bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ustilago vaillantii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ustilago vaillantii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Species of
Bellevalia, Chionodoxa, Muscari, Scilla, Albuca altissima, Eucomis punctata, Gagea lutea, Hyacinthus ciliatus
. DISEASE: Anther smut of
Muscari, Chionodoxa, Scilla
and many other small spring-flowering
Liliaceae
. Infection is systemic, and when severe results in failure to flower and occasionally death of the bulbs. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in western Europe, extending eastwards to USSR; China and Japan; North Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Morocco); South Africa; USA. TRANSMISSION: No experimental evidence available, but presumably ustilospores are dispersed by wind, water-splash and pollinating insects to bulbs and seedlings. Once established, infection passes from parent to new-formed bulbs.
Entomophthora planchoniana
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Wilding N. , Brady B. L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Entomophthora planchoniana
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) including species of
Cinarinae, Chaitophorinae
and
Drepanosiphanae
which are not usually attacked by the other common species of the
Entomophthorales
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread, including Europe, N. & S. America, Australasia, Asia. DISEASE: Aphids become infected by a germ tube from an adhering conidium penetrating the cuticle. Naturally green aphids killed by this species are straw coloured and those filled with resting spores are grey. Black aphids turn reddish-brown. The rhizoids issuing from infected large aphids viewed from the side suggest stout supports. In N. Europe this species persists in aphid populations in warmer and drier conditions than all the other species attacking aphids except
Neozygites fresenii
. It frequently infects cereal aphids infesting the ears of cereals whereas
Erynia neoaphidis
is usually restricted to aphids on the leaves of the plant where conditions are less extreme.
Ascochyta paspali
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ascochyta paspali
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Paspalum dilatatum
(dallis grass), (and
P
.
floridanum
var.
glabratum
). DISEASE: Leaf blotch or streak of
Paspalum
spp. The visible symptoms are yellowish brown to grey lesions developing at the leaf tip and subsequently involving the entire leaf and sometimes the sheath. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australasia (New Zealand); South America (Argentina) and North America (? USA). TRANSMISSION: The fungus occurs in
Paspalum
as an endophyte (Buchanan, 1984). The mycelium has been reported to grow systemically in xylem vessels of roots, leaves and inflorescences. Conidia are dispersed by rain splash and the fungus has been isolated from seeds. It has been suggested that the fungus might overwinter as mycelium within roots, crowns and infected seeds.
Phoma sorghina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phoma sorghina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Gramineae
and all kinds of plants. Also isolated from soil, air and various animal sources. DISEASE: A minor leaf spot of cereals and grasses. The visible symptoms vary considerably; on sorghum leaves spots are usually irregular or rounded, yellowish-brown or grey with definite reddish-purple margins or indefinite in outline, reaching 1 cm or more in width. Pycnidia develop within spots on leaves, glumes and seeds. Also the fungus has been implicated with pre- and post-emergence death of seedlings of
Macroptilium
and
Sylosanthes
species (54, 1779) crown rot of bananas (61, 3556), leaf spot of
Agave americana
and stem rot of
Euphorbia tirucalli
(63, 3383), brown stem canker of
Leucosperum cordifolium
(56, 253). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: A ubiquitous fungus occurring in tropical and subtropical regions. Africa (Botswana, Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gambia, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe); Asia (Bangladesh, Brunei, Burma, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, USSR); Australasia and Oceania (Australia, Hawaii, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands); Europe (Germany, Portugal, Italy, UK); North America (Canada, USA); Central America and West Indies (Antigua, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, Trinidad); South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia). TRANSMISSION: Probably by contaminated seed; the fungus has been found on or isolated from several seed samples (1, 289; 33, 599; 47, 2153; 54, 1779; 60, 367; 61, 4102). In Taiwan
P. sorghina
has been found to be transmitted from seed to seedlings (62, 4281). The fungus has also been claimed to persist on trash and weed hosts and remain viable up to 1 yr but lose its viability after 2 yr storage on dry infected leaves (Koch & Rumbold, 1921).
