bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Agreement and differentiation of intradural spinal cord lesions in dogs using magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Krasnow Maya S. , Griffin John F. , Levine Jonathan M. , Mai Wilfried , Pancotto Theresa E. , Kent Marc , Harcourt‐Brown Thomas R. , Carrera‐Justiz Sheila C. , Gilmour Lindsey J. , Masciarelli Amanda E. , Jeffery Nicholas D. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundMagnetic resonance imaging is the method of choice for diagnosing spinal cord neoplasia, but the accuracy of designating the relationship of a neoplasm to the meninges and agreement among observers is unknown.ObjectivesTo determine agreement among observers and accuracy of diagnosis compared with histology when diagnosing lesion location based on relationship to the meninges.AnimalsMagnetic resonance images from 53 dogs with intradural extramedullary and intramedullary spinal neoplasms and 17 dogs with degenerative myelopathy.MethodsSix observers were supplied with 2 sets of 35 images at different time points and asked to designate lesion location. Agreement in each set was analyzed using kappa (κ) statistics. We tabulated total correct allocations and calculated sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios for location designation from images compared with known histologic location for lesions confined to 1 location only.ResultsAgreement in the first set of images was moderate (κ = 0.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.43‐0.58) and in the second, substantial (κ = 0.69; 95% CI, 0.66‐0.79). In the accuracy study, 180 (75%) of the 240 diagnostic calls were correct. Sensitivity and specificity were moderate to high for all compartments, except poor sensitivity was found for intradural extramedullary lesions. Positive likelihood ratios were high for intradural extramedullary lesions and degenerative myelopathy.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceOverall accuracy in diagnosis was reasonable, and positive diagnostic calls for intradural extramedullary lesions and negative calls for intramedullary lesions are likely to be helpful. Observers exhibited considerable disagreement in designation of lesions relationship to the meninges.
Suspected primary hyperreninism in a cat with malignant renal sarcoma and global renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system upregulation
Authors: Evans Jeremy , Ward Jessica , Domenig Oliver , Mochel Jonathan P. , Creevy Kate 
Published: December 2021

AbstractA 14‐year‐old male castrated domestic medium‐hair cat with diabetes mellitus was evaluated for vomiting, diarrhea, and anorexia. Two weeks before presentation, the cat had been diagnosed with congestive heart failure and started on furosemide. Initial diagnostic testing identified hypokalemia, systemic hypertension, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype, and plasma aldosterone concentration was moderately increased. Abdominal ultrasound examination disclosed bilateral adrenomegaly and a right renal mass, and cytology of a needle aspirate of the mass was consistent with malignant neoplasia. The cat was treated with amlodipine and spironolactone. Because of the unusual presentation for hyperaldosteronism, a comprehensive profile of renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system (RAAS) peptides was performed. Results from multiple timepoints indicated persistently and markedly increased plasma renin activity and generalized RAAS upregulation. In addition to the lack of adrenal tumor, the markedly increased plasma renin activity was atypical for primary hyperaldosteronism. These clinical findings are suggestive of primary hyperreninism, a condition previously unreported in cats. The concurrent presence of a renal neoplasm suggests the possibility of a renin‐secreting tumor.
Toxicity of zoledronic acid after intravenous administration: A retrospective study of 95 dogs
Authors: Brewer David John , Macfarlane Michael , O'Connell Erin , Bacon Nicholas J. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundThere is a paucity of veterinary literature on the safety or outcome of zoledronic acid (ZA) use in dogs for either bone pain or hypercalcemia.Hypothesis/ObjectivesThe primary aim was to report the adverse events in dogs receiving intravenous administration of ZA.AnimalsNinety‐five dogs with ZA use.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was performed; all dogs that received at least 1 dose of ZA and had a serum biochemistry profile performed before and after treatment were reviewed. Diagnosis, indication for treatment, adverse events and survival times were recorded.ResultsNinety‐five dogs met the inclusion criteria. Thirty‐one (33%) received multiple intravenous infusions of ZA (range, 2‐7), making a total of 166 administrations in all dogs. The dose range was 0.13 to 0.32 mg/kg, given at intervals of 4 to 6 weeks. Thirteen adverse events were recorded in 10 dogs: azotemia (n = 8), vomiting (n = 2), pancreatitis (n = 1), cutaneous ulceration (n = 1), and diarrhea (n = 1). Zoledronic acid could not be confirmed as the cause of azotemia in any case. The change in serum creatinine concentration from dose to dose was not related to the total dose received (P = .46). Five dogs (5%) changed Veterinary Comparative Oncology Group Common Terminology Criteria (VCOG‐CTAE) renal/genitourinary grade after administration of ZA; their total dose 0.4 mg/kg (range, 0.26‐0.66) was not significantly different to the group which did not change VCOG‐CTAE renal/genitourinary grade 0.35 mg/kg (range, 0.2‐1.50; P = .93).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceMultiple doses of ZA were well tolerated in dogs within this study. A small number of dogs developed progressive azotemia which was not associated with cumulative dose.
Coercion versus facilitation: Context and the implementation of anti-FGM/C law
Authors: Meroka-Mutua Agnes , Mwanga Daniel , Ostermann Susan L. , Wouango Joséphine 
Published: December 2021

