bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acción social colectiva por el derecho a la salud, Bogotá, 1994-2010
Authors: Torres Tovar Mauricio 
Published: October 2021

A finales del año 1993 Colombia estableció a través de la Ley 100 una política de Estado en salud que tiene como base el aseguramiento individual a un mercado de servicios de atención a la enfermedad. El desarrollo de este sistema de salud ha generado impactos negativos sobre la garantía del derecho a la salud de la población, razón por lo cual se fue estableciendo un campo de contienda política por el control de la salud en el país. L articulo describe y analiza las acciones sociales colectivas por el derecho a la salud realizadas después de la expedición de la Ley 100 y hasta el 2010, teniendo como estudio de caso la ciudad de Bogotá. Se hace una caracterización de lo que fueron estas acciones sociales colectivas tanto contenciosas como no contenciosas, permitiendo evidenciar que, producto de la realización de estas acciones colectivas se pudo avanzar en la construcción de una identidad colectiva alrededor de la comprensión de la salud como derecho humano y se configuro un movimiento social capaz de ganar la contienda política y establecer las decisiones necesarias para transformación el campo de la salud a favor de los sectores sociales que demandan la garantía del derecho a la salud.
Collective Social Action for the Right to Health, Bogotá, 1994-2010
Through the law 100 Colombia established at the end of 1993 a health policy that is based on the individual access of services market of the care disease. The development of this health system has resulted in negative impacts on the guaranteed right to health for the population, and it was establishing a field of political struggle for control of health in the country. The article describes and analyzes the collective social actions for the right to health made after the expedition of law 100 until 2010, taking Bogota as a case study. A characterization of these collective social actions, both contentious and non-contentious, shows how it has advanced in the construction of a collective identity around the understanding of health as a human right. The article also pinpoints how social movement for the right to health was configured, but without producing a political subject capabla of winning in the political contest, and establishing the necessary decisions for transforming the health field for the social sectors that demand the guarantee of the right to health.
Keywords: Colombia, Right to Health, Collective Action, Political Struggle, Health System.
Mas allá del 16 de mayo de 1984. Protesta estudiantil en Colombia, 1975-1984
Authors: Cote R. Jorge A. 
Published: October 2021

El texto realiza la historia del movimiento estudiantil colombiano entre los años de 1975 y 1984, periodo cuando ocurrieron los hechos de mayo de 1984 en la Universidad Nacional, sede Bogotá. Sin embargo, el artículo no se centra exclusivamente en este acontecimiento. Al contrario, a partir del análisis de las protestas estudiantiles nacionales ocurridas en esos años y la descripción de las transformaciones que hubo en el sistema de educación superior este texto comprobara que 1984 fue le culminación de una etapa del movimiento estudiantil iniciada hace 1975-1976, que se caracterizó por un profundo debilitamiento de sus organizaciones, la disminución de sus protestas, el predominio de las organizaciones de izquierda y la fuerte represión estatal:
Beyond May 16, 1984. Student Protest in Colombia, 1975-1984
The article covers the history of the Colombian student movement between 1975 and 1984, a period when happened the events of May 1984 at the National University in Bogotá. However, the article does not focus exclusively on this event. On the contrary, form the analysis of national student protests occurred in those years, and the description of the transformations of the higher education system, this paper will prove that 1984 was the culmination of a student movement’s stage that began around 1975-1976, which was characterized by a profound weakening of student organizations, decline of their protests, predominance of left-wing organizations, and strong state repression.
Keywords: Student Movement, Welfare, Higher Education, 1984
Myjmering: De invloed van het EVRM op de Nederlandse strafrechtspleging. Inmiddels Fair enough?
Authors: Myjer B.E.P. (Egbert) 
Published: October 2021

