bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
431ACEs and Resilience in University Students in the Appalachian Region of the United States
Authors: Quinn Megan , Bernard Julia , McCook Judy , Yasin Meira 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with health outcomes. Resilience factors provide opportunities to mitigate ACEs. This study aimed to understand ACEs and resilience in students at a university in the United States.

Methods
Students in the 2018-2019 health explorations course completed an online questionnaire (N = 82). Descriptive statistics were completed for all variables. ACE score was created by adding yes responses to ACE questions (range 0-10). Resilience scores were calculated using the Devereux Adult Resilience Scale (DARS, range 20-46). Simple and multiple linear regression were completed with ACE and resilience as outcome measures. Age, gender, family structure, and profession were used as predictors.

Results
Mean age was 18.4 (SD 1.9%), majority of respondents were female (89%), white (92.7%), rural (55.3%), and single (95.1%). Mean ACE score was 1.63 (SD = 1.99) with 40% reporting no ACEs, 26% three or more, and 18% four or more. DARS score (N = 77) had a mean of 39.29 (SD = 6.14). Age resulted in a slight increase in ACE score, β = 0.20, p &lt; 0.1, however, none of the predictors were significantly associated with ACE score. Future professions classified as helping professions resulted in a significant increase in DAR score, β = 3.91, p &lt; 0.01.

Conclusions
The response rate was low (20.5%), however, this pilot study provided insights into adversities and resilience factors of first-year students. Future research should include a larger, more diverse sample.

Key messages
Understanding ACEs and resilience in college students is necessary to mitigate and address ACEs early in adulthood.
732Epidemiology of Geriatric Injury in Bangladesh: Findings from a National Survey
Authors: Rahman Farah Naz , Hossain Jahangir , Fazlur Rahman AKM 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Everyday 2591 elderly people die due to injury worldwide. The complications and consequences of injury is different and worse than that of other age-groups. Yet little is known about the injury scenario of elderly population of Bangladesh. This paper aim to describe the epidemiology of geriatric injury of Bangladesh which will help policy-makers to undertake interventions for this vulnerable-group.

Methods
Bangladesh Health and Injury Survey 2016, a nationwide cross-sectional survey was carried out among 299,216 residents to identify the injury-related mortality and morbidity. Injury data among the population aged 60-years and above was extracted and analyzed for this study.

Results
Injury was found to cause 3.9% of the total deaths among elderly population of Bangladesh. Mortality and morbidity rate due to injury was found 157 (95%CI 112- 216) per 100,000 elderly populations and 129 (95%CI 124-133) per 1000 elderly population respectively. Fatality rate was 182.6 among urban population and 147 among rural population. Fall was identified as the leading cause of injury deaths and morbidity. It caused 47.2% of all fatality followed by Transport-injury (19.4%) and Suicide (13.9%). Among all fatally injured, 72.2% victims received treatment from health-service providers and among these 58.3% (n = 21) went to registered doctors.

Conclusions
Fall is the leading cause of injury related mortality and morbidity among elderly of Bangladesh. A significant amount of deaths also occurred due to RTI and suicide. Further in-depth research and interventions are needed to minimize the preventable burden of fatality and morbidity among this vulnerable-group.

Key messages
Elderly, Injury, Epidemiology, Bangladesh
1483A meta-analysis of the serial interval and generation time of COVID-19 transmission
Authors: Rampal Sanjay , Jayaraj Vivek Jason , Chong Diane Woei Quan , Ng Chiu-Wan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Variation of the estimated serial interval and generation time introduces heterogeneity in COVID-19 transmission models. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate more precise serial intervals and generation times of COVID-19.

Methods
A literature search was conducted using the WHO Global COVID-19 Literature database from 1 January 2020 to 30 April 2021. A single reviewer performed the data extraction. A random-effects model was used to pool the estimates. Subgroup analysis was performed to check the estimates for heterogeneity by geographical region and the presence of lockdown measures.

