bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
U.S. conservation translocations: Over a century of intended consequences
Authors: Novak Ben J. , Phelan Ryan , Weber Michele 
Published: March 2021

AbstractConservation translocations (reintroductions, reinforcements, ecological replacements, and assisted colonization) have played a vital and necessary role in conserving endangered species and ecosystems. Yet concerns over potential unintended ecological consequences frequently hinder the progress of translocation activities. We reviewed the history of U.S. translocations to ask: how often were intended benefits the result versus harmful unintended consequences? We found that translocations played a key role in recovery for 30% (14 of 47) of U.S. delisted taxa. Translocations have been performed, are planned, or are part of continuing recovery actions for 70% (1,112 of 1,580) of listed threatened and endangered taxa. Of the 1,014 total taxa we found with recorded conservation translocations spanning 125 years, we found only one restricted instance that caused a loss of biodiversity. All other reports of negative consequences were caused by translocations performed for economic and cultural interests in the absence of conservation‐based governance. Examples included fish stocking for sport and biological control programs for agricultural pests. We included biological control programs in this analysis because they can be and often are used as conservation tools, to directly benefit ecosystems. In addition, they are often raised as examples of harmful unintended results during the conservation planning process. However, only 1.4% (42) of 3,014 biological control agents released globally have caused ecosystem‐level deleterious impacts. All of these were initially released before the 1980s and conservation‐based practice and governance in recent decades have reduced off‐target impacts from biological control practice. Two themes emerged from our review: (a) conservation translocations routinely yielded their intended benefits without producing unintended harm, and (b) when ecological damage did occur, it was in the absence of conservation practice and regulation. This evidence shows that well‐planned translocation efforts produce ecosystem benefits, which should be weighed against the costs of inaction when deliberating conservation strategies.
Selection against individuals from genetic introgression of escaped farmed salmon in a natural population of Atlantic salmon
Authors: Wacker Sebastian , Aronsen Tonje , Karlsson Sten , Ugedal Ola , Diserud Ola H. , Ulvan Eva M. , Hindar Kjetil , Næsje Tor F. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe viability of wild Atlantic salmon populations is threatened by genetic introgression from escaped farmed salmon. Farmed Atlantic salmon are genetically improved for important commercial traits and a life in captivity but are poorly adapted to the natural environment. The rate of gene flow from escaped farmed to wild salmon depends on their spawning success and on offspring survival at various life stages. We here investigate relative survival of introgressed juvenile Atlantic salmon (parr) in a river in northern Norway. The studied population has experienced genetic introgression from farmed salmon for about four generations (20 years). We followed two cohorts of parr from the year of hatching (0+) to the age of 2 years (2+). Farmed genetic introgression was quantified at the individual level and on a continuous scale using diagnostic SNPs. Population‐level genetic introgression decreased from 0+ to 2+ by 64% (2011 cohort) and 37% (2013 cohort). This change was driven by a 70% (2011 cohort) and 49% (2013 cohort) lower survival from age 0+ to 2+ in introgressed parr compared to parr of wild origin. Our observations show that there is natural selection against genetic introgression with a potential cost of lower productivity.
Which glucose parameter best predicts poor outcome after mechanical thrombectomy for acute large vessel occlusion stroke?
Authors: Li Xiandong , Li Chao , Shi Mingchao , Qu Yang , Huo Longwen , Hao Zeyu , Yue Feixue , Gan Lin , Wang Shouchun 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundHyperglycaemia is related to adverse outcomes in patients with acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) treated with mechanical thrombectomy (MT).AimsTo compare the predictive ability of admission blood glucose (ABG), fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in patients with acute large vessel occlusion (ALVO) stroke undergoing MT.MethodsThe study retrospectively analysed the data of 329 consecutive acute stroke patients treated with MT. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the predictors of poor functional outcome. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to identify the predictive ability of ABG, FBG and HbA1c for poor functional independence in patients with ALVO stroke undergoing MT. In addition, subgroup analyses were performed for both diabetic and non‐diabetic patients.ResultsMultiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that ABG and FBG were independent predictors of 3‐month poor functional outcome; however, HbA1c could not predict poor functional outcome. ROC analysis showed that FBG has a higher predictive ability than ABG (areas under the ROC curve (AUC): 0.689 vs 0.624; P = 0.037) and HbA1c (AUC: 0.689 vs 0.541; P < 0.001) for poor function outcome.ConclusionsABG and FBG are independent predictors of poor functional outcome in patients with AIS undergoing MT, and FBG has a higher predictive ability than ABG and HbA1c.
Decision‐making experiences of young adults with long‐term conditions
Authors: Ofori‐Ansah Sarah , Evans Michelle , Jones Janice , Thomas Nicola 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundYoung adults with long‐term conditions can struggle to accept their diagnosis and can become overwhelmed with managing their condition. Suboptimal transfer from paediatric to adult services with a resultant disengagement with the service can result in less involvement in care and decision‐making. Shared decision‐making can improve involvement in health decisions and increase satisfaction with treatment/therapy and care.ObjectivesAn integrative literature review was conducted to explore and understand young adults’ experiences of decision‐making in health care.DesignAn integrative literature review.Data SourcesCINAHL, EMCARE, PsycINFO, HMIC, EMBASE, Web of Science, PubMed, MEDLINE, EBSCOHOST and COCHRANE databases were searched for relevant literature published between January 1999 and January 2020.FindingsThirteen primary research papers met the inclusion criteria. Four main themes were identified: (1) Information delivery and communication; (2) participation in decision‐making; (3) social factors influencing decision‐making and (4) emotional impact of decision‐making.ConclusionsYoung adults with long‐term conditions have specific decision‐making needs which can impact their emotional health. Research with a specific focus on young adults’ experiences of decision‐making in health care is needed.
Palaeontology meets metacommunity ecology: the Maastrichtian dinosaur fossil record of North America as a case study
