bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advancements in observing behavior in preschool classrooms: A new audiovisual approach
Authors: Thibodeau‐Nielsen Rachel B. , White Rachel E. , Palermo Francisco 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis article outlines a new method for collecting observational data in preschool classrooms using a combination of state‐of‐the‐art audio and visual equipment, including omnidirectional cameras. This audiovisual recording method capitalizes on the advantages of existing in‐person and mechanical observational designs. For example, the technique presented in this paper allows researchers to seamlessly follow multiple children as they move throughout their classroom and clearly hear conversations among children in noisy settings without having to be present in the observation environment. In addition to providing a step‐by‐step, practical guide for how researchers can use this observational technique in their own work, we give evidence that this method will allow researchers to obtain an incredibly detailed picture of children's behaviors and activities in a fraction of the time and with fewer personnel than is typically required of existing observational designs.
Children manage their reputation by caring about gossip
Authors: Shinohara Asami , Kanakogi Yasuhiro , Okumura Yuko , Kobayashi Tessei 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIndividuals engage in reputation management by adjusting their behaviour in front of others. As gossip plays an important role in human society, individuals need to concern themselves with not only a present observer's evaluations but also non‐present people's impressions. In this study, we investigated whether 4‐ and 8‐year‐old children (N = 144) would adjust their sharing behaviours when presented with the possibility of an observer's gossiping. We manipulated whether the receiver of gossip could identify the child being gossiped about by using real‐life group boundaries. The children shared their treats with an anonymous peer in front of an observer under three conditions. In the same‐group gossip condition, the observer told the children that she would report their behaviour to their friends. In the different‐group gossip condition, the children's behaviours were to be reported to an unknown peer (from a different kindergarten or elementary school). In the no‐gossip condition, the observer would not gossip. Children from both age groups shared more treats in the two gossip conditions than in the no‐gossip circumstance, regardless of whether the gossip receiver could identify them. These findings suggest that 4‐ and 8‐year‐old children attempt to manage their reputation when they could be a target of gossip.
The delivery of palliative and end-of-life care to adolescents and young adults living with cancer: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Drake Emily K. , Weeks Lori E. , van Manen Michael , Curran Janet , McKibbon Shelley 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective:
This review will provide an overview of the evidence on the delivery of palliative and end-of-life care to adolescents and young adults living with cancer, by identifying knowledge gaps and discussing the key characteristics and types of evidence in this field.

Introduction:
Adolescents and young adults receive their diagnoses at an important stage of development, and often access health systems that are ill-equipped to deal with them, leading to many unmet needs. Some of these needs can be addressed by holistic palliative care services. A better understanding of the literature in this area is needed to identify what is known about the delivery of care to adolescents and young adults.

Inclusion criteria:
This review will consider studies that pertain to the delivery of palliative and end-of-life care for adolescents and young adults living with cancer. Relevant research may be in the context of ambulatory services, advance care planning, palliative care units, home care, hospices, and end-of-lifecare facilities. Studies that concern other oncology populations will be excluded.

Methods:
CINAHL (EBSCO), MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Elsevier), APA PsycINFO (EBSCO), and Web of Science (Science Citation Index Expanded and Social Sciences Citation Index; Clarivate Analytics) databases will be searched, along with other sources of gray literature. No date limit will be set. Two independent reviewers will screen titles and abstracts for studies that meet the review's inclusion criteria and the fulltext of eligible studies will be reviewed. Data from studies that are eligible for inclusion will be extracted using two independent reviewers and presented in a tabular form with an accompanying narrative summary.
