bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Summary Judicial Proceedings as a Measure for Electoral Disinformation: Defining the European Standard
Authors: Krzywoń Adam 
Published: June 2021

AbstractElectoral disinformation has become one of the most challenging problems for democratic states. All of them are facing the phenomenon of - both online and offline - dissemination of false information during pre-electoral period, which is harmful for individual and collective rights. As a consequence, some European countries adopted special measures, including summary judicial proceedings in order to declare that information or materials used in electioneering are false and to prohibit its further dissemination. There are already three rulings of the ECtHR concerning this expeditious judicial examination provided in the Polish law. In December 2018 France passed complex regulation against manipulation of information that include similar mechanisms. This article, basing on the ECtHR’s case law and some national experiences, attempts to define the minimal European standard for measures targeted at electoral disinformation, especially judicial summary proceeding. It contains the analysis of the notion of electoral disinformation, defines the state’s positive obligations in this sphere, and indicates mayor challenges for the legal framework. The principal argument is that summary judicial proceedings – if adequately designed – cannot be questioned from the Convention standpoint and provide a partial solution to the problem of electoral disinformation.
Diode-pumped 10 W femtosecond Yb:CALGO laser with high beam quality
Authors: Yang Jinfang , Wang Zhaohua , Song Jiajun , Lv Renchong , Wang Xianzhi , Zhu Jiangfeng , Wei Zhiyi 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We demonstrate a diode-pumped femtosecond Yb:CaGdAlO4 (Yb:CALGO) laser with a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) for stable mode-locking operation. A perfect beam profile is measured under 10 W output power with

$M_{x}^{2}$

= 1.017 and

$M_{y}^{2}$

= 1.016 in the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. At the repetition rate of 71.66 MHz, the optical pulse duration is 247 fs and the pulse energy is 140 nJ at the central wavelength of 1041 nm, corresponding to a peak power of 0.56 MW. In addition, we also generate continuous wave (CW) power of more than 15 W with TEM00 mode, corresponding to an optical-to-optical efficiency of 44.1%.
Deuterated polyethylene nanowire arrays for high-energy density physics
Authors: Capeluto M. G. , Curtis A. , Calvi C. , Hollinger R. , Shlyaptsev V. N. , Rocca J. J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The interaction of intense, ultrashort laser pulses with ordered nanostructure arrays offers a path to the efficient creation of ultra-high-energy density (UHED) matter and the generation of high-energy particles with compact lasers. Irradiation of deuterated nanowires arrays results in a near-solid density environment with extremely high temperatures and large electromagnetic fields in which deuterons are accelerated to multi-megaelectronvolt energies, resulting in deuterium–deuterium (D–D) fusion. Here we focus on the method of fabrication and the characteristics of ordered arrays of deuterated polyethylene nanowires. The irradiation of these array targets with femtosecond pulses of relativistic intensity and joule-level energy creates a micro-scale fusion environment that produced

$2\times {10}^6$

neutrons per joule, an increase of about 500 times with respect to flat solid CD2 targets irradiated with the same laser pulses. Irradiation with 8 J laser pulses was measured to generate up to 1.2 × 107 D–D fusion neutrons per shot.
Chronic Care Model in Italy: a narrative review of the literature
Authors: Petrelli Fabio , Cangelosi Giovanni , Nittari Giulio , Pantanetti Paola , Debernardi Giulia , Scuri Stefania , Sagaro Getu Gamo , Nguyen Cuc Thi Thu , Grappasonni Iolanda 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Aim:
To analyze scientific literature on the development and implementation of the Chronic Care Model (CCM) in treating chronic diseases in the Italy context. Besides, to evaluate the effects of the activities carried out by the operators participating in the CCM on clinical care.

Background:
Italy is the second country globally for longevity, with 21.4% of citizens over 65 and 6.4% over 80. The CCM fits into this context, a care model aimed primarily at patients suffering from chronic diseases, especially in emergencies, as the recent COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods:
PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cinahl, and Cochrane Library scientific databases were consulted, and the records selected as relevant by title and abstract by nine independent scholars, and disagreements were resolved through discussion. Finally, the studies included in this review were selected based on the eligibility criteria.

