bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An anomaly detection approach to identify chronic brain infarcts on MRI
Authors: van Hespen Kees M. , Zwanenburg Jaco J. M. , Dankbaar Jan W. , Geerlings Mirjam I. , Hendrikse Jeroen , Kuijf Hugo J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe performance of current machine learning methods to detect heterogeneous pathology is limited by the quantity and quality of pathology in medical images. A possible solution is anomaly detection; an approach that can detect all abnormalities by learning how ‘normal’ tissue looks like. In this work, we propose an anomaly detection method using a neural network architecture for the detection of chronic brain infarcts on brain MR images. The neural network was trained to learn the visual appearance of normal appearing brains of 697 patients. We evaluated its performance on the detection of chronic brain infarcts in 225 patients, which were previously labeled. Our proposed method detected 374 chronic brain infarcts (68% of the total amount of brain infarcts) which represented 97.5% of the total infarct volume. Additionally, 26 new brain infarcts were identified that were originally missed by the radiologist during radiological reading. Our proposed method also detected white matter hyperintensities, anomalous calcifications, and imaging artefacts. This work shows that anomaly detection is a powerful approach for the detection of multiple brain abnormalities, and can potentially be used to improve the radiological workflow efficiency by guiding radiologists to brain anomalies which otherwise remain unnoticed.
Estimation of the molecular weight of nanoparticles using a single small-angle X-ray scattering measurement on a relative scale
Authors: Zhigunov Alexander , Pleštil Josef 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBoth small-angle scattering methods, X-rays (SAXS) and neutrons (SANS) rank among the methods that facilitate the determination of the molar mass of nanoparticles. Using this measure, aggregation or degradation processes are easy to follow. Mono- and multichain assemblies of nanoparticles in solution could be resolved, swelling ratio can also be obtained. In this work, we present a method that allows extraction of additional information, including molecular weight, from a single scattering curve, even on a relative scale. The underlying theory and step-by-step procedure are described.
Environmental variables influence the developmental stages of the citrus leafminer, infestation level and mined leaves physiological response of Kinnow mandarin
Authors: Nawaz Rab , Abbasi Nadeem Akhtar , Hafiz Ishfaq Ahmad , Khan Muhammad Faisal , Khalid Azeem 
Published: April 2021

AbstractClimate change has not only exacerbated abiotic stress, but has also rendered external conditions more feasible for pests to spread and infest citrus fruit. Citrus leafminer (Phyllocnistis citrella) is a potential pest that directly feeds the newly sprouted leaves and twigs of all three spring, summer and autumn flushes. Increasing temperatures in spring and autumn, leafminer accrued more heat units or developmental degree days to accelerate the biological stages of its life-cycle, thereby increasing the pressure of infestation. Present work was conducted at three different environmental conditions in Sargodha, Toba Tek Singh (TTS) and Vehari districts of the Punjab province, Pakistan; all three experimental sites were located in different agro-ecological zones. More infestation was recorded in all three flushes at TTS and Vehari than in Sargodha. Overall, more damage was observed due to higher temperatures in TTS and Vehari than in Sargodha. After May–June heat stress, spontaneous vegetative growth continued from July to November, produced newly spouted tender leaves for feeding the leafminer larvae, and was seen more in TTS and Vehari. Leafminer larva prefers to enter young and tender leaves with a maximum entrance in leaves up to 1 cm2 in size while observing no entrance above 3 cm2 of leaf size. Physiological response of leaves primarily attributed to chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, both of which were recorded lower in the mined leaves, thereby reducing leaf photosynthetic activity. Similarly, lower levels of polyphenols and antioxidant activity were also recorded in the mined leaves. The on-tree age of mined leaves of three vegetative flushes of Kinnow plant was also less counted than non-mined leaves. Climate change has affected vegetative phenology and become feasible for pests due to extemporaneous leaf growth, particularly leafminer, and eventually causes economic loss by supplying low carbohydrates either to hanging fruits or next-season crops.
