bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early Australian rabbit-proof fences: paling, slab and stub fences, modified dry stone walls, and wire netting
Authors: Pickard John 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFences were critical in the fight against rabbits in colonial Australia. Initially, domestic rabbits were farmed in pens or paddocks fenced with paling fences or walls. Wild-caught rabbits imported from England escaped and became serious pests from the 1850s. As their status changed from protected private property to a major pest, the functions of fences changed to fencing rabbits out. Legislation requiring or specifying rabbit-proof fences lagged several years behind recognition of rabbits as a problem. Most log and brush fences in infested districts were burnt to destroy rabbit harbour. Dry stone walls were modified in many ways; paling, slab, picket and stub fences were all tried, but were unsuccessful, and by 1886 netting was standard. Using examples from the rich agricultural Western District and the considerably poorer Mallee Region of Victoria, this article describes the many forms of rabbit fences used between the 1850s and the mid-1880s. All of the experimentation with different structures was by individual landholders, with colonial governments conspicuous by their lack of involvement until they erected rabbit-proof barrier fences.
Card guessing with partial feedback
Authors: Diaconis Persi , Graham Ron , He Xiaoyu , Spiro Sam 
Published: June 2021

AbstractConsider the following experiment: a deck with m copies of n different card types is randomly shuffled, and a guesser attempts to guess the cards sequentially as they are drawn. Each time a guess is made, some amount of ‘feedback’ is given. For example, one could tell the guesser the true identity of the card they just guessed (the complete feedback model) or they could be told nothing at all (the no feedback model). In this paper we explore a partial feedback model, where upon guessing a card, the guesser is only told whether or not their guess was correct. We show in this setting that, uniformly in n, at most
$m+O(m^{3/4}\log m)$
cards can be guessed correctly in expectation. This resolves a question of Diaconis and Graham from 1981, where even the
$m=2$
case was open.
Evolution of Japanese security policy and the House of Councilors
Authors: Takenaka Harukata 
Published: June 2021

AbstractJapanese security policy has undergone a significant degree of evolution since the early 1990s. As a result, the range of responses Japan can make in international crisis has significantly expanded. The gradual evolution and expansion of the Japanese security policy culminated in the legislation of security-related bills under the second Abe administration in September 2015. The security-related bills dramatically transformed Japanese security policy as it allowed Japan to exercise the right of collective defense when certain conditions are met. The gradual change of Japanese security policy has so far gathered much academic attention. There is a strong claim in the existing literature on Japanese security policy that changes in security policies became possible because of reforms in domestic institutions, which had expanded the Japanese prime minister's power. It is the contention of this article that the Japanese prime minister is still faced with severe constraints from the Diet, in particular from the House of Councilors even after a series of institutional reforms has empowered Japanese prime ministers to significantly alter Japanese security policy. It demonstrates that as the House of Councilors has significant power in the Japanese political system, some Japanese prime ministers had to have the implementation of some security policies delayed or was driven to revise some policies they had originally envisioned through several case studies.
China in medieval Indian imagination: “China”-inspired images in medieval South Asia
Authors: Kim Jinah 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCross-cultural exchanges between India and China during the first millennium are often understood through a Buddhist lens; by investigating the impact of Indian Buddhist sources, be they literary, doctrinal, or artistic, to receiving Chinese communities. In these cultural transactions, instigated by traveling pilgrim-monks and enacted by imperial power players in China, India emerges as a remote, idealized, and perhaps “hollow” center. Imagined or real, the importance of images of India in medieval Chinese Buddhist landscape has been established beyond doubt. What seems to be missing in this unidirectional looking is the impact of these cultural communications in India. What were the Indian responses to Chinese Buddhists' demands and their physical presence? How was China imagined and translated in medieval India? This essay proposes to locate the activities of Chinese monks in India and the iconographies of China-inspired Indian Buddhist images within the larger historical context of shifting cultural and political geography of the medieval Buddhist world. By exploring different types of evidence from borderlands, vis-à-vis the monolithic concepts of China and India, the essay also complicates the China–India studies' comparative model.
