bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Process safety management and process hazard analysis implementation progress in Pakistan chemical process industries
Authors: Rashid Muhammad Imran , Tabish Asif Nadeem , Athar Muhammad 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPakistan is a developing country and has various chemical process industries to fulfill the local demands of numerous chemical products. In order to maintain the uninterrupted production from these industries, safety protocols need to be implemented. Safety progress must be studied with passage of time to identify the gaps and to decide the future actions. In this article, process safety in various chemical process industries (CPIs) of Pakistan is investigated regarding process safety management (PSM) and process hazard analysis (PHA). The covered industries include mainly fertilizer complexes, food processing plants, gas and oil processing plants, oil refineries, petrochemical plants, polymer processing plants, paper industries, tire industries, and sugar industries. This research will help in addressing the weaknesses. A comparative analysis of all considered CPIs is provided graphically. Overall analysis of all industries depicts that more emphasis on three categories is required, namely (1) documents upgradation and staff communication, (2) PHA revision and auditing, (3) PHA recommendations documentation and implementation. Provided suggestions, the implementation of PSM and PHA in Pakistan CPIs is expected to enhance, which may lead to a substantial increase in productivity of these industries without accidents.
Pharmacometric analysis of seasonal influenza epidemics and the effect of vaccination using sentinel surveillance data
Authors: Otani Yuki , Kasai Hidefumi , Tanigawara Yusuke 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe identification of influenza epidemics and assessment of the efficacy of vaccination against this infection are major challenges for the implementation of effective public health strategies, such as vaccination programs. In this study, we developed a new pharmacometric model to evaluate the efficacy of vaccination based on infection surveillance data from the 2010/2011 to 2018/2019 influenza seasons in Japan. A novel susceptible‐infected‐removed plus vaccination model, based on an indirect response structure with the effect of vaccination, was applied to describe seasonal influenza epidemics using a preseasonal collection of data regarding serological H1 antibody titer positivity and the fraction of virus strains. Using this model, we evaluated Kin (a parameter describing the transmission rate of symptomatic influenza infection) for different age groups. Furthermore, we defined a new parameter (prevention factor) showing the efficacy of vaccination against each viral strain and in different age groups. We found that the prevention factor of vaccination against influenza varied among age groups. Notably, children aged 5–14 years showed the highest Kin value during the 10 influenza seasons and the greatest preventive effect of vaccination (prevention factor = 70.8%). The propagation of influenza epidemics varies in different age groups. Children aged 5–14 years most likely play a leading role in the transmission of influenza. Prioritized vaccination in this age group may be the most effective strategy for reducing the prevalence of influenza in the community.
Lifetime estimation for optocouplers using accelerated degradation test
Authors: Kang Minkoo , Lee Sunjae , Park Heedo , Jang Joongsoon , Park Sangchul , Kim Jong‐Ho , Yoo Chan‐Sei 
Published: October 2021

AbstractInstrumentation and control systems significantly affect the safety and reliability of nuclear power plants. In this study, we analyze the cause of failure of the electronic card constituting the instrumentation and control system as it is the most typical reason for the failure of optocouplers. The lifetime of optocouplers must be predicted accurately to ensure high‐reliability nuclear power plants. While acceleration tests have been performed to predict the lifetime of optocouplers more efficiently, it is preferable to perform accelerated degradation tests rather than accelerated life tests. In this paper, accelerated degradation tests are performed on optocouplers at various temperatures and voltages. To derive the degradation curve model of the optocoupler using the results of accelerated degradation tests, we use the most suitable model from OriginLab. The parameter values of the proposed degradation curve model are calculated by applying the Arrhenius model and Weibull distribution, and the lifetime of the optocoupler is estimated by using the proposed degradation curve model.
Graphene Confers Ultralow Friction on Nanogear Cogs
Authors: Mescola Andrea , Paolicelli Guido , Ogilvie Sean P. , Guarino Roberto , McHugh James G. , Rota Alberto , Iacob Erica , Gnecco Enrico , Valeri Sergio , Pugno Nicola M. , Gadhamshetty Venkataramana , Rahman Muhammad M. , Ajayan Pulickel , Dalton Alan B. , Tripathi Manoj 
Published: October 2021

