bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Driver sleepiness detection with deep neural networks using electrophysiological data
Authors: Hultman Martin , Johansson Ida , Lindqvist Frida , Ahlström Christer 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Objective. The objective of this paper is to present a driver sleepiness detection model based on electrophysiological data and a neural network consisting of convolutional neural networks and a long short-term memory architecture. Approach. The model was developed and evaluated on data from 12 different experiments with 269 drivers and 1187 driving sessions during daytime (low sleepiness condition) and night-time (high sleepiness condition), collected during naturalistic driving conditions on real roads in Sweden or in an advanced moving-base driving simulator. Electrooculographic and electroencephalographic time series data, split up in 16 634 2.5 min data segments was used as input to the deep neural network. This probably constitutes the largest labeled driver sleepiness dataset in the world. The model outputs a binary decision as alert (defined as ≤6 on the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale, KSS) or sleepy (KSS ≥ 8) or a regression output corresponding to KSS ϵ [1–5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. Main results. The subject-independent mean absolute error (MAE) was 0.78. Binary classification accuracy for the regression model was 82.6% as compared to 82.0% for a model that was trained specifically for the binary classification task. Data from the eyes were more informative than data from the brain. A combined input improved performance for some models, but the gain was very limited. Significance. Improved classification results were achieved with the regression model compared to the classification model. This suggests that the implicit order of the KSS ratings, i.e. the progression from alert to sleepy, provides important information for robust modelling of driver sleepiness, and that class labels should not simply be aggregated into an alert and a sleepy class. Furthermore, the model consistently showed better results than a model trained on manually extracted features based on expert knowledge, indicating that the model can detect sleepiness that is not covered by traditional algorithms.
Development of EGFET-based ITO pH sensors using epoxy free membrane
Authors: Ahmed Naser M , Sabah Fayroz A , Al-Hardan Naif H , Almessiere Munirah A , Mohammad Sabah M , Foong Lim Way , Jumaah Maadh , Islam A K M Shafiqul , Hassan Z , Quah Hock Jin , Afzal Naveed 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe design of high-performance cavity for the accurate and efficient operation of various pH sensors remains challenging. In this paper, we report the simplistic design of an epoxy-free cavity with good quality contact effective for the extended gate field effect transistor (EGFET)-based pH sensors. This inexpensive, simple and leakage current free brass-based Teflon cavity was designed to separate the sensitive film devoid of the epoxy. The performance of the proposed cavity was assessed against four indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films (sensing membranes acted as pH sensors) of different sheet resistance by integrating into EGFET. The structure, morphology and sensing characteristics of these ITO membranes were determined as a function of varying resistance. The results revealed the formation of excellent electrical contacts and responses of these sensors to the changing pH values. The proposed pH sensors with the resistance of 2.5, 9.0, 15 and 35 kΩ showed the corresponding sensitivity of 34.86, 30, 16.66 and 17.5 mV pH−1, respectively. It is asserted that the designed cavity may contribute towards the evolution of efficient sensing electrodes desired for diverse applications in the field of pH, biomedical, electrochemical and ions selective sensors.
Controllable four-wave mixing based on quantum dot-cavity coupling system
Authors: Xing Hong-Wu , Chen Bin , Xing Li-Li , Chen Jian-Bin , Xue Hai-Bin , Guo Kang-Xian 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We theoretically study the four-wave mixing (FWM) response in a quantum dot-cavity coupling system, where a two-level quantum dot (QD) is placed in an optical cavity while the cavity mode is coupled to the nanomechanical resonator via radiation pressure. The influences of the QD-cavity coupling strength, the Rabi coupling strength of the QD, and the power of the pump light on the FWM intensity are mainly considered. The numerical results show that the FWM intensity in this hybrid system can be significantly enhanced by increasing the QD-cavity coupling strength. In addition, the FWM intensity can be effectively modulated by the Rabi coupling strength and the pump power. Furthermore, the effects of the cavity decay rate and the cavity-pump detuning on the FWM signal are also explored. The obtained results may have potential applications in the fields of quantum optics and quantum information science.
