bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flavonoid subclasses and CHD risk: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
Authors: Fan Ze-kai , Wang Chong , Yang Ting , Li Xueqi , Guo Xiaofei , Li Duo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractEpidemiological studies have shown that higher intake of flavonoid is inversely associated with CHD risk. However, which flavonoid subclass could reduce CHD risk has remained controversial. The present meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies aimed to quantitatively assess the associations between flavonoid subclasses and CHD risk. A systematic literature search was implemented from PubMed and Web of Science databases up to March 2021, and eligible studies were identified. Multivariate-adjust relative risks (RR) with corresponding 95 % CI were pooled by using a random-effects model. A restricted cubic spline regression model was performed for non-linear dose–response analysis. A total of 19 independent prospective cohort studies with 894 471 participants and 34 707 events were included. The results showed that dietary intakes of anthocyanins (RR = 0·90; 95 % CI: 0·83, 0·98), proanthocyanidins (RR = 0·78; 95 % CI: 0·65, 0·94), flavonols (RR = 0·88; 95 % CI: 0·79, 0·98), flavones (RR = 0·94; 95 % CI: 0·89, 0·99) and isoflavones (RR = 0·90; 95 % CI: 0·83, 0·98) were negatively associated with CHD risk. Dose–response analysis showed that increment of 50 mg/d anthocyanins, 100 mg/d proanthocyanidins, 25 mg/d flavonols, 5 mg/d flavones and 0·5 mg/d isoflavones were associated with 5 % reduction in CHD risk, respectively. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were used to further support these associations. The present results indicate that dietary intakes of fruits and vegetables abundant five flavonoid subclasses, namely anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, flavonols, flavones and isoflavones, are associated with a lower risk of CHD.
Ten-year experience with multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment of odontogenic sinusitis
Authors: Elwany S , Ibrahim A A , Hussein W K A , Medra A M , Elwany N 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundOdontogenic sinusitis is an underdiagnosed entity and is one cause of failure of conventional treatments of sinusitis. Unfortunately, there is no consensus so far on the best management protocol. This retrospective study aimed to suggest a practical management protocol that can reduce misdiagnosis and improve treatment outcomes.MethodsThe study included 74 patients with confirmed odontogenic sinusitis who were diagnosed and treated over 10 years (2010–2019). The patient data were recorded and analysed.ResultsDental pain was reported in only 31.1 per cent of patients. Fifty-six patients (75.7 per cent) had received dental treatment during the last year, but only 13 (23.1 per cent) reported it. Dental pathology was missed on initial computed tomography evaluation in 24 patients (32.4 per cent). Forty-one patients (55.4 per cent) were successfully treated by dental procedures and antibiotics. Fourteen patients needed functional endoscopic sinus surgery in addition to dental procedures.ConclusionSuccessful management of odontogenic sinusitis requires good communication between rhinologists, radiologists and dentists. Dental treatment should be the logical first step in the treatment protocol, unless otherwise indicated.
Glossing and vocabulary learning
Authors: Boers Frank 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis article offers a critical review of research on the use of glossing and its contribution to second language (L2) vocabulary acquisition. Discussion topics include the complexity of estimating the effectiveness of glossing relative to reading non-glossed texts, the quest for optimal implementations of glossing, issues of ecological validity, and ambiguity around the nature of vocabulary learning from glosses. The general conclusion is that, despite the substantial number of research studies on this subject, many questions remain to which only tentative and provisional answers are currently available. This is partly owing to the wide diversity in research designs across studies and the lack of transparency of many research reports. Suggestions are made for further research on glossing with a view to enabling future systematic reviews to produce more nuanced answers and more informed recommendations for the design of L2 reading materials.
On the edit distance function of the random graph
Authors: Martin Ryan R. , Riasanovsky Alex W. N. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractGiven a hereditary property of graphs
$\mathcal{H}$
and a
$p\in [0,1]$
, the edit distance function
$\textrm{ed}_{\mathcal{H}}(p)$
is asymptotically the maximum proportion of edge additions plus edge deletions applied to a graph of edge density p sufficient to ensure that the resulting graph satisfies
$\mathcal{H}$
. The edit distance function is directly related to other well-studied quantities such as the speed function for
$\mathcal{H}$
and the
$\mathcal{H}$
-chromatic number of a random graph.Let
$\mathcal{H}$
be the property of forbidding an Erdős–Rényi random graph
$F\sim \mathbb{G}(n_0,p_0)$
, and let
$\varphi$
represent the golden ratio. In this paper, we show that if
$p_0\in [1-1/\varphi,1/\varphi]$
, then a.a.s. as
$n_0\to\infty$
,
\begin{align*} {\textrm{ed}}_{\mathcal{H}}(p) = (1+o(1))\,\frac{2\log n_0}{n_0} \cdot\min\left\{ \frac{p}{-\log(1-p_0)}, \frac{1-p}{-\log p_0} \right\}. \end{align*}
Moreover, this holds for
$p\in [1/3,2/3]$
for any
$p_0\in (0,1)$
.A primary tool in the proof is the categorization of p-core coloured regularity graphs in the range
$p\in[1-1/\varphi,1/\varphi]$
. Such coloured regularity graphs must have the property that the non-grey edges form vertex-disjoint cliques.
