bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identifying quantitative trait loci for lodging‐associated traits in the wheat doubled‐haploid population Avalon × Cadenza
Authors: Piñera‐Chavez Francisco J. , Berry Peter M. , Foulkes Michael J. , Sukumaran Sivakumar , Reynolds Matthew P. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLodging affects grain quality and grain yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and is difficult to breed for because its sporadic incidence and laborious protocols to measure lodging traits. Thus, developing molecular markers for these traits can increase selection efficiency in breeding programs. The aim of this article is to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with stem/anchorage strength and leverage traits (lodging traits) in a doubled‐haploid population of UK bread wheat Avalon × Cadenza. Field experiments were conducted in the UK during 2012–2013 near High Mowthorpe and during 2013–2014 at Sutton Bonington. Phenotypic and genetic analysis indicated significant genetic variation for all traits. Stem strength (diameter, wall width, and material strength) and leverage (plant height) traits were highly heritable (0.64–0.95), whereas anchorage strength traits (root plate spread and structural rooting depth) and ear number per plant (leverage trait) were less heritable (0.21–0.33). This study identified 18 QTL for lodging traits and grain yield in chromosomes 1D, 2B, 2D, 3A, 3B, 4A, 4D, 5B, and 6B. Two QTL for stem strength on chromosome 1D and 3B explaining 49.6% of the total phenotypic variation (PVE) are estimated to reduce stem lodging risk and shortening the plant height by 12 cm. One QTL for root plate spread on chromosome 5B explaining 22.4% of the PVE could increase root lodging resistance.
The interplay of green servant leadership, self‐efficacy, and intrinsic motivation in predicting employees’ pro‐environmental behavior
Authors: Faraz Naveed Ahmad , Ahmed Fawad , Ying Ma , Mehmood Sultan Adal 
Published: February 2021

AbstractEmployees' pro‐environmental behavior serves as a cornerstone in realizing organizations' sustainability initiatives. Leadership plays a vital role in shaping and nurturing the desired employee behaviors. Building upon social learning and self‐determination theories, we developed and tested a research model that investigated the mediating role of employees' green intrinsic motivation and the moderating influence of their green self‐efficacy on the relationship between green servant leadership and pro‐environmental behavior. Data were collected in two waves from 323 pairs of employee‐manager working in Pakistan's energy sector and analyzed with partial least squares path modeling (PLS‐PM). The findings endorsed that green servant leadership influences pro‐environmental behavior through the mediating mechanism of green intrinsic motivation. Further, green self‐efficacy played an interactive role with green servant leadership in shaping pro‐environmental behavior. This research responds to multiple calls for research and advances the knowledge on servant leadership and pro‐environmental behavior.
Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications of Multimetallic Rhenium(I) Tricarbonyl Complexes
Authors: Huang Zhouyang , Wilson Justin J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBy virtue of their favorable properties, rhenium(I) tricarbonyl (Re(CO)3) complexes have arisen as novel therapeutic agents and cellular imaging probes for addressing problems of biomedical relevance. Although great success has been found in monometallic complexes of this type, there has been recent interest in developing multimetallic compounds containing Re(CO)3 moieties to capitalize on the potential synergistic effects of different metal centers. This Minireview provides an overview of multimetallic Re(CO)3 complexes that have been developed specifically for biomedical applications. The promising therapeutic and diagnostic potential of such complexes and future needs in this field are discussed.
