bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Benefits of haemoglobin in the cladoceran crustaceanDaphnia magna
Authors: Pirow R. , Bäumer C. , Paul R. J. 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARYTo determine the contribution of haemoglobin (Hb) to the hypoxia-tolerance of Daphnia magna, we exposed Hb-poor and Hb-rich individuals (2.4–2.8 mm long) to a stepwise decrease in ambient oxygen partial pressure (PO2amb) over a period of 51 min from normoxia (20.56 kPa) to anoxia (&lt;0.27 kPa) and looked for differences in their physiological performance. The haem-based concentrations of Hb in the haemolymph were 49 μmol l–1 in Hb-poor and 337 μmol l–1 in Hb-rich animals, respectively. The experimental apparatus made simultaneous measurement of appendage beating rate (fa), NADH fluorescence intensity (INADH) of the appendage muscles, heart rate (fh) and in vivo Hb oxygen-saturation possible. In response to progressive, moderate hypoxia, both groups showed pronounced tachycardia and a slight decrease in fa. The fa and fh of Hb-rich animals were generally 4–6 % lower than those of Hb-poor animals. In addition, Hb-rich animals showed a significant decrease in the PO2amb at which the Hb in the heart region was half-saturated and a striking reduction in the critical PO2amb of appendage-related variables. In Hb-poor animals, the INADH signal indicated that the oxygen supply to the limb muscle tissue started to become impeded at a critical PO2amb of 4.75 kPa, although the high level of fa was largely maintained until 1.77 kPa. The obvious discrepancy between these two critical PO2amb values suggested an anaerobic supplementation of energy provision in the range 4.75–1.77 kPa. The fact that INADH of Hb-rich animals did not rise until PO2amb fell below 1.32 kPa strongly suggests that the extra Hb available to Hb-rich animals ensured an adequate oxygen supply to the limb muscle tissue in the PO2amb range 4.75–1.32 kPa. This finding illustrates the physiological benefit of Hb in enabling the animal to sustain its aerobic metabolism as the energetically most efficient mode of fuel utilization under conditions of reduced oxygen availability.
Singlet-to-Triplet Absorption for Near-Infrared-to-Visible Photon Upconversion
Authors: Sasaki Yoichi , Amemori Shogo , Yanai Nobuhiro , Kimizuka Nobuo 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This review highlights the advancement of molecular triplet donors showing singlet-to-triplet (S–T) absorption and their utilization for triplet-triplet annihilation-based photon upconversion (TTA-UC). Circumvention of thermal energy loss associated with intersystem crossing (ISC) through the use of S–T absorption results in UC from near-infrared (NIR) light to yellow, blue, and even violet light, achieving an unprecedentedly large UC spectral shift. Taking advantage of the molecular donor's ability to be dispersed in solids without aggregation, efficient solid-state UC materials are also achieved.
Diagnostic and therapeutic delay in Rheumatoid Arthritis patients: Impact on disease outcome
Authors: Naeem Faiza , Anwer khan Saira Elaine , Saeed Muhammad Ahmed , Farman Sumaira 
Published: April 2021

