bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cumulative Analysis of Port State Control Based on Paris MoU Inspections
Authors: Bolat Firat , Alpaslan Selcuk 
Published: April 2021

The Port State Control (PSC) was established to control ships entering ports or coastal facilities under its jurisdiction, with inspections by PSC officers aiming to determine whether ships meet safety and pollution prevention requirements and comply with the standards prescribed under the relevant international conventions. Annual reports based on PSC’s inspection reports are published under each memorandum of understanding (MoU) regime. The detailed inspection reports within the scope of the PSC, that contain a variety of information about vessels, and the processing and sharing of such information with other regional MoUs are intended to reduce the number of non-conforming practices in the global maritime system. In addition, PSCs publish lists of black, gray and white (BGW) flags, with the classification depending on the number of ship deficiencies and detentions. The classification is an indication of the quality of national flags. When a ship is found to have deficiencies, the inspection takes longer, and when the deficiencies are serious, the vessel is detained. Detention periods mean financial losses for the operator and loss of reputation for the flag state. Hence, the lists of black, gray and white flags published by the regional regimes are important in terms of reflecting the reputation of different countries. For these purposes, in this study, the inspections and detentions under the Paris MoU in 2019 have been examined and analyzed by countries and regions. Countries are categorized by UN geographical regions. In particular, the goal of the study was to identify the flag countries of the most frequently inspected and detained ships in 2019, as well as to determine the strategic measures developed by the countries and establish their differences and similarities compared to inspections and detentions in 2018. In addition, the global COVID-19 pandemic in 2019 had a lockdown effect in the maritime domain and a profound effect on society, economy and health worldwide. The result of this study is the prediction of PSC efficiency in terms of the COVID-19 pandemic and the effect of the pandemic on the order of countries in the flag lists.
Yesterday's Tomorrow
Authors: Adamczak Bini 
Published: April 2021

How the communist revolution failed, presented in a series of catastrophes.
The communist project in the twentieth century grew out of utopian desires to oppose class structures and abolish oppression. The attempts to realize these ideals, however, became a series of colossal failures. In Yesterday's Tomorrow, Bini Adamczak examines these catastrophes, proceeding in reverse chronological order from 1939 to 1917: the Hitler–Stalin Pact, the Great Terror of 1937, the failure of the European Left to prevent National Socialism, Stalin's rise to power, and the bloody defeat of the rebellion at Kronstadt. In the process, she seeks a future that never happened.
If Adamczak framed communism as a fairy tale with the possibility of a happy ending in her earlier book Communism for Kids, here she offers a tragedy for grownups. She describes the deportation of exiled anti-fascists back to Nazi Germany—a betrayal of communists by communists; the initial incredulity of European Communists at the news of the Hitler-Stalin pact; Stalin's state socialist terror plan, with quotas for executions instead of crops; the disappearance of class and the emergence of tactical and economic calculus; the withering into unrecognizability and impossibility of the revolution's successes; and the cheap promise that “next time it will be democratic.” What weighs on the possibility of communist desire, Adamczak writes, is not just the end of history, but first and foremost, the end of the revolution. Not just 1989, but also, even more so, 1939, 1938, and back to 1924, to 1917. Only if we understand this history can we work toward a better future.
Soft Bigram distance for names matching
Authors: Hadwan Mohammed , Al-Hagery Mohammed A. , Al-Sanabani Maher , Al-Hagree Salah 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundBi-gram distance (BI-DIST) is a recent approach to measure the distance between two strings that have an important role in a wide range of applications in various areas. The importance of BI-DIST is due to its representational and computational efficiency, which has led to extensive research to further enhance its efficiency. However, developing an algorithm that can measure the distance of strings accurately and efficiently has posed a major challenge to many developers. Consequently, this research aims to design an algorithm that can match the names accurately. BI-DIST distance is considered the best orthographic measure for names identification; nevertheless, it lacks a distance scale between the name bigrams.MethodsIn this research, the Soft Bigram Distance (Soft-Bidist) measure is proposed. It is an extension of BI-DIST by softening the scale of comparison among the name Bigrams for improving the name matching. Different datasets are used to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method.ResultsThe results show that Soft-Bidist outperforms the compared algorithms using different name matching datasets.
Identification of a novel autophagy signature for predicting survival in patients with lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Duan Jin , Lei Youming , Lv Guoli , Liu Yinqiang , Zhao Wei , Yang Qingmei , Su Xiaona , Song Zhijian , Lu Leilei , Shi Yunfei 
Published: April 2021

