bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Historically Underrepresented Graduate Students' Experiences During theCOVID‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Walsh Bridget A. , Woodliff Tricia A. , Lucero Julie , Harvey Sheena , Burnham Melissa M. , Bowser Teysha L. , Aguirre Matthew , Zeh David W. 
Published: August 2021

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to understand the experiences of historically underrepresented graduate students, more than half of whom were enrolled in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines, during the COVID‐19 pandemic. This focus group study represents an initial stage in developing an intervention for historically underrepresented graduate students and their families.BackgroundUnderrepresentation of graduate students of color in STEM has been attributed to a myriad of factors, including a lack of support systems. Familial support is an endorsed reason for persisting in graduate school. It is unclear what historically underrepresented graduate students' experiences are during uncertain times, such as a pandemic.MethodFocus groups were conducted online using a videoconferencing platform during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Five focus groups included: historically underrepresented doctoral students (n = 5), historically underrepresented master's students (n = 6), academic faculty (n = 7), administrator, administrative faculty, and academic faculty (n = 6), and families of historically underrepresented doctoral students (n = 6). Data were analyzed using thematic analysis.ResultsHistorically underrepresented graduate students experienced difficulties in accessing resources, adjustments to home and family life, amplification of existing nonfinancial issues, and expressed both fears of and hopes for the future.ConclusionThe COVID‐19 pandemic exacerbated existing inequalities in access to resources as well as nonfinancial family support.ImplicationsThis study may help normalize historically underrepresented graduate students' experiences during the COVID‐19 pandemic. The findings include ideas for informing families about graduate school that can enlighten family support efforts for historically underrepresented graduate students and their families.
Reflections from the COVID‐19 pandemic on inequalities and patient and public involvement and engagement (PPIE) in social care, health and public health research
Authors: Clark Michael , van Vliet Esther , Collins Michelle 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPatient and public involvement and engagement (PPIE) has evolved to become widely established practice in social care, health and public health research in the UK. The COVID‐19 pandemic has caused rapid change in practice in PPIE, notably in moving from face‐to‐face meetings to virtual ones. This has opened a space for reflecting on established PPIE practice, but there is a risk this is conducted too narrowly, such as only weighing our preferences and the relative pros and cons with regard to in‐person versus virtual meetings. The pandemic has also demonstrated the wide inequalities in society, and hence, we argue that an inequalities lens ought to guide a deeper and wider reflection on PPIE practice. We do not seek to criticize practice pre‐ or during the pandemic, but to encourage using the inequalities lens as a means of encouraging debate and focusing energy on a more rigorous review of PPIE practice to widen involvement in social care, health and public health research.
Predictors of the difficulty for endoscopic resection of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumor and follow‐up data
Authors: Su Wei , Wang Min , Zhang Danfeng , Zhu Yan , Lv Minzhi , Zhu Liang , He Jie , Hu Hao , Zhou Pinghong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackground and AimGastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are among the most common submucosal tumors in the stomach that require therapeutic intervention. We aim to identify the predictors of technical difficulty during endoscopic resection of gastric GIST and to investigate follow‐up outcomes.MethodsPatients with gastric GISTs were reviewed from June 2009 to June 2020 at Zhongshan Hospital. Clinical and pathological features, endoscopic procedure information, and follow‐up data were collected and analyzed. A nomogram was developed and validated internally and externally.ResultsA total of 628 GISTs were finally analyzed. The difficulty was experienced in 66 cases. GISTs size (2–3 cm: OR 2.431 P = 0.018 and > 3 cm: OR 9.765 P < 0.001), invasion depth beyond submucosal (MP: OR 2.280, P = 0.038 and MP‐ex: OR 4.295, P = 0.002), and lack of experience (OR 2.075, P = 0.016) were independent risk factors of difficulty. The nomogram prediction model showed a bias‐corrected C‐index value of 0.778 and acquired an area under curve (AUC) of 0.756 on the external validation cohort. At the cut‐off of 0.15, the nomogram's negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy (ACC) were 94.9% and 79.8% in identifying non‐difficult GISTs. Follow‐up results showed that only five GIST patients had local recurrence after endoscopic resection.ConclusionsTumor size, invasion depth, and endoscopists' experience were risk factors for the difficulty of endoscopic GIST resection. Our nomogram provided a valuable tool for screening non‐difficult GIST resection.
