bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Short-Term Oral Vitamin A on Ocular Tear Film in Dry Eye
Authors: Jadeja Jagruti Navalsinhji , Patel Vaibhavi Gulabbhai , Garasiya Tejal Rameshbhai 
Published: December 2024

Purpose:
Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disease of tears and ocular surface. The tear film is composed of three layers – lipid, aqueous, and mucin. Loss of mucin and goblet cell atrophy due to Vitamin A deficiency contributes to the instability of tear film secondary to mucin abnormality leading to dry eye. Our aim is to study the effect of short-term oral Vitamin A supplementation on tear film in patients with dry eye.

Methods:
This is a cross-sectional interventional study of 42 patients undertaking treatment at a tertiary health-care center in Western India. A total of 42 patients meeting the dry eye diagnostic criteria were enrolled. After taking informed consent, history, anterior segment examination, tests specific for DED were performed. Patients were graded as per dry eye severity and supplemented with oral Vitamin A as per regimen. All tests were repeated at 1 month and at 3 months.

Results:
Statistical analysis was done using analysis of variance test to compare the outcome of 3 values, i.e., on presentation, 1 month, and 3 months post supplementation for different DES parameters, and P value was analyzed for each of them. Out of 42 patients, 18 were mild, 16 were moderate, and 8 were severely symptomatic. The mean symptom score improved from 7.95 ± 3.74 to 4.38 ± 2.99 at 3 months whereas Ocular Surface Disease Index score improved from 22.81 ± 7.89 to 17.17 ± 7.39 at 3 months. The mean Schirmer's grade improved from 2.20 ± 0.95 to 1.61 ± 0.74 at 3 months whereas ferning (TF) grade improved from 2.59 ± 0.92 to 1.37 ± 0.77 at 3 months.

Conclusion:
Oral Vitamin A improves tear ferning due to improved mucin production.
Association of Disability Quotient with Ocular and Systemic Manifestations in Children with Developmental Delay
Authors: Wadhwani Meenakshi , Malhotra Sehzadi , Dhingra Dhulika , Manika Manika , Kursange Shubhangi , Singh Rahul , Kumari Sneha , Kumar Amit 
Published: December 2024

Aim:
This study aims to study the various ocular and systemic manifestations in children with developmental delay (DD) and its association with development quotient.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 192 children between the age group of 1–5 years with DD were enrolled in the study at a pediatric care tertiary teaching hospital. All these children underwent detailed ocular and systemic examination along with psychometric development quotient calculation. Along with this, a detailed antenatal and postnatal history was also noted.

Results:
DD was more common in males and lower socioeconomic class. The most common ocular manifestations were refractive error (64.6%) followed by strabismus (34.4%), temporal disc pallor (16.6%), nystagmus (7.9%), optic atrophy (2.6%), congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (1.0%), and cataract (0.5%). Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (75%) was the most common systemic association followed by hearing and speech impairment (70.8%), cerebral palsy (53.1%), and seizure disorder (46.8%). Delayed cry at birth was found to have a significant association with lower Developmental Quotient (DQ) (P = 0.021) and higher incidence of refractive error (P = 0.036). Refractive error was more prevalent in children with cerebral palsy (P = 0.006). Children with seizure disease had lower visual potential (P < 0.001). Children with severe MRI findings were found to have lower DQ.

Conclusion:
The incidence of ocular co-morbidities in children with DD is high. Many of them are treatable. Among these, refractive errors are the most common cause of visual impairment followed by strabismus and optic atrophy. Early detection and intervention can help these children to restore useful vision and help in their rehabilitation.
Changes in Axial Length and Refractive Profile in Different Illumination: A Comparative Study to Understand the Impact of Myopia Control
Authors: Chaurasiya Ritesh Kumar , Vishwas Shambhavi , Kasana Kajal , Chauhan Lokesh , Agarwal Pradeep 
Published: December 2024

Purpose:
The purpose of the study was to evaluate and compare the changes in axial length and refractive profile in myopic patients exposed with different illumination.

