bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Ismael Jenann 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Time: A Very Short Introduction explores questions about the nature of time that have been at the heart of philosophical thinking since its beginnings: questions like whether time has a beginning or end, whether and in what sense time passes, how time is different from space, whether time has a direction, and whether it is possible to travel in time. These questions passed into the hands of scientists with the work of Isaac Newton when the structure of space and time became connected to motion and included the subject matter of physics. This VSI charts the way that the history of physics, from Isaac Newton through Albert Einstein’s two revolutions, wrought changes to the conception of time. There are parts of physics that are in a state of confusion, but this strand of development is a story of philosophical illumination and conceptual beauty. The discussion here provides an opportunity to see what distinguishes the methods of physics from those of philosophy. It brings together physics, cognitive science, and phenomenology in the service of reconciling what modern theories tell us about the nature of time with the everyday living experience of time.
Philosophical implications of relativity
Authors: Ismael Jenann 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
‘Philosophical implications of relativity’ looks at the counterintuitive implications of the special theory of relativity. It begins with time dilation and length contraction, wherein the measurements of spatial distances and temporal intervals appear to vary with the motion of the observer. The question of whether relativity allows for the possibility of time travel is raised and the so-called paradoxes of time travel are explored.
The Bible in the modern world: classic or sacred text?
Authors: Riches John 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
‘The Bible in the modern world: classic or sacred text?’ provides an overview of how the Bible continues to inform people’s lives in our modern world. Indeed, the Bible is still one of the most influential and widely read books in the world. The chapter introduces some of today’s Bible readers to demonstrate its extraordinary appeal, its ability to speak, negatively or positively, to people of different education, culture, and beliefs. The sheer diversity of the ways in which the Bible has been embodied in Jewish and Christian communities is both fascinating and disturbing. It has been used for purposes which for many are profoundly abhorrent, as well as in the cause of justice and liberation.
Conclusion
Authors: Riches John 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The Bible has been the source of great truth, goodness, and beauty at the same time as it has inspired lies, wickedness, and ugliness. What it has not produced is a uniform manner of its reading and interpretation. The very process of canonization is nevertheless part of an attempt to limit diversity and deviance of belief within religious communities. Ultimately, however, there is no controlling the way it is read. It is important therefore to be critically aware of the different kinds of uses to which the Bible may be put and to learn to discriminate among them. Readers need to exercise their own moral and aesthetic judgement over the different readings which have been offered of these texts, not least in their own traditions. At the same time, their own judgement will be influenced by the texts as they engage more closely with them and their reception.
Expected Years Of Life Lost Due To Alcohol Consumption In Thai Adults: A 16-Year Follow-Up Cohort Of National Health Examination Survey 2004–2019
Authors: Nontarak Jiraluck , Geater Alan Frederick , Assanangkornchai Sawitri , Aekplakorn Wichai 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Aims
Evidence of premature death attributable to alcohol, a modifiable risk factor, is crucial for guiding public health policy for alcohol control. The aim of this study was to estimate alcohol-related mortality and potential years of life lost (PYLL) in Thailand in 2004–2019.

Methods
We analysed data of the third National Health Examination Survey in 2004 linked to National Death Registry data of 2004–2019. Causes of death were based on International Classification of Diseases version 10. PYLL was calculated by cause of death, age group and sex. All analyses were weighted to take into account the probabilities for the multi-stage sampling of the 2004 Thai population aged ≥15 years.

Results
There were 10,704 deaths with a follow-up time of 507,771.7 person-years. The crude mortality rate of the initial sample was 868.6 per 100,000 population. The mortality rate attributable to alcohol was 18.6 per 100,000 population (30.7 per 100,000 population in males and 6.8 per 100,000 population in females). The top leading cause of alcohol-attributable deaths was unspecified liver diseases in both males and females (6.1 and 3.1 per 100,000 population, respectively). The total years of life lost (YLL) at baseline were 9.4 million years or 49.5 years per person on average, with significantly more years in males. Mortality rate and expected YLL were highest in ages of 30–44 years, followed by 15–29 years.

