bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Blue-and-White Tiles of the Muradiye in Edirne: Architectural Decoration between Tabriz, Damascus, and Cairo
Authors: Blessing Patricia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In the second quarter of the fifteenth century, a new phenomenon appears in Ottoman architecture: tiles with blue-and-white decoration, associated with tile-makers from Tabriz. These tiles appear most prominently in the Muradiye in Edirne, completed in 839/1435-36. They mark the beginning of an aesthetic shift, away from black-line (or cuerda seca) tiles inspired by Timurid and Aqquyunlu models, toward the blue-and-white tiles and vessels of the so-called Baba Naqqaş style of the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. The mihrāb of the Muradiye features both kinds of tiles, thus illustrating this shift at its early stages. Within the parameters of an international Timurid style, the artistic production of this period (tile-work in particular) has been considered an offshoot of Timurid court patronage in eastern Iran and Central Asia. In the larger context of the fifteenth-century Islamic world, however, related tiles and vessels were also produced in Damascus and Cairo. This article examines the tiles of the Muradiye Mosque within the framework of artistic centers, the movements of motifs, objects, and makers, and their impact on architecture in the fifteenth-century Ottoman empire.
Intersections Between the Architect’s Cubit, the Science of Surveying, and Social Practices in CaʿFer Efendi’s Seventeenth-Century Book on Ottoman Architecture
Authors: Kale Gül 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In 1614 Caʿfer Efendi devoted four chapters of his book on architecture to the science of surveying. Caʿfer’s text is the only extant comprehensive book written by a scholar on the relation between architecture and various forms of knowledge. His sections on surveying have attracted little scholarly attention since they were often viewed as ad hoc chapters in a biography of the chief architect Mehmed Agha. An investigation into the intersection between architecture, as represented by the architect’s cubit, the science of surveying, and jurisprudence sheds significant light on how scholars assessed the legitimacy of early modern Ottoman architecture. In this article, I examine the relationship between architectural practices, mathematical knowledge, and social practices by focusing on Caʿfer Efendi’s elaborations on the architect’s cubit, units of measure, and mensuration of areas. These links need to be understood through the cultural and scientific context in which architects and scholars collaborated. I also explore Caʿfer Efendi’s identity, which gave him the tools to discuss such intrinsic connections. When read along with court decrees, and in conjunction with the use of mathematical sciences for civic affairs, this investigation reveals how Ottoman architecture was embedded in the scientific discourses, social practices, and ethical concerns of the early seventeenth century.
The Heart Case of Abbot Roger de Norton from St. Albans Abbey: An Islamic Object in a Medieval English Context
Authors: Knight Barry 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The lid of a small wooden box, believed to have contained the heart of Abbot Roger de Norton (d. 1291), was discovered in 1872, during the restoration of St. Albans Abbey. The lid has an Arabic inscription that has not previously been translated. It is now suggested that the inscription reads al-ʿizz al-dāʾim wa ’l-iqbāl lahu, or “Everlasting glory and good fortune for him.”
Graphene-Based Polarization-Independent Mid-Infrared Electro-Absorption Modulator Integrated in a Chalcogenide Glass Waveguide
Authors: Zhou Yong , Lu Rongguo , Wang Guangbiao , Lyu Jiangbo , Tan Meng , Shen Liming , Lin Rui , Yang Zhonghua , Liu Yong 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA polarization-insensitive graphene-based mid-infrared optical modulator is presented that comprised SiO2/ Ge23Sb7S70, in which two graphene layers are embedded with a semiellipse layout to support transverse magnetic (TM) and transverse electric (TE) polarizing modes with identical absorption. The key performance index for the polarization independent modulator is polarization-sensitivity loss (PSL). The waveguide of our device just supports basic TE and TM modes, and the PSL between two modes is of < 0.24 dB. The model can offer extinction ratio (ER) more than 16 dB and insertion loss less than 1 dB. The operation spectrum ranges from 2 to 2.4 μm with optical bandwidth of 400 nm. The 3 dB modulation bandwidth is as high as 136 GHz based on theoretical calculation.
Assessing nucleic acid binding activity of four dinoflagellate cold shock domain proteins from Symbiodinium kawagutii and Lingulodinium polyedra
Authors: Zaheri Bahareh , Morse David 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Dinoflagellates have a generally large number of genes but only a small percentage of these are annotated as transcription factors. Cold shock domain (CSD) containing proteins (CSPs) account for roughly 60% of these. CSDs are not prevalent in other eukaryotic lineages, perhaps suggesting a lineage-specific expansion of this type of transcription factors in dinoflagellates, but there is little experimental data to support a role for dinoflagellate CSPs as transcription factors. Here we evaluate the hypothesis that dinoflagellate CSPs can act as transcription factors by binding double-stranded DNA in a sequence dependent manner.

