bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infectious Osteomyelitis: Marrying Bone Biology and Microbiology to Shed New Light on a Persistent Clinical Challenge
Authors: Veis Deborah J , Cassat James E 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Infections of bone occur in a variety of clinical settings, ranging from spontaneous isolated infections arising from presumed hematogenous spread to those associated with skin and soft tissue wounds or medical implants. The majority are caused by the ubiquitous bacterium Staphyloccocus (S.) aureus, which can exist as a commensal organism on human skin as well as an invasive pathogen, but a multitude of other microbes are also capable of establishing bone infections. While studies of clinical isolates and small animal models have advanced our understanding of the role of various pathogen and host factors in infectious osteomyelitis (iOM), many questions remain unaddressed. Thus, there are many opportunities to elucidate host-pathogen interactions that may be leveraged toward treatment or prevention of this troublesome problem. Herein, we combine perspectives from bone biology and microbiology and suggest that interdisciplinary approaches will bring new insights to the field. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Ecomorphological, space, and mineral relations of dermal denticles in angular angel shark (Squatina guggenheim)
Authors: de Lima Viliod Marcela Coffacci , Rangel Bianca de Sousa , Rocha Lara Caetano , dos Santos Domingos Júlia Ferreira , Malavasi‐Bruno Carlos Eduardo , de Amorim Alberto Ferreira , Watanabe Ii‐Sei , Ciena Adriano Polican 
Published: March 2021

AbstractShark skin is predominantly specialized for swimming and protection, with the dermal denticle being the main structure associated with these abilities. The dermal denticle is a mineral structure with a unique morphology for each species, which allows its use as a taxonomic tool. Few studies have investigated the microscopy aspects of skin and dermal denticles, considering the high diversity of sharks. Here, we investigated the three‐dimensional morphoquantitative aspects and mineral composition of dermal denticles in different regions of the angular angel shark, Squatina guggenheim, using scanning electron microscopy and dispersive energy system. With the microscopy, we were able to observe that the dermal denticle morphology changes according to the area it is located. It was possible to describe the dermal denticles individually, from root to the crown, highlighting all of their individualities. Through the dispersive energy system, we showed the proportions of each mineral found in the denticle, by area, demonstrating the composition and the particularities of crown, body, and root, where whitlockite was described for the first time in elasmobranchs. In this way, the present study presented the specificities of the dermal denticles of S. guggenheim, as well sought to understand the different structure functions for the animal, thus assisting future research in animal morphology.
In a mouse model of INCL reduced S‐palmitoylation of cytosolic thioesterase APT1 contributes to microglia proliferation and neuroinflammation
Authors: Sadhukhan Tamal , Bagh Maria B. , Appu Abhilash P. , Mondal Avisek , Zhang Wei , Liu Aiyi , Mukherjee Anil B. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractS‐palmitoylation is a reversible posttranslational modification in which a 16‐carbon saturated fatty acid (generally palmitate) is attached to specific cysteine residues in polypeptides via thioester linkage. Dynamic S‐palmitoylation (palmitoylation‐depalmitoylation), like phosphorylation‐dephosphorylation, regulates the function of numerous proteins, especially in the brain. While a family of 23 palmitoyl‐acyl transferases (PATS), commonly known as ZDHHCs, catalyze S‐palmitoylation of proteins, the thioesterases, localized either in the cytoplasm (eg, APT1) or in the lysosome (eg, PPT1) mediate depalmitoylation. Previously, we reported that APT1 requires dynamic S‐palmitoylation for shuttling between the cytosol and the plasma membrane. APT1 depalmitoylated H‐Ras to regulate its signaling pathway that stimulates cell proliferation. Although we demonstrated that APT1 catalyzed its own depalmitoylation, the ZDHHC(s) that S‐palmitoylated APT1 had remained unidentified. We report here that ZDHHC5 and ZDHHC23 catalyze APT1 S‐palmitoylation. Intriguingly, lysosomal Ppt1‐deficiency in Cln1−/− mouse, a reliable animal model of INCL, markedly reduced ZDHHC5 and ZDHHC23 levels. Remarkably, in the brain of these mice decreased ZDHHC5 and ZDHHC23 levels suppressed membrane‐bound APT1, thereby, increasing plasma membrane‐localized H‐Ras, which activated its signaling pathway stimulating microglia proliferation. Increased inflammatory cytokines produced by microglia together with increased complement C1q level contributed to the transformation of astrocytes to neurotoxic A1 phenotype. Importantly, neuroinflammation was ameliorated by treatment of Cln1−/− mice with a PPT1‐mimetic small molecule, N‐tert(Butyl)hydroxylamine (NtBuHA). Our results revealed a novel pathway to neuropathology in an INCL mouse model and uncovered a previously unrecognized mechanism of the neuroprotective actions of NtBuHA and its potential as a drug target.
