bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When Do Associate Analysts Matter?
Authors: Gao Menghai , Ji Yuan , Rozenbaum Oded 
Published: August 2021

Although extant literature investigates the role of sell-side equity analysts in capital markets, most studies do not consider that sell-side equity analysts often work in hierarchical teams. Lead analysts manage a team of associate and junior analysts who participate in the team’s tasks. Building on the delegation theory in the management literature, we hypothesize and find a division of labor between lead and associate analysts, where lead analysts are more likely to delegate tasks (1) that are less significant, (2) that are simpler, (3) when the workload of the lead analyst increases, and (4) when the associate analyst is more competent. Our results further suggest that associate analysts play a significant role in forecasting. By contrast, lead analysts are the main contributors to the qualitative aspects of analyst reports and are more likely to participate in earnings conference calls. Overall, our study documents the significant role of associate analysts in forecasting and the division of labor between lead and associate analysts. This paper was accepted by Brian Bushee, accounting.
Histological and radiographic evaluation of three common tendon transfer techniques in an un-ossified bone porcine model: Implications for early anterior tibialis tendon transfers in children with clubfeet
Authors: Korth Kyle , Bolam Scott , Leiferman Ellen , Crenshaw Thomas , Dray Michael , Crawford Haemish A. , Wallace Maegen , Halanski Matthew A. 
Published: August 2021

Purpose To compare the histological healing and radiographic effects of tendons transferred to ossified or unossified bone using different tendon fixation techniques Methods Nine new-born piglets underwent bilateral tendon transfers to either the ossified boney calcaneal body or unossified apophysis. The tendons were fixed using metallic suture anchors, sutures alone or a bone tunnel. At six weeks of age, calcanei were harvested, radiologically imaged and then prepared for histology. A semi-quantitative aggregated scoring system with values ranging from 0 (poor) to 15 (excellent), was used to grade healing at the surgical enthesis and the apophyseal ossification was graded by five independent reviewers in triplicate using a modified (1 to 4) validated scoring system. Results Histologically, the cartilaginous transfers utilizing the tunnel and suture techniques also demonstrated the best average aggregated scores of entheses healing rivalling that measured in transfers using the classic bone tunnel technique (clinical benchmark), whereas suture anchor fixation demonstrated the worst healing in both the ossified and unossified samples. All three transfer techniques caused at least minor alterations in apophyseal ossification, with the most significant changes observed in the metallic suture anchor cohort. The tunnel and suture techniques demonstrated similar and more mild abnormalities in ossification. Conclusion Tendon transfers to unossified bone heal histologically as well as transfers classically performed through tunnels in bone. Suture fixation or tunnel techniques appear radiographically and histologically superior to suture anchors in our newborn porcine model. Level of evidence
Mitigation of thermal blooming by rotating laser beams in the atmosphere
Authors: Qiu Die , Tian Boyu , Ting He , Zhong Zheqiang , Zhang Bin 
Published: August 2021

A novel method, to the best of our knowledge, for mitigating thermal blooming by using the rotating beam when propagating in the atmosphere is proposed. The rotating beam, generated by coherent superposition of two vortex beams with opposite topological charges and frequency shift, can directly modulate the heat source in time and then mitigate the thermal blooming in the atmosphere. The theoretical model of the rotating beam propagating in the atmosphere has been established, and the thermal blooming effects of the rotating beam and the conventional nonrotating beam through the atmosphere have been analyzed and compared. Results indicate that, compared to the nonrotating beam propagating in the atmosphere, the rotating beam is less affected by the thermal blooming and exhibits outstanding performance in mitigating the thermal blooming effect, resulting in smaller beam expansion, less shift of the beam centroid position, and better beam quality than those of the nonrotating beam.
The perspectives of health professionals and patients on racism in healthcare: A qualitative systematic review
Authors: Sim Wilson , Lim Wen Hui , Ng Cheng Han , Chin Yip Han , Yaow Clyve Yu Leon , Cheong Clare Wei Zhen , Khoo Chin Meng , Samarasekera Dujeepa D. , Devi M. Kamala , Chong Choon Seng 
Published: August 2021

Objective
To understand racial bias in clinical settings from the perspectives of minority patients and healthcare providers to inspire changes in the way healthcare providers interact with their patients.

