bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design of Oxygen‐doped Co3S4 Hollow Nanosheets by Suppressed Sulfurization for Supercapacitors
Authors: Zhang Xu , Tian Yuhan , Lu Wang , Yang Shixuan , Qu Ning , Zhang Qiang , Lei Da , Liu Anmin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCobalt sulfides can be considered as auspicious electrode materials for supercapacitors due to the good electrical conductivity and high reversible redox capability. In this study, the O‐doped Co3S4 hollow nanosheets supported on carbon paper (O−Co3S4/CP) are facilely prepared through a suppressed sulfurization method by using CP‐supported Co‐ZIF as the precursor and methanol as the solvent. The hollow nanosheets not only offer fast transport pathways but also provide abundant redox active sites. Furthermore, theoretical calculations indicate that the O doping can enhance the adsorption ability of OH− on O−Co3S4 with electrochemical activity and electrical conductivity improvement. Owing to the advantages of the appropriate composition and unique structure, the as‐made hollow structure O−Co3S4/CP shows a remarkable specific capacitance of 755 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1, while a good rate performance of 65 % capacitance retention at 10 A g−1 can be reached. Moreover, the asymmetric supercapacitors assembled by O−Co3S4/CP and activated carbon electrodes yield an energy density of 21.3 Wh kg−1 with power density of 0.75 kW kg−1. The present work can offer a useful guidance for the exploitation of O doped cobalt sulfides hollow nanosheets for supercapacitors.
Iron Binding in the Ferroxidase Site of Human Mitochondrial Ferritin
Authors: Ciambellotti Silvia , Pratesi Alessandro , Tassone Giusy , Turano Paola , Mangani Stefano , Pozzi Cecilia 
Published: August 2021

AbstractFerritins are nanocage proteins that store iron ions in their central cavity as hydrated ferric oxide biominerals. In mammals, further the L (light) and H (heavy) chains constituting cytoplasmic maxi‐ferritins, an additional type of ferritin has been identified, the mitochondrial ferritin (MTF). Human MTF (hMTF) is a functional homopolymeric H‐like ferritin performing the ferroxidase activity in its ferroxidase site (FS), in which Fe(II) is oxidized to Fe(III) in the presence of dioxygen. To better investigate its ferroxidase properties, here we performed time‐lapse X‐ray crystallography analysis of hMTF, providing structural evidence of how iron ions interact with hMTF and of their binding to the FS. Transient iron binding sites, populating the pathway along the cage from the iron entry channel to the catalytic center, were also identified. Furthermore, our kinetic data at variable iron loads indicate that the catalytic iron oxidation reaction occurs via a diferric peroxo intermediate followed by the formation of ferric‐oxo species, with significant differences with respect to human H‐type ferritin.
Reactivity and Passivation of Fe Nanoclusters on h‐BN/Rh(111)
Authors: Waleska Natalie J. , Düll Fabian , Bachmann Philipp , Hemauer Felix , Steinhauer Johann , Papp Christian 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe reactivity of iron nanocluster arrays on h‐BN/Rh(111) was studied using in situ high‐resolution X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The morphology and reactivity of the iron nanoclusters (Fe‐NCs) were investigated by CO adsorption. On‐top and hollow/edge sites were determined to be the available adsorption sites on the as‐prepared Fe‐NCs and CO dissociation was observed at 300 K. C‐ and O‐precovered Fe‐NCs showed no catalytic activity towards CO dissociation because the hollow/edge sites were blocked by the C and O atoms. Therefore, these adsorption sites were identified to be the most active sites of the Fe‐NCs.
