bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theatricality and Absorption
Authors: Havelková Tereza 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 engages with the contention that a multiplicity of media offers audio-viewers a multiplicity of positions toward what is presented on stage or screen. What tends to be overlooked is the way audio-viewers’ attention is managed in hypermedia. This chapter concentrates on how points of experience are constructed in hypermedial opera, referencing the narratological concept of focalization. It is particularly attentive to situations in which the perspective that shapes the relationship between the stage and the auditorium is obscured, giving rise to an effect of absorption. The situations in which this relationship is openly acknowledged are approached through the concept of theatricality. Continuing the analysis of Louis Andriessen’s and Peter Greenaway’s opera Rosa, this chapter demonstrates how the effect of absorption is achieved by means of music within the multiplicity of visual representations typical of hypermediacy, focusing on the issue of temporality.
Indigenous Education, Well-Being, and Resilience— A Systemic Approach
Authors: McCalman Janya , Bainbridge Roxanne 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Schools and other educational institutions are embraced as ideal sites for resilience intervention research because they are places where students spend so much time, and thus provide practicable intervention points to shape their opportunities and influence quality of life into the future. But schools commonly focus resilience efforts on enhancing the ability of individual students to cope and “bounce back” after encountering a negative life event; these expectations can do more harm than good. Rather, schools need to take account of the need to prepare their cultures and broader environments and educators for students. Resilience interventions must be context-dependent, accounting for individuals’ attributes and the cultural, social, environmental and historical contexts in which they developed and exist. They also must ascribe significance to ethics and a power analysis as a context-sensitive point of departure. This chapter examines the concept of how resilience can be built systemically, using the case example of the transitions of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students through the Australian education system.
Resilience Engineering for Sociotechnical Safety Management
Authors: Patriarca Riccardo 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Modern societies call for a reconsideration of risk and safety, in light of the increasing complexity of human-made systems. Technological artefacts, and the respective role of humans, as well as the organizational contexts in which they operate, dramatically changed in the last decades with an even more severe transformation expected in the future. Rooted in human factors, ergonomics, cognitive engineering, systems thinking and complexity theory, the discipline of resilience engineering proposes innovative approaches for safety challenges imposed by the dynamic, uncertain, and intertwined nature of modern sociotechnical systems. Resilience engineering aims to provide support means for ensuring that systems can sustain required operations under both expected and unexpected conditions. This chapter aims to provide a summary of the scientific field of resilience engineering, as well as a description of two methods common in the field, the resilience analysis grid and the functional resonance analysis method. Following two examples, the chapter proposes a multidisciplinary research agenda for the field.
The Social Contexts of Resilient Architecture
Authors: Peters Terri 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In architecture, the term resilience tends to be used narrowly describe a building’s structural and environmental performance in quantitative terms—but can a building be called resilient if it fails to make inspiring spaces for people, promote well-being, or improve people’s experience? The chapter begins by exploring how the term is currently evaluated in and around buildings, through discussion of related concepts such as sustainability, passive survivability, and performance gaps. The chapter traces the emergence of a new generation of building evaluation metrics and certification systems that are focused not solely on environmental performance but also consider synergies between people’s experience and our natural resources, such as Active House. The work of GXN and 3XN in Denmark are discussed, in relation to how their research explores resilience and sustainability by focusing on the social aspects of how buildings make people feel. Examples from the multifunctional, process-based strategies used in a series of new climate adaptation renovations in Copenhagen, Denmark, are discussed as exemplary resilient design projects that address neighborhood flooding by simultaneously improving the qualities of public spaces and better connecting people to nature. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how locally specific and socially focused designs can support more resilient environments for people.
The Intellectual Virtues
Authors: King Nathan L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the nature of intellectual character virtues, as a way of preparing the reader for the rest of the book, which explores individual virtues in detail. After providing a list of important intellectual virtues and some examples of these virtues “in action,” the chapter proceeds to discuss the structure of virtues. It identifies intellectual virtues as excellent traits of character involving thought, behavior, and motivation in relation to knowledge. The chapter then introduces a model for understanding intellectual virtues that parallels Aristotle’s account of the moral virtues. Specifically, many intellectual virtues stand as a mean between vices of deficiency and excess. After applying Aristotle’s Doctrine of the Mean to several intellectual virtues, the chapter closes by applying Aristotle’s metaphor of virtue as hitting a target. It suggests that our intellectual actions “hit the target” insofar as they involve our doing the right intellectual acts, at the right times, in the right ways, and for the right reasons.
