bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dependence of Relativistic Electron Precipitation in the Ionosphere on EMIC Wave Minimum Resonant Energy at the Conjugate Equator
Authors: Zhang X.‐J. , Mourenas D. , Shen X.‐C. , Qin M. , Artemyev A. V. , Ma Q. , Li W. , Hudson M. K. , Angelopoulos V. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe investigate relativistic electron precipitation events detected by Polar Environmental Satellites (POES) in low‐Earth orbit in close conjunction with Van Allen Probe A observations of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves near the geomagnetic equator. We show that the occurrence rate of >0.7 MeV electron precipitation recorded by POES during those times strongly increases, reaching statistically significant levels when the minimum electron energy for cyclotron resonance with hydrogen or helium band EMIC waves at the equator decreases below ≃1.0–2.5 MeV, as expected from the quasi‐linear theory. Both hydrogen and helium band EMIC waves can be effective in precipitating MeV electrons. However, >0.7 MeV electron precipitation is more often observed (at statistically significant levels) when the minimum electron energy for cyclotron resonance with hydrogen band waves is low (Emin = 0.6–1.0 MeV), whereas it is more often observed when the minimum electron energy for cyclotron resonance with helium band waves is slightly larger (Emin = 1.0–2.5 MeV). This is indicative of the warm plasma effects for waves approaching the He+ gyrofrequency. We further show that most precipitation events had energies > 0.7–1.0 MeV, consistent with the estimated minimum energy (Emin ∼ 0.6 − 2.5 MeV) of cyclotron resonance with the observed EMIC waves during the majority of these events. However, 4 out of the 12 detected precipitation events cannot be explained by electron quasi‐linear scattering by the observed EMIC waves, and 12 out of 20 theoretically expected precipitation events were not detected by POES, suggesting the possibility of nonlinear effects likely present near the magnetic equator, or warm plasma effects, and/or narrowly localized bursts of EMIC waves.
Electrical Discharges Produce Prodigious Amounts of Hydroxyl and Hydroperoxyl Radicals
Authors: Jenkins Jena M. , Brune William H. , Miller David O. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractReaction with the hydroxyl radical (OH) is often the first step in the removal of many atmospheric pollutants. The nitrogen oxides (NOx) generated by lightning can increase the amount of HOx (HOx = OH + HO2) present in the atmosphere, but direct HOx production from lightning has never been quantitatively investigated in the laboratory. In this laboratory study, prodigious amounts of HOx were generated by both visible and subvisible electrical discharges over ranges of pressure and water vapor mixing ratios relevant to the troposphere. Also measured were NO, total nitrogen oxides (NOx), ozone (O3), and OH exposure, which is the integral of the hydroxyl radical concentration over time since the discharge. HOx and OH exposure were approximately independent of pressure from 360 to 970 hPa and increased only slightly as water vapor increased from 1,000 to 8,000 parts per million volume (ppmv), while NOx was approximately independent of both pressure and water vapor over the same ranges. These laboratory measurements of excessive HOx and OH exposure are similar to measurements of electrically generated HOx discovered in electrified anvil clouds during a 2012 airborne study, thus demonstrating the relevance of these laboratory results to the atmosphere and the importance of understanding the electrically generated HOx contribution to atmospheric oxidation.
Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper regulates liver fibrosis by suppressing CCL2-mediated leukocyte recruitment
Authors: Flamini Sara , Sergeev Philipp , Viana de Barros Zenobio , Mello Tommaso , Biagioli Michele , Paglialunga Musetta , Fiorucci Chiara , Prikazchikova Tatiana , Pagano Stefano , Gagliardi Andrea , Riccardi Carlo , Zatsepin Timofei , Migliorati Graziella , Bereshchenko Oxana , Bruscoli Stefano 
Published: April 2021

AbstractLiver fibrosis (LF) is a dangerous clinical condition with no available treatment. Inflammation plays a critical role in LF progression. Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ, encoded in mice by the Tsc22d3 gene) mimics many of the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids, but its role in LF has not been directly addressed. Here, we found that GILZ deficiency in mice was associated with elevated CCL2 production and pro-inflammatory leukocyte infiltration at the early LF stage, resulting in enhanced LF development. RNA interference-mediated in vivo silencing of the CCL2 receptor CCR2 abolished the increased leukocyte recruitment and the associated hepatic stellate cell activation in the livers of GILZ knockout mice. To highlight the clinical relevance of these findings, we found that TSC22D3 mRNA expression was significantly downregulated and was inversely correlated with that of CCL2 in the liver samples of patients with LF. Altogether, these data demonstrate a protective role of GILZ in LF and uncover the mechanism, which can be targeted therapeutically. Therefore, modulating GILZ expression and its downstream targets represents a novel avenue for pharmacological intervention for treating LF and possibly other liver inflammatory disorders.
