bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meet the Winstens: A ‘Downstart’ Anglo-Jewish family
Authors: Kirchhelle Claas 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis chapter reconstructs Ruth Harrison’s family background. It shows that Harrison was born into an avant-garde family of Anglo-Jewish artists and writers. Stephen and Clare Winsten (born Samuel Weinstein and Clara Birnberg) were members of the so-called Whitechapel Boys, had strong pacifist and vegetarian convictions, and cultivated ties to Britain’s cultural establishment. The chapter argues that understanding the synthesist humanitarian values of Edwardian reform that permeated the Winsten household is crucial to explaining Ruth Harrison’s later actions as an author and an activist.
Staging Welfare: Writing Animal Machines
Authors: Kirchhelle Claas 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis chapter uses Harrison’s personal archives to reconstruct the writing process leading up to Animal Machines. It argues that Animal Machines was as much an environmentalist and consumer-oriented book as it was about animal welfare. Harrison wrote Animal Machines between 1961 and 1964. During this period, she read scientific publications on animal behaviour, visited British farms, and corresponded with manufacturers, parliamentarians, and other campaigners—the most prominent of whom was the environmentalist Rachel Carson. Hardly any of her findings were novel. Animal Machines’ impact was instead based on Harrison’s ability to effectively stage existing concerns about intensive farming and technological alienation from nature alongside new ethology-informed concepts of animal welfare. Harrison mobilised anecdotal and scientific evidence as well as visual material to create a powerful moral contrast between a threatened romanticised countryside and a desensitised dystopian future characterised by the “factory farm.”
From Author to Adviser: Ruth Harrison and the Animal Machines Moment
Authors: Kirchhelle Claas 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis chapter reconstructs the events following the publication of Animal Machines. Skilful media promotion and Animal Machines’ fusion of contemporary animal welfare, health, and environmental concerns turned it into a bestseller. Critics tried to downplay Harrison’s allegations by drawing on sexist stereotypes and characterising her as a misguided and overemotional female. However, the public outrage triggered by Animal Machines soon forced officials to convene the so-called Brambell committee to review welfare on intensive farms. The committee’s 1965 report acknowledged the importance of animals’ affective states and proposed concrete welfare improvements alongside basic animal freedoms. Officials subsequently committed to installing a dedicated Farm Animal Welfare Advisory Committee (FAWAC) but only implemented some of the other Brambell proposals. Concerned about stalling momentum, Harrison successfully used her status as a charismatic but “moderate” public figure to gain access to FAWAC and the political backstage of British welfare consultation.
Geography of Disease Burden: Case Studies in Namibia and Eritrea
Authors: Alegana Victor A. , Atkinson Peter M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAfrica continues to experience the highest infectious disease burden despite an increase in investments. These include investments in malaria, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, as well as in communicable diseases. The global targets are to reduce the burden of these diseases through improved surveillance, prevention of outbreaks, effective case management, elimination and eventually, eradication. Achieving these targets, however, is limited by the poor geographic descriptions of the disease burden. Of the big five infectious disease burdens, malaria is the most advanced in terms of mapping its distribution. Malaria cartography has since formed the evidence-base for the design of many national malaria control programmes. This chapter focuses on malaria as an example, demonstrating its geographical descriptions. The availability of georeferenced malaria case data whether based on prevalence or incidence indicators has been used extensively in the mapping of geographical extents at national and sub-national scales. However, routine surveillance data is emerging as a valuable methodology of tracking burden in sub-Saharan Africa. A particular focus of this chapter is the use of routine national health systems surveillance data to describe, at a fine-scale, the distribution of malaria. However, routine data can be applied to the cartographic description of other diseases beyond malaria. The methodological aspects of burden estimation from routine surveillance platforms and cartography are highlighted.
