bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Breaking down the wall” patients` and families` experience of multifamily therapy for young adult women with severe eating disorders
Authors: Brinchmann Berit Støre , Krvavac Sanja 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundThis paper addresses patients` and families` experience of multifamily therapy (MFT) for young adults (18–22) with an eating disorder (ED). EDs are serious illnesses leading to lowered quality of life for the patient and their family. The Regional Centre for Eating Disorders (RESSP) at Nordland Hospital in Bodø, Norway has developed an adjunct psychotherapeutic approach for the treatment of young adult patients with severe EDs. The patient’s family members take part in the multifamily therapy (MFT) group programme.MethodsThe aim of the study was to explore patients` and families` experience of MFT for young adult women with severe EDs. A Grounded Theory (GT) approach was used. Data were collected by field observations in two MFT groups, qualitative group interviews and qualitative individual interviews with patients and their family members. Data were analysed using the constant comparative method. The data analysis consisted of open and selective coding and memo writing.ResultsTwo main categories were identified: ‘Connectedness and recognition’ and ‘Opening up and sharing`.MFT was described as a space for recognition within which it was possible to speak of things happening in the family with others with similar difficulties. It felt good and freeing, but also painful, to meet others with similar experiences. The participants had in common a considerable loneliness because it is difficult for outsiders to grasp what it is like in a home dominated by an ED. The meeting with other families created an underlying safety. The participants received help to distinguish between realistic and unrealistic concerns and learned about openness and communication in relation to their daughter. Some women with EDs said that MFT was most important for the parents but also had been good for them as things had become better at home.ConclusionThe participants reported that their family had become better at talking to each other after having been in MFT. As a result, they were able to speak more openly about difficult things and share feelings. This gave rise to increased understanding. The study shows that MFT was found to be valuable and important. Never before had these families had such an opportunity, something so directly tailored to them. MFT for adults can be developed further and used in other groups, such as those concerning other chronic illnesses.
Blocking microglial activation of reactive astrocytes is neuroprotective in models of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Park Jong-Sung , Kam Tae-In , Lee Saebom , Park Hyejin , Oh Yumin , Kwon Seung-Hwan , Song Jae-Jin , Kim Donghoon , Kim Hyunhee , Jhaldiyal Aanishaa , Na Dong Hee , Lee Kang Choon , Park Eun Ji , Pomper Martin G. , Pletnikova Olga , Troncoso Juan C. , Ko Han Seok , Dawson Valina L. , Dawson Ted M. , Lee Seulki 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of age-related dementia. Increasing evidence suggests that neuroinflammation mediated by microglia and astrocytes contributes to disease progression and severity in AD and other neurodegenerative disorders. During AD progression, resident microglia undergo proinflammatory activation, resulting in an increased capacity to convert resting astrocytes to reactive astrocytes. Therefore, microglia are a major therapeutic target for AD and blocking microglia-astrocyte activation could limit neurodegeneration in AD. Here we report that NLY01, an engineered exedin-4, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist, selectively blocks β-amyloid (Aβ)-induced activation of microglia through GLP-1R activation and inhibits the formation of reactive astrocytes as well as preserves neurons in AD models. In two transgenic AD mouse models (5xFAD and 3xTg-AD), repeated subcutaneous administration of NLY01 blocked microglia-mediated reactive astrocyte conversion and preserved neuronal viability, resulting in improved spatial learning and memory. Our study indicates that the GLP-1 pathway plays a critical role in microglia-reactive astrocyte associated neuroinflammation in AD and the effects of NLY01 are primarily mediated through a direct action on Aβ-induced GLP-1R+ microglia, contributing to the inhibition of astrocyte reactivity. These results show that targeting upregulated GLP-1R in microglia is a viable therapy for AD and other neurodegenerative disorders.
