bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Velocity‐Porosity Relations in Carbonate and Siliciclastic Subduction Zone Input Materials
Authors: Jeppson Tamara N. , Kitajima Hiroko 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe mechanical, physical, and frictional properties of incoming materials play an important role in subduction zone structure and slip behavior because these properties influence the strength of the accretionary wedge and megathrust plate boundary faults. Incoming sediment sections often show an increase in compressional wave speed (Vp) and a decrease in porosity with depth due to consolidation. These relations allow seismic‐velocity models to be used to elucidate properties and conditions at depth. However, variations in these properties are controlled by lithology and composition as well as cementation and diagenesis. We present an analysis of shipboard measurements of Vp and porosity on incoming sediment cores from International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) expeditions at the Hikurangi Margin, Nankai Trough, Aleutian Trench, Middle America Trench, and Sunda Trench. Porosity for these samples ranges from 5% to 85% and Vp ranges from 1.5 to 6 km/s. Vp‐porosity relations developed by Erikson & Jarrad (1998), https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB02128 and Hoffman & Tobin (2004) https://10.2973/odp.proc.sr.190196.355.2004, with a critical porosity of ∼30%, can represent carbonate‐poor (<50 wt% CaCO3), mainly hemipelagic, incoming sediment regardless of the margin. But these relations tend to underestimate porosity in incoming sediments with carbonate content greater than 50 wt%, which appear to have a critical porosity of between 45% and 50%. This discrepancy will lead to inaccuracy in estimates of fluid budget and overpressure in subduction zones. The velocity‐porosity relation in carbonate sediments is non‐unique due to the complexity that results from the greater susceptibility of carbonate rocks to diagenetic processes.
Regional Heat Flow Analysis Reveals Frictionally Weak Dead Sea Fault
Authors: Oryan Bar , Savage Heather 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe strength of faults was vigorously debated for years, but lately a growing number of studies suggest that faults are weaker than originally suggested. Nonetheless, only a handful of natural faults have been studied in detail, and only one, the San Andreas, is a strike‐slip fault. Here, we reanalyze 268 surface heat flow measurements taken in the proximity of the southern Dead Sea Transform fault to evaluate its friction. To account for large terrain relief, and the presence of salt diapirs, we apply 3‐D terrain and salt diapir corrections. Based on these corrected heat flow values we estimate that the long‐term frictional resistance of the Dead Sea fault is 0.28 ± 0.17. This low value is similar to friction estimates from the San Andreas fault and several subduction zones.
Weakly Constrained LETKF for Estimation of Hydrometeor Variables in Convective‐Scale Data Assimilation
Authors: Janjić Tijana , Zeng Yuefei 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe ensemble Kalman filter algorithm can produce negative values for non‐negative variables. To mitigate this sign problem and to simultaneously maintain the mass conservation, a new concept of combining weak constraints on mass conservation and non‐negativity has been introduced in this work, with a focus on hydrometeor variables in convective‐scale data assimilation. We modify the local ensemble transform Kalman filter with weak constraints on mass conservation for each hydrometeor variable and adopt the assimilation of clear‐air reflectivity data as a weak constraint on non‐negativity. We examine the concept by a series of sensitivity experiments using an idealized setup. Results show that both weak constraints successfully improve the mass conservation property in analyses and both reduce the biased increase in integrated mass‐flux divergence and vorticity. Furthermore, the least biased increase is obtained by combining both constraints, and the best forecasts are also achieved by the combination.
Prolonged Marine Heatwaves in the Arctic: 1982−2020
Authors: Huang Boyin , Wang Zhaomin , Yin Xungang , Arguez Anthony , Graham Garrett , Liu Chunying , Smith Tom , Zhang Huai‐Min 
Published: December 2021

AbstractStudies have indicated that marine heatwaves (MHWs) have had severe impacts on the marine ecosystem in the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, but there have been few studies focused on MHWs in the Arctic. On the other hand, amplified rapid warming in the Arctic region makes it a hotspot strategically and economically worldwide. In this study, we documented that the average intensity of MHWs in the Arctic was comparable with that in the other regions of the global oceans. The annual intensity, frequency, duration, and areal coverage of MHWs have increased significantly in recent decades. The increase of the annual duration is mainly owing to the postponed end time, thus the prolonged periods, of the MHW seasons. Our analysis indicates that the increasing trends of the annual intensity, frequency, duration, and areal coverage in the Arctic are closely associated with the increasing surface air temperature and decreasing sea‐ice concentration under the global warming environment. These features are robust across three different sea surface temperature (SST) products and using different MHW criteria.
