bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Mediterranean
Authors: Mallette Karla 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses Dante’s relationship with major issues of interest to scholars of Mediterranean history, including his knowledge of Mediterranean geography; his understanding of the ships used to cross the Mediterranean from Italian ports; and his references to literature, philosophy and technology that reached Italy from across the Mediterranean. In particular, the chapter considers Dante’s knowledge of the mi ‘raj (the traditional narratives of the Prophet Muhammad’s miraculous journey to Hell and Heaven), as well as Islamic stories of the opening of the heart of Muhammad in preparation for his role as prophet. It reviews Dante’s references to the philosophy of Averroes. It argues that the new papermaking technologies that had reached Italy from the eastern Mediterranean during the century before Dante’s life, and Italian papermaking innovations like the watermark, were of particular importance to Dante in a practical sense and as source of poetic imagery.
Bodies on Fire
Authors: Howie Cary 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the complications of the human body as it appears in Dante’s Commedia. The chapter argues for the body’s fiery potential, the way it challenges some of the schemes according to which Dante’s poem at first seems to be organized. In the depths of hell as on the slopes of purgatory, as in the eccentric centres of heaven, bodies burn: but this burning is, above all, the sign of their deepest mystery, rather than a symptom of eternal foreclosure. Dante thus gives his readers the remarkably equivocal evidence for how there may always, in his world as in any other, be more to be seen and more to be felt; and for how the human body may be most fully human when it is most fully open—to resignification, to desire, to the adjacent particularities of other human bodies, and to its own unsoundable surfaces and depths.
The Mystical
Authors: McGinn Bernard 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The question of whether Dante was a mystic depends very much on one’s understanding of mysticism. Making use of a broad conception of mysticism as the preparation for, the consciousness of, and the life-transforming effect of an immediate consciousness of God, this chapter argues that Dante can be seen as a mystic. In the Letter to Cangrande Dante claims that he wrote the Paradiso on the basis of an ineffable vision of the divine essence similar to that of the rapture of the Apostle Paul. An analysis of key sections of the Commedia, especially in the Paradiso, bears out this claim and shows that the poet makes use of many of the major themes of mysticism (purification, the relation of knowing and loving, vision, union, etc.) in crafting the great work that was designed to help lead humans from the misery of sin to the state of blessedness.
The Lyric Mode
Authors: Southerden Francesca 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Dante is before all other things a lyric poet and this chapter explores his commitment to lyric from his earliest compositions to the Commedia. For Dante, lyric is the natural mode for expressing desire and is particularly marked by pleasure. Indeed ‘modo’ is the word he uses in both Vita Nova and Commedia to represent the indissoluble bond between love and speech that animates the desiring subject and leads to the production of poetry. This chapter traces the significance of this word in the Occitan and early Italian love lyric, especially in its associations with measure (misura) and desire’s tendency to transgress it. It considers how the lyric mode is employed to convey the intensity of the love experience and the porous nature of the desiring body, especially in Dante’s relationship to Beatrice and as expressed in flexible and expansive forms of textuality that resist closure.
Dante on Screen
Authors: Rhodes John David 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter investigates the conjunction of Dante and the cinema according to three, highly selective rubrics: the literal, the allusive, and the structural. This way of conceptually characterizing major tendencies in the cinema’s address to Dante helps us understand not just a network of references and homages, but rather the aesthetic, formal, and perhaps even political fruits of filmmakers’ engagement of the Dantean legacy. Examples are mainly drawn from Milano Films’ 1911 adaptation of the Inferno, directed by Francesco Bertolini and Adolfo Padovan; Pier Paolo Pasolini’s Accattone (1961); and Hollis Frampton’s Zorn’s Lemma (1970).
The Classics
Authors: Barański Zygmunt Guido 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The chapter examines the medieval idea of the literary ‘classic’—a notion that discriminated between ‘major’ and ‘minor’ authors (auctores maiores and auctores minores) to establish the status and function of both groups in Dante. It thus focuses not only on the ways in which the poet may have read ‘authoritative’ writers, but also on how and when he came into contact with their works. Specifically, the manner in which Dante utilized pagan writers is profoundly shaped by the commentary traditions on their works, by their presence in later writers, and by their exemplary status in an extremely wide range of genres from Scriptural exegesis to teaching manuals. Equally, the question of when and where Dante may have read, or whether he had even read in full, particular texts and authors is crucial when endeavouring to establish the poet’s education and intellectual formation (this chapter offers an illustrative account of Dante’s access to Virgil’s works).
Quare Times: An Introduction to a Queer Perspective on Afrofuturism and a Reading of Sun Ra’s Space Is the Place
