bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Essential Farmworkers and the Pandemic Crisis: Migrant Labour Conditions, and Legal and Political Responses in Italy and Spain
Authors: Corrado Alessandra , Palumbo Letizia 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe agri-food system across Europe relies heavily on migrant labour. Border lockdowns during the Covid-19 pandemic immobilised thousands of foreign farmworkers, giving rise to fears of labour shortages and food production losses in EU countries. Farmers’ organisations sought institutional interventions to address this labour demand. Although migrant workers have become a fundamental component of core sectors in recent decades, it is only in the current health emergency that they were recognised as ‘essential’ workers. The chapter analyses the working conditions of migrant farmworkers alongside national debates and institutional interventions in Italy and Spain during the pandemic. It provides a critical comparative analysis of legal and policy interventions to address migrants’ situations of vulnerability. Both countries depend on important contingents of EU and non-EU migrant farmworkers, especially in fruit and vegetable production; moreover, they present common aspects in supply chain dynamics and labour market policies, but also specific differences in labour, migration and social policies. Both adopted measures to face the condition of irregularity of migrant workers in order to respond to labour demand in the agri-food sector and to provide these workers with safe working and living conditions during the pandemic. However, these interventions reveal shortcomings that significantly limit their impact and outcomes, calling into question to what extent migrant workers are really considered as ‘essential’ in a long-term perspective and, therefore, to what extent the current pandemic constitutes an opportunity for a new push to enforce labour and migrant rights.
The Entangled Infrastructures of International Student Migration: Lessons from Covid-19
Authors: Raghuram Parvati , Sondhi Gunjan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe impact of Covid-19 on international student mobility has been noted by policy makers and the media ever since the global lockdowns started in early 2020. However, most of the concerns focus on what the drop in student mobility means for the finances of the countries and educational institutions to which students would have moved; there has been little exploration of the students’ own experiences of Covid-19. This chapter explores the entangled education, migration, and finance infrastructures that shape international student migration and how they failed the students during the pandemic. It draws on questionnaires and interviews conducted with international student migrants from a range of countries and who are registered to study in the UK to point to how migration policies, consular services, educational institutions, and travel industry all affected students. It points to how these components are entangled, and that their failure during the pandemic led to particular forms of immobility and mobility, leaving many students stuck in uncertain and precarious situations. The chapter ends by suggesting that reading the pandemic as an acute unprecedented event is important but inadequate. It is also a window into the everyday failures that the entangled infrastructures of international student mobility posed before Covid-19, how these came to be and who benefited from these infrastructures.
God Does Not Prefer Sons Over Daughters (!)
Authors: El-Ali Leena 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe same twin-arguments that try to deprive women of their free will also anchor the policies, laws and customs that prioritise men over women generally, treating them as unequal. These are the so-to-speak “naturally immoral” and “intellectually deficient” claims laid at the door of hadith. Nowhere in the Qur’an does it say that God values people’s sons more than daughters—how could it?
Segregation: There Is No Restriction on Men and Women Mingling
Authors: El-Ali Leena 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThere is a strong correlation between a restrictive view on women’s clothing as detailed in Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-83582-8_16 and a restrictive view on women’s participation in public life. Combined with the jurists’ extending of the “elite” rules applicable only to the Prophet’s wives to all women while re-interpreting them to boot, this leaves women in many societies with too little room in public life. This also runs contrary to the historical evidence of women’s natural and proactive involvement in society.
Women Were Not Created of Inferior Celestial Material
Authors: El-Ali Leena 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe Qur’an establishes the spiritual sameness of men and women, and indeed of all human beings regardless of gender, race, or other physical or indeed mental differences. Adam and Eve were created from the same soul, as mates, and all men and women emanate equally from both Adam and Eve, and from that same soul. The nature of all men and women can moreover be traced back to the “divine breath” itself, as the Qur’an states that God fashioned the human being from clay and water and then breathed into it of His Spirit.
Eve Is Not Blamed for the Fall from Eden, Nor Are Women Guilty by Association
Authors: El-Ali Leena 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe Qur’an blames Adam and Eve equally for the Fall from the Garden, on one occasion reproaching Adam specifically, no doubt as the symbol of the human race, which is often referred to as the Children of Adam. Eve is never singled out for particular blame nor depicted as the temptress who lured Adam to sin. In the Qur’anic account, rather, Satan whispers to both Adam and Eve and leads both astray, and both are equally accountable.
