bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the evaluation of mobile target trajectory between four‐dimensional computer tomography and four‐dimensional cone‐beam computer tomography
Authors: Baley Colton , Kirby Neil , Wagner Timothy , Papanikolaou Nikos , Myers Pamela , Rasmussen Karl , Stathakis Sotirios , Saenz Daniel 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPurposeFor mobile lung tumors, four‐dimensional computer tomography (4D CT) is often used for simulation and treatment planning. Localization accuracy remains a challenge in lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) treatments. An attractive image guidance method to increase localization accuracy is 4D cone‐beam CT (CBCT) as it allows for visualization of tumor motion with reduced motion artifacts. However, acquisition and reconstruction of 4D CBCT differ from that of 4D CT. This study evaluates the discrepancies between the reconstructed motion of 4D CBCT and 4D CT imaging over a wide range of sine target motion parameters and patient waveforms.MethodsA thorax motion phantom was used to examine 24 sine motions with varying amplitudes and cycle times and seven patient waveforms. Each programmed motion was imaged using 4D CT and 4D CBCT. The images were processed to auto segment the target. For sine motion, the target centroid at each phase was fitted to a sinusoidal curve to evaluate equivalence in amplitude between the two imaging modalities. The patient waveform motion was evaluated based on the average 4D data sets.ResultsThe mean difference and root‐mean‐square‐error between the two modalities for sine motion were −0.35 ± 0.22 and 0.60 mm, respectively, with 4D CBCT slightly overestimating amplitude compared with 4D CT. The two imaging methods were determined to be significantly equivalent within ±1 mm based on two one‐sided t tests (p < 0.001). For patient‐specific motion, the mean difference was 1.5 ± 2.1 (0.8 ± 0.6 without outlier), 0.4 ± 0.3, and 0.8 ± 0.6 mm for superior/inferior (SI), anterior/posterior (AP), and left/right (LR), respectively.ConclusionIn cases where 4D CT is used to image mobile tumors, 4D CBCT is an attractive localization method due to its assessment of motion with respect to 4D CT, particularly for lung SBRT treatments where accuracy is paramount.
Distributed resilient state estimation for nonlinear systems with randomly occurring communication delays and missing measurements
Authors: Qian Wei , Guo Simeng , Zhao Yunji , Xu Xiaozhuo , Fei Shumin 
Published: June 2021

SummaryThis article is concerned with the distributed H∞ resilient state estimation problem for a class of nonlinear systems with randomly occurring communication delays and missing measurements in sensor networks. A novel sensor model is proposed, in which two Bernoulli distributed white sequences are introduced to describe the random communication delay and missing measurements in a unified framework. Meanwhile, the estimator gain is allowed to fluctuate within a certain range. Based on the developed model, a novel Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional with multiple delay information terms is constructed, then the stochastic analysis technique and the extended integral inequality are used to calculate the functional derivative. Consequently, the existence conditions for the required distributed estimator are established to ensure that the estimation error system is asymptotically mean‐square stable and satisfies the prescribed H∞ performance constraint, and the desired gain of distributed resilient estimator is also solved by linearizing the nonlinear terms. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Ion‐Gating Engineering of Organic Semiconductors toward Multifunctional Devices
Authors: Xiang Lanyi , Liu Liyao , Zhang Fengjiao , Di Chong‐an , Zhu Daoben 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIon‐gating engineering provides a new way to bridge electronics and ionics, and more importantly, bringing unprecedented opportunities for organic semiconductors (OSCs) based bioelectronics and solid‐sate physics. Compared with conventional‐dielectric gating, ion gating shows unique features in an extremely large electric field, high transconductance, low operating frequency, and ultrahigh carrier concentration. It therefore boosts the rapid development of different organic devices, including neuromorphic devices and amplifying transducers, and offers a powerful strategy to probe the charge transport, thermoelectric and even superconducting properties of organic materials at different scales. In this review, first, the fundamental mechanism of ion gating is discussed to enable multifunctional devices. The electrolyte materials and organic semiconductors are also summarized that are widely used in ion‐gated devices and their associated properties are examined. Moreover, key concepts of manipulating ion–electron coupling are highlighted for opening up new frontiers in organic multifunctional electronics. Finally, the challenges and perspectives on the ion gating of OSCs are proposed to highlight the directions that deserve attention in this emerging interdisciplinary field.
