bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Failure of Hybrid Organizations: A Legitimation Perspective
Authors: Siwale Juliana , Kimmitt Jonathan , Amankwah-Amoah Joseph 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTOrganizational hybridity refers to the combination of multiple institutional logics and identities that, within an organizational setting, do not conventionally complement one another. In such conditions, organizations must develop strategies to combine logics and sustain their hybrid forms. Success, however, is not inevitable. In this article, we take a legitimacy-as-process perspective to focus on a failed Microfinance Organization (MFO) in the African context of Zambia. MFOs represent a fascinating context because of their hybrid nature and need to balance several competing institutional demands. We utilise field interviews to analyse the process through which MFOs fail, analysing actor legitimation responses to emerging hybridity demands. We identify three phases associated with these changes: 1) dependent coupling, (2) misaligning legitimation, and (3) circumnavigating over conformity. Our findings emphasise that legitimation efforts in a failed hybrid are not simply the reverse of those that succeed. We observe adaptive processes consistent with successful hybrids but that ultimately sow the seeds of eventual failure. This demonstrates the need to re-think the role of legitimation strategies in hybrids alongside their potential deleterious consequences.
Modulation of the relationship between summer temperatures in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and Arctic over the past millennium by external forcings
Authors: Shi Feng , Duan Anmin , Yin Qiuzhen , Bruun John T , Xiao Cunde , Guo Zhengtang 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and Arctic both have an important influence on global climate, but the correlation between climate variations in these two regions remains unclear. Here we reconstructed and compared the summer temperature anomalies over the past 1,120 yr (900–2019 CE) in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and Arctic. The temperature correlation during the past millennium in these two regions has a distinct centennial variation caused by volcanic eruptions. Furthermore, the abrupt weak-to-strong transition in the temperature correlation during the sixteenth century could be analogous to this type of transition during the Modern Warm Period. The former was forced by volcanic eruptions, while the latter was controlled by changes in greenhouse gases. This implies that anthropogenic, as opposed to natural, forcing has acted to amplify the teleconnection between the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and Arctic during the Modern Warm Period.
Lack of congruence between terrestrial and epiphytic lichen strata in boreal forests
Authors: Smith Robert J. , Jovan Sarah , Will-Wolf Susan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractLichens occupy diverse substrates across tremendous ranges of environmental variation. In boreal forests, lichen communities co-occur in ‘strata’ defined by terrestrial or arboreal substrates, but these strata may or may not be interchangeable as bioindicators. Do co-occurring lichen strata have similar community structures and environmental responses? Could one stratum serve as a proxy for the other? We assessed variation in species richness and community compositions between ground-layer versus epiphyte-layer lichen strata in boreal forests and peatlands of interior Alaska. Species richness was lower and more spatially structured in the ground layer than the epiphyte layer. Richness of strata was not correlated. The most compositionally unique ground-layer communities were species-poor but contained regionally rare species not common in other plots. Variation in community compositions (ordination scores) were not congruent between strata (Procrustes congruence < 0.16 on 0–1 scale); the largest departures from congruence occurred where ground layers were species-poor. The best predictors of ground-layer community compositions were hydrological and topographic, whereas epiphytes were most associated with macroclimate and tree abundances. We conclude that lichens on different substrates ‘move in different circles’: compositional gradients did not agree and the environmental gradients most important to each lichen stratum were not the same. The conditions which strongly influence one vegetation stratum may have little bearing upon another. As global changes modify habitats, an incremental change in environment may lead community trajectories to diverge among lichen strata.
Sufficiency and the Minimally Good Life
Authors: Hassoun Nicole 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWhat, if anything, do we owe others as a basic minimum? Sufficiency theorists claim that we must provide everyone with enough – but, to date, few well-worked-out accounts of the sufficiency threshold exist, so it is difficult to evaluate this proposition. Previous theories do not provide plausible, independent accounts of resources, capabilities, or welfare that might play the requisite role. Moreover, I believe existing accounts do not provide nearly enough guidance for policymakers. So, this article sketches a mechanism for arriving at an account of the minimally good life that can help locate the sufficiency threshold.
Compact dual and triple band antennas for 5G-IOT applications
Authors: Ruchi  , Patnaik Amalendu , Kartikeyan M. V. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDesigning miniaturized multiband antennas to cover both the 5G new radio frequencies (FR1 and FR2) simultaneously is a challenge for wireless communication researchers. This paper presents two antenna designs : a dual-band printed antenna of size 18 × 16 × 0.285 mm3 operating at FR1–5.8 GHz and FR2–28 GHz and a triple-band printed antenna with dimensions 30 × 25 × 0.543 mm3 operating at FR1–3.5 GHz and 5.8 GHz (sub-6 GHz microwave frequency bands) and FR2–28 GHz (mm-wave frequency band). The final projected triple-band antenna has a compact size with an impedance bandwidth of 12.71%, 11.32%, and 18.3% at 3.5 GHz, 5.8 GHz, and 28 GHz, respectively with the corresponding gain of 1.86 dB, 2.55 dB, and 4.41 dB. The measured radiation characteristics of the fabricated prototypes show that the proposed designs are suitable for trendy 5G-RFID and mobile Internet of things (IoT) applications.
