bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphological and kinematical analysis of the double-barred galaxy NGC 3504 using ALMA CO (2–1) data
Authors: Wu Yu-Ting , Trejo Alfonso , Espada Daniel , Miyamoto Yusuke 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We present results obtained from ALMA CO (2–1) data of the double-barred galaxy NGC 3504. With three times higher angular resolution (∼0${_{.}^{\prime\prime}}$8) than previous studies, our observations reveal an inner molecular gas bar, a nuclear ring, and four inner spiral arm-like structures in the central 1-kpc region. Furthermore, the CO emission is clearly aligned with the two dust lanes in the outer bar region, with differences in shape and intensity between them. The total molecular gas mass in the observed region (50 arcsec × 57 arcsec) is estimated to be ${\sim}3. 1\times 10^9 \, {\rm M}_{\odot }$, which is 17 per cent of the stellar mass. We used the Kinemetry package to fit the velocity field and found that circular motion strongly dominates at R = 0.3–0.8 kpc, but radial motion becomes important at R &lt; 0.3 kpc and R = 1.0–2.5 kpc, which is expected due to the presence of the inner and outer bars. Finally, assuming that the gas moves along the dust lanes in the bar rotating frame, we derived the pattern speed of the outer bar to be 18 ± 5 km s−1 kpc−1, the average streaming velocities on each of the two dust lanes to be 165 and 221 km s−1, and the total mass inflow rate along the dust lanes to be $12\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$  yr−1. Our results give a new example of an inner gas bar within a gas-rich double-barred galaxy and suggest that the formation of double-barred galaxies could be associated with the existence of such gas structures.
The Arabic “Theology of Aristotle”
Authors: D'Ancona Cristina 
Published: April 2021

The Theology of Aristotle is an Arabic adaptation of parts of Plotinus’s Enneads IV–VI. Both the translation into Arabic of treatises from these Enneads and their reworking, which originated the text known as Theology of Aristotle, were produced within the first philosophical circle of the Arabic-speaking world: that which was animated in the ʿAbbasid Baghdad by Abu Yusuf Yaʿqub ibn Ish aq al-Kindi (d. c. 870). Together with another adapted translation, that of Proclus’s Elements of Theology that originated the so-called Liber de causis, the Theology conveys under Aristotle’s name the Neoplatonic doctrines of the One-Good as the first cause of reality as a whole, of the Intellect as a separate substance near the One, and of the Soul both as a cosmic principle endowed with the power to rule nature, and as the rational immortal principle of human beings. The first chapter of the Theology of Aristotle contains a long introduction independent of Plotinus, which reflects the convictions of the milieu it stems from. The work is described as Aristotle’s “Theology” (transliterated from the Greek as Uthulujiya) plus the “commentary” by Porphyry. Then “Aristotle” takes the floor, introduced by the words “The Sage says.” He declares his intention to complete by this theological account his previous treatment of the four causes—material, formal, efficient, and final cause; this treatment, says “Aristotle,” has been already provided in the Metaphysics. The Uthulujiya will now be devoted to the three higher principles: the One, the Intellect, and the universal Soul. The causality of the One expands over reality in its entirety but first over the Intellect; then, through the mediation of the Intellect, over the universal Soul; then again, through the mediation of the Intellect and Soul, over nature, which in its turn contains the things that come to be and pass away. This doctrine forms the backbone of “Aristotle’s” Uthulujiya (henceforth ps.-Theology). The ps.-Theology has come down to us in Arabic and in a Latin version, dating from the Renaissance, that differs from the Arabic on various counts. The Arabic text comprises ten chapters, each of them dependent upon sections of Plotinus’s treatises that are reorganized in a layout often very different from the Greek original. Not only the order of the treatises is altered, but also Plotinus’s wording and doctrines are modified to convey the idea that the One is pure Being and the Creator all of reality. The ps.-Theology deeply influenced the subsequent development of Arabic-Islamic philosophy: al-Farabi (d. 950) structured his work Opinions of the Inhabitants of the Perfect City according to the Neoplatonic hierarchy described in it, and Avicenna (d. 1037) commented upon it. In the Western Muslim world, Averroes rejected Avicenna’s emanationism, but was still committed to the doctrine of the Agent Intellect, a doctrine which is rooted in the ps.-Theology at least as well as it is in Alexander of Aphrodisias’s interpretation of Aristotle’s De Anima (see Doctrine).
Mathura
Authors: Gupta Vinay Kumar 
Published: April 2021

Mathura is one of the most important ancient settlements and one among the seven most sacred cities in India along with Ayodhya, Haridwar (Maya), Kasi, Kanchi, Ujjain (Avantika), and Dvarka. The city is situated about eighty-seven miles south of Delhi and thirty-one miles north of Agra on National Highway No. 2 and once served as the junction of the Western, Northern, Central, and Northeastern Railways, making it the biggest junction point of the Indian Railways until restructuring in 2003. The city is also the district headquarter, and the area of the modern Mathura district is 2075 square miles with a population of over 2.5 million people as per the 2011 census. Mathura is most famous for being considered the birthplace of Krishna, the most popular incarnation of the Hindu god Vishnu. The surrounding area of Mathura forms part of Vraja kshetra (popularly known as Braj), considered sacred as being the location of Krishna’s childhood activities. Historically and archaeologically, the town was one of the most important trade centers of ancient India and the epicenter of the famous school of sculptural art known in popular parlance as the Mathura school, which gave form to many Brahmanical, Jaina, and Buddhist deities including the earliest imagery of the buddha. Prior to becoming a great center of art, Mathura was one of the biggest settlements during the Painted Grey Ware period, generally dated between 1200 and 500 bce, and one of the sixteen Mahajanapadas during the Northern Black Polished Ware period, c. 6th to 4th centuries bce. The archaeological evidence for the early periods at Mathura is limited due to a lack of large-scale excavations but with the increasing evidence of epigraphical and sculptural activities dating from 200 bce and later, the archaeology and culture of the area is better understood. Key factors that led to the evolution of Mathura as an important city and cultural center are its strategic location on trade routes and the religious/sectarian environment where most early Indian sects and cults developed. Buddhism and Jainism along with the prevalent local and Brahmanical cults gained popularity in the Mathura region from the early historical period of c. 3rd century bce, if not earlier. Most of the early religious art related to these sects first evolved in the environs of Mathura during the Sunga-Kushan periods. There is enough good evidence for the popularity of the cult of Vasudeva-Krishna at Mathura during the Kushan period, but the popular Krishna cult for which Mathura is renowned became more prevalent and visible during the late medieval period only, particularly with the development of the Vallabhite and Gaudiya sects. The role of Mathura in the intermediary period between the Gupta and late medieval periods is not well known due to lack of information and archaeological evidence, but it seems that the Mathura region lost its political importance during this period and yet the religious importance somehow survived until its revival as the greatest center of Krishna bhakti in late medieval or premodern times.
Fritz Lang
Authors: Moore Philip 
Published: April 2021

A visual artist who studied architecture, Viennese-born Fritz Lang (b. 1890–d. 1976) began his career as a scenarist for UFA before moving into directing scripts cowritten with his eventual wife, Thea von Harbou. During this period, Lang made several masterpieces of Weimar cinema, including Dr. Mabuse the Gambler (1922), The Nibelungen (1924), Metropolis (1927), and his first sound film, M (1931). The second major period of Lang’s career was during the golden age of Hollywood. Lang had a tendency to self-mythologize and told many versions of a story in which Joseph Goebbels invited him to be the head filmmaker for the Nazi regime. Lang claimed he fled Germany the same night. While this narrative is largely disproven, Lang (whose mother was Jewish) did leave Germany in 1933, a departure that severed both his marriage and professional relationship with Harbou. Lang journeyed to Hollywood, where he would spend the next twenty years working studio to studio, directing twenty-two films with intermittent critical and commercial success. His first film there, Fury (1936), dealt with themes of law and justice, which carried through to his final film in Hollywood, Beyond a Reasonable Doubt (1956). Perhaps his greatest contributions in Hollywood are his films noir, such as The Woman in the Window (1944), Scarlet Street (1945), and The Big Heat (1953). Lang’s Hollywood period has been the subject of major critical debate. In the 1950s and after, French critics (both in Cahiers du Cinéma and elsewhere) argued for his status as an unappreciated auteur working in the Hollywood system, whereas other critics had argued that the quality of Lang’s output dramatically dropped after he left Germany. The New Wave filmmakers’ love of Lang perhaps reached its apogee in his being cast as a character called Fritz Lang in Jean-Luc Godard’s Contempt (1963). These critical reappraisals resulted in attempts to link Lang’s Weimar and Hollywood periods. He would return to Germany in the late 1950s to direct his final three films, all of which were related to his earlier Weimar-era work. Although Lang is now regarded by many as an auteur in the same vein as Alfred Hitchcock, until more recently he received considerably less (in quality) scholarly analysis than the British director. Lang continued granting interviews and sharing his own thoughts on his work and career until his death in 1976.
Frederick Douglass
Authors: Fought Leigh 
Published: April 2021

Frederick Douglass (b. 1818–d. 1895), one of the most eminent African Americans of the 19th century, defies categorization. Possessing a ranging intellect, he first rose to prominence as the self-emancipated slave who forcefully indicted the institution as an orator, writer, and newspaper editor. Not content simply to bear witness about his first twenty years under slavery, he exposed national hypocrisy on race where it appeared in religion, science, segregation, voter disfranchisement, and freedom of association. Through the rhetoric of his autobiographies, editorials, and lectures, he advanced to the forefront of the multifaceted antislavery movement as it became a driving force behind national politics in the 1850s. The 1860s and 1870s saw him demanding emancipation, goading President Abraham Lincoln on the subject, but also fighting for black citizenship and universal suffrage. In the latter half of his life, he worked through the political system that he once opposed in order to secure equal protections and opportunities for African Americans, usually to frustrating ends. He continued to absorb and explore the boundaries of race, condemning cant, protesting injustice, and using his fame to amplify disfranchised voices. After his death, his widow, Helen, preserved his papers and home, now the Frederick Douglass Papers in the Library of Congress and the Frederick Douglass National Historic Park, which have allowed his legacy to rise above those of his contemporaries. Douglass’s interests concentrated on questions of identity, justice, race, and national belonging that were both universal and specific to the 19th-century United States. Study of his work and life straddles multiple disciplines. Initially, he was remembered for his oratory while his autobiographies served as historical texts describing slavery and outlining his life. Toward the end of the 20th century, the expanding availability of documents at the Library of Congress and the University of Rochester, the publication of Philip Foner’s The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass, John Blassingame’s Frederick Douglass Papers Project, and new methods of historical and literary study opened new avenues into his world. Scholars working in one field borrow from others, but distinctions still exist in which historians use multiple types of documents to understand Douglass in his time, literary scholars analyze his texts, and political scientists examine his work among American political traditions. All reveal many facets of a man of infinite curiosity and continuing relevance.
Transforming a Brazilian Aeronaut into a French Hero: Celebrity, Spectacle, and Technological Cosmopolitanism in the Turn-of-the-Century Atlantic
Authors: De Oliveira Patrick Luiz Sullivan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This article explains how the Brazilian Alberto Santos-Dumont, who at the turn of the twentieth century became the first global celebrity aeronaut, operated as a symbol of ‘technological cosmopolitanism’ — a world view that ostensibly promoted a vision of global unity through technology-enabled exchanges while simultaneously reproducing a core-periphery imagined geography that threatened to erase marginalized populations. Technological cosmopolitanism fitted snugly within the rubric of the Third Republic’s aspiring universalism, which assumed that France offered a model to be emulated around the world, but it was not hegemonic. If for the French appropriating Santos-Dumont meant safeguarding France’s leadership in aeronautics and assuaging their claims of universality, for Brazilians the elision was marked by ambiguity. Brazil’s First Republic hungered for heroes, and authorities saw Santos-Dumont as a symbol of modernity that showed that its place in world history was more than peripheral, even though that very vision was shaped by a Paris-centric world view. But marginalized Afro-Brazilians also found ways to appropriate a white ‘Frenchified’ Brazilian and reimagine their place in a cosmopolitan order. Technological cosmopolitanism evoked a world united by transportation, communication and exchange, but imagining who got to construct and partake in that community was a process continuously marked by erasures and reinsertions.
