bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials of Riamilovir eﬃcacy in etiotropic therapy of inﬂuenza
Authors: Sabitov A. U. , Kovtun O. P. , Batskalevich N. A. , Lvov N. I. , Zhdanov K. V. , Esaulenko E. V. , Tikhonova E. P. , Kalinina Yu. S. , Sorokin P. V. , Chepur S. V. , Stepanov A. V. 
Published: August 2021

The aim of the study was to carry out a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials in order to combine the results of clinical trials on Triazavirin® (Riamilovir) eﬃcacy in etiotropic therapy of inﬂuenza.Materials and methods. The analysis was carried out in accordance with the PRISMA principles regarding the quality of information presentation on the results of systematic reviews and meta-analyzes of works assessing medical interventions. The study included 471 patients with a conﬁrmed diagnosis of inﬂuenza (with laboratory conﬁrmed presence of inﬂuenza virus antigens).Results. The conducted meta-analysis showed that the use of Triazavirin® (Riamilovir) has a statistically signiﬁcant eﬀect on the severity of clinical symptoms in patients with inﬂuenza, therefore Riamilovir can be used in the initial therapy of adult patients with inﬂuenza.Conclusion. Clinical studies have shown that the use of Triazavirin® (Riamilovir) is eﬀective both in the initial and late stages of the disease, and therefore Riamilovir can be used in the treatment of adult patients with respiratory diseases of viral etiology, in particular, those diagnosed with inﬂuenza. The meta-analysis of the collected data showed that therapy with Triazavirin® (Riamilovir) has statistically signiﬁcant advantages in various aspects both in comparison with the placebo group and with the Tamiﬂu® (Oseltamivir) group.
PENGGUNAAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA UNTUK ANAK BERKEBUTUHAN KHUSUS DI SEKOLAH MENENGAH PERTAMA LUAR BIASA (SMPLB) NEGERI SEPULAU BANGKA (Using Media in Learning Indonesian Subject for Children with Special Needs at SMPLB in Bangka Regency)
Authors: Harista Eva 
Published: August 2021

Penggunaan media dalam pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia antara anak yang normal dengan anak berkebutuhan khusus memiliki perbedaan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat ragam media pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia yang digunakan guru di sekolah menengah pertama luar biasa (SMPLB) negeri se-Pulau Bangka serta kendala yang dihadapi para guru dalam proses pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui tahapan observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Adapun analisis data dalam penelitian ini, yaitu data collection, data reduction, data display, dan conclusion drawing/verification. Hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa media pembelajaran yang digunakan oleh guru dalam mata pelajaran bahasa Indonesia berdasarkan karakteristik ketunaan siswa berkebutuhan khusus, yaitu terdiri dari media pembelajaran audio, visual, maupun audio visual. Kendala dalam proses belajar mengajar di SLB Negeri Sungailiat, Pangkalpinang, dan Koba adalah keterbatasan sarana dan prasarana seperti ruang kelas/pembelajaran, ruang orientasi dan mobilitas, ruang bina wicara, ruang bina persepsi bunyi dan irama, keterbatasan guru, dan keterbatasan media pembelajaran. Using media in Indonesian language learning between normal children and children with special needs has differences. The purpose of this research is to see the variety of Indonesian language learning media used by teachers in The Extraordinary Junior High School (SMPLB) in Bangka Island as well as the obstacles faced by teachers in the indonesian language learning process. This research used descriptive qualitative approach. Data collection techniques were got through the stages of observation, interviews, and documentation. There was data analysis in this research, namely data collection, data reduction and display, conclusion and verification. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the learning media used by teachers in Indonesian subjects are based on the disability characteristics of students with special needs; namely consisting of audio, visual, and audio-visual learning media. Constraints in the teaching and learning process at SLB Negeri Sungailiat, Pangkalpinang, and Koba are the limited facilities and infrastructure such as class / learning rooms, orientation and mobility rooms, speech building rooms, sound and rhythm perception building rooms, teacher limitations, and limited learning media.
Linear Polarization of the 21 cm Line from the Epoch of Reionization
Authors: Li Bohua , Tan Jianrong , Mao Yi 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The 21 cm linear polarization due to Thomson scattering off free electrons can probe the distribution of neutral hydrogen in the intergalactic medium during the epoch of reionization, complementary to the 21 cm temperature fluctuations. A previous study estimated the strength of polarization with a toy model and claimed that it can be detected with 1 month observation of the Square Kilometre Array (SKA). Here we revisit this investigation with account of nonlinear terms due to inhomogeneous reionization, using semi-numerical reionization simulations to provide the realistic estimation of the 21 cm TE and EE angular power spectra (