Imaging and Identifying BSA Biofouling through the Combination of Fluorescence Microscopy and Flux Experiments
Authors: Widing Charles S. , Ruffle‐Deignan Nathan R. , Stennett Elana M. S. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBiofouling decreases efficiency of membrane‐based water filtration, like desalination, because fouling decreases flow rates. Understanding biofouling mechanism is crucial for increased implementation of desalination though few techniques for studying this exist. Flux experiments are combined with fluorescent membrane images to determine the biofouling mechanism of bovine serum albumin (BSA), a common model protein, with two mixed cellulose ester membranes. Samples containing 1% to 12% fluorescently tagged BSA (remaining protein unlabeled) are tested to determine the ideal amount of labeled protein. Due to large standard deviation in the fouling decays, the relative flux decays are fit for statistical analysis. No correlation between the decay and amount of labeled protein is found, suggesting the dye has little impact on the fouling. A 2.5% or 5% labeled protein sample is optimal to generate images and visualize the beginning of cake formation (blockage of membrane pores). By fitting the flux data to biofouling mechanism equations, it is concluded BSA deposits in the membrane pores eventually leading to cake formation. These results are corroborated using scanning electron microscopy images. Combining flux and fluorescence microscopy allows for further insight into biofouling mechanism and can be applied to other biological molecules to improve filtration techniques.
Tools for Planning Local Mitigation of Water‐Driven Soil Erosion Resulting from Impacts of Future Climate Change
Authors: Köhn Janine , Meißner Ralph , Rupp Holger , Reinstorf Frido 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDue to the consequences of climate change impacts municipal planners and local administrations need to develop long‐term strategies to protect soil bodies. For this purpose, practicable and free available tools are developed, that allow to estimate the erosivity of rainfall and discharge, considering the effects of land use changes and climate change impacts. This paper presents a stepwise estimation of water erosivity at agricultural areas as well as streams using the developed practicable tools step model of infiltration with calculation of direct flow and soil erosion (ero‐SMINF), German universal soil loss equation integrated into a geographic information system (ABAGis), and stream erosion model (SEM). The tools are developed and tested at two catchments in mountainous areas in Central Germany, Vietzbach and Regenbeek. The results for the Vietzbach catchment, which is mostly affected by sheet erosion, indicated that most of the erosive events occur during summer. The most probable change in soil erosion resulting from climate change (RCP8.5) shows an increasing erosion of up to 16% comparing to the current state. In the Regenbeek catchment, where stream bed erosion is dominant, calculations with the SEM show for the same scenario, that erosion can be reduced mainly by widening the stream bed.
A biometrics‐based anonymous authentication and key agreement scheme for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Fan Qing , Chen Jianhua , Xu Feng , Li Li , Luo Min 
Published: August 2021

SummaryWireless sensor networks (WSNs) are widespreadly applicable for information acquisition and processing in various fields such as military, healthcare, envrionment monitoring, and so on. WSNs have three main components: sensors, gateways, and users. The sensing information from sensors is transmitted to users through gateways. However, the public wireless networks are vulnerable to malicious active and passive attacks, which could bring security and privacy issues. Numerous two‐factor based authentication and key agreement (AKA) protocols have been proposed to solve these issues, whereas these schemes still have some deficiencies. Three‐factor based authentication method can make up for the drawbacks of two‐factor based schemes. Kumari and Renuka put forward a biometrics‐based AKA for WSNs with elliptic curve cryptography (ECC). But their scheme cannot maintain anonymity and resist to impersonality attack, replay attack, and DoS attack. In this article, we propose a biometrics‐based anonymous AKA scheme, which is equipped with the covered security requirements of WSNs. Meanwhile, the proposed scheme are provably secure in the three‐party AKA security model. Performance analysis demonstrates that our scheme has better security properties, communication cost, and computational cost compared with five recent and related schemes.
