bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Andersson Jenny , Kemp Sandra 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The concept of futurity requires critical perspectives that go beyond the literary. This introduction sets the context for the cross-disciplinary conversations between the arts and humanities, social sciences, and STEM disciplines on futures-thinking that are the subject of this volume, The introduction identifies the core themes of power, action, and shifting temporal modalities that underpin constructions of futurity and practices of futures-making, It outlines current debates over the extent of human agency within these larger processes. The second half of the introduction contextualizes the essays in the book within five thematic sections and demonstrates the increasing centrality of futures-thinking in all disciplines.
Paul Tillich
Authors: Pryor Adam 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines how critical insights about the nature of sin, finite freedom, and a critique of progress in the works of Reinhold Niebuhr and Paul Tillich reveal deep resonances between their respective characterizations of the human condition. This resonance stems from their common reliance on Søren Kierkegaard’s account of anxiety. However, there are slight but significant differences in Niebuhr’s and Tillich’s respective use of this account of anxiety as well. This is especially evident when one considers their account of a related theological concern: the capacity for human self-transcendence. Accounting for these differences in their view on human self-transcendence illustrates how and why more pronounced differences exist in their respective accounts of the relationship of love and justice tempered by hope, as found in Christian Realism (for Niebuhr) and the fulfilment of time as kairos in Faithful Realism (for Tillich).
John Courtney Murray
Authors: Cadeddu Francesca 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers an insight on the intellectual relationship between Reinhold Niebuhr and John Courtney Murray, SJ. Newly discovered archival documents highlight their roles as consultants to the Basic Issues Program of the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions (CSDI), established in 1957. The activities of the programme were based on debates pertaining to topics including religious pluralism, civic unity, and natural law. Niebuhr and Murray had the opportunity to present their perspectives on the United States religious landscape and the issues raised by ecumenical and social relations between the Protestant majority and the Catholic minority. What emerges from their confrontation is not a search for conciliation, but rather a representation of Reinhold Niebuhr’s understanding of pre-conciliar Catholic theology and John Courtney Murray’s effort to contribute to the acknowledgement of Catholics within American history and society.
Justice
Authors: Lovin Robin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
For Reinhold Niebuhr, ideas of justice emerge from the interaction of human nature and historical forces. While biblical ideals do not provide a blueprint for solving modern social problems, the prophetic tradition provides us with an example for criticism of existing distributions of wealth and power. These impossible ideals enable Christian ethics to engage responsibly in the politics of modern democracy while maintaining a critical perspective on its political achievements. A realistic, flexible, and relevant idea of justice allows the correction of injustices without succumbing to the illusion that perfect justice is possible. Like democracy, justice provides ‘proximate solutions to insoluble problems’. Faith finds meaning in impossible ideals while seeking the proximate solutions.
International Relations Theory
Authors: Hoskins Richard J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The study of international relations is dominated by the school of Realism, articulated in its classical form by Hans Morgenthau. It teaches that great powers are focused on enhancing their national interest defined in terms of power: military, political, and economic. Reinhold Niebuhr became known as the father of Christian Realism, adding his own biblical and Augustinian insights about human nature and its effects on the evil uses of power. Traditionally, both forms of Realism incorporated ethical judgement within their analysis. After Niebuhr’s death, Realism became neorealism, a value-free social science which eschews ethical judgement as any part of international relations study, as did the other major schools—except for the English School. This chapter argues that the English School represents the modern paradigm closest to Niebuhr’s perspective.
H. Richard Niebuhr
Authors: Johnson William Stacy 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
After their famous clash over the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1932, Reinhold and H. Richard Niebuhr resolved never to criticize one another in such a direct and public way again. Nevertheless, a side-by-side reading of their major works reveals significant engagement with one another’s writings throughout their careers. This chapter compares: Reinhold’s political realism with Richard’s theocentric perfectionism; Reinhold’s liberalism with Richard’s communitarianism; Reinhold’s emphasis on human sin with Richard’s focus on divine goodness; Reinhold’s portrait of love as self-sacrifice with Richard’s insistence on love as self-giving; and Reinhold’s defence of Christian symbols with Richard’s eventual call for a resymbolization of Christianity. The chapter underscores how their ongoing debates over the role of religion in society remain strikingly relevant for theology, ethics, and politics today.
