bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Profile of congenital cataract in the first year of life from a tertiary care center in South India – A modern series
Authors: Singh Vivek Mahendrapratap , Badakere Akshay , Patil-Chhablani Preeti , Kekunnaya Ramesh 
Published: March 2021

Purpose:
To report the etiology, clinical presentation, and morphology of congenital cataract in a tertiary care center.

Methods:
It is a prospective cohort study conducted at L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad. All children with congenital cataract ≤ 12 months of age that required surgical intervention between August 2015 and July 2016 were included in the study. 109 such patients were subjected to meticulous history taking, pedigree charting, ocular, and systemic examination, B-scan, TORCH testing, clinical photographs, pediatrician consult and blood tests, which included serum calcium, serum phosphorous and urine for reducing sugars.

Results:
The mean age of presentation was 4.1 months (±2.6 months) and both the genders were equally affected (P = 0.49). Eighty-five patients (77.9%) presented with bilateral cataracts while 24 patients had a unilateral presentation (22.1%). The common morphological presentation was either a total or a nuclear cataract, both variants noticed in 47 patients (43.1%). TORCH infections were responsible for a maximum (37 patients, 33.4%) number of cases followed by familial (20 patients, 18%) and developmental anomalies (11 patients, 10.1%) while the total number of idiopathic cases were 24% (27 patients). Eighteen patients (16.5%) had congenital heart defects and the majority (16 patients, 88.9%) of these had positive TORCH titres.

Conclusion:
Familial cataract and those possibly due to TORCH are still the predominant cause of congenital cataract in this series-highlighting the role of vaccination and preventive measures.
Surgical strategy for third nerve palsy with aberrant regeneration
Authors: Chaurasia Shweta , Sharma Pradeep , Kishore Pranav , Rasal Abhijit 
Published: March 2021

Purpose:
Our study aimed to evaluate the outcome of contralateral eye (CE) fixation duress squint surgery (FDSS) in third nerve palsy (3rd NP) with aberrant regeneration and compare the postoperative ptosis correction with preoperative ptosis improvement on adduction.

Methods:
Patients of 3rd NP with aberrant regeneration who underwent CE FDSS between December 2012-July 2015 in a tertiary-care eye hospital with a follow-up period of 1-year were retrospectively studied to analyze preoperative and postoperative details. Surgical success was defined as the correction of ptosis within 1 mm of preoperative ptosis improvement during maximal adduction of the affected eye, postoperative alignment ≤10Δ, and resolution of subjective diplopia in primary position.

Results:
A total of 14 eyes in 14 patients (mean age 23.6 ± 13.6 years) were included. Mean preoperative exotropia and ptosis in primary position in 14 patients was 53.4 ± 20pd and 4.89 ± 2.9 mm, respectively, and mean hypotropia in 6 patients was 23.67 ± 5.89pd. The mean improvement of ptosis on adduction and supraduction in all patients was 4.07 ± 2.64 mm and 2.89 ± 2.22 mm, respectively (P = 0.213). All patients underwent large recession of CE lateral rectus (mean 12.4 ± 2.7 mm), 9 patients underwent CE medial rectus resection/plication (mean 6.0 ± 0.9 mm) and 6 patients underwent CE superior rectus recession (mean 6.6 ± 0.67 mm). Postoperatively, mean ptosis and exotropia correction was 3.7 ± 2.4 mm (P = 0.000) and 15 ± 9.6pd (P = 0.000), respectively, and mean hypotropia was 2.17 ± 4.02pd (P = 0.000). Surgical success was achieved in 6 patients. Postoperative ptosis correction showed strong positive correlation with preoperative improvement of ptosis on adduction (r = 0.87; P = 0.00).

Conclusion:
Preoperative lid excursion on adduction in 3rd NP can be regarded as a prognostic sign of the success of CE FDSS which can simultaneously correct both ptosis and squint.
Outcomes of keratoplasty in a cohort of Indian patients with xeroderma pigmentosum
Authors: Durgam Shravya Sri , Mohamed Ashik , Ramappa Muralidhar , Chaurasia Sunita 
Published: March 2021

Purpose:
To evaluate the outcomes of keratoplasty for xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) performed at a tertiary eye care center.

