bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The hierarchical sensitivity to social misalignment during decision-making under uncertainty
Authors: Lin Yongling , Gu Ruolei , Luan Shenghua , Hu Li , Qin Shaozheng , Luo Yue-jia 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Social misalignment occurs when a person’s attitudes and opinions deviate from those of others. We investigated how individuals react to social misalignment in risky (outcome probabilities are known) or ambiguous (outcome probabilities are unknown) decision contexts. During each trial, participants played a forced-choice gamble, and they observed the decisions of four other players after they made a tentative decision, followed by an opportunity to keep or change their initial decision. Behavioral and event-related potential data were collected. Behaviorally, the stronger the participants’ initial preference, the less likely they were to switch their decisions, whereas the more their decisions were misaligned with the majority, the more likely they were to switch. Electrophysiological results showed a hierarchical processing pattern of social misalignment. Misalignment was first detected binarily (i.e. match/mismatch) at an early stage, as indexed by the N1 component. During the second stage, participants became sensitive to low levels of misalignment, which were indexed by the feedback-related negativity. The degree of social misalignment was processed in greater detail, as indexed by the P3 component. Moreover, such hierarchical neural sensitivity is generalizable across different decision contexts (i.e. risky and ambiguous). These findings demonstrate a fine-grained neural sensitivity to social misalignment during decision-making under uncertainty.
Effects of prefrontal theta burst stimulation on neuronal activity and subsequent eating behavior: an interleaved rTMS and fNIRS study
Authors: Fatakdawala Idris , Ayaz Hasan , Safati Adrian B , Sakib Mohammad N , Hall Peter A 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) are both important nodes for self-control and decision-making but through separable processes (cognitive control vs evaluative processing). This study aimed to examine the effects of excitatory brain stimulation [intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS)] targeting the dlPFC and dmPFC on eating behavior. iTBS was hypothesized to decrease consumption of appetitive snack foods, via enhanced interference control for dlPFC stimulation and reduced delay discounting (DD) for dmPFC stimulation. Using a single-blinded, between-subjects design, participants (N = 43) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (i) iTBS targeting the left dlPFC, (ii) iTBS targeting bilateral dmPFC or (iii) sham. Participants then completed two cognitive tasks (DD and Flanker), followed by a bogus taste test. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy imaging revealed that increases in the medial prefrontal cortex activity were evident in the dmPFC stimulation group during the DD task; likewise, a neural efficiency effect was observed in the dlPFC stimulation group during the Flanker. Gender significantly moderated during the taste test, with females in the dmPFC showing paradoxical increases in food consumption compared to sham. Findings suggest that amplification of evaluative processing may facilitate eating indulgence when preponderant social cues are permissive and food is appetitive.
Much of the Neurocognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia is Due to Factors Other Than Schizophrenia Itself: Implications for Research and Treatment
Authors: Moritz Steffen , Silverstein Steven M , Beblo Thomas , Özaslan Zeynep , Zink Mathias , Gallinat Jürgen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia perform worse on neuropsychological tasks than controls. While most experts ascribe poor performance to neurocognitive impairment, an emerging literature is identifying important nonspecific mediators of neurocognitive test performance, some of which can be accounted for in trials (eg, motivation, effort, defeatist performance beliefs, stress, anxiety, physical inactivity). Other factors are harder, if not impossible, to control when patients are compared to non-clinical participants (eg, hospitalization, medication effects, distraction due to positive symptoms). Effect sizes of neurocognitive performance differences are usually not adjusted for these confounders, and the level of neurocognitive impairment due to schizophrenia is thus likely exaggerated. We suggest some ways for researchers to account for the effects of these mediators. Secondary influences that negatively affect neurocognitive performance should not be treated as mere noise. They give important insight into causal mechanisms and may inform more effective treatments that go beyond cognitive remediation.
