bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Curvature
Authors: Steane Andrew M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The mathematics of Riemannian curvature is presented. The Riemann curvature tensor and its role in parallel transport, in the metric, and in geodesic deviation are expounded at length. We begin by defining the curvature tensor and the torsion tensor by relating them to covariant derivatives. Then the local metric is obtained up to second order in terms of Minkowski metric and curvature tensor. Geometric issues such as the closure or non-closure of parallelograms are discussed. Next, the relation between curvature and parallel transport around a loop is derived. Then we proceed to geodesic deviation. The influence of global properties of the manifold on parallel transport is briefly expounded. The Lie derivative is then defined, and isometries of spacetime are discussed. Killing’s equation and properties of Killing vectors are obtained. Finally, the Weyl tensor (conformal tensor) is introduced.
Cosmological dynamics
Authors: Steane Andrew M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The chapter deals with the large-scale dynamics of the universe. First the Friedmann equations are obtained from the Einstein field equation, and they are interpreted with the aid of a Newtonian comparison. Then the application to the universe modelled as a collection of ideal fluids is described. Density parameters and the equation of the state are defined, and the main features of the evolution of matter, radiation and the vacuum are obtained. Analytic solutuions in various simple cases are found. Dark matter and dark energy are defined through their observational evidence. The particle horizon is defined and discussed. The density and temperature at last scattering are calculated by a model involving Thomson scattering, expansion, and the Saha equation.
The growth of structure
Authors: Steane Andrew M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The growth of structure by gravitational collapse from initially small perturbations is described. The Jeans instability is calculated. The structure equations are obtained and solved in various cases (radiation-dominated, matter-dominated and others) via a linearized treatment. Hence the main features of the growth of density perturbations are obtained. The observed spectrum in the present is used to infer the primordial spectrum. The scale-invariant (Harrison-Zol’dovich) spectrum is described. The process of baryon acoustic oscillations is outlined and the sound horizon is defined. The chapter concludes with brief notes on galaxy formatiom.
Enforcement Jurisdiction over Foreign Fishing in the EEZ
Authors: Goodman Camille 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This Chapter examines the coastal State’s enforcement jurisdiction over fishing activities in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC), including the boarding, inspection, arrest, and seizure of vessels, the prompt release procedure, and the imposition of penalties. The Chapter argues that this jurisdiction should be interpreted by reference to the overall scheme of the LOSC, taking into account not only the rights but also the responsibilities of the coastal State, as well as those of flag States, in order to meaningfully preserve the balance of interests that is at the heart of the sui generis regime for the EEZ. However, while the balance of interests is commonly invoked in the jurisprudence on enforcement, international courts and tribunals have generally taken a narrow approach to its application, seeking to balance specific, corresponding rights of flag and coastal States in a binary equation, rather than the broader set of rights and responsibilities that underpin the EEZ regime. Faced with these limitations, as well as the practical and financial challenges of carrying out the primarily physical enforcement measures envisaged in the LOSC, coastal States have developed a range of alternative approaches to achieve the same result. As this Chapter demonstrates, these include: the conduct of cooperative and collaborative enforcement activities; a variety of prescriptive techniques to prevent and deter illegal fishing activity; and the use of modern technology to deliver cost-effective and remote, ‘no-force’ enforcement jurisdiction.
In Praise of Snapshots
Authors: Kanbur Ravi 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The conventional justification for moving from income distribution to intergenerational mobility analysis is that the movie encompasses the snapshot and is normatively superior as the basis for assessing policy. Such a perspective underpins many an argument for shifting the focus from income redistribution, which is said to equalize outcomes, to equalizing opportunity by increasing mobility through education policy such as equal provision of public education. This chapter argues that this perspective can be misleading. It shows that normative evaluation of income mobility in any event often falls back on a snapshot perspective. Further, the snapshot itself often contains the seeds of the movie, as posited in the Great Gatsby Curve. Income redistribution can itself improve mobility even if that is the only objective. The chapter thus speaks in praise of snapshots.
Introduction: Why Science Wars?
Authors: Goldman Steven L. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
While all definitions are stipulative by nature and reflect alternative usages, the meaning of the word “knowledge” is especially ambiguous. It carries profound consequences for what we mean by truth, reality, and rationality, but most importantly for our understanding of scientific knowledge claims. Rhetorically, knowledge trumps belief and opinion, but it is not clear that knowledge, even scientific knowledge, is essentially different from and superior to belief and opinion. As to the questions of what scientists know and how they know it, no answers have stood up to critical scrutiny in the history of modern science. Despite this uncertainty, modern science has claimed a hegemony in our society on the production of knowledge as superior to belief and opinion.
Science Influences Philosophy
Authors: Goldman Steven L. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The claims of the new natural philosophers that their methodical reasoning and newly invented instruments produced knowledge of reality had a profound effect on contemporary mainstream philosophers. Hobbes allied himself with the rationalist pursuers of certainty but rejected the ability of experimental philosophy to reveal certain truths about nature. Gassendi defended a probabilistic theory of knowledge, while Locke’s theory of knowledge accepted “moral,” or near, certainty as a limit to knowledge of reality. Berkeley reinterpreted the materialistic ontology underlying the new science, arguing the metaphysical character played in it by the concept matter. Hume formulated an openly skeptical theory of knowledge of the world, arguing the metaphysical character of the roles played by causality and induction in the new natural philosophy. Kant responded by creating a philosophy that restored certainty to knowledge, but its object was now experience, not a reality independent of the mind.
In Quest of the Thinker of Science
Authors: Goldman Steven L. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The relationships among mind, self, conscious thought, discursive reasoning, and social context became central issues in nineteenth- and twentieth-century psychology, linguistics, sociology, and epistemology, with direct implications for the nature of scientific knowledge. Minds and selves can be conceptualized as expressions of interactions between an individual’s nervous system and their physical and social environment. Is conscious thought, and in particular discursive reasoning, under the control of the individual thinker, or does it reflect societal influences? Nineteenth-century experimental neurophysiology and psychology began to reveal the role that systemic features of the nervous system and the brain play in producing consciousness. Concurrently, sociologists, psychologists, and linguists were proposing roles for the unconscious, language, society, and innate gestalten in shaping and limiting conscious thought. These ideas converged in the theories of individual scientists.
Conclusion
Authors: Horwitz Ilana M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter raises critical questions about the seemingly positive relationships between an upbringing of religious restraint and academic success. Despite the legal separation of church and state, teenagers who live their life for God do not shed their religious commitments once they pass through the schoolhouse doors. They believe that God is always with them, and they must always be on their best behavior. But there is a downside. Although abiders’ conscientious and cooperative nature may help them get better grades, this advantage may come at the expense of developing and encouraging critical thinking, creativity, and deeper engagement in the classroom. While abiders may have an academic advantage, it may be a result of an educational system that rewards dispositions for the sake of expediency rather than for the sake of learning. This chapter also raises questions about the upsides and downsides of religious restraint as teens enter adulthood.
For the Common Good
Authors: London Alex John 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The foundations of research ethics are riven with fault lines emanating from a fear that if research is too closely connected to weighty social purposes an imperative to advance the common good through research will justify abrogating the rights and welfare of study participants. The result is an impoverished conception of the nature of research, an incomplete focus on actors who bear important moral responsibilities, and a system of ethics and oversight highly attuned to the dangers of research but largely silent about threats of ineffective, inefficient, and inequitable medical practices and health systems. In For the Common Good: Philosophical Foundations of Research Ethics, Alex John London defends a conception of the common good that grounds a moral imperative with two requirements. The first is to promote research that generates the information necessary to enable key social institutions to effectively, efficiently, and equitably safeguard the basic interests of individuals. The second is to ensure that research is organized as a voluntary scheme of social cooperation that respects its various contributors’ moral claims to be treated as free and equal. Connecting research to the goals of a just social order grounds a framework for assessing and managing research risk that reconciles these requirements and justifies key oversight practices in non-paternalistic terms. Reconceiving research ethics as resolving coordination problems and providing credible assurance that these requirements are being met expands the issues and actors that fall within the purview of the field and provides the foundation for a more unified and coherent approach to domestic and international research.
Justice and the Human Development Approach to International Research
Authors: London Alex John 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter articulates and defends the human development approach to international research. This approach extends into the international context the egalitarian research imperative outlined in chapter 4, the integrative approach to research risk in chapter 6, and the non-paternalistic approach to research oversight in chapter 7. In this approach, requirements related to responsiveness to host community health needs, the standard of care, and post-trial access to study interventions are grounded in requirements of justice and the egalitarian research imperative. The result is a unified foundation for both domestic and international research ethics that treats research as a social undertaking, recognizes justice as the first virtue of social institutions, and gives moral force to the imperative to generate the information needed to improve the ability of social institutions to advance the common good.
Agent-Affordance Framework of Networked Collective Actions
Authors: Seo Hyunjin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter details an agent-affordance framework designed to offer an understanding of social change dynamics in rapidly changing information ecosystems. In doing so, it explicates a taxonomy of agents and affordances critical to the Park Geun-hye impeachment. This framework includes four types of agent and three categories of affordance to account for social change dynamics that have become both more decentralized and increasingly intertwined between human and nonhuman computational agents. As communication infrastructure and social and political processes co-adapt, it is imperative to consider how structural and behavioral affordances affect social change. The framework considers the complex web of motivations, processes, and outcomes that support networked collective actions and enable these actions to succeed or fail.
Park’s Supporters Fight Back
Authors: Seo Hyunjin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines how supporters of President Park Geun-hye responded to the Park-Choi scandal and impeachment rallies. Park’s diehard supporters organized so-called Taegeukgi rallies suggesting the Park-Choi scandal was a plot by pro–North Korea forces and news media designed to destroy the conservative president. Trafficking in conspiracy theories produced by far-right media outlets, these staunch supporters used social media and physical gatherings to consolidate pro-Park groups. In contrast, some of Park’s early supporters ultimately turned against her, becoming outraged and embarrassed as details of her corruption became widely known. This chapter analyzes information consumption patterns of Park’s diehard supporters along with their demographic and social-psychological characteristics.
Democracy in Darkness
Authors: Van Duyn Emily 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 discusses the rise of political secrecy amid intensifying political, social, and geographic polarization. It introduces readers to CWG, the secret political organization at the heart of this book, and the contexts in which this group was formed. The existence of CWG and the prominence of political secrecy evident in national survey data suggest that political polarization and prejudice have driven even mainstream Democrats and Republicans to hide their political beliefs. In turn, this chapter argues that if and how people express their political beliefs depends very much on the context they are in, a phenomenon the author calls “networked silence.” Finally, the chapter details why studying political secrecy is important and how this book will approach this topic.
The Gods of Modern Spirituality
Authors: Woodhead Linda 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The scientific study of religion tends to focus on the social aspects of religion at the expense of what, for many its followers, it is really about—God, the gods, and spiritual entities. This chapter puts the latter in the spotlight and traces the changing “theosphere” of alternative spirituality in Britain and America from the 1890s to 2020. It takes the reader on a tour of three sites and phases in the development of modern western spirituality: Chicago in 1893, Kendal in 2000–2002, and Glastonbury in the 2010s. The chapter traces a development from Christian theism through formless mysticism to revivalist polytheism. It attends to the way in which the Christian God gradually diminishes as a point of reference, the theosphere becomes increasingly repopulated, and a practical re-enchantment of life takes place.
Methodological Innovations for the Study of Spirituality
Authors: Wright Bradley R. E. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
One of the most important decisions in any study of spirituality is the method used to collect information about spiritual life. This methodological choice frames later conceptual analysis—making possible some types of conclusions but preventing others. Accordingly, methodological innovation in the study of spiritualty holds the promise of conceptual innovation. This chapter puts forth three methodological innovations available to spirituality researchers. They are (1) using smartphones to collect experience-sampling method data about day-to-day spiritual experiences, (2) conducting field experiments in which spiritual experiences are randomly assigned, and (3) analyzing big data to observe societal-wide trends and patterns in spiritual expressions. Each of these methods promises to produce rich and novel data that hold the potential for conceptual breakthroughs in our understanding of spiritual processes.
Spirituality among African Americans
Authors: Shelton Jason E. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses the importance of spirituality among African Americans. More specifically, it examines the extent to which respondents in a large, multiyear national survey view themselves as a “spiritual person.” Four sets of comparative analysis are offered: (1) racial differences among black and white members of various evangelical Protestant traditions, (2) racial differences among black and white members of various mainline Protestant and Catholic traditions, (3) denominational differences specifically among African Americans, and (4) racial differences among blacks and whites who view themselves as “spiritual but not religious.” The findings reveal significant interracial and intraracial differences in how spirituality shapes one’s personal identity. Because organized religion has historically been so central to African American community life, the implications for the growth in noninstitutional spirituality are considered.
The Microinteractive Order of Spirituality
Authors: Pagis Michal 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The discourse of spirituality emphasizes personal, embodied experience. This emphasis can lead to a relatively individualized understanding of spirituality that neglects the fact that spirituality is practiced in groups and is based on the production of intersubjective spaces in which people learn together to look inward and experience transcendence. This chapter tracks the unique social order of vipassana meditation retreats, illustrating that meditation training is not merely psychological—it includes training in a new kind of social interaction mode. The community of practitioners in the meditation center is one of “collective solitude,” as practitioners are in close proximity to one another but avoid direct social engagement, helping one another to transcend the tendency to focus on the self as seen by others. Social spheres such as meditation groups, yoga, pilgrimage, or even mass prayer all resemble the collective solitude described in the context of vipassana meditation.
Yoga Spirituality in the Context of US Institutions
Authors: Gunther Brown Candy 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines yoga as a spiritual and a social practice. It considers three institutional contexts for interpreting yoga spirituality: religion, law, and education. Social institutions such as public schools and courts of law must arbitrate interpretive contests by formulating and applying definitions for the purposes of educational policy and legal precedent. In making such determinations, it would be naive to accept all assertions of identity and meaning as full disclosures. Sometimes the same people describe the same practice as “spiritual” or “secular,” depending upon whether the legal context is First Amendment religious free exercise clause protection or establishment clause restriction. Decisions about how to categorize practices rest in large part on pragmatic concerns. This case study invites scholars of spirituality to pay closer attention to how legal and social contexts shape how people think and talk about practices in relation to the interpretive categories of “spirituality,” “religion,” and “secularity.”
Spirituality and Islam
Authors: Rinaldo Rachel 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Many Muslim societies have long histories of mystical, devotional, and esoteric traditions such as Sufism, which are today commonly referred to as “spiritual” traditions. Yet spirituality within Islamic traditions has an uncertain and marginalized status in many contemporary Muslim societies as a result of local, national, and global political struggles over Islam. In Indonesia, where Sufism has had a major historical influence for much of the twentieth century, there has been a strong trend toward scripturalist Islamic modernism. Yet along with Indonesia’s Islamic revival since the 1990s has come a revival of Sufism, particularly among the urban upper middle class. This chapter explores the Sufist revival as a manifestation of spirituality in Indonesia, examining the recent history of Sufism and the evolving relationship between Sufism and other ways of being Muslim, as well as surveying recent scholarship on the social and political contours of the embrace of Sufism by educated urbanites.
Three Questions about Spirituality
Authors: Steensland Brian 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Using the concepts of developed in the volume, this chapter concludes the book by addressing three important questions about spirituality. Our approach foregrounds how spirituality is shaped by the interplay of context and practice and influenced by the distribution of material resources. On the question of the meaning of spirituality, we advance an explicitly relational approach that identifies the polysemous nature of “spirituality.” On the question of spirituality’s influence, we highlight the social mechanisms through which spirituality is likely to influence individual and public outcomes. Regarding the future of spirituality, we argue that spirituality, in both supernatural and secular forms, will endure for the foreseeable future because the conditions of late modernity will continue to create a demand for it.
The Arts and Social Change
Authors: Kertz-Welzel Alexandra 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the relation of the arts, and particularly music education, to social change. The first section discusses what social change is, presenting important research and ideas. It situates the notion of social change within the framework of utopia and connects it with human flourishing as its ultimate goal. The second section is concerned with the social impact of the arts, discussing important notions such as their relation to cultivation and to moral intentions, and their political purpose. The third section is explicitly focused on music education’s relation to social change, presenting general considerations and examples such as El Sistema or developments in international music education policy.
Music Education and Utopia
Authors: Kertz-Welzel Alexandra 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter applies the ideas developed in the previous chapters to music education theory and practice. It presents utopia as method in music education, emphasizing its meaning as a hermeneutic, visionary, and exploratory tool. This leads to reconceptualizing music education as utopian theory and practice regarding two different approaches of music education: politically or socially responsive music education and esthetic music education. They represent two sides of music and music education, which need each other regarding political engagement and musical autonomy, being based on music as social fact or as existing for its own sake. This reconceptualization helps to overcome a long-standing dichotomy in international music education.