bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
КЛАСИФІКАЦІЯ ТОВАРІВ ЯК ІНСТРУМЕНТ МИТНОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ
Authors: ПАХОЛЮК О.В. , ГОЛОДЮК Г.І. , ДЗЮБИНСЬКИЙ А.В. , СЕРЕДИНСЬКИЙ В. 
Published: March 2021

Мета. Метою роботи є дослідження алгоритму кодування товарів та встановлення заходів митно-тарифного регулювання при експорті, на прикладі бавовняних текстильних матеріалів за УКТ ЗЕД, з метою забезпечення правильності їх митного оформлення. Для досягнення поставленої мети, необхідно визначити ознаки класифікації бавовняних текстильних матеріалів, вивчити критерії виходу товарів на міжнародний ринок і встановити тарифні та нетарифні заходи регулювання.
Методика. Використано методи логічного аналізу, узагальнення наукової літератури, статистичних даних експорту та імпорту товарів. Для формування узагальнень застосовано досвід консультаційної та експертної роботи авторів у прогнозуванні та аналізі митно-тарифного регулювання.
Результати. Встановлено, що бавовняні текстильні матеріали класифікують у ХІ розділі «Текстильні матеріали» у 52 групі «Бавовна». Основним класифікаційними ознаками є: волокнистий склад матеріалу, призначення, поверхнева густина, вид переплетення, вид обробки, ширина рулону. При експорті-імпорті текстильних товарів обов’язково подається сертифікат походження. Ставка мита при експорті – 0 %. Ставка мита при імпорті варіюється від 20 до 1%. Можливе зменшення ставки ввізного мита у випадку імпорту бавовняних тканин з країн Євросоюзу. Для групи текстильної продукції пред’являються такі спеціальні вимоги при експорті в країни ЄС: правила маркування текстильних виробів;обмеження на використання певних хімічних речовин в текстильних виробах; вимоги до лабораторій, в яких проводиться дослідження текстилю. Митне оформлення здійснюється на загальних підставах.
Наукова новизна. На прикладі класифікації бавовняних текстильних матеріалів, показано практичне застосування класифікації товару на міжнародному рівні для здійснення експорту та імпорту, тарифних і нетарифних заходів, що застосовуються відносно товарів.
Практична значимість. Обґрунтована потреба єдиного підходу до класифікації товарів під час проведення експертних товарознавчих досліджень і необхідність розробки єдиного методичного підходу до класифікації непродовольчих товарів.
The First Cadaveric Dissection in India
Authors: Dasgupta Soumit 
Published: March 2021

Historical Perspective
The first cadaver dissection in India in the 19th century after millennia of social prejudices took place in the recently established Calcutta Medical College in 1835, the first medical college in Asia imparting western medical education to British, Anglo Indians and Indians in the empire. The first scientific approach to medical sciences commenced following this landmark event and set the trend for future liberal attitudes in society and contributed to the Bengal Renaissance of the 19th century. This is a fictional account of the day when it happened. Only the characters and the fact that the dissection occurred are real.
Nursing Team Training to Use a Flowchart to Care for Patients with Chest Pain
Authors: Lima Bruna Carolina , Machado Regimar Carla , Sant`Anna Ana Lúcia Gargione Galvão , Novembre Rosângela Claudia , Nery Victoria Dorneles , Lopes Paulo Willians , Sampaio Sueli Fatima , Von Jakitsch Camila Bomfim 
Published: March 2021