Authors: Stüttgen Tim 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The film Space Is the Place (1974), directed by John Coney, stars Sun Ra who was also co-author of the script. This chapter explores Sun Ra’s Afrofuturism as shown in the film, bringing it into relation with José Muñoz’s notion of a queer future. Rather than focusing on Sun Ra’s sexuality, this chapter argues that his quareness (E. Patrick Johnson’s useful term drawn from African American vernacular) emerges in the sonic and performative aspects of his work. Sun Ra’s spaceship offers a future-oriented response to the slave ship and Middle Passage (as described by Paul Gilroy) and to the limitations of the here and now. The notion of assemblage (Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari) articulates the quareness of Sun Ra’s collective improvisational practices.
Anticolonial Terrorism
Authors: Sedgwick Mark 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter looks at the rise of anticolonial terrorism in Egypt, and especially at the role played by the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood. It argues that assassination became established among anticolonial nationalists in Egypt before the Brotherhood was founded and was then briefly practiced by the Brotherhood. The Brotherhood, however, generally preferred other varieties of violence, which it understood as jihad. Some of these were more obviously acts of political violence than others. The use of violence was never part of the Brotherhood’s main strategy, however, and in the end it proved disastrous for them. They definitively abandoned terrorism in about 1968.
Lack of Support for the Genes by Early Environment Interaction Hypothesis in the Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia
Authors: Vassos Evangelos , Kou Jiaqi , Tosato Sarah , Maxwell Jessye , Dennison Charlotte A , Legge Sophie E , Walters James T R , Owen Michael J , O’Donovan Michael C , Breen Gerome , Lewis Cathryn M , Sullivan Patrick F , Hultman Christina , Ruggeri Mirella , Walshe Muriel , Bramon Elvira , Bergen Sarah E , Murray Robin M 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Ursini et al reported recently that the liability of schizophrenia explained by a polygenic risk score (PRS) derived from the variants most associated with schizophrenia was increased 5-fold in individuals who experienced complications during pregnancy or birth. Follow-up gene expression analysis showed that the genes mapping to the most associated genetic variants are highly expressed in placental tissues. If confirmed, these findings will have major implications in our understanding of the joint effect of genes and environment in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. We examined the interplay between PRS and obstetric complications (OCs) in 5 independent samples (effective N = 2110). OCs were assessed with the full or modified Lewis-Murray scale, or with birth weight &lt; 2.5 kg as a proxy. In a large cohort we tested whether the pathways from placenta-relevant variants in the original report were associated with case-control status. Unlike in the original study, we did not find significant effect of PRS on the presence of OCs in cases, nor a substantial difference in the association of PRS with case-control status in samples stratified by the presence of OCs. Furthermore, none of the PRS by OCs interactions were significant, nor were any of the biological pathways, examined in the Swedish cohort. Our study could not support the hypothesis of a mediating effect of placenta biology in the pathway from genes to schizophrenia. Methodology differences, in particular the different scales measuring OCs, as well as power constraints for interaction analyses in both studies, may explain this discrepancy.
The natural history of insomnia: predisposing, precipitating, coping, and perpetuating factors over the early developmental course of insomnia
Authors: Ellis Jason G , Perlis Michael L , Espie Colin A , Grandner Michael A , Bastien Célyne H , Barclay Nicola L , Altena Ellemarije , Gardani Maria 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWhile there is an extensive literature on predisposing, precipitating, coping, and perpetuating factors in those with chronic insomnia, very little work has been undertaken to evaluate these factors over the early developmental course of insomnia. The present aim was to determine whether several hypothesized factors in each domain (predisposing, precipitating, coping, and perpetuating), assessed during an episode of acute insomnia (AI), are related to its persistence or remission to normal sleep. Participants comprised n = 140 people with AI and n = 737 normal sleepers (NS) recruited from the general public. Participants completed measures assessing predisposing characteristics (personality traits, arousal predisposition, and insomnia vulnerability), precipitating events and outcomes (life events, perceived stress, anxiety, and depression), coping styles (thought control strategies and coping styles), and perpetuating factors (sleep preoccupation, pre-sleep arousal, dysfunctional beliefs, and fatigue). Additionally, insomnia status (from AI at baseline to its persistence or natural remission [NR]) was assessed 1 month later (n = 129). Baseline differences between NS and individuals with AI were observed in each domain with increasing age, lower openness to experience and conscientiousness, higher insomnia severity, levels of anxiety, and affective sleep preoccupation significantly predicting AI status. Further, a previous episode of insomnia, higher depression scores, and affective sleep preoccupation scores significantly predicted its persistence, as opposed to its NR. Results are discussed with reference to the conceptualization of insomnia and how the findings may influence the design of preventative interventions to circumvent the transition from acute to chronic insomnia.
Metatranscriptomic Comparison of Endophytic and Pathogenic Fusarium–Arabidopsis Interactions Reveals Plant Transcriptional Plasticity
Authors: Guo Li , Yu Houlin , Wang Bo , Vescio Kathryn , DeIulio Gregory A. , Yang He , Berg Andrew , Zhang Lili , Edel-Hermann Véronique , Steinberg Christian , Kistler H. Corby , Ma Li-Jun 
Published: April 2021

