bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SYST-05. PHASE 2 STUDY OF VAL-083 AND RADIOTHERAPY IN NEWLY DIAGNOSED MGMT-UNMETHYLATED GBM
Authors: Chen Zhong-ping , Guo Cheng-cheng , Yang Qun-ying , Li Jia-wei , Wu Shao-xiong , Bacha Jeffrey , Johnson Greg , Langlands John , Kwan Claire , Kanekal Sarath , Schwartz Richard , Brown Dennis 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
VAL-083 is a novel bi-functional DNA targeting agent that induces inter-strand DNA cross-links at N7-guanine, leading to DNA double-strand breaks and cell death. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated VAL-083 circumvents MGMT-mediated chemo-resistance and differentiates it from other therapies used in the treatment of GBM, including temozolomide (TMZ). VAL-083 also acts as a radiosensitizer against GBM cancer stem cells in vitro. A Phase 2 study was conducted to evaluate the safety and tolerability of VAL-083 when administered concurrently with radiation therapy (RT) in newly diagnosed MGMT unmethylated GBM. Stage 1 was a dose-escalation phase to confirm the dose of VAL-083 in this setting. Patients received VAL-083 at 20, 30, or 40 mg/m2/day x 3 days every 21 days in combination with standard radiation treatment (RT) (2 Gy/day, 5 days/week for 6 weeks). Stage 2 was an expansion phase to enroll up to 20 additional patients at the 30 mg/m2/day of VAL-083 with RT. A total of 29 patients were enrolled in the study and completed treatment, with 25 patients receiving 30 mg/m2/day VAL-083. The median number of cycles completed by all patients was 9 (range 2-13). Consistent with our prior experience, myelosuppression was the most common adverse event. Pharmacokinetics (Cmax and AUC) of VAL-083 were broadly linear with respect to dose, and drug half-life was 0.8 hrs. In a sub-group of patients, levels of VAL-083 in CSF were found to be at least as high as those in plasma. The median progression free survival (PFS) for all patients enrolled was 9.3 (95%CI: 6.4-12.0) months. Eighteen (18/29; 62.1%) patients have died, and median overall survival for all patients enrolled was 19.6 (95%CI: 14.0-22.4) months. These results support the potential benefit of VAL-083 as a treatment alternative against GBM tumors with MGMT-mediated resistance to TMZ. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03050736.
Sexual Activity in the Context of Romantic Relationships
Authors: Olmstead Spencer B. , Anders Kristin M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Romantic relationships and sexuality have been described as crucial developmental experiences during emerging adulthood. One key belief is that many emerging adults are delaying more traditional romantic relationships (e.g., marriage) in favor of more sexually based relationships or avoiding relationships altogether. With increased engagement in sex outside the context of committed relationships, recent research has focused more on the sexual relationships of emerging adults; however, many scholars have shown that there are a variety of diverse pathways that emerging adults take when developing romantic and sexual relationships, and these continue to be an important influence during this period. This chapter discusses current trends in both sexual and romantic relationships of emerging adults, including how these experiences are linked. It also discusses trends related to sex and commitment, stayover relationships and cohabitation, and infidelity during this period. It concludes with recommendations for future research and practice.
Who Participates?
Authors: Claxton Shannon 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Casual sexual relationships and experiences (CSREs) have been the focus of numerous research studies during the past two decades. These relationships and experiences are especially prevalent and important during emerging adulthood. This chapter evaluates these CSREs within which sexuality occurs during emerging adulthood. In addition to examining historical patterns in CSRE engagement, the chapter focuses on specific individual characteristics that are related to CSRE engagement and responses to CSREs, including age, sex/gender, sexual orientation, race, socioeconomic status, educational status, nationality, religion, and alcohol/drug use. This focus on individual characteristics provides a framework for understanding who engages in CSREs during emerging adulthood.
Brief Report
Authors: Massey Sean G , Mattson Richard E. , Chen Mei-Hsiu , Hardesty Melissa , Merriwether Ann , Young Sarah R. , Parker Maggie M 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This trend study analyzed 9 years (2011–2019) of cross-sectional survey responses to Klein’s Sexual Orientation Grid to explore changes in sexual orientation among emerging adult college students. Categorical regression models based on ordinal responses revealed that participants were moving away from exclusive heterosexuality on attraction, behavior, and identity subscales at a rate of approximately 6% per year. This trend augments for women after 2014, coinciding with increased advocacy efforts related to U.S. marriage equality, but attenuates for men. Participants’ race also related to variations in sexual orientation: Black participants were less likely than White participants to identify as exclusively heterosexual, whereas the pattern reversed for Asian participants relative to White participants. These findings suggest that changes in sexual orientation are occurring among emerging adults in the United States, potentially in response to changing social and political contexts, but these changes are more pronounced in women and Black emerging adults.
