bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultralow‐Frequency Waves in Driving Jovian Aurorae Revealed by Observations From HST and Juno
Authors: Pan Dong‐Xiao , Yao Zhong‐Hua , Manners Harry , Dunn William , Bonfond Bertrand , Grodent Denis , Zhang Bin‐Zheng , Guo Rui‐Long , Wei Yong 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLarge‐scale electrical currents and Alfvénic waves are the two main drivers responsible for producing planetary aurorae. The relative contribution of each process is a central question in terrestrial auroral science, and poorly understood for other planets due to the relatively rare opportunity of in‐situ spacecraft measurements. Here, we present observations of Jupiter's aurorae from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) contemporaneous with Juno magnetometer measurements in the magnetosphere. For three successive days, we found that the magnetospheric ultralow‐frequency (ULF) wave activity (with periods of 1–60 min) was correlated with auroral power. This was especially true for the Alfvénic modes. We further performed a statistical analysis based on HST visits during Juno's third and seventh orbit, which revealed a systematic correlation between ULF wave and auroral activity. Our results imply that Alfvénic wave power could be an important source in driving Jupiter's aurorae, as theoretically predicted.
Asymmetric Magnetic Anomalies Over Young Impact Craters on Mercury
Authors: Galluzzi V. , Oliveira J. S. , Wright J. , Rothery D. A. , Hood L. L. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMercury's crustal magnetic field map includes anomalies that are related to impact craters. Mercury's surface has a low iron abundance, but it is likely that some impactors brought magnetic carriers able to register the planet's magnetic field that was present during impact. Anomalies associated with the relatively young Rustaveli and Stieglitz craters are asymmetric with respect to the crater center. We analyze the location of the magnetic anomalies and the impact crater morphologies to understand whether there is any correlation. We investigate the geological framework of these two craters to constrain the overall impact dynamics. In both cases, magnetic anomalies correlate well with the location of impact melt and the inferred impact direction. Both impact angles were probably 40°–45°, with preferential distribution of the melt downrange. Inversion dipoles suggest that the impact melt located downrange encompasses some magnetized material, which is hence likely responsible for the detected magnetic anomalies.
Aerosol Dynamics in the Near Field of the SCoPEx Stratospheric Balloon Experiment
Authors: Golja C. M. , Chew L. W. , Dykema J. A. , Keith D. W. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractStratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) might alleviate some climate risks associated with accumulating greenhouse gases. Reduction of specific process uncertainties relevant to the distribution of aerosol in a turbulent stratospheric wake is necessary to support informed decisions about aircraft deployment of this technology. To predict aerosol size distributions, we apply microphysical parameterizations of nucleation, condensation, and coagulation to simulate an aerosol plume generated via injection of calcite powder or sulfate into a stratospheric wake with velocity and turbulence simulated by a three‐dimensional (3D) fluid dynamic calculation. We apply the model to predict the aerosol distribution that would be generated by a propeller wake in the Stratospheric Controlled Perturbation Experiment (SCoPEx). We find that injecting 0.1 g s−1 calcite aerosol produces a nearly monodisperse plume and that at the same injection rate, condensable sulfate aerosol forms particles with average radii of 0.1 µm at 3 km downstream. We test the sensitivity of plume aerosol composition, size, and optical depth to the mass injection rate and injection location. Aerosol size distribution depends more strongly on injection rate than injection configuration. Comparing plume properties with specifications of a typical photometer, we find that plumes could be detected optically as the payload flies under the plume. These findings test the relevance of in situ sampling of aerosol properties by the SCoPEx outdoor experiment to enable quantitative tests of microphysics in a stratospheric plume. Our findings provide a basis for developing predictive models of SAI using aerosols formed in stratospheric aircraft wakes.
Does the Hook Structure Constrain Future Flood Intensification Under Anthropogenic Climate Warming?
