bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Approach to Natural Gas Valorisation Opportunities Screening Along the Decarbonisation Path
Authors: Iovane Massimo , Flisi Marco 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Evolving energy needs and the global energy transition call for proper evaluation of how Natural Gas could support a Decarbonisation path, considering Natural Gas well recognised contribution to GHG emission reduction approaching the ambitious Green World.
However, the main question is how gas resources can be properly delivered to satisfy a wide range of markets and usages considering that fundamental driver is the goal of reducing carbon footprint.
A methodology was developed, named Gas Master Plan (GMP), which is an integrated study with a novel view, looking to synergic opportunities among energy sources while defining economically sustainable business models and meeting Decarbonisation targets.
A Gas Master Plan is a multidisciplinary study assessing the best valorisation routes for Natural Gas resources in a specified country or geographical region. This kind of study analyses gas and energy supply/demand balance, understanding current and future markets and looks for adequate destinations, check existing infrastructures and further possible developments carried by Local Governments or private entities, identify potential gas production for all the involved resources, business modelling, understanding the benefits to the global energy transition targets that such resources could deliver and screening monetization opportunities under a strategic plan view.
Thus, a GMP is not just an analysis of upstream volumes to verify whether they match commitments and still fit in their future development plans but it is company-wide joint effort to gather ideas, proposals, topics or issues to be addressed and possible solutions.
Broadly speaking resources considered in a typical GMP would be: those under an exploration phase, those just discovered for which a proper development has to be realised, those already in production but for which new market opportunities can be scouted in order to improve their benefit on the energy transition paths while seeking further economic returns.
The primary result is to develop a strategy to optimize present production and the development and valorisation of future gas assets, identifying the related GHG profile for each opportunity, supporting the decision-making process on new/future gas initiatives with a coherent plan.
The resulting outcomes and conclusions may address specific topics on the short to medium term, like associate to a gas field the proper development project to cover gas and energy commercial demand, or set targets achievable on the medium to long term like supporting a low carbon footprint growth in the energy sector and promoting gas-based industries.
Improvement Realized Through Digitized Engineering Business Process
Authors: Selvarasu Elugai Palanichamy , Al Hammadi Eslah Ali 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Engineering Division provides services & support to Operations and Projects. Division develops deliverable / report / recommendation for various studies, operation issues related to Engineering, root cause analysis, etc. Division receives an average of five request in a week. Division is handling 175+ studies at a time with support of multiple discipline Engineers within division and are in different stages.
The division was handling the complete business process manually with dedicated resources to track the review, approval, execution and progress monitor.
It was difficult to track all the steps since the information were scattered with many stakeholders and manual entries are not robust / fool proof. The manual control was insufficient to manage document movement, monitoring engineering activities and progress.
This paper highlights the methodology used to digitalize the business process and also the improvement / benefit realized.
Strategies for Successful Project Execution – A Transformation in Project Delivery without Disruption
Authors: Srivastava Yogesh Chandra , Srivastava Abhishek , Canning Daniel 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Cost overruns on lump sum turnkey projects have challenged Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) project implementations. Several causes can be attributed to this problem but common to all is that despite significant efforts spent in planning and estimating the job, most projects fail in the execution stage. A new approach to EPC projects execution and delivery combines better management of scope brought by the Advanced Work Packaging (AWP) procedure and efficiencies from the LEAN principles of an engaged workforce that was Toyota's success in manufacturing industry can be applied to construction industry. The implementation of this enhanced process supported by a digital tool, an end-to-end platform, can be extremely useful for projects in Petroleum Industry.
Methods, Procedures, Process: The approach has been designed to tackle three crucial challenges of project execution: people (company culture), process inefficiencies and data handling. The sense of inclusion, empowerment of a worker and the clarity of scope of every activity to be performed have a profound impact on the performance of the worker. It is designed to involve all stakeholders (from the owner to the last member of the crew) giving them an opportunity to contribute to the project implementation. The proposed enhancement of the processes at every stage of the project (from engineering to completion) drastically reduces the traditional inefficiencies of EPC projects which are responsible for cost overruns, schedule delays and poor quality of work.
Results, Observations, Conclusions: A plethora of digital tools used today in EPC industry create a large pool of data that can be leveraged to have an insight on the projects. However, all the data produced by different and disconnected tools are still used in silo and large data available creates complexity in analyzing and interpreting it. The AWP+LEAN approach brings transformation without disruption: an automated integration with existing systems used in the organization can be established in order to collect, give consistency and synchronize all the available information hassle-free.
The novelty of the approach presented in the paper compared to the other practices is its non-disruptive nature. The idea is to combine in a consistent fashion, all the information collected during the project by different tools and orchestrate them to provide a deep insight and granular visibility to the project. This means that there are no switching costs for the EPC companies and less resistance from people in adopting the new processes, making the journey to improvement easy and smooth.
