bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nowe strategie terapeutyczne choroby Alzheimera
Authors: Nowak Dominika , Słupski Wojciech , Rutkowska Maria 
Published: June 2021

Streszczenie
Choroba Alzheimera (AD, Alzheimer’s disease) opisywana jako przewlekłe i nieodwracalne schorzenie neurodegeneracyjne pozostaje najczęstszą przyczyną demencji. Ze względu na obserwowane od dłuższego czasu zjawisko starzenia się populacji, nieuleczalność AD stała się narastającym problem medycyny XXI w. Obecne metody leczenia mają wyłącznie charakter objawowy, zapewniają minimalne, czasowe usprawnienie funkcji poznawczych pacjentów. W pracy przedstawiono najnowsze kierunki poszukiwań skutecznej farmakoterapii zdolnej do zapobieżenia lub zahamowania progresji AD. Ze względu na to, iż nie jest znana dokładna patogeneza choroby Alzheimera główne strategie terapeutyczne opierają się jedynie na hipotezach: kaskady amyloidowej, białka tau, stresu oksydacyjnego, neurozapalenia oraz tych związanych z dysfunkcją układu cholinergicznego, jak również glutaminianergicznego. Większość związków obecnie testowanych w badaniach klinicznych nakierowana jest na patologiczny amyloid β (Aβ), będący narzędziem sprawczym neurodegeneracji, według opisywanej dotychczas najszerzej teorii kaskady amyloidowej. Z toksycznym Aβ próbuje się walczyć za pośrednictwem: immunoterapii (szczepionki, przeciwciała monoklonalne), związków hamujących jego powstanie: inhibitorów/modulatorów γ-sekretazy i inhibitorów β-sekretazy. Immunoterapię próbuje się wykorzystać również do nasilenia klirensu hiperfosforylowanego białka tau, którego obecność jest nieodzowną cechą choroby Alzheimera. Oprócz przedstawicieli immunoterapii, przedmiotem prac badawczych stały się również związki o działaniu przeciwzapalnym, metabolicznym i neuroprotekcyjnym. W fazę badań klinicznych zostały wprowadzone ponadto związki działające objawowo, które wyrównując deficyty cholinergiczne, noradrenergiczne i glutaminianergiczne poprawiają funkcje poznawcze.
Revision of the Merodon bombiformis group (Diptera: Syrphidae) – rare and endemic African hoverflies
Authors: Vujić Ante , Radenković Snežana , Šašić Zorić Ljiljana , Likov Laura , Tot Tamara , Veselić Sanja , Djan Mihajla 
Published: June 2021

In the present work, the Afrotropical species of the bombiformis species group, part of the aureus lineage, are revised. Six species are recognized, based on a combination of morphological and genetic features. Three of these species are new to science: Merodon lotus Vujić & Radenković sp. nov., M. vittatus Vujić & Likov sp. nov., and M. zebra Vujić & Radenković sp. nov. Redescriptions are provided for the other three species: M. bombiformis Hull, 1944, M. multifasciatus Curran, 1939, and M. nasicus Bezzi, 1915. The female of M. bombiformis is described. The name Merodon edentulus Macquart, 1855 is considered here as a nomen dubium. One new synonymy is proposed: M. apimima Hull, 1944 syn. nov. (junior synonym of M. multifasciatus). The distribution of the bombiformis species group is discussed. The larval host plant of M. multifasciatus is identified as Gladiolus. A key to the identification of both males and females of the bombiformis group is provided.
Clinical, serological and epidemiological features of hepatitis A in León, Nicaragua
Authors: Jaisli Sophie , Mayorga Orlando , Flores Nadia , de Berti Sandra , Frösner Gustav , Herzog Christian , Zwahlen Marcel , Herzog Sereina A. 
Published: June 2021

Background and Objectives
To monitor and document the endemicity and disease burden of acute hepatitis A in the area of an ongoing vaccine effectiveness study in León, Nicaragua.

Methods
At community health centres in León, all children, adolescents and young adults presenting with jaundice and/or other clinical signs of hepatitis were offered free serologic screening (hepatitis A, B and C) and blood tests for liver enzymes and bilirubin. Clinical and socioeconomic data were collected with a structured questionnaire. Diagnosis of acute hepatitis A was confirmed by anti-HAV IgM testing. Using logistic regression we compared the characteristics and living conditions of acute hepatitis A cases with those of non-cases.

