bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
It Takes Two to Tango: The European Union and the International Governance of Securitization in Finance
Authors: Quaglia Lucia 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe role of the European Union (EU) in the post‐crisis international governance of securitization does not sit well with the literature that considers the EU as a ‘paladin’ of stringent regulation as well as a ‘rule‐taker’ in finance. Whereas in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, the United States (US) promoted more stringent rules on securitization, subsequently, the EU, but not the US, successfully sponsored less stringent rules. What accounts for this ‘deviant case’, that is to say, the EU as a pacesetter in trading down the regulation of securitization worldwide? After examining alternative explanations, this paper draws attention to a novel complementary explanation that can ‘travel’ to other cases, namely, the pivotal role of the United Kingdom (UK) and, specifically, whether the UK sides with the US or the EU in international standard‐setting. It takes two to tango in regulating global finance, even more so after Brexit.
Bariatric surgery versus medical treatment in mildly obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Japan: Propensity score‐matched analysis on real‐world data
Authors: Seki Yosuke , Kasama Kazunori , Yokoyama Renzo , Maki Akihiro , Shimizu Hideharu , Park Hyejin , Kurokawa Yoshimochi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAims/IntroductionTo compare glycemic control 1 year after treatment in patients with mildly obese (body mass index 27.5–34.9 kg/m2) type 2 diabetes mellitus who underwent bariatric surgery (BS) to those who received medical treatment (MT) in Japan.Materials and MethodsA retrospective study using real‐world data was carried out in electronic medical records from a tertiary care hospital and in the Japanese Medical Data Center Inc. claim database from 2008 to 2019. Each patient was propensity score‐matched between the BS and the MT group by age, sex, body mass index, glycated hemoglobin and type 2 diabetes mellitus duration, and compared from the index date to the 1 year post‐index.ResultsThe study included 78 patients in the BS group and 238 patients in the MT group. The mean body mass index in the BS and the MT group was 32.1 and 32.0 kg/m2, respectively. In the BS group, the patients underwent either laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy with or without duodenojejunal bypass. The diabetes remission rate (glycated hemoglobin <6.5% without diabetes medication) at 1 year was 59.0% in the BS group and 0.4% in the MT group (P < 0.0001). Optimal glycemic control of glycated hemoglobin <7.0% was achieved in 75.6% in the BS group and in 29.0% in the MT group (P < 0.0001). The median monthly drug costs for metabolic syndrome decreased from $US126.5 (at baseline) to $US0.0 (at 1 year) in the BS group, whereas it increased from $US52.4 to $US58.3 in the MT group.ConclusionsBS for mildly obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is more clinically‐ and cost‐effective than MT in Japan.
Remating in Ceratitis capitata sterile males: Implications in sterile insect technique programmes
Authors: Catalá‐Oltra Marta , Llácer Elena , Dembilio Oscar , Pla Ignacio , Urbaneja Alberto , Pérez‐Hedo Meritxell 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSterile insect technique (SIT) is used, among other biological control tools, as a sustainable measure for the management of Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae) in many agricultural regions where this pest can trigger severe economic impacts. The tendency of wild females to remate multiple times has been deeply studied; it has been a common point of controversy when evaluating SIT programmes. Nevertheless, the remating potential of the released sterile males remains unknown. Here, under laboratory conditions, the remating capability of mass‐reared sterile males was determined. Wild‐type virgin females were offered to sterile males (Vienna‐8 strain), which had the opportunity to mate up to four consecutive times. The remating assays were carried out at 24 hr, 48 hr, 4 days and 7 days after the first mating. At the end of each tested time period, males were divided according to their mating response, mated or unmated, and subsequently reused for the next round of mating assays. The frequency of successful remating in each tested time period was obtained. Insemination was confirmed by determining the sperm transfer in mated female spermathecae by quantitative real‐time PCR. Our results demonstrate that 73% of the mass‐reared sterile males were able to remate 24 hr after the first mating, 55% of which remated again the day after. Close to 25% of the V8 sterile males tended to copulate in all of the four mating opportunities. The qPCR analysis of the spermathecae contents verified an effective transfer of V8 sperm to wild females with every mating; 99% of copulations resulted in sperm transfer. These findings shed light on the remating potential of V8 sterile males, an aspect until now underestimated in many SIT programmes.
