bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Triculture Model of In Vitro BBB and its Application to Study BBB‐Associated Chemosensitivity and Drug Delivery in Glioblastoma
Authors: Seo Suyeong , Nah Seung‐Yeol , Lee Kangwon , Choi Nakwon , Kim Hong Nam 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPhysiologically, brain tumors interact with surrounding vascular and glial cells, and change their responses to survive in brain tissue‐specific microenvironments. A major difficulty in brain tumor treatment is caused by the organism's high resistance to pharmaceutical drugs and poor blood–brain barrier (BBB) penetration. Therefore, mimicking the physiological environment of brain tumors on in vitro platforms can aid in predicting the cellular response to drugs. Here, an engineered 3D human glioblastoma in vitro platform that is integrated with a tricultured BBB is presented. First, the barrier function of the constructed BBB model and its reversibility are characterized, after administrating BBB‐opening agents through the microvasculature. The brain tumor cells that are cocultured in the BBB show a more aggressive growth pattern and high drug resistance, as well as secreting high concentrations of inflammatory cytokines. Finally, the delivery of BBB‐nonpenetrating drugs are promoted by chemically opening the BBB. The results of this study indicate that the platform can potentially study the physiology of the BBB, and monitor drug responses based on the interaction of the brain tumor and BBB.
Modulating Interband Energy Separation of Boron‐Doped Fe7S8/FeS2 Electrocatalysts to Boost Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Wu Jing , Zhang Qin , Shen Ke , Zhao Rong , Zhong Wenda , Yang Chenfan , Xiang Hui , Li Xuanke , Yang Nianjun 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCost‐effective transition metal sulfides (TMSs) are potential electrocatalysts for alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, free energies of hydrogen intermediates adsorbed on the TMSs (e.g., iron sulfides) are too negative, hindering their hydrogenase‐like catalytic activity. With an aim to improve the inherently catalytic activity of the TMSs, design of boron‐doped Fe7S8/FeS2 (B‐Fe7S8/FeS2) electrocatalysts on the base of the density functional theory (DFT) calculation results is first conducted in this work. Boron atoms doped into the Fe7S8/FeS2 electrocatalysts are found to optimize the electronic structures of d‐electrons of Fe atoms and p‐electrons of S atoms. The interband energy separation between the d‐orbitals of Fe atoms and the p‐orbitals of S atoms in the B‐Fe7S8/FeS2 electrocatalysts is thus shorter than that of a Fe7S8 or FeS2 electrocatalyst. The optimal B‐Fe7S8/FeS2 electrocatalyst induces a boosted charge transfer process and features a low energy barrier of water dissociation and a high desorption efficiency of adsorbed hydrogen intermediates. In alkaline media, this HER electrocatalyst exhibits the overpotential of 113 mV to harvest a current density of 10 mA cm−2. The proposed heteroatom‐doping is a feasible approach to modulate electronic structures of TMS electrocatalysts and further achieve their accelerated HER kinetics.
Ultra‐Sharp Nanowire Arrays Natively Permeate, Record, and Stimulate Intracellular Activity in Neuronal and Cardiac Networks
Authors: Liu Ren , Lee Jihwan , Tchoe Youngbin , Pre Deborah , Bourhis Andrew M. , D'Antonio‐Chronowska Agnieszka , Robin Gaelle , Lee Sang Heon , Ro Yun Goo , Vatsyayan Ritwik , Tonsfeldt Karen J. , Hossain Lorraine A. , Phipps M. Lisa , Yoo Jinkyoung , Nogan John , Martinez Jennifer S. , Frazer Kelly A. , Bang Anne G. , Dayeh Shadi A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntracellular access with high spatiotemporal resolution can enhance the understanding of how neurons or cardiomyocytes regulate and orchestrate network activity and how this activity can be affected with pharmacology or other interventional modalities. Nanoscale devices often employ electroporation to transiently permeate the cell membrane and record intracellular potentials, which tend to decrease rapidly with time. Here, one reports innovative scalable, vertical, ultrasharp nanowire arrays that are individually addressable to enable long‐term, native recordings of intracellular potentials. One reports electrophysiological recordings that are indicative of intracellular access from 3D tissue‐like networks of neurons and cardiomyocytes across recording days and that do not decrease to extracellular amplitudes for the duration of the recording of several minutes. The findings are validated with cross‐sectional microscopy, pharmacology, and electrical interventions. The experiments and simulations demonstrate that the individual electrical addressability of nanowires is necessary for high‐fidelity intracellular electrophysiological recordings. This study advances the understanding of and control over high‐quality multichannel intracellular recordings and paves the way toward predictive, high‐throughput, and low‐cost electrophysiological drug screening platforms.
