bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uncertainty and precaution in hunting wolves twice in a year
Authors: Treves Adrian , Louchouarn Naomi X. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWhen humanity confronts the risk of extinction of species, many people invoke precautions, especially in the face of uncertainty. Although precautionary approaches are value judgments, the optimal design and effect of precautions or lack thereof are scientific questions. We investigated Wisconsin gray wolvesCanis lupusfacing a second wolf-hunt in November 2021 and use three legal thresholds as the societal value judgments about precautions: (1) the 1999 population goal, 350 wolves, (2) the threshold for statutory listing under the state threatened and endangered species act, 250 wolves; and (3) state extirpation <2 wolves. This allows us to explore the quantitative relationship between precaution and uncertainty. Working from estimates of the size wolf population in April 2021 and reproduction to November, we constructed a simple linear model with uninformative priors for the period April 2021-April 2022 including an uncertain wolf-hunt in November 2021. Our first result is that the state government under-counted wolf deaths in the year preceding both wolf-hunts. We recommend better scientific analysis be used when setting wolf-hunt quotas. We find official recommendations for a quota for the November 2021 wolf-hunt risk undesirable outcomes. Even a quota of zero has a 13% chance of crossing threshold 1. Therefore, a zero death toll would be precautionary. Proponents for high quotas bear the burden of proof that their estimates are accurate, precise, and reproducible. We discuss why our approach is transferable to non-wolves. We show how scientists have the tools and concepts for quantifying and explaining the probabilities of crossing thresholds set by laws or other social norms. We recommend that scientists grapple with data gaps by explaining what the uncertainty means for policy and the public including the consequences of being wrong.
Influences on unstable hydraulic fractures: propagation of adjacent multiple perforations and bedded interfaces in multilayered reservoir via FE-DE model
Authors: Wang Yongliang , Liu Nana , Zhang Xin , Liu Xuguang , Wang Juan 
Published: October 2021

PurposeSimultaneous hydrofracturing of multiple perforation clusters in vertical wells has been applied in the stimulation of hydrocarbon resources reservoirs. This technology is significantly impeded due to the challenges in its application to the multilayered reservoirs that comprise multiple interlayers. One of the challenges is the accurate understanding and characterization of propagation and deflection of the multiple hydraulic fractures between reservoirs and embedded interlayers.Design/methodology/approachNumerical models of the tight multilayered reservoirs containing multiple interlayers were established to study hydrofracturing of multiple perforation clusters and its influencing factors on unstable propagation and deflection of hydraulic fractures. Brittle and plastic multilayered reservoirs fully considering the influences of different in situ stress ratio and physical attributes for reservoir and interlayer strata on propagations of hydraulic fractures were investigated. The combined finite element–discrete element method and mesh refinement strategy were adopted to guarantee the accuracy of stress solutions and reliability of fracture path in computation.FindingsResults show that the shear stress fields between adjacent multiple hydraulic fractures are superposed to cause fractures deflection. Stress shadows induce the shielding effects of hydraulic fractures and inhibit fractures growth to emerge unstable propagation behaviors, and a main single fracture and several minor fractures develop. As the in situ stress ratio increases, hydraulic fractures more easily deflect toward the direction of maximum in situ stress, and stress shadow and mutual interaction effects between them are intensified. Compared to brittle reservoir, plastic-enhanced reservoir may limit fracture growth and cannot form long fracture length; nevertheless, plastic properties of reservoir are prone to induce more microseismic events with larger magnitude.Originality/valueThe obtained fracturing behaviors and mechanisms based on engineering-scale multilayered reservoir may provide effective schemes for controlling and estimating the unstable propagation of multiple hydraulic fractures.
The role of criminal expertise in serial sexual offending: a comparison to “novices”
Authors: Reale Kylie S. , Beauregard Eric , Chopin Julien 
Published: October 2021

PurposeSerial offenders have been described as more forensically aware, better able to control their victim, and ultimately, more adept at eluding detection. Despite these assertions, there is a lack of research examining differences in “criminal expertise” (i.e. offense-related skills and competencies) between serial and non-serial offenders. The purpose of the current study is to address this empirical research gap.Design/methodology/approachThe current study uses binary logistic regression to examine a sample of 83 serial offenses and 322 offenses involving “novices” (i.e. offenders without a previous criminal history) to determine whether criminal expertise is a distinctive feature of the crime-commission process of serial offenders, compared to novices.FindingsBinary logistic regression findings indicated that offenders who did not verbally reassure their victim, who brought a weapon to the offense and who selected a victim who was walking were more likely to be serial. Taken together, these behaviors do not suggest that serial offenders are “experts” at avoiding detection, but rather, indicate some general offense competencies and skills related to violent offending.Originality/valueThe current study offers the first direct application of the criminal expertise framework to serial sexual offending. The findings offer new insights for the treatment and management of offenders who possess offense-related competencies and skills, which can offer a complementary view to more deficit-based models.
