bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulators and utility managers agree about barriers and opportunities for innovation in the municipal wastewater sector
Authors: Cantor Alida , Sherman Luke , Milman Anita , Kiparsky Michael 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Despite pressures to improve performance and reduce costs, innovation in the municipal wastewater sector in the United States has been notoriously slow. Previous research has suggested that wastewater utility managers may see regulation as a barrier to developing and deploying new technologies. To better understand how environmental regulation may fuel or hinder innovation in this sector, we conducted a nationwide survey of wastewater utility managers and wastewater regulators in the United States, asking both populations about their perceptions of specific aspects of regulation and innovation. Survey results revealed broad agreement between the two groups that funding and capacity, regulatory relationships, and complexities and inconsistencies within the regulatory environment present key barriers to and opportunities for enabling increased innovation in the municipal wastewater sector. While utility managers perceived almost all aspects of regulation as stronger barriers and opportunities than regulators did, both groups ranked them similarly. These results are promising evidence of common ground between wastewater regulators and municipal wastewater utility managers, and suggest shared views of key leverage points for encouraging innovation. Notably, neither regulators nor utility managers viewed reducing regulatory stringency as a productive way to encourage the deployment of new technologies. Rather, our survey results suggest that improving relationships and communication between utility managers and regulators, along with additional funding support for increased capacity of both utilities and regulators, would be more fruitful ways to encourage innovation in the municipal wastewater sector.
Timing and energy stability of resonant dispersive wave emission in gas-filled hollow-core waveguides
Authors: Brahms Christian , Travers John C 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We numerically investigate the energy and arrival-time noise of ultrashort laser pulses produced via resonant dispersive wave (RDW) emission in gas-filled hollow-core waveguides under the influence of pump-laser instability. We find that for low pump energy, fluctuations in the pump energy are strongly amplified. However, when the generation process is saturated, the energy of the RDW can be significantly less noisy than that of the pump pulse. This holds for a variety of generation conditions and while still producing few-femtosecond pulses. We further find that the arrival-time jitter of the generated pulse remains well below one femtosecond even for a conservative estimate of the pump pulse energy noise, and that photoionisation and plasma dynamics can lead to exceptional stability for some generation conditions. By applying our analysis to a scaled-down system, we demonstrate that our results hold for frequency conversion schemes based on both small-core microstructured fibre and large-core hollow capillary fibre.
Hague 35
Authors: Keene Alex Ruck 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter and that following provide a commentary upon Hague 35, amplifying the text of the Convention by reference both to the Explanatory Report upon the Convention prepared by Professor Lagarde, the Rapporteur to the Special Diplomatic Commission at which the Convention was agreed (hereafter ‘the Lagarde Report’) and to the limited number of cases before domestic courts in which the Convention has been considered. In these chapters, we identify those areas in which particular problems of interpretation or implementation have been or appear likely in future to be encountered, as well as suggest solutions to those problems. An assessment of the Convention as a whole then follows in Chapters 10.
Isle of Man
Authors: Rimmer John 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Isle of Man is a British Crown possession. It had been subject to Norwegian, then competing claims of Scottish and English suzerainty. The English asserted a claim to its possession. English monarchs made successive grants of the Island to individuals. Ultimately, it was granted to Sir John Stanley, subject to English suzerainty. In 1765, by the Act of Revestment, the Island was transferred (with the Lordship) to the British Crown. The British monarch is therefore head of state as the Lord of Man. The Island has never formed part of the metropolitan territories of the United Kingdom, however.
Estonia
Authors: Haruoja Merle , Rekand Kristi , Ward Adrian 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Estonia became an independent country in 1918 following centuries of domination—at different times—by Sweden, German-speaking Teutonic Knights, and Russia. After annexation by the Soviet Union, then occupation by Germany, Estonia was again occupied by the Soviet Union from 1944. Independence was restored by proclamation on 20 August 1991 by the Estonian Supreme Soviet, acting in agreement with the Estonian Committee (the executive organ of the Estonian Congress). That proclamation was rapidly followed by the restoration of diplomatic relations and recognition of the Republic of Estonia by many countries.
Brazil
Authors: Ward Adrian , de Freitas Marcia Araujo Sabino , Prata Henrique Moraes , Polido Fabr�cio Bertini Pasquot 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Brazil is a civil law country, with mainly codified law, but which as a result of increasing common law influence is moving towards being a hybrid system. Brazil is a federal republic. States have their own laws and courts, but adult incapacity issues are governed mainly by federal law. State courts have jurisdiction in procedure for incapacitation. Cases are normally heard at first instance in specialized family and succession courts. The federal constitution of 1988 is frequently cited. International conventions approved by qualified majorities in both Houses of Congress attain the status of constitutional amendments. This applies, for example, to UN CRPD. The current civil code dates from 2002. There are in addition relevant statutes, particularly the Statute of Elderly Persons 2003 (‘2003 statute’).
