bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La Convention européenne des droits de l’homme au 21e siècle : en quête d’équilibre
Authors: Giakoumopoulos Christos 
Published: July 2021

Le système original mis en place par la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme repose sur un équilibre délicat. Dans un premier temps, cet équilibre s’était opéré par la mise en place d’un mécanisme ménageant les susceptibilités nationales face aux objectifs ambitieux affichés par le projet européen. Le succès du système a conduit à la réforme portée par le Protocole n° 11, renforçant le caractère juridictionnel de celui-ci. Cependant, ayant coïncidé avec la chute du mur de Berlin et l’élargissement du Conseil de l’Europe, le système a dû faire face à des nouveaux défis : le nombre de requérants potentiels a dépassé 800 millions et l’adhésion de nouveaux États avec des systèmes politiques et juridiques en transition et des systèmes judiciaires en chantier a fait exploser le contentieux devant la Cour. Le processus lancé à Interlaken, il y a dix ans, a consolidé les capacités du système, d’autant que la Cour a su en profiter, d’une part en mettant en place des mesures et procédures innovantes et efficaces et, d’autre part, en engageant un dialogue avec les juridictions nationales. À l’issue du processus d’Interlaken et de la mise en vigueur des Protocoles n° 14, n° 15 et n° 16, la question se pose de savoir si les outils que ces instruments ont créés, si essentiels pour l’efficacité du système aujourd’hui, seront suffisants pour ménager les tensions à l’avenir. Le chantier sur l’avenir du système devra se pencher sur les synergies entre la Cour, le Comité des Ministres et les États parties, visant à donner au système de la Convention toutes les dimensions d’engagement dont celui-ci a besoin : la dimension juridictionnelle, avant tout, mais aussi celle de dialogue, de consultation, de coopération et de prévention. Ceci nécessitera une mobilisation coordonnée de l’ensemble des institutions du Conseil de l’Europe.
La Convention européenne des droits de l’homme face à la contestation de ses valeurs fondamentales
Authors: Leuprecht Peter 
Published: July 2021

Au cours de ses 70 ans d’existence, la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme (CEDH) a connu un élargissement et un développement spectaculaires. Aujourd’hui, tous les 47 États membres du Conseil de l’Europe sont Parties à la CEDH. Le Conseil de l’Europe, la CEDH et la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme sont fondés sur des valeurs et ont été conçus comme instruments de défense de ces valeurs : démocratie pluraliste, État de droit et droits de l’homme. Ils ont apporté une contribution essentielle à la consolidation et au développement de ces valeurs. Cependant, il ne faut pas fermer les yeux devant certaines faiblesses du système. Ces valeurs fondamentales et fondatrices sont aujourd’hui contestées par des mouvements et leaders nationalistes/populistes qui rejettent le pluralisme politique et culturel. L’État de droit est remis en question. Les normes et principes des droits de l’homme sont attaqués. Dans des pays européens comme dans d’autres parties du monde, on constate un glissement vers des régimes autoritaires, voire totalitaires. L’arbre planté il y a 70 ans, la CEDH, aura-t-il la force de résister à ces tendances ?
The Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights: An ever-closer relationship
Authors: Mijatović Dunja , Weber Anne 
Published: July 2021

