bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One‐Pot Synthesis of Fully‐Conjugated Chemically Stable Two‐Dimensional Covalent Organic Framework
Authors: Liu Hui , Han Yuxi , Zheng Xuhan , Zhao Jinyu , Man Yixiao , Sun Lishui , Zhao Yingjie 
Published: November 2021

Comprehensive SummaryCovalent organic frameworks (COFs) with good chemical stability coupled with extended‐conjugation structures are highly preferable. Herein, a fully‐conjugated and chemically stable two‐dimensional COF was synthesized by a one‐pot, three‐components synthesis through a successful conversion of amine, aldehyde, and alkyne groups into the quinoline units as linkages with B(C6F5)3 serving as a Lewis acid catalyst, whilst 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone (DDQ) was employed as an oxidant. The obtained fully conjugated 2D COF shows excellent stability in acid or base.
Clinicopathological significance of MYL9 expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Matsushita Katsunori , Kobayashi Shogo , Akita Hirofumi , Konno Masamitsu , Asai Ayumu , Noda Takehiro , Iwagami Yoshifumi , Asaoka Tadafumi , Gotoh Kunihito , Mori Masaki , Doki Yuichiro , Eguchi Hidetoshi , Ishii Hideshi 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundPancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is one of the most aggressive malignancies, and often involves invasion and distant metastasis from the early tumor stages. Myosin II reportedly plays a key role in regulating tumor progression and metastasis.AimsWe examined whether myosin regulatory light polypeptide 9 (MYL9) regulates cancer cell proliferation.Methods and resultsTo investigate the expression pattern and clinical significance of MYL9 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, we performed immunohistochemical analysis of samples collected from 101 patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. The expression of MYL9 was investigated to evaluate its functional role and contribution to proliferation and apoptosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells in vitro. The results showed that MYL9 was predominantly expressed in the cytoplasm and membrane of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells. Multivariate analysis indicated that MYL9 acted as an independent prognostic factor for overall survival and distant metastasis‐free survival. MYL9 expression was strongly associated with malignancy in in vitro analyses, including proliferation and anti‐apoptotic activities.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that MYL9 is an independent prognostic factor of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. MYL9 is a crucial biomarker and potential therapeutic target for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
The Synthesis of Nucleoside 2′,3′‐Cyclic Monophosphate Analogs with Regio‐ and Stereospecificity
Authors: Nassir Molhm , Saady Abed , Cohen Natalie Pariene , Fischer Bilha 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis article presents a new method for the rapid, stereoselective and regioselective synthesis of nucleoside 2′,3′‐O,O‐phosphorothioate and 2′,3′‐O,O‐phosphoroselenoate molecules. The method avoids the use of protection groups, chiral reagents, and chiral metal catalysts, as well as complicated chiral separations. This synthetic method has been applied successfully to all of the natural nucleosides. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of 2‐chloro‐1,3,2‐dithiophospholane (6)Basic Protocol 2: Preparation of 2‐cyanoethoxy‐thio‐dithiophospholane (8)Basic Protocol 3: Preparation of 2‐cyanoethoxy‐seleno‐dithiophospholane (9)Basic Protocol 4: Preparation of uridine‐2′,3′‐O,O‐phosphorothioate (Sp, exo; 1A)Basic Protocol 5: Preparation of uridine‐2′,3′‐O,O‐phosphoroselenoate (Sp, exo; 11)Basic Protocol 6: Preparation of adenosine‐2′,3′‐O,O‐phosphorothioate (Sp, exo; 12)Basic Protocol 7: Preparation of thymidine‐2′,3′‐O,O‐phosphorothioate (Sp, exo; 13)Basic Protocol 8: Preparation of cytosine‐2′,3′‐O,O‐phosphorothioate (Sp, exo; 14)Basic Protocol 9: Preparation of guanosine‐2′,3′‐O,O‐phosphorothioate (Sp, exo; 15)
Copper Aluminum Layered Double Hydroxides with Different Compositions and Morphologies as Electrocatalysts for the Carbon Dioxide Reduction Reaction
Authors: Iwase Kazuyuki , Hirano Tomo , Honma Itaru 
Published: November 2021

AbstractElectrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2RR) is a key technology to convert greenhouse gas CO2 to value‐added products, such as CO and formic acid (HCOOH). In the present study, two‐dimensional Cu‐ and Al‐based layered double hydroxides (Cu−Al/LDHs) were applied as CO2RR catalysts. The catalysts were synthesized using a simple co‐precipitation method employing sodium carbonate solutions with different pH and synthesis temperatures. The elemental ratio of Cu and Al, and sheet size were controlled. The most active Cu−Al/LDH showed a faradaic efficiency for CO generation of 42 % and one for formate generation of 22 % at the current density of 50 mA using a gas diffusion electrode system under galvanostatic conditions. Our result indicates that the sheet size of the LDH sheet is a critical parameter for determining CO2RR activity.