Background
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most commonhistological lung cancer subtype, with an overall five-year survivalrate of only 17%. In this study, we aimed to identify autophagy-related genes (ARGs) and develop an LUAD prognostic signature.

Methods
In this study, we obtained ARGs from three databases and downloaded gene expression profiles from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. We used TCGA-LUAD (n = 490) for a training and testing dataset, and GSE50081 (n = 127) as the external validation dataset.The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox and multivariate Cox regression models were used to generate an autophagy-related signature. We performed gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and immune cell analysis between the high- and low-risk groups. A nomogram was built to guide the individual treatment for LUAD patients.

Results
We identified a total of 83 differentially expressed ARGs (DEARGs) from the TCGA-LUAD dataset, including 33 upregulated DEARGs and 50 downregulated DEARGs, both with thresholds of adjusted P < 0.05 and |Fold change| > 1.5. Using LASSO and multivariate Cox regression analyses, we identified 10 ARGs that we used to build a prognostic signature with areas under the curve (AUCs) of 0.705, 0.715, and 0.778 at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively. Using the risk score formula, the LUAD patients were divided into low- or high-risk groups. Our GSEA results suggested that the low-risk group were enriched in metabolism and immune-related pathways, while the high-risk group was involved in tumorigenesis and tumor progression pathways. Immune cell analysis revealed that, when compared to the high-risk group, the low-risk group had a lower cell fraction of M0- and M1- macrophages, and higher CD4 and PD-L1 expression levels.

Conclusion
Our identified robust signature may provide novel insight into underlying autophagy mechanisms as well as therapeutic strategies for LUAD treatment.
Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the EXO70 gene family in grape (Vitis vinifera L)
Authors: Wang Han , Ma Zong-Huan , Mao Juan , Chen Bai-Hong 
Published: April 2021

EXO70 is the pivotal protein subunit of exocyst, which has a very crucial role in enhancing the shielding effect of the cell wall, resisting abiotic and hormonal stresses. This experiment aims to identify family members of the EXO70 gene family in grape and predict the characteristics of this gene family, so as to lay the foundation of further exploring the mechanism of resisting abiotic and hormone stresses of VvEXO70s. Therefore, the Vitis vinifera ‘Red Globe’ tube plantlet were used as materials. Bioinformatics was used to inquire VvEXO70 genes family members, gene structure, system evolution, cis-acting elements, subcellular and chromosomal localization, collinearity, selective pressure, codon bias and tissue expression. All of VvEXO70s had the conserved pfam03081 domain which maybe necessary for interacting with other proteins. Microarray analysis suggested that most genes expressed to varying degrees in tendrils, leaves, seeds, buds, roots and stems. Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that the expression levels of all genes with 5 mM salicylic acid (SA), 0.1 mM methy jasmonate (MeJA), 20% PEG6000 and 4 °C for 24 h were higher than for 12 h. With 20% PEG6000 treatment about 24 h, the relative expression of VvEXO70-02 was significantly up-regulated and 361 times higher than CK. All genes’ relative expression was higher at 12 h than that at 24 h after treatment with 7 mM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and 0.1 mM ethylene (ETH). In conclusion, the expression levels of 14 VvEXO70 genes are distinguishing under these treatments, which play an important role in the regulation of anti-stress signals in grape. All of these test results provide a reference for the future research on the potential function analysis and plant breeding of VvEXO70 genes.
Expression of the α4 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit in the developing mouse hippocampus
Authors: Didier M. , Bix G. , Berman S.A. , Bursztajn S. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractNeurotransmitters such as acetylcholine can control neuritogenesis of hippocampal cells. The timing of its receptors expression consequently may influence synaptogenesis and neuronal activity in the developing hippocampus. We investigated the mRNA expression of the nicotinic acetylcholine‐gated ion channel receptor (nAChR) α4 subunit in the embryonic and postnatal hippocampal formation. Although its expression level is low in the adult hippocampus, this protein consitutes the major nAChR subunit in the central nervous system. We carried out in‐situ hybridization experiments to determine whether or not the α4 AChR subunit mRNA distributions show evidence of regional and developmental regulation during hippocampal maturation. Our studies reveal that α4 AChR mRNA expression was low at the embryonic stage, but increased transiently during postnatal development reaching a maximum during the second week of life and decreasing thereafter, to a minimum at adulthood. In hippocampal regions, the peak values of α4 AChR expression were between 400 and 800% of adult α4 messenger levels. In the postnatal hippocampus, most of the cells from the pyramidal layer of the CA3 and CA2 areas displayed a strong hybridization signal for the α4 AChR subunit. In the hilus and the CA1 regions, the localization of the α4 transcripts seemed to be restricted to some interneurons and pyramidal cells, respectively. Moderate and uniform in‐situ hybridization signals were observed in granular cells from the dentate gyrus. The transient profile of α4 expression suggests that nAChRs may participate in the early postnatal maturation of hippocampal circuity.
A survey of psychosexual arousability in male patients on depot neuroleptic medication
Authors: Wesby R , Bullmore E , Earle J , Heavey A 
Published: July 2002