Performance evaluation of Java/PCJ implementation of parallel algorithms on the cloud (extended version)
Authors: Nowicki Marek , Górski Łukasz , Bała Piotr 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLarge‐scale computing and data processing with cloud resources is gaining popularity. However, the usage of the cloud differs from traditional high‐performance computing (HPC) systems and both algorithms and codes have to be adjusted. This work is often time‐consuming and performance is not guaranteed. To address this problem we have developed the PCJ library (parallel computing in Java), a novel tool for scalable HPC and big data processing in Java. In this article, we present a performance evaluation of parallel applications implemented in Java using the PCJ library. The performance evaluation is based on the examples of highly scalable applications of different characteristics focusing on CPU, communication or I/O. They run on the traditional HPC system and Amazon web services Cloud as well as Linaro Developer Cloud. For the clouds, we have used Intel x86 and ARM processors for running Java codes without changing any line of the program code and without the need for time‐consuming recompilation. Presented applications have been parallelized using the partitioned global address space programming model and its realization in the PCJ library. Our results prove that the PCJ library, due to its performance and ability to create simple portable code, has great promise to be successful for the parallelization of various applications and run them on the cloud with a performance close to HPC systems.
Variation of forage quality traits in Tunisian populations of Brachypodium hybridum in response to phosphorus deficiency
Authors: Neji Mohamed , Tlahig Samir , Hessini Kamel , Taamalli Wael , Abdelly Chedly , Kouas Saber 
Published: August 2021

AbstractNatural populations of plants may express plastic response, evolve local adaptation, or combine both mechanisms to enhance their genetic variation. Here, 79 lines from Tunisian Brachypodium hybridum populations were cultivated in two contrasting phosphorus (P) availability levels, and their genetic variation was investigated using forage quality traits to identify the mechanisms governing their genetic variation. Results revealed large variation among populations for most traits and separation between coastal and inland populations in both P levels. All traits revealed high heritability, and the response of most traits to P deficiency was influenced by the population effect which accounted 52.38% of the variation, indicating strong population differentiation. Although significant for most traits, only 18.13% of variation was attributed to P treatment, suggesting little plastic response to P deficiency. However, the lack of population × treatment effect for most traits suggested a common plastic response in populations. Moreover, 56.99% of variation was attributed to environmental factors with distance to coastline, precipitation seasonality, and annual precipitation being the major factors, suggesting that the strong population differentiation reflects local adaptation to specific environments. Contrary to coastal populations characterized by high levels of fiber‐related traits, the inland ones displayed high values of most energy‐related traits, suggesting that these latter were characterized by higher forage quality. Overall, our results suggested that the effect of local adaptation overrides the effect of phenotypic plasticity regarding the variation of forage quality traits, indicating a broad adaptive genetic differentiation among the populations of B. hybridum in response to P deficiency.
Native and oxidised lipoproteins negatively regulate the serum amyloid A‐induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in human macrophages
Authors: Nurmi Katariina , Niemi Katri , Kareinen Ilona , Silventoinen Kristiina , Lorey Martina B , Chen Yan , Kouri Vesa‐Petteri , Parantainen Jukka , Juutilainen Timo , Öörni Katariina , Kovanen Petri T , Nordström Dan , Matikainen Sampsa , Eklund Kari K 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe NLRP3 inflammasome plays a key role in arterial wall inflammation. In this study, we elucidated the role of serum lipoproteins in the regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation by serum amyloid A (SAA) and other inflammasome activators.MethodsThe effect of lipoproteins on the NLRP3 inflammasome activation was studied in primary human macrophages and THP‐1 macrophages. The effect of oxidised low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) was examined in an in vivo mouse model of SAA‐induced peritoneal inflammation.ResultsNative and oxidised high‐density lipoproteins (HDL3) and LDLs inhibited the interaction of SAA with TLR4. HDL3 and LDL inhibited the secretion of interleukin (IL)‐1β and tumor necrosis factor by reducing their transcription. Oxidised forms of these lipoproteins reduced the secretion of mature IL‐1β also by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome induced by SAA, ATP, nigericin and monosodium urate crystals. Specifically, oxidised LDL was found to inhibit the inflammasome complex formation. No cellular uptake of lipoproteins was required, nor intact lipoprotein particles for the inhibitory effect, as the lipid fraction of oxidised LDL was sufficient. The inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation by oxidised LDL was partially dependent on autophagy. Finally, oxidised LDL inhibited the SAA‐induced peritoneal inflammation and IL‐1β secretion in vivo.ConclusionsThese findings reveal that both HDL3 and LDL inhibit the proinflammatory activity of SAA and this inhibition is further enhanced by lipoprotein oxidation. Thus, lipoproteins possess major anti‐inflammatory functions that hinder the NLRP3 inflammasome‐activating signals, particularly those exerted by SAA, which has important implications in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases.
