bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relation between ApoB/ApoA-1 ratio and the severity of coronary artery disease in patients with acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Yaseen Rehab Ibrahim , El-Leboudy Mohamed Hesham , El-Deeb Hend Mohammed 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Apolipoprotein B is considered the primary protein constituent of low-density lipoprotein. LDL contains variable quantities of cholesterol, but each lipoprotein contains a single ApoB protein. Thus, ApoB is a better index for the LDL circulation if compared to LDL cholesterol. On the contrary, apolipoprotein A-1 is a main structural protein of high-density lipoprotein. It has a major role in reversing cholesterol flow and cellular cholesterol homeostasis once detected. The aim of the study is to measure apo B/apo A-1 ratio in patients with acute coronary syndrome and assess its relationship with the severity of CAD.
A total of 90 patients were enrolled in the study and subdivided into 3 groups: 30 patients of STEMI, 30 patients of NSTEMI, and 30 patients presented with unstable angina. Serum levels of apolipoprotein A-1 and apolipoprotein B were properly measured upon admission, and apo B/apo A-1 ratio was calculated.

Results
Both of Apo B and Apo B/Apo A1 ratio correlated significantly with Gensini scores (P value <0.001). High Gensini score patients had significantly high Apo B/Apo A1 ratio with the best cutoff value of 0.8 with sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 70%.

Conclusion
Apo B is an independent risk predictor for the severity of CAD in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Moreover, the Apo B/Apo A1 ratio remains highly significant in patients with high Gensini score.
Subtle right ventricular dysfunction in asymptomatic chronic heavy cigarette smokers: a speckle tracking case-control study
Authors: Janhangeer Mohammad Iqbal , Youssef Ghada , El Naggar Weal , El Remisy Dalia 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Chronic heavy cigarette smoking can affect the right ventriclular function. The standard echocardiography may not show early right ventricular functional changes, and a more sensitive measure is needed. The aim of this work was to evaluate the subtle subclinical effects of chronic heavy cigarette smoking on the right ventricular function. The study included 55 healthy asymptomatic chronic heavy cigarette smokers (smoking history of at least 5 pack-years and a daily cigarette consumption of at least 1 pack) and 35 healthy non-smoking control subjects. Patients underwent a full clinical assessment and a conventional as well as a 2D-speckle tracking transthoracic echocardiography of the right ventricle and data was compared between the 2 groups.

Results
The mean age was 32.9 ± 7.2 years in smokers and 30.9 ± 7.9 years in non-smokers (p = 0.227). The 2 groups showed comparable conventional right ventricular systolic and diastolic functions. Smokers showed a significantly lower (less negative) right ventricular global longitudinal strain (− 19.0 ± 3.2% vs. − 24.5 ± 3.5%, p < 0.001). Patients with a higher daily cigarette consumption showed a poorer right ventricular global longitudinal strain (p = 0.014).

Conclusion
Chronic heavy cigarette smoking can adversely affect the right ventricular function, a finding that can be easily missed by conventional echocardiography and can be better detected by the right ventricular speckle tracking.
Source and reservoir characteristics of the Upper Triassic lacustrine Chang 6 tight oil play in the Zhangjiagou area, Ordos Basin, China
Authors: Cao Yan , Han Hui , Chen Shijia , Liu Rui , Zhang Jingyue , Guo Chen , Pang Peng 
Published: April 2021

To explore the source and reservoir characteristics of Chang 6 tight oil in the Zhangjiagou area, we have extracted a suite of Chang 6 tight sandstones and the source rocks from the seventh to ninth members of the Upper Cretaceous Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin, China, respectively, using chloroform. We examined group components by fractionations of extracted organic matter. Using low-pressure gas adsorptions and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively, we analyzed the pore structure of the studied samples before and after extraction and the oil source of the separate saturated hydrocarbon components. The results indicate that the porosity of the Chang 6 tight sandstone is mainly distributed in the 8%–14% range, averaging 10.5%, the permeability of the studied reservoir is only approximately 0.16 × 10−3 μm2, and the pore-throat radius is mainly less than 2 μm. The major type of pores of the reservoir includes the residual intergranular pore, secondary intergranular dissolved pore, and intragranular dissolved pore. The micropore volume of the Chang 6 tight sandstone is in the range of 0.0071–0.0092 cm3/g, and the mesopore volume of the Chang 6 tight sandstone is in the range of 0.0237–0.0343 cm3/g. The micropore volume and micropore surface area significantly increased after chloroform extractions, and soluble hydrocarbons could be stored in micropores of the Chang 6 tight sandstone. The three sets of source rocks from the seventh to ninth members of the Upper Cretaceous Yanchang Formation are high quality by the evaluation of source rocks, and the Chang 7 has the highest value of source rocks, followed by Chang 9 and Chang 8. The pentacyclic triterpene characteristics (Ts-C30H-C30*) of Chang 6 crude oil are similar to those of Chang 7 source rock, and the tight oil of the Chang 6 member in the Zhangjiagou area originated from Chang 7 source rocks.
Comparison of digital image displays performance in the detection of artificial internal root resorptions lesions
Authors: da Hora Matheus Nogueira , Rosado Lucas de Paula Lopes , Neves Frederico Sampaio , Crusoé-Rebello Ieda , Vasconcelos Taruska Ventorini 
Published: April 2021

