bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strategies to achieve high productivity, high conversion, and high yield in yeast fermentation of algal biomass hydrolysate
Authors: Huang Xing‐Feng , Reardon Kenneth F. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe conversion of carbohydrates in biomass via fermentation is an important component of an overall strategy to decarbonize the production of fuels and chemicals. Owing to the cost and resources required to produce biomass hydrolysates, the economic and environmental sustainability of these fermentation processes requires that they operate with high yields, sugar conversion, and productivity. Immobilized‐cell technology in a continuous bioprocess can achieve significantly higher volumetric productivities than is possible from standard batch fermentation using free cells. Here, we demonstrate approaches for improvement of ethanol yield from algal hydrolysates and a mock hydrolysate medium. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was immobilized in alginate and incorporated into a two‐column immobilized cell reactor system. Furthermore, the yeast quorum‐sensing molecule, 2‐phenylethanol, was added to improve ethanol yield by restricting growth and diverting sugar to ethanol. The bioreactor system could achieve high ethanol volumetric productivity (>20 g/Lreactor·h) and high glucose conversion (>99%) in mock hydrolysate, while the addition of 0.2% 2‐phenylethanol resulted in 4.9% higher ethanol yield. With an algal hydrolysate of <10 g/L sugar, the ethanol volumetric productivity reached 9.8 g/Lreactor·h, and the addition of 0.2% 2‐phenylethanol increased the ethanol yield by up to 7.4%. These results demonstrate the feasibility of novel strategies to achieve sustainability goals in biomass conversions.
Start‐ups and the art of ignoring the future: Commentary on Rowland and Spaniol 2021
Authors: Georgi‐Kröhl Rixa 
Published: November 2021

AbstractRecord amounts of money flowed into start‐ups in 2020 and yet, founders are acting detached from the future. At the same time, the range of entrepreneurship‐related programs has multiplied. Scenario‐based planning must become a mandatory part of those programs. To keep the strategic conversation with and about scenarios going.
C1q and SRPX2 regulate microglia mediated synapse elimination during early development in the visual thalamus but not the visual cortex
Authors: Cong Qifei , Soteros Breeanne M. , Huo Anran , Li Yang , Tenner Andrea J. , Sia Gek Ming 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe classical complement cascade mediates synapse elimination in the visual thalamus during early brain development. However, whether the primary visual cortex also undergoes complement‐mediated synapse elimination during early visual system development remains unknown. Here, we examined microglia‐mediated synapse elimination in the visual thalamus and the primary visual cortex of early postnatal C1q and SRPX2 knockout mice. In the lateral geniculate nucleus, deletion of C1q caused a persistent decrease in synapse elimination and microglial synapse engulfment, while deletion of SRPX2 caused a transient increase in the same readouts. In the C1q‐SRPX2 double knockout mice, the C1q knockout phenotypes were dominant over the SRPX2 knockout phenotypes, a result which is consistent with SRPX2 being an inhibitor of C1q. We found that genetic deletion of either C1q or SRPX2 did not affect synapse elimination or microglial engulfment of synapses in layer 4 of the primary visual cortex in early brain development. Together, these results show that the classical complement pathway regulates microglia‐mediated synapse elimination in the visual thalamus but not the visual cortex during early development of the central nervous system.
A sub+cortical fMRI‐based surface parcellation
Authors: Lewis John D. , Bezgin Gleb , Fonov Vladimir S. , Collins D. Louis , Evans Alan C. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBoth cortical and subcortical structures are organized into a large number of distinct areas reflecting functional and cytoarchitectonic differences. Mapping these areas is of fundamental importance to neuroscience. A central obstacle to this task is the inaccuracy associated with bringing results from individuals into a common space. The vast individual differences in morphology pose a serious problem for volumetric registration. Surface‐based approaches fare substantially better, but have thus far been used only for cortical parcellation, leaving subcortical parcellation in volumetric space. We extend the surface‐based approach to include also the subcortical deep gray‐matter structures, thus achieving a uniform representation across both cortex and subcortex, suitable for use with surface‐based metrics that span these structures, for example, white/gray contrast. Using data from the Enhanced Nathan Klein Institute—Rockland Sample, limited to individuals between 19 and 69 years of age, we generate a functional parcellation of both the cortical and subcortical surfaces. To assess this extended parcellation, we show that (a) our parcellation provides greater homogeneity of functional connectivity patterns than do arbitrary parcellations matching in the number and size of parcels; (b) our parcels align with known cortical and subcortical architecture; and (c) our extended functional parcellation provides an improved fit to the complexity of life‐span (6–85 years) changes in white/gray contrast data compared to arbitrary parcellations matching in the number and size of parcels, supporting its use with surface‐based measures. We provide our extended functional parcellation for the use of the neuroimaging community.
