bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Banks as Potentially Crooked Secret Keepers
Authors: JACKSON TIMOTHY , KOTLIKOFF LAURENCE J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBank failures are generally liquidity as well as solvency events. Whether it is households running on banks or banks running on banks, defunding episodes are full of drama. This theater has, arguably, lured economists into placing liquidity at the epicenter of financial collapse and liquidity provision as opposed to improved intermediation as the rationale for banks. But loss of liquidity describes how banks fail . Bad news about banks explains why they fail. This paper models banks as arising from asymmetric information. Banks have superior knowledge of investment opportunities. But bankers, or at least a subset, also know how to steal. Hence, we model banking crises as triggered by news that the degree (share) of banking malfeasance is likely to be particularly high. The malfeasance share follows a Markov process. When this period's share is high, agents rationally raise their probability that next period's share will be high as well. Whether or not this proves true, agents invest less in banks, reducing intermediation and output. Worse, bad bankers can infect good bankers. When bad bankers are thought to abound, good bankers have less incentive to secure a high return on their investment. Deposit insurance prevents defunding runs and stabilizes the economy. But it sustains bad banking, lowering welfare. Private monitoring helps, but is no panacea. It partially limits banking malfeasance. But it does so inefficiently as households needlessly replicate each other's costly information acquisition. Moreover, if private audits become public, private monitoring breaks down due to free‐riding. Redistribution between generations that do and do not confront the highest share of banking malfeasance does not relieve the problem. What does improve matters is government real‐time disclosure of banking malfeasance. This mitigates, if not eliminates, the asymmetric information problem leading to potentially large gains in both nonstolen output and welfare.
Quantifying Stock and Flow Effects of QE
Authors: SUDO NAO , TANAKA MASAKI 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we focus on the transmission mechanism of quantitative‐easing (QE) policy and address which matters most: the size of the bond purchases in each period (flow effects) or the total amount of bonds taken away from the private sectors (stock effects). To this end, we estimate a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model in which short‐ and long‐term bonds are imperfect substitutes due to market segmentation and preferred habitats, using Japan's data from the 1980s to 2017. We find that (i) Japan's data support imperfect substitutability between short‐ and long‐term bonds, which implies that government bond purchases by the Bank of Japan (BOJ) reduce the term premium, exerting an expansionary effect on economic activity and prices; (ii) government bond purchases by BOJ have compressed the 10‐year yields by 50–100 basis points as of the end of 2017; and (iii) the compression of the term premium has been mainly driven by stock effects, which underscores the importance of the size of BOJ's government bond holdings in determining the term premium.
Malaria in Pregnancy: Considerations for Health Care Providers in Nonendemic Countries
Authors: Mills Michelle , Holley Sharon L. , Coly Paul , DeJoy Susan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMalaria is a common infection world‐wide, which carries significant risk of morbidity and mortality. Health care providers in the United States may lack experience in recognizing and treating this disease. The pathophysiology of malaria differs during pregnancy, resulting in increased risk for serious morbidity and mortality for the woman and her fetus. Screening for risk factors, especially immigration from and travel to endemic countries, is critical. Symptoms of malaria can mimic influenza‐type illnesses, causing delay in diagnosis. Consultation with an infectious disease specialist and hospitalization may be required for appropriate testing and treatment. Chemoprophylaxis and counseling regarding methods to reduce risk are important components of prevention. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization have established protocols for treatment and are helpful resources for clinicians. A team approach to care based on the woman's stage of illness and recovery, can involve midwives, physicians, specialists and others.
Centric relation critically revisited—What are the clinical implications?
