bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Much Information Do Monetary Policy Committees Disclose? Evidence from the FOMC's Minutes and Transcripts
Authors: APEL MIKAEL , BLIX GRIMALDI MARIANNA , HULL ISAIAH 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe purpose of central bank minutes is to give an account of monetary policy meeting discussions to outside observers, thereby enabling them to draw informed conclusions about future policy. However, minutes are by necessity a shortened and edited representation of a broader discussion. Consequently, they may omit information that is predictive of future policy decisions. To investigate this, we compare the predictive content of the Federal Open Market Committee's (FOMC) minutes and transcripts, focusing on dimensions that are likely to be excluded from the minutes, such as the committee's degree of hawkishness, the chairperson's degree of hawkishness, and the level of agreement between committee members. We measure committee and chairperson hawkishness with a new dictionary that is constructed using the FOMC's minutes and transcripts. Agreement is measured using a technique we import from the machine learning literature. We also show that transcripts contain predictive content that is not included in FOMC minutes, macroeconomic variables, financial variables, forecasts, or federal funds rate futures.
Relationship of chest computed tomography score with disease severity and laboratory values in children with COVID‐19
Authors: Çetin Ceren , Karaaslan Ayse , Akın Yasemin , Arifoglu Meral , Rona Günay , Demirhan Recep 
Published: December 2021

AimAlthough chest computed tomography (CT) score has been well evaluated in adult coronavirus disease (COVID‐19), its use in paediatric cases is insufficiently studied. Our aim is to evaluate the relationship of chest CT score with disease severity and laboratory parameters.MethodsSeventy‐six paediatric patients with confirmed COVID‐19 and chest CT evaluation on admission have been included in this study. Chest CT score was calculated for each of the five lobes considering the extent of anatomical involvement, as follows: 0: 0%; 1: <5%; 2: 5%–25%; 3: 26%–50%; 4: 51%–75% and 5: >75%. The resulting total CT score was the sum of each individual lobar score; the range was between 0 and 25.ResultsTotal chest CT score was found to be positively correlated with alanine aminotransferase and d‐dimer, and negatively correlated with lymphocyte count. In receiver operating characteristic analysis, total chest CT score had area under the curve 0.99 (95% confidence interval, 0.98–1.00) at cut‐off 2 with 95% sensitivity and 96% specificity for the severe disease. Furthermore, in‐depth analysis of lobar CT scores showed a correlation between left upper lobe with lymphocyte count, left lower lobe with d‐dimer, right middle and lower lobes with alanine aminotransferase and right upper lobe with leukocyte count.ConclusionsThere is a significant relationship between chest CT score and COVID‐19 severity and laboratory findings in children. This suggests that chest CT scores can be used to assess the severity of the disease and can play an important role in paediatric clinical practice.
Effect of liver steatosis on liver stiffness measurement in chronic hepatitis B patients with normal serum alanine aminotransferase levels: A multicentre cohort study
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Dong , Pan Chen‐Wei , Zhou Guang‐Yao , Gao Feng , Wang Feng‐Ling , Fu Rong‐Quan , Xiao Er‐Hui , Li Peng , Zhang Huai , Zheng Ming‐Hua 
Published: December 2021

