bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meteorological Drought in Northwestern Escarpment of Ethiopian Rift Valley: detection seasonal and spatial trends
Authors: Nasir Jemal , Assefa Engdawork , Zeleke Tesfaye , Gidey Eskinder 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background
The Northwestern Escarpment of the Ethiopian Rift Valley has been frequently affected by droughts for decades. The area is among the most drought-prone and chronically food-insecure parts of the country. The study areas that include the Raya Valley livelihood Zone (RVLZ), Alagie-Offla livelihood Zone (ALOFLZ), and Tsirare Catchment Livelihood Zones (TCLZ) are amongst the most vulnerable and badly affected livelihood zones in the Northwestern Escarpment of the Ethiopian Rift Valley. Hence, this study aimed to monitor the meteorological drought conditions of the three LZs from 1983 to 2016 using the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) at three months’ time scale. Both monthly Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitations with Station data (CHIRPS) and Enhancing National Climate Service (ENACTS) temperature data (1983–2016) at moderate spatial resolution (i.e. 4 km-by-4 km) were obtained from the National Meteorological Agency of Ethiopia.

Results
This study uncovers seasonally recurring droughts that vary in severity, frequencies, and durations within and between the livelihood zones. The results indicated that severe drought occurred in all livelihoods zone of the study area from years 1983 to 1991, while ALOFLZ and TCLZ have recorded relatively higher drought severity. From 1989 to 2016, the severity and frequency of droughts were increased during the Belg (small rain) season but decreased in Kiremt (summer). In most of the study years, there have been Belg or Kiremt or both drought seasons in the study areas. The severity and frequencies of Kiremt drought in this study were higher from 1983 to 1991, better 1993–1998, and mildly to moderate drought from 2000 to 2016. As the frequencies and persistence of mild drought have increased, the intensity and precipitation amount are too small to cultivate crops and forage growth. This problem needs special considerations on the current moisture harvesting system and afforestation practices to reduce natural and human-induced drought impacts.

Conclusions
Studying drought with long recorded meteorological data from a large number and uniformly distributed meteorological grids in small scale livelihood zones had great implications to identify the real trends of spatiotemporal meteorological drought. This enabled the researchers to investigate the real drought frequencies, severity, and durations in small scale areas. The study will support to improve the existing drought monitoring system and to build resilience to drought at the household level. The finding also will have a significant contribution to early warning systems, particularly at district levels. Ended, it needs to consider solutions for short and long drought impacts. The agricultural sector should consider the long-cycle crop growth patterns to reduce crop failures and forage problems.
Global burden of active smoking among people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Ale Boni Maxime , Amahowe Franck , Nganda Motto Malea , Danwang Célestin , Wakaba Nelly Njeri , Almuwallad Ateeq , Ale Franck Biaou Guy , Sanoussi Alamou , Abdullahi Suleiman Hudu , Bigna Jean Joel 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background
Although the high burden of both active smoking and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is clearly known, the relationship between them is still not well characterized. Therefore, we estimated the global prevalence of active smoking in people living with HIV (PLHIV) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and investigated the association between exposure to active smoking and risk for suboptimal adherence to ART.
Main text: We searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science to identify articles published until September 19, 2019. Eligible studies reported the prevalence of active smoking in PLHIV on ART or investigated the association between active smoking and ART adherence; or enough data to compute these estimates. We used a random-effects model to pool data and quantified heterogeneity (I2). The global prevalence of active smoking was 36.1% (95% CI: 33.7–37.2; 329 prevalence data; 462 104 participants) with substantial heterogeneity. The prevalence increased with level of country income; from 10.1% (95% CI: 6.8–14.1) in low-income to 45.2% (95% CI: 42.7–47.7) in high-income countries; P < 0.0001. With regards to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) regions, the prevalence was higher in West and Central Europe and North America 45.4% (42.7–48.1) and lowest in the two UNAIDS regions of sub-Saharan Africa: Eastern and Southern Africa 10.7% (95% CI: 7.8–14.0) and West and Central Africa 4.4% (2.9–6.3); P < 0.0001. Globally, we estimated that there were 4 110 669 PLHIV on ART who were active smokers, among which the highest number was from Eastern and Southern Africa (35.9%) followed by Asia and the Pacific (25.9%). Active smoking was significantly associated with suboptimal ART adherence: pooled odds ratio 1.57 (95% CI: 1.37–1.80; I2 = 56.8%; 19 studies; 48 450 participants); even after considering adjusted estimates: 1.67 (95% CI: 1.39–2.01; I2 = 53.0%; 14 studies).

