bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Delivery of siHIF‐1α to Reconstruct Tumor Normoxic Microenvironment for Effective Chemotherapeutic and Photodynamic Anticancer Treatments
Authors: Chen Xiaobing , Jin Rongrong , Jiang Qian , Bi Qunjie , He Ting , Song Xu , Barz Matthias , Ai Hua , Shuai Xintao , Nie Yu 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe tumor hypoxic microenvironment not only induces genetic and epigenetic changes in tumor cells, immature vessels formation for oxygen demand, but also compromises the efficiency of therapeutic interventions. On the other hand, conventional therapeutic approaches which kill tumor cells or destroy tumor blood vessels to block nutrition and oxygen supply usually facilitate even harsher microenvironment. Thus, simultaneously relieving the strained response of tumor cells and blood vessels represents a promising strategy to reverse the adverse tumor hypoxic microenvironment. In the present study, an integrated amphiphilic system (RSCD) is designed based on Angiotensin II receptor blocker candesartan for siRNA delivery against the hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 alpha (HIF‐1α), aiming at both vascular and cellular “relaxation” to reconstruct a tumor normoxic microenvironment. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have confirmed that the hypoxia‐inducible HIF‐1α expression is down‐regulated by 70% and vascular growth is inhibited by 60%. The “relaxation” therapy enables neovascularization with more complete and organized structures to obviously increase the oxygen level inside tumor, which results in a 50% growth inhibition. Moreover, reconstruction of tumor microenvironment enhances tumor‐targeted drug delivery, and significantly improves the chemotherapeutic and photodynamic anticancer treatments.
An Effective Strategy of Combining Surface Passivation and Secondary Grain Growth for Highly Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Ma Dongyu , Li Wenlang , Chen Xiaojie , Yang Zhan , Zhao Juan , Yang Zhiyong , Zhang Yi , Chi Zhenguo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractInterfacial engineering methods have been developed to solve defect issues of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, traditional surface passivation has limited effects on eliminating defect‐forming residuals, while secondary grain growth (SGG) is restricted by limited choices of additives and intrinsic properties of perovskites. Here, a pincer strategy of taking advantages of surface passivation and SGG is proposed to modify both exterior and interior of CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) perovskite, by employing cyanoacetate‐containing donor‐acceptor compounds (CA‐D‐A) including 2‐cyano‐3‐(3,4,5‐trimethoxyphenyl)acrylic acid (CA), methanaminium 2‐cyano‐3‐(3,4,5‐trimethoxyphenyl)acrylate (CAMA), and aminomethaniminium (Z)‐2‐cyano‐3‐(3,4,5‐trimethoxyphenyl)acrylate (CAFA). In comparison to untreated perovskite, CA‐D‐A treated perovskites present better crystallinity because of SGG, lower trap densities due to the synergistic effect of surface passivation and SGG, and tuned energy levels induced by CA‐D‐A. Accordingly, the CA‐D‐A treated MAPbI3‐based PSCs exhibit higher open‐circuit voltage and fill factor than the control PSC without any treatment, leading to improved power conversion efficiency (PCE) and enhanced device stability, especially the CAMA treated PSCs with an average PCE promoted from 17.77 (control PSCs) to 18.71%, and importantly an excellent PCE of 19.71% through further optimization. This work provides an effective strategy for developing highly efficient and stable PSCs with the assistance of both surface passivation and SGG.
