bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Associations between different measures of intra-operative tachycardia during noncardiac surgery and adverse postoperative outcomes
Authors: Shcherbakov Anna , Bisharat Naiel 
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND
Intra-operative tachycardia during noncardiac surgery has been associated with adverse postoperative outcomes. However, harm thresholds for tachycardia have not been uniformly defined. The definition of intra-operative tachycardia that best correlates with adverse postoperative outcomes remains unclear.

OBJECTIVE
We aimed to identify the definition of intra-operative tachycardia during noncardiac surgery that is associated with the best predictive ability for adverse postoperative outcomes.

DESIGN
A single-centre retrospective cohort analysis.

SETTING
Secondary care hospital, Afula, Israel.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Adults who underwent elective or nonelective noncardiac surgery during 2015 to 2019. Five intra-operative heart rate (HR) cut-off values and durations were applied with penalised logistic regression modelling for the outcome measures.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The primary outcome was all-cause 30-day mortality; the secondary outcome was myocardial ischaemia or infarction (MI) within 30 days after noncardiac surgery.

RESULTS
The derivation and validation datasets included 6490 and 4553 patients, respectively. Altogether, all-cause 30-day mortality and MI rates averaged 2.1% and 3.2%, respectively. Only two definitions of intra-operative tachycardia were significantly associated with the outcome measures: HR ≥ 100 bpm for ≥ 30 min and HR ≥ 120 bpm for ≥ 5 min. The C-statistics of the base models without tachycardia exposure for all-cause 30-day mortality and MI were 0.75 (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.74 to 0.78) and 0.73 (95% CI, 0.72 to 0.76), respectively. The addition of intra-operative tachycardia exposure to the base models significantly improved their predictive performance. The highest area under the curve (AUC) was achieved when tachycardia was defined as an intra-operative HR ≥ 100 bpm for at least 30 min: AUC 0.81 (95% CI, 0.80 to 0.84) and AUC 0.80 (95% CI, 0.79 to 0.82) for all-cause 30-day mortality and MI, respectively.

CONCLUSION
Intra-operative tachycardia, defined as an intra-operative HR ≥ 100 bpm for at least 30 min, was associated with the highest predictive power for adverse postoperative outcomes.
Automated 3D Analysis of Zygomaticomaxillary Fracture Rotation and Displacement
Authors: Prabhu Shamit S. , Chung Scotty A. , Rudolph Megan A. , Hemal Kshipra , Brown Philip J. , Runyan Christopher M. 
Published: October 2021

Background:
The zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) can experience a multitude of deforming forces. There is limited understanding on which deformities alter patient outcomes. This study utilized an automated, three-dimensional analysis to elucidate which fracture patterns and rotational deformities are most prevalent and associated with postoperative complications.

Methods:
This study was a 7-year retrospective review of patients with unilateral ZMC fractures who underwent surgical intervention. Patient demographics, injury mechanisms, presenting symptoms, and postoperative outcomes were collected. Segmentation was completed using Mimics software. The lateral-medial, superior-inferior, and anterior-posterior axes were manually identified on the zygoma and then displacement, rotational direction, and rotational degrees were automatically calculated using Geomagic software. Total displacement score was generated by summation of individual displacement scores at each of the five sutures.

Results:
Eighty-one patients satisfied inclusion criteria. The most prevalent rotational pattern of the zygoma was medially-superiorly-posteriorly (P < 0.001). When comparing rotation along the three axes, the zygoma had the greatest rotation along the lateral-medial axis compared with the superior-inferior (P = 0.003) and anterior-posterior (P < 0.001) axes. Within each axis, the zygoma was more likely to rotate medially than laterally (P = 0.003) and posteriorly than anteriorly (P = 0.01). Multivariate analysis identified total displacement scores and degrees rotated along the lateral-medial axis as significant predictors of facial complications and reoperation.

