bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Blowout Fracture Sites Observed in Young and Elderly East Asians
Authors: Hong Suji , Choi Kwang-Eon , Kim Joohyun , Baek Sehyun 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution of blowout fracture sites among age groups and compare clinical factors that can affect the fracture site. The authors reviewed 330 cases of blowout fracture surgeries and included 226 eyes of 226 patients aged between 20 and 29 years and between 50 and 59 years who underwent blowout fracture reconstruction between January 2017 and December 2020, in the Department of Ophthalmology at Korea University Hospital.
Medical records including patient demography, trauma etiology, and preoperative computed tomography image were evaluated. Ethmoidal cell septa and fracture site position were compared between the 2 age groups. The causes of injury were categorized into 3 groups: focal trauma, gross trauma, and other causes. Orbital floor fracture was the most common type (40.00%) in the young group, followed by medial wall fracture (25.33%). in contrast, medial wall fracture accounted for the largest proportion (42.11%) in the older group, and orbital floor fracture accounted for only 26.67%. The major cause of blowout fracture in young patients was focal trauma, whereas gross trauma was the most common cause in the older group. The number of ethmoidal cells was 4.19 ± 0.831 (2–6) in the young group and 3.91 ± 1.022 (2–6) in the old group (P
< 0.05). Distribution of blowout fracture site differed between age groups, and these differences can be explained by cause of injury and number of ethmoidal cells.
Extravasation and outcomes in computed tomography and angiography in patients with pelvic fractures requiring transcatheter arterial embolization: A single-center observational study
Authors: Nakajima Kento , Yamaguchi Keishi , Abe Takeru , Taniguchi Hayato , Mizukami Saori , Sekikawa Zenjiro , Takeuchi Ichiro 
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND
Extravasation on contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) is a helpful indicator of the need for transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) for pelvic fractures. However, previous reports were inconsistent on cases in which angiography is necessary, even though there is no extravasation on computed tomography. This study aimed to describe and analyze the contradictory findings in cases where extravasation is observed on angiography but not on CECT, to contribute to improved management of patients with pelvic fractures.

METHODS
This was a retrospective single-center study. Patients with pelvic fractures who underwent CECT and TAE between 2014 and 2020 were included. We classified the patients into three groups: CECT and angiography with extravasation (CT+Angio+), CECT with no extravasation and angiography with extravasation (CT−Angio+), and CECT with extravasation and angiography without extravasation (CT+Angio−).

RESULTS
A total of 113 patients were included in the study: the CT+Angio+ group had 54 patients, CT−Angio+ group, 47; and CT+Angio− group, 12. The CT−Angio+ group had a significantly longer time from arrival to CECT than the CT+Angio+ group (27 minutes vs. 23 minutes, p < 0.05). The CT−Angio+ group had significantly more blood transfusions (fresh frozen plasma, platelets) within 24 hours than the CT+Angio− group did (p < 0.05), and ventilator management days (p < 0.05) and intensive care unit stays (p < 0.05) were significantly longer.

CONCLUSION
There was no significant difference in outcomes among the three groups. There was no difference in severity, transfusion volume, or mortality in patients with pelvic fractures needing TAE, classified as CT−Angio+, compared with that of CT+Angio+ patients. Even in the absence of extravasation in the pelvic region on CECT, angiography or TAE may still be necessary.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Therapeutic/Care Management, Level IV.
Proposed Pathway for the Utilization of Pediatric Ambulatory EEG
Authors: Borlot Felippe , Kozlik Silvia , Alfaro Leanne , Payne Eric T. , Ho Alice W. , Appendino Juan P. , Scantlebury Morris H. , Jacobs Julia 
Published: October 2021

Purpose:
The clinical utility of pediatric ambulatory-EEG (A-EEG) has been studied for decades, but limited information exists regarding which variables influence its utility. The authors aimed to evaluate clinical/EEG variables that may influence A-EEG yields and to develop a pathway for A-EEG utilization in children.

Methods:
Single-center retrospective review of A-EEGs performed from July 2019 to January 2021 in a tertiary referral center. The primary outcome was whether the A-EEG test successfully answered the referring physician's clinical question or influenced therapy. When it did, the A-EEG test was deemed useful. Clinical and EEG variables were assessed for their ability to predict utility. Further, the literature review generated 10 relevant prior studies whose details were used to generate a pathway for A-EEG utilization in children.

Results:
One hundred forty-two A-EEG studies were included (mean age 8.8 years, 48% male patients, mean A-EEG duration 33.5 hours). Overall, A-EEG was considered useful in 106 children (75%) but heavily influenced by A-EEG indication. Specifically, it was deemed useful for 94% of patients evaluated for electrical status epilepticus in slow-wave sleep, 92% of those evaluated for interictal/ictal burden, and 63% of those undergoing spell classification. The test indication (P < 0.001), a diagnosis of epilepsy (P = 0.02), and an abnormal routine EEG (P = 0.04) were associated with A-EEG test utility, although the multivariate analysis confirmed the test indication as the only independent outcome predictor of A-EEG.

Conclusions:
Pediatric A-EEG is extremely useful for evaluating electrical status epilepticus in slow-wave sleep and interictal/ictal burden and is often helpful for spell classification. Among all clinical and EEG variables analyzed, the test indication was the only independent outcome predictor of obtaining a helpful A-EEG.
The number of Follicle Stem Cells in a Drosophila ovariole
Authors: Kalderon Daniel , Melamed David , Reilein Amy 
Published: October 2021

