bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Notes on the Development of the Germ-layers in Diprotodont Marsupials
Authors: Kerr T. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The material for this investigation was collected in Tasmania by Professor T. Thomson Flynn from animals taken in the wild during 1920 to 1929, and forms part of the marsupial and mono-treme material obtained by him by the aid of grants allowed by the Ralston Trustees and by the Grants Committee of the Royal Society. The author would like to express now his gratitude both for the opportunity of examining it and for the help and encouragement he has received during the course of the work. The material itself consists of nine series of sections of blastocysts of Bettongia cuniculus cut by Professor Flynn himself in Tasmania, and of fourteen blastocysts of Bettongia cuniculus and four of Potorous tridactylus which have been cut here. A series of early stages of these rather scarce little Marsupials is extremely hard to obtain, for only a single egg is produced at a time and it is almost impossible to breed the animals in captivity (Flynn, 1930). The blastocysts were fixed in Bouin or in Hill ‘s fluid (picro-nitric-aceto-osmic mixture), and those not cut at the time were preserved in alcohol; the whole series covers a range of development from an early unilaminar blastocyst to a fully formed primitive streak.
The Vascular System of Octochaetus thomasi
Authors: Bleakly Maurice 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Posteriorly to the gizzard the dorsal vessel of O. thomasi is double, consisting of two tubes joined by a short connecting vessel anterior to the septum in each segment. There are six pairs of strongly contractile hearts in segments 8-13. The latero-intestinal hearts in segments 10-13 receive blood from the dorsal vessel and from a common trunk from the supra-intestinal and latero-oesophageal vessels, and supply blood to the ventral vessel. The lateral hearts receive blood from the dorsal vessel and supply ventro-tegumentary and ventral vessels. For complete circulation all blood must pass through the hearts. The ventral vessel, which is not contractile, receives blood from the hearts; posteriorly to the hearts the flow is backward in the ventral vessel and outward via ventro-tegumentaries and ventro-intestinals to the body and gut; anteriorly to the hearts the flow is forward, the blood leaving the ventral vessel by the commissures from which the ventro-tegumentaries of the anterior region arise. The ventral vessel is the main arterial trunk. Posteriorly to the hearts the dorsal vessel collects blood from the body and gut by dorso-tegumentaries and dorso-intestinals. The flow in the dorsal vessel, which is contractile, is forward. Blood leaves the dorsal vessel through small vessels to the latero-intestinal hearts, and larger vessels to the lateral hearts. Anteriorly to the hearts, the commissures and all vessels connected with the dorsal vessel receive blood from it. Thus, posteriorly to the hearts the dorsal vessel is venous, and anteriorly to the hearts arterial, in character. Blood from the anterior region is returned by paired latθro-oesophageal vessels to the supra-intestinal vessel and to the latero-intestinal hearts. The latero-oesophageal vessels and the supra-intestinal vessels are the main venous trunks in the anterior region.s There is no sub-neural vessel.
The Internal Anatomy of Baccalaureus with a Description of a New Species
Authors: Pyefinch K. A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The genus Baccalaureus was formed by Broch in 1929 for Ascothoracica from the coast of Japan. He placed this new genus in the Lauridae, and described one species, B. japonicus. The internal anatomy of this species was described two years later by Yosii, and in 1934 a second species, B. maldivensis, was added to the genus.