Introducing NARCliM1.5: Evaluating the Performance of Regional Climate Projections for Southeast Australia for 1950–2100
Authors: Nishant Nidhi , Evans Jason P. , Di Virgilio Giovanni , Downes Stephanie M. , Ji Fei , Cheung Kevin K. W. , Tam Eugene , Miller Joseph , Beyer Kathleen , Riley Matthew L. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe NARCliM project contributes to the CORDEX initiative for Australasia. The first generation of NARCliM (N1.0) used CMIP3 global climate models (GCMs) and provided near and far future estimates of climate change across Australasia at 50‐km and southeast Australia at 10‐km resolution under a business‐as‐usual climate scenario. However, multiple sets of 20‐year periods in N1.0 did not permit analysis of long‐term, inter‐annual to decadal trends across the 21st century. Feedback on user needs for regional climate information revealed the desire for multiple emission scenarios and use of newer CMIP5 GCMs for dynamical downscaling. These limitations led to development of the second iteration of NARCliM, namely NARCliM1.5 (N1.5). The N1.5 downscaling exercise uses CMIP5 GCMs and is temporally expanded to cover 150 years (1950–2100) for two future Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). N1.5 simulations remain at the 50‐km and 10 km resolutions over the same domains as N1.0, thus producing an expanded and complementary data set for regional climate change. N1.5 simulations substantially improve over N1.0 in capturing the seasonal patterns and magnitudes of precipitation, including improvements in overall bias. Conversely, N1.5 shows similar results to N1.0 for maximum and minimum temperature, with no substantial improvement in overall bias. N1.5 projections project a hotter and drier future relative to N1.0. The combined N1.0 and N1.5 ensemble provides a wider spread of future climates more representative of that found in the full CMIP5 ensemble. Together, N1.0 and N1.5 ensembles provide an improved, more comprehensive data set for studying climate change.
Origin, Variability, and Pathways of East Sea Intermediate Water in a High‐Resolution Ocean Reanalysis
Authors: Kim Sang‐Yeob , Park Young‐Gyu , Kim Young Ho , Seo Seongbong , Jin Hyunkeun , Pak Gyundo , Lee Ho Jin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe East Sea Intermediate Water (ESIW) is the subsurface salinity minimum layer in the depth range 200–400 m in the East/Japan Sea. The origin, variability, and pathways of the ESIW were investigated using a 4‐year‐long (2015–2018) high‐resolution (1/24°) ocean reanalysis and Lagrangian particle modeling. A backward particle tracking analysis revealed that the ESIW was formed south of Vladivostok and shows strong interannual variability. In 2018, owing to strong northwesterly winds, heat loss to the air intensified, and freshwater transport from the northern East/Japan Sea was simultaneously decreased by about 18% compared with the previous year. Furthermore, there was increased formation of water masses heavier than that of the typical ESIW, and the volume of the ESIW was reduced. A forward particle tracking analysis showed that the contribution of the particles originated from the northern end of the East/Japan Sea was about two times greater than those from the southern end. The major portion of the ESIW's freshwater came from the northern East/Japan Sea, where sea ice melted and the Amur River discharged. The remaining portion was from the Changjiang River, which came through the Korea Strait. The ESIW reached the Ulleung Basin over the course of a year mainly through the deep channel, the Ulleung Trough, located to the north of the basin. The diapycnal diffusivity of 1.0 × 10−4 m2 s−1 could erode away the low salinity core in about 27 years.
