bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The functional motions and related key residues behind the uncoating of coxsackievirus A16
Authors: He Xing Long , Du Li Fang , Zhang Jing , Liang Yu , Wu Yi Dong , Su Ji Guo , Li Qi Ming 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) is a highly contagious virus that causes the hand, foot, and mouth disease, which seriously threatens the health of children. At present, there are still no available antiviral drugs or effective treatments against the infection of CVA16, and thus it is of great significance to develop anti‐CVA16 vaccines. However, the intrinsic uncoating property of the capsid may destroy the neutralizing epitopes and influence its immunogenicity, which hinders the vaccine developments. In the present work, the functional‐quantity‐based elastic network model analysis method developed by our group was extended to combine with group theory to investigate the uncoating motions of the CVA16 capsid, and then the functionally key residues controlling the uncoating motions were identified by our functional‐quantity‐based perturbation method. Several motion modes encoded in the topological structure of the capsid were revealed to be responsible for the uncoating of CVA16 particle. These modes predominantly contribute to the fluctuation of the gyration radius of the capsid. Then, by using the perturbation method, four clusters of key sites involved in the uncoating motions were identified, whose perturbations induce significant changes in the fluctuation of the gyration radius. These key residues are mainly located at the 2‐fold channels, the quasi 3‐fold channels, the bottom of the canyons, and the inter‐subunit interfaces around the 3‐fold axes. Our studies are helpful for better understanding the uncoating mechanism of the CVA16 capsid and provide potential target sites to prevent the uncoating motions, which is valuable for the vaccine design against CVA16.
Rapid detection of nine synthetic cathinones in blood and urine by direct analysis in real‐time‐tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Ji Jiahua , Zhang Ying , Wang Jifen 
Published: June 2021

RationaleDesigner drugs of cathinone, a kind of hallucinogen, were abused in the recent years. They were also known as bath salts, plant fertilizers, and zombie potions in drug market. The abuse of synthetic cathinones caused many bad effects on social order. Rapid detection of synthetic cathinones became an important subject of study in forensic science.MethodsDirect analysis in real‐time‐tandem mass spectrometry (DART‐MS/MS) was used to develop an effective method on nine synthetic cathinones in human whole blood and urine. The reference materials with 100 ng/mL were prepared for mass spectrometry optimization with electrospray ionization (ESI) probe tandem QTRAP 4000 mass spectrometer. The temperature of DART ion source was optimized to 400°C. The volumes of 4/1 (v/v) MeCN/MeOH with 0.69 mL were selected for the preparation of 0.31 mL blood and urine samples, respectively. Then the spiked analytes were prepared for detection by the DART 12Dip‐it autosampler module.ResultsThe results showed that the linearities range between 0.1 and 5 μg/mL, the correlation coefficients (r2) ranged from 0.99 to 1, the limits of detection (LODs) were all between 0.5 and 50 ng/mL, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of repeatability, intra‐day and inter‐day precisions were all below 13% and 14% in blood and urine, respectively.ConclusionThe results indicated that the method could meet the needs of rapid screening of samples that may contain synthetic cathinones. In addition, the method developed has many advantages, such as efficient, fast sample preparation, and environmental protection. Therefore, the DART‐MS/MS method would provide effective data support for rapid screening of synthetic cathinones in forensic science.
Spatial and fractal characterization of soil hydraulic properties along a catena
Authors: Mitchell‐Fostyk Brendan A. , Haruna Samuel I. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSoil hydraulic properties influence water and nutrient availability as well as environmental sustainability, and these properties vary across several landscape positions. This study investigated the spatial variability and fractal characterization of soil hydraulic properties across five slope positions: summit, shoulder, back, foot, and toe slopes. Triplicate soil samples (0–18 cm) were collected from each slope position from a pasture field planted to tall fescue [Festuca arundinacea Schreb., syn. schendonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort., nom. cons.]. Soil bulk density (ρb); saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat); water retention at 0, −33, and −1,500 kPa soil water matric potentials; soil organic carbon (SOC); and various pore sizes (macropores [>1,000 μm], mesopores [10–1,000 μm], and micropores [<10 μm]) were analyzed. Results show that SOC was 26% higher, while ρb was 10% lower at the toe slope compared with the summit. Similarly, Ksat values were 3, 9, 16, and 2% greater at the toe slope compared with the summit, shoulder, back, and foot slopes, respectively. Semivariogram analysis showed that the gaussian isotropic model provided the best fit (R2 > .99) for hydraulic properties across all slope positions. The range of spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties was between 5.60 and 123.00 m at all slope positions. The fractal dimensions of soil hydraulic properties across all slope positions ranged from 0.784 to 1.966. Soil hydraulic properties were similar at the foot and toe slopes, which might favor improved crop productivity at these slope positions.
