bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Behavior Change Techniques Alongside Exercise in the Management of Rotator Cuff–Related Shoulder Pain: A Scoping Review
Authors: Bourke Jaryd , Skouteris Helen , Hatzikiriakidis Kostas , Fahey David , Malliaras Peter 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe aims of this scoping review were to: (1) determine the frequency and types of behavior change techniques (BCTs) and education utilized in trials investigating exercise interventions for rotator cuff related shoulder pain (RCRSP); (2) subcategorize the BCTs and education found in the trials to summarize all behavior change approaches reported by trials; and (3) compare the frequency, types, and subcategories of BCTs and education utilized in the clinical guidelines for managing RCRSP between the trials.MethodsData sources included Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, CINAHL Plus, Google Scholar and PubMed, which were searched from inception to June 2020. Trials assessing exercise interventions for RCRSP were included. Three authors independently determined eligibility and extracted data. The frequency and types of BCTs and education in the trials and clinical practice guidelines were reported and compared descriptively. Two authors assessed the content of the BCTs to develop subcategories.ResultsMost trials reported including at least 1 type of BCT (89.2%), which was most commonly feedback and monitoring (78.5%). There were many different approaches to the BCTs and education; for example, feedback and monitoring was subcategorized into supervised exercise, exercise monitoring, and feedback through external aids, such as mirrors. Clinical guidelines recommend supervision, goal setting, activity modification, pain management recommendations, information about the condition, and exercise education.ConclusionAlthough over two-thirds of trials reported including a BCT alongside exercise interventions for RCRSP, the breadth of these interventions is limited (supervision is the only common one). Future trialists should consider using any type of BCT that may improve exercise adherence and outcomes.ImpactThe findings of this review have: (1) identified gaps in the literature; and (2) contributed to the design of future exercise interventions for RCRSP.
Mobility Levels With Physical Rehabilitation Delivered During and After Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Marker of Illness Severity or an Indication of Recovery?
Authors: Mayer Kirby P , Pastva Amy M , Du Gaixin , Hatchett Sarah P , Chang Mingguang , Henning Angela N , Maher Baz , Morris Peter E , Zwischenberger Joseph B 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objective
The aims of this study were to determine whether physical rehabilitation intervention for individuals who required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is associated with clinical outcomes and to assess whether the patient mobility response over initial rehabilitation sessions early in the intensive care unit (ICU) course predicts or is associated with survival, lengths of stay, discharge disposition, and 30-day readmissions.

Methods
This study was a 10-year retrospective practice analysis of adults who were critically ill and required ECMO for &gt;72 hours in the cardiothoracic ICU at an academic medical center. Physical rehabilitation implemented during or following the initiation of ECMO was quantified on the basis of timing, frequency, and change in mobility level in response to the intervention over the first 4 consecutive sessions. The primary dependent outcome was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included 30-day readmission and discharge disposition ranked on an ordinal scale.

Results
Three hundred fifteen individuals (mean age = 50 years [SD = 15 years]; 63% men; mean Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score = 11.6 [SD = 3.3]) met the inclusion criteria. Two hundred eighteen individuals (69%) received at least 1 physical rehabilitation session while requiring ECMO, 70 (22%) received rehabilitation after ECMO was discontinued, and 27 (9%) never received rehabilitation. Individuals discharged alive achieved higher mobility levels and had a steeper, more positive rate of change in mobility over the first 4 sessions than individuals who died in the hospital (2.8 vs 0.38; degrees of freedom = 199, t = 8.24). Those who received rehabilitation and achieved the milestones of sitting on the edge of the bed and walking for &gt;45 m were more likely to survive (47% vs 13%; χ2 = 156) than those who did not (26% vs 3.5%; χ2 = 80).

Conclusion
A positive rate of change in mobility and the ability to achieve mobility milestones with rehabilitation were associated with improved clinical outcomes.

Impact
An individual’s mobility response to physical rehabilitation early in the ICU course is an important indicator of illness and should be used with clinical presentation to guide clinical decision-making and predict outcomes.
Optimal Auctions: Non-expected Utility and Constant Risk Aversion
Authors: Gershkov Alex , Moldovanu Benny , Strack Philipp , Zhang Mengxi 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We study auction design for bidders equipped with non-expected utility preferences that exhibit constant risk aversion (CRA). The CRA class is large and includes loss-averse, disappointment-averse, mean-dispersion, and Yaari’s dual preferences as well as coherent and convex risk measures. Any preference in this class displays first-order risk aversion, contrasting the standard expected utility case which displays second-order risk aversion. The optimal mechanism offers “ full-insurance” in the sense that each agent’s utility is independent of other agents’ reports. The seller excludes less types than under risk neutrality and awards the object randomly to intermediate types. Subjecting intermediate types to a risky allocation while compensating them when losing allows the seller to collect larger payments from higher types. Relatively high types are willing to pay more, and their allocation is efficient.
Morphology-Based Identification of Bemisia tabaci Cryptic Species Puparia via Embedded Group-Contrast Convolution Neural Network Analysis
Authors: MacLeod Norman , Canty Roy J , Polaszek Andrew 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The Bemisia tabaci species complex is a group of tropical–subtropical hemipterans, some species of which have achieved global distribution over the past 150 years. Several species are regarded currently as among the world’s most pernicious agricultural pests, causing a variety of damage types via direct feeding and plant-disease transmission. Long considered a single variable species, genetic, molecular and reproductive compatibility analyses have revealed that this “species” is actually a complex of between 24 and 48 morphologically cryptic species. However, determinations of which populations represent distinct species have been hampered by a failure to integrate genetic/molecular and morphological species–diagnoses. This, in turn, has limited the success of outbreak-control and eradication programs. Previous morphological investigations, based on traditional and geometric morphometric procedures, have had limited success in identifying genetic/molecular species from patterns of morphological variation in puparia. As an alternative, our investigation focused on exploring the use of a deep-learning convolution neural network (CNN) trained on puparial images and based on an embedded, group-contrast training protocol as a means of searching for consistent differences in puparial morphology. Fifteen molecular species were selected for analysis, all of which had been identified via DNA barcoding and confirmed using more extensive molecular characterizations and crossing experiments. Results demonstrate that all 15 species can be discriminated successfully based on differences in puparium morphology alone. This level of discrimination was achieved for laboratory populations reared on both hairy-leaved and glabrous-leaved host plants. Moreover, cross-tabulation tests confirmed the generality and stability of the CNN discriminant system trained on both ecophenotypic variants. The ability to identify B. tabaci species quickly and accurately from puparial images has the potential to address many long-standing problems in B. tabaci taxonomy and systematics as well as playing a vital role in ongoing pest-management efforts. [Aleyrodidae; entomology; Hemiptera; machine learning; morphometrics; pest control; systematics; taxonomy; whiteflies.]
Age, Experience, and Business Performance: A Meta-Analysis of Work Unit-Level Effects
Authors: Guzzo Richard A , Nalbantian Haig R , Anderson Nicholas L 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAdopting an interdisciplinary perspective, this article reports new evidence on the impact of age and experience on work unit performance. Two types of experience that increase with age are “general” and “firm-specific.” The focus here is on the influence of general human capital (which increases with time spent in the workforce) and firm-specific human capital (which increases with tenure with the current employer) on work unit performance. Although age–performance relationships have been investigated extensively in two research literatures, psychology and economics, neither addresses such relationships at the unit-within-organization level of analysis, concentrating instead on age–performance relationships at individual, organizational, or national levels. Using a unique data set comprised of large-sample, long-duration, multivariate studies of unit performance within firms this meta-analysis synthesizes partial effect sizes for the effects of age and tenure. A key finding is that tenure positively affects unit performance whereas age has no effect. Work unit leaders’ tenure but not age was found to positively affect unit performance. The lack of evidence of an age–performance relationship is consistent with psychological research at the individual level but contravenes economics research literature which, at all levels of analysis, generally reports negative relationships between age and performance. Neither the heterogeneity of tenure nor age was related to performance nor was there evidence of nonlinearities in relationships. Practical implications of the findings are discussed regarding ageism and employers’ use of gig or contract workers. Implications for future research and theory focus on interdisciplinary theory development and the scientific contribution of organizationally based research.
Randomised clinical trial: comparison of efficacy and adverse effects of a standard triple clarithromycin-containing regimen with high-dose amoxicillin and bismuth therapy in Helicobacter pylori eradication
Authors: Sjomina Olga , Lielause Alise , Rūdule Aiga , Vangravs Reinis , Paršutins Sergejs , Poļaka Inese , Daugule Ilva , Stonāns Ilmārs , Park Jin Young , Leja Mārcis 
Published: December 2021

