bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a support for Black Lives Matter measure among racially–ethnically diverse college students
Authors: Yoo Hyung Chol , Atkin Annabelle L. , Seaton Eleanor K. , Gabriel Abigail K. , Parks Sarah J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis paper developed and validated a new measure of support for the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement among a racially–ethnically diverse sample of college students. The measure focuses on the movement’s principles of Black liberation, intersectionality, and alliance building. Participants included 1934 college students (75% female) from a large public Southwestern university. The factor structure was supported by exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, resulting in an 18‐item measure, Support for Black Lives Matter, with two underlying factors. Black Liberation includes 12 items representing support for BLM because of awareness of and challenging structural inequality and racism experienced by Black individuals. Intersectional Values includes six items representing support for BLM because it embraces and affirms marginalized populations within the Black community, especially disabled Blacks, queer Blacks, Black women, and Black families with children. Evidence of criterion‐related validity was demonstrated with racial group differences in support of BLM factors. Evidence of convergent validity was supported by significant positive correlations between support for BLM factors and critical consciousness (including awareness of racism, classism, and heterosexism), and negative correlations between support for BLM factors and subtle racist attitudes toward Blacks. Measurement invariance was evident between White, Black, Asian American, Latinx, and Multiracial participants. Implications and suggestions for use of the new measure are discussed.
Enzyme kinetic parameters estimation: A tricky task?
Authors: Aledo Juan C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe are living in the Big Data era, and yet we may have serious troubles when dealing with a handful of kinetic data if we are not properly instructed. The aim of this paper, related to enzyme kinetics, is to illustrate how to determine the Km and Vmax of a michaelian enzyme avoiding the pitfalls in which we often fall. To this end, we will resort to kinetic data obtained by second‐year Biochemistry students during a laboratory experiment using β‐galactosidase as an enzyme model, assayed at different concentrations of its substrate. When these data were analyzed using conventional linear regression of double‐reciprocal plots, the range of Km and Vmax values obtained by different students varied widely. Even worse, some students obtained negative values for the kinetic parameters. Although such a scenario could make us think of a wide inter‐student variability regarding their skills to obtain reliable data, the reality was quite different: when properly analyzed (accounting for error propagation) the data obtained by all the students were good enough to allow a correct estimation of the Km (2.8 ± 0.3 mM) and Vmax (179 ± 27 mM/min) with a reduced intergroup standard deviation. A student‐accessible discussion of the importance of weighted linear regression in biochemical sciences is provided.
Heusler‐Verbindungen
Authors: Kroder Johannes , Fecher Gerhard H. , Felser Claudia 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungMit mehr als 1000 bekannten Mitgliedern bilden Heusler‐Materialien eine große Gruppe an intermetallischen Verbindungen. Trotz ihrer verhältnismäßig einfachen kubischen Kristallstruktur zeigen sie eine enorme Vielzahl an physikalischen Effekten. Gründe hierfür sind sowohl ihre große Anzahl als auch die Einstellmöglichkeiten durch Substitution und Wärmebehandlung. Viele der Eigenschaften einer Heusler‐Verbindung, wie Halbleitung oder das magnetische Moment, lassen sich zudem durch einfaches Abzählen der Valenzelektronen vorhersagen. Während in den letzten Jahrzehnten vor allem die Anwendung als Thermoelektrika und in der Spintronik erforscht wurde, rücken neuerdings die topologischen Eigenschaften der Heusler‐Verbindungen in den Fokus.