Transient heating in fixed length optical cavities for use as temperature and pressure standards
Authors: Ricker J , Douglass K O , Syssoev S , Stone J , Avdiaj S , Hendricks J H 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Optical refractometry techniques enable realization of both pressure and temperature directly from properties of the gas. The NIST refractometer, a fixed length optical cavity (FLOC) has previously been evaluated for operation as pressure standard, and now in this paper, is evaluated for the feasibility of operation as a primary temperature standard as well. The challenge is that during operation, one cavity is filled with gas. Gas dynamics predicts that this will result in heating which in turn will affect the cavity temperature uniformity, impeding the ability to measure the gas temperature with sufficient accuracy to make the standard useful as a primary standard for temperature or pressure. Temperature uniformity across the refractometer must be less than 0.5 mK for measurements of the refractivity to be sufficiently accurate for the FLOC. This paper compares computer modeling to laboratory measurements, enabling us to validate the model to predict thermal behavior and to accurately determine the measurement uncertainty of the technique. The results presented in this paper show that temperature of the glass elements of the refractometer and ‘thermal-shell’ copper chamber are equivalent to within 0.5 mK after an equilibration time of 3000 s (when going from 1 kPa to 100 kPa). This finding enables measurements of the copper chamber to determine the gas temperature to within an uncertainty (k = 1) of 0.5 mK. Additionally, the NIST refractometer is evaluated for feasibility of operation as temperature standard.
Investigation on the removal of nitrate from water using different types of biosorbents
Authors: Ang B Y H , Ong Y H , Ng Y S 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Eutrophication due to excessive leaching of dissolved nitrogen is a principal cause of water quality degradation. Among different types of removal methods, adsorption is contemporarily deemed favourable due to its simplicity, efficiency and reusability. In this study, six biosorbent candidates, namely rambutan skin (RS), passion fruit skin (PFS), longan seeds (LS), chia seeds (CS), papaya seeds (PS), and luffa (L) were investigated for nitrate removal from water at pH 3.0, room temperature, initial nitrate concentration of 50 mg/L, biosorbent particle size of 425 μm, contact duration of 4 h, shaking speed of 120 rpm, and biosorbent dosage of 0.1 g. Shake flask method was carried out in the adsorption experiments to investigate the effect of heat treatment and acid treatment on the uptake of nitrate from water. The results showed that acid- and heat-treated passion fruit skin biosorbent (biochar, PFSBC) has the best biosorption performance for nitrate uptake of 5.179 mg/g. This biochar possessed high porosity, and abundant surface functional groups for nitrate adsorption.
Water usage behaviour: Case study in a southern state in Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Muhammad N S , Abdullah J , Rahman N Abd , Razali N A 
Published: February 2021

AbstractGenerally, Malaysia’s per capita water consumption is high. Therefore, this study perform a thorough investigation on a water consumption that is related to a middle-class community in Malaysia, which accounts for the highest income group in the country. Specifically, we focused on three major categories, i.e. domestic water-usage activities, water habits of the community, and water-saving efforts that can be easily adopted. The main source of data was collected using structured interview method. The frequency of indoor water usage of more than four times a day was high, which suggested that most people did not control their water consumption, especially for cooking, bathing/showering, toilet usage, and dish washing. Community awareness in terms of water-saving efforts is low, as indicated by the respondents that uses dual-pump cisterns in their toilets and employs rainwater-harvesting system for non-potable use. Low water tariff in the study area may discouraged the residents to practice water-saving measures. The findings from this study are important, particularly in understanding the activities and habits associated with high water usage. Additionally, the relevant stakeholders can use these findings to formulate a pro-active action plan to achieve the water usage of 165 litres/capita/day recommended by the World Health Organization.