Conclusion
Males were 4-fold more likely to die from all alcohol-attributable causes compared with females. Young adults had a greater loss of life years than older adults.
A Tool for Designing and Studying Student-Centered Undergraduate Field Experiences: The UFERN Model
Authors: O'Connell Kari , Hoke Kelly L , Giamellaro Michael , Berkowitz Alan R , Branchaw Janet 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Undergraduate field experiences (UFEs), where students learn and sometimes live together in nature, are critical for the field-based science disciplines. The Undergraduate Field Experiences Research Network (UFERN) brings together UFE educators and researchers to improve and broaden participation in field education. Integrating research on UFEs and general STEM education and the expertise of the UFERN community, we present a model and evidence that describes the impact of intended student outcomes, student context factors, and program design factors on UFE student outcomes. The UFERN model is relevant for a diversity of UFE formats and the diverse students potentially engaged in them, and it supports the field science community to consider a range of ways students can engage with the field. The UFERN model can be applied to guide the design, implementation, and evaluation of student-centered UFEs and to guide research on the mechanisms underlying outcomes across UFE formats and disciplines.
The Crisis in the Courts: Before and Beyond Covid
Authors: Godfrey Barry , Richardson Jane C , Walklate Sandra 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
One year after the first COVID lockdown the backlog at the Magistrates’ and Crown Courts together totalled approximately half a million cases. This article reports on the impact of court delays on domestic abuse victims using data from the ESRC-funded ‘Shadow Pandemic’ project. Using this data as illustrative, the paper goes on to discuss the causes of delays in all criminal cases, challenging the assertion that COVID caused the backlog. Instead, the paper contends that austerity measures have been the underlying cause with COVID merely extending the scale of the crisis. The paper then questions whether post-COVID recovery plans are realistic, particularly in relation to any increase in remote hearings and out of court disposals. It concludes that a more fundamental shift needs to take place in dealing with criminal cases to enable speedier and more effective access to justice for victims of all crimes including domestic abuse.
Functional connectivity for the language network in the developing brain: 30 weeks of gestation to 30 months of age
Authors: Scheinost Dustin , Chang Joseph , Lacadie Cheryl , Brennan-Wydra Emma , Constable R Todd , Chawarska Katarzyna , Ment Laura R 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Although the neural scaffolding for language is putatively present before birth, the maturation of functional connections among the key nodes of the language network, Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas, is less known. We leveraged longitudinal and cross-sectional data from three sites collected through six studies to track the development of functional circuits between Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas from 30 weeks of gestation through 30 months of age in 127 unique participants. Using resting-state fMRI data, functional connectivity was calculated as the correlation between fMRI time courses from pairs of regions, defined as Broca’s and Wernicke’s in both hemispheres. The primary analysis evaluated 23 individuals longitudinally imaged from 30 weeks postmenstrual age (fetal) through the first postnatal month (neonatal). A secondary analysis in 127 individuals extended these curves into older infants and toddlers. These data demonstrated significant growth of interhemispheric connections including left Broca’s and its homolog and left Wernicke’s and its homolog from 30 weeks of gestation through the first postnatal month. In contrast, intrahemispheric connections did not show significant increases across this period. These data represent an important baseline for language systems in the developing brain against which to compare those neurobehavioral disorders with the potential fetal onset of disease.
A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of Bamlanivimab and Etesevimab Together in High-Risk Ambulatory Patients With COVID-19 and Validation of the Prognostic Value of Persistently High Viral Load
Authors: Dougan Michael , Azizad Masoud , Mocherla Bharat , Gottlieb Robert L , Chen Peter , Hebert Corey , Perry Russell , Boscia Joseph , Heller Barry , Morris Jason , Crystal Chad , Igbinadolor Awawu , Huhn Gregory , Cardona Jose , Shawa Imad , Kumar Princy , Blomkalns Andra , Adams Andrew C , Van Naarden Jacob , Custer Kenneth L , Knorr Jack , Oakley Gerard , Schade Andrew E , Holzer Timothy R , Ebert Philip J , Higgs Richard E , Sabo Janelle , Patel Dipak R , Dabora Matan C , Williams Mark , Klekotka Paul , Shen Lei , Skovronsky Daniel M , Nirula Ajay 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
Based on interim analyses and modeling data, lower doses of bamlanivimab and etesevimab together (700/1400 mg) were investigated to determine optimal dose and expand availability of treatment.

