bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amino acid divergence in the ligand‐binding pocket of Vibrio LuxR/HapR proteins determines the efficacy of thiophenesulfonamide inhibitors
Authors: Newman Jane D. , Chopra Jay , Shah Priyanka , Shi Eda , McFadden Molly E. , Horness Rachel E. , Brown Laura C. , van Kessel Julia C. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe quorum‐sensing signaling systems in Vibrio bacteria converge to control levels of the master transcription factors LuxR/HapR, a family of highly conserved proteins that regulate gene expression for bacterial behaviors. A compound library screen identified 2‐thiophenesulfonamide compounds that specifically inhibit Vibrio campbellii LuxR but do not affect cell growth. We synthesized a panel of 50 thiophenesulfonamide compounds to examine the structure–activity relationship effects on Vibrio quorum sensing. The most potent molecule identified, PTSP (3‐phenyl‐1‐(thiophen‐2‐ylsulfonyl)‐1H‐pyrazole), inhibits quorum sensing in multiple strains of V. vulnificus, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. campbellii at nanomolar concentrations. However, thiophenesulfonamide inhibition efficacy varies significantly among Vibrio species: PTSP is most inhibitory against V. vulnificus SmcR, but V. cholerae HapR is completely resistant to all thiophenesulfonamides tested. Reverse genetics experiments show that PTSP efficacy is dictated by amino acid sequence in the putative ligand‐binding pocket: F75Y and C170F SmcR substitutions are each sufficient to eliminate PTSP inhibition. Further, in silico modeling distinguished the most potent thiophenesulfonamides from less‐effective derivatives. Our results revealed the previously unknown differences in LuxR/HapR proteins that control quorum sensing in Vibrio species and underscore the potential for developing thiophenesulfonamides as specific quorum sensing‐directed treatments for Vibrio infections.
A new avirulence gene of Leptosphaeria maculans, AvrLm14, identifies a resistance source in American broccoli (Brassica oleracea) genotypes
Authors: Degrave Alexandre , Wagner Marine , George Pierre , Coudard Laurent , Pinochet Xavier , Ermel Magali , Gay Elise J. , Fudal Isabelle , Moreno‐Rico Onesimo , Rouxel Thierry , Balesdent Marie‐Hélène 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn many cultivated crops, sources of resistance to diseases are sparse and rely on introgression from wild relatives. Agricultural crops often are allopolyploids resulting from interspecific crosses between related species, which are sources of diversity for resistance genes. This is the case for Brassica napus (oilseed rape, canola), an interspecific hybrid between Brassica rapa (turnip) and Brassica oleracea (cabbage). B. napus has a narrow genetic basis and few effective resistance genes against stem canker (blackleg) disease, caused by the fungus Leptosphaeria maculans, are currently available. B. rapa diversity has proven to be a valuable source of resistance (Rlm, LepR) genes, while B. oleracea genotypes were mostly considered susceptible. Here we identified a new resistance source in B. oleracea genotypes from America, potentially effective against French L. maculans isolates under both controlled and field conditions. Genetic analysis of fungal avirulence and subsequent cloning and validation identified a new avirulence gene termed AvrLm14 and suggested a typical gene‐for‐gene interaction between AvrLm14 and the postulated Rlm14 gene. AvrLm14 shares all the usual characteristics of L. maculans avirulence genes: it is hosted in a genomic region enriched in transposable elements and heterochromatin marks H3K9me3, its expression is repressed during vegetative growth but shows a strong overexpression 5–9 days following cotyledon infection, and it encodes a small secreted protein enriched in cysteine residues with few matches in databases. Similar to the previously cloned AvrLm10‐A, AvrLm14 contributes to reduce lesion size on susceptible cotyledons, pointing to a complex interplay between effectors promoting or reducing lesion development.
