bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Null results of oxytocin and vasopressin administration on mentalizing in a large fMRI sample: evidence from a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Straccia Mark A. , Teed Adam R. , Katzman Perri L. , Tan Kevin M. , Parrish Michael H. , Irwin Michael R. , Eisenberger Naomi I. , Lieberman Matthew D. , Tabak Benjamin A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundAlthough potential links between oxytocin (OT), vasopressin (AVP), and social cognition are well-grounded theoretically, most studies have included all male samples, and few have demonstrated consistent effects of either neuropeptide on mentalizing (i.e. understanding the mental states of others). To understand the potential of either neuropeptide as a pharmacological treatment for individuals with impairments in social cognition, it is important to demonstrate the beneficial effects of OT and AVP on mentalizing in healthy individuals.MethodsIn the present randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (n= 186) of healthy individuals, we examined the effects of OT and AVP administration on behavioral responses and neural activity in response to a mentalizing task.ResultsRelative to placebo, neither drug showed an effect on task reaction time or accuracy, nor on whole-brain neural activation or functional connectivity observed within brain networks associated with mentalizing. Exploratory analyses included several variables previously shown to moderate OT's effects on social processes (e.g., self-reported empathy, alexithymia) but resulted in no significant interaction effects.ConclusionsResults add to a growing literature demonstrating that intranasal administration of OT and AVP may have a more limited effect on social cognition, at both the behavioral and neural level, than initially assumed. Randomized controlled trial registrations: ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT02393443; NCT02393456; NCT02394054.
Associations between polygenic risk of substance use and use disorder and alcohol, cannabis, and nicotine use in adolescence and young adulthood in a longitudinal twin study
Authors: Schaefer Jonathan D. , Jang Seon-Kyeong , Clark D. Angus , Deak Joseph D. , Hicks Brian M. , Iacono William G. , Liu Mengzhen , McGue Matt , Vrieze Scott I. , Wilson Sylia 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundRecent well-powered genome-wide association studies have enhanced prediction of substance use outcomes via polygenic scores (PGSs). Here, we test (1) whether these scores contribute to prediction over-and-above family history, (2) the extent to which PGS prediction reflects inherited genetic variation v. demography (population stratification and assortative mating) and indirect genetic effects of parents (genetic nurture), and (3) whether PGS prediction is mediated by behavioral disinhibition prior to substance use onset.MethodsPGSs for alcohol, cannabis, and nicotine use/use disorder were calculated for Minnesota Twin Family Study participants (N = 2483, 1565 monozygotic/918 dizygotic). Twins' parents were assessed for histories of substance use disorder. Twins were assessed for behavioral disinhibition at age 11 and substance use from ages 14 to 24. PGS prediction of substance use was examined using linear mixed-effects, within-twin pair, and structural equation models.ResultsNearly all PGS measures were associated with multiple types of substance use independently of family history. However, most within-pair PGS prediction estimates were substantially smaller than the corresponding between-pair estimates, suggesting that prediction is driven in part by demography and indirect genetic effects of parents. Path analyses indicated the effects of both PGSs and family history on substance use were mediated via disinhibition in preadolescence.ConclusionsPGSs capturing risk of substance use and use disorder can be combined with family history measures to augment prediction of substance use outcomes. Results highlight indirect sources of genetic associations and preadolescent elevations in behavioral disinhibition as two routes through which these scores may relate to substance use.
