bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NI-10 Reclassification of diffuse gliomas based on molecular diagnosis -evaluation of methionine uptake and treatment outcome-
Authors: Tamura Kaoru , Inaji Motoki , Kobayashi Daisuke , Hara Shoko , Karakama Jun , Sugawara Takashi , Tanaka Yoji , Nariai Tadashi , Ishii Kenji , Maehara Taketoshi 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Object: The revised 2016 WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System incorporates genetic alterations into the classification system, with the goal of creating more homogenous disease categories with greater prognostic value. In this study, we reclassified diffuse gliomas with molecular diagnosis and examined for 11C-methionine uptake and prognosis. Methods. 182 diffuse glioma patients (Grade II in 42 patients, Grade III in 61 patients, Grade IV in 77 patients) treated at Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital from 2000 to 2018 were included in this study. The IDH1/2, ATRX and 1p19q status were analyzed using tumor samples. The tumor-to-normal ratio (T/N) of 11 C-methionine uptake was calculated by dividing the mean standardized uptake value (SUV) for the tumor by the mean SUV of the normal brain. Result. By molecular diagnosis, 11 diffuse astrocytomas and 17 anaplastic astrocytomas were diagnosed as “IDH-mutant”, while 14 diffuse astrocytomas and 29 anaplastic astrocytomas were diagnosed as “IDH-wild”. 5 out of 77 grade IV tumors had IDH mutation. 4 tumors were diagnosed as “Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27M-mutant”. In the 32 oligodendroglial tumors, 12 oligodendrogliomas and 9 anaplastic oligodendrogliomas were diagnosed as “IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted”. The median T/N ratios in oligodendroglial tumors with “IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted” were significantly higher than those in astrocytic tumors with “IDH-mutant”. On the other hand, in tumors with the same genetic background, higher grade tumor has significant higher T/N ratio. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that oligodendroglial tumors with “IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted” had significantly better outcomes regardless of WHO grade. Overall survival was 90.9% at 5 years and 77.9% at 10 years in oligodendroglial tumors with “IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted”. IDH wild tumors had significantly worse outcomes.Conclusions. The results indicated that diffuse glioma categories reclassified with molecular classification correlate with the T/N ratio of methionine and the prognosis.
NQPC-5 Does high-dose methotrexate-based chemotherapy for relapsed primary CNS lymphoma increase a risk of leukoencephalopathy with prior whole brain radiotherapy?
Authors: Kobayashi Keiichi , Sasaki Nobuyoshi , Saito Kuniaki , Yamagishi Yuki , Hanayama Naomi , Nakatomi Hirofumi , Shiokawa Yoshiaki , Nagane Motoo 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Backgrounds: Standard care for primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) comprises high-dose (HD) methotrexate (MTX) -based chemotherapy with or without consolidation whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT). HD-MTX administration following WBRT has been suggested to increase a risk of leukoencephalopathy. However, given that there are no other agents with efficacy similar to or better than MTX, patients with relapsed PCNSL may often be treated with regimens containing HD-MTX if the initial MTX treatment achieved a long-term complete remission. Here, we retrospectively analyzed prevalence and an extent of white mater damages in association with prior WBRT in patients with relapsed PCNSL treated with HD-MTX based therapy. Patients & methods: Among 79 patients with relapsed/refractory PCNSL in a total of 162 patients with newly-diagnosed PCNSL treated in our institution from