Autonomy
Authors: King Nathan L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Drawing from examples ranging from the suffrage movement to the Scientific Revolution, this chapter explores the nature of intellectual autonomy, the virtue we need in order to think for ourselves. The chapter identifies autonomy as a virtue that stands between the vices of servility (a deficiency of independence) and isolation (an excess). It argues that, surprisingly, virtuous autonomy requires us to rely on others—a fact illustrated by both the suffragists and the scientific revolutionaries. Autonomy is a matter of thinking for ourselves, but not a matter of thinking by ourselves. The chapter includes a discussion of the relationship between autonomy and deference to experts. It closes with exercises designed to prompt the reader toward virtuous, autonomous thinking.
Honesty
Authors: King Nathan L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the nature of intellectual honesty. Honesty is the first virtue in the book that does not clearly fit into the vice-virtue-vice schema discussed in earlier chapters. This chapter attempts to home in on honesty by exploring its opposites: cheating (plagiarism), lying, bluffing, bullshit, and self-deception. The common feature of these instances of dishonesty is that they all involve an effort to distort the truth. Thus, it is argued, honesty is a virtue centrally involving a disposition not to distort the truth, but rather to represent it accurately (as one sees it). This notion of honesty (and the corresponding notion of dishonesty) suggests that truth itself depends on the way things are, rather than on some sort of “social construction.”
Perseverance
Authors: King Nathan L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores intellectual perseverance, the virtue needed to overcome obstacles to our getting, keeping, and sharing knowledge. After locating perseverance as a virtue between the deficiency of irresolution and the vice of intransigence, the chapter considers the structure of the virtue in greater detail. It argues that perseverance involves a disposition to expend serious effort in order to overcome obstacles to the completion of our intellectual projects—particularly obstacles that make it difficult for us to achieve our intellectual ends. The chapter concludes by relating the notion of intellectual perseverance to recent work on grit, and to the concept of a growth mindset.
Open-Mindedness and Firmness
Authors: King Nathan L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the complementary virtues of open-mindedness and firmness. The former requires a willing ability to take seriously the merits of new and contrary views. The latter requires a disposition to retain our own views, insofar as these are well confirmed. Open-mindedness repels the vices of closed-mindedness (a deficiency) and indiscriminateness (an excess). Firmness repels the vices of spinelessness (a deficiency) and rigidity (an excess). The chapter argues that there is a surprising commonality between spinelessness and rigid dogmatism—namely, that both often involve an insufficient attention to portions of our evidence. The chapter closes by extending the notion of open-mindedness to include our views about other people, chiefly our discussion partners.
Fair-Mindedness and Charity
Authors: King Nathan L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the virtues of fair-mindedness and intellectual charity, with a view toward diagnosing and curing problems with public discourse—especially online trolling, bullying, and incendiary speech. The chapter examines and applies intellectual parallels to the well-known Silver and Golden Rules of morality. By working through several realistic cases of discourse gone bad, it suggests a range of guidelines for fostering fair habits of mind. These guidelines describe the intellectual behavior of the fair-minded thinker. The chapter then moves to examine intellectual charity, a virtue that lies beyond fair-mindedness. It closes by arguing that the line between intellectual virtue and vice does not divide people along ideological lines.
An Overview of Sexual Systems
Authors: Vogt Günter 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Crustacea have evolved a broad range of sexual systems, including various types of gonochorism, hermaphroditism, and parthenogenesis. This chapter provides an overview of sexual systems in Crustacea and compares them in the species-rich Decapoda, Isopoda, Amphipoda, Cirripedia, Cladocera, Copepoda, and Ostracoda, which differ considerably with respect to phylogeny, ecology, and life histories. Gonochorism is considered to be the ancient sexual system of Crustacea. Hermaphroditism and parthenogenesis originated many times independently from gonochorism and occur in an estimated 2.2% and 2.4% of species, respectively. Crustaceans differ from the other arthropod groups mainly by the abundance and diversity of hermaphroditic reproduction. Phylogenetic analysis of extant species, the fossil record, and evolutionary ecological theory enable the reconstruction and explanation of divergent evolutionary trajectories of sexuality in the crustacean groups. The specificities can partly be attributed to differences in lifestyle, life history, and adaptive responses to different environments, but may also be the result of evolutionary constraint and competing adaptive strategies that lower the propensity of sexual system shifts. The genetic underpinning and molecular mediation of sexual system shifts are beginning to be unraveled in entomostracan and malacostracan models. A better understanding of the sexual systems in Crustacea may help to optimize their culture and conservation and answer key evolutionary questions like the enigma of sex.
