bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variable inbreeding depression may explain associations between the mating system and herbicide resistance in the common morning glory
Authors: Van Etten Megan L. , Soble Anah , Baucom Regina S. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractInbreeding depression is a central parameter underlying mating system variation in nature and one that can be altered by environmental stress. Although a variety of systems show that inbreeding depression tends to increase under stressful conditions, we have very little understanding across most organisms how the level of inbreeding depression may change as a result of adaptation to stressors. In this work we examined the potential that inbreeding depression varied among lineages of Ipomoea purpurea artificially evolved to exhibit divergent levels of herbicide resistance. We examined inbreeding depression in a variety of fitness‐related traits in both the growth chamber and in the field, and paired this work with an examination of gene expression changes. We found that, while inbreeding depression was present across many of the traits, lineages artificially selected for increased herbicide resistance often showed no evidence of inbreeding depression in the presence of herbicide, and in fact, showed evidence of outbreeding depression in some traits compared to nonselected control lines and lineages selected for increased herbicide susceptibility. Further, at the transcriptome level, the resistant selection lines had differing patterns of gene expression according to breeding type (inbred vs. outcrossed) compared to the control and susceptible selection lines. Our data together indicate that inbreeding depression may be lessened in populations that are adapting to regimes of strong selection.
Differences in leaf anatomy determines temperature response of leaf hydraulic and mesophyll CO2 conductance in phylogenetically related C4 and C3 grass species
Authors: Sonawane Balasaheb V. , Koteyeva Nuria K. , Johnson Daniel M. , Cousins Asaph B. 
Published: February 2021

Summary

Leaf hydraulic and mesophyll CO2 conductance are both influenced by leaf anatomical traits, however it is poorly understood how the temperature response of these conductances differs between C4 and C3 species with distinct leaf anatomy.

This study investigated the temperature response of leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf), stomatal (gs) and mesophyll (gm) conductance to CO2, and leaf anatomical traits in phylogenetically related Panicum antidotale (C4) and P. bisulcatum (C3) grasses.

The C4 species had lower hydraulic conductance outside xylem (Kox) and Kleaf compared with the C3 species. However, the C4 species had higher gm compared with the C3 species. Traits associated with leaf water movement, Kleaf and Kox, increased with temperature more in the C3 than in the C4 species, whereas traits related to carbon uptake, Anet and gm, increased more with temperature in the C4 than the C3 species.

Our findings demonstrate that, in addition to a CO2 concentrating mechanism, outside‐xylem leaf anatomy in the C4 species P. antidotale favours lower water movement through the leaf and stomata that provides an additional advantage for greater leaf carbon uptake relative to water loss with increasing leaf temperature than in the C3 species P. bisulcatum.
Taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity of root‐associated fungi in bromeliads: effects of host identity, life forms and nutritional modes
Authors: Leroy Céline , Maes Arthur QuyManh , Louisanna Eliane , Schimann Heidy , Séjalon‐Delmas Nathalie 
Published: February 2021

Summary

Bromeliads represent a major component of neotropical forests and encompass a considerable diversity of life forms and nutritional modes. Bromeliads explore highly stressful habitats and root‐associated fungi may play a crucial role in this, but the driving factors and variations in root‐associated fungi remain largely unknown.

We explored root‐associated fungal communities in 17 bromeliad species and their variations linked to host identity, life forms and nutritional modes by using ITS1 gene‐based high‐throughput sequencing and by characterizing fungal functional guilds.

We found a dual association of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal fungi. The different species, life forms and nutritional modes among bromeliad hosts had fungal communities that differ in their taxonomic and functional composition. Specifically, roots of epiphytic bromeliads had more endophytic fungi and dark septate endophytes and fewer mycorrhizal fungi than terrestrial bromeliads and lithophytes.

