bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
All-flesh fruit in tomato is controlled by reduced expression dosage ofAFFthrough a structural variant mutation in the promoter
Authors: Liu Lei , Zhang Kang , Bai Jinrui , Lu Jinghua , Lu Xiaoxiao , Hu Junling , Pan Chunyang , He Shumin , Yuan Jiale , Zhang Yiyue , Zhang Min , Guo Yanmei , Wang Xiaoxuan , Huang Zejun , Du Yongchen , Cheng Feng , Li Junming 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe formation of locule gel is an important process in tomato and is a typical characteristic of berry fruit. In this study, we examined a natural tomato mutant that produces all-flesh fruit (AFF) in which the locule tissue remains in a solid state during fruit development. We constructed different genetic populations to fine-map the causal gene for this trait and identified SlMBP3 as the locus conferring the locule gel formation, which we rename as AFF. We determined the causal mutation as a 416-bp deletion in the promoter region of AFF, which reduces its expression dosage. Generally, this sequence is highly conserved among Solanaceae, as well as within the tomato germplasm. Using BC6 near-isogenic lines, we determined that the reduced expression dosage of AFF did not affect the normal development of seeds, whilst producing unique, non-liquefied locule tissue that was distinct from that of normal tomatoes in terms of metabolic components. Combined analysis using mRNA-seq and metabolomics indicated the importance of AFF in locule tissue liquefaction. Our findings provide insights into fruit-type differentiation in Solanaceae crops and also present the basis for future applications of AFF in tomato breeding programs.
Things Get Rolling
Authors: Shorter Edward 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The take-off of psychopharmacology in the mental-hospital world began in the vast asylum system of New York State in the early 1950s. Henry Brill ordered the state system to introduce chlorpromazine in 1955, which led to the first decrease in the census of the state asylum system in peacetime. Sidney Merlis and Herman Denber implemented chlorpromazine in their hospitals and, with Brill, began a series of publications on the drugs and their efficacy. Pharmacologist and psychiatrist Joel Elkes established the first department of experimental psychiatry in the world in 1951 at the University of Birmingham in England. Finally, the chapter examiunes the historical heft of the National Institute of Mental Health, which in 1953 opened the “intramural” (in-house) research program where much of the research in psychopharmacology done in the United States has occurred.
Science
Authors: Shorter Edward 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
There was a strong desire within psychopharmacology to find a firm scientific basis for the field, hoping to ensure that it was regarded as a science. This chapter explains how the pseudo-scientific proposition on drug efficacy has become the notion that patients are suffering from “chemical imbalances.” It also emphasizes the industry’s leaping on chemical imbalance from the very beginning, because it sounded so plausible and so scientific that patients could easily grasp it. The chapter refers to a 1976 ad for USV’s tricyclic antidepressant Pertofrane that promised higher norepinephrine levels through reuptake blockade. It explains how depressions are associated with an absolute or relative deficiency of catecholamines, particularly norepinephrine.
Trials
Authors: Shorter Edward 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
It is a great irony that none of the later drugs equaled those of the “golden years” of the 1950s, as though no subsequent generation of railway locomotives equaled the Iron Horse of the pioneers. Lithium remains the agent nonpareil for mood disorders but no subsequent “antidepressants” were ever the equal of imipramine and other tricyclics. The lack of progress in psychopharmacology was caused by the pharmaceutical industry’s taking over clinical trials. The 1962 Kefauver-Harris amendments triggered drug trials’ becoming so expensive that the incentive to try bold new experiments was minimal. The beginning of the great pivot of investigator-led to industry-led trials in the 1980s occurred as the “medical advisors” of pharmaceutical companies became responsible for collating the data as it came in from the various centers.
TMAP
Authors: Shorter Edward 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The Texas Medication Algorithm Project (TMAP), which featured atypical antipsychotics, was considered more of a commercial scam than science. TMAP had its beginning in 1995, when it was granted $1.7 million by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and various officials and academics in Texas to develop a model mental health treatment program for incorporation into public mental health and prison systems. The Foundation was related to the Johnson & Johnson company, and what they funded was a “guidelines” project for schizophrenia. The TMAP subverted scientific integrity; it appeared to be a purely scientific venture when it was actually a marketing venture for Risperdal. The guidelines produced by TMAP became the basis for the TMAP algorithms, giving a market edge to the J&J products in Texas.
Conclusion
Authors: Shorter Edward 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The psychopharmacologic model has led to the prescription of the wrong drugs for the wrong indications. This chapter cites Max Fink's judgment, which describes clinical psychiatry as an extraordinarily weak discipline that is split from clinical medicine, with its roots in unfounded psychological fantasies that disregard effective diagnostic and treatment practices. It also emphasizes how clinical psychiatry as a profession is unable to identify and treat most of the complaints of patients coming to the psychiatric clinics because it has floundered in its confusion of syndromes and studies of causes. The chapter analyzes how the psychopharmacologic model that started out with a promising future has become little more than an ad copy for the pharmaceutical industry. It mentions diseases that the system offers that are now considered wrong, because drugs cannot be discovered for ailments that don't exist.
