bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“A Style of Chinese Respect”: Lord Macartney’s Reply to the Imperial Edicts of Emperor Qianlong in 1793
Authors: Wong Lawrence Wang-chi 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In 1793, King George III of Great Britain sent an official embassy led by Lord George Macartney to China in the hope of getting more favourable trading terms. However, all the requests made by Lord Macartney were rejected flatly in two imperial edicts issued by the Chinese Emperor Qianlong when the embassy was about to leave China. The present paper focuses on Lord Macartney’s response to the two imperial edicts, in particular the official reply Macartney made to the Qing court in the form of a “note” to Heshen before the embassy left China. In the note, Macartney touched upon several important issues, including the sensitive one about the relative status of the two countries. To Macartney, these issues were so crucial that he felt obliged to make a response promptly. The tactful way adopted by Macartney to handle them deserves our special attention.
Clinical, biochemical and genotypical characteristics in biotinidase deficiency
Authors: Akgun Abdurrahman , Sen Askin , Onal Hasan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Hypotonia, lethargy, eczema, alopecia, conjunctivitis, ataxia, hearing loss, optic atrophy, cognitive retardation, and seizures can occur in patients with biotinidase deficiency, and it is inherited as autosomal recessive. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cases followed up with the diagnosis of biotinidase deficiency in our unit, in terms of clinical, biochemical and genetic analyses.

Methods
A total of 112 cases followed up in our centre with the diagnosis of biotinidase deficiency between August 2018–September 2020 were included in the study. Data were collected retrospectively.

Results
A total of 112 cases (55.4% male, mean age: 2.2 ± 2.8 years) diagnosed with biotinidase deficiency were evaluated. Diagnoses were made by newborn screening in 90.2% of the cases, by family screening in 4.5%, and by investigating symptoms in 5.4%. The most frequently (27.5%) detected mutations were c.1330G>C (p.D444H)/c.1330G>C (p.D444H) homozygous mutation, followed by (13.0%) c.1330G>C (p.D444H)/c.470G>A (p.R157H) compound heterozygous mutation, and (13.0%) c.470G>A (p.R157H)/c.470G>A (p.R157H) homozygous mutation. Biotinidase enzyme levels were found to be higher in patients with the p.D444H homozygous mutation than patients with other mutations. Biotin treatment was started in all patients with enzyme deficiency.