Assessing the impact of diversity and ageing population on health expenditure of United States
Authors: Amin Saqib , Yousaf Ruhamah , Anwar Muhammad Awais , Arshed Noman 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundAt the biological level, ageing results from a plodding decline in physical and mental capability, an emergent menace of malady, and eventually, fatality. Even though a few of the geriatric's health changes are hereditary, to a great extent is due to individual's physical and societal surroundings and their residence, locality, societies, gender, ethnicity or socio‐economic status. The current debate is well popular by the relationship between increasing diversity and the ageing population with healthcare expenditure in the United States. Higher diversity in society and increasing ageing population have various socio‐economic consequences. A good policy in this regard helpful to managed and get fruitful outcomes.ObjectiveThis study aims to examine the direct effects of diversity and ageing population on healthcare spending. The assortment observed in geriatrics is not arbitrary. A huge portion emerges from individual's physical and social settings and the influence of these environs on their prospect and well‐being demeanour.MethodThis study used the Bayesian‐vector autoregressive model, impulse response analysis, and variance decomposition and data over the period 1990–2018 for empirical analysis of the United States.ResultsThe empirical findings indicate that diversity and ageing population are more persistent with health expenditure in the United States. This study concludes that an increase in diversity and ageing population will rely on the long‐term healthcare facility.ConclusionThe study suggests that cohesive society and effective health intervention might aid in curtailing expenditure pressure linked with elderly population. Furthermore, a recommendation of this study is a good opportunity for healthcare policymakers and further researches.
Demography, inequalities and Global Health Security Index as correlates of COVID‐19 morbidity and mortality
Authors: Kumru Seda , Yiğit Pakize , Hayran Osman 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundDuring a pandemic, the occurrence of infections and case fatality rates are expected to vary from one country to another due to several variables such as poverty, existing comorbidities, population density, access to health care, availability and quality of health system resources, and environmental factors.ObjectivesOur aim is to investigate the relationship between various demographic and socioeconomic factors and reported COVID‐19 morbidity and mortality indicators in different countries. Also, to determine the position of the countries relative to each other in terms of three indicators including COVID‐19 cases, deaths and tests.MethodsCanonical correlation analysis is used to investigate the intercorrelations between independent variables and the COVID‐19 cases and deaths for 92 countries. Countries' performances are measured by MULTIMOORA.ResultsHuman Development Index, smoking habits, percentage of elderly population and test frequency are the most significant variables associated with COVID‐19 morbidity and mortality according to our study findings. Singapore, New Zealand and Australia are the best performed countries.ConclusionsSeveral significant and unexpected associations exist between socioeconomic factors and the COVID‐19 cases and deaths. Singapore, New Zealand and Australia are surrounded by water, have been more successful in the pandemic process compared to other countries.
Seeing the unseen with superb microvascular imaging: Ultrasound depiction of normal dermis vessels
Authors: Corvino Antonio , Varelli Carlo , Cocco Giulio , Corvino Fabio , Catalano Orlando 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPurposeCurrent color‐ and power‐Doppler techniques cannot demonstrate vascularization of the dermis. Aim of this prospective study was to investigate whether the new superb vascular imaging (SMI) technique improves the ultrasound (US) depiction of dermis vessels in healthy volunteers. SMI was compared side‐by‐side to conventional power‐Doppler (PD) imaging.MethodsThirty adult subjects (18 men and 12 women, mean age 45 years old) were evaluated with US at level of five body areas: forehead, forearm, palm, buttock, and thigh. The vascular index (VI) was employed to objectively quantify the difference between SMI and PD imaging in terms of dermis flow amount.ResultsForehead VI was higher for SMI than for PD in 93% of cases, forearm VI was higher for SMI than for PD in 97% of cases, palm VI was higher for SMI than for PD in 87% of cases, buttock VI was higher for SMI than for PD in 100% of cases, thigh VI was higher for SMI than for PD in 100% of cases. SMI‐detected vascular signals in 100% of the body areas. PD failed to show any flow signals from the forehead in 23% of cases, forearm in 37% of cases, palm in 33% of cases, buttock in 47% of cases, and thigh in 50% of cases.ConclusionSMI can demonstrate normal dermis vascularization whereas conventional PD cannot. SMI is a sensitive and promising technique in the study of dermis abnormalities, particularly when quantifying the disease activity is important.
