bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fifteen Minutes per Day Keeps the Violence Away: a Crossover Randomised Controlled Trial on the Impact of Foot Patrols on Serious Violence in Large Hot Spot Areas
Authors: Bland Matthew , Leggetter Michelle , Cestaro David , Sebire Jacqueline 
Published: August 2021

AbstractResearch QuestionDid a 15-min patrol delivery over 1 day reduce serious violent crime in large hot spots (mean size = 2 km × 2 km), without displacing such crimes to nearby areas?DataWe tracked daily official crime reports in a sample of 21 high-crime Bedfordshire (UK) Lower-layer Super Output areas (LSOAs). We measured time spent by two-person police foot patrols in those areas with daily GPS data from handheld devices given to officers working on overtime. We also counted proactively initiated arrests.MethodsWe used a crossover randomised controlled trial on the 21 “hot spot” LSOAs, each of which was randomly assigned daily to be either in a treatment condition of 15-min of patrol (as one of seven each day) or a control condition of no patrol (as one of 14 each day) for each of 90 days. We used an intention-to-treat framework to analyse the impact of patrols on the outcome measures overall, on consecutive days of assignment to the same condition, and in 100-m ‘buffer’ zones around each hot spot.FindingsWe found that on treatment days the hot spots had 44% lower Cambridge crime harm index scores from serious violence than on control days, as well as 40% fewer incidents across all public crimes against personal victims. Statistically significant differences in lower prevalence, counts and harm of both non-domestic violent crime and robbery and other non-domestic crimes against personal victims were also found. We found no evidence of either displacement of serious crime into a 100-m buffer zone, nor any evidence of residual deterrence on no-patrol days following patrol days. We did find evidence of a cumulative effect: the largest differences in crime harm on control days were found in treatment days that came after 3 days of consecutive patrol in the same LSOA.ConclusionsEven minimal amounts of foot patrol can prevent serious violent crime across a large area, and repeated patrols over several days help even more. Our findings suggest that, to reduce both violent and other forms of crime, uniformed officers need to patrol hot spots for short amounts of times on consecutive days.
Effects on carrion consumption in a mammalian scavenger community when dominant species are excluded
Authors: Tobajas Jorge , Descalzo Esther , Ferreras Pablo , Mateo Rafael , Margalida Antoni 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCarrion is a valuable resource exploited not only by obligate scavengers but also by a wide variety of facultative scavengers. These species provide several important ecosystem services which can suffer if the scavenger community composition is altered, thus reducing the ecosystem provided. We studied the response of the Mediterranean facultative scavenger community to the exclusion of larger scavenger species (red foxVulpes vulpes, European badgerMeles meles, and wild boarSus scrofa) using an exclusion fence permeable to small scavenger species (mainly Egyptian mongooseHerpestes ichneumon, common genetGenetta genetta, and stone martenMartes foina). The exclusion of dominant facultative scavengers led to a significant reduction in the amount of carrion consumed and an increase in carrion available for smaller species and decomposers, over a longer period of time. Although carrion consumption by the non-excluded species increased inside the exclusion area relative to the control area, it was insufficient to compensate for the carrion not eaten by the dominant scavengers. Of the small scavenger species, only the Egyptian mongoose significantly increased its carrion consumption in the exclusion area, and was the main beneficiary of the exclusion of dominant facultative scavengers. Therefore, altering the facultative scavenger community in Mediterranean woodlands can reduce the efficiency of small carcass removal and benefit other opportunistic species, such as the Egyptian mongoose, by increasing the carrion available to them. This interaction could have substantial implications for disease transmission, nutrient cycling, and ecosystem function.
Buddhaghosa, James, and Thompson on Conscious Flow
Authors: FORTNEY MARK 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis paper is about whether consciousness flows. Evan Thompson (2014) has recently claimed that the study of binocular rivalry shows that there are some moments where consciousness does not flow, contra William James (1890). Moreover, he has claimed that Abhidharma philosophers reject James's claim that consciousness flows. I argue that binocular rivalry poses no special challenge to James. Second, I argue that because Thompson did not take up the question of how James and Abhidharma philosophers analyze or define flow, he underdescribed their disagreement in a way that obscures an important conceptual contribution that Abhidharma philosophers make to the study of flow. They reject James's claim that there are only two conceivable ways for consciousness to fail to flow and suggest that there is a third way for consciousness to fail to flow—a way that James's imagination did not reveal to be possible.
