bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lesbian Cinephilia and Digital Affordances
Authors: White Patricia 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter revisits critical work on the challenges and promises of lesbian cinema spectatorship in light of new media technologies that allow for citation of audiovisual images. Analog videos made by lesbians in the 1990s about the homoerotic pleasures of watching classical Hollywood films are compared with contemporary queer fan videos and community practices on the internet as well as with scholarly video essays. Close readings of these works speculate on the connections between the datedness of cinema as a medium in the digital era and uneasiness with the connotations of the term lesbian on the part of contemporary queer women. Carol, the 2016 film adaptation, by Phyllis Nagy and Todd Haynes, of the 1950s lesbian romance by Patricia Highsmith is an example of a work that appeals to contemporary viewers by engaging both lesbian and media history.
Looking Through the Rearview Mirror
Authors: Williams James S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Probing the continuities and discontinuities of queer representation and expression in the vast, multiform corpus of French cinema up to 1945, this chapter celebrates moments of queer visual and auditory intimacy and pleasure in both celebrated and little-known or neglected films. It aims to prove that early French cinema, despite its all-too-evident heterosexist matrices and repressive tendencies (notably the negative and often highly crude, fetishizing stereotypes of the “homosexual,” “lesbian,” and “cross-dresser”), also discloses unpredictable and non-normative aesthetic spaces or “interzones”—of filiation, desire, and sensation—that resist easy categorization (social, cultural political), elude the gender fixities of the period, and are rich in radical ambiguity and queer suggestion, even subversion. A new, materialist, queer aesthetics and historiography is proposed that ties early French film production and spectatorship to abiding aspects of the French cinematic tradition such as cinephilia and film criticism.
Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education and Its Implications for Human Capital Development in China
Authors: Cooke Fang Lee 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Education plays a fundamental role, through human capital development, in building the innovation capability and ultimately sustainable economic performance and competitiveness of a nation. In its effort to catch up and increase China’s global competitiveness, the Chinese government has embarked on an ambitious development program in recent decades and treats the educational transformation as part of China’s broader development strategy underpinned by innovation. This chapter examines the role of the state in education reform to raise the creativity and innovation capacity of the nation. It discusses characteristics and pitfalls of creativity/innovation education and entrepreneurship education at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels with reference to teaching objectives, mechanisms/techniques, and effectiveness. It also proposes a number of suggestions for key stakeholders to develop an integrated and effective system of innovation and entrepreneurship education to meet various needs of individuals, communities, and society.
Reforms of the Science and Technology Management System
Authors: Hu Zhijian , Li Zhe , Lin Xianlan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
China’s science and technology system and its developing history were reviewed by this chapter, including science and technology investment, research institutions, research funds, enterprise transformation, scientific research talents, and so on. In recent years, China has stepped up its reform efforts, clarified the positioning of different types of scientific research institutes, established research and development and service networks, opened up the channel for achievement transformation, and supplemented by talent incentive and integration of scientific research bases, so as to effectively solve the problems affecting innovation efficiency. Facing the future, the direction of further reform is to strengthen the construction of legalization and institutionalization.
Capabilities Accumulation and Development
Authors: Dosi Giovanni , Yu Xiaodan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The chapter analyzes the basic ingredients and processes underlying the “great transformation” from traditional, mostly rural economies to economies driven by industrial activities and advanced services, able to systematically learn, imitate, and innovate. In that transformation, a major driver is the accumulation of knowledge and capabilities. Thus, the chapter addresses the nature of such knowledge and the ways its accumulation co-evolves with the “economic machine”—presiding over income growth and distribution—and with the systems of social relations, institutions, and policies. The latter are crucial in nurturing (or hindering) technological and organizational learning. Even if these vary a lot across historical experiences, all successful episodes have in common fundamental departures from “pure market” prescriptions, but rather shape market signals and the very nature and strategies of economic actors. Finally, in the context of these “historical lessons,” the chapter focuses on the analogies and specifications of the case of China.
Intellectual Property Rights Protection
Authors: Huang Can , Sharif Naubahar 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides background on China’s intellectual property rights (IPR) system. It explains the surge in patenting activity in China over the past two decades. Given the central role played by universities and public research organizations, the chapter details the legislative progress made in management of intellectual property with respect to technology transferred from these two key actors in China’s innovation system. The chapter also outlines the challenges that still remain with regard to management of intellectual property and patent licensing on the part of Chinese universities and public research organizations. Finally, the chapter documents the most recent legislative changes in China’s IPR system in order to strengthen it further.
