Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and response on the utilisation of health services during the first wave in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Hategeka Celestin , Carter Simone Elyse , Chenge Faustin Mukalenge , Katanga Eric Nyambu , Lurton Grégoire , Mayaka Serge Ma-Nitu , Mwamba Dieudonné Kazadi , van Kleef Esther , Vanlerberghe Veerle , Grépin Karen Ann 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIntroductionHealth service use among the general public can decline during infectious disease outbreaks and has been predicted among low and middle-income countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. In March 2020, the government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) implemented public health measures across Kinshasa, including strict lockdown measures in the Gombe health zone, to mitigate impact of the pandemic.MethodsUsing data from the Health Management Information System (January 2018 - December 2020), we evaluated the impact of the pandemic on the use of essential health services (total visits, maternal health, vaccinations, visits for common infectious diseases, and diagnosis of non-communicable diseases) using interrupted time series with mixed effects segmented Poisson regression models during the first wave of the pandemic. Analyses were stratified by age, sex, health facility, and neighbourhood.ResultsHealth service use dropped rapidly following the start of the pandemic and ranged from 16% for hypertension diagnoses to 39% for diabetes diagnoses. However, reductions were highly concentrated in Gombe (81% decline in total visits) relative to health zones without lockdown. When the lockdown was lifted, total visits, visits for infectious diseases, and diagnoses for non-communicable diseases increased approximately two-fold. Hospitals were more affected than health centres. Overall, the use of maternal health services and vaccinations was not significantly affected.ConclusionThe COVID-19 pandemic resulted in important reductions in health service utilisation in Kinshasa, particularly Gombe. Lifting of lockdown led to a rebound in the level of health service use but it remained lower than pre-pandemic levels.Summary BoxWhat is already known about this subjectSubstantial declines in the use of health services among the general public have been well-documented during previous outbreaks of infectious diseases.Modelled studies predicted substantial increases in morbidity and mortality in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) mainly due to expected declines in the use of health services among the general public.Only a small number of studies have so far evaluated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the use of health services in LMICs and none have also evaluated both the implementation and lifting of lockdown measures.What are the new findingsThis study found that overall use of health services declined in Kinshasa but was most pronounced in the Gombe health zone which was subject to strict lockdown measures.Some health services were more affected than others, most notably visits and tests for malaria and visits for new diagnoses of non-communicable diseases. Maternal and child health services were relatively unaffected.When the lockdown measures were lifted, health service utilization rebounded but remained at levels lower than those observed pre-pandemic.What do the new findings implyThe COVID-19 pandemic has likely had important effects on the use of health services among the general public throughout LMICs. However, evidence from Kinshasa suggests the effects may not be as widespread as previously assumed.The impact of strict social distancing measures needs on COVID-19 outcomes needs to be weighed off against the potential population-level health effects of these policies in various international contexts.