bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Promise of Audience Engagement
Authors: Nelson Jacob L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Though there is widespread agreement surrounding the problems journalism faces, there also is a growing rift among journalism professionals and researchers about how best to solve them. A growing number of journalism stakeholders argue that the news should focus more on “audience engagement,” a loosely defined term that generally involves journalists’ incorporating more audience input in news production to more accurately reflect their lived experiences. Those at City Bureau and Hearken believe this more collaborative form of news production will increase the audience’s trust in news as well as the amount of value they derive from it. Others, including many at the Chicago Tribune, disagree. In addition to offering a comprehensive definition of audience engagement, this chapter also traces the disagreement surrounding it to enduring differences in how journalists perceive the public.
First Imagined, Then Pursued
Authors: Nelson Jacob L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter draws on Hearken’s efforts to challenge journalism’s audience perceptions—as well as the audience pursuits unfolding within City Bureau and the Chicago Tribune—to explore the connection between the way journalists imagine their audiences and the steps they take to reach them. This chapter also explores another dispute unfolding throughout the news industry: the lens through which journalists conceptualize their own expertise. Traditional journalists tend to take for granted the assumption that their professional training and skills make them significantly better equipped to report the news than the people they hope to reach. This is different from those advocating for more audience engagement, who see their audiences as being more valuable as news collaborators than they are typically given credit for and also view journalists themselves as being in need of exactly this sort of collaboration.
Income and Labour Market Developments and Social Outcomes in Germany and France
Authors: Granelli Lucia , Pálvölgyi Balázs , Ziemendorff Johannes 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on France and Germany, the two largest economies of the European Union, comparing recent economic and social developments. It finds that the two economies rely on different growth models, with important social implications. Germany’s postwar economic growth model was strongly based on exports and typically proved more volatile, while gross domestic product (GDP) growth in France was more focused on domestic demand and is usually more stable while on average generating a somewhat lower growth. The flexible German labour market allowed unemployment to decrease, albeit at the expense of higher income poverty and a larger low-wage sector. In France, instead, lower income poverty and a smaller low-wage sector were accompanied by a relatively higher unemployment rate. Recently, the gap between the two growth models and the resulting differences in social outcomes has appeared to be narrowing, reflecting the slowdown in the global cycle and more institutional focus in Germany on inclusiveness and in France on flexibility.
Inequality in Income, Wealth, and Consumption Trends in the Western Balkans
Authors: Kóczán Zsóka , Savastano Sara 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at income, consumption, and inequality trends in the Western Balkans, a region still coping with incomplete transition and the legacies of the boom-bust cycle, as most clearly reflected in still-high unemployment rates. The chapter thus presents trends in inequality in the broader context of persistent unemployment and perceptions of high and rising inequality. It is fundamentally a story of transition, the process, still unfinished, of moving from a system with an ‘employer of last result’ and resulting job security, to one with income gains for at best some parts of the population, but widening inequality and increasing uncertainty, translating into reform fatigue and general feelings of discontent with the process of transition.
Education, Income, and Inequality in the European Union
Authors: Vandeplas Anneleen 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Education and skills are increasingly important determinants of life outcomes in Europe. On the positive side, populations across Europe are upgrading their educational attainment, and educational attainment is less strongly linked to parental background than it was for previous generations. On the negative side, important gaps remain in educational attainment and foundation skills. Furthermore, while lifelong learning is becoming increasingly important in today’s fast changing economy, those individuals who need it most may not always have access to adequate opportunities to upskill or reskill. Finally, there is substantial variation across countries in Europe at the level of education and labour outcomes, reflecting factors such as the structure of national education systems, the institutional and sectoral setup of the economy, and so on.
From Social Protection to Social Investment
Authors: van Vliet Olaf , Bakker Vincent , van Doorn Lars 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Globalization, technological change, and migration form three major challenges for European welfare states in the 21st century. These challenges are regarded as important sources of inequality on the labour market. Whereas the existing literature has mainly been focused on the sectors and occupations affected by globalization and technological change, the authors of this chapter argue that, via job polarization, these phenomena also affect the type of contract that workers have. They hypothesize that increased competition for low-paying jobs is associated with labour market flexibilization. Another major trend that they analyse is the free movement of labour. New data illustrate that labour migration from Central and Eastern European countries to Western European countries has grown slowly but substantially following recent enlargements of the Union. It has been considered a challenge for welfare states as it might contribute to feelings of economic insecurity and might erode solidarity, which forms the basis for the provision of social policy. Subsequently, the authors analyse how European welfare states have evolved over the past decades. They show that in spite of budgetary pressure stemming from globalization and migration, most countries have increased social expenditure. Furthermore, they analyse to what extent the focus has shifted from classical social protection to social investment policies to enable workers to adapt themselves to new labour market transformations. They contribute to the existing literature by covering years after the financial crisis for all EU member states and by demonstrating a novel way of correcting social expenditures for the number of recipients.
