bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary protein sources and their effects on faecal odour and the composition of volatile organic compounds in faeces of French Bulldogs
Authors: Urrego Maria Isabel Gonzalez , Pedreira Raquel Silveira , Santos Karine de Melo , Ernandes Mariane Ceschin , Santos João Paulo Fernandes , Vendramini Thiago Henrique Annibale , Eberlin Marcos Nogueira , Balieiro Julio Cesar de Carvalho , Pontieri Cristiana Ferreira Fonseca , Brunetto Marcio Antonio 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe strong odour of faeces and excessive production of gases in some dog breeds have long been a concern of owners. The pet food industry uses nutritional alternatives, such as high‐quality ingredients and additives, to improve the odour of faeces. However, there are still some dog breeds, such as the French Bulldog, that present this problem due to the presence into the large intestine of indigested protein. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the volatile compounds that influence the odour of dog faeces is important. This study aimed to identify changes of faecal odour compounds that are most prevalent in French Bulldogs based on food containing different high‐quality protein sources and their effect in sensory analysis. Four maintenance foods with different protein sources were formulated: P, poultry meal food; W, wheat gluten food; PW, poultry meal and wheat gluten food; and PWH, poultry meal, wheat gluten, and hydrolysed protein food. Eight adult French Bulldogs were arranged in a 4x4 Latin square design and adapted to foods for 28 days. Fresh faeces were collected for analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and sensory analysis. The means were compared by SAS, and statistical significance was indicated by p ≤ 0.05. No adverse effects were observed in the animals regarding VOCs, and a significant difference was observed in two of the 68 compounds identified. The animals fed a P food had higher concentrations of phenol in the faeces, whereas the indole compound was present at higher concentrations in animals fed the W food. P food was associated with higher odour perception during sensory evaluation. In summary, the source of protein in the foods had little impact on the composition of VOCs, and a greater perception of the odour was determined by sensory analysis when foods containing animal protein were administered.
Effects of thermal energy on extrusion characteristics, digestibility and palatability of a dry pet food for cats
Authors: Baller Mayara Aline , Pacheco Peterson Dante Gavasso , Vitta‐Takahashi Amanda , Putarov Thaila Cristina , Vasconcellos Ricardo Souza , Carciofi Aulus Cavalieri 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe influence of specific thermal energy (STE) applications on extruder preconditioner was evaluated in a dry food for cats. In the first study, six STE applications were tested with mass temperatures of 45°C, 55°C, 65°C, 75°C, 85°C and 95°C. The extrusion parameters, starch gelatinization and kibble formation were evaluated. Diets were given to cats to evaluate digestibility, faecal characteristics and palatability. In the second experiment, three treatments were compared: low STE—a preconditioner temperature of 45°C (LSTE); high STE—a preconditioner temperature of 95°C (HSTE); high STE (preconditioner temperature of 95°C) combined with an increase in the mass flow rate to obtain a motor amperage similar to that of the LSTE (HSTEflow). Data were analysed by polynomial contrasts (Experiment 1) or Tukey's test (Experiment 2; p < 0.05). An increase in STE reduced motor amperage, mass pressure and specific mechanical energy (SME) implementation (p < 0.001) and increased total specific energy (TSE) and mass temperature (p < 0.01). The increase in STE induced greater kibble expansion and starch gelatinization (p < 0.001). No changes in apparent nutrient digestibility or faeces characteristics were observed (p > 0.05). Lower STE and starch gelatinization induced higher butyrate and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) contents in faeces (p < 0.01). Cats showed greatest preference for the formulation with the highest STE (p < 0.01). In the second experiment, when the motor amperage was increased in the HSTEflow treatment to a value similar to that of the LSTE, the mass flow rate increased 40%, and the electric energy consumption remained unchanged (p < 0.001), with gains observed for efficiency and cost. In conclusion, STE application is important for sufficient TSE implementation, enhancing kibble expansion, starch gelatinization, cat preferences for food, extruder productivity and reducing SME application. Foods with lower starch gelatinization lead to increased VFA in faeces, with possible implications for gut health.
