bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defining the “Ice Shed” of the Arctic Ocean's Last Ice Area and Its Future Evolution
Authors: Newton Robert , Pfirman Stephanie , Tremblay L. Bruno , DeRepentigny Patricia 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSea ice will persist longer in the Last Ice Area (LIA), north of Canada and Greenland, than elsewhere in the Arctic. We combine earth system model ensembles with a sea‐ice tracking utility (SITU) to explore sources of sea ice (the “ice shed”) to the LIA under two scenarios: continued high warming (HW) rates and low warming (LW) rates (mean global warming below ca. 2°C) through the 21st century. Until mid‐century, the two scenarios yield similar results: the primary ice source shifts from the Russian continental shelves to the central Arctic, mobility increases, and mean ice age in the LIA drops from about 7 years to less than one. After about 2050, sea ice stabilizes in the LW scenario, but continues to decline in the HW scenario until LIA sea ice is nearly entirely seasonal and locally formed. Sea ice pathways through the ice shed determine LIA ice conditions and transport of material, including biota, sediments, and pollutants (spilled oil and industrial or agricultural contaminants have been identified as potential hazards). This study demonstrates that global warming has a dramatic impact on the sources, pathways and ages of ice entering the LIA. Therefore, we suggest that maintaining ice quality and preserving ice‐obligate ecologies in the LIA, including the Tuvaijuittuq Marine Protected Area north of Nunavut, Canada, will require international governance. The SITU system used in this study is publicly available as an online utility to support researchers, policy analysts, and educators interested in past and future sea ice sources and trajectories.
Deducing Mineralogy of Serpentinized and Carbonated Ultramafic Rocks Using Physical Properties With Implications for Carbon Sequestration and Subduction Zone Dynamics
Authors: Cutts J. A. , Steinthorsdottir K. , Turvey C. , Dipple G. M. , Enkin R. J. , Peacock S. M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSerpentinization of ultramafic rocks is fundamental to modern plate tectonics and for volatile (re‐)cycling into the mantle and magmatic arcs. Serpentinites are also highly reactive with CO2such that they are prime targets for carbon sequestration. Serpentinization and carbonation of ultramafic rocks results in changes in their physical properties such that they should be detectable using geophysical surveys; this could provide constraint on the reactivity of rocks without extensive sample characterization. We constrain the physio‐chemical relationships in altered ophiolitic ultramafic rocks using petrographic observations, major‐element chemistry, quantitative X‐ray diffraction, and physical properties on a suite of >400 samples from the Canadian Cordillera. Serpentinization results in a systematic decrease in density that reflects the increase in serpentine abundance and carbonation results in an increase in density, mostly reflecting the formation of magnesite; based on these data, we present two formulations for determining extent of serpentinization: one based on major‐element chemistry and the other on density. Magnetic susceptibility is variable during serpentinization; most harzburgitic samples show a 100‐fold increase in magnetic susceptibility, whereas most dunitic samples and a minor proportion of harzburgitic samples show very little change in magnetic susceptibility. We use quantitative mineralogy and physical properties of the samples to constrain a model for using density and magnetic susceptibility to approximate the mineralogy of ultramafic rock. Although further work is required to understand the role of remanence in applying these models to geophysical data, this presents an advancement and opportunity to prospect for the most reactive ultramafic rocks for carbon sequestration.
3D Deep Electrical Resistivity Tomography of the Lusi Eruption Site in East Java
Authors: Mazzini Adriano , Carrier Aurore , Sciarra Alessandra , Fischanger Federico , Winarto‐Putro Anton , Lupi Matteo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractLusi is a sediment‐hosted geothermal system relentlessly erupting since May 2006 in the East Java back‐arc sedimentary basin. Lusi provides the unprecedented opportunity to study the development of the early phases of a new‐born piercement structure and its impact on society. In order to investigate the shallow plumbing system of this large‐scale eruption, we deployed a pool of 25 IRIS V‐Fullwavers to conduct a 3D deep electrical resistivity tomography extending over ∼15 km2 around the eruption site. The inverted data reveal the structure of the subsided area hosting the region where a mix of groundwater, mud breccia, hydrocarbons and boiling hydrothermal fluids are stored. Our investigation also points out the link between a well‐developed fault system and the upwelling of the deep‐seated fluids that initiated, and still drive, the development of the new‐born Lusi eruption.
