bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atrial-paced, exercise-similar heart rate envelope induces myocardial protection from ischaemic injury
Authors: Zhu Zhiyong , Gao Zhan , Chen Biyi , Hall Duane D , Minerath Rachel , Koval Olha , Sierra Ana , Subbotina Ekaterina , Zhu Xiaoyi , Kim Young Rae , Yang Jun , Grumbach Isabella , Irani Kaikobad , Grueter Chad , Song Long Sheng , Hodgson-Zingman Denice M , Zingman Leonid V 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Aims
The study investigates the role and mechanisms of clinically translatable exercise heart rate (HR) envelope effects, without dyssynchrony, on myocardial ischaemia tolerance compared to standard preconditioning methods. Since the magnitude and duration of exercise HR acceleration are tightly correlated with beneficial cardiac outcomes, it is hypothesized that a paced exercise-similar HR envelope, delivered in a maximally physiologic way that avoids the toxic effects of chamber dyssynchrony, may be more than simply a readout, but rather also a significant trigger of myocardial conditioning and stress resistance.

Methods and results
For 8 days over 2 weeks, sedated mice were atrial-paced once daily via an oesophageal electrode to deliver an exercise-similar HR pattern with preserved atrioventricular and interventricular synchrony. Effects on cardiac calcium handling, protein expression/modification, and tolerance to ischaemia–reperfusion (IR) injury were assessed and compared to those in sham-paced mice and to the effects of exercise and ischaemic preconditioning (IPC). The paced cohort displayed improved myocardial IR injury tolerance vs. sham controls with an effect size similar to that afforded by treadmill exercise or IPC. Hearts from paced mice displayed changes in Ca2+ handling, coupled with changes in phosphorylation of calcium/calmodulin protein kinase II, phospholamban and ryanodine receptor channel, and transcriptional remodelling associated with a cardioprotective paradigm.

Conclusions
The HR pattern of exercise, delivered by atrial pacing that preserves intracardiac synchrony, induces cardiac conditioning and enhances ischaemic stress resistance. This identifies the HR pattern as a signal for conditioning and suggests the potential to repurpose atrial pacing for cardioprotection.
Weight gain and lifestyle factors in women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Awoke Mamaru Ayenew , Earnest Arul , Joham Anju E , Hodge Allison M , Teede Helena J , Brown Wendy J , Moran Lisa J 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSTUDY QUESTIONDo extrinsic factors including lifestyle, psychosocial factors and healthcare professional engagement independently contribute to weight gain in women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?SUMMARY ANSWERWomen with PCOS had a higher rate of weight gain than women without PCOS which was most marked in those with unhealthy lifestyles.WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADYWomen with PCOS have a higher prevalence of overweight/obesity and greater weight gain than women without PCOS. The association of lifestyle factors with weight change in PCOS is not known.STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATIONThe study was a population-based observational study with data collected from seven surveys over 19 years (N = 14 127; Survey 1) involving women with and without PCOS.PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODSWe used data from the 1973–1978 birth cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health.MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCEWomen with PCOS gained more weight annually (0.26 kg/year; 95% CI 0.12, 0.39; P &lt; 0.0001) and over 19 years (4.62 kg; 95% CI 3.04, 6.21; P &lt; 0.0001) than women without PCOS (adjusted analyses). For all women, there were positive associations between weight gain and energy intake, sitting time and stress; inverse associations with fibre intake and physical activity (PA); and no associations with diet quality, glycaemic index, healthcare utilization, depression or anxiety. There were interactions between lifestyle factors (energy intake P = 0.006, glycaemic index P = 0.025, sitting time P = 0.041 and PA P = 0.021), PCOS status and time such that weight gain varied between women with and without PCOS according to these factors.LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTIONThe limitations of this study include the use of self-reported measures such as diet, PA, sitting time, psychological factors and health care utilization.WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGSWhile women with PCOS are more prone to weight gain, lifestyle factors have a more profound impact on weight gain in women with PCOS than without PCOS. These study findings have implications for understanding the mechanisms of weight gain in women with PCOS. They also highlight the importance of early lifestyle intervention as soon as PCOS is diagnosed to address modifiable extrinsic factors and prevent excess weight gain and worsening of the clinical features of PCOS.STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)M.A.A. is funded by the Monash International Tuition Scholarship and Monash Graduate Scholarship and L.J.M. is funded by a National Heart Foundation Future Leader Fellowship. The authors declared no conflict of interest.TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERN/A.
Azithromycin in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Ayerbe Luis , Risco-Risco Carlos , Forgnone Ivo , Pérez-Piñar Maria , Ayis Salma 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
Azithromycin has been widely used in the management of COVID-19. However, the evidence on its actual effects remains disperse and difficult to apply in clinical settings. This systematic review and meta-analysis summarizes the available evidence to date on the beneficial and adverse effects of azithromycin in patients with COVID-19.