Methods of Measuring Spatial Accessibility to Health Care in Uganda
Authors: Ouma Paul , Macharia Peter M. , Okiro Emelda , Alegana Victor 
Published: May 2021

AbstractEnsuring everyone has access to health care regardless of demographic, geographic and social economic status is a key component of universal health coverage. In sub-Saharan Africa, where populations are often sparsely distributed and services scarcely available, reducing distances or travel time to facilities is key in ensuring access to health care. This chapter traces the key concepts in measuring spatial accessibility by reviewing six methods—Provider-to-population ratio, Euclidean distance, gravity models, kernel density, network analysis and cost distance analysis—that can be used to model spatial accessibility. The advantages and disadvantages of using each of these models are also laid out, with the aim of choosing a model that can be used to capture spatial access. Using an example from Uganda, a cost distance analysis is used to model travel time to the nearest primary health care facility. The model adjusts for differences in land use, weather patterns and elevation while also excluding barriers such as water bodies and protected areas in the analysis. Results show that the proportion of population within 1-h travel times for the 13 regions in the country varies from 64.6% to 96.7% in the dry period and from 61.1% to 96.3% in the wet period. The model proposed can thus be used to highlight disparities in spatial accessibility, but as we demonstrate, care needs to be taken in accurate assembly of data and interpreting results in the context of the limitations.
Introduction to the Concepts and Use of ERA Acute
Authors: Stephansen Cathrine , Bjørgesæter Anders , Brude Odd Willy , Brönner Ute , Rogstad Tonje Waterloo , Kjeilen-Eilertsen Grethe , Libre Jean-Marie , Collin-Hansen Christian 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIntroducing the main concepts of ERA Acute, this chapter describes the overall framework and purpose of the methodology. ERA Acute is a recently developed oil spill risk assessment (OSRA) methodology for quantification of oil spill impacts and risk (Environmental Risk Assessment, ERA). It covers four environmental compartments; sea surface (seabirds, turtles, marine mammals), water column (fish eggs/larvae), shoreline and seafloor (species and habitats) using continuous impact functions and introduces the Resource Damage Factor (RDF). The methodology depends on external oil spill modelling and input data related to the presence and vulnerability of Valued Ecosystem Components (VECs). ERA Acute is developed to provide an improvement over the currently used “MIRA” method on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) and is better suited for risk management, decision-making and analyses from screening studies to full environmental risk assessments.
Jackiw-Teitelboim quantum gravity with defects and the Aharonov-Bohm effect
Authors: Mefford Eric , Suzuki Kenta 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We study the theory of Jackiw-Teitelboim gravity with generalized dilaton potential on Euclidean two-dimensional negatively curved backgrounds. The effect of the generalized dilaton potential is to induce a conical defect on the two-dimensional manifold. We show that this theory can be written as the ordinary quantum mechanics of a charged particle on a hyperbolic disk in the presence of a constant background magnetic field plus a pure gauge Aharonov-Bohm field. This picture allows us to exactly calculate the wavefunctions and propagators of the corresponding gravitational dynamics. With this method we are able to reproduce the gravitational density of states as well as compute the Réyni and entanglement entropies for the Hartle-Hawking state. While we reproduce the classical entropy at high temperature, we also find an extra topological contribution that becomes dominant at low temperatures. We then show how the presence of defects modify correlation functions, including the out-of-time-ordered correlation, and decrease the Lyapunov exponent. This is achieved two ways: by directly quantizing the boundary Schwarzian theory and by dimensionally reducing SL(2, ℤ) black holes.
Multi-mouth traversable wormholes
Authors: Emparan Roberto , Grado-White Brianna , Marolf Donald , Tomašević Marija 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We describe the construction of traversable wormholes with multiple mouths in four spacetime dimensions and discuss associated quantum entanglement. Our wormholes may be traversed between any pair of mouths. In particular, in the three-mouth case they have fundamental group F2 (the free group on two generators). By contrast, connecting three regions A, B, C in pairs (AB, BC, and AC) using three separate wormholes would give fundamental group F3. Our solutions are asymptotically flat up to the presence of possible magnetic fluxes or cosmic strings that extend to infinity. The construction begins with a two-mouth traversable wormhole supported by backreaction from quantum fields. Inserting a sufficiently small black hole into its throat preserves traversability between the original two mouths. This black hole is taken to be the mouth of another wormhole connecting the original throat to a new distant region of spacetime. Making the new wormhole traversable in a manner similar to the original two-mouth wormhole provides the desired causal connections. From a dual field theory point of view, when AdS asymptotics are added to our construction, multiparty entanglement may play an important role in the traversability of the resulting wormhole.
OsCOP1 regulates embryo development and flavonoid biosynthesis in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Kim Backki , Piao Rihua , Lee Gileung , Koh Eunbyeol , Lee Yunjoo , Woo Sunmin , Reflinur  , Jiang Wenzhu , Septiningsih Endang M. , Thomson Michael J. , Koh Hee-Jong 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Key message
Novel mutations of
OsCOP1 were identified to be responsible for yellowish pericarp and embryo
lethal phenotype, which revealed that OsCOP1 plays a crucial role in flavonoid biosynthesis and
embryogenesis in rice seed.

Abstract
Successful production of viable seeds is a major component of plant life cycles, and seed development is a complex, highly regulated process that affects characteristics such as seed viability and color. In this study, three yellowish-pericarp embryo lethal (yel) mutants, yel-hc, yel-sk, and yel-cc, were produced from three different japonica cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L). Mutant seeds had yellowish pericarps and exhibited embryonic lethality, with significantly reduced grain size and weight. Morphological aberrations were apparent by 5 days after pollination, with abnormal embryo development and increased flavonoid accumulation observed in the yel mutants. Genetic analysis and mapping revealed that the phenotype of the three yel mutants was controlled by a single recessive gene, LOC_Os02g53140, an ortholog of Arabidopsis thaliana CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1). The yel-hc, yel-sk, and yel-cc mutants carried mutations in the RING finger, coiled-coil, and WD40 repeat domains, respectively, of OsCOP1. CRISPR/Cas9-targeted mutagenesis was used to knock out OsCOP1 by targeting its functional domains, and transgenic seed displayed the yel mutant phenotype. Overexpression of OsCOP1 in a homozygous yel-hc mutant background restored pericarp color, and the aberrant flavonoid accumulation observed in yel-hc mutant was significantly reduced in the embryo and endosperm. These results demonstrate that OsCOP1 is associated with embryo development and flavonoid biosynthesis in rice grains. This study will facilitate a better understanding of the functional roles of OsCOP1 involved in early embryogenesis and flavonoid biosynthesis in rice seeds.
Reference Electrode Standardization Interpolation Technique (RESIT): A Novel Interpolation Method for Scalp EEG
Authors: Dong Li , Zhao Lingling , Zhang Yufan , Yu Xue , Li Fali , Li Jianfu , Lai Yongxiu , Liu Tiejun , Yao Dezhong 
Published: May 2021

Abstract“Bad channels” are common phenomena during scalp electroencephalography (EEG) recording that arise due to various technique-related reasons, and reconstructing signals from bad channels is an inevitable choice in EEG processing. However, current interpolation methods are all based on purely mathematical interpolation theory, ignoring the neurophysiological basis of the EEG signals, and their performance needs to be further improved, especially when there are many scattered or adjacent bad channels. Therefore, a new interpolation method, named the reference electrode standardization interpolation technique (RESIT), was developed for interpolating scalp EEG channels. Resting-state and event-related EEG datasets were used to investigate the performance of the RESIT. The main results showed that (1) assuming 10% bad channels, RESIT can reconstruct the bad channels well; (2) as the percentage of bad channels increased (from 2% to 85%), the absolute and relative errors between the true and RESIT-reconstructed signals generally increased, and the correlations between the true and RESIT signals decreased; (3) for a range of bad channel percentages (2% ~ 85%), the RESIT had lower absolute error (approximately 2.39% ~ 33.5% reduction), lower relative errors (approximately 1.3% ~ 35.7% reduction) and higher correlations (approximately 2% ~ 690% increase) than traditional interpolation methods, including neighbor interpolation (NI) and spherical spline interpolation (SSI). In addition, the RESIT was integrated into the EEG preprocessing pipeline on the WeBrain cloud platform (https://webrain.uestc.edu.cn/). These results suggest that the RESIT is a promising interpolation method for both separate and simultaneous EEG preprocessing that benefits further EEG analysis, including event-related potential (ERP) analysis, EEG network analysis, and strict group-level statistics.