Conceptualizing the Transnational Regulation of Plastics: Moving Towards a Preventative and Just Agenda for Plastics
Authors: Johnson Hope , Nay Zoe , Maguire Rowena , Barner Leonie , Payne Alice , Taboada Manuela 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis article categorizes and evaluates how regulatory regimes conceptualize plastics, and how such conceptualizations affect the production, consumption, and disposal of plastics. Taking a doctrinal and policy-oriented approach, it identifies four ‘frames’ – that is, four distinct and coherent sets of meanings attributed to plastics within transnational regulation – namely, plastics as waste to be managed; a material to be prevented; a good (or waste) to be traded freely; and inputs or outputs in production-consumption systems. Based on this analysis, three significant deficiencies in the transnational regulation of plastics are identified: the failure to frame plastics in terms of environmental justice and human rights issues; insufficient focus on plastics prevention (rather than management); and the role of law in reinforcing its production and consumption.
An Implicit Air Quality Bias Due to the State of Pristine Aerosol
Authors: Zhao Xueying , Allen Robert J. , Thomson Erik S. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAir pollution is largely attributed to anthropogenic aerosols, with the role of natural aerosols, including sea salt, dust, and other terrestrial emissions considered to be less important. However, natural aerosols have strong geographic gradients and this suggests that spatially invariant air quality guidelines may handicap regions close to natural sources. We use climate models to construct a view of pre‐industrial “pristine” air quality, including fine particulate matter with diameters less than 2.5 µm (). Under pristine conditions, levels over regions in geographic proximity to dust sources, including parts of Africa and Asia, exceed World Health Organization air quality guidelines. We estimate that this pristine air pollution, which is unassociated with human activities, impacts up to about one billion people globally. The results show that natural aerosols, with strong geographic gradients, can lead to poor air quality over regions close to sources, and that in many areas no amount of anthropogenic emission reductions will result in clean air.
TRICE 2 Observations of Low‐Energy Magnetospheric Ions Within the Cusp
Authors: Sawyer R. P. , Fuselier S. A. , Kletzing C. A. , Bonnell J. W. , Roglans R. , Bounds S. R. , Kim M. J. , Vines S. K. , Cairns I. H. , Moser C. , LaBelle J. , Moen J. I. , Trattner K. J. , Petrinec S. M. , Burch J. L. , Giles B. L. , George D. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractOn December 08, 2018 the Twin Rocket Investigation of Cusp Electrodynamics 2 (TRICE 2) mission was successfully launched. The mission consisted of two sounding rockets, each carrying a payload capable of measuring electron and ion distributions, electric and magnetic fields, and plasma waves occurring in the northern magnetospheric cusp. This study highlights the ion and wave observations obtained by TRICE 2 in the cusp and observations from the magnetospheric multiscale (MMS) spacecraft at the low‐latitude magnetopause two hours prior to the TRICE 2 traversal of the cusp. Within the cusp, typical ion cusp features were observed, that is, energy‐latitude dispersion of injected magnetosheath plasma. However, a lower energy population was also measured near the equatorward edge of the cusp on open field lines. Pitch‐angle distributions of the low‐energy ions suggest that this population was magnetospheric in origin, and not from ionospheric upflows. Data from MMS show that counterstreaming ions were present in the outer magnetosphere and low‐latitude boundary layer at similar energies to those observed by TRICE 2 in the cusp. Correlations between the low‐energy ions within the cusp and broadband extremely low frequency waves suggest that the low‐energy magnetospheric ions that filled the flux tube may have undergone wave‐particle interactions. These interactions may cause pitch‐angle scattering of low‐energy magnetospheric ions closer to the loss cone, thereby allowing them to precipitate into the cusp and be measured by the TRICE 2 sounding rockets.
Modulated Upper‐Hybrid Waves Coincident With Lower‐Hybrid Waves in the Cusp
Authors: Moser C. , LaBelle J. , Roglans R. , Bonnell J. W. , Cairns I. H. , Feltman C. , Kletzing C. A. , Bounds S. , Sawyer R. P. , Fuselier S. A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDuring the Twin Rockets to Investigate Cusp Electrodynamics (TRICE‐2) High‐Flyer rocket's passage through the cusp the high frequency (HF) radio wave receiver observed three intervals of banded upper‐hybrid (UH) waves. The bands begin at the UH frequency (1.2–1.3 MHz), descending to as low as 1.1 MHz, with amplitudes of hundreds of mV/m. The spacing of the bands are 4.5–6 kHz and the number of bands ranges from 3 to 10. Simultaneously, the very low frequency (VLF) radio wave receiver observed lower‐hybrid (LH) waves with amplitudes ranging from 1 to 10 mV/m and frequencies of 4.5–6 kHz. Slight variations of the spacings of the bands in the UH waves were closely correlated with variations in the LH peak frequencies. Two possible wave‐wave interactions are explored to explain this phenomenon: decay of an UH wave into a lower frequency UH wave and a LH wave, and coalescence of independent UH waves and LH waves that spawn UH waves. Using a dispersion relation calculator with electron and ion distribution functions based off those observed by the particle instruments suggests that UH waves, and to a lesser degree LH waves, can be excited by linear instabilities. Kinematic analysis of the waves dispersion relations and the wave matching conditions show that wave‐wave interactions linking UH and LH modes are possible through either decay or coalescence. This analysis along with comparisons of the energy densities of the waves, and the ratio of their occupation numbers suggest that the decay process is more likely than coalescence.
