bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Hayekian Theory of Chronic Unemployment
Authors: Sanz David , Morillo Juan 
Published: March 2021

It is usually assumed that, while John Maynard Keynes developed a theory of chronic unemployment, Friedrich August Hayek did not. However, we defend in this paper that in «Profit, Interest and Investment» (1939) there is an implicit explanation of the high and persistent unemployment of the 1930s. The aim of this paper is to explain Hayek’s view about the economic crisis and recovery and to assess if we could talk about a Hayekian theory of chronic unemployment. We will defend that chronic unemployment has its origin in a dynamically inefficient design of some of the institutions that rule the market.
Keywords: Economic crisis, recovery, dynamic efficiency, chronic unemploy- ment, Ricardo effect.
JEL Classification: E14, E22, E24, E32, E63.
Resumen: Suele asumirse que, al contrario de John Maynard Keynes, Friedrich August Hayek no desarrolló una teoría del desempleo crónico. Sin embargo, en este artículo defendemos que en «Profit, Interest and Investment» (1939) hay una explicación implícita al alto y persistente desempleo de la década de 1930. El objetivo de este artículo es explicar la visión de Hayek sobre la crisis y la recuperación económica y evaluar si puede hablarse de una teoría del desempleo crónico. Defenderemos que el desempleo crónico tiene su origen en un diseño dinámicamente ineficiente de algunas instituciones que gobier- nan el mercado.
Palabras clave: Crisis económica, recuperación, eficiencia dinámica, desem- pleo crónico, efecto Ricardo.
Clasificación JEL: E14, E22, E24, E32, E63.
Fenicia: ¿una experiencia anarcocapitalista?
Authors: Aguilera Jaime Hernán-Pérez 
Published: March 2021

On 1000 B.C. a series of circumstances enabled the establishment and expansion of a civilization in the Middle East, in what is now Lebanon, which would be known as Phoenicia. Its religious tolerance, political organiza-tion and economic system, was focused on trade and exchange, to obtain maximum profitability and benefit, in an environment of economic freedom and respect of private property that would take centuries to repeat. So much so that Phoenicia could be considered, with some exceptions, as the first anarcocapi-talist experience in history.
Key Words: Anarcocapitalism, property rights, trade, markets, economic growth
JEL Classification: A12, B25, P10, P14, P17.
Resumen: En torno al año 1000 a.C., una serie de circunstancias políticas pro-pició el establecimiento y la expansión de una civilización en Oriente Medio, en lo que hoy es Líbano, que sería conocida como Fenicia. Su tolerancia reli-giosa, su organización política y su sistema económico, estaba enfocado al comercio y al intercambio, a obtener la máxima rentabilidad y beneficio, en un entorno de libertad económica y de respeto a la propiedad privada que tarda-ría siglos en volver a repetirse. Tanto es así que Fenicia podría ser conside-rada, con algunas salvedades, como la primera experiencia anarcocapitalista de la historia.
Palabras clave: Anarcocapitalismo, derechos de propiedad, comercio, merca-dos, desarrollo económico
Clasificación JEL: A12, B25, P10, P14, P17.
Testing Economic Theory
Authors: Guzelian Christopher P. 
Published: March 2021