Method Tutorial
Authors: Yucel Ebru , Charles Danika , Angelone D. J , Joppa Meredith 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This tutorial discusses ethical considerations for researchers conducting sexuality research with emerging adults. During this imperative research, participants may be asked to provide information that could be considered highly personal or intimate. This has been considered to be a potential source of distress for participants and, some have argued, a potential source of harm. This discussion is explored throughout the tutorial. This tutorial also provides a thorough review of the literature, including references to ethical codes of conduct from the National Institutes of Health and the American Psychological Association. In addition, it reviews several methods of conducting sexuality research and provides recommendations for minimizing the risk of harm. Overall, it is crucial for researchers to identify a balance between the risk of harm and their own scientific objectives.
Method Tutorial
Authors: Glover Ciara Smalls , Salazar Laura 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A lack of ethnic and racial diversity in studies is often cited as a limitation of sexual behavior research and psychological research broadly. There is a need for more resources that outline how to effectively recruit diverse samples, including undervoiced, non-college-attending emerging adults. The purpose of this study was to examine effective sampling methods for a sample at the intersection of multiple demographic groups—Black and Latinx/Hispanic non-college-attending emerging adults. A total of 161 participants were recruited using web-based sampling and venue-based sampling. Participants completed an online survey that asked about ecological contexts related to sexual behavior and their life experiences. This tutorial presents a brief description of each sampling approach and key steps that supported the success of each approach. A comparison of sample characteristics across sampling methods revealed that web-based sampling is a cost-effective method for examining sexual attitudes and behaviors among an ethnically diverse sample of non-college-attending emerging adults.
Brief Report
Authors: Cassar Kacie , Garmon Lance C. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This study focuses on how social media platforms are being used by emerging adults during the development of romantic and/or sexual relationships, specifically as it relates to initiating private, individualized conversations within the application by “sliding into DMs” (direct message). A majority of the 316 college student participants reported both being familiar with the sliding into DMs (SDM) concept and having either initiated or responded to an SDM. Many also indicated that they were able to successfully achieve the type of relationship they intended when utilizing an SDM. Findings from this study are interpreted in relation to both social penetration theory and attachment theory. Overall, the results support the importance of examining social media interactions when studying the development of both romantic relationships and nonrelational sexual activity in emerging adulthood.
Effects of Adversity on Sexuality in Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Connolly Jennifer , Benvenuto Katherine , Wincentak Katherine 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Adverse experiences in childhood include negative events directed toward the child, including abuse, mistreatment, or neglect, as well as indirect events such as family conflict, parental distress, and community disadvantage. All these events can disrupt normative development and may lead to maladaptive sexual outcomes in emerging adulthood. This chapter explores the links between experiences of childhood adversity and maladaptive sexual outcomes in emerging adulthood, including engagement in high-risk sexual activities and negative sexual health outcomes. Underlying processes that have been theorized to account for these effects are discussed, especially the role of cumulative stress and emotion dysregulation. The implications of the research findings for promoting sexual health are considered, and future research directions are proposed.
Sexual Assault in Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Ross Ryan S , Blackwell Meredith A. , Vitek Kristen N , Yeater Elizabeth A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Emerging adulthood is a period of increased risk for sexual victimization, with women being at a particularly high risk of experiencing sexual assault. Victims of sexual assault are at an increased risk for several negative consequences, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use. Social norms and differences in dating expectations among emerging adults may create environments that promote sexual aggression. Alcohol use appears to be a risk factor for victimization among both men and women, as well as a risk factor for men perpetrating sexual violence. Although sexual assault is commonly associated with negative outcomes, research on post-traumatic growth has found that sometimes individuals experience growth following a traumatic event. Prevention programs have traditionally focused on reducing sexual aggressive behavior among men and changing social norms around assault; however, behavioral programs focusing on improving women’s skills to avoid and respond to sexually risky situations have yielded reductions in assault rates.
Introduction
Authors: Vermeulen Karla 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The “Introduction” chapter of Generation Disaster: Coming of Age Post-9/11 describes the book’s premise: Current emerging adults (ages 18 to 29) have faced an unprecedented level of cumulative stressors throughout their lives, including the post-9/11 wars, school shootings and other disasters, climate change, and the pandemic. These threats are compounded by societal factors like a struggling economy, political divisiveness, and the impact of social media. The chapter outlines the book’s methodology and presents the core questions that will be addressed about the developmental impact of growing up in such a complex world, including how the many stressors they face will shape the cohort as they move through emerging adult and beyond.
