bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protective Effects of APOE ε2 Genotype on Cognition in Older Breast Cancer Survivors: The Thinking and Living With Cancer Study
Authors: Van Dyk Kathleen , Zhou Xingtao , Small Brent J , Ahn Jaeil , Zhai Wanting , Ahles Tim , Graham Deena , Jacobsen Paul B , Jim Heather , McDonald Brenna C , Nudelman Holohan Kelly , Patel Sunita K , Rebeck G William , Root James C , Saykin Andrew J , Cohen Harvey Jay , Mandelblatt Jeanne S , Carroll Judith E 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
Cancer-related cognitive decline (CRCD) has been linked to apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene ε4 polymorphisms. APOE ε4 polymorphisms are also the strongest genetic risk for late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD), whereas ε2 polymorphisms protect against AD. However, the effects of ε2 polymorphisms on CRCD have not been evaluated.

Methods
We evaluated nonmetastatic breast cancer survivors (n = 427) and matched noncancer controls (n = 407) ages 60-98 years assessed presystemic therapy from August 2010 to December 2017 with annual follow-up to 24 months. Neuropsychological assessment measured attention, processing speed, executive function, and learning and memory. Linear mixed-effects models tested the effects of having an ε2 allele (vs none) on longitudinal cognitive domain z scores by treatment group (chemotherapy with or without hormonal therapy, hormonal therapy, and control) controlling for covariates; participants with ε2/ε4 genotype were excluded. Sensitivity analyses examined effects of other covariates and any ε4 positivity.

Results
There was an interaction with genotype for attention, processing speed, and executive functioning domain scores (Beta = 0.32, 95% confidence interval = 0.00 to 0.65); the chemotherapy group with an ε2 allele had higher scores at baseline and maintained higher scores over time compared with those without an ε2 allele, and this protective effect was not seen for other groups. There was no effect of ε2 on learning and memory domain scores.

Conclusions
APOE ε2 polymorphisms may protect against CRCD in older breast cancer survivors receiving chemotherapy. With replication, this information could be useful for survivorship care and informing future studies of possible links to AD and defining mechanisms of protection.
A Critical Appraisal of the Human Rights Council Advisory Committee
Authors: Boisson de Chazournes Laurence , Gadkowski Andrzej 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses the Human Rights Council Advisory Committee, which was created under the Council’s Institution-building resolution with the aim of providing expert advice to the Council. Indeed, the idea behind its creation was that this body would analyse issues and problems at the Council’s request, provide expert advice, and make recommendations to the Council. The Committee’s focus is mainly on studies and research-based advice and it is designed to be implementation-oriented. As a result, its margin of manoeuvre and scope of advice are limited to themes pertaining to the Council’s mandate and choice. Since its inception, the Committee has developed a practice of suggesting topics to the Human Rights Council by way of research proposals. The Council has acted upon some of the themes included in these proposals by requesting the Committee to conduct relevant studies.
Musharaka and Mudaraba
Authors: Johansen Julian , Hanif Atif 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the origins, characteristics, and modern financial applications of two of the oldest forms of Islamic joint venture contracts: musharaka and mudaraba. A commonly held view of Islamic finance, based on the concept of transaction risk sharing, is that it is ‘equity-based’ rather than ‘debt-based’, and constitutes a ‘quasi-equity’ interest for each investor. This is certainly true for musharaka and mudaraba. They have, however, been adapted for the purpose of corporate and other modern financings to include debt-related elements: this is largely to allow financing institutions to classify these as equity-related or quasi-debt instruments from a risk perspective, whilst retaining the key hallmarks of a joint venture. In some cases, particularly in mudaraba structures, those debt elements closely follow provisions used in syndicated financings. From a Shari’a compliance perspective, then, ‘risk-participation’ remains the essential and distinguishing feature of musharaka and mudaraba, and secures their importance as a vital component of Islamic finance. At the same time, however, Islamic financial institutions will continue to look for ways in which to bridge the ‘risk gap’ between equity and debt instruments.
Istisna’ and Ijara
Authors: Nethercott Craig R 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses how the contracts of istisna’ and ijara, alone and in combination, have found common modern application. The combination of istisna’ and ijara contracts in particular has found prominence in the project finance and asset finance sector, where in practice they operate like their conventional counterparts. Istisna’ is a contract of sale of specified items to be manufactured or constructed with an obligation on the part of the manufacturer (contractor) to deliver them to the customer on completion. Meanwhile, ijara is a term that means to give something in return for a rent. The ijara contract occurs principally in two situations. First, with respect to the provision of services. And second, with respect to the transfer of usufruct (or right of use) of an asset. In the second application, ijara is comparable to a conventional asset lease.