Stochastic models support rapid peopling of Late Pleistocene Sahul
Authors: Bradshaw Corey J. A. , Norman Kasih , Ulm Sean , Williams Alan N. , Clarkson Chris , Chadœuf Joël , Lin Sam C. , Jacobs Zenobia , Roberts Richard G. , Bird Michael I. , Weyrich Laura S. , Haberle Simon G. , O’Connor Sue , Llamas Bastien , Cohen Tim J. , Friedrich Tobias , Veth Peter , Leavesley Matthew , Saltré Frédérik 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe peopling of Sahul (the combined continent of Australia and New Guinea) represents the earliest continental migration and settlement event of solely anatomically modern humans, but its patterns and ecological drivers remain largely conceptual in the current literature. We present an advanced stochastic-ecological model to test the relative support for scenarios describing where and when the first humans entered Sahul, and their most probable routes of early settlement. The model supports a dominant entry via the northwest Sahul Shelf first, potentially followed by a second entry through New Guinea, with initial entry most consistent with 50,000 or 75,000 years ago based on comparison with bias-corrected archaeological map layers. The model’s emergent properties predict that peopling of the entire continent occurred rapidly across all ecological environments within 156–208 human generations (4368–5599 years) and at a plausible rate of 0.71–0.92 km year−1. More broadly, our methods and approaches can readily inform other global migration debates, with results supporting an exit of anatomically modern humans from Africa 63,000–90,000 years ago, and the peopling of Eurasia in as little as 12,000–15,000 years via inland routes.
Etiological, epidemiological, and clinical features of acute diarrhea in China
Authors: Wang Li-Ping , Zhou Shi-Xia , Wang Xin , Lu Qing-Bin , Shi Lu-Sha , Ren Xiang , Zhang Hai-Yang , Wang Yi-Fei , Lin Sheng-Hong , Zhang Cui-Hong , Geng Meng-Jie , Zhang Xiao-Ai , Li Jun , Zhao Shi-Wen , Yi Zhi-Gang , Chen Xiao , Yang Zuo-Sen , Meng Lei , Wang Xin-Hua , Liu Ying-Le , Cui Ai-Li , Lai Sheng-Jie , Liu Meng-Yang , Zhu Yu-Liang , Xu Wen-Bo , Chen Yu , Wu Jian-Guo , Yuan Zheng-Hong , Li Meng-Feng , Huang Liu-Yu , Li Zhong-Jie , Liu Wei , Fang Li-Qun , Jing Huai-Qi , Hay Simon I. , Gao George F. , Yang Wei-Zhong ,   The Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Etiology of Diarrhea Surveillance Study Team, Yang Wei-Zhong , Gao George F. , Li Zhong-Jie , Wang Li-Ping , Ren Xiang , Wang Yi-Fei , Lin Sheng-Hong , Zhang Cui-Hong , Geng Meng-Jie , Wang Xin , Jing Huai-Qi , Xu Wen-Bo , Cui Ai-Li , Shen Yu-Juan , Jiang Yan-Yan , Sun Qiao , Hao Li-Peng , Ye Chu-Chu , Liu Wei , Zhang Xiao-Ai , Huang Liu-Yu , Wang Yong , Zhang Wen-Yi , Liu Ying-Le , Wu Jian-Guo , Zhang Qi , Liu Wei-Yong , Sun Zi-Yong , Zhan Fa-Xian , Xiong Ying , Meng Lei , Yu De-Shan , Wang Chun-Xiang , Zhao Sheng-Cang , Wang Wen-Rui , Lei Xia , Li Juan-Sheng , Wang Yu-Hong , Zhang Yan , Yang Jun-Peng , Wang Yan-Bo , Quan Fu-Cai , Xiong Zhi-Jun , Liang Li-Ping , Chang Quan-E , Wang Yun , Wang Ping , Yang Zuo-Sen , Mao Ling-Ling , Li Jia-Meng , Lv Li-Kun , Xu Jun , Shu Chang , Chen Xiao , Chen Yu , Zhang Yan-Jun , Cui Lun-Biao , Zheng Kui-Cheng , Zhang Xing-Guo , Zhang Xi , Tu Li-Hong , Yi Zhi-Gang , Wang Wei , Zhao Shi-Wen , Zhou Xiao-Fang , Pei Xiao-Fang , Zheng Tian-Li , Zhong Xiao-Ni , Li Qin , Ling Hua , Wang Ding-Ming , Li Shi-Jun , He Shu-Sen , Li Meng-Feng , Li Jun , Zhu Xun , Ke Chang-Wen , Xiao Hong , Di Biao , Zhang Ying , Zhou Hong-Wei , Yu Nan , Li Hong-Jian , Yang Fang , Wang Fu-Xiang , Wang Jun 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNational-based prospective surveillance of all-age patients with acute diarrhea was conducted in China between 2009‒2018. Here we report the etiological, epidemiological, and clinical features of the 152,792 eligible patients enrolled in this analysis. Rotavirus A and norovirus are the two leading viral pathogens detected in the patients, followed by adenovirus and astrovirus. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and nontyphoidal Salmonella are the two leading bacterial pathogens, followed by Shigella and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Patients aged <5 years had higher overall positive rate of viral pathogens, while bacterial pathogens were more common in patients aged 18‒45 years. A joinpoint analysis revealed the age-specific positivity rate and how this varied for individual pathogens. Our findings fill crucial gaps of how the distributions of enteropathogens change across China in patients with diarrhea. This allows enhanced identification of the predominant diarrheal pathogen candidates for diagnosis in clinical practice and more targeted application of prevention and control measures.
