bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Albinism in Brazilian common opossums (Didelphis aurita)
Authors: Vanstreels Ralph Eric Thijl , Araújo Caroline Reis , Hurtado Renata , Bhering Renata C. C. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Albinism has been sporadically recorded in Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana) in the United States and Mexico, but records of pigmentation disorders in other Didelphis spp. are rare. The Brazilian common opossum (Didelphis aurita) is a cat-sized nocturnal omnivorous marsupial that inhabits Atlantic and Araucaria forests in South America. A litter of five young Brazilian common opossums was rescued at Espírito Santo state, southeast Brazil, of which two were albinos (one male, one female) and the remaining had normal pigmentation (three males). The two albinos had a complete lack of integumentary and retinal pigmentation, representing the first recorded cases of albinism in this species (and the first record in a Didelphis sp. other than the Virginia opossum).
Azo (Hydrazone) pigments: general principles
Authors: Christie Robert 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis paper presents an overview of the general chemical principles underlying the structures, synthesis and technical performance of azo pigments, the dominant chemical class of industrial organic pigments in the yellow, orange, and red shade areas, both numerically and in terms of tonnage manufactured. A description of the most significant historical features in this group of pigments is provided, starting from the discovery of the chemistry on which azo colorants are based by Griess in the mid-nineteenth century, through the commercial introduction of the most important classical azo pigments in the early twentieth century, including products known as the Hansa Yellows, β-naphthol reds, including metal salt pigments, and the diarylide yellows and oranges, to the development in the 1950s and 1960s of two classes of azo pigments that exhibit high performance, disazo condensation pigments and benzimidazolone-based azo pigments. A feature that complicates the description of the chemical structures of azo pigments is that they exist in the solid state as the ketohydrazone rather than the hydroxyazo form, in which they have been traditionally been illustrated. Numerous structural studies conducted over the years on an extensive range of azo pigments have demonstrated this feature. In this text, they are referred to throughout as azo (hydrazone) pigments. Since a common synthetic procedure is used in the manufacture of virtually all azo (hydrazone) pigments, this is discussed in some detail, including practical aspects. The procedure brings together two organic components as the fundamental starting materials, a diazo component and a coupling component. An important reason for the dominance of azo (hydrazone) pigments is that they are highly cost-effective. The syntheses generally involve low cost, commodity organic starting materials and are carried out in water as the reaction solvent, which offers obvious economic and environmental advantages. The versatility of the approach means that an immense number of products may be prepared, so that they have been adapted structurally to meet the requirements of many applications. On an industrial scale, the processes are straightforward, making use of simple, multi-purpose chemical plant. Azo pigments may be produced in virtually quantitative yields and the processes are carried out at or below ambient temperatures, thus presenting low energy requirements. Finally, provided that careful control of the reaction conditions is maintained, azo pigments may be prepared directly by an aqueous precipitation process that can optimise physical form, with control of particle size distribution, crystalline structure, and surface character. The applications of azo pigments are outlined, with more detail reserved for subsequent papers on individual products.
Carbon black pigments
Authors: Pfaff Gerhard 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Carbon black pigments are manufactured today mainly by modern chemical processes in industrial scale production. They are the most important representatives of black pigments. Carbon black pigments have a number of advantages compared with other inorganic black pigments and with black organic colorants. Hiding power, color stability, solvent resistance, acid and alkali resistance as well as thermal stability are excellent good properties that are not achieved from other blacks. Carbon black pigments are applied in most of the pigment relevant systems, such as printing inks, paints and coatings, plastics, and cosmetics. They are produced by several industrial processes. Furnace blacks, channel blacks and gas blacks have the highest importance among the various carbon blacks. Particle size, particle size distribution, surface quality and structure determine the coloristic and application technical properties of the individual pigments. Oxidative aftertreatment is used in many cases to modify the surface of the pigments concerning the stability and the compatibility with the application system. Particle management, aftertreatment and the provision of pigment preparations are suitable ways for the improvement of the pigments and the optimization of the dosage form.
DISCUSSION: GRADUATE WORKSHOP CASCA 1991
Authors: Reimer Gwen 
Published: April 2021

This discussion paper is a compilation of the questions and comments audio-taped during the hour following the presentations. Rather than transcribing the tape verbatim. the discussion has been paraphrased and summarized (by the Special Editor) according to the major themes that emerged. Several direct quotations are also included. Each individual who participated in the discussion period has been given the opportunity to edit and to further contribute to the written form as it is presented below.	Participants included the three presenters -- Gwen Reimer, Cathy Kurelek, and Maria-Ines Arratia, -- four appointed discussants -- Patty Defreitas, Patricia Spittal, Jean-Philippe Chartrand, and Dr. Wayne Warry, -- and three audience participants -- Sandra Niessen, Dr. Fay Cohen, and Dr. Raoul Anderson.
Hybridization at the Neutral Iroquoian Walker Site (AgHa-9)
Authors: Wallace Melissa Marie 
Published: April 2021