Starch Based Nanogels: From Synthesis to Miscellaneous Applications
Authors: Saracoglu Pelin , Ozmen Mehmet Murat 
Published: June 2021

AbstractNanogels are nanosized three‐dimensional polymeric networks that are able to swell in a solvent. They are of great interest due to their high surface area, response to environmental stimuli, and high loading efficiency. In recent years, nanogels prepared from polysaccharides have captured broad attention because of their superior biocompatibility, easy gelation, and functionalization. In particular, starch based nanogels (SBNs) are promising nanomaterials for versatile applications including biomedical, food and pharmaceutical industries. Despite a high number of publications for other polysaccharide nanogels, a limited number of SBNs research articles are available in the literature. This review provides a brief summary of previous studies on the synthesis and applications of SBNs. Their current status is specified briefly covering the last decade. Some studies reveal that starch type, gelation time, and amylose/amylopectin ratio are critical parameters during SBNs synthesis. Numerous starch derivatives and combinations of starch with various polymers can facilitate their synthesis with desired features. Importantly, in vivo biodegradability and biocompatibility investigations are required to extend SBNs usage in the biomedical field including drug and peptide delivery. The overview provided by this review will offer a valuable understanding and insight to help direct the design and uses of SBNs.
The impact of ustekinumab on extraintestinal manifestations of Crohn's disease: A post hoc analysis of the UNITI studies
Authors: Narula Neeraj , Aruljothy Achuthan , Wong Emily C. L. , Homenauth Ravi , Alshahrani Abdul‐Aziz , Marshall John K. , Reinisch Walter 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSummaryThis post hoc analysis of the UNITI studies found ustekinumab (UST) did not significantly improve overall extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) of Crohn's disease compared to placebo‐treated patients at weeks 6 and 52.Background and AimsThe UNITI trials demonstrated that UST was effective in inducing and maintaining clinical remission in Crohn's disease (CD). However, limited data exists regarding its effectiveness for treatment of EIMs. This post hoc analysis evaluated the efficacy of UST in treatment of EIMs.MethodsData from UNITI‐1/2 and IM‐UNITI (NCT01369329, NCT01369342, NCT01369355) were obtained from the Yale Open Data Access Project (2019‐4104). Nine hundred and fourty‐one patients eligible for UST induction and 263 patients eligible for maintenance UST were included. The primary outcome of interest was EIM resolution at Week 6 in UST and placebo‐treated patients using the chi‐square test. EIM resolution at Week 52 was also assessed. McNemar's test was used to compare the proportion of patients who reported active EIMs at weeks 6 and 52 versus baseline.ResultsFrom 941 UST‐treated patients in UNITI‐1/2, 504 had 527 EIMs at baseline. Overall, there was no significant difference in EIM resolution observed in UST‐treated patients (186/504, 36.9%) compared to placebo (90/230, 39.1%; p = 0.564) at Week 6. Patients treated with continuous UST (91/119, 76.4%) had no significant difference in overall EIMs resolved at Week 52 compared to placebo (72/90, 80.0%; p = 0.542). Although many EIMs demonstrated reduction in prevalence compared to baseline at initiation of UST, only erythema nodosum was more likely to improve at Week 52 on treatment versus placebo.ConclusionOverall, UST did not lead to significant resolution of EIMs for CD compared to placebo at weeks 6 and 52.
