bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Γ‐robust linear complementarity problems with ellipsoidal uncertainty sets
Authors: Krebs Vanessa , Müller Michael , Schmidt Martin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe study uncertain linear complementarity problems (LCPs), that is, problems in which the LCP vector q or the LCP matrix M may contain uncertain parameters. To this end, we use the concept of Γ‐robust optimization applied to the gap function formulation of the LCP. Thus, this work builds upon Krebs and Schmidt (2020). There, we studied Γ‐robustified LCPs for ℓ1‐ and box‐uncertainty sets, whereas we now focus on ellipsoidal uncertainty sets. For uncertainty in q or M, we derive conditions for the tractability of the robust counterparts. For these counterparts, we also give conditions for the existence and uniqueness of their solutions. Finally, a case study for the uncertain traffic equilibrium problem is considered, which illustrates the effects of the values of Γ on the feasibility and quality of the respective robustified solutions.
“Second line medications” for supraventricular arrhythmias in children: In‐hospital efficacy and adverse events during treatment initiation of sotalol and flecainide
Authors: Kahr Peter C. , Moffett Brady S. , Miyake Christina Y. , Kim Jeffrey J. , Valdes Santiago O. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIntroductionSotalol and flecainide are used as second line agents in children for the treatment of supraventricular arrhythmias (SA) refractory to anti‐beta adrenergic antiarrhythmics or digoxin. Efficacy and adverse events in this cohort have not been well described. Here, we report our institutional experience of second line treatment initiation for SA in children.Methods and ResultsUtilizing an institutional database, 247 patients initiated on sotalol and 81 patients initiated on flecainide were identified. Congenital heart disease (CHD) was present in 40% of patients. Arrhythmia‐free discharge on single or dual agent therapy (in combination with other antiarrhythmics) was 87% for sotalol and 91% for flecainide. Neither age, sex, dosing, presence of CHD nor arrhythmia subtype were associated with alterations in in‐hospital efficacy. Compared to baseline, QTc intervals in sotalol patients (436 [416–452 ms] vs. 415 [400–431 ms], p < .01) and QRS intervals in flecainide patients (75 [68–88 ms] vs. 62 [56–71 ms], p < .01) were prolonged. Dose reduction or discontinuation due to QRS prolongation occurred in 9% of patients on flecainide. QTc prolongation resulting in dose reduction/discontinuation of sotalol was encountered in 9 patients (4%) and death with documented torsade de pointes in 2 patients (1%), with 9 of 11 patients having underlying CHD.ConclusionIn children requiring second line agents for treatment of SA, both sotalol and flecainide appear to be highly efficacious. Although predominantly safe in otherwise healthy patients, electrocardiogram changes can occur and children with underlying cardiac disease may have an increased risk of adverse events and rhythm‐related side effects during initiation.
Gender associated disparities in atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia: A review article
Authors: Etaee Farshid , Elayi Claude S. , Catanzarro John , Delisle Brian , Ogunbayo Gbolahan , Di Biase Luigi , Natale Andrea , Darrat Yousef 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAtrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is the most common sustained supraventricular arrhythmias. An understanding of gender‐related differences in AVNRT epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, outcome, and complications can help guide a more effective diagnosis and treatment of the condition. The study aimed to perform a review of the available literature regarding all aspects of gender‐related differences of AVNRT. We focused on all aspects of gender‐related differences regarding AVNRT between men and women. A literature search was performed using Google Scholar, PubMed, Springer, Ovid, and Science Direct. Many investigations have demonstrated that the prevalence of AVNRT exhibited a twofold women‐to‐men predominance. The potential mechanism behind this difference due to sex hormones and autonomic tone. Despite being more common in women, there is a delay in offering and performing the first‐line therapy (catheter ablation) compared to men. There were no significant gender‐related discrepancies in patients who underwent ablation therapy for AVNRT, regarding the acute success rate of the procedure, long‐term success rate, and recurrence of AVNRT. AVNRT is more common in women due to physiological factors such as sex hormones and autonomic tone. Catheter ablation is equally safe and efficacious in men and women; however, the time between the onset of symptoms and ablation is significantly prolonged in women. It is important for the medical community to be aware of this discrepancy and to strive to eliminate such disparities that are not related to patients' choices.
Allopatric differentiation in the Enteromius anoplus complex in South Africa, with the revalidation of Enteromius cernuus and Enteromius oraniensis, and description of a new species, Enteromius mandelai (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)
Authors: Kambikambi Manda J. , Kadye Wilbert T. , Chakona Albert 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe chubbyhead barb, Enteromius anoplus, as currently described, is the most widely distributed freshwater fish in South Africa. The species occurs in almost all the major river systems across the country, with the exception of the small coastal drainages on the south coast. The use of a comprehensive data set of mitochondrial (mtDNA) cytochrome b (cyt b) sequences uncovered the presence of four distinct lineages or operational taxonomic units (OTUs) within E. anoplus: (a) the Gouritz lineage endemic to the Gouritz River system, (b) the Olifants lineage endemic to the Olifants‐Doring River system, (c) the Orange lineage endemic to the Orange River system and (d) the Eastern Cape lineage which is distributed across six river systems from the Great Fish to the Buffalo rivers in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The present study provides a new diagnosis for E. anoplus s.s. (the Gouritz lineage), revalidates Enteromius cernuus (the Olifants lineage) and Enteromius oraniensis (the Orange lineage) as distinct species. The study also provides a description for a new species, Enteromius mandelai sp. nov (the Eastern Cape lineage). E. cernuus and E. mandelai differ from both E. anoplus and E. oraniensis by having a complete lateral line (vs. an incomplete lateral line in the latter species). E. cernuus further differs from the other three species by having long maxillary barbels which reach or exceed the vertical through the middle of the eye and the lowest number of circumpendicular scales (10–12 vs. 12–16 for the other three species). E. oraniensis is distinctive from the other three species by having inconspicuous barbels. These findings add to the growing body of literature that shows that the freshwater fishes of the Cape Fold and adjacent freshwater ecoregions have narrow geographic ranges. This has ramifications for conservation planning and management, as well as the understanding of the evolutionary history of the stream fishes in these global endemic hotspots.
ADVANCE: Methodology of a qualitative study
Authors: Lopez Ruth Palan , McCarthy Ellen P. , Mazor Kathleen M. , Hendricksen Meghan , McLennon Susan , Johnson Kimberly S. , Mitchell Susan L. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesQuantitative studies have documented persistent regional, facility, and racial differences in the intensity of care provided to nursing home (NH) residents with advanced dementia including, greater intensity in the Southeastern United States, among black residents, and wide variation among NHs in the same hospital referral region (HRR). The reasons for these differences are poorly understood, and the appropriate way to study them is poorly described.DesignAssessment of Disparities and Variation for Alzheimer's disease Nursing home Care at End of life (ADVANCE) is a large qualitative study to elucidate factors related to NH organizational culture and proxy perspectives contributing to differences in the intensity of advanced dementia care. Using nationwide 2016–2017 Minimum DataSet information, four HRRs were identified in which the relative intensity of advanced dementia care was high (N = 2 HRRs) and low (N = 2 HRRs) based on hospital transfer and tube‐feeding rates among residents with this condition. Within those HRRs, we identified facilities providing high (N = 2 NHs) and low (N = 2 NHs) intensity care relative to all NHs in that HRR (N = 16 total facilities; 4 facilities/HRR).Results/ConclusionsTo date, the research team conducted 275 h of observation in 13 NHs and interviewed 158 NH providers from varied disciplines to assess physical environment, care processes, decision‐making processes, and values. We interviewed 44 proxies (black, N = 19; white, N = 25) about their perceptions of advance care planning, decision‐making, values, communication, support, trust, literacy, beliefs about death, and spirituality. This report describes ADVANCE study design and the facilitators and challenges of its implementation, providing a template for the successful application of large qualitative studies focused on quality care in NHs.
Beliefs: A challenge in neuropsychological disorders
Authors: Seitz Rüdiger J. 
Published: May 2021

IntroductionBeliefs have recently been defined as the neural product of perception of objects and events in the external world and of an affirmative internal affective state reflecting personal meaning. It is, however, undetermined in which way diseases of the brain affect these integrative processes.MethodsHere, the formation and updating of abnormal beliefs in cerebral disorders are described.ResultsIt will be shown that well‐defined neuropsychological syndromes resulting from brain lesions also interfere with the neural processes that enable the formation, up‐dating and communication of beliefs. Similarly, in neuropsychiatric disorders abnormal and delusional beliefs appear to be caused by altered perception and/or misattribution of aversive meaning.ConclusionGiven the importance of beliefs for ordinary social behaviour, abnormal beliefs are a challenge in neuropsychological disorders.
Does Religious Group Population Share Affect the Religiosity of the Next Generation?
Authors: Mikoski Charissa , Olson Daniel V. A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAre teens more religious when (consistent with “religious monopoly” arguments) they live in an area where many people share their parents’ religious identity? Or are teens more religious when (as religious economies models suggest) they live in areas where their parent's religious identity has a smaller population share (or “market share”)? We examine these questions using Wave 1 of the National Study of Youth and Religion combined with county‐level variables from the 2000 Religious Congregations and Membership Study and the 2000 U.S. Census. Parental religiosity has a huge effect on teen's religiosity, so much so that when parents are very religious, the religious context of the surrounding county does not matter. However, when parents are not very religious, results are consistent with the religious monopolies model but not the religious economies model. The percent of the county in the parents’ religious tradition tends to boost teen's religiosity.
