bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pseudomonas cichorii (bacterial blight of endive).
Authors: Osdaghi Ebrahim 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Under environmental conditions favourable to the pathogen, diseases incited by P. cichorii cause severe damage to the host and can result in outbreaks. Outbreaks in the nursery or in the field during warm winters in Florida, USA, can lead to widespread disease affecting thousands of plants (Jones et al., 1983; Chase and Brunk, 1984; Uddin and McCarter, 1996). Diseases caused by P. cichorii can appear sporadically over a number of years then cause severe outbreaks such as the outbreak of 'varnish spot of lettuce' in California (Grogan et al. 1977) and 'brown stem of celery' in Florida, USA (Pernezny et al., 1994). Severe disease outbreaks on lettuce leading to losses of up to 100% have been reported in California (Grogan et al., 1977), Italy (Bazzi and Mazzucchi, 1979) and Portugal (Ferreira-Pinto and Oliveira, 1993). In Italy and France, P. cichorii is a recurring problem on endive and lettuce (Allex and Rat 1990; D'Ascenzo et al., 1997). In Florida, brown stem of chrysanthemum only occurs about every 5 to 6 years whereas leaf spot occurs annually (Pernezny et al., 1994).
‘J’accuse.!’: the continuous failure to address radiophobia and placing radiation in perspective
Authors: Lindberg John C H 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
As far as carcinogens are concerned, radiation is one of the best studied, having been researched for more than 100 years. Yet, radiation remains feared in many contexts as a result of its invisibility, its relationship with cancers and congenital disorders, aided by a variety of heuristics and reinforced by negative imagery. The strong socio-psychological response relating to nuclear energy has made radiation a classical case in the risk literature. This is reflected clearly following the nuclear accidents that have taken place, where the socio-psychological impacts of the clear dissonance between real and perceived health effects due to radiation exposure have caused considerable health detriment, outweighing the actual radiological impacts. Despite considerable efforts to normalise humankind’s relationship with radiation, there has been little shift away from the perceived uniqueness of the health risks of radiation. One consistent issue is the failure to place radiation within its proper perspective and context, which has ensured that radiophobia has persisted. The radiation protection community must get better at placing its research within the appropriate perspective and context, something that is far too rarely the case in discussions on radiation matters outside of the scientific community. Each member of the radiation protection community has an ethical, professional and moral obligation to set the record straight, to challenge the misconceptions and factual errors that surround radiation, as well as putting it into the proper perspective and context. Failing to do so, the well-established harms of radiophobia will remain, and the many benefits of nuclear technology risk being withheld.
Practically secure quantum position verification
Authors: Das Siddhartha , Siopsis George 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We discuss quantum position verification (QPV) protocols in which the verifiers create and send single-qubit states to the prover. QPV protocols using single-qubit states are known to be insecure against adversaries that share a small number of entangled qubits. We introduce QPV protocols that are practically secure: they only require single-qubit states from each of the verifiers, yet their security is broken if the adversaries sharing an impractically large number of entangled qubits employ teleportation-based attacks. These protocols are a modification of known QPV protocols in which we include a classical random oracle without altering the amount of quantum resources needed by the verifiers. We present a cheating strategy that requires a number of entangled qubits shared among the adversaries that grows exponentially with the size of the classical input of the random oracle.
