bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of interdisciplinary combined dermatology–gastroenterology–rheumatology clinical care compared to usual care in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: a parallel group, non-blinded, pragmatic randomised trial
Authors: Hjuler Kasper Fjellhaugen , Dige Anders , Agnholt Jørgen , Laurberg Trine Bay , Loft Anne Gitte , Møller Louise Faurskov , Christensen Robin , Iversen Lars 
Published: April 2021

IntroductionImmune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) are associated with reduced health-related quality of life (HRQol), increased risk of somatic and psychiatric comorbidities and reduced socioeconomic status. Individuals with one IMID have an increased risk for developing other IMIDs. The unmet needs in the care of patients with IMIDs may result from a lack of patient-centricity in the usual monodisciplinary siloed approach to these diseases. The advantages of novel interdisciplinary clinics towards the traditional therapeutic approach have not been investigated. The overall aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of an interdisciplinary combined clinic intervention compared with usual care in a population of patients with the IMIDs: psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa, psoriatic arthritis, axial spondyloarthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Our hypothesis is that an interdisciplinary combined clinic intervention will be more effective than usual care in improving clinical and patient-reported outcomes, and that a more effective screening and management of other IMIDs and comorbidities can be performed.Methods and analysisThis is a randomised, usual care controlled, parallel-group pragmatic clinical trial. 300 consecutively enrolled participants with co-occurrence of at least two IMIDs are randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to either treatment in the interdisciplinary combined clinic or usual care. The study will consist of a 6-month active intervention period and a 6-month follow-up period where no intervention or incentives will be provided by the trial. The primary outcome is the change from baseline to 24 weeks on the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) Physical Component Summary. Additional patient-reported outcome measures and clinical measures are assessed as secondary outcomes.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval of this study protocol was established by the institutional review board of the study site. The findings from this trial will be disseminated via conference presentations and publications in peer-reviewed journals, and by engagement with patient organisations.Trial registration numberNCT04200690.
Potential clinical and economic impact of optimised maintenance therapy on discharged patients with COPD after hospitalisation for an exacerbation in China
Authors: Salem Ahmed , Zhong Heng , Ramos Mafalda , Lamotte Mark , Hu Hao 
Published: April 2021

ObjectivesChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations requiring hospitalisation are a considerable burden, both clinically and economically. Although long-acting maintenance therapy is recommended in both the GOLD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease) and Chinese COPD guidelines, proper implementation is lacking. The objective of this study was to assess the clinical and economic impact of prescribing long-acting maintenance therapy to discharged patients with COPD after hospitalisation for an exacerbation in China by using an outcomes model.DesignThis health economic analysis was conducted using a Markov cohort model from the Chinese healthcare payer perspective. Two health states (alive and dead) were modelled, and exacerbations were included as possible events.SettingThe target population was Chinese patients with COPD, >40 years of age, who were hospitalised for an exacerbation, with 1 year of follow-up. A recent COPD national prevalence study was referenced for population calculations.InterventionA hypothetical future scenario, where 100% of patients would receive long-acting maintenance therapy after hospitalisation for an exacerbation, was compared with the current scenario, in which only 38.5% of patients are receiving long-acting maintenance therapy after hospitalisation.Outcome measuresNumber of exacerbations, deaths and medical costs were measured.ResultsWe estimated that there were approximately 4 million Chinese patients with COPD who were hospitalised annually due to an exacerbation. By prescribing long-acting maintenance therapy, our model predicted that 917 360 exacerbations and 4034 deaths could be avoided, translating into cost savings of ¥3.5 billion (US$0.5 billion). Scenario analysis also showed that if the rate of exacerbations requiring hospitalisation was higher than our base case analysis, cost savings could reach up to ¥10.7 billion (US$1.5 billion).ConclusionAdministering long-acting maintenance therapy to more patients with COPD at hospital discharge could considerably reduce exacerbations and healthcare spending in China.
Effects of geometric similarity ratio on the disturbance amplitude of shock-wave front in viscosity measurement
Authors: Yang Kai , Xu Quan-Yu , Wu Xiao , Ma Xiao-Juan 
Published: April 2021

Geometric similarity ratio is one of the important factors that affects the disturbance amplitude of shock-wave front in viscosity measurement. In this paper, the Euler difference scheme of two-dimensional (2D) equations of viscous fluid mechanics is used to simulate the disturbance amplitude damping curves under different geometric similarity ratios, and the corresponding numerical solutions are shown. The samples of aluminum shocked to 80 GPa are taken as an example. The simulation results show that the initial conditions, material viscosity, wavelength, and sample geometric similarity ratio affect the evolution of the shock front sine wave disturbance. For flyer-impact flow field, the phase shift increases from 0 to a certain value with the viscosity coefficient for sample with wavelength [Formula: see text] mm and geometric similarity ratio [Formula: see text], 0.1. So, the geometric similarity method can be used to measure the viscosity of material. But it is found that the phase shift is sensitive to the geometric similarity ratio, which should be considered in Zaidel’s equation. So, some flyer-impact experiments will be carried out to determine the simulation results, and find the quantity relation of phase shift and viscosity of material in the future investigation.
Information extraction from digital social trace data with applications to social media and scholarly communication data
Authors: Mishra Shubhanshu 
Published: April 2021

Shubhanshu is a Machine Learning Researcher at Twitter working on the Content Understanding Research team. He finished his Ph.D. at the iSchool, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he worked as a research assistant with Dr. Jana Diesner and Dr. Vetle Torvik on projects funded by NIH, NSF, KISTI, and Army Research Lab. Shubhanshu's research work is at the intersection of machine learning, information extraction, social network analysis, and visualizations. His work won then Best Student Paper Award at ASIS&T SIGMET workshop. Shubhanshu has published multiple open source projects as well as open datasets related to his research. More information about Shubhanshu can be found at: https://shubhanshu.com.
In his thesis, Shubhanshu worked on unifying the concept of information extraction from social media data and scholarly data under the framework of Digital Social Trace Data (DSTD). This framework allow us to answer questions like conceptual novelty, expertise in scientific communities as well as influential users in social media corpus. He further proposed improved information extraction techniques for social media text by using active, semi-supervised, and multi-task machine learning along with the inclusion of meta-data. Additionally, his work resulted in the development of a visualization framework for DSTD along with multiple open source tools and datasets. For more details visit https://shubhanshu.com/phd_thesis/.
XERIS/APEX
Authors: Wai Richard 
Published: April 2021

Modern day cloud native applications have become broadly representative of distributed systems in the wild. However, unlike traditional distributed system models with conceptually static designs, cloud-native systems emphasize dynamic scaling and on-line iteration (CI/CD). Cloud-native systems tend to be architected around a networked collection of distinct programs ("microservices") that can be added, removed, and updated in real-time.
Typically, distinct containerized programs constitute individual microservices that then communicate among the larger distributed application through heavy-weight protocols. Common communication stacks exchange JSON or XML objects over HTTP, via TCP/TLS, and incur significant overhead, particularly when using small size message sizes. Additionally, interpreted/JIT/VM-based languages such as Javascript (NodeJS/Deno), Java, and Python are dominant in modern microservice programs. These language technologies, along with the high-overhead messaging, can impose superlinear cost increases (hardware demands) on scale-out, particularly towards hyperscale and/or with latency-sensitive workloads.
Biometry, Refractive Errors, and the Results of Cataract Surgery: A Large Sample Study
Authors: Hernández-López Iván , Estradé-Fernández Sahily , Cárdenas-Díaz Taimí , Batista-Leyva Alfo José 
Published: April 2021

The statistical characteristics of biometry and refractive error in a large sample of cataractous Cuban patients are presented, comparing between sexes and age groups. All patients were studied at the Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology “Ramón Pando Ferrer,” La Habana. The sample consists of 28252 eyes of 25068 patients, subjected to cataract surgery during the time period between 2006 and 2019. Their biometry was obtained using IOL Master devices; also, visual acuity, refraction, and corneal power were registered. After surgery, the visual acuity and refraction were measured. The refractive prediction error was determined. For patients with both eyes registered, anisometropia was also calculated. Age and sex were used to segment the data. The preoperative biometric parameters show highly significant differences between sexes, with male eyes being longer and with a deeper anterior chamber but with a thinner lens. Also, keratometry shows highly significant differences, with female eyes being steeper than male. Before surgery, both sexes have myopic eyes as average, with males being more myopic than females (

p

< 0.001). After surgery, the average spherical equivalent is −0.36 D and female eyes are more myopic than males (