Methods
Articles on racial bias were searched on Medline, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science. Full text review and quality appraisal was conducted, before data was synthesized and analytically themed using the Thomas and Harden methodology.

Results
23 articles were included, involving 1,006 participants. From minority patients’ perspectives, two themes were generated: 1) alienation of minorities due to racial supremacism and lack of empathy, resulting in inadequate medical treatment; 2) labelling of minority patients who were stereotyped as belonging to a lower socio-economic class and having negative behaviors. From providers’ perspectives, one theme recurred: the perpetuation of racial fault lines by providers. However, some patients and providers denied racism in the healthcare setting.

Conclusion
Implicit racial bias is pervasive and manifests in patient-provider interactions, exacerbating health disparities in minorities. Beyond targeted anti-racism measures in healthcare settings, wider national measures to reduce housing, education and income inequality may mitigate racism in healthcare and improve minority patient care.
Predicting mortality among patients with liver cirrhosis in electronic health records with machine learning
Authors: Guo Aixia , Mazumder Nikhilesh R. , Ladner Daniela P. , Foraker Randi E. 
Published: August 2021

Objective
Liver cirrhosis is a leading cause of death and effects millions of people in the United States. Early mortality prediction among patients with cirrhosis might give healthcare providers more opportunity to effectively treat the condition. We hypothesized that laboratory test results and other related diagnoses would be associated with mortality in this population. Our another assumption was that a deep learning model could outperform the current Model for End Stage Liver disease (MELD) score in predicting mortality.

Materials and methods
We utilized electronic health record data from 34,575 patients with a diagnosis of cirrhosis from a large medical center to study associations with mortality. Three time-windows of mortality (365 days, 180 days and 90 days) and two cases with different number of variables (all 41 available variables and 4 variables in MELD-NA) were studied. Missing values were imputed using multiple imputation for continuous variables and mode for categorical variables. Deep learning and machine learning algorithms, i.e., deep neural networks (DNN), random forest (RF) and logistic regression (LR) were employed to study the associations between baseline features such as laboratory measurements and diagnoses for each time window by 5-fold cross validation method. Metrics such as area under the receiver operating curve (AUC), overall accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were used to evaluate models.

Results
Performance of models comprising all variables outperformed those with 4 MELD-NA variables for all prediction cases and the DNN model outperformed the LR and RF models. For example, the DNN model achieved an AUC of 0.88, 0.86, and 0.85 for 90, 180, and 365-day mortality respectively as compared to the MELD score, which resulted in corresponding AUCs of 0.81, 0.79, and 0.76 for the same instances. The DNN and LR models had a significantly better f1 score compared to MELD at all time points examined.

Conclusion
Other variables such as alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and hemoglobin were also top informative features besides the 4 MELD-Na variables. Machine learning and deep learning models outperformed the current standard of risk prediction among patients with cirrhosis. Advanced informatics techniques showed promise for risk prediction in patients with cirrhosis.
Comparison study of image quality at various radiation doses for CT venography using advanced modeled iterative reconstruction
Authors: Hwang Jung Han , Kang Jin Mo , Park So Hyun , Park Suyoung , Kim Jeong Ho , Choi Sang tae 
Published: August 2021

Objective
We compared the image quality according to the radiation dose on computed tomography (CT) venography at 80 kVp using advanced modeled iterative reconstruction for deep vein thrombus and other specific clinical conditions considering standard-, low-, and ultralow-dose CT.

Methods
In this retrospective study, 105 consecutive CT venography examinations were included using a third-generation dual-source scanner in the dual-source mode in tubes A (reference mAs, 210 mAs at 70%) and B (reference mAs, 90 mAs at 30%) at a fixed 80 kVp. Two radiologists independently reviewed each observation of standard- (100% radiation dose), low- (70%), and ultralow-dose (30%) CT. The objective quality of large veins and subjective image quality regarding lower-extremity veins and deep vein thrombus were compared between images according to the dose. In addition, the CT dose index volumes were displayed from the images.

