bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic Diversity of Porcine Circovirus 3 Strains and the First Detection of Two Different PCV3&nbsp;Strains Coinfecting the Same Host in Minas Gerais, Brazil
Authors: Assao Viviane Sisdelli , Santos Marcus Rebouças , Rosado Nívia Carolina Lopes , Bressan Gustavo Costa , Fietto Juliana Lopes Rangel , Chang Yung-Fu , Vidigal Pedro Marcus Pereira , Junior Abelardo Silva 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) is a recently emerged circovirus discovered in 2016, which since then has drawn the attention of the swine industry worldwide. In this study, we evaluated the genetic diversity of PCV3 strains in pig farms. A total of 261 samples from sows, weaning pigs, growing pigs, and stillborn/mummified fetuses were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. The results revealed that PCV3 strains have at least two main lineages circulating in Brazil. For the first time, it was possible to detect the presence of two different PCV3 strains in the same host.
Production of the Biocommodities Butanol and Acetone from Methanol with Fluorescent FAST-tagged Proteins using Metabolically Engineered Strains of Eubacterium Limosum
Authors: Flaiz Maximilian , Ludwig Gideon , Bengelsdorf Frank R. , Dürre Peter 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background: The interest in using methanol as a substrate to cultivate acetogens increased in recent years since it can be sustainably produced from syngas and has the additional benefit of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Eubacterium limosum is one of the few acetogens that can utilize methanol, is genetically accessible and, therefore, a promising candidate for the recombinant production of biocommodities from this C1 carbon source. Although several genetic tools are already available for certain acetogens including E. limosum, the use of brightly fluorescent reporter proteins is still limited.Results: In this study, we expanded the genetic toolbox of E. limosum by implementing the fluorescence-activating and absorption shifting tag (FAST) as a fluorescent reporter protein. Recombinant E. limosum strains that expressed the gene encoding FAST in an inducible and constitutive manner were constructed. Cultivation of these recombinant strains resulted in brightly fluorescent cells even under anaerobic conditions. Moreover, we produced the biocommodities butanol and acetone from methanol with recombinant E. limosum strains. Therefore, we used E. limosum cultures that produced FAST-tagged fusion proteins of the bifunctional acetaldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase or the acetoacetate decarboxylase, respectively, and determined the fluorescence intensity and product yields during growth.Conclusions: The addition of FAST as an oxygen-independent fluorescent reporter protein expands the genetic toolbox of E. limosum. Moreover, our results show that FAST-tagged fusion proteins can be constructed without negatively impacting the stability, functionality, and productivity of the resulting enzyme. Finally, butanol and acetone can be produced from methanol using recombinant E. limosum strains expressing genes encoding fluorescent FAST-tagged fusion proteins.
MSCs-Engineered Biomimetic PMAA Nanomedicines for Multiple Bioimaging-Guided and Photothermal-Enhanced Radiotherapy of NSCLC
Authors: Yin Yipengchen , Li Yongjing , Wang Sheng , Dong Ziliang , Liang Chao , Sun Jiaxin , Wang Changchun , Chai Rong , Fei Weiwei , Zhang Jianping , Qi Ming , Feng Liangzhu , Zhang Qin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background: The recently developed biomimetic strategy is one of the mostly effective strategies for improving the theranostic efficacy of diverse nanomedicines, because nanoparticles coated with cell membranes can disguise as “self”, evade the surveillance of the immune system, and accumulate to the tumor sites actively.Results: Herein, we utilized mesenchymal stem cell memabranes (MSCs) to coat polymethacrylic acid (PMAA) nanoparticles loaded with Fe(III) and cypate—an derivative of indocyanine green to fabricate Cyp-PMAA-Fe@MSCs, which featured high stability, desirable tumor-accumulation and intriguing photothermal conversion efficiency both in vitro and in vivo for the treatment of lung cancer. After intravenous administration of Cyp-PMAA-Fe@MSCs and Cyp-PMAA-Fe@RBCs (RBCs, red blood cell membranes) separately into tumor-bearing mice, the fluorescence signal in the MSCs group was 21% stronger than that in the RBCs group at the tumor sites in an in vivo fluorescence imaging system. Correspondingly, the T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal at the tumor site decreased 30% after intravenous injection of Cyp-PMAA-Fe@MSCs. Importantly, the constructed Cyp-PMAA-Fe@MSCs exhibited strong photothermal hyperthermia effect both in vitro and in vivo when exposed to 808 nm laser irradiation, thus it could be used for photothermal therapy. Furthermore, tumors on mice treated with phototermal therapy and radiotherapy shrank 32% more than those treated with only radiotherapy.Conclusions: These results proved that Cyp-PMAA-Fe@MSCs could realize fluorescence/MRI bimodal imaging, while be used in phototermal-therapy-enhanced radiotherapy, providing desirable nanoplatforms for tumor diagnosis and precise treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.