The Monster of Lituya Bay
Authors: Goff James , Dudley Walter 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The remarkable story of the highest tsunami waves ever accurately measured relates the legend of the native Tlingit tribe inhabiting Lituya Bay, Alaska, telling of a monster who grabs and shakes the surface of the sea, and the European discovery of the bay in 1786 by the French explorer La Perouse with tragic consequences. In 1954, a brilliant geologist studying the bay interpreted strange lines in the forest as possibly the result of tsunami waves, but his innovative ideas were rebuffed by fellow scientists. Merely 4 years later in 1958, he would be proven correct when the “monster” struck again with waves reaching 1,740 ft (524 m) in the forest. The details of this incredible tsunami are described by survivors on boats anchored in the bay, whose firsthand accounts are truly amazing.
A Way Forward
Authors: Willison Charley E. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Overcoming challenges associated with decentralization and policy conflict across policy interests to address chronic homelessness in municipalities across the United States will be a big hurdle requiring substantial changes. Primary recommendations for reform include, first, aligning Continuums of Care with municipal government to ensure Continuums have access to necessary resources and governmental authority to design and implement policy across the variety of policy spaces including housing, healthcare, behavioral health, policing, and incarceration. Second, improving participatory equity in homeless policy decision-making to include minority groups and persons who are currently or formerly homeless will improve policy design and implementation to ensure policies targeting persons experiencing homelessness work to their intended goals and protect policy processes from bias toward economic elite stakeholders in pluralistic settings. Lastly, steps are recommended to align tangential state-level policies providing services for persons experiencing chronic homelessness but, by virtue of not being designed to target chronic homelessness, fail in implementation.
Introduction
Authors: Case George 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
After opening at the 2016 Republican convention that nominated Donald Trump as presidential candidate, and where the sounds and images of rock were on prominent display, the book’s premise and scope are outlined. The pop culture that once stood for protest and provocation now signifies a very different set of values, embraced by a very different audience, which can tell us much about the ways the values and the audience have evolved in the last five decades. How has something as rebellious as rock ‘n’ roll become associated with political conservatives and the stolid working classes? Have right-wing populists co-opted the music, or has the co-optation gone the other way?
Salt of the Earth
Authors: Case George 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter traces the history of the socioeconomic leanings of rock ‘n’ roll, from the poor rural origins of early figures such as Elvis Presley and Jerry Lee Lewis to the complex mix of hippie idealism and earthy rootedness of the late 1960s, with everyone from the Beatles and the Byrds to the Band and blues rock wrestling with the fraught left-right dynamics of the era. As the boldest era of rock innovation peaked, some performers and listeners began finding a curious sense of tradition within a hitherto experimental genre.
Workin’ Man Blues
Authors: Case George 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
While musicians such as Creedence Clearwater Revival, Grand Funk Railroad, Aerosmith, and Ted Nugent took rock ‘n’ roll back to the masses, Willie Nelson, Johnny Cash, Waylon Jennings, and Merle Haggard, were transforming the genre of country music, making the medium more original and more relevant as America’s cultural center of gravity was shifting south and west. Country now expressed its own forms of rebellion, against both the strictures of its industry and the condescension of outsiders. As country became a little bit cooler, it was inevitable that cool rock ‘n’ roll in turn would become a little bit country.
British Steel
Authors: Case George 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Across the Atlantic, Britain in the 1970s was wracked by economic and social crises even harsher than those besetting the United States, and the heavy metal, punk, and skinhead rock that emerged from rusting English mill towns—Black Sabbath, Slade, Thin Lizzy, Nazareth, Iron Maiden, Judas Priest, Motörhead and others—articulated the angry, defensive outlook of listeners whose prospects had turned gloomy as the postwar boom died down. The international success of British heavy metal bands, singing of frustration, despair, and of a mythic past whose triumphs were lost to history, told of dimmed generational futures and alienated youth worldwide.
