bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Yeasts from the Maritime Antarctic: tools for industry and bioremediation
Authors: Bezus Brenda , Garmendia Gabriela , Vero Silvana , Cavalitto Sebastián , Cavello Ivana Alejandra 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe isolated 32 yeasts from King George Island, which we then identified and characterized. Twenty-six belonged to Basidiomycota among the genera Naganishia, Holtermaniella, Vishniacozyma, Phenoliferia, Mrakia and Cystobasidium, and only six were Ascomycota of the genera Metschnikowia and Debaryomyces. Thirteen were psychrophiles, while 19 were psychrotolerant. Certain isolates exhibited a high tolerance to NaCl (3.5 M), while most tolerated Ni2+, Zn2+ and Li+. Cu2+ and Cd2+, however, inhibited the growth of most of the isolates. We assessed a bioprospecting of extracellular enzymes and their ability to biodegrade or bioaccumulate textile dyes. β-Glucosidases (59%) and esterases (53%) were the main extracellular enzymes detected. A minor proportion of the yeasts produced pectinases and xylanases; only psychrophiles produced proteases. Vishniacozyma, Naganishia, Phenoliferia and Mrakia were the richest genera in terms of enzyme production. Greater than 70% of the isolates decolourized solid medium supplemented with various dyes at 4°C and 20°C. Isolates belonging to the genera Vishniacozyma, Cystobasidium, Mrakia and Phenoliferia seem to have potential for textile dye bio-decolourization. The results demonstrated that yeasts collected from the Maritime Antarctic are a potential source of new enzymes of biotechnological interest, and that certain isolates could potentially be considered in the design of textile wastewater decolourizations.
Environmental harshness and unpredictability: Do they affect the same parents and children?
Authors: Zhang Xiaoya , Schlomer Gabriel L. , Ellis Bruce J. , Belsky Jay 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDifferential susceptibility theory stipulates that individuals vary in their susceptibility to environmental effects, often implying that the same individuals differ in the same way in their susceptibility to different environmental exposures. The latter point is addressed herein by evaluating the extent to which early-life harshness and unpredictability affect mother's psychological well-being and parenting, as well as their adolescent's life-history strategy, as reflected in number of sexual partners by age 15 years, drawing on data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. Results indicated that mothers whose well-being and parenting proved more susceptible to harshness also proved somewhat more susceptible to environmental unpredictability, with the same being true of adolescent sexual behavior. Nevertheless, findings caution against overgeneralizing sample-level findings to all individuals.
Transcending the Past: Singing and the Lingering Cold War in the Korean Christian Diaspora
Authors: CHANG HYUN KYONG HANNAH 
Published: October 2021

AbstractProtestant music in South Korea has received little attention in ethnomusicology despite the fact that Protestant Christianity was one of the most popular religions in twentieth-century Korea. This has meant a missed opportunity to consider the musical impact of a religious institution that mediated translocal experiences between South Korea and the United States during the Cold War period (1950s–1980s). This article explores the politics of music style in South Korean diasporic churches through an ethnography of a church choir in California. I document these singers’ preference for European-style choral music over neotraditional pieces that incorporate the aesthetics of suffering from certain Korean traditional genres. I argue that their musical judgement must be understood in the context of their lived and remembered experience of power inequalities between the United States and South Korea. Based on my interviews with the singers, I show that they understand hymns and related Euro-American genres as healing practices that helped them overcome a difficult past and hear traditional vocal music as sonic icons of Korea's sad past. The article outlines a pervasive South Korean/Korean diasporic historical consciousness that challenges easy conceptions of identity and agency in music studies.
Terrorist offences and international humanitarian law: The armed conflict exclusion clause
Authors: Van Poecke Thomas , Verbruggen Frank , Yperman Ward 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWhile armed conflicts are principally governed by international humanitarian law (IHL), activities of members of non-State armed groups and their affiliates may also qualify as terrorist offences. After explaining why the concurrent application of IHL and criminal law instruments on terrorism causes friction, this article analyzes the chief mechanism for dissipating this friction: a clause excluding activities governed by IHL from the scope of criminal law instruments on terrorism. Such armed conflict exclusion clauses exist at the international, regional and national level. This article explains how an exclusion clause can best avoid friction between IHL and criminal law instruments on terrorism.
