bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Quinn Emelia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The concluding chapter provides a comprehensive summary of the preceding arguments, reflecting on the pervasive presence of the monstrous vegan trope across the past 200 years of Anglophone literature. The Conclusion asserts that the monstrous vegan is more than simply an interesting facet of literary history. The monstrous vegan offers a vital way of re-conceptualizing veganism in the present moment, a way of thinking through the complex coming together of utopianism and insufficiency that inhere in vegan modes of being in the world. The monstrous vegan provides an apt figuration for such complexities, as a composition of hybrid remains that resists fixed or stable meaning. It provides also a way of thinking about veganism through literature, and acknowledges the discursively constructed nature of ethical identities more broadly. The re-conceptualization of veganism through the monstrous is of urgent necessity in a world under threat from ecological collapse.
Philosophy for Public Health and Public Policy
Authors: Wilson James 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This book provides a novel theory of the philosophy of public health and public policy. It is addressed both to philosophers and to policymakers, inviting policymakers to rethink the nature of public policy, and philosophers to rethink the nature of philosophy. The book is divided into three parts. Part I argues that a number of popular philosophical tools such as thought experiments are poorly calibrated for providing guidance to policymakers. It advances a new approach to philosophy, which draws both on pragmatism and on complex systems science. Part II examines the role of ethical values in public health. It argues that certain commonly expressed worries about public health paternalism are much less convincing than is often thought. It further argues that individuals have a right to public health. If a state does not take easy steps to reduce risks to health, then it will often violate individuals’ right to public health, and should be criticized as a Neglectful State. Part III integrates the complex systems analysis developed in Part I with the ethical framework developed in Part II. It examines three spheres in which public health policy needs to make choices—responsibility, equality, and networks, focusing on three challenges: (1) how to make use of judgements of responsibility, and whom to hold responsible; (2) how to specify the goal of health equity and how to pursue it and (3) the implications of the fact that most health risks are contagious or can be amplified by socially mediated networks of causes.
Internal and External Validity in Ethical Reasoning
Authors: Wilson James 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A particular approach to ethical reasoning has come to dominate much Anglo-American philosophy, one which assumes that the most rigorous method is to proceed by analysis of thought experiments. In thought experiments, features such as context and history are stripped away, and all factors other than those of ethical interest are stipulated to be equal. This chapter argues that even if a thought experiment produces results that are internally valid—in that it provides a genuine ethical insight about the highly controlled and simplified experimental scenario under discussion—this does not imply external validity. Just as in empirical experiments, there is a yawning gap between succeeding in the relatively easy project of establishing internal validity in a controlled and simplified context, and the more difficult one of establishing external validity in the messier and more complex real world.
Paternalism, Autonomy, and the Common Good
Authors: Wilson James 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Public health policies are often accused of being paternalistic, or to show the ‘Nanny State’ in action. This chapter argues that complaints about paternalism in public health policy are, for a variety of reasons, much less convincing than is often thought. First, for conceptual reasons, it is difficult to specify what it would be for a policy to be paternalistic. Second, two of the elements that make paternalism problematic at an individual level—interference with liberty and lack of individual consent—are endemic to public policy contexts in general and so cannot be used to support the claim that paternalism in particular is wrong. The chapter concludes that instead of debating whether a given policy is paternalistic, it would be better to ask whether the infringements of liberty it contains are justifiable, without placing any weight on whether or not those infringements of liberty are paternalistic.
Responsibility
Authors: Wilson James 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Public health policy requires decisions about how to distribute the burdens and benefits of reducing health-related risks. This chapter argues that responsibility should be assigned on the basis of the values that the health system is aiming to promote or respect, rather than by treating personal responsibility as an extrinsic ethical requirement on health system design. A health system’s answer to the question of whom to hold accountable, and how to do so, should be framed within the context of the right to public health. Where claims of irresponsibility are levelled, these should in the first instance be directed towards those who violate the right to public health, either through government or corporate agency, rather than at isolated individuals.
Communicable Disease
Authors: Wilson James 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the idea of contagion—of risk magnification and modulation through networks. The chapter examines three case studies, each of which raises different questions about the interplay of causal complexity, performativity, and policymaking: vaccination policy, drug resistant infections, and disease eradication. In vaccination policy, achieving herd immunity is often crucial, but attempts to do this are heavily dependent on public trust. Drug resistant infections arise, among other causes, through the inevitable impact of natural selection, and so require a shift towards an ecological perspective on disease. Finally, the possibility of disease eradication poses important questions about when and how to ensure that susceptible health threats are systematically and permanently removed from the environment.
