bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Adding Sawdust to Cement on its Thermal Conductivity and Compressive Strength
Authors: Hafidh Sanaa A , Abdullah Thamer A , Hashim Fanar G , Mohmoud Bashar K 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this practical study, the thermal conductivity and compressive strength of a number of cement mortar and sawdust mixtures were measured. This study aims to analyze the possibility of using these mixtures as thermal insulators in the building parts. The materials used in the study were ordinary Portland cement available in the local Iraqi market, sand, and sawdust. Samples were prepared according to American standards. Sawdust in two different sizes (greater than 50 mm and less than 1.4 mm) was added to the cement. The study results showed that adding sawdust caused an apparent decrease in the mixture’s thermal conductivity, which means an improvement in the thermal insulation of the mixtures. The decrease in conductivity also raised with the sawdust mass fraction increase. The thermal conductivity of sawdust and cement mixtures increased when using small sawdust (less than 1.4 mm) compared to the second case (sawdust of large size above 5 mm). The mixture’s thermal conductivity decreased with the increase in the water curing period, and the decrease in conductivity increased with this period. Increasing the sawdust mass fraction resulted in a decrease in the studied mixtures’ compressive strength, and this resistance decreased more when using sawdust of smaller sizes (less than 1.4 mm). The compressibility strength of all the studied products increases with the increase in the treatment time with water due to the cement’s properties.
Water Hammer Mitigation by Air Vessel and Bypass Forward Configuration
Authors: Mery Hadi O , Hassan Jafer M , EKaid Ali L 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In many industrial applications, liquid is transported by pipelines under high pressure conditions. Thus, any considerable change of fluid velocity will induce destructive pressure waves which may threaten the safety of the hydraulic system. Therefore, finding an effective and appropriate transient control technique is the objective of most related studies. In this paper, the effect of air vessel and HDPE (high density polyethylene) forward configuration techniques on the induced pressure waves were investigated experimentally and numerically. As the transient conditions are triggered owing to the sudden pump trip, each control technique was individually and jointly implemented. Regardless of control devices, the effect of changing the control operational scenario on the generated pressure waves were further investigated. Consequently, the experiments revealed that air vessel and HDPE forward configuration techniques have considerable damping effect to attenuate the water hammer, but the combination of both techniques has higher damping efficiency. Equally important, the changing of the operational scenario affects the severity of the induced surges. As well, the performance of air vessel and the HDPE forward configuration was affected by changing the operational scenario. Finally, the experimental and the numerical results are reasonably converged.
Design and Fabrication of a Nano-Microfluidic Device for Blood and Cancer Cells Separation
Authors: Ali Saad Mahmood , Attallah Saja Basher , Karim Shafaq Hussein 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn the present work, an attempt has been made to develop, design, and fabricate a low-cost, easily operable micro-fluidic device used for separation, filtration, and purification of the cancer cells from the blood. The fabricated device can also be used for purification and separation of different chemical particles. The response surface methodology (RSM) technique, the full factorial design (FFD), and the expert system 11.0 software program were selected to design, improve, and assess the experimental work. The fabricated device efficiency was tested and evaluated by implementing several experiments. The designed experimental input parameters were the separation method (horizontal, vertical, and the microfluidic method for white blood cell (WBC) separation system; the microfluidic Pore Size 0.43, 3, 8, 12 μm and the air pressure level (0, 50, 100 and 150 mbar). The main experimental results of current research showed that the blood and the rates of cancer cells separating and filtration were increased with increasing the air pressure levels and the microfluidic pores sizes. The best results were obtained for cancer, and tumor-free cell separation rate at an air pressure of 150 mbar with using the horizontal separation system reached 16.91ml, or 3.38 ml/min, which are higher by 2.8 times than the efficiency of the use of the vertical system. The highest quantity of the separated (WBC) was obtained under the same conditions, reached 17.14 ml, or 3.43 ml/min, which is higher than the vertical system’s efficiency by 3.4 times, and higher by 30.08%. Compared with the use of the microfluidic (WBC) separation system. The best-obtained results of red blood cell (RBC) separated quantity reached 5.71 ml or a rate of 1.142 ml/min, which is higher than the efficiency of the vertical system separation by 90.33%. The highest blood cells filtration and purification quantity from the blood-related viruses and bacteria were obtained at 100 mbar air pressure, and the use of the vertical separation system reached 2.50 ml. or at a rate of 0.5 ml/min, which is higher than the productivity of the horizontal system by 8.6 times.
