bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of Adult Education Participants in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County
Authors: Hajdú Dávid 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The present study presents adult education institutions and participants in adult education at the national level, highlighting the Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County. It shows the decrease in the number of tasks and the change in the types of maintainers, the decreasing trend of the number of privately maintained institutions and the number of students. Thanks to public interventions, private-run institutions have completely shrunk in the last 7 years due to support for training. Private institutions receive little or no state support for the teaching of the professions listed in the National Training Register, which means that students can only study in private schools for a fee. This decision resulted in the dissolution of most privately maintained institutions, their merging into local Vocational Training Centres or church institutions. The main goal of the research was to get a realistic picture of the causes of institutional change.
Accountability Measures in Higher Education and Academic Workload: A Ten-year Comparison
Authors: Nakano Silvia , Beaupré-Lavallée Alexandre , Bégin-Caouette Olivier 
Published: July 2021

At the core of New Public Management (NPM) reforms sit the concept of accountability of publicly funded organizations. In Canada, it is suggested that provinces have increased the number of accountability procedures imposed to universities and those measures would have had an impact on professors' academic workload. This study relies on the Canadian faculty's perspectives collected through the 2007 Changing Academic Profession (CAP) study (n = 1151) and the 2017 Academic Profession in the Knowledge Society (APIKS) study (n = 2968). Descriptive statistics and a MANOVA comparing the scores of five variables in 2007 and 2017 suggest that academic workload increased significantly in ten years, academic acvities are significantly more evaluated, although less by academics themselves, female academics report dedicating more time to administrative tasks and being more frequently evaluated, and senior administrative staff and external reviewers are perceived as being more involved in the evaluation of academic activities in 2017 than in 2007. Our interpretation is that accountability measures could increase professors' admministrative burden and grant more authority to non-academic staff.
Key words: accountability; academic workload; academic profession; new public management; Canadian universities.
Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions against COVID-19 in Europe in 2020: a quasi-experimental non-equivalent group and time series design study
Authors: Hunter Paul R , Colón-González Felipe J , Brainard Julii , Rushton Steven 
Published: July 2021

IntroductionThe current pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is unparalleled in recent history as are the social distancing interventions that have led to a considerable halt on the economic and social life of so many countries.AimWe aimed to generate empirical evidence about which social distancing measures had the most impact in reducing case counts and mortality.MethodsWe report a quasi-experimental (observational) study of the impact of various interventions for control of the outbreak through 24 April 2020. Chronological data on case numbers and deaths were taken from the daily published figures by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and dates of initiation of various control strategies from the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation website and published sources. Our complementary analyses were modelled in R using Bayesian generalised additive mixed models and in STATA using multilevel mixed-effects regression models.ResultsFrom both sets of modelling, we found that closure of education facilities, prohibiting mass gatherings and closure of some non-essential businesses were associated with reduced incidence whereas stay-at-home orders and closure of additional non-essential businesses was not associated with any independent additional impact.ConclusionsOur findings are that schools and some non-essential businesses operating ‘as normal’ as well as allowing mass gatherings were incompatible with suppressing disease spread. Closure of all businesses and stay at home orders are less likely to be required to keep disease incidence low. Our results help identify what were the most effective non-pharmaceutical interventions in this period.
KAZAK TÜRKÇESİNDEKİ KOŞUL TÜMCELERİNİN BİÇİMSEL, SÖZ DİZİMSEL VE ANLAMSAL ÖZELLİKLERİ
Authors: KAZANLAR ÜRKMEZ Elanur 
Published: July 2021

