bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do Current X-Ray Observations Capture Most of the Black-hole Accretion at High Redshifts?
Authors: Yang 杨 Guang 光 , Estrada-Carpenter Vicente , Papovich Casey , Vito Fabio , Walsh Jonelle L. , Yao Zhiyuan , Yuan Feng 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The cosmic black hole accretion density (BHAD) is critical for our understanding of the formation and evolution of supermassive black holes (BHs). However, at high redshifts (z > 3), X-ray observations report BHADs significantly (∼10 times) lower than those predicted by cosmological simulations. It is therefore paramount to constrain the high-z BHAD using independent methods other than direct X-ray detections. The recently established relation between star formation rate and BH accretion rate among bulge-dominated galaxies provides such a chance, as it enables an estimate of the BHAD from the star formation histories (SFHs) of lower-redshift objects. Using the CANDELS Lyα Emission At Reionization (CLEAR) survey, we model the SFHs for a sample of 108 bulge-dominated galaxies at z = 0.7–1.5, and further estimate the BHAD contributed by their high-z progenitors. The predicted BHAD at z ≈ 4–5 is consistent with the simulation-predicted values, but higher than the X-ray measurements (by ≈3–10 times at z = 4–5). Our result suggests that the current X-ray surveys could be missing many heavily obscured Compton-thick active galactic nuclei (AGNs) at high redshifts. However, this BHAD estimation assumes that the high-z progenitors of our z = 0.7–1.5 sample remain bulge-dominated where star formation is correlated with BH cold-gas accretion. Alternatively, our prediction could signify a stark decline in the fraction of bulges in high-z galaxies (with an associated drop in BH accretion). JWST and Origins will resolve the discrepancy between our predicted BHAD and the X-ray results by constraining Compton-thick AGN and bulge evolution at high redshifts.
Characterising the Extended Morphologies of BL Lacertae Objects at 144 MHz with LOFAR
Authors: Mooney Seán , Massaro Francesco , Quinn John , Capetti Alessandro , Baldi Ranieri D. , Gürkan Gülay , Hardcastle Martin J. , Horellou Cathy , Mingo Beatriz , Morganti Raffaella , O’Sullivan Shane , Pajdosz-Śmierciak Urszula , Pandey-Pommier Mamta , Röttgering Huub 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We present a morphological and spectral study of a sample of 99 BL Lac objects using the LOFAR Two-Metre Sky Survey Second Data Release (LDR2). Extended emission has been identified at gigahertz frequencies around BL Lac objects, but with LDR2 it is now possible to systematically study their morphologies at 144 MHz, where more diffuse emission is expected. LDR2 reveals the presence of extended radio structures around 66/99 of the BL Lac nuclei, with angular extents ranging up to 115″, corresponding to spatial extents of 410 kpc. The extended emission is likely to be both unbeamed diffuse emission and beamed emission associated with relativistic bulk motion in jets. The spatial extents and luminosities of the extended emission are consistent with the unification scheme for active galactic nuclei, where BL Lac objects correspond to low-excitation radio galaxies with the jet axis aligned along the line of sight. While extended emission is detected around the majority of BL Lac objects, the median 144–1400 MHz spectral index and core dominance at 144 MHz indicate that the core component contributes ∼42% on average to the total low-frequency flux density. A stronger correlation was found between the 144 MHz core flux density and the γ-ray photon flux (r = 0.69) than between the 144 MHz extended flux density and the γ-ray photon flux (r = 0.42). This suggests that the radio-to-γ-ray connection weakens at low radio frequencies because the population of particles that give rise to the γ-ray flux are distinct from the electrons producing the diffuse synchrotron emission associated with spatially extended features.
First Doppler Limits on Binary Planets and Exomoons in the HR 8799 System
Authors: Vanderburg Andrew , Rodriguez Joseph E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We place the first constraints on binary planets and exomoons from Doppler monitoring of directly imaged exoplanets. We model radial velocity observations of HR 8799 b, c, and d from Ruffio et al. and determine upper limits on the

m
sin
i

of short-period binary planets and satellites. At 95% confidence, we rule out companions orbiting the three planets more massive than

