bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mixed Kane–Newton Multi-Body Analysis of a Dual-Arm Robotic System for On-Orbit Servicing Missions
Authors: De Bonis Alex , Angeletti Federica , Iannelli Paolo , Gasbarri Paolo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA currently relevant topic is the development of on-orbit servicing missions designed to repair, refuel or deorbit non-co-operative spacecraft. For this purpose, it is possible to use space robotic systems composed of a main platform and one or more robotic arms. In this paper, the capacity of a dual-arm robotic system to manipulate and to deorbit a generic target will be analyzed. For this purpose, a mixed Kane–Newton multi-body model will be implemented; this model will allow to switch automatically from an open-chain configuration (target captured via a single robotic arm) to a closed-chain configuration (target captured via both robotic arms) and vice versa. The flexibility of the joints of the system and the flexibility of the components of the robotic arms will be considered in the model. The system will be properly sized to operate the deorbiting of the target. Under the hypothesis of planar motion, numerical results will be presented to validate the model and to demonstrate the correct sizing of the system.
Disparity in the risk of exposure to respirable crystalline silica dust among non-manual and manual employees in the construction industry
Authors: Fluck Ben , Mahdjoubi Lamine , Fluck David , Fry Christopher H. , Han Thang S. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractConstruction workers are at increased health risk due to exposure to respirable crystalline silica (RCS) dust. We examined differences in health risk among non-manual and manual employees in the construction industry. The participants were drawn randomly from the construction industry by targeting UK construction workers’ websites. Online survey of construction industry employees using a questionnaire consisted of 17 items to obtain information on demographic data, employment history and health risk exposure. Chi-squared tests were used to explore differences in health risk between manual and non-manual employees, and logistic regression to determine the risk of adverse events in manual workers. Of the 47 employees invited, 45 completed the questionnaire (95% response rate). Seventeen were non-manual (professional, project managers and managers) and 28 were manual employees (tradesmen and construction workers). There was a significantly higher percentage of non-manual employees below 45 years than older group (70.6% vs 39.3%; χ2 = 4.2, p = 0.039) and they worked less than 20 years than those working longer (82.4% vs 32.1%; χ2 = 10.7, p = 0.001). Compared to non-manual workers, manual workers were more likely to work >20 years: OR = 2.2 (95% CI = 1.3–3.6); be exposed to RCS dust and smoke: unadjusted OR = 1.8 (1.1–3.1), age and length of time working in construction industry adjusted OR = 2.2(1.2–4.2); and have breathing problems: unadjusted OR = 3.9 (1.5–10.4), age, smoking and length of time working in construction industry adjusted OR = 3.7 (1.1–12.5). The risk of breathing problems was increased among individuals working more than 20 years: OR = 4.8 (1.2–18.6), exposed to dust and smoking: unadjusted OR = 3.8 (1.0–14.1), age and length of time working in construction industry adjusted OR = 5.4 (1.2–24.4), whilst those with adequate information on health hazards were associated with lower risk of breathing problems. There is an increased risk of exposure to RCS dust and pulmonary symptoms among manual employees in the construction industry. Further efforts are required to provide greater protection for this group of workers to reduce their health risk.
Conversion Between Cubic Bezier Curves and Catmull–Rom Splines
Authors: Tayebi Arasteh Soroosh , Kalisz Adam 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSplines are one of the main methods of mathematically representing complicated shapes, which have become the primary technique in the fields of Computer Graphics (CG) and Computer-Aided Geometric Design (CAGD) for modeling complex surfaces. Among all, Bézier and Catmull–Rom splines are the most common in the sub-fields of engineering. In this paper, we focus on conversion between cubic Bézier and Catmull–Rom curve segments, rather than going through their properties. By deriving the conversion equations, we aim at converting the original set of the control points of either of the Catmull–Rom or Bézier cubic curves to a new set of control points, which corresponds to approximately the same shape as the original curve, when considered as the set of the control points of the other curve. Due to providing simple linear transformations of control points, the method is very simple, efficient, and easy to implement, which is further validated in this paper using some numerical and visual examples.
