bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination rate among healthcare workers in a tertiary hospital in Mogadishu Somalia: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Jeele Mohamed Osman Omar , Bashir Ahmed Muhammad , Jimale Liban Hassan , Adani Abdulkamil Abdullahi 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background

The percentage of healthcare workers that are vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 in Somalia remains unknown. The main purpose of our study is to determine the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination rate among healthcare workers in a tertiary hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia.
Methods

The design of the study is cross-sectional which was undertaken to assess the vaccination rate of healthcare workers in Mogadishu Somali Turkish Training and Research Hospital from September 1 to September 20, 2021. A total number of 210 healthcare workers have participated in this study. The data were collected using a questionnaire.
Results

Out of 210 healthcare workers that have enrolled in the study 56.2% (n=118) were males. The mean age of the participants was 28.23 with SD ± 2.9. The most abundant age group in our study was 18-27 years with 53.8% (n=113). According to the participant’s profession, the doctors were the commonest participant with 48.6% (n=102). The SARS-CoV-2 vaccination level of the healthcare workers in Mogadishu Somali Turkish Training and Research Hospital was found to be 20% (n=42). 26.2% of the males that participated in this study were vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 while only 12% of females were vaccinated. The study found that there is a significant correlation between SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and gender with p value<.05. The study also revealed that there is a negative correlation between age and being vaccination against Covid-19 disease with p value <.01. 30% (n=31) of the doctors, 5.6% (n=4) of nurses, 14.2% (n=14) of radiology technicians, 30.7% (n=4) of anesthesia technicians, and 10% (n=1) of laboratory stuffs were vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2. The reasons for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine hesitancy were fear towards the vaccine complications 58% (n=97), followed by believed that vaccine will not be beneficial, lack of opportunity, no reason, and avoiding for religious or social reasons in 23% (n=39), 8.3% (n=14), 9% (n=15), 1.7% (n=3), respectively.
Conclusion

We found that only 20% of the healthcare workers in a tertiary hospital in Somalia were vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 infection. This is an emergency public health situation as it will put the healthcare workers and the patients at risk for developing Covid 19 disease.
Pan-Cancer Analysis Reveals RIPK2 Predicts Prognosis and Promotes Immune Therapy Resistance Via Triggering Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Dysfunction
Authors: song junquan , Yang Runyu , Wei Rongyuan , Du Yue , He Pengcheng , Liu Xiaowen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background

Receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 (RIPK2, also known as RIP2) was reported to be associated with bacterial infections as well as inflammatory responses. However, the role of RIPK2 in prognosis and immunotherapy response is yet to be elucidated in human pan-cancer.
Methods

In this study, we investigated the expression, gene alteration landscape and prognostic value of RIPK2 in 33 cancers through various databases including Ualcan, cBioportal and GEPIA. Then, the correlation between RIPK2 and immune infiltration, immune score, stromal score, and ESTIMATE score was investigated in the TGGA and TIMER database. Independent cohorts were utilized to explore the role of RIPK2 in tumor immunotherapy response. Furthermore, GSEA analysis was conducted to explore the mechanisms by which RIPK2 regulates immune therapy resistance. Single-cell RNA-seq datasets were used to analyze the expression level of RIPK2 on different immune cells. Moreover, CellMiner database was used to explore the relationship between RIPK2 expression with drug response.
Result

Compared with normal tissue, tumor tissue had a higher expression level of RIPK2 in various cancers. Survival analysis showed that high expression of RIPK2 associated with poor prognosis in numerous cancers. RIPK2 was found to promote a series of immune cell infiltration and B cells, macrophages, and neutrophils were significantly positively correlated with the expression of RIPK2. Moreover, RIPK2 affected immune score, stromal score and ESTIMATE score for a wide range of cancers. In the vast majority of 33 cancers, gene co-expression analysis showed that RIPK2 was positively correlated with the expression of immune checkpoint markers, such as PDCD1 (PD-1), CD274 (PD-L1), CTLA4 and TIGIT. RIPK2 aggravated cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) dysfunction and related to the poor efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade in skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) and kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC). High expression of RIPK2 promoted innate immunotherapy resistance and adaptive immunotherapy resistance through IL-6/JAK/STAT3 signaling, interferon-gamma response, and interferon-alpha response pathway.