Reversible Switching of Battery Internal Resistance Using Iongate Separators
Authors: Gonzalez Matthew S. , Yan Qizhang , Holoubek John , Li Mingqian , Wu Zhaohui , Zhou Hongyao , Kim Sean , Liu Haodong , Jung Bum‐Young , Lee Suk‐woo , Chen Zheng , Liu Ping 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBattery separators are a critical component that greatly determine cell calendar life and safety. Generally, these separators are passive with no ability to reversibly change their properties in order to optimize battery performance. Here, an iongate separator is demonstrated, which allows ion transport while in the oxidized “on” state but limits ion transport when switched to the reduced “off” state. This is achieved by depositing a dense 300 nm thin film of polypyrrole:polydopamine (PPy:PDA) on a conventional polyolefin separator. By using this iongate separator as a third electrode, a rapid and reversible order of magnitude increase of iongate resistance is achievable. The iongate battery shows similar cycling performance to a normal battery while in the “on” state, but cycling can be reversibly shut‐off when the iongate separator is reduced to the “off” state. During elevated temperature storage with the iongate separator in the “off” state, battery capacity loss is decreased by 37% and transition metal crossover is greatly suppressed when compared to a normal battery without the iongate. Additionally, rapid shut‐off during discharge is demonstrated by directly shorting the iongate separator to the anode.
Near‐Infrared Light‐Regulated Drug‐Food Homologous Bioactive Molecules and Photothermal Collaborative Precise Antibacterial Therapy Nanoplatform with Controlled Release Property
Authors: Sun Xinyu , Li Lihua , Zhang Hui , Dong Mengna , Wang Jiao , Jia Pei , Bu Tong , Wang Xin , Wang Li 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHerein, a collaborative precise antibacterial wound healing therapy nanoplatform integrating drug‐food homologous bioactive molecule (cinnamaldehyde, CA) with photothermal therapy (PTT) is presented. Copper‐gallic acids‐cinnamaldehyde‐polydopamine nanorods (Cu‐GA‐CA‐PDA NRs) with near‐infrared light (NIR)‐controlled CA release property are fabricated, which also integrate CA and photothermal synergistic sterilization, as well as antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and anti‐infection capacities. The characteristics of NIR‐mediated CA release and photothermal response of Cu‐GA‐CA‐PDA NRs support their excellent sterilization performance in vitro/in vivo. In addition, under the guidance of NIR, Cu‐GA‐CA‐PDA NRs can hinder the formation of inflammatory cells, reduce oxidative stress damage, accelerate the regeneration of skin tissues in S. aureus‐infected wound sites, and achieve the goal of promoting wound healing. Therefore, NIR‐mediated Cu‐GA‐CA‐PDA NRs with multifunctional biological activities provide a highly competitive strategy for curing bacteria‐infected wounds.
Chinese Calligraphy Inspired Design of Humidity/Light Dual Responsive Magic Paper
Authors: Gao Jushan , Zhao Xinxin , Wen Jinpeng , Hu Datao , Li Ruilin , Wang Ke 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPaper flowers are frequently, for example as indoor decorations and in wedding bouquets. But these traditional paper flowers can only maintain static conditions, greatly affecting their sensory effects, vividness, and appreciation. The design of novel paper flowers with dynamic shape deformation could effectively broaden the application of paper flowers. Here, inspired by Chinese calligraphy, a novel polyvinyl butyral (PVB)/carbon/cellulose composite (PCC) magic paper with a sandwiched structure is prepared. The hygroscopicity difference between hydrophobic PVB and hydrophilic cellulose layer endows the PCC paper with humidity responsiveness, and the maximum bending angle is up to 91.4° upon exposure to humidity environment. Carbon in the interlayer with strong light–heat conversion capacity could further accelerate water desorption and deformation speed, resulting in highly sensitive light responsiveness. The recovery time of PCC paper from maximum bending to the original flat state is shorter than 1 s. The PCC paper has good flexibility and processability, which can be cut and assembled into flowers with different shapes, and these unique magic flowers could freely bloom and furl upon external stimulus. All these results indicate that PCC paper has great potential in the production of magic props, artworks, and intelligent household decorations fields.