From computer ethics and the ethics of AI towards an ethics of digital ecosystems
Authors: Stahl Bernd Carsten 
Published: July 2021

AbstractEthical, social and human rights aspects of computing technologies have been discussed since the inception of these technologies. In the 1980s, this led to the development of a discourse often referred to as computer ethics. More recently, since the middle of the 2010s, a highly visible discourse on the ethics of artificial intelligence (AI) has developed. This paper discusses the relationship between these two discourses and compares their scopes, the topics and issues they cover, their theoretical basis and reference disciplines, the solutions and mitigations options they propose and their societal impact. The paper argues that an understanding of the similarities and differences of the discourses can benefit the respective discourses individually. More importantly, by reviewing them, one can draw conclusions about relevant features of the next discourse, the one we can reasonably expect to follow after the ethics of AI. The paper suggests that instead of focusing on a technical artefact such as computers or AI, one should focus on the fact that ethical and related issues arise in the context of socio-technical systems. Drawing on the metaphor of ecosystems which is widely applied to digital technologies, it suggests preparing for a discussion of the ethics of digital ecosystems. Such a discussion can build on and benefit from a more detailed understanding of its predecessors in computer ethics and the ethics of AI.
The delay, symptoms, and survival of Ivorian adolescent girls and young adults with uterine cervical cancer
Authors: Aka Edele Kacou , Horo Apollinaire , Fanny Mohamed , Koffi Abdoul , Olou Luc , Konan Perel , Toure-Ecra Ana , Kone Mamourou 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo generate data on the nature and duration of cervical cancer symptoms, risk factors for delayed consultation, and diagnosis of adolescent and young adult groups in Côte d'Ivoire.MethodsThis is a hospital-based cross-sectional study, conducted from July 2012 to May 2018, at the Department of Gynecology of the Yopougon teaching hospital in Cote d’Ivoire. The inclusion criteria were those who were under 40 years of age at the time of diagnosis with oral and written consent. Those whose information was more than 10% insufficient for the standards were excluded from the study. The survey files standardized anonymous pre-established data collected using medical records followed by phone calls.ResultsThe average age of the participants was 34±4.95 years with a minimum of 21 years. The mean parity per woman was 3.49 ± 3.54. 34.9% were HIV positive. The median patient delay was 122 days with a long delay in 84.62% of patients. The median time to total diagnosis was 209 days with a longer total delay in diagnosis of 87.18%. 41% of patients honored their treatment, 68.75% of which had received surgery, and 31.25% of which had received chemotherapy. The 5-year survival rate was 65%.ConclusionThe Ivorian health system must focus on primary and secondary prevention, the only guarantee to decrease the morbidity and mortality indicators linked to cervical cancer.
Evidence for the Disproportionation of Iron in a Eucrite Meteorite: Implications for Impact Processes on Vesta
Authors: Guo Zhuang , Li Yang , Chen Hongyi , Zhang Mingming , Wu Yanxue , Hui Bo , Liu Shen , Coulson Ian M. , Li Shijie , Li Xiongyao , Liu Jianzhong , Ouyang Ziyuan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPure metallic iron is a common component in extraterrestrial samples (e.g., ordinary chondrite, returned lunar samples), and is thought to be an indicator of extremely reducing conditions. However, tiny pure metallic iron (<1 mm) particles are rarely found in Howardite–Eucrite–Diogenite meteorites, and their formation mechanism on Vesta is poorly understood. Sub‐micron sized pure metallic iron particles were identified by transmission electron microscope studies of a melt pocket in the basaltic eucrite meteorite Northwest Africa 11592. Our results demonstrate that the pure metallic iron likely formed through a dissociation reaction of ferrous iron (i.e., 3Fe2+ = Fe0 + 2Fe3+) in pyroxene. Another disproportionation reaction product, ferric iron, was confirmed to be incorporated into Al‐rich clinopyroxene in the melt pocket by electron energy loss spectra analyses. The temperature conditions required for the formation of the melt pocket are estimated to be above 1,310°C, as indicated by the crystallization of nano‐sized hercynite within acicular plagioclase. Such high temperatures on Vesta could only have been reached if an impact occurred during peak thermal metamorphism, early in the asteroid's evolution. This formation mechanism of these pure metallic iron particles could play a role in redox environment of the Vesta.