Women Are Not a Constant Source of Social Discord: Nor Naturally Conniving!
Authors: El-Ali Leena 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn the Qur’an, fitna means social discord or personal ordeal. It has nothing to do with women. Nor are women naturally conniving. But alleged hadith attributed to no other than the Prophet himself expounds a different view, which is that women are the greatest source of fitna possible, and that half the inhabitants of hell will be women. Is it any wonder that many societies have therefore branded women first and foremost as a source of constant sexual enticement and sin, an enemy within?
Introduction: Sustainability Science as Co-Creative Research Praxis
Authors: Franklin Alex 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis chapter explores the relationship between collaboration and creativity within social sustainability research. Aimed at stimulating further reflection and debate on the role of ‘co-creativity’ in enabling transformative sustainability agendas, the chapter acts also as an introduction to the entire edited collection. A key guiding question posed from the outset is how co-creative research practice, as a generative process, can best support the emergence of alternative—potentially even transformative—ways of being in the world. The discussion proceeds with a conceptual review of creativity, followed by a detailed explanation of how co-creativity is defined for the purposes of this edited collection. The remainder of the chapter looks towards the nurturing of co-creative practice within social sustainability research; particular attention is given to socially inclusive forms of co-creative and engaged research praxis. The term co-creativity is used in reference to both individual methods and overarching research approaches that, through action and reflection, stimulate alternative understandings of why and how things are, and how they could be. Accordingly, emphasis is placed throughout this chapter on co-creative research practice as requiring a retained sensitivity to the importance of researching ‘with’.
Technology as a Tool for Environmental Engagement. The Case of Digital Participatory Mapping (DPM)
Authors: Ramirez Aranda Nohemi , Vezzoni Rubén 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe conservativeness of traditional scientific methods, which nevertheless still tend to dominate much of the (social) sustainability sciences, is challenged by technological progress when untested tools of research are proposed as innovative scientific methods. This is the case of online platforms. The knowledge creation process in the digital era, including forms of research communication, can be profoundly different from traditional research methods. We already know how digital tools may influence the performance of research methods, mainly by maximizing the efficiency of data collection and elaboration. However, the original and collaborative practices in which they can develop, as well as their possibilities towards more democratic and inclusive participation processes, remain an unexplored domain. This chapter is an attempt to include digital technologies, and particularly the case of online participatory platforms based on geographic information systems (GIS), in the array of creative and visual research methods.We discuss software packages and current online approaches, such as web apps and native apps (Klettner & Huang, 2011, Scholte et al., 2018). The exploration of the innovative opportunities offered by digital tools starts with a concise review of their application from an historical perspective and its progression until recent times. The review focuses mostly on the options that digital platforms offer to involve citizens in the co-creation of research studies by enabling peer-to-peer environments that may inspire democratic discussions. The adoption of different types of online platforms is then discussed, not only presenting their virtues but also their downsides. This takes the form of an open discussion between the two authors, informed by each critically reflecting on their first-hand practical experiences in adopting digital tools in their research.We are entering a new era, in which access to big data—through platforms using GIS—provides resources and power to bring to the table the silent majority that is often overlooked in decision-making processes. The many possibilities offered by this unprecedented access to information are yet to be tested. Whether digital platforms will turn out to be a solution for improving the inclusiveness of research studies or not will likely depend on the consciousness and motivations of the designers and developers of these tools.
