bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multilevel Constitutionalism and the Propertisation of EU Copyright
Authors: Sganga Caterina 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the common mantra in contemporary scholarship that the constitutionalisation of copyright as property right has contributed to the reinforcement of its protection vis-à-vis other interests and rights, with distortive consequences on the already fragile copyright balance. In the EU, this fear has been reinforced by the language of Art 17(2) CFREU (‘intellectual property shall be protected’). However, the chapter argues that a more careful analysis proves this narrative wrong and simplistic because it ignores elements which could open the door to different interpretative results, where the classification of copyright under the umbrella of constitutional property may, instead, create internal limits to authors' exclusive rights and lead to their functionalisation to alternative goals chosen for the copyright system. It demonstrates how the property model stemming from the combination of common constitutional traditions and EU sources is not absolute, but carries the imprint of the social function doctrine, which limits property rights from inside their structure. The chapter then contends that a correct constitutional propertisation of EU copyright law would not tilt the balance between copyright and other fundamental rights, and that between copyright and the EU social and cultural policies but, rather, would but preserve and guide such balancing exercises.
Hedge or Counterweight? New Constitutionalism and the Role of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in Intellectual Property Litigation
Authors: Reynolds Graham 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at Canadian intellectual property law through a new constitutionalist lens. Over the past few decades, Canada has been the target of several international measures in the area of IP law. The chapter examines these measures through the lens of the theory of new constitutionalism. Doing so suggests that these measures have certain significant similarities: they all seek to use international trade law as a means through which to lock in strong protections for owners under Canada's IP system and to limit the ability of either the Government of Canada or Canadian courts to shape IP laws so as to constrain the exclusive rights of IP owners. Beginning from the position that IP rights ought to ‘serve human values’, the chapter proceeds by considering whether, and to what extent, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Canadian Charter) can produce counter-norms to those promoting strong protection for right-holders that are provided by international trade law. It argues that while the Canadian Charter has traditionally had little impact on Canada's IP system, it can and ought to play a more prominent role in this area by helping to preserve space for the Government of Canada to legislate in the public interest.
The visual arts
Authors: Brown Steven 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The visual arts, as compared to the performing arts, are defined by their static nature as fixed objects. However, visual art objects often have a ‘dual static/dynamic’ nature that allows them to convey a sense of both motion and emotion, especially when they depict human models. As a result, such objects appear to viewers as frozen snapshots of ongoing actions or gestures. The most art-specific process for the visual arts is the production of two-dimensional images. Compared with the production of three-dimensional objects, two-dimensional images require a dimensional reduction in order to create a flattened representation of a scene on a surface. Drawing is thus the ultimate visual arts activity.
Dance
Authors: Brown Steven 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The study of dance can be summed up as the four Ps: patterning, partnering, pacing, and person. Patterning is about the intra- and interpersonal processes used in creating complex movement patterns in space and time. Partnering in dance involves the coordinated movement of multiple dancers, generally in defined spatial configurations, sometimes occurring through direct body contact. Next, pacing in dance refers to the synchronization of movement patterns with both musical beats and interaction partners. Finally, the person aspect of dance deals with how dancers are able to engage in acting by portraying characters in narrative forms of dance and to tell stories with their bodies in a wordless manner using iconic and affective gestures.
Imagistic Ritual, Fusion, and Self-Sacrifice
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Efforts to investigate the imagistic mode of religiosity initially focused on the effects of emotionally intense rituals on meaning making. But the discovery of a new psychological construct—identity fusion—made it possible to extend the study of imagistic processes to include increasingly precise measures of the pathways to group bonding. Fusion theory has helped clarify the role of feelings of shared essence, both biological and experiential, in fusing together personal and group identities. And it has allowed researchers to test a host of predictions about the causes and consequences of this for ingroup cooperation and intergroup conflict. This chapter considers how the evolution of the imagistic mode may have benefited ancestral groups, and the individuals belonging to them, but in modern times, it has helped to fuel some of the deadliest forms of violence the world has ever seen.
Challenges for Science
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The book ends by calling for a new kind of science of the social, one that recognizes the immense challenges posed by the sheer complexity of sociocultural phenomena and the fact that our evolved psychology is not well designed to grasp, let alone address, those challenges. Nevetheless, we live in a time when the potential rewards of transdisciplinary collaboration are richer than they have ever been before. This chapter describes some of the main hurdles to achieving that potential and discusses how these might be overcome. The very enterprise of social science is inherently unnatural, given our uniquely human evolved psychology, and this may explain why the study of the social has proven harder to get off the ground, in comparison with many other life sciences. The resulting lack of consensus on basic matters of epistemology and method has contributed to the creation of theoretical and methodological divisions in the social sciences in the alternate guises of the ‘two cultures problem’ and the ‘silo effect’. The solutions proposed here advocate new forms of problem-centred transdisciplinary research based on the kinds of cross-cultural collaborative programmes described in detail throughout the book.
