bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GeoChemFoam: Direct Modelling of Multiphase Reactive Transport in Real Pore Geometries with Equilibrium Reactions
Authors: Maes Julien , Menke Hannah P. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGeoChemFoam is an open-source OpenFOAM-based toolbox that includes a range of additional packages that solve various flow processes from multiphase transport with interface transfer, to single-phase flow in multiscale porous media, to reactive transport with mineral dissolution. In this paper, we present a novel multiphase reactive transport solver for simulations on complex pore geometries, including microfluidic devices and micro-CT images, and its implementation in GeoChemFoam. The geochemical model includes bulk and surface equilibrium reactions. Multiphase flow is solved using the Volume-Of-Fluid method, and the transport of species is solved using the continuous species transfer method. The reactive transport equations are solved using a sequential operator splitting method, with the transport step solved using GeoChemFoam, and the reaction step solved using Phreeqc, the US geological survey’s geochemical software. The model and its implementation are validated by comparison with analytical solutions in 1D and 2D geometries. We then simulate multiphase reactive transport in two test pore geometries: a 3D pore cavity and a 3D micro-CT image of Bentheimer sandstone. In each case, we show the pore-scale simulation results can be used to develop upscaled models that are significantly more accurate than standard macro-scale equilibrium models.
Exploring groups’ affective states during collaborative learning: what triggers activating affect on a group level?
Authors: Törmänen Tiina , Järvenoja Hanna , Mänty Kristiina 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDuring collaborative learning, affect is constantly present in groups’ interactions, influencing and shaping the learning process. The aim of this study was to understand what type of learning situations trigger affective states in collaborative groups, and how these affective states are related to group members’ physiological activation. The participants were 12-year-old primary school students (N = 31, 10 groups) performing a collaborative science task. In the analysis, video data observations were combined with data of group members’ physiological activation. The groups’ situational valence was identified based on the group members’ observed emotional expressions and their physiological activation levels were measured with electrodermal activity (EDA). Results revealed that situations with group members’ simultaneous physiological activation were rare compared with the observable emotional expressions. However, when group members indicated physiological activation simultaneously, they also showed visible emotional expressions more often than in deactivating situations. Moreover, the results showed that socially-related factors were more likely to trigger physiological activation with a mixed group level valence. In turn, task-related factors were more likely to trigger physiological activation with a neutral group level valence. The results of this study imply that by combining different process data modalities revealing the different components of affect, it might be possible to track emotionally meaningful situations that shape the course of the collaborative learning process.
Mobility Patterns in Different Age Groups in Japan during the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Small Area Time Series Analysis through March 2021
Authors: Nomura Shuhei , Tanoue Yuta , Yoneoka Daisuke , Gilmour Stuart , Kawashima Takayuki , Eguchi Akifumi , Miyata Hiroaki 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn the COVID-19 era, movement restrictions are crucial to slow virus transmission and have been implemented in most parts of the world, including Japan. To find new insights on human mobility and movement restrictions encouraged (but not forced) by the emergency declaration in Japan, we analyzed mobility data at 35 major stations and downtown areas in Japan—each defined as an area overlaid by several 125-meter grids—from September 1, 2019 to March 19, 2021. Data on the total number of unique individuals per hour passing through each area were obtained from Yahoo Japan Corporation (i.e., more than 13,500 data points for each area). We examined the temporal trend in the ratio of the rolling seven-day daily average of the total population to a baseline on January 16, 2020, by ten-year age groups in five time frames. We demonstrated that the degree and trend of mobility decline after the declaration of a state of emergency varies across age groups and even at the subregional level. We demonstrated that monitoring dynamic geographic and temporal mobility information stratified by detailed population characteristics can help guide not only exit strategies from an ongoing emergency declaration, but also initial response strategies before the next possible resurgence. Combining such detailed data with data on vaccination coverage and COVID-19 incidence (including the status of the health care delivery system) can help governments and local authorities develop community-specific mobility restriction policies. This could include strengthening incentives to stay home and raising awareness of cognitive errors that weaken people's resolve to refrain from nonessential movement.
Traumapädagogik
Authors: Gahleitner Silke Birgitta , Golatka Adrian , Rothdeutsch-Granzer Christina , Kronberger Helmut 
Published: August 2021

ZusammenfassungWährend Traumatherapie und Traumaberatung als psychosoziale Hilfeverfahren bereits gut etabliert sind, haben traumapädagogische Konzepte erst in den letzten Jahren an Verbreitung gewonnen. MitarbeiterInnen in psychosozialen Feldern der Traumaarbeit sollen damit – durch spezifische Fort- und Weiterbildungen einerseits und durch die Schaffung tragfähiger Strukturen in den Institutionen andererseits – bei ihrer anspruchsvollen Aufgabe unterstützt werden. Dieser Artikel der Zeitschrift für Psychodrama und Soziometrie gibt einen Einblick in die Entstehung und Grundpfeiler der Traumapädagogik und zeigt darüber hinaus, dass in einem intensiveren fachlichen Austausch zwischen traumapädagogischen und psychodramatischen VertreterInnen noch einige ungenutzte Potenziale liegen könnten.
