bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reinterpreting Chinese Cultural Imperatives Within the Contemporary Urban Context Through the Integration of Natural Elements
Authors:   , Zhang Xuezhu 
Published: November 2021

<p>As Chinese contemporary architecture is entering into a new era along with rapid economic development, this is an opportunity for young Chinese designers to start to translate their own Chinese cultural perspectives into contemporary architecture. This thesis uses an iconic Chinese architectural symbol, the ‘Chinese Garden’, as a vehicle to explore this opportunity to re-interpret the traditional Chinese garden in relation to contemporary Chinese urban culture. The challenge is to investigate how a contemporary garden could be inspired by the philosophy and principles of traditional Chinese gardens within a contemporary Western contextual environment. This thesis explores four major Chinese garden types and their architectural characteristics, how their imperative cultural reflections of Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, Fengshui Principles, Chinese landscape Painting and legend of ‘Round Heaven and Square Earth’ influence the traditional Chinese garden making. This thesis analyzes the qualities of the existing site, Frank Kitts Park, and it discusses the important ‘positives’ and potential ‘negatives’ that exists on the site. This design thesis will take the ‘negatives’ and translate them into positives through Chinese garden making theories and philosophies. While the Dunedin Chinese garden decided to hide the western urban context with a surrounding wall, this design thesis seeks to embrace the surrounding western urban context and incorporate it into the garden as a means of demonstrating how traditional gardens can flourish within contemporary times. This thesis challenges how a contemporary and western context can be incorporated with the principles of a traditional Chinese garden and how existing urban elements can be interpreted as landscape elements by translating traditionally soft plant elements into architectural elements. Just as solid walls are used to enclose the perimeter of traditional style gardens (both imperial gardens and private gardens), the contemporary garden should also consider the application of physical walls in order to divide space (both exterior and interior) and thus create multiple discreet spaces which may be considered as an inner and outer world with a garden boundary at ground level; a spiritual inner world is found within the garden and a literal outer world remains outside of the garden walls.</p>
Conceptual Metaphors of Emotion in Spoken Language: Good Is Up in Semantics and Prosody
Authors:   , Godfrey Hazel K 
Published: November 2021

<p>Recent research on embodied cognition points to a role for the perceptuomotor system in conceptual representation. One way that the perceptuomotor system may be involved in conceptual representation is through metaphorical mappings, as described in Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff & Johnson, 1999). This theory accounts for the embodiment of abstract concepts with metaphoric mappings to perceptuomotor properties. Examples include INTELLIGENCE IS LIGHT (as in “that is a bright idea”), IMPORTANT IS BIG (as in “that is a big deal”), and INTIMACY IS CLOSENESS (as in “you are close to my heart”). The GOOD IS UP (as in “things are looking up”) conceptual metaphor is the focus of this thesis. A prediction derived from Conceptual Metaphor Theory is that activation of the concept of “good” should automatically activate associated perceptuomotor processes, resulting in an attentional shift to upper visual space. Conversely activation of the concept “bad” should result in an attentional shift to lower visual space. There is experimental evidence for the existence of the GOOD IS UP conceptual metaphor. However, this past research has only assessed the validity of the GOOD IS UP conceptual metaphor with written emotion-related words. In order to paint an accurate picture of the nature of conceptual representation, both written and spoken language processing must be investigated. The aim of this thesis was to determine whether the conceptual metaphor GOOD IS UP is activated by processing of spoken emotional words. Spoken language has two channels through which emotion can be conveyed; the semantic channel and the prosodic channel. This thesis assessed whether the GOOD IS UP conceptual metaphor was activated by emotional semantics and prosody separately. Semantically or prosodically valenced words were presented to participants. Positive and negative valence would be expected to elicit activation of the GOOD IS UP conceptual metaphor; thus GOOD IS UP congruent shifts in attention were expected. Following presentation of the spoken word, a visual target detection and identification task was completed to assess attention to upper and lower space. No metaphor congruent shifts in attention were observed, which suggests that the GOOD IS UP conceptual metaphor was not activated when words with semantic or prosodic emotion were processed. A thorough evaluation is provided of the differences between the previous studies, using written stimuli, and the current studies, using spoken stimuli. The discrepancies suggest that it is theoretically important to define the boundary conditions under which evidence for conceptual metaphor congruent activation is (and is not) seen. Whether context is an important boundary condition especially needs to be considered. A multiple systems view of representation may need to be applied to Conceptual Metaphor Theory.</p>
Numerical Simplification and its Effect on Fragment Distributions in Genetic Programming
Authors:   , Kinzett Alan David 
Published: November 2021

