bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Is the Knowledge We Need?
Authors: Schrier Karen 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 describes the type of civics and ethics knowledge necessary to learn, including the real- world structures, processes, and institutions of public life. It also includes ethical frameworks and approaches such as hedonism or utilitarianism, or virtues and moral habits. This knowledge forms the foundation for being able to civically engage and participate in society. The chapter also includes an overview of why gaining knowledge is necessary, what types of knowledge are necessary, and why games may support this. It also includes the limitations of using games to convey knowledge, and how to minimize those limitations. Finally, it reviews strategies that teachers can take to use games to build real-world knowledge. The chapter opens with the example Executive Command and also shares three examples in action: Win the White House, PolitiCraft, and Fable III.
How Do We Understand Ourselves and Our Emotions?
Authors: Schrier Karen 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7 describes how games may help people to understand themselves, their emotions, and their roles as citizens in society. How might games support the exploration of one’s own identities and others’ identities, as well as engage us in social and emotional learning? What are the best practices and strategies for supporting identity and emotional explorations using games? The chapter includes an overview of why identity and emotions matter in civics and ethics, and why games may support this. It also includes the limitations of using games to explore our identities and emotions, and how to minimize those limitations. Finally, it reviews strategies that teachers can take to use games to practice skills related to communication and connection. It opens with the example of the game Fortnite, and also shares three examples-in-action: Kind Words, What Remains of Edith Finch, and That Dragon, Cancer.
How Do We Analyze Problems and Systems?
Authors: Schrier Karen 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 11 describes how games may help people practice problem-solving skills such as analyzing solutions and systems. How are social and civic problems solved, and how might games support this? How might games help to understand problems as being dynamic and systemic? The chapter includes an overview of why problem-solving and systems thinking matter in civics and ethics, and why games may support this. It also includes the limitations of using games to explore problems, and how to minimize those limitations. Finally, it reviews strategies that teachers can take to use games to practice problem-solving and systems analysis skills. It opens with the example of the game Plague Inc., and also shares four examples-in-action: Happy Farm, Papers, Please, Quandary, and Vox Pop.
How Do We Explore and Design?
Authors: Schrier Karen 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 12 describes how game design—and making, creating, and experimenting of all kinds—may help people engage in civics and ethics. How does the process of design help to interrogate the world? The chapter includes an overview of why designing and exploring relate to civics and ethics. It also reviews how games themselves may support design-related skills. The chapter includes the limitations of design, and how to minimize those limitations. Finally, it reviews strategies that teachers can take to engage students in design and exploration. It opens with the example of the game Civics! An American Musical, and also shares five examples-in-action: Rosenstrasse, game jams, civic hackathons, Common Circles workshops, and SheroHub.
Guidelines, Questions, and Considerations
Authors: Schrier Karen 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 13 describes the practical and logistical considerations of playing and using games in the classroom, in remote learning environments, or in other educational contexts. This includes how games are chosen for students and curricula, as well as the additional activities around and during games. A table in this chapter outlines different categories of questions to ask about incorporating games into learning experiences, including questions about technological constraints, teacher expertise, gameplay, and student needs. Finally, this chapter covers some assessment considerations, such as what types of ways learning may be assessed through and around the game.
We the Gamers
Authors: Schrier Karen 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 14 concludes the book, emphasizing the reasons why games serve as communities and publics where people can deliberate and design the type of world they want to live in. This final chapter also reviews why games matter, and why they help to both reveal and exemplify the messiness and complexity of humanity. Games are not just instrumentalizing the learning of ethics and civics, but are enabling people to grapple with the thorniness and ambiguity of social problems. The chapter also discusses the game Animal Crossing: New Horizons and revisits the COVID-19 pandemic. How might games help people not only learn through playing them, but recreate and reimagine the world?
Mental Faculties, the Moral Law, and Human Motivation
Authors: Timmons Mark 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the following topics pertaining to Section II of the general introduction to The Metaphysics of Morals: 1. Kant’s conception of the faculty of desire and its relation to the faculties of feeling and cognition; 2. The significance of Kant’s distinction between will and choice in relation to human freedom of the will; 3. The distinction between maxims and imperatives as two fundamental types of practical principle; and 4. Kant’s conception of both nonmoral and moral motivation—the latter fundamental for understanding Kant’s theory of virtue. The chapter establishes Kant’s background ideas on these ideas and faculties and also addresses aspects of his theory of action.
