bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Influenced Early Secularization? A Statistical Analysis of the Results of the 1923 Referendum in Estonia
Authors: Gortfelder Mark 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn 1923, the first referendum of Estonia—one of the most secular countries in the world—was held. It came about as a public initiative to reinstate religious studies as a subject in public elementary schools after it had been banned by left‐dominated parliaments. The referendum underlined the schism between the political elite and the wider population regarding the societal role of religion, with only 28.8 percent of votes cast in opposition to the proposal. This article uses opposition to religious studies as a proxy for secularization, and asks which political, cultural, demographic, and economic factors influenced people to become secularized in an early phase of the process. The analysis is done using municipal‐level results of the referendum and standard linear, as well as two spatial models. It is shown that left‐wing political preference and male sex are the most important predictors of secularization.
Local climate adaptation and gene flow in the native range of two co‐occurring fruit moths with contrasting invasiveness
Authors: Cao Li‐Jun , Li Bing‐Yan , Chen Jin‐Cui , Zhu Jia‐Ying , Hoffmann Ary A. , Wei Shu‐Jun 
Published: July 2021

AbstractInvasive species pose increasing threats to global biodiversity and ecosystems. While previous studies have characterized successful invaders based on ecological traits, characteristics related to evolutionary processes have rarely been investigated. Here we compared gene flow and local adaptation using demographic analyses and outlier tests in two co‐occurring moth pests across their common native range of China, one of which (the peach fruit moth,Carposina sasakii) has maintained its native distribution, while the other (the oriental fruit moth,Grapholita molesta) has expanded its range globally during the past century. We found that both species showed a pattern of genetic differentiation and an evolutionary history consistent with a common southwestern origin and northward expansion in their native range. However, for the noninvasive species, genetic differentiation was closely aligned with the environment, and there was a relatively low level of gene flow, whereas in the invasive species, genetic differentiation was associated with geography. Genome scans indicated stronger patterns of climate‐associated loci in the noninvasive species. While strong local adaptation and reduced gene flow across its native range may have decreased the invasiveness ofC.sasakii, this requires further validation with additional comparisons of invasive and noninvasive species across their native range.
From cells to stems: the effects of primary vascular construction on drought‐induced embolism in fern rhizomes
Authors: Suissa Jacob S. , Friedman William E. 
Published: July 2021