Classification of GLM Flashes Using Random Forests
Authors: Ringhausen Jacquelyn , Bitzer Phillip , Koshak William , Mecikalski John 
Published: October 2021

Abstract[The Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) detects total lightning continuously from space, and does not distinguish intra‐cloud (IC) from cloud‐to‐ground (CG) lightning. This research focuses on differentiating CG and IC lightning detected by GLM using a random forests (RF) model. GLM flash and group characteristics are implemented into the RF model and used to predict flash type. The most important flash characteristic for distinguishing flash type is the maximum group area. Other features with high feature importance include time‐of‐day, elongation, propagation, footprint, slope, maximum distance between groups and events, and mean energy. Skill scores showcase the model's ability to distinguish flash type with moderate skill, with 81% probability of detection, 71% percent correct, 36% false alarm rate, 36% false alarm ratio, and 56% critical success index. These scores improve further when study area is limited to CONUS and the Southeastern United States. These results can be used to aid in future climatological analysis of flash type.]
Transient and Quasi‐Equilibrium Climate States at 1.5°C and 2°C Global Warming
Authors: King Andrew D. , Borowiak Alexander R. , Brown Josephine R. , Frame David J. , Harrington Luke J. , Min Seung‐Ki , Pendergrass Angeline , Rugenstein Maria , Sniderman J. M. Kale , Stone Dáithí A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractRecent climate change is characterized by rapid global warming, but the goal of the Paris Agreement is to achieve a stable climate where global temperatures remain well below 2°C above pre‐industrial levels. Inferences about conditions at or below 2°C are usually made based on transient climate projections. To better understand climate change impacts on natural and human systems under the Paris Agreement, we must understand how a stable climate may differ from transient conditions at the same warming level. Here we examine differences between transient and quasi‐equilibrium climates using a statistical framework applied to greenhouse gas‐only model simulations. This allows us to infer climate change patterns at 1.5°C and 2°C global warming in both transient and quasi‐equilibrium climate states. We find substantial local differences between seasonal‐average temperatures dependent on the rate of global warming, with mid‐latitude land regions in boreal summer considerably warmer in a transient climate than a quasi‐equilibrium state at both 1.5°C and 2°C global warming. In a rapidly warming world, such locations may experience a temporary emergence of a local climate change signal that weakens if the global climate stabilizes and the Paris Agreement goals are met. Our research demonstrates that the rate of global warming must be considered in regional projections.
Explosive Behavior of Intermediate Magmas: The Example of Cotopaxi Volcano (Ecuador)
Authors: Pistolesi M. , Aravena A. , Costantini L. , Vigiani C. , Cioni R. , Bonadonna C. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe variability in intensity and style shown by explosive volcanism has been traditionally explained by a complex interplay among melt composition and pre‐eruptive volatile content, which modulate magma ascent and conduit dynamics. However, magmas having similar compositions may be characterized by subtle textural changes affecting magma rheology and eventually explosive dynamics. Here we study five eruptions occurred at Cotopaxi volcano (Ecuador) in the last 2000 years characterized by a small variation in magma composition but spanning a wide range of intensity to investigate how these parameters control variations in eruption dynamics. We combined eruption source parameters (ESPs), obtained from the application of recent models to all the available field data, with new textural data and state‐of‐the‐art conduit dynamics modeling. We found that, despite having variable microlite content and texture, the effect of microlite on magma rheology is partly counterbalanced by variable phenocryst abundance, resulting in a comparable total crystal content. The combination of modeling results with textural data and ESPs suggests that subtle variability in crystal content and magma composition may be accompanied by strong feedback effects among crystallization, changes in melt/magma viscosity and volatile exsolution, with microlite crystallization resulting in a rapid change of magma rheology and modifications in the explosive dynamics. By combining ESPs with quantitative textural data (i.e. melt normalized vesicle number density) and conduit modeling, we also show how general observed correlations between composition and texture of juvenile products with eruption intensity are not evident when applied to eruptions characterized by a small compositional range.
