bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterisation of productive performance, body reserve dynamics and energy metabolic parameters of Holstein Friesian and Normande dairy cows managed in a low-input pastoral dairy system
Authors: Jorge-Smeding Ezequiel , Astigarraga Laura , Loza Cecilia , Carriquiry Mariana , Rico Daniel E. , Álvarez-Oxiley Andrea 
Published: November 2021

Context Dairy cows with autumn-calving season in low-input pastoral systems are subjected to challenging conditions as their early lactation falls in autumn and winter when shortages in pasture availability and harsh weather conditions often occur. Aims We aimed to assess the associations between breed (Holstein Friesian (HF) vs Normande (NR)) and stage of lactation on productive and metabolic responses over lactation in a low-input pastoral dairy system. Methods Twenty-seven HF (n = 14) and NR (n = 13) cows were studied. Milk yield was measured fortnightly, and milk composition, milk solid yield, liveweight (LW), body condition score (BCS) and blood plasma energy metabolites were assessed monthly. Key results The greater milk for HF versus NR cows (e.g. 17.4 vs 12.1 ± 1.0 kg/day of milk; P < 0.001) were associated with a lower LW (510 vs 540 ± 10 kg; P = 0.021) and BCS (1.84 vs 2.37 ± 0.10; P = 0.001) at nadir for HF than NR cows. Blood plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were high for longer in HF versus NR cows (18 vs 8 WRC). Plasma glucose was greater (P = 0.002) and insulin was lower (P = 0.021) for HF versus NR cows at 3 WRC. During mid-lactation, glucose (22 WRC, P = 0.021) and insulin (26 to 34 WRC, P ≤ 0.041) were lower for HF vs. NR cows. Conclusions Because of their lower milk yields, NR cows had a shorter period of body reserves mobilisation, which was associated with an earlier decrease of plasma concentrations of NEFA and greater insulin concentrations at 3 WRC, and then again during mid-lactation when LW and BCS were also greater for NR cows. Implications In constraining pastoral environments, NR cows would redirect fewer nutrients for milk synthesis, leading to lower depletion of body reserves, which could be associated with a better ability to cope with winter challenging conditions. Although HF cows had a greater depletion of body reserves, there was no increase in the incidence of health problems for these cows.
Energetic scaling in microbial growth
Authors: Calabrese Salvatore , Chakrawal Arjun , Manzoni Stefano , Van Cappellen Philippe 
Published: November 2021

Significance
Understanding the principles underlying microbial growth is paramount to the cycle of carbon and nutrients in the biosphere, bioremediation technologies, and biochemical engineering, as well as to natural selection and evolution. Yet, fundamental questions remain on the links between mass and energy balances in microbial metabolism and growth. Guided by a nonequilibrium thermodynamics framework, we interpret extensive literature data on microbial growth. The analysis reveals how mass and energy conversion are tightly coupled by scaling laws relating the thermodynamic efficiency to the electron donor uptake rate and the growth yield. Most importantly, these results appear to be universal, in that they apply across microbial species and metabolic pathways, and pave the way for a general thermodynamic theory of microbiological systems.
Individual vulnerability to industrial robot adoption increases support for the radical right
Authors: Anelli Massimo , Colantone Italo , Stanig Piero 
Published: November 2021

SignificanceThe success of radical-right parties across western Europe has generated much concern. These parties propose making borders less permeable, oppose ethnic diversity, and often express impatience with the institutions of representative democracy. Part of their recent success has been shown to be driven by structural economic changes, such as globalization, which triggers distributional consequences that, in turn, translate into voting behavior. We ask what are the political consequences of a different structural change: robotization of manufacturing. We propose a measure of individual exposure to automation and show that individuals more vulnerable to negative consequences of automation tend to display more support for the radical right. Automation exposure raises support for the radical left too, but to a significantly lower extent.
Photoisomerization transition state manipulation by entangled two-photon absorption
Authors: Gu Bing , Keefer Daniel , Aleotti Flavia , Nenov Artur , Garavelli Marco , Mukamel Shaul 
Published: November 2021

Significance
Entangled two-photon absorption has attracted considerable interest due to its potential applications for low–photon flux spectroscopy and microscopy. The entanglement parameters in the twin-photon state can be exploited to control two-photon excitation processes. Here we demonstrate that photon entanglement provides a powerful novel control knob for the nuclear wave packets in an optically dark electronic state. We show that the transition states in the trans–cis photoisomerization of azobenzene, initiated by an entangled two-photon absorption process, can be manipulated significantly by entangled light. These effects can be monitored experimentally by coherent stimulated X-ray Raman signals which reveal electronic coherences during the passage through conical intersections.