Fighting fences and land grabbers in the struggle for the Commons in N≠a Jaqna, Namibia
Authors: Van Der Wulp Christa , Hebinck Paul 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Livestock owners, elites and non-elites alike, from different parts of Namibia fence in land that belongs to the indigenous San people who collectively manage their land as a conservancy. Fencing violates the Communal Land Reform Act of 2002. The conservancy started a lawsuit in August 2013 with reference to this Act to remove the fences and end the illegal occupation of land. The High Court ruled in 2016 in favour of the conservancy, but the fences have not been removed and more illegal settlers have settled in the conservancy. We conceptualize and analyse the act of fencing as land grabbing but argue simultaneously that the legal battle of the conservancy is more than a struggle for justice. The case unfolds as an ontological struggle between actors, their institutions and respective policies and discourses, pivoting on conflicting visions of modernities of (rural) development in Tsumkwe West. The wider significance beyond N≠a Jaqna is that the core of struggles about land and rights in situations of land grabbing is whose modernity counts. The court case has also paved the way for conservancies and other resource communities to become involved in dealing with land issues and contesting the multiple meanings of land.
Invited Commentary: Population Health in Peril—Needed US Science and Public Policy Action
Authors: Fuller-Rowell Thomas E 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWith unprecedented increases, mortality trends in the United States have received significant attention in recent years. To date, research on this topic has emphasized specific causes of death and proximal behavioral or physiological determinants. In this commentary, I consider novel contributions of Zheng and Echave (Am J Epidemiol. 2021;190(11):2242–2255) in examining trends in mental health, health behaviors, and physiological dysregulation. I then discuss broader developments in related research and make a case for: 1) not allowing recent health trends among Whites to overshadow the urgent work that needs to be done to mitigate persistent racial inequities, 2) further investigation of what accounts for increases in income inequality and its life-span health consequences, and 3) broadening the scope of mechanisms considered to include underdiscussed topics such as the role of increases in social media use or environmental toxicant exposures. Underlying several potential explanations for observed trends in health and mortality is the fact that substantial change has occurred on multiple fronts in US society and that policy responses to these changes have been insufficient. An enhanced emphasis on innovative population health research will be essential to provide the evidence base needed for policy makers to rise to these urgent challenges.
Rehabilitation Gaming System for Alcohol-Related Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Usability Study
Authors: Caballeria Elsa , Maier Martina , Balcells-Oliveró Mercedes , López-Pelayo Hugo , Oliveras Clara , Rubio Ballester Belén , Verschure Paul F M J , Gual Antoni 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Aims
Cognitive impairment in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) is highly prevalent, and it negatively impacts treatment outcome. However, this condition is neither systematically assessed nor treated. Thus, we aimed to explore the usability of a virtual reality-based protocol (‘Rehabilitation Gaming System’, RGS) for patients with AUD.

