bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary Perspectives on Parenting
Authors: Cabeza de Baca Tomás , Ellis Bruce J. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter highlights parental behavior and household dynamics as one key set of factors that play a vital role in the regulation of development and behavior in children. It shows the benefits of using an evolutionary-developmental model and discusses fundamental points to consider when applying such a model to research. The application of Darwinian principles to domains of parenting and development provides a benefit to researchers by integrating the results of proximate-level research into a unified and interconnected framework. It also reorients within- and between-household differences in parenting as strategies molded by natural selection to maximize survival and reproduction under varied ecological circumstances. The chapter begins with a review of the theoretical foundations of evolutionary developmental psychology, followed by a brief explanation of methodological approaches used by developmentalists. It then looks at current research and future directions.
Civil–Military Relations And Grand Strategy
Authors: Brooks Risa 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Civil–military relations affect three major dimensions of grand strategy. They first shape the core principles, or substance of a state’s grand strategy. For example, relations between military and political leaders may determine whether a state is inclined toward a grand strategy that entails significant global commitments and military ventures, one that is revisionist towards the regional or global order, or that is more cautious in its use of military power and foreign interventions. Second, civil–military relations affect the character of a state’s grand strategy. Specifically, they help determine whether a state is able to align its grand strategy’s political, diplomatic, military and economic components, or whether the state instead is prone to pursue a poorly integrated strategy composed of irreconcilable approaches across these different domains. Last, relations between military and civilian leaders influence the execution or implementation of a grand strategy and therefore, whatever its putative merits, whether the state can in fact achieve the promise of the principles they espouse.
Getting Grand Strategy Right
Authors: Brands Hal , Feaver Peter 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Grand strategy is essential to effective foreign policy. Yet even as the study of grand strategy has flourished within the academy, many academics have remained skeptical of grand strategy as a concept or been harshly critical of grand strategy as practiced by the United States. This essay defines the concept of grand strategy, emphasizing that it is best understood as the logic undergirding state action. The essay also explains why common academic critiques are mistaken; they set fire to straw-person visions that either reduce grand strategy to impractically detailed and rigid plans rather than recognizing the logic that guides purposeful state action, however imperfectly implemented, or to impossibly grandiose visions of American power in the post-Cold War era that ignores the genuine achievements of the last thirty years. Finally, the essay discusses how academics can usefully contribute to public debates on American grand strategy.
Is Grand Strategy an Illusion?
Authors: Betts Richard K. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The significance of the concept of grand strategy as distinct from foreign policy has been exaggerated. Grand strategy is promoted more by analysts than practitioners and rationalized in hindsight more than it has functioned as a plan. Divergence of practice from theory has been explained away by redefinitions that are wrong. Grand strategy is constrained by the complexity of great powers’ interests and the logic of democracy. It has been implemented in reality, but seldom, and lack of it is sometimes preferable anyway given the risks of consistency and coherence.
Clausewitz, Die Politik, and the Political Purpose of Strategy
Authors: Heuser Beatrice 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Clausewitz’s writings stand in two traditions. On the one hand, with his own very narrow definition of strategy, “Strategy is the use of the [military] engagement for the purpose of the war,” he continued a tradition that goes back to Paul-Gédéon Joly de Maizeroy and beyond him to Byzantine Emperor Leo VI. It is not least because of Clausewitz’s espousal of this tradition that this narrow definition still dominated Soviet thinking. On the other hand, Clausewitz stood in a new tradition reflecting on the relationship between a political purpose of the war itself. This goes back to Guibert, Kant, Rühle von Lilienstern but also a long-forgotten anonymous work probably written by Zanthier. This dwelt on the bureaucratic process of strategy-making in the interface between (politically dominated) foreign policy and (hardware- and means-dominated) military policy. It is ultimately to the latter tradition that we owe his reflections on the domination of political considerations captured in his famous line about war being the continuation of politics by other means. This in turn is the foundation on which most other reflections on grand strategy have been built.