China and the steppe: technological study of precious metalwork from Xigoupan Tomb 2 (4th–3rd c. BCE) in the Ordos region, Inner Mongolia
Authors: Liu Yan , Li Rui , Yang Junchang , Liu Ruiliang , Zhao Guoxing , Tan Panpan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Technology employed by the ancient goldsmiths is traceable through archaeometallurgy. Using non-destructive analytical methods, namely, a 3D digital microscopy and a scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM–EDS), we investigated the manufacturing techniques and chemical composition of gold and silver artefacts recovered from Tomb 2 (M2), the richest find from Xigoupan cemetery (fourth-third century BCE) in the northern part of Jungar Banner, Inner Mongolia. The present research contributes to a better understanding of the inventive nature of precious metal working industry in early China (eighth-third century BCE). First, cultural interchange was evidenced in the metalwork examined, notably as being closely linked to techniques emerging from the Eurasian steppes. In Xigoupan M2, the ornamentation of sheet works in the Scytho-Siberian animal style was seen to be clearly influenced by the central Asian steppe goldsmithing practice, while certain cast items were typical of the Chinese tradition. Second, our analysis reveals that the gold appliqués with raised animal figures that were previously thought to be repoussé work have actually been made with double-sided carving. We consider such a new technology as one of local inventions that was inspired by methods arriving from the central Asian steppes. In addition, our analysis of elemental composition reveals that the gold artefacts found in Xigoupan M2 to be made of natural gold, while the horse harness ornament is made of pure silver. These results, combined with the study of the existing data pertaining to comparable examples, attest to the shared craftsmanship in prestige metal production across the northern Chinese states, especially with regard to the pre-imperial period Qin workshop.
Effects of local neighbourhood diversity on crown structure and productivity of individual trees in mature mixed-species forests
Authors: Georgi Louis , Kunz Matthias , Fichtner Andreas , Reich Karl Friedrich , Bienert Anne , Maas Hans-Gerd , von Oheimb Goddert 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Species-specific genotypic features, local neighbourhood interactions and resource supply strongly influence the tree stature and growth rate. In mixed-species forests, diversity-mediated biomass allocation has been suggested to be a fundamental mechanism underlying the positive biodiversity-productivity relationships. Empirical evidence, however, is rare about the impact of local neighbourhood diversity on tree characteristics analysed at a very high level of detail. To address this issue we analysed these effects on the individual-tree crown architecture and tree productivity in a mature mixed forest in northern Germany.

Methods
Our analysis considers multiple target tree species across a local neighbourhood species richness gradient ranging from 1 to 4. We applied terrestrial laser scanning to quantify a large number of individual mature trees (N = 920) at very high accuracy. We evaluated two different neighbour inclusion approaches by analysing both a fixed radius selection procedure and a selection based on overlapping crowns.

Results and conclusions
We show that local neighbourhood species diversity significantly increases crown dimension and wood volume of target trees. Moreover, we found a size-dependency of diversity effects on tree productivity (basal area and wood volume increment) with positive effects for large-sized trees (diameter at breast height (DBH) > 40 cm) and negative effects for small-sized (DBH < 40 cm) trees. In our analysis, the neighbour inclusion approach has a significant impact on the outcome. For scientific studies and the validation of growth models we recommend a neighbour selection by overlapping crowns, because this seems to be the relevant scale at which local neighbourhood interactions occur. Because local neighbourhood diversity promotes individual-tree productivity in mature European mixed-species forests, we conclude that a small-scale species mixture should be considered in management plans.
The educational power of humor on student engagement in online learning environments
Authors: Erdoğdu Fatih , Çakıroğlu Ünal 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe primary goal of the study is to investigate the effect of the usage of humor on behavioral, emotional, and cognitive engagement in online learning. Humorous elements were integrated into the online learning components. The mixed-method study was conducted over 14 weeks with the participation of 74 university students in an online university course. As a result, elements of humor can be integrated into materials for attention grabbing, recalling, feedback, and humor breaks. A diversity of humorous elements created a significant difference and improved behavioral engagement for course materials, discussions, and assignments. However, humorous elements did not contribute to the behavioral engagement for quizzes. It was additionally observed for emotional engagement that the use of humor created a significant difference and improved emotional engagement. As for cognitive engagement, a positive influence of the usage of humorous elements in course materials, discussions and assignments was observed.
Growth as related to the Cell Cycle in Single-cell Cultures of Tetrahymena piriformis1
Authors: Zeuthen Erik 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
There is some evidence that synthesis in single cells of Tetrahymena occurs with very nearly constant rate when traced from one division to the next. Overall exponential growth over a number of cell cycles may be the statistical result of the fact that centres—of which each one is in control of synthetic processes occurring with constant rates—multiply by discrete doublings, i.e. exponentially, in close relation with the process of cell division. While this doubling occurs there may be a provisional block to further increase in respiratory rate. In the post-exponential growth-phase cells may differentiate and some may grow too big for their synthetic machinery, as—after a lag—it becomes reactivated upon transfer to fresh nutrient medium. For this reason overall exponential growth over a number of cell cycles may pertain only to a fraction of the cell with which the experiment was started.
