bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Havoc
Authors: Husain Faisal H. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter recounts a dramatic turning point in the Ottoman Empire’s relationship to the Tigris and Euphrates. In the late seventeenth century, a prolonged drought event and a botched canal project triggered an abrupt shift in the Euphrates’ channel southwest of Baghdad. Beset by plague outbreaks and rural uprisings, the Ottoman provincial administration could not mount an effective response to deal with the chaos unleashed by the channel shift. The Ottoman imperial center, on the other hand, was preoccupied with a prolonged war on its western front. An engineering expedition dispatched from Istanbul in late 1701 came too late to restore the Euphrates to its original bed. The Ottoman Empire had to come to terms with the new fluvial landscape.
Narrative Dialogism in National Memory
Authors: Wertsch James V. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines how the meanings of national narratives are shaped by their context of use. The introduction and first section lay out the notion of “narrative dialogism.” This is followed by a section on “hidden dialogism” that examines how narratives can subtly, but powerfully respond to one another in ways that shape their meaning. A discussion between Vladimir Putin and a British journalist is used as an illustration. The next section concerns “authoritative and internally persuasive discourse,” which involve more condensed forms of narrative dialogism. The notion of authoritative discourse can be harnessed to address how individuals take over the official discourse and memory of the state. An example from a classroom in Soviet Estonia is used to clarify this form of dialogism. The next section on “bivocalism” examines a kind of double-voicedness that involves tentative, ambivalent ways of speaking about the past in which Georgians are both heroic defenders of national honor and self-condemning for being traitors. The final major section of the chapter is on national narrative projects (NNPs), which are unlike specific narratives, narrative templates, and other narrative forms because they do not conclude with a final event. Instead, they tell a story that is in progress such as “America’s Quest for a More Perfect Democratic Union,” “Russia’s Spiritual Mission” as reflected in the story of Moscow as the Third Rome, and “China’s Quest as the Central Kingdom.”
The Common Law
Authors: Banner Stuart 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses 18th- and 19th-century lawyers’ understanding of common law, the law found in court opinions. Today lawyers think of the common law as consisting of the opinions themselves, and they think of judges as making the law when they write the opinions. Before the late 19th century, by contrast, lawyers believed that the common law had an existence independent of court opinions, and that the opinions were merely evidence of the law rather than the law itself. Common law was understood in large part as natural law applied to specific situations. It was considered to be something found, not made, by judges.
The Adoption of Written Constitutions
Authors: Banner Stuart 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter traces the effect of 19th-century constitutional thought on the decline of natural law. Written constitutions were an American innovation with no direct parallel in the English legal tradition. Natural law had long been understood as a constraint on legislation, but constitutions served the same function, which raised the question whether American judges had the authority to invalidate legislation that conflicted with natural principles rather than written constitutional text. In the course of this debate, American lawyers voiced their first sustained critiques of the use of natural law within the legal system. The adoption of written constitutions in the late 18th century thus lay the groundwork for the eventual disappearance of natural law from the legal system.
Community Resilience
Authors: Plough Alonzo L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Community Resilience: Equitable Practices for an Uncertain Future presents rich research findings, enlivened by stories of lived experience, to reflect on the forces that nurture resilience and promote health equity. This volume lifts up the value of innovation and engagement to build the community power essential to making change. In this fifth volume of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s Culture of Health series, chapters highlight the importance of resilience, or the capacity of a dynamic system, such as a community, to anticipate and adapt successfully to challenges. Whether stressors are acute (e.g. a storm, an environmental disaster, an abuse of police power) or chronic (e.g. those engendered by poverty and racism), local innovation and community engagement are key to nurturing resilience and promoting health equity. Community Resilience positions storytelling and narrative shifts as essential to influencing our perceptions of who deserves empathy or support, and who does not, by examining the systemic barriers to resilience and the opportunities to reshape the landscape to overcome those barriers. The central message of this volume—across immigration or imprisonment, opioids or trauma, housing or disaster preparedness—is that we must act intentionally to support a shift in power to communities.
The Black Queer/Trans Femme Representation of Beyoncé’s Media Ventriloquisms and the National Voice
Authors: Lerner Shannon Wong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter historicizes the Black diva and the relationship forged between Beyoncé’s singing voice, audio technologies, and the nation. In particular, audiences might receive enhanced voice placed back upon the live performing body of a singer as a national offense until they consider the Black queer/trans femme tradition of gender (re)presentation. Fallout from Black, feminized divas across history who use audio technologies—Beyoncé’s 2013 “lip-synced” performance at President Barack Obama’s inauguration and Marian Anderson’s 1939 Lincoln Memorial outdoor concert—reveals the complexity of media ventriloquism alongside sexist, racist, transphobic, and femmephobic bias. Through debates commentators discussed the appropriateness of Beyoncé’s enhanced body as a gendered, femme icon—namely, why should the Black diva be limited to singing or appearing in a state of naturalness and not artifice? By tracing these debates, we may explore how national outrage persists surrounding the mediatized voice of Black women performers despite our current sensorium infused with media.