Social Network Analysis for Implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction in Iran
Authors: Yousefi Khoshsabegheh Homa , Ardalan Ali , Takian Amirhossein , Hedayatifar Leila , Ostadtaghizadeh Abbas , Saeedi Behnam 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackground:Stakeholders are responsible for managing the risks of disasters. Hence, appropriate, collaborative, timely interactions of involved organizations, and having a collective view of these interactions, have an important influence on the operation of the whole system. This study was aimed at social network analysis (SNA) for the implementation of the Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction in Iran.Methods:SNA was used in this study. A review of literature on disaster risk management (DRM) plus snowball sampling technique identified a list of 85 stakeholders. Delphi method among purposefully selected experts was used to score the relationship between the stakeholders. Louvain method, along with the modularity optimization method, was applied to identify groups of stakeholders with greater interactions. Centrality measurements were used to define organizations with key-roles in the network.Results:The density of this network was 0.75, which showed that not all the stakeholders were connected. The National Disaster Management Organization and Civil Defense Organization showed higher influences considering their responsibilities. A total of 3 clusters of stakeholders with specific duties that mostly interact with each other and have some interaction with other groups were recognized.Conclusion:Understanding the pre-disaster interaction of the network and the strengths and weaknesses of the interactions among stakeholders could help improve DRM.
The Evolution of Disaster Risk Management: Historical Approach
Authors: Rajabi Elham , Bazyar Jafar , Delshad Vahid , Khankeh Hamid Reza 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe concept of Disaster Risk Management (DRM) has changed throughout history. Identifying changes and related factors can be effective in adopting logical, scientific and evidence-based approaches in the future. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of depicting the process of changes in the concept of DRM and creating an original perspective. In this narrative literature review study, we used historical approach. Literature, regardless of the time of publication, was searched using divergent keywords including “disaster, health, emergency, management, risk, disaster medicine, and hazard.” DRM evolution started with the emergence of civil defense during the last century. Although DRM was initially focused on responses, currently, this concept includes disaster risk reduction (DRR) and disaster management. DRR includes prevention and mitigation, and disaster management includes response and recovery measures. DRR considering underlying risk factors such as social factors, and focusing on participation of communities are important steps to be taken.
The Swiss Primate Case: How Courts Have Paved the Way for the First Direct Democratic Vote on Animal Rights
Authors: Blattner Charlotte E. , Fasel Raffael 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA citizens’ initiative was launched in 2016 in the Swiss canton of Basel-Stadt, demanding that the rights catalogue in the Cantonal Constitution be complemented by a fundamental right to life and a right to bodily and mental integrity for non-human primates. This initiative became the subject of a three-year legal dispute that ended with a decision of the Swiss Federal Supreme Court in September 2020, ruling that the initiative is legally valid and must be put to the people for a vote. This case note discusses the key developments in the dispute, including the groundbreaking decision by the Constitutional Court of Basel-Stadt, which held that cantons are free to ‘expand the circle of rights holders beyond the anthropological barrier’. The authors, who were involved in the drafting of the initiative and acted as legal advisers in the judicial proceedings, offer first-hand insights into legal strategies and shed light on the importance of the case in the context of the ongoing efforts to secure rights for primates around the world.
Fuel‐Specific Carbon Footprint Embodied in Japanese Household Lifestyles
Authors: Long Yin , Yoshida Yoshikuni , Zeng Isabella Yunfei , Xue Jinjun , Li Yuan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTo comprehensively investigate how regional household contribute to national carbon emission, this paper evaluates both the direct and indirect Japanese household carbon‐based emissions by using an environmentally extended input‐output table as well as the regional household consumption inventory. The results indicate that the household sector is the key driving force behind Japan's emissions, and it accounts for approximately 80% of the country's total emissions when indirect emissions are included. Moreover, significant regional differences exist in terms of the carbon footprint, which is in part caused by household and fuel‐type differences found across the country. Finally, this paper suggests that the impact of regional household and fuel‐type differences on Japan's overall carbon footprint should be a primary focus when practitioners design customized strategies to decarbonize Japan at the subnational scale.