Russia
Authors: Ward Adrian , Bartenev Dmitri 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Russia is a civil law country. It is a federation of constituent entities (‘entities’). Laws affecting adults are made mainly at the federal level. Entities have very limited powers in this regard, such as defining the structure of public agencies responsible for implementing federal standards. The judicial system comprises courts of general jurisdiction (which hear both civil and criminal cases), commercial courts, the federal constitutional court, and (in some entities) regional constitutional courts. Courts of first instance are justice of the peace, district, and regional courts. The highest court with general jurisdiction is the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. District courts hear most adult protection cases, for which there are no special tribunals.
Spain
Authors: Frimston Richard , de los Reyes S�nchez Moreno Maria , Delgado Galindo Juan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Spain has a civil law system, is a member of the EU and is also multi-jurisdictional. Some regions (Cataluña, Aragón, Navarra) have specific laws affecting the protection of adults. Matters not covered by those laws and regions without specific laws are subject to the Spanish Civil Code (‘CC’).
Case Studies
Authors: van Overdijk Claire , Abrey Julia , Regan Alison , Ward Adrian , Ruck Keene Alex 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Mr A is an adult habitually resident in France and is mentally incapable of making decisions about his property and financial affairs. His father, Mr Z, was appointed as his guardian by order of the relevant District Court in Paris. Mr A has assets in England in the form of an account with a bank in London. Under the terms of the French Order, which also declares the extent of Mr A’s incapacity, Mr Z was given wide powers to deal with all of the assets of Mr A but did not indicate that Mr Z’s powers were limited to Mr A’s estate in France.
War and Religion: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Mitchell Jolyon , Rey Joshua 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
War and Religion: A Very Short Introduction traces the history of religion and war. Is religion a force for war or a force for peace? From the crusades to Sri Lanka's civil war, religion has been involved in some of the most terrible wars in history. Yet from the Mahabharata to just war theory, religion has also provided ethical frameworks to moderate war, while some of the bravest pacifists have been deeply religious people. Ranging from ancient history to modern day conflicts, this VSI offers a nuanced view on these issues that have had such weight in the past, and which continue to shape the present and future.
Remembering wars
Authors: Mitchell Jolyon , Rey Joshua 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
‘Remembering wars’ discusses how war and religion mingle and shape one another and demonstrates how religion offers to meet the need for meaning in the overwhelming catastrophe of personal and national loss that war brings. There are three interesting different situations in which religious resources have been brought to bear on the remembrance of war, and equally have been shaped by it. The first one is the depiction of martyrdom and martyrs in the commemoration of the Battle of Karbala. The second one is the use of the cross in Great War memorials, while the third one is the Ghost Dance movement
Questioning religion and war
Authors: Mitchell Jolyon , Rey Joshua 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
‘Questioning religion and war’ explains how each faith—particularly Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—has a complex relationship to war and peace. It assesses whether or not religion in general does or does not tend to cause and intensify war in general. Those who are hostile to religion often claim it is inherently warlike. Those who favour religion conclude that it is a force for peace or, where it is implicated in war, it has been misunderstood and warped. Those who think religion inspires both war and the pursuit of peace want to promote the latter and discourage the former. These views have something in common: the idea that war is bad.
Deep learning of gene relationships from single cell time-course expression data
Authors: Yuan Ye , Bar-Joseph Ziv 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTime-course gene-expression data have been widely used to infer regulatory and signaling relationships between genes. Most of the widely used methods for such analysis were developed for bulk expression data. Single cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-Seq) data offer several advantages including the large number of expression profiles available and the ability to focus on individual cells rather than averages. However, the data also raise new computational challenges. Using a novel encoding for scRNA-Seq expression data, we develop deep learning methods for interaction prediction from time-course data. Our methods use a supervised framework which represents the data as 3D tensor and train convolutional and recurrent neural networks for predicting interactions. We tested our time-course deep learning (TDL) models on five different time-series scRNA-Seq datasets. As we show, TDL can accurately identify causal and regulatory gene–gene interactions and can also be used to assign new function to genes. TDL improves on prior methods for the above tasks and can be generally applied to new time-series scRNA-Seq data.
ZEAL: protein structure alignment based on shape similarity
Authors: Ljung Filip , André Ingemar 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Motivation
Most protein-structure superimposition tools consider only Cartesian coordinates. Yet, much of biology happens on the surface of proteins, which is why proteins with shared ancestry and similar function often have comparable surface shapes. Superposition of proteins based on surface shape can enable comparison of highly divergent proteins, identify convergent evolution and enable detailed comparison of surface features and binding sites.

