bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
110 Evaluation of Macronutrient Composition and Amino Acid Digestibility of Select Novel Dietary Proteins for Use in Canine and Feline Nutrition
Authors: Gomez Victoria A , Utterback Pam L , Parsons Carl M , de Godoy Maria R , Russell Haley 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Demand for the inclusion of high-quality protein in companion animal diets has increased as owners have become more invested in the health of their pets. There is very little information on the nutrient content of novel proteins needed for a properly balanced diet, so as a result the objectives of this study were to determine the chemical composition, standardized amino acid digestibility using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay, and protein quality using digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS like) of raw chicken, spirulina, cricket meal, and fish (carp) slurry. Raw chicken has the lowest crude protein concentration (45.6%) on dry matter (DM) basis, whereas fish slurry had the highest (75.3%). All amino acids were moderately to highly digestible (70.2% to 98.8%, dry matter basis) with differences (P &lt; 0.05) in all but arginine, phenylalanine, threonine, cysteine, serine, and tyrosine. The limiting amino acid based on DIAAS-like values for adult dogs compared with the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) recommended values were tryptophan for raw chicken and methionine for cricket meal. Comparing DIAAS-like values for adult dogs to National Research Council (NRC) recommended allowances, the limiting amino acids were the same where raw chicken and fish slurry still had tryptophan and spirulina and cricket meal had methionine as the first limiting amino acids. The DIAAS-like values for adult cats compared to AAFCO and NRC values were all above 100% with the lowest being threonine for chicken (123.65%) compared to AAFCO nutrient profile for adult cats and histidine for spirulina (123.13%) compared to NRC for cats at maintenance. Based on the data gathered in this study, the novel dietary protein sources evaluated are of similar or superior protein quality compared with raw chicken; a traditional protein source widely used in pet foods.
497 Late-Breaking: Low Number of Owner Reported Suspected Transmission of Foodborne Pathogens from Raw Meat-based Diets Fed to Dogs and/or Cats
Authors: Cammack Nicole R , Yamka Ryan M , Adams Vicki 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The aim of this worldwide survey was to determine owner reported frequency of pathogen transmission to humans living in or in contact with households feeding their pets commercial and homemade raw meat-based diets (RMBD). A total of 5,611 responses were gathered from 62 countries with 77.1% of households feeding only RMBDs to dog(s) and/or cat(s) no confirmed cases of pathogen transmission or infection by laboratory testing. Eleven households (0.20%, 95%CI: 0.10 – 0.36) were classified as having experienced ‘probable’ transmission and 20 households (0.36%, 95%CI: 0.22 – 0.56) were classified as having experienced “possible” transmission to result in a total of 31 households (0.55%, 95%CI: 0.38 – 0.79) being identified as potential cases of transmission (fig. 1). The remainder of households (n = 5,580 = 99.45%, 95% CI: 99.21 – 99.62) were not considered to have experienced potential transmission of foodborne pathogens based on their responses to the survey. The most frequently reported pathogens were Salmonella (n = 11, 0.2%), Campylobacter (n=6, 0.1%) and E. Coli (n = 4, 0.1%), with the most common age group being adults age 18–65 (n=29, 78.4% of cases). Beef and chicken were the most common proteins reported as being fed in case households although this was not associated with pathogen transmission. Households feeding a greater number of different protein sources, including pork, turkey, duck, rabbit and salmon, were associated with decreased risk of pathogen transmission. Additional risk factors associated with pathogen transmission included preparing RMBD in a separate location, with different utensils than human food (fig. 2), mixing RMBD with dry (kibble) diets and feeding a limited variety of protein sources. Based on the results of this survey, confirmed pathogen transmission from RMBD to humans appears to be rare. We conclude that potential or probable cases of pathogen transmission is likely dependent upon hygiene and food safety measures and more education surrounding food safety should reduce risk.
