bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Symmetric and Asymmetric Rolling Processes on The Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy
Authors: Hisab Hussein Ali , Hussein Emad A , Latif Nawal E A B , Ismail Azal R 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Microstructure progression, in addition to excellent plasticity possessions of AZ31B-alloy procedure using four paths in asymmetric through various reductions, was studied to facilitate develops the deprived plasticity of alloy. The procedure was used for alloy of about 78μm grain size, with a prim thickness of 5mm. It was formed by using different ratios,1:1,1:1.4,1:1.8and1:2.2.The thinning were 20%,25%,30%, 35% to reduce thickness to 4.00mm, 3.750 3.500 And 3.2500 repetitively. The rolling method was completed by using equal rollers diameter at a constant temperature of 473 K and devoid of lubricating after heating the rollers to 373K; the method was finished through four routes. Path (U.D.), pattern “way was kept” stable and unmoved connecting continual passes; whereas pattern was turned 180o to direction connecting continual passes during path (R.D.); pattern (N.D.) was turned throughout 180° concerning the standard direction to the continual passes; pattern (H.Y.) was turned 180o to the rolling direction primary in addition to, subsequently turned 90° concerning the standard direction connecting continual undulating passes. A traditional rolling process was done under identical situations to evaluate the outcome; microhardness test was also completed. Visual microscopy was used to study of rolling parameters on the microstructure of the rolled pieces. The outcome of inspection explained to the alteration of the microstructure had been pretentious employing path, ratio and decrease area. At low proportion, large numbers of mirror image creation become visible, as reduction raises dynamical recrystallization happening on the identical twin and shear bands were encouraged. In contrast raised proportion caused a raise within the quantity of recrystallized grains furthermore improved the microstructure. Very fine grains construction had been improved while the alloy was rolled using H.Y. path at a proportion of (1: 1.8) and 25% decrease. Excellent plasticity possessions of patterns devoid of annealing were experienced in stress at 673.00 K along with next to room temperature at primary strain selection from 1 × 10−3 s−1 to 2.2×10−3 s−1.
Influence of Alloying Elements on Cyclic Oxidation Behavior of (Cu/Al) Alloys
Authors: Aslan Noor Sabah , Rajih Abdalwahid K , Haleem Ali Hubi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This study is conducted to extend the effective life of Cu/Al alloy. The used samples were (Cu/9.5%Al),(Cu/9.5%Al/5%Ni),(Cu/9.5%Al/5%Ni/0.9%Mn),(Cu/%9.5Al/5%Ni/4.5%Fe), (Cu/9.5%Al/5%Ni/0.9%Mn/4.5%Fe),(Cu/9.5%Al/5%Ni/0.9%Mn/4.5%Fe/0,1%Y),(Cu/9.5%Al/5% Ni/0.9%Mn/4.5%Fe/0.2%Ge) by using powder metallurgy these samples were prepared, the cyclic oxidation test was conducted in the presence of air in a programmable furnace (typeVBF-1200X-H8-USA) at 250°C and 800°C for 50 hours at 5-hours cycle. It was represented by the weight-gain of all examined samples that the oxidation rate increased as the temperature increased. It appears that cracking or spalling of oxides was at high temperatures such it found the weight gain of the base alloy (Cu/9.5%Al) was (12.09*10−3g/cm2)at 250°C otherwise, it was (5.98*10−2 g/cm2) at 800°C for the same alloy. This is attributable to the expected behavior of oxides when stressed. The addition of Ni, Mn, & Fe to (Cu/9.5%Al) caused a relative increase in resistance to cyclic oxidation, while the addition 0.1% Y to (Cu/9.5%Al/5%Ni/0.9Mn/4.5%Fe) caused the lowest oxidation rate as compared with other alloys, it showed that the reduction in weight gain (165.13%) relative to(Cu/9.5%Al) the highest weight gain at 250°C, and it was (285.22%) relative to (Cu/9.5%Al/5%Ni) which has highest weight gain at 800 °C. Both alloying elements Y and Ge represented a major change in cyclic oxidation resistance.
Stability analysis of Alfvén eigenmodes in China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor fully non-inductive and hybrid mode scenarios
Authors: YANG Wenjun , LI Guoqiang , GONG Xueyu , GAO Xiang , LI Xiaoe 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper, NOVA/NOVA-K codes are used to investigate the stability of Alfvén eigenmodes (AEs) in the China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR). Firstly, the stability of AEs excited by energetic alpha particles is investigated. For the fully non-inductive scenario, it is found that all AEs are stable, and the least stable toroidal mode number is

n
=
8
.