Antarctic Slope Current Modulates Ocean Heat Intrusions Towards Totten Glacier
Authors: Nakayama Yoshihiro , Greene Chad A. , Paolo Fernando S. , Mensah Vigan , Zhang Hong , Kashiwase Haruhiko , Simizu Daisuke , Greenbaum Jamin S. , Blankenship Donald D. , Abe‐Ouchi Ayako , Aoki Shigeru 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe Totten ice shelf (TIS) in East Antarctica has received increasing attention in recent years due to high basal melt rates, which have been linked to a presence of warm modified Circumpolar Deep Water (mCDW) observed at the ice front. We show that mCDW on‐shelf intrusions towards the TIS strengthen when the Antarctic Slope Current (ASC) weakens. This demonstrates that the ASC has a blocking effect and ASC weakening leads to on‐shelf intrusions, as proposed by previous observational studies. The interannual variability of the ASC is controlled primarily by atmospheric and oceanic conditions beyond our regional model domain. We further show that heat intrusions onto the continental shelf off the TIS are not influenced by off‐shelf warming but are enhanced with coastal freshening, suggesting positive feedback whereby ice melt and freshening upstream could start a chain reaction, leading to increased melt, and further coastal freshening.
Detection of “Rapid” Aseismic Slip at the Izu‐Bonin Trench
Authors: Fukao Yoshio , Kubota Tatsuya , Sugioka Hiroko , Ito Aki , Tonegawa Takashi , Shiobara Hajime , Yamashita Mikiya , Saito Tatsuhiko 
Published: August 2021

AbstractNo great earthquakes have been historically documented at the Izu‐Bonin Trench, where subduction is believed to occur largely by aseismic slip, although the details are poorly understood. We deployed an array of ocean bottom pressure gauges here for a year from May 2015. The array recorded the coseismic seafloor uplift/subsidence and tsunamis generated by the nearby Mw6.0 thrust earthquake. In association with this event, we detected two much larger aseismic slip events with rise times around 1 h. The total moment of these two aseismic events was 17 times larger than that of the mainshock. Such aseismic, yet still rapid, slip can be interpreted as one amid the transitional regime. This regime is expected to host slow slip events near its boundary with the stable sliding regime and, possibly, tsunami earthquakes and very low frequency earthquakes near the boundary with the unstable seismic slip regime. Slip in the transitional regime may be a prevalent mode of subduction in the Izu‐Bonin trench, where effective normal force on the frictional plate interface is tectonically reduced.
Stratigraphy and Provenance of the Paleogene Syn‐Rift Sediments in Central‐Southern Palawan: Paleogeographic Significance for the South China Margin
Authors: Chen Wen‐Huang , Yan Yi , Carter Andrew , Huang Chi‐Yue , Yumul Graciano P. , Dimalanta Carla B. , Gabo‐Ratio Jillian Aira S. , Wang Ming‐Huei , Chen Duofu , Shan Yehua , Zhang Xin‐Chang , Liu Weiliang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe Palawan microcontinental block is thought to have separated from the South China margin due to seafloor spreading and opening of the South China Sea. However, it is uncertain when and from which section the Palawan microcontinental block rifted from the South China margin and little is known about sediment routing across the rifted margin before continental breakup. To address these aspects, we studied the biostratigraphy and provenance of syn‐rift sedimentary rocks collected from the Panas‐Pandian Formation in central‐southern Palawan. Micropaleontological evidence indicates a Middle Eocene‐earliest Oligocene (47.7–32.9 Ma) age for the Panas‐Pandian Formation. Based on this and the oldest age of the post‐rift Nido Limestone (∼32 Ma), the breakup unconformity on the Palawan microcontinent block is dated around 33–32 Ma. This timing of breakup unconformity is close to that of the Pearl River Mouth Basin (∼30 Ma) and IODP Site U1435 (∼34 Ma), suggesting a conjugate relationship between the Palawan microcontinental block and the Pearl River Mouth Basin. Trace fossils and benthic foraminifera from the Panas‐Pandian Formation indicate a middle bathyal to abyssal environment on the continental slope of the South China margin. Multidisciplinary provenance analysis reveals that the Panas‐Pandian Formation was derived from both local Mesozoic basement uplifts and the interior Cathaysia Block. It indicates that a paleo‐Pearl River has been established at least since the Middle Eocene (47.7–41.9 Ma) and could deliver sediments from the interior Cathaysia Block to the continental slope, across the wide rifted margin with a low topographic gradient.
