bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent divergence and lack of shared phylogeographic history characterize the diversification of neotropical savanna birds
Authors: van Els Paul , Zarza Eugenia , Rocha Moreira Lucas , Gómez‐Bahamón Valentina , Santana Antonita , Aleixo Alexandre , Ribas Camila C. , do Rêgo Périces Sena , Santos Marcos Pérsio Dantas , Zyskowski Kristof , Prum Richard O. , Berv Jacob 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimNeotropical savanna birds occur north and south of, but mostly not in the Amazon Basin, except for a few isolated savanna patches. Here, we investigate the phylogeography of 23 taxa of Neotropical savanna birds co‐distributed across multiple isolated savanna patches to assess to what extent these species have a shared history of spatial diversification. We explore the role of the forested Amazon Basin as a vicariant barrier separating northern and southern populations, particularly focusing on the role of the coastal savannas of Amapá as a potential corridor of gene flow between northern and southern populations.LocationNeotropical savannas.TaxonAves.MethodWe employ 775 mtDNA samples of 24 co‐distributed savanna bird taxa from all major savanna patches in South America to infer phylogeographic patterns. For this purpose, we use 24 genomic samples (UCEs) of a subset of 12 taxa in addition to the mtDNA samples to estimate timing of divergence across the Amazon Basin. We use phylogeographic concordance factors (PCF) to assess the level of phylogeographic congruence across co‐distributed taxa. Finally, we assess to which level physical distance drives genetic structuring by estimating isolation‐by‐distance (IBD) effects.ResultsWe find that although the study taxa generally do not share similar diversification patterns geographically, many have at least two distinct genetic groups, one north and one south of the Amazon Basin, that have only recently diverged. The timing of divergence between both areas is generally centered in the late Pleistocene, but somewhat variable, indicating there is no single vicariant event responsible for driving diversification.Main conclusionsVariability in divergence times indicates that landscape processes have not led to shared phylogeographic responses, which indicates a relatively minor role for vicariance. Shallow divergences suggest that Neotropical grassland habitats may have recently been more connected or that gene flow has played an important role. We did not find evidence of a single dominant corridor of dispersal between savannas north and south of the forested Amazon Basin.
No evidence for a core deficit in developmental dyscalculia or mathematical learning disabilities
Authors: Mammarella Irene C. , Toffalini Enrico , Caviola Sara , Colling Lincoln , Szűcs Denes 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundTwo hypotheses were tested regarding the characteristics of children with mathematical learning disabilities (MLD): (a) that children with MLD would have a ‘core deficit’ in basic number processing skills; and (b) that children with MLD would be at the end of a developmental continuum and have impairments in many cognitive skills.MethodsFrom a large sample (N = 1,303) of typically developing children, we selected a group definable as having MLD. The children were given measures of basic number processing and domain‐general constructs. Differences between the observed sample and a simulated population were estimated using Cohen’s d and Bayes factors. Receiver operating characteristic curves were plotted, and the area under the curve was computed to ascertain the diagnostic power of measures.ResultsResults suggest that the differences between the MLD and control group can be defined along with general characteristics of the population rather than assuming single or multiple ‘core deficits’. None of the measures of interest exceeded the diagnostic power that could be derived via simulation from the dimensional characteristics of the general population.ConclusionsThere is no evidence for core deficit(s) in MLD. We suggest that future research should focus on representative samples of typical populations and on carefully tested clinical samples confirming to the criteria of international diagnostic manuals. Clinical diagnoses require that MLD is persistent and resistant to intervention, so studies would deliver results less exposed to measurement fluctuations. Uniform diagnostic criteria would also allow for the easy cross‐study comparison of samples overcoming a serious limitation of the current literature.
Insulin on the brain: The role of central insulin signalling in energy and glucose homeostasis
Authors: Beddows Cait A. , Dodd Garron T. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractInsulin signals to the brain where it coordinates multiple physiological processes underlying energy and glucose homeostasis. This review explores where and how insulin interacts within the brain parenchyma, how brain insulin signalling functions to coordinate energy and glucose homeostasis and how this contributes to the pathogenesis of metabolic disease.
Are CEOs Different?
Authors: KAPLAN STEVEN N. , SORENSEN MORTEN 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTUsing 2,603 executive assessments, we study how CEO candidates differ from candidates for other top management positions, particularly CFOs. More than half of the variation in the 30 assessed characteristics is explained by four factors that we interpret as general ability, execution (vs. interpersonal), charisma (vs. analytical), and strategic (vs. managerial). CEO candidates have more extreme factor scores that differ significantly from those of CFO candidates. Conditional on being considered, candidates with greater general ability and interpersonal skills are more likely to be hired. These and our previous results on CEO success suggest that boards overweight interpersonal skills in hiring CEOs.