Network Management in Software-Defined Network: A Survey
Authors: Rasool Zaid Ibrahim , Ali Ridhab Sami Abd , Abdulzahra Musaddak Maher 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
SDNs are developed networks that focus on the separation of control aircraft and data. This new model is designed to simplify network management and enable research innovations. It explains the traditional system of SDNs and issues related to the traditional system. This paper explains the background of SDN technology and architecture. At the end of the research, SDN enhances scalability, flexibility, reliability, high availability, security and performance. This paper has tried to simplify and explain every problem with the SDN network and provided an overview of the SDN network general structure, the basics of network management in SDN, and the main challenges in SDN.
Impact of Heavy Hydrocarbon Concentration on Natural Gas Flow through Transportation Pipelines
Authors: Abd A A , Naji S Z , Alwan H H , Othman M R , Tye C T 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this work, binary, ternary, quaternion, and quinary natural gas mixtures were evaluated including methane, ethane, propane, butane, and pentane to highlight their impact on pipeline performance and thermophysical properties of natural gas. The results presented that all the heavy hydrocarbons have a negative impact on natural gas phase envelope. For binary mixtures, methane/propane recorded the widest two-phase envelopes while the quinary mixtures generally formed the widest two-phase envelopes over the other mixtures. Besides, the heavy hydrocarbons content of different mixtures increased the critical pressures and critical temperatures in comparison to pure methane. The highest temperature drop of 6.495 °C was recorded by the binary mixture and the lowest temperature drop of 6.341 °C was by quinary mixture. The highest pressure drop of 4.964 bars was caused by the quinary mixture, while the lowest pressure drop of 4.1 bars was by the binary mixture. In addition, the results showed that natural gas density controlled by methane content caused increasing the methane content resulting in reducing the density of natural gas mixture. The viscosity of natural gas is a sensitive parameter to the content of the heavy hydrocarbon concentrations and all heavy hydrocarbons increased the viscosity of natural gas in comparison to pure methane.
Numerical Modelling of Laminar Forced Convection in a Variable Cross-Section Circular Pipe
Authors: Ahmed Sahib Shihab , Almadhhachi Mensour S , Ghyadh Nabeel Abdulhadi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A study of three dimensional laminar forced convection with conjugated heat transfer for water flowing inside a circular pipe with variable cross-section area has been numerically conducted. The thermal performance and pressure drop under constant heat flux are also estimated. In this paper, using FLUENT ANSYS, the finite volume method (FVM) is used to evaluate the continuity, momentum, and energy governing equations. For a range of Reynolds numbers less than 2000, heat transfer rates were computed, and Prandtl number equal to 3.7. The effects of Reynolds number and divergent angles (ratio) on the convection coefficient of heat transfer (h) drop in pressure (ΔP), and the thermal-hydraulic performance (η) are analyzed and discussed. The results showed that the use of the divergent ratio increases the thermal-hydraulic performance. Compared to the uniform pipe, it is increased by 23% with a maximum pressure drop decrease by about 240% for ratio=1.8. With the empirical Shah equation, the current model is validated, and the results showed excellent agreement.
