bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Political and ideological normalization: quality of government, mainstream-right ideological positions and extreme-right support
Authors: Vrakopoulos Christos 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis article aims to explain the variation in the electoral support for extreme-right parties (ERPs) in Europe. The extant literature on the far-right party family does not answer this question specifically with regard to the extreme-right variants for two main reasons. Firstly, theories did not expect the electoral success of these parties in post-war Europe due to their anti-democratic profiles and association with fascism. Secondly, despite the fact that they acknowledge the differences between the parties under the far-right umbrella – namely, the extreme and the radical – they normally do not take these differences into account, and if so, they focus on the radical-right parties. This article shows that electoral support for ERPs is associated with low quality of government and highly conservative mainstream-right parties. The former creates political legitimization for anti-democratic parties and the latter ideological normalization of extreme right.
Evidence of Regionally Distributed Tectono‐Volcanism in a Floor Fractured Crater of North‐Central Arabia Terra, Mars
Authors: Rani A. , Basu Sarbadhikari A. , Sinha R. K. , Karunatillake S. , Komatsu G. , Bates A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractArabia Terra features many tectonic structures, which have been correlated to episodes of incipient tectonics, massive impacts, and controls on fluvial systems. However, the extent of regionally distributed tectono‐volcanism and its effects on local structures remains unknown. To characterize the prevalence of volcanically driven processes in this region, we investigate the geomorphic features of an unnamed ∼85‐km diameter and 3.6 Ga old floor‐fractured crater (FFC) in North‐Central Arabia Terra. Widespread crater floor rocks resemble layered sedimentary deposits. Nevertheless, the central crater floor hosts mounds and linear ridges, which have higher thermal inertia than the surroundings, indicating a provenance distinct from the sedimentary units. Crosscutting relationships suggest that the mounds and ridges are stratigraphically overlying the layered sedimentary rocks. Morphologically and morphometrically, the mounds and ridges resemble known Martian and terrestrial volcanic cone and dike systems. Unlike other FFCs of Arabia Terra, the dikes and cone azimuths consistently orient in the NW‐SE direction, implying that regional tectonic controls on their formation overrode localized effects of the crater‐forming impact. Our observations collectively support magma intruding and erupting along regionally controlled tectonic structures; the migration of magma was perhaps facilitated by the impact that formed the host crater. Consequently, the studied FFC may represent a category of hitherto unrecognized numerous, small‐scale volcanic centers controlled by regional tectono‐volcanism within Arabia Terra. This is also consistent with regionally distributed magmatic systems in the late Noachian to early Hesperian, associated with a thermally eroded crust.
Propagation Mechanism of Medium Wave Broadcasting Waves Observed by the Arase Satellite: Hectometric Line Spectra
Authors: Hashimoto Kozo , Shinbori Atsuki , Otsuka Yuichi , Tsuchiya Fuminori , Kumamoto Atsushi , Kasahara Yoshiya , Matsuoka Ayako , Nagano Isamu , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Yokoyama Tatsuhiro 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA new type of terrestrial line spectra found by the Arase satellite was reported in 2018. These spectra are called “hectometric line spectra (HLS)”. They primarily consist of constant frequency narrowband components at frequencies between 525 kHz and 1,700 kHz, which originate and are sometimes amplified from AM broadcasting waves. In addition to these, other generated emissions are observed. Entrances and the mode conversion of the AM broadcasting waves into the equatorial and low‐latitude ionosphere with plasma density depletion called plasma bubbles are observed. Electron density profiles and equatorial plasma bubbles are examined through Global Positioning System (GPS)‐Total electron content (TEC) analyses. As a result, the Arase satellite which observed the HLS passed through the TEC depression region near the equatorial ionosphere associated with plasma bubbles. The scenario based on the mode conversion of the L‐O mode to the Z mode and vice versa was confirmed with observations and GPS‐TEC analyses. Another entrance when foF2 estimated from TEC is lower than 1,000 kHz instead of a plasma bubble is also found. No mode conversion is necessary, then.
