bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parental Use of "Positive Contact" in Child-Rearing: Its Relationship to Child Behavior Patterns and Other Variables
Authors: Chamberlin Robert W. 
Published: December 2021

In an investigation of child-rearing styles maternal use of "positive contact" was measured by asking the mother how often she played with the child, praised the child, and the like, and combining the responses into a score. Home observations on a sample of families revealed that mothers scoring above the mean used fewer communications in the form of directives and "unmodified power" and more communication in the form of praise and social conversation than mothers scoring below the mean.
The mother's use of positive contact was related to her educational level, the birth order of the child and number of children in the family, the father's use of positive contact, and to a friendly outgoing pattern of child behavior. There was no relation to the mother's use of physical punishment, her protectiveness, her tendency to comply with the child's demands, or her child-rearing ideology and other attitudes.
Child care workers are in a strategic position to educate parents about the importance of this kind of contact, especially with later-born children in large families.
Epileptiform Activity in the Electroencephalogram Induced by Lithium Carbonate
Authors: Brumback Roger A. , Weinberg Warren A. , Herjanic Barbara L. 
Published: December 2021

Lithium salts have been used in the prophylaxis of manic-depressive disease in adults, in the treatment of episodic behavior disturbances in children, and recently in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis. Side effects of therapy with lithium salts have been frequent at toxic blood levels (1.5 mEq/liter) but rare at therapeutic blood levels (0.8 to 1.5 mEq/liter).
This report describes the development of paroxysmal electroencephalographic abnormalities in a child under treatment with lithium carbonate for a behavior disturbance. Such paroxysmal activity has not been described previously during lithium carbonate therapy.
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CASE REPORT
This white boy was the 2,920-gm product of a normal pregnancy, labor, and repeat Cesarean section delivery in a 39-year-old gravida 2 woman.
[see pdf for figure]
A Hypothesis About Late Walkers
Authors: Greene Geoffrey E. 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Beargie, in his interesting comments on babies late to walk, concluded that this motor delay occurs because the children were kept in a crib and were unable to practice walking. He noted, however, that these children come from "a home that does not have central heating . . . [and] is heated by a coal stove . . .[and] the crib is placed near the heating stove."
When carbon is completely oxidized it will yield carbon dioxide and water.
GM3 Gangliosidosis: A Novel Human Sphingolipodystrophy
Authors: Maclaren Noel K. , Max Stephen R. , Cornblath Marvin , Brady Roscoe O. , Ozand Pinar T. , Campbell James , Rennels Margaret , Mergner Wolfgang J. , Garcia Julio H. 
Published: December 2021

A male infant of nonconsanguinous Jewish parents had clinical features of pseudo-Hurler's syndrome. A maternal uncle with similar features had previously died at 2½ months of age.
Following death at 3½ months of age, analysis of the patient's brain and liver revealed increased amounts of ganglioside GM3, a virtual absence of higher ganglioside homologues (GM2, GM1, GD1a, and GT1), and a deficiency of the biosynthetic enzyme, UDP-Gal NAc:GM3, N-acetylgalactosaminyl-transferase.
Since the biochemical findings denote a novel state of ganglioside deficiency, clinical findings emphasizing points of distinction from other causes of pseudo-Hurler's syndrome are presented.
Questions Safety of Ultrasound
Authors: Scheidt Peter C. 
Published: December 2021

In the report on ultrasonography in children, the Committee on Radiology of the American Academy of Pediatrics states flatly that, "There is no radiation hazard."1 Technically this is correct since ultrasound is acoustic energy and not electromagnetic radiation. However, this dismissal of possible radiation hazards gives an impression of established safety, which appears to be unwarranted by existing research.
To date, with the levels of energy currently used for diagnostic ultrasound there are no known adverse effects in humans; but there are reasons to believe that it is too early to conclude that the use of diagnostic ultrasound is free of hazards, particularly with regard to the exposure of the fetus and infant.
Danger of Actifed-C
Authors: Ivey Hallam H. , Kattwinkel John 
Published: December 2021

