bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ACONSILIENCE OF EQUAL REGARD: STEPHEN JAY GOULD ON THE RELATION OF SCIENCE AND RELIGION
Authors: McGrath Alister E. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis article offers a fresh assessment of the views of the American paleontologist and evolutionary biologist Stephen Jay Gould on the relation of science and religion. Gould is best known for his celebrated notion of “nonoverlapping magisteria,” which is often seen in somewhat negative terms as inhibiting dialogue. However, as a result of his critique of the unificationist approach to knowledge developed in Edward O. Wilson'sConsilience, Gould later made increased use of the more positive notion of a “consilience of equal regard,” which recognized the porous nature of disciplinary divides and the propriety of interdisciplinary dialogue. Gould's final views on the relation of science and religion, set out inThe Hedgehog, the Fox, and the Magister's Pox, published after his death, affirms the distinctiveness and autonomy of science and religion on the one hand, while encouraging their constructive dialogue and productive interaction on the other. This should now be seen as Gould's definitive statement on this question.
Selective glycinergic input from vGluT3 amacrine cells confers a suppressed‐by‐contrast trigger feature in a subtype of M1 ipRGCs in the mouse retina
Authors: Lee Seunghoon , Chen Minggang , Shi Yuelin , Zhou Z. Jimmy 
Published: July 2021

Key points
M1 intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are known to encode absolute light intensity (irradiance) for non‐image‐forming visual functions (subconscious vision), such as circadian photoentrainment and the pupillary light reflex.
It remains unclear how M1 cells respond to relative light intensity (contrast) and patterned visual signals.
The present study identified a special form of contrast sensitivity (suppressed‐by‐contrast) in M1 cells, suggesting a role of patterned visual signals in regulating non‐image‐forming vision and a potential role of M1 ipRGCs in encoding image‐forming visual cues.
The study also uncovered a synaptic mechanism and a retinal circuit mediated by vesicular glutamate transporter 3 (vGluT3) amacrine cells that underlie the suppressed‐by‐contrast response of M1 cells.
M1 ipRGC subtypes (M1a and M1b) were revealed that are distinguishable based on synaptic connectivity with vGluT3 amacrine cells, receptive field properties, intrinsic photo sensitivity and membrane excitability, and morphological features, suggesting a division of visual tasks among discrete M1 subpopulations.
AbstractThe M1 type ipRGC (intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell) is known to encode ambient light signals for non‐image‐forming visual functions such as circadian photo‐entrainment and the pupillary light reflex. Here, we report that a subpopulation of M1 cells (M1a) in the mouse retina possess the suppressed‐by‐contrast (sbc) trigger feature that is a receptive field property previously found only in ganglion cells mediating image‐forming vision. Using optogenetics and the dual patch clamp technique, we found that vesicular glutamate transporter 3 (vGluT3) (vGluT3) amacrine cells make glycinergic, but not glutamatergic, synapses specifically onto M1a cells. The spatiotemporal and pharmacological properties of visually evoked responses of M1a cells closely matched the receptive field characteristics of vGluT3 cells, suggesting a major role of the vGluT3 amacrine cell input in shaping the sbc trigger feature of M1a cells. We found that the other subpopulation of M1 cells (M1b), which did not receive a direct vGluT3 cell input, lacked the sbc trigger feature, being distinctively different from M1a cells in intrinsic photo responses, membrane excitability, receptive‐field characteristics and morphological features. Together, the results reveal a retinal circuit that uses the sbc trigger feature to regulate irradiance coding and potentially send image‐forming cues to non‐image‐forming visual centres in the brain.
Changes in neural drive to calf muscles during steady submaximal contractions after repeated static stretches
Authors: Mazzo Melissa R. , Weinman Logan E. , Giustino Valerio , Mclagan Bailey , Maldonado John , Enoka Roger M. 
Published: July 2021

Key points
Repeated static‐stretching interventions consistently increase the range of motion about a joint and decrease total joint stiffness, but findings on the changes in muscle and connective‐tissue properties are mixed.