Myjmering: De invloed van het EVRM op de Nederlandse strafrechtspleging. Inmiddels Fair enough?
Bij de discussies in de Kamer over de goedkeuringswet van het EVRM werd nog gedacht dat het EVRM vooral invloed zou hebben op andere landen. Inmiddels is duidelijk dat het EVRM, zoals toegepast en geïnterpreteerd door het EHRM, ook een niet meer weg te denken invloed heeft gehad op de Nederlandse strafrechtspleging. Lidstaten laten soms merken dat het EHRM zich wat gedeisd moet houden. En klagers vinden dat het best wat ruimhartiger mag zijn. Het is voor het EHRM een constant balanceren tussen terughoudendheid en activisme
Photosynthesis, Growth and Dry Biomass Production in Euglena gracilis Klebs as Affected by Three Growth Irradiance Levels
Authors: Beneragama C. K. , Goto K. , Kodithuwakkuge V. N. 
Published: October 2021

Aims: The research aimed to investigate the shade response of E. gracilis Klebs while making the irradiance a crucial factor for photosynthesis based physiological activities and its applicability for industrial level culture conditions.
Study Design: Euglena was cultured at three different light intensities of 30, 90, and 210 mol m-2s-1 photoautotrophically and axenically in modified Cramer-Meyer medium at 25 ˚C as batch cultures.
Methodology: The photosynthesis O2 evaluation of Euglena cultures was measured under exponential (EP), transitional (TP), and stationary phases (SP). The light compensation point (LCP), light saturation point (LSP), and dark respiration rate (DRR) were obtained. Cell volume and cell number in each culture were measured simultaneously. Cells were collected and obtained dry mass (DM) after drying aliquots at 80˚C. Specific growth rate (SGR) and relative growth rate (RGR) were calculated. Tests for homogeneity of variance were performed on all parameters and LSDs were used for the mean separation.
Results: In the TP, the lowest LCP was achieved in the higher light culture. The values of both the DRR and the LSP were the same as in EP. The DRR, LCP and LSP are lower in lower PFD cultures and decreased with increasing cell titers. The cellular growth levels were lower in lower light culture and decreased as each culture grew. Cellular DM was maintained constant in the EP, where SGR almost equaled RGR. In the EP, SGR was maintained constant in each culture, SGR displayed a saturation phenomenon. In the later TP, SGR became equal to RGR and all the cultures revealed constant DM.
Conclusion: Euglena photoautotrophic cultures can tolerate low light intensities. With the SGR and RGR behavior under the shade conditions, they can maintain the constant photosynthesis rate and constant dry matter level.
Gas Flaring in Niger Delta Nigeria and Sustainability Development Goal Framework: Qualitative Survey of the Health Impacts, Mitigation and Adaptation
Authors: I. Obi Nkemdilim , T. Bwititi Phillip , U. Nwose Ezekiel 
Published: October 2021

Background: Petroleum exploitation and production have resulted in various environmental, socio-economic, political and health problems. This study is part of ongoing research to evaluate sustainability development goal in host communities of gas flaring operations.
Objective: The research purposes to generate thematic opinions of the community regarding the risks associated with gas flaring and evaluate the mitigation and adaptation programs of government and oil and gas companies in the Delta region, Nigeria.
Methods: This was qualitative with a quantitative component utilizing a survey of 8 open-ended and 2 semi-quantitative questions. Sample size was N = 488 and participants were over 18 years old. Thematic analysis adopted word cloud, followed by thematic aggregation and quantification.
Results: The response rates were 99.2%, 76.2%, 75.4% and 70.1% for Sections B, C, D, and F, respectively. Over 66% reported negative impacts of gas flaring including specifications of some health problems and stress and respiratory problems were most common. Lack of opinion e.g. on how oil and gas companies liaise with the community (47%) and on how government liaises with companies (63%) were observed.
Conclusion: While the majority of respondents had opinions, they however lacked knowledge regarding what the government and/or oil and gas companies could do on mitigation and adaptation on negative impacts of gas flaring. This therefore calls for awareness campaign and health promotion in the affected communities.
To Assess the Effectiveness of Self-Instructional Module on Knowledge Regarding Obstetric Danger Signs, Birth Preparedness and Complications Readiness among the Primigravida Mothers
Authors: Lalawmpuii A. , Taksande Vaishali 
Published: October 2021