A New LWD Dual Imager with Incorporated Feedback Improves Image Quality in OBM: Some Learnings form Abu Dhabi Offshore Carbonates
Authors: Abbas Nashat , Al Noukhatha Jamal , Al Nayadi Khulood , Shrivastava Chandramani , Zhang Tianhua , Yang Shiduo , Shasmal Sudipan , Maalouf Janine 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Recent developments in Logging-While-Drilling (LWD) technology have enabled high-resolution borehole imaging in oil-base mud that used to be a long-standing challenge. New applications to enhance image interpretation and maintain feature-integrity were developed with feedback from Abu Dhabi field examples of recently deployed LWD dual imager where hostile drilling conditions impacted the high-resolution ultrasonic image quality.
The new dual imager has 4 ultrasonic sensors and 2 electromagnetic sensors (for resistivity image) mounted on a 15-ft sub in the drilling bottom-hole assembly (BHA). It provides ultrasonic amplitude and travel-time images at two central frequencies in addition to apparent resistivity images composed of four operating frequency measurements. A long lateral of around 8000-ft was drilled with this new imager through challenging heterogeneous carbonates and data was analyzed for geological interpretation.
Based on the feedback for data quality improvement in certain intervals, the impact of shock & vibration on high-resolution (0.2") ultrasonic images was analyzed in time domain with simulated data first to understand the behavior of causative factors independently. Afterwards, the new algorithms were developed and deployed to maintain feature integrity of the data. The validation on field-data provided much-needed validation for the results in hostile drilling conditions.
Resistivity images provided all the bedding and textural information (vugs, stylolites) with high confidence images at around 0.8" resolution. Higher resolution (0.2") ultrasonic images provided concrete information about vugs distribution for secondary porosity with quantitative interpretation on vug-indices. In addition, feedback provided from real time data was incorporated in subsequent processing and development of an image processing app that effectively fixes the depth-filtering related to drilling-induced events and stick-slip. Re-processing of the data provided high quality images that were used for high-resolution geological interpretation. Confident feature recognition was input into interpretation application hitherto available only in water-base mud while drilling.
Results of this study with feedback incorporated to field-data from Abu Dhabi helped better the geological interpretation in hostile drilling condition as well, minimizing the need for e-line imaging.
Roadmap for Digitalized Asset Integrity Management System
Authors: Ali Asad , Maley Kevin , Li Seonyeob , Al Owaid Ahmed , Al Shehhi Abdulla 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Asset integrity management system (AIMS) consisting of risk based inspection (RBI) and inspection management system (IMS) coupled with digitized equipment records and use of inspection tablets/mobiles will make paperless system for fast and timely decisions & actions. This paper provides a roadmap for implementation of an efficient and cost effective asset integrity management system that will increase the plant reliability & availability, decrease the time and efforts required for inspection, thus ultimately reducing the associated costs of operations. In this paper, the focus is towards digitalized AIMS that should make a company move to digital transformation and enabling it to adapt to industry 4.0 technologies such as artificial intelligence, augmented reality, data analytics, machine learning etc.
First step is to perform a gap assessment of existing system to compare what is currently available within organization and what is required for going fully digital for AIM. Next step is to identify software features that are required for AIM digitalization and establish them as point based rating system which are used for rating best suitable software available in the market. Unique features for RBI module, inspection management module and field interface (tablet) module are identified with appropriate weightage to influence the software selection decision. Finally, an estimation of required resources, manpower timeline is provided that will guide in all phases of the implementation.
Return on investment on such projects is manifolds. The digitalized AIM will greatly reduce the cost of day to to asset integrity management operations as it will no longer be needed to use multiple paper based reports and separate systems for RBI and IMS functions. Use of field tablet/mobile with possibility of artificial intelligence tools, will significantly reduce the time required for inspectors to do the on site inspection/testing & reporting. Interfacing of digitalized system with ERP/CMMS will automate the work order/notification system. Thus it will reduce an overall effort both in terms of time & money.
The roadmap for digitalization of AIMS system will help any organization to make its AIMS digital and achieve the benefits of such system. The methodology provided is unique and can be adopted as best practices by the industry for digitally transforming the AIMS.
Gas Lift Valves Replacement in Norway Field Using Riserless Light Well Intervention Vessel
Authors: Fiameni Antonio , Borra Simone , Pasquali Paolo Giovanni , Flamminio Davide , Leo Giuseppe , Vitale Giulio , Lazzari Andrea , Mastrocola Carlo 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Scope of this paper is to describe the Riserless Well Intervention campaign carried out on Norwegian Barents Sea field in 2019. The intervention campaign was carried out with a Light Well Intervention (LWI) vessel and consisted in the replacement of failed Down Hole Gas Lift Valve (DH-GLV) on six oil producer wells.
