bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association of occupation with the daily physical activity and sedentary behaviour of middle-aged workers in Korea: a cross-sectional study based on data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Authors: Sung Joo Hye , Son Se Rhim , Baek Seol-Hee , Kim Byung-Jo 
Published: November 2021

ObjectivesThe WHO recommends that adults engage in regular moderate-to-vigorous physical activities (MVPAs) and muscle-strengthening activities (MSA), and minimise sedentary behaviour. This study aimed to determine the association of occupation with MVPA, MSA and sedentary behaviour in middle-aged Korean workers.Design and settingA cross-sectional study using data from the seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016–2018).ParticipantsWorkers aged between 40 and 69 years in Korea (n=6359).Outcome measuresPopulation-weighted proportions not meeting the MVPA (＜150 min/week) and MSA (＜2 days/week) guidelines, and with high sedentary behaviour (＞7 hours/day) were calculated, and their associations with sociodemographic and work-related variables were assessed using multiple logistic regression analyses. Additionally, the estimated time spent on MVPA, MSA and sedentary behaviour according to the occupation categories (white-collar, pink-collar and blue-collar) was calculated using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).ResultsThe MVPA level did not show a significant difference across the occupation categories. Blue-collar workers showed significantly lower MSA participation than white-collar and pink-collar workers (male, p=0.006; female, p=0.004; by ANCOVA). High sedentary behaviour was significantly associated with white-collar occupations (p<0.001 by ANCOVA). Longer working hours were negatively associated with MVPA (OR=1.01, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.02) and MSA (OR=1.01, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.02). Workers with higher stress were less likely to participate in MSA (male: OR=1.43, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.86; female: OR=1.39, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.80). Self-employed workers showed lower MVPA levels than employees (male: OR=1.26, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.47; female: OR=1.36, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.64). Daily workers compared with full-time workers (OR=0.38, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.59) and temporary workers compared with regular workers (OR=0.75, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.95) were associated with less sedentary behaviour in men.ConclusionA number of work-related factors were associated with PA levels and sedentary behaviour in middle-aged workers. The workplace is one of the critical elements to intervene in health promotion strategies.
Patient symptoms and experience following COVID-19: results from a UK-wide survey
Authors: Buttery Sara , Philip Keir E J , Williams Parris , Fallas Andrea , West Brigitte , Cumella Andrew , Cheung Cheryl , Walker Samantha , Quint Jennifer K , Polkey Michael I , Hopkinson Nicholas S 
Published: November 2021

ObjectivesTo investigate the experience of people who continue to be unwell after acute COVID-19, often referred to as ‘long COVID’, both in terms of their symptoms and their interactions with healthcare.DesignWe conducted a mixed-methods analysis of responses to a survey accessed through a UK online post-COVID-19 support and information hub, between April and December 2020, about people’s experiences after having acute COVID-19.Participants3290 respondents, 78% female, 92.1% white ethnicity and median age range 45–54 years; 12.7% had been hospitalised. 494(16.5%) completed the survey between 4 and 8 weeks of the onset of their symptoms, 641(21.4%) between 8 and 12 weeks and 1865 (62.1%) >12 weeks after.ResultsThe ongoing symptoms most frequently reported were: breathing problems (92.1%), fatigue (83.3%), muscle weakness or joint stiffness (50.6%), sleep disturbances (46.2%), problems with mental abilities (45.9%), changes in mood, including anxiety and depression (43.1%) and cough (42.3%). Symptoms did not appear to be related to the severity of the acute illness or to the presence of pre-existing medical conditions. Analysis of free-text responses revealed three main themes: (1) experience of living with COVID-19: physical and psychological symptoms that fluctuate unpredictably; (2) interactions with healthcare that were unsatisfactory; (3) implications for the future: their own condition, society and the healthcare system, and the need for researchConclusionConsideration of patient perspectives and experiences will assist in the planning of services to address problems persisting in people who remain symptomatic after the acute phase of COVID-19.
Endovascular treatment beyond 24 hours from the onset of acute ischemic stroke: the Italian Registry of Endovascular Thrombectomy in Acute Stroke (IRETAS)
Authors: Casetta Ilaria , Fainardi Enrico , Pracucci Giovanni , Saia Valentina , Vallone Stefano , Zini Andrea , Bergui Mauro , Cerrato Paolo , Nappini Sergio , Nencini Patrizia , Gasparotti Roberto , Saletti Andrea , Causin Francesco , Romano Daniele , Burdi Nicola , Giorgianni Andrea , Mangiafico Salvatore , Toni Danilo 
Published: November 2021