Background: Every pregnant woman faces the possibility of unforeseeable pregnancy problems, which can result in morbidity or fatality for herself or her infant. As a result, the concept of birth preparedness and complication readiness was developed, in which the family and community should plan ahead of time to protect the safety and well-being of the women and their new-borns throughout pregnancy, delivery, and after delivery. In the event of pregnancy and delivery problems, delivery intrapartum, and after postpartum, good plans and preparations will enhance usage of professional care and reduce delays in receiving care. Good plans and preparations will increase the usage of expert care and reduce the time it takes to seek care in the case of pregnancy and delivery complications [1].
Objectives: 1. To assess the existing knowledge on obstetric danger signs, birth preparedness and complications readiness among primigravida mothers. 2. To evaluate the effectiveness of self- instructional module on knowledge regarding obstetric dangers signs, birth preparedness and complications readiness among the primigravida mothers. 3. To find out the association between the knowledge regarding obstetric danger signs, birth preparedness and complications readiness with selected demographic variables.
Materials and Methods: It is a quantitative research approach, in which one group pre-test post-test design will be used. Purposive sampling technique will be used to collect the data. Self-instructional module and structured questionnaire will be used to assess the effectiveness of self-instructional module on knowledge regarding obstetric danger signs, birth preparedness and complication readiness among the primigravida mothers.
To Assess the Effectiveness of Patterned Breathing Technique in Reduction of Pain during First Stage of Labour among Primigravida Mothers
Authors: Lalhriatpuii . , Mahakarkar Manjusha 
Published: October 2021

Background: The pain of labour is intense, but his memory decreases over time, despite this. Labour is an emotional phenomenon that encompasses both psychological and physiological processes. The active method of delivering a foetus is labour, which is characterized by frequent, painful uterine contractions that increase in frequency and intensity [5]. There are many ways, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological, to relieve work pain and help to relax. During labour and childbirth, comfort measures that offer natural pain relief can be very effective.
Methods and Materials: Quantitative Research Approach and Non-randomized control group design will be used, 56 subjects (28 in experimental group and 28 in control group) will be randomly allotted. The experimental group received breathing exercise during contraction at a rate of 45 mins interval 3 times during the active phase of labour whereas routine care will be provided to the subjects in the control group. Pain level will be assessed after each contraction with Wong weber’s facial pain scale.
Expected Outcome: This study is planned to assess the effectiveness of patterned breathing technique during first stafe of labour among primigravida mothers to reduce their pain and their pain perception. Hence, it is expected to reduce their pain perception among primigravida mothers and it will make it easy to bear the labour pain.
An Effective Stability Indicating RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Lamivudine and Raltegravir in Bulk and Their Tablet Dosage Form
Authors: Kumar Gundapaneni Ravi , Rao Rayala Rama , Vardhan Vadde Megha , Abbaraju V. D. N. Kumr 
Published: October 2021