Methods
The PRISMA 2020 statement criteria were followed. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies comparing clinical outcomes of patients treated with and without azithromycin, indexed until 5 July 2021, were searched in PubMed, Embase, The Web of Science, Scopus, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and MedRXivs. We used random-effects models to estimate pooled effect size from aggregate data.

Results
The initial search produced 4950 results. Finally, 16 studies, 5 RCTs and 11 with an observational design, with a total of 22 984 patients, were included. The meta-analysis showed no difference in mortality for those treated with or without azithromycin, in observational studies [OR: 0.90 (0.66–1.24)], RCTs [OR: 0.97 (0.87–1.08)] and also when both types of studies were pooled together [with an overall OR: 0.95 (0.79–1.13)]. Different individual studies also reported no significant difference for those treated with or without azithromycin in need for hospital admission or time to admission from ambulatory settings, clinical severity, need for intensive care, or adverse effects.

Conclusions
The results presented in this systematic review do not support the use of azithromycin in the management of COVID-19. Future research on treatment for patients with COVID-19 may need to focus on other drugs.
Opportunities to enhance antibiotic stewardship: colistin use and outcomes in a low-resource setting
Authors: Moolla Muhammad S , Whitelaw Andrew , Decloedt Eric H , Koegelenberg Coenraad F N , Parker Arifa 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
Colistin use is increasing with the rise in MDR Gram-negative infections globally. Effective antibiotic stewardship is essential to preserve this antibiotic of last resort.

Objectives
This study investigated stewardship and safety errors related to colistin use to identify opportunities for improvement.

Patients and methods
A prospective descriptive study involving all patients 13 years and older treated with colistin at a tertiary hospital in Cape Town, South Africa, between August 2018 and June 2019. We collected clinical, laboratory and outcome data and assessed provided treatment for stewardship and safety errors.

Results
We included 44 patients. Treatment errors were identified for 34 (77%) patients (median = 1), most commonly inadequate monitoring of renal function (N = 16, 32%). We also identified no rational indication for colistin (N = 9, 20%), loading dose error (N = 12, 27%); maintenance dose error (N = 10, 23%); no prior culture (N = 11, 25%); and failure to de-escalate (2 of 9) or adjust dose to changes in renal function (6 of 15). All cause in-hospital mortality was 47%. Amongst survivors, median ICU stay was 6 days and hospital stay more than 30 days. Eight (18%) patients developed renal injury or failure during treatment. Three (7%) patients in this study were found to have colistin-resistant organisms including two prior to colistin exposure.

