bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethics of AI in Education: Towards a Community-Wide Framework
Authors: Holmes Wayne , Porayska-Pomsta Kaska , Holstein Ken , Sutherland Emma , Baker Toby , Shum Simon Buckingham , Santos Olga C. , Rodrigo Mercedes T. , Cukurova Mutlu , Bittencourt Ig Ibert , Koedinger Kenneth R. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWhile Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED) research has at its core the desire to support student learning, experience from other AI domains suggest that such ethical intentions are not by themselves sufficient. There is also the need to consider explicitly issues such as fairness, accountability, transparency, bias, autonomy, agency, and inclusion. At a more general level, there is also a need to differentiate between doing ethical things and doing things ethically, to understand and to make pedagogical choices that are ethical, and to account for the ever-present possibility of unintended consequences. However, addressing these and related questions is far from trivial. As a first step towards addressing this critical gap, we invited 60 of the AIED community’s leading researchers to respond to a survey of questions about ethics and the application of AI in educational contexts. In this paper, we first introduce issues around the ethics of AI in education. Next, we summarise the contributions of the 17 respondents, and discuss the complex issues that they raised. Specific outcomes include the recognition that most AIED researchers are not trained to tackle the emerging ethical questions. A well-designed framework for engaging with ethics of AIED that combined a multidisciplinary approach and a set of robust guidelines seems vital in this context.
An intelligent approach for analyzing the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on marketing mix elements (7Ps) of the on-demand grocery delivery service
Authors: Altay Burak Can , Okumuş Abdullah , Adıgüzel Mercangöz Burcu 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDue to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, on-demand grocery delivery service that combines mobile technology and city logistics has gained tremendous popularity among grocery shoppers as a substitute to self-service grocery shopping in the store. This paper proposes an intelligent comparative approach where fuzzy logic and the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method are combined to determine the importance weights of the criteria for marketing mix elements (7Ps) of the on-demand grocery delivery service for the period before COVID-19 and during COVID-19. In addition to its comprehensive theoretical insight, this paper provides a practical contribution to decision makers who create a marketing mix for the on-demand grocery delivery service and other similar online grocery businesses in terms of efficient allocation of resources to the development of marketing mix elements. The study’s findings can also provide clues for the decision makers in times of similar pandemics and crises that are likely to be seen in the future.
An overview of optical and thermal methods for the characterization of carbonaceous aerosol
Authors: Massabò D. , Prati P. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCarbon is present in the atmosphere not only as $$\hbox {CO}_2$$

CO
2

and other gaseous compounds: it is also one of the major components of the atmospheric aerosols. Carbonaceous Aerosols, CA, have a high but still not fully understood impact on climate and human health, furthermore, their composition is part of the “fingerprint” characteristic of different “sources” of airborne Particulate Matter (PM). The set of methodologies to quantify the concentration of specific carbonaceous species in the atmospheric aerosols is extremely ample, however a completely assessed standard has not been defined yet. In this review article we summarize the state of the art in such wide and multi-disciplinary field, with a focus on optical and thermo-optical methodologies and insights on the more relevant open problems.
Neural Networks Trained on Natural Scenes Exhibit Gestalt Closure
Authors: Kim Been , Reif Emily , Wattenberg Martin , Bengio Samy , Mozer Michael C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Gestalt laws of perceptual organization, which describe how visual elements in an image are grouped and interpreted, have traditionally been thought of as innate. Given past research showing that these laws have ecological validity, we investigate whether deep learning methods infer Gestalt laws from the statistics of natural scenes. We examine the law of closure, which asserts that human visual perception tends to “close the gap” by assembling elements that can jointly be interpreted as a complete figure or object. We demonstrate that a state-of-the-art convolutional neural network, trained to classify natural images, exhibits closure on synthetic displays of edge fragments, as assessed by similarity of internal representations. This finding provides further support for the hypothesis that the human perceptual system is even more elegant than the Gestaltists imagined: a single law—adaptation to the statistical structure of the environment—might suffice as fundamental.
