bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methylphenidate for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults: a narrative review
Authors: Jaeschke Rafał R. , Sujkowska Ewelina , Sowa-Kućma Magdalena 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Rationale
Psychostimulants, including methylphenidate (MPH), are the mainstay of pharmacotherapy for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults. Even though MPH is the most commonly used medication for ADHD these days, there are relatively few resources available that provide comprehensive insight into the pharmacological and clinical features of the compound.

Objective
The aim of this paper is to provide an up-to-date outline of the pharmacology and clinical utility of MPH for ADHD in adult patients.

Methods
While conducting the narrative review, we applied structured search strategies covering the two major online databases (MEDLINE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials). In addition, we performed handsearching of reference lists of relevant papers.

Results
Methylphenidate exhibits multimodal mechanism of action, working primarily as a dopamine and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor. It also protects the dopaminergic system against the ongoing ‘wearing off’ (by securing a substantial reserve pool of the neurotransmitter, stored in the presynaptic vesicles). In placebo-controlled trials, MPH was shown to be moderately effective both against the core ADHD symptoms (standardized mean difference [SMD], 0.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.35–0.64), and the accompanying emotion regulation deficits (SMD, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.23–0.45). The most common adverse events related to long-term treatment with MPH are decreased appetite (~ 20%), dry mouth (15%), heart palpitations (13%), gastrointestinal infections (~ 10%), and agitation/feeling restless (~ 10%).

Conclusions
There is substantial body of evidence to suggest that MPH is an effective and safe treatment option for adults with ADHD.
Dosing 225Ac-DOTATOC in patients with somatostatin-receptor-positive solid tumors: 5-year follow-up of hematological and renal toxicity
Authors: Kratochwil Clemens , Apostolidis Leonidas , Rathke Hendrik , Apostolidis Christos , Bicu Felix , Bruchertseifer Frank , Choyke Peter L , Haberkorn Uwe , Giesel Frederik L , Morgenstern Alfred 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this retrospective analysis is to estimate the most appropriate single cycle and cumulative doses of 225Ac-DOTATOC in patients treated for somatostatin-receptor-expressing cancers.

Methods
225Ac-DOTATOC was administered to thirty-nine patients with various somatostatin-receptor-positive tumors. Baseline and follow-up 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT, lab tests, and renal scintigraphy were obtained. Patients received long-term follow-up either at the local cancer center or in close collaboration with external oncologists. Acute and chronic hematological toxicity was evaluated quantitatively over time. Long-term follow-up of creatinine was used to approximate the annual loss of estimated GFR (eGFR).

Results
Dose-dependent acute hematological toxicity was seen at single doses above 40 MBq or repeated doses greater than approximately 20 MBq 225Ac-DOTATOC at 4 month intervals. Treatment-related kidney failure occurred in 2 patients after a delay of >4 years but was independent of administered radioactivity, and other clinical risk factors were important contributors to renal decline. In general, the annual decline of eGFR among patients did not follow a clear dose-effect relationship even in patients with previous β-therapy. An average eGFR-loss of 8.4ml/min (9.9%) per year was observed which is similar to the experience with β-therapy studies.