Conclusions
Since the treatment is inexpensive and easily available, it is vital to detect this disease before symptom onset, especially findings related to the central nervous system, hearing and vision loss. In patients diagnosed with enzyme deficiency, the diagnosis should be definitively confirmed by genetic analysis.
Predictive effect of DCE-MRI and DWI in brain metastases from NSCLC
Authors: Ye Chengyu , Lin Quanbing , Jin Zhang , Zheng Cuiping , Ma Shenglin 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), a commonly diagnosed lung cancer, is characterized by a high incidence of metastatic spread to the brain, which adversely impacts prognosis. The present study aimed to assess the value of combined dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in predicting the treatment outcomes of whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) and gefitinib in brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) from the perspectives of response rate and short- and long-term efficacy. These results suggested that the indicators measured by DCE-MRI combined with DWI can be used as key imaging-derived markers that predicted the efficacy of WBRT combined with gefitinib in NSCLC patients with brain metastases. Specifically, patients with higher ΔADCmid and ΔADCpost values showed better treatment outcomes. ROC curve analysis indicated ADCpost, ΔADCpost, ΔADCpost (%), and tumor regression rate as the best predictors of efficacy of WBRT combined with gefitinib in these patients. The short-term and long-term effects noted were also significant. Taken together, the findings of this study reveal that tumor regression rate, ADCpost, ΔADCpost, and ΔADCpost (%) can be used as important imaging indicators that predict the therapeutic effect of WBRT combined with gefitinib in NSCLC patients with brain metastases.
Silencing CDK6-AS1 inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory damage in HK-2 cells
Authors: Wu Ling , Zhang Rui , Lin Sheng , Lin Min , Wang Jing 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In this study, we aim to discover the importance of long non-coding RNA cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6)-AS1 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced HK-2 cells. We treated the HK-2 cells with LPS and knocked down CDK6-AS1 in HK-2 cells and then analyzed the effects of CDK6-AS1 on the viability of cell, cell apoptosis, the expression of cytokines via MTT, flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and qPCR. The results showed that silencing CDK6-AS1 alleviated LPS-induced inhibition of HK-2 cell proliferation, release of IL-1β, IL-8, IL-6, and TNF-α, cell apoptosis, and decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, decreasing the level of CDK6-AS1 inhibited the reduction of Bcl-2 levels, the expression of Bax, cleaved caspade-9, and cleaved caspase-3, induced by LPS. In conclusion, lowering CDK6-AS1 level alleviates LPS-induced inflammatory damage in HK-2 cells.
Balance and modulation of immunoediting for cancer treatment using synergistic nano-photo-immuno effects
Authors: Hoover Ashley R. , Liu Kaili , Chen Wei R. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Nanotechnology, photonics, and immunotherapy are far-reaching technologies with the potential to revolutionize the field of cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. While each technology has limitations in cancer treatment, they can be synergized to exert profound impact on the balance and modulation of immunoediting in tumor microenvironment (TME) and in the entire host immune system. We provide our perspectives on how nano-photo-immuno interactions can be used as an effective therapy, particularly when combined with other treatment modalities, such as checkpoint immune therapy, chemotherapy, and TME modulation, to provide a long-term, tumor-specific immunity against tumor metastasis and tumor recurrence.
Rationalizing: Kant on Moral Self-Deception
Authors: Noller Jörg 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Kant’s moral philosophy is challenged by the so-called “Socratic Paradox”: If free will and pure practical reason are to be identified, as Kant argues, then there seems to be no room for immoral actions that are to be imputed to our individual freedom. The paper argues that Kant’s conception of rationalizing (“Vernünfteln”) helps us to avoid the Socratic Paradox, and to understand how immoral actions can be imputed to our individual freedom and responsibility. In rationalizing, we misuse our capacity of reason in order to construct the illusion according to which we are not bound to the absolute demand of the moral law, but rather subject to exceptions and excuses. Finally, the paper interprets the three rules of “common sense” (sensus communis) in Kant’s Critique of the Power of Judgment in terms of an antidote to rationalizing.
Optimierung der Sensorpositionierung bei schwingungsbasierter Wälzlagerzustandsüberwachung unter Einbezug von Systemeigenmoden
Authors: Bauer Manuel , Wagner Fabian , Kley Markus 
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung
Bei der Schwingungsüberwachung von Wälzlagern ist die Wahl einer geeigneten Sensorposition essentiell. Häufig ist eine lagernahe Anbringung der Sensorik nicht möglich, weswegen eine geeignete Ersatzposition gefunden werden muss. In dieser Arbeit wird ein Ansatz zur Optimierung der Sensorposition vorgestellt, der die Eigenmoden des überwachten Systems mit einbezieht. Als Basis der Untersuchung werden in Trägerkonstruktionen integrierte Wälzlager betrachtet. Es wird aufgezeigt, dass durch die gezielte Positionierung der Sensorik in Bereichen mit hohen Eigenschwingungsamplituden die Signalqualität verbessert werden kann.
Youth Perceptions of Sport-Confidence
Authors: Zuk Emma F. , Maksymiw Kristen , Evanovich Justin M. , McGarry Jennifer E. , Root Hayley J. , DiStefano Lindsay J. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Zuk, EF, Maksymiw, K, Evanovich, J, McGarry, JE, Root, HJ, and Distefano, LJ. Youth perceptions in sport-confidence. J Strength Cond Res 35(11): 3232–3235, 2021—Sport-confidence is an important construct that is often missed during physical activity interventions in youth. Male and female children might display differences in sport-confidence that influences their activity levels. The purpose of this study is to assess any association between sport-confidence and gender in elementary school and middle-school children. All 286 children {(boys [ES: n = 71, age = 8±1 years; MS: n = 63, 11±1 years]; girls [ES: n = 67, 7±1 years; MS: n = 85, 11±1 years])} completed the Physical Literacy Assessment for Youth-Self Questionnaire. Separate chi-square tests of the association were used to evaluate the association between gender and sport-confidence among elementary (grades K-4) and middle-school (grades 5–8) children because of varying injury and participation rates for these groups, for each relevant question with a significance set at p ≤ 0.05. For elementary school children, there were no significant associations between genders and sport-confidence (p > 0.05). In middle-school children, there were significant associations detected for learning new skills (ϕ = 0.12; p = 0.031), perception of skill (ϕ = 0.12; p = 0.054), confidence in activity (ϕ = 0.17; p = 0.035), and being the best in the class (ϕ = 0.15; p = 0.048) between genders and sport-confidence. For all results, boys displayed more sport-confidence than girls. Education for key stakeholders about the importance of including sport-confidence in physical activity interventions is integral in promoting life-long activity, specifically in middle-school girls.
Activity of Negative Regulation of the PD-1/PD-L1/PD-L2 T-Cell Response System in Patients with Pneumonia and Inﬂuenza A (H1N1)
Authors: Malyarchikov A. V. , Shаpovаlov K. G. , Lukyanov S. A. , Tereshkov P. P. , Kazantseva L. S. 
Published: August 2021

