bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
lncRNAs in development and differentiation: from sequence motifs to functional characterization
Authors: Constanty Florian , Shkumatava Alena 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
The number of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) with characterized developmental and cellular functions continues to increase, but our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying lncRNA functions, and how they are dictated by RNA sequences, remains limited. Relatively short, conserved sequence motifs embedded in lncRNA transcripts are often important determinants of lncRNA localization, stability and interactions. Identifying such RNA motifs remains challenging due to the substantial length of lncRNA transcripts and the rapid evolutionary turnover of lncRNA sequences. Nevertheless, the recent discovery of specific RNA elements, together with their experimental interrogation, has enabled the first step in classifying heterogeneous lncRNAs into sub-groups with similar molecular mechanisms and functions. In this Review, we focus on lncRNAs with roles in development, cell differentiation and normal physiology in vertebrates, and we discuss the sequence elements defining their functions. We also summarize progress on the discovery of regulatory RNA sequence elements, as well as their molecular functions and interaction partners.
Tactile active sensing in an insect plant pollinator
Authors: Deora Tanvi , Ahmed Mahad A. , Daniel Thomas L. , Brunton Bing W. 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
The interaction between insects and the flowers they pollinate has driven the evolutionary diversity of both insects and flowering plants, two groups with the most numerous species on Earth. Insects use vision and olfaction to localize host plants, but we know relatively little about how they find the tiny nectary opening in the flower, which can be well beyond their visual resolution. Especially when vision is limited, touch becomes crucial in successful insect–plant pollination interactions. Here, we studied the remarkable feeding behavior of crepuscular hawkmoths Manduca sexta, which use their long, actively controlled, proboscis to expertly explore flower-like surfaces. Using machine vision and 3D-printed artificial flower-like feeders, we revealed a novel behavior that shows moths actively probe surfaces, sweeping their proboscis from the feeder edge to its center repeatedly until they locate the nectary opening. Moreover, naive moths rapidly learn to exploit these flowers, and they adopt a tactile search strategy to more directly locate the nectary opening in as few as three to five consecutive visits. Our results highlight the proboscis as a unique active sensory structure and emphasize the central role of touch in nectar foraging insect–plant pollinator interactions.
Development of Molecular Transformations on the Basis of Catalytic Generation of Anionic Species by Organosuperbase
Authors: Kondoh Azusa , Terada Masahiro 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this account, we summarized our recent efforts to develop molecular transformations under Brønsted base catalysis on the basis of our own guiding principles for designing reaction systems, that include “the generation and application of anionic species which are difficult to utilize in conventional reaction systems” and “the employment of organosuperbases possessing much higher basicities than conventional organic bases as a catalyst”. In particular, we discussed reactions involving the generation of carbanions of less acidic compounds through the formal umpolung process from carbonyl compounds and formal [3+2] cycloadditions involving the generation of the synthetic equivalent of a 1,3-dipole through epoxide opening.
Resistance Training Load Effects on Muscle Hypertrophy and Strength Gain: Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis
Authors: LOPEZ PEDRO , RADAELLI RÉGIS , TAAFFE DENNIS R. , NEWTON ROBERT U. , GALVÃO DANIEL A. , TRAJANO GABRIEL S. , TEODORO JULIANA L. , KRAEMER WILLIAM J. , HÄKKINEN KEIJO , PINTO RONEI S. 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT

Purpose
This study aimed to analyze the effect of resistance training (RT) performed until volitional failure with low, moderate, and high loads on muscle hypertrophy and muscle strength in healthy adults and to assess the possible participant-, design-, and training-related covariates that may affect the adaptations.

Methods
Using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases were searched. Including only studies that performed sets to volitional failure, the effects of low- (>15 repetitions maximum (RM)), moderate- (9–15 RM), and high-load (≤8 RM) RTs were examined in healthy adults. Network meta-analysis was undertaken to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) between RT loads in overall and subgroup analyses involving studies deemed of high quality. Associations between participant-, design-, and training-related covariates with SMD were assessed by univariate and multivariate network meta-regression analyses.

