bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of artificially generated interocular blur difference on fusion stability under vergence stress
Authors: Dostalek Miroslav , Hejda Jan , Fliegel Karel , Duchackova Michaela , Dusek Ladislav , Hozman Jiri , Lukes Tomas , Autrata Rudolf 
Published: February 2021

The stability of fusion was evaluated by its breakage when interocular blur differences were presented under vergence demand to healthy subjects. We presumed that these blur differences cause suppression of the more blurred image (interocular blur suppression, IOBS), disrupt binocular fusion and suppressed eye leaves its forced vergent position. During dichoptic presentation of static grayscale images of natural scenes, the luminance contrast (mode B) or higher-spatial frequency content (mode C) or luminance contrast plus higher-spatial frequency content (mode A) were stepwise reduced in the image presented to the non-dominant eye. We studied the effect of these types of blur on fusion stability at various levels of the vergence demand. During the divergence demand, the fusion was disrupted with approximately half blur than during convergence. Various modes of blur influenced fusion differently. The mode C (isolated reduction of higher-spatial frequency content) violated fusion under the lowest vergence demand significantly more than either isolated or combined reduction of luminance contrast (mode B and A). According to our results, the image´s details (i.e. higher-spatial frequency content) protects binocular fusion from disruption by the lowest vergence demand.
Anticipation of cognitive conflict is reflected in microsaccades: Evidence from a cued-flanker task
Authors: Dalmaso Mario , Castelli Luigi , Galfano Giovanni 
Published: February 2021

Microsaccade frequency has recently been shown to be sensitive to high-level cognitive processes such as attention and memory. In the present study we explored the effects of anticipated cognitive conflict. Participants were administered a variant of the flanker task, which is known to elicit cognitive interference. At the beginning of each trial, participants received a colour cue providing information about the upcoming target frame. In two thirds of the trials, the cue reliably informed the participants that in the upcoming trial the flankers either matched the central target letter or not. Hence, participants could accurately anticipate whether cognitive conflict would arise or not. On neutral trials, the cue provided no useful information. The results showed that microsaccadic rate time-locked to cue onset was reduced on trials in which an upcoming cognitive conflict was expected. These findings provide new insights about top-down modulations of microsaccade dynamics.
Microsaccades and covert attention: Evidence from a continuous, divided attention task
Authors: Ryan Aimee Elizabeth , Keane Brendan , Wallis Guy 
Published: February 2021

A substantial question in understanding expert behavior is isolating where experts look, and which aspects of their environment they process. While tracking the position of gaze provides some insight into this process, our ability to attend covertly to regions of space other than the current point of fixation, severely limits the diagnostic power of such data. Over the past decade, evidence has emerged suggesting that microscopic eye movements present during periods of fixation may be linked to the spatial distribution of covert attention, potentially offering a powerful tool for studying expert behavior. To date, the majority of studies in this field have tested the link under the constraints of a trial by trial, forced-response task. In the current study we sought to examine the effect when participants performed a continuous, divided-attention task, with the hope of bridging the gap to a range of more ecological, real-world tasks. We report various aspects of the eye movement and response data including (i) the relationship between microsaccades and drift correction, (ii) response behavior in brief time periods immediately following a microsaccade, (iii) response behavior briefly preceding a microsaccade. Analysis failed to reveal a link between task accuracy and the direction of a microsaccade. Most striking however, we found evidence for a timelocked relationship between the side of space responded to and the direction of the most recent microsaccade. The paper hence provides preliminary evidence that microsaccades may indeed be used to track the ongoing allocation of spatial attention.
Fixational eye movement waveforms in amblyopia: Characteristics of fast and slow eye movements
Authors: Kang Sarah Linda , Beylergil Sinem B. , Otero-Millan Jorge , Shaikh Aasef , Ghasia Fatema 
Published: February 2021

Fixational eye movements comprise of fast microsaccades alternating with slow inter-saccadic drifts. These physiologic eye movements play an important role in visual perception. Amblyopic patients are known to have fixation instability, particularly of the amblyopic eye. We examined eye movement abnormalities that contribute to this instability. We found that fixation stability is affected by the presence of fusion maldevelopment nystagmus (FMN). However, some amblyopes can have nystagmus without nasally directed slow phases and reversal in direction of the quick phase on ocular occlusion, features seen in FMN. In patients without nystagmus, we found increased amplitude of fixational saccades and inter-saccadic drifts. We categorized amblyopia patients by type (anisometropic, strabismic, or mixed) and eye movement waveform (no nystagmus, nystagmus without FMN, and FMN). We found specific fast and slow eye movement abnormalities of the fellow and amblyopic eye during fellow, amblyopic and both eyes viewing conditions across eye movement waveforms and types of amblyopia. These eye movement abnormalities can serve as biomarkers that can predict the impact of amblyopia as measured by visual acuity and stereopsis. Evaluation of fixational eye movements in amblyopia could be important to diagnose these common eye diseases and predict treatment effectiveness.
The effects of fixational eye movements on population responses in V1.
Authors: Slovin Hamutal 
Published: February 2021