General Ends that Are Also Duties
Authors: Timmons Mark 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter covers Sections IV through VIII of Kant’s dedicated introduction to The Doctrine of Virtue. Section 1 of this chapter explains that for Kant the two general ends that one has a duty to adopt are self-perfection and the happiness of others. It continues in section 2 explaining Kant’s clarification of these two concepts. The distinction between duties of right and duties of virtue is the focus of section 3. This includes a proposal for how to understand Kant’s dual distinction between narrow and wide obligation on one hand and perfect and imperfect obligation on the other. Section 4 takes up Kant’s “exposition” of the duties of self-perfection and the happiness of others. The chapter concludes with a brief summary.
The Science of Ethics
Authors: Timmons Mark 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In the introduction to The Doctrine of Virtue, Kant explains the bases for considering this doctrine a science. This involves articulating the principles that govern a scientific ethics and explaining how the science is organized. These matters are taken up in section 1, “The Science of Ethics” of this chapter. Kant also offers a justification of the supreme principle of morality pertaining to a doctrine of virtue as a doctrine of ends. This is the topic of section 2, “The Supreme Principle of the Doctrine of Virtue,” which Kant expresses as “Act according to a maxim of ends that it can be a universal law for everyone to have.” An interpretation of Kant’s argument is spelled out and criticized. The concluding section raises a looming worry about Kant’s project of grounding an entire system of duties in the supreme principle, namely, that the principle lacks enough content to serve as the basis for genuine derivations.
Perfect Duties to Oneself as an Animal Being
Authors: Timmons Mark 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the category of duties to oneself as an animal being: duties to avoid suicide and forms of self-mutilation, sexual self-abuse, and drunkenness and gluttony. Kant’s arguments for the claim that each of these types of action is morally wrong appeals to the “humanity formula” of his supreme principle of morality (the categorical imperative). Importantly, the role of teleology in some of Kant’s arguments is discussed and a distinction between ‘natural’ and ‘moral’ teleology is introduced. The chapter argues that while Kant mentions the natural purpose of one’s sexual powers in his argument against sexual self-abuse, his argument does not depend on it. However, as explained in later chapters, Kant’s ethics does rely on appeals to moral teleology, referring to the moral end of self-perfection.
Imperfect Duties to Oneself
Authors: Timmons Mark 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter covers both the imperfect duties of natural and moral self-perfection and the positive duties of conscience and moral self-scrutiny—these latter duties partly constitutive of the duty of moral self-perfection. Regarding the duty of conscience, the following questions are addressed: 1. What is conscience—its nature and role in moral life? 2. How is conscience experienced? 3. Can it be mistaken? 4. What are the duties of conscience and how are they justified? 5. What is the connection between conscience and blameworthiness? The duty of moral self-scrutiny foregrounds the moral importance of sincerity and impartiality in assessing one’s moral character. The chapter also explores the fundamental duty of moral self-perfection and Kant’s puzzling claim that it is both narrow and perfect yet also wide and imperfect. Also discussed are Kant’s views on the ethical treatment of animals, concluding with remarks on Kant’s moral teleology.
Duties of Love to Other Human Beings
Authors: Timmons Mark 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Kant divides duties to other human beings into duties of love and duties of respect. This chapter covers his views on duties of love including beneficence, gratitude, and sympathetic participation. The guiding questions are: 1. What is the basis for dividing duties of love from those of respect? 2. How are these duties justified? 3. What do they require of human beings? Of particular interest is Kant’s argument for the duty of beneficence that appeals to the universal law formula of the categorical imperative. Problems for the argument as Kant states it are considered, as is a proposal for improving it. The contours of the so-called sacred duty of gratitude are explained. The content and role of the duty of sympathetic participation are explored. The chapter concludes with reflections on Kant’s conception of sympathy as it relates to contemporary notions of sympathy and empathy.
The Vices of Hatred and of Disrespect
Authors: Timmons Mark 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The vices of hatred—envy, ingratitude, and Schadenfreude—corresponding to the virtues of beneficence, gratitude, and sympathetic participation are discussed in the first half of this chapter. Particular attention is paid to their psychological source. The second half of the chapter discusses duties of respect toward others that Kant explains are all negative: duties to avoid arrogance, backbiting, and derision. Attention is also paid to Kant’s views on contempt and whether they imply that all cases of holding someone in contempt are morally prohibited. The chapter also discusses Kant’s chapter on duties to others regarding their condition, where he briefly explains how differences in age, sex, and social rank of others can affect how the various duties of virtue, expressed as virtue rules, affect the application of those rules to particular circumstances.