However, for the hybrid mode scenario, it is found that many AEs are unstable, and the least stable toroidal mode numbers are

n
=
7
,

8
.

Secondly, the effect of energetic alpha-particle parameters and beam ions on AE stability is also presented. The threshold of the least stable AE is about

β

crit
,
α

=
1.12
%
,

less than the value of alpha-particle beta (

β

α

=
1.34
%

). The result demonstrates that the AEs excited by alpha particles are weakly unstable. The effect of the beam ions on AE stability is found to be very weak in CFETR.
COVID-19 infection and attributable mortality in UK care homes: cohort study using active surveillance and electronic records (March–June 2020)
Authors: Dutey-Magni Peter F , Williams Haydn , Jhass Arnoupe , Rait Greta , Lorencatto Fabiana , Hemingway Harry , Hayward Andrew , Shallcross Laura 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
epidemiological data on COVID-19 infection in care homes are scarce. We analysed data from a large provider of long-term care for older people to investigate infection and mortality during the first wave of the pandemic.

Methods
cohort study of 179 UK care homes with 9,339 residents and 11,604 staff. We used manager-reported daily tallies to estimate the incidence of suspected and confirmed infection and mortality in staff and residents. Individual-level electronic health records from 8,713 residents were used to model risk factors for confirmed infection, mortality and estimate attributable mortality.

Results
2,075/9,339 residents developed COVID-19 symptoms (22.2% [95% confidence interval: 21.4%; 23.1%]), while 951 residents (10.2% [9.6%; 10.8%]) and 585 staff (5.0% [4.7%; 5.5%]) had laboratory-confirmed infections. The incidence of confirmed infection was 152.6 [143.1; 162.6] and 62.3 [57.3; 67.5] per 100,000 person-days in residents and staff, respectively. Sixty-eight percent (121/179) of care homes had at least one COVID-19 infection or COVID-19-related death. Lower staffing ratios and higher occupancy rates were independent risk factors for infection.
Out of 607 residents with confirmed infection, 217 died (case fatality rate: 35.7% [31.9%; 39.7%]). Mortality in residents with no direct evidence of infection was twofold higher in care homes with outbreaks versus those without (adjusted hazard ratio: 2.2 [1.8; 2.6]).