Immigration, diversity and institutions
Authors: Roupakias Stelios , Dimou Spiridoula 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper examines the relationship between immigration and host countries' institutional quality, using international migration data for a sample of 130 countries over the 1990–2015 period. We employ two composite metrics of political institutions, encompassing multiple dimensions of governance. To reduce endogeneity concerns, related to immigrant settlement patterns, we employ pseudo‐gravity‐based instruments in a 2SLS setting. Overall, our findings withstand several robustness checks and suggest that immigration has a negative and statistically significant impact on the level of institutional development of the countries analyzed in this study. However, there is substantial heterogeneity, since the impact of migrants appears to be somewhat stronger in less developed host countries. Interestingly, these findings are entirely driven by migrants stemming from countries displaying low institutional development.
U.S. government deception in the Luis Posada scandal: Information manipulation theory
Authors: Matusitz Jonathan , Simi Demi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article examines the role of U.S. government deception in the handling of the anti‐Castro terrorist Luis Posada. The Luis Posada scandal involved more than just the terrorist; it also involved the questionable collaboration of several U.S. presidents, government officials, and agencies with entities in Cuban‐exile communities. The theoretical framework used in this analysis is information manipulation theory, which postulates that information is packaged through manipulative messages; it is transmitted from a sender who gives false information to a receiver, the audience. An important conclusion of this analysis is that U.S. federal employees propagated lies and deception for political gain. They also contributed to deceiving the U.S. audience by breaking the oath that no anti‐Castro terrorists such as Luis Posada would be harbored or protected.
Speciation and secondary contact in a fossorial island endemic, the São Tomé caecilian
Authors: O’Connell Kyle A. , Prates Ivan , Scheinberg Lauren A. , Mulder Kevin P. , Bell Rayna C. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA period of isolation in allopatry typically precedes local adaptation and subsequent divergence among lineages. Alternatively, locally adapted phenotypes may arise and persist in the face of gene flow, resulting in strong correlations between ecologically‐relevant phenotypic variation and corresponding environmental gradients. Quantifying genetic, ecological, and phenotypic divergence in such lineages can provide insights into the abiotic and biotic mechanisms that structure populations and drive the accumulation of phenotypic and taxonomic diversity. Low‐vagility organisms whose distributions span ephemeral geographic barriers present the ideal evolutionary context within which to address these questions. Here, we combine genetic (mtDNA and genome‐wide SNPs) and phenotypic data to investigate the divergence history of caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) endemic to the oceanic island of São Tomé in the Gulf of Guinea archipelago. Consistent with a previous mtDNA study, we find two phenotypically and genetically distinct lineages that occur along a north‐to‐south axis with extensive admixture in the centre of the island. Demographic modelling supports divergence in allopatry (~300 kya) followed by secondary contact (~95 kya). Consequently, in contrast to a morphological study that interpreted latitudinal phenotypic variation in these caecilians as a cline within a single widespread species, our analyses suggest a history of allopatric lineage divergence and subsequent hybridization that may have blurred species boundaries. We propose that late Pleistocene volcanic activity favoured allopatric divergence between these lineages with local adaptation to climate maintaining a stable hybrid zone in the centre of São Tomé Island. Our study joins a growing number of systems demonstrating lineage divergence on volcanic islands with stark environmental transitions across small geographic distances.
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) infiltrate haematoma and surrounding brain tissue after intracerebral haemorrhage: A post‐mortem study
Authors: Puy Laurent , Corseaux Delphine , Perbet Romain , Deramecourt Vincent , Cordonnier Charlotte , Bérézowski Vincent 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimsBecause of their prothrombotic and neuroinflammatory effects, neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) represent interesting therapeutic targets for spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (sICH). We investigated the presence, spatial and temporal distribution of NETs in a human sICH post‐mortem study.MethodsFrom 2005 to 2019, all sICH patients who came to autopsy within the first month after stroke were included and grouped according to the timing of death: 72 h, 4–7 days, 8–15 days and >15 days after ICH onset. Paraffin‐embedded tissue was extracted from four strategic areas: haematoma, peri‐haematomal area, ipsilateral surrounding brain tissue and a control contralateral area. Myeloperoxidase and histone H3 citrulline were immunolabelled to detect neutrophils and NETs respectively.ResultsNeutrophils were present in the brains of the 14 cases (4 men, median age: 78 years) and NETs were found in 7/14 cases. Both neutrophils and NETs were detected within the haematoma but also in the surrounding tissue. The appearance of neutrophils and NETs was time‐dependent, following a two‐wave pattern: during the first 72 h and between 8 and 15 days after ICH onset. Qualitative examination showed that neutrophils and NETs were mainly located around dense fibrin fibres within the haematoma.ConclusionsThese observations provide evidence for NETs infiltration in the brain of patients who die from sICH. NETs might interact with early haemostasis within the haematoma core, and with the surrounding neuroinflammatory response. These findings open research perspectives for NETs in the treatment of sICH injuries.