Objective: To identify factors causing diagnostic and therapeutic delay in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and to evaluate relationship of diagnostic and therapeutic delay with disease outcome.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Rheumatology Department, Fatima Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan, from May 2018 to July 2018. In this study 102 patients fulfilling ACR/EULAR criteria 2010 were enrolled. Lag times were calculated in months: lag-1 (delay in initial medical consultation); lag-2 (delay in consulting rheumatologists); lag-3 (diagnostic delay); lag-4 (therapeutic delay). Disease activity and functional outcome were measured by DAS28, HAQ-DI respectively. Association of lag-3 and lag-4 with HAQ-DI and DAS28 was calculated by Pearson correlation.
Results: Median (IQR) disease duration of study group was 6(2-10) years. Initial consultations were with; orthopedic surgeon 40(39.2%), general practitioner 27(26.5%), rheumatologist 13(12.7%), medical specialists 14(13.7%). Median (IQR) lag times in months: lag-1 (delayed initial consultation): 2(0-5), lag-2 (delay in consulting rheumatologist): 30(7.7-72), lag-3 (diagnostic delay): 12(3-48), lag-4 (therapeutic delay):18(5.7-72). Factors attributed to lag-3 (diagnostic delay) and lag-4 (therapeutic delay) (p<0.05): older Age (r= 0.2), education level (r= - 0.2), initial consultation (non-rheumatologist) (r=0.2), lag-2(r=0.8), >three doctors visited before diagnosis(r=0.6). Positive anti-CCP antibodies(r=0.2) and lag-1 (delayed initial consultation) (r=1) were associated with lag-3 (diagnostic delay) only; no association was found with positive RA factor. Significant correlation (p=<0.05) of lag-3 (diagnostic delay) was found with both DAS28(r=0.2) & HAQ-DI(r=0.2). Similarly lag-4 (therapeutic delay) also correlated with both & DAS28(r=0.2) & HAQ-DI(r=0.3) (p=<0.05).
Conclusion: Diagnostic and therapeutic delay were associated with older age, lower education and delayed consultation with rheumatologist but not with positive RA factor. Positive anti-CCP antibodies were associated with diagnostic delay only. Diagnostic and therapeutic delay led to high disease activity and poor functional outcome in RA patients.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.4.3471
How to cite this:Naeem F, Khan SEA, Saeed MA, Farman S. Diagnostic and therapeutic delay in Rheumatoid Arthritis patients: Impact on disease outcome. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(4):1001-1007. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.4.3471
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Frequency of Vitamin-D deficiency in children with Urinary tract infection: A descriptive cross-sectional study
Authors: Qadir Saba , Memon Shazia , Chohan Muhammad Nadeem , Memon Yasmeen 
Published: April 2021

Objective: To determine Vitamin-D status in children with urinary tract infection.
Methods: A Cross-sectional study was done at Pediatric Department, Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad, from July 2019 to March 2020. A total of 172 children of either gender from 2 to 60 months of age with confirmed urinary tract infection (UTI) (having positive urine C/S report) were included in the study. The child who received antibiotics 48 hours prior or already on immunosuppressive drugs and steroids from previous health record or by taking clinically relevant history), children with CKD on vitamin-D supplementation, and known case of Vitamin-D deficiency were also excluded from the study. All study participants were evaluated for vitamin-D level by high performance liquid chromatography. Urine sample was collected for C/S and 1 cc venous blood was taken for Vitamin D status (ng/ml). The mean ± standard deviation (SD) and stratification was calculated for age, duration of urinary tract infection and vitamin-D level. Post stratification chi-square test was applied for all categorical variables at 95% confidence interval (CI) and P-value ≤0.05 was considered significant.
Results: The average age of the patients was 41.51±18.34 months. There were 130 (75.58%) females and 40 (23.25%) males. Most common complaint of the children was fever 150 (87.21%). Vomiting was present in 31 (18.02%), abdominal pain 22 (12.79%) and dysuria in 15 (8.72%) children. A total of 129 (75%) children had pyelonephritis and 15 (25%) had cystitis. (Frequency of vitamin-D deficiency in children with diagnosed UTI was 45.93% (79/172). Mild vitamin D deficiency was present in 42 (53.16%) children, while moderate deficiency in 55 (69.62%) children. E. Coli was the most common pathogen in both mild and moderate vitamin D deficiency i.e., 20 (47.61) and 31 (56.36%) respectively.
Conclusion: The frequency of urinary tract infection is more common in children having vitamin D deficiency.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.4.3896
How to cite this:Qadir S, Memon S, Chohan MN, Memon Y. Frequency of Vitamin-D deficiency in children with Urinary tract infection: A descriptive cross-sectional study. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(4):1058-1062. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.4.3896
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Treatment options of Adolescent Gestational Diabetes: Effect on Outcome
Authors: Jasim Shaymaa Kadhim , Al-Momen Hayder , Wahbi Maisaa Anees 
Published: April 2021

