bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of enantiomeric polylysine grafted on gold nanorods on the uptake and inflammatory response of bone marrow‐derived macrophages in vitro
Authors: Ahmed Wajiha , Zhang Haolan , Gao Changyou 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe macrophages take significant roles in homeostasis, phagocytosis of pathogenic organisms, and modulation of host defense and inflammatory processes. In this study, the enantiomeric poly‐D‐lysine (PDL) and poly‐L‐lysine (PLL) were conjugated to gold nanorods (AuNRs) to study their influence on the polarization of macrophages. The AuNRs capped with cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) (AuNRs@CTAB) exhibited larger toxicity to macrophages when their concentration was higher than 50 μg/ml, whereas the AuNRs@PDL and AuNRs@PLL showed neglectable toxicity at the same concentration compared with the control. The AuNRs@PDL and AuNRs@PLL were internalized into the macrophages with a higher value than the AuNRs@CTAB as revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) characterization. Unlike the grafted PDL/PLL on flat substrates, the AuNRs@PDL and AuNRs@PLL were not able to polarize M0 macrophages to any other phenotype after internalization as confirmed by ELISA, flow cytometry, and fluorescence microscopy analysis. Nonetheless, the expression of M1 phenotype markers was reduced after the internalization of AuNRs@PDL and AuNRs@PLL by M1 macrophages. The assays of ELISA, flow cytometry, and reactive oxygen species levels exhibited decrease in inflammation of the M1 macrophages.
Glyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase regulates the free d‐aspartate level in mammalian cells
Authors: Katane Masumi , Matsuda Satsuki , Saitoh Yasuaki , Miyamoto Tetsuya , Sekine Masae , Sakai‐Kato Kumiko , Homma Hiroshi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMultiple d‐amino acids are present in mammalian cells, and these compounds have distinctive physiological functions. Among the free d‐amino acids identified in mammals, d‐aspartate plays critical roles in the neuroendocrine and endocrine systems, as well as in the central nervous system. Mammalian cells have the molecular apparatus necessary to take up, degrade, synthesize, and release d‐aspartate. In particular, d‐aspartate is degraded by d‐aspartate oxidase (DDO), a peroxisome‐localized enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of d‐aspartate to generate oxaloacetate, hydrogen peroxide, and ammonia. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying d‐aspartate homeostasis in cells. In this study, we established a cell line that overexpresses cytoplasm‐localized DDO; this cell line cannot survive in the presence of high concentrations of d‐aspartate, presumably because high levels of toxic hydrogen peroxide are produced by metabolism of abundant d‐aspartate by DDO in the cytoplasm, where hydrogen peroxide cannot be removed due to the absence of catalase. Next, we transfected these cells with a complementary DNA library derived from the human brain and screened for clones that affected d‐aspartate metabolism and improved cell survival, even when the cells were challenged with high concentrations of d‐aspartate. The screen identified a clone of glyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase (GRHPR). Moreover, the GRHPR metabolites glyoxylate and hydroxypyruvate inhibited the enzymatic activity of DDO. Furthermore, we evaluated the effects of GRHPR and peroxisome‐localized DDO on d‐ and l‐aspartate levels in cultured mammalian cells. Our findings show that GRHPR contributes to the homeostasis of these amino acids in mammalian cells.
Recommendations for improving adolescent addiction recovery support in six northwest tribal communities
Authors: Whelshula Martina M. , LaPlante Debi A. , Nelson Sarah E. , Gray Heather M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAmerican Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) communities offer tangible and intangible resources, including centuries of indigenous wisdom and resiliency, to support their young people in recovery from substance use disorders. At the same time, tribal youth returning home from residential or inpatient treatment are vulnerable to relapse, especially if they encounter the same environmental triggers in which their substance misuse developed. This study endeavored to learn about community stakeholder perceptions of existing strengths and needs for supporting recovering adolescents among six tribal communities of the Inland Northwest. Using a Tribal Participatory Research approach, we conducted Group Level Assessments with key stakeholders representing educators/coaches, medical and behavioral health providers, social service providers, cultural leaders/elders, and legal professionals among each participating tribe (N = 166). We used content analysis to identify emergent themes among participants' recommendations for improving recovery support. The five emergent themes were (1) Communication, Collaboration, and Accountability among Tribal Departments and Agencies; (2) Community‐wide Education; (3) The Importance of Providing Wraparound/Supportive Services; (4) Youth‐focused Education, Services, and Events; and (5) Recovery Coaching Model. AI/AN culture was infused within nearly all recommendations for improving recovery support that composed these themes. We discuss specific ways to implement these recommendations, including the forthcoming development of a culturally‐grounded community‐wide mental health training program developed specifically for, and with, these tribes.
Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of N‐Acetylcysteine in Pediatric Patients With Inherited Metabolic Disorders Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant
Authors: Sahasrabudhe Siddhee A. , Kartha Reena V. , Ng Michelle , Basso Lisa M. , Mishra Usha , Cloyd James C. , Orchard Paul J. , Brundage Richard C. , Coles Lisa D. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractN‐acetylcysteine (NAC) has been used in patients with cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy as an antioxidant agent in association with hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). However, an understanding of the pharmacokinetic characteristics of intravenous NAC dosing in these patients is limited. If and how NAC pharmacokinetics change following the transplant is unknown. Toward that end, a total of 260 blood samples obtained from 18 pediatric patients with inherited metabolic disorders who underwent HSCT were included in a population pharmacokinetic analysis using nonlinear mixed‐effects modeling. NAC clearance (CL) and volume of distribution (V) were explored on 3 occasions: –7, +7, and +21 days relative to transplant. Additionally, the effect of transplant procedure on NAC disposition was explored by accounting for between‐occasion variability. The covariate OCC was modeled as a fixed‐effect parameter on CL and/or V1. A 2‐compartment model adequately described the pharmacokinetics of total NAC. Weight‐based allometric scaling on pharmacokinetic parameters was assumed using standard coefficients. Estimates for CL, central (V1), and peripheral volume (V2), and intercompartment clearance were 14.7 L/h, 23.2 L, 17.1 L, 3.99 L/h, respectively, for a 70‐kg person. The data only supported between‐subject variability in CL (12%) and V1 (41%). Residual variability was estimated to be 16%. HSCT did not change CL and V1 significantly, and analysis across occasions did not reveal any trends. Pharmacokinetic parameter estimates were in general comparable to those reported previously in different populations. These results suggest that dosing of NAC does not need to be altered following HSCT.
Find subtrees of specified weight and cycles of specified length in linear time
Authors: Lo On‐Hei Solomon 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe apply the Euler tour technique to find subtrees of specified weight as follows. Let such that and , where . Let be a tree of vertices and let be vertex weights such that and for all . We prove that a subtree of of weight exists and can be found in linear time. We apply it to show, among others, the following:

Every planar hamiltonian graph with minimum degree has a cycle of length for every with .
Every 3‐connected planar hamiltonian graph with and even has a cycle of length or .Each of these cycles can be found in linear time if a Hamilton cycle of the graph is given. This study was partially motivated by conjectures of Bondy and Malkevitch on cycle spectra of 4‐connected planar graphs.
Chromatic λ‐choosable and λ‐paintable graphs
Authors: Zhu Jialu , Zhu Xuding 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLet be the minimum number of vertices in a non‐‐choosable ‐chromatic graph. The Ohba conjecture, confirmed by Noel, Reed and Wu, asserts that . This bound is tight if is even. If is odd, then it is known that and it is conjectured by Noel that . For a multiset of positive integers, let . For positive integer , let be the multiplicity of in , and let be the number of elements in that are odd integers. A ‐list assignment of is a list assignment such that the colour set can be partitioned into the disjoint union of sets so that for each and each vertex of , . We say is ‐choosable if is ‐colourable for any ‐list assignment of . We say is trivial if consists of copies of 1. It is easy to see that if is trivial, then ‐choosable is equivalent to ‐colourable. For any nontrivial , let be the minimum number of vertices in a non‐‐choosable ‐chromatic graph. We prove that for any nontrivial , . In particular, if , that is, contains no odd integer greater than 1, then . We also prove that . In particular, if , then . We then introduce the concept of ‐paintability of graphs, which is an online version of ‐choosability. Let be the minimum number of vertices in a non‐‐paintable ‐chromatic graph. We determine the value of when each integer in is at most 2.
Statistical downscaling of daily precipitation over southeastern South America: Assessing the performance in extreme events
Authors: Olmo Matías Ezequiel , Bettolli María Laura 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe performance of multiple empirical statistical downscaling (ESD) methods was assessed for simulating daily precipitation during 1979–2017 over southeastern South America (SESA), a region where extremes are remarkable. Meteorological stations were used as reference and three gridded precipitation products were included to account for observational uncertainty. The set of ESD models involved different configurations of the analogue method (ANs), deterministic and stochastic versions of neural networks (NNs) and generalized linear models (GLMs) and circulation‐conditioned GLMs (GLM_WTs). The years with the largest number of extreme events (wet years) were calibrated separately. The spatio‐temporal variability of extremes was assessed by analysing their intensity, spatial extent, frequency and interannual variability. An overall good performance of the ESD models was found for several aspects of daily precipitation. ESD performance dispersion was usually contained in the observational spread. No particular model configuration was found to perform best in all aspects, indicating the advantage of considering a multi‐model ensemble. The ANs tended to follow the stations, satisfactorily simulating daily precipitation and its extremes. The deterministic GLMs strongly underestimated precipitation estimates and were not able to represent extreme frequencies and intensities, but this was alleviated by employing a stochastic version of the method. Furthermore, the use of weather types to condition the GLMs (GLM_WTs) considerably improved model performance, particularly for the annual cycle and the spatial structure of extreme precipitation. The NNs adequately reproduced the spatial behaviour and intra‐annual variability of extreme precipitation, although they underestimated its intensity in their deterministic version. An analysis of the regional time series of extremes showed consistency among datasets and evidenced the influence of the ENSO teleconnection on the wet years, which were commonly well‐simulated by the statistical models. ESD models presented good skills in simulating a wetter climate over SESA, which is of particular importance in a climate change scenario.
