bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Depth-structuring of multi-kingdom soil communities in agricultural pastures
Authors: Dopheide Andrew , Davis Carina , Nuñez Jonathan , Rogers Graeme , Whitehead David , Grelet Gwen-Aëlle 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
The biodiversity and structure of deep agricultural soil communities are poorly understood, especially for eukaryotes. Using DNA metabarcoding and co-occurrence networks, we tested whether prokaryote, fungal, protist, and nematode biodiversity declines with increasing depth (0–0.1, 0.3–0.5, and 1.1–1.7m) in pastoral soil; whether deep soil organisms are subsets of those at the surface; and whether multi-kingdom networks become more interconnected with increasing depth. Depth-related richness declines were observed for almost all detected fungal classes, protist phyla, and nematode orders, but only 13 of 25 prokaryote phyla, of which nine had increasing richness with depth. Deep soil communities were not simply subsets of surface communities, with 3.8%–12.2% of eukaryotes and 13.2% of prokaryotes detected only in the deepest samples. Eukaryotes mainly occurred in the upper soil layers whereas prokaryotes were more evenly distributed across depths. Plant-feeding nematodes were most abundant in top soil, whereas bacteria feeders were more abundant in deep soil. Co-occurrence network structure differences suggested that deep soil communities are concentrated around scarce niches of resource availability, in contrast to more spatially homogenous and abundant resources at the surface. Together, these results demonstrate effects of depth on the composition, distribution, and structure of prokaryote and eukaryote soil communities.
“I Have Failed Them and Failed My Duties”: Experiences of Hospital Social Workers Discharging Patients into Homelessness
Authors: Morris Rae , Lewis Fiona , Baker Nancy , Saul Megan , Bohachewski Kym 
Published: November 2021

AbstractHomelessness is a long-standing issue at the forefront of healthcare globally, and discharge of homeless patients from hospital settings can exacerbate gaps and burdens in healthcare systems. In hospitals, social workers often take on the majority of responsibility for facilitating patient discharge transitions out of hospital care. Research in this area to date has explored experiences and outcomes of homeless clients, and the experiences of social workers in these roles are not well known. The current study's objective was to elucidate observations and experiences of hospital social workers who discharge patients into homelessness. A total of 112 social workers responded to an online questionnaire, and responses to open-ended questions were analyzed for thematic content. Four overarching themes emerged: (1) complexity of clients, (2) systemic barriers, (3) resource gaps, and (4) negative impact on social workers. It is clear that significant change is required to address the multitude of challenges that intersect to reinforce health inequities. Results can be used by social workers, health authorities, community providers, researchers, and policymakers in discussions about best practices for homeless clients.
Policy Space for Capital Flow Management: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Thrasher Rachel D , Sklar Sarah , Gallagher Kevin P 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
Many in the academic community have identified that some trade and investment treaties restrict the ability of nation states to regulate volatile capital flows to prevent and mitigate financial instability. This paper quantifies the variation across preferential and free trade agreements with respect to their policy space for capital flow management measures. With these data we create a composite score of treaty flexibility and examine the collective level of policy space across the global trade regime. We find that the majority of trade treaties leave significant policy space for regulating cross-border finance in the world economy. South-South treaties tend to have the most policy space, whereas North-South and North-North treaties have less. When weighted by the level of gross domestic product (GDP) and incoming foreign investment however, we find that those treaties with the least amount of policy space for capital flow measures represent 65% of world GDP and 48% of global capital flows. What is more, it appears that the global trend is toward treaties without the policy space for appropriate regulation.
The risk of footswitch misstep during robot-assisted thoracoscopic surgery: a case report
Authors: Hashimoto Masayuki , Sawai Satoru , Oshio Mayumi , Yoden Makoto , Takeda Keiko 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The Da Vinci Surgical System is an ergonomically devised and excellent surgical support device. However, surgeon skill is of paramount importance since human error cannot be completely eliminated. We report a case of bleeding from the pulmonary artery due to a footswitch misstep. A 72-year-old male with suspected right upper lobe lung cancer underwent robot-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (RATS). While avoiding the pulmonary artery with the right arm spatula and trying to cauterize V2t with the left arm bipolar-forceps, the footswitch was accidently activated and the spatula was energized, resulting in pulmonary artery trauma and blood loss. After this case, we changed the surgical procedure from a monopolar–bipolar combination use to a bipolar-only use and noted no significant difference in the console duration, and less intraoperative blood loss. Human errors can occur anytime. Especially for surgeons new to RATS, simplified foot management should be considered until RATS mastery is achieved.
A Simple and Applicable Method for Human Platelet Lysate Preparation Using Citrate Blood
Authors: Khongjaroensakun Narin , Paisooksantivatana Karan , Santiwatana Suttikarn , Tawonsawatruk Tulyapruek , Kusolthammarat Kantarat , Kadegasem Praguywan , Tangbubpha Noppawan , Chantaraamporn Juthamard , Chuansumrit Ampaiwan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To determine and compare the platelet growth factors in human platelet lysate (HPL) prepared from citrated whole blood, with final centrifugations at 4oC and 25oC.