Authors: Zonnenberg Adriaan J. J. , Türp Jens Christoph , Greene Charles S. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPurpose of the articleCentric relation is a dental term that has undergone many alterations over the years, which in turn have led to significant clinical controversies. These continuing changes in the meaning of the term CR have not only led to confusion, but they also have resulted in a variety of unnecessary diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Analysis of the dental literature reveals ongoing misunderstanding and disagreement regarding that term among both clinicians and academic dentists.Materials and methodsA search of the PubMed database was performed with the following search terms: “centric relation”, “masticatory muscles”, “maxillomandibular relationship” and “condylar position.” Relevant literature from the past 70 years until the present day was meticulously scrutinised.ResultsAs expected, the literature review on the topic of CR revealed a problematic pattern of changing definitions and clinical disagreements, all of which have had a significant impact on the practice of dentistry.ConclusionThere are semantic, conceptual and practical reasons for concluding that the term ‘centric relation’ is flawed. Those flaws have a significant impact on dental practice. Based on our analysis, argumentation is provided to conclude that the term ‘centric relation’ should be abandoned. Instead, it appears that every individual has a unique temporomandibular joint relationship which cannot be described by any singular term. In healthy dentate patients, this relationship is determined by the maximum intercuspation of the teeth and should therefore be considered as biologically acceptable.
Substrate usage determines carbon flux via the citrate cycle in Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Steiner Thomas M. , Lettl Clara , Schindele Franziska , Goebel Werner , Haas Rainer , Fischer Wolfgang , Eisenreich Wolfgang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHelicobacter pylori displays a worldwide infection rate of about 50%. The Gram‐negative bacterium is the main reason for gastric cancer and other severe diseases. Despite considerable knowledge about the metabolic inventory of H. pylori, carbon fluxes through the citrate cycle (TCA cycle) remained enigmatic. In this study, different 13C‐labeled substrates were supplied as carbon sources to H. pylori during microaerophilic growth in a complex medium. After growth, 13C‐excess and 13C‐distribution were determined in multiple metabolites using GC–MS analysis. [U‐13C6]Glucose was efficiently converted into glyceraldehyde but only less into TCA cycle‐related metabolites. In contrast, [U‐13C5]glutamate, [U‐13C4]succinate, and [U‐13C4]aspartate were incorporated at high levels into intermediates of the TCA cycle. The comparative analysis of the 13C‐distributions indicated an adaptive TCA cycle fully operating in the closed oxidative direction with rapid equilibrium fluxes between oxaloacetate—succinate and α‐ketoglutarate—citrate. 13C‐Profiles of the four‐carbon intermediates in the TCA cycle, especially of malate, together with the observation of an isocitrate lyase activity by in vitro assays, suggested carbon fluxes via a glyoxylate bypass. In conjunction with the lack of enzymes for anaplerotic CO2 fixation, the glyoxylate bypass could be relevant to fill up the TCA cycle with carbon atoms derived from acetyl‐CoA.
Trimmed central venous catheters in pediatric cardiac surgery: Does height or weight correlate with the amount trimmed?
Authors: Glenski Todd A. , Taylor Christian M. , Doyle Nichole M. , Erkmann John J. , Huffman Joseph C. , Anyaso Jessica C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundDue to excess catheter length, pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery frequently have the tip of the central venous catheter trimmed while on bypass to obtain optimal catheter positioning.AimsWe sought to determine if there is a correlation between the patient's height or weight and the length of catheter removed. Our secondary aim compared the instances of central line‐associated bloodstream infections and venous thromboembolisms between the trimmed and untrimmed catheters.MethodsThis retrospective study included patients having undergone cardiac surgery over a 3‐year period who had an 8 cm central venous catheter placed in the right internal jugular vein. Hospital lists of central line‐associated bloodstream infections and venous thromboembolisms that occurred were cross referenced with our study patients.ResultsThere were 147 cases where the 8 cm central venous catheter was trimmed, which represents 35% of the cases. Of the catheters that were cut, on average 2.17 cm was removed.There is negligible correlation between the length of catheter removed and patient height (r = −.19, p = .021). There is negligible correlation between the length of catheter removed and patient weight (r = −.17, p = .039).There were no instances of central line‐associated bloodstream infections or venous thromboembolisms attributed to the trimmed catheters. Of the 273 untrimmed catheters, there were no instances of an infection and one instance of a venous thromboembolism.ConclusionRight internal jugular 8 cm central venous catheters are trimmed during pediatric cardiac surgery, and there is minimal correlation between the length removed and the patient height or weight. Due to the difficulty in estimating the proper length of a central venous catheter in smaller pediatric patients, placing an 8 cm long catheter in these patients and then trimming the distal tip while on bypass may be the most accurate way to properly position a catheter.