Experience of patients with COVID‐19 in hospital isolation in Taiwan
Authors: Hsiao Chun‐Ting , Sun Jia‐Jing , Chiang Yi‐Hsuan , Chen Hsiu‐Lien , Liu Tsui‐Yao 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic has significantly impacted everyone's lives, challenging us in ways that can be frustrating, daunting, and intensely emotive. This qualitative study explored the isolation experiences of patients with COVID‐19 in a hospital in northern Taiwan. We collected data from nine patients in June–July 2020, conducting semi‐structured, virtual face‐to‐face, in‐depth interviews to gather input on two topics: (1) the psychological effect of hospital isolation on patients, including the psychological burden, stress response, support, disease stigma, and fear of returning to society; and (2) the patients' cognition and behaviors, which included tracking epidemic information, monitoring disease progression, soliciting suggestions about hospital isolation, and gauging comprehension after recovery. The results confirmed that hospital isolation significantly impacts patients physically, psychologically, spiritually, and socially. Thus, the isolated patients faced the dual challenges of fighting, adapting to, and recovering from the disease itself and struggling in isolation to maintain positive beliefs, independently assess their condition, and gain strength from the knowledge of continuing social support.
Three Basic Issues that Arise when Using Informational Restrictions in SVARs*
Authors: Ouliaris Sam , Pagan Adrian 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWhen sign or other informational restrictions are used in SVARs, impulse responses are only set identified. Three issues need to be addressed when finding such sets. One is that the restrictions must be sufficient to separate the shocks. Failure to do so can result in unacceptable structural equations, for example two supply curves in the SVAR. Another is the need to adjust the identified set so that the responses are to the same size shock. Otherwise the range of responses that are being found may simply reflect different shock sizes. The third issue is estimation of the SVAR when all the shocks are not separated. Researchers are often unwilling to set out sign restrictions to separate all shocks and so we describe what can be done to accommodate that attitude by using a triangular SVAR that parallels what is used with exact restrictions.
Early‐life cytomegalovirus infection is associated with gut microbiota perturbations and increased risk of atopy
Authors: Sbihi Hind , Simmons Karen E. , Sears Malcolm R. , Moraes Theo J. , Becker Allan B. , Mandhane Piush J. , Subbarao Padmaja , Dai Darlene L. Y. , Finlay B. Brett , Turvey Stuart E. , Gantt Soren 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe “old friends” hypothesis posits that reduced exposure to previously ubiquitous microorganisms is one factor involved in the increased rates of allergic diseases. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) may be one of the “old friends” hypothesized to help prevent allergic diseases. We sought to elucidate whether early‐life CMV infection is associated with childhood atopy via perturbations of the gut microbiota.MethodsParticipants were recruited from a population‐based birth cohort (CHILD study) and followed prospectively until age 5 years in four Canadian cities. A total of 928 participants provided stool microbiome data, urine for CMV testing, skin prick tests, and questionnaire‐based detailed environmental exposures. Cytomegalovirus infection was assessed in the first year of life while the main outcome was defined by persistent sensitization to any allergen at ages 1, 3, and 5 years.ResultsEarly CMV infection was associated with increased beta and decreased alpha diversity of the gut microbiota. Both changes in diversity measures and early CMV infection were associated with persistent allergic sensitization at age 5 years (aOR = 2.08; 95% CI: 1, 4.33). Mediation analysis demonstrated that perturbation of gut microbial composition explains 30% of the association.ConclusionsEarly‐life CMV infection is associated with an alteration in the intestinal microbiota, which mediates the effect of the infection on childhood atopy. This work indicates that preventing CMV infection would not put children at increased risk of developing atopy. Rather, a CMV vaccine, in addition to preventing CMV‐associated morbidity and mortality, might reduce the risk of childhood allergic diseases.
Decreased levels of endocytic collagen receptor Endo180 in dermal fibroblasts lead to decreased production of type I collagen and increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase‐1
Authors: Iwahashi Hiroyasu , Kawashima Yoshihito , Masaki Hitoshi 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundEndo180 is involved in collagen remodeling by incorporating extracellular degraded collagen. Ultraviolet irradiation of dermal fibroblasts reduces Endo180 expression, which affects collagen fiber remodeling. However, it is unclear whether the decrease in Endo180 is directly related to the decrease in type I collagen fibers during photoaging. We aimed to clarify the relationship between Endo180 reduction and the decrease in type I collagen fibers observed in photoaged dermis.MethodsEndo180 was reduced in normal human dermal fibroblasts using RNAi. Endo180 knockdown cells were inoculated into collagen gels. The influence of Endo180 knockdown was evaluated by measuring mRNA expression of collagen fiber remodeling‐related factors and collagen gel contraction. The collagen state and oxidative stress in the collagen gels were also measured.ResultsEndo180 knockdown cells, which were confirmed by gelatin uptake inhibition, showed upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase‐1 and downregulation of type I collagen mRNA expression when cultured in collagen gels. The contractility of the collagen gel was reduced by Endo180 knockdown. The collagen state in the extracellular matrix of the collagen gels containing Endo180 knockdown fibroblasts showed increased amounts of 3/4 fragmented collagen and denatured collagen and decreased type I collagen synthesis. In addition, an increase in intracellular oxidative stress was observed.ConclusionsThis study confirmed that the decrease in Endo180 caused a failure in collagen fiber formation and a decrease in collagen production, reproducing the photoaging dermal structural changes. This suggests that the decrease in Endo180 may be involved in wrinkle formation, which is a characteristic of photoaged skin.
