bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seismicity, earthquake mechanisms, and tectonics along the western coast of North America, from 42°N to 61°N
Authors: Chandra Umesh 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Seismicity maps of the region are presented for the periods January 1900 to June 1973 and January 1961 to June 1973. Focal mechanism solutions for 24 earthquakes (mb ≧ 5.5) occurring between January 1963 to July 1973 have been determined. Four earthquakes which occurred in the vicinity of the Gorda ridge have a component of normal faulting, thus identifying it as a spreading ridge. However, departure of the trend of the axis of tension, determined in the focal mechanism solutions for these earthquakes, from being perpendicular to the trend of the ridge axis indicates that the tectonics of the Gorda basin is complex. The existence of the Blanco fracture zone and the Queen Charlotte Islands fault as dextral transform faults, east block moving south, is confirmed. Evidences derived from the focal mechanism solutions indicate that the Revere-Dellwood and Sovanco fracture zones are also right-lateral transform faults. The northern extent of the Queen Charlotte Islands fault probably terminates near 54.5°N, 135.2°W or 57.5°N, 136°W. Focal mechanism solutions for an earthquake occurring near Vancouver Islands and another near the Puget Sound region in Washington indicate normal faulting and suggest the presence of a downgoing slab of lithosphere in this region. The interpretation is that the former results from tension caused by the bending of the plate as it dips under the continent and the latter results from tension within the sinking slab. Two recent earthquakes which occurred on July 1 and July 3, 1973 at a latitude of about 58°N, have thrust fault solutions and together with the seismicity data suggest a zone of underthrusting of the lithospheric plate between latitudes 58°N to 59.5°N. The possibility of a third zone of subduction north of latitude 59.5°N between longitudes 139°W to 142°W is indicated.
Evaluation of static stress on a fault plane from a Green's function
Authors: Andrews D. J. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Direct numerical evaluation of shear strain on a fault plane using the representation theorem is not possible because source points near the field point give large and canceling contributions to the integral. The representation theorem for strain can be integrated by parts to obtain an expression valid everywhere and suitable for numerical evaluation on the fault plane. Stress-drop evaluated by this method for the circular dislocation of Keylis-Borok agrees well with the analytic solution.
Interpretation of body and Rayleigh waves from NTS to Tucson
Authors: Langston Charles A. , Helmberger Donald V. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
A linear array of eight Caltech portable broad-band seismograph trailers was set out from NTS to near Phoenix, Arizona, for the pre-announced underground nuclear test, OSCURO, on September 21, 1972. Travel-time and amplitude information were used to find an average crustal model by calculating synthetic seismograms using the Cagniard-de Hoop method. Rayleigh waves from other nuclear events at NTS, as recorded at the Tucson WWSSN station, were examined as a control for determining the structure of the top half of the crust. Group-velocity curves were found and synthetic Rayleigh waves calculated for Tucson and Kingman (LRSM). The formations and characteristics of Pn, a reflected Pn, and the Pg phases are examined. Pg is demonstrated to be composed of the primary P reflection from the mantle and contains multiple arrivals of P—SV conversions. Comparisons of synthetic and observed seismograms indicate a crustal thickness of 30 km with a Poisson's ratio of 0.23. The crust-mantle transition appears to be sharp, jumping from 6.1 to 7.9 km/sec. The amplitude behavior of Pn shows little evidence of any lid structure.
Analysis of the operational capabilities for detection and location of seismic events at NORSAR
Authors: Bungum H. , Husebye E. S. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Based on 1 year of data, April 1972-March 1973, the routine event detectability of the NORSAR array in Norway has been investigated in terms of 50 and 90 per cent cumulative detectability thresholds which were derived from frequency-magnitude distributions. The best performance was observed for events in central Asia and adjacent regions where the 90 per cent cumulative detectability values are in the range 3.6-3.8 NORSAR mb values. For teleseismic events, the value is 3.8. For all regions, NOAA reports on the average a larger mb value than NORSAR, and this relationship is magnitude-dependent. The accuracy of NORSAR-estimated epicenter solutions as compared to those of NOAA was also investigated. The best results were found for Japan and central Asia, where the median location difference is 95 and 105 km, respectively. For teleseismic events, the value is 145 km. The biased errors in the location estimates are demonstrated to have been eliminated for most of the regions considered. Finally, improvements of the present NORSAR event detectability performance are discussed in view of recently developed array data processing techniques.