Modulation of Snow on the Daily Evolution of Surface Heating Over the Tibetan Plateau During Winter: Observational Analyses
Authors: Xin Yufei , Liu Ge , Chen Yueli 
Published: July 2021

AbstractStudying the daily evolution of turbulent fluxes modulated by snowfall over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is of great importance to understand the features of the change in the TP heat source/sink and its contribution to Asian atmospheric circulation and weather processes. However, the lack of data over the TP restricts the detailed studies. Based on observations from four sites of the Third TP Atmospheric Scientific Experiment, the process of surface energy balance impacted by snow is investigated. The results show that the surface albedo largely increases on the first day of snow and then slowly decreases. Correspondingly, the sensible heat (H) flux sharply decreases after snow and then gradually recovers to the original level during the following approximately 10 days. The latent heat (LE) flux becomes more active and stronger after snowfall and persists for a longer period than H, since the soil moisture may still contribute to a high LE after snowmelt. As the synergistic result of H and LE modulated by snow, the surface turbulent heating (i.e., the sum H and LE) of the TP decreases at the early period of snow events and then even enhances to a higher level after the snowmelt than before snow. Comparison analyses reveal that the impact of snow on the H and LE over the TP is much stronger than over similar latitude low‐altitude regions in North America and Europe, which may be partly attributed to the larger and more drastic change of the surface net solar radiation associated with snow processes in the TP. The ERA5 and CFS reanalysis data sets fail to reproduce the modulation of snow on the heat fluxes, which suggests that the physical schemes of the models should be further improved based on the observational analyses over TP. This study may help further understand the detailed physical processes of modulation of snow events on Asian weather processes during winter and is also conducive to the improvement of surface parameterization schemes of models.
The Effects of Climate Change on Chinese Medicinal Yam Over North China Under the High‐Resolution PRECIS Projection
Authors: Fan Dongli , Jiang Zhiyu , Tian Zhan , Dong Guangtao , Sun Laixiang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe arid and semi‐arid regions are highly vulnerable to climate change and variability. Agricultural production in these regions is particularly vulnerable because of its heavy dependence on climate conditions. Therefore, it is important to improve the projections of future agro‐climatic conditions. This study investigates the changes in agroclimatic conditions for growing Chinese Medicinal Yam (CMY) in the semi‐arid North China during 2031–2050 under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 emission scenarios. It employs high‐resolution climate data provided by the regional climate model (RCM) of Providing Regional Climates for Impacts Studies (PRECIS‐2.0). The changes in CMY yield and producing area under future climate change are simulated by the Agro‐Ecological Zone model. The simulations are based on newly calibrated cultivar parameters. The results show that the high‐resolution RCM simulation corresponds better with the observations of precipitation and temperature than the general circulation model (GCM). Because of the increased temperature and precipitation, the agroclimatic conditions for CMY are going to improve. While the traditional yam production area will maintain suitable for CMY production, the CMY production areas will further expand northward in the future. The average yield will increase by 1,196 and 1,336 kg DM/ha under RCP 4.5 and 8.5 emission scenarios, respectively.
Global Induced Stress Field From Large Earthquakes Since 1900 and Chained Earthquake Occurrence
Authors: Lee Junhyung , Hong Tae‐Kyung 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMegathrust earthquake occurrence is dependent on the physical properties and stress environments of convergent plate boundaries. Local and regional earthquakes may modulate the stress environment fractionally that affects the nucleation of next earthquakes. This study investigates the influence of precedent earthquakes on the induction of forthcoming earthquakes around the circum‐Pacific plate boundaries. We assess the global stress perturbation induced by 1,636 earthquakes combining 1,457 earthquakes with moment magnitudes greater than or equal to7.0 and 179 earthquakes with moment magnitudes6.4–6.9 in 1900–2020. We stack the induced Coulomb stress changes for optimally oriented reverse faults. The circum‐Pacific region is divided by eight subregions. The cumulative Coulomb stress changes reach up to the order of tens to hundreds of bar at the convergent plate boundaries. Descendant large earthquakes dominantly occurred in the regions with large lateral gradients of cumulative Coulomb stress changes induced by precedent earthquakes. The cumulative Coulomb stress changes for 120 years are comparable among subduction zones. The seismicity in subduction zones may depend on the strength of the stress field as well as the lateral gradient in the stress field. The instability and inhomogeneity in stress fields may play a major role in the nucleation of megathrust earthquakes.
