bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The price of anarchy in Tor latency reduction
Authors: Fiems Dieter 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe expected cell latency for multi‐hop M/D/1 queueing networks in Wardrop equilibrium is calculated. The load is balanced such that no user can benefit from unilaterally changing its routes. The results are applied to a typical snapshot of the Tor anonymity network, for which an efficient approach is devised to calculate the equilibrium routing strategy. For this snapshot, latency in the Wardrop equilibrium is numerically compared with the globally optimal latency and the latency of the original routing method of Tor.
Four‐coil structure using bipolar receiver pad for wireless charging application
Authors: M. Mosammam Behnam , Mirsalim Mojtaba 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBased on concerns including air pollution, electric vehicles are projected to serve as alternatives to fossil fuel vehicles, and acceptance of electric vehicles has been growing. A conventional wireless charger is considered—following a discussion of its merits and demerits, a new structure is introduced, and its circuit characteristics are developed. The electric and fossil fuel vehicle systems are compared, and the benefits of the new system are thoroughly elaborated. Specifically, this study aims to design a new four‐coil wireless charging structure for electric vehicle applications. A double‐D structure is utilised as the transmitter pad and for the receiver side the bipolar structure is employed. At first, the relations of the energy efficiency as well as current, for both primary and secondary sides, in the conventional bipolar structure, are formalised, and then the same relationships are substantiated for the four‐coil structure and the results are compared. To validate the theoretical results, a 450 W wireless power transfer is fabricated and tested at 85 kHz for the proposed system. The simulation and experimental results show the performance of the proposed structure.
Effekt eines einwöchigen Gesundheitsprogramms auf die
psychische Gesundheit von pflegenden Eltern – eine kontrollierte
Panelstudie
Authors: Hetzel Christian , Schreiner Sieglinde , Kühl Dagmar , Bühne David , Philippi Katharina , Froböse Ingo 
Published: March 2021