Conclusion

These results confirmed that RIPK2 could serve as a prognostic biomarker and promoted immune therapy resistance via triggering cytotoxic T lymphocytes dysfunction.
Effects of Mannan-Oligosaccharide Supplementation On Gut Health, Immunity, and Production Performance of Broilers
Authors: Asif Muhammad , Hayat Zafar , Rahman Abdur , Qamar Muhammad Fiaz , Ijaz Muawuz , Yar Muhammad Kashif , Badar Iftikhar Hussain , Islam Md. Shafiqul 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The study was designed to investigate the effect of mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) supplementation on intestinal histomorphology, immunity against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and productive parameters of broilers. A total of 1800 day old broiler chicks of Cobb-500 strain were selected and randomly assorted into 6 treatment groups: T1 (basal diet without antibiotics as negative control); T2 (basal diet plus antibiotics as positive control group); T3 (basal diet plus 200g/ton MOS); T4 (basal diet plus 400g/ton MOS); T5 (basal diet plus 600g/ton MOS) and T6 (basal diet plus 800g/ton MOS). Each treatment was having 6 replicates and the feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded on weekly basis. Results showed that, MOS supplemented birds have significantly higher feed intake, weight gain and FCR (P < 0.05). Similarly, supplementation of MOS showed positive effect on villus height and crypt depth both in jejunum and ilium. Goblet cell density was unaffected by MOS addition (P < 0.05). Furthermore, birds fed with diets containing MOS, exhibited better productive performance in comparison to positive and negative control groups. In conclusion, MOS can replace antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) as non-microbial performance-enhancing feed advocates.
Alteration in Molecular Structure of Alkali Activated Slag with Various Water To Binder Ratios Under Accelerated Carbonation
Authors: Nguyen Thi Nhan , Phung Quoc , Yu Ziyou , Frederickx Lander , Jacques Diederik , Sakellariou Dimitrios , Dauzeres Alexandre , Elsen Jan , Pontikes Yiannis 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Carbonation of alkali activated materials is one of the main deteriorations affecting their durability. However, current understanding in structural alteration of these materials exposed to an environment inducing carbonation at nano/micro scale remains limited. This study examined the evolution of phase assemblages of alkali activated slag mortars subjected to accelerated carbonation (1% CO2, 60% relative humidity, up to 28 day carbonation) using XRD, FTIR and 29Si, 27Al, 23Na MAS NMR. Samples with three water to binder (w/b) ratios (0.35, 0.45, and 0.55) were investigated. The results show that the phase assemblages mainly consisted of C-A-S-H, disordered remnant aluminosilicate binder, and a minor hydrotalcite as a secondary product. Upon carbonation, calcium carbonate is mainly formed as the vaterite polymorph, while no sodium carbonate is found after carbonation as commonly reported. The sodium acts primarily as a charge balancing ion without producing sodium carbonate as a final carbonation product in 28-day carbonated materials. The C-A-S-H structure becomes more cross-linked due to the decalcification of this phase evidenced by the appearance of Q4 groups, which replace the Q1 and Q2 ones as observed in the 29Si MAS NMR spectra, and the dominance of Al (IV) in 27Al MAS NMR. Especially, unlike cementitious materials, the influence of w/b ratio on the crystalline phase formation and structure of C-A-S-H in the alkali activated mortars before and after carbonation is limited.
A Case of Restrictive Lung Disease Masquerading as Sars-Cov-2 Pneumonia: The Complexity of Integrating Lung Ultrasound in Clinical Management
Authors: Chen Yale Tung , Villegas Tomas Villen , Villanueva Andrea Gutiérrez , Infante Marta Nogue 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This report aims to highlight the importance of integrating the lung ultrasound findings in the clinical judgement, and to integrate its findings, exemplified in this patient, thought to have COVID-19 bilateral pneumonia, and turn out to have an infectious spondylodiscitis and secondary, a restrictive lung disease.As ultrasound devices become increasingly portable and affordable, the future potential of lung ultrasound relies on a not lesser degree of clinical skills acquisition.
