bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Profiling malaria infection among under-five children in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Emina Jacques B. O. , Doctor Henry V. , Yé Yazoumé 
Published: May 2021

Introduction
In 2018, Malaria accounted for 38% of the overall morbidity and 36% of the overall mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). This study aimed to identify malaria socioeconomic predictors among children aged 6–59 months in DRC and to describe a socioeconomic profile of the most-at-risk children aged 6–59 months for malaria infection.

Materials and methods
This study used data from the 2013 DRC Demographic and Health Survey. The sample included 8,547 children aged 6–59 months who were tested for malaria by microscopy. Malaria infection status, the dependent variable, is a dummy variable characterized as a positive or negative test. The independent variables were child’s sex, age, and living arrangement; mother’s education; household’s socioeconomic variables; province of residence; and type of place of residence. Statistical analyses used the chi-square automatic interaction detector (CHAID) model and logistic regression.

Results
Of the 8,547 children included in the sample, 25% had malaria infection. Four variables—child’s age, mother’s education, province, and wealth index—were statistically associated with the prevalence of malaria infection in bivariate analysis and multivariate analysis (CHAID and logistic regression). The prevalence of malaria infection increases with child’s age and decreases significantly with mother’s education and the household wealth index. These findings suggest that the prevalence of malaria infection is driven by interactions among environmental factors, socioeconomic characteristics, and probably differences in the implementation of malaria programs across the country. The effect of mother’s education on malaria infection was only significant among under-five children living in Ituri, Kasaï-Central, Haut-Uele, Lomami, Nord-Ubangi, and Maniema provinces, and the effect of wealth index was significant in Mai-Ndombe, Tshopo, and Haut-Katanga provinces.

Conclusion
Findings from this study could be used for targeting malaria interventions in DRC. Although malaria infection is common across the country, the prevalence of children at high risk for malaria infection varies by province and other background characteristics, including age, mother’s education, wealth index, and place of residence. In light of these findings, designing provincial and multisectoral interventions could be an effective strategy to achieve zero malaria infection in DRC.
The ongoing indirect effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on a pediatric emergency department
Authors: Erlichman Matti , Zalut Todd , Schwartz Shepard , Weiser Giora 
Published: May 2021

Introduction
The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic may cause significant morbidity and mortality in adults, yet severe cases are rare among children. The indirect impact of the pandemic on health care delivery in general and pediatric emergency department (PED) visits in particular has been widely reported.

Aims
To assess the impact of the pandemic and the social restrictions imposed in its wake on PED visits and hospitalization rates in our Israeli medical center. We also sought to track these data in relation to the variation in pandemic severity and social restrictions over time. A comparison of this data with that of the adult emergency department was also performed.

Methods
Data for this study were drawn from the Shaare Zedek Medical Center (SZMC), Jerusalem, Israel computerized databank. The daily number of PED and adult ER visits as well as hospitalizations resulting from these visits during the months January-July during the years 2018, 2019, 2020 were recorded. We compared the risk ratio for hospitalization in 2019 and 2020, as well as the incidence rate ratio.

Results
During March and April there was a decrease in PED visits from 4,588 visits in 2019 to 2,527 visits in 2020 (ratio = .551, 95%CI [.52,.58]. Despite the drop in PED visits, the rate of hospitalizations rose with respect to 2019 (Risk Ratio = 1.31, p < .001, 95%CI [1.17,1.47]). Similar but more moderate trends were seen in the adult ED. From May-July 2020, after the lockdown was lifted, PED visits remained 30% below the same time period from 2018 and 2019, while the hospitalization rate returned to its pre-pandemic level.

Conclusions
A significant drop in PED visits is seen to extend well beyond the peak of the pandemic and the lockdown period. This highlights the potential risk of children with serious emergencies becoming casualties of the pandemic by their not being brought to medical attention. Efforts should be made to raise public awareness among parents and other caretakers of children regarding this matter.
High prevalence of unawareness of HCV infection status among both HCV-seronegative and seropositive people living with human immunodeficiency virus in Taiwan
Authors: Lee Chun-Yuan , Wu Pei-Hua , Lu Meng-Wei , Chen Tun-Chieh , Lu Po-Liang 
Published: May 2021

