bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fathers matter from the start: The role of expectant fathers in child development
Authors: Cardenas Sofia I. , Morris Alyssa R. , Marshall Narcis , Aviv Elizabeth C. , Martínez García Magdalena , Sellery Pia , Saxbe Darby E. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractExtensive research has established that fathers’ engagement in parenting benefits children, but few studies have described how fathers contribute to child development even before birth. In this article, we consider both direct and indirect pathways through which expectant fathers shape child development during the prenatal period. Regarding direct pathways, we review work on expectant fathers’ contributions to child development through genetic and epigenetic processes, as well as neuroendocrine mechanisms. Regarding indirect pathways, we outline ways in which expectant fathers indirectly influence child development through the couple relationship. In so doing, we seek to provide a foundation from which to formulate future lines of inquiry on the role of expectant fathers in child development. This research can inform clinical interventions and policies geared toward improving the early caregiving environment and child development.
Shadow Layers for Participating Media
Authors: Desrichard François , Vanderhaeghe David , Paulin Mathias 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn the movie industry pipeline, rendering programs output the main image along with a collection of Arbitrary Output Variable layers (AOVs) that retain specific information on light transport and scene properties in image space. Compositing artists use AOVs to improve the quality and appearance of the rendered picture during post‐processing, according to the artistic goal of the shot. In particular, cast shadows are manipulated to support narration and storytelling, as the human perception tolerates non‐physical edits. Conventional path tracing renderers often propose a shadow matte AOV containing radiance lost when shadow rays are occluded. Previous work has shown that they incorrectly estimate shadow and miss occluded radiance from indirect light sources, and that shadow layers must be used to correctly recover radiance from single, solid occluders. In this paper, we generalise shadow layers to an arbitrary number of occluders, and add support for participating media. We begin by quantifying the radiance loss between the radiative transfer equation and the rendering equation, and translate it into a path integral formulation for an efficient Monte Carlo integration. We propose a prototype implementation that renders the main image and shadow layers in a single pass with an affordable computational overhead.
Symmetry in graptolite zooids and tubaria (Pterobranchia, Hemichordata)
Authors: Maletz Jörg 
Published: December 2021

AbstractExtant and fossil pterobranchs show distinct symmetry conditions of the individual zooids and their tubaria that are not necessarily comparable. The strict bilateral symmetry in the zooids of extant Cephalodiscida is modified to a considerable anatomical asymmetry in extant Rhabdopleurida. This type of left–right asymmetry can be recognized as antisymmetry, as dextral and sinistral developments are equally common. Antisymmetry is also recognized in the rhabdopleurid tubaria and in the proximal development and branching of planktic graptoloids. The antisymmetry of the graptoloid tubarium is modified during the Tremadocian time interval to a fixed or directional asymmetry. From the latest Tremadocian or earliest Floian onwards, proximal development in the Graptoloidea is invariably dextral and very few examples of a sinistral development have been found. The transition from antisymmetry to directional asymmetry can only be recognized in the graptolite tubaria, as the anatomy of the zooids is unknown from the fossil record. Directional asymmetry is not recognized in extant Pterobranchia.
Senior dental students' perceptions of evidence‐based dentistry
Authors: Mishler Oksana , Oh Se‐Lim , Matthews Eric , Oates Thomas W. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIntroductionThis study aimed to assess senior dental students' knowledge and attitudes regarding evidence‐based dentistry (EBD), their use of the current literature and considerations for patient preferences.Materials and MethodsA modified Knowledge, Attitudes, Access, and Confidence Evaluation (KACE) survey was administered to collect data from senior dental students at the University of Maryland School of Dentistry (UMSOD). The chi‐squared test was used to compare the correct response rates of each question in the knowledge of scientific evidence domain. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was conducted to examine correlations between students' knowledge of scientific evidence and their confidence in appraising the study qualities.Results61 seniors (out of 130) answered all survey questions. Participants displayed an intermediate level of knowledge of EBD. Only 15% of participants correctly answered to the most appropriate design; the distribution of responses appeared significantly different amongst the questions in the basic knowledge section (chi‐squared test, p < .0001). There was no or very weak correlation between students' knowledge of scientific evidence and their confidence in appraising study qualities (Spearman's ρ = 0–0.18). The participants highly valued the use of the current literature and patient preferences. However, their preferred sources of scientific evidence were the Internet excluding Cochrane reviews (60%) and colleagues (56%). Forty per cent of participants rarely or never used textbooks.ConclusionWhilst seniors felt confident in evaluating study qualities and implementing EBD in routine practice, their understanding of the study design was poor. Seniors' preferred sources of scientific evidence were non–peer‐reviewed Internet sources and colleagues.