Characteristic Law of Borehole Deformation Induced by the Temperature Change in the Surrounding Rock of Deep Coalbed Methane Well
Authors: Li Xin , Zhang Jie , Li Cuinan , Chen Weilin , He Jingbin , Zheng Yundong , Li Rongxin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The borehole stability of the coalbed methane (CBM) well has always been vital in deep CBM exploration and development. The borehole instability of the deep CBM well is due to many complicated reasons. The change in the surrounding rock temperature is an important and easily overlooked factor among many reasons. In this research, we used methods that include experiment and numerical simulation to study the characteristic law of the borehole deformation induced by the changes in the surrounding rock temperature of deep CBM well. The experimental results of the stress–strain curves of five sets of experiments show that when the experimental temperature rises from 40 °C to 100 °C, the average stress when coal samples are broken gradually decreases from 81.09 MPa to 72.71 MPa. The proportion of plastic deformation in the entire deformation stage gradually increases from 7.8% to 25.7%. Moreover, the characteristics that some key mechanical parameters of coal samples change with the experimental temperature are fitted, and results show that as the experimental temperature rises from 40 °C to 100 °C, the compressive strength, elastic modulus, and main crack length of coal samples show a gradually decreasing trend. By contrast, Poisson’s ratio and primary fracture angle show a gradually increasing trend. Moreover, the relativity of the linear equations obtained by fitting is all close to 1, which can accurately reflect the corresponding change trend. Numerical simulation results show that a high temperature of the surrounding rock of the deep CBM well results in a high range of stress concentration on the coal seam borehole and high deformation.
The FDTD Analysis of Near-Field Response for Microgroove Structure With Standing Wave Illumination for the Realization of Coherent Structured Illumination Microscopy
Authors: Guan Yizhao , Kume Hiromasa , Kadoya Shotaro , Michihata Masaki , Takahashi Satoru 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Microstructures are widely used in the manufacture of functional surfaces. An optical-based super-resolution, non-invasive method is preferred for the inspection of surfaces with massive microstructures. The structured illumination microscopy (SIM) uses standing-wave illumination to reach optical super-resolution. Recently, coherent SIM is being studied. It can obtain not only the super-resolved intensity distribution but also the phase and amplitude distribution of the sample surface beyond the diffraction limit. By analysis of the phase-depth dependency, the depth measurement for microgroove structures with coherent SIM is expected. FDTD analysis is applied for observing the near-field response of microgroove under the standing-wave illumination. The near-field phase shows depth dependency in this analysis. Moreover, the effects from microgroove width, the incident angle, and the relative position between the standing-wave peak and center of the microgroove are investigated. It is found the near-field phase change can measure depth until 200 nm (aspect ratio 1) with an error of up to 20.4 nm in the case that the microgroove width is smaller than half of the wavelength.
Additive Manufacturing of Porous Ceramics With Foaming Agent
Authors: Guo Zipeng , An Lu , Lakshmanan Sushil , Armstrong Jason N. , Ren Shenqiang , Zhou Chi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The macro-porous ceramics has promising durability and thermal insulation performance. As porous ceramics find more and more applications across many industries, a cost-effective and scalable additive manufacturing technique for fabricating macro-porous ceramics is highly desirable. Herein, we reported a facile additive manufacturing approach to fabricate porous ceramics and control the printed porosity. Several printable ceramic inks were prepared, and the foaming agent was added to generate gaseous bubbles in the ink, followed by the direct ink writing and the ambient-pressure and room-temperature drying to create the three-dimensional geometries. A set of experimental studies were performed to optimize the printing quality. The results revealed the optimal process parameters for printing the foamed ceramic ink with a high spatial resolution and fine surface quality. Varying the concentration of the foaming agent enables the controllability of the structural porosity. The maximum porosity can reach 85%, with a crack-free internal porous structure. The tensile tests showed that the printed macro-porous ceramics possessed enhanced durability with the addition of fiber. With a high-fidelity three-dimensional (3D) printing process and the precise controllability of the porosity, we showed that the printed samples exhibited a remarkably low thermal conductivity and durable mechanical strength.
