bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ceratocystis ulmi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ceratocystis ulmi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Ulmus
spp.,
Zelkova serrara; U. glabra
and
U. americana
are highly susceptible,
U. procera
is susceptible, while Asian elms,
U. parvifolia, U. pumila
and
U. pumila pennato-ramosa
, have marked resistance.
Zelkova serrata
is highly susceptible; the reactions of other species of
Zelkova
are not known. DISEASE: Dutch Elm Disease. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (throughout, to a northern limit in central Scotland, central Norway, central Sweden. Absent from north Russia). N. America (eastern Canada, central and eastern USA) (CMI Map 36, ed. 4, 1970). TRANSMISSION: By the bark beetles
Scolytus scolytus, S. multistriatus
and (in N. America) by
Hylurgopinus rufipes
. The fungus fruits in the larval galleries and spores are carried internally and externally to young shoots where beetles emerge and migrate. Infection of the vessels, which leads to the disease, takes place during the period before breeding, when the beetles feed, cutting grooves and boring in the thin bark of twigs. Transmission by root grafts is known (15, 266) and direct infection by airborne spores is theoretically possible but does not take place under natural conditions.
Scirrhia pini
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Scirrhia pini
[Mycosphaerella pini]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On pines including
Pinus radiata
and its hybrids,
P. halepensis, P. canariensis, P. carbaea, P. ponderosa, P. nigra
and others,
Pseudotsuga menziesii
(46, 2860),
Larix decidua
(49, 273). DISEASE:
Dothistroma
blight; red band. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (Canada, USA including Alaska), South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay), Australasia and Oceania (New Zealand), Asia (Brunei, India, Japan), Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Rhodesia, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda), Europe (Austria, France, Rumania, UK, USSR (Republic of Georgia), Yugoslavia) (CMI Map 419, ed. 2, 1970; record in CMI Herbarium). TRANSMISSION: By airborne conidia released and dispersed by a splash take-off mechanism for short distances. Long distance dispersal may be by transport of infected material, such as nursery stock and, under special conditions, clouds may carry sporal inoculum (43, 2100). Survival time of inoculum in the form of cast, infected foliage on the forest floor is limited to 2-6 months under moist conditions (50, 2003).
Gremmeniella abietina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Gremmeniella abietina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: The host range is almost completely confined to species of spruce and pine. The following have been recorded:
Picea abies, P. mariana, P. rubens, Pinus cembra, P. monticola, P. mugo, P. nigra
var.
austriaca, P. nigra
var.
maritima, P. pinaster, P. strobus, P. sylvestris, P. contorta, P. radiata, P. resinosa, P. sabiniana, P. banksiana
,
Pseudotsuga menziesii
. DISEASE:
Brunchorstia
dieback of pines. The disease is typified by the death of the growing point and the apical needles of the lower branches of pine and spruce. Under severe conditions the disease can affect all the foliage of the host, which may die. The fungus forms pycnidia on infected terminal buds and at the base of needles. Trees 10-20 yr of age typically affected in Europe. It can also cause serious nursery losses. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Scandinavia, Britain, France, Germany, Netherlands, Spain, Italy, Austria, USSR, Finland); N. America (east Canada, north-east USA). (CMI Map 423, ed. 2, 1968). TRANSMISSION: By conidia liberated from pycnidia on infected tissues under wet conditions, when they are dispersed by a splash mechanism. Ascospores appear to be relatively unimportant in the spread of the disease.
Xanthomonas ricini
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas ricini
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Ricinus communis
. DISEASE: Normally a leaf spot disease in which the bacteria are confined to the parenchymatous tissues. The tiny, dark green, water-soaked spots expand and become brownish, angular and necrotic. They may coalesce to form larger necrotic areas and badly infected leaves become chlorotic and may drop. Occasionally petioles and succulent branches have minute oval or linear spots. Sabet (40, 334) obtained atypical symptoms from inoculation of buds. When the leaves opened, the main veins became infected and tissues dependent on infected veins became yellow and flaccid and finally withered. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Scattered, more or las world-wide (CMI Map 394, ed. 1, 1962). Extra references include Hong Kong (43, 345), Poland (48, 554b), Zambia and confirmation of Kenya. TRANSMISSION: Probably in wind and rain; it is rapid in wet weather. One report suggests that it is also seedborne (33, 181).
