bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assimilation of lidar planetary boundary layer height observations
Authors: Tangborn Andrew , Demoz Belay , Carroll Brian J. , Santanello Joseph , Anderson Jeffrey L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Lidar backscatter and wind retrievals of the planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) are assimilated into 22-hourly forecasts from the
NASA Unified – Weather and
Research Forecast (NU-WRF) model during the Plains Elevated Convection at Night (PECAN) campaign on 11 July 2015 in Greensburg,
Kansas, using error statistics collected from the model profiles to compute the necessary covariance matrices. Two separate
forecast runs using different PBL physics schemes were employed, and comparisons with six independent radiosonde profiles were made
for each run. Both of the forecast runs accurately predicted the PBLH and the state variable profiles within the planetary boundary layer
during the early morning, and the assimilation had a small impact during this time.
In the late afternoon, the forecast runs showed decreased accuracy as the convective boundary layer developed.
However, assimilation of
the Doppler lidar PBLH observations was
found to improve the temperature and V-velocity profiles relative to independent radiosonde profiles. Water vapor
was overcorrected, leading to increased differences with independent data. Errors in the U velocity were made slightly larger.
The computed forecast error covariances between the PBLH and state variables
were found to rise in the late afternoon, leading to the larger improvements in the afternoon.
This work represents the first effort to assimilate PBLH into forecast states using ensemble methods.
Azimuthal averaging–reconstruction filtering techniques for finite-difference general circulation models in spherical geometry
Authors: Dang Tong , Zhang Binzheng , Lei Jiuhou , Wang Wenbin , Burns Alan , Liu Han-li , Pham Kevin , Sorathia Kareem A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract. When solving hydrodynamic equations in spherical or cylindrical geometry using explicit finite-difference schemes, a major difficulty is that the time step is greatly restricted by the clustering of azimuthal cells near the pole due to the Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy condition. This paper adapts the azimuthal averaging–reconstruction (ring average) technique to finite-difference schemes in order to mitigate the time step constraint in spherical and cylindrical coordinates. The finite-difference ring average technique averages physical quantities based on an effective grid and then reconstructs the solution back to the original grid in a piecewise, monotonic way. The algorithm is implemented in a community upper-atmospheric model, the Thermosphere–Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIEGCM), with a horizontal resolution up to 0.625∘×0.625∘ in geographic longitude–latitude coordinates, which enables the capability of resolving critical mesoscale structures within the TIEGCM. Numerical experiments have shown that the ring average technique introduces minimal artifacts in the polar region of general circulation model (GCM) solutions, which is a significant improvement compared to commonly used low-pass filtering techniques such as the fast Fourier transform method. Since the finite-difference adaption of the ring average technique is a post-solver type of algorithm, which requires no changes to the original computational grid and numerical algorithms, it has also been implemented in much more complicated models with extended physical–chemical modules such as the Coupled Magnetosphere–Ionosphere–Thermosphere (CMIT) model and the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere and ionosphere eXtension (WACCM-X). The implementation of ring average techniques in both models enables CMIT and WACCM-X to perform global simulations with a much higher resolution than that used in the community versions. The new technique is not only a significant improvement in space weather modeling capability, but it can also be adapted to more general finite-difference solvers for hyperbolic equations in spherical and polar geometries.
Highlights.
The ring average technique is adapted to solve the issue of clustered grid cells in polar and spherical coordinates with a finite-difference method. The ring average technique is applied to develop a 0.625∘×0.625∘ high-resolution TIEGCM and more complicated geoscientific models with polar and spherical coordinates as well as finite-difference numerical schemes. The high-resolution TIEGCM shows good capability in resolving mesoscale structures in the ionosphere–thermosphere (I–T) system.
De la retórica a la gramática de la investigación con niñas, niños y adolescentes
Authors: Di Iorio Jorgelina , Lenta Malena , Gueglio Constanza 
Published: February 2021

El reconocimiento de niños, niñas y adolescentes como sujetos de derecho generó múltiples cambios en el modo de investigar con las infancias y adolescencias desde finales del siglo XX. El derecho a la escucha y a la participación en las temáticas que los atañen, se transformaron en principios rectores de los trabajos de investigación que se encontraban bajo el paradigma de protección de derechos de la niñez. No obstante, aunque existen una gran cantidad de trabajos de investigación que se enuncian bajo estos principios, se observan obstáculos en la traducción de los mismos a decisiones metodológicas que permitan garantizar la participación de niñas, niños y adolescentes en los procesos de investigación social. En este marco se propone el objetivo de analizar los dispositivos metodológicos orientados a garantizar la participación de niñas, niños y adolescentes a partir de un estudio de casos múltiples ampliado, en donde se seleccionaron tres procesos de investigación con niñas, niños y adolescentes sin cuidados parentales. Entre los resultados se identificaron tres dispositivos analíticos centrales para comprender las modalidades de la participación infantil y adolescente en las investigaciones: el consentimiento informado, la decisiones sobre las técnicas y la interpretación de los datos que permitieron pasar del foco en la retórica sobre la participación de niñas, niños y adolescentes a la gramática, es decir, a las formas de inscripción de la participación en el proceso investigativo.
Utopía, pragmatismo y vivienda social. De las “habitaciones obreras” a los “huertos obreros y familiares” en Santiago, 1900 – 1960
Authors: Olea Jorge Manuel , Hidalgo Rodrigo 
Published: February 2021

La consolidación de los programas de vivienda popular en Chile en la primera mitad del siglo XX debe entenderse bajo las dinámicas de la disputa política y la configuración del espacio urbano, las cuales responden a las alianzas entre los sectores trabajadores y el Estado. En este trabajo se analiza cómo esa trayectoria está mediada por perspectivas proyectuales utópicas por parte de ambos agentes, hasta llegar a los huertos obreros como materialización concreta de aquellas utopías abstractas. Se revisaron los documentos oficiales y publicaciones de los principales gestores de las experiencias de producción de un espacio urbano específico, Santiago en la primera mitad del siglo XX. Se puso el énfasis en lo que iba más allá de la acción meramente habitacional, sino que iban más allá, problematizando no sólo el derecho a la vivienda, sino que el cómo debía ser materializado ese derecho. La cuestión utópica, como horizonte de posibilidad, permite argumentar que los proyectos de vivienda popular lograron verse permeados por formas alternativas de habitar la ciudad.
Palabras clave: habitación obrera – utopía espacial – geografía urbana – Santiago de Chile.
The Place of Christianity in the Critical Debates of Africana Religious Studies
Authors: Settles Joshua 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The massive accession to Christian faith in postcolonial Africa is leading to the ongoing creation of distinctively African forms of Christian thought and practice that differ in significant ways from those of the West—a trend anticipated by developments in Black American Christianity. Africana religious studies has been imagined as a field that would “generate credible scholarship on indigenous African religious traditions,” yet the rise of African Christianity raises questions about what constitutes indigeneity. If the Ethiopian church represents “Africa indigenously Christian,” do these more recent developments suggest Christianity indigenously African? Can Christianity be considered indigenously African? Is there a need for Africana religious scholarship to reassess the widespread notion of Christianity as a cultural product of the West and an imposition alien to Africana peoples? If so, what does the rise of African Christianity indicate about both the nature and structure of Christianity, understood as an Africana religion?
I am a D.J., I am what I play: Review of William S. Burroughs and the Cult of Rock 'n' Roll
Authors: Schneiderman Davis 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
Casey Rae's book connects the biography of William S. Burroughs to a wide range of musical production that has been influenced both directly and indirectly by his work. In doing so, the book is a valuable catalog of Burroughs's late twentieth-century cultural influence even as it balances the need to describe his influence with the linguistically embedded tendency to mythopoeticize when it comes to Burroughs. The tension, between the Romantic and the radical, is perhaps the most persistent characteristic of Burroughs's cultural reception. Rae's book admirably explores this strain, and offers an entertaining narrative in doing so.
Flannery O'Connor's Letters and the Editing of Authorial Intent
Authors: Gentry Marshall Bruce 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
Flannery O'Connor's letters and essays have served as keys to understanding her authorial intent, and editors' decisions have played a significant role in directing how her personality is perceived and how her works are interpreted. Sally Fitzgerald, editor of the O'Connor collections The Habit of Being and Mystery and Manners, made decisions that should be second-guessed. One must take a critical attitude toward editors' selections and wonder what is being left out. Race is one topic on which Fitzgerald tried to protect O'Connor from scholarly scrutiny. Benjamin B. Alexander's collection presents over 140 previously unpublished letters by O'Connor, and many of these are so fascinating that one wonders why they were not published before. Alexander regularly follows the back-and-forth between O'Connor and a correspondent, even though this arrangement makes the book as a whole far from chronological in organization. Alexander should be applauded for negotiating permissions from a number of authors' estates, and if the overall effect is that the collection is a grab bag, one must be grateful for the gems. The weaknesses of Alexander's collection are that it repeats many letters published elsewhere and that Alexander's commentary is often so opinionated that the reader can feel bullied.
De gewetensbeslissing in Scholtens rechtsmethodologie
Authors: Vleugel Jos 
Published: February 2021

De gewetensbeslissing in Scholtens rechtsmethodologie
The role that Paul Scholten assigns to conscience in his legal methodology still leads to heated discussions in literature after almost 100 years. Recognizing that in case law the conscience of the judge can be of decisive importance is apparently problematic. It would facilitate political court rulings, make judicial judgment uncontrollable and could be arbitrary for the parties to the legal dispute. Not only Scholten’s view on the role of conscience in judicial decision making is “a stumbling block”. At least as great is the fuss about his representation of conscience. Only Christian lawyers could identify with this. This article attempts to shed new light on the above points of criticism by drawing attention to the following aspects of Scholten’s legal methodology: the role of the facts in establishing the law, the nature of the legal judgment and finally the grounds on which conscience may be determined.
Lenisering etter kort vokal: relikt-fenomen eller opphav?
Authors: Kristoffersen Gjert 
Published: February 2021

The topic of the paper is a small group of Norwegian dialects where lenition of p, t, k into b, d, g in intervocalic and word-final position is limited to words characterized by a monomoraic, stressed syllable in Old Norse. These dialects are spoken in the easternmost local communities in Agder county, at the eastern margin of the South-Norwegian lenition areas where lenition hit all short oral stops irrespective of preceding vowel length. After the quantity shift had made all stressed vowels bimoraic, with rimes being either VV or VC, the distribution of the lenited plosives are after both long and short vowels (the main area) or after short vowels only (the eastern marginal area).
Haslum (2004) argues that the limited distribution in the east ist the result of a reversal after long vowels only. While this cannot be refuted as a possibility, I argue below that it may also be the result of a two-stage process, whereby lenition after a short vowel has spread further than the generalized process.
Informed Evaluation of Pathology Residency Programs
Authors: Yorke Rebecca F. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Objectives.—To identify resources and summarize important issues in anatomic and clinical pathology training and to assist the pathology resident candidate in evaluating potential training programs.
Data Sources.—Published guides for medical residency applicants, recent literature discussing pathology education, and World Wide Web sites.
Study Selection.—Resources perceived by the author as valuable for the pathology resident candidate.
Data Extraction.—Key issues in pathology education are identified.
Data Synthesis.—Issues are discussed from the perspective of a pathology resident candidate, and resources for further information are provided.
Conclusions.—The pathology residency candidate faces unique challenges in the residency search process because of the breadth of pathology training and the limited exposure to the practice of pathology in medical school. General guides for residency applicants include little discussion of pathology-specific issues. Recent literature discussing pathology education is fragmented but provides invaluable insights for resident candidates. This review seeks to identify a wide variety of issues and resources as a starting point for evaluating potential training programs.
Gynecomastia-like Changes of the Female Breast
Authors: Kang Yong , Wile Michael , Schinella Roger 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Objectives.—Gynecomastia-like changes of the female breast are only sparsely reported and are not well defined in the literature to our knowledge. Our objectives were to determine the incidence, clinical presentation, mammographic findings, and the medical background of patients with these changes.
Design.—Two thousand seven hundred nine female breast surgical cases from 1995 to 1999 were searched by SNOMED. Three observers further reviewed all cases with gynecomastia-like changes. Strict criteria were developed and cases that fulfilled the criteria were analyzed further.
Results.—We found the incidence of female gynecomastia-like changes to be 0.15% (4/2709) of all female breast lesions, which represents an underestimation. Patients were usually young and had an average age of 32 years. The usual clinical presentation was a palpable mass with a size ranging from about 3.5 × 2 × 2 cm to 5 × 4 × 2.5 cm. Mammography showed either negative findings or a nonspecific density. Gross examination of these specimens revealed no distinct lesions. Histologically, the lesions consisted of ductal hyperplasia with periductal stromal fibrosis or edema. They were associated with fibrocystic changes in the adjacent breast. The patients had no significant medical history.
Conclusion.—We propose that the gynecomastia-like change is a specific benign entity within the spectrum of benign fibrocystic changes and that it usually occurs in young patients.
Granular Cell Tumor of the Thyroid
Authors: Paproski Suzanne M. , Owen David A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A case of granular cell tumor of the thyroid gland occurring in a 23-year-old woman is reported. The patient presented with a painless mass in the neck, but was otherwise in good health and had no associated disorders. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy was performed prior to surgery and yielded thyroid epithelial cells with possible oncocytic-type change. To our knowledge, the English language literature contains only one other report of a granular cell tumor of the thyroid. Our case supports the recent suggestion of a neural crest origin for some types of thyroid neoplasia.
Three-Dimensional Microscopic Image Reconstruction of Prostatic Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Boag A. H. , Kennedy L. A. , Miller M. J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractContext.—Routine microscopy provides only a 2-dimensional view of the complex 3-dimensional structure that makes up human tissue. Three-dimensional microscopic image reconstruction has not been described previously for prostate cancer.Objectives.—To develop a simple method of computerized 3-dimensional image reconstruction and to demonstrate its applicability to the study of prostatic adenocarcinoma.Methods.—Serial sections were cut from archival paraffin-embedded prostate specimens, immunostained using antikeratin CAM5.2, and digitally imaged. Computer image–rendering software was used to produce 3-dimensional image reconstructions of prostate cancer of varying Gleason grades, normal prostate, and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia.Results.—The rendering system proved easy to use and provided good-quality 3-dimensional images of most specimens. Normal prostate glands formed irregular fusiform structures branching off central tubular ducts. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia showed external contours similar to those of normal glands, but with a markedly complex internal arrangement of branching lumens. Gleason grade 3 carcinoma was found to consist of a complex array of interconnecting tubules rather than the apparently separate glands seen in 2 dimensions on routine light microscopy. Gleason grade 4 carcinoma demonstrated a characteristic form of glandular fusion that was readily visualized by optically sectioning and rotating the reconstructed images.Conclusions.—Computerized 3-dimensional microscopic imaging holds great promise as an investigational tool. By revealing the structural relationships of the various Gleason grades of prostate cancer, this method could be used to refine diagnostic and grading criteria for this common tumor.
Diagnosing Allergic Diseases in Children
Authors: Homburger Henry A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In the environment of managed care, children with allergic diseases are increasingly likely to be evaluated by nonallergist physicians. While the presumptive diagnosis of an allergic disease can often be suspected on clinical grounds, signs and symptoms are not reliable for establishing a definitive diagnosis or for deciding on management options. This article discusses the use of immunoglobulin E antibody tests to classify children with allergic symptoms. The information is intended for pathologists who offer consultative laboratory services to nonallergist physicians. Emphasis is placed on defining the minimum number of tests necessary to identify allergic children at different ages.
MUC1 Gene–Derived Glycoprotein Assays for Monitoring Breast Cancer (CA 15-3, CA 27.29, BR): Are They Measuring the Same Antigen?
Authors: Klee George G. , Schreiber William E. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—There are 2 general types of assays measuring MUC1 gene–derived glycoprotein: assays for cancer antigen (CA) 15-3, which are sandwich assays, and assays for CA 27.29, which are competitive assays. These 2 types of assays measure slightly different parts of this tandem-repeat molecule. Across-method assay differences hinder the exchange of patient test values among integrated health care networks and among countries.
Objective.—This report evaluates the method differences among these assays to determine if the differences between these assays are mainly related to variations in calibration or differences in analyte specificity.
Design.—Data from 22 College of American Pathologists survey challenges were analyzed to compare 10 commercial assay methods for these 2 related analytes. In addition, data from 58 patient samples were analyzed to compare 3 of these assays.
Results.—The linear correlation coefficients comparing the within-method medians of these proficiency test distributions were very high (&gt;0.99) for all of the methods; however, the regression slopes varied from 0.836 to 1.095. The regression slopes for the patient specimens varied similarly, but the correlation coefficients were lower.
Conclusions.—This study indicates that many of the test value differences for these measurements are due to differences in assay calibration rather than differences in the specificity of the assay measurement systems. Survey test data potentially could be used to help harmonize these assay differences.
Spurious Hypocalcemia After Omniscan- or OptiMARK-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging: An Algorithm for Minimizing a False-Positive Laboratory Value
Authors: Emerson Jane , Kost Gerald 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging has become a routine diagnostic imaging procedure. Reports in the literature document that 2 of the 4 available gadolinium-based magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents, gadodiamide (Omniscan) and gadoversetamide (OptiMARK), are less stable and readily undergo dechelation. In vitro, this dechelation can result in interference with the most common laboratory methods used to measure total plasma or serum calcium. The result of total calcium measurement soon after contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging with these interfering contrast agents is a spurious lowering of the total calcium level. This low calcium measurement may result in a value consistent with hypocalcemia and can persist in patients with renal insufficiency and in patients receiving higher doses of contrast agent. Alternatively, a clinically significant elevated calcium level may be overlooked because of the artificially lowered value. Two of the available gadolinium-based contrast agents, gadoteridol (ProHance) and gadopentetate dimeglumine (Magnevist), have not been to shown to interfere with total calcium measurement. A clinical practice algorithm for the laboratorian, the radiologist, and the clinician is presented to minimize the occurrence and consequences of a spuriously lowered total calcium level due to Omniscan- or OptiMARK-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging.
Scalp Paraffinoma Underlying Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Ko Christine J. , Sarantopoulos G. Peter , Bhuta Sunita , Binder Scott W. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We report the case of an 84-year-old man with multiple squamous cell carcinomas located on his bald scalp, arising in association with underlying paraffinoma. Histologically, poorly differentiated, acantholytic squamous cell carcinomas were located above characteristic pseudocystic spaces. Carcinomas have been reported in association with penile and breast paraffinomas, but we are unaware of any reports of squamous cell carcinoma arising over a scalp paraffinoma.