Results
We present ZEAL, an interactive tool to superpose global and local protein structures based on their shape resemblance using 3D (Zernike-Canterakis) functions to represent the molecular surface. In a benchmark study of structures with the same fold, we show that ZEAL outperforms two other methods for shape-based superposition. In addition, alignments from ZEAL were of comparable quality to the coordinate-based superpositions provided by TM-align. For comparisons of proteins with limited sequence and backbone-fold similarity, where coordinate-based methods typically fail, ZEAL can often find alignments with substantial surface-shape correspondence. In combination with shape-based matching, ZEAL can be used as a general tool to study relationships between shape and protein function. We identify several categories of protein functions where global shape similarity is significantly more likely than expected by random chance, when comparing proteins with little similarity on the fold level. In particular, we find that global surface shape similarity is particular common among DNA binding proteins.

Availability and implementation
ZEAL can be used online at https://andrelab.org/zeal or as a standalone program with command line or graphical user interface. Source files and installers are available at https://github.com/Andre-lab/ZEAL.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Heat-distribution in the body and wings of the morpho dragonflyZenithoptera lanei(Anisoptera: Libellulidae) and a possible mechanism of thermoregulation
Authors: Guillermo-Ferreira Rhainer , Gorb Stanislav N 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAnimals that live in hot environments must deal with extreme temperatures and overcome the constraints imposed by overheating. Some species exhibit remarkable adaptations to control body temperature, usually in the form of structures that act as thermal windows to cool down the body by dissipating heat. Here, we describe the case of the dragonfly Zenithoptera lanei, which inhabits open areas in the Neotropical Savannah and the Amazon. Males have striking and unique adaptations on the wings, not known in any other insect. The wings are covered with wax nanocrystals that reflect ultraviolet light and infrared radiation. Furthermore, the wing membrane is permeated by an intricate system of tracheae, another unique trait in Insecta. We hypothesized that these adaptations might be important not only for intraspecific communication, but also for thermoregulation. We analysed male body and wing temperatures and compared them with another dragonfly with common translucent wings. The results suggest that the dorsal wing surface acts as a cooling system, whereas the ventral surface might serve to elevate body temperature. Therefore, we conclude that Z. lanei possesses adaptations that are unique in nature; a complex system of thermoregulation with the dual function of cooling down or elevating body temperature, depending on wing position.
Plasma concentrations of advanced glycation end-products and colorectal cancer risk in the EPIC study