AbstractLiver steatosis is becoming increasingly common in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), and its effect on liver stiffness measurement (LSM), as assessed by transient elastography, remains controversial. Seven hundred and fifty‐five patients with CHB and normal serum alanine aminotransferase levels, who underwent vibration‐controlled transient elastography and liver biopsy, were included in the study. We examined whether the histological degree of liver steatosis affects the accuracy of transient elastography‐assessed LSM in these patients. Among the 755 CHB patients included in the study, 286 (37.9%) had liver steatosis, of whom 156 had grade S1, 74 had grade S2, and 56 had grade S3 on histology. Presence of liver steatosis was independently associated with greater body mass index (BMI, adjusted‐odds ratio [OR] = 5.786, 95% CI: 3.998–8.373, p = 0.018), and higher serum total cholesterol (adjusted‐OR = 7.944, 95% CI: 4.731–13.339, p < 0.001) and triglyceride levels (adjusted‐OR = 2.777, 95% CI: 2.050–3.761, p < 0.001). There was no significant association between liver steatosis and fibrosis stage (OR = 1.016, 95% CI: 0.905–1.140, p = 0.790). Age (B‐coefficient = 0.020, 95% CI: 0.001–0.040, p = 0.044), BMI (B‐coefficient = 0.060, 95% CI: 0.011–0.127, p = 0.019), serum gamma‐glutamyl‐transpeptidase (GGT, B‐coefficient = 0.015, 95% CI: 0.001–0.029, p = 0.032), positivity for HBeAg (B‐coefficient = −0.816, 95% CI: −1.568 to −0.064, p = 0.034), as well as liver fibrosis stage (B‐coefficient = 2.796, 95% CI: 2.501–3.090, p < 0.001), and inflammation activity grade (B‐coefficient = 0.648, 95% CI: 0.162–1.135, p = 0.009) were all independently associated with higher LSM, while no significant association was found between degree of liver steatosis and LSM. Among patients with the same histological fibrosis stage, LSM values did not show any significant difference among patients with absent, mild, moderate or severe steatosis. We conclude that liver steatosis has no significant effect on transient elastography‐measured LSM in CHB patients with normal serum alanine aminotransferase levels.
Pharmacokinetic profile and effect on the faecal microbiome of a single dose of pradofloxacin oral suspension in the rabbit(Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Authors: Xie Shangzhe , Trott Darren J. , Saputra Sugiyono , Ebrahimie Esmaeil , Dehcheshmeh Manijeh Mohammadi , Page Caitlyn , Woodward Nicola , Griffiths Neil , Kimble Benjamin , Govendir Merran 
Published: December 2021

AbstractFluoroquinolones are often administered to pet rabbits given their perceived safety and limited effects on anaerobic gut microbiota. However, the pharmacokinetics and relative safety of pradofloxacin, a third‐generation veterinary fluoroquinolone with a much broader spectrum of activity, have not been reported in this species. Here, we determined the pharmacokinetic profile of a single dose of oral pradofloxacin in rabbits and evaluated effects on the faecal microbiome. Four mature female rabbits were administered pradofloxacin (25 mg/ml oral suspension), at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg. The pradofloxacin median (range) Tmaxwas 4.50 (2.00–5.00) h, Cmax600.66 (395.85–886.72) ng/ml and t½was 1.27 (0.12–1.39) h. These results indicated that oral absorption of pradofloxacin was slower, and elimination faster compared with other fluoroquinolones in healthy rabbits, as well as relative to cats and dogs. Following treatment with pradofloxacin, faecal microbiota profiling showed some compositional differences between treated and control animals. This was the result of a significant decrease in the abundance of Proteobacteria, in particular bacteria belonging to thePseudomonas,AtopostipesandParabacteroidesgenera. The pharmacokinetic profile of pradofloxacin in rabbits should be further studied by increasing the sample size and using multiple‐dose protocols (i.e. 7 days) to confirm safety. Further information on the effects of protein binding, higher dosages and disease on pradofloxacin pharmacokinetics in rabbits are needed before an accurate dosing regimen can be recommended.
