bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Future projection of low flows in the Chungju basin, Korea and their uncertainty decomposition
Authors: Lee Moon‐Hwan , Qiu Liying , Ha Subin , Im Eun‐Soon , Bae Deg‐Hyo 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLow flow projections in response to global warming and the uncertainty decomposition into different components are performed with the focus on the Chungju basin, South Korea. Four downscaled climate simulations, two bias correction methods, and two hydrological models with two different potential evapotranspiration computation methods are applied to constitute the 32 ensemble members (4 × 2 × 4) of low flows projections. An analysis of the variance is used to decompose the total variance in the low flow projections into the contribution from three different sources. The result shows that hydrological models, particularly their structures, are the key factor that affects the low flow projections. They contribute more than 85% of the total uncertainty, and the projected change of low flow using different hydrological models can be of opposite signs, even under the same climate input data. On the other hand, the uncertainties related to climate simulation and bias correction are much smaller, comprising around 10 and 2%, respectively. The possible mechanisms behind the large uncertainty of projected low flow are investigated by comparing the relevant hydrological variables obtained from different hydrological simulations. The different representations in the hydrological models for the freezing of the soil layer during winter, which will undergo large changes as temperature increases, are likely to affect the projected change in low flow greatly. The difference in potential evapotranspiration methods also affects the low flow projections, but its contribution is relatively weaker than the effects of the hydrological model structure.
A 17 ka multi‐proxy paleoclimatic record on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau: implications for the northernmost boundary of the Asian summer monsoon during the Holocene
Authors: Wang Haipeng , Hu Yu , Zhang Xu , Lv Feiya , Ma Xueyang , Wu Duo , Chen Fahu , Zhou Aifeng , Hou Juzhi , Chen Jianhui 
Published: June 2021

AbstractKnowledge of the paleoclimatic record of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau (NETP) can potentially improve our understanding of the evolution of the Asian summer monsoon (ASM). However, the history of climate change and inferred spatial extent of the ASM on the NETP since the last deglaciation remain unclear. Here, we use several environmental proxies from the sediments of Hala Lake (beyond the modern limit of ASM), including chironomids, loss‐on‐ignition, grain size and element data, to explore the climatic history of the NETP and the northern boundary of the ASM since the last deglaciation. The results document a series of climatic events during the deglaciation, including Heinrich Event 1, the Bølling–Allerød interstadial and the Younger Dryas event. The records also reveal the timing of the megathermal and precipitation maximum, the lake‐level maximum, and strongest chemical weathering, which occurred during ~10–7 ka. The inferred precipitation maximum during the early Holocene in the Hala Lake basin, which can be verified by the simulated precipitation change, is consistent with that in typical Indian summer monsoon (ISM) regions, suggesting that the ISM has penetrated into Hala Lake basin at that time. The monsoon‐dominated climate in the Hala Lake basin during the early Holocene and the westerlies‐dominated climate in the arid central Asia indicate that the maximum areal extent of the ASM on the NETP since the last deglaciation lay to the northwest of Hala Lake basin. In combination with other published records, the northernmost boundary of the ASM over China since the last deglaciation has been tentatively delineated, to shed some lights on this long‐standing debate.
Large field‐of‐view holographic display method with speckle noise suppression based on time multiplexing
Authors: Liu Su‐Juan , Ma Ning‐Tao , Zhai Feng‐Xiao , Liu Nan‐Nan , Li Ping‐Ping , Hao Yun‐Qi , Wang Di 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a method to enlarge the field of view (FOV) in holographic display with speckle noise suppression. Different from the traditional method, several subcomputer‐generated holograms (sub‐CGHs) with large size are generated in the proposed method. Through pixel separation, the recorded object is separated into multiple object point groups. The information of each object point group is recorded on different sub‐CGHs with independent initial random phases. In the holographic reconstruction, three spatial light modulators (SLMs) in a planar configuration are used to load the sub‐CGHs. The image is reconstructed through time multiplexing. The FOV is enlarged because the light distribution size of each image point is increased. Meanwhile, the speckle noise of the image is suppressed through the average effect and the separation of the adjacent image points. Experimental results prove the feasibility of the proposed method.
