bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Universal Adversarial Examples and Perturbations for Quantum Classifiers
Authors: Gong Weiyuan , Deng Dong-Ling 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Quantum machine learning explores the interplay between machine learning and quantum physics, which may lead to unprecedented perspectives for both fields. In fact, recent works have shown strong evidences that quantum computers could outperform classical computers in solving certain notable machine learning tasks. Yet, quantum learning systems may also suffer from the vulnerability problem: adding a tiny carefully-crafted perturbation to the legitimate input data would cause the systems to make incorrect predictions at a notably high confidence level. In this paper, we study the universality of adversarial examples and perturbations for quantum classifiers. Through concrete examples involving classifications of real-life images and quantum phases of matter, we show that there exist universal adversarial examples that can fool a set of different quantum classifiers. We prove that for a set of k classifiers with each receiving input data of n qubits, an $O(\frac{\ln k}{2^n})$ increase of the perturbation strength is enough to ensure a moderate universal adversarial risk. In addition, for a given quantum classifier we show that there exist universal adversarial perturbations, which can be added to different legitimate samples and make them to be adversarial examples for the classifier. Our results reveal the universality perspective of adversarial attacks for quantum machine learning systems, which would be crucial for practical applications of both near-term and future quantum technologies in solving machine learning problems.
Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteremia in Young Children Hospitalized With Pneumonia in Bangladesh Is Associated With a High Mortality Rate
Authors: Chisti Mohammod Jobayer , Harris Jason B , Carroll Ryan W , Shahunja K M , Shahid Abu S M S B , Moschovis Peter P , Schenkel Sara R , Hasibur Rahman Abu Sayem Mirza Md , Shahrin Lubaba , Faruk Tanveer , Kabir Farhad , Ahmed Dilruba , Ahmed Tahmeed 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Pneumonia is a leading cause of sepsis and mortality in children under 5 years. However, our understanding of the causes of bacteremia in children with pneumonia is limited.

Methods
We characterized risk factors for bacteremia and death in a cohort of children admitted to the Dhaka Hospital of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) between 2014 and 2017 with radiographically confirmed pneumonia.

Results
A total of 4007 young children were hospitalized with pneumonia over the study period. A total of 1814 (45%) had blood cultures obtained. Of those, 108 (6%) were positive. Gram-negative pathogens predominated, accounting for 83 (77%) of positive cultures. These included Pseudomonas (N = 22), Escherichia coli (N = 17), Salmonella enterica (N = 14, including 11 Salmonella Typhi), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (N = 11). Gram-positive pathogens included Pneumococcus (N = 7) and Staphylococcus aureus (N = 6). Resistance to all routinely used empiric antibiotics (ampicillin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and ceftriaxone) for children with pneumonia at the icddr,b was observed in 20 of the 108 isolates. Thirty-one of 108 (29%) children with bacteremia died, compared to 124 of 1706 (7%) who underwent culture without bacteremia (odds ratio [OR], 5.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.3–8.1; P &lt; .001). Children infected with bacteria resistant to all routinely used empiric antibiotics were at greater risk of death compared to children without bacteremia (OR, 17.3; 95% CI, 7.0–43.1; P &lt; .001).