Spectral Induced Polarization Characterization of Non‐Consolidated Clays for Varying Salinities—An Experimental Study
Authors: Mendieta Aida , Jougnot Damien , Leroy Philippe , Maineult Alexis 
Published: March 2021

AbstractClay material characterization is of importance for many geo‐engineering and environmental applications, and geo‐electrical methods are often used to detect them in the subsurface. Spectral induced polarization (SIP) is a geo‐electric method that nonintrusively measures the frequency‐dependent complex electrical conductivity of a material, in the mHz to the kHz range. We present a new SIP data set of four different types of clay (a red montmorillonite sample, a green montmorillonite sample, a kaolinite sample, and an illite sample) at five different salinities (initially de‐ionized water, 10−3, 10−2, 10−1, and 1 mol/L of NaCl). We propose a new laboratory protocol that allows the repeatable characterization of clay samples. The complex conductivity spectra are interpreted with the widely used phenomenological double‐Pelton model. We observe an increase of the real part of the conductivity with salinity for all types of clay, while the imaginary part presents a nonmonotonous behavior. The decrease of polarization over conduction with salinity is interpreted as evidence that conduction increases with salinity faster than polarization. We test the empirical petrophysical relationship between and and validate this approach based on our experimental data and two other datasets from the literature. With this data set we can better understand the frequency‐dependent electrical response of different types of clay. This unique data set of complex conductivity spectra for different types of clay samples is a step forward toward better characterization of clay formations in situ.
Quantification of Gravitational Mass Wasting and Controls on Submarine Scarp Morphology Along the Roseau Fault, Lesser Antilles
Authors: Hughes Alex , Escartín Javier , Olive Jean‐Arthur , Billant Jeremy , Deplus Christine , Feuillet Nathalie , Leclerc Frédérique , Malatesta Luca 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDue to challenges involved in mapping the seafloor at high‐resolution (e.g., <2 m), data are lacking to understand processes that control the evolution of submarine normal fault scarps, which cover large parts of the global seafloor. Here, we use data from autonomous deep‐sea vehicles to quantify local erosion and deposition associated with a pronounced tectonic surface scarp formed by slip on the submarine Roseau normal fault (Lesser Antilles). We use high‐resolution video imagery, photomosaics, and high‐resolution bathymetric data (0.1–10 m/pixel) to identify active erosional features on the scarp including channels, steep gullies, small scarps, and debris cones. We compare volumes of erosion and deposition and find that under certain depositional conditions, debris cones effectively record the erosion signal of mass wasting from the footwall with a ratio of hanging wall deposition to footwall erosion of 0.80. We use eroded volumes to estimate earthquake‐induced landslide erosion rates for the Roseau fault of 14–46 m Myr−1. Assuming mass wasting of the Roseau fault scarp is mostly coseismic, the erosion rates for the Roseau fault imply that submarine earthquake induced mass‐wasting can occur at similar rates to various terrestrial lithological and tectonic settings. We present a process‐based model of submarine scarp degradation via retrogressive erosion in basement lithology where scarps have a gravitational stability threshold height of 20–40 m and a long‐term average slope of 30°–40°. More generally, the results presented here may be applicable to develop models of submarine landscape evolution based on degradation of normal fault scarps on the seafloor.
Exploring Viscosity Space in an Eddy‐Permitting Global Ocean Model: Is Viscosity a Useful Control for Numerical Mixing?
Authors: Megann Alex , Storkey David 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA generic shortcoming of constant‐depth (or “z‐coordinate”) ocean models such as MOM5 and Nucleus for European Models of the Ocean (NEMO) is a tendency for the advection scheme to produce unphysical numerical diapycnal mixing, which may exceed the explicitly parameterized mixing based on observed physical processes. Megann (2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2017.11.001) estimated the effective diapycnal diffusivity in the Global Ocean Version 5.0 (GO5.0) 0.25° global implementation of the NEMO model and showed that this was up to 10 times the explicit diffusivity used in the model's mixing scheme and argued that this was at least partly caused by large transient vertical velocities on length scales comparable to the horizontal grid scale. The current UK global NEMO configuration GO6, as used in the Global Coupled Model version 3.1 (GC3.1) and UK Earth System Model (UKESM1), is integrated in forced mode at 0.25° resolution with a range of viscosity parameterizations. In the present study, the effective diffusivity is evaluated for each integration and compared with the explicit value from the model mixing scheme, as well as with that in the control (using the default viscosity). It is shown that there is a strong correspondence between lower viscosity and enhanced numerical mixing and that larger viscosities lead to a marked reduction in the unrealistic internal temperature drift seen in the control configuration, without incurring excessive damping of the large‐scale circulation, mixed layer depths, or sea ice cover. The results presented here will inform the choices made in global ocean configurations used in climate and Earth System models following the sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6).
Modeling Center‐of‐Mass of the Ionosphere From the Slab‐Thickness
Authors: Gulyaeva T. L. , Nava B. , Stanislawska I. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe present study explores the center‐of‐mass (Hc) of the ionosphere as the effective ionospheric varying shell height (VSH). We presents global ionospheric maps GIM‐Hc produced with IRI‐Plas model by assimilating the instant GIM‐TEC maps provided by JPL from 1994 to present which allows obtaining global maps of the F2 layer critical frequency, GIM‐foF2 (or NmF2) and peak height, GIM‐hmF2. Ratio TEC/NmF2 represents the slab‐thickness model of the ionosphere, GIM‐τ, fitted to foF2, hmF2 peak at each cell of a map. The slab‐thickness τ is for the first time tied to hmF2 peak height with its components τbot below hmF2 and topside τtop. Equations for evaluating Hc with IRI‐Plas and NeQuick models are derived from Ne(h) profile complemented with the total electron content—height profile TEC(h) from the bottom boundary of the ionosphere (65–80 km over the Earth) to varying altitude h up to 20,200 km (GPS orbit). The position of Hc depends on the altitude range selected at the ionosphere and plasmasphere. We determine Hc from Ne(h) and TEC(h) profile within the borders of τ from the bottom side (hmF2 − τbot) to topside (hmF2 + τtop). Regression linear model of Hc variation with hmF2 is derived which allows estimate of Hc from the F2 layer peak height hmF2. Statistical characteristics of GIM‐Hc maps can serve for validation and updating the effective shell height with Hc parameter varying over the globe for improved vertical TEC evaluation from the slant TEC observations.
Trend Detection in the Presence of Positive and Negative Serial Correlation: A Comparison of Block Maxima and Peaks‐Over‐threshold Data
Authors: O’Brien N. L. , Burn D. H. , Annable W. K. , Thompson P. J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSerial correlation in a hydrometeorological time series can have deleterious effects on trend detection tests. To account for significant autocorrelation detected in datasets, various techniques have been developed over time, each having their own assumptions and accuracy. Furthermore, the existence of positive or negative serial correlation has dissimilar effects on these statistical techniques. This research compares the power and Type I error rates of various well‐known and several newer techniques to account for positive and negative serial correlation in combination with the Mann‐Kendall nonparametric trend test. The study additionally explores the application of these techniques in the presence of higher order dependence structures. Through a case study of southern Ontario watersheds, it is determined that the block maxima series (BMS) data are more likely to have significant negative lag‐1 serial correlation. Peaks‐over‐threshold (POT) data are more likely to be serially correlated and this autocorrelation is more likely to be positive. It is determined that in the case of positively serially correlated AR(1) data, block bootstrap (BBS), Hamed and Rao (1998), variance correction (VCCF1), Yue and Wang (2004), variance correction (VCCF2), and sieve bootstrap (SBS) are the most robust. Alternatively, in the case of negative AR(1) autocorrelation, the corrected trend‐free prewhitening approach (CTFPW), modified trend‐free prewhitening (MTFPW), bias corrected prewhitening (BCPW), and VCCF1 are recommended. In the presence of higher order dependence structures, VCCF1 (with all significant lags included) and VCCF2 (with all lags included) should be applied cautiously. Lastly, an assessment of the causality of the serial correlation is provided.
