bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Finite Element/Contact Mechanics Analysis of Spur Gear Pairs With Tooth Root Cracks
Authors: Wang Yaosen , Hood Adrian A. , Cooley Christopher G. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This study analyzes the nonlinear static and dynamic response in spur gear pairs with tooth root crack damage. A finite element/contact mechanics (FE/CM) model is used that accurately captures the elastic deformations on the gear teeth due to kinematic motion, tooth and rim deformations, vibration, and localized increases in compliance due to a tooth root crack. The damage is modeled by releasing the connectivity of the finite element mesh at select nodes near a tooth crack. The sensitivity of the calculated static transmission errors and tooth mesh stiffnesses is determined for varying crack initial locations, final locations, and the path from the initial to final location. Gear tooth mesh stiffness is calculated for a wide range of tooth root crack lengths, including large cracks that extend through nearly all of the tooth. Mesh stiffnesses are meaningfully reduced due to tooth root crack damage. The dynamic response is calculated for cracks of varying length. Larger cracks result in increased peak dynamic transmission errors. For small tooth root cracks the spectrum of dynamic transmission error contains components near the natural frequency of the gear pair. The spectrum of dynamic transmission error has broadband frequency response for large tooth root cracks that extend further than one-half of the tooth’s thickness.
Prediction of in-hospital mortality ofClostriodiodes difficileinfection using critical care database: a big data-driven, machine learning approach
Authors: Du Hao , Siah Kewin Tien Ho , Ru-Yan Valencia Zhang , Teh Readon , En Tan Christopher Yu , Yeung Wesley , Scaduto Christina , Bolongaita Sarah , Cruz Maria Teresa Kasunuran , Liu Mengru , Lin Xiaohao , Tan Yan Yuan , Feng Mengling 
Published: November 2021

Research objectivesClostriodiodes difficileinfection (CDI) is a major cause of healthcare-associated diarrhoea with high mortality. There is a lack of validated predictors for severe outcomes in CDI. The aim of this study is to derive and validate a clinical prediction tool for CDI in-hospital mortality using a large critical care database.MethodologyThe demographics, clinical parameters, laboratory results and mortality of CDI were extracted from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care-III (MIMIC-III) database. We subsequently trained three machine learning models: logistic regression (LR), random forest (RF) and gradient boosting machine (GBM) to predict in-hospital mortality. The individual performances of the models were compared against current severity scores (Clostridiodes difficile Associated Risk of Death Score (CARDS) and ATLAS (Age, Treatment with systemic antibiotics, leukocyte count, Albumin and Serum creatinine as a measure of renal function) by calculating area under receiver operating curve (AUROC). We identified factors associated with higher mortality risk in each model.Summary of resultsFrom 61 532 intensive care unit stays in the MIMIC-III database, there were 1315 CDI cases. The mortality rate for CDI in the study cohort was 18.33%. AUROC was 0.69 (95% CI, 0.60 to 0.76) for LR, 0.71 (95% CI, 0.62 to 0.77) for RF and 0.72 (95% CI, 0.64 to 0.78) for GBM, while previously AUROC was 0.57 (95% CI, 0.51 to 0.65) for CARDS and 0.63 (95% CI, 0.54 to 0.70) for ATLAS. Albumin, lactate and bicarbonate were significant mortality factors for all the models. Free calcium, potassium, white blood cell, urea, platelet and mean blood pressure were present in at least two of the three models.ConclusionOur machine learning derived CDI in-hospital mortality prediction model identified pertinent factors that can assist critical care clinicians in identifying patients at high risk of dying from CDI.
Cohort profile: the Mâncio Lima cohort study of urban malaria in Amazonian Brazil
Authors: Johansen Igor C , Rodrigues Priscila T , Tonini Juliana , Vinetz Joseph , Castro Marcia C , Ferreira Marcelo U 
Published: November 2021

PurposeThis population-based open cohort study aims to investigate biological and sociodemographic drivers of malaria transmission in the main urban hotspot of Amazonian Brazil.ParticipantsNearly 20% of the households in the northwestern town of Mâncio Lima were randomly selected and 2690 participants were enrolled since April 2018. Sociodemographic, housing quality, occupational, behavioural and morbidity information and travel histories were collected during consecutive study visits. Blood samples from participants>3 months old were used for malaria diagnosis and human genetic studies; samples from participants with laboratory-confirmed malaria have been cryopreserved for genetic and phenotypic characterisation of parasites. Serology was introduced in 2020 to measure the prevalence and longevity of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies.Findings to dateMalaria prevalence rates were low (up to 1.0% forPlasmodium vivaxand 0.6% forP. falciparum) during five consecutive cross-sectional surveys between April–May 2018 and October–November 2020; 63% of infections diagnosed by microscopy were asymptomatic. Malaria risk is heterogeneously distributed, with 20% study participants contributing 86% of the overall burden ofP. vivaxinfection. Adult males are at greatest risk of infection and human mobility across the urban–rural interface may contribute to sustained malaria transmission. LocalP. vivaxparasites are genetically diverse and fragmented into discrete inbred lineages that remain stable across space and time.Future plansTwo follow-up visits, with similar study protocols, are planned in 2021. We aim to identify high-risk individuals that fuel onwards malaria transmission and represent a priority target for more intensive and effective control interventions.Trial registration numberNCT03689036.
Improving the quality of weekend medical handover on non-receiving medical hospital wards
Authors: Nicoll Ruairidh , White Mark , Loureiro Harrison Luis , Cordiner Ruth LM , Daniel Malcolm , Choo-Kang Brian , Boyle James G 
Published: November 2021

IntroductionHandover is the system by which the responsibility for immediate and ongoing care is transferred between healthcare professionals and can be an area of risk. The Royal College of Physicians (RCP) has recommended improvement and standardisation of handover. Locally, national training surveys have reported poor feedback regarding handover at Glasgow Royal Infirmary.AimTo improve and standardise handover from weekday to weekend teams.MethodsThe Plan–Do–Study–Act (PDSA) quality improvement framework was used. Interventions were derived from a driver diagram after consultation with relevant stakeholders. Four PDSA cycles were completed over a 4-month period:PDSA cycle 1—Introduction of standardised paper form on three wards.PDSA cycle 2—Introduction of electronic handover system on three wards.PDSA cycle 3—Expansion of electronic handover to seven wards.PDSA cycle 4—Expansion of electronic handover to all non-receiving medical wards.The outcome of interest was the percentage of patients with full information handed over based on a six-point scale derived from the RCP. Data were collected weekly throughout the study period.Results18 data collection exercises were performed including 525 patients. During the initial phase there was an improvement in handover quality with 0/28 (0%) at baseline having all six points completed compared with 13/48 (27%) with standardised paper form and 21/42 (50%) with the electronic system (p<0.001). When the electronic handover form was expanded to all wards, the increased quality was maintained, however, to a lesser extent compared with the initial wards.ConclusionA standardised electronic handover system was successfully introduced to downstream medical wards over a short time period. This led to an in improvement in the quality of handover in the initial wards involved. When expanded to a greater number of wards there was still an improvement in quality but to a lesser degree.
Analysing and reporting of observational data: a systematic review informing the EULAR points to consider when analysing and reporting comparative effectiveness research with observational data in rheumatology
Authors: Lauper Kim , Kedra Joanna , de Wit Maarten , Fautrel Bruno , Frisell Thomas , Hyrich Kimme L , Iannone Florenzo , Machado Pedro M , Ørnbjerg Lykke M , Rotar Ziga , Santos Maria Jose , Stamm Tanja A , Stones Simon R , Strangfeld Anja , Landewé Robert BM , Finckh Axel , Bergstra Sytske Anne , Courvoisier Delphine S 
Published: November 2021

