bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduced Use of Fossil Fuels can Reduce Supply of Critical Resources
Authors: Månberger André 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPrevious research has identified that climate change mitigation policies could increase demand for resources perceived as critical, because these are used in many renewable energy technologies. This study assesses how reducing the extraction and use of fossil fuels could affect the supply of (i) elements jointly produced with fossil fuels and (ii) elements jointly produced with a host that is currently mainly used in fossil fuel supply chains. Several critical resources are identified for which supply potential from current sources is likely to decline. Some of these, e.g. germanium and vanadium, have uses in low-carbon energy systems. Renewable energy transitions can thus simultaneously increase demand and reduce supply of critical elements. The problem is greatest for technology groups in which by-products are more difficult to recycle than the host. Photovoltaic cell technology stands out as one such group. Phasing out fossil fuels has the potential to reduce both the supply potential (i.e. primary flow) and recoverable resources (i.e. stock) of materials involved in such technology groups. Further studies could examine possibilities to increase recovery rates, extract jointly produced resources independently of hosts and how the geographical distribution of by-product supply sources might change if fossil fuel extraction is scaled back.
L’État canadien et la reconnaissance des droits religieux autochtones
Authors: Gélinas Claude 
Published: May 2021

RésuméLa politique actuelle de réconciliation qui guide les rapports que l’État canadien entretient avec les peuples autochtones affiche une certaine discontinuité en matière de reconnaissance de leurs droits religieux. D’une part, les gouvernements accordent aux Autochtones certains privilèges à des fins de valorisation de leurs particularismes religieux dans l’espace public, d’une manière qui ne s’étend pas nécessairement à d’autres segments de la société. Parallèlement, par l’entremise de lois et d’ententes politiques, des nations autochtones se sont vu reconnaître des droits et privilèges en lien avec leur sphère religieuse, lesquels demeurent toutefois largement assujettis au cadre normatif établi par la majorité. Enfin, les tribunaux peinent jusqu’à présent à considérer les particularismes religieux des nations autochtones en tant que motif décisionnel. Cette reconnaissance à géométrie variable laisse transparaître un relent de colonialisme suivant lequel la dimension symbolique est valorisée, au détriment des avenues susceptibles de mener à une réelle autonomie des nations autochtones en matière d’expression religieuse.
When is illegality a defence to a tort?
Authors: Shmilovits Liron 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe illegality defence is an important element of private law, but its operation has been unpredictable. In Patel v Mirza, the Supreme Court opted for a flexible approach, which does not increase predictability. This approach was recently confirmed in Henderson v Dorset Healthcare University NHS Foundation Trust and Stoffel & Co v Grondona. I propose a principle to guide the application of the illegality defence in tort: namely, the claim fails for illegality if the claimant's harm is the ordinary result of the claimant's wrongdoing. It is argued that the guiding principle: (i) substantially explains the case law; (ii) is normatively defensible; and (iii) makes the defence much more predictable.
NONDIVISIBILITY AMONG IRREDUCIBLE CHARACTER CO-DEGREES
Authors: AHANJIDEH NEDA 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFor a character$\chi $of a finite groupG, the number$\chi ^c(1)={[G:{\textrm {ker}}\chi ]}/{\chi (1)}$is called the co-degree of$\chi $. A finite groupGis an${\textrm {NDAC}} $-group (no divisibility among co-degrees) when$\chi ^c(1) \nmid \phi ^c(1)$for all irreducible characters$\chi $and$\phi $ofGwith$1< \chi ^c(1) < \phi ^c(1)$. We study finite groups admitting an irreducible character whose co-degree is a given primepand finite nonsolvable${\textrm {NDAC}} $-groups. Then we show that the finite simple groups$^2B_2(2^{2f+1})$, where$f\geq 1$,$\mbox {PSL}_3(4)$,${\textrm {Alt}}_7$and$J_1$are determined uniquely by the set of their irreducible character co-degrees.
