bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of Nonhomogeneous Noise in 2D Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Shukla Vedant , Khandekar Prasad , Khaparde Arti 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMagnetic resonance images are often influenced by noise. Reliable estimation of noise characteristics is important for image post‐processing. The benchmark algorithms often assume a uniform noise model across the image; that is, the noise features are spatially invariant. A few noise estimators are found to cope with nonhomogeneous noise; however, they either require multiple acquisitions or other additional information. In this research work, we develop a method that can accurately estimate the nonhomogeneous parameters of noise from just a single magnitude image. The proposed algorithm is a two‐step approach. In the first step, we evaluate the standard deviation of noise assuming that it follows Gaussian distribution. This step utilizes a hybrid of spatial domain edge information suppression and transforms domain coefficient statistics to estimate a single value of standard deviation of noise in magnitude MR images. In the second step, the evaluated noise is corrected using the analytical expression that establishes the relationship between Gaussian noise and Rician noise. Results on synthetic and clinical data evidence the better performance of the proposed algorithm when compared to the benchmark methods.
Developing sulfur‐doped titanium oxide nanoparticles loaded chitosan/cellulose‐based proangiogenic dressings for chronic ulcer and burn wounds healing
Authors: Aleem Abdur R. , Shahzadi Lubna , Nasir Muhammad , Hajivand Pegah , Alvi Farah , Akhtar Amna , Zehra Mubashra , Mehmood Azra , Yar Muhammad 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDevelopment of biomaterials supporting angiogenesis are highly desired in medical applications. In current work, chitosan and cellulose were cross‐linked by using triethyl orthoformate and loaded with sulfur‐doped titanium oxide nanoparticles. A readily available and inexpensive titanium oxide was added as a potential proangiogenic agent based on our group findings and other reports on metal oxide nanoparticles activity to stimulate angiogenesis. A simple freeze gelation method led to the development of flexible, foldable, and porous membranes. To investigate the chemical characteristics of the synthesized membranes, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy was used. Scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy‐dispersive X‐ray microanalysis was employed for surface morphological investigations. The cross‐linked membranes showed higher degree of swelling capacity compared to the same material with titania‐loaded nanoparticles in vitro. The synthesized materials showed higher degree of degradation in H2O2 as compared to phosphate‐buffered saline and lysozyme. Chorioallantoic membrane assay was done to investigate the angiogenic potential. Titanium oxide nanoparticles loaded membranes (CLHTS‐5 wt%) exhibited the best degree of angiogenesis in comparison to the other tested materials. In CLHTS‐5 wt% experimental group, a good level of attachment and ingrowth of several blood vessels was observed. Interestingly, the same tested group (CLHTS‐5 wt%) had shown the increasing trend of cellular metabolic rate of the seeded cells from Day 0 to Day 7 in vitro. These findings were further confirmed by the decline in lactate dehydrogenase enzyme release which was monitored until 72 h, indicating the promising ability of this biomaterial in wound healing applications.
Inter‐model spreading of changes in East Asian winter monsoon circulation under 1.5 and 2.0°C global warming targets
Authors: Xu Zhiqing , Fan Ke 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis study investigates inter‐model spreading of changes in East Asian winter monsoon circulation and the underlying reasons under 1.5 and 2.0°C global warming for Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5. Results show that the spatial patterns of multi‐model ensemble and inter‐model spreading of changes in 850‐hPa zonal and meridional winds over East Asia are similar under the two global warming targets. The multi‐model ensemble changes in 850‐hPa meridional wind (V850) over southern China are near zero under the two targets. Meanwhile, the V850 changes over southern China exhibit large inter‐model spreading, which is closely related to those of regional differences in sea surface temperature changes (DSSTC) in the tropical Pacific. Models with positive V850 anomalies over southern China tend to project weak (strong) surface warming in the western North Pacific (South China Sea and the equatorial central and eastern Pacific). Such a configuration results in decreased precipitation over the east of the Philippines and hence an anomalous lower‐level high to its northwest. Accordingly, southwesterly anomalies prevail over southern China. The southwesterly anomalies are further enhanced by related positive feedback processes. Models with negative V850 anomalies tend to project strong (weak) surface warming in the western North Pacific (South China Sea). The projected surface warming in the equatorial central and eastern Pacific is also strong, but weaker than that of models with positive V850 anomalies. Therefore, the induced precipitation and circulation changes over the East Asia–western North Pacific are basically opposite to those described above. Besides, the inter‐model spreading of V850 changes over southern China decrease by about 36.2% from 1.5 to 2.0°C global warming, which can be partly attributed to the decrease in the inter‐model spreading of DSSTC in the tropical Pacific. Numerical experiments confirm the role of the sea surface temperature changes in the tropical Pacific.
Target profiling of flavonol glycosides in the extract of Ginkgo biloba leaf and their pharmacokinetics in rat plasma by ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Qu Cheng , Wen Jia‐Hui , Li Ping , Gao Wen , Yang Hua 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe extract of Ginkgo biloba leaf is a popular herbal product or dietary supplement in the world to treat various diseases, and flavonol glycosides are considered as the main bioactive constituents. In this study, 37 flavonol glycosides were rapidly screened out by precursor ion scanning in positive ion mode with production ions at m/z 287.05, 303.05, and 317.06. Subsequently, a reliable and sensitive ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole‐linear ion trap mass spectrometry approach was established and validated to quantify the 20 prototype flavonol glycosides in rat plasma. Calibration curves showed good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9894) over the corresponding concentration range. The precision, accuracy, extraction recovery, matrix effect, and stability were also satisfactory. The validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of prototype flavonol glycosides in rat after oral administration of the extract of G. biloba leaf. As a result, the Tmax of flavonol glycosides was short at 0.11–0.60 h. Quercetin‐3‐O‐(2“,6″‐di‐O‐rhamnosyl)‐glucoside, kaempferol‐3‐O‐(2′',6′'‐di‐O‐rhamnosyl)‐glucoside, quercetin‐3‐O‐rutinoside, quercetin‐ 3‐O‐glucosyl‐(1‐2)‐O‐rhamnoside, and kaempferol‐3‐O‐glucoside presented relatively high systemic exposure levels with AUC0‐∞ > 500 μg h/L and Cmax > 100 μg/L. This study would provide the valuable information for further scientific research and clinical application of the extract of G. biloba leaf.