Objective: To compare the diagnostic efficacy of different devices for visualizing digital images in detecting simulated internal root resorption (IRR). Methods: 26 uniradicular human teeth were sectioned along its long axis and randomly divided into two groups. Then, they were submerged in hydrochloric acid (HCl) P.A 37% at different times to make two types of defects: Type 1 (2 hours), and type 2 (3 hours). Digital periapical radiographs were acquired in three moments: before section, after section and after immersion in acid. The images were evaluated on three different devices: 27-inch iMac Desktop, 8-inch Android Tablet, and 5.5-inch iPhone 8 Plus using a 5-point scale. Results: The sensitivity and accuracy values were higher with the use of the Android Tablet, for both types of defects. For the values of the area under ROC curve, higher results were observed with the Android Tablet and lower results with the iMac, showing a significant difference (p < 0.05) when comparing the use of the iMac with the Android Tablet and iPhone 8, for type 1 defects. When comparing the different devices, in the evaluation of images of type 2 defects, the values showed no statistical difference, regardless of the device evaluated (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The size of the lesion interferes with the detection capacity in the image. However, the use of portable devices does not impair the diagnosis of IRR, regardless of size and the dental practioners may use different devices/display, under optimal viewing conditions, to detect IRR lesions, without jeopardizing the diagnostic ability.
SARS-CoV-2 and the role of close contact in transmission: a systematic review
Authors: Onakpoya Igho J. , Heneghan Carl J. , Spencer Elizabeth A. , Brassey Jon , Plüddemann Annette , Evans David H. , Conly John M. , Jefferson Tom 
Published: April 2021

Background: SARS-CoV-2 transmission has been reported to be associated with close contact with infected individuals. However, the mechanistic pathway for transmission in close contact settings is unclear. Our objective was to identify, appraise and summarise the evidence from studies assessing the role of close contact in SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Methods: This review is part of an Open Evidence Review on Transmission Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2. We conduct ongoing searches using WHO Covid-19 Database, LitCovid, medRxiv, PubMed and Google Scholar; assess study quality based on the QUADAS-2 criteria and report important findings on an ongoing basis. Results: We included 181 studies: 171 primary studies and 10 systematic reviews. The settings for primary studies were predominantly in home/quarantine facilities (31.6%) and acute care hospitals (15.2%). The overall reporting quality of the studies was low to moderate. There was significant heterogeneity in design and methodology. The frequency of attack rates (PCR testing) was 3.5-75%; attack rates were highest in prison and wedding venues, and in households. The frequency of secondary attack rates was 0.3-100% with rates highest in home/quarantine settings. Three studies showed no transmission if index cases had recurrent infection. Viral culture was performed in three studies of which two found viable virus; culture results were negative where index cases had recurrent infections. Ten studies performed genomic sequencing with phylogenetic analysis – the completeness of genomic similarity ranged from 81-100%. Findings from systematic reviews showed that children were significantly less likely to transmit SARS-CoV-2 and household contact was associated with a significantly increased risk of infection. Conclusions: The evidence from published studies demonstrates that SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted via close contact settings. The risk of transmission is greater in household contacts. There was wide variation in methodology. Standardized guidelines for reporting transmission in close contact settings should be developed to improve the quality reporting.
RETHINKING THE “BARCELONA MODEL”: MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS OF THE CITY
Authors: Fernandes Ana Maria Viera , Paes Maria Tereza Duarte 
Published: April 2021

