bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Injuries Sustained Under the Influence of Alcohol in a Group of Adolescents
Authors: Milczarek Olga , Kuzaj Julia , Stanuszek Agnieszka , Kwiatkowska Karolina , Brzewski Paweł , Kwiatkowski Stanisław 
Published: March 2021

Objectives
Fractures of the limbs and craniocerebral trauma are the most common injuries in children and adolescents. Their frequency ranges widely from 32% to 85% and is the main reason for hospitalization in pediatric population. The number of injuries sustained under the influence of alcohol is increasing although the data concerning that subject is limited and usually includes both adult and teenage patients.

Methods
A group of 111 adolescents (age, 9–18 years), hospitalized after traumatic brain injury with and without alcohol intoxication, was included in the study. We performed the assessment of the severity of the course of the multiorgan and craniocerebral injuries. The study was accepted by the Ethics Committee of the Jagiellonian University Medical College (no: KBET/8/B/2010).

Results
The injuries of upper limbs and head and their serious consequences were observed more often in the examined group. The differences of the degree of head and neck injuries measured in the Injury Severity Score between the groups were statistically significant, although the injuries within the examined group were less often serious. There was a negative correlation between the patients' condition according to the Glasgow Coma Scale and the concentration of alcohol in their blood. No link between the patients' assessment in the Injury Severity Score and concentration of alcohol in the blood was noticed.

Conclusions
Traumatic brain injury under the influence of alcohol in adolescents differs from trauma in patients who had not drunk alcohol. Similar areas of injury result in a more severe course of illness in the examined group.
Factors Contributing to Nonvisualization of the Appendix on Ultrasound in Children With Suspected Appendicitis
Authors: Harel Svetlana , Mallon Mary , Langston Jessica , Blutstein Rebekah , Kassutto Zach , Gaughan John 
Published: March 2021

Objective
This study aimed to identify the patient characteristics, history factors, physical examination findings, and sonographic findings, which contribute to a higher risk of the appendix not being visualized on ultrasound evaluation (ie, nondiagnostic or equivocal study) in patients being evaluated for appendicitis. Secondarily, this study assessed the utility of an equivocal ultrasound, specifically in the ability to predict the absence of appendicitis.

Methods
A retrospective case review was performed, of children (age, 0–18 years) presenting to a pediatric emergency department with clinical suspicion for appendicitis, who underwent sonographic studies during the 12-month study period.

Results
Five hundred forty-three cases were reviewed, of which 75 (14%) were diagnosed with appendicitis. The sensitivity of ultrasound diagnosis of appendicitis was 62.7% and specificity was 79.1%. The appendix was not visualized in 398 (73%) cases. Of the cases where the appendix was not visualized, 370 did not have appendicitis (negative predictive value, 93%). In cases where the appendix was not visualized and the white blood cell count was less than 10,000, the negative predictive value rose to 97%. The patient's age (odds ratio [OR], 1.049), weight (OR, 1.015), presence of appendicolith (OR, 0.426), presence of right lower quadrant fat stranding on sonography (OR, 0.081), and presence of hyperemia on sonography (OR, 0.094) were found to be significant in affecting the visualization of the appendix on ultrasound.

Conclusions
Increasing patient's age and weight leads to increased likelihood that the appendix will not be visualized on ultrasound, whereas the presence of an appendicolith, right lower quadrant fat stranding or hyperemia will increase the likelihood of visualization. The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound for the diagnosis of appendicitis are moderate but the negative predictive value of an equivocal study is high. Clinicians can use supporting clinical examination and laboratory findings, in conjunction with a nondiagnostic ultrasound evaluation of the appendix to exclude the diagnosis of appendicitis, without the need for further imaging.
Assessing the Potential Impact of Disruptions Due to COVID-19 on HIV Among Key and Lower-Risk Populations in the Largest Cities of Cameroon and Benin
Authors: Silhol Romain , Geidelberg Lily , Mitchell Kate M. , Mishra Sharmistha , Dimitrov Dobromir , Bowring Anna , Béhanzin Luc , Guédou Fernand , Diabaté Souleymane , Schwartz Sheree , Billong Serge C. , Njindam Iliassou Mfochive , Levitt Daniel , Mukandavire Christinah , Maheu-Giroux Mathieu , Rönn Minttu M. , Dalal Shona , Vickerman Peter , Baral Stefan , Alary Michel , Boily Marie-Claude 
Published: March 2021

Background:
The COVID-19 pandemic indirectly impacts HIV epidemiology in Central/West Africa. We estimated the potential impact of COVID–19-related disruptions to HIV prevention/treatment services and sexual partnerships on HIV incidence and HIV-related deaths among key populations including female sex workers (FSW), their clients, men who have sex with men, and overall.