Long noncoding RNA lncRNA354 functions as a competing endogenous RNA of miR160b to regulate ARF genes in response to salt stress in upland cotton
Authors: Zhang Xiaopei , Shen Jian , Xu Qingjiang , Dong Jie , Song Lirong , Wang Wei , Shen Fafu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLong non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in response to biotic and abiotic stress through acting as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) to decoy mature miRNAs. However, whether this mechanism is involved in cotton salt stress response remains unknown. We report the characterization of an endogenous lncRNA, lncRNA354, whose expression was reduced in salt‐treated cotton and was localized at the nucleus and cytoplasm. Using endogenous target mimic (eTM) analysis, we predicted that lncRNA354 had a potential binding site for miR160b. Transient expression in tobacco demonstrated that lncRNA354 was a miR160b eTM and attenuated miR160b suppression of its target genes, including auxin response factors (ARFs). Silencing or overexpressing lncRNA354 affected the expression of miR160b and target ARFs. Silencing lncRNA354 and targets GhARF17/18 resulted in taller cotton plants and enhanced the resistant to salt stress. Overexpression of lncRNA354 and targets GhARF17/18 in Arabidopsis led to dwarf plants, decreased root dry weight and reduced salt tolerance. Our results show that the lncRNA354‐miR160b effect on GhARF17/18 expression may modulate auxin signalling and thus affect growth. These results also shed new light on a mechanism of lncRNA‐associated responses to salt stress.
A Class II CPD Photolyase and a 6‐4 Photolyase with Photorepair Activity from the Antarctic Moss Pohlia nutans M211
Authors: An Meiling , Qu Changfeng , Miao Jinlai , Sha Zhenxia 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAntarctic mosses are the dominant vegetation in the Antarctic continent. Because of stratospheric ozone depletion, they can withstand physiological extreme UV. The formation of CPD and 6‐4PP is one of the most harmful damages of UV to DNA. DNA damage can interfere with replication and transcription, resulting in mutation and death. Two types of photolyase, CPD photolyase and 6‐4 photolyase, are capable of specific binding CPD or 6‐4PP and repairing these lesions. However, there is little research on photolyase in Antarctic moss. Here, we isolated a gene encoding class II CPD photolyase (PnCPDPhr) and a gene encoding 6‐4 photolyase (Pn6‐4Phr) from Antarctic moss P. nutans M211. When exposed to UVB, CPDs accumulated in gametophytes and the gene expressions of PnCPDPhr and Pn6‐4Phr were both up‐regulated. In addition, the in vitro expression and photoreactivation assays of PnCPDPhr and Pn6‐4Phr were performed. Our results demonstrated that PnCPDPhr and Pn6‐4Phr have an effective activity of DNA repair. This is the first study to determine the CPD accumulation in Antarctic moss as well as the first report isolating CPD photolyase and 6‐4 photolyase from Antarctic moss. These results will enrich the knowledge of photolyase family and benefit the exploitation of functioning gene in Antarctic moss.
Intention Persistence
Authors: Brunero John 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThere are two well‐known formulations of the diachronic rational requirement of intention persistence, due to Michael Bratman and John Broome. I argue in this paper that both formulations face serious difficulties. Bratman’s formulation is unable to accommodate two different kinds of examples in which it is permissible to drop an intention even though one’s assessment of the adequacy of its reasons remains constant. Broome’s formulation is both too weak and too strong, unable to rule out the unlicensed reconsideration of intentions, while at the same time disallowing valuable spontaneous shifts in intentions. I propose a new formulation, Intention Persistence, that avoids these difficulties and has other advantages.