Neurosteroid replacement therapy for catamenial epilepsy, postpartum depression and neuroendocrine disorders in women
Authors: Reddy Doodipala Samba 
Published: August 2021

AbstractNeurosteroids are involved in the pathophysiology of many neuroendocrine disorders in women. This review describes recent advancements in pharmacology of neurosteroids and emphasizes the benefits of neurosteroid replacement therapy for the management of neuroendocrine disorders such as catamenial epilepsy (CE), postpartum depression (PPD) and premenstrual brain conditions. Neurosteroids are endogenous modulators of neuronal excitability. A variety of neurosteroids are present in the brain including allopregnanolone (AP), allotetrahydro‐deoxycorticosterone and androstanediol. Neurosteroids interact with synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAA receptors in the brain. AP and related neurosteroids, which are positive allosteric modulators of GABAA receptors, are powerful anticonvulsants, anxiolytic, antistress and neuroprotectant agents. In CE, seizures are most often clustered around a specific menstrual period in women. Neurosteroid withdrawal‐linked plasticity in extrasynaptic receptors has been shown to play a key role in catamenial seizures, anxiety and other mood disorders. Based on our extensive research spanning two decades, we have proposed and championed neurosteroid replacement therapy as a rational strategy for treating disorders marked by neurosteroid‐deficiency, such as CE and other related ovarian or menstrual disorders. In 2019, AP (renamed as brexanolone) was approved for treating PPD. A variety of synthetic neurosteroids are in clinical trials for epilepsy, depression and other brain disorders. Recent advancements in our understanding of neurosteroids have entered a new era of drug discovery and one that offers a high therapeutic potential for treating complex brain disorders.
Natural language processing as a technique for conducting text‐based research
Authors: Allen Laura K. , Creer Sarah D. , Poulos Mary Cati 
Published: August 2021

AbstractResearch in discourse processing has provided us with a strong foundation for understanding the characteristics of text and discourse, as well as their influence on our processing and representation of texts. However, recent advances in computational techniques have allowed researchers to examine discourse processes in new ways. The purpose of the current paper is to build on prior work in this domain and describe how new methodologies that consider the multi‐dimensional nature of texts can serve as a complement to the existing literature. We focus on natural language processing (NLP) methodologies, in which computers calculate information about the linguistic and semantic properties of language data. We first provide a context for the origins of computational discourse analysis through the integration of research across computer science and psychology. We then provide an overview of different NLP methodologies and describe prior work that has leveraged these techniques to advance theoretical perspectives of discourse comprehension and production. Finally, we propose new areas of research that integrate these advances with traditional research methodologies in the field.
Robust asymptotic growth in stochastic portfolio theory under long‐only constraints
Authors: Itkin David , Larsson Martin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe consider the problem of maximizing the asymptotic growth rate of an investor under drift uncertainty in the setting of stochastic portfolio theory (SPT). As in the work of Kardaras and Robertson we take as inputs (i) aMarkovian volatility matrix and (ii) an invariant density for the market weights, but we additionally impose long‐only constraints on the investor. Our principal contribution is proving a uniqueness and existence result for the class of concave functionally generated portfolios and developing a finite dimensional approximation, which can be used to numerically find the optimum. In addition to the general results outlined above, we propose the use of a broad class of models for the volatility matrix , which can be calibrated to data and, under which, we obtain explicit formulas of the optimal unconstrained portfolio for any invariant density.
Sphingosine kinase activity and sphingosine‐1‐phosphate in the inflamed human periodontium
Authors: Hamdan Nader , Bhagirath Anjali Y. , Batista Eraldo L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesThis study evaluated changes in the levels of Sphingosine‐1‐Phosphate (S1P) and Sphingosine Kinase (SPHK) activity in response to non‐surgical periodontal treatment in humans.MethodsDiseased (n = 65) and healthy sites (n = 72) were screened in 18 patients with localized periodontitis stage II or III. Periodontal clinical parameters were recorded, and the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) collected at baseline, 30 and 90 days of non‐surgical treatment. Internal control sites without attachment loss/bleeding were sampled at baseline and after 90 days of treatment. SPHK activity and S1P levels and SPHK 1/2 isoforms were determined in the GCF at different time points using ELISA.ResultsNon‐surgical treatment caused significant improvement in all periodontal clinical parameters (p < 0.01). Activity of SPHK and S1P levels was decreased (p < 0.05) 30 days after treatment and continued up to 90 days (p < 0.01); control sites remained unchanged throughout the study and resembled treated sites at 3 months (p > 0.05). SPHK1 levels presented decrease after periodontal treatment (p < 0.001). SPHK2 levels were lower than SPHK1 (p < 0.001) and remained unchanged.ConclusionsS1P levels and SPHK activity decreased within 3 months of non‐surgical periodontal treatment, which were correlated with improvements in periodontal parameters. Only SPHK1 levels varied significantly in the states of health and disease.
