bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patients' and relatives' experiences of post‐ICU everyday life: A qualitative study
Authors: Vester Louise Buus , Holm Anna , Dreyer Pia 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundAs advancements in intensive care treatment have resulted in decreased mortality rates, more attention has been given to the experience of life after critical illness. Despite an increase in literature describing the physical, psychological, and cognitive health problems arising after critical illness, there is a shortage of research exploring the lifeworld of patients and relatives, including its internal and external interplay in everyday life. Addressing this is essential for gaining insights into the experience of everyday life and recovery after critical illness.Aims and objectivesTo explore patients' and relatives' experiences of everyday life after critical illness.DesignData were collected using semi‐structured interviews with 7 relatives and 12 patients. Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim.MethodsDrawing on the phenomenological‐hermeneutic tradition, data were analysed using Ricoeur's theory of interpretation, as described by Dreyer and Pedersen.FindingsThe lifeworld of everyday life was disclosed in the theme “Finding oneself after critical illness,” described as an overall comprehensive understanding. This theme was divided into the subthemes (a) redefining the self, (b) reintegrating with family, and (c) resuming everyday life, which followed the trajectory of the three phases: the known past, the uncertain present, and the unknown future.ConclusionCritical illness and physical, psychological, and cognitive health problems create new and emerging difficulties in patients' and relatives' experiences of everyday life after intensive care. These experiences affect their understanding of themselves, their families, and their ability to resume pre‐intensive care unit everyday life.Implications for practiceThe study underlines the need to supplement the affirmed domains in post‐intensive care syndrome with a social domain to enhance family‐centred care within the intensive care unit and across sectoral borders. Additionally, it highlights the need to develop rehabilitation strategies aimed at patients' and relatives' multifactorial health problems.
Vitellogenin from planthopper oral secretion acts as a novel effector to impair plant defenses
Authors: Ji Rui , Fu Jianmei , Shi Yu , Li Jing , Jing Maofeng , Wang Lu , Yang Shiying , Tian Tian , Wang Lihua , Ju Jiafei , Guo Huifang , Liu Bin , Dou Daolong , Hoffmann Ary A. , Zhu‐Salzman Keyan , Fang Jichao 
Published: July 2021

Summary

Vitellogenin (Vg) is a well‐known nutritious protein involved in reproduction in nearly all oviparous animals, including insects. Recently, Vg has been detected in saliva proteomes of several piercing–sucking herbivorous arthropods, including the small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus, SBPH). Its function, however, remains unexplored.

We investigated the molecular mechanism underlying SBPH orally secreted Vg‐mediated manipulation of plant–insect interaction by RNA interference, phytohormone and H2O2 profiling, protein–protein interaction studies and herbivore bioassays.

A C‐terminal polypeptide of Vg (VgC) in SBPH, when secreted into rice plants, acted as a novel effector to attenuate host rice defenses, which in turn improved insect feeding performance. Silencing Vg reduced insect feeding and survival on rice. Vg‐silenced SBPH nymphs consistently elicited higher H2O2 production, a well‐established defense mechanism in rice, whereas expression of VgC in planta significantly hindered hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation and promoted insect performance. VgC interacted directly with the rice transcription factor OsWRKY71, a protein which is involved in induction of H2O2 accumulation and plant resistance to SBPH.

