bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hygroscopic Seeding Effects of Giant Aerosol Particles Simulated by the Lagrangian‐Particle‐Based Direct Numerical Simulation
Authors: Chen Sisi , Xue Lulin , Yau M. K. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis study investigated the microphysical responses to seeding giant aerosol particles and supersaturation fluctuations. A Lagrangian‐particle‐based direct numerical simulation is used to resolve the interactions among individual aerosols, droplets, and the fluctuating supersaturation field within a turbulent, adiabatic air parcel. It is shown that the giant seeding particles exert strong solute effects throughout the entire simulation to alter the subsequent collision–coalescence process, implying the importance of including the solute term in droplet growth. Small‐scale supersaturation fluctuations in adiabatic cloud regions have a negligible influence on aerosol activation and droplet condensation. This is because in regions free of entrainment and/or large‐scale mixing, the weak supersaturation fluctuations can be quickly smoothed out via diffusion and remain relatively small in magnitude (with a standard deviation <). In contrast, the activation in our simulations is determined by the seeding modulation of the parcel‐mean supersaturation.
Kinetic Alfven Waves Near a Dissipative Layer
Authors: Leonovich A. S. , Kozlov D. A. , Vlasov A. A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe spatial structure of kinetic Alfven waves near a dissipative layer is examined. The type of dispersion for kinetic Alfven waves (KAWs) changes inside the dissipative layer: from ”cold,” when the transverse (across the magnetic shells) wavelength is determined by the electron skin depth in plasma, to ”warm” dispersion, when the wavelength is determined by the ion Larmor radius. The characteristic transverse length of a KAW is complex in the dissipative layer, because it decays strongly when interacting with background plasma electrons. The features of phase shifts between the transverse electromagnetic field components of Alfven oscillations are considered. Phase shift can be used to identify the type of Alfven waves observed by satellites in the vicinity of the dissipative layer. The Alfven wave energy absorption in the dissipative layer can lead to the formation of electron fluxes (with electron energies of 2–5 eV) toward the ionosphere and initiate here the stable auroral red (SAR) arcs. An analytical formula is proposed for determining the density of the electron flux toward the ionosphere and the flux of the energy transferred by them.
Sensitivity of Tsunami Scenarios to Complex Fault Geometry and Heterogeneous Slip Distribution: Case‐Studies for SW Iberia and NW Morocco
Authors: Serra C. S. , Martínez‐Loriente S. , Gràcia E. , Urgeles R. , Gómez de la Peña L. , Maesano F. E. , Basili R. , Volpe M. , Romano F. , Scala A. , Piatanesi A. , Lorito S. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe SW Iberian margin is one of the most seismogenic and tsunamigenic areas in W‐Europe, where large historical and instrumental destructive events occurred. To evaluate the sensitivity of the tsunami impact on the coast of SW Iberia and NW Morocco to the fault geometry and slip distribution for local earthquakes, we carried out a set of tsunami simulations considering some of the main known active crustal faults in the region: the Gorringe Bank (GBF), Marquês de Pombal (MPF), Horseshoe (HF), North Coral Patch (NCPF) and South Coral Patch (SCPF) thrust faults, and the Lineament South strike‐slip fault. We started by considering for all of them relatively simple planar faults featuring with uniform slip distribution; we then used a more complex 3D fault geometry for the faults constrained with a large 2D multichannel seismic dataset (MPF, HF, NCPF, and SCPF); and finally, we used various heterogeneous slip distributions for the HF. Our results show that using more complex 3D fault geometries and slip distributions, the peak wave height at the coastline can double compared to simpler tsunami source scenarios from planar fault geometries. Existing tsunami hazard models in the region use homogeneous slip distributions on planar faults as initial conditions for tsunami simulations and therefore underestimate tsunami hazard. Complex 3D fault geometries and non‐uniform slip distribution should be considered in future tsunami hazard updates. The tsunami simulations also support the finding that submarine canyons attenuate the wave height reaching the coastline, while submarine ridges and shallow shelves have the opposite effect.
