bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Image defogging based on amended dark channel prior and 4‐directional L1 regularisation
Authors: Yang Yuliang , Long Wei , Li Yanyan , Shi Xiaoqiu , Gao Lin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe dark channel prior (DCP) algorithm has been widely used in the field of image defogging because of its simple theory and clear restoration result. However, the DCP algorithm has significant limitations. This study clarifies the relationship between halo artfacts and the size of the dark channel patch of the DCP algorithm and analyses the reason why the colour of close‐range white objects appears distorted in the restored images. An amended DCP method is then proposed to solve these problems, utilising a locally variable weighted 4‐directional L1 regularisation and a corresponding parallel algorithm to optimise the transmission. A deep neural network, 4DL1R‐net, is then trained to further enhance the processing speed. Extensive experiments demonstrate that this method is effective. The proposed method can obtain clear details, maintain the natural clarity of images, and achieve significant improvements over state‐of‐the‐art methods.
Line formation of He I D3 and He I 10 830 Å in a small-scale reconnection event
Authors: Libbrecht Tine , Bjørgen Johan P. , Leenaarts Jorrit , de la Cruz Rodríguez Jaime , Hansteen Viggo , Joshi Jayant 
Published: April 2021

Context. Ellerman bombs (EBs) and UV bursts are small-scale reconnection events that occur in the region of the upper photosphere to the chromosphere. It has recently been discovered that these events can have emission signatures in the He I D3 and He I 10 830 Å lines, suggesting that their temperatures are higher than previously expected.
Aims. We aim to explain the line formation of He I D3 and He I 10 830 Å in small-scale reconnection events.
Methods. We used a simulated EB in a Bifrost-generated radiative magnetohydrodynamics snapshot. The resulting He I D3 and He I 10 830 Å line intensities were synthesized in 3D using the non-local thermal equilibrium (non-LTE) Multi3D code. The presence of coronal extreme UV (EUV) radiation was included self-consistently. We compared the synthetic helium spectra with observed raster scans of EBs in He I 10 830 Å and He I D3 obtained at the Swedish Solar Telescope with the TRI-Port Polarimetric Echelle-Littrow Spectrograph.
Results. Emission in He I D3 and He I 10 830 Å is formed in a thin shell around the EB at a height of ∼0.8 Mm, while the He I D3 absorption is formed above the EB at ∼4 Mm. The height at which the emission is formed corresponds to the lower boundary of the EB, where the temperature increases rapidly from 6 × 103 K to 106 K. The synthetic line profiles at a heliocentric angle of μ = 0.27 are qualitatively similar to the observed profiles at the same μ-angle in dynamics, broadening, and line shape: emission in the wing and absorption in the line core. The opacity in He I D3 and He I 10 830 Å is generated through photoionization-recombination driven by EUV radiation that is locally generated in the EB at temperatures in the range of 2 × 104 − 2 × 106 K and electron densities between 1011 and 1013 cm−3. The synthetic emission signals are a result of coupling to local conditions in a thin shell around the EB, with temperatures between 7 × 103 and 104 K and electron densities ranging from ∼1012 to 1013 cm−3. This shows that both strong non-LTE and thermal processes play a role in the formation of He I D3 and He I 10 830 Å in the synthetic EB/UV burst that we studied.
Conclusions. In conclusion, the synthetic He I D3 and He I 10 830 Å emission signatures are an indicator of temperatures of at least 2 × 104 K; in this case, as high as ∼106 K.
pyUPMASK: an improved unsupervised clustering algorithm
Authors: Pera M. S. , Perren G. I. , Moitinho A. , Navone H. D. , Vazquez R. A. 
Published: April 2021