Methods
This Phase 3 portion of the BLAZE-1 trial characterized the effect of bamlanivimab with etesevimab on overall patient clinical status and virologic outcomes in ambulatory patients ≥12 years old, with mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and ≥1 risk factor for progressing to severe COVID-19 and/or hospitalization. Bamlanivimab and etesevimab together (700/1400 mg) or placebo were infused intravenously within 3 days of patients’ first positive COVID-19 test.

Results
In total, 769 patients were infused (median age [range]; 56.0 years [12, 93], 30.3% of patients ≥65 years of age and median duration of symptoms; 4 days). By day 29, 4/511 patients (0.8%) in the antibody treatment group had a COVID-19-related hospitalization or any-cause death, as compared with 15/258 patients (5.8%) in the placebo group (Δ[95% confidence interval {CI}] = −5.0 [−8.0, −2.1], P &lt; .001). No deaths occurred in the bamlanivimab and etesevimab group compared with 4 deaths (all COVID-19-related) in the placebo group. Patients receiving antibody treatment had a greater mean reduction in viral load from baseline to Day 7 (Δ[95% CI] = −0.99 [−1.33, −.66], P &lt; .0001) compared with those receiving placebo. Persistently high viral load at Day 7 correlated with COVID-19-related hospitalization or any-cause death by Day 29 in all BLAZE-1 cohorts investigated.

Conclusions
These data support the use of bamlanivimab and etesevimab (700/1400 mg) for ambulatory patients at high risk for severe COVID-19. Evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants will require continued monitoring to determine the applicability of this treatment.

Clinical Trials Registration
NCT04427501.
Prognostic implications of mitral valve geometry in patients with secondary mitral regurgitation: the COAPT trial
Authors: Namazi Farnaz , Delgado Victoria , Pio Stephan Milhorini , Ajmone Marsan Nina , Asch Federico M , Medvedofsky Diego , Weissman Neil J , Zhou Zhipeng , Redfors Bjorn , Lindenfeld JoAnn , Abraham William T , Mack Michael J , Stone Gregg W , Bax Jeroen J 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Aims
The impact of mitral valve geometry on outcomes after MitraClip treatment in secondary mitral regurgitation (MR) has not been examined. We therefore sought to evaluate the association between mitral valve geometry and outcomes of patients with heart failure (HF) and secondary MR treated with guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) and MitraClip.

Methods and results
Mitral valve geometry was assessed from the baseline echocardiograms in 614 patients from the COAPT trial. The primary endpoint for the present study was the composite of all-cause mortality or HF hospitalization (HFH) within 2 years. Effect of treatment arm (MitraClip plus maximally tolerated GDMT vs. GDMT alone) on outcomes according to baseline variables was assessed. Among 29 baseline mitral valve echocardiographic parameters, increasing anteroposterior mitral annular diameter was the only independent predictor of the composite endpoint of all-cause mortality or HFH [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) per cm 1.49; P = 0.04]. The effective regurgitant orifice area (EROA) was independently associated with all-cause mortality alone (aHR per cm2 2.97; P = 0.04) but not with HFH, whereas increasing anteroposterior mitral annular diameter was independently associated with HFH alone (aHR per cm 1.85; P = 0.005) but not all-cause mortality. Other mitral valve morphologic parameters were unrelated to outcomes. MitraClip reduced HFH and mortality independent of anteroposterior mitral annular diameter and EROA (Pinteraction = 0.77 and 0.27, respectively).

Conclusion
In patients with HF and severe secondary MR, a large anteroposterior mitral annular diameter and greater EROA were the strongest echocardiographic predictors of HFH and death in patients treated with GDMT alone and with the MitraClip.
Rainfalls sprinkle cloud bacterial diversity while scavenging biomass
Authors: Péguilhan Raphaëlle , Besaury Ludovic , Rossi Florent , Enault François , Baray Jean-Luc , Deguillaume Laurent , Amato Pierre 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
Bacteria circulate in the atmosphere, through clouds and precipitation to surface ecosystems. Here, we conducted a coordinated study of bacteria assemblages in clouds and precipitation at two sites distant of ∼800 m in elevation in a rural vegetated area around puy de Dôme Mountain, France, and analysed them in regard to meteorological, chemical and air masses’ history data. In both clouds and precipitation, bacteria generally associated with vegetation or soil dominated. Elevated ATP-to-cell ratio in clouds compared with precipitation suggested a higher proportion of viable cells and/or specific biological processes. The increase of bacterial cell concentration from clouds to precipitation indicated strong below-cloud scavenging. Using ions as tracers, we derive that 0.2 to 25.5% of the 1.1 × 107 to 6.6 × 108 bacteria cell/m2/h1 deposited with precipitation originated from the source clouds. Yet, the relative species richness decreased with the proportion of inputs from clouds, pointing them as sources of distant microbial diversity. Biodiversity profiles, thus, differed between clouds and precipitation in relation with distant/local influencing sources, and potentially with bacterial phenotypic traits. Notably Undibacterium, Bacillus and Staphylococcus were more represented in clouds, while epiphytic bacteria such as Massilia, Sphingomonas, Rhodococcus and Pseudomonas were enriched in precipitation.
Distinct roles for the Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease-causing endosomal regulators Mtmr5 and Mtmr13 in axon radial sorting and Schwann cell myelination
Authors: Mammel Anna E , Delgado Katherine C , Chin Andrea L , Condon Alec F , Hill Jo Q , Aicher Sue A , Wang Yingming , Fedorov Lev M , Robinson Fred L 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe form of Charcot–Marie–Tooth type 4B (CMT4B) disease caused by mutations in myotubularin-related 5 (MTMR5; also called SET binding factor 1, SBF1) shows a spectrum of axonal and demyelinating nerve phenotypes. This contrasts with the CMT4B subtypes caused by MTMR2 or MTMR13 (SBF2) mutations, which are characterized by myelin outfoldings and classic demyelination. Thus, it is unclear whether MTMR5 plays an analogous or distinct role from that of its homolog, MTMR13, in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). MTMR5 and MTMR13 are pseudophosphatases predicted to regulate endosomal trafficking by activating Rab GTPases and binding to the phosphoinositide 3-phosphatase MTMR2. In the mouse PNS, Mtmr2 was required to maintain wild-type levels of Mtmr5 and Mtmr13, suggesting that these factors function in discrete protein complexes. Genetic elimination of both Mtmr5 and Mtmr13 in mice led to perinatal lethality, indicating that the two proteins have partially redundant functions during embryogenesis. Loss of Mtmr5 in mice did not cause CMT4B-like myelin outfoldings. However, adult Mtmr5−/− mouse nerves contained fewer myelinated axons than control nerves, likely as a result of axon radial sorting defects. Consistently, Mtmr5 levels were highest during axon radial sorting and fell sharply after postnatal day seven. Our findings suggest that Mtmr5 and Mtmr13 ensure proper axon radial sorting and Schwann cell myelination, respectively, perhaps through their direct interactions with Mtmr2. This study enhances our understanding of the non-redundant roles of the endosomal regulators MTMR5 and MTMR13 during normal peripheral nerve development and disease.
The Ighmbp2D564N mouse model is the first SMARD1 model to demonstrate respiratory defects
Authors: Smith Caley E , Lorson Monique A , Ricardez Hernandez Sara M , Al Rawi Zayd , Mao Jiude , Marquez Jose , Villalón Eric , Keilholz Amy N , Smith Catherine L , Garro-Kacher Mona O , Morcos Toni , Davis Daniel J , Bryda Elizabeth C , Nichols Nicole L , Lorson Christian L 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type I (SMARD1) is a neurodegenerative disease defined by respiratory distress, muscle atrophy and sensory and autonomic nervous system defects. SMARD1 is a result of mutations within the IGHMBP2 gene. We have generated six Ighmbp2 mouse models based on patient-derived mutations that result in SMARD1 and/or Charcot-Marie Tooth Type 2 (CMT2S). Here we describe the characterization of one of these models, Ighmbp2D564N (human D565N). The Ighmbp2D564N/D564N mouse model mimics important aspects of the SMARD1 disease phenotype, including motor neuron degeneration and muscle atrophy. Ighmbp2D564N/D564N is the first SMARD1 mouse model to demonstrate respiratory defects based on quantified plethysmography analyses. SMARD1 disease phenotypes, including the respiratory defects, are significantly diminished by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of ssAAV9-IGHMBP2 and the extent of phenotypic restoration is dose-dependent. Collectively, this model provides important biological insight into SMARD1 disease development.