C

ℓ

TE

and

C

ℓ

EE

). We find that (1) both power spectra are enhanced on sub-bubble scales but suppressed on super-bubble scales, compared with previous results; (2)

C

ℓ

TE

displays a zero crossing at ℓ < 100, and its angular scale is sensitive to the scale dependence of H i bias on large scales; (3) the ratios of the power spectrum to its maximum value during reionization at a given ℓ, i.e.,

C

ℓ

TE

/

C

ℓ
,
max

TE

and

C

ℓ

EE

/

C

ℓ
,
max

EE

, show robust correlations with the global ionized fraction. However, measurement of this signal will be very challenging not only because the overall strength is weaker than the sensitivity of SKA, but also because of the polarized foregrounds from diffuse synchrotron emission, and Faraday rotation, which modifies the observed polarization. Nevertheless, the 21 cm linear polarization signal may still likely be detectable through other approaches, e.g., its cross-correlation with other probes.
A Broad Grid of 2D Kilonova Emission Models
Authors: Wollaeger R. T. , Fryer C. L. , Chase E. A. , Fontes C. J. , Ristic M. , Hungerford A. L. , Korobkin O. , O’Shaughnessy R. , Herring A. M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Depending upon the properties of their compact remnants and the physics included in the models, simulations of neutron star mergers can produce a broad range of ejecta properties. The characteristics of this ejecta, in turn, define the kilonova emission. To explore the effect of ejecta properties, we present a grid of two-component 2D axisymmetric kilonova simulations that vary mass, velocity, morphology, and composition. The masses and velocities of each component vary, respectively, from 0.001 to 0.1 M
⊙ and 0.05 to 0.3 c, covering much of the range of results from the neutron star merger literature. The set of 900 models is constrained to have a toroidal low electron fraction (Y

e
) ejecta with a robust r-process composition and either a spherical or lobed high-Y

e
ejecta with two possible compositions. We simulate these models with the Monte Carlo radiative transfer code SuperNu using a full suite of lanthanide and fourth-row element opacities. We examine the trends of these models with parameter variation, show how they can be used with statistical tools, and compare the model light curves and spectra to those of AT2017gfo, the electromagnetic counterpart of GW170817.
Nondetection of Water-ice Grains in the Coma of Comet 46P/Wirtanen and Implications for Hyperactivity
Authors: Protopapa Silvia , Kelley Michael S. P. , Woodward Charles E. , Yang Bin 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Hyperactive comets have high water production rates, with inferred sublimation areas of order the surface area of the nucleus. Comets 46P/Wirtanen and 103P/Hartley 2 are two examples of this cometary class. Based on observations of comet Hartley 2 by the Deep Impact spacecraft, hyperactivity appears to be caused by the ejection of water-ice grains and/or water-ice-rich chunks of nucleus into the coma. These materials increase the sublimating surface area and yield high water production rates. The historic close approach of comet Wirtanen to Earth in 2018 afforded an opportunity to test Hartley 2–style hyperactivity in a second Jupiter-family comet. We present high spatial resolution, near-infrared spectroscopy of the inner coma of Wirtanen. No evidence for the 1.5 or 2.0 μm water-ice absorption bands is found in six 0.8–2.5 μm spectra taken around perihelion and closest approach to Earth. In addition, the strong 3.0 μm water-ice absorption band is absent in a 2.0–5.3 μm spectrum taken near perihelion. Using spectroscopic and sublimation lifetime models, we set constraints on the physical properties of the ice grains in the coma, assuming they are responsible for the comet’s hyperactivity. We rule out pure water-ice grains of any size, given their long lifetime. Instead, the hyperactivity of the nucleus and lack of water-ice absorption features in our spectra can be explained either by icy grains on the order of 1 μm in size with a small amount of low-albedo dust (greater than 0.5% by volume) or by large chunks containing significant amounts of water ice.
Detection of Large Exospheric Enhancements at Mercury due to Meteoroid Impacts
Authors: Cassidy T. A. , Schmidt C. A. , Merkel A. W. , Jasinski J. M. , Burger M. H. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrometer (UVVS) on the MESSENGER spacecraft observed three large transient events in Mercury’s nightside “tail” in which the exospheric brightness increased by an order of magnitude. Meteoroid impacts are the best explanation given that the events are brief, can be simulated with instantaneous injections of vapor, and were not associated with unusual solar wind conditions. Data–model comparisons suggest that the impactors are 10–20 cm in diameter and produce vapor temperatures of ∼104 K, much warmer than usually assumed for impact vapor. We estimate the impact frequency to be on the order of once per Earth day for meteoroids 10 cm diameter and larger, consistent with a pre-MESSENGER prediction. UVVS observed three atomic species during one event: sodium, magnesium, and calcium. Na and Mg brightened simultaneously, and their modeled ejection ratio roughly matches Mercury’s surface abundance. Ca showed no sign of an enhancement, consistent with earlier predictions that Ca in impact vapor is bound in a molecule that is undetectable to UVVS. This event provides an unprecedented opportunity to see three species respond (or not) to a single source and has implications for our understanding of Mercury’s exosphere.
DNA barcoding of Naididae (Annelida, Oligochaeta) based on COI and ITS2 genes in China
Authors: Zhou Tingting , Wang Hongzhu , Cui Yongde 
Published: August 2021