Tolerance of racism: A new construct that predicts failure to recognize and confront racism
Authors: Hunt Jennifer S. , Folberg Abigail M. , Ryan Carey S. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOften people who may not personally express racist beliefs nevertheless have a passive orientation to racism and tolerate racist statements and acts by others. We examine individual differences in willingness to accept racist views or acts in others, labelled tolerance of racism (TOR), in four online survey studies (total N = 2,008). We demonstrate that TOR is distinct from, although correlated with, established forms of bias, such as symbolic and modern racism and social dominance orientation, which measure bias toward marginalized groups rather than tolerance of people who express racism (typically members of dominant groups). Across studies, results indicate that Whites exhibited higher TOR than did people of color, although Black, Latinx, and other people of color still exhibit considerable TOR. Further, people high in TOR minimized the severity of racist acts and were less likely to confront them. They also expressed less concern about current events reflecting racial discrimination and hate and less support for the Black Lives Matter movement, which challenges societal racism. Thus, TOR reflects a passive orientation to racism that influences interpersonal behavior as well as views of macro‐level discrimination, leading to the perpetuation of racial inequality.
How mobile phase composition and column temperature affect enantiomer elution order of liquid crystals on amylose tris(3‐chloro‐5‐methylphenylcarbamate) as chiral selector
Authors: Vaňkátová Petra , Kubíčková Anna , Kalíková Květa 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA comprehensive study into the effects of mobile phase composition and column temperature on enantiomer elution order was conducted with a set of chiral rod‐like liquid crystalline materials. The analytes were structurally similar and comprised variances such as length of terminal alkyl chain, presence of chlorine, number of phenyl rings, and type of chiral center. Experiments were carried out in polar organic and reversed‐phase modes using amylose tris(3‐chloro‐5‐methylphenylcarbamate) immobilized on silica gel as the chiral stationary phase. For all liquid crystals, reversal of elution order of enantiomers was observed based on type of used cosolvent and/or its content in the mobile phase; for some of the liquid crystals a temperature‐induced reversal was also observed. Both linear and nonlinear dependencies of natural logarithm of enantioselectivity on temperature were found. Tested mobile phases comprised pure organic solvents and binary and tertiary mixtures of acetonitrile with organic solvents and/or water. Effect of acidic/basic mobile phase additives was also tested. Effect of structure of chiral selector is briefly discussed.
Vegetation and cloud cover shape semi‐arid carbonate landform development
Authors: Al Abri Amani , Snyder Noah P. , Fagherazzi Sergio 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe study the relationships among precipitation, vegetation, and morphological characteristics of watersheds draining either side of the Dhofar Mountains in southeastern Oman to understand the geomorphic signature of water availability in a semi‐arid carbonate landscape. Water availability is expressed in terms of vegetation and cloud cover. The integral and the statistical moments of the hypsometric curve were used to determine whether hyper‐arid, inland‐draining watersheds are significantly different from seasonally wet watersheds on the coast side of the mountain range. We demonstrate that the vegetation and cloud cover are correlated, with locations with longer cloud periods also having a longer period with a vegetation canopy. The analysis shows that the hypsometric curve and its statistical moments capture the morphological difference between wet watersheds shaped by groundwater sapping and dry watersheds with fluvial morphology. Specifically, the curves exhibit two shapes: watersheds with more vegetation and cloud cover are characterized by higher convexity, and those with less vegetation and cloud cover are characterized by higher concavity. A variance analysis of cloud cover, vegetation, and hypsometric integral shows that they are significantly different between the wet and dry watersheds. The link between hydrology and morphology is not strong at the scale of a single watershed, but it is significant when the watersheds are aggregated in zones. The statistical moments of the hypsometric curve in the range of values of the integral and skewness show good separation between watersheds dominated by sapping and fluvial erosion processes. We can separate the watersheds draining the mountain range in two distinct groups on the basis of their bimodal hydrological and morphological characteristics. Our findings support other studies that hypothesize a trade‐off from chemical‐ to mechanical‐dominated denudation in carbonate terranes as precipitation decreases.
