bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Detuning on Synchronization of Semiconductor Lasers
Authors: Hammood Hayder Abdulwahid , Sultan H. A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A simulation of chaos-synchronization of unidirectionally open-loop master-slave configuration semiconductor lasers is introduced. We consider three scenarios, both lasers are single-mode, multi-mode lasers, with three modes where the interaction is between each mode of transmitter with the corresponding mode of the receiver, and the third scenario is for 5 modes. The simulation was focused on the influences of frequency-detuning of different values of coupling strength for two types of synchronization, anticipating synchronization (AS) and isochronous synchronization (IS). The simulation results demonstrate that scenarios are sensitive to the frequency-detuning between transmitter’s and receiver’s lasers. So, the suitable increasing of coupling strength is a necessary solution to decrease the frequency-detuning effect and saving synchronization with significantly broad high-quality, which means excellent feasibility.
Applying Support Vector Machine Algorithm on Multispectral Remotely sensed satellite image for Geospatial Analysis
Authors: Hashim Fatima , Dibs Hayder , Jaber Hussein Sabah 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this research support vector machine (SVM) method apply to classify the satellite image and produce land use and land cover (LULC) map. The used data is the multispectral Landsat-8 OLI satellite image with a spatial resolution of (30 × 30)m
2. However, the Karbala city was the study area. The SVM Applied with the default parameters of Kernel type, gamma in kernel function, penalty parameter and classification probability threshold. The SVM method achieved high accuracy in separating the categories of the study area based on the test samples collected from the study area in the Karbala province, Iraq. The classification training sites were selected based on visual interpretation and Google Earth Program. The image classification carried for six classes of the study area (Urban Area, Vegetation Area, Soil-1, Soil-2, Water Bodies and Roads). The results show a good accuracy of using SVM method based on relying on the capabilities and the precision of each pixel within the categories. The result evaluation was performed using the confusion matrix, the Kappa coefficient and the overall were 0.89 and 90.61% respectively. The SVM method is able to classify the land use and land cover of the study area with good and accurate results.
A New Projection Technique with Gradient Property to Solve Optimization Problems
Authors: Mueen Hussain Ali , Shiker Mushtak A.K. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this study, a new gradient projection technique has been proposed that consists of three boundaries with achieving the unadulterated descent feature. In this technique, we worked on combining the conjugate gradient algorithm with projection techniques to obtain a new algorithm for solving a wide range of unconstrained optimization problems. We have established global convergence with some hypotheses, and it has become clear to us through our results that the new formula is good and promised.
Determination of electrons location using mirror effect phenomena in scanning electron microscope
Authors: Abbood Tareq H , Abbas Saadi R , Husien Huda K 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn sense of the phenomena of mirror effects, the behavior of electrons inside the chamber of scanning electron microscope (SEM) investigated. Indeed, a simplified geometrical explanation for the behavior of incident electrons introduced. The presented description is mainly concerns with simple trigonometric functions. However, the synthesis of these functions provide a tool which can be used to trace electron as it leaves the column diaphragm until it reaches the detectors. Accordingly, the position of landing electrons throughout its travel being determinable in terms of the sample potential the operation variables. Results have shown that introduced approach could commendably use to simulate behavior of electrons inside the chamber of SEM.
Variation of mass and time conversion of rest into a non-rest visible photon or vice-versa
Authors: Karki Bhishma , Dhobi Saddam Husain , Nakarmi Jeevan Jyoti , Alzuhairi Mohammed , Gautam Narayan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this work, the time rest time of incidence photon on reflecting surface before going to the motion was calculated for a visible photon of wavelength (380nm to 750nm) be found in between 1.27fs to 2.50fs. This time is also known as the time needed for a visible photon to come rest from motion and motion from rest from the reflection surface, for the same photon. This times shows how long a photon are in rest on the surface and then come motion or non-rest photon. More clearly one can understand the decay time of photon that rest to non-rest and non-rest to rest, self-energy time, mass variance time, quantization time and other information related to time. On other hand, the variation of mass of photon with time closure the surface is also studied.
