bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon material‐based anodes in the microbial fuel cells
Authors: Fan Xiaoqi , Zhou Yun , Jin Xueke , Song Rong‐Bin , Li Zhaohui , Zhang Qichun 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFor the performance improvement of microbial fuel cells (MFCs), the anode becomes a breakthrough point due to its influence on bacterial attachment and extracellular electron transfer (EET). On other level, carbon materials possess the following features: low cost, rich natural abundance, good thermal and chemical stability, as well as tunable surface properties and spatial structure. Therefore, the development of carbon materials and carbon‐based composites has flourished in the anode of MFCs during the past years. In this review, the major carbon materials used to decorate MFC anodes have been systematically summarized, based on the differences in composition and structure. Moreover, we have also outlined the carbon material‐based hybrid biofilms and carbon material‐modified exoelectrogens in MFCs, along with the discussion of known strategies and mechanisms to enhance the bacteria‐hosting capabilities of carbon material‐based anodes, EET efficiencies, and MFC performances. Finally, the main challenges coupled with some exploratory proposals are also expounded for providing some guidance on the future development of carbon material‐based anodes in MFCs.
“Snapshot” Trapping of Multiple Transient Azolyllithiums in Batch
Authors: Inoue Kengo , Feng Yuxuan , Mori Atsunori , Okano Kentaro 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRecent developments in flow microreactor technology have allowed the use of transient organolithium compounds that cannot be realized in a batch reactor. However, trapping the transient aryllithiums in a “halogen dance” is still challenging. Herein is reported the trapping of such short‐lived azolyllithiums in a batch reactor by developing a finely tuned in situ zincation using zinc halide diamine complexes. The reaction rate is controlled by the appropriate choice of diamine ligand. The reaction is operationally simple and can be performed at 0 °C with high reproducibility on a multigram scale. This method was applicable to a wide range of brominated azoles allowing deprotonative functionalization, which was used for the concise divergent syntheses of both constitutional isomers of biologically active azoles.
A series of COVID‐19 autopsies with clinical and pathologic comparisons to both seasonal and pandemic influenza
Authors: McMullen Phillip , Pytel Peter , Snyder Alexis , Smith Heather , Vickery Jasmine , Brainer James , Guzy Robert , Wu David , Schoettler Nathan , Adegunsoye Ayodeji , Sperling Anne , Hart John , Alpert Lindsay , Chang Anthony , Gurbuxani Sandeep , Krausz Thomas , Husain Aliya N , Mueller Jeffrey 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAutopsies of patients who have died from COVID‐19 have been crucial in delineating patterns of injury associated with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Despite their utility, comprehensive autopsy studies are somewhat lacking relative to the global burden of disease, and very few comprehensive studies contextualize the findings to other fatal viral infections. We developed a novel autopsy protocol in order to perform postmortem examinations on victims of COVID‐19 and herein describe detailed clinical information, gross findings, and histologic features observed in the first 16 complete COVID‐19 autopsies. We also critically evaluated the role of ancillary studies used to establish a diagnosis of COVID‐19 at autopsy, including immunohistochemistry (IHC), in situ hybridization (ISH), and electron microscopy (EM). IHC and ISH targeting SARS‐CoV‐2 were comparable in terms of the location and number of infected cells in lung tissue; however, nonspecific staining of bacteria was seen occasionally with IHC. EM was unrevealing in blindly sampled tissues. We then compared the clinical and histologic features present in this series to six archival cases of fatal seasonal influenza and six archival cases of pandemic influenza from the fourth wave of the ‘Spanish Flu’ in the winter of 1920. In addition to routine histology, the inflammatory infiltrates in the lungs of COVID‐19 and seasonal influenza victims were compared using quantitative IHC. Our results demonstrate that the clinical and histologic features of COVID‐19 are similar to those seen in fatal cases of influenza, and the two diseases tend to overlap histologically. There was no significant difference in the composition of the inflammatory infiltrate in COVID‐19 and influenza at sites of acute lung injury at the time of autopsy. Our study underscores the relatively nonspecific clinical features and pathologic changes shared between severe cases of COVID‐19 and influenza, while also providing important caveats to ancillary methods of viral detection.
