bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of Opioid Use in Black Communities: A Rapid Review of the Literature
Authors: Jordan Ayana , Mathis Myra , Haeny Angela , Funaro Melissa , Paltin Dafna , Ransome Yusuf 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
There are multiple aspects of the opioid crisis among Black people, who have been left out of the broader conversation. Despite evidence of increased opioid overdose deaths, less is known about opioid use among Black people. This review synthesizes research on Black people who use opioids; the goals are to advance knowledge, highlight research gaps, and inform clinical practice.

Methods
This rapid review investigating opioid use among Black people utilized systematic review methods and was conducted according to a predefined protocol with clear inclusion criteria (PROSPERO ID: 177071). A comprehensive search strategy was used, including published and gray-literature sources (i.e., literature that has not been formally published). A narrative summary of the results is presented.

Results
A total of 76 works were selected for inclusion and full text review. Sex, age, geographic location, and involvement in the carceral system were associated with the use of opioids among Black individuals. Non-epidemiologic factors included treatment-seeking patterns, disparate clinician prescribing, and social determinants.

Conclusions
Through this rapid review we suggest three main areas of focus: (1) including culturally informed collection methods in epidemiologic surveys to accurately reflect prevalences, (2) funding research that specifically addresses the importance of culture in accessing treatment, and (3) directly studying how social determinants can improve or exacerbate health outcomes. Focusing on the unique needs of Black people who use opioids is warranted to increase treatment initiation and adherence among a population less likely to engage with the traditional health care system.
Human milk proteome: what's new?
Authors: Dingess Kelly A. , Li Cheng , Zhu Jing 
Published: March 2021

Purpose of review
The proteome is one of the most complicated and multifunctional components in human milk. Recently, numerous novel characteristics of the human milk proteome have been discovered, which are described and critically examined in this review.

Recent findings
Recent human milk proteomics studies have focused on how external factors like geography and environment, or maternal and infant's factors affect the milk proteins, endogenous peptides, their posttransitional modifications (PTMs) and infant utilization. Most of these studies have shown that major protein and endogenous peptide profiles are similar for healthy women and infants. The human milk proteome has been expanded by providing novel insights into PTMs like glycosylation and phosphorylation, and how the proteins and peptides are digested and utilized by the infant. All human milk proteomics studies are subject to conditions in which the samples were collected, handled and stored.

Summary
Significant technological advancements in mass spectrometry have considerably enabled a deeper and more comprehensive identification and characterization of the expanded human milk proteome. However, data concerning human milk from mothers with infections or illnesses and mothers nursing more vulnerable infants are still limited and the roles of the components of the human milk proteome have not yet been sufficiently elucidated.
Analysis of the F-18 FDG PET/CT features of pulmonary sclerosing pneumocytoma
Authors: Liu Honghong , Dang Haodan , Wang Ruimin , Yao Shulin , Wu Yue , Xu Baixuan 
Published: March 2021

Purpose
This retrospective study aimed to analyzed the F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET/computed tomography (F-18 FDG PET/CT) features of pulmonary sclerosing pneumocytoma (PSP) to improve the understanding and preoperative diagnostic efficacy of this rare disorder.

Methods
FDG PET/CT images from 11 patients with 22 lesions (including one patient with 12 lesions) proven PSP in our hospital were reviewed. We summarized the PET/CT features of PSP and analyzed the correlation between FDG uptake and tumor size.

Results
PET/CT imaging revealed all tumors located in each lobe of the two lungs randomly. All 22 tumors were round or oval nodules; 15 had smooth margins, six were lobulated, six were calcified, and one had a ground-glass halo sign. The mean diameter of these tumors was 19.2 ± 7.8 mm (range: 8–34 mm); the mean maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) was 2.8 ± 1.3 (range: 1.1–7.4). Sixteen of the lesions exhibited mild to moderate FDG uptake (mean SUVmax 2.3 ± 0.6), and six of the lesions exhibited intense FDG uptake (mean SUVmax 4.3 ± 1.6). A positive correlation was observed between FDG uptake and tumor size (P <0.05).

