bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Geometric Proportions on Maxillary Anterior Teeth for Esthetic Smile Design: An In vivo Study
Authors: Varghese Pinky , Cherian Babu , Sukumaran Binsu , Anu Sreena , Jacob Basil M , Raja Vighnesh Varma 
Published: June 2021

Background and Objectives:
The maxillary central incisor is the dominant element of anterior dental composition and hence should be restored or replaced with proper proportion of width and length for better aesthetic results. However, the literature is not clear regarding verifiable guidelines for the determination of proportions of the teeth. The aim of this study was to investigate the existence and suitability of Golden Rectangle, Recurring Aesthetic Dental Proportion, and Golden percentage between the widths of maxillary anterior teeth in individuals with natural dentition, with the aid of digital photographs and computer analysis.

Material and Methods:
Frontal full-face digital photographs of the subjects (in smile) were made under standardized conditions using a digital camera and a tripod stand was used to place and orient the camera in the standardized position (camera was positioned 1 meter away from the patient; and the lens of the camera was adjusted at the patients' lip level). Imaging software (Adobe Photoshop CS5; Adobe Systems, Inc, San Jose, Calif.) was used to mark the anatomic landmarks and to digitally analyze the photograph. The entire process of proportion analysis was done by a single observer.

Results:
The RED proportion was not found to exist between the six maxillary anterior teeth. The values suggested in the golden percentage were not applicable on the subjects of this study. However, a slight modification of these percentages can be adopted taking into consideration the ethnicity differences of the subjects in this study. The values obtained were 24%, 15%, 11% in males and 23%, 15%, and 11% in females. Golden rectangle concept can be used for choosing dimensions of maxillary central incisors which are esthetically pleasing.

Conclusion:
RED proportion is an unsuitable methods to relate the successive widths of the maxillary anterior teeth. The golden percentage theory seems to be applicable to relate the successive widths of the maxillary anterior teeth if percentages are adjusted taking into consideration the ethnicity of the population. Golden rectangle concept is suitable for choosing dimensions of maxillary central incisors which are esthetically pleasing.
Assessment of White Spots with Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence in Patients Undergoing Fixed Orthodontics
Authors: Kumar Harshal , Sharma Kanchan , Kumari Archana , Singh Sonakshi , Nandi Mrinal Kumar , Banerjee Kankana Lahiri 
Published: June 2021

Background:
The present study determined white spots with the help of quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) in patients undergoing fixed orthodontics.

Materials and Methods:
Sixty-four patients undergoing fixed orthodontics above 12 years underwent debonding, and the presence of carious lesion was assessed at baseline and after 6 weeks, 6 months, and 2 years. QLF images were taken with intraoral fluorescence camera. QLF images were examined visually for signs of demineralization, and scoring system was used.

Results:
It is found that there was fluorescence loss over a period of time. The median sum of fluorescence loss per patient was 55.6% and 29.2% and 101.4% at quartiles at baseline which changed to 51.2% and 26.5% at the first quartile and 101.4% at the second quartile. At 2 years, it was 43.7% and at the first quartile was 22.1% and at the second quartile was 99.1%. There was significant improvement at T2 (P < 0.05), however, between baseline and F1 and between F1 and F2, there was nonsignificant improvement (P > 0.05). The median value for total lesion area per patient was 3.6 mm2 with quartiles 1.2 mm2 and 8.2 mm2 at baseline, 2.6 mm2 with quartiles 0.7 mm2 and 6.3 mm2 at 6 weeks, 2.3 mm2 with quartiles 0.7 mm2 and 6.3 mm2 at 6 months, and 1.8 mm2 with quartiles 0.5 mm2 and 5.8 mm2 at 2 years which was statistically significant (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
The authors found that white spots during fixed orthodontic treatment and after debonding is a common phenomenon. Although there was improvement in disappearance of these lesions, complete removal cannot be ensured.
Assessment of Titanium Level in Submucosal Plaque Around Healthy Implants and Implants with Peri-implantitis: A Clinical Study
Authors: Rasul Juzer , Thakur Manoj Kumar , Maheshwari Barkha , Aga Nausheen , Kumar Harsh , Mahajani Monica 
Published: June 2021

Background:
The present study focused on assessing the level of titanium in submucosal plaque in the peri-implant area with peri-implantitis in comparison to healthy implants.

