bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tau in the Pathophysiology of Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Pan Lina , Meng Lanxia , He Mingyang , Zhang Zhentao 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD) are the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the formation of Lewy bodies (LBs) in remaining neurons. LBs primarily consist of aggregated α-Synuclein (α-Syn). However, accumulating evidence suggests that Tau, which is associated with tauopathies such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and argyrophilic grain disease, is also involved in the pathophysiology of PD. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified MAPT, the gene encoding the Tau protein, as a risk gene for PD. Autopsy of PD patients also revealed the colocalization of Tau and α-Syn in LBs. Experimental evidence has shown that Tau interacts with α-Syn and influences the pathology of α-Syn in PD. In this review, we discuss the structure and function of Tau and provide a summary of the current evidence supporting Tau’s involvement as either an active or passive element in the pathophysiology of PD, which may provide novel targets for the early diagnosis and treatment of PD.
Genomic Action of Sigma-1 Receptor Chaperone Relates to Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Wang Shao-Ming , Goguadze Nino , Kimura Yuriko , Yasui Yuko , Pan Bin , Wang Tzu-Yun , Nakamura Yoki , Lin Yu-Ting , Hogan Quinn H. , Wilson Katherine L. , Su Tsung-Ping , Wu Hsiang-en 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSigma-1 receptors (Sig-1Rs) are endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperones implicated in neuropathic pain. Here we examine if the Sig-1R may relate to neuropathic pain at the level of dorsal root ganglia (DRG). We focus on the neuronal excitability of DRG in a “spare nerve injury” (SNI) model of neuropathic pain in rats and find that Sig-1Rs likely contribute to the genesis of DRG neuronal excitability by decreasing the protein level of voltage-gated Cav2.2 as a translational inhibitor of mRNA. Specifically, during SNI, Sig-1Rs translocate from ER to the nuclear envelope via a trafficking protein Sec61β. At the nucleus, the Sig-1R interacts with cFos and binds to the promoter of 4E-BP1, leading to an upregulation of 4E-BP1 that binds and prevents eIF4E from initiating the mRNA translation for Cav2.2. Interestingly, in Sig-1R knockout HEK cells, Cav2.2 is upregulated. In accordance with those findings, we find that intra-DRG injection of Sig-1R agonist (+)pentazocine increases frequency of action potentials via regulation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Conversely, intra-DRG injection of Sig-1R antagonist BD1047 attenuates neuropathic pain. Hence, we discover that the Sig-1R chaperone causes neuropathic pain indirectly as a translational inhibitor.
Risk assessment of ice dams for water diversion projects based on fuzzy fault trees
Authors: Liu Mengkai , Dong Xiaoxia , Guo Hui 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIce dams are among the important risks affecting the operational safety and water conveyance efficiency of water diversion projects in northern China. However, no evaluation indicator system for ice dam risk assessment of water diversion projects has been proposed. Therefore, in this paper, based on the formation mechanism of ice dams, the risk assessment indicator system and the possibility calculation model of ice dams were both proposed for water diversion projects based on the fuzzy fault tree analysis method. The ice dam risk fault tree constructed in this study mainly includes three aspects: ice production, ice transport, and ice submergence conditions. Eighteen basic risk indicators were identified, and 72 minimum cut sets were obtained by using the mountain climb method. Eight risk indicators were determined as the key risk indicators for ice dams, including meteorological conditions, narrowed cross section, sluice incident, erroneous scheduling judgment, ice cover influence, flat bed slope, control structures, and ice flow resistance of piers. Then, the canal from the Fenzhuanghe sluice to the Beijumahe sluice of the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project was taken as the research object. Combined with the expert scoring method, the ice dam risk probability of the canal was determined to be 0.2029 × 10−2, which was defined as a level III risk, which is an occasionally occurring risk. The study results can support ice dam risk prevention and canal system operation in winter for water diversion projects.
Sensitivity analysis of rainfall–runoff parameters models to estimate flows