Conclusions:
This study suggests that patients with unilateral ZMC fractures who undergo surgical intervention are at an increased risk for adverse outcomes with greater rotation along the lateral-medial axis and higher total displacement scores. Additionally, the automated analysis method described can provide objective data to better characterize ZMC fractures.
Associations Between Central Obesity and Lifelong Antiviral Therapy in Adults Living With HIV Acquired From Early Childhood
Authors: Sahagun Seynt Jiro , Yeramosu Teja , Purdy Julia B. , Reynolds James C. , Hadigan Colleen M. 
Published: October 2021

Background:
Little is known regarding the long-term effects of antiretroviral (ARV) exposure on body composition for people living with HIV (PLWH) since early childhood. This study explores changes in body fat distribution in relation to ARV exposure.

Methods:
We conducted a prospective study of adults with perinatal HIV (n = 70) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and standard anthropometrics. Trunk to limb fat ratio and waist to hip ratio were compared cross-sectionally to 47 matched controls. Furthermore, changes in body composition and ARV exposure were evaluated longitudinally in a subset of 40 PLWH with a median follow-up of 7 years.

Results:
Cross-sectional comparisons of PLWH with controls revealed significantly higher waist to hip ratio, trunk to limb fat ratio, HOMA-IR, and triglycerides, whereas BMI did not differ. Among PLWH with longitudinal follow-up, the prevalence of overweight increased from 27.5% to 52.5% and obesity from 12.5% to 25%; waist to hip and trunk to limb fat ratios also increased (P < 0.0001). Changes in waist to hip ratio were positively correlated with longer exposure during follow-up to darunavir (r = 0.36; P = 0.02), whereas increases in trunk to limb fat ratio were positively correlated with longer exposure to stavudine (r = 0.39; P = 0.01) and didanosine (r = 0.39; P = 0.01) but inversely associated with emtricitabine (r = −0.33; P = 0.04). Increases in waist to hip ratio were correlated with increases in triglyceride levels (r = 0.35; P = 0.03).