ObjectivesHCV infection status awareness is crucial in the HCV care continuum for both HCV-seropositive (HCV-positive status awareness) and seronegative (HCV-negative status awareness) populations. However, trends in the unawareness of HCV infection status (UoHCV) remain unknown in HIV-positive patients. This study investigated UoHCV prevalence, the associated factors of UoHCV, and its association with HCV-related knowledge in HIV-positive patients.MethodsFor this cross-sectional, multicenter, questionnaire-based study, 844 HIV-infected participants were recruited from three hospitals in Taiwan from June 2018 to March 2020. Participants were grouped by HCV serostatus (HCV-seronegative [n = 734] and HCV-seropositive [n = 110]) and categorized by their HIV diagnosis date (before 2008, 2008–2013, and 2014–2020). Exploratory factor analysis was used to categorize the 15 items of HCV-related knowledge into three domains: route of HCV transmission, HCV course and complications, and HCV treatment.ResultsThe prevalence of UoHCV was 58.7%–62.6% and 15.1%–31.3% in the HCV-seronegative and HCV-seropositive groups, respectively, across 3 periods. More participants with UoHCV believed that HCV infection was only contracted by intravenous injection. In the HCV-seropositive group, participants with UoHCV were more likely to have HIV diagnosis before 2008 (vs. 2014–2020), be men who have sex with men (vs. people who inject drugs), and have hepatitis A virus seronegativity. In the HCV-seronegative group, participants with UoHCV were more likely to have a recent history of sexually transmitted diseases, but had a lower education level, had received less information on HCV infection from clinicians, and were less likely to have heard of HCV infection prior to the research. UoHCV was associated with lower scores for three domains of HCV-related knowledge in both groups.ConclusionsThe negative association of UoHCV with HCV-related knowledge suggests that strategies targeting patients according to their HCV serostatus should be implemented to reduce UoHCV and eradicate HCV infection among HIV-positive patients.
Advancing health equity in cancer care: The lived experiences of poverty and access to lung cancer screening
Authors: Sayani Ambreen , Vahabi Mandana , O’Brien Mary Ann , Liu Geoffrey , Hwang Stephen , Selby Peter , Nicholson Erika , Giuliani Meredith , Eng Lawson , Lofters Aisha 
Published: May 2021

Background
Individuals living with low income are more likely to smoke, have a higher risk of lung cancer, and are less likely to participate in preventative healthcare (i.e., low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) for lung cancer screening), leading to equity concerns. To inform the delivery of an organized pilot lung cancer screening program in Ontario, we sought to contextualize the lived experiences of poverty and the choice to participate in lung cancer screening.

Methods
At three Toronto academic primary-care clinics, high-risk screen-eligible patients who chose or declined LDCT screening were consented; sociodemographic data was collected. Qualitative interviews were conducted. Theoretical thematic analysis was used to organize, describe and interpret the data using the morphogenetic approach as a guiding theoretical lens.

Results
Eight participants chose to undergo screening; ten did not. From interviews, we identified three themes: Pathways of disadvantage (social trajectories of events that influence lung-cancer risk and health-seeking behaviour), lung-cancer risk and early detection (upstream factors that shape smoking behaviour and lung-cancer screening choices), and safe spaces of care (care that is free of bias, conflict, criticism, or potentially threatening actions, ideas or conversations). We illuminate how ‘choice’ is contextual to the availability of material resources such as income and housing, and how ‘choice’ is influenced by having access to spaces of care that are free of judgement and personal bias.

Conclusion
Underserved populations will require multiprong interventions that work at the individual, system and structural level to reduce inequities in lung-cancer risk and access to healthcare services such as cancer screening.
Utilisation of far infrared-emitting garments for optimising performance and recovery in sport: Real potential or new fad? A systematic review
Authors: Bontemps Bastien , Gruet Mathieu , Vercruyssen Fabrice , Louis Julien 
Published: May 2021

Background
Thanks to the specific materials they embed, far infrared (FIR)-emitting garments can interact with the body’s physiological functions. Such effects have been sought in medicine and physiotherapy for a long time for the treatment/relief of a variety of pathologies and disabling conditions. Recently, FIR-emitting garments have been introduced in the sporting domain under the influence of manufacturers seeing here a new opportunity to support physical performance in athletes, though this is not clearly established. To fill this gap, in this systematic review, we summarize the scientific evidence on the use of FIR-emitting garments in sport and provide directions for future research by shedding light on current scientific limitations.

