bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rules of origin and consumer‐hurting free trade agreements*
Authors: Mukunoki Hiroshi , Okoshi Hirofumi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis study examines how the rules of origin (RoO) of a free trade agreement (FTA) affect firms' pricing strategies. The value‐added criterion (VAC) of the RoO requires firms to add more than a certain level of value within an FTA when firms use inputs originating from outside the FTA. The VAC may work as a price floor, and the resulting increases in prices can benefit all firms if it induces an offshoring firm to manipulate its output price. Meanwhile, a consumer‐hurting FTA formation is possible, even if all firms make tariff‐free exports. Furthermore, such an FTA formation may worsen total welfare.
Evaluation of prognostic impact of pre‐treatment neutrophil to lymphocyte and lymphocyte to monocyte ratios in dogs with oral malignant melanoma treated with surgery and adjuvantCSPG4‐antigen electrovaccination: an explorative study
Authors: Camerino Mariateresa , Giacobino Davide , Iussich Selina , Ala Ugo , Riccardo Federica , Cavallo Federica , Martano Marina , Morello Emanuela , Buracco Paolo 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe role of systemic inflammation in cancer's progression has been widely investigated, especially in melanoma in humans. Pre‐treatment leukocyte counts and ratios play a recognized prognostic role in several types of malignancies, but no information is available regarding canine oral malignant melanoma (COMM). The purpose of this explorative retrospective study was to investigate the prognostic impact of pre‐treatment neutrophil to lymphocyte (NLR) and lymphocyte to monocyte (LMR) ratios in dogs with oral malignant melanoma that underwent surgical resection and immunotherapy with adjuvant CSPG4‐antigen electrovaccination. Thirty‐nine dogs with histologically confirmed oral melanoma and with available pre‐treatment haematological analyses, performed at maximum 60 days before the first treatment, were retrospectively enrolled. Statistical analysis was performed to explore possible correlations among NLR and LMR with age, clinical stage, tumour pigmentation, tumour size, nuclear atypia, mitotic index, Ki67, CSPG4 expression, ulceration, bone invasion and excision margins status. The impact of NLR and LMR on overall survival time (OST) was explored among various ratio cut off and across different time points with Kaplan‐Meier method. No significant relationship was identified between leukocytes ratios and histological parameters, CSPG4 expression, excision margin status, age, tumour size and clinical stage. NLR and LMR did not display a prognostic impact on the survival time of the entire population. Pre‐treatment leukocyte ratios may not represent a useful prognostic factor in dogs with oral melanoma, especially in absence of distant metastatic disease.
R1617Q epilepsy mutation slows NaV1.6 sodium channel inactivation and increases the persistent current and neuronal firing
Authors: Poulin Hugo , Chahine Mohamed 
Published: January 2021

Key points
A human NaV1.6 construct was established to study the biophysical consequences of the R1617Q mutation on NaV1.6 identified in patients with unclassified epileptic encephalopathy and severe intellectual disability.
The R1617Q mutation disrupts the inactivation process of the channel, and more specifically, slows the current decay, increases the persistent sodium current that was blocked by tetrodotoxin and riluzole, and disrupts the inactivation voltage‐dependence and increases the kinetics of recovery.
In native hippocampal neurons, the R1617Q mutation exhibited a significant increase in action potentials triggered in response to stimulation and a significant increase in the number of neurons that exhibited spontaneous activity compared to neurons expressing WT channels that were inhibited by riluzole.
The abnormally persistent current activity caused by the disruption of the channel inactivation process in NaV1.6/R1617Q may result in epileptic encephalopathy in patients.
AbstractThe voltage‐gated sodium channel NaV1.6 is the most abundantly expressed sodium channel isoform in the central nervous system. It plays a critical role in saltatory and continuous conduction. Although over 40 NaV1.6 mutations have been linked to epileptic encephalopathy, only a few have been functionally analysed. In the present study, we characterized a NaV1.6 mutation (R1617Q) identified in patients with epileptic encephalopathy and intellectual disability. R1617Q substitutes an arginine for a glutamine in the S4 segment of domain IV, which plays a major role in coupling the activation and inactivation of sodium channels. We used patch‐clamp to show that R1617Q is a gain‐of‐function mutation. It is typified by slower inactivation kinetics and a loss of inactivation of voltage‐dependence, which result in a 2.5‐fold increase in the window current. In addition, sodium currents exhibited an enhanced rate of recovery from inactivation, most likely due to the destabilization of the inactivation state. The alterations in the fast inactivation caused a significant increase in the persistent sodium current. Overexpression of R1617Q in rat hippocampal neurons resulted in an increase in action potential firing activity that was inhibited by riluzole, consistent with the gain‐of‐function observed. We conclude that the R1617Q mutation causes neuronal hyperexcitability and may result in epileptic encephalopathy.
