bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Snow Properties on Speed and Gait Choice in the Svalbard Rock Ptarmigan (Lagopus muta hyperborea)
Authors: Mármol-Guijarro A , Nudds R , Folkow L , Sellers W , Falkingham P , Codd J 
Published: July 2021

Synopsis
Substrate supportiveness is linked to the metabolic cost of locomotion, as it influences the depth to which the foot of a moving animal will sink. As track depth increases, animals typically reduce their speed to minimize any potential energetic imbalance. Here, we examine how self-selected speed in the Svalbard rock ptarmigan is affected by snow supportiveness and subsequent footprint depth measured using thin-blade penetrometry and 3D photogrammetry, respectively. Our findings indicate that snow supportiveness and footprint depth are poor predictors of speed (r2 = 0.149) and stride length (r2 = 0.106). The ptarmigan in our study rarely sunk to depths beyond the intertarsal joint, regardless of the speed, suggesting that at this relatively shallow depth any increased cost is manageable. 3D reconstructions also indicate that the ptarmigan may exploit the compressive nature of snow to generate thrust during stance, as a trend toward greater foot rotations in deeper footprints was found. It remains unclear whether the Svalbard ptarmigan are deliberately avoiding unsupportive snowy substrates. However, if they do, these results would be consistent with the idea that animals should choose routes that minimize energy costs of locomotion.
Exceptional Changes in Skeletal Anatomy under Domestication: The Case of Brachycephaly
Authors: Geiger M , Schoenebeck J J , Schneider R A , Schmidt M J , Fischer M S , Sánchez-Villagra M R 
Published: July 2021

Synopsis“Brachycephaly” is generally considered a phenotype in which the facial part of the head is pronouncedly shortened. While brachycephaly is characteristic for some domestic varieties and breeds (e.g., Bulldog, Persian cat, Niata cattle, Anglo-Nubian goat, Middle White pig), this phenotype can also be considered pathological. Despite the superficially similar appearance of “brachycephaly” in such varieties and breeds, closer examination reveals that “brachycephaly” includes a variety of different cranial modifications with likely different genetic and developmental underpinnings and related with specific breed histories. We review the various definitions and characteristics associated with brachycephaly in different domesticated species. We discern different types of brachycephaly (“bulldog-type,” “katantognathic,” and “allometric” brachycephaly) and discuss morphological conditions related to brachycephaly, including diseases (e.g., brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome). Further, we examine the complex underlying genetic and developmental processes and the culturally and developmentally related reasons why brachycephalic varieties may or may not be prevalent in certain domesticated species. Knowledge on patterns and mechanisms associated with brachycephaly is relevant for domestication research, veterinary and human medicine, as well as evolutionary biology, and highlights the profound influence of artificial selection by humans on animal morphology, evolution, and welfare.
Is Global Capitalism Compatible with Democracy? Inequality, Insecurity, and Interdependence
Authors: Milner Helen V 
Published: July 2021

AbstractGlobal capitalism seems to be placing democracy, especially liberal democracy, under considerable stress. Support for populism has surged, especially for extreme right parties with populist and authoritarian programs. Inequality, insecurity, and interdependence—all associated with globalization—have grown globally and appear to be key sources of stress. New technologies spread readily by globalization are also a force for destabilization. Do these international forces pose existential challenges to democracy? Liberal democracy rests on a foundation of political equality among citizens; it requires free and fair elections, competition among programmatic parties, political legitimacy from public support, and institutional constraints on executive power and majority rule. Is the rise global capitalism eroding all of these key elements? If so, what can be done about it?
Regime Uncertainty and Interstate Conflict
Authors: Bas Muhammet A , Orsun Omer F 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Regime type is an important variable in international relations. Numerous scholars have theorized its effects on actors’ crisis behavior and outcomes. Despite regime type's importance, the literature has not focused on the role its uncertainty might play in interstate politics. This is in stark contrast to the scholarly attention given to uncertainty about other similarly important variables like actor capabilities, intentions, or fighting costs. In this paper, we aim to address this gap in the literature by providing a theory of regime uncertainty's effects on conflict and developing a novel measure of uncertainty about regime type in interstate relations to test our hypotheses. We find that regime uncertainty breeds caution rather than conflict: higher uncertainty about the opponent's regime type makes conflict initiation and escalation less likely in disputes, and dyads with more uncertainty are less likely to experience conflict onset.
