bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Depends Who's Asking: Interviewer Effects in Demographic and Health Surveys Abortion Data
Authors: Leone Tiziana , Sochas Laura , Coast Ernestina 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Responses to survey questions about abortion are affected by a wide range of factors, including stigma, fear, and cultural norms. However, we know little about how interviewers might affect responses to survey questions on abortion. The aim of this study is to assess how interviewers affect the probability of women reporting abortions in nationally representative household surveys: Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). We use cross-classified random intercepts at the level of the interviewer and the sampling cluster in a Bayesian framework to analyze the impact of interviewers on the probability of reporting abortions in 22 DHS conducted worldwide. Household surveys are the only available data we can use to study the determinants and pathways of abortion in detail and in a representative manner. Our analyses are motivated by improving our understanding of the reliability of these data. Results show an interviewer effect accounting for between 0.2% and 50% of the variance in the odds of a woman reporting ever having had an abortion, after women's demographic characteristics are controlled for. In contrast, sampling cluster effects are much lower in magnitude. Our findings suggest the need for additional effort in assessing the causes of abortion underreporting in household surveys, including interviewers' skills and characteristics. This study also has important implications for improving the collection of other sensitive demographic data (e.g., gender-based violence and sexual health). Data quality of responses to sensitive questions could be improved with more attention to interviewers—their recruitment, training, and characteristics. Future analyses will need to account for the role of interviewer to more fully understand possible data biases.
“To Understand All Life as Fragile, Valuable, and Interdependent”
Authors: Katz Stephen , Sivaramakrishnan Kavita , Thane Pat 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAs old age garners more attention in the time of COVID-19, this roundtable discussion brings together scholars from three different areas within aging studies to define the field’s terms and map out some of its contours and potential future directions. Stephen Katz draws on poststructuralist theory, feminism, and theories of materiality and embodiment in his historically informed work in critical gerontology. Kavita Sivaramakrishnan’s research in global public health and South Asian history brought her to the study of physiological old age as it intersects with social histories in the global South, thus critiquing Eurocentric epistemologies of aging. Pat Thane is a social historian interested in old age in relation to gender, labor, inequality, and welfare states, as well as the long arc of the meaning of old age in the West.
Old-Age Justice and Black Feminist History
Authors: Field Corinne T. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis essay outlines Sojourner Truth’s and Harriet Tubman’s articulations of an intersectional black feminist agenda for old-age justice. The two most famous formerly enslaved women in the nineteenth-century United States, Truth and Tubman in their speeches, activism, and published Narratives revealed the mechanisms of domination through which enslavers and employers of domestic servants extracted productive and reproductive labor from black women, who in turn faced premature debility and immiseration at the end of life. Truth and Tubman linked what is now called necropolitics—“subjugation of life to the power of death,” in Achille Mbembe’s phrase—to the coercive organization of care work, what Evelyn Nakano Glenn refers to as being “forced to care.” They point to the importance of gendered and racialized labor to the history of old age in America.
“Until the Day of His Death”
Authors: Lima Henrique Espada 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis article examines postmortem inventories and notarial records from Brazilian slaveholders in southern Brazil in the nineteenth century. By discussing selected cases in detail, it investigates the relationship between “precarious masters” (especially the poor and/or disabled, widows without family, and single elderly slaveholding women and men) and their slaves and former slaves to whom they bequeathed, in their testaments and final wills, manumission and property. The article reads these documents as intergenerational contractual arrangements that connected the masters’ expectations for care in illness and old age with the slaves’ and former slaves’ expectations for compensation for their work and dedication. Following these uneven relationships of interdependence and exploitation as they developed over time, the article suggests a reassessment of the role of paternalism in Brazil during the country’s final century of slavery. More than a tool to enforce relations of domination, paternalism articulated with the dynamics of vulnerability and interdependency as they changed over the life courses of both enslaved people and slave owners. This article shows how human aging became a terrain of negotiation and struggle as Brazilian slave society transformed throughout the nineteenth century.
The Natural Profits of Their Years of Labor
Authors: Winant Gabriel 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis article uses the politics of old age to help explain the moral conservatism of the American welfare state. It argues that the onset of Fordism caused both uneven economic displacement of old workers and broader anxiety among social reformers about dependency and the forms of social disorder it produced by disturbing normative families. The management of this disturbance became a key promise of the movement for old-age pensions in the 1920s, in which Progressive labor reformers and conservative workers’ and fraternal organizations combined in an effort to support and rehabilitate the patriarchal family form through social policy. This logic ultimately became embedded in Social Security. Grasping this helps clarify the conservative dimensions of the New Deal as a moment of class, state, and racial formation.
“Based upon New Principles”
Authors: Zdencanovic Ben 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis essay examines the early life and work of the Russian American social reformer Abraham Epstein, an advocate for old-age pensions and compulsory social insurance whose work as head of the American Association for Social Security helped lead to the passage of the 1935 Social Security Act. The essay traces a young Epstein’s 1921–22 journey to Russia to study the Soviet government’s radical experiments in social welfare policy. Although Epstein was disillusioned with the Soviet system on the whole, his experiences in Soviet Russia informed his later idea of “social security”: a unified system of social insurance and social assistance to protect the entire population from social risk while functioning as a powerful tool of income redistribution. Epstein’s early interest in Soviet social welfarism adds new insight into the development of the broader concept of “social security,” an important but understudied link between Progressive Era “workingmen’s insurance” and the postwar welfare state.
“Do Not Relinquish Your Offspring”
Authors: Kennedy Amelia 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis article explores issues of labor, community, and authority in medieval Europe through an examination of older Cistercian abbots and the practice of abbatial “retirement.” While historians typically associate the Cistercians with greater acceptance of abbatial resignation, this article focuses on the fervent twelfth-century opposition to the practice. Many Cistercians asserted that abbatial retirement harmed the reputation of the monastic community and constituted a form of self-indulgence on the part of the abbot, whose soul would consequently be jeopardized as he prepared for death. This article argues that these attitudes reflected the importance of service and labor in later life, as well as the abbot’s continued importance within the community. Medieval monasticism thus offers a concept of “active aging” focused on community and care of others. The thirteenth-century trend in favor of retirement stemmed from increasing institutionalization and new understandings of what constituted the “common good” for a monastic community.
Fighting for the Working-Class City
Authors: Martin Laura Renata 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This article examines the opposing sides taken by elderly tenants and labor unions over a major urban renewal project in 1970s San Francisco. Tenant activists sought to block the construction of the Yerba Buena Center and the resulting relocation of thousands of elderly residents of residential hotels. City labor unions lined up in support of the project, even though some of the displaced residents were former industrial workers and union members. By examining the path taken by both sides in the redevelopment struggle, this article grapples with their competing visions of working-class identity and interests. Ultimately, it argues that the position taken by labor leaders narrowed the labor movement’s vision of its constituents and its mission. This narrowed vision led them to view impoverished retired union workers as their opponents rather than as comrades in a shared struggle for working-class dignity and self-determination.
Failure to Cure in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Gastric Cancer: A Nationwide Cohort Study
Authors: Voeten Daan M. , van der Werf Leonie R. , Wilschut Janneke A. , Busweiler Linde A. D. , van Sandick Johanna W. , van Hillegersberg Richard , van Berge Henegouwen Mark I. ,   on behalf of the Dutch Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer Audit Group
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
This study aimed to describe the incidence of failure to cure (a composite outcome measure defined as surgery not meeting its initial aim), and the impact of hospital variation in the administration of neoadjuvant therapy on this outcome measure.

