bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The phenylpropanoid pathway inhibitor piperonylic acid induces broad‐spectrum pest and disease resistance in plants
Authors: Desmedt Willem , Jonckheere Wim , Nguyen Viet Ha , Ameye Maarten , De Zutter Noémie , De Kock Karen , Debode Jane , Van Leeuwen Thomas , Audenaert Kris , Vanholme Bartel , Kyndt Tina 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAlthough many phenylpropanoid pathway‐derived molecules act as physical and chemical barriers to pests and pathogens, comparatively little is known about their role in regulating plant immunity. To explore this research field, we transiently perturbed the phenylpropanoid pathway through application of the CINNAMIC ACID‐4‐HYDROXYLASE (C4H) inhibitor piperonylic acid (PA). Using bioassays involving diverse pests and pathogens, we show that transient C4H inhibition triggers systemic, broad‐spectrum resistance in higher plants without affecting growth. PA treatment enhances tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) resistance in field and laboratory conditions, thereby illustrating the potential of phenylpropanoid pathway perturbation in crop protection. At the molecular level, transcriptome and metabolome analyses reveal that transient C4H inhibition in tomato reprograms phenylpropanoid and flavonoid metabolism, systemically induces immune signalling and pathogenesis‐related genes, and locally affects reactive oxygen species metabolism. Furthermore, C4H inhibition primes cell wall modification and phenolic compound accumulation in response to root‐knot nematode infection. Although PA treatment induces local accumulation of the phytohormone salicylic acid, the PA resistance phenotype is preserved in tomato plants expressing the salicylic acid‐degrading NahG construct. Together, our results demonstrate that transient phenylpropanoid pathway perturbation is a conserved inducer of plant resistance and thus highlight the crucial regulatory role of this pathway in plant immunity.
From Patagonia to Río de la Plata: Multistep long‐distance littoral transport of Andean volcaniclastic sand along the Argentine passive margin
Authors: Garzanti Eduardo , Limonta Mara , Vezzoli Giovanni , Sosa Numa 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLarge sediment masses are transferred over many hundreds of kilometres along the coast of passive continental margins worldwide. The relevance of such a phenomenon for source‐to‐sink studies, environmental issues, and coastal management remains largely unperceived. This study traces the paths of volcaniclastic sand along ca 2170 km of the Argentine coast and documents a 760 km long cell of littoral transport extending from the formerly larger Río Colorado delta to the edge of the Río de la Plata mouth. During deglaciation stages and humid periods of the Pleistocene, a much greater sediment volume than today was transferred by the Desaguadero and Colorado rivers from the highest‐relief tract of the Andean Cordillera to the Atlantic Ocean. Amphibole‐rich sand originally supplied by the Río Desaguadero is being recycled today from Pampean lowlands to feed the beaches along Río de la Plata southern shores, whereas pure quartzose sand of Río Paraná is found only adjacent to its prograding delta. Augite‐rich sand supplied by the Río Colorado is dominant along the coast of the Buenos Aires Province, where it mixes locally with coarser‐grained quartz‐rich detritus recycled in the urbanized Mar del Plata area. Hypersthene‐rich sand of the Río Negro is dispersed both north and south of the mouth, where heavy‐mineral‐rich lag deposits are formed in areas of accelerated erosion and retreating sea cliffs. Changes of mineralogical signatures during long‐distance littoral transport are largely ascribed to local supply from coastal erosion or hydrodynamic effects rather than to selective breakdown of labile grains. Whereas the relative abundance of amphibole and pyroxene is largely independent of transport distance, olivine is depleted both in the northern part of the Colorado littoral cell and south of the Río Negro mouth, which is chiefly ascribed to dilution by recycling of Neogene sediments that have undergone early intrastratal dissolution rather than to mechanical loss.