Methods:
A retrospective review of medical records of those patients who were clinically diagnosed to have XP (54 eyes of 36 patients) and underwent keratoplasty; either deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK, four eyes), endothelial keratoplasty (EK, eight eyes), or penetrating keratoplasty (PK, 42 eyes) from 1994 to 2018.

Results:
The median age at surgery was 20.6 years (interquartile range [IQR], 14.6–27.6 years) and 20 (55.6%) were males. Graft failure occurred in 15 eyes (35.7%) in the PK group and two eyes (50%) in the DALK group; none failed in the EK group. The probability of graft survival in the PK group was 97.2% ± 2.7% at 1 year, 74.0% ± 8.0% at 2 years, and 54.8% ± 11.7% at 5 years. In the PK group, 13 eyes needed antiglaucoma medications, 11 eyes developed graft infiltrate, and 13 eyes needed secondary interventions (cataract surgery, excision biopsy, and tarsorrhaphy). In the EK group, three eyes needed secondary interventions (excision biopsy). Median postoperative endothelial cell density at the last follow-up in the PK group was 1214 cells/mm2 (IQR, 623–2277 cells/mm2).

Conclusion:
Despite the complexities of the ocular surface and adnexal issues in XP, keratoplasty had reasonably good outcomes. More than half of the PK grafts survived 5 years with no failures in the EK group. Regular follow-up and timely management of suture-related infections raised intraocular pressure, and suspicious ocular surface lesions, in addition to solar protection, are important for the success of keratoplasty in these eyes.
Perception among ophthalmologists about webinars as a method of continued medical education during COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Rana Rimpi , Kumawat Devesh , Sahay Pranita , Gour Neeraj , Patel Siddharth , Samanta Ramanuj , Singh Anupam , Mittal Sanjeev 
Published: March 2021

Purpose:
To ascertain ophthalmologist‘s perceptions about webinars as a method of continued medical education during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods:
In a cross-sectional study, a 21-question survey was circulated using digital media platform to approximately 1400 ophthalmologists in India between 16th August 2020 to 31st August 2020. The questionnaire focussed on the quality and usefulness of webinars based on the Bloom‘s taxonomy. The responses (on 4- or 5-point Likert scale) were analyzed among three professional groups- ophthalmologists in-training, consultants in public sector, and private practitioners.

Results:
393 ophthalmologists participated in the survey, with a response rate of 28%. The mean age was 34.6 ± 9.7 years, and males constituted 49.6% (199/393) of the respondents. Forty-seven percent of the respondents perceived the quality of webinars as good or excellent (185/393), 72.8% reported knowledge gain from webinars (286/393), and 63.9% felt that webinars are important in clinical practice and should continue post-COVID-19 pandemic (251/393), with distinct responses among the professional groups. The drawbacks perceived were overt number of webinars (371; 94.4%), confusion regarding which webinars to attend (313; 79.6%), repetition of the information (296; 75.3%), limited opportunity for participant interaction (146; 37.2%) and disparate weightage to the core disciplines of Ophthalmology.

Conclusion:
Most respondents had favorable perceptions of Ophthalmology webinars happening during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there is need for improvisation in the volume of webinars, target-audience-based delivery, and participant interaction to add value to this new dimension of teaching-learning.
Impact of COVID-19 on Indian optometrists
Authors: Sehgal Shivalika , Shinde Lakshmi , Madheswaran Gopinath , Mukherjee Paula , Verkicharla Pavan , Easwaran Soumya , Bandamwar Kalika 
Published: March 2021

Purpose:
The optometry profession has experienced massive changes amid lockdown in COVID 19 pandemic. This study gauges the impact of COVID-19 on optometry education and practices in India.

Methods:
The impact of COVID-19 among key stakeholders of Indian optometry that included educators, students, and practitioners was surveyed. The content validity of the survey tool was achieved through a focused group discussion with experts.

Results:
Of the 1408 responses, 118 were educators, 845 were students and 445 were practitioners. Post COVID-19 lock-down, a high percentage of students (96%) and educators (94%) were now using online mode of education to learn and teach. The blended learning methods were reported to be used by 81% of educators. Practical skills were the most difficult to teach by educators and to learn by students. Almost a third of the students were concerned about their internships and job opportunities amid the pandemic. Practitioners felt confident in performing routine eye examinations with personal protective equipment (PPE). Telemedicine was found to be adopted by 55% of the private practitioners and 49% of the eye hospitals.

