bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Separation of oil/water emulsions by microbubble air flotation
Authors: Al-Dulaimi Sumaya L , Al-Yaqoobi Atheer M 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOil/water emulsions are one of the major threats to environment nowadays, occurs at many stages in the production and treatment of crude oil. The oil recovery process adopted will depend on how the oil is present in the water stream. Oil can be found as free oil, as an unstable oil/water emulsion and also as a highly stable oil/water emulsion. The current study was dedicated to the application of microbubble air flotation process for the removal of such oily emulsions for its characters of cost-effective, simple structure, high efficiency and no secondary pollution. The influence of several key parameters on the process removal efficiency was examined, namely, initial oil concentration, pH value of the emulsion, and the effect of adding sodium chloride. The effect of bubble size on the performance of the separation process and its impact on removal efficiency was also investigated. The results demonstrated that removal efficiency obtained by using microbubbles flotation was higher by factor of 1.72 in comparison with that achieved with fine bubbles. The removal efficiency of oil droplets was increased with the increasing of flotation time and initial oil concentration. The removal efficiency reached up 60.68% under alkaline conditions (pH≈9), and it increased to around 75% by decreasing the emulsion acidity to around (pH≈3). The addition of sodium chloride has a significant influence to the efficiency of the flotation process. The efficiency could be reached to about 84% by adding 1 gL−1of NaCl to the emulsion. While increasing the NaCl concentration to 9 gL−1resulted in reduction in removal efficiency to around 80%.
A review on Queue Management Algorithms in Large Networks
Authors: Hamdi Mustafa Maad , Mahdi Hussain Falih , Abood Mohammed Salah , Mohammed Ruaa Qahtan , Abbas Abdulkareem Dawah , Mohammed Alaa Hamid 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The efficiency of Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is significantly influenced by Congestion Control. Many scientists have widely researched and suggested several improvements to conventional TCP Congestion Control over the past centuries. This subject, however, still inspires scholarly and industrial research groups due to changes in demands for internet applications and the evolution of internet technologies. In this review paper, illustrate the most important features of the TCP and its mechanisms. The challenges and its effect on the performance of the network communication have also been explained. Several research groups have been working on the improvement of the quality of services of the network. This paper reviews some recent studies and argues their latest findings to have a better understanding. Where the important features of sub-sections of the TCP were presented. Then we showed the two main classes of the existing router queue management system. Performance metrics are used to show the behaviour of a network during data transmission. The results in this study showed the performance of ARED was be better than that of RED.
A New Deployment Schema Using Dynamic Relay Vehicle to Improve VANETs Connectivity in Urban Environment
Authors: Ibrahem K D , Rashid A N , Mubark F S 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANETs) have emerged as promising technology to support traffic safety applications of intelligent transportation system (ITS). One of the most important challenges facing VANET is the connectivity, due to obstacles, high mobility, dynamic topology which leads to disconnection problem. Deploying road Sid unite (RSU) to improves VANET connectivity is considered as a highly cost solution. Previous researches suggested diverse RSU deployment schemes and algorithms to solve the RSU deployment issue in order to achieve better network connectivity with minimum number of RSU. In this paper we propose dynamic relay node as replacement to RSU with zero infrastructure. It’s Using key metrics of interest (such as connection duration, re-healing time, receiving time) we provide thorough visualization for network connectivity of urban VANETs with dynamic relay node. It is not only a low-cost solution, but it is practical solution since it does not require RSU installation or maintenance. Simulations are carried out in ns2 to evaluate the performance of dynamic relay node in urban environment. The proposed scheme proves its efficiency through increasing the vehicle density in the road and by increasing relay vehicle velocity. The result shows that the proposed scheme improve the network connectivity as the number of relays increased up to four dynamic relay nodes.
Medical Image Compression Based on SPIHT-BAT Algorithms
Authors: Salih Huda M , Kadhim Ali Mohammed 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The main aim of this study is to decrease the amount of storage as much as possible and the decoded image seen on the monitor should be as close as possible to the original image. The main goal of this study is to design a fully hybrid system for medical image compression. For this purpose, a hybrid techniques were used to enhance the compression performance, decreasing the computational complexity level and raising the CR (Compression Ratio, the proposed system is adopted on these tools: to design a new fully hybrid image compression system to compress a medical image (Brain Tumour disease type). Furthermore, a new reliable algorithm was proposed in order to identify the ROI (Region of Interest) and NROI (Non-Region of Interest) before compression process. In addition, this algorithm has less computational complexity and efficient, also develop new algorithms to compress the ROI and NROI regions. The first region, ROI, is compressed by cascading of SPIHT and BAT algorithms. Meanwhile, the second region (NROI) is compressed by the 2D-DWT algorithm, finally to design a new coding system by mixed the RLE (Run-Length Encoding) and Huffman coding algorithms to improve the CR. The results indicate that the SPIHT-BAT algorithm has increase the compression ratio better than SPIHT. Furthermore, the result of ROI region better than the result of NROI region. While the result of coding when used (RLE- Huffman) algorithm better than the result when used (RLE) alone or Huffman algorithm. The different parameters of compression process indicate that the proposed system is better than that of Traditional systems that described in literature.
