bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behaviour of solutions to the 1D focusing stochastic L2-critical and supercritical nonlinear Schrödinger equation with space-time white noise
Authors: Millet Annie , Roudenko Svetlana , Yang Kai 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We study the focusing stochastic nonlinear Schrödinger equation in 1D in the $L^2$-critical and supercritical cases with an additive or multiplicative perturbation driven by space-time white noise. Unlike the deterministic case, the Hamiltonian (or energy) is not conserved in the stochastic setting nor is the mass (or the $L^2$-norm) conserved in the additive case. Therefore, we investigate the time evolution of these quantities. After that, we study the influence of noise on the global behaviour of solutions. In particular, we show that the noise may induce blow up, thus ceasing the global existence of the solution, which otherwise would be global in the deterministic setting. Furthermore, we study the effect of the noise on the blow-up dynamics in both multiplicative and additive noise settings and obtain profiles and rates of the blow-up solutions. Our findings conclude that the blow-up parameters (rate and profile) are insensitive to the type or strength of the noise: if blow up happens, it has the same dynamics as in the deterministic setting; however, there is a (random) shift of the blow-up centre, which can be described as a random variable normally distributed.
Genome-Wide Investigation of the Multiple Origins Hypothesis for Deep-Spawning Kokanee Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) across its Pan-Pacific Distribution
Authors: Samad-zada Farida , Nakayama Kouji , Russello Michael A 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSalmonids have emerged as important study systems for investigating molecular processes underlying parallel evolution given their tremendous life history variation. Kokanee, the resident form of anadromous sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), have evolved multiple times across the species’ pan-Pacific distribution, exhibiting multiple reproductive ecotypes including those that spawn in streams, on lake-shores, and at lake depths &gt;50 m. The latter has only been detected in 5 locations in Japan and British Columbia, Canada. Here, we investigated the multiple origins hypothesis for deep-spawning kokanee, using 9721 single nucleotide polymorphisms distributed across the genome analyzed for the vast majority of known populations in Japan (Saiko Lake) and Canada (Anderson, Seton, East Barrière Lakes) relative to stream-spawning populations in both regions. We detected 397 outlier loci, none of which were robustly identified in paired-ecotype comparisons in Japan and Canada independently. Bayesian clustering and principal components analyses based on neutral loci revealed 6 distinct clusters, largely associated with geography or translocation history, rather than ecotype. Moreover, a high level of divergence between Canadian and Japanese populations, and between deep- and stream-spawning populations regionally, suggests the deep-spawning ecotype independently evolved on the 2 continents. On a finer level, Japanese kokanee populations exhibited low estimates of heterozygosity, significant levels of inbreeding, and reduced effective population sizes relative to Canadian populations, likely associated with transplantation history. Along with preliminary evidence for hybridization between deep- and stream-spawning ecotypes in Saiko Lake, these findings should be considered within the context of on-going kokanee fisheries management in Japan.
Connecting Forestry Learning Objectives to Urban Forest Types
Authors: Coupland Kathleen , Magalhães Juliana , Griess Verena C 
Published: October 2021

AbstractApplied educational opportunities in forestry undergraduate curricula are essential for a complete postsecondary degree program. Walking distance to local urban forests present a way to teach forestry students in applied settings, while reducing the time, cost, and travel logistics. A case study at a Canadian university (University of British Columbia) was used to connect urban forest canopy cover to forestry learning objectives and walking time to the main teaching building. Individual tree canopies were identified with light detection and ranging data and aggregated to 0.05 ha grid sections. Using canopy cover and forest arrangement, the urban forest was classified into closed, open, small, sparse, or non- forest classifications. Forestry learning objectives were matched with each forest classification in conjunction with walkability to identify critical local location for forestry education. Results identified key areas suitable for teaching forestry and for linking forestry educational values with easily accessible high value locations.