George Kennan
Authors: Inboden William 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Though Reinhold Niebuhr and George Kennan did not have a close personal relationship, they nonetheless developed a mutual admiration and reciprocal influence that extended over decades. Each believed in the pervasiveness of original sin, the ironic and often tragic outcomes of human aspirations, and the hand of Providence over history. Together they stand as two of the most important shapers of international relations realism. Their lives and work also influenced US policy in the early and middle decades of the Cold War, from their early opposition to Soviet communism and support for nuclear weapons, to their later disillusionment with the arms race and opposition to the Vietnam War. They differed primarily over democracy. Niebuhr retained an abiding belief in the possibility of self-government, while Kennan grew disenchanted with participatory government and favoured rule by enlightened elites.
Speaking Back
Authors: Gelber Katharine 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter studies the idea that the best remedy for speech with which one disagrees, or which one finds intolerable, is to engage in counter-speech, to speak back. This view, that speech will expose lies and silence will not, and that engaging in more speech is educative and therefore the appropriate remedy to speech with which one disagrees, is attractive because it engages one’s sense of fair play and justice. Given some of the free speech challenges facing the globe today, understanding the contours of counter-speech appears more important than it has ever been. The chapter then traces the origins of the idea of speaking back and its connection with theories of freedom of speech. It shows the contours of the debate around when it is, or may not be, appropriate to rely on speaking back as the preferred remedy to bad speech. The chapter also outlines alternative conceptions of speaking back, which suggest that effective speaking back requires that both it and free speech be thought of in positive, and not negative, terms. Speaking back is essential to participatory political discourse, and its realization requires more than the traditional negative conception of freedom of speech implies.
Defamation Law, Sullivan, and the Shape of Free Speech
Authors: Kenyon Andrew T. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines how free speech interacts with defamation law. When thinking about defamation law and free speech, it can be difficult not to consider the classic US case of New York Times v Sullivan. The decision substantially changed how US defamation law treats political speech, and has resonated widely in other jurisdictions. It increased the burdens facing public officials who sue in defamation, making it far more difficult for them to succeed. The chapter draws out two broad issues from Sullivan and subsequent decisions which have relevance for understanding defamation and free speech more generally, especially democratic aspects of freedom of expression. It also highlights three ways in which the reform of defamation law could better protect free speech. First, legal doctrine could be reformed. Second, remedies could be altered to reduce the chill of defamation law. Third, and perhaps less often recognized, the effective degree of freedom of speech provided under any given defamation law depends greatly on litigation practice. Reforming defamation litigation has been tried in many jurisdictions and there have long been proposals for larger reforms, such as developing alternative dispute resolution methods and venues for defamation claims.
The Internet and Social Media
Authors: Magarian Gregory P. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter surveys the distinctive free speech problems raised by the Internet and social media, discussing the most pressing, prominent issues around Internet speech regulation, with attention to variations across legal systems. It begins by briefly describing the Internet’s communicative architecture. The chapter then looks at structural concerns that have limited online free speech or prompted regulatory attention in the Internet Age. These include inequalities of access; power relationships among governments, private speech intermediaries, and Internet users; and the ways the Internet’s architecture complicates effective regulation. Finally, the chapter considers key substantive issues for online communication, including hate speech, privacy, intellectual property, and the credibility and influence of online news sources.
Free Speech and Commercial Advertising
Authors: Schauer Frederick 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter studies the relationship between free speech and commercial advertising. In the contemporary world, a substantial percentage of the universe of public communication consists of advertising. Speech offering to sell goods and services, typically with inducements to purchase, and often including the price and other conditions of the proposed sale, is a ubiquitous part of modern life. An important question in the theory and practice of freedom of speech is the extent to which, if at all, such communications should be protected against government regulation. Given that the United States is something of a protective outlier on free speech questions generally, even when compared to other liberal industrialized democracies, it is not surprising that free speech protection for commercial advertising is more robust in American law than it is anywhere else in the world. But the question has arisen in many other countries that profess to take the freedom of speech seriously, and thus the chapter will deal with the question of free speech protection for commercial advertising of some sort and to some degree as a question with worldwide implications, and with both theoretical and doctrinal dimensions. It is common in much of the relevant literature to refer to the topic under discussion as ‘commercial speech’.
