bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Smith Gary Scott 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Twain is one of America’s most popular, renowned, and influential authors. He grappled with major theological concepts and issues and strove incessantly to find meaning in life. Twain extensively analyzed and criticized the biblical God, Christ, the Bible, and Christianity. His constantly changing views of these matters have led scholars to identify Twain as an agnostic, an atheist, a secularist, and a theologically liberal Christian. Twain functioned as a preacher, prophet, and social philosopher. He used his penetrating pen and the lecture platform to proclaim his understanding of the truth, attack a wide variety of social injustices, and present his views on numerous philosophical issues. Twain’s influence on American society extended well beyond providing entertaining, humorous novels, short stories, and essays as he addressed such major questions as is there a God, what is the nature of human beings, what is the purpose of life, and is there an afterlife.
1835–1860
Authors: Smith Gary Scott 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Twain was reared in Hannibal, a very religious small town in Missouri by a Presbyterian mother and a freethinking father. The “Presbyterian conscience” he developed as a youth deeply affected him throughout his life. Twain’s experiences in Sunday school and church and difficult childhood that included the loss of his father and two older siblings, fear of dying, and observations of drownings, murder, and mayhem are featured in many of his writings. Both Twain and many scholars have misrepresented the Calvinism that was preached and taught in antebellum Hannibal by portraying it as denying human free agency, preaching a prosperity gospel, damning the vast majority of people to perdition, and focusing on hell. Twain was especially affected by the death of his younger brother Henry as a result of a steamboat explosion when Twain was 22.
Conclusion
Authors: Smith Gary Scott 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Understanding what Twain believed about religious matters is complicated by his desire not to hurt Livy, her censorship of some of his writings, his wanting to avoid being attacked for his skeptical positions, and his wish to not tarnish his reputation or hinder the sale of his books. Twain withheld many religious views he thought his Hartford neighbors would consider outrageous or heretical. Examining Twain’s own statements, comments by his family, friends, and acquaintances, his funeral and obituaries, and the conflicting views of scholars, the author rejects both the arguments that Twain was an atheist, an agnostic, or a heretic and that many of his views accorded with conventional Christian faith. Instead, he argues that the religious views he expressed throughout his life are complicated and often contradictory; they convey his strong desire to make sense of the universe and his own life.
Scattering, Quantum Current, and Resonant Tunneling
Authors: Steel Duncan G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Having examined free particles and particles that are confined in space by a potential energy term, we now consider the impact of a disturbance in the flat energy landscape for a free particle. By disturbance we means some kind of fixed “obstacle” which is either a positive (repelling) or negative (attractive) potential. We are interested in determining the impact on the free particle. Continuing to work mostly in one dimension, the particle described by a plane wave corresponding to momentum moving in the positive direction (a positive k−vector in the x−direction), we study elastic scattering. In one dimension, this means that we determine the probability that the particle is transmitted (continuing in the forward direction) or reflected (now moving in the backward direction.) We will also determine the nature of the solution inside the potential and in the case that the potential energy maximum is greater than the kinetic energy of the particle, we will show that the particle tunnels through the barrier. Interestingly, when we have two barriers, we can find conditions where the probability that the particle is transmitted is unity. This is the result of resonance, a feature of the wave-like nature of the particle’s wave function.
New Design Rules for Quantum: The Postulates
Authors: Steel Duncan G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In the previous six chapters, we focused on understanding the basic eigenstates of various Hamiltonians by solving the time independent Schrödinger equation. While the Hamiltonians seemed relatively simple, the solutions are frequently used. However, in practice, most of the important problems today do not make extensive use of the spatial solutions except when a specific number is needed. The focus on most problems today makes extensive use of operators where their behavior is governed by the new design rules that we must follow to do anything novel with quantum systems. The design rules are sometimes referred to as the postulates. Postulates are mathematical statements of specific rules. We will present five postulates in this chapter and then in later chapters augment them with three more. In the context of this math, we will continue to work with functions like ψ(r,t), but we will introduce Dirac notation such as ∣ψ(t)〉. The remaining chapters in this text work almost exclusively in Dirac notation and with operators.
