bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of scour hole depth around setback abutment in a compound channel
Authors: Abouelfetouh Abdelaziz Ahmed , Lim Siow Yong 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis study focuses on scour depth development around 45° wing‐wall setback abutments in a compound channel. The results show that the scour development curves almost have similar shape and they can be described using exponential function. It is generally observed that the scour hole achieved 80% of the equilibrium scour depth at a scour time equals to 25% of the equilibrium scour time. Additionally, an increase in the relative abutment length and the contraction ratio causes an increase in the equilibrium time. However, this time decrease with increasing flow depth ratio. Finally, new empirical equations are proposed to predict the development of scour depth and the time to reach the equilibrium state. These equations will be useful to predict these characteristics of scour hole especially for setback abutments in compound channel and predict the temporal development scour depth for previous studies that have available data related to maximum scour depth.
Health Students’ Attitudes towards Disability
Authors: Sarantaki Antigoni , Datskovski Anna , Pechlivani Marianna , Gourounti Kleanthi , Diamanti Athina , Nanou Christina , Lykeridou Aikaterini 
Published: October 2021

Background: Individuals with disabilities remain one of the most socially excluded segments of the population, constantly fighting for equal rights and social inclusion. Disability is not an easy subject for health professionals to deal with, in part because it crosses many professional and cultural boundaries.Objective: The aim of this research is to analyze and understand the various attitudes toward people with disabilities, amongst the final year medical, midwifery and nursing students and to compare the three health departments on their students’ attitudes.Methods: A questionnaire-based electronic survey was directed to all medical, midwifery and nursing students registered at two big universities in Athens, Greece (n=190). The time frame was decided to encompass a month window (from 2nd May to 2nd June 2021).Results: The Nursing students in the study showed overall a better attitude towards disabled people. Our research mainly indicates the fact that in general, there is need to prioritize training in both theoretical and practical fields through alterations in all three university departments’ curricula.Conclusions: Undergraduates Health Students (of Nursing, Midwifery and Medicine) generally present a lack of awareness, familiarity and experience towards disabled people. Numerous reasons seemed to influence health professional’s attitudes to people with a disability including their age, gender, nationality, education, years of experience, general knowledge regarding a disability and the level and nature of their training. This research clearly illustrates the importance of improving how universities’ undergraduate curricula address disabilities in an effort to inspire upcoming health professionals.
An Investigation on the Discharge Coefficient of Compound Orifices in Rotating Disks
Authors: Yan Jiaxi , Mao Junkui , Wei Song , Sun Zhaolin , Tian Ranran 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In the modern multishaft gas turbine engines, orifice is an important throttling element, and the discharge coefficient of rotating orifices may vary considerably depending on the operating conditions, the geometry, and surrounding environment. The influences of the rotating number and the pressure ratio on the rotating orifices' flow characteristics are investigated in this study. Besides, the effects of confined space, wall inclination angle (α), and the angle between the axis of orifice and the disk wall normal (β) are also analyzed statistically. It is found that the rotating number has a significant effect on the discharge coefficient. As the rotating number increases from 0 to 0.6, the discharge coefficient reduces by about 47.88%. When rotating number is 0.74 and pressure ratio is 1.10, the discharge coefficient can be improved by 16.88% with α changes from 90 deg to 180 deg. The parameter, β, affects discharge coefficient slightly in rotating condition. However, the maximum discharge coefficient is achieved with β = 0 deg in the static condition. The results also show that a confined space weakens the effect of rotation and changes the air flow direction in the inlet chamber, which also has a positive impact on the discharge coefficient. In the current research, it is found that there is a significant difference between the traditional empirical formulas used in the literature and the fitting result. By modifying the incidence angle and taking account of the influence of the angle of inclination, the maximum error was reduced from 56.79% to 3.16%.
A Block Matrix-Based Precise Integration Algorithm for Solving Nonhomogeneous Dynamic Response
Authors: Zhang Chao , Ling Mingxiang , Tao Meng 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This article puts forward a computationally efficient block matrix based precise integration algorithm for solving vibration response subjected to time-variable excitation and nonlinearity, especially for nonhomogeneous dynamic response solution with large-scale degrees-of-freedom. In detail, the nonlinear parts and time-varying inputs of a dynamic system are separated from the original dynamic equations and then simulated within a computing time-step by employing a piecewise interpolation function. A novel closed-form iteration formula is presented in conjunction with the block matrix strategy and modified increment-dimensional precise integration technique. Interestingly, the presented approach is essentially a high-accuracy and parallel algorithm, which exhibits a high prediction accuracy without the limitation of matrix inversion, higher-order derivative, periodicity requirement nor cycle oscillation and instability of high-order interpolation. The feasibility and advantage of the proposed method are verified with two numerical examples.
