bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metaphoric Conceptual Pathways
Authors: Kövecses Zoltán 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
When we are engaged in metaphorical conceptualization online, we create and comprehend a metaphorical contextual meaning through an expression with a more basic, literal meaning. How does this process happen? I cannot answer this question as a psychologist or psycholinguist would; I attempt to answer it from the perspective of a cognitive linguist, and ask: What are the specific figurative devices (metaphors and metonymies) that the process requires in an act of metaphorical conceptualization? I propose that there is not a single device on a single level of conceptualization but several such devices on several levels participating in every act of metaphor use. Furthermore, I suggest that the participating devices constitute conceptual hierarchies that are different for correlation-based and resemblance-based metaphors. I call such hierarchies of figurative devices “metaphoric conceptual pathways.” Finally, I contend that these conceptual pathways emerge in and are shaped by several different context types.
Child and Children in a Corpus of American Fiction: Contrasting Semantic Preferences and Their Experiential Motivations
Authors: Newman John 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This study investigates the nature of the semantic differences between collexemes of singular child and plural children in a corpus of American fiction. Collexemes in three specific syntactic slots are investigated: adjectives in the attributive position, nouns grammatically possessed by child’s and children’s, and present participial forms of verbs in the position immediately to the right of child/children. The approach relies on Distinctive Collexeme Analysis to establish statistically significant differences, revealing a surprising variety of semantic distinctions not usually acknowledged in discussions of the singularity vs. plurality of count nouns. Finally, an attempt is made to relate the key findings to broader cognitive and behavioural realities.
On the Gradable Nature of the Search Domain: A Study of Degree Modifiers and the Scalar Semantics of Finnish Spatial Grams
Authors: Huumo Tuomas 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Degree modifiers (DM) are intensifying words that typically modify adjectives or adverbs. Some DMs (e.g., ‘rather’, ‘very’) indicate an open scale, which is unbounded and has no maximal or minimal boundaries, others (e.g., ‘quite’, ‘almost’) a closed scale, which has either or both. In Finnish, many spatial grams, i.e., adpositions and adverbs, accept DMs. Such grams have a scalar meaning, which the DM then elaborates. I analyze three groups of grams: 1) topological luona ‘at; by’, lähellä ‘near’, and kaukana ‘far’; 2) directional kohti ‘towards’ and ohi ‘past’; and 3) targeting keskellä ‘in the middle of’. I argue that the scalar meaning of the grams may relate 1) to the distance between Figure and Ground; 2) to the direction of Figure’s motion or orientation with respect to Ground; 3) to the precision of Figure’s location at (or deviation from) a targeting point specified with respect to Ground. Most of the grams accept only closed-scale DMs, while some accept open-scale DMs, and yet others both. The compatibility of closed-scale DMs with most of the grams indicates that the search domain of the grams is typically bounded and has at least a maximal-degree boundary and often also a minimal-degree boundary.
Understanding the Impacts of Land Surface and PBL Observations on the Terrestrial and Atmospheric Legs of Land–Atmosphere Coupling
Authors: Lawston-Parker Patricia , Santanello Joseph A. , Kumar Sujay V. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAccurately representing land–atmosphere (LA) interactions and coupling in NWP systems remains a challenge. New observations, incorporated into models via assimilation or calibration, hold the promise of improved forecast skill, but erroneous model coupling can hinder the benefits of such activities. To better understand model representation of coupled interactions and feedbacks, this study demonstrates a novel framework for coupled calibration of the single column model (SCM) capability of the NASA Unified Weather Research and Forecasting (NU-WRF) system coupled to NASA’s Land Information System (LIS). The local land–atmosphere coupling (LoCo) process chain paradigm is used to assess the processes and connections revealed by calibration experiments. Two summer case studies in the U.S. Southern Great Plains are simulated in which LSM parameters are calibrated to diurnal observations of LoCo process chain components including 2-m temperature, 2-m humidity, surface fluxes (Bowen ratio), and PBL height. Results show a wide range of soil moisture and hydraulic parameter solutions depending on which LA variable (i.e., observation) is used for calibration, highlighting that improvement in either soil hydraulic parameters or initial soil moisture when not in tandem with the other can provide undesirable results. Overall, this work demonstrates that a process chain calibration approach can be used to assess LA connections, feedbacks, strengths, and deficiencies in coupled models, as well as quantify the potential impact of new sources of observations of land–PBL variables on coupled prediction.
Hymec: Surface Precipitation Type Estimation at the German Weather Service
Authors: Steinert Jörg , Tracksdorf Patrick , Heizenreder Dirk 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe analysis and forecast of precipitation characteristics is a key task for national meteorological services for providing high-quality weather forecasts and warnings. Beside the precipitation amount, the precipitation type is essential to describe and evaluate the recent, ongoing, and future weather situations. This paper introduces a new surface-based hybrid hydrometeor classification algorithm. The presented method combines polarimetric radar observations at radar beam height from the C-band dual-polarization weather radar network of the German Weather Service [Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD)] with corrected thermodynamical profiles of numerical weather prediction (NWP) model output and extrapolates the hydrometeor classes at radar beam height to a height of 2 m above ground level (AGL). The implemented technique parameterizes the microphysical processes in the lower troposphere based on the appropriate thermodynamical profile that the hydrometeors have to pass along their way from the radar beam height to the surface. Due to errors in NWP output, the NWP vertical profiles of temperature and humidity are adjusted by using several types of surface stations with high spatial and temporal resolution. Verification results show considerable improvements in the hydrometeor classification near the ground compared to the radar sweep height. After an additional positive in-house evaluation, the presented method is integrated into DWD’s operational environment. The topic of this paper is to describe the processing steps for the computation of the near-surface precipitation type. In addition, example cases and a verification study complement the explanations.
Genetic mapping and QTL analysis for peanut smut resistance
Authors: de Blas Francisco J. , Bruno Cecilia I. , Arias Renee S. , Ballén-Taborda Carolina , Mamani Eva , Oddino Claudio , Rosso Melina , Costero Beatriz P. , Bressano Marina , Soave Juan H. , Soave Sara J. , Buteler Mario I. , Seijo J. Guillermo , Massa Alicia N. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundPeanut smut is a disease caused by the fungusThecaphora freziiCarranza & Lindquist to which most commercial cultivars in South America are highly susceptible. It is responsible for severely decreased yield and no effective chemical treatment is available to date. However, smut resistance has been identified in wildArachisspecies and further transferred to peanut elite cultivars. To identify the genome regions conferring smut resistance within a tetraploid genetic background, this study evaluated a RIL population {susceptibleArachis hypogaea subsp. hypogaea(JS17304-7-B) × resistant synthetic amphidiploid (JS1806) [A. correntina(K 11905) × A. cardenasii(KSSc 36015)] × A. batizocoi(K 9484)4×} segregating for the trait.ResultsA SNP based genetic map arranged into 21 linkage groups belonging to the 20 peanut chromosomes was constructed with 1819 markers, spanning a genetic distance of 2531.81 cM. Two consistent quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identifiedqSmIA08andqSmIA02/B02, located on chromosome A08 and A02/B02, respectively. The QTLqSmIA08at 15.20 cM/5.03 Mbp explained 17.53% of the phenotypic variance, whileqSmIA02/B02at 4.0 cM/3.56 Mbp explained 9.06% of the phenotypic variance. The combined genotypic effects of both QTLs reduced smut incidence by 57% and were stable over the 3 years of evaluation. The genome regions containing the QTLs are rich in genes encoding proteins involved in plant defense, providing new insights into the genetic architecture of peanut smut resistance.ConclusionsA major QTL and a minor QTL identified in this study provide new insights into the genetic architecture of peanut smut resistance that may aid in breeding new varieties resistant to peanut smut.
Genetic relationships and identification of core germplasm among rice photoperiod- and thermo-sensitive genic male sterile lines
Authors: Zhang Xianwen , He Qiang , Zhang Wuhan , Shu Fu , Wang Weiping , He Zhizhou , Xiong Hairong , Peng Junhua , Deng Huafeng 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Harnessing heterosis is one of the major approaches to increase rice yield and has made a great contribution to food security. The identification and selection of outstanding parental genotypes especially among male sterile lines is a key step for exploiting heterosis. Two-line hybrid system is based on the discovery and application of photoperiod- and thermo-sensitive genic sensitive male sterile (PTGMS) materials. The development of wide-range of male sterile lines from a common gene pool leads to a narrower genetic diversity, which is vulnerable to biotic and abiotic stress. Hence, it is valuable to ascertain the genetic background of PTGMS lines and to understand their relationships in order to select and design a future breeding strategy.

