bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human activity influences wildlife populations and activity patterns: implications for spatial and temporal refuges
Authors: Lewis Jesse S. , Spaulding Susan , Swanson Heather , Keeley William , Gramza Ashley R. , VandeWoude Sue , Crooks Kevin R. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHuman activity affects plant and animal populations across local to global scales, and the management of recreation areas often aims to reduce such impacts. Specifically, by understanding patterns of human activity and its influence on animal populations, parks and recreation areas can be managed to provide spatial and temporal refuge to wildlife most sensitive to this type of human disturbance. However, additional research is necessary to understand how human activity influences wildlife populations, habitat use, and activity patterns for a diversity of wildlife species. We studied the potential impacts of human activity (as measured by nonmotorized recreationists) on populations and activity patterns of 12 mammal species, including herbivores and carnivores, from 63 motion‐activated cameras that sampled game trails and human trails with varying degrees of human activity along the Front Range of Colorado. Human activity was greatest during the day and minimal or absent during the night. All wildlife species in our study used human trails, although the extent to which human recreation altered the occupancy, relative habitat use, and activity patterns of wildlife varied across species, where some animals appeared to be more influenced by human activity than others. Some species (e.g., fox squirrel, red fox, and striped skunk) did not demonstrate a response to human activity. Other species (e.g., black bear, coyote, and mule deer) altered their activity patterns on recreation trails to be more active at night. Across all wildlife, the degree to which animals altered activity patterns on human trails was related to their natural activity patterns and how active they were during the day when human activity was greatest; species that exhibited greater overlap in natural activity patterns with humans demonstrated the greatest shifts in their activity, often exhibiting increased nocturnal activity. Further, some species (e.g., Abert’s squirrel, bobcat, and mountain lion) exhibited reduced occupancy and/or habitat use in response to human recreation. Managing spatial and temporal refuges for wildlife would likely reduce the impacts of human recreation on animals that use habitat in proximity to trail networks.
Forest restoration increases isolated wetland hydroperiod: a long‐term case study
Authors: Golladay S. W. , Clayton B. A. , Brantley S. T. , Smith C. R. , Qi J. , Hicks D. W. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractGeographically isolated wetlands (GIWs) are well known as “hotspots” for biodiversity and other ecosystem services, making their value on landscapes disproportionate to the area they occupy. GIWs are dependent on regular cycles of inundation and drying, which makes hydrology a primary controlling variable for sustaining functions and associated ecosystem services. Although human activity has degraded GIWs in many regions, relatively little work has focused on upland management as a way of sustaining, or even improving, GIW structure and function. We present a case study of longleaf pine forest restoration, by hardwood removal, on the characteristics of a wetland hydroperiod over a 10‐year study. Our study wetland, W‐51, is 0.89 ha with a catchment area of 31.2 ha located on a ~11,400‐ha private preserve in Baker County, Georgia (31.250° N, 84.495° W). Beginning in 2006, continuous water level and climate data were recorded in the wetland and adjacent well transects across the wetland catchment. In autumn 2009, hardwoods were removed or deadened in the catchment resulting in a 37% reduction in tree cover. The effects on the hydrologic system were measured through 2016 by examining pre‐ and post‐removal water levels, water yield ecosystem (WYe), and standardized recession rates (RRstd). The study included periods of above and below normal rainfall. Generally, wetland hydroperiods began in December and ended in May, but varied with rainfall pattern and amount. Hardwood removal increased WYe and decreased RRstd resulting in greater catchment water availability as reflected in water levels. Hardwood removal affected both the ascending and recessing limbs of wetland hydroperiods, substantially increasing the availability of ponded water in the wetland. Our results quantify changes in wetland hydrologic characteristics associated with forest management activities, which appear to have reduced forest water demand. Our study was a management case study, limited in scope but conducted in a realistic setting. More extensive studies (paired, replicated designs) are needed to better understand the implications at both the local scale, that is, managing critical aquatic habitat for wildlife populations, and at the regional scale, that is, providing support for landscape‐scale connectivity and water yields.