Tongue cleaning maintains respiratory function in older individuals: A 1‐year randomised controlled trial
Authors: Izumi Maya , Sonoki Kazuo , Ohta Yuko , Fukuhara Masayo , Nagata Masaharu , Akifusa Sumio 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this 1‐year longitudinal randomised controlled trial was to evaluate the effectiveness of tongue cleaning on the maintenance of respiratory function in older adults requiring care.MethodsThe participants included 24 residents of two nursing homes in Kitakyushu, Japan. The participants were randomised to receive tongue cleaning with routine oral care (intervention group, n = 12), or routine oral care alone (control group, n = 12). Among the participants, three in the intervention group and four in the control group had cerebrovascular disease history, four in the intervention group and four in the control group had a history of cardiac disease, and five in the intervention group and four in the control group were without medical history. Respiratory function was assessed on the basis of the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). Tongue pressure, swallowing function, oral health status, activities of daily living and nutritional status were also measured at baseline and at the end of the 1‐year follow‐up period.ResultsThe number of analysed participants in each group was 12. In the control group, the PEFR (1.6 [0.4‐4.2] L s−1 vs 1.4 [0.4‐3.2] L s−1, P = .034) and tongue pressure (16.4 [1.7‐35.2] kPa vs 8.0 [1.4‐38.6] kPa, P = .032) significantly declined after 1‐year. However, the PEFR (1.5 [0.8‐2.9] L s−1 vs 1.6 [0.7‐4.2] L s−1, P = .366) and tongue pressure (18.1 [4.2‐37.1] kPa vs 16.1 [5.2‐41] kPa, P = .307) were maintained in the intervention group. The change in the PEFR was significantly greater in the intervention group compared with the control group (0.130 [−0.45‐1.70] L s−1 vs −1.70 [−10.00‐10.00] L s−1, P = .028).ConclusionOur findings suggest that tongue cleaning may help maintain tongue and respiratory function in older adults requiring care.
Crossing to safety: Attachment processes in intergroup contact
Authors: Tropp Linda R. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractInspired by reviews written by Kauff, Marinucci, and their colleagues, this commentary considers our basic human needs for safety and security, and how intergroup contact research may be usefully informed by theoretical perspectives on attachment. First, I summarize early psychological perspectives on safety and security and discuss factors that may undermine people's feelings of being safe and secure. I then introduce some basic principles of attachment theory and describe ways in which intergroup contact research may be viewed through an attachment lens. I conclude with a discussion of emerging research linking attachment processes to the realm of intergroup contact, and how theoretical perspectives on attachment may usefully be applied to future contact research.
Asymmetric shock deformation at the Spider impact structure, Western Australia
Authors: Cox Morgan A. , Cavosie Aaron J. , Poelchau Michael H. , Kenkmann Thomas , Miljković Katarina , Bland Phil A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe distribution of shock deformation effects, as well as the structural expression of an impact structure, can be asymmetric, depending on target rock lithologies (e.g., layered versus homogenous), porosity of target rock, and angle of impact. Here, we present a detailed study of shock‐deformed quartz and zircon in silicified sandstones from the asymmetric Spider impact structure in Australia. We utilize optical microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) techniques in order to determine the spatial distribution of shock‐deformed zircon along a downrange transect across the central uplift of the structure, with the goal of constraining the physical distribution of shock effects created by an oblique impact. A total of 453 zircon grains from 12 samples of shatter cone‐bearing quartzite and breccia within the structure were surveyed for shock deformation by EBSD in situ within thin sections. Nineteen zircon grains contain {112} twins, including one grain with three twin orientations. Quartz grains from five samples along the transect were also surveyed using a universal stage in order to determine orientations of planar deformation features, planar fractures, and feather features, and to provide a baseline for comparison of data from zircon. The distribution of shocked zircon with {112} twins within the samples surveyed appears to be asymmetric relative to the center of the structure, in contrast to quartz, thus providing the first accessory mineral‐based evidence that supports an asymmetric distribution of shock deformation as a function of impact obliquity. Our results are an example where the highest intensity of observed shock deformation does not correspond to the geographic center of the structure, and may serve as a guide for field studies aimed at documenting the distribution of shock effects at other sites interpreted to result from oblique impacts.
