bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chronic Kidney Disease Risk of Isolated Systolic or Diastolic Hypertension in Young Adults: A Nationwide Sample Based‐Cohort Study
Authors: Bae Eun Hui , Lim Sang Yeob , Jung Jin‐Hyung , Oh Tae Ryom , Choi Hong Sang , Kim Chang Seong , Ma Seong Kwon , Han Kyung‐Do , Kim Soo Wan 
Published: March 2021

Background
Hypertension among young adults is common. However, the effect of isolated systolic hypertension (ISH), isolated diastolic hypertension (IDH), or systolic and diastolic hypertension (SDH) among young adults on chronic kidney disease (CKD) development is unknown.

Methods and Results
From a nationwide health screening database, we included 3 030 884 participants aged 20 to 39 years who were not taking antihypertensives at baseline examination in 2009 to 2010. Participants were categorized as having normal blood pressure (BP), elevated BP, stage 1 IDH, stage 1 ISH, stage 1 SDH, stage 2 IDH, stage 2 ISH, and stage 2 SDH. The primary outcome was incident CKD. A total of 5853 (0.19%) CKD events occurred. With normal BP as the reference, multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) (95% CIs) for CKD were 1.14 (95% CI, 1.04–1.26), elevated BP; 1.19 (95% CI, 1.10–1.28), stage 1 IDH; 1.24 (95% CI, 1.08–1.42), stage 1 ISH; 1.39 (95% CI, 1.28–1.51), stage 1 SDH; 1.88 (95% CI, 1.63–2.16), stage 2 IDH; 1.84 (95% CI, 1.54–2.19), stage 2 ISH; 2.70 (95% CI, 2.44–2.98), stage 2 SDH. The HRs for CKD were attenuated in the patients who were antihypertensive and began medication within 1 year of medical checkup than in those without antihypertensives.

Conclusions
Among Korean young adults, those with elevated BP, stage 1 IDH, stage 1 ISH, stage 1 SDH, stage 2 IDH, stage 2 ISH, and stage 2 SDH were associated with a higher CKD risk than those with normal BP. The CKD risk in ISH and IDH groups was similar but lower than that in the SDH group. Antihypertensives attenuated the risk of CKD in young adults with hypertension.
Prestroke Physical Activity and Adverse Health Outcomes After Stroke in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study
Authors: Mediano Mauro F. F. , Mok Yejin , Coresh Josef , Kucharska-Newton Anna , Palta Priya , Lakshminarayan Kamakshi , Rosamond Wayne D. , Matsushita Kunihiro , Koton Silvia 
Published: March 2021

Background and Purpose:
The association of physical activity (PA) before stroke (prestroke PA) with long-term prognosis after stroke is still unclear. We examined the association of prestroke PA with adverse health outcomes in the ARIC study (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities).

Methods:
We included 881 participants with incident stroke occurring between 1993 and 1995 (visit 3) and December 31, 2016. Follow-up continued until December 31, 2017 to allow for at least 1-year after incident stroke. Prestroke PA was assessed using a modified version of the Baecke questionnaire in 1987 to 1989 (visit 1) and 1993 to 1995 (visit 3), evaluating PA domains (work, leisure, and sports) and total PA. We used Cox proportional hazards models to quantify the association between tertiles of accumulated prestroke PA levels over the 6-year period between visits 1 and 3 and mortality, risk of cardiovascular disease, and recurrent stroke after incident stroke.

Results:
During a median follow-up of 3.1 years after incident stroke, 676 (77%) participants had adverse outcomes. Highest prestroke total PA was associated with decreased risks of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.63–0.97]) compared with lowest tertile. In the analysis by domain-specific PA, highest levels of work PA were associated with lower risk for all-cause (hazard ratio, 0.77 [95% CI, 0.62–0.96]) and cardiovascular mortality (hazard ratio, 0.45 [95% CI, 0.29–0.70]), and highest levels of leisure PA were associated with lower all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 0.72 [95% CI, 0.58–0.89]) compared with lowest tertile of PA. No significant associations for sports PA were observed.

