bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential responses of three Urochloa species to low phosphorus availability
Authors: Baptistella João Leonardo Corte , Llerena Juan Pablo Portilla , Domingues‐Júnior Adilson Pereira , Fernie Alisdair Robert , Favarin José Laércio , Mazzafera Paulo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractUrochloa (syn. Brachiaria spp.) is the most cultivated forage species in the tropics and is being introduced to agroecosystems as it can provide multiple services, such as nutrient cycling. In this regard, phosphorus (P) cycling has received particular attention for its little availability in soils and the fact that Urochloa has mechanisms to cope with its low availability. However, there are interspecific differences regarding adaptation to low fertility and P requirements among Urochloa species. This study aimed to evaluate the responses of three Urochloa species—Urochloa brizantha, Urochloa decumbens and Urochloa ruziziensis—to low P availability, as well as their mechanisms to grow on these conditions. We conducted a hydroponic experiment with three levels of P availability—10% (6.2 mg P dm−3), 25% (15.5 mg P dm−3) and 100% (62 mg P dm−3)—and evaluated plant biomass production, P tissue concentration, root acid phosphatase activity, root exudation and P transporter expression on roots. We identified several metabolites in root exudates including amino acids, non‐protein amino acids, polyamides, organic acids and phenolic acids. Although all metabolites were found in all the species, metabolite exudation varied among species and P level. Overall, U. brizantha and U. ruziziensis plants exudated more metabolites when growing under P limitation (10 and 25% P), which can be a response to low P availability and stress. We identified three P transporters in roots from the PHT1 family—UPHT1;1a, UPHT1;1b and UPHT1;1c. We did not find an explicit expression pattern for UPHT1;1a, but the expression of UPHT1;1b and UPHT1;1c increased at low P availability. U. ruziziensis accumulated more biomass than the other species at all levels of P availability, possibly because of the greater expression of these P transporters. Urochloa species differ regarding nutrient availability requirements, including P, which may explain the P transporters expression and metabolite exudation results. Thus, to cope with low P in the soil, the species developed different metabolic strategies to improve the uptake of this nutrient.
Clinical alarms and alarm fatigue in a University Hospital Emergency Department—A retrospective data analysis
Authors: Jämsä Juho O. , Uutela Kimmo H. , Tapper Anna‐Maija , Lehtonen Lasse 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundAlarm fatigue is hypothesized to be caused by vast amount of patient monitor alarms. Objectives were to study the frequency and types of patient monitor alarms, to evaluate alarm fatigue, and to find unit specific alarm threshold values in a university hospital emergency department.MethodsWe retrospectively gathered alarm data from 9 September to 6 October 2019, in Jorvi Hospital Emergency department, Finland. The department treats surgical, internal and general medicine patients aged 16 and older. The number of patients is on average 4600 to 5000 per month. Eight out of 46 monitors were used for data gathering and the monitored modalities included electrocardiography, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and pulse oximetry.ResultsTotal number of alarms in the study monitors was 28 176. Number of acknowledged alarms (ie acknowledgement indicator pressed in the monitor) was 695 (2.5%). The most common alarm types were: Respiratory rate high, 9077 (32.2%), pulse oximetry low, 4572 (16.2%) and pulse oximetry probe off, 4036 (14.3%). Number of alarms with duration under 10 s was 14 936 (53%). Number of individual alarm sounds was 105 000, 469 per monitor per day. Of respiratory rate high alarms, 2846 (31.4%) had initial value below 30 breaths min−1. Of pulse oximetry low alarms, 2421 (53.0%) had initial value above 88%.ConclusionsAlarm sound load, from individual alarm sounds, was nearly continuous in an emergency department observation room equipped with nine monitors. Intervention by the staff to the alarms was infrequent. More than half of the alarms were momentary.
