bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Silk Road: From Mesoscopic Reconstruction/Functionalization to Flexible Meso‐Electronics/Photonics Based on Cocoon Silk Materials
Authors: Shi Chenyang , Hu Fan , Wu Ronghui , Xu Zijie , Shao Guangwei , Yu Rui , Liu Xiang Yang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTwo of the key questions to be addressed are whether and how one can turn cocoon silk into fascinating materials with different electronic and optical functions so as to fabricate the flexible devices. In this review, a comprehensive overview of the unique strategy of mesoscopic functionalization starting from silk fibroin (SF) materials to the fabrication of various meso flexible SF devices is presented. Notably, SF materials with novel and enhanced properties can be achieved by mesoscopically reconstructing the hierarchical structures of SF materials. This is based on rerouting the refolding process of SF molecules by meso‐nucleation templating. As‐acquired functionalized SF materials can be applied to fabricate bio‐compatible/degradable flexible/implantable meso‐optical/electronic devices of various types. Consequently, functionalized SF can be fabricated into optical elements, that is, nonlinear photonic and fluorescent components, and make it possible to construct silk meso‐electronics with high‐performance. These advances enable the applications of SF‐material based devices in the areas of physical and biochemical sensing, meso‐memristors, transistors, brain electrodes, and energy generation/storage, applicable to on‐skin long‐term monitoring of human physiological conditions, and in‐body sensing, information processing, and storage.
Direct Growth of Hexagonal Boron Nitride Thick Films on Dielectric Substrates by Ion Beam Assisted Deposition for Deep‐UV Photodetectors
Authors: Li Dongdong , Gao Wei , Sun Xiaoyan , Yu Haiying , Liu Caiyun , Yin Hong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHigh quality hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) thick films are indispensable for practical deep‐ultraviolet (DUV) photodetector applications. However, the controllable synthesis of h‐BN films in terms of thickness and crystallinity often requires high growth temperatures, tedious chemical precursors and, catalytic transition metal substrates, that will eventually hinder their applicability. In this work, the direct growth of h‐BN films with thickness of 50–500 nm on silicon(100), sapphire, and quartz substrates by ion beam assisted deposition at a lower temperature (≈500 °C) without employing extra catalysis is reported. The as‐synthesized h‐BN thick films are stoichiometric, smooth, and continuous without obvious pinholes and cracks, consisting of nanocrystalline domains on the dielectric substrates, distinct from those grown on metallic substrates. More intriguingly, the DUV photodetector fabricated from a 500 nm thick h‐BN film on quartz substrate exhibits high peak responsivity (0.5 A W−1) with a ultrahigh on/off ratio of >103 at 204 nm, a high rejection ratio (R204nm/R250nm > 103), a large specific detectivity (6.92 × 109 Jones), and a sharp cutoff wavelength at 218 nm. The work herein demonstrates the great potential of this form of h‐BN thick films toward the development of DUV photodetectors.
Isolating the Electrocatalytic Activity of a Confined NiFe Motif within Zirconium Phosphate
Authors: Sanchez Joel , Stevens Michaela Burke , Young Alexandra R. , Gallo Alessandro , Zhao Meng , Liu Yunzhi , Ramos‐Garcés Mario V. , Ben‐Naim Micha , Colón Jorge L. , Sinclair Robert , King Laurie A. , Bajdich Michal , Jaramillo Thomas F. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractUnique classes of active‐site motifs are needed for improved electrocatalysis. Herein, the activity of a new catalyst motif is engineered and isolated for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) created by nickel–iron transition metal electrocatalysts confined within a layered zirconium phosphate matrix. It is found that with optimal intercalation, confined NiFe catalysts have an order of magnitude improved mass activity compared to more conventional surface‐adsorbed systems in 0.1 m KOH. Interestingly, the confined environments within the layered structure also stabilize Fe‐rich compositions (90%) with exceptional mass activity compared to known Fe‐rich OER catalysts. Through controls and by grafting inert molecules to the outer surface, it is evidenced that the intercalated Ni/Fe species stay within the interlayer during catalysis and serve as the active site. After determining a possible structure (wycherproofite), density functional theory is shown to correlate with the observed experimental compositional trends. It is further demonstrated that the improved activity of this motif is correlated to the Fe and water content/composition within the confined space. This work highlights the catalytic enhancement possibilities available through zirconium phosphate and isolates the activity from the intercalated species versus surface/edge ones, thus opening new avenues to develop and understand catalysts within unique nanoscale chemical environments.
