bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La laïcité : principe de liberté ou politique discriminatoire ?
Authors: Kenko Djomeni Gabin 
Published: June 2021

Nous tentons dans ce travail de montrer que la notion de laïcité est polysémique. Un regard rétrospectif sur son histoire conforte dans l’idée qu’elle revêt des sens variés en fonction des époques et des contextes ; qu’elle ne revêt pas un sens unique et uniforme dans toute l’histoire de la pensée ; qu’elle est même une notion dont la pratique a précédé l’existence même de la notion. Ce qui de toute évidence en rajoute à la difficulté de la définir, puisque, au fond, il apparaîtra bientôt dans le corps de ce travail qu’elle a bien des contenus spécifiques selon les lieux, les contextes et les périodes plutôt qu’un sens précis universalisable de fait et de droit. De la sorte, les prétentions des modernes de fonder un humanisme laïc dans le sens de l’universalité comme si toutes les sociétés humaines vivaient en fonction des mêmes rites, des mêmes religions et des mêmes croyances se seront vites éprouvées en leur limite comme jadis, au Moyen-Âge, la volonté martiale du pouvoir pontificale s’était aussi éprouvée en ses propres limites quand elle avait exprimé la prétention de rallier les peuples païens à la religion chrétienne. De même alors qu’une telle volonté de conversion par le glaive a fait du Moyen-Âge, à bien des égards, une période sombre de l’histoire à laquelle on ne se réfère la plupart du temps que négativement, et ce indépendamment de son apport majeur dans l’histoire des sciences et des techniques, de même encore, la modernité court le risque de se voir sombrer dans le même délire que ce Moyen-Âge si elle ne reconvertit pas son regard désastreux sur la nature de ses rapports entre le spirituel et le temporel. Il s’agira pour nous de cerner au-delà de ce flux polysémique la signification réelle de la laïcité pour nous qui sommes situés à la confluence de deux époques, à savoir la modernité et la contemporanéité postmoderne. Par-delà cette intuition purement intellectuelle du sens de la laïcité, il s’agira aussi pour nous de montrer que l’homme n’est jamais tant malheureux que quand il est livré à lui-même ; que la raison humaine a cette fâcheuse tendance à faire croire à l’homme qu’il est lui-même Dieu ; que le lieu du sens que propose le théologico-éthique est bon gré mal gré indissociable du lieu du bon sens du temporel humain ; que l’éthique laïque à elle seule serait malgré toute sa dose de « bonne volonté » incapable de fonder le bonheur de l’homme ainsi que la paix sociale ; que la prise en compte symbiotique des deux ordres - le religieux/spirituel et le politique/temporel en l’occurrence - est un impératif pour le bonheur de l’homme et la survie de l’humanité en proie au désenchantement.
Analisis Kebijakan Hutang dan Deviden terhadap Nilai Perusahaan Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia
Authors: Nafisa Adita , Nurul Khamimah  
Published: June 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui antara lain: 1) menganalisis pengaruh kebijakan hutang debt to equity ratio berpengaruh terhadap nilai perusahaan, 2) menganalisis pengaruh kebijakan hutang debt to asset ratio berpengaruh terhada nilai persahaan, 3) menganalisis pengaruh kebijakan deviden devidend yield ratio terhadap nilai perusahaan, 4) menganalisis pengaruh kebijakan devidend payout ratio terhadap nilai perusahaan.
Metode pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah motode purposive sampling diperoleh sebanyak 13 sampel. Jenis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini merupakan data skunder berupa laporan tahunan dan laporan keuangan perusahaan. Analisis regresi berganda digunakan dalam penelitian ini untuk melihat pengaruh variabel secara individu.
Hasil menunjukan bahwa selama periode 2016-2018, 1) debt to equity ratio secara parsial berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap price book value, 2) debt to asset ratio secara parsial tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap price book value, 3) devidend yield ratio secara parsial berpengaruh positif terhadap price book value, 4) devidend payout ratio secara parsial berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap price book value.
PERBEDAAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS MATEMATIS SISWA ANTARA MODEL PEMBELAJARAN PROBLEM POSING DAN DISCOVERY LEARNING
Authors: Nababan Raya 
Published: June 2021

Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di SMA Negeri 1 Kutalimbaru Tahun Ajaran 2020/2021 untuk mengetahui perbedaan kemampuan berpikir kritis matematis siswa antara model pembelajaran problem posing dan discovery learning. Pengumpulan data penelitian menggunakan teknik observasi untuk melihat pencapaian proses pembelajaran sudah sesuaI atau tidak dengan model pembelajaran dan tes untuk melihat perbedaan kemampuan berpikir kritis matematis serta siswa antara model pembelajaran problem posing dan discovery learning. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1) pencapaian proses pembelajara problem posing adalah sebesar 4,8 dengan kategori “Sangat Baik” pencapaian proses pembelajaran discovery learning adalah sebesar 4,867 dengan kategori “Sangat Baik”. 2) Tidak terdapat perbedaan kemampuan berpikir kritis matematis antara siswa yang memperoleh model problem posing dengan discovery learning. Hal ini terlihat dari hasil uji statistika, dimana nilai probabilitas (sig.) untuk kedua pembelajaran lebih besar dari taraf signifikansi = 0,05 yang ditetapkan, sehingga H0 diterima. Namun secara matematis nilai rata-rata kemampuan berpikir kritis matematis siswa berbeda
Allocative Inefficiency of General Hospitals in Poor Countries: A Case Study of Uganda
Authors: Ajanga Max 
Published: June 2021

The increasing costs of healthcare arising largely from the growing population and emergence of non-communicable diseases have exerted pressure on healthcare budgets in poor countries. With a funding gap of 7% to realize WHO recommended target of 15 percent of GDP in Uganda, there is a need for hospitals to be efficient in allocation of financial resources in order to provide the required level of healthcare services. Most studies on Uganda have focused on the technical inefficiency of general hospitals and evidence on their allocative inefficiency is limited. Understanding the sources of inefficiency in the allocation of finances in general hospitals in Uganda is important to improve their performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the allocative inefficiency of the general hospitals in Uganda in order to provide a source of misuse of public allocations to a particular general hospital. Panel data from 22 general hospitals for the period 1997-2007 were used. Allocative inefficiency was estimated using Stochastic Frontier Analysis. The findings show that general hospitals are systematically allocatively inefficient in distributing the public funds given to them. The allocative inefficiencies value is high on payments of employee benefits (34.8 percent), followed by the purchase of drugs (29.2%) and lastly, costs on utilities like electricity and water (14.1%). To address the existing allocative inefficiencies, general hospitals in Uganda can improve the process of hiring of labour and management of staff payroll; monitor procurement of drugs, and reduce wastages in the use of utilities.
Dermatosis in Patients with Hemiplegia and Paraplegia
Authors: Mohammed Osama , Turki Aied Mutob , Jasim Saad Jwad 
Published: June 2021

Objectives: To analyze the significant occurance of dermatosis among patients with hemiplegia, paraplegiacompared with other patients attending dermatology department as a control group as outpatients orinpatients.Study design an open prospective case control study.Patients and Methods: This is an open , comparative controlled investigative study conducted in Dijlahhospital of rehablitaion , enrolled 43 hemiplegic patient, 21 paraplegic patient and 65 persons as a controlpatients, between Nov. 2018 –30th June 2019. The total numbers was 129 , 91(70.5%) male patients and38 (29.5%) female patients were . The data collection tools included designed closed and open-endedquestionnaire, by using direct interviewing, and physical examination by the researcher.Results: The most common diseases that statically significant difference were as follows : Unilateral xerosiswas found in hemiplegic group 5(11.6%) cases and this was significant (P=0.04) compared to control group. Bilateral xerosis was significant among paraplegic group : 6 (28.6%) compared to 4(6.2%) among controlgroup (P=0.04 ). Unilateral exogenous eczema was found in hemiplegic patients 5(11.6%) and this wassignificant (P = 0.04) related to control group. Seborrheic dermatitis was statistically significant in paraplegicgroup 6 (28.6%) compared to 7 (10.8%) of control group. Unilateral fungal infection (Taenia paedis) washighly significant among hemiplegic group 15(34.9%) compared to 4(6.2%) control group with P value= 0.05). Bilateral fungal infection was also highly significant for paraplegic group 13(61.9%) comparedto 2(3.1%) for control group with (P value = 0.05. Unilateral bacterial infection was statically significantamong hemiplegic group 10(23.3%) compared to 5(7.7%) for control group with (Pvalue = 0.05 ) Bilateralbacterial infection was highly significant among paraplegic group 8(38.1%) compared to control 4(6.2%)with (P value = 0.05 ) . compared with control group in fungal, bactrial and xerosis , while other dermatosisas eczema , seborrheic dermatitis , psoriasis, lichen planus and viral Infection not significantly differ.
Conclusion: Unilateral dermatosis significantly differs in patients with hemiplegia compared to controlgroup in fungal , bacterial and xerosis and exogenous eczema. Bilateral dermatosis significantly differsin patients with paraplegia compared to control Group in fungal, bacterial and xerosis and Seborrheicdermatitis. while other dermatosis as psoriasis , lichen planus and viral Infection not significantly differ.
PARTICLES OF OUR WORLD
Authors: Хурамшин Иштимер Шагалиевич 
Published: June 2021