Driverless Cars with Communication System Based On Multiple Access Protocols
Authors: Alani Tasneem A. , Aliesawi Salah A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Road traffic accidents are perceived as a serious problem in societies and one of the main reasons of fatalities, disability and injuries that inflict humans all over the world. Most of the Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) supported safety applications mainly rely on transmitting safety messages either by the means of vehicles or Road-Side Units (RSUs), whether it is a periodical action or in the case of an unexpected event, such as detecting unsafe road condition or a hard brake cases. This paper presents a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) protocol and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) protocol, which are designed specifically for supporting high-priority safety applications in a VANET scenario. The scenario of a virtual city is simulated and various metrics for performance are evaluated, comprising protocol overheads, good network mode, and channel usage, fairness of protocol, potential transmission collision, and delay delivery of the safety message. It was found that these protocols far outweighs the current Medium Access Control (MAC) schemes, which involve significant limitations in supporting the application of VANET. The suggested protocols can be seen as a promising tool for MAC in VANETs, which is able to achieve various unconventional safety applications to boost the standards of public safety and enhance safety for passengers, pedestrians and drivers on the roads. The result of the communication system is concluded that the approach provides optimum communication performance for received packets, packets delivery ratio, totally dropped packets and average end to-end delay. The proposed scheme has a 94% packet delivery ratio in CDMA, 92% in TDMA and 82% than other cases.
Efficient Hardware Implementation for Quantum key Distribution Protocol using FPGA
Authors: Abbas Yasir Amer , Abdullah Alharith A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a new hardware implementation of the quantum key distributed cryptography protocol using Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). In many security applications, the software implementations of key distribution algorithms are slow and inefficient. In order to solve this problems, new hardware architecture was proposed to speed up the performance and flexibility of key distribution algorithms. The concurrent computing designs quantum key distribution protocol with reducing the hardware area, producing a high throughput and low latency. It also showed high speed processing and consumed low power. An efficient hardware architectural model for quantum key distribution protocol was developed using very high-speed integrated circuit hardware description language (VHDL). This hardware designed to be used with any quantum key distribution protocol to distribution the secret key securely. The hardware implemented and test with Spartan-3 FPGA board and the results show a throughput of 8 Mbps and efficiency of 1.6 Mbps/slice.
Combined Chi-Square with k-Means for Document Clustering
Authors: Kadhim Ammar Ismael , Jassim Abood Kirebut 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Currently, the dynamic website has increased with more than thousands of documents associated to a category topic available. Most of the website documents are unstructured and not in an arranged method and thereby the user suffer to obtain the related documents. A more helpful and efficiency technique by combining document clustering with ranking, where document clustering can collection the similar documents in one category and document ranking can be carried out to each cluster for selecting the best documents in the initial categorization. Besides the specific clustering technique, the different types of term weighting functions implemented to select the features that it represents website document is a chief part in clustering mission. Moreover, document clustering indicates to unsupervised categorization of text documents into clusters in such a method that the text documents in a specific cluster are similar. Therefore, this study proposed a new technique combined chi-square with k-means for clustering the website documents. Furthermore, this study implements information gain and chi-square combined with k-means for document clustering. It helps the user to obtain the whole related documents in one cluster. For experimental objective, it has selected the BBC sport and BBC news datasets to show the superiority of the proposed technique. The experimental findings show that the chi-square with combined with k-means clustering improves the performance of document clustering.
Skin Disease Classification System Based on Machine Learning Technique: A Survey
Authors: Mohammed Saja Salim , Al-Tuwaijari Jamal Mustafa 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Skin diseases are a major and worrying problem in societies due to their physical and psychological effects on patients. Detecting skin diseases at an early stage has an important role in treatment. The process of diagnosing and treating skin injury is related to the skill and experience of the specialist doctor. The diagnostic process must be accurate and timely. Recently, artificial intelligence science has been used in the field of diagnosing skin diseases through the use of machine learning algorithms and the exploitation of the vast amount of data available in health centers and hospitals. In this paper, quite many previous studies related to methods of classification of skin diseases based on the principle of machine learning were collected. In a group of previous studies, the researchers used some systems, mechanisms, and algorithms. Several systems have been successful in classifying skin diseases and achieving varying diagnostic accuracy. Various systems have relied on methods of image processing and feature extraction that help predict and detect disease type. There are other systems designed to identify specific types of skin disease through clinical features and features obtained from tissue analyzes after a skin biopsy of the affected area. This survey shows that the diagnostic accuracy in image processing methods was relatively uneven, ranged between (50% to 100%). As for the methods of treating tissue features, the accuracy was of an excellent level of 94% or more. The results provide an overview of the actual relevant studies found in the literature and highlight most of which research gaps have emerged.
An Enhancement Coherent Code Discriminator for Tracking GPS Signal
Authors: Albu-Rghaif Ali , Abdulkadhim Hussein A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Tracking the global positioning system (GPS) signals is a more important process in hardware/software GPS receivers. Any error leads to either provide inaccurate location fixing/measurement or lose signal lock in the tracking process. Delay lock loop and phase lock loop are responsible for synchronising with receiving code and wiping off the carrier frequency with Doppler frequency shift receptively. Code discriminator and code loop filter are characterised the delay lock loop, which is utilised to synchronise the generated code with received signal’s code. In this work, an enhanced coherent code discriminator is designed in order to enhance the tracking process. Our discriminator has been analysed and compared with the coherent and non-coherent discriminators. Also, real GPS data is employed for different GPS satellites situations, in these comparisons. The processing results showed that our design has better performance than the coherent and non-coherent code discriminators for the strong and weaker GPS signals in terms of reducing errors of discriminator output. Moreover, a standard deviation and root mean square is also utilised to evaluate our design, and the results revealed that all obtained values are less than the coherent and non-coherent code discriminators.
Optimized Design for Improving the Performance of Stator Three-Phase Induction Motor for Industrial Applications Using HHO Algorithm
Authors: Mohammed Khalid G , Khalaf Nasrallah S , Yas Qahtan M , Hutaihit Maha A 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In the present study, an optimal design method of industrial induction motor is developed. All design equations are formulated, all constraints and limitations requirement are assigned. Harris Hauk Optimization (HHO) is a robust heuristic optimization technique; it is considered fairly new. It is adopted to find optimal values of parameters to achieve the best efficient design. An industrial practical sample is suggested to validate the proposed performance improvement method. For comparison, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is used as another robust optimization widely used. Some of important performance parameters of induction motor design system were compared with the performance of convergent systems in size available in literatures.
The Smart Parking System Using Ultrasonic Control Sensors
Authors: Allbadi Yousif , Shehab Jinan N. , Jasim Musaab M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Over the past decade, the concept of smart cities has become very popular thanks to the Internet of Things (IoT) development and expansion for increasing the reliability of building the infrastructure of cities. The continuous increase of vehicles in the streets with the lack of car parking is becoming a problem in most urban cities. Therefore, the demand for smart car parking systems is increased for helping drivers to find a suitable car space quickly. This paper presents a smart parking system using infrared and ultrasonic sensors, which is controlled by Arduino Mega 2560. The Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) reader provides authorization to enter the smart parking system. On the other hand, a mobile application is added to allows users to know about the empty spaces based via WiFi application. This smart parking system is implementing in a small-scale model, and the results show that simulates the car parking with the mobile application, all the sensors, and the Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) screen display, to describe a view of the system architecture.
On the Trade-offs of 5G networks and Beyond
Authors: Ahmed Al-Karawi Yassir Ameen , Taher Montadar Abas , Ahmed Riyadh khlf 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Towards offering productive organizations and clean condition, green organization is an essential for the future correspondence ages. This paper talks about the comprehensive and best compromises that are simultaneous with empowering the green advancement. This paper numerically assesses the impacts of the numerous measurements and factors, for example, powering sufficiency, deployment cost, revenue, economy dimension, delay up on CO2 emission, bandwidth, consumed power, cost efficiency, transmitted power, energy efficiency and spectral efficiency. This work likewise shows that green situated organizations may think about generally significant expense productivity. In like manner, the organization suppliers and financial specialists can decide after utilizing the suitable wellspring of vitality and supporters one of them.
Geometry Modification Effect on The Aerodynamic Characteristics of NACA 0015 Using CFD.
Authors: Abed K N , Almahdawi YA J , Kader E E 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe airflow around two-dimensional standard NACA 0015 airfoil effect was studied and analysed. The study was performed by simulating three geometrical modification airfoils (bumps NACA 0015, multi-element NACA 0015, and a backward-facing step NACA0015). Using SST (Shear Stress Transport) turbulence model and compared with standard NACA 0015 was the performed methodology. The research focuses on two cases (at different attack angles from 0 to 18 degrees with Re=1.65x106). Case I: the numerical analysis method data for the coefficient of lift of standard NACA 0015 (baseline case study) is compared to the previous experimental data. Case II: the coefficient of pressure, coefficient of lift, the contour of static pressure, and the velocity contour for standard NACA 0015(chord length c=1m) were calculated and compared with three geometrical modifications NACA 0015 airfoil. The CFD software ANSYS FLUENT version 17.1 was used for the computations in the present study. As a result, the geometrical modification influences on the aerodynamic properties of NACA 0015 was investigated. Compared to standard NACA 0015 airfoil, a significant improvement in the lift coefficient for multi-element NACA 0015 was noticed especially at the angle of attack (6°,14° and 18°) while slight improvement was noticed in the lifting coefficient for the other two models (bumps NACA 0015, and a backward-facing step NACA0015) at AOA 14 degree.
