bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nematode pests of some major cereals in Nigeria: Need for integration of morphological/morphometrical, biochemical, and molecular diagnostic approaches for accurate identification
Authors: Abdulsalam Sulaiman , Shaibu Abdulwahab S. , Ojonuba Jibrin M. , Peng Huan , Peng Deliang 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPlant‐parasitic nematodes pose a major threat to crop production in Nigeria. Comprehensive data on yield losses for most cereal crops are not readily available. Research on maize (Zea mays), rice (Oryza sativa), and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) has shown an 18%–67% reduction in yield linked to the destructiveness of parasitic nematodes, particularly root‐knot and root‐lesion nematodes. Continuous monoculture and a conservative approach to agriculture increase the incidence and population density of nematodes, leading to higher levels of damage and losses in most cultivated cereal crops. These losses affect the food security of the growing population of Nigeria and many African countries that are heavily dependent on cereals. The accurate identification of nematodes is fundamental for effective management strategies. Nematode taxonomy based on morphology has been difficult due to intraspecific character variations coupled with the limited expertise of indigenous nematologists. Biochemical and molecular marker‐based tools and approaches have allowed efficient diagnosis of most nematode species affecting cereal production globally. These approaches have proved useful due to their practicality, rapidness, accuracy, and cost‐effectiveness. This review describes the important economic effects of these parasitic nematodes on cereal production and highlights the need for integrative approaches to taxonomy for accurate species identification that will improve nematode diagnosis, thereby contributing to the increase of food production in Nigeria.
Editorial diversity in medical education journals
Authors: Yip Sharon Wing Lam , Rashid Mohammed Ahmed 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn recent years, the field of medical education has sought to amplify the voices of those from traditionally marginalised groups and medical education journals have sought to become more accessible and diverse. This study sought to examine the gender and geographical representation of editors and editorial board members in medical education journals.MethodsInformation about individual editors and editorial board members of 10 medical education journals was retrieved from their websites in January 2021, including their gender and the country in which they were based. Countries were categorised according to World Bank Income Classification and World Bank Geographical Regions. We then calculated the Composite Editorial Board Diversity Score for each journal.FindingsOf 488 editors and editorial board members, 283 (58.0%) were male, 452 (92.6%) were based in high‐income countries and 322 (66.0%) were from the four countries with greatest representation (the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Canada).DiscussionThe composition of medical education journals’ editorial leadership teams remains dominated by males and those from higher income and Western countries. Strikingly, little change has taken place since this was last examined 17 years ago despite the field becoming apparently more globalised. As medical education strives to become a more inclusive and diverse discipline, developing policies to create more globally representative editorial leadership teams should now be an urgent priority.
A cell wall invertase controls nectar volume and sugar composition
Authors: Minami Anzu , Kang Xiaojun , Carter Clay J. 
Published: May 2021