Grand Strategy in a Fractured Marketplace of Ideas
Authors: Drezner Daniel W. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In theory, grand strategies should benefit from a robust marketplace of foreign policy ideas, in which experts can critique and improve upon the status quo. There is growing evidence, however, that in practice this marketplace has shifted in ways that make the sustainable articulation of grand strategies more difficult. This chapter reviews these shifts and considers how they weaken the ability of foreign policy elites to influence grand strategy. The erosion of trust in expertise, increase in political polarization, and weakening of legislative interest in grand strategy have degraded the ability of experts to proffer new ideas and critique alternatives. These trends ensure that the lifespan of each grand strategy has been shortened, reducing their utility.
Grand Strategy and Technological Futures
Authors: Cantelmo Robert G. , Kreps Sarah E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
How do we understand the consequences of technical innovation for grand strategy? We argue that technology has an indirect, but significant impact on how states formulate and implement strategic priorities. This process of updating is dynamic and iterative as grand-strategic change is incremental rather than a wholesale abandonment of the status quo. New capabilities may produce shifts to state cost, benefit, and risk considerations and produce a corresponding adjustment to grand strategy. Technological innovation may also serve as an intermediate end unto itself. State confidence in positive returns on investment in research and development will produce a corresponding emphasis on innovation as a matter of national policy. We evaluate these claims by applying them to three new and emerging technical innovations: precision-guided munitions, robotic autonomy, and computing.
Pluralism, Populism, and the Impossibility of Grand Strategy
Authors: Krebs Ronald R. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe impediments to designing a coherent grand strategy and pursuing it consistently have always been considerable. But developments in recent decades—the rise of multiculturalism from the 1970s, and the populist backlash that reached its apparent apex 40 years later—have conspired to make those obstacles all but insurmountable. Multiculturalism and populism have both made formulating and executing a consistent and durable grand strategy much more difficult, if not impossible. The essay reaches this conclusion through the lens of narrative and legitimation. Multiculturalism does not impede the articulation of grand strategy, but it does—by undercutting a shared national narrative—complicate the mobilization of societal resources, render the implementation of a consistent strategy, across policy domains, more difficult, and make grand strategy less sustainable over time. Populist politics has similar effects, accentuating and hardening lines of internal division and concentrating authority in the charismatic leader. After chronicling grand strategy’s demise, the essay concludes with a call for burying it, not grieving its passing.
Endogenous Social Interactions with Unobserved Networks
Authors: Battaglini Marco , Patacchini Eleonora , Rainone Edoardo 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We present a model of endogenous network formation to recover unobserved social networks using only observable outcomes. We propose a novel equilibrium concept that allows for a sharp characterization of equilibrium behaviour and that yields a unique prediction under testable conditions. While the equilibrium is characterized by a large number of non-linear equations, we show that it can be efficiently employed to recover the networks by an appropriately designed approximate Bayesian computation method. We apply the model to recover the network of social links between lawmakers in the U.S. Congress using data from the 109th to 113th legislatures. We show that social connections are important for legislators’ productivities, and we identify some of the key determinants of network centralities in the U.S. Congress.
Group-Managed Real Options
Authors: Garlappi Lorenzo , Giammarino Ron , Lazrak Ali 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We study a standard real-option problem in which sequential decisions are made through voting by a group of members with heterogeneous beliefs. We show that, when facing both investment and abandonment timing decisions, the group behavior cannot be replicated by that of a representative “median” member. As a result, members’ disagreement generates inertia—the group delays investment relative to a single-agent case—and underinvestment—the group rejects projects that are supported by a majority of members, acting in autarky. These coordination frictions hold in groups of any size, for general voting protocols, and are exacerbated by belief polarization.
Body surface area affected by psoriasis and the risk for psoriatic arthritis: a prospective population-based cohort study
Authors: Ogdie Alexis , Shin Daniel B , Love Thorvardur Jon , Gelfand Joel M 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objective
Increasing psoriasis severity has been associated with comorbidities including cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to examine the association of psoriasis severity with the development of PsA.

