bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In-Process Defect Detection for Additively Manufactured Metal Lattices
Authors: Cummings Ian T. , Jacobson Erica M. , Fickenwirth Peter H. , Flynn Eric B. , Wachtor Adam J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The internal lattice structures common to laser powder bed fusion parts pose significant challenges for x-ray computed tomography scans, which are the current default post-process inspection technique. In this work, we present an alternative in-process inspection technique that acquires a full-field ultrasonic response measurement for each layer of the build via ultrasonic excitation of the build plate and non-contact measurement with a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer. We implement a maximum a posteriori detection technique based on those ultrasonic response measurements that can detect malformed lattice elements by combining the information available from the measurements with the ideal part geometry as encoded in the part STL file. We demonstrate successful detection of extra sintered material in the part as well as lattice strut member breakage. Further development of this inspection method in laser powder bed fusion production environments will aide qualification of latticed parts with increased confidence.
A Kriging Based Fast and Efficient Method for Defect Detection in Massive Pipelines Using Magnetic Flux Leakages
Authors: Mukherjee Subrata , Huang Xuhui , Udpa Lalita , Deng Yiming 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Systems in service continue to degrade with passage of time. Pipelines are among the most common systems that wear away with usage. For public safety it is of utmost importance to monitor pipelines and detect new defects within the pipelines. Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) testing is a widely used nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technique for defect detections within the pipelines, particularly those composed of ferromagnetic materials. Pipeline inspection gauge (PIG) procedure based on line-scans or 2D-scans can collect accurate MFL readings for defect detection. However, in real world applications involving large pipe-sectors such extensive scanning techniques are extremely time consuming and costly. In this paper, we develop a fast and cheap methodology that does not need MFL readings at all the points used in traditional PIG procedures but conducts defect detection with similar accuracy. We consider an under-sampling based scheme that collects MFL at uniformly chosen random scan-points over large lattices instead of extensive PIG scans over all lattice points. Based on readings for the chosen random scan points, we use Kriging to reconstruct MFL readings over the entire pipe-sectors. Thereafter, we use thresholding-based segmentation on the reconstructed data for detecting defective areas. We demonstrate the applicability of our methodology on synthetic data generated using popular finite element models as well as on MFL data collected via laboratory experiments. In these experiments spanning a wide range of defect types, our proposed novel MFL based NDE methodology is witnessed to have operating characteristics within the acceptable threshold of PIG based traditional methods and thus provide an extremely cost-effective, fast procedure with competing error rates that can be successfully used for scanning massive pipeline sectors.
Left Ventricular Assist Device Thrombus Detection Using Wavelets and Image Classification
Authors: Reuter Steven P. , Prechtl Ian R. , Day Steven W. , Kolodziej Jason R. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Cardiac related diseases are a common health risk for adults. Consequently, therapies such as heart transplants and medication exist to treat these ailments. Heart transplants remain the gold standard for treating severe heart failure, however, left ventricular assistive devices, a cardiac blood pump, are gaining popularity and not just as a bridge for long term care. Unfortunately, with the benefits of these devices come risks of clot formation. These occlusions can cause strokes, further cardiac damage, or even death. Therefore, these occlusions must be detected at the onset. This work presents a method to non-invasively monitor the condition of a Thoratec HeartMate II ventricular device. The application of a neural network and a classification tree are designed to detect the presence of an aortic graft occlusion that has been seeded into an in vitro cardiac simulator. Using acoustic digital heart sounds, the classification tree showed the most favorable results, outperforming the existing support vector machine method by roughly 20%.
CFD Investigations on Drag Reduction due to Cavitator Heads on Supercavitating Bodies
Authors: Steppert Michael , Epple Philipp , Gast Stefan , Von Mohos Zoltan , Wortmann Martin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In the present study, a supercavitating elliptical body was investigated, using the commercial CFD Solver Star-CCM+. For the study the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes Equation was solved using the realizable k-ε turbulence model. The cavitation model that was used is the Schnerr-Sauer model.
The shape of the elliptical bodies was designed according to the empirical formula of Reichardt for cavitation bubbles, which is almost an ellipse where the ratio of the semi-axes of the quasiellipse is given as a function of the cavitation number. The present studies include investigations without a cavitator at the tip and with a flat, round and conical cavitator head design at the tip. The different designs were simulated for various Reynolds numbers.
For all studies, the drag coefficient was evaluated. For better understanding the drag coefficient is split into two parts, the shear drag coefficient and the pressure drag coefficient. The results are shown in dependency of the dimensionless Reynolds number. In the simulations, the Reynolds number was changed by increasing the velocity and changing the characteristic length.
