bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interactions of host‐associated multispecies bacterial communities
Authors: Goodrich‐Blair Heidi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe oral microbiome comprises microbial communities colonizing biotic (epithelia, mucosa) and abiotic (enamel) surfaces. Different communities are associated with health (eg, immune development, pathogen resistance) and disease (eg, tooth loss and periodontal disease). Like any other host‐associated microbiome, colonization and persistence of both beneficial and dysbiotic oral microbiomes are dictated by successful utilization of available nutrients and defense against host and competitor assaults. This chapter will explore these general features of microbe‐host interactions through the lens of symbiotic (mutualistic and antagonistic/pathogenic) associations with nonmammalian animals. Investigations in such systems across a broad taxonomic range have revealed conserved mechanisms and processes that underlie the complex associations among microbes and between microbes and hosts.
The human oral phageome
Authors: Szafrański Szymon P. , Slots Jørgen , Stiesch Meike 
Published: March 2021

AbstractOral bacteriophages (or phages), especially periodontal ones, constitute a growing area of interest, but research on oral phages is still in its infancy. Phages are bacterial viruses that may persist as intracellular parasitic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or use bacterial metabolism to replicate and cause bacterial lysis. The microbiomes of saliva, oral mucosa, and dental plaque contain active phage virions, bacterial lysogens (ie, carrying dormant prophages), and bacterial strains containing short fragments of phage DNA. In excess of 2000 oral phages have been confirmed or predicted to infect species of the phyla Actinobacteria (>300 phages), Bacteroidetes (>300 phages), Firmicutes (>1000 phages), Fusobacteria (>200 phages), and Proteobacteria (>700 phages) and three additional phyla (few phages only). This article assesses the current knowledge of the diversity of the oral phage population and the mechanisms by which phages may impact the ecology of oral biofilms. The potential use of phage‐based therapy to control major periodontal pathogens is also discussed.
Acquisition and establishment of the oral microbiota
Authors: Kaan A. M. (Marije) , Kahharova Dono , Zaura Egija 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAcquisition and establishment of the oral microbiota occur in a dynamic process over various stages and involve close and continuous interactions with the host and its environment. In the present review, we discuss the stages of this process in chronological order. We start with the prenatal period and address the following questions: ‘Is the fetus exposed to maternal microbiota during pregnancy?’ and ‘If so, what is the potential role of this exposure?’ We comment on recent reports of finding bacterial DNA in placenta during pregnancies, and provide current views on the potential functions of prenatal microbial encounters. Next, we discuss the physiological adaptations that take place in the newborn during the birth process and the effect of this phase of life on the acquisition of the oral microbiota. Is it really just exposure to maternal vaginal microbes that results in the difference between vaginally and Cesarian section‐born infants? Then, we review the postnatal phase, in which we focus on transmission of microbes, the intraoral niche specificity, the effects of the host behavior and environment, as well as the role of genetic background of the host on shaping the oral microbial ecosystem. We discuss the changes in oral microbiota during the transition from deciduous to permanent dentition and during puberty. We also address the finite knowledge on colonization of the oral cavity by microbes other than the bacterial component. Finally, we identify the main outstanding questions that limit our understanding of the acquisition and establishment of a healthy microbiome at an individual level.
Maintaining homeostatic control of periodontal bone tissue
Authors: Hathaway‐Schrader Jessica D. , Novince Chad M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAlveolar bone is a unique osseous tissue due to the proximity of dental plaque biofilms. Periodontal health and homeostasis are mediated by a balanced host immune response to these polymicrobial biofilms. Dysbiotic shifts within dental plaque biofilms can drive a proinflammatory immune response state in the periodontal epithelial and gingival connective tissues, which leads to paracrine signaling to subjacent bone cells. Sustained chronic periodontal inflammation disrupts “coupled” osteoclast‐osteoblast actions, which ultimately result in alveolar bone destruction. This chapter will provide an overview of alveolar bone physiology and will highlight why the oral microbiota is a critical regulator of alveolar bone remodeling. The ecology of dental plaque biofilms will be discussed in the context that periodontitis is a polymicrobial disruption of host homeostasis. The pathogenesis of periodontal bone loss will be explained from both a historical and current perspective, providing the opportunity to revisit the role of fibrosis in alveolar bone destruction. Periodontal immune cell interactions with bone cells will be reviewed based on our current understanding of osteoimmunological mechanisms influencing alveolar bone remodeling. Lastly, probiotic and prebiotic interventions in the oral microbiota will be evaluated as potential noninvasive therapies to support alveolar bone homeostasis and prevent periodontal bone loss.