Total Synthesis of (−)‐4‐epi‐Englerin A
Authors: Kumar Palli Kishore , Reddy Anugu Raghunath , Chandrasekhar Srivari 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe synthesis of (−)‐4‐epi‐Englerin A, the epimer of natural product (−)‐Englerin A, a sesquiterpenoid with exceptional anti‐proliferative activity in renal cancer cells is achieved from (R)‐(+)‐limonene. Key features of the synthesis are Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation, aldol reaction, and transannular epoxide opening reactions to install the required functionalities of oxabridged tricyclic core.
Enhanced detection of cortical atrophy in Alzheimer's disease using structural MRI with anatomically constrained longitudinal registration
Authors: Iannopollo Emily , Garcia Kara ,   Alzheimer' Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: May 2021

AbstractCortical atrophy is a defining feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD), often detectable before symptoms arise. In surface‐based analyses, studies have commonly focused on cortical thinning while overlooking the impact of loss in surface area. To capture the impact of both cortical thinning and surface area loss, we used anatomically constrained Multimodal Surface Matching (aMSM), a recently developed tool for mapping change in surface area. We examined cortical atrophy over 2 years in cognitively normal subjects and subjects with diagnoses of stable mild cognitive impairment, mild cognitive impairment that converted to AD, and AD. Magnetic resonance imaging scans were segmented and registered to a common atlas using previously described techniques (FreeSurfer and ciftify), then longitudinally registered with aMSM. Changes in cortical thickness, surface area, and volume were mapped within each diagnostic group, and groups were compared statistically. Changes in thickness and surface area detected atrophy at similar levels of significance, though regions of atrophy somewhat differed. Furthermore, we found that surface area maps offered greater consistency across scanners (3.0 vs. 1.5 T). Comparisons to the FreeSurfer longitudinal pipeline and parcellation‐based (region‐of‐interest) analysis suggest that aMSM may allow more robust detection of atrophy, particularly in earlier disease stages and using smaller sample sizes.
A study on entropy generation and heat transfer in a magnetohydrodynamic flow of a couple‐stress fluid through a thermal nonequilibrium vertical porous channel
Authors: Siddabasappa C. , Siddheshwar P. G. , Makinde O. D. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe effect of local thermal nonequilibrium (LTNE) on the entropy generation and heat transfer characteristics in the magnetohydrodynamic flow of a couple‐stress fluid through a high‐porosity vertical channel is studied numerically using the higher‐order Galerkin technique. The Boussinesq approximation is assumed to be valid and the porous medium is considered to be isotropic and homogeneous. Two energy equations are considered one each for solid and fluid phases. The term involving the heat transfer coefficient in both equations renders them mutually coupled. Thermal radiation and an internal heat source are considered only in the fluid phase. The influence of inverse Darcy number, Hartmann number, couple‐stress fluid parameter, Grashof number, thermal radiation parameter, and interphase heat transfer coefficient on velocity and temperature profiles is depicted graphically and discussed. The entropy generation, friction factor, and Nusselt number are determined, and outcomes are presented via plots. The effect of LTNE on the temperature profile is found to cease when the value of the interphase heat transfer coefficient is high, and in this case, we get the temperature profiles of fluid and solid phases are uniform. The physical significance of LTNE is discussed in detail for different parameters' values. It is found that heat transport and friction drag are maximum in the case of LTNE and minimum in the case of local thermal equilibrium. We observe that LTNE opposes the irreversibility of the system. The corresponding results of a fluid‐saturated densely packed porous medium can be obtained as a limiting case of the current study.