Predicting Interannual Variability in Sea Surface Height Along the West Coast of Australia Using a Simple Ocean Model
Authors: Nagura Motoki , McPhaden Michael J. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSea surface height (SSH) along the west coast of Australia is key to local climate and is strongly forced by remote surface wind variability related to El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the tropical Pacific Ocean. This study provides a method to predict interannual variability in SSH along the west coast of Australia using a simple 1.5‐layer dynamical ocean model forced by a statistical atmospheric model for ENSO‐related winds. The model has realistic coastlines and is driven by reanalysis surface winds regressed onto an ENSO index. The model when run in hindcast mode to predict past variability can simulate tide gauge observations at Fremantle along the west coast of Australia up to 13 months in advance, which outperforms persistence. We conclude that this methodology can be useful as a baseline for gauging the performance of more sophisticated forecast models for predicting SSH variations along the west coast of Australia.
A Strong Correlation Between Relativistic Electron Microbursts and Patchy Aurora
Authors: Shumko M. , Gallardo‐Lacourt B. , Halford A. J. , Liang J. , Blum L. W. , Donovan E. , Murphy K. R. , Spanswick E. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn this letter, we present the results of a conjunction between the Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer (SAMPEX) satellite and a Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) all‐sky imager in Gillam, Canada, showing a high correlation between relativistic, MeV, electron microbursts and a type of pulsating aurora called patchy aurora. The correlation was 0.8, and is not serendipitous. While the relationship between pulsating aurora and 10–100s keV microbursts has been previously predicted, here we show a strong association between keV and MeV electron dynamics, possibly spanning two orders of magnitude. Importantly, this result shows that the dynamics of relativistic radiation belt electrons are at times intimately tied to keV electron precipitation, and cannot be studied in isolation.
A Multicentennial Proxy Record of Northeast Pacific Sea Surface Temperatures From the Annual Growth Increments of Panopea generosa
Authors: Edge David C. , Reynolds David J. , Wanamaker Alan D. , Griffin Daniel , Bureau Dominique , Outridge Christine , Stevick Bethany C. , Weng Richard , Black Bryan A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractGrowth‐increment widths of Pacific geoduck (Panopea generosa), a long‐lived bivalve, are used to develop the first marine‐based, multicentennial, annually resolved, and exactly dated archive of Northeast Pacific sea surface temperatures (SST). The chronology is sampled from the Tree Nob Islands, British Columbia, Canada, continuously covers 1725–2008, and also contains nine older radiocarbon‐dated segments, which together span 58% of the last 1,500 years. Age‐related growth declines were removed by aligning all increments relative to age of increment formation and fitting with a single detrending curve to preserve low‐frequency signals. The geoduck chronology was used to reconstruct local SST variability across the seasonal window of April through November. The chronology at both the concurrent (lag‐0) and following (lag+1) year are both highly significant predictors of SST in a stepwise multiple linear regression, explaining 54% of the variance in the period of instrumental overlap (1940–2001), passing strict tests of calibration‐verification. Reconstructed SSTs contained significant spectral power at periods from 3 to 64 years, suggesting that 20th century variability in these periodicities is not unusual in the longer‐term context. The period of lowest growth coincided with the Dalton minimum, an episode of reduced solar irradiance from 1790–1830, as well as the 1809 Unknown eruption, suggesting that solar and volcanic signals are present in the SST history. The most conspicuous aspect of the reconstruction is the steady and unprecedented warming trend that began in the mid‐1800s and continues through present. The post‐1976 interval includes the two warmest decades of the reconstruction.
