bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Standard vs Energy‐Dense Formulae on Gastric Retention, Energy Delivery, and Glycemia in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Chapple Lee‐anne S. , Summers Matthew J. , Weinel Luke M. , Abdelhamid Yasmine Ali , Kar Palash , Hatzinikolas Seva , Calnan Deborah , Bills Madison , Lange Kylie , Poole Alexis , O'Connor Stephanie N. , Horowitz Michael , Jones Karen L. , Deane Adam M. , Chapman Marianne J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundEnergy‐dense formulae are often provided to critically ill patients with enteral feed intolerance with the aim of increasing energy delivery, yet the effect on gastric emptying is unknown. The rate of gastric emptying of a standard compared with an energy‐dense formula was quantified in critically ill patients.MethodsMechanically ventilated adults were randomized to receive radiolabeled intragastric infusions of 200 mL standard (1 kcal/mL) or 100 mL energy‐dense (2 kcal/mL) enteral formulae on consecutive days in this noninferiority, blinded, crossover trial. The primary outcome was scintigraphic measurement of gastric retention (percentage at 120 minutes). Other measures included area under the curve (AUC) for gastric retention and intestinal energy delivery (calculated from gastric retention of formulae over time), blood glucose (peak and AUC), and intestinal glucose absorption (using 3‐O‐methyl‐D‐gluco‐pyranose [3‐OMG] concentrations). Comparisons were undertaken using paired mixed‐effects models. Data presented are mean ± SE.ResultsEighteen patients were studied (male/female, 14:4; age, 55.2 ± 5.3 years). Gastric retention at 120 minutes was greater with the energy‐dense formula (standard, 17.0 ± 5.9 vs energy‐dense, 32.5 ± 7.1; difference, 12.7% [90% confidence interval, 0.8%–30.1%]). Energy delivery (AUC120, 13,038 ± 1119 vs 9763 ± 1346 kcal/120 minutes; P = 0.057), glucose control (peak glucose, 10.1 ± 0.3 vs 9.7 ± 0.3 mmol/L, P = 0.362; and glucose AUC120 8.7 ± 0.3 vs 8.5 ± 0.3 mmol/L.120 minutes, P = 0.661), and absorption (3‐OMG AUC120, 38.5 ± 4.0 vs 35.7 ± 4.0 mmol/L.120 minutes; P = .508) were not improved with the energy‐dense formula.ConclusionIn critical illness, administration of an energy‐dense formula does not reduce gastric retention, increase energy delivery to the small intestine, or improve glucose absorption or glucose control; instead, there is a signal for delayed gastric emptying.
Effect of Gd on microstructure and stress corrosion cracking of the AZ91‐extruded magnesium alloy
Authors: Song Yulai , Liu Qing , Wang Haiyang , Zhu Xianyong 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAZ91 and AZ91–xGd (x = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 wt%) magnesium alloys are extruded into plates. The addition of Gd promotes the formation of Al2Gd, effectively reducing the volume fraction of the β‐Mg17Al12 phase and making the banded structures of the extruded magnesium alloys thinner. The corrosion weight loss tests and electrochemistry analyses demonstrate that Gd significantly improves the pitting resistance of the AZ91 in 3.5‐wt% NaCl solution saturated with Mg(OH)2. Slow strain rate tensile tests show that in a corrosive environment, compared with AZ91, the elongation to failure of the AZ91–1.0Gd alloy is increased by 47%, and the alloy exhibits excellent stress corrosion resistance in this study. The fracture mode of AZ91 is changed from typical intergranular fracture to a mixture of transgranular and intergranular fracture in the corrosion solution by adding Gd. The mechanism of Gd to improve the stress corrosion resistance of the AZ91 magnesium alloy is that Gd increases the corrosion resistance, especially the pitting of AZ91.
Real‐time corrosion monitoring of aluminium alloys under chloride‐contaminated atmospheric conditions
Authors: Diler Erwan , Peltier Fabienne , Becker Johan , Thierry Dominique 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this study, the use of electrical resistance (ER) sensors to monitor the corrosion of Al94Cu6 alloy is assessed and compared with 2024‐T3 coupons. Under uniform corrosion, a good correlation was found between the ER sensors and mass loss on coupons. Three different chloride depositions are studied: (i) pre‐contamination with dry/wet cycles, (ii) Volvo standard accelerated corrosion test and (iii) neutral salt spray test. The obtained results show good reproducibility of the ER sensors under all tested conditions. This suggests that ER sensors more levelled the effect of localised corrosion through a large surface evaluation compared with cross‐sections. The corrosion thickness obtained with the ER sensors does not correspond to the mean depth obtained by cross‐sections. This can be explained by the distribution and size of the localised corrosion events according to a finite element model proposed. The ER method allows obtaining useful real‐time corrosion data for the understanding of the corrosion mechanisms and the development of accelerated tests. The chloride concentration, the frequency of salt application and wet/dry cycles have a strong influence on the corrosion rate of aluminium alloys.
