bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LA QUETE MUSICALE DE L’AUTHENTICITE : UN TRANSFERT SUR L’INOUÏ OU PORTRAIT DES « BAROQUEUX » EN AVENTURIERS DU TIMBRE PERDU
Authors: Vivès Jean-Michel 
Published: November 2021

L'auteur de cet article s'attache à décrire les phénomènes psychiques qui ont présidé au mouvement baroque où des musiciens ont tenté de retrouver les sons qui étaient ceux qui avaient vu naître les œuvres interprétées. Il se concentre sur la façon dont l’interprète tente d’approcher un son nouveau, non encore advenu, qu’il appelle le « transfert sur l’inouï ». Il y brosse un portrait des « baroqueux » en aventuriers d’un timbre perdu. Leur désir d’authenticité des interprètes serait celui de réentendre des timbres qui n’avaient plus cours. Il approche les qualités de ce timbre à travers le parallèle entre André Schaeffner et Philippe Beaussant, et à travers eux entre les musiques africaines et l’aventure baroque : présence du bruit, du tremblé ou du trouble dans le son, qui aurait le pouvoir de convoquer au-delà de l'enveloppe sonore la dimension du réel.
Risk of Infection Associated With Administration of Intravenous Iron
Authors: Shah Akshay A. , Donovan Killian , Seeley Claire , Dickson Edward A. , Palmer Antony J. R. , Doree Carolyn , Brunskill Susan , Reid Jack , Acheson Austin G. , Sugavanam Anita , Litton Edward , Stanworth Simon J. 
Published: November 2021

ImportanceIntravenous iron is recommended by many clinical guidelines based largely on its effectiveness in reducing anemia. However, the association with important safety outcomes, such as infection, remains uncertain.ObjectiveTo examine the risk of infection associated with intravenous iron compared with oral iron or no iron.Data SourcesMedline, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were searched for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) from 1966 to January 31, 2021. Ongoing trials were sought from ClinicalTrials.gov, CENTRAL, and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Search Registry Platform.Study SelectionPairs of reviewers identified RCTs that compared intravenous iron with oral iron or no iron across all patient populations, excluding healthy volunteers. Nonrandomized studies published since January 1, 2007, were also included. A total of 312 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility.Data Extraction and SynthesisData extraction and risk of bias assessments were performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) and Cochrane recommendations, and the quality of evidence was assessed using the GRADE (Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) approach. Two reviewers extracted data independently. A random-effects model was used to synthesize data from RCTs. A narrative synthesis was performed to characterize the reporting of infection.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was risk of infection. Secondary outcomes included mortality, hospital length of stay, and changes in hemoglobin and red blood cell transfusion requirements. Measures of association were reported as risk ratios (RRs) or mean differences.ResultsA total of 154 RCTs (32 762 participants) were included in the main analysis. Intravenous iron was associated with an increased risk of infection when compared with oral iron or no iron (RR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.03-1.29; I2 = 36%; moderate certainty of evidence). Intravenous iron also was associated with an increase in hemoglobin (mean difference, 0.57 g/dL; 95% CI, 0.50-0.64 g/dL; I2 = 94%) and a reduction in the risk of requiring a red blood cell transfusion (RR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.76-0.89; I2 = 15%) when compared with oral iron or no iron. There was no evidence of an effect on mortality or hospital length of stay.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this large systematic review and meta-analysis, intravenous iron was associated with an increased risk of infection. Well-designed studies, using standardized definitions of infection, are required to understand the balance between this risk and the potential benefits.
T
lymphocytes: Activation
Authors: Oeste Clara L , Alarcón Balbino 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

T‐lymphocyte activation is triggered by interaction of the T‐cell receptor (TCR) with antigens. Full activation of these immune cells requires three distinct signals: TCR activation, costimulatory receptor engagement (i.e. CD28) and cytokine recognition through their receptors (i.e. IL‐2). The immunological synapse forms at the contact between T lymphocytes and antigen‐presenting cells (APC), providing a platform where receptors form microclusters, thus enhancing cooperative signalling through conformational changes. Initial steps of TCR signalling are transmitted through these conformational changes to induce a recruitment cascade of adaptor proteins, tyrosine kinases, coreceptors or integrins. The distinct signalling pathways activated upon antigen binding to the TCR include Ras/MAPK, PI3K, Rho/Rac or Ca
2+
/calcineurin, among others, as well as negative regulators. All these integrated signals result in T‐lymphocyte progression towards unique proliferative and differentiation patterns that modulate immune responses.