Results
We find that both electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) competition experiments and selection and amplification binding (SAAB) assays indicate binding is not sequence specific for four different CSPs from two dinoflagellate species. Competition experiments indicate all four CSPs bind to RNA better than double-stranded DNA.

Conclusion
Dinoflagellate CSPs do not share the nucleic acid binding properties expected for them to function as bone fide transcription factors. We conclude the transcription factor complement of dinoflagellates is even smaller than previously thought suggesting that dinoflagellates have a reduced dependance on transcriptional control compared to other eukaryotes.
The strength of selection is consistent across both domains of the MHC class I peptide-binding groove in birds
Authors: Minias Piotr , He Ke , Dunn Peter O. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) codes for the key vertebrate immune receptors responsible for pathogen recognition. Foreign antigens are recognized via their compatibility to hyper-variable region of the peptide-binding groove (PBR), which consists of two separate protein domains. Specifically, the PBR of the MHC class I receptors, which recognize intra-cellular pathogens, has two α domains encoded by exon 2 (α1) and exon 3 (α2) of the same gene. Most research on avian MHC class I polymorphism has traditionally focused exclusively on exon 3 and comparisons of selection between the two domains have been hampered by the scarcity of molecular data for exon 2. Thus, it is not clear whether the two domains vary in their specificity towards different antigens and whether they are subject to different selective pressure.

Results
Here, we took advantage of rapidly accumulating genomic resources to test for the differences in selection patterns between both MHC class I domains of the peptide-binding groove in birds. For this purpose, we compiled a dataset of MHC class I exon 2 and 3 sequences for 120 avian species from 46 families. Our phylogenetically-robust approach provided strong evidence for highly consistent levels of selection on the α1 and α2 domains. There were strong correlations in all selection measures (number of positively/negatively selected residues and dN/dS ratios) between both PBR exons. Similar positive associations were found for the level of amino acid polymorphism across the two domains.

Conclusions
We conclude that the strength of selection and the level of polymorphism are highly consistent between both peptide-binding domains (α1 and α2) of the avian MHC class I.
Genome-wide detection of CNV regions and their potential association with growth and fatness traits in Duroc pigs
Authors: Qiu Yibin , Ding Rongrong , Zhuang Zhanwei , Wu Jie , Yang Ming , Zhou Shenping , Ye Yong , Geng Qian , Xu Zheng , Huang Sixiu , Cai Gengyuan , Wu Zhenfang , Yang Jie 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
In the process of pig breeding, the average daily gain (ADG), days to 100 kg (AGE), and backfat thickness (BFT) are directly related to growth rate and fatness. However, the genetic mechanisms involved are not well understood. Copy number variation (CNV), an important source of genetic diversity, can affect a variety of complex traits and diseases and has gradually been thrust into the limelight. In this study, we reported the genome-wide CNVs of Duroc pigs using SNP genotyping data from 6627 animals. We also performed a copy number variation region (CNVR)-based genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for growth and fatness traits in two Duroc populations.