Study on the Sensitivity of Initial Perturbations to the Development of a Vortex Observed in Southwest China
Authors: Chen Gong , Wang Bin , Liu Juanjuan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn this study, numerical experiments on the sensitivity of initial perturbations to the development of southwest vortices (SWVs), which are frequently observed in Southwest China, are performed with weather research and forecasting model. Regarding the development of SWVs as a strong nonlinear process, conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation (CNOP) with an adjoint‐free algorithm is used. The sensitivity denotes how and where the perturbations of model variables at the initial time can influence non‐moving SWV enhancement. The CNOPs leading to the strengthening of the SWV observed at 5UTC July 17, 2010 are obtained. Three sensitive areas are identified based on the distribution of the most significant CNOP norms. Two of them are located on the Eastern Tibetan Plateau (TP), and the third one is found in the eastern Sichuan Basin (SCB) near the SWV center. Sensitivity experiments indicate that the strengthening of the SWV is mainly associated with perturbations at the middle level at approximately 500–450 hPa in the eastern part of the TP and below 450–400 hPa in the eastern SCB near the center of the SWV. Furthermore, the potential vorticity (PV) budget, divergence, vorticity, vertical velocity, diabatic heating, and southerly wind are also analyzed in different simulations. The results show that at the initial stage of SWV formation, the diabatic heating term is not the main cause of PV budget differences between simulations; it is the dynamical effect that is the main contributing factor. However, when it comes to the intensification stage, the diabatic heating caused by the release of latent heat of condensation becomes important.
Determining the Lifespan of Hydrothermal Systems Using Thermochronology and Thermal Modeling
Authors: Jess Scott , Enkelmann Eva , Grasby Stephen E. , Fraser Kelley 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe drive toward lower carbon emissions has led to a rise in global geothermal exploration. Hot springs are key exploration targets as they reflect active advection of thermal fluids derived from heating of meteoric waters circulating through the upper crust. However, establishing the timing of hot spring formation and the longevity of systems remain key knowledge gaps in our understanding of geothermal systems, such as how and when hydrogeologic conditions enable deep groundwater circulation to initiate. In this study, we demonstrate that a combination of multiple low‐temperature thermochronometers and finite element modeling can be used to determine the lifespan of the Canoe River Hot Springs flow system, British Columbia, Canada. Rocks adjacent to the hot spring show evidence of reheating because of thermal fluids, an effect absent in more distant samples. Hydrothermal modeling of both constant and episodic flow scenarios over different timescales highlights that the hot spring likely began flowing between 4 and 6 Ma. This timing of flow onset implies the hot spring’s formation may be linked to partial melting at the base of the crust, associated with nearby volcanic activity that has increased heat flow across the region in the late Cenozoic. These results have significant implications for the exploration of geothermal energy systems and for understanding the conditions required to form hot springs across British Columbia.
Evidence for European presence in the Americas in ad 1021
Authors: Kuitems Margot , Wallace Birgitta L. , Lindsay Charles , Scifo Andrea , Doeve Petra , Jenkins Kevin , Lindauer Susanne , Erdil Pınar , Ledger Paul M. , Forbes Véronique , Vermeeren Caroline , Friedrich Ronny , Dee Michael W. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTransatlantic exploration took place centuries before the crossing of Columbus. Physical evidence for early European presence in the Americas can be found in Newfoundland, Canada1,2. However, it has thus far not been possible to determine when this activity took place3–5. Here we provide evidence that the Vikings were present in Newfoundland in ad 1021. We overcome the imprecision of previous age estimates by making use of the cosmic-ray-induced upsurge in atmospheric radiocarbon concentrations in ad 993 (ref. 6). Our new date lays down a marker for European cognisance of the Americas, and represents the first known point at which humans encircled the globe. It also provides a definitive tie point for future research into the initial consequences of transatlantic activity, such as the transference of knowledge, and the potential exchange of genetic information, biota and pathologies7,8.
