bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulated hypothermia in response to endotoxin in birds
Authors: Amaral‐Silva Lara do , Gargaglioni Luciane H. , Steiner Alexandre A. , Oliveira Marcos T. , Bícego Kênia Cardoso 
Published: April 2021

Key points
The costs associated with immune and thermal responses may exceed the benefits to the host during severe inflammation. In this case, regulated hypothermia instead of fever can occur in rodents as a beneficial strategy to conserve energy for vital functions with consequent tissue protection and hypoxia prevention.
We tested the hypothesis that this phenomenon is not exclusive to mammals, but extends to the other endothermic group, birds.
A decrease in metabolic rate without any failure in mitochondrial respiration, nor oxygen delivery, is the main evidence supporting the regulated nature of endotoxin‐induced hypothermia in chicks.
Thermolytic mechanisms such as tachypnea and cutaneous vasodilatation can also be recruited to facilitate body temperature decrease under lipopolysaccharide treatment, especially in the cold.
Our findings bring a new perspective for evolutionary medicine studies on energy trade‐off in host defence because regulated hypothermia may be a phenomenon spread among vertebrates facing a severe immune challenge.
AbstractA switch from fever to regulated hypothermia can occur in mammals under circumstances of reduced physiological fitness (e.g. sepsis) to direct energy to defend vital systems. Birds in which the cost to resist a pathogen is additive to the highest metabolic rate and body temperature (Tb) among vertebrates may also benefit from regulated hypothermia during systemic inflammation. Here, we show that the decrease in Tb observed during an immune challenge in birds is a regulated hypothermia, and not a result of metabolic failure. We investigated O2 consumption (thermogenesis index), ventilation (respiratory heat loss), skin temperature (sensible heat loss) and muscle mitochondrial respiration (thermogenic tissue) during Tb fall in chicken chicks challenged with endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)]. Chicks injected with LPS were also tested regarding the capacity to raise O2 consumption to meet an increased demand driven by 2,4‐dinitrophenol. LPS decreased Tb and the metabolic rate of chicks without affecting muscle uncoupled, coupled and non‐coupled mitochondrial respiration. LPS‐challenged chicks were indeed capable of increasing metabolic rate in response to 2,4‐dinitrophenol, indicating no O2 delivery limitation. Additionally, chicks did not attempt to prevent Tb from falling during hypothermia but, instead, activated cutaneous and respiratory thermolytic mechanisms, providing an additional cooling force. These data provide the first evidence of the regulated nature of the hypothermic response to endotoxin in birds. Therefore, it changes the current understanding of bird's thermoregulation during severe inflammation, indicating that regulated hypothermia is either a convergent trait for endotherms or a conserved response among vertebrates, which adds a new perspective for evolutionary medicine research.
The comparative lake ecology of two allopatric Arctic Charr, Salvelinus alpinus, populations with differing life histories in Cumberland Sound, Nunavut
Authors: Young Angela L. , Tallman Ross F. 
Published: April 2021

The lake ecology of high-latitude fishes is strongly influenced by seasonal feeding opportunities and environmental stochasticity in Arctic environments. Arctic Charr (Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus, 1758)) populations are prevalent throughout the Arctic and show multiple life history strategies across their range. Unlike Old World populations, the lake ecology of Arctic Charr populations on south Baffin Island remains poorly defined. We examined the comparative seasonal lake ecology of two differing Arctic Charr populations (anadromous and landlocked) in Cumberland Sound, Nunavut. Anadromous Charr showed no evidence of feeding occurring within freshwater once they began seaward migrations. Anadromous Charr achieve sexual maturation at a larger size and younger age than landlocked Charr. Landlocked Charr used more lake habitats than anadromous Charr with feeding opportunities as an apparent influence on habitat selection. Landlocked Charr fed year round. They adopted a cannibalistic feeding strategy in the winter but consumed a variety of prey items in the fall. Littoral habitat was found to be important to all sizes of Charr in both seasons. Smaller anadromous Charr (<350 mm) did not use the benthic habitat. The variable ecology and form demonstrated further emphasizes the phenotypic adaptability of Arctic Charr that allows its widespread distribution in the Arctic.
Stable isotope analysis reveals that humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) primarily consume capelin (Mallotus villosus) in coastal Newfoundland, Canada
Authors: Johnson Kelsey F. , Davoren Gail K. 
Published: April 2021