Koşul tümceleri bir koşul işaretleyicisi ile birbirine bağlanan yan ve ana tümcecik olmak üzere iki tümceden meydana birleşik tümcelerdir. Tümcelerin konumu, eylem çekimi, işaretleyicilerin işlevleri gibi sebeplerle biçimsel, anlamsal ve sözdizimsel özellikleri açısından dilbiliminin sıklıkla incelenen konulardan biridir. Bu çalışmada Kazak Türkçesindeki koşul tümcelerinin kuruluş bakımından incelenmesi ve yan tümcecik ile ana tümcecik arasındaki ilişkiye bağlı olarak meydana gelen semantik ve pragmatik çağrışımların ortaya konulması hedeflenmiştir. Kazak Türkçesindeki koşul tümceleri koşul biçimbirimi olan –sA’nın yanı sıra koşul bildirmeyen çeşitli biçimsel, sözlüksel ve sözdizimsel yapılarla da kurulmaktadır. Koşul çağrışımı yapan farklı yapılar tümceye farklı gerçeklik ve varsayımsallık derecesi kazandırmaktadır. Özellikle ana tümcenin nasıl çekimlendiği koşul tümcesinin anlamını büyük ölçüde değiştirebilmektedir. Örneğin geçmiş zamanın hikaye çekimi edi ile çekimlenen ana tümcecik daima karşı olgusal bir okumaya sahiptir.
Çalışmada araştırmacıların koşul tümceleri ile ilgili tanım ve sınıflandırmalarına yer verilmiş, Kazak Türkçesindeki koşul tümcelerini meydana getiren işaretleyiciler örneklerle gösterilmiş, koşul bildiren işaretleyicilerin kullanımları ve bu kullanımların ortaya çıkardığı anlamlar üzerinde durulmuştur.
PERBEDAAN KADAR MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE-2 SERUM PADA KETUBAN PECAH DINI DAN KEHAMILAN NORMAL
Authors: Darma Ika Yulia 
Published: July 2021

Ketuban pecah dini adalah masalah penting dalam obstetri dengan insiden 8 % pada kehamilan. Kejadian KPD disebabkan oleh muktifaktorial, diantaranya adalah faktor infeksi dan nutrisi ibu hamil yang mempengaruhi pembentukan selaput ketuban. Beberapa peneliti menemukan bahwa peningkatan matrix metalloproteinase-2 akan mendegradasi matrix extraseluler, menjadi lemah sehingga memicu terjadinya KPD. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui hubungan MMP-2 serum dengan ketuban pecah dini dan kehamilan normal. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan desain cross sectional comparative study. Penelitian dilakukan pada empat rumah sakit di Padang pada bulan September – Oktober 2018. Pengambilan sampel dengan consecutive sampling. Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah ibu hamil dengan diagnosa ketuban pecah dini (n=29) dan seluruh wanita dengan kehamilan normal(n=29). Pemeriksaan MMP-2 dilakukan dengan metode ELISA. Uji statistik menggunakan uji t tidak berpasangan dan korelasi Pearson. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rerata kadar MMP-2 pada KPD yaitu 35,17 ± 2,23 ng/ml, dan pada kehamilan normal 33,27 ± 0,82 ng/ml (p<0,05). Terdapat perbedaan kadar MMP-2 pada ketuban pecah dini dan kehamilan normal. Kesimpulan penelitian terdapat perbedaan rerata kadar MMP-2 pada ketuban pecah dini dan kehamilan normal.
EXCHANGE RATES ELASTICITY OF EXPORTS IN ASEAN: THE ROLE OF GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS
Authors: Oktaviani Defy , Shrestha Nagendra 
Published: July 2021

Abstrak
Perdebatan tentang pelemahan hubungan antara nilai tukar dan ekspor telah meningkat dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, dan meningkatnya tren perdagangan terkait rantai nilai global (Global Value Chain/GVC) diasumsikan menjadi sumber melemahnya hubungan di antara keduanya. Dengan menggunakan data spesifik industri manufaktur, studi ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki dampak GVC pada hubungan Nilai Tukar Efektif Riil (Real Effective Exchange Rate/REER) dan ekspor di empat negara ASEAN. Estimasi dilakukan menggunakan regresi Least Square Dummy Variable (LSDV) untuk periode sampel dari tahun 2009 hingga 2015. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa di Filipina, koefisien elastisitas nilai tukar ekspor dan partisipasi ke GVC tidak signifikan secara statistik. Sebaliknya di Indonesia dan Malaysia, secara rata-rata, integrasi ke GVC dengan berbagai pengukuran akan menurunkan elastisitas ekspor terhadap perubahan REER sekitar 70% sampai 89%. Lebih lanjut, estimasi terhadap data Thailand dan kelompok empat negara ASEAN menunjukkan bahwa partisipasi pada GVC mengubah nilai dan tanda elastisitas ekspor terhadap REER.
Kata Kunci: Ekspor, Nilai Tukar, Rantai Nilai Global