The relationship between the Commissioner for Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights has varied considerably over time, from a clear separation of functions to increasing interactions. Resolution (99)50 on the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, adopted on 7 May 1999, reflects a clear willingness to separate the two institutions. This separation, however, did not mean isolation from each other in practice and did not prevent cross-references between the Commissioner and the Court from increasing over the years. In the course of his/her country or thematic work, the Commissioner relies on international and European conventions, and in the first place the Convention and the case law of the Court, when making recommendations to member states. Conversely, the Court has from the outset made references to the work of the Commissioner in its judgments. While the different roles of the two institutions might explain the sometimes diverging approaches, cross-references between the Commissioner and the Court have undoubtedly enriched each other’s work. With the entry into force of Protocol nº14 to the Convention in 2010, the Commissioner’s functions have been formally extended, providing formal recognition to the institution of the Commissioner, which is expressly introduced in the text of the Convention and into the control mechanism established by the Convention. The Commissioner may now on his/her own initiative exercise the right to intervene as a third-party before the Court, by submitting written comments and taking part in hearings. This possibility represents an additional tool at the Commissioner’s disposal to help promote and protect human rights. The Commissioner’s role in the process of execution of the Court’s judgments has also increased over the years. With the amendment introduced in 2017 to the Rules of the Committee of Ministers for the supervision of the execution of judgments (Rule 9), which allows the Commissioner to submit written comments on the execution of judgments directly to the Committee of Ministers, the contribution by the Commissioner to the execution of judgments is expected to have a greater impact.
La Convention européenne des droits de l’homme a 70 ans. C’est l’heure d’une retraite honorable ou d’une nouvelle jeunesse?
Authors: Raimondi Guido 
Published: July 2021

L’auteur essaie de montrer la nécessité que la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme, avec la Cour qu’elle a créée, après avoir accompagné la vie du continent européen de 1950 à nos jours, tout en jouant un rôle non négligeable dans son histoire et son développement, continue à le faire dans les années à venir. Après avoir passé en revue les étapes fondamentales de l’évolution de la jurisprudence de la Cour de Strasbourg et de son impact important sur les réformes réalisées dans les Etats contractants de la Convention, y compris au niveau constitutionnel, on met l’accent sur la vitalité du dialogue actuel entre le juge européen et le juge national dans l’accomplissement de leur mission commune pour la protection des droits fondamentaux de chacun ainsi que sur l’exigence de le préserver et de le développer ultérieurement. Finalement, à la lumière des évènements récents en Europe, qui ont conduit à une préoccupante augmentation des cas de violation de l’article 18 de la Convention, témoin de tensions dans le bon fonctionnement de la démocratie, qui présuppose la Convention, et qui la constitue en gardienne d’elle-même, on constate l’indispensabilité du système européen de protection des droits de l’homme en tant que rempart contre la tyrannie, police d’assurance de la démocratie. La conclusion est que la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme ne doit pas prendre sa retraite, et doit au contraire nous accompagner dans les années à venir.
La Convention européenne et la Charte africaine : étude comparée
Authors: Ben Achour Rafaâ 
Published: July 2021

La Charte africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples (1981) est la benjamine des instruments régionaux de protection des droits de l’homme. Inspirée par ses devancières européenne et américaine, la Charte africaine présente des similitudes, mais également des différences avec la Convention européenne de sauvegarde des droits de l’homme et des libertés fondamentales. Une étude comparative de ces deux instruments est élaborée dans cet article notamment au niveau des droits et libertés garantis et des mécanismes de garantie.
La normativité changeante des pratiques funéraires protestantes en France (1598−1685)
Authors: Legaré Hamel Alexis 
Published: July 2021

Après les conflits religieux dévastateurs du XVIe siècle, l’édit de Nantes (1598) tente de mettre un terme aux confrontations. Un siècle plus tard cependant, le pasteur Élie Benoist constate une situation différente en détaillant dans L’histoire de l’édit de Nantes (1693–1695) les nombreuses difficultés éprouvées par les huguenots au cours du XVIIe siècle, notamment en ce qui concerne la question de leurs sépultures. Les divergences dans la conception de la mort des catholiques et des protestants causèrent en effet leur confrontation, habituellement au désavantage de la minorité huguenote. L’ensemble de la période fut donc marqué par les décisions défavorables aux huguenots, qui n’eurent d’autres choix que de s’adapter.
Les photographies d’Afro-Américains de Robert Mapplethorpe au regard du canon occidental—et inversement
Authors: Bieth Fanny 
Published: July 2021

