bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methods for safety-related weighting and comparative assessment in the site selection process (MABeSt)
Authors: Frieling Gerd , Fischer-Appelt Klaus , Maurer-Rurack Ute , Beuth Thomas , Bracke Guido 
Published: November 2021

Abstract. The Federal Office for the Safety of Nuclear Waste Management (BASE) supervises the site selection process in Germany and in particular has the task to review the proposals made by the implementer (Federal Company for Radioactive Waste Disposal, BGE) for determining the siting regions and sites in accordance with §§ 14, 16 and 18 of the German Repository Site Selection Act (StandAG). To determine the siting regions from the sub-areas and the sites from the siting regions, it is likely that safety-related weighting of the results from the application of the geoscientific weighting criteria (§ 24 StandAG) and the application of the preliminary safety investigations (§ 27 StandAG) are necessary. In order to be able to assess and evaluate the proposals of the BGE with respect to the methodological procedure for determining the siting regions and sites, the research project “Methods for safety-related weighting and comparative assessment in the site selection process” (MABeSt) was initiated by BASE. The objective of the research project was to research and explain the state of the art in science and technology (S&amp;T) with respect to safety-oriented weighting and comparative assessment methods and their potential applicability for the selection of siting regions and sites in the site selection process. The status of S&amp;T for safety-oriented weighting and comparative assessment methods was examined and evaluated with respect to site selection procedures for repositories in Germany and abroad (e.g. Switzerland) and also to methodological approaches from other topics (e.g. landfill site selection). The site selection process represents a multicriteria decision problem, which means that methods from the research field of decision theory appear to be suitable. In particular, methods from the multiattribute decision making/aid (MADM) category were identified as suitable and their potential applicability was examined and evaluated. Specific challenges (e.g. data uncertainties, different scales of evaluation criteria) for the relevant procedural steps of the site selection process were taken into account. We present the results and conclusions of the project MABeSt (funding code/4718F13001) carried out by GRS gGmbH and initiated and funded by BASE.
Preliminary safety assessments in the high-level radioactive waste site selection procedure in Germany
Authors: Hoyer Eva-Maria , Kreye Phillip , Lohser Thomas , Rühaak Wolfram 
Published: November 2021

Abstract. The Federal Company for Radioactive Waste Disposal (BGE) is a German waste
management organization responsible for implementing the search for a site
with the best possible safety for the disposal of high-level radioactive waste for at least 1 million years, following the amendments of the Repository Site Selection Act in 2017. The selection procedure is meant to be a participatory, transparent, learning and self-questioning process based on scientific expertise. This contribution provides an overview of the methodology of the forthcoming preliminary safety assessments as a major part of the next steps in the site selection procedure. This procedure overall consists of three phases with increasing levels of detail for identification of the best site. The first phase consists of two steps. The objective of the first step was to determine sub-areas in the three considered host rocks, salt (halite), claystone and crystalline host rock, by applying legally defined exclusion criteria, minimum requirements and geoscientific weighing criteria. A total of 90 sub-areas that cover approximately 54 % of the area of Germany were identified due to their general suitable geological conditions. The results were published in September 2020. The second step of phase one is currently in progress and includes
representative preliminary safety assessments that aim to assess the extent to which the safe containment of the radioactive waste can be expected in the investigated sub-area. The requirements for conducting preliminary safety assessments in the site selection procedure are defined by a governmental directive released in October 2020. Representative preliminary safety assessments have to be performed for each sub-area and consist of the compilation of all geoscientific information relevant to the safety of a repository, the development of preliminary safety and repository concepts and the analysis of the disposal system. In addition, a systematic identification and characterization of uncertainties has to be undertaken and the need for exploration, research and development must be determined. The application of the representative preliminary safety assessments as well as the following renewed application of geoscientific weighting criteria will lead to the identification of siting regions within the larger sub-areas identified in step one. These regions will be considered, first for surface-based geoscientific and geophysical exploration, including e.g. seismic exploration and drilling of boreholes. Subsequently, the last phase of the site selection will proceed with subsurface exploration. Finally, all suitable sites will be proposed and the German government and parliament will decide the actual site. This process is expected to be finalized in 2031.
Development of a database for the analysis of the disposal system in the representative preliminary safety analysis
Authors: Hoyer Eva-Maria , Müller Paulina , Kreye Phillip , Behrens Christoph , Wengler Marc , Wengorsch Tobias , Rühaak Wolfram 
Published: November 2021