Micro/Nano‐Scaled Metal‐Organic Frameworks and Their Derivatives for Energy Applications
Authors: Wei Yong‐Sheng , Zou Lianli , Wang Hao‐Fan , Wang Yu , Xu Qiang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMetal‐organic frameworks (MOFs), as a distinctive class of crystalline porous materials, are constructed by organic linkers and metal ions/clusters. By virtue of their high surface area, structural diversity, and functional adjustability, MOFs and their derivatives, especially with tunable morphologies and sizes, have been well exploited for versatile applications, becoming a rapidly developing interdisciplinary research area. This review focusses on the design and synthesis of 1D, 2D, and 3D MOF nanostructures and their derivatives at micro/nanoscale, with promising catalytic applications including electrocatalysis and photocatalysis, as well as, energy storage like batteries and supercapacitors. The results are discussed and the critical insights gained from the works in this review are summarized, and the challenges and future prospects for this emerging field are outlined.
Conjugated Microporous Polymers with Bipolar and Double Redox‐Active Centers for High‐Performance Dual‐Ion, Organic Symmetric Battery
Authors: Wang Heng‐guo , Li Qiang , Wu Qiong , Si Zhenjun , Lv Xiaoling , Liang Xitong , Wang Huilin , Sun Lin , Shi Weidong , Song Shuyan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRedox‐active conjugated microporous polymers (RCMPs) have received remarkable interest in electrochemical energy‐storage systems in view of their porous structure and tunable redox nature. This work presents an effective strategy to construct RCMPs with bipolar and double redox‐active centers by integrating copper (II) tetraaminephthalocyanine (CuTAPc) and 1,4,5,8‐naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTCDA) units into the RCMPs (CuPcNA‐CMP). As expected, CuPcNA‐CMP has potential application in the half cells of dual‐ion batteries (lithium based DIBs, LDIBs), asymmetric DIBs (graphite based DIBs, ADIBs), and symmetric DIBs (all organic DIBs, SDIBs). Among them, LDIBs show a high reversible capacity (202.4 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1) and excellent rate capability (86.1 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1). And ADIBs also show a high reversible capacity (245.3 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1), long cycle stability with capacity retention of 89% after 500 cycles, and good rate performance (125.1 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1). In addition, SDIBs show high initial charge/discharge capacities of 269.4/198.5 mAh g−1 at 0.05 A g−1 and a high cell voltage of 2.5 V. Meanwhile, the mechanism of CuPcNA‐CMP on hosting both anions (PF6−) and cations (Li+) is investigated by detailed experimental analysis and density functional theory studies.
Nutrient excretion from cattle grazing nitrogen‐fertilized grass or grass–legume pastures
Authors: Garcia Liza , Dubeux José C. B. , Sollenberger Lynn E. , Vendramini Joao M. B. , DiLorenzo Nicolas , Santos Erick R. S. , Jaramillo David M. , Ruiz‐Moreno Martin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNutrient cycling via livestock excreta is an important grassland ecosystem service. This study was conducted in 2016 and 2017 and determined nutrient excretion from cattle grazing three systems: (a) N‐fertilized bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flüggé) overseeded with rye (Secale cereale L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) during winter (Grass+N), (b) unfertilized bahiagrass overseeded with rye–oat–clover (Trifolium sp.) mixture (Grass+clover), and (c) rhizoma peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth.)–bahiagrass mixture overseeded with a rye–oat–clover mixture (Grass+CL+RP). Urinary volume excreted in the warm season ranged from 122 to 182 L ha−1d−1, more than double that in the cool season (56–70 L ha−1 d−1). Urinary N concentration during the warm season was greater in Grass+CL+RP compared with Grass+N (4.4 vs. 3.1 g kg−1, respectively). In addition, fecal dry matter and organic matter output was greater for Grass+N than for steers grazing Grass+CL+RP during the warm season (3.8 and 3.2 vs. 2.8 and 2.2 kg hd−1 d−1, respectively). Total annual feces excretion concentrations of P, K, Mg, and N were greater in the Grass+N than in Grass+CL+RP system. The introduction of legumes increased the proportion of N returning via urine. However, when summed across seasons, total N excretion (feces and urine) was greater in Grass+N than in Grass+CL+RP (89 vs. 71 kg ha−1 yr−1), mainly due to the greater stocking rate in the former. Grass–legume systems receiving 34 kg N ha−1 yr−1 recycled 80% of the N recycled in the grass system receiving 224 kg N ha−1 yr−1, indicating the potential of forage legumes to add N to grasslands.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Isoquinolino[1,2‐b]Quinazolines via C−H Annulation in Biomass‐Derived γ‐Valerolactone
