bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Molecular Theory of Organization
Authors: Bennett  
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Parobying the celebrated expression of Harvey, viz., omne animal ex ovo, it has been attempted to formularise the law of development by the expression omnis cellula e cellula, and to maintain “that we must not transfer the seat of real action to any point beyond the cell.”* In the attempts which have been made to support this exclusive doctrine, and to give all the tissues and all vital properties a cell origin, the great importance of the molecular element, it seemed to the author, had been strangely overlooked. It becomes important, therefore, to show that real action, both physical and vital, may be seated in minute particles, or molecules much smaller than cells, and that we must obtain a knowledge of such action in these molecules if we desire to comprehend the laws of organization. To this end the author directed attention—1st, to a description of the nature and mode of origin of organic molecules; 2nd, to a demonstration of the fact that these molecules possess inherent powers or forces, and are present in all those tissues which manifest vital force; and 3rd, to a law which governs the combination, arrangement, and behaviour of these molecules during the development of organized tissue.
On Micro-Geology; An Abstract Of A Paper Read Before The Bristol Microscopical Society
Authors: Stoddart W. W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Since in the present day the naturalist is engaged with ever-increasing zeal in revealing the relics of an ancient fauna and flora, the slightest contribution is welcome which adds a link to, or gives a review of those organisms which are usually denominated “fossils.”
Observations on british protozoa
Authors: Wright T. Strethill , Religata Zooteirea 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
I Formerly described Zooteirea* as found on oyster shells dredged from deep water in the Firth of Forth, near Edinburgh. Although the animals are not common, yet we occasionally meet with a shell completely covered with a dense forest of them, each consisting of a clear, glassy stalk, surmounted by a silvery star ; and it is difficult to imagine a more gorgeous microscopic display than such an assemblage affords, especially when illuminated by oblique sunlight of various colours under low powers.
On the development of striped muscular fibre in man, mammalia, and birds
Authors: Clarke J. Lockhart 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In pursuing the histological investigations which form the subject of the present communication I have endeavoured to discard from my mind every kind of theoretical bias, and to record only what was actually experienced as the results of purely practical observation. The drawings are not intended to illustrate any interpretation of what was observed, but are faithful representations of the objects seen, and served for the following descriptions, which will be as concise as the nature of the subject will permit. The tissues obtained for examination w’ere used in a perfectly fresh state, and with the addition only of water or dilute glycerine. I shall begin with the muscular fibre of the bird.
On a new (?) species of ankistrodesmus (corda), with Remarks in connexion therewith as regards closterium griffithii (berk.) and c. subtile (bréb.).
Authors: Archer William 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
I Have, on the present occasion, to draw attention to a very minute organism, but which, indeed, so far as I can see, I can scarcely allude to as a new species ; for I conceive that it has been more than once previously described, but I think I shall be able to render it probable that it has been so under an erroneous designation. Of course, the truth of this assumption depends on my being right as to the identity of my plant with that of the authors alluded to, as well as upon my own proper appreciation of its characteristics and the correctness’ of my own conclusions in regard to them. I shall now, however, give the characters of the plant according to my own view, adopting, in doing so, the same mode that I have done in other species, reserving the reasons why I venture to differ from those who have previously described what, as I before stated, I conceive to be one and the same organism, for the paragraph which I, as previously, head “Affinities and differences.”
On the practical application of photography to the microscope
Authors: Rood O.N. , Troy N.Y. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
WHILE the value of the photographic delineation of microscopic objects, as a means of accurately recording observations, seems to be generally acknowledged, yet, owing to the real or imaginary difficulties with which the process is beset, but very few working microscopists have adopted it.* After eight months of steady experimental work on the subject, this fact appears to me a matter of astonishment, for the difficulties, which are not inherent, mostly disappear when proper precautions are taken. I propose to mention briefly certain points in my experience, and to indicate the methods pursued.
On the Existence of Urticating Filaments in the Mollusca
Authors: Bergh Dr. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The prehensile threads, now generally termed “urticating organs,” were discovered in 1835, in the Hydra, by Corda and by Ehrenberg. About the same time they were found by R. Wagner in the Actiniæ, who at first regarded them as zoosperms. Subsequently, however, he recognised their identity with the similar organs in the medusæ, and gave them all the name of urticating organs.
On Shepheardella, an Undescribed Type of Marine Rhizopoda; with a Few Observations on Lieberkühnia
Authors: Siddall J. D. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A Fresh interest has attached to the Rhizopoda of recent years, as extended research has furnished data for the more systematic study of the group. But the labours of Hertwig, Cienkowski, Archer, F. E. Schulze, and other eminent histologists, so admirably summarised by Professor Allman in his two Presidential addresses to the Linnean Society, seem rather to suggest how much there must be still to learn respecting the life-history of sarcode organisms, than to render us satisfied with what is already known concerning them. Under these circumstances it has appeared to me that the following notes on certain little understood forms, especially on one that does not appear to have fallen under the notice of previous observers, may be worth placing on record.