HIV‐1 drug resistance among individuals who seroconverted in the ASPIRE dapivirine ring trial
Authors: Parikh Urvi M. , Penrose Kerri J. , Heaps Amy L. , Halvas Elias K. , Goetz B. Jay , Gordon Kelley C. , Hardesty Russell , Sethi Rahil , Schwarzmann William , Szydlo Daniel W. , Husnik Marla J. , Chandran Uma , Palanee‐Phillips Thesla , Baeten Jared M. , Mellors John W. ,   the MTN‐020 Study Team
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntroductionA potential concern with the use of dapivirine (DPV) for HIV prevention is the selection of a drug‐resistant virus that could spread and reduce the effectiveness of non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase (NNRTI)‐based first‐line antiretroviral therapy. We evaluated HIV‐1 seroconversions in MTN‐020/ASPIRE for selection of drug resistance and evaluated the genetic basis for observed reductions in susceptibility to DPV.MethodsMTN‐020/ASPIRE was a placebo‐controlled, Phase III safety and effectiveness study of DPV ring for HIV‐1 prevention conducted at 15 sites in South Africa, Zimbabwe, Malawi and Uganda between 2012 and 2015. Plasma from individuals who seroconverted in ASPIRE was analysed for HIV‐1 drug resistance using both population Sanger sequencing and next‐generation sequencing (NGS) with unique molecular identifiers to report mutations at ≥1% frequency. DPV susceptibility of plasma‐derived recombinant HIV‐1 containing bulk‐cloned full‐length reverse transcriptase sequences from MTN‐020/ASPIRE seroconversions was determined in TZM‐bl cells. Statistical significance was calculated using the Fisher's exact test.ResultsPlasma from all 168 HIV seroconversions were successfully tested by Sanger sequencing; 57 of 71 DPV arm and 82 of 97 placebo (PLB) arm participants had NGS results at 1% sensitivity. Overall, 18/168 (11%) had NNRTI mutations including K101E, K103N/S, V106M, V108I, E138A/G, V179D/I/T and H221Y. Five samples from both arms had low‐frequency NNRTI mutations that were not detected by Sanger sequencing. The frequency of NNRTI mutations from the DPV arm (11%) was not different from the PLB arm (10%; p = 0.80). The E138A mutation was detected in both the DPV (3 of 71 [4.2%]) and PLB arm (5 of 97 [5.2%]) and conferred modest reductions in DPV susceptibility in some reverse transcriptase backgrounds but not others.ConclusionsHIV‐1 drug resistance including NNRTI resistance did not differ between the DPV and placebo arms of the MTN‐020/ASPIRE study, indicating that drug resistance was not preferentially acquired or selected by the DPV ring and that the preventive benefit of DPV ring outweighs resistance risk.