Methodology:
A cross-sectional study among 15 myopic subjects was conducted in the tertiary eye care institute. Before participating in the study, individuals underwent comprehensive ocular examinations to ensure their suitability. For each participant, the experiment was conducted in two phases: Phase I procedures occurring at the initial visit and Phase II procedures taking place 1 week later. In Phase I, baseline measurements of axial length and refractive profiles were taken for all participants, followed by exposure to illumination below 500 Lux for 30 min. Phase II replicated the baseline measurements, followed by exposure to lighting above 1000 Lux for the same duration. Axial length measurements were performed using Lenstar LS-500, and refractive profiles were determined using an autorefractometer, both administered by experienced optometrists. Three consecutive measurements were taken for each eye, and the average value was recorded for both axial length and refractive parameters. Paired t-test was used to compare axial length measurements at baseline and after exposure to different illumination levels. Linear regression was used to determine the association between axial length and illumination levels. Statistical significance was considered if P < 0.05.

Results:
Mean axial length measurements varied across the two illumination groups: 23.62 ± 0.18 mm in the high illumination group (>1000 lux) and 23.96 ± 0.23 mm in the low illumination group (<500 lux). Paired t-test revealed a significant difference in axial length among the groups (P = 0.01). Similarly, the mean spherical equivalent refractive error also varied significantly across the illumination groups: −1.52 ± 0.60 Diopter (D) in the high illumination group, and − 2.01 ± 0.16 D in the low illumination group. There was a significant negative correlation between axial length and refractive error for high illumination group.

Conclusion:
Higher levels of illumination were associated with shorter axial length and less myopic refractive error in individuals.
Profile of Macular Ganglion Cell-inner Plexiform Layer Thickness in Diabetics With and Without Retinopathy
Authors: Kaushal Nimisha , Guliani Neha C. , Guliani Brahm P. 
Published: December 2024

Context:
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic, metabolic, noncommunicable disease that has attained epidemic proportions. At present, there is emerging evidence to suggest that retinal neurodegeneration is an early event in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive technique to detect the earliest retinal changes before DR could be diagnosed on fundus examination.

Aims:
The purpose of the study was to measure retinal ganglion cell inner-plexiform layer (GC-IPL) thickness in diabetic patients with no DR or with mild nonproliferative DR (NPDR) on fundus examination.

Settings and Design:
This cross-sectional study was undertaken at a tertiary care hospital in North India over a period of 18 months.

Subjects and Methods:
Thirty-six subjects with diabetes were analyzed to study the occurrence of retinal neurodegeneration by measuring GC-IPL thickness on spectral domain-OCT (SD-OCT) examination and for comparison, GC-IPL thickness value of normal healthy nondiabetic subjects was taken (normal value taken 82.78 ± 7.01 μm).

Statistical Analysis Used:
Categorical variables were presented in number and percentage (%) and continuous variables were presented as mean ± standard deviation, median, and interquartile range. The normality of data was checked by applying the Shapiro–Wilk test and Chi-square test to check the association between two categorical variables.

Results:
There was no significant association of gender with the thickness of GC-IPL. The mean age, mean duration of diabetes, and mean glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were found to be significantly lower in diabetics with normal thickness GC-IPL as compared to those having thinner GC-IPL thickness. The mean value of average GC-IPL thickness among normal and mild NPDR fundus examinations was 86.24 μm and 75.43 μm, respectively (P = 0.000).

Conclusions:
Early detection of DR by SD-OCT can be a therapeutic window for neuroprotective treatments to reduce the damage to the retina in DR. Age, duration of diabetes, and HbA1c levels have a negative association with GC-IPL thickness in diabetics.
NIST: Needle Incision Sub-Tenon’s Anesthesia
Authors: Nair Megha , Tagare Shivraj , Venkatesh Rengaraj , Vivekanandan Vellam Ramakrishnan 
Published: December 2024

Background:
One of the most common regional anesthesia used in cataract surgeries is sub- Tenon’s anaesthesia. Sub-Tenon’s anaesthesia consists of injecting an anaesthetic agent directly into sub-Tenons space with a curved blunted needle. Most common complications related to sub-Tenon’s anaesthesia such as subconjunctival haemorrhage and chemosis has been associated with blunt dissection of conjunctiva and Tenon’s. However, it provides akinesia, analgesia and is considered the choice of anaesthesia in complicated cataracts.