Objectives: Teenage pregnancy with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) offers a real challenge to the health system and needs a special care. We aimed to evaluate possible obstetrical and neonatal adverse events of different treatment protocols in adolescent GDM including lifestyle, metformin (MTF), and insulin.
Methods: All teen pregnant women ≤ 19 years old visiting Baghdad Teaching Hospital throughout four years (from June 1, 2016 till May 31, 2020) diagnosed with GDM were included in this cohort study and followed-up closely throughout pregnancy and after delivery. Included adolescents were put on lifestyle alone during the first week of presentation. Adolescents who reached target glucose measurements were categorized into lifestyle group, while other adolescents were randomly allocated into MTF and insulin groups. Also, adolescent pregnant women without GDM were recruited as control group using computer randomization.
Results: The GDM (110 cases) and control (121 individuals) groups had matched general features at recruitment except for diabetes family history. Also, GDM treatment groups had matched features. Glycemic readings (fasting and random) was significantly (p< 0.05) higher in insulin group having odds ratio (OR) of 1.41, and 1.57, respectively. In MTF group, significant protective OR was found in preeclampsia (OR=0.76, p< 0.05). MTF showed non-significant protective OR regarding prematurity and five minutes Apgar score>7 [(OR=0.83, p=0.24), and (OR=0.94, p=0.73), respectively], and significant protective association with large for gestational age and admission to neonatal intensive unit. Insulin had significantly higher prematurity, small for gestational age, and hypoglycemia [OR=1.89, 2.53, and 2.84, respectively].
Conclusion: Metformin (MTF) showed less pregnancy and neonatal complications in adolescent GDM than insulin and lifestyle.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.4.3966
How to cite this:Jasim SK, Al-Momen H, Wahbi MA. Treatment options of Adolescent Gestational Diabetes: Effect on Outcome. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(4):1139-1144. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.4.3966
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Improving breastfeeding support through the implementation of the baby friendly hospital and community initiatives: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Walsh Aisling , Pieterse Pieternella , McCormack Zoe , Chirwa Ellen , Matthews Anne 
Published: April 2021

Background: Improved breastfeeding practices have the potential to save the lives of over 823,000 children under 5 years old globally every year. Exclusively breastfeeding infants for the first six months would lead to the largest infant mortality reduction. The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) is a global campaign by the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), which promotes best practice to support breastfeeding in maternity services. The Baby-Friendly Community Initiative (BFCI) is an extension of the BHFI’s 10 th step of the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding and of the BFHI overall. Its focus is on community-based breastfeeding supports for women. There have been no known attempts to synthesise the overall body of evidence on the BFHI in recent years, and no synthesis of empirical research on the BFCI. This scoping review asks the question: what is known about the implementation of the BFHI and the BFCI globally? Methods and analysis: This scoping review will be conducted according to the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for scoping reviews. Inclusion criteria will follow the Population, Concepts, Contexts approach. A data charting form will be developed and applied to all the included articles. Qualitative and quantitative descriptive analysis will be undertaken. The PAGER (Patterns, Advances, Gaps, Evidence for practice and Research recommendations) methodological framework will be used to analyse and report review findings. Conclusion: This review will establish gaps in current evidence which will inform areas for future research in relation to this global initiative.
Uncertainties of particulate organic carbon concentrations in the mesopelagic zone of the Atlantic ocean
Authors: Strubinger Sandoval Paul , Dall'Olmo Giorgio , Haines Keith , Rasse Rafael , Ross Jelizaveta 
Published: April 2021

Measurements of particulate organic carbon (POC) in the open ocean provide grounds for estimating oceanic carbon budgets and for modelling carbon cycling. The majority of the published POC measurements have been collected at the sea surface. Thus, POC stocks in the upper layer of the water column are relatively well constrained. However, our understanding of the POC distribution and its dynamics in deeper areas is modest due to insufficient in POC measurements. Moreover, the accuracy of published POC estimates is not always quantified, and neither is it fully understood. In this study, we determined the POC concentrations of samples collected in the upper 500 m during an Atlantic Meridional Transect and described a method for quantifying its experimental uncertainties using duplicate measurements. The analysis revealed that the medians of the total experimental uncertainties associated with our POC concentrations in the productive and mesopelagic zones were 2.5(±1.2) mg/m3 and 2.6(±0.6) mg/m3, respectively. In relative terms, these uncertainties corresponded to ~14% and ~ 35% of POC concentrations, respectively. However, despite our best efforts, we could explain only ~ 21% of the total experimental POC uncertainty. The potential sources of this unexplained portion of uncertainty are discussed.
“At first, I was very afraid”—a qualitative description of participants’ views and experiences in the first Human Infection Study in Malawi
Authors: Mtunthama Toto Neema , Gooding Kate , Kapumba Blessings M. , Jambo Kondwani , Rylance Jamie , Burr Sarah , Morton Ben , Gordon Stephen B. , Manda-Taylor Lucinda 
Published: April 2021

