bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evapotranspiration and water availability response to climate change in the Middle East and North Africa
Authors: Ajjur Salah Basem , Al-Ghamdi Sami G. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractQuantifying the impact of climate change on evapotranspiration is necessary for devising accurate water and energy budgets in light of global warming. Nevertheless, in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), little has been done to bridge this gap. This study, then, implements Penman and Budyko approaches to climatic data retrieved from the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) to assess evapotranspiration and water availability evolutions through the twenty-first century. Outcomes reveal that the MENA region is indeed vulnerable to a surge in temperature, which can increase evapotranspiration losses and decrease water availability. Under the shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP2-4.5), the potential evapotranspiration (PET) has been projected to increase throughout the MENA region by up to 0.37 mm per year during the middle of the twenty-first century (2021–2050) and by up to 0.51 mm per year during the end of the twenty-first century (2071–2100). Meanwhile, the actual evapotranspiration (AET) has been projected to increase by up to 0.3 (~0.2) mm per year before 2050 (2100). The trends in both projections (PET and AET) are exaggerated under SSP5-8.5. The analysis predicted a shortage of water availability (precipitation—AET), which is alarming for most MENA regions. Relative to the reference period (1981–2010), the decline in annual water availability would reach 26 (62) mm by 2100 under SSP2-4.5 (SSP5-8.5). The rise in temperatures appears to be the principal reason for MENA and water availability responses. This study’s outcomes can facilitate accurate and realistic predictions related to evapotranspiration and water availability, which are key elements in not only managing water resources but also in devising effective climate change mitigation and adaptation plans.
Receptivity of inviscid modes in supersonic boundary layers to wall perturbations
Authors: Liu Yinhui , Dong Ming , Wu Xuesong 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe present paper investigates the receptivity of inviscid first and second modes in a supersonic boundary layer to time-periodic wall disturbances in the form of local blowing/suction, streamwise velocity perturbation and temperature perturbation, all introduced via a small forcing slot on the flat plate. The receptivity is studied using direct numerical simulations (DNS), finite- and high-Reynolds-number approaches, which complement each other. The finite-Reynolds-number formulation predicts the receptivity as accurately as DNS, but does not give much insight to the detailed excitation process, nor can it explain the significantly weaker receptivity efficiency of the streamwise velocity and temperature perturbations relative to the blowing/suction. In order to shed light on these issues, an asymptotic analysis was performed in the limit of large Reynolds number. It shows that the receptivity to all three forms of wall perturbations is reduced to the same mathematical form: the Rayleigh equation subject to an equivalent suction/blowing velocity, which can be expressed explicitly in terms of the physical wall perturbations. Estimates of the magnitude of the excited eigenmode can be made a priori for each case. Furthermore, the receptivity efficiencies for the streamwise velocity and temperature perturbations are quantitatively related to that for the blowing/suction by simple ratios, which are of $$O(R^{-1/2})$$

O
(

R

-
1
/
2

)

and have simple expressions, where R is the Reynolds number based on the boundary-layer thickness at the centre of the forcing slot. The simple leading-order asymptotic theory predicts the instability and receptivity characteristics accurately for sufficiently large Reynolds numbers (about $$10^4$$

10
4

), but appreciable error exists for moderate Reynolds numbers. An improved asymptotic theory is developed by using the appropriate impedance condition that accounts for the $$O(R^{-1/2})$$

O
(

R

-
1
/
2

)

transverse velocity induced by the viscous motion in the Stokes layer adjacent to the wall. The improved theory predicts both the instability and receptivity at moderate Reynolds numbers ($$R=O(10^3)$$

R
=
O
(

10
3

)

