bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of clones among hosts for the lizard malaria parasite Plasmodium mexicanum
Authors: Neal Allison T. 
Published: November 2021

Background
Malaria parasites reproduce asexually, leading to the production of large numbers of genetically identical parasites, here termed a clonal line or clone. Infected hosts may harbor one or more clones, and the number of clones in a host is termed multiplicity of infection (MOI). Understanding the distribution of parasite clones among hosts can shed light on the processes shaping this distribution and is important for modeling MOI. Here, I determine whether the distribution of clones of the lizard malaria parasite Plasmodium mexicanum differ significantly from statistical distributions commonly used to model MOI and logical extensions of these models.

Methods
The number of clones per infection was assessed using four microsatellite loci with the maximum number of alleles at any one locus used as a simple estimate of MOI for each infection. I fit statistical models (Poisson, negative binomial, zero-inflated models) to data from four individual sites to determine a best fit model. I also simulated the number of alleles per locus using an unbiased estimate of MOI to determine whether the simple (but potentially biased) method I used to estimate MOI influenced model fit.

Results
The distribution of clones among hosts at individual sites differed significantly from traditional Poisson and negative binomial distributions, but not from zero-inflated modifications of these distributions. A consistent excess of two-clone infections and shortage of one-clone infections relative to all fit distributions was also observed. Any bias introduced by the simple method for estimating of MOI did not appear to qualitatively alter the results.

Conclusions
The statistical distributions used to model MOI are typically zero-truncated; truncating the Poisson or zero-inflated Poisson yield the same distribution, so the reasonable fit of the zero-inflated Poisson to the data suggests that the use of the zero-truncated Poisson in modeling is adequate. The improved fit of zero-inflated distributions relative to standard distributions may suggest that only a portion of the host population is located in areas suitable for transmission even at small sites (<1 ha). Collective transmission of clones and premunition may also contribute to deviations from standard distributions.
Diversity of Predators Associated with the Mealybug Complex in Cassava Growing Districts of Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Thennarasi A. , Jeyarani S. , Sathiah N. 
Published: November 2021

An extensive survey was carried to study the diversity of predators associated with the mealybug complex in the cassava growing districts viz., Salem, Namakkal, Erode, Tiruppur and Coimbatore of Tamil Nadu, India from January to September, 2021. The survey revealed the dominance of Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero 1977 (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) than other mealybug species in all the surveyed districts. The incidence of P. manihoti ranged from 12 to 90 per cent while Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink 1992 (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) incidence was found to be between 8 and 54 per cent. The incidence of Ferrisia virgata Cockerell 1893 (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) was found to be very low (8-16%) compared to other mealybug species. Association of total predators with P. manihoti were found to be maximum (30.87%) followed by the total predators with P. marginatus (6.49%) whereas 0.53 per cent of total predators associated with F. virgata. The fourteen different predators viz., Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant 1853 (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Menocheilus sexmaculatus Fabricius 1781 (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Anegleis cardoni Weise 1892 (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Hyperaspis maindroni Sicard 1929 (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Brumoides suturalis Fabricius 1798 (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Scymnus spp. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Chrysoperla spp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), Mallada spp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), Spalgis epeus Westwood 1851 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), Geocoris spp. (Hemiptera: Geocoridae), Cardiastethus spp. (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), Diadiplosis spp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), Oxyopes spp. (Araneae: Oxyopidae) and Argiope spp. (Araneae: Araneidae) were found to associated with the mealybug species viz.,P. manihoti, P. marginatus and F. virgata. Among the predators of the mealybug complex, the most relative abundant species were H. maindroni (11.74%) associated with P. manihoti and C. montrouzieri (6.49%) associated with P. marginatus followed by S. epeus (0.67%) associated with F. virgata. The diversity of predators assessed through Simpson’s Index of Diversity, Shannon-Wiener, Pielou’s Evenness and Margalef indices revealed highest species diversity, species richness and species evenness in Namakkal district.
Kernohan-Woltman Notch Phenomenon in Chronic Subdural Hematoma: An under-Diagnosed Phenomenon?
Authors: Asante-Bremang M. , Alhassan B. A. B. , Ofori E. O. , Yussif S. , Agyen-Mensah K. , Rahman G. A. , Mbroh P. K. , Edzie K. M. 
Published: November 2021