Mitochondrial abnormalities: a hub in metabolic syndrome-related cardiac dysfunction caused by oxidative stress
Authors: Li Aoxue , Zheng Ningning , Ding Xudong 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMetabolic syndrome (MetS) refers to a group of cardiovascular risk elements comprising insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, increased glucose intolerance, and increased blood pressure. Individually, all the MetS components can lead to cardiac dysfunction, while their combination generates additional risks of morbidity and mortality. Growing evidence suggests that oxidative stress, a dominant event in cellular damage and impairment, plays an indispensable role in cardiac dysfunction in MetS. Oxidative stress can not only disrupt mitochondrial activity through inducing oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA, RNA, lipids, and proteins but can also impair cardiomyocyte contractile function via mitochondria-related oxidative modifications of proteins central to excitation–contraction coupling. Furthermore, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation can lead to the activation of several mitochondria apoptotic signaling pathways, release of cytochrome c, and eventual induction of myocardial apoptosis. This review will focus on such processes of mitochondrial abnormalities in oxidative stress induced cardiac dysfunction in MetS.
High–Bias–Field Operation of GaAs Photoconductive Terahertz Emitters
Authors: Welsch Malte , Singh Abhishek , Winnerl Stephan , Pashkin Alexej , Xu Ming , Li Mengxia , Helm Manfred , Schneider Harald 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe demonstrate experimentally the increase of optical-to-terahertz conversion efficiency for GaAs-based photoconductive terahertz emitters. This increase is achieved by preventing device breakdown through series resistors, which act as a current limiter. Pulsed photoexcitation and potential current fluctuations result in heat dissipation leading to local heating, which further increases the current and may lead to device breakdown. We manage to increase the maximum bias field before device breakdown by a factor of 3 under illuminated conditions. For a laser system with 250-kHz repetition rate, the terahertz emission amplitude increases linearly with applied bias field up to 120 kV/cm bias field, which results in 3 times higher signal as compared to the standard device. Furthermore, we have also achieved this expanded breakdown prevention at 78-MHz repetition rate, where an integrated on-chip resistance leads to an enhancement of the terahertz field amplitude by 70%. This simple technique can increase the performance of almost all photoconductive terahertz emitters by using appropriate resistances according to the emitter capacitance and laser repetition rate.
Non-Local Enemies or Local Subjects of Violence?: Using Strontium (87Sr/86Sr) and Lead (206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/204Pb) Isobiographies to Reconstruct Geographic Origins and Early Childhood Mobility of Decapitated Male Heads from the Majes Valley, Peru
Authors: Scaffidi Beth K. , Kamenov George D. , Sharpe Ashley E. , Krigbaum John 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThroughout much of the pre-Hispanic Andes, bioarchaeological and iconographic evidence shows that the decapitation, dismemberment, and display of human heads were important aspects of ritual practices. Researchers have debated about the social identities of these decapitated heads—were they revered local ancestors, non-local enemies captured in raids or war, or locals injured in distant combat partially repatriated for home burial—answers which have distinct implications for understanding the motivations and social contexts of this practice. We describe trophy-taking and trophy-making from the Uraca cemetery in pre-Hispanic Arequipa, Peru. To determine whether these trophies were locals, we employ radiogenic isotope analyses (87Sr/86Sr, 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/204Pb) of tooth enamel from 37 individuals (25 non-trophies and 12 adult male trophies). To understand the degree of childhood mobility that occurred and whether that differed between individuals who became trophies and those who did not, we also examine 87Sr/86Sr, 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/204Pb in paired teeth from infancy/early childhood and middle childhood of 18 individuals (8 non-trophies and 10 trophies). Results show that 20% of the non-trophies and 75% of the trophies were non-local relative to modeled local 87Sr/86Sr and mean (± 2 SD) of lead isotope values. Intra-childhood differences show that the individuals who became trophies experienced more childhood mobility than non-trophy individuals. This suggests Uraca’s external interactions and mobility were structured by violent intergroup raids and warfare throughout the region. Ongoing analyses will extend Uraca’s residential isobiographies to adolescence and late-life, refine the expected range of isotope ratios in the region, and clarify the extent of Majes Valley mobility during the mid-first millennium CE.