Methodology:
Sixty patients with titanium dental implants were recruited. The degree of titanium in submucosal plaque around peri-implantitis and healthy implants was estimated using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

Results:
The mean ± standard deviation probing depth in Group I was 3.12 ± 1.1 and in Group II was 7.2 ± 2.5; gingival index was 0.64 ± 0.3 and 1.64 ± 0.8 in Group I and Group II, respectively. The plaque index was 0.82 ± 0.2 in Group I and 1.5 ± 0.6 in Group II. The mean plaque mass in Group I was 24.1 ± 3.8 ng/ul and 49.3 ± 6.4 ng/ul in Group II. The mean titanium level in Group I was 0.08 ± 0.02 μg and in Group II was 0.91 ± 0.04 μg. A highly significant difference between both groups was found (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
There was a significantly higher titanium level in submucosal plaque around dental implants with signs of peri-implantitis as compared to healthy dental implants.
Influence of Inter-Radicular Septal Bone Quantity in Primary Stability of Immediate Molar Implants with Different Length and Diameter Placed in Mandibular Region. A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography-Based Simulated Implant Study
Authors: Sayed Arshad Jamal , Shaikh Safia Shoeb , Shaikh Shoeb Yakub , Hussain Mohammed Abid , Tareen Sabahat Ullah Khan , Awinashe Vaibhav 
Published: June 2021

Aim:
The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the influence of length and width of implant on primary stability in immediate implants in mandibular first molar.

Materials and Methods:
The study was carried out on 40 cone-beam computed tomography scans selected with defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. According to the diameter and length of implants, they were divided into nine groups (G1 to G9). The virtual implants of different diameters and length were placed in mandibular first molar and measurements were done for peri-implant horizontal and vertical gap defect, peri-implant interradicular bone support and apical bone support for all the groups.

Results:
The study groups Diameter, (D-7 mm) showed least horizontal gap defect (Buccal-1.30 ± 0.56 mm, lingual-1.30 ± 0.56 mm, mesial-1.20 ± 0.51 mm, and distal-1.05 ± 0.59 mm) as compared to regular implant diameter (D-4.7) groups (Buccal-2.35 ± 0.483 mm, lingual-2.10 mm ± 0.44 mm, mesial-2.30 ± 0.64 mm, and distal-2.25 ± 0.43 mm). The unsupported Vertical implant gap defect at the coronal part of the socket was 2.80 mm ± 0.83 mm for all groups in both horizontal and vertical direction. The vertical peri-implant interradicular bone support showed increased bone support with increase in implant length (L). The buccal and lingual inter-radicular bone-support was least for Length (L-8.5 mm), moderate for L-11.5 mm, and highest for L-13.5 mm groups, respectively. The mesial inter-radicular bone support was least for G4G7, moderate for G1G2G5G8, and maximum for G3G6G9 groups. Similarly, the distal inter-radicular bone support was least for G4G7, moderate for G1G5G8, and maximum for G2G3G6G9 groups, respectively. There was no apical bone support in L-8.5 mm group as the tip of implant was 3.5–4 mm within the socket tip. Whereas, L-11.5 mm had decent (0.9–1 mm) and L-13.5 mm had Good (1.35–1.95 mm) apical bone support as the implant tip was beyond the socket tip.

Conclusion:
All the groups showed good interradicular bone support on buccal and lingual surfaces. Regular width implants with longer length showed satisfactory interradicular bone support on mesial and distal surfaces. Longer implants showed good apical bone support in all the four surfaces and hence good apical primary stability expected.
Knowledge, Awareness, and Attitude among Practicing Orthodontist on Teledentistry during COVID Pandemic in Kerala: A Cross-Sectional Survey
Authors: George Pradeep Philip , Edathotty Terry Thomas , Gopikrishnan S. , Prasanth P. S. , Mathew Sandeep , Ameen A. A. Mohammed 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Considering the gravity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its potential to unfold within the dental workplace or institutions, a shift from traditional dental practice to a newer method is needed. Teledentistry is widely being practiced in this pandemic era for the diagnosis and to give instructions to the patients. Hence, an attempt has been made to explore the knowledge, attitude, and awareness of practicing orthodontists regarding the usage of teledentistry during COVID lockdown, in Kerala.

Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional, descriptive study was done on about 150 orthodontic professionals. A pretested, self-organized, close-ended survey was managed through online stages that comprised of 15 questions. The information gathered was assembled in a systematic way and investigated regarding recurrence and Chi-square test was utilized for the examination of frequencies.

Results:
It was observed that 93.3% orthodontic practitioners had knowledge regarding teledentistry and a positive attitude toward teledentistry was shown by younger age group practitioners and those who were working in institutions (P < 0.05). 77.3% believed that teledentistry can save dentist's time and 71.3% responded that the new technology can be helpful in reducing the cost of treatment for patients.