Methods
We collected specimens of citrated whole blood from 27 healthy volunteers. The platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was separated to prepare the HPL, which was further divided into 2 portions for the final centrifugation, at 4oC and 25oC, respectively. Platelet growth factors were measured and compared between the 2 groups.

Results
All platelet growth factors were higher than those in PRP prepared from citrated whole blood. Moreover, the final centrifugation at 25oC resulted in noninferiority of platelet-growth-factor level.

Conclusion
This study provided a simple method for small-volume of HPL preparation using only 10–15 mL of citrated whole blood. Further, the entire process of centrifugation can be performed at room temperature of 25oC, which is more applicable than lower temperatures for other laboratories.
Heterogeneity and excitability of BRAF
V600E-induced tumors is determined by Akt/mTOR-signaling state and Trp53-loss
Authors: Cases-Cunillera Silvia , van Loo Karen M J , Pitsch Julika , Quatraccioni Anne , Sivalingam Sugirthan , Salomoni Paolo , Borger Valeri , Dietrich Dirk , Schoch Susanne , Becker Albert J 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Background
Developmental brain tumors harboring BRAFV600E somatic mutation are diverse. Here, we describe molecular factors that determine BRAFV600E-induced tumor biology and function.

Methods
Intraventricular in utero electroporation in combination with the piggyBac transposon system was utilized to generate developmental brain neoplasms, which were comprehensively analyzed with regard to growth using near-infrared in-vivo imaging, transcript signatures by RNA sequencing, and neuronal activity by multielectrode arrays.

Results
BRAF V600E expression in murine neural progenitors elicits benign neoplasms composed of enlarged dysmorphic neurons and neoplastic astroglia recapitulating ganglioglioma (GG) only in concert with active Akt/mTOR-signaling. Purely glial tumors resembling aspects of polymorphous low-grade neuroepithelial tumors of the young (PLNTYs) emerge from BRAFV600E alone. Additional somatic Trp53-loss is sufficient to generate anaplastic GGs (aGGs) with glioneuronal clonality. Functionally, only BRAFV600E/pAkt tumors intrinsically generate substantial neuronal activity and show enhanced relay to adjacent tissue conferring high epilepsy propensity. In contrast, PLNTY- and aGG models lack significant spike activity, which appears in line with the glial differentiation of the former and a dysfunctional tissue structure combined with reduced neuronal transcript signatures in the latter.

