bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Degradation of hop latent viroid during anaerobic digestion of infected hop harvest residues
Authors: Hagemann Michael Helmut , Born Ute , Sprich Elke , Seigner Luitgardis , Oechsner Hans , Hülsemann Benedikt , Steinbrenner Jörg , Winterhagen Patrick , Lehmair Erich 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd) was identified as causal agent for a severe stunting disease in hops. Viroids are highly stable parasitic RNAs, which can be easily transmitted by agricultural practices. Since CBCVd has recently been detected in two European countries a growing concern is that this pathogen will further spread and thereby threaten the European hop production. Biogas fermentation is used to sanitize hop harvest residues infected with pathogenic fungi. Consequently, the aim of this study was to test if biogas fermentation can contribute to viroid degradation at mesophilic (40 °C) and thermophilic (50 °C) conditions. Therefore, a duplex reverse transcription real-time PCR analysis was developed for CBCVd and HLVd detection in biogas fermentation residues. The non-pathogenic hop latent viroid (HLVd) was used as viroid model for the pathogenic CBCVd. The fermentation trials showed that HLVd was significantly degraded after 30 days at mesophilic or after 5 days at thermophilic conditions, respectively. However, sequencing revealed that HLVd was not fully degraded even after 90 days. The incubation of hop harvest residues at different temperatures between 20 and 70 °C showed that 70 °C led to a significant HLVd degradation after 1 day. In conclusion, we suggest combining 70 °C pretreatment and thermophilic fermentation for efficient viroid decontamination.
Nanocomposite coating of albumin/Li-containing bioactive glass nanospheres promotes osteogenic activity of PEEK
Authors: Qiu Xubin , Zhuang Ming , Yuan Xiaofeng , Liu Zhiwei , Wu Wenjian 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPolyetheretherketone (PEEK) is an important material applied in orthopedic applications, as it posses favorable properties for orthopedic implants, e.g., radiolucency and suitable elastic modulus. However, PEEK exhibits insufficient osteogenesis and osteointegration that limits its clinical applications. In this study, we aimed to enhance the osteogenisis of PEEK by using a surface coating approach. Nanocomposite coating composed of albumin/lithium containing bioactive glass nanospheres was fabricated on PEEK through dip-coating method. The presence of nanocomposite coating on PEEK was confirmed by SEM, FTIR, and XRD techniques. Nanocomposite coatings significantly enhanced hydrophilicity and roughness of PEEK. The nanocomposite coatings also enhanced adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells due to the presence of bioactive glass nanospheres and the BSA substrate film. The results indicate the great potential of the nanocomposite coating in enhancing osteogenesis and osteointegration of PEEK implants.
Brezis pseudomonotone bifunctions and quasi equilibrium problems via penalization
Authors: Bianchi M. , Kassay G. , Pini R. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn this paper we investigate quasi equilibrium problems in a real Banach space under the assumption of Brezis pseudomonotonicity of the function involved. To establish existence results under weak coercivity conditions we replace the quasi equilibrium problem with a sequence of penalized usual equilibrium problems. To deal with the non compact framework, we apply a regularized version of the penalty method. The particular case of set-valued quasi variational inequalities is also considered.
The Independence of Research—A Review of Disciplinary Perspectives and Outline of Interdisciplinary Prospects
Authors: Gläser Jochen , Ash Mitchell , Buenstorf Guido , Hopf David , Hubenschmid Lara , Janßen Melike , Laudel Grit , Schimank Uwe , Stoll Marlene , Wilholt Torsten , Zechlin Lothar , Lieb Klaus 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe independence of research is a key strategic issue of modern societies. Dealing with it appropriately poses legal, economic, political, social and cultural problems for society, which have been studied by the corresponding disciplines and are increasingly the subject of reflexive discourses of scientific communities. Unfortunately, problems of independence are usually framed in disciplinary contexts without due consideration of other perspectives’ relevance or possible contributions. To overcome these limitations, we review disciplinary perspectives and findings on the independence of research and identify interdisciplinary prospects that could inform a research programme.
Real-world experience with pasireotide-LAR in resistant acromegaly: a single center 1-year observation
Authors: Stelmachowska-Banaś Maria , Czajka-Oraniec Izabella , Tomasik Agnieszka , Zgliczyński Wojciech 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Context
Pasireotide-LAR, a second-generation somatostatin receptor ligand (SRL), is recommended for patients with acromegaly as second-line treatment. Its efficacy and safety were assessed in clinical trials; however, the real-world evidence is still scarce.