Two-State Systems: The Atomic Operators
Authors: Steel Duncan G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In the digital world, the concepts of on and off or high and low or 0 and 1 are common classical two-state systems. Quantum systems can be similarly configured, as we saw in Chapter 9 with the demonstration of Rabi oscillations. Two-state or few-state systems are so important that a powerful algebra has been developed to study and explore these systems. A similar algebra emerged from the algebra developed for spin ½ particles. While Chapter 10 discussed the spinors and spin matrices and the corresponding Pauli matrices, in this chapter the corresponding commutators are determined for the various atomic operators first introduced in Chapter 15. We then move to the Heisenberg picture including the operators for the vacuum field. The Heisenberg equations of motion are derived following the rules in Chapter 8 when a classical electromagnetic field is present and then in the presence of the quantum vacuum to include the effects of decay. This provides the first means of handling the return of an excited population back to the ground state which is very challenging to deal with in the amplitude picture. This chapter is enormously important because it sets the stage for much more advanced studies in advanced texts that determine the impact of fluctuations of the field and correlations measured from single photon emitters.
Challenges to Criminalizing State Responsibility for Genocide
Authors: Aquilina Kevin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter shows that although often states are parties in a genocide enterprise, the centrality—and responsibility—of states for genocide does not receive attention commensurate with the severity of the problem. Indeed, genocidal states are not held criminally responsibility for genocide. Underscoring difficulties at proving state criminal responsibility for genocide, the analysis compares and contrasts individual criminal responsibility and state criminal responsible for genocide. Whereas in the former case the matter has been dealt with by domestic and international criminal courts and tribunals, in the latter case there is no international judicial authority which can try states for criminal responsibility. However, non-state corporate criminal liability, and evolution of this institute in international law, may provide some transferable lessons for state responsibility for genocide. The chapter highlights the nexus between individual responsibility and state responsibility, and the failures of international genocide law in establishing state responsibility for genocide.
Postgenocide Justice? Assessing the Prosecution and Punishment of Genocide by Internationalized Courts and Tribunals
Authors: Soler Christopher 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the record of the prosecution and punishment of the crime of genocide by internationalized courts and tribunals—primarily the ICTY and the ICTR—the International Criminal Court, and the hybrid criminal tribunals. It unpacks the effects of the criminal sanction against the fulfilment of the responsibility to protect. It shows how the nascent quasi-prosecutorial model can sow the seeds for the delivery of criminal justice before the right place (the forum conveniens) and at the right time, notwithstanding the prospect of a delayed execution thereof. The author appeals to the international community to prosecute and punish genocide as a matter of principle irrespective of side-effects the prosecution itself may trigger at national, regional, or international levels. The chapter upholds ‘justice for its own sake’, a dictum that distinguishes the inherent value of prosecutions from their presumed social effects.
Rhetorical versus Substantive Reconciliation After Cultural Genocide in Canada
Authors: Hiebert Maureen S 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The Canadian Truth and Reconciliation Commission (‘TRC’) report calls for the Canadian government and (settler) Canadians to acknowledge the painful past of the Indian Residential Schools (‘IRS’) (1890s–1990s) and to chart a new nation-to-nation(s) relationship with Canada’s Indigenous peoples. However, the reconciliation discourse replicates unequal power dynamics between Indigenous and non-Indigenous communities endemic in Canadian politics and society. The selective listening of the IRS story is grounded in a constructed identity that paints Canada and (non-Indigenous) Canadians as an inclusive and tolerant society. This self-conception has led various levels of government to emphasize the idea of reconciliation as a process by which settler colonialism is conceptualized as a closed historical event that is now firmly in the past. There is little acknowledgement that the logic and structures of settler colonialism, which as the TRC notes amounts to cultural genocide, are still foundational to contemporary Canadian politics, law, economy, and society.
Remembering
Authors: Craik Fergus I. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The book sets out Fergus Craik’s view of human memory as a dynamic activity of mind and brain. In this account, remembering is understood as a system of active cognitive processes, similar to the processes underlying attending, perceiving, and thinking. The book therefore extends and elaborates the concept of “levels of processing” proposed by Craik and Lockhart (1972). Thus, encoding processes are essentially the mental activities involved in perceiving and understanding, and retrieval is described as the partial reactivation of these same processes. It is further suggested that “memory traces” are represented by a hierarchically organized system of analyzers, modified, sharpened, and differentiated by encounters with successive events. This account proposes that episodic and semantic memory should be thought of as levels in a continuum of specificity rather than as separate systems of memory. The book also covers Craik’s views on working memory and on changes in memory as a function of aging. In the latter case the losses are attributed largely to a difficulty with the self-initiation of appropriate encoding and retrieval operations, compensated by support from the external environment. There is a short chapter on the cognitive neuroscience of human memory, and a final chapter bringing the ideas together. The book covers the development of these ideas, illustrated substantially by experiments from Craik’s own laboratory, and also by empirical and theoretical contributions from other researchers. The final product is a broad account of current ideas and findings in contemporary memory research but viewed from Craik’s personal theoretical standpoint.
