bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling the broad-band emission of 3C 454.3
Authors: Sahakyan N 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The results of a long-term multiwavelength study of the powerful flat spectrum radio quasar 3C 454.3 using Fermi-LAT and Swift XRT/UVOT data are reported. In the γ-ray band, Fermi-LAT observations show several major flares when the source flux was $\gt 10^{-5}\, {\rm photon\, cm^{-2}\, s^{-1}}$; the peak γ-ray flux above 141.6 MeV, $(9.22\pm 1.96)\times 10^{-5}\, {\rm photon\, cm^{-2}\, s^{-1}}$ observed on MJD 55519.33, corresponds to $2.15\times 10^{50}\, {\rm erg\, s^{-1}}$ isotropic γ-ray luminosity. The analysis of Swift XRT and UVOT data revealed a flux increase, although with smaller amplitudes, also in the X-ray and optical/UV bands. The X-ray emission of 3C 454.3 is with a hard spectral index of ΓX = 1.16–1.75, and the flux in the flaring states increased up to $(1.80\pm 0.18)\times 10^{-10}\, {\rm erg\, cm^{-2}\, s^{-1}}$. Through combining the analysed data, it was possible to assemble 362 high-quality and quasi-simultaneous spectral energy distributions of 3C 454.3 in 2008–2018, which all were modelled within a one-zone leptonic scenario assuming the emission region is within the broad-line region, involving synchrotron, synchrotron self-Compton, and external Compton mechanisms. Such an extensive modelling is the key for constraining the underlying emission mechanisms in the 3C 454.3 jet and allows to derive the physical parameters of the jet and investigate their evolution in time. The modelling suggests that during the flares, along with the variation of emitting electron parameters, the Doppler boosting factor increased substantially, implying that the emission in these periods has most likely originated in a faster moving region.
Fine-scale genetic structure of the freshwater snail Promenetus exacuous in the New York State region: the influences of historical colonization, habitat connectivity and dispersal ability
Authors: Keeney Devon B , Yurco Patrick 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The pulmonate freshwater snail Promenetus exacuous (Planorbidae) has a widespread patchy distribution throughout much of North America, including New York State and the surrounding areas. Minimal life history information exists for the species in this region and information on its genetic diversity and structure is currently lacking for any portion of its range. We examined the species’ reproductive behaviour, genetic diversity and population structure throughout New York and western Connecticut using cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) haplotypes (241 snails) and 10 microsatellite loci (312 snails). Throughout the region, P. exacuous is a single, primarily outcrossing species with relatively high within-population genetic diversity. Populations are genetically differentiated and composed of divergent COI lineages. The region was colonized after the Wisconsin glacial retreat by snails from multiple, historically isolated populations and Pleistocene events played a major role in the historical diversification of lineages. Subsequent dispersal has likely been facilitated by birds and humans, but contemporary gene flow is low, resulting in genetic differentiation even among geographically proximate sites. Our data reveal that complex interactions between historical and contemporary processes contribute to the overall patterns of genetic diversity in freshwater snails.
Should We Protect Animals from Hate Speech?
Authors: Milburn Josh , Cochrane Alasdair 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Laws against hate speech protect members of certain human groups. However, they do not offer protection to nonhuman animals. Using racist hate speech as our primary example, we explore the discrepancy between the legal response to hate speech targeting human groups and what might be called anti-animal or speciesist hate speech. We explore two sets of possible defences of this legal discrepancy drawn from the philosophical literature on hate speech—non-consequentialist and harm-based—and find both wanting. We thus conclude that, absent a compelling alternative argument, there is no in-principle reason to support the censure of racist hate speech but not the censure of speciesist hate speech.
Japanese Peruvian Enemy Aliens during World War II
Authors: Young Elliott 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Seiichi Higashide was not an agent of the Japanese emperor or a pro-Axis immigrant, and yet he and more than 1,800 other Japanese Peruvians got caught up in a wave of anti-Japanese hysteria during World War II that led to their kidnapping, forced migration, and incarceration in hastily erected camps in Texas and New Mexico. Higashide and his family were detained as “illegal aliens” in an Immigration and Naturalization Service detention facility in Texas alongside thousands of other foreigners in other camps spread across the Southwest. After the war, Higashide and his family worked at Seabrook Farms, a food processing complex in New Jersey, which was essentially a prison work camp. In the 1950s, the Higashides became US citizens, but the trauma of detention and racism remains with the family. The Higashides’ story reveals the intersection between US empire, national security, and immigrant detention.