One in a Million
Authors: Case George 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Since the 1990s, various forms of popular music have become associated with values few could have foreseen decades earlier: militarism, misogyny, nativism, and outright racism. Historic changes in geopolitics, economics, technology, and culture have redefined rock’s assumed role as the soundtrack of rebellion and dissent. As acts both progressive (Rage Against the Machine, Pearl Jam, Green Day) and regressive (Guns n’ Roses, a revived Lynyrd Skynyrd, and the indestructible Ted Nugent) win fans, and as white rappers like Eminem and Kid Rock have upset old stereotypes, it is clear that rock ‘n’ roll has changed as much as its consumers have.
Conclusion
Authors: Case George 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In the end, the working-class contingent who favored blue-collar boogie may be on their way to demographic and economic extinction, but they are not going down without a fight, and the legacy of their music, and the music’s enduring appeal, can reveal much about where how our society has evolved and where it may yet lead. From being juvenile affronts to decency, dangerous incitements to rebellion, and heralds of social revolution, the songs are now the sound of defiant traditionalism, wisdom, and resilience. Seventy years since its inception, rock ‘n’ roll today carries many meanings besides the ones originally associated with it.
Font of Pardon and New Life
Authors: Bierma Lyle D. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This book is a study of the historical development and impact of John Calvin’s doctrine of baptismal efficacy. The primary questions it addresses are (1) whether Calvin taught an “instrumental” doctrine of baptism, according to which the external sign of the sacrament serves as a means or instrument to convey the spiritual realities it signifies, and (2) whether Calvin’s teaching on baptismal efficacy remained constant throughout his lifetime or underwent significant change. Secondarily, the work also examines whether such spiritual blessings, in Calvin’s view, are conferred only in adult (believer) baptism or also in the baptism of infants, and what impact Calvin’s doctrine of baptismal efficacy had on the Reformed confessional tradition that followed him. The book examines all of Calvin’s writings on baptism—his Institutes, commentaries on Scripture, catechisms, polemical writings, and consensus documents—chronologically through five stages of his life and then analyzes the doctrine of baptismal efficacy in eight of the major Reformed confessions and catechisms from the age of confessional codification. It concludes that Calvin did indeed hold to an instrumental view of baptism; that this doctrine underwent change and development over the course of his life but not to the extent that some in the past have suggested; that his view of the efficacy of infant baptism was consistent with his doctrine of baptism in general; and that versions of Calvin’s teaching can be found in many, though not all, of the major Reformed confessional documents of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
Skeptical Theism
Authors: Ekstrom Laura W. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter critically examines skeptical theism, roughly the point of view that God exists but that God’s reasons for permitting evils are beyond our abilities to discern. Matters addressed include the epistemic import of appearances of pointlessness, the skeptical theses and analogies for the human condition with respect to apparently pointless evils defended by Michael Bergmann, and concerns about skeptical spread. The chapter provides support for the idea that, if there were God-justifying reasons for evils, we would see them, thereby defending a key premise in the argument from pointless evils and the argument from facts about evil.
Conclusion
Authors: Ekstrom Laura W. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the case that has been made in the book in defense of the argument from pointless evils and the argument from the facts about evil in support of atheism. It highlights important claims about agency and claims about value that have been brought out by close examination of the punishment theodicy, the free will theodicy, the character-building theodicy, the divine intimacy theodicy, and the position of skeptical theism. The chapter also points toward directions for further work on the problem of evil in the philosophy of religion.
Narratives of Failure
Authors: Shepherd Laura J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter interrogates the challenges and obstacles that are a frequent theme in the WPS stories I have collected. Specifically, it examines the ways in which failure, limitations, and challenges are narrated in the WPS agenda and juxtaposes these “failure narratives” with the “success stories” presented in the previous chapter. The first section, which sketches out the fabula of these tales of failure, shows how the telling of these stories produces a collective subject jointly responsible for the limitations perceived in the agenda as it stands. This construction reinforces the authority of the UN as well as its culpability as a WPS actor in the stories of these shortcomings, relevant to the logics of (dis)location that situate the agenda at/in the Security Council, and simultaneously disperses it spatially, locating it “in country” or “on the ground.” The resolution to the acknowledged shortcomings is often presented as more frequent, more granular monitoring (in addition to further resources and stronger political will), which reinforces the construction of the agenda itself as a quantifiable knowledge object.