Authors: García‐Girón Jorge , Heino Jani , Alahuhta Janne , Chiarenza Alfio Alessandro , Brusatte Stephen L. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDocumenting the patterns and potential associated processes of ancient biotas has always been a central challenge in palaeontology. Over recent decades, intense debate has focused on the organization of dinosaur‐dominated communities, yet no general consensus has been reached on how these communities were organized in a spatial context. Here, we used analytical routines typically applied in metacommunity ecology to provide novel insights into dinosaurian distributions across the latest Cretaceous of North America. To do this, we combined fossil occurrences with functional, phylogenetic and palaeoenvironmental modelling, and adopted the perspective that more reasonable conclusions on palaeoecological reconstructions can be gained from studies that consider the organization of biotas along ecological gradients at multiple spatial scales. Our results showed that dinosaurs were restricted in range to different parts of the Hell Creek Formation, prompting the recognition of discrete and compartmentalized faunal areas during the Maastrichtian at fine‐grained scales, whereas taxa with the broadest ranges included those with narrower distributions when combining data from various geological formations across the Western Interior of North America. Although groups of dinosaurs had coincident range boundaries, their communities responded to multiple ecologically‐important gradients when compensating for differences in sampling effort. Metacommunity structures of both ornithischians and theropods were correlated with climatic barriers and potential trophic relationships between herbivores and carnivores, thereby suggesting that dinosaurian faunas were shaped by physiological constraints, limited food resources abundance, and a combination of bottom‐up and top‐down forces across multiple spatial grains and extents.
Ranking of VGI contributor reputation using an evaluation‐based weighted pagerank
Authors: Zhang Die , Ge Yong , Stein Alfred , Zhang Wen‐Bin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe quality of volunteered geographic information (VGI) is questionable as it emerges through a diversity of contributors. The reputation of a contributor is increasingly applied to VGI quality assessment and its assurance. Research on how to measure and validate reputation, however, is still required. This study proposes an evaluation‐based weighted PageRank (EWPR) algorithm to provide a ranking metric of reputation. Ranking is established on the basis of the assumptions that: (a) there is an evaluation relationship between VGI contributors; (b) the reputation of a contributor is movable within the VGI community; and (c) highly active contributors are more likely to have high reputation. By means of case studies using OpenStreetMap, two existing methods are compared with the EWPR algorithm. The results show that the algorithms used for web pages and social network participants are applicable to understand the reputation of VGI contributors. This study also applies credibility, based on reputation, as a popular indicator of VGI quality. The high correlation between credibility and VGI characteristics indicates that reputation is useful for dealing with quality variability in VGI.
Structural Topology Optimization in Linear and Nonlinear Elasticity Using Genetic Algorithms
Authors: Kane Couro , Jouve François , Schoenauer Marc 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper, structural topology optimization is addressed through Genetic Algorithms. A set of designs is evolved following the Darwinian survival-of-fittest principle. The standard crossover and mutation operators are tailored for the needs of 2D topology optimization. The genetic algorithm based on these operators is experimented on plane stress problems of cantilever plates: the goal is to optimize the weight of the structure under displacement constraints.
The main advantage of this approach is that it can both find out alternative optimal solutions, as experimentally demonstrated on a problem with multiple solutions, and handle different kinds of mechanical model: some results in elasticity with large displacements are presented. In that case, the nonlinear geometrical effects of the model lead to non viable solutions, unless some constraints are imposed on the stress field.
Stick-Slip Motion of Frictionally Damped Turbine Airfoils: A Finite Element in Time (FET) Approach
Authors: Wang Yu 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A method is proposed for analyzing the periodic stick-slip motion of a single degree of freedom model of frictionally damped turbine blades. The method of finite elements in the time domain (FET) is based on a Hamilton’s weak principle, paralleling the variational methods in elastostatics. It permits a complete determination of the hysteretic friction force, and results in a set of highly structured system equations. The method has a number of unique features, which are utilized to provide a simple yet efficient approach for predicting the steady-state response. When applied to a number of example problems, including systems with static friction and the excitation of multiple discrete frequencies, the FET method is demonstrated to be an efficient and reliable alternative technique for nonlinear dynamic response analysis.
A Symmetric Positive Definite Inverse Vibration Problem With Underdamped Modes
Authors: Starek Ladislav , Inman Daniel J. , Pilkev Deborah F. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This manuscript considers a symmetric positive definite inverse eigenvalue problem for linear vibrating systems described by a vector differential equation with constant coefficient matrices. The inverse problem of interest here is that of determining real symmetric, positive definite coefficient matrices assumed to represent the mass normalized velocity and position coefficient matrices, given a set of specified eigenvalues and eigenvectors. The approach presented here gives an alternative solution to a symmetric inverse vibration problem presented by Starek and Inman (1992) and extends these results to include the definiteness of the coefficient matrices. The new results give conditions which allow the construction of mass normalized damping and stiffness matrices based on given eigenvalues and eigenvectors for the case that each mode of the system is underdamped. The result provides an algorithm for determining a non-proportional damped system which will have symmetric positive definite coefficient matrices.
Growth rate and configurational entropy in Tsallis holographic dark energy
Authors: Bhattacharjee Snehasish 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this work, we analyzed the effect of different prescriptions of the IR cutoffs, namely the Hubble horizon cutoff, particle horizon cutoff, Granda and Oliveros horizon cut off, and the Ricci horizon cutoff on the growth rate of clustering for the Tsallis holographic dark energy (THDE) model in an FRW universe devoid of any interactions between the dark Universe. Furthermore, we used the concept of configurational entropy to derive constraints (qualitatively) on the model parameters for the THDE model in each IR cutoff prescription from the fact that the rate of change of configurational entropy hits a minimum at a particular scale factor $$a_{DE}$$