Innovation Strategies of Multinational Corporations in China and Their Contribution to the National Ecosystem
Authors: McKern Bruce , Yip George S. , Jolly Dominique 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
For many years, and with great emphasis since 1995, China has followed a technology-and education-led development strategy. Foreign multinational corporations (MNCs) have played an important role in China’s growth, in developing innovations and contributing to the creation of intellectual capital in China. This chapter reviews the role of MNCs in the creation of foreign intellectual capital in China and its transfer to Chinese firms, including incentives and policy implications for indigenous innovation. It also discusses the evolution of MNCs’ research and development (R&D) strategies in China, China’s policies toward attracting foreign intellectual capital, and the changing policy environment.
Internationalization of Chinese Research and Development
Authors: von Zedtwitz Max , Quan Xiaohong Iris 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The internationalization of Chinese research and development (R&D) is a fairly recent phenomenon and still ongoing process. What makes the rise of international Chinese R&D remarkable is that this is—alongside India—one of the first such endeavors by a developing country with already one of the most substantial global R&D footprints, even including Western countries. Similar motivations and challenges of earlier R&D globalization are replicated and observed also in the recent Chinese internationalization, with a few emerging country-specific nuances, such as the focus on technology acquisition through merger and acquisition (M&A) and suspected central coordination by the Chinese government, which has given rise to challenges of its own for Chinese multinational corporations (MNCs). In this respect, China seems to have been the victim of its own success; the future of Chinese R&D internationalization bears both opportunities and challenges for the global innovation community.
Market Demand, Consumer Characteristics, and Innovation in Chinese Firms
Authors: Zhu Hengyuan , Wang Qing 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Market demand is an important force to shape innovations, especially in a latecomer economy with a huge population like China. Drawing on the demand-side perspective on innovation (DSPI), this chapter investigates the market demand and consumer characteristics in China and their strategic impact on firms’ innovation activities and performance. This chapter stresses the importance of a demand-side approach for studying innovation in China and explores the characteristics of market demand and the interaction with innovation in the context of the past forty years of rapid economic growth and technological advancements. Managerial and policy implementation of market demand on innovation are also discussed.
Manufacturing Power Strategy
Authors: Mayer Jörg , Sun Huifeng 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
To avoid becoming stuck on the middle rungs of the development ladder, China has embarked on a new and more balanced strategy that assigns a greater role to domestic demand and to improvements in technology innovation capacity, especially in its industrial sectors. The government is pursuing a new strategy through a focus on strategic industries with a high content of innovative technology. The Manufacturing Power Strategy and a range of key policy initiatives incorporated within it are the strategic components of China’s new innovation-focused industrial policy. The Manufacturing Power Strategy is the key element of China’s longer-term strategy aimed at closing the technology gap with advanced economies and deriving more of its growth impetus from higher indigenous-innovation-based productivity. It is still not easy, however, to comprehensively assess whether the industrial policy is accelerating or slowing down the transformation and upgrading of China’s manufacturing industry.
Policy and Managerial Implications for China and Other Countries
Authors: Fu Xiaolan , McKern Bruce , Chen Jin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this final chapter, the editors present a set of ideas arising from the analysis in the Handbook and other research, drawing implications and suggesting policies oriented toward positive developments in innovation for China and other countries. Implications for government and business are discussed and areas for future research are identified. The chapter groups the implications of the research under three headings that identify key groups of stakeholders.
The Development of Innovation Studies in China
Authors: Mu Rongping , Chen Jin , Wenjing Lyu Rebecca 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Innovation studies (IS) has been an interdisciplinary research field over decades of development, based on economics, business and management, sociology, policy, organization studies, and other related subjects. This chapter examines the origin and evolution of the field of IS and systematically reviews the key academic achievements and contributors in the IS community. This chapter also proposes a comprehensive and integrated research review for IS in China. In fact, despite its irreplaceable and essential role in economy, innovation also enjoys an important position in theoretical research in China. Based on unique innovation management practices in Chinese enterprises, Chinese scholars have proposed several unique innovation theories, such as “3I pattern” (imitation, improvement, and innovation), indigenous innovation, total innovation management, etc. Now, during its transition from a major innovative nation to a super innovative nation, China is facing the challenge of how to stimulate more major innovation patterns that would “change the world” in the era of the knowledge economy; thus, based on a holistic review of Chinese innovation journey, we propose a Chinese innovation paradigm and discuss future directions for Chinese IS.
China’s National and Regional Innovation Systems
Authors: Xue Lan , Li Daitian , Yu Zhen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an updated discussion of China’s national and regional innovation systems. First, it introduces the unique development path and distinct characteristics of China’s national and regional innovation systems. Second, it reviews the evolution of China’s national and regional innovation systems, which is divided into five periods: the pre-reform era (1949–1978), the end of the chaos and the beginning of a new era (1978–1985), the reform of China’s science and technology (S&T) system (1985–1998), the scaling-up of S&T system reform (1998–2006), and the improvement of the national S&T system (2006–2013). Third, it describes the overall structure of China’s national innovation system, illustrating the components and interactions (e.g., university-industry linkages, military and civilian integration) within the system. Then, it evaluates the overall performance of China’s national and regional innovation systems. Lastly, it points out future directions for deepening the reform of China’s national innovation system and continuing to pursue innovation-driven development.
Introducing Hedge Funds
Authors: Cumming Douglas , Johan Sofia , Wood Geoffrey 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This introduction reviews recent research on hedge funds. The Handbook of Hedge Funds comprises 21 chapters from authors around the world. The chapters describe hedge fund industry governance, flows, limited partnership contracts, compensation, fund strategies, performance, activism, effects on investee firms, misconduct, misreporting, fraud, and financial regulation. Further, the chapters highlight differences with other types of intermediaries, such as private equity funds and mutual funds. The chapters feature both US and international analyses. This introductory chapter summarizes papers that appear in the handbook, provide a theoretical framework for research on hedge funds, and highlight research trends on topic.
Financial Technology and Hedge Funds
Authors: Kaal Wulf A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Hedge funds have been on the leading edge of technology in finance with the use of big data, artificial intelligence, machine learning algorithms, and blockchain technology. This chapter examines how and why private fund advisors utilize emerging technology. Some indicia suggest that emerging technology plays a primary role in front office and investment functions, in the securing of crypto assets, but also in private investment fund managers’ attempts to satisfy the growth expectations of clients. The use of emerging technology in trade execution and other back-office functions goes hand-in-hand with an ever-increasing interest in the private investment fund industry in investing in digital assets.
Hedge Fund Activism and Financial Performance
Authors: Heaton J. B. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The magnitude of changes in observable quantities of interest at hedge fund activism targets are economically small and unimportant except when the company is up for sale. When it can facilitate the sale of companies, hedge fund activism is likely to benefit target shareholders, though investors must consider whether the companies acquiring the targets are also in their portfolios and merely overpaying, so that money is simply shifting from one part of their portfolio to another. But the rest of hedge fund activism finds itself sitting with past rounds of shareholder activism of which it is only the latest manifestation. Like those past forms of shareholder activism, it just doesn’t seem to matter much.
Locating Hedge Funds in a Subjective and Political Economy Context
Authors: Clark Ian , Karakilic Emrah 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter pursues a holistic inquiry into hedge fund business models. First, the authors ask what sort of political economy context has enabled the flourishing and astonishing expansion of hedge funds. Second, they ask how the individual bodies and collective bodies, such as hedge fund traders and hedge fund firms, form as particular economic subjects within this political economy context. How, in other words, might one think of the socioeconomic and subjective milieu that informs and vindicates the rise of hedge funds as well as their characteristic features? Third, they inquire into how the hedge fund business model survived largely unscathed after the global financial crisis of 2007–2008 whilst the literature acknowledges the former as a driver of the latter.
Hedge Funds and Financial Misreporting
Authors: Jorion Philippe 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The growth of the hedge fund industry can be ascribed to its performance-based incentive compensation system as well as a lighter regulatory environment. These features, however, could also potentially create more opportunities for financial misreporting and even fraud. In response, recent research has attempted to detect misreporting by using due diligence information or by examining patterns in hedge fund returns. Empirical evidence suggests that hedge fund fraud can be usefully predicted from due diligence information, especially evidence of previous misrepresentation. Predicting misreporting from hedge fund returns, however, is much more difficult. This is because returns may reflect patterns in underlying assets instead of manager manipulation. For hedge fund investors, the good news is that the accumulated body of experience about detecting misreporting should help improve the quality of hedge fund investments. In addition, newly-imposed registration requirements for hedge fund advisors should also lower occurrences of misreporting.
Tax Optimization of Hedge Funds
Authors: Lhabitant Francois-Serge 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the major legal structures available for hedge fund investing, and how different categories of investors— taxable US investors, tax-exempt US investors, and non-US investors—may use these to reduce the risk of double or triple taxation. Although sometimes complex, these structures allow investors to enjoy the benefits of characteristics inherent in hedge fund investments while being taxed as if they owned the same assets directly.
Tranexamic Acid for the Prevention of Blood Loss After Cesarean Delivery
Authors: Sentilhes L. , Sénat M.V. , Le Lous M. , Winer N. , Rozenberg P. , Kayem G. , Verspyck E. , Fuchs F. , Azria E. , Gallot D. , Korb D. , Desbrière R. , Le Ray C. , Chauleur C. , de Marcillac F. , Perrotin F. , Parant O. , Salomon L.J. , Gauchotte E. , Bretelle F. , Sananès N. , Bohec C. , Mottet N. , Legendre G. , Letouzey V. , Haddad B. , Vardon D. , Madar H. , Mattuizzi A. , Daniel V. , Regueme S. , Roussillon C. , Benard A. , Georget A. , Darsonval A. , Deneux-Tharaux C. 