Recently it was brought to our attention that the Physicians' Desk Reference contains potentially dangerous recommendations concerning the dosage of Actifed-C.1 Each 5 cc of Actifed-C contains 10 mg of codeine phosphate. Dosage recommendations include "infants and children up to six–½ teaspoonful" four times daily.
In our opinion, there is no condition in infancy for which codeine would be indicated. However, the currently recommended dosage of codeine for cough suppression in any child is 1 mg/kg/day.2
Dr. Murray et al. Reply
Authors: Murray Andrew B. , Hardwick D. F. , Pirie G. E. , Fraser B. M. 
Published: December 2021

We agree with Drs. Leifer and Wittig that adrenergic aerosols, properly administered, are an aid to some asthmatics and should not be denied to them. Nonetheless, these inhalers do appear to be dangerous if they are overused, and this is particularly so of the ones that contain isoproterenol.
The suspicion of Greenberg and Pines that large doses of inhaled isoproterenol aerosol cause fatal cardiac arrythmia in some asthmatics seems justified. The increase in death rate in England was highest in the 10- to 14-year age group.
Vitamin D Toxicity After Dieting in Hypoparathyroidism
Authors: Connors Matthew H. , Sheikholislam Bagher M. , Irias Julian J. 
Published: December 2021

Attempts at management of idiopathic hypoparathyroidism with vitamin D have led to various reports of resistance to therapy,1 different responses to vitamin D preparations,2 and unexplained toxicity.3 We report a patient with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism who was persistently hypocalcemic during ten months of treatment with vitamin D, 150,000 units/day. After voluntary weight reduction he became hypercalcemic on the same dose of vitamin D. We believe that the toxicity in this instance was due to release of stored vitamin D into the circulation.
CASE REPORT
The patient was referred to the hospital at 12½ years of age because of intracranial calcifications noted on roentgenograms obtained for the evaluation of sinusitis.
Hospital Utilization by Children
Authors: North A. Frederick 
Published: December 2021

There is little support from available data for the hypothesis that better pediatric care is keeping children out of hospitals. The available data suggest that the observed reduction in hospital utilization by children is largely the result of the changed age distribution of the child population of the United States. Slight reductions in age-specific utilization rates appear to be entirely the result of reduced average length of stay in the hospital following admission which were not offset by slightly increasing admission rates.
Those responsible for planning hospital facilities for children should not base predictions for future needs on the apparent trend to lower hospitalization rates for children. Unless further data establish that such trends are real, rather than a manifestation of changed demography, planners will be most prudent if they estimate future needs by applying current age-specific rates to future age-specific population projections.
Hypoglycorrhachia in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Silver Ted S. , Todd James K. 
Published: December 2021

Hypoglycorrhachia (abnormally low cerebrospinal fluid glucose content) eludes exact numerical definition, largely because of the dynamic equilibrium between blood and CSF glucose. A group of 181 pediatric patients with a CSF glucose less than 50 mg/100 ml or a CSF/blood glucose ratio less than 0.50 were studied. Hypoglycorrhachia was present in patients with bacterial meningitis, aseptic meningitis, meningeal carcinomatosis, subarachnoid hemmorrhage, and hypoglycemia. Markedly diminished CSF glucose values were seen primarily in patients with bacterial meningitis. Higher CSF/blood glucose ratios predominated in those with hypoglycemia and neonates with low-normal bloo sugars.
Following bacterial meningitis and hypoglycemia, aseptic meningitis (including five children with documented enterovirus meningitis and one with documented mumps meningitis) was the third most common cause of hypoglycorrhachia in children. When readily available, positive CSF viral cultures may allow early cessation of antibiotic therapy in two types of patients with meningitis and hypoglycorrhachia: (1) those receiving previous recent antibiotic therapy, and (2) those with CSF findings more typical of a bacterial meningitis.
Fitness in the Preschool Child
Authors: Thornton Melvin L. , Eng Gloria D. , Flynn Thomas G. , Kennell John H. , Mcleod Robert N. , Shaffer Thomas E. , Strong William B. , Tower John C. , Smith Nathan J. , Bell Jack , Burkett Lucille 
Published: December 2021

Achieving fitness is a way of life, not a fad or a brief change in one's way of doing things. And, an early start is imperative. A flaw in our present system of health care is the emphasis on evaluation of anatomic or organic soundness and the presence or absence of disease–with less regard for the quality of physiologic function. In other words, dynamic performance is frequently ignored after the organic condition has been determined. An infant or child may well be regarded as healthy with the proper immunizations and absence of disease. But, is he/she able to meet daily tasks, recreational activities, and unforeseen emergencies with vigor and enthusiasm and without undue fatigue? Is he/she making adequate use of the musculoskeletal and cardiopulmonary systems?
Lack of encouragement to exercise in early life is reflected in the National Adult Physical Fitness Survey conducted by the President's Council on Physical Fitness in 1972. This study showed that 45% of all adult Americans do not engage in physical activity for the purpose of exercise. However, 63% of these nonexercisers said they believed they had enough exercise; only 57% of those who exercised regularly thought they did enough of it.
Normal growth and development in infancy should assure physical fitness for ordinary and even strenuous physical tasks because of innate, powerful drives toward functional development at this period of life. The infant who naturally strives for motor fitness can be on the way to a lifetime of improving physical fitness. The preschool child who characteristically uses his large muscles during many hours of the day is continuing a self-imposed program of physical fitness.
What Is the Current Incidence of RLF?
Authors: Akeson Nancy , Bonapart Benjamin 
Published: December 2021

It occurs to us that your readers would be interested in some information which we have concerning the occurrence of retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) in recent years.
Preschool blind children in northern California are served by the Variety Club Blind Babies Foundation. The State of California Educational Services for Preschool Blind serves southern California. Our combined programs are currently serving 63 children with RLF in the state of California. These children are distributed by birth date as follows: 4 in 1970, 8 in 1971, 12 in 1972, 12 in 1973, 17 in 1974, and 10 in 1975.
HUMAN RIGHTS IN HEALTH. Ciba Foundation Symposium 23 (new series). New York, American Elsevier, 1974, $16.24; 304 pp
Authors: Fost Norman 
Published: December 2021

If one judges this book by its title, it is a totally inadequate and disappointing treatment of the complex subject of "rights" in health care. If one judges it by its content, however, it is a stimulating and useful primer on the basic requirements for achieving health for the 70% of the world's people who live in the developing countries.
The book is a collection of papers presented at a 1973 CIBA Symposium on the practical aspects of providing four basic needs–food, water, access to fertility control, and protection from communicable disease–to the poor and deprived.
The Paradoxical Effect of Adrenergic and Methylxanthine Drugs in Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Shapiro Gail G. , Bamman Jacquelyn , Kanarek Paula , Bierman C. Warren 
Published: December 2021

This study examined the effect of aerosolized isoproterenol and oral theophylline on pulmonary function in cystic fibrosis (CF) to determine how often these drugs are beneficial and whether there is a correlation between response to isoproterenol and response to oral theophylline.
After obtaining baseline pulmonary function tests before and after isoproterenol aerosol, 12 patients with CF were put on a double-blind trial of high-dosage theophylline (10 mg/kg three times per day) or placebo for four weeks and were then switched to the alternate regimen for the next four weeks. Patients had weekly evaluations of pulmonary function and plasma theophylline determinations.
Gastrointestinal side effects were common with theophylline. The responses to aerosolized bronchodilators were inconsistent from week to week. After aerosolized bronchodilator, five of 12 patients had an average increase of 10% or more in FEF45%-55% and FEFT70%-80%. While taking oral theophylline, five patients had a 10% or more decrease in FEF45%-55% and six patients had a decrease in FEF70%-80%.
We conclude that there was no concorrdance between response to isoproterenol and theophylline, and that adrenergic and methylxanthine drugs must be used with caution in patients with CF.
Energy Dose for Ventricular Defibrillation of Children
Authors: Gutgesell Howard P. , Tacker Willis A. , Geddes Leslie A. , Davis Joyce S. , Lie J. T. , McNamara Dan G. 
Published: December 2021

Transthoracic direct current shock is the recommended treatment for ventricular fibrillation in children as in adults. To determine the appropriate energy dose, data were collected from 71 defibrillation attempts in 27 children. Sixty-three of the 71 shocks (89%) were successful in terminating fibrillation. Fifty-seven shocks were within 10 watt-seconds (w-sec) above or below an energy dose of 2 w-sec/kg of body weight. Fifty-two (91%) of these were effective and five (9%) were ineffective. In every case, fibrillation was ultimately terminated by a shock of 4 w-sec/kg or less.
The results of these studies suggest that an energy dose of 2 w-sec/kg (or approximately 1 w-sec/lb) is adequate to defibrillate most children weighing under 50 kg. We currently use 2 w-sec/kg and double the energy dose if the first defibrillation attempt is unsuccessful.
Dr. Stein Replies
Authors: Stein Israel M. 
Published: December 2021