Aims.We present pyUPMASK, an unsupervised clustering method for stellar clusters that builds upon the original UPMASK package. The general approach of this method makes it plausible to be applied to analyses that deal with binary classes of any kind as long as the fundamental hypotheses are met. The code is written entirely in Python and is made available through a public repository.Methods.The core of the algorithm follows the method developed in UPMASK but introduces several key enhancements. These enhancements not only make pyUPMASK more general, they also improve its performance considerably.Results.We thoroughly tested the performance of pyUPMASK on 600 synthetic clusters affected by varying degrees of contamination by field stars. To assess the performance, we employed six different statistical metrics that measure the accuracy of probabilistic classification.Conclusions.Our results show that pyUPMASK is better performant than UPMASK for every statistical performance metric, while still managing to be many times faster.
Multiwavelength view of SPT-CL J2106-5844
Authors: Di Mascolo Luca , Mroczkowski Tony , Perrott Yvette , Rudnick Lawrence , James Jee M. , HyeongHan Kim , Churazov Eugene , Collier Jordan D. , Diego Jose M. , Hopkins Andrew M. , Kim Jinhyub , Koribalski Bärbel S. , Marvil Joshua D. , van der Burg Remco , West Jennifer L. 
Published: April 2021

Context. SPT-CL J2106-5844 is among the most massive galaxy clusters at z > 1 yet discovered. While initially used in cosmological tests to assess the compatibility with Λ Cold Dark Matter cosmology of such a massive virialized object at this redshift, more recent studies indicate SPT-CL J2106-5844 is undergoing a major merger and is not an isolated system with a singular, well-defined halo.
Aims. We use sensitive, high spatial resolution measurements from the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) and Atacama Compact Array (ACA) of the thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) effect to reconstruct the pressure distribution of the intracluster medium in this system. These measurements are coupled with radio observations from the pilot survey for the Evolutionary Map of the Universe, using the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP), and the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) to search for diffuse nonthermal emission. Further, to better constrain the thermodynamic structure of the cluster, we complement our analysis with reprocessed archival Chandra observations.
Methods. We jointly fit the ALMA and ACA SZ data in uv-space using a Bayesian forward modeling technique. The ASKAP and low-frequency ATCA data are processed and imaged to specifically highlight any potential diffuse radio emission.
Results. In the ALMA and ACA SZ data, we reliably identify at high significance two main gas components associated with the mass clumps inferred from weak lensing. Our statistical test excludes at the ∼9.9σ level the possibility of describing the system with a single SZ component. While the components had been more difficult to identify in the X-ray data alone, we find that the bimodal gas distribution is supported by the X-ray hardness distribution. The EMU radio observations reveal a diffuse radio structure ∼400 kpc in projected extent along the northwest-southeast direction, indicative of strong activity from the active galactic nucleus within the brightest cluster galaxy. Interestingly, a putative optical star-forming filamentary structure detected in the HST image is in an excellent alignment with the radio structure, albeit on a smaller scale.
Estimation of unsaturated flow parameters and hysteresis curve from field instrumentation
Authors: Ahmed Asif , Alam Md Jobair Bin , Pandey Pratibha , Hossain MD Sahadat 
Published: April 2021