Takaful
Authors: Hodgins Peter 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines takaful (Islamic insurance), which is one of the fastest growing sectors of the global insurance market. Takaful is a form of insurance structured so as to satisfy the requirements of the Shari’a. It is based on the concept of mutuality, whereby each participant (the equivalent of an insured) makes a donation (tabarru) to a takaful fund. In its commercial form, the takaful fund is managed by a takaful operator on behalf of the participants and is therefore similar to a conventional mutual insurance company. However, the concept of takaful is fundamentally distinct from conventional insurance whereby the insurance company sells a policy protecting the insured against certain defined risks for a specified amount of money. Such conventional insurance arrangements involve no element of mutuality. In contrast, takaful is structured on the basis of mutuality and is intended to create an arrangement that is mutually beneficial for both the takaful operator and the participant.
The Relationship Between Military Assistance on Request and the Right to Individual or Collective Self-Defence
Authors: De Wet Erika 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses the relationship between military assistance on request and the right to individual or collective self-defence. Military assistance on request and the right to individual or collective self-defence in article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations constitute two separate legal constructs under international law. Whereas the former turns on the freely-expressed consent of the de jure recognized government during the entire duration of the military intervention, the latter is triggered when a state falls victim to an armed attack. Despite the different legal criteria underpinning these two legal constructs, forcible measures in third states are sometimes justified with reference to both military assistance on request and the right to individual or collective self-defence. The chapter then shows that the evolving nature of the right to self-defence in article 51 of the UN Charter has the potential of reducing the role of consent as a mechanism for protecting state sovereignty in the jus ad bellum paradigm. This is due to the lowering of the threshold for attribution of indirect attacks, as well as the attribution of armed attacks to non-state actors. This diminished relevance of consent may under certain circumstances result in a decline in the reliance on the legal construct of military assistance on request as the legal basis for forcible measures in inter-state relations.
Trading Regulations
Authors: Liebi Martin , Markham Jerry W , Brown-Hruska Sharon , De Carvalho Robalo Pedro , Meakin Hannah , Tan Peter 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on trading regulations. Derivative trading in financial instruments on organized exchanges consists largely of the following instruments: futures, options, options on futures, and swaps. Those transactions are differentiated from ‘cash’ transactions and ‘forward’ contracts. Forward and cash contracts are traded in over-the-counter (OTC) markets, which are generally subject to the day-to-day oversight of a government financial services regulator. Nevertheless, OTC cash and forward transactions may not entirely be free of governmental restrictions. For example, in the US, the anti-manipulation prohibitions in the Commodity Exchange of 1936 (CEA) may be applied to trading in cash and forward contracts where they are effected in order to create artificial prices. Particular OTC derivative transactions involving retail customers in foreign currency are also subject to regulation by US authorities, including the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and banking regulators. The purpose of those regulations is to protect unsophisticated retail customers from fraudulent business conduct and dealer failures. Meanwhile, the trading in OTC derivatives in the EU and the European Economic Area (EEA) is regulated under the European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR) as amended by EMIR Refit.
Benchmark
Authors: Liebi Martin , Markham Jerry W , Brown-Hruska Sharon , De Carvalho Robalo Pedro , Meakin Hannah , Tan Peter 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses benchmarks. A benchmark is essentially a standard or point of reference against which things may be compared. Benchmarks are referenced in many contracts including commodity derivatives. They can be determined in a number of different ways, from calculation of factual data such as information about transactions executed through to exercise of expert judgement. In recent years, there has been a focus on the need to ensure that benchmarks accurately reflect the market they claim to measure, are transparent about how they are determined, and that they are not influenced by potential conflicts of interest. This action started at international level, with the G20 leaders declaring in 2011 to prepare recommendations to improve the functioning and oversight of the oil price reporting agencies (PRAs). PRAs are publishers and information providers who report prices transacted in physical and some derivatives markets, and give an informed assessment of price levels at distinct points in time. The International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) subsequently published a set of Principles for Financial Benchmarks (IOSCO Principles) in light of investigations and enforcement actions regarding attempted manipulation of major interest rate benchmarks.
Introduction
Authors: Geva Benjamin , Peari Sagi 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of negotiable instruments. Bills of exchange, cheques, and promissory notes are the main classical negotiable instruments. Through their evolution, fusion, and sophistication, they have remained a primary tool for everyday commercial activity, serving as one of the main methods of payment and credit and one of the cornerstones of the contemporary bank-centred system. While the principal fundamentals governing negotiable instruments in the various legal systems tend to be based on a common set of organizing ideas, detailed rules vary from place to place. This requires the identification and knowledge of the national law that should govern an international negotiable instrument. This book offers a comprehensive and thorough analysis of the choice-of-law rules applicable to negotiable instruments. It argues that the complex case of international negotiable instruments law should be analysed through the lens of traditional contract and property choice-of-law doctrines rather than by crafting new specially designed rules for negotiable instruments.