SummaryWhile a considerable amount of data exists on the link between xylem construction and hydraulic function, few studies have focused on resistance to drought‐induced embolism of primary vasculature in herbaceous plants. Ferns rely entirely on primary xylem and display a remarkable diversity of vascular construction in their rhizomes, making them an ideal group in which to examine hydraulic structure–function relationships.New optical methods allowed us to measure vulnerability to embolism in rhizomes, which are notoriously difficult to work with. We investigated five fern species based on their diverse xylem traits at the cellular, histological, and architectural levels. To link below‐ and above‐ground hydraulics, we then measured leaf–stem vulnerability segmentation.Overall, rhizome vulnerability to embolism was correlated most strongly with cellular but not histological or architectural traits. Interestingly, at P6–12, species with increased architectural dissection were actually more vulnerable to embolism, suggesting different hydraulic dynamics at low compared to high percent embolism. Importantly, leaves fully embolize before stems reach P88, suggesting strong vulnerability segmentation.This is the first study to explore the functional implications of primary vascular construction in fern rhizomes and leaf–stem vulnerability segmentation. Strong segmentation suggests that leaves protect perennial rhizomes against severe drought stress and hydraulically induced mortality.
Performance management technologies and trade union responses: A case study from banking
Authors: Murphy Gareth , Cullinane Niall 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLiterature in the Performance Management (PM) field champions a shift to more continual forms of worker assessment. Advances in data analytic technologies are claimed to support such developments. However, critical literature finds that PM technologies induce malign consequences for workers and that unions should seek to organise an alternative agenda challenging employers. Based on findings from an action research project in retail and operations banking, the paper considers whether organising enables unions to curb PM technologies’ more malign features.
Being moved by listening to unfamiliar sad music induces reward‐related hormonal changes in empathic listeners
Authors: Eerola Tuomas , Vuoskoski Jonna K. , Kautiainen Hannu , Peltola Henna‐Riikka , Putkinen Vesa , Schäfer Katharina 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMany people enjoy sad music, and the appeal for tragedy is widespread among the consumers of film and literature. The underlying mechanisms of such aesthetic experiences are not well understood. We tested whether pleasure induced by sad, unfamiliar instrumental music is explained with a homeostatic or a reward theory, each of which is associated with opposite patterns of changes in the key hormones. Sixty‐two women listened to sad music (or nothing) while serum was collected for subsequent measurement of prolactin (PRL) and oxytocin (OT) and stress marker (cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone) concentrations. Two groups of participants were recruited on the basis of low and high trait empathy. In the high empathy group, PRL and OT levels were significantly lower with music compared with no music. And compared to the low empathy group, the high empathy individuals reported an increase of positive mood and higher ratings of being moved with music. None of the stress markers showed any changes across the conditions or the groups. These hormonal changes, inconsistent with the homeostatic theory proposed by Huron, exhibit a pattern expected of general reward. Our findings illuminate how unfamiliar and low arousal music may give rise to pleasurable experiences.
Impact of photobiomodulation in a patient‐derived xenograft model of oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Silveira Felipe Martins , Schmidt Tuany Rafaeli , Neumann Bruna , Rosset Clévia , Zanella Virgilio Gonzales , Maahs Gerson Schulz , Martins Marco Antonio Trevizani , Arany Praveen , Wagner Vivian Petersen , Lopes Márcio Ajudarte , Santos‐Silva Alan Roger , Martins Manoela Domingues 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundPhotobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) is an effective method for the prevention of oral mucositis. However, the effects of PBMT on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) have not yet been fully elucidated. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of PBMT in an OSCC‐patient‐derived xenograft (OSCC‐PDX) model.MethodsBALB/c nude mice with OSCC‐PDX models were divided into Control, without PBMT (n = 8); Immediate irradiation, PBMT since one week after tumor implantation (n = 6); and Late irradiation, PBMT after tumors reached 200 mm3 (n = 6). OSCC‐PDX were daily irradiated (660 nm; 100 mW; 6 J/cm2; 0,2 J/point) for 12 weeks. The tumors were collected and submitted to volumetric, histological, immunohistochemistry, and cell cycle analysis.ResultsNo significant differences in the volumetric measurements (p = 0.89) and in the histopathological grade (p > 0.05) were detected between the groups. The immunohistochemical analysis of Ki‐67 (p = 0.9661); H3K9ac (p = 0.3794); and BMI1 (p = 0.5182), and the evaluation of the cell cycle phases (p > 0.05) by flow cytometry also did not demonstrate significant differences between the irradiated and non‐irradiated groups.ConclusionIn this study, PBMT did not impact the behavior of OSCC‐PDX models. This is an important preclinical outcome regarding safety concerns of the use of PBMT in cancer patients.
An ongoing process of reconnection: A qualitative exploration of mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy for adults in remission from depression
Authors: Williams Kate , Hartley Samantha , Anderson Ian M. , Birtwell Kelly , Dowson Merryn , Elliott Rebecca , Taylor Peter 
Published: July 2021

ObjectivesMindfulness‐based cognitive therapy (MBCT) is an 8‐week relapse‐prevention intervention designed for people who have experienced multiple episodes of depression and remain vulnerable to relapse. Previous qualitative explorations of the effects of MBCT for people in remission from depression have suggested a number of themes regarding changes arising from participating in MBCT ranging from awareness, agency, perspective, group processes, self‐related change, and new ways of understanding depression. We aimed to qualitatively explore how participants in remission from depression experienced MBCT both post‐MBCT and during a follow‐up period.MethodsIn a preference‐choice trial design, 35 participants took part in qualitative interviews and assessments post‐MBCT and at three time points during a 12‐month follow‐up. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis.ResultsTwo overarching themes were developed as follows: (1) ‘reconnection with experience, self, and others’ and (2) ‘acknowledging an ongoing process of change’. In theme one, sub‐themes captured participants’ experiences of increasing levels of awareness of their experience (e.g., thoughts, emotions, sensations, and present moment) from which they described changes in their relationship with experience describing increases in control, choice, acceptance, and calm. Participants described shifts towards reconnection with aspects of the self and relationships with others. In theme two, sub‐themes reflected participants’ conflict between avoidance and engagement in mindfulness practices, and the recognition of the gradual change following MBCT and long‐term investment needed in mindfulness practices.ConclusionsOur findings have clinical implications in terms of facilitating MBCT and point to important themes around recognizing the ongoing process of reconnection with experiences, self, and others.Practitioner points

Participants with histories of depression may have experienced disconnection and isolation from internal experiences (e.g., thoughts and emotions), self, and others; MBCT encourages a deliberate shift towards reconnection with these experiences.