Two years ago, Bob Mulligan and I empirically tested whether the Bank of Amsterdam, a prototypical central bank, had caused a boom-bust cycle in the Amsterdam commodities markets in the 1780s owing to the bank’s sudden initiation of low-fractional-re-serve banking (Guzelian & Mulligan 2015).1 Widespread criticism came quickly after we presented our data findings at that year’s Austrian Economic Research Conference. Walter Block representa-tively responded: «as an Austrian, I maintain you cannot «test» apodictic theories, you can only illustrate them».2
Non-Austrian, so-called «empirical» economists typically have no problem with data-driven, inductive research. But Austrians have always objected strenuously on ontological and epistemolog-ical grounds that such studies do not produce real knowledge (Mises 1998, 113-115; Mises 2007). Camps of economists are talking past each other in respective uses of the words «testing» and «eco-nomic theory». There is a vital distinction between «testing» (1) an economic proposition, praxeologically derived, and (2) the rele-vance of an economic proposition, praxeologically derived. The former is nonsensical; the latter may be necessary to acquire eco-nomic theory and knowledge. Clearing up this confusion is this note’s goal.
Rothbard (1951) represents praxeology as the indispensible method for gaining economic knowledge. Starting with a Aristote-lian/Misesian axiom «humans act» or a Hayekian axiom of «humans think», a voluminous collection of logico-deductive eco-nomic propositions («theorems») follows, including theorems as sophisticated and perhaps unintuitive as the one Mulligan and I examined: low-fractional-reserve banking causes economic cycles.
There is an ontological and epistemological analog between Austrian praxeology and mathematics. Much like praxeology, we «know» mathematics to be «true» because it is axiomatic and deductive. By starting with Peano Axioms, mathematicians are able by a long process of creative deduction, to establish the real number system, or that for the equation an + bn = cn, there are no integers a, b, c that satisfy the equation for any integer value of n greater than 2 (Fermat’s Last Theorem).
But what do mathematicians mean when they then say they have mathematical knowledge, or that they have proven some-thing «true»? Is there an infinite set of rational numbers floating somewhere in the physical universe? Naturally no. Mathemati-cians mean that they have discovered an apodictic truth — some-thing unchangeably true without reference to physical reality because that truth is a priori.
Un modelo financiero simple de la TACE
Authors: Iborra Rafael García 
Published: March 2021

La formalización de algunos aspectos específicos de la TACE tiene una larga historia, siendo Hayek (2008) el autor más relevante por su desarrollo de los triángulos hayekianos, donde la economía se divide en etapas en función de su cercanía o lejanía respecto de la producción de bienes de consumo. Machlup (1935) desarrolló un punto de vista diferente, a través de la distinción entre capital fijo y circulante, analizando el impacto que tienen cambios en los tipos de interés y precios de cada uno de ellos. Más recientemente, Garri- son (2001) ha llevado a cabo formalizaciones de la TACE basadas en el modelo IS-LM.
El enfoque que se adoptará en este trabajo difiere de los ante- riores en que se asume que la economía está compuesta, no por distintas etapas productivas como en el caso de los triángulos hayekianos, ni en una diferenciación entre distintos tipos de capi- tal, sino en un conjunto de proyectos de inversión, cada uno de ellos con unos flujos diferentes y con diferentes perfiles de riesgo, por lo que aumenta el realismo de sus supuestos. Este enfoque financiero, basado en Hicks (1953) y actualizado por Cachanosky y Lewin (2014), permite obtener algunas de las relaciones básicas de la TACE.
Antes de empezar, es necesario añadir un pequeño comenta- rio metodológico. Puesto que la Economía estudia las relaciones entre fenómenos «esencialmente complejos» (Hayek 1989) y, por tanto, de un carácter no reproducible empíricamente, sólo es posi- ble establecer leyes de carácter lógico, mediante el desarrollo de abstracciones —modelos— basados en supuestos que no contra- digan la realidad (García Iborra 2015). Esto implica que, de las conclusiones obtenidas en este trabajo, sólo las basadas en supues- tos realistas podrán ser tomadas como leyes, no aquellas otras que se generen a partir de supuestos descriptivamente falsos.
The Effect of Mental Health on US County Economic Growth
Authors: Davlasheridze Meri , Goetz Stephan J. , Han Yicheol 
Published: March 2021

Poor mental health creates significant economic costs, in addition to human suffering, and is a growing world-wide concern, especially with an aging population. To estimate the cost of this disease in the U.S., we adopt a conventional economic growth model and include the number of poor mental health days (PMHD) as a right-hand side variable. Controlling for various county-level variables associated with income growth, our results suggest that one additional PMHD is associated with a 1.84 percentage point lower per capita real income growth rate, or $53 billion less total annual income, across the U.S. between 2008 and 2014. This effect is in addition to the income losses associated with the Great Recession.
Knowledge Flows Among US Metro Areas: Innovative Activity, Proximity, and the Border Effect
Authors: Mukherji Nivedita , Silberman Jonathan 
Published: March 2021

