bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1036Independent evaluation of melanoma polygenic risk scores in UK and Australian prospective cohorts
Authors: Steinberg Julia , Lee Jin Yee , Wang Harry , Law Matthew , Smit Amelia , Nguyen-Dumont Tu , Giles Graham , Southey Melissa , Milne Roger , Mann Graham , MacInnis Robert , Cust Anne 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
To improve melanoma early detection, tools to predict personal risk based on genetic information (polygenic risk scores, PRS) have been developed, but require external validation.

Methods
We analysed invasive melanoma incidence in UK Biobank (UKB; n = 395,647; 1,651 cases) and the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study (MCCS, Australia; n = 4,765; 303 cases). Three PRS were evaluated: 68 genetic variants (SNPs) at 54 loci from a 2020 meta-analysis (PRS68); 50 SNPs significant in the 2020 meta-analysis excluding UKB (PRS50); 45 SNPs at 21 loci known pre-2020 (PRS45). 10-year melanoma risks were calculated from population-level cancer registry data by age group and sex, with and without PRS adjustment.

Results
All PRS were strongly associated with melanoma incidence, including after adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, and ease of tanning. Predicted absolute melanoma risks based on age and sex alone underestimated melanoma incidence in UKB (ratio expected/observed cases E/O=0.65, 95% confidence interval 0.62-0.68) and MCCS (E/O=0.65, 0.57-0.73). For UKB, this was reduced by PRS-adjustment, e.g. PRS50-adjusted risks E/O=0.91 (0.87-0.95). Discriminative ability for PRS68- and PRS50-adjusted absolute risks was higher than for risks based on age and sex alone (deltaAUC 0.07-0.1, p &lt; 0.0001), and higher than for PRS45-adjusted risks (deltaAUC 0.02-0.04, p &lt; 0.001).

Conclusions
A PRS derived from a larger, more diverse meta-analysis improves melanoma risk prediction compared to an earlier PRS. Re-calibration of absolute risks may be necessary for application to specific populations.

Key messages
A genetic score can improve prediction of melanoma risk and might help tailor melanoma prevention and early detection strategies to different risk levels.
674The incidence and risk factors of acute infectious diarrhea at Japanese geriatric intermediate care facilities
Authors: Suita Asae , Ohfuji Satoko , Fukushima Wakaba , Ito Kazuya , Kase Tetsuo , Kondo Kyoko , Ishibashi Motoki , Kumashiro Hiroko , Deguchi Akifumi , Nakata Hiroyuki , Kawai Shuji , Iba Kazuko , Kita Tetsuya , Kinugawa Kazuhiko , Sowa Etsuji , Nakazawa Hideo , Hamada Kazutaka , Fujimoto Mikio , Furukawa Yoshio , Hirota Yoshio 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Norovirus infection and Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) are major causes of acute infectious diarrhea at medical facilities. “Geriatric intermediate care facilities” are a type of medical facility that tend to the daily life needs of elderly Japanese people. However, there is no research about norovirus- or CDI-related diarrhea at Japanese geriatric intermediate care facilities.

Methods
This prospective cohort study included 1445 residents at 10 geriatric intermediate care facilities in Osaka between November 2018 and October 2019. The study subjects were followed regarding the occurrence of acute infectious diarrhea and the results of rapid diagnostic tests for norovirus and CDI. We calculated incidence rates and hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidential intervals (CI) to identify the risk factors of infectious diarrhea.

Results
Thirty-seven residents developed diarrhea during the observation period, although none of them was positive for norovirus or CDI. The total incidence rate was 1.21/10,000 person-days (95%CI: 0.82-1.60). Compared with residents aged 87-91 years, those aged ≤ 80 years had a significantly higher risk of diarrhea (HR = 3.85, 95%CI: 1.27-11.66). Moreover, residents with thyroid diseases had a significantly higher risk of diarrhea than those without thyroid disease (HR = 5.33, 95%CI: 2.32-12.25).

Conclusions
The incidence of acute infectious diarrhea is relatively low. However, residents who are &lt; 80 years old and those with thyroid diseases are more likely to develop diarrhea.

Key messages
We describe the situation of acute infectious diarrhea at Japanese geriatric intermediate care facilities
925Ethnic differences and determinants of vitamin D deficiency in the UK Biobank
Authors: Sutherland Joshua , Zhou Ang , Leach Matthew , Hyppönen Elina 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
While controversy remains regarding optimal vitamin D status, the public health relevance of true vitamin D deficiency is undisputed. There are few contemporary cross-ethnic studies investigating the prevalence and determinants of very low 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations.

Methods
We used data from 440,581 UK Biobank participants, of which 415,903 identified as white European, 7,880 Asian, 7,602 black African, 1,383 Chinese, and 6,473 of mixed ancestry. 25(OH)D concentrations were measured by DiaSorin Liaison XL and deficiency defined as ≤ 25 nmol/L 25(OH)D.

Results
The prevalence of 25(OH)D deficiency was highest among participants of Asian ancestry (57.2% in winter/spring and 50.8% in summer/autumn; followed by black African [38.47%/30.78%], mixed ancestry [36.53%/22.48%], Chinese [33.12%/20.68%] and white European [17.45%/5.90%], P &lt; 1.0E-300). Participants with higher socioeconomic deprivation were more likely to have 25(OH)D deficiency compared to less deprived (P &lt; 1.0E-300 for all comparisons), with the pattern being more apparent among those of white European ancestry and in summer (Pinteraction&lt;6.4E-5 for both). In fully-adjusted analyses, regular consumption of oily fish was effective in mitigating ≤25 nmol/L 25(OH)D deficiency across all ethnicities, whilst outdoor-summer time was less effective for black Africans than white Europeans (OR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.70, 1.12 and OR: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.38, 0.42, respectively).

Conclusions
Vitamin D deficiency remains an issue throughout the UK, particularly in lower socioeconomic areas and the UK Asian population, half of whom have vitamin D deficiency across seasons.

Key messages
The prevalence of 25(OH)D deficiency in the UK is alarming, with certain ethnic and socioeconomic groups considered particularly vulnerable.
1379Has the reporting quality of published randomised controlled trial protocols improved since the SPIRIT statement?
Authors: Tan Aidan , Tan Zet , Li Tom , Harris Ian , Naylor Justine , Siebelt Michiel , Tiel Jasper van , Pinheiro Marina , Harris Laura , Chamberlain Kira , Adie Sam 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
The impact of the SPIRIT statement on the reporting quality of RCT protocols in health research is unknown. This methodological study aimed to determine the reporting quality of published randomised controlled trial (RCT) protocols before and after the SPIRIT statement, and any association with author, trial or journal factors.

Methods
RCT protocols were identified by searching MEDLINE, Embase and CENTRAL, included if published in full-text, English language and a peer-reviewed journal, and assessed with the SPIRIT statement checklist items.

Results
300 RCT protocols were retrieved; 150 from the period immediately before the SPIRIT statement and 150 from a recent period after the SPIRIT statement. 47.9% (95% CI, 46.5% to 49.3%) of checklist items were adequately reported in RCT protocols before the SPIRIT statement and 56.7% (95% CI, 54.9% to 58.5%) after the SPIRIT statement. This represents an 8.8% (95% CI, 6.6% to 11.1%; p &lt; 0.0001) mean improvement in the overall proportion of checklist items adequately reported since the SPIRIT statement. The factors associated with higher reporting quality of RCT protocols in multiple regression analysis were author expertise or experience in epidemiology or statistics, multicentre trials, longer protocol word length and publicly reported journal policy of compliance with the SPIRIT statement.

Conclusions
The overall reporting quality of RCT protocols has significantly improved since the SPIRIT statement, although a substantial proportion of individual checklist items remain poorly reported.

Key messages
Continued, concerted and coordinated efforts are required by journals, editors, reviewers and investigators to improve the completeness and transparency of RCT protocols.
920Stakeholder analysis to develop a national outbreak response plan for Q fever in Australia
Authors: Tan Tabita , Heller Jane 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Q fever is a zoonotic disease that can cause prolonged and debilitating illness in humans. Australia has the highest number of cases reported in the world and animal-human outbreaks would require a coordinated response from both animal and public health authorities.

Methods
Expert opinion workshops are conducted across several states in Australia. Discussions were audio recorded and transcribed for thematic analysis to elicit sources and routes of transmission that would lead to a large human outbreak, risk factors for outbreaks and variations between states.