Results
A collection of 118 male sterile rice lines and 13 conventional breeding lines from the major rice growing regions of China was evaluated and screened against the photosensitive (pms3) and temperature sensitive male sterility (tms5) genes. The total gene pool was divided into four major populations as P1 possessing the pms3, P2 possessing tms5, P3 possessing both pms3 and tms5 genes, and P4 containing conventional breeding lines without any male sterility allele. The high genetic purity was revealed by homozygous alleles in all populations. The population admixture, principle components and the phylogenetic analysis revealed the close relations of P2 and P3 with P4. The population differentiation analysis showed that P1 has the highest differentiation coefficient. The lines from P1 were observed as the ancestors of other three populations in a phylogenetic tree, while the lines in P2 and P3 showed a close genetic relation with conventional lines. A core collection of top 10% lines with maximum within and among populations genetic diversity was constructed for future research and breeding efforts.

Conclusion
The low genetic diversity and close genetic relationship among PTGMS lines in P2, P3 and P4 populations suggest a selection sweep and they might result from a backcrossing with common ancestors including the pure lines of P1. The core collection from PTGMS panel updated with new diverse germplasm will serve best for further two-line hybrid breeding.
Hundred most cited articles in perioperative neurocognitive disorder: a bibliometric analysis
Authors: Mi Xinning , Wang Xiaoxiao , Yang Ning , Han Yongzheng , Li Yue , Liu Taotao , Han Dengyang , Yuan Yi , Cao Yiyun , Shi Chengmei , Guo Xiangyang , Zhou Yang , Li Zhengqian 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
In line with aging populations and increased application of anesthesia and surgery, perioperative neurocognitive disorder (PND) has received growing attention worldwide. Considerable researches into PND are being conducted; however, the quantity and quality of such researches have not been reported. Through a retrospective bibliometric analysis, this study aims to identify and characterize the top 100 cited publications on PND.

Methods
We searched the Web of Science database to find the top 100 cited articles focusing on PND. We collected bibliographic information, including year of publication, country of origin, article type, published journal, citation count, and authorship. To determine changes with time, we compared older and newest articles.

Results
The top 100 cited articles were published between 1955 and 2016; the number of citations ranged from 111 to 1248. The United States had the most published papers; clinical trial was the most common article type. The specialty journals of Anesthesiology and Anesthesia & Analgesia were the two most cited journals. Newest articles had a comparable number of citations to older articles, but the former had higher annual citation rates, greater funding disclosures, more focus on basic research, and more open access publications.

Conclusions
This study provides a comprehensive overview of the most cited articles and highlights the increasing attention on PND. High-quality clinical trials with a greater journal impact factor receive more citations. However, there has been a growth in the number of basic science studies as an area of research with respect to the pathogenesis of PND.
Digital health interventions for healthy ageing: a qualitative user evaluation and ethical assessment
Authors: Ienca Marcello , Schneble Christophe , Kressig Reto W. , Wangmo Tenzin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Digital health technologies are being increasingly developed with the aim of allowing older adults to maintain functional independence throughout the old age, a process known as healthy ageing. Such digital health technologies for healthy ageing are expected to mitigate the socio-economic effects of population ageing and improve the quality of life of older people. However, little is known regarding the views and needs of older people regarding these technologies.

Aim
The aim of this study was to explore the views, needs and perceptions of community-dwelling older adults regarding the use of digital health technologies for healthy ageing.

Method
Face-to-face, in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with community-dwelling older adults (median age 79.6 years). The interview process involved both abstract reflections and practical demonstrations. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed according to inductive content analysis.

Results
Three main themes and twelve sub-themes addressing our study aim resulted from the data obtained. The main themes revolved around favorable views and perceptions on technology-assisted living, usability evaluations and ethical considerations.

Conclusions
Our study reveals a generally positive attitude towards digital health technologies as participants believed digital tools could positively contribute to improving their overall wellbeing, especially if designed in a patient-centered manner. Safety concerns and ethical issues related to privacy, empowerment and lack of human contact were also addressed by participants as key considerations.
Significant decline of HPV 6 infection and genital warts despite low HPV vaccination coverage in young women in Germany: a long-term prospective, cohort data analysis
Authors: Denecke Agnieszka , Iftner Thomas , Iftner Angelika , Riedle Sebastian , Ocak Marion , Luyten Alexander , Üye Isak , Tunc Kübra , Petry Karl Ulrich 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
The introduction of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination has resulted in a remarkable decline of genital warts in women and men, but in Germany historical rates of vaccination are relatively low. We report long-term surveillance data on changes in HPV 6 and HPV 11 infection and the prevalence of genital warts in young women in the Wolfsburg HPV epidemiological study (WOLVES).

Methods
Women born in 1983/84, 1988/89, and 1993/94 participated in four cohorts between 2009/10 and 2014/15. Quadrivalent vaccination coverage and prevalence of HPV 6/11 infection and genital warts are reported for participants aged 19–22 years and 24–27 years at the time of sample collection. Statistical analyses were done to compare similarly aged participants using 2 × 2 contingency tables (Röhmel-Mansmann unconditional exact test; two-side alpha of 0.05).

