bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Atmospheric Water Balance Perspective on Extreme Rainfall Potential for the Contiguous US
Authors: Su Yibing , Smith James A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this study, we examine extremes of atmospheric water balance components through analyses of annual maxima of precipitable water and water vapor transport. Our analyses are grounded in Extreme Value Theory, using the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution as a platform for assessing water balance extremes. Annual maxima of atmospheric water balance terms are computed from North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) fields for the 40‐year period extending from 1979 to 2018 on a grid of approximately 0.3‐degree resolution. We assess nonstationarities in the annual maximum time series through tests for monotonic trends. Estimates of the location, scale, and shape parameters for the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution are used to examine the spatial variability of water balance extremes. We focus on estimates of the GEV shape parameter, which dictates the “thickness” of the upper tail of the distribution. Estimates of the GEV shape parameter for precipitable water generally point to bounded distributions, but clusters of unbounded, thick‐tailed distributions are linked to exceptionally large record values of precipitable water associated with tropical cyclones in the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic. Larger regions of “thick‐tailed” distributions are found for integrated water vapor transport (IVT). Non‐stationary GEV models are used to examine the impacts of trends on extremes of the atmospheric water balance. Mixtures of rare events associated with tropical cyclones and extratropical cyclones play a central role in analyses of water balance extremes.
Seismic Visibility of Eclogite in the Earth’s Upper Mantle—Implications From High Pressure‐Temperature Single‐Crystal Elastic Properties of Omphacite
Authors: Hao Ming , Zhang Jin S. , Zhou Wen‐Yi , Wang Qin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIdentifying and locating the geochemical and geophysical heterogeneities in the Earth’s interior is one of the most important and challenging tasks for the deep Earth scientists. Subducted oceanic crust metamorphizes into the dense eclogite in the upper mantle and is considered as a major cause of geochemical and geophysical heterogeneities in the deep Earth. In order to detect eclogitic materials inside the Earth, precise measurements of the high pressure‐temperature single‐crystal elasticity of major minerals in eclogite are thus exceedingly important. Omphacite, a Na,Al‐bearing clinopyroxene, constitutes up to 75 vol% of eclogite. In the present study, we performed the first high pressure‐temperature single‐crystal elasticity measurements of omphacite using Brillouin spectroscopy. Utilizing the finite‐strain approach, we obtained the following thermoelastic parameters for omphacite: KS0’ = 4.5(1), G0’ = 1.53(5), ∂KS0/∂T = −0.029(5) GPa/K, ∂G0/∂T = −0.013(5) GPa/K, with KS0 = 123(3) GPa, G0 = 74(2) GPa, and ρ0 = 3.34(1) g/cm3. We found that the seismic velocities of undeformed eclogite are similar to pyrolite at the depths of 200–300 and 410–500 km, thus eclogite is seismically invisible at these depths. Combined with the lattice‐preferred orientations of the omphacite in naturally deformed eclogites, we also modeled seismic anisotropy of eclogite at various pressure‐temperature conditions. A 10 km thick subducted eclogitic crust can result in ∼0.2 s shear wave splitting in the Earth’s upper mantle.
Thank You to Our 2020 Peer Reviewers
Authors: Huber Matthew , Röhl Ursula (Ulla) 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOnce a year we take the opportunity to thank the reviewers whose difficult, important work is never sufficiently recognized. This year is special. Due to the vicissitudes of COVID19, submissions were up just as reviewing came at a higher personal cost than ever before. Reviewers had to dig deep and make real sacrifices to respond to the community's needs for critical, thorough reviews aiming to improve manuscripts, while simultaneously dealing with very difficult personal and professional circumstances. Without their intense, robust, and helpful attention, all the science we do would be diminished. Ulla and I would like to express our gratitude and appreciation for your efforts this year and our hope for improvement in 2021 and beyond.
Dysregulation of threat neurocircuitry during fear extinction: the role of anhedonia
Authors: Young Katherine S. , Bookheimer Susan Y. , Nusslock Robin , Zinbarg Richard E. , Damme Katherine S. F. , Chat Iris Ka-Yi , Kelley Nicholas J. , Vinograd Meghan , Perez Marcelina , Chen Kelly , Cohen Aileen Echiverri , Craske Michelle G. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDimensional models of anxiety and depression highlight common and distinct symptom clusters that are thought to reflect disruptions in underlying functional processes. The current study investigated how functioning of threat neurocircuitry relates to symptom dimensions of anxiety and depression. Participants were aged 18–19 years (n = 229, 158 female) and were selected to ensure a range of scores on symptom measures. Symptom dimensions of “General Distress” (common to anxiety disorders and depression), “Fears” (more specific to anxiety disorders), and “Anhedonia-apprehension” (more specific to depression) were evaluated. Participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during a Pavlovian fear conditioning paradigm. Multilevel modeling analyses estimated relationships between symptom dimensions and activation in threat neural circuitry. Exploratory whole brain analyses were also conducted. Threat-related neural activity was not associated with General Distress or Fears. Anhedonia-apprehension was associated with activation of bilateral amygdala, anterior insula and dACC during late extinction. We found no evidence to support an association between symptom dimensions of General Distress or Fears with threat circuitry activation in a large sample of young adults. We did, however, find that the symptom dimension of Anhedonia-apprehension was significantly associated with threat-related neural activation during fear extinction. This effect requires replication in future work but may reflect anhedonic impairments in learning when contingencies are altered, possibly linked to the rewarding relief of an unexpectedly absent threat.
What is the effect of MRI with targeted biopsies on the rate of patients discontinuing active surveillance? A reflection of the use of MRI in the PRIAS study
Authors: Luiting H. B. , Remmers S. , Valdagni R. , Boevé E. R. , Staerman F. , Rueb J. , Somford D. M. , Pickles T. , Rannikko A. , Roobol M. J. ,   the PRIAS consortium
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
The reduction of overtreatment by active surveillance (AS) is limited in patients with low-risk prostate cancer (PCa) due to high rates of patients switching to radical treatment. MRI improves biopsy accuracy and could therewith affect inclusion in or continuation of AS. We aim to assess the effect of MRI with target biopsies on the total rate of patients discontinuing AS, and in particular discontinuation due to Grade Group (GG) reclassification.