Exploring the effectiveness of DNA barcoding in species identification is prerequisite for biodiversity conservation and environmental monitoring. Aquatic oligochaete could serve as an excellent indicator in aquatic monitoring programs. However, few studies have examined the effectiveness of DNA barcoding in these specific organisms. The mitochondrial COI gene and nuclear ITS2 gene of 83 specimens belonging to 36 species of 18 genera were sequenced in this study. The results showed that there was a barcode gap between species of Naididae, and the intraspecific genetic distances of each species were smaller than interspecific genetic distances. The classification results of ABGD (Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery) were consistent with those of morphological identification except for Tubifex tubifex and Lumbriculus variegatus. All species were successfully distinguished in the phylogenetic tree based on ITS2 gene, which was coincident with morphological result. Our results provided evidence that DNA barcoding can be used as an effective and convenient tool for species identification of the family Naididae and even aquatic oligochaete.
Where did the Central European populations of Ornatoraphidia flavilabris (Costa) come from? (Neuropterida, Raphidioptera, Raphidiidae)
Authors: Aspöck Horst , Aspöck Ulrike , Walochnik Julia , Kniha Edwin 
Published: August 2021

Ornatoraphidia flavilabris (Costa, 1851) is one of 15 snakefly species occurring in southern parts of Central Europe. It is a polycentric Mediterranean faunal element with refugia in the Apennine Peninsula and the Balkan Peninsula. Two phylogeographic questions are dealt with in this paper:
(1) Is it possible to differentiate, morphologically or genetically, the Balkanic populations from the Italian?
(2) Did the species reach Central Europe from the Balkan or Apennine Peninsula?
These questions were investigated using morphological and molecular biological methods. No morphological characters were uncovered which could serve to differentiate specimens from either distribution center. However, differences were detected in cox1, cox3 and 28S genes which allow for a reliable differentiation. Central European populations were largely identical with populations from Italy, but distinctly different from specimens from Greece. This could lead one to assume that the species migrated from Italy to Central Europe, although colonization from the southeast would appear easier due to more favorable orographic conditions. This discrepancy may be explained by the apparent absence of O. flavilabris from the large central part of the Balkan Peninsula, so that a gap exists between the southern and northern areas inhabited by O. flavilabris. Moreover, the species does not occur in eastern parts of Europe. Thus it would be more probable to assume that the occurrence of the species in the northwest Balkan Peninsula can be traced to migrations from the Apennine Peninsula to areas north and northeast of the Adriatic Sea, where O. flavilabris may have colonized the southeast of Central Europe.
A migration of Adriatomediterranean faunal elements from the northwest Balkan Peninsula to Central Europe might be of more significance than previously assumed.
Effect of Discharge on Hatching and Growth of Age-0 Black Bass in Two Southeastern U.S. Rivers
Authors: Sammons Steven M. , Earley Laurie A. , Goclowski Matthew R. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We examined the influence of variable discharge on hatching and age-0 growth for fluvial specialist and habitat generalist species of black bass Micropterus spp. in two southeastern U.S. rivers, the Flint River, Georgia (unregulated), and the Tallapoosa River, Alabama (regulated by several hydropower dams). Between 2008 and 2010, we collected 285 Largemouth Bass M. salmoides (generalist) and 254 Shoal Bass M. cataractae (specialist) from two reaches of the Flint River. In 2010–2011, we collected 309 Alabama Bass M. henshalli (generalist) and 216 Redeye Bass M. coosae (specialist) from two regulated reaches and one unregulated reach of the Tallapoosa River. Successful hatching of black bass in both rivers generally occurred from late March to early June when water levels were low and stable. Hatching distributions of all black bass were generally unimodal with little