bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of internal and external factors on prosocial choices in rhesus macaques
Authors: Sallet Jérôme , Emberton Andrew , Wood Jessica , Rushworth Matthew 
Published: January 2021

While traditional economic models assume that agents are self-interested, humans and most non-human primates are social species. Therefore, many of decisions they make require the integration of information about other social agents. This study asks to what extent information about social status and the social context in which decisions are taken impact on reward-guided decisions in rhesus macaques. We tested 12 monkeys of varying dominance status in several experimental versions of a two-choice task in which reward could be delivered to self only, only another monkey, both the self and another monkey, or neither. Results showed dominant animals were more prone to make prosocial choices than subordinates, but only when the decision was between a reward for self only and a reward for both self and other. If the choice was between a reward for self only and a reward for other only, no animal expressed altruistic behaviour. Finally, prosocial choices were true social decisions as they were strikingly reduced when the social partner was replaced by a non-social object. These results showed that as in humans, rhesus macaques' social decisions are adaptive and modulated by social status and the cost associated with being prosocial.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Existence and prevalence of economic behaviours among non-human primates’.
MorphoHub: A Platform for Petabyte-Scale Multi-Morphometry Generation
Authors: Jiang Shengdian , Wang Yimin , Liu Lijuan , Zhao Sujun , Chen Mengya , Zhao Xuan , Xie Peng , Ding Liya , Ruan Zongcai , Dong Hong-Wei , Ascoli Giorgio A. , Hawrylycz Michael , Zeng Hongkui , Peng Hanchuan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRecent advances in neuroscience make the extraction of full neuronal morphology at whole brain dataset available. To produce quality morphometry at large scale, it is highly desirable but extremely challenging to efficiently handle petabyte-scale high-resolution whole brain imaging database. Here, we developed a multi-level method to produce high quality somatic, dendritic, axonal, and potential synaptic morphometry, which was made possible by utilizing necessary petabyte hardware and software platform to optimize both the data and workflow management. Our method also boosts data sharing and remote collaborative validation. We highlight a petabyte application dataset involving 62 whole mouse brains, from which we identified 50,233 somata of individual neurons, profiled the dendrites of 11,322 neurons, reconstructed the full 3-D morphology of more than one thousand neurons including their dendrites and full axons, and detected million scale putative synaptic sites derived from axonal boutons. Analysis and simulation of these data indicate the promise of this approach for modern large-scale morphology applications.
Dynamic adult tracheal plasticity drives stem cell adaptation to changes in intestinal homeostasis
Authors: Perochon Jessica , Yu Yachuan , Aughey Gabriel N. , Southall Tony D. , Cordero Julia B. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCoordination of stem cell function by local and niche-derived signals is essential to preserve adult tissue homeostasis and organismal health. The vasculature is a prominent component of multiple stem cell niches. However, its role in adult intestinal homeostasis remains largely understudied. Here, we uncover a previously unrecognised crosstalk between adult intestinal stem cells (ISCs) inDrosophilaand the vasculature-like tracheal system, which is essential for intestinal regeneration. Following damage to the intestinal epithelium, gut-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) activate tracheal HIF-1α and bidirectional FGF/FGFR signaling, leading to reversible remodelling of gut-associated terminal tracheal cells and ISC proliferation following damage. Unexpectedly, ROS-induced adult tracheal plasticity involves downregulation of the tracheal specification factortrachealess(trh) and upregulation of IGF2 mRNA-binding protein (IGF2BP2/Imp). Our results reveal a novel intestine/vasculature interorgan communication program, which is essential to adapt stem cells response to the proliferative demands of the intestinal epithelium.
A novel approach to the empirical characterization of learning in biological systems
Authors: Cohen Yarden , Cvitanović Predrag , Solla Sara A. 
