bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrated analysis of the faecal metagenome and serum metabolome reveals the role of gut microbiome-associated metabolites in the detection of colorectal cancer and adenoma
Authors: Chen Feng , Dai Xudong , Zhou Chang-Chun , Li Ke-xin , Zhang Yu-juan , Lou Xiao-Ying , Zhu Yuan-Min , Sun Yan-Lai , Peng Bao-Xiang , Cui Wei 
Published: August 2021

ObjectiveTo profile gut microbiome-associated metabolites in serum and investigate whether these metabolites could distinguish individuals with colorectal cancer (CRC) or adenoma from normal healthy individuals.DesignIntegrated analysis of untargeted serum metabolomics by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and metagenome sequencing of paired faecal samples was applied to identify gut microbiome-associated metabolites with significantly altered abundance in patients with CRC and adenoma. The ability of these metabolites to discriminate between CRC and colorectal adenoma was tested by targeted metabolomic analysis. A model based on gut microbiome-associated metabolites was established and evaluated in an independent validation cohort.ResultsIn total, 885 serum metabolites were significantly altered in both CRC and adenoma, including eight gut microbiome-associated serum metabolites (GMSM panel) that were reproducibly detected by both targeted and untargeted metabolomics analysis and accurately discriminated CRC and adenoma from normal samples. A GMSM panel-based model to predict CRC and colorectal adenoma yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.98 (95% CI 0.94 to 1.00) in the modelling cohort and an AUC of 0.92 (83.5% sensitivity, 84.9% specificity) in the validation cohort. The GMSM model was significantly superior to the clinical marker carcinoembryonic antigen among samples within the validation cohort (AUC 0.92 vs 0.72) and also showed promising diagnostic accuracy for adenomas (AUC=0.84) and early-stage CRC (AUC=0.93).ConclusionGut microbiome reprogramming in patients with CRC is associated with alterations of the serum metabolome, and GMSMs have potential applications for CRC and adenoma detection.
Residual homing of α4β7-expressing β1+PI16+regulatory T cells with potent suppressive activity correlates with exposure-efficacy of vedolizumab
Authors: Becker Emily , Dedden Mark , Gall Christine , Wiendl Maximilian , Ekici Arif Bülent , Schulz-Kuhnt Anja , Schweda Anna , Voskens Caroline , Hegazy Ahmed , Vitali Francesco , Atreya Raja , Müller Tanja Martina , Atreya Imke , Neurath Markus F , Zundler Sebastian 
Published: August 2021

ObjectiveThe anti-α4β7 integrin antibody vedolizumab is administered at a fixed dose for the treatment of IBDs. This leads to a wide range of serum concentrations in patients and previous studies had suggested that highest exposure levels are associated with suboptimal clinical response. We aimed to determine the mechanisms underlying these non-linear exposure-efficacy characteristics of vedolizumab.DesignWe characterised over 500 samples from more than 300 subjects. We studied the binding of vedolizumab to T cells and investigated the functional consequences for dynamic adhesion, transmigration, gut homing and free binding sites in vivo. Employing single-cell RNA sequencing, we characterised α4β7 integrin-expressing T cell populations ‘resistant’ to vedolizumab and validated our findings in vitro and in samples from vedolizumab-treated patients with IBD. We also correlated our findings with a post-hoc analysis of the Gemini II and III studies.ResultsRegulatory T (TReg) cells exhibited a right-shifted vedolizumab binding profile compared with effector T (TEff) cells. Consistently, in a certain concentration range, the residual adhesion, transmigration, homing of and availability of functional α4β7 on TRegcells in vivo was higher than that of/on TEffcells. We identified a vedolizumab-‘resistant’ α4β7-expressing β1+PI16+TRegcell subset with pronounced regulatory properties as the substrate for this effect. Our observations correlated with exposure-efficacy data from Gemini II and III trials.ConclusionCompletely blocking TEffcell trafficking with vedolizumab, while simultaneously permitting residual homing of powerful TRegcells in an optimal ‘therapeutic window’ based on target exposure levels might be a strategy to optimise treatment outcomes in patients with IBD.
Epidemiology of paediatric drowning hospitalisations in the USA: a population-based study
Authors: Theodorou Christina M. , Rajasekar Ganesh , McFadden Nikia R. , Brown Erin G. , Nuño Miriam 
Published: August 2021

