bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic pitfalls of urogenital tuberculosis
Authors: Chandran Shruthi , Rahman Ananna , Norris Joseph M. , Tiberi Simon , Kunst Heinke 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo describe characteristics, details of diagnosis and outcomes of urogenital tuberculosis (UGTB) in a low‐prevalence country.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective observational study of 37 consecutive patients diagnosed with UGTB between 1st January 2014 and 31st October 2019 in an East London hospital.Results68% (25/37) of patients were male and the median age was 42 years (IQR 34–55). 89% (33/37) of patients were born outside the United Kingdom with 65% (24/37) born in the South Asian region. Renal (32.4%), epididymal (24.3%) and endometrial TB (21.6%) were the most prevalent forms of UGTB. Only 13.5% of UGTB patients had concurrent pulmonary TB. The median length of time from symptom onset to treatment was 163 days, while endometrial TB had an average delay to diagnosis of 564 days. Approximately half of patients with UGTB were culture positive (51.4%). However, 70% of early morning urines (EMUs) sent in urinary TB were culture positive. 11 patients (30.6%) underwent two or more invasive procedures, such as biopsy to obtain specimen samples. The mean treatment length for all UGTB cases was 7.3 months (SD 3.1). Notably, 25% of patients with endometrial TB required surgery despite antituberculous treatment.ConclusionsUGTB is challenging to diagnose as early disease is often asymptomatic. Clinicians faced with non‐specific symptoms, or features suggestive of urogenital malignancy amongst patients from TB‐endemic areas, should maintain a high suspicion of UGTB.
Purification and analysis of a protein cocktail capable of scavenging cell‐free hemoglobin, heme, and iron
Authors: Pires Ivan S. , Govender Krianthan , Munoz Carlos J. , Williams Alexander T. , O'Boyle Quintin T. , Savla Chintan , Cabrales Pedro , Palmer Andre F. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundHemolysis releases toxic cell‐free hemoglobin (Hb), heme, and iron, which overwhelm their natural scavenging mechanisms during acute or chronic hemolytic conditions. This study describes a novel strategy to purify a protein cocktail containing a comprehensive set of scavenger proteins for potential treatment of hemolysis byproducts.Study Design and MethodsTangential flow filtration was used to purify a protein cocktail from Human Cohn Fraction IV (FIV). A series of in vitro assays were performed to characterize composition and biocompatibility. The in vivo potential for hemolysis byproduct mitigation was assessed in a hamster exchange transfusion model using mechanically hemolyzed blood plasma mixed with the protein cocktail or a control colloid (dextran 70 kDa).ResultsA basis of 500 g of FIV yielded 62 ± 9 g of a protein mixture at 170 g/L, which bound to approximately 0.6 mM Hb, 1.2 mM heme, and 1.2 mM iron. This protein cocktail was shown to be biocompatible in vitro with red blood cells and platelets and exhibits nonlinear concentration dependence with respect to viscosity and colloidal osmotic pressure. In vivo assessment of the protein cocktail demonstrated higher iron transport to the liver and spleen and less to the kidney and heart with significantly reduced renal and cardiac inflammation markers and lower kidney and hepatic damage compared to a control colloid.DiscussionTaken together, this study provides an effective method for large‐scale production of a protein cocktail suitable for comprehensive reduction of hemolysis‐induced toxicity.