For decades, the city has created food models by requiring the countryside to meet the growing demand with increasingly more homologated crop reconversions and increasingly vast and competitive farms. The current acceleration of the land concentration process and the dramatic experience of the COVID 19 pandemic have, however, forced us to redefine the city-country relationship, which has been called into question for some years now in various FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) and EU (European Union) documents. Based on the GECOAGRI-LANDITALY (Comparative Geography of Agricultural Areas European and non-European) survey itinerary, a proven tool for reading local peculiarities, the authors show how easy it is to recognize which farmlands can best fulfil the role of guaranteeing food safety and protecting the quality and typicality of traditional foods. The final proposal is to start a new agri-food policy that no longer starts from the demand formulated by the city but, reversing the direction of the old relationship, it starts from the availability of products offered by the countryside to re-educate consumption and promote the sustainability of agricultural practices.
Tunable terahertz slow light of a cavity-integrated guided-mode resonance grating
Authors: Chen Chen , Yan Fei , Liu Ziyi , Gong Rui , Wang Ruoxing , Li Li 
Published: April 2021

We present a dynamically tunable anomalous electromagnetic induced transparency (EIT) of a cavity-integrated metallic grating by the coupling of guided-mode resonance (GMR) with cavity-mode resonance (CMR) in the terahertz regime. The strong group slowing effect of terahertz waves results from the EIT mechanism under simultaneous excitation of GMR and CMR at a degenerate state. With the introduction of graphene as a functional layer overlying the grating structure, the enhanced group delay can be achievable beyond 6.1 ps with stable operation frequency and signal efficiency by tuning the graphene Fermi level. The work could provide an efficient scheme to manipulate the group velocity of terahertz signals.
Kostenfreie Onlinekurse nachhaltig mit personalisiertem Marketing finanzieren – Ein Vorschlag zur synergetischen Kombination zweier datengetriebener Geschäftsmodelle
Authors: Rüdian Sylvio , Vladova Gergana 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungSelbstbestimmtes Lernen mit Onlinekursen findet zunehmend mehr Akzeptanz in unserer Gesellschaft. Lernende können mithilfe von Onlinekursen selbst festlegen, was sie wann lernen und Kurse können durch vielfältige Adaptionen an den Lernfortschritt der Nutzer angepasst und individualisiert werden. Auf der einen Seite ist eine große Zielgruppe für diese Lernangebote vorhanden. Auf der anderen Seite sind die Erstellung von Onlinekursen, ihre Bereitstellung, Wartung und Betreuung kostenintensiv, wodurch hochwertige Angebote häufig kostenpflichtig angeboten werden müssen, um als Anbieter zumindest kostenneutral agieren zu können. In diesem Beitrag erörtern und diskutieren wir ein offenes, nachhaltiges datengetriebenes zweiseitiges Geschäftsmodell zur Verwertung geprüfter Onlinekurse und deren kostenfreie Bereitstellung für jeden Lernenden. Kern des Geschäftsmodells ist die Nutzung der dabei entstehenden Verhaltensdaten, die daraus mögliche Ableitung von Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen und Interessen und deren Nutzung im kommerziellen Kontext. Dies ist eine bei der Websuche bereits weitläufig akzeptierte Methode, welche nun auf den Lernkontext übertragen wird. Welche Möglichkeiten, Herausforderungen, aber auch Barrieren überwunden werden müssen, damit das Geschäftsmodell nachhaltig und ethisch vertretbar funktioniert, werden zwei unabhängige, jedoch synergetisch verbundene Geschäftsmodelle vorgestellt und diskutiert. Zusätzlich wurde die Akzeptanz und Erwartung der Zielgruppe für das vorgestellte Geschäftsmodell untersucht, um notwendige Kernressourcen für die Praxis abzuleiten. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung zeigen, dass das Geschäftsmodell von den Nutzer*innen grundlegend akzeptiert wird. 10 % der Befragten würden es bevorzugen, mit virtuellen Assistenten – anstelle mit Tutor*innen zu lernen. Zudem ist der Großteil der Nutzer*innen sich nicht darüber bewusst, dass Persönlichkeitsmerkmale anhand des Nutzerverhaltens abgeleitet werden können.
Das Geschäftsmodell Data Facilitator im Consulting
Authors: Nissen Volker 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungMit der Vervielfachung des Datenvolumens und der raschen Weiterentwicklung entsprechender Analysemethoden und Werkzeuge gibt es immer mehr Unternehmen, insbesondere aus dem kleineren Mittelstand, die aufgrund mangelnder Ressourcen und Fähigkeiten nicht in der Lage sind, ihre Datenschätze zu heben und daraus gute Entscheidungen im Hinblick auf ihre Produkte, Prozesse und Geschäftsmodelle abzuleiten. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird im vorliegenden Beitrag ein Data Facilitator Geschäftsmodell für Consultingunternehmen vorgeschlagen. Um nicht im Wettbewerb zurückzufallen, lagern hierin Unternehmen Aufgaben der Datenaufbereitung, Analyse und Interpretation an ein Beratungsunternehmen aus, das sich auf solche Themen spezialisiert hat. Berater erhalten dabei Zugriff auf kritische Datenströme des Kunden, die dann auf regelmäßiger Basis fachkundig, unter Einsatz moderner Analyseinstrumente untersucht werden. Es geht darum, frühzeitig „schwache Signale“ für zukünftige kritische Entwicklungen beim Kunden zu erkennen oder Ideen für geschäftliche Verbesserungen zu entwickeln. Dabei werden die Ergebnisse dem Kunden nicht kommentarlos übermittelt, sondern Auffälligkeiten von den Beratern unter Einbringung ihres Fachwissens mit den Kunden diskutiert und interpretiert. Der Kunde trifft dann gegebenenfalls Entscheidungen auf Basis der vorliegenden Datenlage. Da diese Dienstleistung fortlaufend erbracht wird, sind hierfür neue Bezahlmodelle im Consulting sinnvoll, wie z. B. eine monatliche Pauschale. Für eine erfolgreiche Umsetzung des Geschäftsmodells sind in der Praxis eine Reihe von Problemen zu bewältigen, worauf im Beitrag ebenfalls eingegangen wird.
Self-Service-Portale mit Schwerpunkt Service-Request-Management: Analyse der Eignung existierender Software-Tool-Kategorien
Authors: Floerecke Sebastian 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungZur Erbringung verschiedenster IT-Service-Management (ITSM)-Prozesse setzen insbesondere Großunternehmen seit Längerem umfangreiche ITSM-Software-Suiten ein. Im Rahmen ihrer Digitalisierungsinitiativen sind sie gegenwärtig verstärkt auf der Suche nach einem ergänzenden Self-Service-Portal. Damit können sich Mitarbeiter in erster Linie über die angebotenen IT-Services informieren und unterschiedliche Service-Request-Typen wie Neubestellungen, Änderungen und Kündigungen initiieren und häufig auch Incidents und Demands erstellen und verfolgen. Die Praxis zeigt, dass sich Unternehmen mit den in ihren jeweiligen ITSM-Software-Suiten als Modul integrierten Self-Service-Portalen hinsichtlich abgedeckter ITSM-Prozesse, allgemeinem Funktionsumfang und User-Experience nicht immer vollumfänglich zufrieden zeigen. Deshalb sehen sie sich vermehrt nach Alternativen um. Der Tool-Auswahlprozess stellt Unternehmensentscheider und IT-Verantwortliche allerdings vielfach vor ein Problem. Die Hauptgründe liegen in der inhärenten Komplexität von ITSM-Software-Suiten und dem großen, aus über 400 Anbietern bestehenden und damit intransparenten Tool-Markt. Vorliegender Beitrag greift diese Problemstellung aus der Praxis auf und geht der Frage nach, welche Tool-Kategorien in diesem Umfeld existieren und inwieweit sich diese jeweils für den Einsatz als Self-Service-Portal mit Schwerpunkt Service-Request-Management eignen. Grundlage der Untersuchung sind eine Internet-Marktrecherche, Gespräche mit erfahrenen Branchenkennern, eine systematische Literaturrecherche, Webseiten von Tool-Herstellern und Telefoninterviews mit Vertretern führender Tool-Hersteller.
Demand satisfied by modern contraceptive among married women of reproductive age in Kenya
Authors: Gichangi Peter , Waithaka Michael , Thiongo Mary , Agwanda Alfred , Radloff Scott , Tsui Amy , Zimmerman Linea , Temmerman Marleen 
Published: April 2021