Conclusion:
The COVID-19 pandemic has provided an opportunity to reform Indian optometry education through blended learning methods. Optometry practices changed and adapted instantly to the new hygiene norms that have raised the standard of care provided to patients. Telemedicine emerged as a mode of providing care by optometrists. Overall, all key stakeholders of optometry in India were found to have adapted well to the sudden changes due to COVID 19 pandemic.
Third molar impaction in different facial types and mandibular length
Authors: Hasan K. Moinuddin , Sobhana C. R. , Rawat Saurabh Kumar , Singh Deepika , Mongia Prakhar , Fakhruddin Ansari 
Published: March 2021

Background:
The etiology of mandibular third molar impaction is proposed to be mainly due to inadequate space between the distal of the second mandibular molar and the anterior border of the ramus of the mandible. This study was aimed to assess whether an association exists between different facial types and mandibular length to impaction of mandibular third molars.

Materials and Methods:
The study consisted of 170 patients who were assessed for facial type clinically based on facial index and mandibular length radiographically on lateral cephalogram. The impaction status was determined clinically and radiographically on orthopantomogram. The facial type was categorized as euryprosopic (broad face), mesoprosopic (normal facial type), leptoprosopic (long face), hypereuryprosopic (extra broad face), and hyperleptoprosopic (extra long face).

Results:
Of 170 patients, 18.8% of cases were with hypereuryprosopic profile, 33.5% of cases with euryprosopic profile, 24.7% with mesoprosopic profile, 21.8% with leptoprosopic, and 1.2% with hyperleptoprosopic profile were found. Nearly 42.2% of cases with hypereuryprosopic profile, 52.6% of cases with euryprosopic profile, 53.6% cases of mesoprosopic profile, and 60.3% cases of hyperleptoprosopic and leptoprosopic profile had impacted mandibular third molars. As for mandibular length assessment, 66% cases of short mandibular length, 64.5% cases of normal mandibular length, and 27.9% cases of long mandibular length had impaction.

Conclusion:
Within the limitations of the study, it was concluded that, though a higher incidence of impacted third molar was noted in patients with long facial pattern, no significant difference could be established among facial types and their association with impacted mandibular third molars. A significant association was noted between mandibular length and impaction.
Association of maternal periodontal health with preterm birth and a low birth weight among newborns
Authors: Jyotirmay  , Kumar Amit , Gulati Saakshi , Kumari Stuti , Nazeer Jazib , Singh Pankaj 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Despite numerous advancements in prenatal and natal care, complications arising in pregnancy and related to child-birth are major concerns in public health. Various risk factors responsible for poor outcomes include - life-style, biological, social, infectious, hormonal, and metabolic conditions. Oral diseases have been identified as a risk factor for low birth weight both under preterm and at-term states.

Aim:
The aim of this study was to find an association of maternal periodontal health with preterm births and low birth weight among newborn infants.

Materials and Methods:
This was a cross-sectional observational study comprising of 300 pregnant females who had underwent child deliveries within the past 24 h with an age range of 21–30 years. Study participants were selected after interviewing for gestational history and obtaining prior informed consent. Postpartum female subjects following delivery within a time period of 24 h were included in the study. Gingival index (by Loe and Silness) was calculated for the evaluation of bleeding from gingival tooth surfaces. All data tabulations were done by performing statistical analysis into Microsoft Excel Worksheet 2007.

Results:
Mean age group of study participants was calculated to be 25 years. On analyzing brushing frequency, it was observed that approximately 40% brushed three times daily whereas 35% used to brush twice daily while the remaining, 25% brushed only once daily. No statistical significance was obtained on comparing brushing frequency with gingival health (P = 0.8). Similarly, no association was found between periodontal health and preterm low weight child births.

