bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soil Fertility Transitions in the Context of Industrialization, 1750–2000
Authors: Güldner Dino , Larsen Laura , Cunfer Geoff 
Published: August 2021

AbstractFertile soils are essential for human health and nutrition and formed the foundation of human economies for millennia. Soils deserve close attention from environmental and economic historians and sustainability scientists. Most soil history literature addresses failure: misuse of soil, uncontrolled erosion, and the resulting collapse of past civilizations. More important, however, and of urgent interest for our present and future prosperity, are the mundane ways that historical farm communities sustained soil health, even while cultivating the same land for centuries. This article explains five strategies by which European and North American farmers accessed, recycled, replenished, and sustained soil fertility over 250 years. By evaluating inputs, extractions, transfers, and annual balances of potassium, phosphorus, and, especially, nitrogen, it models historical soil management in a variety of agroecosystems in various geographical settings and through time. This biophysical environmental history, based on socioecological metabolism methods borrowed from sustainability science, reveals ongoing adaptation to shifting social and environmental contexts. As industrialization, global trade, and population accelerated, farmers adjusted their soil fertility strategies to keep up with new pressures and opportunities. Each solution to existing soil fertility constraints created new obstacles and bottlenecks. Through the past quarter millennium, farm sustainability meant constant readjustment to new circumstances. As farmers innovated crop choices and rotations, corralled livestock, adopted new technologies, deployed novel energy sources, and expanded into new lands, they increased food productivity to feed growing world population and supply expanding markets, while maintaining the supply of soil nutrients necessary to fertilize next year’s crop.
On the Emergence of Human Influence on Surface Air Temperature Changes Over India
Authors: Dileepkumar R. , AchutaRao Krishna , J. W. Bonfils Céline , Arulalan T. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHuman activities in terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and aerosols resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels have been shown to have affected the temperature of the Earth on global and continental scales. The surface air temperature (TAS) over India has also been observed to be increasing over the last 100 years. Understanding the underlying causes of regional climate change over India can help in developing appropriate mitigation and adaptation strategies. Differentiating signals of externally forced climate changes from the noise of natural internal variability generally becomes more difficult as spatial scale reduces. Therefore detecting and attributing the influence of external forcings such as GHGs and aerosols is harder at local and regional scales. In this study, we applied a detection and attribution (D&A) method to study annual and seasonal mean TAS over the Indian region. We found that the observed warming over India from 1906 to 2005 cannot be explained by natural climate variability alone. We found that the warming is largely driven by the increase in GHGs, and partially offset by regional anthropogenic emissions of aerosols. These results were confirmed for the shorter 1956–2005 period, but results were sensitive to the choice of observational data set. The changes cannot be explained by internal climate variability or natural external forcings alone, but are compatible with the responses to combined anthropogenic GHG and aerosol forcings.
Negligible Quantities of Particulate Low‐Temperature Pyrogenic Carbon Reach the Atlantic Ocean via the Amazon River
Authors: Häggi C. , Hopmans E. C. , Schefuß E. , Sawakuchi A. O. , Schreuder L. T. , Bertassoli D. J. , Chiessi C. M. , Mulitza S. , Sawakuchi H. O. , Baker P. A. , Schouten S. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractParticulate pyrogenic carbon (PyC) transported by rivers and aerosols, and deposited in marine sediments, is an important part of the carbon cycle. The chemical composition of PyC is temperature dependent and levoglucosan is a source‐specific burning marker used to trace low‐temperature PyC. Levoglucosan associated to particulate material has been shown to be preserved during riverine transport and marine deposition in high‐ and mid‐latitudes, but it is yet unknown if this is also the case for (sub)tropical areas, where 90% of global PyC is produced. Here, we investigate transport and deposition of levoglucosan in suspended and riverbed sediments from the Amazon River system and adjacent marine deposition areas. We show that the Amazon River exports negligible amounts of levoglucosan and that concentrations in sediments from the main Amazon tributaries are not related to long‐term mean catchment‐wide fire activity. Levoglucosan concentrations in marine sediments offshore the Amazon Estuary are positively correlated to total organic content regardless of terrestrial or marine origin, supporting the notion that association of suspended or dissolved PyC to biogenic particles is critical in the preservation of PyC. We estimate that 0.5–10 × 106 g yr−1 of levoglucosan is exported by the Amazon River. This represents only 0.5–10 ppm of the total exported PyC and thereby an insignificant fraction, indicating that riverine derived levoglucosan and low‐temperature PyC in the tropics are almost completely degraded before deposition. Hence, we suggest caution in using levoglucosan as tracer for past fire activity in tropical settings near rivers.