Impact of the day of the week on the discontinuation of broad-spectrum antibiotic prescriptions; a multi-centered observational study
Authors: Honda Hiroyuki , Hagiya Hideharu , Higashionna Tsukasa , Haruki Yuto , Haruki Mai , Kajita Shiho , Mukuda Kengo , Yokoyama Yuji , Nakano Yasuhiro , Ogawa Hiroko , Morimoto Yasuyo , Hanayama Yoshihisa , Kanda Setsuko , Kataoka Hitomi , Muguruma Hitomi , Otsuka Fumio 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTo encourage and guide antimicrobial stewardship team (AST) activity and promote appropriate antibiotic use, we studied the impact of day of the week on the initiation and discontinuation of antibiotic administration. This was a multicenter observational study conducted at 8 Japanese hospitals from April 1 to September 30, 2019, targeting patients who underwent treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus agents and anti-pseudomonal agents. We compared the weekly numbers of initiations and discontinuations of antibiotic prescription on each day of the week or on the days after a holiday. There was no statistical difference in the number of antibiotic initiations on both weekdays and the day after a holiday. However, antibiotic discontinuation was significantly higher from Tuesday onward than Monday and from the second day than the first day after a holiday. Similar trends were observed regardless of the categories of antibiotics, hospital and admission ward, and AST activity. This study suggests that broad-spectrum antibiotics tend to be continued during weekends and holidays and are most likely to be discontinued on Tuesday or the second day after a holiday. This was probably due to behavioral factors beyond medical indications, requiring further antimicrobial stewardship efforts in the future.
Rather than inducing psychological reactance, requiring vaccination strengthens intentions to vaccinate in US populations
Authors: Albarracin Dolores , Jung Haesung , Song Wen , Tan Andy , Fishman Jessica 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn a survey and three experiments (one preregistered with a nationally representative sample), we examined if vaccination requirements are likely to backfire, as commonly feared. We investigated if relative to encouraging free choice in vaccination, requiring a vaccine weakens or strengthens vaccination intentions, both in general and among individuals with a predisposition to experience psychological reactance. In the four studies, compared to free choice, requirements strengthened vaccination intentions across racial and ethnic groups, across studies, and across levels of trait psychological reactance. The results consistently suggest that fears of a backlash against vaccine mandates may be unfounded and that requirements will promote COVID-19 vaccine uptake in the United States.
Creation of X-linked Alport syndrome rat model with Col4a5 deficiency
Authors: Namba Masumi , Kobayashi Tomoe , Kohno Mayumi , Koyano Takayuki , Hirose Takuo , Fukushima Masaki , Matsuyama Makoto 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAlport syndrome is an inherited chronic human kidney disease, characterized by glomerular basement membrane abnormalities. This disease is caused by mutations in COL4A3, COL4A4, or COL4A5 gene. The knockout mice for Col4α3, Col4α4, and Col4α5 are developed and well characterized for the study of Alport syndrome. However, disease progression and effects of pharmacological therapy depend on the genetic variability. This model was reliable only to mouse. In this study, we created a novel Alport syndrome rat model utilizing the rGONAD technology, which generated rat with a deletion of the Col4α5 gene. Col4α5 deficient rats showed hematuria, proteinuria, high levels of BUN, Cre, and then died at 18 to 28 weeks of age (Hemizygous mutant males). Histological and ultrastructural analyses displayed the abnormalities including parietal cell hyperplasia, mesangial sclerosis, and interstitial fibrosis. Then, we demonstrated that α3/α4/α5 (IV) and α5/α5/α6 (IV) chains of type IV collagen disrupted in Col4α5 deficient rats. Thus, Col4α5 mutant rat is a reliable candidate for the Alport syndrome model for underlying the mechanism of kidney diseases and further identifying potential therapeutic targets for human renal diseases.
2-Nitro- and 4-fluorocinnamaldehyde based receptors as naked-eye chemosensors to potential molecular keypad lock
Authors: Islam Muhammad , Shafiq Zahid , Mabood Fazal , Shah Hakikulla H. , Singh Vandita , Khalid Muhammad , de Alcântara Morais Sara Figueirêdo , Braga Ataualpa Albert Carmo , Khan Muhammad Usman , Hussain Javid , Al-Harrasi Ahmed , Marraiki Najat , Zaghloul Nouf S. S. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractNew-generation chemosensors desire small organic molecules that are easy to synthesise and cost-effective. As a new interdisciplinary area of research, the integration of these chemosensors into keypad locks or other advanced communication protocols is becoming increasingly popular. Our lab has developed new chemosensor probes that contain 2-nitro- (1–3) and 4-fluoro-cinnamaldehyde (4–6) and applied them to the anion recognition and sensing process. Probes 1–6 are colorimetric sensors for naked-eye detection of AcO−/CN−/F−, while probes 4–6 could differentiate between F− and AcO−/CN− anions in acetonitrile. Using the density functional theory (DFT), it was found that probes 1–6 acted as effective chemosensors. By using Probe 5 as a chemosensor, we explored colorimetric recognition of multiple anions in more detail. Probe 5 was tested in combination with a combinatorial approach to demonstrate pattern-generation capability and its ability to distinguish among chemical inputs based on concentration. After pattern discrimination using principal component analysis (PCA), we examined anion selectivity using DFT computation. In our study, probe 5 demonstrates excellent performance as a chemosensor and shows promise as a future molecular-level keypad lock system.