Discrepancy between patient‐ and healthcare provider‐reported adverse drug reactions in inflammatory bowel disease patients on biological therapy
Authors: Thomas Pepijn W. A. , Römkens Tessa E. H. , West Rachel L. , Russel Maurice G. V. M. , Jansen Jeroen M. , van Lint Jette A. , Jessurun Naomi T. , Hoentjen Frank 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundOnly limited data is available on the extent and burden of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to biological therapy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients in daily practice, especially from a patient's perspective.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to systematically assess patient‐reported ADRs during biological therapy in IBD patients and compare these with healthcare provider (HCP)‐reported ADRs.MethodsThis multicentre, prospective, event monitoring study enrolled IBD patients on biological therapy. Patients completed bimonthly comprehensive web‐based questionnaires regarding description of biological induced ADRs, follow‐up of previous ADRs and experienced burden of the ADR using a five‐point Likert scale. The relationship between patient‐reported ADRs and biological therapy was assessed. HCP‐reported ADRs were extracted from the electronic healthcare records.ResultsIn total, 182 patients (female 51%, mean age 42.2 [standard deviation 14.2] years, Crohn's disease 77%) were included and completed 728 questionnaires. At baseline, 60% of patients used infliximab, 30% adalimumab, 9% vedolizumab and 1% ustekinumab. Fifty percent of participants reported at least one ADR with a total of 239 unique ADRs. Fatigue (n = 26) and headache (n = 20) resulted in the highest burden and a correlation in time with the administration of the biological was described in 56% and 85% respectively. Out of 239 ADRs, 115 were considered biological‐related. HCPs reported 119 ADRs. Agreement between patient‐reported ADRs and HCP‐reported ADRs was only 13%.ConclusionIBD patients often report ADRs during biological therapy. We observed an important significant difference between the type and frequency of patient‐reported ADRs versus HCP‐reported ADRs, leading to an underestimation of more subjective ADRs and patients' ADR‐related burden.
High liver stiffness values by transient elastography related to metabolic syndrome and harmful alcohol use in a large Spanish cohort
Authors: Llop Elba , Iruzubieta Paula , Perelló Christie , Fernández Carrillo Carlos , Cabezas Joaquín , Escudero María Desamparados , González Marta , Hernández Conde Marta , Puchades Laura , Arias‐Loste María Teresa , Serra Miguel Ángel , Crespo Javier , Calleja José Luis 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackground and AimsTransient elastography (TE) to estimate liver stiffness has proved to be very useful in the diagnosis of chronic liver disease. Here, we intend to evaluate its use in a large Spanish cohort.MethodNested study within the PREVHEP‐ETHON (Epidemiological sTudy of Hepatic infectiONs; NCT02749864) population‐based, cross‐sectional study performed between July 2015 and April 2017. An epidemiological questionnaire, laboratory tests and TE and anthropometric measurements were obtained.ResultsData from 11,440 subjects were analyzed. Mean age was 50.3 (SD 12.4), of which 58.1% were women. 15.4% showed metabolic syndrome (NCEP ATP‐III), 1.3% were positive for hepatitis C antibodies, 0.8% positive for HBsAg, 9.1% reported harmful use of alcohol. The prevalence of significant fibrosis (LSM > 8 kPa), suggestive compensated advanced chronic liver disease (cACLD) (LSM ≥ 10 kPa) and highly suggestive cACLD (LSM > 15 kPa) was 5.6%, 2.9%, and 1.2% respectively. Risk factors associated with significant fibrosis were age (OR 1.03 [1.02–1.04; p < 0.001]), sex (OR 0.8 [0.6–0.95; p = 0.02]), AST (OR 1.01 [1.01–1.02; p < 0.001]), GGT (OR 1.005 [1.003–1.006; p < 0.001]) and metabolic syndrome (OR 2.1 [1.7–2.6; p < 0.001]); risk factors associated with suggestive cACLD were age (OR 1.04 [1.02–1.05; p < 0.001]), AST (OR 1.01 [1.01–1.02; p < 0.001]), GGT (OR 1.006 [1.004–1.008; p < 0.001]), low platelets (OR 0.997 [0.994–0.999; p = 0.02]) and metabolic syndrome (OR 2.2 [1.6–2.9; p < 0.001]); and risk factors associated with highly suggestive cACLD were age (OR 1.04 [1.02–1.06; p = 0.001]), AST (OR 1.02 [1.01–1.03; p < 0.001]), GGT (OR 1.005 [1.003–1.007; p < 0.001]), low platelets (OR 0.993 [0.989–0.997; p < 0.001]), metabolic syndrome (OR 2.1 [1.4–3.3; p = 0.001]) and alcohol consumption (OR 1.8 [1.05–3.1; p = 0.03]). A non‐negligible proportion of patients with normal transaminase levels, even with healthy transaminase levels, showed significant fibrosis and suggestive and highly suggestive cACLD 4.6% (95% CI 2.4–3.0), 2.1% (95% CI 1.9–2.5) and 1% (95% CI 0.7–1.1), respectively.ConclusionWe found high proportion of significant fibrosis and cACLD measured by TE. The most relevant factor associated with significant fibrosis was metabolic syndrome, however TE is still an imperfect method since it overestimated the fibrosis stage in 50% of the histologically analyzed subjects.
How Is Money Created?
