bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of multiarm (Benzoin‐PS)m‐polyDVB star polymer as a polymeric photoinitiator for polymerization of acrylates and methacrylates
Authors: Esen Duygu Sevinc , Cakir Yigit Nese , Tunca Umit , Hizal Gurkan , Arsu Nergis 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this study, a new benzoin‐based multi‐arm star polymer was synthesized by using ATRP, and characterization was achieved by spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods. Obtained multiarm (Benzoin‐PS)m‐polyDVB star polymer was employed as a polymeric photoinitiator for polymerization of methacrylates and acrylates. Photophysical properties of this initiator were determined by fluorescence and phosphorescence measurements, the phosphorescence lifetime was calculated as 29 ms hence the lowest triplet state nature was n‐π* character, and laser flash photolysis technique was additionally used to get more information about triplet state and triplet lifetime which was calculated as 1.34 ms. Photokinetics of difunctional acrylate such as HDDA was studied with a multi‐arm (Benzoin‐PS)m‐polyDVB star polymeric initiator using Photo‐DSC.
Testicular disposition of clofarabine in rats is dependent on equilibrative nucleoside transporters
Authors: Miller Siennah R. , Jilek Joseph L. , McGrath Meghan E. , Hau Raymond K. , Jennings Erin Q. , Galligan James J. , Wright Stephen H. , Cherrington Nathan J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAcute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common cancer in children and adolescents. Although the 5‐year survival rate is high, some patients respond poorly to chemotherapy or have recurrence in locations such as the testis. The blood–testis barrier (BTB) can prevent complete eradication by limiting chemotherapeutic access and lead to testicular relapse unless a chemotherapeutic is a substrate of drug transporters present at this barrier. Equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) 1 and ENT2 facilitate the movement of substrates across the BTB. Clofarabine is a nucleoside analog used to treat relapsed or refractory ALL. This study investigated the role of ENTs in the testicular disposition of clofarabine. Pharmacological inhibition of the ENTs by 6‐nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR) was used to determine ENT contribution to clofarabine transport in primary rat Sertoli cells, in human Sertoli cells, and across the rat BTB. The presence of NBMPR decreased clofarabine uptake by 40% in primary rat Sertoli cells (p = .0329) and by 53% in a human Sertoli cell line (p = .0899). Rats treated with 10 mg/kg intraperitoneal (IP) injection of the NBMPR prodrug, 6‐nitrobenzylthioinosine 5′‐monophosphate (NBMPR‐P), or vehicle, followed by an intravenous (IV) bolus 10 mg/kg dose of clofarabine, showed a trend toward a lower testis concentration of clofarabine than vehicle (1.81 ± 0.59 vs. 2.65 ± 0.92 ng/mg tissue; p = .1160). This suggests that ENTs could be important for clofarabine disposition. Clofarabine may be capable of crossing the human BTB, and its potential use as a first‐line treatment to avoid testicular relapse should be considered.
Identifying the core concepts of pharmacology education
Authors: White Paul J. , Davis Elizabeth A. , Santiago Marina , Angelo Tom , Shield Alison , Babey Anna‐Marie , Kemp‐Harper Barbara , Maynard Gregg , Al‐Sallami Hesham S. , Musgrave Ian F. , Fernandes Lynette B. , Ngo Suong N. T. , Hinton Tina 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPharmacology education currently lacks an agreed knowledge curriculum. Evidence from physics and biology education indicates that core concepts are useful and effective structures around which such a curriculum can be designed to facilitate student learning. Building on previous work, we developed a novel, criterion‐based method to identify the core concepts of pharmacology education. Five novel criteria were developed, based on a literature search, to separate core concepts in pharmacology from topics and facts. Core concepts were agreed to be big ideas, enduring, difficult, applicable across contexts, and useful to solve problems. An exploratory survey of 33 pharmacology educators from Australia and New Zealand produced 109 terms, which were reduced to a working list of 26 concepts during an online workshop. Next, an expert group of 12 educators refined the working list to 19 concepts, by applying the five criteria and consolidating synonyms, and added three additional concepts that emerged during discussions. A confirmatory survey of a larger group resulted in 17 core concepts of pharmacology education. This list may be useful for educators to evaluate existing curricula, design new curricula, and to inform the development of a concept inventory to test attainment of the core concepts in pharmacology.
Nonlinear Hall Effect with Time‐Reversal Symmetry: Theory and Material Realizations
Authors: Ortix Carmine 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe appearance of a Hall conductance necessarily requires breaking of time‐reversal symmetry, either by an external magnetic field or by the internal magnetization of a material. As a second response, however, Hall dissipationless transverse currents can appear even in time‐reversal symmetric conditions provided the material is non‐centrosymmetric. This non‐linear Hall effect has a quantum origin: it is related to the geometric properties of the electronic wavefunctions and encoded in the dipole moment of the Berry curvature. Here, the general theory underpinning this effect is reviewed and various material platforms where non‐linear Hall transverse responses have been found are discussed. On the theoretical front, the link between the non‐linear Hall effect and the Berry curvature dipole is discussed using Boltzmann transport theory. On the material front, different platforms, including topological crystalline insulators, transition metal dichalcogenides, graphene, and Weyl semimetals are reviewed.
Effect of the molecular weight on the depth profiling of PMMA thin films using low‐energy Cs+ sputtering
Authors: Ben Hadj Mabrouk Amal , Licitra Christophe , Chateauminois Antoine , Veillerot Marc 
Published: July 2021