Gaeumannomyces graminis var. avenae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Walker J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Gaeumannomyces graminis var. avenae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Gramineae
, especially the cereals
Avena, Hordeum
and
Triticum
, turf grasses, particularly
Agrostis
, and other grass genera. A comprehensive host list with relative susceptibilities is given by Nilsson (1969). DISEASES: Take-all or whiteheads of oats, wheat and other cereals;
Ophiobolus
patch of turf grasses. The take-all symptoms on oats and wheat are similar to those on wheat caused by
G. graminis
var.
tritici
(CMI Descript. 383). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Probably widespread in temperate regions: reported from Australasia and Oceania (Australia, New Zealand); Europe; North America. TRANSMISSION: In soil on infected organic fragments and as runner hyphae on roots of cereals and grasses. The role of ascospores in spreading var.
avenae
has not been studied. Seed transmission with grass seeds has been suspected in Scotland (39, 497; 47, 3058).
Pyrenophora avenae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Waller J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pyrenophora avenae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Oats (
Avena
spp.). DISEASE: Leaf stripe, blotch or spot and seedling blight of oats. Seed-borne infection produces a range of seedling symptoms from pre-emergence death to slight spotting or streaking of coleoptiles. Mycelial infection of emerging leaves causes distortion and spotting. Inoculum from primary leaves causes secondary spread to upper leaves, producing light reddish-brown irregular streaks or blotches. Spikelet drop (42, 543) and stem-break (36, 641) may also occur when the disease is severe. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread; occurs throughout most oat-growing areas. CMI Map 105, ed. 2, 1966, and in addition in Queensland, Egypt, Angola and Colombia. TRANSMISSION: Primary infection appears to be entirely by seed-borne inoculum, either as conidia or more particularly as mycelium in the outer layers of the seed. Secondary infection is by air-borne conidia. Soil-borne inoculum appears to be unimportant.
Botryosphaeria ribis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Botryosphaeria ribis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Ribis grossularia
. Also on
Aesculus, Aleurites, Amygdalus, Araucaria, Atriplex, Baccharis, Bridelia, Carica, Caryota, Citrus, Cryptomeria, Cupressus, Diospyros, Eucalyptus, Fuchsia, Godetia, Gossypium, Grevillea, Juglans, Laguncularia, Ligustrum, Liquidambar, Liriodendron, Magnolia, Malus, Mangifera, Manihot, Melia, Monstera, Olea, Pandanus, Persea, Pinus, Pistacia, Plumeria, Prunus, Psidium, Pyrus, Quercus, Rhodoleia, Rhododendron, Ricinus, Rosa, Salix, Sambucus, Sesamum, Solanum ?, Tilia, Ulmus, Vitis
and also isolated from human nails. DISEASE: Plurivorous, particularly on trees, and also causing rots in fruit (3, 725; 4, 636; 6, 106; 9, 344; 13, 249; 14, 196). Amongst the hosts on which it has been described causing dieback and cankers on branches and stems are: avocado (
Persea americana
; 31, 132; 35, 495); elm (
Ulmus
; 29, 587); apple (
Malus pumila
; 4, 178, 614; 36, 104; 49, 3370); currant (
Ribes
spp.); Japanese cedar (
Cryptomeria japonica
; 39, 508); lemon (
Citrus limon
; 12, 283); pine (
Pinus
spp. ; 47, 344);
Rhododendron
(43, 2296); sweet gum (
Liquidambar styraciflua
; 37, 317);
Tilia
spp. (30, 129); tuna (
Aleurites fordii and A. montana
; 29, 339; 32, 524); willow (
Salix
; 18, 486; 33, 455).
B. ribes
can also cause staining on timber (16, 578). On apple large, watery, blister-like cankers occur and these can destroy the main branches; young shoots and spurs are killed. The stromata form beneath the outer bark layers. On willow the girdling cankers are circular, crateriform, becoming dry and cracked. In tung there is a dieback of the terminal shoots from which spread takes place and cankers develop on the larger branches, with longitudinal bark splitting. In pines the killing of branch tips may lead to copious resin exudates. The imperfect state has been described more often in the field. On fruit a rot may occur after picking; this has been described for apple, avocado and lemon. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in temperate and tropical regions. TRANSMISSION: No experimental studies seem to have been described.