Anxiety and prognosis of patients with myocardial infarction: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Wen Yi , Yang Yuan , Shen Jian , Luo Suxin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAlthough anxiety is highly prevalent after myocardial infarction (MI), but the association between anxiety and MI is not well established. This study aimed to provide an updated and comprehensive evaluation of the association between anxiety and short‐term and long‐term prognoses in patients with MI. Anxiety is associated with poor short‐term and long‐term prognoses in patients with MI. We performed a systematic search in the PubMed and Cochrane databases (January 2000–October 2020). The study endpoints were complications, all‐cause mortality, cardiac mortality, and/or major adverse cardiac events (MACEs). Pooled data were synthesized using Stata SE12.0 and expressed as risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We included 9373 patients with MI from 16 published studies. Pooled analyses indicated a correlation between high anxiety and poor clinical outcomes (RR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.13–1.26, p < .001), poor short‐term complications (RR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.09–1.38, p = .001), and poor long‐term prognosis (RR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.13–1.44, p < .001). Anxiety was also specifically associated with long‐term mortality (RR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.01–1.33, p = .033) and long‐term MACEs (RR: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.26–1.90, p < .001). This study provided strong evidence that increased anxiety was associated with poor prognosis in patients with MI. Further analysis revealed that MI patients with anxiety had a 23% increased risk of short‐term complications and a 27% increased risk of adverse long‐term prognosis compared to those without anxiety.
Incorporation of Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System to assess quality of life among patients with breast cancer initiating care at an academic center
Authors: Matthys Madeline B. , Dempsey Andre M. , Melisko Michelle E. , Dreher Nickolas , Che Mandy L. , van’t Veer Laura J. , Esserman Laura J. , Basu Amrita 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundSymptom burden and reduced quality of life (QOL) are considerable hurdles in oncology. The authors used the Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS), which assesses physical and psychosocial health, to establish a mean symptom burden, examine potential drivers, and characterize severe symptom burden in breast cancer patient subgroups with the goal of characterizing stage IV patient QOL and triaging patients to individualized supportive care services.MethodsNew patients at the University of California San Francisco Breast Care Center received questionnaires with 8 PROMIS domains: depression, anxiety, fatigue, sleep‐related impairment, sleep disturbance, cognitive function, cognitive abilities, and physical function. PROMIS values were scored with the HealthMeasures service and were compared by age, cancer stage, and educational status.ResultsStage IV patients with breast cancer (n = 169) reported higher depression and fatigue and worse cognitive function, cognitive abilities, and physical function than patients with stage 0 to III disease (n = 2577). As age increased, cognitive function impairment, depression, anxiety, and sleep‐related symptoms decreased. More educated patients showed better physical function and less severe sleep disturbance and fatigue. Across all subgroups, patients with high anxiety had the greatest probability of worse symptom burden and function in other domains.CONCLUSIONSThis study provides an additional set of PROMIS population estimates across breast cancer demographic groups. The analysis of a large stage IV population reinforces that metastatic patients have impaired QOL across multiple domains. Because anxiety emerged as a potential driver of impaired QOL in other domains, earlier interventions to reduce anxiety could improve QOL overall. These analyses will help to determine appropriate thresholds of intervention.Lay Summary

Patients receiving treatment for breast cancer can experience decreased quality of life.

This study characterized differences in self‐reported quality of life among patients of different ages, with different stages of cancer, and with different educational backgrounds. This study also examined the effect of decreased quality of life in one area (eg, anxiety) on another area (eg, difficulty in sleeping).

Patients who were younger, had not attended college or technical school, or had stage IV cancer tended to have worse quality of life. Patients who had high levels of anxiety also tended to have high levels of impairment in other areas.
Sunlight exposure in infancy decreases risk of sporadic retinoblastoma, extent of intraocular disease
Authors: Orjuela‐Grimm Manuela , Carreño Silvia Bhatt , Liu Xinhua , Ruiz Ambar , Medina Paola , Ramirez Ortiz Marco A. , Rendon Josefina Romero , Molina Norma Citlali Lara , Pinilla Hector , Hinojosa Daniela , Rodriguez Laura , Connor Anita O' , Rodriguez Fabiola Mejia , Castañeda M. Veronica Ponce , Cabrera‐Muñoz Lourdes 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundPrior ecologic studies suggest that UV exposure through sunlight to the retina might contribute to increased retinoblastoma incidence.AimsOur study objectives were (1) to examine the relationship between exposure to sunlight during postnatal retinal development (prior to diagnosis of sporadic disease) and the risk of retinoblastoma, and (2) to examine the relationship between sun exposure during postnatal retinal development, and the extent of disease among children with unilateral and bilateral retinoblastoma.Methods and resultsWe interviewed 511 mothers in the EpiRbMx case‐control study about their child's exposure to sunlight during postnatal retinal cell division by examining three time periods prior to Rtb diagnosis coinciding with developmental stages in which outdoor activities vary. Weekly sun exposure was compared by age period, between unilateral (n = 259), bilateral (n = 120), and control (n = 132) children, accounting for two factors affecting UV exposure: residential elevation and reported use of coverings to shield eyes. For cases, association between sunlight exposure and clinical stage was examined by laterality at each age period. After adjusting for maternal education and elevation, sun exposure was lower in cases than controls in all three age periods especially during the first 6 months, and in children 12–23 months whose mothers did not cover their eyes when outdoors. In children diagnosed after 12 months of age, sun exposure during the second year of life (age 12–23 months) appeared inversely correlated (r = −0.25) with more advanced intraocular disease in bilateral Rtb children after adjusting for maternal education, residential elevation, and age of diagnosis (p < .09) consistent with effects of Vitamin D exposure on intraocular spread in earlier transgenic murine models of retinoblastoma, and suggesting potential chemopreventive strategies.ConclusionSun exposure in early childhood is protective for retinoblastoma and may decrease degree of intraocular spread in children with bilateral Rtb.