Back to normal; serological testing for COVID‐19 diagnosis unveils missed infections
Authors: Tsuchida Tomoya , Nitahara Yuko , Suzuki Shotaro , Komase Yuko , Candray Katherine , Kido Yasutoshi , Nakagama Yu , Yamasaki Yukitaka , Imamura Mitsuru , Kawahata Kimito , Kunishima Hiroyuki , Fujitani Shigeki , Mineshita Masamichi , Matsuda Takahide 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe gold standard for coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) diagnosis has been the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) RNA by nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT). On the other hand, serological testing for COVID‐19 may offer advantages in detecting possibly overlooked infections by NAAT.MethodsTo evaluate seroconversion of NAAT‐negative pneumonia patients, immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG targeting the spike protein of SARS‐CoV‐2 were semiquantified by an immunofluorescence assay. Seroconversion was confirmed by another serological method, targeting the nucleocapsid protein.ResultsEight suspected but unconfirmed COVID‐19 pneumonia patients (median age, 39 years; range, 21–55) were included. The median period between symptom onset and NAAT sample collection was 6 days (2–27 days). None of them had tested positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 by NAAT. In contrast, all eight patients revealed seropositivity with the two serological methods, indicating actual seroconversion against SARS‐CoV‐2. The median period between onset and blood sampling was 26.5 days (7–51 days).ConclusionEight patients with COVID‐19 pneumonia, initially tested negative for SARS‐CoV‐2 by NAAT, were finally confirmed of the diagnosis by serological testing. To cover the whole spectrum of this heterogenous infectious disease, serology testing should be implemented to the multitiered diagnostic algorithm for COVID‐19.
Effect of femoral head material on head‐to‐trunnion impaction motion and taper
Authors: Grosso Matthew J. , Choo Kevin J. , Rajaravivarma Raga , Hozack William 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of femoral head material on the impaction force, relative motion, and stability of the trunnion. There were three groups with different head materials (n = 5 per group)—CoCr Group: 36 mm CoCr heads, Ceramic Group: 36 mm ceramic heads, Ceramic + Sleeve Group: 36 mm ceramic heads with a titanium sleeve—that were all impacted twice and disengaged onto titanium alloy (Ti6al4V) trunnions in in vitro conditions. A high‐speed camera system was utilized to characterize relative displacement behavior of the head‐trunnion junction motion. The first impact force of Ceramic + Sleeve Group (14,241    SD, 935) was significantly lower than the first impact force in Ceramic Group (14,961 N, SD = 184). Ceramic + Sleeve Group had a lower magnitude bounce‐back displacement following the first impact (17.7 μm, SD = 11), p < 0.05) compared to CoCr Group (298.8 μm, SD = 84) and Group 2 (196.5 μm, SD = 31). Ceramic + Sleeve Group sat further on the trunnion (cumulative final displacement, 366.8 μm, SD = 71, p < 0.001) compared to CoCr Group (142.5 μm, SD = 41.8) and Ceramic Group (183.8 μm, SD = 30). Ceramic + Sleeve Group demonstrated two distinct disengagement patterns—(a) the sleeve disengaged from the trunnion (pull‐off force 6810 N), and (b) the femoral head disengaged from the sleeve (pull‐off force 18,620 N), with large fluctuations in pull‐off force. The presence of a titanium sleeve with a ceramic head resulted in significant differences in impaction force on the trunnion, motion and displacement, and unique mechanisms for disengagement. Further investigation is required to determine potential clinical impact.
