bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pathophysiological Cascade of Events Leading to Epilepsy: Role of Inflammation
Authors: Alsaegh Hadeel Zakaria , Eweis Hala Salah Abd El-Kawy , Kamel Fatemah Omar 
Published: February 2021

Epileptogenesis is an alteration modification of the typical brain structure, yielding a brain drained by recurring seizures. Such a process is usually precipitated by neurodegeneration, disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB), the amygdala, the glutamatergic system, oxidative stress, and epigenetic modification deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Since there is no efficient method yet, to modify or control this disorder's pathway due to its unclear pathology, novel therapeutic approaches are needed. The risk to develop epilepsy, aggravate the frequency of seizures have been strongly linked to peripheral inflammatory disorders in humans as well as animal studies, with the latter demonstrating a specific association between peripheral inflammatory bowel disorders and peripheral injection of the Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the increased seizer's frequency and their induced injuries. Understanding the exact function and role of the chemical mediators and receptors involved in the neuroinflammatory reaction could help elucidate their contribution to the pathogenesis of epilepsy.
These inflammatory markers include interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), which are expressed in activated microglia and astrocytes; they trigger the complement system, nuclear factor-kappa b (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), chemokines, and acute-phase proteins. The neural tissues and the endothelial layer of the BBB neurons are involved in these inflammatory reactions. The high-mobility-group Box 1 (HMGB1) fast release from microglia, neurons, and astrocytes after exposure to pro-convulsant insult and Toll-like receptor activation (TLR) signaling in astrocytes and neurons has been proven to be significantly involved in triggering brain inflammation and reducing the seizure threshold. The current review aims to determine the effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on the epilepsy foci rather than treating the symptoms. Such understanding could be the basis of developing a new treatment that could be effective for cases refractory to the current treatment.
Enantioselective Bifunctional Ammonium Salt‐Catalyzed Syntheses of 3‐CF3S‐, 3‐RS‐, and 3‐F‐Substituted Isoindolinones
Authors: Eitzinger Andreas , Otevrel Jan , Haider Victoria , Macchia Antonio , Massa Antonio , Faust Kirill , Spingler Bernhard , Berkessel Albrecht , Waser Mario 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe herein report the ammonium salt‐catalyzed synthesis of chiral 3,3‐disubstituted isoindolinones bearing a heteroatom functionality in the 3‐position. A broad variety of differently substituted CF3S‐ and RS‐derivatives were obtained with often high enantioselectivities when using Maruoka's bifunctional chiral ammonium salt catalyst. In addition, a first proof‐of‐concept for the racemic synthesis of the analogous F‐containing products was obtained as well, giving access to one of the rare examples of a fairly stable α‐F‐α‐amino acid derivative.magnified image
Nickel‐Catalyzed N‐Arylation of NH‐Sulfoximines with Aryl Halides via Paired Electrolysis
Authors: Liu Dong , Liu Zhao‐Ran , Ma Cong , Jiao Ke‐Jin , Sun Bing , Wei Lei , Lefranc Julien , Herbert Simon , Mei Tian‐Sheng 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA novel strategy for the N‐arylation of NH‐sulfoximines has been developed by merging nickel catalysis and electrochemistry (in an undivided cell), thereby providing a practical method for the construction of sulfoximine derivatives. Paired electrolysis is employed in this protocol, so a sacrificial anode is not required. Owing to the mild reaction conditions, excellent functional group tolerance and yield are achieved. A preliminary mechanistic study indicates that the anodic oxidation of a NiII species is crucial to promote the reductive elimination of a C−N bond from the resulting NiIII species at room temperature.
Heterocyclic Ring‐Opening of Nanographene on Au(111)
Authors: Sun Kewei , Sugawara Kazuma , Lyalin Andrey , Ishigaki Yusuke , Uosaki Kohei , Taketsugu Tetsuya , Suzuki Takanori , Kawai Shigeki 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCyclo‐dehydrogenation is of importance to induce the planarization of molecules on noble surfaces upon annealing. In contrast to a number of successful syntheses of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by forming carbon–carbon bonds, it is still rare to conduct conjugation and cleavage of carbon–nitrogen bonds in molecules. Here, we present a systematic transformation of the C−N bonds in11,11,12,12‐tetraphenyl‐1,4,5,8‐tetraazaanthraquinodimethane as well as three other derivatives on Au(111). With bond‐resolved scanning tunneling microscopy, we discovered novel the “heterocyclic segregation” reaction of one pyrazine ring with two nitrogen atoms to form two quinoline rings with one nitrogen each. Density functional theory calculations showed that the intramolecular ring‐forming and ‐opening of N‐heterocycles are strongly affected by the initial hydrogen–substrate interaction.
