bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How is political corruption wrong?
Authors: Ceva Emanuela , Ferretti Maria Paola 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers a normative account of the threat political corruption poses to institutional well-functioning. When political corruption occurs against the background of legitimate or nearly just institutions, it is inherently wrong because it constitutes a wrongful form of interaction between officeholders. The idea of interactive injustice is used to qualify this kind of relational wrong. The way officeholders treat each other in their institutional interactions should be governed by a regulative principle of office accountability. When officeholders fail office accountability by acting in a corrupt way or by participating in corrupt institutional practices, they alter ipso facto the normative order of just interactions constitutive of their institution. This alteration indicates how political corruption is inherently unjust as a violation of the duty of office accountability, even in the absence of identifiable consequences. This normative view of political corruption is distinguished from other views based on impartiality or political equality.
The scattering matrix and the Green functions
Authors: Buchbinder Iosif L. , Shapiro Ilya L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, the book begins to develop a perturbative formalism to describe the interactions of quantized fields and, in particular, the interactions of particles in terms of their quantum fields. Quantum scattering requires the description of particle interactions and asymptotic states, which are introduced in detail. The n-point Green functions are defined. An essential part of the chapter is devoted to deriving the reduction of the S-matrix in terms of the Green functions. The compact description of these notions is achieved by introducing the generating functionals of Green functions and the S-matrix. The same constructions are also introduced for the spinor fields.
A brief review of general relativity
Authors: Buchbinder Iosif L. , Shapiro Ilya L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The first chapter in Part II contains basic information on general relativity and all necessary notations and formulas. The consideration is concise but rather brief; it is not meant to replace a textbook on general relativity. Covariant derivatives, curvature tensors, Bianchi identities, covariant equations, the classical limit and Einstein equations are covered. The fact that the Schwarzschild solution and the cosmological solution contain singularities, which can be interpreted as indicating a need for quantum gravitational theory, is addressed. In addition, the applicability of general relativity and Planck units are discussed.
The Culpability Question
Authors: Sander Barrie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter examines categories of culpability recognised by international criminal courts for attributing criminal responsibility for system crimes to individuals in different institutional contexts: first, modes of participation doctrines, by which international criminal courts connect individuals to the commission of crimes; and second, grounds for excluding responsibility and desert-based mitigating factors, by which international criminal courts exclude the responsibility or mitigate the punishment of individuals in light of the situational pressures of their social contexts. Critically examining these categories, the chapter reveals a tendency on the part of international criminal courts to selectively contextualise the behaviour of the defendants on trial for the purpose of determining their culpability—demonstrating greater concern for identifying links between individuals and system crimes than attempting to understand how individuals may be acculturated into violence by situational pressures stemming from the collective and systemic dimensions of the mass atrocity contexts in which they operated.
Dealing with data 1
Authors: Petchey Owen L. , Beckerman Andrew P. , Cooper Natalie , Childs Dylan Z. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In the previous two chapters we experienced/demonstrated a data analysis workflow about variation in the diets of bats. In this and the next few chapters we will take a deeper dive into the details of R and of concepts. In this chapter, you will become much better acquainted with the wonderful world of the dplyr package. We look more carefully at the some of the core dplyr functions: ‘select’ (get some columns), ‘mutate’ (make a new column), ‘filter’ (get some rows), ‘arrange’ (order the rows), ‘group_by’ (add grouping information), and ‘summarise’ (calculate summary information about groups).
The Characters of Criminal Law
Authors: Naffine Ngaire 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Criminal law theorists necessarily start their theorizing with some idea of their subject. The dominant figure in the canon is the criminal actor understood as a freestanding individual, removed from his group affiliations. I call him Model 1. Then there is the demographic or social model of the criminal person. Here our disciplinary characters are treated as members of a population that have certain propensities. Those who subscribe to this second model tend to be thinking of real historical and social people, located in places and contexts, as well as people with bodies and sexes. I call this Model 2. Most criminal laws operate on the basis of a Model 1 person, with an individual without social characteristics or context. But occasionally these demographic concerns are directly expressed in criminal laws. The English criminal law of rape is one such law. It still names men as the people of concern. The English law of rape therefore poses a challenge for Model 1 individualists, requiring them to make some sense of this population-specific law. So, when individualists write about the nature of rape and its law, as they often do, it is highly revealing of their thinking about their own criminal law character. Here I consider the work of legal philosopher John Gardner, who has written influentially about English rape law, to discover what an individualist does with a law which acknowledges its population of concern. What happens when the two paradigms conflict?
Responsibility and Explanations of Rape
Authors: Pickard Hanna 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the psychological function and consequences of responsibility ascriptions in relation to the crime of rape. Section 1 draws on recent work in the philosophy and science of causal cognition to argue that responsibility ascriptions, like explanations, are tethered to interests and perspectives: descriptive and prescriptive background norms affect not only what counts as a satisfying explanation of why something happened, but who is singled out as the bearer of responsibility for what happened. Section 2 draws on in-depth qualitative interviews with convicted rapists, together with empirical studies of the attitudes and factors that result in ‘victim-blaming’ within the general population, to detail the descriptive and prescriptive norms of rape culture. Section 3 brings these discussions together. Given the pervasive influence of rape culture norms, introducing a woman’s violation of any of them in court can serve to (implicitly or explicitly) focus attention on those violations as causally salient and explanatory of what happened, and hence on her—as opposed to him—as the bearer of responsibility for what happened. The psychological function and consequences of responsibility ascriptions may therefore contribute to the grotesque and persistent failure of the courts to convict and appropriately sentence rapists.
Vladimir Nabokov’s Speak, Memory (1951)
Authors: Riley Kathleen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 8 explores in detail the rich nostalgia of Vladimir Nabokov who was born into a privileged family in tsarist St Petersburg and spent his entire adult life in exile—in England, Europe, the United States, and finally in Switzerland. His need to recall patches of the past, and to reclaim his lost childhood, found expression in the autobiographical essays collected in Speak, Memory, the original title of which was to have been Speak, Mnemosyne (calling to mind the opening words of the Odyssey, ‘Tell me, Muse’). As the chapter reveals, it is the very condition of exile that provides Nabokov with an identity and in which, as an artist, he revels and luxuriates. For him nostalgia is a higher form of consciousness and nostalgic writing an act of ecstatic devotion.
Woody Allen’s Midnight in Paris (2011)
Authors: Riley Kathleen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the question, posed by Svetlana Boym in The Future of Nostalgia, ‘How can one be homesick for a home that one never had?’ Its focus is Woody Allen’s 2011 film Midnight in Paris, the director’s most overt and sustained meditation on nostalgia, and the most wooing. The film concerns a twenty-first-century Hollywood screenwriter, Gil Pender, who stumbles effortlessly through the space-time continuum to find himself (in both senses) among Gertrude Stein’s Lost Generation, a world he has always believed to be his spiritual home. Through Gil’s time-travelling odyssey, Allen probes the allure and the perils of nostalgia; he shows how nostalgia relies on impossibility or absence to feed it, to lend it piquancy and artistic efficacy. The chapter also examines the Lost Generation’s propulsive nostalgia which was spawned by a tremendous sense of rootlessness and flux, and why the Odyssey was a guiding text for expatriates like Joyce, Hemingway, and Fitzgerald.
Michael Portillo’s Great Railway Journeys: Granada to Salamanca (1999)
Authors: Riley Kathleen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter follows Michael Portillo’s pilgrimage to his late father’s native Spain as part of the BBC television series Great Railway Journeys. Luis Gabriel Portillo was a poet and law professor who stayed loyal to the Republican government when the Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936. A liberal intellectual and a Catholic idealist, he refused to carry a rifle at the front for fear of killing one of his brothers, five of whom were enlisted on the Nationalist side. Instead he ran messages as a courier and acted as a political instructor to the troops. In January 1939, shortly before Madrid fell to Franco, he escaped across the Pyrenees, reaching England as an asylum-seeker. For two decades he was unable to set foot in Spain. Michael’s moving Telemachan odyssey took him back to the land of his father’s heroes, to the village of his formative years, to the front line of the civil war, and to the ancient university city of Salamanca, the Ithaca of which Luis dreamt during his long years in exile. The chapter also looks at examples of Luis Portillo’s deeply nostalgic poetry of exile, from his published volume Ruiseñor del destierro.
Daniel Mendelsohn’s An Odyssey: A Father, a Son, and an Epic (2017)
Authors: Riley Kathleen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at Daniel Mendelsohn’s memoir An Odyssey: A Father, A Son, and an Epic which interweaves a nuanced portrait of his late father Jay with reflections on the text of Homer’s Odyssey. The book is essentially a Telemachy, a son’s quest to find out about his father, but the difference between Homer’s Telemachus and Mendelsohn is that Mendelsohn’s quest is undertaken largely in his father’s presence. In January 2011, 81-year-old Jay Mendelsohn, a retired mathematician, enrolled in his son’s undergraduate seminar on the Odyssey at New York’s Bard College, and the encounter between their opposing perspectives of Odysseus’ heroism led to a richer reading of the poem. When the semester ended, father and son embarked on a cruise entitled ‘Journey of Odysseus: Retracing the Odyssey through the Ancient Mediterranean’. The voyage lasted ten days, one for each year of Odysseus’ nostos, and afforded Mendelsohn new perspectives on his complex, polytropos father.
Mechanical Design
Authors: Chen C. Julian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses various mechanical designs for STM and AFM. The central piece of the mechanical design of STM and AFM is the course positioner. Therefore, various types of course positioners are also discussed. The louse and the pocket-size STM are discussed first. It is of significant historical importance but no longer popular today. The single-tube STM has a very simple mechanical structure, and still the basis of the most popular commercial STM and AFM. The Besocke-type or the beetles is very popular among builders of special-purpose STM due its immunity to temperature variation and vibration. For STM requiring superb stability, the walker and the kangaroo are the preferred design. The commercial nanostepper, the Inchworm, is described. It has been successfully used by many designers of special-purpose STM.
Do We Still Need Regional Development Banks Today (and Tomorrow)?
Authors: Alonso José Antonio , Cuesta José 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The need for regional development banks (RDB) is a straightforward question that does not have a straightforward answer. The authors assess the arguments claiming that RDB are called to play a substantive role—in fact an increasingly substantive role—in future development. They summarize these arguments in the following hypothesis: if RDB did not exist, we should re-invent them. This hypothesis is assessed against a critical developmental challenge affecting today’s world and most likely to remain in the future: the massive mobilization of resources required for financing of huge gaps in sustainable infrastructure investments that exist in the developing world. This exercise is followed by a discussion on what conditions need be in place for RDB to be truly playing a pivotal role in confronting such challenge—and perhaps others—in the future.
Proportionality
Authors: O'Meara Chris 
Published: April 2021

AbstractChapter 3 examines proportionality. As with Chapter 2, it employs primary and secondary sources of international law to provide a more coherent and granular realization of this requirement and how it operates in practice. In particular, it offers a nuanced analysis of the various factors and interests that inform the review of ‘how much’ force states may use in their defence and whether other states, international organizations, courts and scholars might view such action as excessive. Chapter 3 draws upon the laws of state responsibility to consider how a diversity of interests are affected by the exercise of self-defence. Applicable rules of international humanitarian law are also examined, including how they interact with the jus ad bellum on a regime level and might affect a review of jus ad bellum proportionality in specific instances.
What Might Explain Today’s Conflicting Narratives on Global Inequality?
Authors: Ravallion Martin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
How unequal is the world today? Is global income inequality falling—or is it rising, as one often hears? The chapter reviews the arguments and evidence. A number of concerns about the underlying data are identified, with biases going in both directions. Conceptual issues further cloud the picture. The claim that global inequality has been falling since 1990 can be defended for a subset of the admissible parameter values, but only a subset. Global inequality is found to be rising if one or more of the following conditions holds: (i) one attaches a high ethical weight to the poorest; (ii) one has a strong ethical aversion to ‘high-end inequality’; (iii) one takes a nationalistic perspective, emphasizing relative deprivation within countries; or (iv) one sees inequality as absolute rather than relative. Popular debates on this topic would benefit from greater clarity on the concepts used, and greater awareness of data limitations.
Foundations and tools of business ethics
Authors: Lütge Christoph , Uhl Matthias 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the most important interdisciplinary foundations and tools of business ethics. First, the authors discuss the philosophical foundations and concepts. The most important normative ethical theories, the notion of a reflective equilibrium, and several tools for justifying norms under dissent are introduced. Second, economic and socio-scientific foundations and tools are discussed, scrutinizing different concepts of rationality and assessments of social conditions. The importance of dilemma structures lies at the core of this section. Third, the authors present psychological foundations and tools, introducing the behavioral approach to ethics, dual process theory, and Haidt’s social intuitionist model to moral judgment, with its emphasis on the limits of reason for moral judgment. Moreover, the relevance of bounded ethicality in individuals and organizations for business ethics is outlined.
Conditions for Alienation
Authors: Ruuska Toni 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In the chapter it is argued that both capital accumulation and technological development need each other, but are also conditioned and defined by each other. In practice, this entails that technology and its development, in capitalism, are about endlessly producing and marketing new technologies involving a profit motive. In other words, in this organization, technology and its development do not have a purpose apart from the creation of monetary value. This modern-day assembly is framed in the chapter as a capital-technology alliance to highlight the intertwined relation of capital accumulation and technological development, and how they both produce conditions for alienation. This is because both of them contribute to a lack of control and freedom in personal and communal lives, albeit in somewhat different ways, and generate personal and communal detachment from fellow humans and from the rest of living nature.
