bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plasma Metal Deposition for Metallic Materials
Authors: Ariza Galván Enrique , Montealegre Meléndez Isabel , Arévalo Mora Cristina , María Pérez Soriano Eva , Neubauer Erich , Kitzmantel Michael 
Published: December 2021

Plasma metal deposition (PMD®) is a promising and economical direct energy deposition technique for metal additive manufacturing based on plasma as an energy source. This process allows the use of powder, wire, or both combined as feedstock material to create near-net-shape large size components (i.e., >1 m) with high-deposition rates (i.e., 10 kg/h). Among the already PMD® processed materials stand out high-temperature resistance nickel-based alloys, diverse steels and stainless steels commonly used in the industry, titanium alloys for the aerospace field, and lightweight alloys. Furthermore, the use of powder as feedstock also allows to produce metal matrix composites reinforced with a wide range of materials. This chapter presents the characteristics of the PMD® technology, the welding parameters affecting additive manufacturing, examples of different fabricated materials, as well as the challenges and developments of the rising PMD® technology.
Investigation of Hypersonic Conic Flows Generated by Magnetoplasma Light-Gas Gun Equipped with Laval Nozzle
Authors: P. Khramtsov Pavel 
Published: December 2021

This chapter introduces new approach of hypersonic flow generation and experimental study of hypersonic flows over cones with half- angles τ1 = 3◦ and τ2 = 12◦. Mach number of the of the incident flow was M1 = 18. Visualization of the flow structure was made by the schlieren method. Straight Foucault knife was located in the focal plane of the receiving part of a shadow device. Registration of shadow patterns was carried out using high- speed camera Photron Fastcam (300 000 fps) with an exposure time of 1 μs. The Mach number on the cone was calculated from inclination angle of shock wave in the shadowgraph.
Notices descriptive of the Localities of certain sculptured stone monuments in Forfarshire &c. (Part I)
Authors: Jervise Andrew 
Published: December 2021

This article aims to shed light on some of the sculpted stone monuments of Perth, Kincardine and Angus. Taking each monument in turn, the author discusses the design of the monuments and gives a brief overview of the history of the area in which they were uncovered. Several of the monuments were discovered on or near burial sites and for some of these sites the author relates local legends about historical figures who might have been buried there.

Meeting notes for March 10, 1856 are appended.
Account of the expenses of the Funeral of Mrs Barbara Ruthven, Daughter-in-Law of Sir Hugh Paterson of Bannockburn, 20th July 1695. From the original belonging to Hugh J Rollo
Authors: Stuart John 
Published: December 2021

This paper quotes an account of George Porteous' heraldry work associated with the funeral of Barbara Ruthven.

Meeting notes for 12 May, 1856 are appended.
Anniversary Meeting
Authors: - - 
Published: December 2021

The Vice-President gave the opening address praising the Society's achievements over the past session and commemorating the Fellows who died over the past year. He also noted the success of the meeting held by the Archaeological Institute of Great Britain in Edinburgh, which he believes will increase the study of archaeology in Scotland. He goes on to give his opinion on what the Society's purpose should be and what benefits the study of the past can offer.

Meeting notes for December 15, 1856 are appended.
Notice of some Indian Antiquities, as compared with British in a letter from Dr Daniel Wilson, Toronto, Upper Canada, to David Laing
Authors: Wilson Daniel , Laing David , MacKinley John 
Published: December 2021

Daniel Wilson comments on the similarities between some artefacts belonging to First Nations groups in north-western Canada and those of the early peoples of the British Isles. In particular, he notes that an adze made one tribe is used to hollow out their canoes in a way that he believes echoes the way that wooden canoes found in the Clyde were made. This hand tool is also compared to some stone weaponry made by Pacific Islanders.

