bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intensity‐modulated radiation therapy and doxorubicin in thyroid cancer: A prospective phase 2 trial
Authors: Romesser Paul B. , Sherman Eric J. , Whiting Karissa , Ho Margaret L. , Shaha Ashok R. , Sabra Mona M. , Riaz Nadeem , Waldenberg Todd E. , Sabol Christopher R. , Ganly Ian , McBride Sean M. , Fagin James A. , Zhang Zhigang , Tuttle R. Michael , Wong Richard J. , Lee Nancy Y. 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundThe use of external‐beam radiotherapy for locally advanced nonanaplastic thyroid cancer remains controversial. This prospective study evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) with or without concurrent chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced thyroid cancer.MethodsThe authors conducted a nonrandomized phase 2 trial of IMRT with or without concurrent doxorubicin in patients with gross residual or unresectable nonanaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01882816). The primary end point was 2‐year locoregional progression‐free survival (PFS). Secondary end points included overall survival (OS), safety, patient‐reported outcomes, and functional outcomes.ResultsTwenty‐seven patients were enrolled: 12 (44.4%) with unresectable disease and 15 (55.6%) with gross residual disease. The median follow‐up was 45.6 months (interquartile range, 42.0‐51.6 months); the 2‐year cumulative incidences of locoregional PFS and OS were 79.7% and 77.3%, respectively. The rate of grade 3 or higher acute and late toxicities was 33.4%. There were no significant functional differences 12 months after treatment (assessed objectively by the modified barium swallow study). Patient‐reported quality of life in the experimental group was initially lower but returned to the baseline after 6 months and improved thereafter. In a post hoc analysis, concurrent chemotherapy with intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (CC‐IMRT) resulted in significantly less locoregional failure at 2 years (no failure vs 50%; P = .001), with higher rates of grade 2 or higher acute dermatitis, mucositis, and dysphagia but no difference in long‐term toxicity, functionality, or patient‐reported quality of life.ConclusionsIn light of the excellent locoregional control rates achieved with CC‐IMRT and its acceptable toxicity profile as confirmed by functional assessments and patient‐reported outcomes, CC‐IMRT may be preferred over IMRT alone.
Lack of knowledge regarding HPV and its relation to oropharyngeal cancer among medical students
Authors: Sallam Malik , Dababseh Deema , Yaseen Alaa , Al‐Haidar Ayat , Ettarras Hajar , Jaafreh Dania , Hasan Hanan , Al‐Salahat Khaled , Al‐Fraihat Esraa , Hassona Yazan , Şahin Gülşen Özkaya , Mahafzah Azmi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundOropharyngeal cancer (OPC) is an important cause of cancer‐related mortality. Early detection of OPC results in a favorable prognosis and higher survival rates. Infection by high‐risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV) is a risk factor for OPC with an upward trend globally. Medical students' knowledge and awareness of HPV‐related OPC can be crucial in the preventive efforts.AimTo assess HPV knowledge among medical students at the University of Jordan, with particular focus on its relation to different cancers.MethodsThis paper‐based survey study was conducted in November 2019. The survey items were based on previously validated surveys used to evaluate HPV‐related OPC knowledge among dental students and professionals. To assess HPV knowledge and students' confidence in personal history taking and physical examination, we developed a knowledge and confidence scores that showed acceptable reliability.ResultsThe total number of participants was 1198 students, with a median age of 21 and female predominance (n = 697, 58.2%). Among the participants, 93.3% heard of HPV prior to this survey (n = 1118). Higher levels of knowledge regarding cervical cancer, OPC and HPV vaccination was seen among clinical students compared to their preclinical counterparts, but their overall HPV knowledge was low. Only 18.4% and 21.0% of the clinical students correctly identified the association of HPV with penile and oropharyngeal cancers, respectively. Additionally, 34.5% of the clinical students were not aware of the availability of HPV vaccines. The majority of students (92.0%) reported that the university courses were their major source of knowledge about HPV.ConclusionA profound lack of knowledge regarding HPV role in OPC was found among medical students. This insufficiency included several aspects of the virus and its associated diseases. Such gaps in knowledge could have negative consequences in early detection and prevention of OPC and should be addressed by evaluation of the current curriculum.