Septoria vignae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Septoria vignae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Vigna unguiculata
(cowpea) (=
V. sinensis
); also on
V. lanceolata
. DISEASE: Leaf spots of cowpea. The visible symptoms are chocolate brown to rust brown spots, paler below with pale or whitish centres. The spots are amphigenous but more prominent on the upper side of the leaf, usually rounded or irregular, up to 6 mm wide, occasionally coalescing to form larger spots with well defined margins. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Botswana, Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe); Asia (India, Hong Kong); Australasia and Oceania (Australia, Queensland, New South Wales); South America (Brazil, Bahia). TRANSMISSION: No specific studies reported; presumably by conidia dispersed by water splash. The fungus might overwinter on crop debris left in the field.
Phytophthora palmivora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stamps D. J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phytophthora palmivora
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A wide range; 138 species of economic, ornamental, shade and hedge plants were listed (48, 337-344). DISEASE: Black pod and canker of cacao; patch canker, black stripe and leaf fall of
Hevea
rubber; bud rot of coconut and other palms; fruit and stem rot of pawpaw; root rots and damping-off of seedlings. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide in tropical and warm temperature regions with high rainfall. TRANSMISSION: In cacao by direct contact between diseased and healthy pods, by rain splash from diseased pods, leaves and infested soil, and by insect vectors and ant tents. In rubber by rain. Soil as a source of inoculum for pawpaw root rot.
Phytophthora meadii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stamps D. J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phytophthora meadii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Principally
Hevea
rubber; others include cacao, cardamom,
Ficus, Piper
, pineapple. DISEASE: Abnormal leaf fall of rubber. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Burma, China, India, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam), Australia (Queensland), Oceania (Hawaii). (CMI Map 548, ed.1, 1982). TRANSMISSION: By rain water. Sporulating lesions on rubber fruits are sources of inoculum.
Cladosporium allii-cepae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cladosporium allii-cepae
[Mycosphaerella allii-cepae]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Allium cepa
DISEASE: Leaf blotch. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (British Isles). TRANSMISSION: Possibly from contaminated debris but no clear evidence (61, 6765). There is no evidence that the pathogen overwinters on plant debris (62, 5055).
Phaeoisariopsis bonducellae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phaeoisariopsis bonducellae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Caesalpinia bonducella
(Bonduc nut). DISEASE: Leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India (Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal)). South America (Brazil). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air borne conidia. Survival mechanisms unknown.
Phaeoisariopsis griseola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phaeoisariopsis griseola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Members of the
Leguminosae
including
Desmodium cephalotus, D. gangeticum, D. pulchellum, Dolichos lablab, Phaseolus acutifolius, P. angularis, P. calcaratus, P. coccineus, P. lunatus, P. mungo, P. vulgaris
, and also
Hibiscus esculentus
[Abelmoschus esculentus]
(Malvaceae). DISEASE: Angular leaf spot of beans, including development of pod lesions. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Angola, Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Malagasy Republic, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Reunion, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa (Natal), Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe), Asia (Bhutan, China (Xunnan, Jiangsu, Guangxi), India (Kerala, Mysore, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh), Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Iran, Israel, Japan, Korea, Laos, Malaysia (West, Sabah, Sarawak), Nepal, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, U.S.S.R. (Caucasus, Republic of Georgia, Krasnodar)), Australasia & Oceania (Australia (NSW, Qd, Vic.), Fiji, Hawaii, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Norfolk Island, Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea), Europe (Bulgaria, Greece, Irish Republic, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Rumania, Sardinia, Spain, Switzerland, Yugoslavia), North America (Mexico, U.S.A. (Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, ME, MD, Maine, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New York, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, Wisconsin)), Central America & West Indies (Antilles, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Haiti, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, Salvador, Trinidad & Tobago), South America & Southern Atlantic (Argentina, Brazil (Minas Gerais), Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, St Helena, Surinam, Venezuela). TRANSMISSION: From plant litter from previous years crop (57, 2704); Only a small number (< 2%) of seeds from a diseased crop were infected (60, 4739); Epidemiology (64, 3238). Conidia in plant debris remain viable for 8 months in the field whereas dormant mycelium in the seeds remains viable for > 1 year (60, 2314).