Method
Five scientific databases (PubMed, Cochrane, ScienceDirect, Scopus and SPORTDiscus) were searched by two independent reviewers. Studies investigating the effects of FIR-emitting garments on at least one physiological outcome related to exercise performance and/or recovery in humans were selected. The methodological quality of retained studies was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale.

Results and discussion
Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review. Studies investigating similar outcomes related to exercise performance or recovery were scarce and results inconclusive, which prevents from drawing firm conclusion about the utilisation of FIR-emitting garments in athletes. However, these early results show that FIR-emitting garments may be of interest for exercise performance and recovery, mainly through their effects on the body’s thermoregulation and haemodynamic function. The summary provided in this review can be used to inform the design of future studies. (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021238029).
Knowledge, attitude, and practice on antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance among the veterinarians and para-veterinarians in Bhutan
Authors: Wangmo Karma , Dorji Thinley , Pokhrel Narayan , Dorji Tshering , Dorji Jambay , Tenzin Tenzin 
Published: May 2021

Introduction
Antimicrobial resistance is (AMR) an emerging global public health problem. Rationale use of antibiotic can prevent the rise of antimicrobial resistance. The objective of this study was to understand the knowledge, attitude and practice on antibiotic usage and AMR among the veterinarians and para-veterinarians in Bhutan.

Method
A cross-sectional questionnaire survey among the veterinarians and para-veterinarians was conducted from June to July 2020. A score of one to the correct answers and zero for the wrong answers was allotted to each respondent answers. The total score was added and those who scored above the mean was categorized as having good knowledge and favourable attitude.

Result
A total of 219 animal health workers participated in this study. The mean knowledge score was 12.05 ±1.74 with 38.8% of the respondents having good knowledge on antibiotic use and AMR. Similarly, the mean scores for the attitude level were 8.32±1.61 with 51% them having favorable attitude towards antibiotic usage and AMR. The mean practice score was 3.83±1.06 with 77% of them having good practices on antibiotic use. The respondents who read national plan on AMR were found to have good knowledge on antibiotics and AMR (AOR: 2.39; 95% CI: 1.19–4.82). The female respondents (AOR: 2.16; 95% CI: 1.01–4.61), respondents from the eastern region (AOR: 2.53; 95% CI: 1.18–5.44), west central (AOR: 3; 95% CI: 1.30–6.92), animal health supervisors (AOR: 9.77; 95% CI: 1.98–48.29), and livestock production supervisors (AOR: 2.77; 95% CI: 1.21–6.35) have favorable attitude towards antibiotics and AMR.

Conclusions
Our study identified that most animal health workers in Bhutan had poor knowledge on antibiotics usage and AMR. Therefore, regular awareness education on antibiotics and AMR in the form of refresher course/training must be provided to the animal health workers in the country to avoid inappropriate use of antibiotics.
Una aportación al origen de las mascarillas
Authors: Lozano Sánchez Francisco S. 
Published: May 2021

Las mascarillas, de demostrada eficacia a partir del siglo XIX (antisepsia-asepsia), se han visto reactualizadas debido a la pandemia COVID-19.
En 1897, el cirujano Jan Mikulicz (1850-1905) fue el creador de las mascarillas quirúrgicas, al demostrar la teoría de la infección por las gotas de saliva (Flügge). No obstante, existen precedentes «pre-científicos» que conocemos fundamentalmente a través de grabados (s. XVII) y pinturas (s. XVIII).
Presentamos una obra del pintor barroco Michel Serre (1658-1773), donde se observan personas utilizando mascarillas durante la gran peste de Marsella de 1720.
Potensi Longsor di Kabupaten Kendal, Provinsi Jawa Tengah Berdasarkan Penginderaan Jauh
Authors: Yogiswara Garindra , Putranto Thomas Triadi , Trisnawati Devina 
Published: May 2021