) with satisfactory accuracy. In particular, it captures well the finite-Reynolds-number effects, including the Reynolds-number dependence of the receptivity and the strong excitation occurring near the so-called synchronisation point.
A brief radiological survey and associated occupational exposure to radiation in an open pit slate mine in Kashan, Iran
Authors: Shahrokhi Amin , Adelikhah Mohammademad , Imani Morteza , Kovács Tibor 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA comprehensive radiological survey was carried out in an open-cut slate stone quarry. The activity of 226Ra, 228Ra and 40 K in the ore samples were measured as 38 ± 5, 41 ± 6 and 869 ± 52 Bq kg1, respectively. Outdoor radon and indoor radon concentrations were measured from 37 ± 7 to 193 ± 11 Bq m−3 (77 ± 8 Bq m−3), and 49 ± 6 to 253 ± 23 Bq m−3 (131 ± 13 Bq m−3), respectively. The average indoor and outdoor gamma dose were measured as 116 and 84 nSv h− 1, respectively. The annual effective doses were estimated between 1.0 ± 0.1 and 3.3 ± 0.3 mSv year−1. The annual lung cancer risks were calculated in the range of 3.3 × 10−2 to 13.12 × 10−2 % (7.72 × 10−2%).
Controlling the Friction of Gels by Regulating Interfacial Oxygen During Polymerization
Authors: Simič Rok , Spencer Nicholas D. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHydrogel surfaces are of great interest in applications ranging from cell scaffolds and transdermal drug-delivery patches to catheter coatings and contact lenses. In this work, we propose a method to control the surface structure of hydrogels, thereby tailoring their frictional properties. The method is based on oxygen inhibition of the free-radical polymerization reaction during synthesis and enables (i) control of friction over more than an order in magnitude and (ii) spatial control of friction as either a continuous gradient or a distinct pattern. The presented method has successfully been applied to acrylamide-, diacrylate- and methacrylate-based gels, illustrating the universality of the presented method, and its potential use in the above-mentioned applications.
Graphical Abstract
SCOPE 2021: a new scorecard for osteoporosis in Europe
Authors: Kanis John A. , Norton Nicholas , Harvey Nicholas C. , Jacobson Trolle , Johansson Helena , Lorentzon Mattias , McCloskey Eugene V. , Willers Carl , Borgström Fredrik 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Summary

This scorecard summarises key indicators of the burden of osteoporosis and its management in the 27 member states of the European Union, as well as the UK and Switzerland. The resulting scorecard elements, assembled on a single sheet, provide a unique overview of osteoporosis in Europe.

Introduction
The scorecard for osteoporosis in Europe (SCOPE) is a project of the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) that seeks to raise awareness of osteoporosis care in Europe. The aim of this project was to develop a scorecard and background documents to draw attention to gaps and inequalities in the provision of primary and secondary prevention of fractures due to osteoporosis.

Methods
The SCOPE panel reviewed the information available on osteoporosis and the resulting fractures for each of the 27 countries of the European Union plus the UK and Switzerland (termed EU27+2). The information obtained covered four domains: background information (e.g. the burden of osteoporosis and fractures), policy framework, service provision and service uptake, e.g. the proportion of men and women at high risk that do not receive treatment (the treatment gap).

Results
There was a marked difference in fracture risk among the EU27+2 countries. Of concern was the marked heterogeneity in the policy framework, service provision and service uptake for osteoporotic fracture that bore little relation to the fracture burden. For example, despite the wide availability of treatments to prevent fractures, in the majority of the EU27+2, only a minority of patients at high risk receive treatment even after their first fracture. The elements of each domain in each country were scored and coded using a traffic light system (red, orange, green) and used to synthesise a scorecard. The resulting scorecard elements, assembled on a single sheet, provide a unique overview of osteoporosis in Europe.

Conclusions
The scorecard enables healthcare professionals and policy makers to assess their country’s general approach to the disease and provide indicators to inform the future provision of healthcare.
Mini-review: The Role of the Cerebellum in Visuomotor Adaptation
Authors: Tzvi Elinor , Loens Sebastian , Donchin Opher 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe incredible capability of the brain to quickly alter performance in response to ever-changing environment is rooted in the process of adaptation. The core aspect of adaptation is to fit an existing motor program to altered conditions. Adaptation to a visuomotor rotation or an external force has been well established as tools to study the mechanisms underlying sensorimotor adaptation. In this mini-review, we summarize recent findings from the field of visuomotor adaptation. We focus on the idea that the cerebellum plays a central role in the process of visuomotor adaptation and that interactions with cortical structures, in particular, the premotor cortex and the parietal cortex, may be crucial for this process. To this end, we cover a range of methodologies used in the literature that link cerebellar functions and visuomotor adaptation; behavioral studies in cerebellar lesion patients, neuroimaging and non-invasive stimulation approaches. The mini-review is organized as follows: first, we provide evidence that sensory prediction errors (SPE) in visuomotor adaptation rely on the cerebellum based on behavioral studies in cerebellar patients. Second, we summarize structural and functional imaging studies that provide insight into spatial localization as well as visuomotor adaptation dynamics in the cerebellum. Third, we discuss premotor — cerebellar interactions and how these may underlie visuomotor adaptation. And finally, we provide evidence from transcranial direct current and magnetic stimulation studies that link cerebellar activity, beyond correlational relationships, to visuomotor adaptation .
First record of late Valanginian ammonites from the Mecsek Mountains (Hungary), and their importance for regional stratigraphy
Authors: Bujtor László , Gőgös Gergő 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA fairly preserved ammonite of Early Cretaceous age from the Mecsek Mountains, southern Hungary is described.Tescheniceras subpachydicranumis the first record of late Valanginian ammonites from the Mecsek tectonic zone from a previously unknown locality indicating the uppermost Valanginian Criosarasinella furcillata Zone. This is the first ammonite-supported evidence for the presence of upper Valanginian strata in the Mecsek Mountains that stretches the time-span of the continuous basinal sedimentation from the beginning of the Berriasian till the Valanginian. The new finding raises the possibility for the presence of the Hauterivian strata too, which was never recognised by ammonites.
Development of Custom Wall-Less Cardiovascular Flow Phantoms with Tissue-Mimicking Gel
Authors: Laughlin Megan E. , Stephens Sam E. , Hestekin Jamie A. , Jensen Morten O. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Flow phantoms are used in experimental settings to aid in the simulation of blood flow. Custom geometries are available, but current phantom materials present issues with degradability and/or mimicking the mechanical properties of human tissue. In this study, a method of fabricating custom wall-less flow phantoms from a tissue-mimicking gel using 3D printed inserts is developed.

