bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biodegradation by bacteria in clouds: an underestimated sink for some organics in the atmospheric multiphase system
Authors: Khaled Amina , Zhang Minghui , Amato Pierre , Delort Anne-Marie , Ervens Barbara 
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Water-soluble organic compounds represent a significant fraction
of total atmospheric carbon. The main oxidants towards them in the gas and
aqueous phases are OH and NO3 radicals. In addition to chemical
solutes, a great variety of microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, viruses, fungi)
have been identified in cloud water. Previous lab studies suggested that for
some organics, biodegradation by bacteria in water is comparable to their
loss by chemical processes. We perform model sensitivity studies over large
ranges of biological and chemical process parameters using a box model with
a detailed atmospheric multiphase chemical mechanism and biodegradation
processes to explore the importance of biodegradation of organics in the
aqueous phase. Accounting for the fact that only a small number fraction of
cloud droplets (∼0.0001–0.001) contains active bacterial cells, we consider only a few bacteria-containing droplets in the model cloud. We demonstrate that biodegradation might be most efficient for water-soluble organic gases with intermediate solubility (∼104≤KH(eff) [M atm−1] ≤106, e.g., formic and acetic acids). This can be explained by the transport limitation due to evaporation of organics from bacteria-free droplets to the gas phase, followed by the dissolution into bacteria-containing droplets. For
cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)-derived compounds, such as dicarboxylic acids, the upper limit of
organic loss by biodegradation can be approximated by the amount of organics dissolved in the bacteria-containing droplets (<0.1 %). We
compare results from our detailed drop-resolved model to simplified model
approaches, in which (i) either all cloud droplets are assumed to contain
the same cell concentration (0.0001–0.001 cell per droplet), or (ii) only droplets with intact bacterial cells are considered in the cloud (liquid water content ∼10-11 vol / vol). Conclusions based on these approaches generally overestimate the role of biodegradation, particularly for highly water-soluble organic gases. Our model sensitivity studies suggest that current atmospheric multiphase chemistry models are incomplete for organics with intermediate solubility and high bacterial activity.
Effectiveness of emission control in reducing PM2.5 pollution in central China during winter haze episodes under various potential synoptic controls
Authors: Yan Yingying , Zhou Yue , Kong Shaofei , Lin Jintai , Wu Jian , Zheng Huang , Zhang Zexuan , Song Aili , Bai Yongqing , Ling Zhang , Liu Dantong , Zhao Tianliang 
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Currently, mitigating severe particle pollution in autumn and winter is
the key to further improving the air quality of China. The source
contributions and transboundary transport of fine particles
(PM2.5) in pollution episodes are closely related to large-scale
or synoptic-scale atmospheric circulation. How to effectively reduce emissions to control haze pollution under different synoptic
conditions is
rarely reported. In this study, we classify the synoptic conditions over
central China from 2013 to 2018 by using Lamb–Jenkinson method and the
National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for
Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) Final (FNL) operational global analysis data. The effectiveness of
emission control to reduce PM2.5 pollution during winter haze episodes
under potential synoptic controls is simulated by GEOS-Chem model. Among the
10 identified synoptic patterns, four types account for 87 % of the total
pollution days. Two typical synoptic modes are characterized by
low surface wind speed and stable weather conditions or high relative
humidity (A or C type) over central China due to a high-pressure system or a
southwest trough and low-pressure system, blocking pollutants dispersion.
Sensitivity simulations show that these two heavy pollution processes are
mainly contributed by local emission sources with ∼82 % for
A type and ∼85 % for C type, respectively. The other two
patterns lead to pollution of transport characteristics affected by
northerly or southerly winds (NW or SW type), carrying air pollution from
northern or southern China to central China. The contribution of pollution
transmission from northern and southern China is 36.9 % and 7.6 %, respectively of PM2.5, and
local emission sources contribute 41 % and 69 %, respectively. We also estimate the
effectiveness of emission reduction in these four typical severe pollution
synoptic processes. By only reducing SO2 and NOx emission and not
controlling NH3, the enhanced nitrate counteracts the effect of sulfate
reduction on PM2.5 mitigation, with a less than 4 % decrease in
PM2.5. In addition, to effectively mitigate haze pollution of
NW- and SW-type synoptic-controlled episodes, local emission control actions
should be in coordination with regional collaborative actions.
PMIP4 experiments using MIROC-ES2L Earth system model
Authors: Ohgaito Rumi , Yamamoto Akitomo , Hajima Tomohiro , O'ishi Ryouta , Abe Manabu , Tatebe Hiroaki , Abe-Ouchi Ayako , Kawamiya Michio 
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Following the protocol of the fourth phase of the Paleoclimate
Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP4), we performed numerical experiments
targeting distinctive past time periods using the Model for
Interdisciplinary Research on Climate, Earth System version 2 for Long-term
simulations (MIROC-ES2L), which is an Earth system model. Setup and basic
performance of the experiments are presented. The Last Glacial Maximum was one of the most extreme climate states during
the Quaternary and conducting numerical modeling experiments of this period
has long been a challenge for the paleoclimate community. We conducted a
Last Glacial Maximum experiment with a long spin-up of nearly 9000 years.
Globally, there was reasonable agreement between the anomalies relative to the present day derived from model climatology and those derived from proxy data archives, while some regional discrepancies remained. By changing orbital and greenhouse gas forcings, we conducted experiments
for two interglacial periods: 6000 and 127 000 years before present. Model
anomalies relative to the present day were qualitatively consistent with
variations in solar forcing. However, anomalies in the model were smaller
than those derived from proxy data archives, suggesting that processes that
play a role in past interglacial climates remain lacking in this
state-of-the-art model. We conducted transient simulations from 850 to 1850 CE and from 1850
to 2014 CE. Cooling in the model indicated a clear response to huge volcanic
eruptions, consistent with paleo-proxy data. The contrast between cooling
during the Little Ice Age and warming during the 20th to 21st
centuries was represented well at the multidecadal timescale.
Resident Wellness During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Nationwide Survey of Orthopaedic Residents
Authors: Nolte Michael T. , Tornetta Paul , Mehta Samir , Ponce Brent A. , Grabowski Gregory , Turner Norman S. , Spitnale Michael J. , Kogan Monica 
Published: March 2021