Objective
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of 1-year treatment with pasireotide-LAR on disease control and glucose metabolism in acromegaly patients resistant to first-generation SRLs.

Design
A single-center prospective study.

Methods
Twenty-eight patients with active acromegaly or acrogigantism on first-generation SRLs following ineffective pituitary surgery were switched to treatment with pasireotide-LAR 40 or 60 mg i.m. every 28 days. To assess the efficacy of the treatment GH and IGF-1 levels were measured every 3 months. Safety of treatment was carefully evaluated, especially its impact on glucose metabolism.

Results
Complete biochemical control (GH ≤ 1 ng/mL and IGF-1 ≤ 1 × ULN) was achieved in 26.9% of patients and partial + complete response (GH ≤ 2.5 ng/mL and IGF-1 ≤ 1.3 × ULN) in 50.0% of patients. Mean GH level decrease was the largest within first 6 months (P = 0.0001) and mean IGF-1 level decreased rapidly within the first 3 months (P < 0.0001) and they remained reduced during the study. Blood glucose and HbA1c levels increased significantly within 3 months (P = 0.0001) and stayed on stable level thereafter. Otherwise, the treatment was well tolerated and clinical improvement was noticed in majority of patients.

Conclusions
This real-life study confirmed good effectiveness of pasireotide-LAR in patients resistant to first-generation SRLs. Pasireotide-LAR was overall safe and well tolerated, however significant glucose metabolism worsening was noted.
Does working at a start-up pay off?
Authors: Fackler Daniel , Hölscher Lisa , Schnabel Claus , Weyh Antje 
Published: September 2021

AbstractUsing representative linked employer-employee data for Germany, this paper analyzes short- and long-run differences in labor market performance of workers joining start-ups instead of incumbent firms. Applying entropy balancing and following individuals over ten years, we find huge and long-lasting drawbacks from entering a start-up in terms of wages, yearly income, and (un)employment. These disadvantages hold for all groups of workers and types of start-ups analyzed. Although our analysis of different subsequent career paths highlights important heterogeneities, it does not reveal any strategy through which workers joining start-ups can catch up with the income of similar workers entering incumbent firms.
Cross-sectional analysis of coding, patient characteristics, consultation frequency and pharmacological treatment of adults with severe mental disorders in Irish general practice
Authors: Larkin James , Pericin Ivana , Osborne Brian , Dodd Philip , Collins Claire 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background
General practitioners are the gatekeepers of Irish healthcare and they offer continuity of care to patients. Irish general practice is therefore considered appropriate for preventing, diagnosing and managing most mental health problems.

Aims
This study sought to establish the coding frequency, consultation frequency, patient characteristics and pharmacological treatment of patients with severe mental disorders (SMDs) in Irish general practice.

Methods
A cross-sectional design was used. A finder tool embedded in the practice software assisted general practitioners (GPs) coding adult patients with SMDs. Eleven practices uploaded anonymous data on 2,203 patients. Variables analysed included disease code, consultations, prescriptions, sex, patient status and age.

Results
Overall, 2.9% (n = 2,337) of patients had ever been coded with a SMD, 2.4% (n = 1,964) coded with depressive disorder ever and 0.26% (n = 209) and 0.3% (n = 233) with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, respectively. Overall, 68.0% (n = 1,336) of patients with depressive disorder were female, and 74.0% (n = 171) of patients with schizophrenia were public patients. The median consultation rate in the previous 3 years was highest for schizophrenia patients at 24.5 visits.