Authors: Wang Liang , Jiang Kuan‐chang , Zhang Nana , Zhang Zhi‐hui 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA rhodium‐catalyzed synthesis of isoquinolino[1,2‐b]quinazolines via C−H annulation using vinylene carbonate as an oxidizing acetylene surrogate in biomass‐derived γ‐valerolactone (GVL) has been developed. The reactions proceeded smoothly to give the corresponding products in moderate to good yields without any external oxidant and base. This protocol can also be applied for the synthesis of 5,6‐dihydro‐8H‐isoquinolino[1,2‐b]quinazolin‐8‐ones.
The association of osteochemometrics and bone mineral density in humans
Authors: Pedrosa Mariana , Ferreira Maria Teresa , E. Batista de Carvalho Luís A. , M. Marques Maria Paula , Curate Francisco 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectivesEven though much is known about bone mineral and matrix composition, studies about their relationship with several bone properties and its alterations related to bone diseases such as osteoporosis are practically non‐existent in humans. Thus, the development of methods to understand the effects of bone properties at a microscopic level is paramount. This research aimed to evaluate whether Fourier transform infrared‐attenuated total reflectance (FTIR‐ATR) band intensity ratios correlate with femoral bone mass, bone mineral content (BMC) (total and femoral neck), bone mineral per unit area (BMD) (total, femoral neck, greater trochanter, intertrochanteric region, and Ward's area) and the area (total and femoral neck). A sample of femora from the 21st Century Identified Skeleton Collection (N = 78, 42 females and 36 males) was employed and BMC, BMD, and the femoral areas were acquired by DXA.ResultsIt was found that only females' BMD had a significant association with the femoral FTIR‐ATR indices under study, whereas bone collagen (Am/P) and the content of carbonate Type A (API) in males correlated with the total proximal femur area of the regions of interest and the femoral neck area.DiscussionMen and women showed different changes related to their chemical composition in BMD, BMC, and probed area, most likely due to differences in structure and physiology, as well as mechanical strength in the proximal femoral sites where BMD was analyzed.
Heterogeneous frailty and the expression of linear enamel hypoplasia in a genealogical population
Authors: Lawrence Julie , Stojanowski Christopher M. , Paul Kathleen S. , Seidel Andrew C. , Guatelli‐Steinberg Debbie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectivesLinear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) is a common skeletal marker of physiological stress (e.g., malnutrition or illness) that is studied within and across populations, without reference to familial risk. We examine LEH prevalence in a population with known genealogical relationships to determine the potential influence of genetic heritability and shared environment.MethodsLEH data of 239 individuals from a single population were recorded from the Ohio State University Menegaz‐Bock collection dental casts. All individuals were of known age, sex, and genealogy. Narrow‐sense heritability estimates were obtained for LEH presence and count data from all unworn, fully erupted teeth (excluding third molars) using SOLAR (v.8.1.1). Age, sex, and age–sex interaction were included as covariates. Models were re‐run with a household effect variable.ResultsLEH persists across generations in this study population with moderate, significant heritability estimates for presence in four teeth, and count in four teeth (three teeth were significant for both). When a household effect variable was added, no residual heritability remained for LEH count on any tooth. There was no significant household effect for three of the four teeth that had significant heritability estimates for LEH presence. Age was a significant covariate. Further analyses with birth year data revealed a secular trend toward less LEH.ConclusionsThis study provides evidence for familial risk of LEH (genetic and environmental) that has consequences for the broad use of this skeletal marker of stress. These results have repercussions for archaeological assemblages, or population health studies, where genetic relatives and household groups might be heavily represented.