Results
Sources of Q fever for human infection differ between jurisdictions, influenced by disease occurrence and case infection source. Risk factors include aggregation of animals, environmental effects and naïve human contact. Community acquired infection is perceived as a greater outbreak risk than occupationally acquired due to lack of awareness, absence of vaccination and increased exposure of the public.

Conclusions
Disease occurrence and sources of infection are variable across jurisdictions and a generalised outbreak plan is not the solution. The framework for action must reflect differences identified between jurisdictions.

Key messages
Expert opinion regarding sources and routes of transmission for a large human Q fever outbreak highlights prevailing differences between jurisdictions, for which a one size fits all outbreak response plan will not be effective.
1453Mapping the prevalence of chronic noncommunicable diseases in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence
Authors: Tesfay Fisaha , Zorbas Christina , Alston Laura , Backholer Kathryn , Bowe Steven J. , Bennett Catherine M 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are a growing global health challenge disproportionately impacting low- and middle-income settings, including Ethiopia. Currently, the body of evidence describing the burden of NCDs is fragmented, inconsistent, health facility- or institution-based, and out-dated in Ethiopia. We conducted a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis of the prevalence of NCDs in community settings in Ethiopia.

Review methodology
Community-based quantitative studies published in English between 2012 and July 2020 that reported the prevalence of NCDs in Ethiopia were included. A systematic search of Medline, Embase, Scopus, CINHAL, and Global Health using pretested search terms related to NCDs was conducted, and data were extracted using a piloted data extraction proforma adapted from the Joanna Briggs Institute tool. Meta-analysis was performed using Stata 16. We measured the overall NCD prevalence using pooled odds ratios with 95% CIs. Pooled NCD prevalence was also computed and presented using forest plots. I2 was used to assess heterogeneity. Studies that did not fulfil the criteria for meta-analysis were narratively synthesised.

Results
Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Four studies measured the prevalence of NCDs (all NCDs together), ranging from 29% to 35% (prevalence estimates not pooled). The pooled prevalence of Diabetes Mellites (DM) across ten studies was 5% (95% CI:4%−7%). Three studies each reported on the prevalence of undiagnosed DM (pooled prevalence 8%, 95% CI: 2%−14%) and pre-DM (pooled prevalence 12%, 95% CI:3%−21%). In a narrative analysis the prevalence of cardiovascular conditions ranged from 13.4% to 32.2% (n = 3 studies), cancer mortality ranged from 4% to 18% (n = 3 studies) and respiratory conditions ranged from 1% to 18% (n = 3 studies).

Conclusion and recommendations
Our analysis found that approximately one-third of Ethiopians have an NCD, with cardiovascular diseases the most common of all NCDs. The prevalence of respiratory conditions also appears high, but there are insufficient data for a pooled estimate. Whilst the prevalence of DM appears relatively low, there is evidence that the magnitude is increasing. Public health actions to address the high burden of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, as well as the increasing magnitude of DM in Ethiopia, must be prioritised.
Keywords: NCD, noncommunicable diseases, Ethiopia.
325The incidence of primary postpartum haemorrhage following in-hospital birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Tiruneh Bewket Tadesse , McLelland Gayle , Plummer Virginia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Although primary postpartum haemorrhage is a leading cause of maternal mortality, in the wider literature, there is inconsistent results in studies about its incidence. This study was designed to determine the pooled incidence of primary postpartum haemorrhage among women following in-hospital births.

Methods
This review used a systematic review and meta-analysis approach. We systematically searched electronic databases of Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Emcare, Embase, PsycINFO, and CINAHL. Studies reporting the incidence of primary postpartum haemorrhage following in-hospital births were included. The pooled incidence of primary postpartum haemorrhage with a 95% confidence interval was calculated using random-effects model. Heterogeneity test between studies, and publication bias were assessed with I-square statistics and Egger’s test respectively.

Results
Ten of the 1548 studies were found to be eligible and were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled incidence of primary postpartum haemorrhage following in-hospital births was nearly 12% (95% CI: 7.74- 17.61), with no evidence of between studies heterogeneity.

Conclusions
The incidence of primary postpartum haemorrhage following in-hospital births was high, and suggest that preventive strategies implemented to reduce its occurrence needs further strengthening using training.