Practitioners could encourage more psychoeducation and discussions around depression during MBCT to encourage reflections on the process of reconnection.

Practitioners should maintain an awareness of the ongoing, gradual processes of change and potential for conflict experienced during MBCT

Practitioners could provide a stronger emphasis on building awareness of body sensations during MBCT, with suggestions provided in the discussion section.
Towards engineering ectomycorrhization into switchgrass bioenergy crops via a lectin receptor‐like kinase
Authors: Qiao Zhenzhen , Yates Timothy B. , Shrestha Him K. , Engle Nancy L. , Flanagan Amy , Morrell‐Falvey Jennifer L. , Sun Yali , Tschaplinski Timothy J. , Abraham Paul E. , Labbé Jessy , Wang Zeng‐Yu , Hettich Robert L. , Tuskan Gerald A. , Muchero Wellington , Chen Jin‐Gui 
Published: July 2021

SummarySoil‐borne microbes can establish compatible relationships with host plants, providing a large variety of nutritive and protective compounds in exchange for photosynthesized sugars. However, the molecular mechanisms mediating the establishment of these beneficial relationships remain unclear. Our previous genetic mapping and whole‐genome resequencing studies identified a gene deletion event of a Populus trichocarpa lectin receptor‐like kinase gene PtLecRLK1 in Populus deltoides that was associated with poor‐root colonization by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor. By introducing PtLecRLK1 into a perennial grass known to be a non‐host of L. bicolor, switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), we found that L. bicolor colonizes ZmUbipro‐PtLecRLK1 transgenic switchgrass roots, which illustrates that the introduction of PtLecRLK1 has the potential to convert a non‐host to a host of L. bicolor. Furthermore, transcriptomic and proteomic analyses on inoculated‐transgenic switchgrass roots revealed genes/proteins overrepresented in the compatible interaction and underrepresented in the pathogenic defence pathway, consistent with the view that pathogenic defence response is down‐regulated during compatible interaction. Metabolomic profiling revealed that root colonization in the transgenic switchgrass was associated with an increase in N‐containing metabolites and a decrease in organic acids, sugars, and aromatic hydroxycinnamate conjugates, which are often seen in the early steps of establishing compatible interactions. These studies illustrate that PtLecRLK1 is able to render a plant susceptible to colonization by the ectomycorrhizal fungus L. bicolor and shed light on engineering mycorrhizal symbiosis into a non‐host to enhance plant productivity and fitness on marginal lands.
Divalent nutrient cations: Friend and foe during zinc stress in rice
Authors: Cheah Boon Huat , Chen Yu‐Ling , Lo Jing‐Chi , Tang I‐Chien , Yeh Kuo‐Chen , Lin Ya‐Fen 
Published: July 2021

