bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex Differences in Muscle Metaboreflex Activation after Static Handgrip Exercise
Authors: LEE JORDAN B. , NOTAY KARAMBIR , SEED JEREMY D. , NARDONE MASSIMO , OMAZIC LUCAS J. , MILLAR PHILIP J. 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT

Purpose
Larger blood pressure (BP) responses to relative-intensity static exercise in men versus women are thought to involve altered muscle metaboreflex activation, but whether this is because of an intrinsic sex difference in metabolite production or differences in muscle strength and absolute load is unknown.

Methods
Continuous BP and heart rate were recorded in 200 healthy young men and women (women: n = 109) during 2 min of static handgrip exercise at 30% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), followed by 2 min of postexercise circulatory occlusion (PECO). Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) was recorded in a subset of participants (n = 39; women, n = 21), permitting calculation of signal-averaged resting sympathetic transduction (MSNA-diastolic BP). Sex differences were examined with and without statistical adjustment for MVC. Multivariate regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of BP responses.

Results
Men had larger systolic BP responses (interactions, P < 0.0001) to static handgrip exercise (24 ± 10 vs 17 ± 9 mm Hg [mean ± SD], P < 0.0001) and PECO (20 ± 11 vs 16 ± 9 mm Hg, P < 0.0001). Adjustment for MVC abolished these sex differences in BP (interactions, P > 0.7). In the subset with MSNA, neither burst frequency or incidence responses to static handgrip exercise or PECO differed between men and women (interactions, P > 0.2). Resting sympathetic transduction was also similar (P = 0.8). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that MVC or the change in MSNA, were predictors of BP responses to static handgrip, but only MVC was associated with BP responses during PECO.

Conclusions
Sex differences in absolute contraction load contribute to differences in BP responses during muscle metaboreflex isolation using PECO. These data do not support an intrinsic effect of sex as being responsible for exercise BP differences between men and women.
Individual versus Group Calibration of Machine Learning Models for Physical Activity Assessment Using Body-Worn Accelerometers
Authors: MONTOYE ALEXANDER H. K. , WESTGATE BRADFORD S. , CLEVENGER KIMBERLY A. , PFEIFFER KARIN A. , VONDRASEK JOSEPH D. , FONLEY MORGAN R. , BOCK JOSHUA M. , KAMINSKY LEONARD A. 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Modeling approaches for translating accelerometer data into physical activity metrics are often developed using a group calibration approach. However, it is unknown if models developed for specific individuals will improve measurement accuracy.

Purpose
We sought to determine if individually calibrated machine learning models yielded higher accuracy than a group calibration approach for physical activity intensity assessment.

Methods
Participants (n = 48) wore accelerometers on the right hip and nondominant wrist while performing activities of daily living in a semistructured laboratory and/or free-living setting. Criterion measures of activity intensity (sedentary, light, moderate, vigorous) were determined using direct observation. Data were reintegrated into 30-s epochs, and eight random forest models were created to determine physical activity intensity by using all possible conditions of training data (individual vs group), protocol (laboratory vs free-living), and placement (hip vs wrist). A 2 × 2 × 2 repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare epoch-level accuracy statistics (% accuracy, kappa [κ]) of the models when used to determine activity intensity in an independent sample of free-living participants.

Results
Main effects were significant for the type of training data (group: accuracy = 80%, κ = 0.59; individual: accuracy = 74% [P = 0.02], κ = 0.50 [P = 0.01]) and protocol (free-living: accuracy = 81%, κ = 0.63; laboratory: accuracy = 74% [P = 0.04], κ = 0.47 [P < 0.01]). Main effects were not significant for placement (hip: accuracy = 79%, κ = 0.58; wrist: accuracy = 75% [P = 0.18]; κ = 0.52 [P = 0.18]). Point estimates for mean absolute error were generally lowest for the group training, free-living protocol, and hip placement.