Oral biofilms revisited: A novel host tissue of bacteriological origin
Authors: Darveau Richard P. , Curtis Michael A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe central theme of this volume of Periodontology 2000 is that the microbial dental plaque biofilm, specifically the subgingival dental plaque biofilm, mimics a human tissue in both structure and function. As a basis for this assertion we use the definition of a tissue as an aggregate of similar cells and cell products forming a defined structure with a specific function, in a multicellular organism. Accordingly, we propose that the dental plaque biofilm represents an acquired human tissue largely of bacterial origin that maintains the health of gingival tissue. Furthermore, we acknowledge that disease can be defined as a deviation from the normal structure or an interruption to the function of any body part, organ, or system, and that is manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs whose etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown. Therefore, in this volume we present the concept that periodontitis is a disruption of the normal function of the healthy subgingival plaque biofilm with concomitant disruption to its functional properties in relation to innate defense surveillance and tissue maintenance, leading to excessive, deregulated inflammation and tissue destruction.
Microbial transitions from health to disease
Authors: Joseph Susan , Curtis Michael A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRecent advances in our understanding of the microbial populations that colonize the human mouth, their acquisition, interdependency, and coevolution with the host, bring a different perspective to the mechanisms underpinning the maintenance of periodontal health and the development of disease. In this work we suggest that our knowledge map of the etiology of periodontal health and disease can be viewed as a broad, highly connected, and integrated system that spans the entire spectrum of microbe/host/clinical interactions. The overall concept of present Periodontology 2000, that the microbial biofilm can be considered a human tissue of bacteriological origin, is entirely consistent with this integrated system view. The health‐associated community structure of microbial biofilms can be considered a system that is normally resilient to perturbation. Equally, there is evidence to suggest that the dysbiotic community structure in disease may share similar resilience properties. In both instances, the resilience may be governed by the precise makeup of the acquired microbiome and by the genetics of the host. Understanding the mechanisms that enable the resistance to change of healthy and dysbiotic microbial populations may be important in the development of approaches to prevent the progression of disease and to restore health in diseased individuals.
Convergence Triggers in Africa: Evidence from Convergence Clubs and Panel Models
Authors: Garang Aweng Peter Majok , Erkekoglu Hatice 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis paper investigates the formation of convergence clubs and examines the drivers of growth convergence in Africa by accounting for individual heterogenous effects and establishing transitional paths. We particularly employ the sophisticated log t test to identify underlying convergence clubs and use LSDVC as a benchmark model for analysing the drivers of convergence. We also apply the System Generalized method of moments (GMM) model for sensitivity purposes. Our results reveal four core convergence clubs; seemingly characterised by the measures of institutional stability with distinct transitional paths. We consequently highlight the importance of initial conditions, human capital and institutions in the formation of convergence clubs. Thus, the paper provides insights into the adoption of differentiated development policies consistent with the specific conditions of African countries with the integration agenda driven by accelerated levels of human capital development and technological progress.
High‐frequency ultrasound in the diagnosis of the spectrum of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: Noninvasively distinguishing actinic keratosis, Bowen's Disease, and invasive squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Zhu An‐Qi , Wang Li‐Fan , Li Xiao‐Long , Wang Qiao , Li Ming‐Xu , Ma Yuan‐Yuan , Xiang Li‐Hua , Guo Le‐Hang , Xu Hui‐Xiong 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate high‐frequency ultrasound (HFUS) features for diagnosing cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) as a spectrum of progressively advanced malignancies, including precursor actinic keratosis (AK), Bowen's disease (BD), and invasive squamous cell carcinoma (iSCC).MethodIn this retrospective study, 160 skin lesions diagnosed histopathologically (54 AK, 54 BD, and 52 iSCC) in 160 patients were included. The HFUS features of AK, BD, and iSCC were analyzed. The obtained data were evaluated using univariate and forward multivariate logistic regression analyses.ResultsThe most significant HFUS features in AK were regular surface (odds ratio [OR], 8.42) and irregular basal border (OR, 6.36). The most significant HFUS features in BD were crumpled surface (OR, 19.62) and layer involvement confined to the epidermis (OR, 3.96). The most significant HFUS features in iSCC were concave surface (OR, 27.06), stratum corneum (SC) detachment (OR, 14.41), irregular basal border (OR, 4.01), and convex surface (OR, 3.73). The characteristics of surface features, basal border, and layer involvement could be valuable HFUS clues in the discrimination of AK, BD, and iSCC.ConclusionHigh‐frequency ultrasound is valuable for the differentiation of AK, BD, and iSCC, which may allow dynamic and noninvasive monitoring in the spectrum of cSCC.
The successful treatment of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and severe hypernatremia, secondary to joint supplement toxicity in a dog
Authors: Weatherson Harry O. , Bellis Tara , Tse Yuki 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo describe a case of the successful management of hypernatremia and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome secondary to joint supplement toxicity in a dog.Case summaryA 6‐year‐old neutered male Dachshund was presented for severe hypernatremia and neurological abnormalities after ingestion of a large quantity of joint supplements. The patient developed evidence of multiple organ dysfunction in the form of increased hepatocellular enzymes, prolongation of prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times, azotemia, and thrombocytopenia. Treatment was successful at correcting the hypernatremia and restoring neurological function, and organ dysfunction was successfully managed. Following multiple days of hospitalization and aggressive supportive care, the patient survived to discharge.New or unique information providedThis case report describes the successful management and survival of multiple organ dysfunction associated with joint supplement toxicity. It also serves to highlight the potential for joint supplement overdose in veterinary patients, which is currently believed to be underrecognized.
Effects of storage and leukocyte reduction on the concentration and procoagulant activity of extracellular vesicles in canine packed red cells
Authors: Avenick Daniel , Kidd Linda , Istvan Stephanie , Dong Fanglong , Richter Keith , Edwards Nicole , Hisada Yohei , Posma Jens J.N. , Massih Cherein Abdel , Mackman Nigel 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo characterize the size and procoagulant activity of extracellular vesicles (EV) that accumulate in canine packed red blood cells (pRBCs) over time and the effect of leukocyte reduction on these characteristics.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingPrivate small animal specialty referral hospital and university research laboratories.AnimalsTen healthy blood donor dogs.InterventionsFive pRBCs units were obtained according to standard protocols, and 5 were leukocyte‐reduced prior to processing. Platelet‐free supernatant from the pRBC units was collected on days 0, 10, 20, 32, and 42.Measurements and main resultsNanoparticle tracking analysis was performed to determine the size and concentration of EVs. Thrombin generation associated with phosphatidylserine‐positive EVs was determined using a capture assay. Factor Xa generation associated with phosphatidylserine‐positive EVs and tissue factor‐positive EVs was measured in a subset of EVs isolated by centrifugation of the supernatant at 20,000 × g. R package nparLD and the Mann–Whitney U‐test were used to determine the effect of duration of storage and the effect of leukocyte reduction, respectively. Small (mean < 125 nm) procoagulant EVs accumulated over time, with significant increases occurring on or after day 20 in both non‐leukocyte reduced and leukocyte‐reduced units. The procoagulant activity of the EVs was due to phosphatidylserine, not tissue factor. Increases in EV concentration and procoagulant activity occurred earlier in non‐leukocyte reduced units. Extracellular vesicle accumulation and procoagulant activity were not decreased at any individual time point by leukocyte reduction.ConclusionsFurther studies characterizing and determining the clinical relevance of small procoagulant EVs in pRBCs are warranted.
Risks of exposure to liquid laundry detergent pods compared to traditional laundry detergents in dogs
Authors: Handley Heather G. , Hovda Lynn Rolland 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo calculate risk differences of traditional laundry detergents as compared to pods, describe clinical signs expected from exposure, and outline commonly employed treatment options.DesignRetrospective review of cases reported to Pet Poison Helpline (PPH) from the dates of March 1, 2012 to March 1, 2015.SettingThe computer database of the PPH, an international animal poison control center.AnimalsFour hundred and forty‐three dogs (294 exposed to liquid pods; 149 exposed to liquid or powder laundry detergent) were included in this study.InterventionsNone.Measurements and main resultsThe database for Pet Poison Helpline (PPH) was searched for all dog exposures to “laundry detergent.” Each case was checked for known or suspected exposure to any brand of laundry detergent either as a bulk package of liquid or powder or when packaged as a pod that included the word “pod,” “packet,” “pac,” “pocket,” “sachet,” or other terms that were indicative of a single‐use contained portion of concentrated liquid laundry detergent. Dogs that were exposed to the detergent in a liquid‐pod form were 1.8 times more likely to develop clinical signs, 1.3 times more likely to develop emesis, and 1.8 times more likely to develop a cough than those exposed to the traditional form.ConclusionsDogs are almost twice as likely to develop emesis and coughing after being exposed to pods of laundry detergent compared to the traditional form. These signs can result in a more severe and acute emergency situation. With symptomatic and supportive care, the prognosis is good for these patients.
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: Gibbs Nikki 
Published: March 2021

Applied Economics and Finance (AEF) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether AEF publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 8, Number 2 Andrey Kudryavtsev, The Max Stern Yezreel Valley Academic College, IsraelAyoub Taha Sidahmed, SIU, SudanJose Solana Ibañez, Centro Universitario de la Defensa, SpainMurad Harasheh, University of Milan-Bicocca, ItalyPayal Chadha, University of Wales Prifysgol Cymru, KuwaitRajeev Rana, APB Govt. P.G. College, IndiaRamona Orastean, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, RomaniaRuhet Genc, Turkish-German University, TurkeyVictoria Cociug, Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Moldova Nikki GibbsEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Applied Economics and FinanceRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://aef.redfame.com
On Dimensional Analysis and the Presentation of Data in Fluid-Flow Problems
Authors: Van Driest E. R. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The method and application of dimensional analysis are discussed, making use of the fundamental concept of function. The π theorem is restated and proved in general form.