Background: chest pain, of multicausal etiology, associated with a cardiac cause or not, is one of the most frequently presented symptoms by patients in Emergency Care Units. Despite its high prevalence in health services, there is still a deficiency in care standardization, which raises difficulties in acute coronary syndrome diagnosis and delay in treatment. The objective was to assess the efficiency of professional training of nursing teams in Emergency Care Units on the use of a flowchart to care for patients with chest pain.
Methods and Findings: this educational intervention study was conducted with 25 nursing team professionals. It has been developed in four steps: Step 1 referred to prior application of the validated research instrument. Step 2 comprised training to use the flowchart with an expository lesson on care of patients with chest pain and guidance regarding the flowchart to be implemented. Step 3 reapplied the validated instrument after class. Step 4 reapplied the instrument after 2 months of training for flowchart implementation. When comparing the results of the instrument applied to nursing team professionals, post-training and follow-up performance surpassed that of pre-training. It was observed that professionals with less than five years of experience showed better performance. This study had as limitation the small sample of health professionals participating in the offered training.
Conclusion: training was satisfactory and significant, and professionals demonstrated content assimilation, obtaining higher scores than at the beginning of the research.
De fer et de laine
Authors: Codina Vialette Olivier 
Published: March 2021

L’Andorre, de par sa position au sein des Pyrénées, a souvent été perçue comme un isolat replié sur lui même. Ce livre, qui couvre une période longue de près de quatre siècles - des lendemains de la guerre civile catalane aux débuts de la IIIe république française et à la restauration des Bourbons en Espagne - apporte un éclairage tout à fait différent grâce à des sources publiques et privées extraordinairement riches.Olivier Codina balaie nombre de stéréotypes, de lieux communs : l’Andorre ne s’est pas figée à la fin du Moyen Age. Elle fut au contraire un milieu ouvert qui réagit avec rapidité, s’adapta constamment aux changements intervenus dans les pays voisins. L’organisation de la famille et de la société, les institutions, profondément originales, ne sont pas figées non plus. Les formes d’exploitation évoluent, le développement de l’élevage favorise la formation d’une oligarchie qui utilise les possibilités offertes par un milieu montagnard moins ingrat qu’on le pense, développe un actif commerce transpyrénéen, se lance dans la sidérurgie.Est-ce pour cette raison, accentuée par les turbulences qui agitent les pays voisins, que la représentation politique se referme temporairement sur elle-même, ce qui entraîne des tensions et impose de reconsidérer le système ?De Fer et de Laine : un grand livre qui renouvelle profondément l’histoire de l’Andorre, des Pyrénées, des sociétés montagnardes.
Postpartum Depression and its Risk Factors
Authors: Rahaney Vinit , Faye Abhijeet , Tadke Rahul , Gawande Sushil , Bhave Sudhir H. , Kirpekar Vivek Chintaman 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Postpartum depression (PPD) is a serious mental health condition affecting the psychological/physical health of a mother and the infant significantly.

Aims:
This study aims at assessing the prevalence, the pattern of symptoms, and the risk factors associated with PPD. The study also aims at finding the correlation between PPD and stressful life events.

Subjects and Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital on sixty participants after ethics committee approval. Consecutively selected patients in a postpartum state fulfilling the study criteria were selected from obstetric ward and interviewed using semi-structured pro forma, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders version 5 (DSM 5), Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), and Presumptive Stressful Life Events Scale (PSLES). Data collected were statistically analyzed with SPSS software using mean, standard deviation, and Chi-square test.

Results:
Mean age of the participants was 25.53 (standard deviation - 3.2). Prevalence of PPD was 6.7% which was a major depressive disorder as per the DSM 5 criteria. Sadness of mood (Depressed mood), impaired concentration, change in weight, and insomnia were the commonly reported symptoms. Seventy five percent of the participants had PSLES score of >100, indicating higher stress. Furthermore, 75% of the participants with a history of abortion showed a PSLES score above 100. Significant positive correlation was found between PSLES score and HAM-D score, with 63% of the participants with PSLES score >200 had a HAM-D score of >8 (suggestive of depression). Younger (<20 years) or older (>30 years) age at pregnancy, history of abortion, and higher level of stress were found to be the risk factors for developing PPD.