Determination and Analysis of Residual Stress for AISI L2 Tool Steel in Electric Discharge Machine (EDM)
Authors: Aghdeab Shukry H , Shwaish Raed R , Salman Tahseen M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Electric discharge machine is one of the most important non-traditional cutting processes conducted without contact between the workpiece and tool electrode. Each cutting process was associated with residual stresses, and these stresses are significant in determining life and product performance. This study aimed to determine the residual stress produced in the electric discharge machine (EDM) using the X-ray diffraction method. The used EDM parameters in this study are current Ip (10, 20, 30) A, pulse on-time Ton (50, 100, 150) μs, and pulse off-time Toff (6.5, 12,25) μs these parametric divided into 27 specimens. Full factorial was used to analyze the result using Minilab 17 software. The result showed that approximately between the experimentally and predict result. Also, the result illustrated that the residual stress was increasing with increases in each parametric EDM used. Maximum tensile residual stress is (838.86 Mpa) at a higher value of machine parameters, while the best residual stress achieved is compressive residual stress at low machine parameters, and it reaches 201 Mpa.
The Influence of Nano-Silica on the Properties and Microstructure of Lightweight Concrete: a Review
Authors: Al-Luhybi Ashtar S. , Altalabani Diyar 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn recent years, the use of nanotechnology materials has increased in strengthening and enhancing the behavior of concrete and its mechanical properties. This is due to the special characteristic of these materials such as its tiny size that considerably improves the microstructure of concrete, which in return gives concrete new properties and dramatically enhances its behavior. The present study seeks to review several previous studies that investigated the effect of adding nano-silica on the mechanical properties, durability, transport properties, and microstructure of lightweight concrete. Based on the results, it has been noted that the addition of nano-silica material has a vital role in improving the properties of lightweight concrete. Moreover, it was observed that there is an increase in the compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength due to the addition of nano-silica material. It has also been concluded that there is an improvement in the durability and transport properties of lightweight concrete.
Using Digital Sustainability in Conserving the Architecture and Urban Heritage
Authors: Al-Mudhaffer Ahmed Faik , Baqer Moha Humam , Saleh Saif Kadhum , Kadhum Ghassan Ibraheem , Mohammed Noor Jasim 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In recent decade, as the results of frequent wars and internal conflicts, many archaeological and heritage regions of Iraq were subjected to sabotage and looting. Some of these regions were totally destructed. Therefore, searching for mechanisms, means and methods for conserving and reconstructing the heritage is of great importance. This research presents a new proposal that contributes to the conservation of heritage and antiquities virtually through digital sustainability and digitization. This digital conversation in some ways helps in conserving the legacy of the cities that were damaged and destroyed by wars. Additionally, it allows users and those who are interested in heritage in different countries of the world to digitally tour the archaeological city and to see its old features and elements as if they were on the ground of reality. The aim of the research is to “achieve sustainability in preserving heritage and architectural architecture virtually through digital sustainability as it is a reference in the event of the disappearance of heritage buildings in reality”. The research uses auto-cad electronic program, for the purpose of digital documentation of the building. After taking measurements and images using traditional means from measuring tools and the camera, auto-cad used for drawing and then documentation using the calculator. The research has reached a set of conclusions which relate to the interest in heritage and conserving it benefiting from digital sustainability. These cities can be virtual cities with the aim of containing the treatments and heritage elements of the city and buildings.
Aerodynamic Study of Low-Speed Wind Tunnel Contraction Section: Design and Manufacturing
Authors: Kareem Alaa A , Abbas Mohamad K , Khammas Farhan A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This work aims to improve the visualization of a subsonic open section type smoke tunnel, which already exists in the AL-Nahrain University/College of Engineering/Mechanical Department Laboratory. This study focuses on modifying the contraction section only to improve the airflow properties in the test section. A numerical study with ANSYS FLUENT R19.0 was carried out to characterize the flow via the contraction section. The parameters that are suggested to be modified are the wall profile and the length of the contraction section. The analysis includes the original contraction section and suggested new profiles to be compared under the same boundary conditions. The new suggested profiles for this work are polynomials of orders (6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th). A unique analysis is achieved for the 9th order profile, where it is tested with four different inflection points (0.5L, 0.55L,0.6L, and 0.65L). The study focuses on the uniformity, turbulence intensity, boundary layer thickness at the contraction section exit plain, beside the boundary layer separation along with the contraction as comparing parameters. Experimental work was done to validate the numerical results. The experiment work includes building a half-scale of the original smoke tunnel to monitor the new contraction’s direct influence on the test section’s flow. The result showed that the 9th-order wall profile with an inflection point at 0.65L and length of 0.93m is the pest contraction for the aimed smoke tunnel.