Occurrence of a forest-dwelling bat, northern myotis (Myotis septentrionalis), within Canada’s largest conurbation
Authors: Thorne Toby J , Matczak Eryk , Donnelly Melissa , Franke Maria C , Kerr Kevin C R 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
While some species thrive in urban areas, many are absent from such environments. Those that are successful often have high behavioural flexibility that allows them to exploit new niches in a human-modified landscape. Northern myotis (Myotis septentrionalis) is an endangered bat species rarely identified in urban areas, though it is unclear whether this is due to absence or difficulties in surveying. We investigated the ecology of a population of northern myotis within Canada’s largest conurbation, including reproductive status, roosting preference, and movements. Using capture surveys, we confirmed the presence of reproductive females and healthy juveniles over two seasons. Using radio telemetry and acoustic surveys, we identified a cluster of tree roosts in the centre of the forest, and foraging areas concentrated around waterways within the bounds of the forest. These observations suggest the roosting and movement ecology of this population is similar to that observed for this species in rural environments, despite the urban surroundings. Our results suggest that northern myotis is not a synurbic species but can occur within urbanized environments when suitable habitat is available. We suggest that large forest patches with mature, interior forest cover are likely to be an important resource for northern myotis, and they will be vulnerable to the loss or fragmentation of these features in rapidly urbanizing landscapes. These findings are highly relevant to the ecology and preservation of northern myotis and present a case for greater consideration of this species in urban forests.
The Cost-effectiveness of Cefazolin Compared With Antistaphylococcal Penicillins for the Treatment of Methicillin-SensitiveStaphylococcus aureusBacteremia
Authors: Pliakos Elina Eleftheria , Ziakas Panayiotis D , Mylonakis Eleftherios 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundMethicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) bacteremia is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and hospitalization costs. Cefazolin and antistaphylococcal penicillins (ASPs), such as nafcillin, are the preferred treatments for MSSA bacteremia. The aim of this study was to compare the cost-effectiveness of each approach.MethodsWe constructed a decision-analytic model comparing the use of cefazolin with ASPs for the treatment of MSSA bacteremia. Cost-effectiveness was determined by calculating deaths averted and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). Uncertainty was addressed by plotting cost-effectiveness planes and acceptability curves for various willingness-to-pay thresholds.ResultsIn the base-case analysis, the cost associated with the cefazolin strategy was $38 863.1, and the associated probability of survival was 0.91. For the ASP strategy, the cost was $48 578.8, and the probability of survival was 0.81. The incremental difference in cost between the 2 strategies was $9715.7, with hospital length of stay being the main driver of cost, and the incremental difference in effectiveness was 0.10. Overall, cefazolin results in savings of $97 156.8 per death averted (ICER, $–97 156.8/death averted). In the probabilistic analysis, at a willingness-to-pay of $50 000, cefazolin had a 68% chance of being cost-effective compared with ASPs. In cost-effectiveness acceptability curves, the cefazolin strategy was cost-effective in 73.5%–81.8% of simulations compared with ASP for a willingness-to-pay ranging up to $50 000.ConclusionsThe use of cefazolin is a cost-effective strategy for the treatment of MSSA bacteremia and, when clinically appropriate, this strategy results in considerable health care cost-savings.
Symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea are associated with less frequent exercise and worse subjective cognitive function across adulthood
Authors: Chappel-Farley Miranda G , Mander Bryce A , Neikrug Ariel B , Stehli Annamarie , Nan Bin , Grill Joshua D , Yassa Michael A , Benca Ruth M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Study Objectives
To determine whether subjective measures of exercise and sleep are associated with cognitive complaints and whether exercise effects are mediated by sleep.

Methods
This study analyzed questionnaire data from adults (18–89) enrolled in a recruitment registry. The Cognitive Function Instrument (CFI) assessed cognitive complaints. Medical Outcomes Study Sleep Scale (MOS-SS) subscales and factor scores assessed sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, nighttime disturbance, and insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)-like symptoms. Exercise frequency was defined as the weekly number of exercise sessions. Exercise frequency, MOS-SS subscales, and factor scores were examined as predictors of CFI score, adjusting for age, body mass index, education, sex, cancer diagnosis, antidepressant usage, psychiatric conditions, and medical comorbidities. Analyses of covariance examined the relationship between sleep duration groups (short, mid-range, and long) and CFI score, adjusting for covariates. Mediation by sleep in the exercise-CFI score relationship was tested.