На основе концепции циклической космологии обсуждается возможность формирования и строения первичных частиц, глюонов и темной энергии. Переход энергии в частицы основаны в превращениях лучистой энергии в фотонные частицы под действием гравитации, которые образуют адроны и лептоны, а также определены их свойства.
Based on the concept of cyclic cosmology, the possibility of the formation and structure of primary particles, gluons, and dark energy is discussed. The transformation of energy into particles is based on the transformation of radiant energy into photonic particles under the influence of gravity, which form hadrons and leptons, and their properties are determined.
FOREIGN EXPERIENCE IN FORMING INNOVATIVE CLUSTERS AS THE BASIC TOOLS TO ENSURE THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE NATIONAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMY
Authors: Петрова Елена Александровна , Буянова Марина Эдуардовна , Лапина Марина Сергеевна 
Published: June 2021

В статье рассмотрен опыт внедрения кластерного подхода в экономику Китая. Сделан вывод о том, что процесс формирования инновационных кластеров и реализуемая кластерная политика на определенной территории является мощным инструментом для стимулирования развития территорий и обеспечения экономической безопасности на макро- и мезоуровне.
The article discusses the experience of introducing the cluster approach into the Chinese economy. It is concluded that the process of formation of innovative clusters and the implemented cluster policy in a certain territory is a powerful tool for stimulating the development of territories and ensuring economic security at the macro and meso levels.
GENDER MANIPULATION IN TELEVISION ADVERTISING
Authors: Жеребцова Злата Андреевна 
Published: June 2021

Статья посвящена исследованию манипулятивного воздействия телевизионной рекламы на массового потребителя с учетом гендерного подхода. Автор рассматривает гендерные стереотипы как манипулятивный прием в коммерческой телевизионной рекламе и анализирует особенности его использования в продвижении российских брендов.
The article is devoted to the study of the manipulative impact of television advertising on the mass consumer, taking into account the gender approach. The author considers gender stereotypes as a manipulative technique in commercial television advertising and analyzes the features of its use in the promotion of russian brands.
COMPENSATION FOR MORAL DAMAGE IN RUSSIAN CIVIL LAW: TRENDS IN JUDICIAL PRACTICE
Authors: Прудникова Альбина Евгеньевна , Никитина Наталья Александровна 
Published: June 2021

Данная статья посвящена тенденциям судебной практики компенсации морального вреда. В статье автор исследует авторские подходы к определению понятия «моральный вред», рассматривает основания и размер компенсация морального вреда. Проанализировав судебную практику, автор выявляет проблемы возмещения указанной компенсации.
This article is devoted to trends in judicial practice of compensation for moral damage. In the article the author examines the author's approaches to the definition of the concept of "moral harm", examines the grounds and amount of compensation for moral harm. After analyzing the judicial practice, the author identifies the problems of reimbursing the said compensation.
ON THE CONCEPT OF FIQH AND RESPONSIBILITY IN THE SYSTEM OF MUSLIM LAW
Authors: Идрисов Хусейн Вахаевич 
Published: June 2021