Plants are continuously exposed to beneficial and pathogenic microbes, but how plants recognize and respond to friends versus foes remains poorly understood. Here, we compared the molecular response of Arabidopsis thaliana independently challenged with a Fusarium oxysporum endophyte Fo47 versus a pathogen Fo5176. These two F. oxysporum strains share a core genome of about 46 Mb, in addition to 1,229 and 5,415 unique accessory genes. Metatranscriptomic data reveal a shared pattern of expression for most plant genes (about 80%) in responding to both fungal inoculums at all timepoints from 12 to 96 h postinoculation (HPI). However, the distinct responding genes depict transcriptional plasticity, as the pathogenic interaction activates plant stress responses and suppresses functions related to plant growth and development, while the endophytic interaction attenuates host immunity but activates plant nitrogen assimilation. The differences in reprogramming of the plant transcriptome are most obvious in 12 HPI, the earliest timepoint sampled, and are linked to accessory genes in both fungal genomes. Collectively, our results indicate that the A. thaliana and F. oxysporum interaction displays both transcriptome conservation and plasticity in the early stages of infection, providing insights into the fine-tuning of gene regulation underlying plant differential responses to fungal endophytes and pathogens. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Short-, Mid-, and Long-Term Associations Between PM2.5 and Stroke Incidence in Taiwan
Authors: Yang Chun-Pai , Li Chung-Yi , Huang Winn-Jung , Yu Hwa-Lung , Yang Cheng-Chia , Lu Mei-Chun , Lang Hui-Chu , Yan Yuan-Horng 
Published: April 2021