The description of non‐linear interactions of wave and non‐wave modes in a non‐adiabatic plasma flow
Authors: Perelomova Anna 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe method of derivation of non‐linear equations for interacting modes is explained and applied to a plasma's flow affected by a magnetic field. It is based on the linear projecting of the total perturbation field into specific variations of variables in individual modes of a flow. The method may be applied in many examples of fluid flows with different mechanisms of non‐adiabaticity. It is of special importance in complex flows with large number of different modes. A flow of an ionized gas is one of the examples of such flows: it incorporates fast, slow magnetosonic modes, the Alfvén mode and the entropy mode. In the frames of this study, the wave vector may form an arbitrary angle with the straight equilibrium magnetic field. Thermal conduction, dynamic viscosity and a generic heating–cooling function, which is responsible for an energy inflow and radiative losses, are taken into account. Variable and plasma‐β, diversity of the wave modes and a balance of different mechanisms of non‐adiabaticity make the description of non‐linear interaction of modes special. The non‐linear excitation of the magnetosonic mode by the entropy mode is considered as an example.
Low attainment in mathematics: An analysis of 60 years of policy discourse in England
Authors: Hodgen Jeremy , Foster Colin , Brown Margaret 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe problem of low attainment in mathematics has been an increasingly prominent feature of the policy discourse in England over the last 60 years; however, evidence from comparative studies indicates that little progress has been made in finding a solution. In this paper, we analyse the changing policy discourse of low attainment in mathematics through the main reports and speeches published in England, beginning with the Newsom Report, Half Our Future, in 1963, and continuing to the present day. We chart the evolving perspectives on the nature of ability, expectations, curriculum ideology and frame of reference through the changing language used in these documents, noting tensions and inconsistencies which arise through continuing lack of clarity about definitions and assumptions.
A detailed tutorial survey on VANETs: Emerging architectures, applications, security issues, and solutions
Authors: Sharma Sparsh , Kaul Ajay , Ahmed Suhaib , Sharma Surbhi 
Published: August 2021

SummaryVehicular ad‐hoc network (VANET) is an emerging field of mobile ad‐hoc network (MANET) which facilitates intelligent transport system (ITS). It thus helps in enhancing the real‐time driving experience and road safety. Due to association of VANET with life‐critical applications, there is a dire need to understand each and every aspect of it in terms of architecture, security, applications, routing, and so forth, before bringing it into implementation. Although there exist numerous studies on VANETs, they tend to cover only individual aspects of it. This first of its kind survey aims to provide a combined and thorough study of each aspect of VANET along with their advantages and limitations in a single solid document. Different architectures proposed till date have been explored along with their shortcomings and the possible applications which are supported in VANETs. Comparison of various wireless technologies used in VANET based on the range requirement of different VANET applications and various routing protocols that are best suited for VANET on the basis of the application requirement is done. It also discusses the various security attacks possible in VANET, the risks associated with them, and the possible security solutions available for these attacks. Various optimization and bio‐inspired techniques as well as intrusion detection systems for enhancing security in VANET are also analyzed. Finally, various simulators have been investigated, and comprehensive analysis has been done with respect to the feasibility of implementation of VANETs in these simulators. This research is believed to assist the researchers in understanding the current state of research in VANETs.
Fault‐tolerant wireless‐optical broadband access network with cluster‐controlled architecture
Authors: Prabha B. , Ramprasad A. V. 