Immunoglobulin G4‐related disease accompanying a small intestinal ulcer: A case
Authors: Yoshidome Yuta , Mizoguchi Akinori , Narimatsu Kazuyuki , Takahashi Shun , Hirata Dai , Ono Shinji , Onoyama Yusuke , Suzuki Seiya , Horiuchi Tomoaki , Chiya Nanoka , Ikeyama Keisuke , Tahara Hiroyuki , Tomioka Akira , Ito Suguru , Tanemoto Rina , Nishii Shin , Inaba Kenichi , Sugihara Nao , Hanawa Yoshinori , Horiuchi Kazuki , Wada Akinori , Akita Yoshihiro , Higashiyama Masaaki , Komoto Shunsuke , Tomita Kengo , Yoshimatsu Shinya , Matsukuma Susumu , Hokari Ryota 
Published: November 2021

AbstractImmunoglobulin (Ig)G4‐related disease (IgG4‐RD) is a systemic condition associated with fibroinflammatory lesions and is characterized by elevated serum IgG4 levels and IgG4‐positive cell infiltration into the affected tissues. It has been reported that IgG4‐RD affects a variety of organs but uncommonly affects the gastrointestinal tract. In particular, there are few cases of lesions in the small intestine, except for sclerosing mesenteritis, which were mostly diagnosed from surgical specimens. Herein, we describe the case of a 70‐year‐old man who initially presented with abdominal pain, headache, later cognitive decline, and gait disturbance caused by IgG4‐RD. Colonoscopy revealed irregular ulcers in the terminal ileum, and computed tomography of the head showed hypertrophic pachymeningitis. Numerous IgG4‐positive cells were detected in the ileal and dural biopsies. We diagnosed the patient with IgG4‐RD and started steroid pulse therapy. After initiation of treatment, the symptoms quickly improved. The patient was discharged from the hospital after starting oral prednisolone treatment (30 mg). The dosage was gradually reduced to 10 mg. A follow‐up colonoscopy revealed scarring of the ileal ulcers. This case may provide valuable information regarding the endoscopic findings of small intestinal lesions in IgG4‐RD.
Geomorphology variables predict fish assemblages for forested and endorheic rivers of two continents
Authors: Shields Robert , Pyron Mark , Arsenault Emily R. , Thorp James H. , Minder Mario , Artz Caleb , Costello John , Otgonganbat Amarbat , Mendsaikhan Bud , Altangerel Solongo , Maasri Alain 
Published: November 2021

AbstractStream fishes are restricted to specific environments with appropriate habitats for feeding and reproduction. Interactions between streams and surrounding landscapes influence the availability and type of fish habitat, nutrient concentrations, suspended solids, and substrate composition. Valley width and gradient are geomorphological variables that influence the frequency and intensity that a stream interacts with the surrounding landscape. For example, in constrained valleys, canyon walls are steeply sloped and valleys are narrow, limiting the movement of water into riparian zones. Wide valleys have long, flat floodplains that are inundated with high discharge. We tested for differences in fish assemblages with geomorphology variation among stream sites. We selected rivers in similar forested and endorheic ecoregion types of the United States and Mongolia. Sites where we collected were defined as geomorphologically unique river segments (i.e., functional process zones; FPZs) using an automated ArcGIS‐based tool. This tool extracts geomorphic variables at the valley and catchment scales and uses them to cluster stream segments based on their similarity. We collected a representative fish sample from replicates of FPZs. Then, we used constrained ordinations to determine whether river geomorphology could predict fish assemblage variation. Our constrained ordination approach using geomorphology to predict fish assemblages resulted in significance using fish taxonomy and traits in several watersheds. The watersheds where constrained ordinations were not successful were next analyzed with unconstrained ordinations to examine patterns among fish taxonomy and traits with geomorphology variables. Common geomorphology variables as predictors for taxonomic fish assemblages were river gradient, valley width, and valley slope. Significant geomorphology predictors of functional traits were valley width‐to‐floor width ratio, elevation, gradient, and channel sinuosity. These results provide evidence that fish assemblages respond similarly and strongly to geomorphic variables on two continents.
