bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What explains immigrant–native gaps in European labor markets: The role of institutions
Authors: Guzi Martin , Kahanec Martin , Kureková Lucia Mýtna 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe understanding of how institutional and policy contexts affect immigrant integration is essential for any effort to foster a sustainable and effective migration and integration policy framework. Immigrant–native labor market gaps may arise not only due to differences in human capital or other socio-economic and demographic characteristics, but also due to differentiated impacts of institutions and policies on otherwise similar immigrants and natives. Different integration policy approaches are needed to close the gaps arising through these different mechanisms. This article exploits the variation across Europe to study the institutional and policy determinants of immigrant–native gaps in host labor markets. Using the EU Labor Force Survey as the primary source of data and a novel analytical approach, we study immigrant–native gaps in labor force participation, unemployment, low-skilled employment, and temporary employment and measure the contribution of institutional and policy contexts to the part of these gaps that cannot be explained by immigrant–native differences in characteristics. Our findings confirm that institutional and policy contexts play a significant role in immigrant integration and highlight the importance of tailoring policy approaches with regard to the causes of immigrant–native gaps.
Found: a rapidly spinning white dwarf in LAMOST J024048.51+195226.9
Authors: Pelisoli Ingrid , Marsh T R , Dhillon V S , Breedt E , Brown A J , Dyer M J , Green M J , Kerry P , Littlefair S P , Parsons S G , Sahman D I , Wild J F 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
We present optical photometry of the cataclysmic variable LAMOST J024048.51+195226.9 taken with the high-speed, five-band CCD camera HiPERCAM on the 10.4 m Gran Telescopio Canarias. We detect pulsations originating from the spin of its white dwarf, finding a spin period of 24.9328(38) s. The pulse amplitude is of the order of 0.2 per cent in the g band, below the detection limits of previous searches. This detection establishes LAMOST J024048.51+195226.9 as only the second white dwarf magnetic propeller system, a twin of its long-known predecessor, AE Aquarii. At 24.93 s, the white dwarf in LAMOST J024048.51+195226.9 has the shortest known spin period of any cataclysmic variable star. The white dwarf must have a mass of at least 0.7 M⊙ to sustain so short a period. The observed faintest u-band magnitude sets an upper limit on the white dwarf’s temperature of $\sim\!25\, 000$ K. The pulsation amplitudes measured in the five HiPERCAM filters are consistent with an accretion spot of $\sim\!30\, 000\,$K covering ∼2 per cent of the white dwarf’s visible area, although spots that are hot and smaller, or cooler and larger cannot be ruled out.
Survival in patients with radiological diagnoses of glioblastoma: a retrospective study of 115 patients on a best supportive care pathway
Authors: Riley James , Hodson James , Petrik Vladimir 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Aims
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a devastating disease with notoriously poor survival. Studies examining survival in patients given best supportive care (BSC) are few and far between. All patients harbouring brain tumours referred to the Neuro-oncology service at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Birmingham are recorded in the Somerset Cancer Registry. We set out to analyse survival times and identify patient and tumour-related factors significantly affecting prognosis.

Method
We identified 126 patients from 2015 to 2019 in our Somerset Cancer Registry with radiological diagnoses of glioblastoma for whom the Neuro-oncology MDT recommended BSC. We performed a retrospective analysis of clinical records and radiological images. 11 patients were excluded (8 due to insufficient imaging data, 2 who underwent subsequent surgery, 1 patient with brain metastases). Survival was measured in completed weeks since the index MDT decision. Associations between survival time and both patient- and tumour-related factors were assessed using Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests. All analyses were performed using IBM SPSS 22 (IBM Corp. Armonk, NY), with p&lt;0.05 deemed to be indicative of statistical significance throughout.

Results
Data were available for N=115 patients (69 males, 46 females), with a mean age of 79 ± 8 years. All patients died within 32 weeks of diagnosis, with a median survival time of 8 weeks. Only 8 patients survived for more than 20 weeks. Survival was significantly shorter in those with a greater number of main cerebral structures affected (p=0.044), with a median of 6 vs. 10 weeks for 3 or more vs. 1 structures affected (hazard ratio: 1.61, 95% CI: 0.99-2.62). Bilateral tumours involving the corpus callosum were also associated with shorter survival (p=0.039). None of the other factors considered were found to be significantly associated with survival, including age (p=0.193), gender (p=0.371), performance status (p=0.300) and tumour size (p=0.331).