Meet Generation Disaster
Authors: Vermeulen Karla 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The “Meet Generation Disaster” chapter describes the basic principles of cohort effects and generational labels and explains how Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems model of interacting systems of developmental influence inform the book. To provide historical context, the chapter describes the society the oldest members of Generation Disaster were born into in 1989 and how subsequent societal forces—primarily but not exclusively the attacks of 9/11, the 2008 recession, and the growing influence of media—have rapidly changed U.S. culture throughout the cohort’s lives, forcing them to constantly adapt to an unstable and stressful environment throughout childhood and adolescence and as they’ve become emerging adults.
Family Expectations
Authors: Vermeulen Karla 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The chapter “Family Expectations” examines how members of Generation Disaster envision their pursuit of traditional goals like finding a partner, having children, and buying a home in an era when they have more choices than ever—but each choice comes at some cost. For many, the rocky economy, their perceptions about the general safety of the world, and fears about climate change make them question whether it’s appropriate to reproduce at all. As a result of external forces and the major societal shifts around these customary but no longer automatic markers of adulthood, some are taking alternative paths around traditional approaches to family formation—whether by choice or because they feel circumstances beyond their control, like their finances, have forced them to.
Introduction
Authors: Groll Daniel 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces what the author calls the central question: Should people who plan to conceive a child with donated sperm or eggs—aka donated gametes—use an anonymous donor or not? The chapter defines various key terms, including “known donor,” “open donor,” and “anonymous donor.” It canvasses, and then sets aside, two standard arguments for the view that people should use open donors, namely that knowing a donor’s identity is important for medical reasons and that people have a right to know who their genetic progenitors are. Instead, it introduces what the author calls the Significant Interest view which is developed and defended in the rest of the book.
The Significant Interest View
Authors: Groll Daniel 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents the Significant Interest view, which aims to show that people who intend to conceive a child with donated gametes have a weighty reason to use an open donor. According to the Significant Interest view, the fact that a donor-conceived person is likely to be very interested in acquiring genetic knowledge gives intended parents a weighty reason to use an open donor. This is because parents ought to promote their children’s well-being by helping satisfy their child’s worthwhile significant interests, and a donor-conceived person’s interest in genetic knowledge is one such interest. This chapter explains what it means for an interest to be significant and worthwhile, the role that parents can legitimately play in shaping a child’s significant interests, and what the connection is between a person’s well-being and the satisfaction of their significant interests.
Pornography as a US Public Health Problem
Authors: Rothman Emily F. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Pornography is being indicted as a public health crisis in the United States and elsewhere, but the professional public health community is not behind the recent push to address pornography as a public health threat. While pornography may not be contributing directly to mortality or acute morbidity for a substantial percentage of people, it may be influencing other public health problems, such as sexual violence, dating abuse, compulsive behavior, and sexually transmitted infections. However, the evidence to support pornography as a causal factor is mixed, and there are numerous other factors that have more strongly established associations with these outcomes of interest. Throughout history, repressive forces have inflated the charges against sexually explicit material in order to advance a morality-based agenda. Nevertheless, a public health approach and tried public health practices, such as harm reduction and coalition-building, will be instrumental to addressing the emergence of mainstream Internet pornography.
Defining Pornography
Authors: Rothman Emily F. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The concept of pornography is a relatively modern intervention. This chapter reviews the historical roots of the idea that certain sexually explicit materials should be put off limits. Anthony Comstock’s moral crusade against pornography and its implications for access to sexual and reproductive health information are highlighted. The chapter reviews landmark Supreme Court and other US legal cases that had ramifications for how we define obscenity and pornography and provides an overview of the feminist sex wars of the 1960s to 1990s. The chapter presents a social science definition of pornography and argues that the diversity of sexually explicit media complicates research on its impacts.
Pornography and Aggression
Authors: Rothman Emily F. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews the results of ecological time-series studies, experimental studies, case-control studies, and meta-analyses of the relationship between pornography viewing and aggression perpetration. Antisocial personality characteristics can increase the risk that a subset of pornography viewers will engage in sexually aggressive behavior subsequent to pornography exposure. Public health professionals may be invited to play a role in policy decision-making that balances the public’s right to sexually explicit material against the risk that some viewers may be activated by viewing violent-looking pornography.
