bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fenología reproductiva de tres especies de Pristimantis en un bosque de niebla andino
Authors: Ramírez-Pinilla Martha Patricia , Granados-Pérez Yamile 
Published: January 2021

Estudiamos la fenología reproductiva en tres especies de Pristimantis que coexisten en un bosque de niebla tropical andino en la cordillera Oriental de Colombia. Las poblaciones estaban constituidas principalmente por juveniles, numerosos machos adultos, y pocas hembras adultas reproductivas, por lo que la proporción operacional de sexos estuvo muy sesgada hacia los machos, mas no así la proporción poblacional. La media de la longitud rostro-cloaca fue mayor en las hembras adultas que para los machos adultos, así como el tamaño mínimo e madurez sexual, lo que indica que las hembras maduran con tamaños corporales más grandes que los machos y explica el sesgo en la proporción operacional de sexos. Los análisis histológicos de los testículos revelaron la presencia de esperma en casi todos los machos recolectados, lo que significa que son un recurso permanente para a reproducción en las tres especies estudiadas. Los cuerpos grasos abdominales de los machos no mostraron variaciones temporales significativas, ni una relación con las lluvias. Se observaron tres patrones de actividad Reproductiva: 1) actividad reproductiva continua en P. miyatai; 2) actividad reproductiva en las estaciones lluviosas y reclutamiento de juveniles en las siguientes estaciones secas en P. merostictus, y 3) actividad reproductiva principalmente durante el segundo semestre del año y reclutamiento de juveniles en la siguiente estación seca (P. uisae). Los análisis de la actividad reproductiva y el reclutamiento de juveniles revelaron una superposición temporal entre las especies de Pristimantis, lo que sugiere que la fenología reproductiva no juega un papel importante en la segregación temporal de estas especies de anuros. Sin embargo, los diferentes patrones de reproducción podrían representar una estrategia que reduce la aglomeración de ranitas en los microhábitats de crecimiento, facilitando así la coexistencia entre taxones que potencialmente compiten.
Prospective use of fruit byproducts in Colombia according to their antioxidant capacity
Authors: Flórez-Montes Ciliana , Mosquera-Martínez Óscar Marino , Rojas-González Andrés Felipe 
Published: January 2021

Currently, the use of agro-industrial waste represents a viable alternative for obtaining valuable compounds that, in the case of biorefineries, is an opportunity for improvement. In this context, the aim of our study was to determine the flavonoid content and the antioxidant capacity of 30 byproducts from fruit processing in Colombia and propose possible applications. We analyzed the antioxidant capacity of the ethanolic extracts from each byproduct using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the reducing power of antioxidant activity (RPAA) assays, as well as the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) test. We found that tree tomato peels and stem and peach peels had a high flavonoid content, with values greater than 8,271.82 ± 702.70 μg quercetin per gram of dry sample. We also found that mango (22,676.57 ± 759.71 μg TE1/g Sdb, 3,692.38 ± 92.67 μg GAE/g Sdb), soursop (22,117.13 ± 754.94 μg TE1/g Sdb, 4,858.79 ± 156.71 μg GAE/g Sdb, 14,713.39 ± 757.95 μg TE2/g Sdb), grape (17,027.85 ± 765.11 μg TE1/g Sdb, 13,395.15 ± 659.31 μg TE2/g Sdb), peach peels (17,910.21 ± 1,424.33 μg TE2/g Sdb) and seeds (4,316.46 ± 112.00 μg GAE/g Sdb, 20,093.32 ± 1,317.93 μg TE2/g Sdb), and grape stalk (3,552.26 ± 31.63 μg GAE/g Sdb) showed a high antioxidant capacity in the different tests performed. Our results demonstrate that fruit byproducts have potential use in the pharmaceutical, ood, and cosmetic industry due to heir flavonoids content and their high antioxidant capacity.
Increasing ship energy efficiency with diesel-electric propulsion system
Authors: Pamik Murat , Nuran Mustafa 
Published: January 2021

