bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of international organizations in equitable and just planned relocation
Authors: Nagle Alverio Gabriela , Hoagland Sara H. , Coughlan de Perez Erin , Mach Katharine J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSince 2010, States party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change have recognized planned relocation as a viable adaptation to climate change. Planned relocation has been attempted in many communities globally and has raised serious issues of equity in some cases. Implementation driven by principles of equity is crucial in ensuring successful planned relocations that decrease loss and damage. In this Policy Analysis, we put forth a framework for equitable planned relocation rooted in theories of justice as a basis for implementation. The framework centers around three principles: comprehensive recognition of affected stakeholders in decision-making, consideration of socio-cultural risk factors relevant to relocation, and evaluation of multiple measures of well-being. There are many actors involved in planned relocation. Unique features and abilities of international organizations lend themselves to promoting equitable planned relocation in partnership with other stakeholders. Through the exploration of case studies, we identify best practices that international organizations have available to influence the design, implementation, and evaluation of planned relocation processes. These practices are relevant when striving for equity for all affected individuals and communities. Points of intervention include agenda-setting and advocacy, funding and implementation standards, and facilitation of international cooperation. International organizations also face barriers to supporting equitable planned relocation. Limitations include lack of enforcement mechanisms, limited resources, and fundamental dependence on existing governance structures and global collaboration. As the necessity of planned relocations grows, the need for leadership from international organizations in implementation is magnified, underscoring the importance of developing and evaluating approaches to just implementation.
Nation’s Business and the environment: the U.S. Chamber’s changing relationships with DDT, “ecologists,” regulations, and renewable energy
Authors: Orford Adam D. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNation’s Businesswas a monthly business magazine published by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, with a subscription list larger thanBusiness Week,Forbes, orFortune. This study explores how the magazine responded and adapted to the rise of environmentalism, and environmental regulation of business, by exploring its treatment of four topics: DDT, environmentalists, government regulation, and renewable energy. It is built on a full-text review of all issues ofNation’s Businesspublished between 1945 and 1981. It reveals the development of a variety of anti-environmental logics and discourses, including the delegitimization of environmentalism as emotional and irrational, the undermining of scientific conclusions as uncertain, the monetization of decision-making using cost-benefit analysis, and the problematization of government overregulation. The study thus traces the origins of the anti-environmental policies of the Reagan Administration to the business community of the preceding decade.
Terapia sostitutiva corticosteroidea alla luce delle nuove proposte farmacologiche (Plenadren®)
Authors: Cappiello Vincenzo , Giannelli Jacopo , Giordano Roberta 
Published: May 2021

SommarioLa terapia sostitutiva corticosteroidea è indispensabile per la sopravvivenza dei pazienti con insufficienza surrenalica. Per oltre cinquant’anni sono stati impiegati steroidi a breve emivita e solo negli ultimi vent’anni sono state proposte nuove formulazioni derivate dall’idrocortisone, nate con l’obiettivo di migliorare gli effetti delle terapie convenzionali. In particolare, è stata prodotta una formulazione di idrocortisone a rilascio modificato in due fasi (DR-HC, Plenadren®). In questa rassegna si descriveranno le caratteristiche e gli effetti di tale formulazione.
fSDE: efficient evolutionary optimisation for many-objective aero-engine calibration
Authors: Liu Jialin , Zhang Qingquan , Pei Jiyuan , Tong Hao , Feng Xudong , Wu Feng 
Published: May 2021

AbstractEngine calibration aims at simultaneously adjusting a set of parameters to ensure the performance of an engine under various working conditions using an engine simulator. Due to the large number of engine parameters to be calibrated, the performance measurements to be considered, and the working conditions to be tested, the calibration process is very time-consuming and relies on the human knowledge. In this paper, we consider non-convex constrained search space and model a real aero-engine calibration problem as a many-objective optimisation problem. A fast many-objective evolutionary optimisation algorithm with shift-based density estimation, called fSDE, is designed to search for parameters with an acceptable performance accuracy and improve the calibration efficiency. Our approach is compared to several state-of-the-art many- and multi-objective optimisation algorithms on the well-known many-objective optimisation benchmark test suite and a real aero-engine calibration problem, and achieves superior performance. To further validate our approach, the studied aero-engine calibration is also modelled as a single-objective optimisation problem and optimised by some classic and state-of-the-art evolutionary algorithms, compared to which fSDE not only provides more diverse solutions but also finds solutions of high-quality faster.