The Arbitration Commission: Structure and Duties
Authors: Yu Jianlong , Cao Lijun 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter reflects on the history and organization of the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission (‘CIETAC’) and the role it plays in the administration of arbitrations under the CIETAC Rules. The CIETAC is organized as an arbitration commission under the Arbitration Law of the People’s Republic of China (‘PRC Arbitration Law’). Its internal rules of governance are set out in the Articles of Association of the CIETAC. The chapter then considers the previous and concurrent names of the CIETAC—including the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade (‘CCPIT’) and the China Chamber of International Commerce (‘CCOIC’)—and the rule concerning reference to the CIETAC’s other names in the arbitration agreement. It also discusses the structure and duties of the CIETAC, including: (i) the duties of the Chairman, Vice Chairmen, and the Arbitration Court; (ii) the establishment and organs of sub-commissions/arbitration centres under the CIETAC; and (iii) the allocation of jurisdiction among the CIETAC and its various sub-commissions and/or arbitration centres.
Commencement of the Arbitration and Written Submissions
Authors: Yu Jianlong , Cao Lijun 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyses the provisions on the commencement of arbitration under the CIETAC Rules. It first examines the timing of commencement of arbitration (Article 11) and the CIETAC’s acceptance of a case filing (Article 13). Article 11 provides that the arbitral proceedings shall commence on the day on which the Arbitration Court receives a Request for Arbitration. The chapter then discusses the written submissions to be submitted by the parties—such as the Request for Arbitration, the Statement of Defense, and counterclaims (Articles 12, 15, and 16)—as well as a party’s right to amend its claim or counterclaim (Article 17), which are relevant to the initial stage of an arbitral procedure. It also provides practitioners with guidance on the logistical aspects of case filing and submissions, particularly the mode of submission, exchange of documents, and copies of documents to be submitted (Articles 20 and 21). Finally, the chapter examines a party’s right to legal representation (Article 22).
Conduct of Arbitral Proceedings
Authors: Yu Jianlong , Cao Lijun 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter details the conduct of arbitral proceedings under the CIETAC Rules. It considers important procedural matters regarding the conduct of oral hearings, such as: principles on conduct of hearing; place of oral hearing; notice of oral hearing; confidentiality; default from arbitral proceedings; and record of oral hearing (Articles 35 to 40); some rules in regard to evidentiary issues (Articles 41 to 44); suspension of arbitral proceedings (Article 45); a party’s withdrawal of its claim and the associated consequences (Article 46); as well as the unique practice of combining conciliation and arbitration (Article 47). Article 35.1 provides that the arbitral tribunal shall examine the case in any way it deems appropriate unless otherwise agreed by the parties. Under all circumstances, the arbitral tribunal shall act impartially and fairly and shall afford a reasonable opportunity to both parties to present their case. As a principle, the arbitral tribunal is required to hold an oral hearing under the CIETAC Rules. However, there are two exceptional situations where the arbitral tribunal may examine the case on the basis of documents only, namely: (1) where all the parties agree and the arbitral tribunal consents; and (2) where the arbitral tribunal deems that oral hearings are unnecessary and the parties so agree.
Interim Measures of Protection/Emergency Arbitrator Procedures
Authors: Yu Jianlong , Cao Lijun 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the subject of interim measures of protection, including emergency arbitrator procedures. Interim measures provide means to parties to preserve the status quo as between themselves pending the resolution of their dispute. Article 23 of the CIETAC Rules sets forth some general provisions on conservatory and interim measures in the context of CIETAC arbitration, covering such aspects as conservatory measures from PRC Court (Article 23.1), emergency reliefs from emergency arbitrator (Article 23.2), and interim measures from arbitral tribunal (Article 23.3). The interim measures available from the PRC court are limited to three types: evidence preservation; property preservation; and conduct preservation. Meanwhile, contained in Appendix III of the CIETAC Rules are detailed provisions relating to emergency arbitrator procedures.
Special Provisions for CIETAC Hong Kong Arbitration
Authors: Yu Jianlong , Cao Lijun 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter highlights the special provisions for CIETAC Hong Kong Arbitration. The establishment of the CIETAC Hong Kong marks the CIETAC’s first step in its global strategy. It was also a recognition of the importance and popularity of Hong Kong as a place for arbitration of China-related international disputes. However, arbitration in Hong Kong entails several important differences from arbitration in mainland China. The new Chapter VI of the 2015 CIETAC Rules comprises the CIETAC’s special provisions for Hong Kong Arbitration which are intended to address these differences. The key provisions of Chapter VI deal with the application, place of arbitration, law applicable to the arbitral proceedings, decisions on jurisdiction, nomination/appointment of the tribunal, interim measures and emergency relief, seal on award, and arbitration fees of CIETAC Hong Kong proceedings. The chapter concludes by discussing two necessary topics: the enforcement of CIETAC Hong Kong awards; and the recent initiatives of the CIETAC Hong Kong.