Knowledge spillovers are critical for innovation and new value creation in an increasingly knowledge-intensive economy. The substantial scholarly attention on knowledge spillovers has shown that there is a rapid distance decay associated with knowledge spillovers and that there is a positive state border effect. We show that the effects of distance, technology proximity, and the state border effect on knowledge flows are dependent on the size of the regions (MSAs) involved in the knowledge flow. Not accounting for innovation size (innovative communities and social relationships) in the flow of knowledge across origin-destination regions results in aggregation bias in the parameter estimates. Knowledge spillovers are more localized for small innovation MSAs than for large ones. Distance is not as much of a resistance factor in knowledge flow for larger innovation metro areas compared with smaller regions. Spatial origin and destination effects due to technology compatibility of neighboring regions do not affect the knowledge flow among large innovation MSAs, but do have an effect when small MSAs interact with large MSAs.
America’s Job Crisis and the Role of Regional Economic Development Policy
Authors: Partridge Mark D. 
Published: March 2021

The biggest issue facing the United States in recent years is the poor economy, most dramatically illustrated by the lack of job creation. The lack of jobs is not a phenomenon that began with the 2007-2009 Great Recession and sluggish recovery, but has been a feature of the entire early 21st Century. There are federal fiscal and monetary policy responses that would help lift job creation. Yet, in lieu of federal efforts, state and local officials have aggressively promoted job creation by a host of schemes including cluster-based policies and tax incentives and subsidies. While data are hard to come by, anecdotal evidence suggests that state and local efforts to lure businesses with generous inducements have escalated to a feverous pitch. The distinctive feature of such efforts is that governments are increasingly more inclined to offer these inducements to individual firms or industries as opposed to general business tax cuts for all firms, in which the former is a case where officials are “picking winners,” while in the latter, markets and relative comparative advantage determine business location. State and local officials justify such “picking winners” as a way to fend off competition in neighboring jurisdictions and as a way to make their region more competitive. In this paper I examine whether these efforts have helped matters.
The Impact of Lotteries on State Education Expenditures: Does Earmarking Matter?
Authors: Pantuosco Louis , Seyfried William , Stonebraker Robert 
Published: March 2021

In this paper, we estimate the impact of earmarking lottery revenue to education as opposed to filtering lottery revenue through a state’s general fund. A unique facet of this investigation is the comparison of states with lottery revenue earmarked for spending on K-12 education and states with lotteries for general funds. This approach enables us to investigate the effect of state lottery revenues on education and other budgetary components in a more controlled environment by mitigating lottery preference differences across states. Consistent with previous research, we find that earmarking lottery proceeds for K-12 education has little or no impact on actual state K-12 funding. We also find that lottery revenue does seem to increase K-12 funding in states that deposit the revenues into their general funds .
Regional Growth in the “New” Economy
Authors: Winger Alan R. 
Published: March 2021

There is a large body of knowledge about the regional economic growth process that some would argue contributes little to the analysis of such growth in today’s “new” economy. This argument is examined in some detail and shown to exaggerate the shortcomings of what might now be considered the mainstream view of how to study the economic growth process of regions. There are nevertheless some shortcomings in the mainstream view for which new paradigms might be needed. Possible directions for future research that will remedy some of the current deficiencies in the mainstream models are explored.
Biotransformation of Pitanga Juice by Tannase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae CCMB 520
Authors: Monteiro Gustavo , Araújo Maria , Barbosa Paula , Mello Marcelo , Leite Tonny , Assis Sandra , Sena Amanda 
Published: March 2021

The pitanga (Eugenia uniflora L.) is a native species to Brazil and widely used by Brazilian industry, mainly in food, to juice, ice cream, soft drinks, jellies and liqueurs production. The fruit contains a high concentration of anthocyanins, flavonoids and carotenoids, which make it a promising source of antioxidant compounds. The objective of this work was to produce and purify tannase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae CCMB 520, to apply in the integral pitanga juice and to verify its physical and chemical effects. The tannase was produced under submerged fermentation in bench bioreactor. After the fermentation process the enzyme was partially purified. The partially purified tannase was applied in the integral pitanga juice using Doehlert statistical design. The effect of the enzymatic application was analyzed by means of phenolic compounds contents and antioxidant activity. Physical–chemical analyzes were carried out to investigate the Standard Identity and Quality of the juice. The best results for partial purification were obtained by ultrafiltration. After application, the total phenolics content was 4855 mg Eq. AG/L, and for the antioxidant activity was 952 μMTrolox/L (69.41%). It has been found that it is possible by means of enzymatic treatment to improve the functional quality of the integral pitanga juice.
Quantitative Approximation of Geothermal Potential of Bakreswar Geothermal Area in Eastern India
Authors: Maji Chiranjit , Chaudhuri Hirok , Khutia Saroj 
Published: March 2021