The Thermal Behavior Analysis of a Human Eye Subjected to Laser Radiation Under the Non-Fourier Law of Heat Conduction
Authors: Alghamdi Najat A. , Youssef Hamdy M. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Purpose: The physiological conditions and environment have vital roles in the heat transfer in the human tissues, such as the multilayered human-eye. In this paper, a mathematical model of the human eye subjected to an exponential laser beam concerning the change in blood perfusion, porosity, evaporation rate, and ambient temperatures has been constructed based on non-Fourier heat conduction law. Methods: The human eye has been divided into six layers. Appropriate boundary and interface conditions have been considered. A separable function has been assumed, and the twelve equations have been formulated in matrix form. The solutions have been calculated by using maple 17 software. Results: The results have been shown in figures with different cases. The absolute temperature distribution based on various values of the power density of laser irradiation and relaxation times parameters have been discussed first. The effect of the blood perfusion, porosity, evaporation rate, time, and ambient temperatures have also been discussed. Conclusions: The power density of laser irradiation, blood perfusion, porosity, evaporation rate, time, and ambient temperatures significantly affects the value of the temperature passing through the human eye layers.
Design and Experimental Characterization of a Swirl-Stabilized Combustor for Low Calorific Value Gaseous Fuels
Authors: Dybe S. , Bluemner R. , Zhang K. , Schimek S. , Duwig C. , Stathopoulos P. , Paschereit C. O. , Bartlett M. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Low calorific value (LCV) gaseous fuels are generated as by-products in many commercial sectors, e.g., as mine gas or biogas. Their efficient exploitation can be a considerable source of primary energy. Typically, product gases from biomass are characterized by low lower heating values (LHVs) due to their high concentration of inert gases and steam. At the same time, their composition varies strongly based on the initial feedstock and may contain unwanted components in the form of tars and ammonia. These properties make the design of appropriate combustion systems very challenging and issues such as ignition, flame stability, emission control, and combustion efficiency must be accounted for. By employing a proprietary gas turbine burner at the TU Berlin, the combustion of an artificial LCV gas mixture at stoichiometric conditions has been successfully demonstrated for a broad range of steam content in the fuel. This work presents the stability maps and emissions measured with the swirl-stabilized burner at premixed conditions. It was shown that the flame location and shape primarily depend on the steam content of the LCV gas. The steam content in the fuel was increased until flame blow-out occurred at LHVs well below the target condition of 2.87 MJ/kg (2.7 MJ/mN3). The exhaust gas is analyzed in terms of the pollutants NOx and CO for different fuel compositions, moisture contents, and thermal powers. Finally, OH* measurements have been carried out in the flame. A simple reactor network simulation was used to confirm the feasibility of the experimental results.
Identification of Non-Transversal Motion Bifurcations of Linkages
Authors: Müller Andreas , López-Custodio P.C. , Dai J.S. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The local analysis is an established approach to the study of singularities and mobility of linkages. The key result of such analyses is a local picture of the finite motion through a configuration. This reveals the finite mobility at that point and the tangents to smooth motion curves. It does, however, not immediately allow to distinguish between motion branches that do not intersect transversally (which is a rather uncommon situation that has only recently been discussed in the literature). The mathematical framework for such a local analysis is the kinematic tangent cone. It is shown in this paper that the constructive definition of the kinematic tangent cone already involves all information necessary to distinguish different motion branches. A computational method is derived by amending the algorithmic framework reported in previous publications.
Design and Evaluation of Human–Machine Interface for NEXUS: A Custom Microassembly System
Authors: Wei Danming , Hall Mariah B. , Sherehiy Andriy , Popa Dan O. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Microassembly systems utilizing precision robotics have long been used for realizing three-dimensional microstructures such as microsystems and microrobots. Prior to assembly, microscale components are fabricated using micro-electromechanical-system (MEMS) technology. The microassembly system then directs a microgripper through a series of automated or human-controlled pick-and-place operations. In this paper, we describe a novel custom microassembly system, named NEXUS, that can be used to prototype MEMS microrobots. The NEXUS integrates multi-degrees-of-freedom (DOF) precision positioners, microscope computer vision, and microscale process tools such as a microgripper and vacuum tip. A semi-autonomous human–machine interface (HMI) was programmed to allow the operator to interact with the microassembly system. The NEXUS human–machine interface includes multiple functions, such as positioning, target detection, visual servoing, and inspection. The microassembly system's HMI was used by operators to assemble various three-dimensional microrobots such as the Solarpede, a novel light-powered stick-and-slip mobile microcrawler. Experimental results are reported in this paper to evaluate the system's semi-autonomous capabilities in terms of assembly rate and yield and compare them to purely teleoperated assembly performance. Results show that the semi-automated capabilities of the microassembly system's HMI offer a more consistent assembly rate of microrobot components and are less reliant on the operator's experience and skill.