The Paradigm Shift in the Disciplining of Village Cadres in China: From Mao to Xi
Authors: Wang Juan , Mou Yu 
Published: October 2021

AbstractVillage cadres are important agents for the state yet disciplining them has been difficult. There are few disciplinary tools that can easily hold them to account. Prior to 2018, Party discipline did not apply to non-Party cadres. Legislation was ambiguous in relation to these grassroots agents and had to rely heavily on legal interpretation. The impact of the cadre evaluation system on village cadres, who are not considered to be public servants on the state payroll, was limited. This situation has changed since 2018. The party-state has consolidated and institutionalized ways in which grassroots cadres are checked and disciplined. Instead of relying on policy regulation, which had been the dominant disciplinary method since 1949, village cadres are now fully subject to Party rules and state laws. These changes have been accomplished through the application of three measures. First, village Party secretaries are to serve concurrently as village heads, and members of village and Party committees are to overlap, thereby making them subject to Party discipline. Second, village cadres are now considered to be “public agents” and are on an equal legal footing with other state agents. Finally, a campaign waged by the criminal justice apparatus cleaned up village administration and prepared it for upcoming village elections in a new era.
Recycled water reuse: what factors affect public acceptance?
Authors: Nkhoma Peter R , Alsharif Kamal , Ananga Erick , Eduful Michael , Acheampong Michael 
Published: October 2021

SummaryGlobally, water resources are under immense and increasing pressure. This, coupled with the threat of climate change, has increased global interest in water reuse. However, global water reuse remains limited because of public opposition. This paper thus examines public perceptions and attitudes to water reuse across the world. It finds that results from studies of water reuse acceptance have tended to be context specific, although claims can be made about the universal relevance of some predictors, underscoring the need for individual water reuse schemes to carefully consider their local context. Disgust remains a constant in the public psyche, while public trust in delivery agents as well as how water reuse is communicated vis-à-vis perceptions about the quality and safety of recycled water are also critical. The latter particularly highlights public concerns about the indeterminate health risks associated with water reuse.
Prenatal substance exposure and maternal hostility from pregnancy to toddlerhood: Associations with temperament profiles at 16 months of age
Authors: Ostlund Brendan D. , Pérez-Edgar Koraly E. , Shisler Shannon , Terrell Sarah , Godleski Stephanie , Schuetze Pamela , Eiden Rina D. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe investigated whether infant temperament was predicted by level of and change in maternal hostility, a putative transdiagnostic vulnerability for psychopathology, substance use, and insensitive parenting. A sample of women (N= 247) who were primarily young, low-income, and had varying levels of substance use prenatally (69 nonsmokers, 81 tobacco-only smokers, and 97 tobacco and marijuana smokers) reported their hostility in the third trimester of pregnancy and at 2, 9, and 16 months postpartum, and their toddler's temperament and behavior problems at 16 months. Maternal hostility decreased from late pregnancy to 16 months postpartum. Relative to pregnant women who did not use substances, women who used both marijuana and tobacco prenatally reported higher levels of hostility while pregnant and exhibited less change in hostility over time. Toddlers who were exposed to higher levels of prenatal maternal hostility were more likely to be classified in temperament profiles that resemble either irritability or inhibition, identified via latent profile analysis. These two profiles were each associated with more behavior problems concurrently, though differed in their association with competence. Our results underscore the utility of transdiagnostic vulnerabilities in understanding the intergenerational transmission of psychopathology risk and are discussed in regards to the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework.
Need, demand, supply in health care: working definitions, and their implications for defining access
Authors: Rodriguez Santana Idaira , Mason Anne , Gutacker Nils , Kasteridis Panagiotis , Santos Rita , Rice Nigel 
Published: October 2021

AbstractEffective policymaking in health care systems begins with a clear typology of the terminology – need, demand, supply and access to care – and their interrelationships. However, the terms are contested and their meaning is rarely stated explicitly. This paper offers working definitions of need, demand and supply. We draw on the international literature and use a Venn diagram to explain the terms. We then define access to care, reviewing alternative and competing definitions from the literature. We conclude by discussing potential applications of our conceptual framework to help to understand the interrelationships and trade-offs between need, demand, supply and access in health care.
State Responsibility for COVID-19: Does International Contagion Constitute Transboundary Harm?
