bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Orthogonal chemistry in the design of rare-earth metal oxyhydrides
Authors: Strugovshchikov Evgenii , Pishtshev Aleksandr , Karazhanov Smagul 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Inorganic systems containing two or more kinds of anions, such as rare-earth metal oxyhydrides, have a number of interesting properties that can be used in the design and development of new functional materials with desired characteristics. Chemical synthesis of these materials can be accomplished by oxidation of metal hydrides. However, the oxidation process of a metal hydride is directly accompanied by the release of hydrogen; both processes are a combination of two sequential reactions. This is usually not favorable for the formation and crystallization of the ternary oxyhydride composition. One possible way to overcome this problem is to introduce an appropriate amount of oxygen atoms into certain interstitial positions adjacent to the metal sites of the hydride lattice. Guided by the ideas of orthogonality, we have proposed a theoretical model capable of providing a thorough understanding of the chemical processes occurring in a multicomponent system at the molecular level. This model opens the way for predicting a wide range of new, stable multi-anion compounds of different compositions. It can also control functionality by adding noncovalent interactions between different kinds of anions, which can lead to the formation of chiral structures or a significant increase in ferro- and piezoelectric properties.
On cellulose spatial organization and interactions as unraveled by diffraction and spectroscopic methods throughout the 20th century
Authors: Šturcová Adriana 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This contribution attempts to describe the path towards determination of cellulose crystal structure down to atomic coordinates, towards the determination of its molecular conformation, as well as towards the details of the intricate pattern of hydrogen bonds and their dynamics. This path started at the beginning of the 20th century with X-ray diffraction, continued with electron diffraction, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, and significant knowledge was gained by methods of NMR spectroscopy. Towards the end of the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century, X-ray diffraction in conjunction with neutron diffraction provided the position of hydrogens, which led to detailed description of the geometry of hydrogen bonding network in cellulose. Quantum chemical and molecular dynamics calculations, polarized infrared spectroscopy and sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy were used to identify the origins of the vibrational modes in cellulose and to describe their extensive coupling mediated by hydrogen bonds. The role of amphiphilic character of cellulose macromolecule (and consequent hydrophobic interactions) in cellulose properties and behavior has been gaining more recognition in the 21st century.
Load identification and fatigue evaluation via wind-induced attitude decoupling of railway catenary
Authors: Zhou Wei , Han Tianhu , Liang Xifeng , Bao Jiandong , Li Guofei , Xiao Heting , Liu Dongrun , Liu Bin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In strong wind area, wind vibration on key railway catenary components may lead to safety hidden danger like fatigue failures. In this work, a load identification approach was proposed by decoupling the wind-induced suspension attitude to acquire the hard-to-get environmental wind load and evaluate the catenary fatigue damage on railway catenary. In theoretical modeling, mechanical relation between wind load and registration displacement is formulated in pure lateral and vertical loading by finite element analysis. Wind load is identified via suspension attitude decoupling into displacement under individual load. Nodal forces, as the external load acting on catenary connections between supporting beams, are further correlated with the identified wind load to calculate the structural stress of catenary components. In experiment, visual detection is used to measure the wind-induced attitude of catenary suspension in wind area, where maximum wind speed climbs up to 41 m/s. Experimental results are transferred into wind loads and nodal forces using the proposed model. Stress spectra and fatigue damage evaluation of connection components are carried out adopting the rain-flow counting method and damage accumulation rule. Research outcome certifies that the proposed methodology provides an effective means to evaluate the fatigue behavior of railway catenary in wind area.
Chiral separation and analysis of antifungal drugs by chromatographic and electromigration techniques: Results achieved in 2010–2020
Authors: D’Orazio Giovanni , Fanali Chiara , Dal Bosco Chiara , Gentili Alessandra , Fanali Salvatore 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe determination and separation of enantiomers is an interesting and important topic of research in various fields, e.g., biochemistry, food science, pharmaceutical industry, environment, etc. Although these compounds possess identical physicochemical properties, a pair of enantiomers often has different pharmacological, toxicological, and metabolic activities. For this reason, chiral discrimination by using chromatographic and electromigration techniques has become an urgent need in the pharmaceutical field. This review intends to offer the “state of the art” about the separation of chiral antifungal drugs and several related precursors by both liquid and gas chromatography, as well as electromigration methods. This overview is organized into two sections. The first one describes general considerations on chiral antifungal drugs. The second part deals with the main analytical methods for the enantiomeric discrimination of these drugs, including a brief description of chiral selectors and stationary phases. Moreover, many recent applications attesting the great interest of analytical chemists in the field of enantiomeric separation are presented.