Background: In the current study, asimple and specific stability indicating RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the determination of Lamivudine and Raltegravir in bulk drug and it tablet dosage form using an UV-detector. Good separation was achieved by isocratic ally on a Zorbax SB-Phenyl (150 × 4.6 mm, 3.5 μ, 80 A°) column, using a mobile phase composition of buffer (0.1% v/v Phosporic acid in water): Acetonitrile (40:60 v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The eluted analytes detected at 260 nm wavelength.
Results: Lamivudine and Raltegravir were eluted at 3.1 and 5.4 min respectively with run time 7 min. Linearity in the method was measured in the concentration range of 30 – 70 μg/mL and 60 – 140 μg/mL for Lamivudine and Raltegravirrespectively. The percentage recoveries of Lamivudine and Raltegravirwere determined to be 100.30% and 100.53%, respectively. The validation of the developed method is carried as per USFDA and ICH guidelines, and the degradants were well resolved from Raltegravir and Lamivudine peaks. The developed RP-HPLC method was highly precise, specific, sensitive, and stability indicating.
Conclusion: The results of the analysis prove that thedeveloped RP-HPLC method is simple, economical and widely acceptable, which can be used in routine quality control tests in the industry.
The potassium channel Kv1.3 as a therapeutic target for immunocytoprotection after reperfusion
Authors: Chen Yi‐Je , Cui Yanjun , Singh Latika , Wulff Heike 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe voltage‐gated potassium channel Kv1.3, which is expressed on activated, disease‐associated microglia and memory T cells, constitutes an attractive target for immunocytoprotection after endovascular thrombectomy (EVT). Using young male mice and rats we previously demonstrated that the Kv1.3 blocker PAP‐1 when started 12 h after reperfusion dose‐dependently reduces infarction and improves neurological deficit on day 8. However, these proof‐of‐concept findings are of limited translational value because the majority of strokes occur in patients over 65 and, when considering overall lifetime risk, in females. Here, we therefore tested whether Kv1.3 deletion or delayed pharmacological therapy would be beneficial in females and aged animals.MethodsTransient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO, 60 min) was induced in 16‐week‐old and 80‐week‐old male and female wild‐type C57BL/6J and Kv1.3−/− mice. Stroke outcomes were assessed daily with the 14‐score tactile and proprioceptive limp placing test and on day 8 before sacrifice by T2‐weighted MRI. Young and old female mice were treated twice daily with 40 mg/kg PAP‐1 starting 12 h after reperfusion. Microglia/macrophage activation and T‐cell infiltration were evaluated in whole slide scans.ResultsKv1.3 deletion provided no significant benefit in young females but improved outcomes in young males, old males, and old females compared with wild‐type controls of the same sex. Delayed PAP‐1 treatment improved outcomes in both young and old females. In old females, Kv1.3 deletion and PAP‐1 treatment significantly reduced Iba‐1 and CD3 staining intensity in the ipsilateral hemisphere.InterpretationOur preclinical studies using aged and female mice further validate Kv1.3 inhibitors as potential adjunctive treatments for reperfusion therapy in stroke by providing both genetic and pharmacological verification.
Frequency of Contraception Documentation in Women With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Rheumatoid Arthritis Within the Rheumatology Informatics System for Effectiveness Registry
Authors: Clowse Megan E. B. , Li Jing , Talabi Mehret Birru , Eudy Amanda M. , Schmajuk Gabriela 
Published: October 2021