Conclusion:
This study presents strong evidence for persistent and worsening central adiposity in young adults with lifelong HIV and extensive ARV exposure. As this cohort ages, continued evaluation of the body composition and metabolic impact of lifelong ARV therapy is warranted to optimize long-term health.
The Learning Curve of a Craniofacial Surgeon: A Retrospective Study of 100 Consecutive Cases
Authors: Sakamoto Yoshiaki , Miwa Tomoru 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Mastering the techniques of craniofacial surgery is difficult owing to the small number of cases and the special skills required. To improve the outcomes of craniofacial surgery in Japan, the authors charted the progress of a craniofacial surgeon by reviewing the results for the 100 consecutive craniosynostosis cases, in which the authors performed fronto-orbital advancement (FOA). in this study, all FOA surgeries were performed by the first author beginning in 2012. The number of FOA surgeries previously performed by the surgeon at the time of the current surgery served as an indicator of his level of experience; the cases were grouped in 5 consecutive sets of 20. The preparation time before the operation, the operative time, and the amount of bleeding were retrospectively investigated. The operative and preparation times decreased as the surgeon's experience increased until a plateau was reached after 41 to 60 surgeries. Increases in operative time also corresponded to decreases in the amount of bleeding. Everyone has a learning curve, including surgeons performing craniofacial surgeries. Surgery is not performed by the surgeon alone. Reductions in preparation time, operative time, and the time needed to leave the operation room after the completion of the surgery were attributed to better collaborations with nurses and anesthesiologists. Hence, the growth of the team is very important to the success of the craniofacial surgeon and ensures safe and effective treatment of the patient.
Household contact tracing with intensified tuberculosis and HIV screening in South Africa: a cluster randomised trial
Authors: Martinson Neil A , Lebina Limakatso , Webb Emily L , Ratsela Andrew , Varavia Ebrahim , Kinghorn Anthony , Lala Sanjay G , Golub Jonathan E. , Bosch Zama , Motsomi Kegaugetswe P , MacPherson Peter 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundHousehold contact tracing for tuberculosis (TB) may facilitate TB diagnosis and identify individuals who may benefit from TB preventive therapy (TPT). In this cluster-randomised trial, we investigated whether household contact tracing and intensive TB/HIV screening would improve TB-free survival.MethodsHousehold contacts of index TB patients in two Provinces of South Africa were randomised to home tracing and intensive HIV/TB screening (sputum Xpert and culture; HIV testing with treatment linkage; and TPT, if eligible), or standard of care (SOC, clinic referral letters). The primary outcome was incident TB or death at 15-months. Secondary outcomes included tuberculin skin test (TST) positivity in children ≤14 years and undiagnosed HIV. (ISRCTN16006202).ResultsFrom December 2016-March 2019, 1,032 index patients (4,459 contacts) and 1,030 (4,129 contacts) were randomised to the intervention and SOC arms. 3.2% (69/2166) of intervention arm contacts had prevalent microbiologically-confirmed TB. At 15-months, the cumulative incidence of TB or death did not differ between the intensive screening (93/3230, 2.9%) and SOC (80/2600, 3.1%) arms (hazard ratio: 0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.66-1.24). TST positivity was higher in the intensive screening arm (38/845, 4.5%) compared to the SOC arm (15/800, 1.9%, odds ratio: 2.25, 95% CI: 1.07-4.72). Undiagnosed HIV was similar between arms (41/3185, 1.3% vs. 32/2543, 1.3%; odds ratio: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.64-1.64).ConclusionsHousehold contact tracing with intensive screening and referral did not reduce incident TB or death. Providing referral letters to household contacts of index patients is an alternative strategy to home visits in high TB/HIV-prevalence settings.Author SummaryIn South Africa, household contacts of TB cases received referral letters or home-tracing with intensified TB/HIV screening. At 15-months, the cumulative incidence of TB or death did not differ between the intensive screening (93/3230, 2.9%) and SOC (80/2600, 3.1%) arms.
Building tools for machine learning and artificial intelligence in cancer research: best practices and a case study with the PathML toolkit for computational pathology
Authors: Rosenthal Jacob , Carelli Ryan , Omar Mohamed , Brundage David , Halbert Ella , Nyman Jackson , Hari Surya Narayanan , Allen Eliezer Mendel Van , Marchionni Luigi , Umeton Renato , Loda Massimo 
Published: October 2021

