bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring Municipal Mobilization across States
Authors: Payson Julia 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter zooms out to examine the state-level features that are associated with differences in the intensity of local government lobbying. Several state characteristics correlate with municipal lobbying, such as local property tax limitations, but two of the most striking are the combination of term limits and the level of professionalization in the state legislature. Cities are also more likely to mobilize as state transfers comprise a greater share of municipal budgets. These findings suggest that lobbyists might be particularly useful at facilitating representation in complex legislative environments with high turnover among elected officials—especially when cities depend on the state for revenue.
The History of Solid Organ Transplantation
Authors: Friedman Lainie , Thistlethwaite, Jr J. Richard 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief history of solid organ transplantation. Although the focus is on the living donor, the history of living donor solid organ transplantation is intertwined with the history of deceased donor solid organ transplantation. This is particularly true in the early years of solid organ transplantation when the earliest success for some solid organ transplants began with living donors, e.g. kidney, and began with deceased donors for other solid organ transplants, e.g. liver. The history of each solid organ in which living donors have supplied grafts (kidney, liver, lung, pancreas, intestines, and uterus) is described even though some are rarely if ever performed today, e.g. lung, intestine, pancreas. We also discuss the living domino donor—a candidate-recipient (most commonly the recipient of a deceased donor liver or heart) whose own organ is not discarded but is transplanted into another person.
Developing a Living Donor Ethics Framework
Authors: Friedman Lainie , Thistlethwaite, Jr J. Richard 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter advances an ethical framework for living donor transplantation. Given the analogies between living donor transplantation and human subjects research, the three principles enumerated in the National Commission’s Belmont Report are adopted as the starting point: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. Two additional principles are also adopted: the principle of vulnerability and the principle that special relationships create special obligations. Whereas the Belmont Report discussed vulnerable groups, vulnerability is more aptly understood as an assortment of vulnerabilities that may apply to different people in different circumstances at different times of their lives. Eight distinct but overlapping vulnerabilities are described: capacitational, juridic, deferential, social, medical, situational, allocational, and infrastructural. The living donor advocate team (LDAT) stands in special relationship with the potential living donor and supports living organ donation provided that the living donor successfully addresses the challenges to autonomy and voluntariness that these vulnerabilities pose.
Prisoners as Living Organ Donors
Authors: Friedman Lainie , Thistlethwaite, Jr J. Richard 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the special case in which a prisoner seeks to serve as a living donor and what lessons can be learned from human subjects protections for research participants given that both activities are done with the primary goal to benefit third parties. In the federal regulations that codify human subjects protections in the US (45 CFR 46), there are additional protections enumerated for research on prisoners. Current Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Prisons policy allows prisoners to serve as living donors but only for first-degree relatives. This chapter describes what special considerations should be assessed for prisoners to ethically serve as potential living donors using a vulnerabilities approach adapted from the human research subjects protection literature. The donor transplant team (living donor advocacy team) needs both a living donor advocate and a prisoner liaison to ensure that the potential prisoner-donor satisfactorily addresses the vulnerabilities faced by prisoners.
Expanding Living Donor Liver Transplantation
Authors: Friedman Lainie , Thistlethwaite, Jr J. Richard 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In the 1980s in the United States (US), young children in liver failure were at proportionately greater risk of dying on the deceased donor liver transplant (DDLT) waitlist than adults because of the lack of appropriately sized grafts. This led to the development of two deceased donor liver techniques—reduced-size (trimming the graft to decrease its size) and split-liver (where one liver could provide grafts to two candidates). These developments decreased but did not eliminate waitlist mortality for young children. Split-liver DDLT paved the way for living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) in children using the lateral segments of the left lobe. Pediatric LDLT began slowly at only a few centers with successful donor and recipient results. Adult-to-adult LDLT expanded quickly despite many US programs having limited experience, low volumes, and significant donor morbidity. The ethical issues raised by the rapid expansion of adult-to-adult LDLT in the US are discussed.
A Relational Moral Theory
Authors: Metz Thaddeus 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7, which completes Part II, appeals to the conception of harmony/communality from the previous chapter to articulate a new deontological moral theory, which prescribes respect for beings insofar as they are by nature capable of communing as a subject or being communed with as an object. What typically makes actions wrong is, roughly, that they are not friendly towards or harmonious with innocent parties, where particularly wrongful behaviour is unfriendly or discordant in respect of them. The chapter draws out several corollaries from an ethic of rightness as friendliness, such as that one normally should not promote harmony using a very discordant means, and that having befriended someone provides extra reason to help him compared to a stranger. The chapter demonstrates that this moral theory, in the light of its corollaries, accounts better for the African and global intuitions than the welfarist and vitalist approaches considered earlier in Part II.