Key Concepts

T‐lymphocyte activation is triggered by antigen recognition by TCRs on T cells, giving rise to the immunological synapse.

Costimulatory receptors and cytokines are also required for full activation of T cells.

Conformational changes in clustered TCR at the immunological synapse transmit signals towards coreceptors, tyrosine kinases or adaptors.

Downstream effectors of the TCR include proteins from many signalling pathways, that is Ras/MAPK, PI3K, Rho/Rac or PKCθ, which ultimately modulate transcription factors such as AP‐1, NF‐κB or NFAT.

Activation of diverse signalling cascades through the TCR results in clonal expansion and differentiation of T lymphocytes.

TCR clustering allows for signal regulation by maintaining a spatiotemporal distinction at the immunological synapse between active TCRs and TCRs to be recycled or degraded.
Allergens
Authors: Goodman Richard E , Tetteh Afua O 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Allergens are proteins or in rare cases, small molecular weight haptens that bind human proteins and induce IgE antibody production. The IgE binds surface FcϵR1 receptors on mast cells and basophils and stimulate release of histamine and other mediators when cross‐linked by allergen. These elicitors stimulate symptoms of allergy intended to expel parasitic worms and skin parasites including the scabies and possibly protection against toxic venoms. Allergen epitopes are segments of the proteins bound by MHCII and T helper cell receptors or by IgE from B cells. The T helper cells direct B cells to produce IgE rather than IgG. Circulating IgE circulates binds FcϵRI receptors on mast cells and basophils. Allergens bound by at least two IgE antibodies causes release of histamine and other mediators causing serum leakage, smooth muscle contraction and diverse symptoms: hives, angioedema, bronchoconstriction, asthma, diarrhoea, hypotension and anaphylaxis. Reactions occur rapidly after contact with allergen. This review discusses common allergens, allergen databases, and risks of allergy.

Key Concepts

Allergy is an adaptive immune response that requires previous immune education.

Antigen‐presenting cells process and present peptides of proteins to T cells to determine specificity.

Antigen specific T cells are important in switching B cells that are making IgM or IgD or in some cases, IgG to switch isotypes to make IgE antibodies.

IgE antibodies bind FcϵRI receptors on mast cells and basophils.

The mast cells and basophils make histamine, tryptase and leukotrienes that are released upon activation and trigger allergic symptoms.

Some IgG antibodies or IgA that recognise the same epitope as the IgE can block IgE binding to allergens.

Immunotherapy with the allergen may help develop tolerance and blocking antibodies that prevent allergic reactions.

Diagnosis of allergy requires careful clinical history, plausibility of exposure and measurement of IgE specific binding as well as clinical reactivity.
Covid‐19: Medical, Social and Psychological Aspects
Authors: Lederman Zohar 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Prior to 2002, viruses from the coronavirus family were hardly known, mainly causing mild sickness in immunocompetent patients in China. Since then, several pandemics, caused by this family, made it infamous. Covid‐19 is the largest pandemic since the influenza epidemic at the end of the First World War and is likely to change the world as previously known.

Key Concepts

Covid‐19 has affected human health globally both directly and indirectly.

While no one was initially immune to the virus, people were affected to various degrees, such that vulnerable populations were affected to a larger degree.

There will be other pandemics, and we should better prepare for the next one.

Solidarity focuses on our similarities, while justice obliges us to address our differences when they cause health inequity.

