bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tandem Synthesis of ϵ‐Caprolactam from Cyclohexanone by an Acidified Metal‐organic Framework
Authors: Zhang Biying , Li Xinle , Chen Jingwen , Liu Tianqing , Cruz Andrew , Pei Yuchen , Chen Minda , Wu Xun , Huang Wenyu 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTandem synthesis of ϵ‐caprolactam, one of the largest scaled commercial chemicals, is highly desired from the viewpoint of cost, energy, and environment. However, relevant studies have remained largely underexplored. By using a one‐pot strategy, we encapsulated phosphotungstic acid (PTA) into a chromium terephthalate metal‐organic framework (MOF), MIL‐101, for the efficient tandem conversion of cyclohexanone to ϵ‐caprolactam. The highly dispersed PTA in the MOF matrix showed a high yield of ϵ‐caprolactam through a tandem oximation‐Beckmann rearrangement reaction at 100 °C for 12 h. Moreover, MIL‐101‐PTA was recycled three times, with only a slight loss in their catalytic performance. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first report using acidified MOF for a tandem oximation‐Beckmann rearrangement reaction.
As above, so below: Whole transcriptome profiling demonstrates strong molecular similarities between avian dorsal and ventral pallial subdivisions
Authors: Gedman Gregory , Haase Bettina , Durieux Gillian , Biegler Matthew T. , Fedrigo Olivier , Jarvis Erich D. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOver the last two decades, beginning with the Avian Brain Nomenclature Forum in 2000, major revisions have been made to our understanding of the organization and nomenclature of the avian brain. However, there are still unresolved questions on avian pallial organization, particularly whether the cells above the vestigial ventricle represent distinct populations to those below it or similar populations. To test these two hypotheses, we profiled the transcriptomes of the major avian pallial subdivisions dorsal and ventral to the vestigial ventricle boundary using RNA sequencing and a new zebra finch genome assembly containing about 22,000 annotated, complete genes. We found that the transcriptomes of neural populations above and below the ventricle were remarkably similar. Each subdivision in dorsal pallium (Wulst) had a corresponding molecular counterpart in the ventral pallium (dorsal ventricular ridge). In turn, each corresponding subdivision exhibited shared gene co‐expression modules that contained gene sets enriched in functional specializations, such as anatomical structure development, synaptic transmission, signaling, and neurogenesis. These findings are more in line with the continuum hypothesis of avian brain subdivision organization above and below the vestigial ventricle space, with the pallium as a whole consisting of four major cell populations (intercalated pallium, mesopallium, hyper‐nidopallium, and arcopallium) instead of seven (hyperpallium apicale, interstitial hyperpallium apicale, intercalated hyperpallium, hyperpallium densocellare, mesopallium, nidopallium, and arcopallium). We suggest adopting a more streamlined hierarchical naming system that reflects the robust similarities in gene expression, neural connectivity motifs, and function. These findings have important implications for our understanding of overall vertebrate brain evolution.
Lexical data mining‐based approach for the self‐enrichment ofLMFstandardized dictionaries: Case of the syntactico‐semantic knowledge
Authors: Elleuch Imen , Gargouri Bilel , Ben Hamadou Abdelmajid 
Published: April 2021

SummaryThe LMF ISO standard provides a large cover of lexical knowledge using a fine structure. However, like most of the electronic dictionaries, the available normalized LMF dictionaries comprise only basic morpho‐syntactic and semantic knowledge, such as the meanings of lexical entries through the definitions and the associated examples, and sometimes the indication of the synonyms and antonyms. Other sophisticated knowledge, such as the syntactic behaviors, semantic classes and syntactico‐semantic links, which are scarce, requires a high expertise and its adding to dictionaries is expensive. In fact in this paper, we propose an approach of lexical data mining of the widely available textual content associated with the meanings, notably in the normalized LMF dictionaries, in order to perform the self‐enrichment of these dictionaries. First, we contribute to the enrichment of the syntactic behaviors by linking them to the suitable meanings. Second, we focus on the enrichment of the meanings of LMF lexical entries with semantic classes based on the Gaston Gross semantic classification. Finally, we establish the syntactico‐semantic links based on the results of the syntactic and semantic enrichment processes. The proposed approach has been consolidated by an experimentation carried out on an available normalized LMF dictionary for Arabic language.
