bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Biological Take on Halogen Bonding and Other Non‐Classical Non‐Covalent Interactions
Authors: Czarny Ryan S. , Ho Alexander N. , Shing Ho P. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractClassical hydrogen bonds have, for many decades, been the dominant non‐covalent interaction in the toolbox that chemists and chemical engineers have used to design and control the structures of compounds and molecular assemblies as novel materials. Recently, a set of non‐classical non‐covalent (NC−NC) interactions have emerged that exploit the properties of the Group IV, V, VI, and VII elements of the periodic table (the tetrel, pnictogen, chalcogen, and halogen bonds, respectively). Our research group has been characterizing the prevalence, geometric constraints, and structure‐function relationship specifically of the halogen bond in biological systems. We have been particularly interested in exploiting the biological halogen bonds (or BXBs) to control the structures, stabilities, and activities of biomolecules, including the DNA Holliday junction and enzymes. In this review, we first provide a set of criteria for how to determine whether BXBs or any other NC−NC interactions would have biological relevance. We then navigate the trail of studies that had led us from an initial, very biological question to our current point in the journey to establish BXBs as a tool for biomolecular engineering. Finally, we close with a perspective on future directions for this line of research.
Enantioselective Preparation of Planar‐Chiral Transition Metal Complexes by Asymmetric Olefin‐Metathesis Reactions in Metal Coordination Spheres
Authors: Ogasawara Masamichi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPlanar‐chiral transition metal complexes are useful chiral auxiliaries in organic and organometallic chemistry, and they have been utilized as chiral ligands, chiral catalysts, or chiral building blocks, etc. Despite the importance of such planar‐chiral species in asymmetric synthesis, their preparation in optically active forms is still a challenging problem. Indeed, reported examples of catalytic enantioselective synthesis of planar‐chiral complexes have been rare, and this has been a developing area in this field. In this personal account, recent results from our research group on the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of various planar‐chiral transition metal complexes are summarized. The asymmetric ring‐closing metathesis reactions catalyzed by the well‐defined molybdenum‐alkylidene species are powerful methods to control the planar chirality in ferrocenes, ruthenocenes, (η6‐arene)chromium complexes, and (η5‐cyclopentadienyl)manganese(I) complexes. Application of the enantiomerically enriched complexes obtained by our methods is described as well.
Gut fermentation syndrome: A systematic review of case reports
Authors: Bayoumy Ahmed B. , Mulder Chris J. J. , Mol Jaap J. , Tushuizen Maarten E. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe gut fermentation syndrome (GFS), also known as the endogenous alcohol fermentation syndrome or auto brewery syndrome, is a rare and underdiagnosed medical condition where consumed carbohydrates are converted to alcohol by the microbiota in the gastrointestinal or urinary tract. The symptoms of GFS can have severe impact on patients' wellbeing and can have social and legal consequences. Unfortunately, not much is reported about GFS. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the evidence for GFS, causal micro‐organisms, diagnostics, and possible treatments.MethodsA protocol was developed prior to initiation of the systematic review (PROSPERO 207182).We performed a literature search for clinical studies on 1 September 2020 using PubMed and Embase. We included all clinical studies, including case reports that described the GFS.ResultsIn total, 17 case reports were included, consisting of 20 patients diagnosed with GFS. The species that caused the GFS included Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans, C. glabrata, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, C. intermedia, C. parapsilosis, and C. kefyr.ConclusionsGFS is a rare but underdiagnosed disease in daily practice. The disease is mostly reported by Saccharomyces and Candida genera, and some cases were previously treated with antibiotics. Studies in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver disease suggest a bacterial origin of endogenous alcohol‐production, which might also be causal micro‐organisms in GFS. Current treatments for GFS include antibiotics, antifungal medication, low carbohydrate diet, and probiotics. There might be a potential role of fecal microbiota transplant in the treatment of GFS.
Becoming Undocumented: Legislation and Asylum Processes in Finland
Authors: Jauhiainen Jussi S. , Tedeschi Miriam 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe phenomenon of irregular migration is very complex in the EU, including Finland. Definitions and practices regarding asylum seekers, refugees, and undocumented migrants are blurred. The laws and immigration policies also attempt to define and enact fixed categories by which to classify undocumented migrants, but these people always escape such legal boundaries through their actions, decisions, and migratory behaviours.In this chapter, we study the asylum-related legislation and processes from the viewpoints of both the authorities who decide whether to grant international protection, and the undocumented migrants who request asylum. The chapter describes the Finnish asylum process in detail, and explains how the undocumented migrants (mostly former asylum seekers) we studied experienced it. Some countries tolerate undocumented migrants, allowing them to work and have access to many public services. In other countries, such as Finland, they are denied the right to work and barely have access to healthcare. Being an undocumented migrant is simultaneously about becoming an undocumented migrant, and failing the asylum process is the most common path to becoming an undocumented migrant. We also indicate how, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of new asylum applications in Finland decreased by more than half.
Introduction
Authors: Nishi Maiko , Subramanian Suneetha M. , Gupta Himangana , Yoshino Madoka , Takahashi Yasuo , Miwa Koji , Takeda Tomoko 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter introduces the idea of transformative change for sustainability and its relevance to the concept and practices of socio-ecological production landscapes and seascapes (SEPLS). First, it lays out the context where transformative change has been described as a way of fundamental, system-wide reorganisation of technological, economic and social factors to achieve the global goals of sustainability and nature conservation. Following a literature review, which offers the current state of knowledge concerning transformative change, the chapter discusses how SEPLS management relates to the idea of transformative change. In particular, it highlights the potentials of integrated approaches to managing SEPLS that can result in multiple benefits beyond biodiversity conservation and facilitate transformative change while addressing well-being needs and challenges specific to the local contexts. With this background and conceptual underpinning, the chapter provides the scope and objectives of the book as well as the key questions followed by the case study chapters. Finally, it introduces the organisation of the book and presents an overview of the case studies.