Research Training in the Humanities in British Universities, c.1870–1939: Classical Studies, History, Philosophy
Authors: Howarth Janet 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Between the late-nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries the idea of the research university gained acceptance in Britain, but the development of research training in the humanities was slow and patchy. It attracted little State interest or funding. The PhD, introduced as a standard postgraduate qualification after the First World War, did not become a requirement for an academic career in the humanities for another half-century. How, then, did British academics acquire the expertise needed to advance knowledge, in a world of learning transformed by the achievements of European university scholarship and by access to new archival and archaeological source material? Some insight can be gained from the series of memoirs of Fellows published by the British Academy. The experience of individuals, how it might vary between disciplines and over time are issues explored here through the memoirs of a sample of FBAs representing classical studies, history, and philosophy who died between 1930 and 1970. The main focus is on change, or the limitations of change, in practices at the ancient English Universities: the great majority of Academicians were Cambridge or Oxford graduates, although their careers took them to professorial chairs across the expanding range of universities in the United Kingdom. FBA memoirs suggest that shifting perspectives on the German university paradigm help to explain the uneven development of research training and to reinforce commitment to a distinctively English idea of the university and academic style.
The Training and Disciplinary Identity of Linguists in Europe’s Long Nineteenth Century
Authors: Joseph John E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In the mid-19th century, the great centers of philological and linguistic study in Europe were a handful of German universities that led the way in organizing doctoral training. In seminars guided by a senior professor, students presented papers on specialized topics and had them critiqued and queried. This chapter takes a close look at the nature of such training in Germany and France through the experience of one Leipzig doctoral student who went on to lecture in Paris and Geneva, Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913). The political and cultural relations between Germany and France in the two decades following the Franco-Prussian War and the annexation of Alsace and Lorraine colored and complicated the importation of the Germany doctoral training model in the various branches of the University of Paris, and not least in the section of the École Pratique des Hautes Études in which Saussure was hired to lecture on Gothic and Old High German, to a student body made up disproportionately of displaced Alsatians. So significant was Saussure’s impact on the institution that his teaching set the agenda for French doctoral training in linguistics and adjacent areas at least through the 1960s, and indeed across Europe and beyond – this despite the fact that he was never in a position to direct a single doctoral thesis himself. The chapter considers as well how the disciplinary identity of linguistics came to be formed in this period, and how it went on to develop over the ensuing decades.
Inventing Laboratory Science in Meiji Japan
Authors: Kikuchi Yoshiyuki 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter investigates the way in which laboratory science and training were introduced to Japanese universities in the Meiji period (1868–1912), with a strong emphasis on ‘laboratory’ as both a concept and a physical space. In the late 1860s and early 1870s, when ‘laboratory’ started to appear in Japanese lexicons for Western languages, the word was simply translated into Japanese as ‘a workplace for chemists’, revealing its chemical origins and the lack of a concise Japanese term corresponding to it. The 1870s and 1880s saw the diversification of laboratories and the coining of suitable words for them, the two most frequently used being shiken shitsu 試験室 and jikken shitsu 実験室. The former was used mainly for chemical, assaying, and electrical laboratories where materials were examined, often with industrial purposes in mind. The latter had the much broader meaning of a place for students to examine, experience, or observe natural phenomena and even make medical diagnoses. The dominance of jikken shitsu as the translation for a university laboratory, by the early 1900s, was due to its capacity to embrace a variety of rooms with different functions for different disciplines. It also signaled the establishment of its core meaning as a space for individual training; a prototype space for the training of research scholars, giving each student the opportunity to witness and experience disciplinary practices. To reveal how such training was provided there, this chapter examines the design of laboratories for chemistry—the archetypal laboratory science—by focusing on the following four aspects of training: 1) student supervision, 2) combined laboratory work and seminars, 3) socializing, and 4) the formation of the ‘research imperative’.
