bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decline in the prevalence HIV among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Tanzania, 2001-2011
Authors: Manyahi Joel , Jullu Boniphace S. , Abuya Mathias I. , Juma James , Kilama Bonita , Sambu Veryeh , Nondi Josef , Rabiel Bernard , Makyao Neema , Ramadhani Angela , Somi Geoffrey , Matee Mecky I. 
Published: June 2021

Background: The Tanzania National AIDS Control Programme has established HIV sentinel surveillance among antenatal clinic (ANC) attendees as one of the methods for collecting data on HIV prevalence. This article provides trends on HIV prevalence for 92 sentinel sites that have constantly been part of the surveillance system since 2001 and have participated in at least three consecutive rounds.Method: The surveillance population included all pregnant women aged 15–49 years who were attending a selected sentinel ANC site for the first time for any pregnancy between 2001 and 2011. Serial testing for HIV infection was done anonymously by detecting for the presence of IgG antibodies to HIV on dried blood spot (DBS) specimens. HIV trends were calculated taking into account random effects from sites on the following variables: region, sites and socio-demographic characteristics defined as age, marital status, parity, education level and duration of stay at present residence.Results: Overall, there was a significant decline in HIV prevalence from 9.6% in 2001 to 5.6% in 2011 (p<0.01). Specifically, the HIV prevalence among 15-24 years’ pregnant women significantly declined from 7.8% in 2001/2002 to 4% in 2011 (p<0.01). The decline in HIV prevalence occurred irrespective of residence, marital status, education level or previous pregnancies.Conclusion: There has been a significant decline in HIV infections among young pregnant women attending ANC clinics in Tanzania since 2001. This study also indicates that ANC surveillance among pregnant women over time can provide useful estimates of HIV situation between the population surveys.
Increased memory phenotypes of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in children with sickle cell anaemia in Tanzania
Authors: Balandya Emmanuel , Reynolds Teri , Aboud Said , Obaro Stephen , Makani Julie 
Published: June 2021

Background: Infection is an important cause of morbidity in children with sickle cell anaemia (SCA). However, little is currently known regarding the spectrum of adaptive immune derangement in SCA, especially of populations in Sub-Saharan Africa. In this study, we investigated the phenotype and activation status of T and B lymphocytes among children with SCA in Tanzania.Methods: We compared 30 children with SCA aged 1–6 years in steady-state with 10 age-matched controls. We assessed white blood cell count, T and B lymphocyte phenotype and activation status using an automated haematology analyser and multiparameter Flow Cytometry.Results: In children with SCA, the absolute lymphocyte, monocyte and granulocyte counts were all increased. There was also an increase in proportion of central/transitional memory (42.4% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.0100), effector memory (7.8% vs. 5.4%, p = 0.0086) and terminally differentiated (2.3% vs. 1.3%, p = 0.0355) CD4+ T cells as well as effector memory CD8+ T cells (21.3% vs. 11.5%, p = 0.0060) in children with SCA. In contrast, there was no difference in naïve, classical memory, atypical memory and IgM memory B-cells between the two groups. The level of activation of both T and B cells were comparable between children with and without SCA. Furthermore, we observed a significant inverse correlation between frequency of the effector memory CD8+ T cells and haematocrit (Spearman rho = -0.3859, p = 0.0352). Conclusions: Children with SCA in Tanzania show an absolute increase in all leukocyte types, including lymphocytes, with skewing of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells towards the memory phenotypes. These findings provide insights on the development of adaptive immunity which may have implications on vaccine responsiveness, allo-immunisation, auto-immune diseases and transplant immunology in children with SCA.
Prevalence and factors associated with late antenatal care visit among pregnant women in Lushoto, Tanzania
Authors: Njiku Flora , Wella Herman , Sariah Adellah , Protas Joyce 
Published: June 2021