Conclusions
This study has identified opportunities to enhance colistin stewardship and improve efficacy and safety of prescription. The appearance of colistin-resistant organisms reinforces the urgent need to ensure effective and appropriate use of colistin.
Chemotyping of ∆8-THC-Containing e-Liquids Analyzed during the 2019–2020 New York State EVALI Investigation
Authors: Duffy Bryan C , Li Lingyun , Lu Shijun , Dittmar Mark A , Delaney-Baldwin Em , Durocher Lorie A , Spink David C 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The investigation of the 2019–2020 E-cigarette or Vaping Product Use-Associated Lung Injury (EVALI) outbreak in New York State provided a unique opportunity to examine the formulations and chemical components found in clandestine cannabis-containing e-liquids. In this EVALI investigation, it was determined that an unusually high proportion (16%) of the cannabis e-liquids analyzed contained significant levels of ∆8-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆8-THC). Although not thought to be the causative agent in the outbreak, the manufacturing origin of vaping e-liquids containing large concentrations of ∆8-THC was of great interest, since high ∆8-THC concentrations are not observed in the extracts of common cannabis strains. A principal component analysis of multiple cannabinoid concentrations revealed clusters of similar or identical ∆8-THC-containing products. This technique may be useful in identifying common manufacturing sources in this and future investigations. Several possible manufacturing methods to enrich ∆8-THC appear in literature and are discussed based on their likelihood as sources of this cannabinoid in these samples from the EVALI investigation. The presence of high levels of ∆8-THC in numerous illicit vaping products may implicate cannabidiol, which is readily available at low cost, as its synthetic precursor.
Initial Results of the American Burn Association Observational Multicenter Evaluation on the Effectiveness of the Burn Navigator
Authors: Rizzo Julie A , Liu Nehemiah T , Coates Elsa C , Serio-Melvin Maria L , Foster Kevin N , Shabbir Misbah , Pham Tam N , Salinas Jose 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objective of this multicenter observational study was to evaluate resuscitation volumes and outcomes of patients who underwent fluid resuscitation utilizing the Burn Navigator (BN), a resuscitation clinical decision support tool. Two analyses were performed: examination of the first 24 hours of resuscitation and the first 24 hours postburn regardless of when the resuscitation began, to account for patients who presented in a delayed fashion. Patients were classified as having followed the BN (FBN) if all hourly fluid rates were within ±20 ml of BN recommendations for that hour at least 83% of the time; otherwise, they were classified as not having followed BN (NFBN). Analysis of resuscitation volumes for FBN patients in the first 24 hours resulted in average volumes for primary crystalloid and total fluids administered of 4.07 ± 1.76 ml/kg/TBSA (151.48 ± 77.46 ml/kg) and 4.68 ± 2.06 ml/kg/TBSA (175.01 ± 92.22 ml/kg), respectively. Patients who presented in a delayed fashion revealed average volumes for primary and total fluids of 5.28 ± 2.54 ml/kg/TBSA (201.11 ± 106.53 ml/kg) and 6.35 ± 2.95 ml/kg/TBSA (244.08 ± 133.5 ml/kg), respectively. There was a significant decrease in the incidence of burn shock in the FBN group (P &lt; .05). This study shows that the BN provides comparable resuscitation volumes of primary crystalloid fluid to the Parkland formula, recommends total fluid infusion less than the Ivy index, and was associated with a decreased incidence of burn shock. Early initiation of the BN device resulted in lower overall fluid volumes.
FBBVA Lecture 2020Exposure, Experience, and Expertise: Why Personal Histories Matter in Economics
Authors: Malmendier Ulrike 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPersonal experiences of economic outcomes, from global financial crises to individual-level job losses, can shape individual beliefs, risk attitudes, and choices for years to come. A growing literature on experience effects shows that individuals act as if past outcomes that they experienced were overly likely to occur again, even if they are fully informed about the actual likelihood. This reaction to past experiences is long-lasting though it decays over time as individuals accumulate new experiences. Modern brain science helps understand these processes. Evidence on neural plasticity reveals that personal experiences and learning alter the strength of neural connections and fine-tune the brain structure to those past experiences (“use-dependent brain”). I show that experience effects help understand belief formation and decision-making in a wide range of economic applications, including inflation, home purchases, mortgage choices, and consumption expenditures. I argue that experience-based learning is broadly applicable to economic decision-making and discuss topics for future research in education, health, race, and gender economics.