Conclusions
Coding of SMDs in Irish general practice appears incomplete. Patients with SMDs have high consultation rates. Patients with depressive disorder are more likely to be female and public patients. This research suggests that the improvement of coding in Irish general practice is the first practical step required to detecting prevalence rates.
Optimal CRT Implantation—Where and How To Place the Left-Ventricular Lead?
Authors: Butter Christian , Georgi Christian , Stockburger Martin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Purpose of Review
Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) represents a well-established and effective non-pharmaceutical heart failure (HF) treatment in selected patients. Still, a significant number of patients remain CRT non-responders. An optimal placement of the left ventricular (LV) lead appears crucial for the intended hemodynamic and hence clinical improvement. A well-localized target area and tools that help to achieve successful lead implantation seem to be of utmost importance to reach an optimal CRT effect.

Recent Findings
Recent studies suggest previous multimodal imaging (CT/cMRI/ECG torso) to guide intraprocedural LV lead placement. Relevant benefit compared to empirical lead optimization is still a matter of debate. Technical improvements in leads and algorithms (e.g., multipoint pacing (MPP), adaptive algorithms) promise higher procedural success. Recently emerging alternatives for ventricular synchronization such as conduction system pacing (CSP), LV endocardial pacing, or leadless pacing challenge classical biventricular pacing.

Summary
This article reviews current strategies for a successful planning, implementation, and validation of the optimal CRT implantation. Pre-implant imaging modalities offer promising assistance for complex cases; empirical lead positioning and intraoperative testing remain the cornerstone in most cases and ensure a successful CRT effect.
Neuronal Swelling: A Non-osmotic Consequence of Spreading Depolarization
Authors: Hellas Julia A. , Andrew R. David 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAn acute reduction in plasma osmolality causes rapid uptake of water by astrocytes but not by neurons, whereas both cell types swell as a consequence of lost blood flow (ischemia). Either hypoosmolality or ischemia can displace the brain downwards, potentially causing death. However, these disorders are fundamentally different at the cellular level. Astrocytes osmotically swell or shrink because they express functional water channels (aquaporins), whereas neurons lack functional aquaporins and thus maintain their volume. Yet both neurons and astrocytes immediately swell when blood flow to the brain is compromised (cytotoxic edema) as following stroke onset, sudden cardiac arrest, or traumatic brain injury. In each situation, neuronal swelling is the direct result of spreading depolarization (SD) generated when the ATP-dependent sodium/potassium ATPase (the Na+/K+ pump) is compromised. The simple, and incorrect, textbook explanation for neuronal swelling is that increased Na+ influx passively draws Cl− into the cell, with water following by osmosis via some unknown conduit. We first review the strong evidence that mammalian neurons resist volume change during acute osmotic stress. We then contrast this with their dramatic swelling during ischemia. Counter-intuitively, recent research argues that ischemic swelling of neurons is non-osmotic, involving ion/water cotransporters as well as at least one known amino acid water pump. While incompletely understood, these mechanisms argue against the dogma that neuronal swelling involves water uptake driven by an osmotic gradient with aquaporins as the conduit. Promoting clinical recovery from neuronal cytotoxic edema evoked by spreading depolarizations requires a far better understanding of molecular water pumps and ion/water cotransporters that act to rebalance water shifts during brain ischemia.
Intrinsic Ultracontractivity for Domains in Negatively Curved Manifolds
Authors: Aikawa Hiroaki , van den Berg Michiel , Masamune Jun 
Published: September 2021

AbstractLet M be a complete, non-compact, connected Riemannian manifold with Ricci curvature bounded from below by a negative constant. A sufficient condition is obtained for open and connected sets D in M for which the corresponding Dirichlet heat semigroup is intrinsically ultracontractive. That condition is formulated in terms of capacitary width. It is shown that both the reciprocal of the bottom of the spectrum of the Dirichlet Laplacian acting in $$L^2(D)$$

L
2

(
D
)

, and the supremum of the torsion function for D are comparable with the square of the capacitary width for D if the latter is sufficiently small. The technical key ingredients are the volume doubling property, the Poincaré inequality and the Li-Yau Gaussian estimate for the Dirichlet heat kernel at finite scale.
LQG control of linear lossless positive-real systems: the continuous-time and discrete-time cases
Authors: Bucolo Maide , Buscarino Arturo , Fortuna Luigi , Frasca Mattia 
Published: September 2021

