bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Work satisfaction and risk of burnout for endoscopy staff in Germany: Results of a nationwide survey
Authors: Adarkwah Charles Christian , Labenz Joachim , Birkner Berndt , Beilenhoff UIrike , Pfeifer Ute , Hirsch Oliver 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background Healthcare workers are facing ever-increasing challenges. Moreover, in many areas, there is a shortage of skilled personnel, so endoscopy staff are also increasingly exposed to the risk of developing burnout symptoms. Little is known about job satisfaction and burnout prevalence among endoscopy staff. The present study investigates the risk of burnout as well as job satisfaction among skilled personnel in German endoscopy units and practices.
Methods An online survey was conducted among endoscopy staff, a significant proportion of whom are members of Deutsche Gesellschaft für Endoskopiefachberufe e. V. (DEGEA). In addition to general demographic variables, job satisfaction was determined by using the Short Questionnaire for the Assessment of General and Facet-Specific Job Satisfaction (KAFA), and the risk of burnout was determined by using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI-D). Both were associated with structural characteristics.
Results A representative sample took part in the survey (n = 674). The overall level of job satisfaction was high, with a rather elevated risk of burnout, although staff in executive positions performed better overall. Collegiality and mostly flat hierarchies are cited by the majority of those surveyed as positive aspects of their work. Nevertheless, 65 % describe their development opportunities as not performance-oriented, 20 % as virtually non-existent. Over 30 % of those surveyed consider their remuneration to be inadequate.
Conclusion Representative data for the situation in German endoscopy units could be collected. Despite the fact that on average job satisfaction values are high, with a low risk of burnout, especially in comparison with other occupational groups, often mentioned critical aspects regarding the lack of development opportunities and non-performance-related payment should be taken seriously, and measures should be developed to avoid endangering endoscopy care in the long term.
Tandem Alkylation/Michael Addition Reaction of Dithiocarbamic Acids with Alkyl γ-Bromocrotonates: Access to Functionalized 1,3-Thiazolidine-2-thiones
Authors: Ziyaei Halimehjani Azim , Beier Petr , Khalili Foumeshi Maryam , Alaei Ali , Klepetářová Blanka 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThiazolidine-2-thiones were prepared via a novel multicomponent reaction of primary amines (amino acids), carbon disulfide, and γ-bromocrotonates. The reaction proceeds via a domino alkylation/intramolecular Michael addition to provide the corresponding thiazolidine-2-thiones in high to excellent yields. By using diamines in this protocol, bis(thiazolidine-2-thiones) derivatives were synthesized. The synthetic utility of the adducts was demonstrated by hydrolysis, amidation, and oxidation reactions.
Transient- and Native-Directing-Group-Enabled Enantioselective C–H Functionalization
Authors: He Chuan , Zu Bing , Guo Yonghong , Ke Jie 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn recent years, transition-metal-catalyzed enantioselective C–H bond functionalization using chiral transient directing groups (cTDGs) or native directing groups (NDGs) has emerged as a powerful and attractive­ synthetic approach to streamline the synthesis of chiral molecules­. This short review focuses on recent advances on imine-based cTDGs strategies and native amine and carboxylic acid directed strategies for the asymmetric functionalization of various C–H bonds. We have endeavored to highlight the great potential of this methodology and hope that this review will inspire further research in this area.1	Introduction2	Transient-Directing-Group-Enabled Enantioselective C–H Functionalization2.1	Generation of Central Chirality2.2	Generation of Axial Chirality2.3	Generation of Planar Chirality3	Native-Directing-Group-Enabled Enantioselective C–H Functionalization3.1	Native Amines as Directing Groups3.2	Native Carboxylic Acids as Directing Groups4	Conclusions and Outlook
Recurrent Spontaneous Bilateral Subdural Hemorrhage as a Consequence of High-Cervical Spontaneous CSF Leak—Lessons for Neurosurgeons
Authors: Subramaniam Venugopal , Ganapathy Sibhi , Shivananda S. , Nagabhushan K. N. , Murthy Raghu 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSpontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is rare. It presents as intractable posture headache and is identified by radiological findings. It is confirmed by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) manometry and myelography, and treatment is carried out with the help of epidural blood patch (EBP) therapy. SIH presenting with spontaneous bilateral recurrent subdural bleeds is uncommon. The cause being a high-spinal CSF leak is even more uncommon! Our patient had recurrent bilateral spontaneous chronic subdural hematomas. Myelographic examination of the spine showed a C1–C2 level leak of CSF. He was taken up for open microsurgery, and the leak was identified and closed with fibrin glue. The patient however deteriorated the next day. An EBP was applied in the lumbar region to cover the myelogram lumbar puncture site. We present a review of literature and an algorithm to detect the elusive CSF leak and effect definitive treatment, either open or EBP, to treat the source of the problem.