How Does the High‐Latitude Thermal Forcing in One Hemisphere Affect the Other Hemisphere?
Authors: Shin Yechul , Kang Sarah M. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSignificant progress has been made in our understanding of extratropical impacts on the tropical climate via energetics framework. It is of question whether the impact of extratropical thermal forcing in one hemisphere would extend far into high‐latitudes of the other hemisphere. We examine the possibility of the pole‐to‐pole linkage via atmospheric teleconnections by imposing a cyclic surface thermal forcing in the northern extratropics of an aquaplanet slab ocean model. We reveal a synchronous temperature response between the two poles mediated by zonal‐mean atmospheric dynamics. A warming in one polar region leads to a strengthened Hadley circulation of the unforced hemisphere, fluxing more momentum toward the subtropics, thereby pulling the eddy‐driven jet equatorward. A consequent anomalous descent over the polar region causes warming. The polar surface warming in the unforced hemisphere reaches 30% of that in the forced hemisphere, inferring a significance of the pole‐to‐pole connection.
Detailed 3D Seismic Velocity Structure of the Prague, Oklahoma Fault Zone and the Implications for Induced Seismicity
Authors: He Lipeng , Wu Qimin , Chen Xiaowei , Sun Xinlei , Guo Zhen , Chen Yongshun John 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe 2011 Mw 5.7 Prague earthquake is the second largest induced earthquake in Oklahoma, and occurred after decades of wastewater disposal. The local geological structure that led to the triggering of this large earthquake is not well understood. In this study, tomographic inversion of seismic data recorded by a dense local seismic network resulted in a high‐resolution 3D velocity model with three major layers. The model clearly illuminates the geometry and characteristics of the Meeker‐Prague Fault that hosted the 2011 Prague sequence. A conceptual model is proposed to link the tomographic structure to the triggering process of the sequence. The low‐permeability second layer at ∼1.5–3.5 km may be the key that delays the occurrence of the first sizeable earthquake after decades of wastewater injection. However, a low‐shear‐velocity zone within this layer at the intersection of two major faults could have provided a fluid pathway to facilitate downward fluid propagation.
The Impact of Typhoon “Mangkhut” on Surface Water Nutrient and Chlorophyll Inventories of the South China Sea in September 2018
Authors: Kuss Joachim , Frazão Helena C. , Schulz‐Bull Detlef E. , Zhong Yisen , Gao Yonghui , Waniek Joanna J. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe influence of the exceptionally strong typhoon Mangkhut on the availability of nutrients and changes in primary production were studied in the northern South China Sea in September 2018. A tight station grid was sampled to analyze major nutrients, chlorophyll_a, particulate and dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen. Based on interpolated profiles, nutrients and organic matter budgets were determined for the upper 100 m of the water column prior to and after Mangkhut's passage. An upper layer of 100 m was found to reflect the important changes by the typhoon. Considerable differences between the on‐shelf, shelf edge and the deep‐sea stations were determined. Nitrate and phosphate increased by about 80% and 36% on the shelf, respectively, and both by almost 40% at the shelf edge. The open deep‐sea part of the study area reflects some deviating results that may be caused by just displacement of water or by mixing water of different origin. However, right on Mangkhut's track on the shelf even contact between surface waters and bottom waters was enabled, increasing phosphate and silicate, but declining nitrate. The inventory of organic carbon of the upper 100 m of the study area (138,000 km2) of 92 Gmol had increased within a few days after the typhoon's passage by 5 Gmol on the shelf and about 2 Gmol in the shelf edge area. Chlorophyll_a doubled during our stay and might have reached a factor of 3 increase in the subsequent time by nitrate supply and excess phosphate.
