bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Agent Web Model: modeling web hacking for reinforcement learning
Authors: Erdődi László , Zennaro Fabio Massimo 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWebsite hacking is a frequent attack type used by malicious actors to obtain confidential information, modify the integrity of web pages or make websites unavailable. The tools used by attackers are becoming more and more automated and sophisticated, and malicious machine learning agents seem to be the next development in this line. In order to provide ethical hackers with similar tools, and to understand the impact and the limitations of artificial agents, we present in this paper a model that formalizes web hacking tasks for reinforcement learning agents. Our model, namedAgent Web Model, considers web hacking as a capture-the-flag style challenge, and it defines reinforcement learning problems at seven different levels of abstraction. We discuss the complexity of these problems in terms of actions and states an agent has to deal with, and we show that such a model allows to represent most of the relevant web vulnerabilities. Aware that the driver of advances in reinforcement learning is the availability of standardized challenges, we provide an implementation for the first three abstraction layers, in the hope that the community would consider these challenges in order to develop intelligent web hacking agents.
Towards real-time in-situ monitoring of hot-spot defects in L-PBF: a new classification-based method for fast video-imaging data analysis
Authors: Bugatti Matteo , Colosimo Bianca Maria 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe increasing interest towards additive manufacturing (AM) is pushing the industry to provide new solutions to improve process stability. Monitoring is a key tool for this purpose but the typical AM fast process dynamics and the high data flow required to accurately describe the process are pushing the limits of standard statistical process monitoring (SPM) techniques. The adoption of novel smart data extraction and analysis methods are fundamental to monitor the process with the required accuracy while keeping the computational effort to a reasonable level for real-time application. In this work, a new framework for the detection of defects in metal additive manufacturing processes via in-situ high-speed cameras is presented: a new data extraction method is developed to efficiently extract only the relevant information from the regions of interest identified in the high-speed imaging data stream and to reduce the dimensionality of the anomaly detection task performed by three competitor machine learning classification methods. The defect detection performance and computational speed of this approach is carefully evaluated through computer simulations and experimental studies, and directly compared with the performance and computational speed of other existing methods applied on the same reference dataset. The results show that the proposed method is capable of quickly detecting the occurrence of defects while keeping the high computational speed that would be required to implement this new process monitoring approach for real-time defect detection.
MPCC: Strong Stability of M-stationary Points
Authors: Günzel Harald , Hernández Escobar Daniel , Rückmann Jan-J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this paper we study the class of mathematical programs with complementarity constraints MPCC. Under the Linear Independence constraint qualification MPCC-LICQ we state a topological as well as an equivalent algebraic characterization for the strong stability (in the sense of Kojima) of an M-stationary point for MPCC. By allowing perturbations of the describing functions up to second order, the concept of strong stability refers here to the local existence and uniqueness of an M-stationary point for any sufficiently small perturbed problem where this unique solution depends continuously on the perturbation. Finally, some relations to S- and C-stationarity are briefly discussed.
