bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Keds Are Alright: Community Collection of Ticks (Ixodida: Ixodidae) and Keds (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) From Hunter-Harvested Deer
Authors: Evans Jesse Ray , Poh Karen C , Skvarla Michael , Machtinger Erika T 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Deer keds [Lipoptena cervi (L. 1758)] are ectoparasitic and hematophagous dipterans. Originally native to Northern Europe, L. cervi records in the United States begin in 1907 when they were found in Pennsylvania and New Hampshire. Subsequently, they have been recorded from several states and parasitize many native cervids (Artiodactyla: Cervidae) including white-tailed deer [Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmerman 1780)]. Concurrently, blacklegged ticks [Ixodes scapularis (Say 1821)], and cases of Lyme disease are increasing in prevalence in the Northeast. The continued expansion and increase in vectors and vector-borne diseases present an opportunity for study and community outreach. We used a combination of active and passive collection techniques, using deer hunters as community scientists, to collect ectoparasites of deer in Pennsylvania over two hunting seasons (2018–2019, 2019–2020). Community scientists were recruited through Facebook groups, e-mail, and hunting clubs. In total, 1,226 L. cervi and 1,954 I. scapularis were collected from white-tailed deer harvested by the community and deer processors across both hunting seasons. The community collected 298 L. cervi and 472 I. scapularis during the 2018–2019 season. In the same season, 529 L. cervi and 577 I. scapularis were collected from deer processors. For the 2019–2020 season, 225 L. cervi and 381 I. scapularis were collected by the community and 174 L. cervi and 524 I. scapularis were collected from deer processors. Benefits and drawbacks were identified for each collection method and a combination of both methods was found to be most effective in gathering specimens without sacrificing standardization.
Enforcement of Chinese Insider Trading Law: An Empirical and Comparative Perspective
Authors: Huang Robin Hui 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This Article conducts the first comprehensive and systematic empirical analysis of all relevant insider trading cases in China from the birth of Chinese securities markets in the early 1990s until mid-2017, shedding light on the way in which China’s insider trading law has been enforced by the regulator and criminal courts in practice. First, the Article generates descriptive statistics on features of insider trading cases, such as the total number of cases over the study period, the temporal distribution of the cases, the identity of the insider, and the nature of the insider information. Second, it measures the intensity of insider trading enforcement and compares the Chinese situation with six overseas jurisdictions, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, Singapore, and Hong Kong. Third, using multiple regression analyses, it identifies potential factors determining the administrative and criminal penalties for insider trading.
The results of the empirical study indicate that China has significantly stepped up its efforts to crack down on insider trading in recent years, resulting in a sharp increase in insider trading cases, particularly criminal cases since 2008. While the Chinese insider trading law was essentially transplanted from overseas jurisdictions, its; enforcement has exhibited distinctive features in its local environment. Judging by the type, magnitude, and frequency of the sanctions imposed, the intensity of insider trading enforcement in China seems to be at a level comparable to relevant jurisdictions overseas. Administrative and criminal penalties against insider trading are found to be significantly influenced by some factors, notably the amount of illegal proceeds, the magnitude of social impact, the presence of mitigating circumstances, and whether the trader used others’ accounts to trade. The hope is that the empirical findings will help inform the policy debate over the regulation of insider trading in China and beyond.
Use of the Idylla EGFR Mutation Test for Variant Detection in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Samples
Authors: Hawkins Paul , Stevenson Tracey , Powari Manish 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Stratified management of patients with non–small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) through epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) variant analysis has become standard clinical practice. The Idylla system is a fully compliant European in vitro diagnostics device, a fully automated platform designed to rapidly genotype formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples. This retrospective study aims to validate the Idylla EGFR Mutation Test for use with extracted DNA from known NSCLC samples.

Methods
In this study, 20 µL of archival extracted DNA was placed directly inside the Idylla EGFR assay single-use cartridge. Idylla results were compared with the original Sanger sequencing reference method.

Results
The Idylla EGFR Mutation Test yielded valid results for all samples tested, confirming the variants identified by the reference method that lay within the Idylla target range. No false-positive cases were noted with the Idylla assay. Variant genotype reports were obtained within 150 minutes.

Conclusions
The Idylla EGFR assay is sensitive for extracted DNA and can be reliably applied to cytologic specimens, enabling its implementation as an ancillary first-line test for patients with NSCLC.
Stephen King, Incorporated: Genre Fiction and the Problem of Authorship
Authors: Allan Angela S 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis essay examines Stephen King’s career in relation to the evolving literary status of genre fiction. Following the financialization of the publishing industry, genre fiction became one of its most profitable forms. As a result, agents and houses sought to invest in brand-name authors who could attract a mass-market readership based on reputation alone. While this development helped turn King into one of the most successful novelists of the late twentieth century, it also provided an opportunity to engage with questions about authorial autonomy, the demands of the market, and the mediating force of publishers in his own work. Novels like Misery (1984) and the “Dark Tower” series (1982–2004)—explicitly centered on the writing of genre fiction—articulate a model of authorial professionalism built upon the metaphor of the corporation. Understanding genre as a corporate form need not be grounds for critical dismissal, but can instead serve a critical purpose. Genre fiction, this essay argues, functions as a mechanism for confronting the economic conditions and expectations of the contemporary publishing industry and its impact on literary production.
PySmash: Python package and individual executable program for representative substructure generation and application
Authors: Yang Zi-Yi , Yang Zhi-Jiang , Zhao Yue , Yin Ming-Zhu , Lu Ai-Ping , Chen Xiang , Liu Shao , Hou Ting-Jun , Cao Dong-Sheng 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
Substructure screening is widely applied to evaluate the molecular potency and ADMET properties of compounds in drug discovery pipelines, and it can also be used to interpret QSAR models for the design of new compounds with desirable physicochemical and biological properties. With the continuous accumulation of more experimental data, data-driven computational systems which can derive representative substructures from large chemical libraries attract more attention. Therefore, the development of an integrated and convenient tool to generate and implement representative substructures is urgently needed.

Results
In this study, PySmash, a user-friendly and powerful tool to generate different types of representative substructures, was developed. The current version of PySmash provides both a Python package and an individual executable program, which achieves ease of operation and pipeline integration. Three types of substructure generation algorithms, including circular, path-based and functional group-based algorithms, are provided. Users can conveniently customize their own requirements for substructure size, accuracy and coverage, statistical significance and parallel computation during execution. Besides, PySmash provides the function for external data screening.

Conclusion
PySmash, a user-friendly and integrated tool for the automatic generation and implementation of representative substructures, is presented. Three screening examples, including toxicophore derivation, privileged motif detection and the integration of substructures with machine learning (ML) models, are provided to illustrate the utility of PySmash in safety profile evaluation, therapeutic activity exploration and molecular optimization, respectively. Its executable program and Python package are available at https://github.com/kotori-y/pySmash.
Unemployment and crime: Experimental evidence of the causal effects of intensified ALMPs on crime rates among unemployed individuals
Authors: Andersen Signe Hald 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPrevious studies investigate whether levels of welfare benefits reduce crime among the unemployed. The current paper expands this literature by testing whether the intensity of other welfare programs aimed at the unemployed affects their criminal activity. For this purpose, the study uses evidence from a Danish social experiment that randomly assigned active labour market programs (ALMPs) of different intensity to newly unemployed individuals (N = 4.710, 41.7 per cent women). Using a negative binomial model, I find that the experiment significantly reduced the number of criminal convictions from 61 in the control group to 43 among the treated. While this 40 per cent decrease reflects a numerically small effect, the results still indicate that the intensity of ALMPs affects criminal behaviour among the unemployed.
Surgical cognitive simulation improves real-world surgical performance: randomized study
Authors: Cragg J , Mushtaq F , Lal N , Garnham A , Hallissey M , Graham T , Shiralkar U 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundDespite the acknowledgement of human factors, application of psychological methods by surgeons to improve surgical performance is sparse. This may reflect the paucity of evidence that would help surgeons to use psychological techniques effectively. There is a need for novel approaches to see how cognitive training might be used to address these challenges.MethodsSurgical trainees were divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group received training in surgical cognitive simulation (SCS) and was asked to apply the techniques while working in operating theatres. Both groups underwent procedure-based assessment based on the UK and Ireland Intercollegiate Surgical Curriculum Programme (ISCP) before the training and 4 months afterwards. Subjective evaluations of SCS application were obtained from the intervention group participants.ResultsAmong 21 participants in the study, there was a statistically significant improvement in 11 of 16 procedure-based assessment domains (P &lt; 0.050) as well as a statistically significant mean reduction in time to complete the procedure in the intervention group (–15.98 versus –1.14 min; P = 0.024). Subjectively, the intervention group experienced various benefits with SCS, especially in preoperative preparedness, intraoperative focus, and overall performance.ConclusionSCS training has a statistically significant impact in improving surgical performance. Subjective feedback suggests that surgeons are able to apply it in practice. SCS may prove a vital adjunct for skill acquisition in surgical training.
A Powerful HPLC-ELSD Method for Simultaneous Determination of Fecal Bile Acids in T2DM Rats Interfered by Sanhuang Xiexin Tang
Authors: Chen Mengjun , Liu Chen , Shen Yumeng , Zou Junfeng , Zhang Zhimiao , Wan Yue , Yang Lei , Jiang Shu , Qian Dawei , Duan Jinao 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) as important endogenous ligands can activate farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1, also known as TGR5) signaling to regulate glycolipid metabolism. In this study, a simple, reliable and sensitive analysis method for simultaneous determination of four BAs from rat feces based on high-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detector (HPLC-ELSD) was developed. Chromatographic analysis was performed with the mobile phases of acetonitrile and 0.2% formic acid. All the standard curves exhibited good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.99). The relative standard deviations of precision, stability and repeatability varied from 1.27 to 3.96%, 2.20 to 3.89% and 3.00 to 4.31%, respectively. The validated method was successfully applied to investigate the variation of four BAs in feces from T2DM rats after oral administration of Sanhuang Xiexin Tang (SXT). Data showed that SXT could remarkably increase the contents of conjunct BAs and decrease the contents of free BAs, which might contribute to ameliorate the symptoms of T2DM rats.
A history of uremic toxicity and of the European Uremic Toxin Work Group (EUTox)
Authors: Vanholder Raymond , Argiles Angel , Jankowski Joachim ,   for the European Uremic Toxin Work Group (EUTox)
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The uremic syndrome is a complex clinical picture developing in the advanced stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) resulting in a myriad of complications and a high early mortality. This picture is to a significant extent defined by retention of metabolites and peptides that with a preserved kidney function are excreted or degraded by the kidneys. In as far as those solutes have a negative biological/biochemical impact, they are called uremic toxins. Here, we describe the historical evolution of the scientific knowledge about uremic toxins and the role played in this process by the European Uremic Toxin Work Group (EUTox) during the last two decades.
The earliest knowledge about a uremic toxin goes back to the early 17th century when the existence of what later would appear to be urea was recognized. It cost about two further centuries to better define the role of urea and its link to kidney failure and one more century to identify the relevance of post-translational modifications caused by urea such as carbamoylation.
The knowledge progressively extended, especially from 1980 on, by the identification of more and more toxins and their adverse biological/biochemical impact. Progress of knowledge was paralleled and impacted by evolution of dialysis strategies. The last two decades, when Insights grew exponentially, coincides with the foundation and activity of EUTox. In the final section we summarize the role and accomplishments of EUTox and the part it is likely to play in future action, which should be organized around focus points like biomarker and potential target identification, intestinal generation, toxicity mechanisms and their correction, kidney and extracorporeal removal, patient-oriented outcomes, and toxin characteristics in acute kidney injury and transplantation.
Determinants of paravalvular leakage following transcatheter aortic valve replacement in patients with bicuspid and tricuspid aortic stenosis
Authors: Kim Won-Keun , Bhumimuang Kid , Renker Matthias , Fischer-Rasokat Ulrich , Möllmann Helge , Walther Thomas , Choi Yeong-Hoon , Nef Holger , Hamm Christian W 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAimsParavalvular leakage (PVL) after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is a common complication in patients with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV). However, predictors and mechanisms of PVL are not well understood in this subset. The aim of this study was to analyse determinants and mechanisms of PVL in BAV and tricuspid aortic valve (TAV).Methods and resultsOf the 2394 consecutive patients undergoing transfemoral TAVR using new-generation valves at our centre, we identified 242 cases with BAV. To adjust for baseline differences, we performed 3 : 1 propensity score matching (TAVPS n = 726). We analysed the aortic root anatomy and calcification as well as the number, circumferential distribution, and predilection sites of PVL using pre-procedural multidetector computed tomography and post-TAVR echocardiography. In the matched cohort, the incidence of PVL ≥mild (BAV 51.9% vs. TAVPS 51.7%; P = 0.955) and PVL ≥moderate (BAV 5.0% vs. TAVPS 3.7%; P = 0.393), the circumferential distribution, and independent predictors were similar between BAV and TAVPS. Both the presence of peri-annular calcium chunks or LVOT calcification were highly associated with PVL in BAV and TAVPS patients, whereas in BAV patients neither the presence of a calcium bridge nor the volume of its calcification was related to PVL. Notably, the spatial localization of these lesions did not necessarily match the circumferential leak position.ConclusionThe incidence, circumferential distribution, predilection sites, and predictors of PVL were similar in matched population of BAV and TAVPS patients undergoing transfemoral TAVR using new-generation devices. These novel findings suggest a common underlying mechanism of PVL in both entities.
The effects of Nurse Led Transitional Care Model on elderly patients undergoing open heart surgery: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Coskun Simge , Duygulu Sergul 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Aims
Rate and number of successful cases in open heart surgery has been increasing due to the advances in medical technology and surgery. To improve patient convalescence results and reduce rate of post-discharge readmission to hospital and unplanned post-discharge rehospitalization, home-care and follow-up process of patients should be managed successfully. To evaluate the effectiveness of Nurse Led Transitional Care Model on the functional autonomy, quality of life, readmission, and rehospitalization rates of elderly patients undergoing open heart surgery. A randomized controlled trial was conducted from November 2017 to December 2018 and performed according to the CONSORT Guidelines.

Methods and results
Sixty-six elderly patients were randomly allocated to the intervention (n: 33) and control (n: 33) groups. Patients in intervention group were given care based on the Transitional Care Model until the post-discharge 9th week starting from date of hospitalization. Patients in control group were given standard care services. Functional autonomy, quality of life levels, and repeated admission/re-hospitalization rates to the clinic were evaluated. The Functional Autonomy Measurement System and SF-36 Quality of Life Scale scores of the intervention group were higher than that of the control group at the 9th week (P &lt; 0.05). In addition, rate of readmission and rehospitalization during the follow-up period (6 months) of patients in the intervention group was found to be lower than the patients in the control group (P &lt; 0.05).

Conclusion
Care services offered under the Transitional Care Model improved functional autonomy and quality of life and decreased post-discharge hospital readmission and rehospitalization rates of patients.

Trial registration
The study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT04384289).
Chemoreceptor Diversity in Apoid Wasps and Its Reduction during the Evolution of the Pollen-Collecting Lifestyle of Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)
Authors: Obiero George F , Pauli Thomas , Geuverink Elzemiek , Veenendaal René , Niehuis Oliver , Große-Wilde Ewald 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Chemoreceptors help insects to interact with their environment, to detect and assess food sources and oviposition sites, and to aid in intra- and interspecific communication. In Hymenoptera, species of eusocial lineages possess large chemoreceptor gene repertoires compared with solitary species, possibly because of their additional need to recognize nest-mates and caste. However, a critical piece of information missing so far has been the size of chemoreceptor gene repertoires of solitary apoid wasps. Apoid wasps are a paraphyletic group of almost exclusively solitary Hymenoptera phylogenetically positioned between ant and bee, both of which include eusocial species. We report the chemosensory-related gene repertoire sizes of three apoid wasps: Ampulex compressa, Cerceris arenaria, and Psenulus fuscipennis. We annotated genes encoding odorant (ORs), gustatory, and ionotropic receptors and chemosensory soluble proteins and odorant-binding proteins in transcriptomes of chemosensory tissues of the above three species and in early draft genomes of two species, A. compressa and C. arenaria. Our analyses revealed that apoid wasps possess larger OR repertoires than any bee lineage, that the last common ancestor of Apoidea possessed a considerably larger OR repertoire (∼160) than previously estimated (73), and that the expansion of OR genes in eusocial bees was less extensive than previously assumed. Intriguingly, the evolution of pollen-collecting behavior in the stem lineage of bees was associated with a notable loss of OR gene diversity. Thus, our results support the view that herbivorous Hymenoptera tend to possess smaller OR repertoires than carnivorous, parasitoid, or kleptoparasitic species.
THE SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM
Authors: Golding G B 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
The probabilities of obtaining particular samples of gametes with two completely linked loci are derived. It is assumed that the population consists of N diploid, randomly mating individuals, that each of the two loci mutate according to the infinite allele model at a rate µ and that the population is at equilibrium. When 4Nµ is small, the most probable samples of gametes are those that segregate only two alleles at either locus. The probabilities of various samples of gametes are discussed. The results show that most samples with completely linked loci have either a very small or a very large association between the alleles of each locus. This causes the distribution of linkage disequilibrium to be skewed and the distribution of the correlation coefficient to be bimodal. The correlation coefficient is commonly used as a test statistic with a chi square distribution and yet has a bimodal distribution when the loci are completely linked. Thus, such a test is not likely to be accurate unless the rate of recombination between the loci and/or the effective population size are sufficiently large enough so that the loci can be treated as unlinked.