Quantifying the Dynamics of Water-CO2 Multiphase Flow in Microfluidic Porous Media Using High-Speed Micro-PIV
Authors: Li Yaofa , Blois Gianluca , Kazemifar Farzan , Christensen Kenneth T. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Multiphase flow in porous media is central to a large range of applications in the energy and environmental sectors, such as enhanced oil recovery, groundwater remediation, and geologic CO2 storage and sequestration (CCS). Herein we present an experimental study of pore-scale flow dynamics of liquid CO2 and water in two-dimensional (2D) heterogeneous porous micromodels employing high-speed microscopic particle image velocimetry (micro-PIV). This novel technique allowed us to spatially and temporally resolve the dynamics of multiphase flow of CO2 and water under reservoir-relevant conditions for varying wettabilities and thus to evaluate the impact of wettability on the observed physics and dynamics. The preliminary results show that multiphase flow of liquid CO2 and water in hydrophilic micromodels is strongly dominated by successive pore-scale burst events, resulting in velocities of two orders of magnitude larger than the bulk velocity. When the surface wettability was altered such that imbibtion takes place, capillarity and instability are significantly suppressed, leading to more compact and axi-symmetric displacement of water by liquid CO2 with generally low flow velocities. To our knowledge, this work represents the first of its kind, and will be useful for advancing our fundamental understanding and facilitating pore-scale model development and validation.
Manufacture, Modeling, and Testing of Wire-Reinforced Metallic Pressure Vessel Prototypes
Authors: Celaya-García Luis , Gutierrez-Rivera Miguel , Ledesma-Orozco Elías , Aceves Salvador M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This article describes the manufacture, testing, and finite element modeling of prototype pressure vessels made of steel and reinforced with high-strength steel wire in the cylindrical part. Vessel prototypes were manufactured with pipe fittings and either no wire reinforcement, one layer of wire reinforcement, or two layers of wire reinforcement, with the purpose of developing an improved understanding of the effect of the wire reinforcement, and the number of reinforcement layers on prototype pressure strength. Pressure tests were conducted for instrumented vessels to determine strength up to 70 bar with a test system equipped with pressure and velocity regulators to guarantee the stability of the supplied flow and improve measurement accuracy and repeatability. Finite element modeling is conducted with the commercial code ANSYS and equivalent orthotropic properties obtained with the unit cell method, assuming a high value for the volume fraction of steel wire, and a matrix with low elastic properties compared with those of the steel wire. The results show that there is an interaction between the cylindrical part and the reinforcing wire, and that this relation is affected by external factors resulting from manufacturing process and material properties. Strain reduction in prototypes with thicker reinforcement is an indicator of the improvement on pressure resistance.
Diagram Design of Weaving Process for Touch-Feel Estimation of Plain-Woven Fabrics by Finite Element Method
Authors: Miyaki Hikaru , Sakuma Atsushi 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Digital evaluation of touch-feel in textiles is useful to design fundamental functions of clothing. Here, it is necessary to design textiles for a detailed evaluation of the sensitivity in human’s feelings to consider the life-style creation in various aspects. Then, the objective of this paper is to propose a design method for plain-woven fabrics by touch-feel estimation considering the weaving process with the constitutive relations of yarn. Here, a diagram for control weaving is defined by the diameter of the yarn and displacement quantity of the weaving and the cramping by defining the theoretical thickness. For the effective design to consider various processes, unit-cell of plain-woven structures are fundamentally classified as open set models and closed set models. One of the unit-cell models in the finite element method (FEM) for the plain-woven structure is adopted because the adopted model can consider initial-stress distribution in the weaving process. For touch-feel estimation, an analysis model is constructed by warp, weft, and plungers that cramps the woven structure. A series of diagrams to compress with plungers is shown after constructing a plain-woven structure. As for analyzing the weaving process and the touch-feel estimation in one model, realization of the effective engineering is enabled. This procedure yields that the relationship between the displacement and simulation time suggests for consideration of initial-stress.
Minimizing Residual Stress in Brazed Joints by Optimizing the Brazing Thermal Profile
Authors: Mann Ben , Ford Kurtis , Neilsen Mike , Kammler Dan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Ceramic to metal brazing is a common bonding process used in many advanced systems such as automotive engines, aircraft engines, and electronics. In this study, we use optimization techniques and finite element analysis utilizing viscoplastic and thermo-elastic material models to find an optimum thermal profile for a Kovar® washer bonded to an alumina button that is typical of a tension pull test. Several active braze filler materials are included in this work. Cooling rates, annealing times, aging, and thermal profile shapes are related to specific material behaviors. Viscoplastic material models are used to represent the creep and plasticity behavior in the Kovar® and braze materials while a thermo-elastic material model is used on the alumina.
