bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dual Language Instruction: Teaching Civics in Three Public Primary Schools in Tanzania
Authors: Upor Rose A. , Mihayo Maziku 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
It is a widely shared hypothesis in Tanzania among educators and the general public that low academic achievement scores are typically due to pupils’ deficiencies in English comprehension. Although in most public primary schools kiSwahili is the language of instruction, while a select few use English, there is evidence showing that even where monolingual instruction is on offer in Tanzania, lessons are held most of the time in both languages concurrently. Much of the research into dual language instruction is driven by the question of whether using English as the language of instruction is superior to using another language, leaving open the question of whether learning in both kiSwahili and English concurrently delivers a better pedagogical result than classroom usage of either language in isolation from the other. In this study, experimenting with the use of Dual Language Instruction (DLI) in three public primary schools indicates that when students are taught in two languages they perform better on tests than those who receive the same lesson content through monolingual instruction.
Lugha ya Kiswahili na Ukombozi wa Kifikra katika Afrika: Mkabala wa Kimapinduzi wa Frantz Fanon
Authors: Mutembei Aldin 
Published: November 2021

Ikisiri
Uchaguzi wa mtu kuitumia lugha yake kama njia ya ukombozi huanza na uamuzi wa kifikra. Uamuzi huo wa kifikra ni hatua ya ukombozi. Ni uamuzi ambao hatimaye humpa mtumiaji wa lugha mamlaka ya kuchukua hatua zaidi za kujitegemea. Ni ukombozi wa kiisimu ambao, hatimaye humpatia mtumiaji wa lugha nguvu binafsi. Lugha ni mamlaka; na wakati mwingi mamlaka huzaa nguvu. Ingawa hapa ‘nguvu’ inamaanisha uwezo wa mtu binafsi; na ‘mamlaka’ ni dhana ya kisheria, lakini dhana hizi mbili zinahusiana katika uchambuzi huu wa kujenga uwezeshaji kupitia matumizi ya lugha. Katika kuchunguza mawazo ya Frantz Fanon kuhusu dhana ya ukombozi wa fikra kwa Waafrika kama inavyojitokeza kupitia Lugha ya Kiswahili, nadharia ya Bobby Wright ya fikraufu inatoa nafasi kuangalia namna utambulisho wa watu unavyoweza kubomolewa kupitia matumizi ya lugha isiyokuwa ya asili kwao.
Stylistic Analysis of Selected Sermons Delivered by Pentecostal Preachers
Authors: Goodness Devet 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The language style of three Pentecostal sermons reveals figures of speech that not only carry artistic and rhetorical ingenuity but also enhance the effectiveness of the sermons’ impact on a congregation of believers. Pentecostal sermons make extensive use of the second singular personal pronoun ‘you’ to warn, rebuke, remind, and to command. These sermons engage both literal and metaphorical speech acts. To understand the Christian message conveyed in a sermon, factors including image schemas, the choice of pronoun and the speaker’s ecclesiastic knowledge should be addressed.
Fasihi ya Kiafrika kama nyenzo ya kuelezea historia ya Afrika
Authors: Samwel Method 
Published: November 2021