Published: January 2021

Learning to execute precise, yet complex, motor actions through practice is a trait shared by most organisms. Here we develop a novel experimental approach for the comprehensive investigation and characterization of the learning dynamics of practiced motion. Following the dynamical systems framework, we consider a high-dimensional behavioral space in which a trial-by-trial sequence of motor outputs defines a trajectory that converges to a fixed point - the desired motor output. In this scenario, details of the internal dynamics and the trial-by-trial learning mechanism cannot be disentangled from behavioral noise for nonlinear systems or even well estimated for linear systems with many parameters. To overcome this problem, we introduce a novel approach: the sporadic application of systematic target perturbations that span the behavioral space and allow us to estimate the linearized dynamics in the vicinity of the fixed point. The steady-state Lyapunov equation then allows us to identify the noise covariance. We illustrate the method by analyzing sequence-generating neural networks with either intrinsic or extrinsic noise, at time resolutions that span from spike timing to spiking rates. We demonstrate the utility of our approach in experimentally plausible and realizable settings and show that this method can fully characterize the linearized between-trials learning dynamics as well as extract meaningful internal properties of the unknown mechanism that drives the motor output within each trial. We then illustrate how the approach can be extended to nonlinear learning dynamics through a flexible choice of the basis and magnitude of perturbations.Significance statementMovement control ties brain activity to measurable external actions in real time, providing a useful tool for both neuroscientists interested in the emergence of stable behavior and biomedical engineers interested in the design of neural prosthesis and brain-machine interfaces. We approach the question of motor skill learning by introducing artificial errors through a novel perturbative scheme amenable to analytic examination in the linearized regime close to the desired behavior. Numerical simulations then demonstrate how to probe the learning dynamics in both linear and nonlinear systems. These findings stress the usefulness of analyzing responses to deliberately induced errors and the importance of properly designing such perturbation experiments. Our approach provides a novel generic tool for monitoring the acquisition of motor skills.
Trends in costs and prescribing for liothyronine and levothyroxine in England and wales 2011–2020
Authors: Stedman Michael , Taylor Peter , Premawardhana Lakdasa , Okosieme Onyebuchi , Dayan Colin , Heald Adrian H. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIntroductionRecent prescribing policies in England and Wales have imposed significant restrictions on liothyronine prescribing in general practice driven by the prohibitive costs and uncertain benefits of liothyronine in the management of hypothyroidism. However, the impact of these policies on liothyronine usage and costs is still unclear.MethodsData were downloaded from the NHS monthly General Practice Prescribing Data in England and from the Comparative Analysis System for Prescribing Audit (CASPA) in Wales for 2011–2020. Trends over the period in amount and costs of levothyroxine and liothyronine prescribing were analysed.ResultsThe total medication costs per year for England Wales for hypothyroidism rose from £60.8 million to £129.8 million in 2015–16 and have since reduced to £88.4 million. Levothyroxine prescriptions have been growing above the population growth rate at 0.7%/annum in England and 1.1% in Wales. The costs/patient/year for liothyronine rose from £550 to £3000 in 2015–16 and has since fallen to £2500. Use of liothyronine as a percentage of levothyroxine started to fall in 2015–16 at 7%/annum in England and 3% in Wales. Nevertheless, 0.5% of levothyroxine‐treated patients continue to receive liothyronine. All Clinical Commission Groups (CCGs) in England continue to have at least one liothyronine prescribing practice and 48.5% of English general practices prescribed liothyronine in 2019–20.ConclusionIn spite of strenuous attempts to limit prescribing of liothyronine in general practice, a significant number of patients continue to receive this therapy. The price differential of liothyronine vs levothyroxine should be examined again in light of the continuing use of liothyronine.
Cytoplasmic granule formation by FUS‐R495X is attributable to arginine methylation in all Gly‐rich, RGG1 and RGG2 domains
Authors: Kawahara Daiki , Suzuki Toshiharu , Nakaya Tadashi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMany mutations in the fused in sarcoma (FUS) gene have been identified as genetic causative factors of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). As a certain number of mutants form aberrant cytoplasmic granules under specific conditions, granule forming ability of FUS is believed to be linked to the pathogenesis of ALS. However, molecular mechanisms underlying this property remain unclear. An ALS‐linked FUS mutant, R495X, shows extensive cytoplasmic localization and forms granules in neurons. In the present study, using R495X domain deletion constructs, we showed that deletion of any of Gly‐rich, RGG1 or RGG2 significantly suppressed granule formation. Furthermore, when neurons expressing EGFP‐R495X were treated with an arginine methylation inhibitor, the number of cells displaying R495X granules was significantly reduced. When FLAG‐tagged arginine N‐methyltransferase 8 (PRMT8) was co‐expressed with EGFP‐R495X to facilitate its methylation, the number of cells with granules was significantly increased. Collectively, these findings suggest that cytoplasmic granule formation by R495X is attributable to the arginine methylation in all Gly‐rich, RGG1 and RGG2 domains.