Authors: Stellinga Bart , de Hoog Josta , van Riel Arthur , de Vries Casper 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis chapter describes how money is created. Many people mistakenly believe that money can only be created by governments or central banks. But money today is mostly – but not exclusively – created by commercial banks. This chapter describes the ways in which this is done, it outlines the forces that drive and constrain this means of money creation, and it discusses the role of monetary policy.
Policies to Restore the Balance in the Current System
Authors: Stellinga Bart , de Hoog Josta , van Riel Arthur , de Vries Casper 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this book we identify two key challenges: we need a more balanced and controlled growth of money and debt as well as a better balance between public and private interests. This chapter focuses on the policy steps that can be taken to bring this about. We discuss measures taken since the crisis as well as measures that have been proposed but were not implemented.
Multilokalität in ländlichen Räumen: (K)Ein neues Phänomen?
Authors: Greinke Lena , Lange Linda , Born Karl Martin 
Published: June 2021

ZusammenfassungMultilokalität ist ein diverses und nicht etwa neues Phänomen. Die Ausprägungen und Motive der mehrörtigen Lebensweisen sind auch in ländlichen Räumen vielfältig. In diesem Beitrag wird das Forschungsfeld Multilokalität mit dem speziellen Fokus auf ländlichen Räumen skizziert. Die Bedeutung mehrörtiger Lebensweisen für ländliche Räume werden anhand beispielhafter multilokaler Lebenspraktiken aus dem Landkreis Diepholz erläutert.
Was bedeutet das für meinen Landkreis oder meine Gemeinde? – Zu den Auswirkungen von Multilokalität in ländlichen Räumen
Authors: Greinke Lena , Albrecht Martin , Othengrafen Frank , Gutsche Jens-Martin , Lehmann Franziska 
Published: June 2021

ZusammenfassungDie Auswirkungen multilokaler Lebensweisen in ländlichen Räumen sind bislang unzureichend erforscht. In diesem Beitrag werden die Auswirkungen in den Bereichen 1) Wohnen und Wohnungsmarkt, (2) bürgerschaftliches Engagement, (3) kommunale Finanzen und (4) Infrastrukturen analysiert. Abschließend werden die Auswirkungen multilokaler Lebensweisen vor dem Hintergrund einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung zusammenfassend diskutiert.
Comparison of the effectiveness of sacrospinous ligament fixation and sacrocolpopexy: a meta-analysis
Authors: Zhang Wenju , Cheon Willy Cecilia , Zhang Li , Wang Xiaozhong , Wei Yuzhen , Lyu Chaoxia 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Introduction and hypothesis
Sacrocolpopexy and sacrospinous ligament fixation (SSLF) have been used for the restoration of apical support. Studies comparing sacrocolpopexy and SSLF have reported conflicting results. We aim to assess the current evidence regarding efficiency and the complications of sacrocolpopexy compared with SSLF.

Methods
We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library and performed a systematic review meta-analysis to assess the two surgical approaches.

Results
5Five randomized controlled trials, 8 retrospective studies, and 2 prospective studies including 4,120 cases were identified. Compared with abdominal sacrocolpopexy (ASC), SSLF was associated with a lower success rate (88.32% and 91.45%; OR 0.52; 95% CI 0.29–0.95; p = 0.03), higher recurrence (11.58% and 8.32%; OR 1.97; 95% CI 1.04–3.46; p = 0.04), and dyspareunia rate (14.36% and 4.67%; OR 3.10; 95% CI 1.28–7.50; p = 0.01). Patients in this group may benefit from shorter operative time (weighted mean difference −25.08 min; 95% CI −42.29 to −7.88; p = 0.004), lower hemorrhage rate (0.85% and 2.58%; OR 0.45; 95% CI 0.25–0.85; p = 0.009), wound infection rate (3.30% and 5.76%; OR 0.55; 95% CI 0.39–0.77; p = 0.0005), and fewer gastrointestinal complications (1.33% and 6.19%; OR 0.33; 95% CI 0.15–0.76; p = 0.009).

Conclusion
Both sacrocolpopexy and SSLF offer an efficient alternative to the restoration of apical support. When anatomical durability and sexual function is a priority, ASC may be the preferred option. When considering factors of mesh erosion, operative time, gastrointestinal complications, hemorrhage, and wound infections, SSLF may be the better option.