Epilogue
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Briefly drawing together the main themes of the book in a roundup of ‘lessons learned’, the epilogue sketches out a vision for new forms of group alignment that transcend the parochialism of ancient imagistic worlds and the forms of outgroup derogation and intolerance that doctrinal systems foment, replacing them with new forms of extended fusion. These are required to address all the major challenges of the Anthropocene, including the need to recognize a shared set of human obligations, alongside our much-vaunted rights. As we strive to combat racism and fuel instead the recognition that we are all members of one species, we may also seek to extend that intuition of shared biological essence to all other outgrowths on the tree of life, with which we share a common ancestry. Joining in new rituals that emphasize these sorts of shared experiences and shared bodies will be vital because, in the end, our fates are entwined and the ritual animal is, well, just another animal.
Matches Made in Court, not in Heaven
Authors: Akkerman Nadine 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains how the accession of James VI of Scotland to the English crown transformed his two elder children into hotly desired marriage material, and how proposals were received from all quarters, many of which were presented as double marriages for Henry and Elizabeth. It explains why out of the many candidates, James chose Frederick V, even above the King of Spain. James had become embroiled in the Jülich-Berg and Cleves crisis, and was supporting the Protestant Union, and thus by extension its leader, the Elector Palatine, with an army. When the Elector died unexpectedly young, his son, Frederick V, was transformed from also-ran into the most eligible of bachelors. With the King of France having been assassinated, James felt the need to counter France having allied itself with Spain through a double marriage treaty: he joined the Protestant Union for six years, as well as promising his daughter to the Elector-Palatine in waiting. Elizabeth moved from Kew to Whitehall in preparation for the arrival of Frederick V, with whom she had begun exchanging courtship letters as was demanded by the duty she owed to her father. Shortly after Frederick’s arrival in England with hundreds of courtiers, and while the court revelled in the upcoming wedding, Henry fell ill and died. Elizabeth was inconsolable. A period of mourning began, but the wedding preparations continued.
The Marriage of Thames and Rhine
Authors: Akkerman Nadine 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
With Henry dead, James was keen that Elizabeth’s marriage go ahead as planned, not least as many of his subjects were now unhappy to see their princess, who they considered a far more likely heir than the fragile Charles, leave the country. Frederick and Elizabeth were thus married in Banqueting House in a ‘private’ ceremony on 6 January. Three days before their marriage’s solemnization on Valentine’s Day, the king, the young couple, and practically the entire population of London watched a series of spectacular fireworks displays on the Thames. These were designed to connect Princess Elizabeth with English Protestant chivalry and the late Queen Elizabeth's fervent Protestantism - the programme drew heavily from Edmund Spenser's allegorical celebration of Elizabeth I, The Faerie Queene. The following day was occupied by a jingoistic mock sea-battle; the day after that was a day of rest originally intended for a masque, then un-titled but now known as The Masque of Truth. The cancelled masque was pro-Protestant, emphasizing Britain's alignment with the Palatine, showing his Calvinism as the true faith that would convert Catholic powers. The Protestant propaganda shows just how divided the country had become, as many of the faithful appeared to have more belief in Elizabeth than they did in their king. The Palatine match had turned Elizabeth Stuart into their new warrior queen, a mystical heir to both Henry and the late queen Elizabeth, her godmother. Finally, the chapter explores the wedding itself and its costs, both in financial and political terms.
Queen of Bohemia
Authors: Akkerman Nadine 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Elizabeth Stuart was crowned Queen of Bohemia in Prague on 7 November 1619, three days after she had watched her husband Frederick V become the country’s king. Frederick spent his time collecting oaths of allegiance from across the region, leaving Elizabeth alone in Prague for at least half of their reign. The chapter then details the events that led to their coronation, including the Defenestration of Prague and the Bohemian rebellion. The death of the incumbent King of Bohemia, and Holy Roman Emperor, Matthias, precipitated a diplomatic crisis within the Empire as Frederick, asserting his power and obligation as Elector Palatine and Imperial Vicar, sought to ensure that Matthias’s successor as King of Bohemia, Ferdinand, was not automatically installed as Emperor. A combination of Ferdinand’s behaviour and Frederick’s refusal to sanction the turning of the Imperial throne into a de facto hereditary monarchy, even though he accepted that Ferdinand would be elected Emperor, had unexpected consequences. The Bohemians de-selected Ferdinand and asked Frederick to be their King. He accepted, much against the advice and wishes of Elizabeth’s father, James, and without the urging of Elizabeth, as is so often assumed. Though their accession was broadly popular, owing to the sense that they were at last fulfilling their destiny as the saviours of European Protestantism, it was not without its problems – not least the fact that in accepting the crown, Frederick had turned a localised, Bohemian rebellion into an Imperial affair. They were now at war with the Emperor.