Feasibility study of a field survey to measure antimicrobial usage in humans and animals in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam
Authors: Cuong Nguyen Van , Ly Nguyen Phuong Cam , Van Nguyen Thi Bich , Phu Doan Hoang , Kiet Bach Tuan , Hien Vo Be , Padungtod Pawin , Thwaites Guy , Choisy Marc , Carrique-Mas Juan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundDevelopment of antimicrobial use (AMU) surveillance systems in humans and animals is a priority for many low- and middle-income countries; however accurate estimations are hampered by a diversity of animal production systems and metrics. The Mekong Delta region of Vietnam is a ‘hotspot’ of antimicrobial resistance and is home to a high density of humans and animal populations.ObjectivesTo measure and compare AMU using different metrics (standing population, biomass and population correction unit) in the Mekong Delta, and to explore the potential of field-based data collection methods in the design of AMU surveillance systems.MethodsWe collected AMU data from humans and animals (chickens, ducks, Muscovy ducks, pigs) from 101 small-scale farms in the Mekong Delta over a fixed period (90 days in humans, 7 days in animals).ResultsHumans used 7.1 DDDkg, or 175.9 mg of antimicrobial active ingredients (AAIs) per kg of standing body mass annually; animals consumed 60.9 ADDkg or 1324 mg. In the Mekong Delta humans represented 79.3% of the total body mass but consumed 29.6% of AAIs by weight. AAIs regarded of critical importance by WHO represented 56.9% and 50.2% of doses consumed by animals and humans, respectively.ConclusionsUsing a One Health approach, we show that AMU can potentially be estimated from cross-sectional surveys, although results are hypothetical due to small sample size and are sensitive to the chosen population denominator. The methodology proposed here can potentially be scaled up be applied to design AMU surveillance in low-resource settings, allowing AMU reduction efforts to be focused on particular animal species.
Two carbapenem-resistant ST1:ST231:KL1:OCL1Acinetobacter baumanniistrains recovered in Tehran, Iran, carry AbaR31 in the chromosome and AbaR4 and TnaphA6in a RepAci6 plasmid
Authors: Douraghi Masoumeh , Aris Parisa , To Joyce , Myers Garry S A , Hamidian Mohammad 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo analyse the context of genes conferring antibiotic resistance in two carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates recovered in Tehran, Iran.MethodsThe antibiotic resistance phenotype for 28 antibiotics was determined using disc diffusion. The whole genome sequences of ABH008 and ABS200 were determined using the Illumina HiSeq X Ten platform. Resistance genes were identified using ResFinder and multilocus sequence types were determined using the Oxford and Institut Pasteur schemes.ResultsIsolates ABH008 and ABS200, recovered in 2012 and 2013, respectively, in two different Tehran hospitals, belong to the common global clone 1 lineage, ST1IP and ST231OX. They are resistant to sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, gentamicin, amikacin, third-generation cephalosporins and carbapenems. Despite being isolated in different hospitals, phylogenetic analysis indicated they are closely related. Consistent with this, both isolates carry catA1, sul1, aacC1 and aadA1 in a novel variant of the AbaR3-type resistance island, named AbaR31. Both isolates are resistant to amikacin and carbapenems owing to aphA6 and oxa23, respectively. The oxa23 gene is located in the AbaR4 resistance island, and aphA6 in TnaphA6, and both mobile elements are in an ∼90 kbp plasmid encoding the putative RepAci6 replication initiation protein. Resistance to third-generation cephalosporins is due to the acquisition by homologous recombination of a 5 kb DNA segment that contains ISAba1-ampC from a ST623 strain.ConclusionsThe resistance gene complements of ABH008 and ABS200 were found in AbaR31 and a plasmid that encodes RepAci6. The close genetic relationship of ABH008 and ABS200, despite each being recovered from different hospitals, indicates transmission between the two hospitals.