Introduction:
The COVID-19 pandemic has influenced the resident workforce to a particularly powerful and unexpected extent. Given the drastic changes to resident roles, expectations, and responsibilities, many valuable lessons regarding resident concerns and wellness can be garnered from this unique experience.

Methods:
A voluntary survey was sent to 179 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-accredited orthopaedic surgery residency program directors to distribute to their residents. Questions focused on issues that may have occurred, program's responses, and expectations of programs during the pandemic.

Results:
In total, 507 residents completed the survey, and 10% reported being deployed to do nonorthopaedic-related care, with junior classes being more likely to receive this assignment (P < 0.001). The greatest concern for respondents was the possibility of getting family members sick (mean = 3.89, on scale of 1-5), followed by personally contracting the illness (mean = 3.38).

Discussion:
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in numerous changes and novel sources of adversity for the orthopaedic surgery resident. Contrary to popular opinion, most residents are comfortable with the proposition of providing nonorthopaedic care. The possibility of bringing a pathogen to the home environment and infecting family members seems to be an overarching concern, and efforts to ensure resident and family safety are key.
A Joke, Mockery, or Something More? The Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster – an Invented Religion or a New Movement?
Authors:   Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Poland, Anoshka Siarhei A. 
Published: March 2021

This article attempts to analyse a contemporary phenomenon from the sphere of alternative religiosity in the form of joke religions. The main subject of the analysis is a new religious movement called the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster (CFSM), founded in the USA in 2005. By referring to the theory of carnival fun, joining the sacrum and profanum, and passing through the various doctrinal threads of this religious movement, the author attempts to answer the question of whether the CFSM can be considered a genuine religion or only a joke. The article begins with a short reflection on the possibility of joking about religion and faith, and the response to religious humour by people of faith, which may range from anger to disgust and sometimes even to aggression. Then, after a short history of this new (pseudo-)religious movement, a perspective is developed. It emerges that the whole structure of the so-called doctrine of this (quasi-)religion refers to other known religions and beliefs, including other new religious movements.
Formalin-induced pain prolongs sub- to supra-second time estimation in rats
Authors: Liu Xinhe , Wang Ning , Wang Jinyan , Luo Fei 
Published: March 2021

Background
Temporal estimation can be influenced by pain, which is a complex psychological and physiological phenomenon. However, the time range in which perception is most sensitive to pain remains unclear.

