bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Obligations of Public Entities
Authors: Wąsowski Krzysztof 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe author presents the structure and principles which the Polish legislature imposes on public entities in the field of cybersecurity. The analysed regulations cover government authorities, state control authorities, law enforcement authorities, courts (both common and special), local government units and their associations (including metropolitan unions), budgetary units and Budget establishments, executive agencies, budgetary institutions, the Social Insurance Institution (ZUS) and managed funds, the Agricultural Social Insurance Fund (KRUS) and the funds managed by its President, the National Health Found, public universities, and the Polish Academy of Sciences. In addition to these public finance entities, special cybersecurity obligations have been imposed on research institutes, the National Bank of Poland, Bank Gospodarstwa Krajowego (BGK), Office of Technical Inspection (UDT), the Polish Air Navigation Services Agency (PENSA), Polish Centre for Accreditation (PCA), the National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management (NFEP&WM) and the provincial funds, as well as municipal companies. Despite differences in the form of activity (including possession or absence of legal personality), it is commonly agreed that the analysed regulations treat public entities as public administration authorities, at least in the functional sense, as evidenced by the indication that the obligations of public entities should be carried out within the framework of public tasks.
The System of Control and Supervision of Operators of Essential Services, Digital Service Providers and Entities Providing Cybersecurity Services
Authors: Nowikowska Monika 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCyberspace has become a new security environment. Technological progress added a new type of threat to the so-called “physical” threats—“ICT threats”. This entails the need to make numerous changes, both in legal and organisational terms. The considerations undertaken at work are aimed at defining the control and supervision system in the cyberspace environment. The issue of the system of control and supervision of operators of essential services, digital service providers and entities providing services in the field of cybersecurity is an important research issue. The Polish legislators have introduced the principle of supervision over the functioning of the national cybersecurity system, which is exercised by the minister competent for computerisation and competent authorities for cybersecurity. The article discusses the principles of supervision and control adopted in the Act of 5 July 2018 on the National Cybersecurity System in Poland.
Operational Activities and the Right to Privacy
Authors: Chałubińska-Jentkiewicz Katarzyna 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe confidentiality of the services and the lack of external control may lead to excessive autonomy or subjectification of the very purpose of operational activity and failure to exercise due restraint in encroaching on civil rights and liberties. Sometimes, such a situation may result from excessive ideological or political considerations in the operations of the executive authorities. In other words, the secrecy of operational control may lead to abuse. An additional aspect is the development of electronic communication facilities and the related cybercrime. The development of cyberspace requires control activities to be undertaken also in this area. The experience of modern democratic states indicates that the executive power responsible for public security and order, including its subordinate entities conducting operational and reconnaissance activities, has at its disposal resources which, in the name of defending public order, may lead to the destruction of democratic institutions and reduction of civil rights, including privacy rights.
Summary
Authors: Chałubińska-Jentkiewicz Katarzyna 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAn area that has been partially regulated by law, and one that has special prominence in law systems, is cybersecurity. Cybersecurity needs to be considered as an interdisciplinary concept that draws on multiple fields, including various domains of law. But in order to distinguish it from the legal and administrative system as a whole (in relation to the latter especially in organisational and objective terms), and to categorise it and identify regulatory areas, it is necessary to define the scope of activity that this sphere involves (in subjective, objective, functional and organisational terms). Only then will it be possible to systematise the issue of the legal protection of cyberspace.
The New National Security Strategy of the Republic of Poland
Authors: Sobczak Jacek 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe approval of the new security strategy of the Republic of Poland in May 2020 required paying attention to the terminological aspects of the concepts used in this document, as well as to legal issues, which were mainly connected with the problem of whether this act should be formally countersigned or not. An equally important issue was to draw attention to the fact that, in practice, two strategies were being developed in Poland’s legal system—one approved by the President of the Republic of Poland in his decision of May 12, 2020, and the other, which was in the form of a resolution of the Council of Ministers, applicable from 9 April 2013. The current strategy was preceded by earlier strategies and the White Paper on National Security of the Republic of Poland. The strategy of May 12, 2020 is a comprehensive document that sheds light on all elements of national security. Its content addresses such phenomena as hybridity, operation in cyberspace, the need for new technologies, and artificial intelligence.