Authors: Aglago Elom K , Schalkwijk Casper G , Freisling Heinz , Fedirko Veronika , Hughes David J , Jiao Li , Dahm Christina C , Olsen Anja , Tjønneland Anne , Katzke Verena , Johnson Theron , Schulze Matthias B , Aleksandrova Krasimira , Masala Giovanna , Sieri Sabina , Simeon Vittorio , Tumino Rosario , Macciotta Alessandra , Bueno-de-Mesquita Bas , Skeie Guri , Gram Inger Torhild , Sandanger Torkjel , Jakszyn Paula , Sánchez Maria-Jose , Amiano Pilar , Colorado-Yohar Sandra M , Gurrea Aurelio Barricarte , Perez-Cornago Aurora , Mayén Ana-Lucia , Weiderpass Elisabete , Gunter Marc J , Heath Alicia K , Jenab Mazda 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are a heterogeneous group of compounds formed by the non-enzymatic reaction between amino acids and reducing sugars, or dicarbonyls as intermediate compounds. Experimental studies suggest that AGEs may promote colorectal cancer, but prospective epidemiologic studies are inconclusive. We conducted a case–control study nested within a large European cohort. Plasma concentrations of three protein-bound AGEs—Nε-(carboxy-methyl)lysine (CML), Nε-(carboxy-ethyl)lysine (CEL) and Nδ-(5-hydro-5-methyl-4-imidazolon-2-yl)-ornithine (MG-H1)—were measured by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry in baseline samples collected from 1378 incident primary colorectal cancer cases and 1378 matched controls. Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed using conditional logistic regression for colorectal cancer risk associated with CML, CEL, MG-H1, total AGEs, and [CEL+MG-H1: CML] and [CEL:MG-H1] ratios. Inverse colorectal cancer risk associations were observed for CML (OR comparing highest to lowest quintile, ORQ5 versus Q1 = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.27–0.59), MG-H1 (ORQ5 versus Q1 = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.53–1.00) and total AGEs (OR Q5 versus Q1 = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.37–0.73), whereas no association was observed for CEL. A higher [CEL+MG-H1: CML] ratio was associated with colorectal cancer risk (ORQ5 versus Q1 = 1.91, 95% CI: 1.31–2.79). The associations observed did not differ by sex, or by tumour anatomical sub-site. Although individual AGEs concentrations appear to be inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk, a higher ratio of methylglyoxal-derived AGEs versus those derived from glyoxal (calculated by [CEL+MG-H1: CML] ratio) showed a strong positive risk association. Further insight on the metabolism of AGEs and their dicarbonyls precursors, and their roles in colorectal cancer development is needed.
MSG07: An International Cohort Study Comparing Epidemiology and Outcomes of Patients With Cryptococcus neoformans or Cryptococcus gattii Infections
Authors: Baddley John W , Chen Sharon C-A , Huisingh Carrie , Benedict Kaitlin , DeBess Emilio E , Galanis Eleni , Jackson Brendan R , MacDougall Laura , Marsden-Haug Nicola , Oltean Hanna , Perfect John R , Phillips Peter , Sorrell Tania C , Pappas Peter G 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Cryptococcosis due to Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii varies with geographic region, populations affected, disease manifestations, and severity of infection, which impact treatment.