Carbon nanoparticles combined with indocyanine green for sentinel lymph node detection in endometrial carcinoma
Authors: Liang Sichen , Wang Zhiqi , Chen Jiayu , Yang Xin , Liang Xudong , Sun Xiuli , Li Xiaowei , Zhou Rong , Li Yi , Wang Jianliu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the feasibility and clinical value of the combination of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) and indocyanine green (ICG) for identifying sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) in endometrial cancer.Materials and MethodsAbout 153 patients with endometrial cancer were recruited from July 2015 to May 2019. All patients underwent SLN biopsy according to the SLN algorithm for surgical staging with ICG and/or CNPs. The detection rate, factors associated with the detection rate, sensitivity, and negative predictive value (NPV) of SLNs were analyzed.ResultsThe detection rates of SLNs with the combined method were the highest among the different methods. As calculated per hemipelvis, the sensitivity and NPV with ICG alone or with ICG plus CNPs were 100%. With CNP, tumor Grade 3 and laparoscopy were related to unsuccessful overall SLN mapping while tumor diameter greater than 2 cm and laparoscopy were statistically associated with failed bilateral mapping. With ICG, a higher body mass index was significantly associated with unsuccessful bilateral detection of SLN.ConclusionSLN assessment in endometrial cancer is feasible and safe with high sensitivity and high NPV when ICG and CNPs are combined and in low‐risk patients. It is a superior option to use CNPs in laparotomy for patients with endometrial cancer.
A mixed lubrication analysis of a flat‐land thrust bearing with a surface optimisation method
Authors: Zhang Xiaohan , Jackson Robert L. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThrust bearings are widely used in many rotary industrial applications. In this work, a thrust bearing surface under the mixed lubrication regime is analysed and then optimised with aim for use in an injection moulded polymer bearing. A model which couples the mechanical deformation, boundary lubrication and solid contact is developed to investigate the behaviour of the thrust bearing under the load balance condition. This model provides the predictions of important quantities such as load carrying capacity from fluid and solid contact, minimum film thickness and contact pressure. More important, the large‐scale surface geometry is optimised using a quadratic geometry and this large‐scale surface is superimposed with the small‐scale roughness from measured surface to form an optimised surface. This large‐scale geometry might be controlled in the injection moulding process of polymer thrust bearings, whereas it is more difficult to control the roughness. The fluid load carrying capacity for the optimised surface has more than doubled compared to the fluid load carrying capacity for the measured surface.
Thermoplastic Starch Nanocomposites Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystal Suspensions Containing Residual Salt from Neutralization
Authors: Metzger Christoph , Briesen Heiko 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSulfuric acid‐catalyzed hydrolysis of cellulose commonly isolates cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). Neutralizing the reactant solution with sodium hydroxide facilitates efficient downstream processing, but residual salt remains in the product. This study examines the reinforcing effects of CNCs from suspensions that contain residual salt on the mechanical properties of thermoplastic starch nanocomposites. By reinforcing starch films with up to 5 wt% CNCs, stiffness and strength are improved by 118% and 79%, respectively, indicating a good dispersion of CNCs in the starch matrix. Compared to nanocomposites incorporating salt‐free CNCs, the remaining salt has no significant impact on the material's mechanical performance. The results indicate great potential of CNCs containing residual salt as biobased, low‐cost nanofiller in hydrophilic polymer matrices.