These findings indicate a novel effector function of Vg: when secreted into host rice plants, this protein effectively weakened H2O2‐mediated plant defense through its association with a plant immunity regulator.
Cohort and Period Effects as Explanations for Declining Dementia Trends and Cognitive Aging
Authors: Clouston Sean A. P. , Terrera Graciela Muniz , Rodgers Joseph Lee , O'Keefe Patrick , Mann Frank D. , Lewis Nathan A. , Wänström Linda , Kaye Jeffrey , Hofer Scott M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractStudies have reported that the age‐adjusted incidence of cognitive impairment and dementia have decreased over the past two decades. Aging is the predominant risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias and for neurocognitive decline. However, aging alone cannot explain changes in the overall age‐adjusted incidence of dementia. The objective of this position paper was to describe the potential for cohort and period effects in cognitive decline and incidence of dementia. Cohort effects have long been reported in demographic literature, but starting in the early 1980s researchers began reporting large historical cohort trends in cognitive function. At the same time, period effects have emerged in the form of economic factors and stressors in early and midlife that may result in reduced cognitive dysfunction. Recognizing that aging individuals today were once children and adolescents and that research has clearly noted that childhood cognitive performance are associated with old‐age cognitive performance, this review proposes the need to connect these cohort effects with differences in late‐life functioning.
Increased seed number per silique in Brassica juncea by deleting cis‐regulatory region affecting BjCLV1 expression in carpel margin meristem
Authors: Wang Gang , Zhang Xiangxiang , Huang Wei , Xu Ping , Lv Zewen , Zhao Lun , Wen Jing , Yi Bin , Ma Chaozhi , Tu Jinxing , Fu Tingdong , Shen Jinxiong 
Published: July 2021

SummaryMustard yield per plant is severely restricted by the seed number per silique. The seed number per silique in the Brassica juncea trilocular mutant J163‐4 is significantly greater than that in normal bilocular plants. However, how the trilocular silique of J163‐4 is formed remains unclear. Here, we studied the gene structure and function of mc2 in B. juncea and Arabidopsis using comparative morphology and molecular genetic experiments. We found that mc2 is a CLV1 ortholog, BjA7.CLV1. The deletion of cis‐regulatory region in mc2 promoter, which affects Mc2 expression in carpel margin meristem (CMM), led to trilocular silique formation. The BjCLV1 sequence with its complete promoter containing the cis‐regulatory region can restore the Bjclv1 and clv1 mutant phenotypes in B. juncea and Arabidopsis, respectively. Additionally, this cis‐regulatory region had a collinear segment in the promoter of CLV1 homologous gene in most Brassicaceae species. Our results are consistent with the report that BjCLV1 represents a conserved pleiotropic role in shoot meristem and CMM development, which contains a cis‐regulatory sequence specifically expressed BjCLV1 in CMM in its promoter, and this cis‐regulatory region is conserved in Brassicaceae species. These results offer a reliable approach for fine‐tuning the traits of seed yield in Brassicaceae crops.
Epistemic insouciance, souciance, and hypersouciance
Authors: Le Morvan Pierre 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRefining and extending Cassam's important account of the vice of epistemic insouciance, I distinguish between expressive and receptive forms of it. Focusing on the latter, I discuss its perniciousness. I then delineate a virtue and a vice that have hitherto not been discussed in the literature: epistemic souciance and epistemic hypersouciance.
The South African–United States sovereign bond spread and its association with macroeconomic fundamentals
Authors: Fedderke Johannes W. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe yield spread of South African to United States 10‐year government bonds over the last 5 years has increased substantially to levels approaching those last seen during the mid‐1980s. This paper examines the association between the spread and macroeconomic fundamentals over the 1960–2019 sample period, under the GARCH and GARCH‐M class of estimators. We find that higher South African economic growth, lower inflation, public and private debt, as well as rand–dollar appreciation are all associated with a statistically significantly lower South African–United States yield spread. The strongest impact is associated with the public debt‐to‐GDP ratio. Mean spread levels do not appear to be influenced by yield volatility. Finally, while there is no evidence of sign bias in the impact of shocks on yield volatility (negative shock impacts are no different than positive), there is evidence of size bias for both positive and negative shocks: larger shocks have a larger impact on volatility than small, regardless of their sign. Collectively, and even ignoring the impact of private sector leveraging, South Africa’s performance in these macroeconomic fundamentals is associated with an increase in the South African–United States yield spread of 363 basis points (since 2012).
Population and quantitative genetic analyses of life‐history trait adaptations in Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson
Authors: Leon Ramon G. , van der Laat Rocio 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAmaranthus palmeri populations can evolve life‐history traits despite its high levels of genetic diversity and gene flow. However, it was not known whether those differences were due to selection or other evolutionary processes. We used microsatellite markers to quantify genetic differentiation among 10 Amaranthus palmeri populations and determined whether the differences in life‐history traits among the populations could be attributed to selection. Genetic differentiation was small (ΦST = 0.093), indicating that there were high rates of gene flow among populations. AMOVA showed that only 9% of the genetic variability was explained by variation among populations and 90% was found within populations. Using ΦST as a surrogate for FST in the QST−FST analysis, we confirmed that most traits followed the same pattern as neutral markers and were not under selection. However, important traits for weediness such as plant height, dry weight and nitrogen use efficiency were under selection. These results provide evidence that selection forces in agroecosystems can increase weediness in A. palmeri, and that those forces should be identified to develop strategies to counter them when possible.
Optimization of Cold Flow Properties of Biodiesel by Addition of Cold Flow Improver
Authors: Yin Wong Yuin , Haron Saharudin 
Published: July 2021