Video stream: https://vimeo.com/362367119
During visual fixation, the eyes make small and fast movements known as microsaccades (MSs). The effects of MSs on neural activity in the visual cortex are not well understood. Utilizing voltage-sensitive dye imaging, we imaged the spatiotemporal patterns of neuronal responses induced by MSs in early visual cortices of behaving monkeys.
Our results reveal a continuous “visual instability” during fixation: while the visual stimulus moves over the retina with each MS, the neuronal activity in V1 ‘hops’ within the retinotopic map, as dictated by the MS parameters. Neuronal modulations induced by MSs are characterized by neural suppression followed by neural enhancement and increased synchronization. The suppressed activity may underlie the suppressed perception during MSs whereas the late enhancement may facilitate the processing of new incoming image information. Moreover, the instability induced by MSs applies also to neural correlates of visual perception processes such as figure-ground (FG) segregation, which appear to develop faster after fixational saccades.
Fluctuation in pupil size and spontaneous blinks reflect story transportation
Authors: Kaakinen Johanna K. , Simola Jaana 
Published: February 2021

Thirty-nine participants listened to 28 neutral and horror excerpts of Stephen King short stories while constantly tracking their emotional arousal. Pupil size was measured with an Eyelink 1000+, and participants rated valence and transportation after each story. In addition to computing mean pupil size across 1-sec intervals, we extracted blink count and used detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) to obtain the scaling exponents of long-range temporal correlations (LRTCs) in pupil size time-series. Pupil size was expected to be sensitive also to emotional arousal, whereas blink count and LRTC’s were expected to reflect cognitive engagement. The results showed that self-reported arousal increased, pupil size was overall greater, and the decreasing slope of pupil size was flatter for horror than for neutral stories. Horror stories induced higher transportation than neutral stories. High transportation was associated with a steeper increase in self-reported arousal across time, stronger LRTCs in pupil size fluctuations, and lower blink count. These results indicate that pupil size reflects emotional arousal induced by the text content, while LRTCs and blink count are sensitive to cognitive engagement associated with transportation, irrespective of the text type. The study demonstrates the utility of pupillometric measures and blink count to study literature reception.
Microsaccades during high speed continuous visual search
Authors: Martin Jacob G. , Davis Charles E. , Riesenhuber Maximilian , Thorpe Simon J. 
Published: February 2021

Here, we provide an analysis of the microsaccades that occurred during continuous visual search and targeting of small faces that we pasted either into cluttered background photos or into a simple gray background. Subjects continuously used their eyes to target singular 3-degree upright or inverted faces in changing scenes. As soon as the participant’s gaze reached the target face, a new face was displayed in a different and random location. Regardless of the experimental context (e.g. background scene, no background scene), or target eccentricity (from 4 to 20 degrees of visual angle), we found that the microsaccade rate dropped to near zero levels within only 12 milliseconds after stimulus onset. There were almost never any microsaccades after stimulus onset and before the first saccade to the face. One subject completed 118 consecutive trials without a single microsaccade. However, in about 20% of the trials, there was a single microsaccade that occurred almost immediately after the preceding saccade’s offset. These microsaccades were task oriented because their facial landmark targeting distributions matched those of saccades within both the upright and inverted face conditions. Our findings show that a single feedforward pass through the visual hierarchy for each stimulus is likely all that is needed to effectuate prolonged continuous visual search. In addition, we provide evidence that microsaccades can serve perceptual functions like correcting saccades or effectuating task-oriented goals during continuous visual search.
Do standard optometric measures predict binocular coordination during reading?
Authors: Joss Joëlle , Jainta Stephanie 
Published: February 2021

