bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Double‐Lock Nanomedicines Enable Tumor‐Microenvironment‐Responsive Selective Antitumor Therapy
Authors: Liu Fang , Zhu Jundong , Dai Peipei , Deng Jian , Qin Juan , Yuchi Zhiguang , Fan Aiping , Wang Zheng , Zhao Yanjun 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA hybrid nanocarrier for reducing the off‐target adverse effects of chemotherapy via selective drug delivery to the tumor cells is reported. The model active agent, combretastatin A4 (CA4) phosphate is deposited onto the magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles as the core, followed by lipid coating as the shell. Upon nanocarrier administration and biodistribution to the tumor site, the high level of adenosine triphosphate in the extracellular space of tumor induces the cargo release via phosphate displacement. Then, the CA4 phosphate is dephosphorylated by the alkaline phosphatase that is overexpressed at the plasma membrane of certain tumor cells, resulting in enhanced intracellular uptake of hydrophobic CA4. These sequential two‐step unlocking processes enable the preferable accumulation of CA4 within tumor cells. Such approach is applicable to a wide range of chemotherapeutics and is promising for efficacy enhancement and side‐effect reduction of antitumor chemotherapy.
Shape Persistent, Highly Conductive Ionogels from Ionic Liquids Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystal Network
Authors: Lee Hansol , Erwin Andrew , Buxton Madeline L. , Kim Minkyu , Stryutsky Alexandr V. , Shevchenko Valery V. , Sokolov Alexei P. , Tsukruk Vladimir V. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractShape‐persistent, conductive ionogels where both mechanical strength and ionic conductivity are enhanced are developed using multiphase materials composed of cellulose nanocrystals and hyperbranched polymeric ionic liquids (PILs) as a mechanically strong supporting network matrix for ionic liquids with an interrupted ion‐conducting pathway. The integration of needlelike nanocrystals and PIL promotes the formation of multiple hydrogen bonding and electrostatic ionic interaction capacitance, resulting in the formation of interconnected networks capable of confining a high amount of ionic liquid (≈95 wt%) without losing its self‐sustained shape. The resulting nanoporous and robust ionogels possess outstanding mechanical strength with a high compressive elastic modulus (≈5.6 MPa), comparable to that of tough, rubbery materials. Surprisingly, these rigid materials preserve the high ionic conductivity of original ionic liquids (≈7.8 mS cm−1), which are distributed within and supported by the nanocrystal network‐like rigid frame. On the one hand, such stable materials possess superior ionic conductivities in comparison to traditional solid electrolytes; on the other hand, the high compression resistance and shape‐persistence allow for easy handling in comparison to traditional fluidic electrolytes. The synergistic enhancement in ion transport and solid‐like mechanical properties afforded by these ionogel materials make them intriguing candidates for sustainable electrodeless energy storage and harvesting matrices.
Molecular‐Level Contact of Graphene/Silver Nanowires through Simultaneous Dispersion for a Highly Stable Wearable Electrothermal Heater
Authors: Kwon Minho , Kim Hanyoung , Mohanty Aruna Kumar , Yang Jiyeon , Piao Longhai , Joo Sang‐Woo , Han Joong Tark , Han Jong Hun , Paik Hyun‐jong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSilver nanowires (AgNWs) with low sheet resistances are excellent potential candidates for high‐performance wearable electrothermal heaters operated through Joule heating. However, the thermal oxidation and electrical instability of AgNWs caused by high contact resistance and poor adhesion to different substrates considerably limit their use in devices. Graphene is used in a AgNW/graphene hybrid owing to its low oxygen permeability, lower contact resistance with AgNWs, and good van der Waals interactions. Molecular‐level contacts between AgNWs and graphene must be achieved to maximize the synergy of these properties. In this study, a multifunctional polymer possessing styrene sulfonate‐based copolymer and disulfide groups is designed; these groups allow the simultaneous dispersion of AgNWs and graphene in an aqueous solution through self‐assembly. Since this polymer promotes molecular‐level contact between AgNWs and graphene, the oxidation and Joule‐heating stabilities of the hybrid dramatically increase. In addition, a freestanding AgNW/graphene film is readily prepared, exhibiting good attachable properties on various substrates and superior stability under harsh conditions (85 °C and 85% relative humidity for 7 days). The AgNW/graphene hybrid film displays a low sheet resistance (0.36 ± 0.02 Ω sq−1) with good performance as a high‐performance electrothermal heater (200 °C at 1.5 V).
