bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Good Governance and the Regulation of the District Heating Market
Authors: Lavrijssen Saskia , Vitéz Blanka 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis chapter discusses how the fundamental values of energy democracy and energy justice and the principles of good governance can play a role in developing a more consistent approach towards the regulation of the energy sector and, more in particular, in dealing with the challenges of regulating the heat transition in the Netherlands in a just way. Energy justice and energy democracy are energy specific concepts that are gaining influence when interpreting and applying the principles of good governance in the energy sector. Both concepts are based on the awareness that the energy transition is a matter for all citizens of the European Union and should not be ignored by policymakers and independent regulators. The heat transition in the Netherlands significantly impacts the position of consumers, prosumers and vulnerable customers, as an ever-larger group of consumers will be disconnected from the gas grid and will be connected to heat networks. Energy democracy and energy justice and the principles of good governance are important values that should guide policy-makers in making choices that affect consumer participation and the protection of vulnerable customers in the heat transition. It is elaborated how energy democracy and energy justice and the principles of good governance indeed can provide a useful framework within which advantages and disadvantages can be weighed of regulatory choices to be made when modernising the regulation of the heat market in a just way. In particular, there remains a lot to gain in terms of flexible regulation and supervision as well as the facilitation of consumer/prosumer participation in the Netherlands. Because it is likely that most heat consumers will remain locked in for a relatively long time in natural monopolies facilitated by older generation heat networks and the lack of alternative heating, substantive consumer-participation could yield positive results regarding community engagement in heat network management and heat supply.
ALP — SMEFT interference
Authors: Galda Anne Mareike , Neubert Matthias , Renner Sophie 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The Standard Model Effective Field Theory (SMEFT) offers a powerful theoretical framework for parameterizing the low-energy effects of heavy new particles with masses far above the scale of electroweak symmetry breaking. Additional light degrees of freedom extend the effective theory. We show that light new particles that are weakly coupled to the SM via non-renormalizable interactions induce non-zero Wilson coefficients in the SMEFT Lagrangian via renormalization-group evolution. For the well-motivated example of axions and axion-like particles (ALPs) interacting with the SM via classically shift-invariant dimension-5 interactions, we calculate how these interactions contribute to the one-loop renormalization of the dimension-6 SMEFT operators, and how this running sources additional contributions to the Wilson coefficients on top of those expected from heavy new states. As an application, we study the ALP contributions to the magnetic dipole moment of the top quark and comment on implications of electroweak precision constraints on ALP couplings.
Neophobia in 10 ungulate species—a comparative approach
Authors: Schaffer Alina , Caicoya Alvaro L. , Colell Montserrat , Holland Ruben , von Fersen Lorenzo , Widdig Anja , Amici Federica 
Published: June 2021

