bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the Effect of Machining Sequence on Machining Error Considering Workpiece Rigidity Change
Authors: Nakao Yutaro , Teramoto Koji 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The objective of this research is to investigate relations between individual physical phenomena and machining error from the measured machined error.
Small lot production using numerical control machine tools is widely applied to high quality and high value-added products. In such production, agile and flexible machining is required. Thus, there have been many researches which investigate the effect of specific phenomena such as cutting force, thermal expansion, tool wears, chattering vibration and so on, which is to realize high precision machining. However, there have been some unsolved problems. The first problem is focused phenomena are mostly cutting force and/or machine tool deflection. Accordingly, other effects such as the results by workpiece rigidity change have not been investigated enough. The second problem is that the generation process of machining error is complicated and there is no proper method to compensate. Because of those complicate process, it is difficult to determine the dominant error factor of a new machining case in advance.
Therefore, on-machine error measurement and estimation of error factors are essential technologies in order to achieve accuracy assurance. Recently, machining for rib-structured and thin-walled workpiece becomes important because of their higher structure efficiency and light weight characteristic. In this paper, the effect of workpiece rigidity to the machining error is investigated. Depend on the machining sequence, workpiece rigidities change differently during the machining process. Two different machining cases with different machining sequences are conducted and difference between the cases are investigated.
Basic Study on Polishing Technology for Microcavity With Electrically Controlled Slurry
Authors: Hayama Yuka , Kakinuma Yasuhiro 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Optical microcavity, which can localize light at a certain spot for a short period of time, have a wide range of applications, such as optical signal processing and optical frequency combs. Single crystal calcium fluoride is one of the most suitable material for fabricating optical microcavity due to its excellent optical properties; however, it cannot be manufactured by chemical processes such as etching due to its crystal anisotropy. Currently, high performance optical microcavities are fabricated by ultra-precision turning followed by a hand polishing process because it has complex shape with a size of micro order. However, hand polishing deteriorates the shape made by ultra-precision turning and has a low reproductivity. Therefore, a development of a soft mechanical polishing method to replace hand polishing is strongly desired. Electrically controlled slurry technique is a promising approach in polishing of microparts, where AC electric field is applied to the slurry in order to control the distribution of abrasives to improve the polishing properties in free abrasive polishing. In this study, polishing by applying electrically controlled slurry was conducted for microcavity and the influence of frequency and applied voltage were investigated. From the experimental results, clear differences in the surface quality of microcavity were shown according to amplitude of AC voltage and its frequency.
The Influence of Defects in ta-C Coating Deposited by FCVA Method on Their Tribological Behavior
Authors: Lee Woo-Young , Jang Young-Jun , Tokoroyama Takayuki , Murashima Motoyuki , Umehara Noritsugu 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Diamond like-carbon (DLC) coatings is a form of amorphous consisting of sp2-bonded and sp3-bonded phase. Among the DLC series, DLC coatings containing a large percentage of sp3 ratio, referred as tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) coatings, have attracted significant attention as protective coatings in various fields such as tribological applications and automobile components that demand superior durability, chemical inertness and low friction at high temperature. Particularly, the filtered cathodic vacuum arc (FCVA) technique with an energetic plasma can deposit the ta-C coating, but it has a drawback such as decreasing deposition rate and occurring macroparticles. Research on morphological and structural change of defects in ta-C coatings fabricated by FCVA is important for understanding their wear and friction behavior. In this study, the types of defects presented on a ta-C coating were classified as spike, droplet and pore with their morphology, structural and mechanical properties. The tribological behavior of the coating was characterized by ball-on-disk test using a Si3N4 ball at a testing temperature of 170 °C. In order to confirm the effect of defects in the ta-C coating on the tribological behavior, the defects in a designated area were investigated as a function of different sliding cycles. Initially, a running-in cycle is maintained until 2,000 cycles, following which a steady-state value of 0.1 is observed from sliding cycles of 2,000 to 10,000. At the end of 10,000 cycles, the wear rate of the ta-C coating is 4.3 × 10−6 mm3/Nm. Structural changes among the defects are apparent on droplet and pore after the friction test at 170 °C. The nodular defects including spikes and droplet is grinded off on top surface of that and is retained until 1,000 cycles. In steady state up to 6,000 cycles, droplet was survived, on the other hand, the spikes are almost polished from sliding.