BackgroundDrowning is a leading cause of death in children ≤5 years old. Detailed data on the epidemiology of drowning in this high-risk population can inform preventative efforts. We aimed to study trends in incidence and case fatality rates (CFR) in the USA among young children hospitalised after drowning.MethodsChildren ≤5 years old hospitalised in the USA after drowning were identified from the Kids Inpatient Database 2000–2016. Incidence and CFRs by calendar year, age, sex, race/ethnicity and hospital region were calculated. Trends over time were evaluated. Factors associated with fatal drowning were assessed.ResultsAmong 30 560 804 hospitalised children ≤5 years old, 9261 drowning cases were included. Patients were more commonly male (62.3%) and white (47.4%). Two years old had the highest incidence of hospitalisation after drowning, regardless of race/ethnicity, sex and region. Overall drowning hospitalisations decreased by 49% from 2000 to 2016 (8.38–4.25 cases per 100 000 children). The mortality rate was 11.4% (n=1060), and most occurred in children ≤3 years old (83.0%). Overall case fatality decreased between 2000 and 2016 (risk ratio (RR) 0.44, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.56). The lowest reduction in incidence and case fatality was observed among Black children (Incidence RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.75 to 1.13; case fatality RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.41 to 1.58).ConclusionsHospitalisations and CFRs for drowning among children ≤5 years old have decreased from 2000 to 2016. Two years old are at the highest risk of both fatal and non-fatal drowning. Disparities exist for Black children in both the relative reduction in drowning hospitalisation incidence and case fatality. Interventions should focus on providing equitable preventative care measures to this population.
Pilot study to evaluate school safety zone built environment interventions
Authors: Rothman Linda , Ling Rebecca , Hagel Brent E , Macarthur Colin , Macpherson Alison K , Buliung Ron , Fuselli Pamela , Howard Andrew William 
Published: August 2021

BackgroundSchool safety zones were created in 2017 under the City of Toronto’s Vision Zero Road Safety Plan. This pilot study examined the effect of built environment interventions on driver speeds, active school transportation (AST) and dangerous driving.MethodsInterventions were implemented at 34 schools and 45 matched controls (2017–2019). Drivers travelling over the speed limit of >30 km/hour and 85th percentile speeds were measured using pneumatic speed tubes at school frontages. Observers examined AST and dangerous driving at school arrival times. Repeated measures beta and multiple regression analyses were used to study the intervention effects.ResultsMost schools had posted speed limits of 40 km/hour (58%) or ≥50 km/hour (23%). A decrease in drivers travelling over the speed limit was observed at intervention schools post-intervention (from 44% to 40%; OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.96). Seventy-one per cent of drivers travelled >30 km/hour and the 85th percentile speed was 47 km/hour at intervention schools, with no change in either postintervention. There were no changes in speed metrics in the controls. AST increased by 5% (OR 1.22, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.54) at intervention schools. Reductions in dangerous driving were observed at all schools.ConclusionsPosted speed limits were >30 km/hour at most schools and high proportions of drivers were travelling above the speed limits. There were reductions in drivers exceeding the speed limit and in dangerous driving, and modest increased AST post intervention. Bolder interventions to slow traffic are required to effectively reduce speeding around schools, which may increase safe AST.
Risk of major chronic diseases in transport, rescue and security industries: a longitudinal register-based study
Authors: Herttua Kimmo , Ahrenfeldt Linda Juel , Paljarvi Tapio 
Published: August 2021

ObjectiveTo investigate the risk of hospitalisation for major chronic diseases across representative transport, rescue and security industries.MethodsWe performed a register-based study of 624 571 workers from six industries in Denmark between 2000 and 2005, followed up hospitalisation for chronic diseases up to 17 years, and compared with a 20% random sample of the economically active population.ResultsHR from the Cox regression models showed that seafarers had higher risk of lung cancer (men: 1.54, 95% CI 1.31 to 1.81; women: 1.63, 95% CI 1.13 to 2.36), and male seafarers had higher risk of diabetes (1.32, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.43) and oral cancer (1.51, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.88). Men and women in land transport had increased risk of diabetes (men: 1.68, 95% CI 1.63 to 1.73; women 1.55, 95% CI 1.40 to 1.71) and chronic respiratory disease (men: 1.21, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.25; women 1.42, 95% CI 1.32 to 1.53). Among women, a higher risk of gastrointestinal cancer was observed in aviation (1.53, 95% CI 1.23 to 1.89) and police force (1.29, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.65), oral cancer in defence forces (1.83, 95% CI 1.20 to 2.79), and chronic respiratory disease in rescue service (1.47, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.77), while men in defence forces, police force and rescue service had mainly lower risk of these chronic diseases.ConclusionsWe observed considerable health disparities from chronic diseases across transport, rescue and security industries, with workers in seafaring and land transport generally bearing the greatest relative burden.
Provision of instructions to drink ad libitum or according to thirst sensation: impact during 120 km of cycling in the heat in men
Authors: Claveau Pascale , Deshayes Thomas A. , Jeker David , Pancrate Timothée , Goulet Eric D.B. 
Published: August 2021