Diversifying the medical curriculum as part of the wider decolonising effort: A proposed framework and self‐assessment resource toolbox
Authors: Mbaki Yvonne , Todorova Eli , Hagan Pamela 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe narrative of decolonisation has recently amassed momentum, with the student and public voice providing the greatest advocacy, resulting in medical schools and universities embarking on a broader range of initiatives in response to the wider decolonisation agenda. Part of this wider effort is the diversification of the curriculum to create a more culturally responsive and equity focussed experience and training. Diversifying the curriculum poses considerable challenges due to limited expertise and/or relevant resources. It is from identification of this deficit, as well as our own experience in a UK medical school of diversifying our medical curriculum in the context of our decolonising efforts and the nature of the work required, that we developed a framework and created a toolbox of reflective questions, examples and resources to aid this work. As authors, we acknowledge that this process will be ongoing as we educate ourselves and reframe perceptions of the world, learn from lived experiences and incorporate advice from experts. The aspiration of this toolbox is to support those involved in efforts and initiatives to undo the effects of colonialism in medical education and research, and more specifically those who seek to diversify their curriculum within this context. This will ultimately benefit the education of our students, with the objective of equipping them with the knowledge, understanding and skills to provide equitable care to their patients.
When is Psychology Research Useful in Artificial Intelligence? A Case for Reducing Computational Complexity in Problem Solving
Authors: Hélie Sébastien , Pizlo Zygmunt 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA problem is a situation in which an agent seeks to attain a given goal without knowing how to achieve it. Human problem solving is typically studied as a search in a problem space composed of states (information about the environment) and operators (to move between states). A problem such as playing a game of chess has possible states, and a traveling salesperson problem with as little as 82 cities already has more than different tours (similar to chess). Biological neurons are slower than the digital switches in computers. An exhaustive search of the problem space exceeds the capacity of current computers for most interesting problems, and it is fairly clear that humans cannot in their lifetime exhaustively search even small fractions of these problem spaces. Yet, humans play chess and solve logistical problems of similar complexity on a daily basis. Even for simple problems humans do not typically engage in exploring even a small fraction of the problem space. This begs the question: How do humans solve problems on a daily basis in a fast and efficient way? Recent work suggests that humans build a problem representation and solve the represented problem—not the problem that is out there. The problem representation that is built and the process used to solve it are constrained by limits of cognitive capacity and a cost–benefit analysis discounting effort and reward. In this article, we argue that better understanding the way humans represent and solve problems using heuristics can help inform how simpler algorithms and representations can be used in artificial intelligence to lower computational complexity, reduce computation time, and facilitate real‐time computation in complex problem solving.