Introduction: Kernohan-Woltman notch phenomenon is a neurological picture of mydriasis and hemiparesis/ hemiplegia ipsilateral to a supratentorial mass lesion causing compression of the contralateral cerebral peduncle against the tentorial edge. The aim of this paper is to report series of cases from a low volume centre of neurosurgical care and highlight the fact that Kernohan’s notch phenomenon, although, reported to be quite rare but it’s not uncommon and to also look out for this phenomenon to avoid wrong site surgeries.
Presentation of Cases: We report four cases of chronic subdural hematoma presenting with Kernohan- Woltmann notch phenomenon. The patients include: a young alcoholic who was found in a gutter after binge drinking, a middle aged man who was accidentally hit on the head with a car tire jack, an elderly female with no history of trauma, a fall nor use of anticoagulant and an elderly male, a diabetic. All four patients had emergency burr hole and drainage of subdural hematoma.
Discussion: This incidence of this phenomenon among patients with chronic subdural hematoma is rarely reported in the literature, however, a low volume centre for neurosurgical services like ours has seen five cases in a short period of time.
Conclusion: This paradoxical neurological sign is probably under-diagnosed judging from the number of cases diagnosed in a low volume center like ours.
Cyber Bullying Awareness: - Major Cause of Mental Health Problems among Adolescent of Selected School, Chhotaudepur
Authors: Patel Bhoomika , Suresh V. , Patel Bhavisha , Patel Jinal , Patel Ketu , Patel Kima , Patel Krena 
Published: November 2021

Introduction: Cyberbullying is a pervasive public health issue, affecting 10% to 50% of adolescents and resulting in significant negative health outcomes. Cyberbullying is when someone, typically a teenager, bullies or harasses others on the internet and other digital spaces, particularly on social media sites. Harmful bullying behavior can include posting rumors, threats, sexual remarks, a victims' personal information, or pejorative labels.
Aim: The Present research study aimed to assess the knowledge on cyber bullying & it’s effect on mental health.
Materials and Methods: The data for main study was collected from 150 adolescents. Adolescents were selected using convenient sampling technique. Self-structured questionnaire was used to assess the level of knowledge about cyberbullying. Descriptive and inferential statistics such as mean, standard deviation, chi- square, t-test were applied to analyzed the data.
Results: The pre-test Post-test score of Level of knowledge was compared using paired t-test (Independent t-test) revealed that (t=-29.679, df=149, p=0.05) the programme was effective to improve the level of knowledge on cyberbullying among adolescent. Chi square was use to assess the association of pre - test knowledge scores with selected demographical variable found non-significant for all the variables (p=0.05).
Conclusion: Data collection done of the data collected from 150 adolescent’s students studying in 11th &12th standard adolescent’s students descriptive and inferential statistics were used for analysis of the data and interpreted by the forms of tables and graphs.
To Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching on Knowledge Regarding Harlequin Ichthyosis among Post Basic B.Sc Nursing Students
Authors: Kale Anushri , Kurian Bibin 
Published: November 2021

Background: Harlequin ichthyosis is an uncommon, extreme type of skin issue related with gigantic thickening of skin over whole body. The primary case was accounted for in 1750 by Reverend Oliver Hart. The general occurrence is 1 out of 300,000 births. Around 200 cases have been accounted for all through the world. In 1984, a newborn child with this issue was brought into the world in Pakistan and the child lived till 2008. One more such birth was recorded in the USA in 1994. As of late, one case was accounted for in June 2016 at Nagpur, India. A Harlequin child was brought into the world to a youthful couple in Lata Mangeshkar Hospital.
Objectives: To assess the existing knowledge regarding Harlequin Ichthyosis among P.B.Bsc nursing students. To assess the effectiveness of planned teaching on knowledge regarding Harlequin Ichthyosis among P.B.Bsc nursing students. To associate the post-test knowledge regarding Harlequin Ichthyosis among P.B.Bsc nursing students with selected demographic variables.
Materials and Methods: A one group pre-test and post-test research design study will undertaken to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching on knowledge regarding harlequin ichthyosis among P.B.B.Sc nursing students of selected colleges.
Expected Results: There will be significant association between pre-test and post-test knowledge regarding Harlequin ichthyosis among P.B.Bsc nursing students.
A Prospective Study on the Degree of Hyponatremia in Transurethral Resection of Prostate
Authors: Fatima Maryam , Ali Zainab , Zafar Zubia 
Published: November 2021