Biomedical Ethics
Authors: Metz Thaddeus 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 9 addresses the duties of medical practitioners such as doctors and nurses, mostly in relation to patients, but also in respect of each other and their society. It argues that the relational moral theory is at least no worse than, and is often to be preferred over, more Western principles when it comes to how to understand several biomedical obligations. For example, the chapter maintains that the communal ethic makes good sense of whom a medical professional has moral reason to treat and for which purposes. It further contends that rightness as friendliness grounds moderate positions on abortion and euthanasia that many will find convincing but that utilitarianism and Kantianism have difficulty entailing and explaining. For example, if utilitarianism and Kantianism permit abortion, it is hard for them to avoid also permitting infanticide, but the relational ethic can more easily avoid that implication.
Introduction
Authors: Knights Mark 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The introduction offers an overview of the book’s themes, written in a way that is accessible to historians and readers from outside the discipline. The chapter suggests that ‘corruption’ and ‘office’ were both evolving terms over the period covered by the book. ‘Corruption’ was initially a term most frequently used in a religious context, applied to sin and Catholicism, but increasingly took on a more important political, legal, and economic definition. ‘Office’ also shifted, from something considered as a piece of private property with extensive personal privileges and responsible primarily to the monarch to something that was much more publicly accountable with restricted and defined forms of enrichment. Neither ‘corruption’ nor ‘office’ were unchanging universals and their disputed definition and ambiguous meaning over time and place lie at the heart of this study. The introduction sets this process in the context of state formation, imperial expansion, and corporate governance.
Gifts and Informal Profits of Office
Authors: Knights Mark 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Fiduciary trust sought to put a clear boundary between the private interests of the official and the interests of the entrustor and beneficiary. This chapter argues that these boundaries, and hence also those between licit and illicit behaviour, were blurred by a nexus of intertwined social and cultural norms, expectations, and practices that changed only slowly. Office was embedded in social and cultural practices that conferred interpersonal trust; but those practices were increasingly seen as encouraging, and being defined as, bribery and corruption. Gifts and fees thus represented a tension between two types of trust. Some success was achieved in barring state and corporate officials from taking presents that could be construed as bribes; but this was a fractious and protracted process, reflecting different ways of thinking about office as a social relationship. The chapter concludes with some reflections on friendship and patronage, which proved similarly resistant to rapid change.
Introduction
Authors: Holtug Nils 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The main themes of the book are introduced, and in particular the relation between immigration, identity, social cohesion, and egalitarian justice is highlighted. The progressive’s dilemma is explained, as is the idea that social cohesion may require a shared identity at the societal level. The notion that the investigation relies on an implausible form of methodological nationalism is rejected. Also, the content of the individual chapters is summarized. Furthermore, the methodology employed in the book is explained and argued for. This methodology relies on the distinction between ‘basic levelʼ and ‘regulativeʼ justice, and it is explained how the book operates at both levels. Finally, alternative methodologies, including Rawlsian ideal theory, political realism, and various forms of contextualism, are critically discussed.
Social Cohesion and Identity
Authors: Holtug Nils 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains what social cohesion is and why it is important. The case for thinking that trust and solidarity are especially important for egalitarian redistribution is presented, and different accounts of their sources are considered. This includes a discussion of strategic, institutional, and moral models for trust and solidarity, welfare regime theory, and how perceptions of deservingness are fundamental for solidarity. Initial reflections on how immigration and diversity might impact these dimensions of social cohesion are introduced. Furthermore, the ‘identity thesis’ is explained, according to which sharing an identity tends to promote such cohesion, and different types of mechanisms that might explain it are distinguished. Finally, the concept of a ‘community conception’ is introduced, and it is explained how different such conceptions differ as regards the values that, if shared, are thought conducive to social cohesion.
Nationalism
Authors: Holtug Nils 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7, on nationalism, addresses the so-called ‘national identity argument’, according to which a shared national identity fosters social cohesion and is required for, or at least facilitates, egalitarian redistribution. First, it is argued that the prospect for nation-building policies, built on the idea of a shared national culture, is severely restricted by the liberal egalitarian requirements of justice defended in Chapter 4. Then the causal mechanism through which a national culture is supposed to promote trust and solidarity is scrutinized, and it is argued that it is not really supported by, for example, social identity theory and evidence from social psychology. Finally, empirical studies of the effect of national identity on trust and solidarity are considered, and it is argued that these do not support the national identity argument either.