Methods
All patients in the Dutch Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer Audit undergoing curatively intended gastric cancer surgery in 2011–2019 were included. Failure to cure was defined as (1) ‘open-close’ surgery; (2) irradical surgery (R1/R2); or (3) 30-day/in-hospital mortality. Case-mix-corrected funnel plots, based on multivariable logistic regression analyses, investigated hospital variation. The impact of a hospital’s tendency to administer neoadjuvant chemotherapy on the heterogeneity in failure to cure between hospitals was assessed based on median odds ratios and multilevel logistic regression analyses.

Results
Some 3862 patients from 28 hospitals were included. Failure to cure was noted in 22.3% (hospital variation: 14.5–34.8%). After case-mix correction, two hospitals had significantly higher-than-expected failure to cure rates, and one hospital had a lower-than-expected rate. The failure to cure rate was significantly higher in hospitals with a low tendency to administer neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Approximately 29% of hospital variation in failure to cure could be attributed to different hospital policies regarding neoadjuvant therapy.

Conclusions
Failure to cure has an incidence of 22% in patients undergoing gastric cancer surgery. Higher failure to cure rates were seen in centers administering less neoadjuvant chemotherapy, which confirms the Dutch guideline recommendation on the administration of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Failure to cure provides short loop feedback and can be used as a quality indicator in surgical audits.
Attitudes and habits regarding brain training applications and games among Japanese consumers: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Robb Nigel 
Published: January 2021