Results
Our study identified 953 nonredundant CNVRs in U.S. and Canadian Duroc pigs, covering 246.89 Mb (~ 10.90%) of the pig autosomal genome. Of these, 802 CNVRs were in U.S. Duroc pigs with 499 CNVRs were in Canadian Duroc pigs, indicating 348 CNVRs were shared by the two populations. Experimentally, 77.8% of nine randomly selected CNVRs were validated through quantitative PCR (qPCR). We also identified 35 CNVRs with significant association with growth and fatness traits using CNVR-based GWAS. Ten of these CNVRs were associated with both ADG and AGE traits in U.S. Duroc pigs. Notably, four CNVRs showed significant associations with ADG, AGE, and BFT, indicating that these CNVRs may play a pleiotropic role in regulating pig growth and fat deposition. In Canadian Duroc pigs, nine CNVRs were significantly associated with both ADG and AGE traits. Further bioinformatic analysis identified a subset of potential candidate genes, including PDGFA, GPER1, PNPLA2 and BSCL2.

Conclusions
The present study provides a necessary supplement to the CNV map of the Duroc genome through large-scale population genotyping. In addition, the CNVR-based GWAS results provide a meaningful way to elucidate the genetic mechanisms underlying complex traits. The identified CNVRs can be used as molecular markers for genetic improvement in the molecular-guided breeding of modern commercial pigs.
Genome-wide association study reveals novel loci associated with feeding behavior in Pekin ducks
Authors: Li Guang-Sheng , Zhu Feng , Zhang Fan , Yang Fang-Xi , Hao Jin-Ping , Hou Zhuo-Cheng 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Feeding behavior traits are an essential part of livestock production. However, the genetic base of feeding behavior traits remains unclear in Pekin ducks. This study aimed to determine novel loci related to feeding behavior in Pekin ducks.

Results
In this study, the feeding information of 540 Pekin ducks was recorded, and individual genotype was evaluated using genotyping-by-sequencing methods. Genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) was conducted for feeding behavior traits. Overall, thirty significant (P-value < 4.74E-06) SNPs for feeding behavior traits were discovered, and four of them reached the genome-wide significance level (P-value < 2.37E-07). One genome-wide significance locus associated with daily meal times was located in a 122.25 Mb region on chromosome 2, which was within the intron of gene ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 E2 (UBE2E2), and could explain 2.64% of the phenotypic variation. This locus was also significantly associated with meal feed intake, and explained 2.72% of this phenotypic variation.

Conclusions
This study is the first GWAS for feeding behavior traits in ducks. Our results provide a list of candidate genes associated with feeding behavior, and also help to better understand the genetic mechanisms of feeding behavior patterns in ducks.
CardiOvaScular Mechanisms In Covid-19: methodology of a prospective observational multimodality imaging study (COSMIC-19 study)
Authors: Alam Shirjel R. , Shah Anoop S. V. , Ombati Kevin O. , Nganga Edward , Gitau Samuel , Makhdomi Khalid , Chung Michael H. , Vinayak Sudhir 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
8–28% of patients infected with COVID-19 have evidence of cardiac injury, and this is associated with an adverse prognosis. The cardiovascular mechanisms of injury are poorly understood and speculative. We aim to use multimodality cardiac imaging including cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging, computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) and positron emission tomography with 2-deoxy-2-[fluorine-18]fluoro-d-glucose integrated with computed tomography (18F-FDG-PET/CT) to identify the cardiac pathophysiological mechanisms related to COVID-19 infections.

Methods
This is a single-centre exploratory observational study aiming to recruit 50 patients with COVID-19 infection who will undergo cardiac biomarker sampling. Of these, 30 patients will undergo combined CTCA and 18F-FDG-PET/CT, followed by CMR. Prevalence of obstructive and non-obstructive atherosclerotic coronary disease will be assessed using CTCA. CMR will be used to identify and characterise myocardial disease including presence of cardiac dysfunction, myocardial fibrosis, myocardial oedema and myocardial infarction. 18F-FDG-PET/CT will identify vascular and cardiac inflammation. Primary endpoint will be the presence of cardiovascular pathology and the association with troponin levels.

Discussion
The results of the study will identify the presence and modality of cardiac injury associated COVID-19 infection, and the utility of multi-modality imaging in diagnosing such injury. This will further inform clinical decision making during the pandemic.
Trial Registration: This study has been retrospectively registered at the ISRCTN registry (ID ISRCTN12154994) on 14th August 2020. Accessible at https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN12154994
Anti-IL-4Ralpha monoclonal antibody dupilumab mimics ulcerative colitis: a case report
Authors: Shimodaira Yosuke , Takahashi So , Iijima Katsunori 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Various molecular-targeted therapeutic agents that inhibit cytokines and immune checkpoints are used in clinical practice. Some of these biologics that control immunity, such as anti-interleukin-17, anti-programmed cell death protein-1, and anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein antibodies, affect intestinal immune homeostasis and cause intestinal inflammation. Development of enteritis due to dupilumab (an anti-IL-4Ralpha monoclonal antibody) therapy is not yet reported in the literature.