Four-probe sensing of temperature during Joule heating of silicon
Authors: Pedersen Asger Kjærgård , Madhi Daena , Mirosnikov Daniil , Jepsen Peter Uhd , Petersen Dirch Hjorth 
Published: January 2021

We present a four-probe setup for measuring temperature of Joule-heated silicon in two independent ways from the same voltage measurement: a method using the thermal dependence of resistivity and a method based on the measured sheet power density. The two methods are compared to optical temperature measurements made by fitting a gray-body model onto data from a commercial spectrometer. The two four-probe temperature measurements are conducted from 890 K to 1540 K, and they converge at temperatures above 1400 K indicating a high degree of self-consistency.
Magneto-elastic coupling in multiferroic metal-organic framework [(CH3)2NH2]Co(HCOO)3
Authors: Thirunavukkuarasu Komalavalli , Richardson Rachael , Lu Zhengguang , Smirnov Dmitry , Huang Nan , Combs Nicholas , Pokharel Ganesh , Mandrus David 
Published: January 2021

Metal-organic frameworks based on metal-formates have emerged as a intriguing class of multiferroics with wide range of applications. In this work, we present magneto-Raman spectroscopic investigations on [(CH3)2NH2]Co(HCOO)3 belonging to this family. The spectroscopic studies were performed at magnetic fields up to 31 T at the temperature of 2.3 K. It was observed that the formate bending mode at around 798 cm−1 shifts to higher energies with increasing magnetic field. The magneto-response of the phonon also exhibits anomalies at magnetic fields of 14.5 T and 23.5 T corresponding to magnetic phase transitions. Based on our results, we conclude that the formate bending mode does play a role in facilitating the saturation of magnetic states similar to its Mn and Ni analogs.
Single-cell atlas of developing murine adrenal gland reveals relation of Schwann cell precursor signature to neuroblastoma phenotype
Authors: Hanemaaijer Evelyn S. , Margaritis Thanasis , Sanders Karin , Bos Frank L. , Candelli Tito , Al-Saati Hanin , van Noesel Max M. , Meyer-Wentrup Friederike A. G. , van de Wetering Marc , Holstege Frank C. P. , Clevers Hans 
Published: January 2021

Significance
Neuroblastoma is a childhood malignancy that originates from neural crest cells. We present a single-cell transcriptome and localization atlas of the developing adrenal gland and identify seven different cell clusters that make up the adrenal medulla. Their transcriptomic profiles were used to generate gene signatures that were compared to neuroblastoma samples. The neural crest-derived “SCP” gene signature score anticorrelates with disease severity based on staging and poor prognosis (molecular) markers, while a high score was associated with higher overall survival rates.
A comment on no-force conditions for black holes and branes
Authors: Van Riet Thomas 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In the context of the weak gravity conjecture the notion of quasi-extremality for black holes and branes was recently defined as the property of having either vanishing horizon size or surface gravity. It was derived that such objects obey a no-force condition. In this short note I present a simplified derivation that is essentially present in the formalism of timelike reduction pioneered by Breitenlohner, Gibbons and Maison. This formalism also provides the natural definition of quasi-extremality for gravitational instantons (and wormholes) sourced by axion fluxes and strengthens the argument that macroscopic axion wormholes do not contribute in the path integral since they are self-repulsive in a Euclidean sense.