Background
The clarithromycin-based triple therapy is the most prescribed Helicobacter pylori eradication regimen in Europe; it causes adverse effects in a significant proportion of subjects, leading to discontinuation. Alternative therapies are required because of increasing clarithromycin resistance or to decrease the adverse effects.

Aims
We compared the efficacy and spectrum of adverse effects of clarithromycin-based triple therapy with the high-dose amoxicillin/bismuth regimen.

Methods
A randomised clinical trial enrolled healthy individuals aged 40–64 years. H. pylori was assessed with a 13C-urea breath test. In total 579 H. pylori-positive subjects were randomly allocated in two groups: group 1: clarithromycin 500 mg, amoxicillin 1000 mg, esomeprazole 40 mg, all twice daily; group 2: bismuth subcitrate 240 mg twice daily, amoxicillin 1000 mg three times daily, esomeprazole 40 mg twice daily. Regimens were administered for 14 days.
Information on treatment completion and adverse effects were collected via a telephone interview at 21–28 days after medication delivery. The efficacy was assessed by UBT 6 months after the treatment.

Results
We analysed 483 subjects for adverse effects (248 vs. 235 respectively). Furthermore, 316 subjects were analysed for efficacy. In per-protocol analysis, a higher efficacy was seen in group 1 (88.4 vs. 77.0%; P < 0.001); no difference was observed in compliance (90.3 and 91.2%). Therapy-related adverse effects were more common in group 1 (56.9 vs. 40.0%; P < 0.01). In intention-to-treat analysis no statistical difference in efficacy was revealed.

Conclusions
Bismuth-based high-dose amoxicillin therapy showed a lower efficacy but was less frequently associated with adverse effects. Further research is required to examine the high-dose amoxicillin and bismuth-containing regimens in various populations to maximise eradication efficacy.
The Effect of Splenectomy on the Risk of Infection in Patients With Liver Cirrhosis
Authors: Feng Tiantong , Hou Xiaoxue , Zhang Wen , Tian Anran , Chen Nian , Li Jun , Zhu Chuanlong 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background:
Splenectomy has been reported to improve liver function as well as hypersplenism, but it is still controversial whether splenectomy will further damage the immune function of patients with liver cirrhosis. This study aims to evaluate the impact of splenectomy on the risk of infection in patients with liver cirrhosis.

Methods:
A total of 4355 patients with liver cirrhosis admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from October 1, 2016 to September 30, 2020 were enrolled. The patients were first divided into the splenectomy group (SG) and the non-splenectomy group (NSG). After standardization, patients were further divided according to the stage of cirrhosis. Infection rates in different stages were calculated, respectively. Laboratory results and infection sites of patients with cirrhosis were analyzed in combination with clinical data. Continuous variables conforming to normal distribution were presented as mean ± standard deviation, compared by sample t test or paired sample t test. Non-normal variables were presented as the median (interquartile range) and compared by Mann-Whitney U test or Wilcoxon signed rank test.

Results:
Five hundred and two patients received splenectomy and 3853 patients did not. Bacterial infection was diagnosed in 497 of the 4355 (11.41%) hospitalizations of patients with cirrhosis. The infection rate of the compensated cirrhosis SG was higher than that of the NSG (8.06% vs. 5.18%, P < 0.05). However, the infection rate in the SG with decompensated cirrhosis was lower than that in the NSG (11.35% vs. 22.22%, P < 0.001). The peak level of leukocytes did not differ significantly between the SG with compensated liver cirrhosis and the NSG [11.97 (7.65) × 109/L vs. 12.19 (14.04) × 109/L, P > 0. 05]. The peak value of leukocytes in SG suffering from decompensated liver cirrhosis was significantly higher than that in NSG [12.29 (11.52) × 109/L vs. 6.37 (8.90) × 109/L, P = 0.004]. Patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis had a significantly higher rate of abdominal infection than patients with compensated liver cirrhosis, and splenectomy itself did not affect the sites of infection.