Seismic and Geographical Regionalization
Authors: Flinn Edward A. , Engdahl E. R. , Hill Alan R. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this paper we present a detailed description of the system of geographical and seismic regionalization previously proposed by the authors (Flinn and Engdahl, 1965) and now widely used in seismological bulletins. Tables are given which show the geographical and seismic region numbers and names for each square degree of latitude and longitude on the Earth's surface. Listings of computer programs which store and retrieve the boundary information are included.
The measurement of seismographic records using a computer-controlled film scanner
Authors: Blakely R. F. , Ellis C. R. , Martin H. J. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
A semi-automatic system to digitize seismographic records is described. Photographic images of the records are digitized using a cathode-ray-tube film scanner that is controlled by a computer. An operator, interacting with the computer through a display console, supervises the overall data collection and can intervene in the search for traces and in the digitization of the data whenever he feels that it is necessary.
Strainmeter and tiltmeter measurements from the Tonga island arc
Authors: Frohlich Cliff , Major Maurice W. , Isacks Bryan L. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
A four-component quartz tube strainmeter with capacitance transducers has been installed in a surface site on the small coral island of Tongatapu in Tonga. Analysis of 30 days of data indicates that temperature and pressure effects are small, but that rainfall may have a significant effect. Semidiurnal lunar tidal strains with peak-to-peak amplitudes larger than 1.0 × 10−7 are observed on all components, as are semidiurnal areal strains of 2.0 × 10−7 and higher. These results are not completely explained by conventional ocean loading models, but a simple argument shows that these strains are consistent with recent reports of anomalously large tidal amplitudes in well levels on coral island aquifers. The tidal strains exhibit a “saw-tooth” shape, for the strain curve approaches compressional minima with steeper slopes than compressional maxima. This indicates a nonlinear response to the lunar driving foce, which apparently is due to loading by nonlinear tides in a lagoon near the strain site. A long-period horizontal seismometer was equipped with displacement transducers to record as a tiltmeter and was placed in a surface vault near the strainmeter site. Meaningful tidal tilts could not be measured until the surface vault was covered with 60 cm of soil, and even then the tiltmeter was affected by thermal changes with periods longer than a few days. The tiltmeter was not affected by rainfall. Surface sites on tropical islands seem practical for strainmeters and tiltmeters at seismic and tidal frequencies, but future researchers attempting to measure tectonic strains or tilts in island arcs might wish to consider simultaneous monitoring of ocean tidal levels and water well levels along with temperature, pressure, and rainfall.
The study of earthquake questions related to Veterans Administration hospital facilities
Authors: Bolt B. A. , Johnston R. G. , Lefter J. , Sozen M. A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAfter the San Fernando earthquake, February 9, 1971, the Veterans Administration undertook investigations and research to develop requirements for earthquake-resistant design for VA hospital facilities. Veterans Administration hospital sites number 170 across the United States. Site-evaluation procedures and design criteria have now been developed. Evaluations of peak ground accelerations for engineering assessments at hospital sites in zones 3 and 2 are available. In a parallel strong-motion recording program, 58 accelerometers already have been placed in VA hospital facilities across the country. Attention has been given to operations, utilities and access after destructive earthquakes, particularly emergency services that must serve the hospitals' own patients and community. Standards for protection of nonstructural elements and equipment of hospitals have been established.
Love waves and primary stress
Authors: Willson A. J. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The influence of primary stress upon the propagation of Love waves in a welded layer and half-space is examined by means of the theory of nonlinear elasticity. It is shown that the dispersion equation for this case can be cast into the form appropriate in the absence of stress, provided certain rescaling substitutions are employed. The possibility that additional instabilities are introduced through the combined action of primary stress and surface and interfacial continuity requirements is discounted.