A digital nervous system aiming toward personalized IoT healthcare
Authors: Armgarth Astrid , Pantzare Sandra , Arven Patrik , Lassnig Roman , Jinno Hiroaki , Gabrielsson Erik O. , Kifle Yonatan , Cherian Dennis , Arbring Sjöström Theresia , Berthou Gautier , Dowling Jim , Someya Takao , Wikner J. Jacob , Gustafsson Göran , Simon Daniel T. , Berggren Magnus 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBody area networks (BANs), cloud computing, and machine learning are platforms that can potentially enable advanced healthcare outside the hospital. By applying distributed sensors and drug delivery devices on/in our body and connecting to such communication and decision-making technology, a system for remote diagnostics and therapy is achieved with additional autoregulation capabilities. Challenges with such autarchic on-body healthcare schemes relate to integrity and safety, and interfacing and transduction of electronic signals into biochemical signals, and vice versa. Here, we report a BAN, comprising flexible on-body organic bioelectronic sensors and actuators utilizing two parallel pathways for communication and decision-making. Data, recorded from strain sensors detecting body motion, are both securely transferred to the cloud for machine learning and improved decision-making, and sent through the body using a secure body-coupled communication protocol to auto-actuate delivery of neurotransmitters, all within seconds. We conclude that both highly stable and accurate sensing—from multiple sensors—are needed to enable robust decision making and limit the frequency of retraining. The holistic platform resembles the self-regulatory properties of the nervous system, i.e., the ability to sense, communicate, decide, and react accordingly, thus operating as a digital nervous system.
Altered patterns of fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation and regional homogeneity in abstinent methamphetamine-dependent users
Authors: Xie An , Wu Qiuxia , Yang Winson Fu Zun , Qi Chang , Liao Yanhui , Wang Xuyi , Hao Wei , Tang Yi-Yuan , Liu Jianbin , Liu Tieqiao , Tang Jinsong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMethamphetamine (MA) could induce functional and structural brain alterations in dependent subjects. However, few studies have investigated resting-state activity in methamphetamine-dependent subjects (MADs). We aimed to investigate alterations of brain activity during resting-state in MADs using fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) and regional homogeneity (ReHo). We analyzed fALFF and ReHo between MADs (n = 70) and healthy controls (HCs) (n = 84) and performed regression analysis using MA use variables. Compared to HCs, abstinent MADs showed increased fALFF and ReHo values in the bilateral striatum, decreased fALFF in the left inferior frontal gyrus, and decreased ReHo in the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex, sensorimotor cortex, and left precuneus. We also observed the fALFF values of bilateral striatum were positively correlated with the age of first MA use, and negatively correlated with the duration of MA use. The fALFF value of right striatum was also positively correlated with the duration of abstinence. The alterations of spontaneous cerebral activity in abstinent MADs may help us probe into the neurological pathophysiology underlying MA-related dysfunction and recovery. Since MADs with higher fALFF in the right striatum had shorter MA use and longer abstinence, the increased fALFF in the right striatum might implicate early recovery during abstinence.