Our results contribute to a fundamental knowledge base on different fungal groups in previously undescribed Bromeliaceae. The diverse root‐associated fungal communities in bromeliads may enhance plant fitness in both stressful and nutrient‐poor environments and may give more flexibility to the plants to adapt to changing environmental conditions.
Illness perceptions and beliefs about medication: impact on health‐related quality of life in adolescent kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Zelikovsky Nataliya , Nelson Elena 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAdolescents diagnosed with chronic kidney disease (CKD) who undergo kidney transplantation have to adjust to pervasive effects of chronic illness and life‐long treatment maintenance, alongside normative developmental stressors. The way in which adolescent transplant recipients experience and think about their illness as well as their medication regimen can be a crucial factor impacting psychosocial outcomes. Participants were 26 adolescent kidney transplant recipients (μ = 16.8 years, σ = 1.69 years) who completed self‐report surveys during a clinic visit. Multiple linear regressions were used to investigate whether adolescents’ beliefs about medications and attitudes and perceptions of their illness are associated with their overall quality of life. Adolescents’ negative illness perceptions contributed to lower transplant‐specific health‐related quality of life ratings (ΔR2=.305, p < .01). Additionally, adolescent beliefs about their specific medication regimens (ie, personal medication concerns) (ΔR2=.342, p < .01), and general beliefs about medication use (ie, harm, overuse) (ΔR2=.241, p < .05) also contribute significantly to the variance in their overall quality of life ratings. Adolescent transplant patients in older grades and those in special education endorsed lower quality of life. Cognitive components (eg, beliefs, perceptions) of an adolescent kidney transplant recipient's experience contribute to transplant‐related quality of life outcomes. This highlights a point of intervention where cognitive change interventions may be utilized and efficacious in improving health outcomes.
Abiotic stress‐induced anthocyanins in plants: Their role in tolerance to abiotic stresses
Authors: Naing Aung Htay , Kim Chang Kil 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAbiotic stresses, such as heat, drought, salinity, low temperature, and heavy metals, inhibit plant growth and reduce crop productivity. Abiotic stresses are becoming increasingly extreme worldwide due to the ongoing deterioration of the global climate and the increase in agrochemical utilization and industrialization. Plants grown in fields are affected by one or more abiotic stresses. The consequent stress response of plants induces reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are then used as signaling molecules to activate stress‐tolerance mechanism. However, under extreme stress conditions, ROS are overproduced and cause oxidative damage to plants. In such conditions, plants produce anthocyanins after ROS signaling via the transcription of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes. These anthocyanins are then utilized in antioxidant activities by scavenging excess ROS for their sustainability. In this review, we discuss the physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms underlying abiotic stress‐induced anthocyanins in plants and their role in abiotic stress tolerance. In addition, we highlight the current progress in the development of anthocyanin‐enriched transgenic plants and their ability to increase abiotic stress tolerance. Overall, this review provides valuable information that increases our understanding of the mechanisms by which anthocyanins respond to abiotic stress and protect plants against it. This review also provides practical guidance for plant biologists who are engineering stress‐tolerant crops using anthocyanin biosynthesis or regulatory genes.
Effects of experimental exposure to zearalenone on reproductive system morphometry, plasma oestrogen levels, and oocyte quality of beef heifer
Authors: Silva Lucas de Almeida , de Mello Marco Roberto Bourg , Oliveira Pião Danielle de , Silenciato Lara Nogueira , de Quadros Thays Cristina Oliveira , de Souza Alexandre Henryli , Barbero Rondineli Pavezzi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of zearalenone (ZEA) on the reproductive system morphometry, oestrogen (E2) levels and oocyte quality of beef heifers. Twenty non‐pregnant purebred Nellore (Bos indicus) heifers [age, ≥18 months; initial body weight, 348 ± 30 kg (mean ± standard deviation)] were used. The animals were randomly divided into experimental group and a control group of 10 animals each. Group experimental was administered 300 ppb ZEA per os for 98 days, and the control group was administered placebo per os for 98 days. The administration of ZEA was carried out daily by adding mycotoxin to the diet. All heifers were evaluated weekly via rectal ultrasound examinations (12 weeks). Diameters of the right and left uterine horns, right and left ovaries, largest antral follicle and corpus luteum were measured. Vulva size was also measured. Blood samples were collected to estimate E2 levels. At the end of 12 weeks, the heifers were slaughtered, and the ovaries were sent to the laboratory for in vitro embryo production. A completely randomized design was adopted, and repeated measures analysis of variance (p < .05) was performed (except for oocyte quality). Vulva size (p = .0985); diameters of uterine horns (p = .0522), ovaries (p = .6955), antral follicles (p = .6355) and corpus luteum (p = .3808); and E2 levels (p = .3379) were not affected by the treatments. ZEA‐contaminated diet significantly reduced (p = .05) the proportion of viable oocytes (49.4%, n = 207) compared with the control diet (59.9%, n = 222); however, the blastocyst rate did not differ between the groups (p = .9418). The results indicate that contamination of beef heifer's diet with 300 ppb ZEA affected neither morphometric parameters nor plasma oestrogen levels; however, ZEA contamination was detrimental to oocyte quality.
Accelerating Large-Format Metal Additive Manufacturing: How Controls R&D Is Driving Speed, Scale, and Efficiency
Authors: Gibson Brian T. , Mhatre Paritosh , Borish Michael C. , West Justin L. , Betters Emma D. , Smith Scott S. , Richardson Bradley S. , Love Lonnie J. , Sundermann Tayler W. , Potter John T. , Vetland Emma J. , Henry William C. , Allison Christopher P. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This article highlights work at Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s Manufacturing Demonstration Facility to develop closed-loop, feedback control for laser-wire based Directed Energy Deposition, a form of metal Big Area Additive Manufacturing (m-BAAM), a process being developed in partnership with GKN Aerospace specifically for the production of Ti-6Al-4V pre-forms for aerospace components. A large-scale structural demonstrator component is presented as a case-study in which not just control, but the entire 3D printing workflow for m-BAAM is discussed in detail, including design principles for large-format metal AM, toolpath generation, parameter development, process control, and system operation, as well as post-print net-shape geometric analysis and finish machining. In terms of control, a multi-sensor approach has been utilized to measure both layer height and melt pool size, and multiple modes of closed-loop control have been developed to manipulate process parameters (laser power, print speed, deposition rate) to control these variables. Layer height control and melt pool size control have yielded excellent local (intralayer) and global (component-level) geometry control, and the impact of melt pool size control in particular on thermal gradients and material properties is the subject of continuing research. Further, these modes of control have allowed the process to advance to higher deposition rates (exceeding 7.5 lb/hr), larger parts (1-meter scale), shorter build times, and higher overall efficiency. The control modes are examined individually, highlighting their development, demonstration, and lessons learned, and it is shown how they operate concurrently to enable the printing of a large-scale, near net shape Ti-6Al-4V component.
Power Profiling in U23 Professional Cyclists During a Competitive Season
Authors: Leo Peter , Spragg James , Mujika Iñigo , Menz Verena , Lawley Justin S. 
Published: February 2021