Direct Detection of Fast Neutrons by Organic Semiconducting Single Crystal Detectors
Authors: Zhao Dou , Cai Pingkun , Cheng Wei , Jia Wenbao , Zhang Binbin , Zhu Menghua , Liu Linyue , Ouyang Xiaoping , Sellin Paul , Jie Wanqi , Xu Yadong 
Published: November 2021

AbstractFast neutron detection is significant for neutron imaging and flux monitoring but cannot be directly achieved by inorganic semiconductors. The traditional detection is mainly mediated by an organic scintillator and a coupled photodetector, resulting in signal losses. Here, a direct detection method for fast neutrons is demonstrated based on organic semiconducting single crystals (OSSCs) detectors. Methyl 4‐hydroxybenzoate (4MHB, C6H5O‐COOCH3) and 4‐hydroxycyanobenzene (4HCB, C6H5O‐CN). The organic semiconductor acts as a fast neutron sensitive material due to its high hydrogen density, simultaneously as a semiconductor that generates the electric signal. The detectors based on 4MHB crystals can quantitatively measure the dose and energy of the fast neutron flux with a response time of 0.5 µs and detection efficiency of 78.5% cm−3. Effects of functional groups on fast neutron detection performances are also investigated as a guideline to synthesis new molecules for this purpose. Furthermore, neutron radiation effects on these detectors are investigated. Hydrogen‐related point defects are generated by fast neutrons, but device performances remain robust after irradiation of 1013n cm−2fast neutrons. This study demonstrates that OSSCs show great potential as direct fast neutron detectors and particularly have highly‐localized and tissue‐equivalent properties that benefit neutron imaging and cancer therapy applications.
Recent Progress in Perovskite‐Based Reversible Photon–Electricity Conversion Devices
Authors: Liang Chao , Gu Hao , Xia Junmin , Mei Shiliang , Pang Peiyuan , Zhang Nan , Guo Jia , Guo Ruxin , Shen Yonglong , Yang Shengchun , Wei Zhanhua , Shao Guosheng , Xing Guichuan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSolution‐processed metal halide perovskites have the advantages of a tunable bandgap, excellent charge transport properties, and suitable exciton binding energy. They therefore emerge as promising semiconductors for efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and bright perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs). In addition, these devices possess a similar planar–heterojunction architecture, thus novel dual‐functional perovskite light‐emitting solar cells (PLESCs) that can realize electrical‐to‐optical and optical‐to‐electrical conversion on one device are developed. To date, high‐performance PLESCs with 17.2% electroluminescence external quantum efficiency and 25.2% power conversion efficiency are achieved using a holistic optimization approach. However, a comprehensive review focusing on dual‐functional PLESCs with discussion on their development and limitations, remains lacking. Herein, the rapid progress in PLESCs, including 0D quantum dot, 2D Ruddlesden–Popper, and 3D bulk perovskite devices, is reviewed. First, the fundamental understanding of the device structure and working principle of PLESCs is overviewed. Second, the state‐of‐the‐art developments for simultaneously achieving high‐efficiency PSCs and PLEDs, focusing on defect passivation, interface optimization, energy level alignment, and dimensional control, are comprehensively summarized. Finally, the authors offer some perspectives for future trends in the development of promising PLESCs, which can provide guidelines for this emerging field.
Sulfation of Glycosaminoglycan Hydrogels Instructs Cell Fate and Chondral versus Endochondral Lineage Decision of Skeletal Stem Cells In Vivo
Authors: Chasan Safak , Hesse Eliane , Atallah Passant , Gerstner Matthias , Diederichs Solvig , Schenker Astrid , Grobe Kay , Werner Carsten , Richter Wiltrud 
Published: November 2021

AbstractExit from multipotency and lineage commitment of mesenchymal stroma cells (MSC) depends on microenvironmental cues from the stem‐cell niche but steering cell fate into the desired lineage in vivo remains a challenge. Increasing evidence suggests that glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) can be used to activate or sequester growth factors with the specific action depending on sulfation levels. It is postulated that differentially sulfated biomaterials can aid developmental lineage instruction of MSC to guide tissue morphogenesis in vivo. By application of a new injectable TGFβ‐loaded heparin‐PEG‐hydrogel the authors here gain the ability to control skeletal stem‐cell fate in vivo down the chondral versus the endochondral pathway depending on the sulfation status. High sulfation allows for long‐term TGFβ‐retention and silencing of Hedgehog‐, BMP‐, and WNT‐pathways installing prochondrogenic and antihypertrophic cues which permitted in vivo growth of permanent, collagen‐type‐II‐rich neocartilage with long‐term resistance to calcification and bone formation. Selective 6‐O/N‐desulfation of heparin supports Hedgehog/BMP/WNT‐signaling switching lineage commitment into endochondral differentiation with strong hypertrophic/osteogenic marker expression and tissue calcification. This work identifies GAG sulfation as a crucial niche instruction signal to determine the chondral stem‐cell fate via silencing of prohypertrophic pathways, providing the first proof‐of‐principle on how GAG modification‐patterns can determine cell lineage‐choice during tissue morphogenesis in vivo.
Tailoring Interlayer Spacers for Efficient and Stable Formamidinium‐Based Low‐Dimensional Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Cheng Lei , Meng Ke , Qiao Zhi , Zhai Yufeng , Yu Runze , Pan Li , Chen Bin , Xiao Mingyue , Chen Gang 
Published: November 2021

Abstract2D Dion–Jacobson (DJ) perovskite solar cells generally show mediocre device performances as they are restrained by their defective film quality. The rigid diammonium organic interlayer spacers are intolerant to lattice mismatches, which induces defects and distortions and ultimately deteriorates the optoelectronic properties. Herein, a secondary interlayer spacer is introduced into formamidinium (FA)‐based low‐dimensional perovskite, which substantially improves the film quality. The flexible monovalent spacer cations effectively alleviate lattice distortions and reduce crystal defects, providing perovskite films with desirable microscopic morphology, preferable crystal orientation, reduced defect states, and improved charge transport capability. As a result, the optimized perovskite solar cell based on the (PDA0.9PA0.2)(FA)3Pb4I13 (PDA = propane‐1,3‐diammonium, PA = propylammonium) film exhibits the exceptional power conversion efficiency of 16.0%, the highest reported value in its class. In addition, the device demonstrates the enhanced thermal stability, retaining 90% of its initial efficiency after aging at 85 °C for 800 h.
Multifunctional Hyphae Carbon Powering Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Huang Lei , Shen Shenghui , Zhong Yu , Zhang Yongqi , Zhang Lingjie , Wang Xiuli , Xia Xinhui , Tong Xili , Zhou Jiancang , Tu Jiangping 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBiotechnology can bring new breakthroughs on design and fabrication of energy materials and devices. In this work, a novel and facile biological self‐assembly technology to fabricate multifunctional Rhizopus hyphae carbon fiber (RHCF) and its derivatives on a large scale for electrochemical energy storage is proposed. Crosslinked hollow carbon fibers are successfully prepared by conversion of Rhizopus hyphae, and macroscopic production of centimeter‐level carbon balls consisting of hollow RHCFs is further realized. Moreover, the self‐assembled RHCF balls show strong adsorption characteristics on metal ions and can be converted into a series of derivatives such as RHCF/metal oxides. Notably, the designed RHCF derivatives are demonstrated with powerful multifunctionability as cathode, anode, and separator for lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs). The RHCF can act as the host material to combine with metal oxide (CoO) and S, Li metal, and a polypropylene (PP) separator to form a new RHCF/CoO‐S cathode, an RHCF/Li anode, and an RHCF/PP separator, respectively. Consequently, the optimized LSB full cell presents excellent cycling performance and superior high‐rate capacity (881.3 mA h g–1 at 1 C). This work provides a new method for large‐scale preparation of hollow carbon fibers and derivatives for advanced energy storage and conversion.