Multiplexing Vectorial Holographic Images with Arbitrary Metaholograms
Authors: Wan Weiping , Yang Wenhong , Feng Hang , Liu Yilin , Gong Qihuang , Xiao Shumin , Li Yan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMetasurfaces achieving arbitrary phase profiles within ultrathin thickness, emerge as miniaturized, ultracompact, and kaleidoscopic nanophotonic platforms. However, it is often required to segment or interleave independent subarray metasurfaces to multiplex holograms in a single nanodevice, which in turn affects the device's compactness and channel capacity. Here, a flexible strategy is proposed for multiplexing vectorial holographic images by controlling the phase distributions of holographic images in far field. Benefitting from precisely controlling the phase difference of reconstructed images through the modified Gerchberg–Saxton algorithm, two different holographic images are independently designed for the circular light by two interleaved metasurfaces and an extra vectorial hologram is flexibly encrypted in far field without additional set of structures on the metasurface plane. An unlimited number of polarization can be achieved in the holographic image and additional information can be decrypted when different polarization‐dependent holographic images overlap. By continually varying phase difference between the incident right and left circular polarized light, the image within the overlap area can be modulated. The silicon dielectric metahologram with record absolute multiplexed efficiency (>25%) is achieved in the experiment. This technique, as far as it is known, promises an enormous data capacity as well as a high level of information security.
Further heterogeneity in Silver–Russell syndrome: PLAG1 deletion in association with a complex chromosomal rearrangement
Authors: Brereton Rebecca E. , Nickerson Sarah L. , Woodward Karen J. , Edwards Tracey , Sivamoorthy Soruba , Ramos Vasques Walters Fabiana , Chabros Vicki , Marchin Vanessa , Grumball Tanya , Kennedy Dagmara , Uzaraga Joan , Peverall Joanne , Arscott Gillian , Beilby John , Choong Catherine S. , Townshend Sharron , Azmanov Dimitar N. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSilver–Russell syndrome (SRS) is a rare genetic condition primarily characterized by growth restriction and facial dysmorphisms. While hypomethylation of H19/IGF2:IG‐DMR (imprinting control region 1 [IC1]) located at 11p15.5 and maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 7 (upd[7]mat) are the most common genetic mechanisms responsible for SRS, the expanding body of literature describing alternative causative variants suggests SRS is a highly heterogeneous condition, also involving variation in the HMGA2‐PLAG1‐IGF2 pathway. We report a familial PLAG1 deletion in association with a complex chromosomal rearrangement. We describe two siblings with differing unbalanced chromosomal rearrangements inherited from a mother with a 5‐breakpoint balanced complex rearrangement involving chromosomes 2, 8, and 21. The overlapping but diverse phenotypes in the siblings were characterized by shared SRS‐like features, underlined by a PLAG1 whole gene deletion. Genetic analysis and interpretation was further complicated by a meiotic recombination event occurring in one of the siblings. This family adds to the limited literature available on PLAG1‐related SRS. We have reviewed all currently known cases aiming to define the associated phenotype and guide future genetic testing strategies. The heterogeneity of SRS is further expanded by the involvement of complex cytogenomic abnormalities, imposing requirements for a comprehensive approach to testing and genetic counseling.
Topological Phase Transition and Topological Quantum State Transfer in Periodically Modulated Circuit‐QED Lattice
Authors: Cao Ji , Cui Wen‐Xue , Yi Xuexi , Wang Hong‐Fu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe topological properties of a circuit‐QED lattice are studied and it is found that the system undergoes a topological phase transition accompanied by the changes of Chern numbers from 2 to −1. For different lattice sizes, the energy eigenvalue spectra and the probability distributions of edge states are shown. Moreover, it is revealed that, depending on the strictly adiabatic evolution of the time‐dependent Hamiltonian, several different topological quantum state transfers between the first two sites and the last two sites can be achieved by employing the topologically protected edge states as the transfer channels. Further, it is demonstrated that, by using resonator‐based input–output process, the photonic topological edge state can be detected by measuring the average photon number in the steady state. The scheme opens up a new prospect for investigating the potential application of topological matter in quantum information processing.