AbstractFriction‐induced energy dissipation impedes the performance of nanomechanical devices. Nevertheless, the application of graphene is known to modulate frictional dissipation by inducing local strain. This work reports on the nanomechanics of graphene conformed on different textured silicon surfaces that mimic the cogs of a nanoscale gear. The variation in the pitch lengths regulates the strain induced in capped graphene revealed by scanning probe techniques, Raman spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulation. The atomistic visualization elucidates asymmetric straining of CC bonds over the corrugated architecture resulting in distinct friction dissipation with respect to the groove axis. Experimental results are reported for strain‐dependent solid lubrication which can be regulated by the corrugation and leads to ultralow frictional forces. The results are applicable for graphene covered corrugated structures with movable components such as nanoelectromechanical systems, nanoscale gears, and robotics.
Wildlife Agency Trust and Perceived Risks From Chronic Wasting Disease
Authors: Vaske Jerry J. , Needham Mark D. , Miller Craig A. 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTWe examined the extent that hunters’ perceptions of risks related to chronic wasting disease (CWD) and trust in state wildlife agencies to address CWD were related to their demographic (sex, age, education, residence) and hunting (CWD presence, type of hunter, years hunting in state, harvest) characteristics. Demographic and hunting characteristics have been suggested by some managers and researchers to be strongly related to perceived risks and trust in wildlife agencies. We obtained data from a mail survey (n = 9,567) of hunters in 8 states (2004). Demographic and hunting characteristics were statistically related to both risk and trust, but the relationships were complex for several reasons. First, although the demographic variables were significantly related to both risk and trust in 11 of the 15 tests, almost all of the effect sizes (η) were minimal (<0.100;  = 0.051). For the hunting characteristics, 11 of the 12 tests were significant (P ≤ 0.038), but the average effect size was only 0.059. Second, hierarchical linear regression analyses indicated that although 65% of the beta coefficients (another effect size indicator) were significant (P < 0.001), the average standardized regression coefficient was only 0.066 (minimal). Third, not all demographic and hunting characteristics were related to risk and trust in the same manner. For example, in the regression models, sex was never statistically significant. Other variables (resident of the state, education, harvest) were always significant. Finally, allR2(explained variance) were <5%. The weak relationships between demographic and hunting characteristics and both risk and trust suggest that managers should be cautious when targeting communication messages about CWD to specific subgroups of hunters based on these characteristics. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.
Employee-Driven Innovation to Fuel Internal Software Startups: Preliminary Findings
Authors: Tkalich Anastasiia , Moe Nils Brede , Sporsem Tor 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTo keep up with the pace of innovation, established companies are increasingly relying on internal software startups. However, succeeding with such startups is a challenging task because internal startups need to find a balance between the interests of the company and the interest of the innovator. One approach that is argued to strengthen innovation in existing companies is employee-driven innovation (EDI). This study explores this argument by examining two internal software startups in companies aligned with the principles of EDI and with a strong focus on innovation. The preliminary findings indicate that startups with EDI are characterized by commitment towards innovation, cooperative orientation, and autonomy. The findings suggest that internal software startups may be strengthened when the parent companies practice EDI.
Towards a Framework to Guide the Creation of Development Practices for Software Startups
Authors: Melegati Jorge 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe research on software startups has increased lately, focusing on describing how these companies’ unique context influences development practices. The next step for research is the creation of specific practices for these companies grounded in scientific results. An obstacle in this path is which dependent variable these novel practices should improve. A natural answer is these companies’ success. This position paper reviews the literature on new ventures and startups’ success to show that telling if a startup is successful or not is a complex issue. As a solution to this problem, this paper proposes a conceptual framework, suggesting that novel practices should improve success determinants or reduce inhibitors rather than focusing on the startups’ success. Three examples illustrate the framework’s use: hypotheses engineering, microservices, and BizDev. The identification of contributors and inhibitors for success of software startups could enrich the framework and indicate possible avenues for the creation of development practices specific tailored for these companies.
Multiple Roles of Middle Managers in Agile Project Governance: An Activity Theory Perspective
Authors: Uwadi Maduka C. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractProject governance (PG) is an important activity in agile software development (ASD) projects. Middle managers (MMs) are part of the governance structure in ASD projects. PG and middle management phenomena in ASD projects are under-researched and not fully understood. This ongoing study aims to fill a gap by investigating the roles of MMs in agile PG through the lens of Activity Theory. The study adopts a qualitative and interpretive case study approach. To date, the study has identified 24 roles that MMs perform during agile PG.
Impact of Design and Deployment Technique on the Hydrodynamic Resistance of Flow Diverters
Authors: Gyürki Dániel , Csippa Benjamin , Paál György , Szikora István 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Despite the high efficacy of flow diverters (FD) in treating sidewall intracranial aneurysms, failures are reported. One of the physical factors determining efficacy is the flow reducing capacity of the FD that is currently unknown to the operator. Our aim was to measure the flow reducing capacity expressed as the hydrodynamic resistance (HR), the metallic surface area (MSA) and pore density (PD) of two different FD designs and quantitatively investigate the impact of sizing and the deployment technique on these parameters.

Methods
Altogether 38 Pipeline (Medtronic) and P64 (Phenox) FD‑s were implanted in holder tubes by a neurointerventionist in nominally sized, oversized and longitudinally compressed or elongated manners. The tubes were placed in a flow model with the flow directed across the FD through a side hole on the tube. HR was expressed by the measured pressure drop as the function of the flow rate. Deployed length, MSA and PD were also measured and correlated with the HR.

Results
Both PD and MSA changed with varying deployment length, which correlates well with the change in HR. Oversizing the device by 1 mm in diameter has reduced the HR on average to one fifth of the original value for both manufacturers.

Conclusion
This study demonstrates experimentally that different FD designs have different flow diverting capacities (HR). Parameters are greatly influenced by radial sizing and longitudinal compression or elongation during implantation. Our results might be useful in procedure planning, predicting clinical outcome, and in patient-specific numerical flow simulations.
Estimating the reduction in US mortality if cigarettes were largely replaced by e-cigarettes
Authors: Lee Peter N. , Fry John S. , Gilliland Stanley , Campbell Preston , Joyce Andrew R. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Recent estimates indicated substantially replacing cigarettes by e-cigarettes would, during 2016–2100, reduce US deaths and life-years lost (millions) by 6.6 and 86.7 (Optimistic Scenario) and 1.6 and 20.8 (Pessimistic). To provide additional insight we use alternative modelling based on a shorter period (1991–2040), four main smoking-associated diseases, deaths aged 30–79 years, and a full product history. We consider variations in: assumed effective dose of e-cigarettes versus cigarettes (F); their relative quitting rate (Q); proportions smoking after 10 years (X); and initiation rate (I) of vaping, relative to smoking.

Methods
We set F = 0.05, X = 5%, Q = 1.0 and I = 1.0 (Main Scenario) and F = 0.4, X = 10%, Q = 0.5 and I = 1.5 (Pessimistic Scenario). Sensitivity Analyses varied Main Scenario parameters singly; F from 0 to 0.4, X 0.01% to 15%, and Q and I 0.5 to 1.5. To allow comparison with prior work, individuals cannot be dual users, re-initiate, or switch except from cigarettes to e-cigarettes.

Results
Main Scenario reductions were 2.52 and 26.23 million deaths and life-years lost; Pessimistic Scenario reductions were 0.76 and 8.31 million. These were less than previously, due to the more limited age-range and follow-up, and restriction to four diseases. Reductions in deaths (millions) varied most for X, from 3.22 (X = 0.01%) to 1.31 (X = 15%), and F, 2.74 (F = 0) to 1.35 (F = 0.4). Varying Q or I had little effect.

Conclusions
Substantial reductions in deaths and life-years lost were observed even under pessimistic assumptions. Estimates varied most for X and F. These findings supplement literature indicating e-cigarettes can importantly impact health challenges from smoking.
City-scale energetics: window on adaptive thermal insulation in North American cities
Authors: Hill Richard W. , Grezlik Maxwell , Muhich Timothy E. , Humphries Murray M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPrevious research demonstrated that cities are similar to individual mammals in their relationship between the rate of energy use for heating and outdoor air temperature (Ta). At Tas requiring heating of indoor living spaces, the energy-Ta plot of a city contains information on city-wide thermal insulation (I), making it possible to quantify city-wide I by use of the city as the unit of measure. We develop methods for extracting this insulation information, deriving the methods from prior research on mammals. Using these methods, we address the question: in North America, are cities built in particularly cold locations constructed in ways that provide greater thermal insulation than ones built in thermally more moderate locations? Using data for 42 small and medium-size cities and two information-extraction methods, we find that there is a statistically significant inverse relationship between city-wide I and T10-year, the average city Ta over a recent 10-year period (range of T10-year: − 11 to 26 °C). This relationship represents an energy-conserving trend, indicating that cities in cold climates have greater built-in thermal insulation than cities in warm climates. However, the augmentation of insulation in cold climates is only about half as great as would be required to offset fully the increased energy cost of low Tas in a cold climate, and T10-year explains just 5–11% of the variance in measured insulation, suggesting that cities in North America vary greatly in the extent to which thermal insulation has been a priority in city development.
A control-theoretic perspective on optimal high-order optimization
Authors: Lin Tianyi , Jordan Michael I. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe provide a control-theoretic perspective on optimal tensor algorithms for minimizing a convex function in a finite-dimensional Euclidean space. Given a function$$\varPhi : {\mathbb {R}}^d \rightarrow {\mathbb {R}}$$Φ:Rd→Rthat is convex and twice continuously differentiable, we study a closed-loop control system that is governed by the operators$$\nabla \varPhi $$∇Φand$$\nabla ^2 \varPhi $$∇2Φtogether with a feedback control law$$\lambda (\cdot )$$λ(·)satisfying the algebraic equation$$(\lambda (t))^p\Vert \nabla \varPhi (x(t))\Vert ^{p-1} = \theta $$(λ(t))p‖∇Φ(x(t))‖p-1=θfor some$$\theta \in (0, 1)$$θ∈(0,1). Our first contribution is to prove the existence and uniqueness of a local solution to this system via the Banach fixed-point theorem. We present a simple yet nontrivial Lyapunov function that allows us to establish the existence and uniqueness of a global solution under certain regularity conditions and analyze the convergence properties of trajectories. The rate of convergence is$$O(1/t^{(3p+1)/2})$$O(1/t(3p+1)/2)in terms of objective function gap and$$O(1/t^{3p})$$O(1/t3p)in terms of squared gradient norm. Our second contribution is to provide two algorithmic frameworks obtained from discretization of our continuous-time system, one of which generalizes the large-step A-HPE framework of Monteiro and Svaiter (SIAM J Optim 23(2):1092–1125, 2013) and the other of which leads to a new optimalp-th order tensor algorithm. While our discrete-time analysis can be seen as a simplification and generalization of Monteiro and Svaiter (2013), it is largely motivated by the aforementioned continuous-time analysis, demonstrating the fundamental role that the feedback control plays in optimal acceleration and the clear advantage that the continuous-time perspective brings to algorithmic design. A highlight of our analysis is that we show that all of thep-th order optimal tensor algorithms that we discuss minimize the squared gradient norm at a rate of$$O(k^{-3p})$$O(k-3p), which complements the recent analysis in Gasnikov et al. (in: COLT, PMLR, pp 1374–1391, 2019), Jiang et al. (in: COLT, PMLR, pp 1799–1801, 2019) and Bubeck et al. (in: COLT, PMLR, pp 492–507, 2019).
Controlling hallucinations at word level in data-to-text generation
Authors: Rebuffel Clement , Roberti Marco , Soulier Laure , Scoutheeten Geoffrey , Cancelliere Rossella , Gallinari Patrick 
Published: October 2021

AbstractData-to-Text Generation (DTG) is a subfield of Natural Language Generation aiming at transcribing structured data in natural language descriptions. The field has been recently boosted by the use of neural-based generators which exhibit on one side great syntactic skills without the need of hand-crafted pipelines; on the other side, the quality of the generated text reflects the quality of the training data, which in realistic settings only offer imperfectly aligned structure-text pairs. Consequently, state-of-art neural models include misleading statements –usually called hallucinations—in their outputs. The control of this phenomenon is today a major challenge for DTG, and is the problem addressed in the paper. Previous work deal with this issue at the instance level: using an alignment score for each table-reference pair. In contrast, we propose a finer-grained approach, arguing that hallucinations should rather be treated at the word level. Specifically, we propose a Multi-Branch Decoder which is able to leverage word-level labels to learn the relevant parts of each training instance. These labels are obtained following a simple and efficient scoring procedure based on co-occurrence analysis and dependency parsing. Extensive evaluations, via automated metrics and human judgment on the standard WikiBio benchmark, show the accuracy of our alignment labels and the effectiveness of the proposed Multi-Branch Decoder. Our model is able to reduce and control hallucinations, while keeping fluency and coherence in generated texts. Further experiments on a degraded version of ToTTo show that our model could be successfully used on very noisy settings.
Dynamical analysis of diversity in rule-based open source network intrusion detection systems
Authors: Asad Hafizul , Gashi Ilir 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDiverse layers of defence play an important role in the design of defence-in-depth architectures. The use of Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) are ubiquitous in this design. But the selection of the “right” IDSs in various configurations is an important decision that the security architects need to make. Additionally, the ability of these IDSs to adapt to the evolving threat-landscape also needs to be investigated. To help with these decisions, we need rigorous quantitative analysis. In this paper, we present a diversity analysis of open-source IDSs, Snort and Suricata, to help security architects tune/deploy these IDSs. We analyse two types of diversities in these IDSs; configurational diversity and functional diversity. In the configurational diversity analysis, we investigate the diversity in the sets of rules and the Blacklisted IP Addresses (BIPAs) these IDSs use in their configurations. The functional diversity analysis investigates the differences in alerting behaviours of these IDSs when they analyse real network traffic, and how these differences evolve. The configurational diversity experiment utilises snapshots of the rules and BIPAs collected over a period of 5 months, from May to October 2017. The snapshots have been collected for three different off-the-shelf default configurations of the Snort IDS and the Emerging Threats (ET) configuration of the Suricata IDS. The functional diversity investigates the alerting behaviour of these two IDSs for a sample of the real network traffic collected in the same time window. Analysing the differences in these systems allows us to get insights into where the diversity in the behaviour of these systems comes from, how does it evolve and whether this has any effect on the alerting behaviour of these IDSs. This analysis gives insight to security architects on how they can combine and layer these systems in a defence-in-depth deployment.