Conclusion:
The knowledge, awareness, and attitudes were discovered to be acceptable among the orthodontic practitioners. Younger practitioners had more positive attitude toward teledentistry, and there was an overall positive attitude for using teledentistry as a temporary alternate for direct patient contact in COVID-19 pandemic time.
Knowledge, Attitude, and Psychological Effect on Undergraduate/ Postgraduate Students in Lockdown COVID-19 Situation
Authors: Verma Santosh Kumar , Kumar Barun Dev , Chandra Subhash , Singh Neha , Kumari Priyanka , Verma Abhishek 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Student psychological health has been an increasing concern. The COVID-19 pandemic situation has brought this vulnerable population into renewed focus.

Objective:
Our study aims to conduct a timely assessment of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of college graduates and postgraduates.

Methodology:
We conducted online survey with 550 students to understand the effects of the pandemic on their psychology and well-being. The data were analyzed through quantitative and qualitative methods.

Results:
Of the 550 students, 138 (71%) indicated increased stress and anxiety due to the COVID-19 outbreak. When asked about how the lockdown in COVID-19 situation affecting them, 97% said that it is severely affecting them. When asked about what the problems do you faced during online class, 5% said the Internet, 83.8% said noninteractive, and 11.2% said lack of explanatory mediums. When asked about number of hours spent on the Internet, 100% said more than 10 h. When asked about the activities to keep yourself busy during lockdown in COVID-19 situation, 37% said social media followed by 23% who mentioned cooking.

Conclusion:
Due to the long-lasting pandemic situation and onerous measures such as lockdown and stay-at-home orders, the COVID-19 pandemic brings negative impacts on education. The findings of our study highlight the urgent need to develop interventions and preventive strategies to address the psychological health of college students.
Ensino de história da américa e a formação de uma identidade histórica
Authors: Buczenko Gerson Luiz 
Published: June 2021

Este artigo pretende expor algumas ideias sobre o ensino de História da América e a formação de uma identidade histórica, baseando-se principalmente na experiência em sala de aula, com turmas do ensino médio e superior. A pergunta motivadora da pesquisa foi assim colocada: Com o ensino de história da América é possível obter a formação de uma identidade histórica? Como objetivo geral do presente tema pretende-se analisar a formação de uma identidade histórica por meio das percepções sobre o ensino de História da América. Os objetivos específicos foram assim definidos: conhecer os posicionamentos teóricos de autores que discutem o ensino de História da América; analisar os conceitos de identidade e identidade histórica; e, avaliar a presença da História da América, em livros didáticos do ensino médio.
Control de humedad y consumo de agua en un invernadero
Authors: Marrero Ramírez Secundino , González Palau Iliana , León Segovia Marco Anibal , Rommel Eusebio Suarez Vinueza 
Published: June 2021

La investigación se realizó en un el invernadero experimental inacral para el control de humedad y consumo de agua, con el uso de sensores de temperatura, humedad, nivel y un PLC a través de un sistema Scada. Se pudo establecer el control manual y automático de la humedad en los rangos requeridos y con una electroválvula se controla el llenado del tanque con los niveles mínimo y máximo programados. En la interfaz gráfica (HMI) se controla y monitorea de formaremota el gasto de agua y el comportamiento de la humedad. También es posible conocer el consumo de agua diario, semanal y mensual, así como el nivel y volumen del agua existente en el tanque. El sistema facilitó el trabajo en el invernadero, mejoró la calidad del cultivo y permitió el seguimiento del gasto de agua por plantas, la dosificación correcta y el uso racional de este recurso.
Palabras Clave: Control, Sensores, Scada, HMI.
Referencias
Miedo al coronavirus, ansiedad y depresión en profesionales de la salud
Authors: Ortega Malla Ana Lucia , Mesa Cano Isabel Cristina , Peña Cordero Susana Janeth , Ramirez Coronel Andrés Alexis 
Published: June 2021