Key messages
The result of this review suggests that globally at least one in ten women experience a primary postpartum haemorrhage following in-hospital births. This is higher than anticipated. The application of the recommended strategies for the prevention of primary postpartum haemorrhage should be re-emphasized.
1221Baseline Global DNA Hypermethylation Increase the Risk of Cerebrovascular Disease Mortality in Japanese Population
Authors: Tsuboi Yoshiki , Yamada Hiroya , Munetsuna Eiji , Fujii Ryosuke , Yamazaki Mirai , Ando Yoshitaka , Mizuno Genki , Ishikawa Hiroaki , Ohashi Koji , Maeda Keisuke , Hashimoto Shuji , Hamajima Nobuyuki , Suzuki Koji 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
DNA methylation plays an important role in progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The methylation status of long interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE-1) reflects the global DNA methylation level and is associated with lipid profiles and glycemia. We conducted a longitudinal study to examine the association between LINE-1 DNA methylation and CVD mortality in a Japanese elderly population.

Methods
We targeted for 357 subjects (143 men and 214 women) who were more than 60 years, participated in the health checkup in 1990, and had no clinical history of cancer, stroke, or ischemic heart disease. During 29 years of follow-up period, total 69 subjects were died from CVD, and died of cerebrovascular disease (CBD) and ischemic heart disease (IHD) were 25 and 13, respectively. LINE-1 DNA methylation was measured using PBMCs. We defined the hypermethylation group as greater than median of the LINE-1 DNA methylation levels and hypomethylation group as others. Multivariable Hazard ratios (HRs) for each disease mortality were calculated by the Cox proportional hazard model. We adjusted for age, sex, smoking habits, and alcohol consumption.

Results
Significantly higher HRs for CVD and CBD mortality were observed in the hypermethylation group compared to the hypomethylation group (CVD: HR 1.67 [95%CI 1.02-2.73], CBD: HR 3.29 [95%CI 1.29-8.40]). However, IHD mortality did not associated with LINE-1 DNA methylation.

Conclusions
We found that LINE-1 DNA hypermethylation in PBMCs was associated with high CVD mortality, especially CBD mortality.

Key messages
Higher levels of LINE-1 methylation in PBMCs can be a predictive marker for CBD risk
1471Metadata on calprotectin, an emerging biomarker of interest in COVID-19
Authors: Udeh Raphael 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
COVID-19 has been shown to present with a varied clinical course, hence the need for more specific diagnostic tools that could identify severe cases and predict outcomes during COVID-19 infection. Recent evidence has shown an expanded potential role for calprotectin, both as a diagnostic tool and as a stratifying tool in COVID-19 patients in terms of severity. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the levels of calprotectin in severe and non-severe COVID-19 and also identify the implication of raised calprotectin levels.

Methods
Databases searched include MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and MedRxiv. Stata was employed in meta-analysis to compare the serum/faecal levels of calprotectin between severe and non-severe COVID-19 infections.

Results
A pooled analysis of data in the 8 quantitative studies from 613 patients who were RT-PCR positive for COVID-19 (average age = 55 years; 52% males) showed an overall estimate as 1.34 (95%CI: 0.77, 1.91). Stata was further employed to carry out an in-depth investigation of the in-between study heterogeneity.

Conclusion
In conclusion, calprotectin levels have been demonstrated to be significantly elevated in COVID-19 patients who develop the severe form of the disease, and it also has prognostic significance.

Key message
This is the first comprehensive metadata on calprotectin in COVID-19. And as a druggable target for tasquinimod, calprotectin potentially remains a key therapeutic intervention strategy in COVID-19 management.
518Trajectories of offending in people with psychotic illness and other mental disorders: a population study
Authors: Valuri Giulietta , Morgan Adjunct Frank , Ferrante Anna , Jablensky Emeritus Assen , Morgan Winthrop Vera 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Trajectory analysis has been used to study long-term patterns of offending and identify offending groups. Only few studies have explored patterns in people with psychotic illness and these were restricted to adult offenders. This study examines offending trajectories, and identifies risk factors, for people aged 10-26 with psychotic illness (PI) and other mental disorders (OMD) compared to those with no mental disorders (NMD).

Methods
This is a whole-population record-linkage study of 184,147 people born in Western Australia (WA) 1983-1991 using data from WA psychiatric case register, WA corrective services and other state-wide registers. Group-based trajectory modelling was used to identify offending trajectories.

