bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of different processes of flour making on the proximate composition of taro (Colocasia esculenta (l.) flour and taro flour cookies
Authors: Paramita O , Fathonah S , Rosidah  , Agustina T , Larasati M 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis research examined the effect of flour making method using chemicals on the soaking process of taro tubers. Method 1 was done by soaking taro tubers in 500 ppm sodium metabisulfite solution. Method 2 was done by soaking in warm water at 40 ° C for 3 hours followed by immersing in 10% NaCl solution for 1 hour, Method 3 was done by immersing in a brine solution (1 teaspoon in 5 liters of water) for 20 minutes followed by soaking it again in a sodium metabisulfite solution (1 gram per 1 liter of water) for 20 minutes. In related to the proximate composition in taro flour, the result showed that the flour making that uses sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5) soaking method produces the best protein and crude fiber content of 3.158% and 4.080%, respectively. The taro cookie making that uses flour that is immersed in sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5) produces the best protein, crude fiber and energy content of 2.091%, 2.820% and 588.897% respectively. This is because the first method only uses one immersion process that is using sodium metabisulfite, while the second and third methods go through two immersion processes. It can be concluded that the flour making method using a soaking process with 500 ppm sodium metabisulfite solution can increase the benefit of using taro flour.
The addition of moringa leaf powder into instant porridge as an effort to improve organoleptic quality and nutritional content for the elderly
Authors: Hestiyawati A , Wahyuningsih  , Fathonah S 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Research objectives: 1) to find result of different percentage Moringa leaf flour addition by 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%. 2) to find the energy content, protein and iron in the instant porridge with Moringa leaf flour addition. 3) to find out the elderly’s acceptability of instant porridge with Moringa leaf flour addition. The experimental design used was the One short case study. The data analysis method used was the single classification variant analysis method followed by the tukey test, while the elderly’s acceptability was analysed by using preference test. The study results are: 1) The tenderness texture of Moringa leaf instant porridge is different and the after taste is bitter. 2) The energy content test result of 0% to 15% Moringa leaf powder addition is ranging from 228.7 to 456.1 kcal. The protein content of instant porridge with 0% to 15% Moringa leaf powder addition ranges from 9.0-19.8 grams and the iron content of instant porridge with 0% to 15% Moringa leaf powder addition ranges from 4.5 to 5.1 mg. 3) The elderly’s acceptability of the sample with 0%, 5% and 10% Moringa leaf powder addition belongs to “like” criteria while for the sample with 15% Moringa leaf powder addition belongs to the criteria “average” criteria. Conclusion: 1) Differences are found in the normal porridge and instant porridge with Moringa leaf flour addition. 2) the highest nutrient content is found in the sample with 15% Moringa leaf flour addition. 3) the highest acceptance of elderly is found in the sample with 0% Moringa leaf flour addition. Based on the research result, it is suggested to use moringa leaves which are often harvested periodically and add salt in the boiling leaves to get rid the bitterness.
Study of glucomannan extraction with hydrochloric acid catalyst and alcohol solvent based on porang tuber flour (Amorphophallus oncophyllus)
Authors: Bahlawan Z A S , Damayanti A , Megawati  , Cahyari K , Andriani N , Hapsari R A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Amorphophallus oncophyllus or commonly known as porang is a group of Aracea tubers. Porang has a high economic value and prebiotic source of oligosaccharides because it contains glucomannan. Porang flour contains about 67.5% glucomannan. Glucomannan is used as an emulsifier and stabilizer in the food, beverage and cosmetics products industry and as an ingredient for supplements and food additives because of its high fibres content. In this study, glucomannan purification can be optimized by using chemicals with modified maceration techniques with a stirring and washing machine using ethanol and glucomannan analysis using phenol sulphuric acid test in order to determine the decrease in sugar in porang flour. The purpose of this study was to determine the highest glucomannan content from several parameters such as the concentration of hydrochloric acid catalyst, stirring time, temperature, and the ratio of samples to solvents. The optimum conditions for the extraction process were at 0.7 M hydrochloric acid catalyst concentration, stirring time for 1 hour, temperature at 70°C and the ratio of samples to solvents was 1:5. Therefore, the optimum glucomannan content obtained from extraction using hydrochloric acid catalyst reached 95.85%.