Kabupaten Kendal, Jawa Tengah memiliki riwayat longsor 206 kejadian pada 2010-2020, menyebabkan 41 bangunan rusak dan 28 warga mengungsi. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa longsor adalah kejadian yang serius dan perlu menjadi perhatian. Peta resmi kerentanan longsor oleh PVMBG dan Badan BPBD Kabupaten Kendal berskala regional perlu pembaruan kelengkapan data dan informasi. Penelitian bertujuan membuat zona potensi longsor untuk rekomendasi perencanaan dan pembangunan. Citra SPOT 6 dan 7 digunakan untuk interpretasi penggunaan lahan, curah hujan dari citra Himawari-8 2019, interpretasi litologi dan kelurusan (divalidasi dari data Pusat Survey Geologi 2013 dan lapangan), serta kemiringan lereng dari DEM. Kalkulasi merupakan kombinasi klasifikasi DVMBG 2004, BBPPSDLP 2009, dan PVMBG 2015. Zona potensi longsor rendah (44,05% atau 44.220 Ha) meliputi Kota Kendal, Patebon, Kaliwungu Utara, Brangsong, Kangkung, Patebon, Cepiring, Rowosari, Weleri dan Pegandon bagian utara, Gemuh bagian utara, Ringinarum bagian utara. Zona potensi longsor sedang (50,47% atau 50.661 Ha) meliputi Kaliwungu Selatan, Boja, Plantungan bagian utara, Sukorejo bagian utara, Pegandon bagian selatan, Gemuh bagian selatan, Ngampel bagian utara, Ringinarum bagian selatan, dan Patean bagian selatan. Potensi longsor tinggi (5,48% atau 5.500 Ha) meliputi Singorojo bagian utara dan barat, Sukorejo bagian selatan, Plantungan bagian selatan, Pageruyung bagian timur, Limbangan barat dan selatan, serta Patean bagian utara. Potensi longsor sangat tinggi (0,001% atau 1,3 Ha) meliputi daerah Sumber Rahayu dan Sriwulan Limbangan.
Cjeloživotno učenje unutar institucije
Authors: Perin Višnja , Terihaj Snježana 
Published: May 2021

Razvoj se i poboljšanje učinkovitosti organizacije između ostaloga postiže i brigom za konstantnim obrazovanjem i usavršavanjem djelatnika. Kao ključne faktore konkurentnosti organizacije ekonomisti navode ljudski kapital i organizacijsko znanje, a oba se faktora razvijaju obrazovanjem i usavršavanjem. Ishodi učenja i razvijanja vještina trebaju ponajprije voditi k ostvarivanju i razvoju osobnih potencijala i biti važnim elementom aktivnosti svih zaposlenih od kojih se očekuje dinamičnost, prilagodljivost i kompetitivnost. Poslovanje bilo koje organizacije zahtijeva usvajanje novih kompetencija djelatnika, usvajanje znanja, razvoj vještina, stjecanje iskustava. Nedostaci vještina i znanja te njihova neprilagođenost potrebama tržišta rada i same organizacije često su jedan od razloga neučinkovitosti i negativnoga imidža organizacije u javnosti, stoga je neophodno da organizacija neprestano uči ili podržava učeće okruženje za svoje radnike. U radu se daje prikaz razvoja obrazovanja djelatnika u Hrvatskom zavodu za zapošljavanje te se analiziraju iskustva djelatnika s različitim oblicima organiziranoga obrazovanja.
Potrzeby szkoleniowe w zakresie kompetencji kluczowych osób dorosłych
Authors: Kobylarek Aleksander , Jakubowska Luba , Błaszczyński Kamil 
Published: May 2021

Prezentowany raport, zawiera informacje o potrzebach edukacyjnych oraz ilościową ewaluację instytucji zatrudniających edukatorów osób dorosłych oraz pracowników NGO w krajach partnerów projektu (Polska, Francja, Włochy, Portugalia), w innych krajach europejskich i niektórych krajach pozaeuropejskich.W badaniu wzięło udział 1176 ankietowanych. Istotny jest fakt, że badanie było przeprowadzone w różnych krajach – nie tylko w krajach partnerów realizujących projekt. Stanowi to gwarancję, że uzyskane wyniki, odzwierciedlają sytuację europejskiego sektora edukacji dorosłych.
Increasing mTORC1 Pathway Activity or Methionine Supplementation during Pregnancy Reverses the Negative Effect of Maternal Malnutrition on the Developing Kidney
Authors: Makayes Yaniv , Resnick Elad , Hinden Liad , Aizenshtein Elina , Shlomi Tomer , Kopan Raphael , Nechama Morris , Volovelsky Oded 
Published: May 2021

Significance Statement
Kidney development ceases at the end of the third trimester of pregnancy, with no new nephrons forming after birth even with numerous injuries. Therefore, the intrauterine environment, as the maternal nutritional state, has a high effect on the risk of kidney disease when the fetus reaches adulthood. Impairment of mTOR pathway activity and methionine metabolism in nephron progenitor cells play a pivotal role in mediating the effect of caloric restriction during pregnancy on nephron endowment in a mouse model. Increasing the activity of the mTOR pathway or methionine supplementation during pregnancy reverses the negative effect of maternal malnutrition on the developing kidney. These results highlight new interventions to improve nephrogenesis in high-risk pregnancies.