Mechanisms underlying the adaptive pulp and jaw bone trabecular changes in sickle cell anemia
Authors: Costa Susilena Arouche , Ribeiro Cecília Cláudia Costa , Thomaz Erika Bárbara Abreu Fonseca , Costa Cyrene Piazera Silva , Souza Soraia de Fátima Carvalho 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveMechanisms underlying the oral outcomes in sickle cell anemia (HbSS) have been less explored. This study aimed to investigate the association of morbimortality indicators and hydroxyurea use with adaptive pulp and jaw bone trabecular changes in HbSS.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study included 123 individuals with HbSS. The exposures were the morbimortality indicators of HbSS (number of vaso‐occlusive crises, organ damage, hemoglobin level, and leukocyte count) and the use of hydroxyurea for HbSS treatment. The outcomes were adaptive pulp and jaw bone trabecular changes confirmed by radiographic examination. Associations were estimated by Poisson regression in crude and adjusted analyses for sex, skin color, socioeconomic class, and age.ResultsThe vaso‐occlusive crises (mean ratio (MR) = 3.5, p = 0.045), lower hemoglobin (MR = 2.4, p = 0.037), and higher leukocyte count (MR = 2.17, p = 0.036) were risk factors, while the use of hydroxyurea was inversely associated with adaptive pulp changes (MR = 0.23, p = 0.024). The vaso‐occlusive crises were associated with jaw bone trabecular changes (MR = 1.33, p = 0.02).ConclusionAdaptive pulp changes may be a potential clinical marker of chronic vasculopathy in HbSS. The use of hydroxyurea may reduce the frequency of adaptive pulp changes.
Dimensional compatibility of rigid ventilating bronchoscopes with pediatric airway anatomy using different recommendations for age‐related sizing—A bench study
Authors: Kemper Melanie , Kemper Michael , Nicolai Thomas , Dave Mital H. , Henze Georg , Weiss Markus 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundAppropriate size selection of pediatric rigid bronchoscopes is fundamental to avoidance of airway trauma and to a high success rate with the first intubation attempt. The aim of the present study was to compare the outer diameters of pediatric rigid bronchoscopes with the anatomical data on the pediatric airway.MethodsOuter diameters (OD) of pediatric rigid ventilating bronchoscopes as given by the manufacturer were compared with published computed tomography internal diameters (ID) of the cricoid outlet, the trachea as well as the left and right proximal mainstem bronchus, using six published recommendations for age‐related size selection. The ratios between a specific OD and ID were calculated and given as percentage values (%) for lower and upper age ranges.ResultsNominal sized 2.5, 3, 3.5, 3.7, 4, 4.5, 5, and 6 rigid bronchoscopes were included. In five recommendations, the rigid bronchoscopes’ OD was larger than the internal cricoid diameter in the upper age range, whereas in one recommendation the ratio (OD rigid bronchoscope to ID of cricoid) ranged between 77% and 90% for the upper age and between 95% and 109% for the lower age range. In only one of the six recommendations was the rigid bronchoscope OD larger than the tracheal ID. Ratios for the left and right proximal mainstem bronchus ranged from 70% to 146% for the upper and from 78% to 156% for the lower age range, with the highest ratios for the left proximal mainstem bronchus.ConclusionBased on this in vitro study, most of the recommendations analyzed result in a balanced fit of rigid bronchoscopes within the cricoid. Since the left mainstem bronchus is considerably smaller than the cricoid, any insertion on this level will require careful endoscopic guidance to avoid damage to the left mainstem bronchus.
The transmission of partner mental health to individual life satisfaction: Estimates from a longitudinal household survey
Authors: McNamee Paul , Mendolia Silvia , Yerokhin Oleg 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis paper investigates the relationship between partner's mental health and individual life satisfaction, using panel data and calculating the monetary valuation of mental illness. Accounting for measurement error and endogeneity of income, partners' mental health has a significant association with individual well‐being. The additional income needed to compensate someone living with a partner with a mental condition is substantial (ranges between USD 33,000 and USD 50,000). Further, individuals do not show adaptation to partners' mental illness. The results have implications for policy‐makers wishing to value the effects of policies that aim to impact on mental health and levels of well‐being.
Populism, financial crises and banking policies: Economics and psychology
Authors: Favaretto Federico , Masciandaro Donato 
Published: August 2021

AbstractFinancial crises often seem to be associated with populism, although the populist banking policies introduced to address such crises are far from homogenous. This apparent paradox—a sort of “sight‐unseen consensus”—suggests that specific economic drivers coupled with general psychological components can explain populist consensus. We propose a model of populist consensus, which we term “democratic rioting,” in which individuals' decisions to support or resist a specific populist bailout policy after a financial crisis are heavily influenced by psychological group dynamics. Those dynamics, in turn, are driven by general, non‐banking‐related motivations, such as anti‐elite sentiments. In a multiple equilibria setting, the more individuals are unhappy for general economic and/or psychological reasons, the more likely they are to support myopic and redistributive populist banking policies rather than long‐sighted public interventions.