Injection rate shaping in diesel engines key of improved volumetric energy storage
Authors: Boretti Alberto 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThanks to injection rate shaping enabled by high pressure, fast actuating, high atomization injectors, diesel engines can deliver fuel energy conversion efficiencies chemical to mechanical above 52%, with power densities up to 130 kW/L while satisfying peak pressure and gradient of pressure build‐up constraints. Despite further research for improving diesel engines and diesel engine vehicles have practically stopped with diesel gate, there are significant margins of further improvements of what is still the best option for the economy and the environment of onboard energy storage. Mechanical energy can be stored onboard, at about ~18.8 to 19.1 MJ/L and ~5.2 to 5.3 kWh/L, or ~22.2 to 22.6 MJ/kg and ~6.1 to 6.3 kWh/kg. This is much more than Li‐ion batteries at less than 0.100 to 0.265 kWh/kg or 0.250 to 0.670 kWh/L.
Evidence for Specific Receptor-Mediated Toxicity of Pharmaceuticals in Aquatic Organisms Derived from Acute and Chronic Standard Endpoints
Authors: Coors Anja , Falkenhain Anna-Maria , Scheurer Marco , Länge Reinhard 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The toxicity of 17 active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) was investigated using standardized acute and chronic tests with Daphnia magna and 2 algae species. Chronic toxicity was generally greater for Daphnia than for algae. Compilation of additional data resulted in 100 APIs for which the acute-to-chronic ratio (ACR) was determined for Daphnia. The frequency of high ACRs (~20% with ACRs &gt; 100) indicates that specific receptor-mediated toxicity toward D. magna is rather common among APIs. The 11 APIs with ACRs &gt; 1000 included lipid-modifying agents, immunosuppressants, antibiotics, antineoplastics, antiobesics, antivirals, and antihistamines. There was no consistent association between ACR and chronic toxicity, ionization status, or lipophilicity. High ACRs were not exclusively associated with the presence of orthologs of the pharmacological target in Daphnia. Statins, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, and antihistamines are discussed in more detail regarding the link between targets and toxic mode of action. For acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, receptor-mediated toxicity was already apparent after acute exposure, whereas the high ACR and chronic toxicity of some antihistamines probably related to interaction with a secondary rather than the primary pharmacological target. Acute or modeled chronic toxicity estimates have often been used for prioritizing pharmaceuticals. This may be seriously misleading because chronic effects are currently not predictable for APIs with specific receptor-mediated toxicity. However, it is exactly these APIs that are the most relevant in terms of environmental risks. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:601–613. © 2021 SETAC
Streamlining Freshwater Bioaccumulation Bioassays: Letting the Worms Do the Hard Work
Authors: Lotufo Guilherme R. , Melby Nicolas L. , Biedenbach James M. , Moore David W. , Farrar J. Daniel 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
When terminating sediment bioaccumulation tests with the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus, varying amounts of detrital material are retained along with the recovered worms after sieving, necessitating time-consuming, labor-intensive manual separation of worms from detritus prior to tissue residue analysis. A method to facilitate the worms self-extracting out of the detrital material into a column of gravel was developed, resulting in approximately 90% recovery test organisms (on a mass basis) at test termination. Following exposure to contaminated sediment, polychlorinated biphenyl tissue residues and residual sediment in the gut of self-extracted animals were not significantly different compared to worms recovered by manual separation followed by purging of gut contents. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1673–1677. Published 2021. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Abstract
When terminating sediment bioaccumulation tests with Lumbriculus variegatus, separating worms from detrital material can be time consuming. A method to facilitate the worms self extracting out of the detrital material into a column of gravel was developed to efficiently recover test organisms.