In vitro digestibility of rare sugar (D‐allulose) added pectin–soy protein gels
Authors: Ates Elif Gokcen , Ozvural Emin Burcin , Oztop Mecit H. 
Published: January 2021

SummaryConfectionery gels are known to be high‐caloric products due their high sugar content. Changing their formulations by substituting the sugar with alternative natural sweeteners and functionalising them, the addition of proteins has gained attention. Understanding the rate of digestion of these products is also important for selecting the appropriate formulation. In this study, in vitro gastric digestion behaviour of the gels formulated with D‐allulose, a low‐calorie rare sugar, soy protein isolate (SPI) (1%, 2.5%) and pectin (4%) were examined. Digestion decreased the hardness of the gels (P < 0.05), but, at 2.5% SPI concentration. Moisture content of the samples increased after digestion and presence of SPI induced higher water uptake. At the end of 2 h of digestion, 1% soy protein isolate containing gels had the highest brix values showing that after a certain concentration, soy protein isolate governed the system due to improved soy protein–pectin interaction or due to improved gelation with Maillard reaction. NMR relaxometry experiments further confirmed the changes in the gels with the increase in T2 values. Power law model was fitted for the dissolution behaviour using the oBrix values of the digestion medium. Dissolution of sugar and the contribution of SPI to the gel network were clearly observed in SEM images. Results showed that these gels had the potential to slow down the emptying rate of stomach thus could lead to ‘fullness’ for a longer time.
Global biogeography and diversification of a group of brown seaweeds (Phaeophyceae) driven by clade‐specific evolutionary processes
Authors: Vieira Christophe , Steen Frédérique , D’hondt Sofie , Bafort Quinten , Tyberghein Lennert , Fernandez‐García Cindy , Wysor Brian , Tronholm Ana , Mattio Lydiane , Payri Claude , Kawai Hiroshi , Saunders Gary , Leliaert Frederik , Verbruggen Heroen , De Clerck Olivier 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAimHistorical processes that shaped current diversity patterns of seaweeds remain poorly understood. Using Dictyotales, a globally distributed order of brown seaweeds as a model, we test if historical biogeographical and diversification patterns are comparable across clades. Dictyotales contain some 22 genera, three of which, Dictyota, Lobophora and Padina, are exceptionally diverse. Specifically, we test whether the evolutionary processes that shaped the latitudinal diversity patterns in these clades are in line with the tropical conservatism, out‐of‐the‐tropics or diversification rate hypotheses.LocationGlobal coastal benthic marine environments.TaxonDictyotales (Phaeophyceae).MethodsSpecies diversity was inferred using DNA‐based species delineation, addressing cryptic diversity and circumventing taxonomic problems. A six‐gene time‐calibrated phylogeny, distribution data of 3,755 specimens and probabilistic modelling of geographical range evolution were used to infer historical biogeographical patterns. The phylogeny was tested against different trait‐dependent models to compare diversification rates for different geographical units as well as different thermal affinities.ResultsOur results indicate that Dictyotales originated in the Middle Jurassic and reach a current peak of species diversity in the Central Indo‐Pacific. Ancestral range estimation points to a southern hemisphere origin of Dictyotales corresponding to the tropical southern Tethys Sea. Our results demonstrate that diversification rates were generally higher in tropical regions, but increased diversification rates in different clades are driven by different processes. Our results suggest that three major clades underwent a major diversification burst in the early Cenozoic, with Dictyota and Padina expanding their distribution into temperate regions while Lobophora retained a predominantly tropical niche.Main conclusionsOur results are consistent with both the tropical conservatism hypothesis, in which clades originate and remain in the tropics (Lobophora), and the out‐of‐the‐tropics scenario, where taxa originate and expand towards the temperate regions while preserving their presence in the tropics (Dictyota, Padina).