Methods
We developed a retrospective cohort of patients diagnosed with culture-proven cryptococcosis during 1995–2013 from 5 centers in North America and Australia. We compared underlying diseases, clinical manifestations, treatment, and outcomes in patients with C. gattii or C. neoformans infection.

Results
A total of 709 patients (452 C. neoformans; 257 C. gattii) were identified. Mean age was 50.2 years; 61.4% were male; and 52.3% were white. Time to diagnosis was prolonged in C. gattii patients compared with C. neoformans (mean, 52.2 vs 36.0 days; P &lt; .003), and there was a higher proportion of C. gattii patients without underlying disease (40.5% vs 10.2%; P &lt; .0001). Overall, 59% had central nervous system (CNS) infection, with lung (42.5%) and blood (24.5%) being common sites. Pulmonary infection was more common in patients with C. gattii than in those with C. neoformans (60.7% vs 32.1%; P &lt; .0001). CNS or blood infections were more common in C. neoformans–infected patients (P ≤ .0001 for both). Treatment of CNS disease with induction therapy of amphotericin B and flucytosine occurred in 76.4% of patients. Crude 12-month mortality was higher in patients with C. neoformans (28.4% vs 20.2%; odds ratio, 1.56 [95% confidence interval, 1.08–2.26]).

Conclusions
This study emphasizes differences in species-specific epidemiology and outcomes of patients with cryptococcosis, including underlying diseases, site of infection, and mortality. Species identification in patients with cryptococcosis is necessary to discern epidemiologic patterns, guide treatment regimens, and predict clinical progression and outcomes.
Perioperative platelet reduction after sutureless or stented valve implantation: results from the PERSIST-AVR controlled randomized trial
Authors: Lorusso Roberto , Jiritano Federica , Roselli Eric , Shrestha Malakh , Folliguet Thierry , Meuris Bart , Pollari Francesco , Fischlein Theodor ,   the PERSIST-AVR Investigators
Published: March 2021

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Platelet count reduction is a common but not fully understood phenomenon after aortic valve replacement (AVR) with bioprosthesis implantation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence and the clinical impact of platelet count reduction in patients receiving the Perceval bioprosthesis compared to those receiving standard sutured stented bioprosthetic aortic valve in a randomized, controlled AVR study.

METHODS
PERceval Sutureless Implant versus STandard Aortic Valve Replacement is a prospective, randomized, adaptive, open-label trial. Patients were randomized (March 2016–September 2018) to AVR with a sutureless or stented valve. Ad hoc analyses have been performed to evaluate the occurrence of platelet count reduction and the clinical impact of the platelet variations in the 2 groups.

RESULTS
The Perceval group showed a higher platelet reduction than the control group (46% vs 32%). The phenomenon was transient in both groups, with a slow recovery of the platelet count by hospital discharge. No differences were observed between groups regarding need of transfusions, blood loss, major bleeding and stroke events.

CONCLUSIONS
The Perceval sutureless aortic bioprosthesis implantation is associated with higher rate of transient platelet reduction as compared to stented bioprostheses for AVR. However, the platelet count reduction is transient and the decline does not affect the patient’s clinical outcomes. Current explanations for this phenomenon are speculative, and further investigations are required to elucidate it.

Clinical trial registration number
NCT02673697—ClinicalTrials.gov—4 February 2016.
The association between initial adhesion and cyanobacterial biofilm development
Authors: Faria Sara I , Teixeira-Santos Rita , Morais João , Vasconcelos Vitor , Mergulhão Filipe J 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Although laboratory assays provide valuable information about the antifouling effectiveness of marine surfaces and the dynamics of biofilm formation, they may be laborious and time-consuming. This study aimed to determine the potential of short-time adhesion assays to estimate how biofilm development may proceed. The initial adhesion and cyanobacterial biofilm formation were evaluated using glass and polymer epoxy resin surfaces under different hydrodynamic conditions and were compared using linear regression models. For initial adhesion, the polymer epoxy resin surface was significantly associated with a lower number of adhered cells compared with glass (-1.27 × 105 cells.cm–2). Likewise, the number of adhered cells was significantly lower (-1.16 × 105 cells.cm–2) at 185 than at 40 rpm. This tendency was maintained during biofilm development and was supported by the biofilm wet weight, thickness, chlorophyll a content and structure. Results indicated a significant correlation between the number of adhered and biofilm cells (r = 0.800, p &lt; 0.001). Moreover, the number of biofilm cells on day 42 was dependent on the number of adhered cells at the end of the initial adhesion and hydrodynamic conditions (R2 = 0.795, p &lt; 0.001). These findings demonstrate the high potential of initial adhesion assays to estimate marine biofilm development.