<p>In tree-based genetic programming (GP) there is a tendency for the program trees to increase in size from one generation to the next. If this increase in program size is not accompanied by an improvement in fitness then this unproductive increase is known as bloat. It is standard practice to place some form of control on program size. This can be done by limiting the number of nodes or the depth of the program trees, or by adding a component to the fitness function that rewards smaller programs (parsimony pressure) or by simplifying individual programs using algebraic methods. This thesis proposes a novel program simplification method called numerical simplification that uses only the range of values the nodes take during fitness evaluation. The effect of online program simplification, both algebraic and numerical, on program size and resource usage is examined. This thesis also examines the distribution of program fragments within a genetic programming population and how this is changed by using simplification. It is shown that both simplification approaches result in reductions in average program size, memory used and computation time and that numerical simplification performs at least as well as algebraic simplification, and in some cases will outperform algebraic simplification. This reduction in program size and the resources required to process the GP run come without any significant reduction in accuracy. It is also shown that although the two online simplification methods destroy some existing program fragments, they generate new fragments during evolution, which compensates for any negative effects from the disruption of existing fragments. It is also shown that, after the first few generations, the rate new fragments are created, the rate fragments are lost from the population, and the number of distinct (different) fragments in the population remain within a very narrow range of values for the remainder of the run.</p>
Interrogating the Liberal Peace in East Timor
Authors:   , Behrend Margaret 
Published: November 2021

<p>Peace operations from the 1990s have increasingly been driven by the assumption that conflict and social unrest can be ‘solved’ through the establishment and support of liberal structures. Known academically as liberal peace, this approach advocates the liberalisation of politics and economics, and the establishment of rule of law and international human rights norms, claiming such liberal structures offer the necessary foundation to lasting peace. This claim has become unquestioned logic for many of the international bodies and individual actors that participate in the peace industry and has led to a standardised approach to post-conflict situations. However, is this “peacebuilding consensus” justified? Does liberal peace foster sustainable peace? This thesis interrogates the concept and application of liberal peace to assess the extent to which liberal peacebuilding delivers on its claims and provides the foundations of sustainable peace. Due to the enormous size of such a project and the limitations of this thesis, I focus on one case study in my analysis of the liberal peace approach – East Timor. Relying on a single example of peacebuilding allows for a more in depth discussion of efforts, however, it is insufficient to draw broader conclusions about liberal peace. This body of research, therefore, is intended to contribute to existing academic work that evaluates liberal peace. Where this thesis deviates from existing research, however, is in the application of an immanent critique to assess liberal peacebuilding in East Timor...</p>
Mixing Business with Politics? The Role and Influence of the Australia New Zealand Leadership Forum
Authors:   , Le Quesne Simon 
Published: November 2021

<p>Since 2004, the Australia New Zealand Leadership Forum (ANZLF), an annual bilateral business-led Forum, has facilitated the engagement of high level state and non-state Australian and New Zealand actors in debate, unofficial dialogue, networking, information and idea exchange. Yet very little is known about the event, who participates and what the ANZLF produces. Drawing on extensive interviews with key participants and organisations, this thesis examines the Forum’s genesis, its form and modalities, and the substance of the meetings. While the literature on “track two” diplomacy and regional integration often exaggerates the importance of business and other non-official actors in the process, evidence from the ANZLF case suggests that these participants merely promote, but do not transform trans-Tasman economic integration policy. Rather, the ANZLF has served as a tool for governments to expand their capacities and to draw on alternative resources. The ANZLF is an example of unofficial diplomacy helping governments to build strategic relationships with a variety of non-governmental actors to advance specific objectives. From a New Zealand perspective, the thesis argues the Leadership Forum has been beneficial in building relationships, networks and trust as the country engages in asymmetrical integration with Australia.</p>
Thematic Teaching and Student Engagement in a Non-Academic Year 12 Mathematics Course
Authors:   , Pomeroy David Charles Hay 
Published: November 2021