Removal of COD from landfill leachate using Moringa oleifera
Authors: Salwa M Z M , Amirah A S N , Mahyun A W , Hassan Z , Mohamed Norsyazwani Che 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Moringa oleifera was tested as a coagulant for its excellent coagulating properties in the treatment of water and wastewater. Moringa oleifera is a tropical plant belonging to the family of Moringaceae, besides being a non-toxic and natural organic polymer. The aim of this study is to investigate the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) from landfill leachate using Moringa oleifera through a coagulation-flocculation process. In this study, Moringa oleifera was used as a coagulant. Jar test experiments were employed in order to determine the optimum conditions of coagulant dosage and pH. The conditions of Moringa oleifera dosage of 20 mL and pH 2 were found to be optimal in the effective treatment of the landfill leachate. The study has proven that Moringa oleifera is a good natural coagulant for water treatment. Furthermore, only a small quantity of Moringa oleifera is required in treating a large amount of leachate.
Performance of rubber seed shell adsorbents for removal of methylene blue dye in aqueous solution
Authors: Chanderan Thevdarshni , Hasan Masitah , Mokhtar Zulfakar , Ibrahim Naimah 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Regeneration of rubber seed shell (RSS) in producing an effective low-cost activated carbon (AC) through chemical activation using H3PO4. Adsorption of methylene blue (MB) by raw, AC1 (impregnation ratio 1:1) and AC2 (impregnation ratio 1:3) carbons were analyzed to discover its adsorption capacity. The effects of various experimental parameters: pH of solution, initial concentration, contact time and adsorbent dosage were analyzed. Characterization of adsorbents produced were performed using SEM, ash content, iodine number and BET. Overall performance of the adsorbents was investigated by employing the optimum values obtained in the batch adsorption studies. This study revealed that the carbon with higher impregnation ratio (AC2) has the highest removal efficiency of MB at 91.4%. Specific surface area, iodine adsorption number and ash content for AC2 are 317.6 m2/g, 676.9 mg/g and 2.6%, respectively. This study revealed the primacy of chemically activated carbons with higher impregnation ratio (AC2) for the removal of MB.
Investigation of light non-aqueous phase liquid penetration in double-porosity using physical experiment and computer simulation
Authors: Rashid M F Abd , Alias N , Ahmad K , Sa’Ari R , Tsai F T C , Ramli M Z , Ibrahim Z , Jumain M , Jamal M H , Bakar A Abu , Shahrin M I 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Groundwater resources benefits to human activity for developing country. Groundwater contamination is crucial, particularly due to the amount of leakage and spillage of hydrocarbon liquids such as light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs), resulting in contaminated the groundwater and unsafe for domestic and agriculture activities. Penetration of hydrocarbon liquids into groundwater can be seen through double-porosity soil. Therefore, this paper investigates the penetration of LNAPLs in double-porosity soil using computer modelling to calibrate and validate from physical experiment data. These computer modelling and physical experiment studies discuss the pattern and rate of LNAPL penetrations by employing PetraSim commercial software and digital image processing technique (DIPT) by using acrylic glass cylinder, mirror and Nikon D90 digital camera. The LNAPL volume of 70 ml and 150 ml were poured instantaneously onto the surface of soil sample for calibration and validation purposes. The penetration pattern in double-porosity were monitored and recorded using digital camera at pre-determine time intervals. The images were processed using Surfer software and Matlab routine to plot the LNAPL penetration pattern. PetraSim simulation was used to calibrate and validate the penetration of LNAPL through double-porosity soil with physical experiment data. As a result, the PetraSim results valid with the physical experiment results. The Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency results more than 0.50 with percentage of differences for calibration and validation are 1.34% and 5.47% between physical experiment and PetraSim simulation. As a conclusion, PetraSim simulation can be used for further investigation on LNAPL penetration through subsurface soil.