A Review on Utilization of Plastic Wastes in Making Construction Bricks
Authors: Mak Shu-Lun , Wu Tanya Ming Yan , Tang Fanny Wai Fan , Li Jimmy Chi Ho , Lai Chi Wing 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Plastic waste is spread at an unprecedented speed due to the rapid use of domestic and industrial plastic items. The environmental pollution resulting from the continued disposal of plastic wastes in landfills has not only created land problems but has also heightened the pollution of marine resources. This paper aims to review and investigate the feasibility of utilizing plastic waste in making construction bricks. The use of plastic waste in making the sand-plastic bricks will enhance the protection of the environment from the effects of plastic waste that normally takes several millennials to degrade. Thermostatic plastic waste; that is, those polymers whose recycling may not affect the environment, including polyethylene (PE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), is found to implore lightweight, durable, cost-effective, and low thermal conductor bricks. Compressive strength (CS) and water absorption tests are found as the key test methods for measuring the effectiveness of high-volume content of plastic waste in bricks. Notably, a high percentage of plastic waste in proportion to sand is found to improve the compressive strength of the bricks besides allowing negligible water to seep through.
The Evolutionary Game Model of the Multiple Governance System of Chinese Construction Waste
Authors: Chen Huilin , Zhou Hui , Wu Xiang 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Urban waste crisis is a prominent environmental problem in China, and the regulation of municipal construction waste treatment is a complex system. The evolution game model of government-enterprise-social governance system is constructed by embedding social supervision. The application of Jacobi analysis method explored the game strategy of waste processing enterprises, government regulators and social supervision, in which the multilateral game analysis is introduced into risk strategies of economic efficiency factor. It revealed the inherent influence mechanism of the social supervision on the behavior of the waste management enterprises and the government regulator, and the evolution law of government-enterprise-social governance system has greatly developed with the use of simulation. In addition to supervision by governmental departments, social supervision is more necessary for improving the construction waste management and governance structure effectively.
Application of Ground-Penetrating Radar for Living Trees Detection
Authors: Chen Shong-Loong , Liu Sung-Tien , Lin Chen-Hua , Liu Chun-Chieh 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In order to evaluate the potential hazards, researchers are working on revealing the inner structural of a living trunk using different diagnostic techniques. Nondestructive techniques (NDTs), such as stress wave method and ultrasonic wave method, have become increasingly convenient and economical in trees detection. To improve forest management and to prevent collapses of trees, it is necessary to investigate the internal part of tree trunks. In order to do it non-invasively, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) appears as a promising inspection device. Each of these NDTs has its pros and cons. Among all, the GPR is capable of multiple measurements with hardly any damage to the body of a tree, perfect for investigations on roots and trunks of living trees. 15 camphor trees are selected and subject to GPR testing for the study. The results of inductive method and GPR wave signals indicate that the GPR image shows “wavy” features when an eccentric void is found inside a tree, meaning that the travel time is the shortest for the return signals when the antenna is closest to the void. However, GPR wave signals appear to be discontinuous and fluctuate when there are irregular cavities. The signal time is defined by using the metal plate to generate strong reflection in the case of on-site monitoring. The internal condition of tree trunk is usually tested based on detecting 2D image of tree trunk by the stress wave method, as to confirm that the application of GPR is feasible to detect the trunk of camphor tree. The method proposed in this paper can realize the accurate localization and imaging distribution of the internal defects of the trees by the radar wave scanning images.