<p>The recently revised New Zealand Curriculum (Ministry of Education, 2007) encourages mathematics teachers to engage their students through the use of meaningful contexts for learning. One approach to making contexts for mathematics more meaningful is to explore a single context over a series of lessons, an approach known as thematic teaching. Prior studies of thematic mathematics teaching have failed to reach a consensus on the relationship between thematic teaching and student outcomes such as achievement and attitude toward learning. This study used a pragmatic, mixed methods design to examine the relationship between thematic teaching and student engagement with two classes of low-achieving senior students in a New Zealand secondary school. It examined which student characteristics appeared to be related to whether students engaged with thematic teaching, and the reason students gave for their preferred teaching styles. Students experienced four thematic lessons with the theme of the human settlement of the Pacific Islands and four non-thematic lessons during a coordinate geometry topic. Each student‟s engagement was assessed every lesson using questionnaires and observations, and students were interviewed in order to elicit their views on thematic teaching. Collectively, no difference was found between student engagement in thematic and non-thematic teaching. However, many individual students found either thematic or non-thematic teaching more engaging. English language learners tended to prefer non-thematic teaching, some reporting that they found the theme an unhelpful complication. There is preliminary evidence that Pakeha students may engage with thematic teaching to a greater extent than Pasifika students. Students did not engage in learning when they did not understand the mathematical content, even when they were interested in the theme. The study augments the thematic mathematics teaching literature by examining variability in the apparent effects of thematic teaching, and articulating students‟ experiences of thematic teaching. It gives guarded support for the current policy emphasis on teaching mathematics contextually and reveals some potential pitfalls associated with teaching mathematics thematically.</p>
An Alternative to Development Framework: A Study of Permaculture and Anarchism in Global Justice Movements in New Zealand
Authors:   , Gaisford Tazia 
Published: November 2021

<p>This study is a response to calls for alternatives to development by postdevelopment authors and critics of post-development alike. It asks “can the praxis of permaculture and anarchism provide an alternative to development?” Although alternatives to development arguably do not exist untouched by the dominant development paradigm, it is possible to imagine and to create the different possible organisations based on principles of mutual aid, direct action and self-management. Anarchism as a politically focused social philosophy and permaculture as an ecologically focused design philosophy are mutually beneficial in strengthening each other. The combined analysis of alternatives to development uses case studies in the Wellington Region, primarily Climate Camp Aotearoa, with permaculture and anarchist principles, and contributes another perspective to the post-development debate. The two approaches share converging central ethics, principles and struggles of praxis. They recognise that transformative change is necessary. Whether it is called a cultural revolution, transition or paradigm shift, the underlying recognition is that we need to live more harmoniously with each other and the natural environment by creating diverse post-industrial societies. Many tools, principles and processes advocated by alternative development and post-development are the same. However, the combination of those tools, principles and processes, and how they are designed and applied in relation to each other systemically, are significant in determining whether or not the intent is that of an alternative to development. Solidarity and stewardship, decentralisation and autonomy, tight multiple feedback mechanisms and a whole system design approach are some of the alternative people-focused solutions proposed by anarchism and permaculture. Fieldwork research was conducted using the qualitative ethnographic and action research methods of participant observation from a constructionist and post-development perspective. Global justice networks are given importance as examples of the anarchistic intent of alternatives to development.</p>
Ka ora ngā Kōrero Hītori o Ngāti Konohi mā roto mai i ngā Mahi Whakaako Waiata i te Kapa Haka o Whāngārā-mai-tawhiti
Authors:   , Rangihaeata Piripi Kaahe 
Published: November 2021

<p>Ko te whāinga matua o tēnei tuhinga, ko te wānanga, ko te tātari i te huarahi whakaako i ngā kōrero hītori, i ngā kōrero tuku iho i roto i ngā mahi kapa haka. Ko ngā huarahi pēnei i te haka, i te waiata, i te mōteatea e whakatauira nei i te āhuatanga o te ako ā-waha, ā-hinengaro, ā-kupu, ā-whatu hoki. Hei whakatauira ake i tēnei kaupapa rangahau, ka noho ko taku kapa haka o Whāngārā-maitawhiti hei kapa patapātai māku mō tēnei kaupapa rangahau. Ka rua, ka whakamāramatia ake ngā huarahi e whāia ana e rātou ki te whāngai, ki te pupuri i ngā kōrero hītori o Ngāti Konohi. Kua tīpakohia tētahi momo titonga nō ia tau i tū ai Te Kapahaka o Whāngārāmai- tawhiti mai te tau 1995 ki te tau 2011. Hei tauira ko ētahi o ngā kaupapa titonga waiata e hāngai ana ki te hītori o Paikea mai i Hawaiki ki Whāngārā. Ka noho ko Paikea hei kupu whakarite mō te matenga o tētahi kaumātua nō Ngāti Konohi. Ka noho hoki ko ngā hononga i waenga i a Ngāti Konohi me ētahi atu iwi hei kaupapa mō ētahi/ tētahi o ngā waiata/ haka/ mōteatea. Ko te mea nui, he titonga waiata ēnei e puta ai, e pupuri ai ngā kōrero hītori a Ngāti Konohi ake, ā, he mea tuku iho i roto i te wā, mai tēnā whakatipuranga ki tēnā whakatipuranga. Hei te mutunga, ka kitea mēnā he tika, he hē rawa rānei tāku whakapae, ‘Ka ora ngā kōrero hītori o Ngāti Konohi mā roto mai i ngā mahi whakaako waiata i te kapa haka o Whāngārā-mai-tawhiti.’ Inā e pūkana nei, inā e whātero nei, inā e ngangahu nei, inā e ora nei!</p>
Youth Suicide, Subjective Well-Being and the Role of Place in New Zealand
Authors:   , Snider Anne-Marie 
Published: November 2021