Platinum‐Catalyzed Alkene Hydrosilylation: Solvent‐Free Process Development from Batch to a Membrane‐Integrated Continuous Process
Authors: Bayrakdar Tahani A. C. A. , Maliszewski Benon P. , Nahra Fady , Ormerod Dominic , Nolan Steven P. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe integration of a membrane separation protocol with the platinum‐catalyzed hydrosilylation of olefins is investigated. The catalytic reaction is first optimized in batch where [Pt(IPr*)(dms)Cl2] (IPr*=1,3‐bis[2,6‐bis(diphenylmethyl)‐4‐methylphenyl]imidazol‐2‐ylidene, dms=dimethyl sulfide) demonstrates superior activity compared to the less sterically encumbered [Pt(SIPr)(dms)Cl2] (SIPr=1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazolidine) congener. Filtration conditions are identified in membrane screening experiments. Hydrosilylation of 1‐octene catalyzed by [Pt(IPr*)(dms)Cl2] is conducted in continuous mode and the platinum catalyst is separated efficiently over the commercially available BorsigoNF‐2membrane, all under solvent‐free conditions. An advantage of this process is that both reaction and separation are coupled in a single step. Moreover, at the end of the process the intact catalyst was recovered in 80 % yield as an off‐white solid without any further purification.
Great tits (Parus major) flexibly learn that herbivore‐induced plant volatiles indicate prey location: An experimental evidence with two tree species
Authors: Sam Katerina , Kovarova Eliska , Freiberga Inga , Uthe Henriette , Weinhold Alexander , Jorge Leonardo R. , Sreekar Rachakonda 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

When searching for food, great tits (Parus major) can use herbivore‐induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) as an indicator of arthropod presence. Their ability to detect HIPVs was shown to be learned, and not innate, yet the flexibility and generalization of learning remain unclear.

We studied if, and if so how, naïve and trained great tits (Parus major) discriminate between herbivore‐induced and noninduced saplings of Scotch elm (Ulmus glabra) and cattley guava (Psidium cattleyanum). We chemically analyzed the used plants and showed that their HIPVs differed significantly and overlapped only in a few compounds.

Birds trained to discriminate between herbivore‐induced and noninduced saplings preferred the herbivore‐induced saplings of the plant species they were trained to. Naïve birds did not show any preferences. Our results indicate that the attraction of great tits to herbivore‐induced plants is not innate, rather it is a skill that can be acquired through learning, one tree species at a time.

We demonstrate that the ability to learn to associate HIPVs with food reward is flexible, expressed to both tested plant species, even if the plant species has not coevolved with the bird species (i.e., guava). Our results imply that the birds are not capable of generalizing HIPVs among tree species but suggest that they either learn to detect individual compounds or associate whole bouquets with food rewards.
Eagles enter rotor‐swept zones of wind turbines at rates that vary per turbine
Authors: McClure Christopher J. W. , Rolek Brian W. , Braham Melissa A. , Miller Tricia A. , Duerr Adam E. , McCabe Jennifer D. , Dunn Leah , Katzner Todd E. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThere is increasing pressure on wind energy facilities to manage or mitigate for wildlife collisions. However, little information exists regarding spatial and temporal variation in collision rates, meaning that mitigation is most often a blanket prescription. To address this knowledge gap, we evaluated variation among turbines and months in an aspect of collision risk—probability of entry by an eagle into a rotor‐swept zone (hereafter, “probability of entry”). We examined 10,222 eagle flight paths identified and recorded by an automated bird monitoring system at a wind energy facility in Wyoming, USA. Probabilities of entry per turbine–month combination were 4.03 times greater in some months than others, ranging 0.15 to 0.62. The overall probability of entry for the riskiest turbine (i.e., the one with the greatest probability of entry) was 2.39 times greater than the least‐risky turbine. Our methodology describes large variation across turbines and months in the probability of entry. If subsequently combined with information on other sources of variation (i.e., weather, topography), this approach can identify risky versus safe situations for eagles under which cost of management, curtailment prescriptions, and collision risk can be simultaneously minimized.
