bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reincarnation and Karma
Authors: Hayes Richard P. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractKarma is the notion that willful actions have natural consequences, in that benevolent actions result in happiness and malevolent actions lead to unhappiness. Given that an agent is acting right up to the moment of death, there is bound to be at the moment of death a storehouse of actions the consequences of which have not yet occurred. Therefore, the doctrine of karma is usually accompanied by a doctrine of reincarnation or rebirth, the next birth being a vehicle for the consequences of the unripened karma of the previous birth. It was left to scholastics to explain in detail how the mechanism of karma worked. Some explained karma as belonging to matter, others as a property connected with an enduring soul or series of mental events.
Religious Experience
Authors: Kwan Kai‐man 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis entry will first look at the concept and varieties of religious experience. Then it will evaluate the challenge of constructivism raised by Proudfoot's attribution theory of religious experience. It goes on to survey the prevalence of religious experience in the contemporary world, both in the West and in Asia (such as Chinese societies). The remainder of the entry is mainly devoted to the naturalistic explanation of religious experiences. The criteria for evaluating naturalistic explanations are spelled out, the neurological explanations of religious experience offered by Michael Persinger and Andrew Newberg are discussed, and the cognitive science of religion is also considered. The entry concludes with an evaluation of the epistemic implications of these naturalistic explanations of religious experiences for the veridicality of those experiences.
Aggregation‐Induced Emission Luminogens with Photoresponsive Behaviors for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Wang Jiaqiang , Zhang Liyao , Li Zhen 
Published: November 2021

AbstractFluorescent biomedical materials can visualize subcellular structures and therapy processes in vivo. The aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) phenomenon helps suppress the quenching effect in the aggregated state suffered by conventional fluorescent materials, thereby contributing to design strategies for fluorescent biomedical materials. Photoresponsive biomedical materials have attracted attention because of the inherent advantages of light; i.e., remote control, high spatial and temporal resolution, and environmentally friendly characteristics, and their combination with AIE facilitates development of fluorescent molecules with efficient photochemical reactions upon light irradiation. In this review, organic compounds with AIE features for biomedical applications and design strategies for photoresponsive AIE luminogens (AIEgens) are first summarized briefly. Applications are then reviewed, with the employment of photoresponsive and AIE‐active molecules for photoactivation imaging, super‐resolution imaging, light‐induced drug delivery, photodynamic therapy with photochromic behavior, and bacterial targeting and killing being discussed at length. Finally, the future outlook for AIEgens is considered with the aim of stimulating innovative work for further development of this field.
In Vivo Sol–Gel Reaction of Tantalum Alkoxide for Endovascular Embolization
Authors: Ko Giho , Choi Jin Woo , Shin Kwangsoo , Kim Young Geon , Kang Taegyu , Kim Dokyoon , Lee Nohyun , Kim Hyo‐Cheol , Hyeon Taeghwan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractLiquid embolic agents are considered the most promising for various embolization procedures because they enable deep penetration. For realizing effective procedures, the delivery of liquid embolic agents should be guided under X‐ray imaging systems and the solidification time should be optimized for the specific indication. The biocompatibility of embolic agents is also crucial because they remain in the vessel after embolization. In this study, new biocompatible embolic agents based on tantalum ethoxide is synthesized. Tantalum alkoxide liquid embolics (TALE) possess the radiopacity for fluoroscopy and can control the penetration depth by modifying the sol–gel kinetics. Furthermore, TALE can serve as drug carriers for synergistic treatment. Using these excellent characteristics, it is demonstrated that TALE agents can be used in various situations including the transarterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma and embolotherapy of massive bleeding from the femoral artery.
Engineering Electronic Band Structure of Binary Thermoelectric Nanocatalysts for Augmented Pyrocatalytic Tumor Nanotherapy
Authors: Wang Yachao , Dai Xinyue , Dong Caihong , Guo Weitao , Xu Ziwei , Chen Yu , Xiang Huijing , Zhang Ruifang 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPhotothermal therapy (PTT) has emerged as a distinct therapeutic modality owing to its noninvasiveness and spatiotemporal selectivity. However, heat‐shock proteins (HSPs) endow tumor cells with resistance to heat‐induced apoptosis, severely lowering the therapeutic efficacy of PTT. Here, a high‐performance pyroelectric nanocatalyst, Bi13S18I2 nanorods (NRs), with prominent pyroelectric conversion and photothermal conversion performance for augmented pyrocatalytic tumor nanotherapy, is developed. Canonical binary compounds are reconstructed by inserting a third biocompatible agent, thus facilitating the formation of Bi13S18I2 NRs with enhanced pyrocatalytic conversion efficiency. Under 808 nm laser irradiation, Bi13S18I2 NRs induce a conspicuous temperature elevation for photonic hyperthermia. In particular, Bi13S18I2 NRs harvest pyrocatalytic energy from the heating and cooling alterations to produce abundant reactive oxygen species, which results in the depletion of HSPs and hence the reduction of thermoresistance of tumor cells, thereby significantly augmenting the therapeutic efficacy of photothermal tumor hyperthermia. By synergizing the pyroelectric dynamic therapy with PTT, tumor suppression with a significant tumor inhibition rate of 97.2% is achieved after intravenous administration of Bi13S18I2 NRs and subsequent exposure to an 808 nm laser. This work opens an avenue for the design of high‐performance pyroelectric nanocatalysts by reconstructing canonical binary compounds for therapeutic applications in biocatalytic nanomedicine.
Reversible Manipulation of Photoconductivity Caused by Surface Oxygen Vacancies in Perovskite Stannates with Ultraviolet Light
Authors: Lee Yujeong , Yoon Daseob , Yu Sangbae , Sim Hyeji , Park Yunkyu , Nam Yeon‐Seo , Kim Ki‐Jeong , Choi Si‐Young , Kang Youngho , Son Junwoo 
Published: November 2021

AbstractProgrammable optoelectronic devices call for the reversible control of the photocarrier recombination process by in‐gap states in oxide semiconductors. However, previous approaches to produce oxygen vacancies as a source of in‐gap states in oxide semiconductors have hampered the reversible formation of oxygen vacancies and their related phenomena. Here, a new strategy to manipulate the 2D photoconductivity from perovskite stannates is demonstrated by exploiting spatially selective photochemical reaction under ultraviolet illumination at room temperature. Remarkably, the ideal trap‐free photocurrent of air‐illuminated BaSnO3 (≈200 pA) is reversibly switched into three orders of magnitude higher photocurrent of vacuum‐illuminated BaSnO3 (≈335 nA) with persistent photoconductivity depending on ambient oxygen pressure under illumination. Multiple characterizations elucidate that ultraviolet illumination of BaSnO3 under low oxygen pressure induces surface oxygen vacancies as a result of surface photolysis combined with the low oxygen‐diffusion coefficient of BaSnO3; the concentrated oxygen vacancies are likely to induce a two‐step transition of photocurrent response by changing the characteristics of in‐gap states from the shallow level to the deep level. These results suggest a novel strategy that uses light–matter interaction in a reversible and spatially confined way to manipulate functionalities related to surface defect states, for the emerging applications using newly discovered oxide semiconductors.
Porous MOF Microneedle Array Patch with Photothermal Responsive Nitric Oxide Delivery for Wound Healing
Authors: Yao Shun , Wang Yuetong , Chi Junjie , Yu Yunru , Zhao Yuanjin , Luo Yuan , Wang Yongan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPatches with the capacity of controllable delivering active molecules toward the wound bed to promote wound healing are expectant all along. Herein, a novel porous metal‐organic framework (MOF) microneedle (MN) patch enabling photothermal‐responsive nitric oxide (NO) delivery for promoting diabetic wound healing is presented. As the NO‐loadable copper‐benzene‐1,3,5‐tricarboxylate (HKUST‐1) MOF is encapsulated with graphene oxide (GO), the resultant NO@HKUST‐1@GO microparticles (NHGs) are imparted with the feature of near‐infrared ray (NIR) photothermal response, which facilitate the controlled release of NO molecules. When these NHGs are embedded in a porous PEGDA‐MN, the porous structure, larger specific surface area, and sufficient mechanical strength of the integrated MN could promote a more accurate and deeper delivery of NO molecules into the wound site. By applying the resultant NHG‐MN to the wound of a type I diabetic rat model, the authors demonstrate that it is capable of accelerating vascularization, tissue regeneration, and collagen deposition, indicating its bright prospect applied in wound healing and other therapeutic scenarios.
Generation of Oxyphosphonium Ions by Photoredox/Cobaloxime Catalysis for Scalable Amide and Peptide Synthesis in Batch and Continuous‐Flow
Authors: Su Junqi , Mo Jia‐Nan , Chen Xiangyang , Umanzor Alexander , Zhang Zheng , Houk Kendall N. , Zhao Jiannan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPhosphine‐mediated deoxygenative nucleophilic substitutions, such as the Mitsunobu reaction, are of great importance in organic synthesis. However, the conventional protocols require stoichiometric oxidants to trigger the formation of the oxyphosphonium intermediates for the subsequent nucleophilic additions. Through dual catalysis of photoredox and cobaloxime, we realized a radical strategy for the catalytic formation of acyloxyphosphonium ions that enables direct amidation. The deoxygenative protocol exhibits a broad scope and has been used in the late‐stage amidation of drug molecules. In addition to batch reactions, a continuous‐flow reactor was developed, enabling rapid peptide synthesis on gram scale. The successful assembly of a tetrapeptide on the solid support further demonstrated the versatility of this photocatalytic system. Moreover, experimental and computational studies are consistent with the hypothesis of acyloxyphosphonium ions being formed as the key intermediates.
Folding‐induced Fluorescence Enhancement in a Series of Merocyanine Hetero‐Folda‐Trimers
Authors: Schulz Alexander , Würthner Frank 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMany dyes suffer from fast non‐radiative decay pathways, thereby showing only short‐lived excited states and weak photoluminescence. Here we show a pronounced fluorescence enhancement for a weakly fluorescent merocyanine (MC) dye by being co‐facially stacked to other dyes in hetero‐folda‐trimer architectures. By means of fluorescence spectroscopy (lifetime, quantum yield) the fluorescence enhancement was explained by the rigidification of the emitting chromophore in the defined foldamer architecture and the presence of a non‐forbidden lowest exciton state in H‐coupled hetero‐aggregates. This folding‐induced fluorescence enhancement (FIFE) for specific sequences of π‐stacked dyes points at a viable strategy toward improved fluorophores that relates to the approach used by nature in the green fluorescent protein (GFP).
Cyclodextrins with Multiple Pyrenyl Groups: An Approach to Organic Molecules Exhibiting Bright Excimer Circularly Polarized Luminescence
Authors: Shigemitsu Hajime , Kawakami Kosei , Nagata Yuuya , Kajiwara Rikuo , Yamada Shintaro , Mori Tadashi , Kida Toshiyuki 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe report a simple and effective approach to organic molecules exhibiting bright circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) by combining a chiral cyclic molecular scaffold and multiple excimer‐enabling moieties. An α‐cyclodextrin (CyD) scaffold was modified with six pyrenyl groups to obtain pyrene–cyclodextrins (PCDs) in a one‐step synthesis from commercially available compounds. The PCDs exhibited high molar extinction coefficients (ϵ≈105 M−1 cm−1), polarized emission with a good dissymmetry factor (|glum|≈10−2), and quantum yield (Φf≈0.5). Owing to the excellent photophysical properties of the PCDs, the circularly polarized luminescence brightness (BCPL) reached 340 M−1 cm−1. Photophysical and chiroptical studies of the PCDs with only five pyrene units and with linkers of various lengths connecting the CyD with the pyrene units revealed that the formation of a pyrene excimer in a spatially crowded environment is crucial for CPL anisotropy. This study paves the way for the development of bright CPL organic molecules.
Highly Efficient Biobased Synthesis of Acrylic Acid
Authors: Hermens Johannes G. H. , Jensma Andries , Feringa Ben L. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPetrochemical based polymers, paints and coatings are cornerstones of modern industry but our future sustainable society demands greener processes and renewable feedstock materials. A challenge is to access platform monomers from biomass resources while integrating the principles of green chemistry in their chemical synthesis. We present a synthesis route starting from biomass‐derived furfural towards the commonly used monomers maleic anhydride and acrylic acid, implementing environmentally benign photooxygenation, aerobic oxidation and ethenolysis reactions. Maleic anhydride and acrylic acid, transformed into sodium acrylate, were isolated in yields of 85 % (2 steps) and 81 % (4 steps), respectively. With minimal waste and high atom efficiency, this biobased route provides a viable alternative to access key monomers.
Excited‐State Copper Catalysis for the Synthesis of Heterocycles
Authors: Banerjee Arghya , Sarkar Satavisha , Shah Jagrut A. , Frederiks Nicoline C. , Bazan‐Bergamino Emmanuel A. , Johnson Christopher J. , Ngai Ming‐Yu 
Published: November 2021

AbstractHeterocycles are one of the largest groups of organic moieties with significant medicinal, chemical, and industrial applications. Herein, we report the discovery and development of visible‐light‐induced, synergistic excited‐state copper catalysis using a combination of Cu(IPr)I as a catalyst and rac‐BINAP as a ligand, which produces more than 10 distinct classes of heterocycles. The reaction tolerates a broad array of functional groups and complex molecular scaffolds, including derivatives of peptides, natural products, and marketed drugs. Preliminary mechanistic investigation suggests in situ generations of [Cu(BINAP)2]+ and [Cu(IPr)2]+ catalysts that work cooperatively under visible‐light irradiation to facilitate catalytic carbo‐aroylation of unactivated alkenes, affording a wide range of useful heterocycles.
Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Indole Diterpenes Paspalicine, Paspalinine, and Paspalinine‐13‐ene
Authors: Guo Lian‐Dong , Xu Zejun , Tong Rongbiao 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPaspaline‐derived indole diterpenes (IDTs) are structurally complex mycotoxins with unique tremorgenic activity. Reported are asymmetric total syntheses of three paspaline‐derived IDTs paspalicine, paspalinine and paspalinine‐13‐ene. Our synthesis features a green Achmatowicz rearrangement/bicycloketalization for the efficient construction of FG rings (75 % yield) and a cascade ring‐closing metathesis of dienyne for highly regioselective formation of CD rings (72 % yield). Other highlights include four palladium‐mediated reactions (Stille, aza‐Wacker, Suzuki, and Heck) to forge the BE rings and the installation of two continuous all‐carbon quaternary stereocenters via reductive ring‐opening of cyclopropane and α‐methylation of the conjugate ester. Our new synthetic strategy is expected to be applicable to the chemical synthesis of other paspaline‐derived IDTs and will facilitate the bioactivity studies of these agriculturally and pharmacologically important IDTs.
Selective Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Aromatic Antioxidants Using Sequential Matrix‐Assisted Laser Desorption and Resonant Photoionisation
Authors: Sarretto Tassiani , Spotbeen Xander , Gevaert Thomas , Joniau Steven , Swinnen Johannes V. , Trevitt Adam J. , Ellis Shane R. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMatrix‐assisted laser/desorption ionisation‐mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI‐MSI) enables label‐free imaging of biomolecules in biological tissues. However, many molecules remain undetected due to their poor ionisation efficiencies. These poor ionisation efficiencies practically limit spatial resolution. Herein, we address this challenge for aromatic antioxidants by reporting an innovative approach involving sequential matrix‐assisted laser desorption and two‐photon ionisation of desorbed neutrals. It is shown that ion yields increase with reduced sampling areas obtained using sub‐threshold primarily laser fluence. This counterintuitive observation could arise from a reduction in radical/ion neutralisation reactions within the sparse plume and/or favorable molecular desorption under low fluence conditions. The utility of this approach is demonstrated for imaging tocopherols and ubiquinols in mouse brain and prostate cancer tissue. This can pave the way for improved sensitivity in MSI experiments at cellular and sub‐cellular resolutions.
Countercurrent chromatography isolation of 11′‐γ‐tocomonoenol from pumpkin seed oil with detection of novel minor tocochromanols
Authors: Kröpfl Alexander , Nemetz Nicole Jasmin , Goncalves Peca Andrea , Vetter Walter 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA non‐refined, organic pumpkin seed oil (PSO) was chosen for the isolation and structure verification of the rare vitamin E compound γ‐tocomonoenol (γ‐T1). Initial measurements indicated the presence of ~0.4 mg γ‐T1 per 100 g PSO. Saponification of ~2 L of PSO, followed by repeated countercurrent chromatography (CCC) with the solvent system n‐hexane/benzotrifluoride/acetonitrile (v/v/v) and silica gel column chromatography enabled the isolation of 6.8 mg γ‐T1 with a purity of 96.0% according to gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. Structural analysis by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and GC/MS of the γ‐T1 isolate confirmed the presence of a double bond in C‐11′‐position (11′‐γ‐tocomonoenol). In addition, CCC fractionation enabled the detection of 18 different tocochromanols, many of which were reported for the first time in PSO. This unmatched variety included among others α‐/γ‐tocopherol, α‐/γ‐tocomonoenol, two α‐ and two γ‐tocodienol isomers, α‐/γ‐tocotrienol as well as the rare 11′‐β‐tocomonoenol (β‐T1) and δ‐T1. Three uncommon tocochromanols were also detected whose origins and structure remained unclear.