Today, the goal of reducing fossil fuel consumption and increasing the use of renewable energy is one of the most important issues in the maritime field. Regulations created by IMO in order to prevent environmental and air pollution in the maritime field have increased its effect day by day and made it necessary to move away from conventional systems and turn to alternative systems. Although studies in the area of using fully electric marine vehicles or using fully renewable energy systems are also ongoing, they are not preferred due to the high costs and lack of sustainability. While the use of Diesel Electric (DE) Propulsion System in marine vehicles is one of the alternatives in this field, it may be the most efficient choice with the improvements made on this system. The aim of this study is to examine the increase in ship energy efficiency using diesel-electric propulsion systems rather than the original ferry system.In the study, the historical development of the DE Propulsion System was investigated and other studies on the subject were examined. Detailed navigation data of a ferry using fossil fuels in the Gulf of Izmir were recorded, and a case study was carried out to examine the status of this ship's DE Propulsion System by using data such as engine load and fuel consumption. According to the results obtained, it has been revealed that using the DE Propulsion System can be much more efficient in terms of fuel consumption and emissions. It has been observed that the system provides benefits in terms of reliability and reduction of noise pollution. For future studies, it may be aimed to provide the ferry to be charged from the port and to increase the benefits of the system by using renewable energy.

Keywords: Diesel-Electric, Energy Efficiency, Emission,ship
An assessment on the efficient use of hybrid propulsion system in marine vessels
Authors: Bayraktar Murat , Cerit Güldem A. 
Published: January 2021

Many improvements are performed in the maritime industry to ensure sustainability and energy efficiency. The use of hybrid propulsion systems (HPS) in marine vessels constitutes one of the developments in this field. In this study,both economic and environmental benefits are targeted. The study aims to reduce the high fuel consumption of the engine per unit power at low loads and minimization of emissions by sourcing them from main engine by HPS. Overcoming the limitations of Annex VI (Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships) of International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) are desired and the research hopes for a beneficial result on Energy Efficiency Measures such as Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator (EEOI). A comprehensive study is accomplished on the hybrid propulsion system components and the keywords used in the literature review are revealed. Furthermore, the articles that have “efficiency”, “vessel”, “propulsion” and “marine” topics published in Web of Science (WOS) between 1975-2020 are examined and 44 studies are obtained. The studies that have been reached are analyzed and interests of them are collect under the 18 heading and the focal point of each study is highlighted in article. According to the results, the hybrid system provides low fuel consumption, minimizes emissions and costs, complies with the regulations of the International Maritime Organization, uses renewable energy sources, encourages the use of electric motors in addition to internal combustion engines, increases the efficiency of energy storage systems among other things. This article will be a significant resource for academicians, experts and companies on the Hybrid propulsion system in setting their focus.

Keywords: Hybrid propulsion, Energy saving, Global warming.
CD11c−MHC2low Macrophages Are a New Inflammatory and Dynamic Subset in Murine Adipose Tissue
Authors: Wetzels Suzan , Bijnen Mitchell , Wijnands Erwin , van de Gaar José , Tan Andika , Coort Susan , Biessen Erik A. L. , Schalkwijk Casper G. , Wouters Kristiaan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background:
The prevalence of obesity is rising and leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Adipose tissue inflammation, due to accumulation and activation of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs), is a key driver of this phenomenon. Macrophages are heterogeneous cells, adapting quickly to the microenvironment, resulting in so-called M1 or M2 macrophages. In this study, we describe the dynamics and inflammatory properties of a newly identified ATM subset in obese mice.

Methods:
LDLR−/− mice received a high fat diet (HFD) for 5 weeks or 16 weeks to induce obesity. Adipose tissues were isolated and immune cell subsets were analyzed with flow cytometry or microarray analysis. Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) using CD45.1 and CD45.2 LDLR−/− mice was performed to determine ATM origin.

Results:
Upon HFD, there is a massive increase of ATM subsets in the adipose tissue. CD11c−M2 ATMs could be subdivided based on their MHC2 expression into CD11c−MHC2high ATMs and previously unidentified CD11c−MHC2low ATMs. CD11c−MHC2low ATMs accumulated very rapidly after 10 days of HFD, after which they increased even further with prolonged HFD. Microarray data showed that CD11c−MHC2low ATMs resembled CD11c−MHC2high ATMs in the steady state, but became more inflammatory during development of obesity. In vitro stimulation of bone marrow-derived macrophages with palmitate, abundantly present in HFD, resulted in the induction of the CD11c−MHC2low phenotype.

Conclusions:
Among M2 macrophages, a novel pro-inflammatory subset of macrophages was found based on their low level of MHC2 expression. This subset may play a role in the development of adipose tissue inflammation.
Gambaran Kesepian pada Remaja Pelaku Self Harm
Authors: Lubis Irma Rosalinda , Yudhaningrum Lupi 
Published: January 2021

Kesepian adalah situasi yang tidak menyenangkan yang dialami seseorang karena memiliki hubungan emosional dan sosial yang kurang dengan orang lain. Semua orang dapat merasakan kesepian, tidak memandang usia, jenis kelamin, ataupun status sosial ekonomi. Masyarakat memiliki pemikiran bahwa orang dengan usia yang tua atau lanjut lebih sering mengalami kesepian. Akan tetapi ternyata, orang dengan usia remaja lebih sering mengalami kesepian dibandingkan orang dengan usia yang tua atau lanjut.

Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk melihat gambaran kesepian pada remaja yang merupakan pelaku self harm. Batasan penelitian ini adalah diantara sekian banyak permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh remaja, peneliti akan membatasi permasalahan pada perilaku self harm dan melihat bagaimana gambaran kesepian pada remaja yang melakukannya.

Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan tipe studi kasus. Data yang dianalisis adalah hasil wawancara dan observasi dengan dua orang partisipan berusia remaja. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari tiga tema kesepian yang kemukakan oleh Weiss yaitu family loneliness, romantic loneliness, dan social loneliness, kedua partisipan remaja yang mengalami self harm memiliki perasaan kesepian pada ketiga tema tersebut, dan tema family loneliness memiliki peran yang paling besar pada diri remaja.

Kata Kunci : Kesepian, Remaja, Self Harm.
Food Insecurity in a Low-Income, Predominantly African American Cohort Following the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Dubowitz Tamara , Dastidar Madhumita Ghosh , Troxel Wendy M. , Beckman Robin , Nugroho Alvin , Siddiqi Sameer , Cantor Jonathan , Baird Matthew , Richardson Andrea S. , Hunter Gerald P. , Mendoza-Graf Alexandra , Collins Rebecca L. 
Published: January 2021

Objectives. To examine the impact of COVID-19 shutdowns on food insecurity among a predominantly African American cohort residing in low-income racially isolated neighborhoods. Methods. Residents of 2 low-income African American food desert neighborhoods in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, were surveyed from March 23 to May 22, 2020, drawing on a longitudinal cohort (n = 605) previously followed from 2011 to 2018. We examined longitudinal trends in food insecurity from 2011 to 2020 and compared them with national trends. We also assessed use of food assistance in our sample in 2018 versus 2020. Results. From 2018 to 2020, food insecurity increased from 20.7% to 36.9% (t = 7.63; P < .001) after steady declines since 2011. As a result of COVID-19, the United States has experienced a 60% increase in food insecurity, whereas this sample showed a nearly 80% increase, widening a preexisting disparity. Participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (52.2%) and food bank use (35.9%) did not change significantly during the early weeks of the pandemic. Conclusions. Longitudinal data highlight profound inequities that have been exacerbated by COVID-19. Existing policies appear inadequate to address the widening gap.
Condensing Solvent Processes: In Search of the Production Function
Authors: van Dorp J. J. 
Published: January 2021