Статья посвящена правовой характеристике фикха и ответственности в мусульманской системе права. Перечислены этапы возникновения и развития фикха. В статье выявляется трехуровневая система наказаний по мусульманскому праву, элементами которой являются такие виды наказаний как: «худуд», «кисас» и «тазир». В заключении работы формулируется вывод о том, что фикх представляет из себя совокупность теоретических знаний об исламской вере и ее практических положений правоприменения (Шариат) на основе норм главных источников мусульманской системы права - Священного Корана и Сунны Пророка Мухаммада (да благословит его Аллах и приветствует).
The article is devoted to the legal characteristics of fiqh and responsibility in the Muslim legal system. The stages of the origin and development of fiqh are listed. The article reveals a three-level system of punishments under Muslim law, the elements of which are such types of punishments as: "Hudud", "qisas" and "tazir". In conclusion, the article concludes that fiqh is characterized as a set of theoretical knowledge about the Islamic faith and its practical provisions of law enforcement (Sharia) based on the norms of the main sources of the Muslim legal system - the Holy Qur'an and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him).
Salience effects in information acquisition: No evidence for a top-down coherence influence
Authors: Bröder Arndt , Scharf Sophie , Jekel Marc , Glöckner Andreas , Franke Nicole 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe Integrated Coherence-Based Decision and Search (iCodes) model proposed by Jekel et al. (Psychological Review,125 (5), 744–768, 2018) formalizes both decision making and pre-decisional information search as coherence-maximization processes in an interactive network. Next to bottom-up attribute influences, the coherence of option information exerts a top-down influence on the search processes in this model, predicting the tendency to continue information search with the currently most attractive option. This hallmark “attraction search effect” (ASE) has been demonstrated in several studies. In three experiments with 250 participants altogether, a more subtle prediction of an extended version of iCodes including exogenous influence factors was tested: The salience of information is assumed to have both a direct (bottom-up) and an indirect (top-down) effect on search, the latter driven by the match between information valence and option attractiveness. The results of the experiments largely agree in (1) showing a strong ASE, (2) demonstrating a bottom-up salience effect on search, but (3) suggesting the absence of the hypothesized indirect top-down salience effect. Hence, only two of three model predictions were confirmed. Implications for various implementations of exogenous factors in the iCodes model are discussed.
Addition to a checklist of the water mites of Turkey (Acari: Hydrachnidia) with description of two new species
Authors: Pešić Vladimir , Erman Orhan , Esen Yunus 
Published: June 2021

In the publication of Erman et al. (2010), the depository for the holotypes of Atractides (Atractides) anatolicus Pešić, Erman & Esen sp. nov. and Atractides (Atractides) martini Pešić, Erman & Esen sp. nov., respectively, was not given. Therefore, the names of both species are invalid (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature 1999, Art. 16.4.2). We declare here that the holotype male of Atractides anatolicus and the holotype male of Atractides martini are deposited in the Naturalis Biodiversity Center in Leiden (RMNH). The purpose of this note is to validate the name of both new species (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature 1999, Art. 13.1.2).
The Rarity of Very Red Trans-Neptunian Objects in the Scattered Disk
Authors: Ali-Dib Mohamad , Marsset Michaël , Wong Wing-Cheung , Dbouk Rola 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We investigate the origins of the photometrically very red (VR) and less red (LR) trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs). We first reanalyze the data set of Marsset et al. and find that in addition to the known color–inclination correlation in hot TNOs, a similar trend exists for color–eccentricity. We show that VR TNOs are sharply constrained to eccentricities <0.42 and inclinations <21°, leading to a paucity of VR scattered disk and distant mean motion resonance objects. We then interpret these findings using N-body simulations accounting for Neptune’s outward migration into a massless particles disk and find that these observations are best reproduced with an LR-to-VR color transition line between ∼38 and 42 au in the primordial disk, separating the objects’ formation locations. For an initial surface density profile (Σ ∝ 1/r
2), a color transition around 38 au is needed to explain the high abundance of VR plutinos, but it creates too many VR scattered disk objects, while a transition line around 42 au seems to better reproduce the scattered disk colors but creates virtually no VR plutinos. Our simulations furthermore show that the rarity of VR particles at high eccentricity is possibly due to the absence of sweeping higher-order MMRs, and secular resonances, beyond 42 au. Inspecting individual populations, we show that the majority of VR SDOs originate as objects trapped in Neptune’s second- and third-order MMRs. These then evolve due to diffusion, scattering, Kozai–Lidov cycles, and secular resonances into their current orbits. Future unbiased color surveys are crucial to better constrain the TNOs dynamical origins.
How Merger-driven Gas Motions in Galaxy Clusters Can Turn AGN Bubbles into Radio Relics
Authors: ZuHone John A. , Markevitch Maxim , Weinberger Rainer , Nulsen Paul , Ehlert Kristian 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Radio relics in galaxy clusters are extended synchrotron sources produced by cosmic-ray electrons in the microgauss magnetic field. Many relics are found in the cluster periphery and have a cluster-centric, narrow arc-like shape, which suggests that the electrons are accelerated or reaccelerated by merger shock fronts propagating outward in the intracluster plasma. In the X-ray, some relics do exhibit such shocks at the location of the relic, but many do not. We explore the possibility that radio relics trace not the shock fronts but the shape of the underlying distribution of seed relativistic electrons, lit up by a recent shock passage. We use magnetohydrodynamic simulations of cluster mergers and include bubbles of relativistic electrons injected by jets from the central active galactic nucleus or from an off-center radio galaxy. We show that the merger-driven gas motions (a) can advect the bubble cosmic rays to very large radii and (b) spread the relativistic seed electrons preferentially in the tangential direction—along the gravitational equipotential surfaces—producing extended, filamentary, or sheet-like regions of intracluster plasma enriched with aged cosmic rays, which resemble radio relics. Once a shock front passes across such a region, the sharp radio emission edges would trace the sharp boundaries of these enriched regions rather than the front. We also show that these elongated cosmic-ray features are naturally associated with magnetic fields stretched tangentially along their long axis, which could help explain the high polarization of relics.
Observational Evidence for a Thick Disk of Dark Molecular Gas in the Outer Galaxy
Authors: Busch Michael P. , Engelke Philip D. , Allen Ronald J. , Hogg David E. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We present the serendipitous discovery of an extremely broad (ΔV
LSR ∼ 150 km s−1), faint (T
mb < 10 mK), and ubiquitous 1667 and 1665 MHz ground-state thermal OH emission toward the second quadrant of the outer Galaxy (R
gal > 8 kpc) with the Green Bank Telescope. Originally discovered in 2015, we describe the redundant experimental, observational, and data quality tests of this result over the last five years. The longitude–velocity distribution of the emission unambiguously suggests large-scale Galactic structure. We observe a smooth distribution of OH in radial velocity that is morphologically similar to the H i radial velocity distribution in the outer Galaxy, showing that molecular gas is significantly more extended in the outer Galaxy than previously expected. Our results imply the existence of a thick (−200 pc < z < 200 pc) disk of diffuse (