Hydrodynamic Loads on Net Panels With Different Solidities
Authors: Føre Heidi Moe , Endresen Per Christian , Norvik Carina , Lader Pål 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Drag forces on nets represent the largest contribution to hydrodynamic loads on traditional fish farms and will have a large impact on total loads on new designs utilizing netting as containment method. Precise methods for estimation of drag loads are needed. This article gives new knowledge on hydrodynamic forces acting on aquaculture nets. It presents results from towing tests, including updated drag and lift coefficients for Raschel-knitted netting materials used in nets for aquaculture, and quantify wake effect. The results include high solidity nets and high towing velocities. It was found that drag loads were close to proportional with the netting solidity for netting solidities ranging from 0.15 to 0.32. The wake effect is quantified through the average velocity reduction factor, which is given as a linear function of solidity. Much of the previously published data are close to the data found through these tests. However, for high solidity nets, the deviation is significant. Therefore, previously published data and models may overestimate drag loads for high solidity nets.
Incompatible Boundary Conditions in Heat Equation Coupled With Air System Models
Authors: Chaquet Jose M. , Corral Roque 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Heat transfer problem is one of the main challenges in the design process of turbomachinery components for aeronautic applications. Good prediction capabilities are required to estimate metal temperatures, specially in those regions where the working fluid reaches temperatures near to the material melting point. In this context, it is common to perform multi-physics simulations involving different solvers. Special care must be taken at the interfaces between the several domains to avoid non-physical solutions. Concretely speaking, the coupling process between a thermal code (discretized heat diffusion equation solver) and a fluid network (low fidelity models representing air flows) is studied. Several non-physical boundary conditions examples are provided. The models are solved using an in-house thermal code called Saturn. The effects both in the results and in the convergence process are described. Non-physical boundary conditions provoke instabilities in the flow direction at some parts of the fluid network. A method to analyze the compatibility and convergence of the coupled problem is described and used in the examples. Also, some heuristics to achieve converge in the ill-posed models are commented.
Usage of Data Provenance Models in Collaborative Multi-Disciplinary Aero-Engine Design
Authors: Reitenbach S. , Vieweg M. , Hollmann C. , Becker R.-G. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The collaborative multi-disciplinary design of aircraft engines is a complex and highly iterative process. An essential characteristic of this design process is the involvement of a large number of experts from different disciplines, as well as the usage of numerous tools and workflows. Large amounts of data are produced and need to be exchanged via a multitude of interfaces. Furthermore, the data undergoes various transformations in the course of the design process. Understanding where a certain piece of data originates from and how it is connected to other datasets becomes therefore progressively essential. The purpose of this paper is to present a methodology to apply data provenance models in collaborative multi-disciplinary aero-engine design, supported by an approach for data standardization and identification. Besides the methodology, the software implementation to support this approach is presented in detail, including automated capturing and storage of provenance data, as well as methods for data investigation. In addition the presented methodology is evaluated by means of practical examples from the field of preliminary aero-engine design.
Obtaining Influence Coefficients in Different Formats With Reduced Number of Trial Runs on Two-Plane Balancing
Authors: Yu John J. , Péton Nicolas 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Previously conversion equations of influence coefficients between multi-plane and static(in-phase)-couple(180 degrees out-of-phase) methods have been established. Sometimes one may have influence coefficients due to weight from one end only, but not both ends, plus those due to static or couple pair weight only but not both pairs. It has been found now that obtaining or knowing half of influence coefficients in the first method, plus half of those in the second method, can yield the other half of influence coefficients in both methods. In the other words, all influence coefficients in different formats can be obtained without a further trial run once one has half of influence coefficients in both methods. The above findings and conversion equations have been obtained analytically and verified by experimental results. A real application example is presented to demonstrate its efficiency in dealing with balancing tasks. The corresponding spreadsheets that can easily convert influence coefficients between different formats have been developed and used in real cases. Up to this point, all possible conversion equations of influence coefficients in different formats have been successfully discovered.
Heat Transfer and Flow Visualization of Equilaterally Staggered Jet Arrangement on a Flat Surface
Authors: Singh Alankrita , Prasad B. V. S. S. S. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The present study discusses two equilaterally staggered jet arrangements for uniform cooling of flat surface. The equilateral staggered arrangement consists of a circular jet surrounded by four neighboring chamfered jets at an angle of 45° called as chamfered configuration. An equilateral staggered jet arrangement consisting only of circular jets is considered as the non-chamfered configuration. Large-eddy simulations and Mie-scattering imaging techniques are discussed for heat transfer and flow visualization of equilateral staggered jet configurations. Formation of number of eddies characterizes the flow feature. The turbulence quantities of the jet configurations determine the amount of heat transfer. The eddies are formed due to recirculation which later breaks into smaller parts by the incoming jet fluid. The flow features basically constitute of jet to jet interaction, jet interference and upwash flow. It is also noticed that every jet cools an independent area. However with the inclusion of chamfered jets the region of highest heat transfer shifts away from the jet centerline. This happens because of change in direction of flow of jet due to chamfering. The heat transfer results are discussed in terms of Nusselt number and temperature contours. A maximum variation of 22.8% in average Nusselt number is obtained between both the configurations while varying the gap ratios between 3 to 7. An increase of jet-to-jet spacing ratio from 2 to 7 shows improvement in heat transfer by 15.1% and 13.2% for non-chamfered and chamfered configurations respectively.