Growth and Degeneration of the Pronephric System ofRana temporaria
Authors: Fox H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTGrowth and degeneration of various components of the pronephric system of R. temporaria were investigated qualitatively and quantitatively in a series of stages ranging from 29 to 54, i.e. stages equivalent to those for R. dalmatina (Cambar & Marrot, 1954). All pronephric components except individual cell volume increase up to stage 47 (specimen 33 mm. long), and the first signs of degeneration are recognizable at stage 49, i.e. the stage preceding that at which the animal possesses an externally visible left forelimb. Progressive degeneration of the pronephros and duct continues until stage 54 (the animal having just metamorphosed), by which stage the organ has almost disappeared. The glomus likewise degenerates pari passu with the pronephros, but between stages 29 (specimens 9 mm. long) and 47 (specimens 33 mm. long) it barely changes in size and shape.
The Use of Sex Chromatin in Identifying Embryonic and Maternal Tissues in the Placenta: New Observations on the Haemochorial Nature of the Cat Placenta
Authors: Zhemkova Z. P. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTHistological investigation of the cat placenta at various stages of development has led to the conclusion that it belongs to the haemochorial type. Study of the sex chromatin bodies in the nuclei of the so-called ‘endothelial’ and ‘decidual’ cells in the cat placentae of male foetuses has shown that these cells are derived from the embryo and are trophoblastic. The results of the study of the sex chromatin bodies have confirmed the data of the histological investigation. Consequently the cat placenta should be considered as haemochorial, and not syndesmo-, vaso-, or endotheliochorial.
The Culture in vitro of Urogenital Organs of Pleurodeles waltlii
Authors: Foote Charles L. , Foote Florence M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The trunk portions of Pleurodeles waltlii, stages 37–38, were grown in groups of 4 in chick vitelline membranes in organ cultures for 57 days. Growth and differentiation of urogenital structures and nervous tissues occurred, including some cells thought to be primordial germ cells. Trunks of larvae placed directly on culture medium were less well differentiated and less well maintained.
Larval gonads containing young germ cells or gonads with immature germ cells from adult P. waltlii were well maintained in organ culture for 21 days. Spermatozoa and meiotic stages in expiants of mature testes became dis-organized and necrotic. Immature gonads of P. waltlii are better maintained in organ culture than gonads of the other species of amphibians studied to date.
Stillbirths from Adrenal Demedullated Mice Subjected to Chronic Stress Throughout Gestation
Authors: Caldwell Donald F. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The role of the maternal adrenal medulla on frequency of stillbirths from chronic stress administered throughout gestation was investigated in CF/1 mice. Evidence showing a decreased frequency of stillbirths in adrenal demedullated mice compared to normals is presented. Mechanisms are discussed whereby the medullary hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine may affect prenatal development during maternal stress.
The Influence of the Uterine Environment on the Development of Mouse Eggs
Authors: Kirby D. R. S. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Oviducal segmented eggs of the mouse, when transferred beneath the kidney capsule, give rise to trophoblast and extra-embryonic membranes only. Uterine blastocysts transferred to a similar position develop into embryos. Mouse eggs prevented from entering the uterus develop into blastocysts that are morphologically normal. These tube-locked blastocysts, however, that have been denied the uterine environment, do not develop into embryos when transferred to the kidney. -day-old tube-locked blastocysts develop into normal embryos if restored to the uterus. Eggs retained in the oviduct for days, although they appear normal, do not subsequently develop when transferred to the uterus. Oviducal, pre-blastocyst-stage eggs, transferred for a time to the uterus prior to transplantation to the kidney, develop into trophoblast and extra-embryonic membranes only. It is concluded that a blastocyst, to realize totipotency, must be subjected to the uterine environment to days after copulation. The substance producing this effect is termed the ‘uterine factor’. The action of the ‘uterine factor’ and the egg’s limited period of competence to react to it are discussed. A comparison between the potency of tubal mouse eggs and the tubal eggs of other mammals is made.
A Gene causing Ocular Retardation in the Mouse
Authors: Truslove Gillian M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The development of the eyes in mice homozygous for the gene ocular retardation (or) is described here. Up to the age of 11 days the eyes of or/or embryos appear to be normal in their size and general proportions, but after this time they are reduced in size. This is due to the failure of the central artery and vein to establish a pathway along the choroid fissure, which closes completely. In the adult the lens is never crystalline and is always distorted in shape, while the retina contains no sensory cells, no optic nerves develop, and there is no optic chiasma. An orbit of normal size is filled with hypertrophied Harderian and lachrymal glands.