Meeting notes for April 13, 1857 are appended. During this meeting a communication on a German cruet was read by John MacKinlay and the Great Seal of Scotland of George III and the Quarter Seal of Scotland of George IV were presented to the Society as donations with accompanying explanatory notes.
N
‐Hydroxyphthalimide
Authors: Gambarotti Cristian , Punta Carlo , Recupero Francesco , Zlotorzynska Maria , Sammis Glenn , Petersen Wade F. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

image

[

524‐38‐9

]

C
8
H
5
NO
3

(MW 163.11)

InChI =
1S/C8H5NO3/c10‐7‐5‐3‐1‐2‐4‐6(5)8(11)9(7)12/h1‐4,12H

InChIKey =
CFMZSMGAMPBRBE‐UHFFFAOYSA‐N

(reagent for the formation of
O
‐alkyl hydroxylamines, catalytic precursor to the phthalimido‐
N
‐oxyl radical (PINO), capable of mild and selective abstraction of hydrogen from a wide variety of CH bonds with the formation of free radicals for exploitation in synthetic schemes, oxidation of CH bonds)

Physical Data:
mp 233 °C;
d
1.58 g cm
−3
; refractive index 1.522 (at 589 nm); p
K
a
6.3 at 25 °C in H
2
O; OH BDE 88 kcal mol
−1
;
1
H NMR (DMSO‐d
6
) 7.84 (s, 4
H
, CH), 10.9 (s, 1
H
, OH);
13
C NMR (DMSO‐d
6
) 168, 134, 128, 123; EPR of the derived radical (PINO) triplet,
g
= 2.0073,
A
N
= 4.23 G; MASS (EI) (
m/z
) 163 M
+
, 147, 133, 105, 104, 77, 76, 50.

Solubility:
0.33 g L
−1
5 °C in benzene; 50.5 g L
−1
at 25 °C in H
2
O; soluble in AcOH, CH
3
CN, CH
3
COOEt.

Preparative Methods:

N
‐hydroxyphthalimide is easily prepared by reaction of phthalic anhydride and hydroxylamine hydrochloride or sulphate in basic conditions.

Handling, Storage and Precaution:

N
‐hydroxyphthalimide is a white crystalline solid, stable to air, does not need particular precautions for the storage, irritant for the eyes and the skin and very toxic after inhalation.
2,3‐Bis[(
R
)‐(1,1‐dimethylethyl)methylphosphino]‐Quinoxaline
Authors: Lebel Hélène , Carmona José A. , Hornillos Valentín 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

image

[

866081‐62‐1

]

C
18
H
28
N
2
P
2

(MW 334.38)

InChI =
1S/C18H28N2P2/c1‐17(2,3)21(7)15‐16(22(8)18(4,5)6)20‐14‐12‐10‐9‐11‐13(14)19‐15/h9‐12H,1‐8H3/t21‐,22‐/m0/s1

InChIKey =
DRZBLHZZDMCPGX‐VXKWHMMOSA‐N

(reagent may be used as a chiral ligand for rhodium, palladium, copper, and silver complexes to perform enantioselective reductions, conjugate additions, and allylic alkylations)

Alternate Name:
QuinoxP*.

Physical Data:
mp 102–103°C; [α]
D
−54.3° (
c
1.00, CHCl
3
);
1
H NMR (395.75 MHz, CDCl
3
) δ 1.00–1.03 (m, 18
H
), 1.42–1.44 (m, 6
H
), 7.70–7.74 (m, 2
H
), 8.08–8.12 (m, 2
H
);
13
C NMR (99.45 MHz, CDCl
3
) δ 4.77 (t,
J
= 4.1 Hz), 27.59 (t,
J
= 7.4 Hz), 31.90 (t,
J
= 7.4 Hz), 129.50, 129.60, 141.63, 165.12 (dd,
J
= 5.7, 2.4 Hz);
31
P NMR (202.35 MHz, CDCl
3
) δ−17.7 (s); IR (KBr) 2950, 1470, 780 cm
−1
; HRMS (FAB) calcd. for C
18
H
29
N
2
P
2
(M
+
+ H); 335.1809; found: 335.1826. Anal. calcd. for C
18
H
28
N
2
P
2
: C, 64.66; H, 8.44. Found: C, 64.57; H, 8.29.

1

Solubility:
sol toluene, ether, THF, dichloromethane, hexane.