Health risks posed by social and linguistic isolation in older Korean Americans
Authors: Jang Yuri , Yoon Hyunwoo , Park Juyoung , Park Nan Sook , Chiriboga David A. , Kim Miyong T. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectivesInspired by the notion of double jeopardy positing the dual disadvantage in the coexistence of different sources of vulnerability, the present study examined health risks posed by social and linguistic isolation in older Korean Americans.DesignA cross‐sectional study, using a four‐cell classification to compare isolation types (no isolation, social isolation only, linguistic isolation only, and dual isolation) and to examine their impacts on physical (self‐rated health), mental (mental distress), and cognitive (cognitive performance) health.Setting and ParticipantsData are from the Study of Older Korean Americans survey of Korean immigrants aged 60 or older (n = 2032), conducted in five states in the United States (California, New York, Texas, Hawaii, and Florida).MeasurementSocial isolation was indexed by the Lubben Social Network Scale‐6; linguistic isolation, by a question on English‐speaking ability. Physical, mental, and cognitive health were indicated by a single‐item self‐rating of health, the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale 6, and the Mini‐Mental State Examination, respectively.ResultsThe dual‐isolation group exhibited notable sociodemographic and health disadvantages. The odds of having fair/poor health, mental distress, and cognitive impairment were 2.21–3.17 times higher in the dual‐isolation group than in the no‐isolation group.ConclusionOur findings confirm that both social relationships and language proficiency are key elements for older immigrants' social connectedness and integration, the deprivation of which puts them at heightened risk in multiple dimensions of health.
Sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpenoids harbor modulatory allosteric potential and affect inhibitory GABAA receptor function in vitro
Authors: Janzen Dieter , Slavik Benedikt , Zehe Markus , Sotriffer Christoph , Loos Helene M. , Buettner Andrea , Villmann Carmen 
Published: July 2021

AbstractNaturally occurring compounds such as sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpenoids (SQTs) have been shown to modulate GABAA receptors (GABAARs). In this study, the modulatory potential of 11 SQTs at GABAARs was analyzed to characterize their potential neurotropic activity. Transfected HEK293 cells and primary hippocampal neurons were functionally investigated using electrophysiological whole‐cell recordings. Significantly different effects of β‐caryophyllene and α‐humulene, as well as their respective derivatives β‐caryolanol and humulol, were observed in the HEK293 cell system. In neurons, the concomitant presence of phasic and tonic GABAAR configurations accounts for differences in receptor modulation by SQTs. The in vivo presence of the γ2 and δ subunits is important for SQT modulation. While phasic GABAA receptors in hippocampal neurons exhibited significantly altered GABA‐evoked current amplitudes in the presence of humulol and guaiol, negative allosteric potential at recombinantly expressed α1β2γ2 receptors was only verified for humolol. Modeling and docking studies provided support for the binding of SQTs to the neurosteroid‐binding site of the GABAAR localized between transmembrane segments 1 and 3 at the (+α)‐(‐α) interface. In sum, differences in the modulation of GABAAR isoforms between SQTs were identified. Another finding is that our results provide an indication that nutritional digestion affects the neurotropic potential of natural compounds.
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Increased neuronal activation in sympathoregulatory regions of the brain and spinal cord in type 2 diabetic rats
Authors: Sethi Shivani , Augustine Rachael A. , Bouwer Gregory T. , Perkinson Michael R. , Cheong Isaiah , Bussey Carol T. , Schwenke Daryl O. , Brown Colin H. , Lamberts Regis R. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIncreased cardiac sympathetic nerve activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) suggests impaired autonomic control of the heart. However, the central regions that contribute to the autonomic cardiac pathologies in type 2 DM are unknown. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that neuronal activation would be increased in central sympathoregulatory areas in a pre‐clinical type 2 DM animal model. Immunohistochemistry in 20‐week‐old male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats revealed an increased number of neurones expressing ΔFosB (a marker of chronic neuronal activation) in the intermediolateral column (IML) of the spinal cord in DM compared to non‐diabetic (non‐DM) rats (P < 0.05). Rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) neurones activate IML neurones and receive inputs from the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), as well as the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and area postrema (AP), in the brainstem. We observed more ΔFosB‐positive noradrenergic RVLM neurones (P < 0.001) and corticotrophin‐releasing hormone PVN neurones (P < 0.05) in DM compared to non‐DM rats. More ΔFosB‐positive neurones were also observed in the NTS (P < 0.05) and AP (P < 0.01) of DM rats compared to non‐DM rats. Finally, because DM ZDF rats are obese, we also expected increased activation of pro‐opiomelanocortin (POMC) arcuate nucleus (ARC) neurones in DM rats; however, fewer ΔFosB‐positive POMC ARC neurones were observed in DM compared to non‐DM rats (P < 0.01). In conclusion, increased neuronal activation in the IML of type 2 DM ZDF rats might be driven by RVLM neurones that are possibly activated by PVN, NTS and AP inputs. Elucidating the contribution of central sympathoexcitatory drive in type 2 DM might improve the effectiveness of pharmacotherapies for diabetic heart disease.