Molecular Weight Distribution of Two Types of Living Chains Formed during Nitroxide‐Mediated Polymerization of Styrene
Authors: Kim Kyoungho , Lee Jieun , Cho Hong Y. , Lee Eun Ho , Lee Seo‐Hui , Chang Taihyun , Jeon Heung Bae , Paik Hyun‐jong 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDifferent types of polymer chains generated during the nitroxide‐mediated polymerization of styrene are separated for the first time, and their molecular weight distribution (MWD) is investigated. Living and dead chains are monitored during the reaction; specifically, two types of living chains derived from the initiation of the alkoxyamine (RT) and the self‐initiation of styrene and dead chains present in the as‐prepared polystyrene (PS). To distinguish between each polymer species, different numbers of hydroxyl groups are introduced onto the T and R groups of the alkoxyamine (one and two groups, respectively). Each living and dead chains is resolved according to the distinct number of hydroxyl groups on its chain‐end using high‐performance liquid chromatography. Molecular structures of the fractionated PS are characterized using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and the results of which show two distinct initiation paths: one originating from RT and the other from the self‐initiation of styrene. Molecular weight and MWD are measured using size‐exclusion chromatography and reveal a narrow MWD for the living chains derived from RT. Contrastingly, a broad and skewed MWD is observed for the other living chains derived from the self‐initiation of styrene and the dead chains.
Constructing Cylindrical Nanostructures Via Directional Morphology Evolution Induced by Seeded Polymerization
Authors: Shen Liangliang , Lu Qunzan , Chen Qiumeng , Li Yahui , Wu Xuan , Shen Jianliang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHerein, spindle‐shaped block copolymer (BCP) nanoparticles are used in seeded polymerization of methyl methacrylate as a novel approach to generating cylindrical nanostructures. The chain‐extension of BCP seeds by an amorphous coil‐type polymer within the seed core composed of semifluorinated liquid‐crystalline blocks triggers the deforming, stretching, and directional growth of the seeds along the long axis, eventually leads to nanorods.
Prevention of mammary carcinogenesis in MMTV‐neu mice by targeting RLIP
Authors: Singhal Jyotsana , Kulkarni Prakash , Horne David , Awasthi Sanjay , Salgia Ravi , Singhal Sharad S. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe overexpression and amplification of the protooncogene neu (ERBB2) play an important role in the development of aggressive breast cancer (BC) in humans. Ral‐interacting protein (RLIP), a modular stress‐response protein with pleiotropic functions, is overexpressed in several types of cancer, including BC. Here, we show that blocking RLIP attenuates the deleterious effects caused by the loss of the tumor suppressor p53 and inhibits the growth of human BC both in vitro and in vivo in MMTV‐neu mice. In addition, we show that treatment with the diet‐derived, RLIP‐targeting chemotherapeutic 2′‐hydroxyflavanone (2HF), alone or in combination with RLIP‐specific antisense RNA or antibodies, significantly reduced the cumulative incidence and/or burden of mammary hyperplasia and carcinoma in MMTV‐neu mice. 2HF treatment correlated with reduced tumor cell proliferation and increased apoptosis, and the average number of Ki67‐positive (proliferating) cells was significantly lower in the tumors of 2HF‐treated mice than in the tumors of control mice. Furthermore, targeting RLIP also resulted in the overexpression of E‐cadherin and the infiltration of CD3+ T cells into mammary tumors. Taken together, these results underscore the translational potential of RLIP‐targeting agents and provide a strong rationale to validate them in the clinic.