Electrochemical corrosion behavior and microstructural characteristics of electron beam welded UNS S32205 duplex stainless steel
Authors: Singh Jastej , Shahi A. S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDifferent electrochemical techniques were used to study the corrosion behavior of UNS S32205 duplex stainless steel (DSS) welded autogenously using a single‐pass by electron beam welding process, supplemented by microstructural characterization. Furthermore, a comparative study was also performed between multipass gas tungsten arc (GTA)‐welded and EB‐welded DSS for their microstructure and corrosion behavior. The differences in weld thermal cycle and chemical composition influenced the fusion zone microstructure of both the welds and eventually their corrosion properties. The general corrosion resistance of the EB weld was lower than the base metal and higher than the GTA weld despite its weld zone being characterized by a relatively unbalanced phase ratio (α/γ) in comparison to the GTA weld. However, the EB weld showed relatively higher susceptibility to pitting corrosion than the base metal and GTA weld due to its poor repassivation characteristics and poor resistance to pit growth.
Microcellular Conductive Carbon Black or Graphene/PVDF Composite Foam with 3D Conductive Channel: A Promising Lightweight, Heat‐Insulating, and EMI‐Shielding Material
Authors: Jia Li Jiang , Phule Ajit Dattatray , Geng Yue , Wen Shibao , Li Lin , Zhang Zhen Xiu 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this study, a lightweight microcellular carbon‐based filler/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) composite foam is fabricated with a 3D conductive network that is thermally insulating, electrically conductive, and fabricated on a large scale. This composite can be used for high‐efficiency thermal insulation and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding applications. The prepared composite demonstrates low density, high electrical conductivity, and excellent thermal insulation properties. The structure and density of the conductive network and the carbon‐based filler content has a significant influence on the electrical conductivity of the prepared composite foam. Although the composite comprises microcellular PVDF beads of the same density, the conductivity of the composite‐comprising strip beads is greater than that comprising spherical beads. In the same conductive network structure, as the size of the microcellular PVDF beads decrease, the conductive network becomes denser, which results in a higher conductivity. Furthermore, with an increase in the conductive filler content, the conductivity improves significantly. Excellent EMI shielding materials with optimal filler content and particle shapes, exhibiting EMI shielding effectiveness of up to 40–50 dB, are developed. The prepared composite foam possesses excellent application potential in the fields of ultra‐light thermal insulation, conductivity, and EMI shielding.
Reinforcement of bio‐based network polymer with wine pomace
Authors: Morinaga Hisatoyo , Haibara Shunsuke , Ashizawa Satoki 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPolymer materials prepared using renewable resources such as agricultural and food wastes would lead to a sustainable society. Our target was a synthesis of fiber‐reinforced network polymer derived from citrus oil and wine pomace. Lignocellulose nanofiber (LCNF) was successfully prepared from wine pomace by mechanical fibrillation using disk mill grinder under wet condition, followed by freeze‐drying. The resultant LCNF with coarse powder‐like (the untreated LCNF) enabled to reinforce bio‐based network polymer derived from limonene oxide even though heterogeneously dispersed LCNF was observed in the polymer matrix. Polymer/LCNF composite material with almost homogeneously dispersed LCNF was obtained using LCNF prepared from alcohol‐exchange process prior to freeze‐drying (the alcohol‐exchanged LCNF). Tensile strength of the network polymer reinforced by 2% of alcohol‐exchanged LCNF was around 3.2 times higher than that of the polymer without any LCNF. Dynamic mechanical analysis measurement exhibited that cross‐link density of the network polymer reinforced by 2% of alcohol‐exchanged LCNF was around 1.4 times higher than that of the neat polymer. It is noted that the cross‐linker for bio‐based network polymer, branched polyethyleneimine, likely acted as a dispersing agent for LCNF.