Single allele loss-of-function mutations select and sculpt conditional cooperative networks in breast cancer
Authors: Schachter Nathan F. , Adams Jessica R. , Skowron Patryk , Kozma Katelyn. J. , Lee Christian A. , Raghuram Nandini , Yang Joanna , Loch Amanda J. , Wang Wei , Kucharczuk Aaron , Wright Katherine L. , Quintana Rita M. , An Yeji , Dotzko Daniel , Gorman Jennifer L. , Wojtal Daria , Shah Juhi S. , Leon-Gomez Paul , Pellecchia Giovanna , Dupuy Adam J. , Perou Charles M. , Ben-Porath Ittai , Karni Rotem , Zacksenhaus Eldad , Woodgett Jim R. , Done Susan J. , Garzia Livia , Sorana Morrissy A. , Reimand Jüri , Taylor Michael D. , Egan Sean E. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe most common events in breast cancer (BC) involve chromosome arm losses and gains. Here we describe identification of 1089 gene-centric common insertion sites (gCIS) from transposon-based screens in 8 mouse models of BC. Some gCIS are driver-specific, others driver non-specific, and still others associated with tumor histology. Processes affected by driver-specific and histology-specific mutations include well-known cancer pathways. Driver non-specific gCIS target the Mediator complex, Ca++ signaling, Cyclin D turnover, RNA-metabolism among other processes. Most gCIS show single allele disruption and many map to genomic regions showing high-frequency hemizygous loss in human BC. Two gCIS, Nf1 and Trps1, show synthetic haploinsufficient tumor suppressor activity. Many gCIS act on the same pathway responsible for tumor initiation, thereby selecting and sculpting just enough and just right signaling. These data highlight ~1000 genes with predicted conditional haploinsufficient tumor suppressor function and the potential to promote chromosome arm loss in BC.
Cell reprogramming shapes the mitochondrial DNA landscape
Authors: Wei Wei , Gaffney Daniel J. , Chinnery Patrick F. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIndividual induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) show considerable phenotypic heterogeneity, but the reasons for this are not fully understood. Comprehensively analysing the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) in 146 iPSC and fibroblast lines from 151 donors, we show that most age-related fibroblast mtDNA mutations are lost during reprogramming. However, iPSC-specific mutations are seen in 76.6% (108/141) of iPSC lines at a mutation rate of 8.62 × 10−5/base pair. The mutations observed in iPSC lines affect a higher proportion of mtDNA molecules, favouring non-synonymous protein-coding and tRNA variants, including known disease-causing mutations. Analysing 11,538 single cells shows stable heteroplasmy in sub-clones derived from the original donor during differentiation, with mtDNA variants influencing the expression of key genes involved in mitochondrial metabolism and epidermal cell differentiation. Thus, the dynamic mtDNA landscape contributes to the heterogeneity of human iPSCs and should be considered when using reprogrammed cells experimentally or as a therapy.
Small-molecule polymerase inhibitor protects non-human primates from measles and reduces shedding
Authors: Wittwer Kevin , Anderson Danielle E. , Pfeffermann Kristin , Cox Robert M. , Wolf Josef D. , Santibanez Sabine , Mankertz Annette , Plesker Roland , Sticher Zachary M. , Kolkykhalov Alexander A. , Natchus Michael G. , Pfaller Christian K. , Plemper Richard K. , von Messling Veronika 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMeasles virus (MeV) is a highly contagious pathogen that enters the human host via the respiratory route. Besides acute pathologies including fever, cough and the characteristic measles rash, the infection of lymphocytes leads to substantial immunosuppression that can exacerbate the outcome of infections with additional pathogens. Despite the availability of effective vaccine prophylaxis, measles outbreaks continue to occur worldwide. We demonstrate that prophylactic and post-exposure therapeutic treatment with an orally bioavailable small-molecule polymerase inhibitor, ERDRP-0519, prevents measles disease in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Treatment initiation at the onset of clinical signs reduced virus shedding, which may support outbreak control. Results show that this clinical candidate has the potential to alleviate clinical measles and augment measles virus eradication.
