bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Explicating the concept of epistemic rationality
Authors: Eder Anna-Maria A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA characterization of epistemic rationality, or epistemic justification, is typically taken to require a process of conceptual clarification, and is seen as comprising the core of a theory of (epistemic) rationality. I propose to explicate the concept of rationality. It is essential, I argue, that the normativity of rationality, and the purpose, or goal, for which the particular theory of rationality is being proposed, is taken into account when explicating the concept of rationality. My position thus amounts to an instrumentalist position about theories of epistemic rationality. Since there are different purposes, or goals, for which theories of rationality are proposed, the method of explication leaves room for different characterizations of rationality. I focus on two such (kinds of) purposes: first, the purpose of guiding the formation (or maintenance) of doxastic states and, second, the purpose of assessing (the formation or maintenance of) doxastic states. I conclude by outlining a pluralistic picture concerning rationality.
Autopsy findings in drivers and passengers from fatal motor vehicle collisions: limited differences in injury patterns and toxicological test results
Authors: Breen Jan Mario , Næss Pål Aksel , Gaarder Christine , Stray-Pedersen Arne 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe performed a retrospective study of the injuries and characteristics of occupant fatalities in motor vehicle collisions in southeast Norway. The goal was to provide updated knowledge of injuries sustained in modern vehicles and detect possible differences in injury pattern between drivers and passengers. Forensic autopsy reports, police, and collision investigation reports from 2000 to 2014 were studied, data extracted and analyzed.A total of 284 drivers, 80 front-seat passengers, and 37 rear-seat passengers were included, of which 67.3% died in front collisions, 13.7% in near-side impacts, 13.5% in rollovers and 5.5% in other/combined collisions. Overall, 80.5% died within one hour after the crash. The presence of fatal injuries to the head, neck, thorax and abdomen were observed in 63.6%, 10.7%, 61.6% and 27.4% respectively. All occupants with severe injuries to the head or neck had signs of direct impact with contact point injuries to the skin or skull. Injuries to the heart and spleen were less common in front-seat passengers compared to drivers. Seat belt abrasions were more common and lower extremity fractures less common in both front-seat and rear-seat passengers compared to drivers. Blood alcohol and/or drug concentrations suggestive of impairment were present in 30% of all occupants, with alcohol more often detected among front-seat passengers compared to drivers.Few driver-specific and passenger-specific patterns of injury could be identified. When attempting to assess an occupant’s seating position within a vehicle, autopsy findings should be interpreted with caution and only in conjunction with documentation from the crash scene.
Quantitative Monitoring of the Fermentation Process of a Barley Malt Mash by Benchtop 1H NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Burkhardtsmaier Pia , Pavlovskaja Kristina , Maier Dennis , Schäfer Stephanie , Salat Ulrike , Schmidt Magnus S. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn order to investigate benchtop NMR spectroscopy as a monitoring tool for fermentation processes, we used a barley malt mash and took various samples over time and analysed them by NMR spectroscopy with 3-(trimethylsilyl)-2,2,3,3-tetradeuteropropionic acid sodium salt (TSP-d4) as an internal standard for the quantification of ethanol and validated the results by two different enzymatic standard test kits for ethanol analysis. We could show that the results between NMR spectroscopy and test kits were consistent with NMR having a much lower standard deviation. Finally, we discussed the applicability of the method as well as the possibility to quantify various other substances.