Ramularia rigidula
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Wilson S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ramularia rigidula
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Polygonum aviculare, P. erectum
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
P. aviculare
. Lesions frequently found at leaf tip and margin, irregular, rust-brown with dark brown border, sporulation occurs on both sides of leaf. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION:
Europe
: Austria, France;
Asia
: USSR;
North America
: USA (Indiana, Nebraska, Wisconsin). TRANSMISSION: Not known, probably wind dispersal by air-borne spores.
Ramularia winteri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ingham J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ramularia winteri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Ononis repens, O. spinosa
, Restharrow. DISEASE: On living and fading leaves of
Ononis
spp. not forming definite spots. Sporulation is known to occur in August. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Austria, Germany, Great Britain). TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of air-borne conidia.
Setosphaeria prolata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Setosphaeria prolata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Cucumis, Eragrostis, Triticum, Zea
. DISEASE: Leaf spot associated with the anamorph. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Ethiopia, Guatemala, Kenya, Jamaica, USA. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia.
Xanthomonas campestris pv. graminis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Reay K. E. , Preece T. F. , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas campestris pv. graminis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Lolium italicum, L. multiflorum, L. perenne, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca pratensis
, and
Trisetum flavescens
. Single cases of natural infection of
Agropyron repens, Phalaris arundinacea
and
Phleum pratense
are also recorded (62, 241), but their status in the natural host range is unknown. In inoculation tests (Egli
et al.
, 1975; Egli & Schmidt, 1982) the following were highly susceptible:
Alopecurus pratensis, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, F. pratensis, F. rubra, Lolium loliaceum, L. multiforum, L
.
parabolicae, L. perenne, L. remotum, L. temulentum, Phleum arenarium
and
P. bertolonii
. Showing much less susceptibility were
Agrostis alba, Arrhenatherum elatius, Phleum alpinum, P. phleoides, P. pratense, Poa annua, P. compressa, P. fertilis, P. memoralis, P. pratensis
and
P. trivialis
. Leyns
et al.
(61, 6162) found that
Agrosas tenuis
and
Festuca ovina
were moderately susceptible when inoculated. Egli
et al.
(1975) recorded doubtful symptoms on
Hordeum vulgare
and
Triacum aestivam
on inoculation, but consider that they are unlikely to be naturally infected. DISEASE: Bacterial wilt of forage grasses. Symptoms usually first noticed at the heading stage, when young leaves curl and wither, and shoots remain stunted or may die. Other plants will continue to make poor growth and produce small, distorted inflorescences. Chlorotic and necrotic zones form on the older leaves along long stretches of vascular bundles, often extending into the sheaths. Bacterial streaming may be seen under the microscope from the cut ends of vascular bundles of infected tissue mounted in water. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: CMI Map 533, ed. 1, 1979 lists France, Germany, Switzerland and Wales, to which must be added Scotland (63, 2925), Belgium (61, 4199), Netherlands, Norway (62, 241), and New Zealand (62, 241). Possibly in USA (IL; 61, 5045) though this disease is currently attributed to a
Rickettsia-
like organism. TRANSMISSION: Within the crop transmission is presumed to be by the blades of mowing machines.
Pseudocercospora contraria
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Little S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pseudocercospora contraria
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Dioscoria
spp. DISEASE: Leaf spot of yams. Plant growth is not affected, but in severe infections some of the leaves, especially the older ones may be totally covered by the leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (most countries); Asia: India, Indonesia (Java). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by wind-borne and water-splash dispersed conidia.