AbstractZn deficiency is the most common micronutrient deficit in rice but Zn is also a widespread industrial pollutant. Zn deficiency responses in rice are well documented, but comparative responses to Zn deficiency and excess have not been reported. Therefore, we compared the physiological, transcriptional and biochemical properties of rice subjected to Zn starvation or excess at early and later treatment stages. Both forms of Zn stress inhibited root and shoot growth. Gene ontology analysis of differentially expressed genes highlighted the overrepresentation of Zn transport and antioxidative defense for both Zn stresses, whereas diterpene biosynthesis was solely induced by excess Zn. Divalent cations (Fe, Cu, Ca, Mn and Mg) accumulated in Zn‐deficient shoots but Mg and Mn were depleted in the Zn excess shoots, mirroring the gene expression of non‐specific Zn transporters and chelators. Ascorbate peroxidase activity was induced after 14 days of Zn starvation, scavenging H2O2 more effectively to prevent leaf chlorosis via the Fe‐dependent Fenton reaction. Conversely, excess Zn triggered the expression of genes encoding Mg/Mn‐binding proteins (OsCPS2/4 and OsKSL4/7) required for antimicrobial diterpenoid biosynthesis. Our study reveals the potential role of divalent cations in the shoot, driving the unique responses of rice to each form of Zn stress.
Acral lentiginous melanoma—Population, treatment, and survival using the NCDB from 2004 to 2015
Authors: Bian Shelly X. , Hwang Lindsay , Hwang Jennifer , Ragab Omar , In Gino K. , Peng David , Lin Eugene 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAcral lentiginous melanoma (ALM) is a rare histological subtype of cutaneous malignant melanoma that typically presents on the palms and soles. To characterize the demographic and treatment characteristics of ALM, we used the National Cancer Database (NCDB) to describe a large multi‐institutional cohort of ALM patients, consisting of 4,796 ALM patients from 2004 to 2015. ALM was more likely to be diagnosed at a later stage overall compared with non‐ALM cutaneous melanomas, and more likely to be thicker, ulcerated, lymph node positive, and have lymphovascular invasion and positive margins. When stratified by stage, ALM had worse survival compared with non‐ALM patients, most notably in stage III patients with 5‐year survival of 47.5% versus 56.7%, respectively (p < .001). In ALM patients, older age, male sex, higher comorbidity burden, increased tumor thickness and ulceration, positive lymph nodes, and positive metastasis were independently associated with lower 5‐year survival. Multimodality therapy, defined as surgery in addition to systemic therapy and/or radiation therapy, was associated with higher survival in stage III patients but not in other stages. These results call for further investigation into possible treatment intensification in the ALM population in the future.
Risk factors of epilepsy in children with complex febrile seizures: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Jongruk Piyatida , Wiwattanadittakul Natrujee , Katanyuwong Kamornwan , Sanguansermsri Chinnuwat 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundFebrile seizures are the most common seizures in children. Children with complex febrile seizures have a higher risk of subsequent epilepsy compared with children with simple febrile seizures. Multiple risks factors for epilepsy, including focal status epilepticus, family history of epilepsy, neurodevelopmental abnormalities and abnormal electroencephalogram findings, have been found with inconsistent results. The aim of this study is to identify risk factors for developing epilepsy in children with complex febrile seizures.MethodsThe study included 248 children aged 3–72‐months, diagnosed with complex febrile seizures at Chiang Mai University Hospital. Demographic data, seizure characteristics, electroencephalogram and neuroimaging findings were identified, and assessed to establish whether they were risk factors for subsequent epilepsy.ResultsFifty‐five patients (22.1%) had subsequent epilepsy. Using Cox regression‐survival analysis, factors associated with epilepsy were prolonged seizures >15 min (P = 0.006; Hazard Ratio (HR): 2.475; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.294–4.735), developmental delay (P = 0.019; HR: 4.476; 95% CI: 2.280–15.646), epileptiform discharges on electroencephalogram (P = 0.023; HR: 1.391; 95%CI: 1.174–1.876), and abnormal neuroimaging (computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging; P = 0.028; HR: 1.355; 95% CI: 1.034–1.776). Age at onset, peak febrile temperature, duration between the onset of fever and the occurrence of seizure, recurrent seizures within 24 h, focal seizures, abnormal neurological exams and family history of febrile seizure or epilepsy were not associated with increased risk of subsequent epilepsy in this study.ConclusionsRisk factors associated with increased risk of epilepsy in children with complex febrile seizures are prolonged seizures or febrile status epilepticus, developmental delay, electroencephalogram epileptiform discharges, and abnormal neuroimaging. Their presence would merit close clinical monitoring.
The COVID‐19–Social Identity–Digital Media Nexus in India: Polarization and Blame
Authors: Arabaghatta Basavaraj Kiran , Saikia Pahi , Varughese Anil , Semetko Holli A. , Kumar Anup 
Published: July 2021