Finding Oxford’s medieval Jewry using organic residue analysis, faunal records and historical documents
Authors: Dunne J. , Biddulph E. , Manix P. , Gillard T. , Whelton H. , Teague S. , Champness C. , Broderick L. G. , Nicholson R. , Blinkhorn P. , Craig-Atkins E. , Jervis B. , Madgwick R. , Hodos T. , Cramp L. J. E. , Evershed R. P. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFood is often one of the most distinctive expressions of social, religious, cultural or ethnic groups. However, the archaeological identification of specific religious dietary practices, including the Jewish tradition of keepingkosher, associated with ritual food practices and taboos, is very rare. This is arguably one of the oldest known diets across the world and, for an observant Jew, maintaining dietary laws (known as Kashruth) is a fundamental part of everyday life. Recent excavations in the early medieval Oxford Jewish quarter yielded a remarkable assemblage of animal bones, marked by a complete absence of pig specimens and a dominance ofkosher(permitted) birds, domestic fowl and goose. To our knowledge, this is the first identification of a Jewish dietary signature in British zooarchaeology, which contrasted markedly with the previous Saxon phase where pig bones were present in quantity and bird bones were barely seen. Lipid residue analysis of pottery from St Aldates showed that vessels from the possible Jewish houses were solely used to process ruminant carcass products, with an avoidance of pig product processing, correlating well with the faunal data. In contrast, lipid analysis of pottery from comparative assemblages from the previous Saxon phase at the site and a contemporaneous site in the city, The Queen’s College, shows that the majority of these vessels appear to have been used to process mixtures of both ruminant and non-ruminant (pig) products. Here, the combination of organic residue analysis, site excavation and animal and fish bone evidence was consistent with the presence of Jewish houses in eleventh- and twelfth-century St Aldates, Oxford, hitherto only suspected through documentary information. This is the first identification of specific religious dietary practices using lipid residue analysis, verifying that, at least 800 years ago, medieval Jewish Oxford communities practised dietary laws known as Kashruth.
Hom-left-symmetric color dialgebras, Hom-tridendriform color algebras and Yau’s twisting generalizations
Authors: Bakayoko Ibrahima , Silvestrov Sergei 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe goal of this paper is to introduce and give some constructions and study properties of Hom-left-symmetric color dialgebras and Hom-tridendriform color algebras. Next, we study their connection with Hom-associative color algebras, Hom-post-Lie color algebras and Hom–Poisson color dialgebras. Finally, we generalize Yau’s twisting to a class of color Hom-algebras and use endomorphisms or elements of centroids to produce other color Hom-algebras from given one.
The interactions between habitat, sex, biomass and leaf traits of different willow (Salix) genotypes
Authors: Konatowska Monika , Rutkowski Paweł , Budka Anna , Goliński Piotr , Szentner Kinga , Mleczek Mirosław 
Published: February 2021

AbstractKnowledge of the impacts of sex on plant mortality and biomass production has scientific and practical importance. In the case of willows, we know relatively little about such effects. The main objective of this study was to evaluate whether the sex of individuals of different willow species determines their biomass and mortality. An additional goal was to determine whether the secondary sex characteristics, such as leaf traits, depend on sex. The experiment was conducted from 2011 to 2014 with 8100 plants comprising 150 willow genotypes, including 8 species, 16 interspecies hybrids, cultivars, and specimens differentiated by sex. Statistical analysis of the leaf traits revealed their relationship to sex. On average, male specimens have longer and wider leaves. They also have longer petioles. Males of the studied Salix genotypes were characterized by higher biomass and showed a greater survival rate than females but only under better site conditions; when the site conditions were poorer, males had higher mortality than females.
Precision agriculture and geospatial techniques for sustainable disease control
Authors: Roberts Daniel P. , Short Nicholas M. , Sill James , Lakshman Dilip K. , Hu Xiaojia , Buser Michael 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe agricultural community is confronted with dual challenges; increasing production of nutritionally dense food and decreasing the impacts of these crop production systems on the land, water, and climate. Control of plant pathogens will figure prominently in meeting these challenges as plant diseases cause significant yield and economic losses to crops responsible for feeding a large portion of the world population. New approaches and technologies to enhance sustainability of crop production systems and, importantly, plant disease control need to be developed and adopted. By leveraging advanced geoinformatic techniques, advances in computing and sensing infrastructure (e.g., cloud-based, big data-driven applications) will aid in the monitoring and management of pesticides and biologicals, such as cover crops and beneficial microbes, to reduce the impact of plant disease control and cropping systems on the environment. This includes geospatial tools being developed to aid the farmer in managing cropping system and disease management strategies that are more sustainable but increasingly complex. Geoinformatics and cloud-based, big data-driven applications are also being enlisted to speed up crop germplasm improvement; crop germplasm that has enhanced tolerance to pathogens and abiotic stress and is in tune with different cropping systems and environmental conditions is needed. Finally, advanced geoinformatic techniques and advances in computing infrastructure allow a more collaborative framework amongst scientists, policymakers, and the agricultural community to speed the development, transfer, and adoption of these sustainable technologies.