Zusammenfassung
Ziel Eltern von pflegebedürftigen und zu Hause versorgten
Kindern sind eine vulnerable Gruppe. Es wird der Effekt eines gesetzlich
finanzierten, einwöchigen Gesundheitsprogramms der
Sozialversicherung für Landwirtschaft, Forsten und Gartenbau (SVLFG)
auf das Wohlbefinden der teilnehmenden pflegenden Eltern ermittelt.
Methode Im Rahmen einer kontrollierten Panelstudie
(Interventionsgruppe IG n=23, Vergleichsgruppe n=33,
Zuteilung nicht randomisiert) wurde der WHO-5-Index zu mehreren
Messzeitpunkten erhoben. Die Auswertung erfolgte mittels Fixed
Effects-Panelregression unter Kontrolle von zeitveränderlichen
Merkmalen (externe Rahmenbedingungen, Periodeneffekte).
Ergebnisse 70% der IG sind bei Interventionsbeginn an der
Schwelle zu einer klinisch relevanten Depressivität. Nach einem sehr
deutlichen Anfangseffekt bleibt das Niveau bis 15 Wochen über dem
Ausgangsniveau (bei stabilen Rahmenbedingungen). Ein Absinken unter das
Ausgangsniveau wird aber selbst bei deutlich steigenden Belastungen bis
mindestens 26 Wochen verhindert.
Schlussfolgerung Angesichts der hohen Ausgangsbelastung ist die
Nachhaltigkeit der präventiv ausgerichteten Intervention beachtlich.
Die Intervention ist für die Sozialversicherung einzigartig. Das
Design erlaubt trotz der geringen Fallzahl eine kausale Interpretation.
Diorganyl Dichalcogenides and Copper/Iron Salts: Versatile Cyclization System To Achieve Carbo- and Heterocycles from Alkynes
Authors: Schumacher Ricardo F. , Godoi Benhur , Jurinic Carla K. , Belladona Andrei L. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractOrganochalcogen-containing cyclic molecules have shown several promising pharmacological properties. Consequently, different strategies have been developed for their synthesis in the past few years. Particularly due to the low cost and environmental aspects, copper- and iron-promoted cyclization reactions of alkynyl substrates have been broadly and efficiently applied for this purpose. This short review presents an overview of the most recent advances in the synthesis of organochalcogen-containing carbo- and heterocycles by reacting diorganyl disulfides, diselenides, and ditellurides with alkyne derivatives in the presence of copper and iron salts to promote cyclization reactions.1	Introduction2	Synthesis of Carbo- and Heterocycles via Reactions of Alkynes with Diorganyl Dichalcogenides and Copper Salts3	Synthesis of Carbo- and Heterocycles via Reactions of Alkynes with Diorganyl Dichalcogenides and Iron Salts4	Conclusions
Late-Stage Derivatization of Buflavine by Nickel-Catalyzed Direct Substitution of a Methoxy Group via C–O Bond Activation
Authors: Tobisu Mamoru , Shimazumi Ryoma , Morita Kosuke , Yoshida Tomoki , Yasui Kosuke 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling of methoxyarenes was applied to buflavine, which allows for the selective monosubstitution of one of the two methoxy groups in the molecule, leading to the formation of 2- and 3-substituted isomers. Trimethylsilylmethyl (TMSCH2), phenyl, and alkynyl groups can be introduced into buflavine using this method. The resulting TMSCH2 analogue of buflavine can also be converted into several other derivatives.
Improving Stroke Risk Prediction in the General Population: A Comparative Assessment of Common Clinical Rules, a New Multimorbid Index, and Machine-Learning-Based Algorithms
Authors: Lip Gregory Y. H. , Genaidy Ash , Tran George , Marroquin Patricia , Estes Cara , Sloop Sue 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackground There are few large studies examining and predicting the diversified cardiovascular/noncardiovascular comorbidity relationships with stroke. We investigated stroke risks in a very large prospective cohort of patients with multimorbidity, using two common clinical rules, a clinical multimorbid index and a machine-learning (ML) approach, accounting for the complex relationships among variables, including the dynamic nature of changing risk factors.Methods We studied a prospective U.S. cohort of 3,435,224 patients from medical databases in a 2-year investigation. Stroke outcomes were examined in relationship to diverse multimorbid conditions, demographic variables, and other inputs, with ML accounting for the dynamic nature of changing multimorbidity risk factors, two clinical risk scores, and a clinical multimorbid index.Results Common clinical risk scores had moderate and comparable c indices with stroke outcomes in the training and external validation samples (validation—CHADS2: c index 0.812, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.808–0.815; CHA2DS2-VASc: c index 0.809, 95% CI 0.805–0.812). A clinical multimorbid index had higher discriminant validity values for both the training/external validation samples (validation: c index 0.850, 95% CI 0.847–0.853). The ML-based algorithms yielded the highest discriminant validity values for the gradient boosting/neural network logistic regression formulations with no significant differences among the ML approaches (validation for logistic regression: c index 0.866, 95% CI 0.856–0.876). Calibration of the ML-based formulation was satisfactory across a wide range of predicted probabilities. Decision curve analysis demonstrated that clinical utility for the ML-based formulation was better than that for the two current clinical rules and the newly developed multimorbid tool. Also, ML models and clinical stroke risk scores were more clinically useful than the “treat all” strategy.Conclusion Complex relationships of various comorbidities uncovered using a ML approach for diverse (and dynamic) multimorbidity changes have major consequences for stroke risk prediction. This approach may facilitate automated approaches for dynamic risk stratification in the significant presence of multimorbidity, helping in the decision-making process for risk assessment and integrated/holistic management.
Objective Resident Characteristics Associated with Performance on the Ophthalmic Knowledge Assessment Program Examination
Authors: Fliotsos Michael J. , Zafar Sidra , Dharssi Shazia , Srikumaran Divya , Chow Jessica , Singman Eric L. , Woreta Fasika A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background To determine objective resident characteristics that correlate with Ophthalmic Knowledge Assessment Program (OKAP) performance, as well as to correlate OKAP performance with Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) milestone assessments, written qualifying examination (WQE) scores, and oral board pass rates.
Methods Review of administrative records at an ACGME-accredited ophthalmology residency training program at an urban, tertiary academic medical center.
Results The study included data from a total of 50 resident physicians who completed training from 2012 to 2018. Mean (standard deviation) OKAP percentile performance was 60.90 (27.51), 60.46 (28.12), and 60.55 (27.43) for Years 1, 2, and 3 examinations, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences based on sex, marital status, having children, MD/PhD degree, other additional degree, number of publications, number of first author publications, or grades on medical school medicine and surgery rotations. OKAP percentile scores were significantly associated with United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 scores (linear regression coefficient 0.88 [0.54–1.18], p = 0.008). Finally, continuous OKAP scores were significantly correlated with WQE (r
s = 0.292, p = 0.049) and oral board (r
s = 0.49, p = 0.001) scores.
Conclusion Higher OKAP performance is correlated with passage of both WQE and oral board examinations during the first attempt. USMLE Step 1 score is the preresidency academic factor with the strongest association with success on the OKAP examination. Programs can utilize this information to identify those who may benefit from additional OKAP, WQE, and oral board preparation assistance.
Skip Segment Hirschsprung Disease Managed by Pull-Through of the Right Colon
Authors: Ahmad Hira , Vilanova-Sánchez Alejandra , Amengual Isabel , Guerra-Pastrian Laura , Garrido-Pontnou Marta , Montalvo Cristina , Bueno Alba , Langer Jacob , Wood Richard J. , Levitt Marc A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHirschsprung disease is the most common neurocristopathy in children, resulting in the congenital loss of enteric ganglia. Rare reports of skip lesions have previously been reported in the literature. We present a case of skip lesions known prior to surgery and managed by pull-through of the right colon that allowed the preservation of the colon.
Development of a narrow stopband filter for spectroscopic fast ion deuterium-alpha measurements
Authors: Lin D. J. , Muscatello C. M. , Heidbrink W. W. 
Published: March 2021

