bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Federal Sovereignty
Authors: Ablavsky Gregory 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In the territories, the federal government confronted what it regarded as endemic violence between Natives and U.S. citizens based on long-standing racial animosity. At the urging of Secretary of War Henry Knox, the federal government sought to establish itself as a neutral arbiter between both sides, a vision of what the chapter calls federal sovereignty expressed in the Trade and Intercourse Acts. These laws sought to distinguish and separate “Indian country” from “ordinary jurisdiction,” and they established a federal criminal regime to punish both Natives and U.S. citizens who committed crimes against the other, in an effort to replace practices of retaliation. Yet this effort to establish federal sovereignty largely failed. In part, federal officials misunderstood territorial realities, where Natives and whites were entangled by economic and social relationships that could not be easily divided. But they also misunderstood the jurisdictional and institutional limitations within federal law. In particular, their approach converted the question of justice for Natives into a debate over the scope of federal authority in the territories, in which territorial citizens strongly resisted what they regarded as heavy-handed federal control.
Returnee Entrepreneurship and Institutions
Authors: Williams Nick 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 sets out the importance of institutions for fostering entrepreneurship. It demonstrates that formal institutions, defined as rules and regulations, and informal institutions, defined as norms and values, change over time, and that the overall framework can either encourage or hold back entrepreneurship. The chapter builds on contemporary research on institutions to show that post-conflict economies being studied have seen significant change and have thus experienced a ‘path break’ due to the impacts of war and subsequent independence. They have then been required to create new institutional arrangements which seek to foster entrepreneurship and economic development. Importantly for economies which have experienced crisis and significant outward migration, institutions are important if the diaspora are to be attracted home. Weak institutional frameworks will deter return as individuals will weigh the differential risks and returns associated with their home and host countries. This will impact on not only the level of investment in the homeland, but also the types of entrepreneurial activities that are invested in and how they develop over time.
The Impact of Internal Displacement and External Migration on Institutional Trust
Authors: Williams Nick 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7 analyses distinctions between internally displaced versus externally displaced entrepreneurs. The chapter draws on a survey of internally displaced and external migrants, as well as in-depth interviews with returnee entrepreneurs, in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H). The chapter shows that internal and external migrants have different levels of trust in home institutions, and that this is related to their exposure to institutional environments abroad. Those migrants who moved abroad are able to compare the home environment to the relative stability they experienced in their host country, meaning that perceptions will be more negative. Internal migrants are more philosophical about the institutional environment, accepting that it is weak and not expecting it to change either. The chapter also shows that individuals with more diverse ethnic networks, caused either by exposure to different groups abroad or by moving into and/or working with different groups at home, will have lower trust in institutions.
Planting Catholicism in America
Authors: Golemon Larry Abbott 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The third chapter explores how Catholic seminaries formed an American priesthood equipped to engage American religious pluralism. There were three models of formation. The first was the diocesan seminary founded by Sulpicians, a French order dedicated to the education of diocesan priests, founded by Fr. Jean Jacques Olier. Bishop John Caroll brought them to Baltimore to build St. Mary’s Seminary in 1791, where they combined the scholastic study of theology with a spirituality of interiorizing the mystical states of Christ’s life, as developed by Fr. Pierre Berulle. Priests became “little Christs” of self-sacrifice and formed an “ecclesiastical spirit” that prepared them as leaders of Catholic culture. The second model was that of religious orders like the Benedictines. Fr. Bonifacio Wimmer came from Bavaria to begin St. Vincent’s seminary in Pennsylvania in 1846. He established a regimen of private devotion, study, work, and the liturgy of the hours that focused on lectio divina of the Psalms. The oral/aural engagement with Scripture accompanied a liberal arts rather than scholastic approach to sacred texts. The third kind of Catholic seminary was the modern, professional seminary pioneered by “Americanists” like Bishop John Ireland. He sought a “civic minded Catholicism” that demonstrated the legitimacy and public value of the faith. Following the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore, Ireland founded a minor seminary (1885), then a major seminary which included historical-critical studies, a science lab, modern periodicals, and a professional ethos.
Building a New Zion
Authors: Golemon Larry Abbott 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The fourth chapter describes the rise of Jewish seminaries in America and their reconstruction of the tradition in the light of modern scholarship. Two traditions of schooling—one Reformed the other Conservative—are explored. The founder of Hebrew Union College (HUC), Isaac Wise, developed a curriculum for a “progressive and enlightened” Judaism that could engage with American education and culture. Moses Mielziner prepared a widely used introduction to the Talmud that argued for the reasoned development of halakah (law) from a more historical reading of the Torah. HUC included reforms of the Siddur or prayer book, egalitarian synagogue life for men and women, and a view of an “American Zion” as the best hope for Jewry. Jewish Theological Seminary (JTS) was founded by the Orthodox rabbi Sabato Morais to advance a unified, developmental understanding of Judaism according to the Breslau school in Germany. Under Solomon Schechter, JTS became one of the world centers of Wissenschaft des Judentums (or modern study of) as it mobilized rigorous text-critical scholarship, historical studies, and the Hebrew language to advance the Jewish tradition.