Imaging retinal microvascular manifestations of carotid artery disease in older adults: from diagnosis of ocular complications to understanding microvascular contributions to cognitive impairment
Authors: István Lilla , Czakó Cecilia , Élő Ágnes , Mihály Zsuzsanna , Sótonyi Péter , Varga Andrea , Ungvári Zoltán , Csiszár Anna , Yabluchanskiy Andriy , Conley Shannon , Csipő Tamás , Lipecz Ágnes , Kovács Illés , Nagy Zoltán Zsolt 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCarotid artery stenosis (CAS) is a consequence of systemic atherosclerotic disease affecting the aging populations of the Western world. CAS is frequently associated with cognitive impairment. However, the mechanisms contributing to the development of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) associated with CAS are multifaceted and not fully understood. In addition to embolization and decreased blood flow due to the atherosclerotic lesion in the carotid artery, microcirculatory dysfunction in the cerebral circulation also plays a critical role in CAS-related VCI. To better understand the microvascular contributions to cognitive decline associated with CAS and evaluate microvascular protective effects of therapeutic interventions, it is essential to examine the structural and functional changes of the microvessels in the central nervous system (CNS). However, there are some limitations of in vivo brain vascular imaging modalities. The retinal microvasculature provides a unique opportunity to study pathogenesis of cerebral small vessel disease and VCI, because the cerebral circulation and the retinal circulation share similar anatomy, physiology and embryology. Similar microvascular pathologies may manifest in the brain and the retina, thus ocular examination can be used as a noninvasive screening tool to investigate pathological changes in the CNS associated with CAS. In this review, ocular signs of CAS and the retinal manifestations of CAS-associated microvascular dysfunction are discussed. The advantages and limitation of methods that are capable of imaging the ocular circulation (including funduscopy, fluorescein angiography, Doppler sonography, optical coherence tomography [OCT] and optical coherence tomography angiography [OCTA]) are discussed. The potential use of dynamic retinal vessel analysis (DVA), which allows for direct visualization of neurovascular coupling responses in the CNS, for understanding microvascular contributions to cognitive decline in CAS patients is also considered.
Price competition and nominal illusion: experimental evidence and a behavioural model
Authors: Morales Antonio J. , Fatas Enrique 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe standard approach to nominal illusion in Economics sees it as a transitory phenomenon, as economic agents eventually see through the nominal veil, making the right choices. Recent empirical studies suggest that money illusion may persist, distorting real prices in a variety of economic environments, including the housing market and the stock market. In this paper, we explore the emergence and persistence of nominal illusion in an experimental entry game where firms must choose which local market to enter, and then compete in prices. All local markets are equivalent in real terms and they only differ in the currency the price competition is run under. Our experimental results show a positive, persistent and monotone effect of the nominal exchange rate on market prices, statistically significant for large enough exchange rate. We provide an explanation in terms of players simplifying the choice set using discrete grids.
The social brain of social media – a physiological boundary to the number of online relations
Authors: Perret J. K. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBased on the research done by Dunbar and the resulting Social Brain Hypothesis, the present study introduced a mathematical model for the development of follower numbers and the number of followed accounts regarding users/influencers of Social Media platforms. Under very simple assumptions the mathematical model suggests that an universal upper bound to follower and followed numbers exists. The theoretical upper bound is then empirically validated by using a representative data set of 255 influencers on Instagram from the field of women’s fashion. The follower numbers show convergence to a common boundary for the years 2018 to 2019 and stagnation for 2019 to 2020, while the number of followed accounts show stagnation for 2018 to 2019 and convergence for 2019 and 2020. The model in conjunction with its empirical validation therefore provides the mathematical background to establish the socio-biological Social Brain Hypothesis in the field of influencer marketing in regards to Social Media platforms.
Discrimination of hospital isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii using repeated sequences and whole genome alignment differential analysis
Authors: Kotłowski Roman , Nowak-Zaleska Alicja , Węgrzyn Grzegorz 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAn optimized method for bacterial strain differentiation, based on combination of Repeated Sequences and Whole Genome Alignment Differential Analysis (RS&WGADA), is presented in this report. In this analysis, 51 Acinetobacter baumannii multidrug-resistance strains from one hospital environment and patients from 14 hospital wards were classified on the basis of polymorphisms of repeated sequences located in CRISPR region, variation in the gene encoding the EmrA-homologue of E. coli, and antibiotic resistance patterns, in combination with three newly identified polymorphic regions in the genomes of A. baumannii clinical isolates. Differential analysis of two similarity matrices between different genotypes and resistance patterns allowed to distinguish three significant correlations (p < 0.05) between 172 bp DNA insertion combined with resistance to chloramphenicol and gentamycin. Interestingly, 45 and 55 bp DNA insertions within the CRISPR region were identified, and combined during analyses with resistance/susceptibility to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Moreover, 184 or 1374 bp DNA length polymorphisms in the genomic region located upstream of the GTP cyclohydrolase I gene, associated mainly with imipenem susceptibility, was identified. In addition, considerable nucleotide polymorphism of the gene encoding the gamma/tau subunit of DNA polymerase III, an enzyme crucial for bacterial DNA replication, was discovered. The differentiation analysis performed using the above described approach allowed us to monitor the distribution of A. baumannii isolates in different wards of the hospital in the time frame of several years, indicating that the optimized method may be useful in hospital epidemiological studies, particularly in identification of the source of primary infections.
Schülerinnen und Schüler als Subjekte und Akteure von Schule
Authors: Eder Ferdinand , Paseka Angelika 
Published: June 2021

ZusammenfassungIn der Schul- und Bildungsforschung ist in den letzten Jahrzehnten der Blick auf das konkrete Erleben und Handeln der Kinder und Jugendlichen in ihrer Rolle als Schüler:innen und im Lebensraum Schule gegenüber der Fokussierung auf ihre fachlichen Leistungen in den Hintergrund getreten. Demgegenüber sieht der Zugang über die Subjekt- und Akteursperspektive die Schüler:innen als Akteure, die sich im Umfeld und unter dem Einfluss der Schule zu (selbst-)bewussten, denkenden und handelnden Individuen entwickeln und so „Subjektstatus“ erwerben.Der Beitrag expliziert die begrifflichen Grundlagen dieses Zugangs, gibt einen kurzen Überblick über die darauf bezogene Entwicklung der Schule (und der Schulforschung) in den letzten Jahrzehnten, und umreißt die Konturen einer Bildungsforschung in der Akteurs- und Subjektperspektive. Abschließend werden die Beiträge des Schwerpunktheftes in diesen Forschungszugang eingeordnet.
Der Diskurs um Unterrichtsqualität in der Musikdidaktik zwischen generischen und fachspezifischen Dimensionen
Authors: Kranefeld Ulrike 
Published: June 2021

ZusammenfassungDer Artikel gibt Einblick in die Diskussion um Unterrichtsqualität in der Musikdidaktik. Dazu werden sowohl theoretische als auch empirische Beiträge gesichtet und begründet, warum aufgrund der Pluralität der Konzeptionen und Ansätze in der Musikdidaktik bislang kein verbindliches oder breit geteiltes Modell zur Unterrichtsqualität vorliegt. Am Beispiel der Zielperspektive einer „ästhetischen Musikpraxis“ wird gezeigt, wie theoretische Zugänge vor allem die Fachspezifik von Unterrichtsqualität herausarbeiten. Empirische Beiträge und hier besonders qualitative Videostudien stellen dagegen expliziten Bezug auch zu generischen Dimensionen von Unterrichtsqualität her, bemühen sich dabei aber um eine fachspezifische Modifikation. Vor dem Hintergrund des aktuellen musikdidaktischen Diskurses erfolgt abschließend ein Ausblick auf mögliche Kandidaten für weitere fachspezifische Ergänzungen und Ausdifferenzierungen für das Syntheseframework von Praetorius et al. (2020). Hier wird insbesondere die Ergänzung durch eine Dimension einer „ästhetischen Aktivierung“ angeregt und auf die Berücksichtigung der materialen Dimension eines sinnvollen Umgangs mit Artefakten im Unterricht verwiesen.
Formyl peptide receptor 2, as an important target for ligands triggering the inflammatory response regulation: a link to brain pathology
Authors: Tylek Kinga , Trojan Ewa , Regulska Magdalena , Lacivita Enza , Leopoldo Marcello , Basta-Kaim Agnieszka 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFormyl peptide receptors (FPRs) belong to the family of seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors. Among them, FPR2 is a low affinity receptor for N-formyl peptides and is considered the most promiscuous member of FPRs. FPR2 is able to recognize a broad variety of endogenous or exogenous ligands, ranging from lipid to proteins and peptides, including non-formylated peptides. Due to this property FPR2 has the ability to modulate both pro- and anti-inflammatory response, depending on the nature of the bound agonist and on the different recognition sites of the receptor. Thus, FPR2 takes part not only in the proinflammatory response but also in the resolution of inflammation (RoI) processes. Recent data have indicated that the malfunction of RoI may be the background for some central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Therefore, much interest is focused on endogenous molecules called specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), as well as on new synthetic FPR2 agonists, which kick-start the resolution of inflammation (RoI) and modulate its course. Here, we shed some light on the general characteristics of the FPR family in humans and in the experimental animals. Moreover, we present a guide to understanding the “double faced” action of FPR2 activation in the context of immune-related diseases of the CNS.
Scientific access into Mercer Subglacial Lake: scientific objectives, drilling operations and initial observations
Authors: Priscu John C. , Kalin Jonas , Winans John , Campbell Timothy , Siegfried Matthew R. , Skidmore Mark , Dore John E. , Leventer Amy , Harwood David M. , Duling Dennis , Zook Robert , Burnett Justin , Gibson Dar , Krula Edward , Mironov Anatoly , McManis Jim , Roberts Graham , Rosenheim Brad E. , Christner Brent C. , Kasic Kathy , Fricker Helen A. , Lyons W. Berry , Barker Joel , Bowling Mark , Collins Billy , Davis Christina , Gagnon Al , Gardner Christopher , Gustafson Chloe , Kim Ok-Sun , Li Wei , Michaud Alex , Patterson Molly O. , Tranter Martyn , Venturelli Ryan , Vick-Majors Trista , Elsworth Cooper ,   The SALSA Science Team
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe Subglacial Antarctic Lakes Scientific Access (SALSA) Project accessed Mercer Subglacial Lake using environmentally clean hot-water drilling to examine interactions among ice, water, sediment, rock, microbes and carbon reservoirs within the lake water column and underlying sediments. A ~0.4 m diameter borehole was melted through 1087 m of ice and maintained over ~10 days, allowing observation of ice properties and collection of water and sediment with various tools. Over this period, SALSA collected: 60 L of lake water and 10 L of deep borehole water; microbes >0.2 μm in diameter from in situ filtration of ~100 L of lake water; 10 multicores 0.32–0.49 m long; 1.0 and 1.76 m long gravity cores; three conductivity–temperature–depth profiles of borehole and lake water; five discrete depth current meter measurements in the lake and images of ice, the lake water–ice interface and lake sediments. Temperature and conductivity data showed the hydrodynamic character of water mixing between the borehole and lake after entry. Models simulating melting of the ~6 m thick basal accreted ice layer imply that debris fall-out through the ~15 m water column to the lake sediments from borehole melting had little effect on the stratigraphy of surficial sediment cores.
APPROXIMATING TREES AS COLOURED LINEAR ORDERS AND COMPLETE AXIOMATISATIONS OF SOME CLASSES OF TREES
Authors: KELLERMAN RUAAN , GORANKO VALENTIN 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe study the first-order theories of some natural and important classes of coloured trees, including the four classes of trees whose paths have the order type respectively of the natural numbers, the integers, the rationals, and the reals. We develop a technique for approximating a tree as a suitably coloured linear order. We then present the first-order theories of certain classes of coloured linear orders and use them, along with the approximating technique, to establish complete axiomatisations of the four classes of trees mentioned above.