Cocktail of reactive species generated by cold atmospheric plasma: oral administration induces non-small cell lung cancer cell death
Authors: Song Chang-Hyun , Attri Pankaj , Ku Sae-Kwang , Han Ihn , Bogaerts Annemie , Choi Eun Ha 
Published: January 2021

AbstractNon-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer, with 85% of all lung cancer reported as NSCLC. Moreover, there are no effective treatments in advanced NSCLC. This study shows for the first time that oral administration of plasma-treated water (PTW) can cure advanced NSCLC. The cold plasma in water generates a cocktail of reactive species, and oral administration of this cocktail to mice showed no toxicities even at the highest dose of PTW, after a single dose and repeated doses for 28 d in mice.In vivostudies reveal that PTW showed favorable anticancer effects on chemo-resistant lung cancer, similarly to gefitinib treatment as a reference drug in a chemo-resistant NSCLC model. The anticancer activities of PTW seem to be involved in inhibiting proliferation and angiogenesis and enhancing apoptosis in the cancer cells. Interestingly, the PTW contributes to enhanced immune response and improved cachexia in the model.
Estimated solar-neutrino capture rates of 131Xe: implications for multi-tonne Xe-based experiments
Authors: Kostensalo J , Suhonen J , Zuber K 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Various large-scale experiments for double beta decay or dark matter are based on xenon. Current experiments are on the tonne scale, but future ideas also aim for even larger sizes. Here we study the potential of the isotope 131Xe to allow real-time capture measurements of solar pp-chain neutrinos, besides classical neutrino-electron scattering. Here we use improved nuclear-structure calculations to determine the cross sections of solar neutrinos on 131Xe. Our updated capture-rate estimate is (80 ± 22) SNU, with neutrino survival probabilities taken into account. According to our calculations, the 8B neutrinos are the dominant contribution to the total capture rate. Due to our more accurate treatment of the phase-space factor the computed capture rate, (60 ± 19) SNU, is significantly larger than what was expected based on previous calculations. This improves considerably the prospects of real-time monitoring of pp-chain neutrinos for long periods of time.
Anisotropic magnetotransport in tilted magnetic topological semimetals
Authors: Wu J , Wang C M 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We systematically investigate the anisotropic magneto-conductivity and planar Hall effect in tilted magnetic topological semimetals in the frame of Kubo formula by considering the vertex correction of velocity. The nonzero anisotropic magneto-conductivity is due to the intrinsic magnetization by magnetic doping rather than the external magnetic field previously studied in literatures. In the scenario, tilt, which is common in band structure, plays a key role in this anisotropic magneto-conductivity. This anisotropic magneto-conductivity completely originates from the band anisotropy. The vertex correction only amends the magnitude, but does not change the qualitative behavior of the longitudinal conductivity. However, the planar Hall conductivity is always zero for tilt along both x and y directions in vivid contrast to the case arising from an external magnetic field. Our work offers a route to understand the anisotropic magneto-conductivity effect in tilted Weyl semimetals with Zeeman field. It will be helpful to get a deeper understanding of the transport characteristic in tilted topological semimetals.
Growth, electronic structure and superconductivity of ultrathin epitaxial CoSi2 films
Authors: Fang Yuan , Wang Ding , Li Peng , Su Hang , Le Tian , Wu Yi , Yang Guo-Wei , Zhang Hua-Li , Xiao Zhi-Guang , Sun Yan-Qiu , Hong Si-Yuan , Xie Yan-Wu , Wang Huan-Hua , Cao Chao , Lu Xin , Yuan Hui-Qiu , Liu Yang 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We report growth, electronic structure and superconductivity of ultrathin epitaxial CoSi2 films on Si (111). At low coverages, preferred islands with 2, 5 and 6 monolayers height develop, which agrees well with the surface energy calculation. We observe clear quantum well states as a result of electronic confinement and their dispersion agrees well with density functional theory calculations, indicating weak correlation effect despite strong contributions from Co 3d electrons. Ex situ transport measurements show that superconductivity persists down to at least 10 monolayers, with reduced T
c but largely enhanced upper critical field. Our study opens up the opportunity to study the interplay between quantum confinement, interfacial symmetry breaking and superconductivity in an epitaxial silicide film, which is technologically relevant in microelectronics.