Multisegmental Versus Monosegmental Intramedullary Spinal Cord Ependymomas: Perioperative Neurological Functions and Surgical Outcomes
Authors: Yang Chenlong , Sun Jianjun , Xie Jingcheng , Liu Bin , Wang Tao , Chen Xiaodong , Wu Haibo , Zheng Mei , Chang Qing , Han Yunfeng , Yang Jun 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Objectives: Multiple factors, such as tumor size, lateralization, tumor location, accompanying syringomyelia, and regional spinal cord atrophy, may affect the resectability and clinical prognosis of intramedullary spinal cord ependymomas. However, whether long-segmental involvement of the spinal cord may impair functional outcomes remains unclear. This study was aimed to compare perioperative neurological functions and long-term surgical outcomes between multisegmental ependymomas and their monosegmental counterparts.Methods: A total of 54 patients with intramedullary spinal cord ependymoma (WHO Grade II) were enrolled, and all of them underwent surgical resection. The patients were classified into the multisegmental group (n=40) and the monosegmental group (n=14). Perioperative and long-term (average follow-up period, 53.5 ± 18.2 months) neurological functions were evaluated using the modified McCormick (mMC) scale and the modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) scoring system.Results: Preoperative neurological functions in the multisegmental group were significantly worse than those in the monosegmental group (P < 0.05). However, postoperative short-term neurological functions, as well as long-term functional outcomes, were similar between the two groups (P > 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that only preoperative mMC and mJOA scores were significantly correlated with neurological improvement during the follow-up period (P < 0.05).Conclusion: Multisegmental involvement of the spinal cord is associated with worse neurological functions in patients with intramedullary spinal cord ependymoma, while the long-term prognosis is not affected. The preoperative neurological status of the patient is the only predictor of long-term functional improvement.
European Guidelines on Radiographic Image Quality in Chiropractic Practice – Proposal of a Cross-Sectional Graded Classification Reporting Principle
Authors: Doktor Klaus Knarberg , Vilholm Maria Lind , Hardardóttir Aldis , Christensen Henrik Wulff , Lauritsen Jens 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
BackgroundThe Commission of the European Communities (CEC) has published: European Guidelines on Quality Criteria for Diagnostic Radiographic Images. These guidelines are considered a gold standard, recommended for use in quality assurance protocols. The objectives of this study: 1) Propose a graded classification format for Danish chiropractic clinics according to the CEC-quality criteria for diagnostic radiographic images of the lumbar spine. 2) Propose a reporting principle for quality of radiographic images. 3) Document variation in radiation exposure among clinics.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study of image quality based on random sampling from 148 chiropractic clinics. Clinics were included if using: 1) Digital radiography and 2) The chiropractic picture and achieving system(KirPACS) at the Nordic Institute of Chiropractic and Clinical Biomechanics(NIKKB) in Denmark. A sample of 296 lumbar spine series were randomly collected from KirPACS. Two independent observers reviewed 50 lumbar spine series twice with a 4-week interval, testing intra- and inter-observer reproducibility. The same observers then reviewed the remaining 246 radiographic studies. All studies were evaluated up against the CEC Quality Criteria. Patient radiation dose values were retrieved from KirPACS. ResultsA reporting and classification principle of diagnostic image quality was used in 148 chiropractic clinics. Compliance with the 22 CEC Quality Criteria had proportions ranging from 0.72-0.96 for 18 criteria, while 4 criteria specifying detail and definition ranged between 0.20-0.66. The proposed rating system (A to E) revealed: 18 A clinics, 28 B clinics, 32 C clinics, 25 D clinics and 45 E clinics (A = highest quality; E= lowest quality). The patient radiation reference dose in Denmark is 7 mGy for the AP/PA lumbar spine. Very few clinics exceed the reference dose value, approximately 50 % of clinics were below 5 mGy.ConclusionA reporting principle is proposed for a graded classification format based on the CEC-quality criteria for diagnostic radiographic images of the lumbar spine. The Quality Criteria are for the most part met satisfactory in 148 Danish chiropractic clinics, but important image details are compromised, in most cases, because of low patient radiation doses. The results of a patient radiation dose survey enabled documentation of variation in radiation exposure among chiropractic clinics.