Deep transfer learning can be used for the detection of hip joints in pelvis radiographs and the classification of their hip dysplasia status
Authors: McEvoy Fintan J. , Proschowsky Helle F. , Müller Anna V. , Moorman Lilah , Bender‐Koch Johan , Svalastoga Eiliv L. , Frellsen Jes , Nielsen Dorte H. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractReports of machine learning implementations in veterinary imaging are infrequent but changes in machine learning architecture and access to increased computing power will likely prompt increased interest. This diagnostic accuracy study describes a particular form of machine learning, a deep learning convolution neural network (ConvNet) for hip joint detection and classification of hip dysplasia from ventro‐dorsal (VD) pelvis radiographs submitted for hip dysplasia screening. 11,759 pelvis images were available together with their Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) scores. The dataset was dicotomized into images showing no signs of hip dysplasia (FCI grades “A” and “B”, the “A‐B” group) and hips showing signs of dysplasia (FCI grades “C”, “D,” and “E”, the “C‐E” group). In a transfer learning approach, an existing pretrained ConvNet was fine‐tuned to provide models to recognize hip joints in VD pelvis images and to classify them according to their FCI score grouping. The results yielded two models. The first was successful in detecting hip joints in the VD pelvis images (intersection over union of 85%). The second yielded a sensitivity of 0.53, a specificity of 0.92, a positive predictive value of 0.91, and a negative predictive value of 0.81 for the classification of detected hip joints as being in the “C‐E” group. ConvNets and transfer learning are applicable to veterinary imaging. The models obtained have potential to be a tool to aid in hip screening protocols if hip dysplasia classification performance was improved through access to more data and possibly by model optimization.
Water management under climate change: The role of water commons and policy options
Authors: Zulfiqar Farhad , Abid Muhammad , Ullah Raza , Shahzad Saqib 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis research assessed the robustness of a new water governance system in Pakistan through Ostrom’s design principles, examined the potential of water commons against climate‐induced water scarcity, the role compliance of Khal Panchayat (KP, watercourse level user association) and problems in their implementation. Data collection included personal interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) with 125 farmers in five KPs from Punjab. Findings revealed that the presence of the eight design principles varied from 3.32 to 5.80 principles per KP. However, only one KP had a robust potential against water scarcity. The FGDs identified that conflicts were likely to increase due to water scarcity. Moreover, conflict resolution and collection of water charges were the least followed roles due to lack of legal protection. However, KPs fulfilled the roles related to watercourse maintenance, conducting internal meetings and elections. Thus, more climate‐resilient water co‐management under commons requires legal protection, and authority to redraw demand‐based water allocation.
A Study of the Supersonic Axial-Flow Compressor
Authors: Loeb W. A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a summary of the basic principles of the supersonic compressor and an analytical study of the types of this compressor most likely to prove successful. This study assumes rather idealized conditions, ignoring such variables as radial effects and flow irregularities. Hence the results are not intended as design criteria. They should, however, give a fair guide to what may be expected of the various cases considered; their outstanding limitations, their range of operation, and their performance expectations. Conclusions are that good pressure ratios with high efficiencies may be attained; that the compressor having a normal shock in the stator is superior to that having a normal shock in the rotor; and that the largest restriction on this normal-shock-in-stator compressor is the Mach number limitation in the rotor.
Three-Dimensional Solution for the Stress Concentration Around a Circular Hole in a Plate of Arbitrary Thickness
Authors: Sternberg E. , Sadowsky M. A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper contains an approximate three-dimensional solution for the stress distribution around a circular cylindrical hole in an infinite plate of arbitrary thickness, which is otherwise in a uniform state of plane stress parallel to the bounding planes. The approach used rests on a modification of the Ritz method in the theory of elasticity. A knowledge of the triaxial characteristics of the ensuing stress concentration is held important in connection with modern views on failure. The results furthermore illuminate critically the significance of two-dimensional analysis in problems of the type under consideration.
The Basic Elastic Theory of Vessel Heads Under Internal Pressure
Authors: Watts G. W. , Burrows W. R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Means are outlined for calculating internal pressure stresses and deformations at or near the junctures of semi-infinite cylindrical vessel shells with hemispherical heads, ellipsoidal heads, toriconical heads, torispherical heads, conical heads, and flat heads. The accurate Love analysis is used in this development. A system of dimensionless variables is proposed for each head shape to define the changes in that shape and the changes in the relative thicknesses of the heads and cylinders. Ways are devised to show the critical head stresses in terms of these dimensionless variables either by graphs or by tabulations. The fundamental theory is sufficiently described to indicate how all results are derived.