Conclusions:
Higher levels of total prestroke PA as well as work and leisure PA were associated with lower risk of mortality after incident stroke. Public health strategies to increase lifetime PA should be encouraged to decrease long-term mortality after stroke.
The Confined Atom: James Clerk Maxwell on the Fundamental Particles and the Limits of Scientific Knowledge
Authors: Charalampous Charis 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis paper distinguishes in Maxwell’s thought between “atomic molecules” and “ultimate atoms,” and arrives at a set of properties that characterize each type of atom. It concludes that Maxwell is a mathematical atomist, an approach that entails the notion that although it is impossible to observe the ultimate atoms as free particles, we can nevertheless study them as mathematical observables, on the caveat that mathematical formalism remains tied to phenomenalism and to theoretical interpretations of such phenomena as, for example, mass and force variations, gravitational pull, gas diffusion and viscosity, and heat conduction.
Two species of slow worm (Anguis fragilis, A. colchica) present in the Baltic region
Authors: Gvoždík Václav , Harca Zdeněk , Hánová Alexandra , Jablonski Daniel , Pupins Mihails , Čeirāns Andris , Paasikunnas Timo 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Five European slow worms (Anguis) have mostly parapatric distributions. Two species, A. fragilis and A. colchica, are widely distributed across the western and eastern parts of the genus range. Their contact zone runs from the north-eastern Balkans, through Pannonia to northern Central Europe. In northern Poland, the contact zone has been located approximately between the North and East European Plains. Here, we present the first mitochondrial and nuclear DNA data from Finland and the coastal Baltics. We demonstrate that A. fragilis enters the East European Plains, where it is presumably distributed along the Baltic coast. Our data indicate that A. colchica is present more inland and to the north of Riga. The genetic structure suggests three independent postglacial colonization events in the Baltics (two by A. colchica). The presence of the two species, A. fragilis and A. colchica, should be considered by the conservation legislations of Lithuania, Latvia and Russia.
Conceptualizing and Measuring Political Inequality in a Cross-National Perspective
Authors: Choi Gwangeun 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
It is widely believed that economic inequality significantly affects political inequality, and vice versa. However, there has been a lack of empirical evidence about this relationship, particularly, in cross-national comparative research. This is largely because cross-national measures of political inequality are underdeveloped. To fill this gap, this study introduces a new way of conceptualizing and measuring political inequality and constructs the Political Inequality Index (PII), which is mainly based on objective indicators. Additionally, the Political Power Inequality Index (PPII) based on subjective indicators is presented as an alternative measure. This research then explores the features of these measures and investigates the impact of economic inequality on political inequality with the measures. The dynamic panel data analysis controlling for endogeneity provides little evidence that income inequality has a significant effect on political inequality, however.
Muḥammad al-Ṣūfī, the Prophet Muḥammad, and Ibn al-Fāriḍ
Authors: Homerin† Emil 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Muḥammad Ibn al-Shihābī al-Ṣūfī composed mystical poems in praise of the prophet Muḥammad, basing much of his verse on the poems of Ibn al-Fāriḍ. While he was not the first to imitate Ibn al-Fāriḍ, Ibn al-Shihābī may have been the first Arabic poet to use consistently a Persian style signature verse (takhalluṣ). This article offers a critical Arabic edition, English translation, and analysis of several of his poems, with a particular focus on his signature verses, which add insights into Ibn al-Shihābī’s life, religious beliefs, and vocation as a Sufi eulogist of the Prophet.
Rūmī’s Mathnawī, Book Two
Authors: Moqaddam Sassan Zand , Nourian Mehdi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Early in Mathnawī Book Two appears a heavily-debated hemistich: “An interval was needed in order that the blood might turn to milk.” Here Rūmī uses three distinct means to introduce the notion of “Transfiguration of the Senses”: a religious conceit; an allegory – in fact, a common Persian-language proverb; and a brief explanation of Ḥusām al-Dīn’s spiritual ascension. Lacking familiarity with Rūmī’s symbolic language and the transfigurational concept he wishes to introduce, commentators have been unable to reconcile the proverb with the account of Ḥusām al-Dīn’s ascension. To further complicate the issue, Aflākī attributes the delay to the grief of the recently widowed Ḥusām al-Dīn. Here, using textual, contextual and intertextual analysis, we decode Rūmī’s symbolic language and explain “The Transfiguration of the Senses,” as well as Ḥusām al-Dīn’s role as its catalyst. Our findings also lead to a revised chronology of Ḥusām al-Dīn’s spiritual journey and his relationship with Rūmī.
Re-envisioning Caribbean Costa Rica
Authors: Narváez Benjamín N. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
While West Indians constituted a much larger immigrant group in the port of Limón, Costa Rica and its environs, Chinese also migrated there during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In hopes of maintaining their culture and in response to the prejudice they faced, both groups formed their own tightknit transnational subcommunities. Nevertheless, they also interacted with each other. These interactions ranged from tension and conflict on the one hand, to routine, peaceful interaction and even collaboration on the other. In particular, class differences and the marginalization these groups experienced combined to produce this complex relationship. Tension and conflict often emerged due to both sides hoping to move up the social ladder and because of the economic power that many Chinese held as shopkeepers and lenders. Nevertheless, as groups experiencing social marginalization and living in proximity to each other, they could develop neutral or positive social and economic relationships.