April, 2000 to February, 2021, 35 patients were identified with evaluable KPS, MMSE, and Fazekas scale data at both baseline and follow-up periods. Of the 35 patients, 22 were treated with chemotherapy at a relapse (10 with prior WBRT, while 12 without WBRT), and were included in this preliminary study. Results: In the WBRT group (male/female: 5/5), median age was 65 years (range, 45–73), initial median KPS was 70 (40–90), and median WBRT dose was 27 Gy (23.4–40). Median progression-free survival (mPFS) was 11.8 months, and median overall survival (mOS) was not reached. In the non-WBRT group (M/F 8/4), median age 75 (62–84), initial mKPS 80 (50–90), mPFS 16.2 m, and mOS not reached. Initial KPS and MMSE score tended to be worse in WBRT group, presumably due to enrichment of patients with poorer performance status and more comorbidities. A decline in the Fazekas score was not associated with MMSE deterioration.Conclusions: The preliminary analysis was not informative enough, and further extensive imaging analysis will be exploited.
COT-6 Body mass index and height in relation to brain tumor risk in a Japanese population
Authors: Ogawa Takahiro , Sawada Norie , Iwasaki Motoki , Sanjeev Budhatoki , Yamaji Taiki , Shimazu Taichi , Narita Yoshitaka 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Purpose: Because the prognosis of the malignant brain tumor including glioblastoma is extremely worse than other cancer, it is important to clarify the preventive factors of the brain tumor in the prospective cohort study. In the Japanese epidemiologic study of the brain tumor, the report of the prospective cohort study has not been accomplished. Therefore, we have reported the study in recent years from a multipurpose cohort study (Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study: JPHC study) that the national cancer center was mainly conducted. This prospective study investigated the association between height and BMI (Body mass index) and brain tumor risk in an Asian population, whose distribution of anthropometric data differs from Westerners. Methods: A total of 106,324 subjects (50,438 men and 55,886 women) enrolled in JPHC Study, was followed from 1990. We divided participants into 5 categories based on the distribution of BMI as &lt;18.5, 18.5- &lt;23, 23- &lt;25, 25- &lt;27.5, and &gt;-27.5 Kg/m2. We used the Cox proportional hazards regression model and estimated brain tumor incidence by gender and tumor subtype, with adjustment for potential confounding variables; age, sex, pack-years of cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, coffee intake, green tea intake, past history of allergy and past history of diabetes mellitus.Results: During an average follow-up of 18.1 years, 157 incident cases of brain tumor were newly identified, included glioma (n=60), meningioma (n =51), lymphoma(n=9), schwannoma(n=3), pituitary adenoma(n=2), and others(n=32). Higher BMI was significantly positively associated with the risk of brain tumor. This positive association of BMI was stronger in men and for meningioma in subgroup analyses. In contrast, height showed no clear association with brain tumor risk. Conclusion: Higher BMI was associated with an increased risk of brain tumor, in particular of meningioma, and among men.Full article has been published annals of epidemiology.
Incidence and Risk Factors for Inappropriate Use of Non-Culture-Based Fungal Assays: Implication for Diagnostic Stewardship
Authors: Ito Hiroshi , Okamoto Koh , Yamamoto Shinya , Yamashita Marie , Kanno Yoshiaki , Jubishi Daisuke , Ikeda Mahoko , Harada Sohei , Okugawa Shu , Moriya Kyoji 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
Non-culture-based fungal assays (NCBFAs) have been used increasingly to help diagnose invasive fungal diseases. However, little is known about inappropriate use of NCBFAs. We aimed to investigate inappropriate use of NCBFAs in a tertiary academic hospital.