Evaluating the effects of two alcohol reduction counseling interventions on intimate partner violence perpetration: secondary analysis of a three‐arm randomized controlled trial among Vietnamese men with HIV
Authors: Hershow Rebecca B. , Reyes H. Luz Mc Naughton , Ha Tran Viet , Chander Geetanjali , Mai Nguyen Vu Tuyet , Sripaipan Teerada , Dowdy David W. , Latkin Carl , Hutton Heidi E. , Pettifor Audrey , Maman Suzanne , Frangakis Constantine , Go Vivian F. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackground and AimsEvidence suggests that alcohol reduction interventions decrease intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration, although this remains untested in low‐ and middle‐income countries and among men with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This study evaluates the effectiveness of alcohol reduction counseling interventions on IPV perpetration among men on anti‐retroviral therapy (ART) and tests whether alcohol use explains the intervention effects.DesignSecondary analysis of data from a three‐arm randomized controlled trial among ART patients with hazardous alcohol use. Participants were recruited from March 2016 to May 2017.SettingThai Nguyen, Vietnam.Participants, interventions and comparatorsMale participants (n = 426). Participants received a two‐session brief intervention (BI), a six‐session combined intervention (CoI) or the standard of care (SOC), comprising alcohol treatment referrals. Alcohol reduction counseling interventions were guided by cognitive–behavioral therapy and motivational enhancement therapy delivered by psychosocial counselors over 3 months.MeasurementsIPV perpetration was measured using the shortened Conflict Tactics Scale 2 and alcohol use was measured using timeline followback.FindingsBI and CoI participants reported reduced IPV perpetration at 3 months compared with SOC participants [BI: adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.11, 0.65; CoI: aOR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.22, 1.13]; the association was only significant for the BI group. Intervention effects were not sustained at 6 and 12 months. There was little evidence that alcohol use acted as a mediator (indirect effect, BI: aOR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.63, 1.04; indirect effect, CoI: aOR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.66, 1.03).ConclusionsAmong Vietnamese men receiving anti‐retroviral therapy, alcohol reduction counseling interventions appeared to reduce intimate partner violence perpetration immediately post‐intervention, but reductions were not sustained at 6 and 12 months and were not explained by alcohol reduction.
All‐cause and suicide mortality among people with methamphetamine use disorder: a nation‐wide cohort study in Taiwan
Authors: Lee Wan‐Chen , Chang Hu‐Ming , Huang Ming‐Chyi , Pan Chun‐Hung , Su Sheng‐Siang , Tsai Shang‐Ying , Chen Chiao‐Chicy , Kuo Chian‐Jue 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackground and aimsAlthough methamphetamine use is a serious public health problem, large‐scale cohort studies assessing methamphetamine‐related mortality are scant. This study investigated all‐cause mortality and suicide methods in people with methamphetamine use disorder.DesignA cohort record‐linkage study using data from Taiwan's National Health Research Institute Database (NHIRD) linked to Taiwan's National Death Certification System.SettingTaiwan.ParticipantsA total of 23 248 individuals with methamphetamine use disorder between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2005.MeasurementsThe outcome variables included mortality rates and standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for all causes of death and for each suicide method.FindingsCompared with the general population, the current cohort had an increased all‐cause mortality (SMR = 5.4), with the SMR for unnatural causes (14.8) higher than that for natural causes (7.5). Among all causes of death, suicide had the highest SMR (16.3), followed by neurological diseases (9.7). Among the methods of choice for suicide, drug overdose had the highest SMR (24.9). The incidence of charcoal burning and hanging was significantly higher in men and that of jumping from a high place was significantly higher in women.ConclusionPeople in Taiwan with methamphetamine use disorder appear to have a significantly increased all‐cause mortality rate compared with the general population, with suicide having the highest contribution, particularly suicide via drug overdose. The methods of choice for suicide revealed distinct patterns between men and women.
Immigration Status and Postsecondary Opportunity: Barriers to Affordability, Access, and Success for Undocumented Students, and Policy Solutions
Authors: Ballerini Victoria , Feldblum Miriam 
Published: March 2021

AbstractImmigrant and undocumented students face significant barriers in accessing and obtaining a postsecondary degree. The anti‐immigration agenda of the Trump administration and its impact on higher education made this issue of paramount concern. In this article, we review issues at the intersection of immigration and postsecondary education. First, we define the population of interest, with special attention to the differentiated rights of different groups. We argue for the policy significance of immigration for postsecondary education. Second, we provide an overview of the main identified barriers facing undocumented students in accessing postsecondary education. We then examine policies that have been adopted by states and by institutions of higher education to address some of those barriers. We conclude with policy recommendations to improve affordability, access, and success for undocumented students and argue for the inclusion of immigration status as a variable in research on equity in postsecondary education.