Applicability of the Long Chain Diol Index (LDI) as a Sea Surface Temperature Proxy in the Arabian Sea
Authors: Erdem Z. , Lattaud J. , van Erk M. R. , Mezger E. , Reichart G.‐J. , Lückge A. , Damsté J. S. Sinninghe , Schouten S. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe long‐chain diol index (LDI) is a relatively new proxy for sea surface temperature (SST) which has been rarely applied in upwelling regions. Here, we evaluated its application by comparison with other SST records obtained by commonly used proxies, that is, the Mg/Ca ratio of the planktonic foraminifera species Globigerinoides ruber and the alkenone paleothermometer UK´37. We focused on the last glacial–interglacial transition of four different sedimentary archives from the western and northern Arabian Sea, which are currently under the influence of monsoon‐induced upwelling and the associated development of an oxygen minimum zone. The and Mg/CaG.ruber SST records revealed an increase of 0.6–3.4°C from the Last Glacial Maximum to the late Holocene with somewhat higher amplitude in the northern part of the Arabian Sea than compared to the western part. In contrast, the LDI SSTs did not reveal major changes during the last glacial–interglacial transition which was followed by a decreasing trend during the Holocene. The LGM versus the Holocene LDI SSTs ranged between −0.2 and −2.7°C. Particularly at one record, offshore Oman, the SST decrease during the Holocene was high in amplitude, suggesting a potential cold bias, possibly related to changes in upwelling intensity. This indicates that care has to be taken when applying the LDI for annual mean SST reconstruction in upwelling regions.
Retreat and Regrowth of the Greenland Ice Sheet During the Last Interglacial as Simulated by the CESM2‐CISM2 Coupled Climate–Ice Sheet Model
Authors: Sommers Aleah N. , Otto‐Bliesner Bette L. , Lipscomb William H. , Lofverstrom Marcus , Shafer Sarah L. , Bartlein Patrick J. , Brady Esther C. , Kluzek Erik , Leguy Gunter , Thayer‐Calder Katherine , Tomas Robert A. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDuring the Last Interglacial, approximately 129 to 116 ka (thousand years ago), the Arctic summer climate was warmer than the present, and the Greenland Ice Sheet retreated to a smaller extent than its current state. Previous model‐derived and geological reconstruction estimates of the sea‐level contribution of the Greenland Ice Sheet during the Last Interglacial vary widely. Here, we conduct a transient climate simulation from 127 to 119 ka using the Community Earth System Model (CESM2), which includes a dynamic ice sheet component (the Community Ice Sheet Model, CISM2) that is interactively coupled to the atmosphere, land, ocean, and sea ice components. Vegetation distribution is updated every 500 years based on biomes simulated using a monthly climatology to force the BIOME4 equilibrium vegetation model. Results show a substantial retreat of the Greenland Ice Sheet, reaching a minimum extent at 121.9 ka, equivalent to a 3.0 m rise in sea level relative to the present day, followed by gradual regrowth. In contrast, a companion simulation employing static vegetation based on pre‐industrial conditions shows a much smaller ice‐sheet retreat, highlighting the importance of the changes in high‐latitude vegetation distribution for amplifying the ice‐sheet response.
TTK inhibition increases cisplatin sensitivity in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma through the mTOR/autophagy pathway
Authors: Qi Gonghua , Ma Hanlin , Li Yingwei , Peng Jiali , Chen Jingying , Kong Beihua 
Published: December 2021

AbstractHigh-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is the most lethal gynecological malignancy. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying HGSOC development, progression, chemotherapy insensitivity and resistance remain unclear. Two independent GEO datasets, including the gene expression profile of primary ovarian carcinoma and normal controls, were analyzed to identify genes related to HGSOC development and progression. A KEGG pathway analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed that the cell cycle pathway was the most enriched pathway, among which TTK protein kinase (TTK) was the only gene with a clinical-grade inhibitor that has been investigated in a clinical trial but had not been studied in HGSOC. TTK was also upregulated in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells from two other datasets. TTK is a regulator of spindle assembly checkpoint signaling, playing an important role in cell cycle control and tumorigenesis in various cancers. However, the function and regulatory mechanism of TTK in HGSOC remain to be determined. In this study, we observed TTK upregulation in patients with HGSOC. High TTK expression was related to a poor prognosis. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of TTK impeded the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells by disturbing cell cycle progression and increasing apoptosis. TTK silencing increased cisplatin sensitivity by activating the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex to further suppress cisplatin-induced autophagy in vitro. In addition, the enhanced sensitivity was partially diminished by rapamycin-mediated inhibition of mTOR in TTK knockdown cells. Furthermore, TTK knockdown increased the toxicity of cisplatin in vivo by decreasing autophagy. These findings suggest that the administration of TTK inhibitors in combination with cisplatin may lead to improved response rates to cisplatin in patients with HGSOC presenting high TTK expression. In summary, our study may provide a theoretical foundation for using the combination therapy of cisplatin and TTK inhibitors as a treatment for HGSOC in the future.