Ausschließlich relativistisch: Periodische Trends in den Schmelz‐ und Siedepunkten der Gruppe 12
Authors: Mewes Jan‐Michael , Schwerdtfeger Peter 
Published: February 2021

AbstractQuantenchemische Simulationen können unser Verständnis für Phasenübergänge verbessern, sind aber oft zu teuer für die schwereren Elemente, die eine relativistische Behandlung erfordern. Zur Lösung dieses Problems haben wir einen indirekten Ansatz entwickelt: eine präzise, inkrementelle Berechnung der absoluten Gibbs‐Energien für den Festkörper und die Flüssigkeit mit einem relativistischen Hamiltonian, die eine exakte Bestimmung der Schmelz‐ und Siedepunkte (MPs und BPs) ermöglicht. Hier wenden wir diesen Ansatz auf die Gruppe‐12‐Elemente Zn, Cd, Hg und Cn an, deren bekannte MPs und BPs wir mit einer mittleren absoluten Abweichung von nur 5 % bzw. 1 % berechnen, während wir den zuvor vorhergesagten flüssigen Aggregatzustand von Cn bestätigen. Ohne die Berücksichtigung relativistischer Effekte erhalten wir überraschend ähnliche MPs und BPs von 650±30 K und 1250±20 K für alle Elemente, was darauf hindeutet, dass die periodischen Trends in dieser Gruppe ausschließlich relativistischer Natur sind.
Concise Asymmetric Syntheses of Streptazone A and Abikoviromycin**
Authors: Wørmer Gustav J. , Villadsen Nikolaj L. , Nørby Peter , Poulsen Thomas B. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractStreptazone A and abikoviromycin are alkaloids that both feature an unusual arrangement of reactive functionalities within a compact tricyclic ring system. Here, we report a highly concise asymmetric synthesis of both natural products. The route first constructs another family member, streptazone B1, using a rhodium‐catalyzed distal selective allene‐ynamide Pauson–Khand reaction. A regio‐ and enantioselective epoxidation under chiral phase‐transfer catalytic conditions directly afforded streptazone A in 8 steps overall. In one additional step, a chemoselective, iridium‐catalyzed reduction of the enaminone system then gave abikoviromycin. The reactivity of streptazone A towards a cysteine mimic, N‐acetylcysteamine, was studied and revealed unanticipated transformations, including bis‐thiol conjugation which may proceed via formation of a cyclopentadienone intermediate. With flexible access to these compounds, studies aimed to identify their direct biological targets are now possible.
Physicochemical processes in the zone of local laser heating of porous aluminosilicate ceramics
Authors: Márquez Aguilar Pedro Antonio , Vlasova Marina , Moreno Bernal Edgar , Kakazey Mikolay , Guardian Tapia Rene , Castro Hernandez Adalberto , Parra Parra Abigail 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe performed investigations have shown that the basis of the local laser heating/“drilling” of composite coarse‐pored ceramics consisting of aluminosilicates and a glass phase is the melting and ablation processes that lead to the formation of a hole. The interaction of the components of the composite in the zone of high‐temperature heating is accompanied by the formation of melt of a glass phase of new composition. The motion of the metal to the depth of a sample through pore channels‐clusters of the main ceramic material depends on the viscosity of melt (ie, on the radiation regime) and the cooling rate of the melt (ie, the thermo physical properties of the ceramics and glass phase). The development of hydrodynamic pressure in the zone of laser heating leads not only to the ejection of a part of the melt from the channel, but also to the densification of the ceramics adjacent to the walls of the vitrified channel. These effects depend to a great extent on the ceramics/glass phase ratio and on the porosity of the initial ceramics.