Systemic inﬂammation is an integral pathophysiological component of many critical illnesses. The systemic inﬂammatory response is based on a cascade of interactions leading to hypercytokinemia and, as a consequence, multiple organ failure, which is one of the main causes of mortality in intensive care units.Aim of the study. To evaluate the activity of the negative regulation system of T-cell response by determining the plasma levels of PD-1, PD-L1 and PD-L2 molecules in pneumonia patients with inﬂuenza A (H1N1).Materials and methods. 85 patients with pneumonia and underlying inﬂuenza A (H1N1) were examined. Among them there were 30 patients with severe pneumonia, and 55 patients with non-severe pneumonia. Plasma levels of PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2 molecules was determined by ﬂow cytoﬂuorometry method.Results. In patients with severe pneumonia and underlying inﬂuenza A (H1N1), the plasma level of PD-1 receptor increased 4.6-fold, while the concentration of its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 increased 10.6 and 2.2-fold, respectively.Conclusion. Signiﬁcant increase in levels of PD-1 and its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 in patients with pneumonia and underlying inﬂuenza A (H1N1) indicates the involvement of negative regulation system of T-cell response in the cascade of immunological reactions and is associated with the severe disease. Possible correction of immune reactions realized through PD-1/PD-L1/PD-L2 complex in critically ill patients is a promising research avenue.
Tormenta tiroidea y terapia de intercambio plasmático. Reporte de caso
Authors: Sánchez-Pardo Santiago , Bolívar-Mejía Adrián , Qasem-Gómez Oriana , García-Habeych José , Echavarria-García Susana 
Published: August 2021

Introducción. La tormenta tiroidea es una afectación orgánica severa que se produce por la liberación de triyodotironina (T3) y tiroxina (T4). Su incidencia es de 0.20 casos por cada 100 000 habitantes y puede conllevar a una mortalidad de hasta el 30%. Esta es una entidad refractaria para la cual existen pocas opciones terapéuticas, siendo la terapia de intercambio plasmático una estrategia potencialmente útil para su manejo.
Presentación del caso. Paciente femenina de 17 años quien ingresó al servicio de urgencias de una institución de tercer nivel de atención por un cuadro clínico de aproximadamente 25 días de evolución consistente en palpitaciones, disnea en reposo, ortopnea, dolor torácico y abdominal, astenia, adinamia, mareo, cefalea y deposiciones líquidas; como antecedentes presentaba hipertiroidismo en manejo ambulatorio. Dada la sintomatología y gracias a que se obtuvo un puntaje de 65 en la escala de Burch-Wartofsky, se diagnosticó tormenta tiroidea, se dio orden de hospitalización y se inició manejo farmacológico, con el cual no se logró una mejoría. Al tercer día de hospitalización la joven presentó deterioro clínico continuo y un episodio convulsivo, por lo que se consideró tormenta tiroidea refractaria que fue tratada satisfactoriamente con terapia de intercambio plasmático como terapia puente previo a tiroidectomía total de urgencia.
Conclusión. La terapia de intercambio plasmático permite una rápida remoción de las hormonas tiroideas y, aunque su implementación no es ampliamente difundida por las guías de práctica clínica, existe evidencia que demuestra una disminución en el riesgo de complicaciones perioperatorias y una evolución exitosa tras su uso como terapia puente previo a tiroidectomía en pacientes con tormenta tiroidea refractaria.
WPŁYW INFORMACJI O PLANOWANEJ FORMIE EDUKACJI NA POZIOM STRESU I EMOCJI WŚRÓD STUDENTÓW
Authors: Serwan Natalia , Gdowska Martyna , Matusiak Magdalena , Raywer Julia , Wojtkowska Anna 
Published: August 2021