Exploring the Narrative of an Early Childhood Education and Care Teacher from the Perspective of Polyphonic Time1
Authors: Katsuura Mahito , Ueda Harutomo , Fujii Maki 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis is a case study of an early childhood education and care (ECEC) teacher from the perspective of her polyphonic time spent with young children. The purpose of the study was to reconstruct a teacher's understanding of play based on her own narrative. In particular, the E‐series time created through play between the ECEC teacher and the children is discussed. The study is based on an interview with the ECEC teacher, Haruka, who was involved in a “slide and mud play” activity while working with the children as a classroom teacher at Day Care Center A. The five narratives pertaining to slide and mud play were analyzed qualitatively from the perspective of a teacher's polyphonic sense of time. It can be perceived from the results that an ECEC teacher's narratives, which include aspects of polyphonic time, reveal not only their own professionalism, but also their experience of intersubjective relationships through play activities shared with children. This is what makes an ECEC teacher's narrative unique, and it is an indispensable point of view when telling the story of childcare.
Liberal sexual morality, religion, and attitudes toward abortion in Turkey
Authors: Fidan Ahmet , Alagoz Rezzan , Karaman Nuray 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe present study examines the association between sexual morality, religion, and attitudes toward the practice of abortion in Turkey. Drawing upon data from the 2008–2010 European Value Survey in the case of Turkey, several hypotheses were tested concerning the role of liberal sexual relations and many aspects of religion on abortion attitudes. Findings reveal that support of liberal sexual relations demonstrates the strongest justification for abortion. As a religious determinant, prayer practice indicates the most robust opposition to the practice of abortion. Additional religious factors, personal religious identity, and personal faith were also found to be significantly associated with antiabortion attitudes. The findings are discussed and have implications for future research on attitudes toward abortion.
Vertical locomotion in the arboreal salamander Aneides vagrans
Authors: Aretz J. M. , Brown C. E. , Deban S. M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSalamanders are often used as a model of early tetrapod locomotion, due to their generalized tetrapod body plan. We imaged five individuals of wandering salamander, Aneides vagrans, during horizontal and vertical locomotion and compared kinematic and gait adjustments made to compensate for each condition. We used ImageJ to calculate duty factor, stride length, stride frequency, contralateral foot spread, heading of climbing, and forward velocity. Like other terrestrial salamanders, A. vagrans use a diagonal couplet, lateral sequence walk on horizontal surfaces. When walking vertically, however, they use a single‐foot gait, taking smaller steps and extending the duty factor compared with level walking. Salamanders adjusted their limbs to have a wider contralateral foot spread between fore‐ and hindfeet when walking downward as compared to walking upward or horizontally. These gait adjustments may minimize the risk of slipping or falling by increasing the number of contact points during the stride cycle, and by bringing their center of mass closer to the surface. We found that salamanders moved at a significantly faster velocity when traveling horizontally compared to vertically. Furthermore, we found no significant difference between upward and downward velocity, despite greater stride lengths in upward locomotion; this was explained by a higher stride frequency in downward locomotion. We estimate travel time up or down an old‐growth redwood tree to be on the scale of hours, a significant time investment that may encourage alternatives when available. These results suggest that, in an ecological context, while salamanders are capable of traveling straight down a redwood tree, they may simply tend to jump.