Heat Safety in the Workplace: Modified Delphi Consensus to Establish Strategies and Resources to Protect the US Workers
Authors: Morrissey Margaret C. , Casa Douglas J. , Brewer Gabrielle J. , Adams William M. , Hosokawa Yuri , Benjamin Courteney L. , Grundstein Andrew J. , Hostler David , McDermott Brendon P. , McQuerry Meredith L. , Stearns Rebecca L. , Filep Erica M. , DeGroot David W. , Fulcher Juley , Flouris Andreas D. , Huggins Robert A. , Jacklitsch Brenda L. , Jardine John F. , Lopez Rebecca M. , McCarthy Ronda B. , Pitsiladis Yannis , Pryor Riana R. , Schlader Zachary J. , Smith Caroline J. , Smith Denise L. , Spector June T. , Vanos Jennifer K. , Williams W. Jon , Vargas Nicole T. , Yeargin Susan W. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this consensus document was to develop feasible, evidence‐based occupational heat safety recommendations to protect the US workers that experience heat stress. Heat safety recommendations were created to protect worker health and to avoid productivity losses associated with occupational heat stress. Recommendations were tailored to be utilized by safety managers, industrial hygienists, and the employers who bear responsibility for implementing heat safety plans. An interdisciplinary roundtable comprised of 51 experts was assembled to create a narrative review summarizing current data and gaps in knowledge within eight heat safety topics: (a) heat hygiene, (b) hydration, (c) heat acclimatization, (d) environmental monitoring, (e) physiological monitoring, (f) body cooling, (g) textiles and personal protective gear, and (h) emergency action plan implementation. The consensus‐based recommendations for each topic were created using the Delphi method and evaluated based on scientific evidence, feasibility, and clarity. The current document presents 40 occupational heat safety recommendations across all eight topics. Establishing these recommendations will help organizations and employers create effective heat safety plans for their workplaces, address factors that limit the implementation of heat safety best‐practices and protect worker health and productivity.
Polarization Reversal of Low‐Frequency Magnetic Variation in the Lunar Wake
Authors: Nakagawa Tomoko , Takahashi Futoshi , Saito Yoshifumi , Shimizu Hisayoshi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA structure of polarization of magnetic field variation in the frequency range from 0.01 to 0.3 Hz was found by Kaguya in the lunar wake. In a dawnward‐directed magnetic field, the polarization was left‐handed in the southern hemisphere and right‐handed in the northern hemisphere of the lunar wake. The sense of rotation was consistent with vortices behind an obstacle in a fast stream, although no such vortices were detected by Kaguya. The direction of magnetic field variation was predominantly perpendicular to the background magnetic field, suggesting that the waves were of shear Alfvén mode. The same polarization structure was found in rotated magnetic fields. In a selenocentric coordinate system with x axis antiparallel to the solar wind flow and the magnetic field in x‐z plane, the polarization was dependent only on y position of the spacecraft. The polarization structure was stable and unchanged in various solar wind conditions showing no preferences. It was observed in the magnetosheath as well as in the solar wind, but not in the terrestrial magnetosphere. The power density showed preferences to high‐temperature, high‐speed solar wind. The power density was higher at the wake boundary than in the center of the wake, suggesting that the magnetic fluctuations were generated at the wake boundary by ions refilling the wake, and propagate into the deep wake as shear Alfvén waves.
