bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
502 Late-Breaking: Tongue Rolling Behavior in a Large U.S. Dairy Herd
Authors: Robbins Jesse , Paros Mike , McCandless Kelly 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Stereotypic behavior is repetitive, invariant behavior with no obvious goal or function and may indicate negative welfare. Non-nutritive oral behaviors are the most common form of stereotypic behavior in captive ungulates and these include tongue rolling where the cow’s tongue is extended, moving inside and outside of the mouth while the cow is not eating. We assessed the prevalence of tongue rolling in a large commercial dairy herd located in the United States by video recording cattle (n = 10,000) during three consecutive milkings on two rotary milking parlors. Associations between tongue rolling behavior, breed, age, days in milk, pregnancy status and milk production were assessed. In total, 29% percent (2,931) of cows were observed tongue rolling on the rotary parlor during at least one milking; 6% (613) were observed tongue rolling during two milkings; and 1.6% (164) were observed tongue rolling during all three sampling periods. Breed was the only variable associated with tongue rolling in the rotary parlor with nearly twice the proportion of Jersey (33%) vs Jersey X Holstein (17%) exhibiting tongue rolling behavior (P &lt; 0.0001). The higher incidence of tongue rolling among Jersey vs Jersey X Holstein cattle within a shared environment suggests a strong genetic component that warrants further investigation. Validated sampling strategies for assessing tongue rolling in dairy cattle are needed.
504 Late-Breaking: Automatic Monitoring Systems to Detect Behavioral and Productive Variations during Heat Stress in Dairy Cows
Authors: Mammi Ludovica , Cavallini Damiano , Palmonari Alberto , Concolino Alessandro , Ghiaccio Francesca , Buonaiuto Giovanni , Visentin Giulio , Formigoni Andrea 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Aim of the project was to evaluate behavioral and productive variations of dairy cows detected by automatic monitoring systems, during different seasons. Environmental data (Temperature (T, °C), Relative Humidity, (RH, %) and Temperature and Humidity Index (THI)), were recorded inside the pens by electronic probes during 4 periods over 2 years, for a total of 473 days. Fans and sprinklers were activated at THI &gt;60. Hundred lactating and dry cows were equipped with monitoring tag (Heatime-Pro, SCR Engineers Ltd.) that recorded continuously time (min/d) spent ruminating (RT), panting (PT) and feeding (FT). Daily PT and FT data were recorded as group average [lactating (LC) or dry], while RT and milk production were extracted as individual data. Four classes of environmental stress were identified based on maximum THI: comfort (C, THI &lt; 60, 101d), moderate stress (MS, 60&lt; THI &gt;69, 92d), stress (S, 70&lt; THI &gt;75, 102d), severe stress (SS, THI &gt;75, 178d). Behavioral and productive data were compared between classes. Data were analyzed by mixed model with repeated measures, with environmental class, group (dry or lactating), parity and interactions as fixed effect. Cow was included as random effect for RT and milk production. Means comparison was performed by Tukey post hoc test. All behavioral outcomes were influenced by heat stress (P &lt; .001, table 1). Panting increased linearly with maximum THI recorded, being highest during SS days in LC (49.6 min/d, P &lt; .001). FT and RT (min/d) were lowest (P &lt; .001) during S days (206.9, FT and 473.1, RT) and RT reached the lowest values in cows within 15 DIM (456.4). Milk production was affected in multiparous cows, with a linear reduction from C to SS days (P &lt; .001). Heat stress deeply affected cows behavior and performances, despite cooling systems. Automatic monitoring of these parameters can effectively help in detecting heat stress and consequently adopt strategies to improve animal welfare.