Pipe friction, drag of spheres, and flow through Venturi meters are examples used to illustrate the rearrangement of dimensionless products of a relationship to obtain the most convenient form for presentation of data.
Stresses in Rotating Disks at High Temperatures
Authors: Thompson A. Stanley 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A general method was found by which the problem of the rotating disk with any arbitrary profile could be solved, including the effect of plastic flow and of variable temperature, and including the change with temperature of modulus of elasticity, coefficient of thermal expansion, and allowable stress. The solution requires for its application to a specific disk only the elementary arithmetic involved in completion of a tabular form sheet. Two applications of the method are made. For an arbitrary disk profile, an integral equation was found which converges rapidly to the radial stress distribution in a series of successive substitutions. For an arbitrary choice of radial stress, the necessary disk profile can be found in one calculation. Appendix 1 gives an example of the use of the method for the design of a partially plastic disk with a central hole.
Nonlinear Theory of Elasticity With Small Deformations
Authors: Sternberg E. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Previous investigations of nonlinear theory of elasticity have been concerned largely with the problem of finite deformations. In this paper the assumption of “infinitesimal” deformations is retained whereas Hooke’s law is replaced by a general second-order approximation of nonlinear stress-strain laws. Applications to uniaxial tension and compression as well as torsion of right circular cylinders are considered in detail. The results obtained indicate second-order effects which were previously unnoticed because of the early linearization of the extended stress-strain relations.
On the Velocity Distribution of Turbulent Flow in Pipes and Channels of Constant Cross Section
Authors: Wang Chi-Teh 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper follows the Prandtl conception of momentum transport and gives a critical examination of the so-called Prandtl-Nikuradse formula and the von Kármán formula for the velocity distribution of the turbulent flow in tubes or channels at large Reynolds number. It shows that both formulas would not give a good picture of the turbulent flow near the center of the conduit, and indeed they actually do not. A new formula for the velocity distribution is developed from a study of the mixing-length distribution across the section. This new formula checks quite well with the experiments and yields the same skin-friction formula as derived by von Kármán and Prandtl, which itself is in very good agreement with experiments.
Calculation of the Multiple-Span Critical Speeds of Flexible Shafts by Means of Punched-Card Machines
Authors: Rankin A. W. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In turbine design, the critical speeds must be adequately spaced from the normal running speed to assure a smoothly operating unit. It is essential therefore that these critical speeds be predicted early in the design. To overcome general methods of calculating multiple-span critical speeds of irregular shafts, the author has devised a method employing standard punched-card business machines to avoid the prohibitive manual calculations hitherto involved in such work.
Internal Friction in Engineering Materials
Authors: Robertson J. M. , Yorgiadis A. J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper is a report on some experiments conducted on the subject of internal friction or damping in solid engineering materials, with apparatus and technique comparatively new to the field. The use of this equipment and technique enabled the measurement of internal friction in a more direct way than most if not all of the methods used by previous investigators. In the light of the results reported, empirical relations are presented for the variation of internal friction with stress amplitude in the range of engineering stresses. These relations are compared with the findings of others.
Steady Turbulent-Flow Equations of Continuity, Momentum, and Energy for Finite Systems
Authors: Van Driest E. R. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The steady turbulent-flow equations for continuity, momentum, and energy were derived for certain finite systems. It was found that for an incompressible fluid the continuity relation contained neither nonuniform velocity-distribution correction terms nor turbulence terms, that the momentum equation involved velocity-distribution corrections and mean-square velocity fluctuations, and that the energy relation contained not only velocity-distribution corrections and mean-square terms but in addition mean-cube and double- and triple-correlation terms. The correction factors for nonuniform velocity distribution were evaluated for fully developed open channel and pipe flow. Through the momentum law the effect of turbulence was shown quantitatively in the case of the hydraulic jump in open channels and the sudden expansion in closed conduits.
Calculation of Stress in Crane Hooks
Authors: Wahl A. M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Two methods for calculating stress in crane hooks which have given good results in practice are described. One method, based on a numerical integration of the curved-bar equations, involves only slide-rule accuracy and may be used for irregular shapes of cross section. The second or analytical method is based on an analysis of an equivalent trapezoidal section, and is applicable to hooks having sections which do not deviate too much from the trapezoidal form. Comparison of the results of the two methods when applied to actual crane hooks indicates that the more rapid analytical method is sufficiently accurate for most practical purposes.