Notes on the Development of the Araneina
Authors: Balfour F. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The following observations do not profess to contain a complete history of the development even of a single species of spider. They are the result of investigations carried on at intervals during rather more than two years, on the ova of Angeleno, labyrinthica ; and I should not have published them now, if I had any hope of being able to complete them before the appearance of the work I am in the course of publishing on Comparative Embryology. It appeared to me, however, desirable to publish in full such parts of my observations as are completed before the appearance of my treatise, since the account of the development of the Araneina is mainly founded upon them.
A Contribution to the Biology of Bacteria
Authors: Waldstein L. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The experiments here recorded were not undertaken to meet Dr. Bastian on his favourite field of research, nor does this communication partake of the polemical nature of so many of the recent publications on the same subject. The wide importance, quite irrespective of abiogenesis, which attaches itself to Dr. Bastian’s work,2 is here recognised in so far as the method employed by him is concerned.
The Development of the Spermatozoa. Part II, Helix and Rana
Authors: Blomfield J. E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The following observations on the development of the spermatozoa in Rana and Helix were made as sequels to a paper published in this Journal “On the Development of the Spermatozoa in the Earth-worm.” The observations have extended over more than a year in each case, and by the kindness of Prof. Laukester I have been allowed to work in the Zoological Laboratory of University College, to whom, for this kindness and for his advice, my best thanks are due.
On the Occurrence of Corpuscles in the Red Vascular Fluid of Chæcopods
Authors: Blomfield J. E. , Bourne A. G. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It used to be (or we may even say that it is) an accepted commonplace of zoological science, that the red vascular fluid of the Chæcopoda is devoid of corpuscles. Certain exceptions have been admitted, but they have been regarded as exceptions. In reality they appear to be no exceptions but the rule. Professor E. Ray Lankester (‘Quart. Journ. Mie. Soc.,’ vol. xviii, 1878, p. 68) has demonstrated the existence of colourless corpuscles in the red vascular fluid of the earth-worm, and has described them as “small, oblong, flattened, fusiform bodies, with clear, sharp outline, beyond which occasionally appears a small quantity of ragged protoplasm,” and considers them to be merely nuclei of the cells forming the walls of the vessels which have become “free.”
On the Structure and Significance of some Aberrant Forms of Lamellibranchiate Gills
Authors: Mitsukuri K. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The following contribution to the morphology of the Molluscan branchiæ is part of an investigation on which I have for some time past been engaged, under the direction of Dr. W. K. Brooks, in Professor Martin’s laboratory at the Johns Hopkins University. The gills, of which the description is here given, are those of Nucula proxima and Yoldia limatula. They are extremely interesting because of their simple structure, and this account of their minute structure is published with the hope that it may throw some additional light on the nature of Lamellibranchiate gills. I wish to express here my sincere thanks to Dr. Brooks for his constant advice and assistance. I am also deeply indebted for specimens used in the investigation to Professors A. E. Verrill and S. J. Smith, of Yale College, and to Mr. Richard Rathbone, of the United States Fish Commission.
On the Development of the Suprarenal Bodies In Mammalia
Authors: Mitsukuri K. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It has for a long time been known that the suprarenal bodies are in close connection with the sympathetic system. As far back as 1839 Bergmann is said to have noted the fact. Remak, writing in 1847, clearly stated the relation on embryological grounds, and even went so far as to call the suprarenal bodies “Nervendrüsen.” Leydig 1 is explicit in his statements in regard to the point. According to him, the suprarenal bodies in Selachians, Ganoids, and Reptiles, consist of two distinct parts. The one is enclosed, together with the usual ganglion cells, in successive sympathetic ganglia, and is made up of masses of cells different from the ganglion cells only in being dirty yellow in colour; the other part is derived from the former by the deposition of fat globules in the cells, and is situated on blood-vessels as yellowish masses. He further maintained that the ganglionic part corresponds to the medullary, and the yellowish masses to the cortical part of the Mammalian (and Avian ?) suprarenal bodies, which, in these classes, are coalesced into one mass on each side. According to this view the cortical part of the suprarenal bodies of the higher types must, therefore, be derived from the medullary—a conclusion which will be shown to be erroneous. It should be mentioned that in an earlier-work 2 Leydig did not believe in the derivation of the one part from the other—.in fact, considered the yellowish masses simply as collections of fat cells.