Background: Adequate utilization of antenatal health care services is associated with improved maternal and neonatal health outcomes. The World Health Organization recommends pregnant women to attend antenatal care services as early as in the first trimester. However, many women due to various reasons fail to meet the recommendations. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with late antenatal booking among pregnant women in Lushoto district of north-eastern Tanzania.Methods: This hospital based cross sectional study involved pregnant women and was conducted in August-September 2015. A standardized questionnaire was used to obtain participants demographic characteristics and obstetrics history. Data analysis was done using (SPSS) and relationship between outcome variables and exposure variable was done using Chi-square test. Multivariate logistic regression was used to measure the association.Results: A total of 240 participants were involved in the study. Out of these, 169 (70.4%) participants booked late for antenatal care (ANC) services. Delayed booking was mainly associated with not being married (AOR=3.08; 95%CI 1.149-8.275; P value=0.025) and unemployment (AOR=4.28; 95% CI 2.11-8.679; p-value=0.000)Conclusion: Late first antenatal clinic visit was high in Lushoto, and was highly associated with unmarried and unemployment status. Therefore, provision of continuous health education and community sensitization on the importance of timely seeking ANC services should be strengthened.
Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and multidrug resistance ındex in Pseudomonas aeruginosa among clinical isolates in Denizli, Turkey
Authors: Kırac Selma , Keskin Dilek , Yarar Muradiye 
Published: June 2021

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important hospital infection agent causing morbidity and mortality with the ability to gain resistance to many antimicrobials. The objective of this study was to determine the sensitivity profiles of nosocomial P.aeruginosa isolates in Denizli, Turkey.Methods: A total 120 P. aeruginosa strains which were isolated from specimens sent to the microbiology laboratory between January 2015 and December 2015 were investigated. Antimicrobial resistance was determined by agar disc diffusion method using Mueller-Hinton agar according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute recommendations.Results: With respect to sensitivity pattern, the most sensitive antimicrobials were Amikacin, colistin, tobramisin, netilmicin and gentamicin and the resistance rates were detected as 97%, 96%, 92%, 90%, 83%, respectively over 120 P. aeruginosa strains. The sensitivity rates for the other antimicrobials were 56% for Piperacilin and 54% for Tazobactam. P. aeruginosa strains 62 (52%) isolates showed multiple antimicrobial resistance to 13 antimicrobialsConclusion: To prevent the spread of the resistant bacteria, it is critically important to have strict antimicrobial policies while surveillance programmes for multidrug resistant organisms and infection control procedures need to be implemented. In the meantime, it is desirable that the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial pathogens like P. aeruginosa in specialized clinical units to be continuously monitored and the results readily made available to clinicians so as to minimize the development of resistance.
Comparison of Mortality by Gender and Regions in Tanzania using Direct Standardized Death Rates (DSDR) Method
Authors: Kibona Shadrack E. , Mbotwa Christopher H. 
Published: June 2021

Background: Comparison of mortality is very useful in assessing population health. Crude rates can easily be computed from the mortality but they are not good for comparison across groups of the population. The aim of this paper was to compare mortality in Tanzania by region and gender using the 2012 Tanzania Population and Housing Census.
Methods: Age-specific death rates for regions, Tanzania Mainland, Tanzania Zanzibar and entire Tanzania were obtained from Mortality and Health monograph data downloadable from the National Bureau of Statistics website. The direct standardization method was used to compare the mortality for male and female populations across all regions of Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar.
Results: Findings show that the mortality is low in Arusha, Manyara, and Kilimanjaro compared to other regions in Tanzania mainland implying that health status for both male and female population in those regions is better than the other regions while it is the worst in Njombe, Iringa, and Kagera implying the poor health status for those regions as compared to the rest regions in Tanzania Mainland. In Tanzania Zanzibar, high mortality was observed in Kusini Unguja and the lowest in Kaskazini Unguja for both male and female populations. By national wise and for almost all regions, the mortality for the male population is higher than that for the female population.
Conclusion: Direct standardization methods can save as the best way for comparing mortality because it takes into consideration both the population at risk and the age structure. However, in estimating mortality, crude death rates should be used to give the magnitude while direct standardized death rates should be used for comparison purposes.
ANALISIS HUBUNGAN METODE KERJA TERHADAP KUALITAS PRODUK PEMBANGUNAN PERUMAHAN DI DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA
Authors: Erlina Erlina 
Published: June 2021