BackgroundClinical trials and observational studies have demonstrated the benefit of thrombectomy up to 16 or 24 hours after the patient was last known to be well. This study aimed to evaluate the outcome of stroke patients treated beyond 24 hours from onset.MethodsWe analyzed the outcome of 34 stroke patients (mean age 70.7±12.3 years; median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score 13) treated with endovascular thrombectomy beyond 24 hours from onset who were recruited in the Italian Registry of Endovascular Thrombectomy in Acute Stroke. Selection criteria for patients were: pre-stroke modified Rankin scale (mRS) score of ≤2, non-contrast CT Alberta Stroke Program Early CT score of ≥6, good collaterals on single phase CT angiography (CTA) or multiphase CTA, and CT perfusion mismatch with an infarct core size ≤50% of the total hypoperfusion extent or involving less than one-third of the extent of the middle cerebral artery territory evaluated by visual inspection. The primary outcome measure was functional independence assessed by the mRS at 90 days after onset. Safety outcomes were 90 day mortality and the occurrence of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH).ResultsSuccessful recanalization (Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction score of 2b or 3) was present in 76.5% of patients. Three month functional independence (mRS score 0–2) was observed in 41.1% of patients. The case fatality rate was 26.5%. and the incidence of sICH was 8.8%.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that, in a real world setting, very late endovascular therapy is feasible in appropriately selected patients.
Constraining electroweak and strongly charged long-lived particles with CheckMATE
Authors: Desai Nishita , Domingo Florian , Kim Jong Soo , Bazan Roberto Ruiz de Austri , Rolbiecki Krzysztof , Sonawane Mangesh , Wang Zeren Simon 
Published: November 2021

AbstractLong-lived particles have become a new frontier in the exploration of physics beyond the Standard Model. In this paper, we present the implementation of four types of long-lived particle searches, viz. displaced leptons, disappearing track, displaced vertex with either muons or with missing transverse energy, and heavy charged tracks. These four categories cover the signatures of a large range of physics models. We illustrate their potential for exclusion and discuss their mutual overlaps in mass-lifetime space for two simple phenomenological models involving either a U(1)-charged or a coloured scalar.
Risk of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease and Nonatherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Hospitalizations for Triglycerides Across Chronic Kidney Disease Stages Among 2.9 Million US Veterans
Authors: Soohoo Melissa , Hashemi Leila , Hsiung Jui‐Ting , Moradi Hamid , Budoff Matthew J. , Kovesdy Csaba P. , Kalantar‐Zadeh Kamyar , Streja Elani 
Published: November 2021

Background
High triglycerides are associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risks. Among patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), the association of elevated triglycerides with mortality is diminished and, thus, we investigated the relationship of triglycerides with ASCVD and non‐ASCVD hospitalizations across CKD stages.