Methods
This retrospective cohort study included patients who underwent testing with beta-D glucan (BDG) between January and March 2018 or with galactomannan antigen (GMA) or cryptococcal antigen (CRAG) between January and June 2018. Testing was deemed appropriate if the clinical presentation was compatible with a fungal infection and there was a predisposing host factor at the time of ordering. We compared patients with appropriate and inappropriate use of NCBFAs using multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Results
Four hundred seventy patients (BDG, 394; GMA, 138; CRAG, 164) met inclusion criteria and were evaluated. About 80% of NCBFAs were deemed inappropriate. Ordering by transplant medicine physicians, repetitions of the test, the absence of predisposing factors for fungal infections, and the absence of recommendations from infectious diseases consultants were associated with an increased risk of inappropriate NCBFA use.

Conclusions
We found that a large proportion of NCBFAs were deemed inappropriate. There is an opportunity for diagnostic stewardship to reduce avoidable fungal testing among patients at low risk for fungal infection.
Copepods key traits in diverse habitats of tropical waters
Authors: Doan-Nhu Hai , Nguyen Tam-Vinh , Do-Huu Hoang , Montoya Joseph P , Nguyen-Ngoc Lam 
Published: December 2021

AbstractCopepods are the dominant marine zooplankton and perform important functions in the marine food web. However, copepod traits have not been studied in many waters. We studied the copepod community under influence of the Mekong River and the Southern Vietnamese coastal upwelling, based on their functional traits, during the southwest monsoon period in 2016. Fourteen trait categories of four key functional traits (trophic-groups, feeding-types, reproductive-strategies and diel migration) of copepod data were analyzed to investigate how environmental gradients impact on their distribution and abundance among the four defined habitats: Mekong River (MKW), upwelling (UpW), nearshore (OnSW) and offshore waters (OSW). There were seven functional groups identified in the study waters based on multiple correspondence analysis of distribution, abundance and traits of 139 copepod species. Herbivorous, current-feeding and sac-spawning copepods were dominant in all habitats with the highest abundance in OSW. Specifically, herbivorous species dominated in MKW and UpW, whereas omnivorous species dominated in OnSW and OSW. Sac-spawners dominated in all habitats, but decreased from MKW and UpW to OnSW and lowest in OSW. Cruise feeders were 2-fold higher than ambush feeders in the UpW, but the opposite was observed in the other habitats. The results suggest that impacts of Mekong River and coastal upwelling led to distinctive copepod assemblages with specific functional traits.
Why Do People Stay Poor?
Authors: Balboni Clare , Bandiera Oriana , Burgess Robin , Ghatak Maitreesh , Heil Anton 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
There are two broad views as to why people stay poor. One emphasizes differences in fundamentals, such as ability, talent, or motivation. The poverty traps view emphasizes differences in opportunities that stem from access to wealth. To test these views, we exploit a large-scale, randomized asset transfer and an 11-year panel of 6,000 households who begin in extreme poverty. The setting is rural Bangladesh, and the assets are cows. The data support the poverty traps view—we identify a threshold level of initial assets above which households accumulate assets, take on better occupations (from casual labor in agriculture or domestic services to running small livestock businesses), and grow out of poverty. The reverse happens for those below the threshold. Structural estimation of an occupational choice model reveals that almost all beneficiaries are misallocated in the work they do at baseline and that the gains arising from eliminating misallocation would far exceed the program costs. Our findings imply that large transfers, which create better jobs for the poor, are an effective means of getting people out of poverty traps and reducing global poverty.
Somatic mutations in rheumatological diseases: VEXAS syndrome and beyond
Authors: Sikora Keith A , Wells Kristina V , Bolek Ertugrul Cagri , Jones Adrianna I , Grayson Peter C 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Discovery of the VEXAS (vacuoles, E1 enzyme, X-linked, autoinflammatory, somatic) syndrome demonstrates that somatic mutations in haematological precursor cells can cause adult-onset, complex inflammatory disease. Unlike germline mutations, somatic mutations occur throughout the lifespan, are restricted to specific tissue types, and may play a causal role in non-heritable rheumatological diseases, especially conditions that start in later life. Improvements in sequencing technology have enabled researchers and clinicians to detect somatic mutations in various tissue types, especially blood. Understanding the relationships between cell-specific acquired mutations and inflammation is likely to yield key insights into causal factors that underlie many rheumatological diseases. The objective of this review is to detail how somatic mutations are likely to be relevant to clinicians who care for patients with rheumatological diseases, with particular focus on the pathogenetic mechanisms of the VEXAS syndrome.
Mechanism of DNA methylation-mediated downregulation of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase in cartilage injury of Kashin–Beck disease
Authors: Zhang Dandan , Zhang Di , Wang Chen , Zhang Rongqiang , Li Qiang , Xiong Yongmin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objective
Kashin–Beck disease (KBD) is an endemic osteoarthropathy, in which excessive apoptosis of chondrocytes occurs. O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), a DNA damage repair gene, plays an important role in apoptosis, but the mechanism is unclear in KBD cartilage injury. This study was to investigate the expression and promoter methylation of MGMT in KBD patients and its role in DNA damage and apoptosis of chondrocytes.

Methods
MGMT mRNA and protein level were detected by quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Demethylation of MGMT was carried out using 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine, and the methylation level of MGMT promoter was measured by quantitative methylation specific PCR. Next, small hairpin RNA was used to knockdown the expression of MGMT. Cell viability, apoptosis and DNA damage were determined by MTT assay, flow cytometry, Hoechst 33342 staining and alkaline comet assay following T-2 toxin and selenium treatment.