Long‐Term Nitrate Trajectories Vary by Season in Western European Catchments
Authors: Ebeling Pia , Dupas Rémi , Abbott Benjamin , Kumar Rohini , Ehrhardt Sophie , Fleckenstein Jan H. , Musolff Andreas 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHuman alteration of nutrient cycles has caused persistent and widespread degradation of water quality around the globe. In many regions, including Western Europe, elevated nitrate (NO3−) concentration in surface waters contributes to eutrophication and noncompliance with environmental legislation. Discharge, NO3− concentrations and the vulnerability of the aquatic ecosystems to eutrophication often exhibit a distinct seasonality. Understanding spatial patterns and long‐term trends in this seasonality is crucial to improve water quality management. Here, we hypothesized that NO3− concentrations during high‐flow periods would respond faster to changes in nutrient inputs than low‐flow concentrations because of greater connectivity of shallow diffuse NO3− sources with the river network. To test this hypothesis, we compiled long‐term NO3− and discharge time series from 290 Western European catchments. To characterize the long‐term trajectories of seasonal NO3− concentration, we propose a novel hysteresis approach comparing low‐ and high‐flow NO3− concentration in the context of multi‐decadal N input changes. We found synchronous winter maxima of NO3− and discharge in 84% of the study catchments. However, contrary to our hypothesis, there were surprisingly diverse long‐term trajectories of seasonal NO3− concentration. Both clockwise (faster high‐flow NO3− response) and counterclockwise hysteresis (faster low‐flow NO3− response) occurred in similar proportions, potentially due to a high complexity in the underlying processes. Spatial variability of seasonality in NO3− concentration across the catchments was more pronounced and better predictable than its long‐term variability. This work demonstrates the value of seasonal and inter‐annual hydrochemical analysis and provides new tools for water quality monitoring and management.
Thermal Conductivity of Silicate Liquid Determined by Machine Learning Potentials
Authors: Deng Jie , Stixrude Lars 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSilicate liquids are important agents of thermal evolution, yet their thermal conductivity is largely unknown. Here, we determine the thermal conductivity of a silicate liquid by combining the Green‐Kubo method with a machine learning potential of ab initio quality over the entire pressure regime of the mantle. We find that the thermal conductivity of MgSiO3 liquid is 1.1 W m−1 K−1 at the 1 bar melting point, and 4.0 W m−1 K−1 at core‐mantle boundary conditions. The thermal conductivity increases with compression, while remaining nearly constant on isochoric heating. The pressure dependence arises from the increasing bulk modulus on compression, and the weak temperature dependence arises from the saturation of the phonon mean free path due to structural disorder. The thermal conductivity of silicate liquids is less than that of ambient mantle, a contrast that may be important for understanding melt generation, and heat flux from the core.
Shallow Rupture Propagation of Pleistocene Earthquakes Along the Hurricane Fault, UT, Revealed by Hematite (U‐Th)/He Thermochronometry and Textures
Authors: Taylor Madison P. , Ault Alexis K. , Odlum Margaret L. , Newell Dennis L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe material properties and distribution of faults above the seismogenic zone promote or inhibit earthquake rupture propagation. We document the depths and mechanics of fault slip along the seismically active Hurricane fault, UT, with scanning and transmission electron microscopy and hematite (U‐Th)/He thermochronometry. Hematite occurs as mm‐scale, striated patches on a >10 m2 thin, mirror‐like silica fault surface. Hematite textures include bulbous aggregates and cataclasite, overlain by crystalline Fe‐oxide nanorods and an amorphous silica layer at the slip interface. Textures reflect mechanical, fluid, and heat‐assisted amorphization of hematite and silica‐rich host rock that weaken the fault and promote rupture propagation. Hematite (U‐Th)/He dates document episodes of mineralization and fault slip between 0.65 and 0.36 Ma at ∼300 m depth. Data illustrate that some earthquake ruptures repeatedly propagate along localized slip surfaces in the shallow crust and provide structural and material property constraints for in models of fault slip.