The Guangdong-Hong Kong nexus in grassroots collective actions amid Sino-Anglo interface, 1841 to 1927
Authors: Wan Kent 
Published: October 2021

PurposeThis paper provides an analytical account detailing the historical linkages between Chinese on both sides of the Sino-Hong Kong border from 1841 onwards and examining important incidents of collective actions in the colony and Canton.Design/methodology/approachUsing annual reports published by the colonial administration in Hong Kong, especially those focusing on years that witnessed major incidents of anti-colonial agitations, this paper analyzes how British policymakers were confronted by collective actions mounted by Chinese in Canton and Hong Kong. Building on the works of prominent historians and utilizing the theoretical frameworks of analysts such as Charles Tilly (1978), the author examines if a Cantonese regional solidarity served as the foundation for popular movements, which in turn consolidated a rising Chinese nationalism when Canton and Hong Kong were the focal points of mass actions against imperialism.FindingsHong Kong Chinese workers were vanguards of the modern Chinese revolutions that transformed not just their homeland, but their lives, allegiances, and aspirations as Chinese in a domain under foreign jurisdiction on Chinese soil, as their actions were emulated by their compatriots outside of South China, thus starting a chain reaction that culminated in the establishment of the Nanjing regime.Originality/valueThis paper reveals that popular movements of Hong Kong Chinese possessed national and international importance, especially when they were supported by their Cantonese compatriots and the two leading Chinese political parties, the Kuomintang (KMT) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).
Annular plaques mimicking Rowell’s syndrome in the course of coronavirus disease 2019 mRNA vaccines: An overlooked phenomenon?
Authors: Niebel Dennis , Wilhelmi Jasmin , De Vos Luka , Ziob Jana , Jaschke Kristel , Bieber Thomas , Wenzel Joerg , Braegelmann Christine 
Published: October 2021

AbstractEffective vaccines for prevention of severe course and lethal outcome of coronavirus disease 2019 have been developed and approved in regulatory rolling and fast‐track procedures; they are now widely distributed worldwide. Data about cutaneous side‐effects of the new mRNA‐type vaccines is scant, however. We herein report two similar cases of cutaneous adverse drug reactions (ADR) mimicking Rowell’s syndrome that occurred after the first dose of BNT162b2 and mRNA‐1273, respectively. Both patients achieved prompt clinical improvement with a short pulse of oral prednisolone and non‐steroidal inflammatory drugs. We suspect this phenomenon to occur in a timeframe of 7–14 days after vaccination due to an interferon‐γ‐driven shift towards type I immunity in susceptible individuals. As rheumatic patients were excluded from phase III clinical trials and as most countries prioritized the elderly population to receive the vaccinations first, cutaneous ADR might become more frequent once the younger part of the population is vaccinated over the course of 2021. Atypical cutaneous ADR might be misinterpreted or overlooked by non‐dermatologists. Further studies are required to determine the best suitable vaccine types for individual groups of patients.
Spatiotemporal distribution of bacterial dimethylsulfoniopropionate producing and catabolic genes in the Changjiang Estuary
Authors: Sun Hao , Liu Ji , Tan Siyin , Zheng Yanfen , Wang Xiaolei , Liang Jinchang , Todd Jonathan D. , Zhang Xiao‐Hua 
Published: October 2021

SummaryThe osmolyte dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is produced in petagram amounts by marine microorganisms. Estuaries provide natural gradients in salinity and nutrients, factors known to regulate DMSP production; yet there have been no molecular studies of DMSP production and cycling across these gradients. Here, we study the abundance, distribution and transcription of key DMSP synthesis (e.g. dsyB and mmtN) and catabolic (e.g. dddP and dmdA) genes along the salinity gradient of the Changjiang Estuary. DMSP levels did not correlate with Chl a across the salinity gradient. In contrast, DMSP concentration, abundance of bacterial DMSP producers and their dsyB and mmtN transcripts were lowest in the freshwater samples and increased abruptly with salinity in the transitional and seawater samples. Metagenomics analysis suggests bacterial DMSP‐producers were more abundant than their algal equivalents and were more prominent in summer than winter samples. Bacterial DMSP catabolic genes and their transcripts followed the same trend of being greatly enhanced in transitional and seawater samples with higher DMSP levels than freshwater samples. DMSP cleavage was likely the dominant catabolic pathway, with DMSP lyase genes being ~4.3‐fold more abundant than the demethylase gene dmdA. This is an exemplar study for future research on microbial DMSP cycling in estuary environments.