Subnational mapping for targeting anaemia prevention in women of reproductive age in Ethiopia: A coverage‐equity paradox
Authors: Hailu Bayuh Asmamaw , Laillou Arnaud , Chitekwe Stanley , Beyene Joseph , Baye Kaleab 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAnaemia in women of reproductive age (WRA) can be effectively addressed if supported by a better understanding of the spatial variations, magnitude, severity and distribution of anaemia. This study aimed to map the subnational spatial distribution of anaemia (any, moderate and severe forms) among WRA in Ethiopia. We identified and mapped (any, moderate and severe) anaemia hotspots in WRA (n = 14,923) at the subnational level and identified risk factors using multilevel logistic regression. Kulldorff scan statistics were used to identify hotspot regions. Ordinary kringing was used to predict the anaemia prevalence in unmeasured areas. The overall anaemia prevalence increased from 16.6% in 2011 to 23.6% in 2016, a rise that was mostly related to the widening of existing hotspot areas. The primary clusters of (any) anaemia were in Somali and Afar regions. The horn of the Somali region represented a cluster of 330 km where 10% of WRA were severely anaemic. The Oromia–Somali border represented a significant cluster covering 247 km, with 9% severe anaemia. Population‐dense areas with low anaemia prevalence had high absolute number of cases. Women education, taking iron‐folic‐acid tablets during pregnancy and birth‐delivery in health facilities reduced the risk of any anaemia (P < 0.05). The local‐level mapping of anaemia helped identify clusters that require attention but also highlighted the urgent need to study the aetiology of anaemia to improve the effectiveness and safety of interventions. Both relative and absolute anaemia estimates are critical to determine where additional attention is needed.
Will harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) be deterred by a pinger that cannot be used as a “dinner bell” by seals?
Authors: Königson Sara , Naddafi Rahmat , Hedgärde Maria , Pettersson Alice , Östman Örjan , Benavente Norrman Emilia , Amundin Mats 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA measure proven successful in mitigating harbor porpoise bycatch, is the use of acoustic deterrents, i.e., pingers. However, most pingers are audible to seals. This may lead to seals associating pinger sounds with easily accessible food, leading to increased depredation, damage, and bycatch. In this study we tested if an experimental pinger, emitting sounds over 30 hr ON/OFF cycles, with low frequency components potentially audible to seals only at close distances, would effectively deter harbor porpoises. The porpoise response was measured by logging echolocation clicks, using C‐POD click detectors, moored at different distances from the pinger. In addition, we calculated the theoretical pinger detection range for seals. Results showed that the pinger had a significant negative effect on the porpoise click activity logged at 0 m and 100 m distance but not at 400 m from the pinger. During pinger ON periods, we found no significant increase in echolocation over consecutive days of the study, suggesting no habituation to pinger sounds. Our theoretical detection distances indicate that seals can only detect the pinger at close distances, preventing seals from using this pinger as a “dinner bell.”
A Meta‐Analysis of Hybrid Language Instruction and Call for Future Research
Authors: DIXON TÜLAY , CHRISTISON MARYANN , DIXON DANIEL H. , PALMER ADRIAN S. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn this meta‐analysis, we estimate the effectiveness of hybrid language instruction overall and across a number of moderator variables by aggregating effect sizes from 11 studies with 34 samples. Results suggest hybrid language instruction can be just as effective as traditional face‐to‐face (f2f) instruction, as indicated by the negligible differences between hybrid courses and traditional f2f courses (d = .14). Furthermore, studies employing within‐group designs indicate that students in hybrid language classes can improve their language skills considerably (d = 1.47). This is a positive finding given that many institutions have experienced a surge in hybrid teaching due to the COVID‐19 pandemic. We also report on a number of moderator variables that can impact the effectiveness of hybrid language courses, including (a) the amount of reduction in f2f time, (b) the use of online activities provided by textbook publishers, (c) the use of a learning management system, (d) advances in digital technologies, (e) the targeted language skills (e.g., speaking, writing), and (f) whether the data come from initial or subsequent iterations of a hybrid course. Additionally, we offer directions for future research regarding the substantive and methodological issues in the hybrid language instruction domain.