Corticotropin releasing hormone promotes inflammatory bowel disease via inducing intestinal macrophage autophagy
Authors: Zhao Sheng-Bing , Wu Jia-Yi , He Zi-Xuan , Song Yi-Hang , Chang Xin , Xia Tian , Fang Xue , Li Zhao-Shen , Xu Can , Wang Shu-Ling , Bai Yu 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPsychosocial stress is a vital factor contributing to the pathogenesis and progression of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The contribution of intestinal macrophage autophagy to the onset and development of IBD has been widely studied. Herein, we investigated the underlying mechanism of psychosocial stress in an IBD mouse model pertaining to macrophage autophagy. Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) was peripherally administrated to induce psychosocial stress. For in vivo studies, dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) was used for the creation of our IBD mouse model. For in vitro studies, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was applied on murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) as a cellular IBD-related challenge. Chloroquine was applied to inhibit autophagy. We found that CRH aggravated the severity of DSS-induced IBD, increasing overall and local inflammatory reactions and infiltration. The levels of autophagy in intestinal macrophages and murine BMDMs were increased under these IBD-related inflammatory challenges and CRH further enhanced these effects. Subsequent administration of chloroquine markedly attenuated the detrimental effects of CRH on IBD severity and inflammatory reactions via inhibition of autophagy. These findings illustrate the effects of peripheral administration of CRH on DSS-induced IBD via the enhancement of intestinal macrophage autophagy, thus providing a novel understanding as well as therapeutic target for the treatment of IBD.
LncRNA4930473A02Rik promotes cardiac hypertrophy by regulating TCF7 via sponging miR-135a in mice
Authors: Ren Jing , Qi Hanping , Song Chao , Ba Lina , Liu Renling , Feng Xiang , Wang Lixin , Zhang Meitian , Xie Yawen , Sun Hongli 
Published: December 2021

AbstractCardiac hypertrophy is a common pathological change accompanied by various cardiovascular diseases; however, its underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Mounting evidence indicates that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are novel transcripts involved in regulating multiple biological processes. However, little is known about their role in regulating cardiac hypertrophy. This study revealed a novel lncRNA4930473A02Rik (abbreviated as lncRNAA02Rik), which showed considerably increased expression in hypertrophic mouse hearts in vivo and angiotensin-II (Ang-II)-induced hypertrophic cardiomyocytes in vitro. Notably, lncRNAA02Rik knockdown partly ameliorated Ang-II induced hypertrophic cardiomyocytes in vitro and hypertrophic mouse heart function in vivo, whereas lncRNAA02Rik overexpression promoted cardiac hypertrophy in vitro. Furthermore, lncRNAA02Rik acted as a competing endogenous RNA by sponging miR-135a, while forced expression of lncRNAA02Rik could repress its activity and expression. Furthermore, forcing miR-135a overexpression exerted a significant protective effect against cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting the activity of its downstream target TCF7, a critical member of Wnt signaling, and the protective effect could be reversed by AMO-135a. Luciferase assay showed direct interactions among lncRNAA02Rik, miR-135a, and TCF7. Altogether, our study demonstrated that lncRNAA02Rik upregulation could promote cardiac hypertrophy development via modulating miR-135a expression levels and TCF7 activity. Therefore, lncRNAA02Rik inhibition might be considered as a novel potential therapeutic strategy for cardiac hypertrophy.