On the Roman-Byzantine adoption of the stirrup once more: a new find from seventh-century Aphrodisias
Authors: Penn Tim , Russell Ben , Wilson Andrew 
Published: June 2021

AbstractArchaeological evidence and the text of the Strategikon show that it was only in the late sixth century AD that the Roman-Byzantine military adopted the stirrup. It is now widely argued that the Avars, who settled in the Carpathian basin in the sixth century, played a key role in introducing iron stirrups to the Roman-Byzantine world. However, the evidence to support this assertion is limited. Although hundreds of stirrups have been found in Avar graves in the Carpathian basin, very few stirrups of sixth- or seventh-century date are known from the Roman-Byzantine empire - no more than seven - and only two of these are of definitively Avar type. The text of the Strategikon, sometimes argued to support this Avar source, can be interpreted differently, as indeed can the archaeological evidence. While the debate about the Roman-Byzantine adoption of the stirrup has focused mostly on finds from the Balkans, two early stirrups are known from Asia Minor, from Pergamon and Sardis. This paper presents a third, previously unpublished stirrup, from a seventh-century deposit at Aphrodisias in Caria; this is the first stirrup found in Asia Minor from a datable context. Here we present this find and its context, and use it to reconsider the model of solely Avar stirrup transmission that has dominated scholarship to date. So varied are the early stirrups that multiple sources of influence, Avar and other, and even a degree of experimentation, seem more likely to underpin the Roman-Byzantine adoption of this technology.
Firstde novotranscriptome analysis of the Antarctic springtailCryptopygus terranovus(Collembola:Isotomidae) following mid-term heat exposure
Authors: Cucini Claudio , Leo Chiara , Nardi Francesco , Greco Samuele , Manfrin Chiara , Giulianini Piero G. , Carapelli Antonio 
Published: June 2021

AbstractGlobal human activities, such as greenhouse emissions and pollution, are promoting global warming, environmental changes and biodiversity reduction. Pristine environments such as those of Antarctica are not immune to these phenomena, as is noticeable from the increasing pace of the temperature shift registered within the continent in recent decades. In this study, we describe the firstde novotranscriptome analysis of the endemic Antarctic springtail (= collembolan)Cryptopygus terranovusand we evaluate its global gene expression response following a mid-term exposure of 20 days to 18°C. Expression data are compared with wild specimens sampled from their native environment to outline the molecular mechanisms triggered by the thermal exposure. Although individual plasticity in transcript modulation is assessed, several pathways appear to be differentially modulated in springtails subjected to the heat treatmentvswild specimens. Through enrichment analysis, we show that protein catabolism, fatty acid metabolism and a sexual response characterized by spermatid development are induced, while carbohydrate consumption, lipid catabolism and tissue development are downregulated in treated samples compared to controls.
Malnutrition in early life and its neurodevelopmental and cognitive consequences: a scoping review
Authors: Suryawan A. , Jalaludin M.Y. , Poh B.K. , Sanusi R. , Tan V.M.H. , Geurts J.M. , Muhardi L. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe negative impact of stunting and severe underweight on cognitive neurodevelopment of children is well documented; however, the effect of overweight/obesity is still unclear. The 2018 Global Nutrition Report reported that stunting and overweight concurrently affect 189 million children worldwide. As existing reviews discuss undernutrition and overweight/obesity separately, this scoping review aims to document the impact of mild/moderate and severe underweight, stunting, and overweight/obesity among children aged 0–60 months on their cognitive neurodevelopmental trajectories. Twenty-six articles were analysed to extract significant information from literature retrieved from PubMed and Cochrane databases published from 1 January 2009 to 31 October 2019. Length gain is associated with cognitive neurodevelopment in normo-nourished and stunted children aged under 24 months. Among stunted children, it seems that cognitive and neurodevelopmental deficits can potentially be recovered before 8 years of age, particularly in those whose nutritional status has improved. The impact of overweight/obesity on cognitive neurodevelopment appears to be limited to attention, gross motor skills and executive control. Parental education level, birth weight/length, breastfeeding duration, and sanitation level are some identifiable factors that modify the impact of undernutrition and overweight/obesity on cognitive and neurodevelopment. In conclusion, underweight, stunting and overweight/obesity have a significant impact on cognitive neurodevelopment. Multidimensional approaches with various stakeholders should address all issues simultaneously, such as improving sanitation levels, assuring parental job security and adequate social welfare, and providing access to adequate nutrients for catch-up growth among underweight or stunted children and to affordable healthy foods for those who are overweight/obese and from low socio-economic status.