A study on early detection of sewer pipeline blockage using CCD tomography approach
Authors: Jamaludin J , Rahim R A , Rahiman M H F , Ismail W Z W , Ismail I , Sahrim M , Balakrishnan S R , Raisin S N , Rahalim F M , Naeem B 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In a sewage system, congealed mass is created by mixing non-biodegradable solid matter with fat, oil and grease. Congealed mass might cause a sewer blockage and overflow. This issue may impose a risk to public health and environment. It also leads to increased operational and maintenance costs of sewer system. A robust and durable sensor system are required to monitor the sewer network blockage which could cause a fluctuation in the data. CCD tomography approach will be used to detect the congealed mass forming in sewer network at early stage. The main concept of CCD tomography approach is to analyze the structure and composition of congealed mass by examining the light intensity after penetrated. Therefore, the location and size of the sewer blockage can be predicted. Light reflection from the congealed mass will strikes onto CCD surfaces. This light source will be converted into an electrical signal which is in voltage output value. Filtered images of Linear Back Projection (LBP) algorithm will be applied to reconstruct the image and identify the characteristic of congealed mass either fat, oil or grease. The location and the size of the congealed mass forming also can be identified using this CCD tomography approach.
Multilayer Perceptron Model for the prediction of corrosion rate of Aluminium Alloy 5083 in seawater via different training algorithms
Authors: Zulkifli F , Abdullah S , Suriani M J , Kamaludin M I A , Wan Nik W B 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Corrosion inhibitor is often opted as a corrosion protection method for various industries worldwide. The development of eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor has become a trending concern due to the various environmental regulations impose by several countries. However, a laboratory testing would be such a tedious, costly and time-consuming process. Therefore, artificial neural network (ANN) has been used extensively to predict the verdict based on the experimental values. In this study, 3-layered Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) models were developed with 3 inputs (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, Ω.cm2), (Potentiodynamic polarization, A/cm2), (weight loss, %), and one output (corrosion rate, mm.yr−1). The data were divided into three parts; 70%, 15%, and 15% for model development, model validation and model testing, respectively. Three training algorithms were tested during the model development, including the Levenberg-Marquadt (LM), Bayesian Regularization (BR), and Scale Conjugate Gradient (SCG). Results revealed that the best MLP models during the development were using neuron number 4 (r = 0.99272), 6 (r = 0.99155), and 2 (r = 0.98624) for LM, BR and SCG, respectively. Among the three training algorithms, LM is opted as the best training algorithm for the corrosion rate prediction which executed high correlation coefficient (R) values during development (R = 0.99272), validation (R = 0.99905), and testing (R = 0.97908). These findings will be an essential tool for the model development with the sole purposes of predicting the corrosion rate in line to ensure the exact time for repair and maintenance schedule.
Characteristic of groundwater well quality using bivariate analysis: A case study at USM Engineering Campus, Penang
Authors: Akbar N A , Aziz H A , Adlan M N 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This study was carried out to determine the water quality at USM tube well based on the physico-chemical and biological characteristics. In this paper, the groundwater sample was extracted from the USM tube well through pumping process. The sample was collected twice a month for one year (n=24). Water quality analysis was conducted by in-situ and laboratory testing. Ten (10) water quality parameters such as turbidity, colour, total dissolve solid (TDS), conductivity, pH, total hardness, heavy metal (Fe & Mn), total coliform and E-Coli were analysed and compared the result with Raw and Drinking Water Quality Requirement established by Malaysian Standard (MS2320). The relationship between parameters was also analysed statistically using Spearman’s correlation coefficient (r2). Result shows that Fe has a strong positive correlation with Mn and conductivity. The correlation between conductivity- Fe and conductivity- Mn have a strong positive correlation with r2 between 0.6 and 0.79. This indicates that cation minerals in soil, sediment and rock such as Fe and Mn leach out into groundwater and thus contribute to the electrical conductivity of groundwater. Moreover, Mn demonstrated a significant positive correlation with conductivity and TDS. The strong relationship between Mn- TDS (r2 = 0.77) and Mn- conductivity (r2 = 0.75) respectively, suggested that the concentration of Mn in USM tube well was influenced by dissolution minerals in groundwater. On the contrary, the correlation between turbidity-hardness, turbidity-E-coli and turbidity-total coliform showed a very weak positive (r2 < 0.2) and negative (r2 < - 0.2) significance, which indicates that turbidity was not significant with all parameters present in USM tube well. Overall, it can be concluded that the water quality from USM tube well is not recommended for drinking, which did not comply the Malaysian standard of drinking water. However, it can be used for other purposes such as irrigation and industrial activities.