A New Method for Connecting the Radiation Sources of Lightning Discharge Extension Channels
Authors: Li YuRui , Zhang Yang , Zhang YiJun , Krehbiel Paul R. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe connections of lightning radiation sources along channels are greatly affected by the radiation source density, and the channel length is geometrically scaled when neglecting repeated discharges in the same channel. Based on lightning mapping array (LMA) three‐dimensional radiation source location data of two lightning flashes, this study presents a radiation source connection method considering the source density and repeated discharges in channels that includes two steps: the connection of radiation sources and the connection of segments. After increasing the spatial connection threshold determined by the source density, the stability of the channel scale under different detection capabilities (source densities) is improved compared with that of the traditional fixed spatial threshold method. The channel growth rate of the low‐density case reaches 120.99%, which is close to the real situation, and the connection shape is consistent with the real situation. For repeated discharge paths, by limiting the time interval of the radiation source connection, the optimized threshold obtained in this paper can distinguish between discharges occurring in the same channel at different times. Compared with the geometric scale, the discharge scale is significantly larger (∼2.8 times the geometric scale in one case) and can better characterize both the lightning discharge process and the affected area. These comprehensive results show that the proposed method can reduce the number of incorrect connections, increase the channel length, and obtain a more realistic discharge scale.
Liver fat storage is controlled by HNF4α through induction of lipophagy and is reversed by a potent HNF4α agonist
Authors: Lee Seung-Hee , Veeriah Vimal , Levine Fred 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe report the discovery of strong HNF4α agonists and their use to uncover a previously unknown pathway by which HNF4α controls the level of fat storage in the liver. This involves the induction of lipophagy by dihydroceramides, the synthesis and secretion of which is controlled by genes induced by HNF4α. The HNF4α activators are N-trans caffeoyltyramine (NCT) and N-trans feruloyltyramine (NFT), which are structurally related to the known drugs alverine and benfluorex, which we previously showed to be weak HNF4α activators. In vitro, NCT and NFT induced fat clearance from palmitate-loaded cells. In DIO mice, NCT led to recovery of hepatic HNF4α expression and reduction of steatosis. Mechanistically, increased dihydroceramide production and action downstream of HNF4α occurred through increased expression of HNF4α downstream genes, including SPNS2 and CYP26A1. NCT was completely nontoxic at the highest dose administered and so is a strong candidate for an NAFLD therapeutic.
Distinct clinical and immunological profiles of patients with evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Morton Ben , Barnes Kayla G. , Anscombe Catherine , Jere Khuzwayo , Matambo Prisca , Mandolo Jonathan , Kamng’ona Raphael , Brown Comfort , Nyirenda James , Phiri Tamara , Banda Ndaziona P. , Van Der Veer Charlotte , Mndolo Kwazizira S. , Mponda Kelvin , Rylance Jamie , Phiri Chimota , Mallewa Jane , Nyirenda Mulinda , Katha Grace , Kambiya Paul , Jafali James , Mwandumba Henry C. , Gordon Stephen B. ,   Blantyre COVID-19 Consortium,   Clinical, Phulusa Jacob , Mkandawire Mercy , Kaimba Sylvester , Thole Herbert , Nthala Sharon , Nsomba Edna , Keyala Lucy , Mandala Peter , Chinoko Beatrice , Gmeiner Markus , Kaudzu Vella , Lissauer Samantha , Freyne Bridget , MacPherson Peter , Swarthout Todd D. , Iroh Tam Pui-Ying ,   Laboratory, Sichone Simon , Ahmadu Ajisa , Kanjewa Oscar , Nyasulu Vita , Chinyama End , Zuza Allan , Denis Brigitte , Storey Evance , Bondera Nedson , Matchado Danford , Chande Adams , Chingota Arthur , Ntwea Chimenya , Mkandawire Langford , Mhango Chimwemwe , Lakudzala Agness , Chaponda Mphatso , Mwenechanya Percy , Mvaya Leonard , Tembo Dumizulu ,   Data and statistics, Henrion Marc Y. R. , Chirombo James , Masesa Clemens , Gondwe Joel , Cornick Jennifer , Jambo Kondwani C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAlthough the COVID-19 pandemic has left no country untouched there has been limited research to understand clinical and immunological responses in African populations. Here we characterise patients hospitalised with suspected (PCR-negative/IgG-positive) or confirmed (PCR-positive) COVID-19, and healthy community controls (PCR-negative/IgG-negative). PCR-positive COVID-19 participants were more likely to receive dexamethasone and a beta-lactam antibiotic, and survive to hospital discharge than PCR-negative/IgG-positive and PCR-negative/IgG-negative participants. PCR-negative/IgG-positive participants exhibited a nasal and systemic cytokine signature analogous to PCR-positive COVID-19 participants, predominated by chemokines and neutrophils and distinct from PCR-negative/IgG-negative participants. PCR-negative/IgG-positive participants had increased propensity forStaphylococcus aureusandStreptococcus pneumoniaecolonisation. PCR-negative/IgG-positive individuals with high COVID-19 clinical suspicion had inflammatory profiles analogous to PCR-confirmed disease and potentially represent a target population for COVID-19 treatment strategies.
