bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spin-1/2 one- and two- particle systems in physical space without eigen-algebra or tensor product
Authors: Andoni Sokol 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A new representation for spin 1/2 in the even 3D subalgebra of the spacetime algebra (STA) combines in a single geometric object the roles of the standard Pauli spin vector and spin state. It is a vector quantity comprising a gauge phase. In the one-particle case the representation (1) is Hermitian; (2) chiral; (3) reproduces all standard expectation values, including the total one-particle spin modulus ; (4) constrains a spinor basis representing opposite spins to preserve handiness (chirality); (5) the gauge phase allows to explicitly formalize irreversibility in spin measurement. In the two-particle case it (1) identifies entangled spin pairs as having opposite handiness and precise gauge phase relations; (2) doubles the dimensionality of the spin space due to variation of handiness; (3) the four maximally entangled states are naturally derived by pairing spins that are reflections (triplets) and inversions (singlet) of each-other. The cross-product terms in the expression for the squared total spin of two particles can be affected by experiment and they yield the standard expectation values after measurement. Here I directly define and transform spin in 3D orientation space, without invoking concepts like abstract Hilbert space and tensor product as in the standard formulation. The STA formalism allows working with whole geometric objects instead of only components, thereby helping keep a clear geometric picture of ‘on paper’ (controlled gauge phase) and ‘on lab’ (uncontrolled gauge phase) spin transformations.
Metabolomics and Computational Analysis of the Role of Monoamine Oxidase Activity in Delirium and SARS-COV-2 Infection
Authors: Cuperlovic-Culf Miroslava , Cunningham Emma L. , Teimoorinia Hossen , Surendra Anu , Pan Xiaobei , Bennett Steffany A.L. , Jung Mijin , McGuiness Bernadette , Passmore Anthony Peter , Beverland David , Green Brian D. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Delirium is an acute change in attention and cognition occurring in ~65% of severe SARS-CoV-2 cases. It is also common following surgery and an indicator of brain vulnerability and risk for the development of dementia. In this work we analyzed the underlying role of metabolism in delirium-susceptibility in the postoperative setting using metabolomic profiling of cerebrospinal fluid and blood taken from the same patients prior to planned orthopaedic surgery. Distance correlation analysis and Random Forest (RF) feature selection were used to determine changes in metabolic networks. We found significant concentration 2 differences in several amino acids, acylcarnitines and polyamines linking delirium-prone patients to known factors in Alzheimer’s disease such as monoamine oxidase B (MAOB) protein. Subsequent computational structural comparison between MAOB and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 as well as protein-protein docking analysis showed that there potentially is strong binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to MAOB. The possibility that SARS-CoV-2 influences MAOB activity leading to the observed neurological and platelet-based complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection requires further investigation.
Going Digital: Added Value of Electronic Data Collection in 2018 Afghanistan Health Survey
Authors: Mergenthaler Christina , Yadav Rajpal Singh , Safi Sohrab , Rood Ente , Alba Sandra 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background: Through a nationally representative household survey in Afghanistan, we conducted an operational study in two relatively secure provinces comparing effectiveness of electronic data collection (EDC) with paper data collection (PDC). Methods: In Panjshir and Parwan provinces, household survey data were collected using paper questionnaires in 15 clusters, versus OpenDataKit (ODK) software on electronic tablets in 15 clusters. Added value was evaluated from three perspectives: efficient implementation, data quality, and acceptability. Efficiency was measured through financial expenditures and time stamped data. Data quality was measured by examining completeness. Acceptability was studied through focus group discussions with survey staff.Results: Training, printing, material procurement, wages and transportation costs were 68% more expensive in electronic clusters compared to paper clusters, due to upfront one-time investment for survey programming. Enumerators spent significantly less time administering surveys in electronic cluster households (248 minutes survey time) compared to paper (289 minutes), for an average savings of 41 minutes per household (95% CI: 25 – 55). EDC offered a savings of 87 days for data management over PDC.Among 49 tracer variables (meaning responses were required from all respondents), small differences were observed between PDC and EDC. 2.2% of the cleaned dataset’s tracer data points were missing in electronic surveys (1,216/ 56,073 data points), compared to 3.2% in paper surveys (1,953/ 60,675 data points). In pre-cleaned datasets, 3.9% of tracer data points were missing in electronic surveys (2,151/ 55,092 data points) compared to 3.2% in paper surveys (1,924/ 60,113 data points). Enumerators from Panjsher and Parwan preferred EDC over PDC due to time savings, user-friendliness, improved data security, and less conspicuity when traveling; however approximately half of enumerators trained from all 34 provinces reported feeling unsafe due to Taliban presence. Community and household respondent skepticism could be resolved by enumerator reassurance. Enumerators shared that in the future, they prefer collecting data digitally when possible.Conclusions: EDC offers clear gains in efficiency over PDC for data collection and management time, although costs are relatively comparable even without the programming investment. However, serious field staff concerns around Taliban threats and general insecurity mean that EDC should only be conducted in relatively secure areas.