Chromoselective Synthesis of Sulfonyl Chlorides and Sulfonamides with Potassium Poly(heptazine imide) Photocatalyst
Authors: Markushyna Yevheniia , Schüßlbauer Christoph M. , Ullrich Tobias , Guldi Dirk M. , Antonietti Markus , Savateev Aleksandr 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAmong external stimuli used to promote a chemical reaction, photocatalysis possesses a unique one—light. Photons are traceless reagents that provide an exclusive opportunity to alter chemoselectivity of the photocatalytic reaction varying the color of incident light. This strategy may be implemented by using a sensitizer capable to activate a specific reaction pathway depending on the excitation light. Herein, we use potassium poly(heptazine imide) (K‐PHI), a type of carbon nitride, to generate selectively three different products from S‐arylthioacetates simply varying the excitation light and otherwise identical conditions. Namely, arylchlorides are produced under UV/purple, sulfonyl chlorides with blue/white, and diaryldisulfides at green to red light. A combination of the negatively charged polyanion, highly positive potential of the valence band, presence of intraband states, ability to sensitize singlet oxygen, and multi‐electron transfer is shown to enable this chromoselective conversion of thioacetates.
The Mechanism of Dehydrating Bimodules in trans‐Acyltransferase Polyketide Biosynthesis: A Showcase Study on Hepatoprotective Hangtaimycin
Authors: Luo Minghe , Xu Houchao , Dong Yulu , Shen Kun , Lu Junlei , Yin Zhiyong , Qi Miaomiao , Sun Guo , Tang Lingjie , Xiang Jin , Deng Zixin , Dickschat Jeroen S. , Sun Yuhui 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA bioassay‐guided fractionation led to the isolation of hangtaimycin (HTM) from Streptomyces spectabilis CCTCC M2017417 and the discovery of its hepatoprotective properties. Structure elucidation by NMR suggested the need for a structural revision. A putative HTM degradation product was also isolated and its structure was confirmed by total synthesis. The biosynthetic gene cluster was identified and resembles a hybrid trans‐AT PKS/NRPS biosynthetic machinery whose first PKS enzyme contains an internal dehydrating bimodule, which is usually found split in other trans‐AT PKSs. The mechanisms of such dehydrating bimodules have often been proposed, but have never been deeply investigated. Here we present in vivo mutations and in vitro enzymatic experiments that give first and detailed mechanistic insights into catalysis by dehydrating bimodules.
Cationic Carbene Analogues: Donor‐Free Phosphenium and Arsenium Ions
Authors: Olaru Marian , Mebs Stefan , Beckmann Jens 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCarbenes and their analogues have constantly enthralled chemists with their intriguing reactivity of ambiphilic character stemming from their electronic structures. Phosphenium and arsenium ions are fiercely reactive cationic species, the stabilization of which has been so far achieved in the condensed phase by dispersing the positive charge through electromeric conjugation with at least one electron‐rich substituent (frequently amido groups). Although observed in the gas phase, the isolation of dicoordinate phosphenium and arsenium ions lacking such stabilizing ligands has eluded chemists for decades. Herein we show that by judicious choice of aromatic substituents, dicoordinate, donor‐free, Lewis‐superacidic phosphenium and arsenium ions can be kinetically stabilized. They feature singlet electronic ground states possessing a vacant p‐orbital and an electron lone pair with predominantly s‐character.
Consensus of fractional‐order multi‐agent systems using iterative learning control in the sense of Lebesgue‐p norm
Authors: Lan Tianyi , Li Bingqiang , Dai Mingguang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this paper, open loop and closed loop PDα‐type fractional‐order iterative learning control algorithms with fixed topology for the fractional‐order distributed multi‐agent systems are proposed. In the sense of Lebesgue‐p norm, the convergences of the proposed methods are discussed by using the generalized Young inequality of convolution, and their convergence conditions are presented. The proposed algorithm extends the application scope of traditional iterative learning control theory. Theoretical analysis shows that by selecting the appropriate learning gain matrix, the output of each agent can completely track the desired trajectory in a limited time interval as the number of iterations increases. The feasibility and theoretical correctness of the presented algorithm are verified by numerical simulations.