4D Proxy Imaging of Fracture Dilation and Stress Shadowing Using Electrical Resistivity Tomography During High Pressure Injections Into a Dense Rock Formation
Authors: Johnson T. C. , Burghardt J. , Strickland C. , Knox H. , Vermeul V. , White M. , Schwering P. , Blankenship D. , Kneafsey T. ,   the EGS Collab Team
Published: October 2021

AbstractFluid flow through fractured rock systems is governed in large part by the distribution, interconnectivity, and size of fracture apertures. In‐situ stress is one of the primary factors controlling fracture aperture, and one that is altered significantly during high‐pressure fluid injections or extractions. Interactions between stress, pore pressure, aperture, and fluid flow can result in complex and evolving poroelastic behavior with significant implications regarding the predictability and risk involved with developing and managing deep subsurface reservoirs (geothermal, fossil energy, and geologic carbon sequestration). In saturated rocks, bulk electrical conductivity is sensitive to both primary and secondary porosity (i.e., matrix porosity and fractures), and therefore to fracture aperture size and distribution. We demonstrate the use of time‐lapse 3D electrical resistivity tomography for remotely monitoring stress induced changes in aperture distribution during high pressure injections into a dense fractured rock system at a scale of tens of meters. Results reveal a complex and continuously evolving stress field involving aperture dilations in the natural fracture system and aperture contractions in adjacent zones of shadow stress. Results provide information about the spatiotemporal changes in the system behavior and point to the potential of electrical imaging for autonomously and remotely monitoring evolving stress conditions by proxy through changes in bulk electrical conductivity.
Large‐Scale Signals in the South Pacific Wave Fields Related to ENSO
Authors: Li Rui , Wu Kejian , Li Jingkai , Akhter Shaila , Dong Xianghui , Sun Jian , Cao Tonggang 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSurface waves play an important role in oceans. By using 40 years of reanalysis data from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts, CERA‐20C, we get the signal of the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave (ACW) in the Southern Ocean wave filed. In addition, this signal with a 5‐year period, can be transmitted to low latitudes by northward swells. The swells from the Southern Ocean, which link the high and low latitudes, have been proved to affect the tropical ocean by analyzing swell height with the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. This paper also shows the relation between El Niño and northward wave transport from the Southern Ocean. After El Niño outbreaks, the northward wave transport increases abnormally. The highest correlation coefficient is located around 12°S, with values around 0.79 and northward wave transport lags the Niño3 index by 1–2 months. With the decrease in latitudes, the lag time is longer and correlation coefficient increases. The cold water transport induced by waves from higher latitudes has a cooling effect on the decline of El Niño. There is an inextricable link between wave transport and El Niño.
Wetter Subtropics Lead to Reduced Pliocene Coastal Upwelling
Authors: Fu Minmin , Cane Mark A. , Molnar Peter , Tziperman Eli 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCurrent global warming scenarios suggest surface temperatures may attain warmth last seen during periods of the early‐to mid‐Pliocene (5.3–3 Ma). Pliocene proxy reconstructions suggest sea surface temperatures 3–9°C warmer than today along midlatitude coastal upwelling sites. Recent climate modeling efforts focused on the mid‐Piacenzian period showed a good model‐data fit over midlatitude upwelling regions, but did not attempt to reproduce proxy records of early‐Pliocene warmth. Evidence also suggests that subtropical continents were wetter then; we show that warm coastal SSTs can be explained via such wetter land conditions near the upwelling sites. Using a global atmospheric model, we show that introducing idealized wetter conditions over subtropical continents leads to reductions in upwelling‐favorable wind events by weakening the land‐sea surface pressure gradient. The resulting weaker coastal upwelling of cold deep water can help explain the inferred warm coastal temperatures.