Results
From the patients, 24 presented deep vein thrombus in 69 venous segments of CT examinations. Standard-dose CT provided the lowest image noise at the inferior vena cava and femoral vein compared with low- and ultralow-dose CT (p < 0.001). There were no differences regarding subjective image quality between the images of popliteal and calf veins at the three doses (e.g., 3.8 ± 0.7, right popliteal vein, p = 0.977). The image quality of the 69 deep vein thrombus segments showed equally slightly higher scores in standard- and low-dose CT (4.0 ± 0.2) than in ultralow-dose CT (3.9 ± 0.4). The CT dose index volumes were 4.4 ± 0.6, 3.1 ± 0.4, and 1.3 ± 0.2 mGy for standard-, low-, and ultralow-dose CT, respectively.

Conclusions
Low- and ultralow-dose CT venography at 80 kVp using an advanced model based iterative reconstruction algorithm allows to evaluate deep vein thrombus and perform follow-up examinations while showing an acceptable image quality and reducing the radiation dose.
To what extent are the antimalarial markets in African countries ready for a transition to triple artemisinin-based combination therapies?
Authors: de Haan Freek , Bolarinwa Oladimeji Akeem , Guissou Rosemonde , Tou Fatoumata , Tindana Paulina , Boon Wouter P. C. , Moors Ellen H. M. , Cheah Phaik Yeong , Dhorda Mehul , Dondorp Arjen M. , Ouedraogo Jean Bosco , Mokuolu Olugbenga A. , Amaratunga Chanaki 
Published: August 2021

Introduction
Triple artemisinin-based combination therapies (TACTs) are being developed as a response to artemisinin and partner drug resistance in the treatment of falciparum malaria in Southeast Asia. In African countries, where current artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are still effective, TACTs have the potential to benefit the larger community and future patients by mitigating the risk of drug resistance. This study explores the extent to which the antimalarial drug markets in African countries are ready for a transition to TACTs.

Methods
A qualitative study was conducted in Nigeria and Burkina Faso and comprised in-depth interviews (n = 68) and focus group discussions (n = 11) with key actor groups in the innovation system of antimalarial therapies.

Results
Evidence of ACT failure in African countries and explicit support for TACTs by the World Health Organization (WHO) and international funders were perceived important determinants for the market prospects of TACTs in Nigeria and Burkina Faso. At the country level, slow regulatory and implementation procedures were identified as potential barriers towards rapid TACTs deployment. Integrating TACTs in public sector distribution channels was considered relatively straightforward. More challenges were expected for integrating TACTs in private sector distribution channels, which are characterized by patient demand and profit motives. Finally, several affordability and acceptability issues were raised for which ACTs were suggested as a benchmark.

Conclusion
The market prospects of TACTs in Nigeria and Burkina Faso will depend on the demonstration of the added value of TACTs over ACTs, their advocacy by the WHO, the inclusion of TACTs in financial and regulatory arrangements, and their alignment with current distribution and deployment practices. Further clinical, health-economic and feasibility studies are required to inform decision makers about the broader implications of a transition to TACTs in African counties. The recent reporting of artemisinin resistance and ACT failure in Africa might change important determinants of the market readiness for TACTs.
Public investments in the development of GeneXpert molecular diagnostic technology
Authors: Gotham Dzintars , McKenna Lindsay , Deborggraeve Stijn , Madoori Suraj , Branigan David 
Published: August 2021

Background
The GeneXpert diagnostic platform from the US based company Cepheid is an automated molecular diagnostic device that performs sample preparation and pathogen detection within a single cartridge-based assay. GeneXpert devices can enable diagnosis at the district level without the need for fully equipped clinical laboratories, are simple to use, and offer rapid results. Due to these characteristics, the platform is now widely used in low- and middle-income countries for diagnosis of diseases such as TB and HIV. Assays for SARS-CoV-2 are also being rolled out. We aimed to quantify public sector investments in the development of the GeneXpert platform and Cepheid’s suite of cartridge-based assays.

Methods
Public funding data were collected from the proprietor company’s financial filings, grant databases, review of historical literature concerning key laboratories and researchers, and contacting key public sector entities involved in the technology’s development. The value of research and development (R&D) tax credits was estimated based on financial filings.