Recent Advances in Light Energy Conversion with Biomimetic Vesicle Membranes
Authors: Sinambela Novitasari , Bösking Julian , Abbas Amir , Pannwitz Andrea 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLipid bilayer membranes are ubiquitous in natural chemical conversions. They enable self‐assembly and compartmentalization of reaction partners and it becomes increasingly evident that a thorough fundamental understanding of these concepts is highly desirable for chemical reactions and solar energy conversion with artificial systems. This minireview focusses on selected case studies from recent years, most of which were inspired by either membrane‐facilitated light harvesting or respective charge transfer. The main focus is on highly biomimetic liposomes with artificial chromophores, and some cases for polymer‐membranes will be made. Furthermore, we categorized these studies into energy transfer and electron transfer, with phospholipid vesicles, and polymer membranes for light‐driven reactions.
Highly Efficient and Stable Atomically Dispersed Cu Catalyst for Azide‐Alkyne Cycloaddition Reaction
Authors: Ren Peng , Li Qinglin , Song Tao , Wang Zhaozhan , Motokura Ken , Yang Yong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this study, we report a highly stable and efficient single‐atom Cu dispersed on N‐doped porous carbon as a superior catalyst for azide‐alkyne cycloaddition reaction. A broad set of 1,4‐disubstituted 1,2,3‐triazoles was synthesized in high to excellent yields with good tolerance of various functional groups in a cost‐effective, environment‐friendly manner. Parallel studies show that the single‐atom Cu with unique coordination structure exhibits superior catalytic activity to the metallic Cu nanoparticles analogue. Remarkably, the single‐atom Cu catalyst demonstrates robust stability and can be reused several times without variations in activity and regioselectivity.
Remarkable Effects of External Magnetic Field on Circularly Polarized Luminescence of EuIII(hfa)3 with Phosphine Chirality
Authors: Mishima Kohei , Kaji Daiki , Fujiki Michiya , Imai Yoshitane 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHerein, magnetic circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) (MCPL) spectroscopy was conducted to analyze an EuIII(hfa)3 complex with three chiral PIII‐ligands. Resultantly, (R)‐chirality luminophores with S‐up orientation and (S)‐chirality luminophores with N‐up orientation were observed to possess symmetrical mirror image spectra, i. e., they were enantiomers. Similarly, the (R)‐chirality luminophores with N‐up orientation and the (S)‐chirality luminophores with S‐up orientation were also enantiomers. Contrarily, (R)‐S‐up and (S)‐S‐up were diastereomers and did not possess a mirror‐image relationship. Likewise, (R)‐N‐up and (S)‐N‐up were diastereomers. The J‐dependency of gMCPL and gCPL datasets suggested that the N‐up/S‐up external magnetic field, with the aid of chiral PIII‐ligands, increased the gMCPL values by two‐ to sixteen‐fold and modulated the gMCPL signs at J=1–4. Additionally, the origins of the nonideal mirror‐symmetric CPL and MCPL spectral characteristics of EuIII(hfa)3 with three chiral PIII‐ligands were discussed in terms of parity (space‐inversion, P)‐symmetry, time‐reversal (T)‐symmetry, and PT‐symmetry laws.
SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific humoral and cellular immunity persists through 9 months irrespective of COVID‐19 severity at hospitalisation
Authors: Sandberg John Tyler , Varnaitė Renata , Christ Wanda , Chen Puran , Muvva Jagadeeswara R , Maleki Kimia T , García Marina , Dzidic Majda , Folkesson Elin , Skagerberg Magdalena , Ahlén Gustaf , Frelin Lars , Sällberg Matti , Eriksson Lars I , Rooyackers Olav , Sönnerborg Anders , Buggert Marcus , Björkström Niklas K , Aleman Soo , Strålin Kristoffer , Klingström Jonas , Ljunggren Hans‐Gustaf , Blom Kim , Gredmark‐Russ Sara ,   The Karolinska COVID‐19 Study Group
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectivesHumoral and cellular immunity to SARS‐CoV‐2 following COVID‐19 will likely contribute to protection from reinfection or severe disease. It is therefore important to characterise the initiation and persistence of adaptive immunity to SARS‐CoV‐2 amidst the ongoing pandemic.MethodsHere, we conducted a longitudinal study on hospitalised moderate and severe COVID‐19 patients from the acute phase of disease into convalescence at 5 and 9 months post‐symptom onset. Utilising flow cytometry, serological assays as well as B cell and T cell FluoroSpot assays, we assessed the magnitude and specificity of humoral and cellular immune responses during and after human SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.ResultsDuring acute COVID‐19, we observed an increase in germinal centre activity, a substantial expansion of antibody‐secreting cells and the generation of SARS‐CoV‐2‐neutralising antibodies. Despite gradually decreasing antibody levels, we show persistent, neutralising antibody titres as well as robust specific memory B cell responses and polyfunctional T cell responses at 5 and 9 months after symptom onset in both moderate and severe COVID‐19 patients.ConclusionOur findings describe the initiation and, importantly, persistence of cellular and humoral SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific immunological memory in hospitalised COVID‐19 patients long after recovery, likely contributing towards protection against reinfection.
Activity of the growth hormone‐releasing hormone antagonist MIA602 and its underlying mechanisms of action in sarcoidosis‐like granuloma
Authors: Zhang Chongxu , Tian Runxia , Dreifus Emilee M , Hashemi Shahraki Abdolrazagh , Holt Gregory , Cai Renzhi , Griswold Anthony , Bejarano Pablo , Jackson Robert , V Schally Andrew , Mirsaeidi Mehdi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectivesGrowth hormone‐releasing hormone (GHRH) is a potent stimulator of growth hormone (GH) secretion from the pituitary gland. Although GHRH is essential for the growth of immune cells, the regulatory effects of its antagonist in granulomatous disease remain unknown.MethodsHere, we report expression of GHRH receptor (R) in human tissue with sarcoidosis granuloma and demonstrate the anti‐inflammatory effects of MIA602 (a GHRH antagonist) in two in vitro human granuloma models and an in vivo granuloma model using different methods including ELISA, immunohistochemistry, RNA‐seq analysis and flow cytometry.ResultsMIA602 decreases the levels of IL‐2, IL‐2R, IL‐7, IL‐12, IL‐17A and TNF‐α in an in vitro granuloma model. Further, we show that the anti‐inflammatory effect of MIA602 appears to be mediated by a reduction in CD45+CD68+ cells in granulomatous tissue and upregulation in PD‐1 expression in macrophages. Analysis of the expression of proteins involved in the mitochondrial stage of apoptosis showed that MIA602 increases the levels of caspase‐3, BCL‐xL/BAK dimer and MCl‐1/Bak dimer in the granuloma. These findings indicate that MIA602 may not induce apoptosis.ConclusionsOur findings further suggest that GHRH‐R is potentially a clinical target for the treatment of granulomatous disease and that MIA602 may be used as a novel therapeutic agent for sarcoidosis.
A two‐level clustering mechanism for energy enhancement in Internet‐of‐Things‐based wireless sensor networks
Authors: Bany Salameh Haythem , Obaidat Heba , Al‐Shamali Ahmad , Jararweh Yaser 
Published: July 2021

SummaryWireless sensors are considered the key elements in enabling efficient Internet of Things (IoT) networking and services. One of the key objectives in designing a WSN is increasing network lifetime by reducing the overall network energy consumption. To achieve this, several techniques have been proposed to extend the network lifetime, such as clustering. Clustering divides the network into several clusters, each with its own member nodes and a cluster‐head (CH) node. In this paper, a novel clustering mechanism is developed with the objective of extending network lifetime through load balancing in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). This is achieved by electing a new node to a provides specific tasks in the WSN to decrease energy consumption and enhance network lifetime. This node is called a relay node that is responsible of delivering the received data packets from the CHs, and then forwards them to the central node (sink). Unlike previous clustering schemes, the proposed algorithm consists of three main processes: CH selection, relay node selection, and medium access control processes. These processes depend on energy level and user's distributions. The performance of the proposed algorithm is investigated through simulation experiments in terms of network lifetime under various network parameters. The results reveal that the proposed mechanism significantly enhances network lifetime compared to previously proposed algorithms.