Authors: Yogi Fernando , Correa Carina Julia Pensa , Arruda Emerson Martins , Tonello Kelly Cristina 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDeterminate the runoff of a watershed is a challenge due to the complexity of representing all “inlets” and “outlets” involved in a rainfall–runoff model. Therefore, methodologies applied for this purpose should have a good representation of the variables that most influence in this process. One of the models used to calculate the design flow is the (USDA in Urban Hydrology for Small. Technical release, no 55 (TR-55). Soil Conservation Service. Washigton, DC, http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:Urban+Hydrology+for+Small+watersheds#1, 1986), which considers the analysis changes in soil coverage, time of concentration (tc), and recurrence period (T). In this way, this study sought to evaluate the hydrological behavior of a watershed with an increase in soil waterproofing. These modifications were correlated with the variation of runoff coefficients (CN), modifications of the periods of recurrence indicated by the literature, and different equations of the time of concentration. Its application was carried out in the Ribeirão do Suru watershed, Santana de Parnaíba, SP, Brazil. The CN {75; 80; 85; 90} increased 3.14, 5.61, 10.90 and 15.85%, respectively. In the most critical situation, runoff was 15.85% higher in estimated CN. The variation of precipitation as a function of T (2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 500) and application of 11 time of concentration methods designed 132 hydrographs and flow values that were statistically treated in T of Student and in the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Except for Bransby Willians associated Cinematic Method, Dooge with Johnstone and CTH with Tsuchyia, the pairs showed degrees of correlation below 59%. The greatest correlation was observed in Jonhstone with Dooge (90%), followed by the Kinematic Method with the Soil Conservation Service Method (83%) and with Dodge (74%). As a result, it was possible to demonstrate the behavior of the SCS parameters to minimize subjectivities and revealing how each parameter impacts the flow of the watershed. Finally, the sensitivity attributed to T was the highest among the three analyzed.
Environmental risk assessment of the intake of contaminants in aquifers in the vicinity of a reclaimed waste dumpsite in Owerri municipal, Southeastern Nigeria
Authors: Ibe Francis Chizoruo , Opara Alexander Iheanyichukwu , Amaobi Collins Emeka , Ibe Bridget Onyekachi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe study investigated groundwater sources within reclaimed municipal waste dumpsites around Akachi road in Owerri, Southeastern Nigeria. The research evaluated the pollution and risk inherent in the consumption of groundwater in the vicinity of the reclaimed waste dumpsite using standard procedures. Results showed acidic pH values for some groundwater samples within the reclaimed waste dumpsite. Elevated nitrate (NO3−), aluminium (Al) and chromium (Cr) concentrations above the World Health Organization (WHO) limits for drinking water samples were recorded in some of the groundwater samples from the study area. The observed strong positive correlations between the metallic contaminants indicated that the distribution of the pollutants has a strong relationship with organic contaminants in the reclaimed waste dumpsite. Low contamination factor was exhibited by all metals for the individual samples except for Cr in sample A and Al in sample A and D. The pollution load index for all the samples was low, except for sample C with a pollution load index of unity. Elevated hazard quotient > 1 and hazard index > 1 were observed for both adults and children due to high Cr levels. The chronic daily intake risk assessment revealed values < 1, while carcinogenic risk values greater than 10−6 and 10−4 were observed for the samples suggesting potential health risk for children and adults. The water quality index of samples from the reclaimed waste dumpsite calls for concern due to elevated levels of Al and Cr. These findings, therefore, suggest the need to treat the groundwater from the reclaimed dumpsite before consumption to avert serious health risks. Finally, waste dumpsites should be remediated or allow to undergo natural remediation before reclamation, erecting residential structures, and sinking of boreholes for water supply within such areas.
Formation of hierarchical Si3N4 foams by protein-based gelcasting and chemical vapor infiltration
Authors: Li Junsheng , Yu Qiuping , Li Duan , Zeng Liang , Gao Shitao 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSilicon nitride foams with a hierarchical porous structure was formed by the combination of protein-based gelcasting, chemical vapor infiltration, and in-situ growth of silicon nitride nanowires. The porosity of the foams can be controlled at 76.3–83.8 vol% with an open porosity of 70.2– 82.8 vol%. The pore size distribution was presented in three levels: < 2 μm (voids among grains and cross overlapping of silicon nitride nanowires (SNNWs)), 10–50 μm (cell windows), and >100 μm (cells). The resulted compressive strength of the porous bodies at room temperature can achieve up to 18.0±1.0 MPa (porosity = 76.3 vol%) while the corresponding retention rate at 800 ℃ was 58.3%. Gas permeability value was measured to be 5.16 (cm3·cm)/(cm2·s·kPa). The good strength, high permeability together with the pore structure in multiple scales enabled the foam materials for microparticle infiltration applications.
Ecological and health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in Ewaso Nyiro River surface water, Kenya
Authors: Njuguna Samwel Maina , Githaiga Kelvin Babu , Onyango Janet Atieno , Gituru Robert Wahiti , Yan Xue 
Published: January 2021