On the Stability of Plates Reinforced by Ribs
Authors: Klitchieff J. M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The stability of plates reinforced by a large number of transverse ribs and subjected to compressive loading is considered. An expression is developed which gives directly the required rigidity of the ribs by transformation of the expression for critical compressive forces previously developed by S. Timoshenko. Use of trigonometric series is made to calculate effective width of plate. A numerical example is given to compare the results of the method with Lloyd’s Rules (1931–1932) used in cargo-ship design.
The Manifold Problem
Authors: Keller J. D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper deals with the general problem of manifolds supplying fluids to a set of parallel pipes or ducts, or discharging through numerous openings distributed along the manifold length. Examples are the familiar “pipe burner” for gaseous fuels; the manifold of the “radiant-fire” type of gas burner; headers or manifolds for certain types of multitube air heaters; the distributing flues above and below the checkers of open-hearth furnaces and of glass tanks; furnace combustion chambers containing heat ports; distributing pipes in water-filtering systems; and many others. The very specialized problem of the gasoline-engine manifold is not considered here.
Theory of the Damped Dynamic Vibration Absorber for Inertial Disturbances
Authors: Brock J. E. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
If a mass which is mounted flexibly is set into forced vibrations by a harmonic force having an amplitude which does not vary with frequency, a damped dynamic vibration absorber may be designed to reduce the vibrations to some preassigned amplitude, regardless of the range over which the frequency of the disturbing force may vary. The theory of this type of vibration absorber, together with valuable discussion, has been given in a paper by Ormondroyd and Den Hartog, and is readily available in Den Hartog’s text on mechanical vibrations. In this paper the author presents a similar analysis for the case in which the amplitude of the disturbing force varies as the square of its frequency. For lack of a better name, this will be referred to as the case of “inertial disturbance.” Such cases are of considerable practical importance. For example, disturbances due to unbalance in rotating machinery are of this type. In some cases, such as those in which the unbalance varies with temperature, it may be impractical or impossible to secure perfect or nearly perfect balance, and a vibration absorber, designed on the basis of the analysis to be presented, may offer a suitable remedy. A practical example of this nature is given. The analysis follows a pattern similar to that given by Den Hartog, but enough of the details are different to warrant an extended treatment.
The Shape of a Piston Ring in Its Unrestrained State
Authors: Chang Che-Tyan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
It is the purpose of this paper to develop, with mathematical means, a general equation between the free shape of a piston ring in its unrestrained state and the consequent radial-pressure pattern against the cylinder wall after its installation. It is up to the designer, first to decide upon the proper pressure distribution for his particular need, and then to use such an equation as a first guide to evaluate the proper free shape of the ring so that it will give him the required radial-pressure pattern after its installation in the cylinder.
Numerical Solution of Elastoplastic Torsion of a Shaft of Rotational Symmetry
Authors: Eddy R. P. , Shaw F. S. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Using relaxation methods, an approximate numerical solution is found of the stress distribution in a shaft of rotational symmetry, which is subjected to a torque of sufficient magnitude to cause portions of the material to yield. It is assumed that the material of which the shaft is composed is isotropic and yields according to the condition of von Mises. The particular problem investigated is a shaft with a collar; results are presented showing the elastoplastic boundary, and the stress distribution, for two different amounts of plastic deformation.
Fracture of Gray-Cast-Iron Tubes Under Biaxial Stresses
Authors: Grassi R. C. , Cornet I. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The fracture of gray-cast-iron thin-wall tubes was investigated, for various ratios of axial to tangential stress ranging from pure tension to pure compression, yielding data for some stress ratios not previously reported. Analysis of the results reveals that the present theories of fracture do not account completely for the data obtained, thus indicating the need for further investigations of similar materials.
