bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ESP Mechanical Shaft Seals: Trials and Tribulations of Lab Testing
Authors: Sheldon John W. , Alhanati Francisco , Schoepp Jared 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Mechanical Shaft Seals (MSSs) are critical sub-components in Electric Submersible Pump (ESP) Seal Chamber Sections (SCSs), as they are the primary barriers used to isolate wellbore fluids from the motor oil. However, several ESP operators have observed relatively high MSS failure rates in certain applications, resulting in significant impacts on overall ESP system reliability and operational costs. In some cases, during teardowns, wellbore fluids were found in the lower chambers of the SCS, without any signs of damage to the MSSs or the bags/bellows in the SCS. Thus, to improve the run-life of ESP systems in their applications, operators identified the need to better understand the main influential factors affecting leakage rates through the MSS, including factors associated with the MSS characteristics and its operational conditions.
To accomplish this, a test apparatus was built to allow the testing of MSSs in a wide range of operational conditions. This paper summarizes the technical challenges and key learnings that arose from building and commissioning such a test apparatus, as well as conducting several tests on multiple MSSs of a single design.
Through commissioning of the test apparatus and subsequent testing, several limitations of the apparatus were identified and corrected through upgrades. Many of these upgrades were related to ensuring reasonably accurate measurement of the leakage rate through the MSSs, in both directions. Unexpected behaviours of the MSS were also observed during some tests. One example is the interesting phenomenon of reverse-pumping where, under certain conditions, leakage occurs in the opposite direction of the applied differential pressure. Finally, questions arose about the importance of certain aspects of quality control for MSSs and/or SCS assembly procedures.
The above effort to build and commission a MSS testing apparatus has resulted in unique insight into shaft seal behaviour and continues to shine light on gaps in the industry understanding of factors affecting leakage through MSSs. It certainly provides evidence that there are many ‘unknown unknowns’ about MSS performance under challenging downhole operating conditions, and that the effort is worth continuing to support better MSS design/selection, and SCS assembly, as part of improving ESP system reliability.
Reinforcement Learning Control Scheme for Electrical Submersible Pumps
Authors: Chong Jonathan , Kelly Dwayne , Agrawal Shivam , Nguyen Nam , Monzon Mauricio 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Electrical submersible pumps (ESPs) are closely monitored in surveillance operations because they operate in challenging environments and are subject to stressful events that, if left without intervention, may lead to unplanned shutdowns, decreased run life, or even failures. These events can occur unannounced with different magnitudes of severity due to the large range of operating conditions. Thus, a universally prescriptive response is challenging because each well may require a tailored and dynamic course of action over time. This paper proposes leveraging a powerful multidimensional state engine known as automated events detection (AED), working together with an artificial intelligence agent, to respond to these stressful events and subsequently improve actions using a reinforcement learning (RL) scheme. Motivations of this approach are to move toward more autonomous, self-protecting systems with closed-loop actions and to achieve this at scale across many wells.
CFD Investigation of Downhole Natural Gas Separation Efficiency in the Churn Flow Regime
Authors: Okafor Charles , Verdin Patrick , Hart Phill 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Downhole Natural Gas Separation Efficiency (NGSE) is flow regime dependent, and current analytical models in certain conditions lack accuracy. Downhole NGSE was investigated through 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) transient simulations for pumping wells in the Churn flow regime. The Volume of Fluid (VOF) multiphase model was considered along with the k – ε turbulence model for most simulations. A mesh independence study was performed, and the final model results validated against experimental data, showing an average error of less than 6 %. Numerical simulation results showed that the steady state assumption used by current mathematical models for churn flow can be inaccurate. Several key parameters affecting the NGSE were identified, and suggestions for key improvements to the widely used mathematical formulations for viscous flow provided. Sensitivity studies were conducted on fluid/geometric parameters and operating conditions, to gain a better understanding of the influence of each parameter on NGSE. These are important results as they equip the ESP engineer with additional knowledge to maximise the NGSE from design stage to pumping operations.