a

DE

which indicate precisely the epoch of dark energy domination predicted by the relevant cosmological model as a function of the model parameter(s). By using the current observational constraints on the redshift of transition from a decelerated to an accelerated Universe, we derived constraints on the model parameters appearing in each IR cutoff definition and on the non-additivity parameter $$\delta $$
δ
characterizing the THDE model and report the existence of simple linear dependency between $$\delta $$
δ
and $$a_{DE}$$

a

DE

in each IR cutoff setup.
Acute Hemodynamic Effects of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Versus Alternative Pacing Strategies in Patients With Left Ventricular Assist Devices
Authors: Tomashitis Brett , Baicu Catalin F. , Butschek Ross A. , Jackson Gregory R. , Winterfield Jeffrey , Tedford Ryan J. , Zile Michael R. , Gold Michael R. , Houston Brian A. 
Published: March 2021

Background
The hemodynamic effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are uncharacterized. We aimed to quantify the hemodynamic effects of different ventricular pacing configurations in patients with LVADs, focusing on short‐term changes in load‐independent right ventricular (RV) contractility.

Methods and Results

Patients with LVADs underwent right heart catheterization during spontaneous respiration without sedation and with pressures recorded at end expiration. Right heart catheterization was performed at different pacemaker configurations (biventricular pacing, left ventricular pacing, RV pacing, and unpaced conduction) in a randomly generated sequence with >3 minutes between configuration change and hemodynamic assessment. The right heart catheterization operator was blinded to the sequence. RV maximal change in pressure over time normalized to instantaneous pressure was calculated from digitized hemodynamic waveforms, consistent with a previously validated protocol. Fifteen patients with LVADs who were in sinus rhythm were included. Load‐independent RV contractility, as assessed by RV maximal change in pressure over time normalized to instantaneous pressure, was higher in biventricular pacing compared with unpaced conduction (15.7±7.6 versus 11.0±4.0 s
−1
;
P
=0.003). Thermodilution cardiac output was higher in biventricular pacing compared with unpaced conduction (4.48±0.7 versus 4.38±0.8 L/min;
P
=0.05). There were no significant differences in heart rate, ventricular filling pressures, or atrioventricular valvular regurgitation across all pacing configurations.