Results
Data from 2106 adults were analyzed. Exercise and MOS-SS subscales and factor scores were associated with CFI score. Higher Sleep Adequacy scores were associated with fewer cognitive complaints, whereas higher Sleep Somnolence, Sleep Disturbance, Sleep Problems Index I, Sleep Problems Index II, and factor scores were associated with more cognitive complaints. MOS-SS subscales and factor scores, except Sleep Disturbance and the insomnia factor score, mediated the association between exercise and cognitive complaints.

Conclusions
The relationship between exercise frequency and subjective cognitive performance is mediated by sleep. In particular, the mediation effect appears to be driven by symptoms possibly suggestive of OSA which are negatively associated with exercise engagement, sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and subjective cognitive performance.
Resection of esophageal duplication cyst in a 6-month child: a surgical challenge by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery VATS
Authors: Essa Rawand A. , Ahmed Sirwan K. , Bapir Dunya H. , Rasul Shero A. , Abubakr Chawan P. , Khdir Awat A. , Mina Sherko B. , M-Amin Peshawa K. 
Published: October 2021

Introduction and importance:
Esophageal duplication cysts (EDCs) are rare congenital entities, with an incidence of 1:100,00. The majority of patients are asymptomatic and lesions are usually found incidentally on imaging. However, these cysts were removed via open surgery. Nowadays, video-assisted thoracoscopy surgery (VATS) is an alternative safe method to remove ECDs.

Case presentation:
Here we present a 6-month-child male complaining of shortness of breath, stridor associated with cough, repeated vomiting, and fever. Furthermore, laboratory test results are within normal limits. Chest x-ray showed well-defined soft tissue density on the right upper and middle lobe with normal lung field, and computed tomography scan revealed that cystic lesion measuring 7×3 cm extended from the thyroid cartilage downward to the posterior mediastinum and toward the right side of the chest causing compression of the trachea, esophagus, and right mainstem bronchus. Finally, the patient was diagnosed with an EDC by histopathologic examination. The patient underwent surgery under general anesthesia by uni-portal VATS through the right fourth intercostal space was performed. The cyst was resected, and an esophageal tear occurred because of the wall of the esophagus as part of the cyst. The patient was discharged on day 11 postoperative.

Conclusion:
EDC is an exceedingly rare entity. VATS is a less invasive procedure, effective, safe, and has a good clinical outcome compared with open surgical resection. We conclude that EDC should be maintained in the differential diagnosis of unexplained stridor, wheeze, and recurrent chest infection in children.
Composite Anterolateral Thigh and Fascia Lata Free Flap for Abdominal and Groin Reconstruction in a Pediatric Patient
Authors: Pflibsen Lacey R. , Teven Chad M. , Lundberg Jaclyn N. , Mabee Melinda K. , Garvey Erin M. , Davenport Katherine P. , Hammond Jacob B. , Schaub Timothy A. 
Published: October 2021

Summary:
Large abdominal wall and groin defects present complex reconstructive challenges. These defects typically require free flap reconstruction to bring in healthy vascularized tissue and recreate the complex full-thickness defect. A 6-year-old previously healthy girl presented to our trauma center after sustaining a close-range shotgun injury resulting in a full-thickness defect to the inferior hemi-abdomen and groin. A composite anterolateral thigh flap with fascia lata free flap was performed to reconstruct the myofascial, skin, and subcutaneous tissue of the abdomen and groin. We present the first composite anterolateral thigh flap with fascia lata for full-thickness abdominal wall and groin reconstruction in a pediatric patient.