Results:
Twenty potentially relevant studies were selected, and after applying the eligibility criteria and screening by the Critical Appraisal Skills Program tool, eight included in this review. The studies showed the effectiveness of CCM for managing patients with heart failure in primary care settings and significant improvements in clinical outcomes, the reduction of inappropriate emergency room access for chronic patients, and the improvement of patients’ overall health with diabetes. The CCM organizational model is effective in improving the management of metabolic control and the main cardiovascular risk factors. Furthermore, this modality also allows doctors to dedicate more space to patients in the disease’s acute phase.

Conclusion:
The CCM, with its fundamental pillars of empowering self-management of care, could represent a valid alternative to health management. The managers of health services, especially territorial ones, could consider the CCM for the improvement of the treatments offered.
Hydrological Changes in Restricted Basins: Insights From Strontium Isotopes on Late Miocene‐Pliocene Connectivity of the Eastern Paratethys (Dacian Basin, Romania)
Authors: Vasiliev Iuliana , Stoica Marius , Grothe Arjen , Lazarev Sergei , Palcu Dan Valentin , van Baak Christiaan , De Leeuw Arjan , Sangiorgi Francesca , Reichart Gert‐Jan , Davies Gareth R. , Krijgsman Wout 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe Dacian Basin was uniquely situated to record late Miocene hydrological changes that influenced depositional environments and faunal dispersal patterns in Central Eurasia's mega‐lake Paratethys. Differences between the high strontium isotope ratio (87Sr/86Sr) of the waters from Lake Pannon and local Carpathian rivers and low 87Sr/86Sr of the Eastern Paratethys (Black Sea ‒ Caspian Sea) allow a thorough investigation of connectivity and water fluxes in the transient Dacian Basin. We present a detailed 87Sr/86Sr record for the Dacian Basin, which provides an exceptional record of basin connectivity from the latest Tortonian (ca. 7.7 Ma) until the early Pleistocene (ca. 1.8 Ma). Data show that a late Tortonian transgression (7.6–7.4 Ma) started with an incursion of Eastern Paratethys waters into the Dacian Basin, after which local rivers became the dominant source for the mostly freshwater environments of the early Messinian. The regional Maeotian‐Pontian transitional interval (6.3–5.9 Ma) records a second incursion of Eastern Paratethys waters, but this time with an additional marine (Mediterranean) influx coinciding with a short‐lived salinity incursion. During the Messinian Salinity Crisis of the Mediterranean, the Dacian Basin progressively connected with the Eastern Paratethys (5.9–5.5 Ma), after which it became restricted during the peak Mediterranean lowstand (5.5 Ma) and filled with Lake Pannon and local river water (5.5–5.3 Ma). During the Plio‐Pleistocene, the Dacian Basin reconnected with the, at that time isolated, Black Sea, which shows similar 87Sr/86Sr as in the Last Glacial Maximum.
Twice‐Daily Monsoon Precipitation Maxima in the Himalayas Driven by Land Surface Effects
Authors: Fujinami Hatsuki , Fujita Koji , Takahashi Nobuhiro , Sato Tomonori , Kanamori Hironari , Sunako Sojiro , Kayastha Rijan B. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe diurnal cycle of precipitation is important to the hydroclimate in the Himalayas in summer; however, features of the diurnal cycle that affect precipitation from the foothills to glacierized, high‐elevation areas are poorly understood. We investigated the diurnal cycle of precipitation using 3 years of in situ observations recorded close to a glacier at 4,806 m asl, and 17 years of data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR) and the Integrated Multi‐satellitE Retrieval for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG). The mechanisms that drive the diurnal cycle were examined using hourly European Center for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Re‐Analysis fifth generation (ERA5) data. In situ observations showed that the diurnal precipitation