Form Supplied in:
orange solid; commercially available.

Preparative Methods:
a solution of
n
‐BuLi (1.25 mL of 1.60 M hexane solution, 2.0 mmol) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of
t
‐butylmethylphosphine–borane (236 mg, 2.0 mmol) in THF (4 mL) at −78 °C under nitrogen. After 15 min, a solution of 2,3‐dichloroquinoxaline (133 mg, 0.67 mmol) in THF (4 mL) was added in one portion with vigorous stirring and the mixture was warmed to rt during 1 h. After stirring for additional 3 h, tetramethylethylenediamine (1 mL) was added and stirring was continued for 2 h. The reaction was quenched with 1 M HCl and the mixture was extracted with hexane. The combined extracts were washed with 1 M HCl and brine, and dried over Na
2
SO
4
. The solvent was removed in vacuum and the residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (hexane/EtOAc = 30/1) to give the desired product (179 mg, 8%) as an orange solid, which was further purified by recrystallization from hot MeOH (1.7 mL) to give orange cubes.

1

Handling, Storage, and Precautions
: stable to air and moisture for more than 8 months.
5,5‐Dioxido‐10
H
‐dibenzo[
b
,
e
][1,4]Thiabismin‐10‐yl 4‐Methylbenzenesulfonate
Authors: Ball Liam T. 
Published: January 2025

image

[2414061‐66‐6]

C
19
H
15
BiO
5
S
2

(MW 596.02)

InChI =
1S/C12H8O2S.C7H8O3S.Bi/c13‐15(14,11‐7‐3‐1‐4‐8‐11)12‐9‐5‐2‐6‐10‐12;1‐6‐2‐4‐7(5‐3‐6)11(8,9)10;/h1‐7,9H;2‐5H,1H3,(H,8,9,10);/q;;+1/p‐1

InChIKey =
LWPNVZXHNROCLR‐UHFFFAOYSA‐M

(precursor to arylbismacycles, which can be used in oxidative C
ortho
‐arylation of phenols,

1

O‐arylation of sulfonates,

2,3

and
C
α
‐oxytosylation of ketones

4

)

Physical Data:
mp 191–192 °C.

1

Solubility:
insoluble in water, hydrocarbons, Et
2
O, and MTBE; moderately soluble in toluene, MeCN, CH
2
Cl
2
, CHCl
3
, and THF; soluble in DMSO.

Form Supplied in:
nonhygroscopic white powder; not widely available. Typical impurities if inadequately purified following synthesis: diphenyl sulfone, inorganic bismuth salts.

Analysis of Reagent Purity:
1
H NMR spectroscopy (
δ
H
(CDCl
3
): 8.94 (dd,
J
= 7.4, 1.1 Hz, 2
H
), 8.40 (dd,
J
= 7.7, 1.2 Hz, 2
H
), 7.84 (d,
J
= 8.3 Hz, 2
H
), 7.79 (ddd,
J
= 7.6, 7.4, 1.2 Hz, 2
H
), 7.49 (ddd,
J
= 7.7, 7.6, 1.1 Hz, 2
H
), 7.29 (d,
J
= 8.0 Hz, 2
H
), 2.42 (s, 3
H
)).

1

Preparative Methods:
protodebismuthation of an arylbismacycle with
p
‐toluenesulfonic acid.

1

The requisite arylbismacycle is prepared by addition of the appropriate arylbismuth dichloride

5

or dibromide

6

to 2,2′‐dilithiodiphenyl sulfone. The bismacycle synthesis and protodebismuthation processes can be performed as a single, telescoped operation.

1

Purification:
recrystallize from MeCN.

Handling, Storage, and Precautions:
stable to air, water, and laboratory light; can be stored as a solid for at least 3 years at room temperature under an ambient atmosphere; and can be manipulated on the benchtop without special precautions. Hydrolysis of the BiO bond is promoted by aqueous base.

While bismuth reagents are generally considered to be nontoxic,

7

no toxicity data exists for this specific compound, so appropriate care should be exercised. Structurally related bismacyclic carboxylates are reported to exhibit antifungal activity.