328 The Potential Role of Two Red Seaweeds That Promote Anti-methanogenic Activity and Rumen Fermentation Profiles Under Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Min Byeng Ryel , Genovese Giusi , Castleberry Lana , Lockard Cathy , Waldrip Heidi , Miller Daniel , Akbay Alexia , Morabito Marina , Manghisi Antonio , Spagnuolo Damiano , Brauer David 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Ruminal methane (CH4) production results from carbohydrate fermentation by ruminal microbiota (methanogens) to produce CH4, volatile fatty acids (VFA), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and hydrogen (H2) in a reduction pathway. The aims of this study were to assess the effects of two red seaweed (RSW) species (Asparagopsis taxiformis and A. armata; collected from Messina, Italy). The two RSW were identified by DNA barcoding and genetic data were deposited in BOLD Systems (REAPP006-21, REAPP004-21, respectively). The two RSW were used at dietary inclusion levels (0, 2, and 4% as-fed basis) in an anaerobic in vitro study (39°C for 48-h) to examine greenhouse gas (GHG) production and VFA profiles. Gases were collected using an ANKOM Gas Production system and analyzed for CH4 and N2O by gas chromatography. Asparagopsis taxiformis contained higher levels of bromoform (201 vs. 7.0 mg/kg DM), iodine (4820 vs. 3260 ppm), and crude protein (16 vs. 15.6% DM), than A. armata, which contained higher levels of acid detergent fiber (ADF; 7.7 vs. 19.0%) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF; 13.2 vs. 19.2%), respectively. RSW supplementation increased total gas, butyrate and valerate production (P &lt; 0.01), while production of CH4 (mg/g DM), acetate (A), propionate (P), A/P ratios and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD; % DM) were reduced (P &lt; 0.01) as RSW supplementation increased. In the presence of A. taxiformis, production of N2O (µg/g DM), tended to be less (P = 0.1) at 2% DM, but increased (P &lt; 0.01) N2O production with A. armata at the 2 and 4% DM. Therefore, it may be possible to suppress methanogenesis both directly and indirectly by addition of RSW. To efficiently use seaweeds as feed ingredients with nutritional and environmental benefits, more research is required to determine the mechanisms underlying seaweed and dietary substrate interactions.
334 Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Peanut Skins with and Without Polyphenols on the Performance, Rumen Fermentation and Carcass Characteristics of Florida-native Sheep
Authors: Idowu Modoluwamu , Bryant Voris , Terrill Thomas H , Estrada-Reyes Zaira M , Whitley Niki C , Dean Lisa , Kouakou Brou , Ogunade Ibukun M , Pech-Cervantes Andres A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of peanut skins (PS) with and without polyphenols on the performance, rumen fermentation, and carcass characteristics of Florida-Native Sheep. Thirty-three intact lambs were randomly blocked by body weight (BW) (33.5 ± 0.1 kg; 11 lambs per treatment) and distributed in three isonitrogenous (17.1%) and isocaloric (2.5 Mcal/kg) diets: 1) Control diet, 2) Diet + 20% of intact peanut skins (IPS) and, 3) Diet + 20% of treated PS without polyphenols (TPS) for 42 d + 7 days of adaptation. Then, lambs were slaughtered to evaluate carcass characteristics and rumen fermentation. Dry matter intake (DMI), BW, and blood samples were collected and analyzed using the effects of treatment, week, interactions, and the random effect of animals. Dietary IPS and TPS did not (P &gt; 0.05) affect DMI (1.14, 1.15 vs 1.04 kg/d) and final BW (35.9, 35.8 vs 36.8 kg) compared to the control. Dietary TPS reduced (P &lt; 0.01) blood glucose levels compared to IPS and control (67.9 vs 74.6, 75.7 mg/dL) but IPS had lower (P = 0.03) blood urea nitrogen than TPS and control (5.79 vs 6.0, 6.32 mmol/L). Both IPS and TPS decreased (P &lt; 0.01) total volatile fatty acid concentration (37.9, 14.2 vs 45.8 mmol/L) and increased rumen pH (7.1, 6.9 vs 6.7) compared to the control. Carcass weight was similar between treatments, TPS reduced (P = 0.01) dressing percentage compared to IPS and control (42.6 vs 45.2, 46.6%), both IPS and TPS reduced liver weight compared to control (230, 223 vs 302 g). Conversely, IPS and TPS increased (P &lt; 0.01) alpha-tocopherol concentration (3.73, 4.0 vs 1.24 mg/g) in lean meat compared to control. This study showed that IPS increased the incorporation of antioxidants in meat without affecting animal performance.