ULF Wave Transmission Across Collisionless Shocks: 2.5D Local Hybrid Simulations
Authors: Kajdič P. , Pfau‐Kempf Y. , Turc L. , Dimmock A. P. , Palmroth M. , Takahashi K. , Kilpua E. , Soucek J. , Takahashi N. , Preisser L. , Blanco‐Cano X. , Trotta D. , Burgess D. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe study the interaction of upstream ultralow frequency (ULF) waves with collisionless shocks by analyzing the outputs of 11 2D local hybrid simulation runs. Our simulated shocks have Alfvénic Mach numbers between 4.29 and 7.42 and their angles are , , , and . The ULF wave foreshocks develop upstream of all of them. The wavelength and the amplitude of the upstream waves exhibit a complex dependence on the shock's and . The wavelength positively correlates with both parameters, with the dependence on being much stronger. The amplitude of the ULF waves is proportional to the product of the reflected beam velocity and density, which also depend on and . The interaction of the ULF waves with the shock causes large‐scale (several tens of upstream ion inertial lengths) shock rippling. The properties of the shock ripples are related to the ULF wave properties, namely their wavelength and amplitude. In turn, the ripples have a large impact on the ULF wave transmission across the shock because they change local shock properties (, strength), so that different sections of the same ULF wavefront encounter shock with different characteristics. Downstream fluctuations do not resemble the upstream waves in terms the wavefront extension, orientation or their wavelength. However, some features are conserved in the Fourier spectra of downstream compressive waves that present a bump or flattening at wavelengths approximately corresponding to those of the upstream ULF waves. In the transverse downstream spectra, these features are weaker.
First ICON‐FUV Nighttime NmF2 and hmF2 Comparison to Ground and Space‐Based Measurements
Authors: Wautelet G. , Hubert B. , Gérard J.‐C. , Immel T. J. , Frey H. U. , Mende S. B. , Kamalabadi F. , Kamaci U. , England S. L. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe Far Ultra Violet (FUV) ultraviolet imager onboard the NASA‐ICON mission is dedicated to the observation and study of the ionosphere dynamics at mid and low latitudes. We compare density profiles provided by the ICON FUV instrument during nighttime with electron density profiles measured by the COSMIC‐2 constellation (C2) and ground‐based ionosondes. Co‐located simultaneous observations are compared, covering the period from November 2019 to July 2020, which produces several thousands of coincidences. Manual scaling of ionogram sequences ensures the reliability of the ionosonde profiles, while C2 data are carefully selected using an automatic quality control algorithm. Photoelectron contribution coming from the magnetically conjugated hemisphere is clearly visible in FUV data around solstices and has been filtered out from our analysis. We find that the FUV observations are consistent with the C2 and ionosonde measurements, with an average positive bias lower than 1 × /. When restricting the analysis to cases having an value larger than 5 × /, FUV provides the peak electron density with a mean difference with C2 of 10%. The peak altitude, also determined from FUV observations, is found to be 15 km above that obtained from C2, and 38 km above the ionosonde value on average.
3‐D Magnetic Unstructured Inversion
Authors: Zuo Boxin , Hu Xiangyun , Wang Lizhe , Cai Yi , Kass Mason Andrew , Leão‐Santos Marcelo 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMagnetic inversion methods based on structured grids have been used extensively in geomagnetic research. Nevertheless, structured grids limit the modeling capability and accuracy of models with arbitrary geometries. To address these challenges, 3‐D magnetic numerical forward modeling and inversion methods using an unstructured tetrahedral grid based on a partial differential equation (PDE) framework are proposed. The methods are derived from Maxwell's partial equations and constructed using the finite element method. Arbitrary undulating topographies, complex geometries, and demagnetization effects can be represented exactly, leading to high‐accuracy forward modeling and inversion solutions. The proposed methods are suitable for both local‐ and global‐scale magnetic data interpretation, for example, in mineral exploration and tectonic research. A synthetic example and real airborne magnetic survey data collected from Mount Iliamna, Alaska, USA, are tested. The results demonstrate that the novel methods significantly improve the capability and accuracy of magnetic data interpretation.