128 Homemade Pet Diets—What Are the Key Supplement Considerations?
Authors: Morris Cheryl L 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Interest in preparing pet foods at home has continued to build momentum over the last decade. Websites, blogs, and social media groups praise the benefits of feeding raw and home-prepared diets. Consistent research has demonstrated the beneficial effects of raw diets on macronutrient digestibility (primarily fat and protein); however, research is lacking on overall health impacts. While it is important to acknowledge the lack of substantial research, owner choice and compliance also should be considered. With well-established nutrient requirements for dogs and cats available through AAFCO and the National Research Council (NRC), it is relatively uncomplicated to meet requirements when typical processing methods are not required (extrusion or canning). Although it is not complicated to meet the requirements with home-based fresh or lightly cooked ingredients, care must be taken to properly ensure that vitamin and mineral requirements are met. In review of over 100 homemade diets submitted for evaluation, 0% met all vitamin and mineral requirements for dogs or cats. All diets were supplemented with some form of calcium. Approximately 25% of submitted diets utilized bones as the source of calcium. Bones can be problematic depending on type, particularly for digestion, broken pieces that can cause intestinal blockages, and broken teeth. None of the diets were properly balanced for copper, zinc and iron. It is likely, this triad of minerals has been overlooked in diet formulations. It is critical to note that improper balance of these minerals could play a significant role in oxidative stress and aging. Iodine is typically met through additions of kelp; however, variations in quality can result in over or under-supplementation having detrimental effects on the thyroid. Vitamins E and D also are often under-supplemented in these diets. Educating owners on nutrient requirements and ratios, and providing proper supplementation, can assure a quality and balanced diet.
130 Early Developmental Exposure to Stress and Programming of Lifelong Gut and Immune Function
Authors: Moeser Adam J 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Prenatal and early postnatal life represents critical periods of development across species for many organ systems including immune, nervous, reproductive, and gastrointestinal systems. A high level of plasticity exists during these periods, and thus maternal and environmental cues including stress, immune stimulation, and nutrition, can alter the normal developmental programming of the fetus and neonate and impact the trajectory for disease risk and productivity across the lifespan. This presentation will focus on the impact of and biological mechanisms by which prenatal and early postnatal stressors, including psychological immune and nutritional stressors, alter the normal developmental programming of the immune, gastrointestinal, and neuroendocrine stress axes in the offspring and how this may link to increased disease risk and reduced productivity across the lifespan in animals and humans. Further, specifically how host factors such as biological sex interact with early life stress to shape gut and systemic neuroimmune development and later life disease risk will be discussed.
143 Effect of Supplementary Selenium Source on Dairy Cow Performance, Antioxidant Status, and Apparent Absorption and Retention
Authors: Cruickshank Keira M , Hatew Bayissa , Gehman Amanda M , Koenig Karen M , Ribeiro Eduardo S , Steele Michael A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to determine how source of selenium (Se) affects dairy cow performance, antioxidant status, and apparent absorption and retention. Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 24; 597 ± 49 kg BW) were blocked by days in milk (161 ± 18) and randomly assigned to receive 0.3 mg/kg of either: 1) organic Se (selenized yeast; ORG; Sel-Plex-Alltech); or, 2) inorganic Se (sodium selenite; INO) premix, top dressed and mixed into a ration daily. After an 11-week adaptation period (blood and milk sampled monthly), cows received an intraruminal dose of Se77 (either Se77 yeast or NaSe77O3) followed by a 4-day period of blood and rumen fluid sampling, and total collection of feces, urine, and milk. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS with fixed effects of treatment, time, and their interaction, and random effect of block. Daily DMI (23 ± 0.6 kg), milk yield (35 ± 1.2 kg), plasma glutathione peroxidase (64 ± 4.2 U), and serum Se (0.11 ± 0.003 µg/g) were not different between treatments during the adaptation period. Serum Se77 maximum concentration and area under the curve (AUC) were not different between treatments for 72 hours following infusion, but rumen fluid Se77 AUC was higher (P = 0.02) for ORG cows. Apparent absorption (64 ± 1.3%) and retention (44 ± 1.5%) of the Se77 dose did not differ between treatments. The ORG cows had lower urinary excretion (13 vs. 17 ± 0.6%; P &lt; 0.01), higher milk excretion (6 vs. 2 ± 0.3%; P &lt; 0.01), and similar fecal excretion (36 ± 1.3%; P = 0.9) of Se77 compared to INO cows. These results indicate that ORG Se increased Se content of milk and decreased Se excretion in urine, but did not alter performance, antioxidant status, and apparent absorption and retention of Se in mid-lactation cows.