AbstractA common policy response to female genital mutilation/cutting (“FGM/C”) is the enactment of criminal prohibitions. The implementation of such prohibitions requires significant state capacity, which is often associated with the coercion. We examine compliance with anti-FGM/C law in Burkina Faso and Kenya, two countries which are thought to have markedly different state capacity and where the practice of FGM/C has been widespread. Using a hard-case comparison and both qualitative and quantitative approaches, including a list experiment to elicit accurate responses regarding the current state of FGM/C practice, we find that Burkina Faso and Kenya have achieved comparatively similar compliance with their respective anti-FGM/C laws. We explain this surprising finding by pointing to the different implementation approaches taken by each state, one coercive and one facilitative, and the degree to which those approaches were well-matched to the attitudes of their respective populations. This paired comparison suggests that coercively weak states may still be able to secure compliance with their laws. It also suggests that academics and policymakers alike should consider the numerous other capacities states possess beyond simple coercion.
Spatial variation in high temperature‐regulated gene expression predicts evolution of plasticity with climate change in the scarlet monkeyflower
Authors: Preston Jill C. , Wooliver Rachel , Driscoll Heather , Coughlin Aeran , Sheth Seema N. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractA major way that organisms can adapt to changing environmental conditions is by evolving increased or decreased phenotypic plasticity. In the face of current global warming, more attention is being paid to the role of plasticity in maintaining fitness as abiotic conditions change over time. However, given that temporal data can be challenging to acquire, a major question is whether evolution in plasticity across space can predict adaptive plasticity across time. In growth chambers simulating two thermal regimes, we generated transcriptome data for western North American scarlet monkeyflowers (Mimulus cardinalis) collected from different latitudes and years (2010 and 2017) to test hypotheses about how plasticity in gene expression is responding to increases in temperature, and if this pattern is consistent across time and space. Supporting the genetic compensation hypothesis, individuals whose progenitors were collected from the warmer‐origin northern 2017 descendant cohort showed lower thermal plasticity in gene expression than their cooler‐origin northern 2010 ancestors. This was largely due to a change in response at the warmer (40°C) rather than cooler (20°C) treatment. A similar pattern of reduced plasticity, largely due to a change in response at 40°C, was also found for the cooler‐origin northern versus the warmer‐origin southern population from 2017. Our results demonstrate that reduced phenotypic plasticity can evolve with warming and that spatial and temporal changes in plasticity predict one another.
CLASSIFICATION, CULTURE AREAS, AND GIFTING ON THE GREAT PLAINS: Remobilizing Objects of Exchange at the American Museum of Natural History
Authors: Heckel Claire 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe ethnological collecting expeditions conducted by museums in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have had impacts on source communities and on the composition and interpretation of museum collections that have been critically examined from a number of perspectives. Although categories such as ethnicity and tribal affiliation are now understood to be situational, relational, and contingent, systems of classification in museums remain in large part rigid and immutable. Concrete approaches to addressing these issues in museum collections have been slower to emerge. This article presents an approach to the description of objects, influenced by attribute analysis and thick description, that has the potential to make salient information about museum collections more accessible to source communities. With two case studies (parfleches and moccasins from the Great Plains collections at the American Museum of Natural History), this article demonstrates how collaborative object‐centered inquiry can help to disentangle objects from historical systems of classification in museum settings and “remobilize” them. Moving beyond classification to document the cultural practices documented in historical material culture can aid in reconstructing the complex movements of people, objects, and ideas in the past.
Evolutionary transition to the ectomycorrhizal habit in the genomes of a hyperdiverse lineage of mushroom‐forming fungi
Authors: Looney Brian , Miyauchi Shingo , Morin Emmanuelle , Drula Elodie , Courty Pierre Emmanuel , Kohler Annegret , Kuo Alan , LaButti Kurt , Pangilinan Jasmyn , Lipzen Anna , Riley Robert , Andreopoulos William , He Guifen , Johnson Jenifer , Nolan Matt , Tritt Andrew , Barry Kerrie W. , Grigoriev Igor V. , Nagy László G. , Hibbett David , Henrissat Bernard , Matheny P. Brandon , Labbé Jesse , Martin Francis M. 
Published: December 2021

