bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular Control of Carbon‐Based Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts through Metal Macrocyclic Complexes Functionalization
Authors: Hong Yaoshuai , Li Longbin , Huang Bingyu , Tang Xiannong , Zhai Weijuan , Hu Ting , Yuan Kai , Chen Yiwang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOwing to their zero pollution and high efficiency, fuel cells and metal–air batteries show great potential for broad application to sustainable energy technologies. However, the use of expensive and scarce Pt‐based materials as cathode catalysts to overcome the slow kinetics of oxygen‐reduction reaction (ORR) limits the scalability of such devices. Recently, considerable progress has been made in the development of nonprecious‐metal ORR catalysts. Although metal macrocyclic complexes (MMC) exhibiting a well‐definedM‐N4(M = Fe, Co, Mn, Cu, etc.) structure (which can provide open sites to combine with oxygen and catalyze ORR) have attracted widespread attention, the MMC ORR performance is usually unsatisfactory because MCCs exhibit poor conductivity, symmetric electron distribution, inferior O2adsorption, and low activation. However, MMC‐modified conductive‐carbon materials effectively solve such problems and simultaneously boost the ORR catalytic activity. In this review, the recent achievements in MMC‐functionalized carbon materials as ORR catalysts are summarized, and the current challenges and prospects of MMC‐functionalized carbon‐based ORR catalysts are discussed based on recent experimental and theoretical studies.
Investigating Degradation Modes in Zn‐AgO Aqueous Batteries with In Situ X‐Ray Micro Computed Tomography
Authors: Scharf Jonathan , Yin Lu , Redquest Christopher , Liu Ruixiao , Quinn Xueying L. , Ortega Jeff , Wei Xia , Wang Joseph , Doux Jean‐Marie , Meng Ying Shirley 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTo meet growing energy demands, degradation mechanisms of energy storage devices must be better understood. As a non‐destructive tool, X‐ray Computed Tomography (CT) has been increasingly used by the battery community to perform in situ experiments that can investigate dynamic phenomena. However, few have used X‐ray CT to study representative battery systems over long cycle lifetimes (>100 cycles). Here, the in situ CT study of Zn–Ag batteries is reported and the effects of current collector parasitic gassing over long‐term storage and cycling are demonstrated. Performance representative in situ CT cells are designed that can achieve >250 cycles at a high areal capacity of 12.5 mAh cm−2. Combined with electrochemical experiments, the effects of current collector parasitic gassing are revealed with micro‐scale CT. The volume expansion and evolution of ZnO and Zn depletion are quantified with cycling and elevated temperature testing. The experimental insights are utilized to develop larger form‐factor (4 cm2) cells with electrochemically compatible current collectors. With this, over 500 cycles at a high capacity of 12.5 mAh cm−2 for a 4 cm2 form‐factor are demonstrated. This work demonstrates that in situ X‐ray CT used in long cycle‐lifetime studies can be applied to examine a multitude of battery chemistries to improve performances.
Allegations of child sexual abuse: An empirical analysis of published judgements from the Family Court of Australia 2012–2019
Authors: Webb Nola , Moloney Lawrence J. , Smyth Bruce M. , Murphy Robyn L. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAllegations of child sexual abuse pose agonisingly difficult issues for families, family law professionals and the courts. We present data from the population (N=521) of Family Court of Australia judgements containing allegations of child sexual abuse published in the Australasian Legal Information Institute's Australian database. Our data cover all in‐scope judgements published between mid‐2012 and mid‐2019, of which 71 dealt with cases that were uncontested. A further 70 were contested but the allegations were abandoned before the end of the trial. We classified the remaining 380 cases as “fully contested”. Of this group: (a) in 14% of cases, judicial officers expressed a direct or clearly implied belief that the allegations of child sexual abuse were true; (b) risk of sexual harm to a child was found in 12% of judgements; (c) when no risk of sexual harm was found, judges were more than twice as likely to regard the allegations as genuine but mistaken rather than to have been deliberately misleading; (d) just under two‐thirds of allegedly unsafe parents had the time they spent with their child(ren) increased by the court; and (e) in 17% of judgements, children's living arrangements were changed to the allegedly unsafe parent.