3D Measurement of ESP Motor Skin Thermal Profile in Horizontal SAGD Well
Authors: Waldner Leon , Raum Matthew , Coates Bryan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A high-density 3D Electric Submersible Pump (ESP) motor skin thermal measurement project was carried out in an operating Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) well under varying ESP operating conditions. Utilizing high density Bragg grating fiber and a novel fiber optic interrogator technology a fiber optic measurement string was developed to allow for temperature measurement in 4 cm spacing and on 5 sides of an ESP motor. Utilizing this technology, a special ESP motor housing was developed, and a novel means of fiber optic string deployment engineered which allowed an instrumented ESP motor to be installed in an operating SAGD wellbore and a 3D high density thermal profile to be obtained under operating conditions.
The ESP was installed in a SAGD well in a relatively horizontal orientation and utilized a bottom-inflow style pump intake. The ESP was operated in several loading and flow rate scenarios to observe the effects of operating in different conditions. The objective of the testing program was to measure the thermal profile around the circumference and length of the ESP motor both to understand potential temperature differentials across the ESP motor and what thermal transfer may be occurring to the surrounding production fluid passing the ESP motor. The information collected from this testing program is intended to further the understanding of how the thermal profile of the ESP motor correlates with wellbore temperature, ESP motor loading and motor temperature modeling predictions.
Overview of Opportunities and Challenges of Electrical Submersible Pumps ESP in the Geothermal Energy Production Systems
Authors: Shoeibi Omrani Pejman , Van der Valk Kaj , Bos Wim , Nizamutdinov Eduard , Van der Sluijs Laurens , Eilers Joren , Pereboom Hajo , Castelein Koen , Van Bergen Frank 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The electrical submersible pump (ESP) is an essential and critical component in most low-enthalpy geothermal wells where high volumes of hot (up to 120°C) and harsh geothermal brine is required to be transported to the surface. Despite a great deal of knowledge and experience in the design and operation of ESP in the petroleum and water sector, reliability of geothermal ESPs requires further improvement. Frequent failures have been observed that resulted from sub-optimum design, installation and operation of these systems which made the lifetime of them shorter than the expected 5-7 years. In this paper we summarize the typical conditions in low-enthalpy geothermal systems (specifically in the Netherlands) and several observed reliability challenges. Lastly, we will discuss the gaps between the petroleum, water and geothermal practices and identify a list of R&D opportunities to better understand the geothermal ESP failures and improve ESP reliability. Testing ESPs in realistic geothermal conditions and a proper monitoring of the well-ESP system is crucial to improve the reliability of existing ESP designs and can enable the development of new geothermal ESP system designs.
Modified Solution Annealing Heat Treatments of Powder Bed Fused Inconel 718
Authors: Alafaghani Ala'aldin , Ablat Muhammad Ali , Qattawi Ala 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Inconel 718 (IN718) is a superalloy commonly used in aerospace, turbomachinery, and applications with extreme conditions due to its creep and corrosion resistance and high strength and hardness at a wide range of temperatures. The recent development of metal additive manufacturing offers a new approach to fabricate complex IN718 parts with minimal machining. However, additively manufactured IN718 parts suffer from anisotropic mechanical properties and are usually inferior to conventionally produced parts. This is especially noticeable under dynamic loading conditions, where they suffer from lower fatigue strength and life in addition to lower reliability. This study focuses on post-processing heat treatments that aim to homogenize the microstructure of the additively manufactured IN718 and reduce the defects produced during fabrication. In this work, we developed modified solution annealing treatments for IN718 samples, followed by tensile testing. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy imaging were used to evaluate the microstructure. The results show that by increasing the initial heat treatment temperature, better isotropy, Young’s modulus, and ductility were produced at the cost of a slight reduction in the tensile strength. The further rise in the heat treatment temperature increased the grain size significantly and produced unfavourable precipitate morphology, which caused a brittle behaviour.