Results
A total of 222 articles were retrieved of which 73 articles were included based on the selection criteria. Serial intervals were reported in 65 articles that provided 75 unique estimates from 16,805 transmission pairs. Generation intervals were reported in 9 articles that provided 9 unique estimates from 1,150 transmission pairs. The pooled serial interval was 5.00 days (95% CI: 4.68, 5.33). The pooled generation time was 4.37 days (95% CI: 3.58, 5.16). The serial interval estimates did not vary by either geographical region (P &gt; 0.05) or the presence of lockdown measures (P &gt; 0.05).

Conclusions
This analysis provides more precise pooled serial and generation intervals that may decrease misspecifications of future transmission models.

Key messages
Epidemiological parameters are crucial components in estimating the dynamics of COVID-19 transmission. Periodically updating serial and generation time intervals are important to reduce model misspecification for a new disease such as COVID-19.
1013How has change in gestational diabetes diagnosis affected pregnancy outcomes?
Authors: Randall Deborah , Morris Jonathan , Kelly Patrick , Glastras Sarah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) incidence is increasing in Australia, influenced by new diagnostic criteria gradually implemented from 2011. We aimed to identify whether the change was associated with increased obstetric intervention and/or improved outcomes.

Methods
Linked perinatal, hospital and deaths data from New South Wales identified singleton births, 33-41 weeks, 2006-2015. Adjusted Poisson modelling predicted the GDM incidence trajectory post-2011 without the diagnostic change and estimated the post-2011 “additional GDM” cases. Actual rates of interventions and outcomes for GDM-diagnosed pregnancies were compared with predicted scenarios where the “additional GDM” group was assumed to have the same rate as (ie clinically same as): (A) the “previous GDM” group &lt;2011; (B) the “non-GDM” group &lt;2011; or (C) the “non-GDM” group ≥2011.

Results
GDM incidence more than doubled over the study period. Actual planned birth, Caesarean and macrosomia rates were consistent with Scenario A, ie higher intervention rates, but lower macrosomia than B and C. Neonatal hypoglycaemia was lower than Scenario A, closer to B and C. Actual perinatal deaths were lower than predicted by all scenarios, showing improvement for all with GDM, not only “additional” cases. Maternal and neonatal morbidity rates were within the confidence bounds for all three predicted scenarios.

Conclusions
Our study suggests that the widely adopted new diagnostic criteria for GDM are associated with increased obstetric intervention rates and lower macrosomia rates but with no clear impacts on maternal or neonatal morbidity.

Key messages
A diagnostic criteria change has identified more GDM pregnancies without clear benefit for outcomes.
1291Adapting a randomized trial design to develop epidemiology studies for pesticide exposure
Authors: Reed Jennifer E. ,   S. Eliza Dunn (Halcomb)
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Focus of Presentation
Pesticides are chemicals, synthetic or natural, used to mitigate damage caused by pests. They play an important role in agriculture and public health. For a pesticide to be put on the market it must undergo a series of tests required by regulatory agencies to show with reasonable certainty that human exposures will not result in harm. Randomized trials are considered the gold standard for epidemiological study design. It is not ethical to conduct such studies to investigate human health outcomes of pesticide exposure. With increasing abundance of observational epidemiological literature there is an opportunity to leverage these studies for regulatory decision making. This presentation will describe a hypothetical randomized trial design to identify opportunities to adapt elements of experimental epidemiology to address some of the challenges unique to studies of health outcomes following pesticide exposure.

Findings
Elements warranting further development include analytic methods mimicking randomization, blinding, defining control groups, and introducing increased precision to outcome and exposure classifications. Efforts should aim to define generalizability and determine ways to report findings appropriate for regulatory use.

Conclusions/Implications
Epidemiologists must leverage analytic techniques, and increase dialogue among academics, industry stakeholders and regulators to adapt experimental epidemiology methods to ensure safety of agricultural pesticides.