Results
Four offender groups were identified for each mental health status (MHS) group:
MHS groups had similar offending patterns, however PI had a lower proportion of individuals in the G1 group and later offending onset in the G3 group. Gender, indigenous status, substance use, childhood victimisation and parental offending were risk factors associated with group membership; for PI, childhood victimisation and parental offending were only significant in the G4 group.

Conclusions
Overall offending patterns and risk factors were similar for all MHS groups, however, some differences were observed for PI.

Key messages
To reduce offending in this population, interventions need to occur at an early age.
1343A systematic review and meta-analysis of tobacco smoking behaviour changes during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Vaneckova Pavla , Sarich Peter , Cabasag Citadel Jungco , Liebermann Erica , Carle Chelsea , Hughes Suzanne , Egger Sam , O'Connell Dianne , Weber Marianne , da Costa Allini Mafra , Caruana Michael , Gouda Hebe , Canfell Karen , Ginsburg Ophira , Steinberg Julia , Soerjomataram Isabelle 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Globally, tobacco smoking remains the largest cause of premature death. The COVID-19 pandemic has forced nations to take unprecedented measures including ‘lockdowns’ that might impact tobacco smoking behaviour. We performed a systematic review and meta-analyses to assess smoking behaviour changes during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods
We searched Medline/Embase/PsycINFO/BioRxiv/MedRxiv/SSRN databases (January-November 2020) for published and pre-print articles that reported specific smoking behaviour changes or intentions after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. We used random-effects models to pool prevalence ratios comparing the prevalence of smokers during and before the pandemic, and the prevalence of smoking behaviour changes.

Results
33 studies were included in meta-analyses, with smoking data for ∼230,000 participants across 24 countries. The proportions of smokers during and before the pandemic were similar, with a pooled prevalence ratio 0.85 (95%CI:0.76-0.95). In studies limited to smokers, 27% (95%CI:21-32%) smoked more, 17% (95%CI:13-21%) smoked less, 54% (95%CI:47-61%) smoked the same and 5% (95%CI:2-9%) reported quitting smoking. Among all participants, 1% (95%CI:0-2%) started smoking during the pandemic. All studies were at high risk of bias due to use of non-representative samples, likely non-response bias, and utilisation of non-validated questions.

Conclusions
Smoking behaviour changes during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic were highly mixed. Meta-analyses indicated slightly lower overall smoking prevalence during the pandemic, but higher intensity among smokers.

Key messages
More recent and higher quality studies of smoking behaviour changes are required to measure the longer term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
999Impact of Heatwaves on use of health services (GP and Emergency department visits)
Authors: Varghese Blesson , Beaty Matt , Bi Peng , Nairn John 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Heatwaves are associated with increases in mortality and morbidity (mostly hospitalisations). However, evidence regarding heatwave impacts on the use of frontline health-services such as general practitioner (GP) consultations and emergency department (ED) services is limited. This study quantified the impact of heatwaves on the use of GP and ED services in Adelaide.

Methods
Data on GP services (2011-2016) from the Medicare Benefits Schedule and ED visits (2013-2018) were obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics and the Department of Health, respectively. Heatwaves were defined using Excess Heat Factor. Using time-stratified case-crossover models, we modelled heatwave-severity (low, severe/extreme) against the use of GP and ED services in the warm-season (October-March). Effect estimates are reported as relative risks (RRs).

Results
Total GP visits decreased during low-intensity heatwaves and increased during severe/extreme heatwaves (RR 1.14; 95%CI: 1.13-1.15). The highest increases during severe/extreme heatwaves were observed for respiratory (RR 1.36; 95%CI: 1.27-1.45) and psychiatric services. While ED visits decreased overall during low-intensity and severe/extreme heatwaves, those due to heat-light disorders (RR 4.23; 95%CI: 2.98-6.00), volume depletion, and respiratory diseases increased during severe/extreme heatwaves.

Conclusions
There were significant increases in the use of GP and specific ED services during heatwaves in Adelaide. Further research is needed to identify the intrinsic and extrinsic vulnerability factors contributing to these increases in Adelaide and other Australian cities.

Key messages
Impacts of heatwaves extend beyond mortality to include frontline health-services (GP/EDs) that are already challenged. Evidence presented may assist policymakers for resource allocation and healthcare workforce capacity building.