Methods and Results
The cohort comprised 2 963 176 veterans who received care in 2004 to 2006 (baseline) and were followed up to 2014. Using Cox models, we evaluated baseline and time‐varying triglycerides with time to ASCVD or non‐ASCVD hospitalizations, stratified by baseline CKD stage, and adjusted for demographics and baseline or time‐updated clinical characteristics. The cohort mean±SD age was 63±14 years, with a baseline median (interquartile range) triglycerides level of 127 (87–189) mg/dL, and a quarter had prevalent CKD. There was a linear association between baseline triglycerides and ASCVD risk; however, the risk with high triglycerides ≥240 mg/dL attenuated with worsening CKD stages (reference: triglycerides 120 to <160 mg/dL). Baseline triglycerides were associated with a U‐shaped relationship for non‐ASCVD events in patients with CKD 3A to 3B. Patients with late‐stage CKD had lower to null relationships between baseline triglycerides and non‐ASCVD events. Time‐varying triglycerides associations with ASCVD were similar to baseline analyses. Yet, the time‐varying triglycerides relationship with non‐ASCVD events was inverse and linear, where elevated triglycerides were associated with lower risks.

Conclusions
Associations of higher triglycerides with ASCVD and non‐ASCVD events declined across advancing CKD stages, where a lower to null risk was observed in patients with advanced CKD. Studies are needed to examine the impact of advanced CKD on triglycerides metabolism and its association with outcomes in this high‐risk population.
Less-Affected Hand Function Is Associated With Independence in Daily Living: A Longitudinal Study Poststroke
Authors: Hmaied Assadi Samar , Barel Haim , Dudkiewicz Israel , Gross-Nevo Revital Feige , Rand Debbie 
Published: November 2021

Background and Purpose:
The upper extremity (UE) ipsilateral to the brain lesion is mildly affected poststroke. It is unclear whether patients perceive this, and the association between less-affected hand function and independence in activities of daily living (ADL) is unknown. We aimed to (1) assess longitudinal changes in function, dexterity, grip strength, and self-perception of the less-affected UE, (2) compare them to the normative data, and (3) determine the association of both UEs to ADL during the first 6 months poststroke.

Methods:
Consecutive adults following a first stroke were assessed on rehabilitation admission (T1), 6 weeks (T2), and 6 months (T3) poststroke onset. Box and block test assessed function of both UEs. The functional dexterity test (FDT) and Jamar Dynamometer assessed dexterity and grip strength of the less-affected UE. The functional independence measure assessed ADL, and instrumental ADL was assessed at T3. Spearman correlations and multiple regression models were used.

Results:

Participants were assessed at T1 (N=87), T2 (N=82), and T3 (N=68). At T1, less-affected UE deficits were apparent (median [interquartile range] box and block test-45 [35–53] blocks, FDT-44.5 [33.3–60.8] seconds, grip-25.5 [16.2–33.9] kilograms), but only 19.5% of the participants self-perceived this. Less-affected hand function significantly improved with 32% and 33% achieving a minimal clinically important difference for box and block test at T2 and T3, respectively. Dexterity improved significantly between T1 and T2 (
P
<0.001, no established minimal clinically important difference) and grip strength improved significantly between T2 and T3; 3.4% achieving a minimal clinically important difference (
P
<0.01). At T3, most participants did not reach the norms (box and block test-67.4 blocks, FDT-32.2 seconds, grip-40.5 kilograms). Both the less- and more-affected UEs explained a large portion of the variance of ADL at all time-points, after controlling for age, days-since-stroke-onset, stroke type, and cognition.

