bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reflective Practice: A Critical Analysis of Data-Based Studies and Implications for Nursing Education
Authors: Ruth-Sahd Lisa A 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Reflective practice has become part of the discourse of nursing education classrooms, conferences, and journals, and are popular features of nursing continuing education programs. Yet, the idea of reflective practice has become increasingly more disparate. This critical analysis examines data-based studies and provides an overview of reflective practice, discusses common themes that emerged from the studies, and identifies implications for reflective practice in the field of nursing education.
Sponsored Professional Seminars: Enhancing Professionalism Among Baccalaureate Nursing Students
Authors: Brockopp Dorothy , Schooler Mary , Welsh Darlene , Cassidy Karma , Ryan Patricia Y , Mueggenberg Kay , Chlebowy Diane Orr 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
If we are to emphasize professionalism within nursing, students need to understand the opportunities, responsibilities, and concerns that are integral to the nursing profession. Sharing ideas related to nursing practice in a specified area with practicing nurses, expert faculty, and a speaker provide students with a sense of excitement about their chosen career. The sponsored seminar series permits undergraduate nursing students to converse with their future colleagues over dinner, develop lasting relationships, and advance their learning in an area of interest.
Treatment of Retinoblastoma With Argon Laser Photocoagulation
Authors: Masuyama Yoshimasa , Fukuzaki Masashi , Kodama Yoshihisa , Baba Yukio , Sawada Atsushi 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARY
Treatment of retinoblastoma with argon laser photocoagulation in a five-month-old boy is described. His right eye had been enucleated for a large retinoblastoma. A small lesion in the left eye was successfully treated with argon laser. The patient has retained good vision without any complication and there has been no evidence of recurrence for four years.
Horizontal Transposition of the Vertical Rectus Muscles for Treatment of Ocular Torticollis
Authors: von Noorden Gunter K , Jenkins Rachael H , Rosenbaum Arthur L 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In most instances, a head tilt to either shoulder is caused by hypertropia or cyclotropia and responds well to conventional surgical strengthening or weakening operations on the cyclovertical muscles. Occasionally, an ocular head tilt occurs in the absence of cyclovertical strabismus, in association with congenital nystagmus or without an apparent cause. We have successfully treated four of five such patients by surgically rotating the eye(s) around the sagittal axis. This was accomplished by horizontal transposition of the vertical rectus muscles. No complications were encountered. We present this method as a viable alternative to other surgical approaches to rotate the eyes around their sagittal axis.
Results of Cryotherapy at Different Locations for Retinopathy of Prematurity
Authors: Hindle N Warren 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Fifty eyes with stage 3 plus retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) were treated with cryotherapy. The avascular retina (AR) only was treated in 15 eyes with a mean extent of 8.3 hours of stage 3 ROP; the ridge extra reti nal fibrovascular proliferation complex (REFP) was treated in 17 eyes with a mean extent of 7.5 hours; and both locations (BL) were treated in 18 eyes with a mean extent of 7.7 hours. Ninety-three percent to 94% of eyes in each group had less than grade III retrolental fibroplasia (RLF-Reese). However, 87% of the AR treated eyes, 59% of the REFP treated eyes, and 44% of the BL treated eyes had less than grade Il RLF. Whether more than or less than 8 hours of stage 3 ROP was treated, significantly better results occurred in the AR group than the BL group (.02 < P < .05) and a statistical trend suggests that treating the AR is more effective than treating the REFP (.1 < P < .2).
Episodic Exotropia From Lateral Rectus Neuromyotonia-Appearance and Remission After Radiation Therapy for a Thalamic Glioma
Authors: Barroso Luiza , Hoyt William F 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Sixteen months after radiation therapy for a moderately anaplastic astrocytoma of the thalamus, a 7-yearold boy developed spontaneous episodic contractions in his left lateral rectus muscle. During these episodes, lasting 10 to 30 seconds and occurring 20 or more times a day, he had exotropia, limitation of adduction, and retraction of the left globe. This phenomenon peaked in duration and frequency at 14 months and gradually disappeared after 22 months.
As this case confirms, radiation injury to the abducens nerve can cause ocular neuromyotonia, resulting in episodic strabismus. Our case also illustrates that this condition can disappear completely after many months.
Ocular Findings in Premature Infants With Grade IV Intraventricular Hemorrhage
Authors: King Kevin M , Cronin Cathleen M 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Grade IV intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a severe complication of premature birth. We retrospectively performed serial exams on 13 infants with grade IV IVH and compared their ocular findings to 11 infants matched by gestational age and birth weight without an IVH. All children in the study were initially examined in the neonatal unit within 8 weeks after birth. Subsequent periodic eye exams were performed until 3 to 7 years of age.
Of the 13 grade IV IVHs, there was a 92% incidence of ocular abnormalities, compared to a 73% incidence in the premature group without IVH. The children with grade IV hemorrhages had a statistically significant increased incidence of severe eye disease with resultant visual loss (38%) compared to the non-IVH group. Loss of vision was due to optic atrophy and retinopathy of prematurity.
Grade IV IVH children are at high risk for severe eye disease and should have early and frequent ophthalmologic exams.
A Comparison of the Success Rates of Resident and Attending Strabismus Surgery
Authors: Wisnicki H Jay , Repka Michael X , Raab Edward , Hamad Giselle G , Kirsch David , Nath Ajay , Loupe Donna N 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Residency training involves surgery by resident surgeons at various levels of experience and proficiency, supervised by an experienced attending physician. We reviewed the results of strabismus surgery performed at four institutions with two residency training programs. Five hundred twenty-two cases with follow up greater than 6 weeks were evaluated. These cases included 315 attending procedures and 207 resident procedures under direct attending supervision. Success was defined as a strabismic deviation of 8 prism diopters or less. Average postoperative follow-up was 57 weeks and did not differ between groups. There was no statistical difference between the resident success rate of 58% (121/207) and the attending success rate of 69% (217/315) after adjusting for population differences. The average final deviation of the patients postoperatively was 7 Δ for the attending group and 10 Δ for the resident group. Amblyopia was significantly more frequent in the resident cases (P < .001). Adjustable sutures were used significantly more often in attending cases (P < .0001). This study supports the premise that resident strabismus surgery is as successful as attending surgery.
Augmented Surgery for Esotropia Associated With High Hypermetropia
Authors: Wright Kenneth W , Bruce-Lyle Leslie 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Historically, surgical formulas for the management of accommodative esotropia have been based on the residual deviation with full hypermetropic correction. This "standard surgery" has resulted in a high incidence of undercorrection. In response to the large number of undercorrections with standard surgery, the authors have devised a formula for augmenting the amount of rectus recession based on the average of the near deviation with and without correction. In this study, we compare augmented surgery to standard surgery in patients who underwent bilateral medial rectus recessions for residual esotropia after prescribing full hypermetropic spectacle correction. Seventy patients with acquired esotropia after 6 months of age, and hypermetropia of +3.00 or more, were retrospectively studied. Thirty of these patients had undergone standard surgery, while 40 had augmented surgery. The follow up on each group was at least 1 year. Of the 30 patients in the nonaugmented group, 22 (74%) had postoperative deviations of 10 prism diopters or less with 8 (26%) showing a significant undercorrection. Of the 40 patients who received augmented surgery, 35 (88%) had postoperative deviations of 10 δ or less and 5 (12%) were exotropic while wearing full hypermetropic correction. Of the 5 patients with a consecutive exodeviation while wearing full hypermetropic correction, 2 corrected to orthotropia by reducing the spectacle correction by +1.50 diopters and +1.25 D (93% success), 2 were converted to orthotropia by removing +3.00 spectacle correction (97% success), and 1 continued to have an intermittent exodeviation even after removing spectacle correction. This brought the overall success rate for augmented surgery to 98%. Fusion results, as measured by Worth Four Dot (W4D) or Titmus Stereo Acuity, showed 10 of the 30 patients with standard surgery (33%) achieved at least peripheral fusion, whereas 26 of 40 (65%) in the augmented group had postoperative fusion. Our conclusion is that augmented surgery provides better postoperative alignment and fusion than standard surgery. We recommend surgical recessions based on the average of the near deviation with correction and near deviation without correction.