Interferometric cubelet stacking to recover H i emission from distant galaxies
Authors: Chen Qingxiang , Meyer Martin , Popping Attila , Staveley-Smith Lister 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
In this paper, we introduce a method for stacking data cubelets extracted from interferometric surveys of galaxies in the redshifted 21-cm H},i line. Unlike the traditional spectral stacking technique, which stacks one-dimensional spectra extracted from data cubes, we examine a method based on image domain stacks that makes deconvolution possible. To test the validity of this assumption, we mock a sample of 3622 equatorial galaxies extracted from the GAMA survey, recently imaged as part of a DINGO-VLA project. We first examine the accuracy of the method using a noise-free simulation and note that the stacked image and flux estimation are dramatically improved compared to traditional stacking. The extracted H i mass from the deconvolved image agrees with the average input mass to within 3 per cent. However, with traditional spectral stacking, the derived H i is incorrect by greater than a factor of 2. For a more realistic case of a stack with finite S/N, we also produced 20 different noise realizations to closely mimic the properties of the DINGO-VLA interferometric survey. We recovered the predicted average H i mass to within ∼4 per cent. Compared with traditional spectral stacking, this technique extends the range of science applications where stacking can be used, and is especially useful for characterizing the emission from extended sources with interferometers.
ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: a strongly lensed multiply imaged dusty system at z ≥ 6
Authors: Laporte N , Zitrin A , Ellis R S , Fujimoto S , Brammer G , Richard J , Oguri M , Caminha G B , Kohno K , Yoshimura Y , Ao Y , Bauer F E , Caputi K , Egami E , Espada D , González-López J , Hatsukade B , Knudsen K K , Lee M M , Magdis G , Ouchi M , Valentino F , Wang T 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
We report the discovery of an intrinsically faint, quintuply-imaged, dusty galaxy MACS0600-z6 at a redshift z = 6.07 viewed through the cluster MACSJ0600.1–2008 (z = 0.46). A ≃ 4σ dust detection is seen at 1.2mm as part of the ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey (ALCS), an on-going ALMA Large programme, and the redshift is secured via [C ii] 158 μm emission described in a companion paper. In addition, spectroscopic follow-up with GMOS/Gemini-North shows a break in the galaxy’s spectrum, consistent with the Lyman break at that redshift. We use a detailed mass model of the cluster and infer a magnification μ ≳ 30 for the most magnified image of this galaxy, which provides an unprecedented opportunity to probe the physical properties of a sub-luminous galaxy at the end of cosmic reionization. Based on the spectral energy distribution, we infer lensing-corrected stellar and dust masses of $\rm {2.9^{+11.5}_{-2.3}\times 10^9}$ and $\rm {4.8^{+4.5}_{-3.4}\times 10^6}$$\rm {M_{\odot }}$, respectively, a star formation rate of $\rm {9.7^{+22.0}_{-6.6} \, M_{\odot } \, yr^{-1}}$, an intrinsic size of $\rm {0.54^{+0.26}_{-0.14}}$ kpc, and a luminosity-weighted age of 200 ± 100 Myr. Strikingly, the dust production rate in this relatively young galaxy appears to be larger than that observed for equivalent, lower redshift sources. We discuss if this implies that early supernovae are more efficient dust producers and the consequences for using dust mass as a probe of earlier star formation.
The regulatory genome of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae: integrating chromatin accessibility and gene expression
Authors: Ruiz José L , Ranford-Cartwright Lisa C , Gómez-Díaz Elena 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes are primary human malaria vectors, but we know very little about their mechanisms of transcriptional regulation. We profiled chromatin accessibility by the assay for transposase-accessible chromatin by sequencing (ATAC-seq) in laboratory-reared A. gambiae mosquitoes experimentally infected with the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. By integrating ATAC-seq, RNA-seq and ChIP-seq data, we showed a positive correlation between accessibility at promoters and introns, gene expression and active histone marks. By comparing expression and chromatin structure patterns in different tissues, we were able to infer cis-regulatory elements controlling tissue-specific gene expression and to predict the in vivo binding sites of relevant transcription factors. The ATAC-seq assay also allowed the precise mapping of active regulatory regions, including novel transcription start sites and enhancers that were annotated to mosquito immune-related genes. Not only is this study important for advancing our understanding of mechanisms of transcriptional regulation in the mosquito vector of human malaria, but the information we produced also has great potential for developing new mosquito-control and anti-malaria strategies.