High school geometry textbooks’ proving opportunities of Common Core theorems
Authors: Nirode Wayne , Boyd Brian 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe Common Core State Standards for Mathematics (CCSSM) explicitly states many specific theorems for students to prove across multiple domains (i.e., congruence, similarity, circles, and coordinates) in high school geometry. This study examined five high school geometry textbooks for how they approached proof of 17 theorems stated in the congruence domain focused on lines and angles, triangles, and parallelograms. Results showed that although textbooks provided 75 student opportunities to prove these theorems, no textbook provided student opportunities to prove all 17. Textbooks rarely had students write proofs from general conditional statements, and instead typically provided consistent hard scaffolding including the given, what to prove, and a diagram for all proof opportunities. Some of the textbooks used novel scaffolding such as partially completed proofs, flowchart proofs, second proofs, and hints in the back of the book. Textbooks need to continue shifting more responsibility to students proving the CCSSM theorems by incorporating more diverse scaffolding along with a process for removing the scaffolding as student learning progresses.
The internationalisation of Chinese firms: Impact of FDI experience on export performance
Authors: Ding Haoyuan , Koedijk Kees G. , Li Chang , Qi Tong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis study investigates the relationship between firms’ export performance and prior investment experience in the corresponding country by using a novel dataset of Chinese firms. We find that a firm's export performance, in terms of value, quantity, unit price level and product varieties, is considerably better in destination countries where the firm has previously invested. The patterns are more pronounced when exporters are non‐state‐controlled or small‐sized firms. Our analysis also shows that such country‐specific outward foreign direct investment experience can facilitate firm exports by bridging country‐pair physical and cultural distances and overcoming contractual barriers in destination countries. The data further imply that the positive effect partly stems from the purpose of local production.
Plant-Input-Mapping Discretization Method for a Feedback System in the State-Space Form
Authors: Yagi Keisuke , Muto Hiroaki , Mori Yoshikazu 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe paper proposes the digital redesign technique called plant-input-mapping (PIM) method for a feedback system described in the state-space form. The PIM method, which was originally presented in the transfer function form, focuses on the plant input signal via the plant input transfer function (PITF) and discretizes it so as to satisfy the control zero principle in the resulting discrete-time closed-loop system, which leads to guaranteeing the closed-loop stability for any nonpathological sampling interval. In accordance with this approach, the proposed PIM method focuses on the control zeros included in the plant input signal. The paper proves that the matched-pole-zero discrete-time model of the plant input state-equation (PISE) satisfies the control zero principle with the step-invariant model of the plant. Then, when the matched-pole-zero model is set as the target of model matching, the parameters of the state-space PIM controller employing the observer-based dynamic state-feedback can systematically be determined from the underlying continuous-time closed-loop system with guaranteed stability. This discretization process can immediately be applied to a state-feedback system and a class of multi-input multi-output systems without any modification, which cannot be discretized by the conventional PIM methods. The discretization performance of the proposed PIM method is evaluated through illustrative examples with comparable digital redesign methods, which reveal that the proposed method performs a good reproduction of the characteristics of the underlying closed-loop system.
Isentropic Compressor Efficiency Calculation Method for Small Gasoline Engine Turbocharger Using Supplier Performance Maps
Authors: Salameh Georges , Goumy Guillaume , Chesse Pascal 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
A turbocharger efficiency performance map given by the supplier is calculated using adiabatic flow equations and nonadiabatic experimental data. The experimental data used for this calculation are measured in hot gas stand conditions which are not adiabatic and the efficiency calculation needs correction. This article presents a method to correct the isentropic efficiency of a compressor using the supplier maps and a heat transfer model applied on the compressor. Water is circulating in the central housing to cool the turbocharger and this water flow could be considered as insulation for heat transfer between the compressor and the turbine. The thermal effect of the turbine on the compressor is then neglected and the compressor heat flux is calculated and used to correct the isentropic efficiency calculation. The heat transfer is considered between the compressor and the surrounding environment and between the compressor and the central housing. Experimental adiabatic measurements are used to validate the model. Experimental tests are carried with different oil and water temperature combinations to test the accuracy of the heat transfer model with these different combinations.
A Phase 1 Study of the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Single and Multiple Oral Doses of V-7404 in Healthy Adult Volunteers
Authors: Kankam Martin K. , Burns Jennifer M. , Collett Marc S. , Corrado Michael L. , Hincks Jeffrey R. 
Published: August 2021

V-7404, a direct-acting enterovirus (EV) 3C protease inhibitor, is being developed as a treatment option for serious EV infections, including infections in immunodeficient people excreting vaccine-derived polioviruses. V-7404 may be combined with pocapavir (V-073), a capsid inhibitor, to treat these infections. A phase 1 single ascending dose (SAD;
n
= 36) and multiple ascending dose (MAD;
n
= 40) study was conducted to assess the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of V-7404 in healthy adult volunteers following oral doses starting at 200 mg and escalating to 2,000 mg once daily (QD) and 2,000 mg twice daily (BID).