Emotional adaptation during a crisis: decline in anxiety and depression after the initial weeks of COVID-19 in the United States
Authors: Shuster Anastasia , O’Brien Madeline , Luo Yi , Berner Laura A. , Perl Ofer , Heflin Matthew , Kulkarni Kaustubh , Chung Dongil , Na Soojung , Fiore Vincenzo G. , Gu Xiaosi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCrises such as the COVID-19 pandemic are known to exacerbate depression and anxiety, though their temporal trajectories remain under-investigated. The present study aims to investigate fluctuations in depression and anxiety using the COVID-19 pandemic as a model crisis. A total of 1512 adults living in the United States enrolled in this online study beginning April 2, 2020 and were assessed weekly for 10 weeks (until June 4, 2020). We measured depression and anxiety using the Zung Self-Rating Depression scale and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (state subscale), respectively, along with demographic and COVID-related surveys. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine factors contributing to longitudinal changes in depression and anxiety. We found that depression and anxiety levels were high in early April, but declined over time. Being female, younger age, lower-income, and previous psychiatric diagnosis correlated with higher overall levels of anxiety and depression; being married additionally correlated with lower overall levels of depression, but not anxiety. Importantly, worsening of COVID-related economic impact and increase in projected pandemic duration exacerbated both depression and anxiety over time. Finally, increasing levels of informedness correlated with decreasing levels of depression, while increased COVID-19 severity (i.e., 7-day change in cases) and social media use were positively associated with anxiety over time. These findings not only provide evidence for overall emotional adaptation during the initial weeks of the pandemic, but also provide insight into overlapping, yet distinct, factors contributing to depression and anxiety throughout the first wave of the pandemic.
Comparison of mouse models reveals a molecular distinction between psychotic illness in PWS and schizophrenia
Authors: Zahova Simona K. , Humby Trevor , Davies Jennifer R. , Morgan Joanne E. , Isles Anthony R. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPrader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations affecting paternal chromosome 15q11-q13, and characterized by hypotonia, hyperphagia, impaired cognition, and behavioural problems. Psychotic illness is a challenging problem for individuals with PWS and has different rates of prevalence in distinct PWS genotypes. Previously, we demonstrated behavioural and cognitive endophenotypes of relevance to psychiatric illness in a mouse model for one of the associated PWS genotypes, namely PWS-IC, in which deletion of the imprinting centre leads to loss of paternally imprinted gene expression and over-expression of Ube3a. Here we examine the broader gene expression changes that are specific to the psychiatric endophenotypes seen in this model. To do this we compared the brain transcriptomic profile of the PWS-IC mouse to the PWS-cr model that carries a deletion of the PWS minimal critical interval spanning the snoRNA Snord116 and Ipw. Firstly, we examined the same behavioural and cognitive endophenotypes of relevance to psychiatric illness in the PWS-cr mice. Unlike the PWS-IC mice, PWS-cr exhibit no differences in locomotor activity, sensory-motor gating, and attention. RNA-seq analysis of neonatal whole brain tissue revealed a greater number of transcriptional changes between PWS-IC and wild-type littermates than between PWS-cr and wild-type littermates. Moreover, the differentially expressed genes in the PWS-IC brain were enriched for GWAS variants of episodes of psychotic illness but, interestingly, not schizophrenia. These data illustrate the molecular pathways that may underpin psychotic illness in PWS and have implications for potential therapeutic interventions.