Cel badań. Głównym celem badania było określenie zmian w subiektywnej ocenie wybranych stanów afektywnych wśród studentów, na skutek przekazania im dwóch różnych informacji o terminie zakończenia nauki zdalnej i powrotu do stacjonarnego trybu studiów.
Metodyka. Na podstawie wypełnianych przez studentów ankiet, dokonano pomiaru nasilenia deklarowanych negatywnych afektów i stresu. Zawarto w nich również sfałszowane oświadczenie Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego, dotyczące rzekomego powrotu na uczelnię lub jego braku. Badanie przeprowadzono w modelu eksperymentalnym.
Wyniki. Po pierwszym semestrze zdalnego nauczania ani jego kontynuacja, ani powrót do nauki stacjonarnej nie generowały jasnej odpowiedzi emocjonalnej studentów, która świadczyłaby o obiektywnej słuszności któregoś z możliwych wyborów, jednak wyniki wskazują, że w związku z podaniem informacji o powrocie do stacjonarnego trybu nauczania, u studentów zmalała bezradność, a wzrósł niepokój.
Informacje dodatkowe. Wyniki zachęcają do kontynuacji badań nad postrzeganiem zdalnego nauczania jako efektywnej formy ochrony studentów przed negatywnymi skutkami COVID-19.
Predictors of Mobile Video Gaming on Musculoskeletal Pain among University Students in Selangor, Malaysia
Authors: Phuah Rong Yao Jireh , Sundar Viswanath , Ramalingam Vinodhkumar 
Published: August 2021

INTRODUCTION: Mobile video gaming among university students has increased rapidly, more than before the COVID-19 pandemic. This is very concerning as this could spark various problems, such as musculoskeletal pain and gaming disorders. OBJECTIVES: The present study is to identify the predictors of mobile video gaming on musculoskeletal pain among university students in Selangor, Malaysia. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: This study was conducted online using a self-reported online questionnaire via Google Form and sent to university students in Selangor, Malaysia. Participants' gaming addiction was measured using the Ten Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10) questionnaire, and the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain was assessed by the Modified Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (MNMQ). The data was analyzed using SPSS version 25. A descriptive and binomial linear regression test was used to predict the variables. The statistical significance was set at p < 0.05, and odds ratios were calculated with confidence intervals of 95%. RESULTS: The prevalence of Internet Gaming Disorder among university students in Selangor, Malaysia is 1.8% (n=3). The neck region (74.2%) was the most commonly reported body region with musculoskeletal pain, followed by the shoulder region (60.7 %), lower back region (55.8 %), and upper back region (50.9 %). The body position was the only predictor of mobile video gaming with musculoskeletal pain (p = 0.002) in the lower back region. CONCLUSION: According to the findings of this study, the prevalence of Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) among university students was low and not addicted to gaming in the Covid-19 lockdown. We also found that participants who sat while playing mobile video games were more likely to develop low back pain. However, one of the limiting factors could be prolonged sitting in virtual classes during the lockdown, which causes low back pain.
Testing Russian Stock Market Efficiency Using Event Studies: Impact of Credit Ratings Changes
Authors: Avrutskaya Svetlana , Maricheva Elizaveta 
Published: August 2021

Event study is a widespread technique for testing the semi-strong form of the market efficiency hypothesis. Among traditionally studied events, changes in corporate credit ratings by rating agencies have a special importance, since rating agencies use both publicly available and insider information. Studies of developed and emerging markets point to different reactions of stock prices to rating upgrades and downgrades and identify several factors affecting the scale of this effect, including the size and liquidity of the stock market, the level of regulation of the industry, the market capitalization of the company, the status of the rating agency, and others.