La pandemia causada por el virus COVID-19 causó sentimientos de miedo, ansiedad y depresión en el personal de salud, expuestos mayormente al riesgo de contraer esta enfermedad. El presente trabajo se centró en determinar el sentimiento de miedo, ansiedad y depresión, experimentado por los profesionales de la salud por el COVID-19. La metodología aplicada se basó en un estudio descriptivo–correlacional, de corte transversal, no experimental. La muestra está constituida por 152 profesionales. Para la recolección de datos se aplicaron los instrumentos para el miedo (FCV-19S), Ansiedad Estado-Rasgo (STAI), y Depresión Estado – Rasgo (IDER). Posterior, se realizó una prueba de normalidad K-S y una prueba de correlación Spearman utilizando el programa estadístico Infostat y SPSS 21 para el análisis estadístico. Los resultados revelan que los profesionales de salud presentan niveles de altos de miedo y ansiedad como consecuencia del COVID-19; sin embargo, no presentaron tener niveles altos de depresión.
Palabras Clave: COVID-19, miedo, ansiedad, personal de salud.
Referencias
PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN AKTIF INDEX CARD MATCH UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA KELAS VIIIA DI MTS BURHANUL ABRAR SITUBONDO
Authors: Yulianto Candra , Dassucik Dassucik 
Published: June 2021

Pembelajaran aktif adalah Suatu pembelajaran yang mengajak peserta didik untuk belajar secara aktif. Ketika peserta didik belajar dengan aktif, Index Card Match merupakan salah satu teknik instruksional dari belajar aktif bagian reviewing strategies (strategi pengulangan) yang dapat membantu siswa mengingat apa yang telah mereka pelajari dan menguji kemampuan serta pengetahuan yang telah mereka terima. Penelitian ini dilaksankan pada siswa MTs Burhanul Abrar kelas VIII mulai bulan Nopember/Desember 2013 dengan siswa 35 yang menjadi tempat penelitian. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas dengan mengunakan pendekatan kualitatif, pengumpulan data mengunakan observasi, test, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Data yang di kumpulkan berupa jawaban siswa terhadap test pendahuluan, I dan II yang dilakukan
oleh peneliti. Melalui pembelajaran Aktif Index Card Match, dimana rumusan masalah adalah bagaimana Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Aktif Index Card Match Untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran Ekonomi dengan Kompetensi Dasar “Mendeskripsikan Hubungan Antara Kelangkaan Sumber Daya Dengan Kebutuhan Menusia Tidak Terbatas” Kelas VIIIA Di MTs Burhanul Abrar Tahun Pelajaran 2013/2014? dan tujuan penelitian adalah Ingin mengetahui bagaimana Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Aktif Index Card Match Untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran Ekonomi dengan Kompetensi Dasar “Mendeskripsikan Hubungan Antara Kelangkaan Sumber Daya Dengan Kebutuhan Menusia Tidak Terbatas” Kelas VIIIA Di MTs Burhanul Abrar Tahun Pelajaran 2013/2014”. Responden penelitian siswa MTs Burhanul Abrar kelas VIII dipilih secara purposive sanpling area. Data yang dikumpulkan berupa Ulangan Harian I dan II dan wawancara dilakukan selama penelitian berlangsung. pada hasil ketuntasan siswa secara klasikal pada ulangan harian. Pada ulangan harian mengalami peningkatan dari siklus I sampai siklus II. Dimana siklus I, persentase ketuntasan yaitu 77% secara klasikal dari 27 siswa, siswa yang tidak tuntas 23% secara klasikal atau 8 Siswa dan siklus II yaitu 100% dari 35 siswa secara Klasikal yang mengikuti ulangan harian 35 siswa. Dengan demikian peningkatan persentase ketuntasan hasil belajar dari siklus I ke siklus II adalah 23%, dari hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa penerapan pembelajaran Aktif Index Card Match dapat meningkatkan persentase ketuntasan hasil belajar siswa pada MTs Burhanul Abrar kelas VIIIA tahun pelajaran 2013/2014.
FREQUENCY AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGONISA CLINICAL ISOLATES AT A LARGE TEACHING HOSPITAL IN LAHORE, PAKISTAN
Authors: Zahoor Sarmad , Mahboob Hafiz Mudabbar , Bukhari Hina , Ali Asad , Jehangir Hafiz Muhammad Sajid , Siddiqui Arshad 
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Psudomonas is a notorious nosocomial aerobic bacillus mostly involved in causing pneumonia, surgical site infection and urinary tract infection. Resistance of pseudomonas has increased in recent past and has posed a serious health challenge to public health. We aimed to investigate resistance pattern of pseudomonas at a large teaching hospital of Lahore.
Materials and Methods: This was a Single Centre Observational Cross-Sectional Retrospective Study conducted at Mayo hospital Lahore which included clinical isolates of pseudomonas isolated during 2019 obeying inclusion and exclusion criteria. Organism was identified with standard protocols and was tested for susceptibility to various antibiotics as per CSLI guidelines. Data was analyzed with SPSS 23.
Results: Of 1506 isolates, the most sensitive drug was collistin (100%). Relatively higher sensitivity was reported for imipenum (94.48%) followed by amikacin (91.96%). Least sensitive of all the tested drugs was ceftriaxone (12.48%) followed by tazobactum/pipperacillin (33.3%). Ceftazidime (74%), gentamycin (70.1%) and ciprofloxacin (65.6%) showed intermediate level of sensitivity in our study.
Conclusion: Collistin , Imipenum and amikacin are effective drugs against pseudomonas. However, the resistance of the bug is increasing which warns for judicious use of antibiotics.
A review of surgical approach of Sushruta in Arma: Pterygium
Authors: Kondekar Suhasani Banduji , Andhankar R. V. 
Published: June 2021