Three‐junction monolithic interconnected modules for concentrator photovoltaics
Authors: Albert Pierre , Jaouad Abdelatif , Hamon Gwenaëlle , Volatier Maïté , Deshayes Yannick , Béchou Laurent , Aimez Vincent , Darnon Maxime 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA core issue in concentrator photovoltaic technology (CPV) is the resistive losses in cells that usually limits the maximum photoconversion efficiency under high concentration. We propose the use of three‐junction monolithic interconnected modules (MIM) to mitigate resistive losses by providing high‐voltage low‐current power. First, we present the fabrication of InGaP/InGaAs/Ge front‐contacted microcells with various designs and dimensions. Front‐contacted cells are the key enabler for the MIM fabrication and demonstrate good electrical characteristics under one sun, similar to standard‐contacted cells. The base front contact size is minimized to limit the unutilized area on the wafer. Second, fabrication techniques for interconnecting cells in MIM are described. Finally, electrical measurements show a record conversion efficiency of 35.1% under 798 suns for the first three‐junction MIM reported (17.8% when considering the entire device area). Versatility and further optimization of the devices are discussed to enlarge their field of application.
Impact of sample containers on gas chromatography mass spectrometry based plasma untargeted and targeted metabolomics
Authors: Chen Minqi , Liu Zhongqiu , Gong Lingzhi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPlasticware and glassware used in the sample processing stage could result in different analysis performance for macromolecules, which led to the speculation that a similar effect could happen to small molecules. To confirm the speculation, pooled human plasma sample spiked with and without metabolite standards was prepared with three most commonly used container materials (glass, deactivated glass and polypropylene) supplied by different manufacturers after a two‐step liquid‐liquid extraction, followed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) based untargeted and targeted metabolomics. The results showed that both GC–MS‐based targeted and untargeted metabolomics could be influenced significantly by not only the container material but also the manufacturing procedures employed by different vendors. As a general guideline, it would be highly practical to use the same type of container from the same manufacturer during a whole project. Our study could be extremely valuable for the fellow researchers when dealing with the sample containers for GC–MS‐based untargeted and targeted metabolomics.
A Systematic Review of Dermatologic Manifestations Among Adult Patients with COVID-19 Diagnosis
Authors: Schwartzberg L.N. , Advani S. , Clancy D.C. , Lin A. , Jorizzo J.L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Infection with COVID-19 is characterized by respiratory, gastrointestinal and neurologic symptoms. However, limited evidence exists of the involvement of the integumentary system among COVID-19 patients and evidence suggests that these symptoms may even be the first presenting sign.

Objective
To systematically evaluate the literature published on dermatologic signs of COVID-19 in order to educate doctors about the dermatologic signs of COVID-19 infection.

Methods
Lit COVID, World Health Organization COVID-19 database and PubMed were searched using terminology to identify adult patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection and dermatologic manifestations of disease. The last search was completed on 13 July 2020.

Results
There were 802 reports found. After exclusion, 20 articles were found with 347 patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection. Within these articles, 27 different skin signs were reported.

Limitations
Limitations of this review include the recency of COVID-19 infection; so, there are limited published reports and that many reports are not by dermatologists, and so, the cutaneous signs may be misdiagnosed or misdescribed.

Conclusion
Dermatologic manifestations of COVID-19 may be the first presenting sign of infection; so, dermatologists and doctors examining the skin should be aware of the virus's influence on the integumentary system in order to promptly diagnose and treat the infected patients.
Synthesis and Characterization of Palladium Nanoparticles Immobilized on Modified Cellulose Nanocrystals as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Reduction of Nitroaromatic Compounds
Authors: Karami Kazem , Saadatzadeh Hossein , Ramezanpour Azar 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThroughout the present research, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have been modified with 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and also they have been exploited as the support for palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) using palladium complex. Moreover, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FT‐IR), Powder X‐ray Diffraction(PXRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy(FE‐SEM), Energy Dispersive X‐ray Spectroscopy(EDS), Transmission Electron Microscopy(TEM), Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy(ICP‐OES) and Thermal gravimetric Analysis(TGA) were employed to characterize the Pd@CNC‐APTES nanocatalyst. The catalytic activity of the nanocatalyst has been investigated in the reduction of p‐Nitrophenol(p‐NP) and the other nitroaromatic compounds to the corresponding amine. Furthermore, the catalyst could be recycled four times without the considerable loss of Pd content and with a high level of p‐NP conversion. Using experimental results, thermodynamic parameters were calculated by Arrhenius and Eyring equations. The findings revealed the significant catalytic activity of Pd@CNC‐APTES nanocatalyst for the reduction of p‐NP and its derivatives by sodium borohydride(NaBH4) at room temperature.