The cryo-EM structure of the bd oxidase from M. tuberculosis reveals a unique structural framework and enables rational drug design to combat TB
Authors: Safarian Schara , Opel-Reading Helen K. , Wu Di , Mehdipour Ahmad R. , Hards Kiel , Harold Liam K. , Radloff Melanie , Stewart Ian , Welsch Sonja , Hummer Gerhard , Cook Gregory M. , Krause Kurt L. , Michel Hartmut 
Published: September 2021

AbstractNew drugs are urgently needed to combat the global TB epidemic. Targeting simultaneously multiple respiratory enzyme complexes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is regarded as one of the most effective treatment options to shorten drug administration regimes, and reduce the opportunity for the emergence of drug resistance. During infection and proliferation, the cytochrome bd oxidase plays a crucial role for mycobacterial pathophysiology by maintaining aerobic respiration at limited oxygen concentrations. Here, we present the cryo-EM structure of the cytochrome bd oxidase from M. tuberculosis at 2.5 Å. In conjunction with atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies we discovered a previously unknown MK-9-binding site, as well as a unique disulfide bond within the Q-loop domain that defines an inactive conformation of the canonical quinol oxidation site in Actinobacteria. Our detailed insights into the long-sought atomic framework of the cytochrome bd oxidase from M. tuberculosis will form the basis for the design of highly specific drugs to act on this enzyme.
Single-atom catalyst for high-performance methanol oxidation
Authors: Zhang Zhiqi , Liu Jiapeng , Wang Jian , Wang Qi , Wang Yuhao , Wang Kai , Wang Zheng , Gu Meng , Tang Zhenghua , Lim Jongwoo , Zhao Tianshou , Ciucci Francesco 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSingle-atom catalysts have been widely investigated for several electrocatalytic reactions except electrochemical alcohol oxidation. Herein, we synthesize atomically dispersed platinum on ruthenium oxide (Pt1/RuO2) using a simple impregnation-adsorption method. We find that Pt1/RuO2 has good electrocatalytic activity towards methanol oxidation in an alkaline media with a mass activity that is 15.3-times higher than that of commercial Pt/C (6766 vs. 441 mA mg‒1Pt). In contrast, single atom Pt on carbon black is inert. Further, the mass activity of Pt1/RuO2 is superior to that of most Pt-based catalysts previously developed. Moreover, Pt1/RuO2 has a high tolerance towards CO poisoning, resulting in excellent catalytic stability. Ab initio simulations and experiments reveal that the presence of Pt‒O3f (3-fold coordinatively bonded O)‒Rucus (coordinatively unsaturated Ru) bonds with the undercoordinated bridging O in Pt1/RuO2 favors the electrochemical dehydrogenation of methanol with lower energy barriers and onset potential than those encountered for Pt‒C and Pt‒Ru.
miRNome profiling in Duchenne muscular dystrophy; identification of asymptomatic and manifesting female carriers
Authors: Mousa Nahla O. , Sayed Ahmed A. , Fahmy Nagia , Elzayat Mariam G. , Bakry Usama , Abdellatif Ahmed , Zahra Waheed K. , Osman Ahmed 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal neuromuscular disorder that occurs due to inactivating mutations in DMD gene, leading to muscular dystrophy. Prediction of pathological complications of DMD and the identification of female carriers are important research points that aim to reduce disease burden. Herein, we describe a case of a late DMD patient and his immediate female family members, who all carry same DMD mutation and exhibited varied degrees of symptoms. In our study, we sequenced the whole miRNome in leukocytes and plasma of the family members and results were validated using real-time PCR. Our results highlighted the role of miR-409-3p, miR-424-5p, miR-144-3p as microRNAs that show correlation with the extent of severity of muscular weakness and can be used for detection of asymptomatic carriers. Cellular and circulating levels of miR-494-3p had shown significant increase in symptomatic carriers, which may indicate significant roles played by this miRNA in the onset of muscular weakness. Interestingly, circulating levels of miR-206 and miR-410-3p were significantly increased only in the severely symptomatic carrier. In conclusion, our study highlighted several miRNA species, which could be used in predicting the onset of muscle and/or neurological complications in DMD carriers.