In this work, we investigate the influence of the molecular weight of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) thin films coated on silicon wafer on the time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) sputtering mechanisms and kinetics during depth profiling using low‐energy monoatomic caesium ions. The sputtering yield volumes are determined as function of molecular weight, film thickness and beam energy. The results show that the sputtering yield volume decreases with increasing molecular weight Mw down to a threshold value below which it becomes nearly constant, as previously observed with argon cluster ions. The relevance of physical parameters such as the glass transition temperature Tg—determined here from ellipsometry measurements—and the entanglement of the polymer chains to account for this behaviour is discussed. The variation of the sputtering yield was also found to vary logarithmically with the primary beam energy. In addition, preliminary experiments carried out using a low molecular weight PMMA (4 kg/mol) evidenced a nanoconfinement effect similar to that observed with argon cluster sputtering but of lower magnitude.
Biomedical Applicable Cellulose Fabric Modified with Zirconium‐Based Metal‐Organic Frameworks (Zr‐MOFs)
Authors: Rezaee Reihane , Montazer Majid , Mianehro Ali , Mahmoudirad Mahnaz 
Published: July 2021

AbstractZirconium‐based metal‐organic frameworks (Zr‐MOFs) have been synthesized onto diverse substrates however thermal and acidic conditions of synthesis processing impair or carbonize the polysaccharide based substrate. Also, MOF‐coated polysaccharides usually show poor mechanical properties and instability in aqueous conditions unsuitable for biomedical applications. There is no report on the synthesis of MOFs on cellulosic substrate to preserve intactness. Here, an optimized Zr‐MOFs synthesis method on cotton fabric is introduced to prepare a biomedically applicable Zr‐MOFs modified cellulosic fabric. The resultant fabric demonstrates an absolute wash durability with enhanced hydrophilicity and better mechanical properties with higher Zr‐MOFs content. The treated fabric shows 787% and 2105% improvement in absorption capacity for Salvia officinalis (SO) and Calendula officinalis (CO) extracts and the release kinetic model of diffusion mechanism. Cotton‐MOF‐SO and Cotton‐MOF‐CO confirm antibacterial activity of 99.2% and 37.4% against Escherichia coli and 19.9% and 35.3% against Staphylococcus aureus. Finally, the cotton‐MOF‐CO can be considered as a biocompatible material however cotton‐MOF‐SO exhibits high toxicity signifying its potentiality for inducing death to cancer cells.
Standard Model prediction of the Bc lifetime
Authors: Aebischer Jason , Grinstein Benjamín 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Applying an operator product expansion approach we update the Standard Model prediction of the Bc lifetime from over 20 years ago. The non-perturbative velocity expansion is carried out up to third order in the relative velocity of the heavy quarks. The scheme dependence is studied using three different mass schemes for the $$ \overline{b} $$