Setting:
Yaoundé (Cameroon) and Cotonou (Benin).

Methods:
We used mathematical models of HIV calibrated to city population–specific and risk population–specific demographic/behavioral/epidemic data. We estimated the relative change in 1-year HIV incidence and HIV-related deaths for various disruption scenarios of HIV prevention/treatment services and decreased casual/commercial partnerships, compared with a scenario without COVID-19.

Results:
A 50% reduction in condom use in all partnerships over 6 months would increase 1-year HIV incidence by 39%, 42%, 31%, and 23% among men who have sex with men, FSW, clients, and overall in Yaoundé, respectively, and 69%, 49%, and 23% among FSW, clients, and overall, respectively, in Cotonou. Combining a 6-month interruption of ART initiation and 50% reduction in HIV prevention/treatment use would increase HIV incidence by 50% and HIV-related deaths by 20%. This increase in HIV infections would be halved by a simultaneous 50% reduction in casual and commercial partnerships.

Conclusions:
Reductions in condom use after COVID-19 would increase infections among key populations disproportionately, particularly FSW in Cotonou, who need uninterrupted condom provision. Disruptions in HIV prevention/treatment services have the biggest impacts on HIV infections and deaths overall, only partially mitigated by equal reductions in casual/commercial sexual partnerships. Maintaining ART provision must be prioritized to minimize short-term excess HIV-related deaths.
Anthropometrical Analysis of the Foramen Magnum in Ancient Children
Authors: Li Haijun , Chen Huimin , Duan Wanqi , Yang Shangbing , Xiao Xiaoyong , Wang Bo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAnthropometrical analysis of the foramen magnum (FM) was conducted on a sample of 32 children and 101 adults excavated from Zaghunluq cemetery dating between 2600 and 1900 cal. yr BP in Xinjiang, China. The FM features of children during age changes and growth spurt periods were explored by comparing the length of the FM, the width of the FM, and the values of the FM index among different age groups. The data presented in this study indicate that the size of the FM was smallest at 2 years old, and the FM size during 5 to 7 years of age was close to that of adults, supporting the view that the size of the 6-year-old skull is close to that of the adult and brain growth appears to terminate at 7 years. The FM likely experiences a growth spurt period during 2 to 5 years of age. Regression equations were established by regression analysis of the length and width of the FM. Study on the morphological variation of the FM provides further information about the growth of children.
Scalp Reconstruction in Delayed Diagnosed Dermal Leiomyosarcoma Mimicking Keloid Scar
Authors: Hwang Yong-Jae , Chung Jae-Ho , Yoon Eul-Sik 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) of the skin is a rare smooth muscle neoplasm of all soft tissue sarcoma. Because of its prognostic importance, early diagnosis is critical for successful treatment. Since several features and clinical manifestations are similar to those of a keloid scar, the differential diagnosis between these two diseases is difficult, especially in the early stages of cancer that do not show any remarkable features in appearance, or when the patient has a history of previous wounds or surgery.
In our case report, a 71-year-old female patient who underwent a scalp reconstruction using an anterolateral thigh flap turned out to have, because of delayed diagnosis, a dermal LMS mimicking a keloid scar. The case emphasizes careful physical examination for early intervention, even if a lesion looks like a typical keloid scar. After resection, the appropriate reconstruction method can be selected based on the complexity of the defect site.
Long-term Efficacy and Safety of Everolimus Versus Mycophenolate in Kidney Transplant Recipients Receiving Tacrolimus
Authors: Nunes Ficher Klaus , Dreige Yasmin , Gessolo Lins Paulo Ricardo , Nicolau Ferreira Alexandra , Toniato de Rezende Freschi Juliana , Linhares Kamilla , Stopa Martins Suelen , Custodio Luciana , Cristelli Marina , Viana Laila , Wagner Santos Daniel , de Marco Renato , Gerbase-DeLima Maria , Proença Henrique , Aguiar Wilson , Nakamura Monica , Rosso Felipe Claudia , Medina Pestana Jose , Tedesco Silva Helio 
Published: March 2021

Background.
The short-term efficacy and safety of everolimus in combination with tacrolimus have been described in several clinical trials. Yet, detailed long-term data comparing the use of everolimus or mycophenolate in kidney transplant recipients receiving tacrolimus are lacking.