Discovery of indole-modified aptamers for highly specific recognition of protein glycoforms
Authors: Yoshikawa Alex M. , Rangel Alexandra , Feagin Trevor , Chun Elizabeth M. , Wan Leighton , Li Anping , Moeckl Leonhard , Wu Diana , Eisenstein Michael , Pitteri Sharon , Soh H. Tom 
Published: December 2021

AbstractGlycosylation is one of the most abundant forms of post-translational modification, and can have a profound impact on a wide range of biological processes and diseases. Unfortunately, efforts to characterize the biological function of such modifications have been greatly hampered by the lack of affinity reagents that can differentiate protein glycoforms with robust affinity and specificity. In this work, we use a fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-based approach to generate and screen aptamers with indole-modified bases, which are capable of recognizing and differentiating between specific protein glycoforms. Using this approach, we were able to select base-modified aptamers that exhibit strong selectivity for specific glycoforms of two different proteins. These aptamers can discriminate between molecules that differ only in their glycan modifications, and can also be used to label glycoproteins on the surface of cultured cells. We believe our strategy should offer a generally-applicable approach for developing useful reagents for glycobiology research.
Delayed induction of type I and III interferons mediates nasal epithelial cell permissiveness to SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Hatton Catherine F. , Botting Rachel A. , Dueñas Maria Emilia , Haq Iram J. , Verdon Bernard , Thompson Benjamin J. , Spegarova Jarmila Stremenova , Gothe Florian , Stephenson Emily , Gardner Aaron I. , Murphy Sandra , Scott Jonathan , Garnett James P. , Carrie Sean , Powell Jason , Khan C. M. Anjam , Huang Lei , Hussain Rafiqul , Coxhead Jonathan , Davey Tracey , Simpson A. John , Haniffa Muzlifah , Hambleton Sophie , Brodlie Malcolm , Ward Chris , Trost Matthias , Reynolds Gary , Duncan Christopher J. A. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe nasal epithelium is a plausible entry point for SARS-CoV-2, a site of pathogenesis and transmission, and may initiate the host response to SARS-CoV-2. Antiviral interferon (IFN) responses are critical to outcome of SARS-CoV-2. Yet little is known about the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and innate immunity in this tissue. Here we apply single-cell RNA sequencing and proteomics to a primary cell model of human nasal epithelium differentiated at air-liquid interface. SARS-CoV-2 demonstrates widespread tropism for nasal epithelial cell types. The host response is dominated by type I and III IFNs and interferon-stimulated gene products. This response is notably delayed in onset relative to viral gene expression and compared to other respiratory viruses. Nevertheless, once established, the paracrine IFN response begins to impact on SARS-CoV-2 replication. When provided prior to infection, recombinant IFNβ or IFNλ1 induces an efficient antiviral state that potently restricts SARS-CoV-2 viral replication, preserving epithelial barrier integrity. These data imply that the IFN-I/III response to SARS-CoV-2 initiates in the nasal airway and suggest nasal delivery of recombinant IFNs to be a potential chemoprophylactic strategy.
A d-2-hydroxyglutarate biosensor based on specific transcriptional regulator DhdR
Authors: Xiao Dan , Zhang Wen , Guo Xiaoting , Liu Yidong , Hu Chunxia , Guo Shiting , Kang Zhaoqi , Xu Xianzhi , Ma Cuiqing , Gao Chao , Xu Ping 
Published: December 2021

Abstractd-2-Hydroxyglutarate (d-2-HG) is a metabolite involved in many physiological metabolic processes. When d-2-HG is aberrantly accumulated due to mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase or d-2-HG dehydrogenase, it functions in a pro-oncogenic manner and is thus considered a therapeutic target and biomarker in many cancers. In this study, DhdR from Achromobacter denitrificans NBRC 15125 is identified as an allosteric transcriptional factor that negatively regulates d-2-HG dehydrogenase expression and responds to the presence of d-2-HG. Based on the allosteric effect of DhdR, a d-2-HG biosensor is developed by combining DhdR with amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous assay (AlphaScreen) technology. The biosensor is able to detect d-2-HG in serum, urine, and cell culture medium with high specificity and sensitivity. Additionally, this biosensor is used to identify the role of d-2-HG metabolism in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, demonstrating its broad usages.