Authors: CAPICCHIANO YOUNG Sophie 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAs the damage caused by COVID-19 has increased exponentially, so too has the insistence that China bears some international responsibility for the unquantifiable damage sustained as a direct result of the state having failed to contain the virus, and to notify the international community of its existence. Some have suggested that the international contagion of the virus may be classified as transboundary harm. The current article analyses the law of transboundary harm, and proposes a set of criteria based on treaty and precedent that may be relied on to properly classify an event as such. It concludes that it is not only incorrect to classify international contagion as transboundary harm, but that to do so would pose a significant risk to the position and treatment of the individual in international law.
Heterogeneous Interseismic Coupling Along the Xianshuihe‐Xiaojiang Fault System, Eastern Tibet
Authors: Li Yanchuan , Nocquet Jean‐Mathieu , Shan Xinjian , Jian Huizi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe use Global Positioning System (GPS) and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data to quantify the interseismic coupling along the Xianshuihe‐Xiaojiang fault system (XXFS). Our results confirm 7–11 mm/a of left‐lateral strike‐slip motion along the XXFS. South of the Shimian County, high interseismic coupling is found down to 20 km‐depth along the Anninghe‐Zemuhe fault. A second 130 km‐long section, highly coupled down to 10–15 km‐depth, is identified along the northern Xiaojiang fault. North of the Kangding County, the Xianshuihe fault appears to be predominantly creeping at depth. Previously identified long‐lasting surface creep following the 1973 M 7.6 Luhuo earthquake has now ended, possibly marking the initiation of a new period of stress accumulation and progressive relocking of the fault. Farther south along the fault, we identify a ∼30 km‐long section (∼30.2°–30.4°N) creeping at ∼7 mm/yr. Furthermore, creep accelerated by ∼2 mm/yr during the 2008–2014 period, possibly as a result of the static Coulomb failure stress increment induced by the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, that occurred ∼200 km northeast of it. The 2014 Mw 5.9 Kangding earthquake occurred along the creeping section at the end of the period of accelerated creep. Finally, taking advantage of the long historical records of past large earthquakes available since 1327, we quantitatively compare the moment budget along the XXFS. Results highlight that along the Anninghe, Zemuhe, and Xiaojiang faults, moment deficit for Mw > 7 earthquakes has now accumulated.
Forecasting the Indian Ocean Dipole With Deep Learning Techniques
Authors: Liu Jun , Tang Youmin , Wu Yanling , Li Tang , Wang Qiang , Chen Dake 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn the present research, Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) prediction was explored using statistical methods based on deep learning techniques. First, convolutional neural network (CNN) models were trained using sea‐surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) maps of the Indian Ocean from 1854 to 1989, and the properly trained CNN models were then validated with the period from 1991 to 2019. The results indicate that the deep learning approach is capable of forecasting the IOD at lead times up to 7 months. The forecast skills of CNN are superior to those of the dynamic models in the North American Multi‐Model Ensemble (NMME). The CNN outperforms the NMME with lower sensitivity to predictability barriers and fewer systematic errors. Moreover, the gradient heat map analysis demonstrates that the triggering precursors selected by CNN models for IOD events are novel and physically sensible. These results suggest the CNN to be a new and effective tool for both IOD prediction and comprehension.
Lagrangian Measurements of Orbital Velocities in the Surf Zone
Authors: Bjørnestad M. , Buckley M. , Kalisch H. , Streßer M. , Horstmann J. , Frøysa H. G. , Ige O. E. , Cysewski M. , Carrasco‐Alvarez R. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractEulerian and Lagrangian measurements of orbital velocities in waves approaching a beach are analyzed with the goal of understanding the relative influence of wave‐by‐wave variations in mean‐water level, wave height and incipient wave breaking on mass transport properties of waves in the surf zone. It is shown quantitatively that elevated local mean‐water level correlates positively with increased Lagrangian mass transport at the free surface. Eulerian ADV measurements in the fluid column suggest that the depth‐integrated wave‐by‐wave mass transport also correlates positively with the local mean‐water level, and is only weakly linked to wave height and wave‐breaking events.