Introduction
Authors: D'Arcens Louise 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter situates the book within the development of an increasingly ‘global’ conceptualization of the Middle Ages, and links this conceptualization to a rising desire to reckon with the discipline’s colonialist, nationalist, and racist legacies. Tracing this development’s main stages and debates, the chapter explores the centrality of interconnectedness and cultural exchange as motifs in the study of the global Middle Age. Through negotiating debates in the field of world literature, the chapter argues for the efficacy of the term ‘world medievalism’ rather than ‘global medievalism’, not just because world medievalism shares the inclusive ethical project of world literature, but also because it enables us to formulate medievalism itself as ‘world-disclosing’—a transhistorical encounter that enables the modern subject to apprehend the past ‘world’ opened up in medieval and medievalist texts and objects. This chapter addresses the strengths and drawbacks of viewing non-European spaces through the lens of medievalism.
‘The Hope of Pessimism’
Authors: Kohlmann Benjamin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter reads George Gissing’s Thyrza (1887) and Mary (Mrs Humphry) Ward’s Robert Elsmere (1888) in relation to the settlement movement of the 1880s. The chapter turns to the idealist philosophy of Green, which provided one of the most philosophically advanced articulations of welfarist thinking in this period. Echoing Green, Ward suggests that the success of her protagonist’s reformist plans depends on the workers’ ability to see them as integral to their personal flourishing: instead of appearing as an alien imposition on workers’ lives, these new institutions are shown to depend on entgegenkommende Lebensformen, i.e. forms of social life which lend substance to but also retain a degree of independence from the institutional structures that support them. Thyrza, by contrast, critically interrogates the belief that institutions can create social harmony from above—a scepticism which continues to haunt later engagements with state action in works by Carpenter, Wells, and Forster.
‘True Ownership’
Authors: Kohlmann Benjamin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The third chapter focuses on the work of Edward Carpenter, the socialist poet, cultural critic, and early queer activist. Seeking to keeping open a middle ground for people who could accept some role for the state while regarding full centralization askance, Carpenter’s thinking about the ends of state-action in the 1880s and 1890s crystallized around the question of land reform. Key to his reformist vision was the attempt to re-signify the language of capitalist society by advocating an ethos of proprietary care and concern (what Carpenter calls ‘true ownership’), a form of custodial attention that is supported by the state but that cannot be reduced to purely legal entitlements. The chapter explores Carpenter’s writing as well as his experience of rural living in Derbyshire. Carpenter, I argue, hoped to turn poetry itself into the ground where a collective desire for comprehensive, non-revolutionary social change might take root.
Welfare State Romance
Authors: Kohlmann Benjamin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Forster’s works responded to the heated reformist debates surrounding the passing of the 1911 Insurance Act, and they engaged with the question whether a new social ethos of responsibility and care would need to precede, or whether it would flow from, institutional reform. What Howards End calls ‘preparedness’—i.e. the attempt to protect the most vulnerable members of society against the risk of unemployment—is central to the generic instabilities of Forster’s novel. These instabilities are further heightened in Forster’s novel fragment Arctic Summer, which fails in championing the excitements of ‘romance’ over the perceived boredom of a life guarded against risk. We need to read with rather than against the grain of these texts by taking seriously both their progressive aspirations and their reparative attention to subject positions that are excluded from the period’s projects of reform.
Struggles for Belonging
Authors: Gosewinkel Dieter 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Citizenship was the mark of political belonging in Europe in the twentieth century, while estate, religion, party, class, and nation lost political significance in the century of extremes. This thesis is demonstrated by examining the legal institution of citizenship with its deciding influence on the limits of a political community in terms of inclusion and exclusion. Citizenship determines a person’s protection, equality, and freedom and thus his or her chances in life and survival. This book recounts the history of citizenship in Europe as the history of European statehood in the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, doing so from three vantage points: as the development of a legal institution crucial to European constitutionalism; as a measure of an individual’s opportunities for self-fulfilment ranging from freedom to totalitarian subjugation; and as a succession of alternating, often sharply divergent, political regimes, considered from the perspective of their inclusivity and exclusivity, and their justification. The European history of citizenship is discussed for six selected countries: Great Britain, France, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Russia. For the first time, a joint history of citizenship in Western and Eastern Europe is told here, from the heyday of the nation-state to our present day, which is marked by the crises of the European Union. It is the history of a central legal institution that significantly represents and at the same time determines struggles over migration, integration, and belonging. One of the central concerns of this book is the lessons that can be learned from it regarding the future chances of European citizenship.