Conclusions
This study suggests a high prevalence of active smoking in PLHIV on ART and an association between active smoking and ART suboptimal adherence. As such, healthcare providers and policy makers should focus on adopting and implementing tobacco harm reduction strategies in HIV care, especially in sub-Saharan Africa known as epicenter of HIV pandemic with highest number of active tobacco smoking among PLHIV on ART.
Wireless logging of extracellular neuronal activity in the telencephalon of free-swimming salmonids
Authors: Takahashi Susumu , Hombe Takumi , Takahashi Riku , Ide Kaoru , Okamoto Shinichiro , Yoda Ken , Kitagawa Takashi , Makiguchi Yuya 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background
Salmonids return to the river where they were born in a phenomenon known as mother-river migration. The underpinning of migration has been extensively examined, particularly regarding the behavioral correlations of external environmental cues such as the scent of the mother-river and geomagnetic compass. However, neuronal underpinning remains elusive, as there have been no biologging techniques suited to monitor neuronal activity in the brain of large free-swimming fish. In this study, we developed a wireless biologging system to record extracellular neuronal activity in the brains of free-swimming salmonids.

Results
Using this system, we recorded multiple neuronal activities from the telencephalon of trout swimming in a rectangular water tank. As proof of principle, we examined the activity statistics for extracellular spike waveforms and timing. We found cells firing maximally in response to a specific head direction, similar to the head direction cells found in the rodent brain. The results of our study suggest that the recorded signals originate from neurons.

Conclusions
We anticipate that our biologging system will facilitate a more detailed investigation into the neural underpinning of fish movement using internally generated information, including responses to external cues.
Three-dimensional vascular microenvironment landscape in human glioblastoma
Authors: Cribaro George P. , Saavedra-López Elena , Romarate Leire , Mitxitorena Izaskun , Díaz Laura R. , Casanova Paola V. , Roig-Martínez Meritxell , Gallego José M. , Perez-Vallés Ana , Barcia Carlos 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe cellular complexity of glioblastoma microenvironments is still poorly understood. In-depth, cell-resolution tissue analyses of human material are rare but highly necessary to understand the biology of this deadly tumor. Here we present a unique 3D visualization revealing the cellular composition of human GBM in detail and considering its critical association with the neo-vascular niche. Our images show a complex vascular map of human 3D biopsies with increased vascular heterogeneity and altered spatial relationship with astrocytes or glioma-cell counterparts. High-resolution analysis of the structural layers of the blood brain barrier showed a multilayered fenestration of endothelium and basement membrane. Careful examination of T cell position and migration relative to vascular walls revealed increased infiltration corresponding with tumor proliferation. In addition, the analysis of the myeloid landscape not only showed a volumetric increase in glioma-associated microglia and macrophages relative to GBM proliferation but also revealed distinct phenotypes in tumor nest and stroma. Images and data sets are available on demand as a resource for public access.
Unclassified hepatocellular adenoma with beta-catenin mutation: a case report
Authors: Muranushi Ryo , Araki Kenichiro , Harimoto Norifumi , Yokobori Takehiko , Hoshino Kouki , Hagiwara Kei , Ishii Norihiro , Tsukagoshi Mariko , Igarashi Takamichi , Watanabe Akira , Kubo Norio , Aishima Shinichi , Shirabe Ken 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background
Hepatocellular adenoma (HCA) subtypes are considered as risk factors for malignant transformation; thus, an accurate diagnosis is important. We report a case of resected HCA previously diagnosed as unclassified HCA using immunohistochemistry, subsequently discovered to harbor a mutation in exon 3 of the beta (β)-catenin gene using deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing.

Case presentation
The patient was a 26-year-old woman who was referred to our hospital because of a 150-mm tumor in the right lobe of the liver. Considering the possibility of malignancy, we performed right lobe hepatectomy. Based on the histopathological and immunohistochemical findings, the tumor was diagnosed as an unclassified HCA. Next, we performed sequencing of DNA isolated from the tumor and identified a mutation in exon 3 of β-catenin, suggesting that the tumor contained an activating mutation of the β-catenin gene.

