bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Validity of Serum Alkaline Phosphatase to Identify Nutritional Rickets in Nigerian Children on a Calcium-Deprived Diet
Authors: Thacher Tom D , Sempos Christopher T , Durazo-Arvizu Ramon A , Fischer Philip R , Munns Craig F , Pettifor John M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Context
Nutritional rickets results from the interaction of low vitamin D status and limited calcium intake. Serum alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity is a biomarker of impaired mineralization in rickets.

Objective
To assess the performance of serum AP activity in identifying nutritional rickets in calcium-deprived Nigerian children.

Methods
We reanalyzed data from a case-control study of children with active rickets and matched control subjects without rickets, using a multivariate logistic regression to assess the odds of rickets associated with AP activity, adjusting for age, sex, and weight-for-age z-score.

Results
A total of 122 children with rickets and 119 controls were included. Rachitic children had a mean (±SD) age of 54 ± 29 months, and 55 (45.1%) were male. Cases and controls had low dietary calcium intakes (216 ± 87 and 214 ± 96 mg/day, respectively). Serum AP activity levels in cases and controls were 812 ± 415 and 245 ± 78 U/L, respectively (P &lt; 0.001). AP was negatively associated with 25-hydroxyvitamin D values (r = −0.34; P &lt; 0.001). In the adjusted model, the odds ratio (95% CI) receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.978. AP &gt; 350 U/L identified nutritional rickets in Nigerian children with sensitivity 0.93, specificity 0.92, positive likelihood ratio 11.3, and negative likelihood ratio 0.07.

Conclusion
An AP &gt; 350 U/L effectively discriminated between Nigerian children with and without nutritional rickets. AP is a low-cost biochemical test that could be used to screen for nutritional rickets, but cutoff values require validation in other populations, and laboratory values need to be standardized for widespread population studies.
New Horizon: Exercise and a Focus on Tissue-Brain Crosstalk
Authors: Townsend Logan K , MacPherson Rebecca E K , Wright David C 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The world population is aging, leading to increased rates of neurodegenerative disorders. Exercise has countless health benefits and has consistently been shown to improve brain health and cognitive function. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of exercise-induced adaptations in the brain with a focus on crosstalk between peripheral tissues and the brain. We highlight recent investigations into exercise-induced circulating factors, or exerkines, including irisin, cathepsin B, GPLD1, and ketones and the mechanisms mediating their effects in the brain.
“Seropedagogy”
Authors: Franco Robert 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSince the beginnings of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, pedagogy has been a crucial survival strategy, especially when government agencies failed to prevent mass deaths. However, contemporary sex education on HIV/AIDS—if taught to undergraduates before they arrive on campus—often does not account for the disproportionate effects of the pandemic on racial minorities and global South countries. In this teaching essay, the author describes how his course on the history of HIV/AIDS takes a global approach to highlight that the AIDS crisis is not over. Starting with histories of HIV/AIDS in the United States, Haiti, China, and elsewhere that sought to find a scapegoat for the pandemic, the course then turns to the global power of the pharmaceutical industry. It examines the marketing and lobbying strategies of companies such as Gilead, which use the stigma of HIV/AIDS to transform impoverished global South countries into new markets for research and capital extraction. Finally, it also highlights how the AIDS crisis remains an ongoing struggle against racial disparities in health care that prevent access to life-saving treatments and preventative drugs such as Truvada and Descovy for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Using a range of materials from podcasts to pills, the author introduces students to the globalizing forces that take the bodies of the poor, women, and Black, Latinx, trans, and global South citizens as expendable in the fight against HIV/AIDS.
“Qué Bonita Mi Tierra”
Authors: Esparza René 
Published: May 2021