Site-dependent spectra for earthquake-resistant design
Authors: Seed H. Bolton , Ugas Celso , Lysmer John 
Published: September 2021

abstractThe paper presents the results of a statistical analysis of the spectral shapes of 104 ground-motion records obtained from 23 earthquakes, mostly in the western part of the United States. The analysis shows clear differences in spectral shapes for different soil and geological conditions, indicating the need for consideration of these effects in selecting earthquake-resistant design criteria.
Calculation of ground motion in a three-dimensional model of the 1966 Parkfield earthquake
Authors: Levy N. A. , Mal A. K. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Near-field ground displacements are calculated from an earthquake source in a homogeneous, elastic half-space. An analytical formulation of the problem is presented that requires no physical approximations except at the source. A model of the source is constructed by retaining the essential kinematic character of the faulting process. A computer program is developed to calculate ground motion from an assumed model of the 1966 Parkfield, California earthquake. Favorable agreement is obtained between the theoretically computed ground displacements and those derived from the recorded accelerations. The relative contributions of the body waves and surface waves to the displacement field are examined. The results indicate that a significant portion of near-field motion may consist of surface waves, especially in the vertical component of the ground motion.
Maximum-likelihood estimation of seismic magnitude
Authors: Ringdal F. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Seismic networks often tend to overestimate the magnitude of earthquakes, because those stations within the network that do not detect a particular event are ignored in the conventional magnitude-averaging procedure. By assuming a normal distribution of worldwide magnitudes for any given event, it is possible to establish a simple statistical model that includes the additional information that event magnitudes at nondetecting stations must be below a certain threshold value. In this paper, maximum likelihood estimation is applied to determine event magnitude based on this model. The advantages and limitations of the technique are discussed using both simulated and real data. It is found that the maximum likelihood method, when applied properly, has the potential to yield a significant improvement in network magnitude estimates compared to the conventional averaging technique.
Higher-mode Rayleigh waves as an aid to seismic discrimination
Authors: Forsyth Donald W. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Long-period records of surface waves from earthquakes in central Asia are often complex, with rapid amplitude fluctuations and apparent multiple arrivals of energy of the same frequency. Comparison of records from closely spaced earthquakes shows that the complexity is not caused by multipath propagation, but is associated with the seismic source geometry. The multiple arrivals are higher-mode Rayleigh waves traveling with group velocities faster than the fundamental mode. A relatively high ratio of higher-mode to fundamental-mode energy can be produced when an unusual combination of source depth and focal mechanism leads to poor excitation of the fundamental-mode Rayleigh wave, in which case, the amplitude of the higher mode yields a more reliable estimate of the size of the event than the amplitude of the fundamental mode. Several anomalous events in central Asia, which are characterized by unusually low Ms : mb ratios and hence could be suspected to be nuclear explosions, are reclassified as earthquakes when the new, higher-mode scale, Mhs, is employed. The focal depth and mechanism of these anomalous events apparently causes poor excitation of the fundamental-mode Rayleigh wave without significantly affecting the amplitude of the higher mode. Elimination of these source-related factors from traditional Ms : mb discriminants is an essential tool for reliable discrimination between earthquakes and nuclear underground tests.
Two-parameter scaling of source spectra: Love waves from deep-focus Bonin Islands earthquakes
Authors: James Brown R. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Starting with the one-parameter scaling law of Aki, a two-parameter expression is developed to model the source factor of the far-field spectrum from a dislocation fault source for both ω−2 and ω−3 high-frequency asymptotic types. Aki's assumption of similarity is relaxed in two respects: it is neither here assumed that wD0 ∞ L2 (L = fault length, w = fault width, D0 = average dislocation) nor that kT = v kL (kT−1 = correlation time, kL−1 = correlation length, v = velocity of rupture propagation), the latter being equivalent to allowing for Brune's fractional stress drop. From this two-parameter model a four-parameter model of spectral ratio is obtained and fitted to observed spectral ratios by computer optimization of the four parameters. Observed spectral ratios have been determined from the Love waves recorded at NORSAR from six deep-focus Bonin Islands earthquakes using a common-path method. From the optimal values of the four parameters, values are determined for corner frequency (f ≈ 0.2 Hz for m 6.0; f ≈ 0.3 Hz for m = 5.3; m = PDE body-wave magnitude), relative fault length, relative seismic moment (and magnitudes), and p, the slope of the corner-frequency locus. Values found for p are all greater than 3 and such p, in combination with an ω−3 scaling law, can yield a reasonable m:M relation, i.e., with no ceiling imposed on m. A slightly better fit is obtained by starting with an ω−3 model than with ω−2.