Key messages
Work is needed to adapt experimental epidemiological methods to investigate human health outcomes of pesticide exposure. Focus areas for adaptation include randomization, blinding, control selection, exposure and outcome definitions, generalizability, and reporting.
619Can social inclusion improve health and educational outcomes for youth experiencing disadvantage?
Authors: Renner Heidi , Rowland Bosco , Toumbourou John , Hutchinson Delyse 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Focus of presentation
Disparity in access to education is a recognised social determinant of health outcomes worldwide. Young people experiencing disadvantage often experience considerably more problems in their health and educational outcomes. The objective of this project, from a social epidemiological perspective, is to investigate whether social inclusion confers the potential to disrupt inequities by improving school completion for vulnerable young people experiencing disadvantage.

Findings
It is expected that groups with high vulnerability (represented by disadvantage indicators) will have poorer educational trajectories, with lower levels of school completion. It is also expected that this effect will be moderated by the level of social inclusion, such that vulnerable groups with high levels of social inclusion will have higher levels of school completion as compared to vulnerable groups with lower levels of social inclusion. It is also expected that other factors will influence the development of social inclusion, such that the developmental pattern of, and change in, social inclusion from childhood to adolescence may have a unique effect on school completion.

Conclusions/Implications
Identifying whether social inclusion can moderate the impact of vulnerability on school completion provides the opportunity to inform future interventions and has the potential to provide evidence to government and thus influence policy.

Key messages
Social inclusion may be a vital key to understanding the effect of disadvantage on health and educational pathways for young people in Australia, and an avenue for disrupting inequities.
880Dietary inflammatory index and the risk of adult depression symptoms
Authors: Shakya Prem , Melaku Yohannes Adama , Page Amanda J , Adams Robert J , Shivappa Nitin , Hébert James R , Gill Tiffany K 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
The link between diet, inflammation and depressive symptoms (DepS) are of increasing interest. The study aims to assess the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII®) and DepS using the North-West Adelaide Health Study (NWAHS) cohort and update the previous meta-analysis.

Methods
A total of 1743 (mean□SD age 56.6±13.6 years, 51% female) and 859 (mean□SD age 58.4±12.1 years, 52.6% female) of NWAHS participants were included for cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis respectively. DII was determined using food frequency questionnaires, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) assessed DepS. Log- and negative binomial regression were used to assess the association between quartiles of DII and DepS.

Results
In a fully adjusted model, higher DII score (i.e. pro-inflammatory diet) was associated with 79% increase in odds of reporting DepS (ORQuartile4vs1:1.79; 95% CI: 1.14-2.81; ptrend=0.026). Men with higher DII had two-fold higher odds of DepS (ORQuartile4vs1:2.27; 95% CI: 1.02-5.06; ptrend=0.089). Women with higher DII had an 81% increase in odds of DepS (ORQuartile4vs1:1.81; 95% CI: 1.01-3.26; ptrend=0.068). These associations were consistent in the longitudinal analysis. The meta-analysis (n = 12) showed that a pro-inflammatory diet was associated with a 45% increase in odds of having DepS (ORQuartile4vs1:1.45; 95% CI: 1.20,1.74, p-value&lt;0.01).

Conclusions
A pro-inflammatory diet was positively associated with increased risk of DepS. Our findings support the current evidence that shows the role of pro-inflammatory diet in DepS.

Key messages
Increase the consumption of anti-inflammatory diet to reduce depressive symptoms
265Global diabetes trends and associated socioeconomic, lifestyle and health indicators from 1990 to 2017
Authors: Shirai Yoshiro , Imai Tomoko , Sezaki Ayako , Miyamoto Keiko , Kawase Fumiya , Abe Chisato , Inden Ayaka , Kato Takumi , Sanada Masae , Shimokata Hiroshi 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
This longitudinal ecological study was conducted to determine the global trends in the age-standardised prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its association with socioeconomic, lifestyle and health indicators.