Interpreting the Flexibilities Under the TRIPS Agreement
Authors: Correa Carlos M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWhile the TRIPS Agreement provides for minimum standards of protection of intellectual property, it leaves certain degree of policy space for WTO members, whether developed or developing countries, to implement the Agreement’s provisions in different manners, to legislate in areas not subject to the minimum standards under the Agreement, and to develop legal interpretations of such provisions to determine the scope and content of the applicable obligations. This paper focuses on some aspects of how panels and the Appellate Body of the WTO have interpreted said provisions. The paper also draws general conclusions for the implementation of TRIPS flexibilities, which are of crucial importance for the design of a pro-competitive intellectual property system and, in particular, for achieving public health objectives, as specifically recognized by the Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health.
Bolar Exception
Authors: Munoz Tellez Viviana 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis chapter discusses the exemption from liability of patent infringement for activities related to regulatory approval for medicines, also known as the “regulatory review” or “Bolar” exception. The Bolar exception supports the market entry of generics by allowing the use of a patented invention by a third party without the consent of the patent holder for the sole purpose of obtaining regulatory approval. This constitutes an important defense for generic manufacturers when undertaking activities such as studies and trials to provide the information required by regulatory agencies. In this regard, the Bolar exception can respond to a public policy objective of facilitating market entry of generics to support competition and exerting downward pressure on prices for medicines. The Bolar exception is included in many country patent laws and is compatible with international legal instruments regarding patent law.
Protection of Clinical Test Data and Public Health: A Proposal to End the Stronghold of Data Exclusivity
Authors: Hoen Ellen ‘t 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTest data demonstrating the efficacy, safety and quality of a medicine is required by drug regulatory agencies before a new treatment obtains marketing approval and can be made available to patients. Because test data can be costly and time-consuming to produce, certain countries have ‘data exclusivity’ regimes that restrict use of test data to the originator company for a period of time. Generic and biosimilar companies rely on originator test data to obtain marketing approval for generic products, so data exclusivity periods can delay entry of lower-cost treatments to the market. While data exclusivity is not required by the World Trade Organization, countries such as the United States and the European Union often push their stronger data exclusivity provisions on other countries through free trade agreements (FTAs). While a small number of countries have waivers to data exclusivity for cases of emergency or other public health need, most do not. This can hamper the timely and affordable availability of needed medicines. Waivers to data exclusivity should be included in legislation to protect public health, and other ways to protect test data against unfair commercial use should be explored.
Onlife Learning Spaces. Handlungsperspektiven hybrider Lernumgebungen an Hochschulen
Authors: Ninnemann Katja 
Published: October 2021

ZusammenfassungIm Kontext der Digitalisierung von Lehr- und Lernprozessen wird mit dem Beitrag das Konzept von Onlife Learning Spaces mit (a) der Veränderung von bestehenden physischen Orten und (b) der Aktivierung von neuen physischen Orten eingeführt. Anhand von Erkenntnissen in einem aktuellen Forschungsprojekt wird aufgezeigt, dass ein ganzheitliches Verständnis des Lernraums Hochschule weit über Fragen zur (Neu-)Gestaltung des Lernraums Campus hinausgeht. Mit dem Aspekt der Lernraumorganisation über Routen und Routinen werden die Notwendigkeit der Konzeption von querliegenden Lernarchitekturen und die damit einhergehenden Herausforderungen und Chancen für lebenslanges Lernen mit zeit- und ortsunabhängigen sowie organisationsübergreifenden Lernraumangeboten dargelegt.