Conclusion
Single round or ovoid soft-tissue lesions with smooth margins, and mild to moderate FDG uptake on PET/CT images in middle-aged females, suggest a possible diagnosis of PSP. For some atypical cases with intense FDG uptake, a diagnosis of PSP also can be considered. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between SUVmax and PSP lesion size in our study.
99mTc-white blood cell SPECT/CT to assess diabetic foot osteomyelitis remission: contribution of semi-quantitative scoring system
Authors: Vouillarmet Julien , Tordo Jeremie , Moret Myriam , Michon Paul , Morelec Isabelle 
Published: March 2021

Aims
We previously reported that 99mTc-White blood cell (WBC) single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT/CT) could be a useful tool to assess diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO) remission and guide the duration of antibiotic treatment. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance and reproducibility of two analysis methods to diagnose DFO remission using 99mTc-WBC-SPECT/CT.

Methods

99mTc-WBC-SPECT/CT performed for patients with DFO at the end of antibiotic treatment were retrospectively read by two nuclear physicians (one senior and one junior). Assessment by conventional visual analysis and by the use of a semi-quantitative scoring system, the composite score index (CSI), was performed. The performance and reproducibility of methods were compared between the two nuclear physicians. Successful treatment of DFO was defined by the absence of DFO relapse at the same site within 1 year.

Results
A total of 68 patients with 74 DFO were included. Three were excluded from the analysis due to the low quality of SPECT/CT; among the 71 DFO analyzed, 11 (15.5%) had a relapse during follow-up. Performances of 99mTc-WBC-SPECT/CT to predict DFO remission with conventional visual assessment were significantly lower for junior than for senior nuclear physician with moderate inter-rater agreement (Kappa: 0.417). Performances with the use of CSI were similar between the two readers with good inter-rater agreement (Kappa: 0.756).

Conclusion
The study found that conventional visual assessment of 99mTc-WBC-SPECT/CT to assess DFO remission requires experience, and supported that CSI could be useful for junior nuclear physician to discriminate residual infections and inflammatory post-treatment uptake.
The influence of 68Ga-prostate-specific membrane antigen PET/computed tomography on prostate cancer staging and planning of definitive radiation therapy
Authors: Al-Ibraheem Akram , Abuhijla Fawzi , Salah Samer , Shahait Mohamed , Khader Jamal , Mohamad Issa , Al-Rasheed Ula , Pomykala Kelsey L. , Herrmann Ken , Abu-Hijlih Ramiz 
Published: March 2021

Objectives
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET/computed tomography (CT) is a novel imaging tool with an evolving role in the management of prostate cancer. This study aims to retrospectively evaluate the impact of 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT on prostate cancer staging and definitive radiation therapy planning.

Methods
Between April 2015 and June 2020, 366 men with prostate cancer were evaluated with 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT. Of these, 108 patients had PSMA PET/CT before radiation therapy. Radiation was given as primary treatment in 58 (54%) and as salvage radiation therapy for biochemical recurrence after primary surgery in 50 (46%) patients, respectively. Patient and disease characteristics were analyzed, and impact of PSMA PET/CT on disease staging and radiotherapy planning was evaluated in comparison to conventional imaging.

Results
Median age at presentation was 69 years, and median prostate-specific antigen was 18 ng/mL (3.6–400) for primary and 0.4 ng/mL (0.1–4.6) for salvage radiation, respectively. The combined change of disease stage rate was 36% (39/108) with 45% (26/58) in the subgroup of primary radiation and 26% (13/50) in the patients intended for salvage radiation. Upstaging was found in 24 (22%) and downstaging in 15 (14%) patients. Radiation planning was changed based on PSMA PET/CT in 34 (31%) patients, including 7 (6.4%) patients in which stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) was added to oligometastatic sites. The radiation field was extended to include pelvic lymph node involvement in 21 patients.

Conclusions

68Ga-PSMA PET/CT changed the prostate cancer stage in around one-third of men. PSMA PET/CT significantly impacted radiation planning. Further prospective studies are still required.
Alterations in cerebral glucose metabolism as measured by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET in patients with persistent postconcussion syndrome
Authors: Teichner Eric M. , You Jason C. , Hriso Chloe , Wintering Nancy A. , Zabrecky George P. , Alavi Abass , Bazzan Anthony J. , Monti Daniel A. , Newberg Andrew B. 
Published: March 2021

Background
Many patients who have traumatic brain injury experience a wide range of psychiatric and neurological symptoms (including impairment in functional status, cognition, and mood), and if persistent are referred to as persistent postconcussion syndrome (PCS). To our knowledge, this is the first study to broadly evaluate metabolic dysregulation in a heterogenous patient population meeting the criteria for PCS.

Methods
A total of 64 PCS patients and 37 healthy controls underwent 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET (18F-FDG-PET) scanning, and 70 brain structures (including left and right structures where appropriate) were analyzed in each subject.

Results
Compared to the brains of healthy controls, those of PCS patients demonstrated 15 hypermetabolic and 23 hypometabolic regions. Metabolic changes in the brains of PCS patients were subsequently correlated with various indices of symptom severity, mood, and physical/cognitive function. Among PCS patients, increased metabolism in the right cingulate gyrus correlated with the severity of postconcussion symptoms. Conversely, increased metabolism in the left temporal lobe was associated with both improved mood and measures of adaptability/rehabilitation. Furthermore, increased metabolism in the bilateral orbitofrontal regions correlated with improved working memory.

Conclusions
Overall, these findings suggest a complex pattern of cerebral metabolism in PCS patients, with a mixture of hypometabolic and hypermetabolic regions that correlate with various symptoms, highlighting both potential pathological and compensatory mechanisms in PCS. The findings also suggest that FDG PET is useful for providing neurophysiological information in the evaluation of patients with PCS and may help guide future targeted therapies.
NUT Midline Carcinoma of the Lung: Computed Tomography Findings in 10 Patients
Authors: Chang Amy Inji , Kim Tae Sung , Han Joungho , Kim Tae Jung , Choi Joon Young 
Published: March 2021

Objective
The aim of the study was to evaluate computed tomography (CT) findings of pulmonary NUT midline carcinoma.

Methods
We assessed clinical and CT features of pulmonary NUT carcinoma in 10 consecutive patients (M:F, 7:3; mean, 39 years).

Results
The primary tumors (size range, 15–65 mm) manifested as either a peripheral tumor (5/10) or a central tumor (5/10). All tumors showed relatively low-attenuation at contrast-enhanced CT (mean net enhancement, 26 HU). Associated CT findings were metastatic hilar or mediastinal lymphadenopathy (8/10), ipsilateral pleural seeding with malignant pleural effusion (2/10), and distant metastasis (2/10). Five patients with low tumor-node-metastasis stages after optimal treatment showed no evidence of disease (50%) for 6 to 35 months.

Conclusions
Pulmonary NUT carcinoma presented as a peripheral or a central lung mass showing mild degree of contrast enhancement, frequent metastatic regional lymphadenopathy, affecting relatively young adults. Although known to be highly aggressive, an early diagnosis in low TNM stages can lead to a favorable prognosis.
An integrative model using flow cytometry identifies nosocomial infection after trauma
Authors: Gelbard Rondi B. , Hensman Hannah , Schobel Seth , Stempora Linda L. , Moris Dimitrios , Dente Christopher J. , Buchman Timothy G. , Kirk Allan D. , Elster Eric 
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND
Flow cytometry (FCM) is a rapid diagnostic tool for monitoring immune cell function. We sought to determine if assessment of cell phenotypes using standardized FCM could be used to identify nosocomial infection after trauma.

METHODS
Prospective study of trauma patients at a Level I center from 2014 to 2018. Clinical and FCM data were collected within 24 hours of admission. Random forest (RF) models were developed to estimate the risk of severe sepsis (SS), organ space infection (OSI), and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Variables were selected using backward elimination and models were validated with leave-one-out.

RESULTS
One hundred and thirty-eight patients were included (median age, 30 years [23–44 years]; median Injury Severity Score, 20 (14–29); 76% (105/138) Black; 60% (83/138) gunshots). The incidence of SS was 8.7% (12/138), OSI 16.7% (23/138), and VAP 18% (25/138). The final RF SS model resulted in five variables (RBCs transfused in first 24 hours; absolute counts of CD56− CD16+ lymphocytes, CD4+ T cells, and CD56 bright natural killer [NK] cells; percentage of CD16+ CD56+ NK cells) that identified SS with an AUC of 0.89, sensitivity of 0.98, and specificity of 0.78. The final RF OSI model resulted in four variables (RBC in first 24 hours, shock index, absolute CD16+ CD56+ NK cell counts, percentage of CD56 bright NK cells) that identified OSI with an AUC of 0.76, sensitivity of 0.68, and specificity of 0.82. The RF VAP model resulted in six variables (Sequential [Sepsis-related] Organ Failure Assessment score: Injury Severity Score; CD4− CD8− T cell counts; percentages of CD16− CD56− NK cells, CD16− CD56+ NK cells, and CD19+ B lymphocytes) that identified VAP with AUC of 0.86, sensitivity of 0.86, and specificity of 0.83.

