bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does Goal Orientation Modulate Satisfaction With Cognitive Performance in Different Age Groups?
Authors: Gong Xianmin , Freund Alexandra M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Objectives
The current experiment tested the causal effect of goal orientation on subjective satisfaction with performance on a cognitive task.

Method
A sample of N = 231 young, middle-aged, and older adults (21–79 years) completed a dot-memory task in one of 3 goal orientation conditions aiming for improvement, maintenance, or avoidance of decline in performance.

Results
Bayesian analyses showed that in all age groups, goal orientation influenced actual performance, but did not affect perceived performance or performance satisfaction. Performance satisfaction was positively correlated with perceived performance, but not with actual performance.

Discussion
The findings suggest that whether goal orientation benefits older adults’ subjective well-being might depend on (a) the goal content (previous research targeted personal goals) or (b) whether it enhances their perception of the status quo (and thus reduces the discrepancy between actual and desired states). This study contributes to a better understanding of the role of goal orientation in subjective well-being across adulthood.
PSV-12 The impact of modern diets and growth technologies on animal growth performance and the carbon footprint of cattle feeding
Authors: Crawford David M , Hales Kristin E , Smock Taylor M , Cole Andy , Samuelson Kendall L 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Both dietary ingredients and technology used in the feedlot cattle industry have evolved in the past 30 years. As consumer concern for the sustainability of the feedlot cattle production increases, it is important to understand how production efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions have changed in this period. For this study, a model was developed to represent feedlot diets and technologies used in 1990 vs. 2020 and evaluate changes in growth performance and carbon footprint. Dietary changes from 1990 to 2020 included the use of byproduct feeds while decreasing corn and dry roughage inclusion rates. In 1990, available technologies included estradiol-only implants and monensin as a feed additive; whereas in 2020 use of combination implants including both trenbolone acetate and estradiol, monensin, and ractopamine hydrochloride (in the final 28 to 42 d) were common. In both 1990 and 2020 use of available technologies increased final body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency, and hot carcass weight (HCW) compared to no technology. From 1990 to 2020 initial BW, final BW, ADG, gain to feed ratio, and HCW increased, and dry matter intake decreased. Total days on feed (DOF) also increased by 43 days from 1990 to 2020. Compared to no technology, use of technologies in both 1990 and 2020 decreased total greenhouse gas emissions per animal (CO2e). Because cattle had greater DOF in 2020 than 1990, all sources of greenhouse gas emissions per animal increased. However, when expressed as CO2e/kg BW gain, emissions have decreased by 12.6% because of greater total BW gain in 2020. Feedlots in 2020 produced 48.15% more BW gain with 6.7% less cattle, while only increasing total CO2e by 23.42%, indicating changes in technologies and diet formulations have improved efficiency and reduced the carbon footprint of feedlot cattle production in the past 30 years.
PSII-19 The Effects of Maternal Programming on Dairy Bull Calf Response to an Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test
Authors: Eaton Lindsey , Barney Amanda , Lally Jordan , Gately Rachael , Hoffman Maria L 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Calves are prone to health issues with high mortality observed during the first 3 weeks of life. We hypothesized that dam milk production levels and/or mastitis infection during gestation will lead to reduced insulin production and increased circulating glucose concentration in response to an Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test (IVGTT) in young dairy bull calves. Calves (n = 45) were selected from dams classified has high producers (HI; Top 25% for herd M305; n = 7), high producers with high somatic cell count (SCC; HIMAST; SCC test during gestation over 200,000 cells/mL; n = 15), moderate producers (MOD; lower 60% for herd M305; n =17) or moderate producers with high SCC (MODMAST; n = 6). IVGTT were performed on the calves at 7 weeks of age. Blood samples were collected prior to (-30, -15 and 0 min) infusion of glucose. After glucose (0.15 grams /kg bw) administration, samples were collected at 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, and 120-minutes post infusion. Serum insulin and glucose concentrations were determined at Cornell Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory (Ithica, NY). Data were analysed in SAS using Proc Mixed. Insulin:glucose ratio was analysed using Proc Mixed with repeated measures for treatment x time. No effect of maternal milk production and/or mastitis infection during gestation was observed on calf baseline insulin, insulin AUC, baseline glucose or glucose AUC (P ≥ 0.12). Similarly, no difference in Insulin:Glucose ratio was observed in these calves (P = 0.66). In conclusion, high maternal milk production and/or mastitis infection may not have an effect on circulating insulin production in calves in response to an IVGTT. Correlation analyses will be performed on these data, as well as additional analyses, to determine if insulin sensitivity or response (ie: phase 1 response) was altered further.