Evolution of Residual Stress Through The Processing Stages in Manufacturing of Bore-Chilled Sand-Cast Aluminum Engine Blocks With Pressed-In Iron Liners
Authors: Stroh Joshua , Sediako Dimitry , Lombardi Anthony , Byczynski Glenn , Reid Mark , Paradowska Anna 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The cumulative global emissions produced by the automotive industry over the last decade has put a tremendous strain on the environment. Consequently, automotive engineers and manufacturers have been forced to improve the efficiencies of their automobiles which is frequently accomplished by increasing the operating pressure, and therefore temperature, of the combustion engine. Unfortunately, in addition to the rise in operational pressures and temperatures, large tensile residual stresses often accumulate in the cylinder bridges during the casting process of aluminum engine blocks due to the use of cast-in iron cylinder liners, leading to combined stress magnitudes above the strength of the currently used aluminum alloys. Thus, the present study aims to characterize the evolution of residual stress, with application of neutron diffraction, at several critical stages of the manufacturing process of sand-cast aluminum engine blocks that have eliminated the iron cylinder liners from the casting process and replaced them with cylinder bore chills that are pressed-out after the thermal sand reclamation process. The replacement of the iron liners shifted the stress mode from purely tension to purely compression until the bore chills were removed. Following removal of the bore chills, the maximum tensile stress at the top of the cylinder bridge was ~70% lower than the engine’s predecessor which was produced with iron liners. Moreover, in the production-ready state (i.e., T7 heat treated, machined and press-fit liners inserted), the stress mode maintains the partially compressive nature with low magnitudes of tension, thereby lowering the material’s susceptibility to crack growth and propagation.
Temporal and Spatial Distribution and Fluorescence Spectra of Dissolved Organic Matter in Plateau Lakes -- A Case Study of Qinghai Lake
Authors: Li Zheng , Fu Zhenghui , Zhang Yang , Guo Yunyan , Che Feifei , Guo Huaicheng , Wang Shuhang 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) has a great influence on the main pollution indexes of lakes (such as COD). Therefore, DOM research is the basis for understanding the water environmental quality and the law of pollutant migration and transformation in the basin. In this study, the water quality monitoring data of Qinghai Lake water body and 8 rivers around the lake from 2010 to 2020 were collected, and the dissolved organic matter (DOM) was synchronously sampled in May, September and October 2020. The optical characteristics of DOM, the temporal and spatial distribution of CDOM and the fluorescence spectrum and fluorescence component characteristics of FDOM were analyzed and studied. The results show that: (1) From 2010 to 2020, the annual mean value of CODCr of Qinghai Lake water body fluctuates in the range of Class III to Class V according to the environmental quality standard of the surface water, and shows a downward trend first and then an upward one. In general, the mean value of CODCr concentration in Qinghai Lake water body is at a high level and varies slightly among different months. (2) The mean value of CODCr concentration of the eight main rivers entering Qinghai Lake from 2010 to 2020 can be sorted from lowest to highest as follows: Ganzi River, Buha River, Jilmeng River, Hargai River, Shaliu River, Quanji River, HeMa River, and DaoTang River. (3) The concentration of CDOM in Qinghai Lake shows not only obvious seasonal variation (October, September and May, in the descending order) but also spatial variation. (4) The three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum matrix data of DOM in Qinghai Lake were analyzed by PARAFAC model, and four DOM fluorescence components with single maximum emission wavelength were analyzed.
Effect of Chloride Concentration on the Cytotoxicity, Bioavailability, and Bio-Reactivity of Copper and Silver in the Rainbow Trout Gut Cell Line (RTgutGC)
Authors: Ibrahim Md , Minghetti Matteo 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Chloride (Cl-) influences the bioavailability and toxicity of metals in fish, but the mechanisms by which it influences these processes is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effect of chloride on the cytotoxicity, bioavailability (i.e., accumulation) and bio-reactivity (i.e., induction of mRNA levels of metal responsive genes) of copper (Cu) and silver (Ag) in the rainbow trout gut cell line (RTgutGC). Cells were exposed to metals in media with varying Cl- concentrations (0, 1, 5 and 146 mM). Metal speciation in exposure medium was analyzed using Visual MINTEQ software. Cytotoxicity of AgNO3 and CuSO4 was measured based on two endpoints: metabolic activity and membrane integrity. Cells were exposed to 500 nM of AgNO3 and CuSO4 for 24 hours in respective media to determine metal bioavailability and bioreactivity. Ag speciation changes from free ionic (Ag+) to neutral (AgCl), to negatively charged chloride complexes (AgCl2-, AgCl3-) with increasing Cl- concentration in exposure media whereas Cu speciation remains in two forms (Cu2+ and CuHPO4) across all media. Chloride does not affect Ag bioavailability but decreases metal toxicity and bio-reactivity. Cells exposed to Ag expressed significantly higher metallothionein mRNA levels in low Cl- media (0, 1, and 5 mM) than in high Cl- medium (146 mM). This suggests that chloride complexation reduces silver bio-reactivity and toxicity. Conversely, Cu bioavailability and toxicity were higher in the high chloride medium (146 mM) than in the low Cl- (0, 1, and 5 mM) media, supporting the hypothesis that Cu uptake may occur via a chloride dependent mechanism.