Transcranial direct current stimulation and sporting performance: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of transcranial direct current stimulation effects on physical endurance, muscular strength and visuomotor skills
Authors: Chinzara Trish T. , Buckingham Gavin , Harris David J. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractTranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non‐invasive brain stimulation technique that has been linked with a range of physiological and cognitive enhancements relevant to sporting performance. As a number of positive and null findings have been reported in the literature, the present meta‐analysis sought to synthesise results across endurance, strength and visuomotor skill domains to investigate if tDCS improves any aspect of sporting performance. Online database searches in August 2020 identified 43 full‐text studies which examined the acute effects of tDCS compared to sham/control conditions on physical endurance, muscular strength, and visuomotor skills in healthy adults. Meta‐analysis indicated a small overall effect favouring tDCS stimulation over sham/control (standardized mean difference (SMD) =  0.25, CI95%[.14;.36]). Effects on strength (SMD =  0.31, CI95%[.10;.51]) and visuomotor (SMD =  0.29, CI95%[.00;.57]) tasks were larger than endurance performance (SMD =  0.18, CI95%[.00;.37]). Meta‐regressions indicated effect sizes were not related to stimulation parameters, but other factors such as genetics, gender, and experience may modulate tDCS effects. The results suggest tDCS has the potential to be used as an ergogenic aid in conjunction with a specified training regime.
The impact of psychosocial defeat stress on the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis transcriptome in adult male mice
Authors: Gururajan Anand , Bastiaanssen Thomaz F. S. , Ventura Silva Ana Paula , Moloney Gerard M. , Cryan John F. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is a focal point for the convergence of inputs from canonical stress‐sensitive structures to fine‐tune the response to stress. However, its role in mediating phenotypes of stress resilience or susceptibility is yet to be fully defined. In this study, we carried out unbiased RNA‐sequencing to analyse the BNST transcriptomes of adult male mice, which were classified as resilient or susceptible following a 10‐day chronic psychosocial defeat stress paradigm. Pairwise comparisons revealed 20 differentially expressed genes in resilience (6) and susceptible (14) mice compared with controls. An in silico validation of our data against an earlier study revealed significant concordance in gene expression profiles associated with resilience to chronic stress. Enrichment analysis revealed that resilience is linked to functions including retinoic acid hydrolase activity, phospholipase inhibitor and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐receptor activities, whereas susceptibility is linked to alterations in amino acid transporter activity. We also identified differential usage of 134 exons across 103 genes associated with resilience and susceptibility; enrichment analysis for genes with differential exon usage in resilient mice was linked to functions including adrenergic receptor binding mice and oxysterol binding in susceptible mice. Our findings highlight the important and underappreciated role of the BNST in stress resilience and susceptibility and reveal research avenues for follow‐up investigations.