Conclusions
findings suggest many deaths occurred in people who were infected with COVID-19, but not tested. Higher occupancy and lower staffing levels were independently associated with risks of infection. Protecting staff and residents from infection requires regular testing for COVID-19 and fundamental changes to staffing and care home occupancy.
Widespread convergence in stream fishes
Authors: Bower Luke M , Saenz David E , Winemiller Kirk O 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Convergent evolution, the evolution of similar phenotypes among distantly related lineages, is often attributed to adaptation in response to similar selective pressures. Here, we assess the prevalence and degree of convergence in functional traits of stream fishes at the microhabitat scale in five zoogeographical regions across the world. We categorized species by microhabitat, water velocity and preference for substrate complexity and calculated the prevalence of convergence, degree of convergence and functional diversity for each category. Among species occupying similar microhabitats of small, low-gradient streams, 34% had combinations of convergent traits. Convergence occurred at higher rates than expected by chance alone, implying that adaptation to similar environmental conditions often resulted in similar evolutionary patterns along multiple niche dimensions. Two of the microhabitat groupings had significantly convergent species represented in all zoogeographical regions. Fishes occupying microhabitats with high water velocity and low structural complexity generally occupied a restricted morphospace and exhibited greater prevalence and higher degrees of convergence. This suggests that water velocity and habitat structural complexity interact, selecting a restricted distribution of trait distributions and higher degrees of convergence in stream fish assemblages. Furthermore, these results suggest that microhabitat features in streams select for fish trait distributions in a fairly predictable and deterministic manner worldwide.
Neurotensin: a neuropeptide induced by hCG in the human and rat ovary during the periovulatory period
Authors: Al-Alem Linah , Puttabyatappa Muraly , Shrestha Ketan , Choi Yohan , Rosewell Kathy , Brännström Mats , Akin James , Jo Misung , Duffy Diane M , Curry Thomas E 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Neurotensin (NTS) is a tridecapeptide that was first characterized as a neurotransmitter in neuronal cells. The present study examined ovarian NTS expression across the periovulatory period in the human and the rat. Women were recruited into this study and monitored by transvaginal ultrasound. The dominant follicle was surgically excised prior to the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge (preovulatory phase) or women were given 250 μg human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and dominant follicles collected 12–18 h after hCG (early ovulatory), 18–34 h (late ovulatory), and 44–70 h (postovulatory). NTS mRNA was massively induced during the early and late ovulatory stage in granulosa cells (GCs) (15 000 fold) and theca cells (700 fold). In the rat, hCG also induced Nts mRNA expression in intact ovaries and isolated GCs. In cultured granulosa-luteal cells (GLCs) from IVF patients, NTS expression was induced 6 h after hCG treatment, whereas in cultured rat GCs, NTS increased 4 h after hCG treatment. Cells treated with hCG signaling pathway inhibitors revealed that NTS expression is partially regulated in the human and rat GC by the epidermal-like growth factor pathway. Human GLC, and rat GCs also showed that Nts was regulated by the protein kinase A (PKA) pathway along with input from the phosphotidylinositol 3- kinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. The predominat NTS receptor present in human and rat GCs was SORT1, whereas NTSR1 and NTSR2 expression was very low. Based on NTS actions in other systems, we speculate that NTS may regulate crucial aspects of ovulation such as vascular permeability, inflammation, and cell migration.
‘Covid-19 has caused a dramatic change to prison life’. Analysing the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on the pains of imprisonment in the Scottish Prison Estate
Authors: Maycock Matthew 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to provide insights into the impact of COVID-19 in the Scottish Prison Estate. During the 2020 lockdown in prison in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, all face-to-face research was paused. In response to this methodological challenge, a participatory correspondence methodology was designed, enabling project participants to influence the direction of this project through suggesting research questions. The main project findings relate to the analysis of ways in which the COVID-19 enhanced the pains of imprisonment for participants, exploring the challenges that the participants faced in relation to communication, feelings of heightened isolation and detachment from family, friends and the normal rhythms of life in prison. Analysis of the letters received as part of this study provides unique insights into the ways in which the COVID-19 pandemic in custody has added an additional layer or enhancement to pre-pandemic pains of imprisonment, increasing the ‘tightness’ ‘depth’ and ‘weight’ of participants time in custody.
CD4 T cells mediate brain inflammation and neurodegeneration in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Williams Gregory P , Schonhoff Aubrey M , Jurkuvenaite Asta , Gallups Nicole J , Standaert David G , Harms Ashley S 
Published: March 2021