On the Russian market, the impact of credit rating upgrades and downgrades on stock prices has not been investigated so far. Ongoing studies of other events affecting stock prices show that the market’s reactions are pretty much in line with those of developed markets, despite its immaturity, limited transparency, high volatility, narrowness and low liquidity, as well as the small number of significant events.

In this article, we evaluate the level of efficiency of the Russian stock market and analyse the reaction of stock prices to changes in issuer credit ratings by international rating agencies using the traditional event study methodology in a narrow event window of 31 days over the period 2016–2020 on a sample of 49 public companies. We show that credit rating upgrades do not lead to statistically significant positive abnormal returns. Visual analysis demonstrates that rating downgrades result in substantial negative abnormal returns. This effect varies for financial and non-financial companies and companies with low and high capitalization yet differs from the effects observed for developed markets; nevertheless, these abnormal returns are not statistically significant. Still, there are grounds to conclude that the Russian stock market
is not efficient in the semi-strong form and is closer in its characteristics to emerging markets, which is important information for investors, as it permits them to develop profitable trading strategies.
Embedded Design and Implementation of Mobile Robot for Surveillance Applications
Authors: Al-Obaidi Abdulkareem Sh. Mahdi , Al-Qassar Arif , Nasser Ahmed R. , Alkhayyat Ahmed , Humaidi Amjad J. , Ibraheem Ibraheem K. 
Published: August 2021

The surveillance and security of areas such as home, laboratory, office, factory, and airports, are important to prevent any threatening to human lives. Mobile robots are proven their effectiveness in a large number of applications, especially in hazardous areas where they can be remotely controlled by humans to accomplish certain tasks. This research paper presents a design and implementation of a mobile robot for surveillance and security applications. The main objective of the design is to lower the cost and the power consumption of the mobile robot which accomplish using low-cost open-source hardware such as Arduino and Raspberry Pi. The robot is connected wirelessly via a low-power ZigBee module to the control station to allow the operator for controlling the mobile robot motions and monitoring the physical events in the environment where the robot is used. Sensors such as camera, temperature, and range are embedded in the robot to sense and monitor human motion, the room temperature, and the distance of the surrounding obstacles. The testing of the implemented mobile robot shows that it can run continuously for approximately 6.5 hours at a motor shaft speed 25 rpm of unlit the need to recharge the battery.
Multiple precursors to the Landers earthquake
Authors: Shifflett Howard , Witbaard Robert 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe present evidence for several temporally related premonitory movements preceding the Landers earthquake of 28 June 1992. Premonitory movements were measured at alignment arrays spanning the northeast, Painted Canyon, and San Andreas faults in Mecca Hills, California. A transitory fault normal extension of 30 ± 3 mm to eight targets was measured twice, on 8 and 9 March 1992 and 7 and 8 June 1992, across the northeast and Painted Canyon faults at the Hidden Spring Wash site (HSWS). Four kilometers northwest of the HSWS simultaneous fault normal extensions of 24, 21, and 6 ± 6 mm were measured across a previously locked 12-km segment of the San Andreas fault on 6 June 1992, 22 days prior to the Landers earthquake. A linear regression fit of horizontal displacement at HSWS showed a distinct increase in horizontal angles for those targets spanning active faults on the same dates as the fault normal extension. For the first time, other than a few small events on the North Shore creepmeter, dextral slip was measured on a nontranspressive, parallel slip segment of the San Andreas. On 6 June 1992, we measured offsets of 14, 8, and 3 arc sec ±3 sec at the Indian Stone Ring site (ISRS) on the San Andreas fault, which translates into movement of 20, 18, and 9 mm. Triggered slip was not observed on the main trace of the San Andreas fault after the Joshua Tree earthquake, but 17 mm of dextral slip, possibly coseismic with the Landers earthquake, was measured along cracks on 5 July 1992. This amount of slip supports the magnitude of premonitory movement. Taken together, substantial simultaneous fault normal extension and lateral slip at three alignment arrays across three faults followed by a large triggered slip event provide strong evidence for the occurrence of precursors to the Landers earthquake.