Traditional Landscape Appropriation of Afro-Descendants and Collective Titling in the Colombian Pacific Region: Lessons for Transformative Change
Authors: Quintero-Ángel Mauricio , Quintero-Ángel Andrés , Mendoza-Salazar Diana M. , Orjuela-Salazar Sebastian 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Colombian Pacific region is one of the most biodiverse areas in the world, but several anthropic pressures threaten its ecosystems and the ethnic groups who live there. Since the colonial era, the region has experienced two different key strategies of landscape appropriation: (1) diversification of activities in the landscape; and (2) specialisation focusing on a few landscape products. These two strategies fall at opposite ends of a modified continuum over time, including a range of intermediate situations that combine elements of the diversified and specialised strategies. The first strategy is characteristic of Afro-descendant communities, based on harmony with nature and favoring human well-being, while providing multiple ecosystem services and cultural or spiritual values.In this context, this chapter reviews the relationship of Afro-descendants with their environment in the Colombian Pacific region, taking as an example the San Marcos locality. Through interviews with key informants and participant observation, we investigate the productive and extractive practices in San Marcos. Results show that the appropriation strategy combines different sources of income. This denotes a great local ecological knowledge geared to maintenance of biodiversity. Despite Law 70 (1993) stipulating Afro-descendant communities to have guaranteed autonomy and the right to collectively manage their ancestral lands, this socio-ecological production landscape is endangered due to pressures from the dominant society towards conversion to a specialised strategy. Finally, we also analyse “transformative change” in the context of governance of San Marcos. Such change could guide a profound transformation in conservation strategies based on a fundamental reorientation of human values.
Synthesis: Conception, Approaches and Strategies for Transformative Change
Authors: Nishi Maiko , Subramanian Suneetha M. , Gupta Himangana , Yoshino Madoka , Takahashi Yasuo , Miwa Koji , Takeda Tomoko 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter synthesises major findings from the eleven case studies from different countries across the world (i.e. Kenya and Madagascar from Africa; Chinese Taipei, India, Nepal and the Philippines from Asia; Italy, Spain and UK from Europe; Antigua and Barbuda and Colombia from Latin America) concerning SEPLS management in relation to transformative change. It distils key messages in regard to how to understand, assess and take action on transformative change. Implications for science, policy and practice, as well as interfaces between them, are drawn out to address the following questions: (1) what is transformative change? (2) how do we know if we are moving towards a sustainable society? and (3) what are challenges, opportunities and “seeds of change” in the SEPLS context to bring about transformative change? The chapter concludes with five common principles identified across the case studies, while revising the notion of transformative change to reconceptualise it as a radical change that is built on niche innovations of local initiatives and can be fostered through adaptive co-management in the SEPLS context.
Long-Term Tracking of Multiple Benefits of Participatory Forest Restoration in Marginal Cultural Landscapes in Himalaya
Authors: Saxena Krishna G. , Rao Kottapalli S. , Maikhuri Rakesh K. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe literature is abound with references to the potential of indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) for sustainable landscape management, but empirical on-the-ground efforts that demonstrate this potential are still lacking. To identify interventions for improving the effectiveness and efficiency of forest restoration, participatory trials were set out in the Indian Himalaya, where per capita degraded land far exceeds per capita cropped/healthy forest land. Treatments were designed based on pooled indigenous and scientific knowledge taking into account farm-forest-livelihood interactions in cultural landscapes. The multipurpose tree-bamboo-medicinal herb mixed restoration plantation reached a state of economic benefit/cost ratio >1 in the eighth year and recovered 30–50% of flowering plant species and carbon stock in intact forest. The communities maintained but did not expand restoration in the absence of policies addressing their genuine needs and aspirations. Transformative change for sustainable restoration would include (1) nesting restoration in participatory, long-term, adaptive and integrated landscape development programmes, (2) formally involving communities in planning, monitoring, bioprospecting, and financial management, (3) assuring long-term funding but limited to the inputs unaffordable for local people, (4) stimulating the inquisitive minds of local people by enriching ILK and cultural heritage, (5) convincing policymakers to provide the scientific rationale behind policy stands, to support the regular interactions of communities with researchers, traders, and industrialists, to commit to genuine payment for ecosystem services in unambiguous terms at multiple spatial (household, village and village cluster) and temporal (short, medium and long-term) scales, and to support long-term participatory action research for development of “landscape restoration models” in varied socio-ecological scenarios.
Sustainable Rural Development and Water Resources Management on a Hilly Landscape: A Case Study of Gonglaoping Community, Taichung, ROC (Chinese Taipei)