Bewegungsförderung für Bewohner in Pflegeheimen
Authors: Krupp Sonja , Wentzel Robert , Nachtsheim Martina , Höhne Bettina , Kasper Jennifer 
Published: October 2021

ZusammenfassungÄltere Menschen zeigen nach Aufnahme in eine Einrichtung der stationären Pflege oft eine Reduktion ihres Bewegungsverhaltens mit konsekutiver weiterer Verschlechterung der Mobilität und Selbstversorgungsfähigkeiten. Das Präventionsgesetz beinhaltet den Auftrag, auch in der Lebenswelt Pflegeheim unter Einbezug der Wünsche der Senioren nach Möglichkeiten zu suchen, über eine Zunahme der bewegungsassoziierten Aktivitäten eine Verbesserung der weiteren Prognose und Lebensqualität zu erreichen. POLKA setzt in zweifacher Hinsicht auf Kombinationen: Es bietet sowohl Gesundheitsförderung für das in Pflegeheimen tätige Personal als auch die Bewohner an und erhöht die Kompetenz des Personals in Sachen Bewegungsförderung durch das Tandem aus fest im Pflegeteam verankerten Bewegungsexperten und einem noch umfassender qualifizierten Bewegungslotsen. Die Tätigkeit als Bewegungsexperte bietet die Möglichkeit, täglich als Sachverständiger in Sachen Bewegungsförderung zu fungieren, aber auch die, sich zweimal wöchentlich selbst beraten zu lassen bzw. gemeinsam mit dem Bewegungslotsen relevante Bewegungs-Ziele der Bewohner zu verfolgen. Damit die Auswahl der Ziele und der Wege, diese zu erreichen, zu den realen Möglichkeiten der pflegebedürftigen Person passen, bedarf es eines geriatrischen Assessments. Der Bewegungslotse beherrscht dieses vollumfänglich, der Bewegungsexperte und andere im Pflegeteam erlernen zwei Instrumente, deren Anwendung ihnen hilft, Bewegungsförderung systematisch durchzuführen. Als Interventionen stehen u. a. drei verschiedene Formate des von der Forschungsgruppe Geriatrie Lübeck entwickelten Trainings in „Bewegungswelten“ zur Verfügung.
4-Alkyl-3-azidomethyl-2-ethoxy-2,5-dihydro-5H-1,2-oxaphosphole 2-Oxides: Synthesis and 1,3-Cycloaddition
Authors: Brel Valery K. , Alekseychuk Ekaterina P. , Artyushin Oleg I. , Anikina Lada V. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractStarting from phosphorylated allenes, a three-steps synthesis of a new class of organic azides with a 1,2-oxaphospholene carbon skeleton has been developed. The series of obtained 4-alkyl-3-azidomethyl-2-ethoxy-2,5-dihydro-5H-1,2-oxaphosphole 2-oxides were utilized in the 1,3-cycloaddition with alkyl 2-[1-(propyn-2-yl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-2-oxoacetates for the synthesis of conjugates, which are potentially active cytostatics.
Topological magnetic textures and long-range orders in terbium-based quasicrystal and approximant
Authors: Watanabe Shinji 
Published: October 2021

Significance
So far, the lack of microscopic theory for the crystalline electric field (CEF) in the rare earth–based quasicrystal has prevented us from understanding the magnetic property. Our full analysis of the CEF in the Tb-based quasicrystal has made it possible to clarify that magnetic anisotropy arising from the CEF gives rise to unique magnetic textures on the icosahedron, which are characterized by the topological charges. This is a discovery of the topological magnetic textures in the quasicrystal and also, in the approximant crystal. The ferromagnetic long-range order is theoretically found to be realized in the quasicrystal. Our proposed model is effective for understanding the topological as well as magnetic properties in the rare earth–based quasicrystal and approximant crystal.