Optoelectronic Properties of Polycyclic Benzenoid Hydrocarbons of Various Sizes and Shapes for Donor‐π‐Acceptor Systems: A DFT Study
Authors: Rakhi Ramachandran , Suresh Cherumuttathu H. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe zigzag and armchair‐edged benzenoid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) possessing circular, parallelogram, rectangular and triangular shapes have been studied for a systematic evaluation of their optoelectronic properties for the design of donor‐π‐acceptor (D‐π‐A) systems using M06L/6‐31+G(d) level of density functional theory (DFT). Molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) analysis of the PAHs is done to characterize their electron distribution while the time‐dependent DFT (TD‐DFT) analysis was used for the absorption spectral analysis. MESP analysis showed Clar's sextet like electronic arrangement in armchair‐edged systems whereas zigzag‐edged ones showed significant electron localization towards the edges. The absorption spectra revealed a linear trend in absorption maximum (λmax) for most of the armchair‐edged systems with respect to the number of π‐electrons. MESP based assessment of the electron rich/deficient features of PAH systems led to the design of PAH‐π‐PAH type D‐π‐A systems wherein a conjugated diene moiety functions as the π‐spacer. The D‐π‐A behaviour of these systems significantly enhanced with the introduction of electron donating functional group NMe2 on donor PAH and electron withdrawing group COOH on the acceptor PAH. The MESP features, frontier molecular orbital (FMO) distribution, and absorption spectral features supported the strong D‐π‐A character of functionalized PAH‐π‐PAH. Among the different shapes studied, the rectangular PAH moiety showed the most efficient tuning of HOMO‐LUMO gap. The optical and electronic properties of PAH, PAH‐π‐PAH and functionalized PAH‐π‐PAH systems suggest the high tunable character of these properties with respect to the size and shape of the PAH.
Nitrogen doped Graphene Nano sheets (N−Gns) as Electrocatalyst for Electro‐Fenton Process for the Degradation of Highly Toxic Chlorophenoxy acid Herbicides from Water
Authors: Kamaraj Ramakrishnan , Aravind Priyadharshini , Vasudevan Subramanyan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFor the development of a highly active and energy‐effective electro‐Fenton process, highly efficient 2e−pathway oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalytic materials forin situelectrochemical synthesis of H2O2are extremely important. A novel nitrogen‐doped graphene nanosheets (N‐Gns) is prepared, characterized, investigated for the oxygen reduction reaction, and employed for highly toxic chlorophenoxy acid herbicides degradation in water. Herein, we report novel nitrogen‐doped graphene nano sheets (N‐Gns), which exhibit superior electrocatalytic activity and stability for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in acidic medium, which is utilized for Electro Fenton's reaction. The effects of operating parameters such as applied current, pH of the solution, inter‐electrode distance, ferrous ion concentration, oxygen flow rate and initial concentration of herbicides were investigated. The herbicides such as 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D), 2‐(2,4‐ dichlorophenoxy) propanoic acid (2,4‐DP), 4‐chloro‐2‐methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), 2,4,5‐Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5‐T), 2‐(2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxy) propionic acid (MCPP) were degraded by electro‐Fenton process. All the herbicides exhibited the total organic carbon removal efficiency greater than 95 % within 240 minutes. The four various places of Madurai district, Tamil Nadu, India, real water samples were collected and spiked with standard 2,4‐D solution and its degradation was studied by as‐prepared electrodes. The degradation efficiency was greater than 95 % with 300 min. It is comparatively less high than synthetic waste water (herbicides). It is due to the presence of natural organic matter in the real water samples. Hence the herbicides 2,4‐D, 2,4‐DP, 2,4,5‐T, MCPA and MCPP were successfully removed by the as‐synthesizedN doped graphene nano sheets (N‐Gns). The as‐prepared (N‐Gns) exhibits high activity and desirable stabilityand represents a potential candidate material as electro‐Fenton cathode for energy‐effective water treatment.