Abstract
The debate on the issue of the disconnected relationship between exchange rates and exports has risen in recent years, with the growing trend of Global Value Chain (GVC)-related trade assumed to be the source of the weakening link between them. By employing manufacturing industry-specific data, this study aims to investigate the impact of GVC on the nexus of the Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) and exports in four ASEAN countries. The estimations are conducted using Least Square Dummy Variable (LSDV) regression for the sample period from 2009 to 2015. The findings of this study suggest that for the Philippines, the coefficients of exchange rate elasticity of export and participation to GVC are not statistically significant. Conversely, in the case of Indonesia and Malaysia, integration to GVC, with various measurements, will reduce the REER elasticity of exports by around 70% to 89% on average. Furthermore, the estimation data on Thailand and a group of four countries implies that the presence of GVC changes both the value and the sign of REER elasticity of exports.
Keywords: Export, Exchange Rates, Global Value Chain
JEL Classification: F14, F15, F31
Social Media as an Object of Marketing Researches
Authors: Zaitseva M. , Pshynka H. 
Published: July 2021

The relevance of the study. The access to social media and digital marketing led to the discovery of plenty of data which marketers use in their work. However, there is a lack of professional rules as to the use of social media in marketing and there is a lacuna in understanding of the consumers’ comfort when marketers use public data of social media. In this regard a new category emerges — consumer marketing comfort. In this scientific article an attempt to analyze the level of comfort of the consumer’s perception of social media data of digital marketing has been made. But the dramatic development of digital technologies demands a constant reconsideration and analysis of this issue. Moreover, none of the authors has studied the problem of use of consumers’ data by digital technologies, consequently the issue of the consumer marketing comfort has never been researched.
The purpose of the article is to define the role and the efficiency of digital technologies in marketing communication in the modern environment and the use of consumer data by digital marketing, and in this regard how comfortable it is for people when their data, which are publicly available in a social network, are used.
The methodology. Creating the article we applied the theoretical and analytical methods of scientific research.
The results. Marketing comfort is a new category which is significant for the future marketing research. Marketing comfort is the comfort of a person while using the information which was posted publicly in social a network for targeted advertising, relations with customers and generation of ideas. In the context of the category development it has been discovered that the targeted advertising is the strongest component and it contributes to the marketing comfort comparing to the two measures: generation of ideas and relations with customers. Taking into account the basis of consumer comfort, this new marketing practice suggests the research of strategies for marketers who can support and mitigate the situation of consumers’ concern in order to let consumers keep their confidence in digital practice of marketers.
The scientific topicality. A new category of marketing comfort has been defined and consideration of marketing comfort as a mean of communication has been suggested.
The practical significance. The material of this article can be used in the development of marketing strategies of organizations and their communication policy.
Elective versus nonelective brain tumor resections: a 5-year propensity score matching cost comparison analysis
Authors: Chan Alvin Y. , Choi Elliot H. , Oh Michael Y. , Vadera Sumeet , Chen Jefferson W. , Golshani Kiarash , Wilson William C. , Hsu Frank P. K. 
Published: July 2021

OBJECTIVE
Elective surgical cases generally have lower costs, higher profit margins, and better outcomes than nonelective cases. Investigating the differences in cost and profit between elective and nonelective cases would help hospitals in planning strategies to withstand financial losses due to potential pandemics. The authors sought to evaluate the exact cost and profit margin differences between elective and nonelective supratentorial tumor resections at a single institution.