The Architrenius as Virgilian Allegory
Authors: Haynes Justin A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter relies again on Servius, Fulgentius, and Bernard Silvestris to demonstrate how John of Hauville’s Architrenius reflects an allegorical reading of the Aeneid. Unlike the Anticlaudianus, which refers to all of the episodes of the allegorical Aeneid, the Architrenius focuses on the allegory of the sixth book of Virgil’s Aeneid. Once the relationship between these plot structures is understood, the plot of the Architrenius, previously described by other scholars as chaotic, comes into sharper focus. The distinction in emphasis between the Anticlaudianus and the Architrenius also becomes clearer. The Anticlaudianus focuses on the allegorical ascent; the Architrenius, the descent. In Dantean terms, the Anticlaudianus is more concerned with paradiso, while the Architrenius gives more weight to inferno.
The Democratic Sublime
Authors: Frank Jason 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The transition from royal to popular sovereignty during the age of democratic revolutions—from 1776 to 1848—entailed not only the reorganization of institutions of governance and norms of political legitimacy, but also a dramatic transformation in the iconography and symbolism of political power. The representational difficulties posed by the replacement of the personal and external rule of the king, whose body was the tangible locus of authority, with the impersonal and immanent self-rule of the people, whose power could not be incontestably embodied, went beyond questions of institutionalization and law into the aesthetic realm of visualization, composition, and form. How to make the people’s sovereign will tangible to popular judgment was—and is—a crucial problem of democratic political aesthetics. This book explores how the revolutionary proliferation of popular assemblies—crowds, demonstrations, gatherings of the “people out of doors”—mediated and gave tangibility to the people manifesting itself as a collective actor capable of enacting dramatic political reforms and change. During the age of democratic revolutions, popular assemblies became privileged sites of democratic representation because they at once claim to represent the people while also signaling the material plenitude beyond any representational claim. They retain this power in part because popular assemblies make manifest that which escapes representational capture; they rend a tear in the established representational space of appearance and draw their power from tarrying with the ineffability and resistant materiality of the people’s will. During the age of democratic revolutions, popular assemblies became the locus of the democratic sublime.
Background and Rock Aesthetics
Authors: Church Joseph 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 gives historical and aesthetic context to the topic at hand. It begins with a brief description of the long-standing relationship between popular song and theatre song, and places both popular music and musical theatre in the realm of folk art. There is a brief review of the history of modern popular song and of musical theatre, and specification of the changes that the advent of rock music heralded in both industries. Next is a brief survey of rock music in the theatre, and the sometimes uncomfortable relationship between rock music and theatrical content and performance. Last is a discussion of rock aesthetics, which helps the reader understand the artistic basis of rock music and begin to apply this understanding to performance.
Genetic Data, Genome Understanding, and Socially Relevant Information
Authors: Hallinan Dara 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the range of types of data which might be subject to genetic analysis to produce socially relevant information. These genetic data include raw genomic data as well as other types of data, such as phenotype data and inheritance data. Genetic analysis of these types of data is currently capable of producing a wide range of socially relevant information, including information concerning identity, genetic relationships, phenotype, health, and social and behavioural traits. It is not the case, however, that each type of genetic data can be subject to only one type of genetic analysis to produce only one type of socially relevant information. Rather, each type of genetic data, particularly genomic data, can be subject to multiple types of genetic analysis. Nor is it necessarily the case that genetic analyses produce socially relevant information which is completely accurate. Rather, the degree of accuracy of information will usually depend on multiple factors. The chapter then looks at the range of parties about whom socially significant information may be produced.
Adversarially Driven Toxicities
Authors: Perakslis Eric D. , Stanley Martin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Most digital health tools are based upon connectivity to the Internet; consequently they carry the concurrent risk of the many types of crime and abuse that are pervasive in cyber space. Specifically, digital health tools and solutions must be studied and protected against cybercrime, privacy loss, medical misinformation, charlatanism, and even the physical security of users. What all of these risks have in common, and what is likely most foreign to medicine, is the concept of an active adversarial intent on theft, reputational damage, or even physical harm. The fact that these threats are so foreign to medicine has made medicine extremely slow to respond. Even today, these threats seem foreign and distant to much of medicine, but that needs to change.
Modeling Cyber Threats as Medical Adverse Events
Authors: Perakslis Eric D. , Stanley Martin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews best practice approaches to performing cybersecurity risk management. It introduces the cybersecurity risk equation and explains how to apply cybersecurity controls to mitigate cybersecurity risks. The chapter also provides an overview of approaches to identify cybersecurity threats and known categories of cybersecurity threats to digital health.