Venturia pirina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Waller J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Venturia pirina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Principally on pear (
Pyrus communis
) and other
Pyrus
spp., also recorded from
Eriobotrya japonica
(loquat) (Herb. IMI). DISEASE: Causes scab or black spot of pear, which results in loss of quantity and quality of fruit. The disease attacks shoots, buds, leaves and fruit, symptoms and aetiology being very similar to those of apple scab caused by
V. inaequalis
on
Malus
spp. (CMI Descript. 401). Dark, more or less circular scabs are produced on leaves and fruit, often with some growth distortion. Infection of young wood is more common than with apple scab and causes pale brown blister-like lesions which burst to release conidia in the following year. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide in temperate and subtropical regions wherever pears are grown (see CMI Map 367, ed. 2, 1968). TRANSMISSION: Epidemiology is similar to that of apple scab. The overwintering saprophytic perithecial stage on leaf litter releases airborne ascospores in spring which infect young growth, and secondary infection by conidia dispersed during wet summer weather also occurs. Overwintering lesions on young wood are more frequent than with apple scab and conidia produced by these in the spring can be an important source of primary infection (46, 2061; 47, 849).
Rhizoctonia carotae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Rhizoctonia carotae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: On
Daucus carota
. DISEASE: Crater rot of carrot in cold storage. White tufts of mycelium appear on root surfaces, pits develop under them and enlarge to form craters lined with mycelium. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: USA, Denmark, Norway, UK. TRANSMISSION: Initial infection from soil, but chief source of disease is infestation of storage crates. Mycelium spreads on and between crates and is capable of persistence from one season to the next in this form.
Cercospora sorghi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cercospora sorghi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Sorghum vulgare, S. sudanense, S. halepense
and
S. dochna
. DISEASE: Grey leaf spot of sorghum, Sudan grass, Johnson grass and broomcorn. Spots usually first form on the lower leaves and infection gradually spreads upwards; they are elongate, somewhat delimited by the veins and individually > 1 cm long and 3-5 mm in width. Coalescence can take place, to give larger stripes or patches and kill large areas of the leaf. The colour (shades of red to black, light brown or yellowish) of the lesions varies with that of leaf colour. The deep coloured spots tend to have lighter coloured outer rings than the paler ones where the margins are darker. Colours darken with age and a faint zonation may be found (10, 516). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread (CMI Map 338, ed. 3, 1974). TRANSMISSION: No studies reported; conidia presumably air-dispersed and spread from host debris.
Cylindrocladium clavatum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Peerally A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cylindrocladium clavatum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Araucaria angustifolia, Camellia sinensis, Eucalyptus saligna
and
Pinus
. DISEASE: Occasionally associated with
Cylindrocladium floridanum
[Calonectria kyotensis]
and
Cylindrocarpon tenue
on rotting roots of unthrifty tea bushes in Mauritius. Associated with a root disease of dying 10-15 year old trees of
Araucaria angustifolia
(Hodges & May, 1972). Roots of such trees are pitch-soaked and copiously exude resin, causing large quantities of soil to stick to the roots, thus resembling in symptomatology the brown root rot caused by
Phellinus noxius
. Also isolated from the roots of dying trees of several species of
Pinus
(Hodges & May, 1972). The pine needles on affected trees turn bright yellow, droop and finally turn brick red. Roots were pitch-soaked but resin exudation was slight. Also isolated from seedlings of
Eucalyptus saligna
(Hodges & May, 1972). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Brazil, Mauritius. TRANSMISSION: The pathogen is soil-borne.
Drechslera iridis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Waller J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Drechslera iridis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Iris
spp.,
Lachenalia plaucina, Tritonia
cv. DISEASE: Causes ink disease of iris. Initially, chlorotic streaks of varying lengths appear on the leaves which subsequently develop into black necrotic areas sometimes involving the whole of the leaf surface. Flowers may also be damaged. The disease is most important on bulbous irises where it may spread to the bulb causing black lesions with raised margins; severely infected bulbs dry out and die. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe and North America (Canada). TRANSMISSION: The fungus perennates on infected bulbs and by spores and diseased crop debris in infested soil. Airborne spores spread disease among foliage.
Mycosphaerella macrospora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Waller J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Mycosphaerella macrospora
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Iris, Glodiolus
; also recorded from
Narcissus, Freesia
and
Hemerocallis
. DISEASE: Leaf spot or blotch of iris. Initially, symptoms appear as small water-soaked spots soon turning brown and enlarging to produce oval lesions with a greyish centre and dark brown margin. These become irregular and coalesce and may destroy much of the leaf tissue. The disease is most serious after flowering and on the distal portions of leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe, North America, South Africa, Australia and Middle East. TRANSMISSION: Conidia are dispersed by wind and rain. Overwintering infected leaf debris is an important source of spring inoculum. The perfect state appears to be uncommon.