Novelty promotes recognition memory persistence by D1 dopamine receptor and protein kinase A signalling in rat hippocampus
Authors: Lima Karine Ramires , da Rosa Ana Carolina de Souza , Picua Steffanie Severo , e Silva Shara Souza , Soares Náthaly Marks , Mello‐Carpes Pâmela Billig 
Published: December 2021

AbstractStrategies for improving memory are increasingly studied, and exposure to a novel experience can be an efficient neuromodulator. Novelty effects on memory depend on D1‐family dopamine receptors (D1Rs) activation. Here, we evaluated the novelty effect on memory persistence of Wistar rats and investigated the contribution of D1Rs and their signalling pathways by protein kinase A (PKA) and C (PKC). Animals with infusion cannulae inserted into the CA1 hippocampus area were trained on the novel object recognition (NOR) task, which involved exploring two different objects. After training, some rats received intrahippocampal infusions of vehicle or D1Rs agonist; others explored a novel environment for 5 min and were infused with a variety of drugs targeting D1Rs and their signalling pathways. We demonstrated that pharmacological stimulation of D1Rs or novelty exposure promoted NOR memory persistence for 14 days and that the novelty effect depended on D1Rs activation. To determine if the D1 and D5 receptor subtypes were necessary for the impact of novelty exposure on memory, we blocked or stimulated PKA or PKC—protein kinases activated mainly by D1 and D5, respectively. Only PKA inhibition impaired the effect of novelty on memory persistence. After novelty and D1Rs blocking, PKA but not PKC stimulation maintained the memory persistence effect. Thus, we concluded that novelty promoted memory persistence by a mechanism‐dependent on activating hippocampal D1Rs and PKA pathway.
Role of proline‐rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Kumar Rahul , Tiwari Vishvanath , Dey Sharmistha 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. Two major pathological hallmarks have been identified for AD: extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). Recently, proline‐rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2), which belongs to the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) non‐receptor tyrosine kinase family, was recognized to contribute significantly towards the pathogenesis of AD. Pyk2 can influence the formation of amyloid plaques as well as NFTs. The kinase can directly phosphorylate tau, which is a significant component of NFTs and enhances tau pathology. Several competitive inhibitors have been developed for Pyk2, tested in several cancer models, as Pyk2 is known to be overexpressed under those conditions. The current review article discusses the possible mechanistic pathways by which Pyk2 can influence the pathogenesis of AD. Besides, it describes various inhibitors for Pyk2 and their potential role as therapeutics for AD in the future.
Climate change and the suitability of local and non‐local species for ecosystem restoration
Authors: Harrison Peter A. 
Published: December 2021

SummaryRestoring damaged, degraded and destroyed forest ecosystems to a target state often follows a local‐is‐best approach. However, rapidly changing climates may result in the local species no longer being the best now or into the future. This raises questions about whether there is a need to consider emerging ecosystems that bring together local and non‐local species that have not historically co‐occurred to ensure climate‐resilience of restored forest ecosystems; or whether non‐regional species may be needed to support ecosystem functionality in some areas. In this study, I present an experimental framework to assist decision‐making by evaluating the suitability of local and non‐local native species for ecosystem restoration under current and predicted climates. I applied this framework using the Tasmanian Midlands, Australia, as a case study, focusing of the diverse eucalypt flora of the island. Three key findings emerged. Firstly, the climate of the Midlands has rapidly changed across this biodiversity hotspot over the last century, and current mean annual maximum temperatures are already tracking worse case climate change scenarios. Secondly, using a combination of climate envelope modelling and habitat suitability modelling, I identified the degree to which the Midlands region provides suitable climate habitat for a range of local and non‐localEucalyptusspecies now and into the future. Thirdly, although the Midlands is predicted to support suitable climate habitat for 82% of the regionally local eucalypt species now and into the future, it is predicted that the local populations of these least vulnerable species may be at risk of climate maladaptation, particularly in the northern regions of the Midlands. Models suggests that mixing local seed with non‐local seed sources currently occupying habitat with a climate that is predicted for the Midlands will be required. The study provides a basis for managers to consider the suitability of regionally local species and identify potential areas where local seed may need to be supplemented with non‐local seed for ecosystem restoration in the face of climate change.