How can directional and fluctuating asymmetry help in the prognosis of scoliosis along the course of the condition?
Authors: González‐Ruiz José María , Pérez‐Núñez María Isabel , García‐Alfaro Mª Dolores , Bastir Markus 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFluctuating asymmetry (FA) is an indicator of developmental instability referred to random deviations from mean asymmetry. That average asymmetry is the directional asymmetry (DA), which, in the particular case of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), corresponds to a right thoracic and left lumbar curves. Investigating the presence of FA and DA in AIS has never been done, and it is a key element of the pathophysiology of the scoliotic condition. Thirty‐six X‐rays of patients with AIS were digitized and analysed using Geometric Morphometric analyses to test for both statistical effects. The individual FA score for each patient was calculated using Procrustes ANOVA and a methodology based on the components of shape was used to estimate the individual DA score. DA is a stronger effect than FA (2.12 to 1), as it has been found in other clinical conditions. The individual DA score, with an effect size of 0.58, is a better predictor of the Cobb angle than FA score. The methodology presented in this paper to estimate DA score is a valid approach in the study of asymmetries in AIS. FA should be correlated in future studies with environmental covariates to serve as a variable in the medical prognosis, while DA will serve as a good predictor of the Cobb angle during the course of the condition, avoiding the abuse of X‐rays. This potential use of DA should be tested on 3D shape due to the three‐dimensional clinical presentation of AIS.
Antibiotic stewardship for reptiles
Authors: Hedley J. , Whitehead M. L. , Munns C. , Pellett S. , Abou‐Zahr T. , Calvo Carrasco D. , Wissink‐Argilaga N. 
Published: July 2021

This review discusses the general principles underlying responsible antibiotic usage in reptiles. Very little evidence underlies antibiotic usage in reptiles, and there are no published guidelines for responsible antibiotic usage. A literature search was performed to review the evidence for bacterial involvement in the pathology of selected common diseases of reptiles, allowing the development of recommendations for responsible antibiotic treatment of those diseases.
Study of the effect of anaesthesia on the canine ultrasonographic optic nerve sheath diameter
Authors: Drolet C. , Pinard C. , Gaitero L. , Monteith G. , Bateman S. 
Published: July 2021

ObjectivesTo investigate the effects of anaesthetic duration and serial anaesthetic events on optic nerve sheath diameter in a population of dogs without intracranial disease using point‐of‐care ultrasonography.Materials and MethodsClient‐owned dogs requiring advanced head imaging were prospectively enrolled. Exclusion criteria included signs of elevated intracranial pressure, glaucoma and optic nerve disease. Using a transpalpebral technique, two optic nerve sheath diameter measurements were recorded for each eye at three timepoints: following premedication, after induction within 7 minutes and before discontinuing isoflurane. Mixed model analysis was used to characterise optic nerve sheath diameter behaviour and investigate the effects of anaesthetic duration, bodyweight and anaesthetic protocol, age and sex.ResultsFourteen dogs of various ages, breeds and bodyweights were enrolled. A positive linear relationship was detected between body weight and optic nerve sheath diameter. In 12 of 14 dogs, the optic nerve sheath diameter increased from measurements taken after premedication when compared to measurements taken after induction within 7 minutes. In a subset of patients, measurements subsequently decreased when anaesthetic duration exceeded 120 minutes. Age, side, sex, final body temperature, blood pressure and anaesthetic protocol did not significantly affect optic nerve sheath diameter. No significant association was noted between optic nerve sheath diameter and end‐tidal carbon dioxide after induction and before discontinuing isoflurane.Clinical SignificanceWhen using point‐of‐care ultrasound, a transient increase in optic nerve sheath diameter occurs between premedication and within 7 minutes following induction, regardless of bodyweight. This should be taken into consideration when serial monitoring is performed.