Conclusion
β-Catenin mutations in HCA cannot be detected by immunohistochemistry alone, and molecular analysis is required to accurately diagnose and evaluate its prognosis.
Optically addressed spatial light modulator based on nonlinear metasurface
Authors: Gong Shengchao , Ren Mengxin , Wu Wei , Cai Wei , Xu Jingjun 
Published: February 2021

Spatial light modulators (SLMs) are devices for modulating amplitude, phase, or polarization of light beams on demand. Such devices are regarded as the backbone for optical information parallel processing and future optical computers. Currently, SLMs are mainly operated in an electrical addressing manner, wherein the optical beams are modulated by electrical signals. However, future all-optical information processing systems prefer to control light directly by light (i.e., optically addressed, OA) without electro-optical conversion. Here, we present an OASLM based on a metasurface (MS-OASLM), whose operation principle relies on nonlinear polarization control of read light by another write light at the nanoscale. Its resolution is more than 10 times higher than a typical commercial SLM and achieves 500 line pairs per millimeter (corresponding to a pixel size of only 1 μm). The MS-OASLM shows unprecedented compactness and is only 400 nm in thickness. Such MS-OASLMs could provide opportunities to develop next generation all-optical information processing and high resolution display technologies.
MAKROEKONOMİK DEĞİŞKENLERİN DÖVİZ KURU DEĞİŞMELERİNE ETKİSİ: BİR PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ
Authors: KUBAR Yeşim , ÇOBAN Hatem 
Published: February 2021

Türkiye’de döviz kurları 2002-2013 yılları arasında yavaş artış gösterirken, 2014-2016 yılları arasında daha hızlı artış göstermiştir. Döviz kurlarındaki söz konusu bu durum bir taraftan belirsizliğe neden olurken diğer taraftan dövizle iş yapan kesimleri olumsuz etkilemektedir. Bu nedenle döviz kurlarının etkin bir şekilde yönlendirilebilmesi için döviz kurlarını etkileyen faktörler belirlenmelidir.
Bu çalışmada son zamanların en çok konuşulan ekonomik konularından, döviz kuru olgusu ele alınmakta, 1995-2016 dönemini kapsayan yıllık verilerle reel döviz kuru, dış ticaret haddi, faiz oranı, ödemeler dengesi, ticaret hacmi (GSYH %), büyüme oranı, GSYH deflatörü, yatırım harcamaları değişkenlerinin, döviz kuru ilişkisini tespit etmek, Dünya ekonomileri için önemli ticaret ortakları, üretim merkezleri ve ileri teknoloji ihracatçısı olan Brezilya, Avro Bölgesi, İsrail, Japonya, İngiltere Çin, Rusya, İran, Singapur ülkeleri ile Türkiye’nin etkilenme boyutu ile etkileyen değişkenleri ortaya koymak amaçlanmaktadır.
Effect of laser inclination angle on mechanical properties of Hastelloy X processed by selective laser melting
Authors: Xuewen Zong , Jian Zhang , Hanguang Fu 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Selective laser melting at various laser inclination angles was used to prepare Hastelloy X alloy specimens. The morphology, fracture, tensile strength, stress, and strain of Hastelloy X alloy specimens were studied using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and a tensile tester. The temperature field of the manufacturing process was analyzed based on finite element analysis, and the internal relationship between the temperature field and the process was constructed in terms of cooling speed. The results show that the temperature field is a dynamic process with a high cooling rate; the average cooling rate reaches 3.23 × 106 °C × s−1. The greater the inclination angle, the greater the thermal gradient, resulting in higher cooling rates. Due to the cross-influence of grain refinement at high cooling rates and residual stress, the tensile strength and yield strength of Hastelloy X alloy showed first increasing and then decreasing trends with respect to inclination angle. However, at an inclination angle of 30°, the voids and crack defects of Hastelloy X alloy fractures were reduced, and the tensile strength and yield strength reached 881.38 and 701.60 MPa, respectively. At this angle, the mechanical properties were excellent and met the requirements of the aviation industry.
Effect of Lanthanum on mechanical and wear properties of high-pressure die-cast Mg-3Al-3Sn-3Sb alloy
Authors: Yarkadaş Güven , Kumruoğlu Levent Cenk , Özarslan Selma , Şevik Hüseyin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In the present study, the effect of an La alloying element with different quantities (1, 3 and 5 wt.-%) on the microstructure, mechanical and dry sliding wear properties of Mg- 3Al-3Sn-3Sb alloy was investigated. The wear tests were done on the alloys using pin on-disk equipment against a 4140 steel disc as counterpart under three different sliding velocities of 0.3, 0.6 and 1.2 ms-1 and four different loads of 5, 10, 20 and 40 N. The microstructural results showed that the new intermetallic phases (La5Sn3 and LaSnSb2) were formed with addition of La to the main alloy. Also, it was observed that the hardness of the Mg-3Al-3Sn-3Sb alloy was raised with increasing La addition. Furthermore, the tensile properties of the Mg-3Al-3Sn-3Sb alloy improved with rising La content at room and elevated temperature. The wear rates of the alloys increase with increasing of the sliding speed and load. In addition to this, the wear rate of the Mg-3Al-3Sn-3Sb alloy was found to be higher than that of the La content alloys for all test conditions.
The crystal structure of benzeneseleninic acid anhydride, C12H10O3Se2
Authors: Hosten Eric C. , Betz Richard 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
C12H10O3Se2, triclinic, P