α‐Synuclein Spread from Olfactory Bulb Causes Hyposmia, Anxiety, and Memory Loss in BAC‐SNCA Mice
Authors: Uemura Norihito , Ueda Jun , Yoshihara Toru , Ikuno Masashi , Uemura Maiko T. , Yamakado Hodaka , Asano Masahide , Trojanowski John Q. , Takahashi Ryosuke 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundPatients with Parkinson's disease (PD) show motor symptoms as well as various non‐motor symptoms. Postmortem studies of PD have suggested that initial alpha‐synuclein (α‐Syn) pathology develops independently in the olfactory bulb and lower brainstem, spreading from there stereotypically. However, it remains unclear how these two pathological pathways contribute to the clinicopathological progression of PD.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to examine the clinicopathological contribution of α‐Syn spread from the olfactory bulb.MethodsWe conducted pathological and behavioral analyses of human α‐Syn bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic mice injected with α‐Syn preformed fibrils into the bilateral olfactory bulb up to 10 months postinjection.Resultsα‐Syn preformed fibril injections induced more widespread α‐Syn pathology in the transgenic mice than that in wild‐type mice. Severe α‐Syn pathology in the transgenic mice injected with α‐Syn preformed fibrils was initially observed along the olfactory pathway and later in the brain regions that are included in the limbic system and have connections with it. The α‐Syn pathology was accompanied by regional atrophy, neuron loss, reactive astrogliosis, and microglial activation, which were remarkable in the hippocampus. Behavioral analyses revealed hyposmia, followed by anxiety‐like behavior and memory impairment, but not motor dysfunction, depression‐like behavior, or circadian rhythm disturbance.ConclusionOur data suggest that α‐Syn spread from the olfactory bulb mainly affects the olfactory pathway and limbic system as well as its related regions, leading to the development of hyposmia, anxiety, and memory loss in PD. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Closed‐Loop Deep Brain Stimulation for Essential Tremor Based on Thalamic Local Field Potentials
Authors: He Shenghong , Baig Fahd , Mostofi Abteen , Pogosyan Alek , Debarros Jean , Green Alexander L. , Aziz Tipu Z. , Pereira Erlick , Brown Peter , Tan Huiling 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundHigh‐frequency thalamic stimulation is an effective therapy for essential tremor, which mainly affects voluntary movements and/or sustained postures. However, continuous stimulation may deliver unnecessary current to the brain due to the intermittent nature of the tremor.ObjectiveWe proposed to close the loop of thalamic stimulation by detecting tremor‐provoking movement states using local field potentials recorded from the same electrodes implanted for stimulation, so that the stimulation is only delivered when necessary.MethodsEight patients with essential tremor participated in this study. Patient‐specific support vector machine classifiers were first trained using data recorded while the patient performed tremor‐provoking movements. Then, the trained models were applied in real‐time to detect these movements and triggered the delivery of stimulation.ResultsUsing the proposed method, stimulation was switched on for 80.37 ± 7.06% of the time when tremor‐evoking movements were present. In comparison, the stimulation was switched on for 12.71 ± 7.06% of the time when the patients were at rest and tremor‐free. Compared with continuous stimulation, a similar amount of tremor suppression was achieved while only delivering 36.62 ± 13.49% of the energy used in continuous stimulation.ConclusionsThe results suggest that responsive thalamic stimulation for essential tremor based on tremor‐provoking movement detection can be achieved without any requirement for external sensors or additional electrocorticography strips. Further research is required to investigate whether the decoding model is stable across time and generalizable to the variety of activities patients may engage with in everyday life. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
The Rh blood group system and its role in alloimmunization rate among sickle cell disease and sickle thalassemia patients in Iran
Authors: Jalali Far Mohammad Ali , Oodi Arezoo , Amirizadeh Naser , Mohammadipour Mahshid , Keikhaei Dehdezi Bijan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIntroductionThe alloimmunization following blood transfusion can be life‐threatening. The Rh alloantibodies are one of the most common causes contributing to alloimmunization. This study aimed to evaluate the rate and causes of alloimmunization and to determine the Rh phenotypes and genotypes among sickle cell disease (SCD) and sickle thalassemia (Sβ).Materials and MethodsOur study included 104 SCD and Sβ patients referring to Baghaei 2 Hospital of Ahvaz in 2019 using a non‐random simple sampling method. The blood samples were collected for Rh phenotypes, alloantibody screening and identification, and molecular tests. The SSP‐PCR and RFLP methods with the Pst 1 enzyme were used.ResultsThe alloimmunization rate was 9.6% and 13.2% based on immunohematological tests and medical records, respectively. The main alloantibodies (90%) were anti‐Rh, and 40% of the patients had multiple alloantibodies. A significant correlation was found between gender and alloimmunization. The phenotypes of DCce (37.5%), DCcEe (24%), Dce (20.2%), and dce (5.8%) and genotypes of R1r (25%), R1R2 (20.2%), R1R1 (18.3%), and R1R0 (10.6%) were the most prevalent. The R1R2 was a frequent genotype in Sβ.ConclusionR0r′ and R1R0 genotypes were limited to our population in Iran. Due to the differences in RH genotypes between our population and others, the blood transfusion from other ethnicities increased our total alloimmunization rate.