Ikisiri
Wanahistoria na wanafasihi wameendelea kujadili uwezo wa fasihi ya Kiafrika kusawiri historia ya Afrika. Baadhi ya wataalamu wanadai kwamba fasihi ya Kiafrika haina uwezo wa kuakisi ukweli wa kihistoria; wengine wanaona kwamba ni baadhi tu ya tanzu za fasihi zinazoweza kusawiri historia ya jamii fulani. Aidha, wengine wanaona kuwa fasihi, kwa ujumla wake, bila kujali utanzu, husawiri historia ya jamii fulani. Data zilizobainishwa hapa zinaonyesha kwamba aina zote za kazi za fasihi – ushairi, tamthilia, riwaya, na fasihi simulizi – zimesawiri historia ya jamii mahususi za Kiafrika. Hivyo, kazi za fasihi ni miongoni mwa vyanzo muhimu vya data za kihistoria.
Social Injustice by Prescription?
Authors: Kamugisha Gozibert Kamuhabwa , Nyakubega Peter 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Since independence, Tanzania has instituted healthcare reforms in the quest for improving availability, quality, and social equity in access to public medical services. The extent to which the most recent healthcare reforms have impacted the existing patterns of medicinal prescription writing is largely opaque in the literature. This paper relies on data from two hospitals in Dar es Salaam. It emerges that the practice of categorising healthcare seekers into groups depending upon their varied health status and their entitlement to benefits has resulted in differential prescription allocations that might be interpreted as inequitable. The majority of very low income patients finance their healthcare through out-of-pocket payments and support of the Community Health Fund; this group receives a greater ratio of services with zero prescriptions, less poly-pharmacy and fewer prescribed generic medications than the proportion received by well-to-do patients with healthcare insurance. However, the medical and non-medical determinants of this differential in prescription allocation remain unclear, and so too, the ethical implications of such patterns in Tanzania’s out-patient medical service system are inconclusive.
Development of Surgical and Visualization Procedures to Analyze Vasculatures by Mouse Tail Edema Model
Authors: Kumegawa Shinji , Yamada Gen , Hashimoto Daiki , Hirashima Tsuyoshi , Kajimoto Mizuki , Isono Kyoichi , Fujimoto Kota , Suzuki Kentaro , Uemura Kazuhisa , Ema Masatsugu , Asamura Shinichi 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background
Because of the high frequency of chronic edema formation in the current “aged” society, analyses and detailed observation of post-surgical edema are getting more required. Post-surgical examination of the dynamic vasculature including L.V. (Lymphatic Vasculature) to monitor edema formation has not been efficiently performed. Hence, procedures for investigating such vasculature are essential. By inserting transparent sheet into the cutaneous layer of mouse tails as a novel surgery model (theTailEdema bySilicone sheet mediatedTransparency protocol; TEST), the novel procedures are introduced and analyzed by series of histological analyses including video-based L.V. observation and 3D histological reconstruction of vasculatures in mouse tails.

Results
The dynamic generation of post-surgical main and fine (neo) L.V. connective structure during the edematous recovery process was visualized by series of studies with a novel surgery model. Snapshot images taken from live binocular image recording for TEST samples suggested the presence of main and elongating fine (neo) L.V. structure. After the ligation of L.V., the enlargement of main L.V. was confirmed. In the case of light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) observation, such L.V. connections were also suggested by using transparent 3D samples. Finally, the generation of neo blood vessels particularly in the region adjacent to the silicone sheet and the operated boundary region was suggested in 3D reconstruction images. However, direct detection of elongating fine (neo) L.V. was not suitable for analysis by such LSFM and 3D reconstruction procedures. Thus, such methods utilizing fixed tissues are appropriate for general observation for the operated region including of L.V.

Conclusions
The current surgical procedures and analysis on the post-surgical status are the first case to observe vasculatures in vivo with a transparent sheet. Systematic analyses including the FITC-dextran mediated snap shot images observation suggest the elongation of fine (neo) lymphatic vasculature. Post-surgical analyses including LSFM and 3D histological structural reconstruction, are suitable to reveal the fixed structures of blood and lymphatic vessels formation.
Promising self-emulsifying drug delivery system loaded with lycopene from red guava (Psidium guajava L.): in vivo toxicity, biodistribution and cytotoxicity on DU-145 prostate cancer cells
Authors: Vasconcelos Andreanne G. , Barros Ana Luisa A. N. , Cabral Wanessa F. , Moreira Daniel C. , da Silva Ingrid Gracielle M. , Silva-Carvalho Amandda É. , de Almeida Miguel P. , Albuquerque Lucas F. F. , dos Santos Raimunda C. , S. Brito Ana Karolinne , Saldanha-Araújo Felipe , Arcanjo Daniel D. R. , C. Martins Maria do Carmo , dos S. Borges Tatiana K. , Báo Sônia N. , Plácido Alexandra , Eaton Peter , Kuckelhaus Selma A. S. , Leite José Roberto S. A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background
Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDSs) have attracted attention because of their effects on solubility and bioavailability of lipophilic compounds. Herein, a SEDDS loaded with lycopene purified from red guava (nanoLPG) was produced. The nanoemulsion was characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential measurement, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), lycopene content quantification, radical scavenging activity and colloidal stability in cell culture medium. Then, in vivo toxicity and tissue distribution in orally treated mice and cytotoxicity on human prostate carcinoma cells (DU-145) and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were evaluated.