AbstractImaging datasets in cancer research are growing exponentially in both quantity and information density. These massive datasets may enable derivation of insights for cancer research and clinical care, but only if researchers are equipped with the tools to leverage advanced computational analysis approaches such as machine learning and artificial intelligence. In this work, we highlight three themes to guide development of such computational tools: scalability, standardization, and ease of use. We then apply these principles to develop PathML, a general-purpose research toolkit for computational pathology. We describe the design of the PathML framework and demonstrate applications in diverse use-cases. PathML is publicly available at www.pathml.com.
The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Lineages (Variants) on the COVID-19 Epidemic in South Africa
Authors: Mabuka Thabo , Naidoo Natalie , Ncube Nesisa , Yiga Thabo , Ross Michael , Kurehwa Kuzivakwashe , Nare Mothabisi , Silaji Andrea , Ndemera Tinashe , Lemeke Tlaleng , Ademola Taiwo Ridwan , Macharia Willie , Sithole Mthokozisi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractEmerging SARS-CoV-2 variants have been attributed to the occurrence of secondary and tertiary COVID-19 epidemic waves and also threatening vaccine efforts due to their immune invasiveness. Since the importation of SARS-CoV-2 in South Africa, with the first reported COVID-19 case on the 5th of March 2020, South Africa has observed 3 consecutive COVID-19 epidemic waves. The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has played a significant role in the resurgence of COVID-19 epidemic waves in South Africa and across the globe. South Africa has a unique observation of the evolution of SARS-CoV-2, with distinct SARS-CoV-2 lineages dominating certain epidemic periods. This unique observation allows for an investigation of the detected SARS-CoV-2 lineages’ impact on COVID-19 transmissibility and severity through analysis of epidemiological data. In this study, inferential statistical analysis was conducted on South African COVID-19 epidemiological data to investigate the impact of SARS-CoV-2 lineages in the South African COVID-19 epidemiology. The general methodology in this study involved the collation of South African COVID-19 epidemiological data, the regression and normalisation of the epidemiological data, and inferential statistical analysis. This study shows that the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 resulted in an increase in COVID-19 transmissibility and severity in South Africa. The Delta SARS-CoV-2 VOC resulted in increased COVID-19 transmissibility in the South African population by 53.9 to 54.8 % more than the Beta SARS-CoV-2 VOC and the predominantly B.1.1.54, B.1.1.56 C.1 SA SARS-CoV-2 lineage cluster. The Beta SARS-CoV-2 VOC resulted in more severe COVID-19 in South Africa than the Delta SARS-CoV-2 VOC. While, both the Beta and Delta SARS-CoV-2 VOC resulted in more severe COVID-19 than the initial SARS-CoV-2 lineages detected in South Africa’s first epidemic wave period. The Delta, Beta SARS-CoV-2 VOCs and the predominantly B.1.1.54, B.1.1.56 C.1 SA SARS-CoV-2 lineage cluster were observed to cause similar COVID-19 hospital case fatality and discharge rates in South African hospitals.
An updated framework to account for inter-individual variability when quantifying phenotypic variation
Authors: Puglielli Giacomo , Carmona Carlos P. , Varone Laura , Laanisto Lauri , Ricotta Carlo 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn trait-based ecology, phenotypic variation (PVar) is often quantified with measures that express average differences between populations standardized in the range 0-1. A major problem with these measures is that they disregard the within-population trait variability. In addition, most of these measures cannot be decomposed across scales. This can alter their interpretation, thus limiting their applicability.To overcome these problems, we propose a new measure, the Phenotypic Dissimilarity Index (PhD) that is insensitive to the within-population interindividual trait variability. Likewise, PhD can be used to quantify PVar between individuals in a population while accounting for the PVar within individuals.Using simulated and real data, we showed that PhD index correctly quantifies PVar when the within-population trait variability is not negligible, as in many ecological studies. By accounting for within-population trait variability, the PhD index generally provides a more parsimonious quantification of PVar across an environmental gradient compared to other estimators.Traits sampled within a species have an inherent variability. Accounting for such variability is essential to understand species phenotypic responses to environmental cues. As such, the PhD index will provide ecologists with an asset to reliably quantify and compare PVar within and between species across environmental gradients at different scales. We also provide an R function to calculate the PhD index.
Fitness tracking reveals task-specific associations between memory, mental health, and physical activity
Authors: Manning Jeremy R. , Notaro Gina M. , Chen Esme , Fitzpatrick Paxton C. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPhysical activity can benefit both physical and mental well-being. Different forms of exercise (e.g., aerobic versus anaerobic; running versus walking, swimming, or yoga; high-intensity interval training versus endurance workouts; etc.) impact physical fitness in different ways. For example, running may substantially impact leg and heart strength but only moderately impact arm strength. We hypothesized that the mental benefits of physical activity might be similarly differentiated. We focused specifically on how different intensities of physical activity might relate to different aspects of memory and mental health. To test our hypothesis, we collected (in aggregate) roughly a century’s worth of fitness data. We then asked participants to fill out surveys asking them to self-report on different aspects of their mental health. We also asked participants to engage in a battery of memory tasks that tested their short and long term episodic, semantic, and spatial memory performance. We found that participants with similar physical activity habits and fitness profiles tended to also exhibit similar mental health and task performance profiles. These effects were task-specific in that different physical activity patterns or fitness characteristics varied with different aspects of memory, on different tasks. Taken together, these findings provide foundational work for designing physical activity interventions that target specific components of cognitive performance and mental health by leveraging low-cost fitness tracking devices.
A model that predicts resistant starch in a dog kibble using a small-scale twin-screw extruder
Authors: Alvarenga Isabella Corsato , Waldy Christopher , Keller Lewis C. , Aldrich Charles G. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe objective of this work was to modify extrusion parameters to yield greater resistant starch (RS) in a kibble and create a model to predict its concentration. A dog food was extruded through a small-scale twin-screw extruder as a central composite design with 6 central points (replicates) and 14 single replicates. There were three factors tested at three levels: corn particle size, extruder shaft speed, and in-barrel moisture (IBM). The remaining processing inputs were kept constant. Chemical and physical starch analyses were performed. A model to predict RS was created using the REG procedure from SAS. Pearson correlations between extrusion parameters and starch analyses were conducted. A model to predict RS was created (R2adj= 0.834; P < .0001). Both SME and extrudate temperature had a high negative correlation with RS and RVA raw starch. Results suggest that low mechanical energy and high IBM increase kibble RS.
A humanized nanobody phage display library yields potent binders of SARS CoV-2 spike
Authors: Fu Ying , Rezende e Mello Juliana da Fonseca , Fleming Bryan D. , Renn Alex , Chen Catherine Z. , Hu Xin , Xu Miao , Gorshkov Kirill , Hanson Quinlin , Zheng Wei , Lee Emily M. , Perera Lalith , Petrovich Robert , Pradhan Manisha , Eastman Richard T. , Itkin Zina , Stanley Thomas , Hsu Allen , Dandey Venkata , Gillette William , Taylor Troy , Ramakrishnan Nitya , Perkins Shelley , Esposito Dominic , Oh Eunkeu , Susumu Kimihiro , Wolak Mason , Ferrer Marc , Hall Matthew D. , Borgnia Mario J. , Simeonov Anton 
Published: October 2021

AbstractNeutralizing antibodies targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein have shown a great preventative/therapeutic potential. Here, we report a rapid and efficient strategy for the development and design of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing humanized nanobody constructs with sub-nanomolar affinities and nanomolar potencies. CryoEM-based structural analysis of the nanobodies in complex with spike revealed two distinct binding modes. The most potent nanobody, RBD-1-2G(NCATS-BL8125), tolerates the N501Y RBD mutation and remains capable of neutralizing the B.1.1.7 (Alpha) variant. Molecular dynamics simulations provide a structural basis for understanding the neutralization process of nanobodies exclusively focused on the spike-ACE2 interface with and without the N501Y mutation on RBD. A primary human airway air-lung interface (ALI) ex vivo model showed that RBD-1-2G-Fc antibody treatment was effective at reducing viral burden following WA1 and B.1.1.7 SARS-CoV-2 infections. Therefore, this presented strategy will serve as a tool to mitigate the threat of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
A suspension technique for efficient large-scale cancer organoid culturing and perturbation screens
Authors: Price Stacey , Bhosle Shriram , Gonçalves Emanuel , Li Xiaodun , McClurg Dylan P , Barthorpe Syd , Beck Alex , Hall Caitlin , Lightfoot Howard , Farrow Luke , Ansari Rizwan , Jackson David A , Allen Laura , Roberts Kirsty , Beaver Charlotte , Francies Hayley E , Garnett Mathew J 
Published: October 2021

AbstractOrganoid cell culture methodologies are enabling the generation of cell models from healthy and diseased tissue. Patient-derived cancer organoids that recapitulate the genetic and histopathological diversity of patient tumours are being systematically generated, providing an opportunity to investigate novel cancer biology and therapeutic approaches. The use of organoid cultures for many applications, including genetic and chemical perturbation screens, is limited due to the technical demands and cost associated with their handling and propagation. Here we report and benchmark a suspension culture technique for cancer organoids which allows for the expansion of models to tens of millions of cells with increased efficiency in comparison to standard organoid culturing protocols. Using whole-genome DNA and RNA sequencing analyses, as well as medium-throughput drug sensitivity testing and genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screening, we demonstrate that cancer organoids grown as a suspension culture are genetically and phenotypically similar to their counterparts grown in standard conditions. This culture technique simplifies organoid cell culture and extends the range of organoid applications, including for routine use in large-scale perturbation screens.