Ecological Civilizationalism: Greater Educational Cooperation and Sustainable Development under the bri
Authors: Peters Michael A. , Green Benjamin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Ecological Civilization (EC) represents a constituted effort on the part of China to utilize its developing regional linkages to promote a form of globalization that places the bioeconomy as a foundational core of sustainable global development. This article first outlines how China, through a unique form of state-centric globalization-through-regionalism, has continued to develop cooperative networks based on global trade, infrastructure, and educational exchanges. Second, signaling a fundamental shift within the higher education (HE) landscape, we outline that the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and its ever-increasing number of open and inclusive university partnerships, represents a rich avenue for people-to-people exchange within a third-space for scientific collaboration. Third, within both a shifting HE landscape (and the scholarly push to engage with a new postdigital scientific/philosophical paradigm) China’s pursuit of EC constitutes a form of biodigitalism which conceptualizes the bioeconomy as a pursuit of technological advancement that preserves and strengthens humanity’s intimate relationship with the natural world. Finally, we argue that building a BRI-ESD community undergirded by the biodigital ecopedagogy of EC will provide both the curriculum and educational space to more fully enact UNESCO’s ESD 2030 framework.
Shaping “The Belt and Road Initiative” International Higher Education
Authors: Li Jian 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This study aims to exploring the “The Belt and Road” international higher education. This research uses a qualitative method to explore the learning perceptions of 22 international students from South-Asian countries studying in Chinese learning programs at three Chinese higher education institutions. The findings argue that the international students from South-Asian countries’ various attitudes towards the learning and teaching approaches as well as their communications with international classmates, Chinese students and teachers all shaped their learning perceptions of learning Chinese. Moreover, the findings reveal those international students’ cognitive (e.g., thoughts, beliefs, and ideas), affective (e.g., feelings and emotions) and conative (e.g., tendency or disposition) learning perceptions as parts of their psychological mechanisms interacted with institutional or cross-cultural contexts. This study also highlights the importance of making sense of these complexities to understand international students’ learning perceptions. The implications of stimulating their learning perceptions are also discussed.
Understanding Education on China’s Belt and Road Initiative: A Cultural Political Economy Approach
Authors: Xu Bowen 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Chinese Belt and Road Initiative (bri) is a state-driven development campaign that promote economic integration and infrastructure building across Eurasia and beyond, aiming to reconnect countries and revive the prosperity of the historical Silk Road region. Since its inception in 2013, there has been a growing literature surrounding the initiative, yet the studies of education within the bri context remain relatively under-researched. This paper aims to explore such connection by undertaking the task through a combination of policy review, semi-structured interviews, and empirical fieldwork data. It adopts a Cultural Political Economy theoretical framework to analyzes how education policy and practice has been positioned, constructed, and coordinated in relation to the wider cultural political economy in assisting the bri planning and development. Against the background of China’s resurgence as a global power and its ambition in reinvigorating the Silk Road, I argue that the strategic positioning of education into the bri represents a constructive force in imagining, empowering, and materializing the New Silk Road Project. This reveals education and its multifaced properties in promoting cultural outreach, fulfilling political obligation, and accelerating economic growth in line with the overall bri building.
The Macro-Level Education Policy in “The Belt and Road” Strategy: A Policy Text Analysis
Authors: Xue Eryong , Tian Shixu , Li Jian 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This study concentrates on examining the macro-level education policy in “The Belt and Road” strategy. In particular, the policy text analysis of the macro-level education policy in “The Belt and Road” Strategy, the policy implementation analysis of the macro-level education policy in “The Belt and Road” Strategy, and the policy challenges analysis of the macro-level education policy in “The Belt and Road” Strategy have been offered in this study. In addition, the conclusion, suggestions and remarks have been provided in the last section.
China’s Approaches Fighting against Covid-19: Online Learning for Students
