bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The outlook for modern slavery in the apparel sector in a post-lockdown economy
Authors: Cole Rosanna , Shirgholami Zahra 
Published: June 2021

Purpose
This paper argues that the closures will cause regressive rather than progressive modern slavery shifts as the necessity of survival prevails over addressing modern slavery risks within supply chains.

Design/methodology/approach
In the spring of 2020, global clothing retailers were advised or ordered to close physical stores due to lockdown measures of the COVID-19 pandemic and many supply chains temporarily halted production. This paper explains how pre-pandemic modern slavery advancements will be detrimentally affected as a result of societal lockdowns and apparel retail closures around the world.

Findings
Two consequences of lockdowns are highlighted, which will have negative implications on modern slavery progress. These are the exploitation of vulnerable people, which includes higher exploitation of those already involved in modern slavery and increased risk of exploitation for those susceptible to being drawn (back) into modern slavery and; the need for repetition of previous work completed by external stakeholders or in some cases, a better alternative.

Practical implications
The pandemic itself causes friction between immediate response solutions and long-term modern slavery goals.

Social implications
In response to modern slavery drivers, governments may need to fill governance gaps, to control the power of corporations and to reconsider migration regulation.

Originality/value
The COVID-19 lockdowns and subsequent supply chain disruptions were unforeseen. This paper argues that there are significant negative effects on the developments in modern slavery eradication made in the past 10 years. As businesses struggled for basic survival, the apparel manufacturing sector has been detrimentally affected as upstream labourers are now at higher risk from the increased likelihood of modern slavery violations.
Protective effect of surfactin on copper sulfate‐induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and hepatic injury in zebrafish
Authors: Wang Ying , Tian Jiahui , Shi Feifei , Li Xuan , Hu Zhuran , Chu Jie 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSurfactin, an antibacterial peptide, produced by various Bacillus subtilis strains, have broad‐spectrum antibacterial and immune‐enhancing functions. In this study, we investigated the anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective effect of surfactin on zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae following their exposure to copper sulfate (CuSO4). The mature AB wild‐type and a transgenic line of zebrafish larvae that expressed enhanced GFP (EGFP) named Tg (Lyz:EGFP) were exposed to 0, 20, 40, and 60 μg/mL surfactin after incubation with 3.2 μg/mL CuSO4 for 2 h from 72 h postfertilization (hpf). Different endpoints, such as migration of GFP‐labeled neutrophils, analysis of inflammatory cytokines and transaminases, markers of oxidation, expression of certain genes, and histological changes of liver, were studied to evaluate the function of surfactin. The protein expression levels of NF‐κBp65, TNF‐α, cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), and iNOS were determined in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells by western blotting. Our results show that surfactin reduced migration of neutrophils and relieved hepatic injury. In addition, surfactin reduced the index levels of inflammatory factors, oxidative stress response, and improved hepatic function. Surfactin also significantly inhibited the expression of IL‐1β, IL‐8, TNF‐α, nitric oxide, NF‐κBp65, COX‐2, and iNOS, and increased the expression of IL‐10. Thus, our results demonstrate that surfactin has anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective activities. Surfactin has potential as a novel inflammation and immune adjustment.
Risk, uncertainty and the tourism sector of North Africa
Authors: Istiak Khandokar 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis paper investigates, for the first time, the uncertainty on the tourism of North Africa and uncertainty on the second‐degree effects of the North African tourism sector. The study uses data from 1995 to 2019 and a structural vector autoregression to perform the investigation. The research finds that uncertainties, measured by the uncertainty of Europe, the uncertainty of the Middle East and Central Asia, and the volatility of GDP growth of the Euro area, have significant negative effects on investment and job creation in, as well as the contribution to the GDP of, the North African tourism sector. The paper invents a new proxy of risk, measured by the volatility of crude oil production in North Africa, and finds that this new risk measure has a significant negative impact on the North African tourism sector. The results show that geopolitical risk and the uncertainty of Africa do not significantly affect the North African tourism sector. The paper suggests that policymakers in North Africa subsidize tourism‐related activities and explore new markets to attract tourists during periods of high risk and uncertainty.