Published: November 2021

(N Engl J Med. 2021;384:1623–1634. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2028788. PMID: 33913639)
As postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a common and potentially deadly complication worldwide, mitigating and reducing the risk of PPH is critical. Tranexamic acid (TXA) has recently been given to reduce postpartum blood loss as it reduces the breakdown of blood clots in the body and slows bleeding, decreasing the risk of adverse outcomes and mortality of hemorrhaging postpartum women. Smaller studies have suggested that prophylactic administration of TXA reduces postpartum blood loss following a cesarean delivery, and this study aims to provide evidence-based conclusions to corroborate those findings.
Preliminary Findings of mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine Safety in Pregnant Persons
Authors: Shimabukuro T.T. , Kim S.Y. , Myers T.R. , Moro P.L. , Oduyebo T. , Panagiotakopoulos L. , Marquez P.L. , Olson C.K. , Liu R. , Chang K.R. , Ellington S.R. , Burkel V.K. , Smoots A.N. , Green C.J. , Licata C. , Zhang B.C. , Alimchandani M. , Mba-Jonas A. , Martin S.W. , Gee J.M. , Meaney-Delman D.M. 
Published: November 2021

(New Engl J Med. 2021;384:2273–2282)
When the Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccines were granted Emergency Use Authorization by the Food and Drug Administration in December 2020, there was limited data concerning the safety of these vaccines during pregnancy. Pregnant individuals with COVID-19 are at higher risk for severe illness, death and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and other organizations have indicated that pregnant people can receive the COVID-19 vaccines. Monitoring pregnant individuals who have received the COVID-19 vaccines, and establishing safety profiles is important to inform future recommendations. This study reports on preliminary data on COVID-19 vaccine safety in pregnant patients.
MicroRNAs as potential therapeutic targets for pancreatic cancer
Authors: Chu Xiangyu , Wei Dan , Liu Xinxin , Long Di , Tian Xiaodong , Yang Yinmo 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive malignancies. The poor prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients is mainly attributed to low diagnostic rate at the early stage, highly aggressive nature coupled with the inadequate efficacy of current chemotherapeutic regimens. Novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed for pancreatic cancer. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important regulatory role in key processes of cancer development. The aberrant expression of miRNAs is often involved in the initiation, progression, and metastasis of pancreatic cancer. The discovery of tumor suppressor miRNAs provides prospects for the development of a novel treatment strategy for pancreatic cancer. We reviewed recent progress on the understanding of the role of miRNAs in pancreatic cancer, highlighted the efficient application of miRNAs-based therapies for pancreatic cancer in animal models and clinical trials, and proposed future prospects. This review focuses on the promise of integrating miRNAs into the treatment of pancreatic cancer and provides guidance for the development of precision medicine for pancreatic cancer.
Endothelium in Coronary Macrovascular and Microvascular Diseases
Authors: Godo Shigeo , Takahashi Jun , Yasuda Satoshi , Shimokawa Hiroaki 
Published: November 2021

Abstract:
The endothelium plays a pivotal role in the regulation of vascular tone by synthesizing and liberating endothelium-derived relaxing factors inclusive of vasodilator prostaglandins (eg, prostacyclin), nitric oxide (NO), and endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization factors in a distinct blood vessel size–dependent manner. Large conduit arteries are predominantly regulated by NO and small resistance arteries by endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization factors. Accumulating evidence over the past few decades has demonstrated that endothelial dysfunction and coronary vasomotion abnormalities play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases. Structural and functional alterations of the coronary microvasculature have been coined as coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD), which is highly prevalent and associated with adverse clinical outcomes in many clinical settings. The major mechanisms of coronary vasomotion abnormalities include enhanced coronary vasoconstrictive reactivity at epicardial and microvascular levels, impaired endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent coronary vasodilator capacities, and elevated coronary microvascular resistance caused by structural factors. Recent experimental and clinical research has highlighted CMD as the systemic small artery disease beyond the heart, emerging modulators of vascular functions, novel insights into the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases associated with CMD, and potential therapeutic interventions to CMD with major clinical implications. In this article, we will summarize the current knowledge on the endothelial modulation of vascular tone and the pathogenesis of coronary macrovascular and microvascular diseases from bench to bedside, with a special emphasis placed on the mechanisms and clinical implications of CMD.