One‐off wealth taxes: theory and evidence
Authors: O'Donovan Nick 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn periods where the national public debt has grown rapidly beyond ‘normal’ levels, the idea of drawing on the stock of national private wealth in order to pay down that debt, whether in whole or in part, has gained currency. ‘Capital levies’ or ‘one‐off wealth taxes’ involve a one‐time charge based upon wealth, normally assessed across a broad range of asset classes (such as savings, investments, property and pensions). The goal of this paper is to outline, and to expand upon, the evidence base available to policymakers contemplating one‐off wealth taxes. It outlines key features of one‐off wealth taxes, relative to somewhat more commonplace recurring wealth taxes. Using a comparative case study methodology, the paper analyses historical examples of one‐off wealth taxation, which have attracted relatively little scholarly attention to date. It explores practical details of tax design and tax administration, as well as aspects of the political and economic context in which these measures were introduced. In so doing, it identifies factors that make one‐off wealth taxes more or less likely to succeed in raising revenue while also minimising any negative social and economic consequences.
Valuation for the purposes of a wealth tax
Authors: Daly Stephen , Hughson Helen , Loutzenhiser Glen 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis paper considers the scale and prevalence of valuation issues under a wealth tax. Valuation issues are frequently cited in the literature as the most difficult aspect of wealth taxes. We examine some of the most problematic asset types from a valuation perspective. We also consider a range of solutions to manage these concerns, drawing on international experience and the approaches already taken for other taxes within the UK system. We conclude that satisfactory options for arriving at a value for wealth tax purposes are available even for the most problematic assets. We also estimate that the absolute number of taxpayers likely to pay substantial valuation fees is small, and that, in aggregate, valuation costs could be contained to around 0.1 per cent or less of total chargeable assets, even if they are substantial for some individual taxpayers.
Debiased lasso for generalized linear models with a diverging number of covariates
Authors: Xia Lu , Nan Bin , Li Yi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractModeling and drawing inference on the joint associations between single‐nucleotide polymorphisms and a disease has sparked interest in genome‐wide associations studies. In the motivating Boston Lung Cancer Survival Cohort (BLCSC) data, the presence of a large number of single nucleotide polymorphisms of interest, though smaller than the sample size, challenges inference on their joint associations with the disease outcome. In similar settings, we find that neither the debiased lasso approach (van de Geer et al., 2014), which assumes sparsity on the inverse information matrix, nor the standard maximum likelihood method can yield confidence intervals with satisfactory coverage probabilities for generalized linear models. Under this “large n, diverging p” scenario, we propose an alternative debiased lasso approach by directly inverting the Hessian matrix without imposing the matrix sparsity assumption, which further reduces bias compared to the original debiased lasso and ensures valid confidence intervals with nominal coverage probabilities. We establish the asymptotic distributions of any linear combinations of the parameter estimates, which lays the theoretical ground for drawing inference. Simulations show that the proposed refined debiased estimating method performs well in removing bias and yields honest confidence interval coverage. We use the proposed method to analyze the aforementioned BLCSC data, a large‐scale hospital‐based epidemiology cohort study investigating the joint effects of genetic variants on lung cancer risks.
Distributional independent component analysis for diverse neuroimaging modalities
Authors: Wu Ben , Pal Subhadip , Kang Jian , Guo Ying 
Published: October 2021

AbstractRecent advances in neuroimaging technologies have provided opportunities to acquire brain images of different modalities for studying human brain organization from both functional and structural perspectives. Analysis of images derived from various modalities involves some common goals such as dimension reduction, denoising, and feature extraction. However, since these modalities have vastly different data characteristics, the current analysis is usually performed using distinct analytical tools that are only suitable for a specific imaging modality. In this paper, we present a Distributional Independent Component Analysis (DICA) that represents a new approach that performs decomposition on the distribution level, providing a unified framework for extracting features across imaging modalities with different scales and representations. When applying DICA to fMRI images, we successfully recover well‐established brain functional networks in neuroscience literature, providing empirical validation that DICA delivers neurologically relevant findings. More importantly, we discover several structural network components when applying DICA to DTI images. Through fiber tracking, we find these DICA‐derived structural components correspond to several major white fiber bundles. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time these fiber bundles are successfully identified via blind source separation on single subject DTI images. We also evaluate the performance of DICA as compared with existing ICA methods through extensive simulation studies.