On the Newfoundland (Canada) foraging ground, humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae (Borowski, 1781)) are found associated with a dominant forage fish species, capelin (Mallotus villosus (Müller, 1776)), that experienced a population collapse in the early 1990s and has not recovered. Our primary goal was to reconstruct dietary proportions of humpback whales on their summer foraging grounds off the northeast coast of Newfoundland during July–August 2016 and 2017 using a Bayesian stable isotope mixing model (MixSiar). Modelled dietary proportions were similar in both years, with capelin comprising ∼90% of the diet. However, both δ13C and δ15N in humpback whale skin differed significantly between years, resulting in minimal isotopic niche overlap (9%). Lipid-extracted and nonlipid-extracted skin samples were used to develop a lipid normalization equation: Δ13C = –3.184 + 1.011(C:N). Overall, findings suggest that capelin is the primary prey type of humpback whales in coastal Newfoundland, despite the continued collapsed state of the capelin population. Findings also reiterate that dietary reconstruction from stable isotope analysis of cetacean skin can be misinterpreted without concurrently sampled isotopic ratios of potential prey types.
Measurements of the cross-section of 111Cd(n,n′)111mCd reaction for 241Am/Be neutrons
Authors: Ahmed G. S. M. , Tohamy M. , Bühler P. , Comsan M. N. H. 
Published: April 2021

The cross-section of the [Formula: see text] reaction was measured with [Formula: see text] neutrons using a natural cadmium target [Formula: see text]. The neutron fluence and mean neutron energy of the source were determined using the ISO 8529-1 neutron spectrum and the known cross-sections of the monitor reaction [Formula: see text]. In order to measure the poor [Formula: see text]-ray activity of the reaction products, an HPGe detector with 70% detection efficiency surrounded by an adequate graded shield was applied. The efficiency calculations for the detector were performed using standard point calibration sources and the EFFTRAN efficiency code. Using the measured values of the neutron flux and the induced [Formula: see text]-ray activity of [Formula: see text], the cross-section of the [Formula: see text] reaction at the average neutron energy of 4.05 MeV was found to be [Formula: see text] mb. An estimation of the contribution to the total cross-section by the accompanied reactions [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] was achieved and the related cross-sections were found to be 0.16 mb and 8.99 mb, respectively.
MULTIPLE OPTIMIZATION ANALYSIS OF MRR, SURFACE ROUGHNESS, SOUND İNTENSITY, ENERGY CONSUMPTION, AND VIBRATION VALUES IN MACHINABILITY OF TC4 TITANIUM ALLOY
Authors: AKKUŞ HARUN 
Published: April 2021

Research on machining continues increasingly today. The effects of independent variables (cutting speed, feed rate, cutting depth) on dependent variables (material removal rate (MRR), average surface roughness (Ra), sound intensity, energy consumption, and vibration) are among the most researched topics in machining. It is also important to achieve optimum results with low cost and time savings in machining. In this study, titanium alloy TC4 material was turned on CNC lathe. Taguchi L[Formula: see text] mixed level design was used in experimental design. MRR, Ra, sound intensity, energy consumption, and vibration values were measured for the determined cutting parameters. The measured values were researched experimentally and statistically. Effective parameters were determined. It was concluded that the cutting parameter that has the greatest effect on MRR, Ra, energy consumption, and vibration is the feed rate. In addition, the depth of cut was the parameter that most affected the sound intensity. Control experiments were carried out after determining the optimum machining parameters. With multiple optimization, the predictions were made with approximately 89% accuracy (92.75% for MRR, 92.49% for Ra, 89.45% for sound intensity, 92.70% for energy consumption, 96.16% for vibration).
On power invariant rings
Authors: Khalifa Mohamed 
Published: April 2021