The Kovar® is particularly interesting because it has a Curie point at 435°C that creates a nonlinearity in its thermal strain and stiffness profiles. This complex behavior incentivizes the optimizer to maximize the stress above the Curie point with a fast cooling rate and then favors slow cooling rates below the Curie point to anneal the material. It is assumed that if failure occurs in these joints, it will occur in the ceramic material. Consequently, the maximum principle stress of the ceramic is minimized in the objective function. Specific details of the stress state are considered and discussed.
Tensegrity Structures Incorporating Actuator and Pseudoelastic Shape Memory Alloys
Authors: Butler Gavin M. , Peraza Hernandez Edwin A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Tensegrity structures are networks of tensile and compressive truss members that have pre-stressability and shape-morphing capabilities. Potential applications of tensegrities in the aerospace, civil, and robotics fields require them to have actuation capabilities and adjustable stiffness. An approach to infuse these properties into tensegrities is to employ active materials. Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are active materials with the ability of exchanging mechanical and thermal energies. They have actuation capabilities enabled by the shape memory effect and large recoverable deformations enabled by the pseudoelastic effect. This paper presents a study on the integration of actuator and pseudoelastic SMAs into tensegrities to create a new class of stifftruss structures that exhibit controlled large deformations. A model for tensegrities that incorporates mechanical equilibrium, thermal equilibrium, and an SMA constitutive model is first developed. The tensile members in the tensegrities may be comprised of actuator or pseudoelastic SMA wires. The actuator wires can be manipulated through Joule heating to change the shape of the tensegrity structure on demand. The pseudoelastic wires provide high stiffness under moderate external disturbances, and become compliant and allow for large deformations as their stress is increased by the actuator wires. This unique combination of actuator and pseudoelastic SMA members in tensegrities is demonstrated through examples of controlled morphing of a tensegrity beam and a tensegrity plate. The results show that using pseudoelastic members antagonistic to the actuators, as opposed to elastic members, reduces the accumulated error and the energy required to control the tensegrities.
High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Scattering at Mammal Vertebrae
Authors: Sanford David , Schaal Christoph 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is used clinically to heat cells therapeutically or to destroy them through heat or cavitation. In homogeneous media, the highest wave amplitudes occur at a predictable focal region. However, HIFU is generally not used in the proximity of bones due to wave absorption and scattering. Ultrasound is passed through the skull in some clinical trials, but the complex geometry of the spine poses a greater targeting challenge and currently prohibits therapeutic ultrasound treatments near the vertebral column. This paper presents a comprehensive experimental study involving shadowgraphy and hydrophone measurements to determine the spatial distribution of pressure amplitudes from induced HIFU waves near vertebrae. First, a bone-like composite plate that is partially obstructing the induced waves is shown to break the conical HIFU form into two regions. Wave images are captured using pulsed laser shadowgraphy, and hydrophone measurements over the same region are compared to the shadowgraphy intensity plots to validate the procedure. Next, shadowgraphy is performed for an individual, clean, ex-vivo feline vertebra. The results indicate that shadowgraphy can be used to determine energy deposition patterns and to determine heating at a specific location. The latter is confirmed through additional temperature measurements. Overall, these laboratory experiments may help determine the efficacy of warming specific nerve cells within mammal vertebrae without causing damage to adjacent tissue.
Role of PRPS2 as a prognostic and therapeutic target in osteosarcoma
Authors: Luo Yanli , Yuan Junqing , Huang Jin , Yang Tingting , Zhou Jun , Tang Juan , Liu Min , Chen Jie , Chen Chunyan , Huang Wentao , Zhang Huizhen 
Published: February 2021

AimsOsteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant tumour of the bone. However, further improvement in survival has not been achieved due to a lack of well-validated prognostic markers and more effective therapeutic agents. Recently, the c-Myc–phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 2 (PRPS2) pathway has been shown to promote nucleic acid metabolism and cancer cell proliferation in malignant melanoma; phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) has been upregulated and an effective therapeutic target in OS. However, the p-mTOR–PRPS2 pathway has not been evaluated in OS.MethodsIn this study, the expression level of PRPS2, p-mTOR and marker of proliferation (MKI-67) was observed in a cohort of specimens (including 236 OS cases and 56 control samples) using immunohistochemistry, and the association between expression level and clinicopathological characteristics of patients with OS was analysed.ResultsPRPS2 protein level, which is related to tumour proliferation, was higher in OS cells (p=0.003) than in fibrous dysplasia, and the higher PRPS2 protein level was associated with a higher tumour recurrence (p=0.001). In addition, our statistical analysis confirmed that PRPS2 is a novel, independent prognostic indicator of OS. Finally, we found that the expression of p-mTOR was associated with the poor prognosis of patients with OS (p<0.05).ConclusionsPRPS2 is an independent prognostic marker and a potential therapeutic target for OS.
