbau bestimmt. Die Kennwerte sind dabei zugehörig zu einem mechanischen Modell, welches auf die im Schotteroberbau wirkenden Energiedissipations‐ bzw. Dämpfungsmechanismen abgestimmt ist und eine Gleis‐Tragwerk‐Interaktion sowohl in horizontaler als auch in vertikaler Richtung berücksichtigt. Die ermittelten Dämpfungskennwerte zeigen für das gegenständliche Versuchsspektrum signifikante Frequenz‐, Verschiebungs‐ und Beschleunigungsabhängigkeiten, unterliegen innerhalb dieser Abhängigkeiten jedoch nur einer geringfügigen Streuung, womit für den Schotteroberbau letztendlich eine ausreichend genaue und realitätsnahe Angabe von Rechenmodell und darauf abgestimmten Kennwerten ermöglicht wird.
Parent‐conducted rapid assessment of attention types for the treatment of attention‐maintained problem behavior
Authors: Livingston Cynthia , Adams Molly B. , Strohmeier Craig W. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWhen praise is not a reinforcer for alternative behavior in the treatment of attention‐maintained problem behavior, further pretreatment assessments are warranted to develop an effective treatment. The current study reports a replication of the pretreatment rapid assessment of attention types (RAAT) procedures, implemented by the parents of a 19‐year‐old female with attention‐maintained problem behavior. After administering staff and parent‐conducted RAATs, a parent‐implemented treatment, (a) produced clinically significant decreases in problem behavior, and (b) confirmed that the RAAT identified an attention‐type that served as a reinforcer for appropriate alternative behavior. This study extends the findings of Strohmeier et al. by reporting results of a parent‐conducted RAAT and treatment evaluation. The findings highlight the practical importance of pretreatment assessment of attention‐types, with emphasis on caregiver involvement, to develop effective treatments for attention‐maintained problem behavior.
Lyophilization stabilizes clinical‐stage core‐crosslinked polymeric micelles to overcome cold chain supply challenges
Authors: Ojha Tarun , Hu Qizhi , Colombo Claudio , Wit Jan , van Geijn Michiel , van Steenbergen Mies J. , Bagheri Mahsa , Königs‐Werner Hiltrud , Buhl Eva Miriam , Bansal Ruchi , Shi Yang , Hennink Wim E. , Storm Gert , Rijcken Cristianne J. F. , Lammers Twan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundCriPec technology enables the generation of drug‐entrapped biodegradable core‐crosslinked polymeric micelles (CCPM) with high drug loading capacity, tailorable size, and drug release kinetics. Docetaxel (DTX)‐entrapped CCPM, also referred to as CPC634, have demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetics, tolerability, and enhanced tumor uptake in patients. Clinical efficacy evaluation is ongoing. CPC634 is currently stored (shelf life > 5 years) and shipped as a frozen aqueous dispersion at temperatures below −60°C, in order to prevent premature release of DTX and hydrolysis of the core‐crosslinks. Consequently, like other aqueous nanomedicine formulations, CPC634 relies on cold chain supply, which is unfavorable for commercialization. Lyophilization can help to bypass this issue.Methods and resultsFreeze‐drying methodology for CCPM was developed by employing CPC634 as a model formulation, and sucrose and trehalose as cryoprotectants. We studied the residual moisture content and reconstitution behavior of the CPC634 freeze‐dried cake, as well as the size, polydispersity index, morphology, drug retention, and release kinetics of reconstituted CPC634. Subsequently, the freeze‐drying methodology was validated in an industrial setting, yielding a CPC634 freeze‐dried cake with a moisture content of less than 0.1 wt%. It was found that trehalose‐cryoprotected CPC634 could be rapidly reconstituted in less than 5 min at room temperature. Critical quality attributes such as size, morphology, drug retention, and release kinetics of trehalose‐cryoprotected freeze‐dried CPC634 upon reconstitution were identical to those of non‐freeze‐dried CPC634.ConclusionOur findings provide proof‐of‐concept for the lyophilization of drug‐containing CCPM and our methodology is readily translatable to large‐scale manufacturing for future commercialization.
Generation of enzymatically competent SARS‐CoV‐2 decoy receptor ACE2‐Fc in glycoengineered Nicotiana benthamiana
Authors: Castilho Alexandra , Schwestka Jennifer , Kienzl Nikolaus F. , Vavra Ulrike , Grünwald‐Gruber Clemens , Izadi Shiva , Hiremath Chaitra , Niederhöfer Janine , Laurent Elisabeth , Monteil Vanessa , Mirazimi Ali , Wirnsberger Gerald , Stadlmann Johannes , Stöger Eva , Mach Lukas , Strasser Richard 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHuman angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the primary host cell receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) binding and cell entry. Administration of high concentrations of soluble ACE2 can be utilized as a decoy to block the interaction of the virus with cellular ACE2 receptors and potentially be used as a strategy for treatment or prevention of coronavirus disease 2019. Human ACE2 is heavily glycosylated and its glycans impact on binding to the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein and virus infectivity. Here, we describe the production of a recombinant soluble ACE2‐fragment crystallizable (Fc) variant in glycoengineered Nicotiana benthamiana. Our data reveal that the produced dimeric ACE2‐Fc variant is glycosylated with mainly complex human‐type N‐glycans and functional with regard to enzyme activity, affinity to the SARS‐CoV‐2 receptor‐binding domain, and wild‐type virus neutralization.