Implementation of multilingual support of the European Multicenter Study about Spinal Cord Injury (EMSCI) ISNCSCI calculator
Authors: Schuld Christian , Franz Steffen , Schweidler Joachim , Kriz Jiri , Hakova Renata , Weidner Norbert , Rupp Rüdiger , Liu Nan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Objectives
Since their introduction, electronic International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI) calculators have evolved to powerful tools providing error-free ISNCSCI classifications in education, research and clinical practice. For increased accessibility and dissemination, a multilingual support is mandatory. The aim of this work was to setup a general multilingual framework for the freely available ISNCSCI calculator (https://ais.emsci.org) of the European Multicenter Study about Spinal Cord Injury (EMSCI).

Methods
The graphical user interface (GUI) and PDF export of the ISNCSCI worksheet were adapted for multilingual implementations. Their language-dependent content was identified. These two steps called internationalization have to be performed by a programmer in preparation of the translations of the English terms into the target language. This step following the internationalization is called localization and needs input by a bi-lingual clinical expert. Two EMSCI partners provided Standard Mandarin Chinese and Czech translations. Finally, the translations are made available in the application.

Results
The GUI and PDF export of the ISNCSCI worksheet were internationalized. The default language of the calculator is set according to the user’s preferences with the additional possibility for manual language selection. The Chinese as well as a Czech translation were provided freely to the SCI community.

Conclusions
The possibility of multilingual implementations independent from software developers opens the use of ISNCSCI computer algorithms as an efficient training tool on a larger scale.
Repurposing the estrogen receptor modulator raloxifene to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection
Authors: Allegretti Marcello , Cesta Maria Candida , Zippoli Mara , Beccari Andrea , Talarico Carmine , Mantelli Flavio , Bucci Enrico M. , Scorzolini Laura , Nicastri Emanuele 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) necessitates strategies to identify prophylactic and therapeutic drug candidates to enter rapid clinical development. This is particularly true, given the uncertainty about the endurance of the immune memory induced by both previous infections or vaccines, and given the fact that the eradication of SARS-CoV-2 might be challenging to reach, given the attack rate of the virus, which would require unusually high protection by a vaccine. Here, we show how raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator with anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties, emerges as an attractive candidate entering clinical trials to test its efficacy in early-stage treatment COVID-19 patients.
Crystal structure of the INTS3/INTS6 complex reveals the functional importance of INTS3 dimerization in DSB repair
Authors: Jia Yu , Cheng Zixiu , Bharath Sakshibeedu R. , Sun Qiangzu , Su Nannan , Huang Jun , Song Haiwei 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSOSS1 is a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)-binding protein complex that plays a critical role in double-strand DNA break (DSB) repair. SOSS1 consists of three subunits: INTS3, SOSSC, and hSSB1, with INTS3 serving as a scaffold to stabilize this complex. Moreover, the integrator complex subunit 6 (INTS6) participates in the DNA damage response through direct binding to INTS3, but how INTS3 interacts with INTS6, thereby impacting DSB repair, is not clear. Here, we determined the crystal structure of the C-terminus of INTS3 (INTS3c) in complex with the C-terminus of INTS6 (INTS6c) at a resolution of 2.4 Å. Structural analysis revealed that two INTS3c subunits dimerize and interact with INTS6c via conserved residues. Subsequent biochemical analyses confirmed that INTS3c forms a stable dimer and INTS3 dimerization is important for recognizing the longer ssDNA. Perturbation of INTS3c dimerization and disruption of the INTS3c/INTS6c interaction impair the DSB repair process. Altogether, these results unravel the underappreciated role of INTS3 dimerization and the molecular basis of INTS3/INTS6 interaction in DSB repair.