Effects of surface and subsurface irregularities on the amplitudes of monochromatic waves
Authors: Wong H. L. , Trifunac M. D. , Westermo B. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Measurements of surface ground motion generated by forced vibration of a nine-story reinforced concrete building at a distance of 2 to 5.5 km are described. Three components of the displacement field were measured at 13 points along a line traversing an elongated canyon underlain by a shallow and dipping alluvial layer. The variations of measured displacement amplitudes have been modeled by (a) a two dimensional surface topographic feature corresponding to the average cross section of the canyon and (b) by a two-dimensional model of an alluvium valley excited by a line source. Comparison of the observed and computed amplitude variations with distance suggests that for the geometry corresponding to this experiment the effect of the dipping layer of alluvium seems to play a considerably more important role than the canyon.
Investigating style and narrative techniques in Dickens’ Bleak House
Authors: Benamar Abdelhadi 
Published: September 2021

Dickens could never get rid of his everlasting catching style even though the very novel has been said to be one of his maturities. The style is there with more repetition and mock. The latter is not obvious to readers; it is dramatically welded to the circumstances, bizarre, rare but not alien to commoners of the very epoch. One of the most stunning texts and range of words, wordiness and elements within contexts alluding, saying but revealing the hidden, forbidden and the taboo, is the introduction of his novel A Tale of the Two Cities. In the following excerpts taken from Bleak House, the introduction is dense and irregularly shaped in English: the very language of his and her majesty. Wherein the question poses itself and raises the discrepancies among form and content; a dichotomy that ought to be considered in conducting the investigation of style and stylistics upon the forthcoming texts.

Keywords: Dickens, stylistics, narrative, techniques, Bleak House.
Multiple Sistem Atrophy: Sebuah Laporan Kasus
Authors: Rahmarini Edfina , Hamdan Muhammad , Nugraha Priya , Sugianto Paulus , Haryono Yudha 
Published: September 2021

Pendahuluan: Multiple sistem atrophy adalah penyakit degeneratif yang dapat menyebabkan kecacatan bahkan kematian. Sedikit jurnal yang yang membahas tentang diagnosis dan penanganan multiple system atrophy secara menyeluruh. Kasus: Seorang laki-laki berusia 44 tahun datang ke poli saraf dengan keluhan kelemahan pada keempat ekstremitas dengan disertai gejala parkinsonisme yang khas. Pada pemeriksaan neurologis didapatkan gangguan fungsi serebelum. Pada pemeriksaan MRI kepala dengan kontras didapatkan gambaran khas suatu multipel system atrophy tipe cerebellar. Kesimpulan: Multipel system atrophy adalah kasus degeneratif yang bersifat jarang namun seringkali dapat menyebabkan kematian. Dibutuhkan diagnosis yang cepat dan penanganan yang memadai secara multidisiplin untuk mencegah beratnya gejala multiple system atrophy. Terapi simptomatik dan suportif sangat dibutuhkan untuk meningatkan kualitas hidup pasien.
Hubungan Intensitas Nyeri Kepala, Stres Psikologis, dan Kadar Kortisol Serum pada Penderita Tension Type Headache
Authors: Wisnujono Dion Andriawan , Machfoed Moh. Hasan 
Published: September 2021

Pendahuluan: Tension Type Headache (TTH) dapat dipengaruhi banyak faktor, beberapa di antaranya adalah stres dan kadar hormon kortisol. Beberapa penelitian telah menganalisa hubungan nyeri kepala terhadap kortisol, dan stres. Namun, jarang ada penelitian yang menghubungkan ketiganya. Tujuan: Membuktikan adanya hubungan antara intensitas nyeri kepala, stres psikologis dan kadar kortisol serum pada penderita TTH. Metode: Jenis penelitian adalah analitik observasional dengan rancangan cross sectional dengan uji korelasi. Hasil: Pada penelitian ini didapatkan 42 subyek penelitian. Dari pengolahan data, didapatkan p= 0,594. Yang berarti tidak ada korelasi signifikan antara intensitas nyeri kepala dengan stres psikologis. Sementara itu, pada intentistas nyeri kepala dengan kadar kortisol didapatkan korelasi signifikan dengan p= 0,04. Pada stres dan kadar kortisol tidak ditemukan korelasi signifikan dengan p= 0,154. Kesimpulan: Ada hubungan yang signifikan antara intensitas nyeri kepala dengan kadar kortisol serum. Sebaliknya, pada intensitas nyeri kepala dengan stres psikologis dan stres psikologis dengan kadar kortisol serum, tidak memiliki hubungan yang signifikan.
