Hexapeptides from a mammalian inhibitory hormone activate and inactivate nematode reproduction
Authors: Hart John E. , Mohan Sharad , Davies Keith G , Ferneyhough Ben , Clarke Iain J , Hunt John A , Shnyder Steve D , Mundy Christopher R , Howlett David R , Newton Russell P 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundBiopurification has been used to disclose an evolutionarily conserved inhibitory reproductive hormone involved in tissue mass determination. A (rat) bioassay-guided physicochemical fractionation using ovine materials yielded via Edman degradation a 14-residue amino acid (aa) sequence. As a 14mer synthetic peptide (EPL001) this displayed antiproliferative and reproduction-modulating activity, while representing only a part of the native polypeptide. Even more unexpectedly, a scrambled-sequence control peptide (EPL030) did likewise.MethodsReproduction has been investigated in the nematode Steinernema siamkayai, using a fermentation system supplemented with different concentrations of exogenous hexapeptides. Peptide structure-activity relationships have also been studied using prostate cancer and other mammalian cells in vitro, with peptides in solution or immobilized, and via the use of mammalian assays in vivo and through molecular modelling.ResultsReproduction increased (x3) in the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema siamkayai after exposure to one synthetic peptide (IEPVFT), while fecundity was reduced (x0.5) after exposure to another (KLKMNG), both effects being dose-dependent. These hexamers are opposite ends of the synthetic peptide KLKMNGKNIEPVFT (EPL030). Bioactivity is unexpected as EPL030 is a control compound, based on a scrambled sequence of the test peptide MKPLTGKVKEFNNI (EPL001). EPL030 and EPL001 are both bioinformatically obscure, having no convincing matches to aa sequences in the protein databases. EPL001 has antiproliferative effects on human prostate cancer cells and rat bone marrow cells in vitro. Intracerebroventricular infusion of EPL001 in sheep was associated with elevated growth hormone in peripheral blood and reduced prolactin. The highly dissimilar EPL001 and EPL030 nonetheless have the foregoing biological effects in common in mammalian systems, while being divergently pro- and anti-fecundity respectively in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Peptides up to a 20mer have also been shown to inhibit the proliferation of human cancer and other mammalian cells in vitro, with reproductive upregulation demonstrated previously in fish and frogs, as well as nematodes. EPL001 encodes the sheep neuroendocrine prohormone secretogranin II (sSgII), as deduced on the basis of immunoprecipitation using an anti-EPL001 antibody, with bespoke bioinformatics. Six sSgII residues are key to EPL001’s bioactivity : MKPLTGKVKEFNNI. A stereospecific bimodular tri-residue signature is described involving simultaneous accessibility for binding of the side chains of two specific trios of amino acids, MKP & VFN. An evolutionarily conserved receptor is conceptualised having dimeric binding sites, each with ligand-matching bimodular stereocentres. The bioactivity of the 14mer control peptide EPL030 and its hexapeptide progeny is due to the fortuitous assembly of subsets of the novel hormonal motif, MKPVFN, a default reproductive and tissue-building OFF signal.NOTEPlease see the end of the paper for links to ten files of supplementary information and for an independent peer review.KEY POINTSSynthetic hexapeptides have upregulated and downregulated nematode reproduction, following similar work in other nematode species and in fish and frogs.Peptides up to a 20mer have also been shown to inhibit the proliferation of human cancer and other mammalian cells in vitro and influence circulating levels of ovine pituitary hormones in vivo via intracerebroventricular peptide infusion.The amino acid sequence of the 14mer master peptide arose from a (rat) bioassay- guided fractionation using ovine materials, whose aim was to disclose an evolutionarily conserved inhibitory reproductive hormone involved in tissue mass determination.The bioactive peptides mimic the non-contiguous six-residue receptor-binding active face of a polypeptide hormone, which in mammals is a derivative of the secretory vesicle prohormone secretogranin II (SgII), taking the form of a novel, structually complex 70mer dubbed ‘SgII-70’.The ability has been gained to reinforce or block a default reproductive and tissue- building OFF signal, using peptide mimetics.