Ventriloquizing Obama, or, the Ethics of Archival Ventriloquism
Authors: Baron Jaimie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractContemporary practices of audiovisual appropriation allow the appropriationist to “speak through” a recorded subject’s voice and body in an act of “archival ventriloquism.” When recorded subjects become—to a degree—ventriloquist’s dummies, they lose control over their own voices as they are “spoken through.” In such cases, new “technovocalic bodies” are constituted: imaginary bodies that are nonetheless related to the real bodies of the recorded subjects. However, some technovocalic bodies reveal their own technovocality, while others do not. When media technologies are used to obscure the fact that the relation between voice and body has been altered, both the recorded subject and the audience are opened up to an abusive form of media ventriloquism. This chapter explores several video works based around the reuse of recordings of former US president Barack Obama in order to articulate the critical, comedic, and abusive potentials of this form of media ventriloquism.
Introduction
Authors: Adelson Robert 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Sébastien Erard’s inventions—especially the double escapement for the piano and the double action for the harp—have had an enormous impact on instruments and musical life and are still at the foundation of piano and harp building today. Assisted by his brother Jean-Baptiste (1749–1826) and nephew Orphée, dit Pierre (1794–1855), he simultaneously operated workshops in Paris and London, a practice which was unique at the time. The story of the Erards’ lives and careers has been carefully preserved in an unusually rich documentary heritage, consisting of the archives of the Erard firm and those of the Erard family. Erard: A Passion for the Piano is the first publication ever to draw on the entirety of the extand Erard archives.
A modern business
Authors: Adelson Robert 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In these early years, the Erard firm adopted a surprisingly modern approach to marketing their square pianos and piano organs. Numerous contemporary business concepts are already present, at least in nascent form. The Erards were keen to inspire brand loyalty among their customers, through the wooing of successful musicians, teachers, and dealers, and by offering substantial volume discounts. They also displayed a clear notion of customer service, providing their customers with a sort of mail-order catalogue and reassuring their clients on every detail, from the efficiency of the packing and transport to the quality of their products. The Erards even seemed to subscribe to today’s ‘the customer is always right’ attitude, complying with special requests from musicians. The amount of time and energy the Erards devoted to resolving such problems with their customers demonstrates that the notion of the instrument maker as a solitary artisan, toiling alone in his workshop oblivious to commercial concerns, is a romantic image born in the nineteenth century. The Erards were both artisans and merchants, a dual identity that was necessary in late eighteenth-century Paris, when a new consumer culture coalesced around the hundreds of boutiques of the capital.
Financial struggles
Authors: Adelson Robert 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Establishing a piano manufacture in Paris required a substantial outlay of capital: for the vast properties on the rue du Mail, the machinery for making pianos and harps, the large quantities of raw materials, and the money to pay the 120 workers. The Erards relied heavily on credit to fund their commercial operations, confident that the quality of their instruments would bring in the income needed to pay their creditors. The French Revolution came at the worst possible time for their business. Foreign sales became impossible and domestic sales increasingly difficult; as a result, they had little income to offset their enormous investments. Faced with drastically reduced income, the firm still needed to pay their creditors and their workers, as well as maintain their properties. Moreover, the Erard empire was forcefully riven in two by the protracted state of war between the French Republic and Great Britain. The Treaty of Amiens gave the Erards a glimmer of hope. They quadrupled their stock of materials, rented new storerooms, enlarged their workshops and hired additional workers. The Erards’ enormous investments in their firm turned out to be a tragic miscalculation. Napoleon’s trade blockages exacerbated the Erards’ financial woes, and in February 1813 the Paris branch of the Erard firm officially declared bankruptcy.
Piano wars
Authors: Adelson Robert 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
To compete with other piano builders, the Erard firm had a potential advantage in having workshops in two different countries. The success of the double-escapement action convinced the Erards to begin making pianos at their London branch. To maintain their position of dominance, the Erards relied increasingly on virtuoso pianists who would promote their instruments in concert. These artistic sponsorships were facilitated through performances at the salons Erard (later the Salle Erard) on the rue du Mail, which became one of the most important concert venues in Paris.
Mendelssohn and the Erards
Authors: Adelson Robert 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
One of the musicians who benefited from the Erard pianos made in London was Felix Mendelssohn (1809–47). Mendelssohn became close friends with Pierre and Céleste Erard, and may have been one of the few people familiar with Pierre’s homosexuality. Mendelssohn was not an immediate convert to Erard pianos, but developed a more favourable opinion of them on his 1829 tour of the British Isles and especially during his trips to Paris and London in 1832. In 1832, Pierre gave a gift of a grand piano to Mendelssohn and this piano had an important influence on Mendelssohn’s compositions and concert activity. A precious trace of Mendelssohn’s genius was carefully preserved by the Erard family in the form of an autograph manuscript of Mendelssohn’s Andante in A major, published as the fourth piece in the first volume of Lieder ohne Worte, op. 19b [MWV U 73].
Creation, History, and God’s Activity as Speech
Authors: Gronewoller Brian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 focuses on Augustine’s use of the media of literary and rhetorical theory—namely the book and the speech—to conceive of creation, history, and all divine activity therein. It also demonstrates that Augustine conceives of pieces of creation as functioning in the same manners as words in a book and a speech, that Augustine thinks of God as acting in history according to the rhetorical concept of eloquence, and that he conceives of God as arranging temporal things into the whole of history in the same way that an orator arranges syllables into a single speech.
Augustine’s Use of Rhetorical Economy in His Theology of History
Authors: Gronewoller Brian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 focuses on Augustine’s utilization of rhetorical economy as the logic by which he explains God’s providential ordering of the entire temporal creation as it moves through time. In the first section a close reading of On True Religion 22.42–3 reveals that Augustine utilizes rhetorical economy early in his career as the logic by which he explains the goodness of temporal things against the Manichaean position that evil is substantial. A lengthy analysis of On Music 6.11.29–30 then demonstrates that Augustine continues to utilize rhetorical economy in the mid to late 390s in order to explain how God arranges human beings within history. The final section then shows that Augustine uses rhetorical economy late in his career to explain both the differing methods of worship in the Old and New Testaments and how God incorporates human beings who become evil into the whole of history.
Epilogue
Authors: Gronewoller Brian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Epilogue integrates the arguments made throughout the book in order to consider several conclusions and possibilities regarding Augustine’s use of rhetorical economy. It begins by examining the brief period of time between Augustine’s conversion to Christianity and his incorporation of rhetorical economy into his understanding of divine order. Then, by means of a comparison between rhetorical economy and Stoic cosmology, it suggests that Augustine included rhetorical economy in his concept of order because it provided a logical framework which could handle several of his theological commitments without any necessary adjustments to its logic, other than reassigning the model from the arena of speaker and speech to that of God and history. Finally, it concludes the work by considering both possible effects of this study upon future research and Augustine’s understanding of God’s work in arranging all that exists.
The Formation of the Farellian and Calvinist Networks
Authors: Bruening Michael W. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Guillaume Farel and later John Calvin insisted that religious reform required uncompromising adherence to a particular set of beliefs, initially focused on the Reformed understanding of the Eucharist. This insistence made working within the existing Church completely untenable, and it put them at odds with Lefèvre, Roussel, and the evangelicals who continued to work for internal reform in France. Farel broke from his old friends when he enthusiastically took the Reformed side in the Lutheran-Reformed quarrels over the Eucharist. He moved to Switzerland, where he became an enthusiastic missionary and wrote the first French Protestant liturgy and theological guide. He and his followers also developed arguments against Nicodemism before Calvin did. When John Calvin arrived in Geneva, he altered some of Farel’s early ideas, especially on the Eucharist, predestination, and moral discipline, but he gained followers, notably Farel himself and Pierre Viret.
The Consolidation of Anti-Calvinism in Francophone Switzerland
Authors: Bruening Michael W. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The network of anti-Calvinists in the Suisse romande continued to grow through the late 1540s and 1550s, and the early centers of Calvin’s opponents began to coalesce regionally around André Zébédée and Jacques de Bourgogne, Seigneur de Falais. This chapter presents the fullest treatment to date of Zébédée, one of the most important but least studied opponents of the Calvinists. At first, Zébédée was friends with the Calvinists, but he broke with them for their abandonment of Zwinglian theology of the Eucharist and the ministry. In the 1550s, Zébédée teamed up with Jerome Bolsec, who criticized Calvin’s doctrine of predestination, and Jacques de Falais, whose estate at Veigy became a regional anti-Calvinist center. In 1555, Zébédée, Bolsec, and Jean Lange complained about the Calvinists to the Bernese, who banned Calvinism in the Vaud.