Introduction
Authors: Gosewinkel Dieter 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The subject of the book is the history of citizenship in its twofold meaning: as a legally defined, formal status of belonging to a (nation) state, i.e. nationality, as well as a bundle of rights and obligations associated with the status of citizenship. The book reveals the transformation of citizenship by examining the connection between its two aspects and the struggles for belonging behind them. Citizenship in this broad sense is examined in its development since the beginning of the twentieth century while concentrating on five key questions: First, to what extent is citizenship a measuring rod for inclusion and exclusion? Second, does the change of politico-social constellations better explain the development of citizenship than idioms of nationhood? Third, does citizenship confirm the thesis of a legal development gap between Western and Eastern Europe? Fourth, how is citizenship in Europe shaped by repercussions of European colonialism? Fifth, how does citizenship serve as a legal tool to establish social ranking of groups, particularly of women and Jews, in European societies?
Confrontation and Conflict
Authors: Gosewinkel Dieter 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The First World War revealed an existential dimension of citizenship that remains hidden in peacetime. Hostilities between states intensify the politico-social significance of citizenship and raise awareness of citizens’ duty to put their lives at risk for the good of their home country. The war introduced an epoch in which the political and social importance of citizenship in the everyday lives of Europeans increased greatly, as did, however, its delimiting and exclusionary impact as well. The extreme depletion of the reservoir of—male—conscripts sharpened the dividing line between the sexes and, during large-scale conquests, incited conflicts between ethnic and national loyalties, between ethnicity and nationality, as was seen, for example, in the areas occupied by Germany in France and Russia. The emerging European civil war, which would become a world civil war, had one of its battlefields in the immensely contradictory and conflict-ridden history of citizenship.
Integrating Europe and Demarcating States
Authors: Gosewinkel Dieter 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The triumph of liberal constitutionalism in Europe after 1989 appeared to herald the end of a hard, limiting (nation) statehood and thereby to increasingly suspend the key function of citizenship—the granting of political affiliation, security, equality, and freedom. Human rights-based protections of individual freedom, as well as the legal consolidation and geographical expansion of European integration, call for new transnational concepts and institutions of political affiliation, which find their focus in European Union citizenship. However, this chapter, stretching from 1989 to the present, analyses how new, conflict-laden disputes about the borders of nation-states and their political affiliation are reviving old rivalries, particularly in the eastern states of the “New Europe.” The return to a protective concept of citizenship defining political affiliation according to imperial motives or ethnic criteria justifies doubts about the influential thesis claiming convergence in citizenship policy in Europe. The crises of Brexit, anti-immigration populism, and Covid instead remind citizens of Europe of their nationality.
International Relations and Political Philosophy
Authors: Wight Martin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis book collects Martin Wight’s works on the theory and philosophy of international politics. It includes classic works, such as “Why Is There No International Theory?” and “Western Values in International Relations,” as well as previously unpublished works such as “The Communist Theory of International Relations” and “Gain, Fear and Glory: Reflections on the Nature of International Politics.” These works encompass four categories: (a) traditions of thinking about international politics since the sixteenth century, (b) the causes and functions of war, (c) international and regime legitimacy, and (d) fortune and irony in international politics. Wight identifies and analyzes three major traditions of thinking about international politics in the West since the sixteenth century: Realism, Rationalism, and Revolutionism, also known as the Machiavellian, Grotian, and Kantian approaches. Wight examines the causes of war highlighted by Thucydides and Hobbes (material interest, fear, and reputation), and considers the functions of war in international politics (such as winning and retaining national independence and upholding the balance of power). Wight reviews the history of dynastic and popular legitimacy as well as post-1945 concepts of international and domestic legitimacy. Finally, Wight considers fortune and irony, including the decision-maker’s frequent rediscovery of the recalcitrance of events. Unintended, unexpected, and ironical consequences abound in international politics. This volume also features eight book reviews by Wight, including his assessments of works by Raymond Aron, E. H. Carr, Friedrich Meinecke, and Hans Morgenthau.