Background: Human infection studies (HIS) involve deliberately infecting healthy volunteers with a pathogen in a controlled environment to understand infection and support the development of effective vaccines or treatments. HIS research is expanding to many low and middle-income settings to accelerate vaccine development. Given the implementation of the first HIS research to establish the experimental human pneumococcal carriage model’s feasibility, we sought to understand the participant’s opinions and experiences. Methods: We used a qualitative, descriptive approach to understand participants perceptions and experiences on HIS participation. Sixteen healthy adult participants were invited to participate in in-depth exit interviews to discuss their experiences, motivations and concerns. Results: Our findings showed that the likelihood of participation in HIS research rests on three essential conditions: motivation to participate, compensation and advocacy. The motivation and decision to participate was based on reasons including altruism, patriotism, monetary and material incentives, and while compensation was deemed appropriate, concerns about unanticipated research-related risks were raised. Participant advocate groups were recommended for increasing awareness and educating others in the broader community about HIS research. Conclusions: Participants’ experiences of HIS in Malawi provide the basis of what can be acceptable in HIS research in lower-income countries and areas where study procedures could be adjusted.
Assessment of pain in people living with dementia at the end of life: a systematic review
Authors: McAnee Grainne , Norwood Kelly , Rosato Michael , Leavey Gerry 
Published: April 2021

Background: People with dementia may not receive the same quality of palliative care as those with other life-limiting conditions, particularly at end of life (EoL). Aims: To understand the best way to examine pain in people with dementia. Methods: A systematic review of tools to assess pain in patients with dementia near the end of life; PubMed, Medline, Embase, EBSCO Host, CINAHL Plus, Web of Science, Psycinfo, PsycArticles and Scopus were searched. Findings: A total of 15 articles were identified, which were qualitatively synthesised. Conclusion: There are a range of pain assessment tools that are appropriate for use in people with dementia, but all 15 studies used a formal tool. A more robust approach is needed to improve the quality of research for measurement and management of pain in this population.
Keragaman Genetik Ikan Cakalang (Katsuwonus pelamis) di Perairan Laut Maluku Utara
Authors: Akbar Nebuchad Nezzar , Labenua Rusmawati 
Published: April 2021

Skipjack tuna is a migratory species that migrate globally throughout the ocean. The North Maluku Sea has a big potency on skipjack, this resource has been exploited intensively and gave the negative impact on skipjack population. The genetic data is one of the important information to strategy a better sustainable fisheries management. Hence, the aims of the study were to analyze the genetic diversity data in North Maluku Sea. The samples were collected from three locations, namely Morotai Island, South Halamera and Bacan. A total of 10 samples were collected from every location. The samples were extracted with Chelex 10%, and processing for PCR and sequencing. The results showed that molecular characteristics in skipjack are 546 (bp). The genetic diversity was ranged from 0.800-1.000 with the total of 28 haplotypes of 30 samples. The genetic diversity is included in high/undisturbed criteria and showed the population still in stable condition.Ikan Cakalang merupakan migratori spesies yang bermigrasi secara global di seluruh samudera. Potensi ikan cakalang sangat tinggi di perairan laut Maluku Utara. Pemanfaatan sumberdaya ikan cakalang sudah dilakukan lama dan terus menurus sehingga berdampak pada penurunan, oleh karena itu perlu segera dilakukan pengelolaan secara berkelanjutan. Data genetik merupakan salah satu informasi penting untuk menyusun rencana pengelolaannya di perairan laut Maluku Utara. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan analisis keragamana genetik ikan cakalang di perairan Maluku Utara. Sampel ikan diperoleh dari tiga lokasi, yaitu Pulau Moratai, Halamera Selatan dan Bacan, masing-masing lokasi dengan 10 sampel. Hasil penelitian diperoleh karakteristik molekuler pada ikan cakalang 546 (bp). Keragaman genetik ditemukan berkisar 0.800-1.000 dengan jumlah 28 jaringan haplotipe dari 30 sampel. Nilai keragaman genetik masuk dalam kriteria tinggi/baik, sehingga bisa dikatakan bahwa populasi ikan masih dalam kondisi stabil.
Studi keanekaragaman ikan gelodok (Famili: Gobiidae) pada muara Sungai Maro dan Kawasan Mangrove Pantai Kembapi, Merauke
Authors: Maturbongs Modesta Ranny , Elviana Siska , Sunarni Sunarni , DeFretes Dominggus 
Published: April 2021

