bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Body Fat Does Not Predict Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Kalil Graziela , Sinkey Christine , Haynes William 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundWe hypothesized that measurement of body fat would predict cardiovascular risk factors.MethodsIn a prospectively recruited cohort of 30 middle‐aged obese subjects with metabolic syndrome (55±9 yr; 28% male; BMI 38±4; mean±SD) we assessed the association of risk factors with BMI, waist circumference and body fat content (by air displacement plethysmography, skin fold thickness, and Body Adiposity Index (hip/(height1.5))‐18)) using regression analysis.ResultsWaist (118±11 cm) and body fat (plethysmography: 48±7%; skin fold: 41±4%; BAI: 41±8%) were elevated. Waist circumference was a significant and strong predictor of fasting glucose (100±10 mg/dl; R=0.499; P=0.008) and HDL‐cholesterol (57±14 mg/dl; R=0.537; P=0.003). BMI significantly predicted hsCRP (5.4±6.4 mg/dl; R=0.387; P=0.04), and weakly predicted systolic BP (129±15 mmHg; R=0.339; P=0.08). Importantly, body fat content (whether by air displacement plethysmography, skin fold thickness or BAI) did NOT associate with cardiovascular risk factors.ConclusionIn obese subjects with metabolic syndrome, measurement of body fat content does NOT associate with BP, lipids, glucose or inflammation. Waist circumference and BMI are better predictors of cardiovascular risk factors.Grant Funding Source : NHLBI
Gross anatomy instruction in chiropractic colleges: A local and global perspective
Authors: Ball Jennette , Zumpano Michael Paul , Petrocco-Napuli Kristina 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionThis project details gross anatomy instruction at New York Chiropractic College (NYCC) and Chiropractic Colleges internationally.MethodsA 72 question web survey was sent to the anatomy department chairperson at thirty‐six schools internationally using Zoomerang. NYCC data was drawn from course syllabi.ResultsSixteen schools responded: (1) Ph.D. degrees in Anatomy and Anthropology outnumbered M.D. and D.C. degrees (2) 75% utilize human cadavers, 69% require student dissection and 91% use prosection; (3) 88% required attendance in lab and 50% in lecture; (4) 44% utilized cumulative lecture and lab examinations; (5) 94% provided tutoring. NYCC teaches gross anatomy in a 1 year sequence divided into three 14 week courses totaling 126 lecture hours and 168 hours laboratory dissection hours. Full cadaveric dissection is used in lab. Prosection demonstrations are performed prior to most student dissections. Embryology is integrated into the gross anatomy sequence.ConclusionChiropractic institutions internationally have similar gross anatomy faculty, curricular design, delivery and assessment methods. NYCC has not been mandated to cut gross anatomy instruction hours. We maintain a gross anatomy sequence centered on cadaveric dissection and offer a Masterˈs of Science Degree in Clinical Anatomy, centered on human cadaveric dissection.
High‐fat from butter and sesame oils based diet have almost same effects on post energy expenditure (PEE) and satiety in healthy adults
Authors: Lee Myung-Joo , Tsani A. Fahmy Arif , Kim Eun-Kyung 
Published: June 2021

The objective of this study was to compare the thermic effect of butter(SFA‐rich) and sesame oil(PUFA‐rich) based diet on PEE. Subjects were eight healthy university students aged 19–22 years. The meals were two isocaloric diet which consist of 50, 40, and 10% of fat, carbohydrate, and protein content, respectively. Energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry and satiety (hunger, appetite, and prospective food consumption and fullness) was assessed by Visual Analogue Scales at preprandial and every 30 min over 5 hours after meal consumption. PEE of sesame oil diet increased more rapidly (peak at 90‐min) than butter diet (peak at 150‐min). However, PEE of butter diet decreased relatively faster after peak time. Total thermogenesis of butter(30.8 kcal/5h) was lower than that of sesame oil(34.4 kcal/5h ), but not significantly different. 6.5% of butter and 7.3% of sesame oil diet were contributed as thermic effect for those dietˈs digestion and absorption. There were no significant differences in thermic effects and satiety values between SFA rich diet and PUFA rich diet. Thus, number of double bond in fatty acid does not influence on energy expenditure.This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program, National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology.