Conclusions
Biventricular pacing acutely improves load‐independent RV contractility in patients with LVADs. Even in these patients with mechanical left ventricular unloading via LVAD who were relative pacing nonresponders (required LVAD support despite cardiac resynchronization therapy), biventricular pacing was acutely beneficial to RV contractility.
Strongly Coupled Assimilation of a Hypothetical Ocean Current Observing Network within a Regional Ocean–Atmosphere Coupled Model: An OSSE Case Study of Typhoon Hato
Authors: Phillipson Luke , Li Yi , Toumi Ralf 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe forecast of tropical cyclone (TC) intensity is a significant challenge. In this study, we showcase the impact of strongly coupled data assimilation with hypothetical ocean currents on analyses and forecasts of Typhoon Hato (2017). Several observation simulation system experiments (OSSE) were undertaken with a regional coupled ocean–atmosphere model. We assimilated combinations of (or individually) a hypothetical coastal current HF radar network, a dense array of drifter floats, and minimum sea level pressure. During the assimilation, instant updates of many important atmospheric variables (winds and pressure) are achieved from the assimilation of ocean current observations using the cross-domain error covariance, significantly improving the track and intensity analysis of Typhoon Hato. Relative to a control experiment (with no assimilation), the error of minimum pressure decreased by up to 13 hPa (4 hPa/57% on average). The maximum wind speed error decreased by up to 18 kt (5 kt/41% on average) (1 kt ≈ 0.5 m s−1). By contrast, weakly coupled implementations cannot match these reductions (10% on average). Although traditional atmospheric observations were not assimilated, such improvements indicate that there is considerable potential in assimilating ocean currents from coastal HF radar and surface drifters within a strongly coupled framework for intense landfalling TCs.
How do Muslim community members perceive Covid-19 risk reduction recommendations - a UK qualitative study?
Authors: Hassan Shaima M. , Ring Adele , Tahir Naheed , Gabbay Mark 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Introduction
The evidence is now unequivocal that people from Black and Minority Ethnic Backgrounds (BAME) living in the UK are disproportionately affected by covid-19. There is growing evidence that the reasons for this difference are multi-factorial and need further exploration.

Aim
The aim of this study was to understand better, perceptions of risk and responses to covid-19 of members of the Muslim community living in the North West of England, and to understand the facilitators and barriers to adherence to restrictions and guidance measures.

Method
A total of 47 participants took part in 25 in-depth qualitative interviews and four focus groups (n=22) that explored perceptions of risk and responses to risk from covid-19. Data were analysed thematically.

Findings
Participants were aware of the mechanism of transmission of covid-19 and took steps to mitigate risk of transmission including, observing a range of hygiene practices and following social distancing guidance. Increased risk of covid-19 for BAME populations was explained largely in terms of exposure to the virus due to the types of employment people from BAME populations are employed in. Limitations both within the working environment and more generally in public spaces, was identified as problematic for effective social distancing. The closure of mosques sent out a strong message about the seriousness of the virus and religious teachings reinforced hygiene and social distancing guidelines.

Conclusion
Across society there are people that adhere to restrictions and guidelines and those that do not. Improving local information provision and communication pathways during times of the pandemic, could aid understanding of risk and promote adherence to social distancing restrictions.
The inappropriateness of brain MRI prescriptions: a study from Iran
Authors: Kavosi Zahra , Sadeghi Abouzar , Lotfi Farhad , Salari Hedayat , Bayati Mohsen 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
Inappropriate prescriptions can lead to adverse consequences for patients. It also imposes excessive cost on the patients, payers and health systems. The current study aimed at estimating the rate of inappropriate brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) prescriptions and their financial burden in Iran.

Methods
Using systematic stratified sampling method, this cross-sectional study recruited 385 participants from three public teaching hospitals in Shiraz, Iran. Demographic information, questions related to brain MRI prescription and its indications checklist were collected using study-specific data collection tools. The completed indications checklist was compared to the appropriateness status table of indications and scenarios to detect the percent of the appropriateness of prescriptions.

Results
About 21 percentage of total brain MRI prescriptions are inappropriate. Previous treatment, number of referrals to physician, having other diagnostic tests and the applicant of MRI (P < 0.01) had significant relationships with prescription appropriateness. The estimated financial burden of inappropriate brain MRIs in Shiraz teaching hospitals was 99,988 US dollar in 2017.

Conclusions
More than one-fifth of brains MRIs were inappropriate (i.e. prescriptions without medical indications). It caused 99,988 United States Dollar (USD) financial burden which is 17 times that of Iran's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita. To better allocate resources for the provision of MRI services to health system, rationing policies for controlling moral hazard and reducing provider induced demand can be helpful.