Methods
A prospective population-based cohort study was performed within The Health Improvement Network, a UK medical record database. Patients aged 25–60 years with a code for psoriasis were randomly selected between 2008 and 2011. Questionnaires were sent to their general practitioners to confirm the diagnosis of psoriasis and provide the patient’s approximate body surface area (BSA). Incidence of PsA was calculated by BSA, and Cox proportional hazard ratios were used to examine the risk of developing PsA by BSA category after adjusting for other covariates.

Results
Among 10 474 questionnaires sent, 9987 (95%) were returned, 9069 (91%) had confirmed psoriasis, and BSA was provided for 8881 patients: 52% had mild psoriasis, 36% moderate psoriasis and 12% severe psoriasis. The mean age was 46, and 49% were female. Mean follow-up time was 4.2 years (s.d. 2.1); the incidence of PsA was 5.4 cases per 1000 person-years. After adjusting for age and sex, BSA &gt;10% [hazard ratio (HR) 2.01, 95% CI: 1.29, 3.13], BSA 3–10% (HR 1.44, 95% CI: 1.02, 2.03), obesity (HR 1.64, 95% CI: 1.19, 2.26) and depression (HR 1.68, 95% CI: 1.21, 2.33) were associated with incident PsA.

Conclusions
In this large prospective cohort study, BSA assessed by general practitioners was a strong predictor of developing PsA, and obesity and depression were additive risk factors.
Identification of distinct cytokine/chemokine profiles in dermatomyositis with anti-transcriptional intermediary factor 1-γ antibody
Authors: Zhao Qian , Chen Yongheng , Diao Licheng , Zhang Shimin , Wu Dan , Xue Feng , Xia Qunli , Li Hao , Zheng Jie , Cao Hua 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objectives
DM and clinically amyopathic DM (CADM) patients with positive expression of anti-transcription intermediary factor 1-γ (anti-TIF1-γ) antibody (Ab) are characterized by distinct clinicopathological features. We aimed to determine the role of cytokine/chemokine profiles in the classification of anti-TIF1-γ positive DM/CADM patients.

Methods
Serum levels of 24 cytokines/chemokines were measured in 27 anti-TIF1-γ positive DM/CADM patients by a Luminex 200 system. Principal components analysis and unsupervised hierarchical clustering were used to reduce variables and establish patient subgroups. Spearman’s correlation coefficient was calculated between cytokine/chemokine levels and disease activity markers.

Results
Among anti-TIF1-γ positive DM/CADM patients, two distinct patient clusters were identified. The diagnosis of CADM was more common in cluster 1 than in cluster 2 (58.3% vs 6.7%, P = 0.008). Skin disease activity was higher in cluster 2 than in cluster 1 as measured by Cutaneous DM Disease Area and Severity Index–Activity [38.6  (10.4) vs 25.3  (10.0), P = 0.003]. Patients within cluster 2 exhibited significant muscle weakness (Medical Research Council scale ≤ 3, 33.3% vs 0.0%, P = 0.047), higher levels of anti-TIF1-γ Ab [92.4  (20.6) vs 66.9  (13.9), P = 0.001] and an increased malignancy rate (73.3% vs 25.0%, P = 0.021). Cluster 2 exhibited higher serum levels of CXCL10 [564.2  (258.8) vs 122.0  (97.8), P &lt; 0.001], CCL2 [1136.6  (545.4) vs 441.6  (163.3), P &lt; 0.001], galectin-9 [38879.6  (20009.3) vs 12612.4  (6640.0), P &lt; 0.001], IL-18 [436.1  (188.9) vs 243.0  (114.5), P = 0.003], TNF-α [9.3  (3.8) vs 5.6  (2.4), P = 0.007] and TNFRI [1385.1  (338.2) vs 2605.6  (928.5), P &lt; 0.001] than cluster 1.

Conclusion
In anti-TIF1-γ positive DM/CADM, we identified a ‘skin-predominant’ cluster and a ‘hyperinflammation’ cluster based on the cytokine/chemokine profiles.Cytokine/chemokine profiles in anti-TIF1-γ positive DM/CADM can identify discrete clusters of patients with different disease patterns, organ involvements and clinical outcomes.
Transformative Learning in an International Immersion Experience for Nursing and Other Undergraduates
Authors: Kennison Monica , Lamb Connie 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This qualitative study described the experience of undergraduates in an international immersion experience designed to foster health promotion among rural Ghanaians. Data in the form of students’ reflective writings were analyzed in a rigorous process of literal, interpretive, and reflective readings. Two themes (character building and feeling inspired by others) emerged from the data. The findings suggest that this immersion trip facilitated the transformation of the participants and the development of their cultural competence.
Humanities-Based Educational Preparation and Empathy in Novice Nurses: Critical Thinking and Analytic Practice
Authors: Adams Sara B. , Scott Linda D. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Empathy has been associated with improved patient outcomes in practicing nurses, but empathy levels have been shown to decline in nursing students with increased clinical exposure. Integrating content from the humanities in the nursing classroom, not common in nursing education, supports professional empathy development and maintenance. Whether competencies gained from humanities-based liberal education courses support empathy in nursing students as they emerge into practice is not known. The purpose of this quantitative, nonexperimental, descriptive, pilot research was to explore the relationship between humanities-based liberal education and empathy in recently graduated, baccalaureate-prepared practicing nurses (n = 40).
Scientific Accuracy Matters
Authors: Larson C. Philip 
Published: September 2021