The Fall and Rise of the Global Climate Model
Authors: Mülmenstädt Johannes , Wilcox Laura J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGlobal models are an essential tool for climate projections, but conventional coarse‐resolution atmospheric general circulation models suffer from errors both in their parameterized cloud physics and in their representation of climatically important circulation features. A notable recent study by Terai et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020ms002274) documents a global model capable of reproducing the regime‐based effect of aerosols on cloud liquid water path expected from observational evidence. This may represent a significant advance in cloud process fidelity in global models. Such models can be expected to give a better estimate of the effective radiative forcing of the climate. If this advance in cloud process representation can be matched by advances in the representation of circulation features such as monsoons, then such models may also be able to navigate the complex tangle between spatially heterogeneous aerosol–cloud interactions and regional circulation patterns. This tight link between aerosol and circulation results in anthropogenic perturbations of climate variables of societal importance, such as regional rainfall distributions. Upcoming global models with km‐scale resolution may improve the regional circulation and be able to take advantage of the Terai et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020ms002274) improvement in cloud physics. If so, an era of significantly improved regional climate projection capabilities may soon dawn. If not, then the improvement in cloud physics might spur intensified efforts on problems in model dynamics. Either way, based on the rapid changes in aerosol emissions in the near future, learning to make reliable projections based on biased models is a skill that will not go out of style.
PCA-based unsupervised feature extraction for gene expression analysis of COVID-19 patients
Authors: Fujisawa Kota , Shimo Mamoru , Taguchi Y.-H. , Ikematsu Shinya , Miyata Ryota 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is raging worldwide. This potentially fatal infectious disease is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, the complete mechanism of COVID-19 is not well understood. Therefore, we analyzed gene expression profiles of COVID-19 patients to identify disease-related genes through an innovative machine learning method that enables a data-driven strategy for gene selection from a data set with a small number of samples and many candidates. Principal-component-analysis-based unsupervised feature extraction (PCAUFE) was applied to the RNA expression profiles of 16 COVID-19 patients and 18 healthy control subjects. The results identified 123 genes as critical for COVID-19 progression from 60,683 candidate probes, including immune-related genes. The 123 genes were enriched in binding sites for transcription factors NFKB1 and RELA, which are involved in various biological phenomena such as immune response and cell survival: the primary mediator of canonical nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activity is the heterodimer RelA-p50. The genes were also enriched in histone modification H3K36me3, and they largely overlapped the target genes of NFKB1 and RELA. We found that the overlapping genes were downregulated in COVID-19 patients. These results suggest that canonical NF-κB activity was suppressed by H3K36me3 in COVID-19 patient blood.
Venous Thromboembolism in Pediatric Cancer Patients with Central Venous Catheter—A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Hansen Rasmus Søgaard , Nybo Mads , Hvas Anne-Mette 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPediatric cancer patients hold an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) due to their cancer. Central venous catheters (CVCs) further increase the VTE risk. This systematic literature review elucidates the VTE incidence in pediatric cancer patients with CVC. MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched in August 2020 without time limits. We included studies reporting original data on patients ≤18 years with any CVC type and any cancer type, who were examined for VTE with ≥7 days follow-up. In total, 682 unique records were identified, whereof 189 studies were assessed in full text. Altogether, 25 studies were included, containing 2,318 pediatric cancer patients with CVC, of which 17% suffered VTE. Fifteen studies (n = 1,551) described CVC-related VTE and reported 11% CVC-related VTE. Concerning cancer type, 991 children suffered from acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 616 from solid tumors. Meta-analysis revealed VTE incidence (95% confidence interval) of 21% (8–37) for ALL and 7% (0.1–17) for solid tumors. Additionally, 20% of children with tunneled or nontunneled CVC and 12% of children with implantable ports suffered VTE. In conclusion, pediatric cancer patients with CVC have substantial VTE risk. Children with ALL and CVC have higher VTE incidence than children with solid tumors and CVC. Implantable port catheter should be preferred over tunneled or nontunneled CVC to reduce VTE risk. Thrombophilia investigation does not seem relevant in pediatric cancer patients with CVC and VTE. To prevent VTE, intensified catheter care is recommended, especially in children with ALL.
‘Braining’ psychiatry: an investigation into how complexity is managed in the practice of neuropsychiatric research
Authors: de Boer Bas , Molder Hedwig te , Verbeek Peter-Paul 
Published: August 2021