We wish to apologize if we have offended our academic colleagues at the University of Washington School of Medicine. I find, however, the harsh tone of their criticism unjustified.
We have received numerous inquiries for reprints of the article and requests for information regarding the availability of this technique for both investigational and clinical use. As a consequence, to save on expenses, we elected to include a one-page statement of pertinent data with each reprint. Furthermore, the expense of providing reprints, we believe, justifies the annotation "Compliments of."
Child Health Across Boundaries
Authors: Vahlquist Bo 
Published: December 2021

It is indeed a great privilege to have been invited to give this Memorial Lecture. I was not fortunate enough to know Dr. Kenneth D. Blackfan personally. When he died in 1939 I had just started my training in pediatrics and it was to be another decade until I first visited Boston. But from what I have read and heard, I know that Dr. Blackfan was a very remarkable person, a pioneer in his field who played a decisive role in building up during the 1920's and 1930's what is today the great Children's Hospital Medical Center. He thus left a permanent legacy to the development of pediatrics, not only in Boston, but also throughout the world.
It is fortunate for a Center like this one to have continuity in leadership of great excellence. The whole program today is a testimony to what Professor Charles A. Janeway has meant in this respect. For many of us it is a mystery how one person has been able, over such a long period of time, to shoulder both the responsibilities of being professor of pediatrics and physician-in-chief of the Children's Hospital Medical Center and at the same time being involved in so many other extremely important national and international tasks, including engagement in Third World problems. For a good many years Professor Janeway was Chairman of the Executive Committee of the International Pediatric Association and he remains one of the Board members of the International Children's Center in Paris. It is especially in these two latter capacities that I have learned to know, admire and, indeed, like so many, acquire great affection for this truly remarkable person.
Sympathetic Pupillary Activity in Infants
Authors: Laor Netanel , Korczyn Amos D. , Nemet Pinchas 
Published: December 2021

In an attempt to learn the contribution of the sympathetic system to smaller pupillary size in infants, pupillary responses were tested to agents acting on this system in 12 infants and 23 young adults. Phenylephrine dilated the pupils of both groups by the same ratio, with infants' pupils reaching a lesser diameter. The responses to cocaine and hydroxyamphetamine were lower in children.
It is concluded that in the first months of life the postganglionic sympathetic nerve releases less norepinephrine. This may be due to a lower number of sympathetic neurons. The post-synaptic apparatus may not be fully developed in infants.
Atrial Fibrillation in Children
Authors: Radford Dorothy J. , Izukawa Teruo 
Published: December 2021

Atrial fibrillation is rare in children. Previous reports associated it with severe rheumatic heart disease and a poor prognosis. This review is of the unique experience of 35 cases of atrial fibrillation in children in the past 22 years; 23 patients were boys. The age of onset ranged from 1 day to 19 years (average, 8 years).
Associated cardiac conditions were severe rheumatic mitral regurgitation (3 cases), cardiomyopathy (5), atrial tumors (2), infective endocarditis (1), paroxysmal atrial tachycardia of infants (4), idiopathic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (1), Marfan's syndrome with mitral regurgitation (1), endocardial fibroelastosis (1), and structural congenital heart malformations (17). Surgical correction of congenital heart lesions was directly related to the development of atrial fibrillation in 14. Varying arrhythmias of the sick-sinus syndrome were observed in five children. The atrial fibrillation was paroxysmal or transient in 21 patients and persistent in 14.
Treatment depended on the underlying condition. Digoxin was used in all cases and cardioversion attempted in ten; no patient was given anticoagulants. Three children had cerebral emboli, with residual defects. Eighteen patients are known to be alive, 13 are dead, and 4 are lost to follow-up.
Atrial fibrillation in childhood is an indication for complete investigation of the patient and for the institution of treatment appropriate to the underlying disease.
Cerebral Abscess in Children Secondary to Esophageal Dilatation
Authors: Leahy W. R. , Toyka K. V. , FischBeck K. H. 
Published: December 2021