AbstractNeophobia (the fearful reaction to novel stimuli or situations) has a crucial effect on individual fitness and can vary within and across species. However, the factors predicting this variation are still unclear. In this study, we assessed whether individual characteristics (rank, social integration, sex) and species socio-ecological characteristics (dietary breadth, group size, domestication) predicted variation in neophobia. For this purpose, we conducted behavioral observations and experimental tests on 78 captive individuals belonging to 10 different ungulate species—an ideal taxon to study inter-specific variation in neophobia given their variety in socio-ecological characteristics. Individuals were tested in their social groups by providing them with familiar food, half of which had been positioned close to a novel object. We monitored the individual latency to approach and eat food and the proportion of time spent in its proximity. Using a phylogenetic approach and social network analyses, we showed that across ungulate species neophobia was higher in socially more integrated individuals, as compared to less integrated ones. In contrast, rank and sex did not predict inter-individual differences in neophobia. Moreover, species differed in their levels of neophobia, with Barbary sheep being on average less neophobic than all the other study species. As group size in Barbary sheep was larger than in all the other study species, these results support the hypothesis that larger group size predicts lower levels of neophobia, and confirm ungulates as a highly promising taxon to study animal behavior and cognition with a comparative perspective.Significance statementIn several species, individuals may respond fearfully to novel stimuli, therefore reducing the risks they may face. However, it is yet unclear if certain individuals or species respond more fearfully to novelty. Here, we provided food to 78 individual ungulates with different characteristics (e.g., sex, rank, social integration, group size, domestication, dietary breadth) in different controlled conditions (e.g., when food was close to novel or to familiar objects). Across species, we found that socially integrated individuals responded more fearfully in all species. Moreover, being in larger groups decreased the probability of fearfully responding to novelty.
Structural systematics of SFCA-I type solid-solutions in the system CaO–Fe2O3–FeO–Al2O3
Authors: Kahlenberg Volker , Krüger Hannes , Tribus Martina 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEffects of Fe ↔ Al substitution on triclinic SFCA-I-type compounds with general formula A40O56 (A: Ca, Al, Fe3+, Fe2+) have been studied using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystals of sufficient quality and size were synthesized in the temperature range between 1200 and 1300 °C. Six samples with Al/FeTot ratios of 0.127, 0.173, 0.216, 0.310, 0.349 and 0.459 have been structurally characterized. SFCA-I can be described with a modular approach involving the stacking sequence < PSS > of “P” and “S” modules that can be imagined as being cut from the well-known pyroxene (P) and spinel (S) structure types. Furthermore, SFCA-I is related to the sapphirine supergroup of minerals. Within the present solid-solution series, the contents in calcium show only minor variations (≈ 6.7 a.p.f.u.). The twenty crystallographically independent tetrahedrally (T) and octahedrally (M) coordinated cation sites exhibit considerable differences concerning the Al uptake. Indeed, Al is preferentially incorporated into the tetrahedra belonging to the single-chains located in the pyroxene modules. Ferrous iron, on the other hand, is restricted to one of the T-positions within the spinel blocks. Most structural aspects from unit-cell parameters and cell volumes to site occupancies, tetrahedral chain kinking as well as polyhedral distortions are defined by linear or nearly linear trends when plotted against the Al/FeTot ratio. Analysis of the < T–O > and < M–O > distances showed a complex interplay between the different coordination polyhedra resulting in a contrasting behavior of these values with positive or negative change rates as a function of composition. Evaluation of the average chemical strain tensor derived from the sets of lattice parameters for the two samples of the abovementioned series showing the highest and lowest Al/FeTot ratios indicated, that the major contraction with increasing Al content is perpendicular to the pyroxene- and spinel modules. Furthermore, the pyroxene module seems to be more affected when compared with the spinel block. There is evidence that the SFCA-I-type solid-solution series is limited on both the Al- and Fe-rich sides. The present investigation provides—for the first time—a detailed crystallographic analysis on the impact of chemical variations on a compound that is of relevance to the field of applied mineralogy related to the technologically important process of iron-ore sintering.
Multimorbidity in old age and its impact on life results
Authors: Brijoux Thomas , Woopen Cristiane , Zank Susanne 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background
High prevalence diseases, such as high blood pressure, dementia and depression in old age can lead to multimorbidity, which is often defined as the presence of more than one health condition in an individual. Multimorbidity has negative consequences on health-related quality of life and healthcare utilization. As many age-associated diseases are not curable, therapeutic goals like preservation of autonomy, functioning, and life satisfaction become more important in old age patients.

Objective
The prevalence of multimorbidity dementia and depressive symptoms and the consequences of multimorbidity on autonomy, functioning, and life satisfaction among the oldest old were examined.

Material and methods
In personal computer-assisted interviews, participants of the representative study NRW80+ were asked for which health issues they received medical treatment.

Results
On average, people above the age of 80 years were treated for 3.62 diseases and 31.4% of older people received medical treatment for 5 or more diseases. A connection between multimorbidity and age group could not be shown. Autonomy, functioning, and life satisfaction are reduced in association with multimorbidity.