Cryogenic‐Temperature Thermodynamically Suppressed and Strongly Confined CsPbBr3 Quantum Dots for Deeply Blue Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Cao Jingjing , Yan Cheng , Luo Chao , Li Wen , Zeng Xiankan , Xu Zhong , Fu Xuehai , Wang Qing , Chu Xiang , Huang Haichao , Zhao Xiaoyun , Lu Jun , Yang Weiqing 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSuppressing the naturally ultrafast nucleation and growth rates of perovskite nanocrystals is a big challenge to develop high‐performance deeply blue perovskite light‐emitting diodes. Here, a cryogenic temperature thermodynamically suppressed synthetic strategy using liquid nitrogen is designed to obtain ultrasmall CsPbBr3 quantum dots (QDs; ≈3 nm). Due to its strong confinement effect, the as‐obtained CsPbBr3 QDs present strong deeply blue emission (≈460 nm) with a high quantum yield value of up to 98%, a large exciton binding energy of 301.6 meV, and excellent spectra stability for 60 d under atmosphere environment. This unprecedented regime indicates that cryogenic temperature can eliminate pre‐existing trap states and suppress the nonradiative process. Besides, the resultant perovskite light‐emitting diodes based on ultrasmall CsPbBr3 QDs show deeply blue emission (≈ 460 nm) with a Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) color coordinate of (0.145, 0.054), better than the blue National Television Standards Committee (NTSC) standard. Evidently, this cryogenic temperature synthetic strategy will pave the way for the large‐scale synthesis of the strongly confined ultrasmall quantum dots systems and open the door for the development of next generation solid‐state lighting and displays.
Synthesis of Enantioenriched Amines by Iron‐Catalysed Amination of Alcohols Employing at Least One Achiral Substrate
Authors: Bottari Giovanni , Afanasenko Anastasiia , Castillo‐Garcia Antonio A. , Feringa Ben L. , Barta Katalin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe synthesis of a broad range of enantioenriched amines by the direct Fe‐catalysed coupling of amines with alcohols through the borrowing hydrogen strategy, while at least one of these substrates is achiral is reported. When starting from α‐chiral amines and achiral alcohols, a wide range of enantioenriched amine products, including N‐heterocyclic moieties can be obtained with complete retention of stereochemistry and the power of this method is demonstrated in the one‐step synthesis of known pharmaceuticals from commercially available, simple enantiopure primary amines and achiral alcohols. It was also found that the use of β‐branched enantioenriched primary alcohols and achiral amines as reaction partners leads to a partial loss of stereochemical integrity in the final product, however, a systematic optimization enabled partial retention of enantiopurity and possible parameters effecting for racemization were identified.magnified image
Role of Adsorptive Concentration in Fenton‐Like Degradation of Organic Pollutants by Biopolymeric FeOOH/Graphene Oxide Composite Catalyst: Proof of Concept
Authors: Sarkar Amit Kumar , Yun Yeoung‐Sang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDespite advances in adsorption chemistry to mitigate water contaminants, the intact nature of contaminants after adsorption limits the technique's wide application. Here, a nanostructured material is engineered and a conceptual study developed—adsorption‐coupled Fenton‐like reaction (ACFLR)—and it is shown that adsorptive concentration of a pollutant on an adsorbent favors Fenton‐like degradation. Sodium alginate (SAG) is introduced as a soft‐gelling template for in situ generation of FeOOH, which stabilizes graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets (SAG‐FeOOH/GO) to yield active Fenton‐like catalytic adsorptive sites. The catalyst architecture—the biopolymer‐functionalized FeOOH‐supporting GO nanosheets—are responsible for the ACFLR. Methylene blue (MB) is concentrated on SAG‐FeOOH/GO via electrostatic and pi–pi interactions and these interactions are responsible for the adsorptive removal of MB. After adsorptive concentration of MB on the surface of SAG‐FeOOH/GO, the proximity of Fenton‐like catalytic sites enhances the efficient use of the short‐lived reactive oxygen species compared to that of the MB in bulk solution (nonadsorbed MB) for efficient Fenton‐like reactions. The role of adsorption during the Fenton‐like reaction is proved by the structural degradation of MB by the concentrated MB on SAG‐FeOOH/GO under Fenton‐like conditions followed by desorption, which gives the concentration of degraded MB after the step‐wise action of adsorption and Fenton‐like degradation.