Bending of Rectangular Plates Subjected to a Uniformly Distributed Lateral Load and to Tensile or Compressive Forces in the Plane of the Plate
Authors: Conway H. D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a method of determining the distribution of deflection and stress in simply supported rectangular plates subjected simultaneously to a uniform lateral load and to uniform tensile or compressive forces in the plane of the plate. The problems are of particular importance in the design of a ship’s bottom plating and, for this reason, graphs are given whereby the maximum stress and deflection may easily be calculated. Illustrative examples are included to demonstrate the use of these graphs. An example is also given to illustrate how the method may be extended to include the case of hydrostatic pressure.
Biaxial Tension-Tension Fatigue Strengths of Metals
Authors: Marin Joseph 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper describes a new fatigue testing machine for the application of tension-tension biaxial stresses and presents the results of an investigation on the biaxial fatigue strength of Alcoa 24S-T. The influence of various ratios of the maximum values of the principal stresses upon the fatigue strength was determined. Fluctuating biaxial tensile stresses were produced by subjecting a thin-walled tubular specimen to a pulsating internal pressure and a pulsating axial load. The maximum and minimum values of the principal stresses were kept in phase. Fatigue strengths and S-N diagrams for four principal stress ratios were obtained.
Influence of the Dimensional Factors on Mode of Yielding and Fracture in Medium-Carbon Steel—II: The Size of the Round Tensile Bar
Authors: Miklowitz Julius 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Test results show an increase in axial strain, average true stress, and maximum true stress at the minimum section of the neck of a round tension bar at fracture when the size of the bar is decreased. An explanation is given for this size effect on the axial strain. It suggests that the restraint on the flowing material at the heart of the neck, created by lateral stresses induced by the adjacent stagnant material, is dependent upon the diameter of the stagnant material; hence the bar diameter. Some metallurgical variations in the data are analyzed and discussed.
Stresses and Deflections of Cylindrical Bodies in Contact With Application to Contact of Gears and of Locomotive Wheels
Authors: Poritsky H. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
From the well-known Hertz theory of contact stresses, where contact is over a finite area, the more elementary two-dimensional case of contact between two cylinders with parallel generators may be obtained as a limiting case by allowing the contact area to become infinitely long in one direction. However, it is easier to obtain it directly; this is done in the paper.
The Flow and Fracture of a Brittle Material
Authors: Coffin L. F. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The mechanism of flow and fracture of a gray cast iron can be understood if one considers the microstructure to consist of a ductile structure with a random dispersion of cracks due to the graphite flakes following the concept of Fisher. A notch effective stress can be calculated for a critically situated crack by a knowledge of the external stresses, a plastic stress-concentration factor of 3, and a residual tensile stress at the sharp edge of the crack, based upon either the “maximum-shear” theory or the “distortion-energy” theory. This allows the formulation of generalized plastic stress-strain relationships and renders gray cast iron applicable to the many known solutions for plastic flow of ductile metals. Fracture in the region of tension-tension and tension-compression can be evaluated by a similar analysis, using the same stress-concentration factor and the same residual stress. A combined stress-testing program is described wherein thin-walled cast-iron tubes are subjected to two-dimensional states of combined stress covering the complete two-dimensional field.
Bending of an Elliptical Plate by Edge Loading
Authors: Nash W. A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A series solution is presented for the problem of the small deflections of a thin elliptical plate with the following boundary conditions: (a) The edge of the plate is supported and is given a small prescribed deflection in a direction perpendicular to the middle plane of the plate. (b) The external load applied to the plate consists of a general distribution of bending moments acting around the edge of the plate. Since the loading consists of moments distributed around the edge of the plate, the general Lagrange differential equation for the middle surface of the plate reduces to the biharmonic equation. Elliptic co-ordinates are used and the problem reduces to finding a solution of the biharmonic equation, in elliptic co-ordinates, which satisfies the boundary conditions. Solutions to this equation are of two types: (a) harmonic functions, and (b) biharmonic functions which are not harmonic. Functions of type (a) are found by the method of separation of variables in Laplace’s equation expressed in elliptic co-ordinates. Functions of type (b) are found by the use of complex variable theory.