Pediatric Aphakic Contact Lens Wear: Rates of Successful Wear
Authors: Moore Bruce D 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Two hundred thirty-eight consecutive patients with pediatric cataracts were fitted with a variety of aphakic contact lenses after cataract extraction. Thirty-nine patients did not return for follow up. Of the remaining 199 patients, 40 discontinued contact lens wear. None of the 78 patients with unilateral or bilateral acquired cataracts discontinued contact lens wear due to problems wearing their lenses, although nine discontinued contact lens wear due to poor vision or difficulty maintaining amblyopia treatment.
Twenty-two of 84 patients with unilateral congenital cataracts discontinued lens wear, six directly due to difficulties wearing lenses. Sixteen had poor vision in their aphakic eye and an inability to maintain patching for amblyopia. Eight of 37 patients with bilateral congenital cataracts discontinued lens wear because of problems wearing their lenses, and one other discontinued lens wear because of poor vision.
In summary, 26 of 40 patients (out of a total of 199) that discontinued aphakic contact lens wear did so because of poor vision, while only 14 did so because of difficulties wearing the contact lenses. Eleven of these 14 patients were able to wear aphakic spectacles in lieu of contact lenses. This study shows that most pediatric patients with cataracts fail at treatment because of problems related to treatment of amblyopia, and not problems related to the fitting and wearing of contact lenses.
Normal Intraocular Pressure in Children: A Comparative Study of the Perkins Applanation Tonometer and the Pneumatonometer
Authors: Jaafar Mohamad S , Kazi Ghulamqadir A 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We measured the intraocular pressure (IOP) of 50 normal, cooperative, awake children below 5 years of age and 12 normal, volunteer adults with the Perkins hand-held applanation tonometer (Perkins) and the Digilab pneumatonographer-tonometer (Pneuma). Neither sedation, general anesthesia, nor lid specula were used. We confirmed others' findings that the normal IOP, measured in the supine position with the Perkins, is lower in infants and young children (x = 5.89 mm Hg) than in adults (x = 13.21 mm Hg; P < .0001). On the other hand, with the Pneuma, the supine pediatric IOP (x = 14.76 mm Hg) was not significantly different from the adult sitting IOP (x = 14.42 mm Hg; P = .497). Regression analysis suggests that children and adult Perkins IOP may become equal at around age 12 years.
The Intraoperative Oculocardiac Reflex as a Predictor of Postoperative Vaso-Vagal Responses During Adjustable Suture Surgery
Authors: Hertle Richard W , Granet David B , Zylan Sule 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Adjustable suture surgery has become a popular method of strabismus correction in those cases in which results are less predictable, such as reoperations, thyroid ophthalmopathy, and blind eyes. Complications related to adjustable strabismus surgery are, in general, no different than those related to standard surgical techniques. We noticed a subgroup of patients who experienced significant vaso-vagal responses (V-VR) during postoperative adjustment and sought to discover a method of identifying these patients prior to adjustment.
Sixty patients were studied prospectively from July 1991 to July 1992. All patients had surgery under general anesthesia and were adjusted 24 hours later. A positive oculocardiac reflex (OCR) occurred when a 10% or greater intraoperative change in heart rate was associated with traction on an extraocular muscle. A positive V-VR postoperatively consisted of one or more subjective findings (dizziness, light-headedness, nausea, or body temperature changes), and two or more objective findings (10% or greater change in heart rate, hypotension, pallor, diaphoresis, vomiting, disorientation, or loss of consciousness). Variables studied for predictive value included OCR, age, sex, strabismus type, previous surgery, muscle adjusted, and systemic disease.
Twenty-five patients (41.6%) had a positive V-VR during adjustment. Twenty-seven patients (45%) had a positive OCR. Eighty-five percent of patients with a positive OCR and 9% of patients with a negative OCR had a positive V-VR. Younger patients were also more likely to have a positive V-VR.
A positive intraoperative OCR under general anesthesia during strabismus surgery is highly predictive of a postoperative V-VR during planned adjustment.