cycle has daytime and nighttime peaks, which both consist of high rainfall frequency and low rainfall intensity. In addition, twice‐daily maxima exist in the TRMM PR data, particularly over two rain bands at around 500–1,000 m asl, and at ∼2,000 m asl. Convective‐type rainfall, with a lower rain‐top height, occurs in the daytime, whereas stratiform‐type rain, with a higher rain‐top height, occurs at night, particularly over terrain at elevations above ∼1,500 m asl. Land surface processes likely cause the two peaks in the diurnal cycle. Daytime surface heating drives upslope flows that promote condensation. At night, surface cooling over the plain to the south of the Himalayas causes low‐level monsoon flows to accelerate, creating a nocturnal jet, which results in large‐scale moisture flux convergence over the southern slopes.
On the Ship Particle Number Emission Index: Size‐Resolved Microphysics and Key Controlling Parameters
Authors: Mao Jingbo , Zhang Yan , Yu Fangqun , Nair Arshad Arjunan , Yu Qi , Wang Lin , Ma Weichun , Chen Limin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractShipping particle number emission is important as it can influence cloud condensation nuclei abundance and thus indirectly affect clouds and perturb the Earth's radiation budget. Here, we integrate a size‐resolved Advanced Particle Microphysics module with a photochemical BOX MOdeling eXtension to the Kinetic PreProcessor and employ the resulting model to understand the microphysical and chemical characteristics of ship plumes. Simulated concentrations of key gaseous species and particle numbers are in good agreement compared with measurements from the NOAA Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation (ITCT) 2K2 field study off the California coast. Further analysis reveals that significant new particle formation can occur in the plume and the growth of these secondary particles to 5–20 nm generally dominates the total particle numbers. We show that wind speed, emission rates of SO2 and NOx, solar irradiation, ambient temperature, and background [NH3] have strong nonlinear effects on the ship particle number emission index (EIPN). Depending on the ambient air and meteorological conditions, the model simulations show that EIPN can range from ∼2.5 × 1014 no. kg−1 fuel (dominated by primary particles) to ∼3.0 × 1018 no. kg−1 fuel (dominated by secondary particles). In consideration of the current worldwide expansion of Emission Control Areas, we systematically study how the EIPN decreases with reduction of fuel sulfur content to 0.1%. Our study highlights the necessity of accounting for the nonlinear dependence of secondary particle formation on key controlling parameters in calculating shipping particle number emissions, which is important for determining aerosol indirect climate effects.
Local Magnetic Activity Index Nowcast Based on Concurrent Measurements at Two Observatories in Close Proximity
Authors: Verhulst Tobias G. W. , Bracke Stephan , Humbled François , Stankov Stanimir M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPermanent monitoring and real‐time indexing of the geomagnetic activity is of utmost importance for space weather services. In particular, providing a continuous and reliable local magnetic activity nowcast is of increasing importance as it can be used to generate alerts for various users, for instance for GNSS‐based applications or to protect electric power grids. This study presents a novel nowcast system for calculating a K‐type index of the local magnetic activity in Belgium. This includes a fully automated computer procedure for digital magnetogram data acquisition, data cleaning, calculating the index, displaying the results, and possibly issuing an alert to interested users, if the storm‐level activity is identified. Novel characteristics are the higher cadence of index calculation, an index reliability estimate based on data quality, and the high availability of the nowcast guaranteed by the operation of two identical instruments at observatories in close proximity. An evaluation of the index nowcast accuracy was carried out, and its results are also presented.