Structure–property relationship of coplanar binary nitrogen‐rich fused ring using theoretical calculation
Authors: Jiang Yuhe , Luo Yuqin , Liu Jia , Zhang Lu , Wu Jinting , Li Hongbo , Zhang Jianguo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe search for coplanar high‐energy insensitive explosives is a new direction in the research of energetic materials. A series of coplanar compounds based on the [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐b][1,2,4]triazine skeleton (ATTZ) were designed and studied using density functional theory. The research content includes density, detonation performance, shock sensitivity, bond‐dissociation energy, thermodynamic properties, and electrostatic potential. The formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds between the energetic groups connected by these coplanar compounds and the introduction of coordinated oxygen on the parent to improve detonation performance are the highlights of this study. The results show that most of the compounds have good density, low sensitivity, and excellent detonation performance. And compound A11 shows a high density (d = 1.93 g/cm3), detonation velocity (D = 9.12 km/s1), and explosion pressure (P = 38.41 GPa), with the bond dissociation energy value of 253.4 kJ/mol. Designing coplanar compounds is an efficient approach to explore high‐energy insensitive explosives.
Selective oligomerization of isobutylene in mixed C4 catalyzed by supported Fe(NO3)3/β catalyst
Authors: Sun Dahai , Liu Shuai , Yu Fangyu , Tian Hui , Zhao Qi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDMethyl tert‐butyl ether (referred to as MTBE) is harmful to the environment and hence its use is limited in China. To avoid the waste of isobutylene as MTBE raw material and improve the utilization rate of isobutylene in mixed C4 fraction, supported Fe(NO3)3/β molecular sieve catalysts with different active components were prepared by the equal volume impregnation method. The catalysts were analyzed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric analysis (TG), Temperature programmed desorption of NH3, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis and scanning electron microscopy, and the catalytic performance of catalysts with mixed C4 fractions as raw materials and different active component loadings for selective oligomerization of isobutylene was investigated in a fixed bed reactor.RESULTSThe results show that the catalyst has the best catalytic performance when the active component loading was 6%, the reaction temperature was 60 °C, the reaction pressure was 1 MPa and the reaction space velocity was 1.5 h−1.CONCLUSIONThe conversion rate of isobutylene was >90%, the selectivity of C8 olefin was ≈80% and there was almost no loss of n‐butene. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Microlenses arrays: Fabrication, materials, and applications
Authors: Cai Shuxiang , Sun Yalin , Chu Honghui , Yang Wenguang , Yu Haibo , Liu Lianqing 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMicrolenses have become an indispensable optical element in many optical systems. The advancement of technology has led to a wider variety of microlenses fabrication methods, but these methods suffer from, more or less, some limitations. In this article, we review the manufacturing technology of microlenses from the direct and indirect perspectives. First, we present several fabrication methods and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Then, we discuss the commonly used materials for fabricating microlenses and the applications of microlenses in various fields. Finally, we point out the prospects for the future development of microlenses and their fabrication methods.
The Oyambre coastal terrace: a detailed sedimentary record of the Last Interglacial Stage in northern Iberia (Cantabrian coast, Spain)
Authors: Sainz de Murieta Elisa , Cunha Pedro P. , Cearreta Alejandro , Murray Andrew S. , Buylaert Jan‐Pieter 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTA detailed study is presented of a 15.3‐m‐thick Pleistocene coastal terrace located on the Cantabrian coast (northern Spain). Stratigraphic, sedimentological, topographic and micropalaeontological information is combined with a chronology based on luminescence dating to characterize the deposits. The sedimentary succession records: (i) a basal transgressive system, consisting of a wave‐cut surface covered by a lower layer of beach gravels and upper beach pebbly sands; and (ii) a thicker upper highstand system (aggrading), comprising medium to very fine aeolian sands interbedded with thin palustrine muds. Luminescence dating involved a detailed sampling strategy (36 samples and two modern analogues) and the use of both quartz optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and feldspar post‐infrared infrared stimulated luminescence single aliquot regeneration protocols; feldspar results were used to confirm the completeness of bleaching of the quartz OSL signal. The quartz OSL luminescence age–depth relationship shows significant dispersion, but nevertheless two rapid phases of deposition can be clearly identified: one at ~130 ka [Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 5] and one at ~100 ka (MIS 5c). The top of the succession is dated to ~70 ka. The MIS 5e marine maximum flooding surface is identified at an elevation of 6.85 m above mean seal level. This elevation provides evidence of a regional sea‐level highstand for this sector of the Cantabrian coast.