Conclusion:
This study found no association between maternal periodontal health and preterm and low-birth weight births among newborns.
Nasoorbitoethmoid fractures in a tertiary care hospital of eastern India
Authors: Pati Debashish , Mishra Niranjan , Kar Indubhusan , Meher Brundabati , Samal Dipti , Rath Krushna Chandra 
Published: March 2021

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to report on the pattern of occurrence of nasoorbitoethmoid (NOE) fractures in Odisha and the various factors that influence their distribution.

Methods:
The study period was from January 1, 2016 to December 15, 2017. After approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee, all patients diagnosed with naso-orbito-ethmoid fractures reporting to the department of OMFS and Level-1 trauma centers were included in the study. Sociodemographic data along with the etiology and type of fracture were mentioned. Associated injuries to other body parts were noted. Open reduction was possible only in five cases of NOE fractures. The treatment plan including the operative approach and postoperative results was evaluated.

Results:
A total of 1192 patients with facial fracture were seen, of which 52 (4.36%) patients had NOE fractures. Males far outnumbered females in a ratio of 9:1. Thirty-three patients (63.46%) had unilateral NOE fracture, while the rest 19 (36.54%) had bilateral NOE fracture. Sixteen (30.76%) cases were classified as Type I, 35 (67.30%) as Type II, and 1 (1.92%) as Type III. Road traffic accidents were the most common cause of NOE fractures (69%), followed by fall (17%) and assault (10%). The most common neurological injury to be associated with NOE fractures was pneumocephalus (29%), followed by diffuse axonal injury (8%). Telecanthus (100%) was found to be the primary clinical feature in patients of NOE fracture, followed by a depressed nasal bridge (92%). Fracture of the nasal bone was invariably associated with NOE fracture. Complications observed due to untreated NOE fractures included a shortened and retruded nose, shortened palpebral fissures, telecanthus, and enophthalmos.

Conclusion:
Contemporary management of NOE complex fractures demands precise diagnosis and immediate surgical management with anatomic reduction and rigid fixation of the involved bone segments. With an improvement in socioeconomic status and increased awareness among maxillofacial surgeons, hopefully, a greater number of NOE fracture patients will avail the benefits of open reduction in future.
Assessment of oral health status and treatment needs of drug abusers in Bhubaneswar city
Authors: Kumar Gunjan , Rai Shilpa , Sethi Alok Kumar , Singh Akhilesh Kumar , Tripathi Ranjan Mani , Jnaneswar Avinash 
Published: March 2021

Introduction:
Oral health of drug abusers has received less attention. Drug users may also have special needs in relation to receiving dental care. Evaluation of the oral health status of drug abusers is important as in India, where the disease burden is enormous, and availability of curative treatment is quite inadequate, preventive approach shall prove to be better than curative treatment.

Aim:
To determine the oral health status and treatment needs of drug abusers residing in rehabilitation centers in Bhubaneswar.

Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted in the drug de-addiction cum rehabilitation centers in Bhubaneswar city, Odisha. A self-administered questionnaire was used to record oral health practices of the inmates and the type of drugs used by them in the past. Oral health was recorded using modified WHO 2013 pro forma. Mann–Whitney U-test and Kruskal–Wallis test were applied to find any significant differences between different variables in groups.

Results:
All the participants were male and alcohol was the most commonly used drug, followed by tobacco and ganja. The horizontal brushing technique was the most widely used technique. Mean decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) score was recorded to be 1.48. Leukoplakia, acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, candidiasis, and ulceration were among the few oral lesions found in the inmates. Around 67.66% of inmates exhibited erosion of the enamel surface, while 6.59% had signs of enamel fracture. Statistically, significant difference was found for the types of drugs used and DMFT score and type of drug used and dental erosion.

Conclusion:
Oral health status of drug users is poor and needs immediate attention. Oral health education needs to be imparted among them. The government needs to enforce the establishment of dental clinics in these centers so that the oral health of these people can be taken care of.
Predictive accuracy of estimating mandibular growth potential by regression equation using cervical vertebral bone age
Authors: Verma Sneh Lata , Tikku Tripti , Khanna Rohit , Maurya Rana Pratap , Srivastava Kamna , Singh Vishal 
Published: March 2021