Study of environmental awareness, practices and behaviours among UniMAP students
Authors: Makhtar Salwa Zaini , Amirah A S N , Wahab Mahyun Ab , Hassan Zulkarnain , Hamid Salah 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Environmental awareness has received much attention in recent years due to human population growth, even though science is improving every day. Still, that improvement comes with risks that can be avoided with a little bit of knowledge. Understanding the public’s environmental awareness is essential to inform government approaches to addressing this issue. This study presents a cross-sectional survey of young generations, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) students between the ages of 20 and 25, to examine the perception, awareness and opinions of Malaysian students about the environment. The survey consisted of three sections, which included information on socio-demographic information, information on public perception of the environment, information on public awareness of the environment and its related impacts, and information on environmental attitudes and recommendations to address some of the related environmental issues. The results show that the value of environmental awareness and knowledge is good, which indicates that there is a high level of knowledge and awareness among university students. Of the 107 respondents, more than 70 per cent were positive and had an adequate level of environmental awareness, and 60 per cent showed positive environmental practices and behaviours.
Social behavior and institutional support on the swamp rice sustainability
Authors: Yusuf R , Istina I N , Fahri A , Zulfia V , Fuadi I 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Social behavior of the community and the institutions that support farming facilities and infrastructure affect the success of farming. The purpose of this study was to describe the behavior and institutional support for the success of rice farming in the tidal swamps of Riau Province. The study was conducted at the rice production center in Siak Regency using a survey method with a structured questionnaire. A total of 203 farmers were purposively selected as random samples in four districts, namely Bunga Raya, Sungai Apit, Sabak Auh and Sungai Mandau. The observation parameters were education, training, age, motivation farming, land tenure and experience in agriculture. The collected data tabulated and analyzed descriptively. The results showed that agriculture in Bunga Raya was more sustainable compared to other sub-districts with index value of social and cultural dimensions (> 50%) and the value of the legal and institutional dimension sustainability index to be 53.9%. The factors that influence the sustainability of the swamp rice farming in Siak Regency were good farmer behavior (age, education, motivation, experienced and landowner status), the existence of supporting institutions peculiarly farming group and BPP that synergize well and government regulations in favor of agricultural development and their sustainability.
Addressing the challenges of Global Sulphur Cap 2020: case study Indonesian tanker shipping
Authors: Nugroho S , Lazuardi S D , Faida E E N , Mustakim A , Yunianto I T , Buana I G N S 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Global Sulphur Cap 2020 (GSC 2020) is a policy that regulates the limitation of sulphur content in ship fuel to meet the global standard of 0.5% starting on January 1st, 2020. This new regulation creates new challenges faced by shipping companies, in particular those which operate ageing ships or operating ships in the so-called Environmental Control Areas (ECA). Five technological options to encompass the GSC 2020 issues are deploying one of three scrubber systems, or switching to environmentally friendlier fuels, i.e. MGO or LNG. The paper outlines a case study of an Indonesian shipping company operating eleven ships, nine tankers and two container ships, with an age between two and 29 years of age. The Multi-Attribute Utility Theory is deployed to provide a recommendation on the best option.