bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cultural Rights of MigrantsLiving Together in Dignity?
Authors: Gutan Bianca 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The growing and multifarious challenges (political, legal, social, and economic) that global migration raises for contemporary states requires solutions related not only to constitutional identity, but also to a better protection of human rights. Although less visible in the ‘big picture’, cultural rights are an important category of human rights. An absent or a precarious protection of these rights might affect other rights. That is why a balance must be struck between society’s needs and the cultural rights of the individual. In this context, questions may be asked: could there be common points regarding the cultural rights of migrants and of minorities in Europe? Is ‘living together’ a concept that can ensure the full respect of the human dignity of migrants, especially as regards cultural rights? The chapter attempts to answer some of these questions, mainly through the prism of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR).
Collective Memory in International Relations
Authors: Bachleitner Kathrin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This book traces the influence of collective memory in international relations (IR). It inquires where a country’s memory first emerges and how it guides states through time in world politics. It locates the origins of national memory in political strategies within the international environment. The study then turns to the domestic landscape, where among a country’s public, it finds memory to be the carrier of national identity over time. From there, however, the analysis reverts to the international sphere: in the medium term, collective memory begins to channel international state behaviour, whereas, in the long run, it circumvents a country’s normative horizons. In this book, collective memory is thus assumed to become manifest in world politics in four varying forms: as a country’s political strategy, as its public identity, as underwriting its international state behaviour, and finally, as a source for its national values. All four theorized manifestations of memory are tested in a comparative study of (West) Germany and Austria and the impact their diverse post-war interpretations of the Nazi legacy had on their international policies over time. With the illustrative help of the empirical cases, the book not only explores whether collective memory has an influence on political outcomes but how and why it matters for IR.
Memory as State Behaviour
Authors: Bachleitner Kathrin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter shows how collective memory channels a country’s international behaviour. To that end, it first lays out the nexus between memory and state behaviour put forward by the temporal security concept. It then goes on to distinguish it from international relations’ classical realist and ontological security approaches and their predictions on state behaviour. To keep their temporal security intact, countries are assumed to enter into an ‘in-between-time’ conversation with their ‘significant historical others’. Through the emotional trigger of shame, policymakers avoid potential disconnects with their country’s ‘narrated self in the past’, thus bringing their courses of action in line with collective memory. To illustrate this process, the empirical case study looks at the reaction of West Germany and Austria to two wars in the Middle East. It contrasts their support for either of the warring parties during the Six Day War of 1967 and the Yom Kippur War and international oil crisis of 1973. The qualitative analysis demonstrates that West Germany and Austria’s different collective memories of the Nazi legacy channelled their behaviour along diverse reasonings to support either the Israeli or the Arab side.
Memory as National Values
Authors: Bachleitner Kathrin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter places collective memory at the source of a country’s values. In that regard, it enquires into the nature of normative obligations arising from memory. Based on moral-philosophical considerations, it finds normativity in the ‘processes surrounding memory’ described in the temporal security concept. Over time, the relationship between collective memory, identity, and behaviour generates a ‘duty to act’ for countries in the sense of ‘ought’. This last and most diffuse impact of collective memory unfolds and persists into the long run. Through it, collective memory, entirely outside the realm of conscious choice, channels behaviour towards one good course of action. To illustrate this, the empirical study picks up the case countries, Germany and Austria, at a late point in time. In 2015, large numbers of refugees arrived at their borders during what became known as the ‘European refugee crisis’. In this ‘critical situation’, both countries were required to react and thus position themselves vis-à-vis the highly normative issue of asylum. With the help of a content analysis of official speeches, the case study demonstrates how German and Austrian politicians came to identify different versions of what a good response entails based on their country’s diverse collective memories.
Protecting Genetic Privacy in Biobanking through Data Protection Law
Authors: Hallinan Dara 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Biobanks are critical infrastructure for medical research. Biobanks, however, are also the subject of considerable ethical and legal uncertainty. Given that biobanks process large quantities of genomic data, questions have emerged as to how genetic privacy should be protected. What types of genetic privacy rights and rights holders should be protected and to what extent? Since 25 May 2018, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) has applied and now occupies a key position in the European legal framework for the regulation of biobanking. This book takes an in-depth look at the function, problems, and opportunities presented by European data protection law under the GDPR as a framework for the protection of genetic privacy in biobanking. It argues that the substantive framework presented by the GDPR already offers an admirable baseline level of protection for the range of genetic privacy rights engaged by biobanking. The book further contends that while numerous problems with this standard of protection are indeed identifiable, the GDPR offers the flexibility to accommodate solutions to these problems, as well as the procedural mechanisms to realise these solutions.