Improving Snow Estimates Through Assimilation of MODIS Fractional Snow Cover Data Using Machine Learning Algorithms and the Common Land Model
Authors: Hou Jinliang , Huang Chunlin , Chen Weijing , Zhang Ying 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this study, an innovative MODIS fractional snow cover (SCF) data assimilation (DA) prototype framework that invokes machine learning (ML) techniques and Common land model (CoLM) is proposed to improve the estimation of the snow depth (SD) and the SCF. To validate our new framework, we analyzed two snow seasons from 2013 to 2015 at 46 stations in Northern Xinjiang in China. We developed 12 SCF DA schemes that represent different DA methods (direct insertion (DI) and Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF)), observational data (original data and gap‐filled MODIS SCF data), and observation operators (five new snow depletion curves (SDCs) defined using traditional multivariate nonlinear regression and four ML methods). While improving the frequency of the SCF observations in the DI‐based DA scheme only resulted in a marginal improvement in the snow estimates, by adding new SDCs fitted by ML techniques (e.g., deep belief network), and the gap‐filled MODIS SCF data to the EnKF‐based DA scheme, we were able to reduce model structural uncertainties of CoLM and achieve marked improvement in the accuracy of the snow estimates (RMSE = 5.92 cm, mean bias error = −1.94 cm, and average degree of improvement = 32.18% for SD estimates and RMSE = 15. 79%, mean bias error = −1.21%, and average degree of improvement = 47.95% for SCF estimates). Our results demonstrate the feasibility of improving snow estimates by combining the ML techniques with physically based snowpack model in a SCF DA framework.
Salient Midlatitude Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Disturbances Associated With SAPS During a Minor but Geo‐Effective Storm at Deep Solar Minimum
Authors: Aa Ercha , Zhang Shun‐Rong , Erickson Philip J. , Coster Anthea J. , Goncharenko Larisa P. , Varney Roger H. , Eastes Richard 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis work conducts a focused study of subauroral ion‐neutral coupling processes and midlatitude ionospheric/thermospheric responses in North America during a minor but quite geo‐effective storm on September 27–28, 2019 under deep solar minimum conditions. Several prominent storm‐time disturbances and associated electrodynamics/dynamics were identified and comprehensively analyzed using Millstone Hill and Poker Flat incoherent scatter radar measurements, Fabry‐Perot interferometer data, total electron content data from Global Navigation Satellite System observations, and thermospheric composition O/N2 data from the Global‐scale Observations of Limb and Disk mission. Despite solar minimum conditions, this minor storm produced several prominent dynamic features, in particular (a) Intense subauroral polarization stream (SAPS) of 1,000 m/s, overlapping with a deepened main trough structure. (b) An enhanced westward wind of 230 m/s and a significant poleward wind surge of 85 m/s occurred in the post‐SAPS period. (c) Large‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) were generated and propagated equatorward across mid‐latitudes in the storm main phase. TID characteristics were significantly affected by SAPS, evolving into divergent propagation patterns. (d) SAPS was situated on the poleward edge of a considerable storm‐enhanced density structure. (e) The midlatitude ionosphere and thermosphere exhibited a prolonged positive storm effect in the main phase and beginning of recovery phase, with 5–10 TECU increase and 10%–30% O/N2 enhancement for 12 h. This was followed by a considerable negative storm effect with 5–10 TECU and 20%–40% O/N2 decrease. Results show that minor storm intervals can produce substantial mid‐latitude ionospheric and thermospheric dynamics in low solar flux conditions.
Herbal Products and Serious Side Effects: A Case of Ginseng‐Induced Manic Episode
Authors: Vázquez I. , Agüera‐Ortiz L. F. 
Published: June 2021