Methods
In the present study, we explored the effects of acute inflammatory pain on time perception in the sub- to supra-second (0.6–2.4-s) and supra-second (2–8-s) ranges in rats. Plantar formalin injection was used to induce acute inflammatory pain, and a temporal bisection task was used to measure time perception. Task test sessions were held for five consecutive days (one per day): the day before injection (baseline), immediately after injection, and the three post-injection days. The point of subjective equality (PSE, which reflects the subjective duration) and Weber fraction (which reflects temporal sensitivity) were calculated and analysed.

Results
In the 0.6–2.4-s range, the PSE was significantly lower, indicating prolonged subjective duration, in the formalin group relative to the saline group (p = 0.049) immediately after injection. Formalin-induced pain also tended to lengthened time perception in the 0.6–2.4-s range on post-injection days 2 (p = 0.06) and 3 (p = 0.054). In the 2–8-s range, formalin injection did not affect the PSE or Weber fraction.

Conclusions
The enhanced effect of pain on temporal perception in the sub- to supra-second range is observed in this study and this effect is attenuated with the prolongation of estimated time, even in rats.
Weekly carfilzomib plus cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone in the treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: Final results from the MCRN‐003/MYX.1 single arm phase II trial
Authors: Venner Christopher P. , LeBlanc Richard , Sandhu Irwindeep , White Darrell , Belch Andrew R. , Reece Donna E. , Chen Christine , Dolan Sean , Lalancette Marc , Louzada Martha , Kew Andrea , McCurdy Arleigh , Monteith Bethany , Reiman Tony , McDonald Gail , Sherry Max , Gul Engin , Chen Bingshu E. , Hay Annette E. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe MCRN‐003/CCTGMYX.1 is a single arm phase II trial of weekly carfilzomib, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone (wKCd), exploring a convenient immunomodulator (IMiD)‐free regimen in relapsed myeloma. Weekly carfilzomib (20/70 mg/m2), dexamethasone 40 mg and cyclophosphamide 300 mg/m2 was delivered over 28‐day cycles. The primary endpoint was overall response after four cycles. Secondary endpoints included toxicity, response depth, PFS and OS. Exploratory endpoints included the impact of cytogenetics, prior therapy exposure and serum free light chain (sFLC) escape; 76 patients were accrued. The ORR was 85% (68% ≥very good partial response [VGPR] and 29% ≥complete response [CR]). The median OS and PFS were 27 and 17 months respectively. High‐risk cytogenetics conferred a worse ORR (75% vs. 97%, p = .013) and median OS (18 months vs. NR, p = .002) with a trend toward a worse median PFS (14 vs. 22 months, p = .06). Prior proteasome inhibitor (PI) or lenalidomide did not influence OS or PFS. The sFLC was noted in 15% of patients with a median PFS of 17 months when included as a progression event. The most common ≥ grade 3 non‐hematologic adverse events were infectious (40%), vascular (17%) and cardiac (15%). The wKCD is a safe and effective regimen in relapse, especially for patients ineligible for lenalidomide‐based therapies.
π‐Extended Push‐Pull‐Type Bicyclic Fluorophores Based on Quinoline and Naphthyridine Frameworks with an Iminophosphorane Fragment
Authors: Umeno Tomohiro , Usui Kazuteru , Karasawa Satoru 
Published: March 2021

