bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Irish Courts and the Administrative State
Authors: Daly Paul 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Everyone in Ireland is affected by the administrative state. For the most part, the bodies involved are creatures of statute that are subject to the law, as set down by the superior courts. The focus in this chapter is on the constraints of public law, which is highly centralized, with legal interpretation firmly vested in the judicial branch. In addition, there is relatively little legal pluralism. Irish judges have adopted a traditionalist approach to the relationship between the judiciary and the administrative state. The courts control the articulation of legal norms, giving little or no weight to the views of non-lawyers about the meaning of law. They rely moreover on a formalistic distinction between questions of law, which are for the courts, and questions of fact or policy, which are for non-lawyers. Bringing comparative perspectives to bear allows us to observe how traditional Irish judges have been in this area.
Bicameralism in a Unitary State
Authors: Murphy Mary C. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes, explains, and analyses the Irish Senate (officially Seanad Éireann). It details the birth and evolution of the bicameral principle in Ireland and provides an account of its key features, including its vocational character and complex electoral arrangements. The chapter also outlines the role, powers, and functions of Seanad Éireann and identifies the key criticisms of this body. These include the institution’s subservience to the lower house, the complex manner in which members are elected and appointed, and the limited nature of vocational representation in the Seanad. Campaigns for reform and the 2013 abolition referendum are discussed with reference to the several reform proposals of varying depth and substance that appeared over the decades.
The Politics of the Presidency
Authors: Coakley John 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses the political role of the President of Ireland, exploring the tension between the authority implied by direct election and the limited powers explicitly granted to the President in the constitution. It outlines the changing role of the President since the creation of the office in 1938, drawing attention in particular to the manner in which incumbents have pushed out the perceived boundaries of the office since 1990. It begins by looking at the manner in which the President is elected and the institutional architecture within which the office is embedded. It continues by exploring the formal constitutional and legal provisions that define the President’s role, evaluating the historical legacy that shaped the office in its early years. The chapter concludes by assessing the manner in which the office has been transformed, most notably by the three most recent presidents (Mary Robinson, Mary McAleese, and Michael D Higgins).
The Politics of Banking in Ireland
Authors: Gallagher Patrick , Ó Riain Seán , Rhatigan Fergal , Byrne Michael 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The chapter traces the historical development of banking and finance in Ireland. The financial system has historically been characterized by domestic economic weakness alongside significant activity by foreign firms, with state agencies filling the gap. Overall, the sector has been vulnerable to internationalization, and booms and risks. The chapter explores how, through the 1990s, it transformed from a sleepy backwater to one of the most financialized systems in Europe. This was driven by the transnational integration of the Irish banking system, linked to a shift towards market-based banking. In the 2000s, new technologies formed a disastrous combination with domestic conditions, ultimately leading to the banking crisis and the loading of banking debts onto the public purse. Finally, the chapter examines the politics of the Irish bailout. This was not simply a matter of domestic politics, nor of the bargaining power of banks, but involved EU interstate politics.
Education for Citizenship in a Changing Country
Authors: Zellentin Alexa 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses some questions regarding the political theory of education in Ireland: 1. Which value commitments and attitudes should be encouraged to prepare children for their roles in society? 2. Who should decide what children learn? How is the role of the state to be balanced against that of parents and educational institutions? 3. How should education respond to increasing diversity and value pluralism? 4. To what extent should public education promote equality of opportunities? It identifies the concerns relevant to policy choices on these issues. The first section presents the basic structure of the Irish educational system. The second discusses its implications for debates on the authority and responsibility to educate, the third debates dealing with diversity, the fourth value education. The final section considers the idea of equality of opportunity in view of the different resources available to different schools.
The Party System
Authors: Little Conor , Farrell David M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the attributes and development of the Irish party system, describing its structure and where it sits in comparative perspective. As well as examining party size and ideology, the chapter applies Peter Mair’s conceptualization of the party system as the structure of competition for control of the executive to the Irish case. In doing so, it explores the relationship between electoral change and party system change, arguing that the systemic changes that have been emerging since the 2011 election are an extension of a longer-term trend in the opening up of the Irish party system. This incremental change was accelerated by the economic crisis that began in 2008 and its aftermath. The chapter suggests that the Irish party system is potentially at a critical juncture: a moment of uncertainty that provides opportunities for agency (by voters, party leaders, and others) to shape a durable future path.
The (Un)Changing Irish Voter
Authors: Marsh Michael 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the extent to which the cleavages underlying voting behaviour in the Irish party system have changed since the 1970s. The divisions within the party system can be seen as between Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael, between Fianna Fáil and the rest, between Fine Gael and the rest (leaving aside Fianna Fáil), and between left and right. The basis for voting analysed are class, religion, party identification, and ideology. The weight of each on each division is traced over time. While the party system has clearly fragmented, and the left has grown in size, the importance of each of these factors has not changed significantly, either since the 1970s, or just since the economic crisis. Various explanations for the lack of change are discussed, including the persistence of candidate centred voting, localism, and how party competition has tended to obscure real policy differences.
The Politics of Referendums
Authors: Gallagher Michael 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Ireland has become one of the world’s biggest users of referendums, which are an important part of the system of governance. The use of the referendum is tightly related to constitutional change, and partly as a result, referendums have not been held on classic left–right tax and spend issues. Rather, the main issues that have generated referendums have been moral (particularly divorce and abortion) and the ratification of EU treaties. The chapter analyses the factors influencing referendum voting behaviour: the impact of party allegiance has been weakening, while social class and age are both strongly related to referendum voting behaviour, though the pattern varies depending on the issue. Referendums are sometimes accused of facilitating the suppression of minority rights, but that has not been the Irish experience. On the whole, the referendum experience in Ireland can be seen as an enhancement of, rather than a threat to, representative government.
Irish Media and the Shaping of Political Discourse
Authors: Suiter Jane , Flynn Roderick 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the development of the Irish media system through the lens of mediation and mediatization. It outlines the early strong state control of the broadcasting sector and the relatively quiescent attitude of many print journalists in the early days of development. It follows with a description of the growing influence of political actors and consequences of mass media logics which was at the core of late twentieth-century Irish democracy. Next, it describes the rise of digital communication technologies and the advent of social media, and the emergence of a hybrid media system that instigated a shift in power relations between politicians and journalists. Finally, it concludes with a focus on the challenges related to regulation of the social media environment and those related to supporting a quality information environment.
The Role of the Central Bank of Ireland as an Independent Financial Regulator
Authors: Clarke Blanaid 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The chapter evaluates the extent to which the Central Bank of Ireland (CBI) operates as an independent and accountable supervisor. The CBI was established pursuant to the Central Bank Reform Act 2010 as the body responsible for central banking and financial regulation in Ireland. The chapter explains the CBI’s functions and describes the national and EU regulatory landscape within which it operates. It compares the CBI to its predecessor, the Central Bank of Ireland and Financial Services Authority, which was criticized for perceived regulatory and supervisory failures in the lead up to the Irish Banking Crisis in 2008. In doing so, it identifies significant improvements in terms of the CBI’s independence, transparency, and accountability. The chapter also suggests further changes that might be considered in this context.
Regulating the Information Society
Authors: McIntyre T. J. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Ireland has become a global hub for personal information, with internet firms headquartered there holding information on billions of users. But has Ireland been a responsible regulator? This chapter examines the approach of the Irish state, tracing the evolution of data protection governance and its application to the internet industry. It outlines the legal and policy context, and argues that regulation has been hampered by a weak legislative framework and significant under-resourcing of the data protection supervisory authority. Using Facebook as a case study, it examines how this has prompted international pressure for stronger regulation and evaluates the Irish response. It concludes by arguing that Ireland has yet to properly engage with the wider issues presented by its new role as a key jurisdiction for the internet industry, with data protection being just one of many aspects that need more attention as Irish regulation increasingly has spillover effects elsewhere.
The Politics of Police Accountability
Authors: Conway Vicky 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter centres on examining the politics of police accountability, and how this topic has been politicized in Ireland. The inevitability of politicization is reflected on, while also exploring how this can be done in the most democratically positive way. The argument is made that the nature of the state can be determinative in shaping the mechanisms of accountability adopted, and that in Ireland colonialism is central to this. It argues that three phases of politicization can be identified: colonial, postcolonial, and post-postcolonial. Both structures, cases, tribunals, and commentary are analysed in order to make this argument. The chapter suggests what post-postcolonialism looks like in this context, and what its ramifications may be.
Transcranial brain stimulation and EEG/MEG
Authors: Bergmann Til Ole , Tomasevic Leo , Siebner Hartwig R. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Noninvasive transcranial brain stimulation (NTBS) techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct or alternating current stimulation (TDCS/TACS) can be combined with electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG). The combination of NTBS and EEG/MEG can 1) inform brain stimulation (where, when, and how to stimulate), and 2) reveal aftereffects of stimulation induced changes in cortical activity, and interregional connectivity (offline approach), as well as the immediate neuronal response to the stimulation (online approach). While offline approaches allow to separate NTBS and EEG/MEG in space and time, online approaches require concurrent stimulation and recording. While TMS and MEG cannot be combined online, concurrent TMS-EEG as well as TDCS/TACS-MEG/EEG are feasible but pose a range of methodological challenges at the technical and conceptual level. This chapter provides an introduction into the principal experimental approaches and research questions that can be tackled by the combination of transcranial brain stimulation and EEG/MEG. We review the technical challenges arising from concurrent recordings as well as measures to avoid or remove stimulation artefacts. We also discuss the conceptual caveats and required control conditions.
Monetary Independence and Rollover Crises
Authors: Bianchi Javier , Mondragon Jorge 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This article shows that the inability to use monetary policy for macroeconomic stabilization leaves a government more vulnerable to a rollover crisis. We study a sovereign default model with self-fulfilling rollover crises, foreign currency debt, and nominal rigidities. When the government lacks monetary independence, lenders anticipate that the government would face a severe recession in the event of a liquidity crisis and are therefore more prone to run on government bonds. In a quantitative application to the Eurozone debt crisis, we find that the lack of monetary autonomy played a central role in making Spain vulnerable to a rollover crisis. Finally, we argue that a lender of last resort can go a long way toward reducing the costs of giving up monetary independence.
The Long-Run Impact of the Dissolution of the English Monasteries
Authors: Heldring Leander , Robinson James A , Vollmer Sebastian 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe use the effect of the Dissolution of the English Monasteries after 1535 to test the commercialization hypothesis about the roots of long-run English economic development. Before the Dissolution, monastic lands were relatively unencumbered by inefficient feudal land tenure but could not be sold. The Dissolution created a market for formerly monastic lands, which could now be more effectively commercialized relative to nonmonastic lands, where feudal tenure persisted until the twentieth century. We show that parishes affected by the Dissolution subsequently experienced a rise of the gentry and had more innovation and higher yield in agriculture, a greater share of the population working outside of agriculture, and ultimately higher levels of industrialization. Our results are consistent with explanations of the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions which emphasize the commercialization of society as a key precondition for taking advantage of technological change and new economic opportunities.
Sleep stage-dependent changes in tonic masseter and cortical activities in young subjects with primary sleep bruxism
Authors: Toyota Risa , Fukui Ken-ichi , Kamimura Mayo , Katagiri Ayano , Sato Hajime , Toyoda Hiroki , Rompré Pierre , Ikebe Kazunori , Kato Takafumi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractStudy ObjectivesThe present study investigated the hypothesis that subjects with primary sleep bruxism (SB) exhibit masseter and cortical hyperactivities during quiet sleep periods that are associated with a high frequency of rhythmic masticatory muscle activity (RMMA).MethodsFifteen SB and ten control participants underwent polysomnographic recordings. The frequencies of oromotor events and arousals and the percentage of arousals with oromotor events were assessed. Masseter muscle tone during sleep was quantified using a cluster analysis. Electroencephalography power and heart rate variability were quantified and then compared between the two groups and among sleep stages.ResultsThe frequency of RMMA and percentage of arousals with RMMA were significantly higher in SB subjects than in controls in all stages, while these variables for nonrhythmic oromotor events did not significantly differ between the groups. In SB subjects, the frequency of RMMA was the highest in stage N1 and the lowest in stages N3 and R, while the percentage of arousals with RMMA was higher in stage N3 than stages N1 and R. The cluster analysis classified masseter activity during sleep into two clusters for masseter tone and contractions. Masseter muscle tone showed typical stage-dependent changes in both groups but did not significantly differ between the groups. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed in electroencephalography power or heart rate variability between the groups.ConclusionYoung SB subjects exhibited sleep stage-dependent increases in the responsiveness of RMMA to transient arousals, but did not show masseter or cortical hyperactivity during sleep.
Comparative Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity of Cigarette, Cigarillo, and Shisha Tobacco Products in Epithelial and Cardiac Cells
Authors: Tellez Carmen S , Juri Daniel E , Phillips Loryn M , Do Kieu , Thomas Cindy L , Willink Randy , Dye Wendy W , Wu Guodong , Zhou Yue , Irshad Hammad , Kishida Shosei , Kiyono Tohru , Belinsky Steven A 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Epidemiology studies link cigarillos and shisha tobacco (delivered through a hookah waterpipe) to increased risk for cardiopulmonary diseases. Here we performed a comparative chemical constituent analysis between 3 cigarettes, 3 cigarillos, and 8 shisha tobacco products. The potency for genotoxicity and oxidative stress of each product’s generated total particulate matter (TPM) was also assessed using immortalized oral, lung, and cardiac cell lines to represent target tissues. Levels of the carcinogenic carbonyl formaldehyde were 32- to 95-fold greater, while acrolein was similar across the shisha aerosols generated by charcoal heating compared to cigarettes and cigarillos. Electric-mediated aerosol generation dramatically increased acrolein to levels exceeding those in cigarettes and cigarillos by up to 43-fold. Equivalent cytotoxic-mediated cell death and dose response for genotoxicity through induction of mutagenicity and DNA strand breaks was seen between cigarettes and cigarillos, while minimal to no effect was observed with shisha tobacco products. In contrast, increased potency of TPM from cigarillos compared to cigarettes for inducing oxidative stress via reactive oxygen radicals and lipid peroxidation across cell lines was evident, while positivity was seen for shisha tobacco products albeit at much lower levels. Together, these studies provide new insight into the potential harmful effects of cigarillos for causing tobacco-associated diseases. The high level of carbonyls in shisha products, that in turn is impacted by the heating mechanism, reside largely in the gas phase which will distribute throughout the respiratory tract and systemic circulation to likely increase genotoxic stress.
Prevalence and risk factors for positive lymphatic filariasis antibody in Sabah, Malaysia: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Zakaria Nur Dalila , Avoi Richard 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a public health problem in Sabah, Malaysia. In the subdistrict of Tangkarason, nine rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) were probably not effective in reducing the prevalence of microfilaria to the &lt;1% threshold recommended by the World Health Organization for stopping MDA. This cross-sectional study was conducted to identify the risk factors associated with positive LF antibody in Tangkarason.

Methods
Eligible adults &gt;18 y of age in seven endemic villages in Tangkarason, Beluran, Sabah, were interviewed and tested for LF antibody using the Brugia Rapid kit. Multivariable logistic regression was employed to analyse the associated factors.

Results
A total of 244 respondents were included in this study. Their median age was 40 y (interquartile range 30–53). The antibody prevalence of brugian filariasis in the study population was 31.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.7 to 37.2). Older age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.04 [95% CI 1.02 to 1.06]) and outdoor jobs (aOR 2.26 [95% CI 1.05 to 4.85]) were identified as independent risk factors for positive LF antibody. Participating in the MDA program previously (aOR 0.24 [95% CI 0.10 to 0.57]) was found to be a protective factor for LF infection.

Conclusions
A high prevalence of microfilariae was confirmed in all the study sites, which was above the target of &lt;1%. Important factors associated with positive LF antibody were identified, which could be used as a guide for program managers to design more focused control measures in LF-endemic areas.
Effector functions of Th17 cells are regulated by IL‐35 and TGF‐β in visceral leishmaniasis
Authors: Asad Mohammad , Sabur Abdus , Kamran Mohd , Shadab Md. , Das Sonali , Ali Nahid 
Published: August 2021

AbstractVisceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a debilitating human pathogenesis in which the body's immune functions are severely compromised. Various subsets of T cells, including Th17 cells are important regulators of immune responses observed in various pathologies. The role of Th17 cells and its correlation with immuno‐regulatory cytokines are however not well understood in human VL. Herein we studied how IL‐17 is associated with the progression of Leishmania donovani infection using murine model of VL. We found induction of a strong IL‐17 response at the early phase of infection which progressively reduced to basal level during chronic VL. The mechanistic study of this behavior was found to be linked with the role of regulatory T cells (CD4+CD25+ T cells) that suppresses the proliferation of the Th17 cell population. Moreover, TGF‐β and IL‐35 derived from CD4+CD25+ T cells are the key mediators for the downregulation of IL‐17 during chronic VL. Thus, this study points to an antagonistic effect of Tregs and Th17 cells that can be used for designing better therapeutic and preventive strategies against leishmaniasis.