How to Make Policy-Makers Care about “Wicked Problems” such as Biodiversity Loss?—The Case of a Policy Campaign
Authors: Zolyomi Agnes 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPolicy-makers define our lives to a great extent, and are therefore the people everybody wants to talk to. They receive hundreds of messages in various forms day-by-day with the aim of making them decide for or against something. They are in an especially difficult situation as regards the so-called “wicked” or “diffuse” problems such as climate change and biodiversity loss (Millner and Olivier, 2015; Sharman and Mlambo, 2012; Zaccai and Adams, 2012). These problems are limitedly tackled at the policy level despite their major socio-economic and environmental implications, which is often explained by their complexity with a sense of remoteness of effects (Cardinale et al., 2012; WWF, 2018). Communicating advocacy or scientific messages of biodiversity is therefore both a challenge and an under-researched topic (Bekessy et al., 2018; Posner et al., 2016; Primmer et al., 2015; Wright et al., 2017), where both social and natural sciences and both scientists and practitioners are needed to contribute (Ainscough et al., 2019). In order to be successful in delivering messages, communication not only needs to be self-explanatory and easy to consume but novel as well. It additionally helps if the message arrives in a more extraordinary format to draw even more attention. Based on experiences drawn from a conservation and advocacy NGO’s work, this chapter will divulge various socio-economic theories about creative methods, communication, and influencing decision-makers through a campaign fighting for the preservation of key nature legislation. It will be demonstrated how different EU policy-makers, including representatives of the European Commission and Members of the European Parliament, the general public, and other stakeholders, were addressed with various messages and tools (e.g., short films, social media campaigns, fact sheets, involvement of champions). In addition to other key factors such as public support, knowledge of the target audience and political context, the probable impacts and limitations of these messages will also be elaborated. The relevance to the integration and employment of better socio-economic theories into improving communication is straightforward. It is crucial to tailor-make future advocacy work of “wicked problems” such as biodiversity loss and climate change, since these are not usually backed up by major lobby forces and are, therefore, financed inadequately compared to their significance. Understanding the way in which policy-makers pick up or omit certain messages, as well as what framing, methods and channels are the most effective in delivering them to the policy-makers, is pivotal for a more sustainable future.
How to Nurture Ground for Arts-Based Co-Creative Practice in an Invited Space: Reflections on a Community in North Netherlands
Authors: Davis Scott , van Nek Yanthe , Horlings Lummina G. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis chapter provides inspiration for researchers and practitioners who aim to engage with a community using (arts-based) creative practices, inclusive of dealing with the challenges this presents. We do this by reflecting on an illustrative case, a community engagement strategy that nurtured the ground for such practice under ‘invited space’ conditions. The questions that guide this chapter are: How should a creative practitioner deal with the constraints of an invited space when engaging with a community in the initial stage of a project? And, how best then to respond to the needs of the community on their own terms, rather than to external interests? To address these questions, we draw upon a place-based, cultural project situated in a village in the north of the Netherlands. The village is currently in the midst of two significant spatial transformations, namely municipality boundary changes and the construction of a windpark within its immediate environment, which caused distress and opposition among the residents. The case demonstrates how a creative practitioner was able to flip the constraints of co-creating within an invitational space ‘on its head’ by transforming this challenge into an invitation from the community themselves to continue the project on their own terms. This reversal was enacted by the creative practitioner implementing a community engagement strategy that reflects many of the participatory action research principles outlined in Neal’s (Playing for Time: Making Art as if the World Mattered, 2015) ‘art of invitation’. The findings provide inspiration for researchers and practitioners that aim to apply arts-based co-creative practices, including how to navigate existing power balances and re-centre a cultural project towards the needs of the community.
Szenario-Technik mit digitalen Technologien
Authors: Ködding Patrick , Dumitrescu Roman 
Published: December 2021

ZusammenfassungIm Zuge der voranschreitenden Digitalisierung ist das Umfeld von Industrieunternehmen zunehmend durch Volatilität, Unsicherheit, Komplexität und Ambiguität geprägt. Immens ansteigende Datenmengen, die sinkende Halbwertszeit von Informationen und immer kürzere Entwicklungszeiten setzen Unternehmen unter enormen Zeitdruck. Folglich konzentrieren sich Unternehmen verstärkt auf das Tagesgeschäft oder greifen auf Ergebnisse für die strategische Planung zurück, die mit höherem Fokus auf Geschwindigkeit als auf Gründlichkeit erarbeitet wurden. Um langfristig wettbewerbsfähig zu bleiben, müssen sich Unternehmen jedoch systematisch mit zukünftigen Entwicklungen auseinandersetzen. Die Szenario-Technik ist dafür das geeignete Werkzeug. Mithilfe von digitalen Technologien, wie z. B. Anwendungen der Künstlichen Intelligenz (KI), lassen sich die Anwendungsfreundlichkeit erhöhen und der Datenerhebungsaufwand reduzieren.Dies ist Gegenstand des vorliegenden Beitrags. Zunächst wird die Problematik detaillierter beschrieben. Es folgt die Einordnung der Szenario-Technik in die Szenario-basierte Vorausschau sowie die Herleitung und Vorstellung ihrer konstituierenden und optionalen Phasen und Schritte. Im Anschluss werden Herausforderungen beim Einsatz der Szenario-Technik beleuchtet. Darauf aufbauend werden Potenziale für einen Erfolg versprechenden Einsatz von digitalen Technologien in der Szenario-Technik aufgezeigt. Abschließend werden anhand der Herausforderungen und Potenziale drei Handlungsfelder für eine Szenario-Technik mit digitalen Technologien abgeleitet: die Integration von digitalen Technologien, die methodische Anpassung und Weiterentwicklung der Szenario-Technik sowie die digitale Souveränität.