AbstractEmissive quinoline and naphthyridine derivatives, bearing an iminophosphorane (IPP) fragment as an electron‐donating group and two trifluoromethyl groups as electron‐withdrawing groups, were prepared as electron push‐pull‐type bicyclic fluorophores: quinoline‐IPP (1) and naphthyridine‐IPP (2). Compared to those of the precursor bicyclic amines without the IPP moiety, the fluorescence quantum yields (Φf) of 1 and 2 were considerably higher, not only in low polarity solvents but also polar solvents. Moreover, the molar absorption coefficients (ϵ) were enhanced; thus, 1 and 2 are fluorophores with relatively high brightness (Φf×ϵ). Using density functional theory calculations, the t indices were calculated, and these reveal that locally excited character is dominant in both molecules. Because of the sterically bulky IPP fragments, 1 and 2 emitted with moderate Φf values, even in the solid state. Further, by exploiting the low crystallinity of 1 and 2, emissive amorphous thin films were prepared.
A Ge/Carbon Atomic‐Scale Hybrid Anode Material: A Micro–Nano Gradient Porous Structure with High Cycling Stability
Authors: Yang Zhiwei , Chen Ting , Chen Dequan , Shi Xinyu , Yang Shan , Zhong Yanjun , Liu Yuxia , Wang Gongke , Zhong Benhe , Song Yang , Wu Zhenguo , Guo Xiaodong 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe continuous growth of the solid–electrolyte interface (SEI) and material crushing are the fundamental issues that hinder the application of Ge anodes in lithium‐ion batteries. Solving Ge deformation crushing during discharge/charge cycles is challenging using conventional carbon coating modification methods. Due to the chemical stability and high melting point of carbon (3500 °C), Ge/carbon hybridization at the atomic level is challenging. By selecting a suitable carbon source and introducing an active medium, we have achieved the Ge/carbon doping at the atom‐level, and this Ge/carbon anode shows excellent electrochemical performance. The reversible capacity is maintained at 1127 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles (2 A g−1 (2–71 cycles), 4 A g−1 (72–1000 cycles)) with a retention of 84 % compared to the second cycle. The thickness of the SEI is only 17.4 nm after 1000 cycles. The excellent electrochemical performance and stable SEI fully reflect the application potential of this material.
Viscoelastic behavior of hydrogel‐based xanthan gum/aluminum lactate with potential applicability for conformance control
Authors: Amaral Camila N. R. , Oliveira Priscila F. , Pedroni Lucas G. , Mansur Claudia R. E. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractGel systems composed of biopolymers can be used, which block the regions of high water permeability during a previously established period, through the in situ formation of a gel inside the rock pores. Among the biopolymers studied, xanthan gum has attracted the greatest attention due to its viscosifying power and good stability in reservoirs subject to severe salinity and temperature from 27 to 90°C. Xanthan chains have the ability to build up physical networks with metals such as aluminum lactate to form hydrogels. Therefore, the objective of this study was to prepare and evaluate, hydrogels made from xanthan gum (XG) cross‐linked with aluminum lactate. Initially, the influence of the gel formulation (biopolymer concentration and cross‐linker) and the reservoir conditions (pH, temperature, salinity) of the gel strength of the system and the injectivity of the gel systems was investigated through rheological tests. Subsequently, was analyzed the morphology of the systems for 30 days by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the systems based on xanthan gum cross‐linked, were able to form strong gels at pH 8, temperature of 70°C and salinity of 29,940 mgL−1 TDS. In general, the evaluated parameters (pH, temperature, salinity, polymer concentration, and cross‐linker) had a direct effect on the initial strength of the gel. However, after aging for 30 days, a drop in gel resistance was observed, since all systems have similar tan (δ) values and these parameters no longer show significant influence The aging analysis of hydrogel systems by SEM showed a difference in the surface microstructure of the dry hydrogel over the 30 days.
Water Conservation During COVID‐19: View From the Front Lines
Authors: Bracciano David 
Published: March 2021