Most permutations power to a cycle of small prime length
Authors: Glasby S. P. , Praeger Cheryl E. , Unger W. R. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe prove that most permutations of degree $n$ have some power which is a cycle of prime length approximately $\log n$. Explicitly, we show that for $n$ sufficiently large, the proportion of such elements is at least $1-5/\log \log n$ with the prime between $\log n$ and $(\log n)^{\log \log n}$. The proportion of even permutations with this property is at least $1-7/\log \log n$.
FISCAL AFTERSHOCKS: TAXES AND CATASTROPHES IN CHILEAN HISTORY
Authors: Gil Magdalena , Atria Jorge 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTSocio-natural disasters remain underexplored events in economic history, even though they stress societies in several ways and are known for their relationship with institutional change. In this paper, we explore this issue showing that major earthquakes in Chile have become a window of opportunity for important fiscal reforms. Our findings indicate that there are two mechanisms to explain this relationship: first, reconstruction demands greater state expenditure and intervention; and second, the emergence of narratives that justify these reforms, such as patriotism and solidarity. However, data show that in the case of Chile, changes following disasters have had little impact on the overall tax structure of the country, and the historical preference for indirect taxes has been maintained, with limited power to impose taxes on high-income groups.
Confronting the gated community: Towards a decolonial critique of violence beyond the paradigm of war
Authors: Tavares Furtado Henrique 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article investigates the works of Dussel, Maldonado-Torres, and Mbembe as representatives of a tendency in the field of decolonial thought to assume the templates of warfare and the camp as the archetypal registers of violence in the contemporary world. Identifying this focus as the remnant of a Eurocentric vocabulary (the paradigm of war), the article proposes a shift from the language of warfare predominant in the field to a language of welfare. The article turns to the gated community (GC), instead of the camp, and the imperatives of (re)creation, instead of the logics of elimination, as new templates with which to make sense of modern/colonial violence. Moving beyond militaristic imagery, the analysis shows a form of violence that emerges as a response to the endless search for a life of convenience inside the walls of the GC. To this end, the article advances the concept of the dialect of disarrangement, the enforced but uneasy encounter between two subjectivities that inhabit the GC: the patrons (the homeowners who consume the easy life) and servants (the racialised service staff). In the GC, violence emerges in attempts to respond to this (in)convenient encounter via misrepresentations of both patrons and servants as out of their place.
Peer review of searches for studies for health technology assessments, systematic reviews, and other evidence syntheses
Authors: Lefebvre Carol , Duffy Steven 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Peer review of searches is a process whereby both the search strategies and the search process description are reviewed, ideally using an evidence-based checklist.

Rationale
As the search strategy underpins any well-conducted evidence synthesis, its quality could affect the final result. Evidence shows, however, that search strategies are prone to error.

Findings
There is increasing awareness and use of the PRESS Evidence-Based Checklist and peer review of search strategies, at the outset of evidence syntheses, prior to the searches being run, and this is now recommended by a number of evidence synthesis organizations.

Recommendations and conclusions
Searches for evidence syntheses should be peer reviewed by a suitably qualified and experienced librarian or information specialist after being designed, ideally, by another suitably qualified and experienced librarian or information specialist. Peer review of searches should take place at two important stages in the evidence synthesis process; at the outset of the project prior to the searches being run and at the prepublication stage. There is little empirical evidence, however, to support the effectiveness of peer review of searches. Further research is required to assess this. Those wishing to stay up to date with the latest developments in information retrieval, including peer review of searches, should consult the SuRe Info resource (http://www.sure-info.org), which seeks to help information specialists and others by providing easy access to the findings from current information retrieval methods research and thus support more research-based information retrieval practice.