Methods
Three subpopulations included in the prospective PRIAS study with GG 1 were studied. Group A consists of patients diagnosed before 2009 without MRI before or during AS. Group B consists of patients diagnosed without MRI, but all patients underwent MRI within 6 months after diagnosis. Group C consists of patients who underwent MRI before diagnosis and during follow-up. We used cumulative incidence curves to estimate the rates of discontinuation.

Results
In Group A (n = 500), the cumulative probability of discontinuing AS at 2 years is 27.5%; GG reclassification solely accounted for 6.9% of the discontinuation. In Group B (n = 351) these numbers are 30.9 and 22.8%, and for Group C (n = 435) 24.2 and 13.4%. The three groups were not randomized, however, baseline characteristics are highly comparable.

Conclusions
Performing an MRI before starting AS reduces the cumulative probability of discontinuing AS at 2 years. Performing an MRI after already being on AS increases the cumulative probability of discontinuing AS in comparison to not performing an MRI, especially because of an increase in GG reclassification. These results suggest that the use of MRI could lead to more patients being considered unsuitable for AS. Considering the excellent long-term cancer-specific survival of AS before the MRI era, the increased diagnostic accuracy of MRI could potentially lead to more overtreatment if definitions and treatment options of significant PCa are not adapted.
Evaluating the interreader agreement and intrareader reproducibility of Visual Field Defects in Thyroid Eye Disease– Compressive Optic Neuropathy
Authors: Garip Kuebler Aylin , Halfter Kathrin , Reznicek Lukas , Klingenstein Annemarie , Priglinger Siegfried , Hintschich Christoph 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Purpose
To categorize visual field (VF) defects according to Freitag and Tanking’s (FT) classification in Thyroid Eye Disease-Compressive Optic Neuropathy (TED-CON) and evaluate the interreader agreement and intrareader reproducibility of the classification.

Subjects and methods
In this retrospective, observational study we included medical reports of 96 eyes (51 patients), who underwent VF testing with TED-CON in Ludwig-Maximilians-University (2008–2019). Two readers separately examined the VFs at the time of the TED-CON diagnosis, each offering two readings of the same VF in a time interval of 1 month. None of our patients were diagnosed with only VF testing. The visual field testing was only performed when the inclusion criteria for TED-CON were met.