Lifestyle carbon footprints and changes in lifestyles to limit global warming to 1.5 °C, and ways forward for related research
Authors: Koide Ryu , Lettenmeier Michael , Akenji Lewis , Toivio Viivi , Amellina Aryanie , Khodke Aditi , Watabe Atsushi , Kojima Satoshi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis paper presents an approach for assessing lifestyle carbon footprints and lifestyle change options aimed at achieving the 1.5 °C climate goal and facilitating the transition to decarbonized lifestyles through stakeholder participatory research. Using data on Finland and Japan it shows potential impacts of reducing carbon footprints through changes in lifestyles for around 30 options covering food, housing, and mobility domains, in comparison with the 2030 and 2050 per-capita targets (2.5–3.2 tCO2e by 2030; 0.7–1.4 tCO2e by 2050). It discusses research opportunities for expanding the footprint-based quantitative analysis to incorporate subnational analysis, living lab, and scenario development aiming at advancing sustainability science on the transition to decarbonized lifestyles.
Psychiatric patients at the emergency department: factors associated with length of stay and likelihood of hospitalization
Authors: Marzola Enrica , Duranti Elisa , De-Bacco Carlotta , Lupia Enrico , Villari Vincenzo , Abbate-Daga Giovanni 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEmergency department (ED) care for psychiatric patients is currently understudied despite being highly utilized. Therefore, we aimed to analyze psychiatric patients' length of stay (LOS) and LOS-related factors at the ED and to investigate and quantify the likelihood of being hospitalized after an emergency psychiatric evaluation. Charts of 408 individuals who sought help at the ED were retrospectively assessed to identify patients' sociodemographic and clinical data upon ED admission and discharge. All interventions performed at the ED (e.g., medications, hospitalization, clinical advice at discharge) were collected as well. The LOS for psychiatric patients was relatively short (6.5 h), and substance/alcohol intoxication was the main factor impacting LOS. Upon ED arrival, hospitalized patients were mostly men, most often had a yellow/severe triage code, and most often had a positive history of psychiatric illness, psychotic symptoms, euphoric mood, or suicidal ideation. Manic symptoms and suicidal ideation were the conditions most frequently leading to hospitalization. Given the paucity of real-world data on psychiatric patients’ LOS and outcomes in the ED context, our findings show that psychiatric patients are evaluated in a reasonable amount of time. Their hospitalization is mostly influenced by clinical conditions rather than predisposing (e.g., age) or system-related factors (e.g., mode of arrival).
Biobanks and Individual Health Related Findings: from an Obstacle to an Incentive
Authors: Lekstutiene Jurate , Holm Søren , Gefenas Eugenijus 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDespite the benefits biobanks are expected to bring, there have recently been concerns raised that the public and private non-profit biobanks still prevailing in Europe often fail to reach their initial objectives due to a variety of reasons, including a shortage of funding and insufficient utilization of collections. The necessity to find new ways to manage biobanks has been clearly recognized and one way to do this is to follow the success of some commercial direct-to-consumer genetic testing (DTC GT) companies in the biobanking field. This paper is focused on a double role the return of individual health related findings (IHRF) detected through the biobanking activities can play in the management of biobanks. These findings can be seen as an untapped opportunity to offer health related information to biobank participants. At the same time, the IHRF policy can also serve as an additional tool that can improve biobanking governance. This paper aims to consider diverse IHRF approaches as well as to explore some key ethical concerns related to them. In particular, it reveals how different accounts of personal autonomy shape consent policies related to IHRF and emphasizes ethical controversies related to the commercial DTC GT initiatives as well as some non-profit biobanks.
