bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ball to Ball Theorem
Authors: Behrens Stefan , Kalmár Boldizsár , Zuddas Daniele 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The ball to ball theorem is presented, which states that a map from the 4-ball to itself, restricting to a homeomorphism on the 3-sphere, whose inverse sets are null and have nowhere dense image, is approximable by homeomorphisms relative to the boundary. The approximating homeomorphisms are produced abstractly, as in the previous chapter, with no need to investigate the decomposition elements further. In the proof of the disc embedding theorem, a decomposition of the 4-ball will be constructed, called the gaps+ decomposition. The ball to ball theorem will be used to prove that this decomposition shrinks; this is called the β-shrink.
Picture Camp
Authors: McCoy Duncan , Park JungHwan , Ray Arunima 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
‘Picture Camp’ provides a review of Kirby handle calculus for describing 4-manifolds via decorated link diagrams, as well as techniques for how to simplify such diagrams. This chapter applies these techniques to describe gropes and towers, from the previous chapter, using Kirby diagrams. In addition to decorated links, the diagrams include the information of framings for the attaching and tip regions. In particular, it is shown how to combine two diagrams together when the corresponding spaces are identified along their attaching and tip regions. The chapter also relates the combinatorics of gropes and towers to the combinatorics of the associated link diagrams.
From Immersed Discs to Capped Gropes
Authors: Politarczyk Wojciech , Powell Mark , Ray Arunima 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
‘From Immersed Discs to Capped Gropes’ begins the proof of the disc embedding theorem in earnest. Starting with the immersed discs provided by the hypotheses of the disc embedding theorem, capped gropes with the same boundary and with suitable dual gropes are produced. This uses a sequence of the geometric moves introduced in the previous chapter. The two propositions in this chapter are technical, but vital. In subsequent chapters, the capped gropes will be upgraded to capped towers, and then to skyscrapers. The final step of the proof will consist of showing that skyscrapers are homeomorphic to the standard 2-handle, relative to the attaching region.
Replicable Rooms and Boundary Shrinkable Skyscrapers
Authors: Behrens Stefan , Powell Mark , Ray Arunima 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
‘Replicable Rooms and Boundary Shrinkable Skyscrapers’ points out precisely which properties of skyscrapers are required in the remainder of the proof of the disc embedding theorem. To achieve this, it introduces an abstraction of towers, known as buildings. The required properties for a generalized skyscraper include boundary shrinkability and replicability. The former allows the conclusion that the vertical boundary of a generalized skyscraper is a solid torus. Replicability ensures that any generalized skyscraper contains uncountably many other skyscrapers as subsets. Both of the above properties will be essential in the construction of the design in a subsequent chapter.
The Two Wars
Authors: Ozavci Ozan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The first inter-imperial war amongst the Great Powers since the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, the Crimean War (1853–1856) shook the world and devastated peoples, economies, and finances. Some historians argue that it symbolized the destruction of the Concert of Europe. This chapter offers an alternative assessment. It shows that the Concert continued to exist after 1856 even though the peace established on the heels of the Crimean War was delicate and repeatedly tested peace in Europe and the Levant. Like the aftershocks of a disastrous earthquake, its aftermath witnessed further Great Power wars, civil strifes, and rebellions. The precarious climate that emerged at the time dovetailed with the existing and newly emerging tensions in Mount Lebanon. These snowballed into further fighting in the mountain during the summer of 1860—a much more devastating conflict, with a death toll around three to five times greater than the civil wars of 1841 and 1845 combined.
An Untimely Return of the Eastern Question?
Authors: Ozavci Ozan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
When the news of the 1860 civil war in Syria and the ‘massacres’ of the Christians by the Druze reached Paris, the French foreign minister, Édouard A. Thouvenel, proposed the courts of the other Great Powers an intervention in Syria. He appealed with an emotional vocabulary arguing that theirs was a responsibility towards humanity. Even though Thouvenel’s call received endorsement on the part of first Russia and then Austria, Prussia, and Britain, the Sublime Porte objected to the intervention plan. The Ottoman ministers believed that it would be a violation of existing treaties and an infringement on the sultan’s sovereignty. This chapter places under scrutiny the 40 days of tug of war between Paris and Istanbul, when they looked to influence European public opinion by means of propaganda and active lobbying. The legal, economic, religious, and strategic undertones of the intervention plan and the counter-intervention propaganda not only testified to the intersectoral aspects of the Eastern Question. Seen together, they also disclosed how ‘humanitarian’ the ensuing intervention actually was.