Drawing Lines in the Sand? Paths Forward for Triggering Regulation of Gene-Edited Crops
Authors: Nawaz Sara , Kandlikar Milind 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Researchers are making use of new gene-editing techniques in medicine, bioenergy, industrial biotechnology, and beyond, and the field of crop breeding is no exception. These techniques, which differ from genetic modification techniques, spell difficult questions for regulatory oversight: will current rules-of-play apply, or do new techniques necessitate fundamental shifts in regulations? Thus far, little explicit attention has focused on the fundamental yet elusive questions of which technical specifics currently trigger regulation of gene-edited crops, and where different jurisdictions ‘draw’ this line. Here, we trace these regulatory lines across key jurisdictions. We argue that extant regulatory definitions are crumbling in the face of emerging technologies and assert that this breakdown poses a threat to responsible governance. Drawing upon insights from responsible research and innovation, we propose a shift away from technically based regulatory approaches and toward more risk-targeted oversight based on broader societal and ecological implications.
The investigation of the protective effect of cinnamon water extract and vitamin E on malathion-induced oxidative damage in rats
Authors: Berktas Ozlem Aydin , Peker Emine Gulceri Gulec 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Pesticides and other agricultural protective chemical products are widely used almost all over the world. It poses a serious threat, especially for public health. Many studies have reported that pesticide poisoning is a major problem in morbidity and mortality. Accordingly, it is aimed to determine the protective properties of the cinnamon extract against oxidative stress caused by malathion used as a pesticide within the scope of this study. In total, 30 Wistar-albino rats have fasted for 24 h. Cinnamon water extract (150 mg/kg), vitamin E, corn oil, and malathion (150 mg/kg) was administered by the oral route. Rats were sacrificed 24 h after administration and stomach and liver tissues were removed. Then, catalase, superoxide dismutase enzyme activities, glutathione, and lipid peroxidation amounts were measured in tissues biochemically. It was determined that the oxidative stress occurring in the malathion-treated group was significantly reduced (P &lt; 0.05) in the applied spice dose and in the positive control vitamin E group. On the other hand, with the application of malathion, it has been determined that catalase and lipid peroxidation levels increase, while superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels decrease. With the measured enzyme activity differences, this spice extract was found to be an oxidative stress reducer. Oxidative stress, which can be determined with oxidative/antioxidant parameters, has been significantly prevented by the applications that do not occur.
Disentangling independent and mediated causal relationships between blood metabolites, cognitive factors, and Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Lord Jodie , Green Rebbeca , Choi Shing Wan , Hübel Christopher , Aarsland Dag , Velayudhan Latha , Sham Pak , Legido-Quigley Cristina , Richards Marcus , Dobson Richard , Proitsi Petra ,   the GERAD1 Consortium,   AddNeuroMed
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundEducation and cognition demonstrate consistent inverse associations with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). The biological underpinnings, however, remain unclear. Blood metabolites can reflect the endpoint of biological processes and are accessible and malleable. Identifying metabolites with aetiological relevance to AD and disentangling how these relate to cognitive factors along the AD causal pathway could, therefore, offer unique insights into underlying causal mechanisms.MethodsUsing data from the largest metabolomics genome-wide association study (N≈24,925) and three independent AD cohorts (N=4,725), cross-trait polygenic scores were generated and meta-analyzed. Metabolites genetically associated with AD were taken forward for causal analyses. Bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) interrogated univariable causal relationships between (i) metabolites and AD, (ii) metabolites, education and cognition (iii) education, cognition and AD, and (iv) education and cognition. Mediating relationships were computed using multivariable MR.ResultsThirty-four metabolites were genetically associated with AD at p<0.05. Of these, glutamine and free cholesterol in extra-large high-density lipoproteins (XL.HDL.FC) demonstrated a protective causal effect (Glutamine: 95% CI=0.70-0.92; XL.HDL.FC: 95% CI=0.75-0.92). An AD-protective effect was also observed for education (95% CI=0.61-0.85) and cognition (95% CI=0.60-0.89), with bidirectional mediation evident. Cognition as a mediator of the education-AD relationship was stronger than vice-versa, however. No evidence of mediation via any metabolite was found.ConclusionsGlutamine and XL.HDL.FC show protective causal effects on AD. Education and cognition also demonstrate protection, though education’s effect is almost entirely mediated by cognition. These insights provide key pieces of the AD causal puzzle, important for informing future multi-modal work and progressing towards effective intervention strategies.