Let [Formula: see text] be a commutative ring with identity, [Formula: see text] be an indeterminate and [Formula: see text] be the set of elements [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text] such that there exists an [Formula: see text]-homomorphism of rings [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text]. O’Malley called [Formula: see text] to be power invariant (respectively, strongly power invariant) if whenever [Formula: see text] is a ring such that [Formula: see text] is isomorphic to [Formula: see text] (respectively, whenever [Formula: see text] is a ring and [Formula: see text] is an isomorphism of [Formula: see text] onto [Formula: see text]), then [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are isomorphic (respectively, then there exists an [Formula: see text]-automorphism [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text] such that [Formula: see text]) [M. O’Malley, Isomorphic power series rings, Pacific J. Math. 41(2) (1972) 503–512]. We prove that a ring [Formula: see text] is power invariant in each of the following case: [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] is a domain in which [Formula: see text] is comparable to each radical ideal of [Formula: see text] (for instance a domain with Krull dimension one), [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] is a domain in which Jac[Formula: see text] (i.e. the Jacobson radical of [Formula: see text]) is comparable to each radical ideal of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] is a Prüfer domain. Also in each of the aforementioned case, we prove that either [Formula: see text] is strongly power invariant or [Formula: see text] is isomorphic to a quasi-local power series ring. Let [Formula: see text] be a unital module over [Formula: see text]. We show that if [Formula: see text] is reduced and strongly power invariant, then Nagata’s idealization ring [Formula: see text] is strongly power invariant (but the converse is false). Ishibashi called a ring [Formula: see text] to be strongly[Formula: see text]-power invariant if whenever [Formula: see text] is a ring and [Formula: see text] is an isomorphism of [Formula: see text] onto [Formula: see text], then there exists an [Formula: see text]-automorphism [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text] such that [Formula: see text] for each [Formula: see text]. We prove that if [Formula: see text] is a ring in which [Formula: see text] is nil, then [Formula: see text] is strongly[Formula: see text]-power invariant for all positive integer [Formula: see text]. We deduce that every polynomial ring in finitely many indeterminates is strongly[Formula: see text]-power invariant for all positive integer [Formula: see text].
Mineralization and sustainable development in the West African Craton: from field observations to modelling
Authors: Aïfa Tahar 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This Special Publication combines results obtained by interdisciplinary groups from numerous academic institutions working on Paleoproterozoic formations to decipher the origins of the main mineralization resources in the West African Craton (WAC) and their impacts on African economic development. Structural, geophysical, sedimentological, stratigraphical, geochemical, petrophysical and mineralogical analyses have been used to highlight the complexities involved in mineralization emplacement and its origin and evolution within the WAC. Fourteen articles, mainly of basic research carried out in the WAC and surrounding areas, contribute to new knowledge in mineral research with updated references. They show that the geodynamic evolution of the WAC is complex from one area to another: it involves subduction, collision and obduction during several deformation phases ranging from Birimian (2.3–2.0 Ga) to Pan-African (650–450 Ma) events. Mineralization is mainly controlled by tectonics within shear zones, orogenic belts, basins and faulting systems occurring in the various corridors. Mineralized fluid circulation is stressed and injected into appropriate formations and precipitate several types of well-documented ore deposits: porphyry, metal-bearing, volcanogenic massive sulfide, sedimentary exhalative and lateritic. Various modelling techniques, when integrated, help in understanding the mechanisms of mineralization emplacement, some of which are still a matter of debate. Traditional and industrial exploitation of ore deposits, mainly gold, may inadvertently cause pollution to water tables and rivers, thus affecting the environment including watersheds. The challenge for further studies is mitigation for sustainable development that can be appropriately used to minimize such damage.
The aim of this volume is thus to bring new insights to research activities on ore deposits within the WAC.
A new species of Microcancilla from the southwestern Atlantic and notes on Microcancilla brasiliensis comb. nov. (Gastropoda, Cancellariidae)
Authors: Souza Leonardo Santos de , Pimenta Alexandre Dias , Miyaji Cintia 
Published: April 2021

Microcancilla phoenix sp. nov., collected from the Southeast and South coast of Brazil represents the southernmost record of the genus in the Atlantic Ocean. The new species differs from the other congeners of the Atlantic mainly by the presence of microscopic pustules covering the whole shell and by dimensions of the protoconch. “Axelella brasiliensis” Verhecken, 1991, known from the Northeast to South coast of Brazil, is transferred to Microcancilla based on a similar sculpture of microscopic pustules on the protoconch and on other features of the teleoconch discussed in the present study.
Mammal diversity among vertical strata and the evaluation of a survey technique in a central Amazonian forest
Authors: Arévalo-Sandi Alexander Roldán , Gonçalves André Luis Sousa , Onizawa Kota , Yabe Tsuneaki , Spironello Wilson Roberto 
Published: April 2021

Mammal groups have a vast variety of habitats, which include aquatic, aerial, arboreal, and terrestrial. For terrestrial habitats, camera traps are used as a common technique to record mammals and other vertebrates and have been recently utilized to observe arboreal animals as well. Here, we compare the difference in mammal diversity between floor and canopy strata and evaluate the use of camera trapping in a lowland forest in central Amazon. We installed nine paired camera traps, one in the canopy stratum and other in the floor stratum, in the Alto Cuieiras Biological Reserve (Brazilian Amazon). With a sampling effort of 720 camera-days, we recorded 30 mammal species: nine in canopy strata, 14 in floor strata, and seven in scansorial strata (sharing both strata). On the forest floor, the species with the greatest abundance was Myoprocta acouchy; in the canopy, Isothrix paguros had the greatest abundance; and among the scansorial species, Proechymis sp. was the most abundant. Our results show the differences in mammal diversity between floor and canopy strata; canopy strata contained more small and frugivorous mammals. Although we obtained a relatively low sampling effort with the camera-trap method compared with other studies utilizing different techniques, our results were especially similar to those of previous studies that worked with canopy and floor strata. Thus, camera trap can be very effective for recording short periods of time, and this method is less physically exhaustive and expensive for researchers to study vertical strata.
A new species of the wasp genus Trypoxylon from southern Brazil, with notes on the systematics of Pisoxylon (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae)
Authors: Muniz David Barros , Melo Gabriel Augusto Rodrigues de 
Published: April 2021

A new species of Trypoxylon is described from females and males collected in trap-nests and Malaise traps disposed in sites of Atlantic forest in southern Brazil (Paraná and São Paulo states). Trypoxylon basirufum sp. nov. is structurally very similar to Pisoxylon roosevelti Antropov, differing in details of the color pattern, clypeal apex, male antenna and propleura. In an ongoing molecular phylogenetic study of the genus Trypoxylon, T. basirufum sp. nov. did not group with Pisoxylon amenkei Antropov, a species very close morphologically to P. xanthosoma Menke, the type species of Pisoxylon. Based on these results, the scope of the Neotropical wasp genus Pisoxylon Menke is changed to include only the type species and P. amenkei, and consequently Pisoxylon roosevelti is transferred to Trypoxylon s. str.
Behavior notes and prey spectrum of three species of the bee-hunting wasp Trachypus Klug (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)
Authors: Pereira Felipe Walter , Gonçalves Rodrigo Barbosa 
Published: April 2021