Hydrologic Model Parameter Estimation in Ungauged Basins Using Simulated SWOT Discharge Observations
Authors: Elmer Nicholas J. , McCreight James , Hain Christopher 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn situ gauge networks are often used in hydrologic model calibration, but these networks are limited or nonexistent in many regions. The upcoming Surface Water Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission promises to fill this observation gap by providing discharge estimates for rivers wider than 100 m. SWOT observation utility for model parameter selection in regions devoid of in situ gauges is assessed using proxy SWOT discharge estimates derived from an observing system simulation experiment and Monte Carlo methods. The sensitivity of the parameter selection to measurement error and observation frequency is also evaluated. Single‐ and multi‐point parameter selection are performed for ten sub‐basins within the Susitna and upper Tanana river basins in Alaska. SWOT is expected to observe Alaskan river points 4–7 times per 21‐day repeat cycle with 120‐km swath coverage. For an expected SWOT measurement error of 35%, parameter estimation is successful for 50% (90%) of sub‐basins using single‐ (multi‐) point parameter selection. Decreasing observation frequency to simulate lower latitudes resulted in success for only 10% of midlatitude and tropical sub‐basins for single‐point selection, whereas multi‐point selection was successful in 80% (60%) of midlatitude (tropical) sub‐basins. Single‐point parameter selection is more sensitive to measurement error than multi‐point parameter selection. The results strongly support the use of multi‐point over single‐point parameter selection, yielding robust results nearly independent of observation frequency. Most importantly, this study suggests SWOT can be used to successfully select hydrologic model parameters in basins without an in situ gauge network.
Evidence of Smoke From Wildland Fire in Surface Water of an Unburned Watershed
Authors: Evans Joshua S. , Norman Ann‐Lise , Reid Mary L. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractLarge wildland fires generate smoke that can compromise air quality over a wide area. Limited studies have suggested that smoke constituents may enter natural water bodies. In an 18‐year water monitoring study, we examined whether smoke from distant wildland fires had a detectable effect on ion content in a mountain river in an unburned watershed. Significant local smoke occurred in six years as traced by MODIS satellite data of fires, regional and local atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and the amount of potassium (K+) in PM2.5 as a marker of vegetation combustion. Rainwater had elevated K+ and calcium (Ca2+, also associated with wildland fire smoke) in high‐smoke years compared to low‐smoke years, and was the primary route of atmospheric deposition. Similarly, river water in high‐smoke years had elevated concentrations of K+ and Ca2+, with a higher ratio of K+ to Ca2+ compared to low‐smoke years. River concentrations were generally unrelated to river discharge and observed K+ concentrations in high‐smoke and low‐smoke years could be accounted for by atmospheric deposition. Our study provides early evidence that wildland fires affect water quality far beyond the watersheds where they occur. Wildland fires distribute vast quantities of smoke containing nutrients, toxins and microbes and are increasing in North America. Potassium is a routinely‐measured water quality parameter that can act as an indicator of biomass smoke inputs. Further work is needed on the patterns and processes by which wildfire smoke enters water as well as on the consequences for ecosystems and human health.
A careful reassessment of anthracycline use in curable breast cancer
Authors: Hurvitz Sara Alsterlind , McAndrew Nicholas P. , Bardia Aditya , Press Michael F. , Pegram Mark , Crown John P. , Fasching Peter A. , Ejlertsen Bent , Yang Eric H. , Glaspy John A. , Slamon Dennis J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIt has been over three decades since anthracyclines took their place as the standard chemotherapy backbone for breast cancer in the curative setting. Though the efficacy of anthracycline chemotherapy is not debatable, potentially life-threatening and long-term risks accompany this class of agents, leading some to question their widespread use, especially when newer agents with improved therapeutic indices have become available. Critically assessing when to incorporate an anthracycline is made more relevant in an era where molecular classification is enabling not only the development of biologically targeted therapeutics but also is improving the ability to better select those who would benefit from cytotoxic agents. This comprehensive analysis will present the problem of overtreatment in early-stage breast cancer, review evidence supporting the use of anthracyclines in the pre-taxane era, analyze comparative trials evaluating taxanes with or without anthracyclines in biologically unselected and selected patient populations, and explore published work aimed at defining anthracycline-sensitive tumor types.