Cet article analyse le caractère ambigu et problématique des nus photographiques d’Afro-Américains réalisés par Robert Mapplethorpe (1946–1989). Un oeil toujours rivé sur l’idéal de beauté occidental incarné par la statuaire antique, Mapplethorpe applique les canons de l’art classique à des modèles historiquement en marge des représentations dominantes. Ce faisant, le photographe bouscule les conventions normatives de l’art et remet en question le système de domination occidental ayant érigé l’« homme blanc » en canon universel. Toutefois, la fascination érotique dont témoignent ces oeuvres croise les mythes d’une virilité supérieure et d’une sexualité exotique. De plus, la perfection esthétique lisse et ordonnée construite par Mapplethorpe tend elle-même vers un modèle de représentation normatif. Il s’agit d’interroger plus largement l’action effective de l’art sur l’imaginaire collectif et les représentations sociales culturellement construites.
Blood Coagulation
Authors: Neuenschwander Pierre F , Jesty Jolyon 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

The blood coagulation system acts in concert with the platelets to seal damaged blood vessels by the formation of a clot that consists of aggregated platelets interwoven with fibrin. Coagulation is initiated by the subendothelial membrane protein tissue factor and proceeds through a highly regulated proteolytic cascade to the production of thrombin and the fibrin clot. Although stoppage of blood leakage is the primary purpose of the coagulation system, many of the direct products of coagulation have additional functions that involve communicating with surrounding cells and crosstalk with other biochemical systems (i.e. inflammation and immunity). These secondary roles of the coagulation system products are vital for regeneration of tissue normalcy and overall homeostasis. Dysregulation of any of these coagulant system functions can lead to various clinical pathologies.

Key Concepts

The initiator of coagulation, tissue factor, surrounds the vasculature in a protective haemostatic envelope.

The cascade design and feedback reactions in blood coagulation serve to rapidly amplify and dampen the response to create a burst of activity rather than a prolonged response.

Coagulation throw‐off products serve to signal the surrounding tissue to protect against pathogen invasion as well as initiate wound healing.

Platelets and platelet‐derived polyphosphate serve to propagate coagulation via the intrinsic pathway and help localise coagulation to the site of damage.

Dysregulation of the coagulation system upsets the delicate haemostatic balance and can result in numerous clinical pathologies.
Coevolution: Plant–Insect
Authors: Moscrop Jake , Glover Beverley J 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Coevolution between plants and insects is a relatively frequent phenomenon, in part because of the enormous species diversity of both groups. It is usually diffuse, resulting in variability and radiation, and is presumed to result in unstable relationships. Coevolutionary relationships mainly occur between plants and herbivorous insects and between plants and pollinating insects. The mechanisms by which plants and insects interact and perceive each other are diverse but can be broadly split into two categories: chemical and physical. Insects use a combination of chemical and physical cues to detect and discriminate between plants, whereas plants manipulate both of these to either deter or attract insect visitors. These cues can be used either honestly (as warning of potential defences or to advertise offered rewards) or deceptively.

Key Concepts

Plants and insects have coexisted and interacted for more than 350 million years.

There is a huge diversity of plant–insect interactions; the equally vast diversity of plant and animal species is thought to be due in part to the selective pressures arising from these interactions.

Mechanisms by which plant–insect interactions occur include both physical and chemical.

Multiple physical and chemical mechanisms may be involved in an individual interaction.

Selection has therefore occurred on multiple aspects of both plants and insects, including their morphology, biochemistry, development, sensory systems and life cycles.