A priori and a posteriori error estimates for a virtual element method for the non-self-adjoint Steklov eigenvalue problem
Authors: Wang Gang , Meng Jian , Wang Ying , Mei Liquan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In this paper we analyze a virtual element method (VEM) for the non-self-adjoint Steklov eigenvalue problem. The conforming VEM on polytopal meshes is used for discretization. We analyze the correct spectral approximation of the discrete scheme and prove an a priori error estimate for the discrete eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. The convergence order of a discrete eigenvalue may decrease if the corresponding eigenfunction has a singularity and it can be improved on a locally refined mesh. The VEM has great flexibility in handling computational meshes. These facts motivate us to construct a computable a posteriori error estimator for the VEM and prove its reliability and efficiency. This estimator can be applied to very general polytopal meshes with hanging nodes. Finally, we show numerical examples to verify the theoretical results, including optimal convergence of discrete eigenvalues on uniformly refined meshes of a square domain and a cube domain, and we demonstrate the efficiency of the estimator on adaptively refined meshes on an L-shaped domain and also discuss the influence of stabilization parameters on the virtual element approximation.
The Role of Teleological Thinking in Judgments of Persistence of Musical Works
Authors: Mikalonytė Elzė Sigutė , Dranseika Vilius 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn his article “The Ontology of Musical Versions: Introducing the Hypothesis of Nested Types,” Nemesio Puy raises a hypothesis that continuity of the purpose is both a necessary and a sufficient condition for musical work’s identity. Puy’s hypothesis is relevant to two topics in cognitive psychology and experimental philosophy. The first topic is the prevalence of teleological reasoning about various objects and its influence on persistence and categorization judgments. The second one is the importance of an artist’s intention in the categorization of artworks. We tested the teleological hypothesis across three studies. Vignettes in these three studies describe a musical work being changed in some of these aspects: (1) purpose either changed or retained; (2) score either changed or retained; (3) change is made either by the same or a different composer. The results suggest that teleological considerations impact judgments on the persistence of musical works, but this impact appears to be relatively weak. The results also suggest that persistence judgments strongly depend on whether acoustical properties were changed, while whether the change was made by the original composer seems to be relatively unimportant.
Making the case for workforce diversity in biomedical informatics to help achieve equity-centered care: a look at the AMIA First Look Program
Authors: Bright Tiffani J , Williams Karmen S , Rajamani Sripriya , Tiase Victoria L , Senathirajah Yalini , Hebert Courtney , McCoy Allison B 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Developing a diverse informatics workforce broadens the research agenda and ensures the growth of innovative solutions that enable equity-centered care. The American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) established the AMIA First Look Program in 2017 to address workforce disparities among women, including those from marginalized communities. The program exposes women to informatics, furnishes mentors, and provides career resources. In 4 years, the program has introduced 87 undergraduate women, 41% members of marginalized communities, to informatics. Participants from the 2019 and 2020 cohorts reported interest in pursuing a career in informatics increased from 57% to 86% after participation, and 86% of both years’ attendees responded that they would recommend the program to others. A June 2021 LinkedIn profile review found 50% of participants working in computer science or informatics, 4% pursuing informatics graduate degrees, and 32% having completed informatics internships, suggesting AMIA First Look has the potential to increase informatics diversity.