Methods
Twenty AUD patients (50% also cognitive impairment) underwent a single session of the RGS protocol (four cognitive training tasks, 10 minutes each). System Usability Scale (SUS) and Post-Study System Usability Questionnaire (PSSUQ) were applied to assess the RGS usability and patients’ satisfaction with it. Also, the Perceived Competence Scale was administered to assess the patients’ feelings of competence when using the training protocol. Comparisons of the responses to these questionnaires were performed between AUD patients with cognitive impairment and those without cognitive impairment.

Results
RGS usability was very positively rated (median SUS score = 80, Interquartile Range, IQR = 68.13–86-88). No significant differences were found in the median SUS scores for any of the sociodemographic or clinical variables, excepting for gender (women median score = 85; IQR = 80–94.38 vs. men median score = 71.25; IQR = 61.25–89.25; P-value = 0.035). The quality of the information provided by the RGS training scenarios and the usability were positively rated (PSSUQ), and patients experienced high feelings of competence.

Conclusions
The RGS has been found to be usable in the short term and patients with AUD stated to be satisfied with it. Future larger, randomized trials are needed to explore the effectiveness of this tool to help overcome the cognitive deficits in AUD patients.
Characterization of faecal and caecal microbiota of free-ranging black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) using high-throughput sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene
Authors: Rooney Tess A , Eshar David , Lee Charles , Weese J Scott 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) are keystone species within their grassland ecosystems; their population stability affects a multitude of other species. The goals of this study were to explore, describe and compare the bacterial communities in caecal and hard faecal samples from free-ranging black-tailed prairie dogs (n = 36) from KS, USA, using high-throughput sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene and to compare sex and geographic locations. A total of 22 paired faecal and caecal samples were collected post-mortem from free-ranging black-tailed prairie dogs from 5 different geographical locations. The results revealed that the microbiota of both faecal and caecal samples were dominated by the phylum Firmicutes (genera belonging to the Clostridiales order). There was significantly greater richness in faecal compared with caecal samples. There were significant differences between the 5 different geographic regions (P &lt; 0.001), specifically in the relative abundances of genera. There were differences in rare members of the microbiome between faecal samples from male and female prairie dogs but with no significant impact on overall community structure. This study provides novel data and expands our knowledge about the gastrointestinal microbiome composition of free-ranging black-tailed prairie dogs, which has potential to inform conservation efforts and improve their captive management.
Penicillin susceptibility among invasive MSSA infections: a multicentre study in 16 Spanish hospitals
Authors: Mama Olouwafemi Mistourath , Aspiroz Carmen , Lozano Carmen , Ruiz-Ripa Laura , Azcona José Manuel , Seral Cristina , Cercenado Emilia , López-Cerero Lorena , Palacian Pilar , Belles-Belles Alba , Berdonces Pilar , Siller María , Aguirre-Quiñonero Amaia , Zarazaga Myriam , Torres Carmen ,   the Spanish Study Group of Clinical S. aureus CC398, Leiva José , Ezpeleta Carmen , Luis Torroba José , Castillo Javier , Robres Pilar , Andrea Alonso Carla , García Mercé , Navarro María , Vilamala Anna , Canut Andrés , Megías Gregoria , Ayarza Rafael , Gomáriz María , Calvo Jorge , Rezusta Antonio , Isabel Calleja Ana 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To determine the prevalence of penicillin susceptibility among MSSA causing bloodstream infections (BSIs) in 16 Spanish hospitals and to characterize the penicillin-susceptible MSSA (MSSA-PENS) isolates.

Methods
A total of 1011 Staphylococcus aureus isolates were collected from blood cultures in 16 Spanish hospitals during 2018–19 (6–12 months) and their susceptibility to 18 antimicrobials was determined. The MSSA-PENS isolates were selected and examined by PCR to determine the presence of the blaZ gene, other resistance genes and the genes lukF/lukS-PV, eta, etb and tst. The immune evasion cluster (IEC) type was also analysed. All the MSSA-PENS isolates were submitted to S. aureus protein A (spa) typing and the clonal complexes (CCs) were assigned according to their spa type.

Results
The prevalence of MSSA was 74.6% (754/1011) and 14.9% (151/1011) were MSSA-PENS-blaZnegative. MSSA-PENS-blaZnegative isolates (n = 151) were ascribed to 88 spa types and 11 CCs. The most frequent CCs were CC5 (35/151) and CC398 (25/151), with t002-CC5 and t571-CC398 being the most common lineages. Pan-susceptibility was identified in 117 of the 151 MSSA-PENS-blaZnegative isolates (77.5%). In the remaining isolates, erythromycin and clindamycin resistance was the most frequent resistance found, although tobramycin, ciprofloxacin, fusidic acid, mupirocin and/or tetracycline resistance was also detected. Thirty-eight MSSA-PENS-blaZnegative isolates were IEC negative and four isolates were Panton–Valentine leucocidin (‘PVL’) positive.

Conclusions
A high penicillin susceptibility rate was detected among MSSA, opening therapeutic opportunities for BSIs. The emergence of new successful MSSA-PENS clones could be responsible for these data. The detection among MSSA-PENS-blaZnegative isolates of the clonal lineage CC398 or the absence of an IEC raises questions about their possible animal origin, requiring further analysis.
The spectrum of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations in pediatric CNS tumors
Authors: Kaneva Kristiyana , O’Halloran Katrina , Triska Petr , Liu Xiyu , Merkurjev Daria , Bootwalla Moiz , Ryutov Alex , Cotter Jennifer A , Ostrow Dejerianne , Biegel Jaclyn A , Gai Xiaowu 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
We previously established the landscape of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations in 23 subtypes of pediatric malignancies, characterized mtDNA mutation profiles among these subtypes, and provided statistically significant evidence for a contributory role of mtDNA mutations to pediatric malignancies.

Methods
To further delineate the spectrum of mtDNA mutations in pediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumors, we analyzed 545 tumor-normal paired whole-genome sequencing datasets from the Children’s Brain Tumor Tissue Consortium.