Abstractα-Synuclein, a key pathological component of Parkinson's disease, has been implicated in the activation of the innate and adaptive immune system. This immune activation includes microgliosis, increased inflammatory cytokines, and the infiltration of T cells into the CNS. More recently, peripherally circulating CD4 and CD8 T cells derived from individuals with Parkinson’s disease have been shown to produce Th1/Th2 cytokines in response to α-synuclein, suggesting there may be a chronic memory T cell response present in Parkinson’s disease. To understand the potential effects of these α-syn associated T cell responses we used an α-synuclein overexpression mouse model, T cell-deficient mice, and a combination of immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. In this study, we found that α-synuclein overexpression in the midbrain of mice leads to the upregulation of the major histocompatibility complex II (MHCII) protein on CNS myeloid cells as well as the infiltration of IFNγ producing CD4 and CD8 T cells into the CNS. Interestingly, genetic deletion of TCRβ or CD4, as well as the use of the immunosuppressive drug fingolimod, were able to reduce the CNS myeloid MHCII response to α-synuclein. Furthermore, we observed that CD4-deficient mice were protected from the dopaminergic cell loss observed due to α-syn overexpression. These results suggest that T cell responses associated with α-synuclein pathology may be damaging to key areas of the CNS in Parkinson’s disease and that targeting these T cell responses could be an avenue for disease modifying treatments.
Checkpoint inhibitor therapy-associated acute kidney injury: time to move on to evidence-based recommendations
Authors: Perazella Mark A , Sprangers Ben 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer treatment since their introduction ∼15 years ago. However, these monoclonal antibodies are associated with immune-related adverse events that can also affect the kidney, resulting in acute kidney injury (AKI), which is most commonly due to acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (ATIN). Limited data are available on the true occurrence of ICI-associated AKI. Furthermore, evidence to guide the optimal management of ICI-associated AKI in clinical practice is lacking. In this issue, Oleas et al. report a single-center study of patients with nonhematologic malignancies who received ICI treatment during a 14-month period, experienced AKI and underwent a kidney biopsy at the Vall d’Hebron University Hospital. Importantly, they demonstrate that only a minority of ICI-associated AKI patients was referred to the nephrology service and kidney biopsy was only performed in 6.4% of patients. Although the authors add to our knowledge about ICI-associated AKI, their article also highlights the need for the development of noninvasive diagnostic markers for ICI-associated ATIN, the establishment of treatment protocols for ICI-associated ATIN and recommendations for optimal ICI rechallenge in patients with previous ICI-associated AKI.
Has COVID-19 changed the workload for primary care physicians? The case of Spain
Authors: Fernández-Aguilar Carmen , Casado-Aranda Luis-Alberto , Farrés Fernández Miquel , Minué Lorenzo Sergio 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has led to a massive over-exertion of doctors, multiplying their work intensity, overload and stress. Yet no studies have been conducted on the changes in primary care physician overload during the pandemic.ObjectiveTo address this research gap, the aim of this article is to document the subjective dimensions of physicians’ work during the peak of the pandemic for comparison with a pre-COVID-19 situation. In addition, the relationship between workload and the individual characteristics of the physician or the percentage of tele-assistance is examined.MethodsThis study performs a subjective measurement procedure for the analysis of work overload through the NASA-TLX questionnaire, with a total of 102 records from 16 doctors from a Primary Health Centers of the Granada-Metropolitan Health district (Andalusia, Spain).ResultsThe results reflect a significantly higher workload during COVID-19 in relation to a previous situation (66.1% versus 48.6% before COVID-19). All the dimensions of the NASA-TLX test suffered an increase during the COVID-19, this increase being higher in the physical, temporal and frustration levels. Interestingly, the findings reflect the higher the percentage of telematic consultations, the lower workload.ConclusionsWork overload and the emotional state of health workers is one of the many repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic. The results derived from this study may be useful in formulating policies and practices related to the workforce development, funding streams to prepare for the next wave of COVID-19 infections as well as for future public health emergencies.
Biological Aging Predicts Vulnerability to COVID-19 Severity in UK Biobank Participants
Authors: Kuo Chia-Ling , Pilling Luke C , Atkins Janice L , Masoli Jane A H , Delgado João , Tignanelli Christopher , Kuchel George A , Melzer David , Beckman Kenneth B , Levine Morgan E 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Age and disease prevalence are the 2 biggest risk factors for Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptom severity and death. We therefore hypothesized that increased biological age, beyond chronological age, may be driving disease-related trends in COVID-19 severity.

Methods
Using the UK Biobank England data, we tested whether a biological age estimate (PhenoAge) measured more than a decade prior to the COVID-19 pandemic was predictive of 2 COVID-19 severity outcomes (inpatient test positivity and COVID-19-related mortality with inpatient test-confirmed COVID-19). Logistic regression models were used with adjustment for age at the pandemic, sex, ethnicity, baseline assessment centers, and preexisting diseases/conditions.