Projecting the Prevalence and Costs of Metastatic Breast Cancer From 2015 through 2030
Authors: Gogate Anagha , Wheeler Stephanie B , Reeder-Hayes Katherine E , Ekwueme Donatus U , Fairley Temeika L , Drier Sarah , Trogdon Justin G 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
This study projected the number of metastatic breast cancer (mBC) cases and costs (medical and productivity) attributable to mBC through 2030 among 3 age groups: younger (aged 18-44 years), midlife (aged 45-64 years), and older women (aged 65 years and older).

Methods
We developed a stock/flow model in which women enter the mBC population at initial diagnosis (de novo stage IV) or through progression of an earlier-stage cancer. Women exit the mBC population through death. Input parameters by age and phase of treatment came from the US Census, Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results and peer-reviewed literature.

Results
In 2030, we estimated there would be 246 194 prevalent cases of mBC, an increase of 54.8% from the 2015 estimate of 158 997. We estimated total costs (medical and productivity) of mBC across all age groups and phases of care were $63.4 billion (95% sensitivity range = $59.4-$67.4 billion) in 2015 and would increase to $152.4 billion (95% sensitivity range = $111.6-$220.4 billion) in 2030, an increase of 140%. Trends in estimated costs were higher for younger and midlife women than for older women.

Conclusions
The cost of mBC could increase substantially in the coming decade, especially among younger and midlife women. Although accounting for trends in incidence, progression, and survival, our model did not attempt to forecast structural changes such as technological innovations in breast cancer treatment and health-care delivery reforms. These findings can motivate early detection activities, direct value-driven mBC treatment, and provide a useful baseline against which to measure the effect of prevention and treatment efforts.
Chilling rather than photoperiod controls budburst for gymnosperm species in subtropical China
Authors: Pan Yuan-Qi , Zeng Xiu , Chen Wen-De , Tang Xin-Ran , Dai Kui , Du Yan-Jun , Song Xi-Qiang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe mechanisms regulating spring phenology have been extensively studied in angiosperm species. However, given that gymnosperms and angiosperms diverged 300 million years ago, phenology may be triggered by different cues in gymnosperm species. The regulatory mechanisms of phenology in subtropical regions remain largely unknown. In combination, it remains untested whether subtropical gymnosperm species have chilling requirements and are photosensitive. We conducted a climate chamber experiment with three chilling and three photoperiod treatments to investigate budburst during an 8-week forcing period. We tested whether budburst of eight gymnosperms species (Cryptomeria japonica, Cunninghamia lanceolata, Cupressus funebris, Ginkgo biloba, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Pinus massoniana, Pseudolarix amabilis and Podocarpus macrophyllus) was photoperiod sensitive or has strong chilling requirements and whether photoperiod or chilling was more important for advancing budburst. Chilling advanced budburst and increased the percentage of budburst for gymnosperm species. Gymnosperm species required moderate chilling days to advance budburst. Interestingly, the forcing requirement for gymnosperm species was higher than that for angiosperms in the same forest, suggesting that gymnosperms may need more cumulative forcing to initiate budburst than do angiosperms. Compared with temperate gymnosperm species in Germany (194–600 °C days), the subtropical species studied here had a much higher forcing requirement (814–1150 °C days). The effects of photoperiod were minor, suggesting that chilling outweighs photoperiod in advancing budburst of gymnosperm species in this subtropical region. These results reveal that increased winter temperatures with continued global warming may impact not only angiosperms but also gymnosperms, leading to their delayed spring budburst.
Symptomatic spontaneous superior mesenteric artery dissection treated with endovascular stent repair
Authors: Kim Yonjae J , Beeman Brian R 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Spontaneous isolated superior mesenteric artery dissection (SISMAD) is a rare condition in which patients develop an isolated dissection of the superior mesenteric artery without traumatic or iatrogenic causes. We present the case of a 52-year-old woman who presented with SISMAD and underwent endovascular stenting as her symptoms failed to respond to medical management. We also spend the bulk of the report discussing the current literature on management of SISMAD.