Arbitrary high‐order extended essentially non‐oscillatory schemes for hyperbolic conservation laws
Authors: Xu Chunguang , Zhang Fan , Dong Haibo , Jiang Hang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAchieving high numerical resolution in smooth regions and robustness near discontinuities within a unified framework is the major concern while developing numerical schemes solving hyperbolic conservation laws, for which the essentially non‐oscillatory (ENO) type scheme is a favorable solution. Therefore, an arbitrary‐high‐order ENO‐type framework is designed in this article. With using a typical five‐point smoothness measurement as the shock‐detector, the present schemes are able to detect discontinuities before spatial reconstructions, and thus more spatial information can be exploited to construct incremental‐width stencils without crossing discontinuities, ensuring ENO property and high‐order accuracy at the same time. The present shock‐detection procedure is specifically examined for justifying its performance of resolving high‐frequency waves, and a standard metric for discontinuous solutions is also applied for measuring the shock‐capturing error of the present schemes, especially regarding the amplitude error in post‐shock regions. In general, the present schemes provide high‐resolution, and more importantly, the schemes are more efficient compared with the typical WENO schemes since only a five‐point smoothness measurement is applied for arbitrary‐high‐order schemes. Numerical results of canonical test cases also provide evidences of the overall performance of the present schemes.
Evaluation of eight kinds of flavor enhancer of umami taste by an electronic tongue
Authors: Wang Kai , Zhuang Haining , Bing Fangling , Chen Da , Feng Tao , Xu Zhimin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe umami intensity of single flavor enhancer was detected by an electronic tongue and human sensory. The linear fit was performed to unravel the concentration–response values correlations of eight flavor enhancers. The electronic tongue response data were then analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant factor analysis (DFA) method. It was found that the umami response value of the electronic tongue and the flavor enhancer concentration showed a semi‐logarithmic function. Moreover, the PCA and DFA could successfully distinguish the variety and concentration of flavor enhancer. The umami intensities were also assessed by human sensory and showed consistency with those of electronic tongue tests. This implies the electronic tongue has a great potential as an alternative for biological tongue on sensing intensity of flavor enhancer.
The impact of COVID‐19 confinement on the eating habits and lifestyle changes: A cross sectional study
Authors: Galali Yaseen 
Published: February 2021

AbstractNovel coronavirus (COVID‐19) emerged in December 2019 in the city of Wuhan, China causing severe respiratory infections and resulting in millions admissions to hospital and over a million deaths worldwide. Authorities imposed protective measures including confinement to flatten curves of casualties resulted in sudden lifestyle and eating habit changes. The objectives of this study were to observe the impact of the COVID‐19 lockdown on eating behavior and lifestyle of the Kurdish population in Iraqi Kurdistan. A structured cross‐sectional study was conducted from 1st to 14th of June when the lockdown finished with three different sections. Section one (6 questions) included socio‐demographic information section two (11 questions) composed of dietary behavior information including a) Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence using 14‐scaled items with a MD screener tool ranging from 0 to 14 b) and sections three (12 questions) composed of lifestyle habit changes such as physical activity, sleeping behavior, and smoking habit. The total number of included respondents was 2,137. The results showed that 12.0% (256) of participants stated that their lifestyle was improved, whereas 50.9% (1,087) declared their lifestyle deteriorated. In particular, the frequency of physical activity was decreased (McNemar value = 60.53, p <.001) and sleeping hours were significantly increased during lockdown (McNemar value = 447.93, p <.001). Regarding eating habits, it was noticed that 29.3% and 14.3% felt that appetite increased and decreased, respectively. The appetite change during lockdown was significantly associated with age (p =.0001), gender (p =.001), city (p =.007), and BMI (p =.001). Similarly, 32.4% reported weight gain. In conclusion, this study is among the earliest studies showing the effect of COVID‐19 on eating behavior and lifestyle changes. COVID‐19 confinement had a significant effect on lifestyle particularly reducing physical activity and changing eating habits.