Conclusions:
Despite some improvement, the less-affected UE at 6 months poststroke remained below norms, explaining difficulties in ADL and instrumental ADL. Further research is needed.
Soybean roots defence against cadmium and its dependence on dose in a non-linear manner
Authors: Mészáros Patrik , Rybanský Ľubomír , Bardáčová Monika , Roszival Marcel , Matušíková Ildikó 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Metal pollution represents a serious issue for sustainable agronomy and food safety. Activation of plants’ protective mechanisms has been shown to depend on the extent of soil contamination with metal, but reports on dose-dependent responses (especially to extreme concentrations) are rather rare. In this research we exposed soybean (Glycine max L.) roots at a very early stage to a scale of cadmium concentrations, including doses far exceeding the amounts found in nature. Spectrophotometrical and enzyme in-gel detection assays were used to examine ongoing defence responses. The results confirmed commonly reported findings on inhibited growth and the activation of several superoxide dismutase isoforms in a dose-dependent manner. Contrary to expectations, the hydrogen peroxide levels, proline accumulation and the rate of lipid peroxidation were suppressed with increasing metal doses. More importantly, the linearity of Cd accumulation in soybean roots was interrupted at 200 mg.l-1 of cadmium, which coincides with peculiar responses of several chitinase family members. No such nonlinear response was observable for proline accumulation or any of the SOD isoforms. Possible explanations are provided and the importance of considering the metal stress dose is stressed to avoid false generalizations on plant defence responses.
Contributions of Weakly Coupled Data Assimilation–Based Land Initialization to Interannual Predictability of Summer Climate over Europe
Authors: Shi Pengfei , Wang Bin , He Yujun , Lu Hui , Yang Kun , Xu Shiming , Huang Wenyu , Liu Li , Liu Juanjuan , Li Lijuan , Wang Yong 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The land surface is a potential source of climate predictability over the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes but has received less attention than sea surface temperature in this regard. This study quantified the degree to which realistic land initialization contributes to interannual climate predictability over Europe based on a coupled climate system model named FGOALS-g2. The potential predictability provided by the initialization, which incorporates the soil moisture and soil temperature of a land surface reanalysis product into the coupled model with a dimension-reduced projection four-dimensional variational data assimilation (DRP-4DVar)-based weakly coupled data assimilation (WCDA) system, was analyzed first. The effective predictability (i.e., prediction skill) of the hindcasts by FGOALS-g2 with realistic and well-balanced initial conditions from the initialization were then evaluated. Results show an enhanced interannual prediction skill for summer surface air temperature and precipitation in the hindcast over Europe, demonstrating the potential benefit from realistic land initialization. This study highlights the significant contributions of land surface to interannual predictability of summer climate over Europe.
Three Types of Positive Indian Ocean Dipoles and Their Relationships with the South Asian Summer Monsoon
Authors: Jiang Jilan , Liu Yimin , Mao Jiangyu , Li Jianping , Zhao Shuwen , Yu Yongqiang 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The relationship between the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) and the South Asian summer monsoon (SASM), which remains a subject of controversy, was investigated using data analyses and numerical experiments. We categorized IOD events according to their sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) pattern: type W and type E are associated with stronger SSTA amplitudes in the western and eastern poles of the IOD, respectively, while type C has comparable SSTA amplitudes in both poles during boreal autumn. Type W is associated with a weak SASM from May to summer, which contributes to substantial warming of the western pole in autumn; the east–west SST gradient linked to the warming of the western pole causes weak southeasterly wind anomalies off Sumatra and feeble and cold SSTAs in the eastern pole during the mature phase. Type E is associated with a strong SASM and feeble warming of the western pole; interaction between the strong SASM and cold SSTAs in the eastern pole in summer results in strong southeasterly wind anomalies off Sumatra and substantial cooling of the eastern pole during the mature phase. For type C, warming of the western pole and cooling of the eastern pole develop synchronously without apparent SASM anomalies and reach comparable intensities during the mature phase. Observations and numerical simulation results both indicate the role of disparate SASM anomalies in modulating SSTA patterns during the development of positive IODs. Warming of the tropical Indian Ocean becomes established in the winter and spring following type W and type C IODs but not following type E events.
The Influence of Interannual and Decadal Indo-Pacific Sea Surface Temperature Variability on Australian Monsoon Rainfall
Authors: Heidemann Hanna , Ribbe Joachim , Cowan Tim , Henley Benjamin J. , Pudmenzky Christa , Stone Roger , Cobon David H. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Monsoonal rainfall in northern Australia (AUMR) varies substantially on interannual, decadal, and longer time scales, profoundly impacting natural systems and agricultural communities. Some of this variability arises in response to sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the Indo-Pacific linked to both El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO). Here we use observations to investigate unresolved issues regarding the influence of the IPO and ENSO on AUMR. Specifically, we show that during negative IPO phases, central Pacific (CP) El Niño events are associated with below-average rainfall over northeast Australia, an anomalous anticyclonic pattern to the northwest of Australia, and eastward moisture advection toward the date line. In contrast, CP La Niña events (distinct from eastern Pacific La Niña events) during negative IPO phases drive significantly wet conditions over much of northern Australia, a strengthened Walker circulation, and large-scale moisture flux convergence. During positive IPO phases, the impact of CP El Niño and CP La Niña events on AUMR is weaker. The influence of central Pacific SSTs on AUMR has been stronger during the recent (post-1999) negative IPO phase. The extent to which this strengthening is associated with climate change or merely natural internal variability is not known.
Biases in the Prediction of Convective Storm Characteristics with a Convection Allowing Ensemble
Authors: Grim Joseph A. , Pinto James O. , Blitz Thomas , Stone Kenneth , Dowell David C. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The severity, duration, and spatial extent of thunderstorm impacts are related to convective storm mode. This study assesses the skill of the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh Ensemble (HRRR-E) and its deterministic counterpart (HRRRv4) at predicting convective mode and storm macrophysical properties using 35 convective events observed during the 2020 warm season across the eastern United States. Seven cases were selected from each of five subjectively determined convective organization modes: tropical cyclones, mesoscale convective systems (MCSs), quasi-linear convective systems, clusters, and cellular convection. These storm events were assessed using an object-based approach to identify convective storms and determine their individual size. Averaged across all 35 cases, both the HRRR-E and HRRRv4 predicted storm areas were generally larger than observed, with this bias being a function of storm lifetime and convective mode. Both modeling systems also underpredicted the rapid increase in storm counts during the initiation period, particularly for the smaller-scale storm modes. Interestingly, performance of the HRRRv4 differed from that of the HRRR-E, with the HRRRv4 generally having a larger bias in total storm area than the HRRR-E due to HRRRv4 predicting up to 66% more storm objects than the HRRR-E. The HRRR-E accurately predicted the convective mode 65% of the time, with complete misses being very rare (<5% of the time overall). However, an evaluation of rank histograms across all 35 cases revealed that the HRRR-E tended to be underdispersive when predicting storm size for all but the MCS mode.
Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion: A Current Analysis of General Surgery Residency Programs
Authors: Kearse LaDonna E. , Jensen Rachel M. , Schmiederer Ingrid S. , Zeineddin Ahmad , Anderson Tiffany N. , Dent Daniel L. , Payne Davis H. , Korndorffer James R. 
Published: November 2021

