bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Power Spectral Density Analysis of Pipeline Pressures for Probabilistic Assessment
Authors: Rosenfeld M. J. , Zand Benjamin , Steiner Adam 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Pipeline pressure-cycle fatigue analysis is typically performed by analyzing pressure data in the amplitude domain and then calculating incremental fatigue crack growth in accordance with the Paris Law. Alternatively, the stochastic pressure history is converted to an equivalent number of uniform-amplitude cycles using a cumulative damage rule. The fatigue life may then be estimated by integration of the Paris Law. This second approach is computationally less involved and therefore lends itself to a probabilistic analysis because of the large number of iterations necessary with techniques such as Monte Carlo analysis.
However, studies have shown that for a broadband stochastic signal, applying linear cumulative damage can introduce large errors. The presence and magnitude of error cannot be easily determined by inspection of the pressure signal.
This paper describes the analysis of the pipeline pressure signal in the frequency domain to determine the power spectral density. The result can be used to estimate correction factors to the estimated linear cumulative damage fraction. The corrections may then be applied with a simplified integration of the Paris Law in closed form to improve both accuracy and speed for probabilistic assessment. The computation time for a probabilistic assessment may potentially be reduced by a significant factor.
Oil Temperature Prediction of Long-Distance Hot-Crude-Oil Pipeline Based on GA-BP Optimization
Authors: Yu Tao , Dong Peng , Yu Yang , Song Jinzhou , Zhang Jie 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Due to the high pour point of the oil products transported in the long-distance high wax crude oil pipeline, in order to ensure the operation safety, it is necessary to adopt heating transmission technology, so as to ensure that the oil temperature along the pipeline is 3–5 °C higher than the pour point, that is to say, the oil temperature is the most important operation parameter of the long-distance hot oil pipeline, and the accurate prediction and control of the oil temperature is the premise of the pipeline safety optimization. Aiming at the problems of large prediction error and poor applicability of the previous theoretical formula, this paper studies the establishment of oil temperature prediction model by using data mining algorithms such as Back Propagation (BP) neural network, and improves the prediction efficiency and accuracy of the model by using Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimization. The correlation coefficient formula is used to calculate the influence coefficient of oil temperature, ground temperature, pipeline transportation and other parameters on the inlet oil temperature of the downstream station, so as to obtain the input parameters of the model.
The actual production data training model is downloaded through SCADA system, and the prediction accuracy of the control model is ±0.5 °C. Compared with BP model and other theoretical formulas, the accuracy and efficiency of GA-BP oil temperature prediction model are greatly improved, and the adaptability is better. The GA-BP oil temperature prediction model trained according to the actual production data can be effectively applied to the future pipeline big data platform, which lays a theoretical foundation for the intelligent control of the pipeline.
The Use of Optimized ERW Technique to Improve Low Temperature Fracture Toughness of Welded Pipes
Authors: Rashid Muhammad , Hylton Timothy , Anderson Neil , Collins Laurie , Li Leijun 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
It is understood that the bondline microstructure of the line pipe ERW seam can be a zone of weakness in the pipe. To overcome this weakness, several research projects utilizing various line pipe steel grades and welding and heat treatment techniques have been conducted at EVRAZ NA. The overall goal of these efforts has been to understand the development of bondline microstructure during the ERW process and improve the weld seam fracture toughness for low temperature applications. These research activities included mill trials and Gleeble simulations.
It was realized that a high toughness ERW weld seam is only possible through a tightly controlled combination of weld power, forging (squeeze) pressure, and welding speed. Research studies have indicated that the as-welded seam may not pass the standard ERW destructive tests if proper heat input and adequate squeeze pressure are not applied.
Post weld heat treatment (normalizing) practice was also found to be a key element in the development of the appropriate bondline microstructure for higher toughness. Samples from pipes normalized using different heat treatment practices produced different bondline microstructures and hence different toughness properties. It was found through this study that a low (but still higher than the upper critical temperature Ac3) normalizing peak temperature and adequate soak time at the peak temperature result in improved Charpy toughness of ERW bondline microstructure.
Estimation of Tensile Strain Capacity of Vintage Girth Welds
Authors: Wang Bo , Liu Banglin , Wang Yong-Yi , Huising Otto Jan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Being able to estimate the tensile strain capacity (TSC) of vintage girth welds is sometimes necessary for the integrity management of vintage pipelines. Assessing girth weld integrity could be a top priority after a confirmed ground movement event. Decisions may also be needed about the disposition of a girth weld when weld anomalies are found. Typical fitness-for-service (FFS) procedures, such as API 1104 Annex A and API 579/ASME FFS-1, generally target materials under nominally elastic conditions and strain demands less than 0.2%. These procedures may produce overly conservative results when the strain demand exceeds 0.2%.