Critical heat flux enhancement in microgravity conditions coupling microstructured surfaces and electrostatic field
Authors: Garivalis Alekos Ioannis , Manfredini Giacomo , Saccone Giacomo , Di Marco Paolo , Kossolapov Artyom , Bucci Matteo 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe run pool boiling experiments with a dielectric fluid (FC-72) on Earth and on board an ESA parabolic flight aircraft able to cancel the effects of gravity, testing both highly wetting microstructured surfaces and plain surfaces and applying an external electric field that creates gravity-mimicking body forces. Our results reveal that microstructured surfaces, known to enhance the critical heat flux on Earth, are also useful in microgravity. An enhancement of the microgravity critical heat flux on a plain surface can also be obtained using the electric field. However, the best boiling performance is achieved when these techniques are used together. The effects created by microstructured surfaces and electric fields are synergistic. They enhance the critical heat flux in microgravity conditions up to 257 kW/m2, which is even higher than the value measured on Earth on a plain surface (i.e., 168 kW/m2). These results demonstrate the potential of this synergistic approach toward very compact and efficient two-phase heat transfer systems for microgravity applications.
Adjusting vascular permeability, leukocyte infiltration, and microglial cell activation to rescue dopaminergic neurons in rodent models of Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Cai Hua-Ying , Fu Xiao-Xiao , Jiang Hong , Han Shu 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAnimal studies have indicated that increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and inflammatory cell infiltration are involved during the progression of Parkinson’s disease (PD). This study used C16, a peptide that competitively binds to integrin αvβ3 and inhibits inflammatory cell infiltration, as well as angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), an endothelial growth factor crucial for blood vessel protection, to reduce inflammation and improve the central nervous system (CNS) microenvironment in murine models of PD. The combination of C16 and Ang-1 yielded better results compared to the individual drugs alone in terms of reducing dopaminergic neuronal apoptosis, ameliorating cognitive impairment, and electrophysiological dysfunction, attenuating inflammation in the CNS microenvironment, and improving the functional disability in PD mice or rats. These results suggest neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties of the C16 peptide plus Ang-1 in PD.
Subventricular zone involvement is associated with worse outcome in glioma WHO grade 2 depending on molecular markers
Authors: Karschnia Philipp , Weller Jonathan , Blobner Jens , Stoecklein Veit M. , Dorostkar Mario M. , Rejeski Kai , Forbrig Robert , Niyazi Maximilian , von Baumgarten Louisa , Dietrich Jorg , Tonn Joerg-Christian , Thon Niklas 
Published: October 2021

AbstractNeural stem cells within the subventricular zone were identified as cells of origin driving growth of high-grade gliomas, and anatomical involvement of the subventricular zone has been associated with an inferior clinical outcome. Whether the association between poor outcome and subventricular zone involvement also applies to glioma of lower grades is unclear. We therefore analysed a retrospective cohort of 182 patients with glioma grade 2 (according to the WHO 2016 classification) including 78 individuals (43%) with subventricular zone involvement. Patients with and without subventricular zone involvement did not differ in regard to demographics, histopathology, and molecular markers. Notably, subventricular zone involvement was a negative prognostic marker for malignant progression and overall survival on uni- and multivariate analysis. When patients were stratified according to the cIMPACT-NOW update 6, subventricular zone involvement was negatively associated with outcome in IDH-wildtype astrocytomas and 1p19q-codeleted oligodendrogliomas but not in IDH-mutant astrocytomas. Collectively, subventricular zone involvement may represent a risk factor for worse outcome in glioma WHO grade 2 depending on the molecular tumor signature. The present data confirm the relevance of molecular glioma classifications as proposed by the cIMPACT-NOW update 6. These findings warrant evaluation in prospective cohorts.