<p>One of the major shifts in our social structure over the last 50 years has been a switch in the relative well-being positions of young and old. This is reflected in their suicide rates where, in contrast to the gradual decline in the propensity of older populations to take their own lives, that of the young has risen dramatically. Not confined to New Zealand, this ‘generational switch’ raises important questions about the changing relative distribution of incentives and rewards for living across the age domain. The purpose of my thesis is to document this change and explore its implications. I do so by analysing the current distribution of subjective well-being across contemporary age groups including differences between men and women and Māori and non-Māori. Of particular interest is the link between suicide, subjective well-being and social capital – the levels of social connectedness that prevail in the lives of the young adults relative to their parents’ generation. As a geographer I’m particularly concerned with the role of local capital (community connectedness and trust) in nurturing well-being, and hence the variation that well-being exhibits across places within a country. While thoroughly investigated between nations, relatively few studies document geographical variations in subjective well-being within countries, particularly in terms of how these statistics differ by age. I find that not only does dissatisfaction with life (unhappiness and other measures of subjective well-being) rise as teenagers approach adulthood, but that it peaks in the 30s and declines slowly thereafter in a pattern reflective of the prevailing pattern of suicide. Moreover I find that, in addition to partnership, income, employment status and housing tenure, satisfaction with life among young adults in particular also varies across local communities, and cities. As such, the young exhibit a heightened sensitivity to place in ways that raise important questions about the nature of communities in which children are raised. It is this new information which I bring to a discussion of current initiatives dealing with mental health and the prevailing strategies advocated in New Zealand.</p>
Phylogeography of the Common New Zealand Wrasse Species, Notolabrus Celidotus, and the Phylogenetics of the Pseudolabrine Tribe
Authors:   , Scott Surrey Lisa 
Published: November 2021

<p>The New Zealand coastline and marine environment is a diverse place and presents plenty of dispersal obstacles to many of the organisms that live there. This thesis investigates the phylogeography of one of the most common fish species around the coast of New Zealand, the endemic wrasse Notolabrus celidotus, using the mitochondrial DNA control region and compares genetic variability to another common New Zealand wrasse, Notolabrus fucicola in a local setting. These species are part of a tribe of temperate fish, the pseudolabrines, which can be found throughout the South and North-West Pacific. The phylogeny of this tribe was also analysed using the mitochondrial 16S gene to investigate the relationships among the New Zealand pseudolabrines and to those species elsewhere. The results suggest that pseudolabrines from mainland New Zealand are closely related and are likely to have originated from southern Australia while species from the Kermadec Islands and other northern islands are more closely related to the species of eastern Australia. The Notolabrus and Pseudolabrus genera should be reviewed to remedy paraphyly of Pseudolabrus. Furthermore, N. celidotus shows no population structuring throughout its range and appears to be rapidly expanding. Genetic variability was similar for both N. celidotus and N. fucicola. The results suggest that the pseudolabrine tribe has made multiple migrations to New Zealand where Notolabrus celidotus was able to spread around the three main islands and, likely facilitated by a long planktonic larval duration, was able to maintain high gene flow among populations.</p>
Major Total Conversion in English: The Question of Directionality
Authors:   , Bram Barli 
Published: November 2021

<p>This research investigates the directionality of major total conversion in English, where major total conversion is defined as the process and at the same time as the result of deriving a new lexical item by altering the part of speech of the base without marking the alteration overtly, as in the presumed pair dry – to dry. The question is whether there is a reliable strategy for deciding which member of a pair is the base and which member is the converted counterpart. Various attempts had been made to resolve the controversial directional issue, but the results have been inconsistent. The investigation aims to discover whether or not there exists a coherent notion about how to decide directionality by considering four factors assumed in the literature to reflect directionality. A large corpus of potential examples of major total conversion was collected to act as test materials. The four factors were compared for each major total conversion pair to see to what extent there was agreement among them. Results showed the factors did not agree to the expected extent. The findings are discussed in detail and it is claimed the inconsistencies can often be explained with recourse to a few general principles. In conclusion, on the whole the four factors considered are consistent with one another. In other words, the notion about how to determine directionality in major total conversion is coherent and can be maintained for English.</p>