Urine cytology findings in patients with biopsy‐confirmed urothelial carcinoma in situ with plasmacytoid features
Authors: Nichols Meredith M. , Reynolds Jordan P. , McKenney Jesse K. , Nicolas Marlo M. , McIntire Patrick J. , Policarpio‐Nicolas Maria Luisa C. 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundUrine cytology is an important screening tool in the diagnosis of high‐grade urothelial carcinoma. Diagnosis in urine samples follows criteria outlined by The Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology (TPS). However, cytologic characteristics of the recently described urothelial carcinoma in situ with plasmacytoid features (P‐CIS) have not been described, and it is unknown whether they conform to TPS criteria for high‐grade urothelial carcinoma. This study was aimed at better characterizing possibly unique cytologic features of P‐CIS.MethodsThe authors collected urine cytology specimens from patients with subsequent bladder biopsy–proven P‐CIS. Specimens were re‐reviewed according to the TPS criteria. The proposed cytologic features of P‐CIS (eccentric, enlarged, and hyperchromatic nuclei) were evaluated; this included the reproducibility of 3 cytopathologists for the proposed cytologic features.ResultsSeventy‐four urine specimens from 18 patients with P‐CIS–diagnosed bladder biopsies were identified. The TPS diagnoses of the 74 urine cytology specimens were as follows: negative for high‐grade urothelial carcinoma (n = 26), atypical urothelial cells (n = 26), suspicious for high‐grade urothelial carcinoma (n = 12), and high‐grade urothelial carcinoma (n = 10). Only 7 urine specimens met the proposed cytologic criteria for P‐CIS, and they had TPS diagnoses of negative for high‐grade urothelial carcinoma (n = 1), atypical urothelial cells (n = 3), and high‐grade urothelial carcinoma (n = 3). The κ interobserver agreement ranged from poor to fair.ConclusionThe features of P‐CIS on urine cytology are subtle and infrequently reproducible and often do not meet the TPS criteria for diagnosis as high‐grade urothelial carcinoma. In specimens that do not meet TPS criteria for high‐grade urothelial carcinoma, P‐CIS cytology in isolation would be best classified as atypical urothelial cells.
Significance of Oil‐Red‐O positive macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage in diagnosing E‐cigarettes or vaping product use‐associated lung injury: A case series
Authors: Niu Shuang , Colon Glorimar Rivera , Molberg Kyle , Chen Hao , Carrick Kelley , Yan Shirley , Sarode Venetia , Lucas Elena 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundLipid‐laden macrophages detected by Oil‐Red‐O (ORO) stain in fresh bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens have been proposed as a potential diagnostic marker for E‐cigarettes or vaping product use‐associated lung injury (EVALI). However, studies are few, and the sensitivity and specificity of the test have not been thoroughly investigated.MethodsWe performed ORO stain on fresh BAL specimens from six confirmed EVALI and 36 non‐EVALI patients. After semi‐quantitative analysis, the sensitivity and specificity of ORO‐positive macrophages (OPM) for detection of EVALI were calculated.ResultsNo significant difference in cytomorphology or raw macrophage count was observed between EVALI and non‐EVALI groups (49% vs 55% of all nucleated cells). However, with ORO stain, all EVALI specimens (6/6) showed a high percentage (≥50% of all macrophages) of OPM (mean 87%), and large (≥25% of host macrophage nuclear size) lipid droplets (mean 42%), while the majority of non‐EVALI specimens showed a low percentage of OPM (32/36, mean 10%), and small lipid droplets (34/36, mean 6%). The differences between the two groups in both high OPM and large lipid droplet rates are statistically significant (P < .0001 for both comparisons). The combined sensitivity and specificity of high OPM and large lipid droplets for diagnosing EVALI were 100% and 94%, respectively.ConclusionIn BAL specimens obtained from patients with clinically suspected EVALI, a high percentage of OPM with large lipid droplets showed high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of EVALI and may serve as a potentially useful tool in the evaluation of vaping‐related lung injury, improving diagnostic accuracy.
The real Nemo movie: Description of embryonic development inAmphiprion ocellarisfrom first division to hatching
Authors: Salis Pauline , Lee Shu‐hua , Roux Natacha , Lecchini David , Laudet Vincent 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundAmphiprion ocellarisis one of the rare reef fish species that can be reared in aquaria. It is increasingly used as a model species for Eco‐Evo‐Devo. Therefore, it is important to have an embryonic development table based on high quality images that will allow for standardized sampling by the scientific community.ResultsHere we provide high‐resolution time‐lapse videos to accompany a detailed description of embryonic development inA ocellaris. We describe a series of developmental stages and we define six broad periods of embryogenesis: zygote, cleavage, blastula, gastrula, segmentation, and organogenesis that we further subdivide into 32 stages. These periods highlight the changing spectrum of major developmental processes that occur during embryonic development.ConclusionsWe provide an easy system for the determination of embryonic stages, enabling the development ofA ocellarisas a coral reef fish model species. This work will facilitate evolutionary development studies, in particular studies of the relationship between climate change and developmental trajectories in the context of coral reefs. Thanks to its lifestyle, complex behavior, and ecology,A ocellariswill undoubtedly become a very attractive model in a wide range of biological fields.
