bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intensifying and downtoning in South Asian Englishes
Authors: Funke Nina , Bernaisch Tobias 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAs studies on socio-pragmatics in South Asian Englishes and – more generally – postcolonial Englishes are still rare, the present study analyses how age, formality of context, gender, topic of the conversation and type-token ratio of a given speaker influence intensifiers and downtoners in spoken Indian, Sri Lankan and British English as represented in theInternational Corpus of English. Central research interests cover (a) differences in the frequencies of intensifiers/downtoners regarding these factors and across the varieties studied and (b) variety-specific intensifiers/downtoners in these regional varieties. Two random forest analyses highlight that, while topic and type-token ratio are more important predictors than age and gender, all variables are – to different degrees – sensitive to variety. Possible explanations for a higher incidence of intensifiers/downtoners in British English than in Indian and Sri Lankan English include intensification strategies transferred from indigenous languages or high degrees of uncertainty avoidance in the South Asian speech communities.
Urban/suburban contact as stylized social practice
Authors: Duncan Daniel 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This study highlights the importance of urban/suburban contact to linguistic variation. I explore two case studies of intra-metropolitan contact and their effect on variation in the English of Greater St. Louis, USA. Data comes from 14 white women born 1971–1991 from outer-ring suburbs in St. Charles County who differ in their length of commute, and twelve white women born 1935–1952 from the City of St. Louis who differ in whether they moved to suburbs in adulthood. The results suggest that in contact situations, the city and suburb accommodate to one another: commuting towards the city yields more ʻcity-likeʼ speech, while moving away from the city yields more ʻsuburb-likeʼ speech. However, identity mediates these contact situations through stylized social practice.
Counterurbanisation, dialect contact and the levelling of non-salient traditional dialect variants
Authors: Britain David , Grossenbacher Sarah 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Earlier investigations of the linguistic consequences of mobility in largely rural East Anglia in Eastern England showed a quite dramatic decline in the use of the salient traditional dialect variants. In this chapter, we present a variationist sociolinguistic analysis of a relatively unsalient linguistic characteristic of the traditional dialect of this region – the use of the /ɪ/ and /ɛ/ vowels in a small set of lexical items that take /ɛ/ and /æ/ respectively in the standard – in order to assess the extent to which salience is implicated in the levelling process. We find evidence of considerable levelling of the traditional forms nevertheless, but not to the extent that we had found for more salient variables, suggesting salient linguistic variables may indeed be more vulnerable to attrition in contexts of intensive dialect contact.
Diminutives and their variation in spoken interaction in urban areas
Authors: Ziegler Arne , Oberdorfer Georg , Herbert Kristina 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In order to understand the linguistic dynamics within urban language use, all linguistic levels have to be considered in empirical analyses. This paper addresses the morphological level, analysing the use of diminutives in Vienna and Graz and their surroundings. In Austria, diminutives cover a wide range of suffixes, where certain forms correlate with different degrees of formality and can tendentially be linked to diverging levels on the scale between dialect and standard. By analysing data from two corpora, the paper investigates tendencies of dialect levelling and potential differences between the two urban areas. The results point to the significance not only of the examined parameter place of residence, but also of age and gender when it comes to identifying motors of linguistic change and dialect levelling.
A novel thermal-mechanical model and the characteristics of interfacial stress in the laminated structure for flexible electronics
Authors: Liu Xu , Qiu Yuanying , Wei Yuan , Yan Rui 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Flexible electronics have attracted rapidly growing interest owing to their great potential utility in numerous fundamental and emerging fields. However, there are urgent issues that remain as pending challenges in the interfacial stress and resulting failures of flexible electronics, especially for heterogeneous laminates of hard films adhered to soft polymer substrates under thermal and mechanical loads. This study focuses on the interfacial stress of a representative laminated structure, that is, the Si film is adhesively bonded to soft polydimethylsiloxane with a plastic polyethylene terephthalate substrate. An novel thermal-mechanical coupling model for this flexible structure is established in this paper, which presents the essential characteristics of interfacial shear stress. In addition, under thermal and mechanical loads, a typical case is investigated by combining an analytical solution with numerical results using the differential quadrature method. Furthermore, thermal and mechanical loads, material and geometry parameters are quantitatively explored for their influences on the interfacial shear stress. Targeted strategies for decreasing stress are also suggested. In conclusion, the thermal-mechanical model and application case analyses contribute to enhancing the design of interfacial reliability for flexible laminated structures.
Performance of global positioning system precise time and frequency transfer with integer ambiguity resolution
Authors: Zhang Pengfei , Tu Rui , Lu Xiaochun , Gao Yuping , Lihong Fan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The Global Positioning System (GPS) carrier-phase technique is a widely used spatial tool for remote precise time and frequency transfer. However, the performance of traditional GPS time and frequency transfer has been limited because the ambiguity parameter is still the float solution. This study focuses on the performance of GPS precise time and frequency transfer with integer ambiguity resolution and discusses the corresponding mathematical model. Fractional-cycle bias (FCB) products were estimated using an ionosphere-free combination. The results show that the satellite wide-lane (WL) FCB products are stable, with a standard deviation (STD) of 0.006 cycles. The narrow-lane (NL) FCB products were estimated over 15 min with a STD of 0.020 cycles. More than 98% of the WL and NL residuals are smaller than 0.25 cycles, which helps to fix the ambiguity into integers during the time and frequency transfer. Subsequently, the performance of time transfers with integer ambiguity resolution at two time links between international laboratories was assessed in real-time and post-processing modes and compared. The results show that fixing the ambiguity into an integer in the real-time mode significantly decreases the convergence time compared with the traditional float approach. The improvement is ∼49.5%. The frequency stability of the fixed solution is notably better than that of the float solution. Improvements of 48.15% and 27.9% were determined for the IENG–USN8 and WAB2–USN8 time links, respectively.
Multiple intensity reference interferometry for the correction of sub-fringe displacement non-linearities
Authors: Bridges Angus , Yacoot Andrew , Kissinger Thomas , Tatam Ralph P 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Displacement measuring interferometers, commonly employed for traceable measurements at the nanoscale, suffer from non-linearities in the measured displacement that limit the achievable measurement uncertainty for microscopic displacements. Two closely related novel non-linearity correction methodologies are presented here that allow for the correction of non-linearities in cases where the displacement covers much less than a full optical fringe. Both corrections have been shown, under ideal conditions, to be capable of reducing all residual non-linearity harmonics to below the 10 pm level.
Real-time mental stress detection technique using neural networks towards a wearable health monitor
Authors: Mukherjee Nilava , Mukhopadhyay Sumitra , Gupta Rajarshi 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In recent times, detection of mental stress using physiological signals has received widespread attention from technology researchers. Although many interesting research works have been reported in this area, evidence of hardware implementation is occasional. The main challenge in stress detection research is use of the optimum number of physiological signals and real-time detection with low-complexity algorithms. In this work, a real-time stress detection technique is presented which utilizes only a photoplethysmogram (PPG) signal to achieve improved accuracy over multi-signal-based mental stress detection techniques. A short 5 s segment of a PPG signal was used for feature extraction with an autoencoder (AE), and features were minimized using recursive feature elimination (RFE) integrated with a multi-class support vector machine (SVM) classifier. The proposed AE-RFE-SVM-based mental stress detection technique was tested with the WeSAD dataset to detect four levels of mental state, namely baseline, amusement, meditation and stress, and achieved an overall accuracy, F1 score and sensitivity of 99%, 0.99 and 98%, respectively, for 5 s PPG data. The technique provided improved performance over discrete wavelet transformation-based feature extraction followed by classification with either of the five types of classifiers, namely SVM, random forest, k-nearest neighbor, linear regression and decision tree. The technique was translated into quad-core-based standalone hardware (1.2 GHz, 1 GB RAM). The resultant hardware prototype achieved low latency (∼0.4 s) and had a low memory requirement (∼1.7 MB). The present technique can be extended to develop a remote healthcare system using wearable sensors.