Specific patterns of executive functioning weaknesses among children after heart transplant
Authors: Jassal Yasmine R. , Christofferson Elizabeth S. , Everitt Melanie D. , Wolfe Kelly R. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundChildren with a history of heart transplant (HT) are at risk of executive functioning weaknesses secondary to heart disease and associated morbidity. However, specific executive functioning weaknesses have not been identified.MethodThe present study, anchored in Anderson's (2002) Developmental Model of Executive Functioning, provides a detailed, retrospective analysis of executive functioning in the areas of goal setting, cognitive flexibility, attentional control, and information processing for a clinically referred sample of 53 pediatric HT recipients who underwent neuropsychological evaluations as part of typical clinical care.ResultsBroadly, the sample demonstrated mild‐to‐moderate deficits across cognitive, adaptive behavior, executive functioning, and academic domains, as well as elevated parent‐reported concerns for depression and anxiety. Executive functioning weaknesses, while global, persisted after controlling for the effects of depression and anxiety and were most prominent in cognitive flexibility. In addition, poor cognitive flexibility predicted lower adaptive behavior, IQ, and academic outcomes among this population, placing them at considerable risk of extensive impairment in several domains of their lives.ConclusionsTaken together, children with a history of HT demonstrated broad difficulties across several areas of functioning, with particular concerns for working memory. As such, interventions and accommodations specifically targeting working memory may help provide the most optimal outcomes for this population.
On analyticity of scattered fields in layered structures with interfacial graphene
Authors: Nicholls David P. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTwo‐dimensional materials such as graphene have become crucial components of most state‐of‐the‐art plasmonic devices. The possibility of not only generating plasmons in the terahertz regime, but also tuning them in real time via chemical doping or electrical gating make them compelling materials for engineers seeking to build accurate sensors. Thus, the faithful modeling of the propagation of linear waves in a layered, periodic structure with such materials at the interfaces is of paramount importance in many branches of the applied sciences. In this paper, we present a novel formulation of the problem featuring surface currents to model the two‐dimensional materials which not only is free of the artificial singularities present in related approaches, but also can be used to deliver a proof of existence, uniqueness, and analytic dependence of solutions. We advocate for a surface integral formulation which is phrased in terms of well‐chosen Impedance–Impedance Operators that are immune to the Dirichlet eigenvalues which plague the Dirichlet–Neumann Operators that appear in classical formulations. With a High‐Order Perturbation of Surfaces approach we are able to give a straightforward demonstration of this new well‐posedness result which only requires the verification that a finite collection of explicitly stated transcendental expressions be nonzero. We further illustrate the utility of this formulation by displaying results of a High‐Order Spectral numerical implementation which is flexible, rapid, and robust.
The paradox of teaching wellness: Lessons from a national obstetrics and gynaecology resident curriculum
Authors: Winkel Abigail Ford , Fitzmaurice Laura E. , Jhaveri Stacie A. , Tristan Sigrid B. , Woodland Mark B. , Morgan Helen Kang 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn response to high rates of burnout among trainees, educators in obstetrics and gynaecology introduced a six‐session wellness curriculum that improved professional fulfilment and resident burnout in participants with greater attendance. The implementation of the curriculum varied based on local variables and contextual factors.ObjectiveTo analyse the reactions of participants and curriculum leaders across the diverse settings of the pilot experience in order to identify the best practices for implementation of a wellness curriculum.MethodsTwenty‐five US OBGYN residency programmes completed the curriculum in the 2017–2018 academic year. OBGYN residents in all the years of training participated. Faculty members and fellows were workshop facilitators and course leaders. All participants completed post‐intervention surveys. A qualitative, descriptive thematic analysis explored free‐text responses from residents and workshop facilitators.ResultsAmong 592 eligible resident participants, 387 (65%) responded to the post‐intervention survey. Workshop facilitators submitted 65 surveys (47% response) on curriculum elements, rating the activities as ‘good’ or ‘excellent’ in 90.8% of cases. Qualitative analysis of workshop facilitators’ and resident comments pointed to three themes, namely disagreement about the purpose of the curriculum, the social value of the curriculum in the residency programme and the need to open a broader discussion and take action to address structural barriers to wellness.ConclusionsResidents and faculty members involved in a wellness curriculum pilot had polarised reactions. While participants found value in learning skills and connecting to colleagues, efforts to promote wellness skills should be accompanied by communication and action to address drivers of burnout.