bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization and Quantification of Hierarchical Particle Microstructures in External Field-Processed Composites
Authors: Papula Dashiell , Ounaies Zoubeida , von Lockette Paris , Widdowson Denise , Erol Anil , Masud Abdulla 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In this study, we discuss the characterization and quantification of composite microstructures formed by the external field manipulation of high aspect ratio magnetic particles in an elastomeric matrix. In our prior work, we have demonstrated that the simultaneous application of electric and magnetic fields on hard magnetic particles with geometric anisotropy can create a hierarchy of structures at different length scales, which can be used to achieve a wide range of properties. We aim to characterize these hierarchical structures and relate them to final composite properties so we can achieve our ultimate goal of designing a material for a prescribed performance. The complex particle structures are formed during processing by using electric and magnetic fields, and they are then locked-in by curing the polymer matrix around the particles. The model materials used in the study are barium hexaferrite (BHF) particles and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer. BHF was selected for its hard magnetic properties and high geometric anisotropy. PDMS was selected for its good mechanical properties and its tunable curing kinetics. The resulting BHF-PDMS composites are magnetoactive, i.e., they will deform and actuate in response to magnetic fields. In order to investigate the resulting particle orientation, distribution and alignment and to predict the composite’s macro scale properties, we developed techniques to quantify the particle structures.
The general framework we developed allows us to quantify and directly compare the microstructures created within the composites. To identify structures at the different length scales, images of the composite are taken using both optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. We then use ImageJ to analyze them and gather data on particle size, location, and orientation angle. The data is then exported to MATLAB, and is used to run a Minimum Spanning Tree Algorithm to classify the particle structures, and von Mises Distributions to quantify the alignment of said structures.
Important findings show 1) the ability to control structure using a combination of external electric, magnetic and thermal fields; 2) that electric fields promote long range order while magnetic fields promote short-range order; and 3) the resulting hierarchical structure greatly influence bulk material properties. Manipulating particles in a composite material is technologically important because changes in microstructure can alter the properties of the bulk material. The multifield processing we investigate here can form the basis for next generation additive manufacturing platforms where desired properties are tailored locally through in-situ hierarchical control of particle arrangements.
Transverse Wave Propagation Bandgap in a Buckled Kirigami Sheet
Authors: Khosravi Hesameddin , Li Suyi 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This study examines the transverse elastic wave propagation bandgap in a buckled kirigami sheet. Kirigami — the ancient art of paper cutting — has become a design and fabrication framework for constructing metamaterials, robotics, and mechanical devices of vastly different sizes. For the first time, this study focuses on the wave propagation in a buckled kirigami sheet with uniformly distributed parallel cuts. When we apply an in-plane stretching force that exceeds a critical threshold, this kirigami sheet buckles and generates an out-of-plane, periodic deformation pattern that can change the propagation direction of passing waves. That is, waves entering the buckled Kirigami unit cells through its longitudinal direction can turn to the out-of-plane direction. As a result, the stretched kirigami sheet shows wave propagation band gaps in specific frequency ranges. This study formulates an analytical model to analyze the correlation between such propagation bandgap and the kirigami geometry. This model first simplifies the complex shape of buckled kirigami by introducing “virtual” folds and flat facets in between them. Then it incorporates the plane wave expansion method (PWE) to calculate the dispersion relationship, which shows that the periodic nature of the buckled kirigami sheet is sufficient to create Bragg scattering propagation bandgap. This study’s results could open up new dynamic functionalities of kirigami as a versatile and multi-functional structural system.
A Weight-Driven Kymograph
Authors: McLaughlin Alvah R. 
Published: October 2021