m
sin
i
=
2

M
J with orbital periods shorter than 5 days. We achieve our tightest constraints on moons orbiting HR 8799c, where with 95% confidence we rule out out edge-on Jupiter-mass companions in periods shorter than 5 days and edge-on half-Jupiter-mass moons in periods shorter than 1 day. These radial velocity observations come from spectra with resolution 20 times lower than typical radial velocity instruments and were taken using a spectrograph that was designed before the first directly imaged exoplanet was discovered. Similar data sets from new and upcoming instruments will probe significantly lower exomoon masses.
Clinical Presentation and Outcomes of Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachments During the COVID-19 Lockdown and Its Aftermath at a Tertiary Care Center in Michigan
Authors: Carducci Nicholas M. , Li Katie X. , Moinuddin Omar , Besirli Cagri G. , Wubben Thomas J. , Zacks David N. 
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
To investigate the effect of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown on the presentation and management of acute, primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD).

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
This was a single-center, consecutive case series with historic controls, examining patients during the COVID-19 “stay-at-home” order (March 24 to June 1, 2020), the subsequent reopening phase (June 1 to July 31, 2020), and corresponding preceding intervals (March 24 to July 31, 2016 to 2019).

RESULTS:

Despite a significant increase in patients presenting with macula-off RRD during the COVID-19 lockdown compared to the 2016 to 2019 timeframe (
P
= .03), the rate of single surgery anatomical success was similar between all groups (
P
= .66), as was final visual acuity (
P
= .61). No delays between presentation and surgical intervention were observed during the lockdown (
P
= .49).

CONCLUSIONS:
Despite the limitations of the COVID-19 lockdown, patients underwent surgery in a timely manner and achieved comparable visual outcomes to controls before COVID-19.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2021;52:593–600.]
La transferencia de tecnología en la Europa Latina: el papel de la Société Technique de l’Industrie du Gaz en France, 1895-1938
Authors: Martínez-López Alberte , Mirás Araujo Jesús 
Published: November 2021

Francia, junto con Gran Bretaña, fue el país líder en el nacimiento y consolidación de la industria del gas. Desde mediados del siglo XIX este país desempeñó un papel clave en la difusión de la tecnología de producción de gas de hulla, especialmente en el área mediterránea, en donde concentró un gran volumen de inversión en el exterior. Entre los factores responsables de este proceso debe destacarse la presencia de ingenieros y diversas asociaciones profesionales. Entre estas últimas sobresale la Société Technique de l`Industrie du Gaz en France, una de las principales asociaciones gasistas a nivel internacional. Este organismo, constituido en el año 1874, aglutinaba a profesionales del sector, que actuaron como agentes que pilotaron la transferencia tecnológica internacional. El objetivo del trabajo es analizar la relevancia de la asociación en dicho proceso de difusión técnica, tanto en Francia como en el resto de la Europa latina (España, Italia y Portugal) desde finales del siglo XIX hasta la Segunda Guerra Mundial, empleando las actas de sus congresos como fuente principal.
La contribución de las empresas de contadores de gas españolas y extranjeras a la actividad gasista en España en el contexto de la Europa Latina (1855-1936)
Authors: Sánchez Miñana Jesús 
Published: November 2021

Desde 1860 los fabricantes de contadores de consumo de gas o sus distribuidores debían obtener la aprobación del Gobierno para sus modelos antes de ponerlos a la venta en España. La decisión se publicaba en el periódico oficial Gaceta de Madrid, con lo que se legaba a la posteridad un valioso registro de los peticionarios. De entre ellos solo se pasa revista aquí a los fabricantes nacionales o a aquellos extranjeros que antes o después iniciaron la producción en el país, y se da cuenta de sus orígenes y vicisitudes hasta 1936, cuando el estallido de la Guerra Civil interrumpió el curso normal de las cosas. En ausencia de archivos de las empresas, el estudio ha de basarse en otras fuentes, tales como prensa y revistas, así como registros notariales y de patentes.
Le marché biface comme convention de production : deux études de cas d’organisations plateformes de transport de personnes
Authors: Abel Mathilde 
Published: November 2021