A new technique to attenuate the unshifted deuterium Balmer-alpha (D-alpha) emission is developed and tested for the fast ion D-alpha (FIDA) diagnostic. The unshifted D-alpha emission, at λ = 656.1 nm, is around three orders of magnitude higher than the desired FIDA emission. Blocking the strong emission feature is essential to prevent blooming and light smearing on the CCD chip and scattered light contamination. The new method is a notch filter approach that utilizes the reflection from ultra-narrow bandpass filters to block the saturating signal before it enters the spectrometer. Collimated light from the fibers is reflected off the filter at a 15° angle of incidence. Measurements show that a center wavelength transmission of 0.006 and a blocking full width at half maximum of ∼1 nm are achieved by using a 200 μm fiber and a 20 mm focal length collimator with two filters.
Tissue-restricted control of established central nervous system autoimmunity by TNF receptor 2–expressing Treg cells
Authors: Ronin Emilie , Pouchy Charlotte , Khosravi Maryam , Hilaire Morgane , Grégoire Sylvie , Casrouge Armanda , Kassem Sahar , Sleurs David , Martin Gaëlle H. , Chanson Noémie , Lombardi Yannis , Lalle Guilhem , Wajant Harald , Auffray Cédric , Lucas Bruno , Marodon Gilles , Grinberg-Bleyer Yenkel , Salomon Benoît L. 
Published: March 2021

Significance
Regulatory T (Treg) cells have been highlighted for their central function in limiting the severity of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). To date, the anatomical location and timing of this Treg cell–mediated suppression are unknown. In this report, in a mouse model of MS, we demonstrate that Treg cells inhibit the pathogenic process directly in the central nervous system during established disease, rather than in the presymptomatic phase. This protective function requires the surface expression of TNF receptor 2 by Treg cells, as its genetic ablation or antibody-mediated blockade worsens disease symptoms. Our data reveal a unique function of Treg cells in autoimmunity and highlight TNFR2 as a promising therapeutic target.
The enclosure method for a generalized anisotropic complex conductivity equation
Authors: Kuan Rulin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We study how to apply the enclosure method to reconstruct an unknown inclusion within a medium in a domain in

R

n

which satisfies the conductivity equation ∇ ⋅ ((σ
0 + iɛ
0)∇u) = 0 with σ
0 and ɛ
0 being real matrix functions. Motivated by some real world applications, we assume the unknown inclusion satisfies an equation of the more general form

∇
⋅

(

(

σ
+
i
ε

)

∇
u
+
ζ

∇
u

̄

)