Cercospora malayensis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Little S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cercospora malayensis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Hibiscus abelmoschus
(musk mallow),
H. cannabinus
(deccan hemp),
H. esculentus
(okra),
H. fisculatus, H. mutabilis, H. sabdariffa, H. suranensis, Euphorbia pulcherrima, Sphaeralcea cisplaniina
. DISEASE: Leaf spot or brown leaf spot of
Hibiscus
spp. The first symptoms are yellowish patches on the leaf surface. These then become necrotic and gradually expand into irregular greyish brown leaf spots with dark brown to purple borders, surrounded by a pale yellow halo. Ultimately the necrotic areas become shrivelled and crack (30, 445). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: The fungus is found wherever
Hibiscus
is cultivated (Chupp & Sherf, 1960). Africa: Ethiopia, Ghana, Mauritius, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe; Asia: Borneo, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines; Australasia: Fiji, Papua New Guinea; North America: West Indies (Jamaica, Trinidad, Cuba); South America: Colombia, Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by wind-borne and rain-splash dispersed conidia.
Pseudocercospora timorensis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Little S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pseudocercospora timorensis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Ipomoea batatas
(sweet potato),
I
.
biloba, I. campanulata, I. cordofana, I. muricata, I. peltata, I. setifera
.DISEASE: Leaf spot or brown leaf spot of sweet potato. Small circular lesions first form on the leaf borders and tips before spreading over the leaf surface. These leaf spots enlarge becoming brown to dark brown in colour with a verruculose surface. The larger leaf veins may delimit the spots. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: most countries; Asia: Hong-Kong, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Taiwan; Australasia: Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands; North America: West Indies (St Lucia). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by wind-borne and water-splash dispersed conidia.
Acremonium tsugae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Williams M. A. J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Acremonium tsugae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Tsuga heterophylla
(western hemlock). DISEASE: Canker. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America: Canada. TRANSMISSION: Unknown; possibly by insects.
Cercospora rubro-tincta
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Williams M. A. J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cercospora rubro-tincta
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Prunus amygdalus
[Prunus dulcis]
; also
P. avium
and
P. communis
.DISEASE: Leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Libya, Zimbabwe; Asia: India, Israel; Europe: Cyprus, Malta; North America: USA. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air-borne, or rain-splash dispersed conidia.
Colpoma quercinum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Colpoma quercinum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Quercus lanuginosa, Q. pedunculata, Q. robur, Quercus
sp. DISEASE: Die-back of oak. The evidence on degree of pathogenicity and mode of entry into the substratum is conflicting. It has been suggested by Twyman (1946) that the fungus is pathogenic and infects through mechanical wounds or damage caused by certain insect larvae. Boddy & Rayner (1984), however, argued that the apparent rapidity and exclusiveness with which
C. quercinum
becomes established in twigs after fall suggests that it may be present before fall in a latent form, perhaps in the bark. Endobiotic latency is thought to be a common phenomenon in the
Rhytismataceae
, the family to which
C. quercinum
belongs, so this explanation is probably more accurate. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Pakistan, USSR (Caucasus). Europe: Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, England, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Romania, Scotland, Sweden, Switzerland, USSR (Russia), Wales. Collections identified as this fungus are known from North America, but further research is needed to establish whether they are truly identical. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in humid conditions.
Lophodermella maureri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Lophodermella maureri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus ayacahuite
. DISEASE: Needle blight of mountain pines. In Mexico ascomata open around mid-June and continue to discharge ascospores through July. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America: Mexico. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air-borne ascospores in humid conditions. Experiments aimed at controlling this fungus have been carried out in Mexico (Cibrian, pers. comm.) involving spraying with Maneb using a spreader sticker during July and August.
Alternaria gossypina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Alternaria gossypina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Gossypium
spp. DISEASE: Leaf spot and cotton boll rot. This fungus can cause yellowing of leaves and defoliation as well as spoilage of cotton bolls. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Ivory Coast, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa, Sudan, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Asia: India, Iran, Pakistan. Australasia: Australia (Western Australia). Europe: Italy, Yugoslavia. North America: USA (Louisiana, South Carolina). South America: Trinidad. TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of airborne conidia, usually favoured by warm and moist conditions.
Alternaria kikuchiana
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Alternaria kikuchiana
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pyrus serotina
[Pyrus pyrifolia]
, the Japanese Pear. DISEASE: Pear black spot. Infections cause a serious disfigurement of fruit, but may also occur on leaves and young shoots. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Japan. TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of airborne conidia. Conidial production is favoured by warm and moist conditions.