Conclusion
mTOR-signaling and Trp53-loss critically determine the biological diversity and electrical activity of BRAFV600E-induced tumors.
Melt- to Shear-Controlled Exhumation of Granulites in Granite–Gneiss Domes: Petrological Perspectives from Metapelite of the Neoarchean Ha-Tshanzi Structure, Central Zone, Limpopo Complex, South Africa
Authors: Safonov Oleg G , Yapaskurt Vasily O , Elburg Marlina A , van Reenen Dirk D , Rajesh H M , Smit C Andre , Perchuk Alexei L , Butvina Valentina G 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Gneiss domes cored by migmatites and granites represent the principal role of anatectic melts during the exhumation of high-grade metamorphic complexes. This study explores the exhumation history of a metapelitic granulite within the Ha-Tshanzi structure from the Central Zone of the Neoarchean–Paleoproterozoic Limpopo high-grade Complex, South Africa. Quartzofeldspathic garnet-bearing coarse-grained leucosomes in the rock alternate with attenuated shear bands consisting of biotite, cordierite, sillimanite and quartz that prominently modified the earlier garnet porphyroblasts. Cores of garnet porphyroblasts contain various polyphase inclusions that are interpreted as crystallized inclusions of melt. The phase equilibria modeling and regular zoning of garnet with respect to major (Mg, Fe, Ca) and some trace (P, Cr, Sc) elements reveals that a garnet + biotite + plagioclase + quartz ± sillimanite assemblage in the rock coexisted with the melt during the sub-isothermal (810–830 °C) exhumation from pressure of 10·0–10·2 kbar to 7·5–7·0 kbar during the Neoarchean event (2·68–2·62 Ga). The exhumation mediated by anatectic melt supports interpretation of the Ha-Tshanzi structure as a diapir-related granite–gneiss dome. During upwelling of the dome, the melt segregated into leucosome, while growth of cordierite sequestered water from the melt, assisting its crystallization at the end of the sub-isothermal decompression stage. As the rheology of the rock changed, melt-dominated deformation was transformed to solid-dominated ductile shear deformation. In contrast to the earlier sub-isothermal decompression P–T path, the gentler slope of ~75 °C kbar–1 of the decompression-cooling path marks the exhumation from pressures of ~7 kbar to pressures of 5–4·5 kbar and cooling to 600–550 °C. Dating of zircon, monazite and rutile shows that the Neoarchean evolution of the metapelite was strongly overprinted by the Paleoproterozoic event at c. 2·01 Ga. The results of the study highlight the significance of domed structures related to granitic diapirs in the exhumation of the Central Zone of the Limpopo Complex.
Planning for Safe Hospital Discharge by Identifying Patients Likely to Fall After Discharge
Authors: Wright Jonathan R , Koch-Hanes Trisha , Cortney Ciera , Lutjens Kathryn , Raines Kristopher , Shan Guogen , Young Daniel 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Objective
Acute care physical therapists recommend discharge locations and services in part to help prevent falls during post-discharge recovery. Therapists may use standardized tests to inform their recommendation decisions, but evidence linking test scores with fall risk after discharge is lacking. The primary purpose of this study was to explore the associations between Tinetti Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA) and Activity Measure for Post-Acute Care Inpatient Mobility Short Form (AM-PAC IMSF) scores and falls in the first 30 days after hospital discharge. Anticipating that agreement between therapist recommendations and discharge locations and services (discharge agreement), age, and sex could impact those associations, these factors were included in this investigation.

Methods
In this observational cohort study, 258 hospitalized patients consented to medical record data extraction and answered a phone survey 30 days after discharge to report whether they had experienced a fall since leaving the hospital. POMA and AM-PAC IMSF tests were administered for every patient. Participants’ age, sex, diagnosis, last POMA score, last AM-PAC IMSF score, physical therapist discharge recommendations, actual discharge location and services, discharge date, and phone number were collected from their medical records.

Results
When analyzed alone, higher POMA scores were associated with lower odds of falling, but the association was not significant after adjustment for other factors. Neither AM-PAC IMSF scores, age, nor sex were associated with falls. Discharge agreement, however, was associated with 59% lower odds of falling after adjustment for other factors.

Conclusion
Participants, who were discharged to the location with the services recommended by their physical therapist, were less likely to fall. Tinetti POMA and AM-PAC IMSF scores did not discriminate well participants who would fall.

Impact
Findings in this study inform those involved in discharge planning on the value of implementing physical therapist recommendations in reducing fall risk after hospital discharge.

Lay Summary
If physical therapist discharge recommendations are implemented, patients are less likely to fall during the month after hospital discharge. Balance and mobility test scores may provide therapists valuable information, but they are limited in their ability to identify who will fall after discharge.
Contact With Circles and Euclidean Invariants of Smooth Surfaces in ℝ3
Authors: Giblin Peter , Reeve Graham , Uribe-Vargas Ricardo 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We investigate the vertex curve, that is the set of points in the hyperbolic region of a smooth surface in real 3-space at which there is a circle in the tangent plane having at least 5-point contact with the surface. The vertex curve is related to the differential geometry of planar sections of the surface parallel to and close to the tangent planes, and to the symmetry sets of isophote curves, that is level sets of intensity in a 2-dimensional image. We investigate also the relationship of the vertex curve with the parabolic and flecnodal curves, and the evolution of the vertex curve in a generic 1-parameter family of smooth surfaces.
How socio-economic inequality affects individuals’ civic engagement: a systematic literature review of empirical findings and theoretical explanations
Authors: Schröder Joris Melchior , Neumayr Michaela 
Published: November 2021