Case presentation
A 17-year-old man was administered an injection of dupilumab and continued to receive it for refractory atopic dermatitis. After 3 months of initiating dupilumab therapy, he developed intermittent abdominal pain, tenesmus, and had diarrhea. Colonoscopy examination showed decreased vascularity, mild friability, and erythema in the cecum, part of the ascending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum without any pathogenic bacteria. Histological examination revealed moderate mixed inflammatory cell infiltration, cryptitis, destruction of the crypt, decreased goblet cells, mucosal erosions, and edema. He was diagnosed with UC and was prescribed oral mesalazine (4800 mg/day) treatment. Within a month of the treatment, his diarrhea improved and the frequency of defecation decreased.

Conclusions
This is a first report that dupilumab mimicked ulcerative colitis. Careful monitoring for adverse effects with the onset of an intestinal inflammation will be recommended after dupilumab administration.
Smell, taste and trigeminal disorders in a 65‐year‐old population
Authors: Sødal Anne Thea Tveit , Singh Preet Bano , Skudutyte-Rysstad Rasa , Diep My Tien , Hove Lene Hystad 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundSmell, taste and trigeminal disorders likely have a substantial impact on human daily life. However, data regarding the prevalence of these disorders in Norway are scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of smell, taste, trigeminal disorders and associated factors in a 65-year-old population in Oslo, Norway.MethodsA random sample of 223 individuals (123 men, 100 women) participated in the study. Medical history was obtained, and unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) and stimulated whole saliva (SWS) were collected to determine salivary secretion rates. Sniffin`n Sticks and Taste Strips (Burghart Messtechnik GmbH, Wedel, Germany) were used for quantitative testing of olfactory and gustatory function. In addition, the participants’ self-reported perceptions of smell and taste, and burning mouth sensation were investigated.ResultsThe results showed that 34 % of the participants had reduced smell (28 % hyposmia and 6 % anosmia) and 28 % had reduced taste perception (21 % hypogeusia and 7 % ageusia). 13 % of the partcipants had a combination of smell and taste disorders. Dysgeusia was reported by 5 % and burning mouth sensation (syndrome) by 3 % of the participants. Hyposmia, hypogeusia and ageusia were significantly more prevalent among men. Significant associations were found between taste disorders and previous history of cerebral hemorrhage and heart attack, and between burning mouth sensation and gastrointestinal disorders. Disturbances in olfactory, gustatory and trigeminal function were significantly related to medication use. Ageusia and burning mouth sensation were significantly more prevalent among smokers. Except from higher prevalence of ageusia among participants with hyposalivation with respect to SWS, no significant associations were found between salivary secretion rate and chemosensory or trigeminal disorders in the present study.ConclusionsThe present study revealed that one-third of 65-year-old individuals had impaired smell and more than one-fourth had impaired taste function. The prevalence of dysgeusia and burning mouth sensation was very low. Reduced smell and taste perception were more common among men than women. Furthermore, some diseases and medications were associated with chemosensory and trigeminal disorders. Ageusia was associated with SWS hyposalivation.
The accuracy of the Ishii score chart in predicting sarcopenia in the elderly community in Chengdu
Authors: Chen Xiaoyan , Hou Lisha , Zhang Ying , Luo Shuyue , Dong Birong 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Sarcopenia is a disorder associated with age that reduces the mass of skeletal muscles, the strength of muscles, and/or physical activity. It increases the risk of fall incidence which can result in fractures, hospitalizations, limited movement, and considerably decreased quality of life. Hence, it is needed to explore candidate screening tools to evaluate sarcopenia in the initial phases. The reported studies have been revealed that the sensitivity and specificity of the Ishii score chart are higher. However, the Ishii score chart is principally based on the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) consensus. Recently, the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2019 consensus has updated its diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia,which was previously similar to the EWGSOP. Hence, it is necessary to determine whether the Ishii score chart is appropriate for use among the elderly population in China. The current study aimed to validate the precision of the Ishii score chart, within the Chinese old aged community to establish an effective model for the evaluation of sarcopenia.

