bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
It happens because I'm watching it: Observing an uncertain event can affect subjective probability judgments
Authors: Attari Amin , Chatterjee Promothesh , Cabano Frank G. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA longstanding body of research has investigated various factors that bias subjective probability judgments. The current research explores a novel bias in judgments of probability—that observing an event affects probability estimation of the event's outcome. Our findings from multiple online and laboratory experiments demonstrate that individuals overestimate the likelihood of a positive outcome occurring when they observe (vs. do not observe) the uncertain event unfolding in front of them. Study 1 explores the effect of watching on probability estimation using a random card draw conducted in an auditorium. Studies 2 and 3 use an online procedure to further demonstrate the effect. In Study 4 we manipulated an illusory sense of control followed by a football game scenario and in Study 5 we used a live versus previously recorded urn game to further investigate the watching effect. We suggest that illusion of control, wishful thinking, and availability are among the possible explanations for this effect.
Incidence and relative risk of metachronous second primary cancers for 16 cancer sites, Osaka, Japan, 2000–2015: Population‐based analysis
Authors: Odani Satomi , Tabuchi Takahiro , Nakata Kayo , Morishima Toshitaka , Kuwabara Yoshihiro , Koyama Shihoko , Kudo Haruka , Kato Mizuki , Miyashiro Isao 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundAn increasing number of cancer survivors have developed multiple primaries. This study aims to describe the incidence and risk patterns of metachronous second primary cancers (SPCs) in Osaka, Japan.MethodsData were obtained from the Osaka Cancer Registry, a population‐based database of all cancers diagnosed in Osaka. The study subjects were individuals who were first diagnosed with invasive cancers in 16 major cancer sites during 2000–2014, aged 15–79 years, survived at least 3 months, and were followed up for 10 years. We measured incidence rates, cumulative risks, and standardized incidence ratios (SIRs: with the Osaka general population as the referent) of developing SPCs during 3 months to 10 years after the first diagnosis.ResultsDuring 2000–2015, among 418,791 cancer survivors, 24,368 (5.8%) developed SPCs within 10 years of first diagnosis. Males had higher incidence rates than females except among young‐onset survivors (aged 15–39 years). 10‐year cumulative risks among survivors aged 70–79 years (the most dominant age group) were 24.0% (male) and 11.8% (female). 10‐year SIRs were 1.38 (95% CI, 1.36–1.40; male) and 1.44 (95% CI, 1.41–1.48; female) with higher estimates among younger survivors in both sexes. Strong bidirectional associations were observed between oral/pharyngeal, esophageal, and laryngeal cancers. Survivors of any smoking‐related cancers had elevated SIRs of developing smoking‐related SPCs. Similar results were observed for alcohol‐related cancers.ConclusionsCancer survivors are at excess risk of developing SPCs compared to the general population. Continued surveillance is warranted to inform survivorship care through risk‐based long‐term care planning and lifestyle‐changing efforts to prevent new cancers.
Risks of late mortality and morbidity among survivors of childhood acute leukemia with Down syndrome: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Gupta Sumit , Sutradhar Rinku , Pequeno Priscila , Hitzler Johann K. , Liu Ning , Nathan Paul C. 
Published: November 2021

BackgroundChildren with leukemia and Down syndrome (DS) are at higher risk of acute treatment toxicities than those without DS. Whether late toxicity risks are also elevated is unknown.MethodsThe authors identified all patients diagnosed with leukemia before the age of 18 years in Ontario, Canada between 1987 and 2013 and who survived greater than 5 years since their last pediatric cancer event. Survivors were divided into those with and without DS, matched by birth year, sex, leukemia type, and receipt of radiation. DS survivors were matched to individuals with DS without childhood cancer (DS controls) in a 1:10 ratio. Outcomes were identified through linkage to population‐based health services databases.ResultsDS survivors (n = 79) experienced inferior overall survival compared to non‐DS survivors (n = 231) (20‐year overall survival, 81.7% ± 6.8% vs 98.3% ± 1.2%; hazard ratio [HR], 12.8; P < .0001) and to DS controls (n = 790; 96.3% ± 1.2%; HR, 5.4 P < .0001). Pulmonary and infectious deaths were noted among DS survivors. There was no difference in the incidence of congestive heart failure between DS survivors and either control cohort, nor of hearing loss or dementia between DS survivors and DS controls.ConclusionsDS survivors were at substantially higher risk of late mortality than non‐DS survivors or DS controls. This excess risk was not attributable to cardiac‐ or subsequent malignant neoplasm‐related late effects, historically main causes of premature death among non‐DS survivors. Chronic morbidities associated with DS were not increased compared to DS controls. DS‐specific surveillance guidelines may be warranted.