Perspectives on Molecular-Level Understanding of Thermophysics of Liquids and Future Research Directions
Authors: Chen Gang 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This article provides the author's perspectives on the current molecular-level understanding of thermophysical properties and transport processes in liquids. After illustrating peculiarities of the thermophysical properties of some common liquids using experimental data on their specific heat, thermal conductivity, and viscosity, the article moves on with a summary of existing molecular pictures and theoretical approaches on liquids, followed with elaborations on different models developed for the specific heat, thermal conductivity, and viscosity. The review shows that current understanding of thermophysical properties of liquids is still poor and theoretical tools to study them are not well developed. The article provides personal views of the author on what is missing in current theories. Furthermore, it explains underlying mechanisms for some experimental observations and suggests potential directions of future research.
A Nonhomogeneous Bulk Flow Model for Gas in Liquid Flow Annular Seals: An Effort to Produce Engineering Results
Authors: Lu Xueliang , San Andrés Luis , Yang Jing 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Seals in multiple-phase rotordynamic pumps must operate without compromising system efficiency and stability. Both field operation and laboratory experiments show that seals supplied with a gas in liquid mixture (bubbly flow) can produce rotordynamic instability and excessive rotor vibrations. This paper advances a nonhomogeneous bulk flow model (NHBFM) for the prediction of the leakage and dynamic force coefficients of uniform clearance annular seals lubricated with gas in liquid mixtures. Compared to a homogeneous bulk flow model (HBFM), the current model includes diffusion coefficients in the momentum transport equations and a field equation for the transport of the gas volume fraction (GVF). Published experimental leakage and dynamic force coefficients for two seals supplied with an air in oil mixture whose GVF varies from 0% (pure liquid) to 20% serve to validate the novel model as well as to benchmark it against predictions from a HBFM. The first seal withstands a large pressure drop (∼38 bar) and the shaft speed equals 7.5 krpm. The second seal restricts a small pressure drop (1.6 bar) as the shaft turns at 3.5 krpm. The first seal is typical as a balance piston whereas the second seal is found as a neck-ring seal in an impeller. For the high pressure seal and inlet GVF = 0.1, the flow is mostly homogeneous as the maximum diffusion velocity at the seal exit plane is just ∼0.1% of the liquid flow velocity. Thus, both the NHBFM and HBFM predict similar flow fields, leakage (mass flow rate), and drag torque. The difference between the predicted leakage and measurement is less than 5%. The NHBFM direct stiffness (K) agrees with the experimental results and reduces faster with inlet GVF than the HBFM K. Both direct damping (C) and cross-coupled stiffness (k) increase with inlet GVF &lt; 0.1. Compared to the test data, the two models generally under predict C and k by ∼25%. Both models deliver a whirl frequency ratio (fw) ∼ 0.3 for the pure liquid seal, hence closely matching the test data. fw raises to ∼0.35 as the GVF approaches 0.1. For the low-pressure seal, the flow is laminar; the experimental results and both NHBFM and HBFM predict a null direct stiffness (K). At an inlet GVF = 0.2, the NHBFM predicted added mass (M) is ∼30% below the experimental result while the HBFM predicts a null M. C and k predicted by both models are within the uncertainty of the experimental results. For operation with either a pure liquid or a mixture (GVF = 0.2), both models deliver fw = 0.5 and equal to the experimental finding. The comparisons of predictions against experimental data demonstrate that the NHBFM offers a marked improvement, in particular for the direct stiffness (K). The predictions reveal that the fluid flow maintains the homogeneous character known at the inlet condition.
Parametric Study of Flexure Pivot Bearing Induced Thermal Bow-Rotor Instability (Morton Effect)
Authors: Shin Dongil , Suh Junho , Palazzolo Alan B. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This paper investigates the journal asymmetric temperature-induced thermal bow vibration of a rotor, as supported by a flexure pivot journal bearing (FPJB). Thermal bow-induced vibration, known as the Morton effect (ME), is caused by non-uniform viscous heating of the journal, and the resulting thermal bow often causes increasing vibration amplitudes with the time-varying phase. Full FPJB’s structural and thermal finite element models are developed and integrated into the flexible rotor model. The model is validated by comparing its predicted ME response with experimental results. An FPJB model, which uses predicted “equivalent” radial and tilting stiffness of the bearing, is compared with the full finite element method (FEM)-based model. The impact of FPJB’s design parameters such as web thickness, bearing material, and housing thicknesses are investigated with parametric studies. The results show that FPJB parameter values may have a major effect on the speed range of ME vibration, and its severity.
An Evolving Model of Best Practice in a Community Physical Activity Program: A Case Study of “Active Herts”
Authors: Carr Shelby , Burke Amanda , Chater Angel Marie , Howlett Neil , Jones Andy 
Published: October 2021

