bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A healthy Nordic diet score and risk of incident CHD among men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study
Authors: Tertsunen Hanna-Mari , Hantunen Sari , Tuomainen Tomi-Pekka , Salonen Jukka T. , Virtanen Jyrki K. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHealthy Nordic diet has been beneficially associated with CHD risk factors, but few studies have investigated risk of developing CHD. We investigated the associations of healthy Nordic diet with major CHD risk factors, carotid atherosclerosis and incident CHD in middle-aged and older men from eastern Finland. A total of 1981 men aged 42–60 years and free of CHD at baseline in 1984–1989 were investigated. Diet was assessed with 4-d food recording and the healthy Nordic diet score was calculated based on the Baltic Sea Diet Score. Carotid atherosclerosis was assessed by ultrasonography of the common carotid artery intima–media thickness in 1053 men. ANCOVA and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used for analyses. Healthy Nordic diet score was associated with lower serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations (multivariable-adjusted extreme-quartile difference 0·66 mg/l, 95 % CI 0·11, 1·21 mg/l) but not with serum lipid concentrations, blood pressure or carotid atherosclerosis. During the average follow-up of 21·6 years (sd 8·3 years), 407 men had a CHD event, of which 277 were fatal. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios in the lowest v. the highest quartile of the healthy Nordic diet score were 1·15 (95 % CI 0·87, 1·51) for any CHD event (Ptrend 0·361) and 1·44 (95 % CI 0·99, 2·08) (Ptrend 0·087) for fatal CHD event. We did not find evidence that adherence to a healthy Nordic diet would be associated with a lower risk of CHD or with carotid atherosclerosis or major CHD risk factors, except for an inverse association with serum CRP concentrations.
Uncovering prevalence of pangolin consumption using a technique for investigating sensitive behaviour
Authors: Olmedo Alegria , Veríssimo Diogo , Milner-Gulland E.J. , Hinsley Amy , Dao Huong Thi Thu , Challender Daniel W.S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPangolins have been exploited throughout history but evidence points to population declines across parts of their ranges since the 1960s, especially in Asia. This is the result of overexploitation for local use and international trade and trafficking of their derivatives. The prevalence of the consumption of pangolin products has been estimated for different localities in Viet Nam but, considering that national legislation prohibits the purchase of pangolin products, previous research has not accounted for the potential for biased responses. In this study, we treat pangolin consumption as a sensitive behaviour and estimate consumption prevalence of pangolin meat, scales and wine (a whole pangolin or pangolin parts or fluids soaked or mixed in rice wine) in Ho Chi Minh City using a specialized questioning method, the unmatched count technique. We also characterize the demographics of consumers. Our results suggest there is active consumption of all three pangolin products, with a best-estimate prevalence of 7% of a representative sample of Ho Chi Minh City residents for pangolin meat, 10% for scales and 6% for wine. Our prevalence estimates exceed estimates from direct questions, providing evidence for the sensitivity of pangolin consumption. We compared our analysis of consumer characteristics with existing profiles of pangolin consumers and found substantial differences, suggesting that consumption occurs among broader demographic groups than previously described. Our findings suggest that efforts to reduce demand for pangolin consumption in Viet Nam should focus on a broader range of consumers than previously identified.
Investigating conditions that induce late maturity alpha-amylase (LMA) using Northwestern US spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Liu Chang , Tuttle Keiko M. , Garland Campbell Kimberly A. , Pumphrey Michael O. , Steber Camille M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe wheat industry rejects grain with unacceptably high α-amylase enzyme levels due to the risk of poor endproduct quality. There are two main causes of elevated grain α-amylase: (1) preharvest sprouting in response to rain before harvest and (2) late maturity α-amylase (LMA) induction in response to a cool temperature shock during late grain development. LMA induction was detected in a panel of 24 Northwestern US spring wheat lines. Thus, this problem previously described in Australian and U.K. varieties also exists in U.S. varieties. Because LMA induction results were highly variable using published methods, a characterization of LMA-inducing conditions was conducted in an LMA-susceptible soft white spring wheat line, WA8124. Problems with elevated α-amylase in untreated controls were reduced by raising the temperature, 25°C day/18°C night versus 20°C day/10°C night. LMA induction was not improved by colder temperatures (15°C day/4°C night) versus moderately cold temperatures (18°C day/7.5°C night or 10°C day/10°C night). While previous studies observed LMA induction by heat stress, it failed to induce LMA in WA8124. Thus, not all LMA-susceptible cultivars respond to heat. The timing of LMA susceptibility varied between two cultivars and within a single cultivar grown at slightly different temperatures. Thus, variability in LMA induction likely results from variability in the timing of the grain developmental stage during which cold shock induces LMA. Thus, it was concluded that the visual inspection of grain is needed to correctly identify LMA-sensitive spikes at the soft dough stage of grain development (Zadok's stage 85).