The influence of these stretch‐induced changes on muscle function at submaximal forces is unknown. To address this gap in knowledge, the changes in neural drive to the plantar flexor muscles after a static‐stretch intervention were estimated.
Neural drive to the plantar flexor muscles during a low‐force contraction increased after repeated static stretches.
These findings suggest that adjustments in motor unit activity are necessary at low forces to accommodate reductions in the force‐generating and transmission capabilities of the muscle–tendon unit after repeated static stretches of the calf muscles.
AbstractStatic stretching decreases stiffness about a joint, but its influence on muscle–tendon unit function and muscle activation is unclear. We investigated the influence of three static stretches on changes in neural drive to the plantar flexor muscles, both after a stretch intervention and after a set of maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs). Estimates of neural drive were obtained during submaximal isometric contractions by decomposing high‐density electromyographic signals into the activity of individual motor units from medial gastrocnemius, lateral gastrocnemius and soleus. Motor units were matched across contractions and an estimate of neural drive to the plantar flexors was calculated by normalizing the cumulative spike train to the number of active motor units (normalized neural drive). Mean discharge rate increased after the stretch intervention during the 10% MVC task for all recorded motor units and those matched across conditions (all, P = 0.0046; matched only, P = 0.002), recruitment threshold decreased for motor units matched across contractions (P = 0.022), and discharge rate at recruitment was elevated (P = 0.004). Similarly, the estimate of normalized neural drive was significantly greater after the stretch intervention at 10% MVC torque (P = 0.029), but not at 35% MVC torque. The adjustments in motor unit activity required to complete the 10% MVC task after stretch may have been partially attenuated by a set of plantar flexor MVCs. The increase in neural drive required to produce low plantar‐flexion torques after repeated static stretches of the calf muscles suggests stretch‐induced changes in muscle and connective tissue properties.
Real-Time Experimental Performance Assessment of a Photovoltaic Thermal System Cascaded With Flat Plate and Heat Pipe Evacuated Tube Collector
Authors: Kumar Laveet , Hasanuzzaman M. , Rahim N. A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In response to the global quest for a sustainable and environmentally friendly source of energy, most scientists’ discretion is solar energy, especially solar thermal. However, successful deployment of solar thermal technologies such as solar-assisted process heating (SAPH) systems in medium- to large-scale industries is still in quandary due to their inefficacy in raising ample temperatures. Cascaded SAPH system, which is essentially a series combination of two same or different types of thermal collectors, may provide a worthwhile solution to this problem. In this article, performance assessment and comparison of two cascaded SAPH systems have been presented: photovoltaic thermal (PVT) cascaded with flat-plate collector (PVT-FPC) and PVT coupled with heat pipe evacuated tube collector (PVT-HPETC). Simulation models have been presented for individual FPC, HPETC, and PVT as well as PVT cascaded with FPC and HPETC systems in TRNSYS and validated through outdoor experimentation. Both the first and the second laws of thermodynamics have been employed to reveal veritable performance of the systems. Results show that PVT-HPETC delivers better performance with 1625 W thermal energy, 81.59% energy efficiency, and 13.22% exergy efficiency. It cuts 1.37 kg of CO2 on an hourly basis. Cascaded systems can be effective in sustaining industrial process heat requirements.
Surface Integrity and Flank Wear Response Under Pure Coconut Oil-Al2O3 Nano Minimum Quantity Lubrication Turning of Al-7079/7 wt%-TiC In Situ Metal Matrix Composites
Authors: Sujith S. V. , Mulik Rahul S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Major cooling and lubricating properties such as conduction, convection, and lubricant stability at higher temperatures are improvised by the addition of nanoparticle into metal cutting fluids. The present investigation is mainly focused on the effects of pure coconut oil (PC)-based nanofluids through minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) on oblique cutting performance of Al-7079/7 wt%-TiC in situ reinforced metal matrix composites (MMCs). The machining performance has been evaluated under dry machining, pure coconut oil (PC)-MQL, and MQL by varying 0.1% to 0.6 vol% nanoparticles into PC. The performance of nano cutting fluids was compared to dry machining and PC machining in terms of cutting forces, tool wear, cutting zone temperature, and surface roughness. It was found that, compared to dry and PC-MQL machining, the performance of nano MQL machining was superior among all cutting conditions. However, above 0.4% nano particles, the nano MQL performance was degraded drastically, which leads to the substantial increment in cutting forces, tool wear, surface roughness, and cutting zone temperature.