Micron‐Scale Soft Actuators Fabricated from Multi‐Shell Polystyrene Particle‐Gold Nanoparticle Nanohybrids
Authors: Vishnosky Nicholas , Gomez Jasmine C. , Kim Spencer T. , Doukmak Emma J. , Grafstein Jeremy , Steinhardt Rachel C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractActuators made of soft matter are needed for a variety of fields ranging from biomedical devices to soft robotics to microelectromechanical systems. While there are a variety of excellent methods of soft actuation known, the field is still an area of intense research activity as new niches and needs emerge with new technology development. Here, a soft actuation system is described, based on a core‐multi‐shell particle, which moves via photothermal expansion. The system consists of a novel polystyrene‐based thermally expandable microsphere, with a secondary shell of a silicate‐silane graft copolymer, to which gold nanoparticles are covalently linked. The gold nanoparticles act as photothermal nano‐transducers, converting light energy into the thermal energy necessary for microsphere expansion, which in turn results in material movement. Actuation is shown in isolated particles in thermal and photothermal regimes using metal ceramic heaters or 520 nm laser illumination, respectively. Macroscale actuation is demonstrated by making a composite material of particles suspended in the transparent elastomer polydimethylsiloxane. The sample demonstrates an inchworm‐like movement by starting from an arched geometry. Overall, this work describes a new particle‐based actuation method for soft materials, and demonstrates its utility in driving the movement of a composite elastomer.
Anomalous Loss of Stiffness with Increasing Reinforcement in a Photo‐Activated Nanocomposite
Authors: Zhu Hongyuan , Lu Tian Jian , Xu Feng , Genin Guy M. , Lin Min 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHydrogels are commonly doped with stiff nanoscale fillers to endow them with the strength and stiffness needed for engineering applications. Although structure–property relations for many polymer matrix nanocomposites are well established, modeling the new generation of hydrogel nanocomposites requires the study of processing–structure–property relationships because subtle differences in chemical kinetics during their synthesis can cause nearly identical hydrogels to have dramatically different mechanical properties. The authors therefore assembled a framework to relate synthesis conditions (including hydrogel and nanofiller mechanical properties and light absorbance) to gelation kinetics and mechanical properties. They validated the model against experiments on a graphene oxide (GO) doped oligo (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (OEGDA), a system in which, in apparent violation of laws from continuum mechanics, doping can reduce rather than increase the stiffness of the resulting hydrogel nanocomposites. Both model and experiment showed a key role light absorbance‐dominated gelation kinetics in determining nanocomposite mechanical properties in conjunction with nanofiller reinforcement, with the nanofiller's attenuation of chemical kinetics sometimes outweighing stiffening effects to explain the observed, anomalous loss of stiffness. By bridging the chemical kinetics and mechanics of nanocomposite hydrogels, the authors' modeling framework shows promise for broad applicability to design of hydrogel nanocomposites.
Breast augmentation using a free lateral thoracic artery perforator flap from the contralateral breast: A case report
Authors: Sharp Olivia L. , Köhler Guido , Haywood Richard M. , Masud Dhalia 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWhen performing breast reconstruction, reduction of the contralateral breast is often required to achieve symmetry. The tissue that would otherwise be discarded from the reduced breast has been utilized as a free flap. This has the benefit of minimizing donor site morbidity, and combining the principles of “spare‐part‐surgery” and replacing “like‐with‐like.” The purpose of this paper is to report the procedure, outcome, and potential controversies of using a free lateral thoracic artery perforator flap for contralateral breast reconstruction. We present a 32‐year‐old with congenital breast asymmetry previously corrected with an implant. The patient required tertiary breast reconstruction for capsular contracture, and a simultaneous left breast reduction. There was no history of breast cancer. The reconstruction proceeded as follows; the right sided breast implant was removed. On the left breast, a wise pattern reduction with a superomedial pedicle was instigated. Intraoperatively, four perforating arteriovenous pedicles perfusing the reduced tissue were identified; of which the lateral thoracic artery perforator was selected. The flap weight was 296 g. The lateral thoracic pedicle was anastomosed to the right internal mammary vessels. The flap survived completely. The post‐operative course was uneventful and without complication. The patient was followed up for 1 year and was pleased with the final result. The application of the LTAP free flap may cautiously be extended to oncological breast reconstruction. For patients to be suitable, they would need a large remaining breast to provide adequate tissue for reconstruction, up‐to‐date breast screening and a low risk of developing breast cancer in the future.
