bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling the nonlinear static response of a 2-storey URM benchmark case study: comparison among different modelling strategies using two- and three-dimensional elements
Authors: Cannizzaro Francesco , Castellazzi Giovanni , Grillanda Nicola , Pantò Bartolomeo , Petracca Massimo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis paper aims at comparing the use of different software environments for the study of a simple unreinforced masonry building through nonlinear static analyses. The presented results are part of a wider research project conducted within the ReLUIS consortium, and specifically within a research task whose purpose is providing practitioners with results and tools for an aware employment of commercial software packages for modelling masonry structures. In this study one of the benchmark structures of the research program is analysed; a two-story building characterized by rigid horizontal diaphragms, considering different configurations in terms of openings arrangements and effectiveness of ring beams, is subjected to seismic load conditions. Software packages considering two- and three- dimensional structural models are employed, and the obtained results are compared in terms of capacity curves and collapse mechanisms. One of the critical aspects on the basic assumptions made by software in terms of way to apply the horizontal loads is further investigated. In addition, the role of the shear strength is analysed correlating the mechanical properties to be adopted with micro- and macro- models. The considered models present very different features, and the analogies and differences obtained in the results are critically interpreted in view of the different hypotheses made by the software tools in terms of modelling strategies and adopted constitutive laws.
Sequential optimality conditions for cardinality-constrained optimization problems with applications
Authors: Kanzow Christian , Raharja Andreas B. , Schwartz Alexandra 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRecently, a new approach to tackle cardinality-constrained optimization problems based on a continuous reformulation of the problem was proposed. Following this approach, we derive a problem-tailored sequential optimality condition, which is satisfied at every local minimizer without requiring any constraint qualification. We relate this condition to an existing M-type stationary concept by introducing a weak sequential constraint qualification based on a cone-continuity property. Finally, we present two algorithmic applications: We improve existing results for a known regularization method by proving that it generates limit points satisfying the aforementioned optimality conditions even if the subproblems are only solved inexactly. And we show that, under a suitable Kurdyka–Łojasiewicz-type assumption, any limit point of a standard (safeguarded) multiplier penalty method applied directly to the reformulated problem also satisfies the optimality condition. These results are stronger than corresponding ones known for the related class of mathematical programs with complementarity constraints.
Construction of LDPC convolutional codes via difference triangle sets
Authors: Alfarano Gianira N. , Lieb Julia , Rosenthal Joachim 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this paper, a construction of $$(n,k,\delta )$$

(
n
,
k
,
δ
)

LDPC convolutional codes over arbitrary finite fields, which generalizes the work of Robinson and Bernstein and the later work of Tong is provided. The sets of integers forming a (k, w)-(weak) difference triangle set are used as supports of some columns of the sliding parity-check matrix of an $$(n,k,\delta )$$

(
n
,
k
,
δ
)

convolutional code, where $$n\in {\mathbb {N}}$$

n
∈
N

, $$n>k$$

n
>
k

. The parameters of the convolutional code are related to the parameters of the underlying difference triangle set. In particular, a relation between the free distance of the code and w is established as well as a relation between the degree of the code and the scope of the difference triangle set. Moreover, we show that some conditions on the weak difference triangle set ensure that the Tanner graph associated to the sliding parity-check matrix of the convolutional code is free from $$2\ell $$

2
ℓ

-cycles not satisfying the full rank condition over any finite field. Finally, we relax these conditions and provide a lower bound on the field size, depending on the parity of $$\ell $$
ℓ
, that is sufficient to still avoid $$2\ell $$

2
ℓ

-cycles. This is important for improving the performance of a code and avoiding the presence of low-weight codewords and absorbing sets.
Measuring affective states from technical debt
Authors: Olsson Jesper , Risfelt Erik , Besker Terese , Martini Antonio , Torkar Richard 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Context
Software engineering is a human activity. Despite this, human aspects are under-represented in technical debt research, perhaps because they are challenging to evaluate.

Objective
This study’s objective was to investigate the relationship between technical debt and affective states (feelings, emotions, and moods) from software practitioners.

Method
Forty participants (N = 40) from twelve companies took part in a mixed-methods approach, consisting of a repeated-measures (r = 5) experiment (n = 200), a survey, and semi-structured interviews. From the qualitative data, it is clear that technical debt activates a substantial portion of the emotional spectrum and is psychologically taxing. Further, the practitioners’ reactions to technical debt appear to fall in different levels of maturity.

Results
The statistical analysis shows that different design smells (strong indicators of technical debt) negatively or positively impact affective states.