Conclusions:
Splenectomy increases the risk of infection for patients with compensated liver cirrhosis, but significantly decreases the risk in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis.
Scoping review to evaluate existing measurement parameters and clinical outcomes of transtibial prosthetic alignment and socket fit
Authors: Won Nae Yeon , Paul Alexandra , Garibaldi Matthew , Baumgartner Rita E. , Kaufman Kenton R. , Reider Lisa , Wrigley Jordan , Morshed Saam 
Published: December 2021

Introduction:
Fit and alignment are observable objectives of the prosthesis rendering process for individuals with lower limb amputation. Nevertheless, there is a dearth of validated measures to directly assess the quality of this clinical procedure.

Objectives:
The objectives of this scoping review are to evaluate existing measurement parameters and clinical outcomes used in investigations of transtibial socket fit or prosthetic alignment and to identify gaps in the literature regarding tools for evaluation of prosthetic fitting.

Study design:
Scoping literature review.

Methods:
A comprehensive search was conducted in the following databases: MEDLINE (through PubMed), Embase (through Elsevier), Scopus (through Elsevier), and Engineering Village (through Elsevier), resulting in 6107 studies to be screened.

Results:
Sixty-three studies were included in the review. When measuring fit, studies most frequently reported on patient-reported comfort (n = 22) and socket size compared with the residual limb volume (n = 9). Alignment was most frequently measured by the prosthetists' judgment and/or use of an alignment jig (n = 34). The measurement parameters used to determine alignment or fit varied greatly among the included studies.

