bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The accountability of the private sector towards citizens in times of crisis: vaccines, medicines and equipment
Authors: Petelos Elena , Lingri Dimitra , Ghattas Jinane , Evers Silvia M A A , Paget Dineke Zeegers , de Waure Chiara 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this article, we examine what the role of the private sector in times of crises is and whether the private sector is, and can be held to be, accountable. COVID-19 has amplified the difficulties with public–private partnerships and this article addresses several aspects concerning business enterprises, in particular transnational corporations, human rights and health sector activities, highlighting the key aspects to understand and address accountability issues. The article also explores accountability for the private sector, the processes to ensure accountability, and the relevance of regulation and self-regulation.
The Association of Mobility Determinants and Life Space Among Older Adults
Authors: Dunlap Pamela M , Rosso Andrea L , Zhu Xiaonan , Klatt Brooke N , Brach Jennifer S 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
It is important to understand the factors associated with life-space mobility so that mobility disability can be prevented/treated. The purpose of this study was to identify the association between mobility determinants and life space among older adults.

Methods
This study was a cross-sectional analysis of 249 community-dwelling older adults (mean age = 77.4 years, 65.5% female, 88% White), who were recruited for a randomized, controlled, clinical intervention trial. Associations between cognitive, physical, psychosocial, financial, and environmental mobility determinants and the life-space assessment (LSA) at baseline were determined using Spearman’s correlation coefficients and one-way analysis of variance. Multivariate analysis was performed using multivariable linear regression models.

Results
The mean LSA score for the sample was 75.3 (SD = 17.8). Personal factors (age, gender, education, comorbidities), cognitive (Trail Making Test A and B), physical (gait speed, lower extremity power, 6-Minute Walk Test, Figure of 8 Walk Test, tandem stance, energy cost of walking, and Late-Life Function and Disability Function Scale), psychosocial (Modified Gait Efficacy Scale), and financial (neighborhood socioeconomic status) domains of mobility were significantly associated with LSA score. In the final regression model, age (β = −0.43), lower extremity power (β = 0.03), gait efficacy (β = 0.19), and energy cost of walking (β = −57.41) were associated with life space (R2 = 0.238).

Conclusions
Younger age, greater lower extremity power, more confidence in walking, and lower energy cost of walking were associated with greater life space. Clinicians treating individuals with mobility disability should consider personal, physical, and psychosocial factors when assessing barriers to life-space mobility.
Aging in Zimbabwe: Reflections 41 Years After Independence
Authors: Hungwe Chipo 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
While Zimbabwe shares similar characteristics with other sub-Saharan countries that are generally regarded as “young populations,” the percentage of older adults has increased from 4.7% in 1982 to 6% in 2017. Research on aging is mainly on social protection, health, and quality of life. Emerging research points toward healthy aging, gender relations, and access to resources. The economic environment has been unstable for the greater part of the 41 years of independence. Poverty is increasing and the lives of older adults are vulnerable owing to inadequate and poorly targeted and funded social safety nets and social care services. The framework for addressing aging in the country is adequate but implementation is lacking. Zimbabwe lacks longitudinal data sets on aging; researchers mostly rely on data produced by Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency, United Nations agencies, and other international nongovernmental organizations.
Pre-conditioned BFGS-based uncertainty quantification in elastic full-waveform inversion
Authors: Liu Qiancheng , Beller Stephen , Lei Wenjie , Peter Daniel , Tromp Jeroen 
Published: September 2021