AbstractRising socio-economic inequality in many countries raises the question of how it affects individuals’ civic engagement in the forms of charitable giving, volunteering and non-profit membership. Though a growing body of multidisciplinary literature has started to address this issue, empirical results vary considerably and explanations about what underlies this relationship remain fragmentary. We thus conduct a systematic literature review to (a) provide a synopsis of empirical findings and (b) identify theoretical explanations and presumed mediating mechanisms underlying this relationship. Reviewing 70 studies, we find that higher inequality is most often negatively related to civic engagement, and that this relation is moderated by individual factors, for example, income and education. Furthermore, we map the proposed theoretical explanations into five key approaches. For each of these, we trace and identify the underlying mechanisms at both the societal and the individual level, and provide a conceptual framework that facilitates their empirical analysis in future.
Neuroinflammatory and Neurometabolomic Consequences From Inhaled Wildfire Smoke-Derived Particulate Matter in the Western United States
Authors: Scieszka David , Hunter Russell , Begay Jessica , Bitsui Marsha , Lin Yan , Galewsky Joseph , Morishita Masako , Klaver Zachary , Wagner James , Harkema Jack R , Herbert Guy , Lucas Selita , McVeigh Charlotte , Bolt Alicia , Bleske Barry , Canal Christopher G , Mostovenko Ekaterina , Ottens Andrew K , Gu Haiwei , Campen Matthew J , Noor Shahani 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Utilizing a mobile laboratory located &gt;300 km away from wildfire smoke (WFS) sources, this study examined the systemic immune response profile, with a focus on neuroinflammatory and neurometabolomic consequences, resulting from inhalation exposure to naturally occurring wildfires in California, Arizona, and Washington in 2020. After a 20-day (4 h/day) exposure period in a mobile laboratory stationed in New Mexico, WFS-derived particulate matter (WFPM) inhalation resulted in significant neuroinflammation while immune activity in the peripheral (lung, bone marrow) appeared to be resolved in C57BL/6 mice. Importantly, WFPM exposure increased cerebrovascular endothelial cell activation and expression of adhesion molecules (VCAM-1 and ICAM-1) in addition to increased glial activation and peripheral immune cell infiltration into the brain. Flow cytometry analysis revealed proinflammatory phenotypes of microglia and peripheral immune subsets in the brain of WFPM-exposed mice. Interestingly, endothelial cell neuroimmune activity was differentially associated with levels of PECAM-1 expression, suggesting that subsets of cerebrovascular endothelial cells were transitioning to resolution of inflammation following the 20-day exposure. Neurometabolites related to protection against aging, such as NAD+ and taurine, were decreased by WFPM exposure. Additionally, increased pathological amyloid-beta protein accumulation, a hallmark of neurodegeneration, was observed. Neuroinflammation, together with decreased levels of key neurometabolites, reflect a cluster of outcomes with important implications in priming inflammaging and aging-related neurodegenerative phenotypes.
Discordance between TST and QFT-TBGold Plus for Latent Tuberculosis Screening among Under-Five Children: An Interim Analysis
Authors: Surve Suchitra , Bhor Vikrant , Naukariya Kajal , Begum Shahina , Munne Kiran , Tipre Pranita , Sutar Narendra , Jaiswal Akanksha , Bhonde Gauri , Chauhan Sanjay , Shah Ira 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Aim
To analyze the agreement between tuberculin skin test (TST) and fourth-generation QuantiFERON (QFT)-TB Gold Plus [interferon gamma (INF-γ) release assays (IGRA)] for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) diagnosis among under-five children who are undernourished and/or who have history of contact with active tuberculosis (TB) patients.

Methods
Children from the age group of 6 months to 5 years (undernourished or tuberculosis household contacts) were screened through anganwadis (government playschools) and TB Health posts from Mumbai, India during September 2019 to January 2021. Both TST and QFT-TB Gold Plus test were carried out to diagnose LTBI.