‘A certain physiologie and pathology of the brain and nervous stock’
Authors: Compston Alastair 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7: ‘A certain physiologie and pathology of the brain and nervous stock: Pathologiæ cerebri (1667–1678)’ provides a detailed bibliography, using the system described in chapter 4, of seven copies of Willis’s third published book in which are included two treatises: 6. De morbis convulsivis; and 7. De scorbuto. It is the first publication which includes the portrait of Willis, aged 45, engraved by David Loggan on which formed all subsequent images were based. These descriptions are preceded by a narrative highlighting the main bibliographic issues that characterize the various editions, states, and issues of these copies. Of these, some are already known but others newly identified. {107 words}
‘A great and difficult thing, and full of hazard’
Authors: Compston Alastair 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 17, ‘A great and difficult thing, and full of hazard: the discourse of the soul’, provides an analysis of Pathologiæ cerebri (1667), Affectionum quæ dicuntur hystericæ et hypochondriacæ (1670) and De anima brutorum (1672). The chapter starts with Willis’s description of perverted activity of the particles in blood and the animal spirits which converts ordered movement into convulsion. The concept includes epilepsy and disorders of movement with preserved awareness, and extends to cough. An account is given of Willis’s concept of hysteria and hypochondriasis as organic brain disorders. His further work on comparative anatomy and animal behaviour as the basis for distinguishing the corporeal soul of brutes from the rational soul of man is described. The chapter provides an analysis of Willis’s writing on the human senses and passions followed by additional accounts of brain diseases and those affecting the mind, together representing a foundational work in psychiatry and behavioural neurology. {150 words}
‘To practice medicine with a safe conscience’
Authors: Compston Alastair 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 18, ‘To practice medicine with a safe conscience: rational therapeutics’ summarizes both parts of Pharmaceutice rationalis (1674, 1675), The London practice of physick (1685), A plain and easie method for preserving those that are well from the infection of the plague (1691) and Dr Willis’s receipts for the cure of all distempers (1701). The analysis emphasizes that the theme running through these treatises is Willis’s concept that vitality is dependent on healthy nutrition, adequate respiration, fermentation and circulation of the blood, and excretion. His therapies target one or other of these processes, usually in combination. The point is made that although most of the ingredients are no longer favoured, Willis’s pharmacopoeia is rational in the context of his ideas. His advice on lifestyle with botanical remedies and the products of chemical laboratories are described. In addition to surgical manoeuvres such as bleeding and the cutting of issues and fontanels, details are provided of innovative procedures including oesophageal stenting and drainage of pleural fluid. {150 words}
Characteristics and impact of cognitive dysfunction
Authors: Baune Bernhard T. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The chapter characteristics and impact of cognitive dysfunction describes in depth the key features of the domains of cognitive abilities impaired across a broad range of functions. It examines the clinical impact and meta-analytic evidence of cognitive dysfunction both as a state marker of acute depression and a trait marker of depression as an illness. Importantly, it highlights the long-lasting psychosocial and workplace-related impairments in major depressive disorder. In addition to the functional outcomes, it draws the interconnectedness of life domains, subjective experiences of cognitive impairment, and objective measures of cognitive dysfunction, as well as with the course of major depressive disorder.
Characteristics and impact of impaired emotion processing
Authors: Baune Bernhard T. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Characteristics and impact of impaired emotion processing demonstrates that the experience of sustained negative affect and diminished positive emotions are cardinal symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD). It explores how patients diagnosed with MDD show reduced approach motivation and increased avoidance motivation and demonstrate a mood-congruent negative processing bias. It deepens our understanding that patients might exhibit an elevated sensitivity to negative feedback and show an altered thinking style referred to as rumination. Importantly, it explains that depressed patients preferentially attend to mood-congruent stimuli, recall more unpleasant memories, and tend to interpret (ambiguous) information in a negative manner. It highlights that emotional-cognitive dysfunctions are closely related information processing and hence impair cognitive performance of MDD patients.
Assessment of cognitive dimensions
Authors: Baune Bernhard T. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Assessment of cognitive dimensions underscores the importance of following standard quality and test performance criteria during the assessment of cognitive function in major depressive disorder (MDD). The chapter explains the relevance of high-quality and -standard assessments as these are used for purposes of diagnosis and the evaluation of treatment efficacy. It highlights the role of the assessment of social cognitive function as an important tool to capture cognitive function in the context of emotion processing and social interaction. The chapter supports the notion for best practise guidance for the assessment of cognition in MDD. It reviews meta-analytic studies, characterizes paper-and-pencil and digital test platforms, evaluates screening tools for cognitive impairment in MDD, and estimates the efficacy of cognitive change in clinical trials in MDD. It also reviews a broad range of tests for social cognitive function.