Plant–insect relationships are not stable; mutualisms can shift to the detriment of either of the partners.
Urea impregnated multiwalled carbon nanotubes; a formaldehyde scavenger for urea formaldehyde adhesives and medium density fiberboards bonded with them
Authors: Mazaheri Mehrdad , Moghimi Hamid , Taheri Ramezan Ali 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMultiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were subjected to modification by urea to use as formaldehyde scavenger in urea formaldehyde (UF) adhesive and reducing the free formaldehyde emission of the medium density fiberboards (MDFs). Morphological differences besides elemental analysis was investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. The effect of urea impregnated MWCNTs filler on the physical, morphological and thermal properties of the UF resin has investigated. Furthermore, characterization of the mechanical properties, free formaldehyde emission and thickness swelling were carried out for the MDF panels. From the results, the free formaldehyde of the UF resins was significantly decreased. The lowest free formaldehyde was belonged to the sample with 3 wt% of scavenger which was about 71% lower than the value for neat UF resin. Accordingly, the formaldehyde emission of the fiberboards was also showed a descending trend by incorporation of MWCNTs‐U to the composite structure. It was decreased from 9.67 to 3.89 mg/100 g dried board. These results indicated that the prepared nano modifier was successfully performed as a formaldehyde scavenger for the UF resin and could prevent the hazards of the free formaldehyde emission from MDF panels.
Homonuclear J‐Coupling Spectroscopy at Low Magnetic Fields using Spin‐Lock Induced Crossing**
Authors: DeVience Stephen J. , Greer Mason , Mandal Soumyajit , Rosen Matthew S. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractNuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy usually requires high magnetic fields to create spectral resolution among different proton species. Although proton signals can also be detected at low fields the spectrum exhibits a single line if J‐coupling is stronger than chemical shift dispersion. In this work, we demonstrate that the spectra can nevertheless be acquired in this strong‐coupling regime using a novel pulse sequence called spin‐lock induced crossing (SLIC). This techniques probes energy level crossings induced by a weak spin‐locking pulse and produces a unique J‐coupling spectrum for most organic molecules. Unlike other forms of low‐field J‐coupling spectroscopy, our technique does not require the presence of heteronuclei and can be used for most compounds in their native state. We performed SLIC spectroscopy on a number of small molecules at 276 kHz and 20.8 MHZ and show that the simulated SLIC spectra agree well with measurements.
Neuroimmune interactions in painful TMD: Mechanisms and treatment implications
Authors: Yi Yating , Zhou Xueman , Xiong Xin , Wang Jun 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe underlying mechanisms and treatment of painful temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are important but understudied topics in craniofacial research. As a group of musculoskeletal diseases, the onset of painful TMD is proved to be a result of disturbance of multiple systems. Recently, emerging evidence has revealed the involvement of neuroimmune interactions in painful TMD. Inflammatory factors play an important role in peripheral sensitization of temporomandibular joint (TMJ), and neurogenic inflammation in turn enhances TMJs dysfunction in TMD. Furthermore, centralized neuroimmune communications contribute to neuron excitability amplification, leading to pain sensitization, and is also responsible for chronic TMD pain and other CNS symptoms. Therapeutics targeting neuroimmune interactions may shed light on new approaches for treating TMD. In this review, we will discuss the role of neuroimmune interactions in the onset of painful TMD from the peripheral and centralized perspectives, and how understanding this mechanism could provide new treatment options. Insights into the neuroimmune interactions within TMJs and painful TMD would broaden the knowledge of mechanisms and treatments of this multifactorial disease.
Improving CPMG liver iron estimates with a ‐corrected proton density estimator
Authors: Doyle Eamon K. , Thornton Samuel , Toy Kristin A. , Powell Andrew J. , Wood John C. 
Published: July 2021