This article is written with the intention of exploring the types of approaches used to study Indigenous and European contact, using the Iroquoian Neutral culture as an example. The Neutral, a northern Iroquoian group, were similar overall culturally to other Northern Iroquoian groups in Ontario. Their settlement in the first half of the 17th century is believed to have been focused in what is now Southern Ontario, from the north of Lake Erie, to the west of LakeOntario (Noble 1984:4). Based on their placement in southern Ontario between other Indigenous groups, they were in an excellent position for trade. In an attempt to understand the ways in which Indigenous people incorporated European material culture, a new concept, hybridization, is proposed. Hybridization, like syncretism, is the incorporation of European materials into Indigenous society by creating what would be considered ‘traditional’ forms of artifacts. By utilizing this kind of analysis, it is possible to incorporate Indigenous agency, without using out-dated methods that assume acculturation as the ultimate end to culture contact.
Effects of Long Term Corseting on the Female Skeleton: A Preliminary Morphological Examination
Authors: Gibson Rebecca 
Published: April 2021

This 2012/2013 study looks at corset dimensions and skeletal rib deformation in female remains from three time periods and two locations to understand certain aspects of longevity. All artifacts and skeletal remains originate from the Early Modern, Victorian, and Edwardian periods. The corsets are held in the Victoria and Albert Museum, and range in date from 1750-1908. The data on the skeletal remains are the result of the author’s examination of collections held in the Musée de l’Homme in Paris, France, and the Centre for Human Bioarchaeology at the Museum of London Archaeology (MoL) in London, England. An anachronistic view of corseted women posits that they lived short and painful lives. I examine these skeletal remains with an eye toward establishing that rich or poor, young or old, corseted women lived comparatively long lives, and that the corset was not, in itself, a death sentence. My findings indicate that although women experienced skeletal deformation because of corseting, they also lived longer than the average age for their times.
Science Communication: An Interview with Katie Moisse
Authors: Redublo Tyler 
Published: April 2021

Science communication is an emerging field that consists of a multitude of different career options, such as journalism, storytelling, and multimedia production. At its core, the field of science communication represents the bridge between scientists and the general public. Experts in this profession are concerned with how the complexities of scientific research can be presented to all audiences in ways that are engaging, comprehensible, and relevant. Today, innovative scientists continue to push the boundaries of knowledge and they are supported by science communicators who help to raise awareness and advocate for the research. Despite the fundamental role that these experts play, many people are unaware of the field of science communication and the vast array of career opportunities that it offers. The purpose of this interview is to shed light on science communication and to explore the associated skills, careers, and growth opportunities.
role of stathmin microtubule-destabilizing activity in Shigella flexneri motility and tunneling
Authors: Rozman Robert , Barr Austin A. , Sharma Radha 
Published: April 2021

The infection of the intestinal mucosa by Shigella bacteria is a global health issue resulting in a variety of potentially life-threatening gastrointestinal complications. Their unique method of intracellular motility depends on microtubule destabilization to clear the dense host cytoskeletal network in a process called tunneling. It is hypothesized that the host protein stathmin may play a role in this process, due to its tubulin-sequestering capability. This proposal aims to provide potential methodologies to elucidate the function of stathmin with respect to Shigella flexneri motility. Three experiments are proposed, involving comparisons between human intestinal epithelial cell strains under varying levels of stathmin expression, each infected with S. flexneri. Respectively, the experiments examine tunnel widths via electron microscopy, microtubule densities via imaging fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, and bacterial movement patterns via live fluorescence microscopy. If microtubule destabilization and movement is impaired in null stathmin strains, as predicted, such findings may inform a novel therapeutic target for Shigellosis by preventing internal spreading. This is particularly significant in our current landscape, as antibiotic-resistant strains of Shigella are growing increasingly prevalent.
Sex Differences in the Association Between Obesity and Hypertension: A Systematic Review
Authors: Oliaei Ava 
Published: April 2021

Introduction: Obesity is associated with multiple health-related complications, which together can decrease quality of life, disability-adjusted life years and life expectancy.1 Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have demonstrated that sex can influence the association between obesity and health complications, such as rheumatoid arthritis and many types of cancer.2-4 However, no systematic review or meta-analysis has been conducted to review the effect of sex on the association between obesity and hypertension, thus far. Knowing whether or not sex influences this relationship can help tailor the prevention, prediction, and care of this condition towards each sex.