The MdMEK2–MdMPK6–MdWRKY17 pathway stabilizes chlorophyll levels by directly regulating MdSUFB in apple under drought stress
Authors: Shan Dongqian , Wang Chanyu , Song Handong , Bai Yixue , Zhang Haixia , Hu Zehui , Wang Lin , Shi Kun , Zheng Xiaodong , Yan Tianci , Sun Yanzhao , Zhu Yunpeng , Zhang Tong , Zhou Zhaoyang , Guo Yan , Kong Jin 
Published: September 2021

SUMMARYDrought stress severely limits plant growth and production in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). To breed water‐deficit‐tolerant apple cultivars that maintain high yields under slight or moderate drought stress, it is important to uncover the mechanisms underlying the transcriptional regulation of chlorophyll metabolism in apple. To explore this mechanism, we generated transgenic ‘Gala3’ apple plants with overexpression or knockdown of MdWRKY17, which encodes a transcription factor whose expression is significantly induced by water deficit. Under moderate drought stress, we observed significantly higher chlorophyll contents and photosynthesis rates in overexpression transgenic plants than in controls, whereas these were dramatically lower in the knockdown lines. MdWRKY17 directly regulates MdSUFB expression, as demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo experiments. MdSUFB, a key component of the sulfur mobilization (SUF) system that assembles Fe‐S clusters, is essential for inhibiting chlorophyll degradation and stabilizing electron transport during photosynthesis, leading to higher chlorophyll levels in transgenic apple plants overexpressing MdWRKY17. The activated MdMEK2–MdMPK6 cascade by water‐deficit stress fine‐tunes the MdWRKY17–MdSUFB pathway by phosphorylating MdWRKY17 under water‐deficit stress. This fine‐tuning of the MdWRKY17–MdSUFB regulatory pathway is important for balancing plant survival and yield losses (chlorophyll degradation and reduced photosynthesis) under slight or moderate drought stress. The phosphorylation by MdMEK2–MdMPK6 activates the MdWRKY17–MdSUFB pathway at S66 (identified by LC‐MS), as demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Our findings reveal that the MdMEK2–MdMPK6–MdWRKY17–MdSUFB pathway stabilizes chlorophyll levels under moderate drought stress, which could facilitate the breeding of apple varieties that maintain high yields under drought stress.
Atención estomatológica de niños con microcefalia y bajo peso al nacer (1000 g). Descripción de un caso
Authors: Álvarez Correa Diana Carolina , Rodríguez Delgado Carlos Andrés , Bobadilla Turriago Lyna Rocío , Grandas Ramírez Ángela Liliana 
Published: September 2021

Antecedentes: Una de las alteraciones del neurodesarrollo en los niños con <1500 g de peso al nacer es la parálisis cerebral espástica (PCE) que se asocia con microcefalia, epilepsia, discapacidad intelectual y retraso global del desarrollo. Objetivo: Describir el manejo estomatológico de un niño con cuadriparesia espástica. Descripción del caso: Para publicar este caso, se obtuvo autorización en consentimiento informado. El paciente era visto por un equipo multidisciplinario desde temprana edad pero solo ingresó al servicio de Estomatología Pediátrica de la Fundación Hospital Pediátrico de la Misericordia de Bogotá cuando tenía de 3 años 7 meses. El niño tenía antecedentes de prematuridad: 28 semanas; peso: 925 g; talla: 34 cm: perímetro cefálico: 25 cm. Diagnósticos sistémicos: PCE, microcefalia, epilepsia, discapacidad intelectual grave y retraso global del desarrollo. Examen físico: 9 kg de peso, 52 cm de estatura y 34 cm de perímetro cefálico. Examen extraoral: dolicocéfalo, perfil convejo, micrognatismo mandibular, apertura bucal 1,5 cm. Examen intraoral: caries de infancia temprana. Se realizó atención odontológica integral con retiro de focos sépticos, motivación e instrucción en higiene oral. Conclusión: El equipo multidisciplinario para la atención de niños prematuros con alteraciones del neurodesarrollo, microcefalia y bajo peso al nacer debe contar con la presencia del(la) estomatólogo(a) u odontólogo(a) pediatra para iniciar procesos de promoción y prevención en salud bucal individualizados para evitar caries de infancia temprana y mejorar la calidad de vida.
Atención odontológica a pacientes con discapacidad mental y psicomotriz en la Facultad de Odontología de Mexicali
Authors: Figueroa Fernández Norma Patricia , Hermida Rojas Maikel , Domínguez Sánchez Anitza , Zorrilla Martínez Irma Irene , Valenzuela Ontiveros Yaneth Yadira , Rivera Luna Federico 
Published: September 2021

Antecedentes: Las enfermedades bucales en pacientes con discapacidad implican procesos complejos tanto en atención como en comunicación, por lo que el tratamiento odontológico bajo anestesia general es excelente opción. Objetivo: Describir las experiencias en atención odontológica bajo anestesia general a pacientes con discapacidad mental y psicomotriz registrados en las clínicas de la Facultad de Odontología Mexicali (FOM). Método: Estudio observacional, analítico, transversal, sobre aspectos de atención odontológica, con datos disponibles en expedientes clínicos de todos los pacientes intervenidos bajo anestesia general, en el quirófano de la FOM, durante 2016 y 2017, los datos fueron vaciados para su análisis y descripción en el paquete estadístico STATA12. Resultados: La muestra quedó conformada por 38 casos, el sexo masculino predominó sobre el femenino (68 % vs 32 %). La media de edad fue 15.71 ± 8.75 años, la caries dental fue la necesidad de atención de mayor frecuencia, seguida de traumatismos dentoalveolares, y enfermedad periodontal. En el análisis bivariado, se encontró asociación significativa entre las complicaciones y el tiempo de duración del procedimiento con X2 = 7.05 y un valor de p = 0.029. Conclusión: Predominó la discapacidad psicomotriz, con mayor incidencia en menores de 10 años y en el sexo masculino. Todos los pacientes presentaron caries dental, que se acompañaba de fractura dentoalveolar en más de un tercio de los casos, por lo que hubo alta necesidad de tratamientos quirúrgicos. La frecuencia de complicaciones derivadas de la anestesia general fueron pocas y estuvieron asociadas al tiempo de exposición a la anestesia general.
Initial Assessments of a Handheld Indentation Probe's Correlation With Cancellous Bone Density, Stiffness, and Strength: An Objective Alternative to “Thumb Testing”
Authors: Reeves Jacob M. , Vanasse Tom , Roche Chris , Faber Kenneth J. , Langohr G. Daniel G. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Objective: During shoulder arthroplasty, surgeons must select the optimal implant for each patient. The metaphyseal bone properties affect this decision; however, the typical resection “thumb test” lacks objectivity. This investigation's purposes were to determine the correlation strength between the indentation depth of a handheld mechanism and the density, compressive strength, and modulus of a bone surrogate; as well as to assess how changing the indenter tip shape and impact energy may affect the correlation strengths. Methods: A spring-loaded indenter was developed. Four tip shapes (needle, tapered, flat, and radiused cylinders) and four spring energies (0.13 J–0.76J) were assessed by indenting five cellular foam bone surrogates of varying density, every five times. After each indentation, the indentation depth was measured with a separate probe and correlated with manufacturer specifications of the apparent density, compressive strength, and modulus. Results: indentation depth plateaued as the bone surrogate's material properties increased, particularly for indentation tips with larger footprints and the 0.13 J spring. All tip shapes produced strong (R2≥0.7) power-law relationships between the indentation depth metric and the bone surrogate's material properties (density: 0.70 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.95, strength: 0.75 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.97, modulus: 0.70 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.93); though the use of the needle tip yielded the widest indentation depth scale. Interpretation: these strong correlations suggest that a handheld indenter may provide objective intra-operative evidence of cancellous material properties. Further investigations are warranted to study indenter tip shape and spring energy in human tissue; though the needle tip with spring energy between 0.30 J and 0.76 J seems the most promising.
Acute and Chronic Citrulline Malate Supplementation on Muscle Contractile Properties and Fatigue Rate of the Quadriceps
Authors: Fick Alyssa N. , Kowalsky Robert J. , Stone Matthew S. , Hearon Christopher M. , Farney Tyler M. 
Published: September 2021

This study compared the acute and chronic impact of citrulline malate (CM) supplementation on muscle contractile properties and fatigue rate of the quadriceps. Eighteen recreationally trained males consumed both a placebo (PL) and CM treatment for two separate dosing periods. The first experimental testing session for each dosing period was considered the baseline day, the second session the acute day, and the third session the chronic day, which followed seven consecutive days of supplementation. All testing sessions included exercising on a cycle ergometer at 50%–60% of their max power output for 30 min followed by performing the Thorstensson test on an isokinetic dynamometer. A two-way (Supplement × Time) analysis of variance with repeated measures resulted in no significant interactions (p > .05) (PL: baseline day, acute day, chronic day vs. CM: baseline day, acute day, chronic day) for peak power (in watts) (469 ± 81, 490 ± 97, 502 ± 99 vs. 464 ± 85, 480 ± 103, 501 ± 81); peak torque (in newton meters) (150 ± 26, 157 ± 32, 161 ± 31 vs. 149 ± 27, 156 ± 33, 161 ± 26); fatigue rate (in percentage) (57 ± 9, 57 ± 10, 58 ± 9 vs. 57 ± 10, 56 ± 9, 58 ± 9); and heart rate (in beats per minute) (156 ± 17, 146 ± 13, 146 ± 9 vs. 155 ± 11, 146 ± 11, 146 ± 9). The results of this study suggest that neither acute nor chronic supplementation of CM had an effect on recovery or fatigue rate of the quadriceps.