Modelling gender differences in participation in PhD studies in mathematics
Authors: Sumpter L. , Sumpter D. J. T. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn most subject areas, the proportion of women PhD students is around 50%. Mathematics differs despite minimal differences between boys’ and girls’ school achievements. In this paper, we show, drawing on Swedish data from the last 45 years, that low female participation in mathematical PhDs is due to low participative growth rates rather than historical low levels. In comparison, science has twice as strong growth rate, while non-STEM subjects have grown four times faster. The results show that gender differences regarding participation is indeed dynamic, but changes do not occur despite political initiatives such as laws on non-discrimination and encouragement of equal parental leave. Instead, the results imply that in order for maths departments to avoid continuing being gendered institutions, it requires active changes in structures and working environment.
Music, Politics, and History: An Introduction
Authors: Kennerley David 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMusic has been steadily rising up the historical agenda, a product of the emergence of sound studies, the history of the senses, and a mood of interdisciplinary curiosity. This introductory article offers a critical review of how the relationship between music and politics has featured in extant historical writing, from classic works of political history to the most recent scholarship. It begins by evaluating different approaches that historians have taken to music, summarizes the important shifts in method that have recently taken place, and advocates for a performance-centered, contextualized framework that is attentive to the distinctive features of music as a medium. The second half examines avenues for future research into the historical connections between music and politics, focusing on four thematic areas—the body, emotions, space, and memory—and closes with some overarching reflections on music's use as a tool of power, as well as a challenge to it. Although for reasons of cohesion, this short article focuses primarily on scholarship on Britain and Ireland in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, its discussion of theory and methods is intended to be applicable to the study of music and political culture across a broad range of periods and geographies.
The Impact of Climate Change on Ocean Submesoscale Activity
Authors: Richards K. J. , Whitt D. B. , Brett G. , Bryan F. O. , Feloy K. , Long M. C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGlobal warming may modify submesoscale activity in the ocean through changes in the mixed layer depth (MLD) and lateral buoyancy gradients. As a case study we consider a region in the NE Atlantic under present and future climate conditions, using a time‐slice method and global and nested regional ocean models. The high resolution regional model reproduces the strong seasonal cycle in submesoscale activity observed under present‐day conditions. Focusing on the well‐resolved winter months, in the future, with a reduction in the MLD, there is a substantial reduction in submesoscale activity, an associated decrease in kinetic energy (KE) at the mesoscale, and the vertical buoyancy flux induced by submesoscale activity is reduced by a factor of 2. When submesoscale activity is suppressed, by increasing the parameterized lateral mixing in the model, the climate change induces a larger reduction in winter MLDs while there is less of a change in KE at the mesoscale. A scaling for the vertical buoyancy flux proposed by (Fox‐Kemper et al., 2008; doi:10.1175/2007JPO3792.1) based on the properties of mixed layer instability (MLI), is found to capture much of the seasonal and future changes to the flux in terms of regional averages as well as the spatial structure, although it over predicts the reduction in the flux in the winter months. The vertical buoyancy flux when the mixed layer is relatively shallow is significantly greater than that given by the scaling based on MLI, suggesting during these times other processes (besides MLI) may dominate submesoscale buoyancy fluxes.
Mutant KRAS triggers functional reprogramming of tumor-associated macrophages in colorectal cancer
Authors: Liu Huashan , Liang Zhenxing , Zhou Chi , Zeng Ziwei , Wang Fengwei , Hu Tuo , He Xiaowen , Wu Xiaojian , Wu Xianrui , Lan Ping 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOncogenic KRAS has been previously identified to act in a cell-intrinsic manner to modulate multiple biological functions of colorectal cancer (CRC). Here, we demonstrate a cell-extrinsic role of KRAS, where KRAS engages with the tumor microenvironment by functional reprogramming of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). In human CRC specimens, mutant KRAS positively correlates with the presence of TAMs. Mutationally activated KRAS in tumor cells reprograms macrophages to a TAM-like phenotype via a combination effect of tumor-derived CSF2 and lactate. In turn, KRAS-reprogrammed macrophages were shown to not only promote tumor progression but also induce the resistance of tumor cells to cetuximab therapy. Mechanistically, KRAS drives the production of CSF2 and lactate in tumor cells by stabilizing hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), a transcription factor that controls the expression of CSF2 and glycolytic genes. Mutant KRAS increased the production of reactive oxygen species, an inhibitor of prolyl hydroxylase activity which decreases HIF-1α hydroxylation, leading to enhanced HIF-1α stabilization. This cell-extrinsic mechanism awards KRAS a critical role in engineering a permissive microenvironment to promote tumor malignancy, and may present new insights on potential therapeutic defense strategies against mutant KRAS tumors.