Background: Community-based physical activity programs typically evolve to respond to local conditions and feedback from stakeholders. Process evaluations are essential for capturing how programs are implemented, yet often fail to capture delivery evolution over time, meaning missed opportunities for capturing lessons learned. Methods: This research paper reports on a staged approach to a process evaluation undertaken within a community-based UK 12-month physical activity program that aimed to capture change and adaptation to program implementation. Twenty-five one-to-one interviews and 12 focus groups took place over the 3 years of program delivery. Participants included program participants, management, and service deliverers. Results: Program adaptations that were captured through the ongoing process evaluation included changes to the design of promotional material, program delivery content, ongoing training in behavior change, and the addition of regular participant community events. The authors address how these strands evolved over program delivery, and how the process evaluation was able to capture them. Conclusion: The pragmatic evaluation approach enabled changes in response to the local context, as well as improvements in the program to be captured in a timely manner, allowing the delivery to be responsive and the evaluation flexible.
UV/IR mixing in noncommutative SU(N) Yang–Mills theory
Authors: Martin C. P. , Trampetic J. , You J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe show that there are one-loop IR singularities arising from UV/IR mixing in noncommutative SU(N) Yang–Mills theory defined by means of the $$\theta $$
θ
-exact Seiberg–Witten map. This is in spite of the fact that there are no ordinary U(1) gauge fields in the theory and this is at variance with the noncommutative U(N) case, where the two-point part of the effective action involving the ordinary SU(N) fields do not suffer from those one-loop IR singularities.
A Survey of Deep Active Learning
Authors: Ren Pengzhen , Xiao Yun , Chang Xiaojun , Huang Po-Yao , Li Zhihui , Gupta Brij B. , Chen Xiaojiang , Wang Xin 
Published: October 2021

Active learning (AL) attempts to maximize a model’s performance gain while annotating the fewest samples possible. Deep learning (DL) is greedy for data and requires a large amount of data supply to optimize a massive number of parameters if the model is to learn how to extract high-quality features. In recent years, due to the rapid development of internet technology, we have entered an era of information abundance characterized by massive amounts of available data. As a result, DL has attracted significant attention from researchers and has been rapidly developed. Compared with DL, however, researchers have a relatively low interest in AL. This is mainly because before the rise of DL, traditional machine learning requires relatively few labeled samples, meaning that early AL is rarely according the value it deserves. Although DL has made breakthroughs in various fields, most of this success is due to a large number of publicly available annotated datasets. However, the acquisition of a large number of high-quality annotated datasets consumes a lot of manpower, making it unfeasible in fields that require high levels of expertise (such as speech recognition, information extraction, medical images, etc.). Therefore, AL is gradually coming to receive the attention it is due.
It is therefore natural to investigate whether AL can be used to reduce the cost of sample annotation while retaining the powerful learning capabilities of DL. As a result of such investigations, deep active learning (DeepAL) has emerged. Although research on this topic is quite abundant, there has not yet been a comprehensive survey of DeepAL-related works; accordingly, this article aims to fill this gap. We provide a formal classification method for the existing work, along with a comprehensive and systematic overview. In addition, we also analyze and summarize the development of DeepAL from an application perspective. Finally, we discuss the confusion and problems associated with DeepAL and provide some possible development directions.
Association of Preoperative Diuretic Use With Early Acute Kidney Injury in Infants With Biventricular Hearts Following Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Rathgeber Steven L. , Chakrabarti Adrija , Kapravelou Eva , Hemphill Nicole , Voss Christine , Mammen Cherry , Skippen Peter , Harris Kevin C. 
Published: October 2021

Background
Diuretics are used to manage congestive heart failure in infants with congenital heart disease. Adult data indicate that preoperative diuretic use increases the risk of cardiac surgery associated acute kidney injury (CS‐AKI). We have sought to understand if preoperative diuretics in infants increases the risk of CS‐AKI.

Methods and Results

This is a single‐center retrospective study of infants (1–12 months) who had CS requiring cardiopulmonary bypass between 2013 and 2018. The diagnosis and severity of CS‐AKI was defined according to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes guidelines. Three hundred patients were included (mean 6 months, SD 2.4, range 1.2–12.9 months). A total of 149 (49.7%) patients were diagnosed with CS‐AKI (stage 1: 80 [54%], stage 2: 57 [38%], stage 3: 12 [8%]). Logistic regression analysis showed preoperative diuretics were not associated with CS‐AKI (odds ratio [OR], 0.79; 95% CI, 0.43–1.44;
P
=0.45). A diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot was an independent risk factor for CS‐AKI (OR, 3.49; 95% CI, 1.33–9.1,
P
=0.01). A diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot (OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.28–10.22;
P
=0.02) and longer cardiopulmonary bypass (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.0–1.02;
P
=0.04) time are risk factors for moderate to severe CS‐AKI.