Despite the renewable and sustainable characteristics, biodiesel is poor in cold flow property (CFP) which causes a significant drawback that have limited its application. Thickening or crystallization of biodiesel in low temperature can readily result in the clogging of fuel pipes and fuel filters. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimum properties of blended biodiesel that gives the most accurate simulation results of blended biodiesel’s CFP. TmoleX18 and COSMOthermX were used to identify the viscosities and densities of pure palm oil biodiesel and pure ethanol under different temperatures. The densities, viscosities and pour points of ethanol blended biodiesel was then calculated by using Grunberg-Nissan and, Riazi and Daubert equations. The simulation results were obtained under different compositions of ethanol added from 0 to 0.2 mole fraction at temperature range of 30 °C to -5 °C. The optimum combination of viscosities and densities of blended biodiesel for the blended cold flow properties was at 10 °C and 30 °C respectively. The simulation error at 0.1 mole fraction of ethanol was 0.92 %.
Torrefaction of Oil Palm Frond Petiole: Effect of Particle Sizes, Sections and Batches
Authors: Mohd Fuad Muhammad Ariff Hanaffi , Loijon Eljoji J. A. , Hasan Mohd Faizal , Abdul Rahman Mohd Rosdzimin , Nyakuma Bemgba B. , Mad Saad Shaharil 
Published: July 2021