Conclusion
Multimorbidity is a frequent phenomenon among old people. A lack of diagnostic procedures and medical treatment can be a reason for the missing age trends. The results illustrate the importance of multimorbidity for patient-relevant outcomes and reveal the need to identify patients with multimorbidity.
Dynamic Łukasiewicz logic and its application to immune system
Authors: Di Nola Antonio , Grigolia Revaz , Mitskevich Nunu , Vitale Gaetano 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIt is introduced an immune dynamicn-valued Łukasiewicz logic$$ID{\L }_n$$IDŁnon the base ofn-valued Łukasiewicz logic$${\L }_n$$Łnand corresponding to it immune dynamic$$MV_n$$MVn-algebra ($$IDL_n$$IDLn-algebra),$$1< n < \omega $$1<n<ω, which are algebraic counterparts of the logic, that in turn represent two-sorted algebras$$(\mathcal {M}, \mathcal {R}, \Diamond )$$(M,R,◊)that combine the varieties of$$MV_n$$MVn-algebras$$\mathcal {M} = (M, \oplus , \odot , \sim , 0,1)$$M=(M,⊕,⊙,∼,0,1)and regular algebras$$\mathcal {R} = (R,\cup , ;, ^*)$$R=(R,∪,;,∗)into a single finitely axiomatized variety resemblingR-module with “scalar” multiplication$$\Diamond $$◊. Kripke semantics is developed for immune dynamic Łukasiewicz logic$$ID{\L }_n$$IDŁnwith application in immune system.
Vom Umgang mit Überkomplexität
Authors: Käckmeister Hannes 
Published: June 2021

ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag zeigt, worin die Komplexität der Alterseinschätzung begründet liegt und wie Sozialarbeitende in der Praxis der qualifizierten Inaugenscheinnahme damit umgehen. Grundlage des Beitrags ist eine soziologische Studie zu den Verfahren der Alterseinschätzung in Deutschland und Frankreich, die im Rahmen einer Doktorarbeit durchgeführt wurde, die voraussichtlich im zweiten Halbjahr 2021 veröffentlicht wird. Das methodologische Vorgehen beruht auf ethnographischen Beobachtungen und Interviews, die zwischen 2017 bis 2019 in einem Jugendamt durchgeführt wurden.
Kritisch-reflexive Urteilskompetenz in der Bildungsarbeit
Authors: Bücken Susanne , Frieters-Reermann Norbert 
Published: June 2021

ZusammenfassungBildungsprozesse sind niemals neutral und in der hochkomplexen diversifizierten Weltgesellschaft extrem konfliktanfällig und spannungsreich. Damit wird angesprochen, dass durch Bildungsangebote, -strukturen, -formate und -materialien oftmals ungewollt vorhandene Konfliktpotentiale verstärkt, Diskriminierungstendenzen verschärft und Exklusionsdynamiken erhöht werden. Von daher ist eine umfassende kritisch-reflexive Urteilskompetenz aller verantwortlichen Akteur*innen von zentraler Bedeutung. Diese wird im vorliegenden Beitrag aus der Perspektive einer konfliktsensiblen und rassismuskritischen Bildung hergeleitet.
Rapid Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells into Testosterone-Producing Leydig Cell-Like Cells In vitro
Authors: Shin Eun-Young , Park Seah , Choi Won Yun , Lee Dong Ryul 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background:
Leydig cells (LCs) are testicular somatic cells that are the major producers of testosterone in males. Testosterone is essential for male physiology and reproduction. Reduced testosterone levels lead to hypogonadism and are associated with diverse pathologies, such as neuronal dysfunction, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome. LC transplantation is a promising therapy for hypogonadism; however, the number of LCs in the testis is very rare and they do not proliferate in vitro. Therefore, there is a need for an alternative source of LCs.