AbstractEmploying an anticolonial and anticapitalist approach to HIV/AIDS, the activists of the Latina/o Caucus of ACT UP/NY pushed beyond a biomedical framework of “drugs into bodies” that tended to dominate the larger organization. As US queer racialized/colonial subjects, Latinx AIDS activists enacted a queer and feminist decolonial activism that looked past the continental United States to the global South. In Puerto Rico, Latinx AIDS activists helped establish the first chapter of ACT UP in a Spanish-speaking country. Together, the Latina/o Caucus and ACT UP/Puerto Rico spearheaded a campaign against the colonial policies of the United States, the corporate greed of island-based pharmaceutical firms, and the heteropatriarchal investments of church and commonwealth officials—conditions that exacerbated the disproportionate rates of HIV/AIDS among Puerto Rican island and diasporic communities. Through these efforts, Latinx AIDS activists transformed the domestic and global fight against AIDS into a queer, feminist, and decolonial endeavor.
Who Gets to Be a #TruvadaWhore
Authors: Betts Devon 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn 2012 the FDA’s approval of Truvada as a type of HIV preventative health care (PrEP) generated a considerable amount of criticism. This discourse was exemplified by the #TruvadaWhore campaign, in which gay men used the hashtag to reclaim this derogatory term and made information on PrEP more accessible. Although this campaign is queer in its rejection of heteronormative logics, it also highlights the limitations of queer identity politics. The #TruvadaWhore campaign masks differences of power and privilege among MSM. It presumed that a critique of slut shaming could function universally across race, despite the racial myths about Black hypersexuality that have existed throughout modernity, and undergird the ongoing regulation of Black bodies, both queer and straight. Ultimately, this article calls for a queering and reimagining of such activism as an intersectional and coalitional project through an exploration of the question: who gets to be a #TruvadaWhore?
Secreted inhibitors drive the loss of regeneration competence in Xenopus limbs
Authors: Aztekin Can , Hiscock Tom W. , Gurdon John , Jullien Jerome , Marioni John , Simons Benjamin David 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
Absence of a specialized wound epidermis is hypothesized to block limb regeneration in higher vertebrates. However, the factors preventing its formation in regeneration-incompetent animals are poorly understood. To characterize the endogenous molecular and cellular regulators of specialized wound epidermis formation in Xenopus laevis tadpoles, and the loss of their regeneration competency during development, we used single-cell transcriptomics and ex vivo regenerating limb cultures. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the specialized wound epidermis is not a novel cell state, but a re-deployment of the apical-ectodermal-ridge (AER) programme underlying limb development. Enrichment of secreted inhibitory factors, including Noggin, a morphogen expressed in developing cartilage/bone progenitor cells, are identified as key inhibitors of AER cell formation in regeneration-incompetent tadpoles. These factors can be overridden by Fgf10, which operates upstream of Noggin and blocks chondrogenesis. These results indicate that manipulation of the extracellular environment and/or chondrogenesis may provide a strategy to restore regeneration potential in higher vertebrates.
A meta-review of effective doses in dental and maxillofacial cone beam CT using the ROBIS tool
Authors: Al-Okshi Ayman , Horner Keith , Rohlin Madeleine 
Published: May 2021

Objectives:
To apply the ROBIS tool for assessment of risk of bias (RoB) in systematic reviews (SRs) in a meta-review on effective doses (EDs) in dental and maxillofacial cone beam CT.

Methods:
Three electronic databases and reference lists of included SRs were searched. Eligible SRs were classified as having low, high or unclear RoB. Findings of SRs were synthesised and data from primary studies combined to relate ED to field of view (FOV) and operating potential (kV).

Results:
Seven SRs were included: three displayed low RoB, three high and one had unclear RoB. Only one SR related ED to image quality. Deficiencies in reporting of eligibility criteria, study selection and synthesis of results in SRs were identified. FOV height had a significant relationship with ED, explaining 27.2% of its variability. Median ED for three FOV categories differed significantly. Operating potential had a weak relationship with ED, with no significant difference in median ED between three operating potential groups.

Conclusion:
The ROBIS tool should have a role for meta-reviews of different aspects of radiology. The disappointing results for RoB might be remedied by developing standards to improve the quality of reporting of primary dosimetry studies and of SRs. Future dosimetry studies should always relate ED to image quality or diagnostic accuracy.