Superabsorbent polymers: a state-of-art review on their classification, synthesis, physicochemical properties, and applications
Authors: Venkatachalam Dhanapal , Kaliappa Subramanian 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Superabsorbent polymers (SAP) and modified natural polymer hydrogels are widely and increasingly used in agriculture, health care textiles, effluent treatment, drug delivery, tissue engineering, civil concrete structure, etc. However, not many comprehensive reviews are available on this class of novel polymers. A review covering all the viable applications of SAP will be highly useful for researchers, industry persons, and medical, healthcare, and agricultural purposes. Hence, an attempt has been made to review SAPs with reference to their classifications, synthesis, modification by crosslinking, and physicochemical characterization such as morphology, swellability, thermal and mechanical properties, lifetime prediction, thermodynamics of swelling, absorption, release and transport kinetics, quantification of hydrophilic groups, etc. Besides, the possible methods of fine-tuning their structures for improving their absorption capacity, fast absorption kinetics, mechanical strength, controlled release features, etc. were also addressed to widen their uses. This review has also highlighted the biodegradability, commercial viability and market potential of SAPs, SAP composites, the feasibility of using biomass as raw materials for SAP production, etc. The challenges and future prospects of SAP, their safety, and environmental issues are also discussed.
3D printing path planning algorithm for thin walled and complex devices
Authors: Yang Min , Lai Menggang , Liu Shengjun 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
With the popularity of stereo printing technology, 3D printers are widely used in industry, manufacturing, medicine, and other industries to quickly manufacture small devices. Before 3D printing, it is necessary to plan the printing path. Unreasonable printing path will not only increase the time consumption of printing products, but also cause printing failure due to the accumulation of stress and deformation in the printing process. In order to overcome the superimposed stress and deformation in the process of printing thin-walled complex devices, this article introduces the idea of balanced stress based on the basic damage of the path planning based on the potential field method. In the printing process, the ring path, island path and cross path are added to overcome the stress deformation phenomenon and improve the printing quality. Finally, the 3D printer is used to manufacture thin-walled complex devices, and the feasibility of the balanced potential field method is verified by physical comparison.
Rescaled variance tests for seasonal stationarity
Authors: Gogebakan Kemal Caglar 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This paper introduces rescaled variance [V/S] tests for seasonal stationarity. The V/S statistic is designed by Giraitis, L., P. Kokoszka, R. Leipus, and G. Teyssière. 2003. “Rescaled Variance and Related Tests for Long Memory in Volatility and Levels.” Journal of Econometrics 112: 265–94 to be the mean corrected versions of the KPSS statistic. In the seasonal context, Canova, F., and B. E. Hansen. 1995. “Are Seasonal Patterns Constant over Time? A Test for Seasonal Stability.” Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 13: 237–52 present the seasonal generalization of the KPSS statistic. In this regard, I aim to strengthen the work of Canova, F., and B. E. Hansen. 1995. “Are Seasonal Patterns Constant over Time? A Test for Seasonal Stability.” Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 13: 237–52 [CH] by mean correction in the seasonal framework. I obtain the asymptotic distributions of the seasonal V/S tests. The V/S tests enjoy better power performance than the CH tests while exhibiting similiar size performance. Furthermore, by data pre-filtering, I propose robustified versions of the V/S statistics to eliminate the unattended unit root problem observed in the CH tests.
Perturbation analysis for the Takagi vector matrix
Authors: Farooq Aamir , Samar Mahvish , Khan Rewayat , Li Hanyu , Kamran Muhammad 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this article, we present some perturbation bounds for the Takagi vector matrix when the original matrix undergoes the additive or multiplicative perturbation. Two numerical examples are given to illuminate these bounds.
Sizing Up Categories
Authors: Fennell Lee Anne 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Categories intentionally create discontinuities. By breaking the world up into cognizable chunks, they simplify the information environment. But the signals they provide may be inaccurate or scrambled by strategic behavior. This Article considers how law might approach the problem of optimal categorization, given the role of categories in managing and transmitting information. It proceeds from the observation that high categorization costs can be addressed through two opposite strategies—making classifications more fine-grained (splitting), and making classifications more encompassing (lumping). Although continuizing and other forms of splitting offer intuitive answers to inaccurate classification and gaming along category lines, lumping is sometimes a better solution. If category membership carries multiple and offsetting implications, the incentive to manipulate the classification system is dampened. To take a simple example, insurance that covers only one risk is more vulnerable to adverse selection than is an insurance arrangement that covers two inversely correlated risks. Making categories larger, more durable, and more heterogeneous can produce such offsets. These and other forms of bundling can arrest damaging instabilities in categorization.