The terms drinking to thirst and ad libitum drinking are used interchangeably, but should they? We investigated the differences in how athletes consumed fluids during exercise when instructed to drink according to thirst or ad libitum. Using a randomized, crossover, and counterbalanced design, 10 males (27 ± 4 y) cycled 120 km (48 ± 4% of peak power, 33 °C, 40% relative humidity) on 2 occasions, while drinking water according to thirst or ad libitum. Participants covered the cycling trials in 222 ± 11 min (p = 0.29). Although the body mass loss at the end of exercise and total volume of water consumed were similar between trials, thirst perception before each sip and the volume consumed per sip were significantly higher with thirst than ad libitum drinking, whereas the total number of sips was significantly lower with thirst than ad libitum drinking. Perceived exertion, rectal temperature, and heart rate were all significantly higher with thirst than ad libitum drinking, but the difference was trivial. In conclusion, thirst and ad libitum drinking are associated with different drinking patterns, but equally maintain fluid balance during prolonged exercise. The terms drinking to thirst and ad libitum drinking can be used interchangeably to guide fluid intake during prolonged exercise. Novelty: Both strategies are associated with different patterns of fluid ingestion during prolonged exercise, but are equally effective in maintaining fluid balance. Perceived exertion, rectal temperature, and heart rate are regulated dissimilarly by thirst and ad libitum drinking, but the difference is trivial.
Azimuthal dependence of two-particle transverse momentum current correlations
Authors: Magdy Niseem , Basu Sumit , Gonzalez Victor , Marin Ana , Evdokimov Olga , Lacey Roy A. , Pruneau Claude 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTwo-particle transverse momentum correlation functions are a powerful technique for understanding the dynamics of relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Among these, the transverse momentum correlator $$G_{2}\left( \varDelta \eta ,\varDelta \varphi \right) $$

G
2

Δ
η
,
Δ
φ

is of particular interest for its potential sensitivity to the shear viscosity per unit of entropy density $$\eta /s$$

η
/
s

of the quark-gluon plasma formed in heavy-ion collisions. We use the UrQMD, AMPT, and EPOS models for Au–Au at $$\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}$$

s
NN

= 200 GeV and Pb–Pb at $$\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}$$

s
NN

= 2760 GeV to investigate the long range azimuthal dependence of $$G_{2}\left( \varDelta \eta ,\varDelta \varphi \right) $$

G
2

Δ
η
,
Δ
φ

, and explore its utility to constrain $$\eta /s$$

η
/
s

based on charged particle correlations. We find that the three models yield quantitatively distinct transverse momentum Fourier harmonics coefficients $$a^{p_\mathrm{T}}_{n}$$

a
n

p
T

. We also observe these coefficients exhibit a significant dependence on $$\eta /s$$

η
/
s

in the context of the AMPT model. These observations suggest that exhaustive measurements of the dependence of $$G_{2}\left( \varDelta \varphi \right) $$

G
2

Δ
φ

with collision energy, system size, collision centrality, in particular, offer the potential to distinguish between different theoretical models and their underlying assumptions. Exhaustive analyses of $$G_{2}\left( \varDelta \varphi \right) $$

G
2

Δ
φ

obtained in large and small systems should also be instrumental in establishing new constraints for precise extraction of $$\eta /s$$

η
/
s

.
Synthesis and Photocatalytic Properties of Three-Dimensional Mesoporous Titanium Dioxide
Authors: Ye Xiao , Xu Lei , Li Zi-Yan , Gang Rui-Qi , Xia Yi , Wang Xue-Qian , Wang Lang-Lang , Koppala Sivasankar 
Published: August 2021