Parental Structuring in Response to Toddler Negative Emotion Predicts Children’s Later Use of Distraction as a Self‐Regulation Strategy for Waiting
Authors: Ravindran Niyantri , Genaro Breana G. , Cole Pamela M. 
Published: March 2021

Structuring is a parental response to young children’s behavior that may foster children’s attempts to use cognitive skills to engage in self‐regulation. Using a rural, economically strained sample, parental structuring in response to 127 eighteen‐month‐olds’ negative emotion was observed during a home visit. Children’s distraction, a useful cognitive strategy when waiting for a reward, was assessed during a laboratory wait task at 18, 24, 36, and 48 months. More frequent parental structuring at child age 18 months predicted more developmental growth in children’s use of distraction between 18 and 48 months, in contrast with parental directives. Consistent with Kopp’s (1989) framework, parental structuring may capitalize on children’s cognitive development to play a unique role in fostering children’s self‐regulation of negative emotion.
Understanding consumer demand for bushmeat in urban centers of Cameroon with a focus on pangolin species
Authors: Nguyen Linh Bao , Fossung Etogekwe Esua , Affana Nkoa Camille , Humle Tatyana 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBushmeat consumption remains significant in urban Central Africa. Increasing urbanization has fueled bushmeat trade and become a threat to endangered species like the pangolin. Behavioral change interventions may help reduce demand for pangolins in urban centers. However, there is still a lack of adequate locally‐specific research on consumer behavior and drivers of demand to effectively guide such interventions. Our study addressed this knowledge gap through semistructured interviews to investigate consumer preferences and bushmeat consumption habits and perceptions of 597 participants in Bertoua and Ebolowa, Cameroon. Bushmeat, in general, was positively perceived as a tasty, healthy, and luxurious item that meets cultural needs, while domestic meat was negatively perceived as an unhealthy and intensively processed product. The biggest barriers to bushmeat consumption were its illegality and high price. Pangolin was among the most desired types of bushmeat. Nearly half of pangolin consumers were willing to pay more for a pangolin meal. Despite being fully protected by national laws, pangolins were consistently found in local bushmeat markets and restaurants, suggesting the ineffectiveness in law enforcement and/or communication with the public about the legal protection and current status of pangolins. Our findings provide an understanding of sociocultural consumer behavior and drivers that can help guide bushmeat demand reduction interventions in urban centers of Cameroon.
Associations between uncertainties identified by the European Medicines Agency and national decision making on reimbursement by HTA agencies
Authors: Bloem Lourens T. , Vreman Rick A. , Peeters Niels W. L. , Hoekman Jarno , van der Elst Menno E. , Leufkens Hubert G. M. , Klungel Olaf H. , Goettsch Wim G. , Mantel‐Teeuwisse Aukje K. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe aimed to determine whether uncertainties identified by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) were associated with negative relative effectiveness assessments (REAs) and negative overall reimbursement recommendations by national health technology assessment (HTA) agencies. Therefore, we identified all HTA reports from Haute Autorité de Santé (HAS; France), National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE; England/Wales), Scottish Medicine Consortium (SMC; Scotland), and Zorginstituut Nederland (ZIN; The Netherlands) for a cohort of innovative medicines that the EMA had approved in 2009 to 2010 (excluding vaccines). Uncertainty regarding pivotal trial methodology, clinical outcomes, and their clinical relevance were combined to reflect a low, medium, or high level of uncertainty. We assessed associations by calculating risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and agreement between REA and overall reimbursement recommendation outcomes. We identified 36 medicines for which 121 reimbursement recommendations had been issued by the HTA agencies between September 2009 and July 2018. High versus low uncertainty was associated with an increased risk for negative REAs and negative overall reimbursement recommendations: RRs 1.9 (95% CI 0.9–3.9) and 1.6 (95% CI 0.7–3.5), respectively, which was supported by further sensitivity analyses. We identified a lack of agreement between 33 (27%) REA and overall reimbursement recommendation outcomes, which were mostly restricted recommendations that followed on negative REAs in case of low or medium uncertainty. In conclusion, high uncertainty identified by the EMA was associated with negative REAs and negative overall reimbursement recommendations. To reduce uncertainty and ultimately facilitate efficient patient access, regulators, HTA agencies, and other stakeholders should discuss how uncertainties should be weighed and addressed early in the drug life cycle of innovative treatments.