Increased expression of complement components in tuberous sclerosis complex and focal cortical dysplasia type 2B brain lesions
Authors: Gruber Victoria‐Elisabeth , Luinenburg Mark J. , Colleselli Katrin , Endmayr Verena , Anink Jasper J. , Zimmer Till S. , Jansen Floor , Gosselaar Peter , Coras Roland , Scholl Theresa , Blumcke Ingmar , Pimentel José , Hainfellner Johannes A. , Höftberger Romana , Rössler Karl , Feucht Martha , van Scheppingen Jackelien , Aronica Eleonora , Mühlebner Angelika 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectiveIncreasing evidence supports the contribution of inflammatory mechanisms to the neurological manifestations of epileptogenic developmental pathologies linked to mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway dysregulation (mTORopathies), such as tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) and focal cortical dysplasia (FCD). In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression pattern and cellular distribution of the complement factors C1q and C3 in resected cortical tissue of clinically well‐characterized patients with TSC and FCD2B.MethodsWe applied immunohistochemistry in TSC (n = 29) and FCD2B (n = 32) samples and compared them to autopsy and biopsy controls (n = 27). Furthermore, protein expression was observed via Western blot, and for descriptive colocalization studies immunofluorescence double labeling was performed.ResultsProtein expression for C3 was significantly upregulated in TSC and FCD2B white and gray matter lesions compared to controls. Staining of the synaptic vesicle protein synaptophysin showed a remarkable increase in the white matter of both TSC and FCD2B. Furthermore, confocal imaging revealed colocalization of complement factors with astroglial, microglial, neuronal, and abnormal cells in various patterns.SignificanceOur results demonstrate that the prominent activation of the complement pathway represents a common pathological hallmark of TSC and FCD2B, suggesting that complement overactivation may play a role in these mTORopathies.
Characteristics, treatment patterns, and residual cardiovascular risk of patients with a first acute myocardial infarction: A nationwide population‐based cohort study in Norway
Authors: Oberprieler Nikolaus G. , Farahmand Bahman , Cameron Jamie , Brobert Gunnar , Jonasson Christian , Atar Dan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThere are few nationwide descriptive studies of longitudinal drug use and residual cardiovascular risk in patients with myocardial infarction (MI) in contemporary clinical practice. The objectives of this work were to describe characteristics and longitudinal cardiovascular drug use of patients with a first acute MI in Norway, and to quantify residual risks of cardiovascular events and death. Using nationwide health registries in Norway, we identified 43 750 adults with a first MI (2010 to 2015) and ≥1 prescription for antiplatelet medication. We described cardiovascular medication post‐MI and calculated residual cardiovascular risks. Between 3 months and 13–15 months post MI, medication use dropped from 93.3% to 75.1% for low‐dose aspirin, 78.1% to 11.0% for dual antiplatelet therapy, 91.6% to 78.7% for antihypertensives, and 88.0% to 70.7% for lipid‐lowering therapy. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for recurrent MI were similar between subpopulations at 12 months and notably different at 12–36 months. IRRs (95% CIs) at 12–36 months were 1.52 (1.26–1.82) for 65–74 years, 2.26 (1.88–2.71) for 75–84 years, and 3.97 (3.29–4.79) for ≥85 years (vs. 18–49 years), 2.42 (2.18–2.69) for those with ischaemic heart disease (IHD), 2.26 (1.97–2.59) for peripheral artery disease (PAD), 2.17 (1.98–2.36) for hypertension, and 1.82 (1.65–2.01) for diabetes. In conclusion, secondary prevention medication use 13–15 months following a first MI is suboptimal among patients in Norway. The elderly and those with IHD, PAD, diabetes, or hypertension are at high‐risk for recurrent MI/stroke/death and should be managed closely beyond the first year.
