bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal migration patterns and the maintenance of evolutionary diversity in a cryptic bird radiation
Authors: Tang Qindong , Burri Reto , Liu Yang , Suh Alexander , Sundev Gombobaatar , Heckel Gerald , Schweizer Manuel 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMorphological differentiation associated with evolutionary diversification is often explained with adaptive benefits but the processes and mechanisms maintaining cryptic diversity are still poorly understood. Using genome‐wide data, we show here that the pale sand martinRiparia dilutain Central and East Asia consists of three genetically deeply differentiated lineages which vary only gradually in morphology but broadly reflect traditional taxonomy. We detected no signs of gene flow along the eastern edge of the Qinghai‐Tibetan plateau between lowland south‐eastern ChineseR. d. fohkienensisand high‐altitudeR. d. tibetana. Largely different breeding and migration timing between these low and high altitude populations as indicated by phenology data suggests that allochrony might act as prezygotic isolation mechanism in the area where their ranges abut. Mongolian populations ofR. d. tibetana, however, displayed signs of limited mixed ancestries with Central AsianR. d. diluta. Their ranges meet in the area of a well‐known avian migratory divide, where western lineages take a western migration route around the Qinghai‐Tibetan plateau to winter quarters in South Asia, and eastern lineages take an eastern route to Southeast Asia. This might also be the case between westernR. d. dilutaand easternR. d. tibetanaas indicated by differing wintering grounds. We hypothesize that hybrids might have nonoptimal intermediate migration routes and selection against them might restrict gene flow. Although further potential isolation mechanisms might exist in the pale sand martin, our study points towards contrasting migration behaviour as an important factor in maintaining evolutionary diversity under morphological stasis.
A computational framework for selecting the optimal combination of seismic retrofit and insurance coverage
Authors: Gentile Roberto , Pampanin Stefano , Galasso Carmine 
Published: October 2021

AbstractEconomic earthquake losses can be mitigated through either building retrofit strategies and/or, to some extent, risk‐transfer to the (re)insurance market. This paper proposes a computational framework to select the optimal combination of seismic retrofit and insurance policy parameters for buildings. First, a designer selects a suitable retrofit strategy. This is implemented incrementally to define interventions with increasing retrofit performance levels. The cost of each intervention is calculated, along with the cost of property rental while the retrofit is implemented. Alternative insurance options are considered. For each retrofit‐insurance combination, the insured and uninsured economic losses within a given time horizon are estimated. The optimal retrofit and insurance combination minimizes the tail value at risk of the life cycle cost. The selected confidence level for this metric depends on the homeowner's risk aversion. The proposed framework is illustrated for a case‐study archetype Italian reinforced concrete frame building retrofitted with concrete jacketing, also considering the Italian retrofit tax incentives/rebates called “Sismabonus.”
Health equity knowledge development: A conversation with Black nurse researchers
Authors: Cooke Cheryl L. , Boutain Doris M. , Banks JoAnne , Oakley Linda D. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCan the institutional systems that prepare Black nurse researchers question the ways their systemic pathways have impacted health equity knowledge development in nursing? We invite our readers to keep this question in mind and engage with our conversation as Black nurse researchers, scholars, educators, and clinicians. The purpose of our conversation, and this article, is to explore the transactional impact of knowledge development pathways and Black faculty retention pathways on the state of health equity knowledge in nursing today. Over a series of conversations, we discuss the research exploitation of communities of color, deficit research funding, knowledge capitalization, the marginalization of diversity as a continuous process, a lack of sociocultural authority, and our thoughts on solutions. We conclude by using the wisdom of a generation to answer our initial question.