The cysteine-rich receptor-like kinase TaCRK3 contributes to defense against Rhizoctonia cerealis in wheat
Authors: Guo Feilong , Wu Tianci , Shen Fangdi , Xu Gangbiao , Qi Haijun , Zhang Zengyan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Sharp eyespot, caused by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia cerealis, is a devastating disease of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying wheat defense against R. cerealis are still largely unknown. In this study, by comparative transcriptomic analysis we identified a novel cysteine-rich receptor-like kinase (CRK)-encoding gene, designated as TaCRK3, and investigated its role in defense against R. cerealis. TaCRK3 transcript abundance was significantly elevated by R. cerealis and exogenous ethylene treatments. Silencing of TaCRK3 significantly compromised resistance to R. cerealis and repressed expression of an ethylene biosynthesis enzyme-encoding gene, ACO2, and a subset of defense-associated genes in wheat, whose transcript levels are up-regulated by ethylene stimulus. TaCRK3 protein was localized at the plasma membrane in wheat. Noticeably, both the heterologously expressed TaCRK3 protein and its partial peptide harboring two DUF26 (DOMAIN OF UNKNOWN FUNCTION 26) domains could inhibit growth of R. cerealis mycelia. These results suggest that TaCRK3 mediates wheat resistance to R. cerealis through direct antifungal activity and heightening the expression of defense-associated genes in the ethylene signaling pathway. Moreover, its DUF26 domains are required for the antifungal activity of TaCRK3. Our results reveal that TaCRK3 is a promising gene for breeding wheat varieties with resistance to R. cerealis.
Free the Bun: Prevalence of Alopecia Among Active Duty Service Women, Fiscal Years 2010-2019
Authors: Korona-Bailey Jessica , Banaag Amanda , Nguyen Dana R , Pasieka Helena , Koehlmoos Tracey Pérez 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTIntroductionActive duty service women (ADSW) constitute 16% of the force. The prevalence of alopecia, a dermatologic condition characterized by hair loss, is understudied in regard to hairstyle regulations across the U.S. military services. Alopecia has several causes; one of which is due to tension on the scalp secondary to tight hairstyles. In the U.S., alopecia has a lifetime prevalence of 1.7-2.1%; no previous studies which evaluated this condition in service women were found.Materials and MethodsWe used the Military Health System Data Repository to perform a retrospective study to assess the prevalence of alopecia in ADSW from fiscal years (FYs) 2010 to 2019. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics on patient demographics and trend analysis on the prevalence of alopecia over the 10-year study period.ResultsA total of 498,219 ADSW were identified over the 10-year study period, of which 2.40% had a diagnosis of alopecia. Overall, the prevalence of alopecia decreases over the 10-year period, with two observed periods of slight increase (FY 2013 to 2014 and FY 2018 to 2019) when comparing prevalence year-to-year. Of those diagnosed, the majority were young, Black, with a senior enlisted rank, and in the U.S. Army.ConclusionThe prevalence of alopecia in ADSW is slightly higher than that in civilian populations and is most likely underreported. It is more commonly diagnosed in Black women than would be expected based on ratios of this population in military service. Policy changes to ensure that traction alopecia is a qualifying medical condition for Veterans Affairs disability compensation, mechanisms are in place for more specific coding in the electronic medical record, and treatment options to be covered by TRICARE are recommended. All U.S. military services should consider updating and evaluating regulations to improve the health and quality of life of ADSW.