Sleep deprivation reduces the density of individual spine subtypes in a branch‐specific fashion in CA1 neurons
Authors: Bolsius Youri G. , Meerlo Peter , Kas Martien J. , Abel Ted , Havekes Robbert 
Published: July 2021

SummarySleep deprivation has a negative impact on hippocampus‐dependent memory, which is thought to depend on cellular plasticity. We previously found that 5 h of sleep deprivation robustly decreases dendritic spine density in the CA1 area of the hippocampus in adult male mice. However, recent work by others suggests that sleep deprivation increases the density of certain spine types on specific dendritic branches. Based on these recent findings and our previous work, we conducted a more in‐depth analysis of different spine types on branches 1, 2 and 5 of both apical and basal dendrites to assess whether 5 h of sleep deprivation may have previously unrecognized spine‐type and branch‐specific effects. This analysis shows no spine‐type specific changes on branch 1 and 2 of apical dendrites after sleep deprivation. In contrast, sleep deprivation decreases the number of mushroom and branched spines on branch 5. Likewise, sleep deprivation reduces thin, mushroom and filopodia spine density on branch 5 of the basal dendrites, without affecting spines on branch 1 and 2. Our findings indicate that sleep deprivation leads to local branch‐specific reduction in the density of individual spine types, and that local effects might not reflect the overall impact of sleep deprivation on CA1 structural plasticity. Moreover, our analysis underscores that focusing on a subset of dendritic branches may lead to potential misinterpretation of the overall impact of, in this case, sleep deprivation on structural plasticity.
Pharmacokinetic properties of metamizole active metabolites in Northeastern Brazilian donkeys (Equus asinus)
Authors: de Macêdo Luã B. , Mouta Andressa N. , Araújo‐Silva Gabriel , Urizar Jose Trinidad P. , de Paula Valéria V. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMetamizole (MT), also known as dipyrone, is an analgesic and antipyretic drug labeled for use in humans and domestic animals in some countries. As with other drugs, the administration of MT in donkeys is based on studies carried out with horses. In the present report, we aimed to determine the pharmacokinetics of the two main metamizole active metabolites (N‐methyl‐4‐aminoantipyrine [MAA] and 4‐aminoantipyrine [AA]) following 10 (M10) and 25 mg/kg (M25) IV metamizole doses in Northeast Brazilian donkeys (n = 10). Blood was collected at predetermined times within over 48 h; MAA and AA plasma concentrations were determined by a validated LC‐MS/MS method. The metabolites were quantifiable in the M10 until 12 h and M25 until 24 h after drug administration. As expected, AUC0→t, AUC0→∞, and Cmax demonstrated significant differences increases in metamizole metabolites profiles when groups were compared. No adverse effects were observed. This study indicates the need for an extremely sensitive analytical method to adequately characterize the pharmacokinetics of active metabolites of MT, MAA, and AA. In conclusion, the method developed in this research was able to measure the active metabolites of metamizole and with that it was possible to establish their pharmacokinetic profile. Furthermore, after projection of the minimum MAA concentrations, it is possible to infer that the dose of 10 mg/kg will be used on donkeys at 6 h intervals, while the M25 group at 12 h intervals. However, clinical studies are needed to assess this hypothesis.
Numbing the pain or diffusing the pressure? The co‐optation of PETA's “naming and shaming” campaign against mulesing
Authors: Bromberg Lev 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis article examines a high‐profile “naming and shaming” campaign launched by the activist group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals targeting the controversial sheep husbandry practice of mulesing. This campaign led to important changes to the “rules of the game” governing global merino wool production. This article suggests that contests between activists and other stakeholders over the framing of the policy problem and activists' choice of strategy can result in co‐optation of activist ideas by corporate actors. The possibility of co‐optation of ostensibly successful social movement campaigns highlights the importance of considering such campaigns in light of movements' values and longer‐term goals.