Results
NanoLPG exhibited physicochemical properties with a size around 200 nm, negative zeta-potential, and spherical morphology. The size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential parameters suffered insignificant alterations during the 12 month storage at 5 °C, which were associated with lycopene stability at 5 °C for 10 months. The nanoemulsion showed partial aggregation in cell culture medium at 37 °C after 24 h. NanoLPG at 0.10 mg/mL exhibited radical scavenging activity equivalent to 0.043 ± 0.002 mg Trolox/mL. The in vivo studies did not reveal any significant changes in clinical, behavioral, hematological, biochemical, and histopathological parameters in mice orally treated with nanoLPG at 10 mg/kg for 28 days. In addition, nanoLPG successfully delivered lycopene to the liver, kidney and prostate in mice, improved its cytotoxicity against DU-145 prostate cancer cells—probably by pathway independent on classical necrosis and apoptosis—and did not affect PBMC viability.

Conclusions
Thus, nanoLPG stands as a promising and biosafe lycopene delivery system for further development of nanotechnology-based health products.

Graphical Abstract
Identifying stress responsive genes using overlapping communities in co-expression networks
Authors: Riccio-Rengifo Camila , Finke Jorge , Rocha Camilo 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundThis paper proposes a workflow to identify genes that respond to specific treatments in plants. The workflow takes as input the RNA sequencing read counts and phenotypical data of different genotypes, measured under control and treatment conditions. It outputs a reduced group of genes marked as relevant for treatment response. Technically, the proposed approach is both a generalization and an extension of WGCNA. It aims to identify specific modules of overlapping communities underlying the co-expression network of genes. Module detection is achieved by using Hierarchical Link Clustering. The overlapping nature of the systems’ regulatory domains that generate co-expression can be identified by such modules. LASSO regression is employed to analyze phenotypic responses of modules to treatment.ResultsThe workflow is applied to rice (Oryza sativa), a major food source known to be highly sensitive to salt stress. The workflow identifies 19 rice genes that seem relevant in the response to salt stress. They are distributed across 6 modules: 3 modules, each grouping together 3 genes, are associated to shoot K content; 2 modules of 3 genes are associated to shoot biomass; and 1 module of 4 genes is associated to root biomass. These genes represent target genes for the improvement of salinity tolerance in rice.ConclusionsA more effective framework to reduce the search-space for target genes that respond to a specific treatment is introduced. It facilitates experimental validation by restraining efforts to a smaller subset of genes of high potential relevance.
Comparative methylation and RNA-seq expression analysis in CpG context to identify genes involved in Backfat vs. Liver diversification in Nanchukmacdon Pig
Authors: Arora Devender , Park Jong-Eun , Lim Dajeong , Choi Bong-Hwan , Cho In-Cheol , Srikanth Krishnamoorthy , Kim Jaebum , Park Woncheoul 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundDNA methylation and demethylation at CpG islands is one of the main regulatory factors that allow cells to respond to different stimuli. These regulatory mechanisms help in developing tissue without affecting the genomic composition or undergoing selection. Liver and backfat play important roles in regulating lipid metabolism and control various pathways involved in reproductive performance, meat quality, and immunity. Genes inside these tissue store a plethora