Authors: Qin Yiming 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In early 2020, almost all schools were closed in China due to the Covid-19 pandemic. This article offers a snapshot of China’s improvisational approaches of online learning adopted shortly after the outbreak of Covid-19 in the early 2020 with a system-wide policy of “No Lesson Suspended”. It captures three major approaches of online learning in the context of such a policy. It is also concluded that online learning has resulted in varied outcomes for students, teachers and parents, which play profound and multidimensional roles in educational equality and quality. Additionally, several hidden challenges are identified for critical reflections on the improvement of online education in the future.
IMDAA: High Resolution Satellite-era Reanalysis for the Indian Monsoon Region
Authors: Rani S. Indira , T Arulalan , George John P. , Rajagopal E. N. , Renshaw Richard , Maycock Adam , Barker Dale M. , Rajeevan M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA high resolution regional reanalysis of the Indian Monsoon Data Assimilation and Analysis (IMDAA) project is made available to researchers for deeper understanding of the Indian monsoon and its variability. This 12 km resolution reanalysis covering the satellite-era from 1979 to 2018 using 4D-Var data assimilation method and the UK Met Unified Model is presently the highest resolution atmospheric reanalysis carried out for the Indian monsoon region. Conventional and satellite observations from different sources are used, including Indian surface and upper air observations, of which some were not used in any previous reanalyses. Various aspects of this reanalysis, like quality control and bias correction of observations, data assimilation system, land surface analysis, and verification of reanalysis products, are presented in this paper. Representation of important weather phenomena of each season over India in the IMDAA reanalysis verifies reasonably well against India Meteorological Department (IMD) observations and compares closely with ERA5. Salient features of the Indian summer monsoon are found to be well represented in the IMDAA reanalysis. Characteristics of major semi-permanent summer monsoon features (e.g., Low-level Jet and Tropical Easterly Jet) in IMDAA reanalysis are consistent with ERA5. The IMDAA reanalysis has captured the mean, inter-annual, and intra-seasonal variability of summer monsoon rainfall fairly well. IMDAA produces a slightly cooler winter and a hotter summer than the observations; the reverse for ERA5. IMDAA captured the fine-scale features associated with a notable heavy rainfall episode over complex terrain. In this study, the fine grid spacing nature of IMDAA is compromised due to the lack of comparable resolution observations for verification.
Comments on “Global and Regional Entropy Production by Radiation Estimated from Satellite Observations”
Authors: Gibbins Goodwin , Haigh Joanna D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA recent paper by Kato and Rose reports a negative correlation between the annual mean entropy production rate of the climate and the absorption of solar radiation in the CERES SYN1deg dataset, using the simplifying assumption that the system is steady in time. It is shown here, however, that when the nonsteady interannual storage of entropy is accounted for, the dataset instead implies a positive correlation; that is, global entropy production rates increase with solar absorption. Furthermore, this increase is consistent with the response demonstrated by an energy balance model and a radiative–convective model. To motivate this updated analysis, a detailed discussion of the conceptual relationship between entropy production, entropy storage, and entropy flows is provided. The storage-corrected estimate for the mean global rate of entropy production in the CERES dataset from all irreversible transfer processes is 81.9 mW m−2 K−1 and from only nonradiative processes is 55.2 mW m−2 K−1 (observations from March 2000 to February 2018).
Regional flow conditions associated with stratocumulus cloud-eroding boundaries over the southeast Atlantic
Authors: Tomkins Laura M. , Mechem David B. , Yuter Sandra E. , Rhodes Spencer R. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractLarge, abrupt clearing events have been documented in the marine stratocumulus cloud deck over the subtropical Southeast Atlantic Ocean. In these events, clouds are rapidly eroded along a line hundreds–to–thousands of kilometers in length that generally moves westward away from the coast. Because marine stratocumulus clouds exert a strong cooling effect on the planet, any phenomenon that acts to erode large areas of low clouds may be climatically important. Previous satellite-based research suggests that the cloud-eroding boundaries may be caused by westward-propagating atmospheric gravity waves rather than simple advection of the cloud. The behavior of the coastal offshore flow, which is proposed as a fundamental physical mechanism associated with the clearing events, is explored using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. Results are presented from several week-long simulations in the month of May when cloud-eroding boundaries exhibit maximum frequency. Two simulations cover periods containing multiple cloud-eroding boundaries (active periods), and two other simulations cover periods without any cloud-eroding boundaries (null periods). Passive tracers and an analysis of mass flux are used to assess the character of the diurnal west-African coastal circulation. Results indicate that the active periods containing cloud-eroding boundaries regularly experience stronger and deeper nocturnal offshore flow from the continent above the marine boundary layer, compared to the null periods. Additionally, we find that the boundary layer height is higher in the null periods than in the active periods, suggesting that the active periods are associated with areas of thinner clouds that may be more susceptible to cloud erosion.
Comparison of shock index-based risk indices for predicting in-hospital outcomes in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Wang Guoyu , Wang Ruzhu , Liu Ling , Wang Jing , Zhou Lei 
Published: March 2021