Midazolam for conscious sedation in transcatheter device closure of atrial septal defects guided solely by transthoracic echocardiography
Authors: Wang Zeng-Chun , Liu Jian-Feng , Lei Yu-Qing , Xu Ning , Huang Shu-Ting , Chen Liang-Wan , Cao Hua , Chen Qiang 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectives:To investigate the safety and feasibility of midazolam for conscious sedation in transcatheter device closure of atrial septal defects guided solely by transthoracic echocardiography.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed on 55 patients who underwent transcatheter device closure of atrial septal defects from October, 2019 to May, 2020. All patients received intravenous midazolam and local anesthesia with lidocaine to maintain sedation. A group of previous patients with unpublished data who underwent the same procedure with general anesthesia was set as the control group. The relevant clinical parameters, the Ramsay sedation scores, the numerical rating scale, and the post-operative satisfaction questionnaire were recorded and analyzed.Results:In the midazolam group, the success rate of atrial septal defect closure was 98.2%. Hemodynamic stability was observed during the procedure. None of the patients needed additional endotracheal intubation for general anesthesia. Compared with the control group, the midazolam group had no statistically significant differences in the Ramsay sedation score and numerical rating scale scores. Patients in the midazolam group experienced more post-operative satisfaction than those in the control group.Conclusions:Conscious sedation using midazolam is a safe and effective anesthetic technique for transcatheter device closure of atrial septal defects guided solely by transthoracic echocardiography.
Translation and Cultural Adaptation of NIH Toolbox Cognitive Tests into Swahili and Dholuo Languages for Use in Children in Western Kenya
Authors: Duffey Megan M. , Ayuku David , Ayodo George , Abuonji Emily , Nyalumbe Mark , Giella Amy K. , Hook Julie N. , Tran Tuan M. , McHenry Megan S. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectives:Performing high-quality and reliable cognitive testing requires significant resources and training. As a result, large-scale studies involving cognitive testing are difficult to perform in low- and middle-income settings, limiting access to critical knowledge to improve academic achievement and economic production in these populations. The NIH Toolbox® is a collection of cognitive, motor, sensory, and emotional tests that can be administered and scored using an iPad® tablet, reducing the need for training and quality monitoring; and thus, it is a potential solution to this problem.Methods:We describe our process for translation and cultural adaptation of the existing NIH Toolbox tests of fluid cognition into the Swahili and Dholuo languages for use in children aged 3–14 years in western Kenya. Through serial forward and back translations, cognitive interviews, group consensus, outside feedback, and support from the NIH Toolbox team, we produced translated tests that have both face validity and linguistic validation.Results:During our cognitive interviews, we found that the five chosen tests (one each of attention, cognitive flexibility, working memory, episodic memory, and processing speed) were generally well understood by children aged 7–14 years in our chosen populations. The cognitive interviews informed alterations in translation as well as slight changes in some images to culturally adapt the tests.Conclusions:This study describes the process by which we translated five fluid cognition tests from the NIH Toolbox into the Swahili and Dholuo languages. The finished testing application will be available for future studies, including a pilot study for assessment of psychometric properties.
How Can You Spot the Experts? An Essay in Social Epistemology
Authors: Goldman Alvin I. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn the history of western philosophy, people were often encouraged to seek knowledge by starting from their own minds and proceeding in a highly individualistic spirit. In recent contemporary philosophy, by contrast, there is a movement toward Social Epistemology, which urges people to seek knowledge from what others know. However, in selected fields some people are experts while others are laypersons. It is natural for self-acknowledged laypersons to seek help from the experts. But who, exactly, are the experts? Many people claiming to be experts are not the real thing. How can laypersons identify genuine experts? This essay explores the problems that arise, pointing out some of the mistakes that can be made and how to avoid them.
Why Do Scientists Lie?
Authors: Bright Liam Kofi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIt's natural to think of scientists as truth seekers, people driven by an intense curiosity to understand the natural world. Yet this picture of scientists and scientific inquiry sits uncomfortably with the reality and prevalence of scientific fraud. If one wants to get at the truth about nature, why lie? Won't that just set inquiry back, as people pursue false leads? To understand why this occurs – and what can be done about it – we need to understand the social structures scientists work within, and how some of the institutions which enable science to be such a successful endeavour all things considered, also abet and encourage fraud.