This paper summarizes the development and validation of a TSC estimation tool for vintage girth welds under PRCI funding. The work consisted of three components: the development of a TSC model for vintage girth welds, the implementation of the model into a software tool, and the experimental validation of the performance of the tool using curved wide plate (CWP) tests.
The TSC model was developed following the procedures established through a previous PRCI-PHMSA cofounded work. Finite element analyses (FEA) were performed to obtain a crack-driving force database while considering the salient features of vintage girth welds, such as larger weld caps and weld strength mismatch levels. The TSC model was then derived from the crack-driving force database using apparent toughness values representative of vintage girth welds.
A graphical user interface (GUI) and a user manual were developed to facilitate the application of the TSC model. The software tool produces TSC estimates based on geometry, material, loading, and flaw characteristics of a girth weld. For inputs that might not have readily available values, recommended values are provided. The tool allows the evaluation of the impact of various input parameters on TSC.
The performance of the TSC estimation tool was evaluated against eight purposely designed CWP tests. Accompanying small-scale material characterization tests, including chemical composition, round bar tensile, microhardness, and Charpy impact tests, were performed to provide additional inputs for the evaluation of the tool. The tool is shown to provide reasonably conservative estimates for TSC.
An example problem is presented to demonstrate the application of the tool. Gaps and future work to improve the tool are highlighted at the end of the paper.
Rational Limits of High-Low Misalignment in Girth Welds
Authors: Liu Banglin , Wang Yong-Yi , Jia Dan , Rapp Steve 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
High-low misalignment in girth welds introduces local bending stress and thus can potentially have detrimental effects on the stress capacity of girth welds. However, long-term pipeline service experience demonstrates that high levels of high-low misalignment do not always lead to reductions in the safety and integrity of pipelines. This paper discusses a PRCI-funded work that aimed to understand the impacts of misalignment on the integrity of girth welds and develop rational limits for misalignment for incorporation into existing standards.
Two sets of recommendations were developed: (1) recommendations on the incorporation of rational limits for misalignment into workmanship criteria, and (2) recommendations on rational limits for misalignment for application in alternative flaw acceptance criteria, such that those in API 1104 Annex A and CSA Z662 Annex K.
The recommendations for the workmanship criteria utilize extra weld reinforcement to compensate for stress capacity reduction due to misalignment. The recommendations consist of minimum values for key weld dimensions for a wide range of pipe wall thicknesses. The recommendations were developed based on a cross-weld tensile (CWT) test program and were validated using targeted finite element analysis (FEA).
The recommendations for the application of the engineering critical assessment (ECA) procedures provide a maximum permissible misalignment level, up to which the ECA procedures produce sufficiently conservative flaw acceptance criteria without needing to correct for misalignment. The maximum permissible misalignment was based on comparisons between FEA and the API 1104 Annex A ECA procedures. A concept of a safety margin was introduced to quantify the conservatism built into the Annex A procedures and to derive a maximum allowable misalignment value.
A Data Driven Validation of a Defect Assessment Model and its Safe Implementation
Authors: Kariyawasam Shahani , Zhang Shenwei , Yan Jason 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This paper presents data analytics that demonstrates the safe implementation of defect assessment models which use uncertain measurements of defect and material properties as inputs. Even though this validation is done for a corrosion assessment model implementation, it can be generalized for any defect assessment validation where the inputs have uncertainty (as they do in implementation).
The questions arising from the validation of the Plausible Profiles (Psqr) model and related review led to a large amount of data analytics to demonstrate various aspects of safety in implementation. The data analytics demonstrates how the safety of model implementation can be verified using a well-designed set of data.
The validation of Psqr model was conducted on a unique set of data consisting of metal-loss corrosion clusters with Inline Inspection (ILI) reported size, laser scan-measured dimension, and well monitored burst testing pressure. Therefore, this validation provided an unprecedented set of validation data that could represent many perspectives, such as model performance (with all uncertainties associated with other parameters removed), in-the-ditch decision scenario, and ILI-based decision scenario. Moreover, the morphologies of the 30 corrosion clusters tested is a good representation of large corrosion clusters that have failed historically in the pipeline industry. One of learnings from post-ILI failures due to corrosion in the industry is that corrosion morphology played a significant role. Previous model validations were mostly performed on simple single anomalies or simple clusters with few individual corrosion anomalies. It is important that a corrosion model is validated using real corrosion morphologies that are representative of in-service conditions.
The analysis of this unprecedented and comprehensive set of data led to great learning and revealed how safety can be achieved optimally with good understanding of how uncertainties associated with ILI sizing error, material property, model error, and safety factors interact and play into integrity. It also revealed the role of common misunderstandings that are barriers to effective pipeline integrity assessment. Overcoming these misunderstandings have helped in developing a more effective ILI based corrosion management program that will avoid more failures and reduce unnecessary integrity actions.
