bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constitutional controversies in the subnational democratization of Mexico, 1994–2021
Authors: Berruecos García Travesí Susana , Whitehead Laurence 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAfter the 1994 judicial reform, the Mexican Supreme Court has transformed into a more genuine enforcer of law and the final arbiter in an increasing number of disputes over power and resources between different levels and branches of government. Constitutional controversies have become an essential legal resource enabling subnational actors to defend the autonomy and jurisdiction guaranteed in the Constitution. The number of constitutional controversies filed by municipalities and subnational actors before the Court increased considerably in the 1995–2021 period, reaching nearly 2500 intergovernmental disputes of exclusive jurisdiction. In the context of growing political fragmentation, this judicialization process has motivated subnational actors to appeal regularly to the Supreme Court to act as a counterweight, resulting in an increasing influence in the national political arena and even in the implementation of public policies. With its rulings, a nonrepresentative body is regulating coexistence among elected political actors and institutionalizing new rules of behavior. The Supreme Court's rulings on fundamental cases that are still pending should reveal whether the 2021 judicial reform will enhance judicial independence.
The Mind of a Jihadist: The North Islamic Resistance
Authors: Shlapentokh Dmitry 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThere are libraries of books and articles related to the study of Islamic terrorism. Most of them see Islam as a reason for action. The authors of these publications fail to explain why similar terrorist acts are committed by people who often—as is the case in the United States—have no ideology and seem to choose their victims at random. This article argues that the roots of terrorism can be found not in ideology but in sociocultural aspects of society, including Western societies. This article argues that the mind of a jihadist, like any other terrorists or revolutionaries, can be roughly divided into two compartments. The first I define as “Tertullian,” based on emotions. Indeed, individuals from different cultures and societies have their own peculiar “road to Damascus.” The other, defined as “Cartesian,” is practical and helps Islamists achieve their goals. The writings of Islamists from the Russian Northern Caucasus during the heyday of their activities (2007–15) reveal how “Tertullian” and “Cartesian” minds work.
Tumour‐associated CD204+ microglia/macrophages accumulate in perivascular and perinecrotic niches and correlate with an interleukin‐6‐enriched inflammatory profile in glioblastoma
Authors: Sørensen Mia D. , Kristensen Bjarne W. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAimsGlioblastomas are heterogeneous tumours with a rich tumour microenvironment particularly comprised of tumour‐associated microglia/macrophages (TAMs), but also containing a population of dedifferentiated/stem‐like glioblastoma cells. Both cell populations contribute to tumour aggressiveness and immune evasion through the actions of various signalling molecules. The scavenger and pattern recognition receptor CD204 is associated with a pro‐tumourigenic phenotype of TAMs and has a negative prognostic value. Our objective was to investigate the possible interaction between TAMs and dedifferentiated glioblastoma cells and characterise the myeloid phenotype of CD204‐enriched glioblastomas.MethodsDouble immunohistochemistry and cell counting was performed on eight glioblastoma samples to estimate the expression and interaction level between dedifferentiated/stem‐like tumour cells and TAMs. Using the NanoString technology, myeloid transcriptome profiling was performed on 46 glioblastomas, which had been selected based on their protein expression levels of CD204 and ionised calcium‐binding adaptor molecule‐1 (IBA1). The results were validated by immunohistochemistry and in silico gene expression analyses.ResultsTAMs especially CD204+ TAMs accumulated in perivascular and perinecrotic niches in close proximity to podoplanin+ glioblastoma cells. Gene profiling revealed that CD204‐enriched glioblastoma has a unique signature with upregulation of genes related to hypoxia, angiogenesis and invasion, including interleukin‐6. The gene signature favoured a poor prognosis in patients with glioblastoma.ConclusionsThis is the first study to characterise the role of CD204 in the myeloid microenvironment of glioblastoma. Our results support the unfavourable prognostic impact of CD204 and suggest that CD204 and interleukin‐6 could serve as targets for re‐education of TAMs and potentiation of current anti‐glioma therapy.
The efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine in pregnant patients with IgA nephropathy: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Tang Chen , Si Feng‐Lei , Yao Yu‐Xuan , Lv Ji‐Cheng , Shi Su‐Fang , Chen Yu‐Qing , Liu Li‐Jun , Zhang Hong 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAimHydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is used to control proteinuria in IgA Nephropathy (IgAN) However, its efficacy and safety in pregnant IgAN patients remains unknown. This study aimed to verify the safety of HCQ in pregnant IgAN patients and compare renal function and pregnancy outcomes with those of patients not treated with HCQ.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed medical records of all pregnant IgAN patients and singleton gestations at Peking University First Hospital from 2003–2021. Patients who did and did not receive HCQ treatment during pregnancy were compared.ResultsWe found no significant pre‐ or post‐pregnancy differences in proteinuria or renal function between the two groups. However, the HCQ (+) group had higher proteinuria at the time of kidney biopsy (2.04 [1.26, 2.56] g/d vs. 0.80 [0.44, 1.11] g/d, P < .001); the proteinuria level at HCQ therapy initiation was also higher than that at the beginning of pregnancy (1.87 [1.30, 2.59] g/d vs. 1.08 [0.75, 1.50] g/d, P = .001). Despite no difference in preterm birth, birth weight, preeclampsia or postpartum haemorrhage, the proportion of patients with a previous history of spontaneous abortion was higher in the HCQ (+) group than in the HCQ (−) group (48.0% vs. 20.6%, P = .010). The eGFR (regression coefficient, 0.981; 95%CI 0.964–0.998) was a predictive factor for obstetrical complications.ConclusionHCQ is safe for IgAN treatment during pregnancy with effective reduction of proteinuria. HCQ might also be helpful in patients with a history of spontaneous abortion.
Heterogeneity of primary and secondary peristalsis in systemic sclerosis: A new model of “scleroderma esophagus”
Authors: Carlson Dustin A. , Prescott Jacqueline E. , Germond Emma , Brenner Darren , Carns Mary , Correia Chase S. , Tetreault Marie‐Pier , McMahan Zsuzsanna H. , Hinchcliff Monique , Kou Wenjun , Kahrilas Peter J. , Perlman Harris R. , Pandolfino John E. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundAlthough esophageal dysmotility is common in systemic sclerosis (SSc)/scleroderma, little is known regarding the pathophysiology of motor abnormalities driving reflux severity and dysphagia. This study aimed to assess primary and secondary peristalsis in SSc using a comprehensive esophageal motility assessment applying high‐resolution manometry (HRM) and functional luminal imaging probe (FLIP) Panometry.MethodsA total of 32 patients with scleroderma (28 female; ages 38–77; 20 limited SSc, 12 diffuse SSc) completed FLIP Panometry and HRM. Secondary peristalsis, i.e., contractile responses (CR), was classified on FLIP Panometry by pattern of contractility as normal (NCR), borderline (BCR), impaired/disordered (IDCR), or absent (ACR). Primary peristalsis on HRM was assessed according to the Chicago classification.ResultsThe manometric diagnoses were 56% (n = 18) absent contractility, 22% (n = 7) ineffective esophageal motility (IEM), and 22% (n = 7) normal motility. Secondary peristalsis (CRs) included 38% (n = 12) ACR, 38% (n = 12) IDCR, 19% (n = 6) BCR, and 15% (n = 5) NCR. The median (IQR) esophagogastric junction (EGJ) distensibility index (DI) was 5.8 mm2/mmHg (4.8–10.1) mm2/mmHg; EGJ‐DI was >8.0 mm2/mmHg in 31%, and >2.0 mm2/mmHg in 100% of patients. Among 18 patients with absent contractility on HRM, 11 had ACR, 5 had IDCR, and 2 had BCR. Among 7 patients with IEM, 1 had ACR, 5 had IDCR, and 1 NCR. All of the patients with normal peristalsis had NCR or BCR.ConclusionsThis was the first study assessing combined HRM and FLIP Panometry in a cohort of SSc patients, which demonstrated heterogeneity in primary and secondary peristalsis. This complementary approach facilitates characterizing esophageal function in SSc, although future study to examine clinical outcomes remains necessary.
Prevención transfronteriza de la obesidad infantil: comentario de los National Institutes of Health
Authors: Vorkoper Susan , Arteaga S. Sonia , Berrigan David , Bialy Kevin , Bremer Andrew A. , Cotton Paul , Czajkowski Susan , Neilson Elizabeth , Osganian Stavroula K. , Pratt Charlotte A. , Price Le Shawndra N. , Tabor Derrick C. , Walker Jenelle R. , Williams Makeda J. , Anand Nalini 
Published: October 2021