In reading, binocular eye movements are required for optimal visual processing and thus, in case of asthenopia or reading problems, standard orthoptic and optometric routines check individual binocular vision by a variety of tests. The present study therefore examines the predictive value of such standard measures of heterophoria, accommodative and vergence facility, AC/A-ratio, NPC and symptoms for binocular coordination parameters during reading. Binocular eye movements were recorded (EyeLink II) for 65 volunteers during a typical reading task and linear regression analyses related all parameters of binocular coordination to all above-mentioned optometric measures: while saccade disconjugacy was weakly predicted by vergence facility (15% explained variance), vergence facility, AC/A and symptoms scores predicted vergence drift (31%). Heterophoria, vergence facility and NPC explained 31% of fixation disparity and first fixation duration showed minor relations to symptoms (18%). In sum, we found only weak to moderate relationships, with expected, selective associations: dynamic parameter related to optometric tests addressing vergence dynamics, whereas the static parameter (fixation disparity) related mainly to heterophoria. Most surprisingly, symptoms were only loosely related to vergence drift and fixation duration, reflecting associations to a dynamic aspect of binocular eye movements in reading and potentially non-specific, overall but slight reading deficiency. Thus, the efficiency of optometric tests to predict binocular coordination during reading was low – questioning a simple, straightforward extrapolation of such test results to an overlearned, complex task.
Optically induced refractive errors reduces fixation stability but saccade latency remains stable
Authors: Vikesdal Gro Horgen , Langaas Trine 
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of optically induced refractive errors on saccade latency and fixation stability.Sixteen healthy, young adults (two males), with normal visual acuity and normal accommodation, performed a saccade task and a fixation task wearing a range of contact lenses (from +3.00 to -5.00 diopters) which induced visual blur and accommodation. The results showed that mean (± standard error) saccade latency was 207 (± 5) milliseconds (ms) and remained stable with both visual blur and accommodation, whereas mean (± standard error) fixation stability was logBCEA 2.48 (± 0.03) (arcmin²) and declined by about 0.09 logBCEA with both visual blur and accommodation. In healthy adults with normal vision, results indicate that recording of saccade latency can be completed accurately regardless of the moderate refractive errors induced in this study. Fixation stability, on the other hand, degrades slightly with blur and with accommodation.
Educational Contents Derived from Family Transaction Provisions in the Qur'an and the Prophet's Sunnah
Authors: Nouri Marwa Salem 
Published: February 2021

Search problem: The problem of searching is to answer the following question:
(What are the educational implications derived from the provisions of family transactions in the Qur'an and the Prophet's Sunnah?)
The importance of search: The importance of search is shown by what comes:
Statement of jurisprudential provisions and their educational implications related to family transactionprovisions, such as: (marriage, divorce, inheritance... For her practice in her public andprivate life.
The study gives a new scientific addition to the Iraqi library in the field of education philosophy.
The Concept of “A Literary Hero” in English and Uzbek Historical Novels
Authors: Yunusovna Umarova Makhliyo 
Published: February 2021

The article is devoted to the study of comparative analysis of the concept of “literary hero” in English and Uzbek historical novels based on Walter Scott’s novel “Ivanhoe”and AbdullaKadiriy’s novel “Bygone Days”.
Literary hero is often used the concepts “character”, ”personage”, ”image”, “type” and “acting person”. Sometimes they are differentiated: literary heroes are called characters, drawn more multifaceted and more significant for the work’s idea. The concept of “literary hero” refers only to actors close to the author’s ideal of a person (the so-called hero) or embodying a heroic principle (for example, heroes of epics, epics, and tragedies). However, it should be noted that literary criticism of these concepts, along with the concepts of "character", "type" and "image" are interchangeable.
The novelty of the research is to clarify the history expressed in the first English historical novel “Ivanhoe” and first Uzbek historical novel “Bygone days” with the expressiveness of “a literary hero’ in them. There are some varieties in describing the literary heroes of different country writers. In our article, we gave some features of English and Uzbek writers in describing “literary hero”.
Pulsing Flows of a Viscous Incompressible Liquid in a Pipe with Elastic Walls
Authors: Et al. Navruzov Kuralbay 
Published: February 2021

As you know, the recent intensive introduction into practice of flexible pipelines made of polymer synthetic materials, pulsating fluid flow in elastic pipes is of great importance. As you know, the recent intensive introduction into practice of flexible pipelines made of polymer synthetic materials, pulsating fluid flow in elastic pipes is of great importance. By solving the problem, the necessary hydrodynamic parameters will be determined, such as pressure distributions, velocities, flow rates, the speed of propagation of the pulse wave pressure and their decay. For the first time in this article, a decrease in hydraulic resistance in a pulsating flow through pipes due to the elasticity of the wall will be determined. The dependence of the dimensionless value of the pressure pulse wave on the vibrational number was investigated .The speed of the pulse wave was compared with the speed of Moens-Korteweg , and significant differences were revealed between them occurring at lower values of the Womersley oscillatory parameter, at large values of which significant differences are not observed. The dependence of the reciprocal damping per wavelength on the vibrational number , was also investigated; it was shown that the damping is free at smaller values of the Womersley vibrational parameter, practically equal to zero, and at large values of which it asymptotically approaches unity.
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN CORPORATE GOVERNANCE: THE COMMON LAW AND SHARIAH PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Et al. HARTINIE ABD AZIZ 
Published: February 2021