PurposeCPMG spin echo acquisitions are attractive for diagnosing and monitoring liver iron concentration in iron overload disorders due to their time efficiency and potential to reveal unique information about tissue iron distribution. Clinical adoption remains low due to the insensitivity of CPMG‐based estimates to liver iron concentration (LIC) when common fitting techniques are applied. In this work, we demonstrate that the inclusion of a proton density estimator (PDE) derived from the CPMG acquisition increase the sensitivity of CPMG estimates to LIC in both simulated and in‐vivo human data.Theory and MethodsCPMG acquisitions from 50 clinically indicated MRI studies in patients with iron overload were analyzed with and without PDE constraints. Liver regions of interest were fit to monoexpontial and nonexponential signal decay equations. LIC by served as the reference standard. The observed calibration between CPMG values and LIC were compared to results predicted from a previously validated Monte Carlo model.ResultsThe sensitivity of CPMG‐derived triples when a proton density constraint is applied. When compared with ‐LIC estimates, both monoexponential and nonexponential models were unbiased but demonstrated broad 95% confidence intervals particularly for LIC values below 12 mg/g. Absolute error did not increase with LIC.ConclusionA proton density constraint can increase the sensitivity of CPMG‐based models to iron. CPMG acquisitions are time‐efficient and could potentially improve the dynamic range of single spin echo techniques as well as providing insight into tissue iron distribution.
Year in Review 2020: Multisystemic impact of cystic fibrosis
Authors: Sharma Preeti B. , Sathe Meghana , Savant Adrienne P. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractClinical care in cystic fibrosis (CF) has continued to advance over the last several years, particularly with the widespread eligibility and use of highly effective modulator therapy. Improved outcomes and longevity of persons with CF (PwCF) have increased recognition of the multisystem impact of the disease on the daily lives of PwCF. This review will cover a broad array of topics, from diagnosis to multisystem effects related to mental health, endocrine, palliative care, reproductive health, otolaryngology, and cardiac issues. Additionally, worldwide care delivery will be reviewed, demonstrating variation in outcomes based on resources and populations served. This review is part of the CF Year in Review 2020 series, focusing on the multi‐system effects of CF. This review focuses on articles from Pediatric Pulmonology but also includes articles published in 2020 from other journals that are of particular interest to clinicians.
3D Yang-Mills glueballs vs closed effective strings
Authors: Dubovsky Sergei , Hernández-Chifflet Guzmán , Zare Shahrzad 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Recent lattice results strongly support the Axionic String Ansatz (ASA) for quantum numbers of glueballs in 3D Yang-Mills theory. The ASA treats glueballs as closed bosonic strings. The corresponding worldsheet theory is a deformation of the minimal Nambu-Goto theory. In order to understand better the ASA strings and as a first step towards a perturbative calculation of the glueball mass splittings we compare the ASA spectrum to the closed effective string theory. Namely, we model glueballs as excitations around the folded rotating rod solution with a large angular momentum J. The resulting spectrum agrees with the ASA in the regime of validity of the effective theory, i.e., in the vicinity of the leading Regge trajectory. In particular, closed effective string theory correctly predicts that only glueballs of even spin J show up at the leading Regge trajectory. Interestingly though, the closed effective string theory overestimates the number of glueball states far above the leading Regge trajectory.
Chronic exposure to Cytolethal Distending Toxin (CDT) promotes a cGAS-dependent type I interferon response
Authors: Pons Benoît J. , Pettes-Duler Aurélie , Naylies Claire , Taieb Frédéric , Bouchenot Catherine , Hashim Saleha , Rouimi Patrick , Deslande Maxime , Lippi Yannick , Mirey Gladys , Vignard Julien 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe Cytolethal Distending Toxin (CDT) is a bacterial genotoxin produced by pathogenic bacteria causing major foodborne diseases worldwide. CDT activates the DNA Damage Response and modulates the host immune response, but the precise relationship between these outcomes has not been addressed so far. Here, we show that chronic exposure to CDT in HeLa cells or mouse embryonic fibroblasts promotes a strong type I interferon (IFN) response that depends on the cytoplasmic DNA sensor cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) synthase (cGAS) through the recognition of micronuclei. Indeed, despite active cell cycle checkpoints and in contrast to other DNA damaging agents, cells exposed to CDT reach mitosis where they accumulate massive DNA damage, resulting in chromosome fragmentation and micronucleus formation in daughter cells. These mitotic phenotypes are observed with CDT from various origins and in cancer or normal cell lines. Finally, we show that CDT exposure in immortalized normal colonic epithelial cells is associated to cGAS protein loss and low type I IFN response, implying that CDT immunomodulatory function may vary depending on tissue and cell type. Thus, our results establish a direct link between CDT-induced DNA damage, genetic instability and the cellular immune response that may be relevant in the context of natural infection associated to chronic inflammation or carcinogenesis.