Suatu organisasi atau perusahaan memiliki tujuan untuk memperoleh suatu keuntungan yang sebesar-besarnya. Untuk dapat mencapai tujuan tersebut seorang pimpinan perusahaan harus dapat mengkoordinasikan setiap sumber daya yang mendukung tercapainya tujuan perusahaan tersebut. Permasalahan yang sering timbul adalah kualitas pekerja serta metode kerja dalam penyelesaian pekerjaan dalam menciptakan kualitas produk, dimana kurangnya sikap profesionalisme bak itu dari pimpinan atau para pengelolanya.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh metode kerja terhadap kualitas produk rumah, pengaruh faktor kualitas kerja terhadap kualitas produk rumah, pengaruh kedua factor metode kerja dan kualitas kerja secara bersama-sama terhadap kualitas produk rumah.
Penelitian ini dilakukan pada proyek Perumahan Nandan Griya Idaman Yogyakarta yang teletak di Jl. A.M. Sangaji, Monjali, Yogyakarta. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan tiga variabel, yaitu variabel metode kerja, variabel kualitas kerja dan variabel kualitas produk rumah. Teknik analisis data yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji korelasi product moment pearson, uji reabilitas, uji t-test, uji determinasi dan uji kendall’s. Sedangkan pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menyebarkan data kuisioner. Pengambilan sample pada penelitian ini menggunakan teknik Simple Random Sampling.
Hasil analisis data pada penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa:(1) Pengaruh metode kerja terhadap kualitas produk rumah sebesar 57,8%, terdapat hubungan yang kuat dan positif sebesar 0,760, dan tingkat signifikansi sebesar 6,719, t-test sehingga koefisien korelasi yang diperoleh tersebut bisa digeneralisasikan pada populasinya. (2) Pengaruh kualitas kerja terhadap kualitas produk rumah sebesar 72,4%, terdapat hubungan yang kuat dan positif sebesar 0,851, dan tingkat signifikansi sebesar 9,313 sehingga koefisien korelasi yang diperoleh tersebut bisa digeneralisasikan pada populasinya. (3) Pengaruh metode kerja dan kualitas produk secara bersama – sama terhadap kualitas produk rumah sebesar 78,6%, terhadap hubungan kuat dan positif sebesar 0,887 dan tingkat signifikansi sebesar 58,733 sehingga koefisien korelasi yang diperoleh tersebut bisa digeneralisasikan pada populasinya ).
MENINGKATKAN PROFESIONALISME HUMAN RESOURCES DALAM MENGEMBANGKAN ENTERPREUNERSHIP BAGI PELAKU UMKM DAERAH PENUMPING LAWEYAN SURAKARTA JAWA TENGAH
Authors: Kartikasari Dewi , Prihatiningsih Margaretha , Kusumawati Evi Dewi 
Published: June 2021

Tujuan pengabdian masyarakat di daerah Penumping memberikan pembinaan lebih dalam tentang bagaimana pengembangan Enterpreunership dapat menciptakan Profesionalisme Human Resources sehingga Industri tersebut (IKM) dapat menyerap tenaga kerja lebih banyak baik tenaga kerja terdidik, terlatih dan terampil sesuai jenjang pendidikan dan pelatihan yang telah diikutinya, serta hasil pengabdian diharapkan dapat mendorong kegiatan peran aktif pelaku IKM dalam meningkatkan citra produk yang kompetitif dan mengedepankan kualitas produk.
Metoda pelaksanaan kegiatan pengabdian pada pelaku UMKM wilayah Penumping Laweyan Surakarta bekerja sama dengan Tim Pengabdian STIE ST. Pignatelli Surakarta ini dengan metode ceramah dan praktik merajut oleh Pihak Anggota IKM dengan Tema Pelatihan: Profesionalisme Human Resources Dalam Mengembangkan Enterpreunership Bagi Pelaku UMKM Wilayah Penumping Laweyan Jawa Tengah. Selain metoda ceramah dari Tim Pengabdian STIE St. Pignatelli dan SMK ST. Paulus Pajang Laweyan Surakarta akan senantiasa memberikan pendampingan dan bimbingan pengetahuan dibidang Profesionalisme Human Resources yang berkelanjutan sehingga sampai dengan berhasil sukses.
Hasil dari pelaksanaan pengabdian tersebut adalah Profesionalisme Human Resources dapat mengembangkan Enterpreunership bagi pelaku UMKM dan dapat memberikan kontribusi yang besar bagi penyerapan tenaga kerja UMKM di wilayah Penumping Surakarta Jawa Tengah sangat relevan terutama dalam mempersiapkan tenaga kerja terampil, terlatih dan terdidik sesuai kebutuhan dunia usaha yang telah terkover di dalam kewirausahaan daerah setempat. Dimulai dari Usaha home industry kecil membuat sabun cuci pakaian dan piring kemudian berkembang ke produk rajutan, bahan batik dan batik. Hal ini menunjukkan keinginan dan cita-cita home industry tersebut mulai berkembang hingga terampil dan fokus terhadap produk inti kemudian produk sampingan.
AKIBAT HUKUM TENGENBEWIJS TERHADAP AKTA OTENTIK DALAM HUKUM PEMBUKTIAN PADA PERKARA PERDATA
Authors: Sari Ni Putu Riyani Kartika 
Published: June 2021

