bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ambition
Authors: Rhode Deborah L. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Ambition is a dominant force in human civilization, driving its greatest achievements and most horrific abuses. Our striving has brought art, airplanes, and antibiotics, as well as wars, genocide, and despotism. This mixed record raises obvious concerns about how we can channel ambition in the most productive directions. To that end, the book begins by exploring three central focuses of ambition: recognition, power, and money. It argues that an excessive preoccupation with these external markers for success can be self-defeating for individuals and toxic for society. Discussion then shifts to the obstacles to constructive ambition and the consequences when ambitions are skewed or blocked by inequality and identity-related characteristics such as gender, race, class, and national origin. Attention also centers on the ways that families, schools, and colleges might play a more effective role in developing positive ambition. The book concludes with an exploration of what sorts of ambitions contribute to sustained well-being. Contemporary research makes clear that even from a purely self-interested perspective, individuals would do well to strive for some goals that transcend the self. Pursuing objectives that have intrinsic value, such as building relationships and contributing to society, generally brings greater fulfillment than chasing extrinsic rewards such as wealth, power, and fame. And society benefits when ambitions for self-advancement do not crowd out efforts for the common good. The hope is to prompt readers to reconsider where their ambitions are leading and whether that destination reflects their deepest needs and highest aspirations.
Money
Authors: Rhode Deborah L. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Money is a key driver of ambition, not only for the financial wants that it satisfies but also for the power and status that it confers. This is particularly true in intensely materialistic societies such as that of the United States. When asked what single thing would be most likely to make them happier, a majority of Americans answer “more money.” A vast body of research suggests they are generally wrong, and this chapter explores why. Contrary to conventional wisdom, increases in wealth above a relatively modest standard of living do not bring corresponding increases in satisfaction. Luxury purchases may bring momentary pleasure but not meaning. And a preoccupation with accumulating and displaying wealth fuels corruption, cheating, inequality, and squandering of the world’s finite resources. The chapter also notes problems with “social ego” philanthropy, which is designed to serve donors’ interests better than the causes they aim to advance.
Moth Spit
Authors: Wiedenmann Robert N. , Fisher J. Ray 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews how silk, the fabric of royalty, begins as threads of sticky secretions from a moth’s salivary glands—moth spit, in other words. But not just any moth, the domestic silkworm, the result of centuries of selective breeding of the ancestral wild silk moth. As the chapter explains, silk is produced today in much the same way as it was thousands of years ago when Chinese households formed a network of producers. It also shows how silk, although just one fabric with a long history, was for centuries reserved for royalty. Its beauty and appeal led to uses that ranged from robes created for emperors to serving as currency, literally worth its weight in gold and used to pay for both fealty and extortion. The story of silk is the story of humanity.
The Plague, One More Time
Authors: Wiedenmann Robert N. , Fisher J. Ray 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers arthropod-borne diseases, which will affect nearly everyone in some way. Viruses transmitted by mosquitos include Zika virus and those causing West Nile, dengue, Rift Valley, and yellow fevers. Other diseases transmitted by insects include malaria, typhus, and plague. Some diseases, such as plague, are zoonotic—diseases that naturally occur in wildlife, but are transmitted to and kill humans. The chapter also reviews efforts to eliminate or reduce the incidence of plague epidemics, some of which generated large-scale projects, such as the Soviet Anti-Plague Institute, that sought unsuccessfully to eradicate rodents and their fleas over a broad area, while others tried to use plague as a bioweapon. The 20th-Century Japanese bioweapon program, called Unit 731, used insects as vectors to initiate epidemics of plague, cholera, and dysentery, killing hundreds of thousands of soldiers and civilians during the Sino-Japanese War and World War II.
Yellow Fever in the United States
Authors: Wiedenmann Robert N. , Fisher J. Ray 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on yellow fever, which inspired dread in the United States when epidemics occurred in the 1700s and 1800s. The 1878 epidemic in Memphis, Tennessee, triggered an exodus from the city of frightened people who often took the disease with them and resulted in the deaths of an estimated 20,000 people in the southern United States. As the chapter relates, the cause of the disease was unknown at the time, bringing fear and ineffective attempts to prevent or cure it. An early effort in biowarfare even attempted, unsuccessfully, to use clothing soiled by yellow fever victims to infect President Abraham Lincoln. The chapter goes on to describe how yellow fever, classified as a flavivirus, is transmitted by Aedes aegypti, both native to East Africa. Yellow fever arrived in the Americas because of a sequence of unlikely events that allowed the mosquito, virus, and susceptible victims to be transported to there on slave ships, a sequence traceable to the Silk Roads.