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the power profile of U23 professional cyclists during a competitive season based on maximal mean power output (MMP) and derived critical power (CP) and work capacity above CP (W′) obtained during training and racing. Methods: A total of 13 highly trained U23 professional cyclists (age = 21.1 [1.2] y, maximum oxygen consumption = 73.8 [1.9] mL·kg–1·min–1) participated in this study. The cycling season was split into pre-season and in-season. In-season was divided into early-, mid-, and late-season periods. During pre-season, a CP test was completed to derive CPtest and W′test. In addition, 2-, 5-, and 12-minute MMP during in-season were used to derive CPfield and W′field. Results: There were no significant differences in absolute 2-, 5-, and 12-minute MMP, CPfield, and W′field between in-season periods. Due to changes in body mass, relative 12-minute MMP was higher in late-season compared with early-season (P = .025), whereas relative CPfield was higher in mid- and late-season (P = .031 and P = .038, respectively) compared with early-season. There was a strong correlation (r = .77–.83) between CPtest and CPfield in early- and mid-season but not late-season. Bland–Altman plots and standard error of estimates showed good agreement between CPtest and in-season CPfield but not between W′test and W′field. Conclusion: These findings reveal that the power profile remains unchanged throughout the in-season, except for relative 12-minute MMP and CPfield in late-season. One pre-season and one in-season CP test are recommended to evaluate in-season CPfield and W′field.
Delivering maternal and neonatal health interventions in conflict settings: a systematic review
Authors: Munyuzangabo Mariella , Gaffey Michelle F , Khalifa Dina S , Als Daina , Ataullahjan Anushka , Kamali Mahdis , Jain Reena P , Meteke Sarah , Radhakrishnan Amruta , Shah Shailja , Siddiqui Fahad J , Bhutta Zulfiqar A 
Published: February 2021

BackgroundWhile much progress was made throughout the Millennium Development Goals era in reducing maternal and neonatal mortality, both remain unacceptably high, especially in areas affected by humanitarian crises. While valuable guidance on interventions to improve maternal and neonatal health in both non-crisis and crisis settings exists, guidance on how best to deliver these interventions in crisis settings, and especially in conflict settings, is still limited. This systematic review aimed to synthesise the available literature on the delivery on maternal and neonatal health interventions in conflict settings.MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and PsycINFO databases using terms related to conflict, women and children, and maternal and neonatal health. We searched websites of 10 humanitarian organisations for relevant grey literature. Publications reporting on conflict-affected populations in low-income and middle-income countries and describing a maternal or neonatal health intervention delivered during or within 5 years after the end of a conflict were included. Information on population, intervention, and delivery characteristics were extracted and narratively synthesised. Quantitative data on intervention coverage and effectiveness were tabulated but no meta-analysis was undertaken.Results115 publications met our eligibility criteria. Intervention delivery was most frequently reported in the sub-Saharan Africa region, and most publications focused on displaced populations based in camps. Reported maternal interventions targeted antenatal, obstetric and postnatal care; neonatal interventions focused mostly on essential newborn care. Most interventions were delivered in hospitals and clinics, by doctors and nurses, and were mostly delivered through non-governmental organisations or the existing healthcare system. Delivery barriers included insecurity, lack of resources and lack of skilled health staff. Multi-stakeholder collaboration, the introduction of new technology or systems innovations, and staff training were delivery facilitators. Reporting of intervention coverage or effectiveness data was limited.DiscussionThe relevant existing literature focuses mostly on maternal health especially around the antenatal period. There is still limited literature on postnatal care in conflict settings and even less on newborn care. In crisis settings, as much as in non-crisis settings, there is a need to focus on the first day of birth for both maternal and neonatal health. There is also a need to do more research on how best to involve community members in the delivery of maternal and neonatal health interventions.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019125221.
Cardiac reserve by 6-minute walk stress echocardiography in systemic sclerosis
Authors: Arase Miharu , Kusunose Kenya , Morita Sae , Yamaguchi Natsumi , Hirata Yukina , Nishio Susumu , Okushi Yuichiro , Ise Takayuki , Tobiume Takeshi , Yamaguchi Koji , Fukuda Daiju , Yagi Shusuke , Yamada Hirotsugu , Soeki Takeshi , Wakatsuki Tetsuzo , Sata Masataka 
Published: February 2021