The three-dimensional (3D) mesoporous titanium dioxide (TiO2) was synthesized by microwave-assisted hydrothermal method, using titanium sulfate as titanium source and urea to adjust pH value. Its structure and photocatalytic oxidation properties were studied. The results show that the TiO2 particles have a 3D mesoporous structure, uniform distribution and spherical shape, the average diameter is about 0.67[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m. These properties provide strong light adsorption, high specific surface area, which increases the active site of the photocatalyst, porosity can also enhance the ability of the material to adsorb pollutants, thus has better stability. It was applied to photocatalytic degradation of 10[Formula: see text]mg/L rhodamine B (RhB) solution. After 80[Formula: see text]min of irradiation under 420[Formula: see text]nm ultraviolet (UV) light, the degradation rate of RhB reached more than 90%. In addition, it also provided an excellent photocatalytic efficiency of removing Hg0 in simulated flue gas. The removal efficiency could still reach over 86% after 40 h, which could be used in the treatment of heavy metal pollutants such as metallurgical flue gas.
SNAI2-Mediated Repression of BIM Protects Rhabdomyosarcoma from Ionizing Radiation
Authors: Wang Long , Hensch Nicole R. , Bondra Kathryn , Sreenivas Prethish , Zhao Xiang R. , Chen Jiangfei , Moreno Campos Rodrigo , Baxi Kunal , Vaseva Angelina V. , Sunkel Benjamin D. , Gryder Berkley E. , Pomella Silvia , Stanton Benjamin Z. , Zheng Siyuan , Chen Eleanor Y. , Rota Rossella , Khan Javed , Houghton Peter J. , Ignatius Myron S. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Ionizing radiation (IR) and chemotherapy are mainstays of treatment for patients with rhabdomyosarcoma, yet the molecular mechanisms that underlie the success or failure of radiotherapy remain unclear. The transcriptional repressor SNAI2 was previously identified as a key regulator of IR sensitivity in normal and malignant stem cells through its repression of the proapoptotic BH3-only gene PUMA/BBC3. Here, we demonstrate a clear correlation between SNAI2 expression levels and radiosensitivity across multiple rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines. Modulating SNAI2 levels in rhabdomyosarcoma cells through its overexpression or knockdown altered radiosensitivity in vitro and in vivo. SNAI2 expression reliably promoted overall cell growth and inhibited mitochondrial apoptosis following exposure to IR, with either variable or minimal effects on differentiation and senescence, respectively. Importantly, SNAI2 knockdown increased expression of the proapoptotic BH3-only gene BIM, and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing experiments established that SNAI2 is a direct repressor of BIM/BCL2L11. Because the p53 pathway is nonfunctional in the rhabdomyosarcoma cells used in this study, we have identified a new, p53-independent SNAI2/BIM signaling axis that could potentially predict clinical responses to IR treatment and be exploited to improve rhabdomyosarcoma therapy.

Significance:
SNAI2 is identified as a major regulator of radiation-induced apoptosis in rhabdomyosarcoma through previously unknown mechanisms independent of p53.
Platelet-Coated Circulating Tumor Cells Are a Predictive Biomarker in Patients with Metastatic Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Chai Shoujie , Matsumoto Nicholas , Storgard Ryan , Peng Chen-Ching , Aparicio Ana , Ormseth Benjamin , Rappard Kate , Cunningham Katherine , Kolatkar Anand , Nevarez Rafael , Tu Kai-Han , Hsu Ching-Ju , Malihi Paymaneh , Corn Paul , Zurita Amado , Hicks James , Kuhn Peter , Ruiz-Velasco Carmen 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) includes a subset of patients with particularly unfavorable prognosis characterized by combined defects in at least two of three tumor suppressor genes: PTEN, RB1, and TP53 as aggressive variant prostate cancer molecular signature (AVPC-MS). We aimed to identify circulating tumor cells (CTC) signatures that could inform treatment decisions of patients with mCRPC with cabazitaxel–carboplatin combination therapy versus cabazitaxel alone. Liquid biopsy samples were collected prospectively from 79 patients for retrospective analysis. CTCs were detected, classified, enumerated through a computational pipeline followed by manual curation, and subjected to single-cell genome-wide copy-number profiling for AVPC-MS detection. On the basis of immunofluorescence intensities, detected rare cells were classified into 8 rare-cell groups. Further morphologic characterization categorized CTC subtypes from 4 cytokeratin-positive rare-cell groups, utilizing presence of mesenchymal features and platelet attachment. Of 79 cases, 77 (97.5%) had CTCs, 24 (30.4%) were positive for platelet-coated CTCs (pc.CTCs) and 25 (38.5%) of 65 sequenced patients exhibited AVPC-MS in CTCs. Survival analysis indicated that the presence of pc.CTCs identified the subset of patients who were AVPC-MS–positive with the worst prognosis and minimal benefit from combination therapy. In AVPC-MS–negative patients, its presence showed significant survival improvement from combination therapy. Our findings suggest the presence of pc.CTCs as a predictive biomarker to further stratify AVPC subsets with the worst prognosis and the most significant benefit of additional platinum therapy.