Authors: Wu Chen-Fa , Lee Chen Yang , Huang Chen-Chuan , Chuang Hao-Yun , Weng Chih-Cheng , Chen Ming Cheng , Chang Choa-Hung , Chen Szu-Hung , Zhang Yi-Ting , Lu Kuan Chuan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Gonglaoping community is located in Central Western Taiwan, with approximately 700 residents. The hilly landscape contains farmlands and sloping areas with abundant natural resources. Locals rely on the Han River system and seasonal rainfall for water supply for domestic use and irrigation. Uneven rainfall patterns and high demand for water has led to the overuse of groundwater and conflicts among the people. The surrounding natural forests provide important ecosystem services, including wildlife habitats and water conservation, among others; however, overlap with human activities has brought threats to biodiversity conservation. Considering these challenges, locals were determined to transform their community towards sustainability. The Gonglaoping Industrial Development Association (GIDA) and the Soil and Water Conservation Bureau (SWCB) joined hands to initiate the promotion of the Satoyama Initiative, playing catalytic roles in several implementations, such as establishing water management strategies based on mutual trust, rebuilding the masonry landscape, and economic development, forming partnerships with other stakeholders. This multi-stakeholder and co-management platform allowed the community to achieve transformative change, particularly in resolving conflicts of water use, restoring the SEPL, enhancing biodiversity conservation, and developing a self-sustaining economy.Achieving sustainability in a SEPL requires the application of a holistic approach and a multi-sector collaborating (community-government-university) platform. This case demonstrates a practical, effective framework for government authorities, policymakers and other stakeholders in terms of maintaining the integrity of ecosystems. With the final outcome of promoting a vision of co-prosperity, it is a solid example showing a win-win strategy for both the human population and the farmland ecosystem in a hilly landscape.
Transformative Change in Peri-Urban SEPLS and Green Infrastructure Strategies: An Analysis from the Local to the Regional Scales in Galicia (NW Spain)
Authors: Díaz-Varela Emilio , Fernández-Villar Guillermina , Diego-Fuentes Alvaro 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTransformative change involves the integration of different social dimensions and the involvement of a multiplicity of actors resulting in high levels of complexity. Considering all this, our work addresses the development of green infrastructure (GI) to improve the conservation of biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services from two different approaches and scales: regional and local.From the regional level, a GI strategy was promoted by the regional government of Galicia (NW Spain) through institutional efforts following a multidisciplinary approach including public participation processes. On the other hand, a local, participative perspective is exemplified in the Neighbourhood Association of the Parish of Chapela (Redondela, Galicia), a peri-urban, coastal area where intensive forestry and urban expansion threatens the availability of accessible multifunctional ecosystems for the local communities.Both approaches are indicative of seeds for a transformative change yet to happen. Nevertheless, they differ in their visions, values and goals: the regional level is statutory-oriented and focused on the accomplishment of administrative objectives; the local level is based on the communities’ wellbeing aims and calls-for-action. Differences are also detected in the risks and barriers to transformative processes, from the inertia of administrative procedures to the limitations of local action to face environmental and developmental problems. Exploration of these contrasting perspectives leads to the identification of needs for institutional change, the emergence of new governance systems, and the development of new perspectives for strategic planning and management.
Water with Integrated Local Delivery (WILD) for Transformative Change in Socio-Ecological Management
Authors: Black Jasmine E. , Short Chris , Phelps Jenny 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAn innovative approach towards transformative change through multi-stakeholder participation for socio-ecological practices—Integrated Local Delivery (ILD)—has been used to restore the water quality and biodiversity across a catchment in the Cotswolds, South West England. This was triggered by the need to improve the Ecological Status of water as a part of the European Union’s Water Framework Directive. On a landscape scale of roughly 25,000 hectares, multi-stakeholders collaborated through a bottom-up approach to carry out environmental restoration of the catchment.Over 3 years, an iterative learning loop of reflection and evolution created increased engagement. Twenty farmers have been empowered as ‘guardians’ to be key contacts between institutions and ensure the sustained environmental quality of the area. Both farmers and communities acted to reduce chemical use, protect river banks from livestock damage and clear waterways to enhance water quality and biodiversity. Local communities fed into the development of a ‘Community Water Guide’ which can be applied internationally for similar projects. Within the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) transformative change framework, the ILD model can also be applied by facilitators to access levers and leverage points in order to enable change.Important take home messages from the project include having well-trained facilitators who ensure active engagement, connections and continuity over the long term. Likewise, ensuring all stakeholders feel listened to and clearly communicated with is essential to build trust and motivation.
Fermion mass hierarchies, large lepton mixing and residual modular symmetries
Authors: Novichkov P. P. , Penedo J. T. , Petcov S. T. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In modular-invariant models of flavour, hierarchical fermion mass matrices may arise solely due to the proximity of the modulus τ to a point of residual symmetry. This mechanism does not require flavon fields, and modular weights are not analogous to Froggatt-Nielsen charges. Instead, we show that hierarchies depend on the decomposition of field representations under the residual symmetry group. We systematically go through the possible fermion field representation choices which may yield hierarchical structures in the vicinity of symmetric points, for the four smallest finite modular groups, isomorphic to S3, A4, S4, and A5, as well as for their double covers. We find a restricted set of pairs of representations for which the discussed mechanism may produce viable fermion (charged-lepton and quark) mass hierarchies. We present two lepton flavour models in which the charged-lepton mass hierarchies are naturally obtained, while lepton mixing is somewhat fine-tuned. After formulating the conditions for obtaining a viable lepton mixing matrix in the symmetric limit, we construct a model in which both the charged-lepton and neutrino sectors are free from fine-tuning.
Higher genus correlators for tensionless AdS3 strings
Authors: Knighton Bob 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
It was recently shown in [1] that tree-level correlation functions in tensionless string theory on AdS3 × S3 × $$ {\mathbbm{T}}^4 $$