Application of Ground Penetrating Radar in Reservoir Leakage Detection in Complex Geological Areas
Authors: Yan Jun , Bo Wang , Zhao Xiaofang , Cai Hong , Wu Shuaifeng , Xiao Jianzhang , Sun Liming 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
As a typical nondestructive testing method, ground penetrating radar (GPR) has been widely applied in geological detections of highways and coalmines, but rarely in leakage detection of reservoirs. Taking Taohe Reservoir as an example, this paper deploys multiple GPR detection lines on site, and carries out intensive detection in the upstream/downstream of the reservoir, as well as on the left/right abutments of the dam. In this way, leaks were detected on the left and right dam abutments. The detection results provide a reference for subsequent analysis and treatment of reservoir leakage.
GeoDetector Based Research on Spatial Differentiation and Influencing Factors on China Urban Exhibition Development
Authors: Chen Jianbin , Chen Xiuchen , Yang Xilin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The author constructed index system, including 4 factors, namely Regional environment, related supporting industries, market openness, urban hierarchy and 17 sub-variables with 69 cities as sample, to analyze the spatial differentiation and factors influencing China urban exhibition development based on Natural Breaking Point and Geographic Detector. The research results show that there is significant spatial differentiation for China urban exhibition development; Factors that have a significant impact on the development of urban exhibition include Related supporting industries, open market, Urban hierarchy and two variables of Regional environment, namely, the Regional GDP and GDP Proportion of Tertiary Industry. The interactions between factors is more influential than factors alone.
Optimal Design of Excitation Systems of Synchronous Condensers for HVDC Systems in Power Grid Environment Based on Variable Universe Fuzzy Adaptive PID Controller
Authors: Shi Fan , Wang Honghua , Lu Tianhang , Wang Chengliang 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In a gesture to optimize the reactive power properties of synchronous condensers and improve capabilities of condensers to support the voltages of AC systems, the outer loop control of the reactive power of condensers and the outer loop control of the voltages of AC systems are introduced into the conventional design of the main excitation systems of condensers in high voltage direct current (HVDC) systems in this study. Moreover, variable universe fuzzy adaptive PID controller is proposed to serve excitation systems of condensers to improve the response ability of condensers in power grid faults and the recovery speed of condensers after power grid faults, and to reduce overvoltage of power grids generated by condensers in the process of fault recovery. To verify its experimental validation, the model of ±100 kV HVDC system containing a condenser is set up in MATLAB/Simulink. The verified results reveal that the optimal design strategy of excitation systems of synchronous condensers in the proposal can ensure rapid regulation of the voltages of AC systems arising from condensers, and reduce overcompensation of the voltages and reactive power of AC systems arising from condensers when faults recover.
Energy Saving Design and Optimization of suspension System in Baja Competition for College Students
Authors: Ning Taiyu , Chen Wengang , Chen Jifei 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The suspension design and optimization of Baja car were carried out on the premise of meeting the rules of the race in order to improve the handling stability and ride smoothness of the car. Firstly established the 3 d modelling software UG in suspension system 3 d model, the according to the design of the frame model of hard point ADAMS motion simulation model of motion simulation analysis and optimization selection of parameters, stress suspension system was analyzed by ANSYS, ensure the strength of the car, according to the four-wheel positioning parameters of suspension system and, along with the change of wheel parallel to beat curve using ADAMS/Insight module for parametric curves were optimized. Combined with the design and optimization, the front wheel camber angle changed from 0.81 to 0.68, the caster angle changed from 5.66 to 5.84, the caster angle changed from 6.35 to 6.42, and the front wheel toe angle changed from-1.48 to 0.99, jumping up and down in front wheel track changes reduced from 100 mm to 50 mm, swing arm to connect hard point rise of the front suspension arm Angle smaller, ultimately achieve steering the car light, effectively improve the performance of the car.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Ceramic Polyolefin for Fire Resistant Cable
Authors: Yang Changlong , Gong Min , Yang Fan , Liang Jiaming , Jin Peng 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In order to study the mechanism of high temperature environment’s influence on the mechanical properties and interparticle interactions of ceramic polymer materials for fire-resistant cables, the typical models of three ceramic polyolefin Formulations were established according to the distribution proportion of each material. With the assistance of molecular simulation software, molecular dynamics simulation was carried out. The results show that with the increase of temperature, the intermolecular interaction weakens, the mechanical modulus decreases, and the FFV increases. The Formulation with the most significant intermolecular interaction at high temperature, the one with the largest mechanical modulus at the same temperature and the one with the slowest increase of FFV with temperature’s increase is the mixture system of ceramic ethylene butene copolymer and 28% EVA. The simulation results can provide reference for the selection of polyolefin ceramic materials for fire resistant cables.