Sphaceloma fawcettii var. scabiosa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Critchett C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Sphaceloma fawcettii var. scabiosa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Rough and sweet lemon, lime, grapefruit, sweet orange, mandarin and satsuma orange, citron (
Citrus medica), C. japonica
and
C. jambhiri
. Sour orange somewhat resistant (McCleery, 1930) or immune (51, 2478). DISEASE: Tryon's scab or Australian citrus scab. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia (Queensland, New South Wales), S.W. Pacific (New Guinea, New Caledonia (41, 85), Fiji, British Solomon Islands); probably New Zealand (Jenkins, 34, 516), S.E. Asia (Malaysia, Hong Kong, Sri Lanka), Africa (Malagasy Republic and Comores Islands (51, 2478), Malawi, Rhodesia and Zambia); South America (Argentina (33, 292)). (From literature cited and specimens in Herb. IMI: CMI Map 161, ed. 2, 1966.) TRANSMISSION: Presumably by wind and rain splash as in common citrus scab (CMI Descript. 438) infection arising at start of season from lesions on old fruits and twigs (McCleery, 1930).
Laetiporus sulphureus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Westhuizen G. C. A. van der 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Laetiporus sulphureus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On trunks, stumps and logs of
Abies, Acer, Castanea, Celtis, Eucalyptus, Fraxinus, Cletitsia, Juglans, Larix
,
Liriodendron, Olea, Picea, Pinus, Prunus, Pseudotsuga, Quercus, Robinia, Schinus, Tamarix, Tsuga
and
Ulmus
. DISEASE: Severe red-brown, cubical heart rot with thin sheets of white mycelium present in the cracks. Hyphae are present in the cells some distance beyond the visible signs of attack. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide in cool and warm temperate regions. TRANSMISSION By air-borne spores.
Polyporus baudonii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Westhuizen G. C. A. van der 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Polyporus baudonii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Celtis rhomnifolia, Cassia siamea, Eucalyptus
spp.,
Gmelina arborea, Pinus
spp. DISEASE: Death of host and decay of roots and crown. Pale brown rot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Angola, Congo, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Malagasy, Mozambique, Republic of South Africa, Tanzania, Upper Volta, Zaire). TRANSMISSION: Through soil by root contact; by air-borue spores.
Ganoderma lucidum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Steyaert R. L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ganoderma lucidum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Angiosperms and Gymnosperms:
Quercus
sp.,
Quercus Ilex, Ligustrum vulgare, Carpinus betulus, Fagus sylvatica, Corylus avellana, Populus alba, Prunus insititia, Picea
sp.,
Taxus
sp.,
Larix
sp.,
Abies
sp. DISEASE: Butt rot and lethal root disease of many tree species. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Throughout the temperate zones of the northern hemisphere. From the Pacific shores of the USA and Canada, through temperate Europe to the Pacific shores of Asia and Japan. Also in the mountains of Central Africa above the 1500 m level.
Peronospora viciae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mukerji K. G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Peronospora viciae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Vicia faba, V. sativa, Lathyrus sativus, Pisum sativum, P. arvense
and other related forms. DISEASE: Downy mildew of peas. Downy greyish-violet growth forms on the under surface of the leaves, in patches of varying size, sometimes covering most of the leaf surface. In severely infected plants downy growth also develops on the stem and inflorescence and the leaves wither. The withered leaves contain oospores (Butler, 1918). Oospores also develop in the inflorescence and stem (32, 233; 44, 1756a). Causes severe loss, particularly in cool, wet years at temps, between 15 and 20°C and with rise of air RH (41, 295, 495; 45, 2294). Infection appears in the early stages of growth (36, 530). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide on peas (29, 336; 30, 20, 361, 417, 546; 33, 708; 34, 213, 271, 509; 36, 380, 519; 37, 5, 126; 39, 656; 41, 189, 216, 494; 43, 616; 44, 1031; 46, 1513i). TRANSMISSION: Initially through oospore infected soil coming from old infected plant debris (41, 272). During the growing season the spread is through wind blown sporangia (51, 4473) but they are short lived and need the proximity of the host plant for further development (Butler, 1918). Dormancy period of the oospores is also very short (41, 272).
Cochliobolus lunatus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cochliobolus lunatus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Recorded from a very wide range of angiosperms. DISEASE:
Curvularia
leaf spot,
Curvularia
seedling blight. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread, especially in the tropics. TRANSMISSION: By infected seeds and air-borne conidia and ascospores. The fungus can survive in the soil in sclerotial form (47, 431).