Wearables
Authors: Perakslis Eric D. , Stanley Martin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Health wearables are one of the more established elements of the digital health revolution. GPS-enabled watches have been successful training aids for amateur and professional athletes for well over a decade. The ability to miniaturize complex biosensors to enable remote vital signs monitoring, disease progression and treatment effect measurement are all very real opportunities worthy of the hype. Early versions of these tools, however, were not Internet-connected and were not capable of being tethered to a cellular and or Internet-enabled mobile phone. In order for these devices to reach their potential for patients, understanding their risks within the context of the entire connected ecosystem must occur.
Measuring and Using Happiness to Support Public Policies
Authors: Helliwell John F. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the philosophical and empirical grounds for giving a primary role to the evaluations that people make of the quality of their lives. These evaluations permit comparisons among communities, regions, nations, and population subgroups; enable the estimation of the relative importance of various sources of happiness; and provide a well-being lens to aid the choice of public policies to support well-being. Available results expose the primacy of social determinants of happiness and especially the power of generosity and other positive social connections to improve the levels, distribution, and sustainability of well-being.
The Amygdala Hijack
Authors: Fitzduff Mari 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the reader to the proven tenuous nature of reason when pitted against emotions. Contrary to what most of us believe, our human capacity for rational judgment is much (much!) shallower than we think, particularly in situations of conflict. The chapter will explain why social tensions can arise so easily and why murders, genocides, and mass killings can evolve so quickly in almost any situation. It looks at the tension between the parts of our brains that deal with our memories, pleasures, and fears and those that serve us through the use of analytic and logical reasoning. It also looks at how the balance between these varying parts of our brains can be different in different people and groups and how these differences can affect people’s perspective on contentious issues such as immigration, military spending, and patriotism.
Neither Sin nor Paradox
Authors: LiVecche Marc 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 demonstrates how the just war tradition can help warfighters navigate the moral complexities of combat without compromising deeply held normative commitments. Drawing on the classical imagination of C. S. Lewis, it drafts a portrait of the just warrior as a marbling of the characteristics of Venus and Mars—the personifications of love and war. Such a union of dispositions demonstrates the possibility of attending to both the necessity of war and the requirements of love without contradiction. The just war tradition is shown to be committed to both moral realism—the view that what is good in the world is determined by a moral order grounded in objective reality—and to a moral vision that is essentially eudaemonist, or deeply concerned with the promotion of human flourishing, including enemy flourishing. This leads to a theological examination of enemy love and to a distinction between moral and nonmoral evil.
Reengaging Sound Praxis in the Real World
Authors: Araújo Samuel 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter questions the politico-epistemological potentials of and challenges notions of dialogue and collaboration in current scholarship on sound praxis. It addresses variable meanings of both dialogue and collaboration as general signifiers central both to social processes and the ethnographic experience. What motivates dialogue and collaboration, and how do variable motivations play (or not) in contexts of struggle for political recognition and valuing of forms of knowledge and practices under pressure from exploitation, inequality, and criminalization of the oppressed? The argument proceeds through three basic steps: (a) a synthetic examination of recent reviews of collaborative/dialogic/advocacy/applied/engaged work in both soundscape and music scholarship vis-à-vis the increasing and generalized self-awareness of local-global political struggles and tensions; (b) highlighting the role often ascribed to the so-called arts in mediating the negotiation of human coexistence in conflictive and post-conflict contexts; and (c) opening a debate on political-epistemological alternatives to research on sound praxis drawing on the theorists Paulo Freire, Orlando Fals Borda, and Luis Guillermo Vasco Uribe.
The Modernity of the Songlines
Authors: Roberts Rhoda 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAboriginal Australia is facing a time like no other. This chapter reflects on our ever-adapting culture, as we are lamenting the passing of our cultural custodians, each of whom is a library of profound knowledge. It articulates how a global groundswell of creative work, controlled and created from an Aboriginal and/or first peoples perspective, works to retain language and revitalize ritual forms. Our creative practices have enabled Indigenous arts industry workers across all genres a relevant voice, better employment prospects, community outcomes, and, most important, the control of how we are perceived. Viewers of museum exhibitions now have more awareness of the sophisticated and complex societal structures we have developed and lived for thousands of years. But what of the continuing cultural obligations and clan/nation responsibility, the cultural inheritance of the oldest living race? While the author believes it is vital for the next generations of first peoples to build bridges, develop indigenous capacity, generate employment, and ensure the health and well-being of their communities, she asks how we are ensuring our youth are experiencing the old ways of traditional, intergenerational knowledge transmission, and how relevant we consider it in the twenty-first century.