329 Supplementing Native Rumen Microorganisms Improves Feedlot Steer Digestive Health and Performance
Authors: Yang Fan , Embree Jordan , Gilmore Sean , Embree Mallory 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The rumen microbiome functions as a synchronized entity that digests feed in order to provide nutrients for its host. High-concentrate diets destabilize the rumen microbiome by biasing the community towards microorganisms that readily ferment simple carbohydrates resulting in decreased pH, increased CO2, and an increased solvent concentration in the rumen content. This chemical shift interrupts rumen fermentation and can lead to the development of metabolic diseases that negatively impact animal performance. This study evaluated the benefit of a daily, in-feed microbial feed supplement (MFS; Magnius, Native Microbials Inc, San Diego, CA) containing three native rumen microbes (Chordicoccus ruminifurens ASCUSBF65, Prevotella albensis ASCUSBF41, and Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens ASCUSBF53) on commercial feedlot steer performance and rumen microbiome composition. The trial was conducted by HMS Veterinary Development in Reedley, CA using 200 steers in 20 pens over 109 days with a 2x2 factorial design (with and without step-up period x with and without MFS). The without step-up group was directly fed the finisher ration (94% concentrate, 0.95 Mcal/lb NEm), while the step-up group was adapted to the finisher ration over a period of 21 days. Rumen microbiome samples were collected via stomach tubing periodically throughout the trial. At the end of 109 days, the FCR of the animals receiving MFS were significantly lower than the control animals (7.67% improvement, P = 0.013) in the step-up group, although no significant differences were observed in ADG and DMI. No significant performance differences were observed in the group without a step-up (Table 1). The relationship between rumen pH, dissolved CO2, and the observed changes in the microbiome suggest a potential interplay between acetogenesis and methanogenesis where CO2 consuming bacteria may be important in improving rumen digestive health. Collectively, these results suggest that feeding native rumen microorganisms can improve rumen resilience and health of high-grain consuming cattle.
330 3-nitrooxypropanol Supplementation of a Forage Diet Decreased Enteric Methane Emissions from Beef Cattle Without Affecting Apparent Total-tract Digestibility
Authors: Alemu Aklilu , Min Zhang Xiu , Kindermann Maik , Beauchemin Karen A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Supplementation of ruminant diets with the investigational methane (CH4) inhibitor 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP; DSM Nutritional Products, Switzerland) is as a promising mitigation strategy. However, most studies have examined high grain or mixed forage-concentrate diets. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing a forage diet with 3-NOP on rumen fermentation, CH4 emissions and apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility. Eight ruminally cannulated beef heifers (BW = 514 kg) were randomly allocated to two treatments in a crossover design with 49-d periods. Dietary treatments were: control, high-forage diet (90% forage DM basis) without 3-NOP; and NOP, control diet supplemented with 150 mg 3-NOP/kg DM. After a 14-d diet adaption, dry matter (DM) intake (DMI) was recorded daily. Rumen contents were collected on days 17 and 28 for volatile fatty acid (VFA) analysis, whereas ruminal pH was continuously monitored from day 20 to 27. Diet digestibility was measured on day 38 to 41 by total collection of feces. Enteric CH4 emissions were measured on days 46 to 49 in chambers. Dry matter intake was lower (P = 0.001) for NOP (10.0 kg/d) as compared with control (10.2 kg/d). However, DM, neutral and acid detergent fiber, and crude protein digestibilities were similar between treatments (P ≥ 0.29). Although total VFA concentration was not affected by treatment (P = 0.19), the reduction in acetate and increase in propionate proportion for NOP lowered (P &lt; 0.001) the acetate to propionate ratio by 18% as compared with control. Mean pH was lower (P = 0.03) for control (6.46) than NOP (6.57). Furthermore, CH4 yield (g/kg DMI) was 21.6% less (P &lt; 0.001) for NOP relative to control (25.5 g/kg DMI). Overall, the results indicate that enteric CH4 emissions were effectively decreased with 3-NOP supplementation of a forage diet without affecting apparent total-tract digestibility of nutrients.