Results
Twenty-eight studies involving 747 healthy adults were included. Although no differences in muscle hypertrophy between RT loads were found in overall (P = 0.113–0.469) or subgroup analysis (P = 0.871–0.995), greater effects were observed in untrained participants (P = 0.033) and participants with some training background who undertook more RT sessions (P = 0.031–0.045). Muscle strength improvement was superior for both high-load and moderate-load compared with low-load RT in overall and subgroup analysis (SMD, 0.60–0.63 and 0.34–0.35, respectively; P < 0.001–0.003), with a nonsignificant but superior effect for high compared with moderate load (SMD, 0.26–0.28, P = 0.068).

Conclusions
Although muscle hypertrophy improvements seem to be load independent, increases in muscle strength are superior in high-load RT programs. Untrained participants exhibit greater muscle hypertrophy, whereas undertaking more RT sessions provides superior gains in those with previous training experience.
Recovery from Achilles Tendon Repair: A Combination of Postsurgery Outcomes and Insufficient Remodeling of Muscle and Tendon
Authors: STÄUDLE BENJAMIN , SEYNNES OLIVIER , LAPS GUIDO , GÖLL FABIAN , BRÜGGEMANN GERT-PETER , ALBRACHT KIRSTEN 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Achilles tendon rupture (ATR) patients have persistent functional deficits in the triceps surae muscle–tendon unit (MTU). The complex remodeling of the MTU accompanying these deficits remains poorly understood. The purpose of the present study was to associate in vivo and in silico data to investigate the relations between changes in MTU properties and strength deficits in ATR patients.

Methods
Eleven male subjects who had undergone surgical repair of complete unilateral ATR were examined 4.6 ± 2.0 (mean ± SD) yr after rupture. Gastrocnemius medialis (GM) tendon stiffness, morphology, and muscle architecture were determined using ultrasonography. The force–length relation of the plantar flexor muscles was assessed at five ankle joint angles. In addition, simulations (OpenSim) of the GM MTU force–length properties were performed with various iterations of MTU properties found between the unaffected and the affected side.

Results
The affected side of the patients displayed a longer, larger, and stiffer GM tendon (13% ± 10%, 105% ± 28%, and 54% ± 24%, respectively) compared with the unaffected side. The GM muscle fascicles of the affected side were shorter (32% ± 12%) and with greater pennation angles (31% ± 26%). A mean deficit in plantarflexion moment of 31% ± 10% was measured. Simulations indicate that pairing an intact muscle with a longer tendon shifts the optimal angular range of peak force outside physiological angular ranges, whereas the shorter muscle fascicles and tendon stiffening seen in the affected side decrease this shift, albeit incompletely.

Conclusions
These results suggest that the substantial changes in MTU properties found in ATR patients may partly result from compensatory remodeling, although this process appears insufficient to fully restore muscle function.
Isolated low toe–brachial index is associated with increased mortality and morbidity: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Manu Chris Adusei , Slim Hani , Huang Dean , Wilkins Christopher Jason , Vas Prashanth R Joseph , Rashid Hisham , Winkley Kirsty , Edmonds Michael 
Published: January 2021

Objective: The aim was to assess the prognostic impact of perfusion assessments including ankle–brachial Index (ABI) and toe–brachial Index (TBI) on survival of patients who present with diabetic foot ulceration and to analyse clinical outcomes when patients are categorised into three levels of limb ischaemia. Method: This was a retrospective cohort analysis of consecutive patients presenting with foot ulceration. Patients continued with their standard of care, after having baseline assessments of limb perfusion. Patients were retrospectively categorised into three groups according to baseline ABI and TBI: Group 1 (n=31) non-ischaemic (TBI≥0.75, ABI≥0.9), Group 2 (n=67) isolated low TBI with foot ischaemia (TBI<0.75, ABI≥0.90) and Group 3 (n=30) foot–leg ischaemia (TBI<0.75, ABI<0.90). Results: A total of 128 patients took part in the study. Low TBI was associated with a significant decrease in patient survival (42±20 versus 51±16 months, p=0.011). There was a progressive and significant decline in mean patient survival time (51±16 versus 44±20 versus 39±22 months, respectively, for ANOVA across the three groups, p=0.04). Patients with isolated low TBI had angioplasty and bypass at a rate similar to that of patients in Group 3 (low ABI and low TBI). The proportion of angioplasties was significantly higher in the isolated low TBI (19.4% (13/67) versus the non-ischaemic 3.2% (1/31), p=0.033). Such revascularisation resulted in ulcer healing within the foot ischaemic group that was similar to the non-ischaemic group (68% versus 60% over 12 months, p=0.454). Conclusion: Regardless of ABI level, measurement of TBI identifies patients with isolated low TBI who require specialised care pathways and revascularisation to achieve ulcer healing that is similar to non-ischaemic patients.
Color tuning in a compact core-shell nanocrystal based on intense and high-purity green and red photon upconversion
Authors: Zhou Ziwen , Liu Yu , Sun Xianhao , Xu Li , Khan Fahim , Li Yanzeng , Li Li , Li Hanyang , Ren Jing , Zhang Jianzhong , Liu Lu 
Published: January 2021

To date, color-tunable photon upconversion (UC) in a single nanocrystal (NC) still suffers from cumbersome structures. Herein, we prepared a compact two-layer NC with bright and high-purity red and green UC emission upon 980 and 1530 nm excitation, respectively. The effects of trace

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m

3
+

doping and inert-shell coating on the UC color and intensity were discussed. In addition, the color tuning via various dual-excitation configurations and the color stability with temperature and excitation intensity were demonstrated. The proposed UC NC, featuring compact structure and high-quality color tuning, can lower the synthesis time cost and difficulty of its kind and can find wide applications in multi-channel imaging, display devices, anti-counterfeiting, and so on.
Monolithically integrated voltage-controlled MOSFET-LED device based on a GaN-on-silicon LED epitaxial wafer
Authors: Yan Jiabin , Jia Bolun , Wang Yongjin 
Published: January 2021

We report a novel monolithically integrated voltage-controlled metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET)-LED device based on a GaN-on-silicon LED epitaxial wafer. An N-channel enhancement mode MOSFET and an InGaN/GaN multiple-quantum-well (MQW) thin-film LED featured with a suspended membrane are in series connection to constitute the monolithically integrated device without external metal interconnection. A recessed gate structure and AlGaN channel are innovatively adopted to realize an enhancement mode transistor. The fabrication of the MOSFET-LED includes no additional ion implantation or epitaxial growth compared with that of a common MQW LED, which greatly simplifies the device structure and production processes. The measured turn-on voltage of the LED is approximately 4 V, and the threshold voltage of the MOSFET is extrapolated as 5.2 V. The results demonstrate relatively good dimming and switching capacities of the integrated MOSFET-LED. This integration scheme also has potential to achieve a large-scale optoelectronic integrated circuit.
Asymmetric spectral broadening of sub-picosecond laser pulse in BaWO4 crystal: interplay of self-phase modulation, stimulated Raman scattering, and orientational Kerr nonlinearity
Authors: Kinyaevskiy Igor , Kovalev Valery , Danilov Pavel , Smirnov Nikita , Kudryashov Sergey , Koribut Andrey , Ionin Andrey 
Published: January 2021

Spectral broadening of 0.3 ps 515 nm laser pulse in a highly Raman-active

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4

crystal and fused silica demonstrates significantly different behavior with the incident pulse energy. While the broadening in fused silica is fairly symmetric with respect to the pump laser pulse wavelength, the Stokes wing broadening in the

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4

crystal is 2 times wider than that of anti-Stokes wing, the former demonstrating a step-like increase with the pulse energy. To the best of our knowledge, the obtained data are the first clear evidences of the following facts: (i) stimulated Raman scattering with sufficiently high efficiency of conversion to Stokes components slows down spectral broadening induced by self-phase modulation, and (ii) the mechanism of Kerr nonlinearity, which is responsible for self-phase modulation in

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4

, is of orientational nature. The nonlinear refraction coefficient and its decay time following from our experiments with

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were estimated as

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15

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2

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and

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≈

0.35

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.
Low gas pressure sensor based on a polymer optical fiber grating
Authors: Dash Jitendra Narayan , Cheng Xin , Tam Hwa-yaw 
Published: January 2021

A fiber Bragg grating (FBG) inscribed Zeonex-based novel, to the best of our knowledge, side hole polymer optical fiber (SHPOF) is proposed and demonstrated for low gas pressure measurement above and below the atmospheric pressure. Two different grades of Zeonex have been used to fabricate the core and cladding of this fiber, thereby making it dopant free. The side hole introduced in the cladding is parallel to the fiber core. A few ultrashort pulses with nanosecond duration have been used to write the FBG in the core of this fiber. The incorporation of the side hole leads to enhancement of pressure sensitivity as well as low hysteresis and performance repeatability compared to Zeonex-based conventional polymer optical fiber (CPOF). Above the atmospheric pressure, the proposed probe shows a pressure sensitivity of 0.47 pm/kPa, which is 80% more compared to the Zeonex-based CPOF and 0.48 pm/kPa for regime below atmospheric pressure. The sensor has a resolution of 2.12 kPa and exhibited very low hysteresis.
Physical fitness in preschool children in relation to later body composition at first grade in school
Authors: Reisberg Kirkke , Riso Eva-Maria , Jürimäe Jaak 
Published: January 2021

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate whether better physical fitness in kindergarten predicts later healthier body composition in first grade at school.MethodsBody composition was assessed by skinfold thickness measurements. Physical fitness tests included 20 m shuttle run test, handgrip strength test, standing long jump test, 4x10 m shuttle run test as part of PREFIT fitness test battery, and one-leg stance test from EUROFIT test battery. The participants of this study were 147 Estonian children (51% boys) aged 6–8 years, who were measured in the transition from kindergarten to school.ResultsAfter adjusting for maternal body mass index, educational attainment, child’s sex, age at the measurements, greater cardiovascular and motor fitness, relative lower body strength, static balance at 6.6 yr were associated with lower fat mass index, fat mass percentage at 12-month follow-up. The relative lower body strength above the median at 6.6 yr were related to lower fat mass index and fat mass percentage at 12-month follow-up, while the static balance test results demonstrated the opposite associations. Improvements in the 4x10 m shuttle run test results during the 12-month follow-up period were associated with the most beneficial changes in body composition status, such as increases in fat-free mass index and decreases in fat mass index, fat mass percentage, waist-to-height ratio after adjusting for maternal body mass index, educational attainment, child’s sex, age, at the measurements and baseline values of exposures.ConclusionBetter physical fitness tests results at 6.6 yr in kindergarten generally predicted lower body fat parameters in children at 7.6 yr in first grade at school.
Characteristics and etiologies of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients without cirrhosis: When East meets West
Authors: Yen Yi-Hao , Cheng Yu-Fan , Wang Jing-Houng , Lin Chih-Che , Wang Chih-Chi 
Published: January 2021

Background/Aims
A recent study from the United States reported that nearly 12% of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) occurred in patients without cirrhosis.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) was the most common liver disease in these patients. We aim to evaluate the characteristics, etiologies, and outcomes of cases of non‐cirrhotic HCC in East Asia, where there is a higher prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated non-cirrhotic HCC.

Methods
This retrospective study consecutively enrolled de novo HCC patients managed at our institution from 2011 to 2017. The presence of cirrhosis was assessed by histology; if histology was not available, it was assessed by image study.

Results
2055 patients with HCC were enrolled in this study. Among them, 529 (25.7%) were non-cirrhotic. The non-cirrhotic patients were younger (60.9 vs. 62.5 years, p = 0.006), included a greater proportion of males (78.1% vs. 71.3%, p = 0.002), and had a lower body mass index (24.3 vs. 25.3 kg/m2, p<0.001) than the cirrhotic patients. Among the non‐cirrhotic patients, HBV was the most common liver disease (49.0%). The patients with non‐cirrhotic HCC had larger tumors (5.9 vs. 4.7 cm, p<0.001), underwent liver resection at a higher rate (66.0% vs. 17.4%, p<0.001), and had better overall survival than the cirrhotic HCC patients (median 5.67 vs. 2.83 years, p<0.001).

Conclusions
Nearly 26% of the HCCs occurred in patients without cirrhosis.
HBV was the most common liver disease in these patients, and the survival was better in the non‐cirrhotic patients than the cirrhotic patients.
Exploring the determinants of exclusive breastfeeding among infants under-six months in Ethiopia using multilevel analysis
Authors: Tsegaw Shambel Aychew , Ali Dawed Yeshimebet , Tadesse Amsalu Erkihun 
Published: January 2021

Introduction
Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is the safest and healthiest option of feeding among infants in the first 6 months throughout the world. Thus, the promotion of EBF is essential to prevent complex infant health problems even at the adulthood level. But the majority of previous studies focused on individual- level determinants of EBF by using basic regression models in localized areas. This study aimed to identify the determinants of EBF at the individual and community level which would be helpful to design appropriate strategies for improving the practice of EBF.

Methods
It is a secondary data analysis using the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) data. A total of 1185 infants under 6 months of age were included in the analysis. A Multilevel logistic regression model was employed to investigate factors significantly associated with EBF among under-six infants in Ethiopia. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to measure the association of variables whereas Intracluster correlation (ICC), median odds ratio (MOR), and proportional change in variance (PCV) were used to measure random effects (variation).

Result
In multilevel logistic regression; 4–5 months age infant (AOR = 0.04, 95%CI:0.02–0.07), female infants (AOR = 2.51, 95%CI:1.61–3.91), infant comorbidities (AOR = 0.35, 95%CI: 0.21–0.57), richest household wealth index (AOR = 10.34, 95%CI: 3.14–34.03) and antenatal care (AOR = 2.25, 95%CI:1.32–3.82) were individual- level determinants significantly associated with exclusive breastfeeding. Whereas, contextual region (AOR = 0.30, 95%CI: 0.10–0.87), community- level of postnatal visit (AOR = 2.77, 95%CI: 1.26–6.58) and community -level of maternal employment (AOR = 2.8, 95%CI: 1.21–6.47) were community level determinants significantly associated with EBF. The full model showed that46.8% of the variation of exclusive breastfeeding was explained by the combined factors at the individual and community levels. Similarly, it showed that the variation in exclusive breastfeeding across communities remained statistically significant (ICC = 8.77% and variance = 0.32 with P<0.001).

Conclusion and recommendation
Our study showed that both individual and community level determinants were significantly associated with EBF practice among under 6 infants. Based on our findings, it is recommended to promote and enhance antenatal and postnatal care services utilization of mothers to improve exclusive breastfeeding practice and more emphasis should be given to infants with comorbid conditions and those who were living in the pastoralist regions.
Impact of periprocedural morphine use on mortality in STEMI patients treated with primary PCI
Authors: Domokos Dominika , Szabo Andras , Banhegyi Gyongyver , Major Laszlo , Kiss Robert Gabor , Becker David , Edes Istvan Ferenc , Ruzsa Zoltan , Merkely Bela , Hizoh Istvan 
Published: January 2021

Background
Intravenous morphine (MO) decreases the effect of all oral platelet P2Y12 receptor inhibitors in vitro and observational reports suggest that its use may be associated with larger infarct size. Yet, there are limited data available about the impact of this interaction on clinical outcomes. We studied the effect of MO on mortality in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients treated with primary PCI using a prospective registry.

Methods
Of the 1255 patients who underwent primary PCI, 397 received MO based on physician's judgment. Clopidogrel was used as P2Y12 receptor antagonist in all cases. Median follow-up time was 7.5 years with 457 deaths. To adjust for confounding, two propensity score-based procedures were performed: 1 to 1 matching (PSM, 728 cases), and inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) retaining data from all patients. Primary outcome measure was time to all-cause death, whereas predischarge left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was used as secondary end point.

Results
An adequate balance on baseline covariates was achieved by both methods. We found no difference in survival as the HR (MO/no MO) was 0.98 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.76–1.26), p = 0.86 using PSM and 1.01 (95% CI: 0.84–1.23), p = 0.88 with IPTW. Likewise, distributions of LVEFs were similar using either methods: with PSM, median LVEFs were 50.0% (interquartile range [IQR]: 43.0%–55.3%) vs 50.0% (IQR: 42.0%–55.0%) in the no MO and MO groups, respectively (p = 0.76), whereas using IPTW, they were 50.0% (IQR: 42.5%–55.0%) vs 50.0% (IQR: 41.0%–55.0%), respectively (p = 0.86).

Conclusions
Our data suggest that morphine use may have no impact on long-term mortality and on predischarge ejection fraction in STEMI patients treated with primary PCI.