Fish and Fisheries
Authors: Kirchman David L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
As the cause of dead zones became understood, research was devoted to figuring out the impact of hypoxia on aquatic life. The Gulf of Mexico dead zone overlaps with the Fertile Fisheries Crescent that stretches from Alabama to Texas, home to a multibillion dollar seafood industry. The chapter argues that the effect of hypoxic waters on benthic invertebrates is clear, while the story for mobile species like fish is complicated. Sessile invertebrates on the bottom, food for many fish and other animals, are wiped out when dissolved oxygen disappears. This chapter explains that even when mobile organisms are able to swim away to oxygen-rich waters, they are concentrated into a smaller habitat where they are more easily caught by predators and fishers. In the Gulf, the effects of hypoxia on fisheries are difficult to separate from the response of the fishing industry and overfishing, but effects especially on shrimp fisheries have been documented. As the chapter summarizes, hypoxia has many other impacts on aquatic biota, including rearranging food webs and contributing to the rise of jellyfish in coastal waters. Even when fishing yields are not affected, dead zones can devastate aquatic life and habitats.
Reviving Dead Zones
Authors: Kirchman David L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Oxygen has returned to some dead zones, but many problems remain. As this chapter explains, nutrient input from agriculture in some regions has decreased because farmers use buffer zones, cover crops, and precision agriculture. But voluntary efforts to minimize nutrient pollution aren’t enough. In Iowa, the Des Moines Water Works, led by a charismatic CEO, Bill Stowe, unsuccessfully sued to reduce nitrate leaching from local farms. The value of government action has been demonstrated in Denmark, whereas its absence has led to many environmental problems in China. The chapter argues that one solution is tied to human health and climate change: our diet. Eating less, especially eating less red meat, would be better for our health, and it would reduce nutrient pollution and abate climate change. Agriculture accounts for nearly a third of all greenhouse gas emissions. The chapter ends by suggesting that the successful bans against DDT and phosphorus detergents are among the reasons to be optimistic about solving the dead-zone problem.
Lapsed Catholics and Other Religious Non-Affiliates
Authors: Ann MacGregor Carol , Haycook Ashlyn 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Lapsed Catholics are sometimes referred to as one of the largest religious groups in America, and yet we know little about what beliefs and behaviors may be associated with this social category. Using data from the Pew Religious Landscape Survey, this chapter compares the religious beliefs, social attitudes, and voluntary behavior of lapsed Catholics and other religious non-affiliates (nones, atheists, and agnostics) alongside lapsed evangelicals and lapsed mainline Protestants. Generally speaking, lapsed Catholics fall somewhere in the middle between practicing Catholics and those with no religious affiliation, but they are notably more liberal in their attitudes toward abortion and same-sex marriage. This study affirms the importance of considering the heterogeneity within the category of “nonreligious” by considering the lingering attachments people may hold to religion outside of church attendance. The chapter concludes by considering whether the glass is half full or half empty for those interested in the future of American Catholicism.
Reports from Faith Community Leaders in the South
Authors: Kirkland Cahill Elizabeth 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Cities in the Southeastern United States that are experiencing population growth offer a counter-narrative to media reports of religious disaffiliation. Against the backdrop of data sets and broad surveys, a glimpse into the challenges and successes of individual faith community leaders in a small but growing Southern city provides a more hopeful perspective. While some aspects of the disaffiliation story, particularly millennial disengagement, mirror national trends, in parts of the coastal Southeast, religious belief and practice are flourishing relative to the rest of the country. Combining extensive interviews of several local faith community leaders with the voices of millennials grappling with their faith, the author reflects upon cultural and parental factors in religious decline, identifies a few signs of hope, and suggests ways that existing communities of faith might draw in those of all ages who are spiritual seekers, through listening responsively, thinking creatively about ways to reach out, and offering radical hospitality.