New life for old cellular pathology: a transformational approach to the upcycling of historic e-pathology records for contemporary clinical uses
Authors: Rew David Anthony , Hales Alan Arthur , Cable David , Burrill Keith , Bateman Adrian C 
Published: February 2021

AimsCellular pathology (‘e-pathology’) record sets are a rich data resource with which to populate the electronic patient record (EPR). Accessible reports, even decades old, can be of great value in contemporary clinical decision making and as a resource for longitudinal clinical research. The aim of this short paper is to describe a solution in a major UK University Hospital which gives immediate visibility and clinical utility to 30 years of e-pathology recordsMethodsOver the past decade, we have created a timeline structured and iconographic data framework for the ‘whole-of-life’ visualisation of the entirety of an EPR. We have enhanced this interface with the sequential extraction of 373 342 e-pathology reports from legacy Ferranti (1990–1997) and Masterlab (1997–2004) files. They have been uploaded into our SQL file servers, following appropriate data quality and patient identity reconciliation checks.ResultsWe have restored a large repository of previously inaccessible e-pathology records to clinical use and to immediacy of access as a foundation element of our timeline structured EPR. This process has also allowed us to populate and validate an EPR-integral breast cancer data system of 20 000 cases with e-pathology records dating back to 1990.ConclusionsThe revitalisation of old e-pathology reports into a timeline structured EPR creates preserves and upcycles the investment in pathology reporting which is otherwise progressively lost to clinical use. E-pathology records provide reliable, life-long evidence of critical transition points in individual lives and disease progression for clinical and research use, when they can be instantly accessed.
Differential combination immunotherapy requirements for inflamed (warm) tumors versus T cell excluded (cool) tumors: engage, expand, enable, and evolve
Authors: Fabian Kellsye P , Padget Michelle R , Fujii Rika , Schlom Jeffrey , Hodge James W 
Published: February 2021

BackgroundDifferent types of tumors have varying susceptibility to immunotherapy and hence require different treatment strategies; these cover a spectrum ranging from ‘hot’ tumors or those with high mutational burden and immune infiltrates that are more amenable to targeting to ‘cold’ tumors that are more difficult to treat due to the fewer targetable mutations and checkpoint markers. We hypothesized that an effective anti-tumor response requires multiple agents that would (1) engage the immune response and generate tumor-specific effector cells; (2) expand the number and breadth of the immune effector cells; (3) enable the anti-tumor activity of these immune cells in the tumor microenvironment; and (4) evolve the tumor response to widen immune effector repertoire.MethodsA hexatherapy combination was designed and administered to MC38-CEA (warm) and 4T1 (cool) murine tumor models. The hexatherapy regimen was composed of adenovirus-based vaccine and IL-15 (interleukin-15) superagonist (N-803) to engage the immune response; anti-OX40 and anti-4-1BB to expand effector cells; anti-PD-L1 (anti-programmed death-ligand 1) to enable anti-tumor activity; and docetaxel to promote antigen spread. Primary and metastatic tumor growth inhibition were measured. The generation of anti-tumor immune effector cells was analyzed using flow cytometry, ELISpot (enzyme-linked immunospot), and RNA analysis.ResultsThe MC38-CEA and 4T1 tumor models have differential sensitivities to the combination treatments. In the ‘warm’ MC38-CEA, combinations with two to five agents resulted in moderate therapeutic benefit while the hexatherapy regimen outperformed all these combinations. On the other hand, the hexatherapy regimen was required in order to decrease the primary and metastatic tumor burden in the ‘cool’ 4T1 model. In both models, the hexatherapy regimen promoted CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation and activity. Furthermore, the hexatherapy regimen induced vaccine-specific T cells and stimulated antigen cascade. The hexatherapy regimen also limited the immunosuppressive T cell and myeloid derived suppressor cell populations, and also decreased the expression of exhaustion markers in T cells in the 4T1 model.ConclusionThe hexatherapy regimen is a strategic combination of immuno-oncology agents that can engage, expand, enable, and evolve the immune response and can provide therapeutic benefits in both MC38-CEA (warm) and 4T1 (cool) tumor models.