PSII-16 Potential of sensor technology to detect changes in behavior related to health status of ewes following exposure to mold-contaminated feed
Authors: Gurule Sara C , Aguirre Melissa , Forrest Kylee , Flores Victor V , Wenzel John , Tobin Colin , Bailey Derek , Hernandez Gifford Jennifer A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Behavior can be a valuable indicator of an animal’s health and wellness state, emphasizing the importance of monitoring changes in behavior. Sensor technologies can identify changes in animal activity, providing the potential to detect abnormal behavior associated with health status and animal welfare. The aim of this study was to investigate sheep behavior before and after illness caused by mold-contaminated feed using tri-axial accelerometers. Twenty-five ewes were fitted with HerdDogg biometric accelerometer ear tags. Thirteen ewes also had Axivity AX3 accelerometers attached on the opposite side ear tag. Tri-axial accelerometers were attached to mature ewes for the purpose of parturition evaluation, when an unexpected ration change occurred. The entire sheep flock was exposed to mold-contaminated feed, symptoms were immediately observed, and symptomatic ewes were treated with a veterinarian directed protocol. Accelerometer data were evaluated 4 days prior to exposure (d -4 to -1); on day of ration change (d 0); and 4 days post exposure (d 1 to 4). Herddogg accelerometer data from 3 ewes displaying symptoms identified a decrease in activity (P ≤ 0.03) for 2 days after feed exposure compared to the 4 days before exposure. Three days after exposure and 2 days after treatment, no difference in activity was detected (P &gt; 0.05) between pre- and post-activity levels. Herddogg accelerometers can identify similar behavioral changes as Axivity accelerometers. The correlation of the standard deviation of movement intensity derived from the Axivity accelerometer and the Herddogg activity metric was 0.67. It is crucial to detect subtle behavioral changes at onset of illness, to allow for prompt producer intervention before animal health is compromised. These results suggest that real-time or near-real time accelerometers, such as Herddogg, have potential to detect illness in ewes in a pen setting.
PSII-B-23 Implementation of a design thinking approach to problem-based learning in an animal science capstone
Authors: Paudyal Sushil , Frenzel Leslie , Donaldson Jonan , Dunlap Kathrin , Wiegert Jeffrey 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objective is to present a strategy for attainment of capstone course objectives using design thinking. Problem based learning has long been incorporated into STEM, and yet inclusion of a formalized design thinking strategy is a novel approach for student-led cooperative learning. Relevancy of content and potential student impact upon the industry was established via the inclusion of stakeholders representing state livestock commodity groups who, via Zoom, met with students to present an overview of challenges facing their respective industries. Students, working in teams, used these conversations to formulate complex problems as the basis of their design thinking process. Subsequent steps of convergent and divergent thinking and low and high-fidelity prototyping led to creation of prototype solutions, which were continuously revised based upon feedback received after deployment. Solutions were prepared for dissemination to varied audiences using multiple communication strategies. Students were required to develop a technical report, scientific poster, infographic, narrated video, and oral presentation. The necessary buy-in from instructors, guest lecturers, students, and stakeholders is significant and a potential challenge to be addressed from the onset of the course. Further, use of design thinking typically requires students to transition from traditional course delivery and assessments to real world situations in which they receive process guidance, but must develop problem solutions themselves. Students required both prompting and restraint to follow the design thinking process. Frequent and transparent communication are helpful in ameliorating student frustration. The student group dynamic was heavily influenced due to covid-19, as teams contained a mix of students physically attending classes and those working remotely. Preliminary feedback suggests that all students engaging remotely via a Zoom meeting helps to create a more equitable and productive working environment. In its first iteration, students are engaged in design thinking and achieving capstone course objectives on schedule.