Advances in knowledge:
This meta-review is the first to implement ROBIS for SRs of ED and identified that trustworthiness of some SRs is questionable. The percentage change in average ED per cm increase in FOV height could be calculated, emphasizing the importance of FOV as a determinant of ED in CBCT.
Protecting antiquities in early modern Rome: the papal edicts as paradigms for the heritage safeguard in Europe
Authors: Mannoni Chiara 
Published: May 2021

The edicts issued in Rome between the fifteenth and the eighteenth centuries are the earliest legislation conceived for the preservation and supervision of heritage in Europe. Not only did such regulations aim to protect monuments, antiquities, and – at a later stage – paintings from the risks of damage and deterioration, but also established a legal framework against their illegal exportation and excavation. In this study the gradual development of this vast corpus of legislation is considered within the variations of artistic scholarship, legal knowledge, artistic taste, and the art market in Europe between 1400s and 1700s. The mutual implications of juridical constructs and practices of supervision are evaluated together with interdisciplinary factors – such as the rise of collections and museums – to shed light on the development of the concepts of ‘heritage protection’ in early modern Rome. Specific analysis will also involve the gradual expansion of the definition of ‘antiquity’ and ‘artefact’ in papal legislation, as well as the establishment of innovative instruments to prevent and circumvent misdemeanours. One final consideration is given to the launch of local procedures of heritage protection in other states in Europe. Considering the cultural and historical backgrounds of each individual place, this study will demonstrate that the idea of safeguarding what was thought of as ‘collective heritage’ emerged consistently in eighteenth-century Europe following the paradigms of the papal edicts.
Parfor na Amazônia Paraense: contribuições para a qualidade da educação do município de Óbidos-PA
Authors: Oliveira Liliam Aquino , Ferreira Aline Da Silva , De Oliveira Iamila Brito 
Published: May 2021

Este estudo objetivou conhecer e analisar as contribuições do Parfor para o campo educacional paraense, tendo como ponto de partida as práticas desenvolvidas no município de Óbidos-Pará, no recorte temporal compreendido entre 2010 a 2019, considerando os resultados das avaliações de larga escala. A investigação foi desenvolvida com abordagem quanti-qualitativa, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e empírica, incluindo a aplicação de entrevistas tanto a sujeitos previamente determinados quanto definidos aleatoriamente. Entre os resultados, tem-se que o Parfor teve expressiva contribuição quantitativa para a formação do quadro docente, e as conclusões são que efeitos sobre a educação municipal são mais elucidados no aspecto quantitativo, de modo mais contundente no primeiro ciclo do ensino fundamental.
Delirium in adult patients in intensive care: nursing interventions
Authors: Bento Ana Filipa Gaudêncio , Sousa Patrícia Pontífice 
Published: May 2021

Background: Delirium is a neuropsychiatric syndrome of high incidence in the critically ill patient. It is characterised by changes in acute attention and cognition, has a multifactorial aetiology and has a negative impact on the patient's clinical situation and future quality of life. Prevention of delirium and early identification can reduce associated morbidity and mortality. Consequently, it is vital that intensive care unit (ICU) nurses perform targeted patient monitoring to identify acute cognitive changes. Objective: To identify nursing interventions directed at the prevention and management of delirium in adult patients in ICU. Method: A scoping review was undertaken based on the principles recommended by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Results: Seven studies were selected for inclusion. Non-pharmacological and pharmacological nursing interventions were identified. Conclusion: The interventions identified were predominantly aimed at the prevention of delirium. The training of nurses and wider clinical team in preventing and identifying this syndrome is crucial.
The education needs of health professionals conservatively managing genital oedema: UK survey findings
Authors: Noble-Jones Rhian , Thomas Melanie J , Gabe-Walters Marie 
Published: May 2021