Anwendungen und Lösungsansätze erklärbarer Künstlicher Intelligenz
Authors: Kraus Tom , Ganschow Lene 
Published: December 2021

ZusammenfassungDie Erklärbarkeit von Künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) ist in wichtigen Anwendungsfeldern relevant für die Zulassung und Zertifizierung oder die Kundenakzeptanz von KI-Produkten. Heute adressieren gängige Erklärungsansätze hauptsächlich die KI-Entwicklungsteams und das Personal mit Domänenexpertise, welches KI-Systeme in einem professionellen Umfeld bedient. Umfragen zeigen jedoch, dass die Erklärbarkeit von KI auch für Endkundinnen und -kunden sowie für das Management perspektivisch stark an Bedeutung gewinnen wird. In diesem Artikel diskutieren wir den grundsätzlichen Anwendungsbereich von erklärbarer KI, einige der etablierten Erklärungsstrategien sowie anschauliche Anwendungsbeispiele. Obwohl erste Orientierungshilfen für eine sinnvolle Auswahl von Strategien für Entscheidungserklärungen bereitstehen, besteht noch ein großes Entwicklungspotenzial in Bezug auf Erklärungsansätze, die Modellwirkmechanismen nachvollziehbarer machen können oder verhaltenswissenschaftliche Aspekte berücksichtigen.
Nachweislich eine gute Entscheidung: Qualitätssicherung für künstlich-intelligente Verfahren in der Industrie
Authors: Pentenrieder Annelie , Hartmann Ernst A. , Künzel Matthias 
Published: December 2021

ZusammenfassungWelche Arten von Künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) sollen in europäischen Industrieunternehmen eingeführt und genutzt werden? Wie kann es gelingen, europäisch-demokratische Werte wie Mitbestimmung, Transparenz, Widerspruchsmöglichkeit und Anpassungsfähigkeit für die Nutzung von KI-Technologien zu gewährleisten? Diese Fragen werden aktuell unter den Debatten um erklärbare KI und KI-Zertifizierung verhandelt. Der folgende Beitrag legt an einem konkreten Fallbeispiel aus der Industrie die ALTAI-Kriterien an, die von der High Level Expert Group für die Gestaltung „vertrauenswürdiger KI“ formuliert wurden. Entlang der drei ausgewählten Kriterien „Menschliches Handeln und Aufsicht“, „Transparenz“ und „Robustheit“ wird exemplarisch skizziert, wie Erklär- und Kontrollierbarkeit KI-basierter Verfahren im industriellen Arbeitsumfeld zunehmend umgesetzt und prüfbar gemacht werden können. Es zeigt sich, dass technische Benutzeroberflächen als Teamarbeit gestaltet werden müssen und dass die Zusammenarbeit unterschiedlicher Unternehmen in der Bereitstellung von Datensätzen und Algorithmen im Fokus einer Prüfung stehen muss (Software-Genese). Als mögliches Handlungsfeld werden Auditing-Verfahren vorgestellt.