Results
Germline mtDNA variants were used to determine the haplogroup, and maternal ancestry, which was not significantly different among tumor types. Among 166 (30.5%) tumors we detected 220 somatic mtDNA mutations, primarily missense mutations (36.8%), as well as 22 loss-of-function mutations. Different pediatric CNS tumor subtypes had distinct mtDNA mutation profiles. The number of mtDNA mutations per tumor ranged from 0.20 (dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor [DNET]) to 0.75 (meningiomas). The average heteroplasmy was 10.7%, ranging from 4.6% in atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) to 26% in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. High-grade gliomas had a significant higher number of mtDNA mutations per sample than low-grade gliomas (0.6 vs 0.27) (P = .004), with almost twice as many missense mtDNA mutations per sample (0.24 vs 0.11), and higher average heteroplasmy levels (16% vs 10%). Recurrent mtDNA mutations may represent hotspots which may serve as biologic markers of disease.

Conclusions
Our findings demonstrate varying contributions of mtDNA mutations in different subtypes of CNS tumors. Sequencing the mtDNA genome may ultimately be used to characterize CNS tumors at diagnosis and monitor disease progression.
Operative Versus Nonoperative Management of Acute Pediatric Monteggia Injuries With Complete Ulna Fractures
Authors: Hart Christopher M. , Alswang Jared , Bram Joshua , Kim Samuel T. , Arkader Alexandre , Silva Mauricio 
Published: June 2021

Background:
The treatment of acute pediatric Monteggia injuries involving a complete fracture of the ulna remains controversial. The purpose of this study is to compare the outcomes of immediate operative fixation to a trial of closed reduction and casting of acute pediatric Monteggia fractures involving complete ulna fractures.

Methods:
We performed a retrospective analysis of 73 patients with Monteggia injuries with complete ulna fractures presenting to 2 pediatric trauma centers from 2008 to 2018. Patients were divided in 2 groups based on the treatment received: patients in group 1 (n=37, 51%) received surgical treatment; patients in group 2 (n=36, 49%) received a trial of closed reduction and casting. The mean follow-up of 15.2 weeks (range, 4.1 to 159 wk). The incidence of radiocapitellar joint redislocation, need for further intervention, complications, and recovery of range of motion was compared between the groups.

Results:
There were no significant differences between groups 1 and 2 with regards to age (6 vs. 5.8 y, P=0.69), sex (54% vs. 47% female, P=0.64), or the mean maximal ulnar angulation (23 vs. 19 degrees, P=0.94). There was a higher proportion of proximal ulna fractures in group 1 versus 2 (62% vs. 33%, respectively, P=0.02). Bado type III and IV fractures were associated with operative management [odds ratio=22 (95% confidence interval: 1.68-288.7) and 14.9 (95% confidence interval: 2.09-106), respectively]. In group 2, 5 patients (13.9%) sustained a loss of radiocapitellar joint reduction following closed reduction and casting and ultimately received operative treatment. At final follow-up, there were no cases of recurrent radiocapitellar dislocation in either group, all patients achieved fracture union and regained full elbow range of motion.

Conclusions:
Even in the presence of a complete ulna fracture, a trial of nonoperative management of acute pediatric Monteggia fractures with closed reduction and casting can result in comparable outcomes to those obtained with immediate surgical management. The nonoperative management of Monteggia fractures requires close clinical follow-up to ensure no loss of reduction.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV—therapeutic studies, case series.
A Survey of Prosthetists' Perspectives on Adjustable-Volume Lower-Limb Prosthetic Sockets
Authors: Barr Emily A. , Ebbs Kelsey , Wensman Jeffrey , Gutierrez Anthony , Rosenblatt Noah J. , Gates Deanna H. 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Adjustable-volume prosthetic sockets have been available for many years to address residual limb volume changes, although little research has been conducted regarding their efficacy. As such, prosthetists are guided by patient preference, personal experience, and professional perception. The purpose of this study was to explore clinician perceptions and experiences fitting adjustable-volume prosthetic sockets.

Materials and Methods
An anonymous online survey was distributed to certified prosthetists. The survey contained questions about prosthetists' demographics, whether they had previously fit an adjustable-volume prosthetic socket, whether these fittings were successful, and what challenges they experienced. Those who had not previously fit adjustable sockets were asked what barriers had prevented them from doing so.