Chiral Arylated Amines via C−N Coupling of Chiral Amines with Aryl Bromides Promoted by Light
Authors: Song Geyang , Yang Liu , Li Jing‐Sheng , Tang Wei‐Jun , Zhang Wei , Cao Rui , Wang Chao , Xiao Jianliang , Xue Dong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe Buchwald‐Hartwig C‐N coupling reaction has found widespread applications in organic synthesis. Over the past two decades or so, many improved catalysts have been introduced, allowing various amines and aryl electrophiles to be readily used nowadays. However, there lacks a protocol that could be used to couple a wide range of chiral amines and aryl halides, without erosion of the enantiomeric excess (ee). Reported in this article is a method based on molecular Ni catalysis driven by light, which enables stereoretentive C‐N coupling of optically active amines, amino alcohols, and amino acid esters with aryl bromides, with no need for any external photosensitizer. The method is effective for a wide variety of coupling partners, including those bearing functional groups sensitive to bases and nucleophiles, thus providing a viable alternative to accessing synthetically important chiral N‐aryl amines, amino alcohols, and amino acids esters. Its viability is demonstrated by 92 examples with up to 99 % ee.
Cooperative Catalysis of Ru(III)‐Porphyrin in CO2‐Involved Synthesis of Oxazolidinones
Authors: Chen Xiao‐Chao , Yao Yin‐Qing , Zhao Kai‐Chun , Liu Lei , Lu Yong , Liu Ye 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCO2‐transformations into high value‐added products have become a fascinating area in green chemistry. Herein, a Ru(III)‐porphyrin catalyst (RuCl3 ⋅ 3H2O−H2TPP) was found highly efficient in the three‐component reaction of CO2, aliphatic amines and dichloroethane (or its derivative) for synthesis of oxazolidinones in the yields of 71∼91%. It was indicated by means of the control experiments and UV‐vis spectra that CO2 was stoichiometrically activated by the involved aliphatic amine substrates to form a stable carbamate salt while 1,2‐dichloroethane (or its derivative) was independently activated by the involved Ru(III)‐porphyrin catalyst. The combination of CO2‐activation by aliphatic amines with 1,2‐dichloroethane activation by Ru(III)‐porphyrin catalyst cooperatively contributed to this successful transformation.
Ultra‐Stable Cycling of High Capacity Room Temperature Sodium‐Sulfur Batteries Based on Sulfurated Poly(acrylonitrile)
Authors: Murugan Saravanakumar , Niesen Stefan , Kappler Julian , Küster Kathrin , Starke Ulrich , Buchmeiser Michael R. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe report on a room temperature (RT) sodium‐sulfur (Na−S) battery based on a sodium anode, a sulfurated poly(acrylonitrile) (SPAN) cathode and an electrolyte containing sodium tetrakis(hexafluoroisopropyloxy) borate (Na[B(hfip)4]; hfip=hexafluoroisopropoxide) in a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC). The hfip anion as a weakly coordinating anion (WCA) provides high anodic stability, high ionic conductivity, and superior electrochemical performance in carbonate‐based solvents. The Na‐SPAN cell exhibits an initial discharge capacity of 1360
and a remarkable reversible capacity of 1072
after 1000 cycles at 3 C (C=C‐rate, 5.025
) with an insignificant average capacity decay of less than 0.021 % per cycle. A careful choice of the discharge cut‐off potential (DCP) reveals that a DCP of 0.2 V allows for stable cycling for more than 500 cycles while a DCP of 0.5 V results in a constant capacity decay. The excellent cycle stability at a DCP of 0.2 V is likely to be caused by the high conversion of the SPAN‐bound sulfur into Na2S.