Tailoring bismuth borate glasses by incorporating PbO/GeO2 for protection against nuclear radiation
Authors: Kumar Ashok , Jain Anisha , Sayyed M. I. , Laariedh Farah , Mahmoud K. A. , Nebhen Jamel , Khandaker Mayeen Uddin , Faruque M. R. I. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNuclear radiation shielding capabilities for a glass series 20Bi2O3 − xPbO − (80 − 2x)B2O3 − xGeO2 (where x = 5, 10, 20, and 30 mol%) have been investigated using the Phy-X/PSD software and Monte Carlo N-Particle transport code. The mass attenuation coefficients (μm) of selected samples have been estimated through XCOM dependent Phy-X/PSD program and MCNP-5 code in the photon-energy range 0.015–15 MeV. So obtained μm values are used to calculate other γ-ray shielding parameters such as half-value layer (HVL), mean-free-path (MFP), etc. The calculated μm values were found to be 71.20 cm2/g, 76.03 cm2/g, 84.24 cm2/g, and 90.94 cm2/g for four glasses S1 to S4, respectively. The effective atomic number (Zeff)values vary between 69.87 and 17.11 for S1 or 75.66 and 29.11 for S4 over 0.05–15 MeV of photon-energy. Sample S4, which has a larger PbO/GeO2 of 30 mol% in the bismuth-borate glass, possesses the lowest MFP and HVL, providing higher radiation protection efficiency compared to all other combinations. It shows outperformance while compared the calculated parameters (HVL and MFP) with the commercial shielding glasses, different alloys, polymers, standard shielding concretes, and ceramics. Geometric Progression (G-P) was applied for evaluating the energy absorption and exposure buildup factors at energies 0.015–15 MeV with penetration depths up to 40 mfp. The buildup factors showed dependence on the MFP and photon-energy as well. The studied samples' neutron shielding behavior was also evaluated by calculating the fast neutron removal cross-section (ΣR), i.e. found to be 0.139 cm−1 for S1, 0.133 cm−1 for S2, 0.128 cm−1 for S3, and 0.12 cm−1 for S4. The results reveal a great potential for using a glass composite sample S4 in radiation protection applications.
Excitonic effects in the optical spectra of Li2SiO3 compound
Authors: Han Nguyen Thi , Dien Vo Khuong , Lin Ming-Fa 
Published: April 2021

AbstractLi2SiO3 compound exhibits unique electronic and optical properties. The state-of-the-art analyses, which based on first-principle calculations, have successfully confirmed the concise physical/chemical picture and the orbital bonding in Li–O and Si–O bonds. Especially, the unusual optical response behavior includes a large red shift of the onset frequency due to the extremely strong excitonic effect, the polarization of optical properties along three-directions, various optical excitations structures and the most prominent plasmon mode in terms of the dielectric functions, energy loss functions, absorption coefficients and reflectance spectra. The close connections of electronic and optical properties can identify a specific orbital hybridization for each distinct excitation channel. The presented theoretical framework will be fully comprehending the diverse phenomena and widen the potential application of other emerging materials.
Prediction of Streptococcus uberis clinical mastitis treatment success in dairy herds by means of mass spectrometry and machine-learning
Authors: Maciel-Guerra Alexandre , Esener Necati , Giebel Katharina , Lea Daniel , Green Martin J. , Bradley Andrew J. , Dottorini Tania 
Published: April 2021

AbstractStreptococcus uberisis one of the leading pathogens causing mastitis worldwide. Identification ofS. uberisstrains that fail to respond to treatment with antibiotics is essential for better decision making and treatment selection. We demonstrate that the combination of supervised machine learning and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry can discriminate strains ofS. uberiscausing clinical mastitis that are likely to be responsive or unresponsive to treatment. Diagnostics prediction systems trained on 90 individuals from 26 different farms achieved up to 86.2% and 71.5% in terms of accuracy and Cohen’s kappa. The performance was further increased by adding metadata (parity, somatic cell count of previous lactation and count of positive mastitis cases) to encoded MALDI-TOF spectra, which increased accuracy and Cohen’s kappa to 92.2% and 84.1% respectively. A computational framework integrating protein–protein networks and structural protein information to the machine learning results unveiled the molecular determinants underlying the responsive and unresponsive phenotypes.