Effective Polytropic Index of Small‐Scale and Force‐Free Magnetic Flux Ropes in the Solar Wind
Authors: Teh Wai‐Leong 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe effective polytropic index, , of small‐scale magnetic flux ropes in the solar wind is investigated using the Wind observations near 1 AU. A total of 59 flux ropes were selected with a good estimation on and divided into two categories, namely, CAT1 for flux ropes accompanied with torsional Alfvén waves and CAT2 for those without. These 59 flux ropes were satisfied the constant‐alpha, force‐free flux rope model. It is found that the index ranges between 1.05 and 2.34, with a mean of 1.68 0.43, for CAT1, while it ranges between 0.71 and 2.42, with a mean of 1.52 0.44, for CAT2. Apparently, the mean of CAT1 flux ropes is closer to the adiabatic condition ( = 5/3), as compared to CAT2 ones. No clear correlation of the index with the solar wind speed and flux rope size is found for these 59 flux ropes. For each flux rope category, the flux ropes are further distinguished by the presence of counterstreaming suprathermal electrons (CSEs) inside it. For both CAT1 and CAT2 flux ropes, it seems that the median and mean of are <5/3 for flux ropes associated with CSEs but greater than 5/3 for those without. Since the index spreads over a wide range of values, it is suggested that various polytropic processes may happen within the flux ropes during their propagation in the solar wind.
Improving the Constraint on theMw7.1 2016 Off‐Fukushima Shallow Normal‐Faulting Earthquake With the High Azimuthal Coverage Tsunami Data From the S‐Net Wide and Dense Network: Implication for the Stress Regime in the Tohoku Overriding Plate
Authors: Kubota Tatsuya , Kubo Hisahiko , Yoshida Keisuke , Chikasada Naotaka Y. , Suzuki Wataru , Nakamura Takeshi , Tsushima Hiroaki 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTsunamis with amplitudes of up to 40 cm, related to theMw7.1 normal‐faulting earthquake off Fukushima, Japan, on November 21, 2016, were clearly recorded by a new offshore wide and dense ocean‐bottom pressure gauge network, S‐net, with high azimuthal coverage located closer to the focal area. We processed the S‐net data and found some stations included the tsunami‐irrelevant drift and step signals. We analyzed the S‐net data to infer the tsunami source distribution. A subsidence region with a narrow spatial extent (∼40 km) and a large peak (∼200 cm) was obtained. The other near‐coastal waveforms not used for the inversion analysis were also reproduced very well. Our fault model suggests the maximum stress drop across the fault plane of >∼10 MPa and the average of 4.2 MPa, whereas the shear stress increase along the fault caused by the 2011 Tohoku earthquake was only ∼2 MPa. Past studies have suggested that horizontal compressional stress around this region switched to horizontal extensional stress after the Tohoku earthquake due to its stress perturbation. The present result, however, suggests that the horizontal extensional stress was locally predominant at the shallowest surface around the focal area even before 2011. The present study demonstrates that the S‐net high‐azimuthal‐coverage pressure data provide a significant constraint on the fault modeling, which enables us to discuss the stress regime within the overriding plate at the offshore. Our analysis provides an implication for crustal stress states, which is important for understanding generation mechanisms of intraplate earthquakes.