Conclusions
Antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteremia in young children with pneumonia in Dhaka, Bangladesh was associated with a high mortality rate. The pandemic of antibiotic resistance is shortening the lives of young children in Bangladesh, and new approaches to prevent and treat these infections are desperately needed.
The long noncoding RNA MdLNC499 bridges MdWRKY1 and MdERF109 function to regulate early-stage light-induced anthocyanin accumulation in apple fruit
Authors: Ma Huaying , Yang Tuo , Li Yu , Zhang Jie , Wu Ting , Song Tingting , Yao Yuncong , Tian Ji 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Anthocyanin pigments contribute to plant coloration and are valuable sources of antioxidants in the human diet as components of fruits and vegetables. Their production is known to be induced by light in apple fruit (Malus domestica); however, the underlying molecular mechanism responsible for early-stage light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis remains unclear. Here, we identified an ethylene response factor (ERF) protein, ERF109, involved in light-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis and found that it promotes coloration by directly binding to anthocyanin-related gene promoters. Promoter::β-glucuronidase reporter analysis and Hi-C sequencing showed that a long noncoding RNA, MdLNC499, located nearby MdERF109, induces the expression of MdERF109. A W-box cis-element in the MdLNC499 promoter was found to be regulated by a transcription factor, MdWRKY1. Transient expression in apple fruit and stable transformation of apple calli allowed us to reconstruct a MdWRKY1–MdLNC499–MdERF109 transcriptional cascade in which MdWRKY1 is activated by light to increase the transcription of MdLNC499, which in turn induces MdERF109. The MdERF109 protein induces the expression of anthocyanin-related genes and the accumulation of anthocyanins in the early stages of apple coloration. Our results provide a platform for better understanding the various regulatory mechanisms involved in light-induced apple fruit coloration.
Survey of Pain Medicine Specialists' Familiarity with Migraine Management
Authors: Minen Mia T , Yang Jackie , Ashina Sait , Rosen Noah , Duarte Robert 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objective
Pain specialists treat patients with headache and interface with those who use opioids more so than neurologists and headache specialists. We assessed the headache medicine knowledge and needs of pain specialists.

Design/Setting
Cross-sectional online survey.

Subjects
Members of the American Academy of Pain Medicine.

Methods
Survey was based on a prior survey of primary care providers’ knowledge and needs and was iteratively updated by four headache specialists, two with pain medicine affiliations.

Results
Of the 105 respondents, 71.4% were physicians, 34.3% were women, and they averaged 20.0 ± 13.6 years in practice. The most common specialty was anesthesia (36.1%, n = 35/97) followed by neurology (14.4%, n = 14/97). About half of providers (55.7%, n = 34/61 and 53.3%, n = 32/60) were familiar with the American Academy of Neurology Guidelines for pharmacological migraine prevention and the Choosing Wisely Campaign recommendations for limiting neuroimaging and opioids. Less than half of all providers (39.7%, n = 23/58) were familiar with the American Headache Society guidelines for emergency management of migraine. Providers were aware of Level A evidence-based nonpharmacological therapies, with over three-fourths recognizing cognitive behavioral therapy (80.7%, n = 50/62) and biofeedback (75.8%, n = 47/62) as evidence-based interventions. About 80% of providers (n = 50/64) estimate making migraine diagnoses in ≤50% of their patients with headache. Providers consider starting preventive headache therapy at 7.1 ± 3.9 days/month and report referring 34.3%±34.2% of patients to behavioral interventions.

Conclusions
Dissemination and implementation of headache guidelines is needed for pain medicine specialists. Providers may need help diagnosing migraine based on currently accepted guidelines and referring for evidence-based behavioral therapies.
Timed “Up & Go” Dual-Task Tests: Age- and Sex-Specific Reference Values and Test–Retest Reliability in Cognitively Healthy Controls
Authors: Åhman Hanna B , Berglund Lars , Cedervall Ylva , Giedraitis Vilmantas , McKee Kevin J , Rosendahl Erik , Åberg Anna Cristina 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objective
The purpose of the study was to establish reference values for the Uppsala-Dalarna Dementia and Gait (UDDGait) Timed “Up & Go” dual-task (TUGdt) test variables in cognitively healthy adults and to assess these variables’ test–retest reliability.

Methods
For reference values, 166 participants were recruited with approximately equal numbers and proportions of women and men in the age groups 50 to 59, 60 to 69, 70 to 79, and 80+ years (mean age = 70 years, age range = 50–91 years, 51% women). For reliability testing, 43 individuals (mean age = 69 years, age range = 50–89 years, 51% women) were recruited. Two dt tests were carried out: TUGdt naming animals and TUGdt months backward, representing 8 test variables: time scores, costs (the relative difference between single-task and dt time scores), “number of animals,” “number of months,” “animals/10 seconds ,” and “months/10 seconds .” Reference ranges for the variables were established by quantile regression in age- and sex-specific groups. For reliability, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), standard error of measurement, minimal detectable change, and Bland–Altman plots were used.