Authors: Yin Jiabo , Guo Shenglian , Gentine Pierre , Sullivan Sylvia C. , Gu Lei , He Shaokun , Chen Jie , Liu Pan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAtmospheric moisture holding capacity increases with temperature by about 7% per °C according to the Clausius‐Clapeyron relationship. Thermodynamically then, precipitation intensity should exponentially intensify and thus worsen flood conditions as the climate warms. However, regional and global analyses often report a nonmonotonic (hook) scaling of precipitation and runoff, in which extremes strengthen with rising temperature up to a maximum or peak point (Tpp) and decline thereafter. The underlying cause of this hook structure is not yet well‐understood, and whether it may shift and/or regulate storm runoff extremes under anthropogenic climate warming remains unknown. Here, we examine temperature scaling of precipitation and storm runoff extremes under different climate conditions using observations and large ensemble hydroclimatic simulations over mainland China. In situ observations suggest a spatially homogeneous, negative response of relative humidity to warming climates over 34.6% of the land area, and the remaining hook‐dominated regions usually show a colder Tpp than that of precipitation or storm runoff extremes. The precipitation and streamflow series over mainland China's catchments throughout the 21st century are projected by a model cascade chain under a high‐end emission scenario (RCP 8.5), which involves 31 CMIP5 climate models, 11 CMIP6 climate members, a daily bias correction method, and four lumped conceptual hydrological models. The CMIP5 ensemble projects that the hook structures shift toward warmer temperature bins, resulting in 10%–30% increases in storm runoff extremes over mainland China, while the CMIP6 ensemble projects more severe flood conditions in future warming climates.
Linking Seasonal‐to‐Interannual Variability of Intermediate Currents in the Southwest Tropical Pacific to Wind Forcing and ENSO
Authors: Wang Jianing , Ma Qiang , Wang Fan , Zhang Dongxiao 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSeasonal‐to‐interannual variability of intermediate circulations in the southwest tropical Pacific is key to interhemisphere and interbasin water mass exchange and is shown to be interconnected with wind forcing and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) based on numerical model results validated by mooring observations. The Lower Equatorial Intermediate Current and the intermediate part of the New Guinea Coastal Undercurrent show clear seasonal variability and a significant interannual response to ENSO at a 7–12‐month lag, both of which are induced by Rossby waves. Baroclinic modes 1 and 2 of the direct wind‐forced Rossby waves contribute mainly to the seasonal variability. In contrast, the Rossby waves from baroclinic modes 2 and 4 and the reflection of Kelvin waves are the main contributors to the variability on ENSO time scales. The presence of the southwest tropical Pacific coastline enhances the intermediate seasonal variance and the interannual relationship between intermediate currents and ENSO.
Interface controlled thermal resistances of ultra-thin chalcogenide-based phase change memory devices
Authors: Aryana Kiumars , Gaskins John T. , Nag Joyeeta , Stewart Derek A. , Bai Zhaoqiang , Mukhopadhyay Saikat , Read John C. , Olson David H. , Hoglund Eric R. , Howe James M. , Giri Ashutosh , Grobis Michael K. , Hopkins Patrick E. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPhase change memory (PCM) is a rapidly growing technology that not only offers advancements in storage-class memories but also enables in-memory data processing to overcome the von Neumann bottleneck. In PCMs, data storage is driven by thermal excitation. However, there is limited research regarding PCM thermal properties at length scales close to the memory cell dimensions. Our work presents a new paradigm to manage thermal transport in memory cells by manipulating the interfacial thermal resistance between the phase change unit and the electrodes without incorporating additional insulating layers. Experimental measurements show a substantial change in interfacial thermal resistance as GST transitions from cubic to hexagonal crystal structure, resulting in a factor of 4 reduction in the effective thermal conductivity. Simulations reveal that interfacial resistance between PCM and its adjacent layer can reduce the reset current for 20 and 120 nm diameter devices by up to ~ 40% and ~ 50%, respectively. These thermal insights present a new opportunity to reduce power and operating currents in PCMs.