Conclusion:
This review demonstrated that most measures of socket fit rely on a patient's self-report and may vary with biopsychosocial factors unrelated to the socket fitting process. Meanwhile, alignment is determined mostly by the prosthetist's judgment, paired with objective measurements, such as alignment jigs and gait analysis. Efforts to standardize and validate measures of these parameters of prosthetic fitting are vital to improving clinical practice and reporting outcomes.
Genetic advantage and equality of opportunity in education: Two definitions and an empirical application
Authors: Pereira Rita Dias 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe literature of Equality of Opportunity (EOp) has long acknowledged the existence of ‘talents’, ‘innate ability’ or ‘genetic ability’. Nonetheless, attempts to explicitly incorporate a measure of innate ability in the quantification of EOp have been rare. On the other hand, the literature of social-science genetics has found credible genetic-based components of EOp, without an explicit quantification of overall EOp. In addition, there exists prevalent disagreement within both kinds of literature on whether innate ability should be perceived as a fair or unfair source of advantage. This paper proposes to quantify EOp while explicitly including a genetic-based measure of innate ability. It proposes two formal definitions of EOp that draw on both stances regarding the compensation of innate ability. Novel testable implications are derived. The educational attainment polygenic index is used as a measure of innate ability while correcting for genetic nurture and accounting for the correlation between genes and other circumstances. An empirical application in the US Health and Retirement Study finds that the share of inequality of opportunity is 26% under the view that genetic differences are unfair sources of advantage and 21% otherwise. A comparative analysis over cohorts reveals that the trend in EOp depends on the definition adopted; if genetic advantage is a fair source of inequality then EOp has improved; the opposite holds if one considers genetic advantage an unfair source of inequality. These results highlight the importance of accounting for genetic differences in the EOp framework.
Unraveling the antiviral activity of plitidepsin by subcellular and morphological analysis
Authors: Sachse Martin , Tenorio Raquel , de Castro Isabel Fernández , Muñoz-Basagoiti Jordana , Perez-Zsolt Daniel , Raïch-Regué Dàlia , Rodon Jordi , Losada Alejandro , Avilés Pablo , Cuevas Carmen , Paredes Roger , Segalés Joaquim , Clotet Bonaventura , Vergara-Alert Júlia , Izquierdo-Useros Nuria , Risco Cristina 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTThe pandemic caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has made evident the need for broad-spectrum, efficient antiviral treatments to combat emerging and re-emerging viruses. Plitidepsin is an antitumor agent of marine origin that has also shown a potent pre-clinical efficacy against SARS-CoV-2. Plitidepsin targets the host protein eEF1A (eukaryotic translation factor 1 alpha 1) and affects viral infection at an early, post-entry step. Because electron microscopy is a valuable tool to study virus-cell interactions and the mechanism of action of antiviral drugs, in this work we have used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to evaluate the effects of plitidepsin in SARS-CoV-2 infection in cultured Vero E6 cells 24 and 48h post-infection. In the absence of plitidepsin, TEM morphological analysis showed double-membrane vesicles (DMVs), organelles that support coronavirus genome replication, single-membrane vesicles with viral particles, large vacuoles with groups of viruses and numerous extracellular virions attached to the plasma membrane. When treated with plitidepsin, no viral structures were found in SARS-CoV-2-infected Vero E6 cells. Immunogold detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) provided clear signals in cells infected in the absence of plitidepsin, but complete absence in cells infected and treated with plitidepsin. The present study shows that plitidepsin completely blocks the biogenesis of viral replication organelles and the morphogenesis of virus progeny. Electron microscopy morphological analysis coupled to immunogold labeling of SARS-CoV-2 products offers a unique approach to understand how antivirals such as plitidepsin work.
The rise and fall of SARS-CoV-2 variants and the mutational profile of Omicron
Authors: Wiegand Tanner , McVey Aidan , Nemudraia Anna , Nemudryi Artem , Wiedenheft Blake 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn late December of 2019, high throughput sequencing technologies enabled rapid identification of SARS-CoV-2 as the etiological agent of COVID-19, and global sequencing efforts are now a critical tool for monitoring the ongoing spread and evolution of this virus. Here, we analyze a subset (n=87,032) of all publicly available SARS-CoV-2 genomes (n=∼5.6 million) that were randomly selected, but equally distributed over the course of the pandemic. We plot the appearance of new variants of concern (VOCs) over time and show that the mutation rates in Omicron viruses are significantly greater than those in previously identified SARS-CoV-2 variants. Mutations in Omicron are primarily restricted to the spike protein, while 25 other viral proteins— including those involved in SARS-CoV-2 replication—are highly conserved. Collectively, this suggests that the genetic distinction of Omicron primarily arose from selective pressures on the spike, and that the fidelity of replication of this variant has not been altered.ImportanceOmicron is the fifth SARS-CoV-2 variant to be designated a Variant of Concern (VOC) by the World Health Organization (WHO). Here we provide a retrospective analysis of SARS-CoV-2 variants and explain how the Omicron variant is distinct. Our work shows that the spike protein is a ‘hotspot’ for viral evolution in all variants, suggesting that existing vaccines and diagnostics that target this protein may become less effective against Omicron and that our therapeutic and public health strategies will have to evolve along with the virus.
Genome-wide tandem repeat expansions contribute to schizophrenia risk
Authors: Mojarad Bahareh A , Engchuan Worrawat , Trost Brett , Backstrom Ian , Yin Yue , Thiruvahindrapuram Bhooma , Pallotto Linda , Khan Mahreen , Pellecchia Giovanna , Haque Bushra , Guo Keyi , Heung Tracy , Costain Gregory , Scherer Stephen W , Marshall Christian R , Pearson Christopher E , Bassett Anne S , Yuen Ryan KC 
Published: December 2021

AbstractTandem repeat expansions (TREs) can cause neurological diseases but their impact in schizophrenia is unclear. Here we analyzed genome sequences of adults with schizophrenia and found that they have a higher burden of TREs that are near exons and rare in the general population, compared with non-psychiatric controls. These TREs are disproportionately found at loci known to be associated with schizophrenia from genome-wide association studies, in individuals with clinically-relevant genetic variants at other schizophrenia loci, and in families where multiple individuals have schizophrenia. Our findings support the involvement of genome-wide rare TREs in the polygenic nature of schizophrenia.