METHODS
The authors collected economic analysis data in all patients who underwent supratentorial tumor resection at their institution between January 2014 and December 2018. The patients were grouped into elective and nonelective cases. Propensity score matching was used to adjust for heterogeneity of baseline characteristics between the two groups.

RESULTS
There were 143 elective cases and 232 nonelective cases over the 5 years. Patients in the majority of elective cases had private insurance and in the majority of nonelective cases the patients had Medicare/Medicaid (p < 0.01). The total charges were significantly lower for elective cases ($168,800.12) compared to nonelective cases ($254,839.30, p < 0.01). The profit margins were almost 6 times higher for elective than for nonelective cases ($13,025.28 vs $2,128.01, p = 0.04). After propensity score matching, there was still a significant difference between total charges and total cost.

CONCLUSIONS
Elective supratentorial tumor resections were associated with significantly lower costs with shorter lengths of stay while also being roughly 6 times more profitable than nonelective cases. These findings may help future planning for hospital strategies to survive financial losses during future pandemics that require widespread cancellation of elective cases.
Hydrocephalus surveillance following shunt placement or endoscopic third ventriculostomy: a survey of surgeons in the Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Networks
Authors: Hersh David S. , Kumar Rahul , Klimo Paul , Bookland Markus , Martin Jonathan E. 
Published: July 2021

OBJECTIVE
Late failure is a well-documented complication of cerebrospinal fluid shunt placement and, less commonly, endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV). However, standards regarding the frequency of clinical and radiological follow-up in these patients have not been defined. Here, the authors report on their survey of surgeons at sites for the Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network (HCRN) or its implementation/quality improvement arm (HCRNq) to provide a cross-sectional overview of practice patterns.

METHODS
A 24-question survey was developed using the Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) platform and was distributed to the 138 pediatric neurosurgeons across 39 centers who participate in the HCRN or HCRNq. Survey questions were organized into three sections: 1) Demographics (5 questions), 2) Shunt Surveillance (12 questions), and 3) ETV Surveillance (7 questions).

RESULTS
A total of 122 complete responses were obtained, for an overall response rate of 88%. The majority of respondents have been in practice for more than 10 years (58%) and exclusively treat pediatric patients (79%). Most respondents consider hydrocephalus to have stabilized 1 month (21%) or 3 months (39%) after shunt surgery, and once stability is achieved, 72% then ask patients to return for routine clinical follow-up annually. Overall, 83% recommend lifelong clinical follow-up after shunt placement. Additionally, 75% obtain routine imaging studies in asymptomatic patients, although the specific imaging modality and frequency of imaging vary. The management of an asymptomatic increase in ventricle size or an asymptomatic catheter fracture also varies widely. Many respondents believe that hydrocephalus takes longer to stabilize after ETV than after shunt placement, reporting that they consider hydrocephalus to have stabilized 3 (28%), 6 (33%), or 12 (28%) months after an ETV. Although 68% of respondents have patients return annually for routine clinical follow-up after an ETV, only 56% recommend lifelong follow-up. The proportion of respondents who perform lifelong follow-up increases with greater practice experience (p = 0.01). Overall, 67% of respondents obtain routine imaging studies in asymptomatic patients after an ETV, with “rapid” MRI the study of choice for most respondents.

CONCLUSIONS
While there is a general consensus among pediatric neurosurgeons across North America that hydrocephalus patients should have long-term follow-up after shunt placement, radiological surveillance is characterized by considerable variety, as is follow-up after an ETV. Future work should focus on evaluating whether any one of these surveillance protocols is associated with improved outcomes.
Use of predictive spatial modeling to reveal that primary cancers have distinct central nervous system topography patterns of brain metastasis
Authors: Neman Josh , Franklin Meredith , Madaj Zachary , Deshpande Krutika , Triche Timothy J. , Sadlik Gal , Carmichael John D , Chang Eric , Yu Cheng , Strickland Ben A , Zada Gabriel 
Published: July 2021

OBJECTIVE
Brain metastasis is the most common intracranial neoplasm. Although anatomical spatial distributions of brain metastasis may vary according to primary cancer subtype, these patterns are not understood and may have major implications for treatment.