Advancing a rapid, high throughput screening platform for optimization of lentivirus production
Authors: Gopal Sneha , Osborne Adam E. , Hock Lindsay , Zemianek Jill , Fang Kun , Gee Gretchen , Ghosh Ronit , McNally David , Cramer Steven M. , Dordick Jonathan S. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundLentiviral vectors (LVVs) hold great promise as delivery tools for gene therapy and chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR‐T) therapy. Their ability to target difficult to transfect cells and deliver genetic payloads that integrate into the host genome makes them ideal delivery candidates. However, several challenges remain to be addressed before LVVs are more widely used as therapeutics including low viral vector concentrations and the absence of suitable scale‐up methods for large‐scale production. To address these challenges, we have developed a high throughput microscale HEK293 suspension culture platform that enables rapid screening of conditions for improving LVV productivity.Key ResultsHigh density culture (40 million cells mL−1) of HEK293 suspension cells in commercially available media was achieved in microscale 96‐deep well plate platform at liquid volumes of 200 μL. Comparable transfection and LVV production efficiencies were observed at the microscale, in conventional shake flasks and a 1‐L bioreactor, indicating that significant scale‐down does not affect LVV concentrations and predictivity of scale‐up. Optimization of production step allowed for final yields of LVVs to reach 1.5 × 107 TU mL−1.ConclusionsThe ability to test a large number of conditions simultaneously with minimal reagent use allows for the rapid optimization of LVV production in HEK293 suspension cells. Therefore, such a system may serve as a valuable tool in early stage process development and can be used as a screening tool to improve LVV concentrations for both batch and perfusion based systems.
Fight or flight: Can marketing tools help consumers cope with self‐discrepancies and social identity threat?
Authors: Ukrainets Kateryna , Homburg Christian 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSelf‐discrepancy between the actual and ought self‐concept is harmful to individuals, causing them to experience psychological discomfort. Previous consumer research has repeatedly demonstrated that self‐discrepancies motivate consumers to cope with their negative psychological consequences. However, despite the potential of marketing tools to influence consumers' affective reactions, consumer research remains silent on how firms can help consumers cope with psychological discomfort caused by self‐discrepancies. We apply the “approach–avoidance” coping classification to the firm context and suggest two marketing tools—cause‐related marketing (CRM) and a spacious store layout—as moderators of the relationships between experienced self‐discrepancy and a threat to a consumer's social identity and between social identity threat and store loyalty/store attitude. In a scenario‐based experimental study, we collect data and apply structural equation modeling for data analysis. The results confirm that both suggested marketing tools can effectively mitigate the negative effects of social identity threat on store loyalty and attitude. Furthermore, a spacious store layout exerts a stronger moderating effect than CRM.
Unravelling the Zn‐Cu Interaction during Activation of a Zn‐promoted Cu/MgO Model Methanol Catalyst
Authors: Pandit Lakshmi , Boubnov Alexey , Behrendt Gereon , Mockenhaupt Benjamin , Chowdhury Chandra , Jelic Jelena , Hansen Anna‐Lena , Saraçi Erisa , Ras Erik‐Jan , Behrens Malte , Studt Felix , Grunwaldt Jan‐Dierk 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe report on an inverse model Cu/MgO methanol catalyst modified with 5 % zinc oxide at the Cu surface to element‐specifically probe the interplay of metallic copper and zinc oxide during reductive activation. The structure of copper and zinc was unraveled by in situ X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and in situ X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) supported by theoretical modelling of the extended X‐ray absorption fine structure and X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure spectra. Temperature‐programmed reduction in H2 during in situ XAS showed that copper was reduced starting at 145 °C. With increasing reduction temperature, zinc underwent first a geometrical change in its structure, followed by reduction. The reduced zinc species were identified as surface alloy sites, which coexisted from 200 °C to 340 °C with ZnO species at the copper surface. At 400 °C Zn−Cu bulk‐alloyed particles were formed. According to in situ XRD and in situ XAS, about half of the ZnO was not fully reduced, which can be explained by a lack of contact with copper. Our experimental results were further substantiated by density functional theory calculations, which verified that ZnO with neighboring Cu atoms reduced more easily. By combining these results, the distribution, phase and oxidation state of Zn species on Cu were estimated for the activated state of this model catalyst. This insight into the interplay of Cu and Zn forms the basis for deeper understanding the active sites during methanol synthesis.
Alkynes as Building Blocks, Intermediates and Products in the Electrochemical Procedures Since 2000
Authors: Bortolami Martina , Petrucci Rita , Rocco Daniele , Scarano Vincenzo , Chiarotto Isabella 
Published: July 2021

AbstractElectrochemical procedures present a selective and environmentally friendly approach for fine chemicals preparation. The use of electricity instead of classical chemical reagents is economical and ecologically attractive. In fact, electricity from renewable resources can be used for electrochemical transformations with highly sustainable and desirable electrochemical applications. Alkynes triple C−C bond has a key role in many chemical transformations, and a growing attention has been recently paid to its electrochemical reactivity. The use of alkynes as building blocks or intermediates or products in electrochemical synthesis is presented in this minireview.