Can Managed Realignment Buffer Extreme Surges? The Relationship Between Marsh Width, Vegetation Cover and Surge Attenuation
Authors: Kiesel Joshua , MacPherson Leigh R. , Schuerch Mark , Vafeidis Athanasios T. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractManaged realignment (MR) involves the landward relocation of sea defences to foster the (re)creation of coastal wetlands and achieve nature-based coastal protection. The wider application of MR is impeded by knowledge gaps related to lacking data on its effectiveness under extreme surges and the role of changes in vegetation cover, for example due to sea-level rise. We employ a calibrated and validated hydrodynamic model to explore relationships between surge attenuation, MR width(/area) and vegetation cover for the MR site of Freiston Shore, UK. We model a range of extreme water levels for four scenarios of variable MR width. We further assess the effects of reduced vegetation cover for the actual MR site and for the scenario of the site with the largest width. We show that surges are amplified for all but the largest two site scenarios, suggesting that increasing MR width results in higher attenuation rates. Substantial surge attenuation (up to 18 cm km−1) is only achieved for the largest site. The greatest contribution to the attenuation in the largest site scenario may come from water being reflected from the breached dike. While vegetation cover has no statistically significant effect on surge attenuations in the original MR site, higher coverage leads to higher attenuation rates in the largest site scenario. We conclude that at the open coast, only large MR sites (> 1148 m width) can attenuate surges with return periods > 10 years, while increased vegetation cover and larger MR widths enable the attenuation of even higher surges.
A modular framework to generate robust biped locomotion: from planning to control
Authors: Kasaei Mohammadreza , Ahmadi Ali , Lau Nuno , Pereira Artur 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBiped robots are inherently unstable because of their complex kinematics as well as dynamics. Despite many research efforts in developing biped locomotion, the performance of biped locomotion is still far from the expectations. This paper proposes a model-based framework to generate stable biped locomotion. The core of this framework is an abstract dynamics model which is composed of three masses to consider the dynamics of stance leg, torso, and swing leg for minimizing the tracking problems. According to this dynamics model, we propose a modular walking reference trajectories planner which takes into account obstacles to plan all the references. Moreover, this dynamics model is used to formulate the controller as a Model Predictive Control (MPC) scheme which can consider some constraints in the states of the system, inputs, outputs, and also mixed input-output. The performance and the robustness of the proposed framework are validated by performing several numerical simulations using MATLAB. Moreover, the framework is deployed on a simulated torque-controlled humanoid to verify its performance and robustness. The simulation results show that the proposed framework is capable of generating biped locomotion robustly.
An experimental demonstration of the positive consequences of guiding students to conceptualize education as connection
Authors: Destin Mesmin , Debrosse Régine , Silverman David M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIntroductionEducators often struggle to sustain students’ motivation during adolescence. Students may view school tasks as insignificant because learning, achievement, and success feel detached from valued social connections. Previous findings in the study of development demonstrate that young people derive meaning from key sources of social support and connection. Finding ways to link how students approach their educational goals to meaningful social connections may strengthen responses to daily learning opportunities with positive implications for achievement.MethodA randomized‐controlled experiment and daily diary survey evaluated the consequences of guiding students to conceptualize educational pursuits as linked to their social connections. A group of ninth‐grade students in the United States (N = 39; 58.97 % girls, 30.77 % boys, 2.56 % non‐binary, 7.69 % did not disclose) were randomly assigned to one of two brief programs designed to cultivate goals and motivation.ResultsParticipants randomly assigned to a healthy achievement condition (including an emphasis on the importance of social support and connection as part of achievement and success) reported more productive responses to daily academic difficulty than participants in a standard motivation condition on a daily diary survey over one year after the program. This led to an indirect increase in actual daily support, which was associated with earning higher grades.ConclusionsThe results suggest that a reconceptualization of education as an endeavor grounded in social connection would help keep students engaged in learning.
Fatigued surgeons: A thematic analysis of the causes, effects and opportunities for fatigue mitigation in surgery
Authors: Whelehan Dale F. , Brown Daniel J. , Connelly Tara M. , Ridgway Paul F. 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT

Background:
High-pressured situations, coupled with diminished resource allocations and over-worked staff have been characteristic of surgery for a long time before the COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding the cause and effects of fatigue in the profession are warranted to design evidence-based and effective interventions for fatigue mitigation. By identifying the individual stressors to individuals fatigue levels, tailored approaches to better optimise performance can be established.

Methods:
This was a single-site qualitative study design using an interpretive, iterative and then deductive thematic analysis approach. Participants were recruited between February 2020–May 2020. A convenience, followed by purposive sampling strategy was employed to inform theoretical gaps on surgical trainees and consultants.

Findings:
There are commonalities in the influencing factors between both fatigue and sleep deprivation. It was identified that often the combination of fatigue and sleep stressors blurs the line between identifying what is primarily influencing subjective fatigue. There was an appreciation that the perfect storm of personal and environmental stressors could impact patient safety. Participants identified several personal mitigators for technical and cognitive performance, but relied more heavily on team factors for decision-making and to mitigate affective issues.

Conclusion:
This study provides understanding of fatigue in surgery as a multifaceted phenomenon. Variation in causes and effects of fatigue are the norm. Maladaptive strategies to mitigate fatigue in surgery are commonly used. Fatigue as a problem is best tackled at an individual level, and supported by environmental and systemic changes to sustain behaviour changes.