Brain abscess is known to occur (1) as hematogenous or metastatic abscesses in normal individuals, (2) in children with cyanotic congenital heart disease,1,2 (3) secondary to sinus or mastoid infection,3-5 and (4) secondary to trauma.
The following report of brain abscess in three children undergoing dilatation of the esophagus should alert the clinician to undertake a careful evaluation in any child developing neurologic dysfunction while undergoing esophageal dilatation.
CASE REPORTS Case 1
A 4-month-old infant with congenital esophageal atresia had retrograde bougienage performed monthly. At the age of 2 months, after one of the dilatations, the child had had an episode of "suspected meningitis," but returned to normal within three days without therapy.
The Value of Phenobarbital in the Child Who Has Had a Single Febrile Seizure: A Controlled Prospective Study
Authors: Wolf Sheldon M. , Carr Andrew , Davis David C. , Davidson Sherwood , Dale Earle P. , Forsythe Alan , Goldenberg Erwin D. , Hanson Rebecca , Lulejian Gary A. , Nelson Marilyn A. , Treitman Paul , Weinstein Anita 
Published: December 2021

A group of 355 children who were seen after a first febrile convulsion at the Kaiser Foundation Hospitals in Southern California from 1970 to 1975 were randomly assigned to three treatment groups—daily phenobarbital, "intermittent" phenobarbital given at the onset of fever, and no phenobarbital. We found that 42% had a relative with a febrile seizure and 16% a relative with an afebrile convulsion. 13% had seizures which were either lateralized or longer than ten minutes. Parents were unaware of the fever prior to the seizure in about 30% of the cases. In 81% the preseizure duration of fever was less than 24 hours. The mean follow-up was 28 months, with a range of 6 to 70 months.
There was no significant difference in the recurrence rate between children receiving "intermittent" as compared with no phenobarbital. The recurrence rate in children receiving daily phenobarbital was significantly decreased compared to either of the other two groups. Severe recurrent febrile seizures occurred in no children on daily phenobarbital and in 4.4% of the children receiving either intermittent or no phenobarbital. Parental resistance, compliance, and reversible hyperactivity were the main problems encountered with the continuous phenobarbital regimen.
A Single Growth Hormone Determination to Rule Out Growth Hormone Deficiency
Authors: Johanson Ann J. , Morris Gordon L. 
Published: December 2021

Exercise is a known stimulus to growth hormone release1 and has been used effectively as a screening test for growth hormone deficiency.2,3
On the pediatric endocrine service at the University of Virginia, 87 exercise tests have been performed to determine growth hormone responses in 72 children and adolescents (74 tests), 2 to 19 years old, and 13 adults, 23 to 67 years old (Table I). Two children were tested twice. After at least four hours of fasting, blood was obtained for growth hormone determinations before and after 20 minutes of sustained, vigorous exercise to near exhaustion (rapid walking, running on inclined treadmill, or climbing stairs), and 20 minutes after cessation of exercise, modified according to Keenan et al.4
Was This Experiment Necessary?
Authors: Shaw Edward B. 
Published: December 2021

The article on pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen in the human neonate Levy et al.1 in the June 1975 issue prompts some questions and a carping comment.
Why would one give acetaminophen to a neonate when significant need for an antipyretic is almost nonexistent at this age, even in the presence of infection?
The infants reported were given a dose of this medication for experimentation only and with no thought of benefit. The dose was small, amounting to 36 mg for an infant weighing 3 kg or more, but neither the therapeutic dose nor the toxic dose is known for this age.
In Reply: Was This Experiment Necessary?
Authors: Levy Gerhard , Khanna Narinder N. , Stern Leo 
Published: December 2021

The issue of neonatal research is so charged with emotion that it can apparently cause a reader to pick up his pen to write a letter of criticism without having read carefully the report which he is criticizing.
We are rebuked for subjecting newborn infants to numerous venipunctures though we stated clearly that no venipunctures at all were done for investigational purposes. The single reported serum bilirubin determination per subject was made as part of the routine neonatal care and involved the withdrawal of a very small volume of blood by heel-prick.