Drawing on social identity theory and research on digital media and polarization, this study uses a quasi‐experimental design with a random sample (n = 3304) to provide causal evidence on perceptions of who is to blame for the initial spread of COVID‐19 in India. According blame to three different social and political entities—Tablighi Jamaat (a Muslim group), the Modi government, and migrant workers (a heterogeneous group)—are the dependent variables in three OLS regression models testing the effect of the no‐blame treatment, controlling for Facebook use, social identity (religion), vote in the 2019 national election, and other demographics. Results show respondents in the treatment group were more likely to allay blame, affective polarization (dislike for outgroup members) was social identity based, not partisan based, and Facebook/Instagram use was not significant. Congress and United Progressive Alliance voters in 2019 were less likely to blame the Modi government for the initial spread. Unlike extant research in western contexts, affective and political polarization appear to be distinct concepts in India where social identity complexity is important. This study of the first wave informs perceptions of blame in future waves, which are discussed in conclusion along with questions for future research.
Addressing the welfare needs of farmed lumpfish: Knowledge gaps, challenges and solutions
Authors: Garcia de Leaniz Carlos , Gutierrez Rabadan Carolina , Barrento Sara I. , Stringwell Rebecca , Howes Paul N. , Whittaker Ben A. , Minett Jessica F. , Smith Robert G. , Pooley Craig L. , Overland Ben J. , Biddiscombe Leigh , Lloyd Richard , Consuegra Sofia , Maddocks Jake K. , Deacon Paul T. J. , Jennings Ben T. , Rey Planellas Sonia , Deakin Amanda , Moore Amber I. , Phillips Daniel. , Bardera Guillermo , Castanheira Maria F. , Scolamacchia Maria , Clarke Nancy , Parker Ollie , Avizienius John , Johnstone Malcolm , Pavlidis Michalis 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpusL.) are increasingly being used as cleaner fish to control parasitic sea lice, one of the most important threats to salmon farming. However, lumpfish cannot survive feeding solely on sea lice, and their mortality in salmon net‐pens can be high, which has welfare, ethical and economic implications. The industry is under increasing pressure to improve the welfare of lumpfish, but little guidance exists on how this can be achieved. We undertook a knowledge gap and prioritisation exercise using a Delphi approach with participants from the fish farming sector, animal welfare, academia and regulators to assess consensus on the main challenges and potential solutions for improving lumpfish welfare. Consensus among participants on the utility of 5 behavioural and 12 physical welfare indicators was high (87–89%), reliable (Cronbach's alpha = 0.79, 95CI = 0.69–0.92) and independent of participant background. Participants highlighted fin erosion and body damage as the most useful and practical operational welfare indicators, and blood parameters and behavioural indicators as the least practical. Species profiling revealed profound differences between Atlantic salmon and lumpfish in relation to behaviour, habitat preferences, nutritional needs and response to stress, suggesting that applying a common set of welfare standards to both species cohabiting in salmon net‐pens may not work well for lumpfish. Our study offers 16 practical solutions for improving the welfare of lumpfish and illustrates the merits of the Delphi approach for achieving consensus among stakeholders on welfare needs, targeting research where is most needed and generating workable solutions.
Becoming a Young Farmer in the Digital Age—An Island Perspective*
Authors: Unay‐Gailhard İlkay , Simões Francisco 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis study investigates the career construction paths of young farmers and aims to contribute to the literature on the “young farmer problem.” Of particular relevance is this study's focus on the potential of islands as a new career landscape in the digital age. Young farmers' subjective experiences toward careers were analyzed based on narrative interviews, quantitative surveys and expert interviews from two EU islands: Crete and the Azores. Firstly, the study provides insights on the behavioral and cognitive dimensions of the career construction model by identifying followed career paths. Secondly, we turn our focus to the role of digital communications in career construction and, thirdly, the study examines the geographical dimension of the model. We find that involvement with farming entails complex career patterns that evolve into passion. Whether their involvement follows planned or unplanned paths, protean career attitudes, desire to experiment, and a strong sense of career self‐concept play significant roles in shaping the career narratives. “Experience” and “management” dimensions of online communication drive the construction of careers as a part of a professional identity mechanism. Our results reveal that the “island effect” (maintaining a part‐time farming culture) plays a role in cohesive singular and multiple career self‐concepts.