The Truth Justification for Freedom of Speech
Authors: Marshall William P. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter investigates the complexities of the truth justification for freedom of speech. According to this rationale, protecting freedom of speech creates a marketplace of ideas in which truth ultimately prevails over falsity. Speech therefore must not be restricted because to do so would inhibit this search for truth. The chapter then presents brief accounts of how the truth justification developed, how it has been applied in United States First Amendment jurisprudence, and how it has been accepted in legal systems outside the United States. It also explores the reasons that have been advanced in defence of the truth justification and the attacks that have been raised against its validity. Finally, the chapter discusses another possible explanation in support of the truth justification—that the search for truth provides a valuable narrative for human existence even if the goal of discovering truth is unlikely to be realized.
The History of Septuagint Studies
Authors: Mandelbrote Scott 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter surveys the major developments in the knowledge and study of the Septuagint in Western Europe between 1450 and 1850. It concentrates on the editing and presentation of the text and its critical interpretation, discussing the impact of the discovery of new manuscripts and versions based on the Septuagint. It considers the growth of critical scholarship and the importance of debates, such as that around biblical chronology, which most involved the witness of the Septuagint. It identifies three distinct periods in the development of the text and in Septuagint scholarship.
Quinta, Sexta, and Septima
Authors: Marsh Bradley John 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Eusebius reports that Origen added three further Greek versions to his synoptic Hexapla Maior along with Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion. These anonymous translations were differentiated by their placement in relation to the columns of the Three and the Origenian LXX (Field [1875] 2005: 83). Because of this, they became known as Quinta, Sexta, and Septima and were designated in MSS with Greek (or Syriac) alphabetic sigla: ε΄ (heh), ς΄ (waw), and ζ΄, respectively. As these versions have not survived in full, little is known about them. This chapter thus aims only to survey the evidence and secondary literature.
The Use of the Septuagint in the Liturgy and Lectionary of the Greek Orthodox Church
Authors: Lee John 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The Septuagint has made a major contribution to the Greek Orthodox Christian liturgy, but this is an aspect of its reception history that has hitherto received little scholarly attention. In this chapter, aspects of the contribution are examined under five headings, ‘The Psalms’, ‘The Odes’, ‘Old Testament Readings’, ‘Quotations and Allusions’, and ‘Vocabulary’. The question of how the Septuagint came to play this role in Christian worship, and especially whether it reflects prior Jewish use of Greek Scripture in the liturgy of the synagogue, is considered in a final section, ‘Origins’, surveying the information available and current opinions and debates in this difficult field.
Reception of the Septuagint among Greek Christian Writers
Authors: Ceulemans Reinhart 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter opens by explaining how profoundly patristic and Byzantine Christianity was shaped by the LXX. Not only learned literature (to which the chapter confines itself) but also popular texts, non-literary documents, buildings, ceremonies, etc. testify to the deep but diverse impact that the LXX had on everyday life. In the first of two main sections, the chapter discusses the ways in which Greek Christianity received and transmitted the text of the LXX (and of related Greek versions). The various forms in which the LXX was explained are presented in the following part, which combines a general image with a treatment of the catena format in particular. Throughout the chapter, particular aspects are highlighted with regard to which modern (Western) LXX scholarship still strongly depends (whether it realizes it or not) on views developed by patristic and Byzantine Christians.
Isaiah
Authors: de Sousa Rodrigo F. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
LXX Isaiah is one of the most debated texts in the entire corpus of the Septuagint. Modern research on the version has outlined its main characteristics, such as a certain freedom in the handling of its Vorlage and the competent but inconsistent use of the Greek language. Many contemporary debates focus on the issue of the theological hermeneutics of the translator. Some scholars detect a pervasive use of ‘actualizing’ interpretation, while others see a predominantly literal translation and tend to minimize the influence of theological factors on deviating renderings. This chapter proposes that the two approaches can be seen as complementary, in the sense that each one touches important, albeit contradictory, aspects of the version. The tendency of scholarship on LXX Isaiah is to continue to refine this discussion.
Introduction
Authors: Salvesen Alison G. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the Handbook and its consciously wide-ranging approach. Part I defines and explains the term Septuagint, and describes the development of the study of this significant corpus from the early modern period to the present day. Part II gives an overview of the socio-historical setting of the Septuagint, setting out prominent aspects of its nature as a translation including its incorporation of religious ideas and discussing the influence of the myth of Septuagint origins in the so-called Letter of Aristeas . It also surveys its early transmission in papyri, inscriptions, and manuscripts. Part III sets out in separate chapters the nature of the individual books of the Septuagint. Part IV looks at the Jewish reception and usage of the translated books, including revisions to the texts and the creation of alternative Greek versions. Part V turns to Christian use of the Septuagint, from the New Testament through to Greek and Latin writers. Part VI explains the significance of the ‘daughter’ versions rendered from Greek into a number of languages for the purposes of early Christian communities, and also some recent major scholarly translations of the Septuagint into modern European tongues. The last section, Part VII, provides some reflections on the significance of the Septuagint for biblical studies, especially textual criticism and New Testament, and for Christian theology. It finally looks at how illustrations in Septuagint manuscripts have interpreted the biblical text.
Theology in the septuagint?
Authors: Müller Mogens 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter is an attempt to outline, not a theology of the Septuagint, but the theology which reveals itself in the special Greek wording of the translation in contrast to its Hebrew Vorlage. An introduction sketches the history of interpretation with regard to the interpretative character of the translation and stresses the importance of distinguishing between what the translators may have intended and what the chosen translation occasioned. There follows an overview of a series of the most significant choices, namely the designations for God, the rendering of ‘Torah’ by ‘Law’, messianic interpretations, and transformations of eschatology. In addition, theology as enculturation is discussed. A conclusion emphasizes the Septuagint as an important chapter in the reception history of the Hebrew Bible and its impact on the development of theology in the New Testament.
Fanconi anemia ortholog FANCM regulates meiotic crossover distribution in plants
Authors: Li Xiang , Yu Mingsen , Bolaños-Villegas Pablo , Zhang Jun , Ni Di'an , Ma Hong , Wang Yingxiang 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Meiotic recombination increases genetic diversity and manipulation of its frequency and distribution holds great promise in crop breeding. In Arabidopsis thaliana, FANCM (a homolog of mammalian Fanconi anemia complementation group M) suppresses recombination and its function seems conserved in other species including the rosids Brassica spp. and pea (Pisum sativum), and the monocot rice (Oryza sativa). To examine the role of FANCM during meiotic recombination in lettuce (Lactuca sativa, an asterid), we characterized the function of lettuce LsFANCM and found that it can functionally substitute for AtFANCM in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Moreover, three independent CRISPR/Cas9-edited lettuce Lsfancm mutants showed reduced pollen viability and seed setting. Unexpectedly, analyses of chromosome behavior revealed that 77.8% of Lsfancm meiocytes exhibited univalents. The normal formation of double-strand breaks in DNA and the discontinuous assembly of synaptonemal complex in Lsfancm mutants supports the hypothesis that LsFANCM might be dispensable for the initiation of meiotic recombination but required for normal synapsis. Furthermore, the frequency of lettuce HEI10 (Human Enhancer of Invasion 10) foci, a marker for Class-I crossovers (COs), was similar between wild-type (WT) and Lsfancm. Strikingly, the distribution of LsHEI10 foci and chiasmata in Lsfancm meiotic chromosomes was markedly different from the WT. A similar alteration in the distribution of Class-I COs was also observed in the Arabidopsis Atfancm mutant. Taken together, these results demonstrate that FANCM is important for shaping the distribution of meiotic Class-I COs in plants, and reveal an evolutionarily divergent role for FANCM in meiotic bivalent formation between Arabidopsis and lettuce.
Effect of Cross-Orientation Normalization on Different Neural Measures in Macaque Primary Visual Cortex
Authors: Das Aritra , Ray Supratim 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDivisive normalization is a canonical mechanism that can explain a variety of sensory phenomena. While normalization models have been used to explain spiking activity in response to different stimulus/behavioral conditions in multiple brain areas, it is unclear whether similar models can also explain modulation in population-level neural measures such as power at various frequencies in local field potentials (LFPs) or steady-state visually evoked potential (SSVEP) that is produced by flickering stimuli and popular in electroencephalogram studies. To address this, we manipulated normalization strength by presenting static as well as flickering orthogonal superimposed gratings (plaids) at varying contrasts to 2 female monkeys while recording multiunit activity (MUA) and LFP from the primary visual cortex and quantified the modulation in MUA, gamma (32–80 Hz), high-gamma (104–248 Hz) power, as well as SSVEP. Even under similar stimulus conditions, normalization strength was different for the 4 measures and increased as: spikes, high-gamma, SSVEP, and gamma. However, these results could be explained using a normalization model that was modified for population responses, by varying the tuned normalization parameter and semisaturation constant. Our results show that different neural measures can reflect the effect of stimulus normalization in different ways, which can be modeled by a simple normalization model.