T
4

match the expected form of correlation functions in the symmetric orbifold CFT on $$ {\mathbbm{T}}^4 $$

T
4

in the large N limit. This analysis utilized the free-field realization of the $$ \mathfrak{psu}{\left(1,\left.1\right|2\right)}_1 $$
psu

1

1

2

1

Wess-Zumino-Witten model, along with a surprising identity directly relating these correlation functions to a branched covering of the boundary of AdS3. In particular, this identity implied the unusual feature that the string theory correlators localize to points in the moduli space for which the worldsheet covers the boundary of AdS3 with specified branching near the insertion points. In this work we generalize this analysis past the tree-level approximation, demonstrating its validity to higher genus worldsheets, and in turn providing strong evidence for this incarnation of the AdS/CFT correspondence at all orders in perturbation theory.
Residues, modularity, and the Cardy limit of the 4d $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 superconformal index
Authors: Goldstein Kevin , Jejjala Vishnu , Lei Yang , van Leuven Sam , Li Wei 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We compute the superconformal index of the $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 SU(N) Yang-Mills theory through a residue calculation. The method is similar in spirit to the Bethe Ansatz formalism, except that all poles are explicitly known, and we do not require specialization of any of the chemical potentials. Our expression for the index allows us to revisit the Cardy limit using modular properties of four-dimensional supersymmetric partition functions. We find that all residues contribute at leading order in the Cardy limit. In a specific region of flavour chemical potential space, close to the two unrefined points, in fact all residues contribute universally. These universal residues precisely agree with the entropy functions of the asymptotically AdS5 black hole and its “twin saddle” respectively. Finally, we discuss how our formula is suited to study the implications of four-dimensional modularity for the index beyond the Cardy limit.
Generalized elastic positivity bounds on interacting massive spin-2 theories
Authors: Wang Zi-Yue , Zhang Cen , Zhou Shuang-Yong 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We use generalized elastic positivity bounds to constrain the parameter space of multi-field spin-2 effective field theories. These generalized bounds involve inelastic scattering amplitudes between particles with different masses, which contain kinematic singularities even in the t = 0 limit. We apply these bounds to the pseudo-linear spin-2 theory, the cycle spin-2 theory and the line spin-2 theory respectively. For the pseudo-linear theory, we exclude the remaining operators that are unconstrained by the usual elastic positivity bounds, thus excluding all the leading (or highest cutoff) interacting operators in the theory. For the cycle and line theory, our approach also provides new bounds on the Wilson coefficients previously unconstrained, bounding the parameter space in both theories to be a finite region (i.e., every Wilson coefficient being constrained from both sides). To help visualize these finite regions, we sample various cross sections of them and estimate the total volumes.