SummarySexual and endocrine function in a geographically defined population of male patients receiving depot neuroleptic medication were studied (n = 119). It was predicted that psychosexual arousability would be reduced in this patient group, perhaps because of the endocrine effects of medication. Arousability was measured in 63 patients (53% of the population) using a validated questionnaire of sexual function for which normative data were available (Sexuality Experience Scales, SES 2). Blood levels of prolactin, testosterone and gonadotrophins were assayed. Physical sexual dysfunction was common, as was endocrine dysfunction. However, the sample's mean score on the global arousability scale was not significantly different from the normative mean. Arousability was negatively correlated with age and positively correlated with frequency of spontaneous penile erections, but not significantly correlated with endocrine variables or exposure to neuroleptic medication. These results suggest that sexual arousability in response to imagined or audio-visual erotic stimuli is surprisingly unimpaired in medicated male patients suffering from chronic mental illness.
The modified Mueller‐Hillis maneuver in predicting abnormalities in second stage labor
Authors: March Michael R. , Adair C. David , Veille Jean‐Claude , Burrus David R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: To assess prospectively the utility of a modification of the Mueller‐Hillis maneuver in predicting abnormalities of the second stage of labor. Methods: The Mueller‐Hillis maneuver was modified by limiting its use to the second stage of labor during a contraction. The maneuver was performed by one examiner; descent of 1 cm or more was deemed a positive maneuver. Descent less than 1 cm was deemed a negative maneuver. Labor outcomes were analyzed according to the results of this maneuver. Resuls: Seventy patients were enrolled in this study. Fifty‐one (72.9%) had ≥1 cm descent maneuver and 19 (27.1%) had ≤1 cm descent. A descent ≥1 cm was significantly predictive of vaginal delivery (100%) and a descent s 1 cm was significantly associated with an increased cesarean section rate (P = 0.001), prolonged second stage of labor (P = 0.001), abnormal position (P = 0.01) and higher station (P = 0.001). Conclusions: A positive modified Mueller‐Hillis maneuver in second stage labor had a high predictive value for vaginal delivery, whereas a negative maneuver was significantly associated with high operative delivery rate, prolonged second stage labor and abnormal position. These results indicate that this modification of the Mueller‐Hillis maneuver needs to be considered for its utility in second stage labor.
Impact of cancer screening on women's health
Authors: Elovainio L. , Nieminen P. , Miller A.B. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWorldwide, 31% of cancers in women are in the breast or uterine cervix. Prevention of cervical cancer is effective with the use of the cervical Pap smear test if applied in an organized and continuous fashion, including treatment of precancerous lesions. At best such programs have led to a 60% decrease in cervical cancer incidence and mortality in the Nordic countries. Early detection of breast cancer in a population based screening may lead to a 30% reduction of mortality from this disease in the screened population. Measures to guarantee high coverage and attendance, adequate field facilities, organized program for quality control and adequate facilities for diagnosis and treatment are prerequisites of successful programs. In absolute terms the contribution of screening to the total mortality reduction among middle‐aged populations is small, much smaller than the potential gains from cancer prevention.
Toxic effect of rifampicin on human osteoblast‐like cells
Authors: Isefuku S. , Joyner C. J. , Simpson A. H. R. W. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe examined the effects of rifampicin on osteoblast‐like cells derived from adult human bone in vitro. Cancellous bone was collected from five different individuals during elective orthopaedic operations and cultured in antibiotic‐free media. Total DNA, 3H‐thymidine incorporation and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were measured after the cells were cultured for 4 days in media containing concentrations of rifampicin ranging from 0 to 1000 μ/ml. Mean total DNA was decreased at concentrations of 10 μ/ml and above in the cultures obtained from four out of five individuals but these decreases were significant in the cultures from only two individuals. 3H‐thymidine incorporation, a more sensitive indicator of change in cell proliferation, and ALP activity were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in all of the cultures containing 3 and 7 μg/ml, respectively. In the clinical setting, serum concentrations of rifampicin often exceed 10 μg/ml after systemic administration. The present study has shown that rifampicin, at these concentrations, can inhibit the proliferation of osteoblast‐like cells in vitro. Further studies should be carried out to assess whether rifampicin is detrimental to the bone repair process in vivo. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Punlished by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
What becomes of children hospitalized for enuresis? Results of a catch-up study
Authors: Brieger P. , Sommer S. , Blöink R. , Marneros A. 
Published: July 2002