Application of a novel finger temperature device in the assessment of subjects with Raynaud's phenomenon
Authors: Aleksiev Teodor , Ivanova Zlatina , Dobrev Hristo , Atanasov Nikolay 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroductionFinger skin thermometry is one of the most commonly used methods for evaluating the response of the digital vessels to cold stimulation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of a novel finger skin temperature device for performing cold‐stimulation test (CST) in subjects with primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon (RP).MethodologyA total of 155 consecutive subjects were studied. They were divided into three groups: 73 patients with primary RP (8 males, 65 females, mean age 38.5 ± 16.2), 42 patients with secondary RP (4 males, 38 females, mean age 49.6 ± 13.1, connected with lupus erythematosus and systemic scleroderma), and 40 healthy controls (5 males, 35 females, mean age 38.8 ± 16.6). Standardized CST consisting of exposure of both hands to water with a temperature of 10℃ for 5 minutes was performed. Changes in skin temperature of both wrists and 2‐5 fingers were measured using a novel finger temperature device (Courage & Khazaka). Measurements were made before and 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 minutes after cold stimulation. The time of recovery for baseline temperature of all fingers below 15 minutes was considered normal.ResultsThe CST was normal in 6 (8.2%) of the patients with primary RP, in 7 (16.6%) of the patients with secondary RP, and in 28 (70%) of the healthy control subjects. The time of complete recovery of baseline temperature with respect to the first finger and for all 2‐5 fingers in the three groups was as follows: 24.8 and 28.5 minutes (primary RP), 21.7 and 26.8 minutes (secondary RP), and 11.1 and 15.2 minutes (healthy subjects). Furthermore, the microcirculation was seriously disturbed (rewarming time >31 minutes of all 2‐5 digits of both hands) in 54.1% (n = 79), 34.5% (n = 29) and 5% (n = 4) in the same study groups.DiscussionOur results suggested that skin microcirculation is more disturbed in patients with primary RP than in patients with secondary RP. In support of this unexpected finding were the results reported by Ruaro B. et al (2019). They investigated the blood perfusion (BP) by laser speckle contrast analysis (LASCA) at different skin areas of hands and found that it was significantly lower in primary RP than in secondary RP related to systemic sclerosis.ConclusionThe new finger temperature device used could be considered useful for performing cold‐stimulation test in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon.
Evaluation of organic carbon stocks in mineral and organic soils in Lithuania
Authors: Armolaitis Kęstutis , Varnagirytė‐Kabašinskienė Iveta , Žemaitis Povilas , Stakėnas Vidas , Beniušis Ričardas , Kulbokas Gintaras , Urbaitis Gintautas 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSoil organic carbon (SOC) stocks at national level were estimated to provide more accurate estimates on SOC for the Lithuanian GHG inventory. The SOC stocks in the forest floor, grassland litter, and in mineral or organic topsoil (0–30 cm) of forest land, grasslands, and croplands were estimated. The assessment was based on forest floor and peat topsoil mass, mineral topsoil bulk density, and carbon concentration in 754 permanent observation plots on 9 × 9 km grid of the National Forest Inventory in Lithuania. The SOC stocks were obtained for eight WRB Reference Soil Groups to provide the estimates for land use, land‐use change, and forestry reporting. The SOC stocks in the forest floor, topsoil of mineral, and peat layers were identified for soils under different land uses. The mean SOC concentrations in the 0–10 and 10–30 cm topsoil of most soil groups, especially fertile forest soils (Cambisols, Luvisols +Retisols) were higher for forest land and grasslands, and lower for croplands. The total averaged SOC stock in the forest floor in mineral and organic soils was 6.97 t ha−1, whereas in the litter of grasslands it was 0.54 t ha−1. The averaged SOC stock in topsoil varied from 56 t ha−1 (Arenosols) to 118 t ha−1 (Cambisols) in mineral forest soils and was 150 t ha−1 (Histosols) in organic forest soils. The total averaged SOC stock in mineral topsoil of forest land, grassland, and cropland was 80, 74, and 72 t ha−1, respectively.