(1) Herein has been described a stand for supporting the drum, a device for starting and stopping the drum and a circuit-breaker for a weight-driven kymograph.
(2) This device has proved satisfactory for recording simple muscular contractions, for securing data for the determination of the speed of the nerve-impulse and for determining reaction times.
(3) With but a little training in technic, college freshmen have secured very good graphs with this apparatus.
(4) This machine, exclusive of the drum, has been constructed at less than one third the cost of a spring-driven kymograph, and the drum of the latter may readily be used for either, since but a few minutes are required to make the shift.
A Preliminary Note on the Significance of the Phosphorus Intake in the Diet and Blood Phosphorus Concentration, in the Experimental Production of Caries-Immunity and Caries-Susceptibility in the Rat
Authors: Klein Henry , McCollum E. V. 
Published: October 2021

(1) Estimations of the phosphorus content of diets reported to produce caries in rats indicate that rations containing 0.4802 grams of phosphorus per 100 grams of diet, or less than 0.4802 grams of phosphorus per 100 grams of diet, tend to induce dental caries in rats if Ca intake is 0.3424 per cent.
(2) Estimations of the phosphorus content of diets reported to produce rats immune to dental caries indicate that such diets contain 0.5282 or more grams of phosphorus per 100 grams of diet and 0.4012 or less grams of calcium per 100 grams of diet.
(3) Experimental evidence is presented which indicates that the level of phosphorus in the diet is an important factor in producing caries-susceptibility and caries-immunity in rats.

(4) We have also found that a relation exists between blood composition (phosphorus) and the incidence of dental caries in rats. Caries arises in rats whose blood phosphorus falls below a critical level (about 10.5 ± .5 mg
6
of phosphorus per 100 grams of serum), while those rats whose blood phosphorus concentration is 10.5 ± .5 or above are immune from dental caries.

(5) It is indicated that this blood figure is dependent upon the level of phosphorus, calcium and vitamin ingested in the diet.
In a forthcoming paper we shall present the results of an extensive review of the recorded observations of our own and other laboratories on the relation between diet and susceptibility to dental caries in the rat and our conclusions from examining these data in the light of the working hypothesis (blood phosphorus critical level) here presented.
Expedition “Chhito Ra Pakka”
Authors: Yeoman L. P. 
Published: October 2021

SummaryThis article describes a nine day trek covering in excess of 100 miles in the Himalayas, reaching Mount Annapurna Base Camp (15,000 ft), undertaken by members of the ship’s company of HMS Swift and myself during an Adventurous Training period. The expedition title, “Chhito Ra Pakka”, derived from the ship’s motto “Swift and Sure”, proved to be an apt choice.
The fourth conference "computer algebra" in Moscow
Authors: Abramov Sergei A. , Ryabenko Anna , Sevastianov Leonid A. , Zonn Yvette , Wu Min 
Published: October 2021

The International Conference "Computer Algebra" was held online via Zoom on June 28-29, 2021 and the conference web-site is http://www.ccas.ru/ca/conference. Co-organized by the Dorodnicyn Computing Center of Federal Research Center "Computer Science and Control" of Russian Academy of Science and the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, the conference was devoted to inspiring discussions on computer algebra and related topics. Researchers from different countries presented talks on their latest research work.
This is the fourth edition of the conference, and the previous three were in 2016, 2017 and 2019, respectively.
PD-L1 (Programmed Death Ligand 1) Regulates T-Cell Differentiation to Control Adaptive Venous Remodeling
Authors: (松原 裕)  , Gonzalez Luis , Kiwan Gathe , (刘 佳)  , Langford John , (高 明杰)  , (高 喜翔)  , (谷口 良輔)  , Yatsula Bogdan , (古山 正)  , (松本 拓也)  , (古森 公浩)  , (森 正樹)  , Dardik Alan 
Published: October 2021

Objective:
Patients with end-stage renal disease depend on hemodialysis for survival. Although arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) are the preferred vascular access for hemodialysis, the primary success rate of AVF is only 30% to 50% within 6 months, showing an urgent need for improvement. PD-L1 (programmed death ligand 1) is a ligand that regulates T-cell activity. Since T cells have an important role during AVF maturation, we hypothesized that PD-L1 regulates T cells to control venous remodeling that occurs during AVF maturation.

Approach and results:
In the mouse aortocaval fistula model, anti-PD-L1 antibody (200 mg, 3×/wk intraperitoneal) was given to inhibit PD-L1 activity during AVF maturation. Inhibition of PD-L1 increased T-helper type 1 cells and T-helper type 2 cells but reduced regulatory T cells to increase M1-type macrophages and reduce M2-type macrophages; these changes were associated with reduced vascular wall thickening and reduced AVF patency. Inhibition of PD-L1 also inhibited smooth muscle cell proliferation and increased endothelial dysfunction. The effects of anti-PD-L1 antibody on adaptive venous remodeling were diminished in nude mice; however, they were restored after T-cell transfer into nude mice, indicating the effects of anti-PD-L1 antibody on venous remodeling were dependent on T cells.

Conclusions:
Regulation of PD-L1 activity may be a potential therapeutic target for clinical translation to improve AVF maturation.
Differences in gray matter volume in episodic migraine patients with and without prior diagnosis or clinical care: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Burrowes Shana A.B. , Goloubeva Olga , Keaser Michael L , Haythornthwaite Jennifer A. , Seminowicz David A. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Migraine sufferers face difficulties getting appropriate care and treatment. Migraine is associated with reduced gray matter volume (GMV) in several brain regions, which could be related to various clinical characteristics of the disorder.

Objectives
To examine differences in GMV in migraine patients with and without prior clinical care for migraine and examine differences in migraine clinical variables, psychosocial symptoms and their relationship with GMV.

Methods
We utilized the baseline MRI scan and psychosocial symptom questionnaires from a longitudinal randomized controlled trial. Prior care of migraine was determined by diagnosis by a medical practitioner or prescription of migraine specific medication.

Results
117 patients were included in the study. Patients without prior care (n=23) had reduced GMV in the right dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dMPFC) relative to patients who had prior care (p=0.034, FWE corrected). Both patient groups had reduced GMV compared to healthy controls (n=36). Patient groups did not differ in headache clinical variables. Regardless of care status, increasing scores on the stress (Perceived Stress Score) and depression questionnaires (Patient Health Questionnaire) were associated with increased GMV in the dMPFC.

Conclusions
Clinical care may impact GMV in migraine patients. Patients may need different treatment options to address this baseline deficit.

Trial registration
NCT02133209.
Association between preoperative toe perfusion index and maternal core temperature decrease during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Kaneko Shohei , Hara Kentaro , Sato Shuntaro , Nakashima Takaya , Kawazoe Yurika , Taguchi Miyako , Urabe Shigehiko , Nakao Akiha , Hamada Kozue , Yamaguchi Michiko , Hara Tetsuya 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe main mechanism of body temperature decrease during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia is core-to-peripheral redistribution of body heat, attributable to vasodilation. Perfusion index (PI) obtained with a pulse oximeter helps to assess peripheral perfusion dynamics by detecting the change in peripheral vascular tone. This study aimed to examine whether preoperative toe PI could predict the decrease in core temperature induced by spinal anesthesia during cesarean delivery.MethodsParturients undergoing scheduled cesarean delivery under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia from September 2019 to March 2020 were enrolled in this single-center prospective cohort study. All parturients received 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine (10 mg) with fentanyl (15 μg) intrathecally. A pulse oximeter probe was placed on the left second toe for continuous PI measurement. The 3 M™ Bair Hugger™ Temperature Monitoring System placed over the right temporal region was used to record core temperature over time. We evaluated the association between the maximum core temperature decrease, which is the primary outcome, and the preoperative toe PI at operating room (OR) admission using a segmented regression model (SRM) and a generalized additive model (GAM). The maximum core temperature decrease was defined as the difference between core temperature at OR admission and minimum intraoperative core temperature.ResultsForty-eight patients were evaluated. In the SRM, the slope for the association between the maximum core temperature decrease and the preoperative toe PI changed from 0.031 to 0.124 after PI = 2.4%. Likewise, with the GAM, there was a small core temperature decrease when preoperative toe PI was greater than 2.0 to 3.0%.ConclusionsLow preoperative toe PI was associated with maternal core temperature decrease during cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Preoperative toe PI is a simple, non-invasive, and effective tool for the early prediction of perioperative core temperature decrease during cesarean delivery.Trial registrationUMIN Clinical Trials Registry (registry number:UMIN000037965).
Real-life isoniazid and rifampicin plasma concentrations in children: a tool for therapeutic drug monitoring of tuberculosis
Authors: Tersigni Chiara , Boiardi Giulia , Tofani Lorenzo , Venturini Elisabetta , Montagnani Carlotta , Bortone Barbara , Bianchi Leila , Chiappini Elena , Cassetta Maria Iris , Fallani Stefania , Novelli Andrea , Galli Luisa 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Low plasma levels of first-line antitubercular drugs can be counted among the main causes of poor response to antitubercular therapy, and therapeutic drug monitoring has been proposed as a method to promote tailored treatments for both child and adult patients. The main aim of the study was to evaluate serum concentrations of isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF) and to investigate reasons for sub-therapeutic plasma concentrations in order to fix dosages.