Results
Of 557 eligible subjects enrolled between May 2006 and March 2010, 315 (56.6%) were diagnosed with hepatitis A, 80.6% of them ≤10 years and five >18 years of age. No severe cases were encountered. Apart from jaundice (95.6%) and other signs of hepatitis A (fever, pale stool, dark urine, nausea, vomiting, anorexia), two thirds of patients had moderately raised liver enzymes. Cases occurred throughout the year, with highest incidences from August to March. Poor sanitary conditions and crowding were the main risk factors.

Conclusions
In the study area, hepatitis A is still highly endemic in young and school age children living in low socioeconomic conditions. There are, however, first indications that the endemicity level is shifting from high to high-intermediate.
Normal Values of Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter on Computed Tomography and effect of Raised Intracranial Pressure on Head Injury Patients in North Central Nigeria
Authors: Itanyi Ukamaka Dorothy , Leslie Adebukola Morenike , Chukwuegbo James Nwabueze 
Published: June 2021

Aim: To establish a local nomogram of Computed Tomographic measurement of Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter and determine the values that can objectively predict raised intracranial pressure.
Study design: observational retrospective study
Place and duration of study: Department of Radiology of University of Abuja teaching hospital, Abuja from March 2016 to February 2020.
Methodology: We included images of 356 patients referred to the Radiology department for brain CT. Data was grouped into three:(A) 200 non head injury patients as control,(B) head injury patients without radioclinical signs of raised ICP ,(C) head injury patients with at least one radiologic sign of raised ICP.ONSD obtained in axial scans at 3mm retrobulbar region at constant window width and level of 250/50 were analysed using SAS software version 9.3 and statistical level of significance set at 0.05.
Result: Mean ONSD of 200 normal patients was 4.4mm± 0.5 with no significant correlation with age and side. Mean ONSD of 118 head injury patients with CT signs of raised ICP was 6.0mm±0.7 while mean ONSD of 38 head injury patients without CT signs of raised ICP was 4.3mm±0.7. ONSD was slightly higher in patients with significant midline shift compared with patients without shift but no correlation with degree of shift. The ONSD value above which raised ICP can be predicted with the highest sensitivity and specificity was >5.2mm with Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (ROC) demonstrating an area under the curve of 0.9796 (p-value < 0.0001) with specificity of 93.5% and sensitivity of 90.7%.
Conclusion: There is a positive correlation between ONSD measurement on CT and intracranial pressure. This measurement is therefore recommended as an additional indirect radiological marker of raised ICP. Normal mean ONSD in a North-Central Nigerian population is 4.4mm± 0.5 with 5.2mm proposed as the upper limit of normal.
The effect of Topical Application of Honey Based Gel Containing Zingibar Officinale for Non Surgical Periodontal Maintenance
Authors: Puri Sneha , Bele Rashmi , Shewale Akhilesh , Malik Rajvir 
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Ginger and honey have shown to be effective against pathogens routinely encountered in periodontal infection. However, none of literature has shown antibacterial effect of ginger and honey on the levels of dental plaque when used as a gel.
Aim: To compare the effect of honey with ginger extract on the dental plaque levels and gingival health.
Methodology: Fifteen systemically healthy patients were randomly allocated to either the test group [G1(ginger and honey gel = 15 sites)] or the control group [G2 (Chlorhexidine gel = 15 sites]. Full mouth Gingival Index (GI) Full mouth Plaque Index (PI) were evaluated at baseline and on 7th day.
Results: The mean PI at baseline was 0.23 ± 0.02 (G1) and 0.29 ± 0.01 (G2) which was increased to 0.36 ± 0.01 (G1) and 0.37 ± 0.01 (G2) on 7th day. However, mean GI at baseline was 0.30 ± 0.04 (G1) and 0.34 ± 0.02 (G2) which was increased to 0.38 ± 0.03 (G1) and 0.43 ± 0.03 (G2) on 7th day.
Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the chlorhexidine gel and Natural gel containing Honey and Zingibar officinale both are effective in controlling plaque during the periodontal maintenance period.
Radiobiological evaluation considering setup error on single‐isocenter irradiation in stereotactic radiosurgery
Authors: Nakano Hisashi , Tanabe Satoshi , Sasamoto Ryuta , Takizawa Takeshi , Utsunomiya Satoru , Sakai Madoka , Nakano Toshimichi , Ohta Atsushi , Kaidu Motoki , Ishikawa Hiroyuki 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPurposeWe calculated the dosimetric indices and estimated the tumor control probability (TCP) considering six degree‐of‐freedom (6DoF) patient setup errors in stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) using a single‐isocenter technique.MethodsWe used simulated spherical gross tumor volumes (GTVs) with diameters of 1.0 cm (GTV 1), 2.0 cm (GTV 2), and 3.0 cm (GTV 3), and the distance (d) between the target center and isocenter was set to 0, 5, and 10 cm. We created the dose distribution by convolving the blur component to uniform dose distribution. The prescription dose was 20 Gy and the dose distribution was adjusted so that D95 (%) of each GTV was covered by 100% of the prescribed dose. The GTV was simultaneously rotated within 0°–1.0° (δR) around the x‐, y‐, and z‐axes and then translated within 0–1.0 mm (δT) in the x‐, y‐, and z‐axis directions. D95, conformity index (CI), and conformation number (CN) were evaluated by varying the distance from the isocenter. The TCP was estimated by translating the calculated dose distribution into a biological response. In addition, we derived the x‐y‐z coordinates with the smallest TCP reduction rate that minimize the sum of squares of the residuals as the optimal isocenter coordinates using the relationship between 6DoF setup error, distance from isocenter, and GTV size.ResultsD95, CI, and CN were decreased with increasing isocenter distance, decreasing GTV size, and increasing setup error. TCP of GTVs without 6DoF setup error was estimated to be 77.0%. TCP were 25.8% (GTV 1), 35.0% (GTV 2), and 53.0% (GTV 3) with (d, δT, δR) = (10 cm, 1.0 mm, 1.0°). The TCP was 52.3% (GTV 1), 54.9% (GTV 2), and 66.1% (GTV 3) with (d, δT, δR) = (10 cm, 1.0 mm, 1.0°) at the optimal isocenter position.ConclusionThe TCP in SRS for multiple brain metastases with a single‐isocenter technique may decrease with increasing isocenter distance and decreasing GTV size when the 6DoF setup errors are exceeded (1.0 mm, 1.0°). Additionally, it might be possible to better maintain TCP for GTVs with 6DoF setup errors by using the optimal isocenter position.
Efficient Drug Delivery into Skin Using a Biphasic Dissolvable Microneedle Patch with Water‐Insoluble Backing