ObjectivesThere is a high prevalence of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) in systemic sclerosis (SSc) which is associated with high mortality. Thus, early detection of LVDD could be important in management of SSc. We hypothesised that exercise echocardiography in SSc patients with normal resting haemodynamics may expose early phase LVDD, which could affect its prognosis, defined as cardiovascular death and unplanned hospitalisation for heart failure.MethodsBetween January 2014 and December 2018, we prospectively enrolled 140 patients with SSc who underwent 6-minute walk (6MW) stress echocardiographic studies with normal range of estimated mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) (<25 mm Hg) and mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure (mPAWP) (<15 mm Hg) at rest. We used ΔmPAP/Δcardiac output (CO) to assess pulmonary vascular reserve and ΔmPAWP/ΔCO to assess LV cardiac reserve between resting and post-6MW.ResultsDuring a median period of 3.6 years (IQR 2.0–5.1 years), 25 patients (18%) reached the composite outcome. Both ΔmPAP/ΔCO and ΔmPAWP/ΔCO in patients with events were significantly greater than in those without events (8.9±3.8 mm Hg/L/min vs 3.0±1.7 mm Hg/L/min; p=0.002, and 2.2±0.9 mm Hg/L/min vs 0.9±0.5 mm Hg/L/min; p<0.001, respectively). Patients with both impaired LV cardiac reserve (ΔmPAWP/ΔCO>1.4 mm Hg/L/min) and impaired pulmonary vascular reserve (ΔmPAP/ΔCO>3.0 mm Hg/L/min) had worse outcomes compared with those without these abnormalities (p<0.001).ConclusionThe 6MW stress echocardiography revealed impaired LV cardiac reserve in SSc patients with normal resting haemodynamics. Furthermore, LV cardiac reserve independently associates with clinical worsening in SSc, providing incremental prognostic utility, in addition to pulmonary vascular parameters.
Modeling of traversable wormholes in exponential f(R, T) gravity
Authors: Chawla Chanchal , Dixit Archana , Pradhan Anirudh 
Published: February 2021

In the present communication, we have studied the existence of wormholes described by a logarithmic shape function, in the exponential f(R, T) gravity given by f(R, T) = R + 2ξeζt where ξ and ζ are arbitrary constants, under three different sets of physical constraints. The logarithmic shape function is well behaved, satisfying all the necessary constraints for traversable and asymptotically flat wormholes. The obtained wormhole solutions are analyzed from the energy conditions for different values of involved physical constants. It has been observed that our proposed shape function for the exponential form of f(R, T) gravity represents the existence of exotic matter with a standard violation of the NEC. Moreover, for the trace T = 0, for the general relativity case with R being replaced by R + 2, the wormhole geometry has been analyzed to prove the existence of exotic matter. Further, the behaviour of physical parameters, such as the energy density ρ, the trace T, and anisotropy parameter Δ, describing the geometry of the universe has been presented with the help of graphs.
DsixTools 2.0: the effective field theory toolkit
Authors: Fuentes-Martín Javier , Ruiz-Femenía Pedro , Vicente Avelino , Virto Javier 
Published: February 2021

Abstract is a package for the handling of the standard model effective field theory (SMEFT) and the low-energy effective field theory (LEFT) with operators up to dimension six, both at the algebraic and numerical level. contains a visually accessible and operationally convenient repository of all operators and parameters of the SMEFT and the LEFT. This repository also provides information concerning symmetry categories and number of degrees of freedom, and routines that allow to implement this information on global expressions (such as decay amplitudes and cross-sections). also performs weak basis transformations, and implements the full one-loop Renormalization Group Evolution in both EFTs (with SM beta functions up to five loops in QCD), and the full one-loop SMEFT-LEFT matching at the electroweak scale.
C-parameter hadronisation in the symmetric 3-jet limit and impact on $$\alpha _s$$ fits
Authors: Luisoni Gionata , Monni Pier Francesco , Salam Gavin P. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHadronisation corrections are crucial in extractions of the strong coupling constant ($$\alpha _s$$

α
s

) from event-shape distributions at lepton colliders. Although their dynamics cannot be understood rigorously using perturbative methods, their dominant effect on physical observables can be estimated in singular configurations sensitive to the emission of soft radiation. The differential distributions of some event-shape variables, notably the C parameter, feature two such singular points. We analytically compute the leading non-perturbative correction in the symmetric three-jet limit for the C parameter, and find that it differs by more than a factor of two from the known result in the two-jet limit. We estimate the impact of this result on strong coupling extractions, considering a range of functions to interpolate the hadronisation correction in the region between the 2 and 3-jet limits. Fitting data from ALEPH and JADE, we find that most interpolation choices increase the extracted $$\alpha _{s}$$

α
s

, with effects of up to $$4\%$$

4
%

relative to standard fits. This brings a new perspective on the long-standing discrepancy between certain event-shape $$\alpha _s$$

α
s

fits and the world average.