Individual, household and national factors associated with iron, vitamin A and zinc deficiencies among children aged 6–59 months in Nepal
Authors: Chitekwe Stanley , Parajuli Kedar Raj , Paudyal Naveen , Haag Karan Courtney , Renzaho Andre , Issaka Abukari , Agho Kingsley 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIron, vitamin A and zinc deficiencies are the top three micronutrients contributing to disability‐adjusted life years globally. The study assessed the factors associated with iron, vitamin A, and Zinc deficiencies among Nepalese children (n = 1709) aged 6–59 months using data from the 2016 Nepal National Micronutrient Status Survey. The following cut‐off points were applied: iron deficiency [ferritin < 12 μg/L or soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) > 8.3 mg/L], vitamin A deficiency (retinol‐binding protein < 0.69 μmol/L) and zinc deficiency (serum zinc < 65 μg/dl for morning sample and <57 μg/dl for afternoon sample). We used multiple logistic regression adjusted for sampling weights and clustering to examine the predictors of micronutrient deficiencies. The prevalence of iron depletion (ferritin), tissue iron (sTfR), vitamin A and zinc deficiencies were 36.7%, 27.6%, 8.5% and 20.4%, respectively. Children were more likely to be iron deficient (ferritin) if aged 6–23 months, stunted, and in a middle‐wealth quintile household. Vitamin A deficiency was associated with development region and was higher among children living in severe food‐insecure households and those who did not consume fruits. Zinc deficiency was higher among children in rural areas and the poorest wealth quintile. The Government of Nepal should focus on addressing micronutrient deficiencies in the early years, with emphasis on improving food systems, promote healthy diets, among younger and stunted children and provide social cash transfer targeting high‐risk development regions, poorest and food insecure households.
High stability of genotypic differences in puncture resistance of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) roots under various growing conditions
Authors: Nause Nelia , Tossens Alain , Tschoep Hendrik , Hoffmann Christa M. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMechanical properties of sugar beet roots are related to their damage susceptibility and storability. For selection in breeding, it is beneficial to identify stable traits that can be measured in young plants. Ten genotypes, nine sugar beet and one fodder beet, were grown in the field (harvest in August and November) and in the glasshouse for 14 weeks. The puncture resistance was measured using a texture analyser. Furthermore, the dry matter content was determined. Genotypic differences in puncture resistance of sugar beet roots could be determined in early growth stages and showed no relevant interaction to environment/growing conditions. The puncture resistance was closely related to the dry matter content of the root. Genotypic differences in puncture resistance are independent of growing conditions (field/glasshouse) and age of the plants (harvest date/growth stage). Puncture resistance is thus a potential trait for selection of genotypes with a high tissue strength. The dry matter content was identified as an easy‐to‐measure parameter for the preselection of genotypes.
Cutaneous hyperpigmentation following bleomycin sclerotherapy for vascular malformations
Authors: Davis Kyle P. , Gaffey Megan M. , Kompelli Anvesh R. , Richter Gresham T. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSystemic bleomycin therapy is associated with pulmonary fibrosis and cutaneous side effects. While it is believed that there is little to no systemic distribution of bleomycin when utilized to treat vascular malformations (VMs), we present a case series in which cutaneous, adhesive‐related hyperpigmentation suggests that there is systemic egress of bleomycin following direct puncture sclerotherapy (DPS). This risk of hyperpigmentation after intralesional bleomycin should be discussed with patients, and steps to minimize the chances of it occurring should be implemented.
Filipinos’ health information‐seeking behaviors and their implications for COVID‐19 vaccination
Authors: Berdida Daniel Joseph E. , Grande Rizal Angelo N. , Lopez Violeta 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectivesThis study examined Filipinos' health information‐seeking behaviors, specifically their information engagement and apprehension of getting the COVID‐19 vaccine, the reasons for vaccination, and how these factors influenced their decision to get vaccinated.DesignQuantitative, cross‐sectional, and predictive approaches.SampleThis study conducted a national online survey using convenience sampling (n = 2709).MeasurementThe Health Information Orientation Scale (HIOS) and Statista.com's “reasons for not getting a COVID‐19 vaccination” were used to collect data. Demographic characteristics that predict information engagement and apprehension were identified using multivariate linear regression analysis.ResultsResponses to information engagement and apprehension revealed “often true” and “sometimes true,” respectively. The majority of participants intended to receive the COVID‐19 vaccine. “Concerned about the vaccine's safety” is the most common reason for not getting vaccinated. Female gender, college graduate, employed, and using social media to obtain COVID‐19 vaccine information were all significant predictors of information engagement and apprehension. Information engagement and apprehension were predicted by age and religion, respectively.ConclusionsPolicymakers should consider how people seek information regarding the COVID‐19 vaccine and why some people refuse to get vaccinated. Additionally, public health nurses should educate the public about the safety of COVID‐19 vaccines.