Background: Adults and children report genital oedema but prevalence is unknown. Pre-registration nurse training rarely includes genital oedema and postgraduate training opportunities are rare. Aim: To identify the education needs of health professionals regarding management of genital oedema. Method: An electronic survey was cascaded to health professionals through relevant professional groups and social media. Findings: Of 149 UK respondents, most manage patients with genital oedema but only 2% felt current training was sufficient. Of 138 responding regarding supplemental training, only a half had completed genital oedema specific education, usually of 1–4 hours' duration. Confidence in knowledge was up to 22.5% higher in those with genital oedema education, even accounting for years of experience. The most common top three individual needs were compression, contemporary surgical and medical management and patient assessment. Educational resources are needed and both offline and online formats were suggested; collaborative events with urology/pelvic health are essential. Conclusion: Health professionals working in lymphoedema care have (unmet) specific education needs regarding genital oedema management. The desire for both offline and online resources reflects the necessity of accessing learning at a distance and on an ‘as needed’ basis.
McNamara's Fallacies in Dentistry. 2: Tooth Surface Loss Fallacies
Authors: Kelleher Martin GD 
Published: May 2021

Given the number of perceived myths and fallacies in relation to tooth substance loss, this article seeks to address these using a wide variety of clinical cases as examples and by way of scientific references. CPD/Clinical Relevance: The incidence of tooth wear is increasing, so an understanding of the myths and truths surrounding its treatment is valuable.
Stressful Life Events as a Trigger for Autoimmune Disease? A Case Report on Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid
Authors: Devine Robert , Simms Melanie 
Published: May 2021

This case discusses the acute presentation of a patient with mucous membrane pemphigoid to an emergency dental department. Mucous membrane pemphigoid is a rare condition, but its presentation can be severe and concerning for both the patient and clinician. The case presents the manifestations of florid desquamative gingivitis and extensive mucosal erosions due to burst bullae. We discuss the possible causes of the condition in this patient, likely to be the stress of recent cardiac surgery, as well as exploring the efficacy of diagnostic tools, treatment options and adverse effects of corticosteroid treatment. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Correct and timely diagnosis of vesiculobullous disorders has notable impacts on patient outcomes and quality of life.
Common genetic variants associated with obesity in an African-American and Hispanic/Latino population
Authors: Chalazan Brandon , Palm Denada , Sridhar Arvind , Lee Christina , Argos Maria , Daviglus Martha , Rehman Jalees , Konda Sreenivas , Darbar Dawood 
Published: May 2021

Introduction
Over 35% of all adults in the world are currently obese and risk of obesity in racial or ethnic minority groups exist in the US, but the causes of these differences are not all known. As obesity is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease, an improved understanding of risk factors across racial and ethnic groups may improve outcomes.

Objective
The objective of this study was to determine if susceptibility to obesity is associated with genetic variation in candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in African Americans and Hispanic/Latinos.

Materials and methods
We examined data from 534 African Americans and 557 Hispanic/Latinos participants from the UIC Cohort of Patients, Family and Friends. Participants were genotyped for the top 26 obesity-associated SNPs within FTO, MC4R, TUB, APOA2, APOA5, ADIPOQ, ARL15, CDH13, KNG1, LEPR, leptin, and SCG3 genes.

Results
The mean (SD) age of participants was 49±13 years, 55% were female, and mean body mass index (BMI) was 31±7.5 kg/m2. After adjusting for age and sex, we found that rs8050136 in FTO (odds ratio [OR] 1.40, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–1.8; P = 0.01) among African Americans and rs2272383 in TUB (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.04–1.71; P = 0.02) among Hispanic/Latinos were associated with obesity. However, none of the SNPs in multivariable analysis of either AA or H/L cohorts were significant when adjusted for multiple correction.

Conclusions
We show that candidate SNPs in the FTO and TUB genes are associated with obesity in African Americans and Hispanic/Latinos individuals respectively. While the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms by which common genetic variants cause obesity remain unclear, we have identified novel therapeutic targets across racial and ethnic groups.
A descriptive analysis of the data availability statements accompanying medRxiv preprints and a comparison with their published counterparts
Authors: McGuinness Luke A. , Sheppard Athena L. 
Published: May 2021

Objective
To determine whether medRxiv data availability statements describe open or closed data—that is, whether the data used in the study is openly available without restriction—and to examine if this changes on publication based on journal data-sharing policy. Additionally, to examine whether data availability statements are sufficient to capture code availability declarations.