6‐Phenylhexyl silane derivatized, sputtered silicon solid phase microextraction fiber for the parts‐per‐trillion detection of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in water and baby formula
Authors: Patel Dhananjay I. , Roychowdhury Tuhin , Shah Dhruv , Jacobsen Collin , Herrington Jason S. , Hoisington Jason , Myers Colton , Salazar Bryan G. , Walker Amy V. , Bell David S. , Linford Matthew R. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe report the fabrication of 6‐phenylhexylsilane derivatized, sputtered silicon, solid phase microextraction fibers that show parts per trillion detection limits for polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and negligible carry over and phase bleed. Their fabrication involves sputtering silicon on silica fibers under various conditions. Six different fibers were evaluated by generating three different thicknesses of sputtered silicon at two different throw distances, which altered the morphologies of the silicon surfaces. All of the fibers were coated with similar thicknesses of 6‐phenylhexylsilane (ca. 2 nm). These fibers were characterized with multiple analytical techniques. The optimum fiber configuration was then used to analyze polyaromatic hydrocarbons via direct immersion, gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Our best fiber for the extraction of low molecular weight polyaromatic hydrocarbons in water had similar performance to that of a commercial fiber. However, our fiber demonstrated ca. 3 times the extraction efficiency for higher molecular weight polyaromatic hydrocarbons. In addition, it outperformed the commercial fiber by showing better linearity, repeatability, and detection limits. A method for analyzing polyaromatic hydrocarbons in baby formula was developed, which showed very good linearity (0.5–125 ppb), repeatability (2–26%), detection limits (0.12–0.81 ppb), and recoveries (103–135%). In addition, our fiber showed much less (negligible) carry over and phase bleed than the commercially available fibers.
Bioactivity and corrosion behavior of magnesium barrier membranes
Authors: Hornberger Helga , Kissel Hannah , Striegl Birgit , Kronseder Matthias , Vollnhals Florian , Christiansen Silke 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn the current research, magnesium and its alloys have been intensively studied as resorbable implant materials. Magnesium materials combine their good mechanical properties with bioactivity, which make them interesting for guided bone regeneration and for the application as barrier membranes. In this study, the in vitro degradation behavior of thin magnesium films was investigated in cell medium and simulated body fluid. Three methods were applied to evaluate corrosion rates: measurements of (i) the gaseous volume evolved during immersion, (ii) volume change after immersion, and (iii) polarization curves. In this comparison, measurements of H2 development in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium showed to be the most appropriate method, exhibiting a corrosion rate of 0.5 mm·year−1. Observed oxide and carbon contamination have a high impact on controlled degradation, suggesting that surface treatment of thin foils is necessary. The bioactivity test showed positive results; more detailed tests in this area are of interest.
Corrosion behavior of copper, tin, and bronze CuSn14 in acid rain solution
Authors: Martinović Ivana , Pilić Zora 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe corrosion behavior of copper, tin, and bronze CuSn14 is studied in simulated acid rain (pH 4.5) by electrochemical techniques, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The potentiodynamic formation of anodic oxide film on copper and tin is described in terms of high‐field model. Cyclic voltammetry shows that dissolution of bronze is higher than of pure copper metal in acid rain. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data reveal that oxide films formed on copper and tin have a higher resistance and suppressed diffusion process through the surface layer than the oxide film formed on bronze CuSn14 at the same conditions.
