bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetohydrostatic Equilibrium Structure and Mass of Polytropic Filamentary Cloud Threaded by Lateral Magnetic Field
Authors: Kashiwagi Raiga , Tomisaka Kohji 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Filamentary structures are recognized as a fundamental component of interstellar molecular clouds in observations made by the Herschel satellite. These filaments, especially massive filaments, often extend in a direction perpendicular to the interstellar magnetic field. Furthermore, the filaments sometimes have an apparently negative temperature gradient—that is, their temperatures decrease toward their centers. In this paper, we study the magnetohydrostatic equilibrium state of negative-indexed polytropic gas with the magnetic field running perpendicular to the axis of the filament. The model is controlled by four parameters: center-to-surface density ratio (ρ

c
/ρ

s
), plasma β of the surrounding gas, radius of the parent cloud

R

0

′

normalized by the scale height, and the polytropic index N. The steepness of the temperature gradient is represented by N. We found that the envelope of the column density profile becomes shallow when the temperature gradient is large. This reconciles the inconsistency between the observed profiles and those expected from the isothermal models. We compared the maximum line mass (mass per unit length), above which there is no equilibrium, with that of the isothermal nonmagnetized filament. We obtained an empirical formula to express the maximum line mass of a magnetized polytropic filament as

λ

m

a

x

≃

λ

0
,

m

a

x

(
N
)

/

M
⊙

p

c

−
1

2

+

5.9

1.0
+
1.2

/

N

1

/

2

Φ

c

l

/

1

μ

G

p

c

2

1

/

2

M
⊙ pc−1, where

λ

0
,
max

(
N
)

represents the maximum line mass of the nonmagnetized filament and Φcl indicates one-half of the magnetic flux threading the filament per unit length. Although the negative-indexed polytrope makes the maximum line mass decrease, compared with that of the isothermal model, a magnetic field threading the filament increases the line mass.
Compact Groups of Galaxies in Sloan Digital Sky Survey and LAMOST Spectral Survey. II. Dynamical Properties of Isolated and Embedded Groups
Authors: Zheng 郑 Yun-Liang 云亮 , Shen 沈 Shi-Yin 世 银 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Compact groups (CGs) of galaxies appear to be the densest galaxy systems containing a few luminous galaxies in close proximity to each other, which have a typical size of a few tens of kiloparsec in observation. On the other hand, in the modern hierarchical structure formation paradigm, galaxies are assembled and grouped in dark matter halos, which have a typical size of a few hundreds of kiloparsec. Few studies have explored the physical connection between the observation-based CGs and halo model-based galaxy groups to date. In this study, by matching the largest local CG catalog of Zheng & Shen to the halo-based group catalog of Yang et al., we find that CGs are physically heterogeneous systems and can be mainly separated into two categories, the isolated systems and those embedded in rich groups or clusters. By examining the dynamical features of CGs, we find that isolated CGs have systematically lower dynamical masses than noncompact ones at the same group luminosity, indicating a more evolved stage of isolated CGs. On the other hand, the embedded CGs are mixtures of chance alignments in poor clusters and recent infalling groups (substructures) of rich clusters.
Direct Multipoint Observations Capturing the Reformation of a Supercritical Fast Magnetosonic Shock
Authors: Turner D. L. , Wilson L. B. , Goodrich K. A. , Madanian H. , Schwartz S. J. , Liu T. Z. , Johlander A. , Caprioli D. , Cohen I. J. , Gershman D. , Hietala H. , Westlake J. H. , Lavraud B. , Le Contel O. , Burch J. L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Using multipoint Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) observations in an unusual string-of-pearls configuration, we examine in detail observations of the reformation of a fast magnetosonic shock observed on the upstream edge of a foreshock transient structure upstream of Earth's bow shock. The four MMS spacecraft were separated by several hundred kilometers, comparable to suprathermal ion gyroradius scales or several ion inertial lengths. At least half of the shock reformation cycle was observed, with a new shock ramp rising up out of the “foot” region of the original shock ramp. Using the multipoint observations, we convert the observed time-series data into distance along the shock normal in the shock's rest frame. That conversion allows for a unique study of the relative spatial scales of the shock's various features, including the shock's growth rate, and how they evolve during the reformation cycle. Analysis indicates that the growth rate increases during reformation, electron-scale physics play an important role in the shock reformation, and energy conversion processes also undergo the same cyclical periodicity as reformation. Strong, thin electron-kinetic-scale current sheets and large-amplitude electrostatic and electromagnetic waves are reported. Results highlight the critical cross-scale coupling between electron-kinetic- and ion-kinetic-scale processes and details of the nature of nonstationarity, shock-front reformation at collisionless, fast magnetosonic shocks.
Water Ice Cloud Variability and Multi-epoch Transmission Spectra of TRAPPIST-1e
Authors: May E. M. , Taylor J. , Komacek T. D. , Line M. R. , Parmentier V. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The precise characterization of terrestrial atmospheres with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is one of the utmost goals of exoplanet astronomy in the next decade. With JWST’s impending launch, it is crucial that we are well prepared to understand the subtleties of terrestrial atmospheres—particularly ones that we may have not needed to consider before due to instrumentation limitations. In this work we show that patchy ice cloud variability is present in the upper atmospheres of M-dwarf terrestrial planets, particularly along the limbs. Here we test whether these variable clouds will introduce unexpected biases in the multi-epoch observations necessary to constrain atmospheric abundances. Using 3D ExoCAM general circulation models of TRAPPIST-1e, we simulate five different climates with varying pCO2 to explore the strength of this variability. These models are post-processed using NASA Goddard’s Planetary Spectrum Generator and PandExo to generate simulated observations with JWST’s NIRSpec PRISM mode at 365 different temporal outputs from each climate. Assuming the need for 10 transits of TRAPPIST-1e to detect molecular features at great confidence, we then use CHIMERA to retrieve on several randomly selected weighted averages of our simulated observations to explore the effect of multi-epoch observations with variable cloud cover along the limb on retrieved abundances. We find that the variable spectra do not affect retrieved abundances at detectable levels for our sample of TRAPPIST-1e models.
Research Application: Teaching Staff Nurses to Use Library Search Strategies
Authors: Stephens Lana C , Selig Cindy L , Jones L Colette , Gaston-Johansson Fannie 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Journal reading is a major mechanism for disseminating research but much goes unread by practicing nurses. A survey revealed the 10 most frequently read journals are primarily of a clinical/technical nature. To encourage reading of research, we organized a series of library sessions to familiarize nurses with the library and modern search strategies. Over half of the 77 nurse participants indicated they had not visited the library in six months and were less than confident in their library skills. Hands-on experiences, including computerized literature search, gave nurses an opportunity to learn techniques for locating research articles.
Effective Screening and Orientation of Independent Contract Nurses
Authors: Leidy Karen 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The numbers of nurses working in independent contract positions are increasing. This article describes the development of a preemployment screening tool and an efficient, cost-effective orientation for independent contract nurses who may work infrequently or for short duration. The success of the orientation is attributed to a high degree of learner involvement, decreased orientation time, and focusing on essential "need to know" information.
Assessment of Continuing Nursing Education Needs: A Literature Review
Authors: Kristjanson Linda J , Scanlan Judith M 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Continuing education (CE) literature is replete with disagreement and confusion regarding the value and methods of conducting needs assessments for nurses. Literature that describes the usefulness of needs assessment ranges from fuzzy rhetoric to sound empirical studies of learners' needs. Sorting through the numerous articles is a difficult and tedious task for the CE planner. In addition, the lack of consistency in the writings makes comparison of needs assessment findings onerous. This article presents a synthesis and critical analysis of the needs assessment literature in nursing. One hundred and thirty-two articles and books were reviewed, and four major themes emerged from the analysis.
Consulting for Quality CE
Authors: Kopper Judith A 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The consultant's role in continuing education (CE) is presented and discussed from a variety of perspectives. This article proposes that using a consultant will enhance the quality of continuing education and be cost effective at the same time.
The steps to be taken to select a consultant include: determining the consultant's role, acquiring a content or process expert, and finalizing the contractual agreement. The American Nurses Association (ANA) criteria for CE offerings are provided as a reference table. Emphasis throughout the article is on how to obtain quality service at a minimal cost.
Program Characteristics Influencing Nurse Selection of CE Offerings
Authors: Craft Martha J , Heick Merle , Richards Beverly , Murray Judith , Lathrop Nancy , Reed Sandra 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to identify program characteristics that influence decisionmaking in the selection of continuing education (CE) offerings by registered nurses licensed in a state with mandatory CE. A sample of 238 nurses were asked to identify the level of importance for 35 CE program characteristics on a Likert-like scale. The data indicated that all characteristics were of some importance to participants, with high levels of importance given to items demonstrating professional values. The findings suggest that even though CE may be mandatory, nurses still select educational offerings on the basis of quality and contribution to their professional practice.
A Comparison of Educational Methods to Enhance Nursing Performance in Pain Assessment
Authors: McNaull Faye W , McLees Joanne R , Belyea Michael J , Clipp Elizabeth C 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to identify an effective method of teaching nurses to assess and document pain severity using a numerical rating scale prior to narcotic administration. Nurses received a combination of educational methods. Although overall nurse performance using the pain scale was low, nurses receiving video were significantly more likely to use the scale, a finding that remained significant after controlling for nurses' education and years of experience, and for patient age and acuity.
Sexual Harassment: Perspectives from the Past, Present Practice, Policy, and Prevention
Authors: Goodner Ellen D , Kolenich Diane B 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
During the times of Florence Nightingale, elements of sexual harassment were evident and were addressed in her writings. The more recent Anita Hill-Clarence Thomas judicial hearings brought more attention to the issue. It is imperative that hospitals and their staff development departments have a clear understanding of what constitutes sexual harassment so that effective policies can be implemented. Preventive training can be implemented to avoid absenteeism, staff turnover, lost productivity, decreased quality of patient care, and exorbitant legal costs.
Structured Controversy Versus Lecture on Nursing Students' Beliefs About and Attitude Toward Providing Care for Persons with AIDS
Authors: Pederson Carol 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Like many nurses in clinical practice, a small sample of RN-to-BSN nursing students reported their negative attitude toward providing care for persons with AIDS (PWAX Structured controversy is an interactive educational approach that may promote positive attitudes. This experimental study compared the effectiveness of structured controversy with lecture on BSN students' beliefs about and attitude toward providing care for PWA. A questionnaire, based on Ajzen and Fishbein's (1980) theory of reasoned action, was completed by 51 BSN students following an AIDS class session, and by nursing faculty. When compared with students who had listened to the lecture, students who had participated in structured controversy were more positive in general, and were significantly more positive on individual attitude and belief items. Faculty perceptions of these nursing students' beliefs and attitudes were less positive than the students' actual beliefs and attitudes.
Clinical Ladder Development: Implementing Contract Learning
Authors: Kreider Mary C , Barry Margaret 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Expanding the clinical ladder concept in nursing at the Presbyterian Hospital in New York prompted the Department of Education, Research, and Development to further implement contract learning as an innovative adult education technique. The process was applied in orienting new Clinical Nurse IIs (experienced nurse preceptors) and Clinical Nurse IIIs (assistants to the Nursing Care Clinicians) to their advanced clinical roles. The process of implementation, the development of learning contracts, and the week-long workshop designed for each of the new clinical leaders is discussed.
Don't Go 'Way, It's Time to Play . . . The Safety Game!
Authors: Roberts Carol , Rondestvedt Janice 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In an attempt to decrease the amount of time and dollars spent while increasing positive staff response, Emanual Hospital in Portland, Oregon, developed a game format to review required safety information. The game was piloted, then presented to the hospital's safety committee where it was approved as part of the hospital's education program. The game has significantly increased the percentage of staff participation in required classes. At the same time, cost of presenting the classes has decreased significantly.
Critical Thinking: A Foundation for Consumer-Focused Care
Authors: Snyder Marsha 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Both providers and recipients of health care services are now focusing attention on not only what is provided but also how services are provided. The goal is consumer satisfaction, with pressure on the provider of services to meet customer demands. This shift in focus challenges the knowledge and skills of nurses, and their ability to solve problems in collaboration with their customers. To provide consumer-focused care, nurses will need to develop critical thinking skills that utilize logical/analytical and intuitive/creative approaches to solving problems. Critical thinking skills that integrate these two approaches will provide practitioners expertise in flexible, individualized, and situation-specific problem solving. Nursing staff who are able to focus on the consumer will be better prepared to meet the demands of today's competitive health care market. The challenge facing educators is to prepare nurses with a foundation from which to provide this care.
COMPLICATIONS OF OSTEOTOMIES ABOUT THE KNEE IN CHILDREN
Authors: Mycoskie Philip John 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT: Eighteen years experience performing osteotomies about the knee in children is reviewed. The underlying pathology producing the angular deformity included rickets, Blount's disease, epiphyseal and metaphyseal injuries, physiologic angulation, benign tumors, cartilage disorders, and muscle imbalance due to polio, meningomyelocele, cerebral palsy, and soft tissue tumors. Sixty-five procedures were performed by a variety of techniques with the majority being on the proximal tibia.
Postoperative complications were numerous with 63% of the patients having one or more. These complications included loss of alignment, vascular complications, pathologic fractures, wound infection, anterior and posterior angulation at the osteotomy site, tibial tubercle prominence and patellofemoral malalignment.
A thorough understanding of the underlying disease process and its usual clinical course, an appreciation of the pertinent surgical anatomy, and an awareness of the potential complications are all needed to obtain the best results when dealing with angular deformities about the knee in children.
Value of Continuous Passive Motion in Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Wasilewski Stephen A , Woods Lee C , Torgerson William R , Healy William L 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT: Two methods of rehabilitation after 91 total knee arthroplasties in 74 patients were reviewed. Patients in each group were well matched for age, sex, and diagnosis. Forty-four knees in 39 patients were treated with conventional physiotherapy, consisting of 3 days of immobilization followed by a program of active assisted range-of-motion exercises. Forty-seven knees in 41 patients were placed in a continuous passive motion machine immediately after operation. Other aspects of preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative care were identical in both groups.
Patients in the continuous passive motion group were found to have a lower incidence of complications, especially of wound healing problems and thromboembolic disease. Analgesic use in patients in the continuous passive motion group was reduced. Straight leg raising was achieved slightly earlier in patients in the continuous passive motion group (4.9 days) compared with patients not treated with continuous passive motion (5.2 days). Although the range of motion of the knee at discharge from the hospital in patients in the continuous passive motion group was greater (91°) compared with patients not treated with continuous passive motion (81°), the range of motion in both groups at ultimate follow up was equivalent. However, when knee-rating scores were considered, patients treated with continuous passive motion averaged 9 points higher on a 100-point scale than patients not treated with continuous passive motion. In addition, the length of hospital stay for patients in the continuous passive motion group was 2.1 days shorter.
We concluded that continuous passive motion was an effective adjunct to physiotherapy in the postoperative care of patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. The benefits included improved wound healing, a decreased number of thromboembolic events, decreased analgesic use, and a higher ultimate knee score. We also concluded that the use of continuous passive motion had little effect on the ultimate range of motion of the knee after arthroplasty.
TIMING OF WOUND CLOSURE IN SEVERE COMPOUND FRACTURES
Authors: Ostermann Peter A W , Henry Stephen L , Seligson David 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In a consecutive series of 1085 open fractures treated from May 1983 to July 1992, 381 severe compound fractures in 335 patients were managed with the antibiotic bead pouch technique. There were 27 grade I (marked swelling, compartment syndrome), 115 grade II, and 239 grade III open fractures (94 type IIIA, 114 type IIIB, and 31 type IIIC). These fractures were managed with early administration of broad spectrum antibiotics, copious wound irrigation, serial debridements, and external skeletal stabilization. TobramycinPMMA beads were placed in the wound, and porous plastic film (Opsite, Smith and Nephew Medical, Limited, Hall, England) covered the soft tissue defect. This dressing was changed every 48 to 72 hours until wound coverage/ closure could be obtained. Infection rate, either on an acute or chronic basis, was 2.6% in grade II open fractures and 8.4% in grade III compound fractures. There was no infected wound or bone in the grade I category. Those fractures that did not develop an infection were closed at a mean time of 7.6 days; those that developed an infection were closed at a mean time of 17.9 days. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). When severe open fractures are managed with the antibiotic bead pouch technique, wound closure should be obtained within 1 week to prevent infectious complications.
SHOULDER PYARTHROSIS: A CONCOMITANT PROCESS
Authors: Ward William G , Goldner Richard D 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Thirty cases of glenohumeral pyarthrosis are reported. Systemic immune compromise and local tissue abnormalities were each present in 74% of the adult patients. Both were present in 52%. Most adult patients were debilitated by chronic diseases. Diagnosis was frequently delayed due to mild symptoms and minimal, nonspecific laboratory findings. Poor results correlated with treatment delay. Shoulder pyarthrosis occurred ipsilateral to forearm arteriovenous dialysis fistulas in four patients. Postoperative shoulder pyarthroses were eradicated only in patients with clinically intact immune systems. Three patients (10%) with intact rotator cuffs had unsuspected associated subacromial bursa abscesses. Evaluation of suspected glenohumeral pyarthrosis should include evaluation of the subacromial bursa.
ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY RESIDENTS AND THE CDC AND AAOS HIV PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES
Authors: Hutchinson Susan Gusich , Delene Linda M , Hutchinson Mark R , Halpern Alan A 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A randomized national survey of orthopedic surgery residents concerning their knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of the Centers for Disease Control's and the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons' (AAOS) universal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) precautionary measures was conducted. The residents' basic knowledge about the HIV precautionary measures was, in general, poor. Thirty-seven percent indicated that they were "uncertain" or "would not" care for HIV positive patients. Further, the residents' practice behaviors in many instances did not fulfill prescribed universal precautions. Sound educational and professional programs, such as those initiated by the AAOS, are needed to increase the knowledge and improve the practice behaviors of orthopedic residents.
Total Knee Arthroplasty in Paget's Disease: Technical Problems and Results
Authors: Schai Pascal A , Scott Richard D , Younger Alastair S E 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Eleven total knee arthroplasties performed in 10 patients with Paget's disease were reviewed at 2 to 1 6 years postoperatively. Cemented total knee arthroplasties were performed in all cases. Range of motion improved by 21° postoperatively and the follow-up Knee Society score averaged 83 points. One knee was rated poor with a score <70 points; this knee was the only knee with a loose component. All components resting on pagetic bone had a solid interface on radiographic review at an average of SJ years postoperatively. Although technical difficulties are encountered in achieving correct alignment and exposing the knee with local Pagefs disease, good long-term outcome can be achieved.