Epilogue
Authors: Ozavci Ozan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Even though each armed, legal, and administrative intervention considered in this book had diverse specific properties unique to its immediate context, the Epilogue makes a series of general remarks about the continuity the historical actors saw in the affairs of the Levant, the dynamic and intersubjective nature of the Eastern Question, and the Levantine agency in its unfolding in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It considers what these historical ordeals tell us about the Levant and the wider world today, drawing links between past and civil wars with the contemporary discursive practices that continue to haunt the Levant as well as the wider Middle East today.
Longitudinal and transverse waves
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey 
Published: September 2021

Abstract“Longitudinal and transverse waves” discusses vector-amplitude waves in isotropic media, as exemplified by plasma waves and by plane sound waves. Transverse and longitudinal polarizations are identified with amplitudes that are divergence-free or curl-free. These conditions pick out polarization states that are “pure”, meaning not contaminated by the other possibility.
Diffraction at a slit
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDiffraction at slit can be calculated from Maxwell's equations when the slit jaws are ideally conducting and limitingly thin. Sketches of field lines give a good indication of what is expected. Computed fields are plotted in the plane of the slit and in the far field. Calculations based on Kirchhoff assumptions are compared with exact results. Diffraction of quantum particles is accounted for by the same equations.
LScoupling; Hund’s rules
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey 
Published: September 2021

Abstract“LS coupling; Hund's rules” describes LS coupling as it gives an account of our understanding of atomic states. Two “energy-level” diagrams commonly printed are shown to be wrong and highly misleading. Accompanying “explanations” are debunked. Correct diagrams, with explanations, are given, and compared with theoretical formulae. Hund's rules, when properly formulated, are shown to hold in all cases to which they can legitimately be applied. Hund's rules must be stated as given here (often they are not). This claim is validated because all possible variants are excluded by counterexamples.
Free energy
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey 
Published: September 2021

AbstractFree energy is the energy of a sample in an “open system”, where the sample can exchange energy with its environment, as when it is in equilibrium while held at controlled temperature or controlled pressure. The free energy is “all the energy that's present because the sample is there”. The Helmholtz and Gibbs energies result. The ideas apply equally when what's controlled is an “applied” electric or magnetic field. We recommend a painless procedure for finding a change of free energy when the environment is to be changed.
Umklapp collisions and thermal conductivity
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey 
Published: September 2021

Abstract“Umklapp collisions and thermal conductivity” deals with heat conduction in a dielectric solid. Collisions of phonons are divided into Umklapp and normal according as a reciprocal lattice vector is or is not involved in the phonon momentum balance. A local temperature is defined by appeal to local thermodynamic equilibrium. An equilibrium phonon distribution can be off-centred, yet non-decaying, if the only collisions are “normal”, conserving the total phonon momentum. Then heat flow does not decay, even if a representative collision reverses the phonon group velocity. Conversely, in an Umklapp collision it is the non-conservation of phonon momentum that causes heat flow to decay.
Electrons in a square lattice
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey 
Published: September 2021

Abstract“Electrons in a square lattice” describes how a two-dimensional square lattice gives a helpful case intermediate between one dimension and the complication of three dimensions. The “empty lattice” divides up k-space into Brillouin zones in anticipation of a periodic potential whose period is given but whose magnitude is at this stage zero. A wooden model uses height to represent energy. Rearranging the model's pieces into the reduced-zone scheme displays how electrons can have surprising energy–wavevector relations, including overlapping bands, anisotropic effective masses, and indirect band gaps.
Negative feedback
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey 
Published: September 2021

AbstractNegative feedback is an essential constituent of any control system. It is illustrated for the case of an electronic voltage amplifier. Formal definitions are given of positive and negative feedback. Feedback can be used to adjust the amplifier's frequency response. Distortion, meaning generation of new and unwanted frequencies (harmonics, sums, differences), is reduced by a factor equal to the “return difference”.
Article 2—Definitions
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides the definition of terms covered in Article 2 of Directive 2019/790 regarding copyright in the Digital Single Market in Europe. It begins with the term 'research organisation', which means a university, research institute, or any other entity that conduct scientific research or carry out educational activities involving the conduct of scientific research. It also explains text and data mining, which is an automated analytical technique that analyses text and data in digital form in order to generate information about patterns, trends, and correlations. The chapter defines cultural heritage institution as a publicly accessible library or museum, an archive, or a film or audio heritage institution, while press publication means a collection of literary works of a journalistic nature. It describes the tasks of an online content-sharing service provider, such as providing information society service that store and give public access to a large amount of copyright-protected works or other protected subject matter uploaded by its users.
Article 11—Stakeholder Dialogue
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter highlights Article 11 of the European copyright order, Directive 2019/790, concerning stakeholder dialogue. It obliges Member States to consult rightholders, collective management organisations, and cultural heritage institutions in each sector before establishing specific requirements. It also encourages regular dialogue between representative users' and rightholders' organisations, collective management organisations, and any other relevant stakeholder organisations on a sector-specific basis to foster the relevance and usability of licensing mechanisms. The chapter discusses the appropriate safeguards for all rightholders that are introduced by Directive 2019/790 for the use of out-of-commerce works or other subject matter. It also considers the licensing mechanisms established by this Directive in making sure that out-of-commerce works, or other subject matter are relevant and function properly.
Article 12—Collective Licensing with an Extended Effect
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter talks about collective licensing with an extended effect, which is outlined in Article 12 of Directive 2019/790 on copyright in Europe. It cites the task of Member States to ensure that the licensing mechanism is only applied within well-defined areas of use. It considers how authorisations from rightholders can be obtained on an individual basis, which is typically onerous and impractical to a degree that makes the required licensing transaction unlikely. The chapter points out how Article 12 does not affect the application of collective licensing mechanisms with an extended effect in accordance with other provisions of Union law. It looks at the requirement of Member State to inform about the scope of corresponding national provisions on the purposes and types of licences that may be introduced about the contact details of organisations issuing licences.
Article 13—Negotiation Mechanism
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyzes Article 13 of Directive 2019/790, the European copyright order in the Digital Single Market, which focuses on negotiation mechanism. It highlights the conclusion of an agreement for the purpose of making available audiovisual works on video-on-demand services for parties facing difficulties related to the licensing of rights. It also considers the impartial body established or designated by a Member State that provides assistance to the parties with their negotiations and help the parties reach agreements. The chapter describes video-on-demand services that have the potential to play a decisive role in the dissemination of audiovisual works across the Union. It looks at agreements on the online exploitation of audiovisual works, which can be difficult to conclude due to issues related to the licensing of rights.
Article 15—Protection of Press Publications Concerning Online Uses
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the protection of press publications concerning online uses, which is outlines in Article 15 of Directive 2019/790, the European copyright directive in the Digital Single Market. It talks about publishers of press publications established in a Member State with that have the rights for the online use of their press publications by information society service providers. It also clarifies that authors of works incorporated in a press publication may receive an appropriate share of the revenues that press publishers receive for the use of their press publications by information society service providers. The chapter describes a free and pluralist press that is essential to ensure quality journalism and citizens' access to information. It examines the wide availability of press publications online that has given rise to the emergence of new online services, such as news aggregators or media monitoring services.
Article 16—Claims to Fair Compensation
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter talks about claims to fair compensation covered in Article 16 of the European copyright directive, Directive 2019/790. It explains the transfer of a licensed right from a publisher, which constitutes a sufficient legal basis for the publisher to be entitled to a share of the compensation for the use of the work. It also describes publishers, including those of press publications, books or scientific publications and music publications, that operate on the basis of the transfer of authors' rights by means of contractual agreements or statutory provisions. The chapter highlights how publishers make an investment with a view to the exploitation of the works contained in their publications and be deprived of revenues where works are used under exceptions or limitations, such as those for private copying and reprography. It cites several Member States wherein the compensation for uses under exceptions or limitations is shared between authors and publishers.
Article 26—Application in Time
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter highlights the time of application of Directive 2019/790, a copyright directive in the Digital Single Market in Europe, which is included in Chapter 26. It emphasizes that Directive 2019/790 will apply in respect of all works and other subject matter that are protected by national law in the field of copyright. The directive will be implemented on or after 7 June 2021. The chapter points out that Directive 2019/790 will apply without prejudice to any acts concluded and rights acquired before 7 June 2021. It also cites the legislation on the negotiation mechanism, works of visual art in the public domain, and information about collective licensing with an extended effect.
Article 28—Protection of Personal Data
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at the provisions of Article 28 of Directive 2019/790, the European copyright directive in the Digital Single Market. It outlines the processing of personal data that is carried out within the framework of Directive 2019/790 and in compliance with Directive 2002/58/EC and Regulation (EU) 2016/679. It also demonstrates the processing of personal data that should respect fundamental rights, including the right to the protection of personal data. The chapter clarifies that the processing of personal data must be done in respect of the fundamental rights to private and family life and protection of personal data set out in Articles 7 and 8 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. It discusses the protection of personal data pursuant to ePrivacy Directive 2002/58 and General Data Protection Regulation 2016/679.
Article 29—Transposition
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the legislation relating to transposition, which is stipulated in Article 29 of Directive 2019/790, the directive on copyright in Europe. It emphasizes that Member States must enforce the laws, regulations, and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive by 7 June 2021. It also clarifies that Member States must immediately inform the Commission of the enforcement of provisions. The chapter instructs Member States that will adopt the provisions of Directive 2019/790 to provide a reference to this Directive or be accompanied by a reference on the occasion of an official publication. It looks at the obligation of Member States to communicate to the Commission the text of the main provisions of the national law they will adopt in the field.
Article 30—Review
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter talks about Chapter 30 of Directive 2019/790, a copyright directive of the Digital Single Market in Europe. It mentions the plan of the Commission to carry out a review of this Directive and present a report on the main findings to the European Parliament, the Council, and the European Economic and Social Committee on 7 June 2026. It also mentions the assessment of Commission on 7 June 2024 of the impact of the specific liability regime set out in Article 17 of Directive 2019/790 regarding online content-sharing service providers that have an annual turnover of less than EUR 10 million. The chapter cites services that have been available to the public in the Union for less than three years under Paragraph 6 of Article 17. It reminds Member States to provide the Commission with the necessary information for the preparation of the report that will be presented on 7 June 2026.
Eternity in a Global Context
Authors: Suteu Silvia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyses eternity clauses in a transnational context, as part of the story of the internationalized nature of constitution-making processes and the growing diffusion of global values in democratic constitutionalism. It explains this diffusion along two axes: the internationalization of constitutional authorship and the rise of international and regional organizations as constitutional norm entrepreneurs. The chapter also describes the adjudication of unamendability as transnationally embedded, which takes the form of national courts that rely on international law or a transnational referent when developing unconstitutional constitutional amendment doctrines. It also explores the possibility of international courts developing supranational forms of unconstitutional constitutional amendment doctrines. This chapter raises awareness about the impact of the transnational on the content and authorship of eternity clauses, but also cautions against assuming positive transnational engagement in the adjudication of unamendability. The chapter highlights the mounting backlash against universalistic values and international law as anchors to ground and orient unconstitutional constitutional amendment doctrines.
The Genesis of the Local Alphabets of Archaic Greece
Authors: Wachter Rudolf 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter stresses the importance of the series of letters people actually learnt and taught in the different 'local scripts', together with the series of letter names they learnt by heart. The physical manifestation of this tradition is in abecedaria. The differences between these local alphabets can be explained by three types of reform that took place while the alphabet spread, viz. the adding, reinterpreting, or abolishing of letters. Attention to chronology allows quite precise 'predictions' about the otherwise hidden first years of the alphabet in Greece. Some common views will therefore have to be given up, for instance that the three islands, Thera, Melos, and Crete, which use a particularly archaic type of alphabet, are therefore plausible candidates for particularly early writing. The takeover of the alphabet was a single event, but we will very likely never be able to specify either where or when precisely it took place.
The Pronunciation of Upsilon and Related Matters
Authors: Dosuna Julián Méndez 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIt is universally assumed that the fronting of inherited /u(ː)/ to /y(ː)/ was a relatively late development restricted to Attic-Ionic (to the significant exclusion of Euboean) and possibly to other dialects as well. This paper presents a re-assessment of the evidence available and challenges the general assumption that *u and *ū retained their inherited phonetic value /u(ː)/ in Proto-Greek. The alternative hypothesis is explored that the fronting of /u(ː)/ to /y(ː)/ dates back to Proto-Greek. The presence of /u(ː)/ in the ancient dialects can be accounted for through a secondary backing /y(ː)/ &gt; /u(ː)/ like in the modern dialects.
Digital Bandpass Modulation Methods
Authors: Berber Stevan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents mathematical models of baseband and bandpass digital communication systems based on binary and quaternary phase-shift keying, frequency-shift keying, and quadrature amplitude modulation. The systems are deduced as special cases from the general generic system structure and the related theory of orthonormal basis functions. The systems are uniquely presented using mathematical operators and detailed derivatives for signals in time and frequency domains at the system’s vital points, that is, the transmitter, the receiver, and the noise generator, using the concepts of both stochastic (continuous and discrete) and deterministic (continuous and discrete) signal processing. The vital characteristics of the system and its blocks are expressed in terms of amplitude spectral density, autocorrelation functions, power and energy spectral densities, and bit error probability.