Conclusions
Contrary to expectations, individually calibrated machine learning models yielded poorer accuracy than a traditional group approach. In addition, models should be developed in free-living settings when possible to optimize predictive accuracy.
Head Impact Exposure of a Youth Football Team over Eight Consecutive Seasons
Authors: DORMAN JASON C. , POEL DANIEL N. , VALENTINE VERLE D. , MUNCE THAYNE A. 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Despite growing evidence for the potential risk of brain injury due to repetitive, subconcussive head impacts in youth football, a longitudinal assessment of head impact exposure (HIE) in this population is lacking.

Purpose
This study examined HIE of middle school football players over multiple seasons.

Methods
Head impact exposure was evaluated in 103 football players (11–14 yr) who participated in a community-based youth tackle football program, up to 2 yr, with the same coaching staff over eight consecutive seasons (2012–2019). Head impact exposure was assessed using the Head Impact Telemetry System. Median of individual mean head impacts per session (HIPS) and median of individual 50th and 95th percentile head impact magnitudes were compared across seasons.

Results
There were 33,519 head impacts measured throughout the study. Median HIPS for all sessions decreased every year, with a significant reduction from 2012 to 2019 (11.1 vs 2.3 HIPS; P < 0.05). Median game HIPS were significantly reduced in 2019 compared with 2012–14 (5.00 vs 16.30–17.75 HIPS; P < 0.05). Median practice HIPS were reduced by 81.3%, whereas median game HIPS were reduced by 69.3%. Median 50th and 95th percentile linear and rotational acceleration were lower in 2019 compared with some earlier years but remained unchanged during games.

Conclusions
Head impacts incurred by youth football players decreased substantially over eight seasons, with players in the final year sustaining approximately one fifth the HIPS as players experienced during the first year. The most prominent decline occurred in practices, although players also had much fewer head impacts in games. These results suggest that coaches’ and/or players’ behavior can be modified to greatly reduce the head impact burden in youth football.
An ecological study on the association between early childhood caries and intimate partner violence in 20 low- and middle-income countries: 2007-2017
Authors: Folayan Morenike Oluwatoyin , Obiyan Mary O. , El Tantawi Maha , Kemoli Arthur , Al-Batayneh Ola B. , Gaffar Balgis , Schroth Robert J. ,   Early Childhood Caries Advocacy Group
Published: July 2021

Background:Women are the worst affected by intimate partner violence (IPV), and this impacts negatively on the health of the children they care for. This study aimed to determine the relationship between IPV and the prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) in 3-5-year-olds.Methods:This was an ecological study using IPV (physical, sexual, emotional) data extracted from the Demographic Health Survey of 20 low- and middle-income countries and ECC data for 3-5-year-olds of the same countries for the period 2007-2017. Linear regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between the percentage of 3-5-year-olds with ECC (outcome variable) and IPV indicators (physical, sexual, emotional). The model was adjusted for the country’s gross national income and the percentage of women with secondary or higher education. Partial eta squared (ηp2), regression coefficients, confidence intervals and p-values were calculated.Results:Data on ECC in 3-5-year-olds and IPV were available for six low-income-countries, 10 lower-middle-income-countries and four upper-middle-income-countries. The most prevalent form of IPV was physical violence (10.09%). The Democratic Republic of Congo had the highest prevalence of physical violence (45.8%), sexual violence (25.4%), and ECC (80.0%). The strongest association was between the prevalence of ECC and emotional violence (ηp2=0.01), followed by physical violence (ηp2=0.005), and sexual violence (ηp2=0.003). For every 1% higher prevalence of emotional violence, there was 0.28% higher prevalence of ECC, and for every 1% higher percentage of physical violence, there was 0.21% higher prevalence of ECC. On the contrary, for every 1% higher prevalence of sexual violence, there was 0.35% lower prevalence of ECC prevalence.Conclusions:The association between IPV and the prevalence of ECC in 3-5-year-olds is minor, with the strongest direct association effect being with emotional violence; and there was an inverse association between sexual violence and the prevalence of ECC. These findings need to be studied further.
An approach to identifying young children with developmental disabilities via primary care records
Authors: Masefield Sarah C. , Prady Stephanie L. , Pickett Kate E. 
Published: July 2021