Wear Resistant DLC Coatings for Soft Metallic Materials
Authors: Yamaki Takanori , Osawa Takuya , Matsuo Makoto , Akasaka Hiroki , Tanaka Shinji , Kikuchi Masao , Hirata Yuki , Ohtake Naoto , Yamamoto Hiroshi 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In sliding parts used by construction machines which is operate in harsh environment, one of the problems is that abnormal wear and seizure occur due to sliding under dusty condition. That severe wear is caused by sand dust intervening on the sliding surface. In order to prevent severe wear and seizure, a combination of an iron-based material and a soft metallic material such as brass is used on the sliding surface. And more,, we applied DLC (diamond-like carbon) coating on the surface of soft metallic materials. Specifically, we deposited segment structured DLC film on copper alloy, and evaluated its tribological characteristics by reciprocating sliding test. As a result, segment structured DLC coatings on soft metallic material showed more than three fold high wear resistance and seizure resistance as compared with DLC coated SUS440C, when dust is mixed in lubricant.
Proposing a New Evaluation Method in Si Wafer Rotary Grinding
Authors: Kusuyama Jumpei , Kawase Bima , Nakao Yohichi , Kanazawa Masaki , Ishikawa Kazumasa 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Although there have been several studies on machining of semiconductor materials, most of them are concerned with abrasive finishing (such as chemical-mechanical polishing, mechanical polishing and lapping), and only a few have reported on optimizing rotary grinding conditions (such as the grinding wheel rotational speed, wafer rotational speed, wheel diameter, wafer diameter, and feed rate). In this study, to gain further insight, we define a dimensionless number and use it to evaluate our experimental results. This dimensionless number — called the “grain approach angle” — is the ratio of the grain running length of the machined wafer surface and the depth of cut due to grain during the grain running time. For this study, our evaluation coefficients are taken to be surface roughness, grinding force, and grinding ratio. We found it more suitable to use the grain approach angle rather than a previously defined dimensionless number (which was evaluated as the ratio of the wheel rotational speed to the wafer rotational speed). We also found that, by using the grain approach angle, trends in surface roughness exhibited invariant similarities under varying conditions.
Resistance Spot Welding in Non-Combustible Magnesium Alloy
Authors: Shao Xuanyi , Miyashita Yukio , Panwised Duriyathep , Borrisutthekul Rattana 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Resistance spot welding (RSW) was applied to non-combustible magnesium alloy, AX41 (Mg-4%Al-1%Ca) to investigate its weldability. The similar material joint of AX41 and dissimilar materials joint between AX41 and aluminum alloy, AA6061 were welded. Tensile shear test was carried out to evaluate joining strength in the similar and dissimilar materials RSW joints. In case of similar material joints, the maximum load obtained with tensile shear test in AX41 similar material joint was higher than that obtained in AA6061 similar material joint. Moreover, higher maximum load was obtained in a similar material joint without surface polishing compared to joint welded with surface polishing in AX41. In case of the dissimilar materials joint, the maximum load obtained was almost comparable with AX41 similar material joint, however scatter in joint strength was large. Weldability of the dissimilar materials joint became poor by applying surface polishing.
Experimental and Analytical Resin Impregnation Characterization in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites
Authors: Kobayashi Satoshi , Osada Toshiko 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Effect of molding condition on resin impregnation behavior and the associated mechanical properties were investigated for carbon fabric reinforced thermoplastic composites. Carbon fiber yarn (TORAYCA, Toray) was used as a reinforcement, and thermoplastic PI (AURUM PL 450 C, Mitsui Chemicals) was used as the matrix. CFRTP textile composites were compression-molded with a hot press system under the molding temperature, 390 °C, 410 °C and 430 °C, molding pressure 2 MPa and 4 MPa and molding time 0∼300 s. In order to evaluate the impregnated state, cross sectional observation was performed with an optical microscope. Specimen cross-section was polished and finished with alumina slurry for a clear observation. The images observed were processed through image processing software to obtained impregnation ratio which defined as the resin impregnation area to the cross-sectional area of a fiber yarn. Resin impregnation was accelerated with molding temperature and pressure. At molding temperature more than 410 °C, resin impregnation was similar irrespective of temperature. Tensile test results indicated that modulus and strength increased with resin impregnation. Resin impregnation during molding was predicted using the analytical model based on Darcy’s law and continuity condition. The analysis could successfully predict the impregnation behavior despite the difference in molding pressure and temperature.