of information and an understanding of these genes is required to enhance tissue characteristics in the future generation.ResultsA total of 16 CpG islands were identified, and they were involved in differentially methylation regions (DMRs) as well as differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of liver and backfat tissue samples. The genesC7orf50, ACTB and MLC1in backfat andTNNT3, SIX2, SDK1, CLSTN3, LTBP4, CFAP74, SLC22A23, FOXC1, GMDS, GSC, GATA4, SEMA5AandHOXA5in the liver, were categorized as differentially-methylated. Subsequently, Motif analysis for DMRs was performed to understand the role of the methylated motif for tissue-specific differentiation. Gene ontology studies revealed association with collagen fibril organization, the Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMP) signaling pathway in backfat and cholesterol biosynthesis, bile acid and bile salt transport, and immunity-related pathways in methylated genes expressed in the liver.ConclusionsIn this study, to understand the role of genes in the differentiation process, we have performed whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) and RNA-seq analysis of Nanchukmacdon pigs. Methylation and motif analysis reveals the critical role of CpG islands and transcriptional factors binding site (TFBS) in guiding the differential patterns. Our findings could help in understanding how methylation of certain genes plays an important role and can be used as biomarkers to study tissue specific characteristics.
Phenotype-tissue expression and exploration (PTEE) resource facilitates the choice of tissue for RNA-seq-based clinical genetics studies
Authors: Velluva Akhil , Radtke Maximillian , Horn Susanne , Popp Bernt , Platzer Konrad , Gjermeni Erind , Lin Chen-Ching , Lemke Johannes R. , Garten Antje , Schöneberg Torsten , Blüher Matthias , Abou Jamra Rami , Le Duc Diana 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundRNA-seq emerges as a valuable method for clinical genetics. The transcriptome is “dynamic” and tissue-specific, but typically the probed tissues to analyze (TA) are different from the tissue of interest (TI) based on pathophysiology.ResultsWe developed Phenotype-Tissue Expression and Exploration (PTEE), a tool to facilitate the decision about the most suitable TA for RNA-seq. We integrated phenotype-annotated genes, used 54 tissues from GTEx to perform correlation analyses and identify expressed genes and transcripts between TAs and TIs. We identified skeletal muscle as the most appropriate TA to inquire for cardiac arrhythmia genes and skin as a good proxy to study neurodevelopmental disorders. We also explored RNA-seq limitations and show that on-off switching of gene expression during ontogenesis or circadian rhythm can cause blind spots for RNA-seq-based analyses.ConclusionsPTEE aids the identification of tissues suitable for RNA-seq for a given pathology to increase the success rate of diagnosis and gene discovery. PTEE is freely available athttps://bioinf.eva.mpg.de/PTEE/
Effects of nitrogen levels on gene expression and amino acid metabolism in Welsh onion
Authors: Zhao Chen , Ma Guanchu , Zhou Lin , Zhang Song , Su Le , Sun Xin , Borrás-Hidalgo Orlando , Li Kunlun , Yue Qiulin , Zhao Lin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background
Welsh onion constitutes an important crop due to its benefits in traditional medicine. Nitrogen is an important nutrient for plant growth and yield; however, little is known about its influence on the mechanisms of Welsh onion regulation genes. In this study, we introduced a gene expression and amino acid analysis of Welsh onion treated with different concentrations of nitrogen (N0, N1, and N2 at 0 kg/ha, 130 kg/ha, and 260 kg/ha, respectively).