Teaching and Research in Colonial Bombay
Authors: Mathew John , Sohoni Pushkar 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Bombay did not play the kind of administrative nodal role that first Madras and later Calcutta did in terms of overarching governance in the Indian subcontinent, occupying instead a pivotal position for the region’s commerce and industry. Nonetheless, the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in Bombay were a formative age for education and research in science, as in the other Presidencies. A colonial government, a large native population enrolled in the new European-style educational system, and the rise of several institutions of instruction and learning, fostered an environment of scientific curiosity. The Asiatic Society of Bombay (1804), which was initially the hub of research in all disciplines, became increasingly antiquarian and ethnographic through the course of the nineteenth century. The Victoria and Albert Museum (conceived in 1862 and built by 1871 and opened to the public in 1872), was established to carry out research on the industrial arts of the region, taking for its original collections fine and decorative arts that highlight practices and crafts of various communities in the Bombay Presidency. The University of Bombay (1857) was primarily tasked with teaching, and it was left to other establishments to conduct research. Key institutions in this regard included the Bombay Natural History Society (1883) given to local studies of plants and animals, and the Haffkine Institute (1899), which examined the role of plague that had been a dominant feature of the social cityscape from 1896. The Royal Institute of Science (1920) marked a point of departure, as it was conceived as a teaching institution but its lavish funding demanded a research agenda, especially at the post-graduate level. The Prince of Wales Museum (1922) would prove to be seminal in matters of collection and display of objects for the purpose of research. All of these institutions would shape the intellectual debates in the city concerning higher education. Typically founded by European colonial officials, they would increasingly be administered and staffed by Indians.
A Cradle of Chinese Physics Researchers
Authors: Hu Danian 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the development of the department of physics at Yenching University, an American-funded missionary institution in Beijing, China during the Republican period. It shows how the department evolved from a primitive premedical teaching program to a major center of physics education and research. It also reveals the significant role of the Rockefeller Foundation in this development, partly as the sponsor of the Premedical School of Peking Union Medical College. Founded in 1917, the Premedical School shared with Yenching’s science departments its advanced facilities and in 1926 became part of the university. In 1927, the department created a Master of Science program in physics, the first of its kind in China, promoting original research among its faculty and students. Before the Japanese army shut down the university in December 1941, more than ninety Chinese young men and women had completed their study in this department with a research thesis. A considerable number of Yenching graduates went on to earn their doctorates in America or Europe and subsequently returned home, becoming leading physicists in China in the twentieth century. Among them, Kun Huang (黃昆, Class 1941) and Chia-Lin Hsieh (謝家麟, Class 1943) even won the State Preeminent Science and Technology Awards, the highest scientific honor in China, in 2001 and 2011 respectively.
Herod in History
Authors: Czajkowski Kimberley , Eckhardt Benedikt 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Most of our information about Herod the Great derives from the accounts found in Josephus’ Jewish War and Jewish Antiquities. Together they constitute quite a unique resource on one of the most famous personalities of ancient history. But whence did Josephus get his information? It is commonly agreed that his primary source was Nicolaus of Damascus, Herod’s court historian, though the extent to which Josephus adapted his material remains disputed. This book takes a modern source-critical approach to Josephus’ extensive account of Herod’s reign to suggest that Josephus did indeed rely heavily on Nicolaus’s work, but that previous scholarship was mistaken in seeing Nicolaus as a mere propagandist. Nicolaus may have begun his Universal History while Herod was alive, but he finished it after his death. He thus had no reason to write propaganda. This makes his work all the more interesting, for what we have instead is something rather different: a Syrian intellectual claiming a place in Augustan Rome, by telling a story about what the Augustan World looks like on the Eastern periphery. We delineate Nicolaus’ approach to various critical topics in Herod’s reign in order to reveal the Damascene’s perception of client kingship, the impact of empire, and the difficulties involved in ruling Judaea. Most significantly of all, we uncover an Eastern intellectual’s view on how to succeed and how to fail in the new Augustan world order.
Herod on the Rise
Authors: Czajkowski Kimberley , Benedikt Eckhardt 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter covers Herod’s rise to kingship. It seeks to embed the ‘rising star narrative’ that we find in BJ 1 and AJ 14 into Nicolaus’ historical framework as far as it can be reconstructed from the fragments. This leads to a new hypothesis on the role of Herod’s Idumean origins in Nicolaus’ narrative. The chapter ultimately shows how Nicolaus’ portrait of the young Herod connected timeless patterns of universal history with the specific conditions created by Rome’s rise to universal power, and thus had a special appeal to an Augustan readership.
Herod the Husband
Authors: Czajkowski Kimberley , Benedikt Eckhardt 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
What made a tyrant? It is in the so-called ‘domestic’ portion of the narratives that the seeds of Herod’s gradual descent are most clearly brought to the fore, and we see the familiar traits from ancient literature emerging: paranoia, suspicion, and cruelty among them. Josephus explicitly criticizes Nicolaus’ handling of two key episodes within the domestic sphere: the execution of Mariamne, Herod’s Hasmonean wife, and that of her sons. We argue that, in spite of this overt criticism, Josephus’ treatment of these incidents closely follows Nicolaus, who did indeed include tyrannical elements in his treatment of the king. The death of Mariamne is the focus of this chapter: in addition to the ‘tragic’ elements that are so often noted in her downfall, there is a strong undercurrent of a Hasmonean political threat that directly picks up on those themes noted in the narrative of Herod’s rise to power (Chapter 2). Within this, we also see the seeds of Herod’s descent from energetic usurper to indolent, overpowered monarch.
Herod and the People’s Front of Judaea
Authors: Czajkowski Kimberley , Benedikt Eckhardt 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses resistance against Herod. There are three occasions in Josephus’ works where Jews prefer death over subjection to Herod. These are normally understood as heroic episodes, and it is likely that Josephus intended them to be understood this way. However, detailed analysis uncovers an underlying layer of mockery: Nicolaus seems to have included these episodes from three different stages of Herod’s life (his fight for the throne, the middle of his reign, and his very last days) to show what sort of irrational opposition the king (and Nicolaus himself) constantly had to deal with. This not only justified Herod’s descent into tyranny, but also allowed Nicolaus’ readers a glimpse into the limits of Roman rule: some people just won’t learn.
Hearing God’s Command
Authors: McKenny Gerald 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
When we claim that the command of God as a moral norm is rationally intelligible, we mean that it is in principle knowable, that we can reason about it, and that we can hold one another accountable to it. Barth’s theological ethics accommodates all three of these requisites. He holds that although we do not strictly know the specific action God will command, we have an approximate knowledge of it, and that in our asking it of God we stand in the space where it can be heard. He also holds that although our moral reasoning does not give us a definitive answer to what God requires and that we must bring our reasons before God’s ultimate verdict on them, the consideration of reasons for and against a proposed action or course of action is essential to hearing God’s command. Finally, he holds that human beings are bound to one another in relations of mutual speaking and hearing God’s commands, and these relations are at least implicitly relations of mutual accountability for what we hear as God’s command.
Schopenhauer on Compassion as the Basis of Morality
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents five claims that are involved in Schopenhauer’s view that compassion is the basis of morality and whose truth is examined in the book. In this chapter it is argued in particular that if, in opposition to him, positive feelings of pleasure and joy are taken to exist in their own right like negative feelings of pain and suffering, compassion cannot be the only moral motive. It must be supplemented by attitudes like sympathy with positive feelings and benevolence. These attitudes are like compassion in being based on empathy. Other claims of his that are examined in the book are that compassion involves identifying with another, that justice is a form of compassion, and that compassion can be universal.
Morality and the Distinction between Oneself and Others
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In On What Matters Derek Parfit adopts Henry Sidgwick’s idea of a duality of practical reason consisting in there being personal reasons to care about our own well-being as well as moral reasons to care about everyone else’s well-being. But this sits ill with his well-known claim in Reasons and Persons that personal identity is not what matters. For this implies that were we to divide into two individuals, we would have the same reasons to care about these individuals as ourselves, though they are distinct from us. It is suggested that this is because we empathize with them in the same way as with ourselves in the future, ‘from the inside’, and that considerations of justice do not apply to them because their wills are too dependent on our wills.
The Partiality and Moral Importance of Empathy
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Paul Bloom and Jesse Prinz have argued that empathy is a poor guide to morality because it is partial, focused on individuals who are near and dear to us, present before our senses, and similar to us, etc. It is here conceded that this is true of spontaneous empathy, but that empathy can be voluntarily controlled and reflective because it consists in imagining what somebody else than ourselves at present is feeling. This means that we can counteract the partiality of our spontaneous empathy, though it is exceedingly difficult to overcome all partiality which is necessary for the kind of universal compassion envisaged by Schopenhauer. In this chapter an attempt is also made to make sense of his conception of the relation between such compassion and ascetic self-renunciation.
Biases in Favour of the Negative
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Contrary to Schopenhauer’s claim that positive feelings consist simply in the cessation of negative feelings, it is contended that positive feelings are feelings just like negative feelings. But there is a bias or asymmetry in favour of the negative to the effect that negative feelings can in general have a greater intensity: pain can be more intense than pleasure, depression than elation, etc. This is because negative feelings often signal losses that are irreversible, and that by themselves guarantee reductions of well-being, whereas this is not true of the improvements signalled by positive feelings. Due to this asymmetry, compassion can be stronger than sympathetic joy and, as these emotions provide moral reasons, this explains why, intuitively, it seems morally more urgent to prevent what is bad than to produce what is good as, e.g. negative utilitarianism maintains.