Epididymal epithelium propels early sexual transmission of Zika virus in the absence of interferon signaling
Authors: Pletnev Alexander G. , Maximova Olga A. , Liu Guangping , Kenney Heather , Nagata Bianca M. , Zagorodnyaya Tatiana , Moore Ian , Chumakov Konstantin , Tsetsarkin Konstantin A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRecognition of Zika virus (ZIKV) sexual transmission (ST) among humans challenges our understanding of the maintenance of mosquito-borne viruses in nature. Here we dissected the relative contributions of the components of male reproductive system (MRS) during early male-to-female ZIKV transmission by utilizing mice with altered antiviral responses, in which ZIKV is provided an equal opportunity to be seeded in the MRS tissues. Using microRNA-targeted ZIKV clones engineered to abolish viral infectivity to different parts of the MRS or a library of ZIKV genomes with unique molecular identifiers, we pinpoint epithelial cells of the epididymis (rather than cells of the testis, vas deferens, prostate, or seminal vesicles) as a most likely source of the sexually transmitted ZIKV genomes during the early (most productive) phase of ZIKV shedding into the semen. Incorporation of this mechanistic knowledge into the development of a live-attenuated ZIKV vaccine restricts its ST potential.
Decrypting bacterial polyphenol metabolism in an anoxic wetland soil
Authors: McGivern Bridget B. , Tfaily Malak M. , Borton Mikayla A. , Kosina Suzanne M. , Daly Rebecca A. , Nicora Carrie D. , Purvine Samuel O. , Wong Allison R. , Lipton Mary S. , Hoyt David W. , Northen Trent R. , Hagerman Ann E. , Wrighton Kelly C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMicroorganisms play vital roles in modulating organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling in soil ecosystems. The enzyme latch paradigm posits microbial degradation of polyphenols is hindered in anoxic peat leading to polyphenol accumulation, and consequently diminished microbial activity. This model assumes that polyphenols are microbially unavailable under anoxia, a supposition that has not been thoroughly investigated in any soil type. Here, we use anoxic soil reactors amended with and without a chemically defined polyphenol to test this hypothesis, employing metabolomics and genome-resolved metaproteomics to interrogate soil microbial polyphenol metabolism. Challenging the idea that polyphenols are not bioavailable under anoxia, we provide metabolite evidence that polyphenols are depolymerized, resulting in monomer accumulation, followed by the generation of small phenolic degradation products. Further, we show that soil microbiome function is maintained, and possibly enhanced, with polyphenol addition. In summary, this study provides chemical and enzymatic evidence that some soil microbiota can degrade polyphenols under anoxia and subvert the assumed polyphenol lock on soil microbial metabolism.