Background: Systemic uptake of hypotonic fluid during irrigation performed at the time of Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP) may cause electrolyte changes including sodium, potassium and calcium. The present study was aimed to assess the degree of sodium changes during Transurethral Resection of Prostate (TURP).
Methods: 50 males aged 54 to 86 years, presented for TURP, were enrolled in the study with ASA classification of I to IV grades. Glycine 1.5% was used with height of irrigation kept at 60 cm. One day preoperatively and one hour postoperative, levels of serum sodium were measured for all the patients.
Results: Spinal anaesthesia was given in 31 patients, whereas 19 patients were managed under general anaesthesia, with mean duration time being 72.42 ± 24.77min. The mean size of the resected prostate was 54.82 ± 25.04g. 58% patients developed mild hyponatremia, 4% had asymptomatic moderate hyponatremia and no patient developed severe hyponatremia or TURP Syndrome. The systemic diseases like hypertension, DM, or IHD found to be insignificant.
Conclusion: TURP was associated with a high incidence of asymptomatic mild hyponatremia. Duration of operation was one of the most important factors.
Identify Contributing Factors of Myocardial Infarction among Cardiac Patients
Authors: Patel Rupal , Soni Nirali , Aayushi Rathod , Kinjal Rathod , Jaypal Rathva 
Published: November 2021

Background: Cardiovascular disease is becoming a major burden in developing countries, It is considered as important public health problem not only in the developed countries but also in developing countries like India. It has emerged as a major health burden worldwide. It contributed to 15.3 million deaths in 1996 of which 5.5 million was from developed countries and 9077 million from developing countries. A rise in the prevalence decline in the latter half have been well documented in the industrialized countries. However, the scenario is reversed in developing countries especially India with a steady escalation in prevalence of Cardio Vascular disease
Aims and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess contributing factors among Myocardial Infarction,to find out the association between contributing factors of myocardial infarction with their demographic variable and to identify contributing factors of myocardial infarction.
Methods and Mateials: A descriptive study was carried out on 100 myocardial infarction patients who were admitted to the Intensive coronary care unit of selected cardiology ward in selected hospital, Vadodara. Patients were selected by Non- Probability convenient Sampling technique. The collected data was analyzed though SPSS software.
Results: The majority contributing level of Myocardial infarction 42(42%) were mild, 32(32%) of the patients were moderate, 26(26%) of the patients were severe. There was no significant association was found between contributing factors of myocardial infarction with their demographic variables.
Conclusion: Result revealed that most of the patients (42%) were having mild contributing factors and were having moderate contributing factors (32%) and least percentage (26%) were having severe contributing factors among myocardial infarction patients.
Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching on Assisting Self-care Activities of Patients with Plaster of Paris Casts of Lower Extremities among Caregivers
Authors: Kothe Amruta , Raut Aarti , Sakharkar Sheetal 
Published: November 2021