Effect of sugar, aspartame, or acesulfame potassium alone or in beverages on C. elegans model organism
Authors: Zheng Jolene , King Jason , King Michael , Heymsfield Steven , Finley John , Greenway Frank 
Published: June 2021

Sugar‐sweetened beverages have been associated with weight gain. Increasingly use non‐caloric sweeteners have also been suggested to cause obesity. We tested whether sugar‐sweetened or non‐caloric sweeteners sweetened beverages increased intestinal fat deposition in wild type Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Control animals received standard lab food (E. coli, OP50). In study I, animals received OP50 plus sugar‐ or sweetener‐sweetened beverages. In study II, animals were treated with OP50 plus sugar, aspartame, or acesulfame potassium, the sweeteners used in beverages. After 18 days, animals were fixed and stained with lipophilic dye Nile red. Micrographs were captured using a florescence microscope, digital camera, and the fluorescent intensity of intestinal fat deposition was analyzed. Treatment with a sugar‐sweetened beverage did not change Nile red florescence intensity, but reduced pharyngeal pumping rate which was also reduced by a sweetener‐sweetened beverage, a surrogate marker of aging. Animals receiving sugar had 50% more intestinal fat deposition. Aspartame or acesulfame potassium did not increase intestinal fat deposition and gave an elevated pharyngeal pumping rate. These data suggested that sweeteners, aspartame or acesulfame potassium, alone or in beverages do not increase intestinal fat deposition in wild type C. elegans.Supported by LSU AgCenter
Impact of Protein Intake on Exercise‐Induced Changes in Body Composition in Middle‐Aged, Overweight Adults
Authors: Conley Travis Blair , Weinheimer Eileen M. , DePalma Glen R. , Janle Elsa M. , Sands Laura P. , Campbell Wayne W. 
Published: June 2021

Objective and MethodsThe impact of total protein intake (PI) on body composition was studied in 111 overweight, middle‐aged adults (age 48.8±0.6 y, BMI 30.1±0.5 kg/m2) who exercised 3d/week and consumed an unrestricted diet along with 200 kcal supplements (0, 10, 20 or 30 g whey protein) 2× daily for 36 wk. Protein intake was assessed via 4‐d food records. A multiple regression model retrospectively assessed the moderating effects of PI (Post study PI=1.2±0.37 g pro•kg−1•d−1) on exercise‐induced changes in body composition.ResultsTotal protein intake was inversely associated with the change over time in total mass, fat mass, body fat % (p<0.05), and lean mass (p<0.08, trend) and positively associated with the change in lean mass percent (p<0.02). The changes in body composition were different (p<0.01) between groups of subjects that consumed < vs. > 1.0 g pro•kg−1•d−1:total mass (1.68±0.52 vs. −0.18±0.4 SE), fat mass (−1.22±0.34 vs. 0.48±0.43 kg) body fat % (−1.4±0.24 vs. −0.23±0.29 %), lean mass percent (1.39±0.23 vs. 0.27±0.28 %).ConclusionConsumption of higher protein promotes positive changes in body composition in conjunction with exercise training. Protein intakes > 1.0 g pro•kg−1•d−1are preferred to help middle‐aged, overweight adults to help reduce body fat and to increase lean mass percent.Grant Funding Source: Support: NIH T32 AG025671 and UL1 RR025761, US Whey Consort, Purdue Ingest Behav Res Ctr
The effects of low, moderate, or high protein yogurt snacks on appetite control and subsequent eating in healthy women
Authors: Douglas Steve M , Ortinau Laura C , Hoertel Heather A , Leidy Heather J 
Published: June 2021