Listening-Related Fatigue in Children With Hearing Loss: Perspectives of Children, Parents, and School Professionals
Authors: Davis Hilary , Schlundt David , Bonnet Kemberlee , Camarata Stephen , Hornsby Benjamin , Bess Fred H. 
Published: September 2021

Purpose:Children with hearing loss (CHL) are considered at risk for listening-related fatigue and its negative consequences. We collected data via focus groups and interviews from three stakeholder groups—CHL, their parents, and teachers/school professionals—in order to define the construct of listening-related fatigue from the perspective of CHL and key stakeholders. This is an important first step in our long-term goal to construct and validate a measure (i.e., scale) of listening-related fatigue for the pediatric population, with a focus on CHL. This article provides an overview of the data gathering process, analysis of qualitative reports, and the development of a theoretical framework for understanding the experience of listening-related fatigue in CHL.Method:We conducted focus groups and interviews in school-age children exhibiting bilateral, moderate-to-profound hearing loss (n= 43), their parents (n= 17), and school professionals who work with CHL (n= 28). The discussions were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded using a hierarchical coding system. Qualitative analysis was conducted using an iterative inductive–deductive approach.Results:We identified primary themes from the focus group/interview discussions to develop a theoretical framework of listening-related fatigue in CHL. The framework demonstrates the complex interaction among situational determinants that impact fatigue, symptoms or manifestations of fatigue, and the utilization of, and barriers to, coping strategies to reduce listening-related fatigue.Conclusions:Participant discussion suggests that listening-related fatigue is a significant problem for many, but not all, CHL. Qualitative data obtained from these stakeholder groups help define the construct and provide a framework for better understanding listening-related fatigue in children.
Reliability assessment of island multi‐energy microgrids
Authors: Santos Marcos , Huo Da , Wade Neal , Greenwood David , Sarantakos Ilias 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMulti‐energy microgrids could result in more flexibility and increase reliability by interconnecting networks. Electricity and gas networks exhibit very different dynamic behaviours in response to a fault or failure. Gas networks have built‐in energy storages that can continue to provide a reliable supply if gas inputs to the system are compromised. This study presents a novel reliability assessment method applied to multi‐energy microgrids; the method combines an incidence matrix analysis that identifies the connectivity between sources and load points with a sequential Monte Carlo simulation and generation adequacy evaluation. A case study is conducted by using an electricity‐gas microgrid. The electricity network is a multi‐sourced grid, whereas the gas network is supplied by a biogas plant. The linepack (gas stored along the pipelines) is modelled to account for the slower gas dynamics. The proposed method is evaluated on a real‐world electricity distribution network in Austria. The results indicate the reliability benefits of forming a multi‐energy microgrid.
Electromechanical transient modelling and application of modular multilevel converter with embedded energy storage
Authors: Yu Zheyang , Zhang Zheren , Xu Zheng 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis paper studies the electromechanical transient modelling techniques of the modified modular multilevel converter (MMC), named active MMC, which is equipped with embedded energy storage in submodules. Firstly, the mathematical model of the active MMC and its equivalent circuits at the AC and DC sides are established. Then, the control scheme of active MMC that focus on the cooperation of the MMC converter and the energy storage submodules is illustrated. The proposed electromechanical transient model are implemented on PSS/E and compared with the electromagnetic transient model on PSCAD in a two terminal active MMC sytem; the results of the active MMC system under AC and DC fault prove the validity of the proposed model. Lastly, stability studies of the practical system are carried out, and the simulation results prove the improvement by the application of the active MMC on the rotor angle stability and frequency stability.