Methods.
This is a 5-y follow-up post hoc analysis of a prospective trial including 288 patients who were randomized to receive a single 3-mg/kg dose of rabbit antithymocyte globulin, tacrolimus, everolimus (EVR), and prednisone (rabbit antithymocyte globulin/EVR, n = 85); basiliximab, tacrolimus, everolimus, and prednisone (basiliximab/EVR, n = 102); or basiliximab, tacrolimus, mycophenolate, and prednisone (basiliximab/mycophenolate, n = 101).

Results.
There were no differences in the incidence of treatment failure (31.8% versus 40.2% versus 34.7%, P = 0.468), de novo donor-specific HLA antibodies (6.5% versus 11.7% versus 4.0%, P = 0.185), patient (92.9% versus 94.1% versus 92.1%, P = 0.854), and death-censored graft (87.1% versus 90.2% versus 85.1%, P = 0.498) survivals. Using a sensitive analysis, the trajectories of estimated glomerular filtration rate were comparable in the intention-to-treat (P = 0.145) and per protocol (P = 0.354) populations. There were no differences in study drug discontinuation rate (22.4% versus 30.4% versus 17.8%, P = 0.103).

Conclusions.
In summary, this analysis in a cohort of de novo low/moderate immunologic risk kidney transplant recipients suggests that the use of a single 3 mg/kg rabbit antithymocyte globulin dose followed by EVR combined with reduced tacrolimus concentrations was associated with similar efficacy and renal function compared with the standard of care immunosuppressive regimen.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Risk Variants Are Associated with an Increased Risk of Skin Cancer
Authors: Cushing Kelly C. , Du Xiaomeng , Chen Yanhua , Stetson LC , Kuppa Annapurna , Chen Vincent L. , Kahlenberg J Michelle , Gudjonsson Johann E. , Higgins Peter DR , Speliotes Elizabeth 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTBackground and AimsInflammatory bowel disease is associated with an increased risk of skin cancer. The aims of this study were to determine whether genomic variants associated with IBD susceptibility are also associated with skin cancer susceptibility and if such risk is augmented by the use of immune-suppressive therapy.MethodsThe discovery cohort included participants in the UK Biobank (n=408,381). The validation cohort included participants in the Michigan Genomics Initiative (n=51,405). The primary outcome of interest was skin cancer, sub-grouped into non-melanoma (NMSC) and melanoma skin cancers (MSC). Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify genomic predictors of skin malignancy. Validated SNPs were evaluated for effect modification by immune-suppressive medication.ResultsThe discovery cohort included 11,079 cases of NMSC and 2,054 cases of MSC. The validation cohort included 7,334 cases of NMSC and 3,304 cases of MSC. Thirty variants were associated with risk of NMSC in the discovery cohort, of which six replicated in the validation cohort [Increased risk: rs7773324-A (DUSP22; IRF4), rs2476601-G (PTPN22), rs1847472-C (BACH2), rs72810983-A (CPEB4); Decreased risk: rs6088765-G (PROCR; MMP24), rs11229555-G (ZFP91-CNTF; GLYAT)]. Twelve variants were associated with risk of MSC in the discovery cohort, of which three replicated in the validation cohort (Increased risk: rs61839660-T (IL2RA); Decreased risk: rs17391694-C (GIPC2; MGC27382), rs6088765-G (PROCR; MMP24)]. No effect modification was observed.ConclusionThe results of this study highlight shared genetic susceptibility across IBD and skin cancer, with increased risk of NMSC in those who carry risk variants in IRF4, PTPN22, CPEB4, and BACH2 and increased risk of MSC in those who carry a risk variant in IL2RA.
Development and validation of decision rules models to stratify coronary artery disease, diabetes, and hypertension risk in preventive care: cohort study of returning UK Biobank participants
Authors: Forte José Castela , Folkertsma Pytrik , Gannamani Rahul , Kumaraswamy Sridhar , Mount Sarah , de Koning Tom J. , van Dam Sipko , Wolffenbuttel Bruce H. R. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundA wide range of predictive models exist that predict risk of common lifestyle conditions. However, these have not focused on identifying pre-clinical higher risk groups that would benefit from lifestyle interventions and do not include genetic risk scores.ObjectiveTo develop, validate, and compare the performance of three decision rule algorithms including biomarkers, physical measurements and genetic risk scores for incident coronary artery disease (CAD), diabetes (T2D), and hypertension in the general population against commonly used clinical risk scoring tools.MethodsWe identified 60782 individuals in the UK Biobank study with available follow-up data. Three decision rules models were developed and tested for an association with incident disease. Hazard ratios (with 95% confidence interval) for incident CAD, T2D, and hypertension were calculated from survival models. Model performance in discriminating between higher risk individuals suitable for lifestyle intervention and individuals at low risk was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC).ResultsWe ascertained 500 incident CAD cases, 1005 incident T2D cases, and 2379 incident cases of hypertension. The higher risk group in the decision rules model had a 40-, 40.9-, and 21.6-fold increase in risk of CAD, T2D, and hypertension, respectively (P < 0.001 for all). Risk increased significantly between the three strata for all three conditions (P < 0.05). Risk stratification based on decision rules identified both a low-risk group (only 1.3% incident disease across all models), as well as a high-risk group where at least 72% of those developing disease within 8 years would have been recommended lifestyle intervention. Based on genetic risk alone, we identified not only a high-risk group, but also a group at elevated risk for all health conditions.ConclusionWe found that decision rule models comprising blood biomarkers, physical measurements, and polygenic risk scores are superior at identifying individuals likely to benefit from lifestyle intervention for three of the most common lifestyle-related chronic health conditions compared to commonly used clinical risk scores. Their utility as part of digital data or digital therapeutics platforms to support the implementation of lifestyle interventions in preventive and primary care should be further validated.