Conclusion
With the exception of the number of main cerebral structures affected (frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes, corpus callosum, insula, basal ganglia and brain stem), patient- and tumour-factors traditionally used by the MDT to prognosticate do not correlate with survival time in patients receiving BSC for radiological diagnoses of GBM. With 50% of the cohort dying within 8 weeks it is clear that we must reconsider the timing of referrals to palliative and hospice care. Finally, the fact that some patients survived for more than half a year with no surgical or oncological treatment suggests that the process of selecting patients for BSC vs aggressive treatments needs refinement.
Constitutional Balancing and State Interests
Authors: Valentine Shiffrin Seana 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter continues to explore consequences of the communicative conception of democratic law by considering an issue about constitutional balancing: When can a discretionary interest asserted by a state be balanced against a constitutional liberty interest? Criticizing the US Supreme Court’s decision in Washington v. Glucksberg, in which a ban on assisted suicide was upheld as constitutional on the basis of an asserted state interest in preserving human life, it argues that balancing requires more than the mere assertion of an interest; rather, the state must show a commitment to and investment in that interest by adopting consistent policies that further the interest. Failure to insist on this requirement undermines the idea, implicit in the communicative conception, that law must aspire to articulate a coherent set of moral commitments.
Replies to Commentators
Authors: Shiffrin Seana Valentine 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter responds to the commentaries by Kolodny, Brooks, and Stilz by elaborating on and adding to points made in the first three chapters. In connection with Chapter 1, it addresses various aspects of the requirement to communicate respect, including the collective character of the required communication, the effectiveness and appropriateness of law as its form, the need for equal participation in crafting it, and the possibility of individual dissent from it. It also considers whether the communicative conception offers a plausible normative account of the motivations underlying democratic movements. In connection with Chapters 2 and 3, it expands on the democratic character of common law and defends the claim that states may pursue discretionary interests, arguing that this pursuit is compatible not only with specific requirements of justice but also with liberalism.
Top Management Teams
Authors: Wiersema Margarethe F. , Hernsberger Joshua S. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Scholarly interest in the firm’s top management is an important research topic given their influence on strategic decision-making and firm outcomes, as well as increased media attention and activist investor scrutiny of the firm’s executives. The past experiences, knowledge, and skills of the firm’s top management team (TMT) represent the stock of the firm’s strategic human capital, which, along with their social capital and cognitive perspectives, influences strategic decision-making. This chapter provides a brief overview of the current state of research on TMTs and addresses limitations of this research before proposing an agenda for future research. The intent is to suggest avenues of scholarly inquiry to better understand how the firm’s TMT, through its interactions, attributes, and behavior, influences strategic decision-making. In doing so, the chapter could serve to encourage future research that will provide practical insight on how companies and boards can have more effective executive teams.
Saints of Resistance
Authors: Lee Christina H. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Saints of Resistance is the first non-religious study focused on the dynamic life of saints and their devotees in the Spanish Philippines from the sixteenth through the early part of the eighteenth century. It offers an in-depth analysis of the origins and development of the beliefs and rituals surrounding some of the most popular saints in the Philippines during the period of early Spanish rule, namely, Santo Niño de Cebu, Our Lady of Caysasay, Our Lady of the Rosary La Naval, and Our Lady of Antipolo. This study recovers the voices of colonized Philippine subjects as well as those of Spaniards who, through veneration of miraculous saints, projected and relieved their grievances, anxieties, and histories of communal suffering. Based on critical readings of primary sources, it traces how individuals and their communities refashioned iconographic devotions to the Holy Child and to Mary by often introducing non-Catholic elements to their cults, derived from pre-Hispanic, animistic, or Chinese traditions. This book ultimately reveals how Philippine natives, Chinese migrants, and Spaniards reshaped the imported devotions as expressions of dissidence, resistance, and survival.
Introduction
Authors: Lee Christina H. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The Introduction offers an overview of the cultural and historical contexts in which the devotion to the saints developed in the Philippines under Spanish rule. It explains that many of the most important saints in the Philippines today were introduced during a period when the Spanish colonial system and the demands of the trans-Pacific trade centered in Manila dramatically impacted the socioeconomic structures, cultures, and livelihood of the Philippine natives. Given this context of fraught sociocultural change, it proposes a study for understanding why these Catholic figures become so entrenched in Philippine cultures. It discusses the existing scholarship on popular religious practices and explains the methodology applied in this study. It also provides a synopsis of each forthcoming chapter.
The Survival Nexus
Authors: Weiss Charles 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The impact of science and technology on world affairs is shaped by politics, economics, business, ethics, law, psychology, and culture. This nexus is a neglected aspect of international affairs. It cuts across and unites diverse issues critical to human survival: climate change, global health, nuclear weapons, Internet governance, cybersecurity, jobs, competitiveness, poverty, hunger, and the management of new technologies like autonomous weapons, hypersonic missiles, geoengineering, and gene drivers. Advances in science and technology promise both great benefits and critical threats. Appropriate policies can stimulate and guide scientific and technological advances to create new ways to achieve a healthy environment, sustainable energy systems, equitable growth, full employment, and reduced poverty. But we are allowing technology to push ourselves into uncharted and dangerous territory. Long-standing modes of international cooperation are under increasing pressure, and too little effort is being made to strengthen and update them. Nor are the strong global norms being built that are needed to manage new technologies. Underlying all of the global problems discussed in this book are considerations of basic ethics: willingness to respect scientific facts, to act today to forestall long-term dangers, and to ensure equitable sharing of the benefits, costs, and risks from advances in science and technology.
The Historical Challenge to Realism and Essential Deployment
Authors: Alai Mario 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter outlines how Deployment Realism resists Laudan and Lyons’s objections to the “No Miracle Argument” by arguing that a hypothesis is most probably true when it is deployed essentially in a novel prediction. Criticizing Psillos’s criterion of essentiality, Lyons argued that Deployment Realism must committed itself to all the actually deployed assumptions and concluded that the No Miracle Argument and Deployment Realism fail, since many actually deployed assumptions proved false. The chapter replies that an essentiality condition is required by Occam’s razor and that there is, in fact, a simpler formulation of essentiality that escapes Lyons’s criticisms and rescues the No Miracle Argument and Deployment Realism from their purported historical counterexamples: a hypothesis is essential when it has no proper parts (in Yablo’s sense) sufficient to derive the same prediction. The chapter concludes that, although essentiality so conceived cannot be detected prospectively, this is just natural, and it is not a problem but an advantage for Deployment Realism.
Custom in Late Medieval France
Authors: Kim Marie Seong-Hak 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The idea of the dynamic movement of law—diffusion of legal institutions, rules, and culture—is deeply embedded in European legal history since antiquity. All the while, a potent spirit of local custom has sustained national history, forming an equally integral part of Europe’s legal tradition. This chapter examines the sources of law in late medieval France and the doctrine of custom. It also discusses the growth of royal justice and the relationship between private law and political power. An overview of major historiographical debates concerning the theory and nature of custom sheds light on the question as to whether the notion of common law (droit commun) emerged autonomously in France or only after custom was written down on the model of Roman law as jus commune.
The Redaction of Customs
Authors: Kim Marie Seong-Hak 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Charles VII ordered in 1454 the official redaction of customs. It was part of ongoing royal efforts to demonstrate that the crown could offer a better brand of justice. Customs were written down in the assembly of the three estates of each locality, followed by homologation. This process turned the customs into a formal body of laws. The royal campaigns in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries took place in the midst of the intellectual movement of legal humanism that set out to redefine the relationship between Roman law and French custom. Charles Dumoulin offered conceptual arguments and reasoning as to custom that were at once historical, legal, and constitutional. Legal humanists’ reassessment of the place of jus commune in France was a historical exercise that took place against the backdrop of the recording of the customs.
Emotion as Feeling Towards Value
Authors: Mitchell Jonathan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This book proposes and defends a new theory of emotional experience. Drawing on recent developments in the philosophy of emotion, with links to contemporary philosophy of mind, it argues that emotional experiences are sui generis states, not to be modelled after other mental states—such as perceptions, judgements, or bodily feelings—but given their own analysis and place within our mental economy. More specifically, emotional experiences are claimed to be feelings-towards-values. Central to the theory is the claim that emotional experiences include (non-bodily) felt attitudes which represent evaluative properties of the particular objects of those experiences. It is in this sense that emotional experiences are feelings-towards-values. After setting out a framework for theorizing about experiences and their contents, the book argues that the content of emotional experience is evaluative, doing so in more detail than in the previous literature. It then explains the best way of marrying the former claim with the presence of specific kinds of valenced attitudinal components in emotional experience and critical aspects of emotional phenomenology. It is argued that we should appeal to felt valenced attitudes of favour and disfavour, resulting in the feeling-towards-value view. Building on this, a distinctive role for bodily feelings is then introduced, by way of a somatic enrichment of these felt valenced attitudes. Finally, issues pertaining to the intelligibility of emotions are considered. It is shown how the feeling-towards-value view can account for the way in which emotional experiences often make sense in a first-person way.
Fallen Angels in the Theology of St Augustine
Authors: Wiebe Gregory D. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This book ventures to describe Augustine of Hippo’s understanding of demons, including the theology, angelology, and anthropology that contextualize it. Demons are, for Augustine as for the Psalmist (95:5 LXX) and the Apostle (1 Cor. 10:20), the ‘gods of the nations’. This means that Augustine’s demons are best understood neither when they are ‘spiritualized’ as personifications of psychological struggles nor in terms of materialist contagions that undergird a superstitious moralism. Rather, because the gods of the nations are the paradigm of demonic power and influence over humanity, Augustine sees the Christian’s moral struggle against them within broader questions of social bonds, cultural form, popular opinion, philosophical investigation, liturgical movement, and so forth. In a word, Augustine’s demons have a religious significance, particularly in its Augustinian sense of bonds and duties between persons, and between persons and that which is divine. Demons are a highly integrated component of his broader theology, rooted in his conception of angels as the ministers of all creation under God, and informed by the doctrine of evil as privation and his understanding of the fall; they take shape in his thoughts on human embodiment, desire, visions, and the limits of human knowledge; and they manifest most profoundly in his ecclesiology, through his theology of sacraments and religious incorporation, and its engagement with traditional paganism and its most intelligent supporters, the Platonists. As false mediators, demons are mediated by false religion, the body of the devil, which Augustine opposes with an appeal to the true mediator, Christ, and the true religion of his body, the church.
Mobility of Persons
Authors: Barnard Catherine , Leinarte Emilija 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter stresses that the Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) only envisions a most basic form of mobility, under Mode 4 of the World Trade Organization (WTO) rules. It mentions businesspersons offering services in the jurisdiction of the other parties, and a bland commitment to maintain visa-free travel for short-term stays. It also reveals the end of passporting for financial services and the end of free movement of persons that constitute some of the most visible, and dramatic changes in the new EU-UK relations. The chapter looks at mobility rules under the WTO regime and various free trade agreements (FTAs) and association agreements (AAs) as the baseline for international commitments to trade-related mobility. It compares the WTO regime with the framework under the TCA in order to determine the extent of liberalization in the new UK-EU relationship.
Introduction
Authors: Kübler Jürgen 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This introductory chapter contains the classical and quantum mechanical tools for the treatment of magnetism. They are applied to a gas of free electrons in a magnetic field to obtain Landau levels and the corresponding free energy. Various susceptibilities are derived as well as the de Haas–van Alphen effect together with the Lifshitz–Kosevich formula. Finally, the Pauli susceptibility is discussed and compared with experimental data for a number of elements.
Magnetism at Finite Temperatures
Authors: Kübler Jürgen 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Thermal properties of magnets are dominated by low-lying excitations, perused systematically. Magnon spectra of elementary metals and compounds are obtained theoretically and compared with experimental data. Spin fluctuations are discussed in mean-field theory to obtain ab initio estimates of ordering temperatures for a multitude of magnetic systems. The free energy is connected with dynamic susceptibility which supplies a solid basis for the magnetic phase of ferromagnetic compounds. Methods derived to obtain Heisenberg exchange constants from first-principle calculations are compared with experimental data. Magnetic skyrmions enrich the field of magnetism and are of possible use for data technology applications. Several cases are discussed and classified showing theoretical and experimental data. For high temperatures the disordered local moment picture supplies an alternative theory for magnetism where the coherent-potential approximation is used to solve the electronic-structure problem in an alloy analogy. The basic theory is presented and discussed together with experimental data.
Ordinal notations and induction
Authors: Mancosu Paolo , Galvan Sergio , Zach Richard 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn order to prove that the simplification process for arithmetic eventually reaches a simple proof, it is necessary to measure the complexity of proofs in a more sophisticated way than for the cut-elimination theorem. There, a pair of numbers suffices, and the proof proceeds by double induction on this measure. This chapter develops the system of ordinal notations up to ε0 which serve as this more sophisticated measure for proofs in arithmetic. Ordinal notations are presented as purely combinatorial system of symbols, so that from the outset there is no doubt about the constructive legitimacy of the associated principles of reasoning. The main properties of this notation system are presented, and it is shown that ordinal notations are well-ordered according to its associated less-than relation. The basics of the theory of set-theoretic ordinals is developed in the second half of the chapter, so that the reader can compare the infinitary, set-theoretic development of ordinals up to ε0 to the system of finitary ordinal notations. Finally, Paris-Kirby Hydra game and Goodstein sequences are presented as applications of induction up to ε0.
Introduction
Authors: Fuchs Thomas 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWith the progress of artificial intelligence, the digitalization of the life world and the reduction of the mind to neuronal processes, the human being appears more and more as a product of data and algorithms. We understand ourselves in the image of our machines, while conversely we elevate our machines and our brains to new subjects. Against this self-reification of the human being, this book defends a humanism of embodiment: our corporeality, vitality and embodied freedom are the foundations of a self-determined existence that uses the new technologies as means instead of submitting to them.