1
‾

$&#x203e;{1}$

(no. 2), a = 9.1794(3) Å, b = 11.5706(5) Å, c = 12.3976(5) Å, α = 85.291(2)°, β = 72.198(2)°, γ = 74.084(2)°, V = 1205.65(8) Å3, Z = 4, R

gt
(F) = 0.0275, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.0698, T = 200 K.
The first casting mould for a ‘Syrian Bottle’ from Lipnik, Bulgaria
Authors: Leschtakov Lyuben , Zimmermann Thomas 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The following article presents the first mould ever discovered for casting a so-called “Syrian Bottle”, a distinctive vessel type that originated in Mesopotamia around the mid 3rd millennium BC and soon after spread to Anatolia, the Aegean and Southeast Europe, as imports and local derivatives. A few examples were made from precious metals and lead, the most notable one being a golden globular bottle, part of “Priam’s” Treasure A” from Early Bronze Age Troy. The mould from Lipnik seems to have been intended for the production of small metal bottles of ‘Syrian’ shape, and supportive agents like a green sand core applied for the production of such a complex item. The mould, however, was obviously never used. A review of associated manufacturing details like pegholes, riser and vent show that although these features were particularly prominent in the 2nd millennium BC, moulds from earlier (Anatolian) contexts do possess such characteristics as well. This currently unique, locally produced example is therefore dated to the latest 3rd or earliest second millennium BC, coinciding with ever-growing interaction between distant cultural entities stretching from Mesopotamia to Southeast Europe and beyond, and allowing for the exchange of ideas, fashions and technologies.
Education in Doctoral School and Fees
Authors: Brzuszczak Przemysław 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This article discusses the issue of fees that may be charged to doctoral students at doctoral schools. In compliance with Article 198 par. 8 of the Act – the Law on Higher Education and Science: “Doctoral education shall not be subject to fees.” This regulation may be prima facie interpreted as excluding the possibility of charging any fees to doctoral students at doctoral schools. However, this is an oversimplification. Whereas, indeed, any activities directly related to the education of doctoral students should be free of charge, doubts arise with regard to other types of fees enumerated in Article 79 of the referred Act. And so, in literature there is a consensus that three admissible types of fees potentially paid by doctoral students are those referred to in Article 79 par. 2 points 1–2 and 6 that is those charged for conducting the recruitment process (point 1), carrying out the verification of learning outcomes (point 2), using student dormitories and canteens (point 6). The interpretation of the regulations concerning fees in the entities running doctoral schools should not have an extensive or implicit character. Thus, in this context the objective scope of these regulations seems to be relatively narrow. In the practice of doctoral schools’ functioning, a certain problem, although potentially probably small, may prove to be the legislator’s waiver as of 1 October 2019 (as opposed to the fees charged at the hitherto doctoral studies) of fees due to repeating by a doctoral student of classes due to unsatisfactory academic performance and while issuing copies of certain documents. A lack of relevant provisions at a statutory level excludes charging fees in a situation when a doctoral student achieves unsatisfactory grades from taken classes or repeatedly loses such documents as, for instance, a doctoral student’s ID card, a student book, diplomas and copies thereof, supplements to diplomas. Therefore, the author postulates de lege ferenda relevant legislative amendments.
The Self-Actualization of the Main Character in the Novel Anak Rantau by Ahmad Fuadi
Authors: Pahlewi Indra Putra , Nuryatin Agus , Luriawati Deby 
Published: February 2021