Abstract. The Federal Company for Radioactive Waste Disposal (BGE) is the German waste
management organisation responsible for implementing the search for a site
with the best possible safety for the disposal of high-level radioactive waste
for at least 1 million years, following the amendments of the Repository Site
Selection Act in 2017. The selection procedure is meant to be a participatory,
transparent, learning and self-questioning process based on scientific
expertise. It consists of three phases with an increasing level of detail. The
first step of the first phase of the site selection procedure was completed in
September 2020 and resulted in the identification of 90 subareas that give
reason to expect favourable geological conditions for the safe disposal. The
potentially suitable subareas cover approximately 54 % of Germany and are
located in three different host rocks: rock salt (halite), claystone and
crystalline rock. The second step of phase one is currently in progress and includes the
so-called representative preliminary safety analyses that aim to assess the
extent to which the safe containment of the radioactive waste can be
expected. Representative preliminary safety analyses are one of the
foundations for deciding whether an area will be considered for surface-based
exploration in the next phase of the site selection procedure. Within the
preliminary safety analyses, the behaviour of the disposal system is analysed
in its entirety, across all operational phases of the repository and under
consideration of possible future evolution of the disposal system with respect
to the safe containment of the radioactive waste. The development of a database is described, which aims to systematically
document and provide the framework needed for the analyses of the disposal
systems in the subareas regarding the safe containment of the radionuclides
over the assessment period of 1 million years. This database includes the vast
amount of information about the different components of the disposal
system. This includes also the geological setting, the technical conception of
the repository and compilations of values for the physical, geoscientific, and
technical parameters characterising the various barriers of the disposal
system. Furthermore, a self-contained derivation of expected and deviating
future evolution of the disposal system and its geological setting is
included; following the so-called features, events and processes (FEP)
strategy.
Can we safely go to 200 °C? An integrated approach to assessing impacts to the engineered barrier system in a high-temperature repository
Authors: Birkholzer Jens T. , Zheng Liange , Rutqvist Jonny 
Published: November 2021

Abstract. This presentation gives on overview of the complex thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical (THMC) processes occurring during the disposal of heat-producing high-level radioactive waste in geologic repositories. A specific focus is on the role of compacted bentonite, which is commonly used as an engineered backfill material for emplacement tunnels because of its low permeability, high swelling pressure, and radionuclide retention capacity. Laboratory and field tests integrated with THMC modeling have provided an effective way to deepen our understanding of temperature-related perturbations in the engineered barrier system; however, most of this work has been conducted for maximum temperatures around 100 ∘C. In contrast, some international disposal programs have recently started investigations to understand whether local temperatures in the bentonite of up to 200 ∘C could be tolerated with no significant changes to safety relevant properties. Raising the maximum temperature is attractive for economical and safety reasons but faces the challenge of exposing the bentonite to significant temperature increases. Strong thermal gradients may induce complex moisture transport processes while geochemical processes, such as cementation and perhaps also illitization effects may occur, all of which could strongly affect the bentonite and near-field rock properties. Here, we present initial investigations of repository behavior exposed to strongly elevated temperatures. We will start discussing our current knowledge base for temperature effects in repositories exposed to a maximum temperature of 100 ∘C, based on data and related modeling analysis from a large heater experiment conducted for over 18 years in the Grimsel Test Site in Switzerland. We then show results from coupled THMC simulations of a nuclear waste repository in a clay formation exposed to a maximum temperature of 200 ∘C. We also explore preliminary data from a bench-scale laboratory mock-up experiment, which was designed to represent the strong THMC gradients occurring in a “hot” repository, and we finally touch on a full-scale field heater test to be conducted soon in the Grimsel Test Site underground research laboratory in Switzerland (referred to as HotBENT).
Variability and trends of rainfall using non-parametric approaches: A case study of semi-arid area
Authors: JAYANTA DAS , TAPASH MANDAL , PIU SAHA , SUDIP KUMAR BHATTACHARYA 
Published: November 2021