Three oil producer wells experienced a DH-GLV failure between 2018-2019 and were consequently shut in due to the loss of the first well barrier envelope.
The Riserless well intervention campaign was carried out in October 2019. The subsea equipment supplied for the campaign was deployed on the X-Tree, acting as well control device and thus allowing the re-entry of the well granting well access from the LWI vessel. The DH-GLV replacement was successfully achieved by wireline operations.
The first DH-GLV replacement confirmed a constructive failure of the valves, therefore the campaign scope of work was extended to all the oil producers of the field where the same type of valve was installed (six wells).
The campaign successfully replaced all the DH-GLV of the field with an average time of six days/well. The first well barrier envelope was re-established, and production restored. The engineered solution that was adopted allowed to carry out the intervention campaign with a LWI vessel, avoiding the mobilization of a winterized rig and consequent IWOCS commissioning, resulting in a sensible OPEX reduction.
A Case Study - Life Extension of Offshore Bridge Bearings
Authors: Abdelkhalek Ahmed , Sudhesh Govindavilas , Sarkar Anjan , Eissa Mohammed 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Structural bearings of 47 offshore platform-link bridges with average age of 40 years were inspected and recommended for replacements due to their poor condition. Replacement of bridge bearings involves major risk and production interruptions given the structural modifications, and critical piping and E&I disconnections required for safe jacking-lifting activities required during the process. This paper presents the approach adopted to assure the integrity of the bridges and extend their lives without the need to replace the bearings.
The approach employed failure mode and effect analysis to identifying and narrowing down areas that need focused efforts while tackling the problem. Scenario based structural assessments were carried out to examine the impact of the level of movement-allowing bearings functionality on the integrity of the bridge and its supporting structures; identify critical locations to be targeted during focused inspections; and establish envelopes for monitoring thermal expansion and contraction of the bridges. Guidelines were developed and implemented for integrated inspection-maintenance and repair campaign, which aimed to tackle corrosion issues and to install movement-monitoring indicators. Indicator seasonal monitoring is employed to establish the functionality of bearings on the long-term.
The what-if structural assessments revealed that even in the worst-case scenario (in which the bearing are completely jammed) the option of local strengthening of the bridge and its supporting elements is more attractive than bearing replacement. The integrated inspection-maintenance and repair campaigns revealed that excessive corrosion levels observed from historic visual inspections on external non-critical bearing components (e.g: guide plates, angles, etc.) is not indicative of the condition of the internal load-bearing components (pedestals) which experienced much lower corrosion levels. The seasonal monitoring of bridge movements revealed that the 40+ years old Teflon pads are still functional and allow the bridges expansion and contraction.
The developed holistic approach enabled demonstration of the fitness for service of the bearings, and provided means for assuring their long-term performance through monitoring. The results assured safety, integrity and delivered significant cost savings through aversion brownfield modifications, and production loss associated with bridge jacking and bearing replacement operations.
Virtual Remote Factory Acceptance Test
Authors: John Varghese Mangalathu , Selvaraj Edwin Jose , Nandwalkar Prakash Madhukar , Paul Raju , Kamal Faris Ragheb 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Many of the well-established practices and procedures those were followed in the execution of Oil & Gas Industry Projects were seeing a shift towards digital transformation in recent years, which got accelerated due to the Covid-19 pandemic.
Digital transformation is the adoption of digital technologies whereby the existing business processes are modified or new ones are created. This process of redefining the conventional procedures, culture and customer experience to meet the changing requirements benefit the overall business function. Redefining the process of business in the digital age is digital transformation.
Digital transformation in Oil & Gas Industry is embracing of technology to reshape how oil and gas companies manage and operate their assets. The digitally-enabled and data-centric approach leads to improved productivity, higher efficiency and increased cost savings.
One of the Process Transformation example in Oil & Gas sector is to conduct the Factory Inspection and Acceptance Tests remotely utilizing various digital tools available in this digital age instead of the conventional way of physical participation in the testing.
Many industries were already exploring the possibilities of non-conventional work practices such as Work from Home (remotely, away from office), conducting virtual meetings with remotely located participants. These practices were still not accepted in all the industries prior to 2020. However the outbreak of Covid-19 pandemic worldwide created a need to accept these non-conventional practices of remote or virtual work. Post Covid (2020), these are widely accepted in most of the industries including Oil & Gas sector.
The concept of Virtual Remote Factory Acceptance Test (FAT) is explored to overcome the unforeseen situation arose due to worldwide Covid-19 outbreak. Travel restrictions were imposed worldwide to curb the covid-19 spread, which made a halt to the normal work practices followed till then.
Virtual Remote FAT is a successful alternative to the conventional way of conducting the FAT and was utilized during Covid-19 outbreak. Virtual remote FAT is successfully completed in some of the recently executed projects and this can be pursued even after the Covid crisis.