Middle Innovation Trap
Authors: Lee Jeong-Dong , Baek Chulwoo , Yeon Jung-In 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In the context of emerging economies, long-run economic growth and development encompass mechanisms from technological catching-up to moving forward by one’s upgrading. However, as the economy reaches the middle-income range, economic growth mostly slows down unless adopting strategies for building technological capabilities. To identify the bottleneck in sustainable technological development and the ways to avoid the middle-income trap, therefore, this chapter focuses on the development patterns of two different types of technological capabilities: implementation and concept design capabilities. Our first finding from the empirical study emphasizes the need for the development of the concept design capability, describing the middle-income trap as a “capability transition failure” or “middle-innovation trap”. Secondly, discussing difficulties of the capability transition from the institutional rigidity perspective, this chapter highlights “innovation commons” as a coherent transition platform for the development of concept design capability.
Catching Up or Developing Differently? Techno-Institutional Learning with a Sustainable Planet in Mind
Authors: Altenburg Tilman 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Developing as a latecomer country is tricky. It implies competing with established production systems that benefit from know-how, economies of scale, and network externalities accumulated over decades. It is thus unsurprising that very few countries have been able to close the technological and income gap. Those that did, like South Korea and China, started by inviting foreign investors, buying licenses, and emulating the early movers’ proven business models until they had enough capabilities to chart their own pathways and become wealthy knowledge societies—and role models for other latecomers. Global warming and other major environmental crises, however, reveal the unsustainability of a techno-economic paradigm based on burning fossil fuel and maximization of material throughput and consumption. Hence, latecomers can no longer build on emulating technologies and institutions, but need to start deviating from established practices early on. Still, the successful country cases hold important policy lessons for them.
Introduction
Authors: Brunstetter Daniel R. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Limited force (vim) is different from war (bellum). Setting up and maintaining no-fly zones, conducting limited strikes, Special Forces raids, and the use of drones outside the “hot” battlefield have a different feel, seemingly falling below the threshold of war. They are different in scope, strategic purpose, and ethical challenges. While scholars tend to evaluate limited force according to just war principles, doing so misses considerable ethical precision and nuance. This lacuna warrants reformulating, reimagining, and recalibrating the just war framework and its principles better to understand the permissions and constraints of limited force. This chapter locates the pursuit of a moral framework of limited force, sometimes called force-short-of-war or jus ad vim, in the broader debates of the just war tradition. It poses three questions that set the tone for the wider inquiry. How are the moral concerns posed by using limited force different when compared to law enforcement and war? How does the ethics of limited force fit into broader debates about just war? What would a framework of the just and unjust uses of limited force look like? The chapter defends the choice of methodology—following in the footsteps of Michael Walzer’s turn to casuistry—as a commitment to the experience of using limited force, which entails discerning the plausible goals, engaging with how people talk about the various measures of limited force, and how they judge its use. Finally, it relates the status of the debate about vim and lays out the general plan of the book.
The Global Adoption of PB
Authors: Wampler Brian , McNulty Stephanie , Touchton Michael 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter develops a framework to explain how and why governments adopt and adapt PB as it spreads around the world. The chapter identifies three waves of adoption: 1989 through the mid-1990s; mid-1990s through mid-2000s; and mid-2000s through 2020. Within each wave, the authors identify where PB is adopted and who is driving adoption. They identify and explain key transformations in the areas of scale/place of adoption, decision-making rules, and social justice considerations during each wave. This chapter also provides a typology to help categorize the global patterns of change that we see across the PB landscape. The chapter identifies six types of PB programs, including: Empowered Democracy and Redistribution; Deepening Democracy through Community Mobilization; Mandated by National Governments; Digital Participation; Social Accountability and Development; Efficient Governance. The typology links PB’s core principles and the political motivations of the main actors promoting adoption. The typology then also captures the differences across the cases and helps the reader better understand the diversity of PB programs and outcomes.
Parallel Paths to Local Democracy in Asia
Authors: Wampler Brian , McNulty Stephanie , Touchton Michael 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Extensive experimentation with new democratic institutions took place in Asia across the 1980s and 1990s, but PB only formally arrived at the beginning of the twenty-first century. The spread of PB across Asia thus stems from democratic impulses to empower citizens in new democracies. This chapter focuses on three countries—South Korea, the Philippines, Indonesia—to illuminate key trends in the region. The chapter shows that a small number of local governments initially adopted “PB-like” programs. Positive evaluations of these programs then spurred national governments to mandate PB to incorporate large segments of the population in public decision-making. An additional focus, toward the end of this chapter, is the expansion of PB to China because it helps to illuminate how the malleability of PB’s rules enables local governments to implement the program in authoritarian contexts; the use of PB by authoritarian governments is one of the most controversial issues facing PB today. The cases from Asia reviewed in this chapter offer the promise of social and political change. However, the limitations on evidence means that enough information about these programs’ specific impacts is still lacking.