Neofunctionalization of a polyploidization-activated cotton long intergenic non-coding RNA DAN1 during drought stress regulation
Authors: Tao Xiaoyuan , Li Menglin , Zhao Ting , Feng Shouli , Zhang Hailin , Wang Luyao , Han Jin , Gao Mengtao , Lu Kening , Chen Quanjia , Zhou Baoliang , Guan Xueying 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The genomic shock of whole-genome duplication (WGD) and hybridization introduces great variation into transcriptomes, for both coding and noncoding genes. An altered transcriptome provides a molecular basis for improving adaptation during the evolution of new species. The allotetraploid cotton, together with the putative diploid ancestor species compose a fine model for study the rapid gene neofunctionalization over the genome shock. Here we report on Drought-Associated Non-coding gene 1 (DAN1), a long intergenic noncoding RNA (lincRNA) that arose from the cotton progenitor A-diploid genome after hybridization and WGD events during cotton evolution. DAN1 in allotetraploid upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is a drought-responsive lincRNA predominantly expressed in the nucleoplasm. Chromatin isolation by RNA purification profiling and electrophoretic mobility shift assay analysis demonstrated that GhDAN1 RNA can bind with DNA fragments containing AAAG motifs, similar to DNA binding with one zinc finger transcription factor binding sequences. The suppression of GhDAN1 mainly regulates genes with AAAG motifs in auxin-response pathways, which are associated with drought stress regulation. As a result, GhDAN1-silenced plants exhibit improved tolerance to drought stress. This phenotype resembles the drought-tolerant phenotype of the A-diploid cotton ancestor species, which has an undetectable expression of DAN1. The role of DAN1 in cotton evolution and drought tolerance regulation suggests that the genomic shock of interspecific hybridization and WGD stimulated neofunctionalization of non-coding genes during the natural evolutionary process.
Retrospective cohort study of Ivermectin as a SARS-CoV-2 pre-exposure prophylaxis method in Healthcare Workers
Authors: Morgenstern José , Redondo José N , Olavarría Álvaro , Rondon Isis , Roca Santiago , De León Albida , Canela Juan Manuel , Tavares Johnny , Minaya Miguelina , López Óscar , Castillo Ana , María Plácido Ana , Peña Cruz Rafael , Merette Yudelka , Toribio Marlenin , Francisco Juan Asmir 
Published: April 2021

SummaryThis observational and retrospective cohort study, carried out in two medical centers, Centro Medico Bournigal (CMBO) in Puerto Plata and Centro Medico Punta Cana (CMPC) in Punta Cana, Dominican Republic, sought to determine whether Ivermectin, at a weekly oral (PO) dose of 0.2 mg/kg, is an effective pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) method preventing the spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), in the healthcare workers. The study began on June 29, 2020 and ended on July 26, 2020, where 713 active healthcare personnel were included for the analysis, from which 326 healthcare personnel adhered to a weekly prophylactic program with Ivermectin for Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19), designed by Grupo Rescue task force, that runs both medical centers, and 387 healthcare personnel who did not adhere to the program and were assigned as control group. A SPSS Propensity Score Matching procedure was applied in a 1:1 ratio to homogeneously evaluate the groups that were made up of 271 participants each.In 28 days of follow-up, a significant protection of Ivermectin as a PrEP method preventing the infection from SARS-CoV-2 was observed 1.8% compared to those who did not take it 6.6%, (p-value = 0.006) with a risk reduction of a positive Chain Reaction of Real-Time Polymerase Transcription (RT-PCR) COVID-19 test by 74% (HR 0.26, 95% CI [0.10,0.71]). These results support the use of weekly Ivermectin as a compassionate preventive method in the healthcare personnel.This study protocol is available at Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT04832945
Standardized and optimized preservation, extraction and quantification techniques for detection of fecal SARS-CoV-2 RNA
Authors: Natarajan Aravind , Han Alvin , Zlitni Soumaya , Brooks Erin F. , Vance Summer E. , Wolfe Marlene , Singh Upinder , Jagannathan Prasanna , Pinsky Benjamin A. , Boehm Alexandria , Bhatt Ami S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCOVID-19 patients shed SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in their stool, sometimes well after they have cleared their respiratory infection. This feature of the disease may be significant for patient health, epidemiology, and diagnosis. However, to date, methods to preserve stool samples from COVID patients, and to extract and quantify viral RNA concentration have yet to be optimized. We sought to meet this urgent need by developing and benchmarking a standardized protocol for the fecal detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. We test three preservative conditions for their ability to yield detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA: OMNIgene-GUT, Zymo DNA/RNA shield kit, and the most common condition, storage without any preservative. We test these in combination with three extraction kits: the QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit, Zymo Quick-RNA Viral Kit, and MagMAX Viral/Pathogen Kit. Finally, we also test the utility of two detection methods, ddPCR and RT-qPCR, for the robust quantification of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA from stool. We identify that the Zymo DNA/RNA shield collection kit and the QiaAMP viral RNA mini kit yield more detectable RNA than the others, using both ddPCR and RT-qPCR assays. We also demonstrate key features of experimental design including the incorporation of appropriate controls and data analysis, and apply these techniques to effectively extract viral RNA from fecal samples acquired from COVID-19 outpatients enrolled in a clinical trial. Finally, we recommend a comprehensive methodology for future preservation, extraction and detection of RNA from SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses in stool.