Quantum statistical mechanics
Authors: Sethna James P. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Quantum statistical mechanics governs metals, semiconductors, and neutron stars. Statistical mechanics spawned Planck’s invention of the quantum, and explains Bose condensation, superfluids, and superconductors. This chapter briefly describes these systems using mixed states, or more formally density matrices, and introducing the properties of bosons and fermions. We discuss in unusual detail how useful descriptions of metals and superfluids can be derived by ignoring the seemingly important interactions between their constituent electrons and atoms. Exercises explore how gregarious bosons lead to superfluids and lasers, how unsociable fermions explain transitions between white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes, how one calculates materials properties in semiconductors, insulators, and metals, and how statistical mechanics can explain the collapse of the quantum wavefunction during measurement.
Re-Ordering the World from the Skies? The Emergence and Justification of Aerial Warfare
Authors: Hippler Thomas 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Thomas Hippler’s contribution focuses on the justifications of aerial bombing in the context of the inception of air warfare in the early twentieth century, especially, but not exclusively, in the realm of strategic thinking. The main purpose of the chapter is to point out the conceptions of international order behind the different justifications of aerial warfare and air strikes, in particular with regard to the strategic choice to target civil populations, which was first implemented through the concept of colonial ‘police bombing’ before being employed in strategic bombing campaigns. Hippler’s short genealogy of aerial bombings and their justifications interestingly reminds one of the local practices of declaring war and peace by early modern conquistadores (Arnulf Becker Lorca’s chapter) and nineteenth-century imperial agents (Lauren Benton’s chapter): as Thomas Hippler argues, with aerial warfare a new form of governance emerged, which (not least in its justification) points to a disturbing link to democracy.
China’s Approach to the Use of Force: A Short Review of China’s Changing Attitudes towards the Justification of Humanitarian Intervention
Authors: Chi Manjiao 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
China’s position on the use of force is an important aspect of its foreign policy. China has engaged in a number of use-of-force events since the establishment of the PRC, but has not participated in any humanitarian intervention events. China strongly adheres to a restrictive understanding of the principles of the use of force in the UN Charter, and has been an opponent to humanitarian intervention in contrast to Western states (see Geis/Wagner and Jahn in this volume). In recent years, however, as suggested by its voting in the UN Security Council on a number of humanitarian intervention, China now offers conditional support to humanitarian intervention. Recently, China has proposed the notion of ‘building a community of a shared future for mankind’, which could imply a growing people-, community-, and governance-orientation in its foreign policy. Consequently, this could lead China to hold a more flexible attitude towards humanitarian intervention in the future.
How Many Deaths Can Article 2(4) UN Charter Die?
Authors: Marauhn Thilo 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The starting point of this chapter is Thomas M. Franck’s famous 1970 essay ‘Who killed Article 2(4)?’. Thilo Marauhn takes Franck’s analysis in light of his 2003 critique ‘The United Nations After Iraq’ and discusses current trends in the justification of violence. Marauhn re-affirms Franck’s critical review of international practice in light of normative standards and warns against weakening the prohibition of the use of force. This prohibition should stand as a cornerstone of public international law, as an expression of the rule of law and in support of international law as a ‘gentle civilizer’ (Koskenniemi). Quite contrary to Chris Brown’s argument in the previous chapter (24), Thilo Marauhn emphasizes the central importance of the legal regime governing force: drawing upon developments from political practice as well as on legal debates, this chapter calls upon lawyers to live up to their responsibility and to defend the counter-factual dimension of the law.
Good Lives
Authors: Clark Samuel 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Reasoning with autobiography is a way to self-knowledge. We can learn about ourselves, as human beings and as individuals, by reading, thinking through, and arguing about this distinctive kind of text. Reasoning with Edmund Gosse’s Father and Son is a way of learning about the nature of the good life and the roles that pleasure and self-expression can play in it. Reasoning with Siegfried Sassoon’s Memoirs is a way of learning about transformative experience, self-alienation, and therefore the nature of the self. Good Lives develops and defends this claim, by answering a series of questions. What is an autobiography? How can we learn about ourselves from reading one? On what subjects does autobiography teach? What should we learn about them? In particular, given that autobiographies are narratives, should we learn something about the importance of narrative in human life? Could our storytelling about our own lives make sense of them as wholes, unify them over time, or make them good for us? Could storytelling make the self? The overall aim of the book is a critique of narrative and a defence of a self-realization account of the self and its good. As it pursues that, the book investigates the wide range of extant accounts of the self and of the good life, and defends pluralist realism about self-knowledge by reading and reasoning with autobiographies of self-discovery, martial life, and solitude. It concludes: autobiography can be reasoning in pursuit of self-knowledge; each of us is an unchosen, initially opaque, seedlike self; our good is the development and expression of our latent capacities, which is our individual self-realization; self-narration plays much less role in our lives than some thinkers have supposed, and the development and expression of potential much more.