=
0

, where σ, ɛ, ζ are also real matrix functions. Due to the anisotropy, it is in general difficult to find complex geometric optics solutions. Therefore, we construct the oscillating decaying solutions, which is used to test whether a given half-space intersects the unknown inclusion or not.
Spectroscopic ellipsometry of amorphous Se superlattices
Authors: John Joshua D , Okano Shun , Sharma Apoorva , Nishimoto Satoru , Miyachi Noritoshi , Enomoto Kunitaka , Ochiai Jun , Saito Ichitaro , Salvan Georgeta , Masuzawa Tomoaki , Yamada Takatoshi , Chua Daniel H C , Zahn Dietrich R T , Okano Ken 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Superlattice structures have a variety of electrical and optical properties that allow for interesting applications like quantum cascade lasers and ultrasensitive photo-detectors. However, such structures require high-tech fabrication methods like molecular beam epitaxy, and this technology barrier means that these promising devices are not in widespread use. Using the simple method of rotational evaporation, we fabricated films with alternating multi-nanolayers of amorphous selenium (Se) and arsenic selenide (As2Se3). We investigated the optical properties of the individual materials, and the resulting multi-layer structure using spectroscopic ellipsometry. The results were modeled using Cody–Lorentz oscillators to obtain the refractive index (n) and extinction coefficient (k). The models showed the optical band gaps of Se and As2Se3 to be 1.97 and 1.69 eV, respectively. The absorption coefficient (α) of the multi-layer structure showed a series of five ‘steps’ in energy at 1.72, 1.82, 1.89, 1.97, and 2.04 eV. These are confirmed to stem from the transitions between confined quantum well levels due to the superlattice structure. In this way, the optical measurement using spectroscopic ellipsometry confirms the possibility of fabricating good quality nanostructutres using amorphous materials and rotational evaporation.
Get on the BAND Wagon: a Bayesian framework for quantifying model uncertainties in nuclear dynamics
Authors: Phillips D R , Furnstahl R J , Heinz U , Maiti T , Nazarewicz W , Nunes F M , Plumlee M , Pratola M T , Pratt S , Viens F G , Wild S M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We describe the Bayesian analysis of nuclear dynamics (BAND) framework, a cyberinfrastructure that we are developing which will unify the treatment of nuclear models, experimental data, and associated uncertainties. We overview the statistical principles and nuclear-physics contexts underlying the BAND toolset, with an emphasis on Bayesian methodology’s ability to leverage insights from multiple models. In order to facilitate understanding of these tools, we provide a simple and accessible example of the BAND framework’s application. Four case studies are presented to highlight how elements of the framework will enable progress in complex, far-ranging problems in nuclear physics (NP). By collecting notation and terminology, providing illustrative examples, and giving an overview of the associated techniques, this paper aims to open paths through which the NP and statistics communities can contribute to and build upon the BAND framework.
EHD-jet patterned MoS2 on a high-k dielectric for high mobility in thin film transistor applications
Authors: Can Thi Thu Thuy , Ko Hak-Lim , Choi Woon-Seop 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Solution synthesis of MoS2 precursor followed by direct printing could be an effective way to make printed electronic devices. A linear MoS2 pattern was obtained by an electrohydrodynamic (EHD)-jet printer with a sol-gel system without chemical vapor deposition. The morphology of the MoS2 after a transfer process was maintained without wrinkles or cracking, resulting in a smooth surface compared with that of spin-coated films. EHD-jet printed MoS2 was transferred onto high-k dielectric Al2O3 and used as a semiconductor layer in thin film transistor (TFT) devices. The printed MoS2 TFT has relatively good electrical characteristics, such as a linear field effect mobility, current ratio, and low subthreshold swing of 47.64