An ‘Evil State’
Authors: Akkerman Nadine 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Following Charles’s decision to wage war against Spain by sea, Buckingham prepared a fleet to intercept the Spanish treasure ships en route home from the Americas. Though he was Lord Admiral, Buckingham was apparently too ill to lead the expedition to Cadiz, handing command to Edward Cecil, who was created 1st Viscount Wimbledon shortly before setting sail, with Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex, his vice-admiral – both men fiercely loyal to the Palatine cause. Unfortunately, neither commander knew much about naval warfare, and the expedition was a disaster, with many men dying on board disease-ridden ships, and those that did return doing so without so much as a glimpse of a Spanish galleon. Rather than remain in England to take the blame, Buckingham sped to The Hague, where he successfully concluded The Hague Alliance between the Stuart kingdoms, Denmark-Norway, and the Dutch. In order to fulfill the financial promises made to Denmark, Buckingham pawned several items of jewellery, both his own and the crown’s. Surprisingly, one of his creditors was Frederick. Buckingham also tried to negotiate a marriage between his daughter Mary and Elizabeth’s eldest, Frederick Henry, but without success. Back in England, Charles I dissolved parliament to prevent Buckingham’s impeachment, in the process foregoing the subsidies needed to maintain the new alliance. Mansfeld, meanwhile, gathered up the remnants of his army left after the Breda debacle to join with the Danes. Elizabeth is promised £10,000 from the Stuart treasury for ‘ordinary expenses’.
Unlikely Bedfellows
Authors: Akkerman Nadine 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Compelled to try to find alternative ways to raise money and placate the Swedes, Elizabeth concocted two schemes: claiming her share of their Danish grandmother's inheritance promised her by Charles; pressuring the Landgrave of Hesse to protect Heidelberg & Frankenthal because of her previous assistance in keeping his regiments together. Both failed; the French moved in. Roe advised her to seek Laud’s support. Elizabeth sent Charles Louis to the Stuart court to ensure that he reached his majority, and thus the Electorship, in full view. Rupert followed soon after. Their true aim, to raise an army, failed, and Charles refused them permission to return to the Republic to gain military experience with the Prince of Orange. Arundel led an embassy to Ratisbonne and Vienna, but refused to countenance a partial restitution – the Protestant Princes had signed the Peace of Prague which ignored the interests of the House Palatine, so Elizabeth frustrated all negotiations. Arundel viewed Honthorst’s ‘Triumph’. Charles tried to neutralise Rupert and Charles Louis by proposing expeditions to the Caribbean and Madagascar (he could fund fleets without recourse to Parliament), but finally ‘released’ his two nephews in June 1637, after the Franco-Stuart treaty was signed. Princess Elisabeth’s Polish match was broken off. Frederick Henry finally won Breda. Charles Louis sought to lead the Hessian army, and Elizabeth spent her cash reserves buying Meppen for him. Charles Louis joined with Lieutenant-General King's army, but they were crushed at Vlotho/Lemgo, with Rupert and Craven captured.
The Archbishop Strikes Back
Authors: Akkerman Nadine 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In order to prevent the ex-patriate community from becoming radicalised, Laud sent his protégé Sampson Johnson to The Hague to replace Griffin Higgs as Elizabeth’s chaplain. Johnson was to undermine the Puritan Samuel Balmford’s authority at the English Church at The Hague. Roe was sent to Hamburg as ambassador to ratify the Franco-Stuart treaty, where he would negotiate for two years, accomplishing little – secret negotiations, facilitated by Sir Balthazar Gerbier, whom Elizabeth used as her intelligencer but who betrayed her in this instance, were ongoing at Brussels, designed to persuade Charles to enter into league with the Habsburgs. Learning of the negotiations, the French and Swedish ambassadors at Hamburg refused to take Roe’s offers seriously. The French even took Charles Louis prisoner in October 1639, when he was en route to take command of the late Bernard of Saxe-Weimar’s army. The Bishops' Wars began in Scotland amidst much anti-Catholic fervour. William II married Mary Stuart, the French released Charles Louis. Elizabeth’s son, Gustavus Adolphus, died, and the Prinsenhof was finally closed. Elizabeth sent Charles Louis to England in the hope of drumming up support for the Palatinate – Parliament was in session. Parliament’s power struggle with Charles continued with the execution of Strafford. Imperial Diet at Ratisbonne comes with the promise from Charles, underlined by English and Scottish parliament, that if this failed, he would go to war. Roe sent as ambassador. Rupert released. Rupert sails to England to fetch Mary and Henrietta Maria. The Wars of the Three Kingdoms began.