Background: While there is now a large amount of research investigating whether brain training applications and games are effective or not, there is less research on the expectations, attitudes, and habits of potential users of brain training programs. Previous research suggests that people generally have positive beliefs about the effectiveness of brain training which are not dependent on their level of experience of brain training. However, this research has primarily focused on western participants. Methods: In the present study, a questionnaire was used to investigate the attitudes and habits of Japanese consumers towards brain training. The final sample contained responses from 818 people. In addition to descriptive statistics, correlation coefficients were calculated to determine if there were relationships between variables relating to participants' beliefs about brain training and experience of using brain training. Results: Participants had positive beliefs about the effectiveness of brain training. However, these beliefs were only weakly correlated with their level of experience of using brain training, both in terms of the number programs used (Pearson's r = 0.163) and duration of use (Pearson's r = 0.237). The most widely used brain training program (used by 52.93% of participants) was made by Nintendo for the handheld Nintendo DS games console. Conclusions: The research presented here supports previous findings which suggest that people's beliefs about the effectiveness of brain training software are not strongly related to their experience of using such software.
The reverse Kakeya problem
Authors: Bae Sang Won , Cabello Sergio , Cheong Otfried , Choi Yoonsung , Stehn Fabian , Yoon Sang Duk 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We prove a generalization of Pál's conjecture from 1921: if a convex shape P can be placed in any orientation inside a convex shape Q in the plane, then P can also be turned continuously through 360° inside Q. We also prove a lower bound of Ω(m n
2) on the number of combinatorially distinct maximal placements of a convex m-gon P in a convex n-gon Q. This matches the upper bound proven by Agarwal et al.
Aristotle on Attention
Authors: Fiecconi Elena Cagnoli 
Published: January 2021

AbstractI argue that a study of theNicomachean Ethicsand of theParva Naturaliashows that Aristotle had a notion of attention. This notion captures the common aspects of apparently different phenomena like perceiving something vividly, being distracted by a loud sound or by a musical piece, focusing on a geometrical problem. For Aristotle, these phenomena involve a specific selectivity that is the outcome of the competition between different cognitive stimuli. This selectivity is attention. I argue that Aristotle studied the common aspects of the physiological processes at the basis of attention and its connection with pleasure. His notion can explain perceptual attention and intellectual attention as voluntary or involuntary phenomena. In addition, it sheds light on how attention and enjoyment can enhance our cognitive activities.
Public Confidence in the Judiciary and the Police – Does Respondents Internalize Montesquieu’s Ideas?
Authors: Jonski Kamil 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDue to its unique role in the separation of powers framework, judiciary is typically among the first targets of illiberal take-overs. The popular perception of the judicial system – translating into its legitimacy – might prove to be its ultimate safeguard or primary source of vulnerability. This paper employs cross-country survey data to uncover to what extent the idea of separation of powers between the judiciary and the executive is embedded in public perception. It analyses the data on trust in the judiciary (or the legal system) the Police and the national government. Assuming that separation of powers is well embedded in the public opinion, one could expect that courts and the police would be assessed separately (i.e., not highly correlated confidence levels). Moreover, it is reasonable to expect that confidence in the police and in the government – Montesquieu executive branch – would be higher than between the police and the judiciary. On the contrary, if respondents assessed institutional performance within functional clusters, courts and the police would be assessed jointly (i.e., highly correlated confidence levels). Evidence form WVS and European Social Survey suggests, that the latter is the case. Interestingly, the finding holds in both democratic and non-democratic systems, indicating serious vulnerability for liberal (constitutional democracy) design.
Bio-algorithms for the modeling and simulation of cancer cells and the immune response
Authors: Idrees Muhammad , Sohail Ayesha 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
There have been significant developments in clinical, experimental, and theoretical approaches to understand the biomechanics of tumor cells and immune cells. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are regarded as a major antitumor mechanism of immune cells. Mathematical modeling of tumor growth is an important and useful tool to observe and understand clinical phenomena analytically. This work develops a novel two-variable mathematical model to describe the interaction of tumor cells and CTLs. The designed model is providing an integrated framework to investigate the complexity of tumor progression and answer clinical questions that cannot always be reached with experimental tools. The parameters of the model are estimated from experimental study and stability analysis of the model is performed through nullclines. A global sensitivity analysis is also performed to check the uncertainty of the parameters. The results of numerical simulations of the model support the importance of the CTLs and demonstrate that CTLs can eliminate small tumors. The proposed model provides efficacious information to study and demonstrate the complex dynamics of breast cancer.
Does mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin (MR-proADM) improve the sequential organ failure assessment-score (SOFA score) for mortality-prediction in patients with acute infections? Results of a prospective observational study
Authors: Haag Ellen , Gregoriano Claudia , Molitor Alexandra , Kloter Milena , Kutz Alexander , Mueller Beat , Schuetz Philipp 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Risk stratification in patients with infection is usually based on the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment-Score (SOFA score). Our aim was to investigate whether the vasoactive peptide mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin (MR-proADM) improves the predictive value of the SOFA score for 30-day mortality in patients with acute infection presenting to the emergency department (ED).