Delayed-Detached Eddy Simulations of Film Cooling Effect on Trailing Edge Cutback With Land Extensions
Authors: Wang Ruiqin , Yan Xin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Film cooling effect on trailing edge cutback with land extensions (i.e., landed case) was numerically investigated with the delayed-detached eddy simulation (DDES) method. At three rib geometries (i.e., inline rib arrays, six-row pin-fin arrays, and five-row pin-fin arrays) and five blowing ratios (i.e., M = 0.5, 0.8, 1.1, 1.5, and 2.0), film cooing effectiveness, coherent vortex structures, and discharge coefficients for the landed cases were analyzed and compared with baseline cases (i.e., cutback without land extensions). The results show that land extensions have significant influences on coherent flow structures, vortex energy levels, film cooling effectiveness, and discharge coefficients in cutback region. Different from the baseline cases, the dominant vortex structures in landed cases exhibit the “double helix” (for cutback with inline rib array) or “strip” pattern (for cutback with pin-fin arrays), and the thickness of mixing region in landed cases is decreased. Among three rib geometries, the trailing edge cutback with six-row pin-fin arrays has the worst cooling effect for both baseline and landed cases. Compared with the baseline cases, the discharge coefficients for the landed cases are decreased by about 21.4%. With land extensions, the overall film cooling effectiveness on cutback is decreased first and then increased with increasing blowing ratio. Among all investigated cases, cutback with five-row pin-fin arrays for the landed case performs the best film cooling effect at M = 0.5.
Impact of Mistuned Underplatform Dampers on the Nonlinear Vibration of Bladed Disks
Authors: Quaegebeur Samuel , Chouvion Benjamin , Thouverez Fabrice 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Before the final experimental validation and certification of a turbo-engine, designers perform a numerical simulation of its vibratory properties, among other things, in order to estimate its lifespan and adjust the design in an optimization process. One possible practical solution to decrease the vibratory response is to add underplatform dampers to the system. These components dissipate energy by friction and are widely employed in turbomachinery. However, a specific underplatform damper is usually efficient only for a specific mode. The purpose of this work is to investigate the possibility of adding different kinds of underplatform dampers to the cyclic structure in order to decrease the vibratory energy over a larger panel of modes. Different methods exist to determine the vibrations of nonlinear cyclic symmetric systems, but creating a robust methodology to account for the additional effect of mistuning remains a big challenge in the community. In this paper, the structure is mistuned through the friction coefficient of the dampers and not by altering its geometry, as is usually done in the literature. First, assuming a cyclic symmetric structure, the performance of the dampers is assessed for specific modes. Then, employing a method recently developed, the efficiency of an intentional mistuning pattern of underplatform dampers is studied and an optimal pattern proposed.
Fiber- and Particle-Reinforced Composite Materials With the Gurtin–Murdoch and Steigmann–Ogden Surface Energy Endowed Interfaces
Authors: Mogilevskaya Sofia G. , Zemlyanova Anna Y. , Kushch Volodymyr I. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Modern advances in material science and surface chemistry lead to creation of composite materials with enhanced mechanical, thermal, and other properties. It is now widely accepted that the enhancements are achieved due to drastic reduction in sizes of some phases of composite structures. This leads to increase in surface to volume ratios, which makes surface- or interface-related effects to be more significant. For better understanding of these phenomena, the investigators turned their attention to various theories of material surfaces. This paper is a review of two most prominent theories of that kind, the Gurtin–Murdoch and Steigmann–Ogden theories. Here, we provide comprehensive review of relevant literature, summarize the current state of knowledge, and present several new results.