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to reassess former child and adolescent psychiatric patients with nocturnal enuresis as young adults and to compare them with former patients without enuretic symptoms and with a comparison group from the general population.MethodWe used a ‘catch-up’ design. From a former child and adolescent psychiatric patient cohort we identified all subjects with documented enuretic symptoms in childhood and compared them with two groups matched for gender and age – non-enuretic patients and a comparison group from the general population. Subjects were assessed as adults with standardized instruments according to the criteria of ICD-10 (SCAN, IPDE) and dimensional values for depression, satisfaction with life, global functioning and personality (NEO-FFI).ResultsWe assessed 55 former patients with nocturnal enuresis (recruitment rate 68%) after a mean interval of 13.1 years. At catch-up the former enuretic patients had a lower frequency of personality disorders (ICD-10), lower mean depression values, higher global functioning and a lower rate of psychiatric treatment after the age of 18 years than did former non-enuretic patients. Former enuretic patients did not differ significantly from the comparison group from the general population concerning any of the outcome variables, although there was a non-significant trend for former enuretic patients to more often fulfill criteria for a psychiatric ICD-10 diagnosis at catch-up. There were no differences concerning personality among the three groups at catch-up.ConclusionAlthough it may constitute a mild vulnerability factor for further development, nocturnal enuresis had a good long-term outcome in a cohort of treated subjects.
Neuropsychiatric aspects of HIV infection: a liaison psychiatry study
Authors: Grassi B , Garghentini G , Gambini O , Scarone S 
Published: July 2002