Cultivating Faith in Young Adults
Authors: Robinson Kerry A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Current data on trends toward agnosticism, atheism, and religious disaffiliation is compelling and deeply challenging for religious leaders who want to be effective in transmitting faith to succeeding generations and cultivating mature, adult faith in their churches’ members. However, where there is present the desire for meaning, belonging, forgiveness, self- and communal improvement, joy, consolation, or a deeper understanding of life’s big questions, there is a need for religious leadership and pastoral care. There are eight principal insights that can help redress the trend of young adults to eschew religion altogether or to drift and disaffiliate from their religious upbringing. Among the core components that the most effective religious leaders are mindful of are early, personal invitation; leadership formation and training; allowing for mentors; creating a welcoming atmosphere; attending to cognitive expectations; attending to affective expectations; striving for excellence in liturgical, sacramental, communal, and programmatic life; and recognizing the role of parents and family members.
Peace by Piece
Authors: Autesserre Séverine 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter Five showcases a variety of communities that have built peace in the midst of extensive violence and provide important takeaways for the study and practice of peacebuilding. The inhabitants of Somaliland have created a stable and prosperous region in war-torn Somalia with very little international support, instead using bottom-up strategies. Their experience shows that locally-led peacebuilding efforts can make a difference not only on a small scale, but also over a large territory and at a quasi-state level. Other cases of success from across the globe, including the peace zone of San José de Apartadó (Colombia) and the Israeli-Palestinian village of Wahat al-Salam - Neve Shalom, illustrate that bottom-up conflict resolution has helped keep violence at bay in a variety of social and political contexts. Despite challenges and limitations, ordinary citizens, grassroots activists, and local leaders can promote peace at least as effectively as national and international elites.
Value and the Expressive Conditions of the Subjective Will
Authors: Moyar Dean 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the pivotal “Morality” section that makes subjective rights and universal welfare essential to the overall conception of justice. It is shown that Hegel’s analysis of the “deed” motivates the move to intentional action in which subjective value and the right to satisfaction come to the fore. The tension between objective and subjective value in the intention leads to the decisive conflict of abstract right and morality in the “right of necessity.” With the Basic Argument template it is shown why the right of necessity leads to an all-encompassing conception of value, the Good, that Hegel calls “the final purpose of the world.” The treatment of formal and true conscience is read in dialogue with the theory of justification that John Rawls calls reflective equilibrium. The chapter argues that conscience is the individual justification akin to reflective equilibrium, and that the transition out of “Morality” highlights the deficiencies of the individual (as opposed to institutional) reflective equilibrium model.
The Circulation of Value in Civil Society and the State
Authors: Moyar Dean 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter utilizes the structure of life and valid inference to analyze the internal structure of Civil Society and the State as well as the relationship between the two institutional spheres. The chapter unpacks the passage from the Logic in which Hegel describes the State as a totality of inferences with the three terms of individuals, their needs, and the government. It is shown that the “system of needs” itself forms a quasi-living institutional system of estates centered on the division of labor. This system’s inadequacy motivates the role of the “police” and corporation as ethical agencies, forms of the Good, within Civil Society. While the move to the State overcomes the individualism of “needs,” the right of the individual remains in the dynamics of “settling one’s own account” in receiving from the State a return on one’s duty to the State. Hegel treats the State proper as a constitution consisting of three powers of government that form a totality of inferential relations that has the full structure of a living organism. The executive power is examined in detail as the particularizing element in the system.
A Dream of the Judgment Day
Authors: Smith John Howard 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The End is near! This phrase, so well known in the contemporary United States, invokes images of manic self-proclaimed prophets of doom standing on street corners shouting their warnings and predictions to amused or indifferent passersby. However, such proclamations have long been a feature of the American cultural landscape, and were never exclusively the domain of wild-eyed fanatics. A Dream of the Judgment Day describes the origins and development of American apocalypticism and millennialism from the beginnings of English colonization of North America in the early 1600s through the formation of the United States and its travails in the nineteenth century. It explores the reasons why varieties of millennialism are an essential component of American exceptionalism, and focuses upon the nation’s early history to better establish how millennialism and apocalypticism are the keys to understanding early American history and religious identity. This sweeping history of eschatological thought in early America encompasses not just traditional and non-traditional Christian beliefs in the end of the world, but also how American Indians and African Americans have likewise been influenced by, and have expressed, those beliefs in unique ways.
“The Earth Would Become as New Again”
Authors: Smith John Howard 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
North America’s indigenous peoples already dwelled in an apocalyptic nightmare by the time of French, Dutch, and English colonization in the 1600s. Epidemic diseases had begun wiping out vast numbers of people, especially in areas of direct contact between natives and newcomers, which triggered agricultural failures that brought privation and attendant intratribal and intertribal conflicts later exploited and exacerbated by the colonizers. What had once been robust populations of many hundreds of Indian cultures and burgeoning nations had by the 1600s been reduced to near shadows of past glories. This chapter explores the intermittent movements for pan-Indian unity grounded in apocalyptic predictions of Indian extinction absent a complete reformation and revitalization of the old traditional religions.