METHODS
To test the hypothesis that the spatial distribution of brain metastasis varies according to cancer origin in nonrandom patterns, the authors leveraged spatial 3D coordinate data derived from stereotactic Gamma Knife radiosurgery procedures performed to treat 2106 brain metastases arising from 5 common cancer types (melanoma, lung, breast, renal, and colorectal). Two predictive topographic models (regional brain metastasis echelon model [RBMEM] and brain region susceptibility model [BRSM]) were developed and independently validated.

RESULTS
RBMEM assessed the hierarchical distribution of brain metastasis to specific brain regions relative to other primary cancers and showed that distinct regions were relatively susceptible to metastasis, as follows: bilateral temporal/parietal and left frontal lobes were susceptible to lung cancer; right frontal and occipital lobes to melanoma; cerebellum to breast cancer; and brainstem to renal cell carcinoma. BRSM provided probability estimates for each cancer subtype, independent of other subtypes, to metastasize to brain regions, as follows: lung cancer had a propensity to metastasize to bilateral temporal lobes; breast cancer to right cerebellar hemisphere; melanoma to left temporal lobe; renal cell carcinoma to brainstem; and colon cancer to right cerebellar hemisphere. Patient topographic data further revealed that brain metastasis demonstrated distinct spatial patterns when stratified by patient age and tumor volume.

CONCLUSIONS
These data support the hypothesis that there is a nonuniform spatial distribution of brain metastasis to preferential brain regions that varies according to cancer subtype in patients treated with Gamma Knife radiosurgery. These topographic patterns may be indicative of the abilities of various cancers to adapt to regional neural microenvironments, facilitate colonization, and establish metastasis. Although the brain microenvironment likely modulates selective seeding of metastasis, it remains unknown how the anatomical spatial distribution of brain metastasis varies according to primary cancer subtype and contributes to diagnosis. For the first time, the authors have presented two predictive models to show that brain metastasis, depending on its origin, in fact demonstrates distinct geographic spread within the central nervous system. These findings could be used as a predictive diagnostic tool and could also potentially result in future translational and therapeutic work to disrupt growth of brain metastasis on the basis of anatomical region.
Rapid-sequence MRI for evaluation of pediatric traumatic brain injury: a systematic review
Authors: Kessler Brice A. , Goh Jo Ling , Pajer Hengameh B. , Asher Anthony M. , Northam Weston T. , Hung Sheng-Che , Selden Nathan R. , Quinsey Carolyn S. 
Published: July 2021

OBJECTIVE
Rapid-sequence MRI (RSMRI) of the brain is a limited-sequence MRI protocol that eliminates ionizing radiation exposure and reduces imaging time. This systematic review sought to examine studies of clinical RSMRI use for pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to evaluate various RSMRI protocols used, including their reported accuracy as well as clinical and systems-based limitations to implementation.

METHODS
PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases were searched, and clinical articles reporting the use of a limited brain MRI protocol in the setting of pediatric head trauma were identified.

RESULTS
Of the 1639 articles initially identified and reviewed, 13 studies were included. An additional article that was in press at the time was provided by its authors. The average RSMRI study completion time was variable, spanning from 1 minute to 16 minutes. RSMRI with “blood-sensitive” sequences was more sensitive for detection of hemorrhage compared with head CT (HCT), but less sensitive for detection of skull fractures. Compared with standard MRI, RSMRI had decreased sensitivity for all evidence of trauma.

CONCLUSIONS
Protocols and uses of RSMRI for pediatric TBI were variable among the included studies. While traumatic pathology missed by RSMRI, such as small hemorrhages and linear, nondisplaced skull fractures, was frequently described as clinically insignificant, in some cases these findings may be prognostically and/or forensically significant. Institutions should integrate RSMRI into pediatric TBI management judiciously, relying on clinical context and institutional capabilities.