Management of Incarcerated Indirect Hernia in Pediatric Patients with Intra-abdominal Hypertension: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Qi Wenyan , Chen Baoling , Lei Bin , Zhan Min 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background: Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) is a critical condition that can be induced by incarcerated indirect inguinal hernia (IIIH). There are currently no specific guidelines for laparotomy in children. To determine whether laparotomy should be performed during the management in pediatric patients with IIIH combined with IAH.Methods: This is a retrospective study of pediatric patients with IIIH and IAH who were admitted and treated at the Department of General Surgery of Jiangxi Provincial Children’s Hospital from 01/2010 to 06/2020. The patients were divided into Group A (intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) of 10-20 mmHg) and Group B (IAP ≥ 21 mmHg). Each group was further subdivided into Group 1 (decompression) and Group 2 (no decompression) depending on whether decompressive laparotomy was performed or not. The last follow-up was three months after discharge.Results: A total of 49 patients were enrolled, and divided into group A1 (n = 21), A2 (n = 10), B1 (n = 4), B2 (n = 14). Compared with patients in group A1, those who had decompression (group A2) has longer hospital stay (7.5 ± 1.9 vs. 5.2 ± 2.1, p = 0.01), higher 24h-postoperative IAP (11.3 ± 2.4 vs 9.5 ± 2.1, p = 0.03), longer PICU stay (2.1 ± 0.9 vs. 1.1 ± 0.5, p = 0.001), and more perioperative complications. In contrast, among patients with IAP higher than 20mmHg, those who had decompresion via laparotomy (group B2) had comparable hospital stay (7.1 ± 5.1 vs. 8.5 ± 4.1, p = 0.57), a shorter PICU stay (3.0 ± 1.4 vs. 4.7 ± 1.3, p = 0.04) and lower mortality rate (7.1% vs. 50%, p = 0.04) than patients in group B1.Conclusions: The selection of appropriate surgical methods according to IAP and based on clinical diagnosis can relieve the pain of children, shorten hospital stay, and reduce the mortality rate.
Fear and Depression during the COVID-19 Outbreak in Cameroon: A Nation-wide Observational Study
Authors: Fodjo Joseph Nelson Siewe , Ngarka Leonard , Njamnshi Yembe W , Nfor Leonard N , Mengnjo Michel K , Mendo Edwige Laure , Angwafor Samuel A , Basseguin Jonas Guy Atchou , Nkouonlack Cyril , Njit Edith N , Ahidjo Nene , Chokote Eric S , Dema Fidele , Fonsah Julius Y , Tatah Godwin Y , Palmer Nancy , Etet Paul F Seke , Palmer Dennis , Nsagha Dickson S , Etya’ale Daniel E , Perrig Stephen , Sztajzel Roman , Annoni Jean-Marie , Bissek Anne-Cécile Zoung -Kanyi , Leke Rose GF , Ondoua Marie-Thérèse Obama , Nkengasong John N , Colebunders Robert , Njamnshi Alfred K 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with significant psychological and social distress worldwide. We investigated fear and depression among adults in Cameroon during different phases of the COVID-19 outbreak.Methods: An online survey was conducted in Cameroon from June–December 2020 using a structured questionnaire. Socio-demographic data and information regarding COVID-19 history were obtained. Fear and depressive symptoms were assessed using the Fear of COVID-19 score (FCV-19S) and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), respectively. Responses were clustered in weeks to better appreciate their evolution over time.Results: Overall, 7381 responses from all ten regions of Cameroon were analysed (median age: 30 years, 73.3% male). The prevalence of depression (PHQ-9 score ≥10) was 8.4%, and that of high fear of COVID-19 (FCV-19S scores ≥19) was 57.4%. These rates were similar across genders, age-groups, and region of residence. While mean weekly PHQ-9 scores remained fairly stable throughout the study period (range: 2.53 – 3.21; p=0.101), mean FCV-19S scores were highest during the early weeks but decreased significantly thereafter (from 20.31 to 18.34; p <0.001). Multivariate analyses revealed that having a postgraduate degree, a history of quarantine, flu-like symptoms during the past 14 days, and higher FCV-19S scores were associated with more severe depressive symptoms, while obtaining COVID-19 information from various sources reduced the odds for depression. Conclusion: Depression amidst the COVID-19 crisis is less prevalent in Cameroon than in other countries. Prompt and widespread dissemination of adequate COVID-19 information may reduce the risks for depression by dispelling fear and anxiety among Cameroonians.