On the impact of lattice parameter accuracy of atomistic simulations on the microstructure of Ni–Ti shape memory alloys
Authors: La Rosa L , Maresca F 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Ni–Ti is a key shape-memory alloy (SMA) system for applications, being cheap and having good mechanical properties. Recently, atomistic simulations of Ni–Ti SMAs have been used with the purpose of revealing the nano-scale mechanisms that control superelasticity and the shape-memory effect (SME), which is crucial to guide alloying or processing strategies to improve materials performance. These atomistic simulations are based on molecular dynamics (MD) modelling that relies on (empirical) interatomic potentials (IAPs). These simulations must reproduce accurately the mechanism of martensitic transformation and the microstructure that it originates, since this controls both superelasticity and the SME. As demonstrated by the energy minimization theory of martensitic transformations (Ball and James (1987 Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal.
100 13–52)), the microstructure of martensite depends on the lattice parameters of the austenite and the martensite phases. Here, we compute the bounds of possible microstructural variations based on the experimental variations/uncertainties in the lattice parameter measurements. We show that both density functional theory and MD lattice parameters are typically outside the experimental range, and that seemingly small deviations from this range induce large deviations from the experimental bounds of the microstructural predictions, with notable cases where unphysical microstructures are predicted to form. Therefore, our work points to a strategy for benchmarking and selecting IAPs for atomistic modelling of SMAs, which is crucial to modelling the development of martensitic microstructures and their impact on the SME.
Surface effects in a capacitive argon discharge in the intermediate pressure regime
Authors: Gudmundsson J T , Krek Janez , Wen De-Qi , Kawamura E , Lieberman M A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
One-dimensional particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collisional simulations are performed on a capacitive 2.54 cm gap, 1.6 Torr argon discharge driven by a sinusoidal rf current density amplitude of 50 A m−2 at 13.56 MHz. The excited argon states (metastable levels, resonance levels, and the 4p manifold) are modeled self-consistently with the particle dynamics as space- and time-varying fluids. Four cases are examined, including and neglecting excited states, and using either a fixed or energy-dependent secondary electron emission yield due to ion and/or neutral impact on the electrodes. The results for all cases show that most of the ionization occurs near the plasma-sheath interfaces, with little ionization within the plasma bulk region. Without excited states, secondary electrons emitted from the electrodes are found to play a strong role in the ionization process. When the excited states, and secondary electron emission due to neutral and ion impact on the electrodes are included in the discharge model, the discharge operation transitions from α-mode to γ-mode, in which nearly all the ionization is due to secondary electrons. Secondary electron production due to the bombardment of excited argon atoms was approximately14.7 times greater than that due to ion bombardment. Electron impact of ground state argon atoms by secondary electrons contributes about 76% of the total ionization; primary electrons, about 11%; metastable Penning ionization, about 13%; and multi-step ionization, about 0.3%.
AC losses of Roebel and CORC® cables at higher AC magnetic fields and ramp rates
Authors: Sumption M D , Murphy J P , Haugan T , Majoros M , van der Laan D C , Long N , Collings E W 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We have measured ReBCO coated conductor-based conductor on round core (CORC®) and Roebel cables at 77 K in a spinning magnet calorimeter, which subjected the tapes in the samples to a radial magnetic field of 566 mT (peak) at frequencies up to 120 Hz (272 T s−1, cyclic average) with an approximately sinusoidal waveform. The samples were oriented such that the field applied to the tapes within the cables was entirely radial, simplifying subsequent analysis. An expression for loss which included hysteretic, flux creep and eddy current losses was fit to both the CORC® and the Roebel cables. This expression allowed easy comparison of the relative influence of eddy currents and flux creep (or power-law behavior) effects. The loss of both the CORC
®
and Roebel cables measured here were seen to be essentially the sum of the hysteretic loss, flux creep effects, and the normal metal eddy current losses of the individual tapes. The losses of these cables were measured at high B × dB/dt with no coupling current loss observed under the present preparation conditions. The influence of flux creep effects on loss were not negligible. The losses of the CORC® cable per meter of tape were seen to be reduced from the case of a flat tape because of the helical geometry of the tapes.
On the structural stability of phase-coded quantum cryptography against detector-blinding attacks
Authors: Molotkov S N 
Published: November 2021

AbstractQuantum key distribution (QKD) systems are open systems. Thus, an eavesdropper can actively influence the elements of the system through the communication line, altering their regular operation. One known attack is an attack with detector blinding. With such an attack, the eavesdropper can obtain the entire key and remain undetectable. The paper proposes a fundamentally new method of detecting and protecting quantum cryptography systems with phase coding against the attack with avalanche detector blinding. The proposed method is based on diverting a part of the input signal in the receiving terminal to bypass the interferometer and deliver it to the same avalanche detectors. Measuring the detector response in different time windows, both for the bypassed signal and the normal operation range, one can effectively identify the ongoing detector blinding attack. The method does not require radical changes in existing quantum cryptography systems and is quite universal, since it can be used for any phase-coded quantum key distribution protocol. The method provides a fundamental strategy of detecting and protecting against the attack at the level of the quantum key distribution protocol, and not at the level of technical ‘patches’.
Mismatching as a tool to enhance algorithmic performances of Monte Carlo methods for the planted clique model
Authors: Angelini Maria Chiara , Fachin Paolo , de Feo Simone 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Over-parametrization was a crucial ingredient for recent developments in inference and machine-learning fields. However a good theory explaining this success is still lacking. In this paper we study a very simple case of mismatched over-parametrized algorithm applied to one of the most studied inference problem: the planted clique problem. We analyze a Monte Carlo (MC) algorithm in the same class of the famous Jerrum algorithm. We show how this MC algorithm is in general suboptimal for the recovery of the planted clique. We show however how to enhance its performances by adding a (mismatched) parameter: the temperature; we numerically find that this over-parametrized version of the algorithm can reach the supposed algorithmic threshold for the planted clique problem.
Quantification of the suitable rooftop area for solar panel installation from overhead imagery using Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Castello Roberto , Walch Alina , Attias Raphaël , Cadei Riccardo , Jiang Shasha , Scartezzini Jean-Louis 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The integration of solar technology in the built environment is realized mainly through rooftop-installed panels. In this paper, we leverage state-of-the-art Machine Learning and computer vision techniques applied on overhead images to provide a geo-localization of the available rooftop surfaces for solar panel installation. We further exploit a 3D building database to associate them to the corresponding roof geometries by means of a geospatial post-processing approach. The stand-alone Convolutional Neural Network used to segment suitable rooftop areas reaches an intersection over union of 64% and an accuracy of 93%, while a post-processing step using building database improves the rejection of false positives. The model is applied to a case study area in the canton of Geneva and the results are compared with another recent method used in the literature to derive the realistic available area.
Statistical analysis of 200 digital twins for thermal load of Swiss buildings created from smart grid monitoring data
Authors: Melillo Andreas , Linder Esther , Barahona Braulio , Schuetz Philipp 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Exploiting thermal inertia of buildings as flexibility for the electric grid requires information about thermal dynamics in the system. The presented paper proposes a new method to create digital twins based on smart meter monitoring data and has been applied to 200 Swiss residential buildings. The statistical analysis of these heat pump based heating systems shows expected distributions of key parameters such as heat losses, solar gain factors and thermal capacities. Regional comparisons for crucial building parameters have been carried out and the remote identification of potential renovation candidates has shown promising results.
A comparative analysis of patterns of electricity use and flexibility potential of domestic and non-domestic building archetypes through data mining techniques
Authors: Yilmaz Selin , Chambers Jonathan , Li Xiang , Patel Martin K. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The large-scale deployment of smart meters has led to significant amount of electricity demand data available, driving it into the realm of Big Data. It is a major challenge to exploit this Big Data in order to characterise electricity use patterns and to support demand response policies. In this paper, we perform a featured-based cluster analysis on nine building archetypes (hospitals, schools, offices, hotels, flats, houses etc.) to identify electricity use patterns. Then, four metrics are developed, which are entropy, load curviness, peak intensity and index of hourly ramp rates, to measure these archetypes’ suitability to be involved in demand response schemes. A significant difference in electricity use patterns between the archetypes is found, as well as among the seasons and days of the week. We present a number of metrics for each archetype to establish which type of archetype should be prioritised for demand response programmes in terms of peak management, ramp rates as well as demand flexibility. A key finding of our study is that households offer more demand flexibility than the non-domestic sector and should therefore be incentivized to participate in dynamic electricity tariffs.
Towards an intelligent HVAC system automation using Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Schreiber T , Schwartz A , Muller D 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
HVAC systems are among the biggest energy consumers in buildings and therefore in the focus of optimal control research. In practice, rule-based control and PID controllers are typically used and implemented at the beginning of the building operation. Since this approach neither guarantees optimal or even good control, optimal control algorithms (which can be predictive and adaptive) are in the focus of research. The problem with most of the approaches is that a model of the system is often needed which comes with high engineering efforts. Further, the required computing power can quickly exceed the capacities, even in modern buildings. Therefore, in this paper we investigate the application of a state-of-the-art Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithm, as a self-calibrating valve controller for two water-air heat exchangers of a real-world air handling unit. We choose a generic problem formulation to pre-train the algorithm with a simulation of an admixing heater and use it to control an injection heater and a throttle cooler. Our results show that after only 70 hours, the control quality significantly increases. Therefore, it seems evident that with pre-trained RL algorithms, a self-improving HVAC automation can be realized with little hardware requirements and without extensive modelling of the system dynamics.
CFD model to assess parameters influencing piston wind in a subway tunnel and station
Authors: Faugier Loreline , Marinus Benoît G. , Bosschaerts Walter , Laboureur Delphine , Limam Karim 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Quantifying the train-induced wind affecting the climate of subway stations can be applied to improve underground networks air quality. In this paper, numerical simulations of train-induced airflow in a subway station are performed, using a CFD model with dynamic meshing techniques. A preliminary study is done in a double-track tunnel with blockage ratios of 0.30, 0.37 and 0.46 with a train running at constant speed in the order of 10 m/s. The tunnel length necessary to obtain a stable flow around the train body is determined, and this upstream tunnel length is included in a subway station model. Two different architectures and three train speeds are simulated, and the effect of these configurations on the station airflow is evaluated through the air velocity and the mass flow rate at a location on the platform. The results evidence an increase in air circulation with blockage ratio and train speed.
Influence of scale on the daylighting system evaluation in physical models: Experimental method based on objective and subjective measurements
Authors: Daich Safa , Saadi Mohamed Yacine , Piga Barbara E.A , Daiche Ahmed Motie 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The daylight evaluation in architectural spaces can be carried out using several tools and methods of investigation and analysis. However, many types of research have proven the usefulness of the scale models to evaluate daylighting system performances in buildings. Several scales of a physical model have been used varying between (1:50) and real scale (1:1), and no comparative study has been done to evaluate the effect of the model size in daylighting assessment. The objective of this investigation is to make a comparison between two different scales of a physical model: the first one is a model with a scale of (1:12) while the second is with the scale of (1: 4), aiming to study the scale effects on daylight perception with models equipped with a daylighting system under very high exterior illuminance levels. The methodology of this study consists in collecting simultaneously the measurement of the exterior and interior illuminance level (lux) and subjective evaluations from a questionnaire survey with the two scale models (1:4 and 1:12) under real sky conditions. A correlation between collected data has been explored. Comparing the measurement results, it is obvious that the quantity of light that penetrates the test models (1:4 and 1:12) was the same. The results are with a range of ±1.6%. Moreover, survey results show that the participants’ perceptions regarding satisfaction, light distribution and glare questions differ with the scale of the physical 3D model. The subjects felt more satisfied with the luminous atmosphere with the physical model of (1:4) compared with the model of (1:12).
Review of spectral lighting simulation tools for non-image- forming effects of light
Authors: Gkaintatzi-Masouti M , van Duijnhoven J , Aarts M P J 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Light via our eyes influences visual performance, visual comfort and visual experience, but also affects several health related, non-image-forming (NIF) responses. New metrics have been developed to quantify the NIF effects of light. In order to incorporate these in lighting design practice, simulation tools are required that are able to process information about the spectral distribution of light sources and materials. However, most of the tools currently used for daylight and electric light simulations simplify the spectrum into RGB (Red, Green, Blue) colour values. This paper presents an overview of the currently used programs for simulating the NIF effects of light in building design and discusses the possibility of using existing spectral rendering software as an alternative. A review of literature shows that mostly Radiance or Radiance-based programs have been used so far, but new user-friendly tools could employ existing spectral rendering tools. As the NIF effects of light gain greater importance in lighting design, new simulation workflows are needed. This paper aims to support the development of future workflows by presenting the current state-of-the-art.
Towards climate resilient residential buildings: learning from traditional typologies
Authors: Mohaibesh D , Monna S , Qadi H , Sokkar R 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Climate-resilient buildings in Palestine can play an important role in a more sustainable residential building sector. This paper aims at evaluating the effects of adopting architectural design strategies and material technologies from vernacular architecture to create a new climate-resilient building. The paper targets single houses as these represent the majority of residential buildings in suburban and rural areas, and are similar to the vernacular architecture in size and functionality. The EDSL Tas simulation tool was used to assess the thermal performance and energy savings in the proposed model compared with traditional houses and modern typical houses, in two different climatic zones. The proposed climate-resilient house has materials and design strategies derived from vernacular architecture, in addition to the use of thermal insulation. The results show that the proposed house is more climate-resilient compared to modern houses. In cold winter and hot summer climates, the proposed model presents a total annual heating and cooling energy consumption of 59% less than typical modern houses, and 5% more than old buildings. In hot arid summer and warm winter climates, the proposed house presents a total annual heating and cooling energy consumption of 58% less than a modern typical house and 8% more than the traditional house.