The Effect of installation Torque on the Behavior of Helical Piles under Compression Load Tested by Centrifuge Device
Authors: Jabur Jaafer A R , Mahmood Mahmood R , Abbas Saad F 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In complex geotechnical problems, to perform a realistic study related to the soil-structure interaction and bearing capacity of foundations, a centrifuge modeling must be considered. New centrifuge device for installation and testing screw pile models is designed and manufactured with different velocities depending on the value of N (gravity scaling factor) and applying compression, uplift and inclined loads during rotation and their electronic control. The new installation system for helical piles was used in this device to install each pile with different torque depending on its capacity. Helical piles represent one of the deep innovative foundations as an alternative for increasing the size of the existing foundation solutions. In this study, the helical pile models are tested by centrifuge device with different parameters embedded within sand with relative density (R.D) of 75% and 55% under compression load. These parameters are spacing ratio, diameter and number of helices. The installation torque causes a soil disturbance which increases by increasing the diameter of helix and R.D of soil. The reduction percentages of the bearing capacity of the helical pile models with two helices of diameter (40 mm) embedded in sand with R.D of 75% and 55% are 17% and 9%, respectively, and when R.D of (55%) and helix diameters of 40 mm and 50 mm are 9% and 15%, respectively.
A Comparison between Exhaust Gas and Electrical Grid Heating of a Diffusion Absorption Refrigerator
Authors: Hussein Maral M , Hamada Khalaf I , Ahmed Omer K 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A considerable quantity of waste energy in the exhaust system could be reutilized and added in a vehicle to run auxiliary systems, and contribute to improving the overall efficiency of the system. In the current work, a comparison between the conventional electrical grid and exhaust gas heating of an absorption refrigeration system was performed experimentally. A heat exchanger was fabricated to recover the wasted exhaust gas energy of internal combustion engine and operate the generator portion of a diffusion type refrigeration absorption system. The components performance of the absorption refrigerator was analyzed and estimated thermodynamically as a function of type energy source. The results revealed that the components temperatures were rapidly responded in case of the exhaust gas energy with the maximum and minimum steady state temperatures of the generator and evaporator of 140 °C and -1.1 °C, respectively. The steady state values of the COP can be reached from electrical grid, and the exhaust gas energy sources of the refrigerated system were 0.083 and 0.072, respectively. The key conclusion to be drawn is that the proposed system can be used to recycle the waste heat for refrigeration purpose; yet, with low COP values.
Controlling and Monitoring a Robot-Car Based on Smart Phone Applications
Authors: Meteab Wisam Kareem , ALRikabi Haider Th Salim , Al Sultani Salwan Ali Habeeb , Aljazaery Ibtisam A 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA robot-car is typically an electro-mechanical system driven by electronic programming and computer programming. It can be managed by an Android smartphone APP. The remote buttons in the android app have been created in this paper by monitoring the motion of the car with them, using Bluetooth communication for the controller and android interfaces. The controller can be attached via UART to the Bluetooth module. The robot motion can be controlled according to commands obtained from Android. A robot in a car controlled by Android smartphones using Bluetooth waves will be presented. A video camera will send a video signal to the iPhone or Android device via Wi-Fi without the internet. The implementation will be shown and discussed clearly. The purposes of using this aspect are many and different such as tracking theft cars or exploring areas where humans cannot reach because of danger, pollution, or infested places. The consistent output of a robotic system along with quality and repeatability are unmatched.