Dynamic control of Purcell enhanced emission of erbium ions in nanoparticles
Authors: Casabone Bernardo , Deshmukh Chetan , Liu Shuping , Serrano Diana , Ferrier Alban , Hümmer Thomas , Goldner Philippe , Hunger David , de Riedmatten Hugues 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe interaction of single quantum emitters with an optical cavity enables the realization of efficient spin-photon interfaces, an essential resource for quantum networks. The dynamical control of the spontaneous emission rate of quantum emitters in cavities has important implications in quantum technologies, e.g., for shaping the emitted photons’ waveform or for driving coherently the optical transition while preventing photon emission. Here we demonstrate the dynamical control of the Purcell enhanced emission of a small ensemble of erbium ions doped into a nanoparticle. By embedding the nanoparticles into a fully tunable high finesse fiber based optical microcavity, we demonstrate a median Purcell factor of 15 for the ensemble of ions. We also show that we can dynamically control the Purcell enhanced emission by tuning the cavity on and out of resonance, by controlling its length with sub-nanometer precision on a time scale more than two orders of magnitude faster than the natural lifetime of the erbium ions. This capability opens prospects for the realization of efficient nanoscale quantum interfaces between solid-state spins and single telecom photons with controllable waveform, for non-destructive detection of photonic qubits, and for the realization of quantum gates between rare-earth ion qubits coupled to an optical cavity.
Analysis of the genomic landscape of yolk sac tumors reveals mechanisms of evolution and chemoresistance
Authors: Zong Xuan , Zhang Ying , Peng Xinxin , Cao Dongyan , Yu Mei , Wang Jinhui , Li Hongyue , Guo Xuejiao , Liang Han , Yang Jiaxin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractYolk sac tumors (YSTs) are a major histological subtype of malignant ovarian germ cell tumors with a relatively poor prognosis. The molecular basis of this disease has not been thoroughly characterized at the genomic level. Here we perform whole-exome and RNA sequencing on 41 clinical tumor samples from 30 YST patients, with distinct responses to cisplatin-based chemotherapy. We show that microsatellite instability status and mutational signatures are informative of chemoresistance. We identify somatic driver candidates, including significantly mutated genesKRASandKITand copy-number alteration drivers, including deletedARID1AandPARK2, and amplifiedZNF217,CDKN1B, andKRAS. YSTs have very infrequentTP53mutations, whereas the tumors from patients with abnormal gonadal development contain bothKRASandTP53mutations. We further reveal a role ofOVOL2overexpression in YST resistance to cisplatin. This study lays a critical foundation for understanding key molecular aberrations in YSTs and developing related therapeutic strategies.
Defect and strain engineering of monolayer WSe2 enables site-controlled single-photon emission up to 150 K
Authors: Parto Kamyar , Azzam Shaimaa I. , Banerjee Kaustav , Moody Galan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn recent years, quantum-dot-like single-photon emitters in atomically thin van der Waals materials have become a promising platform for future on-chip scalable quantum light sources with unique advantages over existing technologies, notably the potential for site-specific engineering. However, the required cryogenic temperatures for the functionality of these sources has been an inhibitor of their full potential. Existing methods to create emitters in 2D materials face fundamental challenges in extending the working temperature while maintaining the emitter’s fabrication yield and purity. In this work, we demonstrate a method of creating site-controlled single-photon emitters in atomically thin WSe2 with high yield utilizing independent and simultaneous strain engineering via nanoscale stressors and defect engineering via electron-beam irradiation. Many of the emitters exhibit biexciton cascaded emission, single-photon purities above 95%, and working temperatures up to 150 K. This methodology, coupled with possible plasmonic or optical micro-cavity integration, furthers the realization of scalable, room-temperature, and high-quality 2D single- and entangled-photon sources.