Optical characteristics of type-II hexagonal-shaped GaSb quantum dots on GaAs synthesized using nanowire self-growth mechanism from Ga metal droplet
Authors: Baik Min , Kyhm Ji-hoon , Kang Hang-Kyu , Jeong Kwang-Sik , Kim Jong Su , Cho Mann-Ho , Song Jin Dong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe report the growth mechanism and optical characteristics of type-II band-aligned GaSb quantum dots (QDs) grown on GaAs using a droplet epitaxy-driven nanowire formation mechanism with molecular beam epitaxy. Using transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy images, we confirmed that the QDs, which comprised zinc-blende crystal structures with hexagonal shapes, were successfully grown through the formation of a nanowire from a Ga droplet, with reduced strain between GaAs and GaSb. Photoluminescence (PL) peaks of GaSb capped by a GaAs layer were observed at 1.11 eV, 1.26 eV, and 1.47 eV, assigned to the QDs, a wetting-like layer (WLL), and bulk GaAs, respectively, at the measurement temperature of 14 K and excitation laser power of 30 mW. The integrated PL intensity of the QDs was significantly stronger than that of the WLL, which indicated well-grown GaSb QDs on GaAs and the generation of an interlayer exciton, as shown in the power- and temperature-dependent PL spectra, respectively. In addition, time-resolved PL data showed that the GaSb QD and GaAs layers formed a self-aligned type-II band alignment; the temperature-dependent PL data exhibited a high equivalent internal quantum efficiency of 15 ± 0.2%.
Adolescent fluoxetine treatment mediates a persistent anxiety-like outcome in female C57BL/6 mice that is ameliorated by fluoxetine re-exposure in adulthood
Authors: Flores-Ramirez Francisco J. , Themann Anapaula , Sierra-Fonseca Jorge A. , Garcia-Carachure Israel , Castillo Samuel A. , Rodriguez Minerva , Lira Omar , Preciado-Piña Joshua , Warren Brandon L. , Robison Alfred J. , Iñiguez Sergio D. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate whether juvenile fluoxetine (FLX) exposure induces long-term changes in baseline responses to anxiety-inducing environments, and if so, whether its re-exposure in adulthood would ameliorate this anxiety-like phenotype. An additional goal was to assess the impact of adolescent FLX pretreatment, and its re-exposure in adulthood, on serotonin transporters (5-HTT) and brain-derived-neurotrophic-factor (BDNF)-related signaling markers (TrkB-ERK1/2-CREB-proBDNF-mBDNF) within the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. To do this, female C57BL/6 mice were exposed to FLX in drinking water during postnatal-days (PD) 35–49. After a 21-day washout-period (PD70), mice were either euthanized (tissue collection) or evaluated on anxiety-related tests (open field, light/dark box, elevated plus-maze). Juvenile FLX history resulted in a persistent avoidance-like profile, along with decreases in BDNF-signaling markers, but not 5-HTTs or TrkB receptors, within both brain regions. Interestingly, FLX re-exposure in adulthood reversed the enduring FLX-induced anxiety-related responses across all behavioral tasks, while restoring ERK2-CREB-proBDNF markers to control levels and increasing mBDNF within the prefrontal cortex, but not the hippocampus. Collectively, these results indicate that adolescent FLX history mediates neurobehavioral adaptations that endure into adulthood, which are indicative of a generalized anxiety-like phenotype, and that this persistent effect is ameliorated by later-life FLX re-exposure, in a prefrontal cortex-specific manner.
The requirement of glycoprotein C (gC) for interindividual spread is a conserved function of gC for avian herpesviruses
Authors: Vega-Rodriguez Widaliz , Xu Huai , Ponnuraj Nagendraprabhu , Akbar Haji , Kim Taejoong , Jarosinski Keith William 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe have formerly shown that glycoprotein C (gC) ofGallid alphaherpesvirus2, better known as Marek’s disease (MD) alphaherpesvirus (MDV), is required for interindividual spread in chickens. Since gC is conserved within theAlphaherpesvirinaesubfamily, we hypothesized gC was important for interindividual spread of other alphaherpesviruses. To test this hypothesis, we first generated a fluorescent protein tagged clone ofGallid alphaherpesvirus3 MD vaccine strain 301B/1 to track virus replication in cell culture and chickens using fluorescent microscopy. Following validation of this system, we removed the open reading frame of 301B/1 gC from the genome and determined whether it was required for interindividual spread using experimental and natural infection studies. Interindividual spread of MD vaccine 301B/1 was abrogated by removal of 301B/1 gC. Rescuent virus in which 301B/1 gC was inserted back into the genome efficiently spread among chickens. To further study the conserved function of gC, we replaced 301B/1 gC with MDV gC and this virus also efficiently spread in chickens. These data suggest the essential function of alphaherpesvirus gC proteins is conserved and can be exploited during the generation of future vaccines against MD that affects the poultry industry worldwide.