Forest succession, management and the economy under a changing climate: coupling economic and forest management models to assess impacts and adaptation options
Authors: Lantz Van , McMonagle Galen , Hennigar Chris , Sharma Chinmay , Withey Patrick , Ochuodho Thomas 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Climate change is expected to have significant impacts on forests by affecting the successional dynamics of tree species and the performance of plantations, among others. Research is needed to better understand how these factors will affect forests and economies in different regions, and how we can best adapt. To shed some light on these issues, we couple an economic (Computable General Equilibrium) model with a forest management (Woodstock) model to analyze the potential climate change impacts and adaptation options on timber supply and the economy over the 2015-95 period in a case-study province of New Brunswick, Canada. We estimate that climate change may have relatively large negative impacts on softwood timber supply (at 26% by 2095), softwood forestry & logging sector output quantity (at 12% by 2095), and softwood-dependent forestry manufacturing sector output (ranging from 6% to 27% by 2095). Negative impacts on GDP may be relatively smaller (at up to a 0.33% reduction by 2095). Adapting to these climate-related changes by planting drought-resistant softwood seedlings or hardwood seedlings in place of failed softwood plantations can reduce these negative impacts. While the former adaptation option is supported using cost-benefit analysis, the latter is not – due to the large incremental costs of growing, planting, and tending hardwood seedlings. Methods developed in this study can be applied in other regions to help guide decision-making around forest management in the face of a changing climate.
The Value of Transthoracic Echocardiography in the Detection of Extra-Cardiac Lesions
Authors: Yan Lei , Ruan Qinyun , Qu Chaoyang , Huang Chunyan , Fu Liyun 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Objective: Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is generally recognized as the top choice for detecting myocardial and cardiac cavity lesions. Sonographers mostly focus on myocardial, cardiac cavity and cardiac hemodynamics, whereas the abnormal extra-cardiac lesions are always unrecognized. The aim of this study was to investigate the ultrasonic image features in abnormal extra-cardiac lesions and the value of TTE in the detection of extra-cardiac lesions.Methods: 49 cases of abnormal extra-cardiac lesion detected by TTE from January 2014 to December 2019 were collected, which were confirmed by pathology. The two-dimensional ultrasonic characteristics and the relationships with the cardiac and great vessels were summarized on the basis of multi-view by TTE. All patients were also performed by computed tomography (CT). Results: In 49 patients with abnormal extra-cardiac lesions, 37 malignant cases and 12 benign cases were included. There were 41 cases (41/49,86.67%) of mediastinal lesions and 8 cases (8/49,16.33% ) of lung lesions. The maximum diameter ranged from 3.2cm to 13.66cm, and the median diameter was about 7.4cm, among which 29 cases (29/49,59.18%) were larger than 5cm. 4 cases (4/49, 4.08%) of cystic anechoic lesions were pericardial cyst. 2 cases (2/49, 4.08%) of cystic-solid echogenic lesions were teratoma. The remaining 45 cases (45/49, 91.84%) presented as solid hypoechoic or heterogeneous masses. 6 cases compressed the heart and 21 cases encroached on the heart and vessels. Diagnosis coincidence rates of TTE and CT were respectively 77.55% and 93.88%, with a statistical difference (p =0.012).Conclusion: Although the diagnostic coincidence rate of TTE is slightly lower than that of CT, TTE has certain diagnostic value for extra-cardiac lesions.
A Toolkit for Manipulating Cellular Behavior: Peptide with Tryptophan-Selective Ru-TAP Complex Regioselectively Photolabeling Specific Protein in Live Cell
Authors: Chen Tzu-Ho , Garnir Kevin , Chen Chong-Yen , Jian Cheng-Bang , Gao Hua-De , Cheng Bill , Tseng Mei-Chun , Moucheron Cécile , Mesmaeker Andrée Kirsch-De , Lee Hsien-Ming 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Using a chemical approach to crosslink functionally versatile bioeffectors (such as peptides) to native proteins of interest (POI) directly inside a living cell is a useful toolbox for chemical biologists. However, this goal has not been reached due to unsatisfactory chemoselectivity, regioselectivity, and protein-selectivity in in-cellulo protein labeling. Herein we report a highly selective photoaffinity labeling (PAL) method using a tryptophan-specific Ru-TAP complex as photocrosslinker (Trp-tag). Aside from the high selectivity, the PAL is blue light driven by a photoinduced electron transfer (PeT) and allows the bioeffector to bear an additional UV-responsive unit. The two different photosensitivities are demonstrated by blue light photocrosslinking a UV-sensitive peptide to POI. The remote-control functionality of the peptide allows POI inhibition after blue light irradiation, and reactivation upon UV photolysis. Cytoskeletal dynamics regulation is demonstrated via the unprecedented in-cellulo POI photomanipulation, which opens a new avenue to endogenous protein modification for novel functions.