bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Costs and Benefits of Goal-Directed Attention in Deep Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Luo Xiaoliang , Roads Brett D. , Love Bradley C. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPeople deploy top-down, goal-directed attention to accomplish tasks, such as finding lost keys. By tuning the visual system to relevant information sources, object recognition can become more efficient (a benefit) and more biased toward the target (a potential cost). Motivated by selective attention in categorisation models, we developed a goal-directed attention mechanism that can process naturalistic (photographic) stimuli. Our attention mechanism can be incorporated into any existing deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs). The processing stages in DCNNs have been related to ventral visual stream. In that light, our attentional mechanism incorporates top-down influences from prefrontal cortex (PFC) to support goal-directed behaviour. Akin to how attention weights in categorisation models warp representational spaces, we introduce a layer of attention weights to the mid-level of a DCNN that amplify or attenuate activity to further a goal. We evaluated the attentional mechanism using photographic stimuli, varying the attentional target. We found that increasing goal-directed attention has benefits (increasing hit rates) and costs (increasing false alarm rates). At a moderate level, attention improves sensitivity (i.e. increases $d^{\prime }$

d

′

) at only a moderate increase in bias for tasks involving standard images, blended images and natural adversarial images chosen to fool DCNNs. These results suggest that goal-directed attention can reconfigure general-purpose DCNNs to better suit the current task goal, much like PFC modulates activity along the ventral stream. In addition to being more parsimonious and brain consistent, the mid-level attention approach performed better than a standard machine learning approach for transfer learning, namely retraining the final network layer to accommodate the new task.
Feedback-Based Learning of Timing in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Authors: Prochnow Astrid , Bluschke Annet , Novotna Barbara , von der Hagen Maja , Beste Christian 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjective:Patients with Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) frequently display symptoms resembling those of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Importantly, these disorders are characterised by distinct changes in the dopaminergic system, which plays an important role in timing performance and feedback-based adjustments in timing performance. In a transdiagnostic approach, we examine how far NF1 and ADHD show distinct or comparable profiles of timing performance and feedback-based adjustments in timing.Method:We examined time estimation and learning processes in healthy control children (HC), children with ADHD with predominantly inattentive symptoms and those with NF1 using a feedback-based time estimation paradigm.Results:Healthy controls consistently responded closer to the correct time window than both patient groups, were less variable in their reaction times and displayed intact learning-based adjustments across time. The patient groups did not differ from each other regarding the number of in-time responses. In ADHD patients, the performance was rather unstable across time. No performance changes could be observed in patients with NF1 across the entire task.Conclusions:Children with ADHD and NF1 differ in feedback learning-based adjustments of time estimation processes. ADHD is characterised by behavioural fluctuations during the learning process. These are likely to be associated with inefficiencies in the dopaminergic system. NF1 is characterised by impairments of feedback learning which could be due to various neurotransmitter alterations occurring in addition to deficits in dopamine synthesis. Results show that despite the strong overlap in clinical phenotype and neuropsychological deficits between NF1 and ADHD, the underlying cognitive mechanisms are different.
Energetic Electron Enhancement and Dropout Echoes Induced by Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure Decrease: The Effect of Phase Space Density Profile
Authors: Ma X.‐H. , Zong Q.‐G. , Yue C. , Hao Y.‐X. , Liu Y. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe interplanetary (IP) shock with the sudden increase of solar wind dynamic pressure can cause the acceleration and transportation of energetic electrons in the inner magnetosphere. In this study, we further examine the influence of the sudden drop of solar wind dynamic pressure on magnetospheric energetic particles, through case study of energetic electron drift echoes and statistics with 25 cases from 2012 to 2017. We found that there were both dropout and enhancement drift echoes of electrons in some dynamic pressure decrease events, while other events only show electron dropout drift echoes. In addition, we analyzed the electron phase space density (PSD) and found that the radial profile of electron PSD were different for the two types of events, suggesting that the electron PSD plays an important role in the variations of energy electron fluxes induced by the dynamics pressure decrease. The results of this study, combined with previous studies of energetic electron dynamics caused by IP shocks, can provide a more general picture of both solar wind dynamic pressure decrease and increase effects on the energetic electrons.
Interbasin Differences in Ocean Ventilation in Response to Variations in the Southern Annular Mode