As regulated on Article 164 HIR/ Article 284 RBg there are several kinds of evindence in civil cases such as written evidence, proof by witnesses, presumtions, confessions evidence, and oaths. One of the written evidence is authentic deed which was made by and before the authorized public officer at the place where the deed was made. The proof strength of authentic deed is perfect except declined and proven otherwise by the evidence of the opponent or tengenbewijs. Using notmative legal studies, this written is examining and discussing about the strength of the authentic deed and legal the strength of the authentic
Regarding to the strength of an authentic deed on proofing process was of perfect proof which means what is written in the deed was really happened so that the judge must accept it and may not order the addition of proof anymore. But to the proof strength of the authentic deed can be defended by the evidence of opponent or tengenbewijs. The existence of evidence of the opponent against an authentic deed will invalidate the strength of perfect proof of an authentic deed because it will cause a lack on the authentic deed, so that in the process of proving the civil case, the authentic deed proof strength will be degraded to be an underhanded deed.
Highly time-resolved characterization of carbonaceous aerosols using a two-wavelength Sunset thermal–optical carbon analyzer
Authors: Bao Mengying , Zhang Yan-Lin , Cao Fang , Lin Yu-Chi , Wang Yuhang , Liu Xiaoyan , Zhang Wenqi , Fan Meiyi , Xie Feng , Cary Robert , Dixon Joshua , Zhou Lihua 
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Carbonaceous aerosols have great influence on the air quality, human health
and climate change. Except for organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), brown carbon (BrC) mainly originates from biomass burning as a group of OC, with strong absorption from the visible to near-ultraviolet
wavelengths, and makes a considerable contribution to global warming. Large
numbers of studies have reported long-term observation of OC and EC
concentrations throughout the world, but studies of BrC based on long-term
observations are rather limited. In this study, we established a
two-wavelength method (658 and 405 nm) applied in the Sunset thermal–optical carbon analyzer. Based on a 1-year observation, we firstly investigated the characteristics, meteorological impact and transport process of OC and EC. Since BrC absorbs light at 405 nm more effectively than 658 nm, we defined the enhanced concentrations (dEC = EC405 nm − EC658 nm) and gave the possibility of providing an indicator of BrC. The receptor model and MODIS fire information were used to identify the presence of BrC aerosols. Our results showed that the carbonaceous aerosol concentrations were the highest in winter and lowest in summer. Traffic emission was an important source of carbonaceous aerosols in Nanjing. Receptor model results showed that strong local emissions were found for OC and EC; however, dEC was significantly affected by regional or long-range transport.
The dEC/OC and OC/EC ratios showed similar diurnal patterns, and the dEC/OC increased when the OC/EC ratios increased, indicating strong secondary
sources or biomass burning contributions to dEC. A total of two biomass burning events both in summer and winter were analyzed, and the results showed that the dEC concentrations were obviously higher on biomass burning days; however, no similar levels of the OC and EC concentrations were found both in biomass burning days and normal days in summer, suggesting that biomass burning emissions made a great contribution to dEC, and the sources of OC and EC were more complicated. Large number of open fire counts from the northwestern and southwestern areas of the study site were observed in winter and significantly contributed to OC, EC and dEC. In addition, the nearby Yangtze River Delta
area was one of the main potential source areas of dEC, suggesting that
anthropogenic emissions could also be important sources of dEC. The results
proved that dEC can be an indicator of BrC on biomass burning days. Our
modified two-wavelength instrument provided more information than the
traditional single-wavelength thermal–optical carbon analyzer and gave a new idea about the measurement of BrC; the application of dEC data needs to be further investigated.
Earth System Model Evaluation Tool (ESMValTool) v2.0 – diagnostics for extreme events, regional and impact evaluation, and analysis of Earth system models in CMIP
Authors: Weigel Katja , Bock Lisa , Gier Bettina K. , Lauer Axel , Righi Mattia , Schlund Manuel , Adeniyi Kemisola , Andela Bouwe , Arnone Enrico , Berg Peter , Caron Louis-Philippe , Cionni Irene , Corti Susanna , Drost Niels , Hunter Alasdair , Lledó Llorenç , Mohr Christian Wilhelm , Paçal Aytaç , Pérez-Zanón Núria , Predoi Valeriu , Sandstad Marit , Sillmann Jana , Sterl Andreas , Vegas-Regidor Javier , von Hardenberg Jost , Eyring Veronika 
Published: June 2021