Dissolution of 2D Molybdenum Disulfide Generates Differential Toxicity among Liver Cell Types Compared to Non‐Toxic 2D Boron Nitride Effects
Authors: Li Jiulong , Guiney Linda M. , Downing Julia R. , Wang Xiang , Chang Chong Hyun , Jiang Jinhong , Liu Qi , Liu Xiangsheng , Mei Kuo‐Ching , Liao Yu‐Pei , Ma Tiancong , Meng Huan , Hersam Mark C. , Nel André E. , Xia Tian 
Published: May 2021

Abstract2D boron nitride (BN) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) materials are increasingly being used for applications due to novel chemical, electronic, and optical properties. Although generally considered biocompatible, recent data have shown that BN and MoS2 could potentially be hazardous under some biological conditions, for example, during, biodistribution of drug carriers or imaging agents to the liver. However, the effects of these 2D materials on liver cells such as Kupffer cells (KCs), liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, and hepatocytes, are unknown. Here, the toxicity of BN and MoS2, dispersed in Pluronic F87 (designated BN‐PF and MoS2‐PF) is compared with aggregated forms of these materials (BN‐Agg and MoS2‐Agg) in liver cells. MoS2 induces dose‐dependent cytotoxicity in KCs, but not other cell types, while the BN derivatives are non‐toxic. The effect of MoS2 could be ascribed to nanosheet dissolution and the release of hexavalent Mo, capable of inducing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation and caspases 3/7‐mediated apoptosis in KUP5 cells. In addition, the phagocytosis of MoS2‐Agg triggers an independent response pathway involving lysosomal damage, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, caspase‐1 activation, IL‐1β, and IL‐18 production. These findings demonstrate the importance of Mo release and the state of dispersion of MoS2 in impacting KC viability.
Conservation of Sage‐grouse Critical Habitat and Implications for Prairie Songbirds
Authors: Rose Phillip K. , Brigham R. Mark , Davis Stephen K. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTA popular approach for conserving multiple organisms in a given region is to identify one or more umbrella species. Identifying and managing for species that have a high degree of overlap in their habitat requirements with a broader suite of organisms is expected to enhance the effectiveness of conservation actions when resources are limited. The greater sage‐grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) has received considerable attention as a potential umbrella species for shrub‐steppe flora and fauna in the core of its range. However, the extent to which conserving sage‐grouse habitat benefits mixed‐grass prairie songbirds in the northern portion of its range is unclear. We compared abundance of grassland songbirds within grasslands designated as sage‐grouse critical habitat by the Canadian federal government, and within a 1.6‐km buffer of adjacent habitat in southwestern Saskatchewan, Canada in 2016 and 2017. We also quantified relationships between bird abundance and gradients of vegetation structure. Lark bunting (Calamospiza melanocorys) abundance was 3 times greater within sage‐grouse critical habitat, whereas chestnut‐collared longspur (Calcarius ornatus), Baird's sparrow (Centronyx bairdii), and Sprague's pipit (Anthus spragueii) abundance was 1.6–1.8 times greater outside of these areas. The abundance of grassland specialists was negatively associated with total shrub and silver sagebrush (Artemisia cana) cover, both of which characterize sage‐grouse critical habitat in Canada at both landscape and local scales. Furthermore, characteristics of vegetation structure associated with grassland generalists overlapped with characteristics of vegetation structure that defined greater sage‐grouse critical habitat. Conservation of greater sage‐grouse critical habitat in Canada is likely to have a positive influence on shrub‐dependent or shrub‐tolerant species, such as lark bunting. The conservation of open, native grasslands within greater sage‐grouse critical habitat could benefit grassland specialists, however, any changes in the current management that increases the cover of exotic species, silver sagebrush, and other shrubs will negatively affect grassland specialists. We recommend that protection and management activities be targeted towards greater sage‐grouse, Sprague's pipit, and chestnut‐collared longspur to maximize the conservation of mixed‐grass prairie songbirds and minimize the number of focal umbrella species required. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.