The Solubility of Halothane in Blood and Tissue Homogenates. By Larson CP, Eger EI, Severinghaus JW. Anesthesiology 1962; 23:349–55.
Measured samples of human and bovine blood, human hemoglobin, and tissue homogenates from human fat and both human and bovine liver, kidney, muscle, whole brain, and separated gray and white cortex were added to stoppered 2,000-ml Erlenmeyer flasks. To each flask, 0.1 ml of liquid halothane was added under negative pressure using a calibrated micropipette. After the flask was agitated for 2 to 4 h to achieve equilibrium between the gas and blood or tissue contents, a calibrated infrared halothane analyzer was used to measure the concentration of halothane vapor. Calculated partition coefficients ranged from 0.7 for water to 2.3 for blood and from 3.5 for human or bovine kidney to 6 for human whole brain or liver and 8 for human muscle. Human peritoneal fat had a value of 138. The human blood–gas partition coefficient of 2.3 as determined by this equilibration method was well below the previously published value of 3.6.
Surgical Resection or Ablation for Recurrent Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Lee Boram , Han Ho-Seong , Lee Jun Suh , Yoon Yoo-Seok 
Published: September 2021

Objective:
To evaluate the survival benefits of curative-intent treatment (CIT, including surgery or ablation) for recurrent pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) depending on the recurrence type and compared the survival outcomes with other treatment modalities.

Background:
The treatment for recurrent PDAC is mostly chemotherapy or best supportive care (BSC). Still, the role of CIT for recurrent PDAC is not well established.

Methods:
PDAC patients who underwent pancreatectomy between 2004 and 2019 were included. Recurrences were categorized as locoregional (LR), distant, or disseminated. Recurrent PDAC management was classified as CIT, chemotherapy ± radiation therapy (CTX ± RTX), or BSC. The survival after recurrence (SAR) rate was measured from the first day of recurrence to the date of death or last follow-up.

Results:
Two hundred eighteen patients had recurrent PDAC and were analyzed (27 CIT, 128 CTX ± RTX, 63 BSC). The 1-, 3-, and 5-year SAR rates were 65.4%, 11.5%, and 11.5% for CIT, 42.1%, 4.0%, and 0% for CTX ± RTX, and 15.9%, 1.6%, and 0% for BSC, respectively. Subgroup analysis indicated the SAR rate was significantly better in the CIT group than in the CTX ± RTX and BSC groups in LR type (P = 0.027) and distant type (P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, the albumin level at recurrence (hazard ratio, 2.14; 95% confidence interval, 1.15–18.3, P = 0.038) and operation time of the second operation (hazard ratio, 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.97–0.99, P = 0.021) were associated with a favorable prognosis of SAR in the CIT group.

Conclusions:
CIT should be considered in recurrent PDAC for LR and distant metastases in selected patients.
Effectiveness and Safety of Tofacitinib for Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Taneja Vikas , El-Dallal Mohammed , Haq Zadid , Tripathi Kartikeya , Systrom Hannah K. , Wang Linda F. , Said Hyder , Bain Paul A. , Zhou Youlian , Feuerstein Joseph D. 
Published: September 2021

Background:
The objective of our systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of tofacitinib in the treatment of moderate-severe ulcerative colitis (UC).

Methods:
We searched Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central to identify articles and abstracts reporting efficacy or safety data on tofacitinib use in UC. Primary outcome assessed was remission. Secondary outcomes included clinical response, steroid free remission, and adverse events (AEs).