Recognition and management of vitamin B12 deficiency: Report of four cases with oral manifestations
Authors: da Silva Weslay Rodrigues , dos Santos André Azevedo , Xerez Mariana Carvalho , de Morais Everton Freitas , de Oliveira Patrícia Teixeira , da Silveira Éricka Janine Dantas 
Published: December 2021

AbstractVitamins are organic compounds present in low concentrations in food, performing vital and specific cell metabolism functions. Vitamin B12 is essential for red blood cell formation in the bone marrow and its deficiency is caused, mainly, by gastrointestinal malabsorption. In addition to systemic manifestations, oral signs and symptoms have also been associated to this condition such as glossitis, papillary atrophy, painful erythema areas, burning sensation, dysgeusia, lingual paresthesia and itching. This study aims to report four cases of oral manifestations caused by vitamin B12 deficiency. All patients presented oral mucosa lesions. Vitamin B12 deficiency was diagnosed based in clinical characteristics and complementary exams. Oral supplementation for vitamin B12 deficiency was conducted/realized in three patients, while one patient was treated with parenteral doses. All of them showed partial or total remission of the signs and symptoms.
Oro‐dental features in Egyptian patients with familial mediterranean fever
Authors: Abouzaid Maha , Hassib Nehal , Hamed Khaled , Taher Mohamed , Sokkar Mona , Eltaweel Noha , El‐Bassyouni Hala 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIntroductionFamilial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is an episodic inflammatory disease that is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. It is primarily featured by fever, pain in joints, chest, and abdomen due to Serositis.AimThis study delineated the oro‐facial structures presented associated with FMF, as well as, the determination of the potential influences of the long‐term inflammatory process of FMF on several oral structures.MethodsFifty eight Egyptian FMF patients were examined to define different oro‐facial structures. Serum amyloid A (SAA) was requested for the selected patients, MEFV gene mutation was also investigated.ResultsThe clinical examination revealed peritonitis in 79%, fever in 63.7%, and arthritis in 55% of FMF patients examined, while, oral features as high arched palate, enamel defect, dental malocclusion, and macroglossia in 32%, 27.5%. 26%, and 13.5%, respectively. The previous symptoms might be attributed to the pathology of the disease. Macroglossia when tested versus SAA levels, a highly significant difference was detected. The ROC curve when examining the SAA value to assess macroglossia, displayed reasonable sensitivity and specificity values of, 87.5% and 77.8%, respectively.ConclusionThe noticed oro‐dental in FMF patients might be influenced by the chronic inflammatory process.
Reflections onNaming and Necessity
Authors: Devitt Michael 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis paper celebrates the fortieth anniversary ofNaming and Necessityby gathering together some reflections I have made on that work over the years. The paper focuses on aspects of the book that I think have been misunderstood, overlooked, mistakenly rejected, or simply merit more emphasis. The paper starts with the philosophy of language, first discussing Kripke's most powerful argument against description theories of reference: the “ignorance and error” argument. It then considers Kripke's causal‐historical “better picture”; his discussion of rigidity; and finally, “direct reference” an implausible doctrine that has been wrongly attributed to Kripke. The rest of the paper is concerned with essentialist doctrines that Kripke has urged about biological kinds, chemical kinds, and individuals. These doctrines have been trenchantly criticized by some philosophers of science. I think that the relevant sciences support Kripke and do not support the critics.