William Crawford Gorgas and the Panama Canal
Authors: Wiedenmann Robert N. , Fisher J. Ray 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter relates how yellow fever continued to cause casualties during the US occupation after the Spanish-American War ended and how Major William Crawford Gorgas created a successful strategy to eliminate the disease from Cuba by attacking mosquito breeding sites. It goes on to tell the story of the plan to link the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, proposed earlier that century, with the Panama Railroad transporting military goods and soldiers, plus those seeking gold in California. A canal was proposed, but the first, French effort to build it cost hundreds of millions of dollars and tens of thousands of workers’ lives lost before capitulating to yellow fever in 1889. Subsequent US construction, begun in 1904, was soon threatened by disease. When Colonel Gorgas brought his yellow fever control plan to Panama he faced criticism from his superiors but gained the support of President Theodore Roosevelt. The chapter relates how his plan, though seemingly improbable, worked, defeating yellow fever, saving countless lives, and allowing the completion of the canal.
Introduction
Authors: Thomas George 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The Introduction reveals that all constitutional interpretation rests on unwritten ideas, and that debates about these unwritten ideas are the real source of our disputes about how to faithfully interpret the Constitution. Beginning with the most prominent Supreme Court justices who argue for textualism and originalism, the Introduction makes visible the unwritten ideas that frame their understanding of America’s written Constitution. It also reveals an important split between the political and judicial understanding and practice of interpretation based on the text and original meaning of the Constitution and the scholarly disquisition around originalism and textualism. While scholarly advocates of textualism and originalism recognize the importance of constructing constitutional meaning from sparse text, this move is denied by judges and political defenders of originalism.
Justifying Revolution
Authors: Steward Gary L. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This work explores the patriot clergymen’s arguments for the legitimacy of political resistance to the British in the early stages of the American Revolution. It reconstructs the historical and theological background of the colonial clergymen, showing the continued impact that Stuart absolutism and Reformed resistance theory had on their political theology. As a corrective to previous scholarship, this work argues that the American clergymen’s rationale for political resistance in the eighteenth century developed in general continuity with a broad strand of Protestant thought in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The arguments of Jonathan Mayhew and John Witherspoon are highlighted, along with a wide range of Whig clergyman on both sides of the Atlantic. The agreement that many British clergymen had with their colonial counterparts challenges the view that the American Revolution emerged from distinctly American modes of thought.
The New Hermeneutics
Authors: Bronner Yigal 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the response to Vyāsatīrtha by Appayya Dīkṣita, one of India’s most influential intellectuals in the sixteenth century. In his Power of the Opening (Upakramaparākrama), Appayya Dīkṣita responds to Vyāsatīrtha’s case law argument by showing that each case Vyāsatīrtha presents as decided by the power of the closing is really decided by some other factor. He then proceeds to develop a new cognitive model of interpretation based on a set of hermeneutic (and sometimes psychological) needs, in which sequence plays hardly any part. While ostensibly defending the traditional position of Mīmāṃsā, Appayya Dīkṣita can be seen as undermining it, rendering the whole question of sequence moot. He also brings the debate back home to Vedānta interpretive cases. In doing so, he constructs for the first time a general defense of the entire body of existing Vedānta and Mīmāṃsā, leaving only the Dualists out in the cold.
Origins
Authors: Coker Christopher 
Published: September 2021

Human beings began hunting each other after dispatching the competition – the megafauna that once roamed the planet. From prey we became the Alpha predator. War has its origins in hunting, and the other criteria which distinguishes as a species – the use of language, the capacity for sacrifice and altruism; the use of tools and the ability to bind socially with small communities from clans to tribes which also encourages us of course to separate insiders from outsiders. It owes much to the very human interplay of nature and nurture, and the way in which humans ha e gendered war from the very beginning. Above all, we are still lumbered with the brains of our Stone Age ancestors which is why evolutionary psychologists argue that we are so maladapted to the world in which we live
Doctrinal Contest II
Authors: Walter Ryan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter continues the study of the doctrinal contest between Malthus and Ricardo by turning to the central topic of rent. Ricardo’s treatment of rent in his Principles developed the account that he had earlier established in his Essay on Profits by combining it with his theory of value. So armed, Ricardo could intensify his attack on the landlord class as parasitic on the nation’s wealth. At the same time, Smith and Malthus were subjected to doctrinal correction. Malthus’s reply drew on the formidable resources of natural theology to portray rent as a dispensation from God, while he simultaneously characterized Ricardo as a reckless theorist whose doctrines could endanger political harmony. Once again, what at first sight appears to have been a dry doctrinal contest was in fact an intensely political and ethical confrontation.