Reaction-Diffusion Modeling of Photopolymerization During Femtosecond Projection Two-Photon Lithography
Authors: Pingali Rushil , Saha Sourabh K. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Two-photon lithography (TPL) is a polymerization-based direct laser writing process that is capable of fabricating arbitrarily complex three-dimensional (3D) structures with submicron features. Traditional TPL techniques have limited scalability due to the slow point-by-point serial writing scheme. The femtosecond projection TPL (FP-TPL) technique increases printing rate by a thousand times by enabling layer-by-layer parallelization. However, parallelization alters the time and the length scales of the underlying polymerization process. It is therefore challenging to apply the models of serial TPL to accurately predict process outcomes during FP-TPL. To solve this problem, we have generated a finite element model of the polymerization process on the time and length scales relevant to FP-TPL. The model is based on the reaction-diffusion mechanism that underlies polymerization. We have applied this model to predict the geometry of nanowires printed under a variety of conditions and compared these predictions against empirical data. Our model accurately predicts the nanowire widths. However, accuracy of aspect ratio prediction is hindered by uncertain values of the chemical properties of the photopolymer. Nevertheless, our results demonstrate that the reaction-diffusion model can accurately capture the effect of controllable parameters on FP-TPL process outcome and can therefore be used for process control and optimization.
Hybrid-Light-Source Stereolithography for Fabricating Macro-Objects With Micro-Textures
Authors: Jia Wenxuan , Leung Yuen-Shan , Mao Huachao , Xu Han , Zhou Chi , Chen Yong 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Microscale surface structures are commonly found on macroscale bodies of natural creatures for their unique functions. However, it is difficult to fabricate such multi-scale geometry with conventional stereolithography processes that rely on either laser or digital micromirror device (DMD). More specifically, the DMD-based mask projection method displays the image of a cross section of the part on the resin to fabricate the entire layer efficiently; however, its display resolution is limited by the building area. In comparison, the laser-based vector scanning method builds smooth features using a focused laser beam with desired beam-width resolution; however, it has less throughput for its sequential nature. In this paper, we studied the hybrid-light-source stereolithography process that integrates both optical light sources to facilitate the fabrication of macro-objects with microscale surface structures (called micro-textures in the paper). The hardware system uses a novel calibration approach that ensures pixel-level dimensional accuracy across the two light sources. The software system enables designing the distribution and density of specific microscale textures on a macro-object by generating projection images and laser toolpaths for the two integrated light sources. Several test cases were fabricated to demonstrate the capability of the developed process. A large fabrication area (76.8–80.0 mm) with 50 μm micro-features can be achieved with a high throughput.
Influence of Temperature-Dependent Physical Properties on Liquid Metal Droplet Impact Dynamics
Authors: Chowdhury Akash , Bhattacharya Anandaroop , Bandyopadhyay P. P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The dynamics of a metal droplet impacting on a substrate surface has been studied numerically in this report. Numerical solutions of the Navier–Stokes and energy equations show the evolution of the droplet as it spreads upon impact with the substrate while simultaneously undergoing solidification. The interplay of different forces including inertia, viscous, and surface tension, coupled with solidification of the molten material in layers lead to complex flow dynamics. The change in density and viscosity owing to a change in temperature resulting from the cooling process is found to influence the spreading of the droplet significantly. The model was exercised for three different materials, namely, aluminum, copper, and nickel to determine the final splat radius as well as the spreading time. The surface tension forces as well as solidification rates were found to be the dominant factors in determining the above parameters as well as the shape of the splat during spreading. The results were found to be in good agreement with an existing analytical model.
CYP1A2 Genotype Modifies the Effects of Caffeine Compared With Placebo on Muscle Strength in Competitive Male Athletes
Authors: Wong Oriana , Marshall Keiko , Sicova Marc , Guest Nanci S. , García-Bailo Bibiana , El-Sohemy Ahmed 
Published: July 2021

Caffeine is commonly used to improve athletic performance across a variety of sports. Previously, the CYP1A2 gene has been shown to modify the effects of caffeine on endurance performance. The effect of caffeine on strength and power activities is unclear and may differ depending on an individual’s CYP1A2 genotype. A randomized controlled trial was used to determine whether caffeine impacts strength and power, determined by the handgrip and vertical jump tests, respectively, and whether CYP1A2 genotype modifies any effects. Competitive male athletes (age = 25 ± 4 years) completed vertical jump (n = 97), and handgrip tests (n = 102) under three conditions: 0 (placebo), 2, or 4 mg of caffeine per kilogram of body mass (in milligrams per kilogram). CYP1A2 (rs762551) genotype was determined from saliva samples. No differences between caffeine doses and placebo were observed for strength or power; however, significant Caffeine × Gene interactions were observed for all exercise tests. Individuals with the CC genotype experienced a 12.8% decrease in handgrip strength with 4 mg/kg of caffeine compared with placebo (53 ± 11 kg vs. 61 ± 17 kg, p = .02). No differences were observed in those with the AC or AA genotypes. Despite observing a significant Caffeine × Gene interaction for vertical jump performance, no differences were observed between caffeine doses and placebo for all genotypes. In summary, caffeine (4 mg/kg) worsened handgrip strength performance in those with the CC genotype, but no differences were observed in those with the AC or AA genotypes. Athletes may want to consider their CYP1A2 genotype prior to using caffeine to improve muscle strength.