Obinutuzumab-atezolizumab-lenalidomide for the treatment of patients with relapsed/refractory follicular lymphoma: final analysis of a Phase Ib/II trial
Authors: Morschhauser Franck , Ghosh Nilanjan , Lossos Izidore S. , Palomba M. Lia , Mehta Amitkumar , Casasnovas Olivier , Stevens Don , Katakam Sudhakar , Knapp Andrea , Nielsen Tina , McCord Ron , Salles Gilles 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe evaluated the triplet regimen obinutuzumab-atezolizumab-lenalidomide (G-atezo-len) for patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) follicular lymphoma (FL) in an open-label, multicenter phase Ib/II study (BO29562; NCT02631577). An initial 3 + 3 dose‐escalation phase to define the recommended phase II dose of lenalidomide was followed by an expansion phase with G-atezo-len induction and maintenance. At final analysis, 38 patients (lenalidomide 15 mg, n = 4; 20 mg, n = 34) had completed the trial. Complete response rate for the efficacy population (lenalidomide 20 mg, n = 32) at end-of-induction was 71.9% (66.7% in double‐refractory patients [refractory to rituximab and alkylator] [n = 12]; 50.0% in patients with progressive disease within 24 months of first-line therapy [n = 12]). The 36-month progression-free survival rate was 68.4%. All treated patients had ≥1 adverse event (AE; grade 3–5 AE, 32 patients [84%]; serious AE, 18 patients [47%]; AEs leading to discontinuation of any study drug, 11 patients [29%]). There were 2 fatal AEs (1 merkel carcinoma, 1 sarcomatoid carcinoma; both unrelated to any study drug). The G‐atezo-len regimen is effective and tolerable in patients with R/R FL. AEs were consistent with the known safety profile of the individual drugs.
Spin–orbit torque engineering in β-W/CoFeB heterostructures with W–Ta or W–V alloy layers between β-W and CoFeB
Authors: Kim Gyu Won , Cuong Do Duc , Kim Yong Jin , Cha In Ho , Kim Taehyun , Lee Min Hyeok , Lee OukJae , Baik Hionsuck , Hong Soon Cheol , Rhim Sonny H. , Kim Young Keun 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe spin–orbit torque (SOT) resulting from a spin current generated in a nonmagnetic transition metal layer offers a promising magnetization switching mechanism for spintronic devices. To fully exploit this mechanism, in practice, materials with high SOT efficiencies are indispensable. Moreover, new materials need to be compatible with semiconductor processing. This study introduces W–Ta and W–V alloy layers between nonmagnetic β-W and ferromagnetic CoFeB layers in β-W/CoFeB/MgO/Ta heterostructures. We carry out first-principles band structure calculations for W–Ta and W–V alloy structures to estimate the spin Hall conductivity. While the predicted spin Hall conductivity values of W–Ta alloys decrease monotonically from −0.82 × 103 S/cm for W100 at% as the Ta concentration increases, those of W–V alloys increase to −1.98 × 103 S/cm for W75V25 at% and then gradually decrease. Subsequently, we measure the spin Hall conductivities of both alloys. Experimentally, when β-W is alloyed with 20 at% V, the absolute value of the spin Hall conductivity considerably increases by 36% compared to that of the pristine β-W. We confirm that the W–V alloy also improves the SOT switching efficiency by approximately 40% compared to that of pristine β-W. This study demonstrates a new material that can act as a spin current-generating layer, leading to energy-efficient spintronic devices.
UbiD domain dynamics underpins aromatic decarboxylation
Authors: Marshall Stephen A. , Payne Karl A. P. , Fisher Karl , Titchiner Gabriel R. , Levy Colin , Hay Sam , Leys David 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe widespread UbiD enzyme family utilises the prFMN cofactor to achieve reversible decarboxylation of acrylic and (hetero)aromatic compounds. The reaction with acrylic compounds based on reversible 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between substrate and prFMN occurs within the confines of the active site. In contrast, during aromatic acid decarboxylation, substantial rearrangement of the substrate aromatic moiety associated with covalent catalysis presents a molecular dynamic challenge. Here we determine the crystal structures of the multi-subunit vanillic acid decarboxylase VdcCD. We demonstrate that the small VdcD subunit acts as an allosteric activator of the UbiD-like VdcC. Comparison of distinct VdcCD structures reveals domain motion of the prFMN-binding domain directly affects active site architecture. Docking of substrate and prFMN-adduct species reveals active site reorganisation coupled to domain motion supports rearrangement of the substrate aromatic moiety. Together with kinetic solvent viscosity effects, this establishes prFMN covalent catalysis of aromatic (de)carboxylation is afforded by UbiD dynamics.
