bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Globalization in Pediatric Surgical Training: The Benefit of an International Fellowship in a Low-to-Middle–Income Country Academic Hospital
Authors: von Sochaczewski Christina Oetzmann , Zanini Andrea , Basson Sonia , Brisighelli Giulia , Di Cesare Antonio , Gabler Tarryn , Gentilino Valerio , Gopal Milan , Grieve Andrew , Harrison Derek , Patel Nirav , Westgarth-Taylor Chris , Withers Aletha , Loveland Jerome A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjective A relative oversupply of pediatric surgeons led to increasing difficulties in surgical training in high-income countries (HIC), popularizing international fellowships in low-to-middle–income countries (LMIC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the benefit of an international fellowship in an LMIC for the training of pediatric surgery trainees from HICs.Methods We retrospectively reviewed and compared the prospectively maintained surgical logbooks of international pediatric surgical trainees who completed a fellowship at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital in the last 10 years. We analyzed the number of surgeries, type of involvement, and level of supervision in the operations. Data are provided in mean differences between South Africa and the respective home country.Results Seven fellows were included. Operative experience was higher in South Africa in general (Δx̅ = 381; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 236–656; p < 0.0001) and index cases (Δx̅ = 178; 95% CI: 109–279; p < 0.0001). In South Africa, fellows performed more index cases unsupervised (Δx̅ = 71; 95% CI: 42–111; p < 0.0001), but a similar number under supervision (Δx̅ = –1; 95% CI: –25–24; p = 0.901). Fellows were exposed to more surgical procedures in each pediatric surgical subspecialty.Conclusion An international fellowship in a high-volume subspecialized unit in an LMIC can be highly beneficial for HIC trainees, allowing exposure to higher caseload, opportunity to operate independently, and to receive a wider exposure to the different fields of pediatric surgery. The associated benefit for the local trainees is some reduction in their clinical responsibilities due to the additional workforce, providing them with the opportunity for protected academic and research time.
Pneumothorax in SARS-CoV-2 Affected Patients
Authors: Srivatsa R. , Hosmane Giridhar Belur , Venkataram Rajesh , Baikunje Nandakishore 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has various known complications in its natural course of the illness. Pneumothorax is one of the emerging complications in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-positive patients, not initiated on invasive mechanical ventilation. Case studies and autopsy reports across the globe suggest alveolar pathology to be responsible for the outcome.COVID-19 infection in humans caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has various known complications in its natural course of the illness. Pneumothorax is one of the emerging complications in COVID-19-positive patients. Prior identification and anticipation of such life-threatening complications aid in the treatment of COVID-19-positive patients.
Calling referendums on domestic policies: how political elites and citizens differ
Authors: Gherghina Sergiu , Silagadze Nanuli 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMost national level referendums in Europe since 1793 are initiated either by political elites or by citizens. It remains unclear why these two types of initiators call for referendums. This article aims to explain under what circumstances political elites and citizens call referendums on domestic policies. The analysis is conducted at country level using an original data set that covers 461 national level referendums in Europe between 1793 and 2019. It tests the influence of four institutional variables that in theory are expected to have a divergent effect for the two types of initiators. The experience with direct democracy increases the likelihood to have referendums called by elites and reduces the incidence of citizen-initiated referendums. More authoritarian countries and longer time passed from referendums in a neighboring country explain why political elites initiate referendums. Coalition governments are more prone to citizen-initiated referendums on domestic policies compared to single-party governments.
Re-integration with anchor points algorithm for ab initio molecular dynamics
Authors: Zheng Jingjing , Frisch Michael J. 
Published: August 2021

A new integration scheme for ab initio molecular dynamics (MD) is proposed in this work for efficient propagation using large time steps (e.g., 2.0 fs or a larger time step with one ab initio evaluation of gradients for the dynamics point and one additional evaluation for the anchor point per dynamics step). This algorithm is called re-integration with anchor points (REAP) integrator. The REAP integrator starts from a quadratic potential energy surface based on the updated Hessian to propagate the system to the halfway of the MD step that is called the anchor point. Then, an approximate dynamics position for this step is obtained by the propagation based on an interpolated surface using the anchor point and the previous MD point. The approximate dynamics step can be further improved by the re-integration steps, i.e., integration based on the interpolated surface using the calculated energies, gradients, and updated Hessians of the previous step, the anchor point, and the approximate current step. A trajectory only needs one analytical Hessian calculation at the initial geometry, and thereafter, only calculations of gradients are required. This integrator can be considered either as a generalization of Hessian-based predictor–corrector integration with substantial improvement of accuracy and efficiency or as a dynamics on interpolated surfaces that are built on the fly. An automatic correction scheme is implemented by comparing the interpolated energies and gradients to the actual ones to ensure the quality of the interpolations at a certain level. The tests in this work show that the REAP method can increase computational efficiency by more than one order of magnitude than that of the velocity Verlet integrator and more than twice that of Hessian-based predictor–corrector integration.
A double-layer wideband radial-line waveguide power divider/combiner for high-power microwave application
Authors: Xu Liang , Yuan Cheng-wei , Zhang Qiang , Sun Yun-fei , Liu Jin-liang 
Published: August 2021

A compact double-layer wideband 1:60 power divider/combiner based on a radial-line waveguide is designed and investigated for high-power microwave (HPM) applications. Compared with other HPM radial-line power dividers, the proposed power divider is smaller and more compact. The power divider is miniaturized by the double-layer method, and the wideband characteristic is realized by a specially designed wavy disk. Moreover, it can divide the microwave energy into 60 output ports equally by symmetrical design. As for simulation, in the range of 1.64–3.6 GHz, the voltage standing-wave ratio is below 2 (the relative bandwidth is 76%) and the return loss reaches −44 dB at 2.1 GHz. Additionally, a prototype is fabricated and the wideband performance from 1.6 to 2.6 GHz is verified by an existing wideband antenna array. Furthermore, filled with SF6 (0.3 MPa), the theoretical power handling capacity is more than 200 MW and the device works steadily in HPM tests under the condition of 140 MW. To sum up, the compact power divider/combiner has important application potentials in HPM fields.
When Qing Law Encountered British Anthropology
Authors: Liu Rui 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This article conducts a textual and reception analysis of George Jamieson’s translation of Qing marriage law with
the aim of probing a translational encounter between traditional Chinese law and British anthropology. Approaching a Qing clause
against marriage between persons of the same family name as an object of anthropological study, Jamieson annotated his rendition
with rich paratexts to orient it under the concept of exogamy. After reflecting upon predecessors’ theories, he advanced his own
by restructuring existing anthropological constructs. Taking his translation as a knowledge source, Jamieson further highlighted
the existence of an endogamous limit upon the exogamy rule; this observation was absorbed by Henry Maine to strengthen his
argument that exogamy and endogamy were not oppositional in agnatic societies. As revealed in Jamieson’s interaction with British
anthropologists, he proved himself more than a translator of Qing marriage law but also a contributor to nineteenth-century
British anthropology.
Effect of laser temporal intensity skew on enhancing pair production in laser—electron-beam collisions
Authors: Bradley L E , Streeter M J V , Murphy C D , Arran C , Blackburn T G , Galletti M , Mangles S P D , Ridgers C P 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Recent high-intensity laser experiments (Cole et al 2018 Phys. Rev. X
8 011020; Poder et al 2018 Phys. Rev. X
8 031004) have shown evidence of strong radiation reaction in the quantum regime. Experimental evidence of quantum effects on radiation reaction and electron–positron pair cascades has, however, proven challenging to obtain and crucially depends on maximising the quantum parameter of the electron (defined as the ratio of the electric field it feels in its rest frame to the Schwinger field). The quantum parameter can be suppressed as the electrons lose energy by radiation reaction as they traverse the initial rise in the laser intensity. As a result the shape of the intensity temporal envelope becomes important in enhancing quantum radiation reaction effects and pair cascades. Here we show that a realistic laser pulse with a faster rise time on the leading edge, achieved by skewing the temporal envelope, results in curtailing of pair yields as the peak power is reduced. We find a reduction in pair yields by orders of magnitude in contrast to only small reductions reported previously in large-scale particle-in-cell code simulations (Hojbota et al 2018 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion
60 064004). Maximum pairs per electron are found in colliding 1.5 GeV electrons with a laser wakefield produced envelope 7.90 × 10−2 followed by a short 50 fs Gaussian envelope, 1.90 × 10−2, while it is reduced to 8.90 × 10−5, a factor of 100, for an asymmetric envelope.
Closed-loop automated reaching apparatus (CLARA) for interrogating complex motor behaviors
Authors: Bowles S , Williamson W R , Nettles D , Hickman J , Welle C G 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Objective. Closed-loop neuromodulation technology is a rapidly expanding category of therapeutics for a broad range of indications. Development of these innovative neurological devices requires high-throughput systems for closed-loop stimulation of model organisms, while monitoring physiological signals and complex, naturalistic behaviors. To address this need, we developed CLARA, a closed-loop automated reaching apparatus. Approach. Using breakthroughs in computer vision, CLARA integrates fully-automated, markerless kinematic tracking of multiple features to classify animal behavior and precisely deliver neural stimulation based on behavioral outcomes. CLARA is compatible with advanced neurophysiological tools, enabling the testing of neurostimulation devices and identification of novel neurological biomarkers. Results. The CLARA system tracks unconstrained skilled reach behavior in 3D at 150 Hz without physical markers. The system fully automates trial initiation and pellet delivery and is capable of accurately delivering stimulation in response to trial outcome with short latency. Kinematic data from the CLARA system provided novel insights into the dynamics of reach consistency over the course of learning, suggesting that learning selectively improves reach failures but does not alter the kinematics of successful reaches. Additionally, using the closed-loop capabilities of CLARA, we demonstrate that vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) improves skilled reach performance and increases reach trajectory consistency in healthy animals. Significance. The CLARA system is the first mouse behavior apparatus that uses markerless pose tracking to provide real-time closed-loop stimulation in response to the outcome of an unconstrained motor task. Additionally, we demonstrate that the CLARA system was essential for our investigating the role of closed-loop VNS stimulation on motor performance in healthy animals. This approach has high translational relevance for developing neurostimulation technology based on complex human behavior.
Enhancing transfer performance across datasets for brain-computer interfaces using a combination of alignment strategies and adaptive batch normalization
Authors: Xu Lichao , Xu Minpeng , Ma Zhen , Wang Kun , Jung Tzyy-Ping , Ming Dong 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Objective. Recently, transfer learning (TL) and deep learning (DL) have been introduced to solve intra- and inter-subject variability problems in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). However, current TL and DL algorithms are usually validated within a single dataset, assuming that data of the test subjects are acquired under the same condition as that of training (source) subjects. This assumption is generally violated in practice because of different acquisition systems and experimental settings across studies and datasets. Thus, the generalization ability of these algorithms needs further validations in a cross-dataset scenario, which is closer to the actual situation. This study compared the transfer performance of pre-trained deep-learning models with different preprocessing strategies in a cross-dataset scenario. Approach. This study used four publicly available motor imagery datasets, each was successively selected as a source dataset, and the others were used as target datasets. EEGNet and ShallowConvNet with four preprocessing strategies, namely channel normalization, trial normalization, Euclidean alignment, and Riemannian alignment, were trained with the source dataset. The transfer performance of pre-trained models was validated on the target datasets. This study also used adaptive batch normalization (AdaBN) for reducing interval covariate shift across datasets. This study compared the transfer performance of using the four preprocessing strategies and that of a baseline approach based on manifold embedded knowledge transfer (MEKT). This study also explored the possibility and performance of fusing MEKT and EEGNet. Main results. The results show that DL models with alignment strategies had significantly better transfer performance than the other two preprocessing strategies. As an unsupervised domain adaptation method, AdaBN could also significantly improve the transfer performance of DL models. The transfer performance of DL models that combined AdaBN and alignment strategies significantly outperformed MEKT. Moreover, the generalizability of EEGNet models that combined AdaBN and alignment strategies could be further improved via the domain adaptation step in MEKT, achieving the best generalization ability among multiple datasets (BNCI2014001: 0.788, PhysionetMI: 0.679, Weibo2014: 0.753, Cho2017: 0.650). Significance. The combination of alignment strategies and AdaBN could easily improve the generalizability of DL models without fine-tuning. This study may provide new insights into the design of transfer neural networks for BCIs by separating source and target batch normalization layers in the domain adaptation process.
Features of the numerical solution of bi-characteristic equations by methods of computer mathematics
Authors: Bova Yu I , Kryukovsky A S 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The features of applying the methods of computer mathematics to the numerical solution of the bi-characteristic system of equations describing the propagation of radio waves in the ionospheric plasma are considered. Based on the comparison of the numerical and exact solutions obtained for the parabolic plasma layer, the accuracy of the numerical solution was investigated.
On the reaction of atmospheric characteristics in the Gulf of Mexico to the origin of hurricanes based on satellite microwave radiometric measurements
Authors: Grankov A G , Milshin A A , Novichikhin E P , Shelobanova N K 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Based on satellite microwave radiometric measurements, the spatial and temporal variability of the brightness temperature in the spectral band of the resonant radiation of atmospheric water vapor, as well as meteorological parameters in the Gulf of Mexico during the origin and development of the tropical hurricanes Humberto and Lorenzo in September-October 2007, were analyzed. The results of the analysis indicate that large areas of the Gulf of Mexico are involved in the formation of the brightness temperature response to the origin of hurricanes. The role of spatial dispersion of atmospheric moisture content over the Gulf of Mexico is evaluated as a quantitative indicator of the processes of origin and development of the hurricanes Humberto and Lorenzo.
Simulation of microwave spatial field of atmospheric brightness temperature under discontinuous cumulus cloudiness
Authors: Egorov D P , Ilyushin Ya A , Koptsov Ya V , Kutuza B G 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Planck’s model for random discontinuous cloud fields generation in a three-dimensional computational domain is considered. An algorithm has been developed for computation a 2D picture of downwelling microwave radiation brightness temperature distribution from altitude profiles of the main meteorological parameters, including liquid water profile obtained during the generation of cloud field. The inverse problem of integral moisture content parameters distribution retrieval by means of dual-frequency method is solved. Systematic errors in the cloud liquid water content estimation associated with the use of a homogeneous flat-layered model of the cloud field, which ignores its real, inhomogeneous structure, are investigated.
Short-term forecasting of atmospheric meteorological parameters based on the results of the neural network of a three-band microwave radiometric system
Authors: Rostokin I N , Karyaev V V , Fedoseeva E V , Rostokina E A , Shchukin G G 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The article considers a variant of inclusion of a neural network into the microwave radiometric system of remote sensing of the atmosphere to perform short-term forecasting of meteorological parameters, based on current measurements of power of own radio-thermal emission of the atmosphere in three frequency bands. The initial data for the training of the neural network- the results of daily microwave radiometric measurements in three frequency bands and data on atmospheric meteorological parameters in the near ground layer obtained using a mobile meteorological station- are indicated. The results of forecasting the temperature and humidity of the near ground layer of the atmosphere based on the current results of microwave radiometric measurements for the current moment and with a two-hour lead time are presented.
Distributed natural areas of Earth covers as verification tool of spaceborne SAR radiometric stability
Authors: Zakharov A , Zakharova L , Sinilo V , Ivanychev E 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The analysis of the long-term stability of the scattering properties of various types of natural covers was carried out using Japanese PALSAR-1 and PALSAR-2 spaceborne synthetic aperture radar observations. High stability of the reflective properties of the extended objects of the Antarctica and South America, comparable with stability of specialized artificial targets, has been revealed. For that reason, distributed targets under discussion may be considered as suitable targets for spaceborne radars intercalibration and monitoring of their stability.
Calibration of a three-band microwave radiometric system by an external noise signal source
Authors: Fedoseeva E V , Rostokin I N , Rostokina E A , Shchukin G G 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The article considers a method of solving the problem of calibration of a tri-band microwave radiometric system by an external source of noise signal. The peculiarity of the given method of calibration is the location of the calibrated noise signal source in the base of the common antenna mirror with reception to the common aperture of the system’s illuminator. The questions of technical realization of a noise source as a broadband noise generator taking into account frequency dependence of output noise power value supplemented by an attenuator for obtaining a two-level calibration signal are considered. In article the theoretical positions underlying the given way of calibration in values of measured radio-luminous temperature are resulted, and time dependences of measurements of radio-luminous temperature of atmosphere are shown at an antenna direction in a zenith with inclusion of an external source of a noise signal at performance of calibration of microwave radiometric system.
Classification of slope area types and hydrocarbon accumulation rules in Wuerxun-Beier Depression
Authors: Li Junhui 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
After more than 50 years of exploration and development, Wuerxun-Beier depression has entered a high exploration stage. It is more and more difficult to find large-scale structural reservoirs. Therefore, structural-lithologic reservoirs in slope areas have gradually become the focus of exploration. Based on the overall study and dissection of the depression, the geological differentiation characteristics of the large-scale slope area are discussed. According to the occurrence of the slope, the intensity of tectonic activity, the intensity of source supply and the pattern of synsedimentary fault combination, the slope zone in the study area can be divided into six types, namely, the steep slope with strong source along the fault step type, the compound fault step type of medium slope with strong source, the reverse fault step type of the gentle slope with strong source, and the weak supply type. Different types of slope have different sand control mechanisms and reservoir forming characteristics, such as the source gentle slope forward fault terrace type, the weak source gentle slope reverse fault terrace type and the weak source middle slope forward fault terrace type. Source supply intensity and slope dip control the development type of sedimentary system, the combination of synsedimentary faults and valleys controls the distribution characteristics of sedimentary system. Through exploration practice, significant discoveries have been made on the southwestern, southeastern and northern slopes of Beixi, Wuerxun-Beier depression, which confirms that the slope area is the main breakthrough direction for oil and gas exploration and large-scale reservoir increase in continental fault-depression lake basins.
Study on the evaluation and transformation path of green industrial development in Sichuan Province
Authors: Zhang Jiwen , Yao Jian , Li Xinlong , Zhang Tao 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper calculated the green index of 37 industries in Sichuan province by constructing a comprehensive model reflecting the economic contribution rate and environmental pollution contribution rate of industry, and the K-means method was used for clustering analysis. The results show that the green index of industry in Sichuan is at a good level among the country, but there is still a large development space. Based on the green index of clustering results show that the industry is divided into 4 major categories: encouraged development, optimized development, allowed development and restricted development, and the differentiated countermeasures proposed by the paper based on the research results are the practical needs of the green development of industries in the new era.