Species‐specific foraging behaviors define the functional roles of sympatric stingrays
Authors: Crook Kevin A. , Sheaves Marcus , Barnett Adam 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAnimals that disrupt sediments through burrowing or foraging contribute to ecosystem function through bioturbation and ecosystem engineering processes linked to their excavation behavior. Empirical evidence linking behavior with function is rare; yet this information is critical for assessing species‐specific functional roles. Using two stingray species, Himantura australis and Pastinachus ater, as model ecosystem engineers, we empirically investigated how foraging behavior influenced the functional roles of sympatric species. Drone observations of stingray foraging revealed a strong link between behavior and function. Excavation feeding created the largest feeding pits and accounted for 58–67% of sediment turnover despite occurring in only 22–31% of feeding events. Although both H. australis and P. ater were capable of excavation feeding, less disruptive foraging behaviors were often favored over excavation. Differences in space use and behavior revealed that functional roles of sympatric stingrays are different yet complementary, which may enhance ecosystem productivity. High feeding rates combined with frequent use of disruptive feeding behaviors resulted in higher bioturbation rates for H. australis than for P. ater. On the other hand, P. ater made fewer feeding pits but foraged over a broader sandflat area than H. australis. Consequently, H. australis have intense, localized bioturbation and ecosystem engineering impacts, while P. ater is likely to promote nutrient dispersal over a larger area. Overall, results suggest that functional roles are dependent on complex interactions between feeding behavior and space use, meaning an extensive understanding of engineering activities is required before similar functional roles can be assumed for even morphologically similar species.
Mesh stiffness calculation and vibration analysis of the spur gear pair with tooth crack, considering the misalignment between the base and root circles
Authors: Hou Jingyu , Yang Shaopu , Li Qiang , Liu Yongqiang , Wang Jiujian 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAn improved variable cross‐section cantilever beam model for evaluating the time‐varying mesh stiffness (TVMS) of the perfect gear tooth is developed in which the tooth number of driving gear is less than 42 and that of driven is more than 42. The TVMS obtained by the proposed method is compared with the result without considering the misalignment between the base circle and gear root. Four types of root crack models and changes in TVMS of 13‐crack levels are presented. The fault vibration characteristic of a single‐stage spur gear reducer with root crack is analyzed and the correctness is qualitatively verified by the vibration signals of an experimental gearbox with crack or missing failure. The results presented in this paper are of great significance for a deep understanding of the possible causes of vibration and noise of gears and provide a theoretical foundation for the fault diagnosis of the gearbox.
Oral collision cancer: A case report and literature review of simultaneous squamous cell and adenoid cystic carcinoma of the oral mucosa
Authors: Ogane Satoru , Kawano Takamasa , Hiraga (Kondo) Chiho , Suzuki Taiki , Hashimoto Kazuhiko , Nomura Takeshi 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundCollision cancer consists of two histologically distinct and topographically independent tumors in the same lesion and is extremely rare in the oral mucosa.Case PresentationWe describe a case of oral collision cancer consisting of squamous cell and adenoid cystic carcinomas in the buccal mucosa of a 76‐year‐old man. Accurate diagnosis of resected specimens is histopathologically important in follow‐up as it can significantly affect treatment planning and prognosis.ConclusionThis case illustrates the importance of considering oral collision cancer comprising two cancerous components.
Glasses‐shaped triblock copolymer prepared by combination of atom transfer radical polymerization and ring opening polymerization
Authors: Lee Jieun , Kim Kyoungho , Lee Hong Chan , Kim Dongwoo , Kwon Myeonghee , Joo Hongil , Cho Hong Y. , Jeon Heung Bae , Paik Hyun‐jong 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA glasses‐shaped triblock copolymer of poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐b‐polystyrene‐b‐poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL‐b‐PS‐b‐PCL) is prepared by combining atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and ring opening polymerization (ROP). Polystyrene (PS) star polymers are prepared via ATRP using a tetra‐functional initiator, followed by azidation to yield azide end‐functionalized star polymers. An alkyne‐functionalized coupling agent, 2,2‐bis[(2‐propyn‐1‐yloxy)methyl]‐1‐propanol is employed to produce hydroxy 8‐shaped PS via copper(I)‐catalyzed alkyne‐azide cycloaddition. Herein, hydroxy 8‐shaped PS with high purity is obtained through preparative size exclusion chromatography (Prep SEC) and high‐performance liquid chromatography, followed by the characterizations using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), infrared, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. The hydroxy groups of the 8‐shaped PS are utilized as initiators for the ROP of ε‐caprolactone to obtain linear chains attached to the 8‐shaped architecture. After SEC fractionation, the glasses‐shaped triblock copolymer is characterized using 1H NMR and SEC. This unprecedented topology possesses two free chain‐ends and two cycles; thus, both the properties of linear and cyclic polymers may be expected to be observed.
A Rapid Corneal Healing Microneedle for Efficient Ocular Drug Delivery
Authors: Shi Hui , Zhou Jianhong , Wang Yuan , Zhu Yutuo , Lin Deqing , Lei Lei , Vakal Serhii , Wang Jiaqing , Li Xingyi 
Published: November 2021