Facial Asymmetry in Superior Oblique Muscle Palsy
Authors: Wilson M Edward , Hoxie Judith 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Facial asymmetry is an underrecognized association or sequela of torticollis in congenital or very early onset superior oblique muscle palsy, which when present in an adult, helps to confirm chronicity and prevent unnecessary neurologic evaluation. Nineteen cases of superior oblique muscle palsy were studied prospectively. Of 12 unilateral palsies presenting in adulthood, 9 were considered congenital by history and 7 (77%) of these had facial asymmetry. Large vertical fusional vergence amplitudes and torticollis, on review of childhood photographs, confirmed the early onset of the palsy in each facial asymmetry patient. In addition, two children presenting at age 18 months and 3 years of age with constant head tilting had facial asymmetry. If torticollis is corrected before maturation of the facial structure, resolution of the asymmetry may occur.
Cyclotorsion in Unilateral and Bilateral Superior Oblique Paresis
Authors: Kraft Stephen P , O'Reilly Carole , Quigley Paula L , Allan Karen , Eustis H Sprague 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We studied excyclotorsion prospectively in 12 norv strabismic normal patients, 24 patients with unilateral superior oblique paresis (SOPX and 14 patients with bilateral SOP to determine which test and position, and what amount of torsion best discriminates between bilateral and unilateral SOP For each patient, we measured torsion at near in primary position and in 20° downgaze, using both the double Maddox rod (DMR) and Bagolini lens (BL) tests. We calculated the average of three measurements for each test in each position and the differences in mean excyclotorsion between downgaze and primary position for each patient for each test. Tb discriminate between unilateral SOP and normal, and bilateral and unilateral SOP patients, the best test and position combination was the DMR in downgaze (P = .0001). The probability of a torsion measurement indicating a unilateral SOP rather than a normal value was 95% at 6° of excyclotorsion; of bilateral rather than unilateral SOP, 90% at 20°. The range in the three torsion readings within patients with either DMR or BL in either position varied up to 7°.
Effect of Oral Chloral Hydrate Sedation on the Intraocular Pressure Measurement
Authors: Jaafar Mohamad S , Kazi Ghulamqadir A 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We measured the intraocular pressure (IOP) of 50 normal, cooperative, awake children below 6 years of age and 10 glaucoma patients with the Perkins' handheld applanation tonometer (Perkins) and the Digilab pneumatonographer-tonometer (Pneuma). The measurements were repeated after oral chloral hydrate administration in the dose of 1 00 mg/kg body weight for the first 10 kg plus 50 mg/kg for every additional kg. There were no clinically or statistically significant changes in IOP measured before and after chloral hydrate in the 50 normal children (Pneuma: x" = 14.74 ± 1.27 mm Hg vs 14.74 ± 0.96 mm Hg; P > .05; Perkins: ? = 5.86 ± 1.69 mm Hg vs 5.61 ± 1.50 mm Hg; P > .05) or in the 15 glaucomatous eyes (Pneuma: ? = 28.93 ± 5.26 vs 28.47 ± 4.42 mm Hg; Perkins: ? = 20.27 ± 5.36 vs 19.53 ± 4.49 mm Hg; P > 0.05). Although some children did resist swallowing the bitter-tasting medicine, no significant side effects were encountered. The high-dose oral chloral hydrate protocol resulted in efficient sedation in children below the age of 6 years, without any alteration of the IOP levels in both normal and glaucomatous eyes.
Vernier Acuity in Amblyopic and Nonamblyopic Children
Authors: Cox James F , Suh Steven , Leguire Lawrence E 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We measured vernier acuity in normal and amblyopic children using a procedure that resembles a video game and is suitable for testing most children older than 4 years old. In this procedure, subjects align bars using two keys of a computer keypad. Following binocular practice trials, monocular vernier acuity was measured in 38 control children, 5 to 15 years old, and in 18 children with histories of amblyopia. Vernier acuity was defined as the standard deviation of adjusted position across a block of six trials. Vernier acuity improved as a function of age in the control subjects, indicating developmental improvement. Amblyopic subjects with strabismus (n=5) and with both anisometropia and strabismus (n=8) showed markedly impaired vernier acuity in their amblyopic eyes, with vernier acuity s four to five times larger than those of age-matched controls. However, the amblyopic subjects who were anisometropic (n=5), without any history of strabismus, were not significantly different from control subjects in either eye. Testing with bars and gratings gave similar results. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing that vernier acuity deficits seen in adult amblyopes are also seen in child amblyopes.