SUMMARYFull-waveform inversion has become an essential technique for mapping geophysical subsurface structures. However, proper uncertainty quantification is often lacking in current applications. In theory, uncertainty quantification is related to the inverse Hessian (or the posterior covariance matrix). Even for common geophysical inverse problems its calculation is beyond the computational and storage capacities of the largest high-performance computing systems. In this study, we amend the Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno (BFGS) algorithm to perform uncertainty quantification for large-scale applications. For seismic inverse problems, the limited-memory BFGS (L-BFGS) method prevails as the most efficient quasi-Newton method. We aim to augment it further to obtain an approximate inverse Hessian for uncertainty quantification in FWI. To facilitate retrieval of the inverse Hessian, we combine BFGS (essentially a full-history L-BFGS) with randomized singular value decomposition to determine a low-rank approximation of the inverse Hessian. Setting the rank number equal to the number of iterations makes this solution efficient and memory-affordable even for large-scale problems. Furthermore, based on the Gauss–Newton method, we formulate different initial, diagonal Hessian matrices as pre-conditioners for the inverse scheme and compare their performances in elastic FWI applications. We highlight our approach with the elastic Marmousi benchmark model, demonstrating the applicability of pre-conditioned BFGS for large-scale FWI and uncertainty quantification.
The relationship between cross correlations and Green’s functions in ambient noise interferometry with Bayesian constraints
Authors: Tsai Victor C , Sager Korbinian 
Published: September 2021