Trachypus Klug is a Neotropical genus of crabronid wasps comprising 31 ground-nesting species. Its species can be solitary or communal, and two diet ranges are known: they can forage on several bee subfamilies and wasps; or can be specialists on stingless bees. Natural history observations are scarce nowadays but are essential to contextualize ecological and evolutionary studies. Here we report new records and give biological notes for Trachypus elongatus (Fabricius, 1804), Trachypus taschenbergi Rubio-Espina, 1975, and Trachypus varius (Taschenberg, 1875). Observations and samplings were carried out twice a month, during one year in the city of Curitiba, southern Brazil. Besides field observations, circular statistics were used to analyze seasonality. All species nest in sloped soil and are solitary. Trachypus elongatus and T. taschenbergi were active during most of the year with marked seasonality in the late spring and early summer. Both species were observed hunting only stingless bees, with T. elongatus specialized on Trigona spinipes (Fabricius, 1793), and T. taschenbergi specialized on Paratrigona subnuda Moure, 1947 drones. Trachypus varius was observed only in January and one female was recorded foraging on a Paratrigona subnuda worker. Our observations provide additional data for understanding the biology of bee-hunting wasps, and this is the first study to bring information for T. taschenbergi and T. varius. Our data corroborate that some species of the genus Trachypus are specialized on stingless bees.
A new species of Pelidnota MacLeay (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Rutelinae, Rutelini) from Southeast Brazil
Authors: Ferreira André da Silva , Vaz-de-Mello Fernando Zagury , Bravo Freddy 
Published: April 2021

Pelidnota MacLeay, 1819 is one of the most diverse genus in Rutelina (Rutelini) and, even after broad and recent revisions, fieldwork has revealed a diversity of species yet to be known to science. Here, we describe Pelidnota silveiranetoi sp. nov. with illustrations and a map for the type locality, as well as its inclusion in a previously published identification key for the Pelidnota species. The new species is diagnosable by its color pattern (body with metallic green reflections, except on the elytra, which lack black spots), mouthpart features (galea bearing three teeth and the anterior part of the labium with an excavated surface, straight proximal margin, and the posterior part with a rounded lateral margin), and parameres (concave distal margin gradually acute and slightly divergent at the apex; straight lateral margin that is slightly sinuous at the middle; slightly corrugated proximal margin).
Triplocania Roesler (Psocodea: ‘Psocoptera’: Ptiloneuridae): review of the internal classification, new species, and new records for the state of Bahia, Brazil
Authors: Moura-Lima Daniel , Silva-Neto Alberto Moreira da , Bravo Freddy , García-Aldrete Alfonso Neri 
Published: April 2021

Four species of Triplocania collected in the Brazilian state of Bahia, are described and illustrated, based on male specimens, namely: T. annyae sp. nov., T. diamantina sp. nov., T. lauzie sp. nov. and T. miltoni sp. nov. They differ from the other species in the genus, in which the males are known by hypandrium and phallosome structures. New records of T. capixaba Silva-Neto, García Aldrete & Rafael, 2016 and T. manueli Silva-Neto, García Aldrete & Rafael, 2016 for the state of Bahia are presented. In addition, an update on the Triplocania internal classification is proposed.
Porchat sobre o argumento da loucura
Authors: Guimarães Lívia 
Published: April 2021

Este ensaio se divide em duas partes. Na primeira, retorno, brevemente, aoprogresso da filosofia de Porchat, apontando algumas de suas descobertas notáveis, em artigos reunidos no “Rumo ao ceticismo”, coletânea de 2007, com publicações de 1969 a 2005. Meu primeiro objetivo é contextualizar “O argumento da loucura”, artigo que encerra a coletânea, na obra do filósofo. Na segunda parte, que se inicia com uma revisão de “O argumento da loucura”, proponho uma análise em que o argumento de Porchat se traduz em argumentos céticos, anticartesianos, anti ultrarracionalismos, comparando-se, por exemplo, aos de Hume, mas em que o texto se apresenta também como um procedimento, prática, terapêutica, contemporânea e original. Nessa interpretação, ele se aproxima simpaticamente das filosofias nas quais Porchat reconhece um fascínio pelo que ele denomina “absoluto”, acompanha-as pelas tribulações que lhes são sintomáticas, e as conduz à resolução cética. Inevitáveis são as perguntas: o que pode significar esse “absoluto”? como se conduz o procedimento terapêutico? A que resultado cético porchatiano ele leva? Aqui pode, em minha hipótese, encontrar no argumento da loucura antes um modo ou tropo do ceticismo, que vem resgatar práticas filosóficas inclinadas ao sem sentido de “espaços transmundanos”, trazendo-as de volta à rica variedade das experiências mundanas, que se constituem em verdadeiras filosofias, para Porchat.