Selection of a reference gene for studies on lipid‐related aquatic adaptations of toothed whales (Grampus griseus)
Authors: Senevirathna Jayan D. M. , Yonezawa Ryo , Saka Taiki , Igarashi Yoji , Funasaka Noriko , Yoshitake Kazutoshi , Kinoshita Shigeharu , Asakawa Shuichi 
Published: November 2021

AbstractToothed whales are one group of marine mammals that has developed special adaptations, such as echolocation for predation, to successfully live in a dynamic aquatic environment. Their fat metabolism may differ from that of other mammals because toothed whales have acoustic fats. Gene expression in the metabolic pathways of animals can change with respect to their evolution and environment. A real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) is a reliable technique for studying the relative expressions of genes. However, since the accuracy of RT‐qPCR data is totally dependent on the reference gene, the selection of the reference gene is an essential step. In this study, 10 candidate reference genes (ZC3H10, FTL, LGALS1, RPL27, GAPDH, FTH1, DCN, TCTP, NDUS5, and UBIM) were initially tested for amplification efficiency using RT‐qPCR. After excluding DCN, the remaining nine genes, which are nearly 100% efficient, were selected for the gene stability analysis. Stable reference genes across eight different fat tissue, liver, and muscle samples from Grampus griseus were identified by four algorithms, which were provided in Genorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and Delta CT. Finally, a RefFinder comprehensive ranking was performed based on the stability values, and the nine genes were ranked as follows: LGALS1 > FTL > GAPDH > ZC3H10 > FTH1 > NDUS5 > TCTP > RPL27 > UBIM. The LGALS1 and FTL genes were identified as the most stable novel reference genes. The third‐ranked gene, GAPDH, is a well‐known housekeeping gene for mammals. Ultimately, we suggest the use of LGALS1 as a reliable novel reference gene for genomics studies on the lipid‐related aquatic adaptations of toothed whales.
A framework for sustainable management of ecosystem services and disservices in perennial grassland agroecosystems
Authors: Paudel Shishir , Cobb Adam B. , Boughton Elizabeth H. , Spiegal Sheri , Boughton Raoul K. , Silveira Maria L. , Swain Hilary M. , Reuter Ryan , Goodman Laura E. , Steiner Jean L. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIncreasing demand for agricultural products is driving grassland management intensification with subsequent impacts on ecosystem services and disservices. Key questions related to grassland production as well as environmental and social concerns must be addressed to ensure sustainability. We propose a unified perspective, addressing numerous trade‐offs and synergies between grassland ecosystem services and disservices, and considering an array of ecological and human consequences associated with history and ongoing shifts in management strategies. Much of our discussion utilizes evidence from humid grasslands; however, our examples and recommendations have global implications for the future of grassland management. We characterize four categories of ecosystem services and disservices (provisioning, supporting, regulating, and cultural) provided by perennial grasslands that are extensively managed (low or no input, never cultivated) or intensively managed (high‐input, cultivated). We explore a range of potential outcomes following transition from extensive to intensive agroecosystems around the globe. Additionally, we suggest specific research priorities to better evaluate ecosystem services and disservices across management intensities. Finally, we highlight potential benefits of landscape mosaics that include grasslands across a continuum of extensive to intensive strategies.
Heterogeneity across Neotropical aquatic environments affects prokaryotic and eukaryotic biodiversity based on environmental DNA
Authors: Härer Andreas , Ibrahim Anan , Torres‐Dowdall Julián , Meyer Axel 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCharacterizing biological communities and knowledge on the distribution of biodiversity allows the assessment of ecological quality. This provides valuable information for conservation biology and monitoring purposes. While obtaining such data has been challenging in the past, environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling represents a promising tool to describe biodiversity on a broad taxonomic scale. In this study, we provide the first broad‐scale biodiversity assessment for ten Neotropical water bodies in Nicaragua (a major river, two great lakes, and seven relatively young and small crater lakes) using eDNA sampling to determine how abiotic factors structure the distribution of prokaryotic and eukaryotic biodiversity across these environments. Further, we explored to what extent levels of biodiversity are associated across different taxonomic groups and environments. We found that prokaryotic and eukaryotic α‐diversity was consistently higher in the great lakes (i.e., Lakes Nicaragua and Managua) as well as in Río San Juan compared with the young and small crater lakes. Differences of prokaryotic and eukaryotic communities (β‐diversity) were significantly correlated, indicating that biological communities are similarly structured across environments. Accordingly, differences in salinity were correlated with prokaryotic and eukaryotic communities, whereas differences in dissolved oxygen were only correlated with prokaryotic communities (β‐diversity). Yet, salinity and dissolved oxygen only affected prokaryotic α‐diversity, suggesting different effects of these two abiotic factors on biodiversity within aquatic environments. Moreover, α‐diversity of different phyla was positively correlated, although more strongly in prokaryotes, showing that biodiversity patterns are congruent across a broad range of lineages, particularly in prokaryotes.