Korelasi Usia dan Jenis Kelamin dengan Angka Kejadian Meningioma
Authors: Damayanti Arlia Ayu , Kalanjati Viskasari Pintoko , Wahyuhadi Joni 
Published: September 2021

Pendahuluan: Meningioma merupakan tumor otak primer yang berasal dari jaringan arakhnoid. Angka kejadian meningioma di Indonesia menunjukkan peningkatan dari tahun ke tahun. Selain mutasi gen supresor tumor, meningioma dapat dipengaruhi oleh faktor eksternal diantaranya usia dan jenis kelamin. Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan antara usia dan jenis kelamin dengan angka kejadian meningioma pada pasien di RSUD Dr. Soetomo, Surabaya, Indonesia tahun 2018 berdasarkan derajat keganasannya. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi observasional analitik cross-sectional retrospektif dari data sekunder lembar hasil pemeriksaan patologi anatomi pasien yang dirawat inap melalui SMF. Ilmu Bedah Saraf, RSUD Dr. Soetomo tahun 2018; data yang tidak lengkap akan dieksklusi. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan uji Chi squre (SPSS 25) dengan tingkat signifikansi p <0,05. Hasil: Didapatkan 45 pasien meningioma yang sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi, dengan mayoritas perempuan (71%) pada kelompok usia 45 – 49 tahun (22,2%), WHO grade I (82%) dengan tipe histopatologi transisional (49%). Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara angka kejadian meningioma dengan kelompok usia tertentu (r = 0,718, p = 0,025), dan dengan jenis kelamin (r = 0,441, p = 0,002). Rasio perempuan dibanding laki- laki sebesar 1:2,36. Kesimpulan: Usia dan jenis kelamin berkorelasi erat dengan angka kejadianmeningioma.
CmPMRl and CmPMrs Were Responsible for Resistance to Powdery Mildew Caused by Podosphaera Xanthii Race 1 in Melon
Authors: Cui Haonan , Fan Chao , Ding Zhuo , Wang Xuezheng , Tang Lili , Bi Yingdong , Luan Feishi , Gao Peng 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Cucumis melo L. is an economically important crop, the production of which is threatened by the prevalence of melon powdery mildew (PM) infections. We herein utilized the MR-1 (P1; resistant to PM) and M4-7 (P2; susceptible to PM) accessions to assess the heritability of PM (race 1) resistance in these melon plants. PM resistance in MR-1 leaves was linked to a dominant gene (CmPMRl), whereas stem resistance was under the control of a recessive gene (CmPMrs), with the dominant gene having an epistatic effect on the recessive gene. The CmPMRl gene was mapped to a 50 Kb interval on chromosome 12, while CmPMrs was mapped to an 89 Kb interval on chromosome 10. The CmPMRl candidate gene MELO3C002441 and the CmPMrs candidate gene MELO3C012438 were identified through sequence alignment, functional annotation, and expression pattern analyses of all genes within these respective intervals. MELO3C002441 and MELO3C012438 were both localized to the cellular membrane and were contained conserved NPR gene-like and MLO domains, respectively, which were linked to PM resistance. In summary, we identified patterns of PM resistance in the disease-resistant MR-1 melon cultivar, and conducted finally-mapping to identify two putative genes linked to resistance. Our results offer new genetic resources and markers guide the future molecular marker-assisted breeding of PM-resistant melon.