Intensive cycling of nickel in a New Caledonian forest dominated by hyperaccumulator trees
Authors: Paul Adrian L. D. , Isnard Sandrine , Wawryk Christine M. , Erskine Peter D. , Echevarria Guillaume , Baker Alan J. M. , Kirby Jason K. , van der Ent Antony 
Published: May 2021

SUMMARYThe hyperaccumulator Pycnandra acuminata is a New Caledonian rainforest tree known to have the highest concentration of nickel in any living organism, with 25 wt% nickel in its latex. All trees (with a diameter of >10 cm) and soil profiles in a 0.25‐hectare permanent plot were sampled to assess the biogeochemical compartmentalisation of nickel in a dense stand of P. acuminata trees. Nickel stable isotope analysis permitted insights into the cycling of nickel in this ecosystem. The total tree biomass of the plot was calculated to be 281 tonnes ha−1, which contained 0.44 kg of cobalt, 49.1 kg of manganese, 257 kg of nickel and 6.76 kg of zinc. Nickel stable isotope analysis identified the biotic origin of the nickel in the soil upper layers, with P. acuminata shoots enriched in lighter nickel isotopes. The δ60Ni latex signature suggests that long‐distance transport, radial xylem and phloem loading are at play in P. acuminata.
Proteoglycan synthesis in conserved oligomeric Golgi subunit deficient HEK293T cells is affected differently, depending on the lacking subunit
Authors: Adusumalli Ravi , Åsheim Hans‐Christian , Lupashin Vladimir , Blackburn Jessica B. , Prydz Kristian 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe Conserved Oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex is an eight subunit protein complex associated with Golgi membranes. Genetic defects affecting individual COG subunits cause congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDGs), due to mislocalization of Golgi proteins involved in glycosylation mechanisms. While the resulting defects in N‐and O‐glycosylation have been extensively studied, no corresponding study of proteoglycan (PG) synthesis has been undertaken. We here show that glycosaminoglycan (GAG) modification of PGs is significantly reduced, regardless which COG subunit that is missing in HEK293T cells. Least reduction was observed for cells lacking COG1 and COG8 subunits, that bridge the A and B lobes of the complex. Lack of these subunits did not reduce GAG chain lengths of secreted PGs, which was reduced in cells lacking any other subunit (COG2‐7). COG3 knock out (KO) cells had particularly reduced ability to polymerize GAG chains. For cell‐associated GAGs, the mutant cell lines, except COG4 and COG7 KO, displayed longer GAG chains than wild‐type cells, indicating that COG subunits play a role in cellular turnover of PGs. In light of the important roles PGs play in animal development, the effects KO of individual COG subunits have on GAG synthesis could explain the variable severity of COG associated CDGs.
Effect of Surface Condition on Creep of Some Commercial Metals
Authors: Sweetland E. D. , Parker E. R. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The relative creep rate of specimens of 2S aluminum and commercial drawn copper were investigated with the oxide surface layers removed and then, under the same conditions, after the oxide was permitted to form. The oxide was removed mechanically by stripping the test specimens in an inert atmosphere furnace so equipped that an axial stress could be applied and the creep rate determined without disturbing the atmosphere. After the oxide-free specimen was observed to be creeping essentially linearly with time (i.e., the quasiviscous, secondary creep range was established), air was admitted to the furnace. The extension versus time plot was continued after admission of air and the temperature held constant. Since all of the known parameters affecting creep rate (temperature, grain size, degree of work hardening, stress, and so on) except the gaseous environment were the same before and after admitting air, the effect of this change could be isolated. A decrease in creep rate was observed after air had been admitted to the furnace. These experimental results indicate that the presence of an oxide surface layer on the commercial grades of pure copper and aluminum increases the creep strength of these metals. The manner in which this relatively thin surface layer contributes to the strength of the parent metal is not clear, but the phenomenon is consistent with the theory of dislocations as presented by G. I. Taylor if it is assumed that the oxide inhibits the generation and/or migration of dislocations.
The Stress Distributions Induced by Concentrated Loads Acting in Isotropic and Orthotropic Half Planes
Authors: Conway H. D. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Using a Fourier integral method, the solution is obtained to an isotropic half plane subjected to a concentrated load acting at some distance from the straight edge. This problem was discussed previously by Melan, using a complex variable method of solution. The Fourier integral method is then extended to solve the corresponding problems of the orthotropic half plane.