AbstractNeuropsychiatry searches to understand mental disorders in terms of underlying brain activity by using brain imaging technologies. The field promises to offer a more objective foundation for diagnostic processes and to help developing forms of treatment that target the symptoms of a specific mental disorder. However, brain imaging technologies also reveal the brain as a complex network, suggesting that mental disorders cannot be easily linked to specific brain areas. In this paper, we analyze a case study conducted at a neuropsychiatry laboratory to explore how the complexity of the human brain is managed in light of the project of explaining mental disorders in terms of their neurological substrates. We use a combination of ethnomethodology and conversation analysis to show how previously assigned diagnostic labels are constitutive of interpretations of experimental data and, therefore, remain unchallenged. Furthermore, we show how diagnostic labels become materialized in experimental design, in that the linking of symptoms of mental disorders to specific brain areas is treated as indicative of successfully designed experimental stimuli. In conclusion, we argue that while researchers acknowledge the complexity of the brain on a generic level, they do not grant this complexity to the brains of individuals diagnosed with a mental disorder.
Maze-walkers and echoborgs
Authors: Mossop Brian 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The article fills a gap in the existing array of translation metaphors by introducing maze-walkers as a metaphor
for translators at work. Ten similarities and five dissimilarities between translating and walking through a hedge maze are
discussed. Translators’ control over their actions is compared to that of maze-walkers and of four other metaphorical agents:
stage and musical performers, puppeteers, echoborgs and ghost-writers. Most existing metaphors convey attitudes toward
translations and translators, whereas the maze-walking metaphor captures the varied actions of a translating translator. The
metaphor may be of value to anyone explaining translation to students.
Identifying the evolving human imprint on heat wave trends over the United States and Mexico
Authors: M García-Martínez Ivonne , A Bollasina Massimo 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Changes in frequency, duration and intensity of three heat wave (HW) types (compound, daytime, and nighttime) over the United States (U.S.) and Mexico during the second half of the 20th-century are investigated using the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble (CESM-LE). The individual role of anthropogenic aerosols and greenhouse gases (GHGs), as well as the contribution from internal variability (IV), are identified and contrasted by means of the CESM-LE single forcing experiments during two periods: 1950–1975, when North American aerosol emissions peaked, and 1980–2005, when aerosol emissions declined. HW changes are strongly affected by anthropogenic forcing. During 1950–1975, aerosols, via both aerosol-radiation and aerosol-cloud interactions, dominate the decreasing trends in compound HWs over the central U.S., the daytime HWs in large parts of the domain and the nighttime HWs over Mexico. Conversely, all three HW types are considerably more frequent (