Conclusions
We argue that human aspects in technical debt are important factors to consider, as they may result in, e.g., procrastination, apprehension, and burnout.
Exploration of Enceladus and Titan: investigating ocean worlds’ evolution and habitability in the Saturn system
Authors: Mitri Giuseppe , Barnes Jason , Coustenis Athena , Flamini Enrico , Hayes Alexander , Lorenz Ralph D. , Mastrogiuseppe Marco , Orosei Roberto , Postberg Frank , Reh Kim , Soderblom Jason M. , Sotin Christophe , Tobie Gabriel , Tortora Paolo , Vuitton Veronique , Wurz Peter 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe present a White Paper with a science theme concept of ocean world evolution and habitability proposed in response to ESA’s Voyage 2050 Call with a focus on Titan and Enceladus in the Saturn system. Ocean worlds in the outer Solar System that possess subsurface liquid water oceans are considered to be prime targets for extra-terrestrial life and offer windows into Solar System evolution and habitability. The Cassini-Huygens mission to the Saturn system (2004–2017) revealed Titan with its organic-rich evolving world with terrestrial features and Enceladus with its active aqueous environment to be ideal candidates to investigate ocean world evolution and habitability. Additionally, this White Paper presents a baseline for a multiple flyby mission with a focused payload as an example of how ocean world evolution and habitability in the Saturn system could be investigated building on the heritage of the Cassini-Huygens mission and complementing the recently selected NASA Dragonfly mission.
Do People Agree on How Positive Emotions Are Expressed? A Survey of Four Emotions and Five Modalities Across 11 Cultures
Authors: Manokara Kunalan , Đurić Mirna , Fischer Agneta , Sauter Disa 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWhile much is known about how negative emotions are expressed in different modalities, our understanding of the nonverbal expressions of positive emotions remains limited. In the present research, we draw upon disparate lines of theoretical and empirical work on positive emotions, and systematically examine which channels are thought to be used for expressing four positive emotions: feeling moved, gratitude, interest, and triumph. Employing the intersubjective approach, an established method in cross-cultural psychology, we first explored how the four positive emotions were reported to be expressed in two North American community samples (Studies 1a and 1b: n = 1466). We next confirmed the cross-cultural generalizability of our findings by surveying respondents from ten countries that diverged on cultural values (Study 2: n = 1826). Feeling moved was thought to be signaled with facial expressions, gratitude with the use of words, interest with words, face and voice, and triumph with body posture, vocal cues, facial expressions, and words. These findings provide cross-culturally consistent findings of differential expressions across positive emotions. Notably, positive emotions were thought to be expressed via modalities that go beyond the face.
A Survey of Encoding Techniques for Signal Processing in Spiking Neural Networks
Authors: Auge Daniel , Hille Julian , Mueller Etienne , Knoll Alois 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBiologically inspired spiking neural networks are increasingly popular in the field of artificial intelligence due to their ability to solve complex problems while being power efficient. They do so by leveraging the timing of discrete spikes as main information carrier. Though, industrial applications are still lacking, partially because the question of how to encode incoming data into discrete spike events cannot be uniformly answered. In this paper, we summarise the signal encoding schemes presented in the literature and propose a uniform nomenclature to prevent the vague usage of ambiguous definitions. Therefore we survey both, the theoretical foundations as well as applications of the encoding schemes. This work provides a foundation in spiking signal encoding and gives an overview over different application-oriented implementations which utilise the schemes.
Dissipative structures in the resonant interaction of laser radiation with nonlinear dispersive medium
Authors: Aleksić Branislav N. , Uvarova Liudmila A. , Aleksić Najdan B. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe article presents the results of studies on the stability of dissipative structures (DS) arising in the resonant interaction of laser radiation with a nonlinear medium. Resonant interaction is modeled by the one dimensional complex Ginzburg-Landau equation with a nonconservative cubic–quintic nonlinearity. The areas of existence of stable DS solutions have been determined analytically using a variational approach and confirmed numerically by extensive numerical simulations.
Estimation methods to extract complex permittivity from transmission coefficient in the terahertz band
Authors: Yang Chuang , Wang Jian , Yang Cheng 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this paper, the characteristics of the transmission coefficient (S$$_{21}$$

21

) measured in free-space at terahertz frequencies are analyzed. The analysis results are used to estimate the permittivity of the material under test, and the estimated permittivity is adopted as an initial-value for the iterative algorithm to extract the complex permittivity of the material from the S$$_{21}$$