AbstractFungal keratitis (FK) remains a serious clinical problem worldwide, so the ultimate goal of the treatment is to develop a minimally invasive, safe, and effective method for ocular drug delivery. Here, a minimally invasive delivery system is reported for treating FK by using a dissolving microneedle (MN)‐array patch based on Poly(D,L‐lactide) (PLA) and hyaluronic acid (HA). By altering the concentration of PLA, MN patches with excellent properties are modified and optimized. The 30% PLA‐HA MN patches penetrate the corneal epithelial layer reversibly with no apparent ocular irritation as well as a short recovery time of less than 12 h, and increase the residence time by 2.5 h in the conjunctival sac, thereby offering higher drug bioavailability. Remarkably, the rabbit model of FK shows that the topical MN(+) patch medication exerts superior therapeutic effects compared with the conventional eye drop formulation, and also presents comparable therapeutic efficacy with that of the clinical mainstay strategy (i.e., intrastromal injection). Therefore, the MN patch, acting as an ocular drug delivery system with high efficacy and ability of rapid corneal healing, promises a cost‐effective household solution for the treatment of FK, which may also lead to a new approach for treating FK in clinics.
Probing superheavy dark matter with gravitational waves
Authors: Bian Ligong , Liu Xuewen , Xie Ke-Pan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We study the superheavy dark matter (DM) scenario in an extended B−L model, where one generation of right-handed neutrino νR is the DM candidate. If there is a new lighter sterile neutrino that co-annihilate with the DM candidate, then the annihilation rate is exponentially enhanced, allowing a DM mass much heavier than the Griest-Kamionkowski bound (∼105 GeV). We demonstrate that a DM mass MνR ≳ 1013 GeV can be achieved. Although beyond the scale of any traditional DM searching strategy, this scenario is testable via gravitational waves (GWs) emitted by the cosmic strings from the U(1)B−L breaking. Quantitative calculations show that the DM mass $$ \mathcal{O} $$
O
(109−1013 GeV) can be probed by future GW detectors.
Probing baryogenesis with neutron-antineutron oscillations
Authors: Fridell Kåre , Harz Julia , Hati Chandan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In the near future, the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment and the European Spallation Source aim to reach unprecedented sensitivity in the search for neutron-antineutron (n-$$ \overline{n} $$