b
¯

and c quarks, resulting in three different values consistent with each other and with experiment. Special focus has been laid on renormalon cancellation in the computation. Uncertainties resulting from scale dependence, neglecting the strange quark mass, non-perturbative matrix elements and parametric uncertainties are discussed in detail. The resulting uncertainties are still rather large compared to the experimental ones, and therefore do not allow for clear-cut conclusions concerning New Physics effects in the Bc decay.
Infrared effects in the late stages of black hole evaporation
Authors: Flanagan Éanna É. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
As a black hole evaporates, each outgoing Hawking quantum carries away some of the black holes asymptotic charges associated with the extended Bondi-Metzner-Sachs group. These include the Poincaré charges of energy, linear momentum, intrinsic angular momentum, and orbital angular momentum or center-of-mass charge, as well as extensions of these quantities associated with supertranslations and super-Lorentz transformations, namely supermomentum, superspin and super center-of-mass charges (also known as soft hair). Since each emitted quantum has fluctuations that are of order unity, fluctuations in the black hole’s charges grow over the course of the evaporation. We estimate the scale of these fluctuations using a simple model. The results are, in Planck units: (i) The black hole position has a uncertainty of $$ \sim {M}_i^2 $$
∼

M
i
2

at late times, where Mi is the initial mass (previously found by Page). (ii) The black hole mass M has an uncertainty of order the mass M itself at the epoch when M ∼ $$ {M}_i^{2/3} $$

M
i

2
/
3

, well before the Planck scale is reached. Correspondingly, the time at which the evaporation ends has an uncertainty of order $$ \sim {M}_i^2 $$
∼

M
i
2

. (iii) The supermomentum and superspin charges are not independent but are determined from the Poincaré charges and the super center-of-mass charges. (iv) The supertranslation that characterizes the super center-of-mass charges has fluctuations at multipole orders l of order unity that are of order unity in Planck units. At large l, there is a power law spectrum of fluctuations that extends up to l ∼ $$ {M}_i^2/M $$

M
i
2

/
M
, beyond which the fluctuations fall off exponentially, with corresponding total rms shear tensor fluctuations ∼ MiM−3/2.
Salt tolerance in rice: seedling and reproductive stage QTL mapping come of age
Authors: Singh Rakesh Kumar , Kota Suneetha , Flowers Timothy J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractKey messageReproductive stage salinity tolerance is most critical for rice as it determines the yield under stress. Few studies have been undertaken for this trait as phenotyping was cumbersome, but new methodology outlined in this review seeks to redress this deficiency. Sixty-three meta-QTLs, the most important genomic regions to target for enhancing salinity tolerance, are reported.AbstractAlthough rice has been categorized as a salt-sensitive crop, it is not equally affected throughout its growth, being most sensitive at the seedling and reproductive stages. However, a very poor correlation exists between sensitivity at these two stages, which suggests that the effects of salt are determined by different mechanisms and sets of genes (QTLs) in seedlings and during flowering. Although tolerance at the reproductive stage is arguably the more important, as it translates directly into grain yield, more than 90% of publications on the effects of salinity on rice are limited to the seedling stage. Only a few studies have been conducted on tolerance at the reproductive stage, as phenotyping is cumbersome. In this review, we list the varieties of rice released for salinity tolerance traits, those being commercially cultivated in salt-affected soils and summarize phenotyping methodologies. Since further increases in tolerance are needed to maintain future productivity, we highlight work on phenotyping for salinity tolerance at the reproductive stage. We have constructed an exhaustive list of the 935 reported QTLs for salinity tolerance in rice at the seedling and reproductive stages. We illustrate the chromosome locations of 63 meta-QTLs (with 95% confidence interval) that indicate the most important genomic regions for salt tolerance in rice. Further study of these QTLs should enhance our understanding of salt tolerance in rice and, if targeted, will have the highest probability of success for marker-assisted selections.
Circulation adjustment in the Arctic and Atlantic in response to Greenland and Antarctic mass loss
Authors: Berk J. van den , Drijfhout S. S. , Hazeleger W. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFollowing a high-end projection for mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice-sheets, a freshwater forcing was applied to the ocean surface in the coupled climate model EC-Earthv2.2 to study the response to meltwater release assuming an RCP8.5 emission scenario. The meltwater forcing results in an overall freshening of the Atlantic that is dominated by advective changes, strongly enhancing the freshening due to dilution by Greenland meltwater release. The strongest circulation change occurs in the western North Atlantic subpolar gyre and in the gyre in the Nordic Seas, leaving the North Atlantic subpolar gyre the region where most advective salt export occurs. Associated with counteracting changes in both gyre systems, the response of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation is rather weak over the 190 years of the experiment; it reduces with only 1 Sv ($$= 10^6$$