p

< 0.001). Visual acuity with and without distance correction has a significant increase after surgery. These results are of importance not only for Cuba but also for other countries with a large Cuban population and/or similar ethnic composition, such as the USA (particularly the south of Florida), Spain, and many countries in Latin America.
Reducing Skin Toxicities from EGFR Inhibitors with Topical BRAF Inhibitor Therapy
Authors: Lacouture Mario E. , Wainberg Zev A. , Patel Anisha B. , Anadkat Milan J. , Stemmer Salomon M. , Shacham-Shmueli Einat , Medina Egmidio , Zelinger Galit , Shelach Noa , Ribas Antoni 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Treatment of cancer with EGFR inhibitors is limited by on-target skin toxicities induced by inhibition of the MAPK pathway. BRAF inhibitors are known to paradoxically activate the MAPK downstream of EGFR, which we confirmed using human skin keratinocytes. We then conducted a phase I clinical trial testing the hypothesis that topical therapy with the BRAF inhibitor LUT014 could improve skin toxicities induced by EGFR inhibitors. Ten patients with metastatic colorectal cancer who had developed acneiform rash while being treated with cetuximab or panitumumab were enrolled in three cohorts. LUT014 was well tolerated, and there were no dose-limiting toxicities. The acneiform rash improved in the 6 patients who started with grade 2 rash in the low and intermediate cohorts. We conclude that topical LUT014 is safe and efficacious in improving rash from EGFR inhibitors, consistent with the mechanism of action inducting paradoxical MAPK activation.

Significance:
BRAF inhibitor topical therapy could avoid dose reductions of EGFR inhibitors, locally treating the main dose-limiting skin toxicity of this class of agents.
This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 2113
Sparse, Dense, and Attentional Representations for Text Retrieval
Authors: Luan Yi , Eisenstein Jacob , Toutanova Kristina , Collins Michael 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Dual encoders perform retrieval by encoding documents and queries into dense low-dimensional vectors, scoring each document by its inner product with the query. We investigate the capacity of this architecture relative to sparse bag-of-words models and attentional neural networks. Using both theoretical and empirical analysis, we establish connections between the encoding dimension, the margin between gold and lower-ranked documents, and the document length, suggesting limitations in the capacity of fixed-length encodings to support precise retrieval of long documents. Building on these insights, we propose a simple neural model that combines the efficiency of dual encoders with some of the expressiveness of more costly attentional architectures, and explore sparse-dense hybrids to capitalize on the precision of sparse retrieval. These models outperform strong alternatives in large-scale retrieval.
Adaptive Semiparametric Language Models
Authors: Yogatama Dani , de Masson d’Autume Cyprien , Kong Lingpeng 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe present a language model that combines a large parametric neural network (i.e., a transformer) with a non-parametric episodic memory component in an integrated architecture. Our model uses extended short-term context by caching local hidden states—similar to transformer-XL—and global long-term memory by retrieving a set of nearest neighbor tokens at each timestep. We design a gating function to adaptively combine multiple information sources to make a prediction. This mechanism allows the model to use either local context, short-term memory, or long-term memory (or any combination of them) on an ad hoc basis depending on the context. Experiments on word-based and character-based language modeling datasets demonstrate the efficacy of our proposed method compared to strong baselines.
Unsupervised Learning of KB Queries in Task-Oriented Dialogs
Authors: Raghu Dinesh , Gupta Nikhil , Mausam  
Published: April 2021

AbstractTask-oriented dialog (TOD) systems often need to formulate knowledge base (KB) queries corresponding to the user intent and use the query results to generate system responses. Existing approaches require dialog datasets to explicitly annotate these KB queries—these annotations can be time consuming, and expensive. In response, we define the novel problems of predicting the KB query and training the dialog agent, without explicit KB query annotation. For query prediction, we propose a reinforcement learning (RL) baseline, which rewards the generation of those queries whose KB results cover the entities mentioned in subsequent dialog. Further analysis reveals that correlation among query attributes in KB can significantly confuse memory augmented policy optimization (MAPO), an existing state of the art RL agent.To address this, we improve the MAPO baseline with simple but important modifications suited to our task. To train the full TOD system for our setting, we propose a pipelined approach: it independently predicts when to make a KB query (query position predictor), then predicts a KB query at the predicted position (query predictor), and uses the results of predicted query in subsequent dialog (next response predictor). Overall, our work proposes first solutions to our novel problem, and our analysis highlights the research challenges in training TOD systems without query annotation.
A Computational Framework for Slang Generation
Authors: Sun Zhewei , Zemel Richard , Xu Yang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSlang is a common type of informal language, but its flexible nature and paucity of data resources present challenges for existing natural language systems. We take an initial step toward machine generation of slang by developing a framework that models the speaker’s word choice in slang context. Our framework encodes novel slang meaning by relating the conventional and slang senses of a word while incorporating syntactic and contextual knowledge in slang usage. We construct the framework using a combination of probabilistic inference and neural contrastive learning. We perform rigorous evaluations on three slang dictionaries and show that our approach not only outperforms state-of-the-art language models, but also better predicts the historical emergence of slang word usages from 1960s to 2000s. We interpret the proposed models and find that the contrastively learned semantic space is sensitive to the similarities between slang and conventional senses of words. Our work creates opportunities for the automated generation and interpretation of informal language.
Prohibition of Bottom Trawling on Extended Continental Shelves: Creeping Jurisdiction or Enforcement of Sovereign Rights?
Authors: Antsygina Ekaterina 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This article discusses whether the regime of the continental shelf includes a right to conserve living natural resources and whether a unilateral establishment of a ban on bottom trawl fishing is possible on the high seas superjacent the extended continental shelf (ECS). Based on Article 77 and Part XII of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, coastal States can impose reasonable conservation measures to protect sedentary species from harmful fishing practices. The article also explores how the competing rights of coastal and flag States, as well rights of coastal States with overlapping ECS entitlements, should be balanced in case of the imposition of unilateral conservation measures.
Characteristics of people on long-acting injectable antipsychotics in Australia: Data from the 2010 National Survey of High Impact Psychosis
Authors: Suetani Shuichi , Siskind Dan , Phillipou Andrea , Waterreus Anna , Morgan Vera A , Castle David 
Published: April 2021