Objective:
To investigate the association between the risk of stroke and exposure to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) over various exposure periods.

Methods:
This was a nationwide population-based case–control study in which 10,035 incident patients with a primary diagnosis of ischemic stroke each were matched with two randomly selected controls for sex, age, Charlson Comorbidity Index, year of stroke diagnosis, and level of urbanization. Multiple logistic models adjusted for potential confounders were used to assess the association of PM2.5 with ischemic stroke incidence.

Results:
There were significant short-term, medium-term, and long-term relationships between PM2.5 exposure and ischemic stroke incidence.

Conclusions:
This study supports existing evidence that PM2.5 should be considered a risk factor for ischemic stroke.
F-18 ML-104 tau PET imaging in mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Jaleel Jasim , Tripathi Madhavi , Baghel Vivek , Arunraj Sreedharan Thankarajan , Kumar Praveen , Khan Dikhra , Tripathi Manjari , Dey Aprajit Ballav , Bal Chandrasekhar 
Published: April 2021

Objective
This study was undertaken to evaluate the tau distribution patterns in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) using PET radiotracer F-18 ML-104.

Materials and methods
Thirty patients, clinically diagnosed as aMCI [mini mental state evaluation ≥24] in the neurology or geriatric memory clinics, were included in the study. Each aMCI patient underwent F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose and F-18 ML-104 tau PET. Standardized uptake value ratios for cortical gray matter regions were evaluated for F-18 ML-104 tau PET and compared with normal controls and with early Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients (used from a previous study).

Results
aMCI revealed significantly higher standardized uptake value ratios in both medial temporal cortices, precuneus and posterior cingulate cortices in comparison to normal controls and a significantly lesser binding in bilateral medial and lateral temporal, precuneus and posterior cingulate cortices in comparison to early AD. A negative correlation was noted between F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose uptake and F-18 ML-104 retention in the precuneus and posterior cingulate cortices in aMCI, while F-18 ML-104 retention and mini mental state evaluation scores revealed a moderate negative correlation in the posterior cingulate cortices.

Conclusion
We could demonstrate a significant increase in cortical tau deposition in aMCI patients in comparison to normal controls, thus providing in vivo evidence of the underlying pathological process in this subgroup of patients with high probability of conversion to AD.
Efficacy and safety of 177Lu-DOTMP in palliative treatment of symptomatic skeletal metastases: a prospective study
Authors: Bollampally Neeraja , Shukla Jaya , Mittal Bhagwant Rai , Sood Ashwani , Mohanty Manju , Kapoor Rakesh , Vatsa Rakhee , Satapathy Swayamjeet , Chakravarty Rubel , Chakraborty Sudipta , Dash Ashutosh K 
Published: April 2021

Aims
Bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical 177Lu-DOTMP with favorable pharmacokinetics in the preclinical studies has been evaluated for its role in reducing bone pain and improving quality of life (QOL) in patients with symptomatic skeletal metastases.

Method
Patients with painful widespread skeletal metastases documented on 99mTc-MDP bone scintigraphy were intravenously administered 37 MBq/kg of 177Lu-DOTMP. Visual analogue score (VAS), analgesic score, European Cooperative Group of Oncology (ECOG) and the European Organization of Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30 of all the patients were assessed at baseline and posttherapy follow-up. Adverse effects were graded according to NCI-CTCAE V 5.0.

Results
Twenty-seven patients with painful widespread skeletal metastases (men 18; median age 61 years; range: 18–81) were studied for their responses as complete response, partial response, minimal response, no response and pain progression based on VAS and analgesic score. Overall response was seen in 77.8% of patients (complete, partial and minimal in 29.6, 33.3 and 14.8%, respectively) with significant improvement in median VAS and mean analgesic score at 2 months posttherapy from baseline (P < 0.001). The best response was seen in patients with breast cancer (100%) followed by prostate cancer (81%) and lung cancer (28%). Improvement in QOL was noted in 40% of patients, with change in ECOG score from 3.07 ± 0.67 at baseline to 2.6 ± 0.9 at 2 months posttherapy. Grade 2/3 anemia, grade 1/2 leukopenia and grade 1/3 thrombocytopenia were seen in 37, 11.1 and 18.5% patients respectively in the follow-up.