Efficient Extraction of Energetic Charge Carriers from an Engineered Plasmonic Nanocomposite to Perform Cascade Reactions
Authors: Ahlawat Monika , Roy Abhijit , Govind Rao Vishal 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe realization of plasmon‐generated hot charge carriers presents tremendous opportunities for light‐harvesting in the field of photocatalysis. However, extracting the energetic charge carriers while competing with their recombination tendency is still a major bottleneck for efficient plasmonic photocatalysis. Therefore, strategic changes in the design principles of hybrid plasmonic nanocomposites to generate highly localized charge carriers at the catalytic site are imperative for hot electrons (holes) transfer to short‐lived reaction intermediates. Here, we engineered Au−Pt core‐shell nanostructures with only a few monolayers of epitaxially grown Pt onto Au nanocubes. The finite element method (FEM) simulations for optical properties of Au−Pt system support the design and hypothesis of selective funneling of plasmonic energy/charge carriers from Au core to Pt shell and their potential extraction for activating chemical bonds on Au−Pt nanocubes (Au−Pt NCs) surface. Further, investigating Au−Pt NCs as plasmonic catalysts, we show direct, visual evidence of plasmon‐assisted cascade reduction of nonfluorescent resazurin (Rz) dye to nonfluorescent dihydroresorufin (DHRf) via a highly fluorescent resorufin (Rf) intermediate form. In the excitation wavelength‐dependent study, the maximum apparent quantum efficiency of 48% (Rz to Rf conversion) and 8.4% (Rf to DHRf conversion) at 561 nm laser excitation demonstrates the plasmon assisted charge carrier driven cascade reduction on Au−Pt NCs surface. Control experiments carried out with only Au nanocubes (Au NCs) or Pt seed nanoparticles under the same reaction conditions show no significant cascade reduction of Rz, highlighting the synergistic effect of the plasmonic core and ultrathin catalytic shell.
Peripheral innate and adaptive immune cells during COVID‐19: Functional neutrophils, pro‐inflammatory monocytes, and half‐dead lymphocytes
Authors: Ekşioğlu‐Demiralp Emel , Alan Servet , Sili Uluhan , Bakan Dilek , Ocak İlhan , Yürekli Rayfe , Alpay Nadir , Görçin Serpil , Yıldız Alaattin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundA better understanding of innate and adaptive cells in COVID‐19 is necessary for the development of effective treatment methods and vaccines.MethodsWe studied phenotypic features of innate and adaptive immune cells, oxidative burst, phagocytosis, and apoptosis. One hundred and three patients with COVID‐19 were grouped according to their clinical features into the categories of mild (35%), moderate (40.8%), and severe (24.3%).ResultsMonocytes were CD16+ pro‐inflammatory monocytes and tended to shed their HLA‐DR, especially in severe cases (p < 0.01). Neutrophils were mature and functional, although a decline of their CD10 and CD16 was observed (p < 0.01). No defect was found in the reactive oxygen species production and their apoptosis. The percentage of natural killer cells was in the normal range, whereas the percentages of CD8+NK and CD56+T lymphocytes were found to be high (p < 0.01). Although the absolute numbers of all lymphocyte subsets were low and showed a tendency for a gradual decrease in accordance with the disease progression, the most decreased absolute number was that of B lymphocytes, followed by CD4+ T cells in the severe cases. The percentages of double‐negative T cells; HLA‐DR+CD3+ and CD28−CD8+ subsets were found to be significantly increased. Importantly, we demonstrated the increased baseline activation of caspase‐3 and increased lymphocyte apoptosis.ConclusionWe suggest that SARS‐CoV‐2 primarily affects the lymphocytes and not the innate cells. The increased baseline activation of Caspase‐3 could make the COVID‐19 lymphocytes more vulnerable to cell death. Therefore, this may interrupt the crosstalk between the adaptive and innate immune systems.