Dynamic neuromorphic architecture selection scheme for intelligent Internet of Things services
Authors: Park Kicheol , Kim Bongjae 
Published: May 2021

SummaryWith the development of Internet of Things (IoT)‐related technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, various IoT services are becoming more intelligent, and their use range is increasing and diversifying. IoT hardware and IoT software must support AI‐related functions to provide an intelligent IoT service. In general, IoT devices powered by batteries have limited computing performance when compared to general computing environments. Therefore, it is essential to provide AI‐related functions at low power in IoT devices to implement and offer various intelligent services. Neuromorphic computing devices or neuromorphic computing architectures can operate with low power energy consumption. If applied to IoT devices, AI‐related functions can be implemented in a resource‐constrained IoT device environment. The proposed neuromorphic architecture abstraction (NAA) model dynamically selects the proper neuromorphic architecture by comparing the parameter size of a given SNN model. It also considers the specifications and error probability of the available neuromorphic architecture. We also implement the proposed model in a real IoT computing environment and show that the proposed NAA model and dynamic selection scheme can reduce the execution time for training and inferencing. It reduces the training and inferencing time of a given model compared with the method of randomly specifying the neuromorphic architecture.
Highly Strained Nanoscale Bicyclophane Monolayers Entering the Third Dimension: A Combined Synthetic and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Investigation
Authors: Henzel Sebastian , Becker Steven , Hennen Daniel , Keller Tristan J. , Bahr Joshua , Jester Stefan‐S. , Höger Sigurd 
Published: May 2021

AbstractInvited for this month's cover are the collaborating groups of Prof. Dr. Sigurd Höger and Dr. Stefan‐S. Jester from Rheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐Universität Bonn, Germany. The cover picture shows a bicyclophane that forms a two‐dimensional supramolecular nanopattern on graphite at the solid/liquid interface. After adsorption, the central unit points towards the volume phase. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/cplu.202000711.
An activated‐zinc oral rinse reduces pro‐inflammatory cytokine secretion and promotes proliferation in Porphyromonas gingivalisLPS‐challenged gingival tissues – A pilot study
Authors: Stanton Kaitlyn A. , McCracken Barbara A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe use of adjunct post‐treatment mouth rinses containing chlorhexidine (CHX) for periodontitis patients is associated with side effects that reduce patient compliance. Our aim was to evaluate the proinflammatory and cell proliferation effects of an activated‐zinc mouth rinse (SM) that has been suggested as an alternative post‐treatment therapeutic.Materials and MethodsTissue models of gingival epithelium were used to simulate periodontal disease and compare inflammatory reactions after treatment with CHX or SM. Tissues were exposed to Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS and wounded to simulate periodontal disease. Tissues were treated and incubated for 6, 12, or 24 h. Inflammatory cytokines were measured in culture medium by ELISA and local expression of Toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐4 and proliferation marker Ki‐67 was visualized by immunohistochemistry.ResultsSM and CHX treatments decreased secretion of IL‐1β and IL‐8 into culture media at all time points. IL‐1β secretion levels were further decreased by SM compared to CHX treatment at all time points. TLR‐4 expression appeared significantly increased 12 h post‐treatment in the CHX tissues but remained relatively low in SM tissues at all time points. Ki‐67 results suggest that cell proliferation was increased in the SM tissues earlier than CHX tissues.ConclusionsOur data suggest that SM may reduce inflammation in gingival tissues.
Teachers’ Perceptions of Physical literacy
Authors: Stoddart Alexandra L. , Humbert M. Louise 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to explore what current physical education specialists and generalists know and understand about physical literacy and how the concept is operationalised in physical education. Six teachers from an urban school district in Canada participated in semi‐structured interviews as part of a larger physical literacy intervention study. Interviews were audio‐recorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were thematically analysed. Three themes were generated from the data: (a) ‘Never really used that word [physical literacy] before’, (b) ‘Well, we do have outcomes’ and (c) ‘What do you guys want to play’? Findings demonstrated that the majority of teachers in this study, regardless of being a specialist or generalist, exhibited limited understanding regarding the overall concept of physical literacy. This illuminates the need for all teachers to be better supported to understand and develop physical literacy through their physical education classes.