Introduction
Authors: Ceva Emanuela , Ferretti Maria Paola 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces an analysis of political corruption and anticorruption within the framework of a public ethics of office accountability. Most current discussions of what political corruption is and why it is wrong have concentrated either on explaining and assessing it as a matter of an individual’s corrupt character and motives or as a dysfunction of institutional procedures. Little scholarly attention has been devoted to discussing the relation between these two dimensions. This book fills this gap by showing the importance of understanding that political corruption is a failure of the role-based interactions between officeholders. Political corruption is thus a matter of public ethics because it is a problem inherent to the functioning of public institutions, understood as a system of interrelated embodied roles, and the conduct of the officeholders occupying those roles.
Political corruption: individual or institutional?
Authors: Ceva Emanuela , Ferretti Maria Paola 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Contrary to current institutionalist theories of corruption, this chapter maintains that the quality of institutional practices can always be traced back to the officeholders’ conduct as both individual and interrelated role occupants via their institutional roles. This is the “continuity approach” to political corruption in public institutions. Because institutional roles are structurally interrelated, political corruption can be attributed to an institution in virtue of a variety of patterns (summative, morphological, and systemic), describing the shape of the interrelatedness of the officeholders’ conduct. Political corruption thus has its source in the action of officeholders within an institution, no matter how well designed that institution may be. This internal enemy is a serious one because the officeholders’ interrelated corrupt conduct may fail an institution’s raison d’être (the normative ideals that motivate an institution’s establishment and functioning).
Introduction
Authors: Thackeray David , Toye Richard 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Modern understandings of the nature of political promises tend to revolve around policy. A popularly accepted model is that parties promise to undertake specific actions or programmes, and are tested by whether or not, once in office, they carry these out. We contend that this particular way of viewing promises is not the only available one and that, in fact, it is a product of how politics evolved in the era of mass enfranchisement. This introduction outlines how manifestos evolved as a genre, considering how their growing word-counts shaped the nature of promise-making––in encouraging an expectation both that parties would offer more promises and also that they would discuss such promises in greater detail. While it is far from clear that manifestos and election addresses were read enthusiastically by most voters, they became central to election campaigning, acting as the key means by which politicians outlined their promises to voters.
‘Judge a man by his character and his party by its record’, 1918–1939
Authors: Thackeray David , Toye Richard 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Manifestos became increasingly central to the electoral campaign and the parties’ efforts to develop a ‘national’ rather than purely sectional appeal after 1918. The party leader’s address-as-manifesto did persist, but it became a rarity. Labour was at the forefront of the development of programmatic politics, producing more substantive and heavyweight manifestos than their more slogan-based pre-1914 equivalents. While the other parties eventually followed Labour’s lead in providing more detailed manifestos outlining proposed legislation, distrust of programmatic politics still lingered. Some politicians, most notably Stanley Baldwin, criticized the apparent escalation of election promises. Although election addresses remained vital to the local campaign, in part as a result of the introduction of the free postal communication in 1918, their relative importance declined in relation to manifestos. Addresses became increasingly uniform documents, designed to complement manifestos, as a result of increasing use of material from party press services.
An end to promises? 1964–1979
Authors: Thackeray David , Toye Richard 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
While the 1964 election marked a high point in confidence in state-led modernization, by the 1970s there was a widespread loss of faith in the ability of governments to deliver on their promises. Long-term planning was replaced by short-term crisis management. The Scottish and Welsh nationalists and the Liberal Party created the authority of the Westminster duopoly, reinvigorating the local campaign with their ‘pavement politics’. However, the New Right was the main beneficiary of this crisis. As Conservative Party leader from 1975, Margaret Thatcher believed that politics had been debased by parties competing for power by making promises of state expansion and greater public spending which were unrealistic and led to poor outcomes. Thatcher based the Conservatives’ 1979 manifesto around a small number of pledges, reviving the anti-promise rhetoric which had been key to Baldwin’s appeal in the 1920s and 1930s.
Historical Narrative Pluralism Within and Beyond International Criminal Courts
Authors: Sander Barrie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter critically reflects on the expectations of historical finality and closure that have typically accompanied the rendering of international criminal judgments. The chapter argues that the historical narratives constructed within the judgments of international criminal courts are subject to a process of ongoing contestation and evolution both within and beyond the courtroom. The chapter reveals two types of narrative pluralism that may arise within the international criminal courtroom: first, inter-court narrative pluralism, which arises where judgments of different courts examine the same mass atrocity situation from different perspectives; and second, intra-court narrative pluralism, which arises where narratives constructed within an international criminal judgment are revisited in later cases adjudicated by the same court. The chapter also identifies a range of social psychological and practical factors that generate gaps between the intended meaning of judicially constructed narratives and their public or social meaning amongst different audiences beyond the courtroom.