The structure–activity mechanism of the changes in the physicochemical properties of Flammulina velutipes polysaccharides during ultrasonic extraction
Authors: Chen Xin , Zhao Liyan , Hu Qiuhui , Xiao Jinrong , Kimatu Benard Muinde , Zheng Huihua 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe high yield of ultrasonic extraction has been widely studied. However, the effects of ultrasound on the properties of products has generally been ignored. In this study, the structural characteristics, rheological properties, and thermal stability of Flammulina velutipes polysaccharides (FVPs) under different ultrasonic power (200, 600, 1000 W) and time (10, 20, 30 min) were investigated to explore the effects of ultrasonic extraction on FVPs and the structure–physicochemical properties relationship. The ultrasonic intensity at the corresponding rated power was also measured.RESULTSThe results showed that the molecular weight, particle size, and zeta potential of FVPs decreased as the ultrasonic intensity or time increased. The galactose, mannose, and fucose contents were increased, but the glucose content was decreased by ultrasonic extraction. Viscosity and weak gel strength were positively correlated with molecular weight. Thermal degradation enthalpy was positively correlated with the galactose and fucose contents.CONCLUSIONSUltrasound reduced the viscosity and gel strength of FVPs by breaking the polysaccharide chain and improving the galactose and fucose contents, which improved the thermal stability of FVPs. This work provides a theoretical basis for the development of FVP foods with a clear structure–function relationship, which makes it possible to directionally produce FVPs by adjusting ultrasonic parameters during extraction. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Oligosaccharides in straw hydrolysate could improve the production of single‐cell protein with Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Yang Fan , Jin Zheng , Nawaz Muhammad , Xiao Ying , Jiang Yipeng , Hu Jiajun , Li Jixiang , Gao Min‐Tian 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDUsing agricultural wastes to produce single‐cell proteins (SCP) can reduce production costs effectively. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of enzyme loading on the components of rice straw (RS) hydrolysate and their effects on the growth of yeast.RESULTSAt the same glucose concentration, the dry weight of cells produced in the hydrolysate was 2.89 times higher than that in 2 g L–1 yeast extract (YE) medium, indicating that the hydrolysate was a suitable substrate for yeast growth. Ethanol precipitation followed by analysis showed that there were many oligosaccharides in the hydrolysate. The amount of cellulase had an important effect on the production of monosaccharides but had a smaller effect on the amounts and compositions of oligosaccharides. Adding oligosaccharides to the medium had no effect on ethanol production, but it promoted yeast growth and increased SCP production effectively. The results indicate that oligosaccharides were an important growth factor for yeast in the hydrolysate. Compared with YE medium, the cost of the medium with the hydrolysate was reduced by 68.47% when the same dry cell weight was obtained.CONCLUSIONOligosaccharides in the hydrolysate can improve SCP production with low nutrient cost. This finding could reduce the amounts of cellulase required during saccharification and nutrients during culture, providing a new low‐cost method for SCP production. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Dual Photothermal/Chemotherapy of Melanoma Cells with Albumin Nanoparticles Carrying Indocyanine Green and Doxorubicin Leads to Immunogenic Cell Death
Authors: Heshmati Aghda Niloofar , Torres Hurtado Susana , Abdulsahib Shahad M. , Lara Emilio J. , Tunnell James W. , Betancourt Tania 
Published: November 2021

AbstractRecent focus on cancer immunotherapies has led to significant interest in the development of therapeutic strategies that can lead to immunogenic cell death (ICD), which can cause activation of an immune response against tumor cells and improve immunotherapy outcomes by enhancing the immunogenicity of the tumor microenvironment. In this work, a nanomedicine‐mediated combination therapy is used to deliver the ICD inducers doxorubicin (Dox), a chemotherapeutic agent, and indocyanine green (ICG), a photothermal agent. These agents are loaded into nanoparticles (NPs) of bovine serum albumin (BSA) that are prepared through a desolvation process. The formulation of BSA NPs is optimized to achieve NPs of 102.6 nm in size and loadings of 8.55 % and 5.69 % (w/w) for ICG and Dox, respectively. The controlled release of these agents from the BSA NPs is confirmed. Upon laser irradiation for 2.5 min, NPs at a dose of 62.5 μg mL−1 are able to increase the temperature of the cells by 7 °C and thereby inhibit the growth of B16F10 melanoma cells in vitro. Surface presentation of heat shock proteins and calreticulin from the cells after treatment confirmed the ability of the Dox/ICG loaded BSA NPs to induce ICD in the melanoma cells.