Introduction
Authors: Hallinan Dara 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the protection of genetic privacy in biobanking. The fact that genomic research relies on the processing of large quantities of individuals' genomic data has raised new questions as to which forms of privacy right are engaged by research, and as to which privacy rights holders are engaged by research: questions of genetic privacy. Ordinarily, one might look to the law to provide some clue, or image, as to which genetic privacy rights are worthy of protection and as to what an effective and proportionate approach to their protection should look like. In this regard, a brief look at the legal landscape relevant to biobanking in Europe reveals a great quantity of legislation apparently relevant for the protection of genetic privacy in biobanking. This book then takes an in-depth look at the function, problems, and opportunities presented by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) as a framework for the protection of genetic privacy in biobanking in Europe.
Testing the GDPR in Relation to Biobanking
Authors: Hallinan Dara 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at when the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) applies, rationae materiae, to biobanking—only when the law applies to biobanking can it be expected to provide any protection for genetic privacy rights in biobanking at all. The GDPR's applicability criteria are outlined in Article 2; criteria concern both the types of processing activity covered by the GDPR and the mechanics of processing covered by the GDPR. In relation to the mechanics of biobank processing, the situation is complex. The key question which emerges is which types of biobanking substances can qualify as personal data? The concept of personal data can be usefully broken down into two aspects of any processing operation. First, the substance being processed: to qualify as personal data, a substance must be able to fulfil three criteria. A substance must be ‘information’, it must ‘relate to’ a specific person, and that person must be a ‘natural person’. In the biobanking context, health, lifestyle, and biographical information, sequenced genomic data, and individual research results certainly fulfil these criteria. Second, the link between the substance and a specific individual: to qualify as personal data, a substance must relate to an individual who is ‘identified or identifiable’. All biobanking substances processed in either linked or pseudonymised form will certainly qualify as ‘identified or identifiable’.
Testing the GDPR in Relation to Biobanking
Authors: Hallinan Dara 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains how the General Data Protection Regulation's (GDPR) substantive provisions apply to biobanking. It breaks provisions down into seven groups—oversight, legitimate processing, data subject rights, data controller obligations, international transfers, sanctions, and derogations—and provides a detailed analysis of the applicability of provisions in each group in turn. The protection offered by the substantive provisions of the GDPR, however, is liable, in relation to certain types of biobanking processing, to vary between European states. Although the GDPR is, in principle, intended to be directly applicable in all states in which it applies, the law does contain several derogation possibilities relevant for biobanking—for example in relation to data subject rights. European states have already taken advantage of these possibilities to pass national laws applicable to biobanking, outlining provisions which deviate from the default standard of protection.
A Brief History of Biomedical Products Regulation
Authors: Perakslis Eric D. , Stanley Martin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The history of biomedical product regulation is a history of hard-won progress. Often, only after tragedy, has regulatory statute caught up to drugs with horrid side effects or medical devices that offer no benefit but may do harm. Harmful or questionable products slip through cracks in regulatory statutes and are brought to market quickly and prolifically, while regulators play catch up and must demonstrate harms before being enabled to police or regulate them. A notable present-day example is e-cigarettes, a multi-billion-dollar industry with clearly questionable marketing practices, which arrived and grew quickly without any form of premarket regulatory obligation. Similarly, digital health tools are proliferating, and most are yet to be subject to premarket regulation. This chapter provides a brief history of biomedical-products regulation with a focus on benefit-risk determination and its impacts on regulatory policy.
Current State of Cyber Regulation
Authors: Perakslis Eric D. , Stanley Martin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The complex interrelationships among privacy, security, compliance, and quality create complementary opportunities to reinforce the objectives of cybersecurity regulation are explored. The risks that result from the involvement of a wide range of authorities with different objectives creates potential pitfalls, oversights, gaps, and delays in attaining these end states. The resulting gaps are threats that contribute to risks of adverse events in digital health. Given an environment where innovations in digital health are near constant, it is essential to keep security, privacy, compliance, and quality measures up to date. Federal guidelines from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) may be applied to help health information technology and digital health practices safe.