Results
The most common VF defects upon TED-CON diagnosis were stage 1b defects in FT classification (34.4% for reader 1, 35.4% for reader 2), followed by stage 2b (10.4% for reader 1, 14.6% for reader 2), and stage 3 (10.4% for both readers).
The overall interreader agreement between 2 examiners was substantial for the first reading (69.8% agreement, kappa 0.635 (95% CI [0.525–0.745])) and moderate for the second reading (66.7% agreement, kappa 0.598 (95% CI [0.488–0.708])). The intrareader reproducibility ranged from substantial to almost perfect (78.1% agreement) between readings (kappa 0.736 (95%CI [0.638–0.834])) for reader 1 and 90.6% agreement (kappa 0.885 (95%CI [0.814–0.956])) for reader 2.

Conclusion
We found good BCVA (LogMAR ≤ 0.2), in nearly half of the cases (44 eyes, 45.8%) and also, strikingly near perfect visual acuity (BCVA LogMAR ≤0.1) in 22.9% of the cases (22 eyes) with TED-CON. We conclude that clinicians should be alert to VF defects in the inferior region (stage 1a/1b in the FT classification) even in patients with a good BCVA.
Modular synthesis of chiral 1,2-dihydropyridines via Mannich/Wittig/cycloisomerization sequence that internally reuses waste
Authors: Mu Bo-Shuai , Cui Xiao-Yuan , Zeng Xing-Ping , Yu Jin-Sheng , Zhou Jian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract1,2-Dihydropyridines are valuable and reactive synthons, and particularly useful precursors to synthesize piperidines and pyridines that are among the most common structural components of pharmaceuticals. However, the catalytic enantioselective synthesis of structurally diverse 1,2-dihydropyridines is limited to enantioselective addition of nucleophiles to activated pyridines. Here, we report a modular organocatalytic Mannich/Wittig/cycloisomerization sequence as a flexible strategy to access chiral 1,2-dihydropyridines from N-Boc aldimines, aldehydes, and phosphoranes, using a chiral amine catalyst. The key step in this protocol, cycloisomerization of chiral N-Boc δ-amino α,β-unsaturated ketones recycles the waste to improve the yield. Specifically, recycling by-product water from imine formation to gradually release the true catalyst HCl via hydrolysis of SiCl4, whilst maintaining a low concentration of HCl to suppress side reactions, and reusing waste Ph3PO from the Wittig step to modulate the acidity of HCl. This approach allows facile access to enantioenriched 2-substituted, 2,3- or 2,6-cis-disubstituted, and 2,3,6-cis-trisubstituted piperidines.
Ion-exchange mechanisms and interfacial reaction kinetics during aqueous corrosion of sodium silicate glasses
Authors: Deng Lu , Miyatani Katsuaki , Suehara Michinori , Amma Shin-ichi , Ono Madoka , Urata Shingo , Du Jincheng 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe ion-exchange and associated interfacial reaction mechanisms of silicate glasses are critical in elucidating their aqueous corrosion behaviors, surface modification and property changes, hence have potential impact on both science and technology. This work reports findings of the atomic and nanoscale details of the glass–water interfacial reactions revealed by applying reactive force field (ReaxFF) based molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, from which the key mechanisms of the ion exchange, as well as the kinetics of associated interfacial reactions, are elucidated. It was found that the Na+ and H+ ion exchange can happen between two oxygen ions on a single silicon oxygen tetrahedron or adjacent tetrahedra. In addition, the clustered reaction of two non-bridging oxygens mediated by an adjacent water molecule was also identified. The latter reaction might be the main mechanism of water transport after initial surface reactions that consume the non-bridging oxygen species on the surface. Water molecules thus can play two roles: as an intermediate during the proton transfer processes and as a terminator of the clustered reactions. Statistical analyses were performed to obtain reaction kinetics and the results show that silanol formation is a more favored process than the silanol re-formation within the first 3 ns of interfacial reactions. The results obtained thus shed lights on the complex ion-exchange mechanisms during glass hydration and enable more detailed understanding of the corrosion and glass–water interactions of silicate glasses.
Epidemiology, treatment patterns and healthcare utilizations in multiple sclerosis in Taiwan