Modified Hidden Blood Loss Based on Drainage in Posterior Surgery on Lumbar Stenosis Syndrome with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Xu Shuai , Meng Fan‐qi , Guo Chen , Liang Yan , Zhu Zhen‐qi , Liu Hai‐ying 
Published: October 2021

ObjectivePublications on hidden blood loss (HBL) after posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) for lumbar spine stenosis syndrome (LSS) have been reported, but the modified HBL (mHBL) was different from HBL obtained by classical formula and there are few studies on lumbar spine hemorrhage with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Therefore, the aim of our study is to respectively evaluate the importance of hidden blood loss (HBL) and modified HBL (mHBL) after posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) in patients diagnosed with LSS and RA, to explore the correlation between RA activity and HBL as well as mHBL.MethodsA total of 61 patients (nine males and 52 females) diagnosed with LSS and RA who underwent PLIF were included. Data contained demographics, RA‐related parameters such as duration of RA, Steinbrocker classification (used to evaluated RA activity), the disease‐modifying anti‐rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), osteoporosis and total knee arthroplasty; operation and hemorrhage parameters. Then HBL and mHBL were calculated by Gross formula and modified formula, respectively. Subgroup analysis on HBL and mHBL was performed based on gender, age (≤60 years and ˃60 years), different number of surgical segments (single segment, double segment, and ≥3 segments), and taking DMARDs or not. ANOVA analysis was performed on HBL and mHBL in different surgery segment number and Steinbrocker classification of RA. Independent sample t‐test was used in comparison of gender and age, as well as in comparison between HBL and mHBL based on whether the patient took DMARDs or not. Furthermore, paired t‐test was used to compare the volume between HBL and mHBL.ResultsThe mean age and duration of RA was 65.2 ± 9.3 years and 14.3 ± 10.7 years, respectively. There were 13 grade I cases, 34 grade II cases, and 14 grade III cases as assessed by Steinbrocker classification and the most common anti‐RA drugs were DMARDs (57.4%). The mean intraoperative bleeding, drainage, and blood loss in drainage (DBL) was 453.3 ± 377.8 mL, 489.1 ± 253.8 mL, and 304.6 ± 156.3 mL, respectively. There was no difference on HBL and mHBL in gender. HBL and mHBL was larger in patients over 60 years (P = 0.040 and P = 0.023). There were differences in intraoperative blood loss, drainage, and DBL based on different number of segments but not in HBL and mHBL, or on Steinbrocker classification. DBL was lower in DMARDs group than non‐drugged group (P = 0.03), while HBL and mHBL were both of no significance. The comparison of HBL and mHBL showed statistical difference (P < 0.001), suggesting that mHBL volume is larger than HBL.ConclusionsPatients diagnosed as LSS with RA have amounts of HBL or mHBL after PLIF. HBL or mHBL is not associated with RA activity, which may not increase in RA patients compared with common ones. Taking DMARDs may reduce postoperative DBL. The fact that mHBL is larger than HBL provides an all‐round basis for measuring factual HBL.
Identification and characterization of zero population growth (zpg) gene in Plutella xylostella
Authors: Cai Li‐Jun , Li Tian‐Pu , Lin Xi‐Jian , Huang Yu‐Ping , Qin Jiang‐Mei , Xu Wei , You Min‐Sheng 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, is one of the most destructive insect pests on cruciferous plants, which causes huge economic losses annually across the world. Due to its resistance to all classes of insecticides, new effective management approaches are urgently needed. The innexin genes encode gap junction proteins in invertebrates, which play critical roles in cell‐to‐cell interactions for electrical currents, small molecules and ions. Zero population growth (zpg), one germline‐specific innexin protein, is required for survival of differentiating early germ cells during gametogenesis in many insect species. In this study, nine innexin genes were identified from the P. xylostella genome, and named as Pxylinx1.1, Pxylinx1.2, Pxylinx2, Pxylinx3, Pxylinx4, Pxylinx7.1, Pxylinx7.2, PxylshakB.1 and PxylshakB.2. The expression profiles of P. xylostella innexin genes in different developmental stages and tissues were examined, revealing Pxylinx4 was specifically expressed in eggs and female ovaries, which is the candidate zpg gene in P. xylostella. RNA interference (RNAi) was utilized to investigate the functions of Pxylinx4 in egg‐laying and egg‐hatching. The results showed that RNAi treatment on Pxylinx4 in female P. xylostella, lead to the decrease of the egg‐laying but not the egg‐hatching. This study improves our understanding of P. xylostella innexin genes and provides a candidate molecular target (Pxylinx4) for developing new approaches to control this economically important pest.