AbstractEwaso Nyiro basin covers an area of about 210,226 km2, 36.3%, of Kenya drainage area and bears 5.8% of Kenya water potential with an annual yield of 1469 million m3. The river is the principal source of domestic and irrigation water to the arid north of Kenya. To determine metal and nutrient concentration of Ewaso Nyiro River surface water, a total of 30 water samples, 15 samples each for dry (February) and wet (August) seasons of 2019, were collected. Chromium, lead, iron, manganese, cobalt, cadmium, mercury, selenium, molybdenum, boron, copper, zinc, arsenic, nickel, aluminum, total phosphorus and nitrate were analyzed in the two seasons. Ecological risk assessment was determined by calculating contamination factor, pollution load index and ecological risk index. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to infer pollutants association and identify their potential sources. Cadmium, arsenic, lead, molybdenum, mercury, selenium and nickel were not detected in both seasons, while manganese, iron and aluminum were the main pollutants identified. Ewaso Nyiro irrigation water had a manganese contamination factor of 9.17, implying it was very contaminated. Twenty-seven and 40% of sampled sites in dry and wet seasons, respectively, had more than 0.3 mg/L of iron that is recommended by USEPA in drinking water. Herbicides, leached fertilizer and fuel leaking into the river water were the primary sources of anthropogenic pollution.
Not avian but mammalian scavengers efficiently consume carcasses under heavy snowfall conditions: a case from northern Japan
Authors: Enari Hiroto , Enari Haruka S. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractInterest in trophic interactions and ecosystem functions derived from carcass consumption by scavengers has been increasing. Here, we conducted the first evaluation of scavenging processes in an ecosystem with heavy snow, located in northern Japan, which is characterized by the limitations of visual and odor cues to detect carcasses. In this study, we verified the behavioral traits and assemblage compositions of avian and mammalian scavengers, which consumed six different carcass types buried in snow. We measured the visits of scavengers using camera traps between 2010 and 2020. The total scavenger richness observed was relatively low (only 12 species) compared to warmer biomes. We observed seven avian scavenger species, but their visit frequencies were extremely low compared with those of nocturnal mammalian scavengers, such as raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) and martens (Martes melampus), which were able to detect carcasses more rapidly and frequently. Our findings imply that large snow piles significantly prevent avian scavengers from detecting carcasses. In contrast, the snow piles could protect carcasses from the freezing air and ensure the occurrence of a basal level of microbial decomposition, possibly leading to carcass decomposition. This probably results in carcasses still providing odor cues for mammalian scavengers with heightened sense of smell. Moreover, considering the high carcass consumption rate (91.3% of full-body carcass; n = 23) and short carcass detection times (approximately 90 h) observed, it is possible that scavenging in heavy snowfall conditions has become systematically integrated into the foraging tactics of many mammalian scavengers.
Constraining subglacial processes from surface velocity observations using surrogate-based Bayesian inference