evidence of spawning disruption, except for Alabama Bass in the most-regulated reach of the Tallapoosa River, which appeared to be disrupted by large discharge events. Mean growth of both species in the Flint River varied from 0.64 to 0.82 mm/d across reaches and years; Shoal Bass generally grew faster than Largemouth Bass in all reach–year combinations. Largemouth Bass growth was inversely correlated to discharge variation in one reach, but Shoal Bass growth was not correlated to discharge variation in either reach. Alabama Bass and Redeye Bass growth rates in the Tallapoosa River were similar to rates observed for congeners in the Flint River; Alabama Bass grew faster than Redeye Bass. Growth of both species was inversely related to discharge variation in five of six reach–species combinations; the only exception was for Redeye Bass in the less-regulated reach. Results from this study suggest that variable discharge has less influence on successful reproduction of black bass than was reported for other fishes, but growth may be more affected by discharges resulting from anthropogenic sources than those associated with the natural regime.
La pratique du journal : outil de réflexivité et d’apprentissage en FLE
Authors: Kharbouch Omar 
Published: August 2021

“Il diario”, all’infuori della sua connotazione intimista o di mediatizzazione, è poco noto come pratica di scrittura formatrice. Cercheremo qui di affrontarlo in quanto scrittura di riflessione e di autoformazione in francese lingua straniera. Passando in rassegna le sue grandi figure, evocheremo di nuovo la sua definizione per estrarne in seguito, nel contesto di una sperimentazione in una scuola media in Marocco, una delle sue dimensioni essenziali : la riflessività.
CXCL20a, a Teleost-Specific Chemokine That Orchestrates Direct Bactericidal, Chemotactic, and Phagocytosis-Killing–Promoting Functions, Contributes to Clearance of Bacterial Infections
Authors: Zhang Yanqi , Xiao Xun , Hu Yazhen , Liao Zhiwei , Zhu Wentao , Jiang Rui , Yang Chunrong , Zhang Yongan , Su Jianguo 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The major role of chemokines is to act as a chemoattractant to guide the migration of immune cells to the infectious sites. In the current study, we found that CiCXCL20a, a teleost-specific chemokine from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), demonstrates broad-spectrum, potent, direct bactericidal activity and immunomodulatory functions to bacterial infections, apart from the chemotaxis. CiCXCL20a kills bacteria by binding, mainly targeting acid lipids, perforating bacterial membrane, resulting in bacterial cytoplasm leakage and death. CiCXCL20a aggregates and neutralizes LPS, agglutinates Gram-negative bacteria, and binds to peptidoglycan and Gram-positive bacteria, but not agglutinate them. All the complexes may be phagocytized and cleared away. CiCXCL20a chemoattracts leukocytes, facilitates phagocytosis of myeloid leukocytes, not lymphoid leukocytes, and enhances the bacteria-killing ability in leukocytes. We further identified its receptor CiCXCR3.1b1. Furthermore, we investigated the physiological roles of CiCXCL20a against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in vivo. The recombinant CiCXCL20a increases the survival rate and decreases the tissue bacterial loads, edema, and lesions. Then, we verified this function by purified CiCXCL20a Ab blockade, and the survival rate decreases, and the tissue bacterial burdens increase. In addition, zebrafish (Danio rerio) DrCXCL20, an ortholog of CiCXCL20a, was employed to verify the bactericidal function and mechanism. The results indicated that DrCXCL20 also possesses wide-spectrum, direct bactericidal activity through membrane rupture mechanism. The present study, to our knowledge, provides the first evidence that early vertebrate chemokine prevents from bacterial infections by direct bactericidal and phagocytosis-killing–promoting manners. The results also demonstrate the close functional relationship between chemokines and antimicrobial peptides.
Immunohistochemical Study of Adhesion Molecules in Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Mitselou Antigony , Grammeniatis Vasileios , Varouktsi Anna , Papadatos Stamatis S. , Klaroudas Antonios , Katsanos Konstantinos , Galani Vasiliki 
Published: August 2021