Conclusions
Preoperative diuretic use does not contribute to the risk of CS‐AKI in infants early after surgery. A diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot was the only risk factor for CS‐AKI identified using multivariate analysis in our cohort. Furthermore, a diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot and longer cardiopulmonary bypass time are risk factors for moderate to severe CS‐AKI.
Cardiovascular Diseases That Have Emerged From the Darkness
Authors: Maron Barry J. , Maron Martin S. , Maurer Mathew S. , Rowin Ethan J. , Maron Bradley A. , Galiè Nazzareno 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
It is important for both the patient and physician communities to have timely access to information recognizing rapid progress in the diagnosis and treatment of familiar but relatively uncommon cardiovascular diseases. Patients with 3 cardiovascular diseases (ie, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and transthyretin (TTR) cardiac amyloidosis (ATTR)]), once considered rare without effective management options and associated with malignant prognosis, have now benefited substantially from the development of a variety of innovative therapeutic strategies. In addition, in each case, enhanced diagnostic testing has expanded the patient population and allowed for more widespread administration of contemporary treatments. In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, introduction of implantable defibrillators to prevent sudden death as well as high‐benefit:low‐risk septal reduction therapies to reverse heart failure have substantially reduced morbidity and disease‐related mortality (to 0.5% per year). For pulmonary arterial hypertension, a disease once characterized by a particularly grim prognosis, prospective randomized drug trials with aggressive single (or combined) pharmacotherapy have measurably improved survival and quality of life for many patients. In cardiac amyloidosis, development of disease‐specific drugs can for the first time reduce morbidity and mortality, prominently with breakthrough ATTR‐protein–stabilizing tafamidis. In conclusion, in less common and visible cardiovascular diseases, it is crucial to recognize substantial progress and achievement, given that penetration of such information into clinical practice and the patient community can be inconsistent. Diseases such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and ATTR cardiac amyloidosis, once linked to a uniformly adverse prognosis, are now associated with the opportunity for patients to experience satisfactory quality of life and extended longevity.
Sirtuin 1 Mediates Protection Against Delayed Cerebral Ischemia in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Response to Hypoxic Postconditioning
Authors: Diwan Deepti , Vellimana Ananth K. , Aum Diane J. , Clarke Julian , Nelson James W. , Lawrence Molly , Han Byung Hee , Gidday Jeffrey M. , Zipfel Gregory J. 
Published: October 2021

Background
Many therapies designed to prevent delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and improve neurological outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) have failed, likely because of targeting only one element of what has proven to be a multifactorial disease. We previously demonstrated that initiating hypoxic conditioning before SAH (hypoxic preconditioning) provides powerful protection against DCI. Here, we expanded upon these findings to determine whether hypoxic conditioning delivered at clinically relevant time points after SAH (hypoxic postconditioning) provides similarly robust DCI protection.

Methods and Results

In this study, we found that hypoxic postconditioning (8% O
2
for 2 hours) initiated 3 hours after SAH provides strong protection against cerebral vasospasm, microvessel thrombi, and neurological deficits. By pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of SIRT1 (sirtuin 1) using EX527 and global
Sirt1
−/−
mice, respectively, we demonstrated that this multifaceted DCI protection is SIRT1 mediated. Moreover, genetic overexpression of SIRT1 using
Sirt1‐Tg
mice, mimicked the DCI protection afforded by hypoxic postconditioning. Finally, we found that post‐SAH administration of resveratrol attenuated cerebral vasospasm, microvessel thrombi, and neurological deficits, and did so in a SIRT1‐dependent fashion.

Conclusions
The present study indicates that hypoxic postconditioning provides powerful DCI protection when initiated at clinically relevant time points, and that pharmacologic augmentation of SIRT1 activity after SAH can mimic this beneficial effect. We conclude that conditioning‐based therapies administered after SAH hold translational promise for patients with SAH and warrant further investigation.
The Emerging Role of Irisin in Cardiovascular Diseases
Authors: Fu Jinjuan , Li Fangtang , Tang Yuanjuan , Cai Lin , Zeng Chunyu , Yang Yongjian , Yang Jian 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Irisin, a novel hormone like polypeptide, is cleaved and secreted by an unknown protease from a membrane‐spanning protein, FNDC5 (fibronectin type III domain‐containing protein 5). The current knowledge on the biological functions of irisin includes browning white adipose tissue, regulating insulin use, and anti‐inflammatory and antioxidative properties. Dysfunction of irisin has shown to be involved in cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, and myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury. Moreover, irisin gene variants are also associated with cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on irisin‐mediated regulatory mechanisms and their roles in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases.