bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3D Analysis of the Synaptic Organization in the Entorhinal Cortex in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Domínguez-Álvaro M. , Montero-Crespo M. , Blazquez-Llorca L. , Plaza-Alonso S. , Cano-Astorga N. , DeFelipe J. , Alonso-Nanclares L. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe entorhinal cortex (EC) is especially vulnerable in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In particular, cognitive deficits have been linked to alterations in the upper layers of EC. In the present report, we examined Layers II and III from eight human brain autopsies (four subjects with no recorded neurologic alterations and four AD cases). We used stereological methods to assess cortical atrophy of the EC and possible changes in the volume occupied by different cortical elements (neuronal and glial cell bodies; blood vessels; and neuropil). We performed 3D ultrastructural analyses of synapses using focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM) to examine possible alterations related to AD. At the light microscope level, we found a significantly lower volume fraction occupied by neuronal bodies in Layer III and a higher volume fraction occupied by glial cell bodies in Layer II in AD cases. At the ultrastructural level, we observed that (1) there was a significantly lower synaptic density in both layers in AD cases; (2) synapses were larger and more complex in Layer II in AD cases; and (3) there was a greater proportion of small and simple synapses in Layer III in AD cases than in control individuals. These structural differences may play a role in the anatomic basis for the impairment of cognitive functions in AD.
Too much death can kill you: inhibiting intrinsic apoptosis to treat disease
Authors: Li Kaiming , van Delft Mark F , Dewson Grant 
Published: May 2021

AbstractApoptotic cell death is implicated in both physiological and pathological processes. Since many types of cancerous cells intrinsically evade apoptotic elimination, induction of apoptosis has become an attractive and often necessary cancer therapeutic approach. Conversely, some cells are extremely sensitive to apoptotic stimuli leading to neurodegenerative disease and immune pathologies. However, due to several challenges, pharmacological inhibition of apoptosis is still only a recently emerging strategy to combat pathological cell loss. Here, we describe several key steps in the intrinsic (mitochondrial) apoptosis pathway that represent potential targets for inhibitors in disease contexts. We also discuss the mechanisms of action, advantages and limitations of small‐molecule and peptide‐based inhibitors that have been developed to date. These inhibitors serve as important research tools to dissect apoptotic signalling and may foster new treatments to reduce unwanted cell loss.
Low-temperature Mossbauer studies of the phase composition and structural stability of iron (III) oxide/hydroxide nanocomposite
Authors: Ostafiychuk B.K. , Moklyak V.V. , Fedoriv V.D. , Hrubiak A.B. , Yavorskyi Yu.V. , Yuryev S.O. 
Published: May 2021

In article present the results of low-temperature Mossbauer studies of iron (III) oxide/hydroxide nanocomposite synthesized by the method of deposition. Based on these studies, the composition of the synthesized composite was revealed. The nanodispersed composite with a specific surface 280 m2/g is a hematite in the weakly disordered crystalline state (CSR 10 nm), and a lepidocrocite in the X-ray amorphous state (particles size 3-4 nm). The relative integral intensity of the Zeeman sextet, which corresponds to the magnetically ordered phase of hematite, is practically unchanged and is about 17%. The tendency to divide the magnetically ordered component into two sextets, which differ in quadrupole splitting QS= –0.21 mm/s and QS= 0.21 mm/s, respectively, is observed starting from a temperature of 190 K. As a result of annealing of the synthesized material at a temperature of 200°C, a slight redistribution (≈ 5%) of the content of paramagnetic and magnetically ordered components was recorded, which indicates the structural stability of the nanoparticles of the lepidocrocite γ-FeOOH phase at this temperature. Increase of annealing temperatures to 500oC leads to the predicted course of the phase transition γ-FеООH ® α-Fе2О3. The mechanism of growth of hematite crystallites during sintering due to fixation side faces of larger α-Fe2O3 phase of nanoparticles of the γ-FeOOH phase with simultaneous transformation of their crystal structure to side faces of larger α-Fe2O3 phase particles is presented.
Material investigations to facilitate the applicability of microwave radar to energy-related wall structure analysis
Authors: Gorzalka Philip , Haas Alexander , Golubeva Galina , Estevam Schmiedt Jacob , Peichl Markus , Hoffschmidt Bernhard 
Published: May 2021