Soft X‐ray and ENA Imaging of the Earth's Dayside Magnetosphere
Authors: Connor H. K. , Sibeck D. G. , Collier M. R. , Baliukin I. I. , Branduardi‐Raymont G. , Brandt P. C. , Buzulukova N. Y. , Collado‐Vega Y. M. , Escoubet C. P. , Fok M.‐C. , Hsieh S.‐Y. , Jung J. , Kameda S. , Kuntz K. D. , Porter F. S. , Sembay S. , Sun T. , Walsh B. M. , Zoennchen J. H. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe LEXI and SMILE missions will provide soft X‐ray images of the Earth's magnetosheath and cusps after their anticipated launch in 2023 and 2024, respectively. The IBEX mission showed the potential of an Energetic Neutral Atom (ENA) instrument to image dayside magnetosheath and cusps, albeit over the long hours required to raster an image with a single pixel imager. Thus, it is timely to discuss the two imaging techniques and relevant science topics. We simulate soft X‐ray and low‐ENA images that might be observed by a virtual spacecraft during two interesting solar wind scenarios: a southward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field and a sudden enhancement of the solar wind dynamic pressure. We employ the OpenGGCM global magnetohydrodynamics model and a simple exospheric neutral density model for these calculations. Both the magnetosheath and the cusps generate strong soft X‐rays and ENA signals that can be used to extract the locations and motions of the bow shock and magnetopause. Magnetopause erosion corresponds closely to the enhancement of dayside reconnection rate obtained from the OpenGGCM model, indicating that images can be used to understand global‐scale magnetopause reconnection. When dayside imagers are installed with high‐ENA inner‐magnetosphere and FUV/UV aurora imagers, we can trace the solar wind energy flow from the bow shock to the magnetosphere and then to the ionosphere in a self‐standing manner without relying upon other observatories. Soft X‐ray and/or ENA imagers can also unveil the dayside exosphere density structure and its response to space weather.
Response of Mars's Topside Ionosphere to Changing Solar Activity and Comparisons to Venus
Authors: Hensley K. , Withers P. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractStudying how planetary ionospheres respond to changes in solar irradiance can inform our understanding of how planetary atmospheres have reacted to our changing Sun over the course of solar system history. The response of Mars's main ionospheric peak to changing solar irradiance has been well‐studied. Less well understood are the altitudes above the main peak. We use radio occultation observations by Mars Global Surveyor and ground‐based solar radio flux measurements to quantify the response of Mars's electron densities to changing solar irradiance at these altitudes. This analysis shows that the electron densities respond modestly at and just above the main peak, with the response increasing above or below the peak. We use a one‐dimensional photochemical equilibrium model to reproduce the observed electron densities and investigate the influence of minor ions, changing electron temperatures, and changing neutral densities and composition on the resultant electron density. We find that the neutral atmosphere is primarily responsible for the observed behavior. We also make comparisons to Venus, which shows a more dramatic increase in its ionospheric response as a function of altitude. We show that while the ionospheric responses of Mars and Venus as a function of altitude are markedly different, recasting the analysis in terms of number of scale heights above the main peak brings the two planets into closer agreement, especially at the main peak. The agreement is worse at higher altitudes and this is attributed to Venus's larger proportion of atomic oxygen.