Process development and optimization of continuous capture with three‐column periodic counter‐current chromatography
Authors: Shi Ce , Zhang Qi‐Lei , Jiao Biao , Chen Xu‐Jun , Chen Ran , Gong Wei , Yao Shan‐Jing , Lin Dong‐Qiang 
Published: January 2021

AbstractContinuous capture with affinity chromatography is one of the most important units for continuous manufacturing of monoclonal antibody (mAb). Due to the complexity of three‐column periodic counter‐current chromatography (3C‐PCC), three approaches (experimental, model‐based, and simplified approaches) were studied for process development and optimization. The effects of residence time for interconnected load (RT
C), breakthrough percentage of the first column for interconnected load (s) and feed protein concentration (c
0) on productivity and capacity utilization were focused. The model‐based approach was found superior to the experimental approach in process optimization and evaluation. Two phases of productivity were observed and the optimal RT
C for the maximum productivity was located at the boundary of the two phases. The comprehensive effects of the operating parameters (RT
C, s, and c
0) were evaluated by the model‐based approach, and the operation space was predicted. The best performance of 34.5 g/L/h productivity and 97.6% capacity utilization were attained for MabSelect SuRe LX resin under 5 g/L concentration at RT
C = 2.8 min and s = 87.5%. Moreover, a simplified approach was suggested to obtain the optimal RT
C for the maximum productivity. The results demonstrated that model‐assisted tools are useful to determine the optimum conditions for 3C‐PCC continuous capture with high productivity and capacity utilization.
Reversible Control of Gelatin Hydrogel Stiffness by Using DNA Crosslinkers**
Authors: Buchberger Alex , Saini Harpinder , Eliato Kiarash Rahmani , Zare Azadeh , Merkley Ryan , Xu Yang , Bernal Julio , Ros Robert , Nikkhah Mehdi , Stephanopoulos Nicholas 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBiomaterials with dynamically tunable properties are critical for a range of applications in regenerative medicine and basic biology. In this work, we show the reversible control of gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel stiffness through the use of DNA crosslinkers. We replaced some of the inter‐GelMA crosslinks with double‐stranded DNA, allowing for their removal through toehold‐mediated strand displacement. The crosslinks could be restored by adding fresh dsDNA with complementary handles to those on the hydrogel. The elastic modulus (G’) of the hydrogels could be tuned between 500 and 1000 Pa, reversibly, over two cycles without degradation of performance. By functionalizing the gels with a second DNA strand, it was possible to control the crosslink density and a model ligand in an orthogonal fashion with two different displacement strands. Our results demonstrate the potential for DNA to reversibly control both stiffness and ligand presentation in a protein‐based hydrogel, and will be useful for teasing apart the spatiotemporal behavior of encapsulated cells.
Structure Dependent Product Selectivity for CO2 Electroreduction on ZnO Derived Catalysts
Authors: Han Kai , Ngene Peter , de Jongh Petra 
Published: January 2021

AbstractElectrochemical conversion of CO2 is an attractive alternative to releasing it to the atmosphere. Catalysts derived from electroreduction of metal oxides are often more active than when starting with metallic phase catalyst. The origin of this effect is not yet clear. Using ZnO nanorods, we show that the initial structure of the oxide as well as the electrolyte medium have a profound impact on the structure of the catalytic active Zn phase, and thereby the selectivity of the catalysts. ZnO nanorods with various aspect ratios were electrochemically reduced in different electrolytes leading to metallic Zn with different structures; a sponge‐like structure, nanorods and nanoplates. The sponge‐like Zn produced syngas with H2 : CO=2, and some formate, the nanorods produced only syngas with H2 : CO=1, while Zn nanoplates exhibited 85 % selectivity towards CO. These results open a pathway to design new electrocatalysts with optimized properties by modifying the structure of the starting material and the electroreduction medium.
Natural and Synthetic Oligoarylamides: Privileged Structures for Medical Applications
Authors: Seedorf Tim , Kirschning Andreas , Solga Danny 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe term “privileged structure” refers to a single molecular substructure or scaffold that can serve as a starting point for high‐affinity ligands for more than one receptor type. In this report, a hitherto overlooked group of privileged substructures is addressed, namely aromatic oligoamides, for which there are natural models in the form of cystobactamids, albicidin, distamycin A, netropsin, and others. The aromatic and heteroaromatic core, together with a flexible selection of substituents, form conformationally well‐defined scaffolds capable of specifically binding to conformationally well‐defined regions of biomacromolecules such as helices in proteins or DNA often by acting as helices mimics themselves. As such, these aromatic oligoamides have already been employed to inhibit protein–protein and nucleic acid–protein interactions. This article is the first to bring together the scattered knowledge about aromatic oligoamides in connection with biomedical applications.