Results
MGMT protein expression and mRNA levels were decreased (P = 0.02, P = 0.007) and promoter methylation was increased (P = 0.008) in KBD patients. Meanwhile, MGMT level was upregulated by 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine in chondrocytes (P = 0.0002). DNA damage and apoptosis rates were increased in MGMT-silenced chondrocytes (all P &lt; 0.0001). Furthermore, DNA damage and apoptosis were increased in chondrocytes treated with T-2 toxin (all P &lt; 0.0001), but were decreased after selenium treatment (P &lt; 0.0001, P = 0.01). Decreased mRNA level and increased methylation of MGMT were found in the T-2 toxin group (P = 0.005, P = 0.002), while selenium reversed it (P = 0.02, P = 0.004).

Conclusions
MGMT might play a crucial part in the pathogenesis of KBD cartilage injury, which could provide a therapeutic target for KBD.
ULTRA-LOW-DOSE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN UROLITHIASIS—EFFECT OF AN ADDITIONAL TIN FILTER ON IMAGE QUALITY AND RADIATION DOSE
Authors: Haubold Johannes , Zensen Sebastian , Erfanian Youssef , Guberina Nika , Opitz Marcel , Sawicki Lino Morris , Forsting Michael , Umutlu Lale , Theysohn Jens M 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
To compare radiation dose and image quality of three CT-scanners using optimal dose protocols in patients with suspected urolithiasis regarding additional hardware (tin filter) and software (iterative reconstruction). Examinations from a single-source CT-scanner (A2) and a dual-source CT-scanner (DSCT) (A1) were compared to a tin filter DSCT (B) regarding dose-length product (DLP) and volume-weighted CT dose-index (CTDIvol). DLP of B was 51 and 53% lower in comparison to A1 and A2 (78.62, 159.20 and 165.80 mGy·cm, respectively; P &lt; 0.0001). CTDIvol of B was 53% and 56% significantly lower compared to A1 and A2, respectively (1.52 vs. 3.22 vs. 3.46 mGy; P &lt; 0.0001). Image quality in B proved to be similar to A1 and A2 (3.57, 3.51 and 3.60, respectively; P &gt; 0.05). Inter-rater agreement regarding image quality was good for all CT-scanners (κ = 0.62). Modern CTs with a built-in tin filter allow a significant reduction of radiation exposure in patients with suspected urolithiasis by optimizing the X-ray spectrum.
The Speciality of Public Health Medicine in South Africa: 1974–2021
Authors: Zweigenthal Virginia E M , Pick William M , London Leslie 
Published: December 2021

Summary
The speciality, Public Health Medicine (PHM), was developed in response to political and health realities in pre-apartheid South Africa (SA), following the lead of the discipline in Britain, SA’s previous coloniser. This article describes a 47-year journey from its origins as Community Health through to current practice, based on reviews of archival material, databases of institutional stakeholders involved in trainee education and our own experiences. Embedded throughout PHM’s history are tensions between colonial forms of public health education and practice and resistance to these. As found in complementary SA research, and globally, this review shows that concerns about unclear roles, inadequate career paths and professional boundaries have preoccupied and are innate to the speciality. To be institutionalised more definitively in SA, PHM needs to demonstrate its value as a key resource for the functioning of SA’s health system and thus improve the health status of her population.
Perceptions of animal welfare and animal welfare curricula offered for undergraduate and graduate students in animal science departments in the United States
Authors: Mijares Sage , Sullivan Paxton , Cramer Catie , Román-Muñiz Noa , Edwards-Callaway Lily 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWhile perceptions of animal welfare have been assessed in veterinary students and students internationally, there remains a gap in research concerning undergraduate and graduate student perspectives of animal welfare in animal science programs at colleges and universities across the United States. A survey was developed to assess current animal science student perspectives of the importance of animal welfare as part of their education, their knowledge of available educational opportunities, and resources they think should be included in animal welfare curricula. An online survey was distributed to a national listserv of university administrators of animal science programs in the United States. A total of 624 survey responses were statistically summarized. Most respondents were undergraduate students (78.0%, n = 487), between the ages of 18 and 24 (85.9%, n = 536), and female (86.1%, n = 537). Results indicated that despite most respondents not taking an animal welfare course previously (60.7%, n = 379), most students strongly agreed that the inclusion of an animal welfare course is an important part of the animal science curriculum (72.0%, n = 449), that animal welfare is an important component of their education (63.1%, n = 394), and that animal welfare courses would be helpful for their future careers (70.0%, n = 437). When asked what attributes would be most important in an animal welfare class, students identified many different types of information and resources. The majority of respondents answered that discussing current hot topics in animal welfare (76.1%, n = 475), ethical discussions (76.0%, n = 474), and practical, applied questions (75.3%, n = 470) were important course components. Suggestions for future research include investigating how animal science student perceptions change before and after taking an animal welfare course and exploring opportunities to expand formal welfare education in animal science departments. Inclusion of animal welfare into the curriculum is critical as many of the students currently enrolled in animal science departments will become the future stakeholders in animal-focused industries.
Investigation of developmental and reproductive effects of resveratrol in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Atli Emel , Tamtürk Erkut 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Resveratrol is a chemical that attracts attention due to its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and estrogenic/antiestrogenic properties. In the present study, it was aimed to investigate developmental and reproductive effects (developmental periods, average numbers of offspring, sex ratios) of resveratrol in Drosophila melanogaster. Their larvae were exposed to 50, 100, and 200 μM of resveratrol. Resveratrol treatments did not affect pupation and maturation rate (P ˃ 0.05) statistically. But the pupation and maturation times were significantly extended at all doses (P ˂ 0.05). Also, 100 and 200 μM resveratrol treatments resulted in a significant decrease in the number of offspring (P ˂ 0.05). The results reveal that resveratrol, which is generally known for its positive effects, may have negative effects on the development and reproduction of invertebrates. The results of this study support the idea that resveratrol may act as an endocrine disruptor, as it is a phytoestrogen.
COVID-19 in Pediatric Patients: A Systematic Review
Authors: Jackson William M. , Price Jerri C. , Eisler Lisa , Sun Lena S. , Lee Jennifer J. 
Published: December 2021