Demonstrating SolarPILOT’s Python API Through Heliostat Optimal Aimpoint Strategy Use Case
Authors: Hamilton William T. , Wagner Michael J. , Zolan Alexander J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
SolarPILOT is a software package that generates solar field layouts and characterizes the optical performance of concentrating solar power (CSP) tower systems. SolarPILOT was developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) as a stand-alone desktop application but has also been incorporated into NREL’s1 System Advisor Model (SAM) in a simplified format. Prior means for user interaction with SolarPILOT have included the application’s graphical interface, the SAM routines with limited configurability, and through a built-in scripting language called “LK.” This paper presents a new, full-featured, Python-based application programmable interface (API) for SolarPILOT, which we hereafter refer to as CoPylot.
CoPylot provides access to all SolarPILOT’s capabilities to generate and characterize power tower CSP systems seamlessly through Python. Supported capabilities include (i) creating and destroying a model instance with message reporting tools; (ii) accessing and setting any SolarPILOT variable including custom land boundaries for field layouts; (iii) programmatically managing receiver and heliostat objects with varied attributes for systems with multiple receiver or heliostat types; (iv) generating, assigning, and modifying solar field layouts including the ability to set individual heliostat locations, aimpoints, soiling rates, and reflectivity levels; (v) simulating solar field performance; (vi) returning detailed results describing performance of individual heliostats, the aggregate field, and receiver flux distribution; and, (vii) exporting Python-based model instances to multiple file formats.
CoPylot enables Python users to perform detailed CSP tower analysis utilizing either the Hermite expansion technique (analytical) or the SolTrace ray-tracing engine. In addition to CoPylot’s functionality, Python users have access to the over 100,000 open-source libraries to develop, analyze, optimize, and visualize power tower CSP research. This enables CSP researchers to perform analysis that was previously not possible through SolarPILOT’s existing interfaces. This paper discusses the capabilities of CoPylot and presents a use case wherein we demonstrate optimal solar field aiming strategies.
Design and Feasibility Study of Biomass-Driven Combined Heat and Power Systems for Rural Communities
Authors: Schicker Philippe C. , Spayde Dustin , Cho Heejin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Meeting energy demands at crucial times can often be jeopardized by unreliable power supply from the grid. Local, on-site power generation, such as combined heat and power (CHP) systems, may safeguard against grid fluctuations and outages. CHP systems can provide more reliable and resilient energy supply to buildings and communities while it can also provide energy-efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally sustainable solutions compared to centralized power systems. With a recent increased focus on biomass as an alternative fuel source, biomass driven CHP systems have been recognized as a potential technology to bring increased efficiency of fuel utilization and environmentally sustainable solutions. Biomass as an energy source is already created through agricultural and forestry byproducts and may thus be efficient and convenient to be transported to remote rural communities. This paper presents a design and feasibility analysis of biomass (primarily wood pellets)-driven CHP systems for a rural community in the United States. A particular focus was set on rural Mississippi to investigate possible grid independent applications; however, this analysis can be scaled to rural communities across America. The viability of wood pellets (WP) as a suitable fuel source is explored by comparing it to a conventional grid-connected system. To measure viability, three performance parameters — operational cost (OC), primary energy consumption (PEC), and carbon dioxide emission (CDE) — are considered in the analysis. The results demonstrate that under the right conditions wood pellet-fueled CHP systems create economic and environmental advantages over traditional systems. The main factors in increasing the viability of bCHP systems are the appropriate sizing and operational strategies of system and the purchase price of biomass with respect to the price traditional fuels.