RCVS–TCH score can predict reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome in patients with thunderclap headache
Authors: Cho Soohyun , Lee Mi Ji , Gil Young Eun , Chung Chin-Sang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractReversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) is one of the most important differential diagnosis in patients with thunderclap headache (TCH). We aimed to develop a new scoring system for RCVS in patients with TCH. We retrospectively analyzed 72 patients enrolled in the prospective study of TCH conducted in 2015–2016 (derivation set). We identified possible predictors for the diagnosis of RCVS and constructed a prediction model (RCVS–TCH score) using the multivariable logistic regression model. Diagnostic performance was validated to an independent validation set from our headache registry. The derivation set comprised 41 patients with RCVS and 31 with non-RCVS, and the validation set included 253 patients with TCH (165 with RCVS and 88 with non-RCVS). The RCVS–TCH score (range: 0–12) contained four predictors: recurrent TCHs, female sex, triggering factor for TCH (single or multi) and blood pressure surge. The C-index of RCVS–TCH score was 0.929 (95% CI = 0.874–0.984). The RCVS–TCH score ≥ 7 had a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 97% in discriminating RCVS from non-RCVS. In the validation set, RCVS–TCH score showed a C-index of 0.861 (95% CI = 0.815–0.908). In our study, the RCVS–TCH showed good performance, which may aid the diagnosis of RCVS among patients with TCH.
Population structure and genetic diversity of invasive Fall Armyworm after 2 years of introduction in India
Authors: Nayyar N. , Gracy R. G. , Ashika T. R. , Mohan G. , Swathi R. S. , Mohan M. , Chaudhary M. , Bakthavatsalam N. , Venkatesan T. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFall Armyworm (FAW),Spodoptera frugiperda, is a polyphagous pest capable of feeding over 80 plant species and was indigenous to the Western Hemisphere. Within a span of 4 years, FAW has established itself throughout most of the regions in Africa and Asia causing significant losses in maize production. Owing to its revamped distribution range, it would be prudent to analyze the ensuing genetic changes and study the emerging phylogeographic patterns across the world. In this regard, we would like to provide a current snapshot of genetic diversity of FAW in India 2 years after the initial introduction and compare it with the worldwide diversity in order to trace the origins and evolutionary trajectories of FAW in India. We have investigated around 190 FAW samples from different regions in India for strain identity and polymorphism analysis on the basis of partial mitochondrialcytochrome oxidaseI (COI) gene sequences. Apart from the ancestral rice and corn strain haplotype, our study demonstrates the presence of 14 more haplotypes unique to India at a haplotype diversity of 0.356. We were also able to record inter-strain hybrid haplotypes of rice and corn strains in India. Regional heterogeneity within Indian populations seems to be quite low representative of extensive migration of FAW within India. Distribution analysis of pairwise differences and rejection of neutrality tests suggest that the FAW population in India might be undergoing expansion. Our data is consistent with the findings suggesting a recent and common origin for invasive FAW populations in Asia and Africa, and does not indicate multiple introductions to India. This study reports the highest genetic diversity for Indian FAW populations to date and will be useful to track the subsequent evolution of FAW in India. The findings would have important ramifications for FAW behavior and composition throughout the world.