The analysis of variability and trends of rainfall can be used to assist better decision for climate risk and agricultural water management. This study makes an attempt to evaluate the trend and variability of annual, seasonal and monthly rainfall of 19 stations of Ajmer district, Rajasthan based on 44 year’s monthly rainfall data (1973-2016). Non-parametric Mann-Kendall (MK), Modified Mann-Kendall (mMK) and Spearman’s rho (SR) tests were used to achieve if there was an increasing or decreasing trend in the time series and the Sen’s slope (Q) estimator was applied to identify the quantity of the trend. From the results, it was found that annual and monsoon rainfall both showed an increasing trend at three stations, located in the central part and a decreasing trend at two stations, located in the north-western and south-western part of the study area. The magnitude of maximum increasing trends in both annual and monsoon rainfall was observed at Goela (Q=+10.17 mm/year and+9.50 mm/year) while Jawaja (Q = - 6.76 mm/year and -5.21 mm/year) appeared with the maximum decreasing trends. On a monthly scale February showed an increasing trend at maximum number of stations (seven) and July showed a decreasing trend at maximum number of stations (seven). The information gathered from our study will help in future to estimate hydraulic procedures as well as to make sustainable water resource planning and management in this region.
DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS OF CATASTROPHIC FLOOD OVER EASTERN INDIA IN JULY 2017 - A CASE STUDY
Authors: R S Sharma , B K Mandal , G K Das 
Published: November 2021

Floods are very common in eastern India during southwest monsoon season. It brings a lot of misery to the people of this region. Every year eastern Indian states namely West Bengal, Odisha and Bihar witness such types of flood during monsoon period. Major river basins in eastern India are Ganga river basin in Bihar and West Bengal area, Odisha has three river basins namely Mahanadi, Subarnarekha, Brahmani and Baitarani [Fig. 1(a)]. As majority of tributary rivers of Ganga passing through Bihar and West Bengal; these two states are more prone to massive flood during monsoon season. The abnormal occurrence of rainfall generally causes floods. It occurs when surface runoff exceeds the capacity of natural drainage. The heavy rainfall is frequently occurring event over the area during South-West Monsoon (SWM) every year. The geographical location of the area, orography and its interaction with the basic monsoon flow is considered as one of prime factors of these heavy rainfall activities. Synoptically, the latitudinal oscillation of eastern end of the Monsoon Trough and the synoptic disturbances formed or passing over the eastern India region and / or its neighbourhood that brings moisture laden Easterly or South-Easterly winds over the area are the main causes responsible for heavy rainfall in this area.
Early Pentecostal Eschatology
Authors: Wiyono Gani 
Published: November 2021

Few studies have been devoted to early Pentecostal eschatology.1 One of them, that of by Gerald T. Sheppard merits special attention. Sheppard’s article attempts show that “Pentecostals were not originally dispensationalist-fundamentalist and that the efforts secondarily to embrace such views have raised new problems for the identity of Pentecostals – hermeneutically, sociologically and politically.”2 The procedure taken by Sheppard is to investigate early Pentecostal eschatology as reflected in the writings of some early Pentecostal figures. Unfortunately, he excludes some important earliest Pentecostal figures such as Charles F. Parham, William J. Seymour, and G. F. Taylor. Moreover, some important Pentecostal writers, such as Daniel W. Kerr, that merit special attention due to their distinctive eschatology, have been left out. It is the purpose of this paper to fill “empty space” within Sheppard’s article. It will investigate specifically the eschatological views of Pentecostal writers prior to 1920. The conclusion certainly affirms the Sheppard’ thesis that originally the Pentecostal eschatology was not purely dispensational. Besides, it will be shown that early Pentecostal views on eschatology were not absolutely uniform.
PENDIDIKAN TINGGI KRISTEN DI INDONESIA: Sarjana Pantekosta Berebut Ruang di Indonesia
Authors: Tambunan Elia 
Published: November 2021

Pentecostal studies are too prevalent in terms revivalism, movements, and denominations globally. This paper is different because of the anthropological aspects of Pentecostalism outlines how intellectuals Pantecost defines itself in a variety of social situations in which they live. Through a combined quantitative and qualitative research, the authors found Pantecostal scholars find themselves in the time of torpor to redefine themselves and their strategic position in the social reality. Pantecostal scholars could be seen as a representation of the face of Christian higher education in Indonesia. The time of torpor in Pantecostal scholars start from the process of education in higher education who have feelings too in love with its own identity so that the bad impact on the general principles of a system of community-wide. This paper can be seen as a Pantecostal Church in Indonesia (GPdI) scholar contribution towards Pentecostal studies globally from the anthropologist perspective with the Pantecostal scholar use as the unit of analysis in the study of religion is still rarely used by the religious scholar in Indonesia.
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Studi Pentakosta yang ada terlalu lazim dalam hal revivalisme, gerakan-gerakan, dan denominasi secara global. Tulisan ini berbeda karena menguraikan Pentakostalisme dari aspek antropologis bagaimana kaum intelektual Pantekosta mendefinisikan dirinya sendiri dalam berbagai situasi sosial di mana mereka hidup. Lewat penelitian gabungan kuantitatif dan kualitatif, penulis menemukan kelambanan sarjana Pantekosta untuk mendefinisikan ulang diri dan posisi strategis mereka dalam realitas sosial yang sangat luas. Sarjana Pantekosta bisa dilihat sebagai representasi wajah pendidikan tinggi Kristen di Indonesia. Kelambanan itu bermula dari proses pendidikan sarjana di lembaga pendidikan tinggi yang memiliki perasaan terlalu cinta kepada identitas sendiri sehingga berdampak buruk pada prinsip-prinsip umum dari satu sistem masyarakat luas. Tulisan ini bisa dilihat sebagai satu kontribusi Gereja Pantekosta di Indonesia terhadap studi Pentakosta secara global dari sisi antropologis dengan menggunakan sarjana Pantekosta sebagai unit analisis dalam studi agama yang masih jarang dipakai sarjana keagamaan di Indonesia.
STUDI PERSEPSI MASYARAKAT KRISTEN: Perbedaan Pandang Gereja-Gereja Jabotabek Atas Roh Kudus
Authors: Chandra Robby , Tambunan Elia 
Published: November 2021

This is a preliminary study to explore the relationship between the church denomination background with their members’ perception of the Holy Spirit’s role, the function of baptism in the Spirit, and the locus of the Holy Spirit’s presence as how they percepted. Respondents were chosen based on cluster and availability in quantitative research approach. Before, it is hypothesized that subjects’ denominational background as the independent variable correlates positively with their view of the Holy Spirit role, the function of Baptism in the Spirit, and their understanding about the presence of the Holy Spirit today. By using Pearson correlation test, it is found that no strong correlation between the subjects’ denomination background with their view of the roles of the Holy Spirit, the function of Baptism in the Spirit, and the locus of the Holy Spirit’s presence. Various possibilities were discussed to shed light of the phenomenon primarily in relation to the statements of many theologians that Western or some of Eastern churches tend to neglect holistic experience and theological concepts of the Spirit. The scientific contribution of this paper is to include the study of Christian perceptions as a field of study in practical theology, and also in Pentecostalism which has not been much in the Indonesian context.
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Ini adalah studi pendahuluan untuk mengeksplorasi hubungan antara latar belakang denominasi gereja dengan persepsi anggotanya tentang peran Roh Kudus, fungsi baptisan dalam Roh, dan lokus kehadiran Roh Kudus sebagaimana persepsi mereka. Responden dipilih berdasarkan cluster dan ketersediaan dalam pendekatan penelitian kuantitatif. Sebelumnya, dihipotesiskan bahwa latar belakang kelompok keagamaan sebagai variabel independen berkorelasi positif dengan pandangan mereka tentang peran Roh Kudus, fungsi Baptisan dalam Roh, dan pemahaman mereka tentang kehadiran Roh Kudus dewasa ini. Dengan menggunakan uji korelasi Pearson, ditemukan bahwa tidak ada korelasi yang kuat antara latar belakang denominasi subyek dengan pandangan mereka tentang peran Roh Kudus, fungsi Baptisan dalam Roh, dan tempat kehadiran Roh Kudus. Berbagai kemungkinan dibahas untuk menjelaskan fenomena ini terutama sehubungan dengan pernyataan banyak teolog bahwa gereja-gereja Barat atau Timur cenderung mengabaikan pengalaman holistik dan konsep-konsep teologis Roh. Sumbangan ilmiah dari tulisan ini ialah memasukkan studi persepsi masyakat Kristen sebagai satu bidang kajian dalam teologi praktika, dan juga dalam Pentakostalisme yang belom banyak dalam konteks Indonesia.
Analisis Validitas dan Reliabilitas Perangkat Pembelajaran Model Penemuan terbimbing berbasis Home Visit
Authors: Budiman Budiman 
Published: November 2021