Multiscale Superposition and Decomposition of Field‐Measured Suspended Sediment Concentrations: Implications for Extending 1DV Models to Coastal Oceans With Advected Fine Sediments
Authors: Zhang Shaotong , Nielsen Peter , Perrochet Pierre , Jia Yonggang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOne‐dimensional vertical (1DV) diffusion‐settling models are practical tools for sediment transport analysis of sands, which is mostly a local process. However, for fine sediments, the observed concentrations C(t) can be mixed via horizontal advection (HA) due to the lower settling velocity, which makes the C(t) not necessarily a local process, thus making 1DV models invalid. It is important to determine the qualitative significance of HA or quantitatively separate HA signals when applying 1DV models to environments with advected fine sediments. Here, novel methods are combined to (1) qualitatively identify the physical mechanisms underlying C(t) variations and determine whether HA is significant via multiscale frequency superposition and (2) quantitatively decompose C(t) components according to their physical mechanisms via spectral filter decomposition. In situ observational data of C(t) and concurrent hydrodynamics in the subaqueous Yellow River Delta is employed to analyze the methods' performance. The decomposed signals are reasonable because they can be interpreted in light of other observed physical processes. The results indicated that M2 tidal advection contributed 8.30% by carrying sediments from 1.6 km upstream of the flood tides, M4 and M6 + M8 tidal resuspension contributed 4.16% and 3.96%, respectively, by periodically resuspending a “fluffy layer.” Waves resuspended sediments from an erosion center 5 km upstream of the flood tides and contributed to 76.49% of the elevated C(t). The proposed methods can exclude HA signals from the measured C(t) to increase the applicability of 1DV models to environments with advected fines when C(t) and hydrodynamics are measured.
The South Asia Monsoon Break Promotes Grass Growth on the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Ren Yanghang , Yang Kun , Wang Han , Zhao Long , Chen Yingying , Zhou Xu , La Zhu 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAs a region that is highly sensitive to global climate change, the Tibetan Plateau (TP) experiences an intra‐seasonal soil water deficient due to the reduced precipitation during the South Asia monsoon (SAM) breaks. Few studies have investigated the impact of SAM breaks on TP ecological processes, although a number of studies have explored the effects of inter‐annual and decadal climate variability. In this study, the response of vegetation activity to SAM breaks was investigated. The data used are: (1) soil moisture from in situ, satellite remote sensing and data assimilation; and (2) the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and solar‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF). We found that in the SAM break‐impacted region, which is distributed in the central‐eastern part of TP, photosynthesis become more active during SAM breaks. And temporal variability in the photosynthesis of this region is controlled mainly by solar radiation variability and has little sensitivity to soil moisture. We adopted a diagnostic process‐based modeling approach to examine the causes of enhanced plant activity during SAM breaks on the central‐eastern TP. Our analysis indicates that more carbon assimilated by photosynthesis in the reduced precipitation is stimulated by increases in solar radiation absorbed and temperature. This study highlights the importance of sub‐seasonal climate variability for characterizing the relationship between vegetation and climate.
Exposure to ambient particulate matter and biomass burning during pregnancy: associations with birth weight in Thailand
Authors: Mueller William , Tantrakarnapa Kraichat , Johnston Helinor Jane , Loh Miranda , Steinle Susanne , Vardoulakis Sotiris , Cherrie John W. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundThere is a growing evidence that exposure to ambient particulate air pollution during pregnancy is associated with adverse birth outcomes, including reduced birth weight (BW). The objective of this study was to quantify associations between BW and exposure to particulate matter (PM) and biomass burning during pregnancy in Thailand.MethodsWe collected hourly ambient air pollutant data from ground-based monitors (PM with diameter of <10 µm [PM10], Ozone [O3], and nitrogen dioxide [NO2]), biomass burning from satellite remote sensing data, and individual birth weight data during 2015–2018. We performed a semi-ecological analysis to evaluate the association between mean trimester exposure to air pollutants and biomass burning with BW and low-birth weight (LBW) (<2500 g), adjusting for gestation age, sex, previous pregnancies, mother’s age, heat index, season, year, gaseous pollutant concentrations, and province. We examined potential effect modification of PM10and biomass burning exposures by sex.ResultsThere were 83,931 eligible births with a mean pregnancy PM10exposure of 39.7 µg/m3(standard deviation [SD] = 7.7). The entire pregnancy exposure was associated with reduced BW both for PM10(−6.81 g per 10 µg/m3increase in PM10[95% CI = −12.52 to −1.10]) and biomass burning (−6.34 g per 1 SD increase in fires/km2[95% CI = −11.35 to −1.34]) only after adjustment for NO2. In contrast with these findings, a reduced odds ratio (OR) of LBW was associated with PM10exposure only in trimesters one and two, with no relationship across the entire pregnancy period. Associations with biomass burning were limited to increased ORs of LBW with exposure in trimester three, but only for male births.ConclusionBased on our results, we encourage further investigation of air pollution, biomass burning and BW in Thailand and other low-income and middle-income countries.