Regional differences in hourly rainfall characteristics over the southeastern extension of the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Xie Yifan , Yuan Weihua , Yu Lu , Hu Xuelin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe southeastern extension of the Tibetan Plateau (SETP) is distributed by the typical longitudinal mountains and has unique climate characteristics and significant regional differences. The diurnal cycles of rainfall amount, frequency, and intensity over the SETP in the warm seasons (May–September) were investigated using high‐density hourly station rainfall data and the possible mechanisms were discussed by analysing the ERA5 reanalysis and satellite data. The largest amounts of rainfall appeared on the southern and western margins of the SETP, and the rainfall amount was relatively small at the higher elevations of the SETP. Located at the southern margins of the SETP, the adjacent western (Reg_W) and eastern (Reg_E) regions presented a similar rainfall amount, frequency, and intensity, but the diurnal features of the two regions were quite different. The rainfall amount, frequency, and intensity had dominant peaks in the late afternoon in Reg_W, while in the early morning in Reg_E. A secondary peak in the early morning can be found in Reg_W. The diurnal features of the two regions were closely related with the low‐level atmospheric conditions and the distribution of clouds. The enhanced convergence of the anomalous southerly winds and sufficient water vapour after midnight contributed to the nocturnal rainfall at the southern edge of the SETP. In the afternoon, the lower surface air temperature and more stable stratification in Reg_E, as compared with Reg_W, were relatively unfavourable for the occurrence of afternoon convection.
Assessing Raters: What Factors Predict Discernment in Novice Creativity Raters?
Authors: Ceh Simon Majed , Edelmann Carina , Hofer Gabriela , Benedek Mathias 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCreativity research crucially relies on creativity evaluations by external raters, but it is not clear what properties characterize good raters. In the present study, we investigated whether rater personality and rater creativity are related to discernment (i.e., the ability to distinguish creative from uncreative responses) when evaluating others’ responses. To this end, 166 novice raters evaluated a pre‐selected set of responses from the alternate uses task for creativity. We further assessed the rater’s creativity and personality and explored the role of task factors such as rating motivation and rating time. We found that creativity in terms of creative potential and creative achievement independently predicted rater discernment. At the level of personality, openness to experience was related to higher discernment, but not any other Big‐Five factors or dark triad traits. Rater discernment also increased with rating time, rating motivation, and rater leniency (i.e., the tendency to appreciate creative responses). Finally, we seized the large rater sample to estimate to what extent inter‐rater reliability depends on rater number and how dependable ratings are across the rating scale. Together, these findings highlight relevant factors at person, task, and method level predicting individual discernment, which should be considered to ensure good inter‐rater reliability in creativity ratings.
Development of machine learning algorithms to predict achievement of minimal clinically important difference for the KOOS‐PS following total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Katakam Akhil , Karhade Aditya V. , Collins Austin , Shin David , Bragdon Charles , Chen Antonia F. , Melnic Christopher M. , Schwab Joseph H. , Bedair Hany S. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAs cost‐effective measures become increasingly implemented in the US healthcare system, changes in patient‐reported outcome measure (PROM) scores can be utilized to indicate patient satisfaction following procedures including total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The primary aim of this study was to develop and evaluate machine learning algorithms to predict achievement of the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score‐Physical Function Short Form (KOOS‐PS) at 1‐year following TKA. A retrospective review of primary TKA patients between 2016 and 2018 was performed. Variables considered for prediction included demographics and preoperative PROMs. The KOOS‐PS MCID was calculated via a distribution‐based method. Five machine learning algorithms were developed and tested by discrimination, calibration, Brier score, and decision curve analysis. Among the 744 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 385 (72.8%) patients achieved the MCID. The elastic‐net penalized logistic regression model was selected as the best performing model (c‐statistic 0.77, calibration intercept −0.02, calibration slope 1.15, and Brier score 0.14). The most important variables for MCID achievement were preoperative KOOS‐PS score, preoperative VAS Pain, preoperative opioid use, preoperative PROMIS global mental health score, age, and sex. Algorithms were incorporated into an open‐access digital application available at https://sorg-apps.shinyapps.io/tka_koos_mcid/. This study is the first to predict the probability of achieving the KOOS‐PS MCID following TKA using a machine learning‐based approach. The results were used to develop a clinical decision aid based on commonly collected predictive variables to preoperatively predict an individual patient's likelihood of attaining an acceptable outcome following TKA.