This study aimed to investigate the effect of batches (1, 2 and 3), particle sizes (<250 µm, range of 300 µm to 500 µm), and sections (bottom, middle and top) on combustion performance of the oil palm frond (OPF) petiole after torrefaction at 275 °C. The higher heating value (HHV), mass yield, energy yield, HHV yield and proximate analyses of the untorrefied and torrefied OPF petiole for all cases were determined. The comparison between the untorrefied and torrefied OPF petiole as well as an international benchmark was also performed. In this study, the highest HHV of the torrefied OPF petiole (22.85±0.07MJ/kg) was obtained at the bottom section with the particle size of < 250 µm. Furthermore, the fixed carbon content of the torrefied OPF petiole increased, whereas the volatile matter, moisture content, mass and energy yields decreased for all cases after torrefaction. HHV yield of OPF petiole was recorded up to 141% after torrefaction. The ash content was sufficiently satisfied the international benchmark for most cases, except for top section (300-500µm). The changes in combustion properties of the torrefied OPF petiole for all cases were found to be insignificant whereas significant improvement could be observed when compared to untorrefied OPF petiole. Overall, the study revealed that the appropriate particle size for torrefaction can promote it to be a vital source for energy production from oil palm biomass.
Experimental Investigation Using Response Surface Methodology for Condition Monitoring of Misaligned Rotor System
Authors: Patil Shital , Jalan Arun Kumar , Marathe Amol M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMisalignment is one of the key reasons for vibrations in most of the rotating system. The present study focuses on interactions among speed, load, and defect severity by investigating their effect on the system vibration. Response surface methodology (RSM) with root-mean-square (RMS) as a response factor is used to understand the influence of such interactions on the system performance. Experiments are planned using design of experiments, and analysis is carried out using analysis of variance (ANOVA). It is observed that speed has a remarkable effect on RMS value in both parallel and angular types of misalignment and affects the system performance. RSM results revealed that a change in load has less impact on vibration amplitude in case of horizontal and vertical directions, but there is a significant variation in RMS value in axial direction for both types of misalignment. A slight increase in the RMS value with an increase in defect severity is observed in the axial direction. These observations will help to understand the misalignment defect and its effect in a better way.
Numerical Analysis of the Transient Wear and Lubrication Behaviors of Misaligned Journal Bearings Caused by Linear Shaft Misalignment
Authors: Yang Tianyou , Han Yanfeng , Wang Yijia , Xiang Guo 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of the misalignment journal, caused by linear shaft misalignment, on the transient wear and mixed lubrication performances using a numerical model. In the numerical model, the transient geometry lubrication clearance considering the journal misalignment, the transient elastic deformation, and the transient wear depth of the bearing are incorporated to evaluate the transient film thickness during the wear process. The evolutions, under different external loads, of the wear depth of the bearing, wear-rate, elastic deformation of the bearing, film thickness, fluid pressure, and contact pressure are calculated by the numerical model. Furthermore, the calculated results of the misaligned journal bearing are compared with those of the aligned journal bearing. The results show that the distributions of the wear depth of the bearing, film pressure, and elastic deformation of the bearing are asymmetric along the axial direction and the peak values of them shift toward the back end when the journal misalignment is considered. The maximum wear depth, maximum fluid pressure, maximum contact pressure, and maximum bearing’s elastic deformation of the misaligned journal condition are significantly larger than those of the aligned journal condition.
Pedestrians' Perceptions of Autonomous Vehicle External Human-Machine Interfaces
Authors: Ferenchak Nicholas N. , Shafique Sheheryar 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The objective of this work was to better understand pedestrians' understanding, trust, comfort, and acceptance of autonomous vehicle (AV) external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs). A link between mechanical engineering (i.e., automotive engineering) and civil engineering (i.e., multimodal transportation systems) is necessary to understand the effectiveness of varying AV-to-human communication strategies. Using a within-subject experiment design, 47 participants interacted with AVs possessing one of four eHMIs in a virtual reality (VR) environment. We administered a Likert scale survey to measure participants' perceptions of the eHMIs and used ordinal logistic regressions to analyze the results. We also accounted for participants' gender and stated interest in AVs, novel contributions to this field of research. The presence of an eHMI was found to improve participants' perceptions of AVs. Although females generally reported higher levels of understanding, trust, comfort, and acceptance, males' scores increased more significantly with the introduction of an eHMI. Text eHMIs outperformed nontextual interfaces, with participants noting the best perceptions with the text eHMI located on the AV's grille. Participants' understanding and identification of right-of-way (ROW) were most improved by the eHMIs while trust and comfort were most impacted by the participants' stated interest in AVs. Acceptance had little response to the eHMIs or stated AV interest and gender had little impact in the statistical models. This research supports the development of a standard, uniform AV-pedestrian communication strategy and strengthens the connection between humans and AVs.
Radiation-Induced Surface Wettability Enhancement of an Indium Tin Oxide and Titanium Oxide Film-Coated Sapphire
Authors: Wang Kai , Liang Hui , Inoue Junya , Erkan Nejdet , Okamoto Koji 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Surface wettability is an important parameter that affects nucleate boiling. Irradiation can alter the surface wettability on metal surfaces without altering the surface macrostructure. The wettability characteristics of indium tin oxide and TiO2 film-coated sapphire substrates following gamma-ray and electron beam irradiation were experimentally investigated. A sapphire plate was exposed to gamma rays and electron beams. Within the irradiation dose, no evident change in the sapphire surface color was found. The surface contact angle decreased after irradiation, and surface wettability was enhanced with more irradiation. After irradiation, the contact angle recovered with time. The related mechanism is possible due to the absorption/desorption of hydroxyl groups. Our results indicate that the irradiation method can be used in indium tin oxide film-coated sapphire experiments to study nucleate boiling.
Global hospital admissions and in-hospital mortality associated with all-cause and virus-specific acute lower respiratory infections in children and adolescents aged 5–19 years between 1995 and 2019: a systematic review and modelling study
Authors: Wang Xin , Li You , Mei Xin , Bushe Erin , Campbell Harry , Nair Harish 
Published: July 2021