Authors: Hsu Chia-Yun , Ro Long-Sun , Chen Li-Ju , Chang Chun-Wei , Chang Kuo-Hsuan , Wu I-Hsuan , Lin Amy , Hsiao Fei-Yuan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract“Real-world” data on the nationwide epidemiology and treatment patterns of multiple sclerosis (MS) is very scarce in Asia. This study is aim to evaluate the 10-years trends in epidemiology and treatment patterns of MS with Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Database (NHIRD). Patients aged 20 years or older and were newly diagnosed with MS between 2007 and 2016 were identified. The crude incidences of MS were presented annually and stratified by sex and age. Baseline characteristics and treatment patterns, particularly disease-modifying drugs (DMDs), were also analyzed. This study included 555 MS patients (mean age was 36.9 and 74.4% were female). The crude incidence rate of MS decreased slightly from 0.43 per 100,000 persons in 2007 to 0.24 per 100,000 persons in 2015. The female to male ratios remained mainly between 2 to 3. Approximately 80% of MS patients received initial DMDs, with interferon β-1a as the dominant one. Furthermore, 37.5% of MS patients received subsequent DMDs, with fingolimod being the most frequently used. The median times from diagnosis to initial and to subsequent DMDs were 77 and 1239 days, respectively. This nationwide study provides up-to-date and sophisticated estimates of MS epidemiology and treatment pattern in “real-world” setting in Taiwan.
Association of sex differences in dementia risk factors with sex differences in memory decline in a population-based cohort spanning 20–76 years
Authors: Anstey Kaarin J. , Peters Ruth , Mortby Moyra E. , Kiely Kim M. , Eramudugolla Ranmalee , Cherbuin Nicolas , Huque Md Hamidul , Dixon Roger A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSex differences in late-life memory decline may be explained by sex differences in dementia risk factors. Episodic memory and dementia risk factors were assessed in young, middle-aged and older adults over 12 years in a population-based sample (N = 7485). For men in midlife and old age, physical, cognitive and social activities were associated with less memory decline, and financial hardship was associated with more. APOE e4 and vascular risk factors were associated with memory decline for women in midlife. Depression, cognitive and physical activity were associated with memory change in older women. Incident midlife hypertension (β = − 0.48, 95% CI − 0.87, − 0.09, p = 0.02) was associated with greater memory decline in women and incident late-life stroke accounted for greater memory decline in men (β = − 0.56, 95% CI − 1.12, − 0.01), p = 0.05). Women have fewer modifiable risk factors than men. Stroke and hypertension explained sex differences in memory decline for men and women respectively.
A deep learning approach to identifying immunogold particles in electron microscopy images
Authors: Jerez Diego , Stuart Eleanor , Schmitt Kylie , Guerrero-Given Debbie , Christie Jason M. , Hahn William E. , Kamasawa Naomi , Smirnov Michael S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractElectron microscopy (EM) enables high-resolution visualization of protein distributions in biological tissues. For detection, gold nanoparticles are typically used as an electron-dense marker for immunohistochemically labeled proteins. Manual annotation of gold particle labels is laborious and time consuming, as gold particle counts can exceed 100,000 across hundreds of image segments to obtain conclusive data sets. To automate this process, we developed Gold Digger, a software tool that uses a modified pix2pix deep learning network capable of detecting and annotating colloidal gold particles in biological EM images obtained from both freeze-fracture replicas and plastic sections prepared with the post-embedding method. Gold Digger performs at near-human-level accuracy, can handle large images, and includes a user-friendly tool with a graphical interface for proof reading outputs by users. Manual error correction also helps for continued re-training of the network to improve annotation accuracy over time. Gold Digger thus enables rapid high-throughput analysis of immunogold-labeled EM data and is freely available to the research community.
A 300-GHz low-cost high-gain fully metallic Fabry–Perot cavity antenna for 6G terahertz wireless communications
Authors: Aqlan Basem , Himdi Mohamed , Vettikalladi Hamsakutty , Le-Coq Laurent 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA low-cost, compact, and high gain Fabry–Perot cavity (FPC) antenna which operates at 300 GHz is presented. The antenna is fabricated using laser-cutting brass technology. The proposed antenna consists of seven metallic layers; a ground layer, an integrated stepped horn element (three-layers), a coupling layer, a cavity layer, and an aperture-frequency selective surface (FSS) layer. The proposed aperture-FSS function acts as a partially reflective surface, contributing to a directive beam radiation. For verification, the proposed sub-terahertz (THz) FPC antenna prototype was developed, fabricated, and measured. The proposed antenna has a measured reflection coefficient below − 10 dB from 282 to 304 GHz with a bandwidth of 22 GHz. The maximum measured gain observed is 17.7 dBi at 289 GHz, and the gain is higher than 14.4 dBi from 285 to 310 GHz. The measured radiation pattern shows a highly directive pattern with a cross-polarization level below − 25 dB over the whole band in all cut planes, which confirms with the simulation results. The proposed antenna has a compact size, low fabrication cost, high gain, and wide operating bandwidth. The total height of the antenna is 1.24 $${\lambda }_{0}$$