Organocatalytic Enantioselective Intramolecular (Hetero)Michael Additions in Desymmetrization Processes
Authors: Escolano Marcos , Gaviña Daniel , Torres Javier , Díaz‐Oltra Santiago , del Pozo Carlos 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe organocatalytic enantioselective desymmetrization reaction by means of an intramolecular (hetero)Michael addition is a useful strategy for the creation of complex carbo‐ and heterocycles with the generation of multiple stereocenters in a very simple manner. The intramolecular addition of carbon, oxygen and nitrogen nucleophiles to prochiral substrates bearing electronically deficient olefins takes place in the presence of organocatalysts, such as chiral primary and secondary amines, NHCs, ureas, thioureas, and BINOL phosphoric acid derivatives, reaching high levels of diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity. The main bottleneck of this methodology is the design and synthesis of the starting materials, which compromises its application. To date, the majority of examples are related to the use of 1,4‐cyclohexanedione derivatives.
Hybrid Materials Based on Conducting Polymers for Nitrite Sensing: A Mini Review
Authors: Salhi Ouissal , Ez‐zine Tarik , El Rhazi Mama 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWell‐known as a hazardous compound, nitrite constitute a real threat to the public health. So, there is a pressing need to detect and quantify them in different matrix. Even though conventional analytical methods can be used to address this issue, electrochemistry allows a fast, sensitive, and efficient analysis. Conducting polymers continue to raise great interest among scientific communities due to their properties. Moreover, their combination with carbon nanomaterials, or metallic nanoparticles improves their properties, and provides great results. In this paper, we will focus on some revealing works devoted to the electrochemical detection of nitrite using this kind of materials.
Recent trends and emerging challenges in two‐dimensional materials for energy harvesting and storage applications
Authors: Tahir Muhammad Bilal , Fatima Urooj 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBy itself, the physics of two‐dimensional (2D) materials are often fascinating. All the atoms of these elemental 2D materials are exposed to the surface, making it relatively easier to tune the structure and physical properties of the materials using surface treatments. The discovery of graphene has sparked a flurry of research into graphene‐related 2D materials such as silicene, germanene (a hexagonal network of silicon and germanium), stanene, borophene, and a zoo of other 2D materials. In this article, the discussion is on the 2D materials, the synthesis methods of the 2D materials, and the energy applications of the 2D materials.
The Systems Evaluation Protocol for evaluation planning
Authors: Urban Jennifer Brown , Hargraves Monica , Buckley Jane , Archibald Thomas , Hebbard Claire , Trochim William M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we present a comprehensive integrative approach to evaluation planning based on Relational Systems Evaluation (RSE). We describe the major implementation approaches and the tools and resources that support evaluation planning in RSE embodied in the Systems Evaluation Protocol (SEP), a step‐by‐step guide to the tasks that every evaluation should address. The SEP provides both a conceptual framework for thinking about evaluation and a set of specific methods and tools that expand awareness of the influences of multiple parts of complex systems. The SEP is implemented through a partnership approach, joining evaluators and program professionals in an iterative, phased approach to evaluation planning, which also often emphasizes evaluation capacity building (ECB) as an intentional goal. This paper provides a practice‐oriented overview of the specific steps comprising the three stages outlined in the SEP: preparation, model development, and evaluation plan development.
Entropy analysis of nanofluid magnetohydrodynamic convection flow past an inclined surface: A numerical review
Authors: Vedavathi N. , Dharmaiah Gurram , Abdul Gaffar Shaik , Venkatadri Kothuru 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA numerical investigation is conducted to review the entropy study of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) convection nanofluid flow from an inclined surface. In evaluating the thermophoresis and Brownian motion impacts, Buongiorno's model is applied to nanofluid transfer. Using Keller's implicit box technique, the governing partial differential conservation equations and wall and free stream boundary conditions are made into the dimensionless form and solved computationally. For different thermos physical parameter values, the numerical results are discussed both graphically and numerically. Verification of the present code with previous Newtonian responses is also included. To analyze the variability in fluid velocity, temperature, nanoparticle volume fraction, entropy, Bejan number, shear stress rate, wall heat, and mass transfer rates, graphical and tabulated results are reported. The study suggests applications in the manufacturing of nanomaterial fabrication, and so on.