Key TakeawaysEarly in 2020, when the severity of COVID‐19 became evident, US water utilities implementing conservation programs had to act quickly to determine how to mitigate changes in their conservation programs and staffing.Prioritization and collaboration helped utility staff settle into their new way of working, which included adapting to online connection with customers and each other. These adaptations might lead to permanent changes.Thanks in large part to the power of technology, many water conservation and customer education programs have continued, with interest and participation even increasing in some cases.
Integrated analysis of the prognostic values of RNA‐binding proteins in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Wu Zeng‐Hong , Yue Jian‐Xin , Zhou Tao , Xiao Hong‐Jun 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHead and neck squamous cell carcinoma is a malignant tumor of the upper aerodigestive tract. These RNA‐binding proteins (RBPs) influence post‐transcriptional in cells and regulate cell physiology, participate in regulating RNA stability, alternative splicing, translation, modification, localization, and apoptosis. We used RNA sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas to display dysfunctional RBPs microenvironments and provide potential useful biomarkers for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) diagnosis and prognosis. Six RBPs (DNMT1, PCF11, EIF5A2, RNASE10, PSMA6, and IGF2BP2) were selected as independent prognosis factors of HNSCC patients. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes were mainly enriched in RNA transport, Spliceosome, RNA degradation, mRNA surveillance pathway, and Epstein–Barr virus infection. cBioPortal results demonstrated that these six genes were altered in 150 samples out of 504 HNSCC patients (30%) and the amplification of IGF2BP2 was the largest frequent copy‐number alteration. Based on the online database, we identified novel RBPs markers for the prognosis of HNSCC.
Constructed Interfacial Oxygen‐Bridge Chemical Bonding in Core‐Shell Transition Metal Phosphides/Carbon Hybrid Boosting Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Zhong Xia , Huang Keke , Zhang Yuan , Wang Ying , Feng Shouhua 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA designed structure which CoP nanoparticles (NPs) ingeniously connected with graphene‐like carbon layer via in‐situ generated interfacial oxygen‐bridge chemical bonding was achieved by a mild phosphorization treatment. The results proved that the presence of phosphorus vacancies is a crucial factor enabling formation of Co−O−C bonds. The direct coupling of edge Co of CoP with the oxygen from functional groups on the carbon layer was proposed. As a catalyst for electrocatalytic water splitting, the manufactured Fe2O3@C@CoP core‐shell structure manifested a low overpotential of 230 mV, a low Tafel slope of 55 mV dec−1, and long‐term stability. Density functional theory calculations verified that the Co−O−C bond played a critical role in decreasing the thermodynamic energy barrier of reaction rate‐determining step for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). This synthetic route might be extended to construct metal−O−C bonds in other transition metal phosphides (or selenides, sulfides)/carbon composites for highly efficient OER catalysts.
Rationalizing Photo‐Triggered Hydrogen Evolution Using Polypyridine Cobalt Complexes: Substituent Effects on Hexadentate Chelating Ligands
Authors: Lucarini Fiorella , Bongni David , Schiel Philippe , Bevini Gabriele , Benazzi Elisabetta , Solari Euro , Fadaei‐Tirani Farzaneh , Scopelliti Rosario , Marazzi Marco , Natali Mirco , Pastore Mariachiara , Ruggi Albert 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFour novel polypyridine cobalt(II) complexes were developed based on a hexadentate ligand scaffold bearing either electron‐withdrawing (−CF3) or electron‐donating (−OCH3) groups in different positions of the ligand. Experiments and theoretical calculations were combined to perform a systematic investigation of the effect of the ligand modification on the hydrogen evolution reaction. The results indicated that the position, rather than the type of substituent, was the dominating factor in promoting catalysis. The best performances were observed upon introduction of substituents on the pyridine moiety of the hexadentate ligand, which promoted the formation of the Co(II)H intermediate via intramolecular proton transfer reactions with low activation energy. Quantum yields of 11.3 and 10.1 %, maximum turnover frequencies of 86.1 and 76.6 min−1, and maximum turnover numbers of 5520 and 4043 were obtained, respectively, with a −OCH3 and a −CF3 substituent.
Nanostructured Photocatalysts for the Production of Methanol from Methane and Water
Authors: Villa Katherine , Galán‐Mascarós José Ramón 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe direct photocatalytic conversion of methane into methanol with water at room temperature and pressure has attracted particular attention in recent decades. Valuable insight has been obtained into the reaction mechanisms and the key descriptors that control photoactivity and selectivity. This Minireview highlights the different efforts that have been undergone on the design of nanostructured photocatalytic systems to enhance the selectivity to methanol. The effect of structural and electronic aspects, such as surface area, morphologies, crystal facets, redox properties, metal doping, and heterojunctions, on photocatalytic performance, are discussed. The roles of free hydroxyl radicals and/or hydroxy groups for methane activation on the photocatalyst surface are also presented. This Minireview aims to provide an insight into the optimal properties and configurations of the nanostructured photocatalytic materials for tuning their reactivity on the selective oxidation of CH4 to methanol with water. The remaining challenges and promising directions for bringing this technology a step closer to real‐world application are also highlighted.