Severity of dysphagia is associated with hospitalizations and mortality in patients with Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Dilmaghani Saam , Atieh Jessica , Khanna Lehar , Hosfield Emily A. , Camilleri Michael , Katzka David A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundAspiration pneumonia is the commonest cause of hospitalizations and death in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Among these patients, the relationships between severity of dysphagia, hospitalizations for related complications, and death are not robustly defined. Our aim was to characterize the relationship between PD‐related oropharyngeal dysfunction and clinically relevant outcomes.MethodsRetrospective cohort study of 312 patients with PD at a tertiary center who underwent videofluoroscopic swallow studies conducted by expert therapists between 2010 and 2015. Level of swallowing function was represented using the 7‐point Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) (7 = normal function). Significance and relative risk calculations utilized Poisson regression. Time to composite outcome of first hospitalization or death was summarized using Kaplan‐Meier curve with log‐rank test.Key ResultsOne hundred thirty eight patients had a recorded FOIS score. The prevalence of oropharyngeal dysfunction was 76.1%. The median duration of follow‐up was 26.8 months. In multivariate analyses, patients with FOIS 5 (RR = 2.01 [95% CI: 1.22, 3.32]), FOIS 3 (RR = 2.78 [95% CI: 1.75, 4.40]), and FOIS 1 (RR = 2.50 [95% CI: 1.49, 4.20]) were significantly associated with increased risk of hospitalization or death compared to FOIS 7 after co‐variate adjustments. GERD was also associated with a significant increased risk of hospitalization or death (RR = 1.28 [95% CI: 1.01, 1.64]). Time to first hospitalization or death was shorter in patients with lower FOIS scores (p < 0.00005).Conclusions and InferencesSeverity of oropharyngeal dysphagia, as measured by the FOIS, is associated with poorer survival and shorter time to hospitalization for dysphagia‐related complications, pneumonia, or death in PD.
Arabidopsis ADR1 helper NLR immune receptors localize and function at the plasma membrane in a phospholipid dependent manner
Authors: Saile Svenja C. , Ackermann Frank M. , Sunil Sruthi , Keicher Jutta , Bayless Adam , Bonardi Vera , Wan Li , Doumane Mehdi , Stöbbe Eva , Jaillais Yvon , Caillaud Marie‐Cécile , Dangl Jeffery L. , Nishimura Marc T. , Oecking Claudia , El Kasmi Farid 
Published: October 2021

Summary

Activation of nucleotide‐binding leucine‐rich repeat receptors (NLRs) results in immunity and a localized cell death. NLR cell death activity requires oligomerization and in some cases plasma membrane (PM) localization. The exact mechanisms underlying PM localization of NLRs lacking predicted transmembrane domains or recognizable lipidation motifs remain elusive.

We used confocal microscopy, genetically encoded molecular tools and protein‐lipid overlay assays to determine whether PM localization of members of the Arabidopsis HeLo‐/RPW8‐like domain ‘helper’ NLR (RNL) family is mediated by the interaction with negatively charged phospholipids of the PM.

Our results show that PM localization and stability of some RNLs and one CC‐type NLR (CNL) depend on the direct interaction with PM phospholipids. Depletion of phosphatidylinositol‐4‐phosphate from the PM led to a mis‐localization of the analysed NLRs and consequently inhibited their cell death activity. We further demonstrate homo‐ and hetero‐association of members of the RNL family. Our results provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of NLR localization and defines an important role of phospholipids for CNL and RNL PM localization and consequently, for their function.

We propose that RNLs interact with anionic PM phospholipids and that RNL‐mediated cell death and immune responses happen at the PM.
Declining Family Support, Changing Income Sources, and Older People Poverty: Lessons from South Korea
Authors: Ku Inhoe , Lee Wonjin , Lee Seoyun 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis study decomposes the changes in income distribution among older adults between 1996 and 2016 in South Korea. We found that income distribution among older adults worsened between 1996 and 2010 and then improved between 2010 and 2016. From 1996 to 2010, the rapid change in living arrangements was the most powerful contributor to the worsening income distribution. The decrease in market income also contributed to reducing the median income and increasing poverty. Yet, expanded public transfers cancelled out most of the negative effects of the decrease in market income. From 2010 to 2016, the change in living arrangement still significantly decreased median income and increased inequality and poverty. The increase in market income considerably contributed to the increase in median income and the decrease in poverty. Above all, the rise in public transfer income became the most influential contributor to the increase in median income and the decrease in inequality and poverty.