ObjectiveWe sought to understand the frequency of contraception documentation for women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in a large US electronic health record (EHR)–based registry and to identify disparities by teratogen prescription and patient race and ethnicity.MethodsContraception documentation from structured data fields within the Rheumatology Informatics System for Effectiveness (RISE) registry was collected for women of childbearing age (18–45 years) in 2018 who had at least 2 visits with International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision or Tenth Revision, diagnosis codes for SLE or RA (at any time). Univariate and multivariate analyses compared the frequency of contraception documentation based on patient characteristics including diagnosis, age, race, and teratogenicity of prescribed antirheumatic medications.ResultsIn 2018, there were 9,826 women of childbearing age with SLE and 19,009 with RA, of whom 9.1% had any contraception documented. Rates of contraceptive documentation were significantly lower for women with SLE (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.84 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.76–0.92]). Women of Hispanic ethnicity and Black and Asian race were all less likely than White women to have contraception documentation. Teratogen prescription was associated with higher rates of contraception documentation for women with RA but not SLE (RA adjusted OR 1.31 [95% CI 1.16–1.47]; SLE adjusted OR 1.08 [95% CI 0.91–1.28]).ConclusionThere are large gaps in contraception documentation within the RISE registry that are particularly stark among women of color. Although these data likely underestimate contraception use, they highlight that most rheumatologists do not have a systematic approach to collecting and recording this information in the EHR.
A Friendly Soluble Protic Additive Enabling High Discharge Capability and Stabilizing Li Metal Anodes in Li–O2 Batteries
Authors: Wan Hao , Sun Yingjie , Cai Wenlong , Shi Qianqi , Zhu Yongchun , Qian Yitai 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPromoting the solution phase formation of Li2O2 rather than on the cathode surface is a key issue for high‐performance Li–O2 batteries. Protic additives have been reported to guide the discharge of Li2O2 in the electrolyte solution, while further advances are stalled by the intrinsical reactivity to Li metal to deteriorate the lifespan of Li–O2 batteries. Herein, rhodamine B (RhB), a protic additive, is first introduced into electrolyte as a phase‐transfer catalyst to achieve solution phase formation of Li2O2. The yield of Li2O2 is 90.79%, and the discharge capacity is 46 000 mAh gcarbon−1 at current density of 1000 mA gcarbon−1, which is 23‐fold higher than that of blank electrolyte. Density functional theory calculations further demonstrate the feasibility of RhB to boost solution phase discharge. Most notably, the free chlorine ion in RhB assists the in situ formation of a stable Li+‐conducting solid electrolyte interphase to protect Li anode from corrosion and dendrite formation during cycling. As a result, Li||Li symmetric cells exhibit a long cycle performance up to 1300 h at 1 mA cm−2 with low hysteresis voltage. Benefiting from the above results, Li–O2 batteries with RhB present long cycle stability.
Light‐Soaking Induced Optical Tuning in Rare Earth‐Doped All‐Inorganic Perovskite
Authors: Ouyang Yu , Jiang Xingxing , Jiang Feng , Li Lihui , Zhao Hepeng , Zhang Chi , Zheng Min , Zheng Weihao , Jiang Ying , Zhu Xiaoli , Feng Yexin , Zhuang Xiujuan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractUnderstanding and manipulating the photoluminescence (PL) of all‐inorganic perovskites is significant in applications toward light‐emitting diodes. Doping has proved to be a very promising approach for tuning the luminescence properties of perovskites. Herein, rare earth (Er and Yb) doped 3D all‐inorganic perovskite flakes (CsPb(Cl/Br)3) are synthesized. At room temperature, they possess a narrow emission peak at 506 nm with 10 nm linewidth and a quite broad peak at 700 nm with 170 nm linewidth, which are from band‐edge PL of α‐CsPb(Cl/Br)3 and self‐trapped excitons of δ‐CsPb(Cl/Br)3, respectively. When exposing the flakes under a light‐soaking, the samples present a color tuning capability spanning from red to green by extension of the soaking time, and the emission properties can recover by removing the light‐soaking and undergoing a certain recovery time. Time‐resolved photoluminescence indicates a photoinduced reduction of defects density in the doped perovskite flakes. Based on further density functional theory calculations, a photoinduced O2‐diffused defect‐passivation mechanism is proposed. The discovery is expected to promote the optical tuning capability of the all‐inorganic perovskites and expand their potential application in optoelectronics devices.
A Flash Vacuum‐Induced Reaction in Preparing High Performance Thermoelectric Cu2S
Authors: Yu Yimeng , Yang Dongwang , Li Jun , Zhang Mingqi , Luo Hao , Liang Qi , Ye Hengqiang , Zhang Qingjie , Tang Xinfeng , Wu Jinsong 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSynthesis of high‐performance thermoelectric (TE) materials with tunable compositions and nanostructures normally require sophisticated and high‐cost methods, such as high‐temperature melting and solid‐state reactions, which consume a large amount of time and energy and incur high costs. Herein, a fast, reliable, low‐cost, and environmentally friendly method, namely the vacuum‐induced method, is developed to rapidly synthesize Cu2S‐based materials with high TE performance. By mixing finely ground powders of metal‐Cu and S at room temperature, Cu2–xS compounds with a tunable x varied from 0–0.07 can be instantly formed by a quick sulfurization reaction once the mixture is placed inside a low vacuum (≈about 30 Pa and beyond). The atomic mechanism of Cu2–xS formation is studied by transmission electron microscopy, as a heterogeneous growth with the diffusion of both Cu+‐cations and S2−‐anions. In a low vacuum, the sulfur vapor is preferably attached to the copper surface with rich defected sites such as atomic vacancies, steps, and edges. The synthesized Cu2–xS powders with further plasma‐activated sintering treatment show high TE performance with ZT ≈ 1.56 around 800 K. Such a simple synthesis method may provide an effective and low‐cost way to prepare sulfides with potential applications in TE materials and solid electrolytes.