Experimental Study of Forced Convection Heat Transfer through Porous Media inside a Rectangular Duct of Fully Developed Region
Authors: Mahdi A N , Hasan M R , Rasheed S A 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis prospective study was designed to experimentally investigate the effects of inserting copper mesh in fully developed turbulent flow on the flow and heat transfer characteristics. Experimental work includes designing and manufacturing the test section of rectangular duct with dimensions of (30*3*40 cm) with aspect ratio and hydraulic diameter of 10 and 5.45 mm respectively. A constant heat flux ranged (1.5*102– 1.8*102W/m2) was applied to the lower surface of duct with Reynolds number range (3.3*104– 4.8*104). The porosity rang of (0.98 – 0.99). Also, the effects of porous height ratio (full and partial filling) were considered and considered air as working fluid. The results indicate that inserting mesh wire leads to enhance heat transfer coefficient and increase pressure drop. Taken together, these results show that the obtained values of performance enhancement criteria (PEC) ranged (1.01 -1.98 ), the enhancement in heat transfer coefficient is 315% duo to wire mesh insert. Also, from obtained results empirical correlation for friction factor and Nusselt number were suggested.
Simulation between Soldering and Brazing of Copper at 450 Temperature by Zn-Sn Fillet Alloy
Authors: Kahlol Kadhim K. , Aldhaidhawi M , Nawi Sami A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this research, a comparison between Soldering and Brazing welding of pure copper metal using a (Zn-Sn) alloy filler was numerically investigated. The welding operations on the eight pieces with dimension (30mm x 20mm x 2mm) were carried out used (Auto Desk Inventor program) to prepare four samples, while the simulation was conducted on these samples by utilized the (COMSOL Multiphysics 4.1 program) to investigate the heat distribution and tensile stress. The simulation study results showed that the thermal distribution of Soldering welding was less than that of the Brazing welding in the area between (40-60 mm) and the maximum temperature of Soldering welding in that region was (405 °C), while the highest temperature for the Brazing welding in the same area reaches to (449 °C). The total displacement of the Soldering welding was up to1.9 x10-7 mm greater than that of the Brazing welding when the shedding stress equal to 5x104 N/ m2
Numerical response of aluminium plate (6061-T6) under dynamic loadings.
Authors: Nassir Nassier A. , Hassan Ayad K. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The response of aluminium plates (6061-T6) under low velocity impact is investigated numerically using ABAQUS software package. Firstly, the effect of the sample thickness on the perforation resistance of the aluminium plates is undertaken. It was shown that the perforation behaviour of the plates investigated increases with the target thickness and the maximum resistance to perforation, for the range of thicknesses investigated, was achieved using 4 mm thick panels. In order to capture the influence of the projectile shapes on the perforation behaviour, the aluminium plates were impacted with different head shapes impactors. The results showed that plates impacted with a flatted impactor offer the highest perforation resistance. Moreover, the results showed that changing the size of the targets has no significant change on the dynamic behaviour of the plates investigated in this study. Finally, it is suggested that the finite element models developed in this study can be used to capture the effect of the geometric and loading conditions of aluminium plates under perforation by low velocity impact.
Influence study of porous material and diameter on heat transmission from corrugated walls cavity
Authors: Sadeq Mays Subhi , Kadhi Zena Khalefa 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Experimental study of heat transfer by free convection in a cavity filled with a porous medium. The study carried out on three forms of cavities (a cavity with flat walls, opposite walls, and similar walls), for the wavy wall cavity the (Asp=1), where a regular thermal flux was applied at the bottom with five values ranging between (500-2000) W/m2 by using five voltages (8,10,12,14 and 16) W. The side was completely insulated to be adiabatic and the upper surface of the cavity is exposed to free convection. The sand (1 mm and 3 mm) and glass (1 mm and 5 mm) were used as a porous medium of the three forms of cavities that have been studied. The experimental results show that the cavity with opposite walls gives the largest difference in temperature, as this difference is the basis for studying the other parameter. The lower thermal conductivity of the materials gives the greater heat transfer process, and this was demonstrated by the materials used, where sand gave the best heat transfer. When the diameter of the porous material increases, the temperature difference will decrease, and accordingly the heat transfer coefficient of free convection increases.