Objective We aimed to determine whether the prognostic value of the shock index (SI) and its derivatives is better than that of the Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction risk index (TRI) for predicting adverse outcomes in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods A total of 257 patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI from January 2018 to June 2019 were analyzed in a retrospective cohort study. The SI, modified shock index (MSI), age SI (age × the SI), age MSI (age × the MSI), and TRI at admission were calculated. Clinical endpoints were in-hospital complications, including all-cause mortality, acute heart failure, cardiac shock, mechanical complications, re-infarction, and life-threatening arrhythmia. Results Multivariate analyses showed that a high SI, MSI, age SI, age MSI, and TRI at admission were associated with a significantly higher rate of in-hospital complications. The predictive value of the age SI and age MSI was comparable with that of the TRI (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: z = 1.313 and z = 0.882, respectively) for predicting in-hospital complications. Conclusions The age SI and age MSI appear to be similar to the TRI for predicting in-hospital complications in patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI.
Ozonated water lavage and physiological saline irrigation combined with vacuum-sealed drainage in the treatment of 18 cases of chronic osteomyelitis
Authors: Yasheng Tayierjiang , Mijiti Aini , Yushan Maimaiaili , Liu Zhenhui , Liu Yanshi , Yusufu Aihemaitijiang 
Published: March 2021

Objective Ozone is a colorless gas used as a disinfectant and to treat diseases by limiting the effects of bacteria, viruses, fungi, yeast, and protozoa. In this study, we investigated the clinical efficacy of ozonated water lavage and physiological saline irrigation combined with vacuum-sealed drainage (VSD) in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis. Methods Eighteen patients (14 men and 4 women) with chronic osteomyelitis in the limbs (tibia: 13 cases; femur: 4 cases; humerus: 1 case) admitted to our hospital between April 2012 and October 2018 were selected. The patients were aged 9 to 52 years, with a mean age of 31 years. All patients underwent ozonated water lavage and physiological saline irrigation combined with VSD negative pressure closed drainage during hospitalization. The patients were followed up for 18 to 84 months, with a mean of 31 months. Results Osteomyelitis recurred in only one case of nonunion. The length of hospitalization was 18 to 29 days, with a mean of 21 days. Conclusions A combination of ozonated water lavage, physiological saline irrigation, and VSD provided good clinical effects in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis, and thus, is recommended for such treatment.