Authors: Brinkerhoff Douglas , Aschwanden Andy , Fahnestock Mark 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBasal motion is the primary mechanism for ice flux in Greenland, yet a widely applicable model for predicting it remains elusive. This is due to the difficulty in both observing small-scale bed properties and predicting a time-varying water pressure on which basal motion putatively depends. We take a Bayesian approach to these problems by coupling models of ice dynamics and subglacial hydrology and conditioning on observations of surface velocity in southwestern Greenland to infer the posterior probability distributions for eight spatially and temporally constant parameters governing the behavior of both the sliding law and hydrologic model. Because the model is computationally expensive, characterization of these distributions using classical Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling is intractable. We skirt this issue by training a neural network as a surrogate that approximates the model at a sliver of the computational cost. We find that surface velocity observations establish strong constraints on model parameters relative to a prior distribution and also elucidate correlations, while the model explains 60% of observed variance. However, we also find that several distinct configurations of the hydrologic system and stress regime are consistent with observations, underscoring the need for continued data collection and model development.
Processing GOTO data with the Rubin Observatory LSST Science Pipelines I: Production of coadded frames
Authors: Mullaney J. R. , Makrygianni L. , Dhillon V. , Littlefair S. , Ackley K. , Dyer M. , Lyman J. , Ulaczyk K. , Cutter R. , Mong Y.-L. , Steeghs D. , Galloway D. K. , O’Brien P. , Ramsay G. , Poshyachinda S. , Kotak R. , Nuttall L. , Pallé E. , Pollacco D. , Thrane E. , Aukkaravittayapun S. , Awiphan S. , Breton R. , Burhanudin U. , Chote P. , Chrimes A. , Daw E. , Duffy C. , Eyles-Ferris R. , Gompertz B. , Heikkilä T. , Irawati P. , Kennedy M. , Killestein T. , Levan A. , Marsh T. , Mata-Sanchez D. , Mattila S. , Maund J. , McCormac J. , Mkrtichian D. , Rol E. , Sawangwit U. , Stanway E. , Starling R. , Tooke S. , Wiersema K. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The past few decades have seen the burgeoning of wide-field, high-cadence surveys, the most formidable of which will be the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) to be conducted by the Vera C. Rubin Observatory. So new is the field of systematic time-domain survey astronomy; however, that major scientific insights will continue to be obtained using smaller, more flexible systems than the LSST. One such example is the Gravitational-wave Optical Transient Observer (GOTO) whose primary science objective is the optical follow-up of gravitational wave events. The amount and rate of data production by GOTO and other wide-area, high-cadence surveys presents a significant challenge to data processing pipelines which need to operate in near-real time to fully exploit the time domain. In this study, we adapt the Rubin Observatory LSST Science Pipelines to process GOTO data, thereby exploring the feasibility of using this ‘off-the-shelf’ pipeline to process data from other wide-area, high-cadence surveys. In this paper, we describe how we use the LSST Science Pipelines to process raw GOTO frames to ultimately produce calibrated coadded images and photometric source catalogues. After comparing the measured astrometry and photometry to those of matched sources from PanSTARRS DR1, we find that measured source positions are typically accurate to subpixel levels, and that measured L-band photometries are accurate to