Observations on Protozoa: I. The impermanence of the contractile vacuole in Amoeba Vespertilio.: II. Structure and mode of food ingestion of Peranema
Authors: Hyman Libbie H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In A. vespertilio Pénard (1902) there is a continuous de novo formation of water vacuoles, each of which in turn increases to maximum size, acquires a stiffened wall, lags into the rear end of the amoeba, and discharges apparently through pressure from the gelating ectoplasm. No continuity exists between successive vacuoles. The observations indicate that the contractile vacuole system serves to discharge water necessarily taken in in hypotonic medium. The more fluid the ectoplasm and the thinner the surface membrane, the less permanent is the vacuolar system of a protozoan. In P. trichophorum Ehrb. the gullet opens and the flagellum passes inward at the anterior tip of the animal, not at the heads of the two pharyngeal rods. No evidence was found for the existence of a mouth at the rod-heads as maintained by Brown (1930), and the gullet entrance is believed to be the mouth. In feeding on large objects Peranema applies the greatly expanded gullet lips to the object and sucks in the contents; smaller objects are swallowed whole. The pharyngeal rods are not used to pierce the food object, but serve as trichites to assist the upper or more protruding lip in grasping objects and to stiffen the food-ingesting parts. Food is swallowed by peristaltic contortions.
New Species of Diatomaceæ
Authors: Kitton F. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the previous number of this Journal, the Rev. E. O’Meara has charged me with carelessness, and thinks if I had read his papers with greater attention I should have expressed my doubts of the genuineness of his new species more cautiously. I have, therefore, read them again, in order to apologise for any misrepresentation, and correct any errors. I find two or three mistakes; viz., Cocconeis divergens should have been C. clavigera, the remarks on Navicula pellucida ought to have preceded the passage quoted by the Rev. E. O’Meara. I have also inadvertently made him the author of Raphoneis liburnica, whereas he is only responsible for the variety. With these exceptions, I really find nothing to retract. At page 91, the Rev. E. O’Meara says : “How inapplicable are some of Mr. Kitton’s observations on dredging to the forms found by me in the dredgings from Arran.” I find, on referring to his first paper, he says, “this material was procured from depths varying from ten to thirty fathoms,” &c. I do not think, therefore, I was unjustified in assuming that his material was similar to others procured from like depths, and which, in almost every case, consist of sand, animal and vegetable debris, and valves of diatoms. My copy of the ‘Microscopical Journal ‘in which his first paper appears has no description of the figures. I therefore assumed that the figures were magnified 600 diameters, as that was the degree of amplification more frequently used in the second paper. I do not find the number of diameters stated in the text. If the Rev. E. O’Meara refers to the text of his first paper, he will find Navicula pellucida is fig. 2 ; and fig. 2 in the plate is the form which, I think, resembles Navicula pandura much too elosely to entitle it to rank as a new species*. N. denticutala is fig. 3 in text. I am still unconvinced of the specific distinctness of Surirella pulchra and S. gracilis, or that they differ sufficiently from?. lata to warrant their separation from that species. I am willing to admit that a remarkable difference exists between the figures of S. pulchra and S. gracilis; viz., the crenulate margin ; alæ are also wanting, but as these differences are not noticed in the text, I am inclined to doubt the correctness of the figures, and suppose the crenulations represent the undulations of the alæ, and that the margin of the valve is not shown in the figure.
The Musculature of the Mouth-parts of Insect Larvae
Authors: Das G. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The principal points brought out in the foregoing discussion may be summarized as follows: The points of origin of the anterior, lateral, and posterior labral muscle identify the frons in larval insects.The hypopharynx is proximal to the insertion of the dorsal muscles (when present) of the prementum.The direction of the cardo varies with the prognathous and hypognathous conditions of the insect head.The palpifer is a secondarily demarcated portion of the stipes (Borner and Snodgrass), and cannot be a definite segment of the mouth-part limb, since no muscles take their origin from or are inserted upon it.The lacinia can be recognized by the stipital and cranial flexors, and the galea by the stipital flexor only.The cranial flexor of the lacinia is always retained and is a very important muscle in identifying the single maxillary lobe when one of the two is absent.The origin of the flexors of the lacinia and galea upon the stipes shows that the lobes belong to the stipes.The basal segment of the maxillary palp is often misinterpreted as the palpifer owing to its partial or complete fusion with the basal part of the galea, but it can be definitely identified by the insertion of the palpal muscles upon its base.The premental sclerotization may form two lateral sclerites, but it is never subdivided into a proximal and a distal sclerite.The mentum represents the united cardines of a pair of maxilla-like appendages.The submentum is a derivative of the sternum of the labial segment.The fusion of the submentum and mentum to form a single postmental sclerite is a secondary condition.The sternal muscles of the labial appendages are represented by the premental muscles having their primary origin upon the submentum, and also by the submentomental muscles.With the prognathous condition of the insect head the gula is developed from the cervical membrane.The prognathous insects having a well-developed gula are more specialized than the hypognathous insects in which the gula is either reduced or absent.The larval insects could be classified by the musculature of the mouth-parts, since each group has its characteristic musculature.
