bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geographic, racial/ethnic, and socioeconomic inequities in broadband access
Authors: Zahnd Whitney E. , Bell Nathaniel , Larson Annie E. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntroductionBroadband access is a “super determinant of health.” Understanding the spatial distribution and predictors of access may help target government programs and telehealth applications. Our aim was to examine broadband access across geography and sociodemographic characteristics using American Community Survey (ACS) data.MethodsWe used 5‐year ACS estimates from 2014 to 2018 to evaluate broadband access across contiguous US census tracts. Rural‐Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) codes were categorized as metropolitan, micropolitan, small town, and isolated rural. We performed bivariate analyses to determine differences by RUCA categories and meeting the Healthy People 2020 (HP2020) objective (83.2% broadband access) or not. We conducted spatial statistics and spatial regression analyses to identify clusters of broadband access and sociodemographic factors associated with broadband access.ResultsNo RUCA grouping met the HP2020 objective; 80.6% of households had broadband access, including 82.0% of metropolitan, 73.9% of micropolitan, 70.7% of small town, and 70.0% of isolated rural households. Areas with high percentages of Black residents had lower broadband access, particularly in isolated rural tracts (54.9%). Low access was spatially clustered in the Southeast, Southwest, and northern plains. In spatial regression models, poverty and education were most strongly associated with broadband access, while the proportion of American Indian/Alaska Native population was the strongest racial/ethnic factor.ConclusionsRural areas had less broadband access with the greatest disparities experienced among geographically isolated areas with larger Black and American Indian/Alaska Native populations, more poverty, and lower educational attainment, following well‐known social gradients in health. Resources and initiatives should target these areas of greatest need.
Competition and the negative expected social value of cost‐reducing innovation
Authors: Zhang Anzhou 
Published: November 2021

AbstractI study an R&D race among outside entities to a cost‐reducing innovation of a certain magnitude and the subsequent patent licensing by the winner. The target is to study whether the expected social value of the innovation is positive or not. Sufficient conditions under which it is negative or positive are provided. I also find non‐monotonic effects of the innovation's magnitude and the number of incumbent firms on the expected social value.
Pure 100% fruit juices – more than just a source of free sugars? A review of the evidence of their effect on risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and obesity
Authors: Ruxton Carrie H. S. , Derbyshire Emma , Sievenpiper John L. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPure 100% fruit juice (100%FJ) provides a source of nutrients and bioactive substances, such as flavonoids, carotenoids and pectin, and counts as a serving of fruit in several countries. Nevertheless, 100%FJ has been the subject of debate since it also contains free sugars and provides less fibre than whole fruits. Sugar recommendations, when translated into policy, are designed to limit population consumption of free sugars. The World Health Organization (WHO) free sugars classification does not differentiate between added sugars and free sugars naturally occurring in 100%FJ and other foods. Hence, there is an implication that all sources of free sugars are equally detrimental and should be reduced. But is this the case? Since WHO’s original 2003 classification, a considerable amount of evidence has been published on 100%FJ and its impact on health. This paper provides an update, focussing on meta‐analyses where available. These show protective associations for cardiovascular health at intakes of up to 200 ml/day, and significant improvements in vascular function, blood pressure and inflammation at higher intakes. Evidence on obesity, metabolic markers and type 2 diabetes risk – where studies have clearly differentiated consumption data for 100%FJ – suggests no clinically significant negative impact of 100%FJ at a wide range of intakes, unless diets are in positive energy balance. Data on nutrient adequacy from observational studies indicate positive associations between 100%FJ and intakes of whole fruits, vitamin C, vitamin A, folate and potassium. Since the evidence does not appear to show that drinking moderate amounts of 100%FJ is harmful to metabolic health or weight management, free sugars reduction policies should focus on sources that represent a genuine health risk and make a negligible contribution to nutrient adequacy. 100%FJ at intakes of up to 150 ml/day and consumed at mealtimes to protect dental health should remain part of 5 A DAY advice.
Examining the effect of infection prevention and control awareness among nurses on patient and family education: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Hammoud Sahar , Amer Faten , Kocsis Béla 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe significance of patient engagement in infection prevention and control remains to be stressed as a means of improving patient safety. This study aimed to determine nurses’ awareness of infection prevention and control, assess patient and family education on infection prevention and control, and examine the effect of nurses’ infection prevention and control awareness on patient and family education. A multi‐site, cross‐sectional study was conducted among 566 nurses in Hungary. Nurses responded to a questionnaire of three parts: demographics, infection prevention, and control awareness; healthcare‐associated infections, hand hygiene, and standard precautions; and patient and family education. High scores were reached in overall awareness and standard precautions. Nurses educated patients and family members the most on hand hygiene and respiratory hygiene. Nurses with higher awareness educated patients more than those with lower awareness, but the differences were only significant for respiratory hygiene and the reason for isolation. Nursing leaders are encouraged to enhance the culture that is based on nurse/patient partnership and to develop reminders to emphasize the importance of engaging patients and family members in infection prevention and control.
Surgical Outcomes for C2 Tear Drop Fractures: Clinical Relevance to Hangman's Fracture and C2‐3 Discoligamentous Injury
Authors: Kim Sung‐Kyu , Rhee John M. , Park Eric T. , Seo Hyoung‐Yeon 
Published: November 2021

ObjectiveTo analyze characteristics of surgically managed tear drop (TD) fractures of the C2 axis associated with other injuries such as hangman's fracture and C2‐3 discoligamentous injury as well as treatment outcomes.MethodsA total of 14 patients (eight men and six women) with TD fractures of the C2, who were surgically treated at four national trauma centers of tertiary university hospitals from January 2000 to December 2017, were included in this retrospective study. The mean age of the patients was 45.5 years (ranging from 19 to 74 years). The characteristics, surgical treatment methods (anterior fusion vs posterior fusion), and results of 14 TD fractures of the C2 were analyzed retrospectively. And the clinical relevance between C2 TD fracture and hangman's fracture and C2‐3 discoligamentous injury was investigated through the co‐occurrence between injuries. The mean follow‐up time after surgery was 22.6 months (ranging from 12 to 60 months).ResultsAmong 14 patients with TD fracture of the C2, four patients (28.6%) had anterior TD fracture and 10 patients (71.4%) had posterior TD fracture. All 10 posterior TD fracture patients had anterior C2‐3 displacement. While two of four anterior TD fracture patients had posterior C2‐3 displacement, the remaining two did not. All 14 patients of TD fracture had at least two or more other associated C2 injuries as well as C2‐3 discoligamentous injuries. About 92.9% (13/14) of the patients had typical or atypical hangman's fracture; 100% (10/10) of the posterior TD fracture patients had hangman's fracture, but 75% (3/4) of the anterior TD fracture had hangman's fracture. At admission, 13 patients were neurologically intact. However, the remaining patient had spinal cord injury with American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale B with C2‐3 bilateral facet dislocation. All four anterior TD fracture patients underwent posterior C2‐3 fusion. While four of 10 posterior TD fracture patients underwent C2‐3 anterior fusion, the remaining six underwent posterior fusion. At last follow‐up, 100% (14/14) of the patients achieved solid fusion, and visual analog scale for neck pain was significantly improved (5.9 vs 2.2, P < 0.001). One patient with ASIA impairment scale B had significantly improved to scale D. No major complications occurred.ConclusionOur study showed that surgically managed TD fractures of the C2 showed a high incidence of other associated spine injuries including hangman's fracture and C2‐3 discoligamentous injury. Therefore, special attention and careful radiologic evaluation are needed to investigate the presence of other associated spine injuries including hangman's fracture and C2‐3 discoligamentous injury, which are likely to require surgery.
Large discrepancy in optimal atrioventricular delay between sensed and paced atrial events in a pacemaker patient
Authors: Yamagishi Yasunobu , Oginosawa Yasushi , Miki Hajime , Yagyu Keishiro , Miyamoto Taro , Tsukahara Keita , Iwataki Mai , Ohe Hisaharu , Kohno Ritsuko , Kataoka Masaharu 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA 74‐year‐old man experienced complete atrioventricular (AV) block 2 days after catheter ablation for right atrial (RA) macroreentrant tachycardia. We performed DDD pacemaker implantation with atrial septal pacing because other sites of pacing threshold were not acceptable. The maximum left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral was 15.8 cm with sensed AV delay (40 ms) and 15.0 cm with paced AV delay (220 ms); however, this exceeded the pacemaker's maximum difference of 100 ms. We herein report the case of a large discrepancy in optimal AV delay intervals between sensed and paced atrial events, requiring consideration of proper pacemaker settings.
Gaming country rankings: Consultancies as knowledge brokers for global benchmarks
Authors: Broome André 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis article explores how for‐profit consultancies mediate knowledge about global benchmarks in developing countries. Drawing on the case of the Ease of Doing Business rankings, published annually by the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation between 2005 and 2019, it examines the role consultancies play as knowledge brokers connecting global benchmarks produced by intergovernmental organizations to regulatory reform programs undertaken by national public administrations. The article shows how consultancies contracted to implement business enabling environment projects by the United States Agency for International Development advised national policymakers on how to design reforms to improve their country's ranking status. Lending weight to criticisms that shifts in country rankings are misleading as an indicator of changes in regulatory quality, the findings suggest that consultancies have leveraged benchmarks to perpetuate demand for their own expertise rather than to improve the evidence base for aid allocation and the evaluation of development projects.
Oral manifestations of multisystemic inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS‐C) and Kawasaki disease associated to COVID‐19: A systematic review
Authors: Nascimento Rebeca Barros , Araujo Nara Santos , Silva Jamerson Carvalho , Xavier Flávia Caló Aquino 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAimsMultisystemic inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS‐C) is a condition noted in some children asymptomatic but positive to Sars‐cov‐2 antibody and it presents clinical and laboratory changes similar to Kawasaki disease (KD). Oral changes have also been observed. This systematic review evaluated oral manifestations detected in children with MIS‐C and KD associated to COVID‐19.Methods and ResultsThis work was registered at PROSPERO (#CRD42020225909), following PRISMA guidelines. A comprehensive research was conducted in MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, LILACS, Scopus, and Grey Literature through August 2021, based on original research evaluating children diagnosed with MIS‐C or KD related to COVID‐19. Two authors independently screened all retrieved references. Twenty five selected studies evaluated 624 children, mean age 8.78 years. The assessment of the risk of bias (ROB) showed that most of them presented low ROB. Oral manifestations were erythematous mucous membrane, oral ulcers lesions, dry, swollen and cracked lips, and strawberry tongue.ConclusionMIS‐C and KD share the same oral manifestations and their identification may lead to an early diagnosis.
Grassland soil organic carbon and the effects of irrigated cropping in Alberta, Canada
Authors: Wang Zhi‐Ping , Li Xiao‐Peng , Pelletier Rick , Chang Scott X. , Bork Edward W. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractHigh heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) in grasslands causes uncertainty in estimating its content and storage. In this study, we investigated the spatial distribution of SOC content and storage in the prairies of southern Alberta, Canada, and how it is affected by land use such as irrigated cropping and other environmental conditions such as cattle grazing, slope landscape position and dominant plant species. The mean SOC content was determined to be 11.5 g kg–1 (range: 8.9 to 22.4 g kg–1) in the 0–10 cm layer and 6.8 g kg–1 (range: 4.0 to 13.3 g kg–1) in the 10–30 cm layer; mean SOC storage was 1.59 kg C m–2 (range: 1.23 to 2.78 kg C m–2) in the 0–10 cm layer and 2.07 kg C m–2 (range: 1.21 to 3.62 kg C m–2) in the 10–30 cm layer. The SOC content was significantly affected by slope position in both the 0–10 and 10–30 cm layers, in the following order: bottom >middle > top position. Moreover, SOC storage was higher in sites dominated by shrubs than graminoid/forb communities. Thus, SOC content and storage had distinctly clustered spatial patterns throughout the study area and were significant differences between the 0–10 and 10–30 cm soil layers. Prior land‐use change from arid grassland to irrigated cropland increased SOC content and storage in bulk soils.
Putting humans back in the loop of machine learning in Canadian smart cities
Authors: Zheng Zhibin , Sieber Renee 
Published: November 2021

AbstractEven as researchers recognize smart cities as sociotechnological assemblages, the attractiveness of artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) continues to drive cities towards automating urban process and analysis. Rather than arguing whether researchers should automate their analysis, we are interested in identifying where non‐automated, manual judgement calls are made and the analysis is more subjective than presented. We examine topic modelling, an ML method, in an analysis of applications to a pan‐Canadian smart cities grant competition. We document 11 steps in topic modelling from data collection to interpretation. At each step, including the choice of the topic modelling method, some degree of human intervention is required. We draw on human‐centred ML research to argue for a greater recognition of the role of humans‐as‐researchers to preclude further uncritical adoption of AI/ML to research smart cities.
Fluid-Thermal Topology Optimization of Gas Turbine Blade Internal Cooling Ducts
Authors: Ghosh Shinjan , Fernandez Erik , Kapat Jayanta 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Topology optimization uses a variable permeability approach to manipulate flow geometries. Such a method has been employed in the current work to modify the geometric configuration of internal cooling ducts by manipulating the distribution of material blockage. A modified version of the OpenFOAM solver AdjointShapeOptimizationFOAM has been used to optimize the flow-path of a serpentine channel and high aspect ratio rectangular ducts, with increase in heat transfer and reduction in pressure drop as the objective functions. These duct shapes are typically used as internal cooling channels in gas turbine blades for sustaining the blade material at high inlet temperatures. The serpentine channel shape is initially topologically optimized, the fluid path from which is post-processed and re-simulated in star-ccm+. The end result has an improvement in thermal performance efficiency (η) by 24%. Separation regions are found to be reduced when compared to the original baseline. The second test geometry is a high aspect ratio rectangular duct. Weight factors are assigned to the objective functions in this multi-objective approach, which are varied to obtain a unique shape for each such combination. The addition of mass penalization to the existing objective function results in a complex lattice-like structure, which is a different outcome in geometry and shape when compared to the case without any additional penalization. The thermal performance efficiency of this shape is found to be higher by at-least 18% when compared to the computational fluid dynamics results of a few other turbulator shapes from the literature.
Electrical Performances of Package Layout for High Speed Networking and Cloud Computing Application
Authors: Zhuang Ming-Han , Shih Teny , Lai David , Wang Yu-Po 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In the present generation, internet with instant data access brings up the demands of high speed Ethernet. Development of 400G Ethernet is currently underway. There are two common coding schemes: non-return-to-zero (NRZ) and pulse-amplitude modulation 4-Level (PAM4). Because NRZ needs signaling in higher Nyquist frequency, which results in higher channel dependent loss, PAM4 has become a popular solution.
In this paper, we use 85 Ohm differential signal to explore a way to improve performance in the aspects of insertion loss, return loss and crosstalk for 112Gbps PAM4 application. A 12 layer substrate with low-loss dielectric of ABF-GL102 is used for the study. We scan the gap size of via pad which contributes the impedance discontinuity thus impacts signal integrity. Die bump and BGA pin assignments are the other two key factors in cause of crosstalk.
Damage of Flexible Electronic Line Under Mechanical and Electrical Stress Loading
Authors: Horiuchi Ryota , Sasagawa Kazuhiko , Fujisaki Kazuhiro 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Flexible printed circuits (FPCs) are widely used in electronic devices such as movable part line or wearable sensor. Inkjet printing is attracting attention because it can draw electric lines of any shape without a photo mask. The mechanical characteristics such as flexibility or durability of electric lines have been evaluated by bending and tensile tests. Moreover, the reliability characteristics of metal particle ink lines under electric current loading have been recently evaluated. However, the electronic line has not been evaluated under both the mechanical stress due to bending deformation and the electrical stress due to electric current. According to scaling down of electric devices, the current density and Joule heat in interconnect line increase and electromigration (EM) damage becomes a serious problem. EM is a transportation phenomenon of metallic atoms caused by electron wind under high-density electric current. Reducing EM damage is extremely important to enhance device reliability. In this study, high-density current loading tests of flexible electronic line were conducted under bending deformation of the substrate in order to investigate the effect of mechanical stress on the EM damage of the electronic line.
As the results of current loading tests, the specimens with bending deformation became open circuits in shorter time than that without bending deformation. Therefore, it is considered that the bending deformation is affected on the electric reliability characteristic of the flexible electronic lines reflecting EM damage.
A Review on the Current Industrial Uses and the Future Outlook of Battery Thermal Management Systems for Electric Vehicles
Authors: Choi Nicholas , Quach Nhi V. , Won Yoonjin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Due to the high-power efficiency of lithium-ion batteries, there is an increased interest in integrating batteries into vehicles to create a more sustainable transportation method. However, batteries require thermal management systems to maintain heat generation within ranges lower than 40 kJ and operation temperatures between 25°C and 40°C. When exposed to extremely high or low temperatures, the battery efficiency decreases, and adverse consequences may occur. To combat this, research is conducted to explore various options to create thermofluidic systems that utilize fluids to regulate the battery pack’s temperatures. Developments in cooling systems have commonly used air as the cooling fluid, but research in recent years is innovating towards liquids to encourage a higher heat dissipation rate.
This paper introduces battery thermal management system applications, current technologies and challenges, and innovations for improving existing models. The current technologies discussed involve manufactured systems based on air- and liquid-cooling for cylindrical and prismatic battery cells. We provide information on new engineered fluids for improvements in fluid properties. In addition to this, new directions related to manufacturing techniques or materials are highlighted to showcase potential changes to current systems to integrate complicated cooling channels in a three-dimensional design. This paper thereby aims to summarize the holistic view showing the direction of the field and possible techniques for battery thermal management.
Novel Air-Cooled Thermosyphon Cooling System for Desktop Computers
Authors: Cataldo Filippo , Amalfi Raffaele L. , Marcinichen Jackson B. , Thome John R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The trade-off between efficient cooling and low power consumption is a goal that has always been very desirable in electronics cooling, especially nowadays that power densities of processing units are increasing. Conventional cooling solutions do not have the necessary cooling capacities for these power densities or require significant power consumption. In this study, a novel air-cooled thermosyphon cooling system for desktop computers is presented and experimentally tested. The thermosyphon comprises a vertical micro-channel cold plate as the evaporator and a horizontal air-cooled multiport coil as the condenser. The thermosyphon has a total height of 12 cm and operates with a fan speed of 1700 RPM. The working fluid selected for the thermosyphon loop is R1234ze(E), chosen for its advantageous thermophysical properties and nearly zero-GWP (Global Warming Potential). The test results presented in this paper aim to analyze thermosyphon’s thermal and hydraulic performance by studying the trends of thermal resistance and mass flow rate as a function of different operating conditions. The maximum heat rejection under safe conditions is 250 W, corresponding to a heat flux of about 18 W/cm2.