Distribution and pollination services of wild bees and hoverflies along an altitudinal gradient in mountain hay meadows
Authors: Baumann Kevin , Keune Julia , Wolters Volkmar , Jauker Frank 
Published: July 2021

AbstractExtensively managed and flower‐rich mountain hay meadows, hotspots of Europe's biodiversity, are subject to environmental and climatic gradients linked to altitude. While the shift of pollinators from bee‐ to fly‐dominated communities with increasing elevation across vegetation zones is well established, the effect of highland altitudinal gradients on the community structure of pollinators within a specific habitat is poorly understood. We assessed wild bee and hoverfly communities, and their pollination service to three plant species common in mountain hay meadows, in eighteen extensively managed yellow oat grasslands (Trisetum flavescens) with an altitudinal gradient spanning approx. 300 m. Species richness and abundance of pollinators increased with elevation, but no shift between hoverflies and wild bees (mainly bumblebees) occurred. Seedset of the woodland cranesbill (Geranium sylvaticum) increased with hoverfly abundance, and seedset of the marsh thistle (Cirsium palustre) increased with wild bee abundance. Black rampion (Phyteuma nigrum) showed no significant response. The assignment of specific pollinator communities, and their response to altitude in highlands, to different plant species underlines the importance of wild bees and hoverflies as pollinators in extensive grassland systems.
Stochasticity overrides deterministic processes in structuring macroinvertebrate communities in a plateau aquatic system
Authors: Ge Yihao , Meng Xingliang , Heino Jani , García‐Girón Jorge , Liu Yang , Li Zhengfei , Xie Zhicai 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDeterministic and stochastic processes are two major factors shaping community dynamics, but their relative importance remains unknown for many aquatic systems, including those in the high‐elevation Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Here, we explored the causes of multidimensional beta diversity patterns (i.e., taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic) of a macroinvertebrate metacommunity in this large aquatic system by using multiple approaches (i.e., null models, phylogenetic signal testing, and ordination‐based approaches). To obtain insights into community assembly mechanisms, we also analyzed beta diversity in two deconstructed sub‐metacommunities (e.g., different tributaries and the main lake body). We found that most functional traits showed significant phylogenetic signals, indicating that the functional traits were profoundly influenced by evolutionary history. The null models showed randomness of functional and phylogenetic beta diversities for the whole basin and its tributaries, confirming the importance of stochasticity over deterministic processes in controlling community structure. However, both phylogenetic and functional community structures were clustered in the Qinghai Lake, probably reflecting the importance of environmental filtering. Ordination‐based approaches also revealed that both environmental factors and spatial processes accounted for variation in taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic beta diversity. More specifically, environmental filtering was more important than spatial processes for the functional dimension, but the opposite was true for the taxonomic and phylogenetic dimensions. The paleogeographic history of the Qinghai Lake basin may have contributed substantially to the prevalence of stochastic processes. Overall, this study provides a better understanding of ecological patterns and assembly mechanisms of macroinvertebrate communities across this poorly known high‐elevation aquatic system that is highly sensitive to climate warming.
Accumulated and transient exergy analyses of pneumatic systems with isochoric and isobaric compressed air storage tanks
Authors: Tong Zhengren , Wang Hu , Xiong Wei , Ting David S‐K. , Carriveau Rupp , Wang Zhiwen 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLow energy efficiency is one of the most significant shortcomings of industrial pneumatic systems. The isobaric air storage tank is a new concept for improving the energy efficiency of pneumatic systems. In this study, comprehensive accumulated and transient exergy analyses are conducted to provide insight into the energy‐saving mechanism of isobaric air storage tanks. The results show that the system exergy efficiency can be improved by replacing the isochoric tank with an isobaric one. There is negligible exergy destruction in both storage tanks. However, the storage tank can bring about significant influences on other components. The isobaric tank can effectively improve the exergy efficiencies of the compressor, cooler, and regulator. Besides, there is a huge potential to improve system exergy efficiency by taking advantage of the wasted exergy from the pneumatic cylinder.