Torsion of Noncylindrical Shafts of Circular Cross Section
Authors: Reissner H. J. , Wennagel G. J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The theory of torsion of noncylindrical bodies of revolution, initiated by J. H. Michell and A. Föppl, is stated by a basic differential equation of the circumferential displacement and by a boundary condition of the shear stress along the generator surface. The solution of these two equations by the “direct” method of first assuming the boundary shape has not lent itself to closed solutions in terms of elementary functions, so that only approximation, infinite series, and experimental methods have been applied. A semi-inverse method analogous to Saint Venant’s semi-inverse method for cylindrical bodies has the disadvantage of the restriction to special boundary shapes but the advantage of exact solutions by means of elementary functions. By this method, bodies of conical, ellipsoidal, and hyperbolic boundary shapes have been obtained in a simple analysis. One class of integrals leading to other boundary shapes seems not to have been analyzed up to now, namely, the integrals in the form of a product of two functions of, respectively, axial (z) and radial (r) co-ordinates. A first suggestion of this possibility was given in Love’s treatise on the mathematical theory of elasticity. In the present paper, the classes of boundary shapes, displacements, and stress distributions are investigated analytically and numerically. The extent of the numerical investigation contains only the results of single-term integrals for full and hollow cross sections of technical interest. The detailed analysis of the boundary shapes, following from series integrals, presents essential mathematical obstacles. Overcoming these difficulties might lead to a multitude of solutions of interesting boundary shapes, and stress and strain distribution.
Transverse Vibration of a Two-Span Beam Under the Action of a Moving Alternating Force
Authors: Ayre R. S. , Jacobsen L. S. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
An alternating force (for example, due to unbalance in a locomotive driving apparatus) moves across a symmetrical two-span beam (or equivalent bridge) with uniform velocity. The stress-time equations for the three time eras of the problem have been derived by classical methods. The experimental part of the investigation employs a mechanical system with wire resistance strain gages. Resonances from the first through the sixth mode have been investigated. There is good agreement between theory and experiment in so far as number and location of resonances are concerned. The discrepancy in amplitude is to be expected due to the omission of damping in the theory. The most important observation is the “multiplicity of resonances” associated with “each” natural mode.
Elastic-Plastic Analysis of Structures Subjected to Loads Varying Arbitrarily Between Prescribed Limits
Authors: Symonds P. S. , Prager W. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Very often in practice a structure is subjected to loads consisting of several components, whose respective maximum and minimum values are known, but whose order and instantaneous magnitudes cannot be specified in advance. For example, an airplane wing might be subjected to dead loads, maneuvering loads, gust loads, etc., whose maximum and minimum values can be estimated closely, but which are applied independently in a manner which is not predictable. Again, a machine part might be subjected to unspecified combinations of bending and torsional loads, whose respective greatest and least values only are known. The present paper deals with the analysis of structures of this kind, when plastic deformation in parts of the structure is permitted in order to obtain the most economical design consistent with safety. Emphasis is placed upon the use of a geometrical representation of the instantaneous state of stress in an appropriate “stress space.” For simplicity the present discussion is based upon a pin-jointed plane truss as a typical structure. With appropriate changes of language the concepts developed here may be extended to more general structures and to problems of continua.
The Stresses Around a Small Opening in a Beam Subjected to Pure Bending
Authors: Joseph J. A. , Brock J. S. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper contains an exact closed solution for the stress distribution around a small opening in the web of a beam that is subjected to pure bending. The complex variable method of solution for plane stress problems (Muschelišvili) is outlined. It is applied to the case of a general ovaloid opening (Greenspan). Curves showing the tangential stresses around the boundary are given for several common openings found in engineering structures.