bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface and near-surface effects on seismic waves—theory and borehole seismometer results
Authors: Shearer P. M. , Orcutt J. A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA simple plane wave model is adequate to explain many surface versus borehole seismometer data sets. Using such a model, we present a series of examples which demonstrate the effects of the free-surface, near-surface velocity gradients, and low impedance surface layers on the amplitudes of upcoming body waves. In some cases, these amplitudes are predictable from simple free-surface and impedance contrast expressions. However, in other cases these expressions are an unreliable guide to the complete response, and the full plane wave calculation must be performed. Large surface amplifications are possible, even without focusing due to lateral heterogeneities or nonlinear effects. Both surface and borehole seismometer site responses are almost always frequency-dependent.Ocean bottom versus borehole seismic data from the 1983 Ngendei Seismic Experiment in the southwest Pacific are consistent with both a simple plane wave model and a more complete synthetic seismogram calculation. The borehole seismic response to upcoming P waves is reduced at high frequencies because of interference between the upgoing P wave and downgoing P and SV waves reflected from the sediment-basement interface. However, because of much lower borehole noise levels, the borehole seismometer enjoys a P-wave signal-to-noise advantage of 3 to 7 dB over nearby ocean bottom instruments.
Energy-flux model of seismic coda: Separation of scattering and intrinsic attenuation
Authors: Frankel Arthur , Wennerberg Leif 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA new model of seismic coda is presented, based on the balance between the energy scattered from the direct wave and the energy in the seismic coda. This energy-flux model results in a simple formula for the amplitude and time decay of the seismic coda that explicitly differentiates between the scattering and intrinsic (anelastic) attenuation of the medium. This formula is valid for both weak and strong scattering and implicitly includes multiple scattering. The model is tested using synthetic seismograms produced in finite difference simulations of wave propagation through media with random spatial variations in seismic velocity. Some of the simulations also included intrinsic dissipation. The energy-flux model explains the coda decay and amplitude observed in the synthetics, for random media with a wide range of scattering Q. In contrast, the single-scattering model commonly used in the analysis of microearthquake coda does not account for the gradual coda decay observed in the simulations for media with moderate or strong scattering attenuation (scattering Q ≦ 150). The simulations demonstrate that large differences in scattering attenuation cause only small changes in the coda decay rate, as predicted by the energy-flux model. The coda decay rate is sensitive, however, to the intrinsic Q of the medium. The ratio of the coda amplitude to the energy in the direct arrival is a measure of the scattering attenuation. Thus, analysis of the decay rate and amplitude of the coda can, in principle, produce separate estimates for the scattering and intrinsic Q values of the crust. We analyze the coda from two earthquakes near Anza, California. Intrinsic Q values determined from these seismograms using the energy-flux model are comparable to coda Q values found from the single-scattering theory. These results indicate that coda Q values are, at best, measures of the intrinsic Q of the lithosphere and are unrelated to the scattering Q.
Statistical methods for comparing directions to the orientations of focal mechanisms and Wadati-Benioff zones
Authors: Frohlich Cliff , Willemann Raymond J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe propose simple graphical methods for evaluating whether a set of direction vectors are clustered with respect to particular directions, axes, or planes. As examples of these techniques, we present data concerning the relationship between: (1) aftershock/initial event geometry and nodal planes of focal mechanisms; (2) aftershock/initial event geometry and the plane of the Wadati-Benioff zone; and (3) B axes of focal mechanisms and the plane of the Wadati-Benioff zone.
Algorithmic Trading and Efficiency of the Stock Market in Poland
Authors: Jóźwicki Rafał , Trippner Paweł , Kłos Karolina 
Published: July 2021

The aim of the article is to investigate the impact of algorithmic trading on the returns obtained in the context of market efficiency theory. The research hypothesis is that algorithmic trading can contribute to a better rate of return than when using passive investment strategies. Technological progress can be observed in many different aspects of our lives, including investing in capital markets where we can see changes resulting from the spread of new technologies.
The methodology used in this paper consists in confronting a sample trading system based on classical technical analysis tools with a control strategy consisting in buying securities at the beginning of the test period and holding them until the end of this period.
The results obtained confirm the validity of the theory of information efficiency of the capital market, as the active investment strategy based on algorithmic trading did not yield better results than the control strategy.
Introducing the second law of thermodynamics using Legitimation Code Theory among first year chemistry students
Authors: Chinaka Taurayi Willard 
Published: July 2021

This study investigated the introduction of the second law of thermodynamics using the Legitimation Code Theory (LCT) (semantic waves) among first year chemistry students. The aim of the study was to investigate the extent LTC (semantic waves) reduce the entropy conceptâ€™s complexity and abstractness when introducing the second law of thermodynamics. A purposive sampling technique was used to sample participants from the accessible population. A sample of two hundred (n = 200) first-year chemistry students was chosen at a public university in South Africa. The study adopted a mixed-method research design. Data were collected using an Introductory Second Law of Thermodynamics Questionnaire (ISLTQ) and semi-structured interviews. Creating semantic waves during the lectures left many students in the trough of the sinusoidal wave of abstractness and complexity. Ranking the concepts related to entropy showed that many students knew the hierarchical order of the concepts. However, the interviews revealed that students tended to link entropy to the spread of particles instead of energy. The findings of this study are diagnostic and they assist module designers in determining the level of abstraction and complexity students face when introducing the second law of thermodynamics.