Influence of variable decoupling between vertically separated fault populations on structural inheritance – The Laminaria High, NW Shelf of Australia
Authors: Phillips Thomas B. , McCaffrey Ken , Magarinos Luke 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWhen extension events are greatly separated in time, older faults may be buried and stratigraphically separated from newly developing faults at shallower depths. During rifting, the buried structures may reactivate and propagate upwards to be expressed within the shallow system. The degree of linkage between structural levels determines the influence that the deeper structures can exert over the geometry and evolution of the incipient fault system. In this study we use 3D seismic reflection data to examine how a deep fault population across the Laminaria High, NW shelf of Australia influences the development of a younger fault system at shallow depths. These fault populations are non‐parallel and decoupled across a mechanically weak interval. The majority of shallow faults are not linked to those at depth. However, the reactivation and upward propagation of some of the deeper faults produce anomalously oriented structures at shallow depths, hard‐linked to the deeper structures. One fault in particular shows along‐strike variability, with the deep segment reactivated and present at shallow depths in the west. To the east, the shallow and deep fault segments become decoupled across the mechanically weak interval, although some soft‐linkage and strain transfer still occurs. We suggest that this switch in the degree of coupling along the fault is due to the geometry of the deeper structure, with the transition corresponding to a prominent relay ramp. We show how the geometry of a deeper fault may affect its propensity to reactivate during subsequent extensional events, ultimately affecting the degree of structural inheritance that is expressed within younger, shallower fault populations.
Genetic diversity and functional connectivity of a critically endangered salamander
Authors: Sunny Armando , López‐Sánchez Monserrat , Ramírez‐Corona Fabiola , Suárez‐Atilano Marco , González‐Fernández Andrea 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHabitat loss and fragmentation are among the greatest threats to biodiversity since unsuitable habitat can be a significant barrier to gene flow, disrupting the connectivity of populations. In this scenario, landscape genetic approaches have been applied as invaluable tools to demonstrate how contemporary habitat alterations affect gene flow. In this study, we used nine microsatellite genotypes to determine the landscape features driving genetic diversity, structure, and functional connectivity among eleven sampling sites of a micro‐endemic, and critically endangered salamander (Pseudoeurycea robertsi) in the Nevado de Toluca Volcano. We also modelled the ecological niche ofP.robertsito assess the most important habitat features associated with its probability of presence and analyzed the corridor network to identify important core areas and corridors to keep the network connected, as well as points where the network connection is lost or tightened. Moreover, we performed a redundancy analysis to assess the effect of genetic distance and habitat resistances on gene flow. We found the highest levels of genetic diversity and connectivity at the northwestern part of the Volcano. Meson Viejo sampling site was of especial importance to overall network connectivity. We found low levels of migration rates and low levels of genetic structure. The most important habitat feature associated with probability of presence ofPseudoeurycea robertsiwas theAbiesforest, and two models were significant under the RDA analysis:Abiesforest andAbiesforest+Grasslands. We recommend prioritizing the areas of the northwestern and central parts of the volcano in conservation programs.Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.
Adjunctive everolimus therapy for tuberous sclerosis complex‐associated refractory seizures: Results from the postextension phase of EXIST‐3
Authors: Franz David N. , Lawson John A. , Yapici Zuhal , Ikeda Hiroko , Polster Tilman , Nabbout Rima , Curatolo Paolo , de Vries Petrus J. , Dlugos Dennis J. , Herbst Fabian , Peyrard Severine , Pelov Diana , French Jacqueline A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveEpilepsy is highly prevalent in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Everolimus showed higher efficacy than placebo for seizures in the primary analysis of the EXIST‐3 study. Here, we present the long‐term outcomes of everolimus at the end of the postextension phase (PEP; data cutoff date: October 25, 2017).MethodsAfter completion of the extension phase, patients were invited to continue everolimus in the PEP with everolimus (targeted trough concentration = 5–15 ng/ml, investigator‐judged). Efficacy assessments included changes in seizure status during the PEP collected at 12‐week intervals as parent/caregiver‐reported data through a structured questionnaire.ResultsAmong 361 patients, 343 entered the extension phase and 249 entered the PEP. After 12 weeks in the PEP, 18.9% (46/244) of patients were seizure‐free since the last visit of the extension phase and 64.8% (158/244) had a stable/improved seizure status. At 24 weeks, the corresponding percentages were 18.2% (42/231) and 64.5% (149/231). Among 244 patients, the response rate was 32.8% (80/244) during the 12‐week maintenance period of the core phase and 63.9% (156/244) at the end of the extension phase. Of the 149 responders at the end of the extension phase, 70.5% were seizure‐free or had stable/improved seizure status. Long‐term efficacy data showed persistent responses were observed in 183 of 361 patients (50.7%); 63.9% of these patients had a response that lasted at least 48 weeks. The most frequent Grade 3–4 adverse events (≥2% incidence) reported throughout the study were pneumonia, status epilepticus, seizure, stomatitis, neutropenia, and gastroenteritis. Four patients died during the study.SignificanceThe final analysis of EXIST‐3 demonstrated the sustained efficacy of everolimus as adjunctive therapy in patients with TSC‐associated treatment‐refractory seizures, with a tolerable safety profile.