Exudative glutamine losses contribute to high needs after burn injury
Authors: Berger Mette M. , Binz Pierre‐Alain , Roux Clothilde , Charrière Mélanie , Scaletta Corinne , Raffoul Wassim , Applegate Lee Ann , Pantet Olivier 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundBurnpatients characteristically have increased energy, glucose, and protein requirements. Glutamine supplementation is strongly recommended during early‐phase treatment and is associated with improved immunity, wound healing, and reduced mortality. This study evaluated if early burn exudative losses might contribute to higher supplementation needs.MethodsPatients admitted to the burn intensive care unit (ICU) had exudate collection from tight bandages applied to arms or legs during the first week (exudate aliquot twice daily). Seven amino acids (alanine, arginine, cystEine, glutamine, leucine, lysine, and methionine) were quantified by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Descriptive analysis of all results is provided as median and interquartile range or in value ranges.ResultsEleven patients aged 19–77 years, presenting with burns on 18%–70% of the body surface, with a median simplified acute physiology score II of 33 (range, 16–56) were included during the study period. The highest amino acid losses were observed during the first 3 days with an important interpatient and intrapatient variability. Glutamine and alanine losses were highest, followed by leucine and lysine in all patients; amino acid exudate concentrations were in the range of normal plasma concentrations and were stable over time. Total glutamine losses were correlated to the burned surface (r2 = 0.552, P = .012), but not to enteral glutamine supplements.ConclusionsThe study shows significant exudative losses during early‐stage burn recovery and particularly for glutamine and alanine. Glutamine loss generally decreased with wound closure, the subsequent decline of exudation, and the evolving size of burn surfaces.
Comparison of comprehensive complication index and Clavien–Dindo classification in patients with retroperitoneal sarcoma
Authors: Tirotta Fabio , Parente Alessandro , Richardson Thomas , Almonib Ahmed , Evenden Caroline , Max Almond L. , Desai Anant , Hodson James , Ford Samuel J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundOur study aimed to compare the comprehensive complication index (CCI) to the conventional Clavien–Dindo classification (CDC) in patients undergoing surgery for primary retroperitoneal sarcoma (RPS).MethodsData were collected for patients who underwent surgery from 2008 to 2019 at a tertiary institution. The length of hospital stay (LOS) was used as a surrogate marker for clinical outcomes, and associations with CDC and CCI were assessed.ResultsData were available for 191 patients, with the highest CDC Grade of I, II, III, and IV in 18.3%, 41.9%, 17.8%, and 4.2%, respectively; the 30‐day postoperative mortality (CDC Grade V) was 1.6% (N = 3). Whilst both classification systems were significantly correlated with LOS, this association was significantly stronger for CCI (Spearman's ρ: 0.768 vs. 0.648, p < 0.001). Increasing Charlson Comorbidity Index, tumor size, and organ weighted resection scores were independently associated with longer LOS. However, the association between LOS and both the CDC and CCI remained significant, even after adjusting for these factors (both p < 0.001).ConclusionThe CCI is more strongly associated with LOS than the CDC, and represents a useful tool to quantify the total burden of postoperative complications after surgery for RPS.
A new electivity index for diet studies that use count data
Authors: Kimmerer Wim J. , Slaughter Anne M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractElectivity indices summarize the results of field‐based feeding studies by comparing the relative abundance of a potential prey item with its relative prevalence in the diet of a predator. We developed a new electivity index based on odds ratios calculated from counts of individual prey taxa in ambient samples and in the gut of a predator. Many indices of electivity have been developed, though the literature lacks consensus on which is the best. Why use our index instead of one of these? Most of the extant indices lack the means for assessing uncertainty, treat proportions determined from count data as fixed rather than estimates, and ignore the skewness inherent in binomial data. The new index is calculated by Bayesian estimation from the binomial distributions of proportions in ambient samples and gut contents, providing full likelihoods of the index and its components. Indices from groups of predators can be aggregated without bias using the log odds ratio. Using simulated data, we show how the credible intervals of the index shrink with increasing numbers of total ambient and consumed prey and become increasingly asymmetrical as the index approaches its limits (0 and 1). Applying the method to diet data for an endangered planktivorous fish, we show how aggregating among fish and among samples was necessary to overcome the limitations imposed by low counts and high variability among individual fish. The indices for the smallest of five prey taxa varied inversely with total prey abundance, consistent with optimal foraging theory.