AbstractLossless positive-real systems have been widely studied in the literature. They are systems in which the energy is entirely transferred between input and output. In this paper, new aspects related to the linear quadratic gaussian (LQG) control of lossless positive-real systems are reported including both the continuous-time and the discrete-time cases. Direct formulas for the calculation of the optimal gains will be introduced and the properties of the different structures of the LQG compensator obtained for the continuous-time and the discrete-time cases will be emphasized, also in view of designing positive-real LQG compensators. Numerical examples related to low-damped structures are also discussed to verify the possibility to design the LQG compensator on the basis of a lossless approximation.
The Status of Medical Student Education in Pregnancy Options Counseling: a Review
Authors: Farmer Lauren E. , Clare Camille A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background
The Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics (APGO) has acknowledged the importance of pregnancy options counseling by listing it as a “shows how” skill for all undergraduate medical students. Unfortunately, there is no standard curriculum utilized to teach medical students pregnancy options counseling or to assess skill sustainability over time.

Objectives
To review and summarize the literature on pregnancy options counseling in undergraduate medical education.

Methods
We performed a structured literature review searching Google Scholar, PubMed, and EMBASE for articles between 2000 and February 2020. Inclusion criteria were English language studies of M. D. and D.O. programs in North America with a discussion of pregnancy options counseling as it relates to medical student education.

Results
There is a small but growing body of literature on pregnancy options counseling in medical student education. The common themes across the 17 papers reviewed include the status of pregnancy options counseling in undergraduate medical education, barriers to teaching options counseling, the timing of education, utilization of the options counseling Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE), learner challenges, and novel strategies for implementing education in options counseling and subsequent learning outcomes.