Benford’s law: Applications to ordinary‐chondrite mass distributions
Authors: Rubin Alan E. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFor ordinary‐chondrite (OC) mass distributions, Benford’s law applies to the set of individual objects that survive intact on the Earth’s surface after atmospheric disruption of meteoroids. Among OCs, Antarctic finds conform more closely to Benford’s law than observed falls, Northwest Africa (NWA) finds, or Oman finds mainly because Antarctic OCs tend to be relatively unweathered (and mostly intact) and have not been aggregated as pairs under collective meteorite names. Deviations from Benford’s law can result from tampering with data sets. The set of OC falls reflects tampering with the original Benford distribution (produced by meteoroid disruption) by the deliberate aggregation of paired individual samples and inefficiencies in the collection of small samples. The sets of NWA and Oman OC finds have been affected by natural “tampering” of the original distributions principally by terrestrial weathering, which can cause sample disintegration. NWA finds were also affected by non‐systematic collection of samples influenced by commercial considerations; collectors preferred type‐3 OC as revealed by the high proportions of such specimens among NWA chondrites relative to those among falls and Oman and Antarctic finds. The percentage of type‐4 OC among falls is appreciably lower than in the sets of finds. This suggests that type‐4 chondrites are friable and disintegrate into numerous pieces; these are counted individually for the sets of finds, but collectively for falls. However, the fact that the percentages of type‐3 OC are not generally higher for finds may be that these samples tend to break into small pieces that are preferentially lost.
Pheromone receptor of the globally invasive quarantine pest of the palm tree, the red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus)
Authors: Antony Binu , Johny Jibin , Montagné Nicolas , Jacquin‐Joly Emmanuelle , Capoduro Rémi , Cali Khasim , Persaud Krishna , Al‐Saleh Mohammed Ali , Pain Arnab 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPalm trees are of immense economic, sociocultural, touristic, and patrimonial significance all over the world, and date palm‐related knowledge, traditions, and practices are now included in UNESCOs list of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Of all the pests that infest these trees, the red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), is its primary enemy. The RPW is a category‐1 quarantine insect pest that causes enormous economic losses in palm tree cultivation worldwide. The RPW synchronizes mass gathering on the palm tree for feeding and mating, regulated by a male‐produced pheromone composed of two methyl‐branched compounds, (4RS, 5RS)‐4‐methylnonan‐5‐ol (ferrugineol) and 4(RS)‐methylnonan‐5‐one (ferrugineone). Despite the importance of odorant detection in long‐range orientation towards palm trees, palm colonization, and mating, the pheromone receptor has not been identified in this species. In this study, we report the identification and characterization of the first RPW pheromone receptor, RferOR1. Using gene silencing and functional expression in Drosophila olfactory receptor neurons, we demonstrate that RferOR1 is tuned to ferrugineol and ferrugineone and binds five other structurally related molecules. We reveal the lifetime expression of RferOR1, which correlates with adult mating success irrespective of age, a factor that could explain the wide distribution and spread of this pest. As palm weevils are challenging to control based on conventional methods, elucidation of the mechanisms of pheromone detection opens new routes for mating disruption and the early detection of this pest via the development of pheromone receptor‐based biosensors.
Delayed‐onset cortical blindness with movement disorders after cardiac arrest: Two new cases with literature review
Authors: Sahin Turgut , Olmez Busra , Togay Isikay Canan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAnoxic brain injury following cardiac arrest causes serious neurological sequela and mortality. Cortical blindness is a known manifestation of anoxic brain injury. However, its delayed‐onset presentation is very rare. Here, we report two patients with an anoxic brain injury who were effectively resuscitated after cardiac arrest, and subsequently developed delayed‐onset cortical blindness and movement disorders. We also provide a literature review of previously reported similar cases. These cases highlight that even in successfully revived patients, anoxic brain injury‐related neurological deficits could appear late in the course and may be permanent in 25% of the cases.