339 Effects of a Blend of Mannan and Glucan on Growth Performance and Immunocompetence of Newly Weaned Beef Steers
Authors: Taiwo Godstime A , Ogunade Ibukun M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We examined the effects of dietary supplementation of a blend of mannan and glucan on the growth performance, diet digestibility, and whole-blood immune gene expression of newly weaned beef steers during a 42-d receiving period. Forty-eight newly weaned Angus crossbred steers (2 d post-weaning; 199 ± 13 kg of initial BW) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: basal diet with no additive (CON; n = 24) or a basal diet top-dressed with 5 g of a blend of mannan and glucan (MANGLU; n = 24). Average daily gain (ADG) was calculated from weekly BW. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 14, and 42 for measurement of plasma glucose and NEFA. Expression of 84 immune-related genes was analyzed on blood samples collected on day 42. Beginning on days 37 to 42, total mixed ration, refusals, and fecal samples were collected once daily to determine apparent total tract digestibility of DM, CP, NDF, and ADF using indigestible NDF as an internal marker. Immune gene expression data was analyzed using a GeneGlobe Data Analysis Center. All other data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Over the 42-d feeding trial, MANGLU tended to increase final BW (P = 0.07) and ADG (P = 0.06). Compared to CON, beef steers fed supplemental MANGLU had greater DM digestibility (P = 0.03) and tended to have greater NDF digestibility (P = 0.09). No treatment effects (P &gt; 0.10) on plasma glucose and NEFA on d 14 and 42 were detected. Compared with CON, MANGLU increased (P ≤ 0.05) the expression of five immune-related genes involved in recognition of and mounting immune defense against microbial pathogens. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that supplemental MANGLU enhances beef cattle immunocompetence and productivity during feedlot receiving period.
342 Effects of Maternal Nutrient Restriction During Late Gestation on Primiparous Dam Performance and Fetal Growth
Authors: Redifer Colby A , Wichman Lindsey G , Meyer Allison M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
To determine the effects of late gestational nutrient restriction (NR) on heifer performance, fetal growth, and calving difficulty, single-sired fall-calving Hereford-SimAngus heifers (BW: 451 ± 28 [SD] kg; BCS: 5.4 ± 0.7) bred to a single sire were allocated by fetal sex and expected calving date to either 100% (control; CON; n = 12) or 70% (n = 13) of NASEM net energy and metabolizable protein requirements for maintenance, pregnancy, and growth. Beginning on d 160 of gestation, heifers were individually fed chopped sorghum sudan hay (1.74 Mcal ME, 6.66% CP, 72.0% NDF; DM basis) and based on individual intakes, supplemented to meet targeted nutritional planes. Dam BW, BCS, and backfat (BF) were determined pre-treatment, every 21 d (BW) or 42 d (BCS and BF) during treatments, and post-calving. At birth, calf BW and size (length, heart girth, abdominal girth, flank girth, cannon circumference, cannon length, shoulder height, and ribeye area) were measured. Data were analyzed with treatment, treatment initiation date, and calf sex (when P &lt; 0.25) as fixed effects. Dam BW tended to be less (P = 0.09) and BCS was less (P = 0.04) at d 202 of gestation for NR dams. Dam BW, BCS, and BF were less (P ≤ 0.01) in NR dams for the remainder of gestation. Post-calving, NR dams weighed 64 kg less (P ≤ 0.01) than CON, with a BCS of 3.6 ± 0.1. Nutrient restriction did not affect (P ≥ 0.27) calf gestation length, BW, or size. Calf BW as % post-calving dam BW tended to be greater (P = 0.09) for NR calves. Fetal presentation was normal for all CON births, while 23.1% of NR dams had fetal malpresentation (P = 0.12). In the current study, NR dam BW and BCS were sacrificed during late gestation without altering fetal growth trajectory.
343 The Influence of Weather Variables on Average Daily Gain of Beef Steers
Authors: Yusuf Mustapha , Bauer Marc L , Swanson Kendall C , Hanna Lauren L Hulsman 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Average daily gain is one of the most important measures producers utilize to measure productivity of beef cattle. The objective was to examine how weather variables influence ADG. Data from 790 beef steers collected using an Insentec feeding system were utilized for this study. Intake data were condensed from daily data into weekly averages (n = 13,739 steer-weeks). The variables considered were ADG (-3.0 to 4.86 kg/d), DMI (2.50 to 21.77kg/d), BW (197.3 to 796.1 kg), dietary energy density (NEm; 1.2 to 2.5 Mcal/kg), average ambient temperature (-23.7 to 21.4 °C), range of temperature (2.8 to 19.4 °C), dew point (-27.8 to 14.3 °C), wind speed (2.08 to 6.49 km/h), solar radiation (30.8 to 297.1 W/m2), and two weeks lag (average of previous two weeks values) and monthly lag (average of previous four weeks values) of each weather variable. Relationship between weather variables were considered while developing the model, including controlling for confounding variables. Residuals of ADG generated after fitting week of year as a fixed effect were used in scatter plots with explanatory variables to identify if non-linear relationships existed. The MIXED procedure of SAS was used to assess the fit and regression parameters of explanatory variables as fixed covariates. Repeated measures were handled using the REPEATED statement and within-individual relationship was accounted for using the Toeplitz covariance structure. Body weight and energy density had linear and quadratic relationships with ADG (Table 1). Two weeks lag of wind speed and monthly lag of solar radiation had positive and negative associations with ADG, respectively, and there were several interactions between weather variables. These data indicate that weather variables influence ADG and should be considered in ADG prediction equations.