Effect of preschool childcare on school‐aged children’s adiposity in Quebec, Canada
Authors: Murphy Tanya J. , Kaufman Jay S. , Li Patricia , Steele Russell , Yang Seungmi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundRegulated public childcare must follow nutrition and physical activity guidelines, but the impact of public childcare on childhood adiposity is unclear.ObjectivesTo estimate the effects of universal preschool childcare on children's BMI in elementary school in Quebec, Canada, and whether the effects differed in children from more or less advantaged families.MethodsFor 1657 children enrolled in the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (1998–2010), BMI z‐scores (BMIz) from 6 to 13 years were regressed on the childcare used from 2 to 5 years, adjusted for pre‐childcare variables. Average treatment effects were estimated using the Bayesian multilevel linear regression and g‐computation for four childcare profiles: 1) parental care or full‐time care (35 hours/week) in a 2) centre‐based, 3) regulated home‐based or 4) unregulated home‐based arrangement.ResultsHad all participants attended centre‐based care, mean BMIz in kindergarten would have been 0.38 (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.23, 0.52), which was 0.40 (95% CrI 0.14, 0.65) SD higher than regulated home‐based, 0.20 (95% CrI −0.04, 0.43) SD higher than unregulated home‐based and 0.36 (95% CrI 0.11, 0.60) SD higher than parental care. By 12 years, mean BMIz had increased for all childcare profiles, but differences between childcare profiles had diminished.ConclusionsAlthough centre‐based childcare was associated with an earlier rise in BMI, compared with informal care, it had no large, enduring effect, overall, or for less advantaged children, in particular.
Comparing posaconazole and itraconazole for antifungal prophylaxis in critically ill lung transplant recipients: Efficacy and plasma concentrations
Authors: Kallee Simon , Scharf Christina , Schroeder Ines , Paal Michael , Vogeser Michael , Irlbeck Michael , Zander Johannes , Zoller Michael , Jung Jette , Kneidinger Nikolaus , Schneider Christian , Michel Sebastian , Liebchen Uwe 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundPosaconazole and itraconazole are commonly used for systemic antifungal prophylaxis after lung transplantation. The aim of this study on critically ill lung transplant recipients was to assess the rate of adequate plasma concentrations and the frequency of fungal‐induced transitions from antifungal prophylaxis to therapy after the administration of either posaconazole or itraconazole for systemic prophylaxis.MethodsCritically ill lung transplant recipients with postoperative posaconazole or itraconazole prophylaxis and therapeutic drug monitoring from February 2016 to November 2019 were retrospectively included in the study. Positive fungal cultures or Aspergillus antigen tests resulting in a transition from antifungal prophylaxis to therapy were analyzed from the first day of prophylaxis until 7 days after the last sample for each patient. Adequate plasma concentrations were defined as ≥500 µg/L for itraconazole and ≥700 µg/L for posaconazole.ResultsTwo hundred seventy‐five samples from 73 patients were included in the analysis. Overall, 60% of the posaconazole and 55% of the itraconazole concentrations were subtherapeutic. Administration of posaconazole suspension resulted significantly (P < .01) more often in subtherapeutic concentrations than tablets (68% vs 10%). Patients treated with posaconazole showed less positive fungal records resulting in a transition from prophylaxis to therapy than patients treated with itraconazole (10% vs 33%, P‐value: .029). The detection of a fungal pathogen was not associated with the measured plasma concentrations or the achievement of the target concentrations.ConclusionOur findings suggest that posaconazole should be used instead of itraconazole for systemic prophylaxis in critically ill lung transplant recipients.
Theory of Mind From Observation in Cognitive Models and Humans
Authors: Nguyen Thuy Ngoc , Gonzalez Cleotilde 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA major challenge for research in artificial intelligence is to develop systems that can infer the goals, beliefs, and intentions of others (i.e., systems that have theory of mind, ToM). In this research, we propose a cognitive ToM framework that uses a well‐known theory of decisions from experience to construct a computational representation of ToM. Instance‐based learning theory (IBLT) is used to construct a cognitive model that generates ToM from the observation of other agents' behavior. The IBL model of the observer distinguishes itself from previous models of ToM that make unreasonable assumptions about human cognition, are hand‐crafted for particular settings, complex, or unable to explain a cognitive development of ToM compared to human's ToM. The IBL model learns from the observation of goal‐directed agents' behavior in a gridworld navigation task, and it infers and predicts the behaviors of the agents in new gridworlds across different degrees of decision complexity in similar ways to the way human observers do. We provide evidence for the alignment of the IBL observer's predictions under various levels of decision complexity. We also advance the demonstration of the IBL predictions using a classic test of false beliefs (the Sally–Anne test), which is commonly used to test ToM in humans. We discuss our results and the potential of the IBL observer model to improve human–machine interactions.