165 Rethinking Methane - Livestock’s Path to Climate Neutrality
Authors: Mitloehner Frank M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Animal agriculture is often shouldered with a large part of the blame when it comes to climate change, but that’s because we haven’t been looking at all greenhouse gases correctly. While methane is a potent climate pollutant that we can and need to reduce, it warms our atmosphere differently than other gases because of its short lifespan. By rethinking methane, we can see that animal agriculture can be on the path to climate neutrality with scalable solutions and give the global community tools to fight global climate change.
195 Maternal Impact on Fetal Muscle and Adipose Tissue Development
Authors: Du Min 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Tissues and organs are actively developing during the fetal stage, which is sensitive to nutritional alteration and exerts long-term impacts on offspring performance. Both muscle and adipose tissue are derived from the dermomyotome during the early embryonic stage, and their common origins provide an opportunity to promote myogenic instead of adipogenic differentiation, which enhances the lean/fat ratio of offspring. In previous studies with sheep and cattle, we found that maternal nutrient deficiency reduces fetal myogenesis and the lean/fat ratio of offspring. Stress is common in animals during pregnancy, and we examined the impacts of maternal stress induced by dexamethasone on fetal muscle and adipose development. We found that maternal stress impairs fetal muscle and brown adipose tissue (BAT) development. Mechanistically, we found that maternal stress suppresses mitochondrial biogenesis during fetal muscle and BAT development by elevating DNA methylation in the promoter of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator α (PGC-1α), which persists in offspring muscle and BAT, generating lasting effects on the functions of muscle and adipose tissue. In short, available data clearly show that maternal nutrition and other physiological factors have profound impacts on fetal development, which programs offspring performance. Understanding related mechanisms are important for effective and precise management of animals during gestation in order to enhance production efficiency of offspring.
198 Effect of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Fermentate on Immune Cell Function Following Prolonged Head Elevation in 2-year-old Horses in Training
Authors: Tench Melissa , Bobel Jillian M , Bazurto Cinthya , Hansen Tayler L , Kirk Nicolet , Lopez Claudia , Warren Lori K 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Horses are often restricted from lowering their heads while being transported, which prevents nasal drainage and triggers upper respiratory tract inflammation. Based on positive outcomes in other species, we hypothesized Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentate (SCF) would modify this immune response in horses. Two-year-old Quarter Horses (mean ± SEM; initial age 22 ± 0.3 mo and BW 439 ± 3 kg) were randomly assigned to receive SCF (Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA; 21 g/d; n = 10) or no supplement (CON; n = 10) added to their diet (60% hay, 40% concentrate) for 60 d. Horses were exercised 4 d/wk for 30–45 min/d at light to moderate intensity. On d 57 horses were tethered with their heads elevated 35 cm above wither height for 12 h to mimic long-distance transport. Whole blood samples were obtained before and up to 72 h after stress induction to evaluate immune cell function. Data were compared using mixed model ANOVA with repeated measures. Serum cortisol (P &lt; 0.01) and blood leukocytes (P &lt; 0.05) were greater after head elevation. Lymphocyte proliferation in response to lipopolysaccharide was lower (P &lt; 0.01) following head elevation but did not differ by treatment. Lymphocyte proliferation in response to concanavalin A exhibited a time × treatment effect (P = 0.05) where it decreased in CON horses after head elevation (P &lt; 0.05) but was unchanged in SCF horses. Neutrophil phagocytosis of Streptococcus equi (a respiratory pathogen) was temporarily reduced (P &lt; 0.05) after head elevation in both treatments. A time × treatment effect (P = 0.05) was observed for phagocytosis-induced oxidative burst, where it increased in SCF (P &lt; 0.01) but did not change in CON horses. These data indicate SCF modified peripheral immune cell activity following a localized mucosal stressor. Whether these responses improve resistance to opportunistic pathogens following transport needs to be determined.
209 The Effect of Waiting Time at the Lairage of Slaughterhouse of Holstein Bulls After a Short Transport on Animal Behavior, Carcass Quality and Meat Quality
Authors: Sanchez Denise , Gonzalez Joel , de Planell Guillem , Isla Eliseu , Bover Sara , Font Maria , Devant Maria , Marti Sonia 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of waiting time at the lairage before slaughter in Holstein bulls after a short transport. Half of the bulls of each transport (n = 8 transports; n = 48 ± 4 bulls/transport) were distributed in two treatments: short waiting time (SWT; &lt; 2h; n = 200) and long waiting time (LWT; from 4 to 8h; n = 184). Behavior of LWT animals was observed with a 15 min scan sampling at the lairage pens. Hot carcass weight (HCW), conformation, fatness and pH in Longissimus dorsi (LD) at the 4th-5th lumbar vertebra between 30 and 36 h postmortem was registered. A caudal section of LD was collected for meat quality evaluation in a subset of 24 animals selected based on HCW and meat pH. Each loin was cut in 5 slices, one to determine instrumental color after 30 min blooming, and the others were disposed to evaluate microbiology (1, 5, 8 and 12 d) and color stability (1 to 12 d). Data were analyzed using mixed models with repeated measures. The percentage of animals standing with LWT treatment decreased (P &lt; 0.001) with waiting time (100% and 64%, 1 h and 6 h, respectively). Meat pH was greater (P &lt; 0.01) for SWT (5.6 ± 0.02) compared with LWT (5.5 ± 0.02); however, the percentage of carcass classified as DFD (pH &gt; 5.7) did not differ between treatments. Lightness (L*) was greater (P &lt; 0.05) for SWT (29.7 ± 0.47) compared with LWT (28.1 ± 0.49). Moreover, on day 12 color stability and enterobacteria count evolved differently (P = 0.09) between treatments. Waiting time below 2 h might impair meat quality as animals might not be able to recover from transport.
215 Effects of Reducing Crude Protein with Supplementation of Six Essential Amino Acids and Glutamate on Growth and Backfat of Finishing Pigs
Authors: Duarte Marcos E , Kim Sung Woo 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of low CP diets on growth performance of finishing pigs. Seventy-two pigs (54 kg BW) were allotted to 3 treatments (8 pens/treatment) based on RCBD with sex and initial BW as blocks. Pigs were fed for 56 d until 120 kg BW based on 3 phases (P1/2/3 for 21/17/18 d, respectively). Treatments were CON (18.0, 13.8, 12.7% CP for P1/2/3; supplementing Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp); LCP (13.5, 11.4, 10.4% CP; supplementing Lys, Thr, Trp, Met, Val, and Ile); and LCPG (14.1, 12.8, 11.1% CP; LCP + Glu to match % Glu with CON). All diets met NRC requirements and had 2.6 Mcal/kg NE. Growth performance and backfat thickness were measured by phase. At d 56, blood and fecal samples were collected to analyze blood parameters and fecal microbiota. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.4. Overall, the growth performance and backfat thickness did not differ among treatments. BUN of LCPG was lower (P &lt; 0.05) than CON (4.03 to 6.05 mg/dL), whereas the insulin of LCPG was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than CON (222 to 116 pmol/dL). Relative abundance of Streptococcaceae in CON (6.1%) was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than LCP (2.0%) and LCPG (2.3%), whereas the abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae of CON (1.8) was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than LCP (0.9%). Colectively, when Lys, Thr, Trp, Met, Val, and Ile were provided sufficiently and NE was maintained, CP can be reduced by 2.6% without affecting growth performance and backfat thickness compared to conventional diets with Lys, Met, Trp, and Trp. Feeding low CP diets reduced harmful bacteria, and Glu supplementation further enhanced nitrogen utilization and glucose metabolism. Application of low CP formulation with supplementation of 6 essential amino acids to finishing pigs can be successful, when NE is matched and further beneficial with Glu supplementation.
327 Effects of Inclusion of Amaferm on Animal Performance, Chewing Activity, and Nutrient Digestibility of Backgrounding Beef Heifers Fed Either a Sorghum Silage- or a Byproducts-based Diet
Authors: Podversich Federico , Tarnonsky Federico , Bollatti Juan , da Silva Gleise Medeiros , Schulmeister Tessa M , Martinez Juan Vargas , Heredia Daniella C , Ipharraguerre Ignacio R , Dubeux Jose C B , Ferrareto Luiz , Gonella-Diaza Angela Maria M , Chebel Ricardo , Di Lorenzo Nicolas 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Eighty-four Angus crossbred heifers (13 ± 1 mo, 329.5 ± 61.92 kg of BW) were used in a generalized randomized block design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The objective was to evaluate the effect of a feed additive inclusion under two growing diets. Factors included: 1) diet type (whole plant sorghum silage- or byproducts-based diet) and 2) feed additive inclusion [Amaferm (Aspergillus oryzae (extract)] included at 0 or 0.02% of the diet DM. This resulted in four treatments: sorghum-control (SC), sorghum-amaferm (SA), byproducts-control (BC) and byproducts-amaferm (BA). Heifers were housed in 12 pens (108 m2/pen; 7 heifers/ pen) equipped with GrowSafe technology, to measure individual dry matter intake (DMI). After a 14-d adaptation, BW was measured every 14 d, during 56 days, and chewing activity was monitored through collar-mounted HR-Tags (SCR Engineers Ltd., Netanya, Israel). Apparent total tract digestibility was measured on 10 heifers per treatment after the 56-d performance period, using indigestible NDF as a marker. Heifers fed the byproducts diet had (P ≤ 0.01) greater DMI as % of BW (2.92 vs. 2.59%) and greater average daily gain (1.16 vs. 0.68 kg/d). Amaferm improved gain-to-feed ratio by 15% in the byproducts diet (P ≤ 0.05) but it had no effect in the sorghum silage diet (P = 0.59). Conversely, Amaferm inclusion increased apparent total tract organic matter digestibility in the sorghum silage diet (SC = 49.8 vs. SA = 55.9%; P ≤ 0.01), whereas reduced it in the byproducts diet (BC = 65.8 vs. BA = 61.7%; P ≤ 0.05). Heifers fed a sorghum silage-based diet had (P ≤ 0.01) 39 and 63% greater chewing in min/d and min/kg of DMI, respectively; however, chewing in min/kg of NDF intake was similar across diets (average 111.3 min/kg of NDF intake).
PSXII-9 Modeling genetic differences of combined broiler chicken populations in single-step GBLUP
Authors: Bermann Matias , Lourenco Daniela , Breen Vivian , Hawken Rachel , Lopes Fernando Brito , Misztal Ignacy 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objectives of this study were to model the inclusion of a group of external birds into a local broiler chicken population for the purpose of genomic evaluations and evaluating the behavior of two accuracy estimators under different model specifications. The pedigree was composed by 242,413 birds and genotypes were available for 107,216 birds. A five-trait model that included one growth, two yield, and two efficiency traits was used for the analyses. The strategies to model the introduction of external birds were to include a fixed effect representing the origin of parents and to use UPG or metafounders. Genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) were obtained with single-step GBLUP (ssGBLUP) using the Algorithm for Proven and Young (APY). Bias, dispersion, and accuracy of GEBV for the validation birds, i.e., from the most recent generation, were computed. The bias and dispersion were estimated with the LR-method, whereas accuracy was estimated by the LR-method and predictive ability. Models with fixed UPG and estimated inbreeding or random UPG resulted in similar GEBV. The inclusion of an extra fixed effect in the model made the GEBV unbiased and reduced the inflation, while models without such an effect were significantly biased. Genomic predictions with metafounders were slightly biased and inflated due to the unbalanced number of observations assigned to each metafounder. When combining local and external populations, the greatest accuracy and smallest bias can be obtained by adding an extra fixed effect to account for the origin of parents plus UPG with estimated inbreeding or random UPG. To estimate the accuracy, the LR-method is more consistent among models, whereas predictive ability greatly depends on the model specification, that is, on the fixed effects included in the model. When changing model specification, the largest variation for the LR-method was 20%, while for predictive ability was 110%.