The Effect of Wet Conditions and Surface Combat Swimming on Shooting
Authors: Kostoulas Ioannis D , Kounalakis Stylianos N , Toubekis Argyris G , Karagiannis Anastasios , Kaniadakis Antonios , Mavraganis Dimitrios , Karatrantou Konstantina , Gerodimos Vassilis 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTIntroductionShooting ability is an important aspect of performance in some sports and is vital during a military operation. Load carriage, clothing, and equipment normally associated with fatigue and reduced field of vision or lack of stability at a specific point are important factors that affect the ability to aim when shooting. Additionally, gun support and equipment appear to differentially affect shooting ability with varying shooting positions. All of the studies examining these factors have taken place on dry land and not in water. However, up to date, no study has examined the effect of wet conditions, especially after surface combat swimming (sCS), on shooting ability in different shooting positions. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of fatigue, produced by prolonged sCS, on a fighter’s shooting ability. In addition, we investigated whether the effect of fatigue and wet conditions differed between the shooting positions.Materials and MethodsForty-five participants performed 10 shots in a shooting simulator while standing (ST) and 10 shots while kneeling (KN). This was performed twice and in three conditions: dry, wet, and after 1,000 m of sCS.ResultsWet conditions did not significantly affect shooting abilities. Surface combat swimming negatively affected shooting ability when both ST and KN. The reduction in the center of gravity (COG) of the shots after sCS was 3.7 ± 2.5% for ST and 3.5 ± 0.8% for KN (P &lt; .01). This was accompanied by the increase in horizontal and vertical movement of the gun after the sCS (P &lt; .01). Kneeling was more stable, as shown by a higher percentage of COG of the shots by 3.3 ± 0.1% (P &lt; .01) and by fewer gun movements in both axes (P &lt; .01).ConclusionsIn conclusion, combat swimming affects shooting ability, both in ST and in KN positions. The KN position provides better stability and improved shooting ability.
The small Cajal body-specific RNA 15 (SCARNA15) directs p53 and redox homeostasis via selective splicing in cancer cells
Authors: Beneventi Giulia , Munita Roberto , Cao Thi Ngoc Phuong , Madej Magdalena , Cieśla Maciej , Muthukumar Sowndarya , Krogh Nicolai , Nielsen Henrik , Swaminathan Vinay , Bellodi Cristian 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Small Cajal body-specific RNAs (scaRNAs) guide post-transcriptional modification of spliceosomal RNA and, while commonly altered in cancer, have poorly defined roles in tumorigenesis. Here, we uncover that SCARNA15 directs alternative splicing (AS) and stress adaptation in cancer cells. Specifically, we find that SCARNA15 guides critical pseudouridylation (Ψ) of U2 spliceosomal RNA to fine-tune AS of distinct transcripts enriched for chromatin and transcriptional regulators in malignant cells. This critically impacts the expression and function of the key tumor suppressors ATRX and p53. Significantly, SCARNA15 loss impairs p53-mediated redox homeostasis and hampers cancer cell survival, motility and anchorage-independent growth. In sum, these findings highlight an unanticipated role for SCARNA15 and Ψ in directing cancer-associated splicing programs.
A mechanistic model captures the emergence and implications of non-genetic heterogeneity and reversible drug resistance in ER+ breast cancer cells
Authors: Sahoo Sarthak , Mishra Ashutosh , Kaur Harsimran , Hari Kishore , Muralidharan Srinath , Mandal Susmita , Jolly Mohit Kumar 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Resistance to anti-estrogen therapy is an unsolved clinical challenge in successfully treating ER+ breast cancer patients. Recent studies have demonstrated the role of non-genetic (i.e. phenotypic) adaptations in tolerating drug treatments; however, the mechanisms and dynamics of such non-genetic adaptation remain elusive. Here, we investigate coupled dynamics of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in breast cancer cells and emergence of reversible drug resistance. Our mechanism-based model for underlying regulatory network reveals that these two axes can drive one another, thus enabling non-genetic heterogeneity in a cell population by allowing for six co-existing phenotypes: epithelial-sensitive, mesenchymal-resistant, hybrid E/M-sensitive, hybrid E/M-resistant, mesenchymal-sensitive and epithelial-resistant, with the first two ones being most dominant. Next, in a population dynamics framework, we exemplify the implications of phenotypic plasticity (both drug-induced and intrinsic stochastic switching) and/or non-genetic heterogeneity in promoting population survival in a mixture of sensitive and resistant cells, even in the absence of any cell–cell cooperation. Finally, we propose the potential therapeutic use of mesenchymal–epithelial transition inducers besides canonical anti-estrogen therapy to limit the emergence of reversible drug resistance. Our results offer mechanistic insights into empirical observations on EMT and drug resistance and illustrate how such dynamical insights can be exploited for better therapeutic designs.