Methods:
To develop a safer, simple, and rapid strategy to generate human LC-like cells (LLCs) from stem cells, we first performed preliminary tests under different conditions for the induction of LLCs from human CD34/CD73 double positive-testis-derived stem cells (HTSCs). Based on the embryological sequence of events, we suggested a 3-step strategy for the differentiation of human ESCs into LLCs. We generated the mesendoderm in the first stage and intermediate mesoderm (IM) in the second stage and optimized the conditions for differentiation of IM into LLCs by comparing the secreted testosterone levels of each group.

Results:
HTSCs and human embryonic stem cells can be directly differentiated into LLCs by defined molecular compounds within a short period. Human ESC-derived LLCs can secrete testosterone and express steroidogenic markers.

Conclusion:
We developed a rapid and efficient protocol for the production of LLCs from stem cells using defined molecular compounds. These findings provide a new therapeutic cell source for male hypogonadism.
Vehicle–track–tunnel dynamic interaction: a finite/infinite element modelling method
Authors: Xu Lei , Zhai Wanming 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe aim of this study is to develop coupled matrix formulations to characterize the dynamic interaction between the vehicle, track, and tunnel. The vehicle–track coupled system is established in light of vehicle–track coupled dynamics theory. The physical characteristics and mechanical behavior of tunnel segments and rings are modeled by the finite element method, while the soil layers of the vehicle–track–tunnel (VTT) system are modeled as an assemblage of 3-D mapping infinite elements by satisfying the boundary conditions at the infinite area. With novelty, the tunnel components, such as rings and segments, have been coupled to the vehicle–track systems using a matrix coupling method for finite elements. The responses of sub-systems included in the VTT interaction are obtained simultaneously to guarantee the solution accuracy. To relieve the computer storage and save the CPU time for the large-scale VTT dynamics system with high degrees of freedoms, a cyclic calculation method is introduced. Apart from model validations, the necessity of considering the tunnel substructures such as rings and segments is demonstrated. In addition, the maximum number of elements in the tunnel segment is confirmed by numerical simulations.
Economical Speed for Optimizing the Travel Time and Energy Consumption in Train Scheduling using a Fuzzy Multi-Objective Model
Authors: Jafarian-Moghaddam Ahmad Reza 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSpeed is one of the most influential variables in both energy consumption and train scheduling problems. Increasing speed guarantees punctuality, thereby improving railroad capacity and railway stakeholders’ satisfaction and revenues. However, a rise in speed leads to more energy consumption, costs, and thus, more pollutant emissions. Therefore, determining an economic speed, which requires a trade-off between the user’s expectations and the capabilities of the railway system in providing tractive forces to overcome the running resistance due to rail route and moving conditions, is a critical challenge in railway studies. This paper proposes a new fuzzy multi-objective model, which, by integrating micro and macro levels and determining the economical speed for trains in block sections, can optimize train travel time and energy consumption. Implementing the proposed model in a real case with different scenarios for train scheduling reveals that this model can enhance the total travel time by 19% without changing the energy consumption ratio. The proposed model has little need for input from experts’ opinions to determine the rates and parameters.
How to Do What Is Right, Not What Is Easy: Requirements for Assessment of Genome-Edited and Genetically Modified Organisms under Ethical Guidelines
Authors: Antonsen T. , Dassler T. 
Published: June 2021