SUMMARYCross correlation of ambient seismic noise has begun to provide detailed images of the Earth that are not possible to attain using earthquake-based or active-source imaging techniques. However, the theoretical justification for the ambient noise correlation or seismic interferometry approach typically relies on an equipartition or diffuse field assumption that is not expected to be satisfied on Earth. Here we demonstrate that a Bayesian inference approach to calculating the expected cross correlation of seismic signals leads to an improved understanding of its relationship with the Green’s function. The Bayesian derivation is found to exactly replicate the equipartition result under a global energy constraint, and is able to accommodate any number of other constraints that typically cannot be utilized in other approaches. With these stronger constraints, the cross correlation is found to deviate more and more strongly from the ‘expected’ Green’s function, but nonetheless a specific prediction can be made regarding the expected cross correlation which can be used as a more reliable point of comparison with observations than the Green’s function. The approach therefore provides a path forward for how to use seismic cross correlation data under more and more realistic conditions and improvements in knowledge, and should eventually help improve the accuracy of resulting images of the Earth.
A genome-first approach to rare variants in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy genes MYBPC3 and MYH7 in a medical biobank
Authors: Park Joseph , Packard Elizabeth A , Levin Michael G , Judy Renae L ,   Regeneron Genetics Center, Damrauer Scott M , Day Sharlene M , Ritchie Marylyn D , Rader Daniel J 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
‘Genome-first’ approaches to analyzing rare variants can reveal new insights into human biology and disease. Because pathogenic variants are often rare, new discovery requires aggregating rare coding variants into ‘gene burdens’ for sufficient power. However, a major challenge is deciding which variants to include in gene burden tests. Pathogenic variants in MYBPC3 and MYH7 are well-known causes of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and focusing on these ‘positive control’ genes in a genome-first approach could help inform variant selection methods and gene burdening strategies for other genes and diseases. Integrating exome sequences with electronic health records among 41 759 participants in the Penn Medicine BioBank, we evaluated the performance of aggregating predicted loss-of-function (pLOF) and/or predicted deleterious missense (pDM) variants in MYBPC3 and MYH7 for gene burden phenome-wide association studies (PheWAS). The approach to grouping rare variants for these two genes produced very different results: pLOFs but not pDM variants in MYBPC3 were strongly associated with HCM, whereas the opposite was true for MYH7. Detailed review of clinical charts revealed that only 38.5% of patients with HCM diagnoses carrying an HCM-associated variant in MYBPC3 or MYH7 had a clinical genetic test result. Additionally, 26.7% of MYBPC3 pLOF carriers without HCM diagnoses had clear evidence of left atrial enlargement and/or septal/LV hypertrophy on echocardiography. Our study shows the importance of evaluating both pLOF and pDM variants for gene burden testing in future studies to uncover novel gene-disease relationships and identify new pathogenic loss-of-function variants across the human genome through genome-first analyses of healthcare-based populations.
Meta-GWAS of PCSK9 levels detects two novel loci atAPOBandTM6SF2
Authors: Pott Janne , Gådin Jesper R , Theusch Elizabeth , Kleber Marcus E , Delgado Graciela E , Kirsten Holger , Hauck Stefanie M , Burkhardt Ralph , Scharnagl Hubert , Krauss Ronald M , Loeffler Markus , März Winfried , Thiery Joachim , Silveira Angela , van't Hooft Ferdinand M , Scholz Markus 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundProprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a key player in lipid metabolism, as it degrades low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors from hepatic cell membranes. So far, only variants of the PCSK9 gene locus were found to be associated with PCSK9 levels. Here we aimed to identify novel genetic loci that regulate PCSK9 levels and how they relate to other lipid traits. Additionally, we investigated to what extend the causal effect of PCSK9 on coronary artery disease (CAD) is mediated by low-density lipoprotein–cholesterol (LDL–C).Methods and ResultsWe performed a genome-wide association study meta-analysis of PCSK9 levels in up to 12 721 samples of European ancestry. The estimated heritability was 10.3%, which increased to 12.6% using only samples from patients without statin treatment. We successfully replicated the known PCSK9 hit consisting of three independent signals. Interestingly, in a study of 300 African Americans, we confirmed the locus with a different PCSK9 variant. Beyond PCSK9, our meta-analysis detected three novel loci with genome-wide significance. Co-localization analysis with cis-eQTLs and lipid traits revealed biologically plausible candidate genes at two of them: APOB and TM6SF2. In a bivariate Mendelian Randomization analysis, we detected a strong effect of PCSK9 on LDL-C, but not vice versa. LDL-C mediated 63% of the total causal effect of PCSK9 on CAD.ConclusionOur study identified novel genetic loci with plausible candidate genes affecting PCSK9 levels. Ethnic heterogeneity was observed at the PCSK9 locus itself. Although the causal effect of PCSK9 on CAD is mainly mediated by LDL-C, an independent direct effect also occurs.
Quantification of Viral RNA in Multiple Pieces of Explant Liver Tissue Shows Distinct Focal Differences in Hepatitis B Infection
Authors: Rydell Gustaf E , Prakash Kasthuri , Larsson Simon B , Skoglund Catarina , Ringlander Johan , Andersson Maria E , Castedal Maria , Norder Heléne , Lindh Magnus 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA and RNA were quantified by digital PCR assays in 20–30 tissue pieces from each of 4 liver explants with cirrhosis caused by HBV. The within-patient variability of HBV RNA levels between pieces was up to a 1000-fold. Core RNA and S RNA levels were similar and correlated strongly when replication was high, supporting that transcription was from covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). By contrast, enhanced expression of S RNA relative to cccDNA and core RNA in patients with medium-high or low replication supports that HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) can be expressed mainly from integrated HBV DNA in such patients.
Waning Immunity After Receipt of Pertussis, Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Polio-Related Vaccines: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Gao Huizhi , Lau Eric H Y , Cowling Benjamin J 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Pertussis, diphtheria, and tetanus (DTP)–containing vaccines combined with polio vaccines are recommended by the World Health Organization as part of routine immunization programs. The decline of immunity after vaccination has been considered as a possible reason for the reemergence of vaccine-preventable diseases worldwide. In this study, we evaluated the potential duration of protective immunity of pertussis, diphtheria, tetanus, and polio through a systematic review and meta-analysis. We examined data on immunological and clinical outcomes. We observed evidence of waning postvaccination immunity for pertussis and diphtheria, whereas tetanus and polio vaccines provided sustained protection. Further research on the risk factors of waning immunity after vaccination and the optimal timing of booster doses for pertussis and diphtheria is needed.
Does procalcitonin have clinical utility in the management of paediatric community-acquired pneumonia? A PRO/CON debate
Authors: Chiotos Kathleen , Gerber Jeffrey S 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAlthough the overwhelming majority of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children is caused by viral infections, treatment of CAP is among the most common indications for antibiotic use in children. This is largely driven by the imprecision of clinical diagnostic tools to differentiate viral from bacterial pneumonia and highlights the need for improved approaches to optimizing management of CAP in children. In this issue of JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance, we present a PRO/CON debate that discusses the clinical utility of procalcitonin in children with CAP.
Microaggression clues from social media: revealing and counteracting the suppression of women’s health care
Authors: Ryu Hyeyoung , Pratt Wanda 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objective
The purpose of this study was to demonstrate how analyzing social media posts can uncover microaggressions and generate new cultural insights. We explore why Korean women hesitate to seek recommended gynecological care and how microaggressions visible in social media reveal insights for counteracting such harmful messaging.