Designing, Implementation and Evaluation of an E-portfolio for Assessment of Surgical Technologist Students in Iran: a Mixed Method Study
Authors: Sadati Leila , Karami Sahar , Abjar Rana , Tayebi-Arasteh Mehdi , Edalat Fatemeh , kanani pourya , khaneghah Zahra Nouri 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background: Building a portfolio is an appropriate method for assessing competency and practice in clinical settings. Portfolio assessment provides opportunities for students to reflect on their performance and therefore could have a critical role in observing students' progress and developing competencies. With the emphasis of modern medical education on e-portfolios, the present study was done to design, implement, and evaluate an electronic portfolio to assess surgical technologist students learning in Iran.Methods: This mixed study was conducted in three stages: "designing," "implementation," and "evaluation." The "design" stage included a literature review, the completion and modification of the list of portfolio items, and content approval by experts. The "implementation" stage involved loading the system, holding workshops for students and clinical preceptors. Finally, the "evaluation" stage included assessing preceptors' and students' satisfaction, knowledge, and clinical skills and recording the number of reflections. Results: The paired sample t-test result shows that students' knowledge and clinical skills significantly improved. More than two-thirds of the students and preceptors were thoroughly satisfied with the e-portfolio assessment. On average, each student had more than three reflections recorded.Conclusions: Using an e-portfolio assessment satisfies students and preceptors, improves surgical technologist students' knowledge and skills, and supports their progress toward achieving professional goals; therefore, it is recommended as a comprehensive and cost-effective assessment method.
Effects of Darkness On Fruit Ripening In Grape And Tomato By RNA-Seq
Authors: Yu Wenbin , Wang Mengting , Yu Kun , Pang Qianqian , Li Shangyun , Guan Lubin , Zheng Ting , Jia Haifeng , Fang Jinggui 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Light is an important external environment factor which influences all aspects of plant growth and development, including fruit ripening. Transcription regulation of light will provide insights into effect of light for fruit ripening. In this study, we treat grape and tomato fruit with dark or light, and by the RNA-seq method, compare transcriptional level between dark-treated and light-treated fruits. Additionally, we analyzed the metabolome of freshly cut fruit samples in two-treated conditions. In this study, transcriptomic and metabonomic analyses were used to evaluate the effects of shading on the ripening of different climacteric types of fruits (tomato and grape). we showed that shading treatment could inhibited fruit development by down-regulating factors related to fruit ripening-related growth and development. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from treated or non-treated samples with dark were mainly enriched in sugar metabolism and signal transduction, plant hormone biosynthesis and secondary metabolism. At the same time, we used metabonomics to detect different secondary metabolites in tomato and grape. Based on the above data, we established a possible model of shading treatment regulating fruit quality of tomato and grape. We found that the expression of DEGs in sugar metabolism and signal transduction, plant hormone biosynthesis and secondary metabolism differ between tomato and grape after shading treatment, which helps to clarify the possible mechanism of how the response to light in climacteric and non-climacteric fruit.
Cost-Benefit Analysis of Integrated Pest Management in Soybean Crops in the Midwest Region of Brazil
Authors: Wochner Denise , Simonato Juliana , Grigolli José Jurca , Farinha Maycon Saraiva , Bernardo Luciana Mario , Ruviaro Clandio , Gimenes Régio Toesca 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Soybean is the most traded agricultural commodity in the world and the main agricultural product exported by Brazil. The study was conducted in Midwest region of Brazil, during the 2018/2019 harvest. The conventional pest management carried out by the rural producer and the integrated pest management with biological control carried out by the MS Foundation were compared. After data collection, operational costs were calculated for both managements and subsequently an environmental cost and a cost-benefit analysis of the application of chemical pesticides were performed. An adapted model of environmental cost and cost-benefit analysis was used. The results show the economic viability of adopting biological control in one of the tested areas. This was due to the greater amount of pesticide applications by the farmer in conventional management, showing the importance of analyzing the environmental cost of the pesticides and avoiding products that have a high impact on non-target individuals.