Microwave-assisted Degradation of Poultry Feather to Synthesize Protein-based Surfactant
Authors: Hong Xiaomin , Chen Jinyang , Ma Guoli , Li Jinrui , Yang Yunfan , Yang Dingqing 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Poultry feather is hydrolyzed into peptides and amino acids in sub-critical water without any acid or alkali as catalyst under microwave-assisted heating to produce protein-based surfactant. The optimal hydrolysis condition is as follows: temperature 200 °C, time 60 min, and the yield of peptides and amino acids 84.31%. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) and surface tension of the product of peptides and amino acids are 2.6 g/L and 48.2 mN/m. In order to increase lipophilicity, subsequently anionic protein-based surfactant was synthesized by acylation reaction between the hydrolysis product of peptides and amino acidsand oleoyl chloride. The CMC and surface tension decreased greatly with linkage with oleoyl. The synthesized anionic surfactant with weight ratios of 10% (wt.%) hydrolysis liquid/oleoyl chloride of 3:1, 4.5:1 and 6:1 are 0.5, 0.7 and 0.8 g/L and corresponding surface tension are 30.1, 34.0 and 35.7mN/m.
Effect of Maize Straw Composite Substrate on Tomato Seedlings Growth
Authors: Li J Q , Li Y , Liu C J , Fan Y T , Du Q J , Xiao H J , Wang Jiqing 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In order to make full use of the agricultural waste resource maize straw, the alternative organic matrix of peat was studied to realize agricultural recycling. In this study, with peat: vermiculite = 2:1(v/v) as the control, the physicochemical properties of the matrix of maize straw fermentation after mixed with vermiculite in different volumes (3:1, 2:1, 3:2, 1:1) and the effect of applying the composite substrate to the tomato seedling were studied. The results showed that the effect of vermiculite contents on dry bulk density of mixing substrate was positive, however the effect of vermiculite contents on total porosity of mixing substrate was negative; The pH value of maize stalk fermented substrate treatments were among 7.01-7.21, but the pH value of peat was acidic; the treatment, fermented maize stalk substrates: vermiculite=1:1 (v/v), can nurse strong tomato plug seedling after sowed 42 d, it does not differ significantly between the treatment and peat on plant height, number of leaves, shoot dry weight and dry weight of whole tomato plant; Also it did not differ significantly among all treatments on content of chlorophyll, chl a/b, and root system vigor of tomato seedlings. Therefore, it is suggested that in the production practice, corn stalk fermentation matrix and vermiculite 1:1 mix to carry out seedling, compared with peat seedling, sowing 3-5 days in advance, so as to achieve the effect of peat seedling.
Optimization of Flame Retardant Amount for Epoxy Anti-Sliding Surface Layer
Authors: Sheng Jingliang , Zhu Bin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
To improve the flame retardant ability of anti-skid epoxy surface material in the tunnel, the paper conducted study on influence of inorganic flame retardant magnesium hydroxide (abbrev. MH), organic flame retardant decabromodiphenylethane (abbrev. DBDPE) and antimony trioxide (abbrev. AO) on the performance after they were applied in anti-skid epoxy surface material. The mechanical properties, rheological properties, combustion properties and thermal stability of epoxy surface with different flame retardants were tested. After optimizing the blending amount to determine the optimal proportion, flame retardant efficiency of those was evaluated. The analysis showed that organic flame retardant DBDPE and AO have a better performance at the same dosage. The oxygen index of DBDPE/AO epoxy cement increased much faster than MH with the amount of flame retardant. When content reached 16%, the oxygen index of the DBDPE/AO reached 31.8%, which meant that it was a flame retardant material and had little effect on other properties of the cement. It is not a good treatment to add too much flame retardant in the epoxy anti-sliding surface, otherwise the rheological properties and mechanical properties would be influenced largely. When the content of composite flame retardant DBDPE/AO got to 12%, each performance index would meet the design requirements. The excessive content of MH was unsuitable because it would greatly reduce the mechanical properties and the ease of construction of epoxy cement. Based on comprehensive performance analysis, 9% DBDPE/AO is recommended as the flame retardant for anti-skid epoxy surface.