Background:Preschool aged children with developmental disabilities frequently receive a diagnosis of an indicator of disability, such as developmental delay, some time before receiving a definitive diagnosis at school age, such as autism spectrum disorder. The absence of a definitive diagnosis potentially underestimates the need for support by families with young disabled children. Our aim was to develop a two-part strategy to identify children with probable and potential developmental disabilities before the age of five in primary care records for a UK birth cohort, considering how the identification of only probable or potential developmental disability might also influence prevalence estimates.Methods:As part of a study of the effects of caring for young children with developmental disabilities on mothers’ health and healthcare use, we developed a two-part strategy to identify: 1) children with conditions associated with significant disability and which can be diagnosed during the preschool period; and 2) children with diagnoses which could indicate potential disability, such as motor development disorder and developmental delay. The strategy, using Read codes, searched the electronic records of children in the Born in Bradford cohort with linked maternal and child sociodemographic information. The results were compared with national and Bradford prevalence estimates, where available.Results:We identified 83 children with disability conditions and 394 with potential disability (44 children had both a disability condition and an indicator of potential disability). When combined, they produced a developmental disability prevalence of 490 per 10,000 which is above the UK estimate for developmental disabilities in children under five (468 per 10,000) and within the 419-505 per 10,000 prevalence estimated for Bradford (for children aged 0-18).Conclusions:When only conditions diagnosed as developmental disabilities are used for case ascertainment, most of the young children with developmental disabilities likely to be diagnosed at later ages will be missed.
Suicide trends in the elderly during the ongoing COVID-19 Pandemic- a public health urgency
Authors: Sarangi Ashish , Sozan Fares  , Noha Eskander  
Published: July 2021

Background: Older adults experience an increased risk for suicide compared to the overall population, and therefore the circumstances surrounding the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) may potentiate this risk. COVID-19 pandemic social distancing policies and ethical guidelines for COVID-19 treatment may exacerbate experiences of social isolation, perceived expendability, and exposure to suffering, which are associated with the three main components of the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide (i.e., thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness to society, and capability for suicide).
The COVID-19 pandemic poses a drain on services and has drawn ethical debates about policies around treating younger adults first. These experiences may lead older adults to possess reduced access to needed medical and psychiatric services and should convey damaging messages of expendability. Furthermore, the potential prolonged stress related to the COVID-19 pandemic may affect neurological, immunological, and health functioning—exacerbating suicide risk. Potential venues to extend treatment options and reduce social isolation are discussed.
Conclusion: We acknowledge optimistic effects also, like “pulling together” as a society and therefore the many valuable ways older adults may contribute during this crisis.
The burden of skin disease and eye disease due to onchocerciasis in countries formerly under the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control mandate for 1990, 2020, and 2030
Authors: Vinkeles Melchers Natalie V. S. , Stolk Wilma A. , van Loon Welmoed , Pedrique Belén , Bakker Roel , Murdoch Michele E. , de Vlas Sake J. , Coffeng Luc E. 
Published: July 2021

Background
Onchocerciasis (“river blindness”) can cause severe morbidity, including vision loss and various skin manifestations, and is targeted for elimination using ivermectin mass drug administration (MDA). We calculated the number of people with Onchocerca volvulus infection and onchocercal skin and eye disease as well as disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost from 1990 through to 2030 in areas formerly covered by the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control.

Methods
Per MDA implementation unit, we collated data on the pre-control distribution of microfilariae (mf) prevalence and the history of control. Next, we predicted trends in infection and morbidity over time using the ONCHOSIM simulation model. DALY estimates were calculated using disability weights from the Global Burden of Disease Study.

Results
In 1990, prior to MDA implementation, the total population at risk was 79.8 million with 26.0 million (32.5%) mf-positive individuals, of whom 17.5 million (21.9%) had some form of onchocercal skin or eye disease (2.5 million DALYs lost). By 2030, the total population was predicted to increase to 236.1 million, while the number of mf-positive cases (about 6.8 million, 2.9%), people with skin or eye morbidity (4.2 million, 1.8%), and DALYs lost (0.7 million) were predicted to decline.

Conclusions
MDA has had a remarkable impact on the onchocerciasis burden in countries previously under the APOC mandate. In the few countries where we predict continued transmission between now and 2030, intensified MDA could be combined with local vector control efforts, or the introduction of new drugs for mopping up residual cases of infection and morbidity.
Linked surveillance and genetic data uncovers programmatically relevant geographic scale of Guinea worm transmission in Chad
Authors: Ribado Jessica V. , Li Nancy J. , Thiele Elizabeth , Lyons Hil , Cotton James A. , Weiss Adam , Tchindebet Ouakou Philippe , Moundai Tchonfienet , Zirimwabagabo Hubert , Guagliardo Sarah Anne J. , Chabot-Couture Guillaume , Proctor Joshua L. 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundGuinea worm (Dracunculus medinensis) was detected in Chad in 2010 after a supposed ten-year absence, posing a challenge to the global eradication effort. Initiation of a village-based surveillance system in 2012 revealed a substantial number of dogs infected with Guinea worm, raising questions about paratenic hosts and cross-species transmission.Methodology/principal findingsWe coupled genomic and surveillance case data from 2012-2018 to investigate the modes of transmission between dog and human hosts and the geographic connectivity of worms. Eighty-six variants across four genes in the mitochondrial genome identified 41 genetically distinct worm genotypes. Spatiotemporal modeling revealed worms with the same genotype (‘genetically identical’) were within a median range of 18.6 kilometers of each other, but largely within approximately 50 kilometers. Genetically identical worms varied in their degree of spatial clustering, suggesting there may be different factors that favor or constrain transmission. Each worm was surrounded by five to ten genetically distinct worms within a 50 kilometer radius. As expected, we observed a change in the genetic similarity distribution between pairs of worms using variants across the complete mitochondrial genome in an independent population.Conclusions/significanceIn the largest study linking genetic and surveillance data to date of Guinea worm cases in Chad, we show genetic identity and modeling can facilitate the understanding of local transmission. The co-occurrence of genetically non-identical worms in quantitatively identified transmission ranges highlights the necessity for genomic tools to link cases. The improved discrimination between pairs of worms from variants identified across the complete mitochondrial genome suggests that expanding the number of genomic markers could link cases at a finer scale. These results suggest that scaling up genomic surveillance for Guinea worm may provide additional value for programmatic decision-making critical for monitoring cases and intervention efficacy to achieve elimination.
Perceived fear of COVID-19 and its associated factors among Nepalese older adults in eastern Nepal: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Yadav Uday Narayan , Yadav Om Prakash , Singh Devendra Raj , Ghimire Saruna , Rayamajhee Binod , Kanti Mistry Sabuj , Rawal Lal Bahadur , Ali ARM Mehrab , Kumar Tamang Man , Mehta Suresh 
Published: July 2021

Background
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected all age groups worldwide, but older adults have been affected greatly with an increased risk of severe illness and mortality. Nepal is struggling with the COVID-19 pandemic. The normal life of older adults, one of the vulnerable populations to COVID-19 infection, has been primarily impacted. The current evidence shows that the COVID-19 virus strains are deadly, and non-compliance to standard protocols can have serious consequences, increasing fear among older adults. This study assessed the perceived fear of COVID-19 and associated factors among older adults in eastern Nepal.

Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted between July and September 2020 among 847 older adults (≥60 years) residing in three districts of eastern Nepal. Perceived fear of COVID-19 was measured using the seven-item Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S). Multivariate logistic regression identified the factors associated with COVID-19 fear.

Results
The mean score of the FCV-19S was 18.1 (SD = 5.2), and a sizeable proportion of older adults, ranging between 12%-34%, agreed with the seven items of the fear scale. Increasing age, Dalit ethnicity, remoteness to the health facility, and being concerned or overwhelmed with the COVID-19 were associated with greater fear of COVID-19. In contrast, preexisting health conditions were inversely associated with fear.