Knitted tube reinforced chitosan/β‐cyclodextrin composite ultrafiltration membrane for removing copper ions from water
Authors: Lu Qingchen , Li Nana , Tang Qian , Zhang Xiaoming , Zhang Fuyong , Bi Junquan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIndustrial development has brought about serious water pollution problems, and the removal of heavy metals from water to obtain clean water is essential for human survival. Therefore, in this study, a knitted tube reinforced chitosan (CS)/β‐cyclodextrin (CD) composite ultrafiltration membrane was prepared for the removal of Cu2+ from water by a non‐solvent induced phase separation method, and the membrane forming property of CS was improved by using knitted tubes. The removal of Cu2+ by the composite ultrafiltration membrane followed the Langmuir isothermal model and the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic equation, mainly through the complexation between the amino group on CS and the hydroxyl group on β‐CD and Cu2+. Under static conditions, the removal rate of the prepared ultrafiltration membrane for Cu2+ was 97%, and the removal rate increased with the increase of pH and decreased with the increase of temperature. The removal of Cu2+ by the ultrafiltration membrane during filtration was 100% and the regeneration rate was over 95%. This study provided a practical basis for the separation membrane preparation of CS and provided a perspective for the removal of heavy metals by separation membranes.
The rare and enigmatic mayfly Prosopistoma pennigerum (Müller, 1785): Habitat characteristics, recent records from the Volga (Russia) and Vjosa (Albania) rivers, and a proposal for flagship species status
Authors: Schletterer Martin , Weiss Steven J. , Kuzovlev Vyacheslav V. , Vitecek Simon , Borgwardt Florian , Graf Wolfram 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Nymphs of all 29 described Prosopistoma species share a conspicuous synapomorphy: a round mesonotal shield, the carapace. They occur in the Palaearctic (nine species), the Oriental (12 species) and the Afrotropic as well as Australian regions (six and two species, respectively). Relatively little is known about their ecology, but past and extant distribution patterns indicate an association with undisturbed conditions.
Prosopistoma pennigerum is a rare European mayfly with conspicuous nymphs. Formerly common in large rivers, it has been extirpated from central Europe over the last century.
This study evaluated general habitat characteristics and human pressures for historical and current records of this rare species. Prosopistoma pennigerum is currently known from only three European rivers, all with gravel substrates, naturally dynamic discharge regimes, summer‐warm water temperatures, and little human pressure.
This study showed that nymphs from the Vjosa and upper Volga rivers, two relatively natural watercourses 2,000 km apart, are morphologically indistinguishable, and show no variation across a ca. 600‐bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene.
Flagship species were first designated in the 1980s, when charismatic species with high habitat requirements such as the Bengal tiger or the giant panda, but also invertebrates are used to communicate conservation and protection needs. We propose that Europe's rarest mayfly P. pennigerum, with its unusual nymphs and remaining populations in naturally dynamic river courses, can serve as a flagship species promoting the preservation of ecological integrity in European rivers.
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel morpholinated isatin–quinoline hybrids as potent anti‐breast cancer agents
Authors: Singh Atamjit , Kaur Harneetpal , Arora Saroj , Bedi Preet Mohinder Singh 
Published: November 2021

AbstractKeeping in view the emerging need for potent and safer anti‐breast cancer agents as well as the pharmacological attributes of isatin, quinolone, and morpholine derivatives, novel hydrazine‐linked morpholinated isatin–quinoline hybrids were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as anti‐breast cancer agents. The synthesized hybrid compounds were preliminarily screened against two breast cancer cell lines (MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231). Almost all synthetics showed potent inhibitory potential against hormone‐positive MCF‐7 cells while being inactive against hormone‐negative MDA‐MB‐231 cells. Potent compounds were further evaluated against the L929 (noncancerous skin fibroblast) cell line and found to be highly selective for MCF‐7 cells over L929 cells. Cell cycle analysis confirmed that the most potent compound AS‐4 (MCF‐7: GI50 = 4.36 µM) causes mitotic arrest at the G2/M phase. Due to higher selectivity toward estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)‐dependent MCF‐7 cells, various binding interactions of AS‐4 with ERα are also streamlined, suggesting the capability of AS‐4 to completely block ERα. Overall, the study suggests that AS‐4 can act as a potential lead for further development of potent and safer anti‐breast cancer agents.