SUMMARYNectar volume and sugar composition are key determinants of the strength of plant–pollinator mutualisms. The main nectar sugars are sucrose, glucose and fructose, which can vary widely in ratio and concentration across species. Brassica spp. produce a hexose‐dominant nectar (high in the monosaccharides glucose and fructose) with very low levels of the disaccharide sucrose. Cell wall invertases (CWINVs) catalyze the irreversible hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose in the apoplast. We found that BrCWINV4A is highly expressed in the nectaries of Brassica rapa. Moreover, a brcwinv4a null mutant: (i) has greatly reduced CWINV activity in the nectaries; (ii) produces a sucrose‐rich nectar; but (iii) with significantly less volume. These results definitively demonstrate that CWINV activity is not only essential for the production of a hexose‐rich nectar, but also support a hypothetical model of nectar secretion in which its hydrolase activity is required for maintaining a high intracellular‐to‐extracellular sucrose ratio that facilitates the continuous export of sucrose into the nectary apoplast. The extracellular hydrolysis of each sucrose into two hexoses by BrCWINV4A also likely creates the osmotic potential required for nectar droplet formation. These results cumulatively indicate that modulation of CWINV activity can at least partially account for naturally occurring differences in nectar volume and sugar composition. Finally, honeybees prefer nectars with some sucrose, but wild‐type B. rapa flowers were much more heavily visited than flowers of brcwinv4a, suggesting that the potentially attractive sucrose‐rich nectar of brcwinv4a could not compensate for its low volume.
Hematologic values in domestic pigeons naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium
Authors: Parvandar Asadollahi Kaveh , Mayahi Mansour , Rocky Alireza , Khajeh Gholam Hossein , Mosavari Nader 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAvian mycobacteriosis is an important disease of birds and is most often caused by Mycobacterium avium or Mycobacterium genavense. However, little information on the hematologic changes associated with this infectious disease in pigeons has been published. The aim of this investigation was to compare the hematologic parameters of domestic pigeons (Columba livia var. domestica) naturally infected with M avium subsp. avium (MAA) with clinically healthy pigeons. Blood samples were collected from 12 pigeons with suspected mycobacteriosis and 12 clinically healthy pigeons. All the birds with suspect infections were necropsied, and affected organs were cultured and examined on histopathology for mycobacteriosis. Total leukocyte and erythrocyte counts were performed on each blood sample with the Natt and Herrick method using a Neubauer hemocytometer. White blood cell (WBC) differential counts were performed on Giemsa‐stained blood smears. Packed cell volumes (PCVs) were measured using the microhematocrit technique. Hemoglobin concentrations were measured with a spectrophotometer using the cyanomethemoglubin method. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations (MCHCs), and mean cell volumes (MCVs) were calculated manually. All of the infected birds had typical histopathologic findings of avian mycobacteriosis, which were confirmed using microbiologic and molecular methods to detect MAA. The hematologic data from the two groups were compared. The total WBC, heterophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts were significantly higher, and the PCV, HGB, MCH, and MCHC values were significantly lower in the infected birds compared with the clinically healthy pigeons.
Comprehensive analysis of a zeolite‐packed upflow baffled septic tank using tracer tests and mathematical modelling
Authors: Santiago‐Díaz Ángel Luis , Benítez‐Olivares Guillermo , Salazar‐Peláez Mónica L. , de los Cobos Vasconcelos Daniel , Mugica‐Álvarez Violeta 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis work analysed the hydraulic behaviour and treatment efficiency of an upflow baffled septic tank (UBST) through tracer tests and mathematical modelling using the axial dispersion and the tank‐in‐series (TIS) models. The tracer tests were performed under different HRTs (12, 18 and 24 h) and configurations (UBST, UBST with sludge and UBST with sludge and zeolite filter). UBST followed a non‐ideal flow, and configuration modifications, rather than HRT, altered its hydraulic behaviour. Mathematical modelling indicated that the TIS model calculated with mean squared error (φ) described adequately UBST hydraulic behaviour (R2 = 0.9833). Additionally, UBST is recommended to operate under 24 h HRT to reach satisfactory hydraulic and pollutant removal efficiencies. At this HRT, total COD and ammonium removals were 75.1% and 49.3%, respectively, which were better than those obtained without the zeolite (71.2% and 1.8%, respectively). However, it quickly saturated, so it is necessary to deepen the research on this topic.
THE RE‐DISCOVERY OF CONTEMPLATION THROUGH SCIENCE: A RESPONSE TO TOM McLEISH
Authors: Williams Rowan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis is a response to Tom McLeish's Boyle Lecture 2021 on the rediscovery of contemplation through science. Several implications are sketched: no single mind can encompass fully what there is to be known; we are likely to be unaware of the full range of what it is that is acting upon us or informing us at any given moment; and the universe that we encounter is a system of interaction and implication in which nothing is simply passive or lifeless.
Cardiorespiratory plasticity in humans following two patterns of acute intermittent hypoxia
Authors: Keough Joanna R. G. , Tymko Michael M. , Boulet Lindsey M. , Jamieson Alenna N. , Day Trevor A. , Foster Glen E. 
Published: May 2021

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Do cardiorespiratory experience‐dependent effects (EDEs) differ between two different stimulus durations of acute isocapnic intermittent hypoxia (IHx; 5‐min vs. 90‐s cycles between hypoxia and normoxia)?
What is the main finding and its importance?
There was long‐term facilitation in ventilation and blood pressure in both IHx protocols, but there was no evidence of progressive augmentation or post‐hypoxia frequency decline. Not all EDEs described in animal models translate to acute isocapnic IHx responses in humans, and cardiorespiratory responses to 5‐min versus 90‐s on/off IHx protocols are largely similar.
AbstractPeripheral respiratory chemoreceptors monitor breath‐by‐breath changes in arterial CO2 and O2, and mediate ventilatory changes to maintain homeostasis. Intermittent hypoxia (IHx) elicits hypoxic ventilatory responses, with well‐described experience‐dependent effects (EDEs), derived mostly from animal work involving intermittent 5‐min cycles of hypoxia and normoxia. These EDEs include post‐hypoxia frequency decline (PHxFD), progressive augmentation (PA) and long‐term facilitation (LTF). Comparisons of these EDEs between animal models and humans using similar IHx protocols are lacking. In addition, it is unknown whether shorter bouts of hypoxia, which may be more relevant to clinical conditions, elicit EDEs of similar magnitudes in humans. Respiratory (frequency, tidal volume and minute ventilation () and cardiovascular (heart rate and mean arterial pressure (MAP)) variables were measured during and following two patterns of acute isocapnic IHx in 14 healthy human participants (four female): (1) 5 × 5 min and (2) 5 × 90 s on/off hypoxia. Participants’ end‐tidal was clamped at 45 Torr during hypoxia and 100 Torr during normoxia. We found that (1) PHxFD and PA were not present in either IHx pattern (P > 0.14), (2) LTF was present in following both 5‐min (P < 0.001) and 90‐s isocapnic IHx trials (P < 0.001), and (3) LTF was present in MAP following 5‐min isocapnic IHx (P < 0.001), and trended towards significance following 90‐s IHx (P = 0.058). We demonstrate that acute isocapnic IHx alone may not elicit all of the EDEs that have been described in animal models. Additionally, ventilatory LTF occurred regardless of the length of hypoxia–normoxia cycles.
Características que influyen en la susceptibilidad a la enfermedad periodontal en la población pediátrica. Revisión integradora
Authors: Romero Sánchez Mario Rafael , Colmenares Millán María Marcela 
Published: May 2021

Antecedentes: Durante la niñez y la adolescencia ocurren numerosos cambios biológicos que deben considerarse por el impacto que tienen en estados de salud o enfermedad periodontal. Estos cambios se relacionan con las propiedades histomorfológicas, la composición de la biopelícula y el desarrollo gradual del sistema inmune durante las diferentes etapas de crecimiento y desarrollo. Este es un tema ampliamente expuesto en población adulta pero poco descrito en la población pediátrica. Objetivo: Sintetizar la evidencia actual sobre las características que influyen en la susceptibilidad a la enfermedad periodontal en la población pediátrica. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión integradora de artículos, estados del arte y textos completos y con base en la experiencia clínica. Se tuvieron en cuenta las características morfológicas, microbiológicas e inmunológicas del periodonto. Resultados: En los tejidos periodontales de los niños existe mayor grosor y número de capas del epitelio de unión, infiltrado celular inflamatorio adyacente al epitelio de unión, mayor cantidad de vasos y predominio de fibras del tejido conectivo laxas. Se presenta un incremento de patógenos periodontales a medida que aumenta la edad y es proporcional al grado de inflamación que se encuentra asociado a un sistema inmune inmaduro. Conclusión: El riesgo de desarrollar gingivitis a temprana edad es bajo. Sin embargo, a medida que el niño crece, aumenta su susceptibilidad a la inflamación gingival mediada por las características de la microbiota y factores relacionados con la edad como el desarrollo y la madurez del sistema inmune.
Faulty foundations: Early breakup of the southern Utah Cordilleran foreland basin
Authors: Enriquez St. Pierre Gabriela A. , Johnson Cari L. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAnomalous features of Upper Cretaceous strata in southern Utah challenge existing tectonic and depositional models of the Cordilleran foreland basin. Extreme thickness variations, net to gross changes, and facies distributions of nonmarine to marginal marine strata of the Turonian–early Campanian Straight Cliffs Formation are documented across the Southwestern High Plateaus. Contrary to most traditional models of foreland basin architecture, regional correlations demonstrate abrupt stepwise thickening, with a punctuated increase in average grain size of key intervals from west to east, i.e., proximal to distal relative to the fold-thrust belt. Except in the most proximal sections, fluvial drainage systems were oriented predominantly subparallel to the fold-thrust belt. Combined, these results suggest that modern plateau-bounding faults may have had topographic expressions as early as Cenomanian time, and influenced the position of the main axial river system by creating northeast-trending paleotopography and sub-basins. Laramide-style tectonism (e.g., basement-involved faults) is already cited as a driver for sub-basin development in latest Cretaceous–Cenozoic time, but new data presented here suggest that this part of the foredeep was “broken” into distinct sub-basins from its earliest stages. We suggest that flexural foundering of the lithosphere may have caused early stage normal faulting in the foredeep. Regional implications of these new data indicate that both detachment-style and basement-involved structures were simultaneously active in southern Utah earlier than previously recognized. These structures were likely influenced by inherited Proterozoic basement heterogeneities along the edge of the Colorado Plateau. This interpretation suggests that tectonic models for the region should be reevaluated and has broader implications for understanding variability and geodynamics of foreland basin evolution.
Scholia Latina, Arabica et in uulgari lingua ad Alphurcanum Mahumedis
Authors: Casassas Canals Xavier , Martínez Gázquez José 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Cod. arab. 7 in the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek in Munich, which contains a large number of glosses in Latin and Romance, is important because it is, together with the Qurʾān in Ms. BNF arabe 384 and Ms. A-5-2 in the Escuela de Estudios Árabes in Granada, one of the only three known copies of the Qurʾān in Arabic that also contains numerous Latin glosses. The Paris manuscript has a large corpus of Latin glosses, signed by Riccoldo de Montecroce, made with the help of a second Latin translation of the Qurʾān by Mark of Toledo in 1210. In addition, the Arabic Qurʾān in Ms. A-5-2, probably elaborated in Algeciras in al-Andalus in 1599, gives the names of the Suras 1–19 in Latin.
Immanuel of Rome’s Bisbidis: An Italian Maqāma?
Authors: Levy Isabelle 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Although Immanuel of Rome’s Bisbidis abounds with onomatopoeic inventiveness, it has received little critical attention aside from its status as a curiosity: a dazzling poem by the only Italian Jew with extant medieval Italian lyrics. While this paper explores Immanuel’s familiarity with works by Cecco Angiolieri, Dante Alighieri, and other duecento Italian poets, it aims to demonstrate the ways in which Bisbidis embodies the medieval Hebrew-via-Arabic genre of the maqāma. After providing background on secular medieval Hebrew literature composed in the Mediterranean region and situating Immanuel’s composition in its literary-historical context, I evaluate several components – including thematic, formal, and philological correspondences – that Bisbidis shares with the Hebrew maqāma.
Providers’ View on the First Kidney Transplantation Center in Ethiopia: Experience From Past to Present
Authors: Shimels Tariku , Getachew Abrham , Tadesse Mekdim , Thompson Alison 
Published: May 2021

Introduction: Transplantation is the optimal management for patients with end-stage renal disease. In Ethiopia, the first national kidney transplantation center was opened at St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College in September 2015. The aim of this study was to explore providers’ views and experiences of the past to present at this center. Methods: A qualitative study design was employed from 1st November to 15th December, 2019. To ensure that appropriate informants would provide rich study data, 8 health care providers and top management members were purposefully chosen for in-depth interviews. A maximum variation sampling method was considered to include a representative sample of informants. Interviews were digitally audio-recorded, and transcribed verbatim. Transcribed data was coded and analyzed using Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA) Minor Lite software and Microsoft-Excel. Result: The participants (5 males and 3 females) approached were from different departments of the renal transplant center, and the main hospital. Eight main themes and 18 sub-themes were generated initially from all interviews totaling to 109 index codes. Further evaluation and recoding retained 5 main themes, and 14 sub-themes. The main themes are; challenges experienced during and after launching the center, commitment, sympathy and satisfaction, outcomes of renal transplant, actions to improve the quality of service, and how the transplant center should operate. Providers claim that they discharge their responsibilities through proper commitment and compassion, paying no attention to incentive packages. They also explained that renal transplantation would have all the outcomes related to economic, humanistic and clinical facets. Conclusion and Recommendation: A multitude of challenges were faced during and after the establishment of the first renal transplant center in Ethiopia. Providers discharge their responsibility through a proper compassion for patients. Concerned stakeholders should actively collaborate to improve the quality of renal transplant services in the center.
A phylogenetic approach for weighting genetic sequences
Authors: De Maio Nicola , Alekseyenko Alexander V. , Coleman-Smith William J. , Pardi Fabio , Suchard Marc A. , Tamuri Asif U. , Truszkowski Jakub , Goldman Nick 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Many important applications in bioinformatics, including sequence alignment and protein family profiling, employ sequence weighting schemes to mitigate the effects of non-independence of homologous sequences and under- or over-representation of certain taxa in a dataset. These schemes aim to assign high weights to sequences that are ‘novel’ compared to the others in the same dataset, and low weights to sequences that are over-represented.

Results
We formalise this principle by rigorously defining the evolutionary ‘novelty’ of a sequence within an alignment. This results in new sequence weights that we call ‘phylogenetic novelty scores’. These scores have various desirable properties, and we showcase their use by considering, as an example application, the inference of character frequencies at an alignment column—important, for example, in protein family profiling. We give computationally efficient algorithms for calculating our scores and, using simulations, show that they are versatile and can improve the accuracy of character frequency estimation compared to existing sequence weighting schemes.

Conclusions
Our phylogenetic novelty scores can be useful when an evolutionarily meaningful system for adjusting for uneven taxon sampling is desired. They have numerous possible applications, including estimation of evolutionary conservation scores and sequence logos, identification of targets in conservation biology, and improving and measuring sequence alignment accuracy.
Distribution and Clonality of drug-resistant tuberculosis in South Africa
Authors: Said Halima , Ratabane John , Erasmus Linda , Gardee Yasmin , Omar Shaheed , Dreyer Andries , Ismail Farzana , Bhyat Zaheda , Lebaka Tiisetso , van der Meulen Minty , Gwala Thabisile , Adelekan Adeboye , Diallo Karidia , Ismail Nazir 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Studies have shown that drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) in South Africa (SA) is clonal and is caused mostly by transmission. Identifying transmission chains is important in controlling DR-TB. This study reports on the sentinel molecular surveillance data of Rifampicin-Resistant (RR) TB in SA, aiming to describe the RR-TB strain population and the estimated transmission of RR-TB cases.

Method
RR-TB isolates collected between 2014 and 2018 from eight provinces were genotyped using combination of spoligotyping and 24-loci mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-units-variable-number tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR) typing.

Results
Of the 3007 isolates genotyped, 301 clusters were identified. Cluster size ranged between 2 and 270 cases. Most of the clusters (247/301; 82.0%) were small in size (< 5 cases), 12.0% (37/301) were medium sized (5–10 cases), 3.3% (10/301) were large (11–25 cases) and 2.3% (7/301) were very large with 26–270 cases. The Beijing genotype was responsible for majority of RR-TB cases in Western and Eastern Cape, while the East-African-Indian-Somalian (EAI1_SOM) genotype accounted for a third of RR-TB cases in Mpumalanga. The overall proportion of RR-TB cases estimated to be due to transmission was 42%, with the highest transmission-rate in Western Cape (64%) and the lowest in Northern Cape (9%).

Conclusion
Large clusters contribute to the burden of RR-TB in specific geographic areas such as Western Cape, Eastern Cape and Mpumalanga, highlighting the need for community-wide interventions. Most of the clusters identified in the study were small, suggesting close contact transmission events, emphasizing the importance of contact investigations and infection control as the primary interventions in SA.