Results
A total of 2456 women were recruited. Between 2010 and 2015, there was a statistically significant decrease in the prevalence of HPV 6 infection among women aged 24–27 years (2.1% versus 0.0%; P < 0.0001) and women aged 19–22 years (2.0% versus 0.0%; P = 0.0056). There was no significant decline in HPV 11 infection. In total, 52 of 2341 participants were diagnosed with genital warts. There was a statistically significant drop in the risk of developing genital warts in women aged 24–27 years between 2010 and 2015 (4.7% versus 1.7%, respectively; P = 0.0018). The overall risk of developing genital warts in women aged 19–27 years decreased from 3.1% in 2010 to 1.2% in 2015 (P = 0.0022).

Conclusions
An increase in vaccination coverage was associated with a decreased prevalence of genital warts in young women. A protective effect greater than herd immunity alone was seen despite low vaccination rates. Quadrivalent vaccine had a protective effect on genital HPV 6 infection and an almost fully protective effect on the development of genital warts in the youngest population.
Extreme ecchymoses in a migraine patient using concomitant treatment with calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antibodies and fish oil supplements: a case report
Authors: Cullum C. K. , Olsen M. K. , Kocadag H. B. , Ashina M. , Amin F. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Erenumab, a monoclonal antibody against the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor, is registered for migraine prevention. Compared to other conventional migraine prevention medicines (i.e. topiramate, betablockers and amitriptyline) erenumab has better tolerability. Impaired hemostasis has not been reported previously. Here, we report the first case of an increased tendency to bruise in a migraine patient treated with erenumab.

Case presentation
A 41-year old female migraine patient was treated with erenumab for 12 months, which led to a significant reduction of headache and migraine days. Three months after treatment start, she experienced increased tendency to bruise leading to extreme ecchymosis after 4 months treatment. Platelet counts and aggregation, thromboelastography, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and international normalized ratio (INR) were all normal. Thorough interview revealed intake of fish oil supplements for many years prior to treatment. The increased tendency to bruise subsided after discontinuation of fish oil supplements.

Conclusion
The combination of fish oil supplements and erenumab may cause increased tendency to bruise. Erenumab has no effect on the platelets per se but may cause impaired wound healing by suppression of CGRP. Thus, small and unnoticeable bruises may be aggravated instead in patients with tendency to bruise caused by for instance fish oil supplements.
CD36 promotes vasculogenic mimicry in melanoma by mediating adhesion to the extracellular matrix
Authors: Martini Carmela , DeNichilo Mark , King Danielle P. , Cockshell Michaelia P. , Ebert Brenton , Dale Brian , Ebert Lisa M. , Woods Anthony , Bonder Claudine S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
The formation of blood vessels within solid tumors directly contributes to cancer growth and metastasis. Until recently, tumor vasculature was thought to occur exclusively via endothelial cell (EC) lined structures (i.e. angiogenesis), but a second source of tumor vasculature arises from the cancer cells themselves, a process known as vasculogenic mimicry (VM). While it is generally understood that the function of VM vessels is the same as that of EC-lined vessels (i.e. to supply oxygen and nutrients to the proliferating cancer cells), the molecular mechanisms underpinning VM are yet to be fully elucidated.

Methods
Human VM-competent melanoma cell lines were examined for their VM potential using the in vitro angiogenesis assays (Matrigel), together with inhibition studies using small interfering RNA and blocking monoclonal antibodies. Invasion assays and adhesion assays were used to examine cancer cell function.

Results
Herein we demonstrate that CD36, a cell surface glycoprotein known to promote angiogenesis by ECs, also supports VM formation by human melanoma cancer cells. In silico analysis of CD36 expression within the melanoma cohort of The Cancer Genome Atlas suggests that melanoma patients with high expression of CD36 have a poorer clinical outcome. Using in vitro ‘angiogenesis’ assays and CD36-knockdown approaches, we reveal that CD36 supports VM formation by human melanoma cells as well as adhesion to, and invasion through, a cancer derived extracellular matrix substrate. Interestingly, thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), a ligand for CD36 on ECs that inhibits angiogenesis, has no effect on VM formation. Further investigation revealed a role for laminin, but not collagen or fibronectin, as ligands for CD36 expressing melanoma cells.

Conclusions
Taken together, this study suggests that CD36 is a novel regulator of VM by melanoma cancer cells that is facilitated, at least in part, via integrin-α3 and laminin. Unlike angiogenesis, VM is not perturbed by the presence of TSP-1, thus providing new information on differences between these two processes of tumor vascularization which may be exploited to combat cancer progression.