Conclusion:
Although the prevalence is less, PPD is an important mental health issue. It is worth screening all the patients in postpartum state so as to intervene early if needed. This may help in better care of physical and psychological health of a mother and the newborn.
Development and validation of a Questionnaire to study practices and diversities in Plexus and Peripheral nerve blocks
Authors: Singh Neha , Ponde Vrushali , Jagannathan Balavenkatasubramanian , Rao Parnandi B , Dixit Amit , Agarwal Gaurav 
Published: March 2021

Background and Aims:
Regional anaesthesia techniques are a part of perioperative medicine that affects both perioperative and long-term outcomes. We have a paucity of the data on the usage and practices of plexus and peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first effort to validate a survey for plexus and PNBs. Subsequently, this questionnaire could be used for the survey to look for the trends and disparities in PNB practices and further to develop a national registry in the future.

Methods:
Thirty questions were prepared after evidence-based search and reviewed by experts for suggestions. Changes were done and the questionnaire with the grading sheet was sent to 19 experts. The responses were analysed to calculate the content validity index (CVI) item-wise (I-CVI), scale-wise (S-CVI), and modified kappa statistics. The I-CVI of 0.78 and an S-CVI/average of 0.90 was taken as acceptable with more than six experts.

Results:
Fourteen experts out of 19 assessed and graded the questions as per the provided sheet and submitted suggestions through the mail. Question reframing, option reconsideration, and change from single to multiple choices were incorporated as per the suggestions of the experts. Mean I-CVI for relevance, simplicity, clarity, and ambiguity was 0.99, 0.98, 0.98, and 0.99, respectively. S-CVI/average was 0.98, 0.97, 0.98, and 0.99 for relevance, simplicity, clarity, and ambiguity, respectively.

Conclusion:
We conclude that this questionnaire has met the content validity criteria and can be used to study plexus and PNBs practices.
Introduction of direct observation of procedural skills (DOPS) as a formative assessment tool during postgraduate training in anaesthesiology
Authors: Lagoo Jui Y , Joshi Shilpa B 
Published: March 2021

Background and Aims:
Formative assessment of procedural skills of Anaesthesiology postgraduate (PG) students is not conducted conventionally. Direct observation of procedural skills (DOPS) helps to identify gaps in performance and provides structured feedback. The present study was taken to explore perceptions of PG students and faculty about DOPS.

Methods:
This mixed design interventional study was conducted on 12 PGs and 10 faculty members in Department of Anaesthesiology. After conducting DOPS, a pre-validated questionnaire was given to them about perceptions using 3-point Likert's scale along with open ended questions. Statistical analysis was done using descriptive statistics of perception to calculate percentages and themes were identified for qualitative data.

Results:
Responses of students were positive about skill improvement (83%), time provided (75%), feedback (100%), interaction (83%), motivation (83%), satisfaction (83%), effectiveness (83%) and opportunity creation (92%). Faculty responded positively regarding change in attitude (100%), effectiveness (100%), scope (90%), feasible application (90%), ease (90%), opportunity creation (80%), gap identification (100%), satisfaction (80%). However, 60% felt training was required, 50% thought more time and commitment was required. Themes identified were DOPS is comprehensive, interactive, student-friendly, good teaching-learning tool, identifies gaps, provides focus for learning, provides systematic constructive feedback, improves skills, prepares for future practice, requires planning, may not reflect competence, has assessor variability and can be included in PG curriculum.

Conclusion:
DOPS was perceived as an effective assessment and teaching-learning tool by PG students as well as faculty.
Influence of interpretation of pain scores on patients’ perception of pain
Authors: Bakshi Sumitra G , Rathod Akanksha , Salunkhe Supriya 
Published: March 2021

Background and Aims:
Assessment of pain using pain scales is essential. In the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), patients are asked to score their pain intensity on a scale from 0 to 10 (10- worst pain). This requires some abstract thinking by the patient, also the pain scores (PS) may not essentially communicate the patients’ need for more analgesia. We planned a study to evaluate the change in patients’ self-assessed PS after understanding clinical interpretation of the NRS.