Defect Engineering of Photocatalysts towards Elevated CO2 Reduction Performance
Authors: Shen Meng , Zhang Lingxia , Shi Jianlin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPhotocatalytic CO2 reduction provides a promising solution to address the crises of massive CO2 emissions and fossil energy shortages. As one of the most effective strategies to promote CO2 photoconversion, defect engineering shows great potential in modulating the electronic structure and light absorption properties of photocatalysts while increasing surface active sites for CO2 activation and conversion. This Review summarizes the recent progress in defect engineering of photocatalysts to promote CO2 reduction performances from the following four aspects: 1) Approaches to defect (mainly vacancy and dopant) generation in photocatalysts; 2) defect structure characterization techniques; 3) physical and chemical properties of defect‐engineered photocatalysts; 4) CO2 reduction performance enhancements in activity, selectivity, and stability of photocatalysts by defect engineering. This Review is expected to present readers with a comprehensive view of progress in the field of photocatalytic CO2 reduction through defect engineering for elevated CO2‐to‐fuels conversion efficiency.
Retracted: An efficient stacking model with SRPF classifier technique for intrusion detection system
Authors: Karthikeyan D. , Mohanraj V. , Suresh Y. , Senthilkumar J. 
Published: April 2021

SummaryMachine learning process is an important part in intrusion detection system (IDS) and plays an essential role in security information. Analysts operate IDS for the study of server logs or packets of data to identify network traffic malware. IDS automates this process with machine learning‐based techniques that allow packet detection on a continuous basis without much human effort or intervention through network analyzing data. It has the following limitations on low rate of detection, false alarm rate is high, and so on, to which the conventional IDS has indicated. We proposed a stacking model that is more accurate to detect the attacks than other techniques of Random Forest, Naïve Bayes, and Decision Tree C4.5. Different researchers are exploring various techniques to classify the rules for associations. But the measure of confidence itself, as investigated in various literature, produces many times inaccurate results. So based on a recent value test called the significant rule power factor (SRPF), this paper discusses classifier. The experiments are carried out by implementation in Weka's method. Results indicate that the proposed classifier is a newly created, light weight classifier with better accuracy performance. Detection of different attacks uses NSL‐KDD dataset to train and test the data in this technique. This proposed work is measured using different performance metrics to other intrusion detection models. Compared to existing methods, our proposed model offers prominent increase in detection accuracy.
Anal cytology and high‐risk human papilloma virus testing in atypical squamous categories: Value of concurrent testing in management of high‐risk population
Authors: Cimic Adela , Saqi Anjali 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAnal squamous cell carcinoma is relatively rare, but its incidence and mortality have been increasing worldwide. While anal cytology is a sensitive cancer screening modality, its specificity is low, and data for concurrent high‐risk human papilloma virus (HR‐HPV) testing are limited. At our institution, anal cancer screening consists of combined anal cytology and high‐risk human papilloma virus (HR‐HPV) testing on all specimens. The aims of the study were to correlate results of atypical cytological diagnoses [atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) and atypical squamous cells cannot exclude high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASC‐H)] with HR‐HPV testing and determine if co‐testing may potentially influence management. A retrospective search over 24‐months was performed for anal cytology specimens with diagnoses of ASCUS and ASC‐H. Corresponding HR‐HPV (HPV 16/18 and Other‐31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/66/68) results were retrieved, and concordance/discordance was recorded. Cytology results were correlated with anal biopsy diagnoses, when available. A total of 139 patients, including 127 with ASCUS and 12 with ASC‐H, were identified. Of the ASCUS cases, 90/127 (70.9%) had HR‐HPV, and a squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) was evident in 20/39 (51.2%) of biopsies. All 12/12 (100%) ASC‐H were associated with HR‐HPV and 3/6 (50%) biopsies had a SIL. Our study supports use of concurrent cytology and HR‐HPV for anal cancer screening cytology. Co‐testing improves specificity of atypical cytology diagnoses and can identify patients requiring further intervention.
Transforming growth factor beta signaling: The master sculptor of fingers
Authors: Lorda‐Diez Carlos I. , Duarte‐Olivenza Cristina , Hurle Juan M. , Montero Juan A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTransforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) constitutes a large and evolutionarily conserved superfamily of secreted factors that play essential roles in embryonic development, cancer, tissue regeneration, and human degenerative pathology. Studies of this signaling cascade in the regulation of cellular and tissue changes in the three‐dimensional context of a developing embryo have notably advanced in the understanding of the action mechanism of these growth factors. In this review, we address the role of TGFβ signaling in the developing limb, focusing on its essential function in the morphogenesis of the autopod. As we discuss in this work, modern mouse genetic experiments together with more classical embryological approaches in chick embryos, provided very valuable information concerning the role of TGFβ and Activin family members in the morphogenesis of the digits of tetrapods, including the formation of phalanxes, digital tendons, and interphalangeal joints. We emphasize the importance of the Activin and TGFβ proteins as digit inducing factors and their critical interaction with the BMP signaling to sculpt the hand and foot morphology.