Results:
A total of 26 studies were included. The rates of remission were 29.81% [95% confidence interval (CI): 22.37%-37.25%, I
2: 90%] at week 8, 32.27% (95% CI: 27.67%-36.88%, I
2: 42%) at 6 months and 38.03% (95% CI: 33.59%-42.48%, I
2: 0%) at 1-year. Clinical response rates were 59.41% (95% CI: 55.03%-63.94%, I
2: 61%) at week 8, 48.99% (95% CI: 36.92%-61.06%, I
2: 91%) at 6 months and 50.87% (95% CI: 42.16%-59.58%, I
2: 67%) at 1-year. Odds ratio of clinical response at week 8 in biologic naive versus biologic experienced patients was 1.59 (95% CI: 0.54-4.63). Pooled incidence rate for serious infections, major adverse cardiovascular events, and nonmelanotic squamous cell malignancies across all doses was 4.41 per 100-patient years (PYs) (95% CI: 2.32-8.38 per 100-PY, I
2: 78%), 0.91 per 100-PY (95% CI: 0.43-1.93 per 100-PY, I
2: 37%) and 0.91 per 100-PY (95% CI: 0.61-1.34 per 100-PY, I
2: 0%), respectively. Higher dose was associated with an increased frequency of AEs.

Conclusions:
While the overall efficacy and safety of tofacitinib in moderate-severe UC is consistent with clinical trial data, the dose dependent increase in AEs highlights the significance of early dose de-escalation. Rate of clinical response after tofacitinb induction was similar in biologic naive and biologic experienced patients.
Oral Fluconazole Therapy in Patients With Active Ulcerative Colitis Who Have Detectable Candida in the Stool
Authors: Jena Anuraag , Dutta Usha , Shah Jimil , Sharma Vishal , Prasad Kaushal K. , Shivaprakash Rudramurthy M. , Mandavdhare Harshal S. , Samanta Jayanta , Sharma Pankaj , Popli Priyanka , Sharma Arun K. , Sinha Saroj K. , Chakrabarti Arunaloke , Kochhar Rakesh 
Published: September 2021

Background:There is an emerging role of fungal dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Prevalence ofCandidain patients with active ulcerative colitis (UC) and the effect of fluconazole therapy in reducing disease activity of UC are not known.Patients and Methods:All consecutive consenting patients with active UC defined as Mayo score ≥3 were evaluated for presence ofCandidaby stool culture and predictors for presence ofCandidawere identified. Those who had evidence ofCandidain the stool were randomized to receive oral fluconazole 200 mg daily or placebo for 3 weeks along with standard medical therapy. Patients were assessed by clinical, sigmoidoscopy, and laboratory parameters at baseline and at 4 weeks. The primary outcome was clinical and endoscopic response at 4 weeks defined by a 3-point reduction in Mayo score. Secondary outcomes were reduction in fecal calprotectin, histologic response, and adverse events.Results:Of the 242 patients with active UC, 68 (28%) patients hadCandidain stool culture. Independent predictors for presence ofCandidain patients with active UC were partial Mayo score of ≥3 and steroid exposure. Among those withCandidaon stool culture (n=68), 61 patients fulfilled eligibility criteria and were randomized to receive fluconazole (n=31) or placebo (n=30). Three-point reduction in Mayo score though was numerically higher in the fluconazole group than the placebo group but was not statistically significant [5 (16.1%) vs. 1 (3.33%);P=0.19]. Postintervention median Mayo score was lower in fluconazole than placebo group [4 (3, 5) vs. 5 (4, 6);P=0.034]. Patients in fluconazole group had more often reduction in fecal calprotectin [26 (83.9%) vs. 11 (36.7%);P=0.001] and histologic scores [23 (74.1%) vs. 10 (33.3%);P=0.001] compared with placebo. All patients were compliant and did not report any serious adverse event.Conclusion:Candidacolonization is found in 28% of patients with UC. Steroid exposure and active disease were independent predictors for the presence ofCandida. There was no statistically significant difference in the number of patients who achieved 3-point reduction in Mayo score between 2 groups. However, clinical, histologic, and calprotectin levels showed significant improvement in fluconazole group.