Forced Lateral Vibration of Beams on Damped Flexible End Supports
Authors: Miller D. F. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The steady-state forced-vibration problem, for a beam or rotating shaft on damped, flexible end supports, is completely solved by the procedure described. The analysis is an extension of a Holzer-type iteration method applied to beams by Myklestad and others. Resonant frequencies of any mode, forced amplitudes, shears, and moments at any point on the beam, and phase effects introduced by the damping, are all evaluated. The damped problem is handled conveniently using complex notation with its vector interpretation. Vector diagrams, which give a physical idea of the vibration, are shown for the two numerical examples of the paper.
The Origin of Damping in High-Strength Ferromagnetic Alloys
Authors: Cochardt A. W. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
A theoretical analysis and test data are presented which explain the damping capacity of standard high-strength alloys in terms of the magnetostrictive effect. Conditions for obtaining maximum damping are described and the results of experiments are reported which provide a firm basis for the development of high-strength high-damping alloys.
Calculation of Elastic Displacements From Photoelastic Curves
Authors: Poritsky H. , Jerrard R. P. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
A method of utilizing photoelastic fringe patterns for purposes of calculating elastic displacements of stressed members is developed. This method utilizes only the lines of constant principal stress difference and does not require knowledge of the directions of the principal stresses. The method developed should prove useful in many cases where measurements of elastic displacements cannot be carried out conveniently but photoelastic fringe patterns are readily available. As an example, the two-dimensional case of a beam in bending with a change in thickness is treated. The correction that must be applied to simple beam theory is determined.
An Experimental Study of the Propagation of Transient Longitudinal Deformations in Elastoplastic Media
Authors: Sternglass E. J. , Stuart D. A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The propagation process of longitudinal plastic pulses in prestrained bars has been studied to test the validity of the Donnell-Taylor-von Kármán theory of plastic waves. The results obtained for the propagation velocity and wave-shape changes indicate that the theory fails to describe the dynamic process by its neglect of strain-rate and creep effects.
Flexural Vibrations in Uniform Beams According to the Timoshenko Theory
Authors: Anderson R. A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The general series solution is given for the flexural vibrations in a uniform beam according to the Timoshenko equations, which include the secondary effects of shear and rotatory inertia. In addition, the series solution is presented for the case of a pin-ended beam. For the special case of a concentrated transient force at the mid-point of a pin-ended beam, the bending-moment and shear-force solutions according to the Timoshenko and elementary equations are compared.
Flexural Wave Solutions of Coupled Equations Representing the More Exact Theory of Bending
Authors: Miklowitz Julius 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Presented here is a new method for deriving flexural wave solutions for the Timoshenko bending theory. The method is based on a breakdown of the total deflection into its bending and shear components. Instead of treating the full Timoshenko equation (1) an equivalent set of coupled equations, representing the rotational and translatory motions of the beam element, is solved. The advantages of this method stem from (a) the simplicity of the associated expressions for the moment and shear force, which are the elementary bending theory relations, and (b) the well-defined nature of the related boundary conditions. The latter is particularly important since it is difficult to define the proper boundary conditions associated with the full Timoshenko equation. This is evidenced in the works of Uflyand (2) and Dengler and Goland (3), both of which are concerned with wave solutions for the infinite beam under the action of a concentrated transverse load. The quoted work (3) points out the erroneous boundary conditions used in the Uflyand work (2). The present method is applied to the same case treated in the works (2, 3). Agreement is shown with the Dengler and Goland solution. The Uflyand solution is shown to have meaning when interpreted properly. The derivation of transforms for other beam cases, both finite and infinite, by the present method has also been included in this work.
Wave Groups in the Flexural Motion of Beams Predicted by the Timoshenko Theory
Authors: Anderson R. A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Solutions are obtained for the wave-length distribution of the bending-moment and shear-force responses in an infinite beam to ① a concentrated transverse-force impulse; ② a concentrated bending-moment impulse. These solutions are determined with the aid of a recent classical solution (1) for the flexural behavior of beams according to the Timoshenko theory. The results are used to predict the number and nature of the bending-moment and shear-force discontinuities propagating from disturbances of the type of 1 and 2.