An Evolutionary Ecological Approach to Sex Allocation and Sex Determination in Crustaceans
Authors: Sawada Kota , Yamaguchi Sachi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews sex determination and sex allocation strategies among crustaceans with different sexual systems (gonochorism, sequential and simultaneous hermaphroditism, and androdioecy), from the perspective of evolutionary ecology. The discussion includes genetic, environmental, and cytoplasmic sex determination in free-living and parasitic crustaceans, timing and frequency of sex change especially in partial protandry, the effects of mating group size on resource allocation by simultaneous hermaphrodites, and sex ratio and determination in androdioecious crustaceans. The fascinating diversity of crustacean reproduction stimulated theoretical biologists to construct models to explain them, and empirical biologists attempted to test hypotheses derived from those models. This review clearly shows that the interaction between theoretical and empirical studies has facilitated understanding of the evolutionary conditions of diverse sexual strategies among crustaceans. Since sexual strategies often interact with other aspects of adaptive strategies such as life history, integrating different aspects into both theoretical and empirical studies will provide further understandings into crustacean sexual systems. In addition, the authors point out the potential of phylogenetic comparative analyses using natural history data as a tool to understand the tempo and mode of evolution of sex allocation strategies.
Sexual Selection and Sexual Conflict in Crustaceans
Authors: Cothran Rickey 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Research using crustaceans has improved the understanding of sexual selection and sexual conflict. This is particularly true for understanding the biology of male weaponry and sexual conflict over mate guarding. Male crustaceans often are equipped with exaggerated claws that they use to monopolize access to females or resources that females use for reproduction. However, these weapons are often used in other contexts, e.g. mate choice and coercion of females, and understanding their evolution requires a broader perspective of how these traits are built and the fitness consequences of their use for both the bearer and interacting individuals. Although less well studied than male weaponry, crustaceans also provide excellent examples of elaborate sensory structures that are used in scramble competition among males for females. In addition to studies on male-male competition, crustaceans have been well represented in research on intrasexual selection (for the most part, female mate choice). Crustacean females use a variety of sensory channels to assess mates, and a challenge is to better understand what is being conveyed by signaling males and the fitness consequences of mate choice for females. In some cases the female’s sensory system appears to be exploited by males, and this could lead to sexual conflict over mating. Research on crustaceans has also informed the understanding of sexual conflict over mate guarding, including the evolution of traits used to resolve conflict and how the ecological context shapes the costs and benefits of guarding for both sexes.
Multiple Matings and Sperm Competition
Authors: Becker Carola , Bauer Raymond T. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In polyandrous mating systems, females mate multiple times and males have evolved adaptations for sperm competition which increase the number and fitness of their offspring. Mate guarding is a widespread monopolization strategy in groups where female receptivity is temporally restricted and often associated with the molt. Precopulatory guarding occurs in branchipods, copepods, peracarids and decapods. Postcopulatory guarding is notable in numerous brachyurans with males protecting females until her exoskeleton has hardened. During copulation, male success in fertilization depends on an effective sperm transfer mechanism, the precise placement of ejaculates closest to where female gametes are fertilized. Male copulatory systems are highly diverse and strongly adapted to these tasks, especially the structures that interact with the female genital ducts. The elaborate tips of brachyuran gonopods are supposed to act in the displacement, possibly even in the removal of rival sperm masses; however, sperm removal is only evident in crayfish: males eat spermatophores previously deposited by other males. During copulation of several crustacean groups, males transfer secretions that harden and form a sealant. These sperm plugs, plaques and gel layers may protect their own sperm, prevent remating or seal off rival sperm from the site of fertilization. Several groups of isopods and decapods have internal insemination, elaborate sperm storage organs and some exhibit internal fertilization. The intensity of sperm competition increases with the latency between the processes of insemination and fertilization. This chapter gives on overview on mate guarding, male sealants and the anatomical adaptations to sperm competition in crustaceans. We also briefly discuss the consequences of multiple matings for the genetic diversity of broods, i.e., single vs. multiple paternities. There is still a lack of data for many crustacean groups. Moreover, it is often hard to assess how successful a male strategy to ensure paternity actually is as many studies focus on either the behavioral, anatomical, or molecular aspects, while comprehensive multi-level studies on crustacean sperm competition are virtually absent from the literature.