Results
Approximately 1,665 genes were differentially regulated with different concentrations of nitrogen. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that the genes involved in metabolic processes, protein biosynthesis, and transportation of amino acids were highly represented. KEGG analysis indicated that the pathways were related to amino acid metabolism, cysteine, beta-alanine, arginine, proline, and glutathione. Differential gene expression in response to varying nitrogen concentrations resulted in different amino acid content. A close relationship between gene expression and the content of amino acids was observed.

Conclusions
This work examined the effects of nitrogen on gene expression and amino acid synthesis and provides important evidence on the efficient use of nitrogen in Welsh onion.
Integrated analyses of miRNA-mRNA expression profiles of ovaries reveal the crucial interaction networks that regulate the prolificacy of goats in the follicular phase
Authors: Liu Yufang , Zhou Zuyang , He Xiaoyun , Tao Lin , Jiang Yanting , Lan Rong , Hong Qionghua , Chu Mingxing 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background
Litter size is an important index of mammalian prolificacy and is determined by the ovulation rate. The ovary is a crucial organ for mammalian reproduction and is associated with follicular development, maturation and ovulation. However, prolificacy is influenced by multiple factors, and its molecular regulation in the follicular phase remains unclear.

Methods
Ten female goats with no significant differences in age and weight were randomly selected and divided into either the high-yielding group (n = 5, HF) or the low-yielding group (n = 5, LF). Ovarian tissues were collected from goats in the follicular phase and used to construct mRNA and miRNA sequencing libraries to analyze transcriptomic variation between high- and low-yield Yunshang black goats. Furthermore, integrated analysis of the differentially expressed (DE) miRNA-mRNA pairs was performed based on their correlation. The STRING database was used to construct a PPI network of the DEGs. RT–qPCR was used to validate the results of the predicted miRNA-mRNA pairs. Luciferase analysis and CCK-8 assay were used to detect the function of the miRNA-mRNA pairs and the proliferation of goat granulosa cells (GCs).

Results
A total of 43,779 known transcripts, 23,067 novel transcripts, 424 known miRNAs and 656 novel miRNAs were identified by RNA-seq in the ovaries from both groups. Through correlation analysis of the miRNA and mRNA expression profiles, 263 negatively correlated miRNA-mRNA pairs were identified in the LF vs. HF comparison. Annotation analysis of the DE miRNA-mRNA pairs identified targets related to biological processes such as “estrogen receptor binding (GO:0030331)”, “oogenesis (GO:0048477)”, “ovulation cycle process (GO:0022602)” and “ovarian follicle development (GO:0001541)”. Subsequently, five KEGG pathways (oocyte meiosis, progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, GnRH signaling pathway, Notch signaling pathway and TGF-β signaling pathway) were identified in the interaction network related to follicular development, and a PPI network was also constructed. In the network, we found that CDK12, FAM91A1, PGS1, SERTM1, SPAG5, SYNE1, TMEM14A, WNT4, and CAMK2G were the key nodes, all of which were targets of the DE miRNAs. The PPI analysis showed that there was a clear interaction among the CAMK2G, SERTM1, TMEM14A, CDK12, SYNE1 and WNT4 genes. In addition, dual luciferase reporter and CCK-8 assays confirmed that miR-1271-3p suppressed the proliferation of GCs by inhibiting the expression of TXLNA.

Conclusions
These results increase the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying goat prolificacy. These results also provide a basis for studying interactions between genes and miRNAs, as well as the functions of the pathways in ovarian tissues involved in goat prolificacy in the follicular phase.
Quantitative flow chamber system for evaluating in vitro biofilms and the kinetics of S. aureus biofilm formation in human plasma media
Authors: Sutipornpalangkul Werasak , Nishitani Kohei , Schwarz Edward M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background
It has been well established that biofilm formation on orthopaedic implants is a critical event in the pathogenesis of orthopaedic infections, yet the natural history of this process with respect to bacterial adhesion, proliferation, and glycocalyx matrix production remains poorly understood. Moreover, there are no quantitative methods yet available to assess the differences in biofilm formation between different bacterial strains or implant materials. Consequently, this study aimed to investigate the natural history of S. aureus in in vitro biofilm formation in human plasma media using a flow chamber system. Bioluminescent S. aureus strains were used to better understand the bacterial growth and biofilm formation on orthopaedic materials. Also, the effects of human plasma media were assessed by loading the chamber with Tryptic Soy Broth with 10% human plasma (TSB + HP).

Results
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized to assess the morphological appearance of the biofilms, revealing that S. aureus inoculation was required for biofilm formation, and that the phenotypes of biofilm production after 24 h inoculation with three tested strains (SH1000, UAMS-1, and USA300) were markedly different depending on the culture medium. Time course study of the bioluminescence intensity (BLI) and biofilm production on the implants due to the UAMS-1 and USA300 strains revealed different characteristics, whereby UAMS-1 showed increasing BLI and biofilm growth until peaking at 9 h, while USA300 showed a rapid increase in BLI and biofilm formation at 6 h. The kinetics of biofilm formation for both UAMS-1 and USA300 were also supported and confirmed by qRT-PCR analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. Biofilms grown in our flow chamber in the plasma media were also demonstrated to involve an upregulation of the biofilm-forming-related genes icaA, fnbA, and alt. The BLI and SEM results from K-wire experiments revealed that the in vitro growth and biofilm formation by UAMS-1 and USA300 on stainless-steel and titanium surfaces were virtually identical.

Conclusion
We demonstrated a novel in vitro model for S. aureus biofilm formation with quantitative BLI and SEM outcome measures, and then used this model to demonstrate the presence of strain-specific phenotypes and its potential use to evaluate anti-microbial surfaces.