Screening and Identification of Strains With High Lignocellulose-degrading Enzyme Production From Endophytic Fungi of Taxillus Chinensis
Authors: Song Lisha Song , Pan Limei Pan , Jiang Ni Jiang , FU Jine FU , Wan Lingyun Wan , Wei Shugen Wei 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Taxillus chinensis is an extensively used medicinal herb in the traditional as well as modern systems of medicines. It is a perennial hemiparasitic plant, which is difficult to propagate artificially because of its low parasitic rate. Successful parasitism of parasitic plants is to fuse their tissues and connect their vasculature to the host vasculature building a physiological bridge, which can efficiently withdraw water, sugars and nutrients from their host plants. It is reported that endophytic fungi play an important role in cell wall degradation and fusion, which is the key forming process of the physiological bridge. Therefore, in this study, the endophytic fungi from T. chinensis of different hosts were isolated, and then the organisms that could degrade the main components of the cell walls were screened out using a medium consisting of guaihuol and cellulose degradation capacity. The results showed that five strains with high enzyme activities for lignocellulosic degradation were screened out from 72 endophytic fungi of T. chinensis. The laccase and cellulase activities of five strains reached their peaks at day 7, and the highest enzyme activities of these two enzymes were found in strain P6, which was 117.66 and 1.66 U/mL, respectively. Manganese peroxidase of strain 4 and lignin peroxidase of strain N6 also reached their peaks at day 7 and were the highest among the 5 strains, with enzyme activities of 11.61 and 6.64 U/mL, respectively. Strains 4, 15, 31, N6 and P6 were identified as Colletotrichum acutatum, Nigerrospora sphaerica, Exserohilum rofolium, Diaporthe phaseolorum and Pestalotiopsis arceuthobii, respectively, according to their morphological and molecular biology properties.
Effects of Thymoquinone on Adipocyte Differentiation in Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells
Authors: Shahbodi Monireh , Emami Seyed Ahmad , Javadi Behjat , Tayarani-Najaran Zahra 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background: Obesity is one of the most important public health problems worldwide. Stem cells are primary cells capable of differentiating into different types of cells, and can be used to treat various diseases. Thymoquinone (TQ) has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-obesity properties. Herein, we aim to investigate the effect of TQ on the process of lipid differentiation in human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs). Methods and Results: Quantification of cell surface markers was used by Flow-Cytometry and then, the effect of TQ on cell viability was assessed using alamarBlue test. ADSCs were then subjected to induction of differentiation in the presence of non-cytotoxic concentrations of TQ (6.25, 12.5 and 25 μg/mL). ADSCs differentiation was assessed using Oil-Red staining technique. Moreover, expression of PPARγ (Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ) and FAS (Fatty Acid Synthetase) proteins was evaluated using Western blotting analysis. Flow-cytometric analysis demonstrated the expression of CD44 and CD90 markers as mesenchymal stem cells markers on the surface of ADSCs. At concentrations≤100 μg/mL of TQ, no significant difference in cell viability of ADSCs was observed compared to the control. Adipocyte differentiation process significantly decreased at 25 μg/mL (P<0.001) and 12.5 μg/mL (P<0.01) of TQ. The results of the qualitative examination of Lipid Droplets also confirmed these results. Western-blot analysis showed that TQ at 12.5 (p<0.05) and 25 μg/mL (p<0.01) reduced FAS/β-actin ratio compared to the positive group.Conclusions: This study showed that TQ can reduce the process of differentiation of fat stem cells into fat cells and might be considered as an anti-obesity compound.