Land use and management effects on soil carbon in U.S. Lake States, with emphasis on forestry, fire, and reforestation
Authors: Nave L. E. , DeLyser K. , Domke G. M. , Janowiak M. K. , Ontl T. A. , Sprague E. , Walters B. F. , Swanston C. W. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThere is growing need to quantify and communicate how land use and management activities influence soil organic carbon (SOC) at scales relevant to, and in the tangible control of landowners and forest managers. The continued proliferation of publications and growth of data sets, data synthesis and meta‐analysis approaches allows the application of powerful tools to such questions at ever finer scales. In this analysis, we combined a literature review and effect‐size meta‐analysis with two large, independent, observational databases to assess how land use and management impact SOC stocks, primarily with regards to forest land uses. We performed this work for the (Great Lakes) U.S. Lake States, which comprise 6% of the land area, but 7% of the forest and 9% of the forest SOC in the United States, as the second in a series of ecoregional SOC assessments. Most importantly, our analysis indicates that natural factors, such as soil texture and parent material, exert more control over SOC stocks than land use or management. With that for context, our analysis also indicates which natural factors most influence management impacts on SOC storage. We report an overall trend of significantly diminished topsoil SOC stocks with harvesting, consistent across all three data sets, while also demonstrating how certain sites and soils diverge from this pattern, including some that show opposite trends. Impacts of fire grossly mirror those of harvesting, with declines near the top of the profile, but potential gains at depth and no net change when considering the whole profile. Land use changes showing significant SOC impacts are limited to reforestation on barren mining substrates (large and variable gains) and conversion of native forest to cultivation (losses). We describe patterns within the observational data that reveal the physical basis for preferential land use, e.g., cultivation of soils with the most favorable physical properties, and forest plantation establishment on the most marginal soils, and use these patterns to identify management opportunities and considerations. We also qualify our results with ratings of confidence, based on their degree of support across approaches, and offer concise, defensible tactics for adapting management operations to site‐specific criteria and SOC vulnerability.
Modeling of a shake‐table tested retrofitted wood‐frame building subjected to subduction ground motions
Authors: Pan Yuxin , Ventura Carlos E. , Bebamzadeh Armin , Motamedi Mehrtash 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn 2004 , the provincial government of British Columbia in Canada initiated a seismic retrofit program to quantify the seismic risk and to implement a seismic mitigation plan over 750 school buildings located in high seismic hazard regions of the province. The current phase of the program focuses on conducting a series of full‐scale shake‐table tests of a retrofitted two‐story wood‐frame school building prototype as part of the performance‐based Seismic Retrofit Guidelines (SRG). This paper presents the numerical modeling and seismic assessment of the tested building. A detailed two‐dimensional model and a computationally efficient three‐dimensional model were developed. By performing nonlinear dynamic analyses, both models predicted the building responses accurately when compared with the experimental tests in terms of roof drift, energy dissipation, and global hysteresis behavior. The retrofitted school building showed a large overstrength that mainly came from the unblocked walls. Empirical equations based on the FEMA P‐807 guidelines and a simplified method developed in the SRG, called Toolbox Approach were investigated for estimating its overstrength and ultimate capacity. Finally, following a performance‐based tri‐hazard probabilistic methodology proposed in the SRG, the seismic risk of the building was assessed by performing incremental dynamic analysis using 30 ground motion records that were selected based on a multiple event‐based conditional mean spectrum (CMS) approach. The results indicated that the subduction motions posed higher probability of drift exceedance and collapse risk of the retrofitted school building than crustal and subcrustal motions.
Exergo‐economic assessment by a specific exergy costing method for an experimental thermochemical hydrogen production system
Authors: Farsi Aida , Dincer Ibrahim , Naterer Greg F. 
Published: April 2021

SummaryIn this article, an exergo‐economic study of an experimental lab‐scale integrated copper‐chlorine (Cu‐Cl) cycle of hydrogen production is conducted. The analysis is performed based on a specific exergy costing (SPECO) method to determine the influences of various design criteria on the costs and then identify possible improvements for more cost effective approaches. The article includes an exergy analysis, economic study, exergy costing and exergo‐economic evaluation. Also, a scale‐up analysis is performed to predict the cost of a larger scale facility of 1000 kg per day of hydrogen production. The results of the exergo‐economic and scale‐up analysis are expected to assist in the design, optimization and improvement of a scaled‐up Cu‐Cl thermochemical cycle. Furthermore, the results of this study show that for a large‐scale Cu‐Cl cycle plant with a capacity of 1000 kg/day H2, the cost of hydrogen production, excluding the treatment of side reactions, is predicted at about 3.91 $/kg H2.