Meta‐analysis of transcriptomic studies of cytokinin‐treated rice roots defines a core set of cytokinin response genes
Authors: Polko Joanna K. , Potter Kevin C. , Burr Christian A. , Schaller G. Eric , Kieber Joseph J. 
Published: June 2021

SummaryCytokinins regulate diverse aspects of plant growth and development, primarily through modulation of gene expression. The cytokinin‐responsive transcriptome has been thoroughly described in dicots, especially Arabidopsis, but much less so in monocots. Here, we present a meta‐analysis of five different transcriptomic analyses of rice (Oryza sativa) roots treated with cytokinin, including three previously unpublished experiments. We developed a treatment method in which hormone is added to the media of rice seedlings grown in sterile hydroponic culture under a continuous airflow, which resulted in minimal perturbation of the seedlings, thus greatly reducing changes in gene expression in the absence of exogenous hormone. We defined a core set of 205 upregulated and 86 downregulated genes that were differentially expressed in at least three of the transcriptomic datasets. This core set includes genes encoding the type‐A response regulators (RRs) and cytokinin oxidases/dehydrogenases, which have been shown to be primary cytokinin response genes. GO analysis revealed that the upregulated genes were enriched for terms related to cytokinin/hormone signaling and metabolism, while the downregulated genes were significantly enriched for genes encoding transporters. Variations of type‐B RR binding motifs were significantly enriched in the promoters of the upregulated genes, as were binding sites for other potential partner transcription factors. The promoters of the downregulated genes were generally enriched for distinct cis‐acting motifs and did not include the type‐B RR binding motif. This analysis provides insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying cytokinin action in a monocot and provides a useful foundation for future studies of this hormone in rice and other cereals.
Has the trend of declining blood transfusions in the United States ended? Findings of the 2019 National Blood Collection and Utilization Survey
Authors: Jones Jefferson M. , Sapiano Mathew R. P. , Mowla Sanjida , Bota Dorothy , Berger James J. , Basavaraju Sridhar V. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroductionPrevious iterations of National Blood Collection and Utilization Survey (NBCUS) have demonstrated declines in blood collection and transfusion in the United States since 2008, including declines of 3.0% and 6.1% in red blood cell (RBC) collections and transfusions between 2015 and 2017, respectively. This study describes results of the 2019 NBCUS.MethodsThe survey was distributed to all US blood collection centers, all hospitals performing ≥1000 surgeries annually, and a 40% random sample of hospitals performing 100–999 surgeries annually. Weighting and imputation were used to generate national estimates for units of blood and components collected, distributed, transfused, and outdated.ResultsIn 2019, 11,590,000 RBC units were collected (95% confidence interval [CI], 11,151,000–12,029,000 units), a 5.1% decrease compared with 2017, while 10,852,000 RBC units were transfused (95% CI, 10,444–11,259 units), a 2.5% increase from 2017. Between 2017 and 2019, platelet distributions (2,508,000 units; 95% CI, 2,375,000–2,641,000 units) decreased by 2.0%, and plasma distributions (2,679,000 units; 95% CI, 2,525,000–2,833,000 units) decreased by 16.5%. During the same time period, platelet transfusions (2,243,000 units; 95% CI, 1,846,000–2,147,000 units) increased by 15.8% and plasma transfusions (2,185,000 units; 95% CI, 2,068,000–2,301,000 units) decreased by 8.0%.ConclusionUtilization of RBC in the United States might have reached a nadir. Between 2017 and 2019, RBC collections declined while RBC transfusions did not significantly change, suggesting a narrowing between blood supply and demand. Monitoring national blood collection and utilization data is integral to understanding trends in blood supply safety and availability.