Broad diversity of bacteria degrading 17ß-estradiol-3-sulfate isolated from river sediment and biofilm at a wastewater treatment plant discharge
Authors: Mainetti Tamara , Palmisano Marilena , Rezzonico Fabio , Stres Blaž , Kern Susanne , Smits Theo H. M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractConjugated estrogens, such as 17β-estradiol-3-sulfate (E2-3S), can be released into aquatic environments through wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). There, they are microbiologically degraded into free estrogens, which can have harmful effects on aquatic wildlife. Here, the degradation of E2-3S in environmental samples taken upstream, downstream and at the effluent of a WWTP was assessed. Sediment and biofilm samples were enriched for E2-3S-degrading microorganisms, yielding a broad diversity of bacterial isolates, including known and novel degraders of estrogens. Since E2-3S-degrading bacteria were also isolated in the sample upstream of the WWTP, the WWTP does not influence the ability of the microbial community to degrade E2-3S.
Vertebral Fractures in Ireland: A Sub-analysis of the DXA HIP Project
Authors: Carey John J , Yang Lan , Erjiang E. , Wang Tingyan , Gorham Kelly , Egan Rebecca , Brennan Attracta , Dempsey Mary , Armstrong Catherine , Heaney Fiona , McCabe Eva , Yu Ming 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOsteoporosis is an important global health problem resulting in fragility fractures. The vertebrae are the commonest site of fracture resulting in extreme illness burden, and having the highest associated mortality. International studies show that vertebral fractures (VF) increase in prevalence with age, similarly in men and women, but differ across different regions of the world. Ireland has one of the highest rates of hip fracture in the world but data on vertebral fractures are limited. In this study we examined the prevalence of VF and associated major risk factors, using a sample of subjects who underwent vertebral fracture assessment (VFA) performed on 2 dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) machines. A total of 1296 subjects aged 40 years and older had a valid VFA report and DXA information available, including 254 men and 1042 women. Subjects had a mean age of 70 years, 805 (62%) had prior fractures, mean spine T-score was − 1.4 and mean total hip T-scores was − 1.2, while mean FRAX scores were 15.4% and 4.8% for major osteoporotic fracture and hip fracture, respectively. Although 95 (7%) had a known VF prior to scanning, 283 (22%) patients had at least 1 VF on their scan: 161 had 1, 61 had 2, and 61 had 3 or more. The prevalence of VF increased with age from 11.5% in those aged 40–49 years to > 33% among those aged ≥ 80 years. Both men and women with VF had significantly lower BMD at each measured site, and significantly higher FRAX scores, P < 0.01. These data suggest VF are common in high risk populations, particularly older men and women with low BMD, previous fractures, and at high risk of fracture. Urgent attention is needed to examine effective ways to identify those at risk and to reduce the burden of VF.
Endolithic Bacterial Diversity in Lichen-Dominated Communities Is Shaped by Sun Exposure in McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica
Authors: Mezzasoma Ambra , Coleine Claudia , Sannino Ciro , Selbmann Laura 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe diversity and composition of endolithic bacterial diversity of several locations in McMurdo Dry Valleys (Continental Antarctica) were explored using amplicon sequencing, targeting the V3 and V4 of the 16S region. Despite the increasing interest in edaphic factors that drive bacterial community composition in Antarctic rocky communities, few researchers focused attention on the direct effects of sun exposure on bacterial diversity; we herein reported significant differences in the northern and southern communities. The analysis of β-diversity showed significant differences among sampled localities. For instance, the most abundant genera found in the north-exposed rocks were Rhodococcus and Blastococcus in Knobhead Mt.; Ktedonobacter and Cyanobacteria Family I Group I in Finger Mt.; Rhodococcus and Endobacter in University Valley; and Segetibacter and Tetrasphaera in Siegfried Peak samples. In south-exposed rocks, instead, the most abundant genera were Escherichia/Shigella and Streptococcus in Knobhead Mt.; Ktedonobacter and Rhodococcus in Finger Mt.; Ktedonobacter and Roseomonas in University Valley; and Blastocatella, Cyanobacteria Family I Group I and Segetibacter in Siegfried Peak. Significant biomarkers, detected by the Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size, were also found among north- and south-exposed communities. Besides, the large number of positive significant co-occurrences may suggest a crucial role of positive associations over competitions under the harsher conditions where these rock-inhabiting microorganisms spread. Although the effect of geographic distances in these extreme environments play a significant role in shaping biodiversity, the study of an edaphic factor, such as solar exposure, adds an important contribution to the mosaic of microbial biodiversity of Antarctic bacterial cryptoendolithic communities.