Synthesis of the Surfaces of Friction Skew Gears
Authors: Beggs Joseph Stiles 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The general problem of transmitting motion between two shafts with uniform velocity is discussed in this paper. The methods used to synthesize the teeth of spur gears have been extended to three dimensions. While the present paper is limited to a discussion of friction gears the groundwork is laid for attacking the problem of toothed skew gears. Skew friction gears are shown to slip even under no load and therefore would appear to have a very limited usefulness.
An Approximate Theory of Lateral Impact on Beams
Authors: Boley B. A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The approximate theory derived in this paper describes, by means of a “traveling-wave” approach, the behavior of beams under transverse impact. Lateral impact is considered in detail, namely, one in which a section of the beam undergoes a sudden change in velocity or shear force. The theory considers the effects of shear deformations and of rotatory inertia according to Timoshenko’s model, and that of lateral contraction as suggested by Love. The governing equations and the boundary conditions are developed with the aid of an energy-variation technique. Numerical examples are given in which the behavior of the boundary layer near the point of impact is examined. For one of these the exact solution is available and is in agreement with the present approximate results. Some general considerations concerning the velocity of propagation also are discussed.
Bending Vibrations of Variable Section Beams
Authors: Cranch E. T. , Adler Alfred A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Using simple beam theory, solutions are given for the vibration of beams having rectangular cross section with (a) linear depth and any power width variation, (b) quadratic depth and any power width variation, (c) cubic depth and any power width variation, and (d) constant depth and exponential width variation. Beams of elliptical and circular cross section are also investigated. Several cases of cantilever beams are given in detail. The vibration of compound beams is investigated. Several cases of free double wedges with various width variations are discussed.
First trimester sonographic diagnosis of limb-body wall defect associating both cephalic and thoraco-abdominal defects – a case report and literature update
Authors: Boitor-Borza Dan , Staicu Adelina , Constantin Roxana , Muresan Daniel 
Published: May 2021

We present the first trimester prenatal ultrasonography and pathological assessment of a case diagnosed with limb-body wall complex (LBWC) presenting both exenchephaly and a complex thoraco-abdominal wall defect. Ectopia cordis is demonstrated with a movie showing the heart beating outside the body of the fetus after its expulsion. Also, we discuss the pathogenesis and possible etiology of LBWC and associated malformations and we provide an update of the literature of this very rare anomaly.
Inter- and intraobserver reproducibility of Strain and 2D Shear Wave Elastography – a phantom study
Authors: Dudea-Simon Marina , Dudea Sorin Marian , Schiau Călin , Ciortea Răzvan , Măluțan Andrei , Simon Vasile , Burde Alexandru , Ciurea Anca , Mihu Dan 
Published: May 2021

Aims: To analyse the intra- and interobserver variability of two elastographic methods of quantification available on the same machine, the technical factors that may influence variability as well as the intra- and interobserver variability for the same indices between two different ultrasound machines in an in vitro experimental setting.Material and methods: Three different types of silicone experimental devices (ED) were conceived for the purpose of this study. Two observers performed repeated measurements on two ultrasound machines. Strain elastography, with strain ratio determination between the ED was performed on both machines. Shear wave ratio was also assessed. The data obtained were used to calculate intra- and interobservervariability. Reproducibility was assessed in relation to the size of the elastographic region of interest (ROI) and to the difference in stiffness between the ED, through the value of the ICCs (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient).Results: Strain ratio had high inter- and intraobserver reproducibility, regardless of the machine used, on a large number of determinations.The choice of a small ROI diameter (5 mm) over a large ROI diameter (15mm) increased reproducibility (ICC = 0.87 vs 0.78, p=0.000). It is observed that, by Shear Wave Elastography, only when analysing structures with a large difference in hardness, significance is obtained in terms of interobserver reproducibility (ICC = 0.75, p=0.000).Conclusions: On a large number of determinations, both techniques are inter- and intraobserver reproducible. It is preferable to opt for a smaller ROI diameter in order to increase interobserver reproducibility. SWE Ratio provides significant reproducibility only when analysing structureswith large difference in hardness.