Whole genome sequencing of skull-base chordoma reveals genomic alterations associated with recurrence and chordoma-specific survival
Authors: Bai Jiwei , Shi Jianxin , Li Chuzhong , Wang Shuai , Zhang Tongwu , Hua Xing , Zhu Bin , Koka Hela , Wu Ho-Hsiang , Song Lei , Wang Difei , Wang Mingyi , Zhou Weiyin , Ballew Bari J. , Zhu Bin , Hicks Belynda , Mirabello Lisa , Parry Dilys M. , Zhai Yixuan , Li Mingxuan , Du Jiang , Wang Junmei , Zhang Shuheng , Liu Qian , Zhao Peng , Gui Songbai , Goldstein Alisa M. , Zhang Yazhuo , Yang Xiaohong R. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractChordoma is a rare bone tumor with an unknown etiology and high recurrence rate. Here we conduct whole genome sequencing of 80 skull-base chordomas and identify PBRM1, a SWI/SNF (SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable) complex subunit gene, as a significantly mutated driver gene. Genomic alterations in PBRM1 (12.5%) and homozygous deletions of the CDKN2A/2B locus are the most prevalent events. The combination of PBRM1 alterations and the chromosome 22q deletion, which involves another SWI/SNF gene (SMARCB1), shows strong associations with poor chordoma-specific survival (Hazard ratio [HR] = 10.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.81-39.64, p = 0.001) and recurrence-free survival (HR = 4.30, 95% CI = 2.34-7.91, p = 2.77 × 10−6). Despite the low mutation rate, extensive somatic copy number alterations frequently occur, most of which are clonal and showed highly concordant profiles between paired primary and recurrence/metastasis samples, indicating their importance in chordoma initiation. In this work, our findings provide important biological and clinical insights into skull-base chordoma.
A single-dose mRNA vaccine provides a long-term protection for hACE2 transgenic mice from SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Huang Qingrui , Ji Kai , Tian Siyu , Wang Fengze , Huang Baoying , Tong Zhou , Tan Shuguang , Hao Junfeng , Wang Qihui , Tan Wenjie , Gao George F. , Yan Jinghua 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe rapid expansion of the COVID-19 pandemic has made the development of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine a global health and economic priority. Taking advantage of versatility and rapid development, three SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine candidates have entered clinical trials with a two-dose immunization regimen. However, the waning antibody response in convalescent patients after SARS-CoV-2 infection and the emergence of human re-infection have raised widespread concerns about a possible short duration of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine protection. Here, we developed a nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccine in lipid-encapsulated form that encoded the SARS-CoV-2 RBD, termed as mRNA-RBD. A single immunization of mRNA-RBD elicited both robust neutralizing antibody and cellular responses, and conferred a near-complete protection against wild SARS-CoV-2 infection in the lungs of hACE2 transgenic mice. Noticeably, the high levels of neutralizing antibodies in BALB/c mice induced by mRNA-RBD vaccination were maintained for at least 6.5 months and conferred a long-term notable protection for hACE2 transgenic mice against SARS-CoV-2 infection in a sera transfer study. These data demonstrated that a single dose of mRNA-RBD provided long-term protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge.
Identification of 38 novel loci for systemic lupus erythematosus and genetic heterogeneity between ancestral groups
Authors: Wang Yong-Fei , Zhang Yan , Lin Zhiming , Zhang Huoru , Wang Ting-You , Cao Yujie , Morris David L. , Sheng Yujun , Yin Xianyong , Zhong Shi-Long , Gu Xiaoqiong , Lei Yao , He Jing , Wu Qi , Shen Jiangshan Jane , Yang Jing , Lam Tai-Hing , Lin Jia-Huang , Mai Zhi-Ming , Guo Mengbiao , Tang Yuanjia , Chen Yanhui , Song Qin , Ban Bo , Mok Chi Chiu , Cui Yong , Lu Liangjing , Shen Nan , Sham Pak C. , Lau Chak Sing , Smith David K. , Vyse Timothy J. , Zhang Xuejun , Lau Yu Lung , Yang Wanling 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a worldwide autoimmune disease with high heritability, shows differences in prevalence, severity and age of onset among different ancestral groups. Previous genetic studies have focused more on European populations, which appear to be the least affected. Consequently, the genetic variations that underlie the commonalities, differences and treatment options in SLE among ancestral groups have not been well elucidated. To address this, we undertake a genome-wide association study, increasing the sample size of Chinese populations to the level of existing European studies. Thirty-eight novel SLE-associated loci and incomplete sharing of genetic architecture are identified. In addition to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region, nine disease loci show clear ancestral differences and implicate antibody production as a potential mechanism for differences in disease manifestation. Polygenic risk scores perform significantly better when trained on ancestry-matched data sets. These analyses help to reveal the genetic basis for disparities in SLE among ancestral groups.