DancingDomba
Authors: Emberly Andrea , Davhula Mudzunga Junniah 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe domba school of girls’ initiation is recognizable to many ethnomusicologists from John Blacking’s historic work in Venda communities in South Africa in the 1950s. Blacking’s study illuminated the central role of music in children’s lives in Venda communities. However, at present, domba and the unique songs and stories of Venda childhood are highly endangered, with significant ramifications for contemporary children’s education, cultural practices, and well-being in Venda communities. This chapter explores collaborative research that aims to draw together ethnomusicological methodologies such as audio and video documentation with community-driven efforts to embed the teaching and learning from domba into the school curriculum. Because children have historically been viewed as research objects, rather than participants, this collaborative effort highlights the significance of including children and young people in the research process. By connecting music to a broader cultural context, our research explores the emotional, physical, and socio-cultural transition from childhood to adulthood that is embodied musically in initiation schools and through the transmission of traditional Venda children’s musical arts practices (song, dance, instrumental performance). Our research aims to contribute to knowledge about critical issues, including the connection of well-being to arts education and the sustainability of intangible cultural heritage through unique and collaborative methodologies that prioritize the engagement of children and young people.
Friedrich Richard Ulbricht’s Kugelphotometer
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
With the rapid development of many new and varied sources of light in the 19th century—Argand lamps of different designs and which burned various fuels, Carcel lamps, stearin candles, paraffin candles, and spermaceti candles, electric arc lamps, Drummond lamps, incandescent lamps with various filaments, Nernst glowbars, and many others —some method was needed to compare their output. But with the sources varying in spectral content and the angular distribution of the light, how could a meaningful comparison be made? After various fruitless attempts were made to concentrate the light onto a uniform region a surprisingly simple solution was proposed.
Lacemaker’s Lamps
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In the years before the 19th century, the options for indoor lighting were limited and sometimes expensive. Yet artisans such as lacemakers, cobblers, and jewelers needed good lighting for their precise and delicate work. But not being very well paid, they needed a solution that would allow as many of them as possible to share the expense of lighting for work. How did they manage after the sun went down, especially in northern countries with long periods of winter darkness? Can the solutions they came up with be applied to present-day problems?
Not Worth the Candle
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In order to compare the output from the different light sources that became available in the nineteenth century, the measurement of light was codified., One of the reference standards that was selected was the light from a spermaceti candle of a specified composition and size, made in a specified fasion and burning at a precise rate. But the spermaceti used to fabricate the candle is the natural product of non-domesticated animals living in the wild. It therefore ought to be expected to have great variation in its own composition. How did the governing bodies settle on a spermaceti candle, and why did they continue to use it?
Mistbow versus Glory
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Mistbows and glories are both atmospheric optical effects formed by light scattered by extremely small water droplets, having diameters comparable to the wavelength of light. Yet these two phenomena affect light in very different ways. In the case of mistbows the diffractive spreading of light caused by its passage through the very small droplets (which act somewhat like tiny apertures) causes the light to diffract in a wide angle that compensates for the prismatic separation of color. The different bands of colors overlap, and as a result the “rainbow” arcs are colorless. Glories are also Effects where light passes through tiny droplets and is reflected and refracted, thus separating the colors. The droplets, again, should act as tiny apertures, causing the different color bands to spead out and overlap. Yet glories are brightly colored. You can sometimes see both effects at the same time, in the same cloud. Why are the two phenomena so different?
The Endless Corridor
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
How old is the image of a mirror reflected in a mirror reflected in a mirror, etcetera? Is it of relatively recent vintage, or is it an ancient idea? What name can we even apply to it? Does the idea have any practical uses, or is it only a curiosity? Certainly it shows up in such devices as Fabry-Perot interferometers, plano-plano laser resonators, and interference filters. We can trace references of it back through time, and show where it might have been known, if not recorded. It can confidently be traced back to the beginning of the nineteenth century, but evidence from the plays suggest that the image may have been known to Shakespeare.
Turnus and the End of the Epicurean World
Authors: Gorey Matthew M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter examines the role of atomic imagery in the final book of the Aeneid, particularly with respect to Turnus’ killing of the Trojan warrior Eumedes and his final defeat by Aeneas. It argues that a web of allusions to Lucretian atomism in each of those scenes connects Turnus’ opposition to Trojan colonization with the non-teleological worldview of atomism. Thus, Turnus’ defeat marks not just the rejection of Italian political power, but also of the Epicurean cosmology with which Turnus is allusively associated. However, a number of details linking Aeneas’ killing of Turnus to Turnus’ killing of Eumedes subtly undermine this victory for Rome’s imperial teleology, suggesting that the two heroes act in fundamentally similar ways, angrily inflicting violence upon their enemies to achieve a desired political outcome.