Background
Low nephron number at birth is associated with a high risk of CKD in adulthood because nephrogenesis is completed in utero. Poor intrauterine environment impairs nephron endowment via an undefined molecular mechanism. A calorie-restricted diet (CRD) mouse model examined the effect of malnutrition during pregnancy on nephron progenitor cells (NPCs).

Methods
Daily caloric intake was reduced by 30% during pregnancy. mRNA expression, the cell cycle, and metabolic activity were evaluated in sorted Six2 NPCs. The results were validated using transgenic mice, oral nutrient supplementation, and organ cultures.

Results
Maternal CRD is associated with low nephron number in offspring, compromising kidney function at an older age. RNA-seq identified cell cycle regulators and the mTORC1 pathway, among other pathways, that maternal malnutrition in NPCs modifies. Metabolomics analysis of NPCs singled out the methionine pathway as crucial for NPC proliferation and maintenance. Methionine deprivation reduced NPC proliferation and lowered NPC number per tip in embryonic kidney cultures, with rescue from methionine metabolite supplementation. Importantly, in vivo, the negative effect of caloric restriction on nephrogenesis was prevented by adding methionine to the otherwise restricted diet during pregnancy or by removing one Tsc1 allele in NPCs.

Conclusions
These findings show that mTORC1 signaling and methionine metabolism are central to the cellular and metabolic effects of malnutrition during pregnancy on NPCs, contributing to nephrogenesis and later, to kidney health in adulthood.
Serum Total Homocysteine and Cardiovascular Disease Occurrence in Chronic, Stable Renal Transplant Recipients
Authors: DUCLOUX DIDIER , MOTTE GE[Combining Acute Accent]RARD , CHALLIER BRUNO , GIBEY ROGER , CHALOPIN JEAN-MARC 
Published: May 2021

Abstract.
Renal transplant recipients have disproportionately high rates of arteriosclerotic outcomes, and recent studies provided controlled evidence that clinically stable renal transplant recipients have an excess prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia. Few studies suggest that hyperhomocysteinemia may be a cardiovascular risk factor in renal transplant recipients. In the study presented here, the association between atherosclerotic events and homocysteine concentrations was examined in 207 stable renal transplant recipients. The role of hyperhomocysteinemia was analyzed with respect to other known cardio-vascular risk factors. The mean follow-up was 21.2 ± 1.9 mo (range, 14 to 26). Mean total homocysteine (tHcy) was 21.1 ± 9.5 μmol/L and median concentration was 19 μmol/L. Seventy percent of patients (n = 153) were hyperhomocysteinemic (values >15 μmol/L). tHcy correlated negatively with folate concentration (r = -0.3; P <0.01). tHcy was closely related to creatinine concentration (r = 0.54; P < 0.001). Cardiovascular disease events (CVE) including death were observed in 30 patients (14.5%; 7.34 events per 1000 person-months of follow-up). Fasting tHcy values were higher in patients who experienced CVE (31.5 ± 10.3 versus 17.8 ± 7.5; P < 0.001). Cox regression analysis showed that tHcy was a risk factor for cardiovascular complications (relative risk [RR] 1.06; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.04 to 1.09; P < 0.0001). This corresponds to an increase in RR for CVE of 6% per μmol/L increase in tHcy concentration. Age (RR 1.55; 95% CI, 1.09 to 2.19; P < 0.01) and creatinine concentration (RR 1.34; 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.66; P < 0.01) were also independent predictor for CVE. This study demonstrates that elevated fasting tHcy is an independent risk factor for the development of CVE in chronic stable renal transplant recipients. Randomized, place-bo-controlled homocysteine studies of the effect of tHcy lowering on CVE rates are urgently required in this patient population.