The basic examination of the magnetic rotation angle sensor with the magnetic substance slit
Authors: Musha Takeshi , Inujima Hiroshi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe optical rotation angle sensor is characterized in that it is excellent in resolution and angle detection accuracy, and the magnetic sensor is characterized in that it is resistant to foreign matter such as dust and dirt, and that it is possible to achieve low power consumption, small size, and low cost of the sensor, as compared with the optical sensor. However, in the magnetic type, in order to obtain a high resolution as compared with the optical type, it is necessary to make the magnetization period of the magnet fine, so the magnetic rotation angle sensor has the difficulties compared with the optical type. This time, for magnetic rotation angle detection, we carried out a feasibility study by magnetic field simulation and principle verification experiments on a technique of extracting signals of two frequencies from one signal detection track by modulating a magnetic field from a magnet with a slit of a magnetic material, and this paper reports the result.
Coordinated Halide and Pseudo Halide‐Dependent Structures and Photoluminescence of Defective Double Cubane Zinc(II) Clusters
Authors: Kuramitsu Toshiaki , Kusumoto Sotaro , Ohmagari Hitomi , Hasegawa Miki , Thuéry Pierre , Kim Yang , Hayami Shinya , Nakamura Masaaki 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTetranuclear zinc(II) complexes [Zn4(L)4(μ3‐OCH3)2(X)2] (L=2‐((benzyloxy)carbonyl)‐6‐methoxyphenolate; X=Cl− (1), Br− (2), I− (3), N3− (4), or NCS− (5)), have “defective” double‐cubane cores [Zn4O6], which are bridged by two μ3‐methoxo and four μ2‐phenolato oxygen atoms in each discrete complex. In halide complexes 1, 2 and 3, two zinc(II) ions are in slightly distorted octahedral coordinations and the other two in geometries close to the severely distorted trigonal bipyramid, respectively, while all four zinc(II) in pseudo halide complexes 4 and 5 show slightly distorted octahedral geometries. The complexes exhibit blue fluorescence (λmax=415–428 nm) with high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYS, Φem) in the range of 0.22‐0.53 at room temperature in the solid state. Complex 5 has the highest Φem among the alkoxo‐bridged multinuclear zinc(II) clusters ever reported.
Compositional effects of clay–fly ash geopolymers on the sorption process of lead and zinc
Authors: Khaksar Najafi Elmira , Jamshidi Chenari Reza , Payan Meghdad , Arabani Mahyar 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBecause long‐term leachate penetration through a hydraulic barrier is unavoidable, active–passive liners are widely used to mitigate the migration of potential contaminants. Geopolymerization represents a viable method for metals removal, which simultaneously improves the properties of local clay to compensate for the lack of suitable soil in the design of active–passive liners. This study investigated how clay–fly ash geopolymers enhance the sorption of divalent lead [Pb(II)] and divalent zinc [Zn(II)] from leachate compared with an untreated clay. Two clay–fly ash geopolymers were synthesized from the mixtures containing 50 and 60% fly ash to the total solid mass and then activated by 10 M NaOH solutions. The influence of Na/fly ash ratios and activator content was also examined. The results indicate that a fly ash–based geopolymer could be a simple solution to increase the sorption capacity of local clay. A lower ratio of Na/fly ash and activator content, resulting in a higher porosity, led to a better performance for metal removal. According to the results of sorption isotherms and batch experiments, Pb(II) and Zn(II) exhibit different sorption behaviors affected by the compositions of synthesized clay–fly ash geopolymers, which could be adjusted to reach a proper sorption capacity. The results of the kinetic study also show that the heterogeneous matrix of the clay–fly ash geopolymers with different porosities led to mutual cooperation between reaction and diffusion‐controlled steps for metal removal.