A Two‐Pronged Pulmonary Gene Delivery Strategy: A Surface‐Modified Fullerene Nanoparticle and a Hypotonic Vehicle
Authors: Chen Daiqin , Liu Shuai , Chen Dinghao , Liu Jinhao , Wu Jerry , Wang Han , Su Yun , Kwak Gijung , Zuo Xinyuan , Rao Divya , Cui Honggang , Shu Chunying , Suk Jung Soo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractInhaled gene therapy poses a unique potential of curing chronic lung diseases, which are currently managed primarily by symptomatic treatments. However, it has been challenging to achieve therapeutically relevant gene transfer efficacy in the lung due to the presence of numerous biological delivery barriers. Here, we introduce a simple approach that overcomes both extracellular and cellular barriers to enhance gene transfer efficacy in the lung in vivo. We endowed tetra(piperazino)fullerene epoxide (TPFE)‐based nanoparticles with non‐adhesive surface polyethylene glycol (PEG) coatings, thereby enabling the nanoparticles to cross the airway mucus gel layer and avoid phagocytic uptake by alveolar macrophages. In parallel, we utilized a hypotonic vehicle to facilitate endocytic uptake of the PEGylated nanoparticles by lung parenchymal cells via the osmotically driven regulatory volume decrease (RVD) mechanism. We demonstrate that this two‐pronged delivery strategy provides safe, wide‐spread and high‐level transgene expression in the lungs of both healthy mice and mice with chronic lung diseases characterized by reinforced delivery barriers.
Enhanced dispersion of hydroxyapatite whisker in orthopedics 3D printing resin with improved mechanical performance
Authors: Chong Yi Ting , Tan Clara S. H. , Liu Li Ying , Liu Jinyan , Teng Choon Peng , Wang FuKe 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOne‐dimensional fillers such as rods and fibers have shown effective mechanical reinforcement in polymer nanocomposites, but their application in vat polymerization‐based 3D printing techniques was hindered due to the rapidly increased viscosity of the resin. In order to improve the fluidity of the composites without sacrificing the mechanical performance, herein we demonstrated that one‐dimensional hydroxyapatite (HAP) whiskers could be surface modified with 3‐(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate, to decrease the viscosity of the resulting resins and to enhance the interfacial adhesion between the filler and matrix. Rheology results showed that the resin was still fluidic with loading of HAP whiskers up to 20 wt%, with Young's modulus increased by a factor of 98% and the ultimate tensile strength increased by 26%. Successful printing of the resin on a DLP printer was achieved with high resolution and fine surface, and the biocompatibility test showed an increase in cell viability with the addition of HAP whiskers. These results provide a promising approach to develop high‐performance printable resin for orthopedic and related bio‐printing.
Poly(vinyl alcohol)‐assisted preparation of melamine resin‐derived thick plate‐like porous carbon for high‐performance all‐solid‐state supercapacitors
Authors: Liu Yujiao , Niu Ben , Qi Rixin , Zhang Yuheng , Zhang Yunqiang , Li Mei 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA simple and efficient approach derived from melamine formaldehyde (MF) resin was explored to synthesize porous thick plate‐like carbon (TPC) using poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as reagent and dispersant. Ultra‐large lateral dimension of over 100–150 μm is achieved with high nitrogen (12.4 at%)/oxygen (10.8 at%) content after MF prolysis at 700°C. The introduction of PVA provides abundant micro and mesopores inside TPC and the folded layered structure increases the specific surface area both of which are beneficial to improve the electrochemical properties of the electrode. The optimized TPC (MTPC‐0.2) shows remarkable rate capability as the current densities increased from 0.5 A/g (409.3 F/g) to 20 A/g (330.0 F/g). Further, the all‐solid‐state supercapacitors built from two identical MTPC‐0.2 electrodes delivers dramatically improved volumetric specific capacitance (8.6 F/cm3 at 1.2 mA/cm2) and volumetric energy density (1.20 at 21.42 mW/cm3) based on the total volume of device.