Proper utilization of geothermal energy for power generation is still overlooked in India even after having enough potential as much as the equivalent to its other nonconventional energy resources. The source of geothermal energy is the decay of the radio-nuclei present inside the Earth’s crust apart from the primordial heat source. The noble gas 4He is also produced during the radioactive disintegration process. Therefore, measuring the amount of 4He gas along with some other geochemical parameters in an Indian geothermal area, the potential of the reservoir can be evaluated. Mathematical calculations relating to the radioactive disintegration to estimate the geothermal potential of Bakreswar geothermal reservoir utilizing the concept of the 4He exploration technique has been described here. The study showed that the heat (radiogenic) energy generated by the radioactive decay of 232Th, 238U, and 235U inside the reservoir was evaluated as 38 MW. This value raises to 76 MW when primordial heat is included. The detail calculations suggest that a Kalina cycle based binary power plant using ammonia–water mixture as working fluid is supposed to be installed at the identified locations with a drilling depth of about 1,100 m and the plant would be capable of delivering the power of 9.88 MW to 40.26 MW.
A Social Platform for Fostering Ethical Education through Role-Playing
Authors: Alvarez Claudio , Zurita Gustavo , Hasbún Beatriz , Peñafiel Sergio , Pezoa Álvaro 
Published: March 2021

Nowadays the complexity of knowledge, the specialization of labor and the pervasiveness of ICT in human activity, lead individuals to frequently make complex decisions with ethical implications. The educational system has a fundamental role in preparing specialized human capital in every discipline, however, it also faces the challenge of educating individuals with ethical discernment capabilities and behavior. In this book chapter, we describe the design, implementation and validation of EthicApp-RP, a social platform aimed at higher education settings, for fostering reflection and moral reasoning around ethical cases through a role-playing activity. We present an application of EthicApp-RP involving a cohort of undergraduate business students (N = 85), based on a case in which students play political and public leadership roles in the midst of the COVID-19 crisis. The results indicate that students and teachers acknowledge the learning environment’s capacity to stimulate reflection and argumentation around ethical issues, while providing all students with equal opportunities for participation. In addition, the tool offers high technical and pedagogical usability, based on the Systems Usability Scale and the Pedagogically Meaningful Learning Questionnaire. EthicApp-RP can contribute to the improvement of ethics education, especially in scientific and technological disciplines, wherein students are quantitatively inclined by nature, in spite that ethics, a humanistic subject often foreign to them, must live at the core of their preparation.
Litigando por el derecho a una vida maridable.
Authors: Ntsame Ondo Dalyas 
Published: March 2021

Partiendo del análisis de una serie de demandas formuladas por los esclavos ante los tribunales eclesiásticos sobre sus derechos a llevar una vida maridable, este artículo arroja luz sobre los conflictos que enmarcaron las relaciones entre esclavos casados y sus amos en el México de los siglos XVII y XVIII. Amparándose en las providencias de la legislación sobre el matrimonio como derecho y deber sacramentales de cualquier cristiano sin discriminación de condición jurídica y el empeño de las autoridades eclesiásticas en la estricta aplicación de estas últimas, los esclavos desarrollaron una batería de estrategias destinadas a proteger y consolidar su vida conyugal y por la misma ocasión limitar el dominio de sus amos.
By analyzing a series of demands formulated by the slaves before the ecclesiastical courts about their rights to lead a marvelous life, this article sheds light on the conflicts that framed the relations between married slaves and their masters in the Mexico of the XVII and XVIII. Under the provisions of legislation on marriage as a sacramental right and duty of any Christian without discrimination of legal status and the commitment of the ecclesiastical authorities in the strict application of the latter, the slaves developed a battery of strategies designed to protect and consolidate his conjugal life and for the same occasion limit the domain of their masters.
A New Discrete Distribution Arising from a Generalised Random Game and Its Asymptotic Properties
Authors: Frühwirth R. , Malina R. , Mitaroff W. 
Published: March 2021