Gaming the System: Neue Perspektiven auf das Lernen
Authors: Bröker Thomas , Voit Thomas , Zinger Benjamin 
Published: October 2021

ZusammenfassungDie Digitalisierung des Lehrens und Lernens wird häufig zu einseitig von den technischen Möglichkeiten angetrieben. Das Potenzial der Digitalisierung bleibt dadurch unerschlossen. Statt sich neue Möglichkeitsräume zu erschließen, verbleiben Hochschulen bei einer digitalen Kopie ihrer selbst. Wir beschreiben in diesem Beitrag ein systematisches Vorgehen, um sich von festgefahrenen Denkweisen zu lösen und stattdessen eine spielerische Haltung einzunehmen. Denn eine digitale Transformation, die sich Spiele zum Vorbild nimmt, könnte das Studieren nicht nur zeit- und ortsunabhängig machen, sondern auch Motor für die Gestaltung motivierender Lern- und Arbeitsgemeinschaften sein.
Anwendbarkeit von QUIKS bei stationär konservativ behandelten Tumorpatienten
Authors: Roch Carmen , Kress Theresa , Erlenwein Joachim , Meissner Winfried , Brede Elmar Marc , van Oorschot Birgitt 
Published: October 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
„Qualitätsverbesserung im konservativen Schmerzmanagement“ (QUIKS), das Modul für nichtoperative Patienten welches an das „QUIPS“-Projekt angelehnt ist, wurde an einer Kohorte Tumorpatienten auf Anwendbarkeit getestet.

Material und Methoden
Prospektiv wurden stationär konservativ behandelte Patienten am Universitätsklinikum Würzburg (UKW) anhand des Ergebnisfragebogens QUIKS zur Qualität der Schmerztherapie befragt (AZ 129/17, Ethikkommission am UKW). Informationen zur Therapie und Demografie wurden dem klinikinternen Dokumentationssystem entnommen.

Ergebnisse
Im Erfassungszeitraum konnten 100 Tumorpatienten aus verschiedenen Kliniken eingeschlossen werden. 74 % der Patienten benötigten Unterstützung bei der Beantwortung des Fragebogens. Funktionelle Einschränkungen oder schmerztherapiebedingte Nebenwirkungen lagen bei 77 % der Patienten vor, im Durchschnitt lagen Schmerzen von 6 auf der numerischen Rating-Skala vor. Die am häufigsten benannten Schmerzentitäten waren Rücken- und Kopfschmerzen. 18 % der Patienten erhielten eine Schmerztherapie mit Opioiden, 26 % mit Nichtopioiden, eine Anpassung der Schmerztherapie erfolgte in 5 % mit Opioiden und in 44 % mit Nichtopioiden, ein Einbezug schmerzmedizinischer Spezialisten erfolgte in 9 %.

Fazit
Die Anwendung des Fragebogens wurde von den Patienten gut akzeptiert, war jedoch mit einem großen Maß an Unterstützung beim Ausfüllen verbunden. Es zeigte sich ein hohes Schmerzniveau während des Krankenhausaufenthalts. Eine Anpassung der Schmerztherapie oder ein Einbezug schmerzmedizinischer Spezialisten erfolgte selten. Die Interpretation bzgl. Aussagen zur Qualität des Schmerzmanagements könnte eingeschränkt sein, da andere (vorbestehende) Schmerzentitäten, wie nichttumorassoziierter Schmerz oder chronischer Tumorschmerz, nicht eindeutig abgrenzbar sind.
Coupling effects between elastic and electromagnetic fields from the perspective of conservation of energy
Authors: Zhou Peng 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCoupling effects among different physical fields reflect the conversion of energies from one field into another substantially. For simple physical processes, their governing or constitutive equations all satisfy the law of conservation of energy (LCE). Then, an analysis is extended to the coupling effects. First, for the linear direct and converse piezoelectric and piezomagnetic effects, their constitutive equations guarantee that the total energy is conserved during the process of energy conversion between the elastic and electromagnetic fields. However, the energies are converted via the work terms, (βijkEi),kvj and (γijkHi),kvj, rather than via the energy terms, βijkEiejk and γijkHiejk. Second, for the generalized Villari effects, the electromagnetic energy can be treated as an extra contribution to the generalized elastic energy. Third, for electrostriction and magnetostriction, both effects are induced by the Maxwell stress. Moreover, their energies are purely electromagnetic and thus both have no converse effects. During these processes, the energies can be converted in three different ways, i.e., via the non-potential forces, via the cross-dependence of the energy terms, and directly via the electromagnetic interactions of ions and electrons. In the end, the general coupling processes which involve elastic, electromagnetic fields and diffusion are also analyzed. The advantages of using this energy formulation are that it facilitates discussion of the conversion of energies and provides better physical insights into the mechanisms of these coupling effects.