Introduction
Authors: Bausell R. Barker 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The scientific reproducibility crisis is introduced as a paradigmatic shift in the culture and behaviors of the members of one of the most crucial societal institutions. Technically it involves a change from the 20th century methodological emphasis upon the internal validity and generalizability of scientific results to a greater emphasis upon the extent to which results are reproducible and not simply “wrong.” The need for this sea change has been recognized by some methodologically oriented scientists for decades, but it wasn’t until this century that the virtual blizzard of positive but false results began to worry enough scientists to approach the status of anything approaching the status of a movement. A movement if you will that received a steroidal boost by John Ioannidis’ iconic and reasoned 2005 article entitled “Why Most Published Research Findings Are False.” The book is therefore designed to tell the story of this dedicated cadre of 21st century researchers who recognized what had become a genuine scientific crisis and consequently dedicated their considerable talents and expertise to ameliorate its effects. It is a story involving a plethora of correctable questionable behaviors that allowed scientists to get themselves into this extraordinary situation. The book leans heavily on the well documented work of hundreds of other scientists who have taken it upon themselves to show their colleagues how to conduct science that can be reproduced by others and thereby contribute to the greater good. So in a sense this a story of modern science at its best and worst, but ultimately it is an optimistic telling of a corrective change in the culture and the credibility of an absolutely crucial societal institution.
Publication Bias
Authors: Bausell R. Barker 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Publication bias, defined as a “tendency for positive results to be overrepresented in the published literature,” was recognized and bemoaned as early as the 17th century by the chemist Robert Boyle. In the latter half of the 20th century, it began to be recognized as an increasingly serious scientific problem characterized by a deluge of positive published results (actually exceeded 95% in some areas of psychology). And, by the second decade of the 21st century, data mining techniques indicated that the phenomenon had reached epic proportions, not only in psychology and the other social sciences, but in many of the life and physical sciences as well: a finding that might have been viewed as an amusing idiosyncratic scientific fact of life if not for a concomitant realization that most of these positive scientific findings were wrong. And that publication bias, if not a cause of this debacle, was at least a major facilitator. This chapter provides documentation for the high prevalence of this odd phenomenon in a wide swath of myriad empirical scientific literatures along with the accompanying compulsion it fosters for producing positive rather than reproducible results.
Gershom Scholem and the Mystical Foundations of Authority
Authors: Vatter Miguel 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis chapter is dedicated to reconstructing Gershom Scholem’s analysis of Jewish messianism in light of political theology. Scholem’s political thought is often associated with a critique of any attempt to endow Zionism with messianic traits. This chapter, instead focuses on Scholem’s conception of legal authority, arguing that his historiographical work on the mystical tradition of Judaism shows that the authority of the law is a function of the abdication of divine sovereignty and of a mystical idea of God’s Nothingness. Scholem articulates Jewish political theology around motifs found in Nietzsche’s critique of Christianity and nihilism. His is a political theology of the law after the “death of God.”
Campaign Contributions and Partisan Vote Choice
Authors: Shaw Daron R. , Roberts Brian E. , Baek Mijeong 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 investigates the effects of campaign finance information on partisan (candidate) vote choice, a separate interest advanced by the Buckley Court in the context of campaign finance disclosure laws. More specifically, survey-based experiments are used to ascertain the impact of information about the amount of money raised by a candidate for office, as well as the source of that money, on a respondent’s likelihood of casting a ballot for that candidate. The data indicate that the amount raised by a candidate matters much less than where that money comes from. In addition, the empirical analysis shows that partisans were often more influenced by information about their own candidate than about the candidate of the opposing party.
Biased Beliefs
Authors: Krzych Scott 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the challenges faced by documentary filmmakers who have attempted to expose examples of religious fundamentalism as ideological bias. How does one document fundamentalism objectively without also becoming a means for the very spread of the fundamentalist’s message? If documentary filmmakers rely too heavily on their own biases to frame the subject matter, then they risk trading one ideological position for another, as they well know; yet to simply reproduce on-screen the viewpoints of religious fanatics, without commentary or criticism, may result in documentary films that serve the interests of the same subjects they originally intended to expose; documentaries about evangelical Christianity may become just one additional means for evangelizing the “unsaved,” for instance. Turning to examples of fundamentalist documentary—particularly films intent to prove creationism—the chapter explains how evangelical media understands more intimately the creative potential involved in embracing bias as a means to reconstruct common sense on their own terms.