Performance test of a 5 kW solid oxide fuel cell system under high fuel utilization with industrial fuel gas feeding
Authors: Xu Ming , Wang Hanlin , Liu Mingxian , Zhao Jianning , Zhang Yuqiong , Li Pingping , Shi Mingliang , Gong Siqi , Zhang Zhaohuan , Li Chufu 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAs the demand for green energy with high efficiency and low carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions has increased, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have been intensively developed in recent years. Integrated gasification fuel cells (IGFCs) in particular show potential for large-scale power generation to further increase system efficiency. Thus, for commercial application of IGFCs, it is important to design reliable multi-stacks for large systems that show long-term stability and practical fuel gas for application to industrial equipment. In this work, a test rig (of a 5 kW SOFC system, with syngas from industrial gasifiers as fuel) was fabricated and subjected to long-term tests under high fuel utilization to investigate its performance. The maximum steady output power of the system was 5700 W using hydrogen and 5660 W using syngas and the maximum steady electrical efficiency was 61.24% while the fuel utilization efficiency was 89.25%. The test lasted for more than 500 h as the fuel utilization efficiency was larger than 83%. The performances of each stack tower were almost identical at both the initial stage and after long-term operation. After 500 h operation, the performances of the stack towers decreased only slightly under lower current and showed almost no change under high current. These results demonstrate the reliability of the multi-stack design and the prospect of this SOFC power-generation system for further enlarging its application in a MWth demonstration.
Nature kindergartens: a space for children’s participation
Authors: Alme Hilde , Reime Monika Alvestad 
Published: May 2021

AbstractChildren’s right to participate has become internationally recognised and the early years are a pivotal phase for realising children’s rights. Knowledge of how young children can enact their right to participation in different environmental and educational contexts is important for improving and facilitating pedagogical practices around the world. The use of the natural environment for educational purposes has become increasingly popular in the Nordic countries, the UK, Australia and in the United States. In this article, we explore how children and staff experience children’s participation through play and everyday life in kindergartens that organise most of the days outside. In Norway they are referred to as nature kindergartens. The primary data sources are focus group interviews with 30 children and 20 staff members from six nature kindergartens in Norway. The results show that the open and fluid character of nature creates a dynamic space for children’s play, stimulates creativity and social inclusion, promotes responsibility, and facilitates generational interdependency. Staff promote and participate in children’s initiatives but refrain from introducing and controlling activities. We conclude that the environmental and educational contexts in nature-kindergartens offer a range of participative situations while questioning whether all children have the capabilities for required active engagement.
Variations in Partitive Quotient Strategy Use by Children Who Have Been Taught the Part-Whole Fraction Sub-construct
Authors: George Lois , Voutsina Chronoula 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper presents findings from a study that examined the strategies that children, who had only been taught the part-whole fraction sub-construct at school, used for finding the fraction associated with solving varied partitive quotient problems. A qualitative, microgenetic research design was used involving nine year 5 (aged 9–10) children engaged in eight individual task-based interviews over a 6-week period. The data analyzed showed that across the eight tasks, six of the nine children used more than one strategy for quantifying each person’s share but, by the third task, in general, each child had settled into a regular pattern of strategy use. The analyzed variations in children’s approaches to solving the partitive quotient problems revealed instances of when and how the part-whole fraction sub-construct interfered with children’s engagement with the partitive quotient problems. Considering that, internationally, the part-whole sub-construct is still the first fraction sub-construct that many children learn in schools, the findings are significant, since they provide new, in-depth insights into emerging approaches to solving partitive quotient tasks that are influenced by children’s existing part-whole knowledge. The findings provide new evidence for intra- and inter-individual variation in strategy use and strategy selection in tasks related to the partitive quotient meaning of fractions. The paper highlights for education, the need for teaching that introduces different fraction sub-constructs to learners early in their schooling so that one meaning of fractions does not become representative of all fraction knowledge.