Ayurveda the ancient system of medicine gives valuable guidelines not only in treatment aspects but alsoin preventive line Pterygium is a degenerative condition of conjunctiva of unclear aetiology. Although, the successful treatment are available but frequent cases of recurrence occurring. Sushruta known as father of surgery has described various surgical process along with herbalmedicines. There are 76 types of Netra Rogas described by Acharya Sushruta, Arma is one among the 11 type of Shuklagata netra roga which is said to chedan sadhya. Arma is a disease having exact similar entities to Pterygium explained in very advance form with absolute medical and surgical treatment to cure and check the recurrence of disease. The technique of surgery and precaution indicated while performing surgery is marvellous. The assessment of adequate excision of tissue and post-operative management to mitigate the pain, congestion indicates fines of surgery explained in Ayurveda classics.
ALMOST RIEMANN INTEGRABLE FUNCTIONS
Authors: DAMLAKHI MOUSTAFA 
Published: June 2021

An arbitrary function $f$ on a bounded interval $[a,b]$ is termed an almost $R$-integrable function if there exists a Riemann integrable function $g$ such that $f =g$ a.e. In this note a characterization of the class of almost $R$-integrable
functions is obtained.
Assessment of Climate Change Awareness in the Kakamega-Nandi Forest Complex in the Western Region
Authors: Wetiba Wabusya Moses , Tsingalia Mugatsia , Pili Njira Njira , Kakembo Vincent 
Published: June 2021

Aims: This study assessed the level of climate change awareness among the forest-adjacent communities in the Kakamega-Nandi forest ecosystem complex. Four locations were chosen for the study, Buyangu and Isecheno in the Kakamega forest, Kaptumo in Nandi South and Kipsamoite in Nandi North forest ecosystems.
Study Design: A cross-sectional survey design was used to collect data from primary sources. Structured questionnaires were administered to the residents aged 25years and older within the study area.
Place and Duration of Study: The Kakamega, north and south Nandi forest ecosystems in western Kenya between June -December 2019.
Methodology: A total of 280 questionnaires were randomly administered to the forest-adjacent respondents with, Kakamega forest 163 respondents, South Nandi forest 60, while North Nandi had 57respondents. A total of 217 questionnaires were filled and returned and the information wherein used in data analysis. Focused Group Discussion and key informants were used to supplement data collects by the questionnaires.
Results: Majority of the residents (54%) were less concerned about climate change. In addition, 85% of the respondents had very little knowledge on coping and adapting to the adverse impacts of climate change. Some 40 % and 45% of the respondents got information about climate through televisions and radios, respectively. Further analysis of the results revealed that climate change was responsible for fourteen key impacts. These included an increase in rainfall, prolonged drought, decrease in the quality and quantity of fresh water, decrease in food security, an increase in temperature, a decrease in agricultural resources, an increase in sickness and disease, a decrease in quality of life, flooding, decrease in forest cover, loss of homes, reduction in biodiversity, and rise in storm surge. A Chi test revealed a significant relationship between forest cover decline and changes in rainfall patterns (X2 = 111.86, df =12, p<0.001), increasing temperature (X2 = 80.492, df =12, p<0.001);, drought( (X2 = 204.84, df =16, p<0.001) and storm surges (X2 = 74.34, df =8, p<0.001)]. The respondents' level of education was significantly different from their level of climate change awareness (X2=44.88, df=4, p<0.001).
Conclusion: Forest-adjacent communities in the Kakamega-Nandi forest ecosystem complex are vulnerable to climate change as a result of insufficient knowledge about climate change and its impacts. The Kakamega-Nandi forest ecosystem is already experiencing climate change effects such as erratic rainfall and increasing food insecurity.