Pornography and Intimate Partnerships
Authors: Rothman Emily F. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the question whether pornography harms the stability of pair-bonded intimate relationships. First, the chapter explores whether pair-bonded sexual and marital relationships are necessary and important for human health in the first place. Next, it reviews the evidence that pornography is eroding the stability of such relationships and the evidence that it may have positive effects in some relationships. The chapter concludes that if pornography does influence relationship health, the influence is likely weak and varies by gender, attachment style, relationship functionality, and other factors. Existing evidence does not support the conclusion that the existence of pornography in society, or the use of pornography by adult viewers, is jeopardizing population health by virtue of a negative influence on marriages, relationships, sexual satisfaction, or women’s self-esteem.
A Theory of Subnational Government Capital Market Information
Authors: Martell Christine R. , Moldogaziev Tima T. , Espinosa Salvador 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 develops the theoretical base for why and how information resolution is expected to relate to subnational government capital market borrowing by reviewing and extending the corporate finance literature. Based on theories of information, it argues that although countries must have a certain level of maturity along economic, financial and market, political, and legal institutions before successfully managing a well-functioning capital market, the crowning factor behind an efficient subnational government credit market, beyond the fundamental dimensions of institutional maturity, is credit contractibility in the system and tools of information certification and monitoring available to subnational governments. This chapter details how information problems manifest in credit contractibility, reviews how information relates to capital finance, and applies theories of capital markets to subnational government borrowing, debt size, and debt composition. It discusses how information resolution institutions and credit quality can enhance subnational government capital markets and proposes testable hypotheses.
Three Contexts of Information Resolution Reforms
Authors: Martell Christine R. , Moldogaziev Tima T. , Espinosa Salvador 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Without concerted efforts at both the national and city levels to resolve information problems, subnational capital markets are likely to fall short of their potential, and understanding the successes and impediments to information resolution are important components underlying policy design recommendations. This chapter examines three cities from different historical contexts and asks: What information resolution measures and processes did the national and city governments establish, and to what extent did they result in the use of capital market financing options? Where did those measures help? What institutional constraints inhibited and continue to inhibit success? The case study analysis at this level exemplifies how changes in either national and/or city institutional contexts affect city debt levels and debt composition.
Crustacean Life Cycles—Developmental Strategies and Environmental Adaptations
Authors: Olesen Jørgen 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCrustacea (or Pancrustacea) have explored virtually all possible milieus in different parts of their life cycle, including freshwater, marine, and terrestrial habitats, and even the air (pterygote insects). Many crustacean taxa display complex life cycles that involve prominent shifts in environment, lifestyle, or both. In this chapter, the overwhelming diversity of crustacean life cycles will be explored by focusing on changes in the life cycles, and on how different phases in a life cycle are adapted to their environment. Shifts in crustacean life cycles may be dramatic such as those seen in numerous decapods and barnacles where the development involves a change from a pelagic larval phase to an adult benthic phase. Also, taxa remaining in the same environment during development, such as holoplanktonic Copepoda, Euphausiacea, and Dendrobranchiata, undergo many profound changes in feeding and swimming strategies. Numerous taxa shift from an early larval naupliar (anterior limbs) feeding/swimming system using only cephalic appendages to a juvenile/adult system relying almost exclusively on more posterior appendages. The chapter focuses mainly on nondecapods and is structured around a number of developmental concepts such as anamorphosis, metamorphosis, and epimorphosis. It is argued that few crustacean taxa can be characterized as entirely anamorphic and none as entirely metamorphic. Many taxa show a combination of the two, even sometimes with two distinct metamorphoses (e.g., in barnacles), or being essentially anamorphic but with several distinct jumps in morphology during development (e.g., Euphausiacea and Dendrobranchiata). Within the Metazoa the Crustacea are practically unrivalled in diversity of lifestyles involving, in many taxa, significant changes in milieu (pelagic versus benthic, marine versus terrestrial) or in feeding mode. Probably such complex life cycles are among the key factors in the evolutionary success of Crustacea.
Body Size, Maturation Size, and Growth Rate of Crustaceans
Authors: Maszczyk Piotr , Brzeziński Tomasz 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCrustaceans present a remarkable variety of forms that differ greatly in body size and growth strategies (determinate or indeterminate). This diversity reflects the long evolutionary history of this group and the variety of environments a crustacean may inhabit. It is rooted in a wide array of internal (physiological, structural) growth constraints and different extrinsic ecological factors determining the extent to which the body size of an individual crustacean attains its upper limit. We briefly review the combined effects of these factors with a focus on the effects of food quality and quantity, predation, and temperature on life histories in the context of an individual, as well as at the population and community levels. We discuss the discrepancy between the possible and the attained body size in an attempt to resolve the extent to which the observed pattern (1) is genetically based, (2) reflects the adaptive plasticity of the phenotype, and (3) is driven by global environmental changes.