Humanzentrierte Künstliche Intelligenz: Erklärendes interaktives maschinelles Lernen für Effizienzsteigerung von Parametrieraufgaben
Authors: Wirth Christian , Schmid Ute , Voget Stefan 
Published: December 2021

ZusammenfassungVerfahren der Künstlichen Intelligenz, insbesondere datenintensive Methoden des maschinellen Lernens, halten immer mehr Einzug in industrielle Anwendungen. Im Normalfall werden KI-Anwendungen meist als fertige Black-Box-Komponenten betrachtet, welche nicht in der Lage sind, mit Anwendern zu interagieren. Am Beispiel von Parametrieraufgaben werden wir die dadurch entstehenden Probleme beleuchten und aufzeigen, wie Anwender eingebunden werden können. Für erfolgreiche Interaktion mit menschlichen Anwendern ist es notwendig, deren besonderen Erwartungen und Limitierungen explizit zu berücksichtigen. Neue, menschzentrierte Algorithmen, deren Interaktionsschnittelle auf psychologischen Erkenntnissen basiert, müssen entwickelt und identifiziert werden.
Aus der § 64 LFGB-Arbeitsgruppe MALDI-TOF: Leitlinien für die Validierung von Spezies-Identifizierungen mittels MALDI-TOF-MS
Authors: Rau Jörg , Eisenberg Tobias , Wind Christine , Huber Ingrid , Pavlovic Melanie , Becker René 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMatrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization-time-of-flight-mass-spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) is widely used to identify microorganisms. Recently, new applications such as identification of the animal species from meat, milk or fish are emerging. Standards for the validation of species identifications are still missing. Now, the § 64-LFGB working-group “MALDI-TOF”, established at the Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, has compiled a guideline for the validation of species identifications. This guideline is intended for single laboratories as well as for lab networks and shows practical ways for validation of qualitative MALDI-TOF-MS methods. The special opportunities of the technology, in particular the use of extended reference databases and of collections of well-documented individual spectra for validation, have been taken into account in the guideline presented.
Polymyalgia rheumatica in der 18-Fluordesoxyglukose-Positronenemissionstomographie/Computertomographie
Authors: Witte F. , Lakomek H.-J. , Holzinger J. , Reinbold W.-D. 
Published: December 2021

ZusammenfassungHintergrundDie Diagnose von Patienten mit Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) beruht bislang auf der klinischen Symptomatik und laborchemischen Entzündungsparametern. Aktuell wird der Nutzen verschiedener bildgebender Verfahren evaluiert, hierunter die Sonographie, MRT und PET.Ziel der Arbeit/FragestellungZiel war die Evaluation der diagnostischen Wertigkeit der 18-Fluordesoxyglukose-Positronenemissionstomographie/Computertomographie (18F-FDG-PET/CT) bei PMR, um die Sensitivität und Spezifität in der diagnostischen Aufarbeitung zu verbessern, sowie die rheumatoide Arthritis (RA) differentialdiagnostisch verbessert abzugrenzen.Material und MethodenEs wurden 18F-FDG-PET/CT-Untersuchungen von 284 rheumatologischen Patienten – hierunter 97 Patienten mit PMR – aus einem 44-monatigen Zeitraum retrospektiv evaluiert. Weiter wurden 13 entzündlich veränderte Regionen via dreidimensionaler Region-of-interest(ROI)-Messung mit Bestimmung des maximalen Standardized-Uptake-Value (SUVmax) analysiert, gefolgt von statistischen Analysen.Ergebnisse und DiskussionPatienten mit PMR zeigten im Vergleich mit einer rheumatologisch behandelten Kontrollgruppe signifikant erhöhte Anreicherungen in allen gemessenen Regionen (p < 0,001). Die Methode mit der stärksten diagnostischen Aussagekraft stellte die Kombination aus vier SUVmax-Messwerten – beider anterolateraler Hüftkapseln und beider Tubera ischiadica – dar, mit einer Sensitivität von 91,3 % und einer Spezifität von 97,6 % bei einem Cut-off von 11,0 SUV für die Erstdiagnose von PMR-Patienten, die noch keine immunsuppressive Therapie erhalten hatten. Patienten mit RA konnten bei Erstdiagnose an ebenjenen anatomischen Regionen signifikant von Patienten mit PMR unterschieden werden (p < 0,001).