Geometric frustration in polygons of polariton condensates creating vortices of varying topological charge
Authors: Cookson Tamsin , Kalinin Kirill , Sigurdsson Helgi , Töpfer Julian D. , Alyatkin Sergey , Silva Matteo , Langbein Wolfgang , Berloff Natalia G. , Lagoudakis Pavlos G. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractVorticity is a key ingredient to a broad variety of fluid phenomena, and its quantised version is considered to be the hallmark of superfluidity. Circulating flows that correspond to vortices of a large topological charge, termed giant vortices, are notoriously difficult to realise and even when externally imprinted, they are unstable, breaking into many vortices of a single charge. In spite of many theoretical proposals on the formation and stabilisation of giant vortices in ultra-cold atomic Bose-Einstein condensates and other superfluid systems, their experimental realisation remains elusive. Polariton condensates stand out from other superfluid systems due to their particularly strong interparticle interactions combined with their non-equilibrium nature, and as such provide an alternative testbed for the study of vortices. Here, we non-resonantly excite an odd number of polariton condensates at the vertices of a regular polygon and we observe the formation of a stable discrete vortex state with a large topological charge as a consequence of antibonding frustration between nearest neighbouring condensates.
Seroprevalence and correlates of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies from a population-based study in Bonn, Germany
Authors: Aziz N. Ahmad , Corman Victor M. , Echterhoff Antje K. C. , Müller Marcel A. , Richter Anja , Schmandke Antonio , Schmidt Marie Luisa , Schmidt Thomas H. , de Vries Folgerdiena M. , Drosten Christian , Breteler Monique M. B. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTo estimate the seroprevalence and temporal course of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies, we embedded a multi-tiered seroprevalence survey within an ongoing community-based cohort study in Bonn, Germany. We first assessed anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G levels with an immunoassay, followed by confirmatory testing of borderline and positive test results with a recombinant spike-based immunofluorescence assay and a plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). Those with a borderline or positive immunoassay result were retested after 4 to 5 months. At baseline, 4771 persons participated (88% response rate). Between April 24th and June 30th, 2020, seroprevalence was 0.97% (95% CI: 0.72−1.30) by immunoassay and 0.36% (95% CI: 0.21−0.61) when considering only those with two additional positive confirmatory tests. Importantly, about 20% of PRNT+ individuals lost their neutralizing antibodies within five months. Here, we show that neutralizing antibodies are detectable in only one third of those with a positive immunoassay result, and wane relatively quickly.
Graphene collage on Ni-rich layered oxide cathodes for advanced lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Park Chang Won , Lee Jung-Hun , Seo Jae Kwon , Jo Won Young , Whang Dongmok , Hwang Soo Min , Kim Young-Jun 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe energy storage performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) depends on the electrode capacity and electrode/cell design parameters, which have previously been addressed separately, leading to a failure in practical implementation. Here, we show how conformal graphene (Gr) coating on Ni-rich oxides enables the fabrication of highly packed cathodes containing a high content of active material (~99 wt%) without conventional conducting agents. With 99 wt% LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) and electrode density of ~4.3 g cm-3, the Gr-coated NCA cathode delivers a high areal capacity, ~5.4 mAh cm−2 (~38% increase) and high volumetric capacity, ~863 mAh cm-3 (~34% increase) at a current rate of 0.2 C (~1.1 mA cm-2); this surpasses the bare electrode approaching a commercial level of electrode setting (96 wt% NCA; ~3.3 g cm-3). Our findings offer a combinatorial avenue for materials engineering and electrode design toward advanced LIB cathodes.