Research on Innovation and Application of Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomer Bionic Leather Fabric from the Perspective of Sustainable Design
Authors: Wang Yang , Li Xiuwei , Chen Youfang 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
With the improvement of consumers’ awareness of environmental protection and the continuous improvement of consumer demand, the leather industry is developing in the direction of environmental sustainability and functional diversity. This article takes thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer yarn as the research object. From the perspective of sustainable design, the woven process is used to weave the thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer yarn and the traditional yarn, and the new fabric obtained after weaving is tested and analyzed. Analyzing and discussing the results of multiple experiments, and expounding the functions and characteristics of the new fabric, weaving a new type of leather fabric that is different from traditional leather-thermoplastic polyurethane bionic leather fabric. The fabric has better gloss, water resistance, abrasion resistance and leather texture, and also has a bionic texture that traditional leather does not have. The research results of this article verify the innovative ideas and design directions in the process, provide more possibilities for the design and development of future luggage products, and make the design of luggage products more diverse.
Experimental Research on Compressive Performance of Modified Rammed Soil Based on Highland Barley Straw Fibers and Rubbles
Authors: Li Hanghang , Li Hui , Jiang Ningshan , Zhang Wuyu , Zhao Guozhi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In order to find a green, low-cost and high-performance modified raw soil method, samples were made from highland barley straw and gravel, which are unique in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The failure phenomenon, compressive strength, deformation capacity and load-displacement curve of different samples were studied, and the action mechanism and influence law of compressive strength of modified soil with different admixtures were analyzed and discussed. The test results show that when 0.25% highland barley straw and 20% gravel are mixed, the specimen has a smooth surface without dry shrinkage cracks, and its compressive strength and deformability are increased by 2.1 times and 30% respectively compared with that of plain soil. This content can be used as the best mixture ratio of this modified raw soil method.
Characteristics of lactic acid bacteria and acetic acid bacteria isolated before and after fermentation of cacao beans from Pidie, Indonesia and detection of the flavour compounds
Authors: Yunita D , Yusriana Y , Aisyah Y , Indarti E , Wahyuni M F , Yani P 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The objectives of this research were to characterise lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and acetic acid bacteria (AAB) which were isolated before and after fermentation of cacao beans, and to detect the flavor compounds in each of these steps. Samples were collected from a farmer in the Pidie District, Aceh Province, Indonesia who supplies the fermented cacao beans for a local chocolate factory located in Pidie Jaya District. The samples were collected before fermentation (F0) and after 5 days fermentation (F5) steps in duplicate. Five LAB and nine AAB were characterised for colony and cell morphology, catalase and oxidase tests, and growth resistance at low pH. The qualitative analysis of flavor compounds of the cacao beans were identified by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME-GCMS). The results showed that all isolates have a negative result on oxidase tests and only one AAB isolate could grow at pH 3. The reduction of phenethylamine during fermentation is desired because it gives off a fishy odor as a result of decarboxylation of amino acids by lactic acid bacteria. The detection of 3-octanyl acetate by its sweet floral fruity odor is expected. It is also interesting to note that a nutty taste and earthy aroma were detected indicating that trimethyl pyrazine and dimethyl pyrazine were present after fermentation even though they were not a major compound.