Strain regulated interlayer coupling in WSe2/WS2 heterobilayer
Authors: Xu Xiaodan , Wang Cong , Xiong Wenqi , Liu Yang , Yang Donghao , Zhang Xinzheng , Xu Jingjun 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Strain engineering can effectively modify the materials lattice parameters at atomic scale, hence it has become an efficient method for tuning the physical properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials. The study of the strain regulated interlayer coupling is deserved for different kinds of heterostructures. Here, we systematically studied the strain engineering of WSe2/WS2 heterostructures as well as their constituent monolayers. The measured Raman and photoluminescence spectra demonstrate that the strain can evidently modulate the phonon energy and exciton emission of monolayer WSe2 and WS2 as well as the WSe2/WS2 heterostructures. The tensile strain can tune the electronic band structure of WSe2/WS2 heterostructure, as well as enhance the interlayer coupling. It is further revealed that the photoluminescence intensity ratio of WS2 to WSe2 in our WSe2/WS2 heterobilayer increases monotonically with tensile strain. These findings can broaden the understanding and practical application of strain engineering in 2D materials with nanometer-scale resolution.
Rapid FRET-based homogeneous immunoassay of procalcitonin using matched carbon dots labels
Authors: Liu Bo , Yang Kun , Lu Siyu , Cai Junjie , Li Fan , Tian Feng 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A novel method for the detection of procalcitonin in a homogeneous system by matched carbon dots (CDs) labeled immunoprobes was proposed based on the principle of FRET and double antibody sandwich method. Blue-emitting carbon dots with a strong fluorescence emission range of 400–550 nm and red-emitting carbon dots with the best excitation range of 410–550 nm were prepared before they reacted with procalcitonin protoclone antibody pairs to form immunoprobes. According to the principles of FRET, blue-emitting carbon dots were selected as the energy donor and red-emitting carbon dots as the energy receptor. The external light source excitation (310 nm) could only cause weak luminescence of CDs. However, once procalcitonin was added, procalcitonin and antibodies would be combined with each other quickly (≤20 min). Here, blue-emitting carbon dots acquired energy could be transferred to red-emitting carbon dots efficiently, causing the emitted fluorescence enhancement of red-emitting carbon dots. The fluorescence detection results in PBS buffer solution and diluted rabbit blood serum showed that the fluorescence intensity variation was linear with the concentration of procalcitonin. There was a good linear relationship between F/F0 and procalcitonin concentrations in PBS buffer solution that ranged from 0 to 100 ng ml−1, and the linear equation was F/F0 = 0.004 * C
pct + 0.98359. Detection in the diluted rabbit serum led to the results that were linear in two concentration ranges, including 0–40 ng ml−1 and 40–100 ng ml−1, and the detection limit based on 3σ K−1 was 0.52 ng ml−1. It is likely that this matched CDs labeled immunoprobes system can provide a new mode for rapid homogeneous detection of disease markers.
Influence of heat treatment on surface properties of HVOF deposited WC and Ni-based powder coatings: a review
Authors: Prashar Gaurav , Vasudev Hitesh , Thakur Lalit 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Post-spray treatments have recently been popular as a means of improving the overall quality of thermally sprayed coatings, particularly those done using the HVOF technique. Thermally assisted surface treatment of deposited coatings is an effective way to improve the characteristics of coated components for specific applications. The tribomechanical properties of post-treated WC and Ni-based coatings deposited with high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) technique have been addressed. The structure-property correlations concerning the as-sprayed and post-treated coatings have been considered to understand the various mechanisms responsible for improved performance in terms of wear and corrosion resistance. The recent advancement in the post-treatments such as post-processing using microwave hybrid heating, laser-assisted processing and Stationary friction processing have been incorporated in the current review. Comparative studies have been presented to understand the structure-property relationship and performance of WC and Ni-based HVOF sprayed coatings with the help of various characterization techniques in this review article.
Hubness reduction improves clustering and trajectory inference in single-cell transcriptomic data
Authors: Amblard Elise , Bac Jonathan , Chervov Alexander , Soumelis Vassili , Zinovyev Andrei 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Motivation
Single-cell RNA-seq (scRNAseq) datasets are characterized by large ambient dimensionality, and their analyses can be affected by various manifestations of the dimensionality curse. One of these manifestations is the hubness phenomenon, i.e. existence of data points with surprisingly large incoming connectivity degree in the datapoint neighbourhood graph. Conventional approach to dampen the unwanted effects of high dimension consists in applying drastic dimensionality reduction. It remains unexplored if this step can be avoided thus retaining more information than contained in the low-dimensional projections, by correcting directly hubness.

Results
We investigated hubness in scRNAseq data. We show that hub cells do not represent any visible technical or biological bias. The effect of various hubness reduction methods is investigated with respect to the clustering, trajectory inference and visualization tasks in scRNAseq datasets. We show that hubness reduction generates neighbourhood graphs with properties more suitable for applying machine learning methods; and that it outperforms other state-of-the-art methods for improving neighbourhood graphs. As a consequence, clustering, trajectory inference and visualization perform better, especially for datasets characterized by large intrinsic dimensionality. Hubness is an important phenomenon characterizing data point neighbourhood graphs computed for various types of sequencing datasets. Reducing hubness can be beneficial for the analysis of scRNAseq data with large intrinsic dimensionality in which case it can be an alternative to drastic dimensionality reduction.

Availability and Implementation
The code used to analyze the datasets and produce the figures of this article is available from https://github.com/sysbio-curie/schubness.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The expectant brain–pregnancy leads to changes in brain morphology in the early postpartum period
Authors: Chechko Natalia , Dukart Jürgen , Tchaikovski Svetlana , Enzensberger Christian , Neuner Irene , Stickel Susanne 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThere is growing evidence that pregnancy may have a significant impact on the maternal brain, causing changes in its structure. To investigate the patterns of these changes, we compared nulliparous women (n = 40) with a group of primiparous women (n = 40) and multiparous mothers (n = 37) within 1–4 days postpartum, using voxel-based and surface-based morphometry (SBM). Compared with the nulliparous women, the young mothers showed decreases in gray matter volume in the bilateral hippocampus/amygdala, the orbitofrontal/subgenual prefrontal area, the right superior temporal gyrus and insula, and the cerebellum. These pregnancy-related changes in brain structure did not predict the quality of mother–infant attachment at either 3 or 12 weeks postpartum nor were they more pronounced among the multiparous women. SBM analyses showed significant cortical thinning especially in the frontal and parietal cortices, with the parietal cortical thinning likely potentiated by multiple pregnancies. We conclude that, compared with the brain of nulliparous women, the maternal brain shows widespread morphological changes shortly after childbirth. Also, the experience of pregnancy alone may not be the underlying cause of the adaptations for mothering. As regards the exact biological function of the changes in brain morphology, longitudinal research will be needed to draw any definitive conclusions.
On-line risk prediction models for acute type A aortic dissection surgery: validation of the German Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection Type A score and the European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation II
Authors: Nežić Duško G , Živković Igor S , Miličić Miroslav D , Milačić Petar A , Košević Dragana N , Boričić Mladen I , Krasić Staša D , Mićović Slobodan V 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
The German Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection Type A (GERAADA) on-line score calculator to predict 30-day mortality in patients undergoing surgery for acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD) was recently launched. Using the European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation II (EuroSCORE II), it is also possible to predict operative mortality for the same type of surgery. The goal of our study was to validate the prediction accuracy of these 2 on-line risk prediction models.

METHODS
Prospectively collected data for EuroSCORE II risk factors as well as all data for GERAADA scoring were extracted from an institutional database for 147 patients who underwent surgery for ATAAD between April 2018 and April 2021. The discriminative power was assessed using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. The calibration of the models was tested by the Hosmer–Lemeshow statistics and by using the observed-to-expected (O/E) mortality ratio with the 95% confidence interval.

RESULTS
The observed operative mortality was 14.3%. The mean predicted mortality rates for the GERAADA score and the EuroSCORE II were 15.6% and 10.6%, respectively. The EuroSCORE II discriminative power (area under the curve = 0.799) significantly outperformed the discriminatory power of the GERAADA score (area under the curve = 0.550). The Hosmer–Lemeshow statistics confirmed good calibration for both models (P-values of 0.49 and 0.29 for the GERAADA score and the EuroSCORE II, respectively). The O/E mortality ratio certified good calibration for both scores [GERAADA score (O/E ratio of 0.93, 95% confidence interval: 0.53–1.33); EuroSCORE II (O/E ratio of 1.35, 95% confidence interval: 0.77–1.93)].

CONCLUSIONS
The EuroSCORE II has better discriminative power for predicting operative mortality in ATAAD surgery than the GERAADA score. Both scores confirmed good calibration ability.
Social features in internet-based programs to prevent alcohol consumption among adolescents: a scoping review
Authors: de la Rosa Pedro Antonio , Calatrava Maria , Osorio Alfonso , de Irala Jokin 
Published: November 2021

SummaryAlcohol consumption among adolescents is a social and public health issue. School-based programs are needed to prevent the onset of alcohol consumption during adolescence. Information and communication technologies offer new promising approaches to deliver preventive programs to these populations. The most traditional, successful programs use group dynamics within the classroom. However, the usefulness of social interaction features (SIF) within internet-based interventions remains unclear. The current scoping review aims to identify and evaluate the effectiveness of online and mobile psychosocial preventive interventions that use SIF, and that target adolescents. Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar were electronically searched for all articles published between January 2011 and December 2020. Articles reporting on school-based, web-based interventions for adolescents to prevent alcohol consumption and that encouraged any kind of interaction between users (‘social interactions’) were eligible for inclusion. Fourteen articles were included in the review. These articles assessed eight preventive programs. Six programs showed positive results on outcome variables. In two of them, it was possible to determine that their success was partially due to the SIF. SIF seem to be useful to enhance the receptivity and usefulness of web-based prevention programs, but the current evidence of their effectiveness is scarce. More evidence is required to assess the effectiveness of these features and to improve programs having the objective of preventing the consumption of alcohol among young people.
The CBL-interacting protein kinase CaCIPK13 positively regulates defence mechanisms against cold stress in pepper
Authors: Ma Xiao , Gai Wen-Xian , Li Yang , Yu Ya-Nan , Ali Muhammad , Gong Zhen-Hui 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Cold stress is one of the main factors limiting growth and development in pepper. Calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs) are specific calcium sensors with non-canonical EF-hands to capture calcium signals, and interact with CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs) in the regulation of various stresses. In this study, we isolated a cold-induced CIPK gene from pepper named CaCIPK13, which encodes a protein of 487 amino acids. In silico analyses indicated that CaCIPK13 is a typical CIPK family member with a conserved NAF motif, which consists of the amino acids asparagine, alanine, and phenylalanine. The CaCIPK13 protein was located in the nucleus and plasma membrane. Knock down of CaCIPK13 resulted in enhanced sensitivity to cold stress in pepper, with increased malondialdehyde content, H2O2 accumulation, and electrolyte leakage, while the catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase activities and anthocyanin content were decreased. The transcript level of cold and anthocyanin-related genes was substantially decreased in CaCIPK13-silenced pepper leaves relative to the empty vector control. On the contrary, overexpression of CaCIPK13 in tomato improved cold tolerance via increasing anthocyanin content and activities of reactive oxygen species scavenging enzymes. Furthermore, the interaction of CaCIPK13 with CaCBL1/6/7/8 was Ca2+-dependent. These results indicate that CaCIPK13 plays a positive role in cold tolerance mechanism via CBL-CIPK signalling.