8–10
1,1,1‐Trifluoro‐2‐Butanone
Authors: Li Chunyu 
Published: January 2025

image

[381‐88‐4]

CF
3
COC
2
H
5

(MW 126.08)

InChI =
1S/C4H5F3O/c1‐2‐3(8)4(5,6)7/h2H2,1H3

InChIKey =
QBVHMPFSDVNFAY‐UHFFFAOYSA‐N

(precursor of ethyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane (ETFDO) for CH oxidation; precursor of trifluoromethylated amines; building blocks for the syntheses of various trifluoromethyl‐containing molecules)

Physical Data:
bp 45 °C

1

; d 0.929 g cm
−3
(25 °C).

Solubility:
sol in methanol, chloroform, and most organic solvents.

Form Supplied in:
colorless liquid; commercially available.

Purification:
by distillation or rectification on a large scale.

2

Preparation Method:
it has been reported that 1,1,1‐trifluoro‐2‐butanone could be prepared by several synthetic routes. 1,1,1‐Trifluoro‐2‐butanone could be obtained in 47% yield through trifluoromethyl magnesium iodide with propionyl chloride

1

or prepared from trifluoroacetic anhydride and ethyl magnesium bromide in a 3:1 mole ratio.

3

For process scale, 1,1,1‐trifluoro‐2‐butanone can be obtained in 3 kg scale with 95% purity, 90% yield by rectification through 2,2,2‐trifluoro‐
N
‐methoxy‐
N
‐methylacetamide with ethyl magnesium bromide.

2

Handling, Storage, and Precautions:
wear protective equipment while handling. Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Avoiding ingestion and inhalation. Keep from flames and hot places/sources. Recommended to store at 2–8 °C. Pressure might develop over time. Cool the bottles/containers down before use. Recommended to handle in a fume hood.
Triphenylphosphine Dichloride
Authors: Dormoy Jean‐Robert , Castro Bertrand , Borah Bhaskarjyoti , Bhuyan Rajashree , Allam Bharat Kumar 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

image

[

2526‐64‐9

]

C
18
H
15
Cl
2
P

(MW 333.20)

InChI =
1S/C18H15Cl2P/c19‐21(20,16‐10‐4‐1‐5‐11‐16,17‐12‐6‐2‐7‐13‐17)18‐14‐8‐3‐9‐15‐18/h1‐15H

InChIKey =
ASWXNYNXAOQCCD‐UHFFFAOYSA‐N

(conversion of alcohols,

6–10

phenols,

13

and enols

15

into alkyl chlorides; synthesis of
vic
‐dichlorides

16

or chlorohydrins

17

from epoxides; conversion of carboxylic acids

11

and derivatives

20

into acyl chlorides; chlorination

23,24

or dehydration

11

of the CONH group; production of iminophosphoranes from amines and related compounds

27–29

)

Alternate Name:
dichlorotriphenylphosphorane; triphenyldichlorophosphorane; chlorotriphenylphosphonium chloride.

Physical Data:
adduct:

2

white crystalline solid; mp 85–100 °C;

4

fp 20 °C. Ph
3
P: mp 80.5 °C; bp 377 °C (in inert gas);
d
25
4
1.194 g mL
−3
;
n
80
D
1.6358. Cl
2
: mp −101 °C; bp −34.6 °C;
d
0
3.214 g L
−1
.

Solubility:
adduct: slightly sol ether, THF, PhMe; sol CCl
4
, CH
2
Cl
2
, DMF, MeCN, pyridine; insol petroleum ether. Ph
3
P: sol ether, PhH, CHCl
3
, AcOH; less sol alcohol; pract insol H
2
O. Cl
2
: sol CCl
4
, alcohol.

Form Supplied in:
very hygroscopic solid; commercially available; purity ≈80%; the remainder is 1,2‐dichloroethane. The precursors Ph
3
P and Cl
2
are both widely available. Ph
3
P: odorless platelets or prisms; purity ≈99%; typical impurity is Ph
3
PO ≈1%. Cl
2
: greenish‐yellow gas, with suffocating odor; purity >99.3%; typical impurities are Br
2
, C
2
Cl
6
, C
6
Cl
6
, and H
2
O.