Results
A total of 221 certified prosthetists completed the survey. Of the 195 eligible respondents, 82% had experience in fitting adjustable prosthetic sockets. The most commonly fit socket styles were the RevoFit (n = 123), Socket-less (n = 67), and Infinite (n = 66) sockets. Prosthetists had varied success with the different socket styles, with the RevoFit being the most successful, and the Infinite and Socket-less sockets the least successful. Respondents most frequently noted increased bulk (93% of respondents; n = 181), complicated fabrication (72%; n = 141), and poor cosmesis (65%; n = 127) as challenges faced when fitting adjustable-volume sockets. Some respondents felt these sockets were a useful clinical tool; however, common themes regarding clinical perception of adjustable sockets included issues with cost/reimbursement and appropriateness for only a subset of the population of individuals with amputation only. Other respondents felt that adjustable sockets were either not adequate for clinical use or required improvements before their use would be beneficial.

Conclusions
There is no majority opinion regarding the benefits and challenges of adjustable sockets among prosthetists. In general, prosthetists feel that adjustable sockets can be used as one of the various tools to accommodate complicated lower-limb fittings. Additional work is needed to provide clinicians with a best practice guideline for providing adjustability within lower-limb sockets.

Clinical Relevance
The study showed that prosthetists feel that adjustable sockets can be one of the tools used for complicated lower-limb fittings. Additional work is needed to develop a best practice guideline for providing adjustability in lower-limb sockets.
Confirmed COVID-19 cases per economic activity during Autumn wave in Belgium
Authors: Verbeeck Johan , Vandersmissen Godelieve , Peeters Jannes , Klamer Sofieke , Hancart Sharon , Lernout Tinne , Dewatripont Mathias , Godderis Lode , Molenberghs Geert 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the COVID-19 incidence per economic activity during the Autumn wave 2020 in Belgium.MethodsThe 14-day incidence of confirmed COVID–19 cases per NACE–BEL code is described in the periods immediately preceding the Belgian more strict measures of October 19, 2020, and is evaluated longitudinally by a Gaussian–Gaussian modelling two–stage approach. Additionally, the number of high-risk contacts in working segments and regions is described.ResultsThe peak of COVID–19 14–day incidence in most NACE–BEL sectors is reached in the period October 20-November 2, 2020 and was considerably higher than average in human health activities, residential care activities, fitness facilities, human resource provision, hairdressing and other beauty treatment and some public service activities. Human health activities, residential care activities, food and beverage service activities, hotels, arts, food retail activities, and human resources provision have high pre-lockdown incidences. The frequency of index cases that report more than two high risk contacts is increasing over time in all sectors.ConclusionDespite the restrictive protocols present in many sectors before the Autumn wave, employees in activities where close contact with others is high, show increased risk of COVID–19 infection. Especially sports activities are among the highest risk activities. Finally, the increasing amount of high-risk contacts by COVID–19 confirmed cases is compatible with the decreasing motivation over time to adhere to the measures.Key MessagesWhat is already known about this subject?Certain occupational sectors, such as human health and care, food and beverage, cultural and sport activities, have been related to a high risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection at the workplace.What are the new findings?COVID-19 confirmed cases of employees are linked with the main economic activity of their employer. The effect of opening of sectors, potentially under restrictive protocols, is evaluated. Despite the restrictive protocols present in many sectors, employees in activities where close and/or prolonged contact with others is high exhibit increased risk of COVID–19 infection, even higher than the high-risk sector of human health and care. Full restriction of these sectors decreases adequately the COVID-19 incidences, even in those sectors with physical contacts that remain open, for example human health, care and food shops. Finally, the increasing amount of high-risk contacts by COVID–19 confirmed cases might be related to decreasing motivation over time to adhere to the measures.How might this impact on policy or clinical practice in the foreseeable future?These insights offer guidance to policy makers on which economic activity to restrict or subject to stricter protocols to better control the COVID-19 pandemic whilst keeping the work floor as safe as possible.