PurposeTo assess whether low (LP), moderate (MP), or high (HP) protein snacks influence appetite control & delay subsequent eating.Method22 healthy women (age: 29 ± 10 y; BMI: 23.0 ± 2.3 kg/m2) randomly consumed the following 160 kcal afternoon snacks, at home, for 3 days: LP yogurt (5 g protein), MP yogurt (14 g protein), HP Greek yogurt (24 g protein) or had no snack (NS). On day 4 of each pattern, the following 8 h testing day was completed. Standardized breakfast & lunch meals were provided; the respective snack was consumed 3 h after lunch; and, appetite/satiety questionnaires were completed every 30 min until dinner was voluntarily requested.ResultsSnacking led to reductions in hunger and increases in fullness throughout the post‐snack period vs. NS (p<0.05, each snack). Although no hunger differences were observed between snacks, fullness was higher throughout the post‐snack period following HP vs. LP and MP (both, p<0.05). NS led to the earliest dinner request time vs. all snacks (NS: 2:17 ± 0:10 h; LP: 2:36 ± 0:9 h; MP: 2:39 ± 0:8 h; HP: 2:55 ± 0:9 h post‐snack (NS vs. each snack, p<0.05)). When comparing between snacks, HP led to the latest request time vs. LP (p<0.001) and MP (p<0.05).ConclusionsA higher protein Greek yogurt snack containing 24 g of protein led to greater afternoon increases in satiety and a longer delay in eating vs. other lower protein yogurt snacks in healthy women.
Strawberry extract attenuates glucose and free fatty acid‐mediated impaired insulin signaling in vitro in skeletal muscle cells
Authors: Kangath Archana , Chang Claire , Krishnankutty Sandhya , Tadapaneni Ravi Kiran , Edirisinghe Indika , Freeman Britt Burton 
Published: June 2021

Elevated glucose and free fatty acids (FFA) are evident in individuals with insulin resistance (IR) and are associated with oxidative stress. Anthocyanins are suggested to have favorable effects on human health due to their ability to modulate oxidative stress and cell signaling pathways in peripheral tissues. We hypothesized that strawberry anthocyanins (ST) will improve oxidative stress‐mediated impaired insulin signaling in vitro in human skeletal muscle cells (HSMCs). Oxidative stress was generated using physiologically high glucose, FFA or a combination of both for 2–6 h with and without ST (0.1–1.0 mg/mL) in vitro in HSMCs. Cell viability was not affected by any of the above treatments/time. At the end of treatments, cells were treated with insulin (100 nM) for 20 min. Phosphorylation of Akt (p‐Akt/Akt) was studied using AlphaScreen® Surefire® assay as a measure of insulin signaling. Our results indicate that FFA (2 mM) or combination of Glucose (15 mM) + FFA (2 mM) significantly decreased p‐Akt/Akt compared to control cells treated with phosphate buffered saline (P<0.05). ST extract restored FFA and Glucose + FFA‐induced reductions in p‐Akt/Akt levels (P<0.05). These in vitro data suggest a role of strawberry in improving insulin sensitivity having potentially important implications for people with IR.Grant Funding Source : California Strawberry Commission, California Department of Food & Agriculture
Involvement of AMPK in the regulation of CSK, COX‐2 and mTOR in cancer cell growth control under EGCG treatment
Authors: Park Song Yi , Lee Yun-Kyoung , Lee Won Sup , Kim Young-Min , Park Ock Jin 
Published: June 2021

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) was recently shown to activate the AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) in cancer cells and in vivo systems. In the lieu of elucidating the mechanism for this effect and the consequence of the activation of AMPK on the important signals of cancer cell control‐CSK, COX‐2 and mTOR, we have applied Hep3B and HT‐29 cancerous cells. We have shown that EGCG activated AMPK possibly through stimulation of AMPK. The activation of AMPK with EGCG suppressed the expression of CSK as well as COX‐2 and mTOR. EGCG induced the translocation of AMPK into nucleus. Upon the inactivation of AMPK either by AMPK siRNA or Compound C, EGCG no longer modulated CSK or COX‐2 or mTOR implying that AMPK is an upstream signal for these molecules. With fluorescent markers of AMPK, CSK and COX‐2 with or without the activation of AMPK, it was shown that EGCG stimulated the translocation of AMPK and CSK into the nucleus. However, without the activation of AMPK via Compound C, the stimulatory effect of EGCG on the translocation into the nucleus was diminished. Therefore, the activation of AMPK and the translocation of AMPK into the nucleus seem to be necessary for EGCG to control cancer cell growth and further the regulation of CSK, COX‐2 and mTOR. [This work was supported by the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) grant funded by the Korea government (MEST) (NO. R01‐2008‐000‐20131‐0)]Grant Funding Source: Korea Science and Engineering Foundation