Published: August 2021

SummaryThe ever increasing demand in wireless connectivity has led PON networks suffer from limitations in mobility and wide area coverage. Wireless networks suffer by bandwidth limitations. Hybridization uses the best characteristics of all networks: wireless networks and optical networks. A lightweight wireless mesh network is a wireless‐optical broadband access network (WOBAN), which has a front end and background effective bandwidth optical network. WOBAN has already suffered from two large network feature faults as well as feeder and fiber breaks. Cluster‐based protection (CBP) mechanism is proposed in order to increase traffic recovery reliability and reduce backup fiber deployment. With minimal fiber distribution cost, CBP efficiently manages single and simultaneous failures from many segments. Long‐term evolution (LTE) technique‐based CBP is implemented in WOBAN. Faults are analyzed by injecting wireless/distribution fiber/multiple feeder fiber. The novel fault tolerant network is built using an efficient automated failure detection and rerouting (AFDRR) algorithm. An efficient automated failure detection and rerouting (AFDRR) algorithm is used for developing the novel fault‐tolerant network. Implementation of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technology‐based AFDRR‐CBP on WOBAN‐LTE network with the same scenario is analyzed through simulation. The performance measures are compared among CBP‐WOBAN‐LTE network, AFDRR‐CBP‐WOBAN‐LTE network, and OFDM‐based AFDRR‐CBP‐WOBAN‐LTE networks. From the result obtained, it will be revealed that the suggested methodology throughput ratio will increase up to 24.4% when compared to other methodology.
Effective distance of volatile cues for plant–plant communication in beech
Authors: Hagiwara Tomika , Ishihara Masae Iwamoto , Takabayashi Junji , Hiura Tsutom , Shiojiri Kaori 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn response to volatiles emitted from a plant infested by herbivorous arthropods, neighboring undamaged conspecific plants become better defended against herbivores; this is referred to as plant‒plant communication. Although plant‒plant communication occurs in a wide range of plant species, most studies have focused on herbaceous plants. Here, we investigated plant‒plant communication in beech trees in two experimental plantations in 2018 and one plantation in 2019. Approximately 20% of the leaves of a beech tree were clipped in half in the spring seasons of 2018 and 2019 (clipped tree). The damage levels to leaves in the surrounding undamaged beech trees were evaluated 90 days after the clipping (assay trees). In both years, the damage levels decreased with a reduction in the distance from the clipped tree. In 2019, we also recorded the damage levels of trees that were not exposed to volatiles (nonexposed trees) as control trees and found that those that were located <5 m away from clipped trees had significantly less leaf damage than nonexposed trees. By using a gas chromatograph–mass spectrometer, ten and eight volatile compounds were detected in the headspaces of clipped and unclipped leaves, respectively. Among them, the amount of (Z)‐3‐hexenyl acetate in clipped leaves was significantly higher than that in nonclipped leaves. Our result suggests that green leaf volatiles such as (Z)‐3‐hexenol and (Z)‐3‐hexenyl acetate and other volatile organic compounds emitted from clipped trees induced defenses in the neighboring trees within the 5 m radius. The effective distances of plant‒plant communication in trees were discussed from the viewpoint of the arthropod community structure in forest ecosystems.
Magnetic Behaviors and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Heteroleptic Bis(phthalocyaninato) Holmium Compounds
Authors: Yang Wei , Ma Li , Liu Chao , Sun Tingting , Jiang Jianzhuang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIncorporating unsubstituted phthalocyanine and dibutylamino‐substituted phthalocyanine into sandwich‐type rare earth compounds has provided a heteroleptic bis(phthalocyaninato) trivalent holmium analogue. The rich redox states of sandwich‐type tetrapyrole‐based metal compounds lead to the formation of [(Pc)Ho{Pc{N(C4H9)2}8}]. (1) and [(Pc)Ho{Pc[N(C4H9)2]8}]− ⋅ [(C4H9)4N]+ (2) as a neutral unprotonated and reduced state, respectively. The detailed sandwich‐type structures of these two homologs with different redox states are disclosed using single crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses. In addition, the differences in these two compounds with/without one radical have been ascertained by fundamental spectroscopic instruments, enabling the adjustment of the corresponding static magnetic behaviors and nonlinear optical properties owing to the presence/absence of radical‐Ho(III) interaction and different electron cloud density delocalized around 1 and 2.