Ensiling of maple leaves and its use in winter nutrition of mantled guereza (Colobus guereza)
Authors: Lasek Olga , Rajtar Patrycja , Malec Andrzej , Bielatowicz Wojciech , Przybyło Marcin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractYoung leaves are favored by mantled guereza (Colobus guereza) and the gastrointestinal tract of this species is well adapted to such a high fiber diet. Fresh maple leaves are often used in the diets for guereza in captivity but their use in winter feeding time is limited. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of additives on chemical composition and fermentation parameters of maple leaf silage, as well as inclusion of maple leaf silage in the diet for mantled guereza on feed and nutrient intake. Maple leaves were ensiled without additives (MLS), with a mixture of bacterial inoculants (MLS + BI) and with carrot additives (MLS + C). The chemical composition and fermentation parameters were determined in fresh and ensiled material. A group of seven mantled guerezas were fed a standard diet, and afterwards shifted to a diet with maple leaf silage (contained 20% of MLS; as fed). Each diet was fed for 7 days when the feed and nutrient intake were measured. The ensiling process did not change the concentration of most nutrients compared to the fresh material. The inclusion of leaf silage increased dry matter intake by guereza (125.3 vs. 163.3 g dry matter/day). Therefore, higher nutrient intake (crude protein, NDF, ADF) was observed when maple leaf silage was included in the diet. In conclusion, the ensiling process (even without additives) proved to be a good conservation method for maple leaves. Furthermore, inclusion of maple leaf silage in the winter diets for guereza, and possibly other folivorous primates, may increase dry matter and nutrients (particularly fiber) intake.
Explainable AI for ML jet taggers using expert variables and layerwise relevance propagation
Authors: Agarwal Garvita , Hay Lauren , Iashvili Ia , Mannix Benjamin , McLean Christine , Morris Margaret , Rappoccio Salvatore , Schubert Ulrich 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A framework is presented to extract and understand decision-making information from a deep neural network (DNN) classifier of jet substructure tagging techniques. The general method studied is to provide expert variables that augment inputs (“eXpert AUGmented” variables, or XAUG variables), then apply layerwise relevance propagation (LRP) to networks both with and without XAUG variables. The XAUG variables are concatenated with the intermediate layers after network-specific operations (such as convolution or recurrence), and used in the final layers of the network. The results of comparing networks with and without the addition of XAUG variables show that XAUG variables can be used to interpret classifier behavior, increase discrimination ability when combined with low-level features, and in some cases capture the behavior of the classifier completely. The LRP technique can be used to find relevant information the network is using, and when combined with the XAUG variables, can be used to rank features, allowing one to find a reduced set of features that capture part of the network performance. In the studies presented, adding XAUG variables to low-level DNNs increased the efficiency of classifiers by as much as 30-40%. In addition to performance improvements, an approach to quantify numerical uncertainties in the training of these DNNs is presented.
Mixed EW-QCD two-loop amplitudes for $$ q\overline{q}\to {\mathrm{\ell}}^{+}{\mathrm{\ell}}^{-} $$ and γ5 scheme independence of multi-loop corrections
Authors: Heller Matthias , von Manteuffel Andreas , Schabinger Robert M. , Spiesberger Hubert 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We perform a dedicated study of the $$ q\overline{q} $$
q

q
¯

-initiated two-loop electroweak-QCD Drell-Yan scattering amplitude in dimensional regularization schemes for vanishing light quark and lepton masses. For the relative order α and αs one-loop Standard Model corrections, details of our comparison to the original literature are given. The infrared pole terms of the mixed two-loop amplitude are governed by a known generalization of the dipole formula and we show explicitly that exactly the same two-loop polarized hard scattering functions are obtained in both the standard ’t Hooft-Veltman-Breitenlohner-Maison γ5 scheme and Kreimer’s anticommuting γ5 scheme.
Controlled fermion mixing and FCNCs in a ∆(27) 3+1 Higgs Doublet Model
Authors: Cárcamo Hernández A. E. , de Medeiros Varzielas Ivo , López-Ibáñez M. L. , Melis Aurora 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We propose a 3+1 Higgs Doublet Model based on the ∆(27) family symmetry supplemented by several auxiliary cyclic symmetries leading to viable Yukawa textures for the Standard Model fermions, consistent with the observed pattern of fermion masses and mixings. The charged fermion mass hierarchy and the quark mixing pattern is generated by the spontaneous breaking of the discrete symmetries due to flavons that act as Froggatt-Nielsen fields. The tiny neutrino masses arise from a radiative seesaw mechanism at one loop level, thanks to a preserved $$ {Z}_2^{(1)} $$

Z
2

1

discrete symmetry, which also leads to stable scalar and fermionic dark matter candidates. The leptonic sector features the predictive cobimaximal mixing pattern, consistent with the experimental data from neutrino oscillations. For the scenario of normal neutrino mass hierarchy, the model predicts an effective Majorana neutrino mass parameter in the range 3 meV ≲ mββ ≲ 18 meV, which is within the declared range of sensitivity of modern experiments. The model predicts Flavour Changing Neutral Currents which constrain the model, for instance, μ→e nuclear conversion processes and Kaon mixing are found to be within the reach of the forthcoming experiments.