AbstractExisting buildings often have low energy efficiency standards. For the preparation of retrofits, reliable high-quality data about built-in materials is required. Contactless measuring technologies, especially microwave radar, have the potential to enable an easy-to-apply and automatable way to analyse the structures and thermal properties of existing building walls, but the relationship between materials, their thermal properties, and their electromagnetic properties, such as the permittivity, is needed for its application. This article presents an analysis of the relationship between electromagnetic and thermal properties for a variety of building materials. Systematic measurements were performed for samples (burnt clay bricks, calcium silicate bricks, autoclaved aerated concrete and lightweight concrete) mainly originating from demolished buildings. The thermal conductivity, thermal capacitance, and dielectric permittivity were measured and the hypothesis of a correlation between permittivity and thermal parameters was partly confirmed. This information is a prerequisite for using microwave radar sensing technology to determine heat transfer coefficients of existing building walls. The next research step is the development of a corresponding measurement and evaluation method.
Triaxial mechanical behaviour of hybrid basalt–polypropylene fibre-reinforced concrete: The effect of micro-fibres at multi scale levels
Authors: Fu Qiang , Bu Mengxin , Su Li , Liu Lei , Chen Lou , Li Ning , Niu Ditao 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe triaxial mechanical properties of hybrid basalt–polypropylene fibre-reinforced concrete (HBPRC) were investigated in detail. The different effects of micro-basalt fibre (BF) and micro-polypropylene fibre (PF) on the triaxial properties of concrete were revealed. The strength criterion for HBPRC was established. The results showed that the hydrostatic behaviour, volumetric strain, peak deviatoric stress, elastic modulus, and Poisson’s ratio of HBPRC are affected by not only the confining pressure but also the BF and PF. The confining pressure gradually changes the failure mode of HBPRC from split failure to shear failure and extrusion plastic flow failure. The BF and PF mainly improve the strength and deformation performance of concrete, respectively. A nonlinear Mohr–Coulomb (M–C) strength criterion for HBPRC, which takes into account the fibre effect, is established. The calculated results performed using the proposed criterion agree well with the experimental results.
five-year overview of fatal thermal and electrical burns in Johannesburg, South Africa
Authors: Keyes Craig , Liphoko Khumo L. 
Published: May 2021

Thermal and electrical burn injuries affect millions of people globally each year. South Africa is a developing country where fatal fires are common. Despite the pervasiveness of fatal thermal and electrical burns in South Africa, there is a paucity of information regarding the frequency of such fatal burns in the City of Johannesburg. We aimed to describe the demographics and frequency of fatal thermal and electrical burn cases received at the Johannesburg Forensic Pathology Services Medico-Legal Mortuary for medico-legal death investigations, and compare the burn mortality rates between Johannesburg and those reported in Cape Town, Pretoria, and Mpumalanga. This study was a 5-year (2010–2014) retrospective review of 185 forensic medico-legal case files of fatal burns (156 thermal burn cases and 29 electrical burn cases) received at the Johannesburg Forensic Pathology Services Medico-Legal Laboratory. The demographics at the greatest risk of fatal burns in Johannesburg, South Africa are black (2.11 per 100 000) and male (1.03 per 100 000) individuals, and those in the 30–39-year age group (3.6 per 100 000). Children aged 0–9 years had a high mortality rate due to thermal burns (3.44 per 100 000). The most common type of fatal burns is thermal in nature, as a result of flames (1.62 per 100 000). Electrical burns are relatively rare (0.3 per 100 000). Burns are prevalent in the winter months, most notably in August. Burn wounds are common on the head, chest, back, and abdomen. Johannesburg has an overall lower burn mortality rate and incidence frequency than Cape Town, Pretoria, and Mpumalanga. This study is the first to report on fatal burns in Johannesburg, South Africa.Significance:

A description is provided of fatal thermal and electrical burns of individuals whose deaths were investigated at the Johannesburg Forensic Pathology Services Medico-Legal Mortuary.
The results highlight the demographic groups at risk of fatal burns in Johannesburg, South Africa.
Johannesburg has a lower fatal burn incidence and mortality rate than Cape Town, Pretoria, and Mpumalanga; however, young people, particularly male individuals, are at greatest risk.
Orthopaedic device innovation in South Africa: A study of patenting activity
Authors: Salie Faatiema , De Jager Kylie , Douglas Tania S. 
Published: May 2021

We assessed knowledge development and exchange among actors who patent orthopaedic devices in South Africa over the period 2000–2015. A social network analysis was performed on bibliometric data using co-inventorship on patents as an indicator of collaboration between different organisations, with a focus on the spatial and sectoral contexts. Network metrics and innovation system indices are used to describe knowledge development and exchange. The results show that university, healthcare and industry organisations have primarily been responsible for increased patenting over time. The key actors were a set of industry actors – a national actor and its US partner – who have patented many devices jointly. National universities were found to make a small contribution, and science councils were found to be absent, despite the efforts in the changing innovation landscape to encourage publicly financed research organisations to protect their intellectual property. The collaboration networks were found to be sparse and disjointed, with many actors – largely from the private healthcare sector – patenting in isolation.Significance:

The considerable number of patents filed by private sector clinicians in orthopaedic device innovation in their personal capacity is highlighted.
Few patents emanate from national universities, and science council actors are largely absent, despite the Intellectual Property Rights from Publicly Financed Research and Development Act to protect intellectual property emanating from public research organisations.
Patenting networks are more fragmented than are scientific publication networks.

Open data set: https://doi.org/10.25375/uct.14417246.v1
Socialization of the Russian Civil Law as the Basis of its Modernization
Authors: Bogdanov E. V. 
Published: May 2021

The paper substantiates the conclusion that the main direction for the modernization of civil law now is reflected in its socialization, which leads to the incorporation of public interests into the legislation to a greater extent than it is at present. In this regard, it is necessary to solve the problem of socialization of private property, which, in turn, will allow enshrining the provision concerning the social purpose of entrepreneurial activities in the legislation.Civil law socialization will also make it necessary to change approaches to defining the principles of civil law. Paragraph 1 of Art. 1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation provides for a list of foundations (principles) of civil law, but this list does not have any unifying ground that would allow us to assert the existence of a system of civil law principles, and it does not bear an expressed social burden. The paper substantiates the conclusion that the principle of the social state should be considered as a unifying principle promoting the principle of solidarity that, in turn, gives rise to the principles of good faith and justice.The paper also draws attention to the digitalization of public life, which has given rise to new problems. One of such problems includes compensation for harm caused to citizens and legal entities by devices, machines, etc. with artificial intelligence constituting not increased, but special danger for others, that should also include special responsibility. The special danger herein is preconditioned by the use of artificial intelligence, the possibility of its intended actions, for example, due to failures in the program or unauthorized change of the program from the outside. To this end, similar to the provision of Art. 1079 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, strict (no-fault) liability must be imposed on the persons concerned. The liability should not be individual, that is, the liability of an entity exploiting a device under consideration, but solidary one applied to all persons taking part in the work on artificial intelligence.
Use of amplitudes: Part II, focal depths*
Authors: De Bremaecker J. Cl. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBy using the Pn vs. Δ curve found in Part I of this paper and by assuming the focal depth of one seism, the focal depths of the other seisms are found by comparing the amplitude of Pn and that of the surface waves. The depths found are reasonable and the scattering of the results is small.
History of earthquakes in Kansas*
Authors: Merriam Daniel F. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Thirty-eight earthquakes which have affected Kansas are listed and described; 22 of these have occurred within the state's boundaries since 1867. There were 2 moderately strong ones—on April 24, 1867, and January 7, 1906. A frequency plot reveals that a moderately strong earthquake occurs in the state approximately every 40 to 45 years.
A correlation of earthquakes with structural features in Kansas indicates that the Nemaha anticline is still tectonically active and that the earthquakes are probably occurring along a series of faults on the east side of the structure. Other positive structural elements such as the Cambridge arch and Central Kansas uplift are considered passive. The state, as a whole, is and probably always has been relatively stable.
The aftershock sequence of the Kamchatka earthquake of November 4, 1952
Authors: Båth Markus , Benioff Hugo 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Aftershock epicenters of the Kamchatka earthquake of November 4, 1952, are distributed over an area approximately 1,030 kilometers in length by 240 kilometers in width. Assuming that this distribution represents the active strain zone, the total average strain, average elastic energy, and average stress of the rocks before slip were 11.9 × 10−5, 1.35 × 102 ergs/cm.3, and 12.6 kg/cm.2, respectively.
The strain-release curve of the sequence has been constructed using observations from Uppsala and Kiruna. The data include more than 400 shocks with magnitudes 6.0 and greater which have occurred up to December, 1956. The curve exhibits three segments each of the form ΣJ1/2 = A + B log t, where J is the energy and t is the time measured from the time of the principal earthquake. The slope B changes abruptly at t = 0.4 days and at t = 195 days, the latter change being particularly pronounced. Moreover, this was accompanied by other evidence suggesting a change in mechanism. The coefficients B have almost the exact ratio of 1 : 2 : 5 in the three intervals 0-0.4, 0.4—195, and after 195 days. The aftershock activity has its highest concentration in the vicinity of the principal earthquake and tapers off toward both ends of the active fault segment. The majority of the aftershocks have clear pP impulses occurring generally 9 to 13 sec. after P, indicating that the foci were in or close to the Mohorovičić discontinuity. The rate of strain accumulation and release for the time interval from 1897 to 1956 for the entire Kamchatka-northern Japan stress system shows a slow decrease with time. Comparison of the rate of the entire system with that of the aftershock sequence leads to an approximate estimate of the possible duration of the sequence.
Seismological evidence for the tectonics of the Northwest Pacific Ocean
Authors: Scheidegger Adrian E. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
From a series of fault-plane solutions of earthquakes in any one area, it is possible to determine the tectonic displacement of that area by a least squares solution. This method has been applied to the areas marginal to the Northwest Pacific Ocean. It turns out that the directions of the tectonic displacement in the Kurile Islands, Honshu, the Marianas Islands, and the Philippines are more or less parallel: the direction is approximately N 14° W. This is a rather startling result: it appears that the whole Northwest Pacific Ocean is moving en bloc with regard to its margin. A determination of the motion for Sakhalin gives an entirely different direction (N 36° E), which is an indication that the tectonic motion of Sakhalin is unrelated to that of the Pacific Ocean.
Note on a type of surface waves traveling in a semi-infinite solid of varying elasticity and density
Authors: Mitra M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The propagation of a type of waves similar to Love waves in a homogeneous semi-infinite medium with a single surface layer in which µ, ρ both vary exponentially with the depth has been considered. The period equation has been solved numerically for the first mode only, and results have been compared with Jeffreys' values for Love waves.
Application of ray theory to the problem of long-range propagation of explosive sound in a layered liquid
Authors: Pekeris C. L. , Longman I. M. , Lifson H. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
In order to test the applicability of ray theory even to extremely large ranges, we have applied it to the problem of determining the exact shape of the pressure pulse received at a range r equal to 460 times the depth of the layer H, in the case of an explosion in a layered liquid. The time variation of the pressure at the source was assumed to be given by a Heaviside unit function. Comparison is made with a previous solution of this problem which was obtained, for the identical conditions, by the use of the normal mode theory. The exact ray-theory solution exhibits the well-known characteristic features of a ground wave followed by a dispersive water wave, but the pattern of the received pressure pulse is more ruffled than in the normal mode solution, in which the higher modes, as well as branch-line integrals, were neglected. The applicability of ray theory to long-range propagation is made feasible by virtue of the mutual cancellation at long ranges of all but a group of the last-arriving rays.
Comparison of spectra of an earthquake T-phase with similar signals from nuclear explosions
Authors: Milne Allen R. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Hydrophones from a surface vessel in 1,300 fathoms of water off Juan de Fuca Strait detected, in the course of the “Hardtack” series of tests in the Marshall Islands, three acoustic signals which had peaks in their energy spectra at frequencies less than 20 cps. Two of these appear to have originated from nuclear explosions; the third, though having a similar energy spectrum, was apparently a T-phase from an earthquake near Cape Mendocino with its epicenter at 40° 16′ N, 124° 12′ W, and an origin time of 23:04:46 on May 24, 1958.
Travel-time measurements and signal spectra indicate that the nuclear explosions originated within Eniwetok Atoll. The coupling of their signals to the water path apparently was similar in nature to that of the earthquake T-phase, but the duration of the signals from the nuclear explo sions was considerably less.
Comparison of efficacy of topical 5% minoxidil alone versus topical 5% minoxidil with autologous Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) therapy in treatment of androgenetic alopecia: A randomised open label study
Authors: Padhiar Bela , Raveendran Sruthy 
Published: May 2021

Androgenic alopecia (AGA) is a type of progressive hairloss, where there is androgen mediated conversion of susceptible terminal hairs into vellus hairs, in genetically predisposed individuals. To compare efficacy of Topical 5% Minoxidil alone versus Topical 5% Minoxidil with Autologous Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) therapy in patients with Androgenetic Alopecia.This is aProspective study conducted in Department of Dermatology GMERS Medical College, Gandhinagar, Gujarat. A convenience sample of 62 men in the age group of 20-40 with Grade 2-5 AGA according to Hamilton- Norwood Grading were selected and was divided into 2 groups of 31 each. Presitting digital photographs and dermoscopic photos were taken. Autologous PRP was prepared using 18 ml of patients blood after double spin centrifugation and injected by Nappage technique. Results were assessed at the baseline and at the end of each sitting on the basis of change in hair density, photographic evaluation and patient’s self satisfaction. Highly significant increase in hair density was achieved after 4 months of treatment. At T4 (Fourth Session of treatment) Group B showed higher hair density (42.97± 8.96) as compared to Group A (36.94 ± 11.57) which was statistically significant at P = 0.03Group B showed better improvement as compared to Group A.PRP treatment has a positive therapeutic effect on male Androgenetic alopecia without major side effects.
Profile of Intentional and Iatrogenic skin afflictions: An observational study
Authors: D Chordiya Rohit , Jitendra Lakhani Som , Biyani Vinaykumar , Mahajan Rashmi , D Lakhani Jitendra 
Published: May 2021

Intentional skin afflictions are often done as a means of relief from medical disorders as in the case of skin branding or as a means of cosmesis and beautification as in body piercing and tattooing. Such practices often have medical and psychosocial consequences.An observational study was carried out at a teaching hospital where a total of 36 (20 male and 16 female) consecutive patients with skin affliction which were either intentional and/ or iatrogenic, were included in the study after informed consent. Medical consultation was done for variety of skin afflictions and their consequences including skin branding (8), tattooing (12), body piercing(4), keloids(9) and hypertrophic scars(3). Abdominal causes of branding like ascites, umbilical hernia, chronic abdominal pain, huge splenomegaly were present in subjects who had undergone skin branding from faith healers. Psychosocial consequences of subjects who came for intervention and advice regarding unwanted tattoo marks and body piercing were Tattoo regrets, Army tattoo Policy, Requirement for job procurement, Relationship Conflicts, Disapproval from Peers, Self disapproval, Body image problems, Parental disapproval and others. Subjects having hypertrophic scars and keloids sought treatment for medical issues like pruritus and fear of carcinogenesis as well as for cosmetic reasons.Studyingprofileandpsychosocial problems related to intentional/iatrogenic skin problems may give insight for prevention of such consequences in dermatology and medical practice.