A numerical study on effects of axially and radially cascaded phase change material on charging/discharging time of paraffin based packed bed thermal energy storage
Authors: Rabbi Jawad , Asif Muhammad , Bibi Wajeeha 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis study manifests the improvement in the charging and discharging time of the encapsulated PCM arranged in packed bed thermal energy storage. The combined effect of the aspect ratio (ratio of height to diameter of the packed bed) and cascaded configurations of phase change materials (PCMs) integrated with the solar water heating system is analyzed numerically. The mathematical model is validated by the experimental study available in the literature. Initially, an optimal aspect ratio of the packed bed is predicted for charging/discharging. And then, PCMs are arranged in different layers in the packed bed based on the optimal aspect ratio to analyze the combined effect of PCM configurations and optimal aspect ratio. The charging and discharging time were decreased with an increasing aspect ratio to 2.5. Afterward, an increased aspect ratio showed a trivial change in the charging and discharging time of latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES). Furthermore, at an optimal aspect ratio of 2.5, PCMs were arranged in the packed bed with both axial (parallel) and combined axial‐radial layers (parallel and series) to see the impact of the cascaded configuration. Charging and discharging time of combined axial‐radial layers configuration was respectively found to be 17.21% and 18.5%, less than charging time without layers.
Exploring the triggering process of a cancer care reform in three Scandinavian countries
Authors: Mæhle Per Magnus , Hajdarevic Senada , Håland Erna , Aarhus Rikke , Smeland Sigbjørn , Mørk Bjørn Erik 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCancer incidence is increasing, and cancer is a leading cause of death in the Scandinavian countries, and at the same time more efficient but very expensive new treatment options are available. Based on the increasing demand, high expectations and limited resources, crises in public legitimacy of cancer care evolved in the three Scandinavian countries. Similar cancer care reforms were introduced in the period 2007–2015 to address the crisis. In this article we explore processes triggering these reforms in countries with similar and well‐developed health care systems. The common objective was the need to reduce time from referral to start treatment, and the tool introduced to accomplish this was integrated care pathways for cancer diagnosis, that is Cancer Patient Pathways. This study investigates the process by drawing on interviews with key actors and public documents. We identified three main logics in play; the economic‐administrative, the medical and the patient‐related logic and explored how institutional entrepreneurs skillfully aligned these logics. The article contributes by describing the triggering processes on politically initiated similar reforms in the three countries studied and also contributes to a better understanding on the orchestrating of politically initiated health care reforms with the intention to change medical practice in hospitals.
Deep‐learning based projection of change in irrigation water‐use under RCP 8.5
Authors: Sung Jang Hyun , Kim Jinsoo , Chung Eun‐Sung , Ryu Young 
Published: July 2021

AbstractStream water‐use is essential for both agricultural and hydrological management and yet not many studies have explored its non‐stationarity and nonlinearity with meteorological variables. This study proposed a deep‐learning based model to estimate agricultural water withdrawal using hydro‐meteorological variables, which projected the changes of agricultural water withdrawal influenced by climate change of future. The relationships between meteorological variables and stream water‐use rate (WUR) were quantified using a deep belief network (DBN). The influences of precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, and monthly averaged WUR on the performance of the developed DBN model were tested. As a result, this DBN with potential evapotranspiration (PET) provided better performances than precipitation to estimate the WUR. The PET of multi‐model scenarios for Representative Concentration Pathways 8.5 would be increased as time goes by, and thus leads to increase WUR estimated by DBN in three basins, located in South Korea during the future period. On the contrary, water availability expected to decrease compared to the current. Therefore, managing water‐uses and improving efficiencies can be prepared for the change in agricultural water‐use by climate change in the future.