Empirical Relationships Among Five Types of Well-Being
Authors: Margolis Seth , Schwitzgebel Eric , Ozer Daniel J. , Lyubomirsky Sonja 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Philosophers, psychologists, economists, and other social scientists continue to debate the nature of human well-being. The authors argue that this debate centers around five main conceptualizations of well-being: hedonic well-being, life satisfaction, desire fulfillment, eudaimonia, and non-eudaimonic objective list well-being. Although each type of well-being is conceptually different, this chapter addresses the question of whether they are empirically distinguishable. The authors first developed and validated a measure of desire fulfillment and then examined associations between this new measure and several other well-being measures. In addition, they explored associations among all five types of well-being and found high correlations among all measures of well-being. However, correlations generally did not approach unity even when correcting for unreliability. Furthermore, correlations between well-being and related constructs (e.g., demographics, personality) depended on the type of well-being measured. The authors conclude that empirical findings based on one type of well-being measure may not generalize to all types of well-being.
Inner Peace as a Contribution to Human Flourishing
Authors: Xi Juan , Lee Matthew T. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Although philosophers and theologians have emphasized the centrality of inner peace for the good life, this concept has not generally been included in research on human flourishing. The authors argue that inner peace contributes to a more complete form of flourishing for both religious and secular people. They then propose a new instrument, the Inner Peace Scale, to measure inner peace, and they provide an initial psychometric evaluation of the instrument based on five empirical studies. The authors distinguish their scale from related measures, such as contentment, serenity, or tranquility. Engagement with literature from the social sciences and the humanities, along with the authors’ research findings, suggest that inner peace is comprised of three dimensions: acceptance of loss, transcendence of hedonism and materialism, and inner balance and calmness. Greater attention to the dimension of transcending hedonism and materialism may prove especially helpful in advancing the field, particularly in consumeristic societies.
Introduction
Authors: LiVecche Marc 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The introduction provides an overview of the book’s content. Opening with an illustration attending the issue of killing in war, it gestures toward the important link between killing and psychic trauma. To interrogate this linkage, it introduces critical distinctions between different kinds of killing, divergent warfighter attitudes toward killing, various Christian responses to killing and war, and between moral injury and posttraumatic stress disorder. Because it endorses a definition of moral injury as a psychic trauma that occurs when one does something that transgresses a deeply held moral norm, it stresses a critical understanding of the difference between grief and guilt and posits an important distinction between “moral injury” and what it terms “moral bruising.” To elaborate on these distinctions, it introduces the just war tradition as a Christian realist perspective best able to help warfighters navigate the morally bruising battlefield without becoming irreparably injured morally.
The Lonely Flame
Authors: Strasburg James D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter surveys how the American Protestant ecumenical leader Stewart Winfield Herman, Jr., responded to the Nazi regime while serving as a pastor in Berlin from 1936 to 1941. Through an examination of Herman’s views of Hitler, the German Church Struggle, and Nazi persecution of the Jews, it weighs just how conflicted American Protestants, including leading Protestant ecumenists, proved on these matters. Based in the Nazi capital, Herman in particular captured the uncertain mind of American Protestants on German affairs. In Berlin, Herman expressed caution about Nazi totalitarianism, yet he still proved open to some of Hitler’s aims of national renewal and voiced his support of the German leader. He also hesitated to support the Confessing Church at first, fearing that the movement might cause enduring ecclesial schism. Finally, when Berlin’s Jews came to Herman seeking aid, anti-Judaism and Christian antisemitism led him and other Americans to be slow to offer their help. Overall, Herman’s interwar record illustrates how Protestant ecumenists were far from monolithic or fixed in their views of their era’s challenges. As their witness fractured, they struggled to meaningfully counteract Nazi fascism.
For Christ and Country
Authors: Strasburg James D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Second World War marked a landmark moment of transition for both ecumenical and evangelical Protestants in the United States. The arrival of war in December 1941 emboldened both groups of Protestants to make the case not only for armed intervention abroad but also for spiritual intercession. The pacifist isolationism of Protestant ecumenists faded as they embraced the Christian realism of Reinhold Niebuhr and called for a new “American Century” of Protestant and democratic values. Meanwhile, fueled by an apocalyptic militarism, American fundmenatlists sought to use the war to reclaim a more prominent role in American politics and foreign affairs. As both groups of American Protestants mobilized “for Christ and country,” they also began to outline competing missions to remake the world, and above all Germany, out of the ruins of war.