Frequency-preference response in covalent modification cycles under substrate sequestration conditions
Authors: Szemere Juliana Reves , Rotstein Horacio G. , Ventura Alejandra C. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCovalent modification cycles (CMCs) are basic units of signaling systems and their properties are well understood. However, their behavior has been mostly characterized in situations where the substrate is in excess over the modifying enzymes. Experimental data on protein abundance suggest that the enzymes and their target proteins are present in comparable concentrations, leading to substrate sequestration by the enzymes. In this enzyme-in-excess regime, CMCs have been shown to exhibit signal termination, the ability of the product to return to a stationary value lower than its peak in response to constant stimulation, while this stimulation is still active, with possible implications for the ability of systems to adapt to environmental inputs. We characterize the conditions leading to signal termination in CMCs in the enzyme-in-excess regime. We also demonstrate that this behavior leads to a preferred frequency response (band-pass filters) when the cycle is subjected to periodic stimulation, whereas the literature reports that CMCs investigated so far behave as low-pass filters. We characterize the relationship between signal termination and the preferred frequency response to periodic inputs and we explore the dynamic mechanism underlying these phenomena. Finally, we describe how the behavior of CMCs is reflected in similar types of responses in the cascades of which they are part. Evidence of protein abundance in vivo shows that enzymes and substrates are present in comparable concentrations, thus suggesting that signal termination and frequency-preference response to periodic inputs are also important dynamic features of cell signaling systems, which have been overlooked.
Clog-free high-throughput microfluidic cell isolation with multifunctional microposts
Authors: Venugopal Dilip , Kasani Nanda , Manjunath Yariswamy , Li Guangfu , Kaifi Jussuf T. , Kwon Jae W. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMicrofluidics have been applied to filtration of rare tumor cells from the blood as liquid biopsies. Processing is highly limited by low flow rates and device clogging due to a single function of fluidic paths. A novel method using multifunctional hybrid functional microposts was developed. A swift by-passing route for non-tumor cells was integrated to prevent very common clogging problems. Performance was characterized using microbeads (10 µm) and human cancer cells that were spiked in human blood. Design-I showed a capture efficiency of 96% for microbeads and 87% for cancer cells at 1 ml/min flow rate. An improved Design-II presented a higher capture efficiency of 100% for microbeads and 96% for cancer cells. Our method of utilizing various microfluidic functions of separation, bypass and capture has successfully guaranteed highly efficient separation of rare cells from biological fluids.
Pyomelanin produced by Streptomyces sp. ZL-24 and its protective effects against SH-SY5Y cells injury induced by hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Li Yumei , Ye Zhengmao , Lu Peng , Lu Lingchao 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA soluble melanin pigment produced by Streptomyces sp. ZL-24 was purified and named StrSM. The elemental analysis of StrSM showed it consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The spectrum analysis, including ultraviolet–visible absorption spectrum, Fourier-transform infrared spectrum, and pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, indicated that StrSM might be pyomelanin. High performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography–mass spectra analysis of intermediate metabolite showed the presence of homogentisic acid (HGA). Moreover, the enzyme 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, involved in HGA biosynthesis, showed high activity during melanin production. Subsequently, a tyrosinase gene (melC2) and hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase gene double mutant demonstrated StrSM is pyomelanin. In vitro bioactivity assay showed that StrSM had excellent protective capability against SH-SY5Y cell oxidative injury. To our knowledge, the results firstly provide comprehensive data on Streptomyces pyomelanin identification and a promising candidate compound to treat oxidative injury of neurocytes.