Differences Between Oral Health According to Water Intake Using the Data from South Korea's 7-Year National Health and Nutrition Survey
Authors: Kim Yu-Rin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background: Proper moisture is an essential condition for maintaining the homeostasis of the body, enhancing immunity, and preventing constipation, and it is an indispensable substance for maintaining human life and health. The bacteria that cause oral disease are affected by water intake. Therefore, this study aims to compare the relationship between dental caries and periodontal disease according to the amount of water drank per day.Methods: Among the data of the National Health and Nutrition Survey conducted annually by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the data for 7 years (2010-2017) were analyzed. Out of a total of 64,758 people, 134 people in the ‘< 1 cup’ group, 27,223 people in the ‘1-4 cups’ group, and 25,877 people in the ‘5 cups ≤’ group were selected as subjects.Results: As a result, the prevalence of periodontal disease increased by 1.018 times, the prevalence of dental caries increased by 1.032 times, and the experience of dental caries increased by 1.075 times each time a person drank one less cup of water per day. Even in model 2, for which age and gender were adjusted, there was a significant effect. In addition, there was significant impact in Model 3, which adjusted oral health behavior, except for permanent caries prevalence. Based on the above results, oral health behaviors and state were positive in those who consumed a lot of water per day.Conclusions: Therefore, it is considered that the government’s active promotion of water intake recommendations and policies should be prepared so that water intake can become a habit to improve oral health.
Procedure via cross-Kerr nonlinearities for encoding single logical qubit information onto four-photon decoherence-free states
Authors: Heo Jino , Choi Seong-Gon 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We propose a photonic procedure using cross-Kerr nonlinearities (XKNLs) to encode single logical qubit information onto four-photon decoherence-free states. In quantum information processing, a decoherence-free subspace can secure quantum information against collective decoherence. Therefore, we design a procedure employing nonlinear optical gates, which are composed of XKNLs, quantum bus beams, and photon-number-resolving measurements with linear optical devices, to conserve quantum information by encoding quantum information onto four-photon decoherence-free states (single logical qubit information). Based on our analysis in quantifying the affection (photon loss and dephasing) of the decoherence effect, we demonstrate the experimental condition to acquire the reliable procedure of single logical qubit information having the robustness against the decoherence effect.
Optimal Design Oriented Adaptive Robust Control for A Planar 2-DOF Redundantly Actuated Parallel Robot
Authors: Han Jiang , Wang Peng , Dong Fangfang , Zhao Xiaomin , Chen Shan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
An adaptive robust control combined with a multi-objective parameter optimization method for the parallel robot with unknown uncertainty is proposed. In the active joint space, the accurate dynamic model of the parallel robot can be obtained by combining the closed-chain constraint force and the open-chain system's dynamic equation. According to the Udwadia-Kalaba theory, the closed-chain constraint force imposed by the end effector can be calculated in a simple way. The proposed adaptive robust control could guarantee deterministic robust performances of the system (the uniform boundedness and uniform ultimate boundedness). To seek suitable weighting factors for the proposed control, a system performance function, which includes the transient performance portion, the steady state performance portion, and the control cost, is introduced. By applying $D$-operation, the performance function is transformed into a multi-objective function with weighting factors. Meanwhile, the problem of choosing the optimal gain is equivalent to the problem of finding the minimum value of the system performance index function. An illustrative example illustrates the superiority of the proposed modeling method and the proposed adaptive robust control.
Molecular Characterization of a Porcine Sapelovirus Strain Isolated in China
Authors: Li Nana , Liu Huili , Tao Jie , Li Benqiang , Cheng Jinghua , Shi Ying , SHEN Xiaohui 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
BackgroundPorcine sapelovirus (PSV) infections have been associated with a wide spectrum of symptoms ranging from asymptomatic infection to clinical signs including diarrhoea, pneumonia, reproductive disorders, and polioencephalomyelitis. Although it has a global distribution, studies on PSV in domestic have been relatively few so far which goes against for this pathogen’s research and disease prevention.MethodsIn this study, we isolated a PSV strain, SHCM2019, from the swine faecal specimens with PK-15 cells. To investigate its molecular characteristics and pathogenicity, the genomic sequence of the SHCM2019 strain was analysed, and further the clinical manifestations and pathological changes exhibited following inoculation of the neonatal piglets were observed.ResultsThe strain isolated with PK-15 cells, was identified as PSV by RT-PCR, IFA and TEM assays. Sequencing results showed that the full-length genome of the SHCM2019 strain was 7567 nucleotides including a 27-nucloetude poly (A) tail. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the virus isolate belonged to PSV and was classified into the Chinese strain cluster. Virus recombination analysis indicated that there might be a recombination break point upstream of the 3D region in PSVs. Pathogenicity research demonstrated that the virus isolate could cause diarrhoea and pneumonia in piglets. Conclusion﻿This study presented the isolation of a recombinant PSV strain, SHCM2019, and demonstrated the isolate was pathogenic. Our results may provide a reference for future researches of the pathogenic mechanism and evolutionary characteristics of PSV.