Chronic kidney disease and risk of atrial fibrillation and heart failure in general population‐based cohorts: the BiomarCaRE project
Authors: Rehm Martin , Rothenbacher Dietrich , Iacoviello Licia , Costanzo Simona , Tunstall‐Pedoe Hugh , Fitton Catherine A. , Söderberg Stefan , Hultdin Johan , Salomaa Veikko , Jousilahti Pekka , Palosaari Tarja , Kuulasmaa Kari , Waldeyer Christoph , Schnabel Renate B. , Zeller Tanja , Blankenberg Stefan , Koenig Wolfgang ,   BiomarCaRE Consortium
Published: November 2021

AbstractAimsChronic kidney disease (CKD) has a complicated relationship with the heart, leading to many adverse outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between CKD and the incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure (HF) along with mortality as a competing risk in general population cohorts. We also included an assessment of baseline biomarkers of inflammation, myocardial injury, and left ventricular dysfunction with risk of AF and HF, respectively, to shed light on the potential underlying pathophysiology.Methods and resultsThis study was conducted within the BiomarCaRE project using harmonized data from 12 European population‐based cohorts (n = 48 518 participants). Renal function was assessed by glomerular filtration rate estimated using the combined Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD‐EPI) equation with standardized serum creatinine (Cr) and non‐standardized serum cystatin C (CysC). Incidence of AF and HF respectively, during a median follow‐up of 8 years was recorded. Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine hazard ratios (HRs) for the incidence of AF and HF in CKD and the competing risk of mortality after adjustment for covariates. The mean age at baseline was 51.4 (standard deviation 12.1) years, 49% were men. Overall, 4.3% of subjects had CKD at baseline. The rate for AF was 3.8 per 1000 person‐years during follow‐up. The HR for AF in patients with CKD compared with patients without CKD was 1.28 (95% confidence interval 1.07–1.54) after adjustment for covariates. The rate for incident HF was 4.1 per 1000 person‐years and the HR of CKD for HF was 1.71 (95% confidence interval 1.45–2.01. In subjects with CKD, N‐terminal‐pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) showed an association with AF, whereas NT‐proBNP and C‐reactive protein were associated with HF.ConclusionsChronic kidney disease is an independent risk factor for subsequent AF and is even more closely associated with HF. In these relatively young participants with CKD, NT‐proBNP was strongly associated with subsequent risk of AF. For HF, in addition, elevated levels of hs‐C‐reactive protein at baseline were related to incident events.
The prognostic value of heart rate at discharge in acute decompensation of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
Authors: Bahouth Fadel , Elias Adi , Ghersin Itai , Khoury Emad , Bar Omer , Sholy Haitham , Khoury Johad , Azzam Zaher S. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAimsThe effect of elevated heart rate (HR) on morbidity and mortality is evident in chronic stable heart failure; data in this regard in acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) setting are scarce. In this single‐centre study, we sought to address the prognostic value of HR and beta‐blocker dosage at discharge on all‐cause mortality among patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction and ADHF.Methods and resultsIn this retrospective observational study, 2945 patients were admitted for the first time with the primary diagnosis of ADHF between January 2008 and February 2018. Patients were divided by resting HR at discharge into three groups (HR < 70 b.p.m., HR 70–90 b.p.m., and HR > 90 b.p.m.). Evidence‐based beta‐blockers were defined as metoprolol, bisoprolol, and carvedilol. The doses of prescribed beta‐blockers were calculated into a percentage target dose of each beta‐blocker and divided to four quartiles: 0 < Dose ≤ 25%, 25% < Dose ≤ 50%, 50% < Dose ≤ 75%, and >75% of the target dose. Cox regression was used to calculate the hazard ratio for various HR categories and adjusting for clinical and laboratory variables. At discharge, 1226 patients had an HR < 70 b.p.m., 1347 patients had an HR at range 70–90 b.p.m., and 372 patients with an HR > 90 b.p.m. The 30 day mortality rate was 2.2%, 3.7%, and 12.1% (P < 0.001), respectively. Concordantly, 1 year mortality rate was 14.6%, 16.7%, and 30.4% (P < 0.001) among patients with HR < 70 b.p.m., HR 70–90 b.p.m., and HR > 90 b.p.m., respectively. The adjusted hazard ratio was significantly increased only in HR above 90 b.p.m. category (hazard ratio, 2.318; 95% confidence interval, 1.794–2.996).ConclusionsPatients with ADHF and an HR of <90 b.p.m. at discharge had significantly a lower 1 year mortality independent of the dosage of beta‐blocker at discharge. It is conceivable to discharge these patients with lower HR.
