bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical Control of Charge Current Flow in Nanoporous Graphene
Authors: Alcón Isaac , Calogero Gaetano , Papior Nick , Brandbyge Mads 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDuring the last decade, on‐surface fabricated graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) have gathered enormous attention due to their semiconducting π‐conjugated nature and atomically precise structure. A significant breakthrough is the recent fabrication of nanoporous graphene (NPG) as a 2D array of laterally bonded GNRs. This covalent integration of GNRs could enable complex electronic functionality at the nanoscale; however, for that, it is crucial to externally control the electronic coupling between GNRs within NPGs, which, to date, has not been possible. Using quantum chemical calculations and large‐scale transport simulations, this study demonstrates that such control is enabled in a newly designed quinone‐NPG (q‐NPG) thanks to its GNRs inter‐connections based on electroactive para‐benzoquinone units. As a result, the spatial distribution of injected currents in q‐NPG may be tuned, with sub‐nanometer precision, via the application of external electrostatic gates and electrochemical means. These results thus provide a fundamental strategy to design organic nanodevices with built‐in externally tunable electronics and spintronics, which is key for future applications such as bio‐chemical nanosensing and carbon nanoelectronics.
Thiol‐Functionalized Covalent Organic Frameworks as Thermal History Indictor for Temperature and Time History Monitoring
Authors: Chen Yujie , Song Yiping , Zhang Zhen , Chen Yali , Deng Qiliang , Wang Shuo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractVarious products, including foods and pharmaceuticals, are sensitive to temperature fluctuations. Thus, temperature monitoring during production, transportation, and storage is critical. Facile indicators are required to monitor temperature conditions via color changes in real time. This study aimed to prepare and apply thiol‐functionalized covalent organic frameworks (COFs) as a novel indicator for monitoring thermal history and temperature abuse. The COFs underwent obvious color changes from bright yellow to purple after exposure to different temperatures for varying durations. The reaction kinetics are analyzed under isothermal conditions, which reveal that the order of reaction rates is k−20°C < k4°C < k20°C < k35°C < k55°C. The activation energy (Ea) of the COFs is calculated using the Arrhenius equation as 50.71 kJ moL−1. The COFs are capable of sensitive color changes and offer a broad temperature tracking range, thereby demonstrating their application potential for the monitoring of temperature and time exposure history during production, transportation, and storage. This excellent performance thermal history indicator also shows promise for expanding the application field of COFs.
Bamboo‐Like Nanozyme Based on Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Nanotubes Encapsulating Cobalt Nanoparticles for Wound Antibacterial Applications
Authors: He Shaoying , Huang Junqin , Zhang Qiang , Zhao Wan , Xu Zhiai , Zhang Wen 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this paper, an artificial nanozyme with efficient oxidase‐mimicking activity is developed to investigate antibacterial performance. The bamboo‐like nitrogen‐doped carbon nanotubes encapsulating cobalt nanoparticles (N‐CNTs@Co) are synthesized by pyrolysis of cobalt cyanide cobalt at high temperature. It is found that the oxidase‐mimicking activity of N‐CNTs@Co is higher than that of iron‐centered nanomaterials synthesized by pyrolysis of prussian blue under the same conditions, confirming that the oxidase‐mimicking activity is not only related to the active center, but also closely related to its morphology. In addition, the oxidase‐mimicking activity of N‐CNTs@Co is 12.1 times higher than that of the most reported CeO2. N‐CNTs@Co can catalyze oxygen to produce a large number of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under acidic conditions, resulting in a favorable antibacterial effect against two representative bacteria, Gram‐positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram‐negative (Escherichia coli). Because the bacterial membrane is damaged by the attack of ROS, the DNA is degraded, eventually causing the bacteria to die. Antibacterial experiments last for 20 days, nevertheless, S. aureus and E. coli do not develop resistance to N‐CNTs@Co. The experiments of wound healing in vivo further confirm the high antibacterial efficiency of N‐CNTs@Co.
Design, Fabrication, and Applications of Liquid Crystal Microlenses
Authors: Chen Kexu , Hou Yang , Chen Shuqing , Yuan Dong , Ye Huapeng , Zhou Guofu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMicrolenses and microlens arrays are one of the indispensable components in modern optical systems ranging from imaging and beam shaping to polarization control and switchable 2D/3D displays. Among them, the liquid crystal microlenses (LCMs) with size below 1 mm have attracted more and more attention due to their stimuli‐responsiveness and tunability in focal length and polarization. Compared with microlenses based on inorganic binary optics, diffractive optical elements, or metasurface, LCMs are more cost‐effective and can be easily tuned. In this paper, an in‐depth review of the design principles, fabrication techniques, emerging applications, and recent advances of LCMs and arrays is presented, aiming to clarify the characteristics, limitations, and challenges in LCMs design and fabrication. This review may provide directions for solving those challenges, and expand the applications of LCMs.
Tailoring Defects in Photocatalysts by Engineering Solvent Interactions for Highly Active and Responsive Color Switching
Authors: Smith Andrew T. , Liu Xiaolong , Ding Hao , Zeng Songshan , Williams Brandon L. , Lachance Anna Marie , Park Chanhyun , Gitman Philip A. , Kokkula Akhil , Huang Xueni , Suib Steven L. , Zeng Huidan , Tan Ting , Sun Luyi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDesigning photochromic systems that exhibit tunable print/erase responses is seldom studied but critical to the implementation of rewritable paper. Previous systems printed information with photocatalysts limited to specific wavelengths and light sources and rarely considered how polymers used in film formation affect erasing of information. Herein, different visible/UV light responses are achieved by engineering the formation of oxygen vacancy defects in titanium dioxide/reduced graphene oxide composite photocatalysts. Defects are manipulated during synthesis by controlling the water concentration in a mixed solvent system, which leads to tunable photochromic response of redox dyes. Furthermore, because the accessibility of ambient oxygen directly impacts the kinetics of recoloration, tailoring the oxygen barrier properties of polyvinyl alcohol via modulating inherent polymer structure as well as the external environment, the recoloration can be further tuned to meet various application purposes. The resulting insight will assist fellow researchers in tailoring defects in photocatalyst systems for superior functional design.
A Submillimeter Continuous Variable Stiffness Catheter for Compliance Control
Authors: Lussi Jonas , Mattmann Michael , Sevim Semih , Grigis Fabian , De Marco Carmela , Chautems Christophe , Pané Salvador , Puigmartí‐Luis Josep , Boehler Quentin , Nelson Bradley J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMinimally invasive robotic surgery often requires functional tools that can change their compliance to adapt to the environment and surgical needs. This paper proposes a submillimeter continuous variable stiffness catheter equipped with a phase‐change alloy that has a high stiffness variation in its different states, allowing for rapid compliance control. Variable stiffness is achieved through a variable phase boundary in the alloy due to a controlled radial temperature gradient. This catheter can be safely navigated in its soft state and rigidified to the required stiffness during operation to apply a desired force at the tip. The maximal contact force that the catheter applies to tissue can be continuously modified by a factor of 400 (≈20 mN–8 N). The catheter is equipped with a magnet and a micro‐gripper to perform a fully robotic ophthalmic minimally invasive surgery on an eye phantom by means of an electromagnetic navigation system.
Flow regimes in a gas–liquid–solid three‐phase moving bed
Authors: Wang Chao , Yang Yao , Huang Zhengliang , Sun Jingyuan , Liao Zuwei , Wang Jingdai , Yang Yongrong , Du Bing 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe gas–liquid–solid three‐phase moving beds could supply a potential solution for multiphase reactions with catalyst easily deactivated, and the flow regimes in it were studied by optical method and pressure drop measurement. Results showed that taking the trickle flow as the initial flow regime, the flow channels were more obvious as the particle velocity increased. When the initial flow regimes were pulse flow and bubble flow respectively, the pulse‐to‐trickle and bubble‐to‐pulse flow transitions mainly occurred at moderate‐to‐high particle velocities (0.01–0.04 m s−1under conditions used in this work). Moreover, the flow regime map in the three‐phase moving bed was constructed and shown that the region of trickle flow increased and the region of bubble flow decreased. Finally, the application of three‐phase moving beds was discussed, and it could be suitable for those reactions, which had to operate in the pulse flow, bubble flow, and transition zone.