Evaluation of sensation in volume reduction techniques of a wrap‐around flap
Authors: Matsusue Takeo 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPurposeBecause the subcutaneous tissue of the great toe is thicker than that of the finger, the reconstructed finger tends to have bulging pulp when reconstructing with wrap‐around flap (WAF) surgery. Secondary pulp plasty and thinning of the WAF are used to solve this cosmetic problem. This study aimed to examine the effect of these surgical techniques on sensation.MethodsA single‐center retrospective study was conducted on posttraumatic patients who underwent digit reconstruction by WAF procedure by the same surgeon from February 2014 to June 2019. WAF cases were divided into three groups: a conventional WAF Group (A), a secondary pulp plasty (B), and a thin WAF Group (C). The Semmes–Weinstein monofilament test (SWMT) and two‐point discrimination were used for examination.ResultsAll flaps survived; no cases developed partial flap necrosis. The sensation at the last follow‐up in each group was good, achieving 4.31 (diminished protective sensation) or better in SWMT. The median SWMTs at the last follow‐up were 4.08, 3.61, and 3.42 in Groups A, B, and C, respectively. Groups A and C showed a significant difference (p = .01). No significant differences were observed between groups A and B (p = .20) or between Groups B and C (p = .40). Static two‐point discriminations (s2PDs) at the last follow‐up were 14 ± 2.9 mm, 13 ± 3.7 mm, and 14 ± 1.5 mm in Groups A, B, and C, respectively. Moving two‐point discriminations (m2PDs) at the last follow‐up were 13 ± 4.5 mm, 12 ± 3.6 mm, and 14 ± 1.7 mm in Groups A, B, and C, respectively. Both s2PD and m2PD did not differ significantly (p = .37 and .47, respectively).ConclusionsSecondary pulp plasty and thinning of WAF for finger reconstruction did not impact sensation.
FDRN: A fast deformable registration network for medical images
Authors: Sun Kaicong , Simon Sven 
Published: June 2021

PurposeDeformable image registration is a fundamental task in medical imaging. Due to the large computational complexity of deformable registration of volumetric images, conventional iterative methods usually face the tradeoff between the registration accuracy and the computation time in practice. In order to boost the performance of deformable registration in both accuracy and runtime, we propose a fast unsupervised convolutional neural network for deformable image registration.MethodsThe proposed registration model FDRN possesses a compact encoder–decoder network architecture which employs a pair of fixed and moving images as input and outputs a three‐dimensional displacement vector field (DVF) describing the offsets between the corresponding voxels in the fixed and moving images. In order to efficiently utilize the memory resources and enlarge the model capacity, we adopt additive forwarding instead of channel concatenation and deepen the network in each encoder and decoder stage. To facilitate the learning efficiency, we leverage skip connection within the encoder and decoder stages to enable residual learning and employ an auxiliary loss at the bottom layer with lowest resolution to involve deep supervision. Particularly, the low‐resolution auxiliary loss is weighted by an exponentially decayed parameter during the training phase. In conjunction with the main loss in high‐resolution grid, a coarse‐to‐fine learning strategy is achieved. Last but not least, we involve a proposed multi‐label segmentation loss (SL) to improve the network performance in Dice score in case the segmentation prior is available. Comparing to the SL using average Dice score, the proposed SL does not require additional memory in the training phase and improves the registration accuracy efficiently.ResultsWe evaluated FDRN on multiple brain MRI datasets from different aspects including registration accuracy, model generalizability, and model analysis. Experimental results demonstrate that FDRN performs better than the state‐of‐the‐art registration method VoxelMorph by 1.46% in Dice score in LPBA40. In addition to LPBA40, FDRN obtains the best Dice and NCC among all the investigated methods in the unseen MRI datasets including CUMC12, MGH10, ABIDE, and ADNI by a large margin.ConclusionsThe proposed FDRN provides better performance than the existing state‐of‐the‐art registration methods for brain MR images by resorting to the compact autoencoder structure and efficient learning. Additionally, FDRN is a generalized framework for image registration which is not confined to a particular type of medical images or anatomy.