Objective: Ginseng root extract is a widely used herbal product not devoid of side effects. This report describes the development of manic symptoms after ginseng consumption in a patient with affective disorder. Other potentially harmful side effects of ginseng are also reviewed.Method: A single case report.Results: A 56‐year‐old woman with previous affective disorder presented a manic episode during ginseng intake. Symptoms disappeared rapidly with low doses of neuroleptics and benzodiazepines after ginseng suppression.Conclusion: Ginseng may produce manic symptoms. A special risk situation seems to be affective patients under antidepressant medication. The case emphasizes the lack of harmlessness of herbal products. Patients should be routinely asked about the use of herbal products and diet supplements.
A randomized phase 3 study of ixazomib–dexamethasone versus physician’s choice in relapsed or refractory AL amyloidosis
Authors: Dispenzieri Angela , Kastritis Efstathios , Wechalekar Ashutosh D. , Schönland Stefan O. , Kim Kihyun , Sanchorawala Vaishali , Landau Heather J. , Kwok Fiona , Suzuki Kenshi , Comenzo Raymond L. , Berg Deborah , Liu Guohui , Kumar Arun , Faller Douglas V. , Merlini Giampaolo 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn the first phase 3 study in relapsed/refractory AL amyloidosis (TOURMALINE-AL1 NCT01659658), 168 patients with relapsed/refractory AL amyloidosis after 1–2 prior lines were randomized to ixazomib (4 mg, days 1, 8, 15) plus dexamethasone (20 mg, days 1, 8, 15, 22; n = 85) or physician’s choice (dexamethasone ± melphalan, cyclophosphamide, thalidomide, or lenalidomide; n = 83) in 28-day cycles until progression or toxicity. Primary endpoints were hematologic response rate and 2-year vital organ deterioration or mortality rate. Only the first primary endpoint was formally tested at this interim analysis. Best hematologic response rate was 53% with ixazomib–dexamethasone vs 51% with physician’s choice (p = 0.76). Complete response rate was 26 vs 18% (p = 0.22). Median time to vital organ deterioration or mortality was 34.8 vs 26.1 months (hazard ratio 0.53; 95% CI, 0.32–0.87; p = 0.01). Median treatment duration was 11.7 vs 5.0 months. Adverse events of clinical importance included diarrhea (34 vs 30%), rash (33 vs 20%), cardiac arrhythmias (26 vs 15%), nausea (24 vs 14%). Despite not meeting the first primary endpoint, all time-to-event data favored ixazomib–dexamethasone. These results are clinically relevant to this relapsed/refractory patient population with no approved treatment options.
Human milk feeding and cognitive outcome in preterm infants: the role of infection and NEC reduction
Authors: Lapidaire Winok , Lucas Alan , Clayden Jonathan D. , Clark Chris , Fewtrell Mary S. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundBreast milk has been associated with lower risk of infection and necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) and improved long-term cognitive outcomes in preterm infants but, if unsupplemented, does not meet the nutritional requirements of preterm infants.MethodsPreterm infants were randomised to receive a high nutrient intervention diet: preterm formula (PTF) or the standard diet: term formula (TF) or banked donor breast milk (BBM), either as their sole diet or as supplement to maternal breast milk (MBM). IQ tests were performed at ages 7, 15, 20, and 30 years.ResultsAn increase in MBM and BBM intake was associated with a lower chance of neonatal infection/NEC. Neonatal infection/NEC was associated with lower Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) and Performance IQ (PIQ) score at ages 7 and 30 years. The relationship between higher intake of MBM and PIQ at age 7 years was partly mediated by neonatal infection/NEC. The intervention diet was associated with higher Verbal IQ (VIQ) scores compared to the standard diet. There was no evidence that these effects changed from childhood through to adulthood.ConclusionsNeonatal diet is an important modifiable factor that can affect long-term cognitive outcome through a ‘human milk’ factor, protecting against infection/NEC, and a ‘nutrient content’ factor.ImpactThis is the first study to demonstrate the effects of neonatal infection/necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) on IQ in the same cohort in childhood and adulthood.Diet can be a key factor in long-term cognitive outcome in people born preterm by preventing neonatal infection/NEC and providing adequate nutrients.Human milk, whether MBM or BBM, is associated with a reduced risk of infection/NEC.A higher nutrient diet is associated with better cognitive outcome in childhood.Performance IQ is particularly vulnerable to the effects of infection/NEC and verbal IQ to the quantity of (macro)nutrients in the diet.
Pathogenic variants in PIDD1 lead to an autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder with pachygyria and psychiatric features
Authors: Zaki Maha S. , Accogli Andrea , Mirzaa Ghayda , Rahman Fatima , Mohammed Hiba , Porras-Hurtado Gloria Liliana , Efthymiou Stephanie , Maqbool Shazia , Shukla Anju , Vincent John B. , Hussain Abrar , Mir Asif , Beetz Christian , Leubauer Anika , Houlden Henry , Gleeson Joseph G. , Maroofian Reza 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe PIDDosome is a multiprotein complex, composed by the p53-induced death domain protein 1 (PIDD1), the bipartite linker protein CRADD (also known as RAIDD) and the proform of caspase-2 that induces apoptosis in response to DNA damage. In the recent years, biallelic pathogenic variants in CRADD have been associated with a neurodevelopmental disorder (MRT34; MIM 614499) characterized by pachygyria with a predominant anterior gradient, megalencephaly, epilepsy and intellectual disability. More recently, biallelic pathogenic variants in PIDD1 have been described in a few families with apparently nonsydnromic intellectual disability. Here, we aim to delineate the genetic and radio-clinical features of PIDD1-related disorder. Exome sequencing was carried out in six consanguineous families. Thorough clinical and neuroradiological evaluation was performed for all the affected individuals as well as reviewing all the data from previously reported cases. We identified five distinct novel homozygous variants (c.2584C>T p.(Arg862Trp), c.1340G>A p.(Trp447*), c.2116_2120del p.(Val706Hisfs*30), c.1564_1565delCA p.(Gln522fs*44), and c.1804_1805del p.(Gly602fs*26) in eleven subjects displaying intellectual disability, behaviorial and psychiatric features, and a typical anterior-predominant pachygyria, remarkably resembling the CRADD-related neuroimaging pattern. In summary, we outlin`e the phenotypic and molecular spectrum of PIDD1 biallelic variants supporting the evidence that the PIDD1/CRADD/caspase-2 signaling is crucial for normal gyration of the developing human neocortex as well as cognition and behavior.