Lack of lockdown, open borders, and no vaccination in sight: is Bosnia and Herzegovina a control group?
Authors: Fojnica Adnan , Osmanovic Ahmed , Đuzic Nermin , Fejzic Armin , Mekic Ensar , Gromilic Zehra , Muhovic Imer , Kurtovic-Kozaric Amina 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBosnia and Herzegovina is among ten countries in the world with the highest mortality rate due to COVID-19 infection. Lack of lockdown, open borders, high mortality rate, no herd immunity, no vaccination plan, and strong domestic anti-vaccination movement present serious COVID-19 concerns in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In such circumstances, we set out to study if the population is willing to receive the vaccine.A cross-sectional study was conducted among 10,471 adults in Bosnia and Herzegovina to assess the attitude of participants toward COVID-19 vaccination. Using a logistic regression model, we assessed the associations of sociodemographic characteristics with vaccine rejection, reasons for vaccine hesitancy, preferred vaccine manufacturer, and information sources.Surprisingly, only 25.7% of respondents indicated they would like to get a COVID-19 vaccine, while 74.3% of respondents were either hesitant or completely rejected vaccination. The vaccine acceptance increased with increasing age, education, and income level. Major motivation of pro-vaccination behaviour was intention to achieve collective immunity (30.1%), while the leading incentive for vaccine refusal was deficiency of clinical data (30.2%). The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine is shown to be eightfold more preferred vaccine compared to the other manufacturers. For the first time, vaccine acceptance among health care professionals has been reported, where only 39.4% of healthcare professionals expressed willingness to get vaccinated.With the high share of the population unwilling to vaccinate, governmental impotence in securing the vaccines supplies, combined with the lack of any lockdown measures suggests that Bosnia and Herzegovina is unlikely to put COVID-19 pandemic under control in near future.
Estimation of secondary household attack rates for emergent SARS-CoV-2 variants detected by genomic surveillance at a community-based testing site in San Francisco
Authors: Peng James , Mann Sabrina A , Mitchell Anthea M , Liu Jamin , Laurie Matthew T. , Sunshine Sara , Pilarowski Genay , Ayscue Patrick , Kistler Amy , Vanaerschot Manu , Li Lucy M. , McGeever Aaron , Chow Eric D. , Team IDseq , Marquez Carina , Nakamura Robert , Rubio Luis , Chamie Gabriel , Jones Diane , Jacobo Jon , Rojas Susana , Rojas Susy , Tulier-Laiwa Valerie , Black Douglas , Martinez Jackie , Naso Jamie , Schwab Joshua , Petersen Maya , Havlir Diane , DeRisi Joseph 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundSequencing of the SARS-CoV-2 viral genome from patient samples is an important epidemiological tool for monitoring and responding to the pandemic, including the emergence of new mutations in specific communities.MethodsSARS-CoV-2 genomic sequences were generated from positive samples collected, along with epidemiological metadata, at a walk-up, rapid testing site in the Mission District of San Francisco, California during November 22-December 2, 2020 and January 10-29, 2021. Secondary household attack rates and mean sample viral load were estimated and compared across observed variants.ResultsA total of 12,124 tests were performed yielding 1,099 positives. From these, 811 high quality genomes were generated. Certain viral lineages bearing spike mutations, defined in part by L452R, S13I, and W152C, comprised 54.9% of the total sequences from January, compared to 15.7% in November. Household contacts exposed to “West Coast” variants were at higher risk of infection compared to household contacts exposed to lineages lacking these variants (0.357 vs 0.294, RR=1.29; 95% CI:1.01-1.64). The reproductive number was estimated to be modestly higher than other lineages spreading in California during the second half of 2020. Viral loads were similar among persons infected with West Coast versus non-West Coast strains, as was the proportion of individuals with symptoms (60.9% vs 64.1%).ConclusionsThe increase in prevalence, relative household attack rates, and reproductive number are consistent with a modest transmissibility increase of the West Coast variants; however, additional laboratory and epidemiological studies are required to better understand differences between these variants.SummaryWe observed a growing prevalence and elevated attack rate for “West Coast” SARS-CoV-2 variants in a community testing setting in San Francisco during January 2021, suggesting its modestly higher transmissibility.
Gamma Frequency Sensory Stimulation in Probable Mild Alzheimer’s Dementia Patients: Results of a Preliminary Clinical Trial
Authors: Chan Diane , Suk Ho-Jun , Jackson Brennan , Milman Noah Pollak , Stark Danielle , Klerman Elizabeth B. , Kitchener Erin , Avalos Vanesa S. Fernandez , Banerjee Arit , Beach Sara D. , Blanchard Joel , Stearns Colton , Boes Aaron , Uitermarkt Brandt , Gander Phillip , Howard Matthew , Sternberg Eliezer J. , Nieto-Castanon Alfonso , Anteraper Sheeba , Whitfield-Gabrieli Susan , Brown Emery N. , Boyden Edward S. , Dickerson Bradford , Tsai Li-Huei 
Published: March 2021