Sodium Nitroprusside Enhances Biomass And Gymnemic Acids Production In Cell Suspension of&nbsp;Gymnema Sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. Ex. Sm.
Authors: Mahendran Ganesan , Kumar Deepak , Verma Sanjeet Kumar , Chandran Ashish , Warsi Zafar Iqbal , Hussain Zakir , Rout Prasant Kumar , Rahman Laiq Ur 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex Sm. is widely used as an efficient Ayurvedic traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes. Phytochemical investigations of this plant showed gymnemic acids (a group of triterpenoid saponins) as the main active components. The present study aims to investigate the effectiveness of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) treatment for enhancement of cell suspension culture biomass and to evaluate their deacylgymnemic acid, gymnemagenin, gymnemic acid IV and gymnemic acid XVII contents of G. sylvestre. Callus was obtained from in vitro derived leaves of G. sylvestre on MS medium fortified with 3.0 mg/L 2, 4-D (2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and 2.0 mg/L Kn (Kinetin), and the same were used further to produce cell suspension cultures. Cell suspensions were exposed to different concentrations of SNP (5, 10, 20 and 40 µM) and data were collected at 20, 30 and 40 days. Out of the tested concentrations, 20 µM SNP had the highest level of cell culture growth (398.94 ± 8.32 g/L FCW and 40.00 ± 0.75 g/L DCW) on 40-day as compared to control. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that maximum accumulation of deacylgymnemic acid (5.51 mg/g DCW), gymnemagenin (2.80 mg/g DCW) and gymnemic acid XVII (2.08 mg/g DCW) in 20 µM SNP treatment which is (13.43, 13.86 and17.33 folds) higher than the respective control at 40 days exposure. This research suggests that G. sylvestre cell suspension culture with optimal SNP elicitation treatment could be used as a good strategy for the large-scale production of these secondary metabolites at the industrial level.
A novel Synthesis, Chemical Characterization and Biological Activities of Metal-Leather Protein Hydrolysate Chelates
Authors: Jacob Rania , Hassan Hazem , Afify Adel , Gabr Gamal 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Leather industries covers a wide chain of production and indirectly contributes to the economic flow. The different stages used in leather processing led to produce huge solid waste volumes. Because of the great effectiveness of amino acids as naturally chelates for minerals, the present study was carried out to recycling leather waste into its protein hydrolysate by CaO hydrolysis. The Leather protein hydrolysates (LPHs) was used to prepare metal-leather protein hydrolysate chelates (Cu2+-, Zn2+-& Fe2+-LPHCs) and some of their physical properties (i.e. λ-max, FTIR spectra, color, melting point) and biochemical properties as its antibacterial activity, as well as using as micronutrient elements for plant were evaluated. Results showed that the Cu2+-LPHC gave the highest value of melting point and λ-max than other chelates. All chelates shifted the vibration bands toward a higher frequency than LPH/CaO. Metal-leather protein hydrolysate (M-LPHCs) had antibacterial activities against E. coli, B. cereus and Micrococcus spp. mostly with Zn-LPHC and Fe-LPHC. These complexes also increased the growth characteristics and mineral absorption of spinach plants in hydroponic nutrient solution than that of mineral salts (CuSO4, ZnSO4 and FeSO4). Finally, the study concluded that M-LPHCs can be used as antimicrobial agent, micronutrients for plant and support the minerals bioavailability in animals.