Spatial and Temporal Variations of Aragonite Saturation States in the Surface Waters of the Western Arctic Ocean
Authors: Kim D. , Yang E.‐J. , Cho S. , Kim H.‐J. , Cho K.‐H. , Jung J. , Kang S.‐H. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe aragonite saturation state (Ωarag) was determined for the surface waters of the western Arctic Ocean over 3 years, from 2016 to 2018, in an investigation of the present state of acidification of its waters and the main factors controlling the spatial and temporal variations in the surface Ωarag. The study area was divided into the Chukchi marginal area (CMA) and the East Siberian marginal area (ESMA) along a longitude of 180°E. In the CMA, the surface Ωarag during the study period ranged from 0.86 to 1.77, with an average of 1.16, indicating near saturation with respect to aragonite. In the ESMA, the surface Ωarag during the study period ranged from 1.01 to 2.21, with a higher average (1.59) than the CMA. Aragonite undersaturation in the ESMA was not observed during any of the measurement periods, so ocean acidification was less serious there than in the CMA. The surface Ωarag of the CMA was mainly determined by the mixing of seawater and freshwater introduced from rivers and/or sea ice, whereas in the ESMA it was influenced by the mixing of seawater and freshwater but also biological production and lateral mixing.
Single-cell transcriptomics reveal the heterogeneity and dynamic of cancer stem-like cells during breast tumor progression
Authors: Jiang Guojuan , Tu Juchuanli , Zhou Lei , Dong Mengxue , Fan Jue , Chang Zhaoxia , Zhang Lixing , Bian Xiuwu , Liu Suling 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBreast cancer stem-like cells (BCSCs) play vital roles in tumorigenesis and progression. However, the origin and dynamic changes of BCSCs are still to be elucidated. Using the breast cancer mouse model MMTV-PyMT, we constructed a single-cell atlas of 31,778 cells from four distinct stages of tumor progression (hyperplasia, adenoma/MIN, early carcinoma and late carcinoma), during which malignant transition occurs. We identified that the precise cell type of ERlow epithelial cell lineage gave rise to the tumors, and the differentiation of ERhigh epithelial cell lineage was blocked. Furthermore, we discovered a specific signature with a continuum of gene expression profiles along the tumor progression and significantly correlated with clinical outcomes, and we also found a stem-like cell cluster existed among ERlow epithelial cells. Further clustering on this stem-like cluster showed several sub-clusters indicating heterogeneity of stem-like epithelial cells. Moreover, we distinguished normal and cancer stem-like cells in this stem-like epithelial cell cluster and profiled the molecular portraits from normal stem-like cell to cancer stem-like cells during the malignant transition. Finally, we found the diverse immune cell infiltration displayed immunosuppressive characteristics along tumor progression. We also found the specific expression pattern of cytokines and their corresponding cytokine receptors in BCSCs and immune cells, suggesting the possible cross-talk between BCSCs and the immune cells. These data provide a useful resource for illuminating BCSC heterogeneity and the immune cell remodeling during breast tumor progression, and shed new light on transcriptomic dynamics during the progression at the single-cell level.
Exciton-polaron Rydberg states in monolayer MoSe2 and WSe2
Authors: Liu Erfu , van Baren Jeremiah , Lu Zhengguang , Taniguchi Takashi , Watanabe Kenji , Smirnov Dmitry , Chang Yia-Chung , Lui Chun Hung 
Published: October 2021

AbstractExciton polaron is a hypothetical many-body quasiparticle that involves an exciton dressed with a polarized electron-hole cloud in the Fermi sea. It has been evoked to explain the excitonic spectra of charged monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides, but the studies were limited to the ground state. Here we measure the reflection and photoluminescence of monolayer MoSe2 and WSe2 gating devices encapsulated by boron nitride. We observe gate-tunable exciton polarons associated with the 1 s–3 s exciton Rydberg states. The ground and excited exciton polarons exhibit comparable energy redshift (15~30 meV) from their respective bare excitons. The robust excited states contradict the trion picture because the trions are expected to dissociate in the excited states. When the Fermi sea expands, we observe increasingly severe suppression and steep energy shift from low to high exciton-polaron Rydberg states. Their gate-dependent energy shifts go beyond the trion description but match our exciton-polaron theory. Our experiment and theory demonstrate the exciton-polaron nature of both the ground and excited excitonic states in charged monolayer MoSe2 and WSe2.