Methods:
This prospective study was registered after approval from our hospital ethics board. Sample size estimated for the trial was 360 patients. All postoperative patients were recruited after informed consent. Patients having prolonged stay in Intensive Care Unit (more than 48 h), or those who underwent emergency surgeries were excluded. During Acute Pain Service (APS) rounds, patients were asked to rate their PS on the NRS. This was followed by a briefing about the clinical interpretation of the scale, and the patients were asked to re score their pain using the same scale. The change in pain severity was compared using Chi-square test.

Results:
Following explanation, a change in severity was seen for PS at rest [X
2 (9, N- 360) = 441, P < 0.001] and at movement [X2 (9, N- 360) = 508, P < 0.001]. Overall, a change in PS severity was seen in 162 patients (45%). A decrease and an increase in the severity of pain was seen in 119 and 41 patients respectively.

Conclusion:
Explaining the clinical interpretation of PS on a NRS does lead to a change in patients’ self-assessed PS.
Intubation outcomes using the aerosol box during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Venketeswaran Meenakshi V , Srinivasaraghavan Nivedhyaa , Balakrishnan Kalpana , Seshadri Ramakrishnan A , Sriman Sahithya 
Published: March 2021

Background and Aims:
The aerosol box (AB), an improvised device used during the coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 pandemic, has attracted both interest and controversy. Several simulated studies have examined its protective efficacy as well as intubation efficiency. The aim of this study was to evaluate the practical conduct of intubation using the AB in patients undergoing elective, oncological surgery during the pandemic.

Methods:
This prospective, observational study included adult patients undergoing oncological surgery. Thirteen anaesthesiologists performed 132 intubations using one of three ABs designated as AB 1, AB 2 and AB 3. The primary outcome was the difference in the time to intubation (TTI) between patients with Mallampati score MP I-II (Group 1) and MP III-IV (Group 2). Secondary outcomes included first-pass success rate, fall in peripheral oxygen saturation to < 95%, total number of attempts and failure to intubate using the AB.

Results:
The mean TTI was not significantly different in Group 1 and Group 2 (71.02 (61.66) s vs. 101.35 (121.94) s respectively, P = 0.119). Desaturation during intubation was seen in 20 patients (15.1%). First pass success rate was achieved in 109 patients (82.6%). Twenty-one patients (15.9%) needed more than one attempt to intubate and the box had to be removed in 8 patients (6.1%) for facilitating intubation. The Mallampati score did not significantly influence either desaturation or first pass success rate.

Conclusion:
There was a non-significant increasing TTI trend in patients with a higher MP score with the use of an aerosol box. However, this did not translate to a clinically significant difference in the overall intubation outcomes.
A descriptive survey of tracheal extubation practices among Indian anaesthesiologists
Authors: Thakore Sakshi , Kundra Pankaj , Garg Rakesh 
Published: March 2021

Background and Aims:
This study assesses the extubation practices of anaesthesiologists and whether these practices differ from existing guidelines.

Methods:
The literature related to tracheal extubation was searched and a validated questionnaire was designed to assess practices of tracheal extubation. The questionnaire included techniques, manoeuvres, preparation, timing and plan of extubation. The survey link was shared with eligible participants. The responses were assessed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software.

Results:
Of the 1264 respondents, 66.8% keep difficult airway cart ready only when difficult extubation is anticipated. Only 12.3% of respondents perform deep extubation with supraglottic airway device (SAD) exchange while 73.3% of respondents perform awake extubation with pharmacological control for preventing haemodynamic fluctuations. In the case of anticipated difficult extubation, 48.3% anaesthesiologists prefer the airway exchange catheter (AEC) exchange technique. Of all, 84.8% anaesthesiologists administer 100% oxygen before performing extubation and 81.7% continue to oxygenate during and 83.9% provide oxygen after extubation in all patients. In the case of suspected airway edema or collapse or surgical cause for airway compromise, 70% anaesthesiologists perform a leak test. The most preferred plan of extubation in patients with suspected airway collapse after surgery is direct extubation in fully awake position (54.6%). In patients with anticipated difficult extubation, 50.8% anaesthesiologists prefer to ventilate for 24 hours and reassess.