Population pharmacodynamic modeling of intramuscular and oral dexamethasone and betamethasone effects on six biomarkers with circadian complexities in Indian women
Authors: Krzyzanski Wojciech , Milad Mark A. , Jobe Alan H. , Peppard Thomas , Bies Robert R. , Jusko William J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPopulation pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) analysis was performed for extensive data for differing dosage forms and routes for dexamethasone (DEX) and betamethasone (BET) in 48 healthy nonpregnant Indian women in a partial and complex cross-over design. Single doses of 6 mg dexamethasone phosphate (DEX-P), betamethasone phosphate (BET-P), or 1:1 mixture of betamethasone phosphate and acetate (BET-PA) were administered orally (PO) or intramuscularly (IM) where each woman enrolled in a two-period cross-over study. Plasma concentrations collected over 96 h were described with a two-compartment model with differing PO and IM first-order absorption inputs. Overall, BET exhibited slower clearance, similar volume of distribution, faster absorption, and longer persistence than DEX with BET acetate producing extremely slow absorption but full bioavailability of BET. Six biomarkers were assessed over a 24-h baseline period with four showing circadian rhythms with complex baselines. These baselines and the strong responses seen after drug dosing were fitted with various indirect response models using the Laplace estimation methods in NONMEM 7.4. Both the PK and six biomarker responses were well-described with modest variability likely due to the homogeneous ages, weights, and ethnicities of the women. The drugs either inhibited or stimulated the influx processes with some models requiring joint inclusion of drug effects on circadian cortisol suppression. The biomarkers and order of sensitivity (lowest IC50/SC50 to highest) were: cortisol, T-helper cells, basophils, glucose, neutrophils, and T-cytotoxic cells. DEX sensitivities were generally greater than BET with corresponding mean ratios for these biomarkers of 2.86, 1.27, 1.72, 1.27, 2.69, and 1.06. Overall, the longer PK (e.g. half-life) of BET, but lesser PD activity (e.g. higher IC50), produces single-dose response profiles that appear quite similar, except for the extended effects from BET-PA. This comprehensive population modeling effort provides the first detailed comparison of the PK profiles and six biomarker responses of five commonly used dosage forms of DEX and BET in healthy women.
Location Choice of Snatching Offenders in Chennai City
Authors: Kuralarasan K. , Bernasco Wim 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Objectives
We aim to test the applicability of crime pattern theory in an Indian urban
context by assessing the effects of offender residence, prior offending locations and
presence of crime generators and crime attractors on where offenders commit offences.

Methods
The data comprise 1573 police-recorded snatching offenses committed by 1152 identified offenders across the 201 wards of Chennai City. We used discrete crime location choice models to establish the choice criteria that snatching offenders use when they decide where to offend. Data on the locations retail businesses, religious and transportation facilities were collected using Google location services.

Results
The results confirm that snatching offenders prefer to target locations closer
to their residence and that they prefer to re-offend at or near their prior offending
locations. The findings also demonstrate that some but not all crime attractors and
generators influence the location choice of snatching offenders.

Conclusions
By replicating in an Indian context previously published crime location
choice findings, our findings support the generality of crime pattern theory. We discuss
limitations and make suggestions for future investigations.