Phytochemical mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antibacterial activity
Authors: Dogiparthi Lakshman Kumar , Sana Siva Sankar , Shaik Sumaya Zikreen , Kalvapalli Maneesha Reddy , Kurupati Gayathri , Kumar Godlaveeti Sreenivass , Gangadhar Lekshmi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this present work, we described a bio-reduction method for the generation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous leaf extract of Micrargeria wightii (M. wightii), which is a gifted alternative to other physicochemical routes. The prepared AgNPs were characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (X-RD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) with EDX and Dynamic light scattering (DLS). UV–visible spectrum showed a characteristic absorption peak at 440 nm of synthesized AgNPs. FT-IR analysis confirmed the existence of plant metabolites, which are responsible for the reduction of Ag (I) ions into Ag (0) NPs. X-RD pattern studies confirm the presence of the pure face-centered cubiccrystalline nature of Ag. Energy-dispersive X-ray (E-DX) spectrum showed the elemental composition of synthesized nanoparticles. Furthermore, TEM images confirm the formation of spherical shaped nano-silver particles with sizes ranging from 30 to 70 nm and supported by particle size analyzer, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). Thus, the present investigation provides an easy, eco-friendly and straightforward route for the synthesis of the antibacterial agent against Bacillus subtilis subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with 15 and 13 mm zone of inhibition (ZOI) respectively.
Constituency Effects and Legislative Dissent Under Closed-List Proportional Representation
Authors: Alemán Eduardo , Micozzi Juan Pablo , Pinto Pablo M. , Saiegh Sebastián 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTAccording to conventional wisdom, closed-list proportional representation (CLPR) electoral systems create incentives for legislators to favor the party line over their voters’ positions. However, electoral incentives may induce party leaders to tolerate “shirking” by some legislators, even under CLPR. This study argues that in considering whose deviations from the party line should be tolerated, party leaders exploit differences in voters’ relative electoral influence resulting from malapportionment. We expect defections in roll call votes to be more likely among legislators elected from overrepresented districts than among those from other districts. We empirically test this claim using data on Argentine legislators’ voting records and a unique dataset of estimates of voters’ and legislators’ placements in a common ideological space. Our findings suggest that even under electoral rules known for promoting unified parties, we should expect strategic defections to please voters, which can be advantageous for the party’s electoral fortunes.
Vapor Pressure Deficit and Sunlight Explain Seasonality of Leaf Phenology and Photosynthesis Across Amazonian Evergreen Broadleaved Forest
Authors: Chen Xiuzhi , Ciais Philippe , Maignan Fabienne , Zhang Yuan , Bastos Ana , Liu Liyang , Bacour Cédric , Fan Lei , Gentine Pierre , Goll Daniel , Green Julia , Kim Hyungjun , Li Laurent , Liu Yi , Peng Shushi , Tang Hao , Viovy Nicolas , Wigneron Jean‐Pierre , Wu Jin , Yuan Wenping , Zhang Haicheng 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAmazonian evergreen forests show distinct canopy phenology and photosynthetic seasonality but the climatic triggers are not well understood. This imposes a challenge for modeling leaf phenology and photosynthesis seasonality in land surface models (LSMs) across Amazonian evergreen forest biome. On continental scale, we tested two climatic triggers suggested by site observations, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and short‐wave incoming radiation (SW) for defining leaf shedding and incorporated VPD‐ and SW‐triggered new canopy phenology modules in the ORCHIDEE LSM (hereafter VPD‐AP and SW‐AP versions). Our results show that both VPD and SW are plausible precursors of large scale litterfall seasonality across the basin by comparing againstin situdata from 14 sites. Specially, both VPD‐AP and SW‐AP correctly capture the increases in litterfall during the early dry season, followed by a flush of new leaves with increasing photosynthetic rates during the later dry season. The VPD‐AP version performs better than the SW‐AP version in capturing a dry‐season increase of photosynthesis across the wet Amazonia areas where mean annual precipitation exceeds 2,000 mm yr−1, consistent with previous satellite data analysis. Both VPD‐AP and SW‐AP model versions perform well in northern, central and southern Amazon regions where the SW seasonality is unimodal, but miss the seasonality of satellite GPP proxies in the eastern region off the coast of Guyana shield where SW seasonality is bimodal. Our findings imply that atmospheric dryness and sunlight availability likely explain the seasonality of leaf shedding and leaf flush processes, respectively, and consequently control canopy photosynthesis in Amazonian evergreen forests.