Heat Affected Zone Softening Susceptibility Test
Authors: Dinovitzer A. , Begg D. , Quintana M. , Lazor R. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
There have been a number of unexpected girth weld failures in pipelines, both in-service and during pre-service hydrostatic testing. Investigation of these incidents indicated that the line pipe met industry standard requirements, such as API 5L and the welding procedures had been qualified to API 1104 and construction welding/inspection had been completed according to industry standards. The investigation of these failures indicated that they were not related to hydrogen cracking or misalignment, however, line pipe chemical composition and tensile properties were identified as having contributed to these failures.
Low carbon and low carbon equivalent (CE) higher strength line pipe materials produced with thermo-mechanical controlled processing (TMCP) practice is believed to have contributed to the failures. Higher heat input welding in these lean chemistry steels can result in heat affected zone (HAZ) softening that produces a lower strength zone adjacent to the girth weld, making it susceptible to tensile failure from axial loading. In the presence of thermal or geohazard loading, these softened or lower strength HAZ’s become a concern where there has been pipe settlement or in strain-based assessment.
To understand the factors that influence the susceptibility to HAZ softening and identify those materials that can be considered at risk, a material testing procedure has been developed. This new testing procedure is a weld bead-in-plate test that was designed to maximize the potential for HAZ softening in an effort to identify those line pipe materials that may be susceptible to HAZ softening in construction or during in-service welding.
This paper presents the results of experimental trials comparing the susceptibility of leaner chemistry materials to HAZ softening. The testing procedure is described along with opportunities to enhance the procedure to develop a standardized test for HAZ softening assessment. This test has the potential to be used to identify materials at risk to HAZ softening and may also be used to qualify line pipe to demonstrate its resistance to HAZ softening.
Asset Complexity Based Benchmarks in Support of Reliability Improvement Program
Authors: Di Blasi Martin , Denny Scott 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Successfully executing maintenance & reliability improvement programs on a complex pipeline asset network tends to be challenging. Influencing the factors that affect reliability performance usually involves elements of culture, asset management & operations, resource allocation, reliability and maintenance strategy and maintenance execution. Frequently, the focus of attention is placed primarily on tracking detailed reliability & maintenance performance (i.e. tool time, average time between failures, planned work, etc.) because they tend to be easier to understand and measure. When some of the other key factors potentially holding back the full realization of significant reliability improvements may be at the resource allocation level where usually measuring and benchmarking can be more challenging. In this sense, being able to benchmark different operating areas in terms of maintenance, reliability and resources allocation performance can help understand higher level factors driving less than ideal asset reliability performance. Supporting the implementation of a Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) program on a vast liquid pipeline network, multi-attribute decision making (MADM) techniques and concepts were used to create assessment models that based around the notion of complexity were then used to benchmark multiple operating regions. From these assessment models, derived benchmarking indexes such as maintenance technicians per equivalent complexity or maintenance budget per equivalent complexity were created and used in support of resource allocation discussions. The paper will describe the use of a MADM techniques, discuss how different complexity models were developed working in collaboration with multiple maintenance SMEs, discuss some of the analysis and findings of different regional benchmarks and also comment on some of the cultural challenges encountered when using and communicating quantitative benchmarks to influence and drive reliability improvements. Hopefully this paper will help other professionals in the industry understand how SME experience can be captured and transformed into assessment tools for use in benchmarking.
When Metals and Microbes Meet: Preventing Microbial Corrosion in Crude Oil Transmission Pipelines
Authors: Gieg Lisa M. , Sharma Mohita , Place Trevor , Sargent Jennifer , Shen Yin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Corrosion of carbon steel infrastructure in the oil and gas industry can occur via a variety of chemical, physical, and/or microbiological mechanisms. Although microbial corrosion is known to lead to infrastructure failure in many upstream and downstream operations, predicting when and how microorganisms attack metal surfaces remains a challenge. In crude oil transmission pipelines, a kind of aggressive corrosion known as under deposit corrosion (UDC) can occur, wherein mixtures of solids (sands, clays, inorganic minerals), water, oily hydrocarbons, and microorganisms form discreet, (bio)corrosive sludges on the metal surface. To prevent UDC, operators will use physical cleaning methods (e.g., pigging) combined with chemical treatments such as biocides, corrosion inhibitors, and/or biodispersants. As such, it necessary to evaluate the efficacy of these treatments in preventing UDC by monitoring the sludge characteristics and the microorganisms that are potentially involved in the corrosion process.
The efficacies of a biocide, corrosion inhibitor, and biodispersant being used to prevent microbial corrosion in a crude oil transmission pipeline were evaluated. A combination of various microbiological analyses and corrosivity tests were performed using sludge samples collected during pigging operations. The results indicated that the combined treatment using inhibitor, biocide 1 and biodispersant was the most effective in preventing metal damage, and both growth-based and Next-Generation Sequencing approaches provided value towards understanding the effects of the chemical treatments. The efficacy of a different biocide (#2) could be discriminated using these test methods.