SummaryAll the HIV-infected patients having referred to our Liaison Psychiatry Service between October 1992 and June 1994 were considered in this study. Seventy patients underwent psychiatric assessment and medical/neurological evaluation. Forty-seven of these patients were also subjected to cognitive/neuropsychological examination by means of the Milan Overall Dementia Assessment (MODA). Depressive episodes, adjustment disorders and substance abuse were the most frequently encountered diagnoses. Taking into account neuropsychological data, we found that symptomatic patients performed worse on tests than did asymptomatic ones.
Activation of the cardiac interleukin‐6 system in advanced heart failure
Authors: Gabriele Plenz , Zhi Fang Song , Tonny D.T. Tjan , Carsten Koenig , Hideo A. Baba , Michael Erren , Markus Flesch , Thomas Wichter , Hans H. Scheld , Mario C. Deng 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjectives:The study objective was to assess the cardiac expression of interleukin‐6 (IL6) and its receptor (IL6R) in advanced heart failure.Background:While IL6 plasma levels are elevated and associated with an impaired prognosis in advanced heart failure, little is known about the intracardiac expression of the IL6 system.Methods:Heart tissue was obtained from 20 patients (n ‐ 10, idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, age 44±15 years; n ‐ 10, ischemic cardiomyopathy, age 55±8 years) at the time of transplantation. Left and right ventricular tissue was subjected to in situ hybridization, Northern blot analysis, and RT‐PCR. Signals were quantified by densitometric scanning and corrected for G3PDH‐mRNA levels. Right ventricular biopsy specimens (n ‐ 11) of patients with arrhythmias and normal cardiac function served as controls. In addition, data were correlated with cardiac catheterization and echocardiography data obtained at transplant evaluation.Results:Ventricular IL6 and IL6R transcripts were detected in all explant specimens examined. Expression of both mRNA species was higher than in controls (P ‐ 0.001). Left ventricular IL6 mRNA levels correlated positively with heart rate (r ‐ 0.77; P ‐ 0.009), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (r ‐ 0.53; P ‐ 0.03), right atrial pressure (r ‐ 0.77; P ‐ 0.003), and inversely with left ventricular ejection fraction (r ‐ −0.61; P ‐ 0.03). Right ventricular IL6 mRNA levels correlated inversely with cardiac index (r ‐ −0.48; P ‐ 0.05). IL6R expression did not correlate with hemodynamic data.Conclusions:In advanced heart failure, cardiac IL6/IL6R mRNA expression is increased and may play a role in the pathophysiology of advanced heart failure.
Monolithic Photoelectrochemical CO2 Reduction Producing Syngas at 10% Efficiency
Authors: Kistler Tobias A. , Um Min Young , Cooper Jason K. , Sharp Ian D. , Agbo Peter 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIncreasing anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions have prompted the search for photoelectrochemical (PEC) methods of converting CO2 to useful commodity products, including fuels. Ideally, such PEC approaches will be sustained using only sunlight, water, and CO2 as energetic and reactant inputs. However, low peak conversion efficiencies (<5%) have made commercialization of fully‐integrated PEC devices prohibitive. Here, a 4 cm2 monolithic PEC device exceeding 10% solar‐to‐fuel efficiency with principal fuel products of carbon monoxide and hydrogen is reported. The corresponding solar‐to‐CO and solar‐to‐H2 efficiencies are 7% and 3.5%, respectively. Screening of a range of operating conditions reveals a tunable product mixture of H2 and CO using a gold electrocatalyst. Accordingly, it is shown that device optimization yields a H2‐to‐CO ratio of 1:2 commonly present in synthesis gas (syngas). Notably, the modularity and facile fabrication of this device permit the incorporation of a broad array of materials for various applications. For example, the electrocatalyst may easily be swapped to target a different set of products.
Ruthenium(II)‐Catalyzed Direct Ortho Functionalization of 1‐Arylpyrazoles with Maleimides: A Condition Controlled Installation of Succinimides and Maleimides on Arenes
Authors: Nale Sagar D. , Thombal Raju S. , Lee Yong Rok 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRuthenium(II)‐catalyzed switchable ortho functionalization of 1‐arylpyrazoles with maleimides is developed in this study. This divergent reaction proceeds via five‐membered ruthenacycle formation and selectively installs diverse succinimides and maleimides substituents on the aromatic ring of 1‐arylpyrazoles through alkylation and alkenylation under acidic and basic conditions. This methodology features broad substrate scope, high functional group tolerance, selective functionalization, and superior reactivity.