On Milton Babbitt, Schenkerian
Authors: Bernstein Zachary 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the influence of Schenker on Babbitt’s theoretical views, analytical prose, and, most importantly, his compositional techniques. Beginning with a discussion of his upbringing in the New York City of the 1930s, surrounded by intellectual refugees fleeing Nazi Germany, the chapter details how Schenkerian organicism influenced Babbitt and how it intersected with his other, often quite divergent, interests. The metaphor of organicism is excavated in Babbitt’s writings and examined for its heuristic utility. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, another predecessor Babbitt repeatedly cited, is discussed as an additional potential influence. Babbitt’s principal compositional techniques—serial arrays, the time-point system, and cross-references—are reconstructed in light of his Schenkerian principles. Readers new to Babbitt’s music will find the basic outlines of his compositional approach surveyed here.
Construction, Cognition, and the Role of the Surface
Authors: Bernstein Zachary 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
What do Babbitt’s theoretical commitments tell us about how to listen to his music? This chapter excavates Babbitt’s reading in analytical philosophy (particularly of Rudolf Carnap) and cognitive psychology (particularly of George A. Miller) in an attempt to answer that question. Babbitt’s compositional techniques are reviewed in this light: array construction, interdimensional parallelism (e.g., the use of the time-point system to complement the twelve-tone system), and cross-references are shown to be motivated by a desire to write music amenable to rational reconstruction (in Carnap’s term) and sensitive to theories of memory and information processing. Babbitt’s views on Schenker are revisited: he found Schenkerian analysis to represent a model for musical memory. His understanding of language, too, is conditioned by his reading of philosophy and cognitive science. The chapter ends with a discussion of the limitations of Babbitt’s psychology as a guide to the analysis of his music.
The Surface and the Series in Composition for Four Instruments
Authors: Bernstein Zachary 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Composition for Four Instruments is among Babbitt’s best-known compositions and is frequently cited as an example of a piece with trichordal arrays. Nonetheless, the work’s hierarchical underpinnings—the means by which its arrays can be understood as outgrowths of its underlying twelve-tone series—remain undertheorized, a situation that has resulted in the publication of many different series for the work. A close examination clarifies the work’s series by considering surface elements such as simultaneities and the sequence of array materials. The significance of surface events in determining serial structure leads to comparison with Richard Cohn’s work on Schenkerian theory and motive. Furthermore, these surface elements are rhetorically significant: the sole surface trichord that confounds serial derivation is used to link the beginning and ending of the work, contributing to a rounded conclusion.
Weaponized Skepticism
Authors: Rini Regina 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Since at least 2016, many have worried that social media enables authoritarians to meddle in democratic politics. The concern is that trolls and bots amplify deceptive content. This chapter argues that these tactics have a more insidious anti-democratic purpose. Lies implanted in democratic discourse by authoritarians are often intended to be caught. Their primary goal is not to successfully deceive, but rather to undermine the democratic value of testimony. In well-functioning democracies, our mutual reliance on testimony also generates a distinctively democratic value: decentralized testimonial networks evade control by the state or powerful actors. The deliberate exposure of deception in democratic testimonial networks undermines this value by implicating citizens in their own epistemic corruption, weakening the resilience of democratic society against authoritarian pressure. This chapter illustrates that danger through a close reading of recent Russian social media interference operations, showing both their epistemic underpinnings and their ongoing political threat.
Truth and Uncertainty in Political Justification
Authors: Peter Fabienne 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Political deliberation and decision-making typically take place in circumstances of substantial uncertainty about what should be done. Some of this uncertainty concerns decision-relevant empirical facts and some of it concerns decision-relevant normative facts. It is widely accepted that uncertainty about empirical facts should make us cautious and that political justification must take such uncertainty into account. Some have argued, however, that uncertainty about empirical and normative facts is not symmetrical, and that normative uncertainty does not demand the same caution. This chapter argues that the argument against symmetry does not work in the political context and that political justification must take normative uncertainty into account.
What Lies Beneath
Authors: Toole Briana 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Our ability to dismantle white supremacy is compromised by the fact that we do not fully appreciate what, precisely, white supremacy is. In this chapter, I suggest understanding white supremacy as an epistemological system—an epistemic frame that serves as the foundation for how we understand and interact with the world. The difficulty in dismantling an epistemological system lies in its resilience—a system’s capacity to resist change to its underlying structure while, at the same time, offering the appearance of large-scale reform. Using white supremacy as a case study, here I explore what features enable this resilience. An analysis of white supremacy that presents it as more than a tool of social and political oppression, but as an epistemic system that makes this oppression possible, allows us to better understand, and eventually overthrow, such systems.