Summary
The heavy-oil- and bitumen-recovery process by injection of a pure condensing solvent in a solvent vapor chamber provides an alternative to steam-based recovery techniques such as steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD). Because of the lower operating temperature between 40 and 80°C, the process uses a much lower energy budget than a steam process and thus results in significantly reduced greenhouse-gas emissions. This paper describes the route to a successful production function with the physical processes at play and using analytical tools. Physical relationships are derived for the solvent/bitumen (S/B) ratio, the bitumen drainage from the roof of the solvent vapor chamber, and for bitumen extraction from both sides of the solvent chamber by the draining condensed solvent. The fast diffusion of bitumen into this narrow liquid solvent zone is likely subtly enhanced by transverse dispersion. The speed of bitumen extraction from the roof of the solvent vapor chamber is constrained by the gas/oil capillary pressure. Extraction from the side of the chamber is approximately three times faster by the action of the thin gravity-draining liquid solvent film. Several equations are provided to enable creation of a heat balance for this condensing solvent process.
Laboratory and field observations are matched, including the rates, the heat balance, and the S/B ratio. The model can explain constrained production performance by identifying the rate-limiting steps (e.g., when insufficient solvent condenses). The model predicts high solvent holdup during the rise of the solvent chamber. A method to estimate this solvent liquid saturation is provided. The S/B ratio depends on injector-wellbore heat losses, the (high) liquid saturation in the rising solvent chamber, and the process properties (operating temperature), reservoir properties (heat capacity, porosity, and oil saturation), and solvent properties (density and latent heat). In the existing body of literature, no satisfactory analytical model was available; this new approach helps to constrain production performance and to estimate solvent and heat requirements. The methods in this paper can be used in the future for subsurface project design and performance predictions.
A global analysis of CNVs in Chinese indigenous fine-wool sheep populations using whole-genome resequencing
Authors: Yuan Chao , Lu Zengkui , Guo Tingting , Yue Yaojing , Wang Xijun , Wang Tianxiang , Zhang Yajun , Hou Fujun , Niu Chune , Sun Xiaopin , Zhao Hongchang , Zhu Shaohua , Liu Jianbin , Yang Bohui 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background Copy number variation (CNV) is an important source of genetic variation that has a significant influence on phenotypic diversity, economically important traits and the evolution of livestock species. In this study, the genome-wide CNV distribution characteristics of 32 fine-wool sheep from three breeds were analyzed using resequencing.Results A total of 1,747,604 CNVs were detected in this study, and 7,228 CNV regions (CNVR) were obtained after merging overlapping CNVs; these regions accounted for 2.17% of the sheep reference genome. The average length of the CNVRs was 4,307.17 bp. “Deletion” events took place more frequently than “duplication” or “both” events. The CNVRs obtained overlapped with previously reported sheep CNVRs to variable extents (4.39%–55.46%). Functional enrichment analysis showed that the CNVR-harboring genes were mainly involved in sensory perception systems, nutrient metabolism processes, and growth and development processes. Furthermore, 1,855 of the CNVRs were associated with 166 quantitative trait loci (QTL), including milk QTLs, carcass QTLs, and health-related QTLs, among others. In addition, the 32 fine-wool sheep were divided into horned and polled groups to analyze for the selective sweep of CNVRs, and it was found that the relaxin family peptide receptor 2 (RXFP2) gene was strongly influenced by selection.Conclusions In summary, we constructed a genomic CNV map for Chinese indigenous fine-wool sheep using resequencing, thereby providing a valuable genetic variation resource for sheep genome research, which will contribute to the study of complex traits in sheep.
Low pH Hypromellose (Taffix™) nasal powder spray reduced SARS-CoV-2 infection rate post mass-gathering event at a highly endemic community: An observational prospective open label user survey
Authors: Shmuel Klang , Barbara Mann , Dalia Megiddo , Tair Lapidot , Yaakov Naparstek 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Introduction: The city of Bney Brak, Israel, (population 210,000 mostly ultra-orthodox Jews) tops Israel list of COVID-19 infection rate and mortality. In mid-September before the Jewish New Year (an intensive two day gathering for prayers) PCR positivity rates were 17.6% and those climbed to 28.1% two weeks later Taffix - is an innovative nasal powder inhaler that creates a protective gel layer over the nasal mucosa and effectively blocks viruses from infecting the nasal cells. Taffix is approved for use in Europe and Israel. In vitro studies demonstrated that Taffix blocks viruses (including SARS- CoV-2) from infecting human cells (<99% ). It is well established that the nose is the main gateway of SARS- CoV-2 to the body. Taffix™ was developed as an additional virus protective tool beyond the currently recommended preventive measures. Methods: In a prospective users survey, 243 members of a Jewish ultra-orthodox synagogue community in Bney Brak that participated in the two days holidays prayers (7 hours spent daily in the synagogue) were followed up for the following 14 days to measure the effect of Taffix in this potentially “super spread” ( post mass gathering) event . 