Metabolic syndrome and its components in different phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Krentowska Anna , Kowalska Irina 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy affecting reproductive‐age women. Important factors in its pathogenesis are hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance, which lead to higher risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its complications. With the implementation of the Rotterdam diagnostic criteria in 2003, the group of PCOS patients became highly heterogeneous, with varying metabolic risk reported for different phenotypes of the syndrome. The aim of the present review is to assess the prevalence and severity of MetS and its components in patients with the four phenotypes of PCOS. A comprehensive search of Pubmed database was performed to identify studies comparing metabolic characteristics between PCOS patients with different phenotypes of the syndrome. The results of 60 studies published between 2004 and 2020 were retrieved and analysed. More adverse metabolic profile was observed in PCOS patients with hyperandrogenic phenotypes in comparison to normoandrogenic patients, as well as in classic phenotypes, defined by National Institutes of Health criteria, in comparison to newer phenotypes introduced by the Rotterdam criteria. In the majority of observations, normoandrogenic PCOS patients did not differ significantly from controls in terms of metabolic characteristics, although some East Asian studies reported more adverse metabolic profile in normoandrogenic phenotype in comparison to healthy women. In conclusion, metabolic abnormalities in PCOS seem to be associated with joint effects of hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance and visceral obesity. The differences observed between the four phenotypes of PCOS underline the need for individualised diagnostic and therapeutic approach.
Switching from insulin to dulaglutide therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: A real‐world data study
Authors: Lee Jiwoo , Kim Hwi Seung , Jung Chang Hee , Park Joong‐Yeol , Lee Woo Je 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimPatients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) who require injectable therapy have been conventionally treated with insulin. A glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonist was recently recommended as first‐line injectable treatment, but few studies have investigated the effects of switching from insulin to dulaglutide. This study investigated the clinical efficacy and parameters affecting responses to dulaglutide as an alternative to insulin in patients with T2DM in a real‐world clinical setting.MethodsNinety‐eight patients with T2DM who were switched from insulin to dulaglutide therapy were retrospectively evaluated. Changes in HbA1c concentrations were assessed after 6 months of consistent treatment with dulaglutide. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate parameters affecting the response to dulaglutide treatment.ResultsAfter treatment with dulaglutide for 6 months, patients experienced changes in HbA1c of −0.95% (95% confidence interval [CI]: −1.30% to −0.59%, P < 0.001) and in body weight of −1.75 kg (95% CI: −2.42 to −1.08 kg, P < 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that higher baseline HbA1c was significantly associated with a greater reduction in HbA1c. The most frequent adverse events were gastrointestinal symptoms.ConclusionSwitching from insulin to dulaglutide can lead to significant improvement in HbA1c levels and body weight ​reduction in T2DM patients over 6 months. Higher baseline HbA1c is associated with a better clinical response to dulaglutide.
Testing the precision and sensitivity of density estimates obtained with a camera‐trap method revealed limitations and opportunities
Authors: Pettigrew Pascal , Sigouin Daniel , St‐Laurent Martin‐Hugues 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe use of camera traps in ecology helps affordably address questions about the distribution and density of cryptic and mobile species. The random encounter model (REM) is a camera‐trap method that has been developed to estimate population densities using unmarked individuals. However, few studies have evaluated its reliability in the field, especially considering that this method relies on parameters obtained from collared animals (i.e., average speed, in km/h), which can be difficult to acquire at low cost and effort. Our objectives were to (1) assess the reliability of this camera‐trap method and (2) evaluate the influence of parameters coming from different populations on density estimates. We estimated a reference density of black bears (Ursus americanus) in Forillon National Park (Québec, Canada) using a spatial capture–recapture estimator based on hair‐snag stations. We calculated average speed using telemetry data acquired from four different bear populations located outside our study area and estimated densities using the REM. The reference density, determined with a Bayesian spatial capture–recapture model, was 2.87 individuals/10km2 [95% CI: 2.41–3.45], which was slightly lower (although not significatively different) than the different densities estimated using REM (ranging from 4.06–5.38 bears/10km2 depending on the average speed value used). Average speed values obtained from different populations had minor impacts on REM estimates when the difference in average speed between populations was low. Bias in speed values for slow‐moving species had more influence on REM density estimates than for fast‐moving species. We pointed out that a potential overestimation of density occurs when average speed is underestimated, that is, using GPS telemetry locations with large fix‐rate intervals. Our study suggests that REM could be an affordable alternative to conventional spatial capture–recapture, but highlights the need for further research to control for potential bias associated with speed values determined using GPS telemetry data.