ObjectivesTo evaluate the analysis and reporting of comparative effectiveness research with observational data in rheumatology, informing European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology points to consider.MethodsWe performed a systematic literature review searching Ovid MEDLINE for original articles comparing drug effectiveness in longitudinal observational studies, published in key rheumatology journals between 2008 and 2019. The extracted information focused on reporting and types of analyses. We evaluated if year of publication impacted results.ResultsFrom 9969 abstracts reviewed, 211 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Ten per cent of studies did not adjust for confounding factors. Some studies did not explain how they chose covariates for adjustment (9%), used bivariate screening (21%) and/or stepwise selection procedures (18%). Only 33% studies reported the number of patients lost to follow-up and 25% acknowledged attrition (drop-out or treatment cessation). To account for attrition, studies used non-responder imputation, followed by last observation carried forward (LOCF) and complete case (CC) analyses. Most studies did not report the number of missing data on covariates (83%), and when addressed, 49% used CC and 11% LOCF. Date of publication did not influence the results.ConclusionMost studies did not acknowledge missing data and attrition, and a tenth did not adjust for any confounding factors. When attempting to account for them, several studies used methods which potentially increase bias (LOCF, CC analysis, bivariate screening…). This study shows that there is no improvement over the last decade, highlighting the need for recommendations for the assessment and reporting of comparative drug effectiveness in observational data in rheumatology.
Performance of the RACE Prehospital Triage Score During Working and Nonworking Hours
Authors: Salahuddin Hisham , Castonguay Alicia C. , Hitomi Emi , Zaidi Syed F. , Shawver Julie , Korsnack Andrea , Burgess Richard , Kung Vieh , Jumaa Mouhammad 
Published: November 2021

Background
Prehospital triage scores aim to identify large vessel occlusions (LVOs) in the field; however, their real‐world performance and accuracy across a 24‐hour period remains unknown. In this study, we compare the positive predictive value of the prehospital Rapid Arterial occlusion Evaluation (RACE) score for the detection of LVO during working hours and nonworking hours.

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of all patients presenting with a RACE score of ≥5 at one comprehensive and one thrombectomy‐capable hospital between July 2015 and December 2019. Patients were dichotomized to those presenting during “working hours” (7:00
am
to 6:00
pm
on weekdays) or “nonworking hours” (6:01
pm
to 6:59
am
on weekdays or anytime during weekends). The primary outcome was diagnosis of LVO. Secondary outcomes included diagnosis of acute neurovascular syndromes, door‐to‐treatment time metrics, and a modified Rankin Scale of ≤2 in those undergoing mechanical thrombectomy.

Results

Of the 701 patients with RACE score ≥5, 687 patients were included (355 nonworking hours and 332 working‐hours cohorts). Mean age was 71 and 72 years in the nonworking hours and working hours groups, respectively (
P
=0.13). Median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and baseline demographics were comparable between the 2 groups. There was no significant difference in the diagnosis of LVO (36.3% versus 34.6%;
P
=0.69) or final discharge diagnosis. The positive predictive value of the RACE score for the detection of an acute neurovascular syndrome (transient ischemic attack and stroke) was improved during nonworking hours (76.3% versus 67.8%;
P
=0.01). In patients undergoing mechanical thrombectomy, rates of good clinical outcome were similar (44.7% versus 48%;
P
=0.76), despite the shorter door‐to‐groin‐puncture and revascularization times during working hours.