Surprise, anticipation, sadness, and fear: A sentiment analysis of social media’s portrayal of police use of facial recognition technology
Authors: Fleet Robert W , Hine Kelly A 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Policing agencies are adopting or trialling facial recognition technology (FRT). While the public tend to be sceptical of any new technology, public support is needed for both legitimacy and strong police–citizen relationships. The media can greatly influence not only the public agenda, but also the attitudes and sentiments towards the topic. This study takes an agenda-setting perspective to explore social media’s portrayal of police use of FRT. To do this, a sentiment analysis was conducted of 203 YouTube videos. Overall, the discourse was mostly positive for the use of FRT by police. An examination of the emotional language found high levels of surprise and anticipation along with sadness and fear. Notably, trust was expressed only in low levels. These findings inform the development of police practices and policies when adopting new technologies and the communication strategies of such policies and practices.
Novel splitting/lumping index reflects the history of species concepts applied to bumblebees (Insecta: Apidae)
Authors: Williams Paul H 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSplitting or lumping of species is a concern because of its potential confounding effect on comparisons of biodiversity and on conservation assessments. By comparing global lists of species reported by previous authors to lists of the presently recognized species that were known to those authors, a simple ratio can be used to describe their relative splitting or lumping of species. One group of ‘model’ organisms claimed for the study of what species are and how to recognize them is bumblebees. A comparison of four bumblebee subgenera shows: (1) an early phase (up to and including 1931) showing splitting, in which taxonomy was dominated by a typological concept of invariant species with heavy reliance on colour-pattern characters; (2) a middle phase (1935–98) showing lumping, associated with a shift to a polytypic concept of species emphasizing morphological characters, often justified with an interbreeding concept of species, but only rarely associated directly with process-related characters; and (3) a recent phase (after 2000), using a concept of species as evolutionarily independent lineages, as evidenced by corroboration from integrative assessment, usually including evidence for coalescents of species in fast-evolving genes compared with morphology. Analysis of splitting or lumping should help to improve biodiversity comparisons and conservation.
‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’-Encoded BCP Peroxiredoxin Suppresses Lipopolysaccharide-Mediated Defense Signaling and Nitrosative Stress In Planta
Authors: Jain Mukesh , Cai Lulu , Black Ian , Azadi Parastoo , Carlson Russell W. , Jones Kathryn M. , Gabriel Dean W. 
Published: December 2021

The lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria trigger a nitrosative and oxidative burst in both animals and plants during pathogen invasion. Liberibacter crescens strain BT-1 is a surrogate for functional genomic studies of the uncultured pathogenic ‘Candidatus Liberibacter’ spp. that are associated with severe diseases such as citrus greening and potato zebra chip. Structural determination of L. crescens LPS revealed the presence of a very long chain fatty acid modification. L. crescens LPS pretreatment suppressed growth of Xanthomonas perforans on nonhost tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) and X. citri subsp. citri on host orange (Citrus sinensis), confirming bioactivity of L. crescens LPS in activation of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). L. crescens LPS elicited a rapid burst of nitric oxide (NO) in suspension cultured tobacco cells. Pharmacological inhibitor assays confirmed that arginine-utilizing NO synthase (NOS) activity was the primary source of NO generation elicited by L. crescens LPS. LPS treatment also resulted in biological markers of NO-mediated SAR activation, including an increase in the glutathione pool, callose deposition, and activation of the salicylic acid and azelaic acid (AzA) signaling networks. Transient expression of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ bacterioferritin comigratory protein (BCP) peroxiredoxin in tobacco compromised AzA signaling, a prerequisite for LPS-triggered SAR. Western blot analyses revealed that ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ BCP peroxiredoxin prevented peroxynitrite-mediated tyrosine nitration in tobacco. ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ BCP peroxiredoxin (i) attenuates NO-mediated SAR signaling and (ii) scavenges peroxynitrite radicals, which would facilitate repetitive cycles of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ acquisition and transmission by fecund psyllids throughout the limited flush period in citrus. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .