bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long-Range But Not Short-Range Attraction of Male Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes to Humans
Authors: Amos Brogan A , Hoffmann Ary A , Staunton Kyran M , Lau Meng-Jia , Burkot Thomas R , Ross Perran A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Female Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) mosquitoes integrate multiple sensory cues to locate human hosts for blood meals. Although male Ae. aegypti swarm around and land on humans in nature to mate, direct evidence of attraction to humans is limited. Male mosquito attraction to human host cues is often undetectable in confined laboratory assays, leading to a misconception that male mosquitoes are not attracted to humans. We used semifield experiments to demonstrate robust attraction of male Ae. aegypti to humans. Human-baited traps captured up to 25% of released males within 15 min, whereas control traps without humans as bait failed to capture males. Rapid attraction to humans was further demonstrated through videography. Males swarmed around and landed on human subjects, with no activity recorded in paired unbaited controls. Finally, we confirm the lack of discernible male attraction to humans in small laboratory cages. Our experiments demonstrate that both male and female Ae. aegypti show attraction to humans, but with clear sex-specific behavioral differences at short-range. Male mosquito attraction to humans is likely to be important for mating success in wild populations and its basis should be further explored. Our results highlight the importance of arena size and assay design for mosquito behavioral research. A better understanding of host cues that attract males could help us to improve mosquito surveillance and control.
Bracken-induced increase in soil P availability, along with its high P acquisition efficiency, enables it to invade P-deficient meadows
Authors: Jelinčić Antun , Šajna Nina , Zgorelec Željka , Perčin Aleksandra 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Changes in soil chemistry after invasion by bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) have been studied in heathlands, but comparable studies in meadows are lacking. We investigated if bracken invasion into P-deficient meadows alters the soil nutrient-resource pool, as well as the mechanisms behind it linked to soil processes and bracken nutrition. Furthermore, we investigated how community composition responds to differences in soil chemistry before and after the invasion. Soil and plant material sampling, along with vegetation survey, were performed during bracken peak biomass. Data analyses included analysis of variance and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Bracken invasion increased soil P availability, soil organic C concentration, as well as C:N, C:S and N:S ratios, while decreasing Fe and Co concentrations. Bracken pinnae were rich in P, and its rhizomes were rich in K, whereas N:P of pinnae and rhizomes was low. CCA showed contrasting abundance patterns of frequent meadow species related to P and K availability. Holcus lanatus exhibited competitive advantage under extremely low P availability. Increase in P availability under bracken may have occurred through promoting the leaching of Fe and Al. By increasing P availability for its growth and increasing N limitation for other species, bracken can gain a competitive advantage from the soil resource-niche perspective. Its ability to increase soil P availability, along with the physiological mechanisms behind its high P acquisition efficiency, seem to differentiate bracken from other species of competitive ecological strategy, which are mainly confined to nutrient-rich environments. This enabled bracken to invade P-deficient meadows.
C. auris and non-C. auris candidemia in hospitalized adult and pediatric COVID-19 patients; single center data from Pakistan
Authors: Moin Safia , Farooqi Joveria , Rattani Salima , Nasir Nosheen , Zaka Sadaf , Jabeen Kauser 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

We compared candidemia due to Candida auris and other non-C.auris cases in hospitalized COVID-19 patients over a period of 9 months at our institution. Candidemia cases in all admitted patients (with or without COVID-19) from April to December 2020 were identified. Electronic records were accessed to record clinical data of COVID-19 patients with candidemia. For statistical analysis, independent samples Mann-Whitney U test was used for continuous and Fisher's exact test was used for categorical variables.
A total of 26 candidemia cases (four C.auris, 22 non-C.auris) in 2438 admitted COVID-19 (10.7 per 1000 admissions) and 59 candidemia cases (six C.auris, 53 non-C.auris) in admitted non-COVID patients (8.2 per 1000 admission) were identified. The proportion of C.auris candidemia in COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients was 15.4 and 10%, respectively. 4/26 of COVID-19 candidemia patients were aged ≤ 15 years (10 months--15 years). Comparison of C.auris and non-C. auris candidemia cases reveal significant difference in prior antifungal exposure, present in 100% C. auris candidemia versus 27% non-C. auris candidemia patients (P-value 0.014). Although not statistically significant, C. auris candidemia patients had a longer stay in hospital before candidemia (20 vs. 9 days), higher isolation rate of multidrug resistant bacteria (100 vs. 50%), increased rate of prior colonization of Candida species (50 vs. 14%) and lower mean beta-d-glucan levels (48.73 pg/ml vs. 138.146 pg/ml). Both C. auris and non-C. auris COVID-19 patients had similar mortality rate (67 vs. 65%). A significant number of critically ill COVID-19 patients developed candidemia in our study highlighting the need for prompt diagnosis and management.

Lay summary
26 candidemia cases (4 Candida auris;22 non-C. auris) in COVID-19 patients (April-December 2020) are reported from Pakistan. Compared to non-C. auris, C. auris candidemia patients had higher prior antifungal exposure, longer hospital stay, higher rates of MDR bacteria and Candida colonization.
New Genes Interacted With Recent Whole-Genome Duplicates in the Fast Stem Growth of Bamboos
Authors: Jin Guihua , Ma Peng-Fei , Wu Xiaopei , Gu Lianfeng , Long Manyuan , Zhang Chengjun , Li De-Zhu 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
As drivers of evolutionary innovations, new genes allow organisms to explore new niches. However, clear examples of this process remain scarce. Bamboos, the unique grass lineage diversifying into the forest, have evolved with a key innovation of fast growth of woody stem, reaching up to 1 m/day. Here, we identify 1,622 bamboo-specific orphan genes that appeared in recent 46 million years, and 19 of them evolved from noncoding ancestral sequences with entire de novo origination process reconstructed. The new genes evolved gradually in exon−intron structure, protein length, expression specificity, and evolutionary constraint. These new genes, whether or not from de novo origination, are dominantly expressed in the rapidly developing shoots, and make transcriptomes of shoots the youngest among various bamboo tissues, rather than reproductive tissue in other plants. Additionally, the particularity of bamboo shoots has also been shaped by recent whole-genome duplicates (WGDs), which evolved divergent expression patterns from ancestral states. New genes and WGDs have been evolutionarily recruited into coexpression networks to underline fast-growing trait of bamboo shoot. Our study highlights the importance of interactions between new genes and genome duplicates in generating morphological innovation.
CeDR Atlas: a knowledgebase of cellular drug response
Authors: Wang Yin-Ying , Kang Hongen , Xu Tianyi , Hao Lili , Bao Yiming , Jia Peilin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDrug response to many diseases varies dramatically due to the complex genomics and functional features and contexts. Cellular diversity of human tissues, especially tumors, is one of the major contributing factors to the different drug response in different samples. With the accumulation of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data, it is now possible to study the drug response to different treatments at the single cell resolution. Here, we present CeDR Atlas (available at https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/cedr), a knowledgebase reporting computational inference of cellular drug response for hundreds of cell types from various tissues. We took advantage of the high-throughput profiling of drug-induced gene expression available through the Connectivity Map resource (CMap) as well as hundreds of scRNA-seq data covering cells from a wide variety of organs/tissues, diseases, and conditions. Currently, CeDR maintains the results for more than 582 single cell data objects for human, mouse and cell lines, including about 140 phenotypes and 1250 tissue-cell combination types. All the results can be explored and searched by keywords for drugs, cell types, tissues, diseases, and signature genes. Overall, CeDR fine maps drug response at cellular resolution and sheds lights on the design of combinatorial treatments, drug resistance and even drug side effects.
Algorithmic fairness in credit scoring
Authors: Bono Teresa , Croxson Karen , Giles Adam 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe use of machine learning as an input into decision-making is on the rise, owing to its ability to uncover hidden patterns in large data and improve prediction accuracy. Questions have been raised, however, about the potential distributional impacts of these technologies, with one concern being that they may perpetuate or even amplify human biases from the past. Exploiting detailed credit file data for 800,000 UK borrowers, we simulate a switch from a traditional (logit) credit scoring model to ensemble machine-learning methods. We confirm that machine-learning models are more accurate overall. We also find that they do as well as the simpler traditional model on relevant fairness criteria, where these criteria pertain to overall accuracy and error rates for population subgroups defined along protected or sensitive lines (gender, race, health status, and deprivation). We do observe some differences in the way credit-scoring models perform for different subgroups, but these manifest under a traditional modelling approach and switching to machine learning neither exacerbates nor eliminates these issues. The paper discusses some of the mechanical and data factors that may contribute to statistical fairness issues in the context of credit scoring.
ASSESSMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL RADIATION DOSES IN DIFFERENT DIAGNOSTIC, INTERVENTIONAL AND THERAPEUTIC RADIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMAGING SERVICES IN OMAN
Authors: Bouchareb Yassine , Al-Maimani Naema , Al-Maskery Ibtisam , Al-Zeheimi Hilal , Al-Rasbi Amaal , Al-Dhuhli Humoud , Al-Makhmari Noura , Al-Haji Amal 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This study aimed at assessing occupational radiation doses in different diagnostic, interventional and therapeutic services. Personal dose equivalent, Hp(10), of 116 medical radiation workers, all with 3 y of dose records (2015–18), were collected from the TLD dosimetry service at the Sultan Qaboos University Hospital—a 700-bed tertiary care teaching hospital in Oman. The doses were measured using calibrated thermo-luminescence dosemeters (TLD-100 (LiF:Mg,Ti)). Five occupational groups, diagnostic radiology, interventional radiology, nuclear medicine, medical physicists and nurses, were considered. Average, maximum and median cumulative doses were estimated and compared against the annual dose limit (20 mSv per y) and the local dose investigation level (DIL) (6 mSv per y). Personal doses (average:maximum:median) for diagnostic radiology, interventional radiology, nuclear medicine, medical physicists and nurses group were found to be 0.05:0.90:0.00, 0.05:0.50:0.00, 1.20:7.40:0.40, 0.16:1.40:0.00 and 0.10:2.10:0.00 mSv, respectively. The findings of this study suggest, at the exception of nuclear medicine, lower DILs for all occupational groups.
Developmental Disabilities in the Context of Fragile Families: Racial and Ethnic Disparities at Age Nine
Authors: Lopez Kristina , Oh Hyunsung 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Racial–ethnic disparities in the diagnosis of certain developmental disabilities (DDs), such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), contribute to delayed treatment for Latinx children. Although recent data suggest the disparities are mitigated over time, Latinx children are still less likely to have an ASD diagnosis, and those from low-income families are disproportionately affected. To build on previous research emphasizing these racial–ethnic disparities, this study focused on families in vulnerable or underserved communities, including female-headed and low-income households. Multiple waves of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study were analyzed, so that this sample represents populations mainly served by social workers. After controlling for demographic and socioeconomic factors, and behavioral health symptoms, authors estimated the likelihood of receiving a diagnosis for a particular developmental disorder and overall DDs. Compared with children of non-Latina White mothers, children of Latina mothers were less likely to have an ASD diagnosis. Findings confirm the lingering racial–ethnic gaps in diagnoses, even among female-headed households and low-income families. Further, authors suggest interventions addressing systematic and cultural barriers for equitable diagnosis of DDs that target pediatricians and other behavioral health providers, teachers, and Latinx families and communities.
Natural disaster warning system for safe operation of a high-speed railway
Authors: Qizhou Hu , Xin Fang , Lishuang Bian 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this paper, the least square support vector machine (LSSVM) is used to study the safety of a high-speed railway. According to the principle of LSSVM regression prediction, the parameters of the LSSVM are optimized to model the natural disaster early warning of safe operation of a high-speed railway, and the management measures and methods of high-speed railway safety operation under natural disasters are given. The relevant statistical data of China's high-speed railway are used for training and verification. The experimental results show that the LSSVM can well reflect the nonlinear relationship between the accident rate and the influencing factors, with high simulation accuracy and strong generalization ability, and can effectively predict the natural disasters in the safe operation of a high-speed railway. Moreover, the early warning system can improve the ability of safety operation evaluation and early warning of high-speed railway under natural disasters, realize the development goals of high-speed railway (safety, speed, economic, low-carbon and environmental protection) and provide a theoretical basis and technical support for improving the safety of a high-speed railway.
Persistent Opioid Use After Spine Surgery
Authors: Uhrbrand Peter , Helmig Peter , Haroutounian Simon , Vistisen Simon Tilma , Nikolajsen Lone 
Published: September 2021

Study Design.
Single-center, investigator-initiated, prospective cohort study.

Objective.
This study aimed to determine patient-reported reasons for persistent opioid use following elective spine surgery, assess the frequency of withdrawal symptoms, and characterize pain-related care sought after discharge.

Summary of Background Data.
Patients are often prescribed opioids at discharge from hospital following surgery. Several studies have shown that a large number of patients fail to discontinue opioid treatment and use opioids even months to years after surgery. Spine surgery has proven to be a high-risk procedure in regard to persistent opioid use. There is, however, limited evidence on why patients continue to take opioids.

Methods.
Three hundred patients, scheduled to undergo spine surgery at Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark, were included. Baseline characteristics and discharge data on opioid consumption were collected. Data on opioid consumption, patient-reported reasons for opioid use, withdrawal symptoms, and pain-related care sought were collected at 3- and 6-month follow-up via a REDCap survey.

Results.
Before surgery, opioid use was reported in 53% of patients. Three months after surgery, opioid use was reported in 60% of preoperative opioid-users and in 9% of preoperative opioid non-users. Patients reported the following reasons for postoperative opioid use: treatment of surgery-related pain (53%), treatment of surgery-related pain combined with other reasons (37%), and reasons not related to spine surgery (10%). Withdrawal symptoms were experienced by 33% of patients during the first 3 months after surgery and were associated with failure to discontinue opioid treatment (P < 0.001). Half of patients (52%) contacted health care after discharge with pain-related topics the first 3 months.

Conclusion.
Patients use opioids after spine surgery for reasons other than surgery-related pain. Withdrawal symptoms are frequent even though patients are given tapering plans at discharge. Further studies should address how to facilitate successful and safe opioid tapering in patients undergoing spine surgery.

Level of Evidence: 3
A 3D-printed Personalized, Combined, Modular Pedicle Subtraction Osteotomy Guide Plate System
Authors: Xin Xin , Wang Fumin , Liu Xinxin 
Published: September 2021

Study Design.
Experimental study.

Objectives.
The goal of this study was to develop a threedimensional (3D)-printed pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) guide plate system. A 3D model and postoperative computed tomography (CT) data were used to evaluate the accuracy of osteotomy with this system.

Summary of Background Data.
The key to the success of spinal orthopedic treatment is an effectively performed osteotomy. A 3D-printed osteotomy plate can be used for preoperative surgical planning. Due to the anatomical complexity of the spinal region, the clinical application of 3D-printed osteotomy plates remains challenging.

Methods.
The CT scans of 10 patients with thoracolumbar spinal deformities were obtained in the digital imaging and communication in medicine (DICOM) format. The diseased vertebrae and adjacent vertebrae were reconstructed and reduced by computer- aided design software, and an osteotomy plate was designed for the diseased vertebrae. The 3D-printed spinal model and osteotomy plate were used to simulate the operation for PSO. After the operation, the vertebral body treated by osteotomy underwent a CT scan, and the findings were compared with the preoperative design to evaluate the osteotomy accuracy.

Results.
The new 3D guide plate and spine model were used to successfully simulate 10 cases of PSO, and the comparison of the preoperative and postoperative states indicated that the osteotomy outcomes were excellent.

Conclusions.
The new 3D-printed PSO guide plate system can be used for preoperative osteotomy planning and demonstrates good accuracy. The results can be used to develop 3D-printed plans for PSO in clinical practice.
Isthmic Spondylolisthesis is Associated with Less Revisions for Adjacent Segment Disease After Lumbar Spine Fusion Than Degenerative Spinal Conditions
Authors: Toivonen Leevi A. , Mäntymäki Heikki , Häkkinen Arja , Kautiainen Hannu , Neva Marko H. 
Published: September 2021

Study Design.
Prospective, follow-up study.

Objective.
We aim to compare the rate of revisions for ASD after LSF surgery between patients with IS and DLSD.

Summary of Background Data.
ASD is a major reason for late reoperations after LSF surgery. Several risk factors are linked to the progression of ASD, but the understanding of the underlying mechanisms is imperfect. If IS infrequently becomes complicated with ASD, it would emphasize the role of the ongoing degenerative process in spine in the development of ASD.

Methods.
365 consecutive patients that underwent elective LSF surgery were followed up for an average of 9.7 years. Surgical indications were classified into 1) IS (n = 64), 2) DLSD (spinal stenosis with or without spondylolisthesis) (n = 222), and 3) other reasons (deformities, postoperative conditions after decompression surgery, posttraumatic conditions) (n = 79). All spinal reoperations were collected from hospital records. Rates of revisions for ASD were determined using Kaplan–Meier methods.

Results.
Altogether, 65 (17.8%) patients were reoperated for ASD. The incidences of revisions for ASD in subgroups were 1) 4.8% (95% CI: 1.6%–22.1%); 2) 20.5% (95% CI: 15.6%–26.7%); 3) 20.6% (95% CI: 12.9%–31.9%). After adjusting the groups by age, sex, fusion length, and the level of the caudal end of fusion, when comparing with IS group, the other groups had significantly higher hazard ratios (HR) for the revision for ASD [2) HR (95% CI) 3.92 (1.10–13.96), P = 0.035], [3) HR (95% CI) of 4.27 (1.11–15.54), P = 0.036].

Conclusion.
Among patients with IS, the incidence of revisions for ASD was less than a 4th of that with DLSD. Efforts to prevent the acceleration of the degenerative process at the adjacent level of fusion are most important with DLSD.

Level of Evidence: 3
Comparison of Mid- to Long-term Follow-up of Patient-reported Outcomes Measures After Single-level Lumbar Total Disc Arthroplasty, Multi-level Lumbar Total Disc Arthroplasty, and the Lumbar Hybrid Procedure for the Treatment of Degenerative Disc Disease
Authors: Scott-Young Matthew , Lee So Mang (Simon) , Nielsen David , Rathbone Evelyne , Rackham Matthew , Hing Wayne 
Published: September 2021

Study Design.
Prospective cohort study.

Objective.
The aim of this article is to compare the mid- to long-term patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) between single-level total disc arthroplasty (TDA), multi-level TDA, and hybrid constructs (combination of TDA and anterior lumbar interbody fusion [ALIF] across multiple levels) for symptomatic degenerative disc disease (DDD).

Summary of Background Data.
The treatment of single-level DDD is well documented using TDA. However, there is still a paucity of published evidence regarding long-term outcomes on multi-level TDA and hybrid constructs for the treatment of multi-level DDD, as well as lack of long-term comparisons regarding treatment of single-level DDD and multi-level DDD.

Methods.
A total of 950 patients underwent surgery for single-level or multi-level DDD between July 1998 and February 2012 with single-level TDA (n = 211), multi-level TDA (n = 122), or hybrid construct (n = 617). Visual Analog Score for the back (VAS-B) and leg (VAS-L) were recorded, along with the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ).

Results.
All PROMs in all groups showed statistically and clinically significant improvements (P < 0.005) in pain and function that is well above the corresponding minimum clinically important difference (MCID) and exceeds literature thresholds for substantial clinical benefit (SCB). Unadjusted analyses show that there were no statistically significant differences in the change scores between the surgery groups for VAS back and leg pain, and RMDQ up to 8 years’ follow-up. Adjusted analyses showed the ODI improvement score for the single group was 2.2 points better (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.6–3.9, P = 0.009) than in the hybrid group. The RMDQ change score was better in the hybrid group than in the multi-level group by 1.1 points (95% CI: 0.4–1.9, P = 0.003) at 6 months and a further 0.4 point at 2 years (95% CI: 0.1–0.8, P = 0.011).

Conclusion.
In the setting of meticulous preoperative evaluation in establishing a precision diagnosis, clinically and statistically equivalent results can be achieved when treating symptomatic DDD through single-level TDA, multi-level TDA, and hybrid constructs. These results are sustained at mid- to long-term follow-up.

Level of Evidence: 3