Nina: A Remarkable Gregarine
Authors: Goodrich Helen Pixell 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
1. The changes of shape in the protomerite sucker, together with the behaviour of the multiple caducous epimerites, have been observed in living specimens of Nina parasitizing Scolopendra subspinipes Leach in Bermuda and Malaya, and also Scolopendra cingulata Latreille from Banyuls (Mediterranean).
2. This gregarine, Nina, showed extraordinary variety of size and form in the same host specimen, but no constant differences could be discovered, in fact the gregarines appeared exactly alike morphologically from the three widely separated parts of the world. One is thus forced to the conclusion that they are all the same as Leger and Duboscq’s species from Banyuls which they call Nina gracilis Grebnicki. [This will possibly prove finally to be Kolliker’s Nina scolopendrae.]
3. Scolopendra cingulata and Scolopendra subspinipes are said to be closely related species, and we appear to have in Nina a parasite which is phylogenetically older than at least one of these hosts.
4. The elaborate method for the dispersal of the spores in water or moist places is described with an approximate time table. One striking peculiarity is the retention of the epicyte of the gamonts inside the true cyst wall. After the microgametes have entered the female side of the cyst all communication between the two sides is closed. While the zygotes are developing into spores in the female side, the male side develops into a float, gradually swelling and causing the whole cyst to rise to the surface of the water. Finally, by rupture of all its envelopes the spore mass is ejected to a considerable distance.
The Head of Xenopus laevis
Authors: Paterson Nellie F. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The foregoing account deals with some microscopic observations on the main anatomical features of the head of X. laevis, in both larval and young adult stages.
The arrangement of the lateral line sensory organs of the larva has been compared with that of the frog, and both are in general agreement with the distribution of similar organs in the Urodela.
The larval musculature is found to be similar to that of X. fraseri, described by Edgeworth. Notes regarding the changes occurring at metamorphosis are given.
The course of the head vein and internal carotid artery has been followed, as both blood-vessels are relevant to the study of the chondrocranium and nerves.
A complete study of the chondrocranium in different stages of larvae from the time of hatching up to metamorphosis reveals several points at variance with Kotthaus’s findings. Metamorphosis results in marked changes in the auditory and nasal regions. The former region has been studied by de Villiers in the adult Xenopus, and is herein only briefly reviewed. In regard to the nasal region, an account is given of the cavities and cartilages, both conforming in essentials to the typical Anuran arrangement.
The hyobranchial skeleton of the larva and young frog are in close agreement with that of mature specimens investigated by Ridewood.
The cranial nerves have been studied in some detail, and are observed to depart in some respects from those of typical Anura. The composition of the various nerves is in agreement with that of both Anura and Urodela, but the arrangement of the nerves approaches that of such Urodela as Siren (Norris), Proteus (Benedetti),and Salamandra (Francis). This is perhaps most noticeable in the innervation of the upper jaw, for a maxillary nerve is not separated from the maxillomandibular stem as in most Anura; the general cutaneous supply to the maxillary region is derived in Xenopus from the ramus ophthalmicus profundus V as in some Urodela.
The Morphology and Physiology of the Salivary Glands of Hemiptera-Heteroptera
Authors: Baptist B. A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The salivary glands of the Heteroptera consist of a pair of primarily bilobed principal glands and accessory glands which vary very greatly in form and structure in different families.