In the twilight zone—The head morphology of Bergrothia saulcyi (Pselaphinae, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera), a beetle with adaptations to endogean life but living in leaf litter
Authors: Luo Xiao‐Zhu , Hlaváč Peter , Jałoszyński Paweł , Beutel Rolf Georg 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe pselaphine Bergrothia saulcyi shows features seemingly linked with life in deep soil layers, such as greatly reduced and non‐functional compound eyes, a sensorium of long tactile setae, long appendages, and flightlessness. However, the tiny beetles occur in forest leaf litter, together with a community of beetles with wings and well‐developed eyes. We hypothesize that B. saulcyi moves into deep soil under dry conditions, and returns to upper layers when humidity increases again. Despite the evolutionary cost of a reduced dispersal capacity, this life strategy may be more efficient and less hazardous than moving to different habitats using flight and the visual sense in an environment periodically drying out. We also discuss cephalic features with potential phylogenetic relevance. Plesiomorphies of B. saulcyi include the presence of anterior tentorial arms, well‐developed labral retractors, and a full set of extrinsic maxillary and premental muscles. Apomorphic cephalic features support clades Protopselaphinae + Pselaphinae, and Pselaphinae. A conspicuous derived condition, the clypeo‐ocular carina, is a possible synapomorphy of Batrisitae and genera assigned to Goniaceritae. A complex triple set of cephalic glands found in B. saulcyi is similar to a complex identified in the strict myrmecophile Claviger testaceus (Clavigeritae). It is conceivable that glands linked with food uptake in free‐living pselaphines were genetically re‐programmed in ancestors of inquilines, to enable them to appease the host ants. We suggest that behavioral studies are necessary to understand the poorly known life habits of B. saulcyi. Additional information is required to explain why a species with irreversibly reduced visual sense and other adaptations typical of endogean or cave‐dwelling beetles was only collected from the upper leaf litter layer.
Multiple trajectories of grassland fragmentation, degradation, and recovery in Russia's steppes
Authors: Prishchepov Alexander V. , Myachina Ksenia V. , Kamp Johannes , Smelansky Ilya , Dubrovskaya Svetlana , Ryakhov Roman , Grudinin Dmitriy , Yakovlev Ilya , Urazaliyev Ruslan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOver the 20th century, the Eurasian steppes underwent drastic land‐cover changes. Much progress was made studying cropland expansion and the post‐1990 (i.e., post‐Soviet) agricultural land abandonment in Eurasia. However, the alteration of steppe landscapes may include other disturbances, such as oil and gas development, formal and informal roads and garbage dumps, which were not systematically documented. Considering the example of the steppe Orenburg Province in Russia, we reconstructed agricultural land‐cover change dynamics using Landsat and Sentinel‐2 imagery from 1990 to 2018. Furthermore, we used very high‐resolution imagery and assessed the patterns and determinants of other steppe landscape anthropogenic disturbances. Our study showed that, despite steppe recovery due to widespread cropland abandonment from 1990 to 2018, the steppes, including the recovered steppe patches, underwent fragmentation due to informal roads, oil and gas development, shrub encroachment, garbage dumps and quarries, as well as abandonment of settlements and buildings. Only 6.4% of the sampled 7859 1×1 km blocks in 2018 showing grassland extent had no documented disturbances. The mapped disturbances occurred primarily near settlements and roads, while some disturbances occurred in remote areas. Given the accessibility of steppes, our study calls for a urgent need to systematically document alternatives to agricultural land uses in the steppes of Eurasia and other parts of the global grassland biome.