Les effets de réseau croisés sont au fondement de la théorie des marchés bifaces (Rochet et Tirole 2003, 2006) et concernent des objets relativement nouveaux des sciences économiques : les plateformes numériques (Evans et Schmalensee, 2016). Celles-ci sont appréhendées dans la littérature comme trois objets distincts : comme marché en économie industrielle, comme organisation en théorie des organisations et comme système dans l’étude des systèmes d’information. Cet article propose d’analyser les capacités des plateformes numériques à travers l’approche de l’économie des conventions (Salais et Thévenot, 1986) qui nous permet d’envisager les marchés bifaces comme des conventions d’échange. Elle nous invite aussi à utiliser les outils forgés par les approches conventionnalistes de la performativité (Brisset, 2015a, 2016) afin d’analyser les conditions que les organisations-plateformes doivent remplir pour se positionner comme agent de coordination et exploiter les effets de réseau croisés. À partir d’études de cas de deux plateformes numériques du secteur de la mobilité, l’article conclut à deux conditions principales qui assurent à l’organisation la capacité d’exploiter les effets de réseau croisés. Première condition : l’interdépendance des niveaux d’utilité de chacun des versants du marché doit être envisagée comme option de référence par les plateformes numériques. La deuxième condition est que ces niveaux doivent faire l’objet de tests afin d’éprouver la pertinence du travail de la plateforme. Les deux études de cas présentent une réussite et un échec d’exploitation des effets de réseau croisés.
Web-créatifs freelance : de l’auto-discipline au « management de soi »
Authors: PATRASCU Marcela , KOGAN Anne-France , CORF Jean-Baptiste LE 
Published: November 2021

Cet article questionne les stratégies (auto)-managériales mises en place par des « web-créatifs freelance » (infographistes, web-designers, youtubeurs, vidéastes, illustrateurs, etc.) qui doivent construire et arbitrer sur ce qui fait « situation de travail » pour eux, ce qui relève de leur activité professionnelle et/ou personnelle et de la valeur qu’ils accordent à leur production.Toujours en quête d’originalité et d’inspiration, ils sont présents sur un marché très concurrentiel où la précarité sévit. Cette incertitude socio-économique les amène à concilier plusieurs activités, statuts, et à organiser leur vie personnelle et familiale en conséquence. Dès lors, malgré l’affranchissement de la subordination propre au modèle salarial, ces « créatifs freelance » mettent en place des stratégies d’autodiscipline (Foucault, 1975, 1994, 2004) pour contenir leur situation de travail. Ceci implique pour eux de réactualiser une vision dominante du travail, héritée du fordisme qui renvoie le travail à un lieu, une temporalité et une sociabilité spécifiques.A cela s’ajoute l’incertitude de la création qui les maintient dans une quête permanente d’inspiration. Cette quête vient s’immiscer dans tous les interstices de la vie et les conduit parfois, à ne plus distinguer le travail des autres activités. Des choix complexes qui relèvent de plusieurs sphères et s’inscrivent dans une quête existentielle de bien-être. Cela les amène à mobiliser, entre autres, des outils de développement/coaching personnel. Ces pratiques s’insèrent dans une démarche plus globale d’amélioration permanente de leur « capital humain » que nous avons qualifié de « management de soi » (Le Texier, 2015, Paltrinieri, Nicoli, 2017).
Leptin Augments Antitumor Immunity in Obesity by Repolarizing Tumor-Associated Macrophages
Authors: Dudzinski Stephanie O , Bader Jackie E , Beckermann Kathryn E , Young Kirsten L , Hongo Rachel , Madden Matthew Z , Abraham Abin , Reinfeld Bradley I , Ye Xiang , MacIver Nancie J , Giorgio Todd D , Rathmell Jeffrey C 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Although obesity can promote cancer, it may also increase immunotherapy efficacy in what has been termed the obesity-immunotherapy paradox. Mechanisms of this effect are unclear, although obesity alters key inflammatory cytokines and can promote an inflammatory state that may modify tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and tumor-associated macrophage populations. To identify mechanisms by which obesity affects antitumor immunity, we examined changes in cell populations and the role of the proinflammatory adipokine leptin in immunotherapy. Single-cell RNAseq demonstrated that obesity decreased tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte frequencies, and flow cytometry confirmed altered macrophage phenotypes with lower expression of inducible NO synthase and MHC class II in tumors of obese animals. When treated with anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) Abs, however, obese mice had a greater absolute decrease in tumor burden than lean mice and a repolarization of the macrophages to inflammatory M1-like phenotypes. Mechanistically, leptin is a proinflammatory adipokine that is induced in obesity and may mediate enhanced antitumor immunity in obesity. To directly test the effect of leptin on tumor growth and antitumor immunity, we treated lean mice with leptin and observed tumors over time. Treatment with leptin, acute or chronic, was sufficient to enhance antitumor efficacy similar to anti-PD-1 checkpoint therapy. Further, leptin and anti-PD-1 cotreatment may enhance antitumor effects consistent with an increase in M1-like tumor-associated macrophage frequency compared with non–leptin-treated mice. These data demonstrate that obesity has dual effects in cancer through promotion of tumor growth while simultaneously enhancing antitumor immunity through leptin-mediated macrophage reprogramming.
Upper Transversal Hepatectomy for Pediatric Liver Tumors Based on the Inferior Right Hepatic Vein
Authors: Kazi Mufaddal Khuzema , Qureshi Sajid Shafique 
Published: November 2021