The Development of New Turning Tool for Cryogenic Machining
Authors: Wang Yongqing , Liu Haibo , Gan Yongquan , Han Lingsheng , Liu Kuo , Ban Ziyou 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Cryogenic manufacturing processes have emerged as environmental-friendly, increase tool life and improve surface integrity of machined components by efficiently removing the heat from the cutting zone. Especially considered to be an efficient method to machine difficult-to-cut metals which are poor thermal conductivity, such as nickel, titanium alloys and polymer materials and so on. Many researchers have studied the effectiveness of cryogenic machining process, such as increasing tool life and improving surface integrity and so on. However, most articles on this topic were not considered the applications of actual industry. Cutting tool is one of the most important parts of industry applications. Most of cutting tools were not designed for cryogenic machining. In this work, the internally cooled turning tool was developed for cryogenic machining. The spray angle and diameter of the outlet were optimized by thermal field simulations. The results showed that 15° injection angle was more suitable to the machining process. Compare to 1mm outlet diameter, 3mm outlet diameter had better cooling effect. And the shape of outlet was optimized. A pressure simulation of the inner channel is carried out. The result shows that the pressure drop from inlet to outlets is only 66.696277Pa (about 6‰). Then, a spray test of the cutting tool was performed. The tests revealed that liquid nitrogen could be transmitted accurately and stably to the tool nose and the machining area. At last, a machining experiment proved that the turning tool could reduce the cutting temperature effectively when machining Ti-6Al-4V.
Performance Analysis of Multi Wall Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) Coated Tool Electrode During Machining of Titanium Alloy (Ti6Al4V)
Authors: Shirguppikar Shailesh , Patil Maharudra 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Electric Discharge Machining (EDM) is one of the leading non-conventional machining processes used to machine hard-to-cut materials in wide range of industrial, biomedical, automotive, defense and aerospace applications. EDM is a controlled spark generation process, which is usually used for machining of difficult to cut materials. In this study, experiments were performed on Titanium Alloy (Ti6Al4V) using thin-film multi-wall Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) coated electrode and uncoated aluminum electrodes. Morphological and structural investigations of MWCNT coating were performed using Scanning transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Raman spectroscopy. All experiments were designed with Taguchi’s L16 orthogonal array. Each experiment performed under different condition of current, gap voltage and pulse on time. MRR, TWR, SR and OC are studied for each experiment. It was observed that MWCNT coated electrode gives better surface roughness, higher material removal rate, and lower tool wear rate. The experimental result showed that MRR increased by 14.15%, tool wear rate decreased by 23.40%, surface roughness reduced by 22.14 % and overcut reduced by 23.43 % respectively as compared to uncoated aluminum electrodes. All performance responses improved with thin-film MWCNT coated electrode due to magnificent electrical conductivity and chemical stability of CNT. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) carried out to understand significant process parameters and its contribution in mentioned response variables. Multi-Wall CNT shows better results at high temperature and prevents the tool wear rate. The surface roughness of Ti6Al4V improved with MWCNT coated electrode and it was evident with scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of workpiece. Comparative study of coated and non-coated gives new development of novel electrode tool for electric discharge machining processes.
Improved Local Mean Decomposition for Vibration-Based Machinery Fault Diagnosis
Authors: Wang Lingyan , Lu Hong , Qiao Yu , Wu Wan , Li Le , Liu Qiong , Wang Shaojun 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The rotor stand vibration signals carry abundant dynamic information of the machinery and are sometimes very useful in the machinery fault diagnosis. Due to the difficulty of recognition for the non-stationery signals, many traditional ways have been discussed and made the comparison to analyze the pros and cons of the methods. Then this paper proposed an improved LMD time-frequency method to solve the shortcuts, so as to obtain the better results during the machinery fault diagnosis. The LMD time-frequency method helps to reduce the appearance of the singular points and glitches and it has better precision in the PF component, so that the characteristics of the original signal can fully be reflected.
And the simulated rotor signal along with actual fault signals are used to demonstrate, test, verify the accuracy and the effectiveness of the improved LMD method with the support of the established test rig and NI device. Through the Time-Frequency Analysis Time Spectrum, the newly proposed method has been proved its accuracy, efficiency in the time-frequency analysis and its stableness in the machinery fault diagnosis.
A Simplified Approach to Tolerance Verifications for Cylindrical Surfaces Using Point-Set Data
Authors: Ko Hua-Wei , Kapoor Shiv G. , Ferreira Placid M. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Cylindrical surface and its tolerance verification play important role in machining process. Although there exists many approaches that can fit the maximum, minimum and minimum zone cylinders, the cylinder fitting problems can even be further simplified. The methodology developed in this paper seeks to reduce the number of parameters used in cylinder fitting model using the projection model. The model evaluates 3-D tolerance specifications by introducing the optimal direction of projection such that the 2-D point projected onto this direction has optimal tolerance specifications (maximum, minimum and minimum zone circles). Besides, a global optimum solver, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is applied to avoid the problem of finding local optimum. The proposed simplified method shows consistent results when compared with the results from literature.