Abstract. This paper complements a series of now four publications that
document the release of the Earth System Model Evaluation Tool (ESMValTool)
v2.0. It describes new diagnostics on the hydrological cycle, extreme
events, impact assessment, regional evaluations, and ensemble member
selection. The diagnostics are developed by a large community of scientists
aiming to facilitate the evaluation and comparison of Earth system models
(ESMs) which are participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
(CMIP). The second release of this tool aims to support the evaluation of
ESMs participating in CMIP Phase 6 (CMIP6). Furthermore, datasets from
other models and observations can be analysed. The diagnostics for the
hydrological cycle include several precipitation and drought indices, as
well as hydroclimatic intensity and indices from the Expert Team on Climate
Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI). The latter are also used for
identification of extreme events, for impact assessment, and to project
and characterize the risks and impacts of climate change for natural and
socio-economic systems. Further impact assessment diagnostics are included
to compute daily temperature ranges and capacity factors for wind and solar
energy generation. Regional scales can be analysed with new diagnostics
implemented for selected regions and stochastic downscaling. ESMValTool v2.0
also includes diagnostics to analyse large multi-model ensembles including
grouping and selecting ensemble members by user-specified criteria. Here, we
present examples for their capabilities based on the well-established CMIP
Phase 5 (CMIP5) dataset.
Performance of automated methods for flash flood inundation mapping: a comparison of a digital terrain model (DTM) filling and two hydrodynamic methods
Authors: Hocini Nabil , Payrastre Olivier , Bourgin François , Gaume Eric , Davy Philippe , Lague Dimitri , Poinsignon Lea , Pons Frederic 
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Flash floods observed in headwater catchments often cause catastrophic material and human damage worldwide. Considering the large number of small
watercourses possibly affected, the use of automated methods for flood inundation mapping at a regional scale can be of great help for the
identification of threatened areas and the prediction of potential impacts of these floods. An application of three mapping methods of increasing
level of complexity is presented herein, including a digital terrain model (DTM) filling approach (height above nearest drainage/Manning–Strickler
or HAND/MS) and two hydrodynamic methods (caRtino 1D and Floodos 2D). These methods are used to estimate the flooded areas of three major flash
floods observed during the last 10 years in southeastern France, i.e., the 15 June 2010 flooding of the Argens river and its tributaries (585 km of
river reaches), the 3 October 2015 flooding of small coastal rivers of the French Riviera (131 km of river reaches) and the 15 October 2018
flooding of the Aude river and its tributaries (561 km of river reaches). The common features of the three mapping approaches are their high
level of automation, their application based on a high-resolution (5 m) DTM, and their reasonable computation times. Hydraulic simulations
are run in steady-state regime, based on peak discharges estimated using a rainfall–runoff model preliminarily adjusted for each event. The simulation
results are compared with the reported flood extent maps and the high water level marks. A clear grading of the tested methods is revealed,
illustrating some limits of the HAND/MS approach and an overall better performance of hydraulic models which solve the shallow water equations. With
these methods, a good retrieval of the inundated areas is illustrated by critical success index (CSI) median values close to 80 %, and the
errors on water levels remain mostly below 80 cm for the 2D Floodos approach. The most important remaining errors are related to limits of
the DTM, such as the lack of bathymetric information, uncertainties on embankment elevation, and possible bridge blockages not accounted for in
the models.