Methods
Children with TB were prospectively enrolled from January to August 2019. Two venous blood samples were collected (the first at least 15 days after the beginning of antitubercular treatment, and the second between 1 and 8 weeks later). Plasma concentrations were determined by a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method.

Results
In all, 45 children were included. Seventy blood samples for INH plasma concentration were collected between 120 and 240 min after drug intake. Adjusting for dose (mg/kg/day) and time of INH administration, when considering three different age groups (≤ 2 years, 2–12 years, > 12 years), a statistically significant lower INH plasma concentration was observed in younger children compared to the older age groups in the multivariate analysis (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001). A total of 68 blood samples were evaluated for RIF concentrations. Both for INH and RIF a statistically significant lower plasma concentration was also observed in adolescents (p < 0.001). Fifteen children (15/45, 33%) presented drug concentrations under the referral therapeutic range.

Conclusions
Based on our findings, monitoring patients’ drug plasma concentrations in children under 2 years of age and in adolescents can make treatment more patient-tailored.
A survival comparison of gastric mucin-producing adenocarcinoma to conventional adenocarcinoma: a SEER database analysis
Authors: Wang Qiang , Zhong Junbin , Huang Qing , Chen Zhuanpeng , Wei Jianchang , Wei Fang , Cao Jie 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Compared to conventional adenocarcinoma (CA), mucin-producing adenocarcinoma (MPA) is an uncommon histological subtype and is usually separated from other histological types and has been evaluated separately. The objective was to compare the clinicopathological characteristics and survivals of MPA with CA.

Methods
We retrospectively analyzed 1515 MPA patients in SEER database. Log-rank tests and KM survival curves were applied to determine the differences in overall survival (OS) and cancer specific survival (CSS) time.

Results
No significant differences were noted in OS and CSS time. The MPA patients who were treated with surgery and chemotherapy exhibited longer OS and CSS time periods than those without treatment. MPA patients treated with radiotherapy exhibited similar OS and CSS time with those without radiotherapy. MPA was not a prognostic factor of survival.