Authors: Waugh Darryn W. , Stewart Kial , Hogg Andrew McC. , England Matthew H. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe response of the ventilation of mode and intermediate waters to abrupt changes in the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is examined by analyzing the ideal age in a global ocean‐sea ice model. The age response is shown to differ between the central Pacific Ocean and other basins. In the central Pacific there are large decreases in the age of subtropical mode and intermediate waters associated with a more positive SAM, contrasting only small age changes in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, except near where intermediate water density surfaces outcrop. These interbasin differences hold for simulations at different horizontal resolutions, and can be explained by the zonal variations in wind stress changes associated with the SAM. These results suggest that the carbon and heat uptake associated with the SAM will likely vary between ocean basins.
Evaluation of Abandoned Huanghe Delta as an Important Carbon Source for the Chinese Marginal Seas in Recent Decades
Authors: Qi Lijun , Wu Ying , Chen Shenliang , Wang Xiaona 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIncreasing organic carbon (OC) inputs from coastal erosion contribute to large uncertainties in carbon cycling in coastal seas. The abandoned Huanghe Delta (AHD) is a typical coastal erosion region, which transports large amounts of eroded sediments to the Chinese marginal seas (CMS, not including the South China Sea). Here we investigated the organic geochemical characteristics of sedimentary organic matter (OM) from the heavily eroded region of the AHD and estimated the OC and lignin fluxes caused by coastal erosion. The eroded sedimentary OM was characterized by low carbon loading and low lignin content with high degradation and was influenced by the Changjiang. Owing to the sharp decline in the sediment fluxes from large rivers (the Changjiang and Huanghe) since the 1990s, the total fluxes to the CMS decreased from 11.5 to 5.0 Mt/yr for OC and from 11.5 × 10−2 to 4.7 × 10−2 Mt/yr for lignin; therefore, the contribution from the coastal erosion of the AHD increased from 24% ± 8% to 56% ± 10% for OC and from 21% ± 9% to 52% ± 15% for lignin. The high proportion contributed by the AHD to the Central Yellow Sea mud area (74% ± 11%) also accounted for the high terrestrial OC burial efficiency there (69%). Considering the different nature of OM and its increasing contribution, as in this case, the significance of OC input from coastal erosion to the coastal seas is expected to overwhelm that from rivers, thereby influencing regional and even global carbon budgets and cycles, especially under the scenarios of global warming and sea level rise.
General Circulation Model Selection Technique for Downscaling: Exemplary Application to East Africa
Authors: Pickler C. , Mölg T. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDownscaling is widely used in studies of local and/or regional climate as it yields a greater spatial resolution than general circulation models (GCMs) can provide. It utilizes GCM output or reanalysis data, which is transformed using mathematical relationships or used to force the lateral boundaries of a regional climate model. However, there is no set selection technique to determine which GCM realization(s) to employ. Here, a comprehensive yet easily applicable model selection technique for studies requiring GCM data as a constraint was developed. The technique evaluates, with respect to a reanalysis product and/or observational data, the ability of GCM realizations to reconstruct the mean state of the climate and the space‐time climatic anomalies for the atmospheric state variables at three distinct pressure levels. It was applied to the region of East Africa, where GISS‐E2‐H r6i1p3 was found to perform the strongest. The top ranked realizations were found to better capture processes when evaluated for the example of the Indian Ocean Dipole. Furthermore, the surface air temperature and precipitation from three 10‐year regional climate model simulations, one forced by the Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications version 2 reanalysis, one forced by the top ranked GCM, and one by the lowest ranked one, were compared to gridded observations. Results show that using a top ranked GCM for the boundary conditions leads to a better dynamical downscaling simulation than a low‐ranked GCM, suggesting the potential of the proposed technique for future downscaling techniques.
Treatment of Stifle Joint Luxation in a Cat Using a Temporary Trans-Articular Locking Plate
Authors: Eid Chadi , Lusetti Filippo , Bonardi Andrea , Martini Filippo Maria 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe aim of this study was to report the surgical treatment of stifle joint luxation through temporary immobilization of the joint with locking plates in a cat. Stifle joint was immobilized using a temporary trans-articular locking plate applied medially. Return to function was assessed by physical and radiographic follow-up examinations. The cat had good return to function despite a reduction in range of motion. Moderate chronic gonarthritis developed, as seen radiographically. Under the limitation of this single case, temporary trans-articular plating may be considered as useful method for the treatment of long-standing, severely displaced stifle joint luxations in cats.
Skills-adjusted human capital shows rising global gap
Authors: Lutz Wolfgang , Reiter Claudia , Özdemir Caner , Yildiz Dilek , Guimaraes Raquel , Goujon Anne 
Published: February 2021

Significance
After a rapid expansion of primary school enrollment rates in many developing countries starting around 2000, progress toward development goals was widely acknowledged. However, the comprehensive focus on tested literacy skills presented in this paper shows that, in many countries, this expansion in quantity came at the expense of quality. Given the overriding importance of skilled human capital in modern knowledge societies, this is a worrisome trend with the possible negative implications of the current COVID-19 crisis on schooling possibly exacerbating the situation.
Learning the dynamics of cell–cell interactions in confined cell migration
Authors: Brückner David B. , Arlt Nicolas , Fink Alexandra , Ronceray Pierre , Rädler Joachim O. , Broedersz Chase P. 
Published: February 2021