Aim of the Study: To assess the effectiveness of planned teaching on assisting self-care activities of patients with plaster of Paris casts of lower extremities among caregivers.
Study Design: The design that will be used in the study is One Group Pretest Posttest research design.
Methodology: A study used a pre-test post-test design with no control group and a pre-experimental design. The impact of planned teaching on assisting self-care activities of patients with plaster of Paris casts of the lower extremities among caregivers will be assessed using the purposive sampling technique. In this study Evaluatory research approach will be used. Selected 100 caregivers of patients with plaster of Paris cast of lower extremities will be assessed primarily for knowledge in assisting self-care activities by structured questionnaires and then planned teaching will be given to the selected sample developed by researcher as intervention.
Expected Results: To assess the effectiveness of planned teaching on assisting self-care activities of patients with plaster of Paris casts of lower extremities among caregivers. In this study the planned teaching will be useful in improving the caregivers knowledge in assisting selfcare activities.
Conclusion: The conclusion will be drawn from the results and will be published in per review journal.
Outcomes of Ilizarov Ring Fixator in Infected Nonunion of Tibia
Authors: Hameed Muhammad Hamayun , Kakar Abdul Hamid , Saqlain Hassan Amir Us , Hussain Syed Sajid , Qureshi Masood Ahmed , Keerio Niaz Hussain , Noor Syed Shahid 
Published: November 2021

Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of Ilizarov. We aimed to explore the infection rate, bony union, and functional outcomes of Ilizarov fixators.
Methodology: This retrospective study was conducted in Orthopedic department of Bolan Medical Complex Hospital Quetta Pakistan from June 2020 to June 2021. In this timeframe total of fifty-five patients of infected nonunion tibia were enrolled for Ilizarov technique treatment. For surgical intervention, patients were placed in a supine position on a radiolucent table. Ilizarov fixator was prepared on the behalf of patient's limb length, infection site, and ankle and knee functional status. We applied assembled Ilizarov fixator at the tibial shaft while keeping in mind that the rings were positioned in on the proximal and distal fragments. The ring was placed parallel to the joints whereas pins were inserted perpendicular to the tibial mechanical axis.
Results: A total of 55 patients were recruited for this study. The mean age of the selected participants was 45.65±16.69 years. The overall successful bone results of the ASAMI score were observed as 80% whereas 88% functional outcomes were achieved. In bone results, we observed 28 (50.9%) cases with excellent results, 16 (29%) with good, 7 (12.7%) with fair, and 3 (5.4%) with poor outcomes. On the other hand, 25 (45.4%) cases observed excellent functional results, 25 (45.4%) with good, 4 (7.6%) with fair, and 2 (3.6%) with poor outcomes.
Conclusion: Our results show a high success ratio therefore we recommend Ilizarov external fixators for infected nonunion tibial fracture. This method helps to recover limbs without any amputations. However, the discomfort of patients is one of the main problems with this method of treatment.
Clinical Evaluation of Surgical Orthodontic Procedure with Bone Grafts for Patients with Cleft Palate during Adolescence
Authors: Manerikar Ravindra , Pharande Shilpa , Toshniwal N. G , Chougule Kishor , Misal Abhijit 
Published: November 2021

Background: Cleft lip and palate is a congenital anomaly, presenting in a wide variety of forms and combinations. Successful cleft lip and cleft palate rehabilitation requires a multidisciplinary approach employing the skills of different specialists.
Aims & Objectives: The aim of this paper was to present orthodontic preparation of patients prior to alveolar bone grafting & to review our findings in a group of patients treated by secondary and delayed bone-grafting procedures at our institution.
Methodology: Thirty eight patients were examined for the type of cleft and the age at the time of examination. 10 patients were treated in our institution with presurgical orthodontics & operated by a delayed bone-grafting technique. Duration and type of expansion was noted at pre-operative, 2 months and 6 months. Crestal bone heights and the quality of the bone in the grafted areas was examined radiographically, along with presence of any fistulas.
Results: All the patients demonstrated improved alar base and upper lip support, also better dental stability was seen in the region of cleft.
Conclusion: All the patients included in this study appeared to benefit from the procedure with improved facial balance. In all ten patients the oronasal fistulas remained closed, hence was reported to be a success.
A 1 Year Child with Hydrocephalus: A Case Report
Authors: Mendhe Deeplata , Kanholkar Divyani , Sharma Ranjana , Gomase Kavita , Wanjari Mayur 
Published: November 2021