Acute effects of oral delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on autonomic cardiac activity and their relation to subjective and anxiogenic effects
Authors: Pabon Elisa , Rockwood Frederica , Norman Greg J. , de Wit Harriet 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCannabis is the most commonly used psychotropic drug in the United States, after alcohol. Despite its apparent sedative and calming effects, cannabis and its main psychoactive constituent, ∆9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) can produce serious adverse effects including tachycardia and anxiety. These effects can be especially pronounced in women, who remain underrepresented in clinical cannabinoid research. The present study is one of the first to characterize the effects of single doses of oral THC on autonomic nervous system function in healthy adult women. Occasional female cannabis users participated in three laboratory sessions in which they received oral THC (7.5 and 15 mg) and placebo. Autonomic measures included heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), pre‐ejection period (PEP) a measure of cardiac sympathetic functioning, and high frequency heart rate variability (HF‐HRV) a measure of parasympathetic cardiac control. Autonomic responses were examined in relation to subjective drug effects. THC dose‐dependently increased HR, decreased HF‐HRV, and increased ratings of feeling a drug effect, cannabis‐like intoxication, and anxiety. Although the drug did not significantly affect BP or PEP, HR was negatively related to both PEP and HF‐HRV. HF‐HRV, the measure of parasympathetic activity, was significantly negatively related to subjective measures of cannabis intoxication (but not anxiety) at the 15 mg dose only. PEP was not significantly related to any subjective measure. These results extend our knowledge of the autonomic effects of THC in relation to subjective drug experience. This and future studies will help us to understand risk factors related to cannabis use.
Nonlinear mirror image method for nonlinear Schrödinger equation: Absorption/emission of one soliton by a boundary
Authors: Caudrelier Vincent , Crampé Nicolas , Dibaya Carlos Mbala 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe perform the analysis of the focusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation on the half‐line with time‐dependent boundary conditions along the lines of the nonlinear method of images with the help of Bäcklund transformations . The difficulty arising from having such time‐dependent boundary conditions at is overcome by changing the viewpoint of the method and fixing the Bäcklund transformation at infinity as well as relating its value at to a time‐dependent reflection matrix. The interplay between the various aspects of integrable boundary conditions is reviewed in detail to brush a picture of the area. We find two possible classes of solutions. One is very similar to the case of Robin boundary conditions whereby solitons are reflected at the boundary, as a result of an effective interaction with their images on the other half‐line . The new regime of solutions supports the existence of one soliton that is not reflected at the boundary but can be either absorbed or emitted by it. We demonstrate that this is a unique feature of time‐dependent integrable boundary conditions.
Long‐term effects of face masks on skin characteristics during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Park Sae‐Ra , Han Jiyeon , Yeon Yeong Min , Kang Na Young , Kim Eunjoo , SUH Byung‐Fhy 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundNowadays, face masks are a crucial part of our daily life. Previous studies on their impact on the skin usually focused on the adverse effects of face masks. Few studies have assessed their influence on skin characteristics. In a previous study, we identified the short‐term effects of wearing face masks. Herein, we describe the long‐term skin effects of face masks, for a period of 6 months.Materials and methodsHealthy volunteers (19 men and women), who wore face masks, participated in the study from June 2020 to December 2020. In all participants, skin characteristics such as trans‐epidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration, skin elasticity, skin pore area, skin keratin amount, skin temperature, skin redness, skin temperature, skin redness, and skin color were measured three times.ResultsTEWL, skin hydration, skin elasticity, skin pore area, skin keratin amount, and skin color changed significantly after 6 months. TEWL, skin hydration, skin pore area, skin keratin amount, and skin color were significantly different between the mask‐wearing and non‐mask‐wearing areas.ConclusionLong‐term daily use of face masks can alter skin characteristics. Special care should be focused on the mask‐wearing regions.
Self‐encountering exercises in theology classroom
Authors: Kang Hanna 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis essay addresses the importance of in‐class exercises that intentionally lead students into moments of self‐encounter, and demonstrates how theology classes can incorporate such exercises. It does so by outlining three specific examples from three different class settings. These exercises facilitate students getting to know themselves deeply as subjects who develop their own authentic theological reflections. While not disregarding the importance of honing students' learning abilities and academic competence, these exercises nevertheless reflect an integrated approach to theological education, one that engages with students as complex human beings who bring not only their brains to the classroom, but their emotions, wounds, and life experiences.
Stable climate corridors promote gene flow in the Cape sand snake species complex (Psammophiidae)
Authors: Taft Jody M. , Maritz Bryan , Tolley Krystal A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractClimate shifts during the Quaternary Period have driven changes in regional range dynamics for many species, influencing population structure of species and in some cases promoting speciation. Within southern Africa, the psammophine snakes Psammophis trinasalis and P. namibensis were historically considered subspecies of P. leightoni but were elevated to species rank based on ecological differences. Preliminary phylogenetic analyses suggested intraspecific, not interspecific genetic variation between these taxa, but this finding was based on very limited data and could not be confirmed. To assess the level of genetic differentiation within the P. leightoni species complex, we explored the evolutionary history of these snakes by combining phylogenetic analyses, species distribution modelling and an examination of morphology. We generated a comprehensive, multi‐gene phylogeny for Psammophis that included wider geographic sampling of the three species in the complex. Using this phylogeny, Bayesian and distance‐based species delimitation analyses showed intraspecific, not interspecific divergences between taxa in the complex, suggesting that they collectively represent a single taxon. Furthermore, non‐metric multidimensional scaling analysis of scalation characters showed no differences between the species. Moreover, palaeo‐modelling at three time periods since the last interglacial period suggest that there have been varying levels of connectivity between these taxa, which has likely facilitated gene flow between them. Given the evidence, we propose that the P. leightoni complex represents a single species and therefore formally synonymise the three species.
Surface-Mounted Distributed Fiber Optic Sensor Measurements, and Concrete Damaged Plasticity Modeling for Damage Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Beams
Authors: Jayawickrema U. M. N. , Kumar A. S. , Herath H. M. C. M. , Hettiarachchi N. K. , Sooriyaarachchi H. P. , Epaarachchi J. A. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Structural health monitoring (SHM) has become an integral part of essential and costly to replace infrastructures such as bridges and buildings which degrade during their lifetime. Understanding the structural behaviour of these infrastructures is critical for assuring their structural integrity and safe operating conditions. In this study, the structural performance of a reinforced concrete beam was examined under flexural loading. Distributed optical fibre sensor (DOFS) was attached to the beam’s bottom surface, and Optical Backscattered Reflectometry (OBR) technology was used to measure the surface strain. A three-point bending test was performed, and the sensor responses were acquired. Unusual high strain peaks were observed at the bottom surface of the beam due to the formation of hairline cracks. Subsequently, the Concrete Damaged Plasticity (CDP) based Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was performed to simulate the plastic behaviour of concrete beam using ABAQUS 2019 commercial software. The FEA results have strong agreement with the strain pattern observed from the DOFS. Therefore, DOFS and CDP technique based FEA can be successfully used to investigate the plastic damage pattern inside the concrete beam and distributed sensing demonstrates a greater capacity for long-term monitoring of the structural health of concrete structures.
A Smart Controllable SMA-Based Tourniquet
Authors: Golgouneh Alireza , Li Jiaqi , Abel Julianna , Dunne Lucy E. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Textile-based compression devices are widely used in fields such as healthcare, astronautics, cosmetics, defense, and more. While traditional compression garments are only able to apply passive pressure on the body, there have been some efforts to integrate smart materials such as shape memory alloys (SMAs) to make compression garments active and controllable. However, despite the advances in this field, accurate control of applied pressure on the body due remains a challenge due to vast population-scale anthropometric variability and intra-subjects variability in tissue softness, even if the actuators themselves are fully characterized. In this study, we begin to address these challenges by developing a novel size-adjustable SMA-based smart tourniquet capable of producing a controllable pressure for circumferential applications. The developed prototype was tested on an inflatable pressure cuff wrapped around a rigid cylinder. The thermal activation of SMA coils was achieved through Joule heating, and a microcontroller and a programmable power supply are used to provide the input signal. To control the compression force, a closed-loop PID controller was implemented, and the performance of the system was evaluated in 5 different testing conditions for variable and cyclic compression levels. The experiments showed that the controlled system could follow the desired control pressure reference with a steady-state of 1 mmHg. The compression tourniquet is able to produce more than 33 mmHg with an average actuation rate of 0.19 mmHg/s. This is the first demonstration of accurate closed-loop control of an SMA-incorporated compression technology to the best of our knowledge. This paper enables new, dynamic systems with controllable activation and low-effort donning and doffing, with applications ranging from healthcare solutions to advanced spacesuit design.
Integration of SMA Wires Into the Additive Manufacturing Process Using PBF-LB/M and Long-Term Tests of the Specimens to Validate the Functional Properties
Authors: Schmelter Tobias , Theren Benedict , Thiele Magnus , Schuleit Marvin , Esen Cemal , Kuhlenkötter Bernd 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The integration of shape memory (SM) wires in additive manufacturing (AM) processes and components, either as actuators or sensors, holds enormous potential for future developments. For example, a sensor or an actuator function could be integrated into a component already during the manufacturing process. This integration can eliminate downstream assembly steps and improve the flexibility of the component design. In addition to (complex) components, the AM process can also be used to attach connecting elements to the wire, ensuring an improved connection of the wire to other components like an actuator housing.
The integration of SM wires into an AM process will be further investigated in the following and feasibility validated by initial trials. Powder bed fusion – laser beam/metal (PBF-LB/M) is used as an AM process; thereby blocks are welded to the wire in the context of this work as proof of concept. Long-term and tensile tests are carried out to evaluate the functional and mechanical properties of the manufactured compounds. Moreover, images of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) in combination with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) provide further information about the generated compound.
Indirect Impedance-Based NDE Through Instrumented Fixtures; Effects of Fixture Material on Defect-Detection Capabilities
Authors: Oyekola Peter O. , Mehedi Al-Barkat , Ivey Morgan , Albakri Mohammad I. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Electromechanical impedance allows for a quick assessment of the mechanical integrity of the part under test by providing insights into its dynamic response. In previous studies, it has been shown that electromechanical impedance signatures obtained via directly bonded piezoelectric transducers can successfully be used for non-destructive evaluation of manufactured parts. Indirect electromechanical impedance measurements, through an instrumented fixture or testbed, has also been introduced as a promising solution for quick evaluation of manufactured parts. While such indirect impedance measurements alleviate the need for individual parts to be instrumented, they increase the complexity of the measurement system. Factors such as fixture design, part-fixture interface, and clamping force are found to impact measurement sensitivity to manufacturing defects and anomalies.
In this paper, the effects of instrumented fixture material on indirect electromechanical impedance measurements are investigated. Three geometrically-identical fixtures are considered in this study. Two are commercially available clamps made of aluminum and steel, while the third is an additively manufactured replica made of PLA through a fused filament fabrication process. The fixtures are instrumented with monolithic piezoelectric transducers for electromechanical impedance measurement. Strain gauges are used to measure the clamping force exerted by the fixture on the part under test. Test specimens are made of machined steel blocks including defect-free (control) parts along with others featuring manufacturing defects. The impact of fixture’s material properties, as compared to the part under test, on the defect-detection capabilities of indirect impedance-based NDE is evaluated.