Observations on the Resting State of Chlamydomyxa Laby-Rinthuloides, Archer
Authors: Geddes Patrick 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
I Recently received from Professor Dickson a plant of Sphagnum, forwarded by Professor Perceval Wright, from Westmeath, and laden with specimens of Chlamydomyxa labyrinthu-loides, Archer, a remarkable organism upon which nothing further has been written since the paper by its discoverer, which appeared in this Journal in 1875. I have not had the good fortune to witness the remarkable motile labyrinthuloid state, so fully described and beautifully figured by Mr. Archer; this, however, is not to be wondered at, since he mentions that even in the natural conditions, its occurrence is occasional and capricious. My attention has therefore been confined to the resting state, on which I have been able to confirm, and have attempted somewhat to extend, his observations.
On Drepanidium Ranarum, the Cell-Parasite of the Frog’s Blood and Spleen (Gaule’s Wurmschen)
Authors: Lankester E. Ray 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the year 1871 I described and figured in this Journal (vol. xi, p. 389), certain minute sausage-like parasites which I had found in the blood of Rana esculenta. I showed that these parasites were sometimes to be met with attached by one end to a red blood-corpuscle, and I exhibited in my drawing of them (here reproduced, figs. 3 and 4), the sharply pointed character of one end of the cylindrical body, the differentiation of their substance into bands of greater and less refringency, and the definite curvature of the sausage-like form which they present. I suggested that these parasites were possibly connected with the life-history of the Trypanosoma sanguinis of Gruby, which I had observed and supposed to be an undescribed organism. At the same time I pointed out their resemblance to certain peculiar spores which I had observed in the cysts of a Gregarina parasitic in Tubifex. These parasites have, after a lapse of ten years, been re-discovered by Dr. Gaule, whilst working in the Physiological Institute of Professor Ludwig at Leipzig, where I had originally observed them. Dr. Gaule has published two lengthy papers upon them in the ‘Archiv für Physiologic,’ 1880 and 1881. In the first of these papers he gave no figure of the object which he was describing, nor did he refer to the fact that it was already known. This omission, together with the exceedingly original views which Dr. Gaule advanced as to the nature of the parasites, led to a complete misunderstanding of his observations, so that it was supposed that he had been studying one of those curious phenomena of disintegration of the red blood-corpuscle which, from the date of Addison’s paper in this Journal (1861) to the present day, have much occupied the attention of histologists. Misled in this manner by the absence of drawings from Dr. Gaule’s paper, and by the strange method of reasoning characteristic of that observer, Mr. Dowdeswell reported upon these so-called “Würmschen “in this Journal, January, 1881, p. 160, and referred the bodies described by Gaule to the category of disintegration products.
The Micro-Organisms which occur in Septicæmia
Authors: Dowdeswell G. F. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Our knowledge of the minute organisms which occur in various infective diseases has been greatly extended during the last few years, since Dr. Robert Koch, now of Berlin, published his investigations on the ‘Ætiology of Anthrax or Splenic Fever,’ which gave a fresh impetus to this study, and formed a model for subsequent observations, though the actual relations of these organisms to disease are, as yet, far from being definitively settled.
On the Chlorophyll-Corpuscles and Amyloid Deposits of Spongilla and Hydra
Authors: Lankester E. Ray 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Quite recently (November, 1881) Dr. Karl Brandt1 has adduced reasons for considering the green-coloured corpuscles which occur in the cells of Spongilla fluviatilis and of Hydra viridis as parasitic Algæ, and has given to those occurring in the former the name “Zoochlorella parasitica,” to those occurring in the latter the name “Zoochlorella conductrix.”
Researches on the Morphology and Life-history of a Tropical Pyrenomycetous Fungus
Authors: Ward H. Marshall 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The subject of the following memoir was discovered, during the wet season of 1880, in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, Ceylon, as an epiphyte, and, as will be shown, parasitic to a certain extent on the leaves of Jasminium pubescens, shrubs of which are cultivated in the abovementioned gardens. At various times since I have observed it on other specimens of the same plant, but so far have no knowledge of its existence elsewhere.
The Eye of Spondylus
Authors: Hickson Sydney J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Through the kindness of Mr. Balfour I was enabled to study the structure of the eye of one species of this genus of Lamellibranchs. The margin of the mantle of several specimens was sent to him from the zoological station at Naples, treated with osmic acid and absolute alcohol, and with absolute alcohol alone. I was unable to determine the species to which the specimens belong.