Membrane Anchored Polymers Modulate Amyloid Fibrillation
Authors: Sen Newton , Hause Gerd , Binder Wolfgang H. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe nucleating role of cellular membrane components, such as lipid moieties on amyloid beta (Aβ1–40) fibrillation, has been reported in recent years. The influence of conjugates fabricated from lipid anchors (cholesterol, diacylglycerol) and hydrophilic polymers on Aβ1–40 fibrillation is reported here, aiming to understand the impact of polymers cloud point temperature (Tcp) and its hydrophobic tails on the amyloid fibrillation. Novel lipid‐polymer conjugates, consisting of poly(oligo(ethylene glycol)macrylates) and hydrophobic groups (diacylglyceryl‐, cholesteryl‐, octyl‐, decyl‐, hexadecyl‐) as anchors are synthesized using reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, allowing to tune the hydrophilic‐hydrophobic profile of the conjugates by varying both, the degree of polymerization (n) and number of ethylene glycol units (m) in their side chain. The impact of these conjugates on Aβ1–40 fibrillation is investigated via in vitro kinetic studies and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Hydrophobic lipid‐anchors are significantly delaying fibrillation (both lag‐ and half times), observing similar fibrillar structures via TEM when compared to native Aβ1–40. Other hydrophobic end groups are also delaying fibrillation of Aβ1–40, irrespective of their “n” and “m,” whereas more hydrophilic polymers (both with longer ethylene glycol‐sidechains, m = 3 for octyl, decyl and m = 5 for cholesterol) are only marginally inhibited fibrillation.
Multi‐objective optimal design and performance of magnetorheological damper
Authors: Huina Hu , Zhen Jian , XuHui Liu , XingYan Yao , Zhijuan Ding , Bin Xu , Meiling Pu 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn order to solve the problems of high power consumption and low output damping force of magnetorheological dampers, the relationship model between the structural parameters and the optimization objectives of dampers is established with the low power consumption and lightweight of magnetorheological dampers. The key structural parameters of the magnetorheological damper are optimized by the multi‐objective genetic algorithm, and the optimal solution is obtained, and the optimized magnetorheological damper is tested and studied. The rationality of the selected parameters is verified by experimental study. The results show that the power consumption of magnetorheological dampers is reduced by 43 % and the damping force is increased by 30 % after optimization. There is a balance relationship between the power consumption optimization and the damping force optimization of the damper. Therefore, when finding the optimal solution, we should consider the needs of the actual situation and select the most reasonable parameters.
Large wounds reconstruction of the lower extremity with combined latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap and flow‐through anterolateral thigh perforator flap transfer
Authors: He Jiqiang , Qing Liming , Wu Panfeng , Zhou Zhengbing , Yu Fang , Tang Juyu 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundManagement of large wounds of the lower extremities remains a challenge for plastic and reconstructive surgeons. Herein, a surgical technique and clinical algorithm using the combined transfer of a latissimus dorsi (LD) musculocutaneous flap and flow‐through anterolateral thigh (ALT) perforator flap for the treatment of extensive soft‐tissue defects is described.MethodsFrom January 2012 to September 2018, 12 patients (six men and six women) aged 6–37 years, sustained injuries in road traffic accidents with large soft‐tissue defects in the lower extremities. Seven cases were Gustillo Anderson type IIIB open fractures and two cases were Gustillo Anderson type IIIC open fractures. Two wounds were located in the knee joint, four in the calf, and six in the ankle and foot. The skin defect size ranged from 25 × 20 cm2 to 36 × 25 cm2. All patients in this series underwent reconstruction using combined transfer of the LD musculocutaneous flap and flow‐through ALT perforator flap, wherein the LD was attached through its pedicle to the distal continuation of the ALT flap.ResultsThe size of the flow‐through ALT perforator flaps ranged from 13.5 × 6.5 cm2 to 31 × 8.5 cm2. The size of the LD musculocutaneous skin paddle ranged from 25 × 6 cm2 to 34 × 7 cm2, and that of the muscle paddle ranged from 13 × 3.5 cm2 to 30 × 11 cm2. One patient experienced postoperative thrombosis of the venous pedicle, and the flap was salvaged after emergency re‐exploration and thrombectomy. No other complications were observed postoperatively. The mean follow‐up period was 26.8 months. All patients were able to ambulate independently at the end of the follow‐up period.ConclusionsThe combined transfer of the LD musculocutaneous flap and flow‐through ALT perforator flap ensured adequate surface coverage, making it a feasible procedure for large soft‐tissue defects.