Mudskipper is one species of fish that lives in the estuary area and they have adaptations to two different habitats. The aims of the study was determine the species composition, diversity and abundance of mudskipper species in estuary areas with different locations, namely in the estuary and mangrove areas of Kembapi Beach. Sampling was carried out at low tide, carried out by using a wire mesh tool that was designed separately and manually using hands. The results of research on both research stations were obtained 4 genera and 7 species of mudskipper namely Boleophthalmus boddarti, B. pectinirostris, Oxuderces dentatus, Periophthalmus argentilineatus, P. malaccensis, P. takita and Scartelaos histophorus. Station II in the mangrove area of Kambapi Beach has the highest relative abundance with a percentage of 63.24% obtained from the type of Boleophthalmus boddarti. On the contrary, at station I in the Maro River estuary area, the highest relative abundance was also of the type B. boddarti with a percentage of 32.95%. The range of diversity index values at station I is 0.24 - 1.41 indicating the level of moderate diversity. Station II range of the diversity index during the study ranged from 0.08 to 0.66. The average dominance value at both stations is station I at 0.56 and station II at 0.71.Ikan gelodok merupakan salah satu spesies ikan yang hidup pada daerah estuari dan memiliki adaptasi terhadap dua habitat yang berbeda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui komposisi jenis, keanekaragaman dan kelimpahan spesies ikan gelodok pada daerah estuari dengan lokasi yang berbeda yaitu pada daerah muara sungai dan kawasan mangrove Pantai Kembapi. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada saat air surut, dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat bubu dari kawat ram yang didesain tersendiri dan secara manual yakni dengan menggunakan tangan. Hasil penelitian pada kedua stasiun penelitian diperoleh sebanyak 4 genus dan 7 spesies ikan gelodok yaitu Boleophthalmus boddarti, B. pectinirostris, Oxuderces dentatus, Periophthalmus argentilineatus, P. malaccensis, P. takita dan Scartelaos histophorus. Stasiun II di kawasan mangrove Pantai Kambapi memiliki kelimpahan relatif tertinggi dengan presentase sebesar 63,24% diperoleh dari jenis Boleophthalmus boddarti. Sebaliknya pada stasiun I di daerah muara Sungai Maro, kelimpahan relative tertinggi juga dari jenis Boleophthalmus boddarti dengan presentase sebesar 32,95%. Kisaran nilai indeks keanekaragaman pada stasiun I sebesar 0,24 – 1,41 menunjukkan tingkat keanekaragaman sedang. Satasiun II kisaran indeks keanekaragaman selama penelitian antara 0,08 – 0,66. Rata-rata nilai dominansi pada kedua stasiun yaitu stasiun I sebesar 0,56 dan stasiun II sebesar 0,71.
Dual-wavelength locking technique for coherent 2-µm differential absorption lidar applications
Authors: Aoki Makoto , Iwai Hironori 
Published: April 2021

A dual-wavelength locking technique for coherent 2-µm differential absorption lidar (DIAL) applications has been developed for simultaneously measuring water vapor (

H

2

O

) and radial wind velocity profiles. The two wavelengths for DIAL measurement were stabilized by sidebands of an electro-optic modulated laser, which was locked to the

C
O

2

R30 absorption line. We selected wavelengths of 2050.550 and 2051.103 nm to minimize the effects of height-dependent temperature and pressure variations. The long-term wavelength stability of the two locked lasers of

<

0.2

p
m

, which corresponds to 14 MHz, was achieved. The DIAL instrument using the developed technique meets the requirement of measuring the

H

2

O

concentration with a systematic error

<

5

%

below an altitude of 5 km.