ResumenEn respuesta al aumento de las tasas de obesidad infantil, Estados Unidos y algunos países de Latinoamérica han financiado numerosos estudios que analizan estrategias e intervenciones innovadoras. A pesar de ello, los avances han sido lentos, irregulares y esporádicos, lo cual demuestra la necesidad de intensificar el intercambio de conocimientos y la colaboración en la investigación para acelerar la adaptación e implementación de intervenciones prometedoras en el campo de la obesidad infantil. Con la intención de compartir resultados de estudios, problemas y estrategias de intervención de probada eficacia entre los investigadores latinoamericanos y estadounidenses (especialmente los que trabajan con poblaciones latinas y latinoamericanas), los National Institutes of Health (NIH) reunieron a investigadores de Estados Unidos y Latinoamérica para destacar las sinergias entre los estudios de Latinoamérica y los realizados en poblaciones latinas de Estados Unidos. El fin último de esta iniciativa fue catalizar nuevas relaciones e identificar preguntas y estrategias comunes para la investigación. Este artículo se centra en la investigación y las prioridades de los NIH en materia de prevención de la obesidad infantil, así como en las áreas para futuras acciones, incluidos los planes generales de los NIH y las inversiones de sus institutos, centros y oficinas en áreas concretas relacionadas con la prevención de la obesidad infantil en Latinoamérica y en las poblaciones latinas de Estados Unidos.
Un marco conceptual orientado a la acción para soluciones sistémicas de prevención de la obesidad infantil en Latinoamérica y en las poblaciones latinas de Estados Unidos
Authors: Garcia Leandro M. T. , Hunter Ruth F. , de la Haye Kayla , Economos Christina D. , King Abby C. 
Published: October 2021