FKN/CX3CR1 Axis Facilitated Migraine-like Behaviors via Activating Thalamic-cortical Network Microglia in SE Rat Models
Authors: Zhou Yanjie , Zhang Lily , Hao Yuyan , Yang Liu , Xiao Zheman 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background: The incidence of migraines is higher among people with epilepsy than healthy people, and these two common diseases are proposed to have some shared pathophysiological mechanisms. Excitation/inhibition imbalance plays an essential role in the comorbidity of epilepsy and migraine. Microglia activation is crucial for abnormal neuronal signal transmission. However, whether and how microglia are activated, and their role in comorbidities after activation remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the characteristics and mechanism of microglia activation after seizures and its effect on migraine.Methods: Status epilepticus (SE) rat models induced by lithium chloride (LiCl)-pilocarpine intraperitoneal injection and migraine rat models induced by repeated inflammatory soup (IS) dural injections were generated and assessed for molecular and histopathologic evidence of microglial activation target of fractalkine (FKN) signaling. HT22-BV2 transwell coculture was used to explore the interaction between neurons and microglia. LPS (a microglia agonist) and FKN stimulation of BV2 microglia cells were used to evaluate changes in BDNF content after microglia activation.Results: Microglia were specifically hyperplasia and activation in the cortical-thalamus-sp5c neural circuit, which were pain-related brain regions, accompanied by the upregulation of FKN and CX3CR1 four days after seizures. Meanwhile, SE-induced increased nociceptive behavior and the FKN/CX3CR1 axis in migraine rat models. AZD8797 (a CX3CR1 inhibitor) prevented the worsening of hyperalgesia and microglia activation in migraine rat models after seizures, while FKN infusion in migraine rat models exacerbated hyperalgesia and microglia activation associated with BDNF-Trkb signaling. Furthermore, in neuron-BV2 coculture, microglial activation and FKN/CX3CR1/BDNF/iba1 expression were increased. Activating microglia with LPS and FKN stimulation increased BDNF synthesis in BV2 microglia.Conclusions: Our results indicated that epilepsy facilitated migraine through the cortical-thalamus-sp5c microglia activated and interactions with neurons by the FKN/CX3CR1 axis, resulting in BDNF release. Blocking the FKN/CX3CR1 axis and microglia activation are potential therapeutic targets for preventing and treating migraine in patients with epilepsy.
Attenuation of Expression of Splenocytes Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Lung Alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin By Human Amniotic Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Conditioned Medium in Asthmatic Mice
Authors: Dalouchi Fereshteh , Aghdam Zeynab Sharifi , Falak Raza , Bakhshesh Morteza , Hajidazeh Maryam , Azizi Yaser , Aboutaleb Nahid 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background Asthma is a chronic respiratory illness characterized by lung tissue remodeling, T helper cell imbalance, and the generation of inflammatory factors. The Human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells-conditioned medium (hAM-MSC-CM) contains various immunomodulatory components and has been utilized in certain studies as a source for anti-inflammatory factors. We investigated the impacts of CM on splenocytes pro-inflammatory cytokines and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression in Balb/c mice with Ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma.Methods and results Forty mice were separated into four groups of ten: control (challenged and sensitized with normal saline solution), asthma (sensitized on days 1, 8, and 14 and challenged daily with OVA from days 21 to 28), OVA+CM (asthmatic mice treated with CM on days 29 and 30), and OVA+DMEM (DMEM-treated asthmatic mice on days 29 and 30). The spleen and lung tissues were removed 48 hours after the final challenge, and the expression of the inflammatory factors in the splenocyte culture supernatant was determined by ELISA, while the α-SMA expression in the lung was determined using western blotting. α-SMA protein expression was significantly greater in lung tissue. Also, inflammatory agents were significantly higher in the splenocytes supernatant in the DMEM and asthma groups compared to the control group. CM therapy has been shown to inhibit the production of the α-SMA protein and inflammatory cytokines. Conclusions Results showed that CM Treatment was able to decrease the α-SMA expression in lung and splenocytes pro-inflammatory cytokines.