Unilateral versus bilateral nodal irradiation: Current evidence in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Nuyts Sandra , Bollen Heleen , Eisbruch Avrahram , Corry June , Strojan Primoz , Mäkitie Antti A. , Langendijk Johannes A. , Mendenhall William M. , Smee Robert , DeBree Remco , Lee Anne W. M. , Rinaldo Alessandra , Ferlito Alfio 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCancers of the head and neck region often present with nodal involvement. There is a long‐standing convention within the community of head and neck radiation oncology to irradiate both sides of the neck electively in almost all cases to include both macroscopic and microscopic disease extension (so called elective nodal volume). International guidelines for the selection and delineation of the elective lymph nodes were published in the early 2000s and were updated recently. However, diagnostic imaging techniques have improved the accuracy and reliability of nodal staging and as a result, small metastases that used to remain undetected and were thus in the past included in the elective nodal volume, will now be included in high‐dose volumes. Furthermore, the elective nodal areas are situated close to the parotid glands, the submandibular glands and the swallowing muscles. Therefore, irradiation of a smaller, more selected volume of the elective nodes could reduce treatment‐related toxicity. Several researchers consider the current bilateral elective neck irradiation strategies an overtreatment and show growing interest in a unilateral nodal irradiation in selected patients. The aim of this article is to give an overview of the current evidence about the indications and benefits of unilateral nodal irradiation and the use of SPECT/CT‐guided nodal irradiation in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck.
Using system traps to understand and potentially prevent human resource development intervention failure
Authors: Blackman Deborah , Buick Fiona , Johnson Samantha , Rooney James , Ilahee Nabil 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAdopting human resource development (HRD) activities can lead to improved organizational outcomes, such as improved performance and innovation. However, while the implementation of HRD strategies is widespread, there are concerns that they have failed to support the learning and skill acquisition required to support both individual learning and improved organizational outcomes. Having established that HRD is a systems level issue, this paper applies Meadows's (2008) system traps to suggest that adopting this lens could explain why extensive HRD interventions have failed to deliver desired system outcomes. Qualitative data is analyzed to consider why HRD interventions fail to result in increased capability development in the Australian public sector. The findings demonstrate four system traps were present in HRD interventions, which help explain the ongoing failure of HRD interventions to support required learning or improve organizational performance: (1) shifting the burden to the intervenor; (2) seeking the wrong goal; (3) policy resistance; and (4) drift to low performance. We argue that the presence of these traps suggest that HRD subsystems will need to be reconceptualized for there to be a real improvement. To this end, we apply Meadows's (2008) suggestions to overcome the traps, identifying potential strategies for HRD practitioners to act as system intervenors. Our paper contributes to knowledge through focusing on a specific aspect of systems thinking to help explain why HRD intervention failure occurs.
Incidences of aligned magnetic field on unsteady MHD flow past a parabolic accelerated inclined plate in a porous medium
Authors: Endalew Mehari Fentahun , Sarkar Subharthi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAn exact analysis of a radiative hydromagnetic flow behavior over a tilted parabolic plate through a permeable medium along with variable species concentration and fluid temperature in the presence of a slanted magnetic field parameter, chemical reaction, and heat generation has been carried out in this study. Closed‐form analytical benchmark solutions for flow‐governing equations are obtained by using the Laplace transform method. Thereafter, the incidences of different important physical entities on the nondimensional velocity field, temperature distribution, and species concentration are presented using graphs, whereas impacts of various physical entities on wall shear stress, heat and mass transfer rates are presented in tables. It is worth noting that an increase in the magnetic field and its inclination angle causes the reduction in the fluid velocity. However, wall shear stress increases with the increase of magnetic field and its inclination angle. The novel results in this article can be used to improve quicker cooling and producing miniaturized heat flow systems with upgraded efficiency and cost‐effectiveness.
Biochemical impact of solar radiation exposure on human keratinocytes monitored by Raman spectroscopy; effects of cell culture environment
Authors: Lopez‐Gonzalez Ulises , Casey Alan , Byrne Hugh J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractUnderstanding and amelioration of the effects of solar radiation exposure are critical in preventing the occurrence of skin cancer. Towards this end, many studies have been conducted in 2D cell culture models under simplified and unrealistic conditions. 3D culture models better capture the complexity of in vivo physiology, although the effects of the 3D extracellular matrix have not been well studied. Monitoring the instantaneous and resultant cellular responses to exposure, and the influence of the 3D environment, could provide an enhanced understanding of the fundamental processes of photocarcinogenesis. This work presents an analysis of the biochemical impacts of simulated solar radiation (SSR) occurring in immortalised human epithelial keratinocytes (HaCaT), in a 3D skin model, compared to 2D culture. Cell viability was monitored using the Alamar Blue colorimetric assay (AB), and the impact of the radiation exposure, at the level of the biomolecular constituents (nucleic acids and proteins), were evaluated through the combination of Raman microspectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis. The results suggest that SSR exposure induces alterations of the conformational structure of DNA as an immediate impact, whereas changes in the protein signature are primarily seen as a subsequent response.