Superhydrous hematite and goethite: A potential water reservoir in the red dust of Mars?
Authors: Chen Si Athena , Heaney Peter J. , Post Jeffrey E. , Fischer Timothy B. , Eng Peter J. , Stubbs Joanne E. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWater can be stored in nominally anhydrous minerals as substitutional hydroxyl, generating vast but commonly unrecognized H2O reservoirs in ostensibly dry regimes. Researchers have long known that hematite (α-Fe2O3) can accommodate small concentrations of hydroxyl through the substitution of Fe3+ by 3H+. Our study of natural hematite has demonstrated the occurrence of “hydrohematite” phases that are 10–20 mol% deficient in Fe and accordingly contain 3.6–7.8 mol% structural water. Intergrown with natural hydrohematite samples were superhydrous goethite-like phases exhibiting an Fe deficiency of 10–20 mol% relative to end-member goethite (α-FeOOH). We synthesized hydrohematite in alkaline solutions (pH 9–12) at low temperatures (T &lt; 200 °C) using fresh ferrihydrite as the transient precursor, and we observed a nonclassical crystallization pathway involving vacancy inoculation by Fe as nanocrystals evolved. The high level of incorporation of H2O in iron (hydr)oxides dramatically alters their behaviors as catalysts and pigments, and the presence of hydrohematite in rocks may rule out high-T diagenesis. We propose that hydrohematite is common in low-T occurrences of Fe oxide on Earth, and by extension it may inventory large quantities of water in apparently arid planetary environments, such as the surface of Mars.
First identification of a Cathaysian continental fragment beneath the Gagua Ridge, Philippine Sea, and its tectonic implications
Authors: Qian Shengping , Zhang Xiaozhi , Wu Jonny , Lallemand Serge , Nichols Alexander R.L. , Huang Chiyue , Miggins Daniel P. , Zhou Huaiyang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe tectonic history of the Philippine Sea plate is an essential piece in understanding the tectonic evolution of Southeast Asia, but it is still unclear and controversial. We present the first geochemical data obtained from lavas from the Gagua Ridge (GR) within the Philippine Sea. The GR lavas exhibit geochemical signatures typical of subduction-related arc magmatism. Plagioclase Ar-Ar ages of ca. 124–123 Ma and subduction-related geochemical signatures support the formation of GR lavas in the vicinity of an arc during the Early Cretaceous induced by subduction of the oceanic plate along East Asia. The ages of trapped zircon xenocrysts within the GR lavas cluster at 250 Ma, 0.75 Ga, and 2.45 Ga and match well the ages of zircons recovered from the Cathaysian block, southern China. Our results imply that the GR basement is partially composed of continental material that rifted away from the Eurasian margin during opening and spreading of the Huatung Basin. The depleted mantle wedge-derived magmas evolved and picked up the continental zircons during ascent. The youngest zircon ages and the GR lava Ar-Ar ages (ca. 124–123 Ma) presented in this study newly constrain an Early Cretaceous age for the Huatung Basin. Our study provides further evidence that the Huatung Basin is a remnant of a Mesozoic-aged ocean basin that dispersed from southern China during the Cretaceous. Transport of continental slivers by growth and closure of marginal seas along the East Asia margin may have been more prevalent than previously recognized.