Rheological Properties of Lamellae‐Forming Diblock Copolymers
Authors: Tomiyoshi Yoshinori , Kawakatsu Toshihiro , Aoyagi Takeshi , Morita Hiroshi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe present study investigates rheological properties of microphase‐separated lamellar structures formed by unentangled and weakly entangled diblock copolymer melts under a finite amplitude oscillatory shear flow and a steady shear flow. To simulate such a system, dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulation is employed to reproduce the lamellar structures, where a multi‐chain slip‐spring model is combined with DPD simulation to mimic entanglement effects. By imposing an oscillatory shear flow, this model enables us to measure storage and loss moduli for three different (parallel, perpendicular, and transverse) lamellar orientations with respect to the flow direction. These orientations display distinctive rheological behaviors, and especially the transverse orientation exhibits a peculiar behavior owing to a finite expansion of the lamellar interfaces, which differs from a previous study. In a steady shear flow, steady shear viscosities of parallel and perpendicular orientations are evaluated. In this case, the orientations of lamellar domains and the local orientation and stretching of bonds near the lamellar interfaces affect the steady shear viscosities. A spatial distribution of entanglements also affects the steady shear viscosities differently from another previous study.
Field‐Driven Reversal Models in Artificial Spin Ice
Authors: Paterson Gary W. , Macauley Gavin M. , Macêdo Rair 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA set of topological arrangements of individual ferromagnetic islands in ideal and disordered artificial spin ice (ASI) arrays is investigated in order to evaluate how aspects of their field‐driven reversal are affected by the model used. The set contains the pinwheel and square ice tilings, and thus a range of magnetic ordering and reversal properties are tested. It is found that a simple point dipole model performs relatively well for square ice, but it does not replicate the properties observed in recent experiments with pinwheel ice. Parameterization of the reversal barrier in a Stoner–Wohlfarth model improves upon this, but fails to capture aspects of the physics of ferromagnetic coupling observed in pinwheel structures which have been attributed to the non‐Ising nature of the islands. In particular, spin canting is found to be important in pinwheel arrays, but not in square ones, due to their different symmetries. The authors' findings will improve the modeling of ASI structures for fundamental research and in applications which are reliant upon the ability to obtain and switch through known states using an externally applied field.
Wax‐Transferred Hydrophobic CVD Graphene Enables Water‐Resistant and Dendrite‐Free Lithium Anode toward Long Cycle Li–Air Battery
Authors: Ma Yong , Qi Pengwei , Ma Jun , Wei Le , Zhao Liang , Cheng Jian , Su Yanhui , Gu Yuting , Lian Yuebin , Peng Yang , Shen Yanbin , Chen Liwei , Deng Zhao , Liu Zhongfan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOne of the key challenges in achieving practical lithium–air battery is the poor moisture tolerance of the lithium metal anode. Herein, guided by theoretical modeling, an effective tactic for realizing water‐resistant Li anode by implementing a wax‐assisted transfer protocol is reported to passivate the Li surface with an inert high‐quality chemical vapor deposition (CVD) graphene layer. This electrically conductive and mechanically robust graphene coating enables serving as an artificial solid/electrolyte interphase (SEI), guiding homogeneous Li plating/stripping, suppressing dendrite and “dead” Li formation, as well as passivating the Li surface from moisture erosion and side reactions. Consequently, lithium–air batteries fabricated with the passivated Li anodes demonstrate a superb cycling performance up to 2300 h (230 cycles at 1000 mAh g−1, 200 mA g−1). More strikingly, the anode recycled thereafter can be recoupled with a fresh cathode to continuously run for 400 extended hours. Comprehensive time‐lapse and ex situ microscopic and spectroscopic investigations are further carried out for elucidating the fundamentals behind the extraordinary air and electrochemical stability.