Physiological role for GABAA receptor desensitization in the induction of long-term potentiation at inhibitory synapses
Authors: Field Martin , Dorovykh Valentina , Thomas Philip , Smart Trevor G. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGABAA receptors (GABAARs) are pentameric ligand-gated ion channels distributed throughout the brain where they mediate synaptic and tonic inhibition. Following activation, these receptors undergo desensitization which involves entry into long-lived agonist-bound closed states. Although the kinetic effects of this state are recognised and its structural basis has been uncovered, the physiological impact of desensitization on inhibitory neurotransmission remains unknown. Here we describe an enduring form of long-term potentiation at inhibitory synapses that elevates synaptic current amplitude for 24 h following desensitization of GABAARs in response to agonist exposure or allosteric modulation. Using receptor mutants and allosteric modulators we demonstrate that desensitization of GABAARs facilitates their phosphorylation by PKC, which increases the number of receptors at inhibitory synapses. These observations provide a physiological relevance to the desensitized state of GABAARs, acting as a signal to regulate the efficacy of inhibitory synapses during prolonged periods of inhibitory neurotransmission.
The Pseudomonas aeruginosa substrate-binding protein Ttg2D functions as a general glycerophospholipid transporter across the periplasm
Authors: Yero Daniel , Díaz-Lobo Mireia , Costenaro Lionel , Conchillo-Solé Oscar , Mayo Adrià , Ferrer-Navarro Mario , Vilaseca Marta , Gibert Isidre , Daura Xavier 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Ttg2D is the soluble periplasmic phospholipid-binding component of an ABC transport system thought to be involved in maintaining the asymmetry of the outer membrane. Here we use the crystallographic structure of Ttg2D at 2.5 Å resolution to reveal that this protein can accommodate four acyl chains. Analysis of the available structures of Ttg2D orthologs shows that they conform a new substrate-binding-protein structural cluster. Native and denaturing mass spectrometry experiments confirm that Ttg2D, produced both heterologously and homologously and isolated from the periplasm, can carry two diacyl glycerophospholipids as well as one cardiolipin. Binding is notably promiscuous, allowing the transport of various molecular species. In vitro binding assays coupled to native mass spectrometry show that binding of cardiolipin is spontaneous. Gene knockout experiments in P. aeruginosa multidrug-resistant strains reveal that the Ttg2 system is involved in low-level intrinsic resistance against certain antibiotics that use a lipid-mediated pathway to permeate through membranes.
In situ monitoring of the influence of water on DNA radiation damage by near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Authors: Hahn Marc Benjamin , Dietrich Paul M. , Radnik Jörg 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIonizing radiation damage to DNA plays a fundamental role in cancer therapy. X-ray photoelectron-spectroscopy (XPS) allows simultaneous irradiation and damage monitoring. Although water radiolysis is essential for radiation damage, all previous XPS studies were performed in vacuum. Here we present near-ambient-pressure XPS experiments to directly measure DNA damage under water atmosphere. They permit in-situ monitoring of the effects of radicals on fully hydrated double-stranded DNA. The results allow us to distinguish direct damage, by photons and secondary low-energy electrons (LEE), from damage by hydroxyl radicals or hydration induced modifications of damage pathways. The exposure of dry DNA to x-rays leads to strand-breaks at the sugar-phosphate backbone, while deoxyribose and nucleobases are less affected. In contrast, a strong increase of DNA damage is observed in water, where OH-radicals are produced. In consequence, base damage and base release become predominant, even though the number of strand-breaks increases further.