>

2 HWs summer−1 decade−1), longer-lasting (with increases of up to 2 days HW−1 decade−1 in some regions) and more intense (e.g.,

>

3

∘

C HW−1 decade−1 in compound HWs) across large regions of the domain during the 1980–2005 period. The results show that the decline in aerosol emissions and the continuous rise in GHGs lead to widespread warming and subsequent circulation adjustments, contributing to the positive HW trends. The contribution of IV is large during 1950–1975 (over 60% in most areas), and considerably reduced later on. This study provides a comprehensive picture of the role of anthropogenic forcing and IV on the marked HW changes in the recent decades and their underpinning physical mechanisms.
COVID-19 vaccine use in immunocompromised patients: A commentary on evidence and recommendations
Authors: Duly Kristine , Farraye Francis A , Bhat Shubha 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Purpose
While COVID-19 vaccine emergency use authorization (EUA) deemed the vaccines to be effective and safe for public use, the phase 3 trials leading to EUA predominantly excluded patients with immunocompromising conditions. Immunocompromised patients make up a significant proportion of the population, and in light of recent mass vaccination efforts, we aim to review current evidence and recommendations of COVID-19 vaccines in 4 patient populations with immunocompromising disorders or conditions: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, solid organ transplantation, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease.

Summary
Given the evolving data on the safety and efficacy of the approved COVID-19 vaccines in the immunocompromised population, it is vital that pharmacists and other immunizing providers understand the current data and recommendations and provide the public with accurate information. To date, the only immunocompromised subgroup included in phase 3 COVID-19 vaccine trials have been those with HIV infection. However, recent retrospective trials have provided reassuring data on the safety of the COVID-19 vaccine in immunocompromised patients, and the interim analysis of the Moderna phase 3 trial produced promising data on efficacy in HIV-infected patients. Presently, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, British Society for Immunology, and various other governmental and professional societies and organizations endorse COVID-19 vaccination in the immunocompromised population.

Conclusion
While additional data is needed to determine the effects of immunocompromising medical conditions and immunosuppressing medications on the efficacy of the vaccine, the benefits of vaccination is anticipated to outweigh theoretical risks. Thus, COVID-19 vaccination is recommended for immunocompromised patients at this time, and providers should make efforts to decrease vaccine hesitancy in this population through education and reassurance.