Results
Total public investments in the development of the GeneXpert technology were estimated to be $252 million, including >$11 million in funding for work in public laboratories leading to the first commercial product, $56 million in grants from the National Institutes of Health, $73 million from other U.S. government departments, $67 million in R&D tax credits, $38 million in funding from non-profit and philanthropic organizations, and $9.6 million in small business ‘springboard’ grants.

Conclusion
The public sector has invested over $250 million in the development of both the underlying technologies and the GeneXpert diagnostic platform and assays, and has made additional investments in rolling out the technology in countries with high burdens of TB. The key role played by the public sector in R&D and roll-out stands in contrast to the lack of public sector ability to secure affordable pricing and maintenance agreements.
Violência e dor em Conversación al sur, de Marta Traba
Authors: Lopes Maria Suely de Oliveira 
Published: August 2021

Este trabalho debruça-se em torno da obra Conersación al sur ( 1981) da escritora Argentina Marta Traba. A narrativa aborda relatos da ditadura militar na Argentina vivenciados pelas personagens Irene e Dolores. Os resultados apontam para casos de violência como exemplos comumente encontrados na Argentina em decorrência da Ditadura.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Literatura. Violência. Dor. Ditadura militar.
Opt-Out
Authors: Filippo Cynthia Maria Brasiel de , Nunes Simone Costa 
Published: August 2021

Este ensaio teórico está fundamentado em pesquisas sobre a temática Sentidos do Trabalho na contemporaneidade e o fenômeno Opt-out. O objetivo propor uma reflexão teórica acerca dos sentidos do trabalho envolvidos no opt-out da carreira da mulher após o nascimento dos filhos.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Opt-out. Sentidos do Trabalho. Maternidade. Mulher.
A finer singular limit of a single-well Modica–Mortola functional and its applications to the Kobayashi–Warren–Carter energy
Authors: Giga Yoshikazu , Okamoto Jun , Uesaka Masaaki 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
An explicit representation of the Gamma limit of a single-well Modica–Mortola functional is given for one-dimensional space under the graph convergence which is finer than conventional