Nanoscale Variations in Natural Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Weathering Products in Mafic to Intermediate Volcanic Terrains on Earth: Implications for Amorphous Detections on Mars
Authors: Smith R. J. , Horgan B. H. N. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSedimentary amorphous and nanocrystalline materials are abundant on Mars, but their formation conditions are poorly understood due in part to instrument limitations and the lack of knowledge about terrestrial sedimentary amorphous and nanocrystalline material compositions and structures. Additionally, it is surprising that the Curiosity rover finds these metastable phases preserved in ancient (3–4 Gya) rocks in Gale crater. Here, we use X‐ray diffraction and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy to investigate the X‐ray amorphous weathering products found in soils, sediments, and paleosols from Mars‐relevant mafic to intermediate volcanic terrains altered under different climates. The X‐ray amorphous components of our samples are often complex mixtures of amorphous and nanocrystalline materials with compositions that vary at the nanometer‐scale, but are dominated by iron‐oxide, Al2O3, and SiO2, the proportions of which reflect large‐scale weathering conditions, such that those formed in warm and wet climates are deficient in more mobile cations, and those formed under cooler climates reflect restricted cation leaching. We also find high abundances (∼40 wt.%) of X‐ray amorphous weathering products in lithified and diagenetically altered volcanic soils that have been preserved over time scales of ∼107 years. These results have wide‐reaching implications for soil property and paleoclimate investigations on Earth and Mars, and suggest that amorphous and nanocrystalline materials are important, but overlooked components of some sedimentary rocks on Earth. Future investigations are needed to better understand the kinetics behind the transformation from amorphous and nanocrystalline to crystalline materials and the factors that allow their preservation on Earth and Mars.
Inhibition of CCL7 derived from Mo-MDSCs prevents metastatic progression from latency in colorectal cancer
Authors: Ren Xiaoli , Xiao Jianbiao , Zhang Wanning , Wang Feifei , Yan Yongrong , Wu Xuehui , Zeng Zhicheng , He Yumei , Yang Wei , Liao Wangjun , Ding Yanqing , Liang Li 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn colorectal cancer (CRC), overt metastases often appear after years of latency. But the signals that cause micro-metastatic cells to remain indolent, thereby enabling them to survive for extended periods of time, are unclear. Immunofluorescence and co-immunoprecipitation assays were used to explore the co-localization of CCL7 and CCR2. Immunohistochemical (IHC) assays were employed to detect the characters of metastatic HT29 cells in mice liver. Flow cytometry assays were performed to detect the immune cells. Bruberin vivo MS FX Pro Imager was used to observe the liver metastasis of CRC in mice. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot were employed to detect the expressions of related proteins. Trace RNA sequencing was employed to identify differentially expressed genes in MDSCs from liver micro-M and macro-M of CRC in mice. Here, we firstly constructed the vitro dormant cell models and metastatic dormant animal models of colorectal cancer. Then we found that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) were increased significantly from liver micro-metastases to macro-metastases of CRC in mice. Moreover, monocytic MDSCs (Mo-MDSC) significantly promoted the dormant activation of micro-metastatic cells compared to polymorphonuclear MDSCs (PMN-MDSC). Mechanistically, CCL7 secreted by Mo-MDSCs bound with membrane protein CCR2 of micro-metastatic cells and then stimulated the JAK/STAT3 pathway to activate the dormant cells. Low-dose administration of CCL7 and MDSCs inhibitors in vivo could significantly maintain the CRC metastatic cells dormant status for a long time to reduce metastasis or recurrence after radical operation. Clinically, the level of CCL7 in blood was positively related to the number of Mo-MDSCs in CCR patients, and highly linked with the short-time recurrence and distant metastasis. CCL7 secreted by Mo-MDSCs plays an important role in initiating the outgrowth of metastatic latent CRC cells. Inhibition of CCL7 might provide a potential therapeutic strategy for the prevention of metastasis recurrence.