Ab initio study of electronic and magnetic properties of Mn2RuZ/MgO (001) heterojunctions (Z
= Al, Ge)
Authors: Roy Tufan , Tsujikawa Masahito , Shirai Masafumi 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We studied the applicability of Heusler alloys Mn2RuZ (Z = Al, Ga, Ge, Si) to the electrode materials of MgO-based magnetic tunnel junctions. All these alloys possess Hg2CuTi-type inverse Heusler alloy structure and ferrimagnetic ground state. Our study reveals the half-metallic electronic structure with highly spin-polarized Δ1 band, which is robust against atomic disorder. Next we studied the electronic structure of Mn2RuAl/MgO and Mn2RuGe/MgO heterojunctions. We found that the MnAl- or MnGe-terminated interface is energetically more favorable compared to the MnRu-terminated interface. Interfacial states appear at the Fermi level in the minority-spin gap for the Mn2RuGe/MgO junction. We discuss the origin of these interfacial states in terms of local environment around each constituent atom. On the other hand, in the Mn2RuAl/MgO junction, high spin polarization of bulk Mn2RuAl is preserved independent of its termination.
A new prescription to achieve a high degree of spin polarization in a spin–orbit coupled quantum ring: efficient engineering by irradiation
Authors: Ganguly Sudin , Maiti Santanu K 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The present work discusses the possibility to achieve a high degree of spin polarization in a three-terminal quantum system. Irradiating the system, subjected to Rashba spin–orbit (SO) interaction, we find high degree of spin polarization under a suitable input condition along with different magnitudes and phases at the two output leads. The system is described within a tight-binding (TB) framework and the effect of irradiation is incorporated following the Floquet–Bloch (FB) ansatz. All the spin-dependent transmission probabilities are evaluated through Green’s function technique using Landauer–Büttiker formalism. Several possible aspects are included to make the system more realistic and examined rigorously in the present work. To name a few, the effects of irradiation, SO interaction, interface sensitivity, system size, system temperature are investigated, and finally, the role of correlated impurities are studied. Despite having numerous proposals available to generate and manipulate spin-selective transmissions, such a prescription exploiting the irradiation effect is relatively new to the best of our concern.
Floquet–Dirac fermions in monolayer graphene by Wannier functions
Authors: Liu Jian , Hou Wenjie , Sun Lei , Ma Xikui , Feng Xukun , Nie Tianxiao , Zhao Mingwen 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Wannier functions have been widely applied in the study of topological properties and Floquet–Bloch bands of materials. Usually, the real-space Wannier functions are linked to the k-space Hamiltonian by two types of Fourier transform (FT), namely lattice-gauge FT (LGFT) and atomic-gauge FT (AGFT), but the differences between these two FTs on Floquet–Bloch bands have rarely been addressed. Taking monolayer graphene as an example, we demonstrate that LGFT gives different topological descriptions on the Floquet–Bloch bands for the structurally equivalent directions which are obviously unphysical, while AGFT is immune to this dilemma. We introduce the atomic-laser periodic effect to explain the different Floquet–Bloch bands between the LGFT and AGFT. Using AGFT, we showed that linearly polarized laser could effectively manipulate the properties of the Dirac fermions in graphene, such as the location, generation and annihilation of Dirac points. This proposal offers not only deeper understanding on the role of Wannier functions in solving the Floquet systems, but also a promising platform to study the interaction between the time-periodic laser field and materials.
Particle size distribution measurement in a flowing aerosol using dynamic light scattering
Authors: Mu Tongtong , Shen Jin , Wang Mengjie , Thomas John C , Zhu Xinjun , Yuan Xi , Liu Wei , Sun Xianming , Wang Yajing , Han Jinzhuang , Liu Zhenming 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Simulated and experimental data were used to investigate the particle size distribution (PSD) recovery from a flowing aerosol via dynamic light scattering (DLS). It is found that, for a unimodal PSD, increasing the flow velocity leads to an increase in the error of the peak position, a decrease in the peak height and a broadening of the PSD. This is exacerbated for larger aerosol particles. For a bimodal PSD, the separation of the two peaks decreases and results in a single-peak PSD as the velocity increases. The effect of velocity on the measurement is similar to adding signal noise, which increases with the velocity. This effect is related to the measured aerosol particle size. The larger the particles, the lower the signal-to-noise ratio. By comparing DLS measurement results for flowing and non-flowing aerosol samples, it is possible to determine the maximum flow rate at which measurements can be usefully made.