Mobilising societal power: Understanding public support for nursing strikes
Authors: Naughton Mary 
Published: December 2021

AbstractFraming is regarded as the primary mechanism through which unions generate societal power. This article examines the relationship between societal power and framing in a significant case study—a nursing strike that successfully challenged austerity wages in Ireland. Through analysis of messages of support for the strike in newspapers and on Twitter, the sources of societal power in the conflict are identified. The findings indicate that the framing strategies unions adopt and public acceptance of these strategies depend on historical and sectoral factors. In the instant case, nurses benefitted from increased societal support for the broader labour movement and recent waves of protest.
Investigation of red cell distribution width as a prognostic criterion in severe burns
Authors: Akkoç Mehmet Fatih , Bülbüloğlu Semra 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis study was conducted to examine red cell distribution width (RDW) as a prognostic criterion in severe burns. The study is a descriptive correlational study and was carried out retrospectively. Patients with high RDW and low albumin values among severe burn injuries in the burn unit of a university hospital constituted half of the sample. Severe burns with RDW within normal range and a prognostic criterion for which albumin level normal and closest to normal accounted for the other half. RDW and albumin values were compared with the clinical results of patients with severe burns. IBM SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) Statistics 25 was used for data analysis. Of the burn patients, 38.33% were between the age of 65–80, 51.67% were men, and 92.5% had third‐degree burns. The mean albumin level of the patients was 2.39 ± 0.34 g/dL, and the mean RDW level was 18.47 ± 6.15%. The length of the stay in the intensive care unit was 13.45 ± 7.83 days, and the duration of central venous catheter use was 23.41 ± 8.25 days. High RDW and low albumin values were found to be associated with death, length of stay in the intensive care unit, and more blood transfusion. High RDW and hypoalbuminemia significantly affect the clinical results of severe burns. Both parameters are effective in determining the clinical course of burn patients, the length of hospital stay, presence of catheters and medication treatment protocol.
Protocol update for late endothelial progenitor cells identified by double‐positive staining
Authors: Wu Lishan , Chen Weijie , Chen Zeliang , Cao Jing , Dai Xiaoqing , Chen Hongjuan , Tan Xuerui , Yu Min 
Published: December 2021

AbstractEndothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), which are precursors of endothelial cells (ECs), have the capacity to circulate, proliferate and differentiate into mature ECs. EPCs are primarily identified by the uptake of 1,1‐dioctadecyl‐3,3,3,3‐tetramethylindocarbocyanine‐labelled acetylated low‐density lipoprotein (Dil‐acLDL) and the binding of fluorescein‐isothiocyanate (FITC)‐conjugated Ulex europaeus agglutinin lectin (FITC‐UEA‐I). However, the cytoplasm and nucleus are usually stained by FITC‐UEA‐I via a typical method to double‐stain late EPCs. It is necessary to explore a new method to improve the quality of fluorescence photomicrographs of late EPCs stained with FITC‐UEA‐I. Here, we described an updated protocol for double‐staining late EPCs with Dil‐acLDL and FITC‐UEA‐I, with the cells more optimally stained with FITC‐UEA‐I.
The atomic portrait of SARS‐CoV‐2 as captured by cryo‐electron microscopy
Authors: Fertig Tudor Emanuel , Chitoiu Leona , Terinte‐Balcan George , Peteu Victor‐Eduard , Marta Daciana , Gherghiceanu Mihaela 
Published: December 2021

AbstractTransmission electron microscopy has historically been indispensable for virology research, as it offers unique insight into virus function. In the past decade, as cryo‐electron microscopy (cryo‐EM) has matured and become more accessible, we have been able to peer into the structure of viruses at the atomic level and understand how they interact with the host cell, with drugs or with antibodies. Perhaps, there was no time in recent history where cryo‐EM was more needed, as SARS‐CoV‐2 has spread around the globe, causing millions of deaths and almost unquantifiable economic devastation. In this concise review, we aim to mark the most important contributions of cryo‐EM to understanding the structure and function of SARS‐CoV‐2 proteins, from surface spikes to the virus core and from virus‐receptor interactions to antibody binding.