21

. The iterative extraction technique based on the estimation is efficient, while the iterative extraction technique without the estimation is inefficient. Various known materials in the literature are used to validate the technique in the terahertz band.
A Tracer Study on sCO2 Corrosion with Multiple Oxygen-Bearing Impurities
Authors: Lehmusto Juho , Ievlev Anton V. , Cakmak Ercan , Keiser James R. , Pint Bruce A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSeveral modern power production systems utilize supercritical CO2 (sCO2), which can contain O2 and H2O as impurities. These impurities may degrade the compatibility of structural alloys through accelerated oxidation. However, it remains unclear which of these impurities plays a bigger role in high-temperature reactions taking place in sCO2. In this study, various model and commercial Fe‐ and Ni‐based alloys were exposed in 300 bar sCO2 at 750 °C to low levels (50 ppm) of O2 and H2O for 1,000 h. 18O-enriched water was used to enable the identification of the oxygen source in the post-exposure characterization of the samples. However, oxygen from the water did not accumulate in the scale, which consisted of Cr2O3 in the cases where a protective oxide formed. A 2wt.% Ti addition to a Ni-22%Cr model alloy resulted in the formation of thicker oxides in sCO2, while a 1wt.% Al addition reduced the scale thickness. A synergistic effect of both Al and Ti additions resulted in an even thicker oxide than what was formed solely by Ti, similar to observations for Ni-based alloy 282.
A generic form of fibre bundle models for root reinforcement of soil
Authors: Meijer G. J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose
The mechanical contribution of plant roots to the soil shear strength is commonly modelled using fibre bundle models (FBM), accounting for sequential breakage of roots. This study provides a generic framework, able to includes the many different existing approaches, to quantify the effect of various model assumptions.

Methods
The framework uses (1) a single model parameter determining how load is shared between all roots, (2) a continuous power-law distribution of root area ratio over a range of root diameters, and (3) power-law relationships between root diameters and biomechanical properties. A new load sharing parameter, closely resembling how roots mobilise strength under landslide conditions, is proposed. Exact analytical solutions were found for the peak root reinforcement, thus eliminating the current need for iterative algorithms. Model assumptions and results were validated against existing biomechanical and root reinforcement data.

Results
Root reinforcements proved very sensitive to the user-defined load sharing parameter. It is shown that the current method of discretising all roots in discrete diameter classes prior to reinforcement calculations leads to significant overestimations of reinforcement. Addition of a probabilistic distribution of root failure by means of Weibull survival functions, thus adding a second source of sequential mobilisation, further reduced predicted reinforcements, but only when the reduction due to load sharing was limited.

Conclusion
The presented solutions greatly simplify root reinforcement calculations while maintaining analytical exactness as well as clarity in the assumptions made. The proposed standardisation of fibre bundle-type models will greatly aid comparison and exchange of data.
Local causation
Authors: Brunet T. D. P. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe counterfactual and regularity theories are universal accounts of causation. I argue that these should be generalized to produce local accounts of causation. A hallmark of universal accounts of causation is the assumption that apparent variation in causation between locations must be explained by differences in background causal conditions, by features of the causal-nexus or causing-complex. The local account of causation presented here rejects this assumption, allowing for genuine variation in causation to be explained by differences in location. I argue that local accounts of causation are plausible, and have pragmatic, empirical and theoretical advantages over universal accounts. I then report on the use of presheaves as models of local causation. The use of presheaves as models of local variation has precedents in algebraic geometry, category theory and physics; they are here used as models of local causal variation. The paper presents this idea as stemming from an approach using presheaves as models of local truth. Finally, I argue that a proper balance between universal and local causation can be assuaged by moving from presheaves to fully-fledged sheaf models.
Adhesive Wear Regimes on Rough Surfaces and Interaction of Micro-contacts
Authors: Pham-Ba Son , Molinari Jean-François 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe develop an analytical model of adhesive wear between two unlubricated rough surfaces, forming micro-contacts under normal load. The model is based on an energy balance and a crack initiation criteria. We apply the model to the problem of self-affine rough surfaces under normal load, which we solve using the boundary element method. We discuss how self-affinity of the surface roughness, and the complex morphology of the micro-contacts that emerge for a given contact pressure, challenge the definition of contact junctions. Indeed, in the context of adhesive wear, we show that elastic interactions between nearby micro-contacts can lead to wear particles whose volumes enclose the convex hull of these micro-contacts. We thereby obtain a wear map describing the instantaneous produced wear volume as a function of material properties, roughness parameters and loading conditions. Three distinct wear regimes can be identified in the wear map. In particular, the model predicts the emergence of a severe wear regime above a critical contact pressure, when interactions between micro-contacts are favored.
Efficacy and safety of onabotulinumtoxinA in patients with overactive bladder: subgroup analyses by sex and by serum prostate-specific antigen levels in men from a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Yokoyama Osamu , Honda Masashi , Yamanishi Tomonori , Sekiguchi Yuki , Fujii Kenji , Kinoshita Kyoko , Nakayama Takashi , Ueno Akikazu , Mogi Takao 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose
We aimed to assess onabotulinumtoxinA treatment outcomes by sex in patients with overactive bladder (OAB) and then explore the impact of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in men.

Methods
Patients inadequately managed with OAB medications were randomized to receive single-dose onabotulinumtoxinA (100 U) or placebo intravesical injection in a phase III trial in Japan. We performed subgroup analyses by sex and post-hoc subgroup analyses using male PSA categories.