Presidential Address 2020 Suboptimal Climate Policy
Authors: Hassler John , Krusell Per , Olovsson Conny 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
There is a scientific consensus that human activities, in the form of emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, cause global warming. These emissions mostly occur in the marketplace, that is, they are undertaken by private individuals and firms. Governments seeking to curb emissions thus need to design policies that influence market behavior in the direction of their goals. Economists refer to Pigou taxation as “the” solution here, since the case of global warming can be seen as a pure (negative) externality. We agree. However, given the reluctance of policymakers to agree with us, there is an urgent need to consider, and compare, suboptimal policies. In this paper, we look at one such instance: setting a global tax on carbon at the wrong level. How costly are different errors? Since there is much uncertainty about how much climate change there will be, and how damaging it is when it occurs, ex-post errors will most likely be made. We compare different kinds of errors qualitatively and quantitatively and find that policy errors based on over-pessimistic views on climate change are much less costly than those made based on over-optimism. This finding is an inherent feature of standard integrated assessment models, even though these models do not feature tipping points or strong linearities.
Microbial adaptive evolution
Authors: Shi Aiqin , Fan Feiyu , Broach James R 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBacterial species can adapt to significant changes in their environment by mutation followed by selection, a phenomenon known as “adaptive evolution.” With the development of bioinformatics and genetic engineering, research on adaptive evolution has progressed rapidly, as have applications of the process. In this review, we summarize various mechanisms of bacterial adaptive evolution, the technologies used for studying it, and successful applications of the method in research and industry. We particularly highlight the contributions of Dr. L. O. Ingram. Microbial adaptive evolution has significant impact on our society not only from its industrial applications, but also in the evolution, emergence, and control of various pathogens.
Identification of a Cryptic t(8;20;21)(q22;p13;q22) Resulting in RUNX1T1/RUNX1 Fusion in a Patient with Newly Diagnosed Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Macke Erica L , Meyer Reid G , Hoppman Nicole L , Ketterling Rhett P , Greipp Patricia T , Xu Xinjie , Baughn Linda B , Shafer Danielle A , He Rui R , Peterson Jess F 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The detection of recurrent genetic abnormalities in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), including RUNX1T1/RUNX1 gene fusion, is critical for optimal medical management. Herein, we report a 45 year old woman with newly diagnosed AML and conventional chromosome studies that revealed an apparently balanced t(8;20)(q22;p13) in all 20 metaphases analyzed. A RUNX1T1/RUNX1 dual-color dual-fusion fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probe set was subsequently performed and revealed a RUNX1T1/RUNX1 gene fusion. Metaphase FISH studies performed on abnormal metaphases revealed a cryptic, complex translocation resulting in RUNX1T1/RUNX1 fusion, t(8;20;21)(q22;p13;q22). This case study shows the importance of performing FISH studies or other high-resolution genetic testing concurrently with conventional chromosome studies for the detection of cryptic recurrent gene fusions in AML, particularly a focused genetic evaluation such as RUNX1T1/RUNX1 gene fusion, when specific abnormalities involving 8q22 are identified.
United NationsCommission on Human RightsReport of the Sixth
Session(27 March – 19 May 1950)Economic and Social CouncilOfficial
RecordsFifth Year: Eleventh SessionSupplement No. 5Lake Success, New
York
Authors: Clooney Amal , Webb Philippa , Nelson Matthew 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This section presents the CHR Report, 25 May 1950.
Soft Clauses in Letters of Credit
Authors: Davies Martin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Soft clauses in letters of credit make the issuing bank’s obligation conditional upon some event or certification that is in the control either of the applicant, or some agent, entity, or organisation in the applicant’s country. Such clauses make an apparently irrevocable letter of credit into what is, in essence, a conditional undertaking dependent on the applicant’s approval. Soft clauses are not always a vehicle for fraud—there may be genuine reasons for their inclusion—but they certainly make it easy for an applicant to ensure that the issuing bank does not pay the beneficiary. This chapter will consider the problems caused by the use of soft clauses, some possible solutions, and it will suggest alternatives, some of which look to the past (bills of exchange/time drafts), some to the present (open account and standby letters of credit), and some to the future (the advent of blockchain technology).