Problematic Online Buying-Shopping: Is it Time to Considering the Concept of an Online Subtype of Compulsive Buying-Shopping Disorder or a Specific Internet-Use Disorder?
Authors: Müller Astrid , Laskowski Nora M. , Wegmann Elisa , Steins-Loeber Sabine , Brand Matthias 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Purpose of Review
Problematic online buying-shopping became a recent research topic, and the question arises as to whether it would be useful to differentiate between a “predominantly online” and a “predominantly offline” compulsive buying-shopping disorder (CBSD) subtype by analogy with gaming disorder and gambling disorder in the ICD-11. This narrative review aims at reflecting the discussions on overlaps of problematic online buying-shopping with both offline CBSD and specific internet-use disorders.

Recent Findings
Preliminary data suggest that problematic online buying-shopping shares many commonalities with both offline CBSD and potential specific internet-use disorders (e.g., gaming disorder, pornography-use disorder, or social-network–use disorder). However, there is a lack of research addressing the etiology, underlying affective and cognitive mechanisms, psychosocial correlates, comorbidity profiles, and treatment of problematic online buying-shopping.

Summary
The question of whether online CBSD can develop independently from offline CBSD or only as medial transformation of offline CBSD still remains unanswered due to limited research on problematic online buying-shopping. Both perspectives are conceivable: that online CBSD represents a standalone specific internet-use disorder or the online subtype of CBSD. Future studies should examine which approach has clinical utility and indicates specific treatment options and better outcomes.
Bias, awareness, and ignorance in deep-learning-based face recognition
Authors: Wehrli Samuel , Hertweck Corinna , Amirian Mohammadreza , Glüge Stefan , Stadelmann Thilo 
Published: October 2021

AbstractFace Recognition (FR) is increasingly influencing our lives: we use it to unlock our phones; police uses it to identify suspects. Two main concerns are associated with this increase in facial recognition: (1) the fact that these systems are typically less accurate for marginalized groups, which can be described as “bias”, and (2) the increased surveillance through these systems. Our paper is concerned with the first issue. Specifically, we explore an intuitive technique for reducing this bias, namely “blinding” models to sensitive features, such as gender or race, and show why this cannot be equated with reducing bias. Even when not designed for this task, facial recognition models can deduce sensitive features, such as gender or race, from pictures of faces—simply because they are trained to determine the “similarity” of pictures. This means that people with similar skin tones, similar hair length, etc. will be seen as similar by facial recognition models. When confronted with biased decision-making by humans, one approach taken in job application screening is to “blind” the human decision-makers to sensitive attributes such as gender and race by not showing pictures of the applicants. Based on a similar idea, one might think that if facial recognition models were less aware of these sensitive features, the difference in accuracy between groups would decrease. We evaluate this assumption—which has already penetrated into the scientific literature as a valid de-biasing method—by measuring how “aware” models are of sensitive features and correlating this with differences in accuracy. In particular, we blind pre-trained models to make them less aware of sensitive attributes. We find that awareness and accuracy do not positively correlate, i.e., that bias$$\ne$$
≠
awareness. In fact, blinding barely affects accuracy in our experiments. The seemingly simple solution of decreasing bias in facial recognition rates by reducing awareness of sensitive features does thus not work in practice: trying to ignore sensitive attributes is not a viable concept for less biased FR.