Survival outcomes and toxicity in patients 40 years old or older with relapsed metastatic germ cell tumors treated with high‐dose chemotherapy and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation
Authors: Agrawal Vaibhav , Abonour Rafat , Abu Zaid Mohammad , Althouse Sandra K. , Ashkar Ryan , Albany Costantine , Hanna Nasser H. , Einhorn Lawrence H. , Adra Nabil 
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUNDHigh‐dose chemotherapy (HDCT) plus peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) is effective salvage therapy for relapsed metastatic germ cell tumors (GCTs) but has potential toxicity. Historically, an age of ≥40 years has been associated with greater toxicity and worse outcomes.METHODSThis is a retrospective analysis of 445 consecutive patients with relapsed GCT treated with HDCT and PBSCT with tandem cycles at Indiana University from between 2004‐2017 per our institutional regimen. Kaplan‐Meier methods and log‐rank tests were used for progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) analysis.RESULTSA total of 329 patients were <40 years of age, whereas 116 patients were ≥40 years of age; HDCT was used as second‐line therapy in 85% and 79%, respectively. Median follow‐up time was 42.5 months (range, 0.3‐173.4 months). Grade ≥3 toxicities were similar between either group, except for greater pulmonary (P = .02) and renal toxicity (P = .01) in the ≥40‐years‐of‐age group. Treatment‐related mortality was similar between both age groups: 10 patients (3%) in the <40‐years‐of‐age group and 4 patients (3.5%) in ≥40‐years‐of‐age group died from complications of HDCT. Two‐year PFS for <40 years of age versus ≥40 years of age was 58.7% versus 59.6% (P = .76) and 2‐year OS was 63.9% versus 61.5% (P = .93). Factors predicting worse PFS included Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≥1, platinum refractory disease, nonseminoma histology, and not completing 2 cycles of HDCT. Age was not an independent predictor of worse outcomes.CONCLUSIONSHDCT plus PBSCT is effective salvage therapy in patients ≥40 years of age with relapsed metastatic GCT. Patients ≥40 years of age experience similar rates of toxicity and treatment‐related mortality as those <40 years of age.
Extending π‐Conjugation and Integrating Multi‐Redox Centers into One Molecule for High‐Capacity Organic Cathodes
Authors: Wang Zhaolei , Qi Qiaoyan , Jin Weize , Zhao Xin , Huang Xiaoyu , Li Yongjun 
Published: July 2021

AbstractStructural diversity, designability, and eco‐friendliness make organic electrode materials appealing for next‐generation rechargeable batteries. However, most of them show low specific capacity and poor cycling stability, which limit their further application. To develop high‐capacity imide‐based cathode materials, three C3‐symmetric triimides were designed. Systematic comparisons of these triimides as cathode materials revealed that extending π‐conjugation and incorporating multiple redox centers improved the cell performance in terms of specific capacity and cycling stability. In particular, a nitrogen‐rich heteroaromatic hexaazatrinaphthylene triimide (HATNTI‐Pr) with multiple active sites (imide and pyrazine) exhibited high specific capacity. Hybridized with graphene sheets, a HATNTI‐Pr‐based binder‐free cathode delivered a high practical capacity (317 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C), excellent cycling stability (80 % retention after 100 cycles), and considerable rate performance (75 mAh g−1 at 5 C). The energy storage mechanism of HATNTI‐Pr with up to nine Li+ storage ability was investigated.
Defined diets for freshwater planarians
Authors: Abel Chris , Powers Kaleigh , Gurung Gargi , Pellettieri Jason 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundPlanarian flatworms are popular invertebrate models for basic research on stem cell biology and regeneration. These animals are commonly maintained on a diet of homogenized calf liver or boiled egg yolk in the laboratory, introducing a source of uncontrolled experimental variability.ResultsHere, we report the development of defined diets, prepared entirely from standardized, commercially sourced ingredients, for the freshwater species Schmidtea mediterranea, Dugesia japonica, and Girardia dorotocephala. These food sources provide an opportunity to test the effects of specific nutritional variables on biological phenomena of interest. Defined diet consumption was not sufficient for growth and only partially induced the increase in stem cell division that normally accompanies feeding, suggesting these responses are not solely determined by caloric intake. Our defined diet formulations enable delivery of double‐stranded RNA for gene knockdown in a manner that provides unique advantages in some experimental contexts. We also present a new approach for preserving tissue integrity during hydrogen peroxide bleaching of liver‐fed animals.ConclusionsThese tools will empower research on the connections between diet, metabolism, and stem cell biology in the experimentally tractable planarian system.