Analysis of the Seasonal and Interannual Variations of Air‐Sea CO2 Flux in the Chukchi Sea Using a Coupled Ocean‐Sea Ice‐Biogeochemical Model
Authors: Zheng Zijia , Luo Xiaofan , Wei Hao , Zhao Wei , Qi Di 
Published: July 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the responses of air‐sea carbon dioxide (CO2) flux to rapid environmental changes in the highly productive Chukchi Sea is of great significance for the climate prediction in the Arctic Ocean. Through analyzing the 1998–2015 hindcast simulation of a coupled ocean–sea ice–biogeochemical model, this study identifies that the key factors influencing oceanic carbon uptake in the Chukchi Sea vary seasonally. The effects of these seasonal carbon uptakes on the total annual carbon sink vary at different timescales. The model solution suggests that the Chukchi Sea acts as a perennial carbon sink of atmospheric CO2 with the annual mean influx of −3.73 ± 3.90 mmol m−2 d−1. Quantitative analyses reveal that the sea ice concentration predominates the annual cycle of air‐sea CO2 flux, while primary production and wind speed strengthen the capacity for carbon uptake during June–July (melt season) and October–December (freeze season), respectively. The total annual carbon sink shows an increasing trend during 1998–2015 with a multi‐year average of 9.22 ± 1.93 Tg C y−1. The carbon uptakes during June–July and August–September (open water season), which are respectively regulated by primary production and open water area at interannual scale, present significant long‐term increases and jointly determine the secular increase trend of the total annual carbon sink. Interannual CO2 absorption during the freeze season is sensitive to the sea ice concentration and wind conditions, presenting the greatest year‐to‐year variation but insignificant long‐term trend, and modulates the interannual amplitude of the total annual carbon sink.
Stressors Reveal Ecosystems' Hidden Characteristics
Authors: Matheny Ashley M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractVegetation responds dynamically to local microclimates at both short and long time scales via mechanisms ranging from physiological behaviors, such as stomatal closure, to acclimation and adaptation. These responses influence the carbon, water, and energy cycles directly and are therefore crucial to understanding and predicting Earth system responses to a changing climate. Several recent studies have demonstrated that differences in microclimate can induce structural and functional acclimations, and potentially adaptations, within the same ecosystem. Such microclimate divergence can be caused by variability in slopes, disturbance history, or even localized resource availability. Ecosystem stressors such as low soil water availability, limited photoperiod, or high vapor pressure deficit have been shown to reveal the large impact of the subtle differences within these systems such as the number of sun versus shade leaves or differences in whole‐plant water acquisition and use. These findings highlight the linkages between plant canopy structure and ecosystem function, alongside the need for comprehensive analyses of vegetation within the broader context of its environment. This commentary addresses some of the key implications of ecosystem stress responses and accompanying acclimations across three ecosystem types for ecosystem ecology, plant physiology, ecohydrology and trait‐based modeling of vegetation‐climate dynamics.
Accurate Simulation of Both Sensitivity and Variability for Amazonian Photosynthesis: Is It Too Much to Ask?
Authors: Gallup Sarah M. , Baker Ian T. , Gallup John L. , Restrepo‐Coupe Natalia , Haynes Katherine D. , Geyer Nicholas M. , Denning A. Scott 
Published: July 2021

AbstractEstimates of Amazon rainforest gross primary productivity (GPP) differ by a factor of 2 across a suite of three statistical and 18 process models. This wide spread contributes uncertainty to predictions of future climate. We compare the mean and variance of GPP from these models to that of GPP at six eddy covariance (EC) towers. Only one model's mean GPP across all sites falls within a 99% confidence interval for EC GPP, and only one model matches EC variance. The strength of model response to climate drivers is related to model ability to match the seasonal pattern of the EC GPP. Models with stronger seasonal swings in GPP have stronger responses to rain, light, and temperature than does EC GPP. The model to data comparison illustrates a trade‐off inherent to deterministic models between accurate simulation of a mean (average) and accurate responsiveness to drivers. The trade‐off exists because all deterministic models simplify processes and lack at least some consequential driver or interaction. If a model's sensitivities to included drivers and their interactions are accurate, then deterministically predicted outcomes have less variability than is realistic. If a GPP model has stronger responses to climate drivers than found in data, model predictions may match the observed variance and seasonal pattern but are likely to overpredict GPP response to climate change. High or realistic variability of model estimates relative to reference data indicate that the model is hypersensitive to one or more drivers.