Small-Essentially Pseudo-Injective Modules
Authors: Shaker Zainab Raad , Nayef Mahdi Saleh 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Let R be associative ring with unit element and X be unitary right R-module. In this work, we introduce the definition of the concept small-essentially pseudo injective module (shortly, S-Ess-pseudo injective). Many properties of this concept are introduced and also we are consider some of their characterizations. Furthermore, we are studied the relation between our concept and some known R-modules and give some results on their endomorphism rings.
Ideal nano topological spaces with Different Subsets
Authors: Hussen Rahma Ibrahim , Salih Hula M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we present a new class of sets known as
A

1
I
d (n) set, B
1
I
d (n) set,
A

2
I
d (n) set, B
2
I
d(n)set,
PI
d(n)set,
αI
d(n)set,
A*I
d(n)set,
PRI
d(n)set, and other forms of sets in ideal nánotopological, and we review some of their properties as well as the relationships between them and the associated properties.
Studying The Topographic and Morphology Structure of CdO:In Thin Films
Authors: Hammoodi Faisal G , Shuihab Aliyah A , Ebrahiem Sameera A 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCadmium oxide thin films was deposited by thermal oxidation method, on glass substrate with the thickness (300 ∓ 10)nmand deposition rate (1.25)nm/sec. The films doped with the (In) with the different ratios(l,2,3)%. The topographic and morphology structures of films are characterized by(XRD), (SEM) and (AFM) techniques. XRD investigation showed all films have polycrystalline structures with the preferred orientation (111) plane. The results of microscopic testing proved that presence the nanostructures and all the films were homogeneous and smooth, with a characteristic nano grain size, by scanning electron microscope (SEM), which show that fact formation of all nanostructures with different shapes and grain size. In addition, the results of atomic force microscope (AFM) show that presence nanostructures and there is effect of In-dopant on the root mean square (RMS) roughness of the films, where it increases while the grain size decreases with the increasing of In-dopant.
Jordan Generalized Higher Reverse Derivations On prime Γ-Semirings
Authors: Mahmoudand Auday Hikmat , Oreibi Hussein Ali 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this research paper is to look into Jordan generalized higher reverse derivations on prime Γ-semirings. We begin by introducing a generalized hígher reverse derivations and a Jordan generalized hígher reverse derivations in Γ–semirings. For a 2-torsion free prime Γ-semiring M in the sense that 𝑎𝜆 Ϧβ ƈ = 𝑎 βϦ 𝜆ƈ for all 𝑎, Ϧ, ƈ ∈M and ᵶ β ∈Γ we prove that every Jordan generalized hígher reverse derivations of M is a generalized hígherlreverse derivations of M.
Link Budget Analysis For 3u Nanosatellite (Tigrisat) Operating At S-Band
Authors: Salih Altufaili Mohammed Mahdi , Najaf Ameer Najm , Al Bermani Mohamad J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Assessment of link budget estimation for TIGRISAT Low Earth Orbit satellite and its communication with ground station located in Baghdad/Iraq is introduced in this article. Communication link between the satellite and the ground station depends on various propagation parameters and losses which are either constant or variable. Uplink and downlink design parameters were considered. Simulation results show a linear behaviour between isotropically radiated power and received power in uplink and downlink respectively. Simulation outcomes illustrate how the precise amount of dust attenuation over Iraq dwindles the carrier to noise ratios as concerned with uplink and downlink in turn. In order to present high data rates telecommunication between a satellite at LEO and the earth station, this article reviews link budget requirements, besides for futuristic signal impairments consideration for enhancing transceiving performance for Tigrisat [11].