Controlling long-term SARS-CoV-2 infections is important for slowing viral evolution
Authors: Van Egeren Debra , Novokhodko Alexander , Stoddard Madison , Tran Uyen , Joseph-McCarthy Diane , Chakravarty Arijit 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTThe rapid emergence and expansion of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants is an unpleasant surprise that threatens our ability to achieve herd immunity for COVID-19. These fitter SARS-CoV-2 variants often harbor multiple point mutations, conferring one or more traits that provide an evolutionary advantage, such as increased transmissibility, immune evasion and longer infection duration. In a number of cases, variant emergence has been linked to long-term infections in individuals who were either immunocompromised or treated with convalescent plasma. In this paper, we explore the mechanism by which fitter variants of SARS-CoV-2 arise during long-term infections using a mathematical model of viral evolution and identify means by which this evolution can be slowed. While viral load and infection duration play a strong role in favoring the emergence of such variants, the overall probability of emergence and subsequent transmission from any given infection is low, suggesting that viral variant emergence and establishment is a product of random chance. To the extent that luck plays a role in favoring the emergence of novel viral variants with an evolutionary advantage, targeting these low-probability random events might allow us to tip the balance of fortune away from these advantageous variants and prevent them from being established in the population.
Immunoglobulin G glycome composition in transition from pre-menopause to menopause
Authors: Kifer Domagoj , Deriš Helena , Cindrić Ana , Petrović Tea , Cvetko Ana , Trbojević-Akmačić Irena , Newson Louise , Spector Tim , Menni Cristina , Lauc Gordan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundGlycosylation of immunoglobulin G (IgG) is an important regulator of the immune system and its changes are believed to be a significant contributor to inflammaging. Gonadal hormones affect IgG glycome composition, suggesting that alterations in IgG glycosylation might be one of the molecular mechanisms behind increased disease risk in perimenopause.MethodsIgG was isolated from 5,354 plasma samples collected from 1,940 females and 113 males at multiple time points. IgG glycans were released, labelled with a fluorescent dye and analysed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography. Mixed modelling was used to determine average levels of individual IgG glycans in pre-menopausal women, menopausal women, and men.FindingsLarge and statistically significant differences in IgG glycome composition were observed, mainly reflecting decreased galactosylation and sialylation of glycans in menopausal women. During perimenopause women had a significant higher rate of increase in agalactosylated structures (0.051/yr; 95%CI = 0.043 - 0.059, p<0.001), and decrease in digalactosylated (−0.043/yr; 95%CI = -0.050 – -0.037, p<0.001), and monosialylated glycans (- 0.029/yr; 95%CI = -0.034 – -0.024, p<0.001), compared to premenopausal women.InterpretationProinflammatory IgG glycome and the resulting decrease in the ability of IgG to suppress low-grade chronic inflammation may be an important molecular mechanism mediating the increased health risk in perimenopause. IgG glycome changes considerably during perimenopause and may aid the diagnosis of perimenopause.FundingCroatian National Centre of Excellence in Personalised Healthcare, ESI Funds grant for the Centre of Competences in Molecular Diagnostics, the Wellcome Trust and the Medical Research Council (MRC)/British Heart Foundation (BHF).