The novel Anak Rantau by Ahmad Fuadi was chosen as the object of research because of the many aspects of self-actualization that are raised in the story, especially regarding the main character's struggles in facing the realities of life and its twists.. The purpose of this research was to describe and explain the process and characteristics of the main character's self-actualization in the novel Anak Rantau by Ahmad Fuadi. This study used a literary psychology approach. The psychological theory used was Abraham Maslow's self-actualization. Hepi started the process of self-actualization since he was abandoned in Tanjung Duren village by his father. Hepi fulfilled 14 traits of self-actualization. The nature of self-actualization that he has was 1) efficient observation of reality; 2) self-acceptance and others as they are; 3) spontaneity, simplicity, and reasonableness; 4) focus on the problem; 5) the need for privacy; 6) function autonomously; 7) appreciation that is always fresh; 8) social awareness/interest; 9) interpersonal relationships; 10) democratic; 11) differences between means and objectives; 12) creativity; 13) independence, and 14) peak experience.
Systematisch richtig statt zufällig falsch
Authors: Schmitt-Pauksztat Gregor , Hablawetz Dirk , Knödler Marco , Matalla Norbert 
Published: February 2021

Im neuen Blatt 4 der VDI/VDE 2180 wird beschrieben, welche Besonderheiten bei mechanischen Komponenten als Teil von PLTSicherheitseinrichtungen zu beachten sind. Insbesondere wird auf die möglichen auftretenden zufälligen Fehler und deren Berücksichtigung in der PFD-Berechnung sowie deren Bedeutung im Vergleich zu systematischen Fehlern eingegangen. Dieser Artikel fasst die Inhalte des neuen Blatts 4 kurz zusammen und zeigt seinen Nutzen in der praktischen Anwendung.
Dynamics of survival of patients with prostate cancer at the population level, taking into account the stage of the disease and place of residence
Authors: Andreeva R. D. , Nizamova R. S. , Andreev A. A. 
Published: February 2021

Background.Prostate cancer (PCa) is rapidly gaining a leading position in the incidence of malignant tumors among men. With a general decrease in mortality from all oncological diseases, mortality from PCa in the Russian Federation is increasing: in 2005 there were 8192 deaths, in 2015 - 11987.Objective of the study. Calculation and assessment of survival rates for patients with PCa in the Samara region for the period from 2010 to 2016, taking into account the stage of the disease, the place of residence of patients, a comparative analysis of the observed, adjusted and relative 5-year survival for this disease in a number of regions of Russia and in the world.Materials and methods. The object of the study was all registered patients for the period 2010-2016, with the first established PCa.The calculation and analysis of the observed (OS), adjusted (AS) and relative (OS) survival of 7670 patients with PCa taking into account the stage of the disease and place of residence (urban residents — 6408people, rural — 1262), registered in the database of the population cancer registry of Samara Region Clinical Oncology Clinic. The start date of the study is January 1, 2010, the end date is December 31, 2019. The calculation of survival was carried out by the dynamic (actuarial) method.Results. When assessing the survival of patients with PCa, lower rates of observed survival were observed than adjusted, which indicates the presence of intercurrent causes of death.During the study period, an inverse dependence of survival on the prevalence of the tumor process was revealed. The level of observed survival and adjusted survival of all patients is associated in the survival range at stages II—III: 1-year-old observed survival — 89.1 % (adjusted survival — 92.3 %), 5-year-old observed survival — 62.6 % (adjusted survival — 76.6 %).The adjusted and relative survival rate for the urban population is higher than for the rural population, which may indicate an insufficient level of access to cancer care for patients with PCa in rural areas: the indicators of 1-year adjusted survival of urban residents are higher — 3.3 % (relative survival — 2.4 %), 5-year-old adjusted survival—7.4 % (relative survival — 10.3 %) than in patients registered in rural hospitals.Conclusion. A comparative analysis of indicators of 1- and 5-year survival of patients with PCa in the Samara region and a number of regions of the Russian Federation for 2006—2010 revealed that domestic indicators of 1-year and 5-year relative survival are slightly lower than the European average for 2000—2007. The range of indicators of the 5-year relative survivalfor 2010—2013 in the Samara region amounted to 82.2—93.1 %.