Aquifer recharge from flash floods in the arid environment: A mass balance approach at the catchment scale
Authors: Farran Mohammed M. , Al‐Amri Nassir , Elfeki Amro M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractEstimation of the infiltration/natural recharge to groundwater from rainfall is an important issue in hydrology, particularly in arid regions. This paper proposes the application of The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) mass balance model to develop infiltration (F)–rainfall (P) relationship from flash flood events. Moreover, the NRCS method is compared with the rational and the Ф‐index methods to investigate the discrepancies between these methods. The methods have been applied to five gauged basins and their 19 sub‐basins (representative basins with detailed measurements) in the southwestern part of Saudi Arabia with 161 storms recorded in 4 years. The F–P relationships developed in this study based on NRCS method are: F = 39% P with R2 = 0.932 for the initial abstraction factor, λ = 0.2. However, F = 77% P with R2 = 0.986 for λ = 0.01. The model at λ = 0.01 is the best to fit the data, therefore, it is recommended to use the formula at λ = 0.01. The results show that the NRCS model is appropriate for the estimation of the F–P relationships in arid regions when compared with the rational and the Ф index methods. The latter overestimates the infiltration because they do not take λ into account. There is no significant difference between F–P relationships at different time scales. This helps the prediction of infiltration rates for aquifer recharge at ungauged basins from monthly and annual rainfall data with a single formula.
The increasing incidence and prevalence of hypereosinophilic syndrome in the United Kingdom
Authors: Requena Gema , Logie John , Gibbons Daniel C. , Steinfeld Jonathan , Van Dyke Melissa K. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntroductionData on the burden of hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) are limited. This study investigated the incidence and prevalence of HES using real‐world data from patients in the United Kingdom.MethodsPrimary care data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink were analyzed. The patients of interest were identified using medical codes specific for HES. Annual incidence rates and prevalence were estimated for the years 2010–2018 (inclusive) using patients observed for a minimum period of one year.ResultsBetween 2010 and 2018, 93 patients were identified with HES. During the study period the incidence of HES ranged from less than 0.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.01–0.07) to 0.17, 95% CI (0.10–0.26) per 100,000 person‐years and the prevalence ranged from 0.15, 95% CI (0.10–0.25) to 0.89, 95% CI (0.74–1.09) cases per 100,000 persons. Sensitivity analyses varying the minimum observation period required to identify HES patients gave similar results.ConclusionThese results provide estimates of the burden of HES in the United Kingdom and indicate that whilst HES is a very rare disease, there is evidence that is increasingly being recorded in UK primary care.
Physicochemical aspects of design of ultrathin films based on chitosan, pectin, and their silver nanocomposites with antiadhesive and bactericidal potential
Authors: Kulikouskaya Viktoryia , Zhdanko Tsimafei , Hileuskaya Kseniya , Kraskouski Aliaksandr , Zhura Alexandr , Skorohod Hennadiy , Butkevich Vasili , Pal Kunal , Tratsyak Stanislau , Agabekov Vladimir 
Published: July 2021

AbstractImplant‐related infection is one of the serious problems in regenerative medicine. Promising approach to overcome the problems caused by bacterial growth on the medical implants is their modification by bioactive coatings. A versatile technique for designing multilayer films with tailored characteristics at the nanometer scale is layer‐by‐layer assembly. In this study, multilayer films based on biopolymers (pectin and chitosan) and their nanocomposites with silver nanoparticles have been prepared and evaluated. The buildup of multilayers was monitored using the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation technique. The morphology of the obtained films was investigated by atomic force microscopy. We have demonstrated that pectin–Ag‐containing films were characterized by the linear growth and smooth defect‐free surface. When pectin–Ag was substituted for the pectin in the multilayer systems, the properties of the formed coatings were significantly changed: the film rigidity and surface roughness increased, as well as the film growth acquired the parabolic character. All prepared multilayer films have shown antibacterial activity against gram‐positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram‐negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. The significant decrease in the number of the adhered E. coli on the multilayer surface has been determined; moreover, many of the cells were misshapen with cytoplasm leaking. The prepared multilayer films showed a mild activity against S. aureus predominantly due to the antiadhesive effect. Our results indicate that antibacterial activity of biopolymer multilayers is determined by the film composition and physicochemical characteristics and can be associated with their antiadhesive and bactericidal behaviors.