λ
0

($${\lambda }_{0}$$

λ
0

at the design frequency, 300 GHz) , with a size of 2.6 mm × 2.6 mm. The proposed sub-THz waveguide-fed FPC antenna is suitable for 6G wireless communication systems.
Gene expression profiles of YAP1, TAZ, CRB3, and VDR in familial and sporadic multiple sclerosis among an Iranian population
Authors: Khalilian Sheyda , Hojati Zohreh , Dehghanian Fariba , Shaygannejad Vahid , Imani Seyedeh Zahra Hosseini , Kheirollahi Majid , Khorrami Mehdi , Mirmosayyeb Omid 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAlterations in the regulatory mechanisms that control the process of myelination in the nervous system, may lead to the impaired myelination in the Multiple sclerosis. The Hippo pathway is an important mediator of myelination in the nervous system and might contribute to the pathophysiology of MS. This study examined via qPCR the RNA expression of YAP1, TAZ, and CRB3 as the key effectors of the Hippo pathway and also, VDR in the peripheral blood of 35 sporadic, 37 familial MS patients; and also 34 healthy first-degree relatives of the familial MS patients (HFR) and 40 healthy individuals without a family history of the disease (control). The results showed the increased expression of VDR in the sporadic group, as compared to other groups. There was also an increased expression of TAZ in the familial and HFR groups, as compared to the control group. The familial and sporadic patients displayed a significantly lower level of expression of YAP1 in comparison to the HFR group. The increased expression level in the sporadic patients and control group, as compared to the HFR group, was seen in CRB3. We also assessed different clinical parameters and MRI characteristics of the patients. Overall, these findings suggest that Hippo pathway effectors and also VDR gene may play a potential role in the pathophysiology of the sporadic and familial forms of MS. Confirmation of different gene expression patterns in sporadic and familial MS groups may have obvious implications for the personalization of therapies in the disease.
Physiological and pharmacological stimulation for in vitro maturation of substrate metabolism in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes
Authors: Lopez Colleen A. , Al-Siddiqi Heba Hussain A. A. , Purnama Ujang , Iftekhar Sonia , Bruyneel Arne A. N. , Kerr Matthew , Nazir Rabia , da Luz Sousa Fialho Maria , Malandraki-Miller Sophia , Alonaizan Rita , Kermani Fatemeh , Heather Lisa C. , Czernuszka Jan , Carr Carolyn A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHuman induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) enable human cardiac cells to be studied in vitro, although they use glucose as their primary metabolic substrate and do not recapitulate the properties of adult cardiomyocytes. Here, we have explored the interplay between maturation by stimulation of fatty acid oxidation and by culture in 3D. We have investigated substrate metabolism in hiPSC-CMs grown as a monolayer and in 3D, in porous collagen-derived scaffolds and in engineered heart tissue (EHT), by measuring rates of glycolysis and glucose and fatty acid oxidation (FAO), and changes in gene expression and mitochondrial oxygen consumption. FAO was stimulated by activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), using oleate and the agonist WY-14643, which induced an increase in FAO in monolayer hiPSC-CMs. hiPSC-CMs grown in 3D on collagen-derived scaffolds showed reduced glycolysis and increased FAO compared with monolayer cells. Activation of PPARα further increased FAO in cells on collagen/elastin scaffolds but not collagen or collagen/chondroitin-4-sulphate scaffolds. In EHT, FAO was significantly higher than in monolayer cells or those on static scaffolds and could be further increased by culture with oleate and WY-14643. In conclusion, a more mature metabolic phenotype can be induced by culture in 3D and FAO can be incremented by pharmacological stimulation.