Effect of Lumbopelvic Control on Landing Mechanics and Lower Extremity Muscles’ Activities in Female Professional Athletes: Implications for Injury Prevention
Authors: Dehcheshmeh Pari Fadaei , Gandomi Farzaneh , Maffulli Nicola 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background: Lumbopelvic control has recently been associated with function, kinesiology, and limb loading. However, poor lumbopelvic control has not been studied as a risk factor for lower limb injury in sports with frequent jump landings. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of lumbopelvic control on landing mechanics and lower limb muscle activity in professional athletes with frequent landing.Methods: This study was conducted on 34 professional female athletes aged 18.29±3.29 years with the mean height and weight of 173.5±7.23 centimeters and 66.79±13.37 kilograms, respectively. The lumbopelvic control of the subjects was evaluated using the knee lift abdominal test, bent knee fall-out, active straight leg raising, and PRONE test by the pressure biofeedback unit. Based on the test results, the participants were equally divided into two groups of with and without lumbopelvic control (n=17). Landing mechanics were evaluated by an expert blinded to the procedures using the landing error scoring system (LESS) and two-dimensional video analysis. In addition, electrical muscle activity in single-legged standing skills was assessed via surface electromyography.Results: The results of independent samples t-test indicated significant differences between the groups with and without lumbopelvic control in terms of the LESS test scores (P=0.0001), lateral trunk flexion (P=0.0001), knee valgus (P=0.0001), knee flexion (P=0.001), trunk flexion (P=0.01), and gluteus medius muscle activity (P=0.03). However, no significant differences were observed in the activity of the rectus femoris and semitendinosus muscles, and ankle dorsiflexion (P>0.05).Conclusions: Poor lumbopelvic control affects the kinematics and electrical activity of the lower limb muscles and may be a risk factor for lower limb injuries, especially knee injury.
An Optimized Sporulation Method for the Wheat Fungal Pathogen Pyrenophora Tritici-Repentis
Authors: Jacques Silke , Lenzo Leon , Stevens Kofi , Lawrence Julie , Tan Kar-Chun 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
BackgroundThe necrotrophic fungal pathogen Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Ptr) causes tan (syn. yellow) spot of wheat and accounts for significant yield losses worldwide. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of this economically important crop disease is crucial to counteract the yield and quality losses of wheat globally. Substantial progress has been made to comprehend the race structure of this phytopathogen based on its production of necrotrophic effectors and genomic resources of Ptr. However, one limitation for studying Ptr in a laboratory environment is the difficulty to isolate high spore numbers from vegetative growth with mycelial contamination common. These limitations reduce the experimental tractability of Ptr. ResultsHere, we optimized a multitude of parameters and report a sporulation method for Ptr that yields robust, high quality and pure spores. Our methodology encompasses simple and reproducible plugging and harvesting techniques, resulting in spore yields up to 1,500 fold more than the current sporulation methods and was tested on multiple isolates and races of Ptr as well as an additional seven modern Australian Ptr isolates. Moreover, this method also increased purity and spore harvest numbers for two closely related fungal pathogens (Pyrenophora teres f. maculata and f. teres) that cause net blotch diseases in barley (Hordeum vulgare), highlighting the usability of this optimized sporulation protocol for the wider research community. ConclusionsLarge-scale spore infection and virulence assays are essential for the screening of wheat and barley cultivars and combined with the genetic mapping of these populations allows pinpointing and exploiting sources of host genetic resistance. We anticipate that improvements in spore numbers and purity will further advance research to increase our understanding of the pathogenicity mechanisms of these important fungal pathogens.
The Localized Enhancement of Surface Plasmon Standing Waves Interacting With Single Nanoparticles
Authors: liu hongyao , Sun Xuqing , Wang Xue , Wang Fei , Wang Chang , Sun Xiaojuan , Lu Xinchao , Huang Chengjun 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Real-time, high-sensitivity, and label-free detection to single nanoparticles has been achieved via visualizing the interaction between surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) and nanoparticles, which is widely applied to chemistry and biology. In this work, aiming to enhance the detection sensitivity to nanoparticles, we explore the interaction of SPP standing waves with single nanoparticles. Compared with SPPs, the inhomogeneous fields of SPP standing waves modulate charge distributions around the particle and excite different electric dipole modes that tailor localized enhancements. For nanoparticles situating at electric antinodes of SPP standing waves, a vertical electric dipole is excited and high-density charges are stimulated around nanoparticle-film nanocavities, leading to further increased localized enhancement. The localized enhancement experiences more increase with smaller particle size, lower dielectric constant of surrounding medium, and lower particle refractive index. Via tailoring the localized enhancement by SPP standing waves, the sensitivity of SPP microscopy can be improved, which would broaden its applications on nanotechnology, biomedicine, and environmental monitoring.