Political Disagreement, Arrogance, and the Pursuit of Truth
Authors: Lynch Michael P. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores two contributing factors to cognitive polarization. The first is what is known as epistemic disagreement—or disagreement over what is known, who knows it, or how we know. Crucially, even the perception that such disagreement is widespread—whether or not it actually is—can be dangerous. The second factor is intellectual arrogance. This is arrogance about what we know or think we know; it is the kind of arrogance that tells whites they have nothing to learn about racism from people of color and that reassures those who believe they know more about infectious diseases than those who spend their lives studying them. The chapter also attempts to argue that these two factors can be mutually reinforcing. This makes them doubly dangerous, because by increasing cognitive polarization, they in turn undermine the democratic value of the pursuit of truth.
The Problem with Disagreement on Social Media
Authors: Edenberg Elizabeth 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Intractable political disagreements threaten to fracture the common ground upon which we can build a political community. The deepening divisions in society are partly fueled by the ways social media has shaped political engagement. Social media allows us to sort ourselves into increasingly likeminded groups, consume information from different sources, and end up in polarized and insular echo chambers. To solve this, many argue for various ways of cultivating more responsible epistemic agency. This chapter argues that this epistemic lens does not reveal the complete picture and therefore misses a form of moral respect required to reestablish cooperation across disagreements in a divided society. The breakdown of discourse online provides renewed reasons to draw out not an epistemic but a moral basis for political cooperation among diverse citizens—one inspired by Rawlsian political liberalism. We need ways to cultivate mutual respect for our fellow citizens in order to reestablish common moral ground for political debate.
The Scope of Consent
Authors: Dougherty Tom 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The scope of someone’s consent is the range of actions that they permit by giving consent. This book investigates the underexplored question of which normative principle governs the scope of consent. To answer this question, this investigation involves taking a stance on what constitutes consent. By appealing to the idea that someone can justify their behaviour by appealing to another person’s consent, this book defends the view that consent consists in behaviour that expresses a consent-giver’s will for how a consent-receiver behaves. The ultimate conclusion of this book is that the scope of consent is determined by certain evidence that bears on the appropriate interpretation of the consent.
Gender, Performance, and Authorship at the Abbey Theatre
Authors: Brewer Redwine Elizabeth 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Gender, Performance, and Authorship offers a different way to consider the creation of the major characters of the Abbey Theatre, holding the lines between writing and performing up to scrutiny, and ending with a connection between theatrical and film performance. The book challenges the way that authorship and ownership have been defined as far back as the earliest productions at the Abbey, offering a redefinition of authorship and gender in these plays that reveals the influence and unheralded power of actresses at the Abbey. The book begins with W. B. Yeats’s collaboration with Laura Armstrong in his earliest plays, his work with Maud Gonne on both The Countess Cathleen and Cathleen ni Houlihan, and then discusses J. M. Synge’s productive work with Molly Allgood (stage name Maire O’Neill) first in The Playboy of the Western World and then in Deirdre of the Sorrows, a play she helped complete after his death. A chapter on the six women necessary to the creation of Yeats’s Deirdre follows, before an Epilogue exploring connections between the tableau movement, the Abbey Theatre, and Sara Allgood’s film work.
Living Dying inGilead
Authors: Tanner Laura E. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe cultural force of Gilead stems from its powerful unveiling of how dying complicates the sensory and psychological dynamics of human perception, expelling Robinson’s aging and ailing narrator from the ordinary world his prose so beautifully illuminates. In his journal to his son, Ames uses language to compensate for his anticipated absence; however, the reader’s experience of this first-person narrative may achieve an aesthetic transcendence that belies the aching apprehension of loss that functions as its scaffolding. Gilead localizes Ames’s psychic struggle with his own imminent death in acts of perceptual processing that it both depicts and thematizes. Combining physiological, sociological, and psychological approaches to aging with phenomenology and cognitive theories of perception, this chapter explores how the novel pushes existential concerns into the realm of the everyday to explore the way that the lived experience of dying traps Robinson’s protagonist uncomfortably in the collapsing space between perception and representation.
The Uninhabitable Space ofHome
Authors: Tanner Laura E. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBy locating the reader uncomfortably within its circumscribed fictional world, Home highlights the confining cultural and narrative structures through which the everyday dynamics of family are often experienced and represented. In its refusal to provide mechanisms of imaginative transcendence that would transport the reader out of the Boughtons’ oppressive dwelling or make it more hospitable, the novel renders domestic and narrative space equally uncomfortable. Using narrative theory, cultural studies explorations of family and memory, and feminist theories of gender and space, this chapter explores how Home unsettles the culturally sanctioned idea of home as an escape from the contesting ideologies of the larger world even as it reveals the force of our investment in a domestic ideal that legislates, sanctions, and naturalizes scripted performances of the ordinary.