Key words: Abstraction; complexity; Legitimation Code Theory; second law of thermodynamics; semantic waves.
Identification and analysis of core topics in educational artificial intelligence research: A Bibliometric analysis
Authors: Pu Song , Ahmad Nor Aniza , Khambari Mas Nida Md. , Yap Ng Keng 
Published: July 2021

Educational artificial intelligence (EAI) means an integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and educational science that is going to serve as an authoritative element of the education system in the future. However, limited bibliographic analysis study have been carried out with the purpose of conceptualising the advancements in this field of educational billiography This study aim is to identify and analysis the core topics using keywords. The method of study is using the Keywords and cluster analysis by conducting a bibliometric review of 8,660 articles that have been published from 2000 to 2020 with the help of CiteSpace software. The results reveal that EAI research primarily encompasses three controversial topics. There is controversy about the AI application to students, AI does not replace teachers and AI algorithms have great contribution in the development of education sector. Study concluded that, AI applications can improve the effectiveness of students’ learning, AI can replace part of the teachers’ work, the relationship between the teacher and the machine should be cooperation, not the relationship between replacement and being replaced, under the premise that teachers give full play to their initiative and innovation.

Keywords: Educational artificial intelligence, core topics, Bibliometric analysis, CieSpace, Interactive learning environments
Assessing the functioning of government schools as learning organizations
Authors: Alharbi Gasem Aail 
Published: July 2021

The present study examined teachers' perceptions of school leaders' practices towards employing the characteristics of Learning Organisations in public education schools. The research used a mixed-method research design, implying that the study conflated quantitative and qualitative data to achieve aims. Moreover, the study used simple random sampling to recruit the participants, enhancing the validity and reliability of the gathered data. Data was collected through a learning school questionnaire (LSQ) administered to two hundred and forty-seven school leaders and two hundred and twenty-one school teachers selected from the selected region's government schools. Findings showed the criticality of school leadership in enforcing and sustaining learning organisations. Also, some impediments to creating Learning Organisations were centralisation, the low level of administrative support in educational departments, and the ineffectiveness of organisational education training programs, which require financial, administrative, and training stimulation to develop schools. School actors can implement the recommendations included in this research to remodel their educational systems as Learning Organisations.

Keywords: Learning organisations, school leaders, teachers, learning school questionnaire
Pupils’ research skills development through project-based learning in biology
Authors: Salybekova Nurdana , Issayev Gani , Abdrassulova Zhanna , Bostanova Ardak , Dairabaev Rustembek , Erdenov Murat 
Published: July 2021

The study aims to develop theoretical foundations, methods of forming research skills of pupils in biological education, and experimental substantiation of its effectiveness. The following methods were used: analysis of psychological and pedagogical, biological, scientific, and methodological literature, the definition of the theory, the innovative methods of biological education, practical work, pedagogical practice, control, questionnaires, interviews, statistical analysis, identification, and implementation of training experiments. It is proposed to develop methods and determine the content of the formation of research competence through project activities, conduct and introduce them into the educational process. It is necessary to analyze the psychological, pedagogical, biological, scientific, and methodological literature to determine the theory, innovative methods of biological education, the organization of practical work, pedagogical practice, using a statistical method, which will lead to the creation of a methodology for the formation of research skills of pupils.

Keywords: project-based learning, research, methodology, reflection, group work.
Heroe’s model: Case study to reduce students’ learning loss and anxiety
Authors: Kurniawan Heru , Budiyono Budiyono 
Published: July 2021

The spread of COVID-19 in all countries is forcing a change from face-to-face learning to online learning. Of course, the implementation of online learning cannot be separated from the obstacles and threats of decreasing the quality of education, one of which is the threat of learning loss and anxiety. This study aims to see and reduce learning loss and learning anxiety in higher education through the application of Heroe’s math online learning model. This study is a qualitative descriptive study using diagnostic tests, self-development tests, self-rating anxiety scale test, self-assessment questionnaires and interviews as data collection instruments. Data analysis used technical triangulation. The results showed that with the application of Heroe’s math online learning model there were no learning loss symptoms and showed a decrease in students’ anxiety levels. The results of this study have an important meaning that the need for handling and adaptation to learning barriers due to changes in the learning environment is not certain.

Keywords: Anxiety, higher education, Heroe’s model, learning loss
Professionally oriented training of specialists to work in the conditions of the inclusive educational environment
Authors: Tohochynskyi Olekcii , Yermak Serhii , Popryzhna Alla , Tvrdon Miroslav , Oleksiuk Nataliya 
Published: July 2021

It is confirmed that the efficiency of an inclusive educational environment functioning is ensured by the presence of diversified psychological and pedagogical professionals and their proficient cooperation. The training of these professionals is of top priority while developing inclusive education in Ukraine. The results obtained during the pedagogical experiment convincingly prove that the author’s developed and tested methods and teaching and methodological materials allow directing the educational process to the training of future diversified psycho-pedagogical professionals to work in the conditions of the inclusive educational environment. During the formative stage of the pedagogical experiment, research and experimental work were carried out to check the effectiveness of the specialist training system of the psycho-pedagogical field to work in the conditions of a functioning of the inclusive educational environment. In order to obtain empirical data and to ensure their validity, a questionnaire and methodology to diagnose the levels of formation of bachelors’ professional competence were developed, in the context of which the criteria and levels of formation of the investigated quality were defined, as well as the tools for its implementation were created.
Keywords: Inclusive educational environment, a child with special educational needs, control and experimental groups, psycho-pedagogical specialist, educational trajectory.
Desindustrialización y terciarización. El avance hacia una creciente integración servicios-industria
Authors: Cuadrado-Roura Juan R. 
Published: July 2021

En todos los países avanzados el empleo en el sector industrial ha perdido peso, aunque en bastantes casos ha mantenido la participación en el producto interno bruto (PIB) o ha disminuido poco como consecuencia, sobre todo, de las mejoras en la productividad por trabajador. Al mismo tiempo, los servicios no han dejado de crecer y su participación en las economías más desarrolladas se sitúa en torno a 75%, e incluso por encima, tanto por su empleo como por su contribución al PIB a precios corrientes. Ambos procesos han sido objeto de una amplia bibliografía desarrollada a partir de los conceptos de “desindustrialización” y de “terciarización” y sus posibles explicaciones. Aunque con algún retraso, estas dos tendencias de largo alcance también han tenido, o tienen, lugar en algunos países calificados como de desarrollo medio o en vías de desarrollo, lo que dio entrada a estudios sobre la “desindustrialización prematura”.
Alrededor de todos estos temas han surgido diversas aproximaciones explicativas, las cuales no han obviado calificar como preocupantes las dos grandes tendencias observadas. Se ha planteado incluso la idea de una contraposición industria-servicios, donde estos últimos aparecen como “el culpable de la trama” —expresión de las obras teatrales tradicionales—. El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar que dicha visión es muy simplificadora y claramente errónea. No parece adecuado hablar de un enfrentamiento entre la industria manufacturera y los servicios. Lo que se observa en casi todas las economías es un proceso de creciente integración entre ambos grandes sectores, cuyos principales factores se analizan en el artículo. Todo indica que estos cambios continuarán reforzándose en los próximos años.
Validitas Buku Etnobotani Tumbuhan Dracontomelon dao di Kawasan Hutan Bukit Tamiang Kabupaten Tanah Laut
Authors: Imawan Riswanda , Dharmono Dharmono , Mahrudin Mahrudin 
Published: July 2021

Validasi diartikan sebagai suatu tindakan pembuktian dengan cara yang sesuai bahwa tiap bahan, proses, prosedur, kegiatan, sistem, perlengkapan atau mekanisme yang digunakan dalam produksi dan pengawasan akan senantiasa mencapai hasil yang diinginkan. Buku yang divalidasi adalah buku ilmiah populer tumbuhan Dracontomelon dao di Kawasan Hutan Bukit Tamiang Kabupaten Tanah Laut. Validator terdiri dari 2 orang ahli dari Universitas Lambung Mangkurat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kelayakan dari buku ilmiah populer Dracontomelon dao. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian pengembangan dengan model education design research (EDR) dengan evaluasi uji formatif Tessmer. Adapun hasil yang didapatkan dari uji validasi oleh 2 validator ahli terhadap buku ilmiah populer Dracontomelon dao adalah sangat valid dengan skor 90,97%.
Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Testing and Pooling Strategies for Screening of Asymptomatic Individuals - The Philippine Children's Medical Center Experience
Authors: Gonong Danielle Anne , Misiona Grig , Sionzon Melani , Santiago Farrah Kristine , Lira Aquiles Joseph , Lo Raymundo 
Published: July 2021