Development and evaluation of a GEANT4‐based Monte Carlo Model of a 0.35 T MR‐guided radiation therapy (MRgRT) linear accelerator
Authors: Khan Ahtesham Ullah , Simiele Eric A. , Lotey Rajiv , DeWerd Larry A. , Yadav Poonam 
Published: February 2021

PurposeThe aim of this work was to develop and benchmark a magnetic resonance (MR)‐guided linear accelerator head model using the GEANT4 Monte Carlo (MC) code. The validated model was compared to the treatment planning system (TPS) and was also used to quantify the electron return effect (ERE) at a lung–water interface.MethodsThe average energy, including the spread in the energy distribution, and the radial intensity distribution of the incident electron beam were iteratively optimized in order to match the simulated beam profiles and percent depth dose (PDD) data to measured data. The GEANT4 MC model was then compared to the TPS model using several photon beam tests including oblique beams, an off‐axis aperture, and heterogeneous phantoms. The benchmarked MC model was utilized to compute output factors (OFs) with the 0.35 T magnetic field turned on and off. The ERE was quantified at a lung–water interface by simulating PDD curves with and without the magnetic field for 6.6 × 6.6 and 2.5 × 2.5 field sizes. A 2%/2 mm gamma criterion was used to compare the MC model with the TPS data throughout this study.ResultsThe final incident electron beam parameters were 6.0 MeV average energy with a 1.5 MeV full width at half maximum (FWHM) Gaussian energy spread and a 1.0 mm FWHM Gaussian radial intensity distribution. The MC‐simulated OFs were found to be in agreement with the TPS‐calculated and measured OFs, and no statistical difference was observed between the 0.35 T and 0.0 T OFs. Good agreement was observed between the TPS‐calculated and MC‐simulated data for the photon beam tests with gamma pass rates ranging from 96% to 100%. An increase of 4.3% in the ERE was observed for the 6.6 × 6.6 field size relative to the 2.5 × 2.5 field size. The ratio of the 0.35 T PDD to the 0.0 T PDD was found to be up to 1.098 near lung–water interfaces for the 6.6 × 6.6 field size using the MC model.ConclusionsA vendor‐independent Monte Carlo model has been developed and benchmarked for a 0.35 T/6 MV MR‐linac. Good agreement was obtained between the GEANT4 and TPS models except near heterogeneity interfaces.
Accelerated white matter lesion analysis based on simultaneous T1 and T2∗ quantification using magnetic resonance fingerprinting and deep learning
Authors: Hermann Ingo , Martínez‐Heras Eloy , Rieger Benedikt , Schmidt Ralf , Golla Alena‐Kathrin , Hong Jia‐Sheng , Lee Wei‐Kai , Yu‐Te Wu , Nagtegaal Martijn , Solana Elisabeth , Llufriu Sara , Gass Achim , Schad Lothar R. , Weingärtner Sebastian , Zöllner Frank G. 
Published: February 2021

PurposeTo develop an accelerated postprocessing pipeline for reproducible and efficient assessment of white matter lesions using quantitative magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) and deep learning.MethodsMRF using echo‐planar imaging (EPI) scans with varying repetition and echo times were acquired for whole brain quantification of and in 50 subjects with multiple sclerosis (MS) and 10 healthy volunteers along 2 centers. MRF and parametric maps were distortion corrected and denoised. A CNN was trained to reconstruct the and parametric maps, and the WM and GM probability maps.ResultsDeep learning‐based postprocessing reduced reconstruction and image processing times from hours to a few seconds while maintaining high accuracy, reliability, and precision. Mean absolute error performed the best for (deviations 5.6%) and the logarithmic hyperbolic cosinus loss the best for (deviations 6.0%).ConclusionsMRF is a fast and robust tool for quantitative and mapping. Its long reconstruction and several postprocessing steps can be facilitated and accelerated using deep learning.
On the implementation and validation of a three‐dimensional pressure‐dependent bounding surface plasticity model for soil nonlinear wave propagation and soil‐structure interaction analyses
Authors: Zhang Wenyang , Lim Keng‐Wit , Ghahari S. Farid , Arduino Pedro , Taciroglu Ertugrul 
Published: February 2021

AbstractNumerous experiments and prior analyses have confirmed that soil inelasticity, which is known to come into effect even at very low strain levels, can significantly affect site response and dynamic soil‐structure interaction (SSI) behavior. To date, only a few studies were able to consider multi‐axial wave propagation problems with appropriate models of soil nonlinearity. Most existing works are limited to either homogeneous soil configurations or equivalent linear soil models. The instances wherein soil nonlinearity is accurately considered have been confined to single element tests and one‐dimensional problems. In this study, an improved pressure‐dependent bounding surface plasticity soil model—with appropriate plastic strain rate direction definition and overshooting correction scheme—is implemented in Abaqus, and validated using recordings from both the Lotung borehole array and centrifuge test data on embedded flexible structures. The implemented model is capable of comprehensively reproducing complex soil behaviors, such as stiffness degradation, damping, dilatancy, and compaction while under a wide strain range, and under general loading conditions using only a few material parameters to be calibrated. Consequently, numerically predicted results are observed to be in better agreement with experimentally measured data, in comparison with linear and another plasticity model, which include accelerations, and bending and hoop strains along the walls of the specimen structures, for low‐ as well as high‐amplitude input motions.