n

H

2

∼ 5 × 10−3 cm−3) molecular gas in the outer Galaxy previously undetected in all-sky 12CO surveys.
An MHD Modeling of the Successive X2.2 and X9.3 Solar Flares of 2017 September 6
Authors: Inoue Satoshi , Bamba Yumi 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The solar active region 12673 produced two successive X-class flares (X2.2 and X9.3) approximately 3 hr apart in 2017 September. The X9.3 flare was the largest recorded solar flare in Solar Cycle 24. In this study we perform a data-constrained magnetohydrodynamic simulation taking into account the observed photospheric magnetic field to reveal the initiation and dynamics of the X2.2 and X9.3 flares. According to our simulation, the X2.2 flare is first triggered by magnetic reconnection at a local site where at the photosphere the negative polarity intrudes into the opposite-polarity region. This magnetic reconnection expels the innermost field lines upward, beneath which the magnetic flux rope is formed through continuous reconnection with external twisted field lines. Continuous magnetic reconnection after the X2.2 flare enhances the magnetic flux rope, which is lifted up and eventually erupts via the torus instability. This gives rise to the X9.3 flare.
Multiwavelength View of the Type IIn Zoo: Optical to X-Ray Emission Model of Interaction-powered Supernovae
Authors: Tsuna Daichi , Kashiyama Kazumi , Shigeyama Toshikazu 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Transients powered by interaction with the circumstellar medium (CSM) are often observed in wavelengths other than the optical, and multiwavelength modeling can be important when inferring the properties of the explosion and CSM, or for distinguishing from other powering mechanisms. We develop a model calculating the time-dependent emission spectrum of interaction-powered transients. We solve the energy equations of electron–proton plasma in the shocked supernova ejecta and CSM and the radiation transfer equation out to the outer edge of the CSM, incorporating collisional relaxation and the Comptonization of bremsstrahlung radiation. We compare our model to observations of Type IIn supernovae covering a frequency range from the optical to X-rays. For SN 2010jl the observed optical and X-ray light curves can be consistently explained if a clumpy or asymmetric structure in the CSM is assumed, in agreement with previous studies. For SN 2014C our model successfully reproduces the X-ray bremsstrahlung component and the emergence of Hα emission at 400 days after explosion. Finally we find a parameter space where the supernova is extremely X-ray bright, reaching 1043–1044 erg s−1, for up to 100 days. Such X-ray transients are likely to be detectable with all-sky surveys by, e.g., eROSITA.