Summary/AbstractAn ethical assessment is a complex, dynamic and comprehensive process that requires both ethical expertise and practical knowledge. An ethical assessment of a genetically modified organism (GMO, including genome edited organisms) must follow accepted and transparent methods and be based in relevant considerations. In addition, the Ethical guidelines must include a broad and adequate range of values, so that no groups, stakeholders, agents or areas are left out.
Relativistic fluid dynamics: physics for many different scales
Authors: Andersson Nils , Comer Gregory L. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe relativistic fluid is a highly successful model used to describe the dynamics of many-particle systems moving at high velocities and/or in strong gravity. It takes as input physics from microscopic scales and yields as output predictions of bulk, macroscopic motion. By inverting the process—e.g., drawing on astrophysical observations—an understanding of relativistic features can lead to insight into physics on the microscopic scale. Relativistic fluids have been used to model systems as “small” as colliding heavy ions in laboratory experiments, and as large as the Universe itself, with “intermediate” sized objects like neutron stars being considered along the way. The purpose of this review is to discuss the mathematical and theoretical physics underpinnings of the relativistic (multi-) fluid model. We focus on the variational principle approach championed by Brandon Carter and collaborators, in which a crucial element is to distinguish the momenta that are conjugate to the particle number density currents. This approach differs from the “standard” text-book derivation of the equations of motion from the divergence of the stress-energy tensor in that one explicitly obtains the relativistic Euler equation as an “integrability” condition on the relativistic vorticity. We discuss the conservation laws and the equations of motion in detail, and provide a number of (in our opinion) interesting and relevant applications of the general theory. The formalism provides a foundation for complex models, e.g., including electromagnetism, superfluidity and elasticity—all of which are relevant for state of the art neutron-star modelling.
Freely Available Virtual Reality Experiences as Tools to Support Mental Health Therapy: a Systematic Scoping Review and Consensus Based Interdisciplinary Analysis
Authors: Best Paul , Meireles Matilde , Schroeder Franziska , Montgomery Lorna , Maddock Alan , Davidson Gavin , Galway Karen , Trainor David , Campbell Anne , Van Daele Tom 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe primary purpose of this article is to review the potential therapeutic value of freely available VR content as an addition to the practitioners ‘toolkit’. Research has shown that virtual reality (VR) may be useful to extend existing guided imagery-based practices found in traditional mental health therapy. However, the use of VR technology within routine mental health practice remains low, despite recent reductions in equipment costs. A systematic scoping review and interdisciplinary analysis of freely available VR experiences was performed across two popular online databases (SteamVR and Oculus.com). A total of 1785 experiences were retrieved and screened for relevance with 46 meeting the inclusion criteria. VR content was then reviewed for potential therapeutic value by an interdisciplinary panel with experience across a number of therapeutic interventions including cognitive behavioural therapy, Rogerian counselling, mindfulness-based therapies. and family therapy. Eleven (22%) of the 50 freely available VR experiences were reported to have therapeutic potential as tools to support routine mental health therapy. These included support with the following mental health issues—low mood, social anxiety, stress reduction and fear of heights. Guidance of a qualified mental health practitioner was recommended in all cases to maximise the benefit of the VR experiences retrieved. While the quality is variable, freely available VR experiences may contain valuable content that could support mental health therapy. This includes as a homework activity or as an initial setting for case formulation and behavioural experiments.
Geschichtsdidaktische Forschung und allgemeine Unterrichtsforschung: Unbekannte Verwandte?
Authors: Trautwein Ulrich , Schreiber Waltraud , Hasenbein Lisa 
Published: June 2021

ZusammenfassungDieser Beitrag beleuchtet das Verhältnis von Basisdimensionen der Unterrichtsqualität (Modell der drei Basisdimensionen sowie Syntheseframework) aus der allgemeinen Unterrichtsforschung und geschichtsdidaktischen Modellbildungen. Zu diesem Zweck arbeiten wir das Fehlen einer vertieften theoretischen und empirischen Auseinandersetzung mit Modellen der allgemeinen Unterrichtsforschung in der Geschichtsdidaktik heraus. Darauf aufbauend diskutieren wir die Stärken und Grenzen von Modellen, die eine bestimmte Zahl von Basisdimensionen der Unterrichtsqualität postulieren, stellen ein geschichtsdidaktisches Kompetenzmodell (das sogenannte FUER-Modell) vor, das eine Auseinandersetzung mit Basisdimensionen ermöglicht und zeigen auf, wie die Basisdimensionen mit geschichtsdidaktischen Vorstellungen in Einklang zu bringen sind – und wo dies nicht so einfach möglich ist.