Introgression of bruchid (Zabrotes subfasciatus) resistance into small red common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) background and validation of the BRU_00261 (snpPV0007) resistance marker
Authors: Tigist Shiferaw Girsil , Raatz Bodo , Assefa Amelework , Melis Rob , Sibiya Julia , Keneni Gemechu , Mukankusi Clare , Fenta Berhanu , Ketema Selamawit , Tsegaye Dagmawit 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBruchids are a major storage pest of common bean. Genetic resistance is a suitable method to avoid grain losses during storage. The objective of the study was to introgress the arcelin‐based resistance locus into selected advanced breeding line and to validate the molecular marker BRU_00261. A total of 208 progeny F4 families were phenotyped using a randomized complete block design, with three replications. Highly significant differences (P <  .001) among the entries, parents and offspring were recorded for almost all traits. There was no significant difference between the two parents in the number of eggs laid. The progenies were grouped as highly resistant (34.3%), resistant (11.9%), moderately resistant (21.4%) and susceptible (32.4%). The levels of broad sense heritability ranged from 68.5%–93.9% for all the traits. Eighty‐three most resistant lines and the parental lines were genotyped with the marker BRU_00261 (snpPV0007). The marker segregation deviated significantly from the expected independent segregation towards a strong enrichment for the resistant marker in the selected families. This marker will be useful for selecting promising materials in early generations and phenotypic confirmation of positive lines in later generations.
Below‐ground plant–soil interactions affecting adaptations of rice to iron toxicity
Authors: Kirk Guy J. D. , Manwaring Hanna R. , Ueda Yoshiaki , Semwal Vimal K. , Wissuwa Matthias 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIron toxicity is a major constraint to rice production, particularly in highly weathered soils of inland valleys in sub‐Saharan Africa where the rice growing area is rapidly expanding. There is a wide variation in tolerance of iron toxicity in the rice germplasm. However, the introgression of tolerance traits into high‐yielding germplasm has been slow owing to the complexity of the tolerance mechanisms and large genotype‐by‐environment effects. We review current understanding of tolerance mechanisms, particularly those involving below‐ground plant–soil interactions. Until now these have been less studied than above‐ground mechanisms. We cover processes in the rhizosphere linked to exclusion of toxic ferrous iron by oxidation, and resulting effects on the mobility of nutrient ions. We also cover the molecular physiology of below‐ground processes controlling iron retention in roots and root‐shoot transport, and also plant iron sensing. We conclude that future breeding programmes should be based on well‐characterized molecular markers for iron toxicity tolerance traits. To successfully identify such markers, the complex tolerance response should be broken down into its components based on understanding of tolerance mechanisms, and tailored screening methods should be developed for individual mechanisms.
ZRT‐IRT‐Like PROTEIN 6expression perturbs local ion homeostasis in flowers and leads to anther indehiscence and male sterility
Authors: Spielmann Julien , Detry Nathalie , Thiébaut Noémie , Jadoul Alice , Schloesser Marie , Motte Patrick , Périlleux Claire , Hanikenne Marc 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMetallic micronutrients are essential throughout the plant life cycle. Maintaining metal homeostasis in plant tissues requires a highly complex and finely tuned network controlling metal uptake, transport, distribution and storage. Zinc and cadmium hyperaccumulation, such as observed in the model plantArabidopsis halleri, represents an extreme evolution of this network. Here, non‐ectopic overexpression of theA. halleri ZIP6(AhZIP6) gene, encoding a zinc and cadmium influx transporter, inArabidopsis thalianaenabled examining the importance of zinc for flower development and reproduction. We show thatAhZIP6expression in flowers leads to male sterility resulting from anther indehiscence in a dose‐dependent manner. The sterility phenotype is associated to delayed tapetum degradation and endothecium collapse, as well as increased magnesium and potassium accumulation and higher expression of theMHXgene in stamens. It is rescued by the co‐expression of the zinc efflux transporter AhHMA4, linking the sterility phenotype to zinc homeostasis. Altogether, our results confirm thatAhZIP6is able to transport zincin plantaand highlight the importance of fine‐tuning zinc homeostasis in reproductive organs. The study illustrates how the characterization of metal hyperaccumulation mechanisms can reveal key nodes and processes in the metal homeostasis network.