Authors: Li Song , Xia Dengning , Prausnitz Mark R. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDissolvable microneedle patches (MNPs) enable simplified delivery of therapeutics via the skin. However, most dissolvable MNPs do not deliver their full drug loading to the skin because only some of the drug is localized in the microneedles (MNs), and the rest remains adhered to the patch backing after removal from the skin. In this work, biphasic dissolvable MNPs are developed by mounting water‐soluble MNs on a water‐insoluble backing layer. These MNPs enable the drug to be contained in the MNs without migrating into the patch backing due to the inability of the drugs to partition into the hydrophobic backing materials during MNP fabrication. In addition, the insoluble backing is poorly wetted upon MN dissolution in the skin, which significantly reduces drug residue on the MNP backing surface after application. These effects enable a drug delivery efficiency of >90% from the MNPs into the skin 5 min after application. This study shows that the biphasic dissolvable MNPs can facilitate efficient drug delivery to the skin, which can improve the accuracy of drug dosing and reduce drug wastage.
Interface Carriers and Enhanced Electron‐Phonon Coupling Effect in Al2O3/TiO2 Heterostructure Revealed by Resonant Inelastic Soft X‐Ray Scattering
Authors: Shao Yu‐Cheng , Kuo Cheng‐Tai , Feng Xuefei , Chuang Yi‐De , Seok Tae Jun , Choi Ji Hyeon , Park Tae Joo , Cho Deok‐Yong 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe electronic structure and the electron‐phonon couplings in a novel mass‐production‐compatible Al2O3/TiO2 2D electron system (2DES) are investigated using resonant inelastic soft X‐ray scattering. The experimental data from the samples of various TiO2 thicknesses unequivocally show that the Ti3+ state indeed exists at the deep interface to serve as an n‐type dopant for the 2DES. The electronic structure of Ti3+ species is scrutinized as entirely separated from that of the Ti4+ host lattice. Furthermore, features of sub‐eV energy loss phonon modes are clearly observed, indicating substantial electron‐phonon coupling effects. Such low energy loss features are enhanced in thinner TiO2 samples, implying that polaronic local lattice deformation is enhanced due to the presence of Ti3+. These findings suggest that the 2DES properties can be controlled via well‐established TiO2 engineering, thereby enthroning the binary oxide heterostructure as a promising candidate for 2DES device applications.
Simulations of energy storage requirements of wind energy facilities
Authors: Castelletto Stefania , Boretti Alberto 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWind‐energy facilities' key parameters for the attribution of the energy‐storage (ES) cost at the grid level are the nominal capacity of the facility P, the annual mean capacity factorεaand its SD using high‐frequency (HF) samplingσ. Here, we compareεaandσcalculated from measurements and resource‐based simulations. The energy production to the grid is available every 5 minutes for a specific year. Meteorological data are available hourly and not for the specific year, but only for the typical year, about ground level, and from stations located in towns and cities relatively far from the wind‐energy facilities. While the computed and measuredεaare in reasonable agreement, after tuning, the difference between the hourly σ is large. It is concluded that contemporary HF data of energy production and speed of the wind at hub height, plus other meteorological data, in the wind‐energy‐facility, are essential for validating presently inaccurate wind energy simulations.
Homogeneity or heterogeneity, the paradox of neurovascular pericytes in the brain
Authors: Zhang Huimin , Zhang Xiao , Hong Xiaoqi , Tong Xiaoping 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPericytes are one of the main components of the neurovascular unit. They play a critical role in regulating blood flow, blood–brain barrier permeability, neuroinflammation, and neuronal activity. In the central nervous system (CNS), pericytes are classified into three subtypes, that is, ensheathing, mesh, and thin‐strand pericytes, based on their distinct morphologies and region‐specific distributions. However, whether these three types of pericytes exhibit heterogeneity or homogeneity with regard to membrane properties has been understudied to date. Here, we combined bulk RNA sequencing analysis with electrophysiological methods to demonstrate that the three subtypes of pericytes share similar electrical membrane properties in the CNS, suggesting a homogenous population of neurovascular pericytes in the brain. Furthermore, we identified an inwardly rectifying potassium channel subtype Kir4.1 functionally expressed in pericytes. Electrophysiological patch clamp recordings indicate that Kir4.1 channel currents in pericytes represent a small portion of the K+ macroscopic currents in physiological conditions. However, a significant augmentation of Kir4.1 currents in pericytes was induced when the extracellular K+ was elevated to pathological levels, suggesting pericytes Kir4.1 channels might play an important role as K+ sensors and contribute to K+ homeostasis in local neurovascular networks in pathology.
Progress towards lead‐free, efficient, and stable perovskite solar cells
Authors: Thornton Sean T , Abdelmageed Ghada , Kahwagi Rashad F , Koleilat Ghada I 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSolar energy production requires an environmentally friendly, efficient, and stable light absorber. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as excellent candidate materials for photovoltaic (PV) energy conversion because of their low cost, ease of fabrication, flexibility, and versatility. However, typical high‐efficiency PSCs, like methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3), rely on the use of the chemical lead (Pb), whose toxicity and detrimental impact on human health and the environment raise strong concerns. Therefore, less toxic substitutes that produce the same high performance as MAPbI3 are of interest to enable a wide deployment of PSCs. Hence, much effort has focused on replacing Pb with other elements, such as tin (Sn), bismuth (Bi), antimony (Sb), and germanium (Ge) in perovskite materials, with the dual objectives of maintaining the superior optoelectronic properties of the perovskite and reducing its toxicity. In this review, the structure, optoelectronic properties, as well as recent advances in device performance of Pb‐free PSCs are highlighted. Moreover, the stability challenges of Pb‐free perovskite are detailed, and strategies to overcome them are discussed. Finally, a conclusion and outlook towards Pb‐free perovskite photovoltaics (PV) is provided. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Arachnoid Cysts of the Internal Auditory Canal: Multiplanar Magnetic Resonance Imaging With Audio‐Vestibular Correlates
Authors: Di Stadio Arianna , Dipietro Laura , Messineo Daniela , Ralli Massimo , Ricci Giampietro , Greco Antonio , Brenner Michael J. 
Published: June 2021