CONCLUSIONS
Combined clinical and FCM data can assist with early identification of posttraumatic infections. The presence of NK cells supports the innate immune response that occurs during acute inflammation. Further research is needed to determine the functional role of these innate cell phenotypes and their value in predictive models immediately after injury.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Prognostic, level III.
Norovirus Infections in Kidney Transplant Recipients
Authors: Gäckler Anja , Struve Christoph , Mülling Nils , Eisenberger Ute , Korth Johannes , Babel Nina , Kribben Andreas , Fiedler Melanie , Witzke Oliver , Rohn Hana 
Published: March 2021

Background.
Norovirus (NoV) infection frequently progresses to chronic disease after kidney transplant (KTx). This study aims to assess potential risk factors helping to determine patients at risk of chronic NoV infection and to analyze the effect of NoV on allograft outcome. Additionally, we assessed the effectiveness of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) therapy for chronic NoV infection.

Methods.
The study enrolled 60 KTx patients requiring hospitalization because of NoV infection. Clinical parameters, severity of NoV infection and potential risk factors were evaluated. Outcome parameters were clinical symptoms, rehospitalizations, persistent shedding of virus, and effects on allograft function.

Results.
Patients were divided into 2 groups: 29 had acute NoV infection only, 31 progressed to chronic NoV infection. Chronic NoV infection was defined as a recurrence of clinical symptoms plus redetection of NoV in stool. Lymphocyte-depleting induction therapy and diabetes mellitus were independent risk factors for chronic infection. For patients with chronic NoV infection, length of stay in hospital was significantly prolonged (P = 0.024). Allograft function remained impaired in the chronic NoV group 6 and 12 mo after initial admission. IVIg was administered to 18 patients with chronic NoV infection. No further clinical symptoms of NoV infection occurred in 13 (72%) of these patients. However, NoV was still detectable in stool specimens from 10 (77%) of these patients.

Conclusions.
Chronic NoV infection is associated with reduced allograft function. Administration of IVIg to patients with chronic NoV infection seems beneficial in achieving freedom from clinical symptoms, despite limited effects on shedding of virus.
Lamp1 mediates lipid transport, but is dispensable for autophagy inDrosophila
Authors: Chaudhry Norin , Sica Margaux , Surabhi Satya , Hernandez David Sanchez , Mesquita Ana , Selimovic Adem , Riaz Ayesha , Bai Hua , Macintosh Gustavo C. , Jenny Andreas 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe endolysosomal system not only is an integral part of the cellular catabolic machinery that processes and recycles nutrients for synthesis of biomaterials, but also acts as signaling hub to sense and coordinate the energy state of cells with growth and differentiation. Lysosomal dysfunction adversely influences vesicular transport-dependent macromolecular degradation and thus causes serious problems for human health. In mammalian cells, loss of the lysosome associated membrane proteins LAMP1/2 strongly impacts autophagy and cholesterol trafficking. Here we show that the previously uncharacterizedDrosophilaLamp1 is abona fidehomolog of vertebrate LAMP1/2. Surprisingly and in contrast toLamp1/2double mutant mice,DrosophilaLamp1 is not required for viability or autophagy, suggesting that autophagy defects inLamp1/2mutants may have indirect causes. However, Lamp1 deficiency results in an expansion of the acidic compartment in flies. Furthermore, we find thatLamp1mutant larvae have defects in lipid metabolism as they show elevated levels of sterols and diacylglycerols (DAGs). Since DAGs are the main lipid species used for transport though the hemolymph (blood) in insects, our results indicate broader functions of Lamp1 in lipid transport. Our findings makeDrosophilaan ideal model to study the role of LAMP proteins in lipid assimilation without the confounding effects of their storage and without interfering with autophagic processes.
Identification of a novel regulator ofClostridioides difficilecortex formation
Authors: Touchette Megan H. , Benito de la Puebla Hector , Feliciano Carolina Alves , Tanenbaum Benjamin , Schenone Monica , Carr Steven A. , Shen Aimee 
Published: March 2021

AbstractClostridioides difficileis a leading cause of healthcare-associated infections worldwide.C. difficileinfections are transmitted by its metabolically dormant, aerotolerant spore form. Functional spore formation depends on the assembly of two protective layers: a thick layer of modified peptidoglycan known as the cortex layer and a multilayered proteinaceous meshwork known as the coat. We previously identified two spore morphogenetic proteins, SpoIVA and SipL, that are essential for recruiting coat proteins to the developing forespore and making functional spores. While SpoIVA and SipL directly interact, the identities of the proteins they recruit to the forespore remained unknown. We used mass spectrometry-based affinity proteomics to identify proteins that interact with the SpoIVA-SipL complex. These analyses identified the Peptostreptococcaceae family-specific, sporulation-induced bitopic membrane protein CD3457 (renamed SpoVQ) as a protein that interacts with SipL and SpoIVA. Loss of SpoVQ decreased heat-resistant spore formation by ∼5-fold and reduced cortex thickness∼2-fold; the thinner cortex layer of ΔspoVQspores correlated with higher levels of spontaneous germination (i.e., in the absence of germinant). Notably, loss of SpoVQ in eitherspoIVAorsipLmutants prevented cortex synthesis altogether and greatly impaired the localization of a SipL-mCherry fusion protein around the forespore. Thus, SpoVQ is a novel regulator ofC. difficilecortex synthesis that appears to link cortex and coat formation. The identification of SpoVQ as a spore morphogenetic protein further highlights how Peptostreptococcaceae family-specific mechanisms control spore formation inC. difficile.ImportanceThe Centers for Disease Control has designatedClostridioides difficileas an urgent threat because of its intrinsic antibiotic resistance.C. difficilepersists in the presence of antibiotics in part because it makes metabolically dormant spores. While recent work has shown that preventing the formation of infectious spores can reduceC. difficiledisease recurrence, more selective anti-sporulation therapies are needed. The identification of spore morphogenetic factors specific toC. difficilewould facilitate the development of such therapies. In this study, we identified SpoVQ (CD3457) as a spore morphogenetic protein specific to the Peptostreptococcaceae family that regulates the formation ofC. difficile’sprotective spore cortex layer. SpoVQ acts in concert with the known spore coat morphogenetic factors, SpoIVA and SipL, to link formation of the protective coat and cortex layers. These data reveal a novel pathway that could be targeted to prevent the formation of infectiousC. difficilespores.
Entrepreneurial competences and growth of female-owned enterprises: the mediation role of absorptive capacity
Authors: Dawa Samuel , Namatovu Rebecca , Mulira Fiona , Kyejjusa Sarah , Arinaitwe Mercy , Arinaitwe Alice 
Published: March 2021

Purpose
Focusing on female entrepreneurs operating in a resource-scarce environment, this study aims to draw from the resource-based view to examine the relationship between entrepreneurial competences and firm growth.

Design/methodology/approach
This study used a cross-sectional research design. Data was collected from 232 women entrepreneurs operating in Kampala’s two biggest markets. The data were analyzed to test the mediation effect of absorptive capacity on the relationship between entrepreneurial competences and firm growth; a Sobel test and bootstrap estimation were analytical approaches that were used.

Findings
This paper argues that for female entrepreneurs, the venture growth process is not simply dependent on inimitable resources such as competences, as these are first not readily available to female entrepreneurs and second, only provide a temporary competitive advantage. Rather, venture growth also involves the ability to continuously identify and exploit knowledge resources through an absorptive capacity that may be limited by the sociocultural context within which the female entrepreneur operates in sub-Saharan Africa.

Originality/value
The novelty of this research resides in support for the mediating role of the ability to recognize the value of new information, assimilate it and apply it to commercial ends. This study shows that female entrepreneurs use externally generated knowledge as a mechanism to grow their firms and this is impacted by the sociocultural context within which they operate. The study further improves the understanding of the resource-based view by suggesting that a black box exists in the relationship between resources and performance. It is shown that the possession of one resource facilitates the acquisition of other resources and proposes that the role of resources continuously unfolds as a firm develops.