Prediction of cardiac events with non‐contrast magnetic resonance feature tracking in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Overhoff Daniel , Ansari Uzair , Hohneck Anna , Tülümen Erol , Rudic Boris , Kuschyk Jürgen , Lossnitzer Dirk , Baumann Stefan , Froelich Matthias F. , Waldeck Stephan , Akin Ibrahim , Borggrefe Martin , Schoenberg Stefan O. , Papavassiliu Theano 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAimsThe aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of feature tracking (FT) derived cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) strain parameters of the left ventricle (LV)/right ventricle (RV) in ischaemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) patients treated with an implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD). Current guidelines suggest a LV‐ejection fraction ≤35% as major criterion for ICD implantation in ICM, but this is a poor predictor for arrhythmic events. Supplementary parameters are missing.Methods and resultsIschaemic cardiomyopathy patients (n = 242), who underwent CMR imaging prior to primary and secondary implantation of ICD, were classified depending on EF ≤ 35% (n = 188) or >35% (n = 54). FT parameters were derived from steady‐state free precession cine views using dedicated software. The primary endpoint was a composite of cardiovascular mortality (CVM) and/or appropriate ICD therapy. There were no significant differences in FT‐function or LV‐/RV‐function parameters in patients with an EF ≤ 35% correlating to the primary endpoint. In patients with EF > 35%, standard CMR functional parameters, such as LV‐EF, did not reveal significant differences. However, significant differences in most FT parameters correlating to the primary endpoint were observed in this subgroup. LV‐GLS (left ventricular‐global longitudinal strain) and RV‐GRS (right ventricular‐global radial strain) revealed the best diagnostic performance in ROC curve analysis. The combination of LV‐GLS and RV‐GRS showed a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 76% for the prediction of future events.ConclusionsThe impact of FT derived measurements in the risk stratification of patients with ICM depends on LV function. The combination of LV‐GLS/RV‐GRS seems to be a predictor of cardiovascular mortality and/or appropriate ICD therapy in patients with EF > 35%.
Polymer Based Functional Materials: A New Generation Photo‐active Candidate for Electrochemical Application
Authors: Ghosh Abhisek Brata , Basak Sayan , Bandyopadhyay Abhijit 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis article reviews the successive development of photo‐assisted electrochemical performances using functionalized polymer materials. The photoelectrochemical technologies have already been well‐established as a major tool for generating renewable energy harvesting solar power. In this regard, the research on the generation of new photoactive polymer supported units has drawn remarkable attention to improve the power conversion output and build up low‐cost advanced devices. So, starting from fundamental working principle, we have tried to overview comprehensively the key features of most of these studies, which involve the tactical schemes behind the appropriate selection of different substituents to functionalize the polymer skeleton to achieve an optimal bandgap, challenges faced specially in the index of performance in post synthetic phase, the possible routes to overcome the hurdle, so that it can harvest photons matched with the solar spectrum and of course their relevance in the broad range of application window. Apart from photovoltaic solar cell application, the idea has been logically extended to cover highly selective photoelectrochemical sensing devices,where we have disclosed briefly the role of polymers in designing innovative biosensors, the trend of development along with specific illustrative examples, and some of their successful utilization in real time assay. The overall description is entirely focused on how these strategies have emerged from the background concepts and finally shaped to a viable and significant outcome.