Analysis of Reagent Purity:
adduct:

2,3

31
P NMR (various solvents and solid state) +47 to +66 (ionic form), −6.5 to +8 (covalent form); Raman (solid state) ν(PCl) 593 cm
−1
(ionic form), 274 cm
−1
(covalent form). Typical impurities, Ph
3
P and Ph
3
PO:
31
P NMR (various solvents) −5 to −9 and +25 to +42, respectively.

Preparative Methods:
various preparations have been described;

5

the adduct is usually prepared just before use by addition of a stoichiometric amount of
Chlorine
to
Triphenylphosphine
in a dry solvent.

2

Handling, Storage, and Precautions:
adduct: exceedingly sensitive to moisture; incompatible with strong oxidizing agents and strong bases; may decompose on exposure to moist air or water; do not get in eyes, on skin, or on clothing; keep containers closed and store in a cool dry place; these reagents should be handled in a fume hood.
ECSIT‐X4 is Required for Preventing Pressure Overload‐Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy via Regulating Mitochondrial STAT3
Authors: Lu Xia , Tong Tingting , Sun Haoliang , Chen Yi , Shao Yongfeng , Shi Pengxi , Que Linli , Liu Li , Zhu Guoqing , Chen Qi , Li Chuanfu , Li Jiantao , Yang Shuo , Li Yuehua 
Published: January 2025

AbstractMitochondrial dysfunction is a key factor in exacerbating pressure overload‐induced cardiac hypertrophy and is linked to increased morbidity and mortality. ECSIT, a crucial adaptor for inflammation and mitochondrial function, has been reported to express multiple transcripts in various species and tissues, leading to distinct protein isoforms with diverse subcellular localizations and functions. However, whether an unknown ECSIT isoform exists in cardiac cells and its potential role in regulating mitochondrial function and pathological cardiac hypertrophy has remained unclear. This study identified a 42‐kDa ECSIT isoform encoded by the transcript variant Ecsit‐X4, which is highly expressed in the mitochondria of adult cardiomyocytes but down‐regulated in hypertrophic human heart samples and TAC‐treated mouse hearts. AAV9‐mediated Ecsit‐X4 gene therapy, administered either before or after TAC surgery, significantly attenuated cardiac hypertrophy. Cardiomyocyte‐specific Ecsit deficiency worsened TAC‐induced cardiac hypertrophy, while Ecsit‐X4 compensation independently rescued hypertrophic phenotypes in EcsitcKO mice. Mechanistically, ECSIT‐X4 localized to the mitochondria and interacted with STAT3, leading to increased STAT3 levels and enhanced serine 727 phosphorylation in cardiomyocyte mitochondria, thereby promoting strong mitochondrial bioenergetics. This study identified a novel transcript variant of ECSIT localized in the mitochondria of adult cardiomyocytes and highlights its potential as a therapeutic target for heart failure.
A Note on Homogeneity Bias in Equilibrium Displacement Models
Authors: Kinnucan Henry W. 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this Note is to measure the homogenous of degree zero (HOD0) bias discussed in Brester et al.'s (2023a) book on equilibrium displacement models. It does so by inserting parameter values for the US beef and pork industries into a restricted form of the model Brester et al. set forth to illustrate the bias. Simulating the model for isolated shifts in farm supply and retail demand, results suggest the bias is nontrivial. And this is true for welfare effects as well as for price and quantity effects.
Validation of digital biomarkers
Authors: Au Rhoda , Kourtis Lampros 
Published: January 2025