In the West, the concept of Corporate Social responsibility (CSR) began in the 1970s and discussions on the concept of CSR often centred on the view that is based on the customs, cultures and beliefs of the West, especially Europe and America. Under the common law, CSR is an option for the corporations to practice rather than part of the objective of the company. It is treated merely as a standard of behaviour to which a corporation subscribes in order to have good reputation in society. Under Shariah governance framework, it is a requirement for corporation to practice CSR as it is obligatory on each Muslim community to implement collective religious obligation (fardh kifayah). The Shariah perspective of CSR is commonly discussed from the perspectives of Maqasid al-Shari‘ah and Maslahah. This paper discusses the principles of Corporate social responsibility in corporate governance under both the Common law and Shariah perspectives. Main objective of this paper is to highlight the application of Corporate social responsibilty in conventional companies and Shariah compliance businesses. Findings of this paper will shows that, the application of CSR according to Shariah perspective would contribute to a good corporate governance in businesses and the implementation of the concept of CSR implies the commitment of the corporation to continuously upholding the noble objectives of Shari‘ah.
DISPLACED ROHINGYA SETTLEMENT AND SECURITY CONCERN IN BANGLADESH
Authors: BUSSABONG CHAIJAROENWATANA MD MAHBUBUL HAQUE, 
Published: February 2021

In Myanmar’s post-independence history, the Rohingya and other ethnic minorities have been in conflict with the Rangoon based central government. It is commonly alleged that the Rohingya are involved with separatist movements that threaten Myanmar’s sovereignty. The ethnic minority Rohingya were faced with sub-violent confrontation after the military took over State power and later, and most critically, they became de jure stateless in Myanmar. The situation changed dramatically after the 2012 Buddhist-Muslim communal riots. Lastly, the quasi-civilian government launched ‘operation clearance’ against Rohingya civilians using the pretext of terrorist attacks on August, 2017. Since that operation, nearly a million terrorized Rohingya people crossed the border and sought shelter in Bangladesh. Almost three years on, after escaping the violence of the military in Myanmar, the refugees still live in uncertainty. This paper examines the conditions of displaced Rohingya living in different camps in Bangladesh and the extent that the Rohingya pose a security risk for host country. The Government of Bangladesh and international humanitarian agencies have been successfully handling the refugee exodus. But despite progress, it is clear that the Rohingya remain in a precarious situation. After intensive field work, it is concluded that a small minority refugees are involved with anti-social activities in Bangladesh whereas the large majority of Rohingya is innocent. Nevertheless, the refugees’ long presence in border areas of Bangladesh is creating socio-economic pressure and environmental hazards on Bangladesh’s limited resources.
Cultural Determinants of Depression: An ethnographic perspective about mental health
Authors: InamullahLeghari Imtiaz Ali Seelro, Abdul Razaque Channa, 
Published: February 2021

This article is about cultural determinants of depression. The article explores relationship between cultural patterns and psycho-social factors causing depression among people living in a small rural village of Mir Karam Ali Khan Mangal district Kamber-Shahdadkot northern Sindh Pakistan. Current research also aims to investigate the local’s point of view about health, wellbeing, illness, and depression.
Qualitative methods were employed to conduct the research for understanding cultural nuances of depression as culture and health cannot be studied in isolation. Health system of any society is innately associated with the cultural ethos and practices.
Consequently, culture plays a significant role in shaping and developing overall health of an individual and society. There are few important factors such as family conflicts, change of moral values, famishment of wealth and economic hardships which are important cultural determinants of depression in selected research locale. The study has observed how cultural or social factors, one way or another, become the cause of depression.
Building Knowledge Management Through the Tacit Knowledge Video
Authors: Jamila Lestyowati Aniek Juliarini, 
Published: February 2021

One of the things done in the knowledge management is making tacit knowledge videos. This study aims to: (1) analyze the process of tacit knowledge video production; (2) analyze the obstacles faced in making tacit knowledge videos; (3) find a solution to the obstacles encountered in making video tacit knowledge. The method used is the action research method where the authors conducted this research themselves, and then analyzed in a descriptive qualitative manner. The study uses primary and secondary data in the form of processes and experiences conducted by researchers, literature study, and video searching on Kemenkeu Learning Center (KLC). The results showed that the making of video through a series of processes, which are pre-production, production, post-production, evaluation, and uploading on KLC. The obstacle of making videos is because there is no clarity of the deadline for completing the work in the quality control stage and the lack of Widyaiswara's ability to make videos. The results of this action research can be copied by other parties who will do similar research. Another important finding from this research is the need for employees with special expertise in the video making.