Topological electronics
Authors: Gilbert Matthew J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWithin the broad and deep field of topological materials, there are an ever-increasing number of materials that harbor topological phases. While condensed matter physics continues to probe the exotic physical properties resulting from the existence of topological phases in new materials, there exists a suite of “well-known” topological materials in which the physical properties are well-characterized, such as Bi2Se3 and Bi2Te3. In this context, it is then appropriate to ask if the unique properties of well-explored topological materials may have a role to play in applications that form the basis of a new paradigm in information processing devices and architectures. To accomplish such a transition from physical novelty to application based material, the potential of topological materials must be disseminated beyond the reach of condensed matter to engender interest in diverse areas such as: electrical engineering, materials science, and applied physics. Accordingly, in this review, we assess the state of current electronic device applications and contemplate the future prospects of topological materials from an applied perspective. More specifically, we will review the application of topological materials to the general areas of electronic and magnetic device technologies with the goal of elucidating the potential utility of well-characterized topological materials in future information processing applications.
Electro-absorption modulation in GeSn alloys for wide-spectrum mid-infrared applications
Authors: Hsieh Yun-Da , Lin Jun-Han , Soref Richard , Sun Greg , Cheng Hung-Hsiang , Chang Guo-En 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSilicon-based electronic-photonic integrated circuits, which are compatible with state-of-the-art complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor processes, offer promising opportunities for on-chip mid-infrared photonic systems. However, the lack of efficient mid-infrared optical modulators on silicon hinders the utilization of such systems. Here, we demonstrate the Franz-Keldysh effect in GeSn alloys and achieve mid-infrared electro-absorption optical modulation using GeSn heterostructures on silicon. Our experimental and theoretical results verify that the direct bandgap energy of GeSn can be widely tuned by varying the Sn content, thereby realizing wavelength-tunable optical modulation in the mid-infrared range with a figure-of-merit greater than 1.5 and a broadband operating range greater than 140 nm. In contrast to conventional silicon-photonic modulators based on the plasma dispersion effect, our GeSn heterostructure demonstrates practical and effective Franz-Keldysh mid-infrared optical modulation on silicon, helping to unlock the potential of electronic-photonic integrated circuits in a wide range of applications.
Neurophysiologische Parameter zum Sprachverstehen von Patienten mit Cochlea-Implantaten
Authors: Ernst Robert , Linxweiler Maximilian , Rink Katharina Anna , Rothe Heike , Lecomte Gregory , Bozzato Alessandro , Hecker Dietmar 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungHintergrund Cochlea-Implantate (CI) stellen heutzutage die Behandlungsmethode der Wahl für schwerhörige bis vollständig ertaubte PatientInnen dar. Während für gehörlose PatientInnen bereits die Wiederherstellung eines basalen Höreindrucks einen enormen Erfolg darstellt, ist das Treffen von Vorhersagen für PatientInnen mit einem Restgehör oftmals komplexer. Im Rahmen dieser Studie soll anhand von erhobenen Daten der neurophysiologische Einfluss von objektiven Parametern beim klassifizierten Sprachverstehen (SPV) von CI-Trägern aufgezeigt werden.Material und Methoden Insgesamt wurden 52 PatientInnen mit 65 Ohren im Alter von 18–80 Jahren eingeschlossen. Als objektive Parameter wurden ECAP-Schwellen und Impedanzwerte und als subjektive Parameter die T- und C/M-Werte genutzt. Klassifiziert wurden die Ergebnisse über die Performance des SPV.Ergebnisse Die Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen (Alter, Tragedauer) waren nicht signifikant, wobei das erreichte Hörvermögen bei 500 Hz signifikant mit dem Mehrsilbertest korrelierte. Die Elektrodenimpedanzen korrelierten im Mittel mit dem SPV bei gleichbleibender Variabilität. Die Verteilungen von objektiven und subjektiven Parametern zeigten zum Teil signifikante Unterschiede. Viele Verteilungen besaßen dabei signifikant auffällige Unterschiede zur Normalverteilung. Dementsprechend waren die Überlappungsbereiche der Signifikanzniveaus sehr eng begrenzt.Schlussfolgerungen Höhere Impedanzen und nicht korrekt angepasste T-Werte ergaben ein schlechteres SPV. Die Verhältnisse von C/M-Werten zu den ECAP-Schwellen zeigten sich als wesentlich für ein gutes SPV.