Conclusions
The RACE score shows a consistent positive predictive value in determining LVO during working and nonworking hours. However, it is more accurate in determining acute neurovascular syndromes during nonworking hours, which is driven by a decrease in stroke mimics during this time.
‘We Are Soldiers in God’s Army’: Spiritual Warfare and Adoption of Military trope in Pentecostal Charismatic Churches in Southern Africa
Authors: Gukurume Simbarashe , Taru Josiah 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Spiritual warfare is an important part of everyday life and rituals in Pentecostal churches in Africa and beyond. In Pentecostal parlance, the world is constructed and construed as a battleground between born-again Christians and Satanic forces. This article examines the ways in which Pentecostal Charismatic Churches in Southern Africa adopt and utilise military metaphors and trope in their everyday rituals and practices of spiritual warfare. Drawing on qualitative ethnographic fieldwork and in-depth interviews among three Pentecostal churches in Zimbabwe and South Africa, we argue that militarised metaphors are deployed as important symbolic and material weapons in the spiritual warfare against the devil and demonic forces. In the fight against the demonic, Pentecostal prophets and pastors cast themselves as the commanders, general and majors, leading an army of Christ. This army’s role is to defeat Satan and his demonic forces and expand the kingdom of God before the second coming of Christ.
The Windowless Room of the Present: Rereading David Harlan
Authors: Paul Herman 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This essay unearths the guiding question of David Harlan’s 1997 book, The Degradation of American History. While most commentators have focused their attention on Harlan’s biting criticism of the historical profession, this essay argues that Harlan’s diatribe against historical scholarship pursued “for its own sake” stems from a deep concern about the moral education of citizens in an age that François Hartog and others typify as “presentist.” Although Harlan’s remedies against presentism are found wanting, the essay argues that the question raised in The Degradation of American History is a relevant, timely, and still unresolved one, now even more than at the time of the book’s original publication.
Shallow Cumulus Properties as Captured by Adiabatic Fraction in High-Resolution LES Simulations
Authors: Eytan Eshkol , Khain Alexander , Pinsky Mark , Altaratz Orit , Shpund Jacob , Koren Ilan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractShallow convective clouds are important players in Earth’s energy budget and hydrological cycle, and are abundant in the tropical and subtropical belts. They greatly contribute to the uncertainty in climate predictions due to their unresolved, complex processes that include coupling between the dynamics and microphysics. Analysis of cloud structure can be simplified by considering cloud motions as a combination of moist adiabatic motions like adiabatic updrafts and turbulent motions leading to deviation from adiabaticity. In this work, we study the sizes and occurrence of adiabatic regions in shallow cumulus clouds during their growth and mature stages, and use the adiabatic fraction (AF) as a continuous metric to describe cloud processes and properties from the core to the edge. To do so, we simulate isolated trade wind cumulus clouds of different sizes using the System of Atmospheric Modeling (SAM) model in high resolution (10 m) with the Hebrew University spectral bin microphysics (SBM). The fine features in the clouds’ dynamics and microphysics, including small near-adiabatic volumes and a thin transition zone at the edge of the cloud (∼20–40 m in width), are captured. The AF is shown to be an efficient measure for analyzing cloud properties and key processes determining the droplet-size distribution formation and shape during the cloud evolution. Physical processes governing the properties of droplet size distributions at different cloud regions (e.g., core, edge) are analyzed in relation to AF.Significance Statement1) This study investigates the evolution of cumulus clouds (Cu) using a 10-m-resolution LES model with spectral bin microphysics. 2) The study improves the understanding of the mutual effects of adiabatic updrafts and lateral entrainment and mixing. 3) The study demonstrates the existence of an adiabatic core in nonprecipitating Cu. 4) Shapes of the droplet size distributions are closely related to the adiabatic fraction values. 5) Utilization of high resolution reveals the existence of physically significant small features in the cloud structure, such as a narrow cloud interface zone and small adiabatic volumes.
Using SEEPS with a TRMM-Derived Climatology to Assess Global NWP Precipitation Forecast Skill
Authors: North Rachel C. , Mittermaier Marion P. , Milton Sean F. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Monitoring precipitation forecast skill in global numerical weather prediction (NWP) models is an important yet challenging task. Rain gauges are inhomogeneously distributed, providing no information over large swathes of land and the oceans. Satellite-based products, on the other hand, provide near-global coverage at a resolution of ∼10–25 km, but limitations on data quality (e.g., biases) must be accommodated. In this paper the stable equitable error in probability space (SEEPS) is computed using a precipitation climatology derived from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) TMPA 3B42 V7 product and a gauge-based climatology and then applied to two global configurations of the Met Office Unified Model (UM). The representativeness and resolution effects on an aggregated SEEPS are explored by comparing the gauge scores, based on extracting the nearest model grid point, with those computed by upscaling the model values to the TRMM grid and extracting the TRMM grid point nearest the gauge location. The sampling effect is explored by comparing the aggregate SEEPS for this subset of ∼6000 locations (dictated by the number of gauges available globally) with all land points within the TRMM region of 50°N and 50°S. The forecast performance over the oceanic areas is compared with performance over land. While the SEEPS computed using the two different climatologies should never be expected to be identical, using the TRMM climatology provides a means of evaluating near-global precipitation using an internally consistent dataset in a climatologically consistent way.
Awareness of illness moderates self-assessment of psychotic symptoms
Authors: Martinez Agulleiro Luis , de Filippis Renato , Rosson Stella , Patil Bhagyashree , Prizgint Lara , Talasazan Nahal , Meltzer Herbert Y , Kane John M , Gibbons Robert D , Guinart Daniel 
Published: November 2021