The potential role of stimulants in treating eating disorders
Authors: Keshen Aaron , Bartel Sara , Frank Guido K.W. , Svedlund Nils Erik , Nunes Abraham , Dixon Laura , Ali Sarrah I. , Kaplan Allan S. , Hay Phillipa , Touyz Stephan , Romo‐Nava Francisco , McElroy Susan L. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundMany individuals with eating disorders remain symptomatic after a course of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy; therefore, the development of innovative treatments is essential.MethodTo learn more about the current evidence for treating eating disorders with stimulants, we searched for original articles and reviews published up to April 29, 2021 in PubMed and MEDLINE using the following search terms: eating disorders, anorexia, bulimia, binge eating, stimulants, amphetamine, lisdexamfetamine, methylphenidate, and phentermine.ResultsWe propose that stimulant medications represent a novel avenue for future research based on the following: (a) the relationship between eating disorders and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); (b) a neurobiological rationale; and (c) the current (but limited) evidence for stimulants as treatments for some eating disorders. Despite the possible benefits of such medications, there are also risks to consider such as medication misuse, adverse cardiovascular events, and reduction of appetite and pathological weight loss. With those risks in mind, we propose several directions for future research including: (a) randomized controlled trials to study stimulant treatment in those with bulimia nervosa (with guidance on strategies to mitigate risk); (b) examining stimulant treatment in conjunction with psychotherapy; (c) investigating the impact of stimulants on “loss of control” eating in youth with ADHD; and (d) exploring relevant neurobiological mechanisms. We also propose specific directions for exploring mediators and moderators in future clinical trials.DiscussionAlthough this line of investigation may be viewed as controversial by some in the field, we believe that the topic warrants careful consideration for future research.
Viviparous mothers impose stronger glucocorticoid‐mediated maternal stress effects on their offspring than oviparous mothers
Authors: MacLeod Kirsty J. , While Geoffrey M. , Uller Tobias 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMaternal stress during gestation has the potential to affect offspring development via changes in maternal physiology, such as increases in circulating levels of glucocorticoid hormones that are typical after exposure to a stressor. While the effects of elevated maternal glucocorticoids on offspring phenotype (i.e., “glucocorticoid‐mediated maternal effects”) have been relatively well established in laboratory studies, it remains poorly understood how strong and consistent such effects are in natural populations. Using a meta‐analysis of studies of wild mammals, birds, and reptiles, we investigate the evidence for effects of elevated maternal glucocorticoids on offspring phenotype and investigate key moderators that might influence the strength and direction of these effects. In particular, we investigate the potential importance of reproductive mode (viviparity vs. oviparity). We show that glucocorticoid‐mediated maternal effects are stronger, and likely more deleterious, in mammals and viviparous squamate reptiles compared with birds, turtles, and oviparous squamates. Effects on offspring traits were more strongly negative when measured at or close to birth; no other moderators (timing and type of manipulation, or type of trait measured) were significant predictors of the strength or direction of the phenotypic effects on offspring. These results provide evidence that the evolution of a prolonged physiological association between embryo and mother sets the stage for maladaptive, or adaptive, prenatal stress effects in vertebrates driven by glucocorticoid elevation.
The aversive value of pain in human decision‐making
Authors: Slimani Hocine , Rainville Pierre , Roy Mathieu 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn order to decide between avoiding pain or pursuing competing rewards, pain must be assigned an abstract value that can be traded against that of competing goods. To assess the relationship between subjectively perceived pain and its value, we conducted an experiment where participants had to accept or decline different intensities of painful electric shocks in exchange of monetary rewards.MethodsParticipants (n = 90) were divided into three groups that were exposed to different distributions of monetary rewards. Monetary offers ranged linearly from $0 to $5 or $10 in groups 1 and 2, respectively, and exponentially from $0 to $5 in group 3. Pain offers ranged from pain detection to pain tolerance thresholds. The value of pain was assessed by identifying the indifference points corresponding to a 50% chance of accepting a certain level of pain for a given monetary reward.ResultsThe value of pain increased quadratically as a function of the anticipated pain intensity and was found to be relative to the mean and standard deviation of monetary offers. Moreover, decision times increased as a function of the intensity of accepted painful stimulations. Finally, inter‐individual differences in psychological traits related to harm avoidance and persistence influenced the value of pain.ConclusionsThis is the first demonstration that the value of pain follows a curvilinear function and is relative to the mean and standard deviation of competing monetary rewards. These new observations significantly contribute to our understanding of how pain is assigned value when making decisions between avoiding pain and obtaining rewards.SignificanceThis work provides a description of the pain value function indicating how much people are willing to pay to avoid different intensities of pain. We found that the function was curvilinear, suggesting that the same unit of subjective pain has more value in the high vs. low pain range. Moreover, the pain value was influenced by the experimental manipulation of the rewards distribution and of the inter‐individual differences in harm avoidance and persistence. Altogether, the present study provides a detailed account of how subjectively experienced pain is assigned value.
Speciation of aluminum phases at the Hanford Site
Authors: Westesen Amy , Peterson Reid 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTreatment of the tank waste at the Hanford Nuclear Reservation in Washington State is one of the largest environmental challenges facing the world today. Disposition of the insoluble solids poses the greatest hurdle to achieving long‐term stabilization of the tank waste. The single largest component of the insoluble solids is aluminum. An assessment of the characterization of this waste has identified that the aluminum is roughly split into thirds between sodium aluminate, gibbsite, and boehmite mineral phases. The largest single source of aluminum in the Hanford tank farms is associated with the tanks located in the southwest corner of the site. These tanks contain relatively high concentrations of aluminum such that the mass of insoluble solids present could be reduced by up to 90% through caustic leaching of the materials in these tanks. Performing such leaching processes would enable the recovery of waste from several leak‐prone single‐shell tanks in that area.
Technology adoption by primary care physicians
Authors: Iversen Tor , Ma Ching‐to Albert 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe study primary care physicians' prevention and monitoring technology adoption. Physicians' adoption decisions are based on benefits and costs, which depend on payment incentives, educational assistance, and market characteristics. The empirical study uses national Norwegian register and physician claims data between 2009 and 2014. In 2006, a new annual comprehensive checkup for Type 2 diabetic patients was introduced. A physician collects a fee for each checkup. In 2013, an education assistance program was introduced in two Norwegian counties. We estimate adoption decisions by fixed‐effect regressions, and two‐part and hazard models. We use a difference‐in‐difference model to estimate the education program impact. Fixed‐effect estimations and separate analyses of physicians who have moved between municipalities support a peer effect. The education program has a strongly positive effect, which is positively associated with a physician's number of diabetic patients, and the fraction of physician‐adopters in the same market.
First external validation of the FLIPI‐L score in a single‐center series of patients with follicular lymphoma
Authors: Mozas Pablo , Rivero Andrea , Rivas‐Delgado Alfredo , Correa Juan Gonzalo , Condom Maria , Nadeu Ferran , Giné Eva , Delgado Julio , Villamor Neus , Campo Elías , Magnano Laura , López‐Guillermo Armando 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe FLIPI‐L has recently been proposed as a novel prognostic index in follicular lymphoma (FL), combining FLIPI and the presence of lymphopenia. In our single‐center validation in 381 FL patients, lymphopenia was less frequent than in the original publication and thus the distribution of risk categories was different. Although it was not able to properly predict time to first treatment, FLIPI‐L performed slightly better than FLIPI alone in the prediction of response, early relapse, progression‐free and overall survival, and histological transformation. This new tool or others encompassing parameters from the microenvironment might improve upon the prognostic ability of classical scores.