Spin-orbit interactions of transverse sound
Authors: Wang Shubo , Zhang Guanqing , Wang Xulong , Tong Qing , Li Jensen , Ma Guancong 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSpin-orbit interactions (SOIs) endow light with intriguing properties and applications such as photonic spin-Hall effects and spin-dependent vortex generations. However, it is counterintuitive that SOIs can exist for sound, which is a longitudinal wave that carries no intrinsic spin. Here, we theoretically and experimentally demonstrate that airborne sound can possess artificial transversality in an acoustic micropolar metamaterial and thus carry both spin and orbital angular momentum. This enables the realization of acoustic SOIs with rich phenomena beyond those in conventional acoustic systems. We demonstrate that acoustic activity of the metamaterial can induce coupling between the spin and linear crystal momentum k, which leads to negative refraction of the transverse sound. In addition, we show that the scattering of the transverse sound by a dipole particle can generate spin-dependent acoustic vortices via the geometric phase effect. The acoustic SOIs can provide new perspectives and functionalities for sound manipulations beyond the conventional scalar degree of freedom and may open an avenue to the development of spin-orbit acoustics.
Enabling three-dimensional porous architectures via carbonyl functionalization and molecular-specific organic-SERS platforms
Authors: Deneme Ibrahim , Liman Gorkem , Can Ayse , Demirel Gokhan , Usta Hakan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMolecular engineering via functionalization has been a great tool to tune noncovalent intermolecular interactions. Herein, we demonstrate three-dimensional highly crystalline nanostructured D(C7CO)-BTBT films via carbonyl-functionalization of a fused thienoacene π-system, and strong Raman signal enhancements in Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) are realized. The small molecule could be prepared on the gram scale with a facile synthesis-purification. In the engineered films, polar functionalization induces favorable out-of-plane crystal growth via zigzag motif of dipolar C = O···C = O interactions and hydrogen bonds, and strengthens π-interactions. A unique two-stage film growth behavior is identified with an edge-on-to-face-on molecular orientation transition driven by hydrophobicity. The analysis of the electronic structures and the ratio of the anti-Stokes/Stokes SERS signals suggests that the π-extended/stabilized LUMOs with varied crystalline face-on orientations provide the key properties in the chemical enhancement mechanism. A molecule-specific Raman signal enhancement is also demonstrated on a high-LUMO organic platform. Our results demonstrate a promising guidance towards realizing low-cost SERS-active semiconducting materials, increasing structural versatility of organic-SERS platforms, and advancing molecule-specific sensing via molecular engineering.
Structural insights into RNA polymerase III-mediated transcription termination through trapping poly-deoxythymidine
Authors: Hou Haifeng , Li Yan , Wang Mo , Liu Aijun , Yu Zishuo , Chen Ke , Zhao Dan , Xu Yanhui 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTermination of the RNA polymerase III (Pol III)-mediated transcription requires the conversion of an elongation complex (EC) to a pre-termination complex (PTC) on poly-deoxythymidine (dT)-containing non-template strand, a mechanism distinct from Pol I and Pol II. Here, our in vitro transcription elongation assay showed that 5-7 dT-containing DNA template led to transcription termination of Pol III, but not Pol I or Pol II. We assembled human Pol III PTC on a 7 dT-containing DNA template and determined the structure at 3.6 Å resolution. The structure reveals that poly-dT are trapped in a narrow exit tunnel formed by RPC2. A hydrophobic gate of the exit tunnel separates the bases of two connected deoxythymidines and may prevent translocation of the non-template strand. The fork loop 2 stabilizes both template and non-template strands around the transcription fork, and may further prevent strand translocation. Our study shows that the Pol III-specific exit tunnel and FL2 allow for efficient translocation of non-poly-dT sequence during transcription elongation but trap poly-dT to promote DNA retention of Pol III, revealing molecular mechanism of poly-dT-dependent transcription termination of Pol III.