An intermediate effect size variant in UMOD confers risk for chronic kidney disease
Authors: Olinger Eric , Schaeffer Céline , Kidd Kendrah , Cheng Yurong , Dufour Inès , Schiano Guglielmo , Mabillard Holly , Pasqualetto Elena , Elhassan Elhussein A. E. , Hofmann Patrick , Fuster Daniel G. , Kistler Andreas D. , Conlon Peter J. , Wilson Ian J. , Kmoch Stanislav ,   Genomics England Research Consortium, Eckardt Kai-Uwe , Bleyer Anthony J. , Köttgen Anna , Wiesener Michael , Sayer John A. , Rampoldi Luca , Devuyst Olivier 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe kidney-specific gene UMOD encodes for uromodulin, the most abundant protein excreted in normal urine. Rare, large-effect variants in UMOD cause autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease (ADTKD) while common, low-effect variants strongly associate with kidney function and risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the general population. It is unknown whether intermediate-effect variants in UMOD contribute to CKD. Here, candidate intermediate-effect UMOD variants were identified using large population and ADTKD cohorts. Biological and phenotypical effects were investigated using cell models, in silico simulations and international databases and biobanks. Eight UMOD missense variants reported in ADTKD are present in gnomAD with MAF ranging from 10−5 to 10−3. Among them, the missense variant p.Thr62Pro is detected in ∼1/1,000 individuals of European ancestry, shows incomplete penetrance but a high genetic load in familial clusters of CKD and is associated with kidney failure in the 100,000 Genomes Project (OR 3.99; 1.84-8.98) and the UK Biobank (OR 4.12; 1.32-12.85). Compared to canonical ADTKD mutations, the p.Thr62Pro carriers displayed reduced disease severity, with slower progression of CKD, intermediate reduction of urinary UMOD levels, in line with an intermediate trafficking defect in vitro. Identification of an intermediate-effect UMOD variant completes the spectrum of UMOD-associated kidney diseases and provides novel insights into the mechanisms of ADTKD and the genetic architecture of CKD.Significance StatementThe genetic architecture of chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains incompletely understood. Variants in the kidney-specific gene UMOD cause autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease (ADTKD) and are associated with kidney function and risk of CKD in the general population. Here, we identified an intermediate-effect variant, p.Thr62Pro, detected in ∼1:1,000 individuals of European ancestry, that showed a high genetic load in familial clusters of CKD and was associated with an OR of ∼4 for kidney failure in the 100,000 Genomes Project and the UK Biobank. Compared to canonical ADTKD mutations, p.Thr62Pro carriers displayed reduced disease severity and an intermediate trafficking defect. These findings complete the spectrum of UMOD-associated kidney diseases and provide a paradigm for the genetic contribution to CKD.
Getting to the Emergency Department in Time: Interviews With Patients and Their Caregivers on the Challenges to Emergency Care Utilization in Rural Uganda - a Grounded Theory Approach
Authors: Pickering Ashley E. , Dreifuss Heather M. , Ndyamwijuka Charles , Nichter Mark , Dreifuss Bradley A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectivesKaroli Lwanga Hospital and Global Emergency Care, a 501(c)(3) nongovernmental organization, operate an Emergency Department (ED) in Uganda’s rural Rukungiri District. Despite available emergency care (EC), preventable death and disability persist due to delayed patient presentations. Implementation of effective EC requires assessment of socioeconomic, cultural, and structural factors leading to treatment delay.MethodsWe purposefully sampled and interviewed patients and caregivers presenting to the ED more than 12 hours after onset of chief complaint in January-March 2017 to include various ages, genders, and complaints. Semistructured interviews addressing actions taken before seeking EC and delays to presentation once the need for EC was recognized were conducted. Interviews were audio recorded, translated, and transcribed, enabling the interdisciplinary and multicultural research team to conduct thematic analysis utilizing a grounded theory approach.ResultsThe 50 ED patients for whom care was sought (mean age 33) had approximately even distribution of gender, as well as occupation (none, subsistence farmers and small business owner). Interviews were conducted with 37 caregivers and 13 ED patients. The majority of interviewees (mean age 38 years) were women with a primary education. The median duration of patients’ chief complaint on ED presentation was 5.5 days. On average, participants identified severe symptoms necessitating EC 1 day before presentation. Four themes of treatment delay before and after severity were recognized were identified: 1) Cultural factors and limited knowledge of emergency signs and initial actions to take ; 2) Use of local health facilities despite perception of inadequate services; 3) Lack of resources to cover the anticipated cost of obtaining EC; 4) Inadequate transportation options.ConclusionsInterventions are warranted to address each of the four major reasons for treatment delay. The next stage of formative research will generate intervention strategies and assess the opportunities and challenges to implementation with community and health system stakeholders.