Objectives/HypothesisTo investigate prevalence, radiological characteristics, and functional correlates of arachnoid cysts (AC) of the internal auditory canal (IAC) region, including associations of nerve compression with auditory/vestibular symptoms and asymmetrical audiogram or vestibular testing.Study DesignRetrospective study.MethodsT2‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of IACs were retrospectively analyzed from 1247 patients with asymmetric auditory or vestibular symptoms. Patients with radiological findings of AC of the IAC were identified. Multiplanar analysis was used to analyze cyst position in the IAC and assess nerve displacement or compression. Size, position, and presence of nerve compression were correlated with symptoms.ResultsTwenty‐four patients had a cyst in the middle or fundus in the IAC. Diameter (P = .04) and position (P = .002) of AC were associated with symptoms. Sagittal analyses identified displacement versus compression (P = .003) more reliably than axial imaging. Symptom laterality was associated with the site of radiological abnormality. Vestibular nerve compression was associated with vertigo (P = .0001), and cochlear nerve compression was associated with auditory symptoms (P < .0001).ConclusionsIn a retrospective series of patients undergoing MRI of IACs for asymmetric auditory or vestibular impairment, clinical symptom profile correlated with blinded assessment of IAC lesions.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 131:2323–2331, 2021
Affine routing for robust network design
Authors: Al‐Najjar Yacine , Ben‐Ameur Walid , Leguay Jérémie , Elias Jocelyne 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTaking into account the dynamic nature of traffic in telecommunication networks, the robust network design problem is to fix the edge capacities so that all demand vectors belonging to a polytope can be routed. While a common heuristic for this co‐NP‐hard problem is to compute, in polynomial time, an optimal static routing, affine routing can be used to obtain better solutions. It consists in restricting the routing to affinely depend on the demands. We show that a node‐arc formulation is less conservative than an arc‐path formulation. We also provide a cycle‐based formulation that is equivalent to the node‐arc formulation. To further reduce the solution's cost, several new formulations are obtained by relaxing flow conservation constraints and aggregating demands. As might be expected, aggregation allows us to reduce the size of formulations. A more striking result is that aggregation reduces the solution's cost.
Effect of resin staging on frontal polymerization of dicyclopentadiene
Authors: Ziaee Morteza , Yourdkhani Mostafa 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn thermal frontal polymerization (FP), ambient temperature and staging conditions highly affect the resin behavior and front properties. This study describes the effect of staging conditions and resin reactivity on frontal ring opening metathesis polymerization of dicyclopentadiene in presence of phosphite‐inhibited second‐generation Grubbs catalyst. An experimental setup is designed to characterize and understand the effect of inhibitor concentration, incubation time, and incubation temperature on front velocity, activation time, and front temperature of the FP reaction. The results reveal that front properties are influenced by various factors, including available energy density of resin, stability of catalyst‐inhibitor complex, resin temperature, and resin viscosity. An increase in staging temperature results in lower pot lives but faster gelation process and activation of FP reaction. Additionally, increasing the inhibitor concentration leads to slower fronts, higher activation times, and longer pot lives. The results of this study can be extended to other FP systems and can be used in design of new manufacturing processes and applications using FP.
Feasibility of late acquisition [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT using a long axial field-of-view PET/CT scanner for the diagnosis of recurrent prostate cancer—first clinical experiences
Authors: Alberts Ian , Prenosil George , Mingels Clemens , Bohn Karl Peter , Viscione Marco , Sari Hasan , Rominger Axel , Afshar-Oromieh Ali 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Purpose
While acquisition of images in [68 Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 following longer uptake times can improve lesion uptake and contrast, resultant imaging quality and count statistics are limited by the isotope’s half-life (68 min). Here, we present a series of cases demonstrating that when performed using a long axial field-of-view (LAFOV) PET/CT system, late imaging is feasible and can even provide improved image quality compared to regular acquisitions.