Evaluation and optimization of radiomics features stability to respiratory motion in 18F‐FDG 3D PET imaging
Authors: Xu Hui , Lv Wenbing , Zhang Hongyan , Ma Jianhua , Zhao Peng , Lu Lijun 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the impact of respiratory motion on radiomics features in 18F‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose three dimensional positron emission tomography (18F‐FDG 3D PET) imaging and optimize feature stability by combining preprocessing configurations and aggregation strategies.MethodsAn in‐house developed respiratory motion phantom was imaged in 3D PET scanner under nine respiratory patterns including one reference pattern. In total, 487 radiomics features were extracted for each respiratory pattern. Feature stability to respiratory motion was first evaluated by metrics of coefficient of variation (COV) and relative difference (RD) in a fixed preprocessing configuration. Further, one‐way ANOVA and trend analysis were performed to evaluate the impact of preprocessing configuration (voxel size, discretization scheme) and aggregation strategy on feature stability. Finally, an optimization framework was proposed by selected feature‐specific configurations with minimum COV value, and the diagnostic performance was validated in stable versus unstable features and fixed versus optimal features by a set of 46 patients with lung disease.ResultsPET radiomics features were sensitive to respiratory motion, only 79/487 (16%) features were identified to be very stable in the fixed configuration. Preprocessing configuration and aggregation strategy had an impact on feature stability. For different voxel size, bin number, bin size and aggregation strategy, 188/487 (39%), 70/487 (15%), 148/487 (30%), and 38/95 (29%) features appeared significant changes in feature stability. The optimized configuration had the potential to improve feature stability compared to fixed configuration, with the COV decreased from 22% ±24% to 16% ±20%. Regarding the diagnostic performance, the stable and optimal configuration features outperformed the unstable and fixed configuration features, respectively (AUC 0.88, 0.87 vs. 0.83, 0.85).ConclusionsRespiratory motion shows considerable impact on feature stability in 3D PET imaging, while optimizing preprocessing configuration may improve feature stability and diagnostic performance.
Biomass derived carbon materials: Synthesis and application towards CO2 and H2S adsorption
Authors: Nicolae Sabina A. , Louis‐Therese Julian , Gaspard Sarra , Szilágyi Petra Ágota , Titirici Maria Magdalena 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPorous carbon materials derived from palm date seeds, guava seeds and winged beans are proposed as environmentally friendly and efficient adsorbents for CO2 and H2S adsorption. The feedstock is converted into hydrochar via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), at 200°C, for several hours, and the textural properties are tuned using the chemical activation approach with KOH. The activated carbons (ACs) prepared in here are characterized by high surface areas, more than 2000 m2 g‐1, and large pore volumes (1.23 cm3 g‐1). It is observed that a lower concentration of KOH results in a larger number of micropores, leading to improved gas uptake properties. The carbons obtained in here present sponge‐like structure with particle sizes in the range of 5–100 µm. Their morphology is characterized by irregular particle shape with large conchoidal cavities and smooth surfaces. The samples display significant gas adsorption capacity, with 5.47 mmol g‐1 CO2 uptake at 0°C, 1 bar and 4.36 mmol g‐1 at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. H2S adsorption is achieved with more than 50% adsorption efficiency in 1 hour exposure time. Through this study we aim to add up to the eco‐friendly and cost‐effective materials, derived from biomass, suitable and efficient in CO2 and H2S adsorption.
Use of decision‐support tools by students to link crop management practices with greenhouse gas emissions: A case study
Authors: Jabbour Randa , McClelland Shelby C. , Schipanski Meagan E. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractGlobal food systems contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, and the mitigation of these emissions is a critical component of addressing the challenge of climate change. A variety of decision‐support tools are available for agricultural producers to use to estimate how their management decisions affect emissions. These tools, often free and online, can be incorporated into agriculture and natural sciences courses, providing an engaging and interactive way for students to learn about climate change mitigation in online courses. Here, we focus on three tools: COMET‐Planner, COMET‐Farm, and Cool Farm Tool. Each of these tools link agricultural management with estimated emissions but differ according to the scope of analysis and type of functionality. Our case study navigates how to best incorporate each tool into undergraduate courses ‐ providing detailed examples focused on crop production. Teaching notes provide guidance on pairing these activities with lessons related to agricultural policy, science communication, and farm nutrient budgets. Instructors have considerable opportunity to incorporate agricultural decision‐support tools into courses to support students connecting scientific concepts to real‐world application.