Concealed Advantage
Authors: Jacobs Lawrence R. , King Desmond 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 traces the sources of the 2008–2009 and 2020 financial and economic implosions and the winners and losers of the Fed’s massive responses. Across two distinct crises, the Fed’s policies followed a similar pattern of favoring large financial institutions and big business while neglecting or altogether ignoring homeowners, small- and medium-sized businesses, and state and local governments. This conclusion is based on tracking detailed institutional features: the assertion of emergency power; the redefinition of the Fed’s boundaries to aid financial and corporate firms that previously lacked direct contacts with the Bank; the generous stretching of loan duration; and the considerable weakening of collateral requirements.
Preparing for the Next Financial Crisis
Authors: Jacobs Lawrence R. , King Desmond 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 charts a new direction for reviving America’s central bank to become more effective, accountable, and attentive to mitigating economic and racial inequalities. The Bank of Canada’s track record for effectiveness and success in containing the 2008–2009 crisis without favoring finance and big business offers lessons for improving the Fed’s accountability. The tumult of a pandemic and the Black Lives Matter protests in 2020 has ratcheted up interest in Congress and the Biden administration in steering the Fed toward aiding state and local governments and strengthening regulation to protect consumers, as well as borrowers who are of low- and medium-income or people of color. Change is also coming to the Fed itself to diversify its leadership and key personnel. The Fed may face the most serious demands for change in its history.
Varieties of Technopopulism
Authors: Bickerton Christopher J. , Accetti Carlo Invernizzi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores technopopulism as an empirical phenomenon. The primary claim of this chapter is that technocratic and populist appeals can be combined in a variety of different ways. The chapter lays out three ideal-types of such syntheses and explores each ideal-type through an exemplary case. The first ideal-type is ‘technopopulism through the party’, explored through a discussion of the British ‘New Labour’ Party of the 1990s and 2000s. The second ideal-type is ‘technopopulism from below’, explored through the case of the Italian Five Star Movement. The third ideal-type is ‘technopopulism from above’, explored through the case of Emmanuel Macron and his ‘En Marche’ movement. The chapter also discusses a number of cases that are products of both the ideological and the technopopulist political logics, such as Spain’s Podemos and the Lega in Italy.
Conclusion
Authors: Bickerton Christopher J. , Accetti Carlo Invernizzi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This conclusion outlines the most recent incarnations of technopopulism. Since technopopulism is not vested in any particular politician or party but as a political logic operates in a way that shapes the constraints and incentives political actors face, the precise identity of technopopulists and the synthesize they achieve between technocracy and populism will change over time. The conclusion then takes up the question of the whether technopopulism can endure as a political logic. Using the corona virus crisis as its starting point, and based on the normative discussion of technopopulism in chapter five, the conclusion looks at various ways in which we may go beyond technopopulism. We conclude that whereas technopopulism is an unstable political logic, there are good reasons to think that it will endure and continue to shape and structure political attitudes and behaviour well into the future.
Key Issues in Taxing Profit
Authors: Devereux Michael P. , Auerbach Alan J. , Keen Michael , Oosterhuis Paul , Schön Wolfgang , Vella John 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter sets out the key conceptual issues that arise in designing a business-level tax on profit in an international setting. It is in four parts—each addressing a basic question. First, what is meant by a tax on profit? We identify different approaches to taxing profit and show that there are a number of equivalences between taxes. Second, what criteria should be used for evaluating a business-level tax on profit in an international setting? We set out five criteria in some detail: economic efficiency, fairness, robustness to avoidance, ease of administration, and incentive compatibility. Third, given these criteria, is a business-level tax on profit a useful addition to the set of taxes that can be employed by national governments? We consider different possible underlying rationales for taxing business profit, especially in an international context. Fourth, is taxation at both the business and the owner-level problematic? We consider whether there is need for relief from this form of double taxation.
Residual Profit Allocation by Income
Authors: Devereux Michael P. , Auerbach Alan J. , Keen Michael , Oosterhuis Paul , Schön Wolfgang , Vella John 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter sets out our first detailed reform proposal: the Residual Profit Allocation by Income (RPAI). This is one of a family of schemes based on separating multinational profit into ‘routine’ and ‘residual’ profit, a distinction that exists under the current system. The RPAI allocates the right to tax routine profit to the country where functions and activities take place. It allocates the right to tax residual profit to the market, or destination, country where sales are made to third parties. We evaluate the RPAI against our five criteria. We conclude that while it is far from perfect, it performs well against these criteria. Its superior performance stems primarily from allocating taxing rights for residual profit to the destination country, where there is a relatively immobile third party purchaser of goods and services sold by the company.