Continuity in Morality and Law
Authors: Segev Re’em 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

According to an influential and intuitively appealing argument (the Continuity Argument), (1) morality is usually continuous, namely, a gradual change in one morally significant factor triggers a gradual change in another; (2) the law should usually track morality; (3) therefore, the law should often be continuous. This argument is illustrated by cases such as the following example: since the moral difference between a defensive action that is reasonable and one that is just short of being reasonable is small, the law should not impose a severe punishment when the action is almost reasonable and no punishment at all when the action is reasonable (as positive law sometimes does). In this Article, I consider two doubts regarding this argument. First, the premise that morality is continuous in such cases is incompatible with the common view that the moral status of actions is not continuous since there is an important difference between actions that are permissible and actions that are wrong— even if this difference is due to a difference that is very small, such as the one between an action whose consequences are the best and an action whose consequences are just slightly less good. This view extends also to the overall moral status of agents given the common assumption that it depends on the moral status of their actions. This is an important challenge that the Continuity Argument should confront. However, I argue that the best account of morality is more scalar than the common view in these respects. Therefore, I conclude that the first premise of the Continuity Argument is correct in this regard, although it is based on a minority view. The second doubt concerns the scope of the second premise: since there are reasons both in favor and against legal continuity, and the applicability and force of these reasons depend not only on various moral propositions but also on contingent non-moral facts, we often lack the evidence to determine the degree to which the law, at a certain place and time, should be continuous, and specifically that it should often be continuous.
Half the Guilt
Authors: Fisher Talia 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Criminal law conceptualizes guilt and the finding of guilt as purely categorical phenomena. At the end of trial, the defendant is pronounced either “guilty” or “not guilty” of the charges made against her, excluding the possibility of judgment of degree. Judges or juries cannot calibrate findings of guilt to various degrees of epistemic certainty by pronouncing the defendant “probably guilty,” “most certainly guilty,” or “guilty by preponderance of the evidence.” Nor can decision makers qualify the verdict to reflect normative or legal ambiguities. Findings of guilt are construed as asserting factual and legal truths. The penal results of conviction assume similar “all or nothing” properties: punishment can be calibrated, but not with the established probability of guilt.

The prevailing decision-making model, with its ‘on-off’ formulation of guilt, is so broadly established that it is considered an axiom— but there is nothing natural or pre-political about it, nor about the derivative distribution of punishment. This Article attempts to expose the hidden potential rooted in the construal of criminal verdicts as judgments of degree, by drawing three hypothetical manifestations of a linear conceptualization of conviction and punishment in the criminal trial and plea-bargaining arena. It also offers a normative assessment of converting criminal verdicts from categorical decisions to continuities.
Line Drawing in the Dark
Authors: Kolber Adam J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The law inevitably draws lines. These lines distinguish, for example, whether certain conduct reflects ordinary recklessness constituting manslaughter or more extreme recklessness constituting murder. There is no way to meaningfully draw such lines, however, absent shared ways of representing amounts of recklessness or at least knowledge of the consequences of drawing lines in particular places. Yet legal actors frequently draw lines in the dark, establishing cutoffs along a spectrum with little or none of the information required to do so in a way that suits the law’s goals. For example, jurors must decide whether some conduct constitutes extreme recklessness without knowing prior precedent nor the sentencing consequences of drawing cutoffs in particular places. Judges and lawyers cite line drawing precedents from other jurisdictions without considering whether the lines drawn in prior cases had the same consequences as those in the case at bar. And scholars argue about how to classify conduct without making clear what consequences they believe ought to attach once the classification is made, leaving it hard to tell when scholars have substantive or simply superficial disagreements. In this Article, I discuss some line drawing problems and briefly suggest ways we can add meaning to cutoffs. More generally, I argue, we can “smooth” certain features of the law to both reduce our vulnerability to line drawing in the dark and improve the fit between the law and what our best theories of law recommend. Even when we cannot easily smooth the law, thinking about the law in a smoother fashion can help reduce the jurisprudential pathologies I describe.
Discontinuities in Criminal Law
Authors: Eisenberg Avlana K. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The law values fairness, proportionality, and predictability. Accordingly, in the context of criminal law, punishments should be carefully calibrated to reflect the harm caused by an offense and the culpability of the offender. Yet, while this would suggest the dominance of “smooth” input/output relationships—for example, such that a minuscule increase in culpability would result in a correspondingly small increase in punishment—in fact, the law is laden with “bumpy” input/output relationships. Indeed, a minuscule change in input (be it of harm, culpability, or any number of other measures) may result in a drastic change in output, creating significant discontinuities.