Methods
Data pertaining to the age-standardised prevalence of T2DM (rates per 100,000) and socioeconomic, lifestyle and health indicators were obtained from several international databases. Data available from 1990 to 2017 for 139 countries with populations of 1 million or greater were analysed, followed by estimation of slopes for T2DM prevalence in each country. The longitudinal association between T2DM and the standardised variables of socioeconomic, lifestyle and health indicators was fitted using a generalised linear mixed-effects model with random intercept for each country and random slope for year.

Results
The country-specific age-standardised prevalence of T2DM decreased significantly in 9 countries, remained unchanged in 11 countries and increased significantly in 119 countries. The estimated standardised effect of age-standardised education for T2DM was the largest at − 524.5 (SE; 109.9), followed by − 514.8 (SE; 95.6) for physical activity and 398.8 (SE; 45.8) for body mass index (BMI) (P &lt; 0.0001 for all).

Conclusions
The factors strongly associated with global T2DM prevalence and trends were years of education, followed by physical activity and BMI. This study also provides a basis for investigating public health approaches to control the increase in global T2DM prevalence.

Key messages
The promotion of policies that reduce international educational disparities may have the potential to reduce the global increase in the number of patients with T2DM.
1142Maternal health care beyond childbirth: A study of gaps in post-natal maternal care in India
Authors: Shukla Anktia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
In recent years India has made groundbreaking progress in achieving universal institutional deliveries however the country failed to mirror this success in the postnatal period too.

Method
Data is utilized from nationally representative survey National Family Health Survey (2015-16). A quantitative analysis of available information is presented here.

Results
According to National family health survey (2015-16), 83% women received antenatal care (ANC) at least once, 79% had institutional delivery and only 65% had post-natal check-up. Surprisingly, postnatal-checkup was not universal even among mothers who had c-sections, around 10-15% women who had c-section did not receive post-natal check. The PNC coverage was worse in the states with high maternal mortality- Assam, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. PNC was lowest among home deliveries followed by deliveries in sub-center health facilities.

Conclusion
Though a pool of data is available on coverage and quality of care on different components of antenatal care and child-delivery very little evidence is available on the frequency of contact and quality of postnatal care. One of the major contributor of maternal deaths in India is postpartum hemorrhage. Yet it is the postpartum period when coverage and programs are at their lowest along the continuum of care.

Key messages
Above mentioned evidence calls for focus on comprehensive PNC package, evidence generation on PNC care and improving linkages between deliveries at home/lower levels facilities and PNC.
1325Longitudinal epidemiology of MS in the Greater Hobart region, 1961 to 2019
Authors: Simpson-Yap Steve , Atvar Roberts , Taylor Bruce 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
The Greater Hobart region (42.3°S) of Tasmania has the highest frequencies of MS in Australia, this consistent across studies conducted over the last half century. However, the degree of excess compared to mainland sites like Newcastle (32.5°S) has declined over time.

Methods
Cases were recruited from clinic-based samples and other multiple other data sources. Prevalence date was 1 June 2019. 2019 prevalence and 2009-19 incidence and mortality rates were estimated. Prevalence and incidence and mortality rates were age/sex-standardised to the 1961 and 1954 Hobart populations, respectively, to allow longitudinal comparisons. Female:male prevalence and incidence sex-ratios were also assessed. Differences between timepoints were assessed using Poisson regression.

Results
472 MS cases (female:71.4%) resident on prevalence day were identified, a crude prevalence=212.3/100,000 (155.8 age/sex-standardised), 57% increase vs 2009 and 388.0% vs 1961. The 2009-19 incidence rate=7.56/100,000 person-years (7.03 age/sex-standardised), 91% increase vs 2001-9 and 218.1% vs 1951-61. The 2009-19 mortality rate was 2.25/100,000 person-years (1.12 age/sex-standardised), comparable to 2001-9 (1.00). The age/sex-standardised prevalence-sex-ratio was 2.61, comparable to 2009 (2.65), but the incidence-sex-ratio was 2.68, 31% increase vs 2001-9 (2.05).