Abstract:
The negative pore water pressure or soil suction has significant effect on the performance of geotechnical infrastructures (e.g., slope, pavement, embankment etc.). The unsaturated behavior of soil is not static, rather offers variation in response to climatic loading. The objective of the study was to evaluate field-based techniques of SWCC construction in terms of capturing these variation as compared to laboratory methods and predictive models. The field assessment could allow the quantification of hysteresis effect on the SWCC. Instrumentation data from one Texas, USA highway was used in this study. Soil Water Characteristic Curves (SWCCs) were regenerated utilizing co-located moisture and suction data from the field. Laboratory and field measured SWCCs from the instrumented site were fitted by van Genuchten model. Previously developed predicted models were also utilized to evaluate the SWCC parameters. Based on the evapotranspiration and rainfall amounts, distinct drying and wetting cycles were recorded. Though hourly data was collected in this study, average daily values were used for the analysis. Unsaturated flow parameters (α, n, m) were determined from both laboratory testing and field moisture-suction data along with the predictive models. Clear differences were observed between the values obtained from predictive models and field generated SWCC. The outcome from this study revealed that field reconstructed SWCCs can be used to simulate higher precision in numerical modeling in numerous geotechnical applications.
Chronic enteropathy in dogs – retrospective case analysis and results of an owner survey
Authors: Treese Julia S. , Nolte Ingo , Bach Jan-Peter 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Objective Chronic gastrointestinal diseases in dogs are common and often require intensive diagnostic work-up and lifelong therapy. In this study, a survey of owners of affected dogs was conducted in parallel with a retrospective case analysis from the clinic’s documentation system.
Material and methods The records of dogs with gastrointestinal symptomatology and exclusion of an extraintestinal cause, presented from January 2011 to October 2018, were acquired from the clinic’s case system and analysed. Patient owners were interviewed using a questionnaire regarding diagnosis, treatment, course of the disease and improvement in the dog’s quality of life as a result of treatment. To gain a better understanding of influencing factors for the different subtypes of chronic enteropathy, differentiation was made into feed-responsive (FRE), antibiotic-responsive (ARE), immunosuppressant-responsive (IRE), and nonresponsive enteropathy (NRE) according to the success of different therapeutic approaches.
Results Of 125 patient owners contacted, 81 participated in the study. The majority of the 81 dogs had FRE (45; 55.6 %), 11 (13.6 %) dogs had ARE, 23 (28.4 %) had IRE and 2 (2.5 %) had NRE. At the disease onset, dogs in the FRE and ARE groups were significantly younger than those in the IRE group. Interviews with dog owners showed that veterinary recommendations had not been consistently implemented, particularly in dogs in the FRE group. Successful treatment resulted in significant improvement in the quality of life in patients in all 3 groups according to owner assessment, with no differences between the groups.
Conclusion and clinical relevance The majority of the contacted dog owners agreed to participate in the survey. A retrospective case analysis in combination with an owner survey is helpful to elicit the owners’ assessment of their dog’s treatment and disease course and to reveal starting points for improved owner compliance.
Os Autores brasileiros não citam os autores brasileiros: Nada mudou desde 1994
Authors: Giordano Vincenzo , Lyra Juliana , Bonadiman João Artur , Lech Osvandré 
Published: April 2021

Resumo
Objetivo Observar o perfil de autocitações da Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia (Rev Bras Ortop) e de citações deste periódico em outras revistas médicas de ortopedia de conteúdo geral ou específico de uma determinada área de conhecimento da especialidade.
Métodos Trata-se de estudo observacional transversal da frequência de autocitações e citações da Rev Bras Ortop em outros cinco periódicos médicos de ortopedia de diferentes países, todas publicadas em língua inglesa. Foram analisados os 15 últimos artigos publicados em 2020 em cada uma das seis revistas estudadas. As referências usadas em cada um delas foi avaliada para identificação do periódico em que foram publicadas originalmente. A distribuição de frequência dos quatro principais periódicos citados, sua posição e o percentual relativo ao total de citações foram observados e registrados em cada uma das seis revistas. O número de vezes em que a Rev Bras Ortop foi citada em cada um dos periódicos estrangeiros selecionados foi avaliado por meio de suas frequências absoluta e relativa.
Resultados O total de citações avaliadas neste estudo foi de 2527 (variando de 386 a 486 por revista). A Rev Bras Ortop apresentou baixa taxa de autocitação (2,6%), sendo citada na própria revista na sexta posição (10 de um total de 386 referências). No período estudado, a Rev Bras Ortop não foi citada em nenhum dos outros cinco periódicos médicos incluídos no estudo (frequência absoluta 0, frequência relativa 0).
Conclusão Observou-se que a Rev Bras Ortop apresenta baixa referência de si própria, com taxa de autocitação de 2,6% no período estudado, mostrando que de fato o ortopedista brasileiro não cita o ortopedista brasileiro que publica na revista. Sugerimos a elaboração e a implementação de estratégias fortes de melhora da visibilidade do periódico no cenário acadêmico-científico mundial. Além disso, é fundamental que os ortopedistas brasileiros entendam esta realidade e auxiliem direta e efetivamente em sua mudança.
Do Tar Roads Bring Tourism? Growth Corridor Policy and Tourism Development in the Zambezi region, Namibia
Authors: Kalvelage Linus , Revilla Diez Javier , Bollig Michael 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThere are high aspirations to foster growth in Namibia’s Zambezi region via the development of tourism. The Zambezi region is a core element of the Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA), a mosaic of areas with varying degrees of protection, which is designed to combine nature conservation and rural development. These conservation areas serve as a resource base for wildlife tourism, and growth corridor policy aims to integrate the region into tourism global production networks (GPNs) by means of infrastructure development. Despite the increasing popularity of growth corridors, little is known about the effectiveness of this development strategy at local level. The mixed-methods approach suggests a link between a tandem of infrastructure development and tourism-oriented policies on the one hand, and increased value creation from tourism in the region on the other hand. Yet, the promises of tourism-driven development reach only a very limited number of rural residents.
Drought stress affects the germination of four co-occurring
Authors: Emery Nathan J. , Collette Justin C. 
Published: April 2021