Objective: This study investigates (1) the proportion of people with psychosis who are on long-acting injectable antipsychotics; (2) the difference in the demographic, clinical, substance use and adverse drug reaction profiles of people taking long-acting injectables compared to oral antipsychotics; and (3) the differences in the same profiles of those on first-generation antipsychotic versus second-generation antipsychotic long-acting injectables. Methods: Data were collected as part of the Survey of High Impact Psychosis. For this study, participants with diagnoses of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder who were on any antipsychotic medication were included ( N = 1049). Results: Nearly a third (31.5%) of people with psychosis were on long-acting injectables, of whom 49.7% were on first-generation antipsychotic long-acting injectables and 47.9% were on second-generation antipsychotic long-acting injectables. This contrasts with oral antipsychotics where there was a higher utilisation of second-generation antipsychotics (86.3%). Of note, compared to those on the oral formulation, people on long-acting injectables were almost four times more likely to be under a community treatment order. Furthermore, people on long-acting injectables were more likely to have a longer duration of illness, reduced degree of insight, increased cognitive impairment as well as poor personal and social functioning. They also reported more adverse drug reactions. Compared to those on first-generation antipsychotic long-acting injectables, people on SGA long-acting injectables were younger and had had a shorter duration of illness. They were also more likely to experience dizziness and increased weight, but less likely to experience muscle stiffness or tenseness. Conclusion: Long-acting injectable use in Australia is associated with higher rates of community treatment order use, as well as poorer insight, personal and social performance, and greater cognitive impairment. While long-acting injectables may have the potential to improve the prognosis of people with psychosis, a better understanding of the choices behind the utilisation of long-acting injectable treatment in Australia is urgently needed.
Tobacco smoking and mental disorders in Australian adolescents
Authors: Lawrence David , Johnson Sarah E , Mitrou Francis , Lawn Sharon , Sawyer Michael 
Published: April 2021

Objectives: This study aimed to (1) examine the strength of the association between mental disorders/mental health problems, risk behaviours and tobacco smoking among Australian adolescents, (2) compare rates of tobacco smoking among Australian adolescents with major depressive disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and/or conduct disorder in 2013/14 vs 1998, and (3) identify the extent to which an association between tobacco smoking and mental health problems among adolescents can be attributed to non-mental health risk factors. Methods: The study utilised data from the first (1998) and second (2013/14) child and adolescent components of the National Surveys of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Both surveys identified nationally representative samples of Australian young people aged 4–17 years, living in private dwellings. Information was collected from parents and 13- to 17-year-olds about mental disorders, mental health problems, risk behaviours and tobacco smoking. Results: In the 2013/14 survey, the rate of current tobacco smoking among those with a mental disorder was 20% compared to 5% in those without a mental disorder. Rates were highest for young people with conduct disorder (50%), major depressive disorder (24%) and anxiety disorders (19%). In 2013/14, 38% of current tobacco smokers had a mental disorder and 32% reported self-harm and/or suicidal ideation vs 10% and 5%, respectively, among adolescents who had never smoked. Females with mental disorders or reporting self-harm or suicidal ideation had higher rates of current smoking than males. Other significant factors associated with current smoking included school-related problems, binge eating and having had more than one sexual partner. Conclusion: While smoking rates in 13- to 17-year-olds with mental disorders had declined since 1998, the strength of the association between mental disorders and smoking had increased, especially among females. Our findings highlight the need to address the tobacco smoking among adolescents with mental disorders, particularly females.