Generating Short‐Chain Sulfur Suitable for Efficient Sodium–Sulfur Batteries via Atomic Copper Sites on a N,O‐Codoped Carbon Composite
Authors: Xiao Fengping , Wang Hongkang , Xu Jun , Yang Wenqi , Yang Xuming , Yu Denis Y. W. , Rogach Andrey L. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSodium–sulfur batteries have attracted attention due to their high energy capacities and low costs, but the dissolution of sodium polysulfides still severely affects their cycle life, limiting their real‐world applications. Herein, a stable sulfur host is reported, based on a N,O‐codoped carbon composite derived from a bimetallic Cu–Zn metal‐organic framework, which ensures high sulfur loading (67 wt%). Most importantly, this composite also includes single‐atom copper catalysts, with a high Cu loading of 8.03 wt%. Solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance, synchrotron X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis show that single atoms of Cu are coordinated with two N and two O atoms within the produced composite material. Those copper sites can weaken SS bonds in the S8 ring structure, and thus are able to catalyze the formation of short‐chain sulfur molecules in even larger‐size pores. In addition, Cu atoms facilitate the conversion between the short‐chain sulfur and Na2S. As a result, when the produced sulfur‐loaded carbon framework containing the atomic Cu catalyst is used as a cathode for sodium–sulfur batteries, it exhibits superior capacity of 776 mAh g–1 with a high sulfur utilization (1158 mAh gs–1 normalized with sulfur content) after 100 cycles at 0.1 A g–1, and an excellent rate performance of 483 mAh g–1 (720 mAh gs–1) at 5 A g–1.
Seeing potential opportunities for teaching (SPOT): Evaluating a bundle of interventions to augment entrustable professional activity acquisition
Authors: Sample Spencer , Al Rimawi Hussein , Bérczi Beatrix , Chorley Alexander , Pardhan Alim , Chan Teresa M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroductionWithin the Canadian competency‐based medical education system, entrustable professional activities (EPAs) are used to assess residents on performed clinical duties. This study aimed to determine whether implementing a bundle of two interventions (a case‐based discussion intervention and a rotation‐based nudging system) could increase the number of EPA assessments that could occur for our trainees.MethodsThe authors designed an intervention bundle with two components: 1) a case‐based workshop where trainees discussed which EPAs could be assessed with multiple cases and 2) a nudging system wherein each trainee was reminded of EPAs that would be useful to them on each rotation in their first year. We conducted a retrospective program evaluation to compare the intervention cohort (2019) to two historical cohorts using similar EPAs (2017, 2018).ResultsData from 22 trainees (seven in 2017, eight in 2018, and seven in 2019) were analyzed. There was a marked increase in the total number of EPA assessments acquired in the 2019 cohort (average per resident = 285.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 256.1 to 312.3, range = 195–350) compared to the two other years (2018 [average = 132.4, 95% CI = 107.5 to 157.02, range = 107–167] and 2017 [70.1, 95% CI 45.3 to 91.0, range = 49–95]), yielding an effect size of Cohen's d = 4.02 for our intervention bundle.ConclusionsWithin the limitations of a small sample size, there was a strong effect of introducing two interventions (a case‐based orientation and a nudging system) upon EPA assessments with PGY‐1 residents. These strategies may be useful to others seeking to improve EPA assessment numbers in other specialties and clinical environments.
Diethinylphosphinate für die Cystein‐selektive Proteinmarkierung und Disulfid‐Verbrückung
Authors: Stieger Christian E. , Franz Luise , Körlin Frieder , Hackenberger Christian P. R. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDiethinylphosphinate wurden als bisfunktionelle Elektrophile für die ortsselektive Modifikation von Peptiden, Proteinen und Antikörpern entwickelt. Eine ihrer elektronenarmen Dreifachbindungen reagiert selektiv mit einem Thiol und positioniert eine elektrophile Einheit für eine nachfolgende intra‐ oder intermolekulare Reaktion mit einem anderen Thiol. Die erhaltenen Konjugate erwiesen sich im menschlichen Plasma und in Gegenwart kleiner Thiole als stabil. Wir zeigen weiter, dass diese Methode für die Generierung von funktionellen Proteinkonjugaten für den intrazellulären Transport geeignet ist. Schließlich wurde diese Reagenzklasse verwendet, um funktionale, homogen verbrückte Antikörper zu generieren, die spezifisch für ihr Ziel bleiben. Ihre modulare Synthese, Thiol‐Selektivität und die Stabilität der Konjugate machen Diethinylphosphinate zu idealen Kandidaten für die Proteinkonjugation für biologische und pharmazeutische Anwendungen.