Background:
The surface of endothelial cells is covered with cell adhesion molecules including E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) that mediate the adhesion and extravasation of leukocytes and play a pivotal role in inflammatory response. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of expression of adhesion molecules in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients, and normal colonic mucosa.

Materials and Methods:
IBS and IBD patients along with normal colonic mucosa were recruited in the study. In all groups, two biopsies were taken from each of the three anatomical sites (terminal ileum, cecum, and rectum). Three monoclonal antibodies, E-selectin mAb, VCAM-1 mAb, and ICAM-1 mAb, were applied for immunohistochemical analysis.

Results:
In IBD patients, the expression of intensity of E-selectin, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1 was found decreased, at least in cecum and rectum, in comparison with IBS patients and controls (P < 0.001, P < 0.005, and P < 0.007, respectively). Comparison of the expression of intensity of the aforementioned molecules in IBS patients and controls revealed significant augmentation at the cecum and rectum of IBS patients.

Conclusions:
The expression of adhesion molecules appeared lower in IBD patients compared to IBS patients and controls. In addition, the expression of adhesion molecules appeared higher in IBS compared to the control group. Therefore, it could be hypothesized that the expression of adhesion molecules could be considered as an early event in the process of proinflammatory IBS group and may be other factors play a crucial role in the process of intestinal inflammation in IBD patients.
Effect of Single Preoperative Dose of Duloxetine on Postoperative Analgesia in Patients Undergoing Total Abdominal Hysterectomy under Spinal Anesthesia
Authors: Rajamohan Sharmila , Chikkapillappa Manjunath Abloodu , Rath Prapti , Pujari Vinayak Seenappa , Anandaswamy Tejesh C. , Rajappa Geetha C. 
Published: August 2021

Background:
Women undergoing hysterectomy present a unique set of challenges to the anesthesiologist in terms of postoperative pain management. This study was conducted to see the effect of single-dose perioperative duloxetine 60 mg on postoperative analgesia following abdominal hysterectomy under spinal anesthesia.

Materials and Methods:
This prospective randomized placebo-controlled study was conducted on 64 patients scheduled to undergo elective abdominal hysterectomy under spinal anesthesia. The patients were divided into two groups of 32 in each, Group D received duloxetine 60 mg 2 h preoperatively and Group P received placebo 2 h preoperatively. Postoperatively, the patients were evaluated by an independent observer for pain on rest and during cough at 0 (arrival at postanesthesia care unit), 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h. In addition, the postoperative analgesic requirements and adverse effects were noted.

Statistical Analysis Used:
Independent t-test/Mann–Whitney U-test was used to compare the pain score between two groups.

Results:
The demographic data were comparable between both the groups. The mean Visual Analogue Scale scores assessed postoperatively at rest and during cough which were not statistically significant between the two groups. The rescue analgesic consumption in Group D (0.97 ± 0.86) and Group P (1.25 ± 0.76) was comparable and statistically not significant. The total analgesic requirement between duloxetine (4.94 ± 0.84) and placebo (1.25 ± 0.76) group was comparable and statistically not significant. The incidence of nausea vomiting and somnolence was higher in Group D.

Conclusion:
We conclude that patients receiving a single dose of 60 mg duloxetine as premedication before hysterectomy under spinal anesthesia are no better than placebo on postoperative pain during the first 24 h.