Targeting epigenetic modulation of cholesterol synthesis as a therapeutic strategy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Xu Xing , Chen Jun , Li Yan , Yang Xiaojie , Wang Qing , Wen Yanjun , Yan Ming , Zhang Jianjun , Xu Qin , Wei Yan , Chen Wantao , Wang Xu 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe histone methyltransferase EZH2 silences gene expression via H3 lysine 27 trimethylation and has been recognized as an important antitumour therapeutic target. However, the clinical application of existing EZH2 inhibitors is not satisfactory for the treatment of solid tumours. To discover novel strategies against head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), we performed genomics, metabolomics and RNA omics studies in HNSCC cells treated with EZH2 inhibitors. It was found that EZH2 inhibitors strongly induced the expression of genes in cholesterol synthesis. Through extensive drug screening we found that inhibition of squalene epoxidase (a key enzyme of endogenous cholesterol synthesis) synergistically increased the squalene content and enhanced the sensitivity of HNSCC cells to EZH2 inhibitors. Our findings provide an experimental and theoretical basis for the development of new combinations of EZH2 inhibitors to treat HNSCC.
Disrupting tumour vasculature and recruitment of aPDL1-loaded platelets control tumour metastasis
Authors: Li Hongjun , Wang Zejun , Chen Zhaowei , Ci Tianyuan , Chen Guojun , Wen Di , Li Ruoxin , Wang Jinqiang , Meng Huan , Bryan Bell R. , Gu Zhifeng , Dotti Gianpietro , Gu Zhen 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAlthough therapies of cancer are advancing, it remains challenging for therapeutics to reach the sites of metastasis, which accounts for majority of cancer associated death. In this study, we have developed a strategy that guides an anti-programmed cell death-ligand 1 (aPDL1) antibody to accumulate in metastatic lesions to promote anti-tumour immune responses. Briefly, we have developed a combination in which Vadimezan disrupts tumour blood vessels of tumour metastases and facilitates the recruitment and activation of adoptively transferred aPDL1-conjugated platelets. In situ activated platelets generate aPDL1-decorated platelet-derived microparticles (PMP) that diffuse within the tumour and elicit immune responses. The proposed combination increases 10-fold aPDL1 antibody accumulation in lung metastases as compared to the intravenous administration of the antibody and enhances the magnitude of immune responses leading to improved antitumour effects.
Cellular connectomes as arbiters of local circuit models in the cerebral cortex
Authors: Klinger Emmanuel , Motta Alessandro , Marr Carsten , Theis Fabian J. , Helmstaedter Moritz 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWith the availability of cellular-resolution connectivity maps, connectomes, from the mammalian nervous system, it is in question how informative such massive connectomic data can be for the distinction of local circuit models in the mammalian cerebral cortex. Here, we investigated whether cellular-resolution connectomic data can in principle allow model discrimination for local circuit modules in layer 4 of mouse primary somatosensory cortex. We used approximate Bayesian model selection based on a set of simple connectome statistics to compute the posterior probability over proposed models given a to-be-measured connectome. We find that the distinction of the investigated local cortical models is faithfully possible based on purely structural connectomic data with an accuracy of more than 90%, and that such distinction is stable against substantial errors in the connectome measurement. Furthermore, mapping a fraction of only 10% of the local connectome is sufficient for connectome-based model distinction under realistic experimental constraints. Together, these results show for a concrete local circuit example that connectomic data allows model selection in the cerebral cortex and define the experimental strategy for obtaining such connectomic data.