Conclusions
MPA was a rare histological type of gastric cancer. Patients with MPA exhibited similar prognosis with those with CA. Surgery and chemotherapy were effective treatments for patients with MPA.
Nonlinear radiative transport of hybrid nanofluids due to moving sheet with entropy generation
Authors: Waqas Hassan , Muhammad Taseer , Bukhari Faisal Fareed , Farooq Umar , Alqarni Marei Saeed 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The goal of this research is to investigate the mathematical framework for the MHD flow of hybrid nanoliquids with CNTs and nonlinear thermally radiation over a moving sheet. This model is used for blood-based nanoliquids for two related nanomaterials. To see temperature fluctuations, the nonlinear and linear thermal radiations were used to differentiate the objective of this model. The main governing equations are converted from PDEs to ODEs using similarities transformations. The shooting approach is used to obtain the graphical and numerical results by employing a bvp4c solver in computational software MATLAB. The results of this research may be used to determine the influence of certain important design factors on heat transfer and, as a result, to optimize energy sources. For increasing the volume fraction of nanomaterials, the velocity field is enhanced. The thermal profile increases as the heat source-sink parameter enlarges. The thermal field has been improved to account for the changes in Eckert number and the temperature ratio parameter. For larger estimations of the Brinkman constant, the entropy field is enhanced. For larger estimations of the volume fraction of nanoparticles, the entropy field is enhanced.
COVID-19 pandemic reflections in philately
Authors: Pekesen Mehtap , Ataman Ahmet Doğan , Vatanoğlu-Lutz Elif 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Contagious diseases have always been a big challenge for so many civilizations in the past and they resulted in numerous numbers of death and big historical changes. Also so many contagious diseases which have been thought to be eradicated still continue to have mutations and endanger health. COVID-19(SARS-CoV-2) endemic started in the city of Wuhan, China in December 2019 and turned into a pandemic in a short time. When we look at the history, we see many other corona virus types (e.g. SARS, MERS) causing pandemic. This article provides an overview of the history and progression of the coronavirus through the COVID-19 outbreak, which is rapidly spreading and posing a threat. In addition, it is aimed to thank all healthcare professionals who work with great sacrifice all over the world during the COVID-19 Pandemic process and to use stamps, which are a great cultural treasure in terms of public health awareness.
Aberrant Inferior Pancreatic Artery Arising From Replaced Middle Colic Artery
Authors: Rana Puneet , Singh Shashi 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Purpose: Anatomical variants of the celiac trunk are frequently encountered during angiography. The purpose of this case report is to describe a rare celiac trunk variant and additional aberrant pancreatic vasculature discovered during trauma workup. Methods: We report a rare anatomic variant in which the celiac trunk gives rise to the middle colic artery. In addition, we report a replaced Inferior pancreatic artery variant that has not been previously described in literature. Results: Emergent angiogram performed on a 19-year-old female, who was activated as a level 1 trauma, demonstrated the middle colic artery arising from the celiac trunk and providing a pancreatic artery branch supplying a portion of the pancreatic body and tail. Conclusion: This case demonstrates rare arterial variants and emphasizes the importance of preoperative imaging prior to interventional procedures or abdominal surgery.
Relationship Between Climatic Factors and Regional Drowning Mortality in China
Authors: Huang Yi , Shi Hujing , Zhang Jin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Drowning is the leading cause of death for young people. For a long time, drowning mortality is much higher in southern China than in northern China. Climate of the two parts of China are quite different. The aim of this study is to explore relationship between precipitation, temperature in summer, water system distribution and higher mortality rate of drowning in southern China than in northern China. We collected geographical distribution of drowning mortality, precipitation, temperature, population density, water system and income of China. Statistical tests were performed to find if there are any statistical difference of drowning and its influencing factors between northern and southern China. We conducted a logistic regression to evaluate the association between drowning and climatic factors. Life expectancy lost caused by drowning in northern and southern China were calculated. Abundant water system and plenty precipitation (OR: 1.589, 95%CI: 1.350 ~ 1.871), hotter summer (OR: 1.252, 95%CI: 1.075 ~ 1.459) and longer summer (OR: 1.357, 95%CI: 1.161 ~ 1.585) in southern China leaded to significantly higher drowning compared with northern China, especially for children. Life expectancy lost caused by drowning in southern China in 1990 and 2013 was 0.492 and 0.162 year, respectively, while the data in northern China is 0.245 and 0.101 year, respectively. High temperature in summer and low economic performance in part of Xinjiang are key reasons for its high ranking in drowning mortality, despite the fact that Xinjiang is located in northern China. Climatic factors formed higher mortality of young people in southern China. Our findings suggest decision-makers of different region should take more adaptive and effective measures to reduce drowning risks.