Methods
In this retrospective case series, we report our initial experiences with 10 patients who underwent standard imaging at 1 h p.i. following administration of 192 ± 36 MBq [68 Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 with additional late imaging performed at 4 h p.i. Images were acquired in a single bed position for 6 min at 1 h p.i. and 16 min p.i. at 4 h p.i. using a LAFOV scanner (106 cm axial FOV). Two experienced nuclear medicine physicians reviewed all scans in consensus and evaluated overall image quality (5-point Likert scale), lesion uptake in terms of standardised uptake values (SUV), tumour to background ratio (TBR) and target-lesion signal to background noise (SNR).

Results
Subjective image quality as rated on a 5-point Likert scale was only modestly lower for late acquisitions (4.2/5 at 4 h p.i.; 5/5 1 h p.i.), TBR was significantly improved (4 h: 3.41 vs 1 h: 1.93, p < 0.001) and SNR was improved with borderline significance (4 h: 33.02 vs 1 h: 24.80, p = 0.062) at later imaging. Images were obtained with total acquisition times comparable to routine examinations on standard axial FOV scanners.

Conclusion
Late acquisition in tandem with a LAFOV PET/CT resulted in improvements in TBR and SNR and was associated with only modest impairment in subjective visual imaging quality. These data show that later acquisition times for [68 Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 may be preferable when performed on LAFOV systems.