Soft robotic shell with active thermal display
Authors: Osawa Yukiko , Kinbara Yuho , Kageoka Masakazu , Iida Kenji , Kheddar Abderrahmane 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAlmost all robotic systems in use have hard shells, which is limiting in many ways their full potential of physical interaction with humans or their surrounding environment. Robots with soft-shell covers offer an alternative morphology which is more pleasant in both appearance and for haptic human interaction. A persisting challenge in such soft-shell robotic covers is the simultaneous realization of softness and heat-conducting properties. Such heat-conducting properties are important for enabling temperature-control of robotic covers in the range that is comfortable for human touch. The presented soft-shell robotic cover is composed of a linked two-layer structure: (1) The inner layer, with built-in pipes for water circulation, is soft and acts as a thermal-isolation layer between the cover and the robot structure, whereas (2) the outer layer, which can be patterned with a given desired texture and color, allows heat transfer from the circulating water of the inner part to the surface. Moreover, we demonstrate the ability to integrate our prototype cover with a humanoid robot equipped with capacitance sensors. This fabrication technique enables robotic cover possibilities, including tunable color, surface texture, and size, that are likely to have applications in a variety of robotic systems.
CaMKII activation in early diabetic hearts induces altered sarcoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria signaling
Authors: Federico Marilen , Zavala Maite , Vico Tamara , López Sofía , Portiansky Enrique , Alvarez Silvia , Abrille Maria Celeste Villa , Palomeque Julieta 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPrediabetic myocardium, induced by fructose-rich diet (FRD), is prone to increased sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)-Ca2+ leak and arrhythmias due to increased activity of the Ca2+/calmodulin protein kinase II (CaMKII). However, little is known about the role of SR-mitochondria microdomains, mitochondrial structure, and mitochondrial metabolisms. To address this knowledge gap we measured SR-mitochondrial proximity, intracellular Ca2+, and mitochondrial metabolism in wild type (WT) and AC3-I transgenic mice, with myocardial-targeted CaMKII inhibition, fed with control diet (CD) or with FRD. Confocal images showed significantly increased spontaneous Ca2+ release events in FRD vs. CD WT cardiomyocytes. [3H]-Ryanodine binding assay revealed higher [3H]Ry binding in FRD than CD WT hearts. O2 consumption at State 4 and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production rate were increased, while respiratory control rate (RCR) and Ca2+ retention capacity (CRC) were decreased in FRD vs. CD WT isolated mitochondria. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) images showed increased proximity at the SR-mitochondria microdomains, associated with increased tethering proteins, Mfn2, Grp75, and VDAC in FRD vs. CD WT. Mitochondria diameter was decrease and roundness and density were increased in FRD vs. CD WT specimens. The fission protein, Drp1 was significantly increased while the fusion protein, Opa1 was unchanged in FRD vs. CD WT hearts. These differences were prevented in AC3-I mice. We conclude that SR-mitochondria microdomains are subject to CaMKII-dependent remodeling, involving SR-Ca2+ leak and mitochondria fission, in prediabetic mice induced by FRD. We speculate that CaMKII hyperactivity induces SR-Ca2+ leak by RyR2 activation which in turn increases mitochondria Ca2+ content due to the enhanced SR-mitochondria tethering, decreasing CRC.
Fe3O4@chitosan-tannic acid bionanocomposite as a novel nanocatalyst for the synthesis of pyranopyrazoles
Authors: Kamalzare Maryam , Ahghari Mohammad Reza , Bayat Mohammad , Maleki Ali 
Published: October 2021

AbstractRecently magnetic nanocatalyst has attracted considerable attention because of its unique properties, including high performance, easy separation from the reaction mixture, and recyclability. In this study, a novel magnetic bionanocomposite was synthesized with chitosan and tannic acid as a natural material. The synthesized bionanocatalyst was characterized by essential analysis. Fe3O4@chitosan-tannic acid as a heterogeneous nanocatalyst was successfully applied to synthesize pyranopyrazole and its derivatives by a one-pot four-component reaction of malononitrile, ethyl acetoacetate, hydrazine hydrate, and various aromatic aldehyde. At the end of the reaction, the nanocatalyst was separated from the reaction mixture and was reused several times with no significant decrease in its catalytic performance. Simple purification of products, the ability for recovering and reusing the nanocatalyst, eco-friendliness, high yields of pure products, mild reaction conditions, short reaction time, non-toxicity, economically affordable are some of the advantages of using the fabricated nanocatalyst in the synthesis of pyranopyrazole.