Infectious diseases are a major threat to human public health.
Homology in Character Evolution
Authors: Staton Joseph L 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Homology forms the basis of organisation for comparative biology. Richard Owen's simple definition of homology as the ‘same organ in different animals under every variety of form and function’ takes on new meaning in light of Darwin's concept of descent with modification. The modern study of comparative biology and phylogenetics is grounded in the notion that organisms sharing a greater proportion of homologous (i.e. ‘derived’) characteristics share a more recent common ancestry. Instead of solely being the purview of anatomical study, homology of these characteristics can be applied at the level of molecular evolution, genomic organisation and modern evolutionary developmental biology (‘evo/devo’). Aspects of homology help us formulate hypotheses about the meaning of changes in homologous structures in the inference of evolution of organisms at all levels of biological organisation.

Key Concepts

Darwin's theory of descent with modification restructured Owen's concept of positional similarity.

Ancestral ‘types’ are artificial attempts to combine major lineage features into a single progenitor.

Evolution of traits can be used to assess lineage history through phylogenetics inference at multiple levels: DNA primary sequence, genomic organisation, developmental pathways or gross morphology.

Pattern forming genes can give other insight into the factors leading to shifts in morphology.

Deep homology may elucidate early evolutionary events, but these must be taken in context since such information can be only similar and descent with modification often retools preexisting pathways to be applied in novel ways. Appearance of commonality may be only similarity.
Human Populations: Origins and Evolution
Authors: Barbujani Guido 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

We can reconstruct aspects of our shared history as
Homo sapiens
from the bones of ancestors who have lived and died over the past 200 000 years, from the archaeological traces they left behind, and from DNA. Fossil, archaeological and genetic evidence agree in showing that all living humans trace back their ancestry to Africa. Around 100 000 years ago, anatomically modern humans dispersed from there, eventually giving rise to all non‐African populations. The timing, the consequences and many details of the evolutionary processes accompanying such dispersion are still under investigation but can be inferred from patterns of genomic variation among individuals and populations, and from the study of ancient DNA. This way, we have been able to reconstruct aspects of human evolution and prehistory in a previously unconceivable detail. Open questions include the extent and consequences of
Homo sapiens
interactions with archaic human forms, the routes followed by the populations expanding out of Africa, and the often complex relationships between modern ethnic identities and genetic ancestry.

Key Concepts

Populations of anatomically modern human originated in Africa, probably not in a single place and not necessarily at the same time

Despite human populations being much larger, the overall human genetic diversity is the lowest in all primates, and these small differences are mainly accounted for by individual differences within populations

Variation has been observed at more than 20% of nucleotide sites in our 3.3 billion nucleotide‐pairs genome, but a typical genome differs from the reference human genome at 4.1–5.0 million sites, that is less than 0.2% of the total genome length

In a typical genome, there are 2100–2500 structural variants, affecting another 0.8% of its total length

African genomes harbour more diversity than those from any other continent, and a large share of the genetic diversity in these continents is represented by subsets of African alleles.

Patterns of genetic resemblance in humans are far more complicated than any scheme of racial classification can account

The Neandertal contribution to non‐African genomes is currently estimated between 1.5 and 2.1%, whereas Denisovan ancestry seems largely limited to Melanesian and Oceanian populations (4–6%)