Prevalence, Symptoms and Duration of Post Acute Effects in SARS-CoV-2 Positive Children – a Nationwide Cohort Study
Authors: Borch Luise , Holm Mette , Knudsen Maria , Ellermann-Eriksen Svend , Hagstroem Soeren 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background: Most children have a mild course of acute COVID-19, but only a few mainly non-controlled studies with small sample size, have evaluated the long-term recovery from SARS-CoV-2 infection in children (‘long COVID’).Methods: We conducted a nationwide cohort study of 37,522 children age 0-17 years with RT-PCR verified SARS-CoV-2 infection and a control group of 78,037 randomly selected children. An electronic questionnaire was sent to both groups of children from March 24th until May 9th 2021.Results: Long COVID symptoms were reported by 12-51% of SARS-CoV-2 infected children. Among pre-school children, fatigue Risk Difference (RD) 0.05 (CI 0.04-0.06), loss of smell RD 0.01 (CI 0.01-0.01), loss of taste RD 0.01 (CI 0.01-0.02) and muscle weakness RD 0.01 (CI 0.00-0.01) were statistically significant symptoms of ‘long COVID’.Among school children the most significant symptoms were loss of smell RD 0.12 (CI 0.12-0.13), loss of taste RD 0.10 (CI 0.09-0.10), fatigue RD 0.05 (CI 0.05-0.06), respiratory problems RD 0.03 (CI 0.03-0.04), dizziness RD 0.02 (CI 0.02-0.03), muscle weakness RD 0.02 (CI 0.01-0.02), and chest pain RD 0.01 (CI 0.01-0.01). Children in the control group experienced significantly more concentration difficulties, headache, muscle- and joint pain, cough, nausea, diarrhea and fever than the SARS-CoV-2 infected. In most children ‘long COVID’ symptoms resolved within 1-5 months.Conclusions: This study provides new evidence of ‘long COVID’ symptoms in children.Trial registration number: The study was approved by The Danish Health Data Authority and registered at Central Denmark region (# 1-16-02-621-20).
Course of Uncomplicated Acute Gastroenteritis in Children Presenting to Out-of-hours Primary Care
Authors: Weghorst Anouk AH , Bonvanie Irma J , Holtman Gea A , de Boer Michiel R , Berger Marjolein Y 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background: The aim of this article is to describe the courses of vomiting, diarrhea, fever, and clinical deterioration, in children with uncomplicated gastroenteritis at presentation. This study was performed as a 7-day prospective follow-up study in an out-of-hours primary care service. The course of vomiting, diarrhea, and fever was analyzed by generalized linear mixed modeling. Because young children (≤12 months) and children with severe vomiting are at increased risk of dehydration, the potentially more complicated courses of these groups are described separately. The day(s) most frequently associated with deterioration and the symptoms present in children who deteriorated during follow-up were also described.Results: In total, 359 children presented with uncomplicated acute gastroenteritis to the out-of-hours primary care service. Of these, 31 (8.6%) developed a complicated illness and needed referral or hospitalization. All symptoms decreased within 5 days in most children (>90%). Vomiting and fever decreased rapidly, but diarrhea decreased at a somewhat slower pace, especially among children aged 6–12 months. Children who deteriorated during follow-up had a higher frequency of vomiting at presentation and higher frequencies of vomiting and fever during follow-up.Conclusions: The frequency of vomiting, not its duration, appears to be the more important predictor of deterioration. When advising parents, it is important to explain the typical symptom duration and to focus on alarm symptoms. Clinicians should be vigilant for children with higher vomiting frequencies at presentation and during follow-up because these children are more likely to deteriorate.