Aims and Objectives:
An innovative technique of sub- Tenon’s anaethesia, to reduce the existing complications associated with sub-Tenon’s anaesthesia and reducing the volume of anesthetic administered while preserving the quality of anaesthesia.

Materials and Methods:
An innovative technique was developed avoiding the blunt conjunctival and Tenon’s dissection and replacing it by a point entry that is of size of a needle incision into the sub-Tenon’s space using lacrimal dilator.

Results:
This novel technique resulted in lesser occurrences of sub conjunctival hemorrhage, chemosis and even in lowering the volume of anesthetic agent used. It gave aesthetic satisfaction to patient postoperatively.

Conclusion:
NIST technique prevents the complications made by dissection in the conventional technique of sub-Tenon’s anesthesia, while ensuring the quality of anesthesia.
Health-seeking behaviors during an outbreak of acute conjunctivitis in Central India
Authors: Chatterjee Samrat , Gangwe Anil B , Agrawal Deepshikha 
Published: December 2024

Purpose:
To report the health-seeking behaviors of individuals with acute viral conjunctivitis during an outbreak.

Methods:
A cross-sectional survey was carried out in the Raipur district of Chhattisgarh after an outbreak of acute conjunctivitis in July–August 2023.

Results:
The treatment choices were pharmacies (51.4%), ophthalmologists (21.1%), quacks (non-qualified doctors) (6.8%), general practitioners (1.6%), home remedies (5.2%), and no treatment (13.9%). Treatment preferences were influenced by place of residence (P < 0.001), occupation (P = 0.002), socioeconomic category (P < 0.001), and highest level of education of male (P < 0.001) and female (P < 0.001) members within the household. The overall expenditure was higher when patients sought treatment from quacks (INR 427.27 ± 202.21), followed by ophthalmologists (INR 374.57 ± 251.31) and pharmacies (INR 201.39 ± 102.65) (P < 0.001). Individuals aged 21–40 years (odds ratio [OR]: 0.24, 95% CI: 0.05–1.03, P = 0.055) and those from villages (OR: 0.16, 95% CI: 0.07–0.32, P < 0.001) were less likely to use prophylaxis. Individuals from families with high level of education of male members (OR: 2.70, 95% CI: 1.08–7.20, P = 0.039) or large family sizes (OR: 6.27, 95% CI: 2.42–19.09, P = 0.039) were more likely to use prophylaxis. The use of separate items of daily use reduced the risk of spread of conjunctivitis (OR: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.06–0.35, P = 0.035).

Conclusion:
Several insights into health-seeking behaviors among individuals with conjunctivitis during an outbreak were identified in this study, which can aid public health interventions during future outbreaks.
The Effect of Omeprazole on Urinary Magnesium Excretion in Children with Peptic Diseases
Authors: Famouri Fatemeh , Tavahen Nirvana , Gholami Hossein , Yazdi Maryam , Heidari-Beni Motahar , Momenzadeh Mahnaz 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACT

Objective:
This study investigates the impact of omeprazole on urinary magnesium (Mg) excretion in children undergoing treatment for peptic disease. Specifically, it examines how omeprazole influences the fractional excretion of Mg.

Methods:
This single-arm clinical trial was conducted from 2020 to 2021. With 44 children diagnosed with acid peptic disease who received omeprazole (1–2 mg/kg/day) for 3 months at the Gastroenterology Clinic of Imam Hossein Hospital, Isfahan, Iran. Serum and urine levels of Mg and creatinine were measured before and after the intervention using the Pars Azmoon Kit, following the kits guidelines. The fractional excretion of Mg was then calculated using standard formulas.