Introduction:
The coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 pandemic has been an enormous global health burden, resulting in hundreds of millions of documented infections and more than 3 million deaths. Increasing reports characterizing the effects of COVID-19 in pediatric populations have been published during the course of the pandemic. We performed a systematic review to assess the scope of diagnosis, treatment, and management of COVID-19 in pediatric patients.

Materials and Methods:
We searched the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, PubMed, CINAHL, and Embase for studies published between January 1, 2020, and May 1, 2021. Each result was screened by 2 authors independently, and discordant findings were adjudicated by a third party. Data extracted included demographic data, symptom data, and clinical data including mortality, severe illness, laboratory data, radiologic data, and treatment. Bias assessment was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale for Cohort Studies.

Results:
We found a total of 16,266 search results, and we accepted 63 manuscripts into the review. The quality of evidence was low. It was difficult to estimate the risk of mortality in pediatric patients with COVID-19 given the quality of the evidence, but overall it is likely below 1%. The most common symptoms in symptomatic pediatric COVID-19 patients were fever (58%) and cough (50%). There was a high proportion of asymptomatic infection (65%).

Discussion:
Pediatric COVID-19 infection is mild and frequently asymptomatic. There is a low risk of severe illness or death in children who contract COVID-19. High-quality studies should be conducted to develop best practices for prevention, diagnosis, and management of symptomatic illness.
Is the destruction or removal of atmospheric methane a worthwhile option?
Authors: Nisbet-Jones Peter B. R. , Fernandez Julianne M. , Fisher Rebecca E. , France James L. , Lowry David , Waltham David A. , Woolley Maisch Ceres A. , Nisbet Euan G. 
Published: December 2021

Removing methane from the air is possible, but do the costs outweigh the benefits? This note explores the question of whether removing methane from the atmosphere is justifiable. Destruction of methane by oxidation to CO
2
eliminates 97% of the warming impact on a 100-yr time scale. Methane can be oxidized by a variety of methods including thermal or ultraviolet photocatalysis and various processes of physical, chemical or biological oxidizers. Each removal method has energy costs (with the risk of causing embedded CO
2
emission that cancel the global warming gain), but in specific circumstances, including settings where air with high methane is habitually present, removal may be competitive with direct efforts to cut fugitive methane leaks. In all cases however, great care must be taken to ensure that the destruction has a net positive impact on the total global warming, and that the resources required would not be better used for stopping the methane from being emitted.

This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Rising methane: is warming feeding warming? (part 2)’.