Shielded environments reduce stress in alien Asteraceae species during hot and dry summers along urban‐to‐rural gradients
Authors: Géron Charly , Lembrechts Jonas J. , Nijs Ivan , Monty Arnaud 
Published: July 2021

AbstractUrban environments often host a greater abundance and diversity of alien plant species than rural areas. This is frequently linked to higher disturbance and propagule pressure, but could also be related to the additional establishment of species from warmer native ranges in cities, facilitated by the latter's higher air temperatures and drier soils. A hitherto unresolved question is how stressful the urban environments become during climate extremes such as heatwaves and droughts. Do such episodes still favor alien plant species, or set them back? We used in situ measured phenotypic leaf and development trait responses of the six most widespread alien Asteraceae species from various native climates along Belgian urban‐to‐rural gradients, measured during two unusually warm and dry summers. Urbanization was characterized by three factors: the percentage of artificially sealed surfaces (urbanity, measured at three spatial scales from in situ to satellite‐based), the vegetation cover and the sky view factor (SVF, fraction of the hemisphere not blocked by buildings or vegetation). Across species, either from colder or warmer native climates, we found a predominant protective effect of shielded environments that block solar radiation (low SVF) along the entire urban‐to‐rural gradient. Such environments induced lower leaf anthocyanins and flavonols indices, indicating heat stress mitigation. Shielded environments also increased specific leaf area (SLA), a typical shade response. We found that vegetated areas had a secondary importance, increasing the chlorophyll content and decreasing the flavonols index, but these effects were not consistent across species. Finally, urbanity at the organism spatial scale decreased plant height, while broader‐scale urbanity had no significant influence. Our results suggest that sealed surfaces constrain alien Asteraceae during unusually warm and dry summers, while shielded environments protect them, possibly canceling out the lack of light. These findings shed new light on alien plant species success along urban‐to‐rural gradients in a changing climate.
Alpine lichen diversity in an isolated sky island in the Colorado Plateau, USA—Insight from an integrative biodiversity inventory
Authors: Leavitt Steven D. , Hollinger Jason , Summerhays Sara , Munger Isaac , Allen Jonah , Smith Barb 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLichens are major components of high altitude/latitude ecosystems. However, accurately characterizing their biodiversity is challenging because these regions and habitats are often underexplored, there are numerous poorly known taxonomic groups, and morphological variation in extreme environments can yield conflicting interpretations. Using an iterative taxonomic approach based on over 800 specimens and incorporating both traditional morphology‐based identifications and information from the standard fungal DNA barcoding marker, we compiled a voucher‐based inventory of biodiversity of lichen‐forming fungi in a geographically limited and vulnerable alpine community in an isolated sky island in the Colorado Plateau, USA—the La Sal Mountains. We used the newly proposed Assemble Species by Automatic Partitioning (ASAP) approach to empirically delimit candidate species‐level lineages from family‐level multiple sequence alignments. Specimens comprising DNA‐based candidate species were evaluated using traditional taxonomically diagnostic phenotypic characters to identify specimens to integrative species hypotheses and link these, where possible, to currently described species. Despite the limited alpine habitat (ca. 3,250 ha), we document the most diverse alpine lichen community known to date from the southern Rocky Mountains, with up to 240 candidate species/species‐level lineages of lichen‐forming fungi. 139 species were inferred using integrative taxonomy, plus an additional 52 candidate species within 29 different putative species complexes. Over 68% of sequences could not be assigned to species‐level rank with statistical confidence, corroborating the limited utility of current sequence repositories for species‐level DNA barcoding of lichen‐forming fungi. By integrating vouchered specimens, DNA sequence data, and photographic documentation, we provide an important baseline of lichen‐forming fungal diversity for the limited alpine habitat in the Colorado Plateau. These data provide an important resource for subsequent research in the ecology and evolution of lichens alpine habitats, including DNA barcodes for most putative species/species‐level lineages occurring in the La Sal Mountains, and vouchered collections representing any potentially undescribed species that can be used for future taxonomic studies.