Mesoscale Simulation-Based Parametric Study of Damage Potential in Brain Tissue Using Hyperelastic and Internal State Variable Models
Authors: He Ge , Fan Lei , Liu Yucheng 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Two-dimensional mesoscale finite element analysis (FEA) of a multilayered brain tissue was performed to calculate the damage-related average stress triaxiality and local maximum von Mises strain in the brain. The FEA was integrated with rate-dependent hyperelastic and internal state variable (ISV) models, respectively, describing the behaviors of wet and dry brain tissues. Using the finite element results, a statistical method of design of experiments (DOE) was utilized to independently screen the relative influences of seven parameters related to brain morphology (sulcal width/depth, gray matter (GM) thickness, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) thickness and brain lobe) and loading/environment conditions (strain rate and humidity) with respect to the potential damage growth/coalescence in the brain tissue. The results of the parametric study illustrated that the GM thickness and humidity were the two most crucial parameters affecting average stress triaxiality. For the local maximum von Mises strain at the depth of brain sulci, the brain lobe/region was the most influential factor. The conclusion of this investigation gives insight for the future development and refinement of a macroscale brain damage model incorporating information from lower length scale.
Strain Response in the Facet Joint Capsule During Physiological Joint Rotation and Translation Following a Simulated Impact Exposure: An In Vitro Porcine Model
Authors: Fewster Kayla M. , Guo Joyce R. , Zehr Jackie D. , Barrett Jeff M. , Laing Andrew C. , Callaghan Jack P. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Low back pain (LBP) is frequently reported following rear impact collisions. Knowledge of how the facet joint capsule (FJC) mechanically behaves before and after rear impact collisions may help explain LBP development despite negative radiographic evidence of gross tissue failure. This study quantified the Green strain tensor in the facet joint capsule during rotation and translation range-of-motion tests completed before and following an in vitro simulation of a rear impact collision. Eight FSUs (4 C3-C4, 4 C5-C6) were tested. Following a preload test, FSUs were flexed and extended at 0.5 deg/s until an ±8 N·m moment was achieved. Anterior and posterior joint translation was then applied at 0.2 mm/s until a target ±400 N shear load was imposed. Markers were drawn on the facet capsule surface and their coordinates were tracked during pre- and postimpact range-of-motion tests. Strain was defined as the change in point configuration relative to the determined neutral joint posture. There were no significant differences (p &gt; 0.05) observed in all calculated FJC strain components in rotation and translation before and after the simulated impact. Our results suggest that LBP development resulting from the initiation of strain-induced mechanoreceptors and nociceptors with the facet joint capsule is unlikely following a severe rear impact collision within the boundaries of physiological joint motion.
Consideration of Air Bubble Dynamics in 1D Hydraulic Pipeline Simulation – Source Term Development and Verification Utilizing Transmission Line Theory
Authors: Guse Fabian , Pasquini Enrico , Schmitz Katharina 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In fluid power systems, the presence of undissolved air greatly influences the properties of the liquid-gas mixture. Even marginal amounts of undissolved air may drastically reduce the apparent bulk modulus of the mixture. In current state-of-the-art 1D simulation tools, the estimation of the apparent bulk modulus of the mixture is based on the assumption that both liquid and gas fractions act as springs. However, the so-called Rayleigh-Plesset equation frequently used for cavitation analysis shows that the gas bubbles should rather be regarded as non-linear mass-spring-damper systems, implicating a frequency-dependent stiffness of the gas phase. In the present paper, these dynamic effects are investigated by considering monodisperse as well as polydisperse mixtures. For the polydisperse case, a log-normal bubble size distribution is used. First, a frequency domain solution for the bubble dynamics is developed by linearizing the Rayleigh-Plesset equation. An expression of the mixture bulk modulus is derived, which is complex-valued and frequency-dependent. Based on the bulk modulus, a theoretical solution for the dynamics of a whole pipeline is developed by utilizing transmission line theory. It is shown that the dynamics of the bubbles leads to a significant shift of the system’s natural frequencies towards lower values — a phenomenon that needs to be accounted for during the design phase of a fluid power system. After the development of this analytical solution, by introducing a bubble dynamics source term, an established numerical scheme for 1D pipe simulation based on the method of characteristics is expanded. Finally, the newly developed numerical approach is compared with the analytical solution in order to determine its accuracy. The findings and simulation approaches in this work will enable fluid power system engineers to predict dynamic system behavior more precisely during early stages of system layout.