Objectives: To evaluate current studies on the association between sex, obesity, and hypertension, so as to obtain an overall estimate of the effect of sex on the prevalence of hypertension in obese individuals.

Methods: A systematic search of EMBASE, MEDLINE, and PubMed was conducted. Search terms, such as “obesity,” “sex differences,” and “hypertension,” were used to filter results. After reviewing 406 articles, eight articles were included.

Results: Four articles showed that obese women were at a greater risk of developing hypertension than obese men.5-8 Conversely, the results of two studies found that obese men are at a greater risk of developing hypertension.9,10 The remaining two studies showed that the difference between the sexes was insignificant.11,12

Discussion/Limitations: Stronger evidence shows that obese women are at a greater risk of developing hypertension than obese men. The two studies that had contradictory conclusions had small sample sizes relative to the other studies. Additionally, the two studies that concluded that both sexes are at a similar risk highlighted that most other studies have determined that obese women are at a greater risk and that their limitations may have caused this discrepancy. Limitations of this review include the limited ethnicity of participants and the use of BMI to classify obesity, which can sometimes lead to misclassification due to varying muscle to fat ratios. These factors limit the generalizability of the results.

Conclusion: Obese women are seemingly at a greater risk of developing hypertension than obese men. However, this conclusion remains statistically inconclusive. Therefore, it would be beneficial to complete a meta-analysis in order to conclusively determine which sex is statistically more at risk of developing hypertension, when obese.
A mutation of the β-domain in POU1F1 causes pituitary deficiency due to dominant PIT-1β expression
Authors: Suzuki Shigeru , Matsuo Kumihiro , Ito Yoshiya , Kobayashi Atsushi , Kokumai Takahide , Furuya Akiko , Ueda Osamu , Mukai Tokuo , Yano Koichi , Fujieda Kenji , Okuno Akimasa , Tanahashi Yusuke , Azuma Hiroshi 
Published: April 2021

Background
POU1F1 encodes both PIT-1α, which plays pivotal roles in pituitary development and GH, PRL and TSHB expression, and the alternatively spliced isoform PIT-1β, which contains an insertion of 26-amino acids (β-domain) in the transactivation domain of PIT-1α due to the use of an alternative splice acceptor at the end of the first intron. PIT-1β is expressed at much lower levels than PIT-1α and represses endogenous PIT-1α transcriptional activity. Although POU1F1 mutations lead to combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD), no patients with β-domain mutations have been reported.

Results
Here, we report that a three-generation family exhibited different degrees of CPHD, including growth hormone deficiency with intrafamilial variability of prolactin/TSH insufficiency and unexpected prolactinoma occurrence. The CPHD was due to a novel POU1F1 heterozygous variant (c.143-69T>G) in intron 1 of PIT-1α (RefSeq number NM_000306) or as c.152T>G (p.Ile51Ser) in exon 2 of PIT-1β (NM_001122757). Gene splicing experiments showed that this mutation yielded the PIT-1β transcript without other transcripts. The lymphocyte PIT-1β mRNA expression was significantly higher in the patients with the heterozygous mutation than a control. A luciferase reporter assay revealed that the PIT-1β-Ile51Ser mutant repressed PIT-1α and abolished transactivation capacity for the rat prolactin promoter in GH3 pituitary cells.

Conclusions
We describe, for the first time, that the PIT-1β mutation can cause CPHD through a novel genetic mechanism, such as PIT-1β overexpression, and that POU1F1 mutation might be associated with a prolactinoma. Analysis of new patients and long-term follow-up are needed to clarify the characteristics of PIT-1β mutations.
Exceptional Set in Waring–Goldbach Problem Involving Squares, Cubes and Sixth Powers
Authors: Li Jinjiang , Zhang Min , Zhao Haonan 
Published: April 2021

Let N be a sufficiently large integer. In this paper, it is proved that, with at most O(N 119/270+s) exceptions, all even positive integers up to N can be represented in the form where p1, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6 are prime numbers.
Chemical safety as a component of general and professional competences in training of future doctors
Authors: Ishchenko Alla 
Published: April 2021