Summary

The ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbiosis has independently evolved from diverse types of saprotrophic ancestors. In this study, we seek to identify genomic signatures of the transition to the ECM habit within the hyperdiverse Russulaceae.

We present comparative analyses of the genomic architecture and the total and secreted gene repertoires of 18 species across the order Russulales, of which 13 are newly sequenced, including a representative of a saprotrophic member of Russulaceae, Gloeopeniophorella convolvens.

The genomes of ECM Russulaceae are characterized by a loss of genes for plant cell wall‐degrading enzymes (PCWDEs), an expansion of genome size through increased transposable element (TE) content, a reduction in secondary metabolism clusters, and an association of small secreted proteins (SSPs) with TE ‘nests’, or dense aggregations of TEs. Some PCWDEs have been retained or even expanded, mostly in a species‐specific manner. The genome of G. convolvens possesses some characteristics of ECM genomes (e.g. loss of some PCWDEs, TE expansion, reduction in secondary metabolism clusters).

Functional specialization in ECM decomposition may drive diversification. Accelerated gene evolution predates the evolution of the ECM habit, indicating that changes in genome architecture and gene content may be necessary to prime the evolutionary switch.
Opportunities in phytochemistry, ecophysiology and wood research via laser ablation direct analysis in real time imaging‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Deklerck Victor , Fowble Kristen L. , Coon Allix M. , Espinoza Edgard O. , Beeckman Hans , Musah Rabi A. 
Published: December 2021

Summary

Analysis of wood transects in a manner that preserves the spatial distribution of the metabolites present is highly desirable to among other things: (1) facilitate ecophysiology studies that reveal the association between chemical make‐up and environmental factors or climatic events over time; and (2) investigate the mechanisms of the synthesis and trafficking of small molecules within specialised tissues. While a variety of techniques could be applied to achieve these goals, most remain challenging and impractical.

Laser ablation direct analysis in real time imaging–mass spectrometry (LADI‐MS) was successfully used to survey the chemical profile of wood, while also preserving the small‐molecule spatial distributions. The tree species Entandrophragma candollei Harms, Millettia laurentii DeWild., Pericopsis elata (Harms) Meeuwen, Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Benth. and Dalbergia normandii Bosser & R.Rabev were analysed.