Real-time imaging of cellular forces using optical interference
Authors: Meek Andrew T. , Kronenberg Nils M. , Morton Andrew , Liehm Philipp , Murawski Jan , Dalaka Eleni , Booth Jonathan H. , Powis Simon J. , Gather Malte C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractImportant dynamic processes in mechanobiology remain elusive due to a lack of tools to image the small cellular forces at play with sufficient speed and throughput. Here, we introduce a fast, interference-based force imaging method that uses the illumination of an elastic deformable microcavity with two rapidly alternating wavelengths to map forces. We show real-time acquisition and processing of data, obtain images of mechanical activity while scanning across a cell culture, and investigate sub-second fluctuations of the piconewton forces exerted by macrophage podosomes. We also demonstrate force imaging of beating neonatal cardiomyocytes at 100 fps which reveals mechanical aspects of spontaneous oscillatory contraction waves in between the main contraction cycles. These examples illustrate the wider potential of our technique for monitoring cellular forces with high throughput and excellent temporal resolution.
Benchmarking microbiome transformations favors experimental quantitative approaches to address compositionality and sampling depth biases
Authors: Lloréns-Rico Verónica , Vieira-Silva Sara , Gonçalves Pedro J. , Falony Gwen , Raes Jeroen 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWhile metagenomic sequencing has become the tool of preference to study host-associated microbial communities, downstream analyses and clinical interpretation of microbiome data remains challenging due to the sparsity and compositionality of sequence matrices. Here, we evaluate both computational and experimental approaches proposed to mitigate the impact of these outstanding issues. Generating fecal metagenomes drawn from simulated microbial communities, we benchmark the performance of thirteen commonly used analytical approaches in terms of diversity estimation, identification of taxon-taxon associations, and assessment of taxon-metadata correlations under the challenge of varying microbial ecosystem loads. We find quantitative approaches including experimental procedures to incorporate microbial load variation in downstream analyses to perform significantly better than computational strategies designed to mitigate data compositionality and sparsity, not only improving the identification of true positive associations, but also reducing false positive detection. When analyzing simulated scenarios of low microbial load dysbiosis as observed in inflammatory pathologies, quantitative methods correcting for sampling depth show higher precision compared to uncorrected scaling. Overall, our findings advocate for a wider adoption of experimental quantitative approaches in microbiome research, yet also suggest preferred transformations for specific cases where determination of microbial load of samples is not feasible.
The functional organization of excitatory synaptic input to place cells
Authors: Adoff Michael D. , Climer Jason R. , Davoudi Heydar , Marvin Jonathan S. , Looger Loren L. , Dombeck Daniel A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHippocampal place cells contribute to mammalian spatial navigation and memory formation. Numerous models have been proposed to explain the location-specific firing of this cognitive representation, but the pattern of excitatory synaptic input leading to place firing is unknown, leaving no synaptic-scale explanation of place coding. Here we used resonant scanning two-photon microscopy to establish the pattern of synaptic glutamate input received by CA1 place cells in behaving mice. During traversals of the somatic place field, we found increased excitatory dendritic input, mainly arising from inputs with spatial tuning overlapping the somatic field, and functional clustering of this input along the dendrites over ~10 µm. These results implicate increases in total excitatory input and co-activation of anatomically clustered synaptic input in place firing. Since they largely inherit their fields from upstream synaptic partners with similar fields, many CA1 place cells appear to be part of multi-brain-region cell assemblies forming representations of specific locations.