Introduction:
The maturational changes both in size and shape of cervical vertebrae had been widely used not only to assess skeletal maturity but also to predict the same using regression equation. Thus, the aim of this cross-sectional study was to check the predictive accuracy of estimating mandibular growth potential in the North Indian population by regression equation of Mito et al.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 200 subjects divided into two groups, Group I had 100 adult subjects (18–20 years) and Group II had 100 young subjects (9–14 years) were subdivided according to the gender (50 subjects in each group). Seven linear parameters on cervical vertebral bodies of C3 and C4 were measured to derive cervical vertebral age and applied to the regression equation to estimate the mandibular growth potential in Group II. The mandibular length was measured for both the groups from Co-Gn. The mean value of the actual mandibular length in Group I was statistically evaluated against the corresponding mean value of the predicted mandibular growth potential of Group II.

Results:
The actual mandibular length (Group I) and calculated mandibular length obtained by adding mandibular growth potential (from regression equation) to the mandibular length of Group II did not differ significantly for both males and females. Chronological age showed a statistically significant difference and poor correlation with bone age, in Group II.

Conclusion:
The regression equation of Mito et al. using cervical vertebral bone age has proven to be applicable and accurate in predicting mandibular growth potential in growing young Indian individuals and can be of diagnostic and prognostic value in growth modification procedures in Orthodontics.
Predicting Mastectomy Skin Flap Necrosis in Immediate Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Dogan Zeynep Akdeniz , Onal Mustafa , Ozkan Melek Çavus , Ugurlu Ümit , Saçak Bülent 
Published: March 2021

Background:
As evidence emerged supporting the oncological safety of nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM), immediate reconstruction following these procedures has also gained popularity. The aim of this study was to identify surgical and patient characteristics that may be associated with skin and/or NAC necrosis following NSM and immediate reconstruction.

Patients and Methods:
Medical records of patients who underwent NSM with immediate breast reconstruction from January 2013 to September 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Patient and surgical characteristics were collected. The primary outcome measure was mastectomy skin flap necrosis (MSFN).

Results:
MSFN was observed in 68 out of 243 (28%) breasts. On univariate analysis, reconstruction method and body mass index (BMI) (odds ratio: 1.09, 95% confidence interval: 1.00–1.18, P = 0.04) were found to be significant risk factors. On multivariate analysis, neither BMI (P = 0.30) nor reconstruction methods (implants (P = 0.16) or tissue expander (P = 0.06) showed significant association with skin flap necrosis. However, BMI was found to be significantly higher in the autologous group (P < 0.0001). The best subset selection method also confirmed the reconstruction method as the single variable related to outcome.

Conclusion:
Even though our results showed autologous reconstruction to have a higher risk for necrotic complications, it should be kept in mind that this group of patients can be managed in the outpatient clinic with debridement, wound care, and – if necessary – skin grafting. However, full-thickness necrosis in an implant patient will require an implant exchange and possibly a local skin/muscle flap for coverage.
Sphenoidal Process of Septal Cartilage
Authors: Demirel Oguzhan , Atesci Mustafa Serdar 
Published: March 2021

Background:
One of the main difficulties of revision rhinoplasty is the lack of sufficient septal cartilage. To overcome this problem, additional cartilage sources such as costal or conchal cartilages are widely used among surgeons. However, these methods can cause some complications. The sphenoidal process of septal cartilage (SPSC) is a unique part of septal cartilage located between the vomer bone and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and generally untouched during the surgery. As an autologous graft option, the SPSC may be an important cartilage source for revision rhinoplasty cases, especially in patients requiring minor surgical intervention.

Methods:
Between February 2019 and February 2020, a total of 50 patients who underwent paranasal computed tomography were enrolled in this retrospective study. The length, height, and surface area of the SPSC and surface area of total septal cartilage were calculated.

Results:
The mean total septal area was 886.2 mm2, ranging from 554.7 mm2 to 1277.5 mm2. The mean total SPSC area was 67.39 mm2. The mean length of SPSC was 12.8 mm in all populations. The highest sphenoidal process length measurement was 27.32 mm, and the lowest was 4.82. Mean sphenoidal process height values were similar in female and male groups (4.99 mm and 5.2 mm, respectively).

Conclusion:
The sphenoid process of septal cartilage may be an important autologous cartilage option for revision surgeries in terms of sufficient length and height dimensions.