A Review: Non Invasive Sensing System for Detection Glucose Level
Authors: Bachache Lina Nasseer , Hasan Jamal Abduljabar , Al-Neam Auns Qusai 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Attributable to the probability of rapidly increasing numbers of diabetic patients in the world, and due to the effect of COVID-19 virus and the hazardous of life-jeopardizing critical cases that require continuous nursing monitoring the glucose level (CNMGL). The contamination possibility and the pain of the traditional measuring systems limiting the number of blood glucose checking, which decreases the diabetic patient controlling their blood glucose level (BGL). Now the indigency for a non-invasive glucose detecting system (NIGDS) is highly praised. The aim of the review of the NIGMS and their challenges to the future transcend these challenges. The last reviews of NIGDS discuss the measuring system concerned with their techniques but this study has been reviewing the detection system by their measuring site and collects the complication of measuring systems in each site. The main contribution of our works is to demonstrate that all the previous studies of glucose detection systems depend on the invasive calibration for each patient before starting the measurements due to the high numbers of parameters that interfere with glucose measurements. Toward NIGDS that is wearable and monitors the patient blood glucose continuously.
On perturbation theory and its application in solving ordinary differential equations using the asymptotic expansion method
Authors: Salem Safaa Ali , Thanoon Thair Younis 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
-The perturbation theory is one of the tricks or tools used mathematically to find approximate solutions to fluctuating problems for which no accurate solutions can be found. In this paper we will deal with a number of basic concepts related to perturbation theory, including regular perturbation and singular perturbation, and then apply these tricks or tools theoretically to ordinary first and second order differential equations for regular perturbation using the asymptotic expansion method, which is considered one of the most important methods used to find approximate solutions of perturbation equations.
Synthesis, Properties and Application of Titanium Dioxide Doped with Nitrogen. Its Effectiveness on Photo Degradation Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST) enzymes Pupae Instar of Aedes aegypti
Authors: AlSalih Moatasem , Samsudin Syakirah , Arshad Siti Suri 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The sol-gel method was used to create N-doped TiO2. From the characterization results, it was found that N-doped TiO2 using Titanium(IV) ammonia solution and calcination tetraisopropoxide 600 K provided the most appropriate properties for acting as the photo catalyst can be use as inhibitor of GST. SEM, AFM and XRD results indicated that this N-doped TiO2 catalyst had high crystallinity because its titania precursor was simply hydrolyzed completely so no organic contents blocked initial phase construction. SEM and AFM results demonstrated that its surface morphology was spherical like fluffy powders. Moreover, with increasing calcination temperature, its anatase-to-rutile phase transformation was retarded by the incorporated nitrogen. Elemental Analysis and UV-Vis/DR results also suggested that nitrogen could be dormant in the TiO2 lattice with strong bonds, causing the effect on the band gap structure by adding energy states nearly valence band of TiO2. All of these properties enhanced the photocatalytic activity of N-doped TiO2 under visible light. Regarding the photocatalytic activity, N-doped TiO2 with ammonia solution of titanium(IV), calcinated 600 K Tetraisopropoxide succeeded in degrading glutathione-S-transferase (GST) enzymes, with the highest efficiency. However, its photocatalytic activity was drastically decreased when it was calcined at higher temperature. Additionally, the plausible mechanism was also proposed in case of photo degradation of antioxidant content based on two detected intermediates by The association between ln Co/C and photo degradation period (h).
Interaction thermodynamics of human hemoglobin with environmental and toxic gases: A density functional theory study
Authors: Abdulsattar Mudar Ahmed , Almaroof Nooruldeen Mudher , Jabbar Hashim Rashid 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The interaction of human hemoglobin with environmental and other gases and molecules is investigated using density functional theory. The investigation includes gases and molecules such as O2, N2, Ar, CO2, H2O, CO, and Cl2. Thermodynamic quantities usually include Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy. These thermodynamic quantities can be used to distinguish how much strong these molecules are bonded to hemoglobin. The interaction with the two different heme molecules, singlet and triplet states, is shown. Results show that the bonding strength differs greatly between these gases. Most of the investigated molecules remain at their monoatomic, diatomic, or triatomic structure except for O2 and Cl2 that may dissociate into two atoms attached to hemoglobin. The Gibbs free energy of interaction of these atoms and molecules reveals the toxicity of some of these gases, such as CO and Cl2.