The study analyzes the content of international (project "Harmonization of educational structures in Europe") and Ukrainian (industry standard of higher education field of knowledge 22 "Health Protection", specialty 222 "Medicine") legal documents of training future doctors in the context of modern ideas on chemical safety. The components of chemical safety are identified: understanding of the chemical factor as an integral danger to human health; knowledge of methods of labeling chemicals and products; compliance with the rules and safety measures for working with chemical products throughout the life cycle. The content of the main professional competencies of the second level of medical education of the project "Harmonization of educational structures in Europe", which are related to the application of chemical safety issues in the future professional activity of the future doctor: to consult with the patient; provide emergency medical care in emergencies; apply the principles, skills and knowledge of evidence-based medicine; promote health, to address public health issues and work effectively in the health care system, is revealed.
The general and professional competencies of the future doctor in the field of chemical safety, which are stated in the industry standard of higher education in the field of knowledge 22 "Health Protection ", specialty 222 "Medicine", are established: desire to preserve the environment; ability to carry out sanitary and hygienic and preventive measures; ability to conduct epidemiological and medical-statistical studies of public health; ability to assess the impact of the environment on the health of the population (individual, family, population); ability to implement resource efficiency activities
Cytomegalovirus infection and male infertility: case report
Authors: Kovalyk V. Р. , Malinovskaya V. V. , Shuvalov A. N. , Kurilo L. F. , Yurlov К. I. , Gomberg М A. , Kushch A. A. 
Published: April 2021

Objectives. To present a case report of male infertility associated with cytomegalovirus infection and the outcome of antiviral treatment.Clinical observation. A 31-year-old man presented with a history of 6 years of infertility. No pathology was revealed in his wife. High loads of cytomegalovirus (CMV) were detected by PCR: in expressed prostatic secretion (EPS) 8700 copies/ml, in ejaculate – 598 440 copies/ml. Sperm examination revealed necrozoospermia and leukospermia. CMV-associated accessory gland infection was verified. The patient was treated with valacyclovir 500 bid for 90 days and interferon α2β suppository (Viferon®) 1 million IU for 30 days. All sperm parameters improved in 1 month after initiation of antiviral treatment. Sperm concentration and motility increased × 1.5 and × 1.4 respectively, sperm viability and leukocyte count achieved reference values. At the same time, CMV loads decreased: EPS to 300 copies/ml, the ejaculate to 54 000 copies/ml. After 3 months (by the end of the antiviral treatment): EPS-negative, the ejaculate – 6060 copies/ml; after 6 months: EPS – negative, the ejaculate 3900 copies/ml. Within 6 months, the woman became pregnant and gave birth to a healthy baby girl. After 3 years, there was a second pregnancy and the birth of a healthy boy.Conclusion. The male factor has been established as the cause of infertility in a married couple; the only probable etiological agent of pathozoospermia was cytomegalovirus infection. The use of complex antiviral and immunotherapy (interferon α2β with antioxidants, Viferon®) provided positive dynamics in clinical, sperm and laboratory parameters, which led to the conception and birth of two children.
Prediction of persistence of hemodynamically significant open arterial duct in profoundlypreterm infants
Authors: Klimachev A. M. , Nikolaeva T. N. , Klimacheva O. V. 
Published: April 2021

Objective. To develop a method for predicting the persistence of hemodynamically significant ductus arteriosus in profoundly premature newborns based on the evaluation of clinical data and the results of additional studies.
Material and methods. Sixty-nine profoundly preterm newborns were examined including 37 with very low and 32 with extremely low body weight. Clinical and anamnestic data, the results of laboratory radiographic and instrumental examinations were evaluated. The state of the arterial duct, as well as the parameters of central and intracardiac hemodynamics were determined by echocardiography. The criteria for hemodynamically significant open arterial duct (OAD) were the following: duct size greater than 1.5 mm, left-right blood bypass, the presence of retrograde blood flow in the aorta greater than 50 % of the antegrade value. There were 2 groups: comparison (n = 41) children with hemodynamically insignificant ductus arteriosus, main (n = 28) children with hemodynamically significant ductus arteriosus after 72 hours of postnatal life.
Results. After 72 hours of the postnatal life, a hemodynamically significant ductus arteriosus is detected in 40.6 % of profoundly premature newborns. The factors of a long-term persistence of ductus arteriosus are as follows: birth at term of gestation less than 27 weeks with a low Apgar score within the first minute of life ( 4 points), a patient has a sharp weakening or absence of reflexes of the newborn, severe muscular hypotonia, signs of peripheral circulation, moist fine wheezing and crepitation in the lungs, strengthening of their images on the radiograph due to the interstitial and vascular components, dilation of the left and right ventricles and the left atrium. The method for predicting the dynamics of the open ductus arteriosus in profoundly premature newborns has been developed.
Conclusion. The use of the developed prognostic table makes it possible to identify with an accuracy of 85.7 % profoundly premature newborns with a high risk of persistence of a hemodynamically significant ductus arteriosus after 72 hours of postnatal life.