The Genetics of Retinoblastoma and Current Diagnostic Testing
Authors: Smith Barbara J , O'Brien Joan M 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We review the genetics of retinoblastoma and the most recent molecular detection methods. Retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular tumor in children, occurs in either a heritable or non-heritable form. The heritable form, which is highly penetrant and predisposes individuals to a considerably greater second tumor risk, can be distinguished most definitively through the use of genetic testing. Genetic testing for individuals and families suspected of carrying the heritable mutations can help ensure that more comprehensive treatment plans and accurate genetic counseling for affected individuals and their families are provided.
Ocular Motility in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Repka Michael X , Claro Martha C , Loupe Donna N , Reich Stephen G 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Introduction: Parkinson's disease is associated with multiple abnormalities of both the afferent and efferent visual systems. Blepharospasm, paucity of blinking, apraxia of lid opening, visual neglect, reduced vergence, reduced upgaze, and blurred vision are reported findings in these patients. The association of these findings with the disease, and their duration, severity, and treatment have not been systematically investigated.
Patients and Methods: Patients with Parkinson's disease were prospectively examined. An age-matched control group was recruited from accompanying family members and volunteers. Data recorded included presence of visual complaint, the severity of the Parkinson's disease by Hoehn and Yahr Stage (scale=1 to 5), duration of disease, pharmacologic therapy, visual acuity, ocular motility, accommodation, convergence amplitudes, and the near point of convergence.
Results: Thirty-nine patients were entered into each group, each with 21 men and 18 women. The average patient had had the disease for 8.9 years with a severity index of 2.6. Asthenopia, upgaze deficiency, and convergence insufficiency were significantly more common in the patients with Parkinson's disease than in the controls. Mean geometric visual acuity was poorer in the Parkinson's patients (20/39 compared with 20/28; P<.001).
Discussion: Visual complaints were significantly more common in the Parkinson's patients than in the agematched controls. The frequency of ocular abnormalities was not related to the duration of the disease. Increasing severity seemed to be correlated with the presence of convergence insufficiency and a decline in acuity.
Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome: Ocular Findings in 37 Children
Authors: Goldberg David S , Ludwig Irene H 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Background: Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) is a rare cause of central sleep apnea. Although ophthalmic abnormalities have been reported, the ocular findings have not been discussed in detail.
Methods: We examined or obtained the records of 37 children with CCHS.
Results: Twenty-seven patients were found to have abnormal pupils, most of which were miotic and reacted poorly to light. In 18 cases, the anterior surface of the iris was unusually smooth. Ten of the children with abnormal pupils also demonstrated light-near dissociation. Twenty had strabismus of various types, and 18 showed evidence of convergence insufficiency.
Conclusions: The high incidence of strabismus, pupillary abnormalities, and convergence insufficiency may be a result of neurologic defects in the midbrain.
The Influence of Perinatal Infective Factors on Ophthalmia Neonatorum
Authors: Isenberg Sherwin J , Apt Leonard , Wood Mark 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Background: Ophthalmia neonatorum still blinds approximately 10 000 babies annually worldwide. Identification of contributory maternal perinatal factors could possibly predict which babies are at greater risk for this disease.
Methods: In a randomized prospective study of ophthalmia neonatorum in Kenya, we studied the effect of prophylaxis with povidone-iodine, silver nitrate, and erythromycin in 3117 neonates. Four perinatal factors that may promote ophthalmia neonatorum were investigated: maternal vaginitis, birth in a nonsterile environment, presence of meconium at birth, and postnatal development of endometritis.
Results: No significant difference in the general ophthalmia neonatorum rate was found for any of the four factors (P>.~\4 by Fisher exact test). However, with regard to venereal ophthalmia neonatorum, the 26 infants born to mothers with vaginitis had a relative risk 5.1 times that of the rest of the infants P=0.0013).Their relative risk to develop gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum in particular was 24.9 times the rest of the neonates (P=0.0000031). Prophylaxis was with povidone-iodine in 12 infants, silver nitrate in two, and erythromycin in 12. The frequency of ophthalmia neonatorum was 25%, 100%, and 33%, respectively (differences not significant).
Conclusion: Neonates born to mothers with vaginitis should be carefully observed for the first postnatal month for the development of ophthalmia neonatorum, even though a prophylactic agent has been used.