ROME: A Pseudo‐Spectral Algorithm for Time‐Dependent Shear Flows in Stratified Environments
Authors: Brown Justin M. , Radko Timour 
Published: October 2021

AbstractParameterizations of small‐scale mixing are important in modeling the behavior of the World Ocean. These microstructure mixing processes do not exist in isolation, however, and larger‐scale processes can affect their fluxes, which is an important consideration for general circulation models. We have developed a new pseudo‐spectral hydrodynamic model, the “Rocking Ocean Modeling Environment,” which is able to simulate the effects of some large‐scale processes, such as shear and internal waves. The code induces a time‐dependent shear forcing across a small domain that can accurately resolve the micro‐scale. This configuration presents a challenge for modeling via Fourier‐based algorithms because the typical evolution of such a flow is incompatible with the periodic boundary conditions at the vertical extremities of the computational domain. This complication is addressed by reformulating the governing equations in a new, temporally varying “tilting” coordinate system associated with the background flow as has been done in the past in the field of homogenous turbulence. The code is applied to one such process which is known to show substantial differences in turbulent environments: salt fingers. We simulate salt fingers in the presence of constant and oscillating shear in order to quantify the mixing of heat and salt by these systems under the impacts of large‐scale internal waves. Generally, it is shown that the application of shear can reduce fluxes by a factor of 2 or 3 for typical amplitudes of near‐inertial waves and that the impact of shear decreases as the frequency of the applied shear increases.
Human kidney organoids reveal the role of glutathione in Fabry disease
Authors: Kim Jin Won , Kim Hyung Wook , Nam Sun Ah , Lee Jong Young , Cho Hae Jin , Kim Tae-Min , Kim Yong Kyun 
Published: October 2021

AbstractFabry disease is an X-linked lysosomal storage disease caused by a mutation in the galactosidase alpha (GLA) gene. Despite advances in therapeutic technologies, the lack of humanized experimental models of Fabry disease has limited the development of new therapies to cure the disease. Herein, we modeled Fabry disease using human inducible pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived kidney organoids and the CRISPR–Cas9 genome-editing system. GLA-mutant human kidney organoids revealed deformed podocytes and tubular cells with accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3). Ultrastructural analysis showed abundant electron-dense granular deposits and electron-dense lamellate lipid-like deposits that formed concentric bodies (zebra bodies) in the cytoplasm of podocytes and tubules. The oxidative stress level was increased in GLA-mutant kidney organoids, and the increase was accompanied by apoptosis. Enzyme replacement treatment (ERT) with recombinant human α-Gal A decreased the Gb3 accumulation and oxidative stress, which resulted in amelioration of the deformed cellular structure of the GLA-mutant kidney organoids. Transcription profile analyses showed decreased glutathione (GSH) metabolism in GLA-mutant kidney organoids. GSH replacement treatment decreased oxidative stress and attenuated the structural deformity of the GLA-mutant kidney organoids. GSH treatment also increased the expression of podocyte and tubular markers and decreased apoptosis. In conclusion, GLA-mutant kidney organoids derived from human iPSCs are valuable tools for studying the mechanisms and developing novel therapeutic alternatives for Fabry disease.
A needle tip CCEA microfluidic device based on enhanced Dean flow for cell washing
Authors: Shi Xin , Tan Wei , Lu Yuwen , Cao Wenfeng , Zhu Guorui 
Published: October 2021

AbstractParticle/cell washing is an essential technique in biological and clinical manipulations. Herein, we propose a novel circular contraction–expansion array (CCEA) microdevice. It can be directly connected to a needle tip without connection tubes. Its small size and centrosymmetric structure are beneficial to low sample consumption, high connection stability, and a wide application range. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation results show that the CCEA structure can produce a stronger Dean flow and lead to faster particle/cell focusing than the circle structure and CEA structure with the same length. Experimentally, an optimal flow rate ratio of 1:3 and an optimal total flow rate of 120 μL/min were found to ensure a stable fluid distribution. Under these conditions, rapid focusing of 10–20 μm particles with high efficiencies was achieved. Compared with a normal CEA device using tubes, the particle loss rate could be reduced from 64 to 7% when washing 500 μL of a rare sample. Cell suspensions with concentrations from 3 × 105/mL to 1 × 103/mL were tested. The high cell collection efficiency (>85% for three cell lines) and stable waste removal efficiency (>80%) reflected the universality of the CCEA microfluidic device. After the washing, the cell activities of H1299 cells and MCF-7 cells were calculated to be 93.8 and 97.5%, respectively. This needle-tip CCEA microfluidic device showed potential in basic medical research and clinical diagnosis.