Diagnostic yield and reliability of post‐prandial high‐resolution manometry and impedance‐ph for detecting rumination and supragastric belching in PPI non‐responders
Authors: DeLay Kelli , Pandolfino John E. , Roman Sabine , Gyawali C. Prakash , Savarino Edoardo , Tye Michael , Kaizer Alexander , Yadlapati Rena 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundSupragastric belching (SGB) and rumination are behavioral disorders associated with proton pump inhibitor (PPI) non‐response and can be diagnosed using multichannel intraluminal impedance‐pH (MII‐pH) and post‐prandial high‐resolution impedance manometry (PPHRIM). This pilot study compared diagnostic yield and inter‐rater agreement for SGB and rumination using MII‐pH and PPHRIM.MethodsThree esophageal physiologists performed blinded interpretations of MII‐pH and PPHRIM in 22 PPI non‐responders. Raters selected from 4 diagnostic impressions (normal, GERD, behavioral disorders, GERD+behavioral disorders) without clinical context. Primary outcomes were diagnostic impressions compared against clinical gold standard impression, between raters, and between test modalities. Following a 28‐month wash‐out period, raters re‐interpreted MII‐pH with clinical context and under consensus definition of diagnostic criteria.Key ResultsCompared to gold standard, rater accuracy for presence of behavioral disorders ranged from 45 to 77% on MII‐pH and 45–59% on PPHRIM. On MII‐pH, inter‐rater agreement was fair for diagnosis (ĸ0.32, p < 0.01) and suboptimal for presence of behavioral disorders (ĸ0.13, p = 0.14). On PPHRIM, inter‐rater agreement was suboptimal for both diagnosis (ĸ0.03, p = 0.34) and presence of a behavioral disorder (ĸ‐0.22, p = 0.96). Inter‐rater agreement improved in post hoc MII‐pH interpretations. Rumination was more frequently identified on PPHRIM (23, 35%) compared to MII‐pH (7, 11%).Conclusions and InferencesDiagnostic accuracy and inter‐rater agreement are higher for MII‐pH than PPHRIM, and behavioral disorders are more frequently identified on PPHRIM. Identifying behavioral disorders on MII‐pH and PPHRIM has implications for clinical evaluation of PPI non‐response; clinical context is essential for accurate study interpretation. Further work is needed to standardize definitions and interpretations.
Duodenal eosinophilia and the link to anxiety: A population‐based endoscopic study
Authors: Ronkainen Jukka , Aro Pertti , Jones Mike , Walker Marjorie M. , Agréus Lars , Andreasson Anna , Talley Nicholas J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIntroductionThe concept of gut‐to‐brain communication via microbial or inflammatory pathways is gaining increased attention but genuine pathology directly linking gut perturbation to anxiety is lacking. We hypothesized that duodenal eosinophilia, as known to occur in functional dyspepsia (FD), may be an underlying cause of anxiety and may help explain the striking association between FD and anxiety.MethodsRandomly selected subjects from the national population register of Sweden completed the validated Abdominal Symptom Questionnaire; 1000 completed esophagogastroduodenoscopy and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale questionnaire. Duodenal biopsies were obtained from 1st (D1) and 2nd portion (D2). Eligible subjects who underwent endoscopy (n = 887) were invited to participate in a 10‐year follow‐up study with the same questionnaires. Among endoscopy normal subjects, FD was identified by Rome criteria, and controls were symptom free. Duodenal eosinophilia was based on pre‐defined cut‐offs. Finding are reported as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence interval and p‐value.ResultsThe study population comprised 89 cases with FD and 124 healthy controls (mean age 62 years, SD 12, 34% male). Clinical anxiety at follow‐up was elevated in those with D1 eosinophilia at baseline considering either new‐onset anxiety (OR = 4.5, 95% CI 0.8, 23.8; p = 0.08) or follow‐up anxiety adjusting for baseline anxiety (OR = 4.51 (95% CI 1.03, 19.81; p = 0.046).ConclusionDuodenal eosinophilia may potentially be a mechanism linked to anxiety independent of FD.
A macro‐ecological approach to predation density‐dependence
Authors: Barbier Matthieu , Wojcik Laurie , Loreau Michel 
Published: March 2021

Predation often deviates from the law of mass action: many micro‐ and meso‐scale experiments have shown that consumption saturates with resource abundance, and decreases due to interference between consumers. But does this observation hold at macro‐ecological scales, spanning many species and orders of magnitude in biomass? If so, what are its consequences for large‐scale ecological patterns and dynamics?We perform a meta‐analysis of predator–prey pairs of mammals, birds and reptiles, and show that total predation rates appear to increase, not as the product of predator and prey densities following the Lotka–Volterra (mass action) model, but rather as the square root of that product. This suggests a phenomenological power‐law expression of the effective cross‐ecosystem predation rate. We discuss whether the same power‐law may hold dynamically within an ecosystem, and assuming that it does, we explore its consequences in a simple food chain model. The empirical exponents fall close to the boundary between regimes of donor and consumer limitation. Exponents on this boundary are singular in multiple ways. First, they maximize predator abundance and some stability metrics. Second, they create proportionality relations between biomass and productivity, both within and between trophic levels. These intuitive relations do not hold in general in mass action models, yet they are widely observed empirically.These results provide evidence of mechanisms limiting predation across multiple ecological scales. Some of this evidence was previously associated with donor control, but we show that it supports a wider range of possibilities, including forms of consumer control. As limiting consumption counter‐intuitively allows larger populations, it is worthwhile to reconsider whether the observed predation rates arise from microscopic mechanisms, or could hint at selective pressure at the population level.