SUMMARYNon-invasive Gamma ENtrainment Using Sensory stimuli (GENUS) at 40Hz reduced Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology, prevented cerebral atrophy and improved performance during behavioral testing in mouse models of AD. We report data from a safety study (NCT04042922) and a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in participants with probable mild AD dementia after 3 months of one-hour daily 40Hz light and sound GENUS (NCT04055376) to assess safety, compliance, entrainment and possible effects on brain structure, function, sleep and cognitive function. GENUS was well-tolerated and compliance was high in both groups. Electroencephalography recordings show that our GENUS device safely and effectively induced 40Hz entrainment in cognitively normal subjects and participants with mild AD. After 3 months of daily stimulation, participants with mild AD in the 40Hz GENUS group showed less ventricular enlargement and stabilization of the hippocampal size compared to the control group. Functional connectivity increased in both the default mode network and the medial visual network after 3 months of stimulation. Circadian rhythmicity also improved with GENUS. Compared to controls, the active group performed better on the face-name association delayed recall test. These results suggest that 40Hz GENUS can be used safely at home daily and shows favorable outcomes on cognitive function, daily rhythms, and structural and functional MRI biomarkers of AD-related degeneration. These results support further evaluation of GENUS in larger and longer clinical trials to evaluate its potential as a disease modifying therapeutic for Alzheimer’s disease.