Ego orientation is related to doping likelihood via sport supplement use and sport supplement beliefs
Authors: Hurst Philip , Ring Christopher , Kavussanu Maria 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTA growing body of evidence suggests sport supplement use is positively related to doping likelihood, both directly and indirectly via beliefs that sport supplements are effective for improving performance. However, it is unclear what leads an athlete to use sport supplements and whether such factors play a role in the supplement‐beliefs‐doping relationship. To address this issue, we examined whether motivational goal orientations were related to doping likelihood directly and indirectly via sport supplement use and sport supplement beliefs. Competitive athletes (N = 362, 39% female, mean ± SD; age = 23.6 ± 10.3 years, hours per week training = 5.8 ± 2.1, years competing = 5.8 ± 5.4) from a range of sports (e.g. athletics, soccer, weightlifting) completed an online survey measuring task and ego goal orientation, sport supplement use, sport supplement beliefs, and doping likelihood. Results indicated that ego orientation, but not task orientation, was indirectly related to doping likelihood via sport supplement use and sport supplement beliefs. This suggests that athletes who are ego oriented are more likely to use supplements, believe supplements are effective, and dope. These data suggest that researchers should consider ego goal orientations when interpreting relationships between sport supplement use and doping likelihood.Highlights
Ego orientation is related to doping likelihood via sport supplement use and beliefs.
Task orientation is not related to doping likelihood via sport supplement use and beliefs.
Ego‐orientated athletes using sport supplements may be more likely to dope.
Researchers should consider ego goal orientation when interpreting relationships between sport supplement use and doping likelihood.
Suppression of leakage current of p-GaN gate AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with beta-Ga2O3 back barrier
Authors: Ge Mei , Li Yi , Zhu Youhua , Chen Dunjun , Wang Zhiliang , Tan Shuxin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This research demonstrates a p-GaN gate AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor with beta-Ga2O3 back barrier and investigates the electric characteristics of the device. The simulated results show that the threshold voltage of the device will increase with the use of the Ga2O3 back barrier. Moreover, the off-state leakage current level is one order of magnitude lower than the device without back barrier, which can be attributed to the rise of the conduction band diagram in the buffer layer and the decrease of the electron current density released by ionized accept traps. In addition, the impacts of the beta-Ga2O3 back barrier thickness are investigated, and the results show that with increasing Ga2O3 thicknesses, the threshold voltage of the device decreases while the leakage current of the device increases.
Secondary neutron dose contribution from pencil beam scanning, scattered and spatially fractionated proton therapy
Authors: Leite A M M , Ronga M G , Giorgi M , Ristic Y , Perrot Y , Trompier F , Prezado Y , Créhange G , De Marzi L 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The Orsay Proton therapy Center (ICPO) has a long history of intracranial radiotherapy using both double scattering (DS) and pencil beam scanning (PBS) techniques, and is actively investigating a promising modality of spatially fractionated radiotherapy using proton minibeams (pMBRT). This work provides a comprehensive comparison of the organ-specific secondary neutron dose due to each of these treatment modalities, assessed using Monte Carlo (MC) algorithms and measurements. A MC model of a universal nozzle was benchmarked by comparing the neutron ambient dose equivalent, H*(10), in the gantry room with measurements obtained using a WENDI-II counter. The secondary neutron dose was evaluated for clinically relevant intracranial treatments of patients of different ages, in which secondary neutron doses were scored in anthropomorphic phantoms merged with the patients’ images. The MC calculated H*(10) values showed a reasonable agreement with the measurements and followed the expected tendency, in which PBS yields the lowest dose, followed by pMBRT and DS. Our results for intracranial treatments show that pMBRT yielded a higher secondary neutron dose for organs closer to the target volume, while organs situated furthest from the target volume received a greater quantity of neutrons from the passive scattering beam line. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to compare MC secondary neutron dose estimates in clinical treatments between these various proton therapy modalities and to realistically quantify the secondary neutron dose contribution of clinical pMBRT treatments. The method established in this study will enable epidemiological studies of the long-term effects of intracranial treatments at ICPO, notably radiation-induced second malignancies.