In Vitro Evidence of Hepato‐ and Neuro‐Protective Effects of Fish Press Juices against Hydrogen Peroxide‐Induced Oxidative Stress
Authors: Waly Mostafa , Al-Rizeiqi Mohammed , Al-Sabahi Jamal , Soussi Bassam 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundOxidative stress induced by free radicals and reactive oxygen species, depletes intracellular glutathione (GSH) and inhibits antioxidant enzymes. Consumption of antioxidant‐rich foods protects against oxidative stress‐related health problems.ObjectiveThis study aimed to (1) measure the antioxidants contents of the press juices (PJs) extracted from Hamour and King Fish and (2) Evaluate the PJs effect on oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), using human cultured neuronal cells (SH‐SY5Y) and hepatic cells (HepG2).ResultsPJs analysis revealed the presence of significant amounts of antioxidants, vitamin C and GSH in both fish species. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of Hamour PJ was significantly higher than that of Kingfish PJ. H2O2‐induced oxidative stress in SH‐SY5Y and HepG2 as presented by GSH depletion and antioxidant enzymes inhibition. PJs protect against the H2O2‐induced cellular oxidative stress.ConclusionPJs from Hamour and Kingfish, locally available fishes in Oman, are powerful dietary sources for antioxidants and protect against oxidative stress. Further experimental animals studies are required to further investigate the in vivo effect of PJs against oxidative stress and its related health problems.
Tert‐Butyl‐Hydroquinone (TBHQ) Augments Intracellular Glutathione Concentrations and Induces Antioxidant Gene Expression in Organogenesis‐Stage Rat Conceptuses Grown in Whole Embryo Culture (WEC)
Authors: Sant Karilyn Elizabeth , Hansen Jason M. , Harris Craig 
Published: June 2021

Food‐additives like the phenolic antioxidant TBHQ have limited intrinsic antioxidant activity, but are themselves reactive chemicals that activate the Keap/Nrf2 pathway. Nrf2 induces Gclc (rate‐limiting enzyme for GSH synthesis) and NQO1 (flavoenzyme for quinone reduction) through the antioxidant response element (ARE). The role of these pathways in embryoprotection has not been fully characterized during organogenesis. The goal of this study was to verify the ability of TBHQ to induce ARE targets and, thereby, confer embryoprotection during development. Rat conceptuses were explanted into WEC on gestational day 10 and treated with 50 μM TBHQ at 0 hr, 95% O2 at 6 hr, or the combination of both treatments. Embryo and visceral yolk sac (VYS) tissues were sampled at 6, 9, 12, and 26 hr. Exposure to TBHQ produced significant inductions of Gclc and NQO1 in VYS along with > 50% increases in GSH concentrations at 12 and 26 hr. TBHQ induction in VYS diminishes over 26 hr for Gclc but is maintained for NQO1. GSH remains elevated in embryo and VYS through 26 hr. ARE targets and GSH concentrations were increased in TBHQ ± 95% O2 samples but did not confer embryoprotection based on assessment of embryonic morphology. This work shows selective induction of antioxidant responses by TBHQ in embryo and VYS during organogenesis but also that these changes fail to protect the embryo from O2‐induced toxicity.Grant Funding Source: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P30 ES017885, T32 ES007062)
Ethanol and unsaturated fat diet‐induced liver injury is associated with intestinal inflammation in a mouse model of alcoholic liver disease