Background Local, regional, and national diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives have been established to combat barriers to entry and promote retention in surgery residency programs. Our study evaluates changes in diversity in general surgery residency programs. We hypothesize that diversity trends have remained stable nationally and regionally. Materials and Methods General surgery residents in all postgraduate years were queried regarding their self-reported sex, race, and ethnicity following the 2020 ABSITE. Residents were then grouped into geographic regions. Data were analyzed utilizing descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis test, and chi-square analyses. Results A total of 9276 residents responded. Nationally, increases in female residents were noted from 38.0 to 46.0% ( P < .001) and in Hispanic or Latinx residents from 7.3 to 8.3% ( P = .031). Across geographic regions, a significant increase in female residents was noted in the Northwest (51.9 to 58.3%, P = .039), Midwest (36.9 to 43.3%, P = .006), and Southwest (35.8 to 47.5%, P = .027). A significant increase in black residents was only noted in the Northwest (0 to 15.8%, P = .031). The proportion of white residents decreased nationally by 8.9% and in the Mid-Atlantic, Southeast, and Southwest between 5.5 and 15.9% ( P < .05). Discussion In an increasingly diverse society, expanding the numbers of underrepresented surgeons in training, and ultimately in practice, is a necessity. This study shows that there are region-specific increases in diversity, despite minimal change on a national level. This finding may suggest the need for region-specific DEI strategies and initiatives. Future studies will seek to evaluate individual programs with DEI plans and determine if there is a correlation to changing demographics.