SummaryA paper by Reilein et al (2017) presented several fundamental new insights into the behavior of adult Follicle Stem Cells (FSCs) in the Drosophila ovary, including evidence that each ovariole hosts a large number of FSCs (14-16) maintained by population asymmetry (Reilein et al., 2017), rather than just two FSCs, dividing with largely individually asymmetric outcomes, as originally proposed (Margolis and Spradling, 1995; Nystul and Spradling, 2007). Fadiga and Nystul (2019) contest some of these conclusions on the basis of their repetition of a multicolor lineage strategy used by Reilein et al (2017) and repetition of earlier single-color lineage analysis. Here we outline a number of shortcomings in the execution and interpretation of those experiments that, in our opinion, undermine their conclusions. The central issue of general relevance concerns the importance of comprehensively analyzing all stem cell lineages, independent of any pre-conceptions, in order to identify all constituents and capture heterogeneous behaviors.
Boosting of the SARS-CoV-2-specific immune response after vaccination with single-dose Sputnik Light vaccine
Authors: Komissarov Alexey A. , Dolzhikova Inna V. , Efimov Grigory A. , Logunov Denis Y. , Mityaeva Olga , Molodtsov Ivan A. , Naigovzina Nelli B. , Peshkova Iuliia O. , Shcheblyakov Dmitry V. , Volchkov Pavel , Vasilieva Elena 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDespite the measures taken worldwide, COVID-19 pandemic still progresses. While efficient antiviral drugs are not yet widely available, vaccination is the best option to control the infection rate. Although this option is obvious in case of COVID-19–naïve individuals, it is still unclear when individuals who have recovered from a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection should be vaccinated and whether the vaccination raises immune responses against the coronavirus and its novel variants. Here we measured the dynamics of the antibody and T-cell responses, as well as virus neutralizing activity (VNA) in serum against two SARS-CoV-2 variants, B.1.1.1 and B.1.617.2, among 84 individuals with different COVID-19 status who were vaccinated with Sputnik Light vaccine. We showed that vaccination of individuals previously exposed to the virus considerably boosts the existing immune response. In these individuals, RBD-specific IgG titers and VNA in serum were already elevated on the 7th day after vaccination, while COVID-19–naïve individuals developed the antibody response and VNA mainly 21 days post–vaccination. Additionally, we found a strong correlation between RBD-specific IgG titers and VNA in serum, and according to these data vaccination may be recommended if the RBD-specific IgG titers drop to 142.7 BAU/mL or below. In summary, the results of the study demonstrate that vaccination is beneficial both for COVID-19–naïve and recovered individuals, especially since it raises serum VNA against the B.1.617.2 variant – one of four the SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.
EEG microstate dynamics indicate a U-shaped path to propofol-induced loss of consciousness
Authors: Artoni Fiorenzo , Maillard Julien , Britz Juliane , Seeber Martin , Lysakowski Christopher , Bréchet Lucie , Tramèr Martin R. , Michel Christoph M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIt is commonly believed that the stream of consciousness is not continuous but parsed into transient brain states manifesting themselves as discrete spatiotemporal patterns of global neuronal activity. Electroencephalographical (EEG) microstates are proposed as the neurophysiological correlates of these transiently stable brain states that last for fractions of seconds. To further understand the link between EEG microstate dynamics and consciousness, we continuously recorded high-density EEG in 23 surgical patients from their awake state to unconsciousness, induced by step-wise increasing concentrations of the intravenous anesthetic propofol. Besides the conventional parameters of microstate dynamics, we introduce a new method that estimates the complexity of microstate sequences. The brain activity under the surgical anesthesia showed a decreased sequence complexity of the stereotypical microstates, which became sparser and longer-lasting. However, we observed an initial increase in microstates’ temporal dynamics and complexity with increasing depth of sedation leading to a distinctive “U-shape” that may be linked to the paradoxical excitation induced by moderate levels of propofol. Our results support the idea that the brain is in a metastable state under normal conditions, balancing between order and chaos in order to flexibly switch from one state to another. The temporal dynamics of EEG microstates indicate changes of this critical balance between stability and transition that lead to altered states of consciousness.HighlightsEEG microstates capture discrete spatiotemporal patterns of global neuronal activityWe studied their temporal dynamics in relation to different states of consciousnessWe introduce a new method to estimate the complexity of microstates sequencesWith moderate sedation complexity increases then decreases with full sedationComplexity of microstate sequences is sensitive to altered states of consciousness
Patient-derived zebrafish xenograft models reveal ferroptosis as a fatal and druggable weakness in metastatic uveal melanoma
Authors: Groenewoud Arwin , Yin Jie , Gelmi Maria Chiara , Alsafadi Samar , Nemati Fariba , Decaudin Didier , Roman-Roman Sergio , Kalirai Helen , Coupland Sarah E. , Jochemsen Aart G. , Jager Martine J. , Snaar-Jagalska Ewa 
Published: October 2021

AbstractUveal melanoma (UM) is the most common intraocular melanoma, derived from transformed melanocytes of the uvea. Although treatment of primary UM is usually successful, there is a high risk (up to 50%) of liver metastasis with negligible long-term survival. There are currently no reproducible patient-derived animal models that faithfully recapitulate the latter stages of metastatic dissemination of UM, hindering the discovery of curative treatments. To overcome this problem and to accelerate the development of new metastatic UM treatments, we developed a patient-derived zebrafish xenograft (zf-PDX) model, using spheroid cultures generated from metastatic and primary UM tissues. Engrafted UM cells derived from these spheroid cultures give rise to metastatic lesions and recapitulate the molecular features of UMs and their potential drug sensitivity. Importantly, harnessing this versatile model, we reveal a high sensitivity of circulating UM cells to ferroptosis induction in vivo by Erastin and RSL3. Our findings are further corroborated by supportive analysis of patient data implicating ferroptosis as a new, and druggable, target for the treatment of metastatic UM patients, specifically in those with BAP1 loss in the tumor.
Phototroph-heterotroph interactions during growth and long-term starvation across Prochlorococcus and Alteromonas diversity
Authors: Weissberg Osnat , Aharonovich Dikla , Sher Daniel 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMicrobial interactions such as those between phytoplankton and bacteria been studied intensively using specific model organisms, due to their potential impact on ecosystems and biogeochemistry. Yet, to what extent interactions differ between closely related organisms, or how these interactions change over time or culture conditions, remains unclear. Here, we characterize the interactions between five strains each of two globally abundant marine microorganisms, Prochlorococcus (a phototroph) and Alteromonas (a heterotroph), from the first encounter between individual strains and over more than a year of repeated cycles of exponential growth and long-term nitrogen starvation. Prochlorococcus-Alteromonas interactions had little effect on traditional growth parameters such as Prochlorococcus growth rate, maximal fluorescence or lag phase, affecting primarily the dynamics of culture decline, which we interpret as representing cell mortality and lysis. The shape of the Prochlorococcus decline curve and the carrying capacity of the co-cultures were determined by the phototroph and not the heterotroph strains involved. Comparing various mathematical models of culture mortality suggests that Prochlorococcus death rate increases over time in mono-cultures but decreases in co-cultures, with cells potentially becoming more resistant to stress. Our results demonstrate intra-species differences in ecologically-relevant co-culture outcomes. These include the recycling efficiency of N and whether the interactions are mutually synergistic or competitive. They also highlight the information-rich growth and death curves as a useful readout of the interaction phenotype.Significance StatementInteractions between phytoplankton and marine bacteria impact global ecosystems and biogeochemistry. Here, we explore how intra-species variability affects the interactions between Prochlorococcus, a globally abundant photosynthetic cyanobacetrium and Alteromonas, a heterotrophic bacterium that lives off and recycles organic matter. Under nitrogen starvation, Prochlorococcus growing alone increasingly accumulate damage and die, whereas in co-culture with Alteromonas they become increasingly resilient. The specific Prochlorococcus strain had a much larger effect on co-culture behavior than the Alteromonas strain, determining whether the interactions are mutually synergistic or potentially competitive. These results show how ecologically relevant outcomes of interactions may vary between closely related microorganisms, and highlight growth and death curves from laboratory (co)-cultures as information-rich views of microbial growth and death.
Different mycorrhizal nutrient acquisition strategies shape tree species competition and coexistence dynamics
Authors: Van Nuland Michael E. , Ke Po-Ju , Wan Joe , Peay Kabir G. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMycorrhizal fungi with different nutrient acquisition strategies influence the functional separation among plant species. This might drive resource competition dynamics that cumulatively impact tree species coexistence, but few manipulative experiments have directly tested this. Combining surveys and experiments in a modern coexistence theory framework, we tested how variation in mycorrhizal strategies and nutrient conditions affect competitive outcomes between co-occurring ectomycorrhizal (EM)and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) tree species. The dependency on EM symbioses increased with latitude and nitrogen (N) limitation, matching global trends. Host-specific soil microbiome conditioning and N fertilization combined to qualitatively affect coexistence outcomes. Lower N conditions favored EM over AM trees, but N fertilization reversed this outcome for southern species, consistent with regional-scale forest mycorrhizal transitions. As the magnitude and outcome of microbially-mediated competition depends on mycorrhizal differentiation and soil nutrient availability, this strongly supports the importance of mycorrhizal symbioses in driving large-scale biogeographic patterns of tree species.
Signaling from the RNA sensor RIG-I is regulated by ufmylation
Authors: Snider Daltry L. , Park Moonhee , Murphy Kristen A. , Beachboard Dia C. , Horner Stacy M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe RNA binding protein RIG-I is a key initiator of the antiviral innate immune response. The signaling that mediates the antiviral response downstream of RIG-I is transduced through the adaptor protein MAVS and results in the induction of type I and III interferons (IFN). This signal transduction occurs at endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondrial contact sites, to which RIG-I and other signaling proteins are recruited following their activation. RIG-I signaling is highly regulated to prevent aberrant activation of this pathway and dysregulated induction of IFN. Previously, we identified UFL1, the E3 ligase of the ubiquitin-like modifier conjugation system called ufmylation, UFL1, as one of the proteins recruited to membranes at ER-mitochondrial contact sites in response to RIG-I activation. Here, we show that UFL1, as well as the process of ufmylation, promote IFN induction in response to RIG-I activation. We find that following RNA virus infection, UFL1 is recruited to the membrane targeting protein 14-3-3ε, and that this complex is then recruited to activated RIG-I to promote downstream innate immune signaling. Importantly, we found that 14-3-3ε has an increase in UFM1-conjugation following RIG-I activation. Additionally, loss of cellular ufmylation prevents the interaction of 14-3-3ε with RIG-I, which abrogates the interaction of RIG-I with MAVS and thus downstream signal transduction that induces IFN. Our results define ufmylation as an integral regulatory component of the RIG-I signaling pathway and as a post-translational control for IFN induction.SignificanceThe viral RNA sensor RIG-I initiates the antiviral innate immune response by activating a signaling cascade that induces interferon. Activation of the RIG-I signaling pathway is highly regulated to quickly mount a protective immune response while preventing dysregulation that can lead to excessive inflammation or autoimmune disorders. Here, we characterize one such mechanism of regulation. We describe that UFL1, an E3 ligase for the ubiquitin-like modifier conjugation system called ufmylation, is important to promote RIG-I signaling. Using molecular approaches, we show that ufmylation promotes RIG-I interaction with the membrane targeting protein 14-3-3ε. As such, ufmylation positively regulates RIG-I recruitment to its signaling adaptor proteins MAVS for induction of interferon in response to RNA virus infection.
Long-Term Inactivation of Sodium Channels as a Mechanism of Adaptation in CA1 Pyramidal Neurons
Authors: Upchurch Carol , Combe Crescent , Knowlton Christopher , Rousseau Valery , Gasparini Sonia , Canavier Carmen C. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMany hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells function as place cells, increasing their firing rate when a specific place field is traversed. The dependence of CA1 place cell firing on position within the place field is asymmetric. We investigated the source of this asymmetry by injecting triangular depolarizing current ramps to approximate the spatially-tuned, temporally-diffuse depolarizing synaptic input received by these neurons while traversing a place field. Ramps were applied to CA1 pyramidal neurons from male rats in vitro (slice electrophysiology) and in silico (multi-compartmental NEURON model). Under control conditions, CA1 neurons fired more action potentials at higher frequencies on the up-ramp versus the down-ramp. This effect was more pronounced for dendritic compared to somatic ramps. We incorporated a four-state Markov scheme for NaV1.6 channels into our model and calibrated the spatial dependence of long-term inactivation according to the literature; this spatial dependence was sufficient to explain the difference in dendritic versus somatic ramps. Long-term inactivation reduced the firing frequency by decreasing open-state occupancy, and reduced spike amplitude during trains by decreasing occupancy in closed states, which comprise the available pool. PKC activator phorbol-dibutyrate, known to reduce NaV long-term inactivation, removed spike amplitude attenuation in vitro more visibly in dendrites and greatly reduced adaptation, consistent with our hypothesized mechanism. Intracellular application of a peptide inducing long-term NaV inactivation elicited spike amplitude attenuation during spike trains in the soma and greatly enhanced adaptation. Our synergistic experimental/computational approach shows that long-term inactivation of NaV1.6 is a key mechanism of adaptation in CA1 pyramidal cells.Significance statementThe hippocampus plays an important role in certain types of memory, in part through context-specific firing of “place cells”; these cells were first identified in rodents as being particularly active when an animal is in a specific location in an environment, called the place field of that neuron. In this in vitro/in silico study, we found that long-term inactivation of sodium channels causes adaptation in the firing rate that could potentially skew the firing of CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons earlier within a place field. A computational model of the sodium channel revealed differential regulation of spike frequency and amplitude by long-term inactivation, which may be a general mechanism for spike frequency adaptation in the central nervous system.