Objective:Self-reports or patient-reported outcome measures are seldom used in psychosis due to concerns about the ability of patients to accurately report their symptomatology, particularly in cases of low awareness of illness. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of insight on the accuracy of self-reported psychotic symptoms using a computerized adaptive testing tool (CAT-Psychosis).Methods:A secondary analysis of data drawn from the CAT-Psychosis development and validation study was performed. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the Scale of Unawareness of Mental Disorders were administered by clinicians. Patients completed the self-reported version of the CAT-Psychosis. Patients were median-split regarding their insight level to compare the correlation between the two psychosis severity measures. A subgroup sensitivity analysis was performed only on patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders.Results:A total of 159 patients with a psychotic disorder who completed both CAT-Psychosis and Scale of Unawareness of Mental Disorders were included. For the whole sample, CAT-Psychosis scores showed convergent validity with Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale ratings ( r = 0.517, 95% confidence interval = [0.392, 0.622], p < 0.001). Insight was found to moderate this correlation (β = –0.511, p = 0.005), yet agreement between both measures remained statistically significant for both high ( r = 0.621, 95% confidence interval = [0.476, 0.733], p < 0.001) and low insight patients ( r = 0.408, 95% confidence interval = [0.187, 0.589], p < 0.001), while psychosis severity was comparable between these groups (for Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale: U = 3057, z = –0.129, p = 0.897; disorganization: U = 2986.5, z = –0.274, p = 0.784 and for CAT-Psychosis: U = 2800.5, z = –1.022, p = 0.307). Subgroup of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders showed very similar results.Conclusions:Insight moderates the correlation between self-reported and clinician-rated severity of psychosis, yet CAT-Psychosis remains valid in patients with both high and low awareness of illness.
The Effect of a Functional Strength Training Intervention on Movement Quality and Physical Fitness in Adolescents
Authors: Liao Ting , Duhig Steven J , Du Geng , Luo Bingting , Wang Yong Tai 
Published: November 2021

This study compared a 12 week Functional Strength Training (FST) program on functional movement and physical performance to typical physical education (PE) classes for middle school (MS) and high school (HS) students. We randomly assigned 266 participants ( M age = 14.35, SD = 0.57 years; M height = 164.82, SD = 6.13 cm; M mass = 55.09, SD = 12.19 kg; M BMI = 20.11, SD = 3.54 kg/m2) into an FST or control group. The FST group trained in flexibility and stability, functional movement patterns, and health-related functional strength. The control group continued regular physical education (PE) classes. Each group trained three-times/week in 45 minute sessions for 12 weeks. Outcome measures included the Functional Movement Screen protocol and seven physical performance tests, assessed every four weeks over a 12 week period. We employed a mixed model ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc tests to examine differences between and within groups. Compared to the control group, the FST group significantly ( p < 0.01) improved Functional Movement Screen total scores (25.7%), curl-ups (70.4%), pull-ups (281.6%), and flexibility (83.6%). We suggest including the FST program in the MS and HS PE curriculum.