Conclusion
Treatment activities of approx. 20 MBq per cycle (4 monthly repetition) and cumulative doses up to 60–80 MBq generally avoided both acute and chronic grade 3/4 hematotoxicity in patients with advanced stage malignancies. Chronic renal toxicity was observed at these doses, but pre-existing renal risk factors were important co-factors. These data represent a starting point for additional research to more precisely define safety thresholds of 225Ac-DOTATOC.
Survival rates and prognostic factors in right- and left-sided colon cancer stage I–IV: an unselected retrospective single-center trial
Authors: Degro Claudius E. , Strozynski Richard , Loch Florian N. , Schineis Christian , Speichinger Fiona , Lee Lucas D. , Margonis Georgios A. , Lauscher Johannes C. , Beyer Katharina , Kreis Martin E. , Kamphues Carsten 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPurposeColorectal cancer revealed over the last decades a remarkable shift with an increasing proportion of a right- compared to a left-sided tumor location. In the current study, we aimed to disclose clinicopathological differences between right- and left-sided colon cancer (rCC and lCC) with respect to mortality and outcome predictors.MethodsIn total, 417 patients with colon cancer stage I–IV were analyzed in the present retrospective single-center study. Survival rates were assessed using the Kaplan–Meier method and uni/multivariate analyses were performed with a Cox proportional hazards regression model.ResultsOur study showed no significant difference of the overall survival between rCC and lCC stage I–IV (p = 0.354). Multivariate analysis revealed in the rCC cohort the worst outcome for ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) score IV patients (hazard ratio [HR]: 16.0; CI 95%: 2.1–123.5), CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) blood level > 100 µg/l (HR: 3.3; CI 95%: 1.2–9.0), increased lymph node ratio of 0.6–1.0 (HR: 5.3; CI 95%: 1.7–16.1), and grade 4 tumors (G4) (HR: 120.6; CI 95%: 6.7–2179.6) whereas in the lCC population, ASA score IV (HR: 8.9; CI 95%: 0.9–91.9), CEA blood level 20.1–100 µg/l (HR: 5.4; CI 95%: 2.4–12.4), conversion to laparotomy (HR: 14.1; CI 95%: 4.0–49.0), and severe surgical complications (Clavien-Dindo III–IV) (HR: 2.9; CI 95%: 1.5–5.5) were identified as predictors of a diminished overall survival.ConclusionLaterality disclosed no significant effect on the overall prognosis of colon cancer patients. However, group differences and distinct survival predictors could be identified in rCC and lCC patients.
Early white matter pathology in the fornix of the limbic system in Huntington disease
Authors: Gabery Sanaz , Kwa Jing Eugene , Cheong Rachel Y. , Baldo Barbara , Ferrari Bardile Costanza , Tan Brendan , McLean Catriona , Georgiou-Karistianis Nellie , Poudel Govinda R. , Halliday Glenda , Pouladi Mahmoud A. , Petersén Åsa 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHuntington disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expanded CAG repeat in the huntingtin (HTT) gene. The typical motor symptoms have been associated with basal ganglia pathology. However, psychiatric and cognitive symptoms often precede the motor component and may be due to changes in the limbic system. Recent work has indicated pathology in the hypothalamus in HD but other parts of the limbic system have not been extensively studied. Emerging evidence suggests that changes in HD also include white matter pathology. Here we investigated if the main white matter tract of the limbic system, the fornix, is affected in HD. We demonstrate that the fornix is 34% smaller already in prodromal HD and 41% smaller in manifest HD compared to controls using volumetric analyses of MRI of the IMAGE-HD study. In post-mortem fornix tissue from HD cases, we confirm the smaller fornix volume in HD which is accompanied by signs of myelin breakdown and reduced levels of the transcription factor myelin regulating factor but detect no loss of oligodendrocytes. Further analyses using RNA-sequencing demonstrate downregulation of oligodendrocyte identity markers in the fornix of HD cases. Analysis of differentially expressed genes based on transcription-factor/target-gene interactions also revealed enrichment for binding sites of SUZ12 and EZH2, components of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2, as well as RE1 Regulation Transcription Factor. Taken together, our data show that there is early white matter pathology of the fornix in the limbic system in HD likely due to a combination of reduction in oligodendrocyte genes and myelin break down.
High-grade salivary gland cancer: is surgery followed by radiotherapy an adequate treatment to reach tumor control? Results from a tertiary referral centre focussing on incidence and management of distant metastases
Authors: Freitag Viola , Lettmaier Sebastian , Semrau Sabine , Hecht Markus , Mantsopoulos Konstantinos , Müller Sarina K. , Traxdorf Maximillian , Iro Heinrich , Agaimy Abbas , Fietkau Rainer , Haderlein Marlen 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Salivary Gland cancer (SGC) is a rare and heterogenous group of tumors. Standard therapeutic options achieve high local but poor distant control rates, especially in high-grade SGC. The aim of this monocentric study was to evaluate patterns of recurrence and its treatment options (local ablative vs. systemic) in a homogenously treated patient population with high-grade SGC after surgery and radio(chemo)therapy.