Advanced InSAR Tropospheric Corrections From Global Atmospheric Models that Incorporate Spatial Stochastic Properties of the Troposphere
Authors: Cao Yunmeng , Jónsson Sigurjón , Li Zhiwei 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTropospheric delays are still the main error source of satellite‐based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) mapping of Earth’s surface movements. Recent studies have demonstrated the potential of global atmospheric models (GAMs) in reducing InSAR tropospheric delays. However, the importance of appropriate interpolation and weighting strategies in GAM corrections has largely been overlooked. Here we present a new GAM‐based tropospheric correction method that incorporates spatial stochastic models of the troposphere into the weighting strategy of the correction. The method determines the correlation between a pixel of interest and neighboring GAM grid locations (3D) according to the spatial variability of the tropospheric random field, instead of subjectively using an inverse distance method, a local spline function, or other standard interpolation scheme. Also, our new method considers horizontal heterogeneities of the tropospheric field by estimating the integral of the tropospheric delays along the satellite line‐of‐sight (LOS) direction, instead of calculating projected zenith‐delays. The method can be used with any GAM, but we here implement it with the latest ECMWF (European Center for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts) ERA5 reanalysis products. We validate the new method with hundreds of Sentinel‐1 images from 2015 to 2020 over the island of Hawaii, a location with variable topography, surface conditions, local climate, and deformation, and explore the tropospheric corrections for both interferograms and time‐series analysis products (deformation velocities and time‐series solutions). Compared with other GAM corrections (PyAPS, d‐LOS, and GACOS), our new method yields a larger reduction of the average standard deviation of the corrected interferograms, i.e., from 2.55 to 1.91 cm, instead of 2.47 cm (PyAPS), 2.44 cm (d‐LOS), and 2.10 cm (GACOS). Also, a larger fraction of 87% of the interferograms (243 out of 280) is improved, compared with 52%, 53%, and 66% for the other GAM corrections, respectively. These results demonstrate the importance of considering (1) tropospheric stochastic models in GAM corrections, (2) horizontal heterogeneities when estimating the LOS delays, and (3) tropospheric delays when mapping long‐wavelength or small‐magnitude deformations using InSAR.
Constraints on Mantle Viscosity From Intermediate‐Wavelength Geoid Anomalies in Mantle Convection Models With Plate Motion History
Authors: Mao Wei , Zhong Shijie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Earth's long‐ and intermediate‐wavelength geoid anomalies are surface expressions of mantle convection and are sensitive to mantle viscosity. While previous studies of the geoid provide important constraints on the mantle radial viscosity variations, the mantle buoyancy in these studies, as derived from either seismic tomography or slab density models, may suffer significant uncertainties. In this study, we formulate 3‐D spherical mantle convection models with plate motion history since the Cretaceous that generate dynamically self‐consistent mantle thermal and buoyancy structures, and for the first time, use the dynamically generated slab structures and the observed geoid to place important constraints on the mantle viscosity. We found that non‐uniform weak plate margins and strong plate interiors are critical in reproducing the observed geoid and surface plate motion, especially the net lithosphere rotation (i.e., degree‐1 toroidal plate motion). In the best‐fit model, which leads to correlation of 0.61 between the modeled and observed geoid at degrees 4–12, the lower mantle viscosity is ∼1.3–2.5 × 1022 Pa⋅s and is ∼30 and ∼600–1,000 times higher than that in the transition zone and asthenosphere, respectively. Slab structures and the geoid are also strongly affected by slab strength, and the observations prefer moderately strong slabs that are ∼10–100 times stronger than the ambient mantle. Finally, a thin weak layer below the 670‐km phase change on a regional scale only in subduction zones produces stagnant slabs in the mantle transition zone as effectively as a weak layer on a global scale.
More than Skin Deep: Sea Surface Temperature as a Means of Inferring Atlantic Water Variability on the Southeast Greenland Continental Shelf Near Helheim Glacier
Authors: Snow T. , Straneo F. , Holte J. , Grigsby S. , Abdalati W. , Scambos T. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEnhanced outlet glacier discharge accounts for almost half of the Greenland Ice Sheet's mass loss since 1990. Warming subsurface Atlantic Water (AW) has been implicated in much of that loss, particularly along Greenland's southeastern coast. However, oceanographic observations are sparse prior to the last decade, making it difficult to diagnose changes in AW properties reaching the glaciers. Here, we investigate the use of sea surface temperature (SST) measurements to quantify ocean temperature variability on the continental shelf near Sermilik Fjord and Helheim Glacier. We find that after removing the short‐term, atmospheric‐driven variability in non‐winter months, regional SSTs provide a reliable upper ocean (surface mixed layer) temperature record. In the trough region near Sermilik Fjord, the adjusted SSTs correlate well with moored ocean measurements of the water entering the fjord at depth and driving glacier melting. Using this relationship, we reconstruct the AW variability on the shelf dating back to 2000, 8 years before the first mooring deployments. Across the 19‐year record, the AW temperatures in the trough do not always track properties in the source waters of the Irminger Current, which flows along the continental break. Instead, the properties of the waters found at the fjord mouth depend on variations in the source AW and, also, in the Polar Water that flows into the region from the Arctic Ocean. Satellite‐derived SSTs, when combined with local oceanography considerations, have the potential to improve understanding around previously unanswered glacier‐ocean questions in areas surrounding Greenland.
An Aerosol Climatology and Implications for Clouds at a Remote Marine Site: Case Study Over Bermuda
Authors: Aldhaif Abdulmonam M. , Lopez David H. , Dadashazar Hossein , Painemal David , Peters Andrew J. , Sorooshian Armin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAerosol characteristics and aerosol–cloud interactions remain uncertain in remote marine regions. We use over a decade of data (2000–2012) from the NASA AErosol RObotic NETwork, aerosol and wet deposition samples, satellite remote sensors, and models to examine aerosol and cloud droplet number characteristics at a representative open ocean site (Bermuda) over the Western North Atlantic Ocean (WNAO). Annual mean values were as follows: aerosol optical depth (AOD) = 0.12, Ångström Exponent (440/870 nm) = 0.95, fine mode fraction = 0.51, asymmetry factor = 0.72 (440 nm) and 0.68 (1020 nm), and Aqua‐MODIS cloud droplet number concentrations = 51.3 cm−3. The winter season (December–February) was characterized by high sea salt optical thickness and the highest aerosol extinction in the lowest 2 km. Extensive precipitation over the WNAO in winter helps contribute to the low FMFs in winter (∼0.40–0.50) even though air trajectories often originate over North America. Spring and summer had more pronounced influence from sulfate, dust, organic carbon, and black carbon. Volume size distributions were bimodal with a dominant coarse mode (effective radii: 1.85–2.09 µm) and less pronounced fine mode (0.14–0.16 µm), with variability in the coarse mode likely due to different characteristic sizes for transported dust (smaller) versus regional sea salt (larger). Extreme pollution events highlight the sensitivity of this site to long‐range transport of urban emissions, dust, and smoke. Differing annual cycles are identified between AOD and cloud droplet number concentrations, motivating a deeper look into aerosol–cloud interactions at this site.
Joint Influence Mechanism of Phenology and Climate on the Dynamics of Gross Primary Productivity: Insights From Temperate Deciduous Broadleaf Forests in North America
Authors: Xie Zhiying , Zhu Wenquan , Qiao Kun , Li Peixian , Liu Hao 
Published: April 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the influence mechanism of biotic and abiotic factors on the dynamics of gross primary productivity (GPP) is crucial to accurately simulate the terrestrial carbon cycle. Based on the carbon flux data, meteorological data (i.e., temperature, precipitation, vapor pressure deficit, and radiation) and phenological metrics (i.e., the date of greenup, maturity, senescence, and dormancy) collected from six North America temperate deciduous broadleaf forests (NAT‐DBF) sites, this study investigated the joint influence mechanism of phenology and climate on the dynamics of GPP by using commonality analysis and structural equation modeling. The results showed that precipitation, the date of maturity and senescence jointly dominated the dynamics of annual GPP in NAT‐DBF. The date of maturity and senescence rather than the date of greenup and dormancy were crucial phenological metrics that directly influenced the dynamics of annual GPP. There existed an important indirect influence path of temperature on the dynamics of annual GPP through regulating the date of maturity, while the direct influence of temperature on the dynamics of annual GPP was negligible. Precipitation not only directly influenced the dynamics of annual GPP, but also indirectly influenced the dynamics of annual GPP through regulating the date of senescence. Our study provides a process‐based understanding for the joint influence mechanism of meteorological factors and phenology on the dynamics of annual GPP, which is helpful for understanding the vegetation responses to climate change and improving the process‐based ecosystem models.
Constant Slip Rate on the Doruneh Strike‐Slip Fault, Iran, Averaged Over Late Pleistocene, Holocene, and Decadal Timescales
Authors: Mousavi Zahra , Fattahi Morteza , Khatib Mohammad , Talebian Morteza , Pathier Erwan , Walpersdorf Andrea , Sloan R. Alastair , Thomas Alexander L. , Rhodes Ed , Clive Fynn , Dodds Nicholas , Walker Richard T. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractVarying estimates of both present‐day strain accumulation and long‐term slip rate on the Doruneh left‐lateral strike‐slip fault, NE Iran, have led to suggestions that it exhibits large along‐strike and/or temporal changes in activity. In this study, we make and compare estimates of slip rate measured using both geodesy and geomorphology, and spanning time periods ranging from decadal to 100 ka. To image the present‐day accumulation of strain, we process 7 years (2003–2010) of data from six ENVISAT tracks covering the fault, with interferograms produced for 400‐km‐long strips of data to image the long‐wavelength signals associated with interseismic strain accumulation across the locked fault. Our analysis shows that less than 4 mm/yr—and likely only 1–3 mm/yr—of slip accumulates across the fault. Using high‐resolution optical satellite imagery, we make reconstructions of displacement across six alluvial fans whose surfaces cross the fault, in four separate river catchments. We determine the ages of these fans using infra‐red‐stimulated luminescence dating combined with U‐series dating of pedogenic carbonates. The six fans vary in age from ∼10– to 100 kyr, and a regression line fitted to four of these yields a slip rate of 2.5 ± 0.3 mm/yr. We conclude that within the uncertainty of our measurements, the slip rate has remained constant over the last ∼100 ka and is representative of the strain accumulation at the present‐day. The slip rate that we measure is consistent with the E‐W left‐lateral Doruneh fault accommodating N‐S right‐lateral faulting by “bookshelf” faulting, with clockwise rotation about a vertical axis.
Inheritance of Penetrative Basement Anisotropies by Extension‐Oblique Faults: Insights From Analogue Experiments
Authors: Samsu Anindita , Cruden Alexander R. , Molnar Nicolas E. , Weinberg Roberto F. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDuring rifting, pre‐existing penetrative basement fabrics can affect new faults in cover rocks by a mechanism that does not appear to involve reactivation. This subtle form of inheritance can significantly impact fault network architecture in rift basins above laterally variable basement domains with geomechanical anisotropies. Here we use multi‐layer, brittle‐ductile, crustal‐scale analogue experiments to study the influence of penetrative basement anisotropies on fault patterns in the overlying cover during a single phase of orthogonal rifting. The experiments were designed to test whether basement anisotropies, oriented 45° to the extension direction, can lead to the formation of rift faults that are oblique to both the imposed extension direction and basement anisotropies. Our experiments show that a penetrative, vertically layered, mm‐wide basement anisotropy creates extension‐oblique faults in the overlying cover. We interpret this to arise when local strike‐slip kinematics along the interfaces of mechanically contrasting materials in the basement combine with the regional imposed orthogonal extension, creating a transtensional regime. The width and spacing of alternating “strong” and “weak” basement zones interact with rift kinematics, impacting the orientation, kinematics and spacing of new faults in the cover. New insights on the influence of penetrative, pre‐existing basement fabrics on localized re‐orientation of 3D strain in the cover have implications for understanding complex fault systems in rift basins and transfer zones.
Exploration and Visualization of Patterns Underlying Multistakeholder Preferences in Watershed Conservation Decisions Generated by an Interactive Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Piemonti Adriana Debora , Guizani Mariam , Babbar‐Sebens Meghna , Zhang Eugene , Mukhopadhyay Snehasis 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn multiple watershed planning and design problems, such as conservation planning, quantitative estimates of costs, and environmental benefits of proposed conservation decisions may not be the only criteria that influence stakeholders' preferences for those decisions. Their preferences may also be influenced by the conservation decision itself—specifically, the type of practice, where it is being proposed, existing biases, and previous experiences with the practice. While human‐in‐the‐loop type search techniques, such as Interactive Genetic Algorithms (IGA), provide opportunities for stakeholders to incorporate their preferences in the design of alternatives, examination of user‐preferred conservation design alternatives for patterns in Decision Space can provide insights into which local decisions have higher or lower agreement among stakeholders. In this paper, we explore and compare spatial patterns in conservation decisions (specifically involving cover crops and filter strips) within design alternatives generated by IGA and noninteractive GA. Methods for comparing patterns include nonvisual as well as visualization approaches, including a novel visual analytics technique. Results for the study site show that user‐preferred designs generated by all participants had strong bias for cover crops in a majority (50%–83%) of the subbasins. Further, exploration with heat maps visualization indicate that IGA‐based search yielded very different spatial patterns of user‐preferred decisions in subbasins in comparison to decisions within design alternatives that were generated without the human‐in‐the‐loop. Finally, the proposed coincident‐nodes, multiedge graph visualization was helpful in visualizing disagreement among participants in local subbasin scale decisions, and for visualizing spatial patterns in local subbasin scale costs and benefits.
Preadult polytoxicomania—strong environmental underpinnings and first genetic hints
Authors: Steixner-Kumar Agnes A. , Daguano Gastaldi Vinicius , Seidel Jan , Rosenberger Albert , Begemann Martin , Ehrenreich Hannelore 
Published: April 2021

AbstractConsidering the immense societal and personal costs and suffering associated with multiple drug use or “polytoxicomania”, better understanding of environmental and genetic causes is crucial. While previous studies focused on single risk factors and selected drugs, effects of early-accumulated environmental risks on polytoxicomania were never addressed. Similarly, evidence of genetic susceptibility to particular drugs is abundant, while genetic predisposition to polytoxicomania is unexplored. We exploited the GRAS data collection, comprising information on N~2000 deep-phenotyped schizophrenia patients, to investigate effects of early-life environmental risk accumulation on polytoxicomania and additionally provide first genetic insight. Preadult accumulation of environmental risks (physical or sexual abuse, urbanicity, migration, cannabis, alcohol) was strongly associated with lifetime polytoxicomania (p  = 1.5 × 10−45; OR = 31.4), preadult polytoxicomania with OR = 226.6 (p = 1.0 × 10−33) and adult polytoxicomania with OR = 17.5 (p = 3.4 × 10−24). Parallel accessibility of genetic data from GRAS patients and N~2100 controls for genome-wide association (GWAS) and phenotype-based genetic association studies (PGAS) permitted the creation of a novel multiple GWAS–PGAS approach. This approach yielded 41 intuitively interesting SNPs, potentially conferring liability to preadult polytoxicomania, which await replication upon availability of suitable deep-phenotyped cohorts anywhere world-wide. Concisely, juvenile environmental risk accumulation, including cannabis and alcohol as starter/gateway drugs, strongly predicts polytoxicomania during adolescence and adulthood. This pivotal message should launch more effective sociopolitical measures to prevent this deleterious psychiatric condition.