Leading scholars have argued that smooth input/output relationships, which feature careful gradation and calibration, better accord with dominant theories of punishment than do bumpy relationships, which lack fine-tuning. Accepting as a starting premise that smooth input/ output relationships are to be preferred in the criminal law, this Article focuses on the significant doctrinal and practical impediments to smoothing out these relationships. This analysis reveals challenges to smoothing out relationships between inputs and outputs, as well as the difficulties associated with addressing discontinuous relationships among inputs and outputs. Specifically, it exposes the law’s classification of inputs and outputs itself as contestable and responsible for a range of hard-to-resolve discontinuities. In doing so, this Article begins the task of laying the groundwork for further analysis and possible reforms.
Probabilistic Disclosures for Corporate and other Law
Authors: Levmore Saul 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This Article explores the costs and benefits of one subset of continuous and discontinuous rules. These expressions are shown to be distinct from the familiar dichotomy expressed as standards versus rules, but they share the difficulty of dividing the world of law in two. Still, regulatory approaches that focus on discontinuities can often be made more continuous, and vice versa. A speed limit is discontinuous in the sense that one drives above or below (or within) the announced limit. But it is often made more continuous—even with more discontinuities— as when the stated limit is different for various kinds of vehicles. This Article works around these definitional problems to show that law often discourages useful disclosures by encouraging parties with information to offer continuous information in order to avoid after-the-fact lawsuits when specific disclosures prove to have inaccuracies. For example, it is common to hear or be warned that a medical procedure poses the risk of death, when a better-informed doctor or hospital could have given the precise percentages attached to various outcomes. Similarly, a corporation is on safe ground when it follows “generally accepted accounting principles,” when investors would have learned more from information about good and bad outcomes put in probabilistic terms. The Article works toward the suggestion that law might create a safe harbor in which probabilistic disclosures are protected when they are, or are certified to be, more useful than the ready alternative of fairly general disclosures.
Changing Places, Changing Taxes: Exploiting Tax Discontinuities
Authors: Roin Julie 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
President Trump’s decision to move his official state of residence from high-tax New York to no (income)-tax Florida has brought public attention to an issue that has long troubled scholars, designers and administrators of income tax systems: how the interaction of tax rules deferring the taxation of income and tax rules based on residency allows taxpayers to reduce and even avoid taxation of their deferred income. These discontinuities in tax treatment may lead to excessive migration, as well as reductions in state income tax revenues and distortions in the design of state taxing mechanisms. This Article explains what states would have to do to eliminate these avoidance opportunities. However, it also points out that many of these policy changes would create other tax discontinuities. Ultimately, it leaves open the question whether making any of these changes would lead to fewer financial and behavioral distortions.
How can R&D programs induce unplanned R&D collaborative networks in clusters?
Authors: Belso-Martínez José A. , Díez-Vial Isabel , López-Sánchez María J. , Sánchez María D. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
R&D policies are usually designed to enhance firms’ internal capabilities, but do not explicitly target R&D cooperation. In this research, we propose that R&D programs can be a suitable instrument when it comes to fostering informal collaborative networking. We focus on a regional level, the cluster, and establish that firms can use their R&D subsidies not only to become more innovative, i. e. input-output additionality, but also to develop R&D informal collaborations, i. e. behavior additionality. To test this hypothesis, relational data from a biotechnological cluster in Alicante (Spain) have been analyzed. Results from ERGM confirm that promoting internal R&D efforts prompts the formation of knowledge-based relationships at the cluster level. Policy makers should consider this unforeseen behavior when designing and evaluating non-collaborative R&D support programs. New evidence on the role of distant and diverse non-local linkages on local network dynamics is also provided.
Ion-acoustic stable oscillations, solitary, periodic and shock waves in a quantum magnetized electron–positron–ion plasma
Authors: Atteya Ahmed , El-Borie Mohamed A. , Roston Gamal D. , El-Helbawy Abdel-Aziz Samir , Prasad Punam Kumari , Saha Asit 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Nonlinear stable oscillations, solitary, periodic and shock waves in electron–positron–ion (EPI) quantum plasma in the presence of an external static magnetic field are reported. The Korteweg-de Vries-Burgers (KdVB) equation is derived by the reductive perturbation technique (RPT). The wave solution gives shock waves depending on various parameters as quantum diffraction parameter (β), electron and positron Fermi temperatures, and densities of the system species. Amplitude, polarity, speed, and width of wave solutions are remarkably modified by species densities, kinematic viscosity, and the Bohm potential. Existence of stable oscillation of ion-acoustic waves (IAWs) is shown by using the concept of phase plane analysis. Stability of wave solution is analysed by examining the Bohm potential effect. In the absence of dissipation, phase plane of the considered plasma system is analysed to discuss the existence of periodic wave solution. The results of this study could be helpful for comprehension of the wave features in dense quantum plasmas, like white dwarfs, laboratory plasma as interaction experiments of intense laser-solid matter and microelectronic devices.