Silenced Registers of Ethnomusicological Academic Labor under Neoliberalism
Authors: Hofman Ana 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter explores ethnomusicology as knowledge-production labor in contexts of neoliberal institutions. By discussing some important (and often silenced) aspects of knowledge production, it aims to demonstrate how the transformation of material conditions of academic labor, commodification, and precarization radically reconfigure a praxis of collaborative research. The chapter strives to demonstrate how the claims for alternative knowledge production cannot be made without addressing the structural mechanisms behind neoliberalization of academia, by addressing the following questions: How do current transformations of labor and material conditions for scholars reshape the public-oriented scholarship and the praxis of “applied ethnomusicology”? How can we discuss a more diverse, critical, and impactful future for ethnomusicology in the sense of the “self-transformation” and “self-emancipation” of the discipline as institutional practice and academic labor?
Changing Praxis and Ethical Practice
Authors: Seeger Anthony 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPerformances of specific meaningful music and dance are often integral parts of emergent national and transnational social processes. Conflict within and between groups, nostalgia for lost homes and families, reactions to changing climate and damage to ecosystems, and adaptation to new circumstances all can find their expression and magnification in music and dance. Although such horrors are not new, ethnomusicologists have become increasingly aware of the conflicts surrounding the musical traditions they study and become increasingly involved in community engagement with the issues themselves. While ethnomusicological research and community intervention may seem laudable and obvious, practitioners need to be careful to evaluate what effect their activities have on local circumstances and on our research and understanding of music and of the social processes of which it is a part. The practical, ethical, and theoretical challenges of changing praxis in the study of music require careful ethnographic study and honest reporting. We are not the first field to face these challenges, however. Anthropologists and folklorists have been involved in many similar issues since the nineteenth century. This chapter focuses on the challenges, successes, and failures in the field of applied anthropology in the United States and Brazil over the past century in order to highlight the ethical challenges and practical implications of this history for activism and community engagement in music and dance. The implications of this history for success or failure of musical projects may be very important for understanding current applied music projects and forging recommendations for the future.
“How Is That Going to Help Anyone?”
Authors: Shao Oliver Y. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractScholarly knowledge about music has the potential to transform the ways individuals and groups think about and act towards pressing issues of concern. Writing primarily about the music and suffering of others, however, may not offer a wholly adequate form of reciprocity for people living in difficult situations. Is it possible to engage in ethnomusicological research that advances knowledge about music, produces theoretical innovation, addresses immediate social needs, and transforms oppressive conditions? In this chapter, I offer insights on possible ways to achieve these outcomes through discussing the workings of a collaborative ethnomusicological approach that merges critical analysis with activist research. I demonstrate how this approach works in practice through reflecting on and examining research activities from a social campaign aimed at reinstating meaningful religious activities carried out by members of Dinka Christian communities living in the Kakuma refugee camp in Kenya. I also reflect on the wider role that a critically oriented activist ethnomusicology can offer in transforming the debilitating conditions of encampment. This chapter thus adds to the growing number of ethnomusicologists engaging in and writing about the benefits and challenges of activist research at a time when there is an urgent need to create a more just world.
On Not Knowing
Authors: Muller Carol Ann , Öhman Nina C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Department of Music of the University of Pennsylvania has an ongoing research partnership with several faith-based organizations in the Philadelphia area. At the core of this partnership, ethnomusicology professors are leading academically based community service (ABCS) classes in which students engage with local Christian and Islamic communities in order to produce ethnographic films that document the history and musical practices of these communities. The chapter discusses the authors’ experiences in ABCS work, with a focus on gospel music research projects and studies of the relationship between music, spirituality, and Islam. A second project explored the ways in which young members of an Islamic community partnership organization engaged with hip-hop culture. The process described can be best characterized by an idea of “creative uncertainty.” Drawing on growing literature in visual arts that takes the position of “not knowing” as a strategy of engagement, the authors suggest that the production of community research through principles and processes of academically based community service and engagement are best served if researchers know how little they know, and are humbly open to what they might learn, while willing to share expertise they may have to jointly create narratives of community history and belonging in dialogue with members of neighborhood faith-based organizations.