Introduction: Hydrocephalus is the accumulation of fluid in the cavities deep within the brain. The extra fluids cause the ventricles to expand, putting pressure on the brain. The brain and spinal column are bathed in cerebrospinal fluid, which usually flows into the ventricles. Excessive cerebrospinal fluid pressure caused by hydrocephalus, on the other hand, can harm brain tissues and result in a variety of cognitive impairments.
Case Presentation: Here we have selected a case of hydrocephalus. In this case, when the complete history has been taken it found that patient having a history of NICU admission for prematurity and Low Birth Weight for 40 days. During history collection, it found that the child was all right until 4 months of age after which she started to notice that the child's head circumference was increasing at an abnormal rate and has now been brought to AVBRH for further management. After all investigation in MRI brain reveals extensive dilatation of ventricular system including bilateral lateral ventricle and III and IV ventricles associated with wide-open foramen of Luschka and Magendie with thinning of the adjacent cerebral cortex and cerebellar parenchyma. Features suggestive of communicating hydrocephalus. In the EEG record, the background record shows rhythmic synchronous > 13 Hz beta activity in the bilateral hemisphere. Abnormal EEG record. Then, the doctor planned for the Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy with general anesthesia.
Conclusion: In this study, we mainly focus on expert surgical management and excellent nursing care which leads to fast recovery of the patient. After a conversation with the patient, her response was positive and after nursing management and treatment, she was discharged without any postoperative complications and satisfaction of recovery.
Natural Radioactivity in Various Water Tasters Using y-Ray Measurement
Authors: Hossain I. , Yussuf N. M. , Saeed M. A. , Alzanbaqi M. O. , Wagiran H. 
Published: November 2021

This paper has explained the contamination of natural radionuclides in various water testers using gamma ray measurement which is very significant as part of health scrutiny programs to progress the ecological knowledge. Natural radioactivity was determined in five groups of water samples (rain, mine, tap, drinking and mineral) from different places at Johor, Malaysia by means of gamma-ray spectrometry tool. The annual cumulative effective doses were estimated 6.05 mSv /yr for rain, 9.49 mSv/ yr for mine, 6.39 mSv /yr for tap, 5.67 mSv /yr for drinking, and 6.01 mSv/yr for mineral water. Among the five samples, mine water gave the highest value in annual effective dose measurement. The measured data are compared with the reported value. The activity concentrations of five water samples provided that bottled drinking water was the lowest than other water samples. This research is useful to provide some information to the public about the amount of radionuclide content uranium, thorium and potassium that present in water.
Structure Engineering of Graphene Nanocages toward High‐Performance Microwave Absorption Applications
Authors: Zhang Can , Li Xueai , Shi Yuning , Wu Hongjing , Shen Youfei , Wang Chunsheng , Guo Wanchun , Tian Kesong , Wang Haiyan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractEngineering of hollow nanostructure, represented by the carbon nanocages, has shown tremendous potential in addressing the impedance mismatch of carbonaceous microwave absorbers (MAs). However, issues with limited electric energy loss capacity caused by their localized graphitization characteristic and the isolated 0D structural layout of these reported models still need to be settled. Herein, for the first time, a controllable structure of 3D interconnected framework assembled with graphene nanocages (3DIGCs) is constructed via a self‐sacrificing in‐situ growth. The elaborate air‐filled interconnected cavities impart desirable impedance matching to absorber and facilitate multi‐scattering of microwave; while the archipelago‐like continuous framework with a remarkable electrical conductivity (≈1265.8 S m−1) boosts their electric energy loss capacity by introducing resistance loss and a synergistic reinforcing effect from dipolar polarization and interfacial polarization, in which the loss behaviors are innovatively unraveled via numerical simulation technology explicitly, further highlighting the structural advantages of 3DIGCs. As a result, 3DIGC‐750 delivers a strong reflection loss of −51.10 dB and an effective bandwidth of 4.40 GHz at only 1.45 mm, outperforming the reported carbon nanocage MAs. This work hereby provides a deep insight into employing structure engineering to develop high‐performance graphene nanocage MAs.