Conserved arginine residues in synaptotagmin 1 regulate fusion pore expansion through membrane contact
Authors: Nyenhuis Sarah B. , Karandikar Nakul , Kiessling Volker , Kreutzberger Alex J. B. , Thapa Anusa , Liang Binyong , Tamm Lukas K. , Cafiso David S. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSynaptotagmin 1 is a vesicle-anchored membrane protein that functions as the Ca2+ sensor for synchronous neurotransmitter release. In this work, an arginine containing region in the second C2 domain of synaptotagmin 1 (C2B) is shown to control the expansion of the fusion pore and thereby the concentration of neurotransmitter released. This arginine apex, which is opposite the Ca2+ binding sites, interacts with membranes or membrane reconstituted SNAREs; however, only the membrane interactions occur under the conditions in which fusion takes place. Other regions of C2B influence the fusion probability and kinetics but do not control the expansion of the fusion pore. These data indicate that the C2B domain has at least two distinct molecular roles in the fusion event, and the data are consistent with a model where the arginine apex of C2B positions the domain at the curved membrane surface of the expanding fusion pore.
The natural history of symptomatic COVID-19 during the first wave in Catalonia
Authors: Burn Edward , Tebé Cristian , Fernandez-Bertolin Sergio , Aragon Maria , Recalde Martina , Roel Elena , Prats-Uribe Albert , Prieto-Alhambra Daniel , Duarte-Salles Talita 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe natural history of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has yet to be fully described. Here, we use patient-level data from the Information System for Research in Primary Care (SIDIAP) to summarise COVID-19 outcomes in Catalonia, Spain. We included 5,586,521 individuals from the general population. Of these, 102,002 had an outpatient diagnosis of COVID-19, 16,901 were hospitalised with COVID-19, and 5273 died after either being diagnosed or hospitalised with COVID-19 between 1st March and 6th May 2020. Older age, being male, and having comorbidities were all generally associated with worse outcomes. These findings demonstrate the continued need to protect those at high risk of poor outcomes, particularly older people, from COVID-19 and provide appropriate care for those who develop symptomatic disease. While risks of hospitalisation and death were lower for younger populations, there is a need to limit their role in community transmission.
Molecular analysis of cyst fluids improves the diagnostic accuracy of pre-operative assessment of pancreatic cystic lesions
Authors: Haeberle Lena , Schramm Martin , Goering Wolfgang , Frohn Lisa , Driescher Caroline , Hartwig Werner , Preissinger-Heinzel Hubert-Karl , Beyna Torsten , Neuhaus Horst , Fuchs Katharina , Keitel-Anselmino Verena , Knoefel Wolfram Trudo , Esposito Irene 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPancreatic cystic lesions (PCL) are increasingly diagnosed. Endoscopic ultrasound fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) cytology is often used for diagnostic confirmation but can be inconclusive. In this study, the role of molecular analyses in the pre-operative diagnostics of PCL is evaluated. Targeted Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) applied on cytology smears was retrospectively evaluated in a cohort of 37 resected PCL. Usefulness of NGS on fresh cyst fluids was tested in a prospective cohort of patients with newly diagnosed PCL (n = 71). In the retrospective cohort, cytology plus NGS displayed higher sensitivity (94.1% vs. 87.1%) and specificity (100% vs. 50%) than cytology alone for the detection of mucinous neoplasms. In the prospective cohort, sensitivity and specificity of conventional cytology alone were 54.2% and 100% for the detection of mucinous neoplasia and 50.0% and 100% for the detection of high-grade dysplasia, respectively. Adding NGS, all lesions which underwent histopathologic verification (12/71, 17%) could be classified without false positive or false negative results regarding the detection of mucinous neoplasm so far. NGS analysis of cfDNA in PCL fluids is feasible and can increase diagnostic accuracy in the detection of mucinous neoplasms compared to cytology alone. However, algorithms for the detection of high-risk lesions need further improvement.
An antibody to RGMa promotes regeneration of cochlear synapses after noise exposure
Authors: Nevoux Jerome , Alexandru Mihaela , Bellocq Thomas , Tanaka Lei , Hayashi Yushi , Watabe Takahisa , Lahlou Hanae , Tani Kohsuke , Edge Albert S. B. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAuditory neuropathy is caused by the loss of afferent input to the brainstem via the components of the neural pathway comprising inner hair cells and the first order neurons of the spiral ganglion. Recent work has identified the synapse between cochlear primary afferent neurons and sensory hair cells as a particularly vulnerable component of this pathway. Loss of these synapses due to noise exposure or aging results in the pathology identified as hidden hearing loss, an initial stage of cochlear dysfunction that goes undetected in standard hearing tests. We show here that repulsive axonal guidance molecule a (RGMa) acts to prevent regrowth and synaptogenesis of peripheral auditory nerve fibers with inner hair cells. Treatment of noise-exposed animals with an anti-RGMa blocking antibody regenerated inner hair cell synapses and resulted in recovery of wave-I amplitude of the auditory brainstem response, indicating effective reversal of synaptopathy.