$\sim50$

mmag at

$m_L\sim16$

and

$\sim200$

mmag at

$m_L\sim18$

. These values compare favourably to those obtained using GOTO’s primary, in-house pipeline, gotophoto, in spite of both pipelines having undergone further development and improvement beyond the implementations used in this study. Finally, we release a generic ‘obs package’ that others can build upon, should they wish to use the LSST Science Pipelines to process data from other facilities.
Optimizing sowing density-based management decisions with different nitrogen rates on smallholder maize farms in Northern Nigeria
Authors: Adnan Adnan Aminu , Diels Jan , Jibrin Jibrin Mohammed , Kamara Alpha Yaya , Shaibu Abdulwahab Saliu , Garba Ismail Ibrahim , Craufurd Peter , Maertens Miet 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this study, the CERES-Maize model was calibrated and evaluated using data from 60 farmers’ fields across Sudan (SS) and Northern Guinea (NGS) Savannas of Nigeria in 2016 and 2017 rainy seasons. The trials consisted of 10 maize varieties sown at three different sowing densities (2.6, 5.3, and 6.6 plants m−2) across farmers’ field with contrasting agronomic and nutrient management histories. Model predictions in both years and locations were close to observed data for both calibration and evaluation exercises as evidenced by low normalized root mean square error (RMSE) (≤15%), high modified d-index (> 0.6), and high model efficiency (>0.45) values for the phenology, growth, and yield data across all varieties and agro-ecologies. In both years and locations and for both calibration and evaluation exercises, very good agreements were found between observed and model-simulated grain yields, number of days to physiological maturity, above-ground biomass, and harvest index. Two separate scenario analyses were conducted using the long-term (26 years) weather records for Bunkure (representing the SS) and Zaria (representing the NGS). The early and extra-early varieties were used in the SS while the intermediate and late varieties were used in the NGS. The result of the scenario analyses showed that early and extra-early varieties grown in the SS responds to increased sowing density up to 8.8 plants m−2 when the recommended rate of N fertilizers (90 kg N ha−1) was applied. In the NGS, yield responses were observed up to a density of 6.6 plants m−2 with the application of 120 kg N ha−1 for the intermediate and late varieties. The highest mean monetary returns to land (US$1336.1 ha−1) were simulated for scenarios with 8.8 plants m−2 and 90 kg N ha−1, while the highest return to labor (US$957.7 ha−1) was simulated for scenarios with 6.6 plants m−2 and 90 Kg N ha−1 in the SS. In the NGS, monetary return per hectare was highest with a planting density of 6.6 plants m−2 with the application of 120 kg N, while the return to labor was highest for sowing density of 5.3 plants m−2 at the same N fertilizer application rates. The results of the long-term simulations predicted increases in yield and economic returns to land and labor by increasing sowing densities in the maize belts of Nigeria without applying N fertilizers above the recommended rates.
Morphometrics of 39 fishes from the Seychelles artisanal fisheries
Authors: Bodin Nathalie , Govinden Rodney , Souffre Andrew , Adam Pierre-André , Morgan Matthew , Collier Tom , Appoo Jennifer , Burt April J. , Sanchez Cheryl , Fleischer-Dogley Frauke , Chassot Emmanuel 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA total of 5478 fishes were sampled between 2009 and 2020 to assess length–weight, length–length and weight–weight relationships in 39 marine species from 10 families caught in the Seychelles waters by the artisanal fishery. Two types of length (total length TL, fork length FL) and three types of weight (whole weight WT, gutted weight GW and gilled-gutted weight GGW) were measured. The parameters of the relationships were estimated using the log-transformed allometric model with bias correction. Our results include length–weight, length–length and weight–weight relationships for 39, 20 and 18 species, respectively. Our length–weight data and resulting relationships were compared against FishBase database for 36 species and were in the Bayesian 95% confidence interval of the relationships available for 33 species and above for Gnathanodon speciosus, Lutjanus gibbus and Variola louti. Finally, for five abundant and widely dispersed species we tested for spatial differences in morphometric relationships between the Mahé Plateau and three southern atoll groups. Significant differences were found for two species only, but their magnitude was small. We thus argue for the regression relationships based on pooled data to be used for most types of population and community analyses. The availability of these morphometric relationships will support the application of accurate size-based analyses for Seychelles fisheries survey data, and so enhance understanding of the ecology of the reef-associated fish component of marine ecosystems and food webs, and improve fisheries research management.
Divine simplicity and scripture: a theological reading of Exodus 3:14
Authors: Platter Jonathan M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractExodus 3:14 had traditionally been taken as God's self-identification as ‘being-itself’, and hence as a source for the doctrine of divine simplicity. I begin this essay by arguing that the appropriateness of this interpretation of Exodus 3:14 should be evaluated by attention to the judgements about God made within scripture rather than merely the semantic range of a few words. There are three questions elicited by Exodus 3:1–14, concerning God's incomparability, intimacy and ineffability, that are relevant to the significance of verse 14 for divine simplicity. Consideration of the kind of judgements these questions elicit about God allows a case to be made for the aptness of divine simplicity to hold the judgements together, thereby allowing for a more sympathetic retrieval of premodern uses of Exodus 3:14.
The reception of Chalcedon in the West: a case study of Gregory the Great
Authors: Sidaway Janet 
Published: January 2021

AbstractGregory illustrates the complex reception of Chalcedon in the West in the way he dealt with the Istrian Schism caused by the Fifth Ecumenical Council of 553. At issue was whether Chalcedon's decisions in their entirety or its doctrinal statements alone were inviolable. Gregory strongly urged the latter, influenced by initial papal support for the Fifth Council, his conviction that only those within the church would be saved and pastoral anxiety about the imminence of the eschaton. However, his literary legacy also demonstrates his commitment to the soteriological significance of the Chalcedonian definition of the two natures of Christ.