Ruling With (and Without) Laws
Authors: Horn Christoph 
Published: July 2021

AbstractChapter 9 discusses Statesman 297b5-303d3, where Plato appears to be both a legalist (ranking law based constitutions above lawless ones) and an anti-legalist (ranking the rule by a single expert individual above even law-based constitutions). While these statements can be reconciled, a deeper interpretative problem concerns Plato’s views about laws that are formulated in the absence of an expert ruler. Does he find value in such a legal order, or does the worth of a legal order depend on the expertise of its legislator? Is law valuable on the basis of its efficiency or morality or something else? Or is law valuable, simply by the fact that it provides order and regularity? This chapter argues that, for Plato, the value of law is based on expertise, but does not require the presence of a fully knowledgeable lawgiver.
Election
Authors: Näsström Sofia 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe chapter examines the corruption, disintegration, and renewal of democracy in relation to election. Taking issue with two canonized views on election, it shows that neither the liberal nor the republican version captures its emancipatory spirit; how it tames and shapes the essential uncertainties of the future equally. What makes election democratic is that it gives institutional body to the principle of emancipation, and secures our freedom to begin anew. On this basis, the chapter elaborates on the meaning of democratic corruption. It distinguishes between three democratic “tyrannies” in electoral politics based on distinction, virtue, and emancipation respectively: the tyranny of the majority, the tyranny of the minority, and the tyranny of novelty. It ends by discussing the future role of election as path to democratic disintegration, on the one hand, and democratic renewal, on the other.
Constantine and the Christian Church
Authors: Potter David 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Christianity develops on the fringe of Roman intellectual society, gradually drawing new converts, into the fourth century. Constantine transforms Christianity from a fringe movement to the central intellectual movement in the Roman Empire when he converts as part of an effort to provide the empire with a new governing ideology. A crucial aspect of the conversion of Constantine had been the collapse of the ideological core of the imperial system in the previous century, which undermined faith in existing institutions and created space for radical redefinitions of imperial power which, even before Constantine, has stressed a reimagined connection between emperors and the gods.
Core Texts of the Sŏn Approach
Authors: Broughton Jeffrey 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe book is a study and partial translation of Core Texts of the Sŏn Approach (Sŏnmun ch’waryo), a Korean anthology of key texts foundational to Korean Sŏn (Chan/Zen) Buddhism. This anthology provides a convenient entrée to two fundamental themes of Korean Sŏn: Sŏn vis-à-vis the doctrinal teachings (in which Sŏn is shown to be superior); and the huatou (Korean hwadu) method of practice-work popularized by the Song dynasty Chan master Dahui Zonggao (1089–1163). This method consists of “lifting to awareness” or “keeping an eye on” the huatou or phrase, usually the word wu無/No (Korean mu). No mental operation whatsoever is to be performed upon the huatou. The practitioner simply lifts the huatou to awareness constantly, twenty-four hours a day. Core Texts of the Sŏn Approach, which was published in Korea during the first decade of the twentieth century, attempts to encapsulate the entire Korean Sŏn tradition in one convenient volume (and thus functions as a sort of vade mecum). It contains eight Chan texts by Chinese authors and seven Sŏn texts by Korean authors, showing the organic relationship between the parent Chinese Chan tradition and its heir Korean Sŏn. Due to the circumstances of modern East Asian history, Korean Sŏn is much less well-known in the West than Japanese Zen. This book will give readers access to a broad sweep of texts of the Korean branch of this school of East Asian Buddhism.
Law and Self-Preservation in Leviathan
Authors: Martinich A.P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Quentin Skinner’s principle that a philosopher’s contemporaries have a privileged perspective on his doctrine is tested. This chapter shows that Hobbes’s contemporaries misinterpreted him on many important issues. The examples used to disconfirm Skinner’s principle have to be ones that have strong textual support and are not currently interpreted by scholars today as being ironic, skeptical, or misleading. Thomas Hobbes’s views about self-preservation and law satisfy the criteria. Contrary to the view of his contemporaries, self-preservation is a desire, a physiological condition, not a law or command. The concept of self-preservation is an important part of the definition of “law of nature.” But the definition is no more a law of nature than the definition of an elephant is an elephant. The content of the laws of nature are deduced from the definition of “a law of nature.”