Significant effects of cholinesterase inhibitors on tau pathology in the Alzheimer's disease continuum: An in vivo positron emission tomography study
Authors: Yasuno Fumihiko , Minami Hiroyuki 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectivesNo prior study has assessed the effects of cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) on tau pathology in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using positron emission tomography, this study aimed to investigate whether ChEIs reduce tau aggregation in amyloid‐positive participants.MethodsWe analyzed datasets from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative and included amyloid‐positive participants who had undergone baseline and 1‐ or 2‐year follow‐up AV‐1451 positron emission tomography scans. We included participants treated with and without ChEIs (ChEIs group: n = 15, No‐ChEIs group, n = 45). The annual change in tau aggregation was calculated as the difference in AV‐1451‐ standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) between the two scans divided by the time between scans. Group differences in annual AV‐1451‐SUVR change were examined.ResultsWe found a significantly lower annual change in AV‐1451‐SUVR in the Braak 1/2 regions (entorhinal cortex and hippocampus) of participants taking ChEIs. Increased AV‐1451‐SUVR between the first and second examinations were observed in 22 of 45 participants not taking ChEIs and 2 of 15 participants taking ChEIs. Fisher's exact test showed a significant difference in the ratio of participants with increased AV‐1451‐SUVR between the groups.ConclusionsThe findings of this positron emission tomography study suggest that the administration of ChEIs has some neuroprotective effects in patients of the AD continuum, at least in the early stage of the disease progression. This in vivo effect may be mediated via tau, preventing amyloid β‐induced neurotoxicity.
The role of mother's prenatal substance use disorder and early parenting on child social cognition at school age
Authors: Flykt Marjo Susanna , Lindblom Jallu , Belt Ritva , Punamäki Raija‐Leena 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis prospective longitudinal study examined how maternal prenatal substance use disorder (SUD) and early mother–infant interaction quality are associated with child social cognition (emotion recognition and mentalization) at school age. A sample of 52 poly‐substance‐using mothers receiving early interventions and 50 non‐users, along with their children, was followed from pregnancy to school age. First‐year mother–infant interaction quality was measured with EA scales. At school age, child facial emotion recognition was measured with DANVA and mentalization with LEAS‐C. SUD group children did not differ from comparison children in social cognition, but higher severity of maternal prenatal addiction predicted emotion recognition problems. High early mother–infant interaction quality predicted better emotion recognition and mentalization, and mother–infant interaction quality mediated the effect of prenatal SUD on emotion recognition. The results highlight the need for early treatments targeting both parenting and addiction, as well as long‐term developmental support for these children.Highlights
We examined how mother's prenatal substance use disorder (SUD) and early mother–infant interaction predict child social cognition at school age.
Questionnaires, observational and computer tasks were used. Maternal prenatal addiction severity and early parenting problems predicted problematic child social cognition.
Early interventions should simultaneously target addiction and parenting. Attention should also be paid to the long‐term developmental support of children.
Delayed presentation of ectopic pregnancy during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A retrospective study of a collateral effect
Authors: Barg Moshe , Rotem Reut , Mor Pnina , Rottenstreich Misgav , Khatib Fayez , Grisaru‐Granovsky Sorina , Armon Shunit 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveWe aimed to assess the rates of overall diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy (EP), treatment modality and associated complications during the COVID‐19 pandemic compared to the exact time period in the previous year (pre‐COVID‐19).MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted at a single referral regional center (Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel). Prevalence of the diagnosis of EP, treatment modality and associated complications during the COVID‐19 lockdown period in the state of Israel (March 10–May 12, 2020) was compared to patients receiving the same diagnosis during the parallel timeframe in the previous year (2019).ResultsOverall there were 29 and 43 cases of EP during the COVID‐19 and pre COVID‐19 epoch, respectively. COVID‐19 period patients presented to the emergency room with significantly higher β‐human chorionic gonadotrophin level; median of 1364 versus 633 IU, P = 0.001. The rate of ruptured EP was; 20.7% versus 4.3% P = 0.031, and surgical approach; 55.2% versus 27.9%, P = 0.001. Significantly higher median volume of blood loss; median volume 852 versus 300 ml, P = 0.042 were observed in patients during the COVID‐19 epoch.ConclusionThe COVID‐19 pandemic led to delayed presentation of patients with EP, and the requirement of subsequent emergency surgical management and excessive blood loss. Special attention should be given to the decline in routine medical care during the pandemic.