The glands are usually supplied with tracheae, and the principal glands are invested by a nervous plexus which is supplied by a glandular nerve from the hypocerebral ganglion of the stomatogastric system.
The principal salivary gland of Notoneeta is characterized by the presence of large cells having zymogen granules and by the storage of fluid secretion in vacuoles. In contrast, most of the remaining Heteropteran salivary glands belong to the vesicular type, having a one-layered glandular epithelium made up of small cells which discharge their secretion into a large central storage cavity or axial canal. This type of gland lacks zymogen granules but has small dense masses of reserve material in the basal or outer parts of the cells. There is normally no difference in the structure of the glandular epithelium in the different lobes. The accessory glands are either in the form of a thin-walled bladder-like vesicle, or are tubular or duct-like ; they seem to be purely a development of the primary conducting glandular system, and are thus homologous with the salivary reservoir of other orders. All the information obtained in this work is strongly against the idea that the various lobes of Hemipterous salivary glands produce widely different chemical substances, each with a special function. The results obtained by Fauré-Fremiet have not been confirmed.
Except with blood-sucking forms digestive enzymes were always found in the glands, two enzymes being the maximum number found in any particular gland. The enzymes were found to be always related to the type of food consumed, and were those concerned with the digestion of that particular component of the food which was present in the greatest proportion. In no case was a cellulase found. An anti-coagulant principle was found to be present in the glands of blood-sucking forms.
The accessory glands appear to produce only a watery secretion, enzymes being absent.
The pH of the principal gland is generally slightly acid, while that of the accessory gland is neutral.
Mitochondria and Golgi bodies typical of insect tissue are present in certain glands, but show no relation to the secretion granules, and thus do not appear to contribute to secretion synthesis.
From a number of experiments it appears that the action of the digestive enzymes is not sufficiently rapid for external digestion to take place to any great extent. It seems, however, certain that quite an appreciable quantity of the injected saliva is imbibed again, and that the salivary digestion continues in the stomach, where the food taken in is first stored. The pH activity range of the enzymes is in general wide.
The Tegumental Glands in the Land Isopoda A. The Rosette Glands
Authors: Gorvett H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The land Isopoda possess five (or possibly six) distinct varieties of tegumental gland, and these are briefly described. Of these, only the rosette glands are known to occur outside the group. The rosette glands of the Isopoda are similar to those of the Decapoda, but are confined to the head and mouth-parts. The structure and development of the rosette glands in Porcellio scaber Latr. are described. Activity is intimately connected with the moulting cycle, the glands reaching maturity and liberating their secretion only during the few days before ecdysis. The contents of the glands and their ducts show the same staining reactions as the cuticle. The cuticle first appears after the formation of new chitin has begun and increases in thickness with it. The thickness of the cuticle is greatest in the mouth-parts, where the ducts of the rosette glands open. The function of the rosette glands in the Isopoda is similar to that of the corresponding glands in the Decapoda, namely to secrete the layer of cuticle on the surface of the integument. Seven other species of Isopoda, from a wide range of habitat, were examined. Rosette glands similar in structure and distribution to those of Porcellio, and presumably having the same function, were found in every case.
The Histochemical Recognition, of Lipine
Authors: Baker John R. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The purpose of the investigation described in this paper was to find a rigorous and sensitive histochemical colour-test for the demonstration of lipine in plant and animal tissues. Full details are given of two new tests, called the acidhaematein and the pyridine-extraction tests. The presence of lipine is reliably indicated by the use of the two tests in conjunction. The acid-haematein test is derived from that of Smith and Dietrich, but unlike the latter gives a positive reaction with pure lecithin. It is also much more sensitive. Diverse organic compounds that occur in the tissues of plants and animals were deposited on paper and subjected to the acid-haematein test. The test was shown to be negative to members of all the groups of such substances that were studied, except lipines and certain proteins. The pyridine-extraction test serves to separate the positive reaction with lipines from that with certain proteins. Its validity was proved by experiments on known substances deposited on paper. In the pyridine-extraction test, tissues are extracted with hot pyridine before subjection to the aeid-hamnatein test. The tendency for certain proteins to give a positive reaction is now somewhat increased, while lipines are wholly negative. Any organic substance that reacts positively to the acidhaematein test but negatively after pyridine extraction consists of or contains lipine. Mitochondria are among the tissue-constituents that are shown by the tests to contain lipine. It has long been regarded as probable that they do so ; but they respond negatively to the Smith-Dietrich test, and there has not previously been rigorous proof by any in situ histochemical method that they do in fact contain lipine.