Implications:
HDSCA3.0 can be performed with rare cell detection, categorization, and genomic characterization for pc.CTC identification and AVPC-MS detection as a potential predictive biomarker of mCRPC.
Rainfall and Agricultural Production in Botswana
Authors: Vossen Paul 
Published: August 2021

The interannual variability of traditional, rainfed agricultural production of Botswana, a country with a typical semi-arid climate, is almost completely accounted for by the quality of the rainy season. It appears that the variability of the national cattle death ratio, total planted area and crop yield are, for more than 95% accounted for by rainy season conditions. As a result, also the nutritional state of the population highly correlates with rainfall.
Despite the severe droughts of 1978/79and1985/86, farmers were not discouraged to practice agriculture: in fact, crop production shows a significant positive time trend which becomes apparent, when the trend and the rainy season conditions are analysed in combination with each other.
As part of this study, models were developed and validated for a precise and areawise agricultural rainy season quality monitoring and for national agricultural production forecasting in Botswana. One of these models could possibly also be used for the areawise assessment of risks for malnutrition of children under five years old.
De Vulgarisatie van de Totale Kastratie van de Ram in Het Verre Noorden Van Kameroen: Een Voorbeeld van Een Niet-Verantwoorde Promotie van een Technologie
Authors: Thys Eric 
Published: August 2021

Promotion of Total Castration in the Ram of the Far North Cameroon: An Example of a Not Justified Promotion of a Technology
The problem of a not justified promotion of a technique is explained through the example of the total castration in sheep in a sahelo-soudanian area of Africa.
The actual situation of the total castration in sheep and the influence on some zootechnical parameters are studied in the far north of Cameroon.
No benefit of this promotion has been observed in the local socio-economical environment. More emphasis has to be laid on the improvement of feeding and on a better flock management. In regard to the better understanding of problems in livestock extension, a multidisciplinary approach is recommended.
Observed Deep Cyclonic Eddies around Southern Greenland
Authors: Zou Sijia , Bower Amy S. , Furey Heather , Pickart Robert S. , Houpert Loïc , Holliday N. Penny 
Published: August 2021

AbstractRecent mooring measurements from the Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program have revealed abundant cyclonic eddies at both sides of Cape Farewell, the southern tip of Greenland. In this study, we present further observational evidence, from both Eulerian and Lagrangian perspectives, of deep cyclonic eddies with intense rotation (ζ/f > 1) around southern Greenland and into the Labrador Sea. Most of the observed cyclones exhibit strongest rotation below the surface at 700–1000 dbar, where maximum azimuthal velocities are ~30 cm s−1 at radii of ~10 km, with rotational periods of 2–3 days. The cyclonic rotation can extend to the deep overflow water layer (below 1800 dbar), albeit with weaker azimuthal velocities (~10 cm s−1) and longer rotational periods of about one week. Within the middepth rotation cores, the cyclones are in near solid-body rotation and have the potential to trap and transport water. The first high-resolution hydrographic transect across such a cyclone indicates that it is characterized by a local (both vertically and horizontally) potential vorticity maximum in its middepth core and cold, fresh anomalies in the deep overflow water layer, suggesting its source as the Denmark Strait outflow. Additionally, the propagation and evolution of the cyclonic eddies are illustrated with deep Lagrangian floats, including their detachments from the boundary currents to the basin interior. Taken together, the combined Eulerian and Lagrangian observations have provided new insights on the boundary current variability and boundary–interior exchange over a geographically large scale near southern Greenland, calling for further investigations on the (sub)mesoscale dynamics in the region.