Significance
When cells migrate collectively, such as to heal wounds or invade tissue, they coordinate through cell–cell interactions. While much is known about the molecular basis of these interactions, the system-level stochastic dynamics of interacting cell behavior remain poorly understood. Here, we design an experimental “cell collider,” providing a large ensemble of interacting cell trajectories. Based on these trajectories, we infer an interacting equation of motion, which accurately predicts characteristic pairwise collision behaviors of different cell lines, including reversal, following, or sliding events. This data-driven approach can be used to quantitatively study how molecular perturbations control cell–cell interactions and may be extended to larger cell collectives, where the inferred interactions could provide key insights into multicellular dynamics.
The effect of the D614G substitution on the structure of the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Benton Donald J. , Wrobel Antoni G. , Roustan Chloë , Borg Annabel , Xu Pengqi , Martin Stephen R. , Rosenthal Peter B. , Skehel John J. , Gamblin Steven J. 
Published: February 2021

Significance
The spike proteins of most current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 isolates contain a D614G substitution, by comparison with the spike protein of initial isolates. In this study we present high-resolution, single-particle cryo-electron microscopy structures of the G614 spike variant showing that it adopts a predominantly open conformation, unlike the D614 spike that is mostly closed. We conclude that the D614G substitution promotes “opening” of the spike, priming it for binding to the receptor ACE2 and possibly for its subsequent role in membrane fusion. The observed open conformation of the G614 spike may be the reason for the current virus’ reported increased infectivity and its current predominance.
Effects of functional movement skills on parkour speed‐run performance
Authors: Strafford Ben William , Davids Keith , North Jamie Stephen , Stone Joseph Antony 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTParkour speed‐runs require performers (known as Traceurs) to negotiate obstacles with divergent properties such as angles, inclinations, sizes, surfaces, and textures in the quickest way possible. The quicker the run, the higher the performer is ranked. Performance in Parkour speed‐runs may be regulated through Parkour Traceurs’ functional movement skill capacities given the physical requirements of the event. This study examined what functional movement skills correlate with Parkour speed‐run performance. Nineteen male Parkour Traceurs undertook a physical testing battery inclusive of: agility T‐test, maximal grip strength test, and maximal vertical and horizontal jumps across several jump modalities. For the speed‐run, Parkour Traceurs navigated an indoor Parkour installation. Pearson's correlation analyses (r) revealed that agility T‐test performance showed a significant positive correlation with Parkour speed‐run performance, whereas standing long jump and counter movement jump (with and without arm swing) were significantly negatively correlated with Parkour speed‐run performance. Concurrent with the intrinsically‐linked building blocks in the Athletic Skills Model, the data from the present study suggest that performance in Parkour‐speed‐runs are underpinned by functional movement skills (jumping, running; arm swinging) and conditions of movement (agility), all of which encapsulate elements of basic motor properties (speed; strength). From a practical perspective, the agility T‐test, standing long jump, and counter movement jump with and without arm swing can form a basic battery to evaluate the physical effects of Parkour speed‐run interventions on functional movement skills.

Highlights
As Parkour speed‐runs could be implemented to improve functional movement skills in different domains (indoors, outdoors, collectively as members of a team or individually), it was important to explore what composition of a battery of standardised athletic tests for functional movement skills correlated to Parkour speed‐run performance (time to completion).
In line with the intrinsically‐linked building blocks in the Athletic Skills Model, the data from the present study suggest that performance in Parkour‐speed‐runs are underpinned by functional movement skills (jumping, running; arm swinging) and condition of movement (agility), all of which encapsulate elements of basic motor properties (speed; strength).
Testing batteries examining the effects of Parkour speed‐run interventions should include the following: agility T‐test, CMJ jumps without arm swing using both feet and the dominant and the non‐dominant foot, SLJ, and CMJ jumps with an arm swing component using both feet and the dominant and the non‐dominant foot.
Global stability for the three-dimensional logistic map
Authors: Dudás János , Krisztin Tibor 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
For the delayed logistic equation x

n+1 = ax

n
(1 − x

n−2) it is well known that the nontrivial fixed point is locally stable for

1
<
a
⩽
(

5

+
1

)
/
2

, and unstable for

a
>
(

5

+
1

)
/
2

. We prove that for

1
<
a
⩽
(

5

+
1

)
/
2

the fixed point is globally stable, in the sense that it is locally stable and attracts all points of S, where S contains those

(

x

0

,

x

1

,

x

2

)