The rules of a game of dice are extended to a ``hyper-die'' with \(n\in\mathbb{N}\) equally probable faces, numbered from 1 to \(n\). We derive recursive and explicit expressions for the probability mass function and the cumulative distribution function of the gain \(G_n\) for arbitrary values of \(n\). A numerical study suggests the conjecture that for \(n \to \infty\) the expectation of the scaled gain \(\mathbb{E}[{H_n}]=\mathbb{E} [{G_n/\sqrt{n}\,}]\) converges to \(\sqrt{\pi/\,2}\).
The conjecture is proved by deriving an analytic expression of the expected gain \(\mathbb{E} [{G_n}]\).
An analytic expression of the variance of the gain \(G_n\) is derived by a similar technique. Finally, it is proved that \(H_n\) converges weakly to the Rayleigh distribution with scale parameter~1.
Investigation of Chlorophyl-a Derived Compounds as Photosensitizer for Photodynamic Inactivation
Authors: Oktavia Listiana , Mulyani Irma , Suendo Veinardi 
Published: March 2021

Chlorophyll has unique physicochemical properties which makes them good as photosensitizer of Photodynamic Inactivation (PDI). The physicochemical properties of chlorophyll as photosensitizer can be optimized through several routes. One of the possible route is by replacing the metal ion center of chlorophyll with other ions. In this research, the effect of coordinated metal ion in the natural chlorophyll-a was studied for bacterial growth (S. aureus) inhibition. The replacement of metal in the center of chlorophyll hopefully can improve the intensity of Intersystem Crossing Mechanism (ISC) lead to the formation of singlet oxygen species. The chlorophyll a and b were isolated from spinach via precipitation technique using 1,4 dioxane and water. The chlorophyll a and b were separated using sucrose column chromatography. The thin layer chromatography result showed that chlorophyll a (Rf: 0.57) had been well separated with chlorophyll b (Rf: 0.408). The absorption spectra of chlorophyll a and b showed that the Soret band was observed at 411 and 425 nm, while the Q band appeared at 663 and 659 nm. Replacement of metal ion center shifted the Soret band of chlorophyll- a derivatives to lower energy region, while Q-band was slightly shifted to the higher energy region. The absorption and the fluorescence intensity were also observed decreasing after ion replacement. The Inhibition activity investigation over S. aureus showed the highest inhibition activity was exhibited by Zn-pheophytin-a (66.8%) followed by chlorophyll a (30.1 %) and Cu-pheophytin-a (0%). The inhibition activity is correlated with decreasing fluorescence intensity. The formation of singlet oxygen by ISC mechanism is hypothesized to deactivate the excitation state of Cu-pheophytin-a. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Cutaneous alpha‐synuclein deposition in postural tachycardia patients
Authors: Levine Todd D. , Bellaire Bailey , Gibbons Christopher , Freeman Roy 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo report a case series of patients with neuropathic POTS and cutaneous phosphorylated alpha‐synuclein (P‐SYN) deposition on skin biopsy and compare these to neuropathic POTS patients without P‐SYN deposition.MethodsThe medical history, physical examination findings, autonomic function testing, and skin biopsy neuropathology of patients under the age of 50 with a postural tachycardia and a diagnosis of POTS were retrospectively reviewed. Included patients completed the composite autonomic severity score (COMPASS 31), the Wood Mental Fatigue Inventory, the Epworth Sleepiness scale, the REM Behavior Disorder Questionnaire, the Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS‐10), and the Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index.ResultsOf 296 patients seen with POTS, 22 patients with suspected neuropathic POTS had skin biopsies performed during their evaluation. Seven of 22 patients had P‐SYN present on skin biopsy, while 15 individuals did not. Those with P‐SYN on biopsy: (1) were more likely to be male; (2) had features of REM sleep behavioral disorder; (3) reported less sleepiness and cognitive impairment; and (4) noted greater symptoms of gastroparesis. On autonomic testing, the group with P‐SYN deposition was more likely to have a hypertensive response to tilt‐table testing and abnormal QSART responses.InterpretationPhosphorylated alpha‐synuclein deposition is present in some postural tachycardia patients with neuropathic features. Individuals with a postural tachycardia and cutaneous phosphorylated alpha‐synuclein deposition may be distinguished from other patients with neuropathic POTS.