Telah dilakukan analisis validitas dan reliabilitas perangkat pembelajaran model penemuan terbimbing (guided discovery) berbasis home visit. Perangkat pembelajaran yang dikembanga ada 4 komponen antara lain materi ajar, LKS, RPB, dan intrumen tes penguasaan konsep. Empat komponen ini masing divalidasi oleh dua orang pakar/ahli dalam bidang konsep IPA dan bidang desain dan bahasa. Berdasarkan hasil analisis pakar mengenai validitas dan reliabilitas perangkat pembelajaran model penemuan terbimbing (guided discovery) berbasis home visit dapat disimpulkan bahwa seluruh komponen perangkat pembelajaran yang dikembangakn valid dan reliabel dengan perolehan rerata seluruh komponen perangat 3,5 (valid) dan reliabilita 98%. Dengan demikian perangkat yang dikembangkan layak untuk digunakan serta diimplementasikan pada tahap ujicoba perangkat.
Analisis Mazmur 3 Untuk Praktik Konseling Krisis
Authors: Mustika Maria Benedetta , Objantoro Enggar 
Published: November 2021

The Book of Psalms is one of the books that has many references about the crisis of life, one of which is Psalm 3. Therefore, the author feels it is necessary to examine how the use of Psalm 3 to be a reference for the implementation of crisis counseling. The author uses the method of analyzing the Book of Psalms to get the true meaning of the text of Psalm 3. So as to obtain the results that Psalm 3 can be used to counsel people who are bullied, experience sadness, loneliness, worthlessness and feel rejected. The conviction held by David that God never left him also needed to be implanted in the hearts of counselees who experienced a situation like this. Kitab Mazmur merupakan salah satu kitab yang memiliki banyak referensi mengenai krisis hidup, salah satunya adalah Mazmur 3. Oleh sebab itu penulis merasa perlu diteliti bagaimana pemanfaatan Mazmur 3 untuk menjadi acuan bagi pelaksanaan konseling krisis. Penulis menggunakan metode analisis Kitab Mazmur untuk mendapatkan makna sesungguhnya dari teks Mazmur 3. Sehingga memperoleh hasil bahwa Mazmur 3 dapat digunakan untuk mengkonseling orang-orang yang di-bully, mengalami kesedihan, kesepian, tidak berharga dan merasa tertolak. Keyakinan yang dimiliki oleh Daud bahwa Tuhan tidak pernah meninggalkan dia juga perlu ditanamkan dalam hati konseli yang mengalami situasi seperti ini.
A Review of Performance Attenuation and Mitigation Strategies of Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Liu Jianwen , Yue Ming , Wang Shiquan , Zhao Yufeng , Zhang Jiujun 
Published: November 2021

AbstractGiven their high energy/power densities and long cycle time, lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) have become one type of the most practical power sources for electric/hybrid electric automobile, portable electronics, and power plants. However, the performance attenuation of LIBs has limited their applications in many energy‐related systems. In this review, the performance attenuation mechanisms of LIBs and the effort in development of mitigation strategies are comprehensively reviewed in terms of the commonly used cathode materials and anode materials, electrolytes, and current collectors. Several challenges are analyzed and several further research directions are also proposed for overcoming the challenges toward improvement of LIB performance.