Introduction:
Tumors located at the hepatocaval junction with the involvement of hepatic veins conventionally warrant major liver resections. Appreciation of sizeable inferior right hepatic vein can allow preservation of uninvolved inferior segments of the liver.

Operative Technique:
Preoperative and intraoperative identification of sizeable inferior right hepatic and other accessory or communicating veins in combination of intra-operative ultrasound guidance for resection to preserve inferior segments of the liver with adequate venous drainage. Application of upper transversal resections for pediatric liver tumors at the hepatocaval confluence was illustrated with description of operative technique and patient selection.

Conclusions:
Parenchymal preserving surgeries are possible for pediatric liver tumors located at the hepatocaval confluence by identification of accessory draining veins to the inferior segments. This along with meticulous parenchymal dissection with ultrasound guidance to preserve all uninvolved veins is key to safe upper transversal resections.
Factors Associated with a Failed Nonoperative Reduction of Intussusception in Children
Authors: Gadgade Bahubali Deepak , Radhakrishna Veerabhadra , Kumar Nitin 
Published: November 2021

Aims:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors associated with the failure of nonoperative reduction of intussusception in children.

Methods:
A retrospective study was conducted in a tertiary care pediatric surgery hospital. The children admitted to the department of pediatric surgery between November 2013 and February 2020 with the diagnosis of Intussusception were included.

Results:
A total of 106 (67%) children underwent pneumatic reduction. Eighty-nine (84%) children had a successful reduction. A higher rate of failed reduction was found in children who presented at or after 48 h of the onset of symptoms (P = 0.03) and abdominal distension at presentation (P < 0.002). On multiple logistic regression analysis, the children presenting at or after 48 h of the onset of symptoms (odds ratio [OR] = 11.3; P = 0.039) and abdominal distension at presentation (OR = 4.46; P = 0.021) were found to be associated with increased risk of failure of nonoperative reduction. The variables age <1 year, weight <10 kg, pain abdomen, vomiting, bilious vomiting, fever, bleeding per rectum, and palpable mass were not associated with the failed nonoperative reduction. The variables, presentation at or after 48 h of the onset of symptoms (OR = 2.812; P = 0.045) and abdominal distension at presentation (OR = 8.758; P = 0.000) were found to be associated with an increased need for surgery.

Conclusion:
The risk factors for failed nonoperative reduction of intussusception include a presentation at or after 48 h of the onset of symptoms and the presence of abdominal distension at presentation. The delayed presentation was associated with the increased need for surgery and increased chances of intestinal nonviability.
An Audit of the Provisional Date of Elective Surgery Allotted to Pediatric Surgery Outpatients of a Tertiary care, Public-funded Teaching Hospital of North India
Authors: Anand Sachit , Tomar Shreya , Dhua Anjan Kumar , Agarwala Sandeep , Bhatnagar Veereshwar 
Published: November 2021

Aim:
The aim of this study was to review the compliance to the provisional date of elective surgery allotted to pediatric surgery outpatients at our center.

Patients and Methods:
This retrospective study was conducted in the department of pediatric surgery at our center. The children who were brought to the outpatient department with a previously allotted date of admission for elective surgery (DAES) and the final operation theater (OT) lists of elective surgery between July 2007 and September 2018 under one senior consultant (VB), were reviewed.

Results:
A total of 2409 cases were allotted a DAES during the study period. Out of these, 12% (288/2409) were defaulters with a male gender preponderance (82%). Most of the defaulters (>49%) belonged to the day-care surgery group, followed by simple reconstructive (32%), major reconstructive (18%), and infectious sequelae groups (<1%). The difference in the proportion of defaulters from both the reconstructive groups was statistically significant (P = 0.0001). On a further system-wise subcategorization of children in the day-care group, the genitourinary subgroup constituted the majority (80%). Children who had to undergo staged procedures showed a significantly better compliance (P < 0.0001) to provisional DAES as compared to those belonging to the single-stage group.