Several compounds were associated with anatomical features. A greater diversity was detected in the vessels and parenchyma compared with the fibres. Analysis of single vessels revealed that the chemical fingerprint used for timber identification is mainly determined by vessel content.

Laser ablation direct analysis in real time imaging–mass spectrometry offers unprecedented opportunities to investigate the distribution of metabolites within wood samples, while circumventing the issues associated with previous methods. This technique opens up new vistas for the discovery of small‐molecule biomarkers that are linked to environmental events.
The chromosome‐level genome provides insight into the molecular mechanism underlying the tortuous‐branch phenotype of Prunus mume
Authors: Zheng Tangchun , Li Ping , Zhuo Xiaokang , Liu Weichao , Qiu Like , Li Lulu , Yuan Cunquan , Sun Lidan , Zhang Zhiyong , Wang Jia , Cheng Tangren , Zhang Qixiang 
Published: December 2021

Summary

Plant with naturally twisted branches is referred to as a tortuous‐branch plant, which have extremely high ornamental value due to their zigzag shape and the natural twisting of their branches. Prunus mume is an important woody ornamental plant. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this unique trait in Prunus genus is unknown.

Here, we present a chromosome‐level genome assembly of the cultivated P. mume var. tortuosa created using Oxford Nanopore combined with Hi‐C scaffolding, which resulted in a 237.8 Mb genome assembly being anchored onto eight pseudochromosomes.

Molecular dating indicated that P. mume is the most recently differentiated species in Prunus. Genes associated with cell division, development and plant hormones play essential roles in the formation of tortuous branch trait. A putative regulatory pathway for the tortuous branch trait was constructed based on gene expression levels. Furthermore, after transferring candidate PmCYCD genes into Arabidopsis thaliana, we found that seedlings overexpressing these genes exhibited curled rosette leaves.

Our results provide insights into the evolutionary history of recently differentiated species in Prunus genus, the molecular basis of stem morphology, and the molecular mechanism underlying the tortuous branch trait and highlight the utility of multi‐omics in deciphering the properties of P. mume plant architecture.
Loans to Different Groups and Economic Activity at Times of Crisis and Growth*
Authors: Cafiso Gianluca 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe study the contribution of loans, granted to different borrower groups, to economic activity in the United States over the period 1971q1–2018q4. In general, loans to households emerge as the most important driver of economic activity when compared to other borrower groups. Meanwhile, for loans in terms of scope, consumer credit has a prime role. Deep economic recessions occurred during the period considered, we focus on the recent global financial crisis (GFC) to reveal the role of the credit crunch. The analysis confirms that loans had a large negative effect during the GFC when compared to other concurrent shocks. Furthermore, a comparison with other periods in post‐war US history points to the specific role that loans played in this last crisis. The results are delivered through a historical decomposition analysis based on the estimation of a large VAR through Bayesian techniques.
The built environment as determinant of childhood obesity: A systematic literature review
Authors: Malacarne Diego , Handakas Evangelos , Robinson Oliver , Pineda Elisa , Saez Marc , Chatzi Leda , Fecht Daniela 
Published: December 2021

SummaryWe evaluated the epidemiological evidence on the built environment and its link to childhood obesity, focusing on environmental factors such as traffic noise and air pollution, as well as physical factors potentially driving obesity‐related behaviors, such as neighborhood walkability and availability and accessibility of parks and playgrounds. Eligible studies were (i) conducted on human children below the age of 18 years, (ii) focused on body size measurements in childhood, (iii) examined at least one built environment characteristic, (iv) reported effect sizes and associated confidence intervals, and (v) were published in English language. A z test, as alternative to the meta‐analysis, was used to quantify associations due to heterogeneity in exposure and outcome definition. We found strong evidence for an association of traffic‐related air pollution (nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen oxides exposure, p < 0.001) and built environment characteristics supportive of walking (street intersection density, p < 0.01 and access to parks, p < 0.001) with childhood obesity. We identified a lack of studies that account for interactions between different built environment exposures or verify the role and mechanism of important effect modifiers such as age.
The effects of intraoperative magnesium sulfate administration on emergence agitation and delirium in pediatric patients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Koo Chang‐Hoon , Koo Bon‐Wook , Han Jiwon , Lee Hun‐Taek , Lim Dongsik , Shin Hyun‐Jung 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe role of intraoperative magnesium for the prevention of emergence agitation or delirium is unclear as there have been conflicting results reported by several randomized controlled trials.AimsThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of magnesium sulfate on emergence agitation or emergence delirium in pediatric patients.MethodsElectronic databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, CENTRAL, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science, were searched to identify studies which evaluated the effects of magnesium on postoperative emergence agitation or emergence delirium. The primary outcome was the incidence of emergence agitation or emergence delirium during the post‐anesthesia stay. The secondary outcome was the agitation or delirium score upon admission to the post‐anesthesia care unit. We estimated the odds ratio and standardized mean difference using a random‐effect model.ResultsA total of 712 pediatric patients from 10 randomized controlled trials were included in the final analysis. The incidence of emergence agitation or emergence delirium was 29.7% in the magnesium group and 50.5% in the control group. The pooled effect size revealed that the administration of magnesium sulfate significantly reduced the incidence of postoperative emergence agitation or emergence delirium in pediatric patients undergoing surgery with general anesthesia (Odds ratio, 0.31; 95% confidence interval, 0.15 to 0.64; p = .002). Additionally, children in the magnesium group reported significantly lower agitation or delirium scores than those in the control group (standardized mean difference, −0.70; 95% confidence interval, −1.15 to ‐0.24; p = .003).ConclusionThe administration of magnesium sulfate reduced the incidence and severity of emergence agitation or emergence delirium in pediatric patients after the use of general anesthesia during surgery.
Genome sequencing and transcriptome analyses provide insights into the origin and domestication of water caltrop (Trapa spp., Lythraceae)
Authors: Lu Rui‐Sen , Chen Yang , Zhang Xin‐Yi , Feng Yu , Comes Hans Peter , Li Zheng , Zheng Zhai‐Sheng , Yuan Ye , Wang Ling‐Yun , Huang Zi‐Jian , Guo Yi , Sun Guo‐Ping , Olsen Kenneth M. , Chen Jun , Qiu Ying‐Xiong 
Published: December 2021

SummaryHumans have domesticated diverse species from across the plant kingdom; however, our current understanding of plant domestication is largely founded on major cereal crops. Here, we examine the evolutionary processes and genetic basis underlying the domestication of water caltrop (Trapa spp., Lythraceae), a traditional, yet presently underutilized non‐cereal crop that sustained early Chinese agriculturalists. We generated a chromosome‐level genome assembly of tetraploid T. natans, and then divided the allotetraploid genome into two subgenomes. Based on resequencing data from 57 accessions, representing cultivated diploid T. natans, wild T. natans (2x and 4x) and diploid T. incisa, we showed that water caltrop was likely first domesticated in the Yangtze River Valley as early as 6300 yr BP, and experienced a second improvement c. 800 years ago. We also provided strong support for an allotetraploid origin of T. natans within the past 230 000–310 000 years. By integrating selective sweep and transcriptome profiling analyses, we identified a number of genes potentially selected and/or differentially expressed during domestication, some of which likely contributed not only to larger fruit sizes but also to a more vigorous root system, facilitating nutrient uptake, environmental stress response and underwater photosynthesis. Our results shed light on the evolutionary and domestication history of water caltrop, one of the earliest domesticated crops in China. This study has implications for genomic‐assisted breeding of this presently underutilized aquatic plant, and improves our general understanding of plant domestication.