Note on a Point in the Habits of the Diatomaceæ and Desmidiaceæ
Authors: Edwards Arthur Mead 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Although most writers on the subject are in the habit of stating that many of the genera of Diatomaceæ in the living state are free, or non-adherent to other larger algæ or submerged substances, yet always since I first began the study of the Protophytes, as is well known to my fellow-students with whom I have from time to time discussed the subject, I have held that all species are, at some period of their existence, in an adherent or attached condition, growing upon, for the most part, aquatic vegetation of a larger size. I have also frequently expressed the opinion that the adherent condition of any species was but temporary and conditional ; otherwise I could not see how the wide distribution of forms, such as Cocconeis scutellum, an extremely widely diffused marine species usually found attached to larger algæ, or Tabellaria fiocculosa, an equally cosmopolitan fresh-water species found almost invariably attached, was provided for, as no motile spores of any kind are known to exist in this family, although such may be the case.
Immersion Objectives and Test-Objects
Authors: Mayall John 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The presentation of Dr. Woodward’s photographs1 of Robert’s Nineteen-band Test-plate, brought to the notice of the Society by the Hon. Secretary, Mr. Jabez Hogg, affords au opportunity of making a few remarks on their value as a record of what has been done in America in resolving these marvellously fine lines ; and as in my experiments 1 found some difference in the results obtained on Nobert’s plate by the immersion and the dry objectives, I think it will interest the Society to be informed of these results, because the relative separating and defining power of the two systems has not received that attention which I and many others think it deserves.
The Prothoracic Glands of some Coleopteran Larvae
Authors: Srivastava U. S. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The paired prothoracic glands of the larvae of 15 species of Coleoptera have been described. Each is a syncytial or cellular band attached at its ends to the dorsal and ventral tracheal trunks running from the prothoracic spiracles to the head, or the branches of these trunks; the gland may be spread over one or both of the tracheal trunks to a varying degree, shows no nuclear divisions during postembryonic development, and has no nerve-supply. There seems to be a tendency for the glands to be more anteriorly placed in the primitive groups and more posteriorly placed in the specialized ones. No relationship seems to exist between the morphological and histological nature of the gland and the taxonomic position of the insect, nor is there any proportionality between the size of the gland or its nuclei and the size of the insect. But there seems to be a direct relation between the volume of the whole gland and its total nuclear volume, and an inverse relation between the number of nuclei in the gland and the size of the individual nuclei.
The Histology of the Tube-feet and Clavulae of Echinocardium cordatum
Authors: Nichols David 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The histology of the oral feeding, dorsal funnel-building, sub-anal, sensory, and respiratory tube-feet and the clavulae of the fascicles of Echinocardium cordatum is described. The penicillate tube-feet, all superficially similar, are shown to possess histological differences which reflect their function: the burrow-building tube-feet (dorsal and sub-anal), which plaster mucus on to the burrow walls, possess mucus glands surrounded by a basket work of muscle-fibres for more efficient discharge, whereas the feeding tube-feet, needing a sticky disc, have glands lacking such fibres. The sensory tube-feet lack definite discs but possess greatly enlarged subepidermal nerve plexuses. The respiratory tube-feet have a thin, much-folded wall; no nervous tissue was detected and no muscle-fibres. Each clavula has two longitudinal bands of cilia, opposite each other, on the stem and a distal knob in which mucus glands are embedded.