Authors: Kirpich Irina , Feng Wenke , Wang Yuhua , Liu Yanlong , Barve Shirish , McClain Craig 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionEthanol‐induced endotoxemia due to disruption of intestinal integrity plays an important role in the alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Linoleic acid (LA), a major unsaturated fatty acid in the American diet, is known to exacerbate alcohol‐induced liver injury. However, the mechanism(s) underlying the deleterious effects of dietary LA in ALD are not fully understood.Materials and MethodsC57BL/6N mice were fed either an unsaturated fat (USF, LA enriched) or a saturated fat (SF, medium triglycerides enriched) Lieber‐DeCarli diet (5% EtOH) for 8 weeks. Control mice were pair‐fed on an isocaloric basis. Liver injury and steatosis; systemic and intestinal inflammation as well as intestinal permeability and blood endotoxin levels were evaluated.ResultsUSF+EtOH feeding resulted in significant hepatic triglyceride accumulation and increased plasma ALT levels as a marker of liver injury; increased intestinal permeability (ileal segments) and elevated blood endotoxin levels compared to SF+EtOH and control fed animals. Significantly elevated intestinal TNF‐α and MCP1 mRNA levels as markers of inflammation were also observed only in USF+EtOH group.ConclusionIntestinal inflammation caused by USF+EtOH likely play a critical role in the gut leakiness, elevated blood endotoxemia and consequent liver injury in an animal model of ALD. This work was supported by funding from NIH and VA.
US‐born Blacks have more Dietary and Inflammatory Risks for Coronary Heart Disease than Foreign‐born Blacks in South Florida
Authors: Davis Errol , Huffman Fatma 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo determine and compare dietary and hs‐CRP values of US‐born Afro Caribbean American (USBACA), African American (AA) and Foreign‐born Afro Caribbean (FBAC) adults.MethodA cross‐sectional study recruited 62 USBACA (30 males; 32 females), 61 AA (30 males; 31 females) and 66 FBAC (31 males; 35 females) adults (18–40 years) living in the US < 10 years. Socio‐demographic, dietary and hs‐CRP values were determined and analyzed.FindingsCompared to the Dietary Guidelines, USBACA and AA adults compared to FBAC adults consumed < 55 % carbohydrates (%) (41.0 & 25.4 vs. 55.4) but, more ≥ 30% energy from fat (%) (65.6 & 72.9 vs. 46.2), > 20g saturated fat (%) (45.9 & 50.8 vs. 35.4), > 300 mg dietary cholesterol (%) (23.0 & 27.1 vs. 16.9) and, > 2400 mg sodium (%) (37.7 & 39.0 vs. 26.2). However, more AA compared to USBACA and FBAC adults (%) (26.7 vs. 8.8 and 10.5) had elevated hs‐CRP (> 3.0 mg/L).ConclusionThis study demonstrated that there are significant differences in mean dietary and hs‐CRP values between FBAC and their US‐born counterparts. Understanding the variations in health indicators among different ethnic groups of the same race can provide healthcare professionals and policy planners with the opportunity to develop culturally sensitive programs and strategies for the improvement of health outcomes.Source of funding: Florida International University Foundation
Energy contribution on non‐breast milk items reported for 5 month old, low‐income infants in metropolitan Quetzaltenango, Guatemala
Authors: Alvey Jeniece , Vossenaar Marieke , Doak Colleen M , Solomons Noel W 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundAlthough the WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 mo of life, evidence compiled in earlier studies of CeSSIAM documented that mixed feeding often occurs earlier.ObjectivesTo examine the magnitude and manner or use of formula milk and to assess its energy contribution in breastfed infants aged 5 mo.MethodsIn the course of enrollment of 152 breastfeeding 5 mo old infants, recruited at a health clinic in metropolitan Quetzaltenango, a previous‐day recall of all food and beverages consumed by the infant was performed.ResultsA total of 39 (26%) mothers reported feeding their infants formula or cow milk the day before the interview. The vast majority (92%) used a bottle as the means of delivery. Amongst consumers, the reported intake of milk ranged between 5 and 1206 mL/day with a median of 260 mL/day. Its energy contribution varied between 1 to 803 kcal/day, with a median of 139 kcal/day.ConclusionThe use of formula in combination with breastfeeding, i.e. mixed feeding, is common in Guatemalan infants by the 6th month of life and apparently sustainable. Adherence to the internationally‐recognized guidelines for early infant feeding is in need of strengthening among the population of this region.Funded by the Nestlé Foundation, SwitzerlandGrant Funding Source: The Nutrition Society