Epigenetic control of melanoma cell invasiveness by the stem cell factor SALL4
Authors: Diener Johanna , Baggiolini Arianna , Pernebrink Mattias , Dalcher Damian , Lerra Luigi , Cheng Phil F. , Varum Sandra , Häusel Jessica , Stierli Salome , Treier Mathias , Studer Lorenz , Basler Konrad , Levesque Mitchell P. , Dummer Reinhard , Santoro Raffaella , Cantù Claudio , Sommer Lukas 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMelanoma cells rely on developmental programs during tumor initiation and progression. Here we show that the embryonic stem cell (ESC) factor Sall4 is re-expressed in the Tyr::NrasQ61K; Cdkn2a−/− melanoma model and that its expression is necessary for primary melanoma formation. Surprisingly, while Sall4 loss prevents tumor formation, it promotes micrometastases to distant organs in this melanoma-prone mouse model. Transcriptional profiling and in vitro assays using human melanoma cells demonstrate that SALL4 loss induces a phenotype switch and the acquisition of an invasive phenotype. We show that SALL4 negatively regulates invasiveness through interaction with the histone deacetylase (HDAC) 2 and direct co-binding to a set of invasiveness genes. Consequently, SALL4 knock down, as well as HDAC inhibition, promote the expression of an invasive signature, while inhibition of histone acetylation partially reverts the invasiveness program induced by SALL4 loss. Thus, SALL4 appears to regulate phenotype switching in melanoma through an HDAC2-mediated mechanism.
Ferromagnetic soft catheter robots for minimally invasive bioprinting
Authors: Zhou Cheng , Yang Youzhou , Wang Jiaxin , Wu Qingyang , Gu Zhuozhi , Zhou Yuting , Liu Xurui , Yang Yueying , Tang Hanchuan , Ling Qing , Wang Liu , Zang Jianfeng 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn vivo bioprinting has recently emerged as a direct fabrication technique to create artificial tissues and medical devices on target sites within the body, enabling advanced clinical strategies. However, existing in vivo bioprinting methods are often limited to applications near the skin or require open surgery for printing on internal organs. Here, we report a ferromagnetic soft catheter robot (FSCR) system capable of in situ computer-controlled bioprinting in a minimally invasive manner based on magnetic actuation. The FSCR is designed by dispersing ferromagnetic particles in a fiber-reinforced polymer matrix. This design results in stable ink extrusion and allows for printing various materials with different rheological properties and functionalities. A superimposed magnetic field drives the FSCR to achieve digitally controlled printing with high accuracy. We demonstrate printing multiple patterns on planar surfaces, and considering the non-planar surface of natural organs, we then develop an in situ printing strategy for curved surfaces and demonstrate minimally invasive in vivo bioprinting of hydrogels in a rat model. Our catheter robot will permit intelligent and minimally invasive bio-fabrication.
Description of larval morphology and phylogenetic relationships of Heterotemna tenuicornis (Silphidae)
Authors: Mahlerová Karolina , Jakubec Pavel , Novák Martin , Růžička Jan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractProviding clear and detailed morphological descriptions of endemic species in limited areas enables new knowledge of their biology and ecology to be obtained through citizen science. This information can be further used for their protection. Our study presents the first morphological description of the larvae of all three instars of Heterotemna tenuicornis (Brullé, 1836), an endemic species of the Canary Islands that, together with H. britoi García & Pérez, 1996 and H. figurata (Brullé, 1839), belongs to the peculiar genus Heterotemna Wollaston, 1864. Furthermore, we present the first sequences of two mitochondrial genes (COI, 16S) obtained from larval specimens, and cross reference them with sequences from an adult specimen. Phylogenetic analysis of molecular data placed the genus Heterotemna within the genus Silpha Linnaeus, 1758, suggesting paraphyly of Silpha. In our study, we underline the importance of using a combination of morphological description and molecular data, that can be used for barcoding developmental stages which could not otherwise be definitely associated.