The Influence of Linkages, Feedback Mechanisms, and Caregivers’ Mobility on Immunization Follow-Up Visits in Lideta Sub-City of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Shay Thewodros Zewde , Teklu Alula Meresa , Hunde Diriba Bedada , Sultan Yoseph Tsehaye 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
BackgroundLosing children to follow-up is one of the major barriers identified in Ethiopia’s immunization program. In many urban slum areas like Lideta sub-city, Addis Ababa, several demand- and supply-side factors affect the follow-up visits for routine immunization services, so this study aimed to explore the influence of linkages, a feedback mechanism, and caregivers' mobility on immunization follow-up visits.MethodsThe study team employed a qualitative method and conducted 30 in-depth interviews with caregivers, 26 interviews with key informants, and five focus group discussions with health officials and decision-makers. A deductive content and thematic analysis was carried out by importing the transcripts into OpenCodes, applying the a priori codes, and identifying new codes and themes.ResultsThe linkages among health facilities included those from hospitals to health centers, from hospitals to hospitals, and from health centers to health centers within and outside of the sub-city. Using these linkages, most vaccinators transfer caregivers without providing multi-dose vial (MDV) vaccines, mainly BCG and MCV, ‘to minimize wastage’ and thus successfully reduce vaccine wastage rates; yet most caregivers wasted their time, energy, and money traveling from one health facility to another. Despite some efforts to transfer caregivers using ‘transferal slips’ and informal phone calls to vaccinators’ friends, unfortunately, there was no formally established system for getting feedback about the arrival of caregivers and continuation of the follow-up visits. Overall, the transfer process lacked uniformity, used various approaches, and was not systematic.ConclusionsTransferal of caregivers for the sake of minimizing wastage of MDV vaccines without checking the vaccination schedules of the receiving health facilities, using various informal types of tools and approaches, along with a poor follow-up and feedback system were major identified challenges, which cost caregivers extra money, energy, and time in getting timely immunization services. Therefore, the Federal Ministry of Health should strengthen the linkages among facilities, ensure the establishment of formal communications by developing guidelines and standardized tools—transferal slips and approaches—and initiate a fast feedback provision system using SMS text messages.
Realization of Attenuator and Amplifier Using Photonic Crystal Fiber
Authors: Mishra Chandra Sekhar , Nayak Chittaranjan , Nayak Manas Ranjan , Palai G 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The present paper realises the attenuator and amplifier of electromagnetic signals with silicon-based, square-type photonic crystal fiber. In this research, the input signal varies from 30 eV to 30,000 eV, which lies within the x-ray regime. The operational mechanism deals with the electric field distribution in the structure, which is carried out using the plane wave expansion technique. The numerical outcomes affirm that the increasing and decreasing amplitudes of incident signals occur at the output end of the fiber. The intrinsic mechanism of such an interesting result is nonlinear properties of field distribution at a different value of lattice spacing and the diameter of the proposed fiber's air holes. Finally, the immediate upshot's outcome resembles the amplifier and attenuator about the optical system.
A Unified Model of Drain Current Local Variability due to Channel Length Fluctuation for an n-Channel EδDC MOS Transistor
Authors: Sengupta Sarmista , Pandit Soumya 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A drain current local variability compact model due to random fluctuation of channel length induced by line edge roughness/line width roughness ( LER / LWR ) is derived here. The random fluctuation of channel length leads to correlated fluctuations of threshold voltage and effective mobility of the current carriers. Therefore, an unified compact model is required to combine all the causes. Our model is based on the principle of propagation of variance. For the model verification purpose, calibrated technology computer aided design ( TCAD ) simulation platform is extensively used for all possible bias regions and several LER profile parameters. Channel profile optimization is critically studied aiming reduction of ID variability. The model is further extended for SOI (Silicon-on-insulator) transistor and validated with literature data of threshold voltage and on-current variability.