MiR-188-5p and MiR-141-3p Promote Bladder Cancer Synergistically via Targeting PTEN to Activate AKT/c-MYC Signal Pathway
Authors: YANG XianXu , LI Zongze 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
MicroRNAs play a key role in the progress of bladder cancer (BC), which may lead to poor prognosis. A single MicroRNA can be used as an independent factor to regulate the progress of BC, while two MicroRNAs can have a synergistic regulatory effect on BC progress. It has been confirmed in our previous studies that miR-188-5p and miR-141-3p demonstrated high expressions in BC tissues and cells, which can promote the progress of BC and affect patient’s prognosis. As a follow-up research, this study has made further exploration in many aspects. We predicted and confirmed that miR-188-5p and miR-141-3p had a common target gene PTEN which had low expression in BC tissues and cells. Down regulation of PTEN can promote the progress of BC, and significantly reverse the inhibitory effect of down-regulated miR-188-5p and miR-141-3p on BC progress. PTEN is a cancer suppressor gene. Experiments further verified that pAKT and c-MYC were downstream effector proteins of PTEN, and their expressions increased with the decrease of PTEN expression. Experiments manifested that down-regulating miR-188-5p and miR-141-3p could significantly inhibit the volume and weight of subcutaneous tumors in mice, and half dose co-transfection of the two miRs made the tumor smaller and lighter. Therefore, it was concluded that miR-188-5p and miR-141-3p promoted the progress of BC synergistically by inhibiting PTEN to activate AKT/c-MYC pathway.
Risk Factors of Healthcare-associated Infections Among Pediatric Hospitalized Patients in Chinese General Hospitals From 2001 to 2020: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Ye Danfeng , Cao Lifang , Liu Xinliang , Yuan Chaogang 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) have been an increasing global public health threat to the globe. Paediatric hospitalized patients are particularly to HAIs and the identification of risk factors is essential to help policy-makers and hospital managers to develop prevention and control strategies. This study aims to determine the risk factors associated with HAIs among paediatric hospitalized patients in Chinese general hospitals.Methods: Medline, EMBASE and Chinese Journals Online databases were searched. The search was limited to studies published from January 1st 2001 and December 31st 2020. Meta-analyses of OR in the prevalence were estimated. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed based on the B2 and I2 statistics to select the meta-analysis model. Reviewer Manager 5.3 was employed and P<0.05 was considered as the statistical significance.Results: 205 published articled were searched from the databases, in which 25 studies were included in the quantitative synthesis and meta-analysis for the risk factors of HAIs among paediatric hospitalized patients in Chinese general hospitals. 61,773 paediatric patients were incorporated in the included studies, which covered 13 regions in 10 provinces in China. Of them, 2,438 paediatric patients had HAIs. The meta-analyses showed that the ORs of younger age(2.25[1.32-3.85]), hormone(3.66[1.73-7.74]), invasive procedures(5.62[4.27-7.40]), longer hospitalization stay (7.79[6.38-9.50]), malnutrition(3.72,[1.80-7.70]), over 3 kinds of antibiotics (3.25,[2.66-3.96]), over 3 kinds of underlying disease (4.24[1.84-9.78]), large room (2.22[1.28-3.85)), and autumns and winter (1.56[1.04-2.35)) were the independent risk factors that had a negative impact on HAIs with a statistical significance (P<0.05).Conclusions: Under the age of 1 year, application of hormone, experiencing invasive procedure, hospitalization stay more than 7 days, malnutrition, using more than 3 kinds of antibiotics, beyond 3 kinds of underlying disease, large room, and autumn and winter were the main risk factors associated with the higher prevalence of HAIs among paediatric hospitalized patients in Chinese general hospitals. This provided the evidence base to inform the policy-makers and hospital managers. The confirmed successful and cost-effective prevention and control measures need to be adopted to reduce the occurrence of HAIs.