Conclusion
Authors: Walter Ryan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This Conclusion closes the study by summarizing the account of political economy that has been developed, which is intended to replace the standard accounts of ‘classical political economy’. The premise motivating this alternative account is that it is unacceptable to simply assume that classical political economy existed. By studying the major controversies of the period, the forms of argument active in them, and the reception of Smith’s Wealth of Nations in the doctrinal contests between Malthus and Ricardo, it was not possible to support the claim that such a unity existed. Instead, the evidence suggests that political economy was an ill-defined staging ground for contests spilling out of parliamentary debate. This is why the vast majority of texts represent attempts to supervene on policy. These texts—including those by Malthus and Ricardo—were almost always produced using ready-to-hand concepts and instruments. That is, political economy was constructed with great freedom, without intellectual specialization, and in dialogue with the controversies of the day. Moreover, it did not possess its own vocabulary or methods and was even construed as a species of political metaphysics of the same type thought to have caused the French Revolution. In such a context, theoretical speculation concerning commercial life was neither a prestigious nor an accepted form of behaviour, and both Malthus and Ricardo went to elaborate lengths to justify ‘theory’. This circumstance represents a major discontinuity between their time and ours.
Taking Plurals at Face Value
Authors: Florio Salvatore , Linnebo Øystein 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Plural logic is a logical system in which plural terms and predicates figure as primitive expressions alongside the singular resources of ordinary first-order logic. The philosophical significance of this system depends on two of its alleged features: being pure logic and providing more expressive power than first-order logic. This chapter first introduces the language and axioms of plural logic and then analyzes this logic’s main philosophical applications in metaphysics, philosophy of mathematics, and semantics.
The Refutation of Singularism?
Authors: Florio Salvatore , Linnebo Øystein 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Traditional analyses of plurals tended to eliminate plural expressions in favor of singular ones. These “singularist” analyses have recently faced many objections, which are intended to provide indirect support for the alternative analysis provided by plural logic. This chapter evaluates four such objections and concludes that they are less compelling than is often assumed. This conclusion is borne out by a close examination of various plural versions of Cantor’s theorem.
Intellectual Property, Human Rights, and Methodological Reflections
Authors: Yu Peter K. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter reflects on the methodological choices one could make in the area of intellectual property and human rights. Drawing on the author’s prior works on the development of a human rights framework for intellectual property, the chapter explores three methodological choices: (1) the choice between a positivist and philosophical conception of human rights; (2) the choice between historical and evolutive interpretations of human rights instruments; and (3) the choice of developing a layered hierarchical structure to systematically analyse the myriad human rights interests involved and their interplay. The chapter’s focus on these choices not only highlights the strengths and limitations of each methodological approach, but also provides first-hand insights into how researchers select their methods and approaches.
The Relevance of Criminal Law in Intellectual Property Law Research
Authors: Sharma Ajay K , Dube Dipa 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Intellectual property (IP) law protects the private rights of owners, while criminal law secures the public interests, for harm to the society. In the present technology-driven society, magnitude of IP violations, particularly, in the form of counterfeiting, etc. affect the interests of the general public, calling for the application of criminal law to ensure stringent IP protection. The intersection of IP and criminal law remains controversial, yet significant, as it is in the interest of those in the field to examine the provisions beyond the scope of private right regime, as a public policy that can have a direct impact on public interests. This chapter analyses the intersection of criminal law and IP through a blend of exploratory and analytical methods. First, the authors situate the criminal law discussion in the domain of IP rights and examine how far the elements of crime may be identified in IP violations. Second, the concept of economic crimes as distinct from conventional crimes is discussed. In this regard, the laws of India, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US) are examined, along with the most recent international developments, to show the trend towards criminal enforcement as the best possible protection for legitimate businesses and consumers. The chapter leaves much scope for future work whereby a balanced response to counter IP violations may be designed to benefit innovation and development.
Intellectual Property Law and Geography
Authors: Trimble Marketa 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Geography contributes knowledge and novel perspectives to other fields, including law in general and intellectual property (IP) law in particular. This chapter explores ‘law and geography’ as a research prism through which scholars examine the interactions of findings in law and geography to study the confluence of geographical, legal, and myriad other social phenomena. The chapter reviews the history of ‘law and geography’ and delineates its contours while highlighting the differences between ‘geography in law’ and ‘law in geography’. It identifies examples of the research prism in IP law research and concludes that, regrettably, research in ‘law and geography’ in the strict sense remains rare, including in ‘IP law and geography’.