Conclusions:
Compliance to provisional DAES is poor among the children scheduled for day-care surgeries and those undergoing simple reconstructive surgeries in a single stage.
Factors Affecting the Histopathological Outcomes of Atypical Glandular Cells on Pap Test
Authors: Keles Esra , Ozturk Ugur K. , Alınca Cihat M. , Giray Burak , Kabaca Canan , Cetiner Handan 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Glandular cell abnormalities may indicate the presence of pre-malignant or malignant lesions.

Aim:
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between atypical glandular cells (AGC) and patients' demographics, histopathological outcomes, Human Papillomavirus (HPV) test results.

Material and Methods:
Between January 2015 and December 2019, women with AGC on Pap tests were retrieved from the hospital electronic database. The patients with AGC on cervicovaginal smears who underwent further pathological, laboratory, and imaging diagnostic testing and who were followed up at least 1-year were included in the study, while those who had a history of cervical dysplasia or cancer, lost during follow-up, or had missing data were excluded.

Results:
Of 85,692 Pap smears, 114 (0.13%) were diagnosed with AGC, of those 88 cases were eligible for final analysis. Gynecological malignancies were detected in 13 (14.8%) patients; including 6 (6.8%) endometrioid endometrial cancers, 3 (3.4%) non-endometrioid endometrial cancers, 2 (2.3%) cervical adenocarcinomas, 1 (1.1%) cervical squamous cell carcinoma, and 1 (1.1%) high-grade tubal serous cancer. Multivariate analysis revealed that presence of concomitant abnormal squamous lesion (P = 0.002), being 50 years and older (P = 0.028), HPV positivity (P < 0.001), and menopause (P = 0.023) were risk factors for significant pathology.

Conclusion:
The diagnosis of AGC may be related to the preneoplastic/neoplastic processes. A further comprehensive histopathological examination is required in women with AGC, aged 50 years and older, postmenopausal, HPV-positivity and concomitant squamous cell abnormality Clinicians should consider ovarian pathologies when there is no pathological finding on endometrial or cervical histopathological examination.
Should Liquid Based Cytology (LBC) be Applied to Thyroid Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology Samples?
Authors: Mahajan Swati , Rajwanshi Arvind , Srinivasan Radhika , Radotra Bishan Dass , Panda Naresh 
Published: November 2021

Context:
Liquid-based cytology (LBC) is a cyto-preparatory technique that may be applied to fine-needle aspiration (FNA) samples. However, its efficacy over conventional smears (CS) in thyroid is controversial.

Aims:
The aim of this study was to compare CS versus LBC (SurePath, BD) preparations in thyroid FNA samples for diagnostic efficacy.

Settings and Design:
Prospective case-control study using split sample analysis in 200 non-consecutive cases of thyroid FNA reported as per the Bethesda system.

Methods and Material:
Detailed cytomorphological features were evaluated in CS and LBC preparations. Cellularity was scored as 0–3. Based on diagnostic efficacy, they were categorized into three groups:(i) CS and LBC equivalent for diagnosis, (ii) CS better than LBC, and (iii) LBC better than CS for providing the diagnosis.

Statistical Analysis Used:
Paired t test for cellularity scores and descriptive for diagnostic efficacy.

Results:
There were 7 unsatisfactory, 118 benign, 10 atypia or follicular lesion of undetermined significance, 25 follicular neoplasms, 6 suspicious for malignancy, and 34 malignant thyroid FNA cases based on routine conventional smears. Cellularity of conventional smears was significantly higher than paired LBC smears (paired t test, P < 0.005). Comparison of overall diagnostic efficacy showed that LBC and CS were equivalent in 59% of cases; CS was superior to LBC in 37% cases and LBC was better than CS in 4% cases only. LBC smears showed higher unsatisfactory rate as compared to CS (18% vs. 3.5%). In category 2, the two techniques were equivalent in 87% of cases. In categories 4 and 6, CS were superior to LBC.

Conclusions:
In thyroid FNA cases, conventional smears are superior to LBC preparation in terms of cellularity and diagnostic efficacy and hence, LBC preparations should not replace conventional smears for making a routine cytomorphological diagnosis.