PSII-B-20 Benefits of a lecture teaching assistant in hiflex courses
Authors: Barnes Taylor , Leatherwood Jessica L , Dunlap Kathrin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic has required implantation of online education strategies, even for animal science courses, that are traditionally delivered face-to-face (F2F). As universities reopened many students were given the option of attending classes either F2F or remotely via live stream. This scenario, where some students are present in-person while others are present online simultaneously, is referred to as hiflex teaching. Face-to-face and online teaching strategies are established and literature contains pedagogical information, however hiflex teaching presents previously unencountered challenges. It can be difficult for instructors to maintain engagement with, essentially, two separative audiences of students. The objective was to address this issue by providing a graduate teaching assistant (TA) to large lecture courses, where traditionally TA positions were reserved only for lab courses. The hypothesis was that this would enable both audiences to receive appropriate focus. In this study, a TA attended the F2F lecture for an introductory equine science course (total students: n = 75; remote students: n= ~55), with the role of monitoring the simultaneous Zoom session with remote students. We found that questions from remote students increased when they had the ability to post them in real-time using the Zoom chat feature, as opposed waiting for a break in instruction in F2F situations. Having the TA present in the classroom enabled them to answer basic questions via Zoom, and to interact with the instructor should a question arise online that would benefit all students in the course. This allowed the instructor to effectively teach without taking up valuable class time alternating between programs on the computer and risking missing an online student question. This approach received positive feedback from the instructor and students alike. Additionally, it provided a novel teaching experience for a graduate TA. Similar strategies may be used to help to facilitate future success in hiflex courses.
Intrinsic Motivation, Psychological Needs, and Competition: A Self-Determination Theory Analysis
Authors: Ryan Richard M. , Reeve Johnmarshall 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Competition is an apt place to experience intrinsic motivation, as competitive settings are often rich with optimal challenges and immediate, effectance-relevant feedback. Yet competition can also undermine intrinsic motivation and sustained engagement by introducing controlling pressures and negative feedback. To explain the contrasting effects of competitive settings on intrinsic motivation, this chapter presents a self-determination theory analysis. According to the theory, when elements of competitive settings are experienced as controlling or pressuring, they undermine competitors’ autonomy, decreasing intrinsic motivation. However, when these elements are perceived as both non-controlling and competence-informing, they can satisfy both autonomy and competence needs, enhancing intrinsic motivation. Unpacking these motivational crosscurrents, the authors identify the motivational implications of different elements of competition, including competitive set, pressure to win, feedback and competitive outcomes, challenge, leaders’ motivating styles, team interpersonal climate, and intrapersonal events such as ego-involvement. The authors also examine both positive and negative effects of competition on the need for relatedness. The chapter concludes by discussing how conditions that foster the need-satisfying aspects of competition not only enhance intrinsic motivation but also help prevent the emergence of competition’s darker sides, such as cheating, doping, objectifying opponents, aggression, and poor sportspersonship.
Japan
Authors: Evangelista Stefano 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In the second half of the nineteenth century, literary decadence developed in parallel with japonisme, the taste for Japanese art and culture that seized Western countries following Japan’s opening to foreign trade. This article starts with an analysis of how the intertwining of japonisme and art for art’s sake pioneered by visual artists influenced writers associated with decadence, such as Walter Pater, Arthur Symons, and Oscar Wilde. The evolving relationship between decadence and japonisme assumed a distinctive character in the work of Lafcadio Hearn, who lived in Japan all through the 1890s and wrote a series of influential books about the country. The article closes with an account of how ideas of decadence traveled back to Japan. Yōshū Chikanobu’s color prints reverse the orientalist gaze of Western artists by documenting a Japanese fascination with European culture that traditionalists viewed as a symptom of decadence. As Japanese literature opened itself to cosmopolitan influences, key writers such as Natsume Sōseki, Tanizaki Junichirō, and Mishima Yukio borrowed from Western literatures to provide ambivalent depictions of Japan’s social and cultural changes.
Religious Rituals and Logical Thought in Durkheim
Authors: Karsenti Bruno 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, ritual has a central function in Durkheim’s argument. It is on its redefinition that the constitution of sacred things rests, in relation to the constitution of the group itself and to the formation of categories of thought. In this study, we restore the basis of this conception: the interpretation of the ritual of the intichiuma, and more particularly its mimetic dimension, which prevails over its sacrificial dimension. The relationship between practice and objective thought then turns out to be the touchstone of the concept of the sacred developed by Durkheim.
Time and Democratic Deliberation
Authors: Fumagalli Corrado 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter delves into debates about time and democratic deliberation. Deliberative democrats have developed sequential models but tend to think of time mainly as a background variable. Critics have drawn attention to the inadequacy of deliberation in accelerated society but, in so doing, have conflated arguments about the pace of democratic deliberation with arguments about its durational time. Democratic deliberation may be slow and inconclusive, but one aspect does not necessarily entail the other. It is against this backdrop that the chapter sheds light on a diachronic reading of fallibilism in order to advance a more favorable reading of inconclusiveness.
Transcranial Electrical Stimulation Devices
Authors: Truong Dennis Q. , Khadka Niranjan , Peterchev Angel V. , Bikson Marom 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) devices apply electrical waveforms through electrodes placed on the scalp to modulate brain function. This chapter describes the principles, types, and components of tES devices as well as practical considerations for their use. All tES devices include a waveform generator, electrodes, and an adhesive or headgear to position the electrodes. tES dose is defined by the size and position of electrodes, and the waveform, duration, and intensity of the current. Many sub-classes of tES are named based on dose. This chapter focuses on low-intensity tES, which includes transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), and transcranial pulsed current stimulation (tPCS). tES electrode types are reviewed, including electrolyte-soaked sponge, adhesive hydrogel, high-definition, hand-held solid metal, free paste on electrode, and dry. Computational models support device design and individual targeting. The tolerability of tES is protocol specific, and medical-grade devices minimize risk.
Transcranial ultrasound modulation
Authors: Pauly Kim Butts , Qiu Zhihai , Legon Wynn 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Ultrasound neuromodulation is a promising technology for probing brain function and treating brain dysfunction given its non-invasiveness and high spatiotemporal resolution. Recent years have witnessed rapid advances in this field including both stimulatory and inhibitory effects in cortical and subcortical brain regions. This chapter summarizes the basic physics and recent findings on the mechanisms of ultrasound neuromodulation and experimental applications in cell and tissue preparations, rodents, large animals, non-human primates, and humans. The ultrasound hardware is briefly described, as well as the major relevant tradeoffs in pulse parameters. Safety data as well as general considerations and limitations for using ultrasound for neuromodulation are also discussed.
Slaving Practices in the Early Greek World
Authors: van Wees Hans 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The Greek world contained many slave societies from the beginning of the archaic age. By the time of Homer and Hesiod, ownership of numerous non-Greek slaves was an integral part of elite status. Despite earlier views to the contrary, imported ‘barbarian’ slaves did not replace an older spectrum of ‘dependent’ native Greek workers but if anything preceded the forms of slavery imposed on indigenous populations. Debt-bondage emerged only in the late seventh century. This may also have been when so-called ‘helotic’ slaveries were extended across Messenia, Thessaly, and Crete, and when they were imposed on the native peoples of Syracuse and Byzantium. The latter part of the archaic age saw larger-scale employment of imported slaves in regions that began to specialize in labour-intensive forms of agriculture such as viticulture, but the basic patterns and practices of slave-owning emerged at the start of the archaic age and remained the same throughout.
Material Evidence
Authors: Dyson Stephen L. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Slaves were central to every aspect of Roman society. However¸ they are difficult to identify in the archaeological record. Most were genetically similar to the free population. Unlike slaves in the American ante-bellum South they did not have distinctive residential systems and foodways that can be differentiated archaeologically from those of free persons. Structures related to slavery like market buildings or slave barracks are not easily identified. In contrast, freed slaves, common in ancient Rome are very visible, especially in mortuary monuments. This chapter surveys the extent to which material evidence can shed light on various aspects of the life course of slaves, from enslavement through slave life, to death or manumission.
Gladiators
Authors: Carter Michael J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This paper argues for the professionalism of the gladiators and their combat-spectacles. It examines the rules that governed the combats, the expectations placed on those engaged in them, their extensive training, the organization of those involved and the costs associated with the spectacle. The stress is on the skill, courage, and discipline displayed by the gladiators in combat. It also considers the attitudes of the spectators: their knowledge of the combat techniques and their expectations are key to evaluating the social and cultural impact of the spectacle in Roman society. Given the time, energy, and resources devoted to staging and watching gladiatorial combats, there is little doubt about their social and cultural significance. A variety of evidence is employed, especially epigraphic, in order to reconstruct the events in the arena.
Cult and Competition
Authors: Dillon Matthew J. P. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAncient Greek festivals honoured the gods with sacrifice, procession, and frequently with contests of an athletic nature. While these competitions were watched by hundreds and sometimes thousands of people, especially in the case of Panhellenic festivals, the primary purpose of these contests was not to delight crowds but to honour the gods. Athletics in Ancient Greece were organized within religious frameworks, occurring within a festival honouring a particular god, and often with sacred truces being proclaimed so that contestants and spectators could travel safely to athletic venues. Athletes swore oaths to the gods not to cheat, and prayed to them for victory. Girls could compete in running races in honour of goddesses. Zeus was believed to watch the games of the Olympia festival, and the goddess Nike was represented in art as crowning the successful athlete on behalf of the gods. Sport and cult were inextricably combined in ancient Greece.