A dynamical approach to generate chaos in a micromechanical resonator
Authors: Defoort Martial , Rufer Libor , Fesquet Laurent , Basrour Skandar 
Published: February 2021

AbstractChaotic systems, presenting complex and nonreproducible dynamics, may be found in nature, from the interaction between planets to the evolution of weather, but can also be tailored using current technologies for advanced signal processing. However, the realization of chaotic signal generators remains challenging due to the involved dynamics of the underlying physics. In this paper, we experimentally and numerically present a disruptive approach to generate a chaotic signal from a micromechanical resonator. This technique overcomes the long-established complexity of controlling the buckling in micro/nanomechanical structures by modulating either the amplitude or the frequency of the driving force applied to the resonator in the nonlinear regime. The experimental characteristic parameters of the chaotic regime, namely, the Poincaré sections and Lyapunov exponents, are directly comparable to simulations for different configurations. These results confirm that this dynamical approach is transposable to any kind of micro/nanomechanical resonator, from accelerometers to microphones. We demonstrate a direct application exploiting the mixing properties of the chaotic regime by transforming an off-the-shelf microdiaphragm into a true random number generator conforming to the National Institute of Standards and Technology specifications. The versatility of this original method opens new paths to combine the unique properties of chaos with the exceptional sensitivity of microstructures, leading to emergent microsystems.
HACE1 blocks HIF1α accumulation under hypoxia in a RAC1 dependent manner
Authors: Turgu Busra , Zhang Fan , El-Naggar Amal , Negri Gian Luca , Kogler Melanie , Tortola Luigi , Johnson Fraser , Ng Tony , Li Amy , Yapp Donald , Lockwood William , Martinez Daniel , Maris John M. , Daugaard Mads , Penninger Josef M. , Hughes Christopher S. , Sorensen Poul H. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractUncovering the mechanisms that underpin how tumor cells adapt to microenvironmental stress is essential to better understand cancer progression. The HACE1 (HECT domain and ankyrin repeat-containing E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase) gene is a tumor suppressor that inhibits the growth, invasive capacity, and metastasis of cancer cells. However, the direct regulatory pathways whereby HACE1 confers this tumor-suppressive effect remain to be fully elucidated. In this report, we establish a link between HACE1 and the major stress factor, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α). We find that HACE1 blocks the accumulation of HIF1α during cellular hypoxia through decreased protein stability. This property is dependent on HACE1 E3 ligase activity and loss of Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (RAC1), an established target of HACE1 mediated ubiquitinylation and degradation. In vivo, genetic deletion of Rac1 reversed the increased HIF1α expression observed in Hace1–/– mice in murine KRasG12D-driven lung tumors. An inverse relationship was observed between HACE1 and HIF1α levels in tumors compared to patient-matched normal kidney tissues, highlighting the potential pathophysiological significance of our findings. Together, our data uncover a previously unrecognized function for the HACE1 tumor suppressor in blocking HIF1α accumulation under hypoxia in a RAC1-dependent manner.