Background
Demand for family planning met/satisfied with modern contraceptive methods (mDFPS) has been proposed to track progress in Family Planning (FP) programs for Sustainable Development Goals. This study measured mDFPS among married women of reproductive age (MWRA) in Kenya to identify which groups were not being reached by FP programs.

Materials and methods
Performance, Monitoring and Accountability 2020 (PMA2020) survey data from 2014–2018 was used. PMA2020 surveys are cross-sectional including women 15–49 years. PMA2020 used a 2-stage cluster design with urban/rural regions as strata with random selection of households. Univariate and multivariate analysis was done using stata V15.

Results
Of the 34,832 respondents interviewed from 2014 to 2018, 60.2% were MWRA. There was a significant decrease in demand for FP from 2014 to 2018, p = 0.012. Lowest demand was among 15–19 and 45–49 years old women. Overall, modern contraceptive prevalence rate increased significantly from 54.6% to 60.8%, p = 0.004, being higher for women from urban areas, home visits by health care worker (HCW), educated, wealthy, visited health facilities and exposed to mass media. Unmet need for FP decreased from 23.0–13.8% over the 5-years, p<0.001. Married adolescent 15–19 had the highest unmet need and those from rural areas, poor, uneducated and not exposed to mass media. mDFPS increased significantly from 69.7–79.4% over the 5-years, p<0.001, with increase in long acting reversible contraception/permanent methods from 19.9–37.2% and decrease in short acting methods from 49.9–42.2%. Significant determinants of mDFPS were age, rural/urban residence, education, wealth, health facility visitation, exposure to FP messages via mass media in the last 12 months, year of study and county of residence.

Conclusions
Results show a good progress in key FP indicators. However, not all MWRA are being reached and should be reached if Kenya is to achieve the desired universal health coverage as well as Sustainable Development Goals. Targeted home visits by HCW as well increase in mass media coverage could be viable interventions.
Tendencies and attitudes towards dietary supplements use among undergraduate female students in Bangladesh
Authors: Jahan Ishrat , Uddin Abul Bashar Mohammad Neshar , Reza A. S. M. Ali , Uddin Md. Giash , Hossain Mohammad Shahadat , Nasrin Mst. Samima , Emran Talha Bin , Rahman Md. Atiar 
Published: April 2021

Background
Dietary supplements (DS) are products that improve the overall health and well-being of individuals and reduce the risk of disease. Evidence indicates a rising prevalence of the use of these products worldwide especially among the age group 18–23 years.

Aim
The study investigates the tendencies and attitudes of Bangladeshi undergraduate female students towards dietary supplements (DS).

Methods
A three-month (March 2018-May 2018) cross-sectional face-to-face survey was conducted in undergraduate female students in Chittagong, Bangladesh using a pre-validated dietary supplement questionnaire. The study was carried among the four private and three public university students of different disciplines in Chittagong to record their prevalent opinions and attitudes toward using DS. The results were documented and analyzed by SPSS version 22.0.

Results
Ninety two percent (N = 925, 92.0%) of the respondents answered the survey questions. The prevalence of DS use was high in undergraduate female students. The respondents cited general health and well-being (n = 102, 11.0%) and physician recommendation (n = 101, 10.9%) as a reason for DS use. Majority of the students (n = 817, 88.3%) used DS cost monthly between USD 0.12 and USD 5.90. Most of the students (n = 749, 81.0%) agreed on the beneficial effect of DS and a significant portion (n = 493, 53.3%) recommended for a regular use of DS. Highly prevalent use of dietary supplements appeared in Chittagonian undergraduate female students. They were tremendously positive in using DS. The results demonstrate an increasing trend of using DS by the undergraduate females for both nutritional improvement and amelioration from diseases.

Conclusion
Dietary supplements prevalence was so much higher in students of private universities as compared to students of public universities. Likewise, maximal prevalence is indicated in pharmacy department compared to other departments. Students preferred brand products, had positive opinions and attitudes towards dietary supplements.
The cost of Medicare-funded medical and pharmaceutical services for mental disorders in children and adolescents in Australia
Authors: Le Long Khanh-Dao , Shih Sophy , Richards-Jones Scott , Chatterton Mary Lou , Engel Lidia , Stevenson Christopher , Lawrence David , Pepin Genevieve , Mihalopoulos Cathrine 
Published: April 2021

Objective
To examine the health care costs associated with mental disorders and subthreshold mental disorders within a nationally representative sample of children and adolescents in Australia.

Method
Data were derived from the Young Minds Matter Survey (N = 6,310). Mental disorders were classified using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV. Participant data were linked to administrative data on health care costs. Adjusted generalized linear regression models and two-part models were used to estimate mean differences in costs between those with a mental disorder or subthreshold disorder and those without.

Results
Costs associated with health care attendances and medications were higher for children and adolescents with mental disorders and subthreshold mental disorders compared to those without a mental disorder. The additional population health care costs due to mental disorders amounted to AUD$234 million annually in children and adolescents, of which approximately 16% was attributed to out-of-pocket costs. Findings showed that those with subthreshold mental disorders or comorbid mental disorders have substantial additional costs of Medicare-funded medical and pharmaceutical services.

Conclusion and implication
Mental disorders in children and adolescents are associated with significant health care costs. Further research is needed to ensure that this population is receiving effective and efficient care.