ResumenLa obesidad infantil en Latinoamérica y en las poblaciones latinas de Estados Unidos es un problema de salud pública complejo y persistente y, como tal, requiere soluciones basadas en la teoría y los métodos de la ciencia de sistemas. En este artículo presentamos un marco conceptual orientado a la acción para diseñar, implementar, evaluar y mantener cambios sistémicos comunitarios con el fin de prevenir la obesidad infantil en Latinoamérica y en las poblaciones latinas de Estados Unidos. Las acciones de nuestro marco conceptual comprenden seis etapas: (1) promover la formación de un equipo multisectorial; (2) mapear el sistema, el contexto y los impulsores; (3) concebir cambios sistémicos; (4) realizar cambios sistémicos; (5) monitorear, aprender y adaptar; (6) escalar y mantener. También proponemos diez principios que colocan los derechos humanos y ambientales y el pensamiento sistémico en el centro de estas soluciones que afectan al conjunto del sistema. A cada etapa de acción le corresponde una lista de actividades, métodos, enfoques y ejemplos concretos que pueden utilizarse como guía y base del trabajo que hay que realizar para alcanzar los resultados esperados. Por último, presentamos cómo ampliar y mantener el uso de la ciencia de sistemas para prevenir la obesidad infantil en Latinoamérica y en las poblaciones latinas de Estados Unidos.
Do adolescents' experiences of the barriers to and facilitators of physical activity differ by socioeconomic position? A systematic review of qualitative evidence
Authors: Alliott Olivia , Ryan Mairead , Fairbrother Hannah , van Sluijs Esther 
Published: October 2021

SummaryThis review aims to systematically identify and synthesize qualitative data on adolescents' experiences of the barriers to and facilitators of physical activity to understand whether these differ by socioeconomic position. Multiple databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science Core Collection, PsycINFO, and ERIC) were searched in August 2020. Duplicate title/abstract and full text screening was conducted. Studies were included if they reported qualitative data collected from adolescents (aged 10–19), a measure of socioeconomic position and focused on physical activity. Studies not published in English or published before 2000 were excluded. Relevant data were extracted and methodological quality assessed (in duplicate). Data were analyzed using Thomas and Harden's methods for the thematic synthesis. Four analytical themes emerged from the 25 included studies: (1) social support, (2) accessibility and the environment, (3) other behaviors and health, and (4) gendered experiences. These themes appeared across socioeconomic groups; however, their narratives varied significantly. For example, provision and access to local facilities was discussed as a facilitator to middle and high socioeconomic adolescents, but was a barrier to low socioeconomic adolescents. These findings can be used to inform how different socioeconomic groups may benefit from, or be disadvantaged by, current interventions.
One‐Third Tubular Plate Remains a Clinically Good Option in Danis‐Weber Type B Distal Fibular Fracture Fixation
Authors: Ahn Jae Hoon , Cho Sung Hyun , Jeong Mingi , Kim Yoon‐Chung 
Published: October 2021

ObjectiveTo compare the clinical outcomes of locking plate (LP) and non‐locking one‐third tubular plate (TP) fixation, and to provide guidance on plate selection for Danis‐Weber type B distal fibular fracture treatment.MethodsIn total, 83 patients who underwent plate fixation for Danis‐Weber type B distal fibular fractures between March 2013 and July 2018 were retrospectively reviewed: 41 (49.0%) received LPs and 42 (51.0%) received TPs. Patients' demographic data, follow‐up durations, the proportion of comminuted fractures, and ankle range of motion were investigated. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle‐hindfoot scale, Karlsson scale, Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM), and Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) scores were assessed. The radiographic union progression and implant removal time were evaluated, along with postoperative complications. Data from the LP and TP groups were compared statistically.ResultsThe mean patient ages were 53.3 ± 17.5 years (range, 16–80 years) and 47.6 ± 17.0 years (range, 14–68 years) in the LP and TP groups, respectively (P > 0.05). The gender distribution did not differ significantly between groups (P > 0.05). Other demographic data also did not differ significantly between groups (P > 0.05). The mean follow‐up durations were 16.8 ± 7.7 months (range, 13.0–19.0 months) in the LP group and 16.1 ± 6.2 months (range, 12.0–20.0 months) in the TP group (P > 0.05). Comminuted fractures were observed in 18 of 41 (43.9%) patients with LP and 10 of 42 (23.8%) patients with TP (P > 0.05). Forward bending ankle dorsiflexion was possible at the final follow‐up in 82.9% and 85.7% of LP and TP patients, respectively (P > 0.05). The AOFAS ankle‐hindfoot scale, Karlsson scale, FAAM, and LEFS scores did not differ significantly between groups at the final follow‐up (P > 0.05). The pre‐fracture and final postoperative scores on these four instruments did not differ significantly in the LP or TP group (P > 0.05). The mean times to radiographic union progression were 13.5 ± 7.1 weeks and 15.1 ± 10.2 weeks in the LP and TP groups, respectively (P > 0.05). The mean times to implant removal surgery reaffirming solid union were 15.6 ± 5.5 months and 14.8 ± 4.9 months in the LP and TP groups, respectively (P > 0.05). Hardware irritation was detected in five patients in the LP group (12.2%) and three in the TP group (7.1%) (P > 0.05). One patient in the LP group and two in the TP group developed superficial wound infections, which resolved without further surgical intervention.ConclusionConventional TP remains a good option for the fixation of Danis‐Weber type B distal fibular fractures, regardless of the biomechanical properties.
Supporting conscious competency: Validation of the Generic Supervision Assessment Tool (GSAT)
Authors: Hamilton Sarah J. , Briggs Lynne , Peterson Erin E. , Slattery Maddy , O’Donovan Analise 
Published: October 2021

ObjectivesClinical supervision is essential for ensuring effective service delivery. International imperatives to demonstrate professional competence has increased attention on the role of supervision in enhancing client outcomes. Although supervisor competency tools are recognised as important components in effective supervision, there remains a shortage of tools that are evidenced‐based, applicable across workforces and freely accessible.DesignAn expert multidisciplinary group developed the Generic Supervision Assessment Tool (GSAT) to assess supervisor competencies across a range of professions. Initially the GSAT consisted of 32 items responded to by either a supervisor (GSAT‐SR) or supervisee (GSAT‐SE). The current study, using surveys, employed a cross‐sectional design to test the reliability and construct validity of the GSAT.MethodsThe study consisted of two phases and included 12 professional groups across Australasia. In 2018, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was undertaken with survey data from 479 supervisors and 447 supervisees. In 2019 survey data from 182 supervisors and 186 supervisees were used to conduct confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The results were used to refine and validate the GSAT.ResultsThe final GSAT‐SR has four factors with 26 competency items. The final GSAT‐SE has two factors with 21 competency items. The EFA and CFA confirmed that the GSAT‐SR and the GSAT‐SE are psychometrically valid tools that supervisors and supervisees can utilise to assess competencies.ConclusionAs a non‐discipline specific supervision tool, the GSAT is a validated, freely available tool for benchmarking the competencies of clinical supervisors across professions, potentially optimising supervisory evaluation processes and strengthening supervision effectiveness.Practitioner points

Supervisor competency tools are recognised as important components of safe and effective supervision provision yet there is a dearth of valid, reliable and effective measures.

The Generic Supervision Assessment Tool (GSAT‐SR and GSAT‐SE) are unique psychometrically valid, and reliable measures of supervisor competence.

The GSAT‐SR and the GSAT‐SE can enhance translation of evidence‐based supervision competency skills into regular practice.

Validated with a broad cross section of professionals in diverse practice settings the GSAT provides a comprehensive conceptualization of supervisor competence.
Review article: Emerging issues in pediatric skin of color, Part 2
Authors: Mitchell Krystal N. , Tay Yong Kwang , Heath Candrice R. , Silverberg Nanette B. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDermatology for pediatric skin of color is the application of dermatology to the genetically diverse and distinctive segment of the pediatric population that includes children of non‐White racial and ethnic groups with increased pigmentation including individuals of Asian, Hispanic/LatinX, African, Native American, Pacific Island descent, indigenous people among others with overlap in particular individuals, and mixtures thereof. The discipline of pediatric skin of color can be challenging with difficulty in diagnosis of common conditions due to underlying pigmentation, variations in common hair styling practices, and differences in demographics of cutaneous disease. Whereas some conditions are more common in children of color, other conditions have nuances in clinical appearance and therapeutics with regard to skin color. This article, the second of the series, focuses on inflammatory skin disease nuances, melanocytic disorders, and hypopigmented mycosis fungoides.
Task structure as a boundary condition for collective intelligence
Authors: Graf‐Drasch Valerie , Gimpel Henner , Barlow Jordan B. , Dennis Alan R. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn 2010, a new research stream began on collective intelligence (CI), defined as a group's general ability to perform consistently well across a wide variety of tasks. Subsequent empirical evidence presents a mixed picture. Some studies have found groups to exhibit CI while others have not. To resolve these disparate results, we compare 21 experimental studies to understand what influences whether groups exhibit CI. We find that task structure is a boundary condition for CI in that groups exhibit CI across well‐structured tasks but not across ill‐structured tasks. For ill‐structured tasks, CI has a more nuanced set of multiple factors that may be interpreted as different facets of CI. This research extends our understanding of CI by suggesting that the original definition of CI was too all‐encompassing. CI should be reconceptualized as a multi‐dimensional phenomenon, similar to research on individual intelligence. We highlight avenues for future research to continue to move CI research forward, particularly regarding ill‐structured tasks.
Opacity of Character: Virtue Ethics and the Legal Admissibility of Character Evidence
Authors: Smith Jacob , Gardiner Georgi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMany jurisdictions prohibit or severely restrict the use of evidence about a defendant's character to prove legal culpability. Situationists, who argue that conduct is largely determined by situational features rather than by character, can easily defend this prohibition. According to situationism, character evidence is misleading or paltry. Proscriptions on character evidence seem harder to justify, however, on virtue ethical accounts. It appears that excluding character evidence either denies the centrality of character for explaining conduct—the situationist position—or omits probative evidence. Situationism is, after all, presented as antithetical to virtue ethics. This essay provides a virtue ethical defense of character evidence exclusion rules. We show that existing virtue ethical rebuttals to situationism themselves support prohibitions on character evidence; even if behavior arises from stable character traits, character evidence should be prohibited. In building our case, we provide a taxonomy of kinds of character judgment and reconcile the ubiquity and reasonableness of character judgments in ordinary life with the epistemic legitimacy of character evidence prohibitions in law.