±

2.99 cm2 V−1 s−1, 7.39

±

0.12 × 106, and 0.7

±

0.05 V decade−1, respectively. This technique may have promise for future applications.
In situ synthesis of Fe-doped CrOOH nanosheets for efficient electrocatalytic water oxidation
Authors: Gao Min , Ma Ning , Yu Cuiping , Liu Yu 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a process in electrochemical water splitting with sluggish kinetics that needs efficient non-noble-metal electrocatalysts. There have been few studies of CrOOH electrocatalysts for water oxidation due to their low performance. Herein, in situ synthesized Fe-doped CrOOH nanosheets on Ni foam (Fe-CrOOH/NF) were designed as electrocatalysts and performance in the OER was obviously improved. The effect of the amount of Fe doping was also investigated. Experiments revealed that the best performance of Fe-CrOOH/NF requires low overpotentials of 259 mV to reach 20 mA cm−2 together with a turnover frequency of 0.245 s−1 in 1.0 M KOH, which may suggest a new direction for the development of Fe-doped OER electrocatalysts.
Sulfonated covalent organic framework modified separators suppress the shuttle effect in lithium-sulfur batteries
Authors: Deng Xiaoyu , Li Yongpeng , Li Lv , Qiao Shaoming , Lei Da , Shi Xiaoshan , Zhang Fengxiang 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) have gained intense research enthusiasm due to their high energy density. Nevertheless, the ‘shuttle effect’ of soluble polysulfide (a discharge product) reduces their cycling stability and capacity, thus restricting their practical application. To tackle this challenging issue, we herein report a sulfonated covalent organic framework modified separator (SCOF-Celgard) that alleviates the shuttling of polysulfide anions and accelerates the migration of Li+ ions. Specifically, the negatively charged sulfonate can inhibit the same charged polysulfide anion through electrostatic repulsion, thereby improving the cycle stability of the battery and preventing the Li-anode from being corroded. Meanwhile, the sulfonate groups may facilitate the positively charged lithium ions to pass through the separator. Consequently, the battery assembled with the SCOF-Celgard separator exhibits an 81.1% capacity retention after 120 cycles at 0.5 C, which is far superior to that (55.7%) of the battery with a Celgard separator. It has a low capacity degradation of 0.067% per cycle after 600 cycles at 1 C, and a high discharge capacity (576 mAh g−1) even at 2 C. Our work proves that the modification of a separator with a SCOF is a viable and effective route for enhancing the electrochemical performance of a LSB.
The impact of path estimates in iterative ion CT reconstructions for clinical-like cases
Authors: Meyer Sebastian , Pinto Marco , Parodi Katia , Gianoli Chiara 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Ion computed tomography (CT) promises to mitigate range uncertainties inherent in the conversion of x-ray Hounsfield units into ion relative stopping power (RSP) for ion beam therapy treatment planning. To improve accuracy and spatial resolution of ion CT by accounting for statistical multiple Coulomb scattering deflection of the ion trajectories from a straight line path (SLP), the most likely path (MLP) and the cubic spline path (CSP) have been proposed. In this work, we use FLUKA Monte Carlo simulations to investigate the impact of these path estimates in iterative tomographic reconstruction algorithms for proton, helium and carbon ions. To this end the ordered subset simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique was used and coupled with a total variation superiorization (TVS). We evaluate the image quality and dose calculation accuracy in proton therapy treatment planning of cranial patient anatomies. CSP and MLP generally yielded nearly equal image quality with an average RSP relative error improvement over the SLP of 0.6%, 0.3% and 0.3% for proton, helium and carbon ion CT, respectively. Bone and low density materials have been identified as regions of largest enhancement in RSP accuracy. Nevertheless, only minor differences in dose calculation results were observed between the different models and relative range errors of better than 0.5% were obtained in all cases. Largest improvements were found for proton CT in complex scenarios with strong heterogeneities along the beam path. The additional TVS provided substantially reduced image noise, resulting in improved image quality in particular for soft tissue regions. Employing the CSP and MLP for iterative ion CT reconstructions enabled improved image quality over the SLP even in realistic and heterogeneous patient anatomy. However, only limited benefit in dose calculation accuracy was obtained even though an ideal detector system was simulated.
Automated brain structures segmentation from PET/CT images based on landmark-constrained dual-modality atlas registration
Authors: Chen Zhaofeng , Qiu Tianshuang , Tian Yang , Feng Hongbo , Zhang Yanjun , Wang Hongkai 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Automated brain structures segmentation in positron emission tomography (PET) images has been widely investigated to help brain disease diagnosis and follow-up. To relieve the burden of a manual definition of volume of interest (VOI), automated atlas-based VOI definition algorithms were developed, but these algorithms mostly adopted a global optimization strategy which may not be particularly accurate for local small structures (especially the deep brain structures). This paper presents a PET/CT-based brain VOI segmentation algorithm combining anatomical atlas, local landmarks, and dual-modality information. The method incorporates local deep brain landmarks detected by the Deep Q-Network (DQN) to constrain the atlas registration process. Dual-modality PET/CT image information is also combined to improve the registration accuracy of the extracerebral contour. We compare our algorithm with the representative brain atlas registration methods based on 86 clinical PET/CT images. The proposed algorithm obtained accurate delineation of brain VOIs with an average Dice similarity score of 0.79, an average surface distance of 0.97 mm (sub-pixel level), and a volume recovery coefficient close to 1. The main advantage of our method is that it optimizes both global-scale brain matching and local-scale small structure alignment around the key landmarks, it is fully automated and produces high-quality parcellation of the brain structures from brain PET/CT images.