The results of this study demonstrate the importance of considering and monitoring for microbial corrosion of crucial metal infrastructure in the oil and gas industry, and the value of combining multiple lines of evidence to evaluate the performance of different chemical treatment scenarios.
The Use of Remote Real-Time GNSS to Monitor a Pipeline in an Active Landslide
Authors: Bracic Jan , McMahon Ryan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Pembina Pipeline Corporation (Pembina) monitored three active interacting [1] landslides utilizing arrays of remote real-time GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) sensors to assist in the confirmation of safe continued pipeline operation. Each case study utilized remote sending high-precision real-time GNSS sensors to monitor landslides of varying movement rates, from slow-moving landslides which could be condition-monitored for many years, to fast-moving landslides which required pipeline mitigation within months.
The first case study was Henderson Creek near Grande Prairie AB, which utilized remote real-time GNSS sensors to monitor over one meter of rotational slope movement in 6 months; both a conventionally-buried pipeline, and a temporary above-ground pipeline bridge were monitored before a permanent HDD replacement mitigation was completed. Sensors were installed on the temporary pipeline, the bridge, as well as shallow ground installations. The second case study was Athabasca River north slope near Ft McMurray AB, which utilized remote real-time GNSS sensors to monitor an above-ground pipeline in a slow-moving valley-scale landslide over a period of several years. The third case study was Smoky River east slope near Grande Cache AB, which utilized remote real-time GNSS sensors to monitor a rapidly-moving landslide on a conventionally-buried pipeline, which has plans for an HDD replacement mitigation in the near future.
To verify the results of the GNSS sensors, each of these three landslide sites were monitored utilizing multiple technologies which showed close correlation with the remote real-time GNSS sensors, including conventional ground surveys, monitoring pin surveys, SIs, and repeated ILI IMU caliper runs. The GNSS monitoring system was precise enough to detect operational changes of the above-ground pipelines, including filling of the pipeline with product, suspected changes in internal pipeline operating pressure, and pipeline expansion and contraction due to temperature changes from night to day and winter to summer.
Pembina successfully utilized a remote real-time GNSS monitoring system to allow greater assurance of safe continued pipeline operation at three separate moving slopes, until either a slope movement threshold was reached, or mitigation was completed. This paper highlights that pipeline operators can remotely condition-monitor their confirmed or suspected interacting pipelines in landslides with accuracy using remote real-time GNSS, on a real-time continuous basis as part of their Geohazard Management Program.
Burnishing Characteristics of Sliding Burnishing Process With Active Rotary Tool Targeting Stainless Steel
Authors: Okada Masato , Terada Shin , Kataoka Yuki , Kihara Takeshi , Miura Takuya , Otsu Masaaki 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This paper investigates the burnishing characteristics of a developed sliding burnishing method with active rotary tool targeting a martensitic stainless steel. Two types of martensitic stainless steel, annealing (AN) stainless steel and quenching and tempering (QT) stainless steel, were targeted. The burnishing characteristics evaluated included surface roughness, profile, microstructure, subsurface hardness, bending property, and corrosion resistance. A sufficiently smooth surface, approximately Ra = 0.1 μm and Ra = 0.025 μm in both materials, respectively, was obtained using the developed burnishing method; irregular profile smoothing occurred due to the material flow of the subsurface. The subsurface hardness increased at a depth of 40 μm or more when using the developed burnishing method on the AN material, but no effect was observed for the QT material. Moreover, the bending yield point and strength of the sheet shape workpiece increased by applying the burnishing process to the AN material. The influence of the burnishing process on the bending properties was also observed for the QT material. Corrosion resistance can be improved through the burnishing process.
Performance Improvement of Ultrasonic-Assisted Grinding Using PCD Micropin Tools
Authors: Egashira Kai , Yamaguchi Keishi , Ota Minoru 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In the present study it was attempted to improve the performance of ultrasonic-assisted grinding using polycrystalline diamond (PCD) micropin tools processed by electrical discharge machining. The micropins acted as grinding tools because the convex parts of discharge craters can serve as cutting edges of abrasive grains in grinding wheels. The drilling conditions to prevent chippings and cracks on the hole edge were experimentally determined and then employed for the drilling of microholes less than 10 μm in diameter. As a result, microholes as small as 5.5 μm in diameter were successfully drilled in hard and brittle materials such as crown glass and monocrystalline silicon. The high wear resistance of PCD improved the tool life, making it possible to mill trenches and to mass-produce holes using a small number of tools. Moreover, the tool life was further improved by processing the tool peripheral surface at a low electrical discharge energy.