Methods
This secondary analysis of the prospective observational TRIAGE study included 657 patients with infection. The SOFA score, MR-proADM, and traditional inflammation markers were all measured at time of admission. Associations of admission parameters and 30-day mortality were investigated by measures of logistic regression, discrimination analyses, net reclassification index (NRI), and integrated discrimination index (IDI).

Results
MR-proADM values were higher in non-survivors compared with survivors (4.5±3.5 nmol/L vs. 1.7 ± 1.8 nmol/L) with an adjusted odds ratio of 26.6 (95% CI 3.92 to 180.61, p=0.001) per 1 nmol/L increase in admission MR-proADM levels and an area under the receiver operator curve (AUC) of 0.86. While the SOFA score alone revealed an AUC of 0.81, adding MR-proADM further improved discrimination (AUC 0.87) and classification within predefined risk categories (NRI 0.075, p-value <0.05). An admission MR-proADM threshold of 1.75 nmol/L provided the best prognostic accuracy for 30-day mortality; with a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 75%, and a negative predictive value of 98%.

Conclusions
MR-proADM improved the mortality risk stratification in patients with infection presenting to the ED beyond SOFA score alone and may further improve initial therapeutic site-of-care decisions.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01768494. Registered January 15, 2013.
Evaluation of four commercial, fully automated SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests suggests a revision of the Siemens SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay
Authors: Irsara Christian , Egger Alexander E. , Prokop Wolfgang , Nairz Manfred , Loacker Lorin , Sahanic Sabina , Pizzini Alex , Sonnweber Thomas , Mayer Wolfgang , Schennach Harald , Loeffler-Ragg Judith , Bellmann-Weiler Rosa , Tancevski Ivan , Weiss Günter , Anliker Markus , Griesmacher Andrea , Hoermann Gregor 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Serological tests detect antibodies against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the ongoing coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. Independent external clinical validation of performance characteristics is of paramount importance.

Methods
Four fully automated assays, Roche Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2, Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG, Siemens SARS-CoV-2 total (COV2T) and SARS-CoV-2 IgG (COV2G) were evaluated using 350 pre-pandemic samples and 700 samples from 245 COVID-19 patients (158 hospitalized, 87 outpatients).

Results
All tests showed very high diagnostic specificity. Sensitivities in samples collected at least 14 days after disease onset were slightly lower than manufacturers’ claims for Roche (93.0%), Abbott (90.8%), and Siemens COV2T (90.3%), and distinctly lower for Siemens COV2G (78.8%). Concordantly negative results were enriched for immunocompromised patients. ROC curve analyses suggest a lowering of the cut-off index for the Siemens COV2G assay. Finally, the combination of two anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays is feasible when considering borderline reactive results.

Conclusions
Thorough on-site evaluation of commercially available serologic tests for detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 remains imperative for laboratories. The potentially impaired sensitivity of the Siemens COV2G necessitates a switch to the company’s newly filed SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay for follow-up studies. A combination of tests could be considered in clinical practice.
Early Industrial Roots of Green Chemistry
Authors: Murphy Mark A. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Many literature articles, conventional histories, and narratives about the origins of “Green Chemistry” describe it as being a result of concepts and actions at the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and/or research in Academia during the 1990s and later. But many examples of increasingly environmentally friendly real-world chemical processes were invented, developed, and commercialized in the oil refining, commodity chemical, and consumer product industries in many countries decades before the 1990s. The earliest efforts evolved and accelerated into many environmentally-oriented and commercialized industrial examples of “Pollution Prevention” during the 1970s and 1980s. The “Green Chemistry” terminology and “Principles” adopted by the EPA and Academia in the 1990s evolved from and re-named the mostly industrial “Pollution Prevention” approaches and inventions.
Reliability and Efficiency of DWR-Type A Posteriori Error Estimates with Smart Sensitivity Weight Recovering
Authors: Endtmayer Bernhard , Langer Ulrich , Wick Thomas 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We derive efficient and reliable goal-oriented error estimations,
and devise adaptive mesh procedures for the finite element method
that are based on the localization of a posteriori estimates.
In our previous work [B. Endtmayer, U. Langer and T. Wick, Two-side a posteriori error estimates for the dual-weighted residual method, SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 42 2020, 1, A371–A394], we showed efficiency and reliability for
error estimators based on enriched finite element spaces. However, the solution of problems on an enriched finite element space is expensive.
In the literature, it is well known that one can use some higher-order interpolation to overcome this bottleneck.
Using a saturation assumption, we extend the proofs of efficiency and reliability to such higher-order interpolations.
The results can be used to create a new family of algorithms,
where one of them is tested on three numerical examples
(Poisson problem, p-Laplace equation, Navier–Stokes benchmark),
and is compared to our previous algorithm.