Primely Compressible Module Relative To A Submodule
Authors: Al-Silaykhee Ali Mohammed , Al-Aeashi Shukur Neamah 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we define anew notion namely Primely Compressible module relative to a submodule N of M denoted by (N-Pri-Compressible) also, anew generalizations of Primely Compressible relative to a submodule are introduced where a module M is known as (N-Pri-Compressible) if for all nonzero submodule K of M such that contains N, and N be a nonzero Prime submodule of M. there exists a nonzero monomorphism f: M → K. Many connections between these classes and others have been investigated.
Green Syntheses of CdO NPs and evaluation of their antimicrobial activities
Authors: Abdulkareem Saadoon M. , Hammadi Ali Hassoun , Majid H. , Hassoni Majid H. , Ali Ehab M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The aim of this study is to look into the influence of CdO NPs on antimicrobial activity. Green synthesis has been used to produce CdO nanoparticles from cadmium acetate and the Crocus plant in this study. The properties of the synthesized nanoparticles of CdO thin materials were studied (optic, structural, and topographical of surface), it found that the CdO thin film is poly-crystalline and has multiple peaks. The size of crystallite of film calculated by the Scherrer’s formula. The disk method used to test antimicrobial activity against two bacteria; the observed areas of inhibition confirm that the as-synthesized CdO NPs act as an important antimicrobial agent against pathogenic microorganisms.
A New Approach To Study The Challenges Of E-Learning Advantages And Disadvantage
Authors: Alkaragole Mohammed , Karim Sulaiman M. , Ahmed Saadaldeen Rashid 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we have a tendency to tried to explore the challenges in implication of E-Learning and its benefits and downsides. There are some problems for not implementing E-Learning as there’s some lacking’s of understanding concerning E-Learning to the teacher additionally the scholars and have some issue that bothers to just accept E-Learning instead of ancient learning surroundings, and our main target is to seek out the explanation behind at purpose there’s some opinion concerning the challenges for not implementing E-Learning. E-Learning surroundings is principally an online bases platform in academic section mistreatment technology, the aspects of E-Learning surroundings is mistreatment digital tools in courses of study, it presents the ways, tasks, and therefore the connections between a course structure and introduced new assessment in numerous stages. The aim of this study is to spot what challenges or that factors are the explanation for not applying E-Learning normally additionally it’ll concentrate on what challenges lecturers and what issues students suffers in learning through virtual policy separately by this it’ll helps to seek out the views of E-Learning of lecturers and student each. currently a day’s E-Learning is known in academic sites. E-Learning surroundings is principally student targeted. It’s essentially virtual resource area, wherever student should get to be liable for their own work, because it may be a self-format study therefore student should have privy to their responsibility. I attempted to explore the challenges in implication E-Learning, because the outcome is affirmative there are some problems for not implementing E-Learning as there’s some lacking’s of understanding concerning E-Learning to the teacher additionally the scholars and have some issue that bothers to just accept E-Learning instead of ancient learning surroundings, and my main target is to seek out the explanation behind at purpose there’s some opinion concerning the challenges for not implementing E-Learning.
CdTe Thin Films prepared by thermal evaporation on Silicon substrate for photocurrent device Applications
Authors: Rasheed Ali Hameed , Raoof Lamyaa Mohammed , abd Ahmed N. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this works, CdTe was deposited on glass and Si substrates using thermal evaporation techniques. CdTe has been investigated from the properties (structural, surface morphological, optical and electrical). XRD analyses found the monocrystallite, cubic structure of the CdTe thin film and there is no trace of the other material. UV-Vis measurements indicate that 1.51 eV was found the energy gap of the CdTe thin film. Ag/CdTe/Si/Ag The heterojunction Photodetector has two response peaks located at 450 nm and 900 nm with a maximum sensitivity and detectivity of Ag/CdTe/Si/Ag 0.22 A/W and 3.1×1012 respectively.