Methods
The AWGS2019 sarcopenia diagnostic criteria were used as a standard, and among the elderly community, the accuracy of the Ishii score chart was determined by using indicators, including specificity, sensitivity, negative and positive predictive values, negative and positive likelihood ratios, Youden index, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.

Results
In the elderly Chengdu community, the prevalence rate of sarcopenia was 18.38 %, 19.91 % for males and 16.91 % for females. The Ishii score chart predicts sarcopenia at an AUC value of 0.84 with 95 % confidence interval (CI), ranging between 0.80 and 0.89 for females, and at an AUC value of 0.81 with 95 % CI, ranging between 0.75 and 0.86 for males.According to the original cut-off, which was set at 120 points for females, the corresponding sensitivity was 46.91 % and the specificity was 93.22 %. The 105 cut-off points (original) set for males revealed a corresponding sensitivity of 64.94 % and the specificity of 85.46 %. However, the original cut-off value exhibited low sensitivity, hence, we selected a new cut-off value. With the new cut-off value, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for sarcopenia were 75.31 %, 79.9 %, 43 %, and 94 % for females, and 70.65 %, 81.35 %, 49 %, and 92 % for males, respectively.

Conclusions
The Ishii score chart was used for the prediction of sarcopenia in the old-age people of the Chengdu community and the obtained results showed a high value of predictability. Hence, more than 95 and 102 points were suggested for males and females, accordingly which can set to be the diagnostic cut-off values for the prediction of sarcopenia.
An examination of three prescribing cascades in a cohort of older adults with dementia
Authors: Trenaman Shanna C. , Bowles Susan K. , Kirkland Susan , Andrew Melissa K. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundPrescribing cascades are a source of inappropriate prescribing for older adults with dementia. We aimed to study three prescribing cascades in older Nova Scotians with dementia using administrative databases.MethodsCohort entry for Nova Scotia Seniors’ Pharmacare Program beneficiaries was the date of dementia diagnosis. Prescription drug dispensing data was extracted for inciting medication and second treatment (cholinesterase inhibitor and bladder anticholinergic, metoclopramide and Parkinson’s disease medication, or calcium channel blocker (CCB) and diuretic) over the six-year period April 1, 2009 to March 31, 2015. In three separate analyses, dispensing an inciting medication signaled a look back of 365 days from the date of first dispensing to confirm that the second treatment was started after the inciting medication. The prescribing cascade was considered when the second treatment was started within 180 days of the inciting treatment. Sex differences in the prescribing cascade were tested using t-tests or chi square tests as appropriate. Both univariate (unadjusted) and multivariate (adjusted) logistic regression (adjusted for age, rurality, and sex) and Cox proportional hazards regression was used to identify risk factors for the prescribing cascade.ResultsFrom March 1, 2005 to March 31, 2015, 28,953 Nova Scotia Seniors' Pharmacare beneficiaries with dementia (NSSPBD) were identified. There were 60 cases of bladder anticholinergics following cholinesterase inhibitors, 11 cases of Parkinson’s disease medication following metoclopramide, and 289 cases of a diuretic following CCB in the cohort. Regression analysis demonstrated that risk of bladder anticholinergics following cholinesterase inhibitors and diuretics following CCBs were associated with female sex. Cox regression suggested that bladder anticholinergics were less often used by those on cholinesterase inhibitors and did not identify CCB use as leading more frequently to diuretic use.ConclusionsThe combination of diuretics following CCB was the most common prescribing cascade and bladder anticholinergics following cholinesterase inhibitors the second most common. However, exposure to the inciting medications did not increase risk of exposure to the second treatments. Combinations of bladder anticholinergics following cholinesterase inhibitors and diuretics following CCBs were more common for women raising concern that women may be at increased risk of these prescribing cascades.