Design
Observational study, following a pre-registered protocol, of preprints posted on the medRxiv repository between 25th June 2019 and 1st May 2020 and their published counterparts.

Main outcome measures
Distribution of preprinted data availability statements across nine categories, determined by a prespecified classification system. Change in the percentage of data availability statements describing open data between the preprinted and published versions of the same record, stratified by journal sharing policy. Number of code availability declarations reported in the full-text preprint which were not captured in the corresponding data availability statement.

Results
3938 medRxiv preprints with an applicable data availability statement were included in our sample, of which 911 (23.1%) were categorized as describing open data. 379 (9.6%) preprints were subsequently published, and of these published articles, only 155 contained an applicable data availability statement. Similar to the preprint stage, a minority (59 (38.1%)) of these published data availability statements described open data. Of the 151 records eligible for the comparison between preprinted and published stages, 57 (37.7%) were published in journals which mandated open data sharing. Data availability statements more frequently described open data on publication when the journal mandated data sharing (open at preprint: 33.3%, open at publication: 61.4%) compared to when the journal did not mandate data sharing (open at preprint: 20.2%, open at publication: 22.3%).

Conclusion
Requiring that authors submit a data availability statement is a good first step, but is insufficient to ensure data availability. Strict editorial policies that mandate data sharing (where appropriate) as a condition of publication appear to be effective in making research data available. We would strongly encourage all journal editors to examine whether their data availability policies are sufficiently stringent and consistently enforced.
Intention to use maternity waiting home and associated factors among pregnant women in Gamo Gofa zone, Southern Ethiopia, 2019
Authors: Gezimu Wubishet , Bitewa Yibelu Bazezew , Tesema Mekuanint Taddele , Wonde Tewodros Eshete 
Published: May 2021

Background
A maternity waiting home is a temporary residence in which pregnant women from remote areas wait for their childbirth. It is an approach targeted to advance access to emergency obstetric care services especially, in hard-to-reach areas to escalate institutional delivery to reduce complications that occur during childbirth. Apart from the availability of this service, the intention of pregnant women to utilize the existing service is very important to achieve its goals. Thus, this study aimed to assess the intention to use maternity waiting homes and associated factors among pregnant women.

Methods
Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 605 pregnant women using a multistage sampling technique from March 10 to April 10, 2019, by using a structured questionnaire through a face-to-face interview. The collected data was entered into Epi-Data version 3.1 and analyzed using the SPSS version 24 statistical package. Logistic regression analysis was used to test the association. All variables at p-value < 0.25 in bivariate analysis were entered into multivariate analysis. Lastly, a significant association was declared at a P-value of < 0.05 with 95% CI.

Results
In this study, the intention to use maternity waiting homes was 295(48.8%, 95%CI: 47%-55%)). Occupation (government employee) (AOR:2.87,95%CI: 1.54–5.36), previous childbirth history (AOR:2.1,95%CI:1.22–3.57), past experience in maternity waiting home use AOR:4.35,95%CI:2.63–7.18), direct (AOR:1.57,95%CI:1.01–2.47) and indirect (AOR: 2.18, 1.38,3.44) subject norms and direct (AOR:3.00,95%CI:2.03–4.43), and indirect (AOR = 1.84,95%CI:1.25–2.71) perceived behavioral control of respondents were significantly associated variables with intention to use maternity waiting home.

Conclusion
The magnitude of intention to use maternity waiting homes among pregnant women is low. Community disapproval, low self-efficacy, maternal employment, history of previous birth, and past experiences of MWHs utilization are predictors of intention to use MWHs, and intervention programs, such as health education, strengthening and integration of community in health system programs need to be provided.