Spectroscopic Studies of in Vitro Exposure to Low-Dose Gamma Rays from 137Cs Radioactivity on Some Human Blood Components (Plasma and Red Blood Cells)
Authors: Supawat Benjamaporn , Vorasiripreecha Watcharit , Wattanapongpitak Sakornniya , Kothan Suchart , Tungjai Montree 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This current study was to determine the effects of in vitro exposure to radioactive cesium-137 on some human blood components (Plasma and red blood cells). Blood samples were given a radiation dose of 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mGy of gamma rays using a 137Cs radioactive standard source. The blood samples that were exposed to 0 mGy served as sham-controls. The spectrofluoroscopic technique was used to determine the autofluorescence spectrum of protein in plasma or red blood cells by using excitation wavelength and range of emission wavelengths at 280 nm and 300-550 nm, respectively. The spectrophotometric technique was used to determine the release of hemoglobin from the red blood cells to the supernatant. This data indicated no change in the ratio of fluorescence emission intensity at 340 nm of wavelength of protein extract from irradiated whole blood or red blood cells compared to the corresponding non-irradiated control. The results did not change in the absorption intensity at 415 nm of wavelength of hemoglobin leakage from in vitro irradiated red blood cells when compared to the corresponding non-irradiated red blood cells. These current results suggested that there were no harmful effects of the low-dose gamma rays from radioactive 137Cs on some blood components when human whole blood was exposed to gamma rays in an in vitro condition.
Evaluation of the in vivo Antihypertensive Effect and Antioxidant Activity of HL-7 and HL-10 Peptide in Mice
Authors: Setayesh-Mehr Zahra , Ghasemi Leila Vafadar , Asoodeh Ahmad 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this study, the in vivo antioxidant and antihypertensive properties of peptides HL-7 with the sequence of YLYELR and HL-10 with the sequence of AFPYYGHHLG were identified from scorpion venom of H. lepturus were evaluated. To study the in vivo effects of peptides, D-galactose-induced and DOCA salt-induced mice models were used. The results of the antioxidant assay for both peptides showed that the activity of serum and liver catalase (CAT), as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes, was significantly decreased in the D-galactose-induced group (NC), while MDA levels were increased in serum and the liver tissue samples (p<0.01). Compared with the D-galactose-induced mice, the peptide treated mice group had a higher activity of antioxidant enzymes namely CAT and SOD, as well as a lower lipid peroxidation level. Also, the results of antihypertensive activity for both peptides showed that systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of the mice treated with the HL-7 and HL-10 peptides were significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.01). The administration of the HL-7 peptide at doses of 5 mg/kg BW (LP1) and 15 mg/kg BW (HP1) significantly diminished the mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) by 31 mmHg and 40.47 mmHg, respectively. Accordingly, treatment of mice with the HL-10 peptide at doses of 5 mg/kg BW (LP2) and 15 mg/kg BW (HP2) considerably lowered the MAP by 18.3 mmHg and 21.93 mmHg, respectively. Our findings suggest that both the HL-7 and HL-10 peptides could be potentially utilized as antihypertensive and antioxidant components.
Nanoeugenol Prevents Apoptotic Damage in Selenite-induced Cataracts in Cultured Lenses From Wistar Rats and in Human Lenticular Epithelial Cell Lines: Molecular Validation
Authors: Thiraviyam Anand , Philip Archana Teresa , Thomas Philip Aloysius , Pitchairaj Geraldine 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Senile cataract is the most common cause of severe visual impairment and blindness. Lenticular epithelial cells apoptosis induced by oxidative stress is a major factor in senile cataract pathogenesis, but there are still many blind nodes in this progress. The aim of the present experiment was to investigate the possibility that nanoeugenol prevents selenite-induced cataractogenesis by regulating the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, expressions of apoptotic genes and corresponding proteins. Nanoeugenol found to be inhibited oxidative stress-induced downregulation cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX-1), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) genes and upregulation of early growth response protein- 1 (EGR-1), Bcl-2-associated X (Bax), caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9 genes in cultured lenses from Wistar rats. Nanoeugenol significantly reduced oxidative stress-induced cell apoptosis and generation of ROS in human lenticular epithelial cells (HLE-B3 cells). These findings suggested that, nanoeugenol can regulate cataract progression by influencing cell vitality and apoptosis, which could provide new ideas for the clinical treatment of senile cataract.