Catchment Functioning Under Prolonged Drought Stress: Tracer‐Aided Ecohydrological Modeling in an Intensively Managed Agricultural Catchment
Authors: Yang Xiaoqiang , Tetzlaff Doerthe , Soulsby Chris , Smith Aaron , Borchardt Dietrich 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHigh spatial heterogeneity of catchment properties enhances the variability of ecohydrological responses to changing natural and anthropogenic conditions, like the European‐wide droughts in 2018–2019. Based on new adaptations of a tracer‐aided, process‐based ecohydrological model (EcH2O‐iso), we investigated drought‐induced nonstationary ecohydrological behavior in a small agricultural headwater catchment (1.44 km2) in central Germany. Multiple environmental time‐series helped inform various aspects of catchment functioning that have been impacted by agricultural activity and changing climate conditions and helped to further constrain model calibration. Multi‐criteria calibration showed that data collected during drought years were highly informative in reproducing the changes in stream water dynamics. Further, inclusion of and data was valuable for reducing model uncertainty and increasing confidence in simulations of green‐ and blue‐water flux partitioning and storage‐flux‐age interactions. Using the best‐performing calibrations, we further analyzed the high spatiotemporal variability of internal ecohydrological processes and the varying responses of fluxes and associated water ages to prolonged drought stress. Under drought conditions, modeled stream runoff contributed from deeper, older storages increased significantly after a particularly wet season, resulting in a sharp increase in stream water age. Unlike relatively minor changes in soil evaporation, seasonally typical transpiration fluxes were initially maintained in April–June but dramatically decreased as the drought further developed in July–September. Importantly, the tracer‐based transpired water age was much older after April, providing a potential indicator of drought impacts and the need for precautionary management responses. Our findings are important for similar agricultural headwater ecosystems in other drought‐sensitive regions.
Modeling the Influence of a Variable Permeability Inclusion on Free‐Surface Flow in an Inclined Aquifer
Authors: Hinton E. M. , Hogg A. J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe interaction of sub‐surface, gravity‐driven flows with inclusions of different permeabilities are investigated theoretically using a model that exploits the relative shallowness of the motion. Numerically computed solutions for steady motion around cylindrical inclusions reveal a range of behaviors dependent on the ratio of the interior to exterior permeability and a dimensionless flow parameter that measures the far‐field thickness to the product of the gradient of the slope down which the fluid flows and the width of the inclusion. When the inclusion is relatively narrow, the depth of the flow is little changed from its far‐field value and the fluid is focused into inclusions of higher permeability and deflected around those of lower permeability. However, if the inclusion is relatively wide then three qualitatively different regimes emerge, dependent on the ratio of permeabilities. When the interior and exterior permeabilities are similar, then negligible deviation of the flow occurs apart from within thin transition layers at the boundary of the inclusion. When the permeabilities differ significantly, the flow forms deep ponds at either the upstream or downstream boundary of the inclusion for relatively low or high permeability inclusion, respectively, which arise due to deflection or focusing. In each case, asymptotic relationships are derived between the depth of the flow and the parameters. Inclusions of differing cross‐section are also analyzed numerically and analytically to draw out the interplay between adjustment, deflection and focusing.
Estimation of Seismic Attenuation of the Greenland Ice Sheet Using 3‐D Waveform Modeling
Authors: Toyokuni Genti , Komatsu Masanao , Takenaka Hiroshi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe estimated the seismic attenuation (Q factor) of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) by comparing observed and theoretical Rayleigh waveforms. Observed waveforms are obtained by interfering noise waveforms in vertical‐component seismograms between stations belonging to the latest broadband seismic network distributed throughout Greenland (GLISN network). Theoretical waveforms are calculated by parallel computation using the latest 3‐D seismic waveform modeling method. Comparing the observed waveforms with the theoretical waveforms at different Q factors reveals that the GrIS has a low Q of 10 ≤ QP, QS ≤ 50, indicating very high attenuation of seismic waves due to the ice. This study is the first to establish the low Q factor of ice sheets via ultra‐long‐distance propagation (350−1,000 km). The Q factors obtained in this study are indispensable for estimating the thermal state and density distribution of the GrIS, as well as for interpreting the characteristics of seismic waveform that propagates through the GrIS.
Functional repertoire of EV-associated miRNA profiles after lipoprotein depletion via ultracentrifugation and size exclusion chromatography from autologous blood products
Authors: Otahal Alexander , Kuten-Pella Olga , Kramer Karina , Neubauer Markus , Lacza Zsombor , Nehrer Stefan , De Luna Andrea 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCartilage breakdown, inflammation and pain are hallmark symptoms of osteoarthritis, and autologous blood products such as citrate-anticoagulated platelet-rich plasma (CPRP) or hyperacute serum (hypACT) have been developed as a regenerative approach to rebuild cartilage, inhibit inflammation and reduce pain. However, mechanisms of action of these blood derivatives are still not fully understood, in part due to the large number of components present in these medical products. In addition, the discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their involvement in intercellular communication mediated by cargo molecules like microRNAs (miRNAs) opened up a whole new level of complexity in understanding blood products. In this study we focused on the development of an isolation protocol for EVs from CPRP and hypACT that can also deplete lipoproteins, which are often co-isolated in EV research due to shared physical properties. Several isolation methods were compared in terms of particle yield from CPRP and hypACT. To gain insights into the functional repertoire conveyed via EV-associated miRNAs, we performed functional enrichment analysis and identified NFκB signaling strongly targeted by CPRP EV miRNAs, whereas hypACT EV miRNAs affect IL6- and TGFβ/SMAD signaling.