The macroecology of extra‐pair paternity in birds
Authors: Valcu Cristina‐Maria , Valcu Mihai , Kempenaers Bart 
Published: July 2021

AbstractExtra‐pair paternity (EPP) is a key aspect of the mating behaviour of birds and its frequency varies widely among populations and species. Several hypotheses predict patterns of geographical variation in the occurrence and frequency of EPP, but a global‐scale study on variation in this trait is still lacking. We collected data on EPP from 663 populations of 401 avian species and explored the geographical variation in the frequency of EPP among populations, species and species assemblages. We modelled the variation in the frequency of EPP within the species’ breeding range accounting for the specific ecological context of each population, and used the model predictions to compute frequencies of EPP at the level of species assemblages. A global map of assemblage‐level EPP rates shows clear differences between zoogeographical realms, with the highest EPP values in the Nearctic realm. Our results show that the frequency of EPP (1) decreases with latitude and increases with the distance from the breeding range boundary within the species’ breeding range, (2) is negatively associated with generation length and pair‐bond duration among species, and (3) decreases with latitude at assemblage level. The latitudinal decline of EPP is consistent across zoogeographical realms.
Guillain‐Barré syndrome following ChAdOx1 nCoV‐19 COVID‐19 vaccination: A case series
Authors: James Joe , Jose James , Gafoor V. Abdul , Smita B , Balaram Neetha 
Published: July 2021

AbstractChAdOx1 nCoV‐19 is an effective and well‐tolerated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) vaccine. Rare cases of serious adverse events have been reported with this vaccine. We report three patients who developed Guillain‐Barré syndrome following ChAdOx1 nCoV‐19 vaccination, who did not have active or prior COVID‐19 infection. The neurological illness in all patients had an onset of 11‐13 days after the first dose of vaccine. All were characterized by sensorimotor weakness of the upper and lower limbs, with facial diplegia in one and dysautonomia in the other. Nerve conduction studies were consistent with demyelination in two and axonopathy in one. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed albuminocytological dissociation in two patients. All patients had moderate‐to‐severe disability. They were treated with intravenous immunoglobulin, with stabilization of the disease. Proper monitoring and prompt reporting of such cases is required to ensure safety of the vaccine.
Improving vaccination coverage and timeliness through periodic intensification of routine immunization: evidence from Mission Indradhanush
Authors: Summan Amit , Nandi Arindam , Deo Sarang , Laxminarayan Ramanan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOnly an estimated 62% of Indian children under the age of 2 years are fully immunized. We examined the association between India's Mission Indradhanush (MI)—a periodic intensification of the routine immunization program—which was implemented in phases across districts between March 2015 and July 2017, and routine vaccination coverage and timeliness among children. We used data from a 2015 to 2016 national survey of children (n = 29,532) and employed difference‐in‐difference regressions to examine binary indicators of receipt of 11 vaccines and whether vaccines were received at recommended ages. The full immunization rate was 27% higher among children under 2 years old residing in MI phase 1 and 2 districts (intervention group) as compared with those residing elsewhere (control group). The rate of receiving all vaccines at recommended ages was 8% higher in the intervention group. Receiving doses of oral polio vaccine (OPV) birth dose, OPV dose 1 (OPV1), OPV2, OPV3, bacillus Calmette–Guérin, and hepatitis B birth dose vaccines were 9%, 9%, 11%, 16%, 5%, and 19% higher in the intervention group than the control group, respectively. More research is required on the cost‐effectiveness of investing in MI‐type programs as compared with routine immunization.
Nail discoloration in pediatric skin of color patients
Authors: Bellet Jane Sanders 
Published: July 2021

AbstractNail pigmentation in children can cause significant anxiety in parents and clinicians. Different pigments of the nails, such as yellow, orange, and green, can all occur; however, this paper will focus on the dark pigments: brown, gray, and black pigmentation of the nails. Many causes of dark coloration of the nails exist; almost all causes in pediatric patients are benign and require no treatment. Melanoma is the one diagnosis that physicians do not want to miss. Fortunately, this is extremely rare in children.