The maximum diversity assortment selection problem
Authors: Prause Felix , Hoppmann-Baum Kai , Defourny Boris , Koch Thorsten 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this article, we introduce the Maximum Diversity Assortment Selection Problem (MDASP), which is a generalization of the two-dimensional Knapsack Problem (2D-KP). Given a set of rectangles and a rectangular container, the goal of 2D-KP is to determine a subset of rectangles that can be placed in the container without overlapping, i.e., a feasible assortment, such that a maximum area is covered. MDASP is to determine a set of feasible assortments, each of them covering a certain minimum threshold of the container, such that the diversity among them is maximized. Thereby, diversity is defined as the minimum or average normalized Hamming distance of all assortment pairs. MDASP was the topic of the 11th AIMMS-MOPTA Competition in 2019. The methods described in this article and the resulting computational results won the contest. In the following, we give a definition of the problem, introduce a mathematical model and solution approaches, determine upper bounds on the diversity, and conclude with computational experiments conducted on test instances derived from the 2D-KP literature.
Digitization and the evolution of money as a social technology of account
Authors: Peneder Michael 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThroughout the history of monetary thought, economists have predominantly emphasised the function of money as a medium of exchange along with the intrinsic properties that enhance its salability and credibility as the most liquid store of value. But the social institution of money co-evolves with technology. It is significant that the advent of digital crypto-currencies was initiated by computer scientists and has taken economists completely by surprise. As a consequence, it also forces our profession to rethink the basic phenomenology of money. In accordance with the views of Wieser and Schumpeter, digitization brings to the fore the immaterial function of money as a standard of value and social technology of account, which increasingly absorbs its function as a medium of exchange. The potential impact of this on economic policy is huge. The variety of different crypto coins has proven the technical feasibility of competing private currencies as proposed by Hayek. In the long term, however, there is reason to doubt the persistence of intense competition. One must fear that major digital platforms will extend their current dominance in multisided virtual market places to include digital payments and money. Central banks are increasingly anxious to preserve public sovereignty over the common unit of account and are considering issuing their own digital fiat money. After the current era of intense creative experimentation, the potentially new spontaneous order of private crypto-currencies is likely to be supplanted by central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), the design of which will depend on deliberate public choices and policies.
The in vitro assessment of the toxicity of volatile, oxidisable, redox-cycling compounds: phenols as an example
Authors: Tolosa Laia , Martínez-Sena Teresa , Schimming Johannes P. , Moro Erika , Escher Sylvia E. , ter Braak Bas , van der Water Bob , Miranda M. A. , van Vugt-Lussenburg Barbara M. A. , Castell José V. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPhenols are regarded as highly toxic chemicals. Their effects are difficult to study in in vitro systems because of their ambiguous fate (degradation, auto-oxidation and volatility). In the course of in vitro studies of a series of redox-cycling phenols, we found evidences of cross-contamination in several in vitro high-throughput test systems, in particular by trimethylbenzene-1, 4-diol/trimethylhydroquinone (TMHQ) and 2,6-di-tertbutyl-4-ethylphenol (DTBEP), and investigated in detail the physicochemical basis for such phenomenon and how to prevent it. TMHQ has fast degradation kinetics followed by significant diffusion rates of the resulting quinone to adjacent wells, other degradation products being able to air-diffuse as well. DTBEP showed lower degradation kinetics, but a higher diffusion rate. In both cases the in vitro toxicity was underestimated because of a decrease in concentration, in addition to cross-contamination to neighbouring wells. We identified four degradation products for TMHQ and five for DTBEP indicating that the current effects measured on cells are not only attributable to the parent phenolic compound. To overcome these drawbacks, we investigated in detail the physicochemical changes occurring in the course of the incubation and made use of gas-permeable and non-permeable plastic seals to prevent it. Diffusion was greatly prevented by the use of both plastic seals, as revealed by GC–MS analysis. Gas non-permeable plastic seals, reduced to a minimum compounds diffusion as well oxidation and did not affect the biological performance of cultured cells. Hence, no toxicological cross-contamination was observed in neighbouring wells, thus allowing a more reliable in vitro assessment of phenol-induced toxicity.