Data Driven Fault Detection of Premixer Centerbody Degradation in a Swirl Combustor
Authors: Kumar Raghul Manosh , Peters Benjamin , Emerson Benjamin , Paynabar Kamran , Gebraeel Nagi , Lieuwen Timothy 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This paper introduces a data-driven framework for combustor-focused, performance-based condition monitoring of gas turbines. Commercial condition monitoring systems typically generate huge amounts of data that make efficient onboard monitoring challenging. This paper focuses on quantifying combustor component degradation, using premixer centerbody degradation in a swirl stabilized combustor as a case study. The input for these analyses is acoustic pressure measurements acquired at various locations on the combustor. The diagnosis methodology is based on a classification framework and consists of 3 steps: 1) Data curation, 2) Feature Engineering, and 3) Diagnosis. Data curation ensures good quality of the data that is passed through the algorithm. Feature engineering deals with the extraction of the most informative features, from the most informative sensors, that can accurately capture the introduced fault. To perform diagnosis, the classification model is trained using experimentally acquired data and is then tested on a separate data set. The framework was able to achieve high classification accuracy (&gt;99%) for training size as low as 30% of the total recorded observations. The low number of features required to achieve this accuracy suggests high potential for integration into existing onboard condition monitoring systems.
The Formation of High Temperature Minerals From an Evaporite-Rich Dust in Gas Turbine Engine Ingestion Tests
Authors: Elms Jacob , Pawley Alison , Bojdo Nicholas , Jones Merren , Clarkson Rory 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The ingestion of multi-mineral dusts by gas turbine engines during routine operations is a significant problem for engine manufacturers because of the damage caused to engine components and their protective thermal barrier coatings. A complete understanding of the reactions forming these deposits is limited by a lack of knowledge of compositions of ingested dusts and unknown engine conditions. Test bed engines can be dosed with dusts of known composition under controlled operating conditions, but past engine tests have used standardised test dusts that do not resemble the composition of the background dust in the operating regions. A new evaporiterich test dust was developed and used in a full engine ingestion test, designed to simulate operation in regions with evaporiterich geology, such as Doha or Dubai. Analysis of the engine deposits showed that mineral fractionation was present in the cooler, upstream sections of the engine. In the hotter, downstream sections, deposits contained new, high temperature phases formed by reaction of minerals in the test dust. The mineral assemblages in these deposits are similar to those found from previous analysis of service returns. Segregation of anhydrite from other high temperature phases in a deposit sample taken from a High Pressure Turbine blade suggests a relationship between temperature and sulfur content. This study highlights the potential for manipulating deposit chemistry to mitigate the damage caused in the downstream sections of gas turbine engines. The results of this study also suggest that the concentration of ingested dust in the inlet air may not be a significant contributing factor to deposit chemistry.
Zonal Detached Eddy Simulation of the Fan-OGV Stage of a Modern Turbofan Engine
Authors: François Benjamin , Barrier Raphaël , Polacsek Cyril 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The present article deals with the Zonal Detached Eddy Simulation of the fan module of a modern turbofan engine. The fan module, tested at the AneCom facility, is equipped with rotating fan blades and stationary outlet guide vanes (OGV). The simulation was performed to capture the interaction of the turbulent fan wakes with the OGV walls. The final goal of this simulation is the prediction of the associated broadband noise, not adressed here. In this paper, only the aerodynamic aspects are treated. The simulation relies on a hybrid RANS/LES approach with a zonal strategy: the core airflow is treated in RANS while the bypass airflow is solved with the hybrid approach. Mesh criteria meeting both RANS/LES and acoustic requirements were fulfilled, leading to a mesh of 380 million cells. The simulation was performed during five revolutions and statistical convergence was reached. Inspections of the flow-fields highlight a consistent behaviour of the shielding function (border between RANS and LES solving areas) around the blade walls, at the trailing-edge and in the tip gap flow areas. Comparisons with performance and hot-wire measurements are also presented. Aerodynamic performance and radial evolution of averaged velocities on a plane in-between the fan and the OGV are well retrieved, both in shape and levels. For the turbulent quantities, the shape of the radial profiles are close to the measurements, with much better accuracy in the upper region compared to the RANS solution.