Interaction of hydrogen-edged boron nitride flakes with lithium: boron nitride as a protecting layer for a lithium-ion battery and a spin-dependent photon emission device
Authors: Kheirabadi Narjes , Shafiekhani Azizollah 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The current rechargeable battery technologies have a failure in their performance at high pressure and temperature. In this article, we have brought theoretical insights on using boron nitride flakes as a protecting layer for a lithium-ion battery device and extended its application for a spin-dependent photon emission device. Hence, the electronic properties of pristine and lithium-doped hydrogen-edged boron nitride flakes have been studied by the first principle density functional theory calculations. In this study, we have discussed the stability, adsorption energies, bond lengths, electronic gaps, frontier molecular orbitals, the density of states, charge distributions, and dipole moments of pristine and lithium hydrogen-edged doped boron nitride flakes.
Metal artifact reduction method based on a constrained beam-hardening estimator for polychromatic x-ray CT
Authors: Hur Jin , Kim Dongjoon , Shin Yeong-Gil , Lee Ho 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Beam hardening in x-ray computed tomography (CT) is inevitable because of the polychromatic x-ray spectrum and energy-dependent attenuation coefficients of materials, leading to the underestimation of artifacts arising from projection data, especially on metal regions. State-of-the-art research on beam-hardening artifacts is based on a numerical method that recursively performs CT reconstruction, which leads to a heavy computational burden. To address this computational issue, we propose a constrained beam-hardening estimator that provides an efficient numerical solution via a linear combination of two images reconstructed only once during the entire process. The proposed estimator reflects the geometry of metal objects and physical characteristics of beam hardening during the transmission of polychromatic x-rays through a material. Most of the associated parameters are numerically obtained from an initial uncorrected CT image and forward projection transformation without additional optimization procedures. Only the unknown parameter related to beam-hardening artifacts is fine-tuned by linear optimization, which is performed only in the reconstruction image domain. The proposed approach was systematically assessed using numerical simulations and phantom data for qualitative and quantitative comparisons. Compared with existing sinogram inpainting-based and model-based approaches, the proposed scheme in conjunction with the constrained beam-hardening estimator not only provided improved image quality in areas surrounding the metal but also achieved fast beam-hardening correction owing to the analytical reconstruction structure. This work may have significant implications in improving dose calculation accuracy or target volume delineation for treatment planning in radiotherapy.
Further investigations of a radiation detector based on ionization-induced modulation of optical polarization
Authors: Wang Yuli , Tao Li , Abbaszadeh Shiva , Levin Craig 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Optical property modulation induced by ionizing radiation is a promising approach for ultra-fast, lower time jitter detection of photon arrival time. If successful, this method can be utilized in time-of-flight positron emission tomography to achieve a coincidence time resolution approaching 10 ps. In this work, the optical property modulation based method is further developed with focus on a detection setup based on two crossed polarizers. Previous work demonstrated that such an optical setup could be utilized in radiation detection, though its detection sensitivity needed improvement. This work investigates the angle between polarizers and electric field distribution within the detection crystal to understand and improve the detection sensitivity of an optical polarization modulation based method. For this work, cadmium telluride (CdTe) was studied as the detector crystal . The ‘magic’ angle (i.e. optimal working angle) of the two crossed polarizers based optical setup with CdTe were explored theoretically and experimentally. The experimental results show that the detection sensitivity could be improved by around 10% by determining the appropriate ‘magic’ angle. We then studied the dependence of detection sensitivity on electric field distribution as well as on the bias voltage across the detector crystal using CdTe crystals. The experimental results show that a smaller electrode on the detector crystal, or a more concentrated electric field distribution could improve detection sensitivity. For CdTe, a detector crystal sample with 2.5 mm × 2.5 mm square electrode has twice the detection sensitivity of a detector crystal with 5 mm × 5 mm square electrode. Increasing the bias voltage before saturation for CdTe could further enhance the modulation strength and thus, the sensitivity. Our investigations demonstrated that by determining the proper working angle of polarizers and bias electrical distribution to the detector, we could improve the sensitivity of the proposed optical setup.