The Vulnerable Dynamics of Discourse
Authors: Giladi Paul , Petherbridge Danielle 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we offer some compelling reasons to think that issues relating to vulnerability play a significant – albeit thus far underacknowledged – role in Jürgen Habermas’s notions of communicative action and discourse. We shall argue that the basic notions of discourse and communicative action presuppose a robust conception of vulnerability and that recognising vulnerability is essential for (i) making sense of the social character of knowledge, on the epistemic side of things, and for (ii) making sense of the possibility of deliberative democracy, on the political side of things. Our paper is divided into four principal sections. In Section 1, we provide a basic outline of Habermas on communicative action and discourse. In Section 2, we develop an account of vulnerability and communication in the context of speaker/hearer relations. We specifically focus on distorted communication, vulnerability and speech. In Section 3, we focus on elaborating epistemic pathologies in the context of epistemic oppression and testimonial injustice. In Section 4, we focus on explaining how Habermasian resources contribute to vulnerability theory, and how introducing vulnerability theory to Habermas broadens or deepens his theory of communication action and his discourse ethics theory.
Bioactive Trace Metals and Their Isotopes as Paleoproductivity Proxies: An Assessment Using GEOTRACES‐Era Data
Authors: Horner T. J. , Little S. H. , Conway T. M. , Farmer J. R. , Hertzberg J. E. , Janssen D. J. , Lough A. J. M. , McKay J. L. , Tessin A. , Galer S. J. G. , Jaccard S. L. , Lacan F. , Paytan A. , Wuttig K. ,   GEOTRACES–PAGES Biological Productivity Working Group Members
Published: May 2021

AbstractPhytoplankton productivity and export sequester climatically significant quantities of atmospheric carbon dioxide as particulate organic carbon through a suite of processes termed the biological pump. Constraining how the biological pump operated in the past is important for understanding past atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and Earth's climate history. However, reconstructing the history of the biological pump requires proxies. Due to their intimate association with biological processes, several bioactive trace metals and their isotopes are potential proxies for past phytoplankton productivity, including iron, zinc, copper, cadmium, molybdenum, barium, nickel, chromium, and silver. Here, we review the oceanic distributions, driving processes, and depositional archives for these nine metals and their isotopes based on GEOTRACES‐era datasets. We offer an assessment of the overall maturity of each isotope system to serve as a proxy for diagnosing aspects of past ocean productivity and identify priorities for future research. This assessment reveals that cadmium, barium, nickel, and chromium isotopes offer the most promise as tracers of paleoproductivity, whereas iron, zinc, copper, and molybdenum do not. Too little is known about silver to make a confident determination. Intriguingly, the trace metals that are least sensitive to productivity may be used to track other aspects of ocean chemistry, such as nutrient sources, particle scavenging, organic complexation, and ocean redox state. These complementary sensitivities suggest new opportunities for combining perspectives from multiple proxies that will ultimately enable painting a more complete picture of marine paleoproductivity, biogeochemical cycles, and Earth's climate history.
On the Rootless Nature of a Devonian Suture in SW Iberia (Ossa‐Morena Complex, Variscan Orogen): Geometry and Kinematics of the Azuaga Fault
Authors: Fernández Rubén Díez , Fernández Carlos , Arenas Ricardo , Novo‐Fernández Irene 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSuture zones are key to understand collisional orogens, but not all the remains of subduction leading to collision occur in the root of the suture. The Azuaga Fault bounds a Devonian suture zone known as Central Unit. This fault is a steeply NE‐dipping, Variscan strike‐slip fault with left‐lateral and reverse oblique slip components formed during sinistral transpression in the Pennsylvanian. Motion along this fault was coeval with folding and fabric development in both its hanging wall and footwall, and also with the Matachel Fault. Tectonic flow associated with the Azuaga Fault shows high‐vorticity, explaining the exhumation of a flat‐lying Devonian suture zone via WNW‐plunging extrusion from the upper‐middle crust under inclined triclinic transpression during ENE‐WSW convergence. The exposed basal contact of the Central Unit is not the root zone of a Variscan suture zone, but instead is a NE‐dipping breaching fault that cuts across the suture zone that is contiguous to the SW under the upper section of the footwall. The peri‐Gondwanan terrane between the Central Unit and the South‐Portuguese Zone of the Iberian Massif (most of the Ossa‐Morena Zone) is underlain by a Devonian suture, implying it is a continental allochthon. Variscan suture zones in Europe are affected by strike‐slip faults. In our case, this pattern implies the location of suture zone exposures and location of its root are different. Suture zones and strike‐slip faults are common in orogens and analysis of their relationships may lead to relocation of suture zone roots and re‐thinking of upper and lower plates.