Synthesis of Precisely Structured Olefin Copolymers by Phenylseleno Oxidation Elimination
Authors: Xu Bin , Liu Shaoxiang , Li Yingying , Zhang Jiandong , Pan Xiangqiang , Zhu Jian 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSelenium‐containing polymers have attracted considerable attention due to their unique redox responsiveness. Here, phenyl vinyl selenide (PVSe), as a functional selenium‐containing monomer, is polymerized with maleimide (MI) or its derivatives by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. The resulting polymers are characterized by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, which particularly prove the obtaining of alternating polymers through the polymerization of PVSe and MI or its derivatives. Properties of the resulting polymers are systematically investigated, such as glass transition temperature, thermal performance, and refractive indices. What's more, based on phenylseleno oxidation elimination, the alternating polymers are oxidized through 30% H2O2 to form precisely structured olefin copolymers with carboncarbon (CC) double bonds. The selective generation of double bonds in the alternating polymers is systematically studied. The efficiency of such oxidation is very high under mild conditions due to low electronegativity and bond energy of carbonselenium (CSe) bond, which provides a novel method to prepare precisely structured olefin copolymers with MI or its derivatives.
An iterative prediction method for designing the moderator used for the boron neutron capture therapy
Authors: Zhang Ruiqin , Yu Yangyi , Zhang Zhi , Yang Yigang 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPurposeTo conduct research related to slow neutrons, fast neutrons must be mode‐rated and shifted to the desired energy region.MethodsIn this research, an iterated prediction method, in which the neutron transportation properties of all materials were characterized by a reflection matrix, , and a transmission matrix, , was proposed to bypass a time‐consuming Monte Carlo simulation and predict the performance of the moderator, including the epithermal neutron flux and the dose of fast neutrons and gamma rays, used for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). To find the optimal solution in the huge parameter space, a genetic algorithm combined with transmission and reflection matrices was utilized.ResultsThe results showed that a 70‐loop iteration was able to find a design for the moderator of BNCT with almost 80 higher epithermal neutron flux per kilowatt than that of the empirically optimized moderator that was previously reported in the literature. Compared with the Monte Carlo method, this method had the advantage of reducing the calculation time and statistical errors.ConclusionThe genetic algorithm with matrices (GAM) method can be used to find an optimal solution in a huge parameter space without brute‐force calculations. It could be a promising method for designing the moderator for thermal or epithermal neutron usages.
Fundraiser turnover in higher education capital campaigns: Employment fluctuations by campaign phase
Authors: Swatek Chloe M. , Lindsey Angela B. , Jones Jennifer A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractComprehensive capital campaigns are used throughout the nonprofit sector and are a particularly important fundraising mechanism for institutions of higher education. These campaigns typically have goals ranging from the millions to the billions and last anywhere from 2 to 5 years, sometimes longer. This explanatory sequential mixed‐methods case study examined employment fluctuation during a 7‐year capital campaign at a foundation for a university in the Southwestern United States. Specifically, we used three methods to reconstruct and explain employment fluctuation (quantitative analysis, document review, and key informant interviews). Employment did indeed fluctuate throughout the campaign: most new hires occurred in the beginning of the campaign and most terminations occurred toward the end. Senior fundraisers were terminated at a greater rate. Most of the exiting employees transitioned to jobs in the traditional nonprofit sector or continued in higher education fundraising. Potential reasons for and implications of the turnover are discussed.
A route towards high‐efficiency silicon heterojunction solar cells
Authors: Duan Weiyuan , Lambertz Andreas , Bittkau Karsten , Qiu Depeng , Qiu Kaifu , Rau Uwe , Ding Kaining 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn this work, we propose a route to achieve a certified efficiency of up to 24.51% for silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cell on a full‐size n‐type M2 monocrystalline‐silicon Cz wafer (total area, 244.53 cm2) by mainly improving the design of the hydrogenated intrinsic amorphous silicon (a‐Si:H) on the rear side of the solar cell and the back reflector. A dense second intrinsic a‐Si:H layer with an optimized thickness can improve the vertical carrier transport, resulting in an improved fill factor (FF). In order to reduce the plasmonic absorption at the back reflector, a low‐refractive‐index magnesium fluoride (MgF2) is deposited before the Ag layer; this leads to an improved gain of short circuit current density (Jsc). In total, together with MgF2 double antireflection coating and other fine optimizations during cell fabrication process, ~1% absolute efficiency enhancement is finally obtained. A detailed loss analysis based on Quokka3 simulation is presented to confirm the design principles, which also gives an outlook of how to improve the efficiency further.