Distinguishing three Dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.) species grown in Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India using morphological, biochemical and molecular traits
Authors: Abirami K. , Swain S. , Baskaran V. , Venkatesan K. , Sakthivel K. , Bommayasamy N. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.), an important tropical fruit belonging to the family Cactaceae, is rich in essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, complex carbohydrates, dietary fibres and antioxidants. This study aims to distinguish three dragon fruit species well adapted to Andaman and Nicobar Island through morphological (34 quantitative and 26 qualitative traits), biochemical (5 traits) and molecular (14 ISSR primers) characterization. Morphological characterization revealed that presence of considerable amount of genetic variations among them especially for fruit characters viz., colour of peel and pulp. Cladode characters such as number of spines (3–5), length of areoles (mm) as 1–4, margin ribs of cladode (convex or concave) and its waxiness (weak or strong white waxy or light waxy) could be used for identification of three Hylocereus spp. under present study. Highest co-efficient of variation (%) obtained for pulp weight (88.7), whereas, lowest in distance of anthers belowstigma (3.3). Fruit and pulp weight (g) ranged from 26.5–419.3 and 10.3–258.8 with mean value of 204.8 and 125.3, respectively. Comparatively, high phenol (71.3–161.3) and flavonoid (26.6–508.2) content observed in peels than pulp (32.5–130.0 and 45.0–258.2) of fruit indicating higher antioxidant potential. Highest total carotenoids (µg 100 g−1), β-carotene (µg 100 g−1) and xanthophyll (µg g−1) content obtained in pulp on DGF3 (33.8), DGF4 (55.9) and DGF3 (32.7), whereas, in peel on DGF2 (24.3), DGF4 (18.5) and DGF2 (24.1), respectively. DPPH-based scavenging activity (%) revealed higher scavenging activity of peels (55.6–81.2) than pulp (36.0–75.3) extracts. Comparatively, ABTS-based scavenging activity (%) was found more than DPPH-based one. Sixteen ISSR primers screened, 14 were produced 178 reproducible amplified bands. Number of amplified bands varied from 5 in UBC887 to 19 in UBC811 with an average of 12.71 bands per primer. Range of polymorphic bands and % polymorphism observed were 1–13 and 20.0–92.8, respectively. The polymorphic information content value of ISSR marker ranged from 0.42 (UBC895) to 0.91 (UBC 856). Cluster analysis distinguished three different Hylocereus species on the basis of geographic origin and pulp colour by forming separate groups and two genotypes each showed 52% (DGF1 and DGF3) and 76% (DGF2 and DGF4) genetic similarity. Key traits identified for distinguishing three different Hylocereus species were: Pulp/ peel colour of fruits, number of spines and length of areoles in cladode. Genotypes with high carotenoid and xanthophylls content (DGF4 and DGF2) identified under present study may be of industrial importance for development of nutraceutical products to meet out the vitamin-A deficiency among humans in tropical regions needed future focus.
The potential land requirements and related land use change emissions of solar energy
Authors: van de Ven Dirk-Jan , Capellan-Peréz Iñigo , Arto Iñaki , Cazcarro Ignacio , de Castro Carlos , Patel Pralit , Gonzalez-Eguino Mikel 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAlthough the transition to renewable energies will intensify the global competition for land, the potential impacts driven by solar energy remain unexplored. In this work, the potential solar land requirements and related land use change emissions are computed for the EU, India, Japan and South Korea. A novel method is developed within an integrated assessment model which links socioeconomic, energy, land and climate systems. At 25–80% penetration in the electricity mix of those regions by 2050, we find that solar energy may occupy 0.5–5% of total land. The resulting land cover changes, including indirect effects, will likely cause a net release of carbon ranging from 0 to 50 gCO2/kWh, depending on the region, scale of expansion, solar technology efficiency and land management practices in solar parks. Hence, a coordinated planning and regulation of new solar energy infrastructures should be enforced to avoid a significant increase in their life cycle emissions through terrestrial carbon losses.