Sarcoma
Authors: Smith Ian M. , Itte Vinay 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Sarcomas are malignant tumours of the soft tissues or bone. Epidemiology, aetiology, pathology, clinical features, investigations, diagnosis, staging, classification, and management of soft tissue sarcomas are described in this chapter. These tumours are relatively uncommon but require a systematic approach to treatment involving a multidisciplinary team.
Chronic postsurgical pain and complex regional pain syndrome
Authors: Colvin Lesley A. , Bourn Sebastian 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Pain is defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain as ‘an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage’. Acute pain is predictable following surgical intervention; chronic pain is less so. Chronic pain, persisting for longer than 3 months, or beyond expected wound healing, is a worldwide problem affecting around 20% of the adult population. Chronic postsurgical pain is multifactorial, although it often involves some form of nerve damage, with clinical signs consistent with this. Neuropathic pain may have a greater impact on quality of life than other chronic pain syndromes. It is important, therefore, to identify neuropathic pain as early as possible, in order to initiate appropriate management and reduce longer-term impact. This chapter focuses on two types of neuropathic pain: chronic postsurgical pain and complex regional pain syndrome.
Classification of lower limb trauma
Authors: Khan Umraz 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Accurate, simple, and reproducible classification of lower limb injuries facilitates communication between healthcare professionals, allows application of a standard treatment algorithm, and provides a platform for conducting detailed audit. The Gustilo and Anderson grading is widely used and is relatively simple but has poor inter-rater reliability and is best applied after wound excision. Other more comprehensive classifications (such as the AO system) are best used for audit and in outcomes databases.
Principles of acute management of lower limb trauma
Authors: Kelly Michael 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The morbidity of lower limb trauma can be significant and a combination of orthopaedic and plastic surgery expertise is required from the initial assessment through to completion of treatment for these complex injuries. Guidelines have been established in the United Kingdom that address assessment, timing of treatment, and the management of soft tissue and skeletal components of injury. This chapter outlines these principles of treatment.
Microvascular cover in the lower limb
Authors: Arnež Zoran M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Providing adequate and timely soft tissue cover is essential in the treatment of injuries to the lower extremity. Microvascular free tissue transfer is a part of the algorithm of treatment. Free flaps provide the desired quantity and quality of well-vascularized tissue from numerous potential donor sites all over the body, tailored to each specific defect. Microvascular surgery allows single-stage reconstruction of composite defects and is best done early, where possible in the first 24 hours or failing this, during the first week after injury. Free tissue transfer is a complex interdisciplinary procedure and can fail in up to 5% of cases. It is not appropriate for all patients. Free muscle, or musculocutaneous, flaps are ideal for coverage of diaphyseal defects whereas free fasciocutaneous flaps are better for coverage of metaphyseal defects. Perforator free flaps experience little donor site morbidity.
Management of bone loss
Authors: Jackson Mark 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Bone defects in the lower limb are the result of trauma, tumour resection, infection, or congenital defects. They can be classified by cause or extent. The management depends on the extent. Options for treatment include allowing the defect to heal, augmenting a partial defect with bone graft, or in the case of segmental defects either shortening the bone to allow direct healing or replacing the segmental defect by techniques of bone transport, the Masquelet technique of membrane induction of bone graft incorporation, massive allograft replacement, or using the variety of vascularized bone flaps available.
How the foot and ankle works (mechanics of the foot)
Authors: Winson Ian 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the mechanics of the foot from the clinician’s perspective. The kinematics, kinetics, muscle balance, and stability of the foot and ankle are complex, as the foot has evolved to provide shock absorption, stability, propulsion, and accommodation. It does this by maintaining a stable, balanced structure in all positions of the foot. The mobility of the joints together with their stabilizing structures (the ligaments of the foot), and the complex balance between muscle tension and tendon position relative to the axis of rotation of the joints, are responsible for this function. As a consequence of this complex dynamic structure, the foot stores a significant amount of energy during ambulation, and its efficient use of this is a major reason for the ability of humans to travel long distances.
Introduction to orthognathic surgery, the assessment of facial disproportion, and orthognathic treatment planning
Authors: Bates Claire , Hodge Trevor , Mannion Christopher J. , Carter Lachlan M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Facial deformity associated with jaw malalignment and malocclusion can be addressed with orthognathic surgery to reposition the maxilla or mandible, or both, in combination with dental alignment with orthodontic treatment. Careful assessment of facial proportion and treatment planning allows precise repositioning of the facial skeleton and teeth to restore appearance and occlusion.