Seasonality in Intermittent Streamflow Losses Beneath a Semiarid Mediterranean Wadi
Authors: Fakir Younes , Bouimouass Houssne , Constantz Jim 
Published: May 2021

AbstractStreamflow losses beneath ephemeral and intermittent streams are potentially major contributors to groundwater recharge. Compared to ephemeral streams, intermittent streams often have more than one season of streamflow and often experience shorter zero‐flow periods during the dry seasons and typically longer wet season of steady streamflow. Intermittent streams losses are lacking significant investigation on their variability over wet and dry season, and on the influence on potential groundwater recharge of flooding streamflow compared with more gradual wet seasonal baseflow. To address these issues, both streambed‐sediment water content and temperature were continuously logged over a year for an intermittent stream (wadi) under semi‐arid conditions in Central Morocco. Water content measurements uniquely distinguished between downward percolation and upward advance of the wetting front due to the rise of the water table, whereas temperature modeling was used to estimate vertical fluxes of percolated water. For the year of data, more than 90% of the estimated potential recharge occurred during winter and spring, when the alluvium typically has a higher water moisture, with most recharge generated during flooding conditions. Winter and spring baseflow generally generated low infiltration, though importantly contributes to wetting the sediment for rapid, deep percolation during flooding. Alternatively, summer flashfloods over dry sediment resulted in shallower infiltration despite higher peak streamflows. Thus, clear seasonality (seasonal variation) in relations between amounts of streamflow, streamflow loss, and depth of wetting into the streambed were distinguished over the study year. Finally, lateral recharge was detected, leading to additional seasonal water‐table fluctuation beneath the wadi.
Mapping the transcriptomics landscape of post-traumatic stress disorder symptom dimensions in World Trade Center responders
Authors: Kuan Pei-Fen , Yang Xiaohua , Ren Xu , Che Chang , Waszczuk Monika , Kotov Roman , Clouston Sean , Singh Prashant K. , Glenn Sean T. , Gomez Eduardo Cortes , Wang Jianmin , Bromet Evelyn , Luft Benjamin J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractGene expression has provided promising insights into the pathophysiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, specific regulatory transcriptomic mechanisms remain unknown. The present study addressed this limitation by performing transcriptome-wide RNA-Seq of whole-blood samples from 226 World Trade Center responders. The investigation focused on differential expression (DE) at the gene, isoform, and for the first time, alternative splicing (AS) levels associated with the symptoms of PTSD: total burden, re-experiencing, avoidance, numbing, and hyperarousal subdimensions. These symptoms were associated with 76, 1, 48, 15, and 49 DE genes, respectively (FDR < 0.05). Moreover, they were associated with 103, 11, 0, 43, and 32 AS events. Avoidance differed the most from other dimensions with respect to DE genes and AS events. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) identified pathways involved in inflammatory and metabolic processes, which may have implications in the treatment of PTSD. Overall, the findings shed a novel light on the wide range of transcriptomic alterations associated with PTSD at the gene and AS levels. The results of DE analysis associated with PTSD subdimensions highlights the importance of studying PTSD symptom heterogeneity.