L
1

{L^{1}}

-convergence or convergence in measure.
As an application, an explicit representation of a singular limit of the Kobayashi–Warren–Carter energy, which is popular in materials science, is given.
Some compactness under the graph convergence is also established.
Such formulas as well as compactness are useful to characterize the limit of minimizers of the Kobayashi–Warren–Carter energy.
To characterize the Gamma limit under the graph convergence, a new idea which is especially useful for one-dimensional problems is introduced.
It is a change of parameter of the variable by arc-length parameter of its graph, which is called unfolding by the arc-length parameter in this paper.
Accounting for the International Great Depression: Efficiency, Distortions and Factor Utilization during the Interwar Period
Authors: Klein Alexander , Otsu Keisuke 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we analyze the International Great Depression (IGD) in the U.S. and Western Europe by applying the business cycle accounting method to a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with time-varying production efficiency and factor market distortions. We measure the size of labor and capital market distortions with endogenous factor utilization and their relative importance in accounting for output fluctuation during the interwar period. Our main findings are that labor market distortions accounted for two-thirds of the output drops in both the U.S. and Western Europe, endogenous factor utilization amplified the negative effects of labor market distortions, and government spending played an important role in the recovery from the Great Depression in European countries who left the Gold Standard in the early 1930s.
Simultaneous removal of organics and bioenergy production by microbial fuel cell: modeling approach
Authors: Sharan Shambhoo , Khare Prateek , Shankar Ravi , Patel Ratnesh Kumar , Mondal Prasenjit 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In this study, membrane less double chambered microbial fuel cell has been used for the simultaneous electricity generation and organics removal from glucose and glutamic acid (mole ratio 1:1) based synthetic solution in the presence of municipal wastewater activated sludge-based microbes using graphite as an electrode. A central composite design technique has been employed to optimize the experimental conditions using design expert software for modeling input–output model as surface function of various input parameters like initial COD, anodic pH, and run time for voltage and current density generation. The predicted model suggests that maximum voltage and current density generation of ∼14.8 mV and ∼41.11 μA/m2, respectively are obtained at COD: 1500 mg/L, pH: 7, run time: 7 days. Further, methylene blue is used as mediator for voltage and current density production at optimum condition. Experimental result depicts the substantial role of mediator concentration and showing maximum current and voltage production, approximately 10 times higher than that without meditator under similar conditions. In addition to bioenergy production, values of BOD and COD in the wastewater simulant are found to be reduced after each run which exists below the permissible limits. The developed model equations give better prediction on the voltage and current density generation which lies within the error limits of −12 to +12% and −2 to 14%, respectively to their corresponding experimental values. Overall, the process can generate simultaneously bioenergy along with wastewater treatment and the empirical model gives better prediction with experimental values.
An improved photocatalytic activity of H2 production: a hydrothermal synthesis of TiO2 nanostructures in aqueous triethanolamine
Authors: Shahid Wajeehah , Shahid Samiah , Iqbal Muhammad Aamir , Huo Jianhua , Karim Rashid , Idrees Faryal 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In this study, novel hydrothermal synthesis is used to explore the impact of photocatalytic activity on H2 production using an aqueous solution of triethanolamine (TEoA) in TiO2 nanostructures designed with varying molar concentrations of HCl, and the production of molecular hydrogen is explored as a function of molar concentration. A solar simulator is utilized to assess the photocatalytic activities of methyl orange degradation under UV light irradiation and molecular H2 production. Also, XRD patterns and SEM images are explored to show agglomerated nanoparticle formation, and an EDX spectrum is employed to confirm TiO2 compositions. The band gap analysis of produced nanostructures is performed using a UV-Vis spectrometer and is found to be varying in between 2.5 and 3.0 eV, while the maximum methyl orange degradation corresponds to 1.0 M concentration of HCl, indicating an enhanced hydrogen production. To meet the foreseeable future energy crises and worsening environmental challenges, we may need sustainable energy sources, and photocatalysis molecular H2 production offers a viable alternative to fossil fuels that can be employed to tackle future difficulties.
Das religionspädagogische Potenzial von Jürgen Habermasʼ Konzept der symbolisch strukturierten Lebenswelt
Authors: Bauer Daniel 
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung
In Jürgen Habermas’ Werken tritt immer deutlicher sein Konzept der symbolisch strukturierten Lebenswelt im Zusammenhang mit Religion hervor, anhand dessen er performativen Gewissheiten eine strukturelle Wahrheitsfähigkeit zuspricht. Entsprechend bietet es sich an, dieses Konzept angesichts der gegenwärtigen pluralen lebensweltlichen Herausforderungen auf sein religionspädagogisches Potenzial hin zu befragen. Methodischer Ausgangspunkt ist dabei die Beobachtung, dass Habermas zur Fundierung seines Konzepts nicht nur auf einschlägige philosophische Entwicklungslinien, sondern auch auf die theologische Hermeneutik und den Diskurs über Glauben und Wissen rekurriert. So lässt sich ein hermeneutisches Instrument gegenwärtiger religionspädagogischer Reflexion erschließen, das aus dem genuinen Merkmal der symbolischen Sprache der Religion selbst hervorgeht und ein beachtliches bildungstheoretisches sowie religionsdidaktisches Potenzial birgt.
Exposure to Sleep, Rest, or Exercise Impacts Skill Memory Consolidation but so Too Can a Challenging Practice Schedule
Authors: Kim Taewon , Wright David L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWhen discussing procedural learning, it is now routine to consider both online and offline influences for skill acquisition. This is because it is commonly assumed that the evolution of a novel skill memory continues well after practice is over. Indeed, factors impacting offline contributions to skill memory development such as sleep and exercise have garnered considerable research interest in recent years. This is partly because of their capacity to foster postpractice consolidation, a process that has been identified as critical to moving a skill memory from a labile to more stable or elaborate form. While uncovering the potency of non-practice factors to facilitate consolidation is undoubtedly important, the present opinion is designed to remind the reader that a practice schedule, organized to challenge the learner, can, in and of itself, be effective in supporting consolidation resulting in significant gains in long-term skill retention.