Preoperative imaging for autologous breast reconstruction
Authors: Ashton Mark , Whitaker Iain 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A complete understanding of vascular anatomy is now integral to planning most, if not all, vascularized flaps in plastic surgery. Recent advances in preoperative imaging have provided an unheralded ability to investigate the vascular anatomy of planned donor and recipient sites for plastic surgical reconstruction, and as such, have been associated with a significant decrease in operative morbidity, operative time, and surgeon stress. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of the most recent advances in preoperative planning investigations for plastic surgery in the thorax and abdomen and autologous breast reconstruction.
Alternative flaps for microsurgical breast reconstruction
Authors: Rakhorst Hinne A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Microsurgery in general has made dramatic improvements over the past decades. This applies to microsurgery in general and to breast reconstructive surgery especially. The demand for autologous breast reconstruction has risen. Since the introduction of the free transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flaps, through the muscle-sparing TRAM, flaps designs have evolved into the current gold standard, the deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap. From experiences and increasing numbers of flap procedures performed by surgeons, techniques became more familiar and part of standard care. These factors gave rise to the development of a growing number of areas of the body where tissues of interest can be harvested using perforator flap-based techniques. This chapter discusses the most common as well as the ‘rising stars’ in terms of flaps to be used as alternative flaps to the DIEP flap for breast reconstruction. It discusses practical issues on dissection as well as donor site morbidity.
Hypospadias
Authors: Wharton Simon , Khan Khurram , Coleman David 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Hypospadias is a congenital developmental penile anomaly characterized by a ventral ectopically sited meatus and a ventrally split foreskin, with or without ventral curvature. It occurs in about 1 in 125 live male births with both genetic and environmental aetiological factors. Hypospadias is corrected to allow micturition while standing, to achieve a natural appearance, and to allow normal sexual function. Operations to achieve this involve a combination of urethroplasty, glansplasty, and skin cover. Hypospadias repair should result in a straight, symmetrical penis with a natural slit-shaped terminal meatus. Normal function and appearance should be maintained with growth. It may be acceptable to complete the reconstruction by discarding the prepuce to give a circumcised appearance. However, in some cultures most boys are not circumcised and a prepuce reconstruction will be more appropriate.
Anatomy, physiology, and pathology of body fat
Authors: Teo Isabel , Soldin Mark 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Subcutaneous body fat is a distinct anatomical entity with unique physiology, metabolism, and disease. The main roles of fat are energy storage, hormone production, and insulation. Free fatty acids and glycerol can be assembled into triglycerides, and conversely triglycerides can undergo lipolysis. Insulin is the key hormone that controls this fine balance. Pregnancy is associated with increased truncal body fat and breast ptosis. Cellulite is the padded appearance of fat and there is currently no single proven treatment. Lipomas are the most common soft tissue tumour and can be treated with excision or liposuction. Lipodystrophies are disorders characterized by the selective loss of body fat and lipofilling is a useful treatment modality. Panniculitis is the inflammation of subcutaneous fat and treatment involves dealing with the precipitating cause. The plastic surgeon should be familiar with the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of fat in order to treat this wide array of adipose-related conditions.
Abdominoplasty
Authors: Abela Christopher , Soldin Mark 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The abdominoplasty or ‘tummy tuck’ is one of the most commonly requested aesthetic procedures and refers to a variety of surgical techniques. A detailed understanding of the surgical anatomy, deformity, the components that need redress, and the clinical decision-making algorithms are essential. Meticulous attention to perioperative optimization mitigates risk and complications. The evolution of the surgical techniques is ongoing particularly following the increased demand from massive weight-loss patients.
The extensor tendons
Authors: Majumder Sanjib 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The extensor tendon system of the hand includes the forearm-based extrinsic extensors that power wrist and finger extension as well as the hand-based intrinsic extensors that stabilize the digits in extension. The anatomy and interaction of these tendons are described with reference to the topographic classification system of Verdan’s zones. The injuries of the extensors can be either closed or open and the treatment is injury and site specific. The approaches to the individual injuries and treatment are described.
Bone lesions in the upper limb and hand
Authors: Hooper Geoffrey 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A wide variety of bony swellings may occur in the upper limb, although individually each is uncommon. Not all are neoplastic and many present not as palpable, swellings but as incidental findings on radiographs taken for other reasons. The surgeon must then establish a diagnosis and decide whether treatment is required. In the presence of pain or a pathological fracture this decision may be easier than in the asymptomatic lesion. This chapter describes the most common bony swellings in the upper limb and hand. Information about their diagnosis and management is given.