The pattern of initiating mixed feeding by Guatemalan infants and toddlers: reported age of introduction of drinks and foods in breastfeeding children
Authors: Vossenaar Marieke , van Beusekom Ilse , Montenegro-Bethancourt Gabriela , Doak Colleen M , Solomons Noel W 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundThe WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) during the first 6 mo of life; however, violations are widespread.ObjectiveTo assemble among infants in Guatemala a retrospective record on the temporal pattern of introducing foods and beverages before 6 mo, constituting mixed feeding and violating the EBF or predominantly breast fed (PBF) patterns.MethodsMothers of 300 infants, aged 6 to 23 mo, attending a public health, equalized for months of life, were interviewed about early life practices with a structured questionnaire.ResultsAt interview, continued BF was commonly reported: 6–11 mo (84%); 12–17 mo (90%); and 18–23 mo (53%). When questioned retrospectively, 90% of mothers reported BF for at least 6 mo. EBF was rare, with only 14% of infants receiving EBF for 5 mo, and just 9% for the recommended 6 mo. The most common violation was the premature introduction of liquids, such as ritual fluids, at a median age of 14 wks. The proportion of infants with PBF, which allows certain liquids such as water, juices and ritual fluids, was 33% through 5 mo and 23% through 6 mo. The median age of introduction among ever‐consumers was 18 wks for infant formula; 14 wks for complex beverages; and 23 wks for other food items.ConclusionOverall adherence to the WHO guidelines for feeding in the first semester of infancy was much less than ideal and in need of strengthening.Funded by Sight and Life, Switzerland
Physical activity in normal weight/overweight, non‐stunted/stunted school‐age Guatemalan children
Authors: Chacon Ana Violeta , Ramirez-Zea Manuel , Kroker Maria F , Letona Paola , Roche Dina , Schlosser Karen , Caballero Benjamin 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundPrevalence of childhood overweight is rising in developing countries, where stunting is still a public health issue. Data on physical activity (PA) is scarce when both conditions coincide.ObjectiveTo assess PA in normal weight non‐stunted (NW‐NS) and stunted (NW‐S) and overweight non‐stunted (OW‐NS) and stunted (OW‐S) school‐age children.Methods54 NW‐NS (BMI‐z < +1; HA‐z >−1), 79 NW‐S (BMI‐z < +1; HA‐z s ≤ −1), 78 OW‐NS (BMI‐z ≥ +1; HA‐z >−1) and 33 OW‐S (BMI‐z ≥ +1; HA‐z ≤ −1) children (118 girls/126 boys, 6–12 y old) were recruited in 9 low‐income, urban schools from Guatemala City. Children wore activity monitors to count steps and their intensity (min/d at moderate to vigorous PA ‐ MVPA) for a week. Data is presented as median/Q1–Q3.ResultsBoys were more active than girls (12573/10598–15145 vs 10864/9368–13142 steps/d, 44.0/31.9–55.1 vs 33.4/25.2–42.6 MVPA, p<0.01). S children (12366/9737–14980, 41.3/29.9–51.9) were more active than NS children (11293/9868–13712, 35.2/25.6–46.9, p=0.05 and p<0.01). OW‐NS boys (11414/9814–13603 and 35.8/27.3–46.5) were less active than NW‐NS boys (13553/11134–15245, 45.9/35.1–53.8, p<0.05). There were no significant differences in PA between OW‐S and NW‐S boys and among girls in all groups.ConclusionS children walk about 1000 steps/d more than NS children. Overweight was only associated with reduced PA in NS boys.Grant Funding Source : NHLBI HHSN 268200900028C