Classifying flow regimes of the Amazon basin
Authors: Siddiqui Sharmin F. , Zapata‐Rios Xavier , Torres‐Paguay Sandra , Encalada Andrea C. , Anderson Elizabeth P. , Allaire Mark , da Costa Doria Carolina Rodrigues , Kaplan David A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

The Amazon River basin contains a vast diversity of lotic habitats and accompanying hydrological regimes. Further understanding the spatial distribution of flow regimes across the Amazon can be useful for recognizing riverine ecohydrological processes and informing river management and conservation, especially in areas with limited or inconsistent streamflow monitoring.
This study compares four inductive approaches for classifying streamflow regimes across the Amazon using an unprecedented compilation of streamflow records from Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
Inductive classification schemes use attributes of streamflow data to categorize river reaches into similar classes, which then may be generalized to understand streamflow behaviour at the basin scale. In this study, classification was accomplished through hierarchical clustering of 67 flow metrics calculated using indicators of hydrologic alteration (IHA) and daily streamflow data from median annual hydrographs (MAHs) for 404 stations (representing >7,000 station‐years) across five Amazonian countries.
Classification was performed using both flow magnitude‐inclusive and flow magnitude‐independent datasets. For flow magnitude‐independent methods, optimal solutions included six or seven primary hydrological classes for IHA and MAH datasets; for approaches that retained magnitude, variance was sufficiently large to prevent convergence to a specific number of classes.
Across methods, class membership was strongly associated with the timing, frequency, and rate of change of flow, and spatially coherent clusters were associated with seasonal, elevational, and stream‐order gradients. These results highlight the diversity of flow regimes across the Amazon and provide a framework for studying relationships between hydrological regimes and ecological responses in the context of changing climate, land use, and human‐induced hydrological alteration.
The methodology applied provides a data‐driven approach for classifying flow regimes based on observed data. When coupled with ecological knowledge and expertise, these classifications can be used to develop ecohydrologically informed and management‐relevant conservation practices.
A two‐step method for 4‐pin form‐closure gripper with grasping force optimization
Authors: Li Rui , Li Yinlin , Su Xiaojie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGrasp planning and the grasping force optimization are challenging issues associated with the dexterous robotic hand grasping problem. To ensure a safe, fast, and stable grasp for robots, careful determination of the grasping points and the grasping forces is required. The former creates an open question because of the availability of multiple solutions. The latter is formulated as a problem for minimizing an objective function subject to form‐closure constraints and balance constraints of external forces. In this work, we propose a novel approach for the grasping force optimization of the 4‐pin environmental constraint‐based form‐closure grasp using dynamic neural networks. To find a form‐closure grasp, we propose an environmental constraint‐based algorithm and convert it to a problem of finding the local minima of a constraint region, resulting in an easy determination of the grasping points with the guarantee of grasping safety. To satisfy the grasping force limit of the contact points, we solve the grasping force optimization problem with friction constraint, which maximize the efficiency of the applied force and power of the dexterous hand. The proposed approach is evaluated with 4‐pin gripper, and the result demonstrates that we can plan a safe, fast, and stable grasp from any initial state to a form‐closure grasping state.
Marine Natural Products: The Important Resource of Biological Insecticide
Authors: Song Chenggang , Yang Jian , Zhang Mingzhe , Ding Gang , Jia Chengguo , Qin Jianchun , Guo Lanping 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDue to the unique environmental conditions and vast territory, marine habitat breeds more abundant biological resources than terrestrial environment. Massive marine biological species provide valuable resources for obtaining a large number of natural products with diverse structure and excellent activity. In recent years, new breakthroughs have been made in the application of marine natural products in drug development. In addition, the use of marine natural products to develop insecticides and other pesticide products has also been widely concerned. Targeting marine plants, animals, and microorganisms, we have collected information on marine natural products with insecticidal activity for nearly decade, including alkaloids, terpenes, flavonoids and phenols fatty acids, peptides, and proteins, et al. In addition, some active crude extracts are also included. This review describes the insecticidal activities of marine natural products and their broad applications for future research in agriculture and health.