Epidemiological and clinical aspects of Trichophyton mentagrophytes/Trichophyton interdigitale infections in the Zurich area: a retrospective study using genotyping
Authors: Klinger M. , Theiler M. , Bosshard P.P. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundTrichophyton mentagrophytes (formerly Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii) and its clonal offshoot Trichophyton interdigitale, which are leading causes of dermatophytoses, have recently been recognized as two separate species. Over the last 20 years, several internal transcribed spacer (ITS) genotypes of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton interdigitale have been identified, some of which have specific characteristics and lead to typical clinical manifestations.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine the current epidemiology of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton interdigitale genotypes in Switzerland, particularly in the Zurich area.MethodsConsecutive cases diagnosed by ITS sequencing between 2009 and 2019 were retrospectively analysed.ResultsA total of 81 Trichophyton mentagrophytes and 81 Trichophyton interdigitale cases were investigated. T. mentagrophytes infections clearly differed from T. interdigitale infections by affecting younger and more frequently female patients, targeting almost exclusively head and body rather than feet and toenails, leading to inflammatory dermatophytosis and often requiring a combination of systemic and topical treatment. Seven different T. mentagrophytes genotypes (II*, III, III*, IV, VII, VIII and XXVI) were observed, with genotype XXVI being discovered in this study. Genotype III occurred most frequently (56% of all T. mentagrophytes cases) and affected predominantly children. Genotypes III* and VII led to inflammatory tinea in most cases. Four strains that proved to be terbinafine resistant belonged to the ‘Indian genotype’ VIII, which mostly caused tinea glutealis and inguinalis.ConclusionBeing able to distinguish between Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton interdigitale is of paramount importance as the two species cause different clinical presentations. In addition, ITS genotyping allows recognizing sources of infection and potential terbinafine resistance. The latter needs to be confirmed by resistance testing or by sequencing part of the squalene epoxidase (SQLE) gene.
Exploring changes in dietary intake, physical activity and body weight during chemotherapy in women with breast cancer: A Mixed‐Methods Study
Authors: de Kruif Anja JThCM , Westerman Marjan J. , Winkels Renate M. , Koster Marije S. , van der Staaij Irene M. , van den Berg Maaike M. G. A. , de Vries Jeanne H. M. , de Boer Michiel R. , Kampman Ellen , Visser Marjolein 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe present study aimed (i) to assess changes in dietary intake (DI), physical activity (PA) and body weight (BW) in breast cancer patients during chemotherapy; (ii) to describe how women explained, experienced and dealt with these potential changes; and (iii) to eventually develop lifestyle intervention strategies tailored to the women's personal needs during chemotherapy.MethodsA longitudinal parallel mixed‐method design was used with quantitative assessment of changes in dietary intake (24‐h recall, Appetite, Hunger, Sensory Perception questionnaire), physical activity (Short Questionnaire to Assess Health‐enhancing physical activity, Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory) and BW (dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry), in addition to qualitative interviews with 25 women about these potential changes during chemotherapy.ResultsMost women who perceived eating less healthily with low energy intake (EI) and being less active before diagnosis continued to do so during chemotherapy, according to quantitative measurements. They struggled to maintain sufficient energy intake. Despite a lower than average reported EI, they unexpectedly gained weight and explained that fatigue made them even more inactive during chemotherapy. Active women usually managed to stay active because exercise was very important to them and made them feel good, although they also suffered from the side‐effects of chemotherapy. They found more ways to deal with taste, smell and appetite problems than women with a lower energy intake.ConclusionsThe combination of the quantitative and qualitative data provided more insight into the changes in dietary intake, physical activity and BW during chemotherapy. The women's explanations showed why some women remain active and others need support to deal with changes in lifestyle factors such as healthy nutrition and fatigue.