Investigating Study of New Enhanced Parabolic Solar Collector Trough
Authors: Hameed Vinous M 
Published: March 2021

AbstractParabolic solar collector (PSC) was one of the most public used methods for heating purposes. This study modified PSC and increase its efficiency with minimum cost and space. A passive enhancement on PSC by adding fins on the outside tube surface was done. A copper tape was molded with a triangular fin shape around the copper receiver tube to increase the receiver tube’s heat-absorbing surface area. This enhancement increases the PSC thermal performance. The solar parabola collector has a length of 1 m while its width was 0.2m. The tube receiver has a 1m length with inside and outside diameters of 2.46cm and 2.54cm, respectively. Each fin has a 1 cm base and 1 cm height. The total number of triangular fins around the receiver tube was 100, which significantly enhanced PSC’s thermal performance. The readings were collected for fifteen days, with ten hours of continuous PSC automatic operation. The new SPC thermal performance was a promising technique with a low cost and efficient process compared to the traditional one with the same dimensions. The effect of volumetric flow rates was also studied where their values for 3, 5, 7, and 9 l/min. are 87.12%, 81.78%, 75.72%, and 58.53%, respectively.
An Experimental Study on New Multistage Solar Parabolic Trough Collector
Authors: Hameed Vinous M , Ibrahim Maryam 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Solar parabolic collector is a clean a promising traditional technique due to the deficiency in energy resources. A new designed multistage solar parabolic trough collector was proposed and its thermal performance was investigated in this study. The collector width and length are 1m with a copper receiver tube outside and inside diameters of 2.54cm, 2.46cm, respectively. Four buses tube receiver were proposed inside the parabolic collector fitted in a thermocouple at the entrance and exit regions of each bus. A solar tracker with a solar sensor for maximum collecting incident sun rays from the sun rise to sun set. The test section is covered with a glass sheet for easy cleaning and to protect the system from losing heat to the surrounding. To evaluate the thermal performance of the new collector, several variables were studied which are: temperature difference between the fluid inlet and outlet regions, heat absorbed by the collector, convective heat transfer rate, and collector thermal efficiency. All the studied variables show that minimum water volumetric flow rates will give max temperature difference between the fluid inlet and outlet regions, heat absorbed by the collector, convective heat transfer rate, and collector thermal efficiency respectively.
Modeling and Analysis of a Novel Smart Knee Joint Prosthesis for Transfemoral Amputation
Authors: Kamel SH H , Hamzah M N , Atiyah Q A , Abdulateef S A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The absence of a limb impacts devastatingly on any person, especially if it is the lower limb as it is paramount to human locomotion. The effect of mobility loss reduces independence, and affects amputees’ lifestyles. A smart prosthetic knee joint is designed and manufactured in which the amputee above the knee can perform various daily and effective movements. It is distinguished by its distinctive and very high efficiency mechanically and electronically. The new design of the artificial smart knee joint has proven to be 100% successful as a passive mechanical movement. Should a power failure occur at the source, the ability to move smoothly is very high, proved highly efficient by walking, sitting, and applying various daily movement activities. The artificial knee joint is able to detect the movement of the residual limb according to the results of the movement study, thus allowing the prosthesis to simulate the biomechanics of the missing limb without any difficulty by using the finite element method (FEM) as a numerical technique. The results showed that 94.303 MPa and 0.1379 mm are the highest stresses and displacements experienced by the knee joints, respectively at 110°. This remains below the yield stresses of 339.15 MPa (depending on the properties of aluminum alloy material 2024-T3). On the other hand, the highest safety of factors was at 0° with a value of 5.5905 and the lowest safety of factors was at 110° with a value of 3.5964. The above results show that von Mises stresses and displacement increase with increasing the angle of flexion of the knee joint while the safety of factors decreases as the angle of flexion of the knee joint increases. The result of finite element analysis shows that the concept is safe enough to use for this specific topic.