Conclusion

177Lu-DOTMP appears to be efficacious treatment for bone pain palliation with improvement in QOL though less effective in patients with lung cancer. The patients had transient mild–moderate hematotoxicity.
Invasive and noninvasive ventilation strategies for acute respiratory failure in children with coronavirus disease 2019
Authors: Blumenthal Jennifer A. , Duvall Melody G. 
Published: April 2021

Purpose of review
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 presents as symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease in susceptible patients. Severe pediatric COVID-19 disease is rare, limiting potential data accumulation on associated respiratory failure in children. Pediatric intensivists and pulmonologists managing COVID-19 patients look to adult guidelines and pediatric-specific consensus statements to guide management. The purpose of this article is to review the current literature and recommended strategies for the escalation of noninvasive and invasive respiratory support for acute respiratory failure associated with COVID-19 disease in children.

Recent findings
There are no prospective studies comparing COVID-19 treatment strategies in children. Adult and pediatric ventilation management interim guidance is based on evidence-based guidelines in non-COVID acute respiratory distress syndrome, with considerations of (1) noninvasive positive pressure ventilation versus high-flow nasal cannula and (2) high versus lower positive end expiratory pressure strategies related to lung compliance and potential lung recruitability.

Summary
Management of acute respiratory failure from COVID-19 requires individualized titration of noninvasive and invasive ventilation modalities with consideration of preserved or compromised pulmonary compliance. Research regarding best practices in the management of pediatric severe COVID-19 with respiratory failure is lacking and is acutely needed as the pandemic surges and vaccination of the pediatric population will be delayed compared to adults.
Sensitivity of rapid antigen testing and RT-PCR performed on nasopharyngeal swabs versus saliva samples in COVID-19 hospitalized patients: results of a prospective comparative trial (RESTART)
Authors: Kritikos Antonios , Caruana Giorgia , Brouillet René , Miroz John-Paul , Samia Abed-Maillard , Geraldine Stieger , Opota Onya , Croxatto Antony , Vollenweider Peter , Bart Pierre-Alexandre , Chiche Jean-Daniel , Greub Gilbert 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectivesSaliva sampling could serve as an alternative non-invasive sample for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis while rapid antigen testing (RAT) might help to mitigate the shortage of reagents sporadically encountered with RT-PCR. Thus, in the RESTART study we compared antigen and RT-PCR testing methods on nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs and salivary samples.MethodsWe conducted a prospective observational study among COVID-19 hospitalized patients between 10th December 2020 and 1st February 2021. Paired saliva and NP samples were investigated by RT-PCR (Cobas 6800, Roche-Switzerland) and by two rapid antigen tests: One Step Immunoassay Exdia® COVID-19 Ag (Precision Biosensor, Korea) and Standard Q® COVID-19 Rapid Antigen Test (Roche-Switzerland).ResultsA total of 58 paired NP-saliva specimens were collected. Thirty-two of 58 (55%) patients were hospitalized in the intensive care unit and the median duration of symptoms was 11 days (IQR 5-19). NP and salivary RT-PCR exhibited sensitivity of 98% and 69% respectively whereas the specificity of these RT-PCRs assays were of 100%. NP RAT exhibited much lower diagnostic performances with sensitivities of 35% and 41% for the Standard Q® and Exdia® assays respectively, when a wet-swab approach was used (i.e. when the swab was diluted in the viral transport medium (VTM) before testing). The sensitivity of the dry-swab approach was slightly better (47%). These antigen tests exhibited very low sensitivity (4 and 8%) when applied to salivary swabs.ConclusionsNasopharyngeal RT-PCR is the most accurate test for COVID-19 diagnosis in hospitalized patients. RT-PCR on salivary samples may be used when nasopharyngeal swabs are contraindicated. RAT are not appropriate for hospitalized patients.