Detoxification of Oral Exposure to Benzo(a)pyrene by Lactobacillus plantarum CICC 23121 in Mice
Authors: Liu Jinxia , He Huan , Xu Mengfan , Wang Tao , Dziugan Piotr , Zhao Hongfei , Zhang Bolin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study's previous work showed that the carcinogen and mutagen benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) can be adsorbed by Lactobacillus cells in vitro. However, in vivo BaP detoxification by lactic acid bacteria has not yet been investigated. The present study evaluates the effects of orally administered Lactobacillus plantarum CICC 23121 in BaP‐treated mice. Oral administration of 50 mg kg−1 BaP perturbed the intestinal microflora, caused Proteobacteria to predominate, and severely damaged DNA. However, oral administration of 5 × 1010 CFU mL−1 CICC 23121 in BaP‐treated mice enhances fecal BaP excretion from 181.70 ± 1.04 µg/(g∙h) to 271.47 ± 11.71 µg/(g∙h) after 6 h. Fecal BaP excretion reaches up to 280.66 ± 22.97 µg/(g∙h) after the first 4 days of orally administered CICC 23121 and decreased to 94.31 ± 2.64 µg/(g∙h) by day 11. Intestinal microbiota are restored and Firmicutes predominates. CICC 23121 alleviates BaP‐induced DNA damage and reduces tail length from 56.37 ± 5.31 to 39.69 ± 4.27 µm. Therefore, oral CICC23121 consumption is a promising strategy for reducing BaP toxicity in mice. To the best of our knowledge, this report is the first report to demonstrate in vivo that Lactobacillus cells can detoxify BaP.
Processing composites reinforced with wood fibers into an ultra‐strong structural materials
Authors: Tang Qiheng , Zou Miao , Wang Shuangyong , Fang Lu , Guo Wenjing 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHigh‐performance composites reinforced with natural fibers are next‐generation structural materials due to their recyclability and light weight. Manufacturing composites with high strength has been a challenge. Here, we describe the manufacture of novel composites reinforced with wood fibers using densification by hot‐pressing and fixing by curing reaction with phenolic resin. This composite with 1.4 g/cm3 had high mechanical properties, high water stability, and aging‐resistance, and exhibited a flexural strength and internal bonding strength of 102.4 and 7.5 MPa, respectively. The strength and modulus are 1.5–6.0 and 1.3–28.1 times higher than those of most of the wood fibers reinforced composites. After immersing in water for 24 h, the water absorption and thickness swelling are only 1.3% and 0.8%, respectively. Scanning electron microscope characterization indicates that the cell wall is totally collapsed and became complete densification. And the collapsed cells are fixed by phenolic resin. This production strategy for the composites was shown to be universally effective for various species of natural fibers. These novel wood fiber‐reinforced composites were suitable for commercial manufacture in the current production line, making them a low cost and high‐performance alternative to automotive and aerospace industries.
New‐user and prevalent‐user designs and the definition of study time origin in pharmacoepidemiology: A review of reporting practices
Authors: Luijken Kim , Spekreijse Judith J. , van Smeden Maarten , Gardarsdottir Helga , Groenwold Rolf H. H. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundGuidance reports for observational comparative effectiveness and drug safety research recommend implementing a new‐user design whenever possible, since it reduces the risk of selection bias in exposure effect estimation compared to a prevalent‐user design. The uptake of this guidance has not been studied extensively.MethodsWe reviewed 89 observational effectiveness and safety cohort studies published in six pharmacoepidemiological journals in 2018 and 2019. We developed an extraction tool to assess how frequently new‐user and prevalent‐user designs were reported to be implemented. For studies that implemented a new‐user design in both treatment arms, we extracted information about the extent to which the moment of meeting eligibility criteria, treatment initiation, and start of follow‐up were reported to be aligned.ResultsOf the 89 studies included, 40% reported implementing a new‐user design for both the study exposure arm and the comparator arm, while 13% reported implementing a prevalent‐user design in both arms. The moment of meeting eligibility criteria, treatment initiation, and start of follow‐up were reported to be aligned in both treatment arms in 53% of studies that reported implementing a new‐user design. We provided examples of studies that minimized the risk of introducing bias due to unclear definition of time origin in unexposed participants, immortal time, or a time lag.ConclusionsAlmost half of the included studies reported implementing a new‐user design. Implications of misalignment of study design origin were difficult to assess because it would require explicit reporting of the target estimand in original studies. We recommend that the choice for a particular study time origin is explicitly motivated to enable assessment of validity of the study.