KLK3 SNP–SNP interactions for prediction of prostate cancer aggressiveness
Authors: Lin Hui-Yi , Huang Po-Yu , Cheng Chia-Ho , Tung Heng-Yuan , Fang Zhide , Berglund Anders E. , Chen Ann , French-Kwawu Jennifer , Harris Darian , Pow-Sang Julio , Yamoah Kosj , Cleveland John L. , Awasthi Shivanshu , Rounbehler Robert J. , Gerke Travis , Dhillon Jasreman , Eeles Rosalind , Kote-Jarai Zsofia , Muir Kenneth ,   UKGPCS collaborators, Eeles Rosalind , Kote-Jarai Zsofia , Muir Kenneth , Schleutker Johanna , Pashayan Nora ,   APCB (Australian Prostate Cancer BioResource), Clements Judith , Batra Jyotsna , Neal David E. , Nielsen Sune F. , Nordestgaard Børge G. , Gronberg Henrik , Wiklund Fredrik , Giles Graham G. , Haiman Christopher A. , Travis Ruth C. , Stanford Janet L. , Kibel Adam S. , Cybulski Cezary , Khaw Kay-Tee , Maier Christiane , Thibodeau Stephen N. , Teixeira Manuel R. , Cannon-Albright Lisa , Brenner Hermann , Kaneva Radka , Pandha Hardev ,   The PRACTICAL consortium, Lin Hui-Yi , Eeles Rosalind , Kote-Jarai Zsofia , Muir Kenneth , Schleutker Johanna , Pashayan Nora , Neal David E. , Nielsen Sune F. , Nordestgaard Børge G. , Gronberg Henrik , Wiklund Fredrik , Giles Graham G. , Haiman Christopher A. , Travis Ruth C. , Stanford Janet L. , Kibel Adam S. , Cybulski Cezary , Khaw Kay-Tee , Maier Christiane , Thibodeau Stephen N. , Teixeira Manuel R. , Cannon-Albright Lisa , Brenner Hermann , Kaneva Radka , Pandha Hardev , Srinivasan Srilakshmi , Clements Judith , Batra Jyotsna , Park Jong Y. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRisk classification for prostate cancer (PCa) aggressiveness and underlying mechanisms remain inadequate. Interactions between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may provide a solution to fill these gaps. To identify SNP–SNP interactions in the four pathways (the angiogenesis-, mitochondria-, miRNA-, and androgen metabolism-related pathways) associated with PCa aggressiveness, we tested 8587 SNPs for 20,729 cases from the PCa consortium. We identified 3 KLK3 SNPs, and 1083 (P < 3.5 × 10–9) and 3145 (P < 1 × 10–5) SNP–SNP interaction pairs significantly associated with PCa aggressiveness. These SNP pairs associated with PCa aggressiveness were more significant than each of their constituent SNP individual effects. The majority (98.6%) of the 3145 pairs involved KLK3. The 3 most common gene–gene interactions were KLK3-COL4A1:COL4A2, KLK3-CDH13, and KLK3-TGFBR3. Predictions from the SNP interaction-based polygenic risk score based on 24 SNP pairs are promising. The prevalence of PCa aggressiveness was 49.8%, 21.9%, and 7.0% for the PCa cases from our cohort with the top 1%, middle 50%, and bottom 1% risk profiles. Potential biological functions of the identified KLK3 SNP–SNP interactions were supported by gene expression and protein–protein interaction results. Our findings suggest KLK3 SNP interactions may play an important role in PCa aggressiveness.
Design and development of a biotreatment of E. crassipes for the decontamination of water with Chromium (VI)
Authors: Sayago Uriel Fernando Carreño 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe use of cellulose materials for the adsorption of heavy metals has increased in favorable results to comply with the removal of these contaminants from water, such as the case of Chromium (VI), being one of the most dangerous heavy metals for the environment and human health. The objective of this research is to design and develop a biotreatment with dry and crushed biomass of E. crassipes for the continuous treatment of Chromium (VI), determining through mathematical modeling the Fick diffusion constant (Kf), based on this constant Fick will establish the performance of the biotreatment and the intraparticle diffusion constant (Ks). The diffusion speed (Kf) of the biomass of E. crassipes chemisorbing Cr (VI) of 0.30 cm/min, also it got the constant of the adsorption capacities (Ks) was 0.0198 s. With (Kf) it can design the treatment systems according to caudal or load greatly contaminated, calibrating the parameters how caudal, volume, or area of contact of the system of treatment. Also with (Ks) will be possible the design and modeling of a treatment system to improve the capacity of adsorptions calibrating the density of the particle and the density of the contact bed of the treatment system. Based on Fick's second law, an equation was designed to determine the reliability and performance of water treatment systems through the E. crassipes plant.