Role of metabolomics in identifying cardiac hypertrophy: an overview of the past 20 years of development and future perspective
Authors: Singh Sachendra Pratap , Sethi Rishi , Saxena Shailendra Kumar , Gupta Ashish 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy (CH) is an augmentation of either the right ventricular or the left ventricular mass in order to compensate for the increase of work load on the heart. Metabolic abnormalities lead to histological changes of cardiac myocytes and turn into CH. The molecular mechanisms that lead to initiate CH have been of widespread concern, hence the development of the new field of research, metabolomics: one ‘omics’ approach that can reveal comprehensive information of the paradigm shift of metabolic pathways network in contrast to individual enzymatic reaction-based metabolites, have attempted and until now only 19 studies have been conducted using experimental animal and human specimens. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry-based metabolomics studies have found that CH is a metabolic disease and is mainly linked to the harmonic imbalance of glycolysis, citric acid cycle, amino acids and lipid metabolism. The current review will summarise the main outcomes of the above mentioned 19 studies that have expanded our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that may lead to CH and eventually to heart failure.
Quaternary equatorial Atlantic deep-sea ostracodes: evidence for a distinct tropical fauna in the deep sea
Authors: Yasuhara Moriaki , Okahashi Hisayo , Huang Huai-Hsuan May , Hong Yuanyuan , Iwatani Hokuto , Chu Rachel Wai Ching , Hunt Gene 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLow-latitude, deep-sea faunas remain poorly understood and described. Here, we systematically describe Quaternary deep-sea ostracodes from the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 925 (Ceara Rise; 4°12.2'N, 43°29.3′W; 3040 m water depth) in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean. Twenty-six genera and 52 species were examined and illustrated with high-resolution scanning electron microscopy images. Six new species are described herein:Pseudocythere spinae,Hemiparacytheridea zarikiani,Pedicythere canis,Xylocythere denticulata,Paracytherois obtusa, andPoseidonamicus sculptus. The results show that deep-sea ostracodes have a tropical faunal element that is distinctive from higher latitude ostracodes, and that is globally distributed in low latitudes. This tropical faunal component is possibly a Tethyan legacy of a fauna that was widely distributed in tropical and extratropical latitudes in deep waters during greenhouse conditions in the Cretaceous and early Cenozoic. Global cooling thereafter shrank its distribution, limiting it to tropical latitudes, perhaps with the relatively warm uppermost bathyal area acting as the source or refuge of this faunal component. Because similar present-day biogeographic patterns (i.e., presence and wide distribution of tropical deep-sea fauna) are known in other deep-sea benthic groups, this scenario might be applicable to the deep-sea benthos more broadly.UUID:http://zoobank.org/552d4cb2-c0db-463a-ae3f-b2efcc0985df.
Birds of a Feather? Loyalty and Partisanship in the Reformed Canadian Senate
Authors: VandenBeukel Jason Robert , Cochrane Christopher , Godbout Jean-François 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSince 2015, the Canadian Senate has undergone a series of reforms designed to make it more independent, ideologically diverse, and active in the legislative process. We use loyalty scores and vote scaling algorithms to situate the voting behaviour of senators, focusing primarily on the 41st and 42nd Parliaments (2011–2019), the period just before and after the changes, respectively. We find that the reforms have led to a loosening of party discipline across all parties and caucuses but that independent senators appointed under the reformed process are the most likely supporters of the government's agenda. We also find that the Senate has become more willing to use its formal powers.
Lessons from studying roundworm and whipworm in the mouse: common themes and unique features
Authors: Holland C. V. , Else K. J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAscaris lumbricoides, the roundworm, and Trichuris trichiura, the whipworm, are human intestinal nematode parasites; both are soil-transmitted helminths, are often placed together in an epidemiological context and both remain neglected despite high prevalence. Our understanding of parasitic disease continues to be enhanced through animal models. Despite the similarities between whipworm and roundworm, there are key differences between the two species and these have influenced the application of their respective animal models. In the case of T. trichiura, the fact that a murine equivalent, T. muris completes its life cycle in a mouse model has greatly enhanced our knowledge of whipworm biology, pathogenicity and immunology. In contrast, A. lumbricoides and its porcine equivalent, Ascaris suum, lack a rodent model in which the life cycle is completed. However, evidence continues to accumulate demonstrating that mice represent useful models of early Ascaris infection, a key stage of the life cycle. The use of mouse models for both Ascaris and Trichuris has a long history with early pioneers discovering fundamental aspects of each parasite's biology. Novel technologies and perspectives, as outlined in this special issue, demonstrate how through the prism of mouse models, we can continue to explore the similarities and differences between roundworms and whipworms.