Results
Reference values for the TUGdt test variables are presented for the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles. The reliability of TUGdt time scores was excellent (ICCs between 0.85 and 0.86). “Number of animals” and “animals/10 seconds” as well as “months/10 seconds” showed fair to good levels of reliability (ICCs between 0.45 and 0.58), whereas the reliability for both cost measures and “number of months” was poor (ICCs between 0.34 and 0.39).

Conclusion
Normative reference values, potentially useful for clinical and research purposes, were presented in 4 age- and sex-specific groups from 50 years and older. Reliability for the test variables varied between poor and excellent, the lower estimates partly explained by some variables being the ratio of 2 other variables. In UDDGait, TUGdt tests are intended for diagnostic and predictive purposes, for which these tests are promising and require further investigations.

Impact
Normative reference values and test–retest reliability results for the UDDGait TUGdt test variables were presented. These results should be useful for both clinical and research purposes.
Recruitment of dlPFC during dietary self-regulation predicts the transience of regulatory effects
Authors: Wilson Daniel J , HajiHosseini Azadeh , Hutcherson Cendri A 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRecent work on the cognitive regulation of dietary decision-making suggests that regulation can alter both the choices that people make in the moment and longer-lasting preferences. However, it is unclear what mechanisms lead to temporary or lingering changes. To address this question, we used fMRI during a task employing the cognitive regulation of food choice and assessed changes in food preference from baseline to post-regulation. We found evidence that regulation may result in a temporary reconfiguration of the neural drivers of choice, de-emphasizing goal-inconsistent value-related computations in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and resulting in more goal-consistent changes in value-related computations in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). Moreover, we find that the extent to which the dlPFC was recruited to represent different regulatory goals during the moment of choice negatively predicted the extent to which those regulatory goals produced lingering changes in preference. Our results suggest that the recruitment of the dlPFC in the service of regulation may have a downside: it is effective at changing behavior in the moment, but its effects on preferences are transient.
Guiding principles for determining work shift duration and addressing the effects of work shift duration on performance, safety, and health: guidance from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and the Sleep Research Society
Authors: Gurubhagavatula Indira , Barger Laura K , Barnes Christopher M , Basner Mathias , Boivin Diane B , Dawson Drew , Drake Christopher L , Flynn-Evans Erin E , Mysliwiec Vincent , Patterson P Daniel , Reid Kathryn J , Samuels Charles , Shattuck Nita Lewis , Kazmi Uzma , Carandang Gerard , Heald Jonathan L , Van Dongen Hans P A 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRisks associated with fatigue that accumulates during work shifts have historically been managed through working time arrangements that specify fixed maximum durations of work shifts and minimum durations of time off. By themselves, such arrangements are not sufficient to curb risks to performance, safety, and health caused by misalignment between work schedules and the biological regulation of waking alertness and sleep. Science-based approaches for determining shift duration and mitigating associated risks, while addressing operational needs, require: (1) a recognition of the factors contributing to fatigue and fatigue-related risks; (2) an understanding of evidence-based countermeasures that may reduce fatigue and/or fatigue-related risks; and (3) an informed approach to selecting workplace-specific strategies for managing work hours. We propose a series of guiding principles to assist stakeholders with designing a shift duration decision-making process that effectively balances the need to meet operational demands with the need to manage fatigue-related risks.
E-Learning for Population Health Management
Authors: Djukic Maja , Mola Ana , Keating Stacen , Melnyk Halia , Haber Judith 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
To educate nursing students and practicing registered nurses about population health management (PHM), a team of faculty and PHM clinical leaders created an innovative, scalable, turnkey ready, multimedia e-learning module. The module has four lessons; takes approximately three hours to complete; and can be accessed using a weblink from computers, smart phones, and tablets. The module engages learners with videos, flashcards, case studies, and a variety of interactive knowledge checks. Each learner can obtain a record of completion, which can be shared with faculty. Faculty implemented the module with 48 senior prelicensure nursing students who reported improved self-efficacy in PHM.
Recommendations to Inform Substance Use Disorder Data Sharing Research: Scoping Review and Thematic Analysis
Authors: Karway George , Ivanova Julia , Bhowmik Anweysha , Murcko Anita , Saks Michael , McCarty Dennis , Campbell Aimee , Grando Maria Adela 
Published: July 2021

Objectives
Title 42 Code of Federal Regulations Part 2 (42 CFR Part 2 or Part 2) was enacted in 1975 to protect patients receiving treatment for substance use disorders. A scoping review on Part 2 characterized published work.

Methods
Seven databases were searched. Studies were categorized based on date of publication, primary objectives, methods, and findings. A thematic analysis was conducted using article titles and abstracts.

Results
Of the 36 studies identified, the majority (78%) were opinions or legal reviews, (22%) employed quantitative and/or qualitative methods to study the impact of Part 2, and over half (58%) were published in the past 5 years. Only 8% of studies reported stakeholder involvement in Part 2 studies and no study included patients or patient advocates. No study discussed the efforts to align Part 2 with Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act or provided evidence of the benefit of this alignment. Three main themes emerged from the review: care delivery (46.6%), law and ethics (27.6%), and technology (25.9%). There were no studies focusing on stigma and its effect on substance use treatment and Part 2.

Conclusions
Despite the significance of Part 2, the literature is sparse. It is time to initiate a new era of scholarly research that focuses on the impact of statutes and policies that govern substance use disorder data sharing. Specifically, we recommend research on Part 2 and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act alignment, the effects of Part 2 on patients, as well as providers and other stakeholder perceptions on the regulation.
Evaluating the Safety of Continuous Infusion Lidocaine for Postoperative Pain
Authors: Schuler Brian R. , Lupi Kenneth E. , Szumita Paul M. , Kovacevic Mary P. 
Published: July 2021

Objectives:
The aim was to evaluate the safety of intravenous lidocaine for postoperative pain and the impact on opioid requirements and pain scores

Materials and Methods:
This was a single-center, retrospective, single-arm analysis of adult patients who received intravenous lidocaine for postoperative pain from January 2016 to December 2019. Patients were excluded if they received lidocaine for any indication other than pain or if lidocaine was only given intraoperatively. The primary outcome of this analysis was to determine the incidence of adverse effects (AEs) and the reason for discontinuation of lidocaine. Secondary outcomes included median daily pain scores (visual analog scale and Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool) and opioid consumption (daily morphine milligram equivalents) 24 hours before infusion and during day 1.

Results:
A total of 452 patients were evaluated of which 298 (65.9%) patients met inclusion criteria. Of the 154 patients excluded, 153 did not receive lidocaine postoperatively. The median duration of infusion was 34 [20:48] hours with a median initial and maintenance rate of 1 mg/kg/h dosed on ideal body weight. In our analysis, 174 (58.4%) patients had a documented AE during infusion and 38 (12.8%) had lidocaine discontinued because of an AE. The most common AE was nausea in 62 (20.8%) patients and the most common reason for discontinuation was confusion in 8 (2.7%) patients. Daily morphine milligram equivalents (P<0.001) and visual analog scale (P<0.001) significantly decreased when comparing 24 hours before infusion and day 1.

Conclusion:
Although a majority of patients receiving lidocaine for postoperative pain experienced an AE, this did not result in discontinuation in most patients.
Somatosensory Tinnitus Diagnosis: Diagnostic Value of Existing Criteria
Authors: Michiels Sarah , Cardon Emilie , Gilles Annick , Goedhart Hazel , Vesala Markku , Schlee Winfried 
Published: July 2021

Background:
Tinnitus can be influenced by changes in somatosensory afference from the cervical spine or temporomandibular area, then called somatosensory or somatic tinnitus (ST). In 2018, a new set of diagnostic criteria for ST was agreed upon by a large group of ST experts. Currently, however, it still requires extensive and specific expertise to diagnose ST correctly. The next step in the development of easily applicable diagnostic criteria is to assess the diagnostic value of each individual criterion.

Objectives:
The aim of this study was, therefore, to further investigate the diagnostic value of these criteria, validate them empirically, and identify their sensitivity and specificity.

Methods:
An online survey, questioning the presence of 12 diagnostic criteria for ST in a convenience sample of participants with tinnitus, was launched on the online forum Tinnitus Talk, managed by Tinnitus Hub. Participants were divided into three groups: a group with no somatic influence, a group with some somatic influence and a group with large somatic influence on their tinnitus. Chi-square tests were used to calculate differences between these groups. Afterward, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR), and pre- and posttest probabilities were calculated for each ST diagnostic criterion. For this analysis, all patients with some and large somatic influence were compared as one group to the group with no somatic influence.

Results:
In total, 8221 participants filled out the online survey. As expected, the diagnostic criteria for ST are more prevalent in the groups with somatic influence, but the criterium of tinnitus modulation also often occurs in the group with no somatic influence. The simultaneous onset or increase and decrease of both tinnitus and pain complaints have the highest positive LR (6.29 and 10.72, respectively), next to the influence of certain postures on the tinnitus (+LR: 6.04). To rule out ST, the absence of neck pain or tension in the neck extensor muscles are most suited, as they decrease the posttest probability to 18% and 19%, respectively.

Conclusion:
The simultaneous onset or increase and decrease of tinnitus and neck or jaw pain and the influence of certain postures are most suited to use as a single criterion for identifying patients with a somatic influence on their tinnitus. On the other hand, the absence of neck pain or tension in the neck extensor muscles is valid criterion to rule out a somatic influence. Additional analysis is needed to identify clusters of symptoms and criteria to further aid ST diagnosis.
Influences of Thoracic Spinal Deformity on Exercise Performance and Pulmonary Function
Authors: Lin Youxi , Feng Erwei , Shen Jianxiong , Tan Haining , Jiao Yang , Rong Tianhua , Chen Lixia , Yuan Wangshu , Cong Hui , Liu Shufen , Luo Jinmei 
Published: July 2021

Study Design.
A prospective study.

Objective.
The aim of this study was to investigate the factors associated with cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) measurements in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).

Summary of Background Data.
Patients with AIS display restrictive pulmonary dysfunction on pulmonary function testing (PFT). It remains unknown whether thoracic spinal deformity affects exercise performance.

Methods.
One hundred and sixty-eight patients with AIS from January 2014 to December 2019 were included. They underwent preoperative spinal radiological assessment, PFT, and CPET. The effects of the thoracic curve magnitude, body mass index, physical activity level and history of bracing on pulmonary function and exercise performance were analyzed. The Student t test and two-tailed Pearson test were used in data analysis.

Results.
We found significantly reduced forced expiratory volume in 1second (FEV1) in patients with a larger magnitude of the proximal thoracic curve (P < 0.001) and the main thoracic curve (P < 0.001). There was a negative correlation between forced vital capacity (FVC) and the magnitude of the main thoracic curve (P < 0.001) and thoracic hypokyphosis (P < 0.001). In CPET, exercise capacity indicators such as the work rate, peak oxygen intake, and heart rate were not affected by the thoracic curve magnitude. Patients with moderate or severe pulmonary dysfunction had decreased tidal volume (P = 0.01) and ventilatory reserve (P < 0.001), as well as increased respiratory frequency at maximal exercise (P = 0.01). Patients with a moderate or high physical activity level had better exercise capacity, which was reflected by a higher work rate (P = 0.009) and oxygen intake (P < 0.001).

Conclusion.
There was no significant correlation between radiographic parameters and exercise capacity indicators. When the thoracic curve increased, patients had restrictive ventilatory dysfunction, which led to a tachypneic breathing pattern and reduction of ventilatory reserve during exercise. A physiological change of improved peak oxygen intake was demonstrated in patients with a moderate or high physical activity level.

Level of Evidence: 3