Edge Computing Accelerated Defect Classification Based on Deep Convolutional Neural Network With Application in Rolling Image Inspection
Authors: Huang Jiayu , Sergin Nurretin , Dua Akshay , Tavakoli Erfan Bank , Yan Hao , Ren Fengbo , Ju Feng 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This paper develops a unified framework for training and deploying deep neural networks on the edge computing framework for image defect detection and classification. In the proposed framework, we combine the transfer learning and data augmentation with the improved accuracy given the small sample size. We further implement the edge computing framework to satisfy the real-time computational requirement. After the implement of the proposed model into a rolling manufacturing system, we conclude that deep learning approaches can perform around 30–40% better than some traditional machine learning algorithms such as random forest, decision tree, and SVM in terms of prediction accuracy. Furthermore, by deploying the CNNs in the edge computing framework, we can significantly reduce the computational time and satisfy the real-time computational requirement in the high-speed rolling and inspection system. Finally, the saliency map and embedding layer visualization techniques are used for a better understanding of proposed deep learning models.
Advanced Sensing Development to Support Accuracy Assessment for Industrial Robot Systems
Authors: Qiao Guixiu , Garner Jonathan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Manufacturers currently struggle with the assessment of a machine/robots’ accuracy degradation that limits the efficiency of machine/robots in high precision applications. Current best practice in industry is to inspect the final products or add redundancies (local calibration, etc.) during the process to determine the machine’s accuracy and performance. These create complexities in the process and increase the maintenance costs of applications such as high precision robot operations (welding, robotic drilling/riveting, and composite material layout), in-process metrology, and machines in mobile applications. A higher speed, more precise control of position and orientation is required to remedy these complexities. A novel smart target was designed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to integrate with a vision system to acquire high-accuracy, real-time 6-D (six-dimensional x, y, and z position, roll, pitch, and yaw orientation) information. This paper presents the development of the smart target and the image processing algorithm to output 6-D information. A use case is presented using the smart target on universal robots (UR3 and UR5) to demonstrate the feasibility of using the smart target to perform the robot accuracy assessment.
Analysis of Anisotropic Surface Topography Effects on Metal Flow: Warm and Hot Working Processes
Authors: Crowley Ross , Domblesky Joseph 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The results of an experimental study that analyzed how anisotropic tool topography influences friction and metal flow under warm and hot working conditions are presented. Six sets of H-13 steel platens having different roughnesses were used to compress AA 6061-T6, AA 2024-T4, and AISI 1018 specimens. The platens were machined to have a unidirectional lay while the specimens were prepared to have a constant roughness with an isotropic surface texture. Rectangular specimens were placed at different angular orientations relative to the surface lay of the graphite-lubricated platens and then side-pressed at die temperatures ranging from 149–204°C (300–400°F). Ring tests were also performed in order to determine interface shear friction factors for each experimental condition. Results showed that surface roughness had little effect on planar metal flow whereas specimen orientation showed a strong correlation. An explanation for this behavior is presented based on evidence gathered with a laser measuring microscope. While further investigation is needed, the results indicate that an oriented surface texture has the potential to be used as a tool to optimize flow patterns in bulk forming processes.
The Impact of Material Aging on Stereolithography Reliability: An Experimental Study
Authors: Zhao Jing , Yang Yiran , Li Lin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Additive manufacturing as an emerging technique, however, delivers relatively low reliability compared to traditional manufacturing. Unlike in traditional manufacturing systems that manufacturers mainly focus on the machine reliability by adopting failure rates of equipment, in additive manufacturing systems the performance of reliability is often evaluated by the consistency of measurement results. In addition, the reliability of additive manufacturing systems is not only affected by the failure rates of machine elements, the condition of the photo-sensitive raw material could also lead to variations on the overall performance of the additive-manufactured products and thus affect the reliability. In this work, the impact of raw material condition with respect to the material aging time on the reliability of the stereolithography manufactured products is evaluated experimentally. More specifically, the liquid resin is sampled and stored in a laboratory environment for 2, 6, 8, and 12 days of aging, respectively. A series of specimens are printed with the aged raw materials as well as the fresh raw material. By computing the standard deviation and correlation of the measurements among specimens, the results indicate that material aging time has a negligible impact on the geometric dimension of the specimens while it does significantly affect the hardness. In other words, the results of the work imply that the reliability of stereolithography is significantly affected by raw material aging time.