On the Relation of Pathogenic to Septic Bacteria, as illustrated by Anthrax Cultivations
Authors: Klein E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The research, of which in the following report I propose to give the first instalment, had for its object, first, to investigate whether and how far the Bacillus anthracis undergoes any change, morphologically and physiologically, when cultivated artificially ; and secondly, whether ordinary bacteria of putrefaction and septic fermentations can by artificial cultivations be so modified as when introduced into the body of an animal to be productive of disease, that is to say, whether it is possible for an innocuous saprophyte to assume the properties of an obnoxious pathogenic organism.
Plant Cells and Living Matter
Authors: Elsberg Louis 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
To botanists biology owed its first knowledge of ultimate Structure and of living matter. The names “cell” and “protoplasm” testify to the epoch-making researches of Schleiden and Von Mohl. And in accumulation and classification of further biological knowledge botanists have taken so prominent a part that even those of us who are interested only in animal morphology have had to keep some track of the labours of Nageli, Pringsheim, De Bary, Hofmeister, Sachs, Prantl, Strasburger, and many others. It is all the more remarkable, therefore, that the investigations carried on during the past decade, which have resulted in proving that all the so-called “cells” constituting animal tissues are interconnected by filaments of living matter emanating from these “cells,” seem to have borne no fruit for the study of plants. It was in the hope of being able to repay histological botany for some of the light it has thrown on animal histology that I engaged in the researches, the account of a few of which I am about to detail.
The Life History of the Liver-Fluke (Fasciola hepetica)
Authors: Thomas A. P. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It has been known from very early times that the liver-rot of various herbivorous mammals is a parasitic disease due to the presence of very numerous flukes in the liver of the affected animals. Amongst our domesticated animals the sheep is by far the most frequent victim. The fluke disease is always common in certain districts in England and in many parts of the world; but in consequence of a succession of wet seasons there was a serious outbreak of it in the winter 1879-80, and it is estimated that in the United Kingdom 3,000,000 sheep were then destroyed by it. Hence special attention was called to the subject, and the research summarised in the following paper was undertaken on behalf of the Royal Agricultural Society of England.
The Structure and Relations of Tubipora
Authors: Hickson Sydney J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Amongst a most valuable series of specimens collected at Zanzibar, by Mr. G. Gulliver, M.A., M.D., late Naturalist to the Transit of Venus expedition, was a fine specimen of Tubipora purpurea, which had been carefully and admirably preserved in strong methylated spirit. Having the good fortune to have this material at my disposal and likewise some fine dried specimens in the Oxford University Museum, I undertook, at the suggestion of Professor Moseley, a renewed examination of both the hard and soft parts in this important and interesting genus. My main objects were (1st) to examine and record the varieties of the structures known as the “infundibuliform tabulæ” in the dried specimens; (2nd) to discover the true meaning of these tabulæ by sections made through spirit specimens of the corallites; and (3rd) to clear up, as far as possible, certain of the other doubtful points in the anatomy and histology of the genus. For the first of these I found that a lump of Tubipora musica given to me by Professor Moseley, afforded the most fruitful results. My second object was fully achieved upon the specimen of Tubipora purpurea brought from Zanzibar by Mr. Gulliver. The same specimen also gave me some excellent results in studying the anatomy of the polyps, but at the same time many important histological details must remain doubtful until some further material can be procured in which the polyps have been killed in the fully expanded condition.
On the Malleus of the Lacertilia, and the Malar and Quadrate Bones of Mammalia
Authors: Dollo M. L. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The apparent absence of a quadrate bone in Mammals has given rise to a large number of theories, differing in details, but all, or nearly all, tending to discover this bone in the chain of ossicula auditus of these animals. A recent work, published by my friend Professor P. Albrecht,1 departs, however, from the view ordinarily taken, and, as I believe, advances our knowledge considerably on the subject. I have been led by the study of this memoir to a discovery which I believe to be of considerable interest, of which it is the object of the present communication to give an account.
The Structures connected with the Ovarian Ovum of Marsupialia and Monotremata
Authors: Poulton Edward B. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The Ovary of Marsupialia.-In the spring of 1883, I obtained an adult living female of Phalangista (P. Vulpina). Although I have only been able at present to work upon the ovaries of this Marsupial, I have no donbt that, in essential points—such as the structure of the ripe Graafian follicle—the present description will prove to be characteristic of the order.
An Improvement in the Method of using the Freezing Microtome
Authors: Sollas J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The process of obtaining thin slices of soft structures by means of embedding in paraffin has now been brought to a state of almost ideal perfection; on the other hand the method of” freezing “still remains almost in its infancy. At present it is only with great trouble that a continuous series of slices can be obtained with it, and if these are cut from a loose disconnected tissue, they break up immediately on being introduced into water to free them from the gum in which they are always embedded. Moreover, the waste of time involved in transferring from water to a glass slide is simply appalling.