Materials and Methods
We scraped the posts and responses on social media related to unmarried women’s uncomfortableness or unpleasantness in receiving gynecological care. We conducted content analyses of the posts and responses with the microaggression framework to identify both the types of microaggressions occurring within and outside the clinic as well as the responsible perpetrators. With an open-coding and subsequent deductive coding approach, we further investigated the socio-cultural context for receiving gynecological care as an unmarried woman in South Korea.

Results
Our analysis uncovered that mothers, male partners, and superficially supportive social media responders contribute to pre- and post-visit microaggressions toward unmarried women seeking gynecological care whereas healthcare providers contribute to only mid-visit microaggressions. We also exposed how social media was not only revealing but also reinforcing the suppression of women’s health care.

Discussion
Mid-visit microaggressions are currently addressed by cultural competence education, but pre- and post-visit microaggressions are overlooked. We uncover the gaps in current practices of informatics and public health methods and suggest ways to counteract online and offline microaggressions.

Conclusions
Social media provides valuable information about the cultural context of health care and should be used as a source of insights for targeted interventions to improve health care, in this case for unmarried Korean women.
Engineering sequence and selectivity of late-stage C-H oxidation in the MycG iterative cytochrome P450
Authors: Iizaka Yohei , Arai Ryusei , Takahashi Akari , Ito Mikino , Sakai Miho , Fukumoto Atsushi , Sherman David H , Anzai Yojiro 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
MycG is a multifunctional P450 monooxygenase that catalyzes sequential hydroxylation and epoxidation or a single epoxidation in mycinamicin biosynthesis. In the mycinamicin-producing strain Micromonospora griseorubida A11725, very low-level accumulation of mycinamicin V generated by the initial C-14 allylic hydroxylation of MycG is observed due to its subsequent epoxidation to generate mycinamicin II, the terminal metabolite in this pathway. Herein, we investigated whether MycG can be engineered for production of the mycinamicin II intermediate as the predominant metabolite. Thus, mycG was subject to random mutagenesis and screening was conducted in Escherichia coli whole-cell assays. This enabled efficient identification of amino acid residues involved in reaction profile alterations, which included MycG R111Q/V358L, W44R, and V135G/E355K with enhanced monohydroxylation to accumulate mycinamicin V. The MycG V135G/E355K mutant generated 40-fold higher levels of mycinamicin V compared to wild-type M. griseorubida A11725. In addition, the E355K mutation showed improved ability to catalyze sequential hydroxylation and epoxidation with minimal mono-epoxidation product mycinamicin I compared to the wild-type enzyme. These approaches demonstrate the ability to selectively coordinate the catalytic activity of multifunctional P450s and efficiently produce the desired compounds.
The Argument Flagging and Indexing Construction in the Jewish Arabic Dialect of Baghdad
Authors: Bar-Moshe Assaf 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The Jewish dialect of Baghdad employs a particular construction to mark constituents of the clause as arguments. This construction typically marks the argument twice—once by the morpheme l- and once by a pronominal suffix that agrees with the argument. Syntactically, the former has the properties of a flag and the latter of a person index. The construction, which we call THE ARGUMENT FLAGGING AND indexing construction, primarily assigns the argument with the syntactic function of a direct or an indirect object, but it is also capable of marking oblique and genitive arguments. This paper focuses on the morpho-syntactic properties of the construction. It presents the mechanism by which the argument is marked and describes how the syntactic function is assigned.
Origin of cyanobacterial thylakoids via a non-vesicular glycolipid phase transition and their impact on the Great Oxygenation Event
Authors: Guéguen Nolwenn , Maréchal Eric 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The appearance of oxygenic photosynthesis in cyanobacteria is a major event in evolution. It had an irreversible impact on the Earth, promoting the Great Oxygenation Event (GOE) ~2.4 billion years ago. Ancient cyanobacteria predating the GOE were Gloeobacter-type cells lacking thylakoids, which hosted photosystems in their cytoplasmic membrane. The driver of the GOE was proposed to be the transition from unicellular to filamentous cyanobacteria. However, the appearance of thylakoids expanded the photosynthetic surface to such an extent that it introduced a multiplier effect, which would be more coherent with an impact on the atmosphere. Primitive thylakoids self-organize as concentric parietal uninterrupted multilayers. There is no robust evidence for an origin of thylakoids via a vesicular-based scenario. This review reports studies supporting that hexagonal II-forming glucolipids and galactolipids at the periphery of the cytosolic membrane could be turned, within nanoseconds and without any external source of energy, into membrane multilayers. Comparison of lipid biosynthetic pathways shows that ancient cyanobacteria contained only one anionic lamellar-forming lipid, phosphatidylglycerol. The acquisition of sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol biosynthesis correlates with thylakoid emergence, possibly enabling sufficient provision of anionic lipids to trigger a hexagonal II-to-lamellar phase transition. With this non-vesicular lipid-phase transition, a framework is also available to re-examine the role of companion proteins in thylakoid biogenesis.
Between Copyist and Editor: Away From Typologies of Error and Variance in Trouvère Song
Authors: Bleisch Nicholas 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
This article describes the range of attitudes and techniques used in the process of notating trouvère song. These variant attitudes shine through most clearly in cases of self-correction and adjustments to the music in response to the exemplar made by the copyists. Text scribes’ habits of correction and adaptation have been studied; music notators, however, have yet to receive the same attention. Contrafacted songs, where the same music sets multiple texts, reveal particularly diverse scribal approaches. Certain scribes take care to regularize the verses they copy according to an overarching concept of the piece, matching the music to each text. Others base inventive readings on notational mistakes. An easily corrected discrepancy could result in a revised picture of the entire melody later in the piece. Accidents of copying thus determine the entire shape of written melodies. My study is a defence of this supposed failure to correct.
The young protostellar disc in IRAS 16293−2422 B is hot and shows signatures of gravitational instability
Authors: Zamponi Joaquin , Maureira María José , Zhao Bo , Liu Hauyu Baobab , Ilee John D , Forgan Duncan , Caselli Paola 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Deeply embedded protostars are actively fed from their surrounding envelopes through their protostellar disc. The physical structure of such early discs might be different from that of more evolved sources due to the active accretion. We present 1.3 and 3 mm ALMA continuum observations at resolutions of 6.5 and 12 au, respectively, towards the Class 0 source IRAS 16293−2422 B. The resolved brightness temperatures appear remarkably high, with Tb &gt; 100 K within ∼30 au and Tb peak over 400 K at 3 mm. Both wavelengths show a lopsided emission with a spectral index reaching values less than 2 in the central ∼20 au region. We compare these observations with a series of radiative transfer calculations and synthetic observations of magnetohydrodynamic and radiation hydrodynamic protostellar disc models formed after the collapse of a dense core. Based on our results, we argue that the gas kinematics within the disc may play a more significant role in heating the disc than the protostellar radiation. In particular, our radiation hydrodynamic simulation of disc formation, including heating sources associated with gravitational instabilities, is able to generate the temperatures necessary to explain the high fluxes observed in IRAS 16293B. Besides, the low spectral index values are naturally reproduced by the high optical depth and high inner temperatures of the protostellar disc models. The high temperatures in IRAS 16293B imply that volatile species are mostly in the gas phase, suggesting that a self-gravitating disc could be at the origin of a hot corino.