Research is in progress to establish whether models of single or multiple dispersals from Africa better account for current genome diversity
Industrial Melanism
Authors: Grant Bruce S 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIndustrial melanism refers to the evolution of dark body colours in animal species that live in habitats blackened by industrial soot. The phenomenon has been documented in numerous species that hide from predators by blending in with their backgrounds. Peppered moths provide one example. Before the industrial revolution, peppered moths in the UK were speckled, pale grey, but after their habitats became polluted with soot from coal‐fired industries, melanic (black) phenotypes became numerous and spread to other regions. Away from industrial centres, the pale phenotype remained common. Following clean air legislation a century later, the atmosphere improved, soot‐damaged habitats gradually recovered, and the pale phenotype returned as the predominant form. Parallel changes have occurred in America. The melanic and pale phenotypes are determined by genes, and the changes in their percentages in populations reflect natural selection. Experiments identify bird predation on the moth phenotypes as the primary agent of selection.Key ConceptsThe natural colour patterns of animals are adaptations produced by natural selection.A change in frequency (percentage) of genetically determined phenotypes in natural populations is direct evidence of evolutionary change.Mutations introduce new genetic variation to a population, but recurrent mutations occur too rarely to bring about rapid changes in the frequency of genes.Random changes in the frequency of genes (genetic drift) are irregular and unpredictable in direction.Directional, rapid changes in the frequency of genetically determined phenotypes in populations result from natural selection.Historical records on phenotypic frequencies from population samples allow the assessment of natural selection.Gene flow (migration) retards genetic differentiation among geographically widespread populations.Clines indicate different selection pressures along environmental gradients; when selection is removed, migration homogenises the differences along a cline.Parallel evolution is ‘nature's replicate experiment’.
Discovery of a Novel Amino Lipid That Improves Lipid Nanoparticle Performance through Specific Interactions with mRNA
Authors: Cornebise Mark , Narayanan Elisabeth , Xia Yan , Acosta Edward , Ci Lei , Koch Hillary , Milton Jaclyn , Sabnis Staci , Salerno Timothy , Benenato Kerry E. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractLipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are capable of delivering messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) efficiently and systemically as a result of both particle composition and architecture. The particle architecture is determined by how the various components interact with one another to establish a stable equilibrium through self‐assembly. The Coulombic attraction between the anionic oligonucleotide cargo and the ionizable amino lipid within the encapsulation media contributes to the coalescence of the particles, but other interactions are also involved. Prior exploration of amino lipids for mRNA delivery via a traditional medicinal chemistry approach suggests that hydrogen bonding between a hydroxyl headgroup and the mRNA contributes to improved LNP in vivo expression. Herein, expansion of that work culminating in the discovery of a novel squaramide lipid that enables robust LNPs with high levels of expression is described. Molecular dynamics simulations and biophysical evidence both support the hypothesis that the squaramide is making specific interactions with mRNA resulting in particles with a more stable and efficient structure.
Interface‐Enhanced Ferromagnetism with Long‐Distance Effect in van der Waals Semiconductor
Authors: Zhu Wenxuan , Song Cheng , Han Lei , Bai Hua , Wang Qian , Yin Siqi , Huang Lin , Chen Tongjin , Pan Feng 
Published: November 2021

AbstractFerromagnetic semiconductors discovered in 2D materials open an avenue for highly integrated and multifunctional spintronics. The Curie temperature (TC) of existing 2D ferromagnetic semiconductors is extremely low and the modulation effect of their magnetism is limited compared with their 2D metallic counterparts. The interfacial effect is found to effectively manipulate the 3D magnetism, providing a unique opportunity for tailoring the 2D magnetism. Here, it is demonstrated that the TC of a 2D ferromagnetic semiconductor Cr2Ge2Te6 (CGT) can be enhanced by 130% (from ≈65 K to above 150 K) when adjacent to a tungsten layer. The interfacial W–Te bonding contributes to the TC enhancement with a strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, guaranteeing efficient magnetization switching by the spin‐orbit torque with a low current density at 150 K. Distinct from the rapid attenuation in conventional magnets, the interfacial effect exhibits a weak dependence on CGT thickness and a long‐distance effect (more than 10 nm) due to the weak interlayer coupling inherent to 2D magnets. This work not only reveals a unique interfacial behavior in 2D materials, but also advances the process toward practical 2D spintronics.
Binder‐Free ω‐Li3V2O5 Catalytic Network with Multi‐Polarization Centers Assists Lithium–Sulfur Batteries for Enhanced Kinetics Behavior
Authors: Yang Bin Ze , Xie Ping , Luo Qin , Li Zhi Wei , Zhou Cai Ying , Yin Yan Hong , Liu Xian Bin , Li Ye Sheng , Wu Zi Ping 
Published: November 2021

AbstractLithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) have tremendous attractive interest for their high theoretical energy density, natural abundance, and environmental friendliness. However, the commercialization remains constrained by the shuttle effect and sluggish kinetics of polysulfides. Herein, a spraying/discharging strategy is employed to fabricate binder‐free ω‐Li3V2O5 (ω‐LVO) catalytic network with multi‐polarization centers by intercalating Li‐ions into tetrahedral V2O5 for addressing the mentioned issues. Li (0.51 eV) and V (0.57 eV), which have a strong positive electric potential, and O (−0.57 eV), which has a strong negative electric potential, exhibit high polarity that can capture polysulfides effectively. In addition, the amounts of the polarity sites would be significantly increased because the catalyst is composed of light elements. Therefore, the ω‐LVO octahedron can catalyze polysulfides to short‐chains sufficiently. The blue shift in synchronous ultraviolet‐visible spectra and ultra‐low Tafel plots of 34 and 20 mV dec−1 at two discharge plateaus demonstrate excellent kinetics behavior even with a low catalyst loading. Furthermore, the conductive networks facilitate electronic/ionic transmission and thereby boost their electrochemical performances. This work offers an efficacious method to promote kinetics behaviors and lessen the gap between theoretical specific capacities and future commercialization of LSBs.
Quenching‐Resistant Multiresonance TADF Emitter Realizes 40% External Quantum Efficiency in Narrowband Electroluminescence at High Doping Level
Authors: Jiang Pengcheng , Miao Jingsheng , Cao Xiaosong , Xia Han , Pan Ke , Hua Tao , Lv Xialei , Huang Zhongyan , Zou Yang , Yang Chuluo 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMultiresonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR‐TADF) emitters manifest great potential for organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) due to their high exciton‐utilization efficiency and narrowband emission. Nonetheless, their tendency toward self‐quenching caused by strong interchromophore interactions would induce doping sensitivity and deteriorate the device performances, and effective strategy to construct quenching‐resistant emitters without sacrifycing color purity is still to be developed. By segregating the planar MR‐TADF skeleton using two bulky carbazolyl units, herein a highly emissive molecule with enhanced quenching resistance is reported. The steric effect largely removes the formation of detrimental excimers/aggregates, and boosts the performance of the corresponding devices with a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) up to 40.0% and full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 25 nm, representative of the only example of single OLED that can concurrently achieve narrow bandwidth and high EL efficiency surpassing 40% to date. Even at doping ratio of 30 wt%, the EQEmax is retained to be 33.3% with nearly unchanged emission spectrum. This work provides a viable approach to realize doping‐insensitive MR‐TADF devices with extreme EL efficiency and color purity for high‐end OLED displays.
A Multifunctional Flexible Ferroelectric Transistor Sensor for Electronic Skin
Authors: Liu Weilin , Lin Dong , Zeng Wanyu , Wang Qinhao , Yang Jiang , Peng Zengchong , Zhang Qun , Zhu Guodong 
Published: November 2021

AbstractElectronic skin (E‐skin) is a device that mimics the functions of human skin and is attracting more and more attention as a novel platform for human–machine interaction, health diagnostics, therapeutics, robotics, prosthesis, and monitoring. Here, a flexible ferroelectric field‐effect transistor (FeFET) is developed as a multifunctional sensor prototype for electronic skin. Ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride trifluoroethylene) and amorphous tungsten‐doped indium oxide are utilized to construct the FeFET. The device possesses three‐in‐one sensing performance. It can monitor external stress with a linear sensitivity of 4.6 nA kPa−1 in broad pressure range between 50 Pa and 150 kPa and detect temperature change between 0 and 70 °C. Electrostatic interaction further endows the device with proximity sensing function to perceive the approach of a charged object. The device is further developed for detection of a human's physiological signals, such as pulsation and respiration, and finger's action. It shows good bending endurance which maintains its transfer characteristic after 1000 cycles of bending operation. Moreover, the device's responses to both temperature change and charged objects are investigated when it is under bending condition with radius of curvature down to 1.09 mm. This multifunctional sensor prototype is expected to contribute to the next‐generation E‐skin.