Hierarchically Porous Silica Membrane as Separator for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Jing , Liu Yupu , Cai Qingfu , Dong Angang , Yang Dong , Zhao Dongyuan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCommercial polymeric separators in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) typically suffer from limited porosity, low electrolyte wettability, and poor thermal and mechanical stability, which can degrade the battery performance especially at high current densities. Here, the design of hierarchically porous, ultralight silica membranes as separator for high‐performance LIBs is reported through the assembly of hollow mesoporous silica (HMS) particles on the cathode surface. The rich mesopores and large cavity of individual HMS particles provide low‐tortuosity pathways for ionic transport, while simultaneously serving as electrolyte reservoir to further boost the electrochemical kinetics. Moreover, benefiting from their inorganic and hierarchically porous nature, such HMS separators display better electrolyte affinity, thermal stability, and mechanical strength than commercial polypropylene (PP) separators. As a demonstration, LIBs with a LiFePO4 cathode coated with HMS separators exhibit exceptional rate capability and cycling stability, outperforming LIBs with PP and Al2O3‐modified PP separators as well as separators made of solid silica particles.
PANI‐Modified Ti‐Doped CVD Diamond As Promising Conductive Platform to Mimic Bioelectricity Functions
Authors: Politi Sara , Battistoni Silvia , Carcione Rocco , Montaina Luca , Macis Salvatore , Lupi Stefano , Tamburri Emanuela 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis study is devoted to synthesizing and modifying conductive Ti‐doped diamond (TiD) biosubstrates with polyaniline (PANI) to provide a soft interface with high ionic conductivity and charge storage capacity for developing advanced scaffolds and implantable electrode materials. The diamond supports are prepared by an ad‐hoc chemical vapor deposition methodology allowing for the synthesis and contemporary doping of diamond lattice. An optimized potentiostatic electropolymerization method assures the growth of a homogenous PANI coating on a diamond surface. Scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Raman, and reflectance infrared spectroscopy characterizations guarantee the production of nanostructured diamond layers with high surface electrical conductivity and good phase quality as well as of a rough polymer film in the conductive emeraldine form. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements point out a quasi‐reversible electron transfer among polymer chains ruled by the bulky dodecyl sulfate anion chosen as polymer dopant. This induces a cation exchange with the solution upon backbone redox reactions. The capability of the PANI‐TiD system to transduce ionic current into electronic current and vice versa via redox reaction with the surroundings can be reliably exploited to reproduce electrical stimulation processes through which to mimic the original bioelectricity functions of the human body for advanced biomedical applications.
Whole Fabric‐Assisted Thermoelectric Devices for Wearable Electronics
Authors: Hou Yue , Yang Yang , Wang Ziyu , Li Zhaoyu , Zhang Xingzhong , Bethers Brandon , Xiong Rui , Guo Haizhong , Yu Hongyu 
Published: November 2021

AbstractFlexible thermoelectric generators (f‐TEGs) have demonstrated great potential in wearable self‐powered health monitoring devices. However, the existing wearable f‐TEGs are neither flexible enough to bend and stretch while maintaining the device's integrity with a good TE performance nor directly compatible with clothes materials. Here, ultraflexible fabric‐based thermoelectric generators (uf‐TEGs) are proposed with conductive cloth electrodes and elastic fabric substrate. The patterned elastic fabric substrate fits the rigid cuboids well, together with serpentine structured cloth electrodes, rendering uf‐TEG with excellent integrity and flexibility, thereby achieving a highly functional TE performance when strain reaches 30% or on arbitrarily shaped heat sources. The uf‐TEGs show a large peak power of 64.10 μW for a temperature difference of 33.24 K with a high voltage output of 111.49 mV, which is superior compared to previously reported fabric‐based TEG devices, and it is still functional after the water immersion test. Besides the energy harvesting function, with both the temperature sensing ability and the touch perception, this uf‐TEG is demonstrated as the electrical skin when mounted on a robot. Moreover, due to the wind‐sensitive performance and self‐power ability, the uf‐TEGs are assembled on cloth as wearable health and motion monitoring devices.