Proposed Design and Integration of 1.3 MWe Pre-Commercial Demonstration Particle Heating Receiver Based Concentrating Solar Power Plant
Authors: Sarfraz Muhammad , Yeung Ryan , Repole Kenzo , Golob Matthew , Jeter Sheldon , Al-Ansary Hany , El-Leathy Abdelrahman , Alaqel Shaker , Saleh Nader S. , Saeed Rageh , Alswaiyd Abdulelah 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Particle heating receiver (PHR) based concentrating solar power (CSP) is widely recognized as the preferred path to reliable and cost-effective solar power. Use of solid particles rather than conventional fluids such as molten salts as collection and storage media, enables the operation of the PHR-based CSP plant at elevated temperatures (∼1000°C). This advantage leads to higher efficiency and lower levelized cost of energy (LCOE) produced by PHR-based CSP plants. However, designing and integrating the commercial solar power plant at high operating temperatures (∼1000°C), is a substantial challenge which has been overcome. Our research teams at King Saud University (KSU) and the Georgia Institute of Technology (GIT) have been working on the design and development of high temperature key sub-systems in PHR-based CSP plants. The proposed 1.3 MWe pre-commercial demonstration (PPCD) plant will incorporate the design evolved from our risk-reducing research activities performed at 300kW test facility at KSU and GIT. The DS-PHR of the PPCD will incorporate the KSU’s patented discrete-structured design in which the receiver will be enclosed in a cavity to minimize radiative and convective heat losses. Each PHR panel will have efficient particle flow control system for uniform particles outlet temperatures. Low-cost particulate materials with enhanced solar absorptance and resilience at high-temperatures have been identified to be used as heat collection and storage media. Inexpensive thermal energy storage (TES) bins will accommodate sand with temperatures ∼ 1000 °C. Multiple layered design of the TES bins will limit the heat loss to less than 1% per day (at scale). The current TES design allows easy access to the high-temperature bins for experimental observation and for future modifications. A patent pending skip hoist particle lift system design will be used for particle conveyance with expected mechanical efficiency of 75–85 %. Our lift design is simple, demonstrates autonomous operation with minimal mechanical complexity, minimized heat loss, and reduced maintenance. The heat exchanger proposed is a multi-pass shell-tubes design with high heat transfer coefficient. The design features discussed in this paper will lead to large scale commercial plants and similar small-scale designs for off-grid and remote applications at our anticipated service location which is in Saudi Arabia, and in Mideast and North Africa (MENA) region.
Resiliency Evaluation of Net-Zero Residential Communities
Authors: Thompson Jordan , Krarti Moncef 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this report, a resiliency analysis is carried out to assess the energy, economic, and power outage survivability benefits of efficient and Net-Zero communities. The analysis addresses the appropriate steps to designing an energy-efficient and Net-Zero community using Phoenix, Arizona as a primary location for weather and utility inputs. A baseline home is established using International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) 2018 code requirements. Three occupancy levels are evaluated in BEopt to provide diversity in the community’s building stock. The loads from the baseline, energy-efficient optimum, and Net-Zero optimum single-family homes are utilized to determine energy use profiles for various residential community types using occupancy statistics for Phoenix. Then, REopt is used to determine the photovoltaic (PV) and battery storage system sizes necessary for the community to survive a 72-hour power outage. The baseline community requires a 544-kW PV system and 375-kW/1,564 kWh battery storage system to keep all electrical loads online during a 72-hour power outage. The energy-efficient community requires a 291-kW PV system and a 202-kW/820 kWh battery storage system while the Net-Zero community requires a 291-kW PV system and a 191-kW/880 kWh battery storage system. In this study, the economic analysis indicates that it is 43% more cost-effective to install a shared PV plus storage system than to install individual PV plus storage systems in an energy-efficient community. After analyzing the system sizes and costs required to survive various outage durations, it is found that only a 4% difference in net present cost exists between a system sized for a 24-hour outage and a 144-hour outage. In the event of a pandemic or an event that causes a community-wide lockdown, the energy-efficient community would only survive 6 hours out of a 72-hour power outage during a time where plug loads are increased by 50% due to added laptops, monitors, and other office electronics. Finally, a climate sensitivity analysis is conducted for efficient communities in Naperville, Illinois and Augusta, Maine. The analysis suggests that for a 72-hour power outage starting on the peak demand day and time of the year, the cost of resiliency is higher in climates with more heating and cooling needs as HVAC is consistently the largest load in a residential building.