Perspectives on the Role of the Nominated Bank in a Letter of Credit
Authors: Sing Toh Kian , Zhida Chen 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the role of the nominated bank in a letter of credit against the backdrop of the Singapore Court of Appeal decision of Grains and Industrial Products Trading Pte Ltd v Bank of India which addresses the situation where a nominated bank declines to act on its nomination. This situation is not covered by the UCP 600 and questions arise as to what, if any, obligations the nominated bank owes towards the issuing bank or the beneficiary. The chapter also examines the extent to which principles of agency law can operate effectively in the relationship between the issuing bank and the nominated bank.
The Fraud Rule in the Law of Letters of Credit Revisited
Authors: Gao Xiang 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The fraud rule in the law of letters of credit is still developing and has proven to be very controversial. The current international rules and national laws and decisions by most of the courts in many jurisdictions have taken the position that the fraud rule should be applied in a strict fashion or in cases of ‘material’ fraud. This chapter argues that a bifurcated approach should be adopted. That is, for fraud in the documents, a clear and simple fraud should be able to trigger the application of the rule; for fraud in the transaction, a high standard of fraud should be adopted.
Injunctions to Restrain Payment on Independent Guarantees
Authors: Neo Dora 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the grant of injunctions to restrain calls on independent guarantees based on the unconscionability exception to the autonomy principle. Using Singapore law as the primary basis for discussion, it explains the rationale and operation of the unconscionability exception and its relationship with the traditional fraud exception. This approach is compared with the UK approach, and brief reference is also made to the position in Australia and the USA. The chapter argues that the unconscionability exception is a justifiable policy response to address the potentially oppressive nature of performance bonds. If used sparingly and confined within narrow limits, this approach will promote integrity in the call on performance bonds without affecting the commercial usefulness of these instruments. The chapter also examines the situation where the underlying contract is affected by frustration or force majeure—a question which has become of greater prominence after the COVID-19 pandemic—and discusses whether the grant of an injunction to restrain payment on a performance bond in these circumstances can be supported based on the fraud or unconscionability exception or some other principle.
The effect of late giant collisions on the atmospheres of protoplanets and the formation of cold sub-Saturns
Authors: Ali-Dib Mohamad , Cumming Andrew , Lin Douglas N C 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
We investigate the origins of cold sub-Saturns (CSSs), an exoplanetary population inferred from microlensing surveys. If confirmed, these planets would rebut a theorized gap in planets’ mass distribution between those of Neptune and Jupiter caused by the rapid runaway accretion of supercritical cores. In an attempt to resolve this theoretical-observational disparity, we examine the outcomes of giant collisions between sub-critical protoplanets. Due to the secular interaction among protoplanets, these events may occur in rapidly depleting discs. We show that impactors ∼5 per cent the mass of near-runaway envelopes around massive cores can efficiently remove these envelopes entirely via a thermally driven super-Eddington wind emanating from the core itself, in contrast with the stellar Parker winds usually considered. After a brief cooling phase, the merged cores resume accretion. But, the evolution time-scale of transitional discs is too brief for the cores to acquire sufficiently massive envelopes to undergo runaway accretion despite their large combined masses. Consequently, these events lead to the emergence of CSS without their transformation into gas giants. We show that these results are robust for a wide range of disc densities, grain opacities, and silicate abundance in the envelope. Our fiducial case reproduces CSS with heavy (≳30 M⊕) cores and less massive (a few M⊕) sub-critical envelopes. We also investigate the other limiting cases, where continuous mergers of comparable-mass cores yield CSS with wider ranges of core-to-envelope mass ratios and envelope opacities. Our results indicate that it is possible for CSS and Uranus and Neptune to emerge within the framework of well-studied processes, and they may be more common than previously postulated.