Trainee–trainer outcomes in mastoid surgery: a comparative study
Authors: Flynn MF , Sheldon A , Bannister M 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundMastoid exploration remains an advanced, mainstay operation within ENT, in which the surgical trainees’ role has been debated. This audit compares mastoid exploration outcomes between trainees and consultants.MethodsCortical mastoidectomy, atticotomy, atticoantrostomy, modified radical mastoidectomy, combined-approach tympanoplasty and revision mastoidectomy operations performed between 2009 and 2020 were reviewed. Complications assessed were: facial palsy, labyrinth injury, dead ear, disease recurrence and time to recurrence. The chi-square test was used to determine significant associations.ResultsA total of 118 operations were surveyed. Thirty-five per cent of procedures (n = 41) were performed by trainees under supervision, and 65 per cent (n = 77) were carried out solely by consultants. Patients from 5 per cent of trainees’ operations (n = 2) developed recurrence, compared with 7.8 per cent of consultants’ (n = 6) (p = 0.55). No other complications developed in either group.ConclusionThe results corroborate those of other studies, indicating no significant increase in complication rate from consultants to trainees. Trainees likely completed less complicated cases. The stepwise incorporation of trainees did not compromise patient safety.
Unexpected River Water Quality Deterioration Due to Stormwater Management in an Urbanizing Watershed
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyue , Chen Lei , Liu Guowangchen , Yu Yu , Ma Yukun , Shen Zhenyao 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSustainable stormwater management (SSM) has gained global interests to solve both on‐site and off‐site downstream water problems. However, current structural SSM practices are often limited to small scales and their impacts on river water quality have not been fully understood. In this study, we have quantified watershed responses to SSM via multiyear monitoring and integrated modeling in an urbanizing watershed in China, while five scenarios (baseline, current SSM, improved SSM, future traditional urban development, and future improved SSM scenarios) were comparatively analyzed. The results showed that water quality of ammonia nitrogen (NH3‐N), total phosphorus (TP), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and suspended solid (SS) would deteriorate by both traditional urban development and current SSM design. Compared to other pollutants, NH3‐N and TP showed greatest deterioration by current SSM due to disproportionate management of on‐site runoff quantity‐related and quality‐related problems. Comparatively, the improved SSM design, which incorporated watershed responses into consideration, would reduce current concentrations of NH3‐N, TP, COD, and SS by 0–53.85%, 8.16–38.84%, 23.07–61.03%, and 68.82–77.82%, respectively; and improve water quality by 60–80% in future SMM scenario. Priority management and stricter objectives should be given to those urbanizing regions at the watershed scale. The results of this study should be used as references for future SSM design as well as water resource protection.
Quality control methods in musculoskeletal tissue engineering: from imaging to biosensors
Authors: Zuncheddu Daniele , Della Bella Elena , Schwab Andrea , Petta Dalila , Rocchitta Gaia , Generelli Silvia , Kurth Felix , Parrilli Annapaola , Verrier Sophie , Rau Julietta V. , Fosca Marco , Maioli Margherita , Serra Pier Andrea , Alini Mauro , Redl Heinz , Grad Sibylle , Basoli Valentina 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTissue engineering is rapidly progressing toward clinical application. In the musculoskeletal field, there has been an increasing necessity for bone and cartilage replacement. Despite the promising translational potential of tissue engineering approaches, careful attention should be given to the quality of developed constructs to increase the real applicability to patients. After a general introduction to musculoskeletal tissue engineering, this narrative review aims to offer an overview of methods, starting from classical techniques, such as gene expression analysis and histology, to less common methods, such as Raman spectroscopy, microcomputed tomography, and biosensors, that can be employed to assess the quality of constructs in terms of viability, morphology, or matrix deposition. A particular emphasis is given to standards and good practices (GXP), which can be applicable in different sectors. Moreover, a classification of the methods into destructive, noninvasive, or conservative based on the possible further development of a preimplant quality monitoring system is proposed. Biosensors in musculoskeletal tissue engineering have not yet been used but have been proposed as a novel technology that can be exploited with numerous advantages, including minimal invasiveness, making them suitable for the development of preimplant quality control systems.