The interactive effect of seasonal temperatures and water potential (Ψ) were examined on the germination of four co-occurring Eucalyptus species (Eucalyptus melanophloia F.Muell., E. pilligaensis Maiden, E. populnea subsp. bimbil L.A.S.Johnson & K.D.Hill and E. viridis R.T.Baker) from the Brigalow Belt South bioregion of New South Wales. These eucalypts are important canopy species, and are a key inclusion for restoring native vegetation to areas that have had significant landscape modification. Final germination, time to first germination, and time to 50% germination were recorded at three alternating temperature regimes for winter (day/night, 19/5°C), spring–autumn (27/12°C) and summer (34/20°C), and eight different Ψ treatments between saturation point (0 MPa) and permanent wilting point (–1.5 MPa) under controlled laboratory conditions. Final germination was highest in all species when seeds were incubated at winter conditions, but spring–autumn and summer temperatures had mixed effects on final germination, depending on the species. Final germination consistently declined with lower Ψ across all temperatures for E. pilliagaensis, E. populnea subsp. bimbil and E. viridis, whereas E. melanophloia displayed a mixed response to temperature and Ψ. No germination occurred when Ψ was lower than –0.25 MPa. Time to first germination and time to reach 50% germination (t50) were lowest at summer temperatures for all species, and all species except E. pilligaensis experienced higher time to first germination and t50 (i.e. slower germination rates) as Ψ decreased from 0 to –0.25 MPa. Our results indicate that all four eucalypts should be treated as drought-sensitive species with a higher probability of field recruitment during cooler and wet conditions.
Time-invariant discord and steady-state entanglement in engineered non-equilibrium dephasing environments
Authors: Basit Abdul , Ali Hamad , Yang Xiao-Fei , Ge Guo-Qin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We study theoretically the dynamics of quantum and classical correlations in the two-qubit system, locally experiencing a one-sided engineered pure dephasing non-equilibrium environment with an Ohmic class spectrum. The environmental non-equilibrium nature is characterized by random perturbations with non-stationary statistics. Particularly, we investigate the influence of the non-equilibrium feature on the protection of these correlations and, more specifically, its effect on the non-trivial phenomenon of time-invariant discord. Remarkably, we show that in the presence of this engineered non-equilibrium environment, time-invariant discord with a significantly larger magnitude exists for all Ohmic spectral densities, i.e., sub-Ohmic, Ohmic, and super-Ohmic without zero-temperature restriction. Additionally, we also show that our engineered non-equilibrium model provides a promising tool for trapping entanglement in a steady-state with a higher magnitude. Moreover, our proposed model also renders new insights for controlling decoherence through engineering the relative initial phases of the bath modes without performing any artificial operations on the main quantum system.
Chiral symmetry restoration and deconfinement in the contact interaction model of quarks with parallel electric and magnetic fields
Authors: Ahmad Aftab 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We study the impact of steady, homogeneous, and external parallel electric and magnetic field strengths (

) on the chiral symmetry breaking-restoration and confinement-deconfinement phase transition. We also sketch the phase diagram of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) at a finite temperature T and in the presence of background fields. The unified formalism for this study is based on the Schwinger-Dyson equations, symmetry preserving vector-vector contact interaction model of quarks, and an optimal time regularization scheme. At

, in the purely magnetic case (i.e.,

), we observe the well-known magnetic catalysis effect. However, in a pure electric field background (

), the electric field tends to restore the chiral symmetry and deconfinement above the pseudo-critical electric field

. In the presence of both

and

, we determine the magnetic catalysis effect in the particular region where

dominates over

, whereas we observe the chiral inhibition (or electric chiral rotation) effect when

overshadows eB. At finite T, in the pure electric field case, the phenomenon of inverse electric catalysis appears to exist in the proposed model. Conversely, for a pure magnetic field background, we observe the magnetic catalysis effect in the mean-field approximation and inverse magnetic catalysis with

-dependent coupling. The combined effects of

and

on the pseudo-critical

yields an inverse electromagnetic catalysis, with and without an

-dependent effective coupling of the model. The findings of this study agree well with the already predicted results obtained via lattice simulations and other reliable effective models of QCD.
The impact of synchronous versus asynchronous electrical stimulation in artificial vision
Authors: Moleirinho Susana , Whalen Andrew J , Fried Shelley I , Pezaris John S 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Visual prosthesis devices designed to restore sight to the blind have been under development in the laboratory for several decades. Clinical translation continues to be challenging, due in part to gaps in our understanding of critical parameters such as how phosphenes, the electrically-generated pixels of artificial vision, can be combined to form images. In this review we explore the effects that synchronous and asynchronous electrical stimulation across multiple electrodes have in evoking phosphenes. Understanding how electrical patterns influence phosphene generation to control object binding and perception of visual form is fundamental to creation of a clinically successful prosthesis.
Geometric compression of invariant manifolds in neural networks
Authors: Paccolat Jonas , Petrini Leonardo , Geiger Mario , Tyloo Kevin , Wyart Matthieu 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We study how neural networks compress uninformative input space in models where data lie in d dimensions, but the labels of which only vary within a linear manifold of dimension d
∥ < d. We show that for a one-hidden-layer network initialized with infinitesimal weights (i.e. in the feature learning regime) trained with gradient descent, the first layer of weights evolves to become nearly insensitive to the d
⊥ = d − d
∥ uninformative directions. These are effectively compressed by a factor

λ
∼

p

, where p is the size of the training set. We quantify the benefit of such a compression on the test error ϵ. For large initialization of the weights (the lazy training regime), no compression occurs and for regular boundaries separating labels we find that ϵ ∼ p
−β
, with β
Lazy = d/(3d − 2). Compression improves the learning curves so that β
Feature = (2d − 1)/(3d − 2) if d
∥ = 1 and β
Feature = (d + d
⊥/2)/(3d − 2) if d
∥ > 1. We test these predictions for a stripe model where boundaries are parallel interfaces (d
∥ = 1) as well as for a cylindrical boundary (d
∥ = 2). Next, we show that compression shapes the neural tangent kernel (NTK) evolution in time, so that its top eigenvectors become more informative and display a larger projection on the labels. Consequently, kernel learning with the frozen NTK at the end of training outperforms the initial NTK. We confirm these predictions both for a one-hidden-layer fully connected network trained on the stripe model and for a 16-layer convolutional neural network trained on the Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology database (MNIST), for which we also find β
Feature > β
Lazy. The great similarities found in these two cases support the idea that compression is central to the training of MNIST, and puts forward kernel principal component analysis on the evolving NTK as a useful diagnostic of compression in deep networks.
Real-Time Earthquake Forecasting using Multidimensional Hierarchical Graph Neuron (mHGN)
Authors: Benyamin Nasution Benny 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Various earthquake forecasting technologies have been introduced for a while, but the quality of the results is not yet convincing. The attempt to achieve a stable technology is still very demanding, due to increasing number of earthquake incidences lately. Since it is not trivial working on complex—with numerous parameters—and big data, the research on discovering such earthquake forecast system takes long and winding roads. It is still very difficult to establish a sophisticated system that can be used to forecast earthquake effectively, but the concept of Multidimensional Hierarchical Graph Neuron (mHGN) has opened up a new opportunity to forecast earthquake not only effectively but also in real-time manner. The 91% of its accuracy in recognizing almost 11% distorted/incomplete patterns has given a strong indication that the accuracy of mHGN in forecasting earthquake will be high as well.