AbstractBackgroundInterest in use of digital technology to advance AD/ADRD research has been growing exponentially over the last few years. This acceleration is fueled in part by growing awareness that both well used research methods as well as newer biomarker approaches are 1) inadequate for clinical symptom detection in the earliest stages of an insidious onset disease and 2) have resulted in inaccurate as well as biased data that is generating treatment and prevention solutions that are insufficiently relevant to some and potentially not relevant to many.MethodsSensors embedded in mobile devices such as smartphones and wearables deliver a high penetration, low‐cost solution for overcoming previous limitations of early detection sensitivity and limited representative reach. The advances in AD biomarker development has spilled over into the digital realm, leading to the misconception and misclassification of many digital measures as digital biomarkers.ResultsRe‐examination of what is and is not a digital biomarker today and rethinking what a digital biomarker could be tomorrow is warranted. The validation pathways for digital biomarkers are twofold: 1) the path of least resistance, which creates digital versions of what is currently already being done and 2) the path of greatest resistance, where the definition of such is still unknown, including to the FDA.ConclusionThe impact of digital biomarkers today is still rather modest because research and clinical care remain relatively risk adverse. Re‐imagination not bounded by precedent will be needed to unleash the full potential of what digital biomarkers could and should be, which include well beyond what can be conceived of currently.
Novel digital speech biomarker for early detection of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: König Alexandra , Linz Nicklas , Tröger Johannes 
Published: January 2025

AbstractFuture clinical trials targeting Alzheimer’s disease (AD) on new disease modifying drugs necessitate a paradigm shift towards early identification of individuals at risk. Emerging evidence indicates that subtle alterations in language and speech characteristics may manifest concurrently with the progression of neurodegenerative disorders like AD. These changes manifest as discernible variations, assessable through semantic nuances, word choices, sentiment, grammar usage (linguistic features), and phonetic/acoustic traits (paralinguistic features). Consequently, automated analysis of speech performance stands as a promising avenue for detecting AD, enabling widespread screening of diverse at‐risk populations.The talk will outline applications of novel digital speech biomarkers for measuring cognition (SB‐C) alongside its analytical and clinical validation. The SB‐C algorithm demonstrates robustness in detecting Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) across various cohorts and languages. In addition, speech and language markers have shown to be useful to assess objectively common neuropsychiatric symptoms in MCI such as depression or apathy.This innovation holds the potential to enhance the efficiency of ongoing trials and augment future primary healthcare practices concerning AD. Identifying subtle cognitive and as well as affective changes through speech analysis signifies a critical advancement in the pursuit of early AD detection, potentially transforming the landscape of AD research and clinical interventions.
Into the Visual World of Patients with Posterior Cortical Atrophy through their Words: A Natural Language Processing Approach
Authors: Rezaii Neguine , Hochberg Daisy , Quimby Megan , Wong Bonnie , McGinnis Scott M , Dickerson Brad C , Putcha Deepti 
Published: January 2025

AbstractBackgroundPosterior Cortical Atrophy (PCA) is a syndrome characterized by a progressive decline in higher‐order visuospatial processing, leading to symptoms such as space perception deficit, simultanagnosia, and object perception impairment. While PCA is primarily known for its impact on visuospatial abilities, recent studies have documented language abnormalities in PCA patients. This study aims to delineate the nature and origin of language impairments in PCA, hypothesizing that language deficits reflect the visuospatial processing impairments of the disease.MethodWe compared the language samples of 25 patients with PCA with age‐matched cognitively normal (CN) individuals across two distinct tasks: a visually‐dependent picture description and a visually‐independent job description task. We extracted word frequency, word utterance latency, and spatial relational words for this comparison. We then conducted an in‐depth analysis of the language used in the picture description task to identify specific linguistic indicators that reflect the visuospatial processing deficits of PCA.ResultPatients with PCA showed significant language deficits in the visually‐dependent task, characterized by higher word frequency, prolonged utterance latency, and fewer spatial relational words, but not in the visually‐independent task. An in‐depth analysis of the picture description task further showed that PCA patients struggled to identify certain visual elements as well as the overall theme of the picture. A predictive model based on these language features distinguished PCA patients from CN individuals with high classification accuracy.ConclusionThe findings indicate that language is a sensitive behavioral construct to detect visuospatial processing abnormalities of PCA. These insights offer theoretical and clinical avenues for understanding and managing PCA, underscoring language as a crucial marker for the visuospatial deficits of this atypical variant of Alzheimer’s disease.