Accelerated Fourier ptychographic diffraction tomography with sparse annular LED illuminations
Authors: Zhou Shun , Li Jiaji , Sun Jiasong , Zhou Ning , Chen Qian , Zuo Chao 
Published: November 2021

AbstractFourier ptychographic diffraction tomography (FPDT) is a recently developed label‐free computational microscopy technique that retrieves high‐resolution and large‐field three‐dimensional (3D) tomograms by synthesizing a set of low‐resolution intensity images obtained with a low numerical aperture (NA) objective. However, in order to ensure sufficient overlap of Ewald spheres in 3D Fourier space, conventional FPDT requires thousands of intensity measurements and consumes a significant amount of time for stable convergence of the iterative algorithm. Herein, we present accelerated Fourier ptychographic diffraction tomography (aFPDT), which combines sparse annular light‐emitting diode (LED) illuminations and multiplexing illumination to significantly decrease data amount and achieve computational acceleration of 3D refractive index (RI) tomography. Compared with existing FPDT technique, the equivalent high‐resolution 3D RI results are obtained using aFPDT with reducing data requirement by more than 40 times. The validity of the proposed method is experimentally demonstrated on control samples and various biological cells, including polystyrene beads, unicellular algae and clustered HeLa cells in a large field of view. With the capability of high‐resolution and high‐throughput 3D imaging using small amounts of data, aFPDT has the potential to further advance its widespread applications in biomedicine.
Toward the development of portable light emitting diode‐based polarization spectroscopy tools for breast cancer diagnosis
Authors: Kamal Arif Mohd , Pal Uttam M. , Kumar Adithya , Das Gunabhi Ram , Pandya Hardik J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA robust, affordable and portable light emitting diode‐based diagnostic tools (POLS‐NIRDx) using a polarization‐sensitive (linear as well as circular polarization) technique were designed and developed to quantify the degree of linear polarization (DOLP), degree of circular polarization (DOCP). The study was performed on malignant (invasive ductal carcinoma) and adjacent normal ex‐vivo biopsy tissues excised from N = 10 patients at the operating wavelengths of 850 and 940 nm. The average DOLP and DOCP values were lower for malignant than adjacent normal while operating at 850 and 940 nm. The highest accuracy was observed for DOLP (100%) and DOCP (80%) while operating at 850 nm, which reduced (80% for DOLP and 65% for DOCP) at 940 nm. This pilot study can be utilized as a differentiating factor to delineate malignant tissues from adjacent normal tissues.
Computer‐aided simulation of infrared spectra of ethanol conformations in gas, liquid and in CCl4 solution
Authors: Katsyuba Sergey A. , Gerasimova Tatiana P. , Spicher Sebastian , Bohle Fabian , Grimme Stefan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe recently developed efficient protocol combining implicit and explicit, accurate quantum‐mechanical modeling of the condensed state (Katsyuba et al., J. Chem. Phys. 155, 024507 [2021]) is used to describe the IR spectra of liquid ethanol and its solutions in CCl4. The relative abundance of the anti and gauche conformers of ethanol is shown to increase from ~40:60 in the gas phase to ~55:45 in the liquid phase. In spite of a moderate impact of media effects on the conformational composition of the liquid, the solvent strongly influences vibrational frequencies, IR intensities, and normal modes of each conformer, producing qualitatively different spectra compared to the gas phase and CCl4 solution. Further, these solvent effects affecting IR frequencies and intensities depend not only on the conformation of the solvated molecule but also on the solvating species. Nevertheless, vibrational frequencies of anti and gauche conformers of liquid ethanol and its several isotopomers practically coincide with each other. Convenient liquid‐state conformational markers in the fingerprint region of IR spectra are revealed for the hydroxyl‐deuterated species: CH3CH2OD, CH3CHDOD, CH3CD2OD, and CD3CD2OD.