One Shot Model For COVID-19 Classification and Lesions Segmentation In Chest CT Scans Using LSTM With Attention Mechanism
Authors: Ter-Sarkisov Aram 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe present a model that fuses instance segmentation, Long Short-Term Memory Network and Attention mechanism to predict COVID-19 and segment chest CT scans. The model works by extracting a sequence of Regions of Interest that contain class-relevant information, and applies two Long Short-Term Memory networks with attention to this sequence to extract class-relevant features. The model is trained in one shot: both segmentation and classification branches, using two different sets of data. We achieve a 95.74% COVID-19 sensitivity, 98.13% Common Pneumonia sensitivity, 99.27% Control sensitivity and 98.15% class-adjusted F1 score on the main dataset of 21191 chest CT scan slices, and also run a number of ablation studies in which we achieve 97.73% COVID-19 sensitivity and 98.41% F1 score. All source code and models are available on https://github.com/AlexTS1980/COVID-LSTM-Attention.
Probiotic supplements reduce antipsychotic-induced metabolic disturbances in drug-naïve first-episode schizophrenia
Authors: Kang Dongyu , Zhang Fengyu , Yang Ye , Liu Chenchen , Xiao Jingmei , Long Yujun , Huang Jing , Peng Xingjie , Wang Weiyan , Wang Xiaoyi , Davis John M. , Zhao Jingping , Wu Renrong 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTProbiotic supplements have demonstrated efficacy in improving metabolic abnormalities and may prevent antipsychotic-induced metabolic disturbance and weight gain. A few studies in rodents have found that antipsychotic-induced metabolic dysfunctions are associated with the altered composition of gut microbiota. Here, we conducted a randomized-controlled clinical trial to determine the effectiveness and safety of probiotic supplements on antipsychotic-induced metabolic disturbance and weight gain. Patients with drug-naïve first-episode schizophrenia were randomized to receive either olanzapine plus probiotics or olanzapine monotherapy and scheduled to evaluate with follow-ups for clinical and metabolic profiles. After a treatment of 12 weeks with addition of probiotics, the increase of mean fasting insulin was significantly lower than olanzapine monotherapy. Insulin resistance increased considerably in the olanzapine plus probiotics, but also significantly lower than olanzapine monotherapy. We noted a difference in the increase in body mass index and body weight between treatments at a nominal level of significance, but it became non-significant after adjusting for appetite increase. Probiotics concurrently used with olanzapine is effective and safe in attenuating antipsychotic-induced elevation of fasting insulin and insulin resistance, but not the weight gain in drug-naïve first-episode schizophrenia. Further study is warranted to assess the longer-term maintenance of efficacy and safety.
Salivary detection of COVID-19. Clinical performance of oral sponge sampling for SARS-CoV-2 testing
Authors: Marquette Charles Hugo , Boutros Jacques , Benzaquen Jonathan , Ilié Marius , Labaky Mickelina , Benchetrit Didier , Lavrut Thibaut , Leroy Sylvie , Chemla Richard , Carles Michel , Tanga Virginie , Maniel Charlotte , Bordone Olivier , Allégra Maryline , Lespinet Virginie , Fayada Julien , Griffonnet Jennifer , Hofman Véronique , Hofman Paul 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe current diagnostic standard for coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) is reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing with naso-pharyngeal (NP) swabs. The invasiveness and need for trained personnel make the NP technique unsuited for repeated community-based mass screening. We developed a technique to collect saliva in a simple and easy way with the sponges that are usually used for tamponade of epistaxis. This study was carried out to validate the clinical performance of oral sponge (OS) sampling for SARS-CoV-2 testing.MethodsOver a period of 22 weeks, we collected prospectively 409 paired NP and OS samples from consecutive subjects presenting to a public community-based free screening center. Subjects were referred by their attending physician because of recent COVID-19 symptoms (n=147) or by the contact tracing staff of the French public health insurance since they were considered as close contacts of a laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 case (n=262).ResultsIn symptomatic subjects, RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 testing with OS showed a 96.5% (95%CI: 89.6-94.8) concordance with NP testing, and, a 93.3% [95%CI: 89.1-97.3] sensitivity. In close contacts the NP-OS concordance (93.8% [95%CI: 90.9-96.7]) and OS sensitivity (71.9% [95%CI: 66.5-77.3]) were slightly lower.ConclusionThese results strongly suggest that OS testing is a straightforward, low-cost and high-throughput sampling method that can be used for frequent RT-PCR testing of COVID-19 patients and mass screening of populations.Summary of the “take home” messageOS sampling for SARS-CoV2 RT-PCR is an easy to perform, straightforward self-administered sampling technique, which has a sensitivity of up to 93.3% in symptomatic patients and 71% in close contact subjects.