Results
Out of the total 299, 35 (11.7%) (95% CI 8.1–15.3%) children tested positive by IGRA (QFT-TB Gold Plus) and 68 (22.7%) (95% CI 18.0–27.4%) by TST, suggestive of moderate concordance (κ = 0.483) between both tests. IGRA and TST showed moderate concordance in children &lt;24 months (κ = 0.478). Moreover, 26 (21.1%) children with TB contact had both TST and IGRA positive with moderate concordance (κ = 0.550). A fair concordance (κ = 0.396) was observed between IGRA and TST in undernourished children. Also, 45 (15.0%) children showed discordance of which 39 (13.0%) had positive TST but negative IGRA and 6 (2.0%) had negative TST but positive IGRA.

Conclusions
The study strongly recommends both TST and QFT-TB Gold Plus test for the diagnosis of LTBI in under-five children. A moderate concordance in children &lt;24 months endorses the reliability of QFT-TB Gold Plus in diagnosing LTBI in this age group. This study highlights the need for screening undernourished children for LTBI to consider repeating IGRA testing for TST positives as per the window period and risk of ongoing exposure.
Vagal Tone and Proinflammatory Cytokines Predict Feeding Intolerance and Necrotizing Enterocolitis Risk
Authors: Meister Alissa L. , Gardner Fumiyuki C. , Browning Kirsteen N. , Travagli R. Alberto , Palmer Charles , Doheny Kim Kopenhaver 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the leading cause of death due to gastrointestinal disease in preterm neonates; yet, clinicians lack reliable and noninvasive predictive tools.

Purpose:
We aimed to test that diminished high-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV) and elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines would have utility in NEC prediction.

Methods:
In this multisite prospective study, we enrolled 250 preterm (26-34 weeks' postmenstrual age [PMA]) neonates with physiological stability at 72 hours of life. HRV was measured noninvasively using electrocardiograhic data from standardized cardiorespiratory monitors at postnatal week 1 of life and weekly thereafter until 35 weeks' PMA or discharge; blood was collected for cytokines at postnatal weeks 1 and 3. NEC was diagnosed via Modified Bell's Staging Criteria.

Results:
HF-HRV was decreased at weeks 1 and 2 in neonates (47% females) who developed feeding intolerance or stage 2+ NEC. In addition, these neonates displayed elevated levels of IL-8 at week 1 and increased levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-8 at week 3 of life. Low HF-HRV was associated with elevated IL-6 or IL-8 levels at weeks 1 and 3 of life. Logistic regression indicated that only HF-HRV was a significant predictor of feeding intolerance or NEC development.

Implications for Practice and Research:
HRV is a promising noninvasive modality for NEC risk detection. The association of low HF-HRV with elevated proinflammatory cytokines provides evidence for a putative role of the vagal cholinergic pathway in NEC pathogenesis. Future studies should focus on application of these techniques to test clinical therapeutics.

Video Abstract available at https://journals.lww.com/advancesinneonatalcare/Pages/videogallery.aspx?autoPlay=false&videoId=54.
Cellular aging and telomere dynamics in pregnancy
Authors: Panelli Danielle M. , Bianco Katherine 
Published: November 2021

Purpose of review
Telomere biology is an emerging area of scientific interest. Telomeres are deoxynucleic acid caps at the ends of chromosomes that naturally shorten over one's lifespan; because of this, short telomeres have been studied as a marker of cellular aging. Given the association between short telomeres and genetic and environmental factors, their role in pregnancy has become an intriguing area of research.

Recent findings
This review describes recent data on telomeres in pregnancy. Specifically, we discuss the association between short maternal leukocyte telomeres and poor nutritional status, between short neonatal telomeres and greater maternal psychosocial stress, and between shorter fetal amniotic membrane telomeres and the spontaneous onset of parturition. We also review recent studies suggesting that events during pregnancy can impact telomeres in the offspring years into the future.

Summary
Telomere length varies in maternal, placental, and neonatal cells, but within each of these compartments telomeres may play their own distinct role during pregnancy. Whether telomeres are reflective of the cumulative impact of stressors, or part of an as-yet unknown fetal programming mechanism is an area of interest. With future research, we may work toward a better understanding of gestational biology which could have far reaching intergenerational impacts.