=

10
6

m $$^3$$

3

s $$^{-1}$$

-
1

), compared to changes in the subpolar gyre of 5 Sv. This relative insensitivity of the AMOC to the forcing is attributed to enhanced convection in the Nordic Seas and stronger overflows that compensate reduced convection in the Labrador and Irminger Seas, and lead to higher sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the former and lower SSTs in the latter region. The weakened subpolar gyre in the west also shifts the North Atlantic Current and the subpolar-subtropical gyre boundary; with the subtropical gyre expanding, and the western subpolar gyre contracting. The SST changes are associated with obduction of Atlantic waters in the Nordic Seas that would otherwise obduct in the western subpolar gyre. The anomalous SSTs also induce a coupled ocean-atmosphere feedback that further strengthens the Nordic Seas circulation and weakens the western subpolar gyre. This occurs because the anomalous SST-gradient enhances the westerlies, especially between 65$$^{\circ }$$

∘

N and 70$$^{\circ }$$

∘

N; the associated increase in windstress curl consequently enhances the gyre in the Nordic Seas. This feedback is driven by the Greenland mass loss; Antarctic meltwater discharge causes a weaker, opposite response and more particularly affects the South Atlantic salinity budget through northward advection of low-salinity waters from the Southern Ocean. This effect, however, becomes visible only hundred years after the onset of Antarctic mass loss. We conclude that the response to freshwater forcing from both ice caps can lead to a complex response in the Atlantic circulation systems with opposing effects in different subbasins. The relative strength of the response is time-dependent and largely governed by internal feedbacks; the forcing acts mainly as a trigger and is decoupled from the response.
Differential metabolism of choline supplements in adult volunteers
Authors: Böckmann Katrin A. , Franz Axel R. , Minarski Michaela , Shunova Anna , Maiwald Christian A. , Schwarz Julian , Gross Maximilian , Poets Christian F. , Bernhard Wolfgang 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Adequate intake of choline is essential for growth and homeostasis, but its supply does often not meet requirements. Choline deficiency decreases phosphatidylcholine (PC) and betaine synthesis, resulting in organ pathology, especially of liver, lung, and brain. This is of particular clinical importance in preterm infants and cystic fibrosis patients. We compared four different choline supplements for their impact on plasma concentration and kinetics of choline, betaine as a methyl donor and trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) as a marker of bacterial degradation prior to absorption.

Methods
Prospective randomized cross-over study (1/2020–4/2020) in six healthy adult men. Participants received a single dose of 550 mg/d choline equivalent in the form of choline chloride, choline bitartrate, α-glycerophosphocholine (GPC), and egg-PC in randomized sequence at least 1 week apart. Blood was taken from t = − 0.1–6 h after supplement intake. Choline, betaine, TMAO, and total PC concentrations were analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry. Results are shown as medians and interquartile range.

Results
There was no difference in the AUC of choline plasma concentrations after intake of the different supplements. Individual plasma kinetics of choline and betaine differed and concentrations peaked latest for PC (at ≈3 h). All supplements similarly increased plasma betaine. All water-soluble supplements rapidly increased TMAO, whereas egg-PC did not.

Conclusion
All supplements tested rapidly increased choline and betaine levels to a similar extent, with egg-PC showing the latest peak. Assuming that TMAO may have undesirable effects, egg-PC might be best suited for choline supplementation in adults.