n
¯

) oscillations, whose observation would directly imply |∆B| = 2 violation and hence might hint towards a close link to the mechanism behind the observed baryon asymmetry of the Universe. In this work, we explore the consequences of such a discovery for baryogenesis first within a model-independent effective field theory approach. We then refine our analysis by including a source of CP violation and different hierarchies between the scales of new physics using a simplified model. We analyse the implication for baryogenesis in different scenarios and confront our results with complementary experimental constraints from dinucleon decay, LHC, and meson oscillations. We find that for a small mass hierarchy between the new degrees of freedom, an observable rate for n-$$ \overline{n} $$

n
¯

oscillation would imply that the washout processes are too strong to generate any sizeable baryon asymmetry, even if the CP violation is maximal. On the other hand, for a large hierarchy between the new degrees of freedom, our analysis shows that successful baryogenesis can occur over a large part of the parameter space, opening the window to be probed by current and future colliders and upcoming n-$$ \overline{n} $$

n
¯

oscillation searches.
Fractional Skyrmion molecules in a ℂPN−1 model
Authors: Akagi Yutaka , Amari Yuki , Gudnason Sven Bjarke , Nitta Muneto , Shnir Yakov 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We study fractional Skyrmions in a ℂP2 baby Skyrme model with a generalization of the easy-plane potential. By numerical methods, we find stable, metastable, and unstable solutions taking the shapes of molecules. Various solutions possess discrete symmetries, and the origin of those symmetries are traced back to congruencies of the fields in homogeneous coordinates on ℂP2.
Black hole induced false vacuum decay from first principles
Authors: Shkerin Andrey , Sibiryakov Sergey 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We provide a method to calculate the rate of false vacuum decay induced by a black hole. The method uses complex tunneling solutions and consistently takes into account the structure of different quantum vacua in the black hole metric via boundary conditions. The latter are connected to the asymptotic behavior of the time-ordered Green’s function in the corresponding vacua. We illustrate the technique on a two-dimensional toy model of a scalar field with inverted Liouville potential in an external background of a dilaton black hole. We analytically derive the exponential suppression of tunneling from the Boulware, Hartle-Hawking and Unruh vacua and show that they are parametrically different. The Unruh vacuum decay rate is exponentially smaller than the decay rate of the Hartle-Hawking state, though both rates become unsuppressed at high enough black hole temperature. We interpret the vanishing suppression of the Unruh vacuum decay at high temperature as an artifact of the two-dimensional model and discuss why this result can be modified in the realistic case of black holes in four dimensions.
Dark matter from a complex scalar singlet: the role of dark CP and other discrete symmetries
Authors: Coito Leonardo , Faubel Carlos , Herrero-García Juan , Santamaria Arcadi 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe study the case of a pseudo-scalar dark matter candidate which emerges from a complex scalar singlet, charged under a global U(1) symmetry, which is broken both explicitly and spontaneously. The pseudo-scalar is naturally stabilized by the presence of a remnant discrete symmetry: dark CP. We study and compare the phenomenology of several simplified models with only one explicit symmetry breaking term. We find that several regions of the parameter space are able to reproduce the observed dark matter abundance while respecting direct detection and invisible Higgs decay limits: in the resonances of the two scalars, featuring the known as forbidden or secluded dark matter, and through non-resonant Higgs-mediated annihilations. In some cases, combining different measurements would allow one to distinguish the breaking pattern of the symmetry. Moreover, this setup admits a light DM candidate at the sub-GeV scale. We also discuss the situation where more than one symmetry breaking term is present. In that case, the dark CP symmetry may be spontaneously broken, thus spoiling the stability of the dark matter candidate. Requiring that this does not happen imposes a constraint on the allowed parameter space. Finally, we consider an effective field theory approach valid in the pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson limit and when the U(1) breaking scale is much larger than the electroweak scale.
A holographic superfluid symphony
Authors: Areán Daniel , Baggioli Matteo , Grieninger Sebastian , Landsteiner Karl 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We study the hydrodynamic excitations of backreacted holographic superfluids by computing the full set of quasinormal modes (QNMs) at finite momentum and matching them to the existing hydrodynamic theory of superfluids. Additionally, we analyze the behavior of the low-energy excitations in real frequency and complex momentum, going beyond the standard QNM picture. Finally, we carry out a novel type of study of the model by computing the support of the hydrodynamic modes across the phase diagram. We achieve this by determining the support of the corresponding QNMs on the different operators in the dual theory, both in complex frequency and complex momentum space. From the support, we are able to reconstruct the hydrodynamic dispersion relations using the hydrodynamic constitutive relations. Our analysis rules out a role-reversal phenomenon between first and second sound in this model, contrary to results obtained in a weakly coupled field theory framework.
Correction to: Correlation Structures between Satellite All-Sky Infrared Brightness Temperatures and the Atmospheric State at Storm Scales
Authors: Zhang Yunji , Clothiaux Eugene E. , Stensrud David J. 
Published: November 2021

The article “Correlation Structures between Satellite All-Sky Infrared Brightness Temperatures and the Atmospheric State at Storm Scales”, written by Yunji ZHANG, Eugene E. CLOTHIAUX, and David J. STENSRUD was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal on 30 of April 2021 without open access. With the author(s)’ decision to opt for Open Choice, the copyright of the article changed on 26 of October 2021 to © The Author(s), 2021 and the article is forthwith distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0.The original article has been corrected.