Methods
A 3D blood vessel geometry example of a bifurcated artery model was 3D printed in polyvinyl alcohol, embedded in tissue-mimicking gel, and subsequently dissolved to create a phantom. Uniaxial compression testing was performed to determine the Young’s moduli of the five gel types. Angle-independent, ultrasound-based imaging modalities, Vector Flow Imaging (VFI) and Blood Speckle Imaging (BSI), were utilized for flow visualization of a straight channel phantom.

Results
A wall-less phantom of the bifurcated artery was fabricated with minimal bubbles and continuous flow demonstrated. Additionally, flow was visualized through a straight channel phantom by VFI and BSI. The available gel types are suitable for mimicking a variety of tissue types, including cardiac tissue and blood vessels.

Conclusion
Custom, tissue-mimicking flow phantoms can be fabricated using the developed methodology and have potential for use in a variety of applications, including ultrasound-based imaging methods. This is the first reported use of BSI with an in vitro flow phantom.
The Coupling Effect of Flood Discharge and Storm Surge on Extreme Flood Stages: A Case Study in the Pearl River Delta, South China
Authors: Wang Xianwei , Guo Yu , Ren Jie 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe low-lying Pearl River Delta in South China is subject to severe flood threats due to watershed floods, sea level rise, and storm surges. It is still unknown to what extent and how far inland storm surges and sea level rise impact the extreme flood stages. This study investigated the coupling effect of flood discharge and storm surge on the extreme flood stages in the Pearl River Delta by using on site observations and simulations generated by the Hydrologic Engineering Center-River Analysis System model. The results show that flood discharges dominated the flood stages in the middle and upper Pearl River Delta, while the storm surges had maximum impact near the river mouth. The storm surges and flood stages showed a significant increase after 2002 in the Hengmen waterway. The design flood stages for the post-2002 period were 0.23–0.89 m higher than the pre-2002 ones at Hengmen at the six return periods from 5 to 200 years examined in this study. Their difference declined toward the upper waterway and reduced to zero about 23 km away from the Hengmen outlet. The coincidence of extreme flood discharges and storm surges further escalates the extreme flood stages in the lower 30 km of estuarine waterways. Our results quantify the severe threats due to sea level rise and intensified storm surges in the lower Pearl River Delta, and are significant for urban planning and designing and managing flood control facilities in the Pearl River Delta and in other coastal fluvial deltas.
Partisan media effects beyond one-shot experimental designs
Authors: Searles Kathleen , Darr Joshua P. , Sui Mingxiao , Kalmoe Nathan , Pingree Raymond , Watson Brian 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPrevious study demonstrates that partisans perceive in-party news outlets as fair, and out-party news outlets as unfair. However, much of this study relies on one-shot designs. We create an ecologically valid design that randomly assigns participants to news feeds within a week-long online news portal where the balance of in-party and out-party news outlets has been manipulated. We find that sustained exposure to a feed that features out-party news media attenuates Democrats' beliefs that Fox News is unfair, but the same is not true for Republican's perceptions of MSNBC's fairness. Unexpectedly, repeated exposure to in-party news did increase Republicans' beliefs that Fox News is unfair. This study updates our understanding of partisan news effects in a fragmented online news environment.
Top-down causation in psychiatric disorders: a clinical-philosophical inquiry
Authors: Kendler Kenneth S. , Woodward James 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPsychiatry has long debated whether the causes of mental illness can be better explained by reductionist or pluralistic accounts. Although the former relies on commonsense scientific bottom-up causal models, the latter (which typically include environmental, psychological, and/or socio-cultural risk factors) requires top-down causal processes often viewed with skepticism, especially by neuroscientists. We begin with four clinical vignettes which illustrate self-interventions wherein high-order psychological processes (e.g. religious beliefs or deep interpersonal commitments) appear to causally impact the risk for or the course of psychiatric/behavioral disorders. We then propose a model for how to understand this sort of top-down self-causation. Our model relies centrally on the concept of a control variable which, like a radio tuning dial, can implement a series of typically unknown physical processes to obtain the desired ends. We set this control variable in the context of an interventionist account of causation that assumes that a cause (C) produces an effect (E) when intervening on C (by manipulating it) is associated with a change in E. We extend this framework by arguing that certain psychological changes can result from individuals intervening on their own mental states and/or selection of environments. This in turn requires a conception of the self that contains mental capacities that are at least partially independent of one another. Although human beings cannot directly intervene on the neurobiological systems which instantiate risk for psychiatric illness, they can, via control variables at the psychological level, and/or by self-selection into protective environments, substantially alter their own risk.
Changes in depression and suicidal ideation under severe lockdown restrictions during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain: a longitudinal study in the general population
Authors: Ayuso-Mateos J. L. , Morillo D. , Haro J. M. , Olaya B. , Lara E. , Miret M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAimsTo assess whether there is a change in the prevalence of depression and suicidal ideation after the strict lockdown measures due to the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain; and to assess which are the factors associated with the incidence of a depressive episode or suicidal ideation during the lockdown.MethodsData from a longitudinal adult population-based cohort from the provinces of Madrid and Barcelona were analysed (n= 1103). Structured face-to-face home-based interviews (pre-pandemic) and telephone interviews were performed. Both depression and suicidal ideation were assessed through an adaptation of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0). A variety of validated instruments and sociodemographic variables including age, sex, educational level, occupational status, home quietness, screen time, resilience, loneliness, social support, physical activity, disability, economic situation and COVID-19-related information were also considered. Population prevalence estimates and multivariable logistic regressions were computed.ResultsOverall, prevalence rates of depression and suicidal ideation did not change significantly from before to after the COVID-19 outbreak. However, the rates of depression among individuals aged 50+ years showed a significant decrease compared to before the pandemic (from 8.48 to 6.41%;p= 0.01). Younger individuals (odds ratio (OR) = 0.97 per year older; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.95–0.99) and those feeling loneliness (OR = 1.96; 95% CI = 1.42–2.70) during the lockdown were at an increased risk of developing depression during the confinement. Resilience showed a protective effect against the risk of depression (OR = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.32–0.66) and suicidal ideation (OR = 0.33; 95% CI = 0.16–0.68), whereas individuals perceiving social support were at a lower risk of developing suicidal thoughts (OR = 0.35; 95% CI = 0.18–0.69).ConclusionsContinuous reinforcement of mental health preventive and intervening measures during and in the aftermath of the crisis is of global importance, particularly among vulnerable groups who are experiencing the most distress. Future research should strive to evaluate the long-term effects of the COVID-19 crisis on mental health.
Transnationalizing Intrapreneurs and Entrepreneurial Values: Case Studies of Chinese Companies in Chiang Mai, Thailand
Authors: Siriphon Aranya , Li Jiangyu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis article explores recent waves of Chinese mobility demonstrated by new Chinese emigrants working for private Chinese companies conducting transnational business in Thailand in general and Chiang Mai Province in particular. We use two case studies of international education centres and real estate for senior care businesses in Chiang Mai to discuss the flexibility of Chinese capitalism and argue that deploying intrapreneurs and cultivating entrepreneurial value for employees, professionals and co-partners in pursuit of transnational business are some of the more flexible strategies that China's private companies have employed in response to their new business lines and emerging market demand from both China and other parts of the globe. However, while the Chinese and Thai states have played an important role in facilitating and regulating business conducted in Thailand, transnational business is in an early stage, as demonstrated by the two case studies explored, and may not always proceed as expected.
Tropical Stratospheric Circulation and Ozone Coupled to Pacific Multi‐Decadal Variability
Authors: Iglesias‐Suarez Fernando , Wild Oliver , Kinnison Douglas E. , Garcia Rolando R. , Marsh Daniel R. , Lamarque Jean‐François , Ryan Edmund M. , Davis Sean M. , Eichinger Roland , Saiz‐Lopez Alfonso , Young Paul J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObservational and modeling evidence suggest a recent acceleration of the stratospheric Brewer‐Dobson circulation (BDC), driven by climate change and stratospheric ozone depletion. However, slowly varying natural variability can compromise our ability to detect such forced changes over the relatively short observational record. Using observations and chemistry‐climate model simulations, we demonstrate a link between multi‐decadal variability in the strength of the BDC and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO), with knock‐on impacts for composition in the stratosphere. After accounting for the IPO‐like variability in the BDC, the modeled trend is approximately 7%–10% dec−1 over 1979–2010. Furthermore, we find that sea surface temperatures explain up to 50% of the simulated decadal variability in tropical mid‐stratospheric ozone. Our findings demonstrate strong links between low‐frequency variability in the oceans, troposphere and stratosphere, as well as their potential importance in detecting structural changes in the BDC and future ozone recovery.