Study registration
This study was registered at “Deutsches Register Klinischer Studien” (DRKS) (German Register for Clinical Studies), 17.01.2020, DRKS00020454.
The effect of fertility-sparing surgery on sexuality and global quality of life in women with malignant ovarian germ cell and sex cord stromal tumors: an analysis of the CORSETT database of the AGO study group
Authors: Hasenburg Annette , Plett Hellmut , Krämer Bernhard , Braicu Elena , Czogalla Bastian , Bossart Michaela , Singer Susanne , Mayr Doris , Staebler Annette , du Bois Andreas , Kommoss Stefan , Link Theresa , Burges Alexander , Heitz Florian , Keul Jacqueline , Trillsch Fabian , Harter Philipp , Wimberger Pauline , Buderath Paul , Klar Maximilian 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Malignant ovarian germ cell (MOGCT) and sex cord stromal tumors (SCST) are ovarian neoplasms that affect disproportionally young women. Little is known about the impact of surgical and adjuvant management of these patient’s sexual life. This study investigated the effect of fertility-sparing surgery on sexual activity and global quality of life (gQoL) in women with MOGCT and SCST.

Methods
CORSETT was an observational, multicenter, mixed retrospective/prospective cohort study of the AGO study group. Women of any age who had been diagnosed with MOGCTs and SCSTs between 2001 and 2011 were asked to complete the Sexual Activity Questionnaire (SAQ) and the EORTC QLQ-C30.

Results
In total, 355 patients were included. Of these, 152 patients with confirmed histological diagnosis had completed the questionnaires. A total of 106 patients were diagnosed with SCST and 46 with MOGCT.
Totally, 83 women (55%) were sexually active. After fertility-sparing surgery, patients had a 2.6 fold higher probability for being sexually active than after non-fertility-conserving treatment (unadjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.6, p = 0.01). After adjustment for age, time since diagnosis, FIGO stage, histology and phase of disease, the OR dropped to 1.8 (p = 0.22).
Of the sexually active patients, 35 (42%) reported high levels of discomfort during intercourse; 38% after fertility-sparing; and 58% after non-fertility-sparing surgery (adjusted OR 2.8, p = 0.18).
Women with fertility-conserving treatment reported a significantly better global QoL (Fadj 2.1, 6.2 points difference, p = 0.03) but not more pleasure during intercourse than women without fertility-sparing surgery (Fadj 0.4, p = 0.52).

Conclusion
Fertility preserving approaches should be offered to every patient, when oncologically acceptable.
Association of preoperative cone biopsy with recurrences after radical hysterectomy
Authors: Klapdor Rüdiger , Hertel Hermann , Delebinski Laura , Hillemanns Peter 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Objective
To evaluate association of preoperative cone biopsy with the probability of recurrent disease after radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer.

Methods
This is a retrospective single-center study. Patients with cervical cancer stage IA1 with LVSI to IIA2 and squamous, adenosquamous and adenocarcinoma subtype were included. Patients were analyzed for general characteristics and recurrence-free survival (RFS).

Results
In total, of 480 patients with cervical cancer, 183 patients met the inclusion criteria (117 with laparoscopic and 66 with open surgery). The median tumor diameter was 25.0 mm (range 4.6–70.0 mm) with 66 (36.2%) patients having tumors smaller than 2 cm. During median follow-up of 54.0 months (range 0–166.0 months), the RFS for the laparoscopic cohort was 93.2% and 87.5% at 3 and 4.5 years, and 79.3% for the open cohort after 3 and 4.5 years, respectively. In total, 17 (9.3%) patients developed recurrent disease, 9 (7.3%) after laparoscopic, and 8 (12.1%) after open surgery. No preoperative cone biopsy (OR 9.60, 95% CI 2.14–43.09) as well as tumor diameter > 2 cm (OR 5.39, 95% CI 1.20–24.25) were significantly associated with increased risk for recurrence. In multivariate analysis, only missing preoperative cone biopsy was significantly associated with increased risk for recurrence (OR 5.90, 95% CI 1.11–31.29)

Conclusion
There appears to be a subgroup of patients (preoperative cone biopsy, tumor diameter < 2 cm) with excellent survival and low risk for recurrence after radical hysterectomy which might benefit from the advantages of laparoscopic surgery.