Conclusion:
We observed that the extubation practices vary widely among anaesthesiologists. Almost half of the anaesthesiologists were unaware of extubation guidelines.
The Antiepileptic Drugs Therapy Practice in Epileptic Patients: What Does Evidence Show?
Authors: Banstola Ranjana , Khan Gulam Muhammad 
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Though studies regarding epilepsy have been conducted in different parts of the world, there is a scarcity of established studies regarding treatment outcomes among patients with epilepsy. Therefore, the aim of this review is to assess antiepileptic drug therapy among patients with epilepsy. This will help in exploring the existing AEDs therapy practice including the outcomes.
Methods: Using different search engines like EndNote (Pubmed), Google, Google Scholar and Hinari, literatures were searched for review. Different literatures like, research reports, articles, documents, books and internet findings relevant to this study were reviewed.
Findings and discussion: Outcome of AEDs therapy is affected by several factors including patient-related factors, disease related factors and drug related factors. The selection of the most appropriate AEDs for a patient with seizures depends upon the accurate classification of the seizures, the type of epilepsy or epileptic syndromes, and drug such as availability and accessibility of drugs, their efficacy, side effect and comfort use as well as patient factors. So, the selection of AED therapy at present is an empirical process, based on seizure and patient-specific variables and a working knowledge of available AEDs, including AED mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, drug-drug interactions, and medication side effects and ultimately the treatment outcomes.
Conclusion: It is recommended that researchers need to focus on further longitudinal and interventional studies in providing adequate evidence about the cause-effect relationship between the AEDs therapy practice and seizure control.
Selected physical and mechanical properties of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood from stands of younger age classes as criteria for rational utilization of timber
Authors: Pikiński Przemysław Marcin , Szaban Jaroslav , Šilingienė Gerda , Korzeniewicz Robert , Pazdrowski Witold 
Published: March 2021

The aim of this study was to assess the quality of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood depending on the age of trees, forest site conditions and social class of tree position in the stand. Analyses were based on the determination of specific density and static bending strength, as well as the strength quality coefficient. It was to determine changes in physical and mechanical properties of timber depending on tree age as well as growth conditions reflected in the forest site such as fresh mixed coniferous forests and fresh mixed broadleaved forests. Experimental plots were established in 6 localities with 30, 40 and 60-year-old trees. In each of the stands, a 1-hectare experimental plot was established. Based on the measured DBH and tree height, dimensions of three mean sample trees were calculated, while the classification of social class of tree position in the stand developed by Kraft (1884) was also applied. Analyses were conducted on wood samples with 12% moisture content. Strength tests on wood samples were performed on an Instron 33RH204 universal strength testing machine. A detailed analysis showed properties of pine wood are improved with an increase of tree age in both forest sites. Statistically significant differences were observed for wood density and static bending strength. More advantageous properties were observed for wood of pines from the less fertile forest site, i.e., fresh mixed coniferous forests. Density and static bending strength were markedly determined by tree age and growth conditions. The static bending strength quality coefficient from pines growing in the fresh mixed coniferous forests increased between 30 and 40 years, similarly as it was for the fresh mixed broadleaved forests, while between 40 and 60 years, it deteriorated for the fresh mixed coniferous forests. Wood density from the fresh mixed coniferous forests was by 3% to 7% greater than pines growing in fresh mixed broadleaved forests. In turn, static bending strength of wood from pines growing in fresh mixed coniferous forests was by 4% to 10% greater than trees from the fresh mixed broadleaved forests. Keywords: Scots pine, wood properties, forest site, Poland