Conclusion
Greater fear of the COVID-19 among the older adults in eastern Nepal suggests that during unprecedented times such as the current pandemic, the psychological needs of older adults should be prioritized. Establishing and integrating community-level mental health support as a part of the COVID-19 preparedness and response plan might help to combat COVID-19 fear among them.
Sense of coherence, social support and religiosity as resources for medical personnel during the COVID-19 pandemic: A web-based survey among 4324 health care workers within the German Network University Medicine
Authors: Schmuck Jonas , Hiebel Nina , Rabe Milena , Schneider Juliane , Erim Yesim , Morawa Eva , Jerg-Bretzke Lucia , Beschoner Petra , Albus Christian , Hannemann Julian , Weidner Kerstin , Steudte-Schmiedgen Susann , Radbruch Lukas , Brunsch Holger , Geiser Franziska 
Published: July 2021

IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic resulted in severe detrimental effects on the mental well-being of health care workers (HCW). Consequently, there has been a need to identify health-promoting resources in order to mitigate the psychological impact of the pandemic on HCW.ObjectiveOur objective was to investigate the association of sense of coherence (SOC), social support and religiosity with self-reported mental symptoms and increase of subjective burden during the COVID-19 pandemic in HCW.MethodsOur sample comprised 4324 HCW of four professions (physicians, nurses, medical technical assistants (MTA) and pastoral workers) who completed an online survey from 20 April to 5 July 2020. Health-promoting resources were assessed using the Sense of Coherence Scale Short Form (SOC-3), the ENRICHD Social Support Inventory (ESSI) and one item on religiosity derived from the Scale of Transpersonal Trust (TPV). Anxiety and depression symptoms were measured with the PHQ-2 and GAD-2. The increase of subjective burden due to the pandemic was assessed as the retrospective difference between burden during the pandemic and before the pandemic.ResultsIn multiple regressions, higher SOC was strongly associated with fewer anxiety and depression symptoms. Higher social support was also related to less severe mental symptoms, but with a smaller effect size, while religiosity showed minimal to no correlation with anxiety or depression. In professional group analysis, SOC was negatively associated with mental symptoms in all groups, while social support only correlated significantly with mental health outcomes in physicians and MTA. In the total sample and among subgroups, an increase of subjective burden was meaningfully associated only with a weaker SOC.ConclusionPerceived social support and especially higher SOC appeared to be beneficial for mental health of HCW during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the different importance of the resources in the respective occupations requires further research to identify possible reasons.
Therapeutic efficacy of direct oral anticoagulants and vitamin K antagonists for left ventricular thrombus: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kitano Tetsuji , Nabeshima Yosuke , Kataoka Masaharu , Takeuchi Masaaki 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundAlthough several meta-analyses have compared efficacies of vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) for treatment of left ventricular thrombus (LVT), those meta-analyses included no single-arm studies.Methods and resultsPubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched for articles investigatingthrombus resolution,stroke,any thromboembolism,major bleeding,any bleeding, orall-cause deathin LVT treated with VKAs or DOACs, and single-class meta-analyses were also included (PROSPERO database, CRD42021230849). Event rates were pooled using a random effects model. Meta-regression analysis was performed to explore factors that may influence outcomes. 2,612 patients from 23 articles were included (VKAs: 2,004, DOACs: 608). There were no significant differences between VKAs and DOACs in the frequency ofthrombus resolution(VKAs: 0.75 [95% confidence interval; 0.67 to 0.81], DOACs: 0.75 [0.67 to 0.82]),stroke(VKAs: 0.06 [0.04 to 0.10], DOACs: 0.02 [0.01 to 0.01]),any thromboembolism(VKAs: 0.08 [0.05 to 0.13], DOACs: 0.03 [0.01 to 0.10]),major bleeding(VKAs: 0.06 [0.04 to 0.09], DOACs: 0.03 [0.01 to 0.06]),any bleeding(VKAs: 0.08 [0.05 to 0.12], DOACs: 0.08 [0.06 to 0.10]), andall-cause death(VKAs: 0.07 [0.04 to 0.13], DOACs: 0.09 [0.05 to 0.16]). Meta-regression analysis revealed that increased duration of follow-up was associated with lower-rates ofstroke(estimate: -0.040, p = 0.0495) with VKAs, but not with DOACs. There was significant publication bias forthrombus resolution,stroke,any thromboembolism,any bleeding, andall-cause death.ConclusionsEfficacy and adverse outcomes of therapy with DOACs and VKAs do not differ. Randomized controlled trials are needed to determine the optimal anticoagulant strategy.