Results
Six hundred and thirteen participants tested positive at inpatient settings between March 16 and April 27, 2020, 154 of whom succumbed to COVID-19. PhenoAge was associated with increased risks of inpatient test positivity and COVID-19-related mortality (ORMortality = 1.63 per 5 years, 95% CI: 1.43–1.86, p = 4.7 × 10−13) adjusting for demographics including age at the pandemic. Further adjustment for preexisting diseases/conditions at baseline (ORM = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.30–1.73 per 5 years, p = 3.1 × 10−8) and at the early pandemic (ORM = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.04–1.40 per 5 years, p = .011) decreased the association.

Conclusions
PhenoAge measured in 2006–2010 was associated with COVID-19 severity outcomes more than 10 years later. These associations were partly accounted for by prevalent chronic diseases proximate to COVID-19 infection. Overall, our results suggest that aging biomarkers, like PhenoAge may capture long-term vulnerability to diseases like COVID-19, even before the accumulation of age-related comorbid conditions.
Korean Immigrants’ Perception of Mental Well-Being and Help-Seeking Behaviors
Authors: Koh Eun , Choi Ga-Young , Choi Sam , Cho Ji-Young 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This article describes a study that investigated Korean immigrants’ perception of mental well-being and help-seeking behaviors with particular focus on those with mental illness. Participants with probable diagnoses of anxiety or depression were more likely to recognize their mental health problems and their impact than those without such diagnoses. However, many of them did not acknowledge experiencing mental health problems and did not show high likelihood of seeking professional mental health services. The cultural beliefs and the lack of culturally competent mental health services appeared to contribute to the low levels of recognition of mental health problems and also the low rates of mental health service utilization. The participants listed mental health professionals’ ability to communicate in the language of their preference, confidentiality, and affordability as significant factors in their decision to seek professional help. The study findings emphasize the great need of mental health educational programs within the Korean immigrant community. The findings also suggest that resources and infrastructures be secured for the provision of culturally competent mental health services for this population.
IV and oral fosfomycin pharmacokinetics in neonates with suspected clinical sepsis
Authors: Kane Zoe , Gastine Silke , Obiero Christina , Williams Phoebe , Murunga Sheila , Thitiri Johnstone , Ellis Sally , Correia Erika , Nyaoke Borna , Kipper Karin , van den Anker John , Sharland Mike , Berkley James A , Standing Joseph F 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Fosfomycin has the potential to be re-purposed as part of a combination therapy to treat neonatal sepsis where resistance to current standard of care (SOC) is common. Limited data exist on neonatal fosfomycin pharmacokinetics and estimates of bioavailability and CSF/plasma ratio in this vulnerable population are lacking.

Objectives
To generate data informing the appropriate dosing of IV and oral fosfomycin in neonates using a population pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma and CSF data.

Methods
The NeoFosfo study (NCT03453177) was a randomized trial that examined the safety and pharmacokinetics of fosfomycin comparing SOC versus SOC plus fosfomycin. Sixty-one neonates received fosfomycin (100 mg/kg IV q12h for 48 h) and then they converted to oral therapy at the same dose. Two plasma pharmacokinetic samples were taken following the first IV and oral doses, sample times were randomized to cover the whole pharmacokinetic profile and opportunistic CSF pharmacokinetic samples were collected. A population pharmacokinetic model was developed in NONMEM and simulations were performed.

Results
In total, 238 plasma and 15 CSF concentrations were collected. A two-compartment disposition model, with an additional CSF compartment and first-order absorption, best described the data. Bioavailability was estimated as 0.48 (95% CI = 0.347–0.775) and the CSF/plasma ratio as 0.32 (95% CI = 0.272–0.409). Allometric weight and postmenstrual age (PMA) scaling was applied; additional covariates included postnatal age (PNA) on clearance and CSF protein on CSF/plasma ratio.

Conclusions
Through this analysis a population pharmacokinetic model has been developed that can be used alongside currently available pharmacodynamic targets to select a neonatal fosfomycin dose based on an infant’s PMA, PNA and weight.