Cytoarchitecture of theXenopusthymus followingγ-irradiation
Authors: Russ Jane H. , Horton John D. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis paper describes in vitro and in vivo attempts to deplete the 4- to 8-month-old Xenopus laevis (J strain) thymus of its lymphocyte compartment. Gamma irradiation (2–3000 rad) of the excised thymus, followed by two weeks in organ culture, is effective in removing lymphocytes, but causes drastic reduction in size and loss of normal architecture. In contrast, in vivo whole-body irradiation (3000 rad) and subsequent in situ residence for 8–14 days proves successful in providing a lymphocyte-depleted froglet thymus without loss of cortical and medullary zones. In wvo-irradiated thymuses are about half normal size, lack cortical lymphocytes, but still retain some medullary thymocytes; they show no signs of lymphocyte regeneration when subsequently organ cultured for 2 weeks. Light microscopy of 1 μm, plastic-embedded sections and electron microscopy reveal that a range of thymic stromal cell types are retained and that increased numbers of cysts, mucous and myoid cells are found in the thymus following wholebody irradiation. In vivo-irradiated thymuses are therefore suitable for implantation studies exploring the role of thymic stromal cells in tolerance induction of differentiating T lymphocytes.
The role of 20-hydroxyecdysone in stimulating epidermal mitoses during the larval–pupal transformation of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta
Authors: Kato Yoshiomi , Riddiford Lynn M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Temporal and regional changes in mitotic frequency were examined in the dorsal epidermis of the fourth and fifth abdominal segments of Manduca sexta during metamorphosis. Mitoses occurred only in the middle intrasegmental region, but not in the segmental margins. The mitoses began early on day 5 and rose to maximum of 2·6–4·6% about 10 h later. When the integument from day 4 (wandering) larvae was cultured in Grace’s medium containing 0–3 to 1μgml−1 20-hydroxyecdysone (20HE), the mitotic index increased with a peak at 18– 24 h exposure approximately equal to that found in situ. The level of 20HE required to initiate mitoses was similar to that found in vivo during the beginning of the prepupal rise in ecdysteroid and therefore is likely to be the signal for these cells to decrease their ploidy level of 4– 32C to 2– 8C at this time. The polyploid cells had larger mitotic figures and required a longer exposure to 20-hydroxyecdysone to initiate mitosis. Some multipolar mitotic figures were observed.
Fate map of the eye-antennal imaginal disc of the tumorous-head mutant of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Andrew Deborah J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In specific genetic backgrounds, a mutation in the tuh-3 gene results in the homeotic transformation of head structures to either leg disc derivatives or structures normally found in the extreme posterior end of wild-type animals. The origins of the homeotic structures were mapped to defined positions in the eye-antennal imaginal disc by transplanting abnormal regions of discs isolated from tuh-3 mutants into host mwh;e4 larvae. These metamorphosed implants were removed and differentiated structures were identified. Of 211 successfully recovered implants, 157 gave rise to homeotic tissue: abdominal tergite, male or female external genitalia and/or leg tissue. Transformations to abdominal tergite occurred primarily in cells taken from the eye region of the compound disc. Male and female genitalia arose most often in implants taken from the antennal portion of the disc, although some tissue taken from the lateral region of the eye disc also gave rise to external genitalia. Leg structures came exclusively from implants from the antennal region of the imaginal disc. These results suggest that cells from within specific regions of the eye-antennal compound disc are constrained in their developmental potential. An obvious constraint observed with this mutation is a dorsal/ventral one: Cells from the eye disc, a dorsal structure, primarily gave rise to other dorsal structures, abdominal tergite tissue. Cells from the antennal disc, a ventrally derived structure, primarily gave rise to other ventral structures including genital tissue and distal leg.
Polarization and density of Na-pumps in the inner ear of the chick embryo during early stages of development
Authors: Giraldez F. , Represa J. J. , Borondo Luisa , Barbosa E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The otic vesicle consists of a pseudostratified epithelium with some features of transporting epithelia. The present work questions whether Na-pumps are polarized in this epithelium and what is the relation between the location or density of pumps and development. This was done by measuring the binding of [3H]ouabain to isolated otic vesicles in developmental stages 16 to 22. The results show the presence of specific ouabain-binding sites located in the inwardfacing membrane of the otic vesicle epithelium. Binding was saturable at increasing concentrations of ouabain and was highly sensitive to the external K+ concentration with half-maximal inhibition below 0 ·5 mM, indicating that the binding sites and Na-pump sites are identical. A transient stage-dependent increase in the density of Na-pumps during the period that precedes growth was observed. Evidence is given against this being directly related to an increased net fluid transport rate despite the fact that pump sites were always polarized throughout these stages. The conclusions are that (1) the otic vesicle epithelium is a polarized structure with the possibility of vectorial transport of solutes and water and (2) the increased number of pumps may operate as a regulatory mechanism during normal proliferative growth.