Encountering—An uncomfortable vocation of love. Theology and practice in Scandinavian parish work
Authors: Nahnfeldt Dr Cecilia 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis is an analysis of practical theology in a parish, responding to organized racism in the local area. The involvement in civil action, as well as the theological aspects of such work are considered and discussed in relation to Scandinavian creation theology. The need for radical practice is discussed in relation to vocation and the love of the neighbor, even when such practice becomes uncomfortable and even threatening.
Darwin’s finches habitually anoint their feathers with leaves of the endemic treePsidium galapageiumduring the non‐breeding season
Authors: Tebbich Sabine , Schwemhofer Timo , Fischer Barbara , Pike Courtney 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBirds host a wide range of ectoparasites and have developed behavioural strategies to combat them, such as preening, dust bathing and water bathing. In addition, a wide range of avian taxa anoint their feathers with insects or plants that have pharmaceutical properties, though most observations on anointing are anecdotal. Darwin's finches preen with leaves of an endemic tree (Psidium galapageium) and a previous laboratory study has shown that this plant has compounds that repel both mosquitoes and the invasive parasitic flyPhilornis downsi, whose larvae suck blood from nestlings and incubating females and cause high nestling mortality. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that preening withP.galapageiumleaves serves to repel these parasites with an indirect approach. Mosquitoes andP.downsiaffect their hosts mainly during the bird breeding season andP.downsionly affects breeding females, but not adult males. To test our hypothesis, we gathered quantitative data on leaf‐preening behaviour in Darwin's finches during their breeding and non‐breeding season and also investigated the influence of time of day and humidity, as humid conditions facilitate the release of volatile organic compounds. Contrary to our predictions, anointing occurred significantly more often during the non‐breeding season when mosquito andP.downsinumbers are lower. Four Darwin's finch species anointed their feathers habitually, and during the non‐breeding season, 56% of all preening events were with leaves. We found no effect of sex, but preening with leaves occurred predominately in the morning when leaves were wet. Our study is the first to provide quantitative data on anointing behaviour in birds and the high percentage of preening with leaves in the non‐breeding season suggests that the behaviour has an adaptive value. However, further studies are needed to test whether it reduces the negative impact of parasites other than mosquitoes andP.downsi.
Population‐level variation in infection outcomes not influenced by pesticide exposure in larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica)
Authors: Billet Logan S. , Wuerthner Vanessa P. , Hua Jessica , Relyea Rick A. , Hoverman Jason T. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

There is increasing evidence that populations of non‐target wildlife species can evolve tolerance to pesticides. As ecosystems become increasingly exposed to chemical contaminants globally, it is important to consider not only the immediate consequences of contaminant exposure but also the potential costs associated with evolved responses. Theory predicts there may be trade‐offs, including increased susceptibility to parasites, associated with evolved pesticide tolerance. It remains unclear, however, how environmental context (i.e. presence/absence of pesticides in the contemporary environment) interacts with evolved pesticide tolerance levels to influence infection outcomes.