341 Meta-analysis of the Performance Responses of Replacement Heifers and Beef Cows to Monensin
Authors: Moore Mikayla F , Gadberry Shane , Lalman David , White Frank , Linneen Sara , Beck Paul A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Performance benefits of monensin have been extensively studied in finishing and stocker cattle, but considerably less published work is available evaluating response to monensin supplementation in cow-calf production systems. Feed additives are more difficult to study in cow-calf production systems due to unstable diet characteristics and cow physiological state throughout the production cycle. This meta-analysis investigated the impacts of monensin on performance of extensively raised beef cow-calf and developing replacement heifers. The replacement heifer analysis was conducted with a maximum of 48 treatment means in 18 experiments. The mature cow analysis included 21 publications and 26 mean comparisons. The metaphor package (version 2.4-0; Viechtbauer, 2010) for R (version 4.0.3; www.r-project.org) was used to determine the overall effect size of monensin compared to a negative control. Each study’s n, means, and SEM or P-value was used to calculate the mean difference and estimate of within study variance for responses of interest. For replacement heifers, average daily gain (+0.03 ± 0.008 kg/d), feed efficiency (+0.013 ± 0.008 gain:feed), and percentage cycling before the breeding season (+15.9 ± 5.13%) were increased (P &lt; 0.01), while dry matter intake (-4.3%) and age at puberty (-8.9 ± 1.48 d) were decreased (P &lt; 0.01). Six studies reporting ad libitum forage intake for mature cows showed that monensin decreased (P = 0.008) DMI by 0.85 ± 0.322 kg/day. Six studies showed monesin increased (P = 0.01) milk yield 0.39 ± 0.15 kg/day by mature cows in early lactation. There were no differences in artificial insemination pregnancy nor total pregnancy for either the heifer or mature cow data sets. This analysis also indicates potential for use of monensin in beef cow production systems, but further research is needed to elucidate the effects on DMI and milk production in beef cows.
350 Nutrient Movement in the Environment: Confined versus Grazing Systems
Authors: Brito Andre F , Almeida Kleves V 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Grazing systems perform multiple ecosystem services including food production, climate regulation, nutrient cycling, and erosion control. Ruminants can also express their natural behaviors on pasture, with recent research revealing that dairy cows were more motivated to go outside for grazing than stay indoors consuming fresh TMR offered immediately after the afternoon milking. In addition, consumers often associate grazing systems with “healthier and happier cows” and are willing to pay premiums for “grass-fed” dairy products. However, milk production and nutrient utilization generally decrease in pasture-based compared with confinement systems, which may reduce farm profitability depending on milk pay prices. It should be noted that there is limited research reporting milk N efficiency (milk N/N intake) or methane emissions in confined versus grazing dairy cows using data collected from the same experiments. Therefore, our overarching objective was to build data sets to compare nutrient utilization in dairy cows under confinement or grazing management where milk N efficiency or methane emissions or both were reported in the same study. Dietary strategies to mitigate methane emissions in grazing dairy systems such as the use of high-quality forages (e.g., brassicas, perennial ryegrass), concentrate and seaweed supplementation, and forage species and management will be explored. For instance, Jersey cows grazing forage canola offered at 40% of the total DM emitted 31% less methane than those kept indoors and fed TMR (419 vs. 289 g/d, respectively) in an experiment conducted at the University of New Hampshire. Methane yield and methane intensity also decreased (P &lt; 0.001) by 29.3% and 23.4%, respectively, in the same study. Irish researchers reported that methane production (-37%), yield (-11.5%), and intensity (-13%) decreased significantly in Holstein-Friesian cows offered perennial ryegrass herbage versus TMR. Data from whole-farm models comparing confinement and grazing systems will be presented and discussed.