Methods
Monocentric, retrospective study of patients with newly diagnosed high-grade salivary gland cancer. We retrospectively reviewed clinical reports from 69 patients with high-grade salivary gland cancer in a single-center audit. Survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method and prognostic variables were analyzed (univariate analysis: log-rank test; multivariate analysis: Cox regression analysis).

Results
The median time of follow-up was 31 months. After 5 years, the cumulative overall survival was 65.2%, cumulative incidence of local recurrence was 7.2%, whereas the cumulative incidence of distant metastases was 43.5% after 5 years. 30 of 69 patients developed distant metastases during the time of follow-up, especially patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma, salivary duct carcinoma, adenocarcinoma NOS and acinic cell carcinoma with high-grade transformation. The most common type of therapy therefore was chemotherapy (50%). 85.7% of patients with local ablative therapy of distant metastases show disease progression during follow-up afterwards.

Conclusion
With surgery and radio-chemotherapy, a high rate of loco-regional control is reached, but over 40% of patients develop distant metastases in the further follow-up which usually present a diffuse pattern involving in a diffuse metastases. Therefore, in the future, intensified interdisciplinary combination therapies even in the first-line treatment in certain subtypes of high-grade SGC should be investigated.
The RAP study, report 4: morphological and topographical characteristics of multifocal macular neovascularization type 3
Authors: Haj Najeeb Bilal , Deak Gabor G. , Sacu Stefan , Schmidt-Erfurth Ursula , Gerendas Bianca S. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Purpose
To report on the morphological characteristics and regional distribution of multifocal macular neovascularization type 3 (mMNV3).

Methods
Twenty-two consecutive eyes of 21 patients with mMNV3 were included using multimodal imaging. The count and stage of lesions of all MNV types and the existence of exudate and hemorrhage were determined. Also, we addressed the regional distribution of MNV3 lesions between the superior-inferior and the nasal-temporal halves of the macula, and the range of the distance of the lesions from the central fovea. Furthermore, we explored the number of feeding vessels including the cilioretinal artery.

Results
We found 51 lesions in 22 eyes of 21 patients. They were bifocal in 16 (73%) eyes, trifocal in 5 (23%), and quadrifocal in one (4%). No lesion of MNV1 or 2 was found. Fifteen (68%), 2 (9%), and 16 (73%) eyes were associated with retinal hard exudate, subretinal pigment epithelium exudate, and intraretinal hemorrhage, respectively. Thirty (59%) lesions were located in the temporal half of the macula, whereas 21 (41%) were located nasally (p = 0.07). One (2%) lesion was closer than 500 µm, 49 (96%) between 500 and 1500 µm, and one (2%) between 1500 and 3000 µm. The lesions were supplied by one arteriole in one (4%) eye, two arterioles in 16 (73%) eyes, and 3 arterioles in 5 (23%) eyes. The CRA contributed as a feeding vessel in 5 (23%) eyes.

Conclusion
The multifocal variant of MNV3 has specific morphological and topographical characteristics. Multimodal imaging allows the understanding of the pathomorphological condition in more detail.
Bayesian inversion for unified ductile phase-field fracture
Authors: Noii Nima , Khodadadian Amirreza , Ulloa Jacinto , Aldakheel Fadi , Wick Thomas , François Stijn , Wriggers Peter 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe prediction of crack initiation and propagation in ductile failure processes are challenging tasks for the design and fabrication of metallic materials and structures on a large scale. Numerical aspects of ductile failure dictate a sub-optimal calibration of plasticity- and fracture-related parameters for a large number of material properties. These parameters enter the system of partial differential equations as a forward model. Thus, an accurate estimation of the material parameters enables the precise determination of the material response in different stages, particularly for the post-yielding regime, where crack initiation and propagation take place. In this work, we develop a Bayesian inversion framework for ductile fracture to provide accurate knowledge regarding theeffectivemechanical parameters. To this end, synthetic and experimental observations are used to estimate the posterior density of the unknowns. To model the ductile failure behavior of solid materials, we rely on the phase-field approach to fracture, for which we present aunifiedformulation that allows recovering different models on a variational basis. In the variational framework, incremental minimization principles for a class of gradient-type dissipative materials are used to derive the governing equations. The overall formulation is revisited and extended to the case of anisotropic ductile fracture. Three different models are subsequently recovered by certain choices of parameters and constitutive functions, which are later assessed through Bayesian inversion techniques. Astep-wiseBayesian inversion method is proposed to determine the posterior density of the material unknowns for a ductile phase-field fracture process. To estimate the posterior density function of ductile material parameters, three common Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques are employed: (i) the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm, (ii) delayed-rejection adaptive Metropolis, and (iii) ensemble Kalman filter combined with MCMC. To examine the computational efficiency of the MCMC methods, we employ the$$\hat{R}{-}convergence$$R^-convergencetool. The resulting framework is algorithmically described in detail and substantiated with numerical examples.
An Investigation of the Grid Sensitivity in Large-Eddy Simulations of the Stable Boundary Layer
Authors: Maronga Björn , Li Dan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe revisit the longstanding problem of grid sensitivity, i.e., the lack of grid convergence in large-eddy simulations (LES) of the stable boundary layer. We use a comprehensive set of LES of the well-known Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment Atmospheric Boundary Layer Study 1 (GABLS1) case with varying grid spacings between 12.5 m and 1 m to investigate several physical processes and numerical features that are possible causes of grid sensitivity. Our results demonstrate that there are two resolution regimes in which grid sensitivity manifests differently. We find that changing the numerical advection schemes and the subgrid-scale models alters the simulation results, but the options tested do not fully address the grid-sensitivity issue. Moreover, sensitivity runs suggest that the surface boundary condition and the interaction of the surface with the near-surface flow, as well as the mixing with the free atmosphere, are unlikely to be the causes of the observed grid sensitivity. One interesting finding is that the grid sensitivity in the fine grid-spacing regime (grid spacings $$\le 2\,\mathrm{m}$$

≤
2

m

) is closely related to the reduction in the energy content of large-scale turbulence, leading to less turbulence kinetic energy and hence lower boundary-layer heights. The present work demonstrates that there is still an urgent need to address this grid-sensitivity issue in order to perform reliable LES of the stable boundary layer.
Combined integral and particle model for describing the dispersion, dilution, terminal layer formation and influence area from a point source discharge into a water body
Authors: Johnsplass Jonathan , Winger Anja Celine , Bjørgesæter Anders , Kleven Marit , Jensen Julie Damsgaard 
Published: August 2021

AbstractContamination of coastal water is a persistent threat to ecosystems around the world. In this study, a novel model for describing the dispersion, dilution, terminal layer formation and influence area from a point source discharge into a water body is presented and compared with field measured data. The model is a Combined Integral and Particle model (CIPMO). In the initial stage, the motion, dispersion and dilution of a buoyant jet are calculated. The output from the buoyant jet model is then coupled with a Lagrangian Advection and Diffusion model describing the far-field. CIPMO ensures that both the near- and far-field processes are adequately resolved. The model either uses empirical data or collects environmental forcing data from open source hydrodynamic models with high spatial and temporal resolution. The method for coupling the near-field buoyant jet and the particle tracking model is described and the output is discussed. The model shows good results when compared with measurements from a field study.
Effect of pressure-controlled ventilation-volume guaranteed mode combined with individualized positive end-expiratory pressure on respiratory mechanics, oxygenation and lung injury in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery in Trendelenburg position
Authors: Li Jianli , Ma Saixian , Chang Xiujie , Ju Songxu , Zhang Meng , Yu Dongdong , Rong Junfang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe study aimed to investigate the efficacy of PCV-VG combined with individual PEEP during laparoscopic surgery in the Trendelenburg position. 120 patients were randomly divided into four groups: VF group (VCV plus 5cmH2O PEEP), PF group (PCV-VG plus 5cmH2O PEEP), VI group (VCV plus individual PEEP), and PI group (PCV-VG plus individual PEEP). Pmean, Ppeak, Cdyn, PaO2/FiO2, VD/VT, A-aDO2 and Qs/Qt were recorded at T1 (15 min after the induction of anesthesia), T2 (60 min after pneumoperitoneum), and T3 (5 min at the end of anesthesia). The CC16 and IL-6 were measured at T1 and T3. Our results showed that the Pmean was increased in VI and PI group, and the Ppeak was lower in PI group at T2. At T2 and T3, the Cdyn of PI group was higher than that in other groups, and PaO2/FiO2 was increased in PI group compared with VF and VI group. At T2 and T3, A-aDO2 of PI and PF group was reduced than that in other groups. The Qs/Qt was decreased in PI group compared with VF and VI group at T2 and T3. At T2, VD/VT in PI group was decreased than other groups. At T3, the concentration of CC16 in PI group was lower compared with other groups, and IL-6 level of PI group was decreased than that in VF and VI group. In conclusion, the patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery, PCV-VG combined with individual PEEP produced favorable lung mechanics and oxygenation, and thus reducing inflammatory response and lung injury.Clinical Trial registry: chictr.org. identifier: ChiCTR-2100044928
Mental Health in Ethnic Minority Populations in the UK: Developmental Trajectories from Early Childhood to Mid Adolescence
Authors: Bains Simran , Gutman Leslie Morrison 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA large body of literature has demonstrated that there are developmental differences in mental health problems. However, less is known about the development of mental health problems in ethnic minority children, particularly at the population level. Using a detailed ethnic classification and nationally representative data from the UK Millennium Cohort Study (n = 18, 521, 49% female, 18% ethnic minority), this study examines ethnic differences in children’s mental health problems and trajectories of mental health from ages 3 to 14 years. Growth curve modeling revealed that ethnic minority children followed different developmental trajectories of internalizing and externalizing problems than white children, either in terms of the mean-level and/or rate of change across age. These differences were not explained by child sex, socioeconomic status, maternal depressive symptoms, and maternal immigrant status, highlighting the need for further research exploring the factors that underpin ethnic inequalities in child mental health.
Becoming a Science Teacher: Is It Merely a Process of Trial and Error?
Authors: Gourlay Helen 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this paper, I explore preservice science teachers’ (science PSTs’) reflective practice (RP) during a 1-year Postgraduate Certificate in Education programme in England. Previous research suggests that science PSTs are not very reflective, and I hypothesised that lack of reflectivity is related to their difficulty in learning to teach. Science PSTs (n = 38) took part in a teaching intervention designed to support development of RP, and eight volunteered as research participants. Four seminars about the diagnostic teaching cycle and action learning (AL) took place in the university during the year. Data collected included written reflective journals, analyses of critical incidents, and action plans; audio recordings of AL sets; and school-based mentors’ reports of participants’ progress in school placements. I investigated participants’ reflectivity using Zwokdiak-Myers’ nine dimensions of reflective practice. There was substantial variation between participants, and more evidence of reflectivity in some dimensions than in others. A relative strength was that participants adopted a range of teaching strategies (Dimension 6), but linking theory with practice (Dimension 3) was a weakness.
Two passeriform birds (Aves: Passeriformes) from the Middle Miocene of Austria
Authors: Happ Johannes , Elsler Armin , Kriwet Jürgen , Pfaff Cathrin , Bochenski Zbigniew M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTwo newly discovered specimens of passerine birds—an isolated sternum and an associated skeleton—from the upper Middle Miocene (ca. 12 Ma) are the oldest representatives of Passeriformes from Austria. Although the condition of the specimens prevents their accurate identification, they provide further clues on the morphological diversity of the avifauna during this period and fill gaps in the paleobiogeography of Miocene passerines. The associated skeleton represents a bird similar in size to the extant Sylvia atricapilla or Erithacus rubecula, and the delicate beak indicates that the bird fed mainly on small invertebrates and possibly also soft fruit. The isolated sternum belonged to a small thrush-sized bird and, considering the fragility of this skeletal element, is one of the best-preserved Miocene passerine sterna in the world.