A 41‐year bioclimatology of thermal stress in Europe
Authors: Antonescu Bogdan , Mărmureanu Luminiţa , Vasilescu Jeni , Marin Cristina , Andrei Simona , Boldeanu Mihai , Ene Dragoş , Ţilea Alexandru 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe bioclimatology of thermal stress over Europe between 1979 and 2019 was analysed using the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) derived from ERA5‐HEAT reanalysis. The bioclimatology of different European regions was assessed using Köppen–Geiger climate classification. The annual number of hours with heat stress (UTCI > 32°C) increased significantly during the study period for all the analysed Köppen–Geiger climate subclasses, showing also a clear increase towards southern Europe. The highest percentage of hours (20% of all hours) with cold stress (UTCI < −13°C) occur over northern Europe. A significant increasing trend (>0.05 hr·year−1) in the number of hours with heat stress was observed for 23 out of 32 analysed European cities representative for the Köppen–Geiger climate subclasses. For these cities not only the number of hours with heat stress has increased but also the heat stress is more persistent, while the number of cases and the persistence of the periods with cold stress have decreased over the last four decades. The UTCI values showed a statistically significant increase between 0.6 and 3.2°C for all the analysed cities over the study period reflecting the rising of global mean temperatures.
A design for pattern reconfigurable antenna systems
Authors: Cheng Hao‐Yuan , Row Jeen‐Sheen 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA pattern reconfigurable antenna system is presented. The system is composed of a cubic array excited with a switchable feed network, a microcontroller (MCU), and a mobile application (app). The cubic array has five radiating elements, and the active state of each element is controlled by the switchable feed network. Simulated results show that the array integrated with the feed network can provide five high‐directivity scanned beams, 11 unidirectional patterns with wide beamwidth, two bidirectional patterns, and one omnidirectional pattern. For promptly switching among these radiation patterns, a MCU is used to manage the DC voltages of PIN diodes in the feed network. In addition, the used MCU has a Wi‐Fi module, and it can communicate with a mobile device through wireless area local networks. Consequently, the pattern switching can be realized with remote control. Details of system designs are described. Measured results for the array and feed network are also given.
An artificial intelligence‐driven agent for real‐time head‐and‐neck IMRT plan generation using conditional generative adversarial network (cGAN)
Authors: Li Xinyi , Wang Chunhao , Sheng Yang , Zhang Jiahan , Wang Wentao , Yin Fang‐Fang , Wu Qiuwen , Wu Q. Jackie , Ge Yaorong 
Published: February 2021

PurposeTo develop an artificial intelligence (AI) agent for fully automated rapid head‐and‐neck intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plan generation without time‐consuming dose‐volume‐based inverse planning.MethodsThis AI agent was trained via implementing a conditional generative adversarial network (cGAN) architecture. The generator, PyraNet, is a novel deep learning network that implements 28 classic ResNet blocks in pyramid‐like concatenations. The discriminator is a customized four‐layer DenseNet. The AI agent first generates multiple customized two‐dimensional projections at nine template beam angles from a patient’s three‐dimensional computed tomography (CT) volume and structures. These projections are then stacked as four‐dimensional inputs of PyraNet, from which nine radiation fluence maps of the corresponding template beam angles are generated simultaneously. Finally, the predicted fluence maps are automatically postprocessed by Gaussian deconvolution operations and imported into a commercial treatment planning system (TPS) for plan integrity check and visualization. The AI agent was built and tested upon 231 oropharyngeal IMRT plans from a TPS plan library. 200/16/15 plans were assigned for training/validation/testing, respectively. Only the primary plans in the sequential boost regime were studied. All plans were normalized to 44 Gy prescription (2 Gy/fx). A customized Harr wavelet loss was adopted for fluence map comparison during the training of the PyraNet. For test cases, isodose distributions in AI plans and TPS plans were qualitatively evaluated for overall dose distributions. Key dosimetric metrics were compared by Wilcoxon signed‐rank tests with a significance level of 0.05.ResultsAll 15 AI plans were successfully generated. Isodose gradients outside of PTV in AI plans were comparable to those of the TPS plans. After PTV coverage normalization, Dmean of left parotid (DAI = 23.1 ± 2.4 Gy; DTPS = 23.1 ± 2.0 Gy), right parotid (DAI = 23.8 ± 3.0 Gy; DTPS = 23.9 ± 2.3 Gy), and oral cavity (DAI = 24.7 ± 6.0 Gy; DTPS = 23.9 ± 4.3 Gy) in the AI plans and the TPS plans were comparable without statistical significance. AI plans achieved comparable results for maximum dose at 0.01cc of brainstem (DAI = 15.0 ± 2.1 Gy; DTPS = 15.5 ± 2.7 Gy) and cord + 5mm (DAI = 27.5 ± 2.3 Gy; DTPS = 25.8 ± 1.9 Gy) without clinically relevant differences, but body Dmax results (DAI = 121.1 ± 3.9 Gy; DTPS = 109.0 ± 0.9 Gy) were higher than the TPS plan results. The AI agent needed ~3 s for predicting fluence maps of an IMRT plan.ConclusionsWith rapid and fully automated execution, the developed AI agent can generate complex head‐and‐neck IMRT plans with acceptable dosimetry quality. This approach holds great potential for clinical applications in preplanning decision‐making and real‐time planning.
Avoidance couplings on non‐complete graphs
Authors: Bates Erik , Podder Moumanti 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA coupling of random walkers on the same finite graph, who take turns sequentially, is said to be an avoidance coupling if the walkers never collide. Previous studies of these processes have focused almost exclusively on complete graphs, in particular how many walkers an avoidance coupling can include. For other graphs, apart from special cases, it has been unsettled whether even two noncolliding simple random walkers can be coupled. In this article, we construct such a coupling on (i) any d‐regular graph avoiding a fixed subgraph depending on d; and (ii) any square‐free graph with minimum degree at least three. A corollary of the first result is that a uniformly random regular graph on n vertices admits an avoidance coupling with high probability.
AI, Robotics, and Humanity: Opportunities, Risks, and Implications for Ethics and Policy
Authors: von Braun Joachim , Archer Margaret S. , Reichberg Gregory M. , Sánchez Sorondo Marcelo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis introduction to the volume gives an overview of foundational issues in AI and robotics, looking into AI’s computational basis, brain–AI comparisons, and conflicting positions on AI and consciousness. AI and robotics are changing the future of society in areas such as work, education, industry, farming, and mobility, as well as services like banking. Another important concern addressed in this volume are the impacts of AI and robotics on poor people and on inequality. These implications are being reviewed, including how to respond to challenges and how to build on the opportunities afforded by AI and robotics. An important area of new risks is robotics and AI implications for militarized conflicts. Throughout this introductory chapter and in the volume, AI/robot-human interactions, as well as the ethical and religious implications, are considered. Approaches for fruitfully managing the coexistence of humans and robots are evaluated. New forms of regulating AI and robotics are called for which serve the public good but also ensure proper data protection and personal privacy.
Designing Robots for the Battlefield: State of the Art
Authors: Swett Bruce A. , Hahn Erin N. , Llorens Ashley J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThere is currently a global arms race for the development of artificial intelligence (AI) and unmanned robotic systems that are empowered by AI (AI-robots). This paper examines the current use of AI-robots on the battlefield and offers a framework for understanding AI and AI-robots. It examines the limitations and risks of AI-robots on the battlefield and posits the future direction of battlefield AI-robots. It then presents research performed at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) related to the development, testing, and control of AI-robots, as well as JHU/APL work on human trust of autonomy and developing self-regulating and ethical robotic systems. Finally, it examines multiple possible future paths for the relationship between humans and AI-robots.
Differences Between Natural and Artificial Cognitive Systems
Authors: Singer Wolf 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis chapter identifies the differences between natural and artifical cognitive systems. Benchmarking robots against brains may suggest that organisms and robots both need to possess an internal model of the restricted environment in which they act and both need to adjust their actions to the conditions of the respective environment in order to accomplish their tasks. However, computational strategies to cope with these challenges are different for natural and artificial systems. Many of the specific human qualities cannot be deduced from the neuronal functions of individual brains alone but owe their existence to cultural evolution. Social interactions between agents endowed with the cognitive abilities of humans generate immaterial realities, addressed as social or cultural realities. Intentionality, morality, responsibility and certain aspects of consciousness such as the qualia of subjective experience belong to the immaterial dimension of social realities. It is premature to enter discussions as to whether artificial systems can acquire functions that we consider as intentional and conscious or whether artificial agents can be considered as moral agents with responsibility for their actions.