∈

R

+

3

for which the sequence

(

x

n

)

n
=
0

∞

remains in

R

+

. The proof is a combination of analytical and reliable numerical methods. The novelty of this article is an explicit construction of a relatively large attracting neighborhood of the nontrivial fixed point of the three-dimensional logistic map by using centre manifold techniques and the Neimark–Sacker bifurcational normal form.
A plasmonic waveguide end-coupled to two plasmonic cavities in a non-Hermitian quantum system for dual-band unidirectional reflectionlessness
Authors: Yang Hang , Zhao Fei , Yu Ling-Xue , Qiu De-Xiu , An Cheng-Shou , Zhang Ying-Qiao , Jin Xing-Ri 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We demonstrate the possibility of dual-band unidirectional reflectionlessness in a non-Hermitian quantum system composed of a plasmonic waveguide and two end-coupled plasmonic cavities (PCs). Our scheme exhibits dual-band unidirectional reflectionlessness can be obtained at exceptional points by properly adjusting the coupling strength between two PCs, the ratio of decay rates of two PCs, and the ratio of plasmonic cavity-waveguide coupling strengths. As a valuable feature, the quality factor reaches to ∼175.4 in forward direction, while the backward quality factor is close to ∼188.2.
Metachronal propulsion of non-Newtonian viscoelastic mucus in an axisymmetric tube with ciliated walls
Authors: Shaheen S , Maqbool K , Ellahi R , Sait Sadiq M 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Cilia-induced flow of viscoelastic mucus through an idealized two-dimensional model of the human trachea is presented. The cilia motion is simulated by a metachronal wave pattern which enables the mobilization of highly viscous mucus even at nonzero Reynolds numbers. The viscoelastic mucus is analyzed with the upper convected Maxwell viscoelastic formulation which features a relaxation time and accurately captures normal stress generation in shear flows. The governing equations are transformed from fixed to wave (laboratory) frame with appropriate variables and resulting differential equations are perturbed about wave number. The trachea is treated as an axisymmetric ciliated tube. Radial and axial distributions in axial velocity are calculated via the regular perturbation method and pressure rise is computed with numerical integration using symbolic software MATHEMATICA‘TM’. The influence of selected parameters which is cilia length, and Maxwell viscoelastic material parameter i.e. relaxation time for prescribed values of wave number are visualized graphically. Pressure rise is observed to increase considerably with elevation in both cilia length and relaxation time whereas the axial velocity is markedly decelerated. The simulations provide some insight into viscous-dominated cilia propulsion of rheological mucus and also serve as a benchmark for more advanced modeling.
Test Method and Data Application of Physical Model of Power Distribution Network
Authors: Huang Weixiang , Yu Xiaoyong , Wu Lifang 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper states the test method and data application of a kind of physical model of power distribution network. After the establishment of distribution automation physical simulation laboratory, the equipment in the platform is effectively controlled and reasonable test procedures are designed. The detailed solution is to record the test process during the physical simulation test.In the design of this test method, the main difficulty is that the data of each equipment at each stage in the system shall be recorded completely during the whole process for physical reduction of transient fault, and to design the interface with the power system simulation software; otherwise, the meaning of the test will be discounted heavily. The on-site operating environment of the distribution network can be restored furthest, all details in the test process can be presented to the testers clearly and intuitively, and the test data can be expanded and applied to provide strong support for technical research and analysis of distribution automation in this way.
Analysis of adhesion mechanism of 220kV double-split conductor based on response surface method
Authors: Zhiqing Xu , Fan Gao , Chu Li 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In order to analyze the adhesion mechanism of 220kV double-split conductors, this paper proposes 4 adhesion factors, including ice thickness, wind speed, span, and initial spacing. Firstly, the mathematical model of wire adhesion is established; then, the iterative method in MATLAB software is used to solve the mathematical model; finally, response surface method is used to analyze the influence of the interaction among the 4 factors on the wire adhesion. The analysis results show that too small initial spacing is the main factor causing conductor adhesion; under the joint action of initial spacing and span, conductor adhesion is most likely to occur.
Abnormal behavior analysis of electricity consumption based on improved random forest with grey relation projection
Authors: Kun WANG , Jinggeng GAO 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Abstracts: With the construction of ubiquitous power Internet of things and the deepening application of big data technology, it is possible to mine the abnormal behavior of electricity consumption from the massive power consumption information. In view of the current application of anti stealing power in power system, an improved random forest algorithm based on grey relation projection is proposed to analyze the abnormal behavior of power consumption. The improved stochastic Sen algorithm is used to build the diagnosis model of abnormal electricity consumption of users, and analyze the power data of the power consumption information acquisition system, so as to improve the accuracy of the intelligent diagnosis algorithm of anti stealing electricity. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm can be obtained by verification test.