A Post-Colonial Framework for Researching Intellectual Property History
Authors: Birnhack Michael 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Most of the literature on intellectual property (IP) legal history focuses on Western IP norms and ideas, especially British, American, and former British colonies. This chapter adds critical questions, in the context of imperialism and colonialism, namely, a post-colonial view of IP. As the Empires of the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, especially the British Empire, extended their global reach, they applied their own IP law in the new territories they controlled. They did so mostly for their own benefit. Thus far, most IP history was told from the colonizers’ perspective. This chapter argues for the inclusion of the colonized perspective and offers a conceptual research framework. Colonial IP lies at the intersection of: (1) a critical approach to legal transplants that views it as a process and interaction of foreign law and local laws and norms; (2) applied in a colonial setting; and (3) taking into account IP’s unique features. This framework offers a critical stance that is aware of the multiplicity of voices, and builds on lessons from the study of law and society about gaps between the law in the books and the law in practice, about the social construction of the law, and the powers at stake. It enables us to be sceptical of the official history and is a post-colonial approach to IP. Along the discussion, I provide some examples, mostly from copyright and trademark law in Mandate Palestine (1922–1948).
Intellectual Property and Semiotics: The Signs of the Times
Authors: Tan David 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Cultural perspectives on law are a growing part of contemporary legal scholarship and, in particular, semiotics has been argued in interdisciplinary legal scholarship on intellectual property (IP) to be helpful in illuminating some of the intractable issues encountered in the laws governing copyright, trademarks, and the right of publicity. Semiotics seeks to understand the operation of a given system or process by observing the function of signification, expression, representation, and communication. Famous trademarks, well-known copyrighted works, and celebrity personalities can function like Barthesian myths with universal ideological codings that are recognized globally, enabling them to be read as polysemous texts that invite playful semiotic recodings and post-structural disruptions. The invocation of semiotics in the study of IP signs is intimately intertwined with the freedom of speech. Semiotic readings of IP signs invite us to enter a world of possibilities that explore a more nuanced interpretation of legal doctrine and legislative provisions.
Critical Race Theory as Intellectual Property Methodology
Authors: Vats Anjali , Keller Deidré A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers how the guiding principles of Critical Race Theory (CRT) can inform the study of race in the context of intellectual property (IP) law. The first part of the chapter traces the origins and tenets of CRT. It then explores the interdisciplinary movement’s core methods, which are aimed at centring race and racism as objects of study. The second part of the chapter turns to the origins, tenets, and methods of Critical Race Intellectual Property, which we define as an interdisciplinary movement of scholars connected by their focus on the racial and colonial non-neutrality of intellectual property law using principles informed by CRT. The chapter concludes with an examination of two books about India and intellectual property law through which researchers can understand how existing scholarship can more deeply engage with questions of race.
Divergent Methodological Approaches to Intellectual Property in Mixed Jurisdiction Countries
Authors: Azmi Ida Madieha Abdul Ghani 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
For more than three decades, researchers examining intellectual property (IP) from Shari’ah perspectives adopted a variety of methodologies to determine the legitimacy of intellectual property rights, its subject matter, beneficiaries, and the scope of the exclusive rights. At times, more than one methodology is adopted to give a broader perspective of the enquiry. The adoption of a multiplicity of tools is not surprising as traditional fiqh scholars often relied on a variety of tools to extract reasoning from the primary sources of the Shari’ah, i.e. Quran and Sunnah. These research methodologies range from the traditional fiqhi approach developed since early days of Muslim scholarship. In recent times, Muslim scholars have moved to more contemporary approaches, for example maqasid (higher objectives of the Shari’ah) or developmental approach to examining the perimeters of intellectual property right, particularly when strong private rights may impinge public interest. This chapter examines the divergent methodological approaches adopted by these researchers and questions whether these approaches can be adopted to examine beyond the legitimacy in these scope of intellectual property rights.
Specificity
Authors: Schmid-Hempel Paul 
Published: September 2021

Abstractinfect a number of host species. This host range is given by an ecological filter (the possibility of encounter) and a physiological one (the capacity of establishing an infection). Host ranges typically are right-skewed, with most parasites infecting only a few, but few infecting very many hosts. There is no universally valid hypothesis that explains host range. However, a number of factors contribute to host range, such as geographical range, phylogenetic distance, host predictability, and parasite virulence. Specificity and cross-reactivity of immune defences are important mechanisms. Moreover, immune memory is based on specificity; transgenerational immune priming protects offspring when parents have already been exposed to the same or similar parasites.