Background. The availability of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in detecting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is limited by the scarcity of resources prompting the use of pooling strategies. Evaluated in this study is the Philippine Children’s Medical Center’s (PCMC) experience in pooled testing done in asymptomatic population.
Objectives. Review the pooled SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR results and case investigation forms (CIF) in asymptomatic population. Determine the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic population and compare all the individual and pooled tests results. Determine the number of saved test kits and identify clustering in the community.
Methodology. This is a retrospective study that reviewed the pooled and individual SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR results using Allsheng Auto-Pure 32a extraction kit, Sansure Biotech PCR machine and Maccura Sars-CoV-2 test kits. The pooling protocol used by the institution followed the recommendation by Lo et al in the study entitled “An Evaluation of Pooling Strategies for RT-qPCR testing for SARS-CoV-2 infection.”
Results. There are 1828 samples which resulted to 165 negative, 68 indeterminate, and 137 positive pools. There are 157, 135, and 68 pools containing 5 individual samples that were classified as negative, positive and indeterminate pools, respectively. Additionally, the negative pools contained 8 pools with 3 individual samples and the positive pools contained 2 pools with 2 individual samples. Deconvolution of the positive and indeterminate pools resulted to 227 and 74 positive individuals, respectively. In this review, the laboratory saved 24% of the test kits and shorten the overall turnaround time by 23 hours.
Conclusions and Recommendations. The incidence of SARS-CoV-2 in the population is higher compared to the prevalence of infection in the country. Pooled testing conserved test kits and congruence of pooled and individual ORF Ct-values was observed. An in-depth study including other genes is recommended and assessment of pooling in other population may be pursued.
Growth Performance of Arsi, Borana, Harar and HF-Crossbred bulls finished under similar feeding condition
Authors: Musa Ahmedin Abdurehman , Mummed Yesihak Yusuf , Kurtu Mohammed Yusuf , Temesgen Melese , O’Quinn Travis Gene 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background: The study was conducted to evaluate the fattening performance of Arsi, Borana, Harar and Holstein Friesian crossbred bulls finished under similar feeding condition at the beef farm in Haramaya University. A total of 24 bulls with age categories of 2–3 and 4–5 years were used in the complete block design for the experiment. Total mixed ration was provided at 3% of their body weight during experimental periods.Results: The average daily weight gain of the four breeds range from 0.49 to 0.71 kg. Feed conversion efficiency also ranges from 0.11–0.15. Simple linear regression models were used to explore the relationship between live body weight change and change in body condition score as well as seven linear body measurements for all age groups. An average change for a unite of body condition score was equivalent to 20.3, 20.61, 22.42 and 27.78kg for Borana, Arsi, Harar and Holstein Friesian crossbred bulls respectively. Body condition score was significantly influenced by breeds. There was a significant breed by age interaction effect on the initial body condition score of the four breeds. There was a significant and positive strong association between change in body weight and body condition score. There was a significant and strong correlation between change in body weight and change in Total topline, neck length, heart girth, flank circumference and rump length having correlation coefficient ranges from 0.57 to 0.97. Higher net profit of 7,380.47 ETB per head was recorded by Borana bulls followed by Harar bulls, Arsi and Holstein Friesian crossbred with net profit of 5,406.86, 5193.29 and 3,384.98 ETB per head respectively.Conclusion: Borana bulls are more superior in weight gain and net profite. Body weight change could be predicted based on body condition score change during fattening period.
Based on Transcriptome Sequencing: Clinicians Need to Pay Attention to Fever Caused by Common Respiratory Pathogens During the Global Outbreak of COVID-19
Authors: Yin Sheng , Wang Zeyou , Wang Min , Wang Wenlong 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Objectives:During the COVID-19 pandemic, clinicians and public health decision-makers especially focus on fever patients. Other common pathogens that may cause fever are easily overlooked. We aimed to describe the pathogen infection and epidemic trend of non-SARS-CoV-2 occurring in hospitalized patients.Methods:An observational cohort study of 733 consecutive patients admitted to Hospital Clinic of the Second Xiangya Hospital for COVID-19. All samples of a pharyngeal swab from patients with fever have been tested for nucleic acid and immune antigens of SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A/B virus. 649 fever patients have been tested for nucleic acid in ten respiratory pathogens. Macrotranscriptome sequencing was performed on 26 samples.Results:Of a total of 733 patients with fever, 2.05% patients had confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections. Fever patients with common respiratory pathogens in fever patients was 8.78%. There is no integration phenomenon between SARS-Cov-2 and the human genome. SARS-CoV-2 positive samples will also be infected with other viruses, especially adenovirus. Macrotranscript analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the species and genus levels of pathogens between Covid-19 patients and other fever patients. The main pathways that affect human metabolism after SARS-Cov-2 infection are the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle, pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotides de novo biosynthesis I and D-galactose degradation V.Conclusions:Most patients have a fever caused by common respiratory pathogens. Clinicians still need to pay more attention to infections of common respiratory pathogens in addition to SARS-CoV-2. China's public health measures to stop the spread of the epidemic have proven effective.