Mitochondrial mistranslation modulated by metabolic stress causes cardiovascular disease and reduced lifespan
Authors: Richman Tara R. , Ermer Judith A. , Siira Stefan J. , Kuznetsova Irina , Brosnan Christopher A. , Rossetti Giulia , Baker Jessica , Perks Kara L. , Cserne Szappanos Henrietta , Viola Helena M. , Gray Nicola , Larance Mark , Hool Livia C. , Zuryn Steven , Rackham Oliver , Filipovska Aleksandra 
Published: June 2021

AbstractChanges in the rate and fidelity of mitochondrial protein synthesis impact the metabolic and physiological roles of mitochondria. Here we explored how environmental stress in the form of a high‐fat diet modulates mitochondrial translation and affects lifespan in mutant mice with error‐prone (Mrps12ep/ep) or hyper‐accurate (Mrps12ha/ha) mitochondrial ribosomes. Intriguingly, although both mutations are metabolically beneficial in reducing body weight, decreasing circulating insulin and increasing glucose tolerance during a high‐fat diet, they manifest divergent (either deleterious or beneficial) outcomes in a tissue‐specific manner. In two distinct organs that are commonly affected by the metabolic disease, the heart and the liver, Mrps12ep/ep mice were protected against heart defects but sensitive towards lipid accumulation in the liver, activating genes involved in steroid and amino acid metabolism. In contrast, enhanced translational accuracy in Mrps12ha/ha mice protected the liver from a high‐fat diet through activation of liver proliferation programs, but enhanced the development of severe hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and led to reduced lifespan. These findings reflect the complex transcriptional and cell signalling responses that differ between post‐mitotic (heart) and highly proliferative (liver) tissues. We show trade‐offs between the rate and fidelity of mitochondrial protein synthesis dictate tissue‐specific outcomes due to commonly encountered stressful environmental conditions or aging.
Cleaning efficacy and uncontrolled removal of dentin of two methods of irrigant activation in curved canals connected by an isthmus
Authors: Rodrigues Clarissa Teles , EzEldeen Mostafa , Jacobs Reinhilde , Lambrechts Paul , Alcalde Murilo Priori , Hungaro Duarte Marco Antonio 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of UAI with ESI, sonic activation with Eddy® and syringe irrigation in removing debris, and dentin removal during canal irrigation. Twenty‐four mandibular molars containing isthmus type V and with a mean curvature of 32.5° were instrumented and divided into three groups for final irrigation: UAI with ESI, sonic activation with Eddy and syringe irrigation. The samples were scanned in a SkyScan 1172 micro‐CT device for pre‐, post‐instrumentation and post‐irrigation images and analysis of dentin removal. Statistical analysis was performed using Wilcoxon, Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn tests. UAI and sonic activation significantly improved debris removal (P < 0.05). No significant difference was observed regarding dentin removal between the groups (P > 0.05), although higher values were found for UAI. Sonic activation with Eddy® showed to be an effective and safe device since it was able to remove debris without causing damage to the canal walls.
Facilitators and barriers to contact between asylum seekers and their Dutch neighbors
Authors: Barkema Wendelien , Koc Yasin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCurrently, Europe is dealing with a large number of asylum seekers. A recent report show that attitudes toward asylum seekers are not that negative in the Netherlands, and yet Dutch citizens living close to asylum seeker centers barely have contact with them. Because contact is vital for a multicultural society, we investigated the facilitators and barriers for Dutch citizens to establish and maintain contact with asylum seekers where they live close together. We conducted semistructured interviews with Dutch people and analyzed them using thematic analysis. We found four themes: Physical possibilities for Contact, Goals for Contact, Social Identities, and Positivity and Openness, and proposed a grounded theory model based on how the themes are related. The findings are discussed in relation to debates on multiculturalism and intergroup tolerance, and can be used to improve the integration policies by local governments, because they present clear conditions and practical information as to how contact can be established and maintained.
Collective human intelligence outperforms artificial intelligence in a skin lesion classification task
Authors: Winkler Julia K. , Sies Katharina , Fink Christine , Toberer Ferdinand , Enk Alexander , Abassi Mohamed Souhayel , Fuchs Tobias , Blum Andreas , Stolz Wilhelm , Coras‐Stepanek Brigitte , Cipic Robert , Guther Stefanie , Haenssle Holger A. 
Published: June 2021

SummaryBackground and objectivesConvolutional neural networks (CNN) enable accurate diagnosis of medical images and perform on or above the level of individual physicians. Recently, collective human intelligence (CoHI) was shown to exceed the diagnostic accuracy of individuals. Thus, diagnostic performance of CoHI (120 dermatologists) versus individual dermatologists versus two state‐of‐the‐art CNN was investigated.Patients and MethodsCross‐sectional reader study with presentation of 30 clinical cases to 120 dermatologists. Six diagnoses were offered and votes collected via remote voting devices (quizzbox®, Quizzbox Solutions GmbH, Stuttgart, Germany). Dermatoscopic images were classified by a binary and multiclass CNN (FotoFinder Systems GmbH, Bad Birnbach, Germany). Three sets of diagnostic classifications were scored against ground truth: (1) CoHI, (2) individual dermatologists, and (3) CNN.ResultsCoHI attained a significantly higher accuracy [95 % confidence interval] (80.0 % [62.7 %–90.5 %]) than individual dermatologists (75.7 % [73.8 %–77.5 %]) and CNN (70.0 % [52.1 %–83.3 %]; all P < 0.001) in binary classifications. Moreover, CoHI achieved a higher sensitivity (82.4 % [59.0 %–93.8 %]) and specificity (76.9 % [49.7 %–91.8 %]) than individual dermatologists (sensitivity 77.8 % [75.3 %–80.2 %], specificity 73.0 % [70.6 %–75.4 %]) and CNN (sensitivity 70.6 % [46.9 %–86.7 %], specificity 69.2 % [42.4 %–87.3 %]). The diagnostic accuracy of CoHI was superior to that of individual dermatologists (P < 0.001) in multiclass evaluation, with the accuracy of the latter comparable to multiclass CNN.ConclusionsOur analysis revealed that the majority vote of an interconnected group of dermatologists (CoHI) outperformed individuals and CNN in a demanding skin lesion classification task.
On an unknown lamprey holotype (Petromyzon macrostomus Burmeister 1868) and the genus Exomegas Gill 1883 from South America
Authors: Firpo Lacoste Francisco , Fernández Luis , Scioscia Cristina 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe taxonomy of the South American genus Exomegas Gill 1883 has been unstable owing to the unknown status of the type specimen of its type species, Petromyzon macrostomus Burmeister 1868. Here the authors announce the finding of the holotype in the Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” ichthyology collection. Whereas Exomegas type species is recognized based on its holotype, Exomegas gallegensis (Smitt 1901) new status is proposed. These preliminary results resolve a century‐long taxonomic uncertainty and foster a nomenclatural arrangement for a Southern Hemisphere lamprey genus.
Early‐life seasonal, weather and social effects on telomere length in a wild mammal
Authors: van Lieshout Sil H. J. , Badás Elisa P. , Bright Ross Julius G. , Bretman Amanda , Newman Chris , Buesching Christina D. , Burke Terry , Macdonald David W. , Dugdale Hannah L. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEarly‐life environmental conditions can provide a source of individual variation in life‐history strategies and senescence patterns. Conditions experienced in early life can be quantified by measuring telomere length, which can act as a biomarker of survival probability in some species. Here, we investigate whether seasonal changes, weather conditions and group size are associated with early‐life and/or early‐adulthood telomere length in a wild population of European badgers (Meles meles). We found substantial intra‐annual changes in telomere length during the first 3 years of life, where within‐individual effects showed shorter telomere lengths in the winter following the first spring and a trend for longer telomere lengths in the second spring compared to the first winter. In terms of weather conditions, cubs born in warmer, wetter springs with low rainfall variability had longer early‐life (3–12 months old) telomeres. Additionally, cubs born in groups with more cubs had marginally longer early‐life telomeres, providing no evidence of resource constraint from cub competition. We also found that the positive association between early‐life telomere length and cub survival probability remained when social and weather variables were included. Finally, after sexual maturity, in early adulthood (i.e., 12–36 months) we found no significant association between same‐sex adult group size and telomere length (i.e., no effect of intrasexual competition). Overall, we show that controlling for seasonal effects, which are linked to food availability, is important in telomere length analyses, and that variation in telomere length in badgers reflects early‐life conditions and also predicts first year cub survival.
Current status and future prospects of grapevine anthracnose caused by Elsinoe ampelina: An important disease in humid grape‐growing regions
Authors: Li Zhi , dos Santos Ricardo Feliciano , Gao Linlin , Chang Pingping , Wang Xiping 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAnthracnose, caused by Elsinoe ampelina, is one of the most destructive diseases of grapevines worldwide, especially in humid areas. E. ampelina mainly infects young tissues starting from shoots to berries and affects vine vigour and berry yield. The occurrence and the role of the sexual stage in the disease cycle and the grapevine–E. ampelina interaction remain poorly understood. However, the recent genome sequence data of E. ampelina provides the basis for further studies to understand its evolution, pathogenicity mechanisms, and effector repertoire. New studies on E. ampelina have been conducted in recent years. In this pathogen profile, we present a comprehensive literature review of E. ampelina to summarize the findings on its aetiology, infection mechanisms, genome, pathogenicity, and host resistance.TaxonomyElsinoe ampelina Shear; Kingdom Fungi; Phylum Ascomycota; Subphylum Pezizomycotina; Class Dothideomycetes; Subclass Dothideomycetidae; Order Myriangiales Starbäck; Family Elsinoaceae Höhnel; Genus Elsinoe Racib.Host rangeE. ampelina only infects Vitis species and hybrids.DistributionThe grapevine anthracnose is distributed worldwide but is most prevalent in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, India, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, South Africa, Thailand, USA, and Uruguay.Disease symptomsE. ampelina causes slightly abundant depressed spots on young leaves, petioles, stems, tendrils, rachises, and berries. Under severe infection conditions, early defoliation, berry dropping, and delayed berry development and ripening may occur.GenomeThe genomes of two E. ampelina isolates, YL‐1 and CECT 20119, are publicly released with 8,057 and 10,207 predicted genes, respectively.
Growth, agronomic characteristics and nutritional attributes of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) genotypes resistant to ALS inhibitor herbicides
Authors: Weerasooriya Dilooshi K. , Bandara Ananda Y. , Dowell Floyd , Tesso Tesfaye T. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractResistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor herbicides discovered in wild relatives of sorghum was introgressed into cultivated types, but many of the derived lines display interveinal chlorosis at seedling stages. The objectives of this study were to examine the effect of chlorotic phenotype on growth and crop performance with and without herbicide application. Thirty‐six chlorotic and normal ALS‐resistant lines and susceptible check were evaluated in two experimental sets using randomized complete block design in split‐plot arrangement over a period of three years in four replications. Data were collected on leaf chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, plant height, biomass and agronomic traits (days to anthesis, plant height and grain yield and yield components). Grain protein, starch, fat and ash were estimated using near‐infrared spectroscopy. The data showed interveinal chlorosis has significantly delayed flowering, but both chlorosis and herbicide treatment did not have negative effects on final yield and nutritional profile. The study suggests ALS‐resistant sorghums with minimal yellowing effect can be developed, and the trait can be commercially deployed without drawback on yield and utilization attributes.
Of Witches and White Folks*
Authors: Wodak Daniel 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA central debate in philosophy of race is between eliminativists and conservationists about what we ought do with ‘race’ talk. ‘Eliminativism’ is often defined such that it’s committed to holding that (a) ‘race’ is vacuous and races don’t exist, so (b) we should eliminate the term ‘race’ from our vocabulary. As a stipulative definition, that’s fine. But as an account of one of the main theoretical options in the debate, it’s a serious mistake. I offer three arguments for why eliminativism should not be tethered to vacuity or error theory, and three arguments for why the view shouldn’t be understood in terms of eliminating the term ‘race’ from our vocabulary. Instead, I propose we understand the debate as concerning whether certain uses of ordinary race terms are typically wrong. This proposal is quite simple, and naturally suggested by the common gloss that eliminativism about ‘race’ is akin to a commonsensical view about 'witch' talk. But nonetheless, I argue [Corrections made on 30 July 2021, after first online publication: The word “should” was replaced by “argue” in the last sentence of the abstract] that it offers a significant recharacterization of this core debate in philosophy of race.
Multidimensional Mechanics of Three-Dimensional Printed and Micro-Architectured Scaffolds
Authors: Niksiar Pooya , Meng Zhaoxu , Porter Michael M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Mechanical properties of porous materials depend on their micro-architectural characteristics. Freeze casting is an effective method to fabricate micro-architectured porous scaffolds. Three key characteristics generated during freeze casting are wall thickness, number of domains at the cross section, and transverse bridges connecting adjacent walls. To specifically study the effect of these structural characteristics on the mechanics and anisotropic compressive properties of scaffolds, we utilize additive manufacturing, i.e., 3D printing, to fabricate strictly designed cubic scaffolds with varying one characteristic at a time. We then compare strength, toughness, resilience, stiffness, and strain to failure in three orthogonal directions of the scaffolds, including longitudinal and transverse directions. To compare these multidimensional mechanics in a single diagram, we use a previously developed radar chart method to evaluate different scaffolds and unravel the effect of the structural characteristics. We find that the multidimensional mechanics can be effectively tuned by the micro-architectural characteristics. Notably, the buckling resistance of the scaffolds depends on all three structural characteristics. Our results show that an increased number of domains leads to enhanced toughness in all three directions. Increasing wall thickness leads to enhanced mechanical properties but comes at the price of losing small-sized pores, which is not favored for certain applications. In addition, adding transverse bridges increases not only the transverse strength of the scaffolds but also the longitudinal strength as they also enhance the buckling resistance. Our study provides important insights into the structure–property relationships of 3D-printed micro-architectured porous scaffolds.
Hyper SuDoKu-Based Solar Photovoltaic Array Reconfiguration for Maximum Power Enhancement Under Partial Shading Conditions
Authors: Anjum Shahroz , Mukherjee V. , Mehta Gitanjali 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article focuses on the rearrangement of the structure of the photovoltaic (PV) array under different shading conditions. It aims to analyze the mismatch power losses (MPLs) due to irregular illumination over PV array (PVA). The impact of partial irradiance not only affects the electrical power but also causes multiple peaks in the P-V and I-V curves. The formulation of the best PVA configuration (PVAC) to achieve maximum output even under partial shading conditions is the deciding factor for the topologies considered. To aid the maximum power extraction, a new SuDoKu PVAC is designed like hyper SuDoKu (HS). This new structure is compared with the already existing PVACs such as bridge-link, honey-comb, series-parallel, total cross-tied, and SuDoKu in the effect of considerable cases of shadowing. matlab/simulink is used for the designing, and computer-based modeling of all these PVACs is considered in this study. The evaluation of these arrangements has been done by keeping several performance factors as the deciding pivot points. These factors include MPL, efficiency, global maximum power point (GMPP), and fill factor (FF). The results obtained through this document suggest that the HS arrangement proposed here gives the best outcome for each shading condition. The proposed HS structural arrangement of PVA deals with significantly superior GMPP, FF, and efficiency while maintaining minimum MPL in comparison to other arrangements.
Optimal Positioning of Wayside Energy Storage Systems in Local Transportation Networks
Authors: Otto Philip , Gratzfeld Peter 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Most local transport networks use a direct current supply, whose energy efficiency can be significantly increased with stationary energy storage systems. Simulation techniques are mostly used in studies on the integration of energy storage systems. Their aim is to determine the ideal location and the effectiveness of storage systems. In this paper, the basic relationships for the integration of storage systems are analysed. For this purpose, the braking process of electric rail vehicles is described and generally valid equations are derived. With these equations it is possible to understand the relevant relationships between the system parameters and to derive suitable storage locations. These can help operators to reduce the simulation effort.