83 collected and used Taffix throughout Rosh Hashana prayers and for the following two weeks (intention to treat group, ITT) . 81 of them used it regularly as instructed ( per protocol, PP) while two used it rarely if at all. The remaining 160 did not use Taffix . Results: At the end of the two weeks follow up - in the ITT population, 2/83 (2.4%) of the Taffix users and 16/160 (10%) of the Taffix non users were infected. The odds ratio for SARS-CoV-2 infection in Taffix users were 0.22 (0.05-0.99, Mid P exact =0.028), a reduction of 78% (95%CI 1%-95%) in odds of infection. No side effects were reported. Conclusion: We suggest that Taffix can be an additional powerful tool against COVID19 spread. To our knowledge this is the first time that any measure to prevent infection in SARS-CoV-2 virus, beyond the use of masks. was proven effective.
Effects of Uric Acid Lowering Therapy in Patients With Essential Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Gruszka Krystian , Drożdż Tomasz , Wojciechowska Wiktoria , Jankowski Piotr , Terlecki Michał , Bijak Magdalena , Hering Dagmara , Bilo Grzegorz , Rajzer Marek 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background Asymptomatic hyperuricemia (AHU) is defined as elevated serum uric acid (UA) concentration without symptoms. This study aimed to determine the effects of AHU treatment with allopurinol on selected hypertension mediated organ damage (HMOD) indices in patients with uncomplicated essential arterial hypertension (AH). MethodsPatients aged 30-70 years with AHU and essential hypertension grade 1-2 with adequate blood pressure (BP) control, without previous urate lowering therapy (ULT) were divided into two groups: a) receiving allopurinol (ULT group) and b) age-and sex matched patients without ULT (control group). Both groups received UA-lowering diet. BP (office, 24 hour and central), echocardiographic parameters, pulse-wave velocity, carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and lab tests (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were measured at baseline and at 6 months follow-up.ResultsOut of 100 participants 87 completed the study (44 ULT patients and 43 controls). At 6 months follow-up, there was a significantly greater reduction in serum UA concentration in the ULT group than in the control group (464±68.8 µmol/l vs 314±55.6 µmol/l, p<0.0001). Patients receiving allopurinol had significant reductions in office systolic (137±11.8 mmHg vs 134±9.3 mmHg; p=0.025) and diastolic BP (83±9.9 mmHg vs 79±8.7 mmHg, p=0.017), central systolic BP (56±8.9 mmHg vs 51±12.9 mmHg, p=0.046), pulse pressure (43±10.4 mmHg vs 39±11.2 mmHg, p=0.017), IMT (0.773±0.121 mm vs 0.752±0.13 mm, p=0.044), left atrium volume index (40±13.5 ml/m2 vs 38±12.3 ml/m2, p=0.044), and hs-CRP level (3.36±2.73 mg/l vs 2.74±1.91 mg/l, p=0.028) compared to controls. The decrease in UA concentration was significantly related to the reduction in IMT (R=0.37, p<0.001), central SBP (R=0.26, p=0.015) and hs-CRP concentration (R=0.30, p=0.004). Multivariate regression analysis revealed the independent relationship between reduction in IMT and UA lowering (R=0.3234, R2=0.0722, p<0.026).ConclusionsIn patients with AH and asymptomatic hyperuricemia treatment with allopurinol leads to further improvement in BP control and reduction in HMOD intensity, in particular IMT. The decrease in hs-CRP concentration associated with ULT may have a beneficial effect on patient long-term prognosis.
Inter-chromosomal K-mer Distances
Authors: Kafri Alon , Chor Benny , Horn David 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
BackgroundInversion Symmetry is a generalization of the second Chargaff rule, stating that the count of a string of k nucleotides on a single chromosomal strand equals the count of its inverse (reverse-complement) k-mer. It holds for many species, both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, for ranges of k which may vary from 7 to 10 as chromosomal lengths vary from 2Mbp to 200 Mbp. Building on this formalism we introduce the concept of k-mer distances between chromosomes. We formulate two distance measures, D1 and D2, where the first takes into account k-mers appearing on single strands of the two chromosomes, whereas the second takes into account both strands.ResultsWe first define the various distance measures and summarize their properties. We also define distances that rely on existence of synteny blocks between chromosomes of different strains. Studying E Coli and Salmonella strains, we evaluate the different distance measures, and find correlations between synteny distances and k-mer distances, thus establishing the usefulness of the latter as measures of evolutional proximity of chromosomes. Applying our measures to human genomes, we find that chromosomes 5 and 6 are the closest ones on the k-mer distance evolutional scale.ConclusionsThe novel distances carry information about evolutional proximity and provide useful tools for future studies. The finding of proximity between human chromosomes 5 and 6 is an examples of a novel insight provided by these tools.