Synthesis and comparison of in‐situ carbon‐decorated sodium manganese vanadium phosphate cathode and sodium‐ion full‐cell configurations
Authors: Niu Yubin , Yi Zhaoyan , Zhao Yanan , Xu Maowen 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCarbon‐decorated Na3.5Mn0.5V1.5(PO4)3 (NMVP@C) composite was synthesized by one‐step solid‐state method. As a cathode material, the as‐obtained material shows a pair of significant redox peaks with highly reversible discharge capacity of 102.8 mAh g–1 at a current density of 100 mA g–1. More optimistically, when increased to 1600 mA g–1, a capacity retention of 69.6% (54.7 mAh g–1) can still be maintained even after 10000 cycles. The electrochemical performance of full‐cell consisted of NMVP@C as cathode and NaTi2(PO4)3 (NTP) or commercialized hard carbon (HC) as anode was tested. The results show that both full‐cells display a pair of obvious redox peaks whose equilibrium potentials are about 1.29 and 3.35 V, respectively, and exhibit excellent capacity and rate performance. At a current density of 1600 mA g–1, they deliver high discharge capacities of 75.4 and 78.2 mAh g–1, respectively. After 2343 cycles, NMVP@C//NTP can achieve a specific capacity of 42.4 mAh g–1, that is 58.2% of initial specific capacity, and that of NMVP@C//HC is only 35.7%. Overall, whether for half‐ or full‐cell, NMVP@C shows excellent electrochemical performance, demonstrating that our synthesis strategy is effective in improving performance.
Dual actions of 5‐MeO‐DIPT at the serotonin transporter and serotonin 5‐HT1A receptor in the mouse striatum and prefrontal cortex
Authors: Hagino Yoko , Hall Frank Scott , Uhl George R. , Sora Ichiro , Ikeda Kazutaka 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAims5‐Methoxy‐N,N‐diisopropyltryptamine (5‐MeO‐DIPT) is a synthetic orally active hallucinogenic tryptamine analogue. The present study examined whether the effects of 5‐MeO‐DIPT involve the serotonin transporter (SERT) and serotonin 5‐hydroxytryptamine‐1A (5‐HT1A) receptor in the striatum and prefrontal cortex (PFC).MethodsWe investigated the effects of 5‐MeO‐DIPT on extracellular 5‐HT (5‐HTex) and dopamine (DAex) levels in the striatum and PFC in wildtype and SERT knockout (KO) mice using in vivo microdialysis, and for comparison the effects of the 5‐HT1A receptor antagonist WAY100635 and the 5‐HT1A receptor agonist 8‐OH‐DPAT on 5‐HTex.Results5‐MeO‐DIPT decreased 5‐HTex levels in the striatum, but not PFC. In SERT‐KO mice, 5‐MeO‐DIPT did not affect 5‐HTex levels in the striatum or PFC. In the presence of WAY100635, 5‐MeO‐DIPT substantially increased 5‐HTex levels, suggesting that 5‐MeO‐DIPT acts on SERT and these effects are masked by its 5‐HT1A actions in the absence of WAY100635. 8‐OH‐DPAT decreased 5‐HTex levels in the striatum and PFC in wildtype mice. WAY100635 antagonized the 8‐OH‐DPAT‐induced decrease in 5‐HTex levels. In SERT‐KO mice, 8‐OH‐DPAT did not decrease 5‐HTex levels in the striatum and PFC. 5‐MeO‐DIPT dose‐dependently increased DAex levels in the PFC, but not striatum, in wildtype and SERT‐KO mice. The increase in DAex levels that was induced by 5‐MeO‐DIPT was not antagonized by WAY100635.Conclusion5‐MeO‐DIPT influences both 5‐HTex and DAex levels in the striatum and PFC. 5‐MeO‐DIPT dually acts on SERT and 5‐HT1A receptors so that elevations in 5‐HTex levels produced by reuptake inhibition are limited by actions of the drug on 5‐HT1A receptors.