Conclusions
There is no standardized pregnancy options counseling curriculum in undergraduate medical education (UME). The landscape in which this important skill is being taught is one of random, insufficient, and uncoordinated curricular interventions. This is the only review on this subject, making it a unique summary on pregnancy options counseling in UME.
Analysis of flow characteristics of the dual media shale gas reservoir with the elastic outer boundary
Authors: Zheng Peng-she , Zheng Yun-sheng , Li Shun-chu , Leng Li-hui , Xia Xing 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn order to more accurately describe the seepage characteristics of shale gas reservoirs, in this paper, an elastic outer boundary condition is introduced, and a new dual-media shale gas seepage model is established to describe the seepage characteristics of shale gas reservoirs more accurately, while considering the adsorption and desorption process. Combining Laplace transformation and Similar Structure Method, the solution of the percolation model is obtained in Laplace space. Furthermore, the solutions are inverted into real space with the Stehfest numerical inversion method. Type curves of dimensionless pressure and dimensionless pressure derivative can be used to evaluate the reservoir characteristics. The results show that the conventional three kinds of outer boundary conditions (infinite, constant pressure and closed) are actually three special cases of elastic outer boundary. The introduction of elastic outer boundary conditions not only expands the scope of data interpretation, but also closer to the actual situation of the outer boundary of the reservoir. The theory of similar structure greatly simplifies the complex process of solving the model and will have a far-reaching impact on the development of well test analysis software in the future.
Cellular, synaptic, and network effects of chemokines in the central nervous system and their implications to behavior
Authors: Sowa Joanna Ewa , Tokarski Krzysztof 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAccumulating evidence highlights chemokines as key mediators of the bidirectional crosstalk between neurons and glial cells aimed at preserving brain functioning. The multifaceted role of these immune proteins in the CNS is mirrored by the complexity of the mechanisms underlying its biological function, including biased signaling. Neurons, only in concert with glial cells, are essential players in the modulation of brain homeostatic functions. Yet, attempts to dissect these complex multilevel mechanisms underlying coordination are still lacking. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about mechanisms underlying chemokine regulation of neuron–glia crosstalk linking molecular, cellular, network, and behavioral levels. Following a brief description of molecular mechanisms by which chemokines interact with their receptors and then summarizing cellular patterns of chemokine expression in the CNS, we next delve into the sequence and mechanisms of chemokine-regulated neuron–glia communication in the context of neuroprotection. We then define the interactions with other neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and gliotransmitters. Finally, we describe their fine-tuning on the network level and the behavioral relevance of their modulation. We believe that a better understanding of the sequence and nature of events that drive neuro-glial communication holds promise for the development of new treatment strategies that could, in a context- and time-dependent manner, modulate the action of specific chemokines to promote brain repair and reduce the neurological impairment.
Hausdorff and packing dimensions and measures for nonlinear transversally non-conformal thin solenoids
Authors: MOHAMMADPOUR REZA , PRZYTYCKI FELIKS , RAMS MICHAŁ 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe extend the results of Hasselblatt and Schmeling [Dimension product structure of hyperbolic sets. Modern Dynamical Systems and Applications. Eds. B. Hasselblatt, M. Brin and Y. Pesin. Cambridge University Press, New York, 2004, pp. 331–345] and of Rams and Simon [Hausdorff and packing measure for solenoids. Ergod. Th. & Dynam. Sys.23 (2003), 273–292] for
$C^{1+\varepsilon }$
hyperbolic, (partially) linear solenoids
$\Lambda $
over the circle embedded in
$\mathbb {R}^3$
non-conformally attracting in the stable discs
$W^s$
direction, to nonlinear solenoids. Under the assumptions of transversality and on the Lyapunov exponents for an appropriate Gibbs measure imposing thinness, as well as the assumption that there is an invariant
$C^{1+\varepsilon }$
strong stable foliation, we prove that Hausdorff dimension
$\operatorname {\mathrm {HD}}(\Lambda \cap W^s)$
is the same quantity
$t_0$
for all
$W^s$
and else
$\mathrm {HD}(\Lambda )=t_0+1$
. We prove also that for the packing measure,
$0<\Pi _{t_0}(\Lambda \cap W^s)<\infty $
, but for Hausdorff measure,
$\mathrm {HM}_{t_0}(\Lambda \cap W^s)=0$
for all
$W^s$
. Also
$0<\Pi _{1+t_0}(\Lambda ) <\infty $
and
$\mathrm {HM}_{1+t_0}(\Lambda )=0$
. A technical part says that the holonomy along unstable foliation is locally Lipschitz, except for a set of unstable leaves whose intersection with every
$W^s$
has measure
$\mathrm {HM}_{t_0}$
equal to 0 and even Hausdorff dimension less than
$t_0$
. The latter holds due to a large deviations phenomenon.
Cordial elements and dimensions of affine Deligne–Lusztig varieties
Authors: He Xuhua 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe affine Deligne–Lusztig variety$X_w(b)$in the affine flag variety of a reductive group${\mathbf G}$depends on two parameters: the$\sigma $-conjugacy class$[b]$and the elementwin the Iwahori–Weyl group$\tilde {W}$of${\mathbf G}$. In this paper, for any given$\sigma $-conjugacy class$[b]$, we determine the nonemptiness pattern and the dimension formula of$X_w(b)$for most$w \in \tilde {W}$.
The evolution of cardiac care for children in Washington, DC
Authors: Jonas Richard A. , Martin Gerard R. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCardiac surgery for CHD was pioneered in Washington, DC by Charles Hufnagel and Edgar Davis working at Georgetown University and Children’s Hospital of the District of Columbia. Children’s Hospital, now Children’s National Hospital, had been established just 5 years after the end of the Civil War. In the 1950s, Davis and Hufnagel undertook many open-heart operations using the technique of surface cooling, hypothermia, and circulatory arrest. Hufnagel and Lewis Scott, who founded the cardiology department at Children’s, were trained in Boston by Gross and Nadas. Judson Randolph, also a trainee of Gross, introduced cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass and established the General Pediatric Surgery department at Children’s in the 1960s. The transition of hospital staffing from community-based private physicians to full-time hospital employees was often controversial but was complete by the turn of the millennium. The 21st century has seen continuing growth of the new Children’s National Heart Institute and consolidation of several congenital cardiac programmes in Washington, DC.