How is clinical credibility defined in nursing? A concept mapping study
Authors: Cardwell Rachel , McKenna Lisa , Davis Jenny , Gray Richard 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAimTo develop a working definition of ‘clinical credibility’ in nursing science.MethodsThis is stage 2 of a registered report. Concept mapping methodology, 1. Preparation, 2. Generation of statements (brainstorming), 3. Structuring of statements (prioritising/clustering), 4. Representation of statements, 5. Interpretation of maps and 6. Utilisation of maps were used. Part 1 of our registered report followed the required items on the SPIRIT 2013 checklist. Part 2 was reporting the results of our study adhered to the STROBE reporting guidelines.ResultsParticipants (n = 67) from three stakeholder groups participated in this study. Nursing students (n = 23), nurses and other healthcare professionals (n = 23), and patients (within the last 12 months) (n = 21).Participants (n = 62) generated statements (n = 429) in response to the question: ‘What does clinical credibility mean to you?’. Following statement reduction, participants (n = 61) prioritised and clustered (n = 80) statements. The data were analysed using the concept mapping software, Ariadne. A visual ‘concept map’ was produced showing the importance and relationship of each statement as viewed by all participants. The final concept map had nine clusters. In order of importance these are as follows: 1. Safe practice, 2. Communication, 3. Patient‐centred care, 4. Accountable, 5. Professional practice, 6. Clinical competence, 7. Teaching attributes, 8. Contemporary expert and 9. Leadership. This study was undertaken over an eight‐month period.ConclusionClinical credibility is not necessarily about contemporary clinical practice. It is a multidimensional construct of which current clinical practice is one element.
Examination of age‐related changes of viscoelasticity in the dermis and subcutaneous fat layer using ultrasound elastography
Authors: Mizukoshi Koji , Kuribayashi Mari , Hirayama Kenya , Yabuzaki Jiro , Kurosumi Motonori , Hamanaka Yoshihiro 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundUsing ultrasound elastography, the present study aimed to measure the viscoelasticity in each skin layer and to determine the relationship between the measured value, age, and body mass index (BMI).Materials and MethodsThe present study included 77 Japanese women. We calculated the BMI and measured the facial cheek via elastography. With the use of the elastographic image, the dermis was divided into two layers, and the subcutaneous fat layer was divided into five equal sections according to the depth, ultimately obtaining seven layers. Furthermore, the thickness and viscoelasticity of each divided layer were measured.ResultsThe analysis of echo images revealed that the thickness of the upper dermis layer decreased with age, whereas that of the subcutaneous fat layer tended to increase with age and BMI. As measured by elastography, the viscoelasticity of both the lower dermis and the upper subcutaneous fat layer decreased with age. As the BMI increased, the viscoelasticity of the lower subcutaneous layer also increased, but that of the upper subcutaneous layer decreased.ConclusionsThe present study revealed the relationship between aging and viscoelasticity in the lower dermis and the relationship between aging, BMI, and viscoelasticity in the upper subcutaneous fat layer.
Calcium carbonate scaling prevention by a green chemical inhibitor, gallic acid
Authors: Boumagoura Manel , Ghizellaoui Samira , Rhouati Salah , Cheap‐Charpentier Hélène , Horner Olivier 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis work deals with the inhibition of the scaling capacity of Hamma Bouziane (HB) groundwater (Algeria). In this study, the scale inhibition efficiency of gallic acid on calcium carbonate formation was assessed using chronoamperometry and impedancemetry. Owing to its characteristics of non‐toxicity and biodegradability, gallic acid can be classified as a green inhibitor. The obtained results showed that the addition of 1 mg/L of gallic acid to HB water significantly slows down scale formation, while the total inhibition of CaCO3 deposition needed only 4 mg/L. Thus, gallic acid proved to be an effective scaling inhibitor at very low concentration. The formed deposit was analysed by X‐Ray Diffractometry and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The results revealed that the predominant crystal structure is a mixture of calcite and aragonite in the presence of an inhibitor.