Several studies have demonstrated that wood frog (Rana sylvatica) populations close to agriculture, where frequent exposure to pesticides is more likely, show higher baseline tolerance to pesticides than do populations far from agriculture. Using eight wood frog populations from across an agricultural gradient, we explored patterns of variation in susceptibility to parasites associated with a population's proximity to agriculture (a proxy for pesticide tolerance), and how these patterns are influenced by experimental exposure of tadpoles to the insecticide carbaryl. We did this by first placing tadpoles in an environment containing the pesticide carbaryl (1 mg/L) or in a pesticide‐free control environment for 5 days, and subsequently exposing tadpoles to trematodes (Echinostoma trivolvis) or ranavirus (frog virus 3).

We found that variation in trematode susceptibility was related to the tadpole populations’ proximity to agriculture. Individuals from populations located close to agriculture were modestly more susceptible to trematode infections than individuals from populations farther from agriculture. Ranavirus susceptibility was not associated with proximity to agriculture.

Surprisingly, exposure to carbaryl increased the survival rates of tadpoles infected with ranavirus. There were no other significant effects of carbaryl exposure on the measured disease outcomes.

This study provides evidence for a potential trade‐off between trematode resistance and putative pesticide tolerance. We show that host populations can vary significantly in their susceptibility to pathogens, but that pesticide exposure does not always increase parasite susceptibility or uniformly exacerbate disease outcomes. Further research is needed to determine how genetic variation among populations impact susceptibility to parasites, and if these patterns of susceptibility are consistent across space and time.
Effects of nitric oxide on the alleviation of postharvest disease induced by Penicillium italicum in navel orange fruits
Authors: Yang Rui , Du Huaying , Sun Ying , Zhang Fengying , Zhang Wei , Wan Chunpeng , Chen Jinyin , Zhu Liqin 
Published: March 2021

SummaryThe present study evaluated the effects of 15 μL L‐1 nitric oxide (NO) on the fruit defence response of ‘Newhall’ navel orange. The decay rate of NO‐treated navel orange fruits was significantly lower than that of control fruits during storage at 20 °C storage (P < 0.05). Treatment with NO suppressed the increase in disease incidence and lesion area in orange fruits inoculated with Penicillium italicum (P. italicum); significantly increased the activities of phenolic metabolism‐associated enzymes and pathogenesis‐related (PR) proteins, including polyphenoloxidase (PPO), phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL), β‐1,3‐glucanase (GLU) and chitinase (CHT); and enhanced the activities of key enzymes, including 4‐coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL), cinnamate‐4‐hydroxylase (C4H) and chalcone isomerase (CHI) in the phenylpropanoid pathway. The contents of total phenolics, flavonoids and lignin were also higher in NO‐treated fruits than in control fruits. The findings suggest that exogenous NO could induce disease resistance against P. italicum in navel orange fruits.
Effect of vacuum sealing drainage on healing time and inflammation‐related indicators in patients with soft tissue wounds
Authors: Xue Xin , Li Na , Ren Liqing 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of vacuum sealing drainage (VSD) on wound repair time and inflammation‐related indicators in patients with soft‐tissue wounds in comparison with traditional treatment. From January 2018 to January 2020, 130 enrolled patients with soft‐tissue wounds were randomly divided into two groups: VSD group (65 cases) and routine dressing change (RDC) group (65 cases). The inflammation‐related indicators including erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C‐reactive protein (CRP), white blood cell (WBC), and procalcitonin (PCT) of preoperative stage and postoperative day 3 (POD 3) and POD 7 were recorded. Wound healing was observed 3 and 7 days after treatment, and the clinical efficacy, changes in the wound (coverage rate and thickness of granulation tissue and bacterial clearance rate), wound‐cleaning time, wound‐healing time, and hospital stay time were recorded after treatment as well. No significant difference was observed in terms of the baseline between the two groups. On POD 3 and POD 7, CRP, WBC, and PCT levels in the VSD group were lower than those in the RDC group, while ESR levels were higher, with significant differences (P < .05). After treatment, the wound‐cleaning time, wound‐healing time, and hospital length of stay of the VSD group were all lower than those of the RDC group, with significant differences (P < .05). VSD has a significant effect on the treatment of patients with soft‐tissue wounds, which can effectively shorten the time of wound healing and reduce inflammation‐related indicators. Compared with traditional RDC, VSD is more worthy of clinical application.