Results
In women (n = 186), onabotulinumtoxinA demonstrated statistically significant and clinically relevant improvements in all urinary symptoms at Week 12. In men with lower PSA (< 1.5 ng/mL, n = 40), onabotulinumtoxinA also showed numerically greater reductions in urinary symptom frequency than placebo; the between-group differences (onabotulinumtoxinA minus placebo) in change from baseline in the average daily number at Week 12 for urinary incontinence (UI), urgency UI, micturition, urgency, and nocturia were − 1.43, − 1.79, − 2.81, − 2.45, and − 0.32 episodes, respectively. In men with higher PSA (≥ 1.5 ng/mL, n = 22), onabotulinumtoxinA did not reduce urinary symptom frequency. Some patients treated with onabotulinumtoxinA showed elevated post-void residual urine volume at Week 2 (≥ 200 mL): 4 of 91 women, none of the men with lower PSA and 3 of 11 men with higher PSA.

Conclusions
OnabotulinumtoxinA was efficacious and well tolerated in women and in men with lower PSA levels. Given our post-hoc subgroup analyses which suggested that onabotulinumtoxinA treatment is a good treatment option for OAB males with lower PSA levels, future studies having prostate volume data with larger sample size are warranted to verify our findings.

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier
NCT02820844 (first posted July 1, 2016). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02820844.
We are More Than our Executive Functions: on the Emotional and Situational Aspects of Criminal Responsibility and Punishment
Authors: Coppola Federica 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn Responsible Brains (MIT Press, 2018), Hirstein, Sifferd and Fagan apply the language of cognitive neuroscience to dominant understandings of criminal responsibility in criminal law theory. The Authors make a compelling case that, under such dominant understandings, criminal responsibility eventually ‘translates’ into a minimal working set of executive functions (MWS) that are primarily mediated by the frontal lobes of the brain. In so arguing, the Authors seem to unquestioningly accept the law’s view of the “responsible person” as a mixture of cognitive capacities and mechanisms—thereby leaving aside other fundamental aspects of individuals’ human agency. This commentary article offers a critique of the Authors’ rationalist and individualist approach. The critique can be summarized through the following claim: We humans, as responsible beings, are more than our executive functions. This claim articulates through four main points of discussion: (1) role of emotions in moral judgments and behavior; (2) executive functions and normative criteria for legal insanity; (3) impact of adverse situational factors on executive functions; (4) Authors’ account of punishment and, especially, rehabilitation.
Creative, embodied practices, and the potentialities for sustainability transformations
Authors: Bentz Julia , do Carmo Letícia , Schafenacker Nicole , Schirok Jörn , Corso Sara Dal 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis paper argues for an integrative approach to sustainability transformations, one that reconnects body and mind, that fuses art and science and that integrates diverse forms of knowledge in an open, collaborative and creative way. It responds to scholarship emphasizing the importance of connecting disparate ways of knowing, including scientific, artistic, embodied and local knowledges to better understand environmental change and to foster community resilience and engagement. This paper draws on the experience of an arts-based project in Lisbon, Portugal, and explores embodied and performative practices and their potential for climate change transformations. It puts forward and enlivens an example, where such forms of engaging communities can provide new insight into how equitable, just and sustainable transformations can come about. The process involved a series of interactive workshops with diverse arts-based methods and embodied practices to create performative material. From this process, a space emerged for the creation of meaning about climate change. Three key elements stood out in this process as being potentially important for the emergence of meaning-making and for understanding the impact of the project: the use of metaphors, embedding the project locally, and the use of creative, embodied practices. This furthers research, suggesting that the arts can play a critical role in engaging people with new perspectives on climate change and sustainability issues by offering opportunities for critical reflection and providing spaces for creative imagination and experimentation. Such processes may be important for contributing to the changes needed to realize transformations to sustainability.
The human intervertebral disc as a source of DNA for molecular identification
Authors: Becker Julia , Mahlke Nina Sophia , Ritz-Timme Stefanie , Boehme Petra 
Published: July 2021

AbstractGenetic analyses such as STR-typing are routinely used for identification purposes in forensic casework. Although genotyping techniques only require a minimum amount of DNA to provide a genetic profile, DNA quality differs not only between but also within tissues during ongoing decomposition. Initiated by a recent case where, due to the constitution of the body, preferred tissue was not available or only resulted in a partial and not usable DNA profile, the analysis of intervertebral discs as a source of DNA was considered. As the analysis of this tissue resulted in a high quality DNA profile a further study was performed in which thirty intervertebral discs dissected from bodies in different stages of decay were analyzed. All samples yielded good quality DNA in quantities suitable for STR-based amplification with no or only low degradation indices, resulting in complete genetic profiles. These results demonstrate the robustness of human intervertebral disc tissue as a source of DNA for molecular identification purposes.