Landscape resistance constrains hybridization across contact zones in a reproductively and morphologically polymorphic salamander
Authors: Velo-Antón Guillermo , Lourenço André , Galán Pedro , Nicieza Alfredo , Tarroso Pedro 
Published: April 2021

AbstractExplicitly accounting for phenotypic differentiation together with environmental heterogeneity is crucial to understand the evolutionary dynamics in hybrid zones. Species showing intra-specific variation in phenotypic traits that meet across environmentally heterogeneous regions constitute excellent natural settings to study the role of phenotypic differentiation and environmental factors in shaping the spatial extent and patterns of admixture in hybrid zones. We studied three environmentally distinct contact zones where morphologically and reproductively divergent subspecies of Salamandra salamandra co-occur: the pueriparous S. s. bernardezi that is mostly parapatric to its three larviparous subspecies neighbours. We used a landscape genetics framework to: (i) characterise the spatial location and extent of each contact zone; (ii) assess patterns of introgression and hybridization between subspecies pairs; and (iii) examine the role of environmental heterogeneity in the evolutionary dynamics of hybrid zones. We found high levels of introgression between parity modes, and between distinct phenotypes, thus demonstrating the evolution to pueriparity alone or morphological differentiation do not lead to reproductive isolation between these highly divergent S. salamandra morphotypes. However, we detected substantial variation in patterns of hybridization across contact zones, being lower in the contact zone located on a topographically complex area. We highlight the importance of accounting for spatial environmental heterogeneity when studying evolutionary dynamics of hybrid zones.
Surface Modified β-Tricalcium phosphate enhanced stem cell osteogenic differentiation in vitro and bone regeneration in vivo
Authors: Choy Cheuk Sing , Lee Wei Fang , Lin Pei Ying , Wu Yi-Fan , Huang Haw-Ming , Teng Nai-Chia , Pan Yu-Hwa , Salamanca Eisner , Chang Wei-Jen 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA major number of studies have demonstrated Beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) biocompatibility, bioactivity, and osteoconductivity characteristics in bone regeneration. The aim of this research was to enhance β-TCP's biocompatibility, and evaluate its physicochemical properties by argon glow discharge plasma (GDP) plasma surface treatment without modifying its surface. Treated β-TCP was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy characterization. To evaluate treated β-TCP biocompatibility and osteoblastic differentiation, water-soluble tetrazolium salts-1 (WST-1), immunofluorescence, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) were done using human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). The results indicated a slight enhancement of the β-TCP by GDP sputtering, which resulted in a higher Ca/P ratio (2.05) than the control. Furthermore, when compared with control β-TCP, we observed an improvement of WST-1 on all days (p < 0.05) as well as of ALP activity (day 7, p < 0.05), with up-regulation of ALP, osteocalcin, and Osteoprotegerin osteogenic genes in cells cultured with the treated β-TCP. XPS and SEM results indicated that treated β-TCP’s surface was not modified. In vivo, micro-computed tomography and histomorphometric analysis indicated that the β-TCP test managed to regenerate more new bone than the untreated β-TCP and control defects at 8 weeks (p < 0.05). Argon GDP treatment is a viable method for removing macro and micro particles of < 7 μm in size from β-TCP bigger particles surfaces and therefore improving its biocompatibility with slight surface roughness modification, enhancing hMSCs proliferation, osteoblastic differentiation, and stimulating more new bone formation.
Pre-diagnostic circulating concentrations of fat-soluble vitamins and risk of glioma in three cohort studies
Authors: Yue Yiyang , Creed Jordan H. , Cote David J. , Stampfer Meir J. , Wang Molin , Midttun Øivind , McCann Adrian , Ueland Per Magne , Furtado Jeremy , Egan Kathleen M. , Smith-Warner Stephanie A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFew prospective studies have evaluated the relation between fat-soluble vitamins and glioma risk. Using three cohorts—UK Biobank (UKB), Nurses’ Health Study (NHS), and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS), we investigated associations of pre-diagnostic concentrations of fat-soluble vitamins D, A, and E with incident glioma. In 346,785 participants (444 cases) in UKB, associations with vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]) were evaluated by Cox proportional hazards regression. In NHS (52 cases, 104 controls) and HPFS (32 cases, 64 controls), associations with 25(OH)D, vitamin A (retinol), and vitamin E (α- and γ-tocopherol) were assessed using conditional logistic regression. Our results suggested plasma concentrations of 25(OH)D and retinol were not associated with glioma risk. Comparing the highest to lowest tertile, the multivariable hazard ratio (MVHR) for 25(OH)D was 0.87 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.68–1.11) in UKB and the multivariable risk ratio (MVRR) was 0.97 (95% CI 0.51–1.85) in NHS and HPFS. In NHS and HPFS, the MVRR for the same comparison for retinol was 1.16 (95% CI 0.56–2.38). Nonsignificant associations were observed for α-tocopherol (MVRRtertile3vs1 = 0.61, 95% CI 0.29–1.32) and γ-tocopherol (MVRR tertile3vs1 = 1.30, 95% CI 0.63–2.69) that became stronger in 4-year lagged analyses. Further investigation is warranted on a potential association between α- and γ-tocopherol and glioma risk.