Layered Transition Metal Oxides as Ca Intercalation Cathodes: A Systematic First‐Principles Evaluation
Authors: Park Haesun , Bartel Christopher J. , Ceder Gerbrand , Zapol Peter 
Published: November 2021

AbstractFinding high‐voltage Ca cathode materials is a critical step to unleashing the full potential of high‐energy‐density Ca‐ion batteries. First‐principles calculations are used to demonstrate that P‐type layered calcium transition metal (TM) oxide materials (CaTM2O4) with a range of TM substitutions (TM = Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni) have excellent battery‐related properties including thermodynamic stability, average voltage, energy density, synthesizability, ionic mobility, and electronic structure. However, the thermodynamic stability of the charged phase and TM redox activity are shown to be sensitive to TM selection, with CaCo2O4 having the best balance of all considered properties. The utility of combining multiple TMs to expand the chemical search space for TM substitutions is demonstrated by mixing Co and Ni in layered CaTM2O4.
Advances and Prospects of Dual‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Ou Xuewu , Gong Decai , Han Chengjun , Liu Zhong , Tang Yongbing 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAs a novel cost‐effective, high operating voltage, and environmentally friendly energy storage device, the dual‐ion battery (DIB) has attracted much attention recently. Despite a similar energy storage mechanism at the anode side to the traditional “rocking‐chair” batteries like lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), DIBs commonly featured intercalation of anions at the cathode materials. In addition, the electrolyte in DIBs not only acts as the ion transport medium, it also serves as the active material. As a result, the electrolyte not only determines the Coulombic efficiency and cycling life but also plays a crucial role in capacity and energy density of DIBs. Moreover, although they have similar electrochemical reactions at the anode side to LIBs, to match the fast intercalation kinetics of anions at the cathode side and take into account the quite different electrolyte systems for DIBs, rational design and optimization of anode materials still need to be considered. This review first describes the research development history and working mechanism of DIBs; after that, the research progress in electrolytes, cathode materials, and anode materials for DIBs are summarized, respectively. Finally, the prospects and future research directions of DIBs are also presented based on current understandings.
Metal oxide‐doped Ni/CaO dual‐function materials for integrated CO2 capture and conversion: Performance and mechanism
Authors: Ma Xiaoling , Li Xinlei , Cui Hongjie , Zhang Wenhui , Cheng Zhenmin , Zhou Zhiming 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntegrated CO2 capture and conversion (ICCC) into valuable chemicals such as CH4 and CO is a promising approach to mitigate anthropogenic CO2 emissions. In this work, we prepared a series of metal oxide (MxOy, M = Mg, Al, Mn, Y, Zr, La, and Ce)‐doped Ni/CaO dual‐function materials (DFMs) and applied them to the ICCC process. The property–performance relationship of the DFMs was studied, and the conversion mechanism of the captured CO2 was explored. For any DFM at any ICCC cycle (20 cycles in total), the CO2 captured at the carbonation stage was completely released as CH4, CO, and CO2 at the conversion stage. Among all DFMs, Ni/CaZr(O) showed the best ICCC performance because of its good thermal stability. The conversion of captured CO2 on the DFMs proceeded via a two‐step mechanism, where CO2 was first released from CaCO3 and then converted into CH4 at Ni sites and CO at CaO sites.
Neural response time analysis: Explainable artificial intelligence using only a stopwatch
Authors: Taylor J. Eric T. , Shekhar Shashank , Taylor Graham W. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractHow would you describe the features that a deep learning model composes if you were restricted to measuring observable behaviours? Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methods rely on privileged access to model architecture and parameters that is not always feasible for most users, practitioners and regulators. Inspired by cognitive psychology research on humans, we present a case for measuring response times (RTs) of a forward pass using only the system clock as a technique for XAI. Our method applies to the growing class of models that use input‐adaptive dynamic inference and we also extend our approach to standard models that are converted to dynamic inference post hoc. The experimental logic is simple: If the researcher can contrive a stimulus set where variability among input features is tightly controlled, differences in RT for those inputs can be attributed to the way the model composes those features. First, we show that RT is sensitive to difficult, complex features by comparing RTs from ObjectNet and ImageNet. Next, we make specific a priori predictions about RT for abstract features present in the SCEGRAM data set, where object recognition in humans depends on complex intrascene object‐object relationships. Finally, we show that RT profiles bear specificity for class identity and therefore the features that define classes. These results cast light on the model's feature space without opening the black box.