Findings:
The mean urinary Mg levels decreased significantly from 4.96 ± 2.48 mg/dL before treatment to 1.46 ± 0.63 mg/dL after treatment (P < 0.001). Serum Mg levels also significantly declined from 1.90 ± 0.20 mg/dL before treatment to 1.37 ± 0.03 mg/dL after treatment (P < 0.01). The mean fractional excretion of Mg decreased from 5.2% ± 1.2% before therapy to 1.7% ± 0.63% after treatment (P < 0.01). Serum creatinine levels showed a slight increase from 0.62 ± 0.19 mg/dL to 0.67 ± 0.13 mg/dL (P = 0.053), whereas urinary creatinine levels increased by 20.80 ± 18.77 mg/dL (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
The observed hypomagnesemia is not attributable to increased urinary Mg loss. Instead, the kidneys appear to compensate for the reduced serum Mg levels by decreasing urinary Mg excretion, thereby conserving Mg in the body following omeprazole treatment.
An Evaluation on Five Dimensions of a Mobile Health Application for Patient Counseling in Ambulatory Care Pharmacy: A Single-center Cross-sectional Survey Based on Pediatric Caregiver’s Opinion
Authors: Liu Qing-Qing , Wang Min , Chen Feng , Ji Xing , Xu Jin , Wang Zhi-Yu 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACT

Objective:
Due to high workloads and insufficient counseling time in ambulatory care pharmacy, outpatient pharmacists for pediatric patients in China proposed a mobile health application (mHealth app) that they considered could provide patient counseling more efficiently. To improve it accordingly, we need to design a more specific and multi-dimensional evaluation method to obtain pediatric caregivers’ evaluations of a mHealth app.

Methods:
A cross-sectional survey on five dimensions (transmission, accuracy, accessibility, completeness, and experience) of the mHealth app was conducted using a random questionnaire among outpatient caregivers at a children’s hospital.

Findings:
We received 478 valid questionnaires from 500 caregivers. The Item-Level Content Validity Index (I-CVI) indicated the content validity of the questions (I-CVI =1.000). The Content Validity Index for Scales (S-CVI) confirmed their content validity (S-CVI =1.000). The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) of test–retest reliability were acceptable (0.806≤ ICC ≤0.869). The mean scores for transmission, accuracy, accessibility, and completeness were more than 3.5 when the experience was 2.1. Caregivers of different ages agreed that their accuracy was satisfactory; however, their experience was not. Caregivers aged over 50 years did not recognize its transmission and accessibility, whereas caregivers aged under 29 years and over 50 years were not satisfied with its completeness.

Conclusion:
The accuracy of the mHealth app is excellent; the transmission and accessibility need to give the silver generation time to accept and adapt, and experience and completeness should be improved. The five-dimensional assessment model can also be used to evaluate other mHealth apps for patient counseling.
Influence of vaccination time relative to heifers’ synchronization on infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus antibody and stress markers responses
Authors: Yousef Wesam , El Nahas Ehab M. , Abouel-Roos Mahmoud E.A. , Sosa Gamal A.M. , Kandiel Mohamed M.M. 
Published: December 2024

Objective:
To characterize the influence of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) vaccination time regarding the start of estrus synchronization on antibody titer, inflammatory reaction and oxidative stress in Holstein heifers.

Methods:
Twenty-four heifers (12.5 to 14.0 months old) were allocated into two experiments with 12 heifers in each, according to history of bovine herpesvirus (BoHV-1) vaccination (naive and booster vaccinated). Heifers in each experiment were assigned to Pre-synch, In-synch and control groups. Pre-synch and Insynch groups received IBR vaccine on Day -3 and Day 5 of estrus synchronization start, respectively. Control animals remained unvaccinated but synchronized. Blood samples collected on Day 0 (day of vaccination), 7, 14 and 46 and assayed for IBR antibody titer, C-reactive protein (CRP), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC).

Results:
The experiments showed invariably high BoHV-1 antibody titer after vaccination with live attenuated gE deleted vaccine or polyvalent vaccines containing chemically altered BoHV-1 in all vaccinated-synchronized animals compared to the control from Day 0 to Day 46 in naive heifers, and from Day 7 to 46 in booster vaccinated animals. In booster vaccinated animals, CRP was low in Pre-synch group on Day 7 (P<0.05), and both synchronized groups on Day 14 and 46. TAC levels of Pre-synch and In-synch naive heifers, and pre-synch booster heifers were lower than its control group on Day 0, and in naive vaccinated In-synch group than booster In-synch on Day 7 (P<0.05).

Conclusions:
The timing of estrus synchronization related to vaccination did not alter BoHV-1 antibody levels but affected CRP and TAC which make the animals liable for pathogen invasion and/or oxidative stress during the post-vaccinal period.
Gender difference in learning approaches of undergraduate physiotherapy students – A cross-sectional study
Authors: Rani Jyoti , Jagga Vinay 
Published: December 2024

Abstract:

BACKGROUND:
Incorporating gender differences into physiotherapy education and training programs prepares future practitioners to recognize and address these differences in their practice, promoting a higher standard of care. Studying the learning approaches of male and female undergraduate physiotherapy students is an unexplored area that can offer valuable insights into how different genders engage with educational content and learning environments.

METHODOLOGY:
The cross-sectional study includes a total of 181 subjects (110 were females and 71 were males) from Baba Mastnath University studying in the Bachelor of Physiotherapy program taken by random sampling technique. All students filled out the Visual, Auditory, Read/Write, Kinesthetic (VARK) learning styles questionnaire. Analysis was done using the statistical technique of t-ratio.

RESULT:
Female students in the 1st and 4th years have a higher preference for visual and read/write learning approaches as compared to male students, but in the 2nd year, females have more preference for kinesthetic learning style as compared to males. On the other side, males’ preference was more for kinesthetic learning styles in the 1st year and read/write in the 3rd year as compared to females.

CONCLUSION:
The study concluded that females more or less have a higher preference for visual and read/write learning approaches whereas males’ preference was kinesthetic style of learning in the undergraduate physiotherapy course.
Comparison of biomechanical factors between normal, flat foot, and high arched foot in university students
Authors: Chouhan Kajal , Sathe Prachi Khandekar , Parihar Shivani Singh , Shrivastava Vivek Kumar 
Published: December 2024

Abstract:

BACKGROUND:
This study aimed to compare the biomechanical factors associated with normal, flat feet (pes planus), and high-arched feet (pes cavus) in university students and to explore the relationship between foot posture and calf muscle length.

MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY:
This cross-sectional study included 100 university students aged 18–28. Participants were assessed using the foot posture index (FPI) to determine foot posture and a goniometer to measure calf muscle tightness.

RESULTS:
Significant differences in FPI scores and ankle dorsiflexion range of motion were found among the three foot types. The study confirmed that flat feet are associated with gastrocnemius muscle tightness and that maintaining calf muscle flexibility is crucial for optimal foot mechanics.

CONCLUSION:
We conclude that FPI scores and calf muscle length differ significantly between normal, flat feet (pes planus), and high-arched feet (pes cavus) individuals. Further, a significant negative correlation is found between FPI scores and calf muscle length. A considerable increase in calf muscle tightness is found to be associated with an increase in flat foot degree in young college going students.
Bugging bugs: A case series
Authors: Kansal Ananya , Kaur Sukhman , Singh Manatjot , Kaur Varleen , Kaur Ramandeep , Prasher Pawan , Singh Shakeen , Dhingra Navneet , Kaur Manpreet , Salwan Abhishek 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This case series presents six cases of atypical blepharitis, highlighting the importance of considering uncommon etiologies beyond seborrheic and ulcerative blepharitis. These cases demonstrate the need for a comprehensive approach to the diagnosis and management of eyelid inflammation, including microscopic examination to identify specific causative agents.
Hemorrhagic papilledema: An unusual variant
Authors: Temkar Shreyas , Agarwal Disha , Stephen Mary , Sugumaran Ramkumar , Periyandavan Jayasri 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Papilledema is a condition of bilateral optic disc edema due to increased intracranial pressure, which can be due to multiple causes. We report a case of a middle-aged woman who presented with a history of episodic headaches associated with transient blurring of vision. Examination showed a vision of 6/6 and normal anterior segment. Fundus examination showed established papilledema and extensive peripapillary hemorrhages. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed evidence of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). A hemorrhagic papilledema should point toward significantly elevated intracranial pressure, which may result in rupture of peripapillary vessels, complicated further by anemia.