Bonding in M(NHBMe)2 and M[Mn(CO)5]2 complexes (M=Zn, Cd, Hg; NHBMe=(HCNMe)2B): divalent group 12 metals with zero oxidation state
Authors: Pan Sudip , Zhao Lili , Frenking Gernot 
Published: May 2021

AbstractQuantum chemical studies using density functional theory were carried out on M(NHBMe)2and M[Mn(CO)5]2(M=Zn, Cd, Hg) complexes. The calculations suggest that M(NHBMe)2and M[Mn(CO)5]2haveD2dandD4dsymmetry, respectively, with a1A1electronic ground state. The bond dissociation energies of the ligands have the order of Zn > Cd > Hg. A thorough bonding analysis using charge and energy decomposition methods suggests that the title complexes are best represented as NHBMe⇆M0⇄NHBMeand Mn(CO)5⇆M0⇄Mn(CO)5where the metal atom M in the electronic ground state with an ns2electron configuration is bonded to the (NHBMe)2and [Mn(CO)5]2ligands through donor–acceptor interaction. These experimentally known complexes are the first examples of mononuclear complexes with divalent group 12 metals with zero oxidation state that are stable at ambient condition. These complexes represent the rare situation where the ligands act as a strong acceptor and the metal center acts as strong donor. The relativistic effect of Hg leads to a weaker electron donating strength of the 6sorbital, which explains the trend of the bond dissociation energy.
Dietary analysis of two sympatric marine turtle species in the eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Palmer Josie L. , Beton Damla , Çiçek Burak A. , Davey Sophie , Duncan Emily M. , Fuller Wayne J. , Godley Brendan J. , Haywood Julia C. , Hüseyinoğlu Mehmet F. , Omeyer Lucy C. M. , Schneider M. Jesse , Snape Robin T. E. , Broderick Annette C. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDietary studies provide key insights into threats and changes within ecosystems and subsequent impacts on focal species. Diet is particularly challenging to study within marine environments and therefore is often poorly understood. Here, we examined the diet of stranded and bycaught loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and green turtles (Chelonia mydas) in North Cyprus (35.33° N, 33.47° E) between 2011 and 2019. A total of 129 taxa were recorded in the diet of loggerhead turtles (n = 45), which were predominantly carnivorous (on average 72.1% of dietary biomass), foraging on a large variety of invertebrates, macroalgae, seagrasses and bony fish in low frequencies. Despite this opportunistic foraging strategy, one species was particularly dominant, the sponge Chondrosia reniformis (21.5%). Consumption of this sponge decreased with increasing turtle size. A greater degree of herbivory was found in green turtles (n = 40) which predominantly consumed seagrasses and macroalgae (88.8%) with a total of 101 taxa recorded. The most dominant species was a Lessepsian invasive seagrass, Halophila stipulacea (31.1%). This is the highest percentage recorded for this species in green turtle diet in the Mediterranean thus far. With increasing turtle size, the percentage of seagrass consumed increased with a concomitant decrease in macroalgae. Seagrass was consumed year-round. Omnivory occurred in all green turtle size classes but reduced in larger turtles (> 75 cm CCL) suggesting a slow ontogenetic dietary shift. Macroplastic ingestion was more common in green (31.6% of individuals) than loggerhead turtles (5.7%). This study provides the most complete dietary list for marine turtles in the eastern Mediterranean.