Enhancing The Error Term of, |Np(x) – τx} For Some Special Sequence
Authors: Hussein Hanan Salim , Al–maamori Faez A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This paper concentrate on restricting the gap between the error term of |Np(x) – τx} and itself in Riemann hypothesis. Also, enhancing an algorithm in different technique to generate a primitive weird number from any sufficient large real x.
Using Fuzzy-ARFIMA Models to Predict Births in Basra Governorate
Authors: Zalan Raissan Abdulimam , yaseen Zainab sami 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Today’s time series analysis is one of the most important statistical methods in forecasting, and it has been used in many economic, industrial, commercial and science fields, by representing time series characterized by long-term memory that helps predict future predictions and make appropriate and accurate decisions. In this research, we study prediction by relying on time series data for births in Basra Governorate. Using fuzzy-ARFIMA models and comparing them with each other using evaluation criteria (AIC& BIC) and (Adjust R-squared) for prediction, which are calculated using Eviews version (10), and Fuzzy-ARFIMA (12,0.104,12) was found. It is the best because it has the lowest values for (AIC & BIC) and the highest value for (Adjust R-squared), and also the highest forecasting efficiency because it has the lowest values for prediction accuracy scales (MAE& RMSE) and was chosen as the best model for predicting the future of monthly births in Basra
A Novel approach towards Implicit Authentication System by using Multi-share visual key Cryptography Mechanism
Authors: Gadicha Ajay B. , Gadicha Vijay B , Obaid Ahmed J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Currently huge amount of data used to stored, extracted and transacted via various stand alone and internet based applications. These applications are extended towards the verticals like huge databases, data warehouses, cloud computing services and various client-server applications. In all these applications important data used to float day in day out. Therefore preserving user authentication & access control is extremely important aspect of information security. Here an attempt is made to generate an implicit authentication system using multi-share visual key cryptography which will generate strong password keys by using images. Initially various images will be fused to form a resultant image than on this fused visual key cryptography will be performed which will provide multiple shares, out of these one of the share is selected to generate strong password strings/keys to accomplish the task of access control or user authentications.
Synthesis of IONPS by mixing leek extract with iron chloride salt for antibacterial application
Authors: Hussein Sarah Q , Sabry Raad S , Abid Muslim A 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Synthesis of IONPS by mixing leek extract with iron chloride salt. By simple chemical process, with Change in PH which has a variety of effects on the optical and structural properties of IONPs. The iron oxide NPs were characterized by XRD, SEM and UV–vis techniques. XRD results showed average Crystallite size changed from (23.23) nm to (20.70) nm as pH was increased from 1.6 to 12. The particle size of (a-Fe2O3) NPs was about (101.60) nm in SEM pictures, but as the PH increased, the particle size decreased to(34.30) nm. UV–vis measurements showed energy band increased from ( 3.33-5.62) eV. Antimicrobial activity of iron oxide NPs was determined by growth inhibition zones of the gram negative bacteria E.coli, Klebseilla spp and gram-positive bacteria S.aureus, S.epidermidis and fungal Candida albicans. It found the zones for (a-Fe2O3) NPs when PH 1.6 was between (12-14) mm. The zones for (a-Fe2O3) NPs when PH 12 was between (12-13) mm.
Deep Learning Enhancing Performance Using Support Vector Machine HTM Cortical Learning Algorithm
Authors: Akila D. , Pal Souvik , Jayakarthik R. , Chattopadhyay Sitikantha , Obaid Ahmed J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Deep Learning is a function of AI that duplicates the mechanisms of human thought in the processing of information and selection processes. The aim of this study is to apply a technology known as SVMHTMC to improve deep learning. The HTM Cortical Learning Approach and the Support Vector Machine have been combined in this suggested algorithm. The deep learning technique is based on the assumption that the mean absolute percentage error is reduced. Aside from the overlapping duty cycle, the high proportion of which shows the speed of the classifier’s processing function. The findings demonstrate that by halving the value, the suggested set of criteria minimizes the absolute proportion of mistakes. In addition, raise the percentage of overlapping duty cycles by 17%.