Association between psychological distress trajectories from adolescence to midlife and mental health during the pandemic: Evidence from two British birth cohorts
Authors: Moulton Vanessa , Sullivan Alice , Patalay Praveetha , Fitzsimons Emla , Henderson Morag , Bann David , Ploubidis George B. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundSome studies suggest worsening mental health in the early stages of the pandemic, for individuals with pre-existing mental health conditions the evidence is mixed. We examined whether different life-course trajectories of psychological distress from adolescence to midlife were associated with psychological distress, lower life satisfaction and feelings of loneliness at different stages during the pandemic.MethodsThis study is a secondary analysis of two nationally representative British Birth cohorts, the National Child Development Study (1958) and 1970 British Cohort Study, from birth to later mid-life. We used latent variable mixture models to identify pre-pandemic longitudinal trajectories of psychological distress and a modified poisson model with robust standard errors to estimate associations with mental health outcomes during the pandemic from May 2020 to March 2021.FindingsOur analysis identified five distinct pre-pandemic trajectories of psychological distress in both cohorts. All trajectories with prior symptoms of psychological distress were associated with a greater relative risk of mental health outcomes during the pandemic. This was the case irrespective of age of onset, severity, longevity and proximal occurrence. Those who had experienced more than one prior episode of high psychological distress, and more recent occurrences, faced the greatest risk of poor mental health during the pandemic.InterpretationWhilst any prior episode of poor mental health put individuals at greater risk of severe mental health symptoms, those with chronic and more recent occurrence are likely to require greater mental health support.
Appearance of IgG to SARS-CoV-2 in saliva effectively indicates seroconversion in mRNA vaccinated immunocompromised individuals
Authors: Healy Katie , Pin Elisa , Chen Puran , Söderdahl Gunnar , Nowak Piotr , Mielke Stephan , Hansson Lotta , Bergman Peter , Smith C. I. Edvard , Ljungman Per , Valentini Davide , Blennow Ola , Österborg Anders , Gabarrini Giorgio , Al-Manei Khaled , Alkharaan Hassan , Sobkowiak Michal Jacek , Xu Xinling , Akber Mira , Loré Karin , Hellström Cecilia , Muschiol Sandra , Bogdanovic Gordana , Buggert Marcus , Ljunggren Hans-Gustaf , Hober Sophia , Nilsson Peter , Aleman Soo , Sällberg Chen Margaret 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundImmunocompromised individuals are highly susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Whether vaccine-induced immunity in these individuals involves the oral cavity, a primary site of infection, is presently unknown.MethodsImmunocompromised individuals (n=404) and healthy controls (n=82) participated in a prospective clinical trial encompassing two doses of the mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine. Immunocompromised individuals included primary immunodeficiencies (PID) and secondary immunodeficiencies caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)/chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy (CAR-T), solid organ transplantation (SOT), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Saliva and serum samples were collected at four time points from the first vaccine dose until 2 weeks after second dose. SARS-CoV-2 spike specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses were quantified by a multiplex bead-based assay in saliva and correlated to paired serum IgG titers determined by Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S assay.ResultsIgG responses to the SARS-CoV-2 spike full-length trimeric glycoprotein (Spike-f) and S1 subunit in saliva in the HIV and HSCT/CAR-T groups were comparable to healthy controls. In contrast, PID, SOT, and CLL patients all displayed weaker responses which were mainly influenced by disease parameters or immunosuppressants. Salivary IgG levels strongly correlated with serum IgG titers on days 21 and 35 (rho=0.8079 and 0.7768, p=<0.0001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for the predictive power of salivary IgG yielded AUC=0.95, PPV=90.7% for the entire cohort on D35.ConclusionsSaliva conveys humoral responses induced by BNT162b2 vaccination. The predictive power makes it highly suitable for screening low responding/vulnerable groups for revaccination.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.govIdentifier:NCT04780659FundingKnut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Erling Perssons family foundation, Region Stockholm, Swedish Research Council, Karolinska Institutet, The Swedish Blood Cancer Foundation and the organization for PID patient group in Sweden, and Nordstjernan AB. Center for Medical Innovation (CIMED), the Swedish Medical Research Council and the Stockholm County Council (ALF).GRAPHIC ABSTRACT