Associations between fecal cortisol and biparental care in a pair‐living primate
Authors: Corley Margaret , Perea‐Rodriguez Juan Pablo , Valeggia Claudia , Fernandez‐Duque Eduardo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectivesWe quantified variation in fecal cortisol across reproductive periods in Azara's owl monkeys (Aotus azarae) to examine physiological mechanisms that may facilitate biparental care. Specifically, we evaluated evidence for the explanation that owl monkeys have hormonal mechanisms to mobilize energy during periods when each sex is investing heavily in reproduction, that is, the gestation period for females and the infant care period for males.Materials and methodsBetween 2011 and 2015, we monitored 10 groups of Azara's owl monkeys from a wild population in Formosa, Argentina and collected fecal samples from 26 adults (13 males, 13 females). Using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays, we quantified fecal cortisol as a proxy for evaluating stress responses, including energetic demands, on both sexes during periods of reproduction and parental care.ResultsMale cortisol was lowest during periods when they were caring for young infants (<3 months) compared with periods with older infants or no infant. Female cortisol was elevated during gestation compared with other periods. Mean fecal cortisol in both males and females was lower when an infant was present compared with when females were gestating.DiscussionOur results do not support the hypothesis that owl monkey males have elevated fecal cortisol during periods when they need to mobilize energy to provide intensive infant care. Our findings are also inconsistent with the Maternal Relief hypothesis. However, results from studies measuring fecal cortisol must be interpreted with care and alternative explanations, such as seasonal fluctuations in diet and thermoenergic demands, should be considered when drawing conclusions.
Boosting CO2Electroreduction over a Cadmium Single‐Atom Catalyst by Tuning of the Axial Coordination Structure
Authors: Wu Yahui , Chen Chunjun , Yan Xupeng , Sun Xiaofu , Zhu Qinggong , Li Pengsong , Li Yiming , Liu Shoujie , Ma Jingyuan , Huang Yuying , Han Buxing 
Published: July 2021

AbstractGuided by first‐principles calculations, it was found that Cd single‐atom catalysts (SACs) have excellent performance in activating CO2, and the introduction of axial coordination structure to Cd SACs cannot only further decrease the free energy barrier of CO2reduction, but also suppress the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Based on the above discovery, we designed and synthesized a novel Cd SAC that comprises an optimized CdN4S1moiety incorporated in a carbon matrix. It was shown that the catalyst exhibited outstanding performance in CO2electroreduction to CO. The faradaic efficiency (FE) of CO could reach up to 99.7 % with a current density of 182.2 mA cm−2in a H‐type electrolysis cell, and the turnover frequency (TOF) value could achieve 73000 h−1, which was much higher than that reported to date. This work shows a successful example of how to design highly efficient catalysts guided by theoretical calculations.
Light‐Driven Self‐Oscillating Actuators with Phototactic Locomotion Based on Black Phosphorus Heterostructure
Authors: Hu Ying , Ji Qixiao , Huang Majing , Chang Longfei , Zhang Chengchu , Wu Guan , Zi Bin , Bao Ningzhong , Chen Wei , Wu Yucheng 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDeveloping self‐oscillating soft actuators that enable autonomous, continuous, and directional locomotion is significant in biomimetic soft robotics fields, but remains great challenging. Here, an untethered soft photoactuators based on covalently‐bridged black phosphorus‐carbon nanotubes heterostructure with self‐oscillation and phototactic locomotion under constant light irradiation is designed. Owing to the good photothermal effect of black phosphorus heterostructure and thermal deformation of the actuator components, the new actuator assembled by heterostructured black phosphorus, polymer and paper produces light‐driven reversible deformation with fast and large response. By using this actuator as mechanical power and designing a robot configuration with self‐feedback loop to generate self‐oscillation, an inchworm‐like actuator that can crawl autonomously towards the light source is constructed. Moreover, due to the anisotropy and tailorability of the actuator, an artificial crab robot that can simulate the sideways locomotion of crabs and simultaneously change color under light irradiation is also realized.
Fabrication of PVDF‐HF membrane for bubble‐free gas transfer via wet phase inversion
Authors: Aksoy Yunus , Hasar Halil 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this study, the characterization of gas permeable hollow fiber membranes fabricated from PVDF polymer by using wet phase inversion method was investigated. During preparation of dope solution for fabrication process, after PVDF polymer was resolved in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone of 70%–80%, two additives of 5 wt% poly(vinylpyrolidone) K10 and propionic acid (PA) were tried by adding into dope solutions to determine the effect of additives on membrane characterization. SEM images showed that when the PVP K10 additive was used at high PVDF ratio of 25 wt%, a dense structure formed in the inner section and the large finger‐like macro‐voids reduced through the cross‐section of each fiber. FTIR results indicated that both additives were not maintained in the fabricated membranes due to the passage into the water during phase inversion. However, it was realized that using of PVP K10 and PA in the membrane fabrication adversely affected contact angle and gas transfer performance.
Gross and histological morphology of the cervical gill slit gland of the pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps)
Authors: Keenan Tiffany F , McLellan William A , Rommel Sentiel A , Costidis Alexander M , Harms Craig A , Thewissen ‘Hans’ JGM , Rotstein David S , Gay Mark D , Potter Charles W , Taylor Alison R , Wang Ying , Pabst D Ann 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOdontocete cetaceans have undergone profound modifications to their integument and sensory systems and are generally thought to lack specialized exocrine glands that in terrestrial mammals function to produce chemical signals (Thewissen & Nummela, 2008). Keenan‐Bateman et al. (2016, 2018), though, introduced an enigmatic exocrine gland, associated with the false gill slit pigmentation pattern inKogia breviceps. These authors provided a preliminary description of this cervical gill slit gland in their helminthological studies of the parasitic nematode,Crassicauda magna. This study offers the first detailed gross and histological description of this gland and reports upon key differences between immature and mature individuals. Investigation reveals it is a complex, compound tubuloalveolar gland with a well‐defined duct that leads to a large, and expandable central chamber, which in turn leads to two caudally projecting diverticula. All regions of the gland contain branched tubular and alveolar secretory regions, although most are found in the caudal diverticula, where the secretory process is holocrine. The gland lies between slips of cutaneous muscle, and is innervated by lamellar corpuscles, resembling Pacinian's corpuscles, suggesting that its secretory product may be actively expressed into the environment. MatureK. brevicepsdisplay larger gland size, and increased functional activity in glandular tissues, as compared to immature individuals. These results demonstrate that the cervical gill slit gland ofK. brevicepsshares morphological features of the specialized, chemical signaling, exocrine glands of terrestrial members of the Cetartiodactyla.
The hemolymph melanization response is related to defence against the AcMNPV infection in Bombyx mori
Authors: Li Tao , Wang Xueyang , Qin Sheng , Sun Xia , Wang Shengpeng , Li Muwang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMelanization is mediated by the prophenoloxidase (proPO) activation cascade and plays an important role in the arthropods immune system. Previously, we found that the hemolymph of the p50 strain does not perform melanization after infection with Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV). However, this mechanism is still unclear. In this study, the underlying mechanism of the inhibition of hemolymph melanization was investigated by analysing the AcMNPV‐susceptible or ‐resistant silkworm strains after inoculation with AcMNPV. The results showed that the level of hemolymph melanization was higher in resistant strain C108 than in susceptible strain p50 at the late stage (72 to 120 h postinoculation). The PO activity decreased significantly at the late stage of infection (72 to 120 hpi), and the expression of BmPPO1 and BmPPO2 was downregulated in p50. However, the PO activity increased in the resistant strain C108, while the expression level of BmPPO1 and BmPPO2 displayed no significant changes. The expression of the BmPPAE gene was upregulated in two strains during viral infection. In addition, the hemolymph melanization can weaken the viral activity in vitro. Our results suggested that the silkworm hemolymph melanization response is related to defence against the AcMNPV infection.
Relationship between shortwave radiation bias over the Southern Ocean and the double‐intertropical convergence zone problem in MRI‐ESM2
Authors: Kawai Hideaki , Koshiro Tsuyoshi , Yukimoto Seiji 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe relationship between improvements in the radiation bias over the Southern Ocean and the alleviation of the double‐intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) problem in the actual updates of our climate models is investigated. The radiation bias in MRI‐CGCM3 that was used for CMIP5 simulations, particularly over the Southern Ocean, is significantly reduced in MRI‐ESM2 that is used for CMIP6 simulations. Each modification that contributed to the reduction of the radiation bias was progressively reverted to the corresponding older treatment in order to examine their individual impacts on the ITCZ representation. Results show the double‐ITCZ problem worsens almost monotonically when the excessive shortwave insolation over the Southern Ocean increases. The contribution of the atmosphere is about one third of the impact on the total northward energy transport and the corresponding response of the Hadley cell is related to the change in the double‐ITCZ. However, our results also imply that the ITCZ bias cannot be completely resolved by the improvements of radiative flux alone and that there are other causes of the problem.
Increased Mars2 expression upon microRNA‐4661‐5p‐mediated KDM5D downregulation is correlated with malignant degree of gastric cancer cells
Authors: Gu Jie , Chu Kaifeng 
Published: July 2021

AbstractGastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer‐related mortality worldwide. Methionyl‐tRNA synthetase 2 (Mars2) has been suggested as a biomarker indicating poor prognosis of cancers. This study focuses on the function of Mars2 in GC and the responsible molecules. Mars2 was highly expressed in GC patients according to a transcriptome analysis and the data from the public database, and its high expression was confirmed in the acquired GC cell lines. Downregulation of Mars2 significantly weakened the proliferation, resistance to death, migration and invasion of GC cells. The H3K4me3 modification level was increased in the promoter region of Mars2, which was attributed to reduced abundance of lysine demethylase 5D (KDM5D) in the Mars2 promoter. MicroRNA (miR)‐4661‐5p was identified as an upstream regulator of KDM5D. Downregulation of miR‐4661‐5p led to an increase in the expression of KDM5D while a decline in the expression of Mars2, which reduced the malignant behaviors of GC cells; however, the malignant behaviors of GC cells was restored after further inhibition of KDM5D. To conclude, this study suggested that increased Mars2 expression upon miR‐4661‐5p‐mediated KDM5D downregulation is correlated with malignant degree of GC cells.
Standardized Data, Scalable Documentation, Sustainable Storage – EnzymeML As A Basis For FAIR Data Management In Biocatalysis
Authors: Pleiss Jürgen 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe often reported reproducibility crisis in the biomedical sciences also applies to enzymology and biocatalysis, and mainly results from incomplete reporting of reaction conditions. In this Concept article, an infrastructure based on EnzymeML is sketched, which enables reporting, exchange, and storage of enzymatic data according to the FAIR data principles. EnzymeML is a novel data exchange format for enzymology and biocatalysis, which facilitates the application of the STRENDA Guidelines and thus makes data on enzyme‐catalyzed reactions findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable. EnzymeML enables the comprehensive documentation of metadata, thus fostering reproducibility and replicability in enzymology and biocatalysis. An EnzymeML Application Programming Interface integrates electronic lab notebooks with modelling platforms and databases on enzymatic reactions, and thus enables the seamless flow of enzymatic data from measurement to modelling to publication, without the need for manual intervention such as reformatting or editing. EnzymeML serves as a valuable tool for the design of biocatalytic experiments and contributes to the vision of a unified research data infrastructure for catalysis research.
Kinetic study on hydrolysis of isoamyl DL‐lactate catalyzed by NKC‐9
Authors: Xu Jumei , Wang Ying , Li Shating , Zeng Zuoxiang , Xue Weilan , Jiang Shan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe kinetics for hydrolysis of isoamyl DL‐lactate over cation‐exchange resin NKC‐9 was investigated in this paper, which was the prerequisite for a proper design of reactive distillation processes. The effects of mass transfer resistance, temperature, catalyst dosage, and the molar ratio of water to isoamyl DL‐lactate on conversion of isoamyl DL‐lactate were evaluated. The pseudo‐homogeneous (PH), Eley‐Rideal (ER), and Langmuir‐Hinshelwood (LH) models were then utilized to correlate the data obtained from experiments. Activities were used in the kinetics instead of the mole fractions because the reactants and products were not ideal. The activity coefficients were estimated by UNIFAC. It was demonstrated that the PH model was the best one to describe the hydrolysis of isoamyl DL‐lactate. The standard enthalpy was 5.46 kJ · mol−1 and the activation energy was 59.71 kJ · mol−1. Finally, the thermal stability and reusability of NKC‐9 were also tested.