Conclusions
Prevalence and incidence continue to be high in Hobart, although the differences compared to lower-latitude Newcastle have attenuated significantly. Changes in lifestyle may underlie the deterioration of the latitudinal gradient of MS in Australia. Further investigation is required to define the factors that drive these associations.

Key messages
MS prevalence and incidence are still highest in Australia in southern Tasmania but the latitudinal variation is declining.
125Clinical & demographic determinants of self-reported diet program adherence in people living with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Jakaria Mohamed , Nag Nupur , Jelinek George , Weiland Tracey , Neate Sandra , Bevens Will , Simpson-Yap Steve 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
A range of diets have been recommended for people living with MS, ranging from low or no-meat Swank-inspired diets, to the modified Palaeolithic Wahls diet. While the clinical efficacy of these diets to modulate MS progression is uncertain, the popularity of these diets amongst people living with MS is manifest.

Methods
Data derived from the 5-year review of the HOLISM international cohort study. Self-reported adherence to diets were queried, ranging 1-5. Adherence was restricted to ≥ 12months adherence, and then dichotomised: those reporting 4-5/5 adherence defined 2nd-most adherent, 3-5/5 adherence defined 3rd-most adherent. Determinants of adherence were evaluated by log-binomial regression, adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status (SES), education, and fatigue. Due to low numbers, only the Overcoming MS (OMS), Swank and Wahls diets were quantitatively evaluated.

Results
458/952 (48.1%) reported following MS-specific diets for ≥12months; 61.8% followed OMS, 12.7% Swank, 3.5% Wahls, 0.9% Ashton-Embry, 0.9% McDougal, 5.7% other. OMS adherence (2nd-most) was more common among males, higher SES, lower disability, less fatigue, and fewer comorbidities. Wahls adherence (2nd-most) was more common among participants with progressive MS or greater disability. Swank adherence (2nd-most) did not vary by any parameter. Analogous results were found using the 3rd-most adherent definition.

Conclusions
These results indicate that MS-specific diet adherence is common in this patient population, but uptake is highly heterogenous between demographic and clinical subgroups. Further study of diet uptake among MS patients is indicated, particularly as the efficacy of these diets in MS is yet uncertain.

Key messages
There is evidence for a marked tribalisation of diet adherence between the OMS, Swank, and Wahls diets, the former being more common among less clinically active RRMS participants and Wahls more common among more clinically active progressive participants.
989Relationship between housing tenure and cigarette smoking among adolescents – A population-based study
Authors: Singh Ankur , Simons Koen , Li Yuxi , Bentley Rebecca 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Cigarette smoking leads to significant morbidity and pre-mature mortality. We examined the relationship between housing tenure at ages 15, 16, 17 and 18 and smoking five years later using data from a well-established cohort study.

Methods
We analysed the data on 15-18-year-old adolescents (n = 2305) from the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey. We applied augmented inverse probability treatment weights to maximise exchangeability between those in social housing and homeowners, and private renters. By estimating potential outcomes for the exposed and unexposed, we compared risk of smoking five years later on both absolute and relative scale. Baseline covariates included household income, age at study entry, sex, family type, smoking at baseline and highest household education.

Results
Adolescents in social housing had an increased risk of current smoking five years later (average treatment effect (ATE): 0.24, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.47) than homeowners. On the relative scale those in social housing had 2.23 times (95% CI: 1.08, 3.39) higher risk of being a smoker than homeowners. Those in social housing also had an increased risk of being a smoker (ATE: 0.14, 95%CI: 0.04, 0.25) than private renters. On the relative scale we estimated that those in social housing had 1.46 times (95% CI: 1.09, 1.83) higher risk of smoking than private renters.

Conclusions
Adolescents in social housing have a higher risk of smoking than those living in owned or private rented homes.

Key messages
Tobacco control efforts must target adolescent in social housing for reducing inequalities in cigarette smoking.