IntroductionThe burden of acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI), and common viral ALRI aetiologies among 5–19 years are less well understood. We conducted a systematic review to estimate global burden of all-cause and virus-specific ALRI in 5–19 years.MethodsWe searched eight databases and Google for studies published between 1995 and 2019 and reporting data on burden of all-cause ALRI or ALRI associated with influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus and human parainfluenza virus. We assessed risk of bias using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. We developed an analytical framework to report burden by age, country and region when there were sufficient data (all-cause and influenza-associated ALRI hospital admissions). We estimated all-cause ALRI in-hospital deaths and hospital admissions for ALRI associated with respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus and human parainfluenza virus by region.ResultsGlobally, an estimated 5.5 million (UR 4.0–7.8) all-cause ALRI hospital admissions occurred annually between 1995 and 2019 in 5–19 year olds, causing 87 900 (UR 40 300–180 600) in-hospital deaths annually. Influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus were associated with 1 078 600 (UR 4 56 500–2 650 200) and 231 800 (UR 142 700–3 73 200) ALRI hospital admissions in 5–19 years. Human metapneumovirus and human parainfluenza virus were associated with 105 500 (UR 57 200–181 700) and 124 800 (UR 67 300–228 500) ALRI hospital admissions in 5–14 years. About 55% of all-cause ALRI hospital admissions and 63% of influenza-associated ALRI hospital admissions occurred in those 5–9 years globally. All-cause and influenza-associated ALRI hospital admission rates were highest in upper-middle income countries, Asia-Pacific region and the Latin America and Caribbean region.ConclusionIncidence and mortality data for all-cause and virus-specific ALRI in 5–19 year olds are scarce. The lack of data in low-income countries and Eastern Europe and Central Asia, South Asia, and West and Central Africa warrants efforts to improve the development and access to healthcare services, diagnostic capacity, and data reporting.
“Put the what,where? Cuthere?!” challenges to coordinating attention in robot-assisted surgery: a microanalytic pilot study
Authors: Satchidanand Antara , Higginbotham Jeff , Bisantz Ann , Aldhaam Naif , Elsayed Ahmed , Carr Iman , Hussein Ahmed A , Guru Khurshid 
Published: July 2021

IntroductionDuring robot-assisted surgery (RAS), changes to the operating room configuration pose challenges to communication by limiting team members’ ability to see one another or use gesture. Referencing (the act of pointing out an object or area in order to coordinate action around it), may be susceptible to miscommunication due to these constraints.ObjectivesExplore the use of microanalysis to describe and evaluate communicative efficiency in RAS through examination of referencing in surgical tasks.MethodsAll communications during ten robot-assisted pelvic surgeries (radical cystectomies and prostatectomies) were fully transcribed. Forty-six referencing events were identified within these and subjected to a process of microanalysis. Microanalysis employs detailed transcription of speech and gesture along with their relative timing/sequencing to describe and analyse interactions. A descriptive taxonomy for referencing strategies was developed with categories including references reliant exclusively on speech (anatomic terms/directional language and context dependent words (CD)); references reliant exclusively on gesture or available aspects of the environment (point/show, camera focus/movement in the visual field and functional movement); and references reliant on the integrated use of speech and gesture/environmental support (integrated communication (IC)). Frequency of utilisation and number/percent ‘miscommunication’, were collated within each category when miscommunication was defined as any reference met with incorrect or no identification of the target.ResultsIC and CD were the most frequently used strategies (45% and 26%, respectively, p≤0.01). Miscommunication was encountered in 22% of references. The use of IC resulted in the fewest miscommunications, while CD was associated with the most miscommunications (42%). Microanalysis provided insight into the causes and nature of successful referencing and miscommunication.ConclusionsIn RAS, surgeons complete referencing tasks in a variety of ways. IC may provide an effective means of referencing, while other strategies may not be adequately supported by the environment.