Skarn fluid sources as indicators of timing of Cordilleran arc emergence and paleogeography in the southwestern United States
Authors: Gevedon M. , Lackey J.S. , Barnes J.D. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Oxygen isotope ratios of garnet provide well-established means to investigate crustal fluid histories. Traditionally, δ18O values from skarn garnets have been used to track the hydrothermal evolution of an individual skarn body through time. We, however, use garnet from 14 skarns from the Jurassic (ca. 175 to ca. 148 Ma) Cordilleran margin arc (southwestern United States) to provide regional tectonic context to arc magmatism and hydrothermal activity. We document arc-wide garnet δ18O variability of ~19‰ (−8.9‰ to +10.3‰, n = 159), providing a record of contrasting meteoric fluid ingress between northern (Sierra Nevada) and southern (Mojave Desert) arc segments. Strongly negative garnet δ18O values (≤−3‰) are limited to the Mojave Desert arc segment and can only form in the presence of meteoric fluid, requiring shallow formation in subaerial crust. When combined with U-Pb garnet ages, the δ18O data provide a minimum radiometric age of local subaerial arc emergence and temporal constraint on the migration of the Jurassic paleoshoreline in the Mojave Desert section of the arc.
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on routine childhood immunisation in Colombia
Authors: Moreno-Montoya Jose , Ballesteros Silvia Marcela , Rojas Sotelo Jaid Constanza , Bocanegra Cervera Clara Lucia , Barrera-López Pedro , De la Hoz-Valle José A 
Published: July 2021

ObjectiveTo assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on routine childhood vaccination coverage in Colombia by age group, rural/urban residence, state and vaccine type.DesignEcological study of official monthly vaccination records.SettingVaccination records from the Colombian Ministry of Health (March–October 2019 and 2020).ParticipantsAggregated data for Colombian children (<12 months, n=676 153; 12–23 months, n=700 319; and 5 years, n=734 295) participating in the Expanded Program on Immunization.Main outcome measuresProportion of eligible population receiving vaccination.ResultsVaccination coverage showed an overall decline of approximately 14.4% from 2019 to 2020 (2019 coverage=76.0, 2020 coverage=61.6%). The greatest reduction in proportion vaccinated was observed in children <12 months of age for pneumococcal vaccine (second dose) (2019 coverage=81.4%; 2020 coverage=62.2%; 2019–2020 absolute difference, 19.2%; 95% CI 14.8% to 23.7%). For children aged 12–23 months, the proportion vaccinated for yellow fever declined by 16.4% (12.4% to 20.9%) from 78.3% in 2019 to 61.8% in 2020. Among children 5 years of age, the biggest decrease occurred for the oral polio vaccine (second dose), with a difference of 11.4% (7.1% to 15.7%) between 2019 and 2020 (73.1% and 61.7% for 2019 and 2020). We observed a statistically significant effect on vaccine coverage in rural versus urban areas for children <12 months and 5 years of age.ConclusionsReduced uptake of immunisations during the COVID-19 pandemic poses a serious risk of vaccine-preventable disease outbreaks. Colombia and other middle-income countries need to continue to monitor immunisation programme coverage and disease outbreaks at the national and subnational levels and undertake catch-up vaccination activities.
Ictal asystole: an uncommon but significant cause of transient loss of consciousness—a case series
Authors: Wright Emily Cecilia , Mitchell Lara , Hewett Russell , Anderton Lesley 
Published: July 2021

Ictal bradycardia and asystole are rare, but potentially serious complications of epileptic seizures. We present a case series of three such patients diagnosed through our syncope service. For two patients, treatment with anticonvulsant therapy alone achieved symptom control. The third patient was initially managed with permanent pacemaker insertion due to detection of a significant ventricular pause. He subsequently developed more pronounced symptoms suggestive of seizure.Ictal asystole can cause significant diagnostic challenge and management strategies remain controversial due to the overlap in presentation to cardiology and neurology services. The number of patients affected is low, impeding the formulation of an evidence base for treatment. We propose multidisciplinary working facilitated by a specialist syncope service as a means of recognising and treating this condition more effectively.