Clinical genetic risk variants inform a functional protein interaction network for tetralogy of Fallot
Authors: Reuter Miriam S. , Chaturvedi Rajiv R. , Jobling Rebekah K. , Pellecchia Giovanna , Hamdan Omar , Sung Wilson W.L. , Nalpathamkalam Thomas , Attaluri Pratyusha , Silversides Candice K. , Wald Rachel M. , Marshall Christian R. , Williams Simon , Keavney Bernard D. , Thiruvahindrapuram Bhooma , Scherer Stephen W. , Bassett Anne S. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundTetralogy of Fallot (TOF), the most common cyanotic heart defect in newborns, has evidence of multiple genetic contributing factors. Identifying variants that are clinically relevant is essential to understand patient-specific disease susceptibility and outcomes, and could contribute to delineating pathomechanisms.Methods and ResultsWe used a clinically-driven strategy and current guidelines to re-analyze exome sequencing data from 811 probands with TOF, focused on identifying rare loss-of-function and other likely pathogenic variants in congenital heart disease (CHD) genes. In addition to confirming a major contribution of likely pathogenic variants inFLT4(VEGFR3; n=14) andNOTCH1(n=11), we identified 1-3 such variants in each of 21 other CHD genes, includingATRX, DLL4, EP300, GATA6, JAG1, NF1, PIK3CA, RAF1, RASA1, SMAD2, andTBX1. There were also three emerging CHD/TOF candidate genes with multiple loss-of-function variants in this cohort:KDR(n=4),IQGAP1(n=3), andGDF1(n=8). In total, these variants were identified in 64 probands (7.9%). Using the 26 composite genes in a STRING protein interaction enrichment analysis revealed a biologically relevant network (p-value 3.3e-16), with VEGFR2 (KDR) and NOTCH1 representing central nodes. Variants associated with arrhythmias/sudden death and/or heart failure indicated factors that could influence long-term outcomes.ConclusionsThe results are relevant to precision medicine for TOF. They suggest considerable clinical yield from genome-wide sequencing, and further evidence forKDRas a CHD/TOF gene and VEGF and Notch signaling as mechanisms in human disease. Harnessing genetic heterogeneity of single gene defects could inform etiopathogenesis and help prioritize novel candidate genes for TOF.
Are fast test results preferable to high test sensitivity in contact-tracing strategies?
Authors: Juul Jonas L. , Græsbøll Kaare 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAcross the world, countries are fighting to reduce the spread of COVID-19. The backbone of the response is a test-trace-isolate strategy, where suspected infected get tested and isolated and possible secondary cases get traced, tested and isolated. Because more accurate tests often take longer to analyze, and the benefits of contact tracing are strengthened by rapid diagnosis, there exists a trade-off in test sensitivity and test waiting time in test-trace-isolate strategies. Here we ask: How many false negatives can be tolerated in a rapid test so that it reduces transmission better than a slower, more accurate test? How does this change with contact tracing efficiency and test waiting time? We find that a rapid, less sensitive test performs best for many test-parameter choices and that this is true even for modest contact tracing efficiency. For COVID-19-like viral parameters, a test with 40% false negatives and immediate result might reduce transmission as well as a test with no false negatives and a 3-day waiting time. Our analysis suggests employing rapid tests to reduce test waiting times as a viable strategy to reduce transmission when testing infrastructure is under stress.
SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence in a University Community: A Longitudinal Study of the Impact of Student Return to Campus on Infection Risk Among Community Members
Authors: Arnold Callum R.K. , Srinivasan Sreenidhi , Rodriguez Sophie , Rydzak Natalie , Herzog Catherine M. , Gontu Abhinay , Bharti Nita , Small Meg , Rogers Connie J. , Schade Margeaux M. , Kuchipudi Suresh V , Kapur Vivek , Read Andrew , Ferrari Matthew J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundReturning university students represent large-scale, transient demographic shifts and a potential source of transmission to adjacent communities during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsIn this prospective longitudinal cohort study, we tested for IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in a non-random cohort of residents living in Centre County prior to the Fall 2020 term at the Pennsylvania State University and following the conclusion of the Fall 2020 term. We also report the seroprevalence in a non-random cohort of students collected at the end of the Fall 2020 term.ResultsOf 1313 community participants, 42 (3.2%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies at their first visit between 07 August and 02 October 2020. Of 684 student participants who returned to campus for fall instruction, 208 (30.4%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies between 26 October and 21 December. 96 (7.3%) community participants returned a positive IgG antibody result by 19 February. Only contact with known SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals and attendance at small gatherings (20-50 individuals) were significant predictors of detecting IgG antibodies among returning students (aOR, 95% CI: 3.1, 2.07-4.64; 1.52, 1.03-2.24; respectively).ConclusionsDespite high seroprevalence observed within the student population, seroprevalence in a longitudinal cohort of community residents was low and stable from before student arrival for the Fall 2020 term to after student departure. The study implies that heterogeneity in SARS-CoV-2 transmission can occur in geographically coincident populations.Author’s summaryDespite high seroprevalence observed within the student population, seroprevalence in a longitudinal cohort of community residents remained low and stable from before student arrival for the Fall term to after their departure, implying limited transmission between these subpopulations.
Temporal differentiation of resource capture and biomass accumulation as a driver of yield increase in intercropping
Authors: Engbersen Nadine , Brooker Rob W. , Stefan Laura , Studer Björn , Schöb Christian 
Published: February 2021

Abstract-Intercropping, i.e. the simultaneous cultivation of different crops on the same field, has demonstrated yield advantages compared to monoculture cropping. These yield advantages have often been attributed to complementary resource use, but few studies quantified the temporal complementarity of nutrient acquisition and biomass production. Our understanding of how nutrient uptake rates of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) and biomass accumulation change throughout the growing season and between different neighbors is limited.-We conducted weekly destructive harvests to measure temporal trajectories of N and P uptake and biomass production in three crop species (oat, lupin and camelina) growing either as isolated single plants, in monocultures or as intercrops. Additionally, we quantified organic acid exudation in the rhizosphere and biological N2-fixation of lupin throughout the growing season. Logistic models were fitted to characterize nutrient acquisition and biomass accumulation trajectories.-Nutrient uptake and biomass accumulation trajectories were curtailed by competitive interactions, resulting in earlier peak rates and lower total accumulated nutrients and biomass compared to cultivation as isolated single plants. Different pathways led to overyielding in the two mixtures. The oat–camelina mixture was characterized by a shift from belowground temporal niche partitioning of resource uptake to aboveground competition for light during the growing season. The oat–lupin mixture showed strong competitive interactions, where lupin eventually overyielded due to reliance on atmospheric N and stronger competitiveness for soil P.-Synthesis: This study demonstrates temporal shifts to earlier peak rates of plants growing with neighbors compared to those growing alone, suggesting that the observed temporal shifts in our experiment are driven by competitive interactions rather than active plant behavior to reduce competition. The two differing pathways to overyielding in the two mixtures highlight the importance of examining temporal dynamics in intercropping systems to understand the underlying mechanisms of overyielding.