Cryptic Diversity and Sexual Selection
Authors: Galipaud Matthias , Bollache Loïc , Lagrue Clément 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Recent advances in molecular and genetic techniques have revealed tremendous hidden genetic diversity in plants and animals. Crustaceans are no exception and, in fact, present one of the highest levels of cryptic diversity among the metazoans. Beyond the importance of such discovery and its multiple implications for taxonomy and ecology, it is now timely to investigate the potential causes of cryptic diversity. This chapter reviews the theoretical and experimental literature, seeking evidences for a relationship between sexual selection and cryptic diversity in crustaceans. It proposes three scenarios for the role of sexual selection on the origin and maintenance of pre-mating isolation and genetic divergence among crustacean populations, and suggests ways to discriminate among them experimentally or using existing data. Assuming that taxonomic identification is largely based on differences in sexually selected morphological traits, it also reviews evidence for a cryptic action of sexual selection on crustacean phenotypes. Specifically, if sexual selection acts primarily on chemical, visual, or behavioral traits, it is likely that allopatric crustacean populations remain morphologically similar even when they are reproductively isolated. This review shows that the strength of sexual selection likely differs among allopatric populations but does not seem to consistently induce pre-mating isolation (e.g. as in copepods and amphipods). Research is now needed to try to identify general patterns and determine the role of sexual selection on pre-mating isolation after secondary contact between populations, through reinforcement and reproductive character displacement.
Rhythms and Reproduction
Authors: Dennenmoser Stefan , Christy John H. , Thiel Martin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Reproductive rhythms can be found in numerous crustacean species. This chapter reviews the temporal scales of rhythms and how these rhythms are entrained and maintained by external cues and endogenous clocks. The occurrence and synchrony of rhythms vary along latitudinal and depth gradients, which may depend on the availability of zeitgebers (e.g., temperature and photoperiod), changing selective pressures such as predation risk, and variability in larval development rates that affect the timing and synchrony of reproductive rhythms. Commonly observed rhythms are reproductive migrations and synchronized larval release, which are often timed to reduce predation risk for newly hatched larvae. In crustaceans, reproductive rhythms rarely evolve under pure density-dependent selection for synchrony. Pure density dependence is common in marine broadcast-spawning invertebrates like corals, which rely on accumulation of gametes in time and space to ensure fertilization. Instead, (density-independent) selection for synchrony with environmental cycles that track changes in factors affecting fitness such as energy expenditure, predation risk, or food availability seems to be the rule, although some exceptions may exist. In contrast to natural selection, the possible contribution of sexual selection on reproductive rhythms has rarely been considered. Selection for enhanced mating possibilities should favor reproductive synchrony, but deviations from synchrony will affect the operational sex ratio and influence sexual selection. Finally, the chapter discusses the possibility of sexual conflict over reproductive timing between males and females and explores circumstances under which synchronous reproductive rhythms might be abandoned.
Crustacean Reproductive Records
Authors: Vogt Günter , Cothran Rickey D. , Tan Mika M. J. , Thiel Martin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Crustacean reproductive traits are highly diverse, and this chapter illustrates some of the most extreme cases, placing them in the context of the more typical crustaceans. It highlights, for example, the male and female records of size and age, the “hottest” and “coolest” reproducers, the longest penises, the largest sperm and eggs, the smallest and largest brood sizes, the longest mate guarding, the most massive sexually selected weapons, the flashiest courtship, the most fathers per brood, the longest incubation of broods, the smallest and largest larvae, the longest larval duration, the longest dormancy of eggs, and the oldest fossil evidence of penis, sperm, brood care, and larvae. Using these illustrious case studies, this chapter briefly examines the adaptive advantages of these extremes and discusses why few species have evolved unusual reproductive traits. Crustaceans indeed appear to hold animal records with respect to relative penis length, aflagellate sperm length, dormant egg viability and fossil ages of penis, giant sperm, and brood care. These captivating examples may be of applied importance in terms of restoring human-altered ecosystems (resurrection ecology using egg banks) and in management strategies of important fisheries.
Grand Strategies (or Ascendant Ideas) since 1919
Authors: Milne David 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter investigates the most ascendant ideas at work in America's rise to become a global power and then a superpower after the end of World War I. Segmenting US foreign policy since 1919 by “grand strategy” would seem to require grand simplification. Even those administrations commonly identified as practicing quintessential grand strategy appear more inchoate when approached from the protagonists’ perspectives at the time. To give one such example, the sequence of foreign policy